Court Opinion

ID: 7800701
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-08-15 20:00:39.126593+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:29:07.919045
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       AUG 15 2022
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

BRANDON HARVEY, individually and on             No.    19-16955
behalf of all others similarly situated,
                                                D.C. No. 3:18-cv-02835-WHO
                Plaintiff-Appellee,

 v.                                             MEMORANDUM*

MORGAN STANLEY SMITH BARNEY
LLC,

                Defendant-Appellee,

 v.

MATHEW LUCADANO; TRACY CHEN,
Proposed Intervenor-Plaintiffs,

                Movants-Appellants.

BRANDON HARVEY, individually and on             No.    20-15509
behalf of all others similarly situated,
                                                D.C. No. 3:18-cv-02835-WHO
                Plaintiff-Appellee,

 v.

MATHEW LUCADANO,

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
              Objector-Appellant,

 v.

MORGAN STANLEY SMITH BARNEY
LLC,

              Defendant-Appellee.

BRANDON HARVEY, individually and on        No.   20-15510
behalf of all others similarly situated,
                                           D.C. No. 3:18-cv-02835-WHO
              Plaintiff-Appellee,

 v.

TRACY CHEN,

              Objector-Appellant,

 v.

MORGAN STANLEY SMITH BARNEY
LLC,

              Defendant-Appellee.

BRANDON HARVEY, individually and on        No.   20-15548
behalf of all others similarly situated,
                                           D.C. No. 3:18-cv-02835-WHO
              Plaintiff-Appellant,

MATHEW LUCADANO; TRACY CHEN,

              Objectors-Appellees,

 v.

                                     2
MORGAN STANLEY SMITH BARNEY
LLC,

                Defendant-Appellee.

                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Northern District of California
                 William Horsley Orrick, District Judge, Presiding

                        Argued and Submitted May 31, 2022
                             San Francisco, California

Before: WARDLAW, IKUTA, and BADE, Circuit Judges.

      Tracy Chen and Mathew Lucadano (collectively, “Intervenors”) appeal from

the district court’s order denying their motion to intervene as a matter of right

under Rule 24(a)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.1 Lucadano and Chen

also filed individual appeals challenging the district court’s final approval of a

settlement agreement between Brandon Harvey and Morgan Stanley Smith Barney

LLC (“Morgan Stanley”) and the district court’s allocation of attorneys’ fees and

costs. Harvey cross-appeals the district court’s award of attorneys’ fees, costs, and

      1
         We grant Intervenors’ requests for judicial notice of the Division of Labor
Standards Enforcement’s Brief Re: Res Judicata Effect of Settlement in Le, and its
attached declarations; the Proposed Amicus Curiae Brief of the Division of Labor
Standards Enforcement in support of Appellants in California, ex rel. Turrieta v.
Lyft, Inc., No. B304701; and the Division of Labor Standards Enforcement’s Brief
in Support of Reversal of Final Judgment, and its related motion filed pursuant to
these appeals. See Harris v. County of Orange, 682 F.3d 1126, 1132 (9th Cir.
2012); United States v. Wilson, 631 F.2d 118, 119 (9th Cir. 1980).

                                           3
incentive awards to Intervenors.

      We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and the collateral order

doctrine, see Robert Ito Farm, Inc. v. County of Maui, 842 F.3d 681, 688 (9th Cir.

2016), and we affirm in part, dismiss in part, vacate in part, and remand for further

proceedings.

I.    Jurisdiction

      We reject Intervenors’ collective and individual challenges to the district

court’s subject matter jurisdiction over Harvey’s claim under California’s Private

Attorneys General Act (“PAGA”), Cal. Labor Code §§ 2698–2699.8, and hold that

the district court had subject matter jurisdiction over the PAGA claim.2

                                         A.

      The district court had supplemental jurisdiction over the PAGA claim.

Harvey’s failure to cite 28 U.S.C. § 1367 in his complaint as the basis for the

district court’s jurisdiction over the PAGA claim did not deprive the district court

of subject matter jurisdiction. See Nationwide Mut. Ins. v. Liberatore, 408 F.3d

1158, 1161–62 (9th Cir. 2005). The PAGA claim was part of the “same case or

controversy” as the class claims brought under the jurisdiction of the Class Action

      2
         We considered Intervenors’ jurisdictional arguments because we have
suggested that even non-parties may challenge a district court’s subject matter
jurisdiction. See Cal. Dep’t of Toxic Substances Control v. Com. Realty Projects,
Inc., 309 F.3d 1113, 1120–21 (9th Cir. 2002).

                                          4
Fairness Act (“CAFA”), 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d).3 See 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a). The

allegations in the operative complaint establish that the PAGA claim and the class

claims arise out of a common nucleus of operative fact—here, Morgan Stanley’s

alleged violations of the Labor Code through its practice of, e.g., requiring

employees to incur business expenses without reimbursement. See Bahrampour v.

Lampert, 356 F.3d 969, 978 (9th Cir. 2004); Gilder v. PGA Tour, Inc., 936 F.2d

417, 421 (9th Cir. 1991) (claims arose out of a common nucleus of operative fact

when the “facts giving rise to the pendent state claims . . . [were] identical to those

which [gave] rise to the . . . antitrust claims”).

                                            B.

       Intervenors did not challenge the district court’s exercise of supplemental

jurisdiction in their motion to intervene, so they have waived the argument that the

district court abused its discretion in doing so. See Acri v. Varian Assocs., Inc.,

       3
         We reject Intervenors’ argument that supplemental jurisdiction over a
PAGA claim is lacking solely because a district court would not have had original
jurisdiction over a PAGA claim under CAFA. See City of Chicago v. Int’l Coll. of
Surgeons, 522 U.S. 156, 167 (1997) (stating that the “whole point of supplemental
jurisdiction is to allow the district courts to exercise pendent jurisdiction over
claims as to which original jurisdiction is lacking”). We likewise reject
Intervenors’ arguments that our decisions in Saucillo v. Peck, 25 F.4th 1118 (9th
Cir. 2022), and Magadia v. Wal-Mart Associates, Inc., 999 F.3d 668 (9th Cir.
2021), establish that the differences between PAGA actions and class actions
deprived the district court of supplemental jurisdiction, as we did not address the
issue of supplemental jurisdiction in Saucillo or Magadia.

                                            5
114 F.3d 999, 1000–01 (9th Cir. 1997) (en banc).4 Moreover, the district court’s

subsequent analysis in connection with the final approval order is not properly

before us for purposes of Intervenors’ appeal. Cf. Kirshner v. Uniden Corp. of

Am., 842 F.2d 1074, 1077 (9th Cir. 1988). Because “review of the discretionary

aspect to supplemental jurisdiction” is not jurisdictional, Acri, 114 F.3d at 1000–

01; see also Kieslich v. United States (In re Kieslich), 258 F.3d 968, 970 (9th Cir.

2001), we decline to reach Chen’s separate arguments that the district court abused

its discretion in exercising supplemental jurisdiction, for the reasons explained in

Section III.

                                          C.

      Harvey has Article III standing5 to bring the PAGA claim. See Magadia v.

Wal-Mart Assocs., Inc., 999 F.3d 668, 678 & nn. 6–7 (9th Cir. 2021). Intervenors

do not dispute that Harvey’s injury is sufficient to confer Article III standing for

his “individual and classwide Labor Code claims for damages,” and it is

undisputed that Harvey has suffered an injury from the alleged Labor Code

      4
         Although Harvey’s and Morgan Stanley’s failure to raise the issue of
waiver would normally result in their waiver of a waiver argument, see United
States v. Doe, 53 F.3d 1081, 1082 (9th Cir. 1995), we exercise our discretion to
reach the issue, United States v. Macias, 789 F.3d 1011, 1017 n.3 (9th Cir. 2015).
       5
         We do not address Intervenors’ argument that Harvey lacks statutory
standing. See Bilyeu v. Morgan Stanley Long Term Disability Plan, 683 F.3d
1083, 1090 (9th Cir. 2012); see also Robert Ito Farm, 842 F.3d at 688; Cal. Dep’t
of Toxic Substances Control, 309 F.3d at 1120–21. We likewise do not address
Chen’s statutory standing arguments. See Section III, infra.

                                           6
violations. See id. at 678–80.6

      We thus conclude that the district court had subject matter jurisdiction over

the lawsuit.

II.   Intervention

      We affirm the district court’s denial of Intervenors’ motion to intervene as a

matter of right under Rule 24(a)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure because

Intervenors have not shown that they have a “significantly protectable interest

related to the subject of the action” or that they “will not be adequately represented

by existing parties.” W. Watersheds Project v. Haaland, 22 F.4th 828, 835 (9th

Cir. 2022) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

      Intervenors do not have a significant legally protectable interest. See

Donnelly v. Glickman, 159 F.3d 405, 409, 411 (9th Cir. 1998); see also Callahan v.

Brookdale Senior Living Cmtys., Inc., — F.4th —, Nos. 20-55603 & 20-55761,

2022 WL 3016027, at *8 (9th Cir. July 29, 2022) (discussing California authority

concerning a substantive right for intervention by an overlapping PAGA plaintiff);

Saucillo v. Peck, 25 F.4th 1118, 1127–28 (9th Cir. 2022) (explaining that PAGA

plaintiffs do not have an individual stake in the action or in the penalties obtained

through a successful PAGA action); Amalgamated Transit Union, Loc. 1756, AFL-

      6
         We likewise reject Intervenors’ and Chen’s argument that Harvey does not
have Article III standing due to a lack of redressability. See Magadia, 999 F.3d at
676; cf. Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Env’t, 523 U.S. 83, 106 (1998).

                                          7
CIO v. Superior Ct., 209 P.3d 937, 943 (Cal. 2009) (explaining that PAGA “does

not create property rights or any other substantive rights”).

       Nor have Intervenors made the necessary compelling showing to

demonstrate inadequacy of representation. See Callahan, — F.4th —, 2022 WL

3016027 at *6 (stating that argument that proposed intervenor would not have

agreed to a settlement “ultimately amounts to a disagreement over litigation

strategy,” which “is insufficient” to show inadequacy of representation); see also

Perry v. Proposition 8 Off. Proponents, 587 F.3d 947, 952 (9th Cir. 2009);

California v. Tahoe Reg’l Plan. Agency, 792 F.2d 775, 779 (9th Cir. 1986).

III.   Appellate Standing

       We dismiss Chen’s appeal for lack of appellate standing. See Marino v.

Ortiz, 484 U.S. 301, 304 (1988) (per curiam) (“The rule that only parties to a

lawsuit, or those that properly become parties, may appeal an adverse judgment, is

well settled.”). Because we affirm the district court’s denial of intervention as a

matter of right, Chen remains a non-party to the litigation, see United States v.

Sprint Commc’ns, Inc., 855 F.3d 985, 989 (9th Cir. 2017); Robert Ito Farm, 842

F.3d at 688, and her status as a parallel PAGA plaintiff or aggrieved employee

does not make her a party to the litigation, Saucillo, 25 F.4th at 1126–28. Nor does

Chen explain why her limited party status for the purpose of receiving attorneys’

fees, costs, and incentive awards permits her to appeal unrelated aspects of the

                                          8
district court’s approval of the settlement.7

      We thus hold that Chen lacks standing to appeal the district court’s approval

of the settlement. Moreover, although we have recognized an exception to the

general rule that non-parties lack standing to appeal, Bank of Am. v. M/V Exec.,

797 F.2d 772, 774 (9th Cir. 1986) (per curiam), we find that the equities do not

weigh in favor of hearing her appeal. See Saucillo, 25 F.4th at 1127 (explaining

that any preclusive effect resulting from a PAGA judgment “extends only to an

employee’s ability to seek ‘civil penalties’ under PAGA,” and aggrieved

employees “retain all rights to pursue or recover other remedies available under

state or federal law” (citation omitted)).8

IV.   Class Certification

      We agree with Lucadano that the district court, in approving the settlement,

may have certified a class in which not all class members suffered an injury

sufficient to confer Article III standing.9 See TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez, 141 S.

      7
          Even if Chen were permitted standing to solely appeal the district court’s
allocation of attorneys’ fees, we would not consider her arguments, because as
discussed in Section IV, infra, we do not address the issue of whether the district
court properly allocated attorneys’ fees and costs.
        8
          Accordingly, we deny the following as moot: Chen’s request for judicial
notice, the Division of Labor Standards Enforcement’s motion to file an untimely
amicus curiae brief, and Chen’s motion to certify questions to the California
Supreme Court.
        9
          We reject Morgan Stanley’s argument that Lucadano waived this argument
by failing to object to class certification before the district court, because awarding
relief to uninjured class members implicates the district court’s jurisdiction over

                                              9
Ct. 2190, 2208 (2021) (holding that “[e]very class member must have Article III

standing in order to recover individual damages”). The certified class was not

limited to those Morgan Stanley employees who had incurred unreimbursed

business expenses or who had contributed money to the challenged AFG program,

and there is evidence in the record indicating that that there were class members

who had not suffered injury through Morgan Stanley’s AFG program. And the

district court did not make a factual finding that every class member suffered some

injury through the AFG program or otherwise incurred unreimbursed business

expenses.

      We lack assurance that every class member who would receive damages

under the settlement suffered an actual injury from Morgan Stanley’s alleged

Labor Code violations. See Magadia, 999 F.3d at 680 (stating that “class members

who [could] establish . . . injuries have standing to collect damages” and quoting

Ramirez v. TransUnion LLC, 951 F.3d 1008, 1017 (9th Cir. 2020), rev’d on other

grounds, 141 S. Ct. 2190, for the assertion that “all class members ‘must satisfy the

requirements of Article III standing at the final stage of a money damages suit

those class members. See TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez, 141 S. Ct. 2190, 2208
(2021); Frank v. Gaos, 139 S. Ct. 1041, 1046 (2019) (per curiam); see also Denney
v. Deutsche Bank AG, 443 F.3d 253, 264 (2d Cir. 2006). Even if Lucadano’s
argument were waivable, however, we would exercise our discretion to reach this
issue. See El Paso City v. Am. W. Airlines, Inc. (In re Am. W. Airlines, Inc.), 217
F.3d 1161, 1165 (9th Cir. 2000).

                                         10
when class members are to be awarded individual monetary damages’”). We

therefore vacate the district court’s approval of the settlement agreement and

remand for the district court to assess Article III standing of the class members in

the first instance.

       The parties also challenge various other parts of the district court’s approval

of the settlement. Specifically, Intervenors argue that the district court erred in

approving the class action settlement and abused its discretion in allocating

attorneys’ fees, and Harvey argues that the district court abused its discretion in

allocating attorneys’ fees and in awarding service fees to Intervenors. Because we

vacate the district court’s approval of the settlement, we do not address these

arguments.

       AFFIRMED IN PART, DISMISSED IN PART, VACATED IN PART,

AND REMANDED.

       Each party will bear its own costs on appeal.

                                          11