Court Opinion

ID: 9910328
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-12-15 15:05:03.873878+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:52:28.614636
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: DECEMBER 8, 2023; 10:00 A.M.
                       NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

                Commonwealth of Kentucky
                          Court of Appeals

                            NO. 2022-CA-0528-WC

KENTUCKY INSURANCE GUARANTY ASSOCIATION                           APPELLANT

                 PETITION FOR REVIEW OF A DECISION
v.             OF THE WORKERS’ COMPENSATION BOARD
                       ACTION NO. WC-00-98105

OLA HARRIS; DR. SAI GUTTI/PAIN
MANAGEMENT CENTER; RX DEVELOPMENT;
HONORABLE JOHN B. COLEMAN, ADMINISTRATIVE
LAW JUDGE; AND WORKERS’ COMPENSATION
BOARD                                                              APPELLEES

                                   OPINION
                                  AFFIRMING

                                 ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: ECKERLE, JONES, AND MCNEILL, JUDGES.

JONES, JUDGE: Kentucky Insurance Guaranty Association (KIGA) appeals an

order of an administrative law judge (ALJ), as affirmed by the Workers’

Compensation Board (Board), which resolved a medical fee dispute it filed against
Dr. Sai Gutti/Pain Management Center (Gutti) and Rx Development (RX). Upon

review, we affirm.

                                    I. BACKGROUND

              The underlying medical fee dispute was filed by KIGA in early 2014

on behalf of its insured, T & J Logging;1 and against its insured’s employee, Ola

Harris, along with Harris’s medical providers, Gutti and RX. Gutti and RX

operated a physician dispensary and sought reimbursement from KIGA after filling

several of Harris’s prescriptions that were undisputedly covered under Harris’s

workers’ compensation award against T & J Logging. KIGA filed its post-award

medical fee dispute to challenge the prices Gutti and RX were billing it for those

prescriptions. On December 22, 2020, the ALJ entered a final order resolving

KIGA’s dispute. And, as the breadth of what is set forth below tends to indicate,

KIGA was disappointed with much of the ALJ’s order.

              KIGA’s appeal raises the following issues: (1) whether the Board

erred by not sanctioning Gutti and RX for filing an untimely brief at the

administrative appellate level; (2) whether 803 Kentucky Administrative

Regulation (KAR) 25:092 (1993), the now-superseded regulation2 that governed

1
  KIGA identified itself in its pleadings below as “Kentucky Insurance Guaranty Association as
insurer/payment obligor for T & J Logging,” but has now shortened its moniker to simply
“Kentucky Insurance Guaranty Association.”
2
 While 803 KAR 25:092 was amended in 2021 and 2022, only the 1993 version of 803 KAR
25:092 is relevant to this appeal.

                                              -2-
the underlying fee disputes, required Gutti and RX to disclose their “actual

acquisition costs” for the prescriptions at issue to secure reimbursement from

KIGA; (3) whether the ALJ’s ultimate determination regarding the applicable rate

of reimbursement was supported by substantial evidence and otherwise consistent

with the aforementioned regulation; and (4) whether KIGA was entitled to

restitution or credit for any amount it may have over-reimbursed Gutti and RX.

We will address those issues sequentially. Additional facts will be discussed in the

course of our analysis.

                          II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

             The issues presented by the parties primarily require us to interpret

statutory and regulatory provisions, which are legal issues we review de novo.

Saint Joseph Hosp. v. Frye, 415 S.W.3d 631, 632 (Ky. 2013). Apart from that, our

function is to correct the Board only where we perceive that it has “overlooked or

misconstrued controlling statutes or precedent, or committed an error in assessing

the evidence so flagrant as to cause gross injustice.” W. Baptist Hosp. v. Kelly, 827

S.W.2d 685, 687-88 (Ky. 1992). If the factfinder held in favor of the party with

the burden of proof, the burden on appeal is only to show that substantial evidence

supported the decision. See also Special Fund v. Francis, 708 S.W.2d 641, 643

(Ky. 1986). Conversely, if the factfinder held against the party with the burden of

proof, that party, on appeal, must “show that the ALJ misapplied the law or that the

                                         -3-
evidence in her favor was so overwhelming that it compelled a favorable

finding[.]” Gray v. Trimmaster, 173 S.W.3d 236, 241 (Ky. 2005).

                                       III. ANALYSIS

1. The Board’s refusal to sanction Gutti and RX for filing an untimely brief
was at most harmless error.

               When Gutti and RX filed their combined responsive brief and cross-

petition for review before the Board, their brief was untimely by a margin of

roughly three months. Citing that fact, KIGA moved the Board to sanction Gutti

and RX by striking their responsive brief and dismissing their cross-petition. The

Board refused to do so but did not elaborate upon its ruling. KIGA argues the

Board erred and should be reversed in this respect.

               We disagree. 803 KAR 25:010 § 22(12)3 vests the Board with broad

discretion to sanction tardy briefs as it deems appropriate. However, there is no

indication that the posture of the instant appeal would have meaningfully differed

even if the Board had sanctioned Gutti and RX in the manner KIGA requested.

True, the Board did not dismiss Gutti’s and RX’s cross-petition. But, it affirmed

with respect to their cross-petition. Gutti and RX thereafter filed no appeal; and

3
  803 KAR 25:010 § 22(12) provides: “Sanctions. Failure of a party to file a brief conforming to
the requirements of this administrative regulation or failure of a party to timely file a response
may be grounds for the imposition of one (1) or more of the following sanctions: (a) Affirmation
or reversal of the final order; (b) Rejection of a brief that does not conform as to organization or
content, with leave to refile in proper for within ten (10) days of the date returned. If timely
refiling occurs, the filing shall date back to the date of the original filing; (c) Striking of an
untimely response; (d) A fine of not more than $500; or (e) Dismissal.”

                                                -4-
thus, as a practical matter, the same result was ultimately achieved. Furthermore,

even if the Board had stricken Gutti’s and RX’s response to KIGA’s appeal, doing

so in and of itself would not have precluded the Board from reviewing KIGA’s

appeal on the merits – without the assistance of any responsive brief from Gutti

and RX – and nevertheless affirming the ALJ as it did below.4 In sum, even if the

Board abused its discretion by failing to sanction Gutti and RX consistently with

KIGA’s motion, KIGA was not discernably prejudiced. Nothing more than

harmless error resulted.

2. The regulation that governed the underlying fee disputes did not require
Gutti and RX to disclose their “actual acquisition costs” for the prescriptions
at issue to secure reimbursement.

              On February 2, 2018, KIGA moved the ALJ to compel production of

the following discovery from Gutti and RX:

              A copy of each actual invoice received and paid by IWP
              [sic] and/or Dr. Gutti (including any discounts, rebates,
              incentives, etc. that comprise the actual price paid) for
              each prescription it is seeking reimbursement for. In the
              KESA v. IWP claim, the Supreme Court established that
              the appropriate reimbursement price for pharmaceuticals
              shall be the actual price paid by the pharmaceutical
              provider plus a $5.00 dispensing fee. In order to
              appropriately determine the amount of the proper
              reimbursement to IWP [sic] and/or Dr. Gutti for the
              prescriptions provided, they must produce this
              information.

4
  Notably, in workers’ compensation appeals before this Court, respondents may but are not
required to file a brief. See Kentucky Rule of Appellate Procedure (RAP) 49(F).

                                              -5-
             KIGA also sought an order compelling RX to produce a designated

corporate spokesperson to provide testimony regarding this requested discovery,

claiming that for purposes of its medical fee disputes, the “correct” pricing for the

prescribed medications at issue could not be determined unless RX and Gutti

disclosed the wholesale prices they had actually paid for them.

             RX and Gutti objected, claiming among other grounds that KIGA was

improperly seeking trade secrets from them, i.e., “privileged business information

as to RX Development’s business operations, billings and profits”; and that in any

event “[t]he issues presented are legal not factual.” In resolving KIGA’s motion,

the ALJ refocused the issue, indicating that the dispositive question was not what

RX and Gutti had actually paid for the prescriptions, but whether the amount they

had billed KIGA was “outside of the pharmaceutical fee schedule” set forth in 803

KAR 25:092 (1993). The ALJ elaborated upon this point in a September 9, 2019

order overruling KIGA’s motion to compel, explaining in relevant part:

             [T]he burden is on the payment obligor to make out a
             prima facie showing for reopening by delineating what
             the payment obligor believes to be the average wholesale
             price or the average-to-sell price prior to the setting of a
             proof schedule.

             ...

             Given the fact that the payment obligor has yet to provide
             what it believes to be the average wholesale price or
             average-to-sell price for any of the contested
             medications, the objections to the motions to compel are

                                         -6-
             sustained.

             ...

             The defendant is obligated to pay the outstanding charges
             at what it believes to be the appropriate average
             wholesale price or average-to-sell price as there is no
             justification for withholding the entirety of the payment
             for the outstanding prescriptions which have been filled.

             In other words, the ALJ held that the information KIGA sought to

discover from RX and Gutti would not satisfy KIGA’s initial evidentiary burden

on reopening and was thus irrelevant. On appeal, KIGA argues the ALJ erred in

overruling its motions to compel, claiming the discovery it requested was relevant

and essential to its medical fee disputes. We disagree.

             The irrelevance of what RX and Gutti actually paid for the

prescriptions at issue is best illustrated through a hypothetical: Suppose RX and

Gutti were able purchase all the prescriptions at issue from a wholesaler for

nothing. How would this impact their right to “reimbursement”? For the answer,

we turn to 803 KAR 25:092 (1993), which was operative when Gutti and RX

submitted their reimbursement requests. In relevant part, it provided:

             Section 1. Definitions. . . .

             ...

             (6) “Wholesale price” means the average wholesale price
             charged by wholesalers at a given time.

                                             -7-
             Section 2. Payment for Pharmaceuticals. (1) An
             employee entitled to receive pharmaceuticals under KRS
             342.020 may request and require that a brand name drug
             be used in treating the employee. Unless the prescribing
             practitioner has indicated that an equivalent drug product
             should not be substituted, an employee who requests a
             brand name drug shall be responsible for payment of the
             difference between the equivalent drug product
             wholesale price of the lowest priced therapeutically
             equivalent drug the dispensing pharmacist has in stock
             and the brand name drug wholesale price at the time of
             dispensing.

             (2) Any duly licensed pharmacist dispensing
             pharmaceuticals pursuant to KRS Chapter 342 shall be
             entitled to be reimbursed in the amount of the equivalent
             drug product wholesale price of the lowest priced
             therapeutically equivalent drug the dispensing pharmacist
             has in stock, at the time of dispensing, plus a five (5)
             dollar dispensing fee plus any applicable federal or state
             tax or assessment.

             (3) If an employee’s prescription is marked “Do Not
             Substitute,” the dispensing pharmacist shall be entitled to
             reimbursement in an amount equal to the brand name
             drug wholesale price, at the time of dispensing, plus a
             five (5) dollar dispensing fee plus any applicable federal
             or state tax or assessment.

             To review, § 1(6) of this regulation provided that “‘Wholesale price’

means the average wholesale price charged by wholesalers at a given time.”

(Emphasis added.) In turn, § 2(1), (2) and (3) each specified that given time:

According to those provisions, the amount of reimbursement Gutti and RX were

entitled to receive depended solely upon the wholesale price of the drug product

they dispensed – or “the lowest priced therapeutically equivalent drug the

                                         -8-
dispensing pharmacist has in stock,” whatever the case may be – “at the time of

dispensing.” (Emphasis added.) Thus, if Gutti and RX paid nothing to acquire the

drug product, but the average wholesale price charged by wholesalers for that drug

product – or “the lowest priced therapeutically equivalent drug the dispensing

pharmacist has in stock,” whatever the case may be – was “X” at the time they

dispensed it,5 the above regulation would have entitled Gutti and RX to

reimbursement in the amount of “X,” in addition to “a five (5) dollar dispensing

fee plus any applicable federal or state tax or assessment.” See § 2(2) and (3).

                 KIGA, in maintaining that the discovery it requested was relevant and

essential to its medical fee disputes, does not discuss any of the regulatory

language set forth above. Instead, KIGA’s argument appears limited to the

following proposition: Knowing what RX and Gutti actually paid a wholesaler for

the prescriptions at issue was relevant because our Supreme Court said so. In

support, KIGA quotes from our Supreme Court’s interpretation of 803 KAR

25:092 (1993), as set forth in Steel Creations By and Through KESA, The Kentucky

Workers’ Compensation Fund v. Injured Workers Pharmacy, 532 S.W.3d 145,

156-57 (Ky. 2017); and KIGA emphasizes that our Supreme Court’s interpretation

repeatedly utilized the words “actual” and “paid”:

                 So, how should pharmacy reimbursement rate disputes be
                 resolved? The same way all other disputes under KRS

5
    Undisputedly, the actual cost of a given drug product can vary on a daily basis.

                                                  -9-
342 are resolved. The parties present their proof, and the
ALJ makes a determination. The ALJ may, but is not
required to, take into consideration the published average
wholesale price. The ALJ may also take into
consideration the wholesale acquisition price, which has
some connection to what a wholesaler would charge a
retailer. However, unless the ALJ determines that the
published average wholesale price or the wholesale
acquisition price is the actual average wholesale price the
pharmacist paid, the ALJ may not simply adopt either of
those pricing guides in toto.[FN]

      [FN] For the sake of clarity, we are not
      stating that any of the pricing guides are per
      se admissible. Any such guide must be
      admissible pursuant to 803 KAR 25:010
      Section 14, and the ALJ is free to exercise
      his or her discretion in either admitting or
      excluding a proffered pricing guide within
      the confines of that regulation. Based on the
      record before us in this case, it appears that
      the published average wholesale price
      guides and the wholesale acquisition price
      guide may not be particularly relevant.
      However, none of the parties have sought to
      introduce into evidence any of those pricing
      guides. If a party attempts to do so and
      there is an objection, the ALJ must
      undertake the appropriate analysis before
      admitting or excluding any proffered pricing
      guides.

The ALJ must determine the actual wholesale price the
pharmacist paid, which may or may not have a relevant
correlation to either the published average wholesale
price or the wholesale acquisition price. Regardless, the
ALJ, by exercising the discretion granted to him or her,
must determine what the appropriate reimbursement rate
is under the regulation.

                           -10-
            We recognize that this could, as IWP argues, put a
            considerable strain on the already busy ALJs. That may
            or may not be the case. However, if that occurs, the
            Department can take the appropriate steps to remedy the
            situation by amending the regulation.

            As to this case, the CALJ did not order KESA to
            reimburse IWP based on the published average wholesale
            price that IWP charged. He ordered KESA to reimburse
            IWP pursuant to the statute and regulations, which he
            correctly interpreted to be the actual average wholesale
            price IWP paid. However, the CALJ did not make any
            specific findings regarding the actual average wholesale
            price IWP paid for the medications it dispensed.

            ...

            [T]he regulation states that reimbursement is based on
            what the dispensing pharmacy (IWP) paid for
            medications, not what another dispensing pharmacy
            (Walgreens, Kroger, Meijer, etc.) may have paid.
            Therefore, this matter must be remanded to the
            Department for assignment to an ALJ with instructions to
            make findings regarding what IWP’s actual average
            wholesale price was for the medications at issue.

(Emphasis added.)

            With that said, we begin with the obvious: The words “actual” and

“paid” do not appear in 803 KAR 25:092 (1993). It was also never held in the

above-quoted case that reimbursement under that regulation was based upon what

the pharmacist requesting reimbursement “actually paid” for the drug product; to

the contrary, our Supreme Court explained that reimbursement was based upon

“the actual average wholesale price the pharmacist paid[.]” Injured Workers

                                       -11-
Pharmacy, 532 S.W.3d at 156 (emphasis added). As discussed, “wholesale price”

was administratively defined as what “wholesalers” (thus, wholesalers in general)

were charging pharmacists on “average” for the drug product at issue or its lowest-

priced therapeutic equivalent “at a given time.” See 803 KAR 25:092 § 1(6)

(1993). That “given time” – critical for ascertaining the average wholesale price

for reimbursement purposes – was not when the pharmacist paid for the drug

product at issue; it was “the time of dispensing.” See id. at § 2(1), (2) and (3).

Taken in context, our Supreme Court’s statement that reimbursement was based

upon “the actual average wholesale price the pharmacist paid” meant nothing more

than this: The price that a pharmacist is deemed to have paid for a drug product,

for purposes of reimbursement under 803 KAR 25:092 (1993), is the average price

for which the drug product could have been purchased from a wholesaler when the

pharmacist dispensed the drug product. 532 S.W.3d at 156.

             Apart from that, two other salient points about Injured Workers

Pharmacy, id., underscore that what the pharmacist requesting reimbursement

actually paid is irrelevant. First, our Supreme Court emphasized – at length in

what is quoted above – that an ALJ may resort to general pricing guides to

ascertain the applicable “wholesale price.” Second, the pharmacists requesting

reimbursement in Injured Workers Pharmacy similarly never divulged what they

actually paid for their dispensed drug products. Id. at 152. To be sure, our

                                         -12-
Supreme Court ultimately vacated and remanded that matter for the ALJ to

“determine what [the pharmacist’s] actual average wholesale price was for the

contested medications.” Id. at 158. But, our Supreme Court did not require the

ALJ to “reopen proof” to make that determination – tacitly indicating that no proof

of what the pharmacist actually paid was required. Id. In short, the ALJ and Board

committed no error in this respect.

3. The ALJ’s ultimate determination regarding the applicable rate of
reimbursement was supported by substantial evidence and otherwise
consistent with 803 KAR 25:092 (1993).

             KIGA begins this part of its appeal by arguing the Board incorrectly

stated in its affirming opinion that “KIGA did not present any evidence setting

forth the amounts it believed appropriate under the fee schedule.” KIGA is correct

that, to the contrary, it did eventually present this type of evidence. Moreover, the

evidence it eventually presented was, by all measures, substantial. Specifically, it

submitted a November 10, 2019 report from a pharmo-economics expert, Dr. T.

Joseph Mattingly, II, that provided several different estimates, based upon several

different sources and methodologies, of the average wholesale prices applicable to

each of the various prescriptions at issue during the relevant time frames.

             In his dispositive order, the ALJ began his summary of Dr.

Mattingly’s report as follows:

             The report included clear definitions of terms such as
             average wholesale price (AWP), national average drug

                                        -13-
                acquisition cost (NADAC) and wholesale acquisition
                costs (WAC). The AWP is defined as an estimate of the
                price retail pharmacies pay when purchasing from a
                wholesale distributor. The NADAC is a drug cost
                calculation developed through a national sample of drug
                acquisition cost estimated by CMS[6] using actual
                pharmacy invoices representing what the pharmacist paid
                to the wholesaler from the previous 30 days. The WAC
                represents the manufacturer’s “list price” for a drug to
                wholesalers or other direct purchasers that does not
                include discounts or rebates.

                He provided an explanatory diagram depicting a
                manufacturer charging a wholesaler by utilizing the
                WAC of $100.00. The wholesaler then sells to the
                pharmacy utilizing the AWP of $120.00. The pharmacy
                then sells to the patient utilizing the usual and customary
                charge plus a dispensing fee for $150.00. Along each
                step in the supply chain, the charge is increased.

                He provided documentation regarding the gross profits of
                independent pharmacy operations between 2017 and
                2018 to include the difference between cost of goods sold
                and sales. The cost of goods sold range between 76%
                and 77.9% of the sales. Gross profits range between
                22.1% and 24%. He went on to explain that AWP is not
                defined federally, but is instead a list of drug prices
                published in commercial publications such as Medi-Span,
                First Data Bank and Redbook. He noted that sometimes
                the AWP is supplied by the drug manufacturer (e.g.
                Pfizer, Merck) to the companies by calling it the
                suggested wholesale price (SWP). The AWP is then
                estimated by multiplying the WAC by 1.2 to assess a
                standard 20% markup.

                He noted that Kentucky Medicaid reimburses at the
                lowest of NADAC, WAC, the federal upper limit,
                maximum allowable costs or usual and customary price.

6
    Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.

                                              -14-
              Gutti’s and RX’s reimbursement requests at issue below were made

between 2013 and 2019, and were made pursuant to 803 KAR 25:092 § 2(2)

(1993). KIGA paid Gutti and RX the full amount of each billing until the start of

January 2018. Thereafter, KIGA reduced its payments to what it believed the

regulation permitted it to pay Gutti and RX instead, i.e., an amount equivalent to

“M. Joseph pricing.”7 KIGA, for its part, asserted that what it paid Gutti and RX

before January 2018 had been grossly in excess of what it should have paid them

under a proper application of the regulation. Gutti and RX, on the other hand,

claimed that what KIGA paid them after January 2018 was insufficient. With that

in mind, the ALJ summarized Dr. Mattingly’s opinion regarding KIGA’s dispute

over Harris’s medical fees relative to what KIGA paid Gutti and RX after January

2018. Discussing and applying the regulation and the substance of our Supreme

Court’s holding in Injured Workers Pharmacy, the ALJ then explained:

              [O]n the issue of reimbursement, the ALJ must look at
              the actual wholesale price paid, which may or may not
              have a relevant correlation to either the published
              average wholesale acquisition price or the wholesale
              acquisition price. The ALJ must exercise the discretion
              granted to him or her to determine what the appropriate

7
 During the pendency of its medical fee dispute, KIGA had an arrangement with M. Joseph
Medical, a company that specializes in helping workers’ compensation payment obligors such as
KIGA establish prices with prescription drug suppliers. Under this arrangement, M. Joseph
negotiates with pharmacy benefits managers (“PBMs”) to secure prices and terms with various
pharmacies. KIGA pays M. Joseph for the prescription drugs, M. Joseph pays the PBMs, and the
PBMs pay the pharmacies. This arrangement supposedly allowed KIGA to secure prescription
drugs at a lower price than what was required by the workers’ compensation regulatory fee
schedule set forth in 803 KAR 25:092 (1993).

                                            -15-
              reimbursement rate is under the regulation. The court
              noted the ALJ might not simply adopt either the AWP or
              the wholesale acquisition price paid by a pharmacist.
              The court went on to state that KESA could not
              unilaterally impose its M. Joseph agreement on IWP.

              A review of the entirety of the evidence, not only as
              summarized above, but as contained in the entire record,
              reveals the medical provider was utilizing the wholesale
              price closely resembling that published by Redbook. Dr.
              Mattingly explained that publications such as Redbook
              publish the AWP price, which he explained was jokingly
              referred to as “ain’t what’s paid.” Rosalie Ferris[8]
              explained the AWP in publications such as Redbook do
              not include rebates obtained in purchasing. She
              explained the use of PBMs allowed KIGA to obtain
              additional discounts so that pharmaceuticals could be
              purchased at levels below AWP or the average-to-sell
              price.

              Based upon the information contained in the report of Dr.
              Mattingly, I am convinced the method for determining
              the reimbursable amount under the Kentucky schedule of
              fees is to utilize the WAC multiplied by 1.2, which is
              then added to the $5.00 dispensary fee per prescription.
              The method takes into account the standard industry
              markup of 20% from the manufacturer to the wholesaler.
              The WAC represents the wholesale acquisition costs as
              published by each pharmaceutical company at a point in
              time. I find it is more appropriate to use the WAC rather
              than the NADAC, which is determined after the fact by
              looking backward at amounts paid for acquisition,
              inclusive of discounts. Utilization of the NADAC would
              be completely unworkable as the pharmacy or dispensary
              would be unable to determine the NADAC amount at the
              time the medication is dispensed, as the information is
              based upon a future determination.

8
  Rosalie Faris provided expert testimony below regarding drug pricing. At that time, she was a
registered nurse and Vice President of Managed Care for Occupational Managed Care Alliance.

                                             -16-
...

The Supreme Court made it clear that KIGA cannot
impose M. Joseph pricing on the medical provider.
Further pricing, which is “customary under the fee
schedule for the medications paid to other local
pharmacies” is not the requirement of 803 KAR 25:092,
Section 2(2), which allows reimbursement at the
wholesale price of the lowest priced therapeutically
equivalent drug the dispensing pharmacist has in stock, at
the time of dispensing, plus a five dollar dispensing fee,
along with taxes. KIGA’s request to reimburse with M.
Joseph pricing or pricing paid to other local pharmacies
is simply an attempt to provide KIGA the benefit of
lower prices negotiated by their PBMs, which were not
negotiated with the pharmacy in question. It has little to
do with the average wholesale price, which must be
reimbursed. Instead, I am directed to look at the
acquisition costs and the published wholesale pricing to
make a determination as to the reimbursable amounts
while utilizing my discretion.

Dr. Mattingly has provided us with the information
necessary to determine the amount owed. KIGA
requested allowance to make payment as if they were
doing so under the Kentucky Medicaid schedule.
However, this is not a Medicaid claim, but is instead a
workers’ compensation claim governed by KRS Chapter
342. Dr. Mattingly has provided average acquisition
costs and the wholesale acquisition costs for each of the
medications in question. Those amounts are set forth in
the summary of evidence. Dr. Mattingly explained that
each step of the supply chain has a markup, which is
generally 20%, in addition to a dispensary fee. Here, the
acquisition costs can best be determined by utilizing the
WAC, which provides the listed wholesale price for a
drug to a wholesaler or other direct purchaser. It does
not include discounts, which may be negotiated by a
PBM or available under KIGA’s current managed care
plan. However, they do not enjoy the benefit of those

                           -17-
             discounts across the board. To allow KIGA the benefit
             of implied discounts would have the effect of imposing
             the Medicaid rule on workers’ compensation providers.

             The ALJ then resolved the underlying fee dispute – relative to what

KIGA paid Gutti and RX after January 2018 – by applying the WAC method for

ascertaining wholesale prices as set forth in Dr. Mattingly’s report:

             Therefore, I find the acquisition costs for the medications
             dispensed between January 2018 and February 2019 to
             be $6,976.47, by utilizing the WAC set forth in Appendix
             II of Dr. Mattingly’s report. The amount billed by the
             medical provider is the amount published as the average
             wholesale price without consideration of likely discounts.
             The defendant requests the ALJ interpret the Injured
             Workers Pharmacy case to mean the provider can only
             charge a $5.00 dispensary fee above the wholesale
             acquisition costs. However, this is not my interpretation.
             Instead, I interpret the case to mean I must utilize the
             acquisition costs and the published wholesale prices to
             determine the amount available for reimbursement under
             the regulation, to include the $5.00 dispensary fee.

             In this instance, the testimony of Rosalie Ferris indicates
             the bills were paid at 30% below what would typically be
             the average wholesale price and the opinion of Dr.
             Mattingly would indicate the acquisition price or WAC
             would be multiplied by 1.2 to obtain the average
             wholesale price for a standard markup when explaining
             that each step in the supply chain has a standard markup.
             The $6,976.47 acquisition costs multiplied by 1.2 reveals
             an average wholesale price of $8,371.76, which is below
             the amount billed by the provider, but above the amount
             paid by KIGA. If the M. Joseph plus 30% method was
             utilized, the average wholesale price would be
             $10,218.33. KIGA paid $7,860.25, which leaves
             $961.51 owing to the medical provider, once the $450.00
             for 90 dispensary fees ($5.00 x 90) is added to the

                                        -18-
               average wholesale price of $8,371.76. Therefore, the
               balance due is $961.51.

               On appeal, KIGA emphasizes in its brief that “Dr. Mattingly’s report

clearly explains that NADAC provides the most appropriate estimate” for

determining the average wholesale price applicable to drug products, and that it

made “very clear in all of its briefs that it is of the position that NADAC must

serve as the benchmark for determining what [Gutti and RX were] charged for the

medications at issue.” But, KIGA stops short of arguing that the methodology

selected by the ALJ was unsupported by substantial evidence or otherwise

inconsistent with 803 KAR 25:092 § 2(2) (1993).

               Regardless, while the ALJ did not select the methodology favored by

Dr. Mattingly, the ALJ did select a methodology Dr. Mattingly acknowledged as a

recognized means of ascertaining the applicable wholesale price of prescriptions,

and the ALJ provided a reasonable explanation for doing so. The ALJ may choose

not only which expert to believe, but also what parts of the evidence or witness’s

testimony to believe or disbelieve. See Caudill v. Maloney’s Discount Stores, 560

S.W.2d 15 (Ky. 1977). Furthermore, the ALJ’s analysis was consistent with the

operative regulation and Injured Workers Pharmacy. Accordingly, to the extent

KIGA is suggesting this aspect of the ALJ’s order was erroneous, its suggestion

lacks merit.

                                         -19-
4. KIGA was not entitled to restitution or a credit for any amount it may have
over-reimbursed Gutti and RX.

             The ALJ did not resolve the merits of KIGA’s medical fee dispute

insofar as it concerned what KIGA may have overpaid Gutti and RX before

January 2018. Essentially, the ALJ held that this aspect of KIGA’s medical fee

dispute was moot because he lacked authority under the circumstances to either

order Gutti and RX to refund any overpayment to KIGA, or to grant KIGA any

kind of offsetting credit against what remained outstanding. The Board affirmed.

On appeal, KIGA maintains the ALJ erred in denying this aspect of its medical fee

dispute because, in its view, the ALJ was either: (1) estopped from denying it

reimbursement or a credit; or (2) authorized to grant it that relief.

             We disagree. Regarding its first argument, the ALJ could not have

granted KIGA relief based solely on equity or a common law principle such as

estoppel. Rather, the ALJ was required to find, within the ambit of the Workers’

Compensation Act, warrant for the exercise of any authority he could have

claimed. See Dep’t for Nat. Res. and Envt’l Prot. v. Stearns Coal & Lumber Co.,

563 S.W.2d 471, 473 (Ky. 1978). “Workers’ compensation is a creature of statute,

and the remedies and procedures described therein are exclusive.” Williams v.

Eastern Coal Corp., 952 S.W.2d 696, 698 (Ky. 1997).

             Before leaving this point, we pause to note that much of KIGA’s

estoppel argument is based upon what KIGA believes was the ALJ’s inequitable

                                          -20-
conduct during the proceedings below. Specifically, KIGA notes that in June

2014, near the beginning of its underlying medical fee dispute, it filed a motion for

interlocutory relief asserting that it would suffer irreparable harm “if it were

required to pay [Gutti’s and RX’s] inflated prices”; and that in a July 29, 2014

order, the ALJ denied its motion, stating as follows:

             After a review of the motion, same is hereby overruled as
             there is no showing the defendant will suffer irreparable
             harm during the proceedings. The defendant shall pay
             the outstanding charges pursuant to the current medical
             fee schedule. Any issue of overpayment can be dealt with
             at the conclusion of the claim.

(Emphasis added.)

             KIGA asserts it reasonably interpreted the above-emphasized

language of the ALJ’s order to mean that any overpayment it thereafter made to

Gutti and RX would be reimbursed at the conclusion of the proceedings; that in

reliance upon this language, it then reimbursed the full amount of each invoice

Gutti and RX thereafter submitted to it until January 2018; and that when the ALJ

ultimately did not direct Gutti and RX to reimburse any of its alleged

overpayments “at the conclusion of the claim,” the ALJ effectively went back on

his word.

             There are at least two flaws in that proposition, both of which emanate

from KIGA’s misreading of the ALJ’s order. First, the ALJ only required KIGA to

pay Gutti and RX “pursuant to the current medical fee schedule,” not the full

                                         -21-
amount of Gutti’s and RX’s invoices. Second, the ALJ stated that “Any issue of

overpayment can be dealt with at the conclusion of the claim” – not that any

overpayment would be refunded at the conclusion of the claim, irrespective of the

legislative constraints on the ALJ’s authority.

              This leads to KIGA’s second argument. KIGA contends that two

statutory provisions – by themselves or in conjunction with one another –

authorized the ALJ to grant it restitution representing its alleged overpayments.

The first provision is KRS 342.990(11), which KIGA asserts “allows for restitution

to be ordered by an ALJ, without any showing of misconduct.” (KIGA’s

emphasis.) However, KIGA’s assertion ignores the plain language of that

provision. KRS 342.990(11) states in relevant part that “any administrative law

judge . . . may order restitution of a benefit secured through conduct proscribed by

this chapter.” (Emphasis added.) Unless KIGA overpaid for prescriptions because

Gutti and RX engaged in conduct forbidden or prohibited9 by KRS Chapter 342,

KRS 342.990(11) could not have authorized restitution.

              The second provision of KRS Chapter 342 that KIGA relies upon is

KRS 342.035(2), which states in relevant part:

              No provider of medical services or treatment required by
              this chapter, its agent, servant, employee, assignee,
              employer, or independent contractor acting on behalf of

9
 See, e.g., BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 1236 (7th ed. 1999) (defining “proscribe” as “To outlaw
or prohibit; to forbid.”).

                                           -22-
             any medical provider, shall knowingly collect, attempt to
             collect, coerce, or attempt to coerce, directly or
             indirectly, the payment of any charge, for services
             covered by a workers’ compensation insurance plan for
             the treatment of a work-related injury or occupational
             disease, in excess of that provided by a schedule of fees,
             or cause the credit of any employee to be impaired by
             reason of the employee’s failure or refusal to pay the
             excess charge. . . .

(Emphasis added.)

             However, the ALJ held that Gutti and RX did not engage in conduct

forbidden or prohibited by KRS 342.035(2), and that restitution or reimbursement

therefore could not be ordered through KRS 342.990(11). In that regard, the ALJ

explained:

             Given the fact the medical provider relied on a trusted
             publication (Redbook) to determine pharmaceutical
             charges, I find the medical provider did not knowingly
             collect, attempt to collect, coerce, or attempt to coerce,
             directly or indirectly, the payment of any charge, for
             services covered by workers’ compensation in excess of
             that provided by the medical schedule of fees.

(Emphasis added.)

             KIGA maintains that KRS 342.035(2) permitted the ALJ to award it

restitution for any amount it may have overpaid Gutti and RX. But, KIGA fails to

address the ALJ’s finding that Gutti and RX lacked the requisite mens rea and thus

did not violate that provision. KIGA has accordingly conceded that this part of the

ALJ’s judgment was correct. See, e.g., Osborne v. Payne, 31 S.W.3d 911, 916

                                        -23-
(Ky. 2000) (“Any part of a judgment appealed from that is not briefed is affirmed

as being confessed.”).

             Lastly, KIGA insists that two published cases indicate it should have

been granted reimbursement under the circumstances of this case. The first of

these cases is Yocum v. Travelers Ins. Co., 502 S.W.2d 520 (Ky. 1973). However,

if KIGA is citing Yocum for the proposition that specific statutory authorization for

reimbursement is unnecessary, Yocum undermines KIGA’s position. There, the

employer voluntarily paid income benefits for which the Special Fund was

ultimately held liable. The Special Fund argued that it was not required to

reimburse the employer because the payments made by the employer were

voluntary, and also because the “old” Board had not expressly provided for

reimbursement of the employer by the Special Fund in its decision. The Special

Fund’s argument was rejected by our former High Court, however, because

“reimbursement [was] required by KRS 342.120(4)[.]” Id. at 522.

             The second case KIGA cites is Triangle Insulation and Sheet Metal

Co. v. Stratemeyer, 782 S.W.2d 628 (Ky. 1990). There, our Supreme Court held

an employer is allowed a dollar-for-dollar credit for past temporary total disability

(“TTD”) benefits where the employer voluntarily pays an injured employee prior

to a workers’ compensation award. It further explained:

             It is important to encourage employers to make voluntary
             payments to injured employees. Employers are not

                                         -24-
              obligated to pay benefits until a claim has been litigated
              and an award entered. Such payments are voluntary. The
              circumstances involved in each specific case must be
              carefully evaluated so that the employee is not unduly
              harmed and the employer is encouraged to make
              voluntary payments.

Id. at 630.

              However, the case at bar did not involve a circumstance where an

employer, prior to the entry of an award, voluntarily paid benefits to an injured

employee. Rather, it involved an obligor, KIGA, contesting post-award medical

expenses. And in that circumstance, KIGA did not have the luxury of a voluntary

choice, but rather faced a binary one: Either pay the bills within the time allotted

by statute; or reopen the underlying award, shoulder the burden of contesting the

appropriateness of the bill, and risk sanctions if its contest is deemed frivolous.

See Kentucky Associated Gen. Contractors Self-Ins. Fund v. Lowther, 330 S.W.3d

456, 459 (Ky. 2010).

              Because KIGA was not entitled to be reimbursed any amount, it

follows that KIGA was not entitled to indirect reimbursement through a credit or

offset, either; indeed, KIGA cites no statutory authority to the contrary, and we are

aware of none. The ALJ committed no error in this respect.

                                IV. CONCLUSION

              When it affirmed the ALJ’s underlying order, the Board did not

overlook or misconstrue controlling statutes or precedent, or commit an error in

                                         -25-
assessing the evidence so flagrant as to cause gross injustice. See Kelly, 827

S.W.2d at 687-88. Thus, we likewise AFFIRM.

             ALL CONCUR.

BRIEF FOR APPELLANT:                      BRIEF FOR APPELLEES DR. SAI
                                          GUTTI/PAIN MANAGEMENT
Christopher M. Mayer                      CENTER AND RX
Thomas L. Ferreri                         DEVELOPMENT:
Louisville, Kentucky
                                          Ched Jennings
                                          Louisville, Kentucky

                                        -26-