Court Opinion

ID: 4292145
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-07-06 17:02:04.620154+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:37:49.893736
License: Public Domain

Filed 6/11/18; pub. & mod. order 7/6/18 (see end of opn.)

             IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                   THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                                 (Sacramento)
                                                       ----

RICHARD PAUL FISHER,

                 Plaintiff and Appellant,                              C081957

        v.                                                            (Super. Ct. No.
                                                                34201480001980CUWMGDS)
STATE PERSONNEL BOARD,

                 Defendant and Respondent.

        While serving as an administrative law judge for the State Personnel Board (SPB),
Richard Paul Fisher joined the law firm of Simas & Associates as “of counsel.” Simas
& Associates specialized in representing clients facing administrative actions, including
those heard by the SPB. Indeed, the Simas law firm represented a CalTrans employee in
a high-profile case that was being heard before the SPB while Fisher was serving his
dual roles. Unaware Fisher was working for the very law firm representing the CalTrans
employee, the SPB administrative law judge hearing the high-profile case discussed the
matter in a meeting attended by Fisher and even sent a draft opinion to her SPB

                                                            1
colleagues, including Fisher. Fisher, however, never informed anyone at the SPB of
his connection with the Simas law firm. Fisher’s connection with the law firm came to
light only when another administrative law judge was asked about the matter during a
local bar function. The SPB dismissed Fisher from his position as an administrative
law judge.
       Fisher challenged the dismissal, which was affirmed after a hearing before the
Office of Administrative Hearings.1 After a petition for writ of administrative
mandamus was denied by the superior court, Fisher timely filed this appeal. On appeal,
Fisher focuses his arguments on the proposition that he should be reinstated to his
position because he was never personally served with notice that working for a law
firm specializing in administrative matters constituted an impermissible activity for an
SPB administrative law judge. Fisher additionally argues that (1) the 2013 incompatible
activities statement adopted by the SPB was “an invalid ‘underground regulation,’ ”
(2) conflicting evidence “fairly detracts from the findings” that he engaged in neglect
of duty and other failures of good behavior, (3) the SPB’s decision “failed to address
the Skelly[2] violation” of a missing document that was not disclosed to him prior to his
hearing, and (4) his termination from employment at the SPB was not a just and proper
penalty.
       We reject Fisher’s arguments that an SPB administrative law judge must expressly
be informed it is impermissible to work for a law firm actively litigating cases before the

1      The matter was transferred from the SPB to the Office of Administrative Hearings
to avoid a conflict of interest and due to the fact that several key witnesses were SPB
administrative law judges.
2      Skelly v. State Personnel Bd. (1975) 15 Cal. 3d 194.

                                             2
SPB. Fisher’s conduct violated Government Code section 199903 and the SPB’s
incompatibility activities statements that were in effect throughout his tenure as an SPB
administrative law judge. We determine substantial evidence supports the findings of the
administrative law judge who heard Fisher’s case that Fisher “displayed an appalling lack
of judgment when he became of counsel with Simas & Associates” and “continued to
demonstrate poor judgment when he failed to disclose his of counsel relationship to
SPB.” The SPB did not abuse its discretion by dismissing Fisher. These conclusions
obviate the need to consider Fisher’s remaining contentions. Accordingly, we affirm the
judgment.
                      FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
       In April 2010, Fisher was appointed to the position of administrative law judge
with the SPB. In June 2013, the SPB served on Fisher a notice of adverse action in which
the agency sought his dismissal. The SPB advised Fisher he was entitled to respond to
the notice within 10 days. Fisher declined to request a hearing within the 10 days. In
July 2013, Fisher filed an answer and appeal in which he denied the charges, asserted
defenses, and requested that the matter be heard by the Office of Administrative
Hearings.
                       Office of Administrative Hearings Decision
       In April 2014, Office of Administrative Hearings Administrative Law Judge
Jonathan Lew conducted a hearing on Fisher’s appeal. In a 31-page written decision,
Administrative Law Judge Lew upheld the dismissal and made the following findings and
determinations.

3      Undesignated statutory references are to the Government Code.

                                             3
    1. The SPB’s Incompatible Activities Statements
       At the time of Fisher’s appointment, the SPB had in place a statement of
incompatible activities that provided in pertinent part:

       “An Officer or employee who is engaging in, or plans to engage in any
       employment, activity, or enterprise which might conceivably be
       incompatible, or interfere in any way with his or her duties as a State
       officer or employee, whether or not specifically covered by the Statement
       must consult with his or her supervisor, who will take the matter up with
       the Executive Officer or his or her designee. The Executive Officer or his
       or her designee will make a decision as to the appropriateness of the
       employment, activity, or enterprise.”
       In January 2013, the SPB issued a substantively similar incompatible activities
statement.4 Much like the earlier statement, the 2013 incompatible activities statement
declared:

       “It is not the desire of SPB to inquire into the private affairs of its
       employees. However, cooperation is requested of all employees in
       avoiding any activity that will cause embarrassment to this agency, the
       [SPB] or the State of California. An employee who is engaging in, or plans
       to engage in, any employment, activity, or enterprise which conceivably
       might be incompatible, or interfere in any way with his/her duties as a State
       employee, is asked to consult with the personnel office of the California
       Department of Human Resources (CalHR) for advice.”
       The 2013 incompatible activities statement further elaborates that administrative
law judges may not engage in any of the following:

       “1. Using the prestige or influence of a State office or employment for the
       employee’s private gain. [¶] 2. Using State time, facilities, equipment, or
       supplies for the officer or employee’s private gain or advantage, or the
       private gain or advantage of another. [¶] 3. Using or having access to
       confidential information acquired by virtue of State employment for the

4       For the sake of consistency we refer to the 2013 revision as an incompatible
activities statement even though SPB titled the issuance as an “Incompatible Activities
Policy.”

                                              4
       private gain or advantage of providing confidential information to persons
       to whom issuance of this information has not been authorized. [¶] . . . [¶]
       5. Performance of an act in other than his/her capacity as a State officer or
       employee knowing that such act may later be subject, directly or indirectly,
       to the control, inspection, review, audit or enforcement by the officer or
       employee or by the agency by which he/she is employed.”
       The 2013 incompatible activities statement further disallowed “[a]ccepting
employment which adversely affects the employee’s performance or brings discredit to
the State or the SPB.”
       At the hearing, Fisher did “not recall being provided with a physical copy of
SPB’s” incompatible activities statement. However, he remembered completing an ethics
training course at the SPB during which he acknowledged he “ ‘had carefully read all of
the instructional materials.’ ” These instructional materials “stated in three places that
SPB was required to have an [incompatible activities statement], and that in two other
places the reader was instructed to ‘examine’ SPB’s [incompatible activities statement].”
Moreover, Fisher, “as an [administrative law judge], also heard cases and rendered
decisions on matters involving state employees being subject to discipline for violating
their department’s [incompatible activities statement] and related policies.” Thus, Fisher
“understood that a state employee was subject to his or her agency’s applicable
[incompatible activities statement].”
       Fisher had access to the SPB’s intranet that contained the incompatible activities
statement. The SPB’s administrative law judges “have access to this intranet, as it was
used as a resource in performing their regular duties.” Administrative Law Judge Lew
found that “[i]t was established that [Fisher] had ready access to SPB’s [incompatible
activities statement] over the course of his employment.”
    2. Fisher Becomes Of Counsel to the Simas & Associates Law Firm
       In 2011, Fisher was asked by his longtime friend and former colleague at the
Department of Justice, Steve Simas, to join his law firm as of counsel. Simas &

                                              5
Associates is “a boutique firm with a primary specialty in administrative law.” At the
hearing, “Simas confirmed that enhancing his law firm’s prestige was a factor in
having [Fisher] become of counsel to Simas & Associates.” Fisher was aware Simas
represented clients before the SPB because Fisher had personally presided over a
prehearing and settlement conference in which Simas appeared as counsel on behalf
of a party.
       Administrative Law Judge Lew made the finding Fisher “was aware of the
possibility of, and the need to avoid conflicts of interest if he became of counsel at Simas
& Associates. He and [Simas] discussed building and maintaining an ‘ethical wall’ so
that [Fisher] would not be asked to consult on a case that could conceivably come before
SPB.” However, “[t]he ethical wall was based upon an oral agreement between [Fisher]
and [Simas]. It was never reduced to writing.”

    3. Fisher’s Failure to Request Permission or Disclose his Of Counsel Status
       Failure to request permission.
       Fisher never requested permission from his supervisors at the SPB prior to joining
Simas & Associates. Moreover, Fisher never informed anyone at the SPB that he had
taken the of counsel position. Fisher asserted “that he did not believe it was important at
the time for his supervisors to know that he was associated with a law firm that was
appearing before SPB.” Fisher stated he knew of at least one other SPB administrative
law judge who was performing outside legal work. Fisher also asserted he had received
permission from the chief administrative law judge and then-presiding administrative law
judge to serve as of counsel at Simas & Associates. Administrative Law Judge Lew
expressly found Fisher’s assertion “was simply not credible.” To the contrary, the chief

                                             6
administrative law judge and then-presiding administrative law judge “testified
adamantly and persuasively otherwise.”5 (Italics added.)
       Nondisclosure on Form 700.
       In his capacity as an administrative law judge, Fisher was required annually to
submit a Form 700 (Statement of Economic Interest). The reporting period for the 2013
Form 700 encompassed the period during which he performed compensated work for
Simas & Associates. The Form 700 instructions “directed him to report not only income
earned from outside sources, but any job title or business position he held during the
operating period, even if he earned no income in that period.” Fisher, however, “did not
disclose his of counsel relationship with Simas & Associates on the Form 700, effectively
hiding his outside work with the law firm from his employer.”
       Fisher stated he earned only $450 from Simas & Associates in 2012, which was
less than the $500 reportable minimum income for Form 700. Administrative Law Judge
Lew recounted that Fisher “did not believe his of counsel status constituted a ‘job title’ or
‘business position’ for purposes of Form 700, Schedule C disclosures.” Fisher made no
effort “to verify his interpretation of ‘job title’ or ‘business position’ with SPB, the Fair
Political Practices Commission or any other public authority.”

5        Appearing on his own behalf at oral argument, Fisher asserted he had requested
his superiors to grant permission to engage in outside legal work. Fisher made these
assertions without acknowledging that Administrative Law Judge Lew expressly rejected
Fisher’s testimony on this point. Indeed, Fisher misrepresented to this court that
Administrative Law Judge Lew had not made a credibility determination regarding
Fisher’s claim regarding requesting permission to engage in outside legal work. Fisher’s
misrepresentation of facts conclusively established by the record violated his duty of
candor to this court. (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 6068, subd. (d) [“It is the duty of an attorney
. . . never to seek to mislead the judge or any judicial officer by an artifice or false
statement of fact or law”].)

                                               7
       Failure to disclose relationship to Simas & Associates in connection with high-
       profile case pending before the SPB.
       In 2012 and 2013, Simas & Associates served as legal counsel to disciplined
CalTrans employee, Brian Liebich, in a high-profile case pending before the SPB.
During this period, Fisher served both as an SPB administrative law judge and as of
counsel to the Simas & Associates law firm. In December 2012, Fisher attended a
meeting of SPB administrative law judges during which Administrative Law Judge
Barbara Allen-Brecher discussed her perception of the case. Allen-Brecher was the
presiding administrative law judge in the Liebich matter and discussed issues she was
encountering in writing the decision. Fisher did not recuse himself but remained for the
entirety of the discussion even though he was aware Simas & Associates represented
Liebich. Fisher did not inform his colleagues about his of counsel relationship with
Simas & Associates.
       In February 2013, Allen-Brecher e-mailed a draft of her proposed decision in
Liebich for review and comment to a small group of her administrative law judge
colleagues. Allen-Brecher included Fisher because she respected his work. Allen-
Brecher did not know about Fisher’s relationship with Simas & Associates. Fisher
opened the e-mail and read the proposed outcome. Although Fisher did not forward the
decision to Simas & Associates, he also did not inform any of his SPB colleagues of his
relationship with the law firm.
       Website of Simas & Associates.
       Simas & Associates maintains a Website used, in part, as a marketing tool to
attract clients. As Administrative Law Judge Lew found: “On its website, Simas &
Associates touts itself as a ‘leader’ in administrative law and the administrative hearing
process. It boasts that its experienced staff, including ‘of counsel,’ give prospective
clients an ‘advantage at your administrative hearing.’ [¶] In January 2012, the firm’s
website was updated to include [Fisher’s] biography. Under the title ‘Law Firm Staff

                                              8
Profiles’ the website detailed [Fisher’s] prior education and legal work experience. It
then noted: ‘[Fisher] currently serves as an Administrative Law Judge for the State of
California.’ In the same paragraph, the website indicated that, as an attorney, [Fisher]
had ‘personally litigated or has overseen the prosecution of over one hundred
administrative hearings, including cases before the Public Employment Relations Board,
the [SPB], as well as licensing actions before the Office of Administrative Hearings.’ ”
Elsewhere on the Simas & Associates Website, it advertised that “[Fisher] is an
Administrative Law Judge at the [SPB].”
       Fisher “explained that he sought to ensure that the description he did approve,
‘Administrative Law Judge for the State of California’ would put him into the
‘nondescript class’ of some 500 [administrative law judges] serving statewide, as
opposed to being identified as one of only 12 [administrative law judges] working for
SPB.” (Italics added.) As Administrative Law Judge Lew noted, Fisher “acknowledged
that any link between his position as an [administrative law judge] and his employment
with SPB could harm SPB, and thus his purported instruction to [Simas] regarding the
firm’s website. Any such instruction was never reduced to writing, nor was it
communicated by [Simas] or [Fisher] to” the Website’s designer.
       Fisher’s work for Simas & Associates.
       Fisher was available to advise clients of Simas & Associates. He provided actual
legal advice in connection with a CalTrans employee who had issues with her career
executive assignment status. Cases involving decisions about a career executive
assignment status for CalTrans employees are heard by SPB administrative law judges.
“By legal memorandum transmitted on May 21, 2012, from [Fisher’s] SPB email
address, he summarized his thinking on what claims, if any, the employee might have
against CalTrans.”

                                             9
       Discovery of Fisher’s relationship with Simas & Associates by another SPB
       administrative law judge.
       SPB Administrative Law Judge Erin Koch-Goodman attended a local bar
association function in May 2013 when someone asked whether her colleague at the SPB
was the same person “who worked at Simas & Associates.” Koch-Goodman removed
herself from the conversation and later searched the Simas & Associates Website. Koch-
Goodman informed the chief administrative law judge who removed Fisher from any
cases he was scheduled to hear. The presiding administrative law judge requested that
the SPB’s merit appeals manager call the Simas law firm. The manager made the call
and identified herself as a potential client who worked for the State of California and was
potentially subject to discipline. The law firm’s representative confirmed they handled
disciplinary matters and stated Fisher “was ‘of counsel’ and that he would work in
collaboration with one of the law firm’s attorneys.”
    4. Decision by Administrative Law Judge Lew
       Based on his findings, Administrative Law Judge Lew determined Fisher’s
conduct amounted to violations of statute and the SPB’s incompatible activities
statements as follows:
       Of counsel relationship with Simas & Associates.
       Fisher violated section 19572, subdivision (d), by engaging in inexcusable neglect
of duty. This inexcusable neglect of duty was based on Fisher’s failure to exercise due
diligence before joining Simas & Associates as of counsel without first obtaining
permission of the SPB or CalHR. Fisher joined the law firm even though he was aware
of the potential for conflicts as demonstrated by his “attempt to create an ethical wall at
Simas & Associates” and his acknowledgment that any link between his position at the
SPB and his relationship with the law firm could harm the SPB. Moreover, Fisher
allowed the law firm to use his position as an administrative law judge on its Website.
He thus “allowed Simas & Associates to use the prestige of the State of California and by

                                             10
extension SPB, to advance his and the firm’s pecuniary interests. [Fisher’s] suggestion
that the descriptor ‘Administrative Law Judge for the State of California’ put him within
the ‘nondescript class’ of some 500 ALJS serving statewide, as opposed to being
identified as one of only 12 [administrative law judges] working for SPB, is disingenuous
and unavailing.”
       As to the ethical wall, Administrative Law Judge Lew found Fisher’s “broad
assertion that he violated none of the causes of action alleged in the [notice of adverse
action] by virtue of the ethical wall in place at Simas & Associates is rejected. The
evidence did not establish that he entered into a transparent, legal, and ethical of counsel
relationship with the Simas firm, and maintained inviolate an ethical wall.”
       Administrative Law Judge Lew found Fisher violated sections 19572,
subdivision (r), and 19990, as well as the SPB’s incompatible activities statements.
Although Fisher was required to notify the SPB or CalHR of his relationship with Simas
& Associates, he did not do so. By entering into an of counsel relationship,
Administrative Law Judge Lew found he used the prestige of the SPB for the law firm’s
private gain and brought discredit to the SPB.
       Administrative Law Judge Lew determined Fisher’s access to confidential
information about the Liebich case would have brought discredit to the SPB if it would
have been made public. Consequently, Fisher’s conduct “could only subject SPB and
[Fisher’s administrative law judge] position to discredit.”
       Access to Confidential Information.
       As a separate basis for finding Fisher had engaged in wrongful behavior,
Administrative Law Judge Lew determined Fisher had a duty to disclose his relationship
with the Simas law firm and to excuse himself from the discussion of the Liebich case
occurring during a meeting of SPB administrative law judges. Fisher also wrongfully
opened and read the draft decision in the Liebich case. Notably, “[w]hen his of counsel

                                             11
relationship became known, his SPB colleagues expressed shock, disappointment and
feelings of betrayal . . . .” “Allen-Brecher’s first reaction to hearing that [Fisher] was of
counsel to the Simas law firm was stunned disbelief. She was very disappointed in
[Fisher], and felt a sense of betrayal. She believes that his association with Simas &
Associates has ‘sullied the reputation’ of SPB for neutrality, as well as its judges.”
Fisher’s conduct during the meeting in which the Liebich discussion occurred and his
reading of the proposed Liebich decision “could only subject SPB to discredit, as well his
SPB employment.”
       Failure to make necessary disclosures.
       Administrative Law Judge Lew concluded Fisher had a duty to disclose his
relationship with Simas & Associates on his 2013 Form 700. “Those instructions
directed him to report business positions or job titles held in 2012. His explanation that
being ‘of counsel’ to a law firm is neither a business position nor a job title is without any
outside support. [Fisher] made no attempt to verify his interpretation of ‘job title’ or
‘business position’ with SPB, the Fair Political Practices Commission or any other public
authority. He acknowledged that he was required to use ‘all reasonable diligence’ in
preparing the Form 700. He did not.” As a consequence, Fisher engaged in conduct that
“causes the public to lose confidence in SPB and government . . . .”
       Violation of the California Code of Regulations.
       Administrative Law Judge Lew determined Fisher’s conduct violated California
Code of Regulations, title 2, section 56.5, where it provides that a presiding officer shall
act at all times in a manner that promotes public confidence in the integrity and
impartiality of the position, prevent personal and other relationships to influence the
judgment of the presiding officer, and to avoid lending the prestige of his or her office in
any manner that advances the pecuniary interest of the presiding officer. Fisher “was
aware of the duties imposed by section 56.5 more than [a] year before the regulation went

                                              12
into effect. On January 18, 2012, [Presiding Administrative Law Judge] Johnson, then an
attorney for SPB, sent all of the [administrative law judges] a complete set of the
proposed regulations, including section 56.5.” For his violations of section 56.5,
Administrative Law Judge Lew concluded Fisher was subject to discipline under section
19572, subdivision (t).
       Penalty.
       Administrative Law Judge Lew determined Fisher’s dismissal from his position as
administrative law judge was the just and proper remedy.
       The SPB adopted the decision of Administrative Law Judge Lew in August 2014.
                               Action in the Superior Court
       In November 2014, Fisher filed a petition for writ of mandate in superior court
by which he sought to overturn the SPB’s decision to dismiss him. The SPB opposed
the petition. In February 2014, the trial court denied the petition and summarized the
matter: “Fisher’s defense can be summed up as follows: ‘I didn’t know that, as an
Administrative Law Judge for the [SPB], I couldn’t also do outside legal work for a
firm that represents employees in matters before the [SPB].’ To put the defense in
these words is almost to dismiss it outright.” From the judgment of dismissal,
Fisher appeals.
                                       DISCUSSION
                                              I
                                   Standards of Review
       Under Code of Civil Procedure section 1094.5 judicial review of a final
administrative decision “shall extend to the questions whether the respondent [agency]
has proceeded without, or in excess of, jurisdiction; whether there was a fair trial; and
whether there was any prejudicial abuse of discretion. Abuse of discretion is established
if the respondent [agency] has not proceeded in the manner required by law, the order or

                                             13
decision is not supported by the findings, or the findings are not supported by the
evidence.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 1094.5, subd. (b).)
       The “SPB is a ‘statewide administrative agency which is created by, and derives
its adjudicatory power from, the state Constitution. (Cal. Const., art. VII, §§ 2
[membership and compensation of board], 3 [“(a) The board shall enforce the civil
service statutes and, by majority vote of all its members, shall . . . review disciplinary
actions”]. . . .) Under that constitutional grant, [SPB] is empowered to “review
disciplinary actions.” In undertaking that review, [SPB] acts in an adjudicatory capacity.
“The State Personnel Board is an agency with adjudicatory powers created by the
California Constitution.” [Citation.] As such [SPB] acts much as a trial court would in
an ordinary judicial proceeding. Thus, [SPB] makes factual findings and exercises
discretion on matters within its jurisdiction. On review the decisions of [SPB] are
entitled to judicial deference. The record must be viewed in a light most favorable to the
decision of [SPB] and its factual findings must be upheld if they are supported by
substantial evidence. [Citation.]’ ” (California Youth Authority v. State Personnel Bd.
(2002) 104 Cal. App. 4th 575, 584, quoting Dept. of Parks & Recreation v. State
Personnel Bd. (1991) 233 Cal. App. 3d 813, 823.) Under the substantial evidence test,
“[w]e do not reweigh the evidence; we indulge all presumptions and resolve all conflicts
in favor of the board’s decision. Its findings come before us ‘with a strong presumption
as to their correctness and regularity.’ ” (Camarena v. State Personnel Bd. (1997) 54
Cal. App. 4th 698, 701, quoting Pereyda v. State Personnel Bd. (1971) 15 Cal. App. 3d 47,
50.)
       We review questions of law under the independent standard of review.
(California Dept. of Corrections v. State Personnel Bd. (2004) 121 Cal. App. 4th 1601,
1611 (Corrections).) “We respect but do not necessarily defer to SPB’s interpretations of
the governing statutes. (Kuhn v. Department of General Services [(1994)] 22

                                              14
Cal. App. 4th 1627, 1639, [we apply a ‘ “respectful but nondeferential standard of review”
’ to SPB interpretations of governing statutes].) The judiciary takes ultimate
responsibility for the construction of statutes, although according great weight and
respect to the administrative construction such as is appropriate under the circumstances.
(Yamaha Corp. of America v. State Bd. of Equalization (1998) 19 Cal. 4th 1, 7, 11-13
(Yamaha).)” (Corrections, supra, at p. 1611.)
                                              II
                                    Notice Requirements
       Most of Fisher’s opening brief is devoted to arguing, in several different ways,
that he must be reinstated to his position as an SPB administrative law judge because of
the procedural defect that he did not receive prior notice that outside work with the Simas
law firm constituted an incompatible activity. The arguments have no merit.
                                              A.
                                        Section 19990
       Fisher argues that “[t]he legitimacy of the SPB Decision . . . depends entirely on
the validity of the section 19990 charge.” Fisher further argues section 19990 requires
actual rather than constructive notice, and that he never received actual notice.
       Section 19572, subdivision (r), prohibits state civil service employees from
committing a “[v]iolation of the prohibitions set forth in accordance with Section 19990.”
In turn, section 19990 provides in pertinent part:
       “A state officer or employee shall not engage in any employment, activity, or
enterprise which is clearly inconsistent, incompatible, in conflict with, or inimical to his
or her duties as a state officer or employee. [¶] Each appointing power shall determine,
subject to approval of the department, those activities which, for employees under its
jurisdiction, are inconsistent, incompatible or in conflict with their duties as state officers
or employees. Activities and enterprises deemed to fall in these categories shall include,

                                              15
but not be limited to, all of the following: [¶] (a) Using the prestige or influence of the
state or the appointing authority for the officer's or employee’s private gain or advantage
or the private gain of another. [¶] (b) Using state time, facilities, equipment, or supplies
for private gain or advantage. [¶] (c) Using, or having access to, confidential
information available by virtue of state employment for private gain or advantage or
providing confidential information to persons to whom issuance of this information has
not been authorized. [¶] . . . [¶] (e) Performance of an act in other than his or her
capacity as a state officer or employee knowing that the act may later be subject, directly
or indirectly to the control, inspection, review, audit, or enforcement by the officer or
employee. [¶] . . . [¶] The department shall adopt rules governing the application of this
section. The rules shall include provision for notice to employees prior to the
determination of proscribed activities and for appeal by employees from such a
determination and from its application to an employee. Until the department adopts rules
governing the application of this section, as amended in the 1985-86 Regular Session of
the Legislature, existing procedures shall remain in full force and effect.” (Italics added.)
       Fisher relies on the italicized language in section 19990 to argue he remained free
of any potential discipline until given actual notice of incompatible activities. We
disagree.
       The opening sentence of section 19990 provides that “[a] state officer or employee
shall not engage in any employment, activity, or enterprise which is clearly inconsistent,
incompatible, in conflict with, or inimical to his or her duties as a state officer or
employee.” (Italics added.) Thus, section 19990 unconditionally prohibits state officers
and employees from engaging in activities incompatible with their duties. Moreover,
subdivisions (a) through (g) of section 19990 specifically articulate activities that are
deemed incompatible as a matter of law. Section 19990 does not require that state
employees and officers receive actual, prior notice before being disallowed from

                                              16
engaging in activities that are incompatible with their duties as state employees and
officers.
       Fisher misplaces his reliance on section 19990’s instruction that the department
adopt rules to implement the statute. The “department” to which section 19990 refers is
CalHR. (§ 19815, subd. (a).) The instruction that the department “adopt rules governing
the application of” section 19990 that “include provision for notice to employees prior to
the determination of proscribed activities” does not excuse state employees from
violating their duties as state employees. The language Fisher relies on refers to the
appointing power’s authority to identify additional activities it deems incompatible in
addition to those set forth in subdivisions (a) through (e) of section 19990.
       The last sentence of section 19990 provides that “existing procedures shall remain
in full force and effect” until CalHR “adopts rules governing the application of this
section . . . .” (Italics added.) This means section 19990 was binding even before
CalHR’s implementation of rules governing the statute’s application. (Stats. 1986,
ch. 1344, § 1, pp. 4787-4788 [amending section 19990].) It would be nonsensical that a
statutory prohibition on wrongful conduct suddenly be excused by the adoption of rules
by CalHR that are intended to implement the legislation. (See Our Children’s Earth
Foundation v. California Air Resources Bd. (2015) 234 Cal. App. 4th 870, 886 [policies
and rules adopted by agency at the direction of statute “must be reasonably necessary to
implement the purpose of the statute”].)
       We reject as inapposite Fisher’s reliance on Shepherd v. State Personnel Bd.
(1957) 48 Cal. 2d 41 (Shepherd). As the California Supreme Court subsequently
recognized, Shepherd involved the interpretation of language in section 19572,
subdivision (s), that was later superseded by amendment. (Nightingale v. State Personnel
Board (1972) 7 Cal. 3d 507, 511.) In 1957, section 19572 stated: “Each of the following
constitutes cause for discipline of an employee, or person whose name appears on any

                                             17
employment list: [¶] . . . [¶] (s) Any other failure of good behavior or acts either during
or outside of duty hours which are incompatible with or inimical to the public service.”
(Shepherd, at p. 45, fn. 1.) The Shepherd court held that former section 19572 had been
amended in 1949 to “provide[] in substance that a state officer or employee shall not
engage in any activity which ‘has been determined’ to be inconsistent, incompatible, or
in conflict with his [or her] duties and that each appointing power ‘shall determine and
prescribe,’ subject to approval of the board, those activities which will be considered
inconsistent, incompatible, or in conflict with the duties of state officers or employees
under his [or her] jurisdiction.” (Shepherd, supra, at p. 48, italics and brackets added.)
In other words, the Shepherd court examined statutory language that required prior
determination of incompatible activities before an employee could be sanctioned for
engaging in such activities. (Id. at pp. 48-49.)
       More importantly, the Shepherd court noted the pre-1949 version of section 19572
simply stated that “ ‘[a] State officer or employee shall not engage in any other activity,
or enterprise inconsistent, incompatible, or in conflict with his duties as a State officer or
employee.’ ” (Shepherd, supra, 48 Cal.2d at p. 49, fn. 3.) The Supreme Court held the
employee was properly disciplined for his pre-1949 misconduct that was “incompatible
or inimical to the public service” on grounds the statute had not required prior notice or
prior determination of incompatible activities. (Id. at p. 50.) Because the current
language of section 19990 mirrors the flat prohibition on incompatible activities used by
the pre-1949 language of section 19572 construed in Shepherd, we adopt the Supreme
Court’s reasoning to conclude no prior notice is required under section 19990. (Ibid.)
       Fisher also misplaces his reliance on the memorandum of understanding that
applies to his bargaining unit. Section 13.2(B) of the memorandum of understanding
states that:

                                              18
       “An employee may request that the department grant an exception to the
       prohibitions on outside employment contained in the applicable
       Incompatible Activities statement. If the exception is denied, upon request
       by the employee, it shall be reviewed by a committee composed of two (2)
       representatives of the department and two (2) representatives of CASE.[6]
       The committee will issue a recommendation to the department head or
       designee for decision.”
       This provision in the memorandum of understanding does not allow a covered
employee to engage in incompatible activities until expressly instructed to desist.
Instead, the memorandum of understanding provides that the department head or
designee will make an informed “decision,” rather than inform the employee to cease the
incompatible activity or to impose discipline for the wrongful conduct. In short, nothing
in the language of section 13.2(B) of the memorandum of understanding purports to
allow an employee to engage in incompatible activities until receiving actual notice of the
prohibition on the activity.
       We are not persuaded by Fisher’s reliance on In re Errol L. Dunnigan (1993) SPB
Dec. No. 93-32. As a preliminary matter, we note that “the SPB precedents are not
binding on this court.” (Corrections, supra, 121 Cal.App.4th at p. 1618.) We further
note Dunnigan involved substantially different circumstances. The SPB in Dunnigan
considered the matter of discipline imposed on a California Highway Patrol traffic officer
who scheduled his court appearances in a manner most likely to pay overtime.
(Dunnigan, at 4-6.) This scheduling practice was common to 10 traffic officers and did
not conflict with any existing policies of the California Highway Patrol. (Id. at p. 5-6.)
As the SPB recounted, “there was no policy in place either encouraging or discouraging
the acquisition of overtime.” (Id. at p. 6.) Consequently, the SPB declined to impose
discipline for violation of a non-existent policy. (Id. at pp. 11-12.) Here, however,

6    California Attorneys, Administrative Law Judges and Hearing Officers in State
Employment, Bargaining Unit 2, article 2 (eff. Apr. 1, 2011 through July 1, 2013).

                                             19
Fisher’s conduct violated the statutory prohibition imposed by section 19990 as well as
the SPB incompatible activities statements that were in effect.
                                              B.
                         SPB Incompatible Activities Statements
       Fisher contends the SPB’s 2013 incompatible activities statement is invalid as an
underground regulation. We disagree.
       An “underground regulation” is “[a] regulation found not to have been properly
adopted.” (People v. Medina (2009) 171 Cal. App. 4th 805, 813.) “ ‘An underground
regulation is a regulation that a court may determine to be invalid because it was not
adopted in substantial compliance with the procedures of the [Administrative Procedures
Act].’ ” (Id. at pp. 813-814, quoting Patterson Flying Service v. Department of Pesticide
Regulation (2008) 161 Cal. App. 4th 411, 429.) However, the SPB’s 2013 incompatible
activities statement is not a regulation subject to Administrative Procedures Act
rulemaking requirements.
       Section 11342.600 provides, “ ‘Regulation’ means every rule, regulation, order, or
standard of general application or the amendment, supplement, or revision of any rule,
regulation, order, or standard adopted by any state agency to implement, interpret, or
make specific the law enforced or administered by it, or to govern its procedure.”
Expressly exempted from the administrative regulations rulemaking procedures are rules
applying only within an agency. To this end, section 11340.9 declares that “[t]his chapter
does not apply to any of the following: [¶] . . . [¶] (d) A regulation that relates only to
the internal management of the state agency.” Because the SPB’s 2013 incompatible
activities statement applies only to the internal management of SPB employees, it is not
an underground regulation.

                                              20
                                             C.
                                   Substantial Evidence
       Fisher argues that “[t]he SPB Decision is not supported by substantial evidence . .
. .” We conclude substantial evidence supports Administrative Law Judge Lew’s
findings that Fisher actually knew SPB had an incompatible activities statement, took the
of counsel position with knowledge that it created ethical problems, and failed to disclose
his relationship to the Simas law firm.
       The record establishes that the SPB had an incompatible activities statement
in place at all times while Fisher was an SPB administrative law judge. These
statements clearly precluded SPB administrative law judges from engaging in activities
that would interfere with their judicial duties, bring disrepute to the SPB, or use the
prestige of their offices for private gain. Fisher acknowledged he had completed a
training course during which he was directed to examine the SPB’s incompatible
activities statement. And he used the SPB intranet where the incompatible activities
statement could be accessed.
       Fisher did not request permission of his SPB superiors to engage in outside legal
work. The testimony of the chief administrative law judge and then-presiding
administrative law judge on this point was persuasive. Fisher’s assertions to the contrary
were expressly found noncredible.
       Fisher displayed some awareness the of counsel relationship would be problematic
by orally discussing the matter of an “ethical wall” with Simas. However, any agreed-
upon procedures were not reduced to writing. And, as Administrative Judge Lew found,
Fisher actually consulted on a matter involving a CalTrans employee that could have
resulted in a case before the SPB. Moreover, Fisher gave advice in the matter of this
potential litigant using his SPB-assigned e-mail address. As the trial court noted, “even if

                                             21
Fisher never presided over a case involving Caltrans, it simply looks bad to have a state
ALJ earning money by providing legal advice about suing a state agency.”
       Fisher further indicated an awareness of the troublesome nature of his relationship
with Simas & Associates by indicating that his profile on the law firm’s Website should
not mention his status as an SPB administrative law judge but only classify him as within
the “nondescript class” of state administrative law judges. Indeed, Fisher testified that
when he and Simas first discussed the of counsel position, Fisher stated he could not be
listed as an SPB administrative law judge “because of the obvious conflict that would . . .
present.” Fisher acknowledged a connection between his position as an SPB
administrative law judge and his position with the Simas law firm “could harm SPB.”
However, Fisher never reduced to writing his purported instruction to the Simas law firm
not to use his SPB position on the firm Website. The very ethical problems Fisher
purportedly sought to alleviate with an ethical wall and limited Website profile actually
manifested. He gave advice to the Simas law firm on a matter that might have come
before the SPB and he was listed as an SPB administrative law judge.
       In short, Fisher was actually aware his relationship with Simas & Associates posed
an ethical problem due to his continued status as an SPB administrative law judge. Even
if Fisher did not subjectively appreciate the wrongful nature of his employment with the
Simas firm, his conduct violated the provisions of sections 19572, subdivision (r), and
19990 as well as the SPB statements of incompatible activities. “It was established long
ago that ignorance of the law does not excuse one from the consequences of the law.”
(Arthur Andersen v. Superior Court (1998) 67 Cal. App. 4th 1481, 1506 [collecting
authority].)

                                             22
                                             III
                                 Predismissal Procedure
       Fisher tenders an argument under the heading, “The SPB Decision failed to
address the Skelly violation.” The gravamen of Fisher’s argument is unclear. It appears
to be based on a contention that Administrative Law Judge Lew erred by omitting a
discussion on the merits of Fisher’s allegation of a Skelly violation. The Skelly violation
appears to have been “a missing document” referring to title 2 of the California Code of
Regulations section 18730. We reject the argument.
       Fisher limits his argument to the contention that the error “hampered Fisher’s
preparation of legal defense to a charge of dishonesty . . . .” However, the SPB decision
exonerated Fisher on all four dishonesty charges. And the penalty was not imposed in
any part on the rejected dishonesty charges. As a consequence, Fisher suffered no
prejudice from any omission from the packet of information disclosed to him in advance
of the hearing before Administrative Law Judge Lew. Reversible error requires
demonstration of prejudice arising from the reasonable probability the party “would have
obtained a better outcome” in the absence of the error. (People v. Martinez (2013) 57
Cal. 4th 555, 566.) For this issue on which he prevailed before the SPB, Fisher cannot
establish prejudice.
                                             IV
                                           Penalty
       Fisher contends his dismissal from his position as an SPB administrative law judge
is unjustly harsh. We are not persuaded.
                                             A.
                        The Deferential Nature of Penalty Review
       As this court has previously explained, “once the SPB renders a decision, its
determination regarding whether the facts justify discipline and, if so, what the

                                             23
appropriate penalty should be, will not be disturbed in a mandamus proceeding unless the
SPB patently abused its exercise of discretion by acting arbitrarily, capricious, or beyond
the bounds of reason. (Pollak v. State Personnel Bd. (2001) 88 Cal. App. 4th 1394, 1404,
(hereafter Pollak); Kazensky v. City of Merced (1998) 65 Cal. App. 4th 44, 54.) [¶] In
reviewing a decision of the SPB, a court must view the record in the light most favorable
to the SPB’s decision and uphold its factual findings if supported by substantial evidence.
(Pollak, supra, 88 Cal.App.4th at p. 1404.) ‘ “ ‘Neither an appellate court nor a trial
court is free to substitute its discretion for that of the administrative agency concerning
the degree of punishment imposed.’ [Citations.]” [Citation.]’ (Ibid.) Thus, if reasonable
minds may differ as to the propriety of the penalty, there is no abuse of discretion.”
(Siskiyou County v. State Personnel Bd. (2010) 188 Cal. App. 4th 1606, 1615.) With this
standard of review in mind, we turn to the SPB’s selection of penalty in this case.
                                             B.
                       The SPB’s Rationale for Fisher’s Dismissal
       In determining the appropriate penalty, Administrative Law Judge Lew found
Fisher “has an impressive history of public service. His conduct, placed in the best light,
may have been a misguided attempt to help a longtime colleague and friend. Yet one
with his extensive experience in public service and as an administrative law judge should
have known better. He displayed an appalling lack of judgment when he became of
counsel with Simas & Associates. He continued to demonstrate poor judgment when he
failed to disclose his of counsel relationship to SPB. He had multiple opportunities that
called for him to make disclosures. He sat silently through an SPB [administrative law
judge] meeting when Liebich was discussed. He did not excuse himself from that
discussion. He made no disclosure when [administrative law judge] Allen-Brecher
selected him among a smaller group of [administrative law judges] to review a decision
draft in this case. He failed to disclose his of counsel position on Form 700. He did not

                                             24
seek SPB’s permission to engage in outside work as of counsel, he never disclosed his of
counsel position to SPB, and he never undertook to construct an ‘ethical wall’ within
SPB. [Fisher’s] lack of judgment in all the above respects raises further questions about
his ability to exercise good judgment in making decisions as an [administrative law
judge.]”
       Notably, Administrative Law Judge Lew found Fisher “displayed little remorse for
his actions. He accepted little responsibility for the events leading to his dismissal.
Under these circumstances, it cannot be said that the likelihood of recurrence of this, or a
similar episode is low.” “Had [Fisher’s] outside employment with Simas & Associates
become public, the harm to SPB would be serious. His actions undermined the very
integrity of SPB. Parties appearing before SPB could fairly question whether SPB was
truly an unbiased and impartial tribunal. The idea that one of SPB’s judges was also of
counsel to a firm that regularly appeared before SPB, and that was then involved in a
high-profile case, cannot be tolerated under any circumstances. And the idea that an
[administrative law judge] was taking advantage of his position for his own or law firm’s
pecuniary gain erodes the public’s confidence in public service.”
                                             C.
                                    Appropriate Penalty
       The evidence showed Fisher’s conduct was egregious, and it was repeatedly
egregious. Accordingly, we conclude the SPB did not abuse its discretion in determining
Fisher should be dismissed from his position as an administrative law judge.
       From the initial decision to accept an of counsel relationship with the Simas law
firm, a number of equally disturbing lapses of judgment followed. Fisher gave his case
analysis and recommendations for a party that could potentially come before his tribunal,
and he did so by using his SPB e-mail account. Fisher also remained for a discussion of
the Liebich case among the administrative law judges even though he was aware Simas &

                                             25
Associates represented the disciplined employee. Equally shocking was Fisher’s choice
to open and read the draft decision in the Liebich case when he received it from another
SPB administrative law judge. At no point did Fisher disclose his law firm relationship
to his superiors or colleagues at the SPB.
       We defer to the factual finding by Administrative Law Judge Lew that “the
likelihood of recurrence of this, or a similar episode” was not low based on additional
factual findings that Fisher “displayed little remorse for his actions” and “accepted little
responsibility” for his conduct. Substantial evidence supported this finding. Fisher
testified he understood he had a duty to comply with section 19990 and to avoid the
appearance of impropriety. Despite being admonished to do so, Fisher did not follow his
training’s directive to read the SPB’s incompatible activities statement. And when he
served as of counsel, Fisher acknowledged that “it was foreseeable that a matter
involving Simas and Associates could come before the [SPB].” Fisher’s testimony about
having received permission to engage in outside legal work was specifically disbelieved
by Administrative Law Judge Lew. Fisher recognized that having the Simas Website list
his position as an SPB administrative law judge “was an obvious conflict.” Fisher
provided legal advice for a CalTrans employee using his SPB e-mail address and
computer.
       But it “didn’t cross [Fisher’s] mind” to inform anyone at the SPB about his
relationship with the Simas law firm even when Fisher learned the firm was representing
Liebich before the SPB. Whether through lapse of judgment or reckless indifference to
ethical issues, the evidence supports the SPB’s conclusion it was not unlikely Fisher
would engage in another similar episode of ethical lapse antithetical to his role as an
administrative law judge. This conclusion supports the SPB’s decision to dismiss Fisher
from his position as an administrative law judge.

                                             26
       We reject Fisher’s contention that dismissal was unduly harsh because the SPB did
not prove his conduct “resulted in harm to the public service.” The SPB did not have the
burden of proving harm to the agency before determining Fisher’s misconduct warranted
dismissal. As this court has previously held, there is no requirement that the “employee’s
misconduct must be known to the public in order to cause ‘discredit to his [or her] agency
or his [or her] employment’ . . . .” (Constancio v. State Personnel Bd. (1986) 179
Cal. App. 3d 980, 990.)
       Fisher emphasizes his prior upstanding reputation as well as character references
he has received from others. This is not in dispute. Administrative Law Judge Lew
expressly acknowledged Fisher’s “impressive history of public service.” Fisher was
dismissed based on specific instances of egregious violations of the duties of his office as
an SPB administrative law judge, not for his reputation in the community.
       Finally, Fisher notes he was “largely unconcerned with financial gain and
indifferent to prestige . . . .” Regardless of whether this assertion is true, it is irrelevant to
the appropriateness of the penalty. The SPB’s determination of Fisher’s repeated
wrongful conduct combined with the not insignificant probability he would repeat similar
unethical behavior sufficed to justify the penalty of dismissal.7
                                        DISPOSITION
       The judgment is affirmed. The State Personnel Board shall recover its costs on
appeal. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.278(a)(1) & (2).) Attorney Richard Paul Fisher and
the clerk of this court are each ordered to forward a copy of this opinion to the State Bar

7      Our conclusion that Fisher’s violations of the prohibitions stated in section 19990
and the SPB incompatible activities statements warranted his dismissal obviates the need
to consider whether his conduct also violated title 2, section 56.5, of the California Code
of Regulations, and whether Fisher’s statements on his 2013 Form 700 constituted
additional evidence of wrongful conduct supporting the penalty imposed by the SPB.

                                               27
of California upon issuance of the remittitur. (Bus. & Prof. Code, §§ 6086.7, subd. (c),
6068, subd. (o)(6); DeRose v. Heurlin (2002) 100 Cal. App. 4th 158, 182; Cal. Code Jud.
Ethics, canon 3D(2).)

                                                             /s/
                                                 HOCH, J.

We concur:

       /s/
MURRAY, Acting P. J.

         /s/
DUARTE, J.

                                            28
Filed 7/6/18
                              CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

               IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                               THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                            (Sacramento)
                                                ----

RICHARD PAUL FISHER,

                 Plaintiff and Appellant,                       C081957

        v.                                                    (Super. Ct. No.
                                                        34201480001980CUWMGDS)
STATE PERSONNEL BOARD,

                 Defendant and Respondent.             ORDER MODIFYING OPINION,
                                                          CERTIFYING OPINION
                                                         FOR PUBLICATION, AND
                                                          DENYING REHEARING

                                                       [NO CHANGE IN JUDGMENT]

       APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Sacramento County,
Christopher E. Krueger, Judge. Affirmed.

        Richard Paul Fisher, in pro per, for Plaintiff and Appellant.

      Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Chris A. Knudsen, Senior Assistant Attorney
General and Peter D. Halloran, Supervising Deputy Attorney General for Defendant and
Respondent.

THE COURT:

                                                29
       The opinion filed June 11, 2017, in the above cause is modified as follows:
       On page 17, add the following after the first partial paragraph:
       Section 19990’s prohibition on inconsistent and incompatible duties compels
rejection of Fisher’s reliance on Earl v. State Personnel Board (2014) 231 Cal. App. 4th
459. In Earl, this court construed section 3304, subdivision (d)(1), of the Public Safety
Officers Procedural Bill of Rights Act to require actual – rather than constructive – notice
when a public agency is expressly required to “notify the public safety officer” of a
disciplinary action within one year of discovery of the misconduct. (Earl, supra, at
p. 463.) Nothing in Earl supports the proposition advanced by Fisher that a public
employee may violate section 19990’s prohibition on inconsistent and incompatible
activities until he or she receives actual notice of the violation.
       On page 27, delete the word “unethical” from the last sentence of the third full
paragraph.
       The opinion in the above entitled matter was not certified for publication in the
Official Reports. For good cause it now appears the opinion should be published and
accordingly, it is ordered that the opinion be published pursuant to California Rules of
Court, rule 8.1105(c)(4).
       There is no change in the judgment.
       Appellant’s petition for rehearing is denied.

     /s/
MURRAY, Acting P. J.

       /s/
DUARTE, J.

             /s/

                                              30
HOCH, J.

           31