Court Opinion

ID: 2802192
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-05-20 16:01:51.718199+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:29:43.636717
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                        FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

                                )
CALIFORNIA CLINICAL             )
LABORATORY ASSOCIATION, et al., )
                                )
         Plaintiffs,            )
                                )
     v.                         )                Civil Action No. 14-cv-0673 (KBJ)
                                )
SECRETARY OF HEALTH AND         )
HUMAN SERVICES,                 )
                                )
         Defendant.             )
                                )

                              MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Plaintiffs California Clinical Laboratory Association (“CCLA”) and Jane Doe

have brought the instant action to challenge certain Medicare coverage determinations

that private entities—known as Medicare Administrative Contractors (“MACs”)—make.

Congress has expressly authorized Defendant Secretary of the Department of Health

and Human Services (the “Secretary”) to use MACs to help administer the Medicare

program, and under the existing statutory and regulatory scheme, MACs routinely

establish local Medicare coverage practices by issuing statements regarding whether or

not, as a general rule, Medicare insurance will be available for particular items or

services within a geographic region. These statements are known as “local coverage

determinations” or “LCDs,” and Plaintiffs’ complaint alleges, inter alia, that MACs are

issuing LCDs that amount to blanket and inappropriate denials of Medicare coverage

for certain clinical testing services. Plaintiffs also launch several broad attacks against

the LCD development process and the resulting coverage (or non-coverage) practices,
including the charge that Congress has acted unconstitutionally in delegating to private

contractors the authority to issue LCDs.

        Before this Court at present is Defendant’s motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’

complaint. The Secretary argues that Jane Doe lacks constitutional standing to bring

the instant claims, and that, in any event, this Court does not have subject matter

jurisdiction over Plaintiffs’ claims under any of the statutes upon which Plaintiffs rely.

(See Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss (“Def.’s Mot.”) 1, ECF No. 17; see also Def.’s Mem. in

Supp. of Def.’s Mot. (“Def.’s Br.”) 15, ECF No. 17-1.) 1 For the reasons explained

below, this Court concludes that Jane Doe has failed to allege a sufficient injury-in-fact

to give rise to Article III standing, and that this Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction

over CCLA’s remaining claims. Consequently, Defendant’s motion to dismiss the

complaint will be GRANTED, and Plaintiffs’ complaint will be dismissed without

prejudice. A separate order consistent with this opinion will follow.

I.      BACKGROUND

        A. Background Facts

        Jane Doe is a retired, 82 year-old registered nurse who lives in Virginia and is a

Medicare enrollee. (Compl. ¶ 6, ECF No. 3.) 2 Plaintiffs allege that Doe has been

diagnosed with “several chronic conditions requiring the administration of numerous

[prescription] drugs,” and that, unfortunately, some of those drugs have caused her to

“suffer[] allergic and other very serious adverse reactions[.]” (Id.) Hoping to learn

1
 All page numbers cited in this memorandum opinion refer to the page numbers that the Court’s
electronic filing system assigns.
2
 Jane Doe explains that she is using a pseudonym in the instant case “to protect the confidential nature
of her specific health information.” (Compl. ¶ 6; see also Order, ECF No. 2 (granting motion to
proceed via pseudonym).)

                                                   2
more about Jane Doe’s reactions to medication and to customize further treatment,

Doe’s “physician recently ordered pharmacogenomic testing from a clinical laboratory

in Virginia.” (Id.) Pharmacogenomic testing is a type of molecular diagnostic testing

that can anticipate a medication or treatment’s effect on a patient based on that patient’s

genetic makeup. (See id. ¶¶ 6, 27; see also Decl. of Scott W. Blevins (“Blevins Decl.”)

¶ 1, Ex. 1 to Pls.’ Opp’n, ECF No. 18-1 (explaining that “genotyping of drug-

metabolizing enzymes and bleeding risk factors . . . enables health care practitioners to

provide targeted therapy to patients based on patients’ individual genetic profiles”).)

The parties do not dispute that such testing may allow doctors to determine in advance

whether a particular medication or course of treatment will help or harm a patient.

       Doctors can order pharmacogenomic and other molecular diagnostic testing from

certain clinical laboratories across the United States. The complaint does not specify

which Virginia laboratory received the doctor’s order for the pharmacogenomic testing

of Jane Doe; however, Plaintiffs explain that CCLA’s members include laboratories that

provide such testing for Medicare enrollees and other individuals. (See Compl. ¶ 5; see

also Blevins Decl. ¶ 3.) Specifically, Plaintiffs state that one of CCLA’s member

laboratories is GENETWORx, “a clinical laboratory headquartered in Glen Allen,

Virginia” (Blevins Decl. ¶ 1), and that GENETWORx “conducts [pharmacogenomic]

testing of samples from patients located throughout the United States” (id. ¶ 2). When

GENETWORx provides services to Medicare Part B enrollees, it must submit claims for

reimbursement to Palmetto GBA (“Palmetto”), which is the MAC assigned to cover

GENETWORx’s region. (See Blevins Decl. ¶ 3.) Palmetto has issued a local coverage

determination known as “LCD L34499,” which Plaintiffs contend Palmetto relies on to

                                            3
“den[y] Medicare coverage for pharmacogenomic testing regularly performed by

GENETWORx” and other laboratories in Palmetto’s region. (Id.) Indeed, according to

the complaint, “Jane Doe has learned that Medicare will not cover or pay for [her

pharmacogenomic] testing” because of LCD L34499. (Compl. ¶ 6.)

       Plaintiffs maintain that LCD L34499 and other similar LCDs pertaining to

clinical testing “jeopardize[] [Jane Doe’s] and similarly situated Part B enrollees’

access to medically necessary laboratory services” (id.), and more broadly, that “[t]he

current LCD development process and the resulting LCD policies of the MACs are

legally invalid and ultra vires” (id. ¶ 2). Thus, Plaintiffs have directly challenged an

aspect of the coverage system that the Medicare Act creates; the following brief

description of the Medicare system provides the necessary context for understanding

Plaintiffs’ claims.

       B. The Medicare Act

       Congress established the Medicare program in 1965 when it passed the Medicare

Act (the “Act”), 42 U.S.C. §§ 1395 et seq., as part of the Social Security Amendments

of 1965. See Pub. L. No. 89-97, 79 Stat. 291 (July 30, 1965). The program provides

health benefits to all persons age sixty-five and older who are eligible for Social

Security benefits or eligible for retirement benefits under the railroad retirement

system, see 42 U.S.C. § 1395c(1), and is divided into several parts that the Secretary

administers through the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (“CMS”), along

with the MACs. Medicare Part A, the program’s hospital insurance component, covers

inpatient care in facilities such as hospitals and skilled nursing facilities, as well as

hospice care and some home healthcare. See Hall v. Sebelius, 770 F. Supp. 2d 61, 64

(D.D.C. 2011) (citing 42 U.S.C. §§ 1395c–1395i-5). Individuals who receive benefits

                                              4
under Medicare Part A are commonly referred to as “Medicare beneficiaries.” The

instant case concerns Medicare Part B, which is the supplementary medical insurance

program that covers certain physicians’ services, outpatient hospital care, and other

medical items and services not covered under Part A. See id. (citing 42 U.S.C.

§§ 1395j–1395w-5). Individuals must enroll in Medicare Part B to receive coverage,

which is why recipients of Part B benefits are sometimes referred to as “Medicare

enrollees.”

       While Part B is specifically designed to fill coverage gaps in Part A, there are

limits to what Part B coverage entails. As relevant here, the Act expressly provides that

“no payment may be made . . . for any expenses incurred for items or services which

. . . are not reasonable and necessary for the diagnosis or treatment of illness or injury

or to improve the functioning of a malformed body member[.]” 42 U.S.C.

§ 1395y(a)(1)(A). In other words, Medicare Part B covers only “reasonable and

necessary” items and services. Id.

              1. MAC Determinations And Provider Reimbursement Under Medicare
                 Part B

       In order to obtain payment for items and services provided to Medicare Part B

enrollees, healthcare providers generally must submit claims for reimbursement directly

to the designated MAC for the provider’s region. See id. §§ 1395kk-1(a)(1)–(4)

(authorizing the Secretary to contract with MACs to perform certain functions including

payment functions). Prior to paying the claim, the MAC must assess whether Part B

covers the items or services at issue—i.e., the MAC must make a determination as to

whether the particular items or services are “reasonable and necessary” under the Act

and, thus, whether Medicare will cover the costs associated with the particular item or

                                             5
service. See id. § 1395kk-1(a)(4). Such determinations concerning “whether an

individual is entitled to benefits” under the Act are commonly referred to as “initial”

coverage determinations. Id. § 1395ff(a)(1).

       The Secretary may dictate the outcome of a MAC’s initial coverage

determination in one of two ways. First, the Act authorizes her to promulgate

regulations regarding covered items or services. See id. §§ 1395hh, 1395ff. Second,

she may issue “national coverage determination[s],” known as “NCDs,” which are

“determination[s] by the Secretary with respect to whether or not a particular item or

service is covered” on a nationwide basis. Id. § 1395ff(f)(1)(B). The Secretary’s

Medicare coverage regulations and NCDs are binding on MACs such that if a relevant

regulation or NCD exists with respect to a provider’s claim, a MAC must apply that

regulation or NCD to determine coverage. See 42 C.F.R. § 405.1060(a)(4); see also 42

U.S.C. § 1395ff(c)(3)(B)(ii)(I). In the absence of such direction from the Secretary,

MACs may either make initial coverage determinations on a claim-by-claim basis or, in

the interest of efficiency, MACs may develop and adopt local coverage

determinations—LCDs—establishing “whether or not a particular item or service is

covered” within the geographic region assigned to the particular MAC. 42 U.S.C.

§ 1395ff(f)(2)(B). LCDs thus facilitate a MAC’s automated review of claims for items

or services that fall within each LCD’s scope. Notably, LCDs only apply within the

authoring MAC’s assigned region. See id. (defining LCDs as “determination[s] . . .

respecting whether or not a particular item or service is covered on a[] [MAC]-wide

basis”).

                                            6
       In the event that a MAC makes an initial coverage determination denying

Medicare coverage for a particular claim, the provider that submitted the claim typically

bears financial responsibility for the items or services at issue, unless the provider has

previously given the Medicare beneficiary or enrollee (who are generally referred to

throughout this opinion as “Medicare recipients”) an “advance beneficiary notice” or

“ABN” stating “that Medicare will likely deny payment for the service or item to be

furnished.” CMS, Medicare Claims Processing Manual, Ch. 30 § 40.1.1. The ABN is,

in essence, a cost-shifting mechanism: if the provider gives a Medicare recipient such

advance notice, then instead of the provider bearing the cost of the denial of the service,

the recipient “is held liable for the denied services or items[.]” Id.; see also Int’l

Rehabilitative Scis. Inc. v. Sebelius, 688 F.3d 994, 998 (9th Cir. 2012) (citing 42 C.F.R.

§ 411.404) (explaining that Medicare providers bear the financial risk of coverage

denials in absence of written advance beneficiary notices shifting financial

responsibility to Medicare recipients).

              2. Appeals Of Initial Coverage Determinations And Challenges To LCDs

       Under the Act, providers may appeal a MAC’s initial coverage determination—

including a coverage determination made pursuant to an LCD—through the standard

Medicare claims review process. See 42 U.S.C. §§ 1395ff(b)–(e); see also 42 C.F.R.

§ 405.900 et seq. That process ordinarily entails administrative requests for

reconsideration, a hearing before an administrative law judge (“ALJ”), and, if desired,

review by the Departmental Appeals Board (“DAB”). See 42 C.F.R. § 405.904(b).

       Importantly, although ALJs and the DAB “are not bound by LCDs” when hearing

appeals from initial coverage determinations, id. § 405.1062(a), neither ALJs nor the

DAB can “set aside or review the validity of an . . . LCD for purposes of a claim

                                              7
appeal” during the standard claims review process, id. § 405.1062(c). However, ALJs

and the DAB can review and invalidate an LCD in the context of a Medicare recipient’s

administrative challenge under a different section of the Act: section 1395ff(f)(2). See

42 U.S.C. § 1395ff(f)(2)(A). Section 1395ff(f)(2) creates a special administrative

process that allows a Medicare recipient—but not a Medicare provider—to file a

complaint with an ALJ seeking review of a particular LCD. Id. § 1395ff(f)(2)(A)(i);

see also id. § 1395ff(f)(5). Any decisions that ALJs make regarding LCD validity in

this context are then subject to further review by the DAB, id. § 1395ff(f)(2)(A)(ii), and

any resulting DAB decision “constitutes a final agency action . . . subject to judicial

review,” id. § 1395ff(f)(2)(A)(iv). 3

       Significantly for present purposes, the Act also provides a direct path to judicial

review for Medicare recipients who seek to challenge LCDs on purely legal grounds.

See id. § 1395ff(f)(3). Under section 1395ff(f)(3), a Medicare recipient “may seek

review [of an LCD] by a court of competent jurisdiction without filing a complaint

under [section 1395ff(f)(2)] and without otherwise exhausting other administrative

remedies[,]” but only if “there are no material issues of fact in dispute, and the only

issue of law is the constitutionality of a provision of this subchapter, or that a

regulation, determination, or ruling by the Secretary is invalid[.]” Id. § 1395ff(f)(3)

(emphasis added).

3
 The DAB encompasses a body known as the Medicare Appeals Council, see 42 C.F.R. § 405.370,
which is sometimes also (confusingly) referred to as the “MAC,” id. § 405.902. This memorandum
opinion will refer to the DAB and the Medicare Appeals Council collectively as the “DAB.”

                                                8
       C. Procedural History

       Plaintiffs filed the instant five-count complaint in this Court on April 18, 2014,

in order to challenge the validity of certain LCDs concerning clinical testing without

first undertaking any administrative appeals process. (See Compl. ¶¶ 1–2.) Count I

alleges that Congress’ delegation of the authority to develop LCDs to MACs is

unconstitutional. (See id. ¶ 38.) Count II contends that clinical testing LCDs constitute

new Medicare policy, and under section 1395hh(a) of the Act, such policy must be

promulgated pursuant to rulemaking requirements under the Administrative Procedure

Act (“APA”). (See id. ¶ 40.) Count III asserts that MACs have relied on impermissible

criteria to develop clinical testing LCDs, and have thereby violated section

1395ff(f)(2)(b) of the Act. (See id. ¶¶ 42–43.) And Counts IV and V claim that the

Secretary has failed to perform certain duties the Act requires, including the duty to

develop a plan to evaluate LCDs under section 1395y(l)(5) and to establish a mediation

process to resolve LCD disputes under section 1395ff(i). (See id. ¶¶ 46, 49.)

       Defendant filed the pending motion to dismiss on July 2, 2014. (See Def.’s Mot.

2.) Defendant contends, inter alia, that Jane Doe has failed to allege sufficient injury to

give rise to Article III standing because it is undisputed that she had pharmacogenomic

testing done and has received those test results, and the complaint does not allege that

Doe had to pay any out-of-pocket expenses after Palmetto denied Medicare coverage.

(See Def.’s Br. 17–20.) Defendant further argues that, even if Doe has standing to sue,

her claims challenging the validity of clinical testing LCDs raise issues of material fact,

meaning that Doe cannot use section 1395ff(f)(3) as a shortcut to judicial review and

must instead exhaust her administrative remedies under section 1395ff(f)(2), which she

has not yet done. (See id. 20–22.) Similarly, Defendant maintains that, to the extent

                                             9
that CCLA seeks to advance the instant claims independent of Jane Doe, expedited

judicial review under section 1395ff(f)(3) is not available because that provision’s

direct path to court is open only to Medicare recipients (see id. 8 (“Unlike the

laboratories that CCLA represents, an individual beneficiary can bring a claim in

federal court [challenging an LCD] without first exhausting administrative

remedies[.]”), and this Court otherwise lacks subject matter jurisdiction over CCLA’s

claims because CCLA has failed to exhaust its administrative remedies under the

standard Medicare claims review process as the Act requires (see id. 24–27, 31).

Moreover, Defendant insists that mandamus jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1361 is not

available in the instant case because Plaintiffs have failed to allege adequately either

that they have any “‘clear right to relief’” or that the Secretary had any “‘clear duty to

act’” with respect to the statutory provisions at issue. (Id. 29 (quoting Baptist Mem’l

Hosp. v. Sebelius, 603 F.3d 57, 62 (D.C. Cir. 2010).) 4

        Plaintiffs respond that Congress expressly gave Medicare beneficiaries and

enrollees like Jane Doe standing to challenge LCDs in federal court; that Jane Doe’s

LCD challenge does not involve issues of material fact; and that the standard Medicare

claims review process is not an adequate avenue of relief for CCLA’s members because

it cannot grant them the relief they seek—namely, invalidation of certain clinical testing

LCDs. (See Pls.’ Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. (“Pls.’ Opp’n”) 14–18, 20–22, ECF No. 18.)

Furthermore, Plaintiffs insist that the Medicare provisions at issue in this case are

4
  Defendant also initially argued that CCLA, too, lacked standing to sue because Plaintiffs’ complaint
did not identify a particular CCLA member that was qualified to sue. (See Def.’s Br. 22–23.)
However, Defendant appears to have conceded in its reply brief that Plaintiffs “corrected that particular
defect” when they attached to their opposition brief a supplemental affidavit from a member laboratory.
(Def.’s Reply in Supp. of Def.’s Mot. 13 n.9, ECF No. 19).

                                                   10
clearly intended to benefit Medicare recipients and providers (see id. 23), and that the

duties those provisions impose on the Secretary are “mandatory, not discretionary” (id.

24).

       On February 2, 2015, this Court held a hearing on Defendant’s motion to dismiss

and heard oral argument from the parties. (See Minute Entry, Feb. 2, 2015.)

II.    LEGAL STANDARDS

       A. Motions To Dismiss Under Rule 12(b)(1)

       Courts consider motions to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and

lack of standing in accordance with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1). See

Haase v. Sessions, 835 F.2d 902, 906 (D.C. Cir. 1987) (“[T]he defect of standing is a

defect in subject matter jurisdiction[.]”); Little v. Fenty, 689 F. Supp. 2d 163, 166 n.3

(D.D.C. 2010) (“[I]t is well established that motions to dismiss for lack of standing are

properly considered as challenging the Court’s subject matter jurisdiction and should be

reviewed under Rule 12(b)(1).”). To survive a Rule 12(b)(1) motion to dismiss, “the

plaintiff bears the burden of establishing jurisdiction by a preponderance of the

evidence.” Moran v. U.S. Capitol Police Bd., 820 F. Supp. 2d 48, 53 (D.D.C. 2011)

(citing Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561 (1992)). And “[b]ecause Rule

12(b)(1) concerns a court’s ability to hear a particular claim, the court must scrutinize

the plaintiff’s allegations more closely when considering a motion to dismiss pursuant

to Rule 12(b)(1) than it would under . . . Rule 12(b)(6).” Schmidt v. U.S. Capitol Police

Bd., 826 F. Supp. 2d 59, 65 (D.D.C. 2011) (citations omitted). In so doing, the court

must accept as true all of the factual allegations in the complaint and draw all

reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff, but the court need not “accept inferences

unsupported by the facts or legal conclusions that are cast as factual allegations.” Rann

                                            11
v. Chao, 154 F. Supp. 2d 61, 63 (D.D.C. 2001). Finally, in reviewing a motion to

dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1), the court “may consider materials outside the

pleadings as it deems appropriate to resolve the question whether it has jurisdiction in

the case.” Scolaro v. D.C. Bd. of Elections & Ethics, 104 F. Supp. 2d 18, 22 (D.D.C.

2000); see also Jerome Stevens Pharms., Inc. v. FDA, 402 F.3d 1249, 1253 (D.C. Cir.

2005).

         B. Constitutional Standing To Sue

         Plaintiffs must satisfy constitutional standing requirements in order to invoke

this Court’s subject matter jurisdiction. See Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560–61. Rooted in

Article III of the Constitution—which limits the jurisdiction of the federal courts to

certain “Cases” and “Controversies[,]” U.S. Const. art. 3, § 2—the standing doctrine

generally reinforces separation-of-powers principles, and in this regard, constitutional

standing “acts as a gatekeeper, opening the courthouse doors to narrow disputes that can

be resolved merely by reference to facts and laws, but barring entry to the broad

disquiets that can be resolved only by an appeal to politics and policy.” Food & Water

Watch, Inc. v. Vilsack, No. 14cv1547, 2015 WL 514389, at *6 (D.D.C. Feb. 9, 2015).

Boiled to bare essence, then, “the standing question is whether the plaintiff has ‘alleged

such a personal stake in the outcome of the controversy’ as to warrant [her] invocation

of federal-court jurisdiction and to justify exercise of the court’s remedial powers on

[her] behalf.” Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 498–99 (1975) (quoting Baker v. Carr,

369 U.S. 186, 204 (1962)).

         The constitutional standing requirement has three elements: a plaintiff must

allege an “injury[-]in[-]fact” that is “fairly traceable to the challenged action of the

defendant” and is capable of being “redressed” by the Court. Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560–61

                                             12
(internal quotation marks, alterations, and citations omitted). A plaintiff “bears the

burden of showing that [she] has standing for each type of relief sought[,]” Summers,

555 U.S. at 493, and individual plaintiffs, like Jane Doe, must show that they have

standing to sue in their own right in accordance with the factors set forth above, see

Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560. “An organizational plaintiff[,]” like CCLA, “is held to a

slightly different standard insofar as it may sue both on behalf of itself and also on

behalf of its members, but only to the extent that its members themselves have

standing.” Food & Water Watch, Inc., 2015 WL 514389, at *8 (citing Havens Realty

Corp. v. Coleman, 455 U.S. 363, 378 (1982); Hunt v. Wash. State Apple Advert.

Comm’n, 432 U.S. 333, 342–43 (1977) (footnote omitted)).

III.   ANALYSIS

       Plaintiffs have filed this lawsuit to challenge “[t]he current LCD development

process and the resulting LCD policies of the MACs” (Compl. ¶ 2), including and

especially those LCDs that “are being applied to deny Medicare coverage for laboratory

services” (id. ¶ 2(d)). Ordinarily, parties with Medicare-related claims must first

exhaust administrative review procedures before filing suit in federal court. See, e.g.,

Shalala v. Ill. Council on Long Term Care, Inc., 529 U.S. 1, 8 (2000) (“Illinois

Council”) (explaining that the Act requires parties to exhaust administrative remedies

with respect to “most, if not all, Medicare claims” prior to seeking judicial review).

However, as explained above, Medicare recipients seeking to advance certain purely

legal challenges to LCDs are permitted to proceed directly to federal court without first

exhausting agency review, see 42 U.S.C. § 1395ff(f)(3), and it appears that Plaintiffs

are relying on Jane Doe’s presence as a party to the instant lawsuit to avail themselves

of this procedural mechanism (see Compl. ¶ 3). This means that the question of

                                            13
whether Jane Doe is a proper plaintiff—i.e., whether or not she has standing to sue—is

pivotal to any analysis of whether the instant complaint is properly before this Court.

Consequently, this Court has addressed the question of Doe’s constitutional standing at

the outset, before any consideration of whether the Court otherwise has subject matter

jurisdiction over Plaintiffs’ claims.

       As explained fully below, the Court has concluded that Doe is not a proper

plaintiff because Plaintiffs have failed to demonstrate that she has suffered, or

imminently will suffer, an injury-in-fact that is traceable to the action she seeks to

challenge. As a result, CCLA may not avail itself of section 1395ff(f)(3)’s direct path

to federal court, and there is no other statutory mechanism by which CCLA is entitled

to proceed without first exhausting administrative review procedures under the Act.

Accordingly, this Court lacks jurisdiction over Plaintiffs’ claims, and the instant

complaint must be dismissed.

       A. Jane Doe Lacks Standing To Sue, And Therefore The Instant Action
          Cannot Proceed Directly To Court Under Section 1395ff(f)(3)

       No less an authority than the Supreme Court of the United States has explained

that “the requirement of injury[-]in[-]fact is a hard floor of Article III jurisdiction that

[Congress] cannot . . . remove[] by statute.” Summers, 555 U.S. at 497. That said, the

Supreme Court has also recognized that what Congress may do is “create a statutory

right or entitlement the alleged deprivation of which can confer standing to sue even

where the plaintiff would have suffered no judicially cognizable injury in the absence

of statute.” Warth, 422 U.S. at 514. In other words, with respect to certain statutes, the

alleged violation of a statutorily-created right is, alone, a sufficient injury-in-fact to

give rise to Article III standing. See Linda R.S. v. Richard D., 410 U.S. 614, 617 n.3

                                              14
(1973) (“Congress may enact statutes creating legal rights, the invasion of which

creates standing, even though no injury would exist without the statute.”); see also

Zivotofsky ex rel. Ari Z. v. Sec’y of State, 444 F.3d 614, 619 (D.C. Cir. 2006)

(“Although it is natural to think of an injury in terms of some economic, physical, or

psychological damage, a concrete and particular injury for standing purposes can also

consist of the violation of an individual right conferred on a person by statute.”).

       Not every right conferred by statute inherently gives rise to constitutional

standing when it is allegedly violated, however. See Summers, 555 U.S. at 496

(remarking, in the context of an alleged right to file regulatory comments created by

16 U.S.C. § 1612, that “deprivation of a procedural right without some concrete interest

that is affected by the deprivation—a procedural right in vacuo—is insufficient to

create Article III standing”). And because Plaintiffs here maintain that Jane Doe has

standing to sue simply and solely because “Congress expressly gave Jane Doe and other

Part B enrollees affected by LCDs the express right to challenge the constitutionality of

the Medicare provisions governing such LCDs and also the validity of the LCD on other

grounds” (Pls.’ Opp’n 17 (citing 42 U.S.C. § 1395ff(f)(3))), the key issue that this

Court must address for the purpose of evaluating Jane Doe’s constitutional standing is

whether the right to sue that Congress has conferred in 42 U.S.C. § 1395ff(f)(3) is the

kind of statutory right or entitlement the deprivation of which confers standing to sue in

and of itself—an issue that the parties vigorously dispute. (See Pls.’ Opp’n 16–17;

Def.’s Reply in Supp. of Def.’s Mot. (“Def.’s Reply”) 11–12, ECF No. 19.) Put another

way, if the Act confers on Jane Doe a substantive right or entitlement, then Jane Doe

may indeed have a basis for contending that she has standing to sue without any other

                                            15
allegation of injury, but if the cited statute does not confer such a right (and thus is not

of the kind that inherently gives rise to standing), then in order to establish standing

Plaintiffs must show that Jane Doe has or will suffer a “concrete and particularized”

injury that is “actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical” and “fairly traceable

to the challenged action of the defendant[.]” Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560.

              1. Section 1395ff(f)(3) Does Not Create A Substantive Right Or
                 Entitlement That Obviates The Need For A Plaintiff To Demonstrate
                 An Injury-In-Fact

       This Court concludes that section 1395ff(f)(3) of the Medicare Act does not

confer a substantive right or entitlement on Medicare recipients such as Jane Doe. The

classic example of a statute that creates the type of substantive right that automatically

gives rise to standing to sue if violated is the Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”),

5 U.S.C. § 552, which entitles members of the public to disclosure of government

agency records upon request unless the information sought falls within one of nine

statutory exemptions. See Zivotofsky, 444 F.3d at 617–18. As the D.C. Circuit

explained in Zivotofsky, in the FOIA context, “[a]nyone whose request for specific

information has been denied . . . has been injured-in-fact for standing purposes because

[they] did not get what the statute entitled [them] to receive.” Id. The Zivotofsky court

addressed FOIA by way of example, and it reasoned that section 214(d) of the Foreign

Relations Authorization Act (“FRAA”), Pub. L. No. 107-228, 115 Stat. 1350, 1365–66

(2002), was similar to the FOIA statute in that it entitled a United States citizen who

was born in Jerusalem to have Israel listed as his country of birth on his U.S. passport,

such that the government’s refusal to do so constituted a concrete and particularized

injury-in-fact for standing purposes. Zivotofsky, 444 F.3d at 618–19. Both statutes, the

court reasoned, conferred “a tangible benefit” on individuals, “the denial of which

                                             16
constitutes an injury.” Id. at 619 (quoting Sargeant v. Dixon, 130 F.3d 1067, 1070

(D.C. Cir. 1997)).

         The same cannot be said of section 1395ff(f)(3) of the Medicare Act. Plaintiffs

are generally correct to observe that “Congress expressly provides Medicare Part B

enrollees with standing to challenge the validity of LCDs” in the administrative context

(Pls.’ Opp’n 14 (citing 42 U.S.C. § 1395ff(f)(5)); furthermore, it is undisputed that

section 1395ff(f)(3) of the Act allows Medicare recipients to “seek [judicial] review” of

certain constitutional and other challenges to an LCD without first “exhausting other

administrative remedies[,]” 42 U.S.C. § 1395ff(f)(3). 5 However, it is also relatively

clear that the benefit that section 1395ff(f)(3) confers—the right to “seek review by a

court of competent jurisdiction” without exhausting administrative remedies—is a

procedural right that is not nearly on par with the tangible substantive benefits that are

owed to individuals under the FOIA (the right to receive information) and the FRAA

(the right to receive a particular designation on an official government document). Cf.

Allen v. Wright, 468 U.S. 737, 751–52 (1984) (directing federal courts to answer

standing questions “by comparing the allegations of the particular complaint to those

made in prior standing cases”).

5
 Section 1395ff(f)(5) specifically authorizes Medicare recipients “who are in need of the items or
services that are the subject of [a] coverage determination” to request administrative review of that
determination via the process set forth in subdivision (f). 42 U.S.C. § 1395ff(f)(5). Section
1395ff(f)(5) states, in its entirety:
                 (5) Standing
                    An action under this subsection seeking review of a national coverage
                 determination or local coverage determination may be initiated only by
                 individuals entitled to benefits under part A of this subchapter, or
                 enrolled under part B of this subchapter, or both, who are in need of the
                 items or services that are the subject of the coverage determination.
    Id. (emphasis added). And among the actions subsection 1395ff(f) authorizes is the beneficiary’s or
    enrollee’s right to avail herself of the expedited judicial review process set forth in subsection
    1395ff(f)(3).

                                                    17
        This Court is not the first to reach the same conclusion about the statutorily-

conferred right to file suit, albeit in a different context. In Lujan v. Defenders of

Wildlife, the Supreme Court held that the plaintiffs in that case could not rely solely on

the so-called “citizen-suit” provision of the Endangered Species Act to satisfy the

injury-in-fact requirement for constitutional standing purposes. See Lujan, 504 U.S. at

571–573 (quoting 16 U.S.C. § 1540(g)). 6 In so doing, the Supreme Court noted that

procedural rights can form part of the basis for a plaintiff’s standing, “so long as the

procedures in question are designed to protect some threatened concrete interest of [the

plaintiff’s] that is the ultimate basis of [her] standing.” Id. at 573 n.8. Similarly,

Plaintiffs in the instant case can only point to an alleged violation of section

1395ff(f)(3) as the basis for the injury-in-fact that supports Jane Doe’s standing to sue

if they can demonstrate that “disregard of” the statutory right to expedited judicial

review under section 1395ff(f)(3) “impair[s] a separate concrete interest of [hers,]” id.

572—the alleged violation is not sufficient in and of itself.

        The bottom line is this: unlike the benefits that the FOIA and the FRAA

guarantee—i.e., benefits of a type for which alleged deprivation is inherently sufficient

to give rise to an injury-in-fact for the purpose of Article III standing—the “fast-track”

process that Congress provides to Medicare recipients under certain circumstances in

section 1395ff(f)(3) is not a substantive right or entitlement; rather, it is merely an

accelerated means to achieve the ultimate end that the recipients seek (review and

reversal of an undesirable LCD or NCD). Cf. Del. Dep’t of Natural Res. & Envtl.

6
  “The so-called ‘citizen-suit’ provisions of the [Endangered Species Act] provides, in pertinent part,
that ‘any person may commence a civil suit on his own behalf (A) to enjoin any person, including the
United States and any other governmental instrumentality or agency . . . who is alleged to be in
violation of any provision of this chapter.’” Lujan, 504 U.S. at 571–72 (quoting 16 U.S.C. § 1540(g)).

                                                  18
Control v. FERC, 558 F.3d 575, 578–79 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (alleged violation of state’s

“statutory procedural right” under the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 and the

Clean Air Act to certify federal permit applicant’s compliance with state environmental

regulations prior to issuance of permit did not give rise to Article III standing in

absence of alleged concrete injury). This means that Plaintiffs must do more than rely

upon the existence and alleged violation of a statutory right to sue under section

1395ff(f)(3) in order satisfy the Article III standing requirement in the instant case.

              2. Plaintiffs Have Not Alleged That Doe Was Deprived Of The
                 Procedural Right The Medicare Act Establishes

       Significantly, even if section 1395ff(f)(3) conferred the type of entitlement that

automatically gives rise to Article III standing where deprivation is alleged, Plaintiffs’

complaint does not allege that Jane Doe has been deprived of that entitlement, much

less that any such deprivation is fairly traceable to an action or inaction on the part of

the Secretary or her agents. As noted above, the right upon which Plaintiffs stake Jane

Doe’s standing is the right to bring certain legal challenges to LCDs in court without

exhausting administrative remedies, as set forth in section 1395ff(f)(3). (See Pls.’

Opp’n 17.) But nowhere in the complaint have Plaintiffs alleged that the Secretary or

anyone else has interfered with Jane Doe’s exercise of that right by preventing her from

filing a section 1395ff(f)(3) action (thereby depriving her of the right that Congress has

conferred), and, indeed, the fact that Doe is presently before this Court suggests the

opposite is so. Cf., e.g., In re Sci. Applications Int’l Corp., 45 F. Supp. 3d 14, 31

(D.D.C. 2014) (holding that plaintiffs failed to demonstrate standing based on alleged

violation of right to receive information under the FOIA where plaintiffs “failed to

allege any actual deprivation of information” (emphasis in original)). In other words,

                                             19
Plaintiffs want this Court to conclude that the injury-in-fact standing requirement is

satisfied on the basis of the existence of a statutory right (the right to proceed directly

to court under section 1395ff(f)(3)), where there is no accompanying allegation that

Defendant has deprived Doe of that right; rather, Plaintiffs’ complaint is entirely about

other conduct of the Defendant. (See, e.g., Compl. ¶ 2(e) (alleging that HHS “has

eliminated any meaningful opportunity for laboratories to administratively appeal the

application of LCDs to laboratory services by unilaterally suspending” ALJ claim

review hearings); id. ¶ 18 (asserting that “[t]he Secretary has failed to satisfy the[]

statutory requirements” that she “have a plan for providing consistency among different

LCDs issued by different MACs” and that she “establish a mediation process to resolve

disputes among various stakeholders regarding LCD issues”); see also Pls. Opp’n 17

(arguing that the LCD process violates the Constitution and the Medicare statutes in

various ways).) Plaintiffs have not cited any other case that permits such a disconnect

between the injury upon which standing is purportedly based and the claims the

plaintiff has brought, and this Court concludes that such a clear end-run around the

injury-in-fact requirement is so inconsistent with standing doctrine that it cannot be

countenanced. Cf. Summers, 555 U.S. at 493 (plaintiffs must show “standing for each

type of relief sought”). Consequently, here, as in most cases, Plaintiffs must

demonstrate Jane Doe’s standing to file a lawsuit that challenges the LCD process and

clinical testing LCDs by showing that, as a result of the LCD process and/or specific

LCDs, Doe has suffered a “concrete and particularized” injury that is “actual or

imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical[.]” Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560 (internal quotation

marks and citations omitted).

                                             20
              3. Plaintiffs Have Failed To Establish That Jane Doe Has Suffered Any
                 Injury Whatsoever

       Unfortunately for Jane Doe, Plaintiffs’ complaint fails to satisfy the actual

injury-in-fact test by any measure. For example, although Plaintiffs contend generally

that the denial of Medicare coverage for Jane Doe’s pharmacogenomic testing pursuant

to an anti-testing coverage LCD “jeopardize[d] her . . . access to medically necessary

laboratory services” (Compl. ¶ 6), it is undisputed that Doe and her doctor were indeed

able to access the test results at issue notwithstanding the coverage denial and that she

was not charged personally for any testing expenses (see Pls.’ Opp’n 15; Def.’s Br. 9).

This means that it cannot be said that Jane Doe has suffered any actual injury as a result

of any of the LCDs she seeks to challenge.

       What is more, Plaintiffs’ allegations do not establish any certain and imminent

future injury to Jane Doe arising out of the anti-testing coverage LCDs. See Clapper v.

Amnesty Int’l USA, 133 S. Ct. 1138, 1148 (2013) (“[T]hreatened injury must be

certainly impending to constitute injury in fact and . . . allegations of possible future

injury are not sufficient.” (internal quotation marks, citation, alterations, and emphasis

omitted)). In this regard, Plaintiffs assert that Jane Doe’s health conditions will

“requir[e] her continued use of the medications prescribed by her doctors[,]” and that

“[c]linical laboratory testing regarding the potential side effects and allergies from the

drugs continue to be an issue for her[.]” (Pls.’ Opp’n 16.) But Plaintiffs do not

contend that Jane Doe’s doctor has ordered (or imminently will order) further clinical

testing of the type challenged here, and even if Plaintiffs had alleged that a further

testing order is imminent, Plaintiffs have neither alleged nor established that there is a

“substantial probability” that Medicare would once again deny coverage, to Jane Doe’s

                                             21
detriment. Sierra Club v. Jewell, 764 F.3d 1, 7 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (internal quotation

marks and citation omitted). Rather, Plaintiffs acknowledge that “different MACs in

different regions might treat the same type of laboratory test differently from a

coverage standpoint” (Compl. ¶ 20)—meaning that Medicare just might cover a

pharmacogenomic test that Jane Doe’s doctor orders in the future, depending on the

regional MAC to which the laboratory that performs the hypothetical future test is

assigned. And if that is not enough to relegate to the realm of the purely hypothetical

Jane Doe’s unalleged potential future injury due to Medicare’s possible denial of not-

yet-prescribed additional pharmacogenomic testing, Plaintiffs have also failed to allege

that Jane Doe has received, or will receive, an advanced beneficiary notice that would

make her—and not a provider—financially responsible for any clinical testing claims

denied in the future. See CMS, Medicare Claims Processing Manual, Ch. 30 § 40.1.1;

see also Int’l Rehabilitative Scis. Inc., 688 F.3d at 998 (citing 42 C.F.R. § 411.404)

(explaining that Medicare providers bear the financial risk of coverage denials in the

absence of written advance beneficiary notices shifting financial responsibility to

Medicare recipients).

       In sum, Plaintiffs may not rely on section 1395ff(f)(3) alone to satisfy the injury-

in-fact requirement for standing purposes, and this is especially so given that Plaintiffs

have not even alleged a deprivation of the procedural right that section 1395ff(f)(3)

confers. Moreover, Plaintiffs have otherwise failed to satisfy the injury-in-fact

requirement because they do not allege that Jane Doe has suffered any actual physical,

financial, or other concrete injury as a result of Defendant’s actions. And there is such

a “speculative chain of possibilities” regarding the potential for denial of coverage for

                                            22
clinical testing in the future that “injury based on potential future [testing] is [not]

certainly impending[.]” Clapper, 133 S. Ct. at 1150. Accordingly, this Court finds that

Plaintiffs have failed to demonstrate that Jane Doe has suffered (or imminently will

suffer) an injury-in-fact, and therefore, Jane Doe lacks constitutional standing to

maintain the instant suit.

       B. This Court Lacks Federal Question Jurisdiction Over CCLA’s Claims

       Because Jane Doe has no constitutional standing to sue, CCLA is the sole

remaining plaintiff in this action, and section 1395ff(f)(3)’s direct path to judicial

review is not available to advance the claims in the instant complaint. See 42 U.S.C.

§ 1395ff(f)(5) (providing that only Medicare recipients may seek review of coverage

determinations of LCDs under subdivision (f), which includes the right to file a lawsuit

in court with respect to certain claims under section 1395ff(f)(3)). This circumstance

thus raises the question of what, if any, jurisdictional basis CCLA has to pursue its

unexhausted Medicare-related claims in federal court?

       CCLA maintains that this “Court has jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331 to

resolve the very important federal questions, including the significant constitutional

issue, posed by the Complaint.” (Compl. ¶ 3.) However, it is well established that

section 405(h) of the Social Security Act (as incorporated into the Medicare Act

through 42 U.S.C. § 1395ii) expressly limits the availability of general federal question

jurisdiction in the Medicare context. See 42 U.S.C. § 405(h) (providing that “[n]o

action . . . to recover on any claim” arising under the Medicare Act shall be “brought

under section 1331 . . . of title 28”). Indeed, according to the Supreme Court, the effect

of section 405(h) is to “channel[] most, if not all, Medicare claims through” agency

review procedures, Illinois Council, 529 U.S. at 8, and it is only after the exhaustion of

                                             23
all applicable administrative remedies that Medicare “claimant[s] can seek judicial

review pursuant to the Medicare Act, which contains its own jurisdictional provision

separate from section 1331’s grant of federal question jurisdiction[.]” Council for

Urological Interests v. Sebelius, 668 F.3d 704, 706 (D.C. Cir. 2011); see also 42 U.S.C.

§ 1395ff(b)(1)(A) (providing for “judicial review of the Secretary’s final decision”).

This channeling requirement is a significant part of the Medicare scheme because it

“assures the agency greater opportunity to apply, interpret, or revise policies,

regulations, or statutes without possibly premature interference by different individual

courts[,]” Illinois Council, 529 U.S. at 13; however, it is clear that “section 405(h) is

intended to postpone judicial review, not totally preclude it,” Council for Urological

Interests, 668 F.3d at 708 (citing id. at 19). Consequently, there is an exception to

section 405(h)’s channeling requirement in cases “where its application . . . would not

lead to a channeling of review through the agency, but would mean no review at all.”

Illinois Council, 529 U.S. at 17. Put another way, the only circumstances in which

courts do not apply the channeling requirement to Medicare-related actions is where

doing so would result in “complete preclusion of judicial review” because there would

be no final administrative decisions from which to appeal at a later date. Id. at 23

(emphasis in original).

       That exception is not implicated here. CCLA acknowledges that its members

(clinical laboratories) may appeal individual clinical testing coverage denials through

the Medicare claims review process; in fact, CCLA represents that several of its

members are currently pursuing or planning to pursue such appeals. (See Compl. ¶ 24;

Pls.’ Opp’n 13.) Yet, CCLA contends that access to the standard claims review process

                                             24
does not bar federal question jurisdiction in the instant case because that process cannot

grant CCLA’s members the relief they seek: invalidation of certain clinical testing

LCDs. (See Pls.’ Opp’n 20–22.) CCLA does not explain why such relief is unavailable

to a member who seeks judicial review under section 1395ff(b)(1)(A) after the

Secretary has rendered a final decision with respect to the initial coverage

determination. See Illinois Council, 529 U.S. at 23 (explaining that, once a Medicare

claim has been channeled through the administrative process, a reviewing court “has

adequate authority to resolve any statutory or constitutional contention that the agency

does not, or cannot, decide”). Moreover, and in any event, it is clear beyond cavil that

the mere fact that a plaintiff cannot receive under the administrative review process the

particular type of relief sought in court is not material to the applicability of the

channeling requirement. See id. (“The fact that the agency might not provide a hearing

for [a] particular contention, or may lack the power to provide one is beside the point

because it is the ‘action’ arising under the Medicare Act that must be channeled through

the agency.” (emphasis in original) (citations omitted)); see also Three Lower Cntys.

Cmty. Health Servs., Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Health and Human Servs., 517 F. Supp. 2d

431, 435 (D.D.C. 2007) (“The Supreme Court has made clear that if this process is

available, it must be followed, even if it is time-consuming, and even if the agency

cannot grant the relief sought.” (citing id. at 20, 22–23) (footnote omitted)).

       The D.C. Circuit’s opinion in Council for Urological Interests v. Sebelius is not

to the contrary, and CCLA’s reliance on that case to assert that this Court can exercise

federal question jurisdiction here is misplaced. In Council for Urological Interests, an

association of urologic laser surgery equipment providers invoked general federal

                                             25
question jurisdiction to challenge regulations that effectively prevented the

association’s members from receiving Medicare reimbursements for use of their

equipment. See Council for Urological Interests, 668 F.3d at 705–06. The Court of

Appeals held that section 405(h) channeling did not apply to the association’s claims, in

large part because it was undisputed that the association’s members did not qualify as

Medicare providers under the Act, and thus neither the plaintiff nor its members could

participate in the Medicare claims review process as a matter of law. See id. at 707,

714. That is clearly not the case here—it is undisputed that CCLA’s members are

Medicare providers that are entitled to appeal initial coverage determinations through

the administrative Medicare claims review process. (See Compl. ¶ 24 (“Several of the

laboratory members of CCLA currently have administrative appeals pending and/or will

be filing additional appeals[.]”)) Consequently, unlike in Council for Urological

Interests, the administrative process is available to CCLA’s members, and as a result,

this Court finds that CCLA’s claims are subject to section 405(h) channeling and the

Court’s exercise of federal question jurisdiction is foreclosed. See, e.g., Am.

Chiropractic Ass’n, Inc. v. Leavitt, 431 F.3d 812, 816–17 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (applying

section 405(h) channeling requirement to associational plaintiff’s claims where some,

though not all, of plaintiff’s members had access to administrative review); see also 42

U.S.C. § 1395ff(b)(1)(A) (entitling “any individual” who is “dissatisfied with any

initial [coverage] determination” to seek “judicial review” after the Secretary makes a

“final decision” with respect to their claim).

       CCLA appears to argue that, even if the channeling requirement applies, this

Court should excuse CCLA and its members from exhausting the administrative

                                            26
processes that channeling ordinarily entails—i.e., that the Court should not wait for the

Secretary to issue a final decision before allowing CCLA to seek judicial review. (See

Pls.’ Notice of Suppl. Auth., ECF No. 22 (attaching Nat’l Ass’n for Home Care &

Hospice, Inc. v. Burwell, No. 14cv0950, 2015 WL 65129 (D.D.C. Jan. 6, 2015).)

Specifically, CCLA points to a recent decision from this district in which the district

judge “excuse[d] the exhaustion requirement” with respect to a plaintiff’s “purely legal

challenge” under the Act on the grounds that administrative exhaustion of such a claim

would be futile. Nat’l Ass’n for Home Care & Hospice, Inc., 2015 WL 65129 at *5.

Notably, the plaintiff in that case—the National Association for Home Care and

Hospice (“NAHC”)—did not seek to invoke general federal question jurisdiction under

28 U.S.C. § 1331, as CCLA does here, but instead claimed jurisdiction under “42

U.S.C. § 405(g) as incorporated by 42 U.S.C. § 1395ff[,]” NAHC’s Complaint at ¶ 8,

Nat’l Ass’n for Home Care & Hospice, Inc., No. 14cv0950, 2015 WL 65129 (D.D.C.

Jan. 6, 2015); see also 42 U.S.C. § 1395ff(b)(1)(A), and the plaintiff also made a

specific argument that requiring exhaustion of the standard claims review process

would be futile in light of the particular circumstances presented in that case, relying on

section 405(g) precedent. See Nat’l Ass’n for Home Care & Hospice, Inc., 2015 WL

65129, at *4 (analyzing NAHC’s futility arguments); see also id. (“In determining

whether to excuse the exhaustion requirement [under section 405(g)], courts consider

(1) whether the claim is collateral to a demand for benefits, (2) whether delay would

cause irreparable harm, and (3) whether exhaustion would be futile.” (citing

Tataranowicz v. Sullivan, 959 F.2d 268, 274 (D.C. Cir. 1992)).

                                            27
       By contrast, CCLA has made no such “futility” argument here, nor has it pled

sufficient facts to enable this Court to determine whether exhaustion of the Medicare

claims review process would indeed be futile in the circumstances presented in this

case. See Weinberger v. Salfi, 422 U.S. 749, 765 (1975) (holding that section 405(g)’s

“final decision” requirement is “something more than simply a codification of the

judicially developed doctrine of exhaustion, and may not be dispensed with merely by a

judicial conclusion of futility”); see also Tataranowicz, 959 F.2d at 275 (explaining that

courts determining whether or not to excuse exhaustion on the grounds of futility in the

Medicare context must consider whether “judicial resolution of the statutory issue (1)

will not interfere with the agency’s efficient functioning; (2) will not thwart any effort

at self-correction; (3) will not deny the court or parties the benefit of the agency’s

experience or expertise; and (4) will not curtail development of a record useful for

judicial review”). Consequently, this Court finds that it has no basis for concluding

that the requirement of exhausting the Medicare claims review process should be

excused with respect to CCLA’s claims, and having failed to exhaust these

administrative remedies, CCLA has also failed to establish that this Court has subject

matter jurisdiction over its complaint.

       C. This Court Lacks Mandamus Jurisdiction Over CCLA’s Claims

       CCLA’s final jurisdictional argument—that this Court has jurisdiction “to

mandate the Secretary’s compliance with the mandatory constitutional and statutory

provisions at issue” pursuant to the mandamus authority that 28 U.S.C. § 1361 provides

(Compl. ¶ 3)—fares no better. The mandamus statute grants jurisdiction over “any

action in the nature of mandamus to compel an officer or employee of the United States

or any agency thereof to perform a duty owed to the plaintiff.” 28 U.S.C. § 1361.

                                             28
There is no question that “the remedy of mandamus is a drastic one, to be invoked only

in extraordinary situations.” Allied Chem. Corp. v. Daiflon, Inc., 449 U.S. 33, 34

(1980). Accordingly, “[a] court may grant mandamus relief ‘only if: (1) the plaintiff

has a clear right to relief; (2) the defendant has a clear duty to act; and (3) there is no

other adequate remedy available to plaintiff.’” Baptist Mem’l Hosp., 603 F.3d at 62

(quoting Power v. Barnhart, 292 F.3d 781, 784 (D.C. Cir. 2002)). Moreover, the

alleged duty must be “‘ministerial and the obligation to act peremptory and clearly

defined. The law must not only authorize the demanded action, but require it; the duty

must be clear and undisputable.’” Shoshone Bannock Tribes v. Reno, 56 F.3d 1476,

1480 (D.C. Cir. 1995) (quoting 13th Reg’l Corp. v. Dep’t of Interior, 654 F.2d 758, 760

(D.C. Cir. 1980)). And, furthermore, “even if the plaintiff overcomes all these hurdles,

whether mandamus relief should issue is discretionary.” In re Cheney, 406 F.3d 723,

729 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (en banc).

       Here, CCLA requests “[a]n order mandating the Secretary and her agents,

including MACs, to comply with all applicable provisions of the Constitution and the

Medicare Act[.]” (Compl. 19, ¶ C.) As a threshold matter, this Court notes that

mandamus jurisdiction only conceivably applies to three of the five counts of the

complaint—Count I challenges Congress’s delegation of authority to MACs to issue

LCDs, and thus falls entirely outside of the scope of this Court’s mandamus jurisdiction

with respect to the Secretary and her agents (see Compl. ¶¶ 36–38), and CCLA does not

appear to argue for mandamus jurisdiction with respect to Count III, which alleges that

MACs are using impermissible criteria under the Act to develop LCDs (see id. ¶¶ 41–

44). Instead, CCLA contends that mandamus jurisdiction exists with respect to Counts

                                             29
II, IV, and V because, according to CCLA: under section 1395hh(a)(2) of the Act,

“Medicare statements of policy, such as LCDs, must be promulgated pursuant to the

rulemaking requirements of the APA” (Pls.’ Opp’n 23 (citing 42 U.S.C.

§ 1395hh(a)(2))); under section 1395y(l)(5)(A), “the Secretary must develop a plan to

evaluate new LCDs” (id. (citing 42 U.S.C. § 1395y(l)(5)(A))); and under section

1395ff(i), “the Secretary must establish a mediation process to address disputes

regarding LCDs” (id. (citing 42 U.S.C. § 1395ff(i))). 7 This Court concludes that CCLA

has neither demonstrated that it has any clear right to an order requiring the Secretary to

comply with these procedural mandates, nor has it shown that the Secretary has any

clear, nondiscretionary duty to act under the provisions at issue. See, e.g., Baptist

Mem’l Hosp., 603 F.3d at 62.

        With respect to its right to seek relief, CCLA contends that these statutory

provisions “are all clearly intended to benefit Medicare recipients and those entities

supplying and providing services and other medical items to them” (id. 24), in part

because these groups are “interested ‘stakeholders’ in any Medicare policy-making

process or procedure” (id. 23; see also id. (“If the statutory provisions at issue here are

not for Medicare beneficiaries/enrollees and the entities furnishing services to them,

then for whose benefit are they intended?”)). This argument is clearly speculative and

entirely unsupported, and thus manifestly insufficient to establish clearly and

undisputedly that the cited statutory provisions give rise to any duties owed to CCLA or

7
  Plaintiffs also suggest that 42 U.S.C. § 1395ff(d)(3)—which relates to timing for ALJ hearings in the
Medicare claims review process—imposes a mandatory duty on the Secretary that gives rise to
mandamus jurisdiction in the instant case. (See Pls.’ Opp’n 23 (“[U]nder 42 U.S.C. § 1395ff(d)(3), the
Secretary must furnish timely ALJ hearings for suppliers and providers impacted by the LCDs.”). But
Plaintiffs’ complaint does not allege a violation of section 1395ff(d)(3). Consequently, whether or not
mandamus jurisdiction is appropriate with respect to that statutory provision is not relevant here.

                                                  30
to its members such that CCLA would have a clear right to mandamus relief in the

instant case. And the existence of a duty owed specifically to CCLA or its members is

hardly obvious: for example, the plain language of section 1395y(l)(5) of the Act

(which concerns, inter alia, developing a plan to evaluate new LCDs for consistency)

suggests that the interests at stake in this provision are “national[]” interests in

“consistency” and avoiding “duplication of effort” in the administration of a large and

complex government program, 42 U.S.C. § 1395y(l)(5)—not the individual interests of

providers. See, e.g., Jarecki v. United States, 590 F.2d 670, 675 (7th Cir. 1979)

(finding that mandamus relief is precluded where the statutory provision at issue does

not “compel a duty running directly to the plaintiff”) (internal quotation marks

omitted); cf. Valley Forge Christian Coll. v. Ams. United for Separation of Church &

State, Inc., 454 U.S. 464, 482–83 (“This Court repeatedly has rejected claims of

standing predicated on the right, possessed by every citizen, to require that the

Government be administered according to law. . . .”) (internal quotation marks and

citations omitted). 8

8
    Section 1395y(l)(5) reads as follows:
          (5) Local coverage determination process
              (A) Plan to promote consistency of coverage determinations
                The Secretary shall develop a plan to evaluate new local coverage
              determinations to determine which determinations should be adopted
              nationally and to what extent greater consistency can be achieved among
              local coverage determinations.
              (B) Consultation
                The Secretary shall require the fiscal intermediaries or carriers providing
              services within the same area to consult on all new local coverage
              determinations within the area.

                                                     31
       And even if the statutory provisions at issue created duties that the Secretary

owed to CCLA or to its members, CCLA has not shown that any of the duties alleged

are nondiscretionary or “ministerial” such that they could give rise to mandamus

jurisdiction. See Shoshone Bannock Tribes, 56 F.3d at 1480. In this regard, CCLA’s

sole argument appears to be that sections 1395hh(a)(2), 1395y(l)(5)(A), and 1395ff(i) of

the Act all contain the word “shall” (see Pls.’ Br. 24–25), which CCLA characterizes as

“mandatory, not discretionary, language” (id. 24). But it is well established that the

mere presence of the word “shall” in a statutory provision is not sufficient to indicate

that a duty is nondiscretionary for mandamus purposes. See, e.g., United States v.

Clarke, 628 F. Supp. 2d 1, 11 (D.D.C. 2009) (“[T]he Supreme Court has instructed that

when ‘shall’ is used in an enforcement provision, it should be construed to confer

discretion on an agency unless the statute or regulations provide substantive standards

that constrain the exercise of discretion.” (footnote omitted) (citing Heckler v. Chaney,

470 U.S. 821, 835 (1985))). Thus, without more, CCLA has failed to persuade this

Court that the cited statutory provisions “not only authorize the demanded action, but

require it[.]” Shoshone Bannock Tribes, 56 F.3d at 1480.

       This is especially so with respect to section 1395ff(i), which CCLA argues

confers a nondiscretionary duty on the Secretary to establish an LCD dispute mediation

           (C) Dissemination of information
             The Secretary should serve as a center to disseminate information on local
           coverage determinations among fiscal intermediaries and carriers to reduce
           duplication of effort.
42 U.S.C. § 1395y(l)(5) (emphasis added).

                                                 32
process. (See Compl. ¶ 49.) 9 Contrary to CCLA’s assertions, this Court agrees with

Defendant that the duty imposed on the Secretary in section 1395ff(i) is discretionary

(see Def.’s Reply 19–20), for at least two reasons. First of all, the text of section

1395ff(i) plainly states that mediation will occur only “when[] the regional

administrator (as defined by the Secretary) involved determines that” such dispute

resolution is required. 42 U.S.C. § 1395ff(i)(2). Second, in making that determination,

the text requires the regional administrator to use his or her judgment to assess, inter

alia, whether “there was a systematic pattern and a large volume of complaints from”

groups representing service providers or suppliers. Id. Thus, the statute clearly

reserves a considerable amount of discretion to agency actors, and such discretion

renders mandamus entirely inappropriate in this context. See Shoshone Bannock Tribes,

56 F.3d at 1480. 10

9
    Section 1395ff(i) provides:
          (i) Mediation process for local coverage determinations
              (1) Establishment of process
                The Secretary shall establish a mediation process under this subsection
              through the use of a physician trained in mediation and employed by the
              Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services.
              (2) Responsibility of mediator
                Under the process established in paragraph (1), such a mediator shall
              mediate in disputes between groups representing providers of services,
              suppliers (as defined in section 1395x(d) of this title), and the medical
              director for a Medicare administrative contractor whenever the regional
              administrator (as defined by the Secretary) involved determines that there
              was a systematic pattern and a large volume of complaints from such groups
              regarding decisions of such director or there is a complaint from the co-chair
              of the advisory committee for that contractor to such regional administrator
              regarding such dispute.
42 U.S.C. § 1395ff(i).
10
   CCLA’s response that section 1395ff(i) “requires the establishment of a mediation process regardless
of the number of mediations that will occur” (Pls.’ Opp’n 24)—i.e., that subsection (1) should be read
in isolation—is unpersuasive. The Supreme Court has repeatedly stated that the meaning “‘of statutory
language is determined [not only] by reference to the language itself, [but as well by] the specific
context in which that language is used, and the broader context of the statute as a whole.’” Yates v.

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        In short, because CCLA has thus failed to show either that it has a clear right to

mandamus relief or that the Secretary had any clear, nondiscretionary duty to act, this

Court need not consider the third prong of the mandamus test (whether other adequate

remedies are available to CCLA). See Baptist Mem’l Hosp., 603 F.3d at 62. Instead,

this Court concludes that the extraordinary circumstances necessary to justify

mandamus are not present in the instant case, and therefore declines to exercise

mandamus jurisdiction over CCLA’s claims. See In re Cheney, 406 F.3d at 729.

IV.     CONCLUSION

        For the reasons set forth above, Plaintiffs’ allegations do not establish that Jane

Doe has an injury-in-fact that gives rise to standing to sue, and as a result, the fast-track

pathway to judicial review that section 1395ff(f)(3) establishes is not available as a

mechanism for Plaintiffs’ complaint to proceed in federal court. Nor has CCLA

established that any other statutory mechanism entitles it to proceed on the instant

claims without first exhausting administrative review under the Medicare Act.

Consequently, Defendant’s motion to dismiss will be GRANTED, and Plaintiffs’

complaint will be dismissed.

DATE: May 20, 2015                                      Ketanji Brown Jackson
                                                        KETANJI BROWN JACKSON
                                                        United States District Judge

United States, 135 S. Ct. 1074, 1081–82 (2015) (alterations in original) (quoting Robinson v. Shell Oil
Co., 519 U.S. 337, 341 (1997)); see also Smith v. United States, 508 U.S. 223, 233 (1993) (“Just as a
single word cannot be read in isolation, nor can a single provision of a statute.”).

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