Court Opinion

ID: 4636522
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-24 22:37:36.290427+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:58:33.382866
License: Public Domain

2020 IL App (1st) 172156
                                           No. 1-17-2156
                                      Opinion filed June 4, 2020

                                                                        FOURTH DIVISION

                                               IN THE

                                  APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                                         FIRST DISTRICT

     THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF                    )      Appeal from the Circuit Court
     ILLINOIS,                                     )      of Cook County.
                                                   )
          Plaintiff-Appellee,                      )
                                                   )
          v.                                       )      No. 12 CR 18726 (02)
                                                   )
     DANIEL GUERRERO,                              )      The Honorable
                                                   )      Matthew E. Coghlan,
          Defendant-Appellant.                     )      Judge, presiding.

                  PRESIDING JUSTICE GORDON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                  Justice Reyes concurred in the judgment and opinion.
                  Justice Lampkin specially concurred, with opinion.

                                           OPINION

¶1             Defendant Daniel Guerrero was found guilty by a jury of first degree murder and

       sentenced to 45 years with the Illinois Department of Corrections (IDOC). On appeal, he

       claims (1) that certain remarks made by the prosecutor during the State’s rebuttal closing

       argument constituted prosecutorial misconduct and (2) that his sentence is excessive when

       compared to the lesser sentence of a codefendant. For the following reasons we affirm his

       conviction and sentence.
     No. 1-17-2156

¶2                                          BACKGROUND

¶3            On appeal, defendant raises no issues concerning the sufficiency of the evidence

       against him. We, therefore, summarize the evidence below.

¶4            The State’s evidence at trial established that, on May 29, 2010, at midnight, a group

       of men, who belonged to the same gang, approached two men on a nearby street because one

       of the two men was wearing a red shirt, which was the color of a rival gang. One of the two

       men, Mario Gallegos, was able to escape, and he testified at trial as an eyewitness. The other

       man, Alan Oliva, who was wearing the red shirt, was beaten to death. Gallegos identified

       defendant as the first person to strike the victim. Gallegos testified that defendant swung a

       baseball bat at the victim, thereby knocking the victim to the ground, whereupon the other

       men beat and stabbed the victim until he stopped moving. The victim later died from his

       wounds.

¶5            After listening to closing arguments and jury instructions, the jury found defendant

       guilty of first degree murder. After considering factors in aggravation and mitigation, the trial

       court sentenced defendant to 45 years with IDOC. On July 11, 2017, defendant filed a timely

       notice of appeal, and this appeal followed.

¶6                                             ANALYSIS

¶7                                         I. Rebuttal Closing

¶8            Defendant argues that the State committed prosecutorial misconduct by making

       certain prejudicial remarks in its rebuttal closing.

                                                     2
       No. 1-17-2156

¶9                                       A. Standard of Review

¶ 10            While the State has wide latitude in both its opening statements and closing

         arguments and may comment on the evidence, it is still improper for the State to make

         comments that have no other purpose than to arouse the prejudices and passions of the jury.

         People v. McNeal, 2019 IL App (1st) 180015, ¶ 43; People v. Jones, 2016 IL App (1st)
141008, ¶ 21. Even if the remarks were inappropriate, reversal is required only if they

         engendered substantial prejudice against the defendant such that it is impossible to tell

         whether the verdict of guilt resulted from them. People v. Wheeler, 226 Ill. 2d 92, 123

         (2007); McNeal, 2019 IL App (1st) 180015, ¶ 43. If the reviewing court cannot determine

         whether the prosecutor’s improper remarks contributed to the defendant’s conviction, then it

         must grant a new trial. Wheeler, 226 Ill. 2d at 123; McNeal, 2019 IL App (1st) 180015, ¶ 43.

¶ 11            This court has applied, in different cases, both a de novo standard and an abuse of

         discretion standard when reviewing a prosecutor’s closing arguments. McNeal, 2019 IL App

         (1st) 180015, ¶ 44; People v. Johnson, 2015 IL App (1st) 123249, ¶ 39 (“[t]his court has

         noted confusion regarding the appropriate standard of review regarding alleged errors

         occurring during closing arguments”); see also People v. Boston, 2018 IL App (1st) 140369,

         ¶ 82; People v. Johnson, 385 Ill. App. 3d 585, 603 (2008) (“Since Wheeler, appellate courts

         have been divided regarding the appropriate standard of review.”). An abuse of discretion

         occurs when the trial court’s decision is arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable, or where no

         reasonable person would take the position adopted by the trial court. See, e.g., McNeal, 2019
IL App (1st) 180015, ¶ 28. De novo consideration means that the reviewing court performs

         the same analysis that a trial judge would perform. See, e.g., McNeal, 2019 IL App (1st)
3
       No. 1-17-2156

         180015, ¶ 29. In the case at bar, we need not resolve this dispute, because the outcome would

         be the same under either standard of review, as we explain below.

¶ 12                                            B. Forfeiture

¶ 13            Defendant concedes that he failed to object at trial to the instances of prosecutorial

         misconduct that he now alleges on appeal.

¶ 14            To preserve an error for appellate review, a defendant must both object at trial and

         raise the error in a posttrial motion; otherwise it is considered forfeited. People v. Sebby,

         2017 IL 119445, ¶ 48; McNeal, 2019 IL App (1st) 180015, ¶ 82. Even if an error is forfeited,

         we may still review it under the plain error doctrine. Sebby, 2017 IL 119445, ¶ 48; McNeal,

         2019 IL App (1st) 180015, ¶ 82. Under this doctrine, an error rises to the level of plain error

         if it is a clear or obvious error and either (1) the evidence is so closely balanced that the error

         alone threatened to tip the scales of justice against the defendant, regardless of the

         seriousness of the error, or (2) the error is so serious that it affected the fairness of the

         defendant’s trial and challenged the integrity of the judicial process, regardless of the

         closeness of the evidence. Sebby, 2017 IL 119445, ¶ 48; McNeal, 2019 IL App (1st) 180015,

         ¶ 82. In the case at bar, defendant asks this court to consider the forfeited issues under the

         first, or closely-balanced, prong.

¶ 15            However, the first step of any plain error analysis is to determine whether a clear or

         obvious error occurred. Sebby, 2017 IL 119445, ¶ 49; McNeal, 2019 IL App (1st) 180015,

         ¶ 81. For the reasons explained below, we cannot find a clear or obvious error.

¶ 16                                              C. Expert

¶ 17            Defendant’s first claim regarding the State’s rebuttal closing is that the State

         improperly attacked the defense’s expert witness.

                                                       4
       No. 1-17-2156

¶ 18             At trial, the defense called Dr. Mary Maclin, a psychology professor, as an expert

         witness to testify generally about potential issues that could affect the reliability of an

         identification. After the State had an opportunity to voir dire the witness, defense counsel

         asked the court to qualify Dr. Maclin “as an expert in the field of memory and eyewitness

         identification.” However, the court ruled that it would “allow the witness to testify as an

         expert in the field of memory.” The court did not refer to eyewitness identification, and the

         defense did not object or follow up. Thus, Dr. Maclin was accepted as an expert in memory

         only.

¶ 19             During the State’s initial closing argument, the State did not mention this expert.

         However, during the defense closing, the defense argued, “And there’s not been one

         challenge from the state’s attorney as to the science here.” The State responded during its

         rebuttal closing, and it is the State’s remarks in response that are at issue here. People v.

         Willis, 2013 IL App (1st) 110233, ¶ 110 (the State “may respond in rebuttal to statements of

         defense counsel that noticeably invite a response”). Defendant quoted in his appellate brief

         the passages that he objects to, and we quote and discuss each one below.

¶ 20             The first remarks about the expert that defendant quotes are ones in which the

         prosecutor exhorted the jurors to still use their common sense:

                     “[S]he thinks that she’s got a lot of this stuff figured out what’s going on up here

                 of us. What we are able to do.

                     And I will submit to you that they are in the baby form of that science about

                 figuring it out. We all know through our life and this is where you get to use our

                 common sense. The judge has told you, and I will tell you, your life experiences, you

                 get to bring that to the jury and think about it.

                                                        5
No. 1-17-2156

             And you will know from your life that things that happen that you are able to see,

         some of you are able to recognize them, you don’t know what parts. You can’t

         analyze it. You can’t say it’s because it’s a distance between their eyes or their nose

         or anything like that specifically. That’s going on in us. That’s science has no clue

         about that. And I submit to you maybe a hundred years from now, they will get a

         better clue. But from this person that they brought in yesterday, this professor that

         they brought in, we didn’t learn anything about science. Nothing was learned about

         that science.”

  See In re Commitment of Gavin, 2014 IL App (1st) 122918, ¶ 61 (a party may argue that an

  expert’s opinion is contrary to common sense and may exhort the jury to “use common

  sense” in assessing the expert’s testimony). Defendant claims that, with the above remarks,

  the prosecutor was testifying as the State’s own expert witness. However, in addition to

  exhorting the jurors to use their common sense, the prosecutor was building on what the

  defense expert had testified to. Dr. Macklin had testified that “one of the notoriously difficult

  things with faces is that they’re really hard to describe.” Based on this, the prosecutor argued

  that people identify faces without knowing exactly how they do it—without knowing if it is

  “the distance between their eyes.” Although Dr. Maclin testified about factors that could

  adversely affect memory such as stress, weapon focus, passage of time, and night viewing,

  she did not testify about the neurology behind facial recognition or how we humans

  recognize faces. The prosecutor could be understood as arguing that the jurors had not

  learned anything “about that science”—namely, facial recognition—from this expert, which

  would be correct.

                                               6
       No. 1-17-2156

¶ 21               The next set of remarks regarding the expert that defendant quotes concerned the

           expert’s own memory lapse on the stand and her payment for this case:

                       “She can’t even remember what she is saying during the time she is talking about

                   her field of specialty. Her field of pay me two hundred 1 dollars an hour to sit here. I

                   hope they got a deduction for every time she forgot what the heck she was talking

                   about.”

           Defense counsel did object to that last line, and the trial court overruled the objection. This

           was the only time that the defense objected during the State’s rebuttal closing. Although the

           trial court did not explain why the objection was overruled, we observe that Dr. Macklin did,

           in fact, forget what question she was asked while in the middle of her response, several

           times, and actually poked fun at herself for doing it. During her direct examination, defense

           counsel had asked her to talk about “the passage of time and the forgetting curve.” In the

           middle of her response, Dr. Macklin asked: “I’m sorry. I’m—Could you repeat—.” When

           defense counsel reminded her that the question was about the forgetting curve, she remarked,

           “That’s funny.” At another point in her direct examination, she stopped in the middle of a

           response and said: “And I sort of forgot your question, if you could repeat it.” And yet at

           another point in her direct examination, she again stopped in mid-response and said, “And

           I’m sorry, I’m getting a little—What was your question?”

¶ 22           As for her payment, when the prosecutor asked her on cross examination if having an

           “independent administrator” was important, she responded defensively that she did not “have

           a personal stake in this,” despite expecting to receive $2400 for this case and having worked

               1
               In his appellate brief, defendant quotes the prosecutor as stating “[h]er field of pay me two
       thousand dollars an hour to sit here.” However, the transcript shows that the prosecutor actually stated
       two hundred dollars an hour which was, in fact, what the expert testified was her rate of pay.
                                                            7
       No. 1-17-2156

         for this defense counsel before. Both lines of comments, about forgetting and payment,

         stemmed directly from the expert’s testimony. See People v. Luna, 2013 IL App (1st)
072253, ¶¶ 131-33 (we found no error in the prosecutor’s argument that the expert was

         “ ‘motivated by money,’ ” where it was an attempt to establish the expert’s possible bias and

         was drawn from the evidence); see also People v. Hickey, 178 Ill. 2d 256, 291 (1997) (the

         bias possibly created by an expert’s payment is a proper subject for closing argument).

¶ 23            Defendant compares the prosecutor’s comments in the instant case to the prosecutor’s

         comments in People v. Moss, 205 Ill. 2d 139 (2001), and People v. Griffith, 334 Ill. App. 3d
98 (2002). In Moss, the prosecutor used phrases such as “ ‘psycho-babble’ ” (Moss, 205 Ill.
2d at 170) and “ ‘cash for trash doctors’ ” (Moss, 205 Ill. 2d at 170) to denigrate a defense

         expert. These remarks were made at a sentencing hearing where the defendant had received

         the death penalty. Moss, 205 Ill. 2d at 144, 169. Our supreme court found these phrases

         “unacceptable,” but not reversible error. Moss, 205 Ill. 2d at 170-71.

¶ 24            In Griffith, the murder served as an aggravating factor which led the defendant to

         receive the death penalty in another case. Griffith, 334 Ill. App. 3d at 119-20. During closing

         argument, the prosecutor argued that defense counsel’s argument would give the defendant a

         “ ‘license to kill’ ” and that the defense expert was “ ‘ridiculous.’ ” Griffith, 334 Ill. App. 3d

         at 119. Similar to our supreme court in Moss, the appellate court in Griffith found these

         remarks “unprofessional,” but not reversible error. Griffith, 334 Ill. App. 3d at 119.

¶ 25            In the case at bar, the prosecutor did not call the expert “trash” or label her testimony

         “babble” or “ridiculous,” although he did point out her own memory lapses and criticized the

         substance of her testimony, clearly hoping that the jury would draw its own conclusions. For

                                                       8
       No. 1-17-2156

         these reasons, and because Moss and Griffith both involved the death penalty, we find them

         distinguishable.

¶ 26             Immediately after the trial court overruled defendant’s one objection, the prosecutor

         stated, “Which one of us here is going to rely on her for the science of the brain? I don’t

         think any of you would.” Defendant argues that it was improper for the prosecutor to use the

         word “us” because he was then aligning himself with the jury. In support, defendant cites

         People v. Johnson, 149 Ill. App. 3d 465, 468 (1986), where the appellate court found it

         improper for the prosecutor to “align[ ] himself with the jury by referring to ‘our job’ to find

         the facts.” In the case at bar, while the use of the phrase “one of us” was inappropriate, the

         prosecutor quickly corrected the error in his very next sentence by replacing it with “any of

         you.” Thus, any error was de minimis and harmless.

¶ 27             The third set of remarks about the expert that defendant quotes concerned mainly her

         alleged failure to write a report in this case:

                     “How about this other part, she doesn’t want to write a report. What does that tell

                 you. She doesn’t have any confidence to go and face it. If it is in science, it is the way

                 it is. It can’t be changed if it is in science. Write a report. Give a report to both sides

                 and say and stand by it. That’s what you’re supposed to do.

                     No. We are going to talk about it on the phone back and forth instead. I don’t

                 even know when I got these [police] reports about this incident. I don’t even know

                 when I went and charged him about this stuff. Comes up here and you want to rely on

                 her memory. Are you kidding me.

                                                           9
       No. 1-17-2156

                    She comes up there and she sits there before you and starts talking on and on

                about [memory] which maybe some of you were able to follow. G-d love you. Way

                more knowledgeable than I could.

                    I will talk real quickly about a couple of things that I did note that she talked

                about. She got cute names for it too, attention arousal relationship. And that’s talking

                about the weapon, the weapon okay. She is talking about the weapon.”

         Defendant claims that the State denigrated the witness by using the word “cute.” However,

         the prosecutor used the word “cute,” not to refer to the witness, but to the name of the

         theory—which theory he did not disagree with. In fact, he went on to agree with the witness

         that, of course, if one’s attention is drawn to one thing, then one may not notice something

         else. His point was, “Boy, you need science for that? That’s our common sense.” Again, he

         was exhorting the jurors to rely on their common sense, which he is allowed to do. Gavin,

         2014 IL App (1st) 122918, ¶ 61.

¶ 28            As for the lack of a report, that was the subject of both voir dire and cross

         examination, particularly in light of the fact that the expert could not recall which police

         reports she had received and reviewed in connection with this case. Also, she could only

         “guess” at how many times she had previously been found qualified to testify as an expert,

         which she believed was at most 6 to 8 times in the 14 years that she had worked as a

         consultant and expert witness. She testified that she had never been found not qualified but

         there were “times my testimony wasn’t allowed to be presented.” The lack of a report was a

         legitimate subject of inquiry, and defendant does not cite a case to the contrary. Defendant

         does cite a case that found: “Unless predicated on evidence that defense counsel behaved

         unethically, it is improper for a prosecutor to accuse defense counsel of attempting to create

                                                    10
       No. 1-17-2156

         reasonable doubt by confusion, misrepresentation, or deception.” People v. Johnson, 208 Ill.
2d 53, 82 (2003). However, unlike Johnson, the prosecutor’s criticism in the case at bar was

         directed, not at defense counsel, but squarely at the expert and her inability to recall certain

         facts, which was exacerbated by the lack of a report.

¶ 29            The fourth set of remarks that defendant quotes related to how brightly-lit the streets

         of Chicago are:

                    “It was dark out there. It was dark out there. Well, you know maybe in Iowa

                where it gets dark out, it is dark. Unfortunately, we don’t see much darkness in

                Chicago because it is [sic] city lights. They are very bright. You saw it there on the

                corner. There is a city light right there.”

         The expert, who was a professor at the University of Northern Iowa in Cedar Falls, Iowa,

         testified generally about the problems with nighttime viewing. In closing, the prosecutor

         made a joke to hammer home a relevant point, namely, that the State’s photos of the crime

         scene showed that there was a street light close by. Humor is not banned from closing

         argument. C.f. McNeal, 2019 IL App (1st) 180015, ¶ 77 (“An attorney may use a personal, or

         even make-believe, story to make a point during closing arguments.”).

¶ 30            The fifth set of prosecutorial remarks that defendant quotes concerned an example

         that the expert had given:

                    “And what’s your example. You know when you come out of the movies and it’s

                real dark and your eyes have to refocus, what does that have to do with this. What

                movie is she talking about.”

         During her direct examination, the expert had explained that we have cones in our eyes that

         allow us to see in color and that enhance our “sharp focus” and that we have rods that allow

                                                       11
       No. 1-17-2156

         us to see in black and white and that enhance our peripheral vision. She then provided the

         following example: “[W]hen you go into the movies and you’re a little bit late and you can’t

         see when you get in there and that’s because your cones have to turn off and your rods have

         to turn on.” In the above quote from the prosecutor, he mistakenly referred to the example as

         what happens when one leaves the movies, rather than when one enters. Thus, he appears to

         have inadvertently misstated the testimony. However, there was no objection to it, and it was

         a minor point in her testimony.

¶ 31             The sixth set of prosecutorial remarks quoted by defendant concerned eyewitness

         certainty:

                      “Oh, if you have any certainty in you about something, throw it out the window, I

                 guess, because there is this magic carpet that says about certainly being stressed and

                 if you did something during that time and you think during this stressful situation this

                 is what happens, throw it out the window, because in her opinion it didn’t happen.”

¶ 32             Under Illinois law, certainty is one of the factors considered to determine the

         reliability of an identification. To assess the reliability of an identification, our courts utilize

         the five factors set forth in Neil v. Biggers, 409 U.S. 188 (1972), known as the Biggers

         factors: (1) the witness’s opportunity to view the offender during the offense, (2) the

         witness’s degree of attention at the time of the offense, (3) the accuracy of the witness’s prior

         description of the offender, (4) the witness’s level of certainty at the identification, and

         (5) the length of time between the offense and the identification. People v. Joiner, 2018 IL

         App (1st) 150343, ¶ 47 (citing Biggers, 409 U.S. at 199-200); People v. Macklin, 2019 IL

         App (1st) 161165, ¶ 22 (“These are often referred to as the Biggers factors.”). Thus, under

         Illinois law, certainty is one of the factors considered.

                                                       12
       No. 1-17-2156

¶ 33               However, the expert in the case at bar testified that certainty is a weak factor:

                   “It may seem counterintuitive but the science shows that competency—

                   competency—confidence is not related to accuracy. So you can have a very confident

                   witness and they could still be wrong. Similarly you could have a witness that isn’t so

                   sure and they could be right. They are independent variables. There’s a weak

                   relationship but it’s sort of like on a scale of one to ten, it’s, like, a three. It’s just not

                   a very strong relationship between confidence and accuracy.”

¶ 34               In a recent opinion, this court explained that, while our courts do “admit expert

           testimony” criticizing certainty as a factor, we also have not “reject[ed] a witness’s

           expression of certainty as an appropriate factor in the reliability analysis,” and we explained

           why. Macklin, 2019 IL App (1st) 161165, ¶ 31; see also People v. Lerma, 2016 IL 118496,

           ¶ 1 (the trial court abused its discretion when it denied the defendant’s motion to allow expert

           testimony concerning the reliability of eyewitness identifications). “[R]ecent research has

           recognized a distinction between the reliability of lineup and in-court identifications 2 and

           concluded that expressions of certainty at the time of initial identification are a relevant

           indicator of accuracy.” Macklin, 2019 IL App (1st) 161165, ¶ 32 (citing John T. Wixted &

           Gary L. Wells, The Relationship Between Eyewitness Confidence and Identification

           Accuracy: A New Synthesis, 18 Psychol. Sci. in the Pub. Int. 10, 55 (2017)). 3 In sum, Illinois

           caselaw strikes a balance: on the one hand, allowing litigants to offer testimony from experts

               2
                  In the case at bar, Dr. Maclin did not distinguish between initial and subsequent in-court
       identifications in her discussion of certainty.
                3
                  The article found that: “According to the available data, the relationship between confidence
       and accuracy for an initial ID from an appropriately administered lineup is sufficiently impressive that it
       calls into question the very notion that eyewitness memory is generally unreliable.” John T. Wixted &
       Gary L. Wells, The Relationship Between Eyewitness Confidence and Identification Accuracy: A New
       Synthesis, 18 Psychol. Sci. in the Pub. Int. 10, 55 (2017)).
                                                            13
       No. 1-17-2156

           who minimize certainty as a factor; and, on the other hand, still keeping certainty as a factor

           in our reliability analysis.

¶ 35               As a result, the prosecutor did not need his own expert to argue for certainty as a

           factor. 4 He had our precedent behind him. In addition, it was the expert who testified about

           “the magic number.” Dr. Maclin testified that “if you ever did take intro to psych, you might

           remember this term, seven plus or minus two, the magic number, that we’ve got a limited

           capacity for taking in information.” Thus, we do not find persuasive defendant’s criticism of

           the prosecutor’s remarks about certainty.

¶ 36               The last set of prosecutorial remarks about the expert which defendant quotes were

           the following:

                       “You know everything that the expert witness they presented, they are trying to

                   tell you that your common sense, throw it out the window. The judge tells you, do not

                   throw it out the window. The judge tells to you bring it in. Your life experiences are

                   worth mountains, mountains of value, way more than the two hundred dollars an hour

                   that that person would testify for.”

           Defendant claims that the prosecutor was arguing that the judge sided with him. Defendant

           claims this was prejudicial and cites in support People v. Sprinkle, 27 Ill. 2d 398, 400 (1963).

           However, in Sprinkle, it was the judge’s own actions—the judge’s own questions and

           comments—that were at issue. Sprinkle, 27 Ill. 2d at 403. Thus, Sprinkle is inapposite.

           Again, as we observed above, the expert’s pay and exhortations to use common sense were

           both proper subjects of closing argument. See Gavin, 2014 IL App (1st) 122918, ¶ 61.

               4
                 Later, during cross examination, the expert testified that she was familiar with the “saying” that
       “what happened to me on that day will stay with me forever”; and, when asked whether she was “here to
       tell us that we were wrong about that,” she said no.
                                                            14
       No. 1-17-2156

¶ 37                Having considered every passage that defendant quoted and objected to in his

         appellate brief concerning the expert, we cannot find that these remarks constituted error, and

         they certainly did not rise to the level of clear and obvious error needed for the plain error

         doctrine. Sebby, 2017 IL 119445, ¶ 49; McNeal, 2019 IL App (1st) 180015, ¶ 81.

¶ 38                                              D. Jury Fears

¶ 39            Next, defendant claims that the prosecutor made remarks during his rebuttal closing

         to appeal to the jury’s fear of gangs.

¶ 40            The trial court had admitted evidence of gang membership as evidence of motive

         because, without this evidence, it was completely inexplicable why a group of men would

         beat a complete stranger to death for wearing a red shirt.

¶ 41            This court previously addressed the relevance of gang-membership evidence to this

         case, when two of defendant’s codefendants challenged its admission on appeal. Affirming

         the admission of this evidence in both appeals, we explained: “ ‘One of the purposes for

         which gang evidence is admissible is to “provide a motive for an otherwise inexplicable

         act.” ’ ” People v. Colon, 2018 IL App (1st) 160120, ¶ 35 (quoting People v. Villarreal, 198
Ill. 2d 209, 233 (2001), quoting People v. Smith, 141 Ill. 2d 40, 58 (1990)) (Pablo Colon was

         a codefendant of defendant); see also People v. Sams, 2017 IL App (1st) 160869-U, ¶ 94

         (“admissible to provide a motive for an otherwise inexplicable act” (citing Smith, 141 Ill. 2d

         at 58 (“admissible to show common purpose or design, or to provide a motive for an

         otherwise inexplicable act”)) (Gary Sams was a codefendant of defendant).

¶ 42         “Although there is ‘widespread disapproval that exists towards street gangs,’ a defendant

         may not insulate the fact finder from the fact of his gang membership, despite prejudice

         toward it, if that fact is relevant to understanding the case.” Colon, 2018 IL App (1st)
15
       No. 1-17-2156

         160120, ¶ 34 (quoting People v. Gonzalez, 142 Ill. 2d 481, 488-89 (1991)) (codefendant);

         Sams, 2017 IL App (1st) 160869-U, ¶ 93 (also citing Gonzalez, 142 Ill. 2d at 489 for the

         same point) (codefendant). Thus, we found:

            “While the gang testimony may have had a prejudicial, even horrifying, impact on the

            jury, it would be impossible to understand why this group of men would spontaneously

            exit a party and beat an innocent passerby to death without this evidence, in particular,

            the victim’s wearing of the color red, which was the color of a rival gang.” Colon, 2018
IL App (1st) 160120, ¶ 42 (codefendant); Sams, 2017 IL App (1st) 160869-U, ¶ 98

            (“There is no question that the general nature of the beating was gang-related.”)

            (codefendant).

¶ 43            In the case at bar, defendant criticizes the State for referring in its rebuttal closing to

         defendant “and his boys,” for discussing their gang tattoos, and for arguing that what

         happened in this case was “insane.” The prosecutor argued: “As insane as this is, this is

         what’s going on, on the streets unfortunately. This is how insane it could be. You turn [a

         pitchfork tattoo] upside down and that’s *** disrespect and that red [shirt] is disrespect.”

         However, defendant does not argue on appeal that admission of this evidence was error, and

         this was the evidence in this case. It is “insane” that a man could be murdered for wearing a

         red shirt but that is what happened here.

¶ 44            Defendant next criticizes the prosecutor for arguing, “Latin Count K. Killer. Those

         are the guys out there.” Defendant argues that this was a blatant appeal to the jurors to protect

         themselves from “the guys out there.” The prosecutor’s remark was a reference to the

         testimony of Officer Chris Chmelar, 5 who was qualified as an expert in Chicago street gangs

            5
             The witness stated his first name as “Chris,” not “Christopher.”
                                                        16
       No. 1-17-2156

           and who testified that one of codefendant Ramirez’s tattoos indicated that Ramirez was “a

           killer of a Latin Count.” The Latin Counts were a rival gang, and Chmelar explained that, in

           the tattoo, the Latin Count symbol was “upside down” with the letters “LCK,” which stood

           for Latin Count killer.

¶ 45                   In support, defendant cites People v. Fluker, 318 Ill. App. 3d 193, 202-04 (2000),

           in which we found that the prosecutor’s argument constituted reversible error. 6 In Fluker, the

           prosecutor argued in the State’s rebuttal closing:

                   “ ‘The only issue in this case is not is this a mistaken identity ***. The only issue is

                   who do you want to control our criminal justice system? ***

                                                        ***

                       *** Do you want *** the Four Corner Hustlers to control our society?’ ” Fluker,
318 Ill. App. 3d at 203.

           The prosecutor’s remark in the case at bar about “[t]hose *** guys out there” is simply not

           similar to the prosecutor’s remark in Fluker that an acquittal was the same as a decision to let

           gangs “ ‘control our society.’ ” See Fluker, 318 Ill. App. 3d at 203.

¶ 46               Defendant also claims that the following remarks constituted misconduct:

                   “You know when you hear [defendant’s] statements to the officers and you see it on a

                   video, it’s incredible. Incredible about how [defendant] continuously says, I mean,

                   honest to God’s truth, honest to God’s truth. How many times did you hear that when

                   [defendant] said, honest, officer. Honest. he throws around God all the time.

               6
                This court observed: “The trial court exacerbated the error by overruling defendant’s prompt,
       appropriate objections.” Fluker, 318 Ill. App. 3d at 203. Thus, unlike the case at bar, the remarks in
       Fluker were preserved for our review in a case that we described as presenting “a very close question.”
       Fluker, 318 Ill. App. 3d at 204.
                                                          17
No. 1-17-2156

             You know when he is not our boy, the little devil with the pitchfork [tattoo], he

         throws around honest to God’s truth, Honest. There is no honesty coming from him at

         all about what he did on that night.”

  Defendant argues that the prosecutor’s references to “God” were an attempt to stir religious

  feeling and compares them to the remarks of the prosecutor in People v. Quiroz, 257 Ill. App.
3d 576, 584-85 (1993), which were found to be improper, although harmless. In Quiroz, the

  prosecutor had argued concerning the defendant’s gang, the Satan Disciples, as follows:

             “ ‘Now, ladies and gentlemen, it’s a little ironic that a disciple of Satan would

         come into this courtroom—

                                                      ***

         —and tell you or ask you to find him guilty of second degree murder and not first

         degree murder because he was acting out of passion. The word “[p]assion,” ladies and

         gentlemen, comes from the word of the suffering of Christ between the Last Supper

         and the following day. [A] Disciple of Satan wants to hide from that.’ ” Quiroz, 257
Ill. App. 3d at 584.

  The remarks quoted above from Quiroz are readily distinguishable from the remarks at issue

  here. The remarks in Quiroz were an extended discussion of Christian theology that was

  entirely unrelated to the facts of the Quiroz case. Quiroz, 257 Ill. App. 3d at 585 (finding

  “particularly” improper “the prosecutor’s comments regarding the Passion of Christ”). By

  contrast, in the case at bar, the original references to “God” were made—not by the State—

  but by defendant, when he was talking to the officers. The prosecutor was quoting

  defendant’s statement, which was in evidence. See Quiroz, 257 Ill. App. 3d at 585

  (criticizing the prosecutor for “denounc[ing] the defendant by drawing upon religious

                                                 18
       No. 1-17-2156

         imagery” when it had “no relevance to the facts of the case”). Thus, Quiroz is inapposite to

         the case at bar.

¶ 47             For the foregoing reasons, we do not find persuasive defendant’s arguments about the

         prosecutor’s rebuttal closing.

¶ 48                                            II. Sentencing

¶ 49             Lastly, defendant claims that his sentence is excessive when compared to a

         codefendant’s sentence.

¶ 50             Defendant acknowledges that he failed to raise this issue about allegedly disparate

         sentencing in the court below and thereby forfeited it for our review. “In order to preserve a

         claim of sentencing error, both a contemporaneous objection and a written postsentencing

         motion raising the issue are required.” People v. Harvey, 2018 IL 122325, ¶ 15. Although

         defendant filed a postsentencing motion to reconsider sentence, he did not set forth the

         alleged disparity with his codefendant as a ground for reconsideration. As a result, he asks us

         to review this claim either pursuant to the plain error doctrine or as ineffective assistance of

         counsel for counsel’s alleged failure to object. People v. Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d 551, 564-65

         (2007) (plain error doctrine). However, either ground would require a finding of error.

         People v. Hensley, 2014 IL App (1st) 120802, ¶ 47. The first step under the plain error

         doctrine is considering whether a plain or obvious error occurred (Harvey, 2018 IL 122325,

         ¶ 15); similarly, if the trial court did not err, then counsel did not render ineffective assistance

         by not objecting (Hensley, 2014 IL App (1st) 120802, ¶ 47 (where there is no plain error,

         there is no ineffectiveness of counsel)). Since we find no error as explained below, neither

         ground applies.

                                                       19
       No. 1-17-2156

¶ 51            The trial court has “broad discretionary powers” in sentencing a defendant. People v.

         Stacey, 193 Ill. 2d 203, 209 (2000). A trial court’s sentencing decision receives substantial

         deference on review, since “the trial judge, having observed the defendant and the

         proceedings, is in a much better position to consider factors such as the defendant’s

         credibility, demeanor, moral character, mentality, environment, habits and age.” People v.

         Snyder, 2011 IL 111382, ¶ 36. In crafting a sentence, the trial court must balance “the

         seriousness of the offense” and “the objective of restoring the offender to useful citizenship.”

         Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 11; People v. Wilson, 2012 IL App (1st) 101038, ¶ 61. However, a

         defendant’s rehabilitative potential is not entitled to greater weight than the seriousness of the

         offense. People v. Reed, 2018 IL App (1st) 160609, ¶ 62.

¶ 52            When a trial court imposes a sentence within the permitted statutory range, a

         reviewing court will start with the presumption that it is proper. People v. Knox, 2014 IL App

         (1st) 120349, ¶ 46. Generally, a reviewing court will disturb a sentence “only if the trial court

         abused its discretion in the sentence it imposed.” People v. Jones, 168 Ill. 2d 367, 373-74

         (1995). A trial court abuses its discretion in sentencing when the sentence is “greatly at

         variance with the spirit and purpose of the law, or manifestly disproportionate to the nature of

         the offense.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) People v. Alexander, 239 Ill. 2d 205, 212

         (2010). Our supreme court has cautioned that a reviewing court “must not substitute its

         judgment for that of the trial court merely because it would have weighed the factors

         differently.” People v. Fern, 189 Ill. 2d 48, 53 (1999).

¶ 53            Our supreme court has found that fundamental fairness requires that “similarly

         situated” codefendants, who were involved in the same crime, should not “receive grossly

         disparate sentences.” Fern, 189 Ill. 2d at 58; see also U.S. Const., amend. XIV (due process

                                                      20
       No. 1-17-2156

         clause); Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, §§ 2, 11 (due process and proportionate penalties clauses). An

         “improper sentence disparity” may occur when “equally culpable defendants with similar

         backgrounds are given substantially different sentences.” People v. Ramos, 353 Ill. App. 3d
133, 139 (2004); People v. Smith, 214 Ill. App. 3d 327, 342 (1991). To prevail on a claim of

         disparate sentencing, a defendant bears the burden of demonstrating that he and his

         codefendant were both (1) equally culpable and (2) “similarly situated with respect to

         background, prior criminal history, and potential for rehabilitation.” Ramos, 353 Ill. App. 3d

         at 139; People v. Curry, 296 Ill. App. 3d 559, 569 (1998). In the case at bar, defendant’s

         claim falters on the first prong. For the reasons explained below, we cannot find that the trial

         court abused its discretion in making a factual finding that defendant was more culpable than

         the other codefendants.

¶ 54            Defendant argues that he was less culpable than codefendant Ramirez, who received a

         shorter sentence. Defendant was the first person to hit the victim and, by knocking the victim

         to the ground, defendant enabled the attack to proceed. However, defendant argues that it

         was Ramirez who stabbed the victim when the victim was down and that the assistant

         medical examiner testified that the victim died from these stab wounds. Thus, defendant

         argues that he was not the person who administered the fatal stroke.

¶ 55            Although all the trials of the defendants involved in this offense were severed, the

         same trial judge presided over the trials and sentencings of all four defendants charged in the

         offense. After considering factors in aggravation and mitigation, he sentenced them as

         follows: (1) defendant, 45 years; (2) Pablo Colon, 40 years (People v. Colon, 2018 IL App

         (1st) 160120, ¶ 1); (3) Marco Ramirez, 35 years (People v. Ramirez, 2018 IL App (1st)
161554-U, ¶ 2); and (4) Gary Sams, 30 years (People v. Sams, 2017 IL App (1st) 160869-U,

                                                      21
       No. 1-17-2156

           ¶ 2). 7 See People v. James, 2017 IL App (1st) 143391, ¶ 162 (in a disparate sentencing claim,

           a reviewing court may take judicial notice of codefendants’ appeals and sentences); see

           People v. Jimerson, 404 Ill. App. 3d 621, 634 (2010) (a reviewing court may take judicial

           notice of codefendant’s related appeal).

¶ 56               Similar to defendant, codefendant Colon argued on appeal that his 40-year sentence

           was disproportionate to a lesser sentence received by another codefendant. Colon, 2018 IL

           App (1st) 160120, ¶¶ 63-64 (arguing that his sentence was disproportionate to the 30-year

           sentence received by codefendant Sams). In Sams, we did not find Colon’s claim persuasive,

           where the trial court specifically found that Colon’s involvement in the offense was greater

           than Sam’s involvement, since Colon was one of the people “ ‘leading the charge’ ” and,

           thus, “ ‘deserved a more severe sentence.’ ” Colon, 2018 IL App (1st) 160120, ¶ 69.

¶ 57               Similarly, in the case at bar, the trial court found “that the defendant was the leader of

           the pac[k], so to speak, and that he was armed with the bat that struck the first blow that

           knocked the victim down and allowed the other individuals to continue the attack.” The trial

           court explained that “defendant’s primary rol[e]” in the attack “require[d] [in] the Court’s

           discretion a sentence greater than the minimum, and greater commensurate with the other

           individuals based on their level of participation.”

¶ 58               Thus, the trial court specifically considered the issue that defendant raises now—

           namely, relative culpability—and made a specific factual finding regarding it. First, although

           the trial court did not expressly refer to codefendant Ramirez by name in its statement, we

           observe that the court’s finding that defendant was the first person to strike the victim

               7
                 In his brief to this court, defendant argues that “it is possible that the disparity was simply
       unknown to the trial judge.” We do not find this argument availing, in light of the fact that it was the same
       trial judge who presided over every sentencing.
                                                            22
       No. 1-17-2156

         necessarily includes the finding that Ramirez was not the first to attack. Second, the court

         stated that it had considered “the other individuals” and “their level of participation” and that

         it had found, in its discretion, that defendant’s sentence should be “greater” due to

         defendant’s primary role in the offense. Lastly, the trial court’s carefully graduated

         sentencing, with each sentence five years apart from the next sentence, indicates that the trial

         court considered each defendant’s role in the offense. As we did in Colon, we cannot find

         that the trial court abused its discretion in making its findings about this issue and, thus,

         affirm. See Colon, 2018 IL App (1st) 160120, ¶ 70.

¶ 59            Consideration of the second prong—namely, the respective backgrounds of defendant

         and codefendant Ramirez—does not lead us to a different conclusion. Defendant argues that,

         like Ramirez, he had no felony convictions prior to the instant offense. However, the lack of

         felony convictions prior to the instant offense is only one piece of defendant’s criminal

         history. Defendant’s presentence report shows that, prior to the instant offense, he pled guilty

         on November 30, 2005, to “Aggravated Assault-Gun, Knife” and was sentenced to one year

         of court supervision. In addition, after the offense in question, defendant plead guilty in 2017

         to gunrunning and was sentenced to seven years and seven months with IDOC. See 720 ILCS

         5/24-3A(a) (West 2012) (“A person commits gunrunning when he or she transfers 3 or more

         firearms” in violation of section 24-3 of the Criminal Code of 2012 (720 ILCS 5/24-3 (West

         2012).). At the sentencing hearing in the case at bar, the State established that the underlying

         acts of defendant’s felony gunrunning conviction occurred in April 2012, two years after the

         murder here. The two-year time lapse between the instant offense and the subsequent

         gunrunning offense showed that defendant remained unrepentant long after the instant

         offense occurred. Based on the subsequent offense, the trial court expressly found: “I have

                                                      23
       No. 1-17-2156

         considered aggravating that the defendant continued in his gang activity with the other case

         of gun running that occurred after this incident.” Thus, defendant has also failed to show that

         the respective backgrounds of the two defendants were similarly situated.

¶ 60                                         CONCLUSION

¶ 61            For the foregoing reasons, we do not find defendant’s claims on appeal persuasive

         and affirm his conviction and sentence.

¶ 62            Affirmed.

¶ 63            JUSTICE LAMPKIN, specially concurring:

¶ 64            I respectfully concur only in the judgment reached.

                                                     24
No. 1-17-2156

                                  No. 1-17-2156

Cite as:                 People v. Guerrero, 2020 IL App (1st) 172156

Decision Under Review:   Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 12-CR-
                         18726(02); the Hon. Matthew E. Coghlan, Judge, presiding.

Attorneys                James E. Chadd, Patricia Mysza, and Andrew Smith, of State
for                      Appellate Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.
Appellant:

Attorneys                Kimberly M. Foxx, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Alan J.
for                      Spellberg, Tasha-Marie Kelly, and Hareena Meghani-Wakely,
Appellee:                Assistant State’s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People.

                                        25