Court Opinion

ID: 4193226
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-08-04 08:16:21.982913+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:40:33.483917
License: Public Domain

AFFIRMED; Opinion Filed August 1, 2017.

                                            In The
                               Court of Appeals
                        Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                    No. 05-16-00253-CV

                ALLENBY, LLC AND HAYGOOD, LLC, Appellants
                                    V.
             CREDIT SUISSE AG, CAYMAN ISLANDS BRANCH, Appellee

                     On Appeal from the 298th Judicial District Court
                                  Dallas County, Texas
                         Trial Court Cause No. DC-15-05965-M

                            MEMORANDUM OPINION
                          Before Justices Bridges, Myers, and Brown
                                  Opinion by Justice Myers
       This case involves issues of res judicata and choice of law concerning an agreement to

toll limitations. Allenby, LLC and Haygood, LLC appeal the summary judgment granted in

favor of Credit Suisse AG, Cayman Islands Branch on their claims for breach of contract and

promissory estoppel. Appellants bring four issues on appeal contending the trial court erred by

granting Credit Suisse’s motion for summary judgment and by denying appellants’ motion for

summary judgment. We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
                                                          BACKGROUND

          Appellants were investors in credit agreements,1 which were non-recourse real-estate

loans put together by Credit Suisse. Appellants provided hundreds of millions of dollars to fund

the loans. Because the loans were non-recourse, the value of the collateral as reflected in

appraisals was important information in appellants’ determination of the investment risk

associated with each loan. According to appellants, the appraisals “grossly overstated the value

of the underlying collateral,” and when the borrowers defaulted, appellants lost hundreds of

millions of dollars. Appellants maintained that Credit Suisse had the obligation to check the

reasonableness of the appraisals of the collateral. Credit Suisse had claims against appellants for

failing to settle their trades concerning commercial loans with Credit Suisse.

          Before filing suit against one another, appellants and Credit Suisse engaged in settlement

discussions. To keep their claims alive, the parties signed tolling agreements.2 The first tolling

agreement provided that time would not accrue for statute-of-limitations purposes between

September 24, 2010 and January 24, 2011. The parties amended the first tolling agreement four

times by extending the termination of the tolling period to a specific date. In September 2011,

Credit Suisse’s counsel contacted appellants’ counsel and suggested that they sign a second

tolling agreement providing that limitations would be tolled until a party gave thirty days’ notice

of intent to terminate the tolling agreement. Appellants agreed, and the parties signed the second

tolling agreement, which contained language to that effect.                                     The second tolling agreement

included a promise that the parties would not include the tolling period in any assertion of a

limitations defense.

     1
       The actual investors in the credit agreements were numerous “Highland Funds,” which assigned their rights under the credit agreements to
appellants.
     2
        The parties to the tolling agreement were Credit Suisse and “Highland Capital Management, L.P. and each of the Retail and Institutional
funds listed on the attached Exhibit A.” The record does not show which Highland Funds are members of appellants, but Credit Suisse does not
dispute that the tolling agreement applied to appellants.

                                                                    –2–
           About two years later, appellants gave Credit Suisse notice of intent to terminate the

tolling agreement, and after the thirty-day notice period expired, they filed suit in New York

state court alleging claims for breach of contract, breach of the duty of good faith and fair

dealing, fraud, conspiracy, and unjust enrichment. Credit Suisse filed suit against appellants on

its claims.

           Credit Suisse obtained a judgment for over $50 million on its claims. Credit Suisse then

amended its answer to appellants’ complaint and asserted the defense of limitations on

appellants’ breach-of-contract claims. The same day, Credit Suisse filed its motion for summary

judgment arguing that tolling agreements for an indefinite period for breach-of-contract claims

are not enforceable under New York law.3 The New York courts agreed that the parties’ tolling

agreement was not enforceable to prevent the running of limitations on appellants’ breach-of-

contract claims, and the court dismissed appellants’ breach-of-contract claims that had accrued

before July 25, 2006. See Allenby, LLC v. Credit Suisse, AG, 25 N.Y.S.3d 1, 3 (N.Y. App. Div.

2015); see also N.Y. GEN. OBLIG. § 17-103 (applies to “[a] promise to waive, to extend, or not to

plead the statute of limitation applicable to an action arising out of a contract”); Bayridge Air

Rights, Inc. v. Blitman Constr. Corp., 599 N.E.2d 673, 674–75 (N.Y. 1992) (under GEN. OBLIG.

§ 17-103, indefinite tolling agreements are “ineffective to extend the limitations period” for

breach-of-contract claims). In doing so, the New York courts determined “that the tolling

agreement was governed by New York rather than Texas law” and “that equitable estoppel did

not apply as a matter of law.” Id. The New York courts held that certain of appellants’ contract

claims were filed within the limitations period, and although the New York trial court dismissed

the fraud claims, the appellate division ordered appellants’ fraud claims reinstated. Id. at 3–6.

     3
        Credit Suisse’s attorney explained that before appellants filed suit in New York, appellants had indicated their causes of action would be
for fraud and other torts, for which the indefinite tolling agreement would have been enforceable. Appellants never disclosed to Credit Suisse
that they intended to bring breach-of-contract claims. The attorney stated that Credit Suisse did not know appellants would bring breach-of-
contract claims until they were served with appellants’ complaint.

                                                                      –3–
            Appellants then filed this suit in Texas alleging Credit Suisse breached its promise in the

tolling agreement not to include the tolling period in the calculation of whether limitations barred

appellants’ claims. Appellants also alleged promissory estoppel. Appellants sought to recover

as damages the value of the claims dismissed in New York under the statute of limitations as

well as the attorney’s fees they incurred as a result of Credit Suisse’s violation of the tolling

agreement.4 Credit Suisse moved for summary judgment on all of appellants’ claims asserting

they were barred by res judicata and that they would fail as a matter of law. Credit Suisse asked

that they be dismissed with prejudice. Appellants moved for summary judgment and asked that

the trial court render a partial summary judgment, ruling that the tolling agreement is governed

by Texas law and that Credit Suisse breached the tolling agreement. The trial court signed an

order granting Credit Suisse’s motion for summary judgment and ordered that appellants take

nothing on their claims. The trial court did not expressly rule on appellants’ motion for summary

judgment.

                                                     SUMMARY JUDGMENT

            Appellants’ issues contend the trial court erred by granting Credit Suisse’s motion for

summary judgment.                    The standard for reviewing a traditional summary judgment is well

established. See Nixon v. Mr. Prop. Mgmt. Co., 690 S.W.2d 546, 548–49 (Tex. 1985); McAfee,

Inc. v. Agilysys, Inc., 316 S.W.3d 820, 825 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2010, no pet.). The movant has

the burden of showing that no genuine issue of material fact exists and that it is entitled to

     4
         Appellants pleaded their damages in their breach-of-contract cause of action as follows:
            As a direct and proximate consequence of Credit Suisse’s breach of the Fifth Amended Tolling Agreement, Plaintiffs have
            suffered damages in that the Lenders’ [i.e. plaintiffs’] Contract Claims prior to July 25, 2006, which stated losses of tens of
            millions of dollars and were otherwise legally upheld by Judge Ramos’ [New York trial court judge] March 5, 2015 order,
            have been dismissed as time-barred in the Allenby Lawsuit, and Plaintiffs have expended substantial attorneys’ fees in
            briefing and arguing Credit Suisse’s bad-faith limitations defense in the Allenby Lawsuit as well prosecuting this claim in
            Texas. Plaintiffs, as the Lenders’ assignees, seek monetary relief over $1,000,000, including compensatory and other
            damages in an amount to be proven at trial.

Appellants pleading for damages in their promissory estoppel cause of action is essentially the same.

                                                                        –4–
judgment as a matter of law. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c). In deciding whether a disputed material

fact issue exists precluding summary judgment, evidence favorable to the nonmovant will be

taken as true. Nixon, 690 S.W.2d at 549; In re Estate of Berry, 280 S.W.3d 478, 480 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2009, no pet.). Every reasonable inference must be indulged in favor of the

nonmovant and any doubts resolved in its favor. City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 824

(Tex. 2005). We review a summary judgment de novo to determine whether a party’s right to

prevail is established as a matter of law. Dickey v. Club Corp., 12 S.W.3d 172, 175 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2000, pet. denied).

                                        RES JUDICATA

       In their first issue, appellants contend the trial court erred by applying the doctrine of res

judicata to bar appellants’ causes of action in this case. The parties agree that the preclusive

effect of a prior decision is determined by the law of the state that issued that decision—New

York, in this case. See Purcell v. Bellinger, 940 S.W.2d 599, 601 (Tex. 1997) (“If the New York

judgment is a valid, final judgment that would have had preclusive effect on this suit had it been

brought in New York, then it bars this suit in Texas as well.”). Therefore, the question is

whether appellants’ claims for breach of contract and promissory estoppel would be barred by

res judicata if appellants had brought them in New York instead of Texas.

       Under the doctrine of res judicata, a party may not litigate a claim where a
       judgment on the merits exists from a prior action between the same parties
       involving the same subject matter. The rule applies not only to claims actually
       litigated but also to claims that could have been raised in the prior litigation. The
       rationale underlying this principle is that a party who has been given a full and
       fair opportunity to litigate a claim should not be allowed to do so again.

In re Hunter, 827 N.E.2d 269, 274 (N.Y. 2005).

       “The doctrine of res judicata operates to preclude the reconsideration of claims actually

litigated and resolved in a prior proceeding, as well as claims for different relief against the same

party which arise out of the same factual grouping or transaction, and which should have or

                                                –5–
could have been resolved in the prior proceeding.” Schwarz v. Schwarz, 2017 WL 1902379, at

*2 (N.Y. App. Div. May 10, 2017). “Under New York’s transactional approach to the doctrine

of res judicata, ‘once a claim is brought to a final conclusion, all other claims arising out of the

same transaction or series of transactions are barred, even if based upon different theories or if

seeking a different remedy.’” Id. (quoting Parolisi v. Slavin, 950 N.Y.S.2d 140, 142 (N.Y. App.

Div. 2012) (quoting O’Brien v. Syracuse, 429 N.E.2d 1158, 1159 (N.Y. 1981)). “New York

does not have a compulsory counterclaim rule[;] a defendant who fails to assert a counterclaim is

not barred by the doctrine of res judicata from subsequently commencing a new action on that

claim unless the claim would impair the rights or interests established in the first action.” Wax

ex rel. Wax v. 716 Realty, LLC, 2017 WL 2562374, at *2 (N.Y. App. Div. June 14, 2017)

(landlord’s suits for possession of apartment and unpaid rent in which tenant sought rent

abatement for bedbug infestation did not bar tenant’s later suit against landlord for personal

injuries from the bedbug infestation because tenant’s success in second claim would not impair

landlord’s rights to possession of the property and judgment for unpaid rent established in the

earlier suits).

        In New York, res judicata precludes claims that have been dismissed under a statute of

limitations from being litigated in a second suit arising from the same operative facts. See

Johnson v. City of New York, 50 N.Y.S.3d 461, 462–63 (N.Y. App. Div. 2017) (suit alleging

intentional tort dismissed on limitations; subsequent suit alleging negligence under same facts

barred by res judicata); see also Landau v. LaRossa, Mitchell & Ross, 892 N.E.2d 380, 383 n.3

(N.Y. 2008) (“dismissal based on the statute of limitations . . . is equivalent to a determination on

the merits for res judicata purposes” (quoting 10 WEINSTEIN, KORN, MILLER, N.Y. CIV. PRAC. ¶

5011.11, at 50-116 (2nd ed.)).

                                                –6–
       Appellants’ Texas claims fall into two categories: (1) those that require proof of liability

and damages for the claims alleged in appellants’ complaint in the New York litigation, and (2)

those that seek only appellants’ attorney’s fees incurred for opposing Credit Suisse’s assertion of

the statute of limitations and for bringing this suit. We address each category in turn. As

discussed below, we conclude (1) appellants’ claims seeking to recover the same damages sought

in the New York litigation are barred by res judicata; and (2) appellants’ breach-of-contract

claim seeking attorney’s fees is not barred by res judicata, and (3) appellants’ promissory

estoppel claim seeking attorney’s fees is barred by res judicata.

                           Claims Involving the New York Litigation

       Appellants assert that res judicata does not bar their claims because their New York

claims concerned Credit Suisse’s breach of credit agreements by its use of appraisals it knew

were inflated, while appellants’ claims in this case involve breach of the tolling agreement and

promissory estoppel from Credit Suisse’s promise not to assert a limitations defense in the New

York litigation. Credit Suisse argues that res judicata does bar appellants’ claims because

appellants seek to obtain in Texas the same damages from the same claims on which they sought

recovery in New York.

       This case is not one where a plaintiff is merely reasserting the same claims or using a

new legal theory under the same facts. Nor is it one where the claims brought in different

actions are legally unconnected.      See, e.g., Murray, Hollander, Sullivan & Bass v. Hem

Research, Inc., 489 N.Y.S.2d 187, 190 (N.Y. App. Div. 1985) (state suit for nonpayment of

billed attorney’s fees was not barred by federal-court judgment on promissory note signed to

settle claim for attorney’s fees for different period). Instead, appellants assert Credit Suisse’s

liability is premised on their breach of the promises in the tolling agreement, which occurred

years after the actions on which they based their New York claims. However, except for some

                                                –7–
attorney’s fees, the remedy appellants seek in this case is the same as it sought in the New York

litigation and requires proof of the same facts they would have had to prove to recover damages

in New York. As appellants state in their brief, they are “seeking to recover the value of the

claims dismissed as time-barred in New York.” To prove that “value,” appellants would have to

prove Credit Suisse’s liability and their damages in the New York claims.

          Thus, appellants’ Texas claims seeking recovery under their New York claims constitute

a case within a case. The only way appellants can prove their damages in this case is by proving

the case they would have presented in New York. Allowing appellants to try their dismissed

New York claims in Texas would impair the rights and interests established in Credit Suisse’s

favor in the New York litigation. Therefore, to this extent, appellants’ claims in this case are

alternative theories to recover the same relief as the New York claims. Applying New York’s

doctrine of res judicata, we conclude that appellants’ claims are barred to the extent that

appellants would have to prove Credit Suisse liable and recover damages under their New York

claims.

          Appellants argue that a case-within-a-case scenario like this one is not barred by res

judicata in New York, citing Gamer v. Ross, 854 N.Y.S.2d 160 (App. Div. 2008). Gamer was a

legal malpractice case where the plaintiffs retained the attorneys to sue a landowner and

construction contractor when the plaintiffs’ child was hurt by tripping over construction

materials on the sidewalk. Id. at 161. The trial court granted the contractor’s and property

owner’s motions for summary judgment and dismissed the plaintiffs’ case against them. Id. The

plaintiffs then sued their lawyers, asserting they were negligent for not conducting sufficient

discovery that would have enabled the plaintiffs to prevail against the property owner’s and

contractor’s motions for summary judgment. Id. at 161–62. The defendant lawyers moved for

summary judgment asserting the plaintiffs’ claim was barred by res judicata. Id. at 162. The

                                               –8–
appellate division concluded the trial court properly denied the lawyers’ motion for summary

judgment because “the pretrial dismissal of the underlying actions did not constitute conclusive

proof that those actions were without merit; it showed only that the plaintiffs were unable to raise

triable issues of fact regarding the potential liability of the landowner and its contractor.” Id.

Thus, it appears the appellate division concluded the lawyers failed to meet the requirement that

the earlier case be actually litigated. See Schwarz, 2017 WL 1902379, at *2. However, as

discussed above, “dismissal based on the statute of limitations . . . is equivalent to a

determination on the merits for res judicata purposes.” Landau, 892 N.E.2d at 383 n.3. We

conclude Gamer is not applicable to this case.

                                   Claims for Attorney’s Fees

       Appellants also assert they have claims that do not require the same proof, seek the same

damages, or arise from the same facts as the New York litigation, namely, their claims for breach

of contract and promissory estoppel arising from Credit Suisse’s assertion of the statute of

limitations when it expressly represented in the tolling agreement it would not do so. In these

claims, appellants pleaded that they seek their attorney’s fees for opposing Credit Suisse’s

assertion of limitations in the New York litigation and for bringing this suit to enforce the tolling

agreement and Credit Suisse’s representations under the agreement.

                                        Breach of Contract

       Appellants did not bring a breach-of-contract claim based on Credit Suisse’s alleged

breach of the tolling agreement in the New York litigation, and Credit Suisse did not argue in its

motion for summary judgment that appellants could have done so.              Therefore, appellants’

breach-of-contract claim seeking as damages their attorney’s fees for opposing Credit Suisse’s

limitations defense is not barred by res judicata.

                                                 –9–
                                       Promissory Estoppel

       Next, we must determine whether appellants’ promissory-estoppel claim seeking

attorney’s fees as damages is barred by res judicata. Credit Suisse asserts the claim is barred by

res judicata because it arises from the same facts the parties litigated in appellants’

equitable-estoppel defense to Credit Suisse’s assertion of the statute of limitations.

       In their equitable-estoppel defense to Credit Suisse’s limitations defense in the New York

litigation, appellants asserted paragraph 4(b) of New York’s General Obligation Law § 17-103

permitted the trial court “to find that by reason of conduct of the party to be charged it is

inequitable to permit him to interpose the defense of the statute of limitation.” N.Y. GEN. OBLIG.

§ 17-103(4)(b); see also Robinson v. City of New York, 265 N.Y.S.2d 566, 569–70 (N.Y. App.

Div. 1965) (“where the agreement, representations or conduct of a defendant have caused a

plaintiff to delay suit on a known cause of action until the statute of limitations has run, the

courts will apply the doctrine of estoppel to prevent an inequitable use by the defendant of the

statute as a defense”).     Appellants then asserted that their “reliance on the agreement,

representations, and conduct of Credit Suisse all give rise to equitable estoppel.” Appellants

stated they refrained from filing suit based on the terms of the second tolling agreement, which

was drafted by Credit Suisse. They also stated “[t]he agreement allowed Credit Suisse time to

try to negotiate a settlement.” They pointed out that Credit Suisse expressly covenanted in the

agreement that it would not include the tolling period from the tolling agreement in any assertion

that appellants’ claims were barred by limitations.

       In its promissory-estoppel claim in this case, appellants state that the parties signed the

tolling agreement “memorializing Credit Suisse’s covenant to not assert a limitations defense

inclusive of dates within the defined Tolling Period.” They stated that “the very purpose” of the

tolling agreement was to delay the filing of the parties’ claims “in order to facilitate continued

                                                –10–
settlement discussions between the parties.” Appellants then allege they withheld filing suit for

two years in reliance on Credit Suisse’s covenant in the tolling agreement.

        Appellants’ promissory estoppel claim in this case arises out of the same transaction as its

equitable estoppel defense in the New York litigation. The trial court in New York ruled on the

promissory estoppel claim, finding appellants “fail[ed] to allege any inducement or

misrepresentation by Credit Suisse that would warrant equitable estoppel.” Allenby, 2015 WL
1442370, at *2. Therefore, the promissory estoppel claim is barred by New York’s application

of the doctrine of res judicata.

                                             Conclusion

        We conclude that appellants’ breach-of-contract cause of action for the value of its claims

in the New York litigation is barred by res judicata, but appellants’ breach-of-contract claim

seeking its attorney’s fees is not barred by res judicata. We further conclude that appellants’

claim for promissory estoppel is barred in its entirety by res judicata.

        We sustain appellants’ first issue in part and overrule it in part.

                                        CHOICE OF LAW

        Having determined that part of appellants’ breach-of-contract claim survived Credit

Suisse’s assertion of res judicata, we next consider appellants’ second issue, which contends that

Texas law instead of New York law should apply to the tolling agreement, which would make

the agreement enforceable in this lawsuit. A trial court’s determination of choice of law is a

question of law and is reviewed de novo. In re Chestnut Energy Partners, Inc., 300 S.W.3d 386,

398 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2009, pet. denied).

        Credit Suisse asserts that collateral estoppel bars the Texas courts from considering the

choice-of-law question because the New York courts determined that New York law, and not

Texas law, applied to the tolling agreement. We disagree. In New York, collateral estoppel does

                                                 –11–
not bar the relitigation of pure questions of law, and choice of law is a pure question of law. See

Sterling Nat’l Bank v. E. Shipping Worldwide, Inc., 826 N.Y.S.2d 235, 237 (N.Y. App. Div.

2006); In re Chestnut Energy Partners, Inc., 300 S.W.3d at 398.

         When the parties’ agreement does not include a choice-of-law provision, we look to

section 188 and section 6 of the Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws to determine which

law applies. Sonat Exploration Co. v. Cudd Pressure Control, Inc., 271 S.W.3d 228, 231 (Tex.

2008).

         Section 188 provides,

         (1) The rights and duties of the parties with respect to an issue in contract are
         determined by the local law of the state which, with respect to that issue, has the
         most significant relationship to the transaction and the parties under the principles
         stated in § 6.

         (2) In the absence of an effective choice of law by the parties . . . , the contacts to
         be taken into account in applying the principles of § 6 to determine the law
         applicable to an issue include:

                (a) the place of contracting,

                (b) the place of negotiation of the contract,

                (c) the place of performance,

                (d) the location of the subject matter of the contract, and

                (e) the domicil, residence, nationality, place of incorporation and place of
                business of the parties.

         These contacts are to be evaluated according to their relative importance with
         respect to the particular issue.

         (3) If the place of negotiating the contract and the place of performance are in the
         same state, the local law of this state will usually be applied . . . .

RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF CONFLICT OF LAWS § 188 (AM. LAW INST. 1971).

         Section 6 provides:

         (1) A court, subject to constitutional restrictions, will follow a statutory directive
         of its own state on choice of law.

                                                 –12–
           (2) When there is no such directive, the factors relevant to the choice of the
           applicable rule of law include

                  (a) the needs of the interstate and international systems,

                  (b) the relevant policies of the forum,

                  (c) the relevant policies of other interested states and the relative interests
                  of those states in the determination of the particular issue,

                  (d) the protection of justified expectations,

                  (e) the basic policies underlying the particular field of law,

                  (f) certainty, predictability and uniformity of result, and

                  (g) ease in the determination and application of the law to be applied.

Id. § 6.

                                                Analysis

           Under section 188, we must determine whether Texas or New York had the more

significant relationship to the transaction, i.e., the tolling agreement.          Appellants argue the

section-188 contacts point equally to both New York and Texas, while Credit Suisse argues the

contacts clearly point to New York.

           The place of negotiation was both Texas and New York. The negotiations for the second

tolling agreement were conducted between appellants’ attorney in Austin and Credit Suisse’s

attorney in New York.

           The place of contracting “is the place where occurred the last act necessary, under the

forum’s rules of offer and acceptance, to give the contract binding effect, assuming,

hypothetically, that the local law of the state where the act occurred rendered the contract

binding.” RESTATEMENT § 188 cmt. e. Appellants assert that its counsel’s oral assent to Credit

Suisse’s oral offer to toll limitations until thirty days after either party gave notice was the last

action necessary to give the tolling agreement binding effect. We disagree. Appellants’ suit is

not for breach of an oral agreement. As appellants state in their petition, “This action stems from

                                                   –13–
Credit Suisse’s calculated breach of a written tolling agreement.” (Emphasis added.) Credit

Suisse presented evidence that appellants’ lawyer signed the written agreement first and then

Credit Suisse’s lawyer signed the agreement in New York. We conclude the place of contracting

was New York.

           The place of performance was both New York and Texas.                                              The tolling agreement

required the notices be sent to appellants’ counsel in Texas and to Credit Suisse’s counsel in

New York and Texas. However, the purpose of the tolling agreements was to toll limitations on

the parties’ claims concerning the credit agreements. Appellants alleged in their complaint in the

New York litigation that the credit agreements stated that “exclusive jurisdiction” for any claim

arising out of the credit agreements was in the courts of the State of New York. Appellants filed

their action for breach of the credit agreements in New York.5 Therefore, performance of the

tolling agreement required that the parties not assert limitations in the New York litigation.

Also, according to appellants, Credit Suisse breached the tolling agreement by asserting

limitations in the New York litigation. Thus, the primary place of performance was New York.

This factor strongly favors New York as the choice of law.

           Concerning “the domicil, residence, nationality, place of incorporation and place of

business of the parties,” appellants are Delaware limited liability companies. Allenby is a citizen

of both New York and Texas, and Haygood is a citizen of Texas and Delaware. The principal

place of business of appellants’ members is Texas. Credit Suisse is a Swiss corporation, and its

     5
        Appellants assert that the lawsuits were filed in Texas as well as New York. Appellants attached to their summary judgment response a
petition filed in Texas by Claymore Holdings, LLC against Credit Suisse. Claymore Holdings, like appellants, was an assignee of the claims of
various Highland Funds against Credit Suisse on credit agreements. However, the record does not show that the Highland Funds that were parties
to the tolling agreement were the same Highland Funds that were members of Claymore Holdings. Appellants attached the trial court’s findings
of fact and conclusions of law in the Claymore lawsuit to their motion for summary judgment. The trial court in the Claymore suit found the
plaintiffs entered into tolling agreements, including one in September 2011, that would toll limitations until 30 days after either party provided
written notice of the tolling agreement. However, nothing in the record shows that the tolling agreement in the Claymore lawsuit is the same
agreement as in this lawsuit. Therefore, we do not consider the filing of the Claymore Holdings suit in Texas to constitute performance under the
tolling agreement.

                                                                     –14–
principal place of business is either Switzerland or the Cayman Islands. This factor points more

to Texas than to New York.

       Appellants assert that section 6’s public-interest factors weigh heavily in favor of Texas

law, while Credit Suisse maintains the factors overwhelmingly point to New York. The Texas

Supreme Court, quoting the Restatement, has deemed one of the factors to be the most

significant in contract cases:

       “Protection of the justified expectations of the parties is the basic policy
       underlying the field of contracts.” . . . Accordingly, the parties’ expectations as
       stated in their contract should not be frustrated by applying a state law that would
       invalidate the contract, at least not unless those expectations are substantially
       outweighed by the interests of the state with the invalidating rule.”

Sonat Expl. Co., 271 S.W.3d at 234–35 (quoting RESTATEMENT § 6 cmt. b). However, the

supreme court also stated, “contracts should be governed by the law the parties had in mind

when the contract was made.”

       The parties’ expectations were that the tolling agreement would apply to their claims

involving the credit agreements, which could be brought only in New York. Appellants alleged

in their New York suit that the credit agreements stated the New York courts had exclusive

jurisdiction “‘in any action arising or proceeding arising [sic] out of or relating to’ the credit

agreements.” The tolling agreement applied only to the claims brought in the New York

litigation. Under these circumstances, we cannot say the parties’ justified expectations would be

frustrated by the application of New York law to the tolling agreement.

       Appellants argue that the application of New York law to the tolling agreement frustrated

the parties’ justified expectations because it invalidated appellants’ claims. We disagree. Credit

Suisse presented evidence that when it suggested an indefinite tolling agreement to appellants,

Credit Suisse believed that appellants’ claims sounded in tort, not contract, because every

mention appellants had made of their potential claims was that they were for fraud or other torts.

                                              –15–
Credit Suisse’s attorney, David Lender, stated in an affidavit that just before appellants filed suit,

appellants’ attorney contacted him and said one of the attorneys’ associates had come up with a

new theory and that Lender would see it in the complaint. Thus, the justified expectations of the

parties when they signed the tolling agreement were that appellants’ claims, which at that time

consisted only of tort claims, would be tolled by the tolling agreement. Those expectations were

met, and limitations did not bar appellants’ claims for fraud, aiding and abetting fraud, and civil

conspiracy. Allenby, 25 N.Y.S.3d at 4-6. Appellants did not present any evidence that, when

they signed the tolling agreement, they expected to have breach-of-contract claims tolled.

       Appellants also argue that “application of Texas law here is not ‘substantially

outweighed’ by the interest of New York—a state with an equal or lesser relationship to the

transaction and the parties—so as to warrant eviscerating the parties contractual expectations.”

(Quoting RESTATEMENT § 188 cmt. b.). However, as discussed above, Texas does not have an

equal or greater relationship to the transaction. Texas’s only relationship to the transaction is

that appellants’ offices are in Texas, some negotiation of the tolling agreement occurred in

Texas, and appellants signed the tolling agreement in Texas. New York, however, was the state

with exclusive jurisdiction over the claims for which the parties wanted to toll limitations,

performance of the tolling agreement was primarily in New York by the parties not asserting

limitations, and breach of the agreement occurred in New York when Credit Suisse filed its

motion for summary judgment asserting limitations. Considering these facts, we conclude that

New York’s interests substantially outweigh those of Texas. Furthermore, as discussed above,

the parties’ “contractual expectations” were that limitations for appellants’ tort claims would be

tolled, and those expectations were met. The transaction, that is, the tolling agreement, is

associated with the parties’ claims, which as appellants stated in their New York complaint, are

subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the New York courts.

                                                –16–
            Appellants also assert that section 200 of the Restatement requires applying Texas law

instead of New York law. Section 200 provides: “The validity of a contract, in respects other

than capacity and formalities, is determined by the law selected by application of the rules of §§

187–188.” RESTATEMENT § 200. Appellants then quote from comment c, which states in part,

“when the state with the invalidating law has the greater interest in the determination of the

particular issue, the validating law of a state with a lesser, but nevertheless substantial, interest

should be applied if the local law rules of the two states differ only in matters of detail.” Id. cmt.

c. New York’s invalidation of indefinite tolling agreements is more than a mere “matter[] of

detail”; it is a matter of public policy. See Bayridge Air Rights, 599 N.E.2d at 675; see also

Allenby, LLC v. Credit Suisse, AG, 15 N.Y.S.3d 710, 2015 WL 1442370, at *2 (N.Y. Sup. Ct.

Mar. 3, 2015); Kramer Levin Naftalis & Frankel, LLP v. Metropolitan 919 3rd Ave., LLC, 791
N.Y.S.2d 318, 323 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 2004). We conclude that Restatement section 200 does not

require application of Texas law.

            Considering the facts that the tolling agreement was performed and breached in New

York and concerned claims that the parties had agreed could be brought only in New York, and

Texas was merely the state where the parties on one side had their principal place of business

and from where they negotiated and signed the tolling agreement, we conclude that New York

has the more significant relationship to the transaction. We conclude that New York law, and

not Texas law, should be applied to the tolling agreement. Under New York law, the agreement

is unenforceable. Therefore, the trial court did not err by granting Credit Suisse’s motion for

summary judgment on appellants’ breach-of-contract claim. We overrule appellants’ second

issue.6

    6
        Because of our rulings on appellants’ first and second issues, we need not discuss their third and fourth issues.

                                                                       –17–
                                      CONCLUSION

      We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                                 /Lana Myers/
                                                 LANA MYERS
160253F.P05                                      JUSTICE

                                              –18–
                               Court of Appeals
                        Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                       JUDGMENT

ALLENBY, LLC AND HAYGOOD, LLC,                       On Appeal from the 298th Judicial District
Appellants                                           Court, Dallas County, Texas
                                                     Trial Court Cause No. DC-15-05965-M.
No. 05-16-00253-CV         V.                        Opinion delivered by Justice Myers. Justices
                                                     Bridges and Brown participating.
CREDIT SUISSE AG, CAYMAN
ISLANDS BRANCH, Appellee

     In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is
AFFIRMED.

       It is ORDERED that appellee CREDIT SUISSE AG, CAYMAN ISLANDS BRANCH
recover its costs of this appeal from appellants ALLENBY, LLC AND HAYGOOD, LLC.

Judgment entered this 1st day of August, 2017.

                                              –19–