Court Opinion

ID: 3133322
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-21 01:04:26.339856+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:51:52.630602
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF IDAHO
                                Docket No. 40294
STATE OF IDAHO,                                      )
                                                     )
                                                              Boise, May 2014 Term
     Plaintiff-Respondent,                           )
                                                     )
                                                              2014 Opinion No. 93
v.                                                   )
                                                     )
                                                              Filed: September 4, 2014
MICHAEL EUGENE KOCH,                                 )
                                                     )
                                                              Stephen W. Kenyon, Clerk
     Defendant-Appellant.                            )
                                                     )

       Appeal from the District Court of the Fourth Judicial District, State of Idaho, Ada
       County. Hon. Cheri C. Copsey, District Judge.

       Judgment of conviction for four counts of lewd conduct with a minor, affirmed.

       Nevin, Benjamin, McKay & Bartlett, LLP, Boise, for appellant. Dennis A.
       Benjamin argued.

       Hon. Lawrence G. Wasden, Attorney General, Boise, for respondent. Mark W.
       Olson argued.

                    ________________________________________
BURDICK, Chief Justice

       Michael Eugene Koch appeals from his judgment of conviction, entered following a
verdict, for four counts of lewd conduct with a minor under sixteen. On appeal, Koch argues that
the Ada County district court made multiple errors in the admission of evidence that warrant
reversal of his judgment of conviction. We affirm.
                    I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       A grand jury indicted Koch on four counts of lewd conduct with a minor under sixteen on
November 15, 2011, with “C.C.” named as the complaining witness in all counts. Count I alleged
the crime was committed “by manual to genital and/or oral to genital contact” between January
and May 2011. Counts II, III, and IV all alleged genital to genital contact in April 2011.
       Koch’s daughter, T.K., was a classmate and friend of thirteen-year-old C.C. During her
eighth grade year, C.C. spent increasing amounts of time at the Kochs’ home as she began to
have problems at home.
                                                 1
       At Koch’s trial, C.C. testified that in the spring of 2011 Koch drove her to a street
alongside a subdivision where he digitally penetrated her and she performed oral sex on him.
C.C. testified that they engaged in sexual intercourse on three occasions at his house when his
wife and daughter were out. C.C. testified that she did not disclose her relationship with Koch
until the fall of 2011, when she was admitted to Intermountain Hospital following a suicide
attempt.
       The State played an audio recording of a confrontation call officers had arranged between
C.C. and Koch. In the recorded call, C.C. confronted Koch about their sexual relationship. In the
course of the call, Koch did not expressly admit sexual contact with C.C., but also did not refute
C.C.’s accusations. He expressed his love for C.C. and his fear that he was going to jail.
       Following trial, the jury found Koch guilty on all four counts. The district court imposed
concurrent unified 25-year sentences, with five years fixed, on each count. Koch timely appealed
from his judgment of conviction.
                                    II. ISSUES ON APPEAL
   1. Whether substantial and competent evidence supports the district court’s decision that the
      State provided sufficient expert disclosures.
   2. Whether the district court abused its discretion in overruling Koch’s objection to
      comments the prosecutor made during her opening statement.
   3. Whether the district court abused its discretion in overruling Koch’s foundation
      objections.
   4. Whether the district court erred in overruling Koch’s relevance objections.
   5. Whether the district court abused its discretion in overruling Koch’s objections to certain
      testimony as nonresponsive.
   6. Whether the district court erred in allowing Detective McGilvrey to testify to Salina
      Koch’s prior statement for impeachment purposes.
   7. Whether Koch has shown cumulative error.
                                         III. ANALYSIS
A. Substantial and competent evidence supports the district court’s finding that the State
provided sufficient expert disclosures.
       Koch contends that the district court erred in concluding that the State complied with the
disclosure requirements of Idaho Criminal Rule 16(b)(7) regarding expert witness Mydell
Yeager. Specifically, Koch contends that the disclosures were insufficient under Rule 16(b)(7)
because the State failed to disclose Yeager’s opinions, and the facts and data behind those

                                                 2
opinions. The State responds that the written summary outlining Yeager’s opinions and expected
testimony it provided met the rule’s requirements and that the State was not required to disclose
any “facts or data” because Yeager’s expert testimony did not rely on any facts or data generated
by this case and because her opinions regarding child sex abuse disclosure were not generated
from any identifiable data source. On review, this Court will uphold a district court’s decision
regarding discovery violations if it is supported by substantial and competent evidence in the
record. State v. Stradley, 127 Idaho 203, 207–08, 899 P.2d 416, 420–421 (1995).
       Idaho Criminal Rule 16(b)(7) provides that:
       Upon written request of the defendant the prosecutor shall provide a written
       summary or report of any testimony that the state intends to introduce pursuant to
       Rules 702, 703 or 705 of the Idaho Rules of Evidence at trial or hearing. The
       summary provided must describe the witness’s opinions, the facts and data for
       those opinions, and the witness’s qualifications.
       In response to Koch’s I.C.R. 16(b)(7) discovery request, the State disclosed the following
written summary regarding Mydell Yeager:
               Ms. Yeager’s curriculum vitae is attached. She’ll testify to the dynamics
       of delayed disclosure as it relates to child sexual abuse. The state intends to elicit
       expert testimony from Mydell Yeager regarding behavior of children who have
       been sexually abused and Ms. Yeager will testify that it is rare that a child
       immediately discloses their sexual abuse especially when they know the
       perpetrator. Ms. Yeager will testify about the dynamics of child sexual abuse as it
       relates to grooming a victim, keeping the abuse secret, the effects and threats on
       whether a child chooses to disclose.
While the State’s written summary was read into the record at a pretrial hearing, a copy of the
actual disclosure is not in the record. Thus, Yeager’s curriculum vitae is not in the record.
       At a May 2, 2012 pretrial conference, Koch objected to the State’s disclosure as
insufficient because it did not include a summary or report written by Yeager. The court
overruled this objection, holding that I.C.R. 16(b)(7) did not require the State to have its expert
witness produce a written report where none had previously existed and that Koch could object
to any of Yeager’s testimony that varied from the State’s disclosed summary.
       Koch objected to the State’s disclosure again just prior to Yeager’s trial testimony,
arguing that it was insufficient because it did not include the facts and data underlying her
opinion. The State responded that its disclosure was sufficient, pointing out that Yeager had not
written any reports for this case and that she had been available at all times to talk to the defense.

                                                  3
The court overruled Koch’s objections, stating that “if there is no data, they don’t have to
produce data. She is simply an opinion witness.”
           On appeal, Koch argues that the State’s disclosure was not an adequate summary of
Yeager’s opinions and that the State failed to disclose the facts and data for those opinions. This
Court has never addressed the scope of I.C.R. 16(b)(7)’s disclosure requirements. This rule is
almost identical to the Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 16(a)(1)(G). 1 The main difference
between these two rules is that the federal rule requires “the bases and reasons for those
opinions,” whereas the Idaho rule requires “the facts and data for those opinions.” Thus, the
federal rule arguably requires broader disclosure.
           Although the federal rule may be somewhat broader, case law interpreting the federal rule
is still instructive. In a possession of a gun in furtherance of trafficking case, the prosecution
provided a similar disclosure to the disclosure provided in this case:
           The street value of the crack cocaine and that, based on their training and
           experience, the quantity of crack cocaine seized in this case is consistent with
           possession for distribution to others and not for personal use ... [and] the methods
           of operation of narcotics distributors, including ... the utilization of firearms as
           part of the drug trade.
United States v. Lipscomb, 539 F.3d 32, 37 (1st Cir. 2008). As in this case, the defendant’s
objection was based on an alleged failure to provide notice regarding the “bases for [the
witnesses’] ultimate opinion[s].” Id. (emphasis in original). The First Circuit Court of Appeals
ruled that while the Government’s notice that the officers would be testifying on the basis of
their “training and experience” was by no means detailed, it was enough to satisfy the
requirements. Id. at 38. The court went on to note that had “the testimony involved a more
complex subject matter, as found in cases involving technical or scientific evidence, more
detailed notice may have been required.” Id.

1
    Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 16(a)(1)(G) reads:
           At the defendant’s request, the government must give to the defendant a written summary of any
           testimony that the government intends to use under Rules 702, 703, or 705 of the Federal Rules of
           Evidence during its case-in-chief at trial. If the government requests discovery under subdivision
           (b)(1)(C)(ii) and the defendant complies, the government must, at the defendant’s request, give to
           the defendant a written summary of testimony that the government intends to use under Rules 702,
           703, or 705 of the Federal Rules of Evidence as evidence at trial on the issue of the defendant’s
           mental condition. The summary provided under this subparagraph must describe the witness’s
           opinions, the bases and reasons for those opinions, and the witness’s qualifications.

                                                            4
       Here, the State’s disclosures were sufficient. The State provided Koch with a summary of
Yeager’s opinions, which did not involve a particularly technical or scientific subject matter, and
informed him of the main opinion she was going to testify to: “it is rare that a child immediately
discloses their sexual abuse especially when they know the perpetrator.” While the State did not
specifically disclose that Yeager’s opinions were based on her training and experience, which
would be the better practice, it did provide Yeager’s curriculum vitae. However, her curriculum
vitae is not in the record on appeal, so this Court cannot review how extensive it was or whether
it listed her own publications or ones she may have relied on. Because Koch is assigning error,
he has the responsibility to include relevant exhibits in the record before this Court. Fritts v.
Liddle & Moeller Constr., Inc., 144 Idaho 171, 173, 158 P.3d 947, 949 (2007). “When the record
on appeal does not contain the evidence taken into account by the district court, this Court must
necessarily presume that the evidence justifies the decision and that the findings are supported by
substantial evidence.” Id. Moreover, the bases for Yeager’s conclusions were adequately
explored by defense counsel on cross-examination with no particular difficulty. See Lipscomb,
539 F.3d at 38 (stating that the goal of Rule 16 is “to provide the opponent with a fair
opportunity to test the merit of the expert’s testimony through focused cross-examination”).
       Accordingly, we hold that substantial and competent evidence supports the district
court’s decision that the State’s expert disclosures were sufficient.
B. The district court did not abuse its discretion in overruling Koch’s objection to the
prosecutor’s comments made during her opening statement.
       Koch contends that the district court erred in overruling his objection to comments made
by the prosecutor during the State’s opening statement. Specifically, Koch contends that the
court should have sustained his objection to the prosecutor’s statement that Koch talked to C.C.
about “things he should have never shared with a 13-year-old girl,” as argumentative.
       The purpose of opening remarks is “to inform the jury of the issues of the case and
briefly outline the evidence each litigant intends to introduce to support his allegations or
defenses.” State v. Griffith, 97 Idaho 52, 56, 539 P.2d 604, 608 (1975). “Counsel should not at
that time attempt to impeach or otherwise argue the merits of evidence that the opposing side has
or will present.” Id. Koch argues that the State’s comment was not a statement of the evidence,
but rather “a judgmental comment intended to prejudice the jurors against Mr. Koch.”
       Looking at the context of the prosecutor’s comment, it is clear that the prosecutor was
just attempting to summarize the evidence to be presented at trial. The prosecutor began her
                                                  5
opening remarks by describing the grooming behavior Koch exhibited towards C.C., which
included “talking to [C.C.] about things he should have never shared with a 13-year-old girl.”
Koch then objected and the district court overruled the objection. The prosecutor went on to
explain that Koch “talked to [C.C.] often about the relationship [he] had with his wife,” “things
about their sex life, about their private life, and what they fought over.” This portion of the
opening statement previewed C.C.’s later trial testimony, in which C.C. testified that Koch talked
to her about his oral sex preferences and pornography he watched with his wife.
       The State’s characterization of these conversations as ones that “should never be had with
a 13-year-old girl,” is an acceptable summary of the evidence, and thus, allowable commentary
for the opening statement. Therefore, the district court did not abuse its discretion in overruling
Koch’s objection to the prosecution’s opening statement.
C. The district court did not abuse its discretion in overruling Koch’s foundation
objections.
       Koch contends that the district court abused its discretion in overruling his foundation
objections to testimony describing various text and email messages sent by Koch to C.C. and to
C.C’s mother. He also contends that the court erred in overruling his foundation objections to the
admission of the confrontation call recording. In reply, the State argues it provided proper
foundation and that defense counsel’s concerns go to the weight of the evidence, not its
admissibility.
       The Idaho Rules of Evidence require “authentication or identification as a condition
precedent to admissibility,” which “is satisfied by evidence sufficient to support a finding that
the matter in question is what its proponent claims.” I.R.E. 901(a). Rule 901(b) contains an
illustrative, but not exhaustive, list of suggested methods of identification, such as “[t]estimony
of a witness with knowledge that a matter is what it is claimed to be” or examination of the
evidence’s “distinctive characteristics and the like,” including “[a]ppearance, contents,
substance, internal patterns, or other distinctive characteristics, taken in conjunction with
circumstances.” I.R.E. 901(b)(1), (4). Whether there is a proper foundation upon which to admit
evidence is a matter within the trial court’s discretion. Harris, Inc. v. Foxhollow Constr. &
Trucking, Inc., 151 Idaho 761, 770, 264 P.3d 400, 409 (2011).
       This Court has not previously considered the foundational requirements for admitting
emails and text messages. However, the Court of Appeals has considered the admissibility of
online chat room transcripts in State v. Glass, 146 Idaho 77, 190 P.3d 896 (Ct. App. 2008).
                                                6
There, the Court of Appeals held that the State laid an adequate foundation “because the State’s
evidence was sufficient to show that the transcript and the profile—and the person behind the
screen name—were connected to the alleged criminal behavior that formed the basis of the
charge.” Id. at 81–82, 190 P.3d at 900–01. The Court of Appeals elaborated that even if evidence
tying the defendant to the screen name was necessary before the exhibits could be admitted, that
foundation was provided because the defendant arrived for a meeting as arranged in that private
correspondence. Id. at 82, 190 P.3d at 901.
       Because Idaho Rule of Evidence 901 is based on Federal Rule of Evidence 901, how
other jurisdictions have interpreted the federal rule’s requirements with regard to the admission
of emails and text messages is instructive in this case. Other jurisdictions have recognized that
electronic evidence may be authenticated in a number of different ways consistent with Federal
Rule 901 and corresponding state statutes. Courts have not required proponents offering
printouts of emails, internet chat room dialogues, and cellular phone text messages to
authenticate them with direct evidence, such as an admission by the author or the testimony of a
witness who saw the purported author typing the message. See, e.g., United States v. Fluker, 698
F.3d 988, 999 (7th Cir. 2012). Rather, courts have held that circumstantial evidence establishing
that the evidence was what the proponent claimed it to be was sufficient. See, e.g., State v.
Thompson, 777 N.W.2d 617, 624 (N.D. 2010) (providing a comprehensive review of other
jurisdictions’ authenticity requirements for electronic communications). Circumstantial proof
might include the email address, cell phone number, or screen name connected with the message;
the content of the messages, facts included within the text, or style of writing; and metadata such
as the document’s size, last modification date, or the computer IP address. See Fluker, 698 F.3d
at 999; United States v. Siddiqui, 235 F.3d 1318, 1322–1323 (11th Cir. 2000); United States v.
Safavian, 435 F. Supp. 2d 36, 40–41 (D.D.C. 2006).
       In support of his argument that eyewitness testimony is necessary to authenticate a text
message when the defendant does not admit to sending it, Koch points to the Nevada Supreme
Court decision, Rodriguez v. State, 273 P.3d 845, 849 (Nev. 2012). However, Rodriguez is in
line with what the majority of jurisdictions have held. Id. at 849 (requiring either direct or
circumstantial corroborating evidence of authorship in order to authenticate a text message). The
facts of Rodriguez are unique and distinguishable from the case at hand. In Rodriguez, the text
messages in question were sent from the victim’s phone, which the defendant and his

                                                7
codefendant took from the victim after assaulting her. Id. at 849–50. Thus, the State sought to
introduce text messages that were sent from a phone while it was in the possession of two
people, neither of which was the owner of the phone. Id. The Nevada Supreme Court ruled that
the only text messages admissible against the defendant were the text messages the defendant
could actually be seen sending on bus surveillance video. Id. at 850. The court required actual
proof of the defendant sending the text message because there was direct evidence that the text
messages were sent while the phone was in the possession of multiple people other than the
phone’s actual owner. Rodriguez does not stand for the proposition that eyewitness testimony of
who sent a text is required for its authentication, but rather that where evidence establishes that a
phone is in multiple people’s possession at the time incriminating messages are sent, a higher
level of proof that the defendant sent the incriminating messages is required.
         While direct evidence is not required to authenticate a text message or email, most
jurisdictions require something more than just confirmation that the number or email address
belonged to a particular person. See, e.g., In re F.P., 878 A.2d 91, 93–95 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2005)
(instant messages properly authenticated through circumstantial evidence including screen names
and context of messages and surrounding circumstances); Commonwealth v. Williams, 926
N.E.2d 1162 (Mass. 2010) (admission of MySpace message was error where proponent
advanced no circumstantial evidence as to security of MySpace page or purported author’s
exclusive access). Often it was important that there be evidence that the emails, instant messages,
or text messages themselves contained factual information or references unique to the parties
involved. For example, in Safavian the District of Columbia federal district court held that email
messages were properly authenticated where the email addresses contained distinctive
characteristics including the name of the person connected to the address, the bodies of the
messages contained a name of the sender or recipient, and the content of the emails further
authenticated them as being from the purported sender to the purported recipient. 435 F. Supp. 2d
at 40.
         Courts have acknowledged the unique problems that arise in the context of authenticating
electronic communications. The Connecticut Court of Appeals noted that authentication is
especially important in this context “because an electronic communication, such as a Facebook
message, an email or a cell phone text message, could be generated by someone other than the

                                                 8
named sender.” State v. Eleck, 23 A.3d 818, 822 (Conn. App. 2011). In response to such
concerns, the Superior Court of Pennsylvania aptly stated:
               The argument is that e-mails or text messages are inherently unreliable
       because of their relative anonymity and the fact that while an electronic message
       can be traced to a particular computer, it can rarely be connected to a specific
       author with any certainty. Unless the purported author is actually witnessed
       sending the e-mail, there is always the possibility it is not from whom it claims.
       As appellant correctly points out, anybody with the right password can gain
       access to another’s e-mail account and send a message ostensibly from that
       person. However, the same uncertainties exist with traditional written documents.
       A signature can be forged; a letter can be typed on another’s typewriter; distinct
       letterhead stationary can be copied or stolen.
In re F.P., 878 A.2d at 95. The court then concluded that email messages and similar forms of
electronic communication can be properly authenticated within the existing framework, i.e.,
evaluated “on a case-by-case basis as any other document to determine whether or not there has
been an adequate foundational showing of their relevance and authenticity.” Id. at 96.
       As the reasoning of these jurisdictions illustrates, establishing the identity of the author of
a text message or email through the use of corroborating evidence is critical to satisfying the
authentication requirement for admissibility. We thus conclude that, when there has been an
objection to admissibility of a text message, the proponent of the evidence must explain the
purpose for which the text message is being offered and provide sufficient direct or
circumstantial corroborating evidence of authorship in order to authenticate the text message as a
condition precedent to its admission. Thus, authenticating a text message or email may be done
in much the same way as authenticating a telephone call under Idaho Rule of Evidence
901(b)(6).
       1. Text messages to C.C.’s mother
       C.C.’s mother testified that she received two text messages from Koch. Before testifying
as to the content of the first text message, C.C.’s mother testified that she had previously
received text messages and phone calls from Koch on her cell phone and that Koch’s phone
number would appear on her phone when he called. When C.C.’s mother received the first text
message, she testified that the incoming phone number was the same as the as the one utilized by
Koch when he had previously called. As to the second text message C.C.’s mother testified to,
she explained that she had obtained a new cell phone and so did not recognize the number

                                                 9
sending the message. C.C.’s mother testified that she responded by inquiring as to the identity of
the sender, who then identified himself as Michael Koch.
         As to the contents of the first message, C.C.’s mother testified:
         The text message said that he was very sorry that C[.] and T[.] were no longer
         friends, but blamed it all on T[.], that T[.] was too clingy and that he wanted to
         thank me for allowing them to have been part of C[.]’s life, that she was an
         amazing young woman.
As to the second text, while C.C’s mother did not recognize the phone number, the sender
identified himself as Michael Koch. The sender also stated that someone had hacked into his
computer and was sending emails under his name.
         There was insufficient foundation laid prior to the admission of the content of the first
text message C.C.’s mother received. While C.C.’s mother testified that she recognized the
number as Koch’s and had communicated with him previously at that number, more than just
confirmation that the number belonged to the person in question is required when the message’s
authentication is challenged. See I.R.E. 901(a) (“authentication or identification as a condition
precedent to admissibility”). However, the reference to Koch’s daughter’s friendship and recent
fight with C.C. was sufficient to confirm the sender’s identity as Koch. Thus, the content along
with the identity of the number furnished sufficient authentication or identification to support
admissibility. It was unnecessary for the State to present evidence, as Koch contends, that
someone saw Koch actually send the message.
         There was also insufficient foundation laid as to the second text message C.C.’s mother
testified to receiving. C.C’s mother testified that she did not recognize the number and relied on
the sender’s assertion that he was Michael Koch. This self-identification would likely be
sufficient if the State had provided evidence that the number sending the text was connected to
Koch. 2 However, copies of these texts were not offered into evidence, and C.C.’s mother did not
recognize the number, so there is no evidence beyond the self-identification connecting the text
to Koch. The content of this text also did not provide any connection to Koch. Therefore, the
district court abused its discretion in overruling Koch’s objection. Koch does not argue that the
admission of the second text message was prejudicial. Indeed, the second text message actually

2
 A similar standard is required to authenticate telephone conversations. I.C.R. 901(b)(6) (“Telephone conversations,
by evidence that a call was made to the number assigned at the time by the telephone company to a particular person
or business, if (A) in the case of a person, circumstances, including self-identification, show the person answering to
be the one called.”).

                                                          10
supports Koch’s argument that he did not send the preceding, much more damaging text
message. Thus, any error in admitting testimony regarding this second text message was
harmless.
        2. Text Messages to C.C.
        Before C.C. testified about the text messages she exchanged with Koch on October 27,
2011, she testified that she had called and talked with Koch on her phone in the presence of
detectives as part of the investigation into Koch’s conduct. 3 C.C. also testified that she called
Koch again several days later at the same phone number and the call went to Koch’s voicemail.
She testified that she left a voicemail asking Koch to call her, which she followed up with a text
message asking him to call her. C.C. identified State’s Exhibit 17 as photographs depicting her
text message conversation with Koch. She also identified the two phone numbers displayed on
the text messages as hers and Koch’s, respectively.
        Koch objected to the admission of these text messages at trial, and the district court
allowed Koch’s counsel to question C.C. in aid of his objection.
        COUNSEL: Were you present on the other end with the person that was entering
        these text messages?
        THE WITNESS: No, but he’d made --
        COUNSEL: Okay. I just need you to answer the question. Were you present on
        the other end with the person who made these text messages?
        THE WITNESS: No.
Koch’s foundation objection appears to have been based solely on the fact that C.C. could not
provide eyewitness testimony that Koch was sending her the text messages. He did not ask C.C.
any questions concerning how she knew it was Koch responding to her texts. Indeed, C.C.
attempted to explain how she knew it was Koch when defense counsel cut her off.
        Here, the State provided adequate foundation for the admission of the text messages,
especially in light of Koch’s objections only pertaining to the lack of direct, eyewitness evidence.
C.C. testified that she recognized Koch’s number and had previously been in frequent
communication with him via text message. Thus, the State provided “testimony of a witness with
knowledge that a matter is what it is claimed to be.” See I.R.E. 901(b)(1). Moreover, the content
of the messages further corroborates C.C.’s identification of Koch as being the sender. See I.C.R.

3
 This phone call was the recorded confrontation call that was later offered into evidence and will be discussed
below. The phone call was made on October 6, 2011. The text message exchange occurred between 10:39 a.m. on
October 27, 2011, and 5:32 p.m. on October 27, 2011.

                                                      11
901(b)(4) (“Distinctive Characteristics and the Like. Appearance, contents, substance, internal
patterns, or other distinctive characteristics, taken in conjunction with circumstances.”). For
example, the sender referenced Koch’s daughter by name, noting at one point that he had a
birthday present for C.C. from his daughter. 4 In her texts, C.C. makes several references to her
phone call with Koch on October 6, 2011, apologizing for asking him questions while his
daughter was in the car. The sender also made specific reference to the content of the previous
phone call, asking, without any prompting, who told C.C. that he was getting divorced. This is
more than sufficient circumstantial evidence to establish foundation for the admission of the text
message conversation. Questions Koch raises about the lack of eyewitness testimony establishing
that he sent the actual texts goes to the weight of the evidence, not the admissibility. Therefore,
the district court did not abuse its discretion in overruling Koch’s foundation objections to the
admission of the text messages C.C. received from a number she identified as Koch’s.
        3. Email Message to C.C.
        Prior to testifying about the content of an email she received from Koch, C.C. testified
that she was familiar with Koch’s email address because it was identified within her email
account contact list as belonging to Koch. Koch possessed C.C.’s email address, C.C. explained,
because Salina Koch, Koch’s wife, utilized it for Girl Scout communications. In addition to
C.C.’s testimony that Koch had previously communicated with her via email and that she
recognized the email address, the content of the email provides sufficient circumstantial evidence
to constitute adequate foundation. While the actual email does not appear to have been offered
into evidence, C.C. testified that “[h]e had emailed me asking if my dad was okay because my
dad is a fire fighter and there had been an accident with some fire fighters and he was just
checking to see if my dad was okay.”
        The fact that C.C.’s father was a fire fighter is the type of information a family friend
with whom C.C. had spent substantial amounts of time with would know. Additionally, Koch
mentions this email specifically in the text message exchange that occurred between himself and
C.C., although the text messages were entered into evidence subsequent to C.C.’s testimony
regarding the email. Therefore, the content of the email was admissible because it contained
references unique to C.C. and Koch.

4
 During cross-examination of Koch’s daughter, she corroborated that she had a birthday present for C.C. and that
her father offered to take it to C.C.

                                                      12
       4. Telephone Call from C.C. to Koch.
       Finally, Koch contends that the district court abused its discretion in overruling his
foundation objection to the admission of an audio recording of the confrontation call.
       In this case, prior to the admission of the audio recording of the confrontation call
between C.C. and Koch, the State elicited testimony from Detective McGilvery, the officer who
facilitated the call. Detective McGilvery testified that he was physically present with C.C. when
she made the call to Koch and that he reviewed State’s Exhibit 19 and confirmed it to be an
audio recording of that phone call. He also testified that C.C. used her own phone to make the
call, which demonstrated that C.C. knew how to get into contact with Koch. Earlier in the trial,
C.C. testified that she spoke with Koch during the confrontation call and did not identify herself
when Koch answered because he recognized her voice. When the State moved for the
recording’s admission as Exhibit 19, Koch’s only questions in aid of his foundation objection
were whether Detective McGilvery was present with the person answering C.C.’s calls and
whether he had at that time met Koch. As previously discussed, eyewitness testimony confirming
that the person called is the one on the phone is not required.
       On appeal, Koch argues that because Detective McGilvery did not know Koch and C.C.
did not testify that Exhibit 19 was an accurate recording, insufficient foundation was laid for the
recording’s admission. Koch asserts that establishing the foundation for a “telephone call
requires more than just two state witnesses talking about the same telephone call.” However, all
that is required to authenticate a phone call made to a number assigned to a particular person are
circumstances that “show the person answering to be the one called.” I.C.R. 901(b)(6). Taken
together, C.C. and Detective McGilvery’s testimony establish sufficient circumstances to show
that the person answering Koch’s phone was indeed Koch.
       Moreover, the content of the phone call provides overwhelming evidence that Koch was
indeed the person talking to C.C. in the recording. The caller clearly recognizes C.C. and her
number as there are no introductions at the beginning of the call. C.C. makes several references
to Koch’s daughter by name and to Koch’s wife by name. She also calls him Michael several
times, and he says her name to her repeatedly throughout the conversation. Therefore, the district
court did not abuse its discretion in overruling Koch’s foundation objections to the admission of
the confrontation call recording.
D. The district court did not err in overruling Koch’s relevance objections.

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       Koch contends that the district court erred by admitting certain evidence at trial on
relevance grounds. Specifically, Koch contends that the court erred by admitting: (1) C.C.’s
testimony that Koch told her he did not enjoy oral sex with his wife, and (2) Salina Koch’s
testimony that she had expressed her belief to Detective McGilvery that her husband would not
have “done anything” if he had been happy in their marriage. In response, the State argues that
C.C.’s challenged testimony was relevant to the crimes charged because it constituted grooming
behavior. As to Salina Koch’s challenged testimony, the State contends that Koch failed to
preserve his relevance objection.
       To be admissible, evidence must be relevant. I.R.E. 401, 402. Evidence is relevant if it
has “any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination
of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” I.R.E. 401.
Whether a fact is material is determined by its relationship to the legal theories presented by the
parties. State v. Yakovac, 145 Idaho 437, 443, 180 P.3d 476, 482 (2008). This Court reviews the
question of relevancy de novo. State v. Gomez, 137 Idaho 671, 674, 52 P.3d 315, 318 (2002).
       1. Objection to C.C.’s testimony
       At trial, C.C. testified that Koch engaged her in explicit conversation about his sex life
with his wife. Specifically, C.C. testified that Koch told her that he did not like the way his wife
performed oral sex on him. The district court overruled Koch’s relevance objection to this
testimony.
       Koch argues that the district court should have sustained his objection because whether or
not he enjoyed his wife’s oral sex techniques has nothing to do with whether he engaged in the
acts alleged in the indictment. The relevance of this testimony does not stem from Koch’s
opinions about his wife’s oral sex techniques, but from the very fact that Koch engaged C.C. in
such sexually explicit conversation. These explicit conversations, along with Koch purchasing
underwear for C.C., and expressing his love for her, constituted evidence of Koch grooming C.C.
for sexual abuse. Evidence of such grooming behavior is relevant to the charged conduct in that
it constitutes a “continuing criminal design to cultivate a relationship with [the victim] such that
she would concede to his sexual demands.” State v. Truman, 150 Idaho 714, 722, 249 P.3d 1169,
1177 (Ct. App. 2011). Accordingly, evidence that Koch had sexually explicit conversations with
C.C. was relevant to the charges against him and the district court did not err in overruling
Koch’s objection.

                                                14
       2. Objection to Salina Koch’s testimony
       At trial, the State questioned Koch’s wife about her interview with Detective McGilvery
following her husband’s arrest. In the course of that examination, the prosecutor asked Salina
Koch about her statements to the detective that she was responsible for Koch’s actions because
“he wouldn’t have done anything” if he had been happy in their marriage.
       Koch made two objections over the course of the challenged portion of this cross-
examination. Koch first objected on the grounds that the State’s question was vague. Koch then
made a generic objection without specifying a ground, which the court overruled. After the court
overruled this objection, Koch requested a sidebar with the court, a transcript of which is not in
the record. Following the sidebar, the State continued its line of questioning, asking: “Do you
recall telling Detective McGilvery that—or explaining to Detective McGilvery that if Michael
had been happy in your relationship, that he wouldn’t have done anything?” Koch did not object
to this question, and Salina Koch responded, “I do remember that comment, yes, ma’am.” Koch
does not contend that he objected to this question, only that he had previously objected to a
similar question. Thus, Koch’s relevancy challenge to Salina Koch’s testimony was not
preserved by a timely objection below, and is not reviewable. State v. Perry, 150 Idaho 209, 224,
245 P.3d 961, 976 (2010); State v. Vondenkamp, 141 Idaho 878, 885, 119 P.3d 653, 660 (Ct.
App. 2005) (“An objection on one ground will not preserve a separate and different basis for
excluding the evidence.”).
E. The district court did not abuse its discretion in overruling Koch’s nonresponsive
objections.
       Koch contends that the district court abused its discretion in overruling his objections to
certain trial witness responses as nonresponsive.
       Under Idaho Rule of Evidence 611 the trial court shall:
       [E]xercise reasonable control over the mode and order of interrogating witnesses
       and presenting evidence so as to (1) make the interrogation and presentation
       effective for the ascertainment of the truth, (2) avoid needless consumption of
       time, and (3) protect witnesses from harassment or undue embarrassment.
I.R.E. 611(a). Exercise of this control is a question of the trial court’s discretion. State v.
Hairston, 133 Idaho 496, 503, 988 P.2d 1170, 1177 (1999).
       1. C.C.’s testimony on direct examination as to her reasons for not attending the charter
       school.
       At trial, the following exchange occurred during the State’s direct examination of C.C.:

                                                15
       Prosecutor:     Okay. So other than with the exception of finishing up Girl Scouts,
                       did you—did you ever even see the defendant again?
       C.C.:           No. I even wouldn’t go to Renaissance High School, the high
                       school I had gotten into, because‒–
       Defense:        Objection. Your Honor
       Court:          Overruled.
       Defense:        It’s nonresponsive.
       Court:          Overruled.
       Prosecutor:     Did–what was that you were saying about–
       C.C.:           I had been accepted along with T.K. into Renaissance High School
                       and I didn’t go there, I chose not to go because I didn’t want to see
                       them. I didn’t want to see Michael or T.K. or Salina.
       Koch contends that he objected to this testimony on two separate grounds—relevancy
and nonresponsiveness. However, the transcript shows that he only made a nonresponsive
objection. Koch clearly made an objection, which the court overruled before he could articulate
grounds. He then articulated the grounds—nonresponsive—and the court stated again that the
objection was overruled. At the next break in the trial, the court explained that it overruled
Koch’s nonresponsive objection because such an objection cannot generally be raised by the
non-questioning party. Therefore, Koch did not preserve a relevancy challenge to C.C.’s
testimony.
       As to Koch’s challenge to C.C.’s direct testimony as being nonresponsive, this Court has
held that a nonresponsive objection from the nonquestioning party is generally inappropriate.
Specifically, this Court has stated:
       The right to have an irresponsive answer of a witness stricken out is a right of the
       party examining the witness, and not a right of the party adverse to the examiner;
       if the answer of a witness is competent and pertinent in itself, the adverse party
       has no right to have it expunged from the record merely because it was
       irresponsive; in such a case it is optional with the court to strike it out, and a
       denial of a motion to do so is no ground of error. The party examining the witness
       is not, however, bound or precluded by an irresponsive answer, and may himself
       object to its competency, although the person is his own witness. He would seem
       to have an absolute right to have the irresponsive matter expunged, regardless of
       its competency.
State ex rel. Rich v. Bair, 83 Idaho 475, 481–82, 365 P.2d 216, 220 (1961). Thus, the district
court did not abuse its discretion by overruling Koch’s nonresponsive objection to C.C.’s
testimony during the prosecution’s direct examination.

                                                16
       2. C.C.’s statements on cross-examination regarding her activities following the first time
       she had sex with Koch.
       The following exchange took place during defense counsel’s cross-examination of C.C.:
       Defense:       And you testified when you allegedly had sex the first time, it was
                      on the bed. And then you were upset and your testimony was that
                      [Koch] told you to go take a bath. So you were laying on the
                      bathroom floor and crying?
       C.C.:          No. He told me to go take a bath in T.K.’s bedroom because he’s
                      very adamant about douching and things after you have sex, so—
       Defense:       Okay. Judge, we would object to – it was nonresponsive –
       Court:         Overruled.
       Defense:       – move to strike, admonish the jury.
       Court:         No. I’m going to overrule the objection.
The Prosecutor then repeated the question:
       Prosecutor:    After you allegedly had sex, did you – Michael told you to go take
                      a shower?
       C.C.:          Bath, yes.
       Defense:       Calls for a yes or no response.
       Court:         She’s answering your question, [defense counsel]. She corrected
                      that he asked her – she’s answering your question. So I’m
                      overruling the objection. I’m not sure what you are objecting to.
       Defense:       That it was nonresponsive.
       The Court:     Overruled.
       C.C.’s answer was responsive to defense counsel’s question. Defense counsel asked C.C.
if she laid down on the floor and cried after she had sex with Koch. C.C. did not refuse to answer
the question—she responded in the negative, explaining what she was doing instead and why she
was doing it. Koch did not object to the content of this testimony on relevance or any other
grounds. As to Koch’s second responsiveness objection, it is clear that C.C. answered the
question in the affirmative, merely correcting that it was a bath, not a shower. The district court
acted within its discretion to exercise reasonable control over the mode and order of interrogation
when it overruled Koch’s nonresponsive objections. It is apparent the answers were competent
and pertinent to the questions asked.

                                                17
F. The district court did not err in allowing Detective McGilvrey’s testimony regarding
Salina Koch’s prior statement for impeachment purposes.
       Koch contends that the district court erred by overruling certain objections he made
during the State’s direct examination of Detective McGilvery. Specifically, he contends that the
court erred in overruling his objections to Detective McGilvery’s testimony that Salina Koch
expressed suspicion that something was going on between C.C. and her husband. Koch contends
that this exchange did not constitute proper impeachment because Detective McGilvery’s
challenged testimony was not inconsistent with Salina’s earlier trial testimony. The State
responds that the record establishes that Detective McGilvery’s testimony regarding Salina’s
suspicions was inconsistent with her trial testimony, during the course of which she appeared to
champion her husband’s innocence. The State further argues, that if admission of this testimony
was in error, it was harmless.
       At trial in this case, the State called Salina Koch as a witness and questioned her about a
recorded interview she participated in with Detective McGilvery, among other things. The
exchange was occasionally contentious, and the district court declared Salina to be a hostile
witness. The prosecutor asked Salina if she had made various specific statements to Detective
McGilvery. Salina admitted making some of the statements, denied making others, and claimed
not to remember making others. The prosecutor did not ask Salina if she remembered stating that
she had had concerns that something was going on between C.C. and Koch. However, she denied
that “the defendant and C.C. seemed to enjoy a very close relationship.” Throughout her
testimony, Salina appeared to attempt to support her husband, even blurting out at one point, “my
husband is innocent.”
       The State moved to enter the recording of Detective McGilvery’s interview with Salina
into evidence under Idaho Rule of Evidence 612, arguing that Salina admitted she recently
listened to it and it did not aid in her recollection. Having not previously heard the recording, the
district court declined to allow the recording itself to be admitted into evidence and instead ruled
that the State could call Detective McGilvery to testify about the interview, to the extent Salina’s
interview statements were inconsistent with her trial testimony. Before Detective McGilvery
testified, the district court instructed the jury that testimony regarding Salina’s interview
statements were to be considered only for the purpose of impeaching Salina’s prior trial
testimony, and not for the truth of any matter asserted.

                                                 18
       A witness’s credibility can be impeached by any party, including the party which called
the witness. I.R.E. 607. Idaho Rule of Evidence 613 allows the use of prior inconsistent out-of-
court statements to impeach a witness. These statements are not hearsay because “they are not
offered for the truth of any of the facts asserted, but rather, solely to impeach the credibility of
the witness.” State v. Wood, 126 Idaho 241, 248, 880 P.2d 771, 778 (Ct. App. 1994).
Accordingly, evidence introduced under I.R.E. 613 must be relevant for the proper purpose of
impeachment. State v. Perry, 150 Idaho 209, 219, 245 P.3d 961, 971 (2010); I.R.E. 401. Whether
evidence is relevant is reviewed de novo. Bettwieser v. New York Irrigation Dist., 154 Idaho 317,
328, 297 P.3d 1134, 1145 (2013). However, once relevance is established, the trial judge has
broad discretion in deciding whether such evidence is admissible for impeachment purposes.
Mosell Equities, LLC v. Berryhill & Co., Inc., 154 Idaho 269, 278, 297 P.3d 232, 241 (2013).
       Here, Koch contends Detective McGilervy’s testimony that Salina Koch had previously
told him she had concerns that something was going on between C.C. and Koch was
inadmissible because she never denied making this statement. This Court has not held, and the
rule does not imply, that an outright denial of having made a prior statement is required in order
for the prior statement to be used for impeachment purposes. See I.R.E 613. The question is
whether the support Salina Koch showed in her testimony for her husband and her denial that he
seemed to have had a close relationship with C.C. are inconsistent with Salina’s prior statement
that she had suspicions something was going on between C.C. and her husband.
       This Court has not addressed the level of inconsistency required for a prior inconsistent
statement to be admitted under I.R.E. 613. But see, State v. Arledge, 119 Idaho 584, 588, 808
P.2d 1329, 1333 (Ct. App. 1991) (finding that prior statement was admissible because it “tended
to contradict or undermine critical parts of her trial testimony”). However, the majority of
jurisdictions appear to follow a standard similar to the one that McCormick, Wigmore, and
others urge, which “allows the prior statement whenever a reasonable man could infer on
comparing the whole effect of the two statements that they had been produced by inconsistent
beliefs.” See, e.g., U.S. v. Morgan, 555 F.2d 238, 242 (9th Cir. 1977) (quoting 4 Weinstein’s
Evidence, Matthew Bender, 801-76 – 801-76.1 (1976)); see also Arnold v. Groose, 109 F.3d
1292, 1297 (8th Cir. 1997) (“The cases have developed a standard of minimal inconsistency,
under which almost any divergence will suffice to permit use of the prior statement.”) (quoting 4
Jack B. Weinstein & Margaret A. Berger, Weinstein’s Evidence, ¶ 801(d)(1)(A)[01], at 801–142

                                                19
(1996)); U.S. v. Barrett, 539 F.2d 244, 254 (1st Cir. 1976) (“To be received as a prior
inconsistent statement, the contradiction need not be ‘in plain terms. It is enough if the proffered
testimony, taken as a whole, either by what it says or by what it omits to say, affords some
indication that the fact was different from the testimony of the witness whom it is sought to
contradict.’”).
        We decline to adopt a rigid definition that an inconsistency is only found when it is
apparent on the face of two statements to the extent that it is the only possible inference to be
drawn. Trial judges must retain a high degree of discretion in deciding the exact point at which a
prior statement is sufficiently inconsistent with a witness’s trial testimony to permit its use in
evidence. Under an abuse of discretion standard, it was not error for the district court to admit
Detective McGilvrey’s testimony as to Salina’s prior statement. Salina’s testimony denying a
close relationship and declaring Koch’s innocence can reasonably be inferred to have arisen from
a belief inconsistent with the belief that gave rise to her prior statement articulating suspicions as
to something going on between C.C. and Koch. Essentially, Salina’s prior statement tends to
undermine critical parts of her trial testimony. Thus, her prior statement is sufficiently
inconsistent with her trial testimony to be relevant for impeachment purposes and the district
court did not err in allowing this impeachment testimony.
G. Koch has failed to show cumulative error.
        Koch contends that the cumulative effect of the above errors deprived him of a fair trial.
The State responds that the cumulative error doctrine does not apply because Koch has failed to
show any error, much less two or more errors.
        “Under the doctrine of cumulative error, a series of errors, harmless in and of themselves,
may in the aggregate show the absence of a fair trial. However, a necessary predicate to the
application of the doctrine is a finding of more than one error.” State v. Ellington, 151 Idaho 53,
70, 253 P.3d 727, 744 (2011) (quoting State v. Perry, 150 Idaho 209, 230, 245 P.3d 961, 982
(2010)). The presence of errors does not by itself require the reversal of a conviction, since under
due process a defendant is entitled to a fair trial, not an error-free trial. State v. Moore, 131 Idaho
814, 823, 965 P.2d 174, 183 (1998) (quoting Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123, 135 (1968)).
        The only error Koch succeeded in showing was the trial court’s error in overruling his
foundation objections to C.C.’s mother’s testimony regarding the second text message she
received. However, Koch did not argue that the admission was prejudicial and the message’s

                                                  20
content actually supports Koch’s argument that he did not send the preceding, much more
damaging text. Therefore, Koch has failed to show that this error affected his substantial rights
and he is not entitled to a vacation of the judgment under the cumulative error doctrine. State v.
Parton, 154 Idaho 558, 569, 300 P.3d 1046, 1057 (2013).
                                       IV. CONCLUSION
       We hold that: (1) substantial and competent evidence supports the district court’s
decision that the State’s expert disclosure was sufficient; (2) the district court did not abuse its
discretion in overruling Koch’s objection to the prosecutor’s opening statement; (3) any errors
that may have been committed in establishing foundation were harmless; (4) the district court did
not abuse its discretion in overruling Koch’s relevance and nonresponsive objections; (5) the
district court did not err in allowing impeachment evidence; and (6) the doctrine of cumulative
errors does not necessitate a reversal. Therefore, we affirm Koch’s judgment of conviction.
       Justices EISMANN, J. JONES, W. JONES and HORTON, CONCUR.

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