Court Opinion

ID: 8785684
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-26 13:34:20.032167+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:03:03.875179
License: Public Domain

KNAPPEN, Circuit Judge
(after stating the facts as above).
[1]' 1. Section 953 of the Revised Statutes formerly read:
“A bill of exceptions allowed in any cause shall be deemed sufficiently authenticated if signed by the judge of the court in which the cause was tried, - or by the presiding judge thereof, if more than one judge sat on the trial of the cause, without'any seal of court or judge being annexed thereto.”
In 1899 the Supreme Court held that under this statute a bill not signed by the judge who tried the cause, but by his successor in office, is not sufficiently authenticated. Malony v. Adsit, 175 U. S. 281, 20 Sup. Ct. 115, 44 L. Ed. 163. The amendment to the statute made the following year provided that:
“In case the judge before whom the cause has heretofore been or may hereafter be tried, is, by reason of death, sickness or other disability, unable *5to hear and pass upon a motion tor a new trial and allow and sign said bill of exceptions, then the judge wbo succeeds sueli trial judge, or any other judge of the court in which the cause was tried, holding such court thereafter, if the evidence in such cause has been or is tafeen in stenographic notes, or if the said judge is satisfied by any other means that he can pass upon such motion and allow a true bill of exceptions, shall pass upon said motion and allow and sign said bill of exceptions,” but that in case such judge is satisfied “that he cannot fairly pass upon said motion, and allow and sign said bill of exceptions, then he may in his discretion grant a new' trial to the party moving therefor.” 31 Stat. at L. 270.
It is conceded that Judge Swan’s resignation rendered him incapable of signing and settling a bill of exceptions. The question is whether such legal incapacity constitutes a disability under the statute. Defendant contends that the disability contemplated by the statute is physical or mental disability, arising from either death, sickness, insanity, or disorder of like character, by reason of which the judge was disabled from the performance of judicial functions; and such was the construction put upon the statute by the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. Western Dredging Co. v. Heldmaier, 111 Fed. 123, 125, 49 C. C. A. 264. But, with all deference to that court, we are unable to follow this decision.'
Among the dictionary definitions of “disability” is “incapacity to do a legal act.” Anderson’s Dictionary of Raw. Under this definition, which we deem appropriate, Judge Swan was disqualified to sign and settle the bill of exceptions, for he lacked legal capacity to do so.
State v. City of Newark, 27 N. J. Law, 185, is a case in point. The statute there involved provided that, in case of death or disability of one or more of the transportation commissioners provided for by the act, it should be lawful to supply the place so vacated. It was held, as stated in the opinion, that the word “disability” is “extensive enough to cover, and was designed to cover, any cause which prevented the commissioners from acting,” and so included a resignation.
The trial had been fully reported stcnographically, and a full transcript of the notes made. The requests to charge presented by both parties were on file. Judge Angelí was of opinion that he could fairly and intelligently settle the bill of exceptions, and that it was his duty to do so. Penn Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Ashe (C. C. A. 6) 145 Fed. 593, 596, 76 C. C. A. 283, 7 Ann. Cas. 491. In this view we concur. We see no merit in the suggestion that Judge Angelí had no power to act on the bill of exceptions without first hearing the motion for a new trial, which he could not do, because such motion had already been heard and denied by Judge Swan.
The motion for new trial, presented to Judge Angelí, was therefore properly overruled.
[2] 2. We pass by the motion for directed verdict made at the '■lose of plaintiff’s case, because defendant, by presenting testimony, waived its exception to the denial of the motion. Mt. Adams, etc., Rv. Co. v. Lowery, 74 Fed. (C. C. A. 6) 463, 465, 20 C. C. A. 596; Big Brushy Coal, etc., Co. v. Williams (C. C. A. 6) 176 Fed. 529, 532, 99 C. C. A. 102.
*6But defendant asked an instruction at the close of the trial that it was entitled to verdict, for the reasons, among others, that plaintiff did not produce or offer the benefit certificate, or show that the insured was a member in goodl standing at the time of his death. The notice attached to defendant’s plea expressly alleged that:
“On the 13th day of October, 1909, the said society issued a certain other benefit certificate, being also numbered 228,739, in the amount of three thousand dollars ($3,000). to the said George H. McIntyre,” etc.
The certificate referred to is apparently the one in suit.
[3] Defendant concedes that under Michigan Circuit Court rule 7 the facts contained in the notice are admissions, and need not be proved), but says that this rule has not been adopted by the United States Circuit Courts. Common-law rule No. 44 of the Circuit Courts of the United States for the Districts of Michigan, declares that, in the absence of special provision by those rules, the state circuit court rules shall govern proceedings. •
[4, 5} Moreover, the certificate was in' defendant’s possession at the trial. It is printed in the record, and presumably was presented by defendant. There was thus competent evidence of the existence of the certificate, and) it is immaterial that its contents and terms are not shown by the plea. The plea alleged, however, that the new certificate was not actually delivered to McIntyre before his death, and an officer of the head camp so testified. There was thus no formal acceptance by the insured of the new certificate. There is no suggestion in the record that the insured had not an absolute right to make the change of beneficiary in question, and the record) does not show that actual delivery to or formal physical acceptance by a member of a reissued certificate, differing from the old only in the name of the beneficiary, is required by the laws of the society in order to make it effective, although a blank form for such acceptance is printed on the certificate, which is apparently the same form used for the first or original certificate.
On the other hand, the waiver of the lost certificate, put in evidence by defendant, expressly stated that, in consideration of the delivery to McIntyre of a new certificate made payable to plaintiff, the insured waived “all rights and benefits which he has or ever may have under said benefit certificate * * * and which he now declares to be null and void1.- He accepts the new benefit certificate in place thereof,” etc. Moreover, it appeared by letters to plaintiff from the clerk of the local camp that the head camp recognized plaintiff as the sole beneficiary, and blanks for proofs of death were furnished him; and while these letters were objected to as incompetent, immaterial, and irrelevant, it does not clearly appear that they were objected) to as hearsay. The question whether the head camp was bound by any attempted waiver on the part of the clerk of the local camp is not involved.
The new certificate purports on its face to have been issued October 13th, which was two days before McIntyre’s death, and the plea asserts the issue on October 13th. It is true that in the testimony of a witness for defendant the date of issue was given (as *7printed in the record) as October 15th. But this is immaterial, for there is no claim that the issue occurred after McIntyre’s death.
In our opinion, the record did not justify a direction of verdict on the ground of failure to introduce the certificate, or to show that McIntyre was a member in good standing at the time of his death. We may add that defendant’s counsel stated in open court, at the very commencement of the trial, that:
“It, is stipulated by and between tiie partáis to this cause, here in. open court, that the former beneficiaries, Glenn, Ethel, Florence, and Bertha McIntyre, and Mary G. McIntyre, waive all right of action they may have by reason of the policy issued by this defendant society upon the life of George H. McIntyre wherein they were named as beneficiaries, and that their counsel here in open court consents that any judgment recovered, or that might be recovered, upon that or any other policy in the defendant society, the proceeds of which would have gone to Florence and Bertha McIntyre, minors, be paid into court until the proper legal distribution of same can be made under order of the proper tribunal.”
The beneficiaries so named are the widow of insured and the four children, other than plaintiff, named in the lost and surrendered certificate.
[8] 3. The proofs of death were furnished by plaintiff in due course, and were in defendant’s possession at the trial. They were not introduced by plaintiff before resting. The defendant cannot complain of this, for after its motion for directed verdict was denied, and after the court had ultimately relieved plaintiff of obligation to offer the proofs in evidence, defendant itself introduced them. Under the charge of the court, defendant was given the full benefit of the admissions contained in the.proofs as to the cause of death, and it has suffered no legal prejudice by the course taken.
[7] 4. It is earnestly urged that the evidence conclusively shows that the insured was in ill health on July 31, 1909, the date of his reinstatement, and that it was error not to direct a verdict for defendant as asked. The alleged syphilitic condition was principally relied on by defendant. The testimony strongly tended to show that deceased had syphilis when reinstated, and that he died from that disease. If this evidence is conclusive, verdict for defendant should have been directed; otherwise, not.
There was evidence, on the one hand, that deceased had partial paralysis about July 1, 1909; that such condition frequently results from syphilis; that his attending physician suspected that disease; that on August 3d decedent entered a hospital at Lansing, which he left August 12th; that he went to the University Hospital at Ann Arbor September 22d, where he was treated by Dr. Camp, and where he remained until his death on October 15th; that while at Ann Arbor his disease was diagnosed by Dr. Camp as cerebral syphilis and he treated therefor; that a post mortem examination conducted by Dr. Warthin revealed softening of the tissues of the floor of the right ventricle of the brain, arterial sclerosis, patches of bronchial pneumonia, and chronic vesiculitis. Dr. Warthin testified that he “decided from the brain tissue and the conditions found there, and from the condition of the arterial walls, that a sclerosis condition existed gen*8erally of a syphilitic nature.” He expressed the unqualified opinion that death resulted from syphilis, and that the disease existed on or before July 31st.
On the other hand, there was testimony from acquaintances and members of decedent’s family that, aside from partial paralysis _ or numbness of one side for a short time in July or August, including the time of his treatment in the Lansing hospital, decedent was apparently in good health .during those months; that, except for a short time, he did heavy farm work and during long hours; that he at no time gave any of the outward symptoms frequently, if not usually, found in tertiary syphilis. The physician who attended him in July or August (outside the hospital) disclaimed finding any satisfactory proof of syphilis. The physician in attendance at the Lansing hospital did not treat decedent for syphilis, and testified that when the latter left the hospital he was troubled but little with numbness. Dr. Camp testified that decedent did not respond to the treatment for .'syphilis, and that the Wasserman blood test was negative — “as far as the blood indicated, there was a complete absence of syphilis.” There was a dispute whether such negative test was highly important either way. There was no evidence of the finding of the syphilitic germ in the tissues, and the significance of this fact was also more or less in conflict. There was testimony of experienced medical men that the data furnished by the post mortem was not sufficient, in the absence of a positive blood test or the finding of the syphilitic germ, to determine whether the conditions were syphilitic. There was also testimony of experienced medical men that decedent might have been perfectly healthy on the 31st of July and die of syphilis ^on the 16th of October (doubtless intended for 15th).
[8] The rule is well settled that it is the duty of the court, when a motion is made to ■ direct a verdict, to take that view of the evidence most favorable to the party against whom the instruction is asked (Nelson v. Ohio Cultivator Co. [C. C. A. 6] 188 Fed. 620, 629, 112 C. C. A. 394, and cases cited), and that the mere fact that there is a preponderance of the evidence in favor of the party moving for the instructed verdict does not require the judge to take the case from the jury, even though it might justify the granting of a new trial (Rochford v. Pennsylvania Co. [C. C. A. 6] 174 Fed. 81, 83, 98 C. C. A. 105). The burden of proof was upon the defendant to show the fact that the insured was in ill health at the time of his reinstatement.
In our opinion the evidence presented a- question of fact for the jury, however, much the court might be impressed by the testimony on the part of defendant.
[9] 5. Medical witnesses for plaintiff were allowed to testify, in substance, in response to hypothetical questions, that from data given by Dr. Warthin regarding the showing made by the post mortem they would be unable to say, in the absence of a positive blood test or of finding germs in the tissues, whether death was due to a syphilitic affection; and one or more of these witnesses were allowed to testify that it was doubtful, from various things found by Dr. Warthin on *9the autopsy, whether they were caused by syphilitic affections. The hypothetical questions to the different witnesses were put in varying forms, but it is evident they all were intended to take into account only the specific conditions testified to by Dr. Wartliin (viz., softening of the brain, arterial sclerosis, bronchial pneumonia, and chronic encephalitis), and to exclude, as a conclusion, the statement that one or more of these conditions were syphilitic in character.
Defendant’s counsel insisted that the syphilitic condition “is a recognized condition and should be so described,” and that the admission of the testimony in question was erroneous, “not only because the exact data for the hypothetical question does not exist on the record, but also because it permits the physicians to testify to their inferences from Dr. Warlhin’s evidence.” The decision of this court in Manufacturers’ Accident Indemnity Co. v. Dorgan, 58 Fed. 949, 7 C. C. A. 581, 22 I,. R. A. 620, is invoked. In that case a witness, after saying that he had heard the testimony in the case regarding the autopsy,'" was asked whether, in his judgment, from that testimony he would “say that the autopsy was such as to enable a physician to state with any degree of certainty the cause of the death.” Judge Taft said that the question “was clearly incompetent, because it asked the witness, wdio was a physician, to make his own inference as to what the evidence of the other witnesses tended to show, and then, upon such inference, to give his opinion.”
The pivotal question is whether Dr. Warthin’s statement that the various conditions mentioned were syphilitic in character was a statement of a fact or a conclusion from facts. It is evident that if such statement is to be treated as a fact, viz., that syphilis existed at death, plaintiff’s witnesses would practically be limited to saying whether, upon the evidence of syphilitic disease of the brain, a syphilitic sclerosis, with bronchial pneumonia and chronic vesiculitis, the insured had syphilis on July 31st, or (as evidence of that fact) whether he died from syphilitic affections. Dr. Warthin testified fully to what he found, refreshing his recollection from his notes. We think it the reasonable view that his testimony as to syphilitic conditions should, for the purposes of hypothetical questions, be regarded as conclusions from facts, and that plaintiff’s witnesses were not compelled to adopt .such conclusions in determining whether the data were sufficient to justify Dr. Warthin’s opinion as to the cause of death. If this is the correct view, it follows that the Dorgan Case does not apply.
[10] 6. The motion for new trial, on the ground of newly discovered evidence, was addressed to the judicial discretion of the court. This discretion was not abused, and the denial of the motion is not subject to review'.
We have not discussed all the assignments of error. Those not discussed have, however, all been carefully considered. The conclusion we reach is that no error has been committed to defendant’s prejudice, and the judgment below is accordingly affirmed, with costs.