Court Opinion

ID: 2919334
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-11 00:16:33.870133+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:21:47.461194
License: Public Domain

NUMBER 13-98-447-CV 

COURT OF APPEALS 

THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS 

CORPUS CHRISTI 
___________________________________________________________________ 

ROSA MARIA GARCIA , Appellant, 

v. 

SPOHN HEALTH SYSTEM 
CORPORATION, D/B/A 
SPOHN HOSPITAL , Appellee. 
___________________________________________________________________ 

On appeal from the 28th District Court 
of Nueces County, Texas. 
___________________________________________________________________ 

O P I N I O N 

Before Chief Justice Seerden and Justices Dorsey and Chavez
Opinion by Justice Dorsey 

Rosa Maria Garcia sued various entities including Spohn Health System Corp. d/b/a Spohn Hospital ("Spohn" or "the
hospital"), the provider for emergency room services, and several doctors for injuries she sustained after being treated at the
hospital. Garcia contends that the negligent acts of those defendants caused her to develop Stevens-Johnson Syndrome,
resulting in pain, scarring, sensitivity to the sun, disfigurement, and a damaged sense of taste and voice. She believes that
her illness was caused by an over-prescription of the drug Dilantin. 
Her case was tried to a jury. During deliberations the jury announced it was deadlocked as to a number of questions, but
unanimously agreed that the hospital was not negligent. Based upon that partial verdict, the trial court entered a
take-nothing judgment in favor of Spohn Hospital and severed the cause against the hospital from that against the other
defendants, granting a mistrial as to the other defendants. Garcia appeals this take-nothing judgment against Spohn by four
points of error. 
Receipt of Partial Verdict 
In her second point of error, Garcia contends that the trial court improperly entered judgment on a partial jury verdict that
left material questions unanswered. The first jury question read: 
Did the negligence, if any, of those named below proximately cause the injuries of Rosa Maria Garcia? Answer yes or no
for each of the following: 

A. Neurosurgery, PA; 
B. George Nelson, MD; 
C. Todd Howell, MD; and 
D. Spohn Hospital. 

The jury was instructed not to answer the remaining questions regarding proportionate responsibility and amount of
damages unless it answered "yes" to at least one defendant in Question No. 1. 
After some deliberation, the jury sent a note to the court that read: 

On Question 1: "Did the negligence, if any, of those named below proximately cause the injuries of Rosa Maria Garcia?" 

Neurosurgery: "Yes"--7, "No"--5. 
George Nelson: "Yes"--6; "No"--6. 
Todd Howell: "Yes"--7, "No"--5. 
Spohn Hospital: "Yes"--0; "No"--12. 

This is our decision. Is it enough? 

The court responded with a note stating: "Members of the jury: In answer to your question, 10 or more of you must agree
upon all of the answers made and to the entire verdict." 
Later, the jury sent the following note to the court: 

The jurors advise this court the following: The jurors on principal [sic] will not do any type of compromise. Please give us
instructions on how to handle on an impasse. Please give us detailed instructions. 

The court asked for responses from the respective attorneys regarding that message. None was particularly opposed to
mistrial, but counsel for Spohn and counsel for Garcia disagreed whether the court could properly receive a partial verdict
against Spohn Hospital based on the previous jury note, or whether mistrial must be declared as to all parties. 
The court called the jury back in. He asked the jury foreman if they had taken a vote on Question 1. The foreman said they
had. The court read the number of votes regarding the negligence of each defendant from the note, and the foreman
confirmed that those counts were accurate. Then, the court polled each individual juror regarding the negligence of Spohn
Hospital. 
Upon questioning the first juror, counsel for Garcia was also allowed to ask the juror whether there was any chance she
would have changed her mind if she knew that the jury was hopelessly deadlocked on the entire verdict. This juror stated:
"Okay. Ever since we deliberated, I already said no. I firmly from the beginning until the end I said no, Spohn is not
responsible." The court refused to allow Garcia's counsel to ask the juror whether there had ever been any question as to
Spohn's liability. 
Upon polling the second juror, the court allowed Garcia's counsel one question. He asked: 
Do you know what would have happened if you had continued to discuss all the matters and continued to go over the
records that were in evidence and discuss the testimony that had been adduced at trial? Do you know for certain what you
yourself and all the other jurors would have eventually arrived at in terms of findings against the various defendants? 

The juror responded that he thought everything would stay the same. At that point, the court overruled all further objections
to his polling of the jurors and allowed no more questions from the attorneys. All twelve said they had found Spohn not
liable. With that, the court ordered the jury foreman to transfer the jury's verdict on Spohn Hospital's liability from the note
to the actual jury verdict form. The court accepted the verdict as to Spohn Hospital, and declared a mistrial as to the other
defendants. 
The only basis for the liability of the hospital was its own negligence. There was no issue of agency by the other defendants
acting for the hospital, respondeat superior, or the like, nor was there any cross action against the hospital seeking
indemnity or contribution. 
Garcia argues that the jury's verdict was insufficient upon which to base the take-nothing judgment against Spohn because
it left material issues unanswered. We disagree. 
The general rule is that a court must enter judgment on a verdict when it can be done. A party is entitled to judgment based
on the answers given by the jury, if the unanswered questions are immaterial to recovery. Powers v. Standard Accident Ins.
Co., 191 S.W.2d 7 (Tex. 1945). Issues are immaterial if they cannot alter the effect of the verdict or if they can be found
elsewhere in the charge. Fleet v. Fleet, 711 S.W.2d 1, 2 (Tex. 1986). 
All of the cases reviewed,(1) save one,(2)that support this proposition are those involving only one plaintiff and one
defendant. The issue is whether is the unanswered questions, if they would have been answered, would support a recovery
against the defendant. That is, were the unanswered questions material to the hospital's liability? The answer is clearly "no." 
An analogous situation would be when one defendant is favored by a summary judgment or directed verdict and the case
proceeds to determination of the liability of the other defendants. If no verdict is reached, a take nothing judgment for the
fortunate defendant, a severance, and a mistrial as to the remaining defendants is proper. Garcia v. Willman, 4 S.W.3d 307,
311 (Tex. App.--Corpus Christi 1999, no pet. h.) (trial court's order severing cause of action against joint tortfeasor upon
granting summary judgment will only be reversed upon a showing of abuse of discretion). 
A similar situation arises when the trial court grants a new trial as to one plaintiff and not to another, e.g. State Department
of Highways v. Cotner, 845 S.W.2d 818 (Tex. 1993) ( per curium); or the appellate court reverses and remands the entire
judgment when only one losing party appeals, e.g. Pat Baker Co. v. Wilson, 971 S.W.2d 447 (Tex. 1998) ( per curium).
The rule is that a severance of the parties is proper when the causes of action are not so interwoven so they can be separated
without unfairness to the parties. 
The jury reached a unanimous decision that Spohn Hospital was not negligent and there were no material questions as to
the hospital's liability that remained unanswered. The trial court did not err in granting a take nothing judgment for Spohn
Hospital based on the partial verdict.(3) We overrule Garcia's second issue. 
Error in Impaneling the Jury 
In her first issue Garcia contends that the trial court erred in impaneling the jurors. The first jury panel drawn for her trial
was dismissed due to mistrial during voir dire. Because there was no new panel ready, the second panel was assembled
from jurors that had appeared for jury duty on Monday but were released and placed on call because they were not needed
for service at that time. 
Nueces County has an electronic method of assembling jury lists. See Tex. Gov't. Code 62.001 (Vernon 1998). Under this
method, lists of persons eligible for jury service are created from a combined list of registered voters and holders of current,
valid Texas driver's licenses. From those lists, each juror is assigned a computer-generated, randomly-assigned number,
which are then listed in random order on an annual roll. 
Each week, the venire panels are assembled by summoning the number of jurors needed from the annual roll in the order
they appear on that roll. For example, if 500 jurors are needed during the first week after the annual roll is created, citizens
assigned the first 500 numbers will be summoned for jury service. Thereafter people will be summoned in consecutive
order as their numbers appear on the annual roll. 
Once the prospective jurors have been summoned, assembled and generally qualified, they are divided into panels and sent
to the courts requiring juries. The jurors are kept in numerical sequence according to their number on the annual roll. For
example, if the first court on a given day calls for forty jurors, the panel sent to that court should consist of the first forty as
their numbers appear on the annual roll, who have not been excused. Adhering to that sequence ensures the randomness
built into the plan. 
The practice that has developed in Nueces County is to place the prospective jurors that show up on Monday for jury duty
but are not needed for any panel, along with the prospective jurors who arrived late, on a list called the "on-call" list. Those
persons are allowed to leave after being summoned on Monday, with the understanding that they may be called back for
service at a later time during that term. This is the process which was used to assemble the panel of jurors which ultimately
decided Garcia's case. 
Garcia contends that the practice of using the "on-call" list deviated from the Nueces County Plan, compromised the
randomness of her jury panel, and was reasonably calculated to cause and probably did cause the rendition of an improper
judgment. We disagree. 
The court administrator testified that the panel was assembled by calling people on the telephone whose names appeared on
the "on-call" list and summoning them back for jury duty. The list of persons was followed sequentially to the extent
possible. However, gaps in the sequence were caused by the clerk's inability to reach some of the people on the list by
telephone, and also by the fact that people who showed up late on Monday for jury duty were placed on the "on-call" list
rather than being placed on panels according to their sequence since all the panels were already created by the time they
arrived. 
The Texas Government Code authorizes a county to adopt a plan for the selection of names of persons for jury service by
using electronic or mechanical equipment instead of drawing names from a jury wheel. Tex. Gov't. Code Ann. 62.001 et
seq (Vernon 1998). A plan under this section must provide a fair, impartial, and objective method of selecting names of
persons for jury service. Id. at 62.011(b)(3). Interestingly, the word "random" is not used in the statute. Id.; see also
Singleton v. State, 881 S.W.2d 207, 211-13 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1994, pet. ref'd) (holding that both challenges
to the "fair cross-section" requirement and the randomness of the array must be supported by either a showing that the
group actually was not a fair cross-section or that the fairness of the trial was compromised). The method adopted by
Nueces County is consistent with the statutory requirements. 
In a county that uses a mechanical or electronic method, the code does not provide specific instructions for summoning
additional jurors for service when the court does not have a sufficient number of prospective jurors. See Tex. Gov't. Code
Ann. at 62.011(c). The only requirements of 62.011(c) for that situation, other than the general requirement of a fair,
impartial and objective method of selection, is that the method must either use the same record of names of persons for jury
service until that record is exhausted or use the same record of names for a period of time specified by the plan. Id. at
62.011 (b)(3), 62.011 (b)(5). Also, the statute specifically authorizes the judge to adjourn all or part of a panel of jurors
until a later date during the term. Id. at 62.015(c). Garcia has not shown a violation of any of these statutes. The plan
adopted by Nueces County does not provide specific directions either, but the practice of putting potential jury members on
standby to be recalled if they are needed is not contrary to the spirit or requirements of the statutes or adopted plan. 
Every citizen is entitled to a fair and impartial trial before an impartial jury, fairly representative of the community.
Mendoza v. Ranger Ins. Co., 753 S.W.2d 779, 780 (Tex. App.--Fort Worth 1988, writ denied); Theil v. Southern P. Co.,
328 U.S. 217, 66 S. Ct. 984, 90 L. Ed. 1181 (1946); Brooks v. Beto, 366 F.2d 1, 11 (5th Cir. 1966), cert. denied, 386 U.S.
975, 87 S. Ct. 1169, 18 L. Ed. 2d 135 (1967). However, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has held that a challenge to the
array based on noncompliance with jury selection procedures requires a criminal defendant to show that such
noncompliance compromised the fairness of his trial. See e.g. Cooks v. State, 844 S.W.2d 697, 726-27 (Tex. Crim. App.
1992); Lewis v. State, 815 S.W.2d 560, 563 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). Certainly, a civil litigant is not entitled to a
presumption of harm if a criminal defendant is required to show harm to achieve reversal based on the same type of error.
Compare Tex. R. App. 44.1(a) (stating that no judgment in a civil case may be reversed on appeal due to an error of law
unless the court of appeals concludes that the error complained of probably caused the rendition of an improper judgment)
with Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(a) (stating that in a criminal case where there was constitutional error the conviction must be
reversed unless the court determines beyond a reasonable doubt that the error did not contribute to the conviction or
punishment). With no showing of actual harm, no evidence that the jury pool did not represent a fair cross-section of the
community, and no showing that the jury selection procedures resulted in a materially unfair trial, we cannot reverse this
case. Since we hold that we cannot find that the error, if any, probably caused the rendition of an improper judgment, we
overrule Garcia's first point of error. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.1(a)(1). 
Omitted Jury Instruction 
By her third issue, Garcia argues that the trial court erred by failing to instruct the jury that a hospital acts through its
employees or agents. However, the record indicates that the court's charge, in fact, stated: 
You are instructed that a hospital such as Spohn Hospital acts by and through its nurses, employees and agents, and those
acts are the acts of the hospital. 

Garcia's third issue is overruled. 
Failure to Exclude Expert Testimony 
By her fourth point of error, Garcia complains that the trial court improperly admitted testimony from Dr. Eric Comstock.
Dr. Comstock was an expert in medical toxicology retained by Spohn's codefendants, Drs. George Nelson and Todd
Howell, and Texas Emergency Medical Services. His testimony, broadly speaking, was that the doctors who treated Garcia
in the emergency room after she was released from Spohn adhered to the standard of care. At trial, he testified that Garcia
did not take any Dilantin after she was released from Spohn Hospital. He concluded this from comparing the levels of
Dilantin in her blood as reflected in her medical records from tests taken on June 11th and on July 1st. Garcia objected,
contending that this opinion, although properly requested, was not properly disclosed or supplemented prior to trial. 
Initially, we note that we tend to believe that those opinions should have been disclosed by the proponents of Dr. Comstock
pursuant to former Tex. R. Civ. P. 166b. Parties should generally err on the side of disclosure. See Exxon Corp. v. West
Texas Gathering Co., 868 S.W.2d 299, 303-05 (Tex. 1993). However, we do not reach that issue because Garcia was not
harmed vis a vis this defendant, Spohn Hospital, by Dr. Comstock's testimony. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.1(a)(1). 
Assuming without deciding that the trial court erred by failing to exclude those opinions of Comstock's or to allow Garcia
to present rebuttal testimony, in order to warrant reversal, those errors must have "probably caused the rendition of an
improper judgment." Id. Dr. Comstock focused on explaining why Garcia developed Stevens-Johnson syndrome and why it
was not diagnosed sooner. He concluded that the symptoms did not present themselves in time to effectively treat the
syndrome. He testified that the emergency room doctors adhered to the standard of professional care in treating Garcia after
her release, and that failing to diagnose the syndrome was not below the standard of care. He did not testify about Spohn's
facilities or the supervision of its staff. He did not testify about Spohn's nurses. Garcia's entire case against Spohn was that
Spohn's nurses and supervisors were negligent in keeping up the records regarding Garcia, communicating them to other
departments of the hospital, and in failing to recognize that the physicians were negligent in treating her and take
appropriate action. Dr. Comstock's testimony had nothing to do with any of those issues. In fact, Garcia has directed this
court to no evidence at all that Spohn Hospital was negligent. 
We hold that any error resulting from the trial court's failure to exclude the testimony of Dr. Comstock or refusing to allow
Garcia to call an expert to rebut his testimony was harmless. Accordingly, we overrule Garcia's fourth point of error and
AFFIRM the judgment of the trial court. 
______________________________ 
J. BONNER DORSEY, 
Justice 
Publish . 
Tex. R. App. P. 47.3(b). 

Opinion delivered and filed 
this 28th day of April, 2000. 
1. Blakeney v. Natn'l Farm Life Ins. Co., 635 S.W.2d 218, 220 (Tex. App.--Waco 1982, writ ref'd n.r.e.); Astec Industries,
Inc. v. Suarez, 921 S.W.2d 794 (Tex. App.--Ft.Worth 1996, no writ); Anheuser-Busch v. Smith 539 S.W.2d 234 (Tex. Civ.
App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1976, no writ); Martin v. Montgomery, 501 S.W.2d 725 (Tex. Civ. App.--Amarillo 1973, no
writ). 
2. Kroger Co. v. Hughes, 616 S.W.2d 287, 288 (Tex. Civ. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1981, no writ) (two defendants, but
jury answered questions that defeated each cause of action against each defendant, although the jury was unable to answer
other questions). 
3. No issue is raised as to the propriety of the severance under Rule 41, and we do not address it.