Court Opinion

ID: 2783042
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-02-27 22:01:22.609229+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:28:25.855843
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                   U.S. Bankruptcy Appellate Panel
                                                                         of the Tenth Circuit

                                                                     February 27, 2015
                            NOT FOR PUBLICATION                        Blaine F. Bates
                                                                           Clerk
           UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
                           OF THE TENTH CIRCUIT

IN RE ROBERT ALYN RAEL and                       BAP No.      WY-14-035
LISA LYNN RAEL,
            Debtors.

ROBERT ALYN RAEL and LISA                        Bankr. No. 08-20251
LYNN RAEL,                                         Chapter 11
            Appellants,
      v.                                                 OPINION *
WELLS FARGO BANK, N.A.,
            Appellee.

IN RE ROBERT ALYN RAEL and                       BAP No.      WY-14-048
LISA LYNN RAEL,
            Debtors.

ROBERT ALYN RAEL and LISA                        Bankr. No. 08-20251
LYNN RAEL,                                         Chapter 11
            Appellants,
      v.
WELLS FARGO BANK, N.A.,
            Appellee.

                 Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
                           for the District of Wyoming

*
       This unpublished opinion may be cited for its persuasive value, but is not
precedential, except under the doctrines of law of the case, claim preclusion, and
issue preclusion. 10th Cir. BAP L.R. 8026-6.
Before KARLIN, SOMERS, and JACOBVITZ, Bankruptcy Judges.

KARLIN, Bankruptcy Judge.
      Debtors Robert and Lisa Rael (the “Raels”) contend that after their case
was closed and they defaulted on their confirmed individual Chapter 11 plan,
their main creditor Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (“Wells Fargo”) was required to
return to the bankruptcy court to enforce its preserved lien rights rather than
proceed in state court. They contend Wells Fargo violated the stay when it failed
to do so. Because we agree with the bankruptcy court’s decision that there was
no violation of the automatic stay, and that the bankruptcy court did not have
exclusive jurisdiction to enforce the terms of the Raels’ confirmed plan, we affirm
the decisions of the bankruptcy court. 1
I.    Procedural Timeline
      The timeline and procedural posture of the Raels’ case, while not unique to
individual Chapter 11 proceedings generally, lead to the underlying disputes. The
bankruptcy court confirmed the Raels’ individual Chapter 11 plan, and the Raels
elected to close their case prior to receipt of a discharge. Wells Fargo
subsequently filed two state court actions: one to enforce the terms of the
confirmed Chapter 11 plan based on the Raels’ plan default and one to determine
lien priorities. The state court entered judgment against the Raels in the first case
(without objection by the Raels as to the state court’s jurisdiction or power to
hear the matters). Sometime later, the Raels reopened their Chapter 11 case and
filed a motion to show cause and/or for contempt against Wells Fargo.

1
      The parties did not request oral argument, and after examining the briefs
and appellate record, the Court has determined unanimously that oral argument
would not significantly aid in the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R.
Bankr. P. 8019(b)(3). The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral
argument.

                                           -2-
      The Raels argued both that: 1) Wells Fargo violated the automatic stay of
11 U.S.C. § 362(a)2 because of its enforcement actions against property of the
estate, and 2) that Wells Fargo violated the terms of the Raels’ confirmed Chapter
11 plan by seeking relief in state court, rather than in the bankruptcy court. The
bankruptcy court ruled that there was no stay violation. It cited both § 362(c)(2),
which states that “the stay of any other act . . . continues until . . . the time the
case is closed,”3 and Houlik,4 a Tenth Circuit BAP opinion applying § 362(c) to
an individual Chapter 11 case and holding that the automatic stay terminated as to
estate property upon plan confirmation under § 362(c)(1) and as to all other
property upon the closing of the case under § 362(c)(2). 5 The bankruptcy court
also rejected the Raels’ argument that the bankruptcy court had exclusive
jurisdiction to enforce the provisions of their plan and that the state court actions
were, therefore, improper. It again relied on Houlik, which held that when there
is no automatic stay or discharge injunction violation to support jurisdiction, a
bankruptcy court does not have jurisdiction to determine a post-confirmation
wrongful possession action. 6
      After the bankruptcy court denied their motion to show cause and/or for
contempt, the Raels requested reconsideration, this time focusing their argument
on § 362(c)(1). The bankruptcy court again denied the motion, this time ruling
that it was inappropriate for the Raels to advance new arguments in a motion for
reconsideration. The Raels appealed both orders in their first appeal. But they

2
      All future statutory references are to Title 11 of the United States Code,
unless otherwise specified.
3
      11 U.S.C. § 362(c)(2)(A).
4
      In re Houlik, 481 B.R. 661 (10th Cir. BAP 2012).
5
      Id. at 669-70.
6
      Id. at 676.

                                           -3-
were not done; advancing a “continuing violation” theory, they then filed yet
another motion to show cause and/or for contempt, presenting the same
arguments. The bankruptcy court again denied the motion on the same bases,
resulting in a second appeal. The Raels’ appeals were companioned by this Court
and are resolved by this opinion.
II.   Background Facts
      The Raels filed an individual Chapter 11 bankruptcy petition in 2008, and
their plan was confirmed in January 2010. The plan provided they would not
receive a discharge until they completed all payments under their plan. About a
year after their plan was confirmed, they filed a final report and motion for final
decree, seeking to close their case to avoid paying the United States Trustee’s
quarterly fee assessments. Over objections by both the United States Trustee and
Wells Fargo, the bankruptcy court entered a Final Decree and Order Closing Case
in March 2011. Neither the motion requesting case closing nor the resulting order
addressed any aspect of the automatic stay or suggested the closing was anything
but a full and complete closure of the case.
      Several months after the case was closed, Wells Fargo filed a motion to
dismiss or convert the bankruptcy case based on the Raels’ default. The Raels
objected, arguing that because their case was closed, the bankruptcy court did not
have jurisdiction to grant relief. The motion remained undecided, and the
bankruptcy court later noted it had not ruled on Wells Fargo’s motion because the
case was closed.
      Finding no relief at the bankruptcy court, Wells Fargo filed a complaint in
state court in November 2011, alleging the Raels had breached their contract
when they defaulted on the terms of the confirmed plan. The Raels answered the
state court complaint, failing to raise any jurisdictional defense to that court
hearing the matter, and the state court entered judgment for Wells Fargo in
September 2012.

                                         -4-
      A few months later, in December 2012, Wells Fargo next filed a state court
action seeking a determination that Wells Fargo had a superior lien over lien
rights of other defendants/creditors in certain property that the Raels acquired
before they commenced their Chapter 11 bankruptcy case. Wells Fargo then
installed a locked fence around one of the properties in February 2013.
      More months passed. On May 28, 2013, the Raels moved to reopen their
bankruptcy case to enforce the terms of their confirmed plan and to bring a
contempt action for Wells Fargo’s alleged violation(s) of the automatic stay. The
court reopened the Raels’ bankruptcy case in June 2013. Several months later, in
September 2013, the parties filed a stipulated motion for relief from automatic
stay to allow Wells Fargo to foreclose on the subject properties (i.e., the
properties that were the subject of the state court proceedings). The order
approving that stipulated motion was entered on October 21, 2013.
      Notwithstanding their stipulation to the bankruptcy court granting stay
relief, the Raels filed their first motion to show cause and/or for a finding of
contempt by the bankruptcy court on October 15, 2013. They alleged that Wells
Fargo was in contempt for violating §§ 362(a)(3), (5), and (6) based on the state
court actions filed before the stipulated stay relief, and for violating terms of the
Raels’ confirmed Chapter 11 plan, generally alleging that the property at issue
remained property of the estate and subject to the automatic stay. While this
motion was pending—but after the stipulated relief order was entered, Wells
Fargo proceeded to change the locks at two of the properties, and, in January
2014, foreclosed on them.
      Several months later, in April 2014, the bankruptcy court denied the Raels’
contempt motion, finding there was no stay violation and that Wells Fargo was
entitled to enforce its rights under the confirmed plan in state court. As stated
above, the bankruptcy court also denied a subsequent motion for reconsideration
and a second motion for an order to show cause and/or for contempt. The appeals

                                          -5-
that are the subject of this opinion followed.
III.   Jurisdiction and Standard of Review
       This Court has jurisdiction to hear timely-filed appeals from “final
judgments, orders, and decrees” of bankruptcy courts within the Tenth Circuit,
unless one of the parties elects to have the district court hear the appeal. 7 Neither
party elected to have this appeal heard by the United States District Court. The
parties have therefore consented to appellate review by this Court. The orders of
the bankruptcy court (i.e., denying the Raels’ first motion to show cause and/or
for contempt, motion for reconsideration, and second motion to show cause and/or
for contempt) fully and finally resolved the parties’ disputes and are therefore
final orders for purposes of appeal.8 The Raels timely appealed those orders and
this Court, therefore, has jurisdiction over the appeals.
       The issues raised in these appeals are legal issues, which this Court reviews
de novo.9 “De novo review requires an independent determination of the issues,
giving no special weight to the bankruptcy court’s decision.” 10

7
      28 U.S.C. § 158(a)(1), (b)(1), and (c)(1); Fed. R. Bankr. P. 8002 (now also
at Fed. R. Bankr. P. 8005, effective Dec. 1, 2014); 10th Cir. BAP L.R. 8001-3
(now codified at 10th Cir. BAP L.R. 8005-1, effective December 1, 2014).
8
      See In re Eneco, Inc., No. UT-09-013, 2010 WL 744351, at *4 (10th Cir.
BAP Mar. 2, 2010) (bankruptcy court order denying motion for contempt is final
for purposes of review).
9
        Jantz v. Karch (In re Karch), 499 B.R. 903, 906 (10th Cir. BAP 2013)
(interpretation of statutory language is reviewed de novo) (citing Pierce v.
Underwood, 487 U.S. 552, 558 (1988)); Diviney v. Nationsbank of Tex., N.A. (In
re Diviney), 225 B.R. 762, 769 (10th Cir. BAP 1998) (“Whether a party’s actions
. . . violated the automatic stay is a question of law [that] is reviewed de novo.”)
(quoting Barnett v. Edwards (In re Edwards), 214 B.R. 613, 618 (9th Cir. BAP
1997)); Korngold v. Loyd (In re S. Med. Arts Cos., Inc.), 343 B.R. 250, 254 (10th
Cir. BAP 2006) (bankruptcy court’s subject matter jurisdiction is an issue of law
that is reviewed de novo) (citing Salt Lake Tribune Pub. Co., LLC v. AT & T
Corp., 320 F.3d 1081, 1095 (10th Cir. 2003)).
10
      AG New Mexico, FCS, ACA v. Borges (In re Borges), 510 B.R. 306, 321
(10th Cir. BAP 2014) (citing Salve Regina Coll. v. Russell, 499 U.S. 225, 238
(1991)).

                                         -6-
IV.   Discussion
      A.     Application of the Automatic Stay in Individual Chapter 11
             Cases Post-confirmation
      The filing of a petition in bankruptcy automatically imposes a stay that
prohibits most attempts by a debtor’s creditors to enforce their claims. 11 The
duration of that stay is generally defined in § 362(c). The issue in this appeal is
whether the stay in the Raels’ case remained in effect when Wells Fargo initiated
state court proceedings or otherwise enforced its rights under the Raels’
confirmed plan.
      The relevant subsections of § 362(c), which are subject to specific
exceptions not applicable here, provide:
      (1) the stay of an act against property of the estate under subsection (a)
      of this section continues until such property is no longer property of the
      estate;
      (2) the stay of any other act under subsection (a) of this section
      continues until the earliest of–
            (A) the time the case is closed;
            (B) the time the case is dismissed; or
            (C) if the case is a case . . . under chapter 9, 11, 12, or 13 of this
            title, the time a discharge is granted or denied[.] 12
The Raels contend that Wells Fargo’s enforcement actions were taken against real
property that constituted property of the estate and, therefore, § 362(c)(1) is the
applicable subsection. But the bankruptcy court concluded that the stay
terminated as to all of the Raels’ property when they elected to close their case in
March 2011. All of Wells Fargo’s disputed conduct occurred between November
2011 (when it filed the first state court complaint) and February 2013 (when it
fenced in and locked one of the disputed properties). Thus, if the stay terminated
when the bankruptcy court closed the case in March 2011, there was no stay in
place that Wells Fargo’s subsequent enforcement efforts could violate.

11
      11 U.S.C. § 362(a).
12
      11 U.S.C. § 362(c)(1)-(2) (emphasis added).

                                           -7-
         On appeal, the Raels argue that the automatic stay remains in effect in
individual Chapter 11 cases post-confirmation because of the interplay between
§§ 362(c)(1), 1141(b), and 1115(a). The Raels, as the party alleging a stay
violation, bear the burden to prove Wells Fargo violated the stay. 13
         As noted above, § 362(c)(1) expressly states that the automatic stay “of an
act against property of the estate . . . continues until such property is no longer
property of the estate.”14 Section 1141(b) then states that “[e]xcept as otherwise
provided in the plan or the order confirming the plan, the confirmation of a plan
vests all of the property of the estate in the debtor.”15 Because the plan and
confirmation order the Raels drafted did not elect to provide otherwise, the simple
reading of these two statutes resulted in all property of the estate, at least as it
existed on the date of confirmation, vesting in the Raels at confirmation. As a
result, the automatic stay protecting that property—which included the property
the Raels had pledged to Wells Fargo—terminated upon confirmation of the
Raels’ plan in January 2010.
         The Raels argue that § 1115(a) conflicts with § 1141(b), because § 1115(a)
states that in individual Chapter 11 cases, property of the estate includes property
“acquire[d] after the commencement of the case . . .” and “earnings from services
performed by the debtor after the commencement of the case . . . ,” as long as that
property was acquired or earned “before the case is closed, dismissed, or
converted . . . .”16 The Raels then analogize these Chapter 11 sections to similar
Chapter 13 sections, and discuss the split of authority in Chapter 13 cases over

13
         See Johnson v. Smith (In re Johnson), 501 F.3d 1163, 1171-72 (10th Cir.
2007).
14
         11 U.S.C. § 362(c)(1).
15
         11 U.S.C. § 1141(b).
16
         11 U.S.C. § 1115(a)(1)-(2).

                                           -8-
whether the property of the estate remains property of estate after confirmation
until discharge, and is therefore protected by the automatic stay. In the Chapter
13 context, there is no Tenth Circuit or BAP opinion deciding this issue, 17 and
there are no opinions at all on the issue in the Chapter 11 context.
      There is no real dispute that the bankruptcy court did not address this
argument (analogizing Chapter 11 provisions to Chapter 13 cases and the split in
the case law in those cases). And Wells Fargo responds to this argument, and the
Raels’ appeal, by arguing that the Raels waived this argument on appeal by
failing to make the same argument at the bankruptcy court. It is true that the
Raels’ briefing and advocacy on this issue at the bankruptcy court are not clear.
In their first motion for an order to show cause and/or for contempt, the Raels
only generally argued that the real property at issue was property of the estate and
subject to the automatic stay. In their motion for reconsideration, in response to
the bankruptcy court’s ruling that § 362(c)(2) and Houlik defeated their claims,
however, the Raels then pushed the issue that § 362(c)(1), rather than § 362(c)(2),
should be considered by the bankruptcy court.
      The bankruptcy court, in ruling on the motion for reconsideration, held that
it was not appropriate for the Raels to advance the § 362(c)(1) argument, because
the Raels could have raised the argument in their prior briefing and did not. It
was not until briefing in support of their second motion for show cause and/or
contempt that the Raels fully briefed their argument about the interplay between

17
       The Tenth Circuit has recognized the split in the Chapter 13 case law
concerning the Chapter 13 vesting provisions and property of the estate, but has
not indicated which approach it will follow. See United States v. Richman (In re
Talbot), 124 F.3d 1201, 1207 n.5 (10th Cir. 1997) (acknowledging question over
the vesting provisions of § 1327(b) and its impact on estate property upon
confirmation of a Chapter 13 plan). The Tenth Circuit BAP has done the same.
See In re Vannordstrand, 356 B.R. 788, No. KS-05-091, 2007 WL 283076, at *2
(10th Cir. BAP Jan. 31, 2007) (noting the “disputed issue” of whether “the
‘vesting’ of estate property in the debtor [in a Chapter 13 case] acts to terminate
§ 1306’s inclusion of post-petition acquired property in the estate” but
determining it need not decide the issue in that case).

                                         -9-
§§ 362(c)(1), 1141(b), and 1115(a) and their analogy to the Chapter 13 case law.
      Ultimately, it is a close call whether the Raels sufficiently and timely
raised the argument at the bankruptcy court that they now press on appeal. 18 But
because the Raels’ argument is without merit based on the simple application of
the plain language of the Bankruptcy Code to the facts of this case, and based on
binding precedent, we elect to dispose of it.
      Debtors do not satisfactorily address the Tenth Circuit BAP opinion in
Houlik,19 which has facts and issues similar to those at hand. In Houlik, after the
individual Chapter 11 debtors’ plan was confirmed, the court administratively
closed the case prior to debtors’ receipt of their discharge.20 The debtors’
confirmed plan expressly vested all property in the debtors at confirmation. 21 The
debtors reopened their bankruptcy case several months later, alleging a violation
of the automatic stay as well as a violation of the discharge injunction and the
plan confirmation order.22 Regarding the alleged violation of the automatic stay,
the Houlik panel applied § 362(c) and held the following:
      Pursuant to § 362(c)(1), the stay of an act against property of the estate
      continues only until such property is no longer property of the estate.
      As a result, in this case [where the plan itself vested property in the
      debtors upon confirmation], the automatic stay imposed with respect to
      the [property] when the [debtors] filed their Chapter 11 petition
      terminated upon Plan confirmation. Additionally, § 362(c)(2) provides
      that the stay of any other act against the [debtors] to collect on a
      prepetition claim continues only until the case is closed, the case is

18
       The review applicable on appeal would change if the Raels had not
properly raised the issue at the bankruptcy court. See Barber v. T.D. Williamson,
Inc., 254 F.3d 1223, 1227 (10th Cir. 2001) (noting that when an appellant failed
to timely raise an issue in the lower court, then the only review available is for
plain error) (citing Giron v. Corrections Corp. of Am., 191 F.3d 1281, 1289 (10th
Cir.1999)).
19
      Houlik, 481 B.R. at 661.
20
      Id. at 664.
21
      Id.
22
      Id.

                                         -10-
       dismissed, or a discharge is granted or denied, whichever occurs first.
       Thus, any stay of actions against the [debtors] terminated when their
       case was closed . . . . As a result, [the creditor] cannot be sanctioned for
       repossession of the [property] as a violation of the automatic stay. 23
The Houlik decision did not address the Raels’ current argument about the
interplay between §§ 362(c)(1), 1141(b), and 1115(a), likely because that court
did not believe it needed to. The Houlik decision applies the plain language of
§ 362(c) and concludes that the automatic stay terminated as to property of the
estate upon plan confirmation, and terminated as to all other property upon case
closing. 24
       The Raels attempt to distinguish Houlik by emphasizing that the Chapter 11
plan in Houlik expressly vested property of the estate in the debtors upon plan
confirmation, while their plan is silent as to vesting. But that is a distinction
without a difference, since the plan in Houlik did only what the Bankruptcy Code
dictates for all cases—i.e., vesting property of the estate with all debtors upon
plan confirmation under § 1141(b) (unless the plan provides otherwise). As Wells
Fargo argues, the vesting language in Houlik was essentially redundant because
the Code provides the same result. As a result, the Raels’ argument finds no
support in the Tenth Circuit.25 Just as in Houlik, the stay of actions against
property of the estate terminated upon the Raels’ plan confirmation under
§ 362(c)(1) and § 1141(b). As such, their argument that Wells Fargo violated the

23
       Id. at 669-70 (internal citations omitted).
24
       Id.
25
       The Raels also contend that the bankruptcy court’s interpretation of
§ 362(c)(2), as ending any automatic stay upon closure of the case, renders
subsection (c)(1) “surplusage” because closure is irrelevant to (c)(1). However,
(c)(1) terminates the stay when estate property no longer belongs to the estate.
That happens upon confirmation under § 1141(b), which is prior to termination of
the stay under (c)(2). Moreover, § 1141(b) specifically allows debtors to control
whether or not estate property vests with them upon confirmation by allowing
them to “provide otherwise.” As a result, the Raels could have preserved the
automatic stay for a time by simply including such a provision in their plan.

                                          -11-
automatic stay when it began its state court enforcement actions is misplaced, as
the property pledged to Wells Fargo was not estate property at that point.
Likewise, the stay that applies to all other acts terminated under § 362(c)(2) when
the Raels voluntarily elected to close their case prior to discharge. Thus, there
was no automatic stay violation at all.
      The addition of § 1115(a) by BAPCPA,26 and the interplay of that section
with §§ 362(c)(1) and 1141(b), although not addressed by Houlik, also have no
impact here. The Raels analogize these sections to similar provisions in the
Chapter 13 context, and rely on cases outside the Tenth Circuit 27 that essentially
ignore § 1327(b) (which, like § 1141(b), vests estate property with the debtor
upon confirmation unless otherwise provided) on the basis of a perceived
“conflict” between re-vesting estate property with the debtor and § 1306(a)
(which, like § 1115(a), includes an individual debtor’s post-petition assets in the
bankruptcy estate). The “conflict” that some courts have found between
§ 1327(b) and § 1306(a) is that, although estate property “vests” in a debtor upon
plan confirmation under § 1327(b), an individual debtor’s property and wages
acquired post-petition are considered to be “estate property” under § 1306(a) until
“the case is closed, dismissed, or converted.”28 Thus, in the event that 1) neither
the plan nor the confirmation order provides that estate property shall remain

26
      BAPCPA refers to the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer
Protection Act, Pub. L. 109-8, 119 Stat. 23, a major statutory revision of the
Bankruptcy Code in 2005.
27
      The Raels cite United States v. Harchar, 371 B.R. 254 (N.D. Ohio 2007)
and In re Kolenda, 212 B.R. 851 (W.D. Mich. 1997) as cases finding that, in spite
of § 1327(b), estate property remains estate property (and therefore protected by
the automatic stay) after confirmation.
28
       See, e.g., United States v. Harchar, 371 B.R. 254, 264 (N.D. Ohio 2007)
(noting the “contradiction” between § 1306 providing “that earnings and property
are property of the estate until the case is closed, dismissed or converted, while
plan confirmation occurs before any of these events and “vests all of the property
of the estate in the debtor” under [§] 1327”); In re Kollenda, 212 B.R. 851,
852–53 (W.D. Mich. 1997) (describing “conflict” between § 1306 and § 1327).

                                          -12-
vested in the estate upon confirmation, and 2) the debtor acquires property or
wages between confirmation and the closure, dismissal, or conversion of his case,
what was previously estate property will be vested with the debtor and property
acquired by the debtor after confirmation (that would not have been estate
property except for application of § 1306(a) or § 1115(a)) is estate property by
virtue of those provisions. These courts then conclude that the property is
protected by the automatic stay set forth in § 362(c)(1). 29
      But even if there was controlling Tenth Circuit precedent on this issue,
which there is not,30 § 1115(a) is simply inapplicable to the Raels. Again,
§ 1115(a) states that in individual Chapter 11 cases, property of the estate
includes property “acquire[d] after the commencement of the case . . .” and
“earnings from services performed by the debtor after the commencement of the
case . . . ,” as long as that property was acquired or earned “before the case is
closed, dismissed, or converted . . . .”31 The logical reading of this statute is,
then, that it governs only what property enters the estate; it has no effect on the
termination of the automatic stay under § 362(c) in this case. The property that
was the subject of Wells Fargo’s actions was property on which Wells Fargo had
a prepetition lien. Thus, by definition, this was not property the Raels acquired or
earned after they filed their case and before case closure, as required for the
express terms of § 1115(a) to apply.

29
       See, e.g., In re Kollenda, 212 B.R. at 855 (concluding “even if the property
in the estate at the time of confirmation is transferred to the debtor under §
1327(b), the estate continues to exist, and property acquired post-confirmation is
added to the estate until the case is ‘closed, dismissed, or converted’) (quoting In
re Fisher, 203 B.R. 958, 962 (N.D. Ill. 1997)).
30
       Obviously, the issue as it arises in Chapter 13 cases is very far afield from
what is squarely presented here. We express or imply no opinion on the split in
authority found in the Chapter 13 case law; this is not the proper case to weigh
the differing approaches.
31
      11 U.S.C. § 1115(a)(1)-(2).

                                          -13-
       As a result, the stay of Wells Fargo’s actions against property of the estate
had long since terminated—in January 2010 when the plan was
confirmed—pursuant to the plain language of § 362(c)(1) and § 1141(b). The
Raels could have chosen a different vesting time, as permitted by § 1141(b), but
they elected not to do so. Therefore, the confirmation of their plan vested all
property of the estate in them (under § 1141(b)) and the automatic stay ceased as
to that property at plan confirmation (under § 362(c)(1)). The stay against all
other acts terminated, by the express language of § 362(c)(2), when the Raels
elected to close their case. 32
       Once again, the Raels made this choice; they voluntarily sought the closing
of their case after plan confirmation in order to avoid further Chapter 11 fees.
And they used the fact the case was closed as a shield when Wells Fargo
attempted to dismiss or convert the Chapter 11 case after the Raels failed to
perform under the confirmed plan. They will not now be heard to suggest the
closing was something less than is contemplated by the express words of
§ 362(c)(2)(A).
       Based on the timeline outlined herein, the Wells Fargo actions about which

32
        Because of this, the Raels’ passing argument about the applicability of
§ 362(a)(5) is misplaced. Section 362(c)(2) terminated any stay under § 362(a).
        The Raels also argue their Chapter 11 case was closed as a mere
administrative matter so they could avoid paying fees to the United States
Trustee, and that, therefore, § 362(c)(2) is somehow inapplicable. Regardless of
the Raels’ motive for closure, however, the Bankruptcy Code does not distinguish
amongst motives for case closure. The Raels further argue that the automatic stay
was reinstated when they reopened their Chapter 11 case. But, again, the only
actions Wells Fargo took after the case was reopened occurred after entry of the
stay relief order to which the Raels had agreed. The Raels then argue that the
reopening of their case somehow retroactively restored the automatic stay. Even
if the Raels had made this argument more than superficially, which they did not,
we need do no more than mention here that the Code does not provide for such
retroactivity. Cf. In re Singleton, 358 B.R. 253, 261 (D. S.C. 2006) (analyzing
automatic stay in Chapter 13 case, and noting that “[w]hile the Bankruptcy Code
[may grant] a bankruptcy court the power to retroactively grant relief from a
stay . . . ,” there is no authority in the Code “that grants the bankruptcy court
power to retroactively impose a stay. . . .”) (internal citations omitted).

                                         -14-
the Raels complain occurred between November 2011 and February 2013. The
Raels’ Chapter 11 plan was confirmed in January 2010, and their Chapter 11 case
was closed in March 2011. Under § 362(c)(1), the stay of acts against property of
the estate terminated in January 2010 upon confirmation, and “the stay of any
other act . . .” terminated in March 2011 upon case closure.33 The bankruptcy
court was correct to conclude there were no automatic stay violations by Wells
Fargo and to deny the Raels’ motions alleging violations.
       B.    Jurisdiction to Enforce the Terms of the Confirmed Chapter 11
             Plan
       The Raels also argue on appeal that the bankruptcy court had exclusive
jurisdiction to enforce the provisions of their Chapter 11 plan, and that, therefore,
Wells Fargo’s state court action for breach of the plan provisions was improper.
The bankruptcy court rejected this argument, again based on Houlik. The
majority in Houlik held that when there is no automatic stay or discharge
injunction violation to support jurisdiction, and there is no issue involving
noncompliance with or interpretation of a confirmed plan, a bankruptcy court
does not have jurisdiction to determine a post-confirmation wrongful repossession
action. 34
       In Houlik, the majority opinion considered whether a bankruptcy court has
authority to sanction a creditor for violating a confirmation order when there is no
violation of the automatic stay or the discharge injunction. 35 The majority
opinion first noted that jurisdiction retention language in a plan “cannot broaden a
bankruptcy court’s jurisdiction . . . ,” and found any attempt to do so with such

33
       11 U.S.C. § 362(c)(2).
34
       Houlik, 481 B.R. at 676.
35
       Id. at 672-73.

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language to be irrelevant.36 The majority then analyzed 28 U.S.C. § 157(b), and
concluded that the debtors’ claim in that case was not a core proceeding, and was,
in fact, a non-core proceeding that could have been brought in state court for
breach of contract or wrongful repossession.37 As a non-core proceeding, the
bankruptcy court could only have jurisdiction if the action was “sufficiently
related to the [debtors’] Chapter 11 bankruptcy case.” 38 Based on the Tenth
Circuit’s definition of “related to” jurisdiction, and cases from outside the Tenth
Circuit applying that definition, the majority opinion in Houlik held that, no
matter how the “related to” definition is interpreted, the post-confirmation
jurisdiction of a case—where assets have re-vested in debtors, the plan is
substantially consummated and administered, and the creditor retains its rights in
the collateral pursuant to the plan—does not extend to the bankruptcy court to
sanction a plan violation.39 The majority opinion concluded:
      Even though it is brought by the debtors, the action affects neither an
      integral aspect of the bankruptcy process, nor the interpretation,
      implementation, consummation, execution, or administration of the
      confirmed plan. That is, of course, not to say there is no remedy for the
      [debtors] in this situation—only that it is a state court remedy and not
      a bankruptcy court remedy. . . . [T]he bankruptcy court’s jurisdiction
      following confirmation . . . is reserved for matters that impact the
      bankruptcy process directly or involve interpretation or execution of the
      plan of reorganization. 40
      The concurring opinion in Houlik agreed that the creditor’s exercise of its
lien rights retained under the plan did not require either interpretation or
enforcement of the plan, which would have been something over which the

36
       Id. at 672 n.72 (internal citation omitted). Likewise, the jurisdiction
retention language in the Raels’ plan is irrelevant in the same way.
37
      Id. at 674.
38
      Id.
39
      Id. at 675-76.
40
      Id. at 676-77.

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bankruptcy court retained jurisdiction, but it objected to the majority’s failure to
acknowledge the importance of such post-confirmation jurisdiction (whether it be
core or ancillary) by considering it only under a “related to” analysis. 41
Regarding state court jurisdiction, the concurrence specifically noted that “[t]he
state court would have concurrent jurisdiction to enforce the Plan as a contract
between the Debtors and [creditor],” but the bankruptcy court would retain
authority to prevent certain collection efforts as part of its enforcement of the
confirmation order. 42
      The Raels first argue on appeal that Houlik is distinguishable because there
was, in fact, an automatic stay violation, and that, therefore, the action here would
be a core proceeding, not a non-core proceeding. As discussed above, however,
the bankruptcy court was correct in finding there was no automatic stay violation,
and this holding forecloses the Raels’ argument. The Raels then argue that
because their plan provided that the bankruptcy court “shall retain jurisdiction”
over their plan, that the bankruptcy court must have continuing jurisdiction over
the plan—questioning how the bankruptcy court could do anything further in their
Chapter 11 case if it has no jurisdiction at that stage. But the Houlik decision
does not state that bankruptcy courts have no post-confirmation jurisdiction.
Instead, the majority opinion concluded only that bankruptcy courts do not have
“related to” jurisdiction to issue sanctions in non-core post-confirmation actions
alleging a violation of the plan for state court enforcement of the plan. Applying
the concurring opinion from Houlik further reiterates that the bankruptcy court is
not left without jurisdiction entirely. Instead, exclusive bankruptcy court
jurisdiction did not arise based on those particular facts—facts that are nearly
identical to those found here. As a result, the Raels’ arguments also fail as to this

41
      Id. at 678–79.
42
      Id. at 679.

                                          -17-
portion of the bankruptcy court’s orders.
V.    Conclusion
      Because we conclude that the bankruptcy court properly found Wells Fargo
did not violate the automatic stay, and that the bankruptcy court did not have
exclusive jurisdiction to enforce the terms of the Raels’ Chapter 11 plan, we
affirm the bankruptcy court’s orders denying relief to the Raels.

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