Court Opinion

ID: 5811998
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-12 18:49:24.399472+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:42:53.047354
License: Public Domain

*1591Appeal from an order of the Supreme Court, Monroe County (Kenneth R. Fisher, J.), entered August 24, 2009 in a breach of contract action. The order granted the motion of defendant to set aside the jury verdict and dismissed the amended complaint.
It is hereby ordered that the order so appealed from is affirmed without costs.
Memorandum: Plaintiffs commenced this action seeking damages for defendant’s breach of a 1998 oral employment agreement (1998 oral agreement) pursuant to which defendant was to be an employee of plaintiff James V Aquavella, M.D., EC. (Aquavella, EC.). According to plaintiffs, the 1998 oral agreement incorporated all of the terms and conditions of a 1996 written employment agreement (1996 written agreement) between defendant and Urban Oncology Service, EC., doing business as Eye Care of Genesee Valley (Urban Oncology). The 1996 written agreement contained, inter alia, a noncompete clause prohibiting defendant from competing with Urban Oncology’s business for two years after the expiration of the 1996 written agreement or termination of defendant’s employment, whichever occurred later.
In 1995, plaintiff James V Aquavella, M.D. (Aquavella) sold the assets of his ophthalmology practice to EquiVision, Inc. (EquiVision), which then entered into a services agreement with Urban Oncology. Aquavella then became an employee of Urban Oncology. Pursuant to the services agreement, Urban Oncology would provide professional medical patient services, including hiring and contracting with physicians, and EquiVision would serve as business manager for the practice. Ultimately, EquiVision, then known as EquiMed, sold its interest in *1592the assets of the practice to Physicians Resource Group, Inc. (PRG). In 1998, following a dispute with Aquavella, PRG terminated all nonmedical employees and Urban Oncology stopped paying the physicians. In 1998, Aquavella spoke with defendant, and the parties agreed that defendant would continue his employment at the practice with plaintiffs as his employers. However, the parties sharply dispute whether their 1998 oral agreement included all of the terms and conditions of the 1996 written agreement between defendant and Urban Oncology, inclusive of the two-year noncompete clause.
In 1999, plaintiffs executed an agreement with PRG that, inter alia, provided for plaintiffs’ purchase of the assets of the practice. In August 1999, the parties undertook negotiations concerning defendant’s proposed purchase of the practice. Those negotiations were not successful and, in 2002, defendant departed from plaintiffs’ practice and opened a competing practice within 300 yards of his former employers.
Plaintiffs’ amended complaint alleged that defendant breached the noncompete clause in the 1996 written agreement that, according to plaintiffs, had been incorporated in its entirety as a term and condition of the 1998 oral agreement. Following trial, the jury determined that Aquavella and defendant entered into an oral employment agreement that included all of the terms and conditions of defendant’s 1996 written agreement with Urban Oncology. The jury further determined that defendant had breached the noncompete clause and awarded plaintiffs damages in the sum of $248,798.76. Supreme Court granted defendant’s motion pursuant to CPLR 4404 (a) for judgment notwithstanding the verdict and dismissed plaintiffs’ amended complaint on the grounds that defendant had not made any admission that the terms and conditions of the 1996 written agreement were incorporated into the 1998 oral agreement and that the writings proffered by plaintiff, either alone or in combination, were insufficient to satisfy the statute of frauds (see General Obligations Law § 5-701 [a] [1]). We affirm.
Inasmuch as the noncompete clause plaintiffs seek to enforce spanned a period of two years, it cannot be performed within one year and thus is subject to the statute of frauds (see id.). The record belies plaintiffs’ contention that defendant admitted through his pleadings and trial testimony that the terms and conditions of the 1996 written agreement were incorporated into the 1998 oral agreement and, indeed, the record establishes that defendant sharply disputed it throughout the litigation (see Tallini v Business Air, 148 AD2d 828, 829-830 [1989]; see also Williams v Lynch, 245 AD2d 715 [1997], appeal dismissed 91 *1593NY2d 957 [1998]). We reject plaintiffs’ further contention that various writings admitted in evidence, including some that were signed by defendant, satisfy the statute of frauds. “[T]he ‘memorandum [necessary to satisfy the statute of frauds] . . . may be pieced together out of separate writings, connected with one another either expressly or by the internal evidence of subject matter and occasion’ ” (Crabtree v Elizabeth Arden Sales Corp., 305 NY 48, 54 [1953], quoting Marks v Cowdin, 226 NY 138, 145 [1919]) and, in the event “that . . . one of the writings is unsigned, [it] may be ‘read together [with the signed writings], provided that they clearly refer to the same subject matter or transaction’ ” (Scheck v Francis, 26 NY2d 466, 471 [1970], quoting Crabtree, 305 NY at 55). All of the terms of the contract, however, “must be set out in the various writings presented to the court, and at least one writing, the one establishing a contractual relationship between the parties, must bear the signature of the party to be charged, while the unsigned document[s] must . . . refer to the same transaction as that set forth in the one that was signed” (Crabtree, 305 NY at 55-56).
Here, plaintiffs contend that the parties’ 1998 oral agreement incorporated all of the terms and conditions of defendant’s 1996 written agreement with his former employer, Urban Oncology. That essential term does not appear in any of the writings, leaving a fatal void in plaintiffs’ attempt to piece together a sufficient memorandum through the presentation of various signed and unsigned documents {see id. at 55). Plaintiffs further contend that the letters of intent signed by defendant in 1999 with respect to his proposed purchase of the practice constitute evidence of defendant’s agreement to incorporate all of the terms and conditions of the 1996 written agreement into the 1998 oral agreement. We reject that contention. Pursuant to paragraph 4 (e) of the letters of intent, one of the conditions to closing the transaction was “(e) a written termination of the employment contract between [defendant] and Aquavella[, P.C.], together with a release of all covenants contained therein, and . . . proof satisfactory to [defendant] that Aquavella[, P.C.] is the sole unencumbered assignee of said contract (named party is Urban Oncology Services, EC. [doing business as] ‘Eye Care of the Genesee Valley’).” The 1996 written agreement required that any mutual termination thereof be in writing. We conclude that paragraph 4 (e) is an unequivocal attempt by defendant, as part of the due diligence process in the practice purchase transaction, to extinguish any lingering obligations or covenants arising from the “said contract,” i.e., the 1996 written agreement. A fair reading of defendant’s trial testimony compels the same conclusion. The request for “proof satisfactory” to defendant *1594that Aquavella, EC. was the sole “assignee” of that contract demonstrates that defendant was requiring Aquavella, EC. to establish that it was the successor by assignment to defendant’s 1996 written agreement with Urban Oncology and therefore had the right to terminate the noncompete clause contained in that agreement. It is noteworthy that, when plaintiffs commenced this action in 2002, the complaint did not contain any claim that the parties had adopted or incorporated the 1996 written agreement into the 1998 oral agreement. Instead, plaintiffs’ complaint was based entirely upon the claim that Aquavella, EC. was the sole assignee of the 1996 written agreement. In 2007, this Court modified a prior order in this case, affirming that part of the order that, inter alia, denied that part of plaintiffs’ motion for partial summary judgment on the claims arising from the 1996 written agreement on the ground that “plaintiffs failed to establish as a matter of law that the [1996] agreement was validly assigned and was in effect when defendant opened his own practice” (James V. Aquavella, M.D., P.C. v Viola [appeal No. 2], 39 AD3d 1191, 1192). In 2009, three days before trial, plaintiffs amended the complaint to advance the claim for the first time that the parties had incorporated the 1996 written agreement into the 1998 oral agreement. On the second day of trial, plaintiffs abandoned their original claim when Aquavella acknowledged that no such assignment had occurred.
Further, paragraph 4 (e) in each letter of intent makes no reference, express or implied, to the 1998 oral agreement. Flaintiffs’ contention to the contrary is belied by the separate language contained in paragraph 4 (f) of each letter of intent, which requires “(f) written releases executed by [defendant] and Aquavella each releasing the other from any claims relating to the current employment of [defendant]” (emphasis added). Faragraph 4 (f) thereby separately addresses the 1998 oral agreement under which the parties were operating in 1999 and, when read together, paragraphs 4 (e) and (f) demonstrate that defendant did not agree to incorporate all of the terms and conditions of the 1996 written agreement into the 1998 oral agreement. The draft asset purchase agreement, upon which plaintiffs also rely, contains identical language and is likewise insufficient.
We note that our dissenting colleagues have failed to explain the specific use in paragraph 4 (f) of the term “current employment” (emphasis added), as distinguished from past employment, i.e., the employment set forth in the 1996 written agreement with Urban Oncology specifically described in paragraph 4 *1595(e). If, as the dissent suggests, paragraph 4 (e) referred to the 1998 oral agreement inclusive of the 1996 written agreement, there would be no need to use the distinguishing term “current employment” in paragraph 4 (f). Further, if paragraph 4 (e) was, as the dissent suggests, referring to the 1998 oral agreement, any reference to the alleged assignment of the 1996 written agreement to Aquavella, P.C. would be irrelevant and superfluous. Under plaintiffs’ incorporation theory, the 1998 oral agreement simply incorporated the terms and conditions of the 1996 written agreement into a new agreement. That theory does not depend in any manner upon assignment of the 1996 written agreement to Aquavella, P.C. Thus, the reference to Aquavella, P.C. as the “sole unencumbered assignee of said contract” in paragraph 4 (e) is inconsistent with the interpretation of that clause advanced by plaintiffs and the dissent. The dissent offers no explanation — and, in particular, no explanation consistent with plaintiffs’ theory — why proof relating to the assignment to Aquavella, P.C. of “said contract” was specifically included in the language used in paragraph 4 (e). That approach disregards the well-settled rule that a contract must be “read as a whole to determine its purpose and intent” (W.W.W. Assoc. v Giancontieri, 77 NY2d 157, 162 [1990]), and it “should be interpreted in a way [that] reconciles all its provisions, if possible” (Green Harbour Homeowners’ Assn., Inc. v G.H. Dev. & Constr., Inc., 14 AD3d 963, 965 [2005]; see Beal Sav. Bank v Sommer, 8 NY3d 318, 324 [2007]). “Effect and meaning must be given to every term of the contract . . . , and reasonable effort must be made to harmonize all of its terms” (Village of Hamburg v American Ref-Fuel Co. of Niagara, 284 AD2d 85, 89 [2001], lv denied 97 NY2d 603 [2001]; see Matter of El-Roh Realty Corp., 74 AD3d 1796, 1799 [2010]; see generally Hartford Acc. & Indem. Co. v Wesolowski, 33 NY2d 169, 171-172 [1973]). When all of the provisions of the letters of intent are read as a whole, it is clear that paragraph 4 (e) addresses defendant’s desire to terminate any remaining rights and obligations under the 1996 written agreement with Urban Oncology and paragraph 4 (f) separately addresses the extinguishment of any rights and obligations arising from the 1998 oral agreement. As the litigation has progressed, it has become clear that defendant’s concern — clearly expressed in paragraph 4 (e) — about the possibility of lingering claims arising out of the 1996 written agreement with Urban Oncology was well founded. Flaintiffs commenced this action on the sole theory that Aquavella, P.C. was the assignee of the 1996 written agreement. The record demonstrates that, when it became clear that Aquavella, P.C. was not an assignee of that agreement and that plaintiffs *1596therefore had no standing to assert any rights thereunder, the complaint was amended three days before trial to add the theory that the 1996 written agreement was incorporated into the 1998 oral agreement.
The dissent concludes that “the parties orally adopted the 1996 written agreement as the memorandum of the terms of their 1998 oral agreement, and we may therefore look to the 1996 written agreement to supply all of the essential terms of the 1998 oral agreement.” While the 1996 written agreement contains many terms and conditions that were no doubt essential to the parties at the time that agreement was made, there is one term that is essential to plaintiffs’ version of the 1998 oral agreement that is not and could not be contained in the 1996 written agreement — the oral incorporation of the 1996 written agreement that allegedly took place in 1998. The dissent’s analysis fails to recognize that the only evidence of the alleged 1998 oral adoption of the 1996 written agreement — clearly an essential term of the 1998 oral agreement under plaintiffs’ theory — is Aquavella’s testimony at trial. The dissent’s reliance upon parol evidence to fill that gap in the writings is misplaced (see Henry L. Fox Co. v Kaufman Org., 74 NY2d 136, 143 [1989]). “Parol evidence is admissible only to connect the papers, not to establish missing terms of the agreement” (id. at 142-143).
We cannot accept the dissent’s conclusion that the written agreement executed in 1996 could include an essential term of the oral agreement that was not made until 1998. There simply is no writing, signed or unsigned by defendant, that contains any language reflecting any incorporation of the 1996 written agreement into the parties’ 1998 oral agreement. “It is not sufficient that the note or memorandum may express the terms of a contract. It is essential that it shall completely evidence the contract [that] the parties made” (Poel v Brunswick-Balke-Collender Co. of N.Y., 216 NY 310, 314 [1915], rearg denied 216 NY 771 [1916]). The writings are insufficient because, in order to satisfy the statute of frauds, “ ‘the memorandum must state the essential terms of the oral contract’ ” (Nathan v Spector, 281 App Div 451, 455 [1953] [emphasis added]). While defendant has never disputed that he had an oral employment agreement with plaintiffs, he has steadfastly denied that the 1996 written agreement was adopted by the parties in the 1998 oral agreement. Thus, the dissent’s reliance upon the recovery of compensation by defendant under the 1998 oral agreement provides no basis to conclude that he agreed to the adoption of the 1996 written agreement into the 1998 oral agreement (see Williams, 245 AD2d 715 [1997]; Tallini, 148 AD2d at 829-830).
*1597Inasmuch as the only evidence supporting plaintiffs’ contention that all of the terms and conditions of the 1996 written agreement were incorporated into the 1998 oral agreement is Aquavella’s testimony at trial, we conclude that plaintiffs’ version of the 1998 oral agreement is unenforceable and void under the statute of frauds (see generally Shirley Polykoff Adv. v Houbigant, Inc., 43 NY2d 921, 922 [1978]).
All concur except Scudder, EJ., and Peradotto, J., who dissent and vote to reverse in accordance with the following memorandum.