Court Opinion

ID: 2720784
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-08-26 14:10:53.353914+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:47:21.994689
License: Public Domain

Affirmed and Opinion filed August 26, 2014.

                                     In The

                    Fourteenth Court of Appeals

                              NO. 14-13-00168-CR

                   PEDRO ERNESTO UMANA, Appellant
                                        V.

                       THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

                   On Appeal from the 351st District Court
                           Harris County, Texas
                       Trial Court Cause No. 1360048

                                 OPINION

      In this case, we review the voluntariness of a statement given by a defendant
who was subsequently found incompetent to stand trial and then had his
competency restored.     A jury convicted appellant Pedro Ernesto Umana of
aggravated sexual assault, sentenced him to prison for 50 years and assessed a fine
of $10,000. Appellant raises three issues on appeal concerning the denial of his
motion to suppress, the admission of evidence of the details of an extraneous
offense during the punishment phase, and the sufficiency of the evidence to
support the court costs assessed in the judgment. We affirm.

                                     BACKGROUND

       The complainant and two friends were at her apartment when three people
forced their way in with a handgun. The intruders were subsequently identified as
appellant, his sister and her husband. Appellant held the complainant and her
friends at gunpoint while the intruders ransacked the apartment.          Appellant
directed the complainant into her bedroom while holding her at gunpoint and
sexually assaulted her.

      The investigation led police to appellant. Approximately 16 hours after the
robbery and assault, appellant waived his rights and gave a statement to police that
was recorded on video. Three days later, a judge ordered a psychological review of
the appellant, as appellant self-reported that he was hearing voices telling him to
do bad things and had a prior diagnosis of bipolar disease and schizophrenia. The
appellant received medication while in custody.

      Five months after the offense, appellant was evaluated for competency by
Dr. Stephen McCary pursuant to court order.          Dr. McCary found appellant
incompetent to stand trial. Appellant was admitted to North Texas State Hospital
for psychiatric treatment.

      Fourth months later, Dr. Jennifer L. Russell evaluated appellant and found
he was competent to stand trial. The trial court found appellant’s competency had
been restored on November 20, 2011, and his trial began the following September.

      Appellant filed a motion to suppress his video-taped statement on the
grounds he was unable to voluntarily waive his rights because he was mentally ill.

                                         2
Following a hearing, the trial court denied appellant’s motion and the video-taped
statement was admitted into evidence and played to the jury.

                              MOTION TO SUPPRESS

      In his first issue, appellant claims the trial court erred in denying his motion
to suppress his custodial statement because it was obtained in violation of his
federal and state rights to due process of law and article 38.22 of the Texas Code of
Criminal Procedure. See U.S. CONST. amend V, VI, XIV; Tex. Const. art. 1, § 10;
Tex. Code Crim. Proc. §§ 38.22, 38.23.

I.    Pertinent Law

      There are three theories by which a defendant may claim that his statement
was involuntary and thus may not be used against him: (1) failure to comply with
article 38.22; (2) failure to comply with Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966);
or (3) violation of due process. Oursbourn v. State, 259 S.W.3d 159, 169–72 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2008). Under the second and third theories, a confession is involuntary
“only when there is police overreaching.” Id. at 169. Absent police misconduct
causally related to the confession, there is no deprivation of due process of law by
a state actor and therefore no violation of the Due Process Clause. Id. at 170.
Likewise, Miranda protects against government coercion to surrender Fifth
Amendment rights.      Id.   Thus, due-process claims and Miranda claims of
involuntariness involve an objective assessment of police behavior. Id. at 171.

      Claims of involuntariness based on the defendant’s state of mind are “to be
resolved by state laws governing the admission of evidence.” Id. at 171. That
state law in Texas is article 38.22, the Texas Confession Statute. Id. Although
claims of involuntariness under the Texas Confession Statute may be based on
police overreaching, they may also be based on the defendant’s state of mind. Id.

                                          3
at 172. Whether or not a suspect voluntarily waived the rights set out in article
38.22 § 2(a)1 or § (3)(a) 2 does not turn solely on the behavior of the police. Id.
The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has held that youth, intoxication, mental
retardation, and other disabilities are usually not enough, by themselves, to render
a statement inadmissible under Article 38.22, but they are factors for the factfinder
to consider. Id. at 173.

II.    Standard of Review

       A bifurcated standard of review is applied to a trial court’s ruling on a
motion to suppress evidence. See Guzman v. State, 955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1997). An appellate court affords almost total deference to a trial court’s
determination of historical facts supported by the record, especially when the trial
court’s findings are based on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor. Id. The
appellate court affords the same amount of deference to a trial court’s ruling on
mixed questions of law and fact if the resolution of those questions turns on an
       1
          Section 2 provides “No written statement made by an accused as a result of custodial
interrogation is admissible as evidence against him in any criminal proceeding unless it is shown
on the face of the statement that: (a) the accused, prior to making the statement, either received
from a magistrate the warning provided in Article 15.17 of this code or received from the person
to whom the statement is made a warning that: (1) he has the right to remain silent and not make
any statement at all and that any statement he makes may be used against him at his trial; (2) any
statement he makes may be used as evidence against him in court; (3) he has the right to have a
lawyer present to advise him prior to and during any questioning; (4) if he is unable to employ a
lawyer, he has the right to have a lawyer appointed to advise him prior to and during any
questioning; and (5) he has the right to terminate the interview at any time; and (b) the accused,
prior to and during the making of the statement, knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waived
the rights set out in the warning prescribed by Subsection (a) of this section.” Tex. Code Crim.
Proc. art. 38.22 § 2.
       2
          Section 3(a) provides, in pertinent part: “No oral or sign language statement of an
accused made as a result of custodial interrogation shall be admissible against the accused in a
criminal proceeding unless: (1) an electronic recording, which may include motion picture, video
tape, or other visual recording, is made of the statement; (2) prior to the statement but during the
recording the accused is given the warning in Subsection (a) of Section 2 above and the accused
knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waives any rights set out in the warning . . .” Tex. Code
Crim. Proc. art. 38.22 § 3(a).

                                                 4
evaluation of credibility and demeanor. Id. The court reviews de novo those
questions not turning on credibility and demeanor. Id. At a suppression hearing,
the trial court is the exclusive trier of fact and judge of the credibility of the
witnesses. Mason v. State, 116 S.W.3d 248, 256 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
2003, pet. ref’d). If the trial judge’s decision is correct under any theory of law
applicable to the case, the decision will be sustained. State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d
853, 855–56 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).

      The State has the burden of showing, by a preponderance of the evidence,
that a defendant knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waived his rights. Leza
v. State, 351 S.W.3d 344, 349 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).              Voluntariness is
determined by looking at the totality of the circumstances. See Griffin v. State, 765
S.W.2d 422, 427 (Tex. Crim. App. 1989). The totality of the circumstances
includes the accused’s experience, background, and conduct. Id. It also includes
the characteristics of the accused. Davis v. State, 313 S.W.3d 317, 337 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2010) (quoting Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 225–26 (1973)).
The voluntariness of a confession given by a mentally ill person is assessed under
the same standard of review, the totality of the circumstances, as that used for a
person who is not mentally ill. Delao v. State, 235 S.W.3d 235, 241 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2007). Whether the accused is mentally ill is but one characteristic among
many to consider when evaluating the voluntariness of a confession. Id. at 239–40
(stating that juveniles and individuals suffering from mental retardation or mental
illness share many of the same characteristics). A confession is involuntary if the
totality of the circumstances demonstrates that the confessor did not make the
decision to confess of his own free will. Vasquez v. State, 179 S.W.3d 646, 655
(Tex. App.—Austin 2005), aff’d, 225 S.W.3d 541 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007).

                                         5
III.   The Statement

       The video-taped statement shows two officers, Varela and Rivera,
questioning appellant.     Varela read appellant his rights and asked, “Do you
understand all your rights?” Appellant nodded his head up and down and stated,
“Uh-huh.” According to appellant, he and his sister and brother-in-law followed
some drunk people home, took their money, made them take their clothes off so
they would not be able to follow them, and restrained them with tape. Appellant
said that he thought the tape would hold them only long enough to get away and
that, once sober, they could rip it off. Appellant said he did not want to hurt
anyone and left a knife on the dresser so that the complainant could free herself.

       Appellant said they needed money for rent. Appellant’s sister and brother-
in-law took a flat screen, a game, and a laptop to the car and they all left.

       When asked if he had sexual intercourse with the complainant, appellant
denied it and also denied touching her private parts. Rivera informed appellant
that his sister and brother-in-law said he had some type of sexual contact with the
complainant. Appellant admitted putting a dildo inside of complainant’s vagina
but denied putting his finger or penis inside her.         Rivera told appellant that
complainant had gone to the hospital and there would be DNA evidence if he had
sexual intercourse with her. Appellant said that his DNA would not be found on
complainant because he only used the dildo. Appellant said that he just wanted to
see what she did with the dildo. Appellant refused to voluntarily provide a DNA
sample. Appellant denied that he made complainant perform oral sex but admitted
that he told his brother-in-law that he did.

       When asked specifics about how he taped complainant, appellant said he did
not remember. Appellant said that he took medication and was bipolar.

                                           6
      Near the end of the interview, appellant said what he did with the dildo was
the only thing he did “that was stupid, I don’t even know why I did that. . . I be
having crazy [things] going on in my head . . . I be hearing people talk to me . . .
people in my head tell me to do things . . .” Appellant then said that he used the
dildo on the complainant because he had never seen anything like that and he
wondered why girls used them.

      At the end of the interview, appellant asked Rivera what he was being
charged with. Appellant provided a number of specific details about the robbery
during the course of the interview.

IV.   The Hearing

      A hearing was held on appellant’s motion to suppress. The videotape of
appellant’s statement on January 11, 2011, was admitted and published. The
appellant called as witnesses McCary, who entered the courtroom as the video was
playing, and Varela. McCary testified that appellant was incompetent to stand trial
on June 24, 2011, the date of his evaluation. McCary testified that “competency to
stand trial is more of a snapshot in time of where they were at the time. In this
case, June 24th, 2011. Does not necessarily indicate their competency months
before or their competency months later, but their competency at the time that they
are seen.” McCary explained that “if a person is found incompetent at a particular
point, what the examiner in effect is saying is that they don’t think they’re able to
participate effectively in their legal case or to work with their attorney or to
provide a good defense for themselves at that time.” He testified that in June 2011,
appellant had significant problems, but McCary “would anticipate . . . that he
would be able to regain his competency to stand trial.”          McCary described
appellant as follows:

                                         7
      He was alert and oriented to place and person. He indicated some
      confusion about knowing the date and time. Well, that’s easy to lose
      track of in the jail because they don’t have clocks and they don’t have
      windows to look out of, and so forth. It’s quite frequent that they’ll
      say things like they’re in a hospital, or something of that sort, rather
      than being in jail. And he said something like that.
      ...
      [H]e was able to express himself in a way that made sense and that
      followed from one thought to the next. . . . [H]e was able to
      communicate with me reasonably well.

      McCary testified without objection that, after he entered the courtroom, he
watched part of appellant’s video-taped statement as it played. McCary testified as
follows:

      A. The person that I saw in the video is reasonably consistent with
      what’s in the report. Although, I think at the time that he was
      interviewed he obviously -- what I kept thinking as I watched it is I
      noted in my competency steps that my clinical impression was that he
      knew more about his charges than he was willing to admit. And that
      was my sense of it watching the video.
      Q. It appeared that he understood what was being said to him, correct?
      A. Yes.
      Q. When the officer began -- specifically when he began trying to say
      that the defendant used his penis to rape the complainant, the
      defendant was very clear and very strong about the fact that he had
      not?
      A. He kept denying it.
      Q. Okay. And he kept saying: Nope, I just used the dildo, just used the
      dildo, correct?
      A. Something to that effect as I recall.
      Q. And so that shows that he knew what he was talking about; he
      wasn’t just agreeing with everything the officer said, correct?
      A. I -- my judgment, subjectively watching it, is that he knew what

                                          8
      was going on. It seemed to me that the questions were being asked
      maybe addressed issues more pertinent to sanity as opposed to
      competency, but he seemed to understand what the officer was asking
      him, yes.
      Q. In the video it does not appear as though he’s in any way
      delusional, does it?
      A. No
      …
      Q. He didn’t appear to be hallucinating in any way during the video?
      A. No.
      Q. He didn’t appear to be out of touch with reality in any way?
      A. He seemed to understand what was going on.
      Q. And he doesn’t speak loudly, but he’s able to communicate; I
      mean, he’s speaking in sentences and he’s making sense, correct?
      A. As far as I could tell, yes.
      ...

      Q. Okay. And the demeanor that he has in the video is different than
      the demeanor that he had with you. In the video you can see him
      having eye contact with the officers, correct?
      A. Yes.
      Q. And you said in your evaluation that he was -- he did not keep eye
      contact, correct?
      A. Sometimes did not maintain eye contact with me.
      Q. So that was different than when he was interviewed by you?
      A. A little bit, uh-huh.

      Officer John Varela also testified at the hearing on appellant’s motion to
suppress. Varela read appellant his statutory warnings and asked if he understood
and appellant said he did. Varela testified the statement was taken approximately
one hour after appellant was taken into custody, that appellant never tried to stop
the interview and that appellant stated he did not want to give a DNA sample.
                                        9
Varela testified, “He understood that he had a choice and he made the choice not to
take it.” Varela said he never felt that appellant did not understand what was going
on.

         Appellant also introduced into evidence a 21-day order for a psychiatric
evaluation, signed January 14, 2011, and two sets of medical records. The order
reflects appellant self-reported hearing voices telling him to do bad things and that
he had a prior diagnosis of bipolar disease and schizophrenia. The medical records
dated before the statement was given demonstrate appellant referred himself to
MHMRA of Harris County. The “Wait List Monitoring Assessments” reflect that
appellant self-reported that he was treated psychiatrically while in jail three years
earlier, where he attempted suicide; he took Lexapro, Depakote, and another
unidentified medication; and the doctor talked to him about having bipolar
disorder. Appellant also reported that his school said he was ADHD. The report
states there is no history of psychiatric related hospitalizations and no prior
outpatient psychiatric treatment. Further, the report states he does not meet the
criteria for hypomanic or manic episodes.

V.       The Trial Court’s Findings and Conclusions

         The trial court filed written findings of fact and conclusions of law,
summarized as follows:

      • At the start of the interview, Varela accurately recited the warnings set out in
         article 38.22 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, and Miranda v.
         Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966)3; Appellant agreed that he understood those

         3
         Taken together, article 38.22 and Miranda require an accused be warned of: his right to
remain silent; that any statement may be used against him in court; his right to have a lawyer
present; his right to an appointed lawyer if he cannot employ one; and his right to terminate the
interview at any time.

                                               10
   warnings and did not seek to terminate the interview after hearing the
   warnings;

• Appellant freely and voluntarily participated in the ensuing conversation and
   admitted to his participation in the aggravated robbery and to committing the
   sexual assault of the complainant;

• Appellant was talkative and responsive to questions; gave intelligent
   answers; offered additional details; and asked questions indicating he
   understood what Varela was talking about and what the stakes were;

• Appellant understood the difference and gravity when the discussion
   changed from allegations of robbery to allegations of sexual assault;

• Appellant admitted that he invaded complainant’s home and participated in
   the robbery and explained his motive for the robbery and the choice of
   complainant and her friends as the targets;

• Appellant admitted he bound the complainant and her friends and made
   them take off their clothing and explained the reason why;

• When asked about the sexual assault, appellant was initially adamant that he
   did not commit the rape, but later put his head down and admitted that he
   had used the dildo to penetrate the complainant’s vagina;

• Appellant was not threatened or coerced by anyone to admit he had used a
   dildo to penetrate the complainant’s vagina after his initial denial;

• When asked about DNA, appellant was adamant his would not be found
   since he did not use his penis and he then refused to provide a DNA sample;

• Appellant did not ask to terminate any of his conversations with the
   investigating officers or inquire about contacting or obtaining an attorney;

                                        11
• The officers who came in contact with appellant did not threaten him, make
   any promise or offer any inducement of any kind to him, or physically abuse
   or mistreat him;

• Appellant voluntarily participated in his conversation with investigating
   officers, and he voluntarily provided the video-taped oral statement;

• Appellant knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily gave up and waived the
   rights set out in article 38.22 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure;

• Varela’s testimony during the hearing was credible;

• Appellant was evaluated by McCary on June 24, 2011, and found to not be
   competent to stand trial;

• McCary testified in the hearing that he watched appellant’s video-taped
   interview and believed appellant understood the questions and process of
   volunteering his statement, evidenced by how adamant he was that he had
   not put his penis inside the complainant’s vagina;

• McCary also noted that the in the video-taped statement, appellant was able
   to maintain eye contact with the investigators which was different than when
   he later found the Defendant incompetent to stand trial on June 24, 2011;

• McCary agreed that appellant had a completely different demeanor when he
   was interviewed by Varela than when he was later determined to be
   incompetent to stand trial by McCary six months later;

• Appellant did not appear delusional when he was interviewed by Varela
   according to McCary;

• McCary was a credible witness;

                                     12
  • At the time of his participation in the video-taped interview, appellant was
     lucid, of sound mind, and capable of understanding the warnings given to
     him and the nature of his statements;

  • Appellant’s statement was voluntary;

  • Appellant understood the warnings required by article 38.22 of the Texas
     Code of Criminal Procedure and Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966),
     that were given to him before his interview with Varela;

  • Appellant knowingly and intelligently waived those rights before voluntarily
     participating in the video-taped interview;

  • Appellant’s mental health issues played no part in his decision to knowingly
     and intelligently waive his rights and voluntarily participate in the video-
     taped interview; and

  • Appellant’s mental health issues that lead to the determination that he was
     incompetent to stand trial arose after appellant voluntarily participated in the
     videotaped interview.

Based on its findings of fact, the trial court entered conclusions of law,
summarized below:

  • Appellant voluntarily provided the video-taped oral statement in the absence
     of any threats, promises, coercion or other improper inducement on the part
     of any of the police officers who came into contact with the defendant;

  • Appellant’s video-taped oral statement was obtained in full compliance with
     the requirements of article 38.22 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure,
     after he knowingly and voluntarily gave up and waived the rights set out
     therein and in Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966); and

                                        13
   • Appellant’s video-taped oral statement is admissible in evidence under
      articles 38.21 and 38.22 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, and under
      all applicable provisions of the Texas Constitution and the United States
      Constitution.

VI.   Analysis

      A. No police misconduct

      Appellant’s theory that his statement was involuntary is based upon his state
of mind, not police misconduct. The evidence in the record does not reflect any
overreaching or misconduct on the part of the police and appellant does not argue
that any occurred. The trial court’s findings and conclusions to that effect are
supported by the evidence adduced at the hearing, including the video-taped
statement. See Oursbourn, 259 S.W.3d at 169–71.

      B. No express waiver of rights needed

      Appellant’s theory that his statement was involuntary because of his mental
illness is properly reviewed for failure to comply with the Texas Confession
Statute. See Oursbourn, 259 S.W.3d at 171. Article 38.22 of the Code of Criminal
Procedure provides that no oral statement of an accused made as a result of
custodial interrogation shall be admissible unless the statement was recorded and,
prior to the statement but during the recording, the accused was warned of his
rights and knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waived those rights. Tex. Code
Crim. Proc. art. 38.22 § 3.

      The statement was recorded and the State does not contest it was made as a
result of custodial interrogation. Appellant does not contest that he was warned of
his rights, prior to the statement but during the recording, pursuant to Miranda v.
Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), and Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 38.22. Appellant

                                        14
does claim that he did not explicitly or expressly waive his rights. He points out
that after Varela read him his rights and asked if he understood those rights,
appellant responded, “Uh-huh.” Varela then began questioning appellant without
asking him whether he waived his rights.

      An express waiver is not required. Joseph v. State, 309 S.W.3d 20, 24 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2010). Although a valid waiver is not presumed, either from the
silence of the accused after warnings are given or from the fact that an admission is
obtained, it can be inferred from the actions and words of the interrogated person.
Id.

      Appellant made no argument in the trial court that he had not waived his
rights. Accordingly, the issue is not preserved for appeal. See Leza, 351 S.W.3d at
353. In any event, it is within the trial court’s discretion to rely upon an implied
waiver when the totality of the circumstances, as reflected by the recording of the
oral statement, supports it. Id. If the recording shows the warnings were received
and understood by the accused and he does not invoke his rights, the accused
waived the right to remain silent by making an uncoerced statement to the police.
Id. at 354 n. 33 (quoting Berghuis v. Thompkins, 560 U.S. 370, 388–89 (2010)).

      The recording of the oral statement shows Varela read appellant his rights
and asked, “Do you understand all your rights?” Appellant nodded his head up and
down and stated, “Uh-huh.” Thus the record shows the warnings were given and
appellant affirmatively indicated that he understood those warnings. The recording
further reflects that appellant did not invoke his rights at any time during the
interrogation. We therefore conclude the totality of the circumstances supports the
trial court’s reliance upon appellant’s implied waiver of his rights.

                                          15
          C. Incompetency

          The issue before us, therefore, is not whether appellant waived his rights, but
whether he did so knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily. Appellant claims the
evidence showed he suffered from untreated mental illness before his arrest and
interrogation and was not restored to competency until eleven months after his
arrest.

          Appellant asserts the State offered no evidence that he understood his rights
and knowingly, voluntarily and intelligently waived them. 4 We disagree. McCary
testified that appellant’s lack of competency in June of 2011 did not necessarily
indicate that he was incompetent before that time.                  McCary testified that it
appeared appellant understood what was being said to him on the video.
According to McCary, appellant “knew what was going on. . . [and] he seemed to
understand what the officer was asking him. . ..” McCary testified appellant did
not appear to be hallucinating or out of touch with reality during the video. Again,
McCary said, “He seemed to understand what was going on.” McCary also agreed
that appellant was able to communicate; he was speaking in sentences and made
sense. McCary testified that appellant had eye contact with the officers in the
video but when he evaluated appellant in June, appellant did not maintain eye
contact with him.

          Varela testified that appellant understood he could choose whether to
provide a DNA sample and made the choice not to give a sample. Varela said he
never felt appellant did not understand the proceedings.

          4
         The State contends appellant failed to present evidence that raised a voluntariness
question. However, the record reflects the trial court’s charge to the jury included an instruction
on voluntariness of appellant’s statement, pursuant to section 6 of article 38.22 of the Texas
Code of Criminal Procedure. We find the record supports the trial court’s determination that the
question was raised.

                                                16
      The video-taped statement is also evidence of appellant’s state of mind at
that time.   The trial court viewed the video and from it was able to assess
appellant’s state of mind. To the extent appellant is arguing the State was not the
sponsor of the evidence, that fact is not determinative. Evidence was presented
and it either preponderates in favor of the trial court’s determination or does not.

      We find it does. Although appellant said at the close of the interview that he
hears people talking to him and they tell him to do things, he did not claim, and
there is no indication in the 47-minute interview, that he was having such an
experience at the time of the interview. The subsequent finding of incompetency is
a relevant factor to determining whether appellant’s waiver was voluntary but it is
not conclusive. In contrast to the later finding of incompetency is appellant’s
participation in the interview, which became more active as it continued, that
demonstrates he understood the situation. Appellant’s attempts to minimize his
actions reflect his knowledge of the potential consequences, as does his refusal to
provide a DNA sample. The level of detail appellant was able to provide regarding
his actions during the robbery and assault reveal that he was capable of
understanding his rights before waiving them.        The trial court’s findings and
conclusions that appellant’s waiver was made knowingly, voluntarily and
intelligently are supported by the video-taped statement, as well as the evidence
adduced at the hearing.

      Applying the appropriately deferential standard of review, we conclude the
totality of the circumstances demonstrates, by a preponderance of the evidence,
appellant’s waiver of his rights was voluntarily made with full awareness of the
nature of those rights and the consequences of waiving them. See Joseph, 309
S.W.3d at 26–27. Accordingly, we find the trial court did not abuse its discretion
in denying appellant’s claims in his motion to suppress that his statement was

                                          17
involuntary for failure to comply with the Texas Confession Statute.           See
Oursbourn, 259 S.W.3d at 171. Appellant’s first issue is overruled.

             ADMISSION OF EVIDENCE DURING PUNISHMENT PHASE

      Appellant’s second issue argues the trial court abused its discretion in
admitting evidence during the punishment phase of an alleged aggravated robbery
for which appellant had pleaded guilty to deadly conduct. The State gave notice
before trial that it would offer evidence of a prior conviction for deadly conduct
and would call the complainants to testify about the offense. At trial, defense
counsel objected that she was not given notice the State intended to offer the
complainants’ testimony to prove appellant had committed aggravated robbery, not
merely deadly conduct.     Counsel also objected on the grounds the State was
collaterally estopped from proving appellant committed aggravated robbery. The
State responded the evidence was not being offered to prove the extraneous offense
of aggravated robbery, but as evidence to be used in determining the appropriate
punishment. The trial court overruled defense counsel’s objections.

      Article 37.07 allows the details of prior offenses to be admitted during
punishment and provides a trial court with broad discretion in admitting whatever
evidence it deems relevant to sentencing. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 37.07 §
3(a)(1) (West Supp. 2013); Davis v. State, 968 S.W.2d 368, 373 (Tex. Crim. App.
1998). During punishment, “relevant evidence is that which assists the fact finder
in determining the appropriate sentence given the particular defendant in the
circumstances presented.” Davis v. State, 68 S.W.3d 273, 282-83 (Tex. App.—
Dallas 2002, pet. ref’d). From such evidence, jurors learn information that is
useful in deciding the most appropriate punishment under the circumstances.
Haney v. State, 951 S.W.2d 551, 555 (Tex. App.—Waco 1997, no pet.). In this
case, the facts surrounding appellant’s previous conviction were relevant to assist

                                        18
the jury in determining the appropriate punishment of appellant for the offense in
the instant case, aggravated sexual assault. See Davis, 68 S.W.3d at 283 (upholding
admission of details of prior conviction because it was “extremely instructive
concerning appellant’s character” and helped to “aid the trial court in setting
punishment”).

      Collateral estoppel bars retrial of any specific and discrete facts that have
been fully and fairly adjudicated. Ex parte Watkins, 73 S.W.3d 264, 267 (Tex.
Crim. App. 2002). Appellant claims the State is attempting to relitigate the facts of
his prior conviction to show the occurrence of a greater offense. Appellant has
offered no authority, and we are aware of none, that collateral estoppel applies to
the punishment phase to bar the details of prior offenses or bad acts and we decline
to hold it applicable in this case.

      Accordingly, we conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
admitting evidence of the details of appellant’s prior conviction.       Appellant’s
second issue is overruled.

                                      COURT COSTS

      Issue three asserts there is insufficient evidence to support the court costs of
$639 reflected in the judgment. We review the assessment of court costs on appeal
to determine if there is a basis for the costs, not to determine whether there was
sufficient evidence offered at trial to prove each cost. See Johnson v. State, 423
S.W.3d 385, 390 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014). Traditional sufficiency-of-the-evidence
standards of review do not apply. Id.

      Generally, a bill of costs must (1) contain the items of cost, (2) be signed by
the officer who charged the cost or the officer who is entitled to receive payment
for the cost, and (3) be certified. Id. at 392–93; see Tex. Code Crim. Proc. arts.

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103.001, 103.006. The record in this case contains a computer-screen printout of
the Harris County Justice Information Management System (JIMS) “Cost Bill
Assessment.” In Johnson, the Court of Criminal Appeals held that a JIMS report
constitutes an appropriate bill of costs because the report itemized the accrued
court costs, was certified by the district clerk, and was signed by a deputy clerk.
Johnson, 423 S.W.3d at 393. The JIMS report in this record is a compliant bill of
costs because it contains an itemized list of costs, is certified by the district clerk,
and is signed by a deputy district clerk. See id. at 392–93. The fact that the bill of
costs was not prepared until after the court signed the judgment does not defeat the
lawfulness of the bill of costs. Id. at 394. (“[M]atters pertaining to the imposition
of court costs need not be brought to the attention of the trial court, including a bill
of costs prepared after a criminal trial.”).

      The trial court assessed $639 in costs against appellant. The sum of the
itemized costs in the JIMS report is $639. There being no challenge to any specific
cost or the basis for the assessment of such cost, the bill of costs supports the costs
assessed in the judgment. Appellant’s third issue is overruled.

      Having overruled all of appellant’s issues, the judgment of the trial court is
affirmed.

                                         /s/    Martha Hill Jamison
                                                Justice

Panel consists of Justices Christopher, Jamison, and McCally.
Publish — Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b).

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