Court Opinion

ID: 4151932
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-03-11 01:00:53.079381+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:02:59.969735
License: Public Domain

Case: 15-51194      Document: 00513906913        Page: 1     Date Filed: 03/10/2017

          IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                   FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                                                     United States Court of Appeals
                                                                              Fifth Circuit

                                     No. 15-51194                           FILED
                                                                      March 10, 2017
                                                                       Lyle W. Cayce
In the Matter of:     LISA ANN GALAZ                                        Clerk

              Debtor

RAUL GALAZ and SEGUNDO SUENOS, L.L.C.,

              Appellants

v.

LISA ANN GALAZ and JULIAN JACKSON

              Appellees

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Western District of Texas

Before SMITH, CLEMENT, and SOUTHWICK, Circuit Judges.
EDITH BROWN CLEMENT, Circuit Judge:
      Appellants Raul Galaz (“Raul”) and Segundo Suenos, LLC 1 appeal the
district court’s judgment awarding actual and exemplary damages to debtor
Lisa Ann Katona, formerly known as Lisa Galaz (“Lisa”). We AFFIRM the
judgment of the district court.

      1 “Segundo Suenos” was likely formed with the intention of reading “Segundo Sueños,”
which is Spanish for “Second Dreams.” This opinion will use the spelling used by the entity
itself.
    Case: 15-51194     Document: 00513906913     Page: 2   Date Filed: 03/10/2017

                                  No. 15-51194
                                        I
      This case is on appeal before this court for the second time. See Galaz v.
Galaz (In re Galaz I), 765 F.3d 426 (5th Cir. 2014). It is just the latest episode
in a series of lawsuits dating back ten years.
      Raul founded Artist Rights Foundation, LLC (“ARF”) with Julian
Jackson (“Jackson”) in 1998, and each originally held a 50 percent membership
interest in ARF. When Lisa divorced Raul in 2002, she obtained a 25 percent
economic interest in ARF—half of his 50 percent interest. ARF’s assets
consisted of the rights to the royalties from the music of the Ohio Players, a
former funk band.
      In June 2005, without the knowledge of Jackson or Lisa, Raul
transferred ARF’s royalty rights to “Segundo Suenos”—which at the time, “was
not organized as a business entity under the laws of any state.” In re Galaz I,
765 F.3d at 428. In September 2005, Raul assisted his father, Alfredo Galaz
(“Alfredo”) in establishing Segundo Suenos, LLC (“Segundo”) in Texas. Raul
asserts that Alfredo is the “sole owner” of Segundo. Soon after the transfer, the
royalties began to generate a substantial amount of revenue. Segundo received
nearly a million dollars from the transfer until trial in February 2010. Lisa did
not receive any share of the revenue, despite her 25 percent interest in ARF.
Raul unilaterally dissolved ARF in December 2006.
      Lisa filed for Chapter 13 bankruptcy in December 2007. In April 2008,
Lisa brought this adversary proceeding against Raul, Alfredo, and Segundo,
alleging that they fraudulently transferred the assets of ARF to Segundo and
defrauded Lisa of her interest. Raul, Alfredo, and Segundo filed a third-party
complaint against Jackson, and Jackson asserted seven counterclaims against
them. Id. at 429.
      “After a five-day bench trial, the bankruptcy court found that the
transfer of assets from ARF to Segundo Suenos was invalid, that it constituted
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                                  No. 15-51194
a fraudulent transfer under TUFTA, that Raul owed fiduciary duties to
[Jackson] and had breached those duties, and that Raul owed no fiduciary
duties to Lisa.” Id. The bankruptcy court held Raul and Segundo liable, but
held Alfredo not liable. Id. at 429 & n.4. The bankruptcy court awarded actual
and exemplary damages to Lisa and Jackson. Id. at 429.
      Raul and Segundo appealed to the district court, which affirmed the
bankruptcy court’s judgment as to liability but vacated and remanded for
redetermination of actual and exemplary damages. Id. On remand, the
bankruptcy court awarded actual and exemplary damages consistent with the
district court’s instructions. Id. Appellants again appealed to the district court,
which affirmed. Id. Appellants then appealed to this court. Id.
      This court vacated and remanded the bankruptcy court’s judgment on
jurisdictional grounds, with instructions to dismiss Jackson’s third-party
counterclaims for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. Id. at 431, 434. This court
also determined that Lisa’s claims were non-core bankruptcy claims, and
remanded for the district court to enter final judgment after further
consideration. Id.
      On remand, the district court referred this adversary proceeding to the
bankruptcy court. The bankruptcy court submitted proposed findings of fact
and conclusions of law pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 157(c)(1). After de novo review,
the district court adopted those findings of fact and conclusions of law,
invalidating the transfer of assets from ARF to Segundo and awarding Lisa
actual and exemplary damages. Raul and Segundo again appeal.
                                        II
      When the district court enters final judgment in a bankruptcy case, this
court “review[s] the district court’s findings of fact for clear error and its
conclusions of law de novo.” Monge v. Rojas (In re Monge), 826 F.3d 250, 254
(5th Cir. 2016). “In examining for clear error, we review the record as a whole
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and not just the evidence supporting the finding.” Stanley v. U.S. Bank Nat’l
Ass’n (In re TransTexas Gas Corp.), 597 F.3d 298, 304 (5th Cir. 2010). “Where
there are two permissible views of the evidence, the factfinder’s choice between
them cannot be clearly erroneous.” Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, N.C., 470
U.S. 564, 574 (1985).
                                      III
                                       A
      The district court held that the purported transfer of the music rights
from ARF to Segundo was fraudulent under the Texas Uniform Fraudulent
Transfers Act (“TUFTA”), Tex. Bus. & Com. Code § 24.001 et seq. TUFTA
allows a court to set aside a fraudulent transfer. § 24.008(a)(1). The district
court explicitly adopted the bankruptcy court’s finding that Raul acted with
actual intent to defraud Lisa. We affirm.
      We review for clear error because “whether the transfer was made with
the actual intent to defraud creditors is a fact question.” Walker v. Anderson,
232 S.W.3d 899, 914 (Tex. Ct. App. 2007). Because “direct proof of fraudulent
intent is often unavailable,” courts may consider circumstantial evidence to
determine whether the transfer was made with fraudulent intent. Id. Section
24.005(b) of TUFTA sets forth a “non-exhaustive list of facts and
circumstances, which are known as the ‘badges of fraud,’ to be considered in
determining whether a transfer was made with actual intent to defraud.” Id.
(citing § 24.005(b)). “An individual badge of fraud is not conclusive, but a
concurrence of many badges in the same case will always make out a strong
case of fraud.” Id. “The judgment creditor has the burden to prove the
fraudulent transfer by a preponderance of the evidence.” Id. at 913.
      Although the district court did not explicitly identify which badges of
fraud are present, it emphasized the following facts: “Raul transferred all of
ARF’s royalty rights to Segundo Suenos”; “Segundo Suenos was not organized
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                                     No. 15-51194
as a business entity under the laws of any state” until three months after the
transfer; “Raul assisted his father in filing the documents required to establish
Segundo Suenos as a Texas LLC”; Raul did not tell Lisa or Jackson about the
transfer; and Segundo gave no consideration to ARF for the transfer of the
royalty rights. Reviewing the record as a whole, the district court did not
clearly err in determining that Raul acted with actual intent to defraud in
transferring the royalty rights from ARF to Segundo.
          At least six badges of fraud are present. First, Raul transferred ARF’s
assets to “an insider”—his father, Alfredo, who purportedly owns Segundo. 2
See § 24.005(b)(1).
          Second, Raul “retained possession or control of the property transferred
after the transfer.” § 24.005(b)(2). There is evidence that Raul managed
Segundo and the royalty rights after the transfer. Raul admitted that he
consulted with Alfredo and helped him with the process of creating Segundo.
He testified at trial that he “heavily influenced” Alfredo’s decisions in Segundo.
Appellants introduced no convincing evidence that Alfredo exercised any
control over the royalty rights.
          Third, Raul “concealed” the transfer from Lisa. § 24.005(b)(3).
Appellants do not argue that Raul told Lisa about the transfer.
          Fourth, the transfer was of substantially all of ARF’s assets.
§ 24.005(b)(5). Appellants do not dispute this fact.
          Fifth, ARF did not receive “reasonably equivalent” consideration for the
transfer of the royalty rights. § 24.005(b)(8). Neither Alfredo nor Segundo—
which was not formed as a Texas entity until three months after the purported
transfer—paid “any money at all” to ARF at the time of the transfer. Instead,

      2  Appellants do not argue that the transfer was not to an insider. They argue only,
without any precedential support, that transfer to an insider should not be considered a
badge of fraud where transfer is first offered to a non-insider.
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“[t]he terms of the transfer purportedly obligated Alfredo and Segundo Suenos
to pay the liability that Raul recited in the Demand Letter: Raul’s out-of-pocket
expenses, expenses for Raul’s ‘services,’ and the past-due California franchise
taxes.” It is true that Segundo paid ARF’s tax obligations to California, totaling
$11,793.05, in November and December 2006. But Segundo paid those
obligations from revenue generated by the royalty rights. There is no evidence
that ARF received any consideration for the transfer of the royalty rights that
was independent of revenue generated by the royalty rights.
           Sixth, ARF “was insolvent or became insolvent shortly after the transfer
was made.” § 24.005(b)(9). Raul unilaterally dissolved ARF in December 2006. 3
When ARF was dissolved, it had no assets and no liabilities.
           The district court did not clearly err in adopting the bankruptcy court’s
finding of fraudulent intent. The presence of these badges of fraud is sufficient
evidence that Raul transferred ARF’s royalty rights with the actual intent of
defrauding Lisa of her 25 percent economic interest in ARF. Appellants’
arguments to the contrary are entirely unavailing. 4 The district court did not
err in invalidating the purported transfer. 5
                                              B
       The district court awarded Lisa $241,309.10 in actual damages. The
royalties generated $969,317.93 in gross income between the time of the

       3 Raul admitted that he “represented to the State of California that the dissolution of
[ARF] was by a vote of all the members.”
       4 Appellants’ argument that Raul had no motive to defraud Lisa defies credulity. Raul

transferred the royalty rights from ARF, in which he held only a 25 percent membership
interest, to Segundo, a company purportedly owned by Raul’s father but apparently
completely within Raul’s control, as inferred by Segundo’s payments to and on behalf of Raul
and his friends and family. Because of this transfer, Raul did not account to Lisa for the
revenue—almost a million dollars—generated by the royalty rights.
       5 We also affirm the district court’s determinations that Appellants are collaterally

estopped from arguing that the transfer was valid and that Raul did not have the authority
to unilaterally transfer the royalty rights.
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                                      No. 15-51194
fraudulent transfer and trial. To restore Lisa to the position she would have
had if the fraudulent transfer had not occurred, the district court awarded Lisa
25 percent of the gross income—which was $242,329.48—less certain allowable
and reasonable expenses. 6 The district court declined to reduce Lisa’s actual
damages by Segundo’s alleged expenses because Segundo is “a wholly distinct
entity formed for the purpose of defrauding [Lisa] of her share of revenue.”
Appellants also failed to produce credible evidence of those alleged expenses.
We affirm.
       Section 24.008(a)(3)(C) of TUFTA is an equitable provision which states
that a creditor may obtain “any other relief the circumstances may require.”
This equitable provision “is quite broad.” Airflow Hous., Inc. v. Theriot, 849
S.W.2d 928, 934 (Tex. Ct. App. 1993). Section 24.009(c)(1) provides that actual
damages for the value of property fraudulently transferred are “subject to
adjustment as the equities may require.” Appellants argue that, as a matter of
law, the district court should have limited compensatory damages to the value
of the royalty rights at the time of the transfer from ARF to Segundo, and that
the value was “nominal” at that time. Although Appellants acknowledge that
Section 24.009(c)(1) authorized the district court to adjust the value “as the
equities may require,” they argue that Section 24.009(c)(2) restricts the district
court from adjusting the value “to include the value of improvements made by
a good faith transferee.” Because the transfer was fraudulent and Segundo is
not a good faith transferee, the district court did not err in applying Section
24.009(c)(1) without the restriction in Section 24.009(c)(2).

       6Lisa’s actual damages award is reduced by “her proportionate share of reasonable
and necessary expenses that were incurred by ARF prior to the date of the transfer.” Between
2003 and 2005, Lisa was responsible for 25 percent of the unpaid franchise taxes—that is,
$1,020.38.
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       Appellants also argue that “[c]onsidering all appropriate expenses,
Segundo Suenos actually has produced no net operating income”—and thus,
Lisa should not receive anything in actual damages. But Appellants provided
insufficient evidence of reasonable expenses. Segundo apparently “did not
regularly keep any profit and loss statements or balance sheets” and failed to
present “any evidence of invoices, receipts, work orders, or other
documentation.” Segundo requested that the district court, in calculating
Lisa’s actual damages, deduct hundreds of thousands of dollars in unsupported
expenses from the revenue generated by the royalty rights. The district court
did not err in declining to reduce Lisa’s award by these alleged expenses,
especially given the finding of actual intent to defraud and the broad remedial
authority conferred by Sections 24.008(a)(3)(c) and 24.009(c)(1) of TUFTA.
                                        C
      The district court awarded Lisa $250,000 in exemplary damages.
Appellants argue that the district court clearly erred in awarding exemplary
damages because: (1) Lisa did not establish any actual damages; and (2) no
evidence supports exemplary damages. The first argument is unavailing—Lisa
is entitled to $241,309.10 in actual damages. The second argument fails
because the district court did not clearly err in finding that Lisa proved by clear
and convincing evidence that her loss was caused by the Appellants’ fraud,
malice, or gross negligence. See Shafer v. Army & Air Force Exch. Serv., 376
F.3d 386, 396 (5th Cir. 2004) (if the district court applies the correct standard
of review, this court “review[s] the district court’s factual findings for clear
error”). There is ample evidence supporting the finding of actual intent to
defraud.
       Appellants also summarily argue, without citing any precedent, that “it
was error for the lower courts to simply double the already-inflated
compensatory damages in order to assess punitive damages” and that the
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district court clearly erred when it assessed exemplary damages against
Segundo because “there was no determination that . . . Segundo . . . engaged in
any objectionable conduct.” These arguments are waived for lack of adequate
briefing. See Procter & Gamble Co. v. Amway Corp., 376 F.3d 496, 499 n.1 (5th
Cir. 2004). The district court did not err in awarding Lisa exemplary damages
against both Raul and Segundo.
                                      IV
      We AFFIRM the judgment of the district court. We make no comment on
the effect of the judgment on non-parties.

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