Court Opinion

ID: 2999700
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-24 19:56:57.900325+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:01:48.677347
License: Public Domain

UNPUBLISHED ORDER
                                  Not to be cited per Circuit Rule 53

                     United States Court of Appeals
                                     For the Seventh Circuit
                                     Chicago, Illinois 60604
                                 Submitted October 11, 2006*
                                  Decided October 17, 2006

                                               Before

                       Hon. JOHN L. COFFEY, Circuit Judge

                       Hon. FRANK H. EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judge

                       Hon. DANIEL A. MANION, Circuit Judge

No. 06-2188                                                     Appeal from the United
                                                                States District Court for the
ANGELA E. BROOKS-NGWENYA,                                       Southern District of Indi-
     Plaintiff-Appellant,                                       ana, Indianapolis Division.
               v.
                                                                No. 1:05-cv-1469-LJM-WTL
JAMES THOMPSON, et al.,                                         Larry J. McKinney, Chief
     Defendants-Appellees.                                      Judge.

                                               Order

    Angela Brooks-Ngwenya contends that, while working for the Indianapolis Pub-
lic Schools, she devised a set of educational materials for use with underachieving
middle-school students. According to her complaint (which is all we have to go on at
this stage), the school system and some of its employees initially responded with
hostility but, after discovering that the materials worked, copied them without
permission or compensation. The complaint was filed in state court and removed
under 28 U.S.C. §1441 because the copyright claim arises under federal law. The
district court dismissed the copyright claim with prejudice after Brooks-Ngwenya
conceded that she had not registered her work with the Copyright Office. The court

   *   After an examination of the briefs and the record, we have concluded that oral argument is un-
necessary, and the appeal is submitted on the briefs and the record. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a); Cir. R.
34(f).
No. 06-2188                                                                      Page 2

then remanded the remaining claims, based as they are on state law. See 28 U.S.C.
§1441(c).

    Registration is a condition to copyright-infringement litigation. “[N]o action for
the infringement of the copyright in any United States work shall be instituted un-
til preregistration or registration of the copyright claim has been made in accor-
dance with this title.” 17 U.S.C. 411(a). Although Brooks-Ngwenya asserts that she
failed to register because she did not understand the necessity of that step, and
then because she “was distracted from following through” because of “interruptions
coming from … staff members”, that is irrelevant. The statute makes registration or
preregistration necessary. That’s all there is to it. Registration is not complex (it is
no harder that filing a lawsuit), and distractions must be overcome if authors want
to litigate.

   Brooks-Ngwenya tells us that she registered the work on May 19, 2006, while
her appeal was pending. That is too late to save this litigation. A rule in the form
“no action shall be instituted until…” means that the condition must be fulfilled be-
fore the litigation begins. Satisfaction of the condition while the suit is pending does
not avoid the need to start anew. See, e.g., McNeil v. United States, 508 U.S. 106
(1993) (Federal Tort Claims Act, which provides that no action may be instituted
until an administrative claim has been made and resolved, requires dismissal of a
suit filed before the administrative claim’s resolution, even if that step occurs while
the suit is pending); Hallstrom v. Tillamook County, 493 U.S. 20 (1989) (statutory
requirement to wait 60 days after notice before filing suit requires outright dis-
missal of premature action rather than keeping it inactive on the docket for the 60-
day period); Perez v. Wisconsin Department of Corrections, 182 F.3d 532 (7th Cir.
1999) (same approach for exhaustion of administrative remedies under 42 U.S.C.
§1997e(a)).

    Failure to satisfy a condition to litigation does not imply, however, that the
plaintiff loses outright. A suit that is premature because a condition to litigation
remains unsatisfied must be dismissed without prejudice. See Ford v. Johnson, 362
F.3d 395 (7th Cir. 2004). If the condition can be satisfied while time remains in the
statute of limitations, then a new suit may be filed and resolved on the merits. We
do not see any indication that a fresh copyright suit would be untimely. Potentially
infringing use of the materials is ongoing (according to Brooks-Ngwenya), and each
new copy is a fresh wrong, with its own three-year period of limitations. See 17
U.S.C. §507(b); Courtis v. Cameron, 419 F.3d 989 (9th Cir. 2005). So the distinction
between dismissal with and without prejudice may be vital to Brooks-Ngwenya’s
entitlements.

   Brooks-Ngwenya included a federal trademark claim in her complaint but did
not press it in the district court, where the judge treated it as abandoned and dis-
missed it with prejudice. The subject is scarcely mentioned in plaintiff’s appellate
brief. This contention has been forfeited.

   Plaintiff’s reply brief discusses at length a charge of race discrimination under
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. As far as we can see, however, no such
No. 06-2188                                                                   Page 3

claim was included in the complaint; the reply brief may be discussing a different
piece of litigation entirely.

   The judgment of the district court is modified to dismiss the copyright claim
without prejudice, and as so modified is affirmed.