Court Opinion

ID: 3099172
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-16 04:56:24.977893+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:51:32.167077
License: Public Domain

AFFIRM; and Opinion Filed August 23, 2013.

                                         S   In The

                                     Court of Appeals
                              Fifth District of Texas at Dallas

                                      No. 05-12-00445-CR

                         DONALD ALLEN MCKNIGHT, Appellant
                                       V.
                           THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

                           On Appeal from the 86th District Court
                                 Kaufman County, Texas
                              Trial Court Cause No. 30048-86

                                          OPINION
                         Before Justices FitzGerald, Francis, and Lewis
                                   Opinion by Justice Lewis
       A jury found appellant Donald Allen McKnight guilty of aggravated sexual assault of a

child (count 1), and prohibited sexual conduct (count 2). The jury found the enhancement

paragraphs for two prior felony convictions to be true and assessed punishment for each count at

life imprisonment. In nine issues, appellant contends the evidence was insufficient to support his

convictions; the convictions violated his constitutional guarantee against double jeopardy; the

trial court erred in permitting conviction on a less-than-unanimous verdict with respect to count

1; and the trial court violated his right to non-unanimous consideration of the lesser included

offenses of count 1. We affirm the trial court’s judgments.
                                        BACKGROUND

       At trial, Yolanda Jackson testified that she and appellant married on October 22, 2010,

and were married at the time of the alleged offense. They lived in a house at 1601 Leon Street,

Kaufman, Texas, with Jackson’s three minor sons, her daughter, her daughter’s son, and two

foreign exchange students. On August 23, 2011, the second day of school, Jackson left home

early to go to the store for school supplies and a school uniform for her six-year-old son, C.J.

Upon her return, she entered the house through the front door instead of through the garage.

Jackson testified that as she walked into the entry hall, she saw appellant and C.J. in the living

room. When appellant saw Jackson, he said, “oh crap” and grabbed C.J. up off the couch.

Jackson testified that C.J.’s pants were down around his ankles and appellant’s pants were

undone. Appellant took C.J. into the kitchen area behind the bar and told him to pull up his

pants. Appellant also told Jackson it was not what it looked like. Jackson took C.J. into a

bedroom to talk to him and get him ready for school. On the way to school, C.J. told her that

appellant put his “weasel” (meaning penis) in his bottom and it hurt. He also told her that he was

on the couch on his stomach and appellant was behind him. Jackson testified that after taking

C.J. to school, she returned home, told appellant to get out, and told him that she wanted him out

of the house before her children came home from school. She got on her computer and bought

appellant a one-way bus ticket to Seattle to get him to leave. She did not call the police.

       Robin Smith, communication supervisor for the Kaufman Police Department, testified

that she was the only dispatcher on call on August 23, 2011, when appellant called 911. She

talked to appellant and dispatched Sergeant Johnny Gilmore to the house at 1601 Leon Street,

Kaufman, Kaufman County, Texas. Sergeant Gilmore, a police officer with the Kaufman Police

Department, testified that when he arrived at the house, he met appellant in the yard. Appellant

told him that he and his wife were arguing over a van. Appellant explained that his wife asked
                                                –2–
him to leave but would not let him take the vehicle. Appellant also told Sergeant Gilmore that

his wife was going to tell the police that appellant had done something that was not true.

Sergeant Gilmore left appellant outside with Officer Sutton and went inside the house to talk to

Jackson. Sergeant Gilmore testified that Jackson appeared to be in shock and did not want to

talk. She finally started crying and told Sergeant Gilmore what she saw, and what C.J. told her

appellant had done. Sergeant Gilmore then contacted CID Sergeant Edwards and advised him of

the situation. Sergeant Gilmore obtained a written statement from Jackson and called the police

department’s victim coordinator to come to the house.

       Officer Court Sutton, a police officer with the Kaufman Police Department, testified that

he arrived at the scene to assist Sergeant Gilmore. He remained outside the house with appellant

while Sergeant Gilmore went into the house to speak with Jackson. When the police officers

learned that appellant had multiple outstanding warrants through the Dallas Police Department,

Officer Sutton transported appellant to the Kaufman Police Department.

       Sergeant Les Edwards, an investigator with the Kaufman Police Department, testified

that once the patrol officers arrived at the house, there was an outcry of a possible sexual assault

at which time the patrol officers contacted him to come to the scene. When he arrived at the

house, he interviewed Jackson. She was very upset and told him what she saw and about the

verbal outcry from C.J. He then went back to the police department to interview appellant.

Sergeant Edwards testified that appellant told him he made the 911 call because he and his wife

were having a dispute about a van. Appellant told Edwards that he thought his wife had already

called the police to accuse him of some kind of sexual molestation. Appellant confirmed that

C.J.’s pants were down and his own pants were unbuttoned when Jackson found him with C.J.

Appellant told Edwards he was trying to give C.J. a bath to get him ready for school. Sergeant

Edwards contacted Presbyterian Hospital in Kaufman to arrange for a sexual assault nurse
                                                –3–
examiner (SANE) evaluation of C.J. that afternoon. He also made arrangements for Child

Advocacy Center (CAC) forensic interviews of C.J., his brothers, and the foreign exchange

students.

       Sergeant Edwards testified that he asked Jackson to pick C.J. up from school and take

him to the hospital to have the SANE evaluation. Maggie Hudson, a registered sexual abuse

nurse examiner at Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Kaufman, testified that during the SANE

evaluation of C.J., he told her that his dad “put his weasel in my bobo and wiggled his body

around.” He also told Hudson it had happened before. During the physical examination, Hudson

observed redness and abrasions around C.J.’s anus. She testified that the redness and abrasions

were consistent with the body resisting an insertion. She also testified that the examination

revealed no indication of semen or lubricants.

       The next morning, Shannon Gardner, Executive Director of the Children’s Advocacy

Center, conducted the forensic interview of C.J. She testified he did not want to be interviewed

and did not say much in response to her questions. He finally made a limited outcry, telling her

that “his dad had touched his weasel with his hand and touched his butt.”

       The jury heard testimony from Ciara McKnight, appellant’s fourteen-year-old daughter.

She testified that starting when she was about ten years old, appellant would wrestle around with

her and would touch her private area. She also testified that her dad then started putting his penis

inside her. She stated she had to be treated for chlamydia and that she got it from her dad. She

said the sexual assaults continued for about a year. Ciara finally told her aunt what her dad was

doing and her aunt told her mother. Ciara said her parents divorced around that time.

       C.J. was reluctant to testify at trial. He finally testified that he remembered going to the

hospital and talking to Maggie Hudson. He said he remembered telling Hudson what appellant

                                                 –4–
had done to him. He also said that what he told her was true. He said he thought what appellant

did was gross and it hurt.

         At the close of the guilt/innocence phase of the trial, the jury found appellant guilty of the

offense of aggravated sexual assault of a child, as charged in count 1 of the amended indictment.

The jury also found appellant guilty of the offense of prohibited sexual conduct, as charged in

count 2 of the amended indictment. At the close of the punishment phase, the jury found both

enhancement paragraphs true and assessed appellant’s punishment at confinement in the

Institutional Division of the Texas Department of Criminal Justice for a term of life on each

count.    Appellant filed a motion for new trial, which was overruled by operation of law.

Appellant then filed this appeal.

                                        APPLICABLE LAW

         A person commits aggravated sexual assault of a child if the person intentionally or

knowingly causes his sexual organ to penetrate or contact the anus of a child younger than

fourteen years of age. TEX. PENAL CODE § 22.021(a)(1)(B)(i), (a)(1)(B)(iv), (a)(2)(B). The

testimony of a child victim alone is sufficient to support a conviction for aggravated sexual

assault. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.07 (West Supp. 2012); Tear v. State, 74 S.W.3d
555, 560 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2002, pet. ref’d). A person commits the offense of prohibited

sexual conduct if he engages in sexual intercourse or deviate sexual intercourse with another

person he knows to be, without regard to legitimacy, his current or former stepchild. TEX. PENAL

CODE § 25.02(a)(2). The statute further defines “deviate sexual intercourse” to include any

contact between the genitals of one person and the anus of the other person with intent to arouse

or gratify the sexual desire of any person. Id. § 25.02(b)(1).

                                                  –5–
                                          DISCUSSION

       Appellant raises nine issues on appeal. Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the

evidence in issues one through six, asserting the evidence was insufficient to:           (1) prove

territorial jurisdiction for counts 1 or 2, (2) establish counts 1 or 2 as the “earlier offense,” and

(3) establish counts 1 or 2 as the August 23, 2011 offense. In his seventh issue, appellant

contends the trial court erred in permitting a conviction on a less-than-unanimous verdict on the

alternative paragraphs alleged in count 1. In his eighth issue, appellant contends his conviction

for count 2 violated his Fifth Amendment double jeopardy guarantee.             In his ninth issue,

appellant contends the trial court violated his right to non-unanimous consideration of the lesser

included offenses of count 1.

       Appellant’s first six issues are dependent upon the assumption, expressed in his eighth

issue, that his conviction for aggravated sexual assault and prohibited sexual conduct violate the

constitutional guarantee against double jeopardy unless the State proved that two separate

offenses occurred. In an effort to more succinctly address appellant’s sufficiency issues, we first

consider appellant’s double jeopardy issue.

A. Double Jeopardy

       The amended indictment alleged that on or about August 23, 2011, Donald McKnight

committed the offenses of aggravated sexual assault of a child (count 1), prohibited sexual

conduct (count 2), indecency with a child by contact (count 3), and indecency by exposure

(counts 4 and 5). Ultimately, counts 3, 4, and 5 were submitted to the jury as lesser-included

offenses of count 1. A separate charge was given to the jury with respect to count 2.

       Appellant now urges, as he did below, that convictions for aggravated sexual assault and

prohibited sexual conduct based on the same act [the August 23, 2011 offense] constitute

multiple punishments for the same offense in violation of the Double Jeopardy Clause. See U.S.
                                                –6–
CONST. amend. V. The Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment of the United States

Constitution, made applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment, protects an

accused against a second prosecution for the same offense for which he has previously been

acquitted or convicted, and also protects him from being punished more than once for the same

offense. Id.; see Brown v. Ohio, 432 U.S.161, 165 (1977); Gonzales v. State, 304 S.W.3d 838,

845 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). The guarantee against multiple punishments does no more than

prevent the sentencing court from prescribing greater punishment than the legislature intended.

Gonzales, 304 S.W.3d at 845. To determine whether multiple punishments violate the Double

Jeopardy Clause, we compare the elements of the offenses as pled in the indictment. Littrell v.

State, 271 S.W.3d 273, 276 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008); Gallegos v. State, 340 S.W.3d 797, 801

(Tex. App.—San Antonio 2011, no pet.). “When the same act violates two different penal

statutes, the two offenses are the same for double jeopardy purposes if one of the offenses

contains all the elements of the other; they are not the same if each offense has a unique

element.” Holt v. State, No. 03-08-00631-CR, 2010 WL 2218543, at *2 (Tex. App.—Austin

June 2, 2010, pet. ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (citing Blockburger v. United

States, 284 U.S. 299, 304 (1932)). Thus, if the second offense contains an element not found in

the first offense, double jeopardy protections are not violated. Gallegos, 340 S.W.3d at 801.

       The offense of aggravated sexual assault of a child requires proof of a sexual assault of a

child younger than fourteen years of age.        See TEX. PENAL CODE § 22.021(a)(1)(B)(i),

(a)(1)(B)(iv), (a)(2)(B). The State was required to prove that C.J. was younger than fourteen

years of age at the time of the assault. Prohibited sexual conduct has an element, the family

relationship between the parties, that is not an element of aggravated sexual assault of a child.

See TEX. PENAL CODE § 25.02(a)(2). Under this statute, C.J.’s age was not a required element of

proof. Instead, the State was required to prove that C.J. was appellant’s current or former
                                               –7–
stepchild. Thus, aggravated sexual assault of a child and prohibited sexual conduct are not the

same offense under the Blockburger “same elements” test. See Ervin v. State, 991 S.W.2d 804,

814 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (describing factors to consider); see also Holt, 2010 WL 2218543, at

*3 (“convictions for sexual assault and prohibited sexual conduct, although based on the same

conduct, do not constitute multiple punishments for the same offense”). Further, there is no

indication that the legislature intended to prohibit multiple punishments when the same conduct

violates both statutes. See Ervin, 991 S.W.2d at 814; see also Holt, 2010 WL 2218543, at *2.

We conclude that appellant’s convictions for aggravated sexual assault of a child and prohibited

sexual conduct, although based on the same conduct, do not constitute multiple punishments for

the same offense. Appellant’s eighth issue is overruled.

B. Sufficiency of the Evidence

       We review the sufficiency of the evidence under the standard set out in Jackson v.

Virginia, 443 U.S. 307 (1979). Adames v. State, 353 S.W.3d 854, 859 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011).

We examine all the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and determine whether any

rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable

doubt. Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319; Wise v. State, 364 S.W.3d 900, 903 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012).

This standard recognizes Athe responsibility of the trier of fact fairly to resolve conflicts in the

testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate

facts.@ Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319; see Isassi v. State, 330 S.W.3d 633, 638 (Tex. Crim. App.

2010). The trier of fact is the sole judge of the witnesses= credibility and the weight to be given

their testimony and therefore, is free to accept or reject any or all evidence presented by either

side. See Lancon v. State, 253 S.W.3d 699, 707 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). We defer to the trial

court=s determinations of witness credibility and weight of the evidence, and may not substitute

                                                –8–
our judgment for that of the fact finder. See Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 899 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2010) (plurality op.); King v. State, 29 S.W.3d 556, 562 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).

        In his first and second issues, appellant argues the evidence was insufficient to prove

territorial jurisdiction for counts 1 and 2. Appellant does not challenge the territorial jurisdiction

of the State of Texas over conduct occurring on August 23, 2011. He does, however, argue on

appeal that count 2 was based on a prior offense and that there was no evidence that the prior

offense took place in the State of Texas.

        During pre-trial proceedings, the State argued, incorrectly, that if there was evidence at

trial of a prior offense, it would be used to support count 2. This was based on the testimony of

the SANE, Maggie Hudson, who stated that C.J. told her the sexual assault had happened before.

However, appellant was not indicted for a prior offense, there was no reference to a prior offense

in the charge for count 2, and the prosecution did not urge the prior offense as a basis for

appellant’s conviction. Instead, the charge for count 2 states that appellant was charged with

“the offense of prohibited sexual conduct, alleged to have been committed on or about August

23, 2011.” Further, during the charge conference, appellant’s counsel stated that all the offenses

were based on “that one sexual encounter.” We find nothing in the record to indicate that the

jury’s conviction in count 2 was based on a second offense that occurred prior to the August 23,

2011, offense of aggravated sexual assault.

        In light of our conclusion above that the jury’s verdicts in counts 1 and 2 were based on

appellant’s conduct on August 23, 2011, we need not consider whether evidence at trial was

sufficient to establish the territorial jurisdiction of the State of Texas over a prior offense.

        The State of Texas has jurisdiction over an offense if the conduct occurs inside the State.

See TEX. PENAL CODE § 1.04(a)(1); see also Lane v. State, 174 S.W.3d 376, 387 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, pet. ref’d). We conclude the evidence was sufficient to allow a
                                                  –9–
rational jury to find, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the August 23, 2011 aggravated sexual

assault of a child and the prohibited sexual conduct took place at the family home in Kaufman,

Texas. The State of Texas has jurisdiction over the offenses stated in counts 1 and 2. See TEX.

PENAL CODE § 1.04(a)(1). Appellant’s first and second issues are overruled.

       In issues three and four, appellant argues the evidence was insufficient to establish counts

1 or 2 as the “earlier offense.” However, because we have already concluded that the jury’s

verdicts in counts 1 and 2 were based on appellant’s conduct on August 23, 2011, we need not

consider whether the evidence at trial was sufficient to establish a prior offense. Appellant’s

third and fourth issues are overruled.

       In his fifth and sixth issues, appellant questions whether the evidence is “qualitatively

sufficient” to support convictions for aggravated sexual assault and prohibited sexual conduct.

The record reflects C.J.’s mother testified that her husband [appellant] sexually assaulted her six-

year-old son in the living room of their family home in Kaufman, Texas, on August 23, 2011.

All three police officers testified that appellant was at the house in Kaufman the morning of

August 23, 2011. The same day, C.J. made an outcry to his mother and the SANE that appellant

penetrated his anus with appellant’s penis. The jury heard testimony that the SANE evaluation

revealed redness and abrasions around the child’s anus, consistent with resisting a penetration.

The jury heard testimony from C.J., who confirmed the elements of the offense. Appellant told

Sergeant Edwards that when his wife walked into the living room of their home, the child’s pants

were down and his own pants were undone but said he was trying to give C.J. a bath. We

conclude the evidence was sufficient to prove aggravated sexual assault of a child.

       The jury also heard testimony that C.J. was appellant’s stepson.          Yolanda Jackson

testified that she and appellant married in October 2010, and were married at the time of the

offense. Thus, C.J. was appellant’s stepchild on August 23, 2011. Coupled with the evidence
                                               –10–
that appellant penetrated C.J.’s anus with appellant’s penis, the evidence was sufficient to allow

a rational jury to find, beyond a reasonable doubt, the offense of prohibited sexual conduct.

Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319; Wise, 364 S.W.3d at 903. Appellant’s fifth and sixth issues are

overruled.

C. Charge Error

       In his seventh and ninth issues, appellant complains of charge error. Specifically, he

argues the trial court erred by permitting conviction on a less-than-unanimous verdict on the

alternative paragraphs alleged in count 1 and by refusing to give the jury his requested “benefit-

of-the-doubt” instruction with respect to count 1. Appellate review of purported jury charge

error involves a two-step process. Kirsch v. State, 357 S.W.3d 645, 649 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012);

Abdnor v. State, 871 S.W.2d 726, 731 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994). We first determine whether the

charge is erroneous. Kirsch, 357 S.W.3d at 649; Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738, 743 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2005) (en banc). If error is found, we analyze the error for harm. Ngo, 175 S.W.3d at 743.

The degree of harm necessary for reversal depends on whether error was preserved by objection.

Id. If the defendant properly objected to an erroneous jury charge, reversal is required if we find

“some harm” to the defendant’s rights. See id; see also Abdnor, 871 S.W.2d at 731–32; Almanza

v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984).

       1. Unanimous Verdict

       We begin with appellant’s complaint that he was deprived of his right to a unanimous

verdict on the alternative paragraphs alleged in count 1. The jury charge on count 1 instructed

the jury to convict appellant on count 1 if it found that, on or about August 23, 2011, appellant

caused the penetration of the anus of complainant or if it found appellant caused complainant’s

anus to contact appellant’s sexual organ.

                                              –11–
       In this case, the jury was instructed as follows:

       Now bearing in mind the foregoing instructions, if you believe from the evidence
       beyond a reasonable doubt that on or about August 23, 2011 in Kaufman County,
       Texas the defendant, Donald McKnight, did then and there intentionally or
       knowingly cause the penetration of the anus of [C.J.], a child who was then and
       there younger than 14 years of age, by defendant’s sexual organ, OR that the
       defendant then and there intentionally or knowingly cause the anus of [C.J.], a
       child who was then and there younger than 14 years of age, to contact the sexual
       organ of defendant, then you will find the defendant guilty of aggravated sexual
       assault of a child, as charged in Count I of the indictment in Cause No. 30048-86.

       The Texas Constitution requires a unanimous verdict in all felony criminal cases. TEX.

CONST. art. V, § 13; see TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 36.29(a) (West Supp. 2012). A

unanimous verdict is more than a mere agreement on a violation of a statute; it ensures that the

jury agrees on the factual elements underlying an offense. Francis v. State, 36 S.W.3d 121, 125

(Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (op. on reh’g) (en banc). Generally, instructing a jury on alternative

theories of committing the same offense does not violate the unanimity requirement. Martinez v.

State, 129 S.W.3d 101, 103 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). If a defendant is charged with multiple

offenses, the trial court must instruct the jury that it cannot return a guilty verdict unless it

unanimously agrees upon which offense the defendant committed. Ngo, 175 S.W.3d at 744.

       Appellant was charged with violating section 22.021 of the penal code. Generally,

section 22.021 identifies different types of conduct that constitute separate offenses, even if the

different acts occur in the same transaction.      See TEX. PENAL CODE § 22.021(a)(1)(B)(i),

(a)(1)(B)(iv), (a)(2)(B); see also Valdez v. State, 211 S.W.3d 395, 400 (Tex. App.—Eastland

2006, no pet.); Tyson v. State, 172 S.W.3d 172, 178 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2005, pet. ref’d).

There are some cases, however, in which one of the acts would necessarily be subsumed by

another, such as contact and penetration. Valdez, 211 S.W.3d at 400; see also Gonzalez Soto v.

State, 267 S.W.3d 327, 339 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2008, no pet). In that event, what would

                                               –12–
appear under the charge to be two acts–contact and penetration–is, essentially, one act for

purposes of determining unanimity, and as such, the defendant’s right to unanimity in his verdict

is not violated because every juror who believed that the defendant penetrated the alleged victim

“necessarily believed that the antecedent contact had occurred.” Valdez, 211 S.W.3d at 400; see

Hendrix v. State, 150 S.W.3d 839, 848 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2004, pet. ref’d); see

also Patterson v. State, 152 S.W.3d 88, 92 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) (en banc) (holding that penile

contact with the alleged victim’s mouth, genitals, or anus in the course of penile penetration is

subsumed within the penetration offense).

       Appellant argues that the evidence showed separate incidents of contact and penetration.

However, the record does not support appellant’s contention and we have previously found

against him on this issue. The allegation that appellant caused C.J.’s anus to contact his sexual

organ is subsumed with the allegation that he penetrated C.J.’s anus with his sexual organ. See

Patterson, 152 S.W.3d at 92; Hendrix, 150 S.W.3d at 847–48. Thus a jury charge which submits

instances of penetration and contact occurring in the same transaction does not deprive a

defendant of a unanimous verdict. See Valdez, 211 S.W.3d at 400; Hendrix, 150 S.W.3d at 848.

We conclude the charge submitted in count 1 did not deprive appellant of a unanimous verdict.

Appellant’s seventh issue is overruled.

       2. Benefit-Of-The-Doubt Instruction

       In his ninth issue, appellant complains the trial court erred in refusing his requested

instruction that if the jury had a reasonable doubt as to whether the defendant committed

aggravated sexual assault or indecency with a child, the jury should resolve that doubt in favor of

the defendant and find him guilty of the lesser-included-offense of indecency with a child. The

parties discussed this proposed language at length during the charge conference. The trial judge

responded, stating that the jury charge was set up the way he normally saw it, that the jury
                                              –13–
considers the more serious charge first and then goes on to the lesser-included only if they find

the defendant not guilty on the more serious charge. In denying the requested language, the trial

judge noted that it appeared defendant was suggesting the jury should consider more than one

charge at a time instead of considering the more serious charge first and going to the lesser-

included only if they found the defendant not guilty of the more serious one. On appeal,

appellant argues that his proposed language was a “benefit of the doubt” instruction that should

have given to the jury upon the request of the defendant. He contends the trial court’s refusal to

give his proposed instruction violated appellant’s right to non-unanimous consideration of the

lesser offenses to count 1.

          The general rule has been that where greater and lesser grades or degrees of an offense

are charged, the court must give the jury a “benefit of the doubt” instruction if requested by the

defendant. See Kihega v. State, 392 S.W.3d 828, 835 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2013, no pet.);

Benavides v. State, 763 S.W.2d 587, 589 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1988, pet. ref’d). The

instruction is given to clear up any confusion where the jury has no reasonable doubt as to the

defendant’s guilt, but is uncertain about the grade or degree of the offense. Benavides, 763
S.W.2d at 589 (citing Richardson v. State, 108 Tex. Crim. 318, 328, 239 S.W. 218, 224 (1922).

Failure to include a “benefit of the doubt” instruction is not harmful to the defendant, however, if

the charge as a whole leaves no uncertainty as to how to resolve any doubt. Benavides, 763
S.W.2d at 589; Shelby v. State, 724 S.W.2d 138, 140 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1987) (op. on reh’g),

vacated on other grounds, 761 S.W.2d 5 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988). Our determination is made

from a review of the entire jury charge, the evidence, argument of counsel, and any other

relevant information revealed by the record. Abdnor, 871 S.W.2d at 733; Almanza, 686 S.W.2d

at 171.

                                               –14–
       The charge in this case is similar to the charge in Shelby v. State, in which this Court held

that refusal of a requested instruction on benefit of the doubt was not harmful to the appellant. In

the Shelby case, we stated:

       Although a requested instruction may be proper, its refusal is not harmful to the
       defendant if the charge given by the court adequately presents the theory proposed
       by the requested instruction. Thomas v. State, 578 S.W.2d 691, 698 (Tex. Crim.
       App. 1979). Although the charge does not explicitly advise the jury, as requested
       by appellant, that appellant should be given the “benefit of the doubt” if they are
       in doubt as to whether he is guilty of murder or aggravated assault, the charge
       leaves no uncertainty as to how to resolve the doubt or where the burden of proof
       lies on that issue. Consequently, we hold that the court did not err in denying the
       requested instruction.

Shelby, 724 S.W.2d at 140.

       The present charge, in our view, leaves no uncertainty as to how to resolve any doubt

regarding what verdict to return if the jury believed appellant was guilty but had doubt as to

whether he was guilty of aggravated sexual assault or indecency with a child. No further

“benefit of the doubt” instruction was necessary. See id.; see also Benavides, 763 S.W.2d at 589.

Appellant’s ninth issue is overruled.

                                         CONCLUSION

       Having overruled all of appellant’s issues, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                                                    /David Lewis/
                                                    DAVID LEWIS
                                                    JUSTICE

Do Not Publish
Tex. R. App. P. 47

120445F.U05

                                               –15–
                                       S
                               Court of Appeals
                        Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                      JUDGMENT

DONALD ALLEN MCKNIGHT, Appellant                    On Appeal from the 86th District Court,
                                                    Kaufman County, Texas
No. 05-12-00445-CR         V.                       Trial Court Cause No. 30048-86.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee                        Opinion delivered by Justice Lewis.
                                                    Justices FitzGerald and Francis participating.

       Based on the Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is AFFIRMED.

Judgment entered this 23rd day of August, 2013.

                                                  /David Lewis/
                                                  DAVID LEWIS
                                                  JUSTICE

                                             –16–