Court Opinion

ID: 9408234
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-07-11 21:00:38.716623+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:42.814899
License: Public Domain

USCA4 Appeal: 22-1049     Doc: 31         Filed: 07/10/2023    Pg: 1 of 19

                                             PUBLISHED

                               UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

                                              No. 22-1049

        JOSE IVAN TREJO TEPAS,

                            Petitioner,

                     v.

        MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney General,

                            Respondent.

        On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals.

        Argued: March 9, 2023                                            Decided: July 10, 2023

        Before NIEMEYER, QUATTLEBAUM, and RUSHING, Circuit Judges.

        Petition for review denied by published opinion. Judge Niemeyer wrote the opinion, in
        which Judge Quattlebaum and Judge Rushing joined.

        ARGUED: Ronald Darwin Richey, LAW OFFICE OF RONALD D. RICHEY, Rockville,
        Maryland, for Petitioner. Andrew Nathan O’Malley, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT
        OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C, for Respondent. ON BRIEF: Brian M. Boynton,
        Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Cindy S. Ferrier, Assistant Director, Office
        of Immigration Litigation, Civil Division, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF
        JUSTICE, Washington, D.C, for Respondent.
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        NIEMEYER, Circuit Judge:

               After Jose I. Trejo Tepas, a native and citizen of El Salvador, applied for asylum,

        withholding of removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”), the

        immigration judge (“IJ”) denied his application and ordered that Trejo Tepas be removed

        to El Salvador. The IJ explained that while Trejo Tepas had left El Salvador because of a

        genuine fear of gangs, neither he nor his family had had any encounters with gang

        members. Because the basis for his fear was simply a “generalized” fear of criminal gang

        members and violence in El Salvador, the IJ found that he was ineligible for relief.

               On appeal to the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”), Trejo Tepas argued that

        he had proceeded pro se before the IJ and that the IJ had failed to develop the record, as

        required by Quintero v. Garland, 998 F.3d 612, 622 (4th Cir. 2021) (holding that

        immigration judges have a “duty to develop the record in immigration court proceedings”).

        He argued that he was not advised of the governing procedures and that the IJ did not

        sufficiently probe his factual circumstances. He requested that his case be remanded to the

        IJ. The BIA concluded, however, that the IJ had indeed fulfilled the requirements of

        Quintero and affirmed.

               In the particular circumstances of this case, we conclude that the BIA did not err

        and affirm its decision.

                                                     I

               In April 2016, Trejo Tepas sought admission into the United States at the Paso del

        Norte Port of Entry in El Paso, Texas. He was 16 years old, unaccompanied by a parent or

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        guardian, and lacked a valid entry document. After he was served with a Notice to Appear

        charging him with being subject to removal, he was taken into the custody of the

        Department of Health and Human Services’ Office of Refugee Resettlement. After two

        weeks, however, he was released into the care of his father, who was then living in

        Maryland.

               Trejo Tepas and his father thereafter appeared at three hearings — in July 2016,

        May 2017, and December 2017 — and on each occasion, the hearing was continued to give

        them more time to find a lawyer to represent Trejo Tepas. At a fourth hearing, in May

        2019, Trejo Tepas again appeared pro se, and he conceded that he had applied for

        admission into the United States without a valid entry document. The IJ therefore found

        that he was subject to removal as charged. When the IJ asked Trejo Tepas whether he was

        “afraid to go back to El Salvador,” Trejo Tepas replied that he was, and the IJ then advised

        him to take an asylum application. The IJ further noted that Trejo Tepas was being

        provided with “instructions or information that [he] might be able to use to explain why

        [he] did not file [his] application for asylum within one year.” The IJ advised Trejo Tepas

        that prior to the next hearing, he would need to submit “any paperwork that [he] want[ed]

        the Court to consider when . . . telling [his] side of the story, including letters from people

        who might be able to help [him] tell [his] story about why [he] [did not] want to go back

        to El Salvador.” He also told Trejo Tepas that he should identify “any witnesses that [he]

        want[ed] to help [him] tell [his] side of the story.” And finally, the IJ “strongly advise[d]”

        Trejo Tepas “to find an attorney.” At the close of the hearing, Trejo Tepas was given a

        written notice that his next hearing would take place on March 2, 2020.

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               While not referenced during the May 2019 hearing, the record indicates that Trejo

        Tepas had actually filed an application for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under

        CAT a year earlier — on May 2, 2018 — when he was 18 years old. That application

        reflected that it had been prepared on Trejo Tepas’s behalf by someone associated with

        Catholic Charities’ Pro Se Asylum Clinic. The application indicated that Trejo Tepas was

        seeking asylum and withholding of removal based on his membership in a particular social

        group, although it did not identify the group. It explained that Trejo Tepas feared returning

        to El Salvador because he “fear[ed] being abused, beaten or killed by [the] gangs in [his]

        home country because [he] was not part of their gang.” But it acknowledged that neither

        he nor his family, nor any close friends or colleagues, had “ever experienced harm or

        mistreatment or threats in the past by anyone.” Attached to the application were several

        reports regarding country conditions in El Salvador.

               At the March 2, 2020 hearing, at which Trejo Tepas again appeared pro se, he

        confirmed that a person from Catholic Charities had helped him complete his 2018

        application, and he reaffirmed its contents. In response to questioning by the IJ and with

        the assistance of an interpreter, Trejo Tepas testified that he had come to the United States

        because “[i]n [his] country, [he] couldn’t go to school [and] couldn’t go out,” as “[i]t was

        very dangerous” “[b]ecause of the gang members.” At that point, the IJ probed further into

        the circumstances of his interactions with gang members:

               Q:     Did gang members ever approach you directly?

               A:     Yes, nearby — near — close-by, because they killed classmates.

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               Q:     The question is, did any gang members ever confront you or have an
                      encounter with you directly?

               A:     No, but I was in constant fear. I couldn’t go out, I couldn’t do
                      anything. I, I couldn’t do anything because of that fear. I wanted a
                      better future.

        During further questioning by the IJ, Trejo Tepas acknowledged that gang members had

        not had “any encounters [with] or approach[ed] anyone in [his] family,” but, he said, his

        family members were also “fearful to go out.” He testified that he had stopped going to

        school after he finished the ninth grade because his school “was [in] a city [where] there

        was a lot of danger” because of the gangs.

               After exploring Trejo Tepas’s circumstances, the IJ asked Trejo Tepas if there was

        “anything else that [he] would like the Court to know about why [he] should not have to

        go back to El Salvador.” Trejo Tepas responded simply that he was “scared . . . that

        something [could] happen to [him].” He then confirmed that he had nothing further to say.

               Based on the record, including Trejo Tepas’s application for relief and his

        testimony, the IJ denied Trejo Tepas’s request for relief and ordered that he be removed to

        El Salvador. At the outset of her decision, the IJ found that Trejo Tepas was credible and

        that his fear of returning to El Salvador was “subjectively genuine.”             The IJ also

        acknowledged that on an objective basis, the evidence of country conditions supported the

        fact that there remained a high level of crime in El Salvador. But the IJ found further that

        Trejo Tepas had not experienced any past harm and also that he had “not shown a nexus

        between a well-founded fear of future persecution and a protected ground.” The IJ told

        Trejo Tepas that she “recognize[d] . . . that there’s a reasonable reason for you to fear living

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        [in El Salvador] because there is such a high level of crime [there]. But legally, to be

        granted asylum, you need more than just that you fear the gangs in El Salvador.” In

        denying CAT relief, the IJ also noted that there was “no evidence” that it was “more likely

        than not that [Trejo Tepas] would be tortured in the future in El Salvador with the consent

        or acquiescence of the government.”

               Following the March 2, 2020 hearing, Trejo Tepas obtained counsel and filed an

        appeal to the BIA, basing his argument on our intervening decision in Quintero. He argued

        that “Immigration Judges have a legal duty to fully develop the record in the cases that

        come before them,” quoting Quintero, 998 F.3d at 626, and that the IJ has the responsibility

        “to ensure that relevant evidence is entered into the record.” He claimed that the IJ had

        failed to perform those duties.

               The BIA dismissed Trejo Tepas’s appeal by a decision dated December 17, 2021.

        It found that “the record reflect[ed] that the [IJ] fulfilled [her] duty to inform [Trejo Tepas]

        of all relief from removal for which he was apparently eligible,” noting that the IJ had

        “inquired of [his] fear of returning to El Salvador” and had “provided him with the

        appropriate application to file a claim for asylum and related relief.” It also found that the

        IJ had adequately developed the record. The BIA reasoned that unlike in Quintero, where

        the alien’s testimony “yielded sufficient facts to put the [IJ] on notice of a particular social

        group that could potentially serve as [a] basis for a viable asylum claim,” the testimony of

        Trejo Tepas did not put the IJ on such notice, and the IJ had “elicited sufficient facts from

        [him] to understand the nature of his claim.” The BIA noted that Trejo Tepas had

        “unequivocally indicated that . . . the sole basis for his asylum claim” was his “fear that he

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        would be abused, beaten, or killed by gang members because he was not himself a gang

        member.” In sum, it concluded that the IJ had “adequately developed the record” and

        “properly determined that the basis for [Trejo Tepas’s] claims for relief was simply a

        generalized fear of criminal gang members and violent conditions in El Salvador.” The

        BIA thus affirmed the IJ’s decision.

               From the BIA’s order dismissing Trejo Tepas’s appeal, Trejo Tepas filed this

        petition for review.

                                                     II

               Trejo Tepas contends first that initial jurisdiction over his asylum application

        properly lay with United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (“USCIS”), rather

        than the IJ, because he entered the United States as an “unaccompanied alien child.” See

        8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(3)(C). He argues that “the BIA should have remanded [his] asylum

        proceedings back to the IJ to then allow [him] the opportunity to apply for asylum before

        USCIS.” He argues further that this result is required by a preliminary injunction entered

        by the district court in the ongoing class action of J.O.P. v. DHS, 338 F.R.D. 33 (D. Md.

        2020), appeal held in abeyance pending settlement discussions, No. 21-1187 (4th Cir. July

        12, 2021).

               The government responds that Trejo Tepas failed to exhaust this issue

        administratively and that, as a result, we lack jurisdiction over it pursuant to 8 U.S.C.

        § 1252(d)(1) (providing that “[a] court may review a final order of removal only if . . . the

        alien has exhausted all administrative remedies available to the alien as of right”). In

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        advancing this argument, the government relies on cases like Cabrera v. Barr, 930 F.3d

        627, 631 (4th Cir. 2019), and Massis v. Mukasey, 549 F.3d 631, 638 (4th Cir. 2008), which

        concluded that this exhaustion requirement was jurisdictional.

               The Supreme Court has, however, held recently that § 1252(d)(1) is not

        jurisdictional but instead represents “a claim-processing rule . . . ‘prescribing the method

        by which the jurisdiction granted the courts by Congress is to be exercised.’” Santos-

        Zacaria v. Garland, 143 S. Ct. 1103, 1110, 1114 (2023) (cleaned up) (quoting Kontrick v.

        Ryan, 540 U.S. 443, 454 (2004)). Nonetheless, the Court recognized that § 1252(d)(1)

        remains a mandatory claim-processing rule, id. at 1115, and consequently, if Trejo Tepas

        failed to comply with it, as the government contends, it would be a basis for denying review

        of his claim that his application should have been adjudicated in the first instance by

        USCIS, rather than an IJ.

               In this case, Trejo Tepas did include this jurisdictional argument in the body of his

        Notice of Appeal to the BIA. But in the same notice, he checked a box indicating that he

        intended to file “a separate written brief or statement.” This question on the appeal form

        was accompanied by a warning that if he checked the box but then failed to file such a brief

        or statement, the BIA would be authorized to “summarily dismiss [his] appeal.” See

        8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(d)(2)(i)(E) (authorizing “[a] single Board member or panel [to]

        summarily dismiss any appeal or portion of any appeal” on that ground). In the brief that

        Trejo Tepas subsequently filed, he made no mention at all of his argument that the IJ lacked

        initial jurisdiction because of his status as an unaccompanied alien child. Indeed, the brief

        stated that one “issue [was] presented for review” — “[w]hether the Immigration Judge

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        failed to fully develop the record, depriving [Trejo Tepas] of a full and fair hearing.”

        Moreover, in developing this argument in his brief, he made statements that directly

        contradicted his jurisdictional argument, asserting that his case should “be remanded to the

        Immigration Court for further fact-finding and reconsideration of his applications for

        asylum, withholding of removal and relief pursuant to the Convention Against Torture.”

        (Emphasis added). As a consequence, the BIA addressed only the argument that Trejo

        Tepas included in his brief — that the IJ failed to fully develop the record — and not the

        jurisdictional issue.

               In these circumstances, where Trejo Tepas filed a brief on appeal to the BIA that

        did not include the initial jurisdictional issue he now seeks to raise and where the BIA did

        not address it, we conclude that he failed to exhaust his administrative remedies as to his

        argument that USCIS, rather than an IJ, had initial jurisdiction over his asylum application.

        See Claudio v. Holder, 601 F.3d 316, 319 (5th Cir. 2010) (“[O]nce a petitioner elects in his

        notice of appeal to file a brief, that brief becomes the operative document through which

        any issues that a petitioner wishes to have considered must be raised”); Abebe v. Mukasey,

        554 F.3d 1203, 1208 (9th Cir. 2009) (en banc) (per curiam) (“When a petitioner files no

        brief and relies entirely on the notice of appeal to make an immigration argument, as he

        may do before the BIA, see 8 C.F.R. § 1003.38(f), then the notice of appeal serves in lieu

        of a brief, and he will be deemed to have exhausted all issues raised therein. But when a

        petitioner does file a brief, the BIA is entitled to look to the brief for an explication of the

        issues that petitioner is presenting to have reviewed”); Hassan v. Gonzales, 403 F.3d 429,

        433 n.5 (6th Cir. 2005) (recognizing that “arguments presented in the notice of appeal and

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        not adopted in [a] subsequently filed brief are waived, unless the BIA addresses them in its

        decision” because “the arguments presented [in the brief] supersede the statements made

        in the preliminary notice of appeal”). But see Hoxha v. Holder, 559 F.3d 157, 163 (3d Cir.

        2009) (holding that an asylum applicant had administratively exhausted an issue where he

        included it in his notice of appeal but did not discuss it in a subsequently filed brief and the

        BIA did not address it). Because Trejo Tepas failed to exhaust his administrative remedies,

        as required by § 1252(d)(1), we deny review of his claim that USCIS and not an IJ should

        have decided his asylum application in the first instance. *

                                                      III

               For his main argument on appeal, Trejo Tepas contends that the IJ did not

        adequately develop the record, as required by our decision in Quintero v. Garland,

        998 F.3d 612 (4th Cir. 2021), and that the BIA therefore erred in finding that the IJ had

        fulfilled the requirements of Quintero. He argues that the IJ failed, among other things, to

        “ensure that relevant evidence and facts [were] entered into the record” by “inquiring into

        all relevant facts”; to “sufficiently explain the procedures involved in the hearing and the

        relevant legal requirements in simple terms,” including “what a particular social group is

        and/or what kind of evidence may be relevant to his claim”; and “to help [him] articulate a

               *
                 Even on the merits, Trejo Tepas’s procedural claim is questionable because shortly
        after he entered the United States, he was released into the care of his father, at which point
        he was no longer an “unaccompanied alien child.” See 6 U.S.C. § 279(g)(2). Moreover,
        when he first filed his application for asylum in May 2018, he was an adult. See id.; see
        also 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(3)(C) (providing that “[a]n asylum officer . . . shall have initial
        jurisdiction over any asylum application filed by an unaccompanied alien child”).
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        cognizable social group supported by [the] facts.” Accordingly, he requests that we remand

        the matter for another hearing before the IJ.

               The BIA’s decision addressing this claim concluded that Trejo Tepas’s application

        and testimony failed to rise to the level of the circumstances presented in Quintero and that

        the IJ “elicited sufficient facts” through her questioning of Trejo Tepas to make clear that

        his claim was based simply on “a generalized fear of criminal gang members and violent

        conditions in El Salvador” in circumstances where “he had not been confronted by or had

        any encounter with gang members.” Thus, there was “nothing in [Trejo Tepas’s] asylum

        application or testimony to indicate that there was an articulable particular social group

        that [would be] cognizable for asylum purposes.” The BIA thus concluded that “[u]nder

        the circumstances, [it was] satisfied that the Immigration Judge adequately developed the

        record.” (Emphasis added).

               The question thus presented is whether the IJ satisfied the legal “duty to fully

        develop the record” in a manner “responsive to the particular circumstances of [Trejo

        Tepas’s] case,” Quintero, 998 F.3d at 628–29 (cleaned up), including whether Trejo Tepas

        made a “sufficient factual showing of [his] eligibility for relief” to give the IJ the additional

        “duty to flesh out those facts and to help [Trejo Tepas] articulate a legally cognizable

        particular social group based on [those] factual circumstances,” id. at 638. In considering

        this issue, we turn first to Quintero.

               In Quintero, the petitioner, a citizen of El Salvador, appeared pro se before the IJ

        for a hearing on his application for asylum, withholding of removal, and CAT protection.

        He testified that he had joined MS-13 as a teenager, but when he realized that he had made

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        a mistake and told the gang that he wanted to leave, gang members beat him and threatened

        repeatedly to kill him. Quintero, 998 F.3d at 619–20. He further testified that gang

        members had murdered his cousin when his cousin tried to leave the gang. Id. at 619. The

        IJ denied the application for relief, finding that “no reliable evidence in the record

        support[ed] [his] eligibility for asylum or withholding of removal.” Id. at 620. The BIA

        affirmed. Id. The petitioner then filed a petition for review, arguing specifically that “the

        immigration judge had a duty to fully develop the record as to two particular social groups

        plainly supported by his factual allegations — former MS-13 members in El Salvador who

        left the gang without permission and family members of . . . his murdered cousin.” Id. at

        622.

               In reviewing the BIA’s decision, we began generally by recognizing that in

        immigration court proceedings, IJs have a “duty to develop the record” and explained that

        this duty flowed from three “sources of authority.” Quintero, 998 F.3d at 623; see also id.

        at 626 & n.13. First, we pointed to a provision of the Immigration and Nationality Act that

        provides that in removal proceedings, IJs are required to “administer oaths, receive

        evidence, and interrogate, examine, and cross-examine the alien and any witnesses.”

        8 U.S.C. § 1229a(b)(1) (emphasis added); see also Quintero, 998 F.3d at 623, 626. In this

        manner, the IJ is “not merely the fact finder and adjudicator but also has an obligation to

        establish the record.” Quintero, 998 F.3d at 623 (quoting Yang v. McElroy, 277 F.3d 158,

        162 (2d Cir. 2002)).     Second, we noted that removal proceedings are procedurally

        analogous to proceedings addressing disability claims under the Social Security Act, in

        which administrative law judges “have a similar obligation” “to develop the record.” Id.

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        at 624, 626. Finally, we noted that IJs have a responsibility to fulfill U.S. treaty obligations

        under the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, under which,

        despite an applicant’s having the burden of demonstrating his claim for relief, the IJ has

        the “responsibility of ensuring that refugee protection is provided where such protection is

        warranted by the circumstances of an asylum applicant’s claim.” Id. at 625 (quoting Matter

        of S-M-J-, 21 I. & N. Dec. 722, 723 (BIA 1997)). As a result, the IJ “share[s]” with the

        applicant “the duty to ascertain and evaluate all the relevant facts.” Id. (cleaned up). And

        in addition to relying on these sources for imposing the duty to develop the record, we

        added that when the applicant is proceeding pro se, there is a “particularly strong need for

        [these] procedural protections.” Id. at 627.

               The duty to develop the record, as we explained, requires not only explaining legal

        procedures to the applicant but also “prob[ing] into, inquir[ing] of, and elicit[ting] all facts

        relevant to [the applicant’s] claims.” Quintero, 998 F.3d at 629. But we also recognized

        that the scope of the duty “inevitably depends on the particulars of each case.” Id. at 630.

        And applying the duty to the particular circumstances then before us, we held that when

        asylum seekers “make a sufficient factual showing of their eligibility for relief, . . .

        immigration judges . . . have a duty to flesh out those facts and to help applicants articulate

        a legally cognizable particular social group based on their factual circumstances.” Id. at

        638; see also id. at 639.

               This all said, we also recognized in Quintero that the IJ must not become an

        advocate but must remain a “neutral arbiter” in what still remains an adversary process.

        998 F.3d at 638. And the applicant retains the burden of proving eligibility for the relief

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        he seeks. Id. Thus, the IJ’s duty to develop the record must respond to the circumstances

        that the applicant presents in furtherance of satisfying his burden. In sum, consistent with

        a policy of providing refugees with a readily accessible process for seeking available relief,

        Quintero imposes on the IJ a duty to develop the record in support of applications for relief,

        while at the same time requiring the IJ to remain sufficiently neutral so as to be able to

        function as the arbiter in an adversary proceeding. As we explained, this duty in the context

        of an immigration proceeding is “hardly different from federal courts’ duty to liberally

        construe pro se complaints and to help identify potentially viable legal claims that the

        plaintiff may not have raised.” Id.

               In this case, the factual circumstances that Trejo Tepas presented — both in his

        application and through his testimony — were plainly insufficient to support his claims for

        relief. The IJ, recognizing this, probed into the factual circumstances to determine whether

        there was more to Trejo Tepas’s story. Thus, when Trejo Tepas testified that he came to

        this country because he could not go to school in El Salvador as “[i]t was very dangerous”

        “[b]ecause of the gang members,” the IJ probed those facts and asked Trejo Tepas whether

        gang members “ever approach[ed] [him] directly” and whether gang members “ever

        confront[ed] [him] or [had] an encounter with [him] directly.” The IJ also asked whether

        gang members had “any encounters [with] or approach[ed] anyone in [his] family.” The

        IJ probed when Trejo Tepas had left school and sought to explore the scope of Trejo

        Tepas’s fear. Despite this questioning, Trejo Tepas stood by his testimony that he never

        had any encounters with gang members and that he and his family were never threatened

        by gang members. The BIA concluded accordingly that the IJ’s inquiries only led to dead

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        ends and that, based on the information that Trejo Tepas had presented, there was “nothing

        in [his] asylum application or testimony to indicate that there was an articulable particular

        social group that is cognizable for asylum purposes, or any other protected ground

        underlying [his] claim that might serve as a viable basis for a grant of asylum or

        withholding of removal.” It concluded that, even with the IJ’s assistance, the only thing

        that Trejo Tepas could present was a “generalized fear of criminal gang members and

        violent conditions in El Salvador,” which could not support a claim for relief.

               We conclude that despite the IJ’s assistance in developing the record, Trejo Tepas

        did not make the factual showing necessary for relief. The BIA concluded that nothing

        more was required from the IJ. And we conclude that the BIA did not err in its recognition

        that, in the context of this case, the demands of Quintero were satisfied.

                                                     IV

               Trejo Tepas also contends that the IJ was required to, but did not, inform him of all

        available relief, particularly “both forms of Voluntary Departure.” The BIA concluded that

        the IJ did provide Trejo Tepas with forms and instructions for filing a claim for asylum and

        related relief and did instruct him on what he needed to gather and present at the hearing.

        But as to informing Trejo Tepas about pre-hearing voluntary departure, the BIA concluded

        that the IJ “was not required to inform” him of such relief “because he did not waive his

        appeal and [was] [therefore] not eligible for that relief.” See 8 C.F.R. § 1240.26(b)(1).

        And as to post-hearing voluntary departure, the BIA noted that Trejo Tepas had “not

        demonstrated eligibility” for such relief because he had not shown that he had “a valid

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        travel document, the ability to pay for travel, or the willingness to depart pursuant to a

        voluntary departure order.” See id. § 1240.26(c).

               On appeal, Trejo Tepas has not presented any argument as to why the BIA was

        wrong in finding him ineligible for either form of voluntary departure. Therefore, we

        conclude that he has waived the issue. See Suarez-Valenzuela v. Holder, 714 F.3d 241,

        248 (4th Cir. 2013).

                                                     V

               Finally, on the merits of his petition, Trejo Tepas contends that the BIA erred in

        concluding that he failed to satisfy the requirements for asylum and the other relief

        requested. He claims that he adequately showed that he had a “well-founded fear of future

        persecution because of his membership” in one or both of the following particular social

        groups — “an El Salvadorian classmate of youth killed by violent and powerful gang

        members, and an El Salvadorian witness to school classmates killed by violent and

        powerful gang members.”

               An alien bears the burden of proving eligibility for asylum.           See 8 U.S.C.

        § 1158(b)(1)(B)(i); 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(a). And to be eligible for asylum, an alien must

        establish that he is a “refugee,” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1), which is defined as a person who is

        unable or unwilling to return to his home country because of persecution or a well-founded

        fear of persecution on account of his race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular

        social group, or political opinion, id. § 1101(a)(42)(A). The applicant for asylum must also

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        show that his government is “unable or unwilling to control” the alleged persecution.

        Arita-Deras v. Wilkinson, 990 F.3d 350, 357 (4th Cir. 2021).

               The record shows that Trejo Tepas left his country because of fear of gang members.

        But the IJ found that “no gang member had contacted him, nor anybody in his family, but,

        nonetheless, he wanted a better future, and he did live in constant fear.” The IJ concluded

        that Trejo Tepas had not established past persecution, nor had he shown a well-founded

        fear of experiencing harm in the future on account of a protected ground. In affirming, the

        BIA noted that Trejo Tepas’s asylum application expressed “fear that he would be abused,

        beaten, or killed by gang members because he was not himself a gang member” and that

        “this was the sole basis for his asylum claim.” Moreover, it found that there was nothing

        in Trejo Tepas’s application or testimony “to indicate that there was an articulable

        particular social group that is cognizable for asylum purposes.” On this record, it found

        that the basis for Trejo Tepas’s claims for relief “was simply a generalized fear of criminal

        gang members and violent conditions in El Salvador,” which does not support an asylum

        claim or the other relief requested.

               We cannot conclude that the BIA’s conclusions were legally erroneous or lacked

        evidentiary support — indeed, the facts are not disputed. First, it is significant that,

        according to his sworn statements, Trejo Tepas had never personally had any encounter

        with gang members directly and had never been threatened or otherwise harmed by them.

        Similarly, he remained consistent in testifying that gang members never “encounter[ed] or

        approach[ed] anyone in [his] family.” Indeed, in his written application, he stated that

        neither his family nor his close friends or colleagues ever experienced harm or

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        mistreatment or threats in the past by anyone. There is simply no indication in the record

        that Trejo Tepas suffered any past persecution or harm.

               Of course, it is not necessary for a person seeking asylum or withholding of removal

        to have suffered past persecution to be eligible for relief. The individual could instead

        demonstrate eligibility based on a well-founded fear of future persecution on account of a

        protected ground — as relevant here, membership in a particular social group. See Camara

        v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 361, 367 (4th Cir. 2004). But Trejo Tepas provided no basis to

        conclude that there was a greater risk that he would be harmed by a member of one of El

        Salvador’s gangs than the risk faced by any other young El Salvadorian male who is not a

        member of a gang. And as we have recognized, “General conditions of crime and unrest

        are insufficient to establish persecution on account of a protected ground.” Hernandez-

        Aquino v. Barr, 770 F. App’x 88, 89 (4th Cir. 2019) (per curiam) (citing Velasquez v.

        Sessions, 886 F.3d 188, 194 (4th Cir. 2017), and Huaman-Cornelio v. BIA, 979 F.2d 995,

        999–1000 (4th Cir. 1992)).

              Trejo Tepas argues nonetheless that the IJ should have explored two social groups

        — “El Salvadorian classmate[s] of youth killed by violent and powerful gang members”

        and “El Salvadorian witness[es] to school classmates killed by violent and powerful gang

        members.” But with respect to the second proposed social group, Trejo Tepas never

        suggested that he had ever witnessed his classmates being killed and that that was the

        reason he was afraid of being targeted by gang members. And as for the first group, we

        simply fail to see how there is even an argument that “El Salvadorian classmate[s] of youth

        killed by violent and powerful gang members” meets the social-distinction requirement

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        necessary for a group to qualify as a legally cognizable particular social group. See Oliva

        v. Lynch, 807 F.3d 53, 61 (4th Cir. 2015). Moreover, we cannot see any basis for

        concluding that Trejo Tepas would be able to show that his membership in that group

        would be at least a central reason for gangs to harm him should he be returned to El

        Salvador. Instead, we agree with the BIA that “[u]nder the circumstances” of this case,

        “the Immigration Judge . . . properly determined that the basis for [Trejo Tepas’s] claims

        for relief was simply a generalized fear of criminal gang members and violent conditions

        in El Salvador.”

               Because Trejo Tepas failed to establish eligibility for asylum, the BIA also correctly

        concluded that he necessarily could not show that it was more likely than not that he would

        experience persecution on account of a protected ground, as required for withholding of

        removal. See Camara, 378 F.3d at 367. And as for CAT relief, nothing in the record calls

        into question the BIA’s conclusion that Trejo Tepas failed to show that it was more likely

        than not that he would be tortured in El Salvador with the consent or acquiescence of a

        public official. See 8 C.F.R. §§ 1208.16(c)(2), 1208.18(a)(1).

               For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the decision of the BIA and deny Trejo Tepas’s

        petition for review.

                                                                               PETITION DENIED

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