Court Opinion

ID: 5618494
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-11 04:26:54.668975+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:37:19.469561
License: Public Domain

Bloodworth, J.
(After stating the foregoing facts.) Section 4642 of the Civil Code of 1910, provides that “No judge or justice of any court . . can sit in any cause or proceeding in which . . he has been of counsel. . , Provided, that in all cases in which the presiding judge of the superior court may have been employed as counsel before his appointment as judge, he shall preside in such cases if the opposite party or counsel agree in writing that he may preside, unless the judge declines to do so.” (Italics ours.) It is undisputed that the presiding judge had been of counsel for the State in the case under consideration, and it is not contended that the defendant or his counsel gave written consent for him to preside in the bond forfeiture. In Marks v. Smith, 4 Ga. App. 129 (4), 130 (60 S. E. 1016), it was held that “A presiding judge who is disqualified to try a criminal case is also disqualified to forfeit a bond in such case, or to grant a rule nisi on the forfeiture; and a judgment absolute based thereon is illegal, and should be set aside upon direct attack for that purposed’ (Italics ours.) Applying this decision to the instant case, we necessarily conclude that if the judge is not qualified to try a criminal case in which he himself drew the indictment and otherwise participated, then he is not qualified to forfeit the bond in that case, and a judgment absolute based thereon is illegal, and should be set aside upon direct attack for that purpose. In Allen v. State, 102 Ga. 619, 622 (29 S. E. 470), the Supreme Court said: “It is conceded that Judge Felton of the Macon circuit was the solicitor-general of the circuit and prosecuted the plaintiff in error under the indictment for murder when that issue was tried in the superior court of Bibb county. He was therefore disqualified, under the terms of the Civil Code, § 4045 [§ 4642 of the Code of 1910, hereinbefore cited], from passing on the motion. By the common law the fact that the judge had been of counsel in a case was not a legal objection. . . Disqualification for this cause, therefore, is statutory, and the disability to preside is the result alone of the statute. From whatever source the disqualification to preside in a cause may arise, the effect, when such disqualification exists, is to divest jurisdiction, and the action taken is coram non judice, and void. . . It will be noted that the words of the statute are that 'No judge or justice of any court, no ordinary, *638justice of the peace, nor presiding officer of any inferior judicature or commission, can sit in any cause or proceeding in -which he has been of counsel. . The word ‘sit,’ when used in the statute, is synonymous with the word ‘preside; and it is fair, in construing it, to hold that the language intended that any act done or order made in the case of a judicial nature is prohibited.' . . It may therefore, we think, be conceded that while the statute forbids any judicial officer who has been of counsel in a particular case from thereafter presiding in the trial of such case, such prohibition is restricted to hearing the case, and to making or passing any order in relation thereto as may be judicial in its nature.” (Italics ours.) This ruling was based squarely on the fact that the presiding judge had been of counsel. If he has been of counsel, the statute, except as provided therein, forbids his “sitting” or “presiding” in the case, “or passing any order in relation thereto as may be judicial in its nature;” and it is not denied, in the instant case, that the judge had been of counsel for the State, participated as counsel in the case, and did thereafter preside as judge in the case, and that the 'judgment of forfeiture was an “order judicial in its nature.”
Inasmuch as the presiding judge was disqualified to try this case or to pass orders therein, and his disqualification was not waived, the trial thereafter went for naught. See Shuford v. Shuford, 141 Ga. 408 (9), 409 (81 S. E. 115); State Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Walton, 142 Ga. 765 (3), 766 (83 S. E. 656); Dobbins v. City of Marietta, 148 Ga. 467 (2), 468 (97 S. E. 439).
The court erred in sustaining the demurrer and dismissing the petition and motion to vacate and set aside the judgment absolute upon the forfeiture of the criminal recognizance.

Judgment reversed.

Broyles, C. J., and Luke, J., concur.