Court Opinion

ID: 4295085
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-07-18 08:52:47.161985+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:39:56.008399
License: Public Domain

AFFIRM; and Opinion Filed July 12, 2018.

                                              In The
                                Court of Appeals
                         Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                      No. 05-17-00429-CR
                                      No. 05-17-00430-CR

                          KEYSHA KEYYOR TUGLER, Appellant
                                        V.
                            THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

                      On Appeal from the 195th Judicial District Court
                                    Dallas County, Texas
                      Trial Court Cause Nos. F16-47527-N, F16-47528-N

                             MEMORANDUM OPINION
                        Before Justices Lang-Miers, Evans, and Schenck
                                  Opinion by Justice Schenck
       Keysha Keyyor Tugler appeals two convictions of aggravated robbery. In her first issue,

appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support her convictions for aggravated

robbery. In her second, third, fourth, and fifth issues, appellant complains of several evidentiary

rulings. In her sixth issue, she contends the trial court erred in denying her effort to call a co-

defendant as a witness. In her seventh and final issue, appellant urges the trial court erred in

overruling her objection that the jury charge did not contain a defensive issue on duress. We affirm

the trial court’s judgment. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.4.

                                          BACKGROUND

       At a convenience store at 1:20 a.m. on June 18, 2016, a night manager had just finished

with a transaction involving a female customer. A delivery driver was also present making a
delivery. At that moment, two individuals ran into the store brandishing guns. Both gunmen had

their faces covered, one with black-and-white fabric and the other with a mask. The assailants

took the female customer’s wallet, cell phone, and purse. Then the two robbers demanded the

delivery driver open the registers. When the robbers collected the money (approximately $30)

from the registers, they questioned the delivery driver about the store’s safe. The delivery driver

responded that he did not know how to open the safe, and the robbers fled the store. The driver’s

assistant had remained in the parking lot to close up the trailer and, from his vantage point,

observed a white Dodge driven by a black female speeding from the scene. The driver’s assistant

then went into the store and learned that there had just been an armed robbery. The night manager

dialed 9-1-1 to report the incident.

       K.N.H., who had been on the phone with the female customer, heard someone say, “this is

a M_____ F______ robbery; open up the register now.” K.N.H. heard the female customer ask,

“is this for real?” K.N.H. screamed the female customer’s name, but the female customer did not

respond. K.N.H. maintained the connection with the female customer’s phone and dialed 9-1-1

on her son’s phone.

       The police used a description of the robbers’ car and the location of the female customer’s

phone to locate the robbers’ vehicle. When the police stopped the suspect car, appellant and the

two robbers got out. After obtaining a search warrant, the police discovered a black-and-white

shirt, a gray skull mask, a revolver, an air-soft toy gun, a plastic bag of cash, the female customer’s

purse, and the female customer’s phone in the back seat of the car.

       Appellant was indicted for the offense of aggravated robbery in two separate cause

numbers. She pleaded not guilty in both cases, which were tried concurrently before a jury. The

jury found appellant guilty, and after appellant pleaded true to the enhancement paragraph

                                                 –2–
identified in each cause, the jury assessed her punishment in each cause number at 37 years’

confinement.

                                            DISCUSSION

I.     Sufficiency of the Evidence

       In her first issue, appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support her

convictions for aggravated robbery. She urges that although the driver’s assistant testified he saw

a black female driving the getaway car, he did not identify appellant in court as the driver he saw

leaving the gas station. Likewise, while K.N.H. testified that after the female customer’s phone

was stolen, she could hear another female voice speaking in the background, she did not identify

appellant in court as the female speaking. Appellant nevertheless effectively acknowledges

driving the car by which the robbers escaped, but urges that the robbers threatened her with a gun

and made threats against her family that forced her to drive the car.

       When reviewing whether there is legally sufficient evidence to support a criminal

conviction, the standard of review we apply is “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light

most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements

of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Murray v. State, 457 S.W.3d 446, 448 (Tex. Crim. App.

2015) (quoting Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)). This standard tasks the factfinder

with resolving conflicts in the testimony, weighing the evidence, and drawing reasonable

inferences from basic facts. Id. On appeal, we determine whether the necessary inferences are

reasonable based upon the combined and cumulative force of all the evidence when viewed in the

light most favorable to the verdict. Id. Thus, we are not permitted to use a “divide and conquer”

strategy for evaluating sufficiency of the evidence because that approach does not consider the

cumulative force of all the evidence. Id. When the record supports conflicting inferences, we

                                                –3–
presume that the factfinder resolved the conflicts in favor of the verdict, and we defer to that

determination. Id. at 448–49.

       A person commits aggravated robbery if, in the course of committing theft, and with intent

to obtain or maintain control of property, he intentionally or knowingly threatens or places another

in fear of imminent bodily injury or death and uses or exhibits a deadly weapon. See TEX. PENAL

CODE ANN. §§ 29.02 (a), 29.03 (a)(2). A person commits theft if he unlawfully appropriates

property with intent to deprive the owner of it. Id. § 31.03(a). A deadly weapon is anything that

in the manner of its use or intended use is capable of causing death or serious bodily injury. Id. §

1.07(a)(17)(B).

       The State may prove a defendant’s identity and criminal culpability by either direct or

circumstantial evidence, coupled with all reasonable inferences from that evidence. Jenkins v.

State, 493 S.W.3d 583, 599 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016). A lack of direct evidence is not dispositive

of the issue of guilt. Id. Circumstantial evidence is as probative as direct evidence in establishing

guilt, and circumstantial evidence alone can be sufficient. Id. On appeal, the same standard of

review is used for both circumstantial and direct evidence cases. Id.

       Parties to an offense may be charged with the commission of a crime as if they committed

it themselves. Cary v. State, 507 S.W.3d 750, 757 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016). A person is criminally

responsible for an offense committed by the conduct of another if acting with intent to promote or

assist the commission of the offense, he solicits, encourages, directs, aids, or attempts to aid the

other person to commit the offense. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 7.02 (a)(2). When a party is not a

primary actor, the State must prove conduct constituting an offense plus an act committed by the

defendant with intent to promote or assist such conduct. Beier v. State, 687 S.W.2d 2, 3 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1985) (en banc). A jury may consider events occurring before, during, and after the

commission of the offense in determining whether the defendant participated as a party. Gross v.

                                                –4–
State, 380 S.W.3d 181, 186 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). There must be sufficient evidence of an

understanding and common design to commit the offense. Beltran v. State, 472 S.W.3d 283, 290

(Tex. Crim. App. 2015). Circumstantial evidence may be used to prove a defendant is a party to

an offense. Cary, 507 S.W.3d at 758; Gross, 380 S.W.3d at 186. A defendant can be convicted

as a party if the evidence establishes that he participated in the commission of the offense by

driving the getaway vehicle. See Davis v. State, 05-13-00200-CR, 2014 WL 1778269, at *8 (Tex.

App.—Dallas May 1, 2014, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (evidence held

sufficient to show defendant knowingly aided commission of robbery by serving as “getaway

driver” who helped principal actor flee scene, thus supporting appellant’s conviction as party to

murder).

       Appellant’s arguments challenge the sufficiency of the evidence of her identity and

culpability. The record contains the following evidence. The driver’s assistant at the convenience

store testified that on the night of the robbery, he heard tires squealing and saw a black female

driving the car that was later identified as the getaway car. K.N.H. testified that after she heard

the robbery through the phone call with her friend, she kept the connection open and heard two

male voices re-enacting the robbery that had just occurred, then she heard a female voice speaking

and laughing. K.N.H. also heard the three people discussing whether to commit another robbery.

She stated she listened to the people who had her friend’s phone for approximately two hours and

that it sounded as though they were driving, laughing, and having a party. She testified the

female’s voice did not sound panicked, nor did anyone make any demands or threats. Further,

K.N.H. did not believe anyone knew the call was still in progress or that they knew she was

listening. When the robbers’ car was stopped, appellant was the only female in the car. The

vehicle contained two firearms and similar items as those used by the robbers to mask themselves,

as well as the female customer’s purse and phone. The police officer who initiated the stop of the

                                               –5–
car testified that based on his nine-year experience as a police officer, appellant behaved atypically.

While most people he had observed under similar circumstances were nervous or shaking or

crying, appellant appeared “very calm, very collected . . . just very almost nonchalant about the

whole situation.”

       While appellant argues that she was compelled to participate in the flight from the scene

of the robbery, the jury was not compelled to credit that version of events, and its contrary verdict

is supported by the evidence. See Murray, 457 S.W.3d at 448–49. Viewing the foregoing evidence

in the light most favorable to the verdict, a jury could find appellant participated in the robbery as

the driver of the getaway car and that she did so voluntarily.

       We overrule appellant’s first issue.

II.    Evidentiary Rulings

          A.        Standard of Review

       We review a trial judge’s decision on the admissibility of evidence under an abuse of

discretion standard. Johnson v. State, 490 S.W.3d 895, 908 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016). A trial judge

abuses his discretion when his decision falls outside the zone of reasonable disagreement. Id. If

the trial court’s evidentiary ruling is correct under any applicable theory of law, it will not be

disturbed even if the trial court gave a wrong or insufficient reason for the ruling. Id.

          B.        K.N.H.’s Testimony

       In her second and third issues, appellant urges the trial court erred in overruling her

objections to hearsay evidence from the State’s witness. At trial, K.N.H. testified regarding what

she heard during her call with one of the robbery victims.

       STATE: And so—you’re on the phone with [the female customer], so you can hear
       kind of what she hears; is that correct?

       K.N.H: Yes.

       STATE: At some point in time, did you and [the female customer’s] conversation
       seem to end?
                                           –6–
K.N.H.: Yes. It—yes.

STATE: Now, what I want you to do is—what’s the next thing you remember
hearing?

K.N.H.: The—it went quiet, and I could hear a guy said—say—

DEFENSE COUNSEL: Your Honor, I’d like to object to hearsay at this point.

STATE: Your Honor, at this point, it’s going to go to her state of mind.

DEFENSE COUNSEL: And—

STATE: I’m not going to offer it for the truth of the matter asserted.

DEFENSE COUNSEL: I’d like to object to Crawford at this point, Your Honor.

THE COURT: Your objection is overruled. You may proceed, Counselor.

K.N.H.: I could hear a guy say, this is a M_____ F______ Robbery; open up the
register now. So I heard [the female customer] say, is this for real? And he said,
this is a M_____ F______ robbery; open up the register now.

STATE: Okay. And at this point, what’s going on through your mind?

K.N.H.: I don’t know. I was like, is that the TV? I didn’t know what it was. You
know, I didn’t know what was going on, but I just continued to listen. And I
screamed, you know, her name. I kept screaming her name, but she didn’t say
anything.

STATE: Were you concerned at this point?

K.N.H. Yes.

....

STATE: Now, at some point in time, how many voices did you end up hearing
when they’re no longer [the female customer’s voice]?

DEFENSE COUNSEL: Your Honor, I would like to object to hearsay. And I’d
like to—I’d like to put a running objection with the line of questioning from the
State.

THE COURT: Make your individual objection. So, State?

STATE: Your Honor, my response is going to still be that it goes to her state of
mind, and it is an ongoing emergency, based on her testimony.

THE COURT: Your objection is overruled, Counsel.

DEFENSE COUNSEL: Thank you, Your Honor.
                              –7–
       STATE: [K.N.H], how many voices did you hear?

       K.N.H.: I heard—I heard two male voices at first.

       K.N.H. went on to testify the male voices were re-enacting the robbery and that she was

hearing the voices of whoever had the female customer’s phone at that point. She also heard a

female voice that was laughing like the two male voices were and all three were discussing

committing another robbery. At that time, K.N.H. was on the phone with the police, relaying what

she heard because she believed the female customer had been robbed and did not know if she had

been kidnapped.

       Hearsay is an out-of-court statement by the declarant that is offered to prove the truth of

the matter asserted. TEX. R. EVID. 801(d). Rule 801 defines a statement as “a person’s oral or

written verbal expression, or nonverbal conduct that a person intended as a substitute verbal

expression.” TEX. R. EVID. 801(a).

       Appellant also made Crawford objections in addition to his hearsay objections and on

appeal argues he was denied his Sixth Amendment right of confrontation pursuant to Crawford v.

Washington, 541 U.S. 36 (2004). Out-of-court statements offered against the accused that are

testimonial in nature are inadmissible unless the declarant is presently unavailable to testify and

the accused had a prior opportunity to cross-examine. Langham v. State, 305 S.W.3d 568, 575

(Tex. Crim. App. 2010); see also Crawford, 541 U.S. at 68–69 (applying Confrontation Clause to

“testimonial statements”).

       The first objected-to exchange is K.N.H.’s testimony regarding what she heard the robber

say: “this is a M_____ F______ Robbery; open up the register now.” The State then asked K.N.H.

what effect that statement had on her, to which she responded that she did not know what was

going on but that she was concerned. A statement does not constitute hearsay if offered for its

effect on the listener rather than for the truth of the matter asserted. See In re Bexar Cnty. Crim.

                                                –8–
Dist. Attorney’s Office, 224 S.W.3d 182, 189 (Tex. 2007). Here, the State offered the statement

to establish the effect it had on K.N.H. as she listened to the call with her friend, not to establish

that a robbery took place. Additionally, because the first complained-of exchange was not offered

for the truth of the matter asserted, it is not barred by the Confrontation Clause. See Crawford,
541 U.S. at 59 n.9 (“The Clause also does not bar the use of testimonial statements for purposes

other than establishing the truth of the matter asserted.”).

          We overrule appellant’s second issue.

          The second-objected to exchange is K.N.H.’s answer to the question of how many male

voices she heard. The question did not ask K.N.H. to repeat a “statement,” nor did her answer

include any “statement.”1 See TEX. R. EVID. 801(a). Accordingly, the trial court did not err in

overruling appellant’s hearsay or Crawford objection to this exchange. See TEX. R. EVID. 801(a);

Langham, 305 S.W.3d at 575.

          We overrule appellant’s third issue.

              C.           Cross-Examination of Night Manager

          In her fourth issue, appellant contends the trial court erred in sustaining the State’s

objections to her proffer on cross-examination. She urges the exclusion of her proffered evidence

amounted to denial of her right to confrontation.

      1
          K.N.H.: I heard—I heard two male voices at first.
          STATE: Okay. And so—and what were the male voices—what were they talking about?
          K.N.H.: They were re-enacting the robbery that just occurred.
          STATE: And so they’re talking amongst each other?
          K.N.H.: Yes.
          STATE: And once, again, you have your phone, and then you have your son’s phone?
          K.N.H.: Yes.
          STATE: And so you are talking—this is [the female customer’s] phone at this point?
          K.N.H.: Right.
          STATE: So the voices of whoever has [the female customer’s] phone are the voices you’re hearing; is that correct?
          K.N.H.: That’s correct.
          ....

                                                                    –9–
       The right of cross-examination by the accused of a testifying State’s witness includes the

right to impeach the witness with relevant evidence that might reflect bias, interest, prejudice,

inconsistent statements, traits of character affecting credibility, or evidence that might go to any

impairment or disability affecting the witness’s credibility. Virts v. State, 739 S.W.2d 25, 29 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1987). Like our review of a trial court’s decision admitting or excluding evidence, we

review the trial court’s decision to limit cross-examination under an abuse of discretion standard.

Sansom v. State, 292 S.W.3d 112, 118 (Tex. App—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, pet. ref’d). An

abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court acts without reference to any guiding rules or

principles. Id.

       A trial court may violate a defendant’s right of confrontation by improperly limiting cross-

examination, but the scope of appropriate cross-examination is not unlimited. See Hammer v.

State, 296 S.W.3d 555, 561 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). A trial court, for example, may limit the

scope of cross-examination to prevent harassment, prejudice, confusion of the issues, harm to the

witness, and repetitive or marginally relevant interrogation. See id. Notwithstanding the trial

court’s discretion in this area, jurors are entitled to have the benefit of the defense theory before

them so that they can make an informed decision regarding the weight to accord the witness’s

testimony, even though they may ultimately reject the theory. Sansom, 292 S.W.3d at 119.

       Only relevant evidence is admissible. TEX. R. EVID. 402. Relevant evidence is evidence

having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination

of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without it. TEX. R. EVID. 401. To

be relevant, evidence must be material and probative. Miller v. State, 36 S.W.3d 503, 507 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2001). Evidence is material if it is shown to be addressed to the proof of a material

proposition, i.e., any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action. Id.

                                                –10–
       At trial, during the cross-examination of the night manager of the convenience store where

the robbery occurred, the following exchange took place:

       DEFENSE COUNSEL: The DA told you about a plea for [one of the robbers],
       right?

       NIGHT MANAGER: Yes.

       DEFENSE COUNSEL: And you said you agreed to the plea—

       STATE: Your Honor—

       DEFENSE COUNSEL:—to get—

       STATE: —may we approach?

       THE COURT: You may.

       (Off the record bench conference.)

       DEFENSE COUNSE: The DA spoke with you about a plea deal for [one of the
       robbers], right?

       STATE: Your Honor, I’ll object. Plea negotiations are not relevant.

       THE COURT: I’m going to sustain the objection. I’m going to ask the jurors to
       disregard that last question. Ask your next question, Counselor.

       Defense counsel requested to make an offer of proof, which the trial court permitted outside

the presence of the jury. At that time, defense counsel explained that he wanted to introduce

evidence the night manager was informed about a plea offer made to one of the robbers and that

that knowledge would show bias and prejudice towards appellant. He further explained that her

failure to testify about the plea offer went to her credibility. On appeal, appellant urges the trial

court’s decision to limit her cross-examination of the night manager resulted in a denial of her

right to confrontation and prevented her from presenting the jury with evidence of the State’s

favorable treatment of the “juvenile co-defendant.”

       We note again that courts have discretion to limit the scope of cross-examination to prevent

harassment, prejudice, confusion of the issues, harm to the witness, and repetitive or marginally

                                               –11–
relevant information. See Hammer, 296 S.W.3d at 561 n.7. Appellant has not shown how the

night manager’s knowledge of the co-defendant’s plea offer would show any bias or prejudice

towards appellant or how her failure to testify about that knowledge went to her credibility. We

conclude appellant has failed to show any abuse of discretion by the trial court in limiting her

cross-examination of the night manager.

       We overrule appellant’s fourth issue.

          D.      K.N.H.’s 9-1-1 Call

       In her fifth issue, appellant urges the trial court erred by overruling her hearsay objection

to a recording of K.N.H.’s 9-1-1 call. Before the State published the 9-1-1 call to the jury, defense

counsel objected “to hearsay” and “to Crawford.” She urges the out-of-court statements made

during the 9-1-1 call were testimonial and their admission violated the Confrontation Clause.

       Out-of-court statements that are “testimonial” in nature violate the Confrontation Clause

unless the prosecution establishes that the out-of-court declarant is presently unavailable to testify

in court and the accused had a prior opportunity to cross-examine him. Langham, 305 S.W.3d at

575–76.

       The 9-1-1 call contains three out-of-court statements: 1) the call itself, 2) the statements of

K.N.H. and the operator, and 3) the co-defendant’s statements overheard and repeated by K.N.H.

Appellant does not identify any specific statement as objectionable, so we will review the entire

call. The only statement made by anyone other than K.N.H. or the operator is the statement, “this

is a robbery,” which we addressed in appellant’s second issue above. Regardless of whether

K.N.H.’s or the operator’s statements were testimonial, they could not be objectionable because

both declarants—K.N.H. and the operator—testified and were subject to cross-examination. See

Crawford, 541 U.S. at 59 n.9 (“[W]hen the declarant appears for cross-examination at trial, the

Confrontation Clause places no constraints at all on the use of his prior testimonial statements.”).

                                                –12–
       Appellant does not set forth any arguments concerning why any statements within the 9-1-

1 call were inadmissible hearsay statements. However, even had she done so, the trial court may

have reasonably determined the statements fit within the excited utterance exception to the

prohibition against hearsay. An excited utterance is a statement relating to a startling event or

condition made while the declarant was under the stress of excitement caused by the event or

condition. TEX. R. EVID. 803(2). In determining whether a statement is an excited utterance, the

court may look at the time that elapsed between the event and the statement. Neal v. State, 186
S.W.3d 690, 693 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, no pet.). The critical factor in determining whether a

statement is an excited utterance is whether the declarant was still dominated by the emotions,

fear, excitement, or pain of the event at the time of the statement. Id.

       Here, the call lasts barely more than three minutes during which K.N.H. describes being

on the phone with her friend when she heard someone say “this is a robbery.” K.N.H. then states

her friend did not respond when she asked if she was “okay.” K.N.H. explains the call with her

friend is still connected, and she does not know if her friend’s car has been stolen or if her friend

has been kidnapped. After the operator tells K.N.H. her friend and her car are safe, the rest of the

call is less than two minutes long, during which the operator asks for K.N.H.’s phone number, her

friend’s phone number, and K.N.H.’s name. The operator then instructs K.N.H. to not end the call

with her friend’s phone, so the police can trace the call. Under these circumstances, we conclude

K.N.H. was still dominated by the emotions and fear for her friend at the time she made statements

to the operator. See Neal, 186 S.W.3d at 693.

       We overrule appellant’s fifth issue.

          E.      Co-Defendant as Witness

       In her sixth issue, appellant argues the trial court erred improperly denied her right to due

process and a fair trial by refusing to allow appellant to call as a witness a co-defendant who had

                                                –13–
already disposed of his case. At trial and out of the presence of the jury, appellant attempted to

call one of her co-defendants to testify. Her co-defendant C.B. was represented by counsel who

asserted C.B. intended to invoke his Fifth Amendment right to refrain from self-incrimination.

C.B.’s counsel stated that C.B. was “under what’s called a determinate sentence[,] . . . [which]

means that his sentence is to be determined by, among other things, how he performs while on

probation.” Appellant contends C.B. waived his Fifth Amendment right not to testify in this case

when he pleaded guilty to the same offense because he cannot further incriminate himself, as he

has already admitted his guilt.

       The Sixth Amendment right to compulsory process assures the defendant of her ability to

offer the testimony of witnesses, and to compel their attendance, if necessary, so that the defendant

may present her version of the facts to the jury. See U.S. CONST. amend. VI; Washington v. Texas,

388 U.S. 14, 19 (1967). The State may not arbitrarily deny her the right to put on the stand a

witness who was physically and mentally capable of testifying to events he had personally

observed, and whose testimony would have been relevant and material to the defense.”

Washington, 388 U.S. at 23.

       However, an individual’s constitutional privilege against self-incrimination overrides a

defendant’s constitutional right to compulsory process of witnesses. Bridge v. State, 726 S.W.2d
558, 567 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). Therefore, a trial court cannot compel a witness to answer

unless it is perfectly clear, from a careful consideration of all the circumstances in the case, that

the witness is mistaken in asserting the privilege, and that the answer cannot possibly tend to

incriminate the witness. See Walters v. State, 359 S.W.3d 212, 216–17 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011);

Boler v. State, 177 S.W.3d 366, 371 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet ref’d.). The court

is required to make an inquiry into the reasonableness of a witness’s assertion of the Fifth

Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. Walters, 359 S.W.3d at 216. We review a trial

                                               –14–
court’s decision to uphold a witness’s claim of privilege for an abuse of discretion. See id. at 216–

17.

             The record reflects that, although they were not admitted into this record, both the State

and defense counsel were in possession of a copy of C.B.’s juvenile records, including his plea.

The record also contains testimony that C.B. was sixteen at the time of the offense. When a

juvenile is given a determinate sentence, upon the request of the Texas Juvenile Justice

Department (TJJD) to transfer the juvenile to the penitentiary, the trial court is required to hold a

hearing and that at that hearing, the trial court has wide latitude and discretion to consider, among

other factors, “the experiences and character of the person before and after commitment to [TJJD],

the nature of the penal offense that the person was found to have committed, and the manner in

which the offense was committed.” See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 54.11(k); Reese v. State, 03-14-

00409-CR, 2016 WL 806704, at *2 (Tex. App.—Austin Feb. 25, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op., not

designated for publication).

             The district court may have reasonably inferred that C.B. believed that any answers he

provided in his testimony could implicate him in greater or different offenses than he had already

implicated himself in by pleading true to the State’s allegations, and that such answers might be

used against him at a subsequent transfer hearing. If C.B. had testified, he would have been subject

to cross-examination not only by the State but also by counsel for appellant, both of whom, the

district court could have reasonably inferred, would have had an incentive to undermine C.B.’s

credibility by implicating him in greater or different offenses. Moreover, appellant’s defense

counsel had indicated to the trial court he intended to establish appellant drove the getaway car

under duress from her co-defendants thus potentially implicating him in further, serious offenses.2

      2
          In fact, defense counsel’s opening statement began as follows:
             This is the gun. Drive, or I’ll blow your brains out. We know where your mom stays. Sit. Stand. Move. What would you
             do? Keysha was under duress, imminent fear.

                                                                       –15–
We cannot conclude the trial court abused its discretion by upholding C.B.’s claim of privilege on

this record.

        We overrule appellant’s sixth issue.

III.    Jury Charge

        In her seventh and final issue, appellant urges the trial court erred in overruling her

objection that the jury charge did not contain a defensive issue on duress. The record reflects that,

at the charge conference, appellant objected to the lack of an instruction on duress based on the

fact that she had intended to use co-defendant C.B. to set forth evidence of duress. The trial court

overruled appellant’s objection.

        When reviewing a trial court’s decision to deny a requested defensive instruction, we

review the evidence in the light most favorable to the defendant’s requested submission. Gamino

v. State, 537 S.W.3d 507, 510 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017). Duress is, on its face, a confession-and-

avoidance or “justification” type of affirmative defense. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 8.05(a); Gomez

v. State, 380 S.W.3d 830, 834 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, pet. ref’d). This is so

because this justification, by definition, does not negate any element of the offense, including

culpable intent; it only excuses what would otherwise constitute criminal conduct. Gomez, 380
S.W.3d at 834.

        The confession-and-avoidance doctrine required appellant to first admit she “engaged in

the proscribed conduct” by admitting to all elements of the underlying offense and then to claim

that his commission of the offense was justified because of other facts. Id. One may not establish

that an act is justified without identifying, or admitting to the commission of, the predicate act. Id.

A defendant’s failure to testify, stipulate, or otherwise proffer evidence admitting that he engaged

in the proscribed conduct” prevents the defendant from benefiting from the defense of duress. Id.

                                                –16–
       Appellant complains she was denied the opportunity to call co-defendant C.B. as a witness

to establish her defense of duress. However, she also failed to testify, stipulate, or otherwise

proffer evidence admitting her commission of the underlying offense. See id. Accordingly, we

conclude that she was not entitled to a jury instruction on the affirmative defense of duress.

       We overrule appellant’s seventh issue.

                                           CONCLUSION

       We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                                   /David J. Schenck/
                                                   DAVID J. SCHENCK
                                                   JUSTICE

DO NOT PUBLISH
Tex. R. App. P. 47

170429F.U05

                                                –17–
                               Court of Appeals
                        Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                      JUDGMENT

 KEYSHA KEYYOR TUGLER, Appellant                       On Appeal from the 195th Judicial District
                                                       Court, Dallas County, Texas
 No. 05-17-00429-CR         V.                         Trial Court Cause No. F16-47527-N.
                                                       Opinion delivered by Justice Schenck,
 THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee                          Justices Lang-Miers and Evans
                                                       participating.

       Based on the Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is AFFIRMED.

Judgment entered this 12th day of July, 2018.

                                                –18–
                               Court of Appeals
                        Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                      JUDGMENT

 KEYSHA KEYYOR TUGLER, Appellant                       On Appeal from the 195th Judicial District
                                                       Court, Dallas County, Texas
 No. 05-17-00430-CR         V.                         Trial Court Cause No. F16-47528-N.
                                                       Opinion delivered by Justice Schenck,
 THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee                          Justices Lang-Miers and Evans
                                                       participating.

       Based on the Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is AFFIRMED.

Judgment entered this 12th day of July, 2018.

                                                –19–