Court Opinion

ID: 4284944
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-06-15 18:47:35.068845+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:35:18.959254
License: Public Domain

J-S18030-18

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    IN RE: R.T., A MINOR                       :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :         PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                                               :
                                               :
                                               :
    APPEAL OF: S.B., NATURAL MOTHER            :      No. 1767 WDA 2017

                Appeal from the Decree Entered October 30, 2017
               in the Court of Common Pleas of Somerset County,
                    Orphans' Court at No(s): 8 Adoption 2016

BEFORE: STABILE, J., MUSMANNO, J., and FORD ELLIOTT, P.J.E.

MEMORANDUM BY MUSMANNO, J.:                               FILED JUNE 15, 2018

       S.B. (“Mother”) appeals from the Decree granting the Petition, filed by

the Somerset County Children and Youth Services (“CYS” or the “Agency”),

seeking to involuntarily terminate her parental rights to her dependent, female

child, R.T. (“Child”) (born in December 2013), pursuant to the Adoption Act,

23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(1), (2), (5), (8), and (b).1 We affirm.

       Child was adjudicated dependent on November 19, 2014. After an initial

placement in foster care, she has been in the same foster care placement,

with her pre-adoptive foster care parents, since March 23, 2015. On March

1, 2016, the trial court found aggravated circumstances existed as to Father,

relieving the Agency of any further efforts of reunification between Child and

Father. See Petition for Involuntarily Termination of Parental Rights for Birth

Father, Exhibit D (Aggravated Circumstances Order, 3/1/16); 42 Pa.C.S.A.
____________________________________________

1 On October 30, 2017, the trial court also terminated the parental rights of
the father of Child, T.T. (“Father”). Father has not filed a brief in the present
appeal, nor has he filed a separate appeal.
J-S18030-18

§ 6341. On May 18, 2016, the trial court changed Child’s permanency goal to

adoption. See 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 6351.

       On June 14, 2016, the Agency filed Petitions to involuntarily terminate

both Mother’s and Father’s parental rights to Child. On that same date, the

Agency filed a Motion for aggravated circumstances against Mother.          On

October 19, 2016, the trial court found that aggravated circumstances existed

as to Mother, relieving the Agency of any further efforts of reunification

between Child and Mother. N.T., 10/27/17, at 221.

       After several continuances, the trial court held an evidentiary hearing,

on the termination Petitions as to Mother and Father, on October 27, 2017.

Mother appeared at the hearing with her counsel, and testified on her own

behalf. Father also appeared with his counsel, but did not testify and, with

the court’s acknowledgment, he left to attend intensive outpatient treatment.

Id. at 159.     Child’s guardian ad litem, Tiffany Stanley, Esquire (“Attorney

Stanley”), appeared and questioned witnesses. Id. at 4-5. The trial court

determined that, given Child’s age of three, Attorney Stanley could represent

both Child’s best interests, as guardian ad litem, and Child’s legal interests,

as her counsel, without any conflict of the two interests.2 Id. at 5. At the

hearing, the Agency presented the testimony, via telephone, of Carol

____________________________________________

2 See In re D.L.B., 166 A.3d 322, 329 (Pa. Super. 2017) (expanding upon
the Pennsylvania Supreme Court’s decision in In re: Adoption of L.B.M., 161
A.3d 172 (Pa. 2017), and explaining that an attorney serving as a child’s
dependency guardian ad litem may serve as his or her counsel, so long as the
child’s legal and best interests are not in conflict).

                                           -2-
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Patterson (“Dr. Patterson”), the licensed psychologist who performed a

bonding and attachment assessment of Child. Id. at 11-12. The Agency then

presented the testimony of Andrea Palguta (“Palguta”), the caseworker

assigned to the case from December 2013 until June 17, 2015. Id. at 43-44,

48. Next, the Agency presented the testimony of Julia Bloom, the caseworker

assigned to the case in January 2016. Id. at 97. Mother then testified on her

own behalf. Id. at 132.

     The trial court set forth the following procedural history and factual

background regarding this appeal:

           [Child] was initially referred to [CYS] on the date of
     [Child’s] birth based upon a positive drug screen of [Mother]
     that occurred in November of 2013[,] and further[,] as a result
     of [Mother’s] admitting to using drugs that were not lawfully
     prescribed to her.

           The family was [recommended] for general protective
     services on or about February 14, 2014, after the [A]gency
     determined that such services were appropriate.

          A family service plan was created on April 23, 2014,
     which established certain goals for both [Mother] and [Father].
     Those goals consisted, among other things, of [Mother] and
     [Father] being required to maintain sobriety and avoid any
     drug relapse.

          They were also required to attend and successfully
     complete drug and alcohol counseling and to submit to random
     drug screens.

          The parents were also required to care for [Child] in a
     safe manner[,] and to make certain that [Child] was always
     under the supervision of a responsible and sober adult.

                                    -3-
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           [Mother and Father] were also required to make certain
     that [Child] received regular medical care and any emergency
     care if necessary.

           Additionally, during this time period, the [A]gency
     provided services to [Mother] and [Father] to assist them and
     help them with meeting these goals.

           The services consisted of, among other things, parenting
     services and parenting classes, random drug screens,
     assistance with transportation, education on safe sleep
     practices, and contact with [Mother and Father’s] drug and
     alcohol treatment providers.

           It is apparent that [Mother and Father] did not comply
     with these goals. Evidence of that is found in that [Mother and
     Father] did not successfully complete the parenting classes and
     services.

           On or about July 26, 2014, [Child] became ill with a high
     fever and exhibited seizure-like conditions. Subsequent to that
     event, [Mother] did not take [Child] for follow-up medical
     appointments or medical care.

           Additionally[, Child] developed gastroenterology issues,
     and the [trial court found] that [Mother] did not follow through
     with recommendations to try different formulas in an effort to
     address these issues.

            Additionally, the [trial court found] that [Child] became
     ill and required a barium enema at Children’s Hospital, and …
     [Mother] did not follow up with subsequent care.

          Although  early     intervention    evaluation         was
     recommended, [Mother] did not have this completed.

           A four-month review of the family service plan was
     conducted and, on or about August 12, 2014, none of the goals
     were removed. At that time, an additional goal was added in
     that [Father] was required to seek drug and alcohol treatment.

          Random drug screens for [Mother] were conducted on
     March 12, 2014, and at that time [M]other tested positive for
     Suboxone.   Mother also admitted to using Subutex and

                                  -4-
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     admitted that she did not possess a valid prescription for that
     medication.

          On May 5, 2014, an oral drug screen was conducted with
     negative results. However, [Mother] admitted to the use of
     Suboxone or Subutex and that she did not possess a valid
     prescription for that drug.

          On or about May 15, 2014, a urine screen of [M]other
     was conducted, and the test results were negative for the
     substances tested for. However, [Mother] admitted to using
     drugs a few hours prior to that visit.

           Additionally, the [trial court found] credible the testimony
     of [] Palguta that on many other home visits … [Mother]
     admitted to using Suboxone or Subutex[,] and that [M]other
     admitted getting these drugs from others and not having a
     valid prescription for those drugs.

                                   ***

           Subsequently, on October 31, 2014, [Child] was taken
     into placement. The circumstances that led to the placement
     of [Child] … were that [Mother] had entrusted [Child] to a
     friend or friends[,] who later contacted the [A]gency and
     indicated that they had been [caring for Child] for a period of
     time[,] and could not locate the whereabouts of [Mother] for
     the past eight days.

           [Child] was taken into placement and placed    into a foster
     home. However, it was later determined that the      initial foster
     family could not provide permanency, and then         [Child] was
     moved to a subsequent foster home[,] where            [Child] still
     remains today.

           At or about this time, it appears that there was a warrant
     outstanding for [Mother’s] arrest, and that [Mother] admitted
     to, [“]being on the run,[”] and as a result knew that [Child]
     was in placement with CYS[,] but yet neglected to contact CYS
     in an effort to have [Child] returned to her. Subsequently,
     [Mother] was arrested and incarcerated based on the
     outstanding warrant.

                                   -5-
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          On November 3, 2014, the [c]ourt conducted a shelter
     care hearing and a 72-hour review hearing. Neither [Mother
     nor Father appeared]. However, [Father later appeared,] as
     he was then being housed in the Somerset County Jail and was
     brought to court from the jail. Subsequently, [Child] was
     adjudicated dependent on November 19, 2014.

           A child permanency plan was created for [Child] on May
     5, 2016, along with court-ordered goals consistent with
     [Child’s] permanency plan.

           The goals included that the [Mother and Father] undergo
     drug and alcohol assessments and successfully complete
     services recommended by any such evaluation.

          [Mother and Father] were also required to submit to
     random drug screens and attend visits with [Child,] as
     scheduled by CYS. [Mother and Father] were also required to
     attend medical and dental visits for [Child].

            [Mother and Father] were required to obtain and
     maintain stable housing. [Mother and Father] were required
     to submit evidence of financial stability and evidence of their
     ability to provide for [Child’s] needs and welfare. A concurrent
     goal of adoption was later added to [Child’s] permanency plan.

          After the date of placement, the [trial court found] that
     there is no evidence that [Mother] completed or successfully
     completed the drug and alcohol treatment programs until very
     recently, in fact in June of 2017.

           Additionally, [Mother] did not confirm with the [A]gency
     a source of income or employment, and [Mother] did not attend
     scheduled medical and dental appointments for [Child], nor did
     [Mother] inquire regarding the results of these appointments.

                                  ***

          The [trial court found] that visits were scheduled by the
     [A]gency with [Mother and Father]. However, [Mother and
     Father] were not consistent in attending these visits.

          With respect to [Mother], seven visits were scheduled,
     and [Mother] failed to appear for the visits scheduled on

                                  -6-
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     November 20, 2014, November 26, 2014, December 3, 2014,
     and December 10, 2014.

          With respect to the final three visits, the [trial court
     found] that [Mother] became incarcerated on or about
     December 12, 2014, and therefore was unable to physically
     attend those visits.

           On or about January 7, 2015, the [A]gency took [Child]
     to the Somerset County Jail to visit with [Mother,] because
     [Mother] was incarcerated.

           Subsequently, [Mother] was transferred from the
     Somerset County Jail to the State Correctional Institution at
     Muncie. After being transferred to the State Correctional
     Institution at Muncie, [Mother] wrote letters to the caseworker.
     There were a total of three letters.

          The first letter was a thank you for the visit that occurred
     at the Somerset County Jail on January 7, 2015.               The
     subsequent two letters were letters with reference to
     attempting to establish visits at SCI Muncie.

          The [trial court found] that it was necessary for a State
     Correctional Institution form regarding visits with minors to be
     completed and returned[,] which was done by the [A]gency
     caseworker. However, [Mother] never contacted the [A]gency
     subsequently to confirm that visitations were eligible and
     approved by SCI Muncie [sic].

                                  ***

           The [trial court found] that [Mother and Father] have not
     been consistent with achieving or complet[ing] their goals
     and[,] in fact[,] have not completed any of the goals. During
     this time period, [Mother and Father] failed to provide the
     necessary parental care and duties to [Child].

           In approximately June of 2015, [] Palguta was no longer
     involved as the caseworker in this case, and subsequently[,]
     the case was transferred to the [A]gency’s placement unit.

          At that time, Catherine Quinn became the caseworker on
     the case, and then subsequently the case was transferred to

                                   -7-
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     Caseworker Jacob Zerby. In or about … January 2017, Julia
     Bloom became the caseworker in the CYS placement unit.

           The [trial court found] that, from the time of initial
     placement with the [A]gency in October of 2014, [Child] never
     returned to the custody of either [Mother or Father].

           The [c]ourt further finds that [Child] has been placed with
     the current foster parents since March of 2015.

           The [trial court found] that [Mother] was subsequently
     released from incarceration on or about November 2, 2015,
     and that visits with [Child] resumed on November 18, 2015,
     with a second visit occurring on December 2, 2015.

           Thereafter, the [A]gency lost contact with [Mother] for
     approximately nine months, and no additional visits with
     [Mother] occurred until September 8, 2016.        During this
     interval, the [A]gency did not know of the whereabouts of
     [Mother], although they attempted unsuccessfully to locate
     her.

           On or about March 16, 2016, the [A]gency determined or
     believed that [M]other was a resident in a rehabilitation facility
     at Gateway. At that time, the [A]gency attempted to contact
     [Mother], although their contact was unsuccessful, and[,] in
     fact[, Mother] refused to sign a form authorizing Gateway to
     speak with the [A]gency. During this nine-month interval, no
     one[,] including [Mother,] contacted the [A]gency to inquire
     with regard to the status of [Child].

           The [trial court found] that the goal of reunification was
     changed to adoption on or about May 18, 2016, and that the
     [c]ourt determined that there were aggravated circumstances
     on or about October 19, 2016, thereby relieving the [A]gency
     of any further efforts of reunification [as to Mother].

           The [trial court found] that in February 2017[,] a bonding
     study was performed by [Dr.] Patterson, a psychologist
     licensed in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Through this
     study, [Dr.] Patterson performed a bonding and attachment
     assessment [of] [Child].

                                   -8-
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           [Dr.] Patterson testified that there is a difference
     between bonding and attachments. She testified that the
     bonding process naturally occurs during the first year of
     [Child]’s life and that the attachment process normally takes
     approximately three to four years of [Child’s] life.

           [Dr.] Patterson testified that the setting for the bonding
     assessment is not as critical or important as the interactions
     that she observes between the natural parents and the foster
     parents and [Child].

           During her bonding study, [Dr.] Patterson observed
     [Child] interact with the foster parents in the foster parents’
     home. The observation lasted for two hours with an additional
     one-hour interview with the foster parents.

           During that bonding study, [Dr.] Patterson observed
     [Child] … to interact well with the foster parents and to respond
     in a positive manner with the interactions of the foster parents.
     [Child] referred to the foster parents as mom and dad.

                                  ***

           Subsequently, on February 27, 2017, a bonding
     assessment was done between [Child] and [Mother]. This
     again included a two-hour observation period with a one-hour
     interview period.

          During the observation, [Child] did not refer to [Mother]
     in any way[,] and again exhibited patterns of regressive
     speech. [Child] did not display any affectionate behavior
     toward [Mother], and [Child] displayed many negative
     responses to [Mother’s] approaches.

           During the interview, [Mother] reported long-term drug
     usage and mental health issues, and [M]other confirmed being
     incarcerated from the latter part of 2014 through October
     2015. [Mother] also admitted that she was on the run due to
     an outstanding arrest warrant.

           Although [Child] appeared to be acting normal and happy
     during the first hour of the observation, during the second hour
     of the observation[,] [Child] indicated that she wanted to see
     her foster mother.

                                   -9-
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            [Dr.] Patterson issued a report detailing her findings
      during the bonding study and concluded that [Child’s] best
      interests would not be served by reunification with [Mother]
      and [Father].

            She further opined that reunification would not be
      possible due to [Father] and [Mother] having failed to complete
      the recommended goals and services.

            [Dr.] Patterson opined that [Child] needs permanent
      arrangements [other than those that Mother] and [Father] can
      provide.

          She also opined that [Child] demonstrated a positive
      bond with the current foster parents[,] and did not
      demonstrate or exhibit any bond with [Mother or Father].

            [Dr.] Patterson opined that she believes that permanency
      for [Child] can only be achieved by [Child] remaining with the
      current foster parents; and, she further opined that it is her
      belief that if [Child] were removed from the care of the current
      foster parents that [Child] would be harmed emotionally,
      physically, psychologically, and developmentally since [Child]
      has in fact developed a bond with the current foster parents
      and does not have a bond with [Mother and Father].

Id. at 212-25.

      On October 30, 2017, the trial court entered the Decree terminating

Mother’s parental rights to Child pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(1), (2),

(5), (8), and (b). On November 22, 2017, Mother timely filed her Notice of

Appeal, along with a Concise Statement of errors complained of on appeal,

pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2)(i) and (b).

      In her brief on appeal, Mother raises one issue: “Whether the [t]rial

[c]ourt erred by terminating the [Mother’s] parental rights under 23 Pa.C.S.A.

                                    - 10 -
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§ 2511(a)(1), 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(2), 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(5), 23

Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(8) and 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(b)[?]” Mother’s Brief at 1.3

       In reviewing an appeal terminating parental rights, we adhere to the

following standard:

              [A]ppellate courts must apply an abuse of discretion
       standard when considering a trial court’s determination of a
       petition for termination of parental rights. As in dependency
       cases, our standard of review requires an appellate court to accept
       the findings of fact and credibility determinations of the trial court
       if they are supported by the record. In re: R.J.T., … 9 A.3d 1179,
       1190 (Pa. 2010). If the factual findings are supported, appellate
       courts review to determine if the trial court made an error of law
       or abused its discretion. Id.; R.I.S., 36 A.3d 567, 572 (Pa. 2011)
       (plurality opinion)]. As has been often stated, an abuse of
       discretion does not result merely because the reviewing court
       might have reached a different conclusion. Id.; see also Samuel
       Bassett v. Kia Motors America, Inc., … 34 A.3d 1, 51 (Pa.
       2011); Christianson v. Ely, 838 A.2d 630, 634 (Pa. 2003).
       Instead, a decision may be reversed for an abuse of discretion
       only upon demonstration of manifest unreasonableness, partiality,
       prejudice, bias, or ill-will. Id.

             As [the Supreme Court] discussed in R.J.T., there are clear
       reasons for applying an abuse of discretion standard of review in
       these cases. [The Supreme Court] observed that, unlike trial
       courts, appellate courts are not equipped to make the fact-specific
       determinations on a cold record, where the trial judges are
       observing the parties during the relevant hearing and often
       presiding over numerous other hearings regarding the child and
       parents. R.J.T., 9 A.3d at 1190. Therefore, even where the facts
       could support an opposite result, as is often the case in
       dependency and termination cases, an appellate court must resist
____________________________________________

3 Although Mother stated her issue somewhat differently in her Concise
Statement, we find that she sufficiently preserved her issue for review. See
Krebs v. United Refining Co. of Pa., 893 A.2d 776, 797 (Pa. Super. 2006)
(holding that an appellant waives issues that are not raised in both his or her
concise statement of errors complained of on appeal and the Statement of
Questions Involved in his or her brief on appeal).

                                          - 11 -
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      the urge to second guess the trial court and impose its own
      credibility determinations and judgment; instead we must defer
      to the trial judges so long as the factual findings are supported by
      the record and the court’s legal conclusions are not the result of
      an error of law or an abuse of discretion. In re Adoption of
      Atencio, 650 A.2d 1064, 1066 (Pa. 1994).

In re Adoption of S.P., 47 A.3d 817, 826-27 (Pa. 2012).

      The burden is upon the petitioner to prove by clear and convincing

evidence that the asserted grounds for seeking the termination of parental

rights are valid. In re R.N.J., 985 A.2d 273, 276 (Pa. Super. 2009). “The

standard of clear and convincing evidence is defined as testimony that is so

clear, direct, weighty and convincing as to enable the trier of fact to come to

a clear conviction, without hesitance, of the truth of the precise facts in issue.”

Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

      This Court may affirm a trial court’s decision regarding the termination

of parental rights with regard to any one subsection of section 2511(a). In

re B.L.W., 843 A.2d 380, 384 (Pa. Super. 2004) (en banc). We will consider

the trial court’s termination of Mother’s parental rights pursuant to section

2511(a)(2) and (b). Section 2511 provides, in relevant part, as follows:

      § 2511. Grounds for involuntary termination

      (a) General rule.--The rights of a parent in regard to a child may
      be terminated after a petition filed on any of the following
      grounds:
                                   ***

          (2) The repeated and continued incapacity, abuse, neglect
          or refusal of the parent has caused the child to be without
          essential parental care, control or subsistence necessary
          for his physical or mental well-being and the conditions and

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         causes of the incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal cannot
         or will not be remedied by the parent.

                                     ***

      (b) Other considerations.—The court in terminating the rights
      of a parent shall give primary consideration to the developmental,
      physical and emotional needs and welfare of the child. The rights
      of a parent shall not be terminated solely on the basis of
      environmental factors such as inadequate housing, furnishings,
      income, clothing and medical care if found to be beyond the
      control of the parent. With respect to any petition filed pursuant
      to subsection (a)(1), (6) or (8), the court shall not consider any
      efforts by the parent to remedy the conditions described therein
      which are first initiated subsequent to the giving of notice of the
      filing of the petition.

23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511.

      To satisfy the requirements of section 2511(a)(2), the moving party

must produce clear and convincing evidence regarding the following elements:

(1) repeated and continued incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal; (2) such

incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal caused the child to be without essential

parental care, control or subsistence necessary for his physical or mental well-

being; and (3) the causes of the incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal cannot

or will not be remedied. In re Adoption of M.E.P., 825 A.2d 1266, 1272

(Pa. Super. 2003).     The grounds for termination of parental rights under

section 2511(a)(2), due to parental incapacity that cannot be remedied, are

not limited to affirmative misconduct; to the contrary, those grounds may

include acts of refusal as well as incapacity to perform parental duties. In re

A.L.D. 797 A.2d 326, 337 (Pa. Super. 2002).

                                     - 13 -
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      In In re Adoption of S.P., our Supreme Court revisited its decision in

In re: R.I.S., regarding incarcerated parents, and stated the following:

             [W]e now definitively hold that incarceration, while not a
      litmus test for termination, can be determinative of the question
      of whether a parent is incapable of providing “essential parental
      care, control or subsistence” and the length of the remaining
      confinement can be considered as highly relevant to whether “the
      conditions and causes of the incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal
      cannot or will not be remedied by the parent,” sufficient to provide
      grounds for termination pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(2).
      See e.g. Adoption of J.J., 515 A.2d 883, 891 (Pa. 1986) (“[A]
      parent who is incapable of performing parental duties is just as
      parentally unfit as one who refuses to perform the duties.”); [In
      re:] E.A.P., [944 A.2d 79, 85 (Pa. Super. 2008)] (holding
      termination under § 2511(a)(2) supported by mother’s repeated
      incarcerations and failure to be present for child, which caused
      child to be without essential care and subsistence for most of her
      life and which cannot be remedied despite mother’s compliance
      with various prison programs). If a court finds grounds for
      termination under subsection (a)(2), a court must determine
      whether termination is in the best interests of the child,
      considering the developmental, physical, and emotional needs and
      welfare of the child pursuant to § 2511(b). In this regard, trial
      courts must carefully review the individual circumstances for
      every child to determine, inter alia, how a parent’s incarceration
      will factor into an assessment of the child’s best interest.

In re Adoption of S.P., 47 A.3d at 830-31.

      In the instant case, with regard to section 2511(a)(2), the trial court

stated the following:

            THE COURT: Specifically, we find that there was no
      contact between [Mother] and [Child] from the period of
      December 2[], 2015, through September 8, 2016, which
      includes the six-month period immediately preceding the filing
      of the [P]etition.

           We further find that the [A]gency has proven by clear
      and convincing evidence grounds for involuntary termination
      of [Mother]’s parental rights under Section 2511(a)(2) in that

                                     - 14 -
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      there has been a repeated and continued neglect or refusal of
      [Mother] to provide the essential parental care, control, and
      subsistence necessary for the physical and mental well-being
      of [Child,] and that the conditions and causes of the neglect or
      refusal cannot or will not be remedied by [the] parent. This is
      clear based upon the failure of [Mother] to achieve the goals
      set in the permanency plan.

N.T., 10/27/17, at 228.

      In her brief, Mother contends that the Agency failed to make

reasonable efforts to assist her in reunifying with Child, while she was

incarcerated between December 2014 and December 2016, and that the

Agency was aware that, during the seven months prior to the termination

Petition being filed, she was living in an apartment and working at a fast-

food restaurant.   Mother’s Brief at 22-24.    Mother complains that the

Agency did not conduct a home visit or review the living arrangements she

had to offer Child, nor did it consider that she was employed. Id. at 23.

Mother also states that she was undergoing drug screens while she was

released on parole, and that the Agency was taking care of Child’s health

care and medical needs.        Id.     Mother asserts that, as such, the

circumstances that led to the placement of Child, i.e., her continued drug

use and Child’s health care and medical concerns, had been alleviated.

Id.

      Mother claims that the Agency violated her guarantees to free

speech and due process, under the First and Fourteenth Amendments to

the United States Constitution, respectively, by failing to communicate

                                     - 15 -
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with her and denying her liberty interest in parenting. Id. at 24. Mother

cites, in support, our Supreme Court’s decision in In the Interest of:

D.C.D., a Minor, 105 A.3d 662, 673-74, 676 (Pa. 2014). Mother’s Brief at

22. She argues that the situation in D.C.D. is distinguishable from the

instant matter in that the father in D.C.D. was incarcerated long-term, for

a period of 7¾ years to 16 years, and the child had been removed from

his care at birth, and, consequently, had no bond with him. Id. Mother

argues that here, she had a short-term incarceration, and that it was the

failure of the Agency to communicate with her that violated her free

speech and restricted her liberty interest, and prevented her from being a

parent. Id. at 24.

      After reviewing the record, we do not agree that the Agency

prevented Mother from parenting Child by failing to communicate with her,

and by depriving of her of her liberty interest in raising Child. Regarding

substantive due process, in the context of dependency proceedings under the

Juvenile Act, this Court has stated:

           [I]n a dependency case, the liberty interest of [a parent] is
      not at stake and the risk of erroneous adjudication is so
      substantially mitigated by safeguards, reviews, and procedures
      directed toward uniting the family, that due process requires a
      less didactic approach than in criminal procedures. And, while a
      dependency proceeding is adversarial in the sense that it places
      the state in opposition to the parent with respect to the custody
      of the child . . . it does not implicate the liberty interests of the
      parent or the child as would be the case of a defendant in a
      criminal action.

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In re M.B., 869 A.2d 542, 546-47 (Pa. Super. 2005) (internal citations and

quotation marks omitted).       The due process protections afforded in a

dependency proceeding, therefore, are not as comprehensive as in a criminal

trial. Id. Further, the Mother cannot assess blame on the Agency for her

failure to communicate with the Agency and to make sufficient efforts to

become reunified with Child.

      In D.C.D., our Supreme Court rejected the suggestion that an agency

must provide reasonable efforts to enable a parent to reunify with a child prior

to the termination of parental rights.   In re D.C.D., 105 A.3d at 672-73.

Specifically, the Supreme Court rejected the suggestion that section 2511 of

the Adoption Act should be read in conjunction with section 6351 of the

Juvenile Act, particularly 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 6351(f)(9)(iii). In re D.C.D., 105
A.3d at 673. The Supreme Court explained that “[i]nstead of a requirement

to provide reasonable efforts prior to the filing of a termination petition,

[s]ection 6351 actually creates an exception that excuses the filing of an

otherwise required termination petition ….”      Id. at 673.     Based on our

Supreme Court’s holding in D.C.D., we find no merit to Mother’s argument.

      After a careful review of the record, we conclude that the trial court’s

decision to terminate the parental rights of Mother under section 2511(a)(2)

is supported by competent, clear and convincing evidence in the record. See

In re Adoption of S.P., 47 A.3d at 826-27. Thus, we discern no abuse of

discretion in the trial court’s termination of Mother’s parental rights to Child

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pursuant to section 2511(a)(2), and we proceed to an analysis of section

2511(b).

        This Court has stated that the focus in terminating parental rights under

section 2511(a) is on the parent, but it is on the child pursuant to section

2511(b). See In re Adoption of C.L.G., 956 A.2d 999, 1008 (Pa. Super.

2008) (en banc). In reviewing the evidence in support of termination under

section 2511(b), our Supreme Court has stated as follows.

               [I]f the grounds for termination under subsection (a) are
        met, a court “shall give primary consideration to the
        developmental, physical and emotional needs and welfare of the
        child.” 23 Pa.C.S.[A.] § 2511(b). The emotional needs and
        welfare of the child have been properly interpreted to include
        “[i]ntangibles such as love, comfort, security, and stability.” In
        re K.M., 53 A.3d 781, 791 (Pa. Super. 2012). In In re E.M., 620
        A.2d [481,] 485 [(Pa. 1993)], this Court held that the
        determination of the child’s “needs and welfare” requires
        consideration of the emotional bonds between the parent and
        child. The “utmost attention” should be paid to discerning the
        effect on the child of permanently severing the parental bond. In
        re K.M., 53 A.3d at 791.

In re: T.S.M., 71 A.3d 251, 267 (Pa. 2013).

        When evaluating a parental bond, “the court is not required to use

expert testimony. Social workers and caseworkers can offer evaluations as

well.    Additionally, section 2511(b) does not require a formal bonding

evaluation.” In re Z.P., 994 A.2d 1108, 1121 (Pa. Super. 2010) (internal

citations omitted). Although it is often wise to have a bonding evaluation and

make it part of the certified record, “[t]here are some instances … where direct

observation of the interaction between the parent and the child is not

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necessary and may even be detrimental to the child.” In re K.Z.S., 946 A.2d
753, 762 (Pa. Super. 2008).

      A parent’s abuse and neglect are likewise a relevant part of this analysis:

      [C]oncluding a child has a beneficial bond with a parent simply
      because the child harbors affection for the parent is not only
      dangerous, it is logically unsound. If a child’s feelings were the
      dispositive factor in the bonding analysis, the analysis would be
      reduced to an exercise in semantics as it is the rare child who,
      after being subject to neglect and abuse, is able to sift through
      the emotional wreckage and completely disavow a parent . . . Nor
      are we of the opinion that the biological connection between [the
      parent] and the children is sufficient in and of itself, or when
      considered in connection with a child’s feeling toward a parent, to
      establish a de facto beneficial bond exists. The psychological
      aspect of parenthood is more important in terms of the
      development of the child and [his or her] mental and emotional
      health than the coincidence of biological or natural parenthood.

In re K.K.R.-S., 958 A.2d 529, 535 (Pa. Super. 2008) (internal citations and

quotation marks omitted). Thus, the court may emphasize the safety needs

of the child. See In re K.Z.S., 946 A.2d at 763 (affirming the involuntary

termination of parental rights, despite the existence of some bond, where

placement with the mother would be contrary to the child’s best interests).

“[A] parent’s basic constitutional right to the custody and rearing of … her

child is converted, upon the failure to fulfill … her parental duties, to the child’s

right to have proper parenting and fulfillment of [the child’s] potential in a

permanent, healthy, safe environment.” In re B.,N.M., 856 A.2d 847, 856

(Pa. Super. 2004) (internal citations omitted).

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     With regard to section 2511(b), the trial court stated the following:

          The [c]ourt moves on to the considerations under Section
     2511(b) of the Adoption Act[,] where the [c]ourt[,] in
     terminating the [Mother and Father’s] parental rights[,] gives
     primary consideration to the developmental, physical, and
     emotional needs and welfare of [Child].

           The [trial court found][,] by clear and convincing
     evidence[,] that both [Father and Mother] have not provided
     the parental duties[,] and the care and attention to [Child]
     necessary for [Child] to develop physically and emotionally and
     for [Child] to develop a bond with [Mother and Father].

           The [trial court found] that, within the first year of
     [Child’s] life, [Child] was removed from the care of the natural
     parents[,] and that [Child] has been in placement since
     October 13, 2014. Since that time, [Mother and Father] have
     had very little consistent contact with [Child]. During the
     majority of that time, [Child] has resided with the current
     foster parents.

           We find the evidence submitted by [Dr.] Patterson[,]
     through her bonding study and report[,] to be persuasive in
     that there is no bond existing between [Mother and Father] and
     [Child,] and that, by severing the parental rights of [Mother
     and Father], it would not have a negative effect on [Child]
     because the [] parent-child bond does not exist.

           In fact, [Dr.] Patterson concluded that to remove [Child]
     from the care of the foster parents would have a negative effect
     on [Child] because [Child] has[,] in fact[,] developed a bond
     with the foster parents and views the foster parents as being
     her parents.

           [Dr.] Patterson also opined that [Child] does not view
     [Mother] as being her biological mother, and [C]hild does not
     view [Father] as being her natural father.

            Furthermore, the [c]ourt[,] in this analysis under Section
     2511(b)[,] cannot consider any efforts by [Mother and Father]
     to remedy the conditions[,] described previously[,] that are
     first initiated subsequent to being given notice of the filing of
     the involuntary termination [P]etitions.

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           The [trial court found] that many of the efforts by
      [Mother and Father] to attempt to remedy the issues in this
      matter occurred subsequent to the filing of the [P]etitions on
      June 14, 2016 ….

            Therefore, based on the foregoing findings and
      conclusions, I am going to execute the proposed [O]rders of
      court[,] provided by the [A]gency[,] terminating the parental
      rights of both [Father and Mother].

N.T., 10/27/17, at 229-32.

      Our review discloses that the trial court’s decision to terminate the

parental rights of Mother under section 2511(b) is supported by competent,

clear and convincing evidence in the record. See In re Adoption of S.P., 47
A.3d at 826-27. We discern no abuse of discretion by the trial court in finding

that no bond between Child and Mother exists, and that Child would suffer no

permanent emotional harm if Mother’s parental rights were terminated. Thus,

we affirm the trial court’s termination of Mother’s parental rights to Child

pursuant to section 2511(b).

      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the Decree terminating Mother’s

parental rights with regard to Child under section 2511(a)(2) and (b).

      Decree affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 6/15/2018

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