Court Opinion

ID: 6317178
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-02-24 16:30:34.08604+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:00:34.013537
License: Public Domain

FILE                                                              THIS OPINION WAS FILED
       IN CLERK’S OFFICE                                                     FOR RECORD AT 8 A.M. ON
SUPREME COURT, STATE OF WASHINGTON                                              FEBRUARY 24, 2022
       FEBRUARY 24, 2022

                                                                                 ERIN L. LENNON
                                                                              SUPREME COURT CLERK

                IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

        LARRY BANGERTER; ALEX AND                  )
        ELENA BORROMEO; CAMP FIRE                  )
        SNOHOMISH COUNTY; CAROL                    )
        BRITTEN; JAMES WAAK, individually          )
        and as lot owners and derivatively on      )     No. 99138-3
        behalf of HAT ISLAND COMMUNITY             )
        ASSOCIATION, a Washington non-             )     En Banc
        profit corporation,                        )
                                                   )
                              Plaintiffs,
                                                   )     Filed : February 24, 2022
        MATT SUROWIECKI SR.,                       )
                                                   )
                              Petitioner,          )
               v.                                  )
        HAT ISLAND COMMUNITY                       )
                                                   )
        ASSOCIATION, a Washington non-
        profit corporation; CHUCK MOTSON,          )
        an individual,                             )
                                                   )
                              Respondents,         )
        KAREN CONNER, an individual;               )
        ALAN DASHEN, an individual; SUSAN          )
        DAHL, an individual; and JOHN DOES         )
        1-10, individuals,                         )
                              Defendants.

               GONZÁLEZ, C.J. — Matt Surowiecki Sr. sued the Hat Island Community

        Association (HICA), arguing, among other things not before us, that HICA

        violated its governing documents by not charging assessments on an equitable
Surowiecki v. Hat Island Cmty. Ass’n, No. 99138-3

basis. 1 We conclude that HICA’s governing documents grant the association broad

discretion in setting assessments and that the association’s decision on assessments

is entitled to substantial deference. Here, the association’s elected board of

trustees made the decision to raise funds through a combination of use-based fees

and per-lot assessments as authorized in its governing documents. This decision

was ratified by a vote of the members. Surowiecki’s evidence established, at most,

that there may be more than one equitable way to distribute the costs of

maintaining the community’s obligations. He has not, however, shown as a matter

of law that either the process used, or the result reached, was not equitable.

Accordingly, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand to the trial court for

reinstatement of its summary judgment order in favor of HICA and for any further

proceedings necessary consistent with this opinion.

                                      BACKGROUND

       Hat Island is a private island in the Puget Sound in Snohomish County.

HICA is a nonprofit corporation and homeowners’ association that owns and

maintains the common areas and amenities on Hat Island—including platted roads,

a golf course, a marina, a ferry, and a water treatment and distribution facility.

Lots on Hat Island are subject to restrictive covenants and easements (Covenants)

1
 This lawsuit was filed in 2014 and involved a large number of additional claims and parties.
See Bangerter v. Hat Island Cmty. Ass’n, 14 Wn. App. 2d 718, 727-30, 472 P.3d 998 (2020).
Most of those claims are not before us.
                                               2
Surowiecki v. Hat Island Cmty. Ass’n, No. 99138-3

originally recorded in 1962. HICA operates under its articles of incorporation and

bylaws as well as the Washington Nonprofit Corporation Act, ch. 24.03 RCW, and

the homeowners’ associations act, ch. 64.38 RCW.

      HICA, which has the powers granted to nonprofit corporations and

homeowner associations under Washington law, is managed by a board of trustees

(Board) elected by the community members. The Board is responsible for

managing and controlling the affairs of the association, including setting the

amounts of charges and assessments against individual lots.

      HICA’s Board manages the association’s revenue and expenses. Under the

Covenants, the company that originally developed the island agreed to provide

roads for ingress and egress, a golf course, water supply, electric service, and ferry

transportation to the island. When these facilities were turned over to the Hat

Island Country Club, HICA’s predecessor, the Covenants granted the club

      the power to charge and assess its members on an equitable basis for
      the operation and maintenance of the said facilities . . . and to charge
      and assess [i]ts members on an equitable basis for such additional
      recreational or other facilities as shall be duly authorized by its
      membership for the mutual benefit of all [i]ts members.

4 Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 1984; 10 CP at 4891.

      HICA’s bylaws provide for two types of assessments—annual operating

assessment and special assessments. The annual operating assessment is against

“each and every lot,” while special assessments may be imposed on those lots

                                          3
Surowiecki v. Hat Island Cmty. Ass’n, No. 99138-3

specially benefited. 4 CP at 1728. The bylaws do not specify how assessments

should be allocated to each lot, other than to say that special assessments do not

need to be uniform.

      Each year HICA’s Board meets to develop a budget for the upcoming year.

It estimates operating expenses and the total estimated income from use-based

fees, such as green fees charged for the golf course, moorage fees for the marina,

fees paid for water use, fees for annual water hookup, and ferry ticket sales (Use-

Based Fees). The Board has decided that Use-Based Fees are a fair way to allocate

the costs of operating and maintaining these amenities to the HICA members who

use them. In recent years, Use-Based Fees have covered about 50 percent of

HICA’s total operating expenses.

      After HICA’s Board determines the amount of money it anticipates

generating from Use-Based Fees, it calculates the amount it will need to meet its

remaining obligations. Those funds must be raised from its members through

assessments. The Board then submits the proposed budget and its proposed

assessments to the association members for ratification. Since at least 1967, the

Board has recommended, and the members have voted to approve, levying

uniform, per lot annual operating assessments for the amount not covered by Use-

Based Fees.

                                          4
Surowiecki v. Hat Island Cmty. Ass’n, No. 99138-3

       Surowiecki owns a number of lots on Hat Island, most of which are

undeveloped. He contends that HICA’s practice of equally allocating the

assessments for expenses not covered by Use-Based Fees is a breach of the

Covenant requiring that assessments be made on an “equitable basis.” 2 2 CP at

788. The trial court initially found that genuine issues of material fact prevented

summary judgment on the question of whether the assessments were equitable.

Later, the trial court granted summary judgment to HICA, holding (relevantly) that

Surowiecki had not submitted admissible evidence that HICA’s decision was

unreasonable and that HICA’s assessment-setting was shielded by the business

judgment rule.

       The Court of Appeals held, among many other things, that the business

judgment rule limits only personal liability of individuals and “does not immunize

corporations.” Bangerter v. Hat Island Cmty. Ass’n, 14 Wn. App. 2d 718, 737,

472 P.3d 998 (2020). The court also held that judicial deference is not owed to a

homeowners’ association’s interpretation of its governing documents and applied a

reasonableness standard of review of the Board’s discretionary decisions. Id. at

2
  Surowiecki also contends that two special assessments related to a marina improvement project
that he opposes are not equitable because HICA, among other things, misrepresented the costs of
the project to its members. Suppl. Br. of Pet’r at 9. In a separate ruling not before us, the trial
court concluded that allegations of misrepresentation were not supported by evidence in the
record. Further, in a 2012 settlement agreement, Surowiecki waived any claim that the vote
adopting the project was invalid or unenforceable.
                                                 5
Surowiecki v. Hat Island Cmty. Ass’n, No. 99138-3

737, 738-41. We granted review limited to the assessment and the related business

judgment rule issue. Am. Order, No. 99138-3 (Wash. Feb. 3, 2021).

                                    ANALYSIS

      We review a trial court’s order on a motion for summary judgment de novo.

Wilkinson v. Chiwawa Cmtys. Ass’n, 180 Wn.2d 241, 249, 327 P.3d 614 (2014)

(citing Davis v. Baugh Indus. Contractors, Inc., 159 Wn.2d 413, 416, 150 P.2d 545

(2007)). A court may grant summary judgment if the evidence, viewed in the light

most favorable to the nonmoving party, establishes that there is no genuine issue of

any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of

law. CR 56(c); Wilkinson, 180 Wn.2d at 249 (quoting Dowler v. Clover Park Sch.

Dist. No. 400, 172 Wn.2d 471, 484, 258 P.3d 676 (2011)). “We may affirm the

trial court on any grounds established by the pleadings and supported by the

record.” Truck Ins. Exch. v. VanPort Homes, Inc., 147 Wn.2d 751, 766, 58 P.3d

276 (2002) (citing Mountain Park Homeowners Ass’n v. Tydings, 125 Wn.2d 337,

344, 883 P.2d 1383 (1994)).

      I.     The Covenants grant HICA broad discretion in allocating assessments
             “on an equitable basis”
      This case turns on the meaning of the Covenant that authorizes HICA to

charge and assess its members “on an equitable basis.” Interpretation of covenants

is a question of law based on the rules of contract interpretation. Wilkinson, 180

Wn.2d at 249. The court’s primary objective is to determine the intent of the
                                          6
Surowiecki v. Hat Island Cmty. Ass’n, No. 99138-3

original parties that established the covenants. Riss v. Angel, 131 Wn.2d 612, 621,

934 P.2d 669 (1997) (citing Metzner v. Wojdyla, 125 Wn.2d 445, 450, 886 P.2d

154 (1994)); ROBERT G. NATELSON, LAW OF PROPERTY OWNERS ASSOCIATIONS §

2.5, at 61 (1989). “In determining intent, language is given its ordinary and

common meaning.” Riss, 131 Wn.2d at 621 (citing Metzner, 125 Wn.2d at 450).

      The Covenant at issue grants HICA

      the power to charge and assess its members on an equitable basis for
      the operation and maintenance of the said [original] facilities . . . and
      to charge and assess [i]ts members on an equitable basis for such
      additional recreational or other facilities as shall be duly authorized by
      its membership for the mutual benefit of all [i]ts members.

4 CP at 1984; 10 CP at 4891.

      This Covenant grants HICA the power to recoup the costs of operating and

maintaining the original facilities and any additional facilities from the members.

HICA can do this through charges (Use-Based Fees) and assessments. Implicit in

“the power to charge and assess” is a broad grant of discretion in deciding the

method of allocating costs to its members. The phrase “on an equitable basis”

serves only to limit the range of options available to HICA; it does not imply that

there is one equitable basis that is better than another.

      “Equitable” has been defined as “ʻcharacterized by equity: fair to all

concerned.’” Ackerman v. Sudden Valley Cmty. Ass’n, 89 Wn. App. 156, 164, 944

P.2d 1045 (1997) (quoting WEBSTER’S THIRD NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY
                                     7
Surowiecki v. Hat Island Cmty. Ass’n, No. 99138-3

769 (1969)). Such broad concepts do not lend themselves to a precise formulation.

Rather, they set a limit on what would otherwise be unfettered discretion.

       When a Covenant grants a homeowners’ association broad discretion in a

particular area, that discretion must be exercised reasonably and in good faith.

Riss, 131 Wn.2d at 629. Discretion is not reasonably exercised when the

procedures laid out in the governing documents and relevant statutes are not

followed or when the information used in the decision-making process is not

reasonably accurate. See id. at 627-28. Riss suggests that when a homeowners’

association makes a discretionary decision in a procedurally valid way, courts will

not substitute their judgment for that of the association absent a showing of

“‘fraud, dishonesty, or incompetence (i.e., failure to exercise proper care, skill,

and diligence)[.]’ Reasonable care is required.” Id. at 632 (alteration in original)

(citation omitted) (quoting In re Spokane Concrete Prods., Inc., 126 Wn.2d 269,

279, 892 P.2d 98 (1995)). We adopt that rule here in recognition of the respect due

to the self-governance of homeowner associations, the importance of finality in

budgeting, and the avoidance of interfering with associations’ ability to meet their

financial obligations. 3 To hold otherwise would subject associations to lawsuits

3
  The importance of ensuring the finality of budget and assessment decisions is reflected in the
homeowner associations act, which governed at the time of the assessment decisions at issue in
this case. The act required that within 30 days after adoption of a budget by the board of
directors, the board

                                                8
Surowiecki v. Hat Island Cmty. Ass’n, No. 99138-3

anytime a homeowner disagreed with a discretionary choice made by the board and

ratified by the members.

       Here, the association’s bylaws lay out the procedure for establishing charges

and assessments. The Board establishes an operating budget each year. It then

estimates the expected income from Use-Based Fees, such as greens fees at the

golf course and moorage fees at the marina, and the expected income from current

assessments. If the total anticipated income is less than the total anticipated

expenses, the Board looks at its options to raise additional income, which may

include increasing Use-Based Fees or assessments. As part of the process, the

method of allocating total assessments to individual lots may also be considered.

Since its creation, HICA has always allocated assessments to individual lots

equally, though it is not required to do so. Any increase in the prior year’s

assessments is subject to approval by a vote of the association members. The

record does not contain evidence that HICA failed to follow this process or that its

decisions were based on the sort of inaccurate information that tainted the

       set a date for a meeting of the owners to consider ratification of the budget . . . .
       Unless at that meeting the owners of a majority of the votes in the association are
       allocated or any larger percentage specified in the governing documents reject the
       budget . . . the budget is ratified, whether or not a quorum is present.

RCW 64.38.025(3). HICA’s bylaws establish a more stringent procedure of owner approval by
providing that the proposed annual assessment amount, if increased from the prior year, must be
“presented to the community for approval during the annual meeting of the Association.” 2 CP
at 601. The approval requirement serves as an additional check on the Board’s power but does
not defeat the importance of finality of financial decisions.
                                                 9
Surowiecki v. Hat Island Cmty. Ass’n, No. 99138-3

decision-making in Riss. The evidence that the Board received different cost

estimates for projects is not the same as the sort of misleading information that was

presented to the voting homeowners in Riss. See id. at 628 (describing the

misleading photo montage and misleading statements about the height and size of a

proposed structure presented to the association).

      Surowiecki complains that allocating assessments equally to each lot is not

equitable because not all lots are the same. Some are developed with houses

occupied by full-time residents. Others are undeveloped, and there are some that

Surowiecki contends are simply “undevelopable.” Surowiecki asserts that

assessments should be allocated on the basis of each lot’s assessed value. The fact

that Surowiecki has identified an alternative allocation method that might also be

equitable is simply not enough to create a question about whether the current

system is not equitable. The Board has held several community meetings seeking

owner input on the issue of assessment allocation and has considered the claim that

assessments should be allocated based on assessed values. Ultimately the Board

has consistently decided that after Use-Based Fees have been charged, the

remaining balance should be raised by assessments allocated equally to each lot

and those decisions have been ratified by a vote of the members. Absent a

                                         10
Surowiecki v. Hat Island Cmty. Ass’n, No. 99138-3

showing of fraud, dishonesty, or incompetence, that decision will not be

disturbed. 4

       II.     The Business Judgment Rule

       The trial court held that “the activities of the HICA Board are governed by

the Business Judgment Rule.” 1 CP at 202. And the Court of Appeals

“conclude[d] the business judgment rule does not immunize corporations.”

Bangerter, 14 Wn. App. 2d at 737. Whether, and if so to what extent, the business

judgment rule applies to homeowners’ associations is a thorny question. See Riss,

131 Wn.2d at 631. Given that we can affirm on any grounds, we decline to resolve

that question here and wait for a case that more squarely presents it. See Truck Ins.

Exch., 147 Wn.2d at 766 (citing Mountain Park, 125 Wn.2d at 344).

       “The scope of the ‘business judgment’ rule in Washington is somewhat

unclear.” Shinn v. Thrust IV, Inc., 56 Wn. App. 827, 833, 786 P.2d 285 (1990). In

general, the rule “‘immunizes management from liability in a corporate transaction

. . . where a reasonable basis exists to indicate that the transaction was made in

good faith.’” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Interlake Porsche + Audi, Inc. v.

Bucholz, 45 Wn. App. 502, 509, 728 P.2d 597 (1986)). Most relevantly, “the role

4
  We respectfully disagree with our dissenting colleagues that the trial court’s 2016 denial of
summary judgment prevents us from considering now whether, under the correct legal standard,
the plaintiffs have established a triable issue of fact that the Board has violated the covenants by
failing to impose assessments on an equitable basis.
                                                 11
Surowiecki v. Hat Island Cmty. Ass’n, No. 99138-3

of the business judgment rule where homeowners’ associations [are] concerned is

the subject of ongoing debate.” Riss, 131 Wn.2d at 631. It is also an open question

whether the rule’s limitation on liability for individual officers and directors should

be extended to the corporate entities themselves.

      These are important questions that must await a case that squarely presents

those issues. The reasonableness standard we apply today is similar in some

respects to the prerequisites for application of the business judgment rule but is

grounded in the terms of the Covenants, which grant broad discretion to HICA in

establishing assessments.

                                   CONCLUSION

      While courts do not owe deference to a homeowners’ association’s

interpretation of its governing documents, courts do owe appropriate deference to

their reasonable discretionary decisions. Here, HICA’s governing documents grant

it broad discretion in setting assessments. Surowiecki has not shown that the

assessments were not equitably assessed. Accordingly, there is no cause to

consider whether the business judgment rule applies. We affirm in part, reverse in

part, and remand to the trial court for reinstatement of the trial court’s summary

judgment order in favor of HICA and any other proceedings consistent with this

opinion.

                                          12
Surowiecki v. Hat Island Cmty. Ass’n, No. 99138-3

                                           ____________________________

   WE CONCUR:

   _____________________________           ____________________________

   _____________________________           ____________________________

   _____________________________           ____________________________

   _____________________________           ____________________________

                                      13
Surowiecki v. Hat Island Cmty. Ass’n, No. 99138-3
(Stephens, J., dissenting)

                                       No. 99138-3

         STEPHENS, J. (dissenting)—Matt Surowiecki Sr. filed suit in 2014 against

the Hat Island Community Association (HICA), claiming HICA breached its

restrictive covenants by imposing inequitable assessments on lots owned by its

members. HICA moved for partial summary judgment to dismiss that claim in late

2015, asking the trial court to find its assessments are equitable as a matter of law.

The trial court denied the motion in early 2016, identifying a genuine issue of

material fact as to whether HICA’s assessments are equitable.          No party has

appealed, assigned error to, or otherwise challenged that ruling; it is simply not

before us.

         HICA again moved for partial summary judgment in 2018, this time arguing

that its assessment decisions are entitled to deference under this court’s decision in

Riss 1 and that Surowiecki had not produced the evidence necessary to overcome that

deference. The trial court—failing to recognize that applying the Riss standard is

1
    Riss v. Angel, 131 Wn.2d 612, 934 P.2d 669 (1997).

                                             1
Surowiecki v. Hat Island Cmty. Ass’n, No. 99138-3
(Stephens, J., dissenting)

incompatible with its earlier ruling—accepted HICA’s argument. The majority

makes the same mistake by applying Riss’s deferential standard to a decision that

cannot be said as a matter of law to fall within HICA’s discretionary authority.

      The majority insists its conclusion is necessary to avoid meritless litigation,

fretting that a contrary decision “would subject associations to lawsuits anytime a

homeowner disagreed with a discretionary choice made by the board and ratified by

the members.” Majority at 9. But the effect of the majority’s decision is to

unjustifiably insulate homeowners’ associations from lawsuits even when a

homeowner presents evidence that the association is acting beyond the scope of its

discretionary authority. Because I believe Washington courts must remain open to

homeowners who have legitimate claims against their homeowners’ associations, I

respectfully dissent.

                                     ANALYSIS

      This appeal arises from the trial court’s 2018 order granting partial summary

judgment for HICA, but it is controlled by the trial court’s 2016 ruling that “there is

a genuine issue of material fact as to whether [HICA’s] assessments are being made

in an equitable fashion.” 9 Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 4423. The majority briefly

acknowledges the existence of that earlier ruling. Majority at 5 (“The trial court

initially found that genuine issues of material fact prevented summary judgment on

                                          2
Surowiecki v. Hat Island Cmty. Ass’n, No. 99138-3
(Stephens, J., dissenting)

the question of whether the assessments were equitable.”). Yet the majority never

engages with the implications of that ruling for today’s decision. 2

       Generally, appellate courts are not empowered to set aside the unchallenged

rulings of trial courts. See Clark County v. W. Wash. Growth Mgmt. Hr’gs Board,

177 Wn.2d 136, 144-45, 298 P.3d 704 (2013) (“The scope of a given appeal is

determined by the notice of appeal, the assignments of error, and the substantive

argumentation of the parties. . . . The [appellate] court must address only those

claims and issues necessary to properly resolving the case as raised on appeal by the

parties.” (gathering RAPs and cases)). Here, neither party appealed the 2016 ruling,

assigned error to the 2016 ruling, or argued that the 2016 ruling should be reversed.

Moreover, the 2018 ruling—the only ruling that is properly before us—makes clear

that it does not reconsider or reverse the 2016 ruling1. 1 CP at 202 (distinguishing

the arguments at issue in the 2016 and 2018 rulings).

       The trial court’s unchallenged 2016 ruling remains in force.               Yet the

majority’s analysis proceeds as though that ruling does not exist. Consequently, the

majority reaches a result that is incompatible with an unchallenged ruling in this

2
  Indeed, five pages after acknowledging the dispositive 2016 ruling, the majority insists
Surowiecki has not established a genuine issue of material fact on the very question the
trial court found. Majority at 10 (“The fact that Surowiecki has identified an alternative
allocation method that might also be equitable is simply not enough to create a question
about whether the current system is not equitable.”).

                                             3
Surowiecki v. Hat Island Cmty. Ass’n, No. 99138-3
(Stephens, J., dissenting)

case. Given proper consideration, the trial court’s unchallenged 2016 ruling refutes

the majority’s analysis.

      I.     The Riss Standard Cannot Apply Here

      The majority’s analysis is based on our decision in Riss, 131 Wn.2d 612. The

majority adopts the deferential standard we articulated there in order to insulate

HICA from Surowiecki’s challenge—indeed, to largely insulate any homeowners’

associations from accountability to its members. But the majority fails to appreciate

that Riss cannot apply here because the majority skips over the question at the heart

of this case: whether HICA’s decision to impose uniform assessments was within

HICA’s power under its restrictive covenants. Critically, the trial court’s 2016

summary judgment order, ruling a genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether

HICA’s uniform assessments are equitable, is dispositive of that question. Because

the reasonableness of HICA’s assessments is a question for the trier of fact, and

because HICA’s power to assess extends only to equitable assessments, it cannot be

said as a matter of law that HICA acted within its discretion under its governing

documents. Riss’s deferential standard therefore cannot justify granting summary

judgment for HICA here.

      It is important to appreciate the limited reach of our decision in Riss. There,

a husband and wife who had recently purchased a lot within a homeowners’

                                         4
Surowiecki v. Hat Island Cmty. Ass’n, No. 99138-3
(Stephens, J., dissenting)

association challenged the association’s decision to reject their proposed plans to

construct a new home. We determined the restrictive covenants on the lots within

the homeowners’ association gave the association “discretion to consider size,

height, and proximity to neighbors in deciding whether to approve [a] proposed

residence.” Id. at 627. And we “agree[d] with the majority of courts that covenants

providing for consent before construction or remodeling will be upheld so long as

the authority to consent is exercised reasonably and in good faith.” Id. at 625.

Because we concluded the homeowners’ association’s decision was unreasonable

and arbitrary, we held the homeowners could build their proposed home with minor

alterations.

      A. Riss Identifies a Single, Narrow Circumstance in Which Washington
         Courts Defer to Homeowners’ Associations’ Decisions under Their
         Restrictive Covenants

      The majority claims Riss supports the broad proposition “that when a

homeowners’ association makes a discretionary decision in a procedurally valid

way, courts will not substitute their judgment for that of the association absent a

showing of ‘fraud, dishonesty, or incompetence (i.e., failure to exercise proper care,

skill, and diligence)[.] Reasonable care is required.’” Majority at 8 (alteration in

original) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Riss, 131 Wn.2d at 632). But

Riss does not purport to set this standard for judicial review of every discretionary

                                          5
Surowiecki v. Hat Island Cmty. Ass’n, No. 99138-3
(Stephens, J., dissenting)

decision a homeowners’ association might make. Instead, Riss identifies a single,

narrow type of discretionary decision entitled to limited deference: a decision made

under “a general consent to construction covenant.” Riss, 131 Wn.2d at 625.

      This type of decision is unique. While “objective specific covenants . . .

involve primarily a nondiscretionary, ministerial procedure” that is easily subjected

to judicial scrutiny, general consent to construction covenants involve more

ambiguous notions. Id. Riss explains that decisions under general consent to

construction covenants are “based upon standards such as aesthetics and harmony

with the neighborhood,” which “permit reasonable differences about whether a

house is aesthetically appropriate.”    Id. at 629.   Neighborhood harmony and

community aesthetics are not easily reducible to neutral legal standards that courts

can apply in case after case. States throughout the country have therefore decided

to defer to the aesthetic judgments of homeowners’ associations—but even that

deference is limited to circumstances where “the authority to consent is exercised

reasonably and in good faith.” Id. at 624 (citing Hannula v. Hacienda Homes,

Inc., 34 Cal. 2d 442, 211 P.2d 302 (1949); Rhue v. Cheyenne Homes, Inc., 168 Colo.

6, 449 P.2d 361 (1969); Alliegro v. Home Owners of Edgewood Hills, Inc., 35 Del.

Ch. 543, 122 A.2d 910 (1956); Winslette v. Keeler, 220 Ga. 100, 137 S.E.2d 288

(1964); McNamee v. Bishop Tr. Co., 62 Haw. 397, 616 P.2d 205 (1980); Oakbrook

                                         6
Surowiecki v. Hat Island Cmty. Ass’n, No. 99138-3
(Stephens, J., dissenting)

Civic Ass’n v. Sonnier, 481 So. 2d 1008 (La. 1986); Donoghue v. Prynnwood

Corp., 356 Mass. 703, 255 N.E.2d 326 (1970); Kirkley v. Seipelt, 212 Md. 127, 128

A.2d 430 (1957); LeBlanc v. Webster, 483 S.W.2d 647 (Mo. Ct. App.

1972); Raintree Homeowners Ass’n v. Bleimann, 342 N.C. 159, 463 S.E.2d 72

(1995); Syrian Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese v. Palisades Assocs., 110 N.J.

Super. 34, 264 A.2d 257 (1970); Palmetto Dunes Resort v. Brown, 287 S.C. 1, 336

S.E.2d 15 (1985)).

      That narrow grant of limited deference was a central issue in Riss precisely

because this court had never before granted any deference to the discretionary

decisions of homeowners’ associations. Riss announced a limited exception to the

general rule that courts should interpret and enforce the terms of restrictive

covenants.   The majority’s contrary characterization is disconnected from the

context in which the Riss decision was made, and it dramatically expands that

decision.

      The majority does little to justify its expansion of Riss’s narrow grant of

deference to homeowners’ associations. Troublingly, its reasoning is delivered in a

single line: “We adopt that rule here in recognition of the respect due to the self-

governance of homeowner associations, the importance of finality in budgeting, and

the avoidance of interfering with associations’ ability to meet their financial

                                         7
Surowiecki v. Hat Island Cmty. Ass’n, No. 99138-3
(Stephens, J., dissenting)

obligations.” Majority at 8-9. Such a broad, conclusory announcement stands in

sharp contrast to Riss’s detailed discussion of why deference is appropriate in a much

more limited circumstance.

       I do not mean to suggest the majority is wrong to recognize the concerns it

identifies. Certainly, they are worthy of this court’s consideration. But those

concerns are of a fundamentally different nature from what the court addressed in

Riss, and they do not justify an extension of Riss’s rule here. It is one thing to

recognize that aesthetic decisions to preserve neighborhood character are best made

by a collective organization of neighbors, unless they are unreasonable or acting in

bad faith. It is something else entirely to suggest that courts cannot enforce the

specific, substantive guarantees of restrictive covenants that limit a landowner’s

enjoyment of property on the ground that homeowners’ associations need special

protection. No other individuals or entities are afforded such deference in the

enforcement of their restrictive covenants, and nothing in the majority’s analysis

offers a persuasive reason why homeowners’ associations should be so specially

treated. 3

3
  I am similarly unpersuaded by the majority’s conclusory assertion that “[t]he record
does not contain evidence that HICA failed to follow th[e] process” laid out by its
governing documents. Majority at 10. The Court of Appeals “reverse[d] summary
judgment of Surowiecki’s assessment claim” as to whether the process used complied
with HICA’s governing documents, explaining, “From this record, it is impossible to
determine if HICA’s board and its members ever made a formal decision to retain the

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Surowiecki v. Hat Island Cmty. Ass’n, No. 99138-3
(Stephens, J., dissenting)

      B. Riss Cannot Apply Here Because the Trial Court’s Unchallenged 2016
         Ruling Requires a Factual Determination of Whether HICA’s Assessment
         Decisions Are Equitable and Therefore within Its Discretion

      Even if we were to accept the premise that Riss applies beyond the limited

scope of architectural review covenants, the majority fails to apply its standard

faithfully. The majority recognizes that HICA’s restrictive covenants contain “a

broad grant of discretion in deciding the method of allocating costs to its members”

and “[t]he phrase ‘on an equitable basis’ serves only to limit the range of options

available to HICA.” Majority at 7; accord Ackerman v. Sudden Valley Cmty. Ass’n,

89 Wn. App. 156, 164, 944 P.2d 1045 (1997). But the majority ignores that the trial

court found a genuine issue of material fact as to whether HICA’s assessments were

equitable—and no party has challenged that ruling on appeal. Because HICA’s

discretion to impose assessments is limited by the requirement that those

assessments be imposed on an equitable basis, the trial court’s ruling means there is

a genuine issue of material fact as to whether HICA’s decision to impose these

assessments was within the scope of its discretion in the first place.

      The Riss standard grants deference only to decisions made by homeowners’

associations that fall within the scope of their discretionary authority. Because it has

existing assessment structure or to reject Surowiecki’s proposed alternative.” Bangerter
v. Hat Island Cmty. Ass’n, 14 Wn. App. 2d 718, 741, 740, 472 P.3d 998 (2020). The
majority reverses that holding but does not explain why the Court of Appeals’s analysis
was wrong and its analysis is right.

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Surowiecki v. Hat Island Cmty. Ass’n, No. 99138-3
(Stephens, J., dissenting)

not yet been determined whether HICA’s decision to impose these assessments was

within the scope of its authority, we cannot at this juncture proclaim that decision is

entitled to deference under Riss. Accordingly, I would hold that the trial court’s

finding of a genuine issue of material fact on whether HICA’s assessments are

equitable precludes application of the Riss standard at summary judgment.

       II.    The Business Judgment Rule Cannot Apply Here

       For similar reasons, I would hold the business judgment rule cannot apply at

summary judgment when there is a genuine issue of material fact as to whether a

corporation acted in excess of its authority. I agree with the majority’s decision to

leave the larger question of whether the business judgment rule can ever apply to

homeowners’ associations for another day. 4 But I would follow Riss’s lead and

explain that it does not matter whether the business judgment rule applies to

homeowners’ associations because that rule cannot insulate HICA’s assessment

decision from judicial review here.

4
   It appears the result reached by the majority is actually in tension with its decision to
leave the business judgment rule question for another day. Majority at 12-13 (“We . . .
remand to the trial court for reinstatement of the trial court’s summary judgment order in
favor of HICA.”) As the majority notes, that summary judgment order determined that the
business judgment rule applies to HICA, a homeowners’ association. Majority at 11 (citing
1 CP at 202). I respectfully suggest that this court should not decline to decide whether the
business judgment rule applies while simultaneously directing the trial court to reinstate an
order applying that very rule on remand.

                                             10
Surowiecki v. Hat Island Cmty. Ass’n, No. 99138-3
(Stephens, J., dissenting)

      In Riss, we declined to adopt the business judgment rule for homeowners’

associations but noted, “it is clear that the rule if applied here would not exonerate

the homeowners [association] from their unreasonable decision to reject [the

couple’s] proposal.” 131 Wn.2d at 633. Similarly, if applied in this case, the

business judgment rule cannot exonerate HICA at summary judgment when there is

a genuine issue of material fact as to whether HICA’s assessments are within the

scope of its authority under the restrictive covenants.

      “Under the ‘business judgment rule,’ corporate management is immunized

from liability in a corporate transaction where (1) the decision to undertake the

transaction is within the power of the corporation and the authority of management,

and (2) there is a reasonable basis to indicate that the transaction was made in good

faith.” Scott v. Trans-System, Inc., 148 Wn.2d 701, 709, 64 P.3d 1 (2003) (citing

Nursing Home Bldg. Corp. v. DeHart, 13 Wn. App. 489, 498, 535 P.2d 137 (1975)).

      The business judgment rule does not insulate corporate decisions from claims

that those decisions violate contractual obligations, such as restrictive covenants.

See Shinn v. Thrust IV, Inc., 56 Wn. App. 827, 833-35, 786 P.2d 285 (1990) (holding

the business judgment rule does not apply when corporate officer breached “specific

contractual duties”); see also Willmschen v. Trinity Lakes Improvement Ass’n, 362

Ill. App. 3d 546, 550-51, 840 N.E.2d 1275, 1279-80, 291 Ill. Dec. 840 (2005)

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Surowiecki v. Hat Island Cmty. Ass’n, No. 99138-3
(Stephens, J., dissenting)

(“While courts ordinarily will not interfere with management decisions on the basis

of their wisdom or lack thereof, the business judgment rule does not afford a

corporation carte blanche to behave unlawfully.         Hence, we agree with the

observation of a court from a sister state that ‘it may be good business judgment to

walk away from a contract, [but] this is no defense to a breach of contract claim.’”

(alteration in original) (italics omitted) (quoting Dinicu v. Groff Studios Corp., 257

A.D.2d 218, 222-23, 690 N.Y.S.2d 220, 223 (1999))). Similarly, it may be good

business for HICA to impose uniform assessments on all lots, but that is no defense

to Surowiecki’s claim that doing so exceeds HICA’s authority under its restrictive

covenants.

      Nor does the business judgment rule insulate corporations from liability for

illegal acts. Durand v. HIMC Corp., 151 Wn. App. 818, 836, 214 P.3d 189 (2009)

(holding the business judgment rule does not apply to corporate officers’ decisions

that violate state law). Under the homeowners’ associations act—which applied to

HICA when Surowiecki filed this suit and so governs our analysis here—the scope

of a homeowners’ association’s authority to “impose and collect assessments for

common expenses from owners” and to “collect any payments, fees, or charges” is

strictly limited by its restrictive covenants and other governing documents.

RCW 64.38.020 (2), (10), .010(11). Thus, if HICA’s assessment decision exceeds

                                         12
Surowiecki v. Hat Island Cmty. Ass’n, No. 99138-3
(Stephens, J., dissenting)

its authority under its restrictive covenants, that decision necessarily exceeds its

authority under Washington law.

      Surowiecki has established a genuine issue of material fact as to whether

HICA’s assessments are equitable, and thus it is an open question whether HICA’s

assessment decision exceeds its authority under its restrictive covenants. It follows

that Surowiecki has established a genuine issue of material fact as to whether

HICA’s assessment decision exceeds its authority under Washington law. I would

hold that when a party establishes a genuine issue of material fact as to whether a

corporate decision violates the law, that showing necessarily precludes dismissal

based on the business judgment rule at summary judgment.

      III.   The Majority Misapplies the Summary Judgment Standard

      One final point merits brief discussion. In taking the question of whether

HICA’s assessments are equitable out of the trier of fact’s hands, the majority

misapplies the summary judgment standard and holds Surowiecki to an

unreasonably high burden. The majority concludes Surowiecki cannot defeat

summary judgment because “[h]e has not . . . shown as a matter of law that either

the process used [by HICA to set assessments], or the result reached, was not

equitable.” Majority at 2. Of course, Surowiecki need not show he is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law in order to survive summary judgment as the nonmoving

                                         13
Surowiecki v. Hat Island Cmty. Ass’n, No. 99138-3
(Stephens, J., dissenting)

party. That is the burden of the moving party in order to prevail on summary

judgment, CR 56(c), as the majority seems to acknowledge. Majority at 6 (“We

review a trial court’s order on a motion for summary judgment de novo. A court

may grant summary judgment if the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to

the nonmoving party, establishes that there is no genuine issue of any material fact

and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” (citations

omitted) (citing Wilkinson v. Chiwawa Cmtys. Ass’n, 180 Wn.2d 241, 249, 327 P.3d

614 (2014); CR 56(c))). As the party resisting summary judgment, Surowiecki was

required only to show the existence of a genuine issue of material fact—a burden he

has indisputably met. See 9 CP at 4423 (“The court finds that there is a genuine

issue of material fact as to whether [HICA’s] assessments are being made in an

equitable fashion.”).

                                  CONCLUSION

      We cannot ignore the trial court’s unchallenged ruling that a genuine issue of

material fact exists as to whether HICA’s assessments are equitable. That 2016

ruling necessarily precludes summary judgment in favor of HICA under Riss and the

business judgment rule because a finding in Surowiecki’s favor on the equitable

assessment issue necessarily defeats HICA’s arguments for deference. Because I

cannot support the majority’s result or its reasoning, I respectfully dissent. I would

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Surowiecki v. Hat Island Cmty. Ass’n, No. 99138-3
(Stephens, J., dissenting)

reverse the Court of Appeals, vacate the trial court’s order, and remand for further

proceedings.

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