Court Opinion

ID: 4649025
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-01-05 15:00:23.405894+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:01:20.731366
License: Public Domain

USCA11 Case: 19-14944   Date Filed: 01/05/2021   Page: 1 of 10

                                                        [DO NOT PUBLISH]

            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                      ________________________

                            No. 19-14944
                        Non-Argument Calendar
                      ________________________

              D.C. Docket No. 2:17-cr-00482-MHT-SMD-3

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                              Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                 versus

CYRUS PHYFIER,

                                                        Defendant-Appellant.

                      ________________________

               Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Middle District of Alabama
                     ________________________

                            (January 5, 2021)

Before NEWSOM, LAGOA, and BRASHER, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
          USCA11 Case: 19-14944        Date Filed: 01/05/2021    Page: 2 of 10

      Cyrus Phyfier appeals his convictions for conspiracy to possess and

distribute powder cocaine and crack cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1)

and 846, distribution of crack cocaine in violation of § 841(a)(1), distribution of

marijuana in violation of § 841(a)(1), possession of a firearm by a felon in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), and possession of a firearm in furtherance of a

drug-trafficking crime in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A).

      Phyfier raises three arguments on appeal. First, he challenges the district

court’s denial of his motion to suppress evidence found in Shakalya Harris’s

apartment—the location of his arrest—because, he alleges, officers discovered the

evidence during an improper protective sweep and did not have consent to search

the apartment. Second, Phyfier argues that the district court erred in granting the

government’s motion in limine to prevent him from introducing a state pardon he

received for his prior state felony conviction and a pistol permit he received from

the Montgomery Sheriff’s Department because, according to him, those pieces of

evidence would have established his entrapment-by-estoppel defense and would

have shown that he did not know that he was prohibited from possessing a firearm

as he contends is required under Rehaif v. United States, 139 S. Ct. 2191 (2019).

Lastly, Phyfier challenges, for the first time on appeal, the admission during his

trial of his prior state convictions, his disciplinary record while in prison, and his

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domestic-violence and sexual-torture charges. We address each issue in turn, and

after careful review, we affirm.

       The facts are known to the parties; we do not repeat them here except as

necessary to resolution of issues presented.

                                                I

       Phyfier challenges the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress

evidence found in the apartment where he was arrested because, he says, officers

discovered the evidence during an improper protective sweep and did not have

consent to search the apartment. 1

       “[T]he Fourth Amendment has drawn a firm line at the entrance to the

house. Absent exigent circumstances, that threshold may not reasonably be

crossed without a warrant.” Payton v. New York, 445 U.S. 573, 590 (1980).

Accordingly, a warrantless search inside a home is, with few exceptions,

unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment. Kyllo v. United States, 533 U.S. 27,

31 (2001). Two of those exceptions, however, are applicable here.

       First, the Supreme Court has held that a properly limited warrantless

“protective sweep,” conducted incident to an arrest, is reasonable under the Fourth

1
 A district court’s denial of a defendant’s motion to suppress is reviewed under a mixed standard
of review; we review the district court’s findings of fact for clear error and the district court’s
application of law to those facts de novo. United States v. Ramirez, 476 F.3d 1231, 1235 (11th
Cir. 2007); United States v. Smith, 459 F.3d 1276, 1290 (11th Cir. 2006).
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Amendment “when the searching officer possesses a reasonable belief based on

specific and articulable facts that the area to be swept harbors an individual posing

a danger to those on the arrest scene.” Maryland v. Buie, 494 U.S. 325, 337

(1990). A “protective sweep” must be “narrowly confined to a cursory visual

inspection of those places in which a person might be hiding.” Id. at 327. If there

is sufficient justification, a properly limited protective sweep may occur “in

conjunction with an in-home arrest.” Id. at 337.

      Second, we have held that a consensual search of the home is allowed under

the Fourth Amendment. McClish v. Nugent, 483 F.3d 1231, 1240 (11th Cir. 2007).

Importantly, a “consensual search is confined to the terms of its authorization.”

United States v. Strickland, 902 F.2d 937, 941 (11th Cir. 1990).

      Here, the district court did not err in denying Phyfier’s motion to suppress.

First, the officers conducted a valid protective sweep because they had reasonable

suspicion to believe that there was another individual in Harris’s apartment. See

Buie, 494 U.S. at 337. Although Harris stated that she believed that Phyfier was

alone in the apartment, she could not be certain because she arrived after the

officers, and the officers had no way of knowing whether her belief was correct.

Moreover, Phyfier behaved suspiciously and refused to leave the apartment for an

hour, giving credence to the officers’ belief that there may have been another

individual in the apartment with him. Once the officers finally did enter the

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apartment, their protective sweep was brief and limited to areas where someone

could be hiding, and the firearm that they found was in plain view in the open

bedroom closet adjacent to where Phyfier was detained.

      Second, even assuming that the protective sweep was invalid, Harris gave

permission for the officers to enter and search her apartment. During an interview

with an ATF agent, Harris stated that she had given her consent for the officers to

search her apartment “for [Phyfier’s] phone and whatever else.” Therefore, the

search was consensual and permissible under the Fourth Amendment. McClish,

483 F.3d at 1240.

      Accordingly, we affirm as to this issue.

                                          II

      Next, Phyfier asserts that the district court erred in granting the

government’s motion in limine to prevent him from introducing a state pardon he

received for his prior state felony conviction and a pistol permit he (erroneously)

received from the Montgomery Sheriff’s Department. (The pistol permit was

wrongly issued because, by its plain terms, the state pardon he received did not

restore Phyfier’s right to a firearm.) According to Phyfier, those pieces of

evidence would have established his entrapment-by-estoppel defense to his firearm

convictions and would have shown that he did not know that he was prohibited

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from possessing a firearm as he contends is required under Rehaif v. United States,

139 S. Ct. 2191. 2

       “Entrapment-by-estoppel is an affirmative defense that provides a narrow

exception to the general rule that ignorance of the law is no defense.” United

States v. Funches, 135 F.3d 1405, 1407 (11th Cir. 1998). Under the defense, a

defendant “must actually rely on a point of law misrepresented by an official of the

state; and such reliance must be objectively reasonable—given the identity of the

official, the point of law represented, and the substance of the misrepresentation.”

Id. “But the defense is not applicable where the state incorrectly advises the

person and, then, the federal government prosecutes the person.” Id. Thus, “[t]he

defense of entrapment-by-estoppel, when asserted as a defense to a federal crime,

requires reliance on a misstatement by an official or agent of the federal

government.” Id.

       Under federal law, it is unlawful for anyone “who has been convicted in any

court of[] a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year” to

possess a firearm, and an individual who “knowingly” does so is subject to

punishment. 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1), 924(a)(2). In Rehaif, the Supreme Court

2
  “Normally, in reviewing a district court’s grant of a government’s motion in limine, the
standard is abuse of discretion.” United States v. Thompson, 25 F.3d 1558, 1563 (11th Cir.
1994). “Conclusions of law are reviewed de novo.” Id. “Findings of fact made by the district
court, however, shall not be set aside unless clearly erroneous.” Id. (quotation marks omitted).
“A finding is clearly erroneous when, although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing
court is left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” Id.
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held that a “prosecution under 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g) and 924(a)(2) [requires] the

[g]overnment [to] prove both that the defendant knew he possessed a firearm and

that he knew he belonged to the relevant category of persons barred from

possessing a firearm.” 139 S. Ct. at 2200. The Supreme Court did not require that

the government prove that the defendant knew that he was prohibited from

possessing a firearm. See generally id.

      Here, the district court did not err in granting the government’s motion in

limine because Phyfier’s arguments as to why he needed to present his state pardon

and pistol permit were unpersuasive. Phyfier’s entrapment-by-estoppel theory of

defense is foreclosed by our precedent in Funches, which specifically stated that

the defense is inapplicable where the defendant relies on the actions of a state

official in relation to prosecution for a federal crime. Funches, 135 F.3d at 1407.

That is exactly what Phyfier was trying to demonstrate here—reliance on a

misstatement by a state official for a federal crime—in attempting to offer the state

pardon and pistol permit into evidence. Therefore, the entrapment-by-estoppel

defense is not applicable to him.

      Further, Phyfier’s argument that his state pardon and pistol permit show that

he did not have the mental state required under Rehaif is incorrect. See 139 S. Ct.

at 2200. As explained, Rehaif only required that the government show that a

defendant “knew he possessed a firearm and that he knew he belonged to the

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relevant category of persons barred from possessing a firearm.” Id. Thus,

Phyfier’s attempt to show that he did not know that he was prohibited from

possessing the firearm is inapposite under Rehaif. Id. Accordingly, we also affirm

as to this issue.

                                          III

       Finally, Phyfier challenges, for the first time on appeal, the admission of his

prior state convictions, his disciplinary record while in prison, and his domestic-

violence and sexual-torture charges during his trial.

       Evidentiary challenges raised for the first time on appeal are reviewed for

plain error. Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(b); United States v. Charles, 722 F.3d 1319, 1322

(11th Cir. 2013). Plain error occurs where (1) there is an error (2) that is plain,

(3) that affects the defendant’s substantial rights, and (4) that seriously affects the

fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings. United States v.

Presendieu, 880 F.3d 1228, 1237–38 (11th Cir. 2018).

       Even if a district court erroneously admitted evidence under Rule 404(b), we

may still affirm if the error was harmless. United States v. Hubert, 138 F.3d 912,

914 (11th Cir. 1998); see also Fed. R. Evid. 103(a); Fed. R. Crim. P. 52(a).

Evidence admitted in violation of Rule 404(b) is harmless where there is

substantial evidence of the defendant’s guilt. United States v. Chavez, 204 F.3d

1305, 1317 (11th Cir. 2000). Specifically, we have explained that, where

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otherwise inadmissible evidence is erroneously admitted, the error will not warrant

a reversal “if the error had no substantial influence on the outcome and sufficient

evidence uninfected by error supports the verdict.” United States v. Harrison, 329

F.3d 779, 789 (11th Cir. 2003).

      Additionally, it is well established that when a defendant testifies in his own

defense, the jury may disbelieve his testimony, conclude that the opposite of his

testimony is true, and consider it as substantive evidence of his guilt. United States

v. Brown, 53 F.3d 312, 314 (11th Cir. 1995).

      Even assuming that the district court erred in admitting Phyfier’s

penitentiary packet and his other charges, the errors were harmless because they

had no substantial influence on the outcome, and the government presented

sufficient evidence uninfected by error to support the guilty verdict. Harrison, 329

F.3d at 789. At trial, the government presented recorded phone calls and video

surveillance that showed Phyfier setting up, and engaging in, multiple drug deals.

The government also presented testimony from witnesses involved in those drug

deals who testified that they either bought drugs from Phyfier or sold him drugs.

Indeed, Phyfier himself admitted that he sold drugs in 2007 and stated that his

charges should have been dismissed under the statute of limitations. The

government also presented evidence that showed Phyfier kept firearms at his

mother’s home, where he conducted his drug transactions. Additionally, the

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government offered sufficient evidence to show that Phyfier knew that he was a

convicted felon and knew that he possessed a firearm.

      Moreover, the jury was allowed to disbelieve Phyfier’s testimony, conclude

that the opposite of his testimony was true, and consider it as substantive evidence

of his guilt because he testified in his own defense. Brown, 53 F.3d at 314.

Further, Phyfier raised his domestic-violence and sexual-torture charges before the

jury while presenting his case, and the district court warned Phyfier that he might

not wish to raise those charges with the jury.

      Accordingly, because the government presented sufficient evidence free

from error to support the jury’s guilty verdict, we also affirm as to this issue.

      AFFIRMED.

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