Court Opinion

ID: 3200009
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-05-03 18:43:01.689971+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:50:26.794331
License: Public Domain

Supreme Court of Louisiana
FOR IMMEDIATE NEWS RELEASE                                         NEWS RELEASE #025

FROM: CLERK OF SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA

The Opinions handed down on the 3rd day of May, 2016, are as follows:

BY CRICHTON, J.:

2015-C -0785       PIERCE FOUNDATIONS, INC. v. JAROY CONSTRUCTION, INC. (Parish of
                   Jefferson)

                   Pursuant to the foregoing, we hold that Pierce’s lawsuit was
                   timely filed against the general contractor and its surety, Ohio
                   Casualty, and that the failure of the plaintiff to perfect its
                   privilege against the public authority (as found by the trial
                   court) does not defeat its right of action against the surety.
                   The decision of the court of appeal is reversed and the decision
                   of the trial court is reinstated.
                   REVERSED.

                   KNOLL, J., dissents and assigns reasons.
                   GUIDRY, J., dissents and assigns reasons.
                   HUGHES, J., dissents for the reasons assigned by Guidry, J.,
                   and assigns additional reasons.
05/03/16

                      SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA

                                  NO. 2015-C-0785

                         PIERCE FOUNDATIONS, INC.

                                       VERSUS

                        JAROY CONSTRUCTION, INC.

       ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF APPEAL,
            FIFTH CIRCUIT, PARISH OF JEFFERSON

CRICHTON, Justice.

      This case involves the interpretation of two provisions of the Public Works

Act (“Act”), La. R.S. 38:2241, et seq.           We granted the writ application to

determine whether, under La. R.S. 38:2247, the notice and recordation

requirements of La. R.S. 38:2242(B) are necessary conditions for a claimant’s right

of action against a bond furnished pursuant to La. R.S. 38:2241. Consistent with

the stated purpose of the Act, we hold that the claimant’s failure to file a sworn

statement with the public authority did not affect the right of the subcontractor, in

contractual privity with the general contractor, to proceed directly against the

contractor and its surety. We therefore reverse the decision of the court of appeal

and reinstate the decision of the trial court.

                                  BACKGROUND

      This matter arises out of a public works project for the construction of a

gymnasium in Terrytown, Louisiana.          Pursuant to a contract between JaRoy

Construction Inc. (“JaRoy” or “contractor”) and Jefferson Parish Council

(“Jefferson Parish”), JaRoy was to serve as the general contractor. In compliance

with La. R.S. 38:2241, et seq., the contractor furnished to Jefferson Parish a bond,

on which the Ohio Casualty Insurance Company (“Ohio Casualty”) was the surety.

      JaRoy thereafter entered into a written subcontract with Pierce Foundations,

                                            1
Inc. (“Pierce”) to provide and install pilings on the project. On November 3, 2008,

Pierce completed the pile driving as called for in the contract. The contractor

failed to pay to Pierce certain funds Pierce contended were due under the contract. 1

       In July 2009, Pierce filed a “Petition for Damages in Contract” against the

contractor, and, in July 2010, amended the petition to add Ohio Casualty as a

defendant. Pierce alleged that Ohio Casualty and the contractor were “jointly and

severally liable” to Pierce for the failure of the contractor to perform under the

contract. Ohio Casualty asserted several affirmative defenses to these allegations,

one of which was that Pierce failed to comply with conditions precedent to filing a

claim against the surety.       When the contractor filed a petition for bankruptcy

protection in December 2010, the lawsuit proceeded solely against Ohio Casualty.

       On October 17, 2011, when the project was substantially completed, the

Jefferson Parish government filed a notice of acceptance of work with the

Jefferson Parish mortgage records office. This occurred over a year after Pierce

amended its lawsuit to add Ohio Casualty as a defendant. It is undisputed that

Pierce never filed a sworn statement of claim in the mortgage records.

       Before trial, Ohio Casualty filed a motion for summary judgment,

contending that Pierce was required to comply with the notice and recordation

requirements of La. R.S. 38:2242(B) and, because it failed to do so within 45 days

of Jefferson Parish’s acceptance of the project, Pierce could not recover from Ohio

Casualty under La. R.S. 38:2247. Pierce opposed the motion, asserting that the

statute does not affect the right to proceed in contract, and the Act never

contemplated a situation in which notice would be given and suit filed before the

events outlined in R.S. 38:2242.            Pierce contended that the Act does not

contemplate any loss of rights, other than the privilege against the public entity.

1 Pierce alleged that the contractual base price was $359,987.00, to which was added $11,500.00
for a test pile program and $60,512.00 for standby/delay time, totaling $431,999.00. The balance
due, according to Pierce, is $116,716.96.

                                               2
The trial court granted Ohio Casualty’s motion in part, “only to the extent that

there is no privilege in favor of [Pierce],” and otherwise permitted the suit to

proceed. Ohio Casualty sought supervisory review, and the court of appeal denied

relief, stating:

       On the showing made, we decline to exercise our supervisory
       jurisdiction. K Construction, Inc. v. Burko Construction, Inc., 629 So.
       2d 1370 (La. App. 4 Cir. 1993); Wilkin v. Dev Con Builders, Inc., 561
       So. 2d 66 (La. 1990).

Pierce Founds., Inc. v. The Ohio Casualty Ins. Co., 12-0859 (La. App. 5 Cir.

11/09/12) (unpublished).

       On December 13, 2012, after a bench trial, the trial court rendered judgment

in favor of Pierce in the amounts of $59,428.96 for sums owed under the contract

and $57,000.00 for idle time, plus judicial interest from the date of the original

judgment.     As to Ohio Casualty’s argument that Pierce’s exclusive right of action

against it was limited to the relief granted by the Act and subject to compliance

with its requirements, the trial court noted that it had “already rejected” this

defense and stated that there was “no reason for this court to revisit that issue.”

Following several motions for a new trial and amended judgments, the final

judgment was signed on May 19, 2014.

       Ohio Casualty suspensively appealed the judgment, contending that the trial

court erred in failing to dismiss it prior to trial, because Pierce’s failure to comply

with the notice provisions of La. R.S. 38:2242(B) resulted in forfeiture of its right

of action against the surety. Pierce devolutively appealed, asserting the trial court

erred by awarding interest only from the date of judgment. The Court of Appeal,

Fifth Circuit, concluded that Pierce’s failure to comply with the relevant notice

provisions deprived it of a right of action against Ohio Casualty, reversed the trial

court judgment, and dismissed the suit as to Ohio Casualty. Pierce Founds., Inc. v.

JaRoy Constr., Inc., 14-669 (La. App. 5 Cir. 3/25/15), 169 So. 3d 580.

                                          3
       We then granted Pierce’s application for a writ of certiorari. Pierce Founds.,

Inc. v. JaRoy Constr., Inc., 15-0785 (La. 6/5/15), 171 So. 3d 938.

                                   RELEVANT LAW
       In 1918, the legislature enacted Act 224, the precursor to the modern Public

Works Act, La. R.S. 38:2241, et seq., to “protect those performing labor and

furnishing materials for public works.” Wilkin v. Dev Con Builders, Inc., 561 So.

2d 66, 70 (La. 1990). The laws do not grant beneficiaries a lien on the public work

itself, but rather gives them “a privilege against the unexpended fund in the

possession of the public entity with whom the original contract was entered into.”

Id. (quoting Pigeon-Thomas Iron Co. v. Drew Bros., 111 So. 182, 183 (1926)). As

this Court stated:

       The effect of these provisions is to give certain classes of persons not
       enjoying privity of contract with the general contractor or with the
       governing authority a claim nevertheless against the general
       contractor and his surety and in some instances a claim against the
       governing authority itself.

Id. at 70. The laws also protect a public authority complying with the requirements

of the statute from expenses caused by the failure of the contractor to perform the

contract. 561 So. 2d at 71.

       The statutory framework set forth in the Act accomplishes this purpose, first,

by mandating that, when a public entity enters into a contract in excess of

$25,000.00 for the construction, alteration, or repair of any public works, the

contractor is required to post a bond “in a sum of not less than fifty percent of the

contract price for the payment by the contractor or subcontractor to claimants as

defined in R.S. 38:2242.” La. R.S. 38:2241(A)(2). The law further establishes a

means for asserting a claim under the Act, set forth in La. R.S. 38:2242(B):

       Any claimant 2 may after the maturity of his claim and within forty-
       five days after the recordation of acceptance of the work by the

2  La. R.S. 38:2242(A) defines “claimant” as “any person to whom money is due pursuant to the
contract with the owner or a contractor or subcontractor for doing work, performing labor, or
furnishing materials or supplies for the construction. . . of any public works. . . .” No party
                                              4
       governing authority or of notice of default of the contractor or
       subcontractor, file a sworn statement of the amount due him with the
       governing authority having the work done and record it in the office
       of the recorder of mortgages for the parish in which the work is done.

       The Act also addresses a claimant’s direct right of action on the bond against

the general contractor and/or surety, making clear that the subcontractor maintains

a separate right of action outside of the parameters of the Act. To that end, La.

R.S. 38:2247 provides, in pertinent part:

       Nothing in this Part shall be construed to deprive any claimant, as
       defined in this Part and who has complied with the notice and
       recordation requirements of R.S. 38:2242(B), of his right of action on
       the bond furnished pursuant to this Part, provided that said action
       must be brought against the surety or the contractor or both within one
       year from the registry of acceptance of the work or of notice of default
       of the contractor except that before any claimant having a direct
       contractual relationship with a subcontractor but no contractual
       relationship with the contractor shall have a right of action against the
       contractor or the surety on the bond furnished by the contractor, he
       shall in addition to the notice and recordation required in R.S.
       38:2242(B) give written notice to said contractor within forty-five
       days from the recordation of the notice of acceptance by the owner of
       the work or notice by the owner of default, stating with substantial
       accuracy the amount claimed and the name of the party to whom the
       material was furnished or supplied or for whom the labor or service
       was done or performed.

       The court of appeal, construing La. R.S. 38:2247, held that “only those

claimants who have complied with the notice and recordation requirements of La.

R.S. 38:2242(B) shall not be deprived of a right of action on the bond.” Pierce

Founds., Inc. v. JaRoy Constr., Inc., 14-669, p.7 (La. App. 5 Cir. 3/25/15), 169 So.

3d 580, 585 (emphasis added). The court of appeal therefore concluded: “[T]he

notice and recordation requirements of La. R.S. 38:2242(B) are necessary

conditions for a right of action on a bond. The failure to comply with these

requirements deprives a claimant of a right of action on a bond.” Id. (emphasis

added).      The court of appeal also rejected the reasoning of the case “K”

Construction, Inc. v. Burko Construction, Inc., 629 So. 2d 1370 (La. App. 4 Cir.

disputes that Pierce would qualify as a “claimant” under this definition.

                                                 5
1993), which it had previously cited in denying the relief that Ohio Casualty

sought pre-trial.

      Ohio Casualty urges this Court to affirm the court of appeal, arguing that

Pierce’s failure to file the sworn statement of claim is fatal to its cause of action

against Ohio Casualty. Ohio Casualty argues that exclusive rights of action against

the surety are set forth in La. R.S. 38:2247, and Pierce’s failure to comply with the

requirements of the Act – including the notice and recordation requirements of La.

R.S. 38:2242(B) – bar recovery against Ohio Casualty.

      Pierce argues that the court of appeal decision frustrates the purpose of the

Act – specifically, that the Act was adopted to protect those performing labor and

furnishing materials for public works, as set forth in Wilkin, not to immunize

sureties from lawsuits brought in contract related to unpaid funds. Pierce contends,

inter alia, that the court of appeal erred by converting the permissive “may” of La.

R.S. 38:2242(B) into a mandatory requirement, thereby holding that a claimant

who does not file the sworn statement is “deprived of all rights against the surety”

– including rights in contract. Additionally, because Pierce filed suit over a year

before Jefferson Parish filed the notice of acceptance, Ohio Casualty could not

reasonably claim it did not have notice of the claim. For the reasons set forth

below, we agree with Pierce.

                                    ANALYSIS

      Legislation is the solemn expression of the legislative will; thus, the

interpretation of legislation is primarily the search for the legislative intent. Cat's

Meow, Inc. v. City of New Orleans, 98-0601, p.15 (La. 10/20/98), 720 So. 2d 1186,

1198; La. Safety Ass'n of Timbermen Self-Insurers Fund v. La. Ins. Guar. Ass'n,

09-0023, p.8 (La. 6/26/09), 17 So. 3d 350, 355-56. See also La. R.S. 24:177(B)(1).

When a law is clear and unambiguous, and its application does not lead to absurd

consequences, it shall be applied as written, with no further interpretation made in

                                          6
search of the legislative intent. La. R.S. 1:4. The starting point for interpretation

of any statute is the language of the statute itself. See, e.g., Cat's Meow, 98-0601,

p.15, 720 So. 2d at 1198; Timbermen, 09-0023, p.8, 17 So. 3d at 356.

Additionally, “all laws pertaining to the same subject matter must be interpreted in

pari materia, or in reference to each other.” See, e.g., State v. Williams, 10-1514

(La. 3/15/11), 60 So. 3d 1189, 1191; La. C.C. art. 13. When, on the other hand, a

statute is not clear and unambiguous, or its application leads to absurd

consequences, we rely on secondary rules of statutory interpretation to discern the

meaning of the statute at issue. See Red Stick Studio Dev., L.L.C. v. State ex rel.

Dep’t of Econ. Dev., 10-0193, p.10 (La. 1/19/11), 56 So. 3d 181, 187-88 (quotation

omitted). In such cases, the statute “must be interpreted as having the meaning that

best conforms to the purpose of the law. Moreover, when the words of a law are

ambiguous, their meaning must be sought by examining the context in which they

occur and the text of the law as a whole.” Id.

      Because this matter involves the interpretation of statutory provisions and

only questions of law are presented, review by this court is de novo. See, e.g., Red

Stick Studio, 56 So. 3d at 187. Additionally, because the case involves the Public

Works Act, it must be strictly construed. Wilkin, 561 So. 2d at 75.

      The court of appeal found that Ohio Casualty was entitled to summary

judgment before trial, because Pierce did not comply with the notice and

recordation requirements of La. R.S. 2242(B). In so holding, the court of appeal

construed La. R.S. 38:2247 as imposing an affirmative requirement: “[O]nly those

claimants who have complied with the notice and recordation requirements of La.

R.S. 38:2242(B) shall not be deprived of a right of action on the bond.” 14-669,

p.7, 169 So. 3d at 584. Accordingly, the court of appeal concluded: “Logic . . .

dictates that the notice and recordation requirements of La. R.S. 38:2242(B) are

necessary conditions for a right of action on a bond.” Id. In other words, the court

                                         7
of appeal found that R.S. 38:2247’s reference to the “requirements” of 2242(B)

causes the formalities to become mandatory in any action against the bond. 3

       We disagree with this holding, and find that where the subcontractor fails to

comply with the notice and recordation requirements of La. R.S. 2242(B), the

subcontractor loses his privilege against funds in the hands of the public authority,

but the failure to comply does not affect the right of the subcontractor, in

contractual privity with the general contractor, to proceed directly against the

contractor and its surety. As an initial matter, we point out that the plain language

of La. R.S. 38:2242(B) and La. R.S. 38:2247 conflict, because R.S. 38:2242(B)

provides that a claimant “may” file a sworn statement, but R.S. 38:2247 refers to

the recordation “requirements” of 2242(B). Because of this ambiguity, we pursue

the statutory meaning in the context of the statute as a whole, with particular focus

on the statute’s purpose.

       The fundamental error in the court of appeal’s analysis is that it renders the

permissive “may” in La. R.S. 38:2242(B) – “[a]ny claimant may . . . file a sworn

statement” – mandatory in La. R.S. 38:2247. But the revised statutes instruct:

“The word ‘shall’ is mandatory and the word ‘may’ is permissive.” La. R.S. 1:3.

The court of appeal’s interpretation of the language of La. R.S. 38:2247 as

mandatory, even where preexisting contractual rights exist, is inconsistent with the

“cardinal rule of statutory interpretation that the word ‘may’ is permissive.” Kelly

v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 14-1921, p.12 (La. 5/5/15), 169 So. 3d 328, 336.

       Instead of employing this interpretive principle, the court of appeal

references the legislative history of La. R.S. 38:2247 to support its holding. Before

1985, La. R.S. 38:2247 provided, in pertinent part: “Nothing in this Part shall be

3  The dissent authored by Justice Hughes, which concludes that the only avenue for asserting a
claim against the surety for work performed pursuant to the Act is by means of the process set
forth in the Act (including the concursus proceeding), would effect a sweeping change in the
application of the Act. In effect, Justice Hughes reads out of the Act the direct right of action
against the bond that is expressly recognized and preserved in La. R.S. 38:2247. Such a holding
is not supported by the language or intent of the Act.

                                               8
construed to deprive any person or claimant . . . of his right of action on the

contractor’s bond . . . .” 14-669, p.8, 169 So. 3d at 585. Then, in 1985 La. Acts

244, § 1, the legislature amended the provision to state: “Nothing in this Part shall

be construed to deprive any claimant . . . who has complied with the notice and

recordation requirements of R.S. 38:2242(B), of his right of action on the bond . .

. .” Id. (emphasis added). The court of appeal opinion implies that the amendment

was intended to overrule Honeywell, Inc. v. Jimmie B. Guinn, Inc., 462 So. 2d 145,

148 (La. 1985), in which this Court commented (in dicta) that “an unpaid

subcontractor having a direct contractual relationship with the contractor may sue

on the contractor’s bond without filing and recording a sworn claim or giving

written notice to the contractor.” Honeywell, 462 So. 2d at 148.

      However, an examination of 1985 La. Acts 244, § 1 does not support the

court of appeal’s assumption that the legislature intended to modify or otherwise

limit La. R.S. 38:2242 in amending La. R.S. 38:2247. First, Honeywell stands only

for the proposition that La. R.S. 38:2247 contains a prescriptive period governing

the claims of subcontractors, as well as those of materialmen or laborers. 462 So.

2d at 148.   Second, the amendment of La. R.S. 38:2247 was not the only change

caused by 1985 La. Acts 244, § 1. The Act also revised La. R.S. 38:2241, 2242,

2244, and 2247, but, despite these changes, the legislature did not alter the use of

the permissive “may” in La. R.S. 38:2242(B). If the legislature had intended La.

R.S. 38:2247 to have the effect ascribed to it by the court of appeal, it would have

altered the permissive “may” in La. R.S. 38:2242 to the mandatory “shall.”

Compare, e.g., La. R.S. 48:256.5(B) (“Public Contracts of the Department of

Transportation and Development,” providing: “Any claimant shall, after the

                                         9
maturity of his claim and within forty-five days after the recordation of final

acceptance of the work by the [governing authority] ....”) (emphasis added). 4

       Further, the court of appeal’s interpretation of La. R.S. 38:2247 to

essentially trump the permissive language in La. R.S. 38:2242(B) overlooks that

La. R.S. 38:2247 is first and foremost a prescription provision, providing an

additional year to parties filing suit after the acceptance of work or default notice

is filed. 5 In this case, Pierce filed suit over a year before the acceptance was filed,

the parties litigated the claims through discovery and motions, and Ohio Casualty

was no doubt on notice of Pierce’s suit. Requiring additional notice under these

unique circumstances is futile and merely duplicative.

       We acknowledge that La. R.S. 38:2242 and La. R.S. 38:2247 use confusing

– even conflicting – language. But favoring the permissive (“may”) language of

La. R.S. 38:2242 rather than the restrictive (“requirements”) language of La. R.S.

38:2247, as we do here, best comports with the purpose of the act, which is to

“protect those performing labor and furnishing materials for public works” rather

than protecting the sureties on the bond. Wilkin, 561 So. 2d at 70. In other words,

the Act creates an additional remedy to persons contributing to the construction,

alteration, or repair of public works – a “privilege against the unexpended fund in

the possession of the authorities with whom the original contract ha[d] been

entered into.” Id.         The Act is not intended to – and does not – affect rights

4 Though the court of appeal presumes that the amendment of La. R.S. 38:2247 was intended to
overrule Honeywell, it is just as likely that the revisions were intended to overrule the decisions
in Construction Materials, Inc. v. Am. Fidelity Fire Ins. Co., 388 So. 2d 365 (La. 1980), and
Valliant v. State, Dept. of Transp. and Development, 437 So. 2d 845 (La. 1983), which ruled that
sureties could contractually extend their liability for claims falling outside the ambit of the public
works statutes, and to make it clear that the bond furnished pursuant to the Act is a statutory one.
Thus, under the 1985 amendments, sureties are “immune” from claims of those who do not
qualify as “claimants” under the Act. See La. Prac. Series: La. Constr. Law § 13:10.
5  Though we respectfully disagree with the dissent authored by Justice Knoll, which adopts a
similar analysis to the court of appeal, we emphasize that the statutory provisions are
complicated and, unfortunately, less than clear. Given the divergence in analysis by the courts
below and even the justices on this court, we believe that this is a matter ripe for review by the
Louisiana Law Institute and the legislature.

                                                 10
between parties proceeding directly in contract and is, in fact, silent on the question

of parties that are in contract and, as here, file suit well before the notice of

acceptance or default is filed. See, e.g., James S. Holliday, et al., La. Prac. Series:

La. Constr. Law, § 13:14 (2015 ed.) (“[C]laimants have a direct right of action

against the contractor and the surety on the bond. This action can be filed any time

after maturity of the claim, rather than requiring that the claimants wait for forty-

five days after acceptance of the entire project, which in many cases could occur

long after the claim matures.”). See also, e.g., La. C.C. art. 3045 (“A surety . . . is

liable to the creditor . . . for the full performance of the obligation of the principal

obligor, . . . even in the absence of an express agreement of solidarity.”); Id. cmt.

(c) (“The creditor may include in the same suit both the principal obligor and the

surety or he may sue the surety without joinder of the principal obligor.”). The

court of appeal’s holding has the effect of foreclosing the exercise of preexisting

contractual rights, which exist outside the parameters of the Act and are expressly

preserved in the Act, between a subcontractor and the general contractor’s surety. 6

       A court of appeal case, “K” Construction, Inc. v. Burko Construction, Inc.,

93-1338 (La. App. 4 Cir. 12/16/93), 629 So. 2d 1370, authored by former Chief

Justice John Dixon sitting pro tempore, is instructive in its analysis of the

relationship between La. R.S. 38:2242(B) and 38:2247 (post-1985 amendment). In

Burko – a case, like this one, in which the claimant filed a lawsuit before the public

6  We note further that R.S. 38:2241(C) contains language that purports to “immunize” sureties
from liability for or payment of claims “not required by this Part.” La. R.S. 38:2241(C)
(“Sureties and contractors executing payment bonds for public works contracts under this Part
shall be immune from liability for or payment of any claims not required by this Part.”). It has
been suggested that the aim of this provision is to “clearly state[] that a bond given pursuant to
the Public Works Act is a statutory bond which is strictly construed and that only claimants who
are specifically named in the statutes have a right to sue under the bond.” La. Prac. Series: La.
Constr. Law, § 13:10. Though this language is less than clear, there is no indication that it was
intended to supplant contractual remedies that persons who qualify as “claimants” under the Act
otherwise possess. This is consistent with the federal Miller Act, 49 U.S.C. § 3131, et seq.
(related to federal public construction projects), which requires no special notice for claimants
directly in contract with the general contractor. See La. Prac. Series: La. Constr. Law § 13:15
(noting that a subcontractor in a direct contractual relationship with a contractor is not required
to give notice under the Miller Act before filing suit).

                                                11
body filed its notice of acceptance or default – the court considered and rejected

the same arguments made by the surety (and adopted by the court of appeal) in this

case. The court noted that the case was unique, because the notice of default was

filed long after the plaintiffs had sent notice of nonpayment to the general

contractor and after the plaintiffs filed the lawsuit. In reasoning we find

compelling, Chief Justice Dixon wrote:

      [The sureties] claim that although R.S. 38:2242 B says “may” instead
      of “shall,” R.S. 38:2247's reference to the formalities of notice/filing
      and recordation as “requirements” causes the formalities to become
      mandatory. The sureties contend that the formalities are discretionary
      in R.S. 38:2242 B because that provision deals with perfecting a
      statutory claim against the prime contract funds in the hands of the
      public owner. R.S. 38:2247, they believe, is a separate provision for
      filing suit against the sureties in which the permissive provisions of
      R.S. 38:2242 B become mandatory.

      The sureties also claim that the “may” in R.S. 38:2242 simply means
      that a claimant has the option to: 1) file and record a sworn statement
      to “perfect” his statutory claim, or 2) not file and record a sworn
      statement and not have a “perfected” statutory claim. R.S. 38:2247,
      the sureties assert, is what creates a cause of action against the bond
      and it requires a perfected claim to proceed against the bond.

      The statutes do not, however, operate together as the sureties suggest.
      R.S. 38:2242 gives no consequence of not filing and/or recording the
      sworn statement. And, styled as a prescription article, R.S. 38:2247
      does not actually create a cause of action on the bond. The
      assumption that the legislature intended to explain or limit R.S.
      38:2242 in R.S. 38:2247 is not warranted.

Burko, 629 So. 2d at 1372.

      We agree with the Burko court that any other interpretation of La. R.S.

38:2242 and 38:2247 would undermine the stated purpose of the Act: to protect

those contributing to the construction, alteration, or repair of public works, not to

foreclose preexisting contractual rights between parties. Here, as in Burko, Pierce

filed suit against the surety long before the event occurred that triggers the 45-day

period during which a claimant may file and record his sworn statement under La.

R.S. 38:2242, as well as the prescriptive period of one year during which suit may

be filed in accordance with La. R.S. 38:2247. As noted by Chief Justice Dixon in

                                         12
Burko, the provisions of the Act simply do not address the situation where suit is

filed prior to these triggering events. Id. at 1374 (“Simply put, the Public Works

Act does not appear to envision a situation where suit is filed before the notice of

default [or acceptance of the work by the governing authority] is recorded.”). 7

       Because the statutory language at issue is ambiguous, and because the

purpose of the Act is to assist laborers in recovery – not to immunize sureties

where parties may proceed in contract – the purpose of the Act is effectuated by

this decision.

                                           DECREE

       Pursuant to the foregoing, we hold that Pierce’s lawsuit was timely filed

against the general contractor and its surety, Ohio Casualty, and that the failure of

the plaintiff to perfect its privilege against the public authority (as found by the

trial court) does not defeat its right of action against the surety. The decision of the

court of appeal is reversed and the decision of the trial court is reinstated.

REVERSED.

7   The other cases relied upon by the court of appeal are inapposite under the unique facts
presented in this case, because the claimants in those cases (i) did not file a lawsuit before the
notice of acceptance of work was filed, and (ii) filed their lien in the record after the expiration
of the 45 day period. See, e.g., Gulf Coast Refrigeration, LLC v. Houma Terrebonne Hous.
Auth., 13-1512 (La. App. 1 Cir. 3/24/14), 2014 WL 1175898, at *7 (unpublished), writ denied,
14-0855 (La. 6/20/14), 141 So. 3d 811 (lien filed and recorded more than 45 days after default
and did not file lawsuit until months later); John F. Sanchez Plumbing Co. v. Aetna Cas. &
Surety Co., 564 So.2d 1302, 1303 (La. App. 1 Cir.1990), writ denied, 567 So.2d 1128 (La. 1990)
(lien filed more than 45 days after notice of acceptance of work and lawsuit filed approximately
three months later); Interstate Sch. Supply Co. v. Guitreau's Constr. & Consulting Co., 542
So.2d 138, 139 (La. App. 1 Cir.1989) (sworn statement filed 46 days after recordation of the
notice of acceptance).

                                                13
05/03/16

                      SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA

                                    NO. 2015-C-0785

                          PIERCE FOUNDATIONS, INC.

                                           VERSUS

                         JAROY CONSTRUCTION, INC.

KNOLL, Justice, dissenting.

       I disagree with the majority’s finding failure to comply with the notice and

recordation requirements of La. R.S. 38:2247 does not affect the right of a

subcontractor to proceed directly against the surety on the bond. 1 For the following

reasons, I respectfully dissent. Indeed, to the contrary, I find the surety is immune

from suit unless the subcontractor gives notice and recordation as required under

the Public Works Act (“PWA”), the provisions of which must be strictly

construed. The majority clearly errs as a matter of law and reaches its result by

broadly construing, notwithstanding it recognizes the statute requires strict

construction, and misinterpreting the PWA.

       As the majority correctly notes, the issue in this case concerns a

subcontractor’s direct right of action on the bond against the surety to which La.

R.S. 38:2247 provides:

              Nothing in this Part shall be construed to deprive any claimant,
       as defined in this Part and who has complied with the notice and
       recordation requirements of R.S. 38:2242(B), of his right of action
       on the bond furnished pursuant to this Part, provided that said action
       must be brought against the surety or the contractor or both within one
       year from the registry of acceptance of the work or of notice of default

1  I do agree the Public Works Act does not prevent or prohibit a subcontractor’s right of action
against a general contractor with which the subcontractor shares contractual privity, but this issue
is not presently before this Court.
          of the contractor; except that before any claimant having a direct
          contractual relationship with a subcontractor but no contractual
          relationship with the contractor shall have a right of action against the
          contractor or the surety on the bond furnished by the contractor, he
          shall in addition to the notice and recordation required in R.S.
          38:2242(B) give written notice to said contractor within forty-five
          days from the recordation of the notice of acceptance by the owner of
          the work or notice by the owner of default, stating with substantial
          accuracy the amount claimed and the name of the party to whom the
          material was furnished or supplied or for whom the labor or service
          was done or performed. Such notice shall be served by mailing the
          same by registered or certified mail, postage prepaid, in an envelope
          addressed to the contractor at any place he maintains an office in the
          state of Louisiana. (Emphasis added).

Clearly, La. R.S. 38:2247 expressly reserves as well as grants the claimant

(subcontractor) a direct right of action on the bond against the surety, provided he

first complies with the notification and recordation requirements of La. R.S.

38:2242(B).

          The recognition of this direct action has been in the PWA since its inception,

providing in Section 3 of Act 224 of 1918: “nothing in this act shall be so

construed as to deprive any person or claimant within the terms of this act of his

right of action on the [bond], which right shall accrue any time after the maturity of

his claim.”2 Notably in Act 16 of 1962, the Legislature amended La. R.S. 38:2247,

imposing the one-year prescriptive period for suits on the bond:

2   In its entirety, Section 3 provided:

                   Be it further enacted, etc., That any person, firm, corporation or
          association of persons or partnership to whom any money shall be due, on account
          of having done any work, performed any labor, or furnished any material in the
          construction, erection, alteration or repair of any such building, public road or
          public work or improvement shall within forty-five days after the acceptance of
          said work by the State, parish, city, town, village, public board or body, or within
          forty-five days after the default of the contractor or sub-contractor, file with the
          said authority a sworn statement of the amount due, and record a sworn statement
          thereof with the Recorder of Mortgages of the Parish in which the work is done,
          or being done, provided that the said 45 days shall not being to run until the said
          authorities shall record in the mortgage office of the parish in which the work was
          done as acceptance of the work, or notice of the default of the contractor or
          subcontractor, as the case may be; provided further that nothing in this act shall be
          so construed as to deprive any person or claimant within the terms of this act of
          his right of action on the bo[nd], which right shall accrue at any time after the
          maturity of his claim.

                                                   2
             Nothing in this Part shall be construed to deprive any person or
      claimant within the terms of this Part of his right of action on the
      contractor’s bond which shall accrue at any time after maturity of his
      claim, which said action must be brought against the surety and/or the
      contractor within one year from the registry of acceptance of the work
      or of notice of default of the contractor.

The Legislature stated its purpose in enacting Act 16 was “[t]o amend and re-enact

Section 2247 … to define the rights of persons or claimants to have or bring a

right of action against a contractor or the surety.” By expressly defining and

limiting the right of action, the Legislature brought the claimant’s direct action on

the bond against the surety squarely within the protection of the PWA.

      The LOUISIANA PRACTICE SERIES: LOUISIANA CONSTRUCTION LAW § 13:14

provides:

            The Louisiana Public Works Act contemplates that if there are
      unpaid claims at the expiration of forty-five days after recordation of
      acceptance or default, the public body can file a concursus
      proceeding, citing all claimants, the contractor and the surety on the
      bond, and requiring them to assert whatever claims they have against
      one another. If the public body does not file such a proceeding, any of
      the unpaid claimants may do so. In these proceedings, all claimants
      can assert their claims against the surety and the contractor, and those
      claims are paid in preference to any claims of the governing authority.
            As a practical matter, the concursus proceeding is very seldom
      used because claimants have a direct right of action against the
      contractor and the surety on the bond. This action can be filed any
      time after maturity of the claim, rather than requiring that the
      claimants wait for forty-five days after acceptance of the entire
      project, which in many cases could occur long after the claim matures.

It further provides:

             The Public Works Act also provides a separate remedy for
      claimants against the contractor and its surety who have complied
      with notice and recordation requirements of La. R.S. 38:2242(B). If
      the claimant is a materialman or laborer, this separate suit must be
      filed by the claimant against the contractor or the surety within one
      year after recordation of acceptance or notice of default. The
      Louisiana Supreme Court has held that a subcontractor’s suit is also
      governed by the one year prescription period La. R.S. 38:2247.

Id. at § 13.11.

                                         3
      As authority, the authors cite to La. R.S. 38:2247 and Honeywell, Inc. v.

Jimmie B. Guinn, Inc., 462 So.2d 145, 148 (La. 1985) in which this Court, with

Justice Marcus as organ, interpreted a previous version of La. R.S. 38:2247, which

provided:

             Nothing in this Part shall be construed to deprive any person or
      claimant within the terms of this Part of his right of action on the
      contractor’s bond which shall accrue at any time after maturity of his
      claim, which said action must be brought against the surety or the
      contractor or both within one year from the registry of acceptance of
      the work or of notice of default of the contractor; except that before
      any person having a direct contractual relationship with a
      subcontractor but no contractual relationship with the contractor shall
      have a right of action against the contractor or the surety on the bond
      furnished by the contractor, he shall record his claim as provided in
      R.S. 38:2242 or give written notice to said contractor within forty-five
      days from the recordation of the notice of acceptance by the owner of
      the work....

The Court concluded:

             … an unpaid subcontractor having a direct contractual
      relationship with the contractor may sue on the contractor’s bond
      without filing and recording a sworn claim or giving written notice to
      the contractor. Although the action against the contractor is subject to
      the ten-year prescriptive period ordinarily applied to actions in
      contract, La.Civ.Code art. 3499, the action against the surety on the
      bond must be brought within one year from the registry of acceptance
      of the work by the governing authority….

Honeywell, 462 So.2d at 148.

      In what can only be logically explained as action taken in response to the

Honeywell holding, the Legislature immediately enacted Act 244 of 1985,

amending La. R.S. 38:2247 to provide, as it presently does, that “Nothing in this

Part shall be construed to deprive any claimant ... who has complied with the

notice and recordation requirements of R.S. 38:2242(B), of his right of action on

the bond.” It follows, therefore, where compliance with the notice requirements

had not been necessary in order to proceed on the bond, the amendment evidences

                                         4
a specific as well as explicit legislative intent requiring compliance with the notice

requirements in order to do so, effectively “legislatively overruling” Honeywell.

      Read this way, the specific language of La. R.S. 38:2247 requires

compliance with the notice and recordation requirements of La. R.S. 38:2242(B) in

order to proceed via ordinaria against the surety “on the bond.” Thus, a

subcontractor/claimant to preserve his direct right of action on the bond against the

surety must: (1) “after the maturity of his claim and within forty-five days after the

recordation of acceptance of the work by the governing authority or of notice of

default of the contractor or subcontractor, file a sworn statement of the amount due

him with the governing authority having the work done and record it in the office

of the recorder of mortgages for the parish in which the work is done,” and (2) file

suit “against the surety or contractor or both within one year from the registry of

acceptance of the work or of notice of default of the contractor.” La. R.S. 38:2247.

      The Legislature went one step further in Act 244 by adding a provision to

La. R.S. 38:2241(C), providing as it still does today: “Sureties and contractors

executing payment bonds for public works contracts under this Part shall be

immune from liability for or payment of any claims not required by this Part.”

Reading the term “claim” in pari materia with the definition of “claimant”

contained in La. R.S. 38:2242 leads to the most reasonable conclusion that claim

means “money … due pursuant to a contract … in the construction … of any

public works.” Clearly, if a claimant is seeking money due pursuant to his public

work contract from the surety bond, his direct right of action against the surety on

the bond is governed exclusively by the PWA and its notice/recordation

requirements, otherwise the surety is “immune from liability … or payment of any

claims.” La. R.S. 38:2241(C).

                                          5
      Nowhere does the majority opinion address this key provision in the PWA—

the immunity granted the surety under La. R.S. 38:2241(C)—, which renders the

majority’s analysis clearly erroneous. A proper statutory analysis would address

the immunity provision, which the surety, Ohio Casualty, is urging in this case.

The immunity provision clearly grants Ohio Casualty immunity because Pierce

Foundation did not follow the notice and recordation requirements before (or even

after) it filed suit against Ohio Casualty. By failing to address the immunity

provision in the PWA, the majority reaches a flawed interpretation.

      The majority randomly dismisses the mandatory requirements of notice and

recordation and states: “We disagree with this holding, and find that where the

subcontractor fails to comply with the notice and recordation requirements of La.

R.S. 38:2242(B), the subcontractor loses his privilege against the funds in the

hands of the public authority, but the failure to comply does not affect the right of

the subcontractor, in contractual privity with the general contractor, to proceed

directly against the contractor and its surety.” Slip. Opn. at p. 8. This new twist in

misinterpreting the PWA is nothing more than legislating from the bench by

declaring “the subcontractor loses his privilege against funds” for failing to comply

with the PWA. Nowhere does the PWA proclaim this. Moreover, the statement as

to the subcontractor’s privity of contract with the general contractor is misplaced.

The contract between these two is not at issue. Importantly, there is no contract

between the subcontractor and the surety. The issue before us does not concern

contractual obligations, but rather how a subcontractor can make a claim for

payment on the bond under the PWA directly against a statutory surety when the

general contractor has gone “belly-up.”

      The majority opinion further fails to address the strong policy consideration

of ensuring proportional payment of all claimants, which is the primary purpose of

                                          6
the PWA, by requiring the queuing of claimants through recordation and

preventing depletion of the bond until all claimants have an opportunity to notify

and record their claims.

       In its analysis, the majority summarily dismisses the appellate court’s

examination of legislative history in its search for legislative intent. However, by

not addressing the steady and consistent changes made by the Legislature in direct

correlation to misinterpretations rendered by this Court, I find the majority

mistakenly focuses on its interpretation of the specific words used by the

Legislature without examining why the Legislature employed those very words—

its purposeful intent to rectify this Court’s repeated attempts to expand the PWA

beyond its terms. This jurisprudential history and later legislative amendments

“overruling” this Court’s opinions are very telling and important to a correct

statutory interpretation of the PWA.

       Concededly, the direct right of action of a subcontractor in direct contractual

privity with the general contractor and his surety most likely first arose from our

suretyship provisions. La. C.C. art. 3035. 3 However, over time, the Legislature

brought the surety bond within the exclusive parameters of the PWA and, in doing

so, transformed the direct right of action from contractual to statutory. 4 An in depth

examination of the legislative history of the PWA—the actions taken by the

3  La. C.C. art. 3035 provides: “Suretyship is an accessory contract by which a person binds
himself to a creditor to fulfill the obligation of another upon the failure of the latter to do so.”
And since the inception of our Civil Code, beginning in the Digest of Civil Laws of 1808, which
became the Louisiana Civil Code of 1808, Louisiana has codified rules relating to suretyship,
which gives creditors rights of action to proceed against the surety for fulfillment of the obligor’s
contractual obligation. See La. C.C. 1808, p. 428, Art. 1; La. C.C. art. 3004 (1825); La. C.C. art.
3035 (1870); see also CN 1804, Art. 2011 (“Celuí quí se rend caution d’une obligation, se
soumet envers le créancier à satisfaire à cette obligation, si le dàbiteur n’y satisfait pas lui-
même” translated “The person who becomes surety on a debt agrees with the creditor to satisfy
the obligation if the debtor does not.”).
4 Significantly, the surety herein is not bound to the subcontractor. Rather, it is bound to the

State by operation of the PWA. And unlike of old, the subcontractor is not privy to the surety
contract; the surety has no contractual relationship with the subcontractor. The subcontractor’s
right of action on the bond now arises strictly from the PWA.

                                                 7
Legislature in direct response to interpretations of this Court—clearly reveals this

transformation. The Legislature said as much in Act 16 of 1962.

       Likewise, this Court has over time revised its interpretation of the limits of a

surety’s liability on the bond, starting from a statutory limitation then moving to a

contractual expansion, returning to its statutory position, and now with the majority

opinion resurrecting its contractual approach. And each time the Legislature has

responded, with its last amendment expressly limiting the liability on the bond only

to “claims … required by this Part.”

       Early on this Court held the bond was statutory and therefore limited by the

statute:

              But the claimant contends that the bond executed by the
       appellant surety company is broader in its terms than those required
       by the statute. The bond provides, among other things, that the surety
       company will pay, if the contractor does not, ‘all bills for materials
       and labor entered into in the construction of said work or used in the
       course of the performance of the work.’ The engagement of the
       contractor’s surety to pay for material and labor ‘used in the course of
       the performance of the work’ is, admittedly, more comprehensive than
       the requirement of the statute.
              The claimant argues that, whatever may be the inhibition
       imposed by the legislative act on the public body executing the
       contract and bond, there is no inhibition against the incurring by the
       contractor’s surety of a liability beyond that fixed by the statute. In
       support of his argument, claimant cites certain decisions from other
       jurisdictions.
              But we see no reason for departing from the well-established
       rule of our own jurisprudence that in a statutory bond the statute must
       be read into the instrument; superadded stipulations must be
       disregarded and necessary obligations which have been omitted must
       be supplied. John H. Murphy Iron Works v. United States F. & G. Co.,
       169 La. 163, 124 So. 768; Minden Presbyterian Church v. Lambert,
       167 La. 719, 120 So. 61; Miller v. Bonner, 163 La. 342, 111 So. 776;
       Davis v. West Louisiana Bank, 155 La. 245, 99 So. 207; Id., 155 La.
       252, 99 So. 210.

Long Bell Lumber Co. v. S.D. Carr Const. Co., 172 La. 182, 187-88, 133 So. 438,

439-40 (1931). Then in Construction Materials, Inc. v. American Fidelity Fire Ins.

                                           8
Co., 388 So.2d 365, 366-67 (La. 1980), with Justice Dennis as organ, this Court

contrarily held a surety could contractually extend his liability:

             The statute’s aim is to define the types of claims to be given
      protection and to make the governing authority responsible for their
      deduction and payment out of the contractor’s receipts. The legislation
      clearly does not forbid a contractor and his surety from providing
      security for the payment of claims falling outside the ambit of
      statutory protection. In fact, the Public Works Act makes clear that it
      shall not be construed to deprive any person of his right of action on
      the contractor’s bond. La.R.S. 38:2247, in pertinent part, provides:

             “Nothing in this Part shall be construed to deprive any
             person or claimant within the terms of this Part of his
             right of action on the contractor’s bond which shall
             accrue at any time after maturity of his claim . . . .”

             Defendant surety argues that this provision was intended to
      provide protection only for “a claimant within the terms” of the
      statute. We think it clear, however, that the section was designed to
      protect “any person” with a “right of action on the contractor’s bond.”
      Claimants whose claims fall within the ambit of the statutory
      protection have no need of the savings clause. It was specifically for
      the benefit of those persons and claimants whose rights depend solely
      on the contractor’s bond that the section preserving their actions was
      added.
             The surety also contends that extending coverage of Public
      Works bonds will conceivably allow extra-statutory claims to dilute
      the protection afforded traditional claimants and public bodies. These
      are legitimate concerns addressing themselves to the legislative
      process, which thus far has given more weight to other considerations.
      One such consideration might be found in the words of the court of
      appeal, which aptly suggested that there is “little merit in a rule of law
      which permits a surety to evade the conditions of its own bond, which
      it has written, and for which it has charged a premium . . . .” 383
      So.2d at 1294.

Construction Materials, Inc., 388 So.2d at 367. Through its enactment of the 1985

amendments, discussed supra, the Legislature codified this Court’s earlier position

on the bond’s statutory nature. Then in State v. McInnis Brothers Const., 97-0742

(La. 12/12/97), 701 So.2d 937, this Court once again adopted the interpretation of

the bond as statutory:

            As explained in Wilkin, supra, La. R.S. 38:2241 et seq. require
      of the general contractor a statutory bond (the labor and materials

                                           9
      payment bond) and give to the qualifying claimant a “privilege against
      the unexpended fund in the possession of the authorities.” Wilkin, 561
      So.2d at 70…. Because it is required by the statute and the parties are
      not free to enter into the contract without it, the bond is in the nature
      of a statutory bond which exists for the benefit of the public authority
      and in essence creates a “privilege” or a source of funds available to
      the State should it be successful in a suit against the general contractor
      and the surety …. “The Act is to be strictly construed and the liability
      of the surety should not be expanded beyond the statute.” Metro
      Builders Hardware, Inc. v. Burko Construction, Inc., et al., 93-1970
      (La.App. 4th Cir. 2/25/94), 633 So.2d 838, writ denied, 94-0727
      (La.5/6/94), 637 So.2d 1049. “[T]he obligations of a statutory bond
      are limited to the exact provisions of the statute.” Martinolich v.
      Albert, 143 So.2d 745, 747 (La.App. 1st Cir.1962).

McInnis Brothers Const., 97-742 at pp. 9-10, 701 So.2d at 944.

      Our role as civilian jurists is to interpret the laws in search of the

Legislature’s intent. In this matter, the Legislature has made clear its intent to limit

the liability of the surety on the bond to only those claims provided for in the

PWA. Under the facts herein, the only right of action on the bond the PWA

recognizes and provides for is that of a claimant “who has complied with the notice

and recordation requirements of R.S. 38:2242(B).” The majority’s reading of the

statutory language authorizes a right of action on the surety bond arising from the

“contractual privity” between the general contractor and the subcontractor not

provided for by the PWA in direct contravention of the immunity provisions set

forth in La. R.S. 38:2241(C). In so doing, the majority once again adopts the

position of this Court in Honeywell and Construction Materials, Inc., which

ironically prompted the very amendments we are now charged with interpreting.

Therefore, in my view, the only interpretation that will give effect to all the

statutory provisions and comply with the Legislature’s expressed intent is one that

requires compliance with the notice and recordation requirements before a

subcontractor may proceed directly against the surety on the bond.

                                          10
      Much is also made by the majority herein of “K” Construction, Inc. v.

Burko Construction, Inc., 629 So.2d 1370 (La. App. 4th Cir. 1993), authored by

former Chief Justice Dixon, then sitting pro tempore, in which the court held:

             styled as a prescription article, R.S. 38:2247 does not actually
      create a cause of action on the bond.
             …
             While it is arguable that the reason for the notice provision of
      R.S. 38:2242 is to ensure that the governing authority and its surety
      are not subject to claims long after a project is completed, it is not
      reasonable to penalize a sub-contractor who has given timely notice
      sufficient to apprise the governing authority of its claim, merely
      omitting to provide the governing authority with a sworn statement.
             …
             Simply put, the Public Works Act does not appear to envision a
      situation where suit is filed before the notice of default is recorded.
      Consequently, our task is to determine if what the claimants did in
      this case was sufficient to notify HANO and, in Laurent’s case,
      Burko of the claims.

“K” Construction, Inc., 629 So.2d at 1372-74 (emphasis added). This

interpretation is flawed, however, in its complete failure to recognize as well as

preserve the notice to other claimants, which the recordation requirement of La.

R.S. 38:2242(B) is meant to ensure. Further, in holding La. R.S. 38:2247 is merely

prescriptive, the question from where does the right of action arise is left

unanswered. The logical resolution of this inquiry is ultimately fatal to “K”

Construction’s conclusion because if the right does not arise from the PWA, the

subcontractor’s action is preempted by the surety’s statutory immunity.

      Guided by the Legislature’s intent expressed in its 1962 and 1985

amendments to the PWA, I find a claimant, in order to maintain its direct action

against the surety on the bond under La. R.S. 38:2247, must first satisfy the notice

and recordation requirements of La. R.S. 38:2242(B) as well as file suit within the

one-year prescriptive period; otherwise, its action on the bond prescribes. This

interpretation ensures the primary purpose of the PWA—the proportional payment

of all claims—is both met and satisfied.

                                           11
      Finally because its holding is contrary to this interpretation, I would overrule

“K” Construction. And I would strongly discourage reliance on any statement in

the LOUISIANA PRACTICE SERIES, which likewise does not conform to the

Legislature’s clear intent recited above.

                                            12
05/03/16

                   SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA

                               NO. 2015-C-0785

                      PIERCE FOUNDATIONS, INC.

                                     VERSUS

                      JAROY CONSTRUCTION, INC.

GUIDRY, Justice, dissents and assigns reasons.

      I disagree with the majority’s holding that failure to comply with the notice

and recordation requirements of La. Rev. Stat. 38:2247 does not limit the right of a

subcontractor, in contractual privity with the general contractor, to proceed directly

against the surety on the statutory bond. I do not disagree that there is arguably

some ambiguity at first glance in the permissive language used in La. Rev. Stat.

38:2242 and the language used in La. Rev. Stat. 38:2247. However, in my view

the interpretation of the two statutes made by the court of appeal best follows the

intent of the legislature and the Public Works Act, La. Rev. Stat. 38:2241 et seq.

      I agree with the majority that the Act is intended to protect those

contributing to the construction, alteration, or repair of public works, rather than to

foreclose preexisting contractual rights between parties. In enacting the subject

version of La. Rev. Stat. 38:2247, the legislature sought to define the rights of

persons or claimants to have or bring a right of action against a contractor or a

surety. Acts 1962, No. 16. In my view, one purpose of the notice requirements of

La. Rev. Stat. 38:2242 is to ensure the governing authority and the statutory surety

are not subject to claims long after a project is completed. See “K” Construction,

Inc. v. Burko Construction, Inc., 629 So.2d 1370, 1374 (La. App. 4th Cir. 1993),
However, I do not believe that is the only purpose. The notice to the governing

authority, together with recordation in the public records as required in La. Rev.

Stat. 38:2242(B), also alerts other claimants and interested persons to the

subcontractor’s claim against not only the contractor, but also any claims on the

statutory bond. As the majority opinion notes, the Act, in lieu of a lien against the

public work itself, gives claimants a privilege against the unexpended funds in the

possession of the public entity, including certain claimants like materialmen and

laborers who do not enjoy contractual privity with the general contractor or the

governing authority. Slip op. at 4, citing Wilkin v. Dev. Con Builders, Inc., 561

So.2d 66, 70 (La. 1990). The governing authority, however, is also protected if it

complies with the Act. Id. The bond itself, deemed a statutory bond, need only be

at least 50% of the contract price. La. Rev Stat. 38:2241(A)(2). Importantly,

sureties and contractors executing payment bonds for public works contracts under

this Act “shall be immune from liability for or payment of any claims not required

by this Part.” La. Rev. Stat. 38:2241(C). Ultimately, because the pool of funds

established by the statutory bond may be finite, the Act is intended to provide

proportional payment to all eligible claimants.

      To that end, I believe La. Rev. Stat. 38:2247 is intended to put all of the

claimants, whether in contractual privity with the general contractor or not, on

relatively equal footing when it comes to asserting their statutory liens, or

privileges, against the surety on the bond.        The subcontractor who enjoys

contractual privity with the general contractor may nonetheless exercise his right of

action directly against the contractor, and most assuredly so, but he may also

proceed directly against the surety on the statutory bond, so long as he first

establishes his statutory lien or privilege as required by La. Rev. Stat. 38:2242(B).

I see no unreasonable intrusion into the contractual rights of the subcontractor in

                                          2
such a situation, as he may still proceed against the contractor, in any case, but he

may also proceed against the surety without waiting until after the recordation of

acceptance of the work by the governing authority.          The only condition for

proceeding against the surety on the statutory bond is compliance with the notice

and recordation requirements of La. Rev. Stat. 38:2242. In my view, this reading

of the two statutes in pari materia gives effect to all of the language in both.

Accordingly, I would find that a claimant to maintain his direct action against the

surety on the statutory bond under La. Rev. Stat. 38:2247, must first establish his

privilege thereon through the notice and recordation requirements set forth in La.

Rev. Stat. 38:2242(B), as well as file suit within the time limitations of La. Rev.

Stat. 38:2247.

                                         3
05/03/16

                       SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA

                                     NO. 2015-C-0785

                           PIERCE FOUNDATIONS, INC.

                                           VERSUS

                          JAROY CONSTRUCTION, INC.

      ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF APPEAL,
            FIFTH CIRCUIT, PARISH OF JEFFERSON

         HUGHES, J., dissents for the reasons assigned by Guidry, J., and assigns

additional reasons.

         The courts are supposed to follow the law, not make it.

         Louisiana Revised Statute 38:2241(C) provides, in pertinent part: “Sureties

and contractors executing payment bonds for public works contracts under this Part

shall be immune from liability for or payment of any claims not required by this

Part.” (Emphasis added.)

         The Louisiana Supreme Court, in an opinion authored by Justice Kimball,

stated that:

         It is a long standing principle of statutory interpretation that “[a]s a
         general rule, lien statutes are stricti juris and should thus be strictly
         construed.” Guichard Drilling Co. v. Alpine Energy Services, Inc.,
         94-1275 p. 7 (La. 7/3/95), 657 So.2d 1307, 1313, rehearing denied
         (La. 1995). “[P]ublic contract laws are to be strictly construed such
         that the privileges granted are not extended beyond the statutes.”
         Wilkin, supra, 561 So.2d at 71. See also American Creosote Works,
         Inc. v. City of Natchitoches, 182 La. 641, 162 So. 206 (1935); and
         Rester v. Moody & Stewart, 172 La. 510, 134 So. 690 (1931). “The
         Public Works Act is sui generis and provides exclusive remedies to
         parties in public construction work.” U.S. Pollution Control, Inc. v.
         National American Ins. Co., 95-153 p. 4 (La. App. 3d Cir. 8/30/95)
         663 So.2d 119, 122.[1]

1   U.S. Pollution Control was authored by Judge, now Justice, Jeannette Theriot Knoll.
State Division of Administration v. McInnis Brothers Construction, 97-0742

(La. 10/21/97), 701 So.2d 937, 944.

      In the present case the claimant intentionally chose not to comply with the

Public Works Act and did not comply with the notice and recordation requirements

of this Part. The statutory surety is therefore immune.

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