Court Opinion

ID: 8013081
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-09 02:00:36.114259+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:36:03.509104
License: Public Domain

SHEEWOOD, J.
This appeal is taken by the State because the trial court, on motion of defendant, quashed the-' indictment.
The bill of exceptions shows that the motion was “taken up and in all things sustained and that thereupon, the State by its attorney then and there excepted.” Einal judgment was then entered, holding the indictment insufficient in law and ordering the discharge of defendant.
The indictment covers twenty-four pages of printed matter and consists of five counts, one of which, as they all have a strong family likeness, will be sufficient to notice:
“In the Circuit Oourt of Eay county, Missouri, October term, 1895.
“State of Missouri, Plaintiff, vs. G. W. Fraker, Defendant.
State of Missouri, 1 County of Eay. J
“The grand jurors for the State of Missouri, duly impaneled, sworn and charged to inquire of offenses within and *150for the body of tbe county of Ray and State aforesaid, upon their oaths do present and charge that Geo. W. Fraker, on the 10th day of July, A. D. 1893, at the said county of Ray and State of Missouri, then and there being, did then and there unlawfully and feloniously and with the intent to cheat and defraud The Provident Life Assurance Society of New Tork, an insurance corporation duly and legally created and organized as an insurance company, under and by virtue of the laws of the State of New York, and authorized to do business in the State of Missouri, attempt to obtain from said The Provident Savings. Life Assurance Society of New York, the sum of ten thousand dollars, lawful money of the United States, of the value of ten thousand dollars, the money and property of said The Provident Savings Life Assurance Society óf New York, by means and by use of a trick and deception, and false and fraudulent representation and false and fraudulent statement and pretense, in the manner and by means following, to wit:
“That the said Geo. W. Praker, on the 11th day of March, A. D. 1893, procured from and caused tó be issued to- him, by said The Provident Savings Life Assurance Society of New York, one certain policy, of insurance upon the life of him, the said Geo. W. Praker-, in the sum of ten thousand dollars, by which said The Provident Savings Life Assurance Society of New York undertook and agreed, upon the death of him, the said Geo. ~W. Praker, to pay to his legal representatives, or assigns, upon proof of his death,’ the sum of ten thousand dollars, lawful money of the United States, and the said Geo. W. Praker, on the 18th day of April, A. D. 1893, executed his last will and testament, in writing, in words and figures as follows, to wit:
“ ‘State of Missouri, County of Clay.
“ ‘I, Geo. W. Praker, of Excelsior Springs, Clay county, Missouri, being of sound mind and memory, yet mindful of the uncertainties of life, do make and publish this, my last *151will and statement, hereby revoking all other wills heretofore made by me.
“ ‘First. — I will and direct that my executor hereinafter named pay all the expenses of my last sickness and all my burial expenses out of my estate as soon as convenient after my decease, and I prefer that my' remains, or body, be cremated instead of being buried, and leave the matter to be determined by my executor as he, in his judgment, may think best.
“ ‘Second. — I will and direct that my executor sell and dispose of, at public or private sale, all my real and personal property at the highest and best price he can obtain therefor, except such policies of insurance as I may have at the date of my death and after, pay all my expenses of sickness and burial, and all my debts, to pay the balance as hereinafter directed.
“ ‘Third. — I have two' policies of insurance on my life, for the aggregate amount of five thousand dollars, for the benefit of my two sisters, in equal parts. I direct the same to be, by the companies, directly paid over to them, or in the event of their death, or the death of either of them, to be paid to their children, the children of each sister receiving their mother’s half of such insurance.
“ ‘Fourth. — All the balance and residue of my estate that may remain after payment of all the debts and charges and insurance hereinabove mentioned, I give, devise and bequeath to my esteemed brother-in-law, Geo. W. McGruder, of Macon county, Missouri, to be held and disposed of by him as hereinafter directed.
“ ‘Fifth. — My object and purpose in giving, devising and bequeathing the property mentioned in the foregoing clause of this will to my said brother-in-law, Geo. W. Mc-Gruder, is to enable him to care for and provide for the five youngest children of my deceased uncle, Geo. W. Fraker, deceased, late of Seattle, in the State of Washington, and I *152hereby direct that out of the estate hereby devised and bequeathed to him that he provide' for the education, the support and maintenance of said five children, or the survivors of them, so that they may be qualified when they become of age to support and maintain themselves. When said children shall become of age, I hereby direct my said brother-in-law to make such disposition of the remainder of said funds, or the balance remaining in his hands, as he may think proper to the said children and my two sisters, or their children, taking into consideration the necessities and condition of the said children and my two sisters. If my brother-in-law aforesaid should die and his wife, my sister, survive him, I hereby authorize and empower her to take charge of said fund and exercise the power and discretion herein given to her said husband; and I further hereby direct that neither my brother-in-law nor his wife, my sister, shall be required to give bond, as trustee or guardian, to account for the estate herein devised and" bequeathed to him or her, the real object, purpose and intent being to put said property in hands and charge of my said brother-in-law (or in the event of his death, in charge of my sister) to be used in any way he or his wife may think best to cany out the purposes and objects as hereinbefore stated.
'' 'Sixth. — I hereby state, by way of information, that the bulk of my estate consists of life insurance policies that I now have in force and that I may have at the date of my death.
'' 'Seventh. — I direct that my library of medical books be not sold by my executor, but be turned over to my brother-in-law, Geo. W. McGruder, to be disposed of by him in any wav he may see proper, and he shall in no wise be held to account for same to any one, and I merely suggest to. him that if any of my relatives choose the profession of medicine, he may give to them said library, or any part thereof, .as he may deem expedient and proper.
*153“ ‘Eighth. — I hereby nominate and appoint James E. Lincoln, attorney-at-law, of Liberty, Missouri, the executor of this, my last will and testament, and request that be act as such executor and see that the same be carried out.
“ ‘In testimony whereof, I, the said G-eo'. W. Eralcer, hereunto subscribe my name and affix my seal, at Liberty, in Olay county, Missouri, this 18th day of April, A. D.. 1893.
“ ‘G-. W. ERAKER. (Seal.)
“ ‘The foregoing instrument of writing was signed and declared by the above-named Geo. W. Eraker, to be his last will and testament, in the presence of us, who, at his request and in his presence, have subscribed our names as witnesses thereto, this 18th day of April, A. D. 1893.
“‘CHAS. L. DOUGHERTY,
“‘R. J. STEPP,
“ ‘GEO. W. CORBIN.5
“And the grand jurors aforesaid, upon their oaths aforesaid, do further present and say that the said Geo. W. Eraker, in the said unlawful and felonious attempt to commit said felony and toward the commission thereof, on the 10th day of July, 1893, in company with Geo. Harry, James A. Triplett, Alex. Menendez, Charles McGregor and E. S. Murray, left the city of Excelsior Springs, in said Clay county, and drove to a point on the Missouri river bank, near the town of Camden, in Ray county, Missouri, ostensibly and pretendedly to fish in the Missouri river, and then and there in the night time, and in the immediate presence of said Geo. Harry, James A. Triplett and one Jacob Orowley, unlawfully and feloniously, and with intent to cheat and defraud said The Provident Savings Life Assurance Society of New York, pretended to fall and fell in the Missouri river, disappeared, and concealed himself for a long period of time, to wit, for a period of more than two years, and then and there and thereby, and by the use and by the means *154of said trick and deception and false and fraudulent pretense, and with the intent to cheat and defraud said The Provident Savings Life Assurance Society of New York, unlawfully and feloniously feigned and pretended that he, the said Geo. W. Fraker, at said time and place, died by drowning in said Missouri river, he, the said Geo. "W. Fraker, then and there well knowing that said pretense was false.
“The said Geo. ~W. Fraker, on said 10th day of July, A. D. 1893, and for a long time prior thereto was a resident of Olay county, Missouri, and the executor of the said last will and statement, in good faith, and believing that the said Geo. W. Fraker was' dead, presented said will to the .probate court of Olay county, Missouri, for probate, and the said probate court, upon the testimony of said Geo. Harry, James A. Triplett and Jacob Crowley, and other witnesses, to the grand jurors unknown, found the said Geo. ~W. Fraker to be dead, and by its judgment admitted said will to probate, .and granted a certificate of probate; the said executor duly qualified as the executor of the last will and testament of said Geo. ~W. Fraker, and in pursuance of the terms of said life insurance policy, issued by said The Provident Savings Life Assurance Society of New York, upon the life of said Geo. "W. Fraker, as aforesaid, submitted proofs of the death of said Geo. "W. Fraker to said The Provident Savings Life Assurance Society of New York, and thereafter on the-day of- 1894, instituted, in the circuit court of Olay county, Missouri, suit upon said life insurance policy, against the said The Provident Savings Life Assurance Society of New York; that such proceedings were had in said cause; that the same, on the-day of-;— 1894, was by said The Provident Savings Life Assurance Society of New York, on a petition and affidavit therefor, removed for trial from said Olay county circuit court, to the circuit court of the United *155States for the "Western Division of the Western District of Missouri, and on the 12th day of February, 1895, judgment by agreement was rendered by said court in said cause in favor of said executor and against said The Provident Savings Life Assurance Society of New York, upon- said life insurance policy aforesaid.
“And the grand jurors aforesaid, upon their oaths aforesaid, do further present and say that the said G-eo. W. Eraker, by use and by means of said trick and deception, and false and fraudulent pretenses, to wit, by pretending, as aforesaid, to be drowned in the Missouri river, and through the use and employment of said executor, and the law relating to the administration upon the estate of deceased persons, and the machinery by the law in such cases provided all as an innocent agency, did, unlawfully and feloniously, and with intent to cheaf and defraud, attempt to deceive said The Provident Savings Life Assurance Society of New York, and to induce belief on its part that he, the said Geo. W. Eraker, was drowned in the Missouri river on the 10th day of July, A. D. 1893, and to induce it to rely upon said pretense and to part with the amount called for in said policies of insurance; whereas, in truth and in fact he, the said Geo. W. Eraker, was not drowned in the Missouri river on the 10th day of July, 1893, nor at any other time, but was, at said time, and now is, alive; and, whereas, in truth and in fact, the proofs of death so submitted to said The Provident Savings Life Assurance Society of New York, by said Geo. W. Eraker, by and through the innocent agency of the said executor, and by and through the operation of the law, in such cases provided, were false, all of which he, the said Geo. W. Eraker, then and there well knew.
“And so the grand jurors aforesaid, upon their oaths aforesaid, do present and say that the said Geo. W. Eraker, at the said county of Kay, in the State of Missouri, on the said.lOth day of July, A. D. 1893, in the manner and by the *156means aforesaid, unlawfully and feloniously, and with, the intent to cheat and defraud, attempted to obtain, from said The Provident Savings Life Assurance Society of New York, the said sum of ten thousand dollars, lawful money of the Unite'd States, of the value of ten thousand dollars, the money and property of said The Provident Savings Life Assurance Socity of New York, by means and by use of the said tricks and deceptions, and false and fraudulent pretenses of the value of, ten thousand dollars, as aforesaid, but he, the said Geo. ~W. Fraker, did then and there fail in the perpetration 'of said felony, and was prevented and intercepted in executing said attempt and felony, by his capture and arrest, by John M. Wilkerson, in the woods of the State of Minnesota, on or about the first day of September, A. D. 1895, against the peace and dignity of the State of Missouri.”
1. The first count, now being discussed, was drawn under the provisions of section 3826, Revised Statutes 1889, which has frequently been pronounced by this court to be unconstitutional. [State v. Terry, 109 Mo. 601; State v. Cameron, 117 Mo. 371; State v. Fleming, 117 Mo. 377; State v. Kain, 118 Mo. 5; State v. Levy, 119 Mo. 434.]
■ Therefore, expressions and allegations allowable under that statute are no longer allowable and when used, convey no meaning. From this reason it follows that the use of the words “by means and by use of a trick and deception, and false and fraudulent representation and false and fraudulent statement and pretense,” in the count being reviewed, must be held as if a blank had occurred where those words occur.
2. Our statute, section 4107, Revised Statutes 1889, provides that: “It shall not be necessary to state any venue in the body of any indictment . . . but the county or other jurisdiction named in the margin thereof shall be *157taken to be the venue for all the facts stated in the body of the same.”
Under this statute, the venue stated in the margin of the indictment is taken to be the venue for all the facts stated in the body of the same, and in the present instance, the county thus named is Ray. This statute rule, however, only results in a prima facie case of venue where no other allegations respecting venue appear in the indictment. But where two or more venues are laid in an indictment, as in the case at bar, then, of course, it becomes necessary for the pleader by apt averments to' distinguish between the different venues. The pertinency of these remarks will presently appear. Not content with Ray county as the marginal venue the pleader leads off by alleging that it was in Ray county that defendant on the tenth day of July, 1893, with intent to cheat and defraud, etc., attempted tO' obtain from, etc., the sum of $10,000 by means and by use, etc., in the manner and by the means following, to wit.
Then it is set forth that on the eleventh day of March, 1893, defendant procured and caused to be issued to him by, etc., the sum of $10,000 by means and by use, etc., in the death, to his legal representatives or assigns.
Then it is stated that on the eighteenth day of April, 1893, defendant made his last will, etc., which is set out in extenso, whereby it is provided - that his property, upon his death, is to go to certain relatives. Then the grand jurors, etc., say that defendant “in said unlawful and felonious attempt to commit said felony and toward the commission thereof, on the 10th day of July, 1893, left Clay county with a number of others and went ostensibly and pretendedly to fish in the Missouri river, and having reached that stream in Ray county, and with intent to cheat and defraud, etc., pretended to fall, and fell in the Missouri river, disappeared, and concealed himself for a long period of time, to wit, for a period of more than two years, and then and there *158and thereby, and by the nse and by the means of said trick and deception and false and fraudulent pretense, and with the intent to cheat and defraud said The Provident Savings Life Assurance Society of New York, unlawfully and felo-niously feigned and pretended that he, the said Geo. W. Praker, at said time and place, died by drowning in said Missouri river, he, the said Geo. W. Praker, then and there well knowing that said pretense was false.”
Then allegations are made that defendant on the tenth day of July, 1893, and for a long time before that was a resident of Clay county; that the executor in good faith, etc., presented defendant’s will to the probate court of that county, where on due proof it was admitted to probate and a certificate thereof granted; that the executor thereupon qualified, and after submitting proofs, etc., instituted suit on the policy in the circuit court of Clay county, which suit was duly removed to the circuit court of the United States for the Western Division of the Western District of Missouri, and on February 12, 1895, judgment by agreement was rendered in favor of the executor, etc,, etc.
Again, the grand jurors aforesaid, come forward and say that defendant by use, etc., and by pretending to be drowned, etc., through the use and of the employment of the executor and the machinery of the law as an innocent agency, did, unlawfully and feloniously, and with intent to cheat and defraud, attempt to deceive said The Provident Savings Life Assurance Society of New York, and to induce belief on its part, that he, the said Geo. W. Praker, was drowned in the Missouri river on the tenth day of July, A. D. 1893, and to induce it to rely upon said pretense and to part with the amount called for in said policies of insurance; whereas, in truth and in fact, he, the said Geo. W. Praker, was not drowned in the Missouri river on the 10th day of July, 1893, nor at any other time, but was, at said time, and now is, alive; and, whereas, in truth and in fact, *159tbe proofs of death, so submitted to said The Provident Savings Life Assurance Society of New York, by said Geo. W. Eraker, by and through the innocent agency of the said executor, and by and through the operation of the law, in such cases provided, were false, all of which he, the said Geo. "W. Eraker, then and there well knew.
Eor the fourth time the grand jurors aforesaid, appear in evidence and say that “defendant in the manner and by the means aforesaid, etc., and with the intent, etc., attempted to obtain from, etc., the amount of said policy, by means and by use of, etc., but defendant did fail in the perpetration of said felony, and was prevented and intercepted in the execution of said attempt, etc., by his capture and arrest, etc., in the woods of Minnesota, in September, 1895.” The foregoing I regard as a fair resume of the chief points of the first count in the indictment. Ordinarily, the words “the jurors aforesaid, on their oath aforesaid do further present,” are proper for introducing a new count, though they do not necessarily mean that a new count begins with them. They should, however, only be employed for their one legitimate purpose, viz.: that of beginning a new count. [1 Bishop, New Or. Proc., secs. 132, 133, and notes; Ibid, sec. 429; Bishop, Dir. & Eorms, sec. 115, note.]
Lengthened out as is this count by lavish use of verbiage the frequent repetition of the words “and the grand jurors aforesaid,” etc., as if to begin a new count, as is the custom of good pleaders, tends only to confusion. But waiving matters of mere form, I proceed to discuss the merits and substance of the count.
It will have been observed that the count attempts to allege an attempt to commit a crime. It fails however in doing this in several particulars, for several reasons, to wit:
a. All of the acts alleged, constitute in the aggregate, but one alleged attempt, but this series of acts is scattered *160through, several counties, Ray, Olay aud the county in which the circuit court of the United States for the Western Division of the Western District of Missouri is held, to wit, Jackson; of which venue judicial notice will be taken. When, as here, a crime consisting of a series of acts, part done in one county and part in another, it is dispunishable at common law in either, unless enough be done in one county to amount to a completed and punishable criminal act [1 Bishop, New Or. Proc., secs. 54, 55 and cases cited]; and this rule holds in the absence of statutory enactment to the contrary. [Ib., sec. 56.] The common law doctrine of asportation has no place in prosecutions for cheats by false pretenses. [Reg. v. Stanbury, 9 Cox C. C. 94; 2 Whar. Or. L. (9 Ed.), sec. 1-208.] (Whether such a statute would be valid under our organic law is dehors the present record.)
b. The count under review would seem to indicate that the policy was obtained in Ray county and the will also executed there, though from its face the latter would appear to have been executed in Olay; but it does not matter where obtained or where ex'ecuted since neither of these instruments are alleged to have been obtained or executed by or through any false pretense; and if such an allegation had been made it would have been simply a high grade solecism. In addition to that it is not alleged to whom defendant pretended that “he died by drowning in said Missouri river.” Nothing is better settled in prosecutions of this sort than that such an omitted allegation is fatal to the indictment, whether it be for obtaining or attempting to- obtain any given thing. [Queen v. Sowerby (1894), 2 Q. B. 173; In re Schurman, 20 Pac. Rep. 277; People v. Oline, 44 Mich. 290; 2 Bishop New Or. Proc., sec. 113; State v. Horn, 93 Mo. 190.]
And surely the mere allegation that defendant “pretended to fall and fell in the Missouri river” would not constitute an offense in Ray county. In order that the indictment should be sufficient in this regard, it should charge the *161doing of some overt act in that county, which, but for the intervention of superior and exterior forces, would have resulted in the money being obtained. [People v. Murray, 14 Cal. 160.] But here it is not even alleged that defendant intended that his pretended drowning should be used as a means of obtaining the money on the policy.
Says Wharton: “Mere preliminary preparation in character indifferent can not.be regarded as guilty attempts. Thus, walking down a street to a druggist’s where poison is sold would not be indictable as an attempt to poison; but purchasing the poison and putting it in the way of other human beings would be so indictable. So purchasing a gun is not indictable as an attempt, but aiming it is. So owning a false weight is not itself indictable, but using it as a means of cheating is evidence, when connected directly with the proposed wrong, of an attempt to cheat.In other words, to make the act an indictable attempt, it must be a 'cause as distinguished from a condition. And it must go so • far that it would result in the crime unless frustrated by extraneous circumstances.” [1 Grim. Law (9 Ed.), sec. 181.]
Bishop says: “An indictable attempt consists of a specific intent to do something which constitutes a substantive crime, and an act toward but short of its completion.” [2 New Grim. Proc., sec. 71.]
In United States v. Stephens (3 Grim. Law Mag. 536, s. c. 8 Saw. 116), the defendant, a resident of Alaska, ordered one hundred gallons of whisky to be shipped to him in Alaska hy a wholesale whisky dealer in San Eran-cisco with intent to introduce said whisky into Alaska. The territorial laws of Alaska provided that “if any person shall introduce or attempt to introduce any spirituous liquors or wines into said territory, he shall be fined, etc.” In deciding the case, Judge Deady, said: “As the matter then *162stood, it was impossible for tbe defendant to attempt to introduce tbis liquor into Alaska, because be did not own- or control it. It was simply an attempt to purchase — an act harmless and indifferent in itself, whatever the purpose for which it was done. But suppose the defendant had gone farther, and actully succeeded in purchasing the liquor, wherein would the case differ from that of the person who bought the gun or poison with intent to commit murder, but did not subsequently act in execution of such purpose? In all essentials they are the same. A purchase of spirituous liquor at San Erancisco or Portland, either in person or by written order or application, with intent to commit a crime with the same, as to dispose of it at retail without a license or to a minor, or to introduce it into Alaska — is merely a preparatory act, indifferent in its character, of which the law, lacking the omniscience of Deity, can not take cognizance.”
Hicks was indicted for attempting to poison one Anderson. Hicks, as charged in the indictment, purchased the poison and delivered it to another, soliciting her, for a promised reward, to administer the same; but it was not charged that the solicitee agreed to administer the poison or did any act toward the commission of the crime. In commenting on the insufficiency of the indictment, Lewis, P., said: “An attempt to commit a crime is compounded of two elements: 1. The intent to commit it; and 2. A direct, ineffectual act done towards its commission. [Code, sec. 3888; 2 Bishop’s Orim. Proc., see. II.] Or as Wharton defines it, ‘an attempt is an intended, apparent, unfinished crime.’ Therefore, the act must reach far enough toward the accomplishment of the desired result to amount to the commencement of the consummation. It must not be merely preparatory. In other words, while it need not be the last proximate act to the consummation of the offense attempted to be perpetrated it must approach sufficiently *163near to it to stand either as the first or some subsequent step in a direct movement towards the commission of the offense after the preparations are made. [Uhl v. Commonwealth, 6 Gratt. 706; McDade v. People, 29 Mich. 50.” Hicks v. Com., 86 Va. 223.]
Eecognition was given to the same principle by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania: There the defendant was indicted and convicted for an attempt to administer poison, under a statute the provisions of which were substantially the same as those of our own statute. It was proved at the trial that the defendant, in a conversation with a witness, Neyer, stated his grievance against his intended victim, Waring, and his determination to be revenged, and then solicited Neyer to put poison in Warinf s spring, so that he and his family ■ would be poisoned, offering him a reward therefor. He also gave him directions how to administer the poison, and gave him the poison to be administered. But the witness refused to have anything to do with it, and handed it back to the defendant, and testified that he never intended to administer it.
Upon these facts the Supreme Court held that all that occurred at the interview with the witness and the legal inferences deducible therefrom, followed by no other act, were not sufficient to warrant a conviction for an attempt to commit the felony charged; that the act proved did not approximate sufficiently near to the commission of murder to establish an attempt to commit it within the meaning of the statute, and the judgment was accordingly reversed. “Merely soliciting one to do an act,” said the court, “is not an attempt to do that act. ... In a high, moral sense, it may be true that solicitation is an attempt; but in a legal' sense, it is not.” [Stabler v. Commonwealth, 95 Pa. St. 321.]
■ The case of Griffin v. State, 26 Ga. 493, relied on by the State, is not in line with the authorities heretofore cited. *164And as to Musgrave v. State, 32 N. E. Rep. 885, also relied on, was not an attempt; it was a clear case of conspiracy to defraud tbe United States Mutual Accident Association, with acts done pursuant to sucb conspiracy, to wit, tbe obtaining of a policy on tbe life of defendant, a skeleton procured and placed in a building tben temporarily occupied by defendant, tbe firing and burning down of tbe building and tbe flight of defendant, and all these acts were done in Vigo county. It is scarcely necessary to say that case bears no resemblance to tbe one under discussion.
In re Scburman is a case which in many of its features bears a strong resemblance to tbe one here presented; there tbe sufficiency of tbe information under which defendants were held was questioned by habeas corpus. One of tbe syllabi of that case prepared by tbe court announces tbe substance of tbe information and tbe ruling thereon, thus: “A charge that certain persons caused one of their number to have bis life insured for tbe benefit of .bis wife, and tben falsely pretended that tbe insured was injured; that be died, and was buried; that bis body was stolen from tbe grave; that all was done for tbe purpose of obtaining tbe insurance money from tbe insurer; and that they were frustrated in tbe attempt before tbe offense was consummated; without alleging to whom tbe false representations and pretenses were made; and without stating that tbe beneficiary in tbe policy' was connected or cooperated with them in tbe attempt, or bad any knowledge of their acts or purposes; and which does not state that tbe defendants intended to lead tbe beneficiary to believe that tbe insured was dead, or to procure her to present a claim for tbe insurance money, or to obtain from her tbe policy or a transfer of tbe same; and which did not aver tbe means by which tbe money was intended to be obtained — does not constitute a punishable attempt to obtain money by false pretenses.” [20 Pac. Rep. 277.]
In concluding bis remarks in that ease, JohNSTON, J., observed: “When tbe facts are so alleged, tbe means must *165at least be apparently sufficient to have accomplished tbe fraud, if tbe attempt bad not been frustrated. Here Mrs. Eeddington, tbe beneficiary, stood between tbe attempt and tbe execution. All of tbe steps taken, and specifically alleged to have been intended, would not bave operated to defraud tbe company. If Eeddington was injured, bad died, and bad been buried, as was pretended, then, so far as tbe information shows, there was still no apparent ability on the part of tbe defendants to commit tbe 'fraud. Mrs. Eed-dington, as has been stated, is not charged with cooperating in 'any way with tbe intended fraud. There is no statement that it was their intention to use her or tbe policy which she held to effect their purpose. Being tbe beneficiary, with tbe control of tbe policy, she effectually blocked tbe defendants from perpetrating a fraud on tbe company. If what was charged would naturally bave resulted in inducing tbe company to part with its money, such attempt would probably be an offense; ‘but when between tbe attempt and tbe execution is interposed the volition of an independent moral agent, then, by stress of tbe definition just given, an indictable attempt is not made out.’ [1 Whart., Crim. Law, secs. 1YY, 1Y8.]”
3. There are yet other grounds for bolding this count insufficient: Because, where false pretenses are alleged to bave been made by a third person through tbe procurement of tbe defendant, such allegation can not be supported except by evidence that tbe defendant instigated such person to make them. [People v. Parish, 4 Denio, 153; 2 Whart., Cr. Law (9 Ed.), sec. 1172; 2 Bishop, New Or. Proc., sec. 193.]
Now tbe word “instigate” means “to stimulate or goad to an action, especially a bad action.” Standard Dictionary. One of its synonyms is “abet” which means in law “to aid, promote or encourage tbe commission of an offense.” [Ibid.]
*166Tbe word “instigate” then, taken in its common acceptation must be taken as used in an evil sense, when employed in circumstances such as here presented. And certainly defendant can not be said to have instigated the actions of Lincoln, the executor, by his prior acts in obtaining the policy nor in executing the will, nor in falling or pretending to fall into the Missouri river, nor in his subsequent disappearance and concealment, since a person “is not criminally responsible for acts of independent third parties in the subsequent use, without any privity with him, of instruments of fraud constructed by him.” [2 Whart., Grim. L. (9 Ed.), sec. 1202, and cases cited.] Nor could it be said that defendant, being yet alive, was “in privity” with his executor.
4. Moreover, the indictment alleges that “on the 12th day of February, 1895, judgment by agreement was rendered by said court in said cause,” etc. There is in the count no allegation that the executor obtained the entry of this “judgment by agreement” through any false pretenses, and if it had, no request of defendant is alleged that the executor do this.
• Besides, it has been ruled that even where a judgment has been obtained by consent through false pretenses, and the money collected under such judgment, that this is not obtaining money under false pretenses. [Com. v. Harkins, 128 Mass. 79.]
Now, if a judgment by consent obtained by means of false pretenses, is not invalidated thereby, a fortiori “a judgment by agreement,” obtained without any false pretenses, seems wholly inconsistent with any theory of successful prosecution of an attempt to commit such an offense.
The difficulties with which the pleader has had to contend in this instance, seems to be insurmountable, no matter how the facts may be stated.
It ■ results from these premises that the judgment quashing the indictment must be affirmed.
All concur.