Court Opinion

ID: 1057010
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-08 21:20:40.872861+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:49:31.956416
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                           AT JACKSON
                              Assigned on Briefs April 13, 2004

                 DEWAYNE CATHEY v. STATE OF TENNESSEE

                     Appeal from the Circuit Court for Hardeman County
                          No. 9578 Jon Kerry Blackwood, Judge

                     No. W2003-00411-CCA-R3-CO - Filed July 28, 2004

The petitioner, Dewayne Cathey, petitioned the Hardeman County Circuit Court for a writ of habeas
corpus to challenge his sentence in his 1993 Shelby County, guilty-pleaded conviction of first-degree
murder. The lower court summarily dismissed the petition, and on appeal, the petitioner claims that
the trial court erred in dismissing his petition without a hearing. Upon our review of the record, we
reverse and vacate the trial court’s order. Furthermore, we order the lower court to grant habeas
corpus relief.

        Tenn. R. App. P. 3; Judgment of the Circuit Court is Reversed and Vacated.

JAMES CURWOOD WITT , JR., J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which DAVID G. HAYES and
NORMA MCGEE OGLE, JJ., joined.

Dewayne Cathey, Appellant, Pro Se.

Paul G. Summers, Attorney General & Reporter; Jennifer L. Bledsoe, Assistant Attorney General;
and Elizabeth T. Rice, District Attorney General, for the Appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                             OPINION

                On appeal, the petitioner posits that his life sentence, designated on his conviction
judgment form as a Range I, 30-percent sentence, is void. He complains that Tennessee law did not
authorize at the time of conviction a life sentence to be served at 30 percent. The state argues that
the claim is waived because the record on appeal contains no transcript of the petitioner’s guilty plea
submission hearing. Alternatively, the state claims that the trial court, at worst, clerically erred in
indicating that the first-degree murder life sentence would be served at 30 percent.

              The legal issues raised on denying a habeas corpus hearing are questions of law, and
our review of questions of law is de novo. Hart v. State, 21 S.W.3d 901, 903 (Tenn. 2000)
(“[W]hether to grant the petition [for habeas corpus relief] is a question of law that we review de
novo.”); State v. Hill, 954 S.W.2d 725, 727 (Tenn. 1997) (question of law reviewed on appeal de
novo).

               We begin with a review of habeas corpus law as it presently exists in Tennessee.
Habeas corpus relief is available only when the aggrieved party’s conviction is void or the sentence
has expired. See Archer v. State, 851 S.W.2d 157, 164 (Tenn. 1993). The petitioner in the present
case makes no allegation that his sentence has expired; he only claims that his sentence, and hence
his conviction judgment, is void.

                 A void conviction is one which strikes at the jurisdictional integrity of the trial court.
 Id.; see State ex rel. Anglin v. Mitchell, 575 S.W.2d 284, 287 (Tenn. 1979); Passarella v. State, 891
S.W.2d 619, 627 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994). Because in this case the trial court apparently had
jurisdiction over the actus reus, the subject matter, and the person of the petitioner, the petitioner’s
jurisdictional issue is limited to the claim that the court was without authority to enter the judgment.
See Anglin, 575 S.W.2d at 287 (“‘Jurisdiction’ in the sense here used, is not limited to jurisdiction
of the person or of the subject matter but also includes lawful authority of the court to render the
particular order or judgment whereby the petitioner has been imprisoned.”); see also Archer, 851
S.W.2d at 164; Passarella, 891 S.W.2d at 627.

                The invalidity of the sentence itself, as well as the broader invalidity of the
conviction, results in a void judgment and is a sufficient basis for habeas corpus relief. See
Stephenson v. Carlton, 28 S.W.3d 910, 911 (Tenn. 2000) (a void sentence, as well as a void
conviction, may result in a void judgment and be the subject of a habeas corpus proceeding). For
an illegal sentence claim to support a claim for habeas corpus relief, however, the illegality of the
sentence must be egregious to the point of voidness. Cox v. State, 53 S.W.3d 287, 292 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 2001). Thus, mere clerical errors in the terms of a sentence may not give rise to a void
judgment. See, e.g., Ronald W. Rice v. David Mills, No. E2003-00328-CCA-R3-PC, slip op. at 3-4
(Tenn. Crim. App., Knoxville, Aug. 19, 2003) (trial court erred in designating on the judgment form
that the petitioner was sentenced under the 1982 sentencing law, when the 1989 law applied to
Rice’s case; the 1989 law was actually applied in Rice’s case, and the resulting sentence was “not
void and the petitioner [was] not entitled to [habeas corpus] relief”), perm. app. denied (Tenn.
2004).

                Relative to the egregiousness of the sentencing defect, our supreme court in McLaney
v. Bell, 59 S.W.3d 90 (Tenn. 2001), said that an “illegal” sentence equates to a “jurisdictional
defect.” Id. at 92. We point out, however, that in McConnell v. State, 12 S.W.3d 795, 798 (Tenn.
2000), the supreme court said broadly, albeit in addressing different circumstances, that issues of
“offender classification and release eligibility [are] non-jurisdictional.” See Hicks v. State, 945
S.W.2d 706, 709 (Tenn. 1997) (“a plea bargained Range II sentence is valid when coupled with
Range I release eligibility”); Bland v. Dukes, 97 S.W.3d 133, 135 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2002), perm.
app. denied (Tenn. 2002) (aggravated robbery sentence upheld, despite sentence length falling in
range above petitioner’s range classification); State v. Terry, 755 S.W.2d 854, 855 (Tenn. Crim.
App. 1988) (applying 1982 sentencing law and upholding plea-bargained kidnapping sentence, the

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terms of which fit within the broad range of punishment for the offense class). Nevertheless, “[t]he
1989 Act establishes the outer limits within which [a sentence may be fashioned], and the courts are
bound to respect those limits.” McConnell, 12 S.W.3d at 799; see, e.g., William Boyd v. State, No.
E1999-02179-CCA-R3-PC, slip op. at 5-6 (Tenn. Crim. App., Knoxville, Nov. 6, 2000) (100 percent
release eligibility is beyond the outer limits of release eligibility percentage for even career offenders,
and sentence is subject to habeas corpus attack); see also Stephenson, 28 S.W.3d at 911-12 (first-
degree murder sentence expressed as life sentence without possibility of parole subject to habeas
corpus relief when, at the time of the offense, a life sentence without the possibility of parole was
not possible).1

                The McLaney court stressed that when “the face of the judgment or the record of the
underlying proceedings shows that the . . . sentence is illegal, such sentence creates a void judgment
for which habeas corpus relief is available.” McLaney, 59 S.W.3d. at 91. Thus, an illegal,
jurisdictionally defective sentence is one that is in direct contravention of the sentencing act. See
id. at 94. Such a sentence is void when it appears on the face of the record of the underlying
proceeding. As such, it is justiciable in a habeas corpus proceeding. When such a void sentence
is based upon a guilty plea, the habeas corpus court declares void and vacates the judgment but
defers to the conviction court to address the petitioner’s guilty plea that is left pending in the wake
of the vacated judgment. Id. Then, upon remand to the conviction court, “either the plea may be
withdrawn or the conviction remains intact.” Id. at 94-95.

                Turning to the case at bar, we reject the state’s two bases for affirming the summary
dismissal of the petition. First, although the transcript of the plea submission hearing is absent from
the appellate record, we decline to presume that the record below supports the lower court’s
summary dismissal of the habeas corpus petition. The lower court apparently ruled on the petition
without reviewing any such transcript, but on appeal the petitioner simply complains that the lower
court erred in not granting a hearing, at which time the petitioner could have presented evidence to
support his petition, presumably including a transcript of his plea submission hearing. We will not

         1
            Regarding sentence length, it remains unclear at present whether the “outer limits” of a trial court’s sentencing
leeway begins at the maximum sentence in the designated Range or at the maximum sentence (in the highest Range) for
the applicable offense Class. William Boyd interpreted Mahler and Hicks to mark the outer limits at the maximum
sentence for the applicable offense Class and struggled to reconcile these cases with McConnell’s statement that, although
offender classification and release eligibility are non-jurisdictional, sentence length is jurisdictional. William Boyd, slip
op. at 4. See McConnell, 12 S.W .3d at 798; see Mahler, 735 S.W .2d 226, 228 (Tenn. 1987) (approving sentence anomaly
when sentence “was clearly within statutory limits fixed for the offense”) (emphasis added). Although the author of the
present opinion expressed the view in William Boyd that M cConnell did not depart from Mahler, further parsing of
McConnell’s sentence-length-is-jurisdictional language suggests that McConnell marks the outer limits at the maximum
in the designated Range. See McConnell,12 S.W .3d at 798 (characterizing Mahler as approving a sentence that “was
within the statutory limits fixed for a Range II offender”) (emphasis added). That said, we note that this court followed
William Boyd in Bland, a case in which an extra-Range sentence was approved. See Bland, 97 S.W .3d at 135-36. The
supreme court denied permission to appeal in Bland. See id. at 133 (permission to appeal denied December 9, 2002).

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default the petitioner because the appellate record is deficient, when the deficiency is the result of
a lack of an evidentiary hearing sought by the petitioner.2

                Second, we cannot agree that the judgment’s expression of a sentence in Range I
subject to a 30-percent release eligibility was a clerical error. To be sure, this judgment form
notation is erroneous. The homicide of which the petitioner was convicted occurred in March 1993.
First-degree murder was then punishable only by a sentence of death or a sentence of imprisonment
for life. Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-202(b) (1991) (amended 1995). A Range I, 30-percent sentence
could be imposed for felonies in Classes A through E, but first-degree murder was not included
within these Classes. See id.; id. §40-35-110 (1990), Sentencing Comm’n Comments. The then-
applicable release eligibility for a first-degree murder life sentence was 60 percent of 60 years. See
id. § 40-35-501(g) (1990) (amended 1995).

                That said, we have determined that the judgment reference to a Range I, 30-percent
sentence was not inadvertent; rather, it resulted from the terms of the written plea agreement. As
did the Ronald W. Rice court, we have looked at the plea submission hearing transcript and the plea
agreement to assess whether the erroneous sentencing term was merely a clerical error. To do this,
we have consulted our own record of the petitioner’s plea agreement and his November 30, 1993
plea submission hearing transcript, found in this court’s record of the petitioner’s post-conviction
appeal, see Ronald W. Rice v. State, slip op. at 4, and we have noticed the content of those records,
see State ex rel. Wilkerson v. Bomar, 213 Tenn. 499, 505, 376 S.W.2d 451, 453 (1964) (court may
take notice of its records in an earlier proceeding in the same case); State v. Jeff Cross, No. 201
(Tenn. Crim. App., Knoxville, Jun. 26, 1986) (court may take judicial notice of its own records).
The transcript reflects that the state and the petitioner, through counsel, agreed that the plea-
bargained sentence would be imprisonment for life; however, in the process of administering a
thorough explanation of the guilty-pleading petitioner’s rights as mandated by Tennessee Rule of
Criminal Procedure 11(c), the trial court informed the petitioner, “Now, that is as a range one
standard offender, meaning that you would have to serve at least thirty percent of your sentence
before you would be eligible for parole or any special programs.” Moreover, the record of the
petitioner’s written plea agreement contained in the petitioner’s post-conviction appeal indicates that
the petitioner agreed to a life sentence to be served as a Range I offender with a 30-percent release
eligibility. In this circumstance, the error in the petitioner’s conviction judgment may not be
relegated to clerical error unfit for habeas corpus treatment.

               Thus, we are brought to the crux of the matter: whether the erroneous sentencing
terms equate to a void sentence.

         2
          The state cites State v. Keen, 996 S.W .2d 842 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1999), for the proposition that the appellate
court presumes that the trial court’s action was well-founded when the appellant fails to include in the appellate record
the portion of the trial proceedings that forms the basis of the appeal. W e note, however, that Keen was a direct appeal
of a sentencing issue and is inapposite to whether the habeas corpus court should have granted an evidentiary hearing.

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                In that quest, we have considered whether, for purposes of habeas corpus relief,
sentencing terms that express eligibility for release are central enough to the promulgation of the
sentence to invalidate the sentence when those terms are erroneous. We know, for instance, that
when habeas corpus relief is sought on the basis of a claimed expiration of sentence, the court
disregards release eligibility terms in determining whether the sentence has expired. See, e.g., Fred
E. Smith v. State, No. 02C01-9906-CC-00185, slip op. at 3 (Tenn. Crim. App., Jackson, Oct. 28,
1999) (“Parole does not cause the sentence to expire or terminate, but is merely a conditional release
from confinement.”), perm. app. denied (Tenn. 2000); Carl Ed Leming v. State, No.
03C01-9603-CC-00119, slip op. at 3 (Tenn. Crim. App., Knoxville, Apr. 22, 1997) (“[R]elease
eligibility does not amount to an entitlement to immediate release.”). Moreover, our supreme court
has said that issues of release eligibility are non-jurisdictional. See McConnell, 12 S.W.3d at 709.

                Although the writ of habeas corpus generally may not be used to address an
anomalous expression of release eligibility that is within the broad statutory ambit afforded the
sentencing court, this court has declared illegal and void judgments in which release-eligibility
provisions fell beyond the outer limits of statutory authority. In William Boyd, this court held that
an expression of a 100-percent release eligibility for especially aggravated sexual exploitation of a
minor was unavailable to the sentencing court. William Boyd, slip op. at 5-6. Because the 100-
percent provision of Code section 40-35-501(i) does not apply to Boyd’s conviction offense, the
sentencing court was not empowered to impose a release-eligibility percentage higher than 60
percent. Id.3 In Mark L. Grimes v. Fred Rainey, No. W2002-01683-CCA-R3-CO (Tenn. Crim.
App., Jackson, Aug. 5, 2003), this court reversed the summary denial of habeas corpus relief upon
finding that Grimes’s 30-percent release eligibility for multiple rapes was “in direct contravention
with Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-13-523, which mandates service of such sentences at 100
[percent].” Mark L. Grimes, slip op. at 4; see also Mitchell Tarver v. State, No. W2002-01662-
CCA-R3-CO (Tenn. Crim. App., Jackson, Oct. 21, 2003) (holding similarly to Mark L. Grimes).
In Lloyd Paul Hill v. State, No. M2000-01428-CCA-R3-PC (Tenn. Crim. App., Nashville, Aug. 30,
2001), this court in a post-conviction appeal sua sponte ordered relief from child rape sentences
adjudged to be illegal because the provisions for a 30-percent release eligibility were “in
contravention of [Code section 39-13-523].” Lloyd Paul Hill, slip op. at 5-7. In Mario Lambert v.
Jack Morgan, No. M2002-00172-CCA-RM-PC (Tenn. Crim. App., Nashville, Mar. 22, 2002), this
court reversed the denial of habeas corpus relief upon finding that, following Lambert’s conviction
of second-degree murder, the trial court sentenced him to serve his fifteen-year sentence as a Range
I offender with a release-eligibility of 30 percent. Mario Lambert, slip op. at 2. Although second-
degree murder is “on the chart” as a Class A offense, see Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-210(b) (2003),
second-degree murder “is one of the enumerated offenses [in Code section 40-35-501(i)] for which
there is no release eligibility.” Id. The court held that Lambert “could not legally be sentenced as
a Range I, standard offender with a thirty percent release eligibility.” Id.

         3
         In a given offense Class, a release eligibility of sixty percent, applicable to a Range III offender, is the
maximum percentage for “charted” offenses. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-35-501(f) (2003); see id. § 40-35-101(2003),
Sentencing Comm’n Comments (containing a graphic representation of the sentencing chart).

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              The release-eligibility terms in the present case place it in a similar posture. As we
have explained, the applicable sanctions for first-degree murder are not to be found in the ordinary
offender-Range/offense-Class matrix. Range I, 30-percent treatment of one convicted of first-degree
murder simply was and is not available.

               We conclude from the foregoing that, not only was the petitioner entitled to a hearing
on his habeas corpus petition, but he was entitled to issuance of the writ as a matter of law pursuant
to McLaney. We remand the case to the Hardeman County Circuit Court, which is the habeas
corpus court. That court shall vacate the judgment of conviction in the Shelby County Criminal
Court. The habeas corpus court shall certify its order to the conviction court, which shall proceed
according to McLaney. If, in view of the vacating of the conviction judgment, the petitioner seeks
to withdraw his guilty plea, the conviction court shall resolve the withdrawal issue and proceed
accordingly. See McLaney, 59 S.W.3d at 94-95.

                                                       ___________________________________
                                                       JAMES CURWOOD WITT, JR., JUDGE

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