Court Opinion

ID: 4682798
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-04-30 15:05:01.187096+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:04:11.106338
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

                                              No. 121,951

                                          STATE OF KANSAS,
                                              Appellee,

                                                     v.

                                          RONALD JOHNSON,
                                             Appellant.

                                   SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

1.
        In postconviction sentence modification proceedings, there must be a procedural
vehicle for presenting an argument to the court.

2.
        Applying State v. Coleman, 312 Kan. 114, 472 P.3d 85 (2020), to the
circumstances of this case, there is no procedural vehicle that allows a court to revisit a
sentence that was final when Alleyne v. United States, 570 U.S. 99, 133 S. Ct. 2151, 186
L. Ed. 2d 314 (2013), was decided.

        Appeal from Wyandotte District Court; JENNIFER L. MYERS, judge. Opinion filed April 30, 2021.
Affirmed.

        Wendie C. Miller, of Wichita, was on the briefs for appellant.

        Daniel G. Obermeier, assistant district attorney, Mark A. Dupree Sr., district attorney, and Derek
Schmidt, attorney general, were on the briefs for appellee.

                                                     1
       PER CURIAM: Ronald Johnson attacks the portion of his life sentence for first-
degree premeditated murder that sets a minimum sentence of 50 years. Johnson argues he
is entitled to resentencing under K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 21-6628(c), formerly K.S.A.
21-4639, because the sentencing judge engaged in judicial fact-finding to determine that
aggravating factors justified a minimum sentence of 50 years instead of the 25-year
minimum that would otherwise apply.

       K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 21-6628(c) does not create an avenue or independent means by
which a convicted person can challenge his or her underlying sentence. We thus affirm
the district court's denial of Johnson's request for relief.

                          FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       A jury convicted Johnson of first-degree premeditated murder for a murder
committed in 2001. The district court judge, without jury findings, imposed a hard 50 life
sentence after concluding any mitigating circumstances did not outweigh aggravating
circumstances. Johnson appealed and challenged his sentence as unconstitutional under
Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S. Ct. 2348, 147 L. Ed.2d 435 (2000). This
court rejected his Apprendi argument and affirmed Johnson's conviction and sentence on
direct appeal. State v. Johnson, 284 Kan. 18, 22-23, 159 P.3d 161 (2007).

       Johnson later filed several motions for habeas relief under K.S.A. 60-1507. None
led to any relief. See Johnson v. State, No. 117,323, 2017 WL 3824255 (Kan. App. 2017)
(unpublished opinion); Johnson v. State, No. 108,309, 2013 WL 5303530 (Kan. App.
2013) (unpublished opinion); Johnson v. State, No. 102,952, 2011 WL 867686 (Kan.
App. 2011) (unpublished opinion). In the most recent of these, Johnson unsuccessfully
argued for retroactive application of Alleyne v. United States, 570 U.S. 99, 133 S. Ct.
2151, 186 L. Ed. 2d 314 (2013). The Court of Appeals panel rejected his appeal based on

                                                2
this court's decision in Kirtdoll v. State, 306 Kan. 335, 341, 393 P.3d 1053 (2017)
(Alleyne cannot be applied retroactively to cases already final and its prospective-only
change in the law cannot provide the exceptional circumstances that would justify a
successive 60-1507 motion or the manifest injustice necessary to excuse the untimeliness
of a 60-1507 motion). See Johnson, 2017 WL 3824255, at *1.

       In 2018, Johnson filed a motion "[i]nvoking sentence modification pursuant to
K.S.A. 21-4639 renumbered K.S.A. 21-6628(c) (2011)." Johnson argued the rule
announced in Alleyne rendered unconstitutional the sentencing statutes under which he
was sentenced so that he must be resentenced under K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 21-6628(c). The
district court denied relief and this appeal followed.

       While this appeal was pending, this court decided State v. Coleman, 312 Kan. 114,
472 P.3d 85 (2020). There, we held that K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 21-6628(c) does not create a
new avenue or independent means by which a convicted person can challenge his or her
underlying sentence. 312 Kan. at 121-24. Both parties filed Rule 6.09 letters addressing
Coleman. (2021 Kan. S. Ct. R. 40.) We then requested supplemental briefing.

       This court has jurisdiction under K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 22-3601(b)(3) (allowing
appeal of life sentence to Supreme Court, except for sentence imposed under K.S.A.
21-4643 or K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 21-6627).

                                         ANALYSIS
Standard of Review

       This case involves issues of statutory interpretation and constitutional claims. Both
are questions of law subject to de novo or unlimited review. Coleman, 312 Kan. at 117.

                                              3
History of Caselaw on Judicial Fact-finding

       Johnson raises the same complaint as had Curtis L. Coleman Jr.: A judge, not a
jury, found aggravating factors that served as the basis for increasing the minimum term
of their life sentences from 25 years to either 40 years in Coleman's case or 50 years in
Johnson's. Like Coleman, Johnson contends his sentence should be vacated because the
Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution requires a jury determine these
aggravating factors. See Coleman, 312 Kan. at 117-18; Johnson, 284 Kan. at 22-23.

       When a judge sentenced Johnson, Kansas law allowed judicial fact-finding. But,
about seven years after Johnson's direct appeal ended, this court held it was
unconstitutional for a judge to increase the minimum sentence a defendant must serve
based on findings made by the judge, not a jury. See State v. Soto, 299 Kan. 102, 122-24,
322 P.3d 334 (2014) (citing Alleyne v. United States, 570 U.S. 99, 133 S. Ct. 2151, 186
L. Ed. 2d 314 [2013]).

       This court in Coleman detailed this history. 312 Kan. at 118-19. We need not
discuss all the detail here; a short history provides context for our holding that, like
Coleman, Johnson has no right to relief.

       Coleman began with a discussion of Apprendi, 530 U.S. 466. In Apprendi, the
United States Supreme Court held that any fact other than the existence of a prior
conviction "that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory
maximum must be submitted to a jury, and proved beyond a reasonable doubt." 530 U.S.
at 490. That holding applied explicitly only to the determination of statutory maximum
sentences and, that same year, this court declined to extend the Apprendi rule to findings
made by a district court judge before imposing a mandatory minimum—the complaint

                                               4
Johnson makes. See State v. Conley, 270 Kan. 18, 11 P.3d 1147 (2000) (relying on
McMillan v. Pennsylvania, 477 U.S. 79, 106 S. Ct. 2411, 91 L. Ed. 2d 67 [1986]).

       Two years later, the United States Supreme Court walked the line between
Apprendi and McMillan by characterizing a judge's finding that a defendant possessed,
brandished, or discharged a firearm during the commission of an offense as a judicial
sentencing factor rather than an element of the crime. Harris v. United States, 536 U.S.
545, 556, 122 S. Ct. 2406, 153 L. Ed. 2d 524 (2002). And that same year, the Supreme
Court held unconstitutional Arizona's capital sentencing statutes that allowed a judge to
find and balance mitigating circumstances in determining whether to impose a death
sentence. Ring v. Arizona, 536 U.S. 584, 122 S. Ct. 2428, 153 L. Ed. 2d 556 (2002).

       Ten years later, the United States Supreme Court overruled Harris in Alleyne. The
Court found "no basis in principle or logic to distinguish facts that raise the maximum
from those that increase the minimum." Alleyne, 570 U.S. at 116. Thus, the Court held
that any fact that increases the minimum sentence must "be submitted to the jury and
found beyond a reasonable doubt." 570 U.S. at 116.

       This court extended Alleyne to Kansas' hard 50 sentencing statutes (hard 40 for
crimes committed before July 1, 1999) in Soto, 299 Kan. at 122-24. We later held the rule
of law declared in Alleyne cannot be applied retroactively to invalidate a sentence that
was final before the date of the Alleyne decision. Kirtdoll, 306 Kan. 335, Syl. ¶ 1; see
Johnson, 2017 WL 3824255, at *1.

Modification of Johnson's Sentence

       While that history explains the legal basis for Johnson's complaint, it does not
address the pivotal question in his appeal: Can he obtain relief from his sentence given

                                             5
that it was final several years before our decision in Soto and the United State Supreme
Court's decision in Alleyne? The finality of his sentence means no court has jurisdiction
to modify the sentence unless there is a jurisdictional basis for presenting the argument to
the court. Coleman, 312 Kan. at 119-20 (quoting State v. Trotter, 296 Kan. 898, 905, 295
P.3d 1039 [2013]). Requests for a sentence modification must be "dismissed for lack of
jurisdiction unless there is statutory language authorizing the specific requested relief."
312 Kan. at 120 (citing State v. Anthony, 274 Kan. 998, 1002, 58 P.3d 742 [2002]).

       Given that, the Coleman decision explored the potential ways a court could have
jurisdiction to hear the claim of someone like Johnson or Coleman who seeks relief from
the hard 40 or 50 minimum term of his or her life sentence. Johnson filed a motion
"[i]nvoking sentence modification pursuant to K.S.A. 21-4639 renumbered K.S.A.
21-6628(c) (2011)." In Coleman, we considered and rejected K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 21-6628
as a procedural path for relief. Coleman, 312 Kan. at 121-24. We also considered other
potential procedural mechanisms because "pro se postconviction pleadings must be
analyzed by their content, not necessarily by their label." 312 Kan. at 120. We held that
no procedure offered Johnson a path to jurisdiction. See Coleman, 312 Kan. at 121-24.
Johnson's briefing does not persuade us to depart from Coleman's holdings.

       One of the procedural mechanisms discussed in Coleman is a motion to correct an
illegal sentence under K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 22-3504. That statute allows courts to consider
an illegal sentence at any time, which includes after a direct appeal is final. But what
constitutes an illegal sentence is not open ended, and this court has made clear that "a
sentence imposed in violation of Alleyne does not fall within the definition of an 'illegal
sentence' that may be addressed by K.S.A. 22-3504." Coleman, 312 Kan. at 120 (citing
State v. Brown, 306 Kan. 330, Syl. ¶ 1, 393 P.3d 1049 [2017]; State v. Moncla, 301 Kan.
549, Syl. ¶ 4, 343 P.3d 1161 [2015]). Johnson offers no argument that counters this
holding in Coleman, Brown, and Moncla.

                                              6
       Coleman also discussed and rejected another mechanism that can lead to post-
judgment relief from a sentence: a motion for habeas relief under K.S.A. 60-1507. This
statute grants a court jurisdiction to consider a collateral attack on an unconstitutional
sentence. Generally, a movant is allowed only one motion and that motion must be filed
within one year of the movant's direct appeal ending. Exceptions apply, however. A court
can allow a second motion if the movant establishes exceptional circumstances, and the
one-year limitation does not apply if a court finds it necessary to lift the bar to prevent a
manifest injustice. See Coleman, 312 Kan. at 120; K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 60-1507(c), (f).

       Coleman filed his 60-1507 motion seeking to set aside his hard 50 sentence more
than one year after the conclusion of his final appeal and after he had filed two previous
60-1507 motions. He claimed manifest injustice and exceptional circumstances justified
allowing him to file this third motion more than a year after his appeal was final. But this
court rejected his argument based on Kirtdoll, 306 Kan. at 341. There, this court had held
"for 60-1507 motions to be considered hereafter, Alleyne's prospective-only change in the
law cannot provide the exceptional circumstances that would justify a successive 60-1507
motion or the manifest injustice necessary to excuse the untimeliness of a 60-1507
motion." Kirtdoll, 306 Kan. at 341. We thus held that Coleman could not obtain relief
through a 60-1507 motion. Coleman, 312 Kan. at 120-21.

       Perhaps because of this line of cases and the fact a 60-1507 motion would be
successive and out-of-time, Johnson advances no argument to counter Kirtdoll's and
Coleman's holding. But we still mention this procedural mechanism because courts
sometimes treat a pro se motion as a motion filed under 60-1507 even if labeled as
something else. Yet, consistent with Coleman and Kirtdoll, converting Johnson's motion
"[i]nvoking sentence modification pursuant to K.S.A. 21-4639 renumbered K.S.A.

                                              7
21-6628(c) (2011)" to a 60-1507 motion would not benefit Johnson because he has no
right to relief under K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 60-1507.

       Finally, like Coleman, Johnson offers K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 21-6628(c) as a basis for
relief. In fact, Johnson solely relies on this provision. But we concluded in Coleman that
K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 21-6628(c) does not provide defendants in Johnson's position a
mechanism for relief. 312 Kan. at 121-24. We interpreted K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 21-6628 to
be a "fail-safe provision" that "[b]y its clear and unequivocal language . . . applies only
when the term of imprisonment or the statute authorizing the term of imprisonment are
found to be unconstitutional." 312 Kan. at 124.

       Johnson disagrees with Coleman's statutory analysis. He argues K.S.A. 2001
Supp. 21-4635 authorized his sentence and this court ruled K.S.A. 21-4635 was
unconstitutional in Soto, 299 Kan. at 124. Coleman, however, held K.S.A. 21-4635 "was
part of the procedural framework by which the enhanced sentence was determined" and
the root authorization for Coleman's sentence was the statute that provided for a life
sentence. Coleman, 312 Kan. at 124. Here, Johnson committed premeditated murder, and
the Legislature has authorized a life sentence for someone convicted of that crime. See
K.S.A. 2001 Supp. 21-3439; K.S.A. 2001 Supp. 21-4706. A life sentence has "never been
determined to be categorically unconstitutional" and "such sentences continue to be
imposed in qualifying cases in Kansas." Coleman, 312 Kan. at 124. Thus, Johnson's
sentence does not trigger the "fail-safe" provision of K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 21-6628(c).

       K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 21-6628(c) does not require resentencing Johnson.

                                              8
Due Process Argument Fails

       Johnson also asserted in his pro se motion that he had a due process right to be
resentenced under the mandate of K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 21-6628. He asserts that this right
arises under the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

       Johnson's due process argument turns on our agreeing with him that K.S.A. 2020
Supp. 21-6628(c) requires he be resentenced. We have rejected his arguments that the
statute applies to him and mandates that he be resentenced. Simply put, Johnson is not
owed any process under the statute that he has not received.

                                      CONCLUSION

       The district court properly denied Johnson's motion for sentence modification.
There is no procedural mechanism by which a Kansas court may reconsider his sentence.
Alleyne and Soto do not operate retroactively to afford a remedy. And K.S.A. 2020 Supp.
21-6628(c) does not apply. We affirm the judgment of the district court.

                                           ***

       LUCKERT, C.J., concurring: In State v. Coleman, 312 Kan. 114, 472 P.3d 85
(2020), I joined this court's statutory analysis of K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 21-6628(c). Ronald
Johnson and defendants in other cases now persuade me we erred in Coleman when we
held that K.S.A. 21-4635 "was not a statute authorizing [a] hard 40 life sentence" and that
Curtis L. Coleman Jr.'s life sentence was instead "authorized by virtue of his commission
of premeditated first-degree murder, an offense qualifying for such sentence under
Kansas law." Coleman, 312 Kan. at 124. Yet my reexamination of the statutory analysis

                                             9
does not lead me to conclude that Johnson (or Coleman) is entitled to relief. I, therefore,
concur in the decision to affirm the district court.

        K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 21-6628(c), formerly K.S.A. 2001 Supp. 21-4639, provides:

               "In the event the mandatory term of imprisonment or any provision of chapter
       341 of the 1994 Session Laws of Kansas authorizing such mandatory term is held to be
       unconstitutional by the supreme court of Kansas or the United States supreme court, the
       court having jurisdiction over a person previously sentenced shall cause such person to be
       brought before the court and shall modify the sentence to require no mandatory term of
       imprisonment and shall sentence the defendant as otherwise provided by law."

        Johnson asks us to focus on the meaning of the word "authorizing." This court
previously did so in Smith v. Printup, 254 Kan. 315, 339, 866 P.2d 985 (1993). Printup
included two definitions. First, Webster's New International Dictionary defined
"authorize" as: "'to endorse, empower, justify, or permit by or as if by some recognized
or proper authority (as custom, evidence, personal right, or regulating power) . . . :
SANCTION.'" Printup, 254 Kan. at 339 (quoting Webster's Third New International
Dictionary 146 [1986]). Second, Black's Law Dictionary's defined it to mean:

       "'To empower; to give a right or authority to act. To endow with authority or effective
       legal power, warrant, or right. [Citation omitted.] To permit a thing to be done in the
       future. It has a mandatory effect or meaning, implying a direction to act.

       "'"Authorized" is sometimes construed as equivalent to "permitted"; or "directed", or to
       similar mandatory language. Possessed of authority; that is, possessed of legal or rightful
       power, the synonym of which is "competency." [Citation omitted.]'" Printup, 254 Kan. at
       339 (quoting Black's Law Dictionary 133 [6th ed. 1990]).

        Current definitions are consistent. E.g., Black's Law Dictionary 165 (11th ed.
2019) ("To give legal authority; to empower . 2. To formally approve; to sanction ."); Merriam Webster ("1: to endorse, empower, justify, or permit by or as if by
some recognized or proper authority such as custom, evidence, personal right, or
regulating power) a custom authorized by time [;] 2: to invest especially with legal
authority: EMPOWER//She is authorized to act for her husband."), at
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ authorize.

       Under these definitions, "authorizing" as used in K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 21-6628(c)
means having or empowering with legal authority. I thus interpret K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 21-
6628(c) to be implicated when any provision authorizing or empowering a court to
impose a hard 50 sentence (or another sentence above the statutory minimum) is held to
be unconstitutional.

       The statutory framework when Johnson committed first-degree premeditated
murder provided for a life sentence. See K.S.A. 2001 Supp. 21-3401 (first-degree murder
is an off-grid person felony); K.S.A. 2001 Supp. 21-4706(c) (sentence for violating
K.S.A. 21-3401 is imprisonment for life). The sentencing statutes empowered the court to
impose a mandatory term of imprisonment of 50 years if, after hearing evidence on
aggravating and mitigating circumstances, the court concluded the aggravating
circumstance or circumstances were not outweighed by mitigating circumstances. See
K.S.A. 2001 Supp. 21-4635(a); K.S.A. 2001 Supp. 21-4638. If the court concluded the
aggravating circumstance or circumstances were outweighed by mitigating
circumstances, the defendant was sentenced "as provided by law," which meant a life
sentence with no minimum. K.S.A. 2001 Supp. 21-4635(b), (c); K.S.A. 2001 Supp. 21-
4638. If the sentencing court imposed no minimum sentence, a defendant still served at
least 25 years based on statutory terms defining when he or she became parole eligible.
See K.S.A. 2001 Supp. 22-3717(b)(1) (inmates sentenced for capital murder or

                                            11
premeditated first-degree murder parole eligible "after serving 25 years of confinement,
without deduction of any good time credits").

        These statutes only authorized or empowered the district court to impose a hard
50 life sentence on Johnson after the district court weighed aggravating and mitigating
circumstances as provided in K.S.A. 2001 Supp. 21-4635. The district court had no
authority to impose a hard 50 sentence without first walking through the weighing of
circumstances provided in K.S.A. 2001 Supp. 21-4635, a provision of chapter 341 of the
1994 Session Laws of Kansas. L. 1994, ch. 341. Thus, K.S.A. 2001 Supp. 21-4635
authorized Johnson's sentence.

        This court held K.S.A. 21-4635 unconstitutional in State v. Soto, 299 Kan. 102,
Syl. ¶ 9, 124, 322 P.3d 334 (2014). There, this court concluded K.S.A. 21-4635 violated
the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution as applied in Alleyne "because it
permits a judge to find by a preponderance of the evidence the existence of one or more
aggravating factors necessary to impose an increased mandatory minimum sentence,
rather than requiring a jury to find the existence of the aggravating factors beyond a
reasonable doubt." 299 Kan. 102, Syl. ¶ 9. I thus conclude this court's ruling in Soto
triggers application of K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 21-6628(c) because Soto held unconstitutional
a provision of chapter 341 of the 1994 Session Laws of Kansas authorizing the
mandatory term.

        My analysis does not end there, however. Instead, it circles back to the
jurisdiction issue discussed by the majority opinion. I make this circle because K.S.A.
2020 Supp. 21-6628(c), after saying a holding of the United States Supreme Court or this
court that a statute authorizing a mandatory term is unconstitutional may trigger
application of the statute, directs that "the court having jurisdiction over a person
previously sentenced shall cause such person to be brought before the court." Under this

                                             12
provision, Johnson must still show that a court has jurisdiction over him. K.S.A. 2020
Supp. 21-6628(c) does not itself contain any language granting jurisdiction; the language
just quoted refers to a court having jurisdiction, meaning one that already has jurisdiction.
Because the court that had jurisdiction to impose sentence lost jurisdiction once the
judgment became final, I look back to statutes that provide jurisdiction through collateral
proceedings.

        As the majority discusses, only two possibilities exist as a procedure authorizing
Johnson's collateral attack on his sentence: a motion to correct an illegal sentence under
K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 22-3504 or a motion under K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 60-1507. A motion to
correct illegal sentence does not extend to claims based on Alleyne, because "a sentence
imposed in violation of Alleyne does not fall within the definition of an 'illegal sentence'
that may be addressed by K.S.A. 22-3504." Coleman, 312 Kan. at 120 (citing State v.
Brown, 306 Kan. 330, Syl. ¶ 1, 393 P.3d 1049 [2017]; State v. Moncla, 301 Kan. 549,
Syl. ¶ 4, 343 P.3d 1161 [2015]). But a 60-1507 motion could grant a court jurisdiction
over an Alleyne violation. See K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 60-1507(a) ("A prisoner in custody
under sentence of a court of general jurisdiction claiming the right to be released upon the
ground that the sentence was imposed in violation of the constitution or laws of the
United States, . . . may, pursuant to the time limitations imposed by subsection [f], move
the court which imposed the sentence to vacate, set aside or correct the sentence").

        Johnson did not meet the requirements imposed by K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 60-1507(c)
and (f), however, because he had filed prior 60-1507 motions and he filed this one past
the time limitation. He therefore must establish exceptional circumstances and manifest
injustice. But in Kirtdoll v. State, 306 Kan. 335, 341, 393 P.3d 1053 (2017), this court
held "for 60-1507 motions to be considered hereafter, Alleyne's prospective-only change
in the law cannot provide the exceptional circumstances that would justify a successive

                                             13
60-1507 motion or the manifest injustice necessary to excuse the untimeliness of a 60-
1507 motion." Johnson does not ask us to overturn Kirtdoll.

          Speaking generally, it is easy to imagine situations in which a court could find
exceptional circumstances exist or that the time limitation should be extended to prevent
a manifest injustice and K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 21-6628 could apply. For example, if the
United States Supreme Court held that either the death penalty or the hard 50 sentencing
statutes was categorically unconstitutional—that is the entire scheme was invalid rather
than an aspect of it—a time extension based on manifest injustice would likely apply and
the "fail safe" provisions of K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 21-6628 could be used to provide relief.
See Coleman, 312 Kan. at 123-24 (discussing Hurst v. State, 202 So. 3d 40, 63-66 [Fla.
2016], which determined Florida statute like K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 21-6628 was a fail-safe
provision that was not triggered when United States Supreme Court invalidated only a
portion of Florida's death penalty law allowing judicial findings for imposition of a
death).

          Johnson does not present a situation that demands an extension to prevent
manifest injustice, however. See Kirtdoll, 306 Kan. at 341. Nothing in K.S.A. 2020 Supp.
21-6628 demands a result different from Kirtdoll. See Coleman, 312 Kan. at 121-24;
Hurst, 202 So. 3d at 63-66. Nor does K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 60-1507. While the Legislature
provided that 60-1507 motions could challenge the constitutionality of a sentence, it also
provided that, if the movant did not meet the one-year limitation period, he or she must
show manifest injustice to proceed. This signals that an unconstitutional sentence does
not always equate to manifest injustice. And the Legislature signaled an intent that an
Alleyne violation did not trigger the fail-safe of K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 21-6628.

          The Legislature sent this signal after the United States Supreme Court issued its
Alleyne opinion and the Governor called a special session to address the hard 50

                                              14
sentencing statutes. The Legislature acted expeditiously to assure courts could
constitutionally impose hard 50 sentences in pending criminal cases. The Legislature's
staff advised the Legislature that the Alleyne rule did not apply to sentences final before
the Alleyne decision. See Preliminary Report of the 2013 Special Committee on
Judiciary, 3; Revisor Office's Memorandum on the Potential Impact of Alleyne v. United
States on Kansas Law (Aug. 16, 2013), 4. And the Legislature took no action to provide
relief in those cases. While legislative inaction is not always indicative of legislative
intent, see State v. Quested, 302 Kan. 262, 279, 352 P.3d 553 (2015), a failure to act
when addressing the subject matter provides some indication the Legislature did not
intend there to be relief.

        Johnson failed to establish exceptional circumstances or manifest injustice as
necessary to allow a court to have jurisdiction to grant him relief under K.S.A. 2020
Supp. 21-6628 based on Alleyne.

        Johnson makes an argument that could avoid or change the Kirtdoll holding,
however. He contends his request for relief is based not on Alleyne but on Apprendi,
which the United States Supreme Court decided before he was sentenced. He asserts we
need not apply Alleyne retroactively to provide him relief.

        His argument requires a conclusion that Alleyne was a mere extension of
Apprendi. But, as discussed in Coleman, it was not. See Coleman, 312 Kan. at 117-19.
The United States Supreme Court itself, after deciding Apprendi, affirmed a sentence that
imposed a mandatory minimum based on judicial fact-finding—exactly the circumstance
here. Harris v. United States, 536 U.S. 545, 122 S. Ct. 2406, 153 L. Ed. 2d 524 (2002).
Harris remained the law until the Court overturned it in Alleyne. See Alleyne, 570 U.S. at
116. Had Harris merely been an extension of Apprendi, the Court could have simply

                                              15
distinguished it in Alleyne. Instead, it overruled the holding and thus changed the law.
Johnson's argument is thus unpersuasive.

        In conclusion, while I now depart from one portion of the analysis in Coleman, I
still conclude K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 21-6628(c) did not require the district court to vacate
Johnson's hard 50 life sentence.

        I therefore concur in the result.

       WILSON and STANDRIDGE, JJ., join the foregoing concurrence.

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