Court Opinion

ID: 4697444
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-06-22 14:08:21.454471+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:05:45.978664
License: Public Domain

SYLLABUS

This syllabus is not part of the Court’s opinion. It has been prepared by the Office of the
Clerk for the convenience of the reader. It has been neither reviewed nor approved by the
Court. In the interest of brevity, portions of an opinion may not have been summarized.

 In re Renewal Application of TEAM Academy Charter School (A-45-19) (083014)

Argued April 26, 2021 -- Decided June 22, 2021

PATTERSON, J., writing for a unanimous Court.

      The Court considers whether the New Jersey Commissioner of Education
(Commissioner) was required to analyze the potential segregative effect and the fiscal
impact of the enrollment expansions proposed by seven Newark charter schools.

       In Fall 2015, seven Newark charter schools submitted applications to either renew
or amend their charters. All seven sought to increase their enrollments. In accordance
with N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.3(b)(9) and -2.6(c), the Newark Public Schools (District), then
operated under State supervision, provided individualized comments and/or
recommendations to the Commissioner regarding six of the charter schools’ applications.
The District, however, did not raise a challenge or make a showing that the proposed
charter school expansions would prevent it from providing to its students the “thorough
and efficient” education that the Constitution requires. N.J. Const. art. VIII, § 4, ¶ 1.

       The Education Law Center (ELC) objected to the applications. It argued that any
expansion of Newark’s charter schools would worsen the District’s financial crisis, thus
impeding the District’s effort to deliver a “thorough and efficient” education, and that
further growth in charter school enrollment would exacerbate segregation in the District’s
schools. ELC asked the Commissioner to hold a hearing and develop an evidentiary
record on the issues that it raised.

        In February 2016, the Commissioner issued seven letters granting the applications
of the charter schools to renew or amend their charters. None of the seven letters
addressed the impact of the proposed expansions on the student composition of the
charter school or the potential segregative effect of those expansions on the schools or the
District. None made any reference to ELC’s assertion that any expansion of Newark
charter school enrollment would impose fiscal harm on the District. Pursuant to the
Commissioner’s decisions, all seven charter schools expanded their enrollments.

       The Appellate Division upheld the Commissioner’s determinations. 459 N.J.
Super. 111, 140-49 (App. Div. 2019). The Court granted certification. 241 N.J. 1 (2020).

                                             1
HELD:          *If a charter school’s “district of residence demonstrates with some
specificity that the constitutional requirements of a thorough and efficient education
would be jeopardized” by the diversion of district funding to a charter school, the
Commissioner must “evaluate carefully” the question of fiscal harm. In re Englewood on
the Palisades Charter Sch. (Englewood), 164 N.J. 316, 334-35 (2000). Here, however,
the District made no such preliminary showing. The Court declines to depart from the
governing standard simply because the District is a former Abbott district or because the
District was State-operated at the time of the charter school applications.

               *The Commissioner did not address “the racial impact that a charter school
applicant will have on the district of residence in which the charter school will operate,”
as mandated in Englewood, id. at 329. Nor did the Commissioner’s decisions discuss the
potential effect of the charter expansions on the percentage of charter school students and
students in District-operated schools who are English language learners or students with
disabilities. In determining future applications to open new charter schools or to expand
charter school enrollment or facilities, the Commissioner should thoroughly address both
issues. But the Court does not disturb the Commissioner’s grant of the charter school
expansion applications challenged in this appeal.

1. In the Charter School Program Act of 1995 (Charter School Act or Act), N.J.S.A.
18A:36A-1 to -18, the Legislature declared “that the establishment of a charter school
program is in the best interests of the students of this State and it is therefore the public
policy of the State to encourage and facilitate the development of charter schools.”
N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-2. Consistent with that declaration, the Legislature directed the
Commissioner to “actively encourage the establishment of charter schools in urban
school districts with the participation of institutions of higher education.” Id. at -3(b).
The Court reviews the provisions of the Act, including those that govern the charter
school application and renewal processes, see id. at -4, -17; the Commissioner’s annual
review of charter school performance, id. at -16(a); and the prescriptions that the charter
school admissions process be open and non-discriminatory, id. at -7, and that it, “to the
maximum extent practicable, seek the enrollment of a cross section of the community’s
school age population including racial and academic factors,” id. at -8(e). (pp. 24-27)

2. The State Board of Education adopted regulations pursuant to the Act that set forth the
procedures for the two categories of applications relevant to this appeal. N.J.A.C. 6A:11-
2.3 governs the procedure for charter renewals. The regulation directs the Commissioner
to “grant or deny” a renewal application based on twelve enumerated criteria. N.J.A.C.
6A:11-2.3(b)(1) to (12). It provides that “[t]he Commissioner shall notify a charter
school regarding the granting or denial,” and “[t]he notification to a charter school that is
not granted a renewal shall include reasons for the denial.” Id. at -2.3(d). The regulation
does not address an obligation to explain the basis for granting a renewal. See ibid.
N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.6 addresses charter amendments. After a charter school applies to
amend its charter, “[t]he Commissioner shall review a charter school’s performance data

                                              2
in assessing the need for a possible charter amendment.” Id. at -2.6(b). “The district
board(s) of education or State district superintendent(s) of the district of residence of a
charter school may submit comments” on the proposed amendment. Id. at -2.6(c). “The
Commissioner may approve or deny amendment requests of charter schools and shall
notify charter schools of decisions.” Id. at -2.6(d). (pp. 27-29)

3. The Legislature’s declaration of public policy in the Charter School Act and the
regulations implemented pursuant to the statute provided the setting for the Court’s
decision in Englewood. There, the Court upheld the statute’s constitutionality. 164 N.J.
at 323. That holding, however, was premised on two requirements imposed on the
Commissioner: a mandate that the Commissioner address the issue of segregative effect,
and a requirement that the Commissioner assess the question of fiscal harm if the district
of residence makes an initial showing of such harm. Id. at 323-36. The Court first
addressed the prospect that the growth of charter schools would exacerbate racial
segregation. Id. at 323-30. The Court held “that the Commissioner must assess the racial
impact that a charter school applicant will have on the district of residence in which the
charter school will operate.” Id. at 329. In the wake of Englewood, the Department of
Education (Department) promulgated regulations codifying the Commissioner’s duty to
consider a charter school’s segregative effect on its district of residence, see 32 N.J.R.
3560(a) (Oct. 2, 2000), such that the Commissioner is required to assess a charter school
expansion’s impact on the district’s racial and ethnic balance “during the charter school’s
initial application, continued operation, and charter renewal application,” In re Red Bank
Charter Sch., 367 N.J. Super. 462, 472 (App. Div. 2004). (pp. 29-32)

4. In Englewood, the Court also defined the Commissioner’s obligation to analyze the
fiscal impact of a charter school approval on the district of residence, but limited that
obligation to settings in which the district makes a preliminary showing of fiscal harm.
164 N.J. at 330-36. The Englewood Court reiterated the Commissioner’s continuing
obligation to be vigilant about the “district of residence’s continuing ability to provide a
thorough and efficient education to its remaining pupils,” but concluded that “[r]ead in
combination,” N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-4(c)’s provision for district comments on a charter
school application and N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-12’s funding mechanism “require a district of
residence to make an initial showing that” paying to charter schools the per-pupil amount
assessed under section -12 “would impede, or prevent, the delivery of a thorough and
efficient education in that district.” Id. at 334. The Court noted in Englewood that
“application of this standard in the context of an Abbott district is not part of this case,”
and left “that question for another day.” Ibid. In Red Bank, the Appellate Division held
that the duty as defined in Englewood applies with equal force to the renewal setting.
367 N.J. Super. at 482-83. Thus, a district’s duty under Englewood to present a
preliminary showing of fiscal harm sufficient to imperil its provision of a thorough and
efficient education -- a showing sufficient to trigger the Commissioner’s analysis of the
charter school’s fiscal impact -- applies to the renewal and amendment settings of this
appeal. Ibid. (pp. 32-35)

                                              3
5. Against that backdrop, the Court reviews the Commissioner’s February 2016
decisions, considering first whether the Commissioner was required to analyze the fiscal
harm to the District as a result of the proposed charter school expansions. The Court
explains why there is no reason to exempt former Abbott districts from Englewood’s
general requirement of a preliminary showing of fiscal harm in order to trigger the
Commissioner’s responsive duty to assess that question. The Court notes in particular the
Legislature’s enactment of the School Funding Reform Act of 2008, N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-43
to -70. Further, the practical considerations identified by the Commissioner as to a
district’s unique familiarity with its own finances apply in equal measure to all school
districts. The Court adds that the District’s former status as a State-operated school
district also does not warrant an exception to Englewood’s preliminary showing mandate.
Such an exception would be inconsistent with the Legislature’s expectation that a State-
appointed superintendent will effectively represent a district’s interests with respect to
charter schools. Because the District made no showing of fiscal harm, the Commissioner
was not required to address fiscal harm before approving the seven charter school
applications at issue here. (pp. 36-43)

6. The Commissioner’s decisions granting renewals or amendments to the respondent
charter schools did not include any reference to the schools’ potential impact on racial
segregation in the district schools, much less the careful consideration of that issue that
Englewood requires. The decisions are therefore deficient. The Court holds that in
future charter school application determinations, the Commissioner should address the
impact of the charter school’s approval, renewal or amendment (1) on racial segregation
in the district of residence, and (2) on the demographic composition of the district of
residence with respect to two groups of students of particular concern to the Legislature,
students with disabilities and students who are English language learners. (pp. 44-45)

7. Although the Commissioner did not conduct the segregative-impact analysis that
Englewood required, a remand of these matters to the Commissioner five years after the
decisions would not serve the interests of Newark’s charter school students or their
families. ELC and the District urge the Court to instruct the Commissioner to
prospectively deny or limit pending and future applications to expand Newark charter
schools so that the schools’ collective enrollments return to pre-2016 levels. The Court
declines to play such an active role, which would interfere with educational
determinations that are imbued with the expertise of the Commissioner and the
Department’s staff. Such a global and prospective order would not be an appropriate
remedy in the seven renewal and amendment applications at issue here, and it would not
take into account developments in the intervening years. (pp. 45-47)

       AFFIRMED AS MODIFIED.

CHIEF JUSTICE RABNER and JUSTICES LaVECCHIA, ALBIN, FERNANDEZ-
VINA, SOLOMON, and PIERRE-LOUIS join in JUSTICE PATTERSON’s opinion.

                                             4
     SUPREME COURT OF NEW JERSEY
           A-45 September Term 2019
                     083014

         In re Renewal Application of
       TEAM Academy Charter School.
__________________________________________

         In re Renewal Application of
     Robert Treat Academy Charter School.
__________________________________________

           In re Renewal Application of
  North Star Academy Charter School of Newark.
__________________________________________

          In re Amendment Request to
             Increase Enrollment of
    Maria L. Varisco-Rogers Charter School.
__________________________________________

         In re Amendment Request to
            Increase Enrollment of
       University Heights Charter School.
__________________________________________

          In re Amendment Request to
             Increase Enrollment of
       Great Oaks Legacy Charter School.
__________________________________________

        In re Amendment Request to
           Increase Enrollment of
   New Horizons Community Charter School.

     On certification to the Superior Court,
 Appellate Division, whose opinion is reported at
     459 N.J. Super. 111 (App. Div. 2019).

                        1
       Argued                       Decided
    April 26, 2021                June 22, 2021

David G. Sciarra argued the cause for appellant
Education Law Center (Pashman Stein Walder Hayden
and Education Law Center, attorneys; Michael S. Stein,
Brendan M. Walsh, Ranit S. Shiff, David G. Sciarra,
Elizabeth A. Athos, and Jessica A. Levin, on the briefs).

Donna Arons, Assistant Attorney General, argued the
cause for respondent New Jersey Commissioner of
Education (Gurbir S. Grewal, Attorney General, attorney;
Melissa Dutton Schaffer and Melissa H. Raksa, Assistant
Attorneys General, and Donna Arons, of counsel, and
Geoffrey N. Stark, Christopher Weber, Lauren A. Jensen,
and Aimee Blenner, Deputy Attorney Generals, on the
briefs).

Thomas O. Johnston argued the cause for respondents
TEAM Academy Charter School, Robert Treat Academy
Charter School, North Star Academy Charter School of
Newark, University Heights Charter School, Great Oaks
Legacy Charter School, and New Horizons Community
Charter School (Johnston Law Firm, attorneys; Thomas
O. Johnston, of counsel and on the briefs, Barbara J. Bohi
and Rula A. Moor, on the briefs).

Joel M. Miklacki argued the cause for respondent Maria
L. Varisco-Rogers Charter School (Law Offices of Joel
M. Miklacki, attorneys); Adam S. Herman and Daniel
Schlein, on the brief (Adams Gutierrez & Lattiboudere).

Brenda C. Liss argued the cause for amicus curiae Board
of Education of the City of Newark (Newark Board of
Education Office of General Counsel, attorneys; Brenda
C. Liss, of counsel and on the briefs, and Arsen Zartarian
and Elijah Johnson, Jr., on the briefs).

                           2
Michael R. Noveck argued the cause for amicus curiae
American Civil Liberties Union of New Jersey (Gibbons
and American Civil Liberties Union of New Jersey
Foundation, attorneys; Lawrence S. Lustberg, Michael R.
Noveck, Alexander Shalom, Karen D. Thompson, and
Jeanne LoCicero, on the brief).

Justin Schwam argued the cause for amici curiae American
Federation of Teachers, AFL-CIO; AFT New Jersey, AFL-
CIO; Newark Teachers Union, AFT, AFL-CIO (Weissman
& Mintz, attorneys; Justin Schwam, of counsel and on the
brief, and Steven P. Weissman, on the brief).

Paul P. Josephson argued the cause for amici curiae New
Jersey Public Charter Schools Association and New
Jersey Children’s Foundation (Duane Morris, attorneys;
Paul P. Josephson, and Joseph M. Casole, on the brief).

William C. Morlok submitted a brief on behalf of amicus
curiae Franklin Township Board of Education (Parker
McCay, attorneys; William C. Morlok, on the brief).

Philip E. Stern submitted a brief on behalf of amicus
curiae Plainfield Board of Education (DiFrancesco,
Bateman, Kunzman, Davis, Lehrer & Flaum, attorneys;
Philip E. Stern, and Amy A. Pujara, on the brief).

Ronald C. Hunt submitted a brief on behalf of amici
curiae Paterson Board of Education and Irvington Board
of Education (Hunt, Hamlin & Ridley, attorneys; Ronald
C. Hunt, of counsel and on the brief).

Ezra Rosenberg submitted a brief on behalf of amici
curiae Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under Law
and Constitutional and Education Law Scholars
(Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under Law,
attorneys; Ezra Rosenberg, David Hinojosa, of the Texas
and New Mexico bars, admitted pro hac vice, and
Genevieve Bonadies Torres, of the California and District
of Columbia bars, admitted pro hac vice, on the brief).

                          3
          JUSTICE PATTERSON delivered the opinion of the Court.

      This appeal arises from seven Newark charter schools’ applications to

the New Jersey Commissioner of Education (Commissioner) to amend or

renew their charters pursuant to the Charter School Program Act of 1995

(Charter School Act), N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-1 to -18. All of the charter schools

sought to increase their enrollment, beginning in the 2016-2017 school year,

and three of the schools also applied to expand their facilities to accommodate

more students.

      The Newark Public Schools (District), then operated under State

supervision pursuant to N.J.S.A. 18A:7A-34, submitted comments to the

Commissioner in response to six of the charter school applications. The

District, however, did not raise a challenge or make a showing that the

proposed charter school expansions would prevent it from providing to its

students the “thorough and efficient” education that the Constitution requires.

N.J. Const. art. VIII, § 4, ¶ 1.

      Appellant, the Education Law Center (ELC), objected to the

applications. It argued that any expansion of Newark’s charter schools would

worsen the District’s financial crisis, thus impeding the District’s effort to

deliver a “thorough and efficient” education, and that further growth in charter

school enrollment would exacerbate segregation in the District’s schools.
                                     4
       In brief letters to the charter schools, the Commissioner granted the

seven applications. The Commissioner did not include in the letters the

analysis of the potential segregative effect of the proposed charter school

expansions that was required by this Court’s opinion in In re Englewood on the

Palisades Charter School (Englewood), 164 N.J. 316, 323-30 (2000), and by

regulations adopted after that decision. In the absence of any claim by the

District that the charter schools’ expansions would impose fiscal harm on the

District, the Commissioner’s letters did not address the fiscal impact of the

charter school applications.

       ELC appealed. It argued that when a charter school seeking to expand

enrollment is in a former Abbott district, previously subject to judicial

remedies imposed in the Abbott v. Burke 1 litigation, no preliminary showing

of fiscal harm by the district of residence should be required, and the

Commissioner should bear the burden of showing that a charter expansion

would not jeopardize the District’s capacity to provide a “thorough and

efficient” education to its students. It also asserted that the Commissioner’s

determinations were arbitrary, capricious and unreasonable because he did not

address the question of segregative effect.

1
    See Abbott v. Burke (Abbott II), 119 N.J. 287, 394-97 (1990).
                                        5
      The Appellate Division affirmed the Commissioner’s decisions. In re

TEAM Acad. Charter Sch., 459 N.J. Super. 111, 140-49 (App. Div. 2019).

The court ruled that in the absence of a preliminary showing by the District

that the proposed charter school expansions would impair its ability to provide

a thorough and efficient education, the Commissioner was not required to

discuss the question of fiscal harm in his decisions. Id. at 140-44. The

appellate court acknowledged that the Commissioner’s letters did not address

the segregative impact of each charter school’s proposed expansion but

concluded that ELC had not substantiated its allegations of discriminatory

enrollment procedures or other segregative practices by the charter schools.

Id. at 144-46.

      We granted in part ELC’s petition for certification. We also granted

amicus curiae status to the Board of Education of the City of Newark (Board

of Education), which now operates the District and supports ELC’s position,

and to several other organizations.

      We reiterate our holding in Englewood that if a charter school’s “district

of residence demonstrates with some specificity that the constitutional

requirements of a thorough and efficient education would be jeopardized” by

the diversion of district funding to a charter school, the Commissioner must

“evaluate carefully” the question of fiscal harm. 164 N.J. at 334-35. Here,

                                       6
however, the District made no such preliminary showing. We decline to depart

from the governing standard simply because the District is a former Abbott

district or because the District was State-operated at the time of the charter

school applications.

      We agree with ELC that the Commissioner did not address “the racial

impact that a charter school applicant will have on the district of residence in

which the charter school will operate,” as this Court mandated in Englewood,

id. at 329. Nor did the Commissioner’s decisions discuss the potential effect

of the charter expansions on the percentage of charter school students and

students in District-operated schools who are English language learners or

students with disabilities. We hold that in determining future applications to

open new charter schools or to expand charter school enrollment or facilities,

the Commissioner should thoroughly address both issues.

      Five years after the Commissioner’s approval of the seven charter school

applications, however, it would be impractical and unfair to revisit his

decisions. Any decision reversing the Commissioner’s determinations could

disrupt the educations of thousands of students in Newark’s charter school s,

and might also undermine later decisions on charter school enrollment made

by the Commissioner in the wake of the 2016 expansions disputed here.

                                        7
      Accordingly, we do not disturb the Commissioner’s grant of the charter

school expansion applications challenged in this appeal.

                                        I.

                                       A.

      On July 5, 1995, the Commissioner invoked his authority under N.J.S.A.

18A:7A-15, -15.1, and -34 to remove the Board of Education and establish a

State-operated school district in Newark. See Contini v. Bd. of Educ., 96

N.J.A.R.2d (EDU) 196, at *61-62, 1995 N.J. AGEN LEXIS 665, at *185-88.

Pursuant to N.J.S.A. 18A:7A-35, the State Board of Education appointed a

State district superintendent of schools to oversee the District. The District

remained State-operated until July 1, 2020, when the State Board of Education

voted to restore District operations to local control. See Office of the

Governor, Press Release: Murphy Administration Announces Return to Full

Local Control to Newark School District (July 1, 2020), https://www.nj.gov/

governor/news/news/562020/20200701a.shtml.

                                       B.

                                        1.

      On October 15, 2015, respondent TEAM Academy Charter School

(TEAM Academy) applied to the Commissioner to renew its charter in

accordance with N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-17 and N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.3(b)(1). In an

                                        8
amended application, TEAM Academy sought to increase its authorized

enrollment over five school years from 4,120 students to 9,560 students and to

expand its facilities.

       On October 15, 2015, respondent Robert Treat Academy Charter School

(Robert Treat Academy) applied to the Commissioner to renew its charter in

accordance with N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-17 and N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.3(b)(1). Robert

Treat Academy sought to expand its authorized enrollment from 695 students

to 860 students over four school years and to relocate the school to a new

facility.

       On October 15, 2015, respondent North Star Academy Charter School

(North Star Academy) applied to the Commissioner to renew its charter in

accordance with N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-17 and N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.3(b)(1). North

Star Academy sought to expand its authorized enrollment from 4,950 students

to 6,550 students over five school years, but noted that it had received prior

approval for at least part of its anticipated enrollment expansion.

       On December 8, 2015, respondent Maria L. Varisco-Rogers Charter

School (Varisco-Rogers) applied to the Commissioner to amend its charter in

accordance with N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.6(a). Varisco-Rogers sought to increase its

authorized enrollment from 515 students to 540 students in the following

school year.

                                        9
      On November 25, 2015, respondent University Heights Charter School

(University Heights) applied to the Commissioner to amend its charter in

accordance with N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.6(a). University Heights sought to increase

its authorized enrollment from 650 students to 1,500 students over four school

years and to expand its facilities.

      By letter dated October 6, 2015, respondent Great Oaks Charter School

(Great Oaks) applied to the Commissioner to amend its charter in accordance

with N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.6(a). Great Oaks sought to increase its authorized

enrollment from 462 students to 939 students over four school years.

      On November 29, 2015, respondent New Horizons Community Charter

School (New Horizons) applied to the Commissioner to amend its charter in

accordance with N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.6(a). New Horizons sought to increase its

authorized enrollment from 504 students to 756 students for the following

school year.

                                      2.

      In accordance with N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.3(b)(9) and -2.6(c), the District

provided individualized comments and/or recommendations to the

Commissioner regarding six of the charter school renewal and amendment

applications.

                                      10
      The District recommended that the Commissioner deny TEAM

Academy’s renewal application or, alternatively, that the Commissioner

approve the application in part, noting the Commissioner’s request that TEAM

Academy submit a revised expansion request with a lower proposed increase in

enrollment. It recommended partial approval of Robert Treat Academy’s

renewal application, suggesting that the Commissioner limit the increase in

kindergarten enrollment to 80 students, rather than the 108-student enrollment

requested. The District made no recommendation with respect to North Star

Academy’s renewal application.

      The District recommended that the Commissioner approve the

amendment application submitted by Varisco-Rogers. It urged the

Commissioner to deny University Heights’ amendment application or,

alternatively, to approve that application in part by authorizing the expansion

of pre-kindergarten and kindergarten classes to 100 students rather than the

150 requested and denying the school’s proposed expansion of its fifth grade.

The District recommended that the Commissioner approve in part Great Oaks’

amendment request, suggesting that the school be permitted to expand its sixth

grade to 125 students instead of the 177 students it had requested to enroll,

with later expansions in higher grades.

                                       11
      The District did not make any showing before the Commissioner that the

grant of any of the seven charter school applications would jeopardize its

ability to satisfy the constitutional mandate of a thorough and efficient system

of education. See In re Proposed Quest Acad. Charter Sch., 216 N.J. 370, 377-

78 (2013); Englewood, 164 N.J. at 334-35.

                                       3.

      In a letter to the Commissioner dated January 28, 2016, ELC requested,

“on behalf of public school children in the State-operated Newark Public

Schools,” that the Commissioner deny all expansion applications submitted by

charter schools in Newark.

      Other than to cite the expansion requests of TEAM Academy, North Star

Academy, and Robert Treat as examples of the applications made by Newark

charter schools, ELC did not individually address any of the charter school

applications at issue. It argued generally that Newark charter schools’

expansion applications should be denied “as beyond the scope of an

amendment to an existing charter under the [Charter School Act] and

implementing regulations.” ELC asserted that “the financial stress of

underfunding” the School Funding Reform Act of 2008 (SFRA), N.J.S.A.

18A:7F-43 to -70, and the Department of Education’s (Department’s) approval

of “a rapid expansion of charter school enrollments” had a significant negative

                                       12
impact on the financial resources of the District. ELC also advised the

Commissioner that continued expansion of Newark charter schools would

“exacerbate the already glaring disparities in the demographics of students

served in Newark charters compared to [District]-run schools and will further

concentrate the most at-risk students in [D]istrict schools.”

      Relying on two reports analyzing the Department’s publicly available

data about charter schools,2 ELC contended that the Commissioner had the

obligation under this Court’s decision in Quest Academy, 216 N.J. at 377-78,

to “evaluate carefully the impact that loss of funds would have on the ability of

the district of residence to deliver a thorough and efficient education.” ELC

advised the Commissioner that he had “an even greater obligation to evaluate

the impact” of the loss of District funds to charter schools because Newark “is

an urban district subject to the remedial mandates of the Abbott v. Burke

rulings.”

      ELC asked the Commissioner to hold a hearing and develop an

evidentiary record on the issues that it raised.

2
  The reports relied on in ELC’s January 28, 2016 letter to the Commissioner
are (1) Danielle Farrie & Monete Johnson, Education Law Center, Newark
Public Schools: Budget Impacts of Underfunding and Rapid Charter Growth
(2015), and (2) Mark Weber & Julia Sass Rubin, New Jersey Charter Schools:
A Data-Driven View, Part I (2014).
                                      13
                                        C.

      In February 2016, the Commissioner issued seven letters granting the

applications of the charter schools to renew or amend their charters.

      In his letters to the three charter schools that had applied to renew their

charters -- TEAM Academy, Robert Treat Academy, and North Star Academy

-- the Commissioner stated that he had conducted a “comprehensive review” of

the school’s renewal application “[p]ursuant to N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-17 and

N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.3(b).” In each renewal letter, the Commissioner indicated

that he had reviewed “the school’s renewal application, annual reports, student

performance on state assessments, site visit results, public comments, and

other information,” and he summarized the school’s academic achievements.

In each letter, the Commissioner instructed the charter school on the steps

necessary to formalize its charter renewal, and congratulated the school on its

accomplishments.

      In his letter to TEAM Academy, the Commissioner authorized the school

to expand its enrollment to 4,525 students in the 2016-2017 school year and to

7,920 students in the 2020-2021 school year. In his letter to Robert Treat

Academy, the Commissioner authorized the school to expand its enrollment to

720 students in the 2016-2017 school year and to 860 students in the 2020-

2021 school year. In his letter to North Star Academy, the Commissioner

                                        14
authorized the charter school to expand its enrollment from 4,712 students in

the 2016-2017 school year to 6,550 students in the 2020-2021 school year.

      In his letters to the four charter schools that had applied to amend their

charters -- Varisco-Rogers, University Heights, Great Oaks, and New Horizons

-- the Commissioner noted that N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.6 authorized charter schools

to request such amendments. In each amendment letter, the Commissioner

stated that the Department “has evaluated the school’s request based on a

review of its academic, operational, and fiscal standing as well as an analysis

of public comments, fiscal impact on sending districts, and other information

in order to make a decision regarding the school’s amendment request .” In

each letter, the Commissioner indicated that he had reviewed the school’s

submission in support of its proposed expansion, and summarized the sch ool’s

achievements.

      In his letter to Varisco-Rogers, the Commissioner authorized the charter

school to expand its enrollment to a total of 540 students for the 2016-2017

and 2017-2018 school years. In his letter to University Heights, the

Commissioner authorized the charter school to expand its enrollment, but

limited the requested expansion to an increase from 750 students in the 2016 -

2017 school year to 1,050 students in the 2019-2020 school year. In his letter

to Great Oaks, the Commissioner authorized the charter school to expand its

                                       15
enrollment to 639 students in the 2016-2017 school year and 939 students in

the 2019-2020 school year. In his letter to New Horizons, the Commissioner

authorized the charter school to expand its enrollment to 588 students in the

2016-2017 school year and 672 students for the 2017-2018 school year.

      None of the seven letters addressed the impact of the proposed

expansions on the student composition of the charter school or the potential

segregative effect of those expansions on the schools or the District. None

made any reference to ELC’s assertion that any expansion of Newark charter

school enrollment would impose fiscal harm on the District.

      Pursuant to the Commissioner’s decisions, all seven charter schools

expanded their enrollments.

                                       D.

      ELC appealed the Commissioner’s decisions granting the charter

schools’ applications. Applying the “arbitrary, capricious, or unreasonable”

standard governing judicial review of agency decisions, the Appellate Division

upheld the Commissioner’s determinations. In re TEAM Acad., 459 N.J.

Super. at 140-49.

      The Appellate Division rejected ELC’s contention that the

Commissioner was required to assess the fiscal impact of the charter schools’

proposed enrollment increases on the District, notwithstanding the absence of

                                       16
any showing of such fiscal impact by the District itself. Id. at 140-44. The

court stated that no burden is imposed on the Commissioner to “canvass[] the

financial condition of the district of residence in order to determine its ability

to adjust to the per-pupil loss upon approval of the charter school based on

unsubstantiated, generalized protests.” Id. at 141 (quoting Englewood, 164

N.J. at 336). Instead, the court reasoned, “[t]he Commissioner is entitled to

rely on the district of residence to come forward with a preliminary showing

that the requirements of a thorough and efficient education cannot be met.”

Ibid. (quoting Englewood, 164 N.J. at 334).

      The Appellate Division rejected ELC’s argument that the Commissioner

“has a heightened obligation to scrutinize and evaluate appropriate funding in

Abbott school districts,” and ELC’s contention that the State “should bear the

burden of proving the District can provide a thorough and efficient education

to its public schools even if the charter schools’ applications are approved.”

Id. at 143-44. In light of the Legislature’s imposition of a new funding

formula through SFRA, the court found no reason to apply a special standard

with respect to fiscal harm to former Abbott districts. Id. at 144.

      The Appellate Division acknowledged that the Commissioner had not

addressed the potential segregative effect of the charter school expansions. Id.

at 144-46. It found ELC’s showing on the question of segregative effect to be

                                        17
deficient, however, and found no evidence of discriminatory practices by the

charter schools. Ibid.

                                       E.

      We granted ELC’s petition for certification limited to the following

issues: (1) whether the Appellate Division erred when it did not find the

Commissioner’s decisions to be arbitrary, capricious, and unreasonable based

on his failure to address segregation by disability, English language

proficiency, and race; (2) whether the Appellate Division erred when it did not

find the Commissioner’s decisions to be arbitrary, capricious, and

unreasonable based on his failure to evaluate funding loss impacts on the

District; and (3) whether the Appellate Division erred when it declined to

impose a heightened obligation on the Commissioner to evaluate funding loss

impacts in charter school applications in former Abbott districts. 241 N.J. 1

(2020).3

      We granted the applications of the following entities to appear as amici

curiae: the Newark Board of Education; the American Civil Liberties Union of

New Jersey; the American Federation of Teachers, AFT New Jersey, AFL-CIO

and the Newark Teachers Union, AFT, AFL-CIO, appearing jointly; the

3
  We denied ELC’s petition for certification with respect to its challenge to
the Commissioner’s grant of several charter schools’ requests to expand their
facilities. See 241 N.J. at 1.
                                      18
Franklin Township Board of Education; the Plainfield Board of Education; the

Paterson Board of Education and the Irvington Board of Education, appearing

jointly; the Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under Law and

Constitutional and Education Law Scholars, appearing jointly; and the New

Jersey Public Charter Schools Association and the New Jersey Children’s

Foundation, appearing jointly.

                                        II.

                                        A.

      ELC contends that the Appellate Division should have ordered the

Commissioner to address the potential segregative effect of the requested

charter school expansions based on race, disability status and English language

proficiency in accordance with Englewood, 164 N.J. at 334-35. It urges the

Court to exclude Abbott districts and State-operated districts from the

requirement that a school district of residence make a preliminary showing of

fiscal harm. ELC also argues that the Court should shift the burden to the

Commissioner to “convincingly demonstrate” that a charter expansion “would

not impair [the District’s] funding or undermine [the District’s] ability to

provide a thorough and efficient education.” Although ELC represents that it

does not seek to remove students from the seven charter schools, it requests

that the Court reverse the Commissioner’s 2016 decisions allowing those

                                        19
schools to expand their enrollment and remand for public hearings on those

expansion requests.

                                       B.

      Asserting that charter schools accommodate the high demand for high-

quality educational options in Newark, the Commissioner argues that the

Legislature has determined that the promotion of charter schools is in the best

interests of students. The Commissioner argues that a district of residence

should bear the burden to make a showing of fiscal impact in opposition to a

charter school application, given the district’s unique understanding of its own

financial status and funding needs, and that no heightened standard should be

imposed on the Commissioner when a charter school is located in a former

Abbott district. The Commissioner contends that there was no need to respond

to ELC’s assertions of fiscal harm in the absence of a preliminary showing by

the District. The Commissioner states that the record does not substantiate

ELC’s claim that the charter school expansion applications had a segregative

effect on charter schools or District-operated schools.

                                       C.

      Respondents TEAM Academy, Robert Treat Academy, North Star

Academy, University Heights, Great Oaks, and New Horizons, appearing

jointly, and respondent Varisco-Rogers argue that former Abbott districts, like

                                       20
other school districts, must make an initial showing of fiscal harm before the

Commissioner is required to address that question in a charter school decision.

They assert that in the absence of such a showing, the Commissioner had no

obligation to assess fiscal harm, and that the Commissioner was not required to

state in formal findings his reasons for granting their applications to renew or

amend their charters. With respect to the question of segregative effect, the

charter schools note that most of them recruit students through the District’s

universal enrollment system, which prioritizes the enrollment preferences of

students with disabilities. They argue that the demographic characteristics of a

given school’s student body reflect the neighborhood in which the school is

located and that there is no evidence in the record that charter school

expansion exacerbates segregation.

                                       D.

      Amicus curiae the District notes that the Commissioner failed to address

segregative effect in his decisions approving the expansion of the charter

schools and argues that the Court should reverse those decisions. It contends

that a former Abbott district should not be required to make a preliminary

showing of fiscal harm and asserts that the Court should view its former status

as a State-operated school district as “part of the context” of the proceedings

before the Commissioner. The District urges the Court to order the

                                       21
Commissioner to limit Newark charter school enrollments to pre-2016 levels

when it considers pending renewal requests by three of the charter schools and

assesses the continued operations of the other charter schools.

                                          E.

        Amicus curiae the American Civil Liberties Union of New Jersey argues

that the Commissioner’s brief letters do not provide an adequate basis for judicial

review. Amicus asserts that the Commissioner should be compelled to address

the segregative effect of the applications and that, in former Abbott districts,

no showing by the District should be required to compel an analysis of fiscal

harm.

                                          F.

        Amici curiae the Plainfield, Paterson, and Irvington Boards of Education

claim that charter school growth has exacerbated segregation and fiscal

challenges in their districts. Amicus curiae the Franklin Township Board of

Education asserts that the Commissioner improperly failed to analyze the

segregative effects of charter schools.

                                          G.

        Amici curiae the American Federation of Teachers, AFT New Jersey,

AFL-CIO, and the Newark Teachers Union, AFT, AFL-CIO claim that charter

schools have a negative fiscal impact and a segregative effect on districts of

                                          22
residence. They assert that the Court should require the Commissioner to

carefully evaluate the fiscal and segregative impacts of charter applications in

Newark and other former Abbott districts.

                                       H.

      Amici curiae Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under Law and

Constitutional and Education Law Scholars urge the Court to impose on the

Commissioner an affirmative duty to ensure that the transfer of resources to

charter schools will not jeopardize the District’s provision of a thorough and

efficient education to its students. Amici contend that charter schools

exacerbate segregative patterns in Newark and elsewhere.

                                        I.

      Amici curiae the New Jersey Public Charter Schools Association and the

New Jersey Children’s Foundation, citing funding increases and academic

progress in the District schools since the Commissioner approved the charter

school expansions, argue that the fiscal harm that ELC anticipated has not

occurred. They assert that a reversal of the Commissioner’s decisions would

harm students whom the Abbott rulings were intended to protect. Amici argue

that distinctions among neighborhoods, not charter schools, engender

segregation in the Newark schools.

                                       23
                                       III.

                                       A.

      When it enacted the Charter School Act, the Legislature articulated a

State policy in favor of charter schools.4 It declared

            that the establishment of charter schools as part of this
            State’s program of public education can assist in
            promoting comprehensive educational reform by
            providing a mechanism for the implementation of a
            variety of educational approaches which may not be
            available in the traditional public school classroom.
            Specifically, charter schools offer the potential to
            improve pupil learning; increase for students and
            parents the educational choices available when
            selecting the learning environment which they feel may
            be the most appropriate; encourage the use of different
            and innovative learning methods; establish a new form
            of accountability for schools; require the measurement
            of learning outcomes; make the school the unit for
            educational improvement; and establish new
            professional opportunities for teachers.

            The Legislature further finds that the establishment of
            a charter school program is in the best interests of the
            students of this State and it is therefore the public
            policy of the State to encourage and facilitate the
            development of charter schools.

            [N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-2.]

4
  “[A] charter school is a public school operated pursuant to a charter
approved by the Commissioner of Education,” and is “independent of a local
board of education” and “managed by a board of trustees.” Englewood, 164
N.J. at 319-20 (citing N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-3).
                                       24
      Consistent with that declaration of public policy, the Legislature directed

the Commissioner to “establish a charter school program which shall provide

for the approval and granting of charters to charter schools pursuant to the

provisions of this act,” N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-3(a), and to “actively encourage the

establishment of charter schools in urban school districts with the participation

of institutions of higher education,” id. at -3(b).

      Under the Act, an applicant seeking to establish a charter school may

submit an application to the Commissioner and the local board of education or,

in the case of a district under State supervision, the State district

superintendent. N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-4(c). “The board of education or State

district superintendent shall review the application and forward a

recommendation to the [C]ommissioner,” who may grant or deny the

application. Ibid. “The local board of education or a charter school applicant

may appeal the” Commissioner’s determination directly to the Appellate

Division. Id. at -4(d).

      The Commissioner’s grant of a charter is for a four-year period, and the

charter may be renewed for a five-year period. N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-17. The

Commissioner may revoke a charter if the school has not fulfilled a condition

of its grant, or place a charter school on probationary status. Ibid.

                                         25
      The Commissioner must “annually assess whether each charter school is

meeting the goals of its charter, and shall conduct a comprehensive review

prior to granting a renewal of the charter.” N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-16(a).

      From the inception of New Jersey’s charter school program, the

Legislature prescribed an open and non-discriminatory admissions procedure

for the schools:

              A charter school shall be open to all students on a space
              available basis and shall not discriminate in its
              admission policies or practices on the basis of
              intellectual or athletic ability, measures of achievement
              or aptitude, status as a person with a disability,
              proficiency in the English language, or any other basis
              that would be illegal if used by a school district;
              however, a charter school may limit admission to a
              particular grade level or to areas of concentration of the
              school, such as mathematics, science, or the arts. A
              charter school may establish reasonable criteria to
              evaluate prospective students which shall be outlined in
              the school’s charter.

              [N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-7.]

      Pursuant to N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-11(b), charter schools “shall comply with

the provisions of [N.J.S.A. 18A-46-1 to -55] concerning the provision of

services to students with disabilities.”

      The Act prescribes three enrollment preferences, two mandatory and one

permissive:

              a. Preference for enrollment in a charter school shall
              be given to students who reside in the school district in

                                           26
            which the charter school is located. If there are more
            applications to enroll in the charter school than there
            are spaces available, the charter school shall select
            students to attend using a random selection process. A
            charter school shall not charge tuition to students who
            reside in the district.

            b. A charter school shall allow any student who was
            enrolled in the school in the immediately preceding
            school year to enroll in the charter school in the
            appropriate grade unless the appropriate grade is not
            offered at the charter school.

            c. A charter school may give enrollment priority to a
            sibling of a student enrolled in the charter school.

            [N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-8(a) to (c).]

      The Legislature directed that “[t]he admission policy of the charter

school shall, to the maximum extent practicable, seek the enrollment of a cross

section of the community’s school age population including racial and

academic factors.” Id. at -8(e); see also Englewood, 164 N.J. at 327 (noting

that the provision “reflect[ed] the importance that the legislators placed on the

need to maintain racial balance in the charter schools”).

      The Legislature empowered the State Board of Education to “adopt rules

and regulations pursuant to the ‘Administrative Procedure Act’ [N.J.S.A.

52:14B-1 to -31], necessary to effectuate the provisions” of the Charter School

Act. N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-18. The regulations adopted pursuant to the Act set

                                       27
forth the procedures for the two categories of applications relevant to this

appeal, renewals of charters and amendments of charters.

      N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.3 governs the procedure for charter renewals. The

regulation directs the Commissioner to “grant or deny” a renewal application

based on twelve enumerated criteria. N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.3(b)(1) to (12). It

provides that “[t]he Commissioner shall notify a charter school regarding the

granting or denial,” and “[t]he notification to a charter school that is not

granted a renewal shall include reasons for the denial.” Id. at -2.3(d). The

regulation does not address an obligation to explain the basis for granting a

renewal. See ibid.

      N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.6 addresses charter amendments. After a charter

school applies to amend its charter, “[t]he Department shall determine whether

the amendments are eligible for approval and shall evaluate the amendments

based on [the Charter School Act and its implementing regulations]. The

Commissioner shall review a charter school’s performance data in assessing

the need for a possible charter amendment.” N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.6(b). “The

district board(s) of education or State district superintendent(s) of the district

of residence of a charter school may submit comments” on the proposed

amendment. Id. at -2.6(c). “The Commissioner may approve or deny

                                        28
amendment requests of charter schools and shall notify charter schools of

decisions.” Id. at -2.6(d).

      Pursuant to N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.5, “[a]n eligible applicant for a charter

school, a charter school, or a district board of education or State district

superintendent of the district of residence of a charter school may file an

appeal according to N.J.S.A. 18A:6-9.1.”5

                                        B.

      The Legislature’s declaration of public policy in the Charter School Act

and the regulations implemented pursuant to the statute provided the setting

for our decision in Englewood. There, three boards of education asserted a

facial constitutional challenge to the Act, claiming that the statute violated

“principles of equal protection and due process,” that it violated “the

prohibition against the donation of public funds for private purposes,” and that

it constituted “an improper delegation of legislative power to a private body.”

Englewood, 164 N.J. at 318-19. They also asserted as-applied challenges to

the Act and the regulations, based on the Commissioner’s grant of charters to

new charter schools in their districts. Id. at 319.

5
  Previously, appeals of the Commissioner’s decisions on applications for
charter schools were taken to the State Board of Education. See N.J.A.C.
6A:4-2.5 (2005). In 2008, however, the Legislature made all decisions of the
Commissioner “arising under the school laws” appealable directly to the
Appellate Division. See L. 2008, c. 36, § 1 (codified at N.J.S.A. 18A:6-
9.1(a)).
                                       29
      The Court upheld the statute’s constitutionality, finding that “[t]he

choice to include charter schools among the array of public entities providing

educational services to our pupils is a choice appropriately made by the

Legislature so long as the constitutional mandate to provide a thorough and

efficient system of education in New Jersey is satisfied.” Id. at 323 (citing

Robinson v. Cahill, 62 N.J. 473, 508-09 & 509 n.9 (1973)).

      The Court’s holding that the Act was constitutional, however, was

premised on two requirements imposed on the Commissioner: a mandate that

the Commissioner address the issue of segregative effect, and a requirement

that the Commissioner assess the question of fiscal harm if the district of

residence makes an initial showing of such harm. Id. at 323-36; see also In re

Quest Acad., 216 N.J. at 377-78 (noting the segregative effect and fiscal harm

requirements imposed by case law on the Commissioner’s review of a charter

school application).

      The Court first addressed the prospect that the growth of charter schools

would exacerbate racial segregation. Englewood, 164 N.J. at 323-30. It noted

that in past decisions, it had “exhorted the Commissioner to exercise broadly

his statutory powers when confronting segregation, whatever the cause .” Id. at

325 (citing Jenkins v. Morris Sch. Dist., 58 N.J. 483, 506-07 (1971)). The

Court cited the Legislature’s admonition in N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-8(e) that charter

                                       30
schools should, “to the maximum extent practicable,” seek to enroll “a cross-

section of the community’s school age population, including racial and

academic factors.” Id. at 324-26. The Court held

            that the Commissioner must assess the racial impact
            that a charter school applicant will have on the district
            of residence in which the charter school will operate.
            We express no view on the formality or structure of that
            analysis except to state that it must take place before
            final approval is granted to a charter school applicant.
            We otherwise leave the form and structure of that
            analysis to the Commissioner and State Board to
            determine.

            [Id. at 329.]

      Pursuant to Englewood, the Commissioner’s obligation to address the

segregative effect of a charter school is not contingent on a showing by the

district of residence that the charter school would have such a segregative

effect. See id. at 328-29. That obligation is imposed even if the district raises

no concerns about the charter school’s segregative impact. See ibid.

      In the wake of Englewood, the Department promulgated two regulations

codifying the Commissioner’s duty to consider a charter school’s segregative

effect on its district of residence. 32 N.J.R. 3560(a) (Oct. 2, 2000). Prior to

approving a new charter school, “the Commissioner shall assess the student

composition of a charter school and the segregative effect that the loss of the

                                       31
students may have on its district of residence.” N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.1(j).6 The

Commissioner must conduct a similar assessment during the annual review of

an existing school, basing that assessment “on the enrollment from the initial

recruitment period [for the upcoming school year] pursuant to N.J.A.C. 6A:11 -

4.4(b).” N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.2(c).

      Although this Court’s decision in Englewood addressed only a charter

school’s initial application, not a renewal or amendment application, another

regulation promulgated after that decision requires the Commissioner to

review “[t]he annual assessments of student composition of the charter school”

when the school seeks to renew its charter. N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.3(b)(8).7

      Thus, the Commissioner is required to assess a charter school

expansion’s impact on the district’s racial and ethnic balance “during the

charter school’s initial application, continued operation, and charter renewal

application.” In re Red Bank Charter Sch., 367 N.J. Super. 462, 472 (App.

Div. 2004) (citing former N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.1(i) and -2.2(c)).

      In Englewood, the Court also defined the Commissioner’s obligation to

analyze the fiscal impact of a charter school approval on the district of

6
  The relevant regulation initially appeared as N.J.A.C. 6A:6A:11-2.1(i) and
has since been renumbered to -2.1(j). See 32 N.J.R. 3560(a) (October 2,
2000); 39 N.J.R. 2242(a) (June 4, 2007); 45 N.J.R. 26(a) (Jan. 7, 2013).
7
  The relevant regulation initially appeared as N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.3(b)(7), see
32 N.J.R. 3560(a), but has since been renumbered to (b)(8), 45 N.J.R. 26(a).
                                       32
residence, but limited that obligation to settings in which the district makes a

preliminary showing of fiscal harm. 164 N.J. at 330-36; see also In re Quest

Acad., 216 N.J. at 378.

      The Court acknowledged that the three boards of education challenging

the constitutionality of the Charter School Act predicted “dire consequences”

to their districts, but noted that they made no claim that the approval of the

contested charter schools would cause them “to cease providing a thorough

and efficient education” to the students remaining in district-operated schools.

Englewood, 164 N.J. at 331. The Englewood Court reiterated the

Commissioner’s continuing obligation to be vigilant about the “district of

residence’s continuing ability to provide a thorough and efficient education to

its remaining pupils.” Id. at 334.

      The Court noted, however, that the Act and an implementing regulation

“entitle[d] the district[s] of residence to analyze the charter school applicant’s

submission to the Commissioner and to challenge or augment the applicant’s

submitted information.” Ibid. (citing N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-4(c); N.J.A.C. 6A:11-

2.1). It also cited the funding mechanism then in effect under N.J.S.A.

18A:36A-12, which required a district to pay “a presumptive amount equal to

90% of the local levy budget per pupil for the specific grade level in the

district,” with the Commissioner retaining limited discretion to require

                                        33
payment of a percentage of that per-pupil budget lower or higher than 90%.

Id. at 330-31 (citing N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-12 (2000)). The Court noted that the

Legislature had “heard and addressed” fiscal concerns expressed by districts of

residence: it made “the adjustments to Section 12 of the Act, which now

contains the 90% presumptive amount provision,” and authorized districts to

retain the remaining funding. Id. at 335.

      The Court concluded that “[r]ead in combination,” N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-

4(c)’s provision for district comments on a charter school application and

N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-12’s funding mechanism “require a district of residence to

make an initial showing that imposition of the presumptive amount, or a

proposed different amount for the charter school applicant’s pupils would

impede, or prevent, the delivery of a thorough and efficient education in that

district.” Id. at 334. The Englewood Court held

            that the Commissioner must consider the economic
            impact that approval of a charter school will have on a
            district of residence when during the approval process
            a district makes a preliminary showing that satisfaction
            of the thorough-and-efficient education requirements
            would be jeopardized. That information is necessarily
            pertinent to the Commissioner’s determination of
            whether to approve a charter school applicant and use
            the presumptive per-pupil funding amount set by the
            Legislature in the Act, or to use any different amount.
            However, the district must be able to support its
            assertions. We do not impose on the Commissioner the
            burden of canvassing the financial condition of the
            district of residence in order to determine its ability to

                                       34
            adjust to the per-pupil loss upon approval of the charter
            school based on unsubstantiated, generalized protests.
            The legislative will to allow charter schools and to
            advance their goals suggests our approach which favors
            the charter school unless reliable information is put
            forward to demonstrate that a constitutional violation
            may occur.

            [Id. at 336.]

      The Court noted in Englewood that “application of this standard in the

context of an Abbott district is not part of this case,” and left “that question for

another day.” Id. at 334.

      Following this Court’s decision in Englewood, the Appellate Division

held that the Commissioner’s duty to assess fiscal harm in a charter school

approval decision, if the district of residence presents a preliminary showing of

such harm, applies with equal force to the renewal setting. Red Bank, 367 N.J.

Super. at 482-83. The court observed that “[a]s in the initial approval process,

‘the district must be able to support its assertions’ with some specificity.” Id.

at 482 (quoting Englewood, 164 N.J. at 336).

      Thus, a district’s duty under Englewood to present a preliminary

showing of fiscal harm sufficient to imperil its provision of a thorough and

efficient education -- a showing sufficient to trigger the Commissioner’s

analysis of the charter school’s fiscal impact -- applies to the renewal and

amendment settings of this appeal. Id. at 482-83.

                                        35
                                       IV.

                                        A.

      Against that backdrop, we review the Commissioner’s February 2016

decisions granting the renewal and amendment requests of the seven charter

schools.

      We will not overturn an agency determination unless it is arbitrary,

capricious, or unreasonable. In re Att’y Gen. Law Enf’t Directive Nos. 2020-5

and 2020-6, ___ N.J. ___ (2021) (slip op. at 29) (citing In re State & Sch.

Emps.’ Health Benefits Comm’ns’ Implementation of Yucht, 233 N.J. 267,

279 (2018)). The party challenging the agency action has the burden to show

that the administrative determination is arbitrary, capricious or unreasonable.

Id. at ___ (slip op. at 29) (citing Lavezzi v. State, 219 N.J. 163, 171 (2014)).

      The deferential standard that governs administrative appeals

            is consistent with “the strong presumption of
            reasonableness that an appellate court must accord an
            administrative agency’s exercise of statutorily
            delegated responsibility.” The standard also recognizes
            the “agency’s expertise and superior knowledge of a
            particular field,” as well as the Judiciary’s “limited
            role . . . in reviewing the actions of other branches of
            government.”

            [Id. at ___ (slip op. at 29-30) (omission in original)
            (citations omitted).]

                                        36
      As we have stated in the setting of a review of the Commissioner’s

denial of a charter school application,

            the judicial role [in reviewing an agency action] is
            generally restricted to three inquiries: (1) whether the
            agency’s action violates express or implied legislative
            policies, that is, did the agency follow the law; (2)
            whether the record contains substantial evidence to
            support the findings on which the agency based its
            action; and (3) whether in applying the legislative
            policies to the facts, the agency clearly erred in
            reaching a conclusion that could not reasonably have
            been made on a showing of the relevant factors.

            [In re Quest Acad., 216 N.J. at 385-86 (alteration in
            original) (quoting Mazza v. Bd. of Trs., PFRS, 143 N.J.
            22, 25 (1995)).]

      As the Appellate Division correctly noted in deciding the charter school

renewal and amendment applications, the Commissioner was not obliged to

provide “the kind of formalized findings and conclusions necessary in the

traditional contested case.” In re TEAM Acad., 459 N.J. Super. at 140

(quoting In re Englewood on the Palisades Charter Sch., 320 N.J. Super. 174,

217 (App. Div. 1999), aff’d as modified, 164 N.J. 316 (2000)).

      For “more policy-driven, quasi-legislative acts” such as those at issue

here, “the record may be less extensive” than the record of a contested case. In

re Att’y Gen. Directives, ___ N.J. at ____ (slip op. at 32) (citing In re

Adoption of Amends. & New Regs. at N.J.A.C. 7:27-27.1, 392 N.J. Super.

117, 135-36 (App. Div. 2007)).

                                          37
      The basis for the determination, however, “must be discernible from the

record” considered by the agency. Red Bank, 367 N.J. Super. at 476; see also

In re Quest Acad., 216 N.J. at 385, 387 (noting that the appellate court’s

determination whether the record contains “substantial evidence to support the

findings on which the agency based its action” (quoting Mazza, 143 N.J. at 25)

requires “a sifting of the record, and the ability to find support for the

conclusions reached by the Commissioner under the statutory framework

within which she must act”); In re Vey, 124 N.J. 534, 544 (1991) (“When the

absence of particular findings hinders or detracts from effective appellate

review, the court may remand the matter to the agency for a clearer statement

of findings and later reconsideration.” (citing Application of Howard Sav.

Inst., 32 N.J. 29, 53 (1960))).

                                        B.

      We first consider whether the Commissioner was required to analyze the

fiscal harm to the District as a result of the proposed charter school

expansions. As the parties agree, although the District provided comments

about all but one of the disputed charter school applications, as N.J.A.C.

6A:11-2.3(b)(9) and -2.6(c) authorized it to do, it made no preliminary

showing that its provision of a thorough and efficient education to its students

would be jeopardized by the enrollment expansions sought by the charter

                                        38
schools. See In re Quest Acad., 216 N.J. at 377-78; Englewood, 164 N.J. at

336.

       ELC argues the District should be exempt from the requirement of a

preliminary showing. It asks the Court to impose on the Commissioner the

burden to convincingly demonstrate that the approval or expansion of Newark

charter schools will not impair the District’s ability to deliver a thorough and

efficient education.

       ELC urges the Court to adopt a heightened standard in the setting of this

appeal on two grounds. First, it notes that in Englewood, 164 N.J. at 334, the

Court left open the question whether an Abbott district must make such a

preliminary showing before the Commissioner is required to analyze fiscal

harm, and argues that the fiscal challenges confronting former Abbott districts

warrant particular vigilance as to the impact of charter schools. Second, ELC

asserts that by virtue of the District’s State-operated status when the charter

schools submitted their applications, the Commissioner was obliged to review

the question of fiscal harm with or without a preliminary showing from the

District.

       We disagree. We concur with the Appellate Division that in light of the

Legislature’s enactment of SFRA, N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-43 to -70, there is no

reason to exempt former Abbott districts from Englewood’s general

                                        39
requirement of a preliminary showing of fiscal harm. See In re TEAM Acad.,

459 N.J. Super. at 142-43. In SFRA, the Legislature imposed “a weighted

funding formula designed to calculate school aid allocations for individual

districts using both wealth-equalized and categorical aid components.” Abbott

v. Burke (Abbott XXI), 206 N.J. 332, 351 n.13 (2011) (citing Abbott v. Burke

(Abbott XX), 199 N.J. 140, 152, 153, 155-57 (2009)). That funding formula

governs all districts, including those formerly designated as Abbott districts.

See generally N.J.S.A. 18A:7F-43 to -70.

      In SFRA, the Legislature also altered the charter school funding formula

that was in effect when the Court decided Englewood, eliminating the

Commissioner’s discretion with respect to the percentage of per-student

funding that the district must transfer to a charter school, and limiting the

fiscal impact of a student’s enrollment in a charter school. L. 2007 c. 260,

§ 58 (amending N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-12). As amended, the Charter School Act’s

funding provision states in part:

            The school district of residence shall pay directly to the
            charter school for each student enrolled in the charter
            school who resides in the district an amount equal to
            90% of the sum of the budget year equalization aid per
            pupil, the prebudget year general fund tax levy per
            pupil inflated by the [Consumer Price Index] rate most
            recent to the calculation, and the employer payroll tax
            per pupil that is transferred to the school district
            pursuant to subsection d. of section 1 of L. 2018, c. 68.
            In addition, the school district of residence shall pay
                                        40
             directly to the charter school the security categorical
             aid attributable to the student and a percentage of the
             district’s special education categorical aid equal to the
             percentage of the district’s special education students
             enrolled in the charter school and, if applicable, 100%
             of preschool education aid. The district of residence
             shall also pay directly to the charter school any federal
             funds attributable to the student.

             [N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-12(b).]

      As the Appellate Division noted, following SFRA, “[t]he Commissioner

no longer has merely the discretion to reduce funding rates for charter school

children; the Commissioner must implement the SFRA formula.” In re TEAM

Acad., 459 N.J. Super. at 144 (citing N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-12(b)). In Abbott

districts, as in other districts, the district is assured that it will retain 10% of

the per-student funding, as defined in N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-12(b),

notwithstanding the student’s enrollment in a charter school. Accordingly,

district officials now have greater certainty about the fiscal consequences of a

charter school expansion.

      Given the Legislature’s reform of the school funding formula and its

amendment to the charter school funding mechanism in the Act, there is no

reason to exempt former Abbott districts from the general rule requiring a

district to preliminarily demonstrate fiscal harm, or to impose on the

Commissioner the burden to demonstrate the absence of such harm in every

charter application in those districts.
                                          41
      Moreover, the practical considerations identified by the Commissioner

apply in equal measure to former Abbott districts and other school districts.

Administrators and staff in a given district are uniquely familiar with the

details of the annual budget; anticipated changes in enrollment, staffing and

programs; and the fiscal impact of charter schools on district operations in

prior years. Any order requiring the Commissioner to analyze the finances of

every former Abbott district before ruling on a charter school application --

whether or not a district makes a claim of fiscal harm -- would impose an

untenable and unnecessary burden on the Department’s resources.

      The preliminary showing requirement imposed in Englewood provides

an equitable solution; it allocates the initial burden to make a preliminary

showing to the district but requires the Commissioner to analyze fiscal harm if

the district makes that showing. That standard is workable and fair for former

Abbott districts, as it is for other districts of residence.

      Nor does the District’s former status as a State-operated school district

warrant an exception to Englewood’s mandate that the district of residence

present a preliminary showing of fiscal harm. A State district superintendent

appointed to supervise the schools of a district is authorized to “perform all

acts and do all things that the [C]ommissioner deems necessary for the proper

conduct, maintenance and supervision of the schools in the district.” N.J.S.A.

                                          42
18A:7A-35(e). The Charter School Act’s implementing regulations empower a

State district superintendent to address charter school applications, just as the

board of education of a locally operated school district is authorized to do.

See N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.3(b)(9) (renewal of charters); N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.5

(appeals of charter school determinations); N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.6(c)

(amendments to charters). Any holding by this Court dispensing with the

requirement of a preliminary showing of fiscal harm by State-operated districts

would be inconsistent with the Legislature’s expectation that a State-appointed

superintendent will effectively represent the a district’s interests with respect

to charter schools.

      In short, there is no reason to diverge in this appeal from the requirement

imposed in Englewood that a district must provide a preliminary showing of

fiscal harm sufficient to imperil its provision of a thorough and efficient

education to its students in order to trigger the Commissioner’s responsive

duty to assess the question of fiscal harm. See Englewood, 164 N.J. at 330-36.

Because the District made no such showing, the Commissioner was not

required to address the question of fiscal harm before approving the seven

charter school applications at issue here.

                                        43
                                        C.

                                        1.

      We agree with ELC and its supporting amici that the Commissioner’s

decisions granting renewals or amendments to the seven respondent charter

schools did not include any reference to the charter schools’ potential impact

on racial segregation in the district schools, much less the careful

consideration of that issue that Englewood requires. See In re Quest Acad.,

216 N.J. at 377-78; Englewood, 164 N.J. at 323-30; Red Bank, 367 N.J. Super.

at 471. The decisions are therefore deficient.

      In future determinations of applications for approval of charter schools

pursuant to N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-4.1 and -5 and N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.1, applications

for renewals of charters pursuant to N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-17 and N.J.A.C. 6A:11-

2.3, and applications for amendments of charters pursuant to N.J.A.C. 6A:11-

2.6, the Commissioner should address the impact of the charter school’s

approval, renewal or amendment on racial segregation in the district of

residence. The Commissioner should also address the impact of the charter

school’s approval, renewal or amendment on the demographic composition of

the district of residence with respect to two groups of students of particular

concern to the Legislature, students with disabilities and students who are

English language learners. See N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-7 (prohibiting

                                        44
discrimination in charter school admissions based, among other factors, on the

student’s “status as a person with a disability” and “proficiency in the English

language”); N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-16(e)(5) (defining “comparative demographics

of student enrollments in school districts of residence,” for purposes of a

report on charter schools to be prepared by the Commissioner, to include

“enrollment of special education students” and “enrollment of students of

limited English proficiency”).

      The Commissioner’s careful analysis of those issues, along with the

other factors prescribed in the governing statutes and regulations, will further

the Legislature’s objectives in the Charter School Act, satisfy the requirements

of Englewood, and facilitate fair and effective appellate review of charter

school determinations.

                                        2.

      Although the Commissioner did not conduct the segregative-impact

analysis that Englewood required, a remand of these matters to the

Commissioner five years after the decisions would not serve the interests of

Newark’s charter school students or their families.

      ELC appeals seven discrete administrative determinations, each specific

to the status of an individual school at a particular point in time. By statute

and regulation, the Commissioner’s authority was limited to the disposition of

                                        45
the specific applications before him; he was empowered to grant or deny, in

whole or in part, those applications, to impose probationary status on the

charter school, or to implement a remedial plan. See N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-17;

N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.3(b); N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.6(d). The import of a denial is clear:

the charter school would be prohibited from increasing its enrollment .

      Were we to remand for reconsideration of the seven applications, and

were ELC to prevail on remand or in a subsequent appeal, the normal remedy

available to the Commissioner would be a retroactive denial and unwinding of

the expansion applications granted to the seven charter schools in 2016. The

charter schools would have no alternative but to remove students from their

enrollment and rescind commitments to students for the next school year.

Such a remedy would severely impact Newark’s charter school students and

their families, and would subvert the Legislature’s policy to expand

educational opportunities. It would also undermine the Commissioner’s

intervening and future decisions on charter school expansion applications,

which were premised on post-2016 enrollment data.

      ELC and the District insist that they do not seek to remove students from

the charter schools. As an alternative to such a remedy, they urge the Court to

instruct the Commissioner to prospectively deny or limit pending and future

                                       46
applications to expand Newark charter schools so that the schools’ collective

enrollments return to pre-2016 levels.

      We decline to play such an active role, in which the Court would

interfere with educational determinations that are imbued with the expertise of

the Commissioner and the Department’s staff. Such a global and prospective

order would not be an appropriate remedy in the seven renewal and

amendment applications at issue here. See N.J.S.A. 18A:36A-17; N.J.A.C.

6A:11-2.3(b); N.J.A.C. 6A:11-2.6(d). Such an order would not take into

account developments in the intervening years. As the Legislature prescribed,

the Commissioner must decide pending and future applications by Newark

charter schools to approve, renew, or amend their charters on a case-by-case

basis, applying the factors that govern those applications. It is not for this

Court to prospectively direct the Commissioner’s determinations.

      Accordingly, we leave undisturbed the Commissioner’s decisions

granting the seven charter school applications at issue here.

                                         V.

      The judgment of the Appellate Division is affirmed as modified.

    CHIEF JUSTICE RABNER and JUSTICES LaVECCHIA, ALBIN,
FERNANDEZ-VINA, SOLOMON, and PIERRE-LOUIS join in JUSTICE
PATTERSON’s opinion.

                                         47