Court Opinion

ID: 9326097
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-12-14 21:00:31.790349+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:15:02.983652
License: Public Domain

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                                            UNPUBLISHED

                               UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

                                               No. 20-6598

        LAMONT MCKOY,

                             Petitioner - Appellant,
                      v.

        ERIK A. HOOKS,

                             Respondent - Appellee.

        Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina, at
        Raleigh. Louise W. Flanagan, District Judge. (5:16-hc-02262-FL)

        Argued: October 28, 2022                                    Decided: December 13, 2022

        Before WILKINSON and NIEMEYER, Circuit Judges, and TRAXLER, Senior Circuit
        Judge.

        Affirmed by unpublished opinion. Judge Niemeyer wrote the opinion, in which Judge
        Wilkinson and Senior Judge Traxler joined.

        ARGUED: Jamie Theodore Lau, DUKE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW, Durham,
        North Carolina, for Appellant. Kimberly Nicole Callahan, NORTH CAROLINA
        DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Evan
        Glasner, Wrongful Convictions Clinic, DUKE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF LAW,
        Durham, North Carolina; John P. Nowak, Amanda Pober, Mark Russell Sperling, PAUL
        HASTINGS LLP, New York, New York, for Appellant. Joshua H. Stein, Attorney
        General, NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Raleigh, North Carolina,
        for Appellee.

        Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
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        NIEMEYER, Circuit Judge:

               In May 1991, a North Carolina state court jury convicted Lamont McKoy of first-

        degree murder for the shooting of Myron Hailey. Over 25 years later, in October 2016,

        McKoy filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 in the district

        court, requesting that the court vacate his conviction. In his petition, McKoy alleged that

        the State violated his constitutional rights by failing to disclose evidence in violation of

        Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963), and by failing to correct the false testimony of a

        key eyewitness in violation of Napue v. Illinois, 360 U.S. 264 (1959), and Giglio v. United

        States, 405 U.S. 150 (1972). Those claims, however, were procedurally barred based on

        the one-year statute of limitations and the exhaustion requirements that apply to federal

        habeas petitions filed by persons convicted in state court. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 2244(d)(1),

        2254(b)(1)(A). But, based on some new evidence, McKoy contended that the court should

        consider the merits of his claims pursuant to the Supreme Court’s decision in Schlup v.

        Delo, 513 U.S. 298 (1995) (authorizing abusive or successive habeas petitions to be heard

        on the merits after making a prescribed showing of actual innocence), because his new

        evidence establishes that he is actually innocent of Hailey’s murder. Following a lengthy

        evidentiary hearing, the district court denied McKoy’s petition under Schlup, concluding

        that, when considering all of the evidence, a reasonable juror could still have voted to

        convict McKoy of murder.

               In considering McKoy’s challenge to the district court’s ruling, we are mindful of

        the Supreme Court’s directive that “the Schlup standard is demanding and permits review

        only in the extraordinary case.” House v. Bell, 547 U.S. 518, 538 (2006) (cleaned up).

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        While we acknowledge that McKoy’s new evidence of his actual innocence merits careful

        review, we conclude nonetheless that the totality of the evidence does not rise to the level

        of satisfying the exacting fact-intensive standard in Schlup, which is necessary for the

        actual-innocence gateway. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s order dismissing

        McKoy’s § 2254 petition.

                                                      I

               On the morning of January 26, 1990, Myron Hailey’s body was found slumped over

        in the driver’s seat of his car. The car was located down an embankment in Fayetteville,

        North Carolina, and there were two bullet holes in the car’s rear end. Hailey had been

        struck by one of the two .357 caliber bullets that pierced the rear of his car, apparently

        while he was driving away from the shooter. Investigators concluded that the shooting

        happened elsewhere in Fayetteville — about two miles away — and that Hailey died while

        driving away due to blood loss from the gunshot wound. McKoy was charged with

        Hailey’s murder, tried, and convicted.

               At McKoy’s trial, which began in April 1991, the State relied primarily on two

        categories of evidence. First, it provided testimony from an eyewitness, Bobby Lee

        “Strawberry” Williams, Jr., who testified that he saw McKoy fire multiple shots at the rear

        of Hailey’s car in the Haymount Hill neighborhood of Fayetteville. Williams testified that

        he was with Hailey on the night of January 25, 1990, when the two men confronted McKoy

        for selling Hailey fake cocaine. Williams stated that after ensuring that McKoy exchanged

        real drugs for the fake cocaine, he walked away. Soon thereafter, however, he heard a

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        gunshot coming from the intersection of Bryan and Branson Streets, where he had left

        Hailey and McKoy, and he turned around and walked back towards the intersection. He

        then saw McKoy and two or three other individuals running down a path away from the

        intersection towards Davis Street, one block over. Williams followed, and when he arrived

        at Davis Street, he saw McKoy shooting at Hailey’s car. A spark came from the car’s rear

        and then the car began to swerve. The car was found approximately two miles away from

        that location with Hailey inside, dead.

               Second, the State presented testimony from Officer Michael Ballard of the

        Fayetteville Police Department who testified regarding his involvement in the murder

        investigation. He testified to a conversation that he had with McKoy in March 1990, after

        McKoy had been stopped by other officers for an unrelated traffic violation. After coming

        to the scene of the traffic stop, Officer Ballard asked to speak with McKoy, and the two

        had a discussion in Ballard’s car. Officer Ballard testified as follows regarding their

        exchange:

               I then stated the night you shot Myron Hailey, you did so because he ripped
               you off. McKoy replied with a smile on his face, I know it. I stated that
               Hailey got into his car and started driving away, and he shot him, bamb,
               bamb. McKoy replied, I know it. I then said you, Ant Lee, Cat, Charmain
               ran through the path, came out the corner of Davis and Arsenal [and] when
               Hailey turned down Davis, you shot again, and Hailey started swerving from
               side to side. McKoy replied, I know it.

        Officer Ballard then stated that McKoy remarked, “I ain’t saying anything,” and when he

        asked McKoy if he was innocent of what the witnesses were saying, McKoy did not reply.

        As McKoy was leaving Officer Ballard’s car, McKoy commented that the police did not

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        “even know what kind of bullet it was,” and when Ballard replied that it was a .357, McKoy

        “immediately quit smiling” and exited the vehicle.

               Following a four-day trial, the jury convicted McKoy of first-degree murder, and

        the court sentenced him to life in prison. McKoy appealed to the Supreme Court of North

        Carolina, arguing on direct appeal that the trial court committed reversible error by giving

        the jury an instruction on admissions, suggesting that there was “evidence which tend[ed]

        to show that the defendant has admitted the facts relating to the crime charged.” State v.

        McKoy, 417 S.E.2d 244, 246 (N.C. 1992). The Supreme Court of North Carolina affirmed

        McKoy’s conviction, finding that if the jury believed Officer Ballard’s testimony that

        McKoy gave the repeated answers of “I know it,” it reasonably could have found that

        McKoy had admitted shooting Hailey. Id.

               In April 1998, McKoy filed a Motion for Appropriate Relief in a North Carolina

        Superior Court, asserting various grounds for relief. While the court dismissed four of

        McKoy’s claims without a hearing, it ordered an evidentiary hearing on his claim of the

        ineffective assistance of appellate counsel, which focused on whether McKoy’s counsel

        learned of new evidence that came to light after McKoy’s conviction, pointing to William

        Talley as the perpetrator of Hailey’s murder. At the hearing in September 2001, the court

        received and considered evidence of eyewitness statements discussing Talley’s

        involvement in a similar shooting but ultimately dismissed McKoy’s claim, finding that

        there was not enough similarity between the alleged Talley shooting incident and the

        evidence presented in the McKoy prosecution to help McKoy’s case. The North Carolina

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        Court of Appeals and the Supreme Court of North Carolina both denied McKoy’s petitions

        for a writ of certiorari.

               In July 2013, McKoy filed a second Motion for Appropriate Relief in a North

        Carolina Superior Court raising claims similar to those made by McKoy in his present

        § 2254 petition, and in December 2014, the Superior Court denied McKoy’s second Motion

        for Appropriate Relief on procedural grounds. McKoy appealed this decision to the North

        Carolina Court of Appeals, which denied review of his petition in October 2015.

               Finally, on October 31, 2016, McKoy filed this habeas petition in the district court

        under 28 U.S.C. § 2254, ultimately relying on Schlup to justify the court’s consideration

        of his defaulted claims. In his effort to demonstrate actual innocence, McKoy again

        presented evidence pointing to Talley as the actual perpetrator of Hailey’s murder. The

        evidence included statements from multiple eyewitnesses — uncovered by a joint federal-

        state investigation into gang activity in Fayetteville — who described a shooting at the

        Grove View Terrace public-housing complex in Fayetteville, in which Talley fired multiple

        shots at the rear of a car as it drove away following a drug deal. Some of those eyewitnesses

        suggested that this was the same shooting that led to McKoy’s conviction. McKoy also

        presented evidence that an emergency response team of the Fayetteville Police Department

        had been dispatched to the intersection of Bryan and Branson Streets on the night of

        January 25, 1990, in connection with an unrelated shooting, and had stayed at that location

        until after midnight. This evidence called into question Williams’s testimony that the first

        shots were fired at that same intersection on the night of January 25, although the police

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        did not witness any shooting.       McKoy also highlighted other inconsistencies and

        impracticalities with respect to the timeline provided by Williams when testifying.

               Following a three-day evidentiary hearing before a magistrate judge, the judge

        concluded that McKoy had not made the requisite showing of actual innocence to allow

        his claims to proceed on the merits. In a thorough, 59-page memorandum, the magistrate

        judge provided a detailed review of the totality of the evidence. While the magistrate judge

        acknowledged holes and inconsistencies in the State’s case, he found ultimately that a

        reasonable juror could still vote to convict McKoy based on McKoy’s statements to Officer

        Ballard in which, it can be argued, McKoy admitted to shooting Hailey. Accordingly, the

        magistrate judge recommended that the district court dismiss McKoy’s petition. The

        district court adopted the magistrate judge’s memorandum and, by order dated March 30,

        2020, dismissed McKoy’s § 2254 habeas petition. This appeal followed.

               After McKoy filed his § 2254 petition, the State released McKoy on parole —

        having served a sentence of some 26 years — and his parole is now set to expire in

        December 2022.

                                                       II

               When a § 2254 petition is procedurally barred, as was McKoy’s, the petitioner can

        still seek a writ of habeas corpus by passing through an “actual-innocence gateway.”

        McQuiggin v. Perkins, 569 U.S. 383, 386 (2013); see also Schlup, 513 U.S. 298. But to

        do so, the petitioner must present “new reliable evidence” and “demonstrate that the totality

        of the evidence would prevent any reasonable juror from finding him guilty beyond a

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        reasonable doubt.” Teleguz v. Pearson, 689 F.3d 322, 328–29 (4th Cir. 2012) (cleaned up).

        Thus, in considering such a petition, a court must consider “all the evidence, old and new,

        incriminating and exculpatory, without regard to whether it would necessarily be admitted

        under rules of admissibility that would govern at trial,” House, 547 U.S. at 538 (cleaned

        up), and then make “a probabilistic determination about what reasonable, properly

        instructed jurors would do,” Schlup, 513 U.S. at 329. If the court determines “that it is

        more likely than not that no reasonable juror would have convicted” the defendant, based

        on the totality of the evidence, then the defendant can pass through the actual-innocence

        gateway and have his procedurally defaulted claims heard on the merits. Id. at 327. The

        actual-innocence showing is “a procedural mechanism” to open the gate to having the

        petitioner’s substantive claims considered, and any entitlement to habeas relief would

        ultimately depend on the merits of his procedurally defaulted claims. Teleguz, 689 F.3d at

        327–28.

               To argue that he made this gateway showing, McKoy points essentially to three

        factual matters. First, he argues that his March 1990 conversation with Officer Ballard

        was not a confession and that in that conversation he in no way implicated himself in

        Hailey’s murder. Second, he argues that the accumulation of evidence — two police tips

        from January 1990 and evidence developed during the course of the joint federal-state task

        force’s investigation of gang activity in Fayetteville and Talley, in particular, in 1995 —

        pointed to Talley as the actual murderer of Hailey. And third, he argues, relying on a wide

        range of evidence and arguments, that Williams, who testified as an eyewitness against

        McKoy at trial, was not credible, rendering his testimony unworthy.

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                  As to the first contention about McKoy’s confession, we note that this argument

        was already considered by both the jurors who convicted McKoy and the North Carolina

        Supreme Court on direct appeal, see McKoy, 417 S.E.2d at 246, and therefore such a

        determination of fact must “be presumed to be correct,” with the burden on McKoy of

        rebutting the presumption by “clear and convincing evidence.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1).

        His simple protestation, however, was not sufficient to rebut the presumption. Moreover,

        Officer Ballard testified again to the conversation at the hearing on McKoy’s § 2254

        petition, giving rise to the magistrate judge’s finding that Officer Ballard was credible.

                  As to the evidence implicating Talley as the murderer, we again note that the North

        Carolina Superior Court determined in 2001 that the evidence was insufficient to support

        McKoy’s claim. This evidence, however, was later buttressed by McKoy’s receipt of

        additional evidence from the unrelated joint federal-state investigation into gang-related

        activity in Fayetteville, making this McKoy’s most persuasive argument. But, taking the

        evidence as a whole, it was nonetheless not conclusive and surely did not directly exclude

        McKoy as Hailey’s shooter. To be sure, McKoy presented evidence pointing to Talley’s

        participation in a similar shooting, but the circumstances of Talley’s shooting might also

        have been distinct from the circumstances of McKoy’s shooting, suggesting two different

        incidents. This was fully examined by the district court, and we cannot conclude that the

        court erred in holding that, in view of all the evidence taken as a whole, it is not “more

        likely than not that no reasonable juror would have convicted [McKoy].” Schlup, 513 U.S.

        at 327.

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               Finally, as to McKoy’s challenge to Williams’s credibility, that issue was

        appropriately resolved by the jury, apparently against McKoy. Moreover, Williams’s

        testimony still stands that he witnessed McKoy shooting into the rear of Hailey’s car.

               At bottom, we cannot conclude that the district court erred in concluding that

        McKoy failed to carry his very demanding burden of showing that it is more likely than

        not that no reasonable juror would have convicted him in light of all of the evidence.

               The district court’s order dismissing McKoy’s § 2254 petition is accordingly

                                                                                     AFFIRMED.

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