Court Opinion

ID: 5127678
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-11-19 20:01:51.278858+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:23:01.907650
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                File Name: 21a0529n.06

                                           No. 21-3202

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

 JOETTE PEROLI; JUSTIN PEROLI,                         )                            FILED
                                                       )                      Nov 19, 2021
                                                       )                  DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
        Plaintiffs-Appellants,
                                                       )
                                                       )
 v.
                                                       )
                                                       )      ON APPEAL FROM THE
 GREGORY HUBER, Director of Law; TOM                          UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                       )
 MILLER, Sheriff; MATTHEW LINSCOTT,                           COURT FOR THE NORTHERN
                                                       )
 Lieutenant; JAMES KIOUSIS, Sergeant;                         DISTRICT OF OHIO
                                                       )
 BENJAMIN TAYLOR, Deputy; MICHAEL
                                                       )
 NORRIS, Deputy; COUNTY OF MEDINA,
                                                       )
 OHIO; JOHN/JANE DOES 1–5; CITY OF                                                    OPINION
                                                       )
 MEDINA, OHIO; MEDINA COUNTY
                                                       )
 SHERIFF’S DEPARTMENT
                                                       )
                                                       )
        Defendants-Appellees.
                                                       )

       Before: GUY, COLE, and STRANCH, Circuit Judges.

       JANE B. STRANCH, Circuit Judge. Joette Peroli filed a citizen complaint against

officers who escorted her out of a local courthouse. After the sheriff’s department investigated

Ms. Peroli’s citizen complaint, City Prosecutor Gregory Huber authorized the filing of a criminal

complaint against her for filing a false report, resulting in a warrant for her arrest. Ms. Peroli

alleges that her treatment at the courthouse and during her arrest caused debilitating problems with

her existing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Ms. Peroli and her husband sued Huber, the

Medina County Sheriff’s Office, Medina County Sheriff’s officers, and the City of Medina. The

Perolis asserted § 1983 claims for First Amendment retaliation and false arrest, Fourth Amendment

false arrest and excessive force, Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act, and municipal
No. 21-3202, Peroli, et al. v. Huber, et al.

liability claims.   They also alleged state law claims of conspiracy, false arrest, malicious

prosecution, intentional/negligent infliction of emotional distress, and loss of consortium. The

district court granted judgment on the pleadings in favor of the City of Medina and Huber on the

federal claims asserted against them and later granted summary judgment in favor of all defendants

on the remaining claims. We AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.

                                      I.   BACKGROUND

       A.      Factual Background

               1. Ms. Peroli’s Visit to the Courthouse

       Ms. Peroli came to the Medina County courthouse to testify in a friend’s divorce

proceeding. She was waiting in the lobby to be called as a witness when she observed an

altercation between a lawyer and her friend’s grandmother who was sitting nearby. Ms. Peroli

decided to tell the lawyer “to leave the woman alone.” The lawyer responded by yelling at Ms.

Peroli. Because of the commotion, a court administrator said that no one was permitted to speak

in the lobby. When Ms. Peroli continued to speak, Deputy Paul Demko was told to escort Ms.

Peroli from the courthouse. She claims that Deputy Demko then “grabbed” her arm to “pull” her

“out of the lobby.” Ms. Peroli says that she flinched and “immediately informed” Deputy Demko

that she has PTSD, and asked that Deputy Demko “stop touching” her. Ms. Peroli says that Deputy

Demko did not stop touching her and “tugged on [her] arm and pulled [her] towards the hallway.”

When Deputy Demko followed her out of the waiting area, Ms. Peroli claims that he touched her

again “in the hallway outside the lobby,” and that he “just kept touching” her. When Deputy

Demko and Ms. Peroli arrived at the elevator, they met Sergeant James Kiousis. As Ms. Peroli

and the Deputy waited for the elevator, Deputy Demko instructed her to take the stairs instead.

Sergeant Kiousis escorted Ms. Peroli down the stairs and out of the building. As Ms. Peroli took

the stairs down, she asserts that an officer behind her touched her.

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No. 21-3202, Peroli, et al. v. Huber, et al.

        The record contains the courthouse surveillance videos and Deputy Demko’s body camera

footage, which reveal many inconsistencies with Ms. Peroli’s account of the incident. While in

the courthouse waiting room, Deputy Demko was talking with Ms. Peroli when he pointed toward

the exit. Ms. Peroli grabbed her belongings and stood up. As she walked past Deputy Demko, he

put his hand near her shoulder on the back of her right arm. When Ms. Peroli moved away from

Deputy Demko, he removed his hand. The videos show that was the only time an officer touched

Ms. Peroli during the incident.

               2. Ms. Peroli’s Report of the Courthouse Incident and Charges

        Shortly after the incident, Ms. Peroli went to the Medina County Sheriff’s Department.

She met with Sergeant Todd Heckel and filed a written complaint against Deputy Demko and

Sergeant Kiousis. Lieutenant Matthew Linscott was assigned to investigate her complaint. As

part of his investigation, he reviewed Ms. Peroli’s complaint, the courthouse surveillance video,

and the body cameras of Deputy Demko, Sergeant Kiousis, and Sergeant Heckel. Lieutenant

Linscott set up a meeting with Ms. Peroli to discuss her allegations, but Ms. Peroli did not show

up. He attempted to reschedule the meeting on multiple occasions, but Ms. Peroli did not return

his calls.

        Lieutenant Linscott found “stark differences” between Ms. Peroli’s account of the incident

in her citizen complaint and the video footage. For example, the video footage shows that the

officers did not touch her multiple times. Linscott then assigned Sergeant Kiousis to investigate

the incident and write a report “to determine if he believed criminal charges were appropriate

against [Ms. Peroli] for making a false citizen’s complaint.” Lieutenant Linscott says that he never

discussed the possibility of filing criminal charges against Ms. Peroli with Huber.

        For Sergeant Kiousis’ investigation, he reviewed Ms. Peroli’s complaint and the body

camera footage from Sergeant Heckel, himself, and Deputy Demko, and sent his report to Huber.

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No. 21-3202, Peroli, et al. v. Huber, et al.

Ohio Revised Code § 2921.15(B) makes it unlawful for a person to “knowingly file a complaint

against a peace officer that alleges that the peace officer engaged in misconduct in the performance

of the officer’s duties if the person knows that the allegation is false.”        Ohio Rev. Code

§ 2921.15(B). A violation of § 2921.15 is a first-degree misdemeanor. Id. § 2921.15(C).

        Huber reviewed the courthouse surveillance footage, Kiousis’s report, body camera

footage, and Ohio Rev. Code § 2921.15. Huber sent a letter to Kiousis authorizing a single charge

against Ms. Peroli for violating Ohio Rev. Code § 2921.15(B). After finding out that Huber

authorized a criminal charge, Lieutenant Linscott instructed Sergeant Kiousis to file the

“Summons-Warrant on Complaint” and an affidavit with the Clerk of the Medina County

Municipal Court. The “Summons-Warrant on Complaint” authorized the issuance of a summons

in lieu of arrest.

                 3. Ms. Peroli’s Arrest

        After Lieutenant Linscott received the warrant, he gave it to Sergeant Heckle to assign to

deputies. Sergeant Heckel assigned Deputies Benjamin Taylor and Michael Norris to execute the

warrant. Taylor’s body camera, which included audio, reveals the following. When Ms. Peroli

answered the door, she stepped outside per Taylor’s request. He told Ms. Peroli that she was under

arrest for making a false complaint and asked her to turn around and place her hands behind her

back. Ms. Peroli informed Deputy Taylor that she suffers from PTSD and that she needed her

medication and shoes.

        After the arrest, Deputy Norris walked Ms. Peroli toward the deputies’ vehicles. Deputy

Taylor then asked Ms. Peroli for permission to open the front door to call for her husband to get

the items that she requested. Ms. Peroli granted permission to do so. Deputy Taylor informed Mr.

Peroli that Ms. Peroli was under arrest and that she needed her medication.

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No. 21-3202, Peroli, et al. v. Huber, et al.

       After Deputy Taylor received the medication and while Ms. Peroli was kneeling on the

grass near the curb, she exclaimed that she was having a panic attack and that she needed an

ambulance. Although Deputy Taylor initially responded, “that’s not how this works,” he called

an ambulance within a minute. While they waited for the ambulance, Deputies Taylor and Norris

lifted Ms. Peroli by her arms up into the vehicle as she screamed. When the ambulance arrived,

the Emergency Medical Service personnel asked the deputies if it was necessary to keep Ms. Peroli

handcuffed. Deputy Taylor resisted removing the handcuffs at first, but eventually agreed to

remove Ms. Peroli’s handcuffs. Ms. Peroli never asked to have her handcuffs removed.

       During the ambulance ride to the hospital, Ms. Peroli continued to experience emotional

distress. When they arrived at the hospital, Deputy Taylor told Ms. Peroli that she was no longer

being arrested, but she needed to report to court instead and gave her the summons. Later, the

court dismissed the criminal charge against Ms. Peroli. The Perolis claim that the municipal court

“dismissed Peroli’s prosecution on the grounds that no probable cause existed.” The court,

however, reasoned that Ms. Peroli’s conduct in filing a citizen complaint did not constitute

criminal conduct under § 2921.15(B). The court explained that a motion to dismiss “tests only the

sufficiency of the Complaint without regard to the quantity or quality of evidence that might be

produced at trial by either the State of Ohio or the Defendant.” The court made no reference to a

probable cause determination.

       B.      Procedural Background

       The Perolis sued several defendants in federal court. Their amended complaint has

allegations against two groups of defendants: the City of Medina and Huber (City Defendants);

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and Medina County, Medina County Sheriff’s Department,1 Medina County Sheriff Tom Miller,

Medina County Sheriff’s Department Captain Kenneth Baca,2 Medina County Sheriff’s

Department Lieutenant Matthew Linscott, Medina County Sheriff’s Department Sergeant James

Kiousis, Medina County Sheriff’s Department Deputies Benjamin Taylor and Michael Norris, and

John/Jane Does 1–5 (County Defendants). All officials were sued in their individual and official

capacities. County Defendants made a mistake in their answer regarding whether Taylor and

Norris arrested Ms. Peroli in retaliation for her filing a civilian complaint and moved to correct

this mistaken admission. The court denied the motion on the basis that County Defendants had

not established good cause to allow the amendment.3

           The Perolis alleged various § 1983 federal claims against City Defendants: violations of

the First, Fourth, and Fourteenth Amendment rights (Count 1) and municipal liability against the

City of Medina (Count 4). The Perolis also alleged various federal claims against County

Defendants: violations of the First, Fourth, and Fourteenth Amendments for false arrest, excessive

force, and retaliation (Count 2); municipal liability against Medina County (Count 3); and violation

of Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act (Count 5). Finally, the Perolis alleged state law

tort claims against all the defendants: conspiracy (Count 6), intentional/negligent infliction of

1
 Caselaw indicates that the Medina County Sheriff’s Department cannot be sued under Ohio law. Petty v. Cnty. of
Franklin, 478 F.3d 341, 347 (6th Cir. 2007) (“[U]nder Ohio law, a county sheriff’s office is not a legal entity capable
of being sued for purposes of § 1983.”); see also Carmichael v. City of Cleveland, 571 F. App’x 426, 435 (6th Cir.
2014) (citing cases); see Lake v. Bd. of Cnty. Commissioners of Clark Cnty., No. 3:18-CV-143, 2020 WL 1164778, at
*3 (S.D. Ohio Mar. 11, 2020) (finding that claims against Sheriff’s Department fail because “it is not a legal entity
capable of being sued”). Dismissal of claims against the Medina County Sheriff’s Department would have been
appropriate on this basis, but it does not appear this argument was raised below.
2
    The Perolis dismissed Captain Baca from the suit.
3
 Noting that County Defendants denied every other allegation in the amended complaint, the district court addressed
County Defendants’ contention of mistaken admission, considered that factual issue, and ruled that the evidentiary
record contradicts the argument that County Defendants conceded retaliation.

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No. 21-3202, Peroli, et al. v. Huber, et al.

emotional distress (Count 7), false arrest (Count 8), malicious prosecution (Count 9), and loss of

consortium (Count 10).

       City Defendants moved for judgment on the pleadings. The district court granted the

motion regarding the Perolis’ federal claims against City Defendants, leaving only state law claims

against them. City Defendants then moved for summary judgment on the state law claims

remaining against them. County Defendants also moved for summary judgment on both the

federal and state law claims against them. The district court decided that it was appropriate to

exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the remaining state law claims against City Defendants,

Peroli v. Huber, No. 1:19-CV-1755, 2021 WL 308102, at *12 (N.D. Ohio Jan. 29, 2021), and the

district court granted both motions. The Perolis timely appealed.

                                        II.    ANALYSIS

       The court will address City Defendants’ Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings on the

federal claims and the summary judgment motions in turn.

       A.       City Defendants’ Motion for Judgment on the Federal Claims

       We review a district court’s grant of judgment on the pleadings de novo, “accepting

[Plaintiffs’] plausible allegations as true and drawing all reasonable inferences in his favor.”

Hudson v. City of Highland Park, 943 F.3d 792, 798 (6th Cir. 2019). In this category of federal

claims, we address Huber’s individual capacity claims and the municipal liability claims against

the City of Medina.

               1. Individual Capacity Claims Against Huber

       The district court determined that Huber is entitled to absolute immunity on the basis that

the amended complaint did not allege any facts indicating that Huber “participated in any kind of

activity that might fall outside of his role as an advocate in initiating and prosecuting the state’s

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No. 21-3202, Peroli, et al. v. Huber, et al.

case against Ms. Peroli.” Peroli v. Cnty. of Medina, No. 1:19-CV-1755, 2020 WL 2405354, at

*13 (N.D. Ohio May 12, 2020).

       When a prosecutor is performing the functions of an advocate rather than investigator, a

prosecutor is protected by absolute immunity. Kalina v. Fletcher, 522 U.S. 118, 126–27, 131

(1997). The Supreme Court in Imbler v. Pachtman, 424 U.S. 409, 431 (1976) held that a

prosecutor has immunity from civil suit under § 1983 when “initiating a prosecution and in

presenting the State’s case.” A prosecutor’s initiation and pursuit of a criminal prosecution are

“intimately associated with the judicial phase of the criminal process, and thus [are] functions to

which the reasons for absolute immunity apply with full force.” Id. at 430. The Imbler Court “did

not attempt to define the outer limits of the prosecutor’s absolute immunity.” Kalina, 522 U.S. at

125. So, the Court did not consider “whether like or similar reasons require immunity for those

aspects of the prosecutor’s responsibility that cast him in the role of an administrator or

investigative officer rather than that of advocate.” Imbler, 424 U.S. at 430–31.

       Over time the Court has “‘revisited and refined’ its prosecutorial immunity jurisprudence.”

Watkins v. Healy, 986 F.3d 648, 661 (6th Cir. 2021) (quoting Rouse v. Stacy, 478 F. App’x 945,

947 (6th Cir. 2012)). This refinement has led courts to determine that prosecutors are performing

as advocates in certain situations. Id. at 661. For example, they are acting as advocates when they

are “knowingly using false testimony and suppressing material evidence,” preparing for trial by

“evaluating evidence and interviewing witnesses,” “participating in a probable cause hearing,”

“preparing and filing . . . the information and motion for an arrest warrant,” and “making

statements at a preliminary examination about the availability of a witness.” Id. (brackets omitted)

(collecting cases). On the other hand, prosecutors are performing as investigators “when giving

‘legal advice to the police’” in situations such as: when they give “legal advice prior to the

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No. 21-3202, Peroli, et al. v. Huber, et al.

existence of probable cause”; before “[the prosecutor’s] determination that she would initiate

criminal proceedings against [a defendant]”; and when “directing the [police’s] investigation . . .

prior to the initiation of judicial proceedings and without probable cause.” Id. (citations omitted).

The prosecutor, as the one seeking immunity, “bears the burden of showing that such immunity is

justified for the function in question.” Id.

       The Perolis argue that Huber’s conduct is not protected by absolute prosecutorial immunity

because he functioned as an investigator “when he failed to determine probable cause or when he

encouraged Kiousis to initiate prosecution.” They assert that Huber’s authorization of the criminal

complaint “did not form any part of his preparation to initiate prosecution.” Their focus is on

Huber’s conduct before Kiousis filed the criminal complaint because “[h]e made no decision to

prosecute and sought no warrant.” But a close review of the amended complaint reveals that the

Perolis’ argument is inconsistent with their allegations.

       The amended complaint alleged that Huber should be held responsible for authorizing and

actively prosecuting Ms. Peroli. Accepting their allegations as true, it is not plausible that Huber’s

acts were administrative or investigative. “A prosecutor’s decision to initiate a prosecution,

including the decision to file a criminal complaint or seek an arrest warrant, is protected by

absolute immunity.” Howell v. Sanders, 668 F.3d 344, 351 (6th Cir. 2012). The Perolis claim that

Huber “faciliat[ed],” “authorized,” and “actively prosecuted” the filing of the criminal complaint

against Ms. Peroli. These allegations show that Huber was functioning as an advocate rather than

an administrator or investigator.

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No. 21-3202, Peroli, et al. v. Huber, et al.

         Regarding the Perolis’ argument that Huber gave Sergeant Kiousis legal advice,4 the

Perolis do not address the district court’s conclusion that they waived this argument because they

contended in their district court briefing that Huber did not give legal advice to Sergeant Kiousis.

Peroli, 2020 WL 2405354, at *12 n.10. The argument, therefore, is waived.

         Based on the pleadings, Huber is entitled to absolute immunity on the federal claims.

                  2. Municipal Liability Claims Against the City of Medina

         The Perolis also sued Huber in his official capacity. A claim against a government official

in his official capacity functions as a claim against the municipality. Essex v. Cnty. of Livingston,

518 F. App’x 351, 354 (6th Cir. 2013). The district court dismissed the claims against the City of

Medina on the basis that their allegations were insufficient to state a municipal liability claim under

Monell. Peroli, 2020 WL 2405354, at *16; see Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 694–

95 (1978).

         The City of Medina argues on appeal that the district court correctly determined that the

amended complaint failed to assert a Monell claim against it. The Perolis state in their reply brief

that they voluntarily waived their Monell claims against the City of Medina.

         The district court did not err in granting City Defendants’ Motion for judgment on the

pleadings regarding the Perolis’ federal claims because Huber is entitled to absolute immunity and

Plaintiffs have abandoned their municipal liability arguments against the City of Medina.

4
  On appeal the Perolis claim that “Huber denies he provided legal advice to Kiousis regarding Peroli.” They also
assert that “Huber denies his memo to Kiousis contained legal advice regarding Peroli and also denies acting in concert
with him to initiate prosecution.” First, the request for admissions and Huber’s deposition are outside the pleadings
on which the district court properly relied to resolve the motion for judgment on the pleadings. Second, City
Defendants’ answer to the amended complaint must be taken in the context of the record, as the district court did when
it resolved County Defendants’ claim of mistaken admission. The Perolis also say City Defendants admit in their
answer that “[Sergeant] Kiousis prepared, executed and filed a false criminal complaint and false affidavit.” On the
contention of the mistake, see supra note 3. In any event, a prosecutor has broad immunity. Cady v. Arenac Cnty.,
574 F.3d 334, 340 (6th Cir. 2009) (“But courts will bar § 1983 suits arising out of even unquestionably illegal or
improper conduct by the prosecutor so long as the general nature of the action in question is part of the normal duties
of a prosecutor.”) (collecting cases).

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No. 21-3202, Peroli, et al. v. Huber, et al.

       B.      Motions for Summary Judgment

       We review a grant of summary judgment de novo. Stolle v. Kent State Univ., 610 F. App’x

476, 482 (6th Cir. 2015). Summary judgment is proper when the record “shows that there is no

genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”

Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).

               1. County Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment on the Federal Claims

       The Perolis allege federal false arrest, excessive force, and retaliation claims against

County Defendants (Count 2). They also bring municipal liability claims (Counts 3 and 4). The

Perolis assert that County Defendants violated Title II of the Americans with Disability Act (Count

5), and allege conspiracy by all of the defendants (Count 6). These claims are brought under

§ 1983, which “provides a cause of action against any person who deprives an individual of

federally guaranteed rights ‘under color’ of state law.” United Pet Supply, Inc. v. City of

Chattanooga, 768 F.3d 464, 478 (6th Cir. 2014) (quoting Filarsky v. Delia, 566 U.S. 377, 383

(2012)).

       The Perolis appeal the district court’s grant of qualified immunity to County Defendants

on their false arrest, excessive force, retaliation claims (Count 2) and their false arrest and

malicious prosecution claims (Counts 8 and 9). See Peroli, 2021 WL 308102, at *7. Their opening

brief argues only the state law malicious prosecution claim, and does not mention the federal

malicious prosecution claim. Thus, the federal malicious prosecution claim is forfeited. See, e.g.,

United States v. Montgomery, 998 F.3d 693, 697-99 (6th Cir. 2021); Island Creek Coal Co. v.

Wilkerson, 910 F.3d 254, 256 (6th Cir. 2018).

        Qualified immunity shields “government officials performing discretionary functions . . .

from liability for civil damages” when “their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory

or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.” Harlow v. Fitzgerald,

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457   U.S.    800,    818   (1982).       The    plaintiff   “bears   the   burden   of   overcoming

the qualified immunity defense.” Thompson v. City of Lebanon, 831 F.3d 366, 369 (6th Cir. 2016).

A plaintiff must show that an official’s conduct “(1) violated a constitutional right that (2) was

clearly established.” Hart v. Hillsdale Cnty., 973 F.3d 627, 635 (6th Cir. 2020).

                        a. Fourth Amendment False Arrest Claim

        The Fourth Amendment protects citizens from “unreasonable searches and seizures” and

requires warrants to be issued “upon probable cause.” U.S. CONST. amend. IV. “A false arrest

claim under federal law requires a plaintiff to prove that the arresting officer lacked probable cause

to arrest the plaintiff.” Voyticky v. Vill. of Timberlake, 412 F.3d 669, 677 (6th Cir. 2005). Probable

cause “requires only a probability or substantial chance of criminal activity, not an actual showing

of such activity.” District of Columbia v. Wesby, 138 S. Ct. 577, 586 (2018) (quoting Illinois v.

Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 243–44, n.13 (1983). Our precedent establishes that “[a]n arrest pursuant to

a facially valid warrant is normally a complete defense to a federal constitutional claim

for false arrest or false imprisonment made pursuant to § 1983.” Robertson v. Lucas, 753 F3d 606,

618 (6th Cir. 2014) (quoting Voyticky, 412 F.3d at 677). Therefore, based on this warrant defense,

to succeed on their false arrest claim, the Perolis must undercut the validity of the warrant by

showing, “by a preponderance of the evidence,” that to obtain the warrant, the defendants

“‘knowingly and deliberately, or with a reckless disregard for the truth, made false statements or

omissions that create[d] a falsehood’ and ‘such statements or omissions [we]re material, or

necessary, to the finding of probable cause.’” Sykes v. Anderson, 625 F.3d 294, 305 (6th Cir. 2010)

(alterations in original) (quoting Wilson v. Russo, 212 F.3d 781, 786–87 (3d Cir. 2000)). In

applying this standard, “[i]f the affidavit contains false statements or material omissions, we set

aside the statements and include the information omitted in order to determine whether the

affidavit is still sufficient to establish probable cause.” Id.

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       The Perolis argue first that the state court’s dismissal of the criminal charge against Ms.

Peroli is a determination that probable cause did not exist and, therefore, res judicata precludes

County Defendants from arguing otherwise. “Res judicata ‘preclude[s] parties from contesting

matters that they have had a full and fair opportunity to litigate.’” Arangure v. Whitaker, 911 F.3d

333, 337 (6th Cir. 2018) (alteration in original) (quoting Montana v. United States, 440 U.S. 147,

153 (1979)). “State-court judgments are given the same preclusive effect under the doctrines

of res judicata and collateral estoppel as they ‘would receive in courts of the rendering state.’”

Ohio ex rel. Boggs v. City of Cleveland, 655 F.3d 516, 519 (6th Cir. 2011) (quoting ABS Indus.,

Inc. ex rel. ABS Litig. Trust v. Fifth Third Bank, 333 F. App’x 994, 998 (6th Cir. 2009)). “Under

Ohio law, the doctrine of res judicata encompasses two related concepts: claim preclusion and

issue preclusion.” Moore v. Hiram Twp., 988 F.3d 353, 357 (6th Cir. 2021).

         While the Perolis do not explicitly say it in their briefing, it appears they argue issue

preclusion. “We look ‘to the state’s law to assess the preclusive effect it would attach to that

judgment.’” Boggs, 655 F.3d at 519 (quoting ABS Litig. Trust, 333 F. App’x at 998).

       Under Ohio law, issue preclusion “prevents the relitigation of any fact or point that was

determined by a court of competent jurisdiction in a previous action between the same parties or

their privies [,] even if the causes of action differ.” Boggs, 655 F.3d at 520 (alteration in original)

(quoting Doe ex rel. Doe v. Jackson Local Schs. Sch. Dist., 422 F. App’x 497, 500 (6th Cir. 2011)).

While “we have described the elements of Ohio issue-preclusion law, sometimes using a three-part

test and other times a four-part test,” CHKRS, LLC v. City of Dublin, 984 F.3d 483, 490 (6th Cir.

2021), “we do not think the different tests establish different rules” Id. at 491. Most relevant here

is whether the issue was “‘actually’ and ‘necessarily’ litigated in the prior case (meaning that the

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court resolved the issue and that its resolution was essential to the judgment rather than dicta).”

Id.

        The state court did not make a probable cause determination. It merely held that “the

criminal Complaint in this case does not state a criminal offense” because the criminal complaint

did not “allege that the Defendant filed a criminal Complaint in any court having proper

jurisdiction over such a charge.” In other words, the court found the complaint insufficient because

it did not set out “an offense under the criminal law of the State of Ohio.”                       The court’s

determination that dismissal was warranted is different than a determination that there is probable

cause, which requires “a probability or substantial chance of criminal activity.” Wesby, 138 S. Ct.

at 586 (quoting Gates, 462 U.S. at 243–44, n.13). Thus, res judicata does not apply.

        Next, the Perolis argue that it was error for the district court to extend the related charge

doctrine for the purpose of finding probable cause for Ms. Peroli’s arrest. The “related charge” or

“related offense” doctrine arises when a related charge or offense can serve as a basis for probable

cause where probable cause did not exist to arrest the person for the crime charged. Hopkins v.

City of Westland, 21 F.3d 427, 1994 WL 118116, at *4 (6th Cir. 1994) (unpublished); Price v. City

of Westland, No. 92-CV-75604-DT, 1995 WL 871202, at *2 (E.D. Mich. Nov. 21, 1995). The

district court noted that apparently “there was probable cause to charge Ms. Peroli with a violation

of Section 2921.13(A)(3), which prohibits making a false statement to mislead a public official.”5

Peroli, 2021 WL 308102, at *5. The district court relied on our reasoning in Voyticky, which

recognized that where probable cause to arrest a plaintiff for a particular crime is lacking, but

5
 Ohio Rev. Code § 2921.13(A)(3) provides that “No person shall knowingly make a false statement, or knowingly
swear or affirm the truth of a false statement previously made . . . with purpose to mislead a public official in
performing the public official’s official function.”

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“probable cause exists to arrest that plaintiff for a related offense, the plaintiff cannot prevail in a

suit alleging wrongful arrest brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983.” 412 F.3d at 676.

        The Perolis contend that we “expressly refused to extend the related charge doctrine to”

arrest warrants in Kuslick v. Roszczewski, 419 F. App’x 589 (6th Cir. 2011). This is incorrect.

Kuslick involved an officer who lied in an affidavit for an arrest warrant. Id. at 594. Based on

Avery v. King, 110 F.3d 12, 14 (6th Cir. 1997), the officer argued that though he lacked probable

cause for the charged crime, he did have probable cause for a related offense and so was entitled

to qualified immunity. Kuslick, 419 F. App’x at 594. The court explained that Avery concerned a

claim arising out of a warrantless arrest. Id. The court rejected the officer’s argument, explaining

that warrantless arrest cases (where an officer is faced with a quickly evolving situation and makes

an “on-the-scene determination to arrest someone”) are not the same as a case in which an officer

has time to deliberate on the charges while seeking a warrant and “falsifies details in a sworn

statement to obtain an arrest warrant.” Id. Kuslick is therefore distinguishable. Sergeant Kiousis

did not make false statements to obtain the warrant for Ms. Peroli’s arrest and, contrary to the

Perolis’ assertion, Kuslick did not foreclose application of the related-charge doctrine to cases

involving arrest warrants.

        Our cases support this conclusion. “[K]nowledge of the precise crime committed is not

necessary to a finding of probable cause provided that probable cause exists showing that a crime

was committed by the defendants.” United States v. Anderson, 923 F.2d 450, 457 (6th Cir. 1991);

see Halasah v. City of Kirtland, 574 F. App’x 624, 631 (6th Cir. 2014) (holding that “[e]ven if we

assume that there was not probable cause to arrest Halasah for Disorderly Conduct, there was

probable cause to arrest Halasah for Obstructing Official Business” where the plaintiff was arrested

pursuant to an arrest warrant for disorderly conduct).

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No. 21-3202, Peroli, et al. v. Huber, et al.

       Applying our precedent to this case, we ask whether probable cause existed under Ohio

law. The district court concluded that it appears there was probable cause under Ohio Rev. Code

§ 2921.13(A)(3). In any event, there was probable cause under Ohio Rev. Code § 2921.15. The

Perolis argue that Sergeant Kiousis’ criminal complaint and affidavit relied on “reckless, false

material statements and omissions of law and fact” to establish probable cause. His probable cause

affidavit identified five claims by Ms. Peroli in her citizen complaint that showed that she filed a

false complaint:

       (1)   Deputy Demko grabbed [Ms. Peroli] and pulled her into the waiting room.
       (2)   A deputy pushed [Ms. Peroli] in the hallway.
       (3)   As [Ms. Peroli] entered the stairwell a Deputy pushed her in the back.
       (4)   A Deputy pushed [Ms. Peroli] as she was going down the stairs.
       (5)   As [Ms. Peroli] was exiting the stairwell a Deputy put his hand on her back and
             told her to go that way.

Ms. Peroli does not argue that she did not make those statements in her citizens complaint, but

does argue that “Kiousis failed to inform the clerk that Peroli enjoyed a well-established right to

file a misconduct complaint, that her complaint was unsworn, and that it was not filed as required.”

The Perolis do not point to anything in the record that shows that Sergeant Kiousis omitted any

information “knowingly and deliberately” or “with a reckless disregard for the truth.” The Perolis

have not shown that informing the clerk of the law was Sergeant Kiousis’ responsibility or that it

was material to this case. The record, moreover, shows that Lieutenant Linscott set an appointment

to meet with Ms. Peroli concerning her complaint and to show her the videos, but she failed to

attend and did not respond to the officer’s follow-up requests to schedule a meeting.

        To be sure, in City of Akron v. Davenport, No. 21552, 2004 WL 199830, at *3 (Ohio Ct.

App. Feb. 4, 2004), the Ohio court found that giving a tape-recorded statement to a detective

accusing an arresting officer of misconduct, with no further action, was not filing a complaint

under Ohio Rev. Code § 2921.15. See State v. McCaleb, No. CA2009-01-002, 2009 WL 4810429,

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at *4 (Ohio Ct. App. Dec. 14, 2009) (“McCaleb faxing his letter and allegation form cannot be

considered filing a complaint of officer misconduct. Having found that the letter and form are

insufficient to constitute a complaint as is required under R.C. 2921.15, we find the evidence

insufficient to support McCaleb’s conviction.”). Even if the Davenport court is correct, but see

Ohio v. Hanson, 143 N.E.3d 1178, 1187 (Ohio Ct. App.2019), “County Defendants relied on their

good faith belief, after three separate levels of investigative review, that Ms. Peroli’s actions

provided probable cause for a charge under the statute.” Peroli, 2021 WL 308102, at *5. No

reasonable jury would find that Kiousis’s affidavit contained “false statements or omissions that

create[d] a falsehood.” Sykes, 625 F.3d at 305 (alteration in original).

       Additionally, the Perolis incorrectly claim that “the arrest warrant is also void because it

was not issued by a detached, neutral magistrate, but by an official of the executive branch

(Kiousis).” The warrant, however, was issued by a deputy clerk with the court and “Ohio law

expressly permits a clerk of court to issue an arrest warrant.” Gooden v. City of Brunswick, No.

1:12-CV-2918, 2014 WL 1379528, at *9 (N.D. Ohio Apr. 8, 2014).

       Applying our caselaw to this record, the district court did not err in granting summary

judgment to County Defendants on the Perolis’ Fourth Amendment False Arrest claim.

                       b. Fourth Amendment Excessive Force Claim

       An excessive force claim “in the context of an arrest or investigatory stop of a free citizen”

is best characterized as invoking Fourth Amendment protections. Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S.

386, 394 (1989); Marshall v. City of Farmington Hills, 693 F. App’x 417, 424 (6th Cir. 2017)

(“Where an excessive force claim arises in the context of an arrest, it is analyzed under the Fourth

Amendment and its reasonableness standard.”).

       Courts consider whether the force was “objectively reasonable.” Graham, 490 U.S. at 397.

“[T]he question is whether the officers’ actions are ‘objectively reasonable’ in light of the facts

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No. 21-3202, Peroli, et al. v. Huber, et al.

and circumstances confronting them, without regard to their underlying intent or motivation.” Id.

“Determining whether the force used to effect a particular seizure is ‘reasonable’ under the Fourth

Amendment requires a careful balancing of ‘the nature and quality of the intrusion on the

individual’s Fourth Amendment interests’ against the countervailing governmental interests at

stake.” Id. at 396 (quoting Tennessee v. Garner, 471 U.S. 1, 8 (1985)). For this claim, the Perolis

bear the burden of proof to show that County Defendants used excessive force, or to show that the

force used was unreasonable under all the circumstances. Miller v. Taylor, 877 F.2d 469, 472 (6th

Cir. 1989). Some non-exclusive factors to consider that bear on whether the force was reasonable

include: “the relationship between the need for the use of force and the amount of force used; the

extent of the plaintiff’s injury; any effort made by the officer to temper or to limit the amount of

force; the severity of the security problem at issue; the threat reasonably perceived by the officer;

and whether the plaintiff was actively resisting.” Kingsley v. Hendrickson, 576 U.S. 389, 397

(2015).

          Rather than addressing the totality of the circumstances, the Perolis claim that “[a]ny and

all force against Peroli was excessive as there was no probable cause to support arrest.” Although

the Perolis’ argue that the deputies should have issued the summons in the first place instead of

arresting her, the decision to arrest Ms. Peroli or issue the summons was at the discretion of the

arresting officer, which was undertaken in accordance with governing law, as explained above.

Because the deputies could make an arrest, “the right to make an arrest or investigatory stop

necessarily carries with it the right to use some degree of physical coercion or threat thereof to

effect it.” Graham, 490 U.S. at 396. The body camera footage shows that the deputies used the

minimum force necessary to execute the arrest warrant. The video evidence shows that the

deputies’ actions involved placing the handcuffs on Ms. Peroli, lifting her into the cruiser in the

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No. 21-3202, Peroli, et al. v. Huber, et al.

middle of her panic attack, wiping her nose, and removing the handcuffs. It also shows that Ms.

Peroli never complained about the handcuffs. The amount of force that the deputies used was not

excessive. The district court did not err in granting summary judgment to County Defendants on

the Perolis’ Fourth Amendment excessive force claim.

                       c. First Amendment Retaliation Claim

       To succeed on a First Amendment retaliation claim, the Perolis must show that (1) Ms.

Peroli “engaged in protected conduct; (2) an adverse action was taken against [her] that would

deter a person of ordinary firmness from continuing to engage in that conduct; and (3) there is a

causal connection between elements one and two—that is, the adverse action was motivated at

least in part by [Ms. Peroli’s] protected conduct.” Thaddeus-X v. Blatter, 175 F.3d 378, 394

(6th Cir. 1999) (en banc).

       The Perolis’ claim fails at the first element: Ms. Peroli did not engage in protected conduct.

To be sure, filing a citizen complaint is a protected activity. Rudd v. City of Norton Shores, 977

F.3d 503, 513–14 (6th Cir. 2020). But “the First Amendment does not protect a person who tells

knowing or reckless lies or takes threatening actions.” Id. at 514. The surveillance video from the

waiting room and body camera footage show that Ms. Peroli’s citizen complaint was based on

several falsehoods. Despite requests from County Defendants, Peroli refused to meet with County

Defendants and to view the video evidence that clearly contradicted her citizen complaint. The

district court did not err in granting summary judgment to County Defendants on the Perolis’ First

Amendment retaliation claim.

                       d. Municipal Liability Claims

       The Perolis’ claim that the Medina County Sheriff’s Office has a policy of criminally

charging people that file misconduct complaints. They also contend that Medina County failed to

train its employees in several ways: it failed to “seek legal review of its policy,” did not train its

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No. 21-3202, Peroli, et al. v. Huber, et al.

employees “concerning citizens’ rights to petition [the] government” or on the Americans with

Disabilities Act, and it failed to “stay abreast of the law governing [Ohio Rev. Code] § 2921.15.”

         “Municipalities are not subject to respondeat superior liability in § 1983 actions; rather,

they are responsible only for injuries caused by those acts that may fairly be said to represent

official policy or by their policies or customs.” North v. Cuyahoga Cnty., 754 F. App’x 380, 386

(6th Cir. 2018). “In addition to demonstrating an underlying constitutional violation, ‘[a] plaintiff

bringing a § 1983 claim against a municipality must . . . identify the policy or custom that caused

her injury.’” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Ford v. Cnty. of Grand Traverse, 535 F.3d 483,

495 (6th Cir. 2008)). “An additional theory of municipal liability is based on a municipality’s

failure to adequately train or supervise its employees.” Id. To be liable for failure to train, the

municipality’s training and supervision must be “inadequate for the tasks the [employees] were

required to perform, the inadequacy resulted from [the municipality’s] deliberate indifference, and

the inadequacy actually caused, or is closely related to, [the plaintiff’s] injury.” Id. (alterations in

original) (quoting Shadrick v. Hopkins Cnty., 805 F.3d 724, 738 (6th Cir. 2015)).

         The Perolis claim that Ms. Peroli’s First Amendment right was violated but, as we

explained above, filing a complaint telling knowing or reckless lies is not protected conduct. Thus,

the Perolis have not demonstrated an underlying constitutional violation for their Monell claims.

                           e. Reasonable Accommodation Claim under the ADA6

         The Perolis’ claim that Ms. Peroli was entitled to a reasonable accommodation of service

of the summons in lieu of arrest under the ADA and that Medina County and the responsible

officers denied her that accommodation. But Ms. Peroli did not request any accommodation,

6
  County Defendants argue that the Perolis’ claim is barred because she only alleges it against the Medina County and
the Medina County Sheriff’s Department. The Court construes the Peroli’s amended complaint as alleging an ADA
claim against the individual County Defendants as well.

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No. 21-3202, Peroli, et al. v. Huber, et al.

which she must to assert an ADA reasonable accommodation claim. Title II of the ADA provides

that “no qualified individual with a disability shall, by reason of such disability, be excluded from

participation in or be denied the benefits of the services, programs, or activities of a public entity,

or be subjected to discrimination by any such entity.” 42 U.S.C. § 12132. Assuming its

applicability, to state a claim of failure to accommodate, the Perolis needed to show that Ms. Peroli

requested an accommodation. See Burns v. Coca-Cola Enterprises, Inc., 222 F.3d 247, 258 (6th

Cir. 2000).

        In the body cam footage, when Deputy Taylor informs Ms. Peroli that she is under arrest,

Ms. Peroli tells him that she has PTSD and he needs “to be very careful.” After she is read her

Miranda rights, she requests shoes and informs Deputy Norris that she has PTSD and that she has

not had her medication yet. Deputy Norris responded, “We’ll grab that too.” When she begins to

have her panic attack, she exclaims to the deputies that “I need you to get my doctor!” and “I need

you to call the ambulance!” During the arrest, Ms. Peroli never asked to have the handcuffs

removed. She also never requested service in lieu arrest. On this record, the district court did not

err in granting summary judgment to County Defendants on the Perolis’ reasonable

accommodation claim.

                        f. Federal Conspiracy Claim

        To show a federal conspiracy claim, a plaintiff must show “that (1) a single plan existed,

(2) the conspirators shared a conspiratorial objective to deprive the plaintiffs of their constitutional

rights, and (3) an overt act was committed in furtherance of the conspiracy that caused the injury.”

Jackson v. City of Cleveland, 925 F.3d 793, 817 (6th Cir. 2019) (quoting Robertson, 753 F.3d at

622), cert. denied sub nom. City of Cleveland v. Jackson, 140 S. Ct. 855 (2020). A plaintiff

“cannot succeed on a conspiracy claim [when] there was no underlying constitutional violation

that injured [the plaintiff].” Wiley v. Oberlin Police Dep’t, 330 F. App’x 524, 530 (6th Cir. 2009).

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No. 21-3202, Peroli, et al. v. Huber, et al.

As previously discussed, the Perolis have not shown an underlying constitutional violation. Thus,

County Defendants are entitled to judgment as a matter of law on the Perolis’ federal conspiracy

claim (Count 6).

               2. County Defendants and City Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment on
                  State Law Tort Claims

       The Perolis brought state law claims of conspiracy (Count 6), intentional/negligent

infliction of emotional distress (Count 7), false arrest (Count 8), malicious prosecution (Count 9),

and loss of consortium (Count 10) against all defendants. County Defendants and the City of

Medina argue that they are entitled to statutory immunity. Huber asserts that he is entitled to

absolute immunity on the state law tort claims alleged against him. We begin with whether Ohio

Political Subdivision immunity applies to the City of Medina, Medina County, and the individual

County Defendants. We then address whether Huber is entitled to prosecutorial immunity on the

state law tort claims remaining against him.

                       a. State Law Tort Immunity

       Ohio Rev. Code § 2744 governs immunity from tort liability for political subdivisions and

their employees. The Perolis bring state law claims against both the City of Medina and Medina

County. To determine whether a political subdivision is immune from liability, Ohio courts use a

three-tiered analysis. Lambert v. Clancy, 927 N.E.2d 585, 588 (2010). Under the first tier a general

grant of immunity is provided: “a political subdivision is not liable in damages in a civil action

for injury, death, or loss to person or property allegedly caused by any act or omission of the

political subdivision or an employee of the political subdivision in connection with a governmental

or proprietary function.” Id. (quoting Ohio Rev. Code § 2744.02(A)(1)). The second tier “focuses

on the five exceptions to this immunity” listed in Ohio Rev. Code § 2744.02(B). Id. If an

exception is applicable, thereby exposing the political subdivision to liability, the third tier of the

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No. 21-3202, Peroli, et al. v. Huber, et al.

analysis “assesses whether any of the defenses to liability contained in [Ohio Rev. Code §] 2744.03

apply to reinstate immunity.” Id.

       The parties agree that statutory immunity applies to the City of Medina and Medina County

unless an exception applies. The Perolis do not argue that any exceptions apply under the second

tier of analysis. Thus, they have not demonstrated any dispute of material fact regarding the City

of Medina or Medina County’s immunity. The City of Medina and Medina County are entitled to

judgment as a matter of law on all state tort claims against them, which includes conspiracy (Count

6), intentional/negligent infliction of emotional distress (Count 7), false arrest (Count 8), malicious

prosecution (Count 9), and loss of consortium (Count 10). The district court properly granted

summary judgment to the City of Medina and Medina County on these claims.

       The individual County Defendants (Miller, Linscott, Kiousis, Taylor, Norris) claim that

they are also entitled to statutory immunity. “Immunity is also extended to individual employees

of political subdivisions.” Lambert, 927 N.E.2d at 588. But the three-tiered analysis is not used

for claims against individual employees. Id. “Ohio law provides state employees immunity unless

they act ‘with malicious purpose, in bad faith, or in a wanton or reckless manner.’” Wilson v.

Gregory, 3 F.4th 844, 860 (6th Cir. 2021) (quoting Ohio Rev. Code § 2744.03(A)(6)(b)).

“[A]llegations of negligence are insufficient to overcome the immunity granted to an employee of

a political subdivision who acts within his or her official duties.” Lambert, 927 N.E.2d at 588. On

the evidentiary record before us and based on the pleadings, the actions of the individual

defendants that the Perolis identify, read in their favor, point only to negligence. On these issues,

the Perolis fail to point to anything in the record that creates a genuine dispute of material fact.

Because the Perolis have not shown that the individual County Defendants acted “with malicious

purpose, in bad faith, or in a wanton or reckless manner,” they are entitled to judgment as a matter

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No. 21-3202, Peroli, et al. v. Huber, et al.

of law on all state law claims against them. Wilson, 3 F.4th at 860 (quoting Ohio Rev. Code

§ 2744.03(A)(6)(b)).

                       b. Absolute Immunity for Huber

       Huber argues that he is entitled to absolute immunity on the state law tort claims asserted

against him. “The Ohio rules governing prosecutorial immunity mirror the federal rule.” Beckett

v. Ford, 384 F. App’x 435, 452 (6th Cir. 2010). “A prosecutor’s absolute immunity is similarly

subject to the same restrictions: ‘absolute immunity does not extend to a prosecutor engaged in

essentially investigative or administrative functions.’”    Id. (quoting Willitzer v. McCloud,

453 N.E.2d 693, 695 (Ohio 1983)). As explained above, the pleadings and the record show that

Huber was instead acting as an advocate. Ohio courts apply this distinction from Imbler.

Therefore, Huber is entitled to absolute immunity and judgment as a matter of law on the state law

tort claims asserted against him.

                                    III.   CONCLUSION

       For the reasons stated above, the court AFFIRMS the district court’s grant of judgment on

pleadings in favor of City Defendants on the federal claims asserted against them. The court

AFFIRMS the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of all defendants on the

remaining claims.

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