Court Opinion

ID: 9901379
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-21 18:01:49.786677+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:21:31.689184
License: Public Domain

Appellate Case: 23-8010     Document: 010110956472       Date Filed: 11/21/2023    Page: 1
                                                                                  FILED
                                                                      United States Court of Appeals
                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                         Tenth Circuit

                              FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                       November 21, 2023
                          _________________________________
                                                                         Christopher M. Wolpert
                                                                             Clerk of Court
  UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

        Plaintiff - Appellee,

  v.                                                         No. 23-8010
                                                   (D.C. No. 1:22-CR-00043-ABJ-1)
  MICHAEL CHIPPEWA,                                            (D. Wyo.)

        Defendant - Appellant.
                       _________________________________

                              ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                          _________________________________

 Before TYMKOVICH, BRISCOE, and MORITZ, Circuit Judges.
                  _________________________________

       A jury convicted Michael Chippewa of being a felon in possession of a firearm

 and possessing a stolen firearm. He appeals his sentence, arguing that the district

 court erred in applying a four-level enhancement under § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) of the

 United States Sentencing Guidelines (U.S.S.G. or the Guidelines) for possessing a

 firearm “in connection with another felony offense.” According to Chippewa,

 § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) requires a separation of time and conduct between the offense of

       *
         After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
 unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination of
 this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
 ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding
 precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral
 estoppel. But it may be cited for its persuasive value. See Fed. R. App. P. 32.1(a);
 10th Cir. R. 32.1(A).
Appellate Case: 23-8010    Document: 010110956472       Date Filed: 11/21/2023     Page: 2

 conviction and the offense justifying the sentencing enhancement, which he says did

 not exist here. But Chippewa relies on an interpretation of § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) that both

 we and the United States Sentencing Commission have rejected. Because the district

 court properly applied the enhancement, we affirm.

                                      Background

       One evening in January 2022, Quinlan Hernandez went to Chippewa’s

 residence on the Wind River Indian Reservation in Wyoming to get a tattoo.

 Chippewa and his brother Danny took turns tattooing Hernandez, who had provided

 his own tattoo gun. Hernandez paid for the tattoo with $40 and a half gallon of

 whiskey, which the trio drank while Hernandez was being tattooed. During the

 tattooing process, Chippewa asked Hernandez questions about a nine-millimeter

 Springfield pistol that Hernandez was carrying, including if he would sell it.

       Following a trip to buy more alcohol, Chippewa rode with Hernandez to his

 house, where Chippewa again expressed a desire for Hernandez’s gun. Eventually,

 Hernandez suggested that he drive Chippewa home; instead, Chippewa went to

 Hernandez’s bedroom, retrieved the gun, pointed it at Hernandez, and asked him how

 much he liked his feet.

       Hernandez tried to deescalate the situation and asked Chippewa to put the gun

 back. Chippewa replied that he was going to take the gun. He then pulled the slide

 back and chambered a round. Fearing for his life, Hernandez told Chippewa he could

 have the gun. Chippewa then asked Hernandez for a ride, and when Hernandez

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Appellate Case: 23-8010    Document: 010110956472         Date Filed: 11/21/2023    Page: 3

 refused, Chippewa put the gun to Hernandez’s head and forced Hernandez to drive

 him home. Chippewa kept the gun pointed at Hernandez during the entire drive.

       The next day, Chippewa’s mother called the Bureau of Indian Affairs police to

 report that Chippewa had pulled a gun on his other brother, Franklin. When the

 officers arrived at the Chippewa residence, they found Chippewa in bed. They also

 found a nine-millimeter ammunition cartridge underneath Chippewa’s pillow and

 Hernandez’s gun behind a dresser in the same bedroom. A nine-millimeter bullet was

 later found in Chippewa’s jacket.

       Based on these events, the government charged Chippewa with unlawfully

 possessing a firearm as a convicted felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and

 924(a)(2); and possessing a stolen firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(j) and

 924(a)(2). At trial, various witnesses testified about the facts detailed above,

 including Hernandez, Franklin, and the officers who responded to the 911 call. The

 jury ultimately convicted Chippewa on both counts.

       As relevant here, Chippewa’s presentence investigation report (PSR)

 recommended that he receive a four-level enhancement under U.S.S.G.

 § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) for possessing a firearm in connection with three other felony

 offenses—kidnapping, carjacking, and robbery. In support, the PSR stated that the

 testimony elicited at trial established Chippewa stole Hernandez’s gun, threatened

 him with it, kidnapped him, and carjacked his vehicle. Chippewa objected to the

 firearm enhancement, arguing among other things that “the jury’s verdict did not

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 require the determination that . . . Chippewa used or possessed a firearm in

 connection with another felony offense.” R. vol. 2, 133.

       At the sentencing hearing, the district court began by noting that a circuit split

 existed on an issue neither party had briefed: whether § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) requires a

 separation of time or conduct between the offense of conviction and the other felony

 offense used as the enhancement predicate. The district court said that it had not

 found a Tenth Circuit case resolving the issue and invited the parties to weigh in.

 Neither party, however, was prepared to address the question. Ultimately, the district

 court overruled Chippewa’s objection and applied the enhancement, finding that a

 preponderance of the evidence showed he possessed the firearm in connection with

 another felony offense. In so doing, the district court again referenced the circuit split

 and said it hoped that “on appeal this issue w[ould] be raised and be brought to the

 attention of the Tenth Circuit.” R. vol. 3, 420. The district court then determined that

 Chippewa’s total offense level was 20, which, when combined with a criminal-

 history category of IV, produced a Guidelines sentencing range of 51 to 63 months.

 The district court sentenced Chippewa to 57 months in prison and 3 years of

 supervised release.

       Chippewa appeals.

                                         Analysis

       Chippewa argues that the district court erred in applying the four-level

 enhancement because § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) requires a separation of time or conduct

 between the offense of conviction and the other felony offense, which he says did not

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 exist here. We “review de novo the district court’s legal conclusions regarding the

 [G]uidelines and review its factual findings for clear error.”1 United States v.

 Sanchez-Leon, 764 F.3d 1248, 1261 (10th Cir. 2014) (alteration in original) (quoting

 United States v. Gantt, 679 F.3d 1240, 1246 (10th Cir. 2012)).

       Section 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) directs district courts to increase a defendant’s base

 offense level by four if the defendant “used or possessed any firearm or ammunition

 in connection with another felony offense.” Before the 2006 amendments to the

 Guidelines, the circuit courts split over whether this enhancement applied if there

 was no separation of time or conduct between the offense of conviction and the

 enhancement predicate. See United States v. Morris, 562 F.3d 1131, 1134–35 (10th

 Cir. 2009) (collecting cases and discussing split).

       On appeal, Chippewa invokes this circuit split and urges us to require such a

 separation of time or conduct. But he overlooks, as did the district court, that the

       1
          The government argues that Chippewa waived his legal argument because he
 did not make it below and does not argue that he can satisfy the plain-error standard
 on appeal. See United States v. Leffler, 942 F.3d 1192, 1196 (10th Cir. 2019) (“When
 an appellant fails to preserve an issue and also fails to make a plain-error argument
 on appeal, we ordinarily deem the issue waived (rather than merely forfeited) and
 decline to review the issue at all . . . .”). In response, Chippewa invokes an exception
 to the forfeiture rule for “when the district court sua sponte raises and explicitly
 resolves an issue of law on the merits.” United States v. Hernandez-Rodriguez, 352
 F.3d 1325, 1328 (10th Cir. 2003). But it is unclear whether this forfeiture exception
 applies here, where the district court “framed the issue” Chippewa now raises on
 appeal yet did not explicitly rule on it. Aplt. Br. 7; see also Salcedo-Hart v.
 Burningham, 656 F. App’x 888, 894 (10th Cir. 2016) (“Mere musings, hypotheticals,
 or rhetorical flourishes on the part of the district court, standing alone, are clearly
 insufficient to preserve an issue for appellate review.”). In any event, because
 Chippewa’s argument fails even under de novo review, we need not decide this
 underlying forfeiture issue.
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 Sentencing Commission amended the Guidelines in 2006 to resolve this conflict. See

 U.S.S.G. app. C amend. 691. Specifically, it revised the commentary to § 2K2.1 to

 clarify that the enhancement in subsection (b)(6)(B) applies “if the firearm or

 ammunition facilitated, or had the potential of facilitating, another felony offense.”

 § 2K2.1 cmt. n.14(A). It further clarified that the enhancement applies when a

 defendant acquires a firearm “during the course of a burglary, . . . even if the

 defendant did not engage in any other conduct with that firearm during the course of

 the burglary.” Id. cmt. n.14(B). In this situation, the commentary explains, the

 enhancement “is warranted because the presence of the firearm has the potential of

 facilitating another felony offense.” Id.

        The Guidelines’ commentary is authoritative unless it “run[s] afoul of the

 Constitution or a federal statute” or is “plainly erroneous or inconsistent” with the

 guideline provision it interprets. Stinson v. United States, 508 U.S. 36, 47 (1993); see

 also United States v. Maloid, 71 F.4th 795, 805, 813 (10th Cir. 2023) (holding that

 Stinson “has not [been] abrogated” by the Supreme Court and therefore “remains

 good law”). And here, Chippewa does not argue that § 2K2.1’s commentary exceeds

 its authority under Stinson. Nor could he. “[W]e have long interpreted”

 § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) as “requiring the [g]overnment to show by a preponderance of the

 evidence that the firearm facilitated or had the potential to facilitate, i.e., make easier,

 another felony offense.” United States v. Sanchez, 22 F.4th 940, 942 (10th Cir. 2022)

 (emphasis omitted); see also § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) cmt. n.14(A) (same). Moreover, in

 Morris, we specifically held that Application Note 14(B) was entitled to controlling

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 weight under Stinson. 562 F.3d at 1136. In so doing, we observed that “[n]othing in

 [§ 2K2.1(b)(6)(B)] suggests that a contemporaneous crime cannot be considered

 ‘another’ offense.” Id. We therefore reject Chippewa’s legal argument that

 § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) requires a separation of time or conduct between the offense of

 conviction and the other felony offense justifying the enhancement.

       All § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) requires, then, is that the government prove the firearm

 Chippewa stole from Hernandez “facilitated, or had the potential of facilitating,

 another felony offense.” § 2K2.1 cmt. n.14(A); see also Sanchez, 22 F.4th at 942.

 Chippewa suggests in passing that the government did not carry its evidentiary

 burden because “the jury’s verdict did not require” such a determination. Aplt. Br.

 11. But the government need only prove to the district court the “facts supporting a

 sentencing enhancement by a preponderance of the evidence,” and Chippewa does

 not argue that the district court clearly erred in finding that the government did so

 here. United States v. Garcia, 635 F.3d 472, 478 (10th Cir. 2011). For these reasons,

 the district court did not err in applying the § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) enhancement.

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                                     Conclusion

       We affirm Chippewa’s sentence because the district court did not err in

 applying the four-level enhancement in § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) for possession of a firearm

 in connection with another felony offense.

                                              Entered for the Court

                                              Nancy L. Moritz
                                              Circuit Judge

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