Court Opinion

ID: 2680555
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-06-25 22:02:09.847979+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:15:59.008734
License: Public Domain

Illinois Official Reports

                                          Appellate Court

                             People v. Ackerman, 2014 IL App (3d) 120585

Appellate Court              THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
Caption                      NEIL ACKERMAN, Defendant-Appellant.

District & No.               Third District
                             Docket No. 3-12-0585

Filed                        May 12, 2014

Held                         On appeal from defendant’s conviction for solicitation of murder for
(Note: This syllabus         hire, defendant’s postconviction petition alleging that his appellate
constitutes no part of the   counsel failed to argue that defendant’s trial counsel, a public
opinion of the court but     defender, worked under a conflict of interest because his supervisor
has been prepared by the     had previously worked in the prosecutor’s office was properly
Reporter of Decisions        dismissed as frivolous and patently without merit, since the trial court
for the convenience of       inquired about the alleged conflict when the issue was raised after the
the reader.)                 trial had started and determined that no conflict existed, and on
                             remand defendant will be given two additional days of credit for his
                             presentence incarceration, a $50 credit against his court systems fine,
                             and a reduction of his Violent Crime Victims Assistance Fund fine.

Decision Under               Appeal from the Circuit Court of Will County, No. 09-CF-334; the
Review                       Hon. Daniel J. Rozak, Judge, presiding.

Judgment                     Affirmed as modified; remanded with directions.
     Counsel on                Bryon Kohut (argued), of State Appellate Defender’s Office, of
     Appeal                    Ottawa, for appellant.

                               James Glasgow, State’s Attorney, of Joliet (Robert M. Hansen
                               (argued), of State’s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor’s Office, of
                               counsel), for the People.

     Panel                     JUSTICE CARTER delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                               Justice Holdridge specially concurred, with opinion.
                               Justice Wright concurred in part and dissented in part, with opinion.

                                                OPINION

¶1         The defendant, Neil Ackerman, was convicted of solicitation of murder for hire (720 ILCS
       5/8-1.2(a) (West 2008)) and was sentenced to 30 years of imprisonment. On appeal, the
       defendant argues that: (1) the circuit court erred when it dismissed his postconviction petition
       as frivolous and patently without merit; (2) he is entitled to two additional days of sentencing
       credit for presentence incarceration; and (3) he is entitled to a $5-per-day credit toward his
       court systems fee and to a reduction in his Violent Crime Victims Assistance (VCVA) Fund
       fine. We affirm as modified and remand with directions.

¶2                                                FACTS
¶3         On February 11, 2009, the defendant was charged by complaint with solicitation of murder
       for hire (720 ILCS 5/8-1.2(a) (West 2008)). The complaint alleged that the defendant solicited
       Milton Bass to murder Deanna Musilek in exchange for money. The complaint was superseded
       by an indictment one week later.
¶4         The case went to trial in October 2009. During the trial, the State presented evidence that
       the defendant was incarcerated in Will County in early 2009 when he solicited his cellmate,
       Bass, to murder Musilek in exchange for money. Bass relayed this information to authorities,
       and eventually authorization was obtained to record Bass’s conversations with the defendant.
       While wearing a wire, Bass had a conversation with the defendant regarding the
       murder-for-hire scheme.
¶5         On the second day of trial, after five witnesses had testified, the parties informed the circuit
       court of two matters. First, the parties told the court that defense counsel had previously
       represented Bass in a domestic battery case in which Bass had pled guilty. The defendant told
       the court that he did not have a problem with defense counsel’s prior representation of Bass.
¶6         Second, defense counsel informed the court that his supervisor, Greg DeBord, worked on
       this case when DeBord was working in the prosecutor’s office. Defense counsel told the court
       that he did not consult with DeBord on this case, however. The court asked the defendant if he

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     was willing to proceed with defense counsel’s representation, and the following discussion
     took place:
                 “[THE DEFENDANT]: Yeah. I mean [sic] trust [defense counsel] and I trust
             [co-counsel for the defense] here. But it’s just that what can I do–get a whole different
             attorney from a different Public Defender’s Office? I mean he works, the guy that was
             with the State’s Attorney now works with the Public Defender’s Office is nothing, you
             know, can’t get a Public Defender from a different county or something to jump in and
             help me.
                 [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: I advised [the defendant] there is something that could be
             done and it would be up to the Court, that he doesn’t have to–he could object to the [sic]
             if he would like; that he is not forced to go to trial or he is not forced to, you know,
             acquiesce with the fact that Mr. DeBord was involved in this case. So it is up to him
             what he wants to do.
                 [THE PROSECUTOR]: Just so the record is clear, the fact Mr. DeBord is over in
             their office has nothing to do with this case.
                 [Defense counsel] was going to consult with him regarding an issue the defendant
             wanted to raise.
                 [THE COURT]: That was the Motion to Suppress?
                 [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: No. You know what, that was true, but I didn’t consult
             with him. But I think he had something to do with the overhear.
                 [THE PROSECUTOR]: I’m not saying that.
                 [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: That was an issue I wanted to make sure was clear. I did
             not consult with him at all.
                 I had the intent and [the prosecutor] was like remember he was, I said, oh yeah,
             you’re right. I think the bigger issue that I had as his attorney, I had a duty to let him
             know that his case in particular I found out that Mr. DeBord did have something to do
             with it, I guess, authorizing the overhear, if I’m not mistaken.”
¶7       After it was discussed that DeBord could have been the one who signed off on the
     overhear, the prosecutor told the court that he did not see any problem with defense counsel
     continuing the representation given that no consultation took place between DeBord and
     defense counsel. After defense counsel agreed, the court again asked the defendant if he
     understood the situation. The defendant stated, “What are my choices? I’m not saying I want to
     change lawyers, but being technically in my eyes the enemy is now working with my lawyer,
     you know.” The court responded with further discussion and inquiry regarding defense
     counsel’s prior representation of Bass, as the court saw that issue as potentially being more
     problematic. When the court asked the defendant how he felt about it, the defendant stated,
     “I’m satisfied with my attorneys. I’m just a little worried about, not the fact that he represented
     Milton Bass in the past but a supervisor was in on this case from the beginning, you know. I
     just found out really about ten minutes ago.”
¶8       Next, the following discussion took place:

                                                  -3-
            “[THE PROSECUTOR]: Judge, there is a series of cases that Mr. DeBord had and
       was in charge of and was part of in terms of being in our office and Public Defender’s
       office, he’s separating himself from and has had no discussions about that, no influence
       on this case.
            [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: That’s correct.
            [THE COURT]: And just one more time. You have not consulted with Mr. DeBord
       on this case?
            [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: I have not.
            [THE COURT]: [Co-counsel for the defense], have you?
            [CO-COUNSEL FOR THE DEFENSE]: No, Judge.
            [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: We have direct orders [sic] certain cases where, you
       know, that were filed, you know, while he was there, and then, you know, certain cases
       filed after he was there we can only consult with him on the cases that were after Mr.
       DeBord came over to our office.
            [THE COURT]: That’s the policy of your office?
            [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Yes.
            [THE COURT]: So anything existing at the time Mr. DeBord went to the Public
       Defender’s Office is off limits to him?
            [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: That is correct.
            [THE COURT]: And that’s the Public Defender himself [sic] policy.
            [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: That’s correct. In regards to this case it kind of slipped
       my mind, I was going to ask him about a–it might not have been so specific, but kind of
       generally, and then [the prosecutor] was like, oh, wait a minute, make sure you don’t do
       that, and I’m glad he did that. That’s why I was thinking about doing that and then I
       heard–when looking through discovery I think Mr. DeBord had something to do with
       this case.
            [THE COURT]: Okay.
            [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: So I wanted to make sure that was on the record just in
       case the defendant found out later. Just want to be up front, your Honor.
            [THE COURT]: As well you should be.
            Anything else, [defendant]?
            [THE DEFENDANT]: No, sir. Thank you.
            [THE COURT]: You’re fully informed; you are satisfied with [defense counsel]
       and [co-counsel for the defense]?
            [THE DEFENDANT]: Yes, sir.
            [THE COURT]: You want to proceed; is that correct?
            [THE DEFENDANT]: Yes, sir.”
Thus, the trial continued without any change in counsel.

                                           -4-
¶9         After the trial, the jury returned a guilty verdict. The defendant was later sentenced to 30
       years of imprisonment. The court’s sentencing order gave the defendant credit for presentence
       incarceration from February 13, 2009, to December 17, 2009. The defendant was also assessed
       numerous monetary charges, including a $200 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fee, a $50 court
       systems fee, and a $25 VCVA Fund fine. On direct appeal, this court vacated the defendant’s
       $200 DNA fee because his DNA was already on file in the DNA database from a previous
       case, but otherwise affirmed the defendant’s conviction and sentence. People v. Ackerman,
       2011 IL App (3d) 091057-U, ¶ 29.
¶ 10       On May 14, 2012, the defendant filed a pro se postconviction petition in which he alleged
       ineffective assistance of appellate counsel. In his petition, the defendant alleged, inter alia, that
       appellate counsel failed to argue that defense counsel labored under a conflict of interest
       because defense counsel’s supervisor, Greg DeBord, had previously worked in the
       prosecutor’s office. The petition alleged that DeBord was involved in obtaining the
       authorization to record Bass’s conversations with the defendant.
¶ 11       On June 8, 2012, the circuit court issued a written order in which it dismissed the
       defendant’s petition as frivolous and patently without merit. The defendant appealed.

¶ 12                                            ANALYSIS
¶ 13       On appeal, the defendant argues that: (1) the circuit court erred when it dismissed his
       postconviction petition as frivolous and patently without merit; (2) he is entitled to two
       additional days of sentencing credit for presentence incarceration; and (3) he is entitled to a
       $5-per-day credit toward his court systems fee and to a reduction in his VCVA Fund fine.
¶ 14       First, the defendant argues that the circuit court erred when it dismissed his postconviction
       petition as frivolous and patently without merit.
¶ 15       At the first stage of postconviction proceedings, the circuit court must independently
       review the petition to assess its substantive merit. 725 ILCS 5/122-2.1 (West 2010). If the court
       determines that the petition is frivolous or patently without merit, the court must dismiss the
       petition. 725 ILCS 5/122-2.1(a)(2) (West 2010). A petition is frivolous or patently without
       merit if it has no arguable basis in either law or fact. People v. Tate, 2012 IL 112214, ¶ 9.
¶ 16       To establish ineffective assistance of appellate counsel, a defendant must establish that: (1)
       appellate counsel’s failure to raise an issue was objectively unreasonable; and (2) had appellate
       counsel raised the issue, it is reasonably probable that the defendant’s conviction or sentence
       would have been reversed. People v. Ward, 187 Ill. 2d 249, 258 (1999). “Appellate counsel is
       not obligated to brief every conceivable issue on appeal, and it is not incompetence of counsel
       to refrain from raising issues which, in his or her judgment, are without merit, unless counsel’s
       appraisal of the merits is patently wrong.” People v. Easley, 192 Ill. 2d 307, 329 (2000). A
       defendant is not prejudiced by appellate counsel’s decision to forego raising an issue if the
       underlying issue lacks merit. People v. Stephens, 2012 IL App (1st) 110296, ¶ 109.
¶ 17       The sixth amendment right to effective assistance of counsel includes the right to
       conflict-free counsel. People v. Taylor, 237 Ill. 2d 356, 374 (2010). In determining whether

                                                     -5-
       defense counsel labored under a conflict of interest, the initial step is to determine whether a
       per se conflict existed. Id. Here, the defendant does not argue that a per se conflict existed.
¶ 18       Next, we look to when the potential conflict was raised. See People v. Spreitzer, 123 Ill. 2d
       1, 17-18 (1988). “If counsel brings the potential conflict to the attention of the trial court at an
       early stage, a duty devolves upon the trial court to either appoint separate counsel or to take
       adequate steps to ascertain whether the risk of conflict was too remote to warrant separate
       counsel.” Id. at 18. In this case, while defense counsel did notify the court of the potential
       conflict, he did not do so until the second day of trial, which was after five witnesses had
       already testified. Thus, defense counsel did not raise the matter at an “early stage.” See, e.g.,
       People v. Clark, 374 Ill. App. 3d 50, 65 (2007) (ruling that the circuit court was not obligated
       to conduct an inquiry into the potential conflict when it was not brought to the court’s attention
       before trial).
¶ 19       Even though it had no duty to inquire into the potential conflict, the circuit court did so in
       this case and found that no conflict existed. Here, the court conducted a detailed inquiry into
       defense counsel’s potential conflict and determined that defense counsel had not consulted
       with DeBord and that the public defender’s office was structured in such a way that DeBord
       was insulated from all cases that existed at the time he was with the prosecutor’s office. Under
       these circumstances, we hold that no conflict existed. See People v. Munson, 265 Ill. App. 3d
       765, 770-71 (1994) (discussing potential conflicts in the context of an assistant public defender
       and his supervisor and noting the impact the office’s structure can have on the determination of
       whether a conflict actually existed).
¶ 20       While it is true that the defendant’s burden of presenting a gist of a constitutional claim in
       this regard is low (People v. Hardin, 217 Ill. 2d 289, 303 (2005)), we hold that the record
       defeats the defendant’s claim. Accordingly, because the underlying issue is without merit,
       appellate counsel was not ineffective for failing to raise the potential conflict issue on direct
       appeal, and the circuit court did not err when it dismissed the defendant’s postconviction
       petition as frivolous and patently without merit.
¶ 21       Second, the defendant argues that he is entitled to two additional days of credit for
       presentence incarceration. The State concedes that the defendant is entitled to this credit.
¶ 22       In relevant part, section 5-8-7(b) of the Unified Code of Corrections provides that a
       defendant is entitled to credit for time spent in presentence custody. 730 ILCS 5/5-8-7(b)
       (West 2008). A defendant who is in simultaneous presentence custody on unrelated charges is
       entitled to receive sentencing credit under section 5-8-7 on both offenses. People v. Robinson,
       172 Ill. 2d 452, 463 (1996). Credit for the second offense is calculated from the date on which
       it was charged. People v. Chamberlain, 354 Ill. App. 3d 1070, 1075 (2005).
¶ 23       In this case, the defendant was charged with the instant offense on February 11, 2009.
       However, the circuit court gave the defendant credit only from February 13, 2009. We hold
       that the defendant is entitled to two additional days of presentence credit, and we order the
       circuit court clerk to enter a modified mittimus to reflect that credit. See Ill. S. Ct. R. 615(b);
       People v. Rivera, 378 Ill. App. 3d 896, 900-01 (2008).

                                                    -6-
¶ 24        Third, the defendant argues that he is entitled to a $5-per-day credit toward his $50 court
       systems fee and to a reduction of his VCVA Fund fine. The State concedes the defendant is
       entitled to this relief.
¶ 25        Initially, we note that the defendant raises this issue for the first time on appeal. However, a
       question of whether the defendant’s sentence conformed to a statutory requirement is an
       allegation that the sentence is void. See People v. Millsap, 2012 IL App (4th) 110668, ¶ 26. “It
       is a well-settled principle of law that a void order may be attacked at any time or in any court,
       either directly or collaterally.” People v. Thompson, 209 Ill. 2d 19, 25 (2004). Moreover,
       “courts have an independent duty to vacate void orders and may sua sponte declare an order
       void.” Thompson, 209 Ill. 2d at 27; see also People v. Dickey, 2011 IL App (3d) 100397, ¶ 31.
¶ 26        Questions regarding the appropriateness of fines, fees, and costs imposed by a sentencing
       court are reviewed de novo. People v. Elcock, 396 Ill. App. 3d 524, 538 (2009).
¶ 27        Section 110-14(a) of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 provides:
                “Any person incarcerated on a bailable offense who does not supply bail and against
                whom a fine is levied on conviction of such offense shall be allowed a credit of $5 for
                each day so incarcerated upon application of the defendant. However, in no case shall
                the amount so allowed or credited exceed the amount of the fine.” 725 ILCS
                5/110-14(a) (West 2008).
¶ 28        In this case, the defendant contends that his $50 court systems fee, which is authorized by
       section 5-1101 of the Counties Code (55 ILCS 5/5-1101 (West 2008)), is actually a fine. In
       support of his argument, the defendant cites to People v. Graves, 235 Ill. 2d 244 (2009). In
       Graves, a defendant was convicted of possession of a stolen motor vehicle and was sentenced
       to nine years of imprisonment. Id. at 247. The circuit court also ordered the defendant to pay
       various monetary charges, including a “$10 mental health court fee” and a “$5 youth
       diversion/peer court fee.” Id. at 248. The mental health court fee was assessed pursuant to
       section 5-1101(d-5), which provides that the fee is “placed in the county general fund and used
       to finance the county mental health court, the county drug court, or both.” 55 ILCS
       5/5-1101(d-5) (West 2008). The youth diversion/peer court fee was assessed pursuant to
       section 5-1101(e), which provides that the fee “must be deposited into an account specifically
       for the operation and administration of a teen court, peer court, peer jury, youth court, or other
       youth diversion program.” 55 ILCS 5/5-1101(e) (West 2008). Further, section 5-1101(e)
       provides that the clerk must remit the fees collected on a monthly basis to those courts or
       program, less 5%, which was to be retained by the clerk as fee income to the clerk’s office. 55
       ILCS 5/5-1101(e) (West 2008).
¶ 29        The Graves court then emphasized the critical difference between a fee and a fine, which
       was that a fee is intended to compensate the state for any costs it incurred in prosecuting the
       defendant. Graves, 235 Ill. 2d at 250. The Graves court found that the mental health court and
       youth diversion/peer court fees charged in that case were actually fines because they “do not
       seek to compensate the state for any costs incurred as the result of prosecuting the defendant.”
       Id. at 251. In its discussion of section 5-1101, the Graves court also stated the following:

                                                     -7-
               “We find that section 5-1101 of the Counties Code also sets forth ‘fines and penalties,’
               although they are labeled ‘fees to finance court system.’ 55 ILCS 5/5-1101 (West
               2006). In addition to the two subsections under which fines were imposed in this case,
               section 5-1101 also authorizes monetary penalties to be paid by a defendant on a
               judgment of guilty or a grant of supervision for violation of certain sections of the
               Illinois Vehicle Code or of the Unified Code of Corrections. See 55 ILCS 5/5-1101(a),
               (c), (d) (West 2006).” Graves, 235 Ill. 2d at 253.
¶ 30       In this case, the defendant’s $50 court systems fee was assessed pursuant to section
       5-1101(c)(1) and was to be deposited into the county’s general fund that is used to finance the
       county’s court system. 55 ILCS 5/5-1101(c)(1), (g) (West 2008). Pursuant to the supreme
       court’s statement in Graves, we hold that the court systems fee assessed in this case was
       actually a fine. Graves, 235 Ill. 2d at 253; see also People v. Smith, 2013 IL App (2d) 120691,
       ¶ 21 (holding that assessments under section 5-1101(c) are fines); People v. Wynn, 2013 IL
       App (2d) 120575, ¶ 17 (same).
¶ 31       Our holding that the defendant’s $50 court systems fee was actually a fine has two
       consequences. First, the defendant is entitled to a $50 credit against that fine due to the time he
       spent in presentence incarceration. 725 ILCS 5/110-14(a) (West 2010). Second, the
       defendant’s VCVA Fund fine must be amended. The defendant was assessed a $25 fine
       pursuant to section 10(c)(1), which applies only when no other fine has been imposed. 725
       ILCS 240/10(c)(1) (West 2010). Because a fine was in fact imposed in this case, the
       defendant’s fee should have been assessed under section 10(b), which authorizes a fine of “$4
       for each $40, or fraction thereof, of fine imposed.” 725 ILCS 240/10(b) (West 2010). Given
       that the defendant was assessed $50 in fines, we vacate the defendant’s $25 VCVA Fund fine
       and impose an $8 VCVA Fund fine. 1 See Ill. S. Ct. R. 615(b); People v. Martino, 2012 IL App
       (2d) 101244, ¶ 56.

¶ 32                                        CONCLUSION
¶ 33       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court of Will County that
       dismissed the defendant’s postconviction petition as frivolous and patently without merit. We
       also hold that the defendant is entitled to two additional days of credit for presentence
       incarceration, to a $50 credit against his court systems fine, and to a reduction of his VCVA
       Fund fine to $8. We remand the case for the entry of an order to ensure the defendant receives
       these credits.

¶ 34      Affirmed as modified; remanded with directions.

          1
           Because a VCVA Fund fine is not subject to the provisions of section 110-14 (see 725 ILCS
       240/10(c) (West 2010)), the defendant is not entitled to a credit against this $8 fine.
                                                    -8-
¶ 35       JUSTICE HOLDRIDGE, specially concurring.
¶ 36       I agree with the finding that the defendant did not receive ineffective assistance of counsel
       with respect to potential conflict of interest of trial counsel. I, therefore, concur in the judgment
       which affirmed the dismissal of his pro se postconviction petition for failure to state the gist of
       a meritorious claim.
¶ 37       As the State concedes the trial court’s order erroneously credited the defendant with 310
       days of presentence credit rather than 312 days, based upon this concession, I simply would
       modify the trial court’s order to reflect the proper amount of presentence credit.
¶ 38       Further, as the State also concedes the defendant is entitled to a $5-per-day credit toward
       his $50 court system fee and to the reduction of his VCVA Fund fine from $25 to $8, I again
       would simply grant the defendant’s requested relief on the State’s concession alone.
¶ 39       For these reasons, I concur only in the judgment of the court.

¶ 40       JUSTICE WRIGHT, specially concurring in part and dissenting in part.
¶ 41       Like the majority, I conclude that the judge’s written order should have allowed 312 days
       of credit for time served, rather than 310 days. I agree this error is easily corrected by a
       ministerial act of this court without the necessity of remand. People v. Caballero, 228 Ill. 2d
       79, 88 (2008). I also agree with the majority’s conclusion that defendant did not receive
       ineffective assistance of counsel with respect to a potential conflict of interest of trial counsel.
       Thus, I concur this contention contained in the pro se postconviction petition did not state the
       gist of a constitutional claim.
¶ 42       However, the pro se postconviction petition also alleges that the failure to raise the
       $5-per-day issue on direct appeal similarly resulted from the ineffective assistance of appellate
       counsel. Under these circumstances, I respectfully conclude the pro se postconviction petition
       sufficiently states the gist of a constitutional claim based on the ineffective assistance of
       appellate counsel, who failed to attack the sentence on the basis of voidness. See People v.
       Armstrong, 329 Ill. App. 3d 150, 152-53 (2002). Therefore, I respectfully dissent from that
       portion of the majority’s decision that affirms the summary dismissal of the pro se
       postconviction petition.
¶ 43       Unlike the majority, I do not believe this court should remedy appellate counsel’s
       ineffective assistance on direct appeal by correcting the sentencing error that existed, but was
       not challenged, at the time of the direct appeal, due to purported ineffective assistance of
       appellate counsel as claimed in defendant’s handwritten notations in his pro se postconviction
       petition. Since defendant’s pro se postconviction petition does not challenge the amount of the
       $25 VCVA fine in his postconviction petition or make any contention alleging a constitutional
       issue exists because the sentencing order is void (due to the amount of the VCVA fine), I
       respectfully, but stubbornly, point out this court is without authority to reduce the VCVA fine
       in this case.
¶ 44       I submit the reduction of the VCVA fine to $8 in this case requires our resolution of the
       conflicting approaches other districts of our appellate court have adopted when considering
       whether the court systems fee operates as a fine or fee. In this case, defendant does not seek a
                                                     -9-
       statutory credit to reduce the VCVA fine to $8 which could be viewed as a simple ministerial
       act by this court.
¶ 45        Here, on direct appeal the VCVA fine could have been, but was not, challenged by
       appellate counsel. See Hudson v. City of Chicago, 228 Ill. 2d 462, 485 (2008). Our task in this
       appeal is not to correct these sentencing errors that were missed on direct appeal but, rather, to
       consider whether the trial court properly summarily dismissed this pro se postconviction
       petition on the grounds set forth in the pro se postconviction petition. I am confident that a
       remand for further postconviction proceedings will allow the trial court to cure these errors,
       and potentially other sentencing errors, postconviction counsel may choose to raise on remand.
¶ 46        I acknowledge this court, on direct appeal, vacated an improper DNA analysis fee without
       remand. However, the DNA analysis fee in this case was set forth in a written order signed by
       the judge. Unlike the DNA fee vacated by this court, the VCVA fine at issue in this appeal was
       not incorporated into a written court order. Here, a careful review of the record shows the trial
       judge ordered defendant to pay a $200 DNA analysis fee and, in a separate order, ordered
       defendant to pay “the costs of prosecution.” Neither order mentions any fines at all.
¶ 47        Absent a court order imposing a specific fine, it is well established that the clerk of a court,
       as a nonjudicial member of the court, has no power to levy either fine at issue in this appeal.
       See People v. Williams, 2013 IL App (4th) 120313, ¶ 16; see also People v. Rexroad, 2013 IL
       App (4th) 110981, ¶¶ 52-53. Moreover, there is nothing in the record that convinces me the
       trial court reviewed, approved, or intended to incorporate the clerk’s calculations into the
       sentencing order. 2
¶ 48        I agree the majority’s approach to reduce the VCVA fine is efficient and ensures the error
       is immediately corrected. However, in a postconviction context, the trial court should be
       assigned the task of correcting its own errors when they are brought to the trial court’s attention
       in a pro se postconviction petition stating the gist of a constitutional claim. This court’s
       previous willingness to correct these errors, without remand, has not diminished the number or
       frequency of such sentencing errors with respect to fees and fines in the trial courts.
¶ 49        I speak from personal experience when recognizing it is difficult for any judge with a
       heavy criminal case load to quickly navigate through the complex sentencing statutes, from the
       bench, during a contested sentencing hearing. Understandably, a judge may delegate the task
       of compiling mandatory fines and costs to the court staff. However, unless the judge carefully
       reviews and later adopts a nonjudicial person’s calculations, the practice of delegation without
       sufficient judicial oversight is a process ripe with opportunities for unintentional error and void
       sentences. Recognizing whether a fee, such as the court systems fee, operates as a fine (with a

           2
            A judge may properly order a VCVA fine in the amount of $25 when the conviction results from a
       crime of violence. 725 ILCS 240/10(c)(1) (West 2008). Yet, this defendant’s conviction is not defined
       as a “crime of violence” pursuant to section 2(c) of the Crime Victims Compensation Act. 740 ILCS
       45/2(c) (West 2008). According to statute, defendant’s conviction required the trial judge to order
       defendant to pay a mandatory $20 VCVA fine in the absence of other fines. There is nothing in this
       record to suggest the court approved the clerk’s calculations or intended to order a VCVA fine of $25.

                                                    - 10 -
       corresponding statutory impact on the amount of a VCVA fine) is worthy of its own
       complicated computer software program but depends entirely on the accuracy of the data
       entered by a nonjudical staff member.
¶ 50       These small, separate, mandatory penalties may be viewed by some to represent an
       insignificant component of the sentencing process. However, these mandated monetary
       assessments collectively grow into much larger funds when distributed by the circuit clerk
       according to statute. The statutorily created funds benefit worthy agencies without financially
       burdening law-abiding taxpayers to fund those services.
¶ 51       When in doubt during a sentencing hearing, a trial judge might consider requesting the
       prosecuting attorney to advise the court of all mandatory monetary penalties to be imposed. I
       submit the State’s Attorney, rather than a court clerk, should bear the burden of ensuring the
       sentencing statutes are strictly and uniformly enforced. In the alternative, the court could set
       one additional status date after sentencing for the parties to review the clerk’s assessment of
       fees and fines before the court incorporates those monetary consequences into a written order.
¶ 52       Based on this record, I decline the joint invitation of the parties, created by the State’s
       concession of error, to reduce the amount of the VCVA fine at this time. At the risk of making
       much ado about nothing, I conclude all sentencing issues, allegedly neglected on direct appeal
       by appellate counsel, should be addressed, and then corrected, by the trial court following a
       remand from this court for further postconviction proceedings.

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