Court Opinion

ID: 4389947
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-04-23 21:00:27.875988+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:50:45.868545
License: Public Domain

FILED
                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                            APR 23 2019
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                          U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

AMUSEMENT ART, LLC,                              No.   17-55045

              Plaintiff-Appellant,               D.C. No.
                                                 2:14-cv-08290-DDP-JPR
 v.

LIFE IS BEAUTIFUL, LLC; et al.,                  MEMORANDUM*

              Defendants-Appellees.

AMUSEMENT ART, LLC,                              No.   17-55884

              Plaintiff-Appellee,                D.C. No.
                                                 2:14-cv-08290-DDP-JPR
 v.

LIFE IS BEAUTIFUL, LLC;
DOWNTOWN LAS VEGAS
MANAGEMENT, LLC,

              Defendants-Appellants,

 and

DOES, 1 through 10, inclusive,

              Defendant.

       *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
AMUSEMENT ART, LLC,                            No.   17-55888

              Plaintiff-Appellant,             D.C. No.
                                               2:14-cv-08290-DDP-JPR
 v.

LIFE IS BEAUTIFUL, LLC;
DOWNTOWN LAS VEGAS
MANAGEMENT, LLC,

              Defendants-Appellees,

 and

DOES, 1 through 10, inclusive,

              Defendant.

                   Appeals from the United States District Court
                      for the Central District of California
                   Dean D. Pregerson, District Judge, Presiding

                      Argued and Submitted March 25, 2019
                           San Francisco, California

Before: CLIFTON and CHRISTEN, Circuit Judges, and RUFE,** District Judge.

       Plaintiff-Appellant Amusement Art, LLC (“AA”) appeals the district court’s

order granting summary judgment to Defendant-Appellees Life is Beautiful, LLC

       **
             The Honorable Cynthia M. Rufe, United States District Judge for the
Eastern District of Pennsylvania, sitting by designation.
                                        2
and Downtown Las Vegas Management, LLC (collectively “LIB”) on AA’s

trademark and copyright infringement claims. In addition, both AA and LIB

appeal the district court’s award of attorney’s fees to LIB. We have jurisdiction

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We affirm the order granting summary judgment,

and affirm in part and vacate, in part, the fee award.

      AA is the intellectual property arm of artist Thierry Guetta, also known as

“Mr. Brainwash.” For several years, Guetta incorporated the phrase “life is

beautiful” into some of his artwork and art shows, and separately created artwork

involving a splashed-paint heart. AA registered a series of trademarks for both

“life is beautiful” and the splashed-paint heart, and also registered a copyright for

the splashed-paint heart. After LIB began hosting a “Life is Beautiful” music and

art festival in Las Vegas with a painted-heart logo (and following brief, failed

negotiations between the parties), AA brought suit alleging that LIB had

improperly appropriated and infringed upon AA’s “life is beautiful” trademarks as

well as the trademark and copyright associated with the splashed-paint heart.1

      1. The district court properly dismissed AA’s allegations that LIB infringed

AA’s “life is beautiful” trademark.

      1
              Because the parties are familiar with the facts of this case, we provide
only this brief synopsis.
                                           3
      As to the Section 32(1) claims for registered “life is beautiful” marks, the

district court dismissed those claims because AA defrauded the U.S. Patent and

Trademark Office (PTO) by submitting false affidavits and photographs purporting

to show that AA had used the mark “life is beautiful” on a variety of commercial

products. AA had previously withdrawn those registrations, and does not appeal

the dismissal of those claims. We therefore need not address the propriety of the

district court’s order on that issue. However, we vacate the district court’s

cancellation of those registrations because LIB’s cancellation counterclaims were

moot following AA’s voluntary surrender of the registrations.

      As to the Section 43 claims for unregistered marks, and the related common

law and state law claims, the district court ruled that LIB was entitled to summary

judgment because of its fraud on the PTO. The district court’s order can be

affirmed for two alternative reasons:

      (a) The evidence of AA’s fraud on the PTO justifies summary judgment for

LIB. Although AA provided declarations from the individuals who submitted the

false affidavits suggesting those individuals lacked the required intent to deceive

the PTO, those declarations are skeletal and conclusory, and so they do not create

genuine issues of material fact in light of the clear evidence that AA sought to

mislead the PTO. See F.T.C. v. Publ’g Clearing House, Inc., 104 F.3d 1168, 1171

                                          4
(9th Cir. 1997), as amended (Apr. 11, 1997) (“A conclusory, self-serving affidavit,

lacking detailed facts and any supporting evidence, is insufficient to create a

genuine issue of material fact.”). Moreover, AA forfeited any argument that its

fraud on the PTO is unrelated to its unregistered claims and its state and common

law claims, and AA therefore cannot rely on that argument here. See, e.g., Yamada

v. Nobel Biocare Holding AG, 825 F.3d 536, 543 (9th Cir. 2016).

      (b) AA’s unregistered claims fail on the merits. The only argument that AA

raised in the district court to show it possessed a protectable, source-identifying

mark was the presumption of validity that stems from AA’s “life is beautiful” class

41 trademark registration (covering music festivals). But the presumption of

validity is rebuttable, and it only arises as of the registration’s September 2014

filing date, see Sengoku Works Ltd. v. RMC Int’l, Ltd., 96 F.3d 1217, 1219-20 (9th

Cir.1996), which was two years after LIB’s first documented use in 2012. That

argument therefore fails, and AA has waived any alternative arguments by relying

solely on its 2014 registration. See, e.g., Abogados v. AT&T, Inc., 223 F.3d 932,

937 (9th Cir. 2000). Moreover, even beyond AA’s waiver and the 2014

registration, the record shows that AA did not use “life is beautiful” as a source-

identifying mark. Indeed, the ubiquitous phrase “life is beautiful” is a well-used

trope that appears in a variety of different media, including books and movies, and

                                           5
the record does not show that the phrase denotes Guetta’s work, even in the context

of pop art. At best, “life is beautiful” was an element of Guetta’s art, not a

branding strategy or a designation of origin, and so was not entitled to trademark

protection. AA and Guetta also have no valid state law claims for unfair

competition without a protectable, source-identifying mark. As such, the district

court properly granted summary judgment to LIB.

      2. We affirm the district court’s dismissal of the copyright and trademark

claims associated with AA’s splashed-paint heart. AA had no valid trademark

because the record does not show that AA or Guetta used the heart as a source

identifier; in fact, AA’s corporate designee testified that the splashed-paint heart

was a copyrighted image, not a trademark. And AA waived the splashed-paint

heart copyright claim by failing to adequately address it in its opening brief. W.

Radio Servs. Co. v. Qwest Corp., 678 F.3d 970, 979 (9th Cir. 2012) (“[This court]

will not do an appellant’s work for it, either by manufacturing its legal arguments,

or by combing the record on its behalf for factual support.”); United States v. Graf,

610 F.3d 1148, 1166 (9th Cir. 2010) (“Arguments made in passing and not

supported by citations to the record or to case authority are generally deemed

waived.”).

                                           6
      3. LIB is entitled to fees on the Lanham Act claims arising from both the

“life is beautiful” marks and the splashed-paint heart because the district court

properly found those claims were “exceptional” pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 1117(a).

The claims for registered marks were “exceptional” because the registrations were

procured fraudulently, which AA acknowledges is a basis for § 1117(a) fee award.

Moreover, AA’s fraud permeated the unregistered claims because there was

significant overlap between the registered and unregistered claims, at least in terms

of litigating LIB’s defensive case. And even if AA’s fraud is not related to the fees

incurred on the unregistered trademark allegations, those claims are still

“exceptional” because they are extraordinarily weak—the only argument AA made

was based on a presumption of validity that was two years too late and had no

chance of succeeding. Similarly, AA’s splashed-paint heart trademark claims were

extremely weak, and were effectively refuted by AA’s own corporate designee.

Accordingly, the district court did not abuse its discretion in finding the Lanham

Act claims exceptional and awarding fees to LIB.

      4. LIB is not entitled to fees on the splashed-paint heart copyright claim.

Although AA ultimately lost, the claim was neither frivolous nor objectively

unreasonable. Indeed, AA held a valid, registered copyright of its heart image and

there were a number of striking similarities between the two splashed-heart images.

                                           7
Moreover, LIB’s founder pulled several images of Guetta’s art off the internet and

relied on those images to pitch the festival and get funding. Although the claim

ultimately failed, the district court did not abuse its discretion in finding that a fee

award was not justified.

      5. Finally, after concluding that LIB is entitled to fees on the Lanham Act

claims, but not the copyright claims, we otherwise vacate the district court’s fee

award. Because we conclude that AA’s voluntary surrender of the trademark

registrations mooted LIB’s cancellation counterclaims (and, for all practical

purposes, resolved AA’s Section 32 claims based on the underlying marks), the fee

award encompasses work that was unnecessary and potentially excessive. We

therefore remand to the district court to reconsider the extent to which LIB’s fee

award should be adjusted to exclude fees that were incurred unnecessarily

following AA’s surrender of the eight registrations at issue.

      The district court’s order on summary judgment is AFFIRMED. The

district court’s fee award is AFFIRMED IN PART and VACATED IN PART,

and the case is remanded to the district court with instructions to evaluate the

impact of AA’s voluntary surrender on LIB’s Lanham Act fee award.

      The parties shall bear their own costs for this appeal.

                                            8