Court Opinion

ID: 2718867
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-08-19 17:00:08.333357+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:38:29.778043
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL
                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                          FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                               _____________

                                     No. 13-1026
                                    _____________

                            ROBERT J. ZEBROWSKI;
                            ROBERT A. WOODRUFF;
                              GREGORY BIALY

                                          v.

     EVONIK DEGUSSA CORPORATION ADMINISTRATIVE COMMITTEE;
          EVONIK DEGUSSA CORPORATION RETIREMENT PLAN;
       EVONIK ROHMAX USA, INC. NON-QUALIFIED PENSION PLAN,

                                                         Appellants
                                   _______________

                   On Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                               (D.C. No. 2-10-cv-00542)
                      District Judge: Hon. Edmund V. Ludwig
                                  _______________

                                       Argued
                                   October 18, 2013

       Before: RENDELL, JORDAN and GREENAWAY, JR., Circuit Judges.

                              (Filed: August 19, 2014)
                                 _______________

Michael T. Graham [ARGUED]
McDermott, Will & Emery
227 W. Monroe Street – Ste. 5200
Chicago, IL 60606
     Counsel for Appellants
Alan M. Sandals [ARGUED]
Sandals & Associates
One S. Broad Street – Ste. 1850
Philadelphia, PA 19107
      Counsel for Appellees
                                     _______________

                               OPINION OF THE COURT
                                   _______________

JORDAN, Circuit Judge.

       This is an appeal by the Evonik Degussa Corporation Administrative Committee

(the “Committee”), Evonik Degussa Corporation Retirement Plan, and Evonik RohMax

USA, Inc. Non-Qualified Pension Plan (together, the “Appellants”) of orders of the

United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania denying the

Appellants’ motion for summary judgment and, ultimately, granting judgment for Robert

Zebrowski, Robert Woodruff, and Gregory Bialy (together, the “Appellees”). According

to the Appellants, the District Court erred in holding that an interpretation by the

Committee of a benefits plan formulated under the “top hat” provision of the Employee

Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”), 29 U.S.C. § 1001 et seq., denied

retirement benefits owed to the Appellees. We agree and will reverse the judgment of the

District Court.

                                              2
I.     Background1

       Appellees are former senior executives of Evonik RohMax USA, Inc. (“Evonik”)

and its predecessors. All took early retirement. At issue is the calculation of their

retirement benefits.

       Evonik sponsors two retirement plans: (1) the Pension Plan, for most employees,

and (2) the Supplemental Plan, for upper-level executives. The Pension Plan is a defined

benefit pension benefit plan under ERISA, 29 U.S.C. § 1002(2), that provides a fixed

amount of post-retirement benefits for all eligible employees. It is a “qualified” plan

under section 401, et seq., of the Internal Revenue Code (the “Code”) because it complies

with certain statutory requirements such as compensation limits. The Supplemental Plan

is what is known as a “top hat plan,” a defined benefit pension plan that does not require

a limit on the amount of compensation that may be recognized.2 Top hat plans are

“unfunded and … maintained by an employer primarily for the purpose of providing

deferred compensation for a select group of management or highly compensated

employees.” 29 U.S.C § 1051(2). They are exempt from ERISA’s vesting, funding, and

fiduciary requirements. Id. (vesting); id. at § 1081(a)(3) (funding); id. at § 1101(a)(1)

       1
         We are faced with a combination of complex benefits schemes and the following
recitation of the facts reflects the level of simplification that the parties, mercifully,
provided to us in their briefing.
       2
        Top hat plans allow executives with salaries above the compensation limit to
ensure retirement income that is closer to their pre-retirement income. They permit an
employee to defer some compensation until retirement, when the employee may be in a
lower tax bracket. See In re IT GRP, Inc., 448 F.3d 661, 664-65 (3d Cir. 2006)
(discussing top hat plans under ERISA).

                                             3
(fiduciary exception).3 The Appellees were enrolled in both the Pension Plan and the

Supplemental Plan.

       At a basic level, benefits under the Supplemental Plan are calculated according to

the following formula: A – B, where A is the result of a specific formula for calculating

benefits owed to an employee without Code contribution limits (“total retirement

benefits,” according to the Appellants) and B equals “the pension benefit to which a

Participant is entitled at his Early Retirement Date” plus any statutory benefits. 4 (J.A. at

221, 229.)

       3
         Top hat plans are subject to ERISA’s reporting and disclosure provisions, as well
as its administration and enforcement requirements. 29 U.S.C §§ 1021-1045.
       4
           The Supplemental Plan states:

               The Basic Amount of Early Retirement Pension of a Participant who
       retires from the Company … shall be one-twelfth of (A-B) x C:

        A equals 1.5% of the sum of the Participant’s Basic Earnings Rate and
         his Award Program Adjustment, minus 0.35% of the Participant’s Final
         Average Compensation; multiplied by the number of completed years
         and any fractional parts thereof of Benefit Service up to a maximum of
         44 years. This amount shall be calculated without application of Section
         415 or Section 401(a)(17) of the Code;

        B equals the … Basic Amount of [Early] Retirement Pension Benefits to
         which the Participant is entitled from the Pension Plan plus any
         Statutory Benefits to which the Employee may be entitled; and

        C equals the percentage (not to exceed 1.0) determined by dividing the
         number of months in the 10 year period preceding the Determination
         Date that the Participant was an executive career band level or greater
         by 60.

(J.A. at 229.)

                                              4
       Under both the Pension Plan and the Supplemental Plan, participants may select

from two payment options: monthly annuities or a lump sum payment. The Appellees

chose to receive their benefits as lump sum payments. Before 2008, participants who

chose monthly annuity payments under the plans received an annual cost of living

adjustment (“COLA”), but those who selected lump sum payments did not. In 2007,

however, the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, in Williams v. Rohm

& Haas Pension Plan, held that providing COLA adjustments only to participants who

selected monthly annuity payments, and not to those who selected lump sum payments,

violates ERISA. 497 F.3d 710, 714 (7th Cir. 2007). The court stated that, “[i]f a defined

benefit pension plan entitles an annuitant to a COLA, it must also provide the COLA’s

actuarial equivalent to a participant who chooses instead to receive his pension in the

form of a one-time lump sum distribution.” Id. In response to Williams, the Committee

amended the Pension Plan in 2008 to include COLAs for lump sum payments. It did not,

however, amend the Supplemental Plan to include COLAs for lump sum payments

because it believed the reasoning of Williams did not apply to the Supplemental Plan.5

       Here, there is no dispute that factor C equals one for all Appellees, as they were all
fully vested. The District Court, however, stated that the Committee’s interpretation of
Factor A as a “total retirement benefit” was “not supported by a plain reading of the
plans.” (J.A. at 32.) The District Court defined Factor A as “an annuity amount for all
regular and bonus compensation without application of Internal Revenue Code
Requirements for tax-qualified pension plans.” (J.A. at 31-32.)
       5
         Under the 1999 Supplemental Plan, the Committee is responsible for
“[i]nterpreting the provisions of the Plan in all particulars.” (J.A. at 240.) The
Supplemental Plan was amended in December 2008 to be retroactively effective as of
January 1, 2005 (“2008 Supplemental Plan”) to include a stronger grant of discretionary
authority to the Committee.

                                             5
       The COLA amendment therefore raised the abstruse question of whether to

include the COLAs for Pension Plan lump sum payments in Factor B (which reflects

Pension Plan benefits) of the Supplemental Plan benefits formula (A - B) when there is no

corresponding COLA included in Factor A and when a recipient chooses a lump sum

payment. The Committee answered “yes” to that question and interpreted the

Supplemental Plan to require the inclusion of COLAs in Factor B. In its review of the

plan, the Committee determined that the total amount of retirement benefits promised to

retirees would remain the same if the COLA were included in Factor B. According to the

Committee, although benefits paid under the Supplemental Plan would decrease (under

the A – B formula), Pension Plan benefits would increase by the same amount pursuant to

the COLA. The Committee explained that, although the Supplemental Plan benefits were

reduced by the amount of the COLA in Factor B, the total Pension Plan benefits were

increased by the same amount, such that Appellees’ total retirement benefits (Pension

Plan benefits + Supplemental Plan benefits) remained constant.6

       6
         Our dissenting colleague takes issue with the Committee’s interpretation because
Appellees’ benefits remained the same after a COLA was added, saying, “there is no
perceived or actual benefit to Appellees as a result of the COLA Amendment under this
scenario.” (Dissent Op. at 5 n.6.) The dissent further asks “[w]hy would Appellees
contract for such an illusory COLA benefit?” (Id. at 5.) These comments indicate a
misunderstanding about the nature of the benefit plans at issue. The Appellees in fact did
receive the benefit of the COLA under the Pension Plan. The fact that the Supplemental
Plan is calculated in such a way that it decreases if the Pension Plan increases is the result
of contract language. The Appellees never contracted for a COLA increase under the
Supplemental Plan because a lump sum payment under the Supplemental Plan has never
included a COLA adjustment. (J.A. at 234 (The 1999 plan stating that for “[a] lump sum
payment which is the Actuarial Equivalent of the Participant’s Retirement Income
expressed as a life annuity … the cost-of-living benefit described in Article XI is not
available.”; J.A. at 277 (The 2005 plan COLA section, Section 9, stating “[n]o cost-of-
                                              6
          On February 8, 2010, the Appellees filed a complaint in the United States District

Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, contending that “defendants incorrectly

decided that the addition of COLAs to pension plan lump sums would reduce the

corresponding top hat lump sums by the same amount.” (J.A. at 8 (summarizing the

parties’ dispute).) The Committee then filed a counterclaim against Zebrowski for

overpayments he allegedly received under the Supplemental Plan.7 The Committee

moved to dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim, and the motion was denied.

The Committee then moved for summary judgment on both the complaint and the

counterclaim, and the Appellees cross-moved for partial summary judgment on liability

for pension benefits under ERISA, violations of ERISA’s anti-cutback rule, breach of

fiduciary duties under ERISA, and “other appropriate equitable relief” under ERISA. (Id.

at 13.)

          The District Court denied summary judgment to the Committee and granted the

Appellees’ motion as to liability. The Court held that the Committee’s interpretation was

not “reasonably consistent with the clear and unambiguous terms of the plans.” (Id. at

living adjustment shall be provided under this Section with respect to any benefit paid in
the lump sum form.”).)
          7
        Zebrowski retired in 2006, before the Pension Plan COLA amendment, but the
amendment was applied retroactively to allow COLAs for lump sum benefits earned
before December 2008, so Zebrowski was entitled to additional payments for past
Pension Plan COLAs. On February 27, 2009, Evonik sent Zebrowski a letter stating that
he had received a Supplemental Plan overpayment in the same amount as his Pension
Plan COLA increase under the Committee’s interpretation of the Supplemental Plan. In
addition, there were certain tax consequences based on the payments, and Zebrowski was
given two options to manage the tax issues. He refused both options and submitted an
administrative benefit claim. His claim was denied, and he filed suit.

                                               7
35.) It also concluded that the Committee had breached its fiduciary duties and that the

Committee’s interpretation “constructively amended” the pension plan, such that, by

including COLAs in Factor B, the Committee had reduced Pension Plan benefits in

violation of ERISA’s anti-cutback rule. (Id. at 35-36.) Later, the District Court

calculated prejudgment interest using the investment approach each Appellee was

following in 2009, a tax gross-up based on the negative tax consequences to the

Appellees, and attorney’s fees. A final and appealable Amended Order and Judgment

was entered on December 4, 2012. This timely appeal followed.

II.    Discussion8

       The District Court did not apply the rule for top hat plans set forth in our decision

in Goldstein v. Johnson & Johnson, 251 F.3d 433, 441-44, 448 (3d Cir. 2001). Under

Goldstein, a plan administrator’s interpretations of ambiguous terms are given deference,

subject to the covenant of good faith and fair dealing, if the plan in question includes a

grant of discretionary authority. See id. at 442-44. The District Court held that the plan

terms here were unambiguous and so it did not apply the Goldstein standard of deference

       8
          The District Court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and 1332. We have
jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. “We exercise plenary review of summary
judgment and we apply the same standard that the lower court should have applied.”
Farrell v. Planters Lifesavers Co., 206 F.3d 271, 278 (3d Cir. 2000). “Summary
judgment is appropriate if there is no genuine issue of material fact and the moving party
is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. In making this determination, we must
consider the evidence in the record in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.”
Smith v. City of Allentown, 589 F.3d 684, 689 (3d Cir. 2009) (citations omitted) (internal
quotation marks omitted).

                                              8
to the Committee’s interpretation.9 That was error, since there is both ambiguity and a

grant of discretionary authority in the Supplemental Plan.

       A.     Ambiguous Contract Terms

       Top hat plans are contracts “governed by general principles of federal common

law.” In Re New Valley Corp., 89 F.3d 143, 149, 150-51 (3d Cir. 1996) (holding that top

hat plans are unilateral contracts); see also Kemmerer v. ICI Americas Inc., 70 F.3d 281,

287 (3d Cir. 1995) (noting that top hat plans are governed by “breach of contract

principles, applied as a matter of federal common law”). If contract terms “are capable of

more than one objectively reasonable interpretation, the words are ambiguous.” Baldwin

v. Univ. of Pittsburg Med. Ctr., 636 F.3d 69, 76 (3d Cir. 2011).

       In determining whether there is ambiguity, “[t]he strongest objective manifestation

of intent is the language of the contract.” Id. (citing Mellon Bank, N.A. v. Aetna Bus.

Credit Inc., 619 F.2d 1001, 1009 (3d Cir. 1980)) (finding ambiguity in pension plan term

“children”). The District Court determined that the language dealing with Factor B

“unambiguously and unmistakably refers to the [P]ension [P]lan” and, therefore,

incorporates Article VI of the Pension Plan. (J.A. at 33.) According to the District

Court, Article 6.1 provides a formula to calculate Pension Plan benefits that produces an

annuity for Factor B which would not include the annual COLA. Even if the District

Court’s reading of Article 6.1 of the Pension Plan were correct – and we make no

       9
         The District Court referenced Goldstein and the standard of review, but rested its
analysis on its interpretation of the contract terms, which it held to be unambiguous. It
appears that, in light of that holding, the Court determined that Goldstein was
inapplicable.

                                             9
comment on that reading – we disagree that Article 6.1 is plainly incorporated into the

“Factor B” formula of the Supplemental Plan.

       On the contrary, it is far from plain how, if at all, Article 6.1 affects the calculation

of Factor B. Throughout the rest of the Supplemental Plan, when the drafters intended to

incorporate a term from the Pension Plan, the section or article number of the Pension

Plan was included with its capitalized title. For example:

       2.11. “Benefit Service” means that part of a Participant’s Service that
       is used to calculate benefits under the Plan and shall be determined in
       accordance with the provisions of ARTICLE III – SERVICE
       CREDIT of the Pension Plan and Article XIII of this Plan.

(Id. at 221.)

       Supplemental Plan sections 2.36, 2.37, 13.2, and Article IV contain the same

format for references to the Pension Plan. That format was not used in the “Factor B”

language to reference terms of the Pension Plan. In fact, Factor B does not mention how

Pension Plan benefits are to be calculated at all, let alone whether a COLA should be

included. Because one can make a reasoned argument for both the District Court’s

reading and for the different reading given by the Committee, the pertinent provisions of

the Supplemental Plan are, by definition, ambiguous. The District Court thus erred when

it reached the contrary conclusion.

       B.       Grant of Discretion

         We have “routinely treated top hat plans differently from other kinds of plans.”

Goldstein, 251 F.3d at 436. They are considered to be “unilateral contracts, whereby

neither party’s interpretation is entitled to any more ‘deference.’” Id. Under ordinary

                                              10
contract principles, however, we give full effect to any provisions in a top hat plan that

grant a plan administrator discretion to interpret ambiguous plan terms. Id. The

administrator’s interpretation is in all events subject to “de novo review as to whether a

party has complied with its good-faith obligations.” Id. at 444.

       The “broad” grant of discretion in the top hat plan at issue in Goldstein gave the

administrator “‘sole authority’ to ‘[i]nterpret the provisions’ of the plan.” Id. at 436.

The Supplemental Plan at issue here grants a similar degree of discretion to the

Committee. Article XV of the 1999 Supplemental Plan, at section 15.2.3, gives the

Committee the authority to “[i]nterpret[] the provisions of the Plan in all particulars.”

(J.A. at 240.) Even if, as the Appellees argue, the 1999 version of the plan – not the 2008

version – is applied, the language of the 1999 Supplemental Plan is sufficient to establish

the Committee’s discretionary authority.10

       Therefore, “the question presented to the Court is not whether [the Committee’s]

interpretation offers the best reading of the contract; rather, given the discretion granted

to the [Committee], the question is whether the interpretation offered by [the Committee]

was reached in good faith.” Goldstein, 251 F.3d at 445. The District Court, in fact,

       10
          We also disagree with the District Court’s analysis regarding the vesting of
benefits under the Supplemental Plan and its assertion that the Committee’s argument
regarding its discretion to interpret the plan was a “claim of discretion to nullify
plaintiffs’ entitlement to benefits” (J.A. at 29) that “reserve[d] a right to amend or
terminate benefits after a participant’s performance” (J.A. at 30). The interpretation at
issue does not address vesting benefits under the Supplemental Plan; it addresses only the
relative distribution of those vested benefits between the Supplemental Plan and the
Pension Plan, i.e., what the result of the formula A – B is. Accordingly, the Committee’s
determination that COLAs are included in Pension Plan benefits under Factor B is not a
decision to terminate vested Supplemental Plan benefits.

                                              11
concluded that the Committee did not act in bad faith, at least regarding the imposition of

prejudgment interest. (J.A. at 46 (“[T]he record does not convincingly evince intentional

bad faith or ill-motive on defendants’ part.”).) That factual determination is supported by

the record, and there is no reason to believe there was anything less than good faith with

respect to other aspects of the Committee’s interpretive work or that the Committee did

not “exercise [its] discretion reasonably.” Goldstein, 251 F.3d at 444.

       The dissent, on the other hand, concludes that the Committee’s interpretation was

unreasonable. (Dissent Op. at 10.) Our colleague’s discussion of reasonableness,

however, is flawed because it dismisses the attendant change in the law – i.e., the

Williams decision – that prompted the Committee’s interpretation. Nor do we find

persuasive an argument that the existence of other possible interpretations renders the

Committee’s decision unreasonable. That is a non sequitur. The dissent reviews

reasonableness as if the Committee arbitrarily decided in 2008 to change the

Supplemental Plan calculations. The Committee’s interpretation of how the

Supplemental Plan benefits were to be calculated, however, was based on the Pension

Plan amendment, prompted by Williams11, and the attendant complexity of the lump sum

calculations. While the dissent’s review of the record highlights the ambiguity of the

contract here, that does not make the Committee’s interpretation unreasonable.12

       11
          The Dissent attempts to diminish the import of the Williams decision, but a
Committee overseeing a federally regulated benefits plan should not be faulted for paying
attention to the decision of a federal circuit court.
       12
         The dissent relies on select examples of the Committee’s “course of dealing” to
come to the conclusion that the Committee’s interpretation is unreasonable. (Dissent Op.
                                            12
       The record establishes that the Committee reached a reasonable interpretation of

the Supplemental Plan, given the contract’s inherent ambiguity and the calculations

necessary under complex pension plans such as those before us. There is nothing

at 5.) But none of the record citations seems to us to be the “writing … on the wall” that
the dissent believes them to be. (Id. at 10.) For the sake of completeness, however, we
will review each here. First, the dissent highlights testimony that it claims confirms that
“there was no … intent … to treat Supplemental Plan beneficiaries differently based on
their elections … under the Pension Plan.” (Id. at 6.) That seems to be a red herring.
Under the terms of the Supplemental Plan, an annuity always allowed for a COLA. Thus,
there was no conflict between the two plans because they both provided COLAs for
annuity payments and so in fact treated beneficiaries the same. Second, the dissent
quotes an actuary employed until 2006, who was not at the company when the Williams
decision came out or when the COLA Amendment was passed. Despite emphasizing the
importance of credibility determinations (id. at 2-3 n.3), the dissent relies on testimony of
an employee – not referenced by the District Court itself – who was not present for the
determinations relevant here. In response to this point, the Dissent notes that the next
actuary testified that the Committee’s interpretation was new. But the new interpretation
of ambiguous contract language here, based on changed circumstances, is no smoking
gun. Third, the dissent claims that internal resolutions show that the Committee changed
its understanding of the Supplemental Plan. The dissent emphasizes that, in a resolution
dated December 19, 2007, “the Committee wrote: ‘[n]on-qualified [Supplemental] plan
benefits are reduced by qualified [Pension] plan benefits, but are not linked to elections
under the qualified [Pension] plan.’” (Id. at 8 (quoting App. at 1550).) The dissent,
however, could very well have emphasized the first half of the resolution, “[n]on-
qualified [Supplemental] plan benefits are reduced by qualified [Pension] plan benefits,”
to make a very different point. It is reasonable to read the December 2007 resolution, as
we do, as affirming that the formula A-B does not change based on a Pension Plan
election. We do not think it is an “about-face” (id. at 9) to go from the simple statement
that Supplemental Plan benefits are reduced by Pension Plan benefits, to the added
language of Factor B that the Supplemental Plan benefits “shall reflect the relative value
of the Participant’s selected payment form under the Pension Plan.” (Id. (quoting App. at
266).) These statements simply address the contours of the formula under which benefits
are calculated.
        As to the assertion that the contract language does not support the Committee’s
interpretation, the dissent cites to the deposition of the Director of Human Resources who
testified that “[o]bviously, there was an interpretation of the plan which was contrary to
the way some of us thought the plan should be interpreted.” (J.A. at 1871 (emphasis
added).) An internal dispute over contract terms – that we have already determined are
ambiguous – does not indicate that the interpretation finally arrived at is unreasonable.

                                             13
unreasonable about one interpretation over the other when the plan is “reasonably

susceptible” to either meaning put forth by the parties. Goldstein, 251 F.3d at 447. As in

Goldstein, we have looked to the Committee’s substantive interpretation of the plan and

conclude that there was “no inherent unreasonableness in the substantive interpretation”

that would give rise to an “inference of bias or bad faith.” Id.

        We will accordingly reverse the District Court’s order granting summary

judgment to the Appellees because the terms of the Supplemental Plan are ambiguous

and so are subject to the Committee’s good faith interpretation.13

       C.     Breach of ERISA’s Fiduciary and Anti-Cutback Provisions

       The Appellants also contend that the District Court erred in concluding both that

the Committee breached its fiduciary duties and that the Committee had illegally

decreased the Appellees’ accrued benefits under ERISA Section 204(g). According to

the Appellants, those claims have no place in this dispute over a top hat plan. They also

argue that the District Court’s reliance on Battoni v. IBEW Local Union No. 102

Employee Pension Plan, 594 F.3d 230 (3d Cir. 2010), was mistaken.

       As a general matter, the administration and interpretation of an ERISA plan are

“fiduciary acts.” Varity Corp. v. Howe, 516 U.S. 489, 502-03 (1996). However, “it is

well established … that there is no cause of action for breach of fiduciary duty involving

       13
         The District Court’s ruling on Appellants’ counterclaim against Zebrowski and
the award of prejudgment interest and a tax gross up for Appellees are foreclosed by our
determination that the District Court erred in finding that the Committee impermissibly
denied benefits owed under ERISA. Thus, they too are reversed, consistent with this
opinion.

                                             14
a top hat plan.” Goldstein, 251 F.3d at 443. ERISA also contains an anti-cutback

provision, pursuant to which “[t]he accrued benefit of a participant under a plan may not

be decreased by an amendment of the plan, other than an amendment described in section

1082(d)(2) or 1441.” 29 U.S.C. § 1054(g)(1). But top hat plans are exempt from

ERISA’s substantive vesting rules, including the anti-cutback provision.

See 29 U.S.C. §§ 1051(2), 1101(a)(1); Miller v. Eichleay Eng’rs, Inc., 886 F.2d 30, 34

n.8 (3d Cir. 1989). Appellees nevertheless rely on Battoni and contend that the ordinary

fiduciary duty and anti-cutback rules apply because the plans at issue in this case are so

interconnected that the Committee’s interpretation of the Supplemental Plan was an

amendment that effectively reduced benefits under the Pension Plan.

       The District Court rejected the Appellants’ argument that the plans are separate

because it believed that the Committee “gave with one hand” and “took away with the

other” when it increased Pension Plan lump sum payments by the COLA but decreased

Supplemental Plan lump sum payments by the same amount. (J.A. at 36.) We disagree.

       First, and foremost, our analysis hinges on whether the two plans are, as the

Appellants argue, two separate plans, or are so intertwined that, as the Appellees say, the

statutory protections of ERISA should apply when ordinarily they would not. Looking at

the terms of the plans themselves and the separate provisions under ERISA that apply to

each plan, we conclude that the plans are indeed separate and distinct. As discussed

above, the instances where the Supplemental Plan incorporates the Pension Plan are

clearly defined in a way that indicates the drafters’ intent not to entirely read one plan

into the other. Moreover, if we were to hold as the District Court did, ERISA’s specific

                                             15
top hat rules would be substantially undermined because statutory provisions pertaining

to regular pension plans could regularly be read into top hat plans, contrary to Congress’s

intent to provide fewer protections for top hat beneficiaries. See Department of Labor

Office of Pension & Welfare Benefit Programs, Opinion 90-14A, 1990 WL 123933, at *1

(May 8, 1990) (Department of Labor opinion noting that certain employees have the

ability to negotiate their benefit plans and, as such, do not need more substantive

protections); see also Goldstein, 251 F.3d at 442 (citing Department of Labor opinion).

       Nor do we think Battoni is applicable here. Again, ERISA’s anti-cutback and

fiduciary provisions do not apply to top hat plans. 29 U.S.C. §§ 1051(2), 1101(a)(1).

Because the plans are separate, the Committee’s interpretation of the Supplemental Plan,

which is a top hat plan, does not effect a cutback of the Pension Plan. Even if Battoni

were relevant, however, it would not aid the Appellees. That case requires a party

making an anti-cutback claim to “show (1) that a plan was amended, and (2) that the

amendment decreased an accrued benefit.” Battoni, 594 F.3d at 233. The Appellees

cannot establish either of those elements. There was no “amendment,” either

constructive or otherwise, when the Committee interpreted the plan, and the Appellees’

benefits were not decreased because they received the COLA owed to them under the

Pension Plan. In short, there was no cutback.

III.   Conclusion

       For the foregoing reasons, we will reverse the judgment of the District Court.

                                            16
   GREENAWAY, JR., Circuit Judge, dissenting

 I.          Introduction

             In its effort to resolve this matter, the majority comes to an interpretation of the

      contract at hand that is untenable and yields an unjust result. Thus, I am compelled to

      respectfully dissent.

             First, the Committee’s contract interpretation, which the majority adopts, enables

      Appellants to give with one hand and take with another, leaving Appellees with no net

      COLA entitlement. This result is the essence of my disagreement with my colleagues.

             Second, the Committee’s contract interpretation is inconsistent with its own

      employees’ testimony and contradicts its own internal documents. Under the most

      deferential of standards—which our Goldstein standard is not—the Committee’s contract

      interpretation does not fall within the realm of reasonableness.

II.          The Committee’s Interpretation Leaves Appellees With No Net COLA
             Entitlement

             The majority accepts Appellants’ claim that, when a Pension Plan beneficiary

      elects to receive his Pension Plan benefit as a lump sum payment, rather than in monthly

      annuity payments, the Pension Plan beneficiary is entitled to receive a COLA amount in

      addition to his lump sum payment—but must also then have his Supplemental Plan

      benefits reduced by an amount equal to the COLA. (See Appellants’ Br. 22 (“Since

      Pension Plan benefits increased due to the Pension Plan COLA . . . Supplemental Plan

                                                    1
benefits correspondingly were reduced [by the COLA amount].”).) 1 This interpretation

is purportedly mandated to avoid a double payment of the COLA to Appellees; however,

in actuality, Appellants seek to give an amount equal to COLA with one set of benefits

and to subtract an amount equal to COLA from another set of benefits, resulting in a net

zero COLA entitlement for each Appellee. 2 Even according some degree of deference to

the Committee’s contract interpretation of Supplemental Plan terms, 3 the Committee’s

contract interpretation here cannot be deemed reasonable.

         1
           (See also App. 1785-86 (“Furthermore, we reduced the present value to ensure that the total value of Mr.
Woodruff’s Qualified [Pension] and Nonqualified [Supplemental] Plan benefits before the COLA enhancement to
the lump sum on the Qualified Plan is retained.”); App. 2011 (explaining that a participant “who elects to receive his
[Pension] Plan benefit as a lump sum will have his [Supplemental] Plan benefit reduced to . . . reflect[] the COLA
[received by the participant with] the lump sum [he received under] the [Pension] Plan”); App. 1988 (explaining that
even after the COLA Amendment takes effect, “the total amount of your retirement benefit [under both the Pension
Plan and Supplemental Plan] is unchanged” because the COLA Amendment only “shift[s] . . . benefits from the
Non-Qualified Plan to the Qualified Plan”).)
         2
            This result is troubling because a COLA is “an essential element of the normal retirement benefit” that
“ensures that the retirement benefits will not diminish in real value over time.” Hickey v. Chicago Truck Drivers,
Helpers and Warehouse Workers Union, 980 F.2d 465, 468 (7th Cir. 1992); see also Williams v. Rohm and Haas
Pension Plan, 497 F.3d 710, 711 (7th Cir. 2007) (explaining that “COLAs are commonly applied to [retirement
benefits] in order to account for inflation”).
         3
           Goldstein does not require that we accord substantial deference to a plan administrator’s interpretation. It
requires that we make an independent determination as to reasonableness and good faith based on “[o]rdinary
contract principles” and the federal common law of contract. Goldstein v. Johnson & Johnson, 251 F.3d 433, 444
(3d Cir. 2001). This is no lax standard, which at least two sister circuits have had occasion to acknowledge. See,
e.g., Comrie v. IPSCO, Inc., 636 F.3d 839, 842 (7th Cir. 2011) (Easterbrook, J.) (stating that under Goldstein,
“interpretations by a non-fiduciary [such as a plan administrator] must be ignored, and that courts must make
independent decisions, no matter what a plan’s governing documents say”) (emphasis added); id. (stating that the
standard should be “easier, not harder as Goldstein thought, to honor discretion-conferring clauses in contracts that
govern the actions of non-fiduciaries”); Craig v. Pillsbury Non-Qualified Pension Plan, 458 F.3d 748, 752 (8th Cir.
2006) (applying the Goldstein standard and finding that the plan administrator’s interpretation was unreasonable);
id. (acknowledging that Goldstein does not call for a relaxation of the standard of review from de novo to abuse of
discretion and that “de novo review does not . . . alter our analysis as much as it might appear at first blush”).

         In Goldstein, we stated that “[i]t is axiomatic that we defer to a district court’s credibility determinations.”
Goldstein, 251 F.3d at 436, 445 (emphasis added). In this case, the District Court combed through the record and
made credibility determinations—to which we must defer—that were adverse to Appellants. The majority does not
give deference to the District Court’s adverse credibility determinations, which Goldstein requires. On the other
hand, the majority gives substantial deference to the Committee’s interpretation, which Goldstein neither requires
nor endorses.

                                                            2
         Appellants argue, and Appellees do not dispute, that Appellees are not eligible for

or due any COLA entitlement as an addition or adjunct to their Supplemental Plan

benefit. As such, the Supplemental Plan benefit should remain constant both before

levying a COLA entitlement with the Pension Plan benefit as well as after. If the result

differs, as Appellees suggest, there lies the rub.

         An example regarding this calculation may clarify the point. 4 Assume each

Appellee is entitled to a $100 Pension Plan benefit and a $5 COLA amount. Assume the

Supplemental Plan benefit formula equals (Factor A - Factor B) × Factor C, where Factor

C equals one and Factor A equals 200. 5

         The parties do not dispute that, under this example, each Appellee should receive

$105 in a Pension Plan lump sum payment ($100 Pension Plan benefit plus a $5 COLA

amount). The parties do dispute how to calculate the Supplemental Plan benefit.

         Using Appellees’ interpretation, the $5 COLA amount is not added to Factor B.

Thus, each Appellee’s Supplemental Plan benefit equals Factor A - Factor B, or $200 -

$100, which equals $100. Adding this Supplemental Plan benefit of $100 to the Pension

Plan Benefit of $105, each Appellee ends up with $205. Hence, the pensioner would

have, at the end of the day, a greater benefit after the levying of a Pension Plan COLA

         4
           The numbers used for the example above are not meant to be proportional to the actual numbers in this
case, but are used for illustrative purposes.
         5
          Section 7.2.2 of the Supplemental Plan states: “The Basic Amount of Early Retirement Pension of a
Participant who retires from the Company . . . on or after age 60 shall be one-twelfth of (A-B) × C.” (App. 229.)

                                                         3
entitlement than before. Notably, the Supplemental Plan calculation is the same both

before and after disbursing the Pension Plan COLA entitlement.

        Using the Committee’s interpretation, on the other hand, the $5 COLA amount is

added to Factor B. Thus, each Appellee’s Supplemental Plan benefit equals Factor A -

Factor B, or $200 - $105, which equals $95. Adding this Supplemental Plan benefit of

$95 to the Pension Plan Benefit of $105, Appellee ends up with $200.

        Most importantly, under the Committee’s interpretation, each Appellee would take

home $200 at the end of the day whether or not there was a COLA entitlement disbursed

with the Pension Plan benefit. Put another way, if each Appellee had not received a $5

COLA amount with his Pension Plan benefit, such that the Pension Plan benefit equaled

$100 instead of $105, the Supplemental Plan benefit would equal $100 (Factor A - Factor

B, or $200 - $100), and each Appellee would still receive only $200 from both plans.

        Thus, the Committee’s interpretation, in practical terms, appears flawed. Under

the example presented above, there would be no reason for Appellees to even ask for a

COLA amount with the Pension Plan benefit because—under the Committee’s

interpretation—each Appellee would receive the same $200—in combined Pension Plan

and Supplemental Plan benefits—whether or not he had a COLA amount added to his

Pension Plan benefit. Why would Appellees contract for such an illusory COLA

benefit? 6

        6
            The actual numbers involved in this case comport with the example used here. Taking Appellee
Zebrowski as an example, the Committee indicated, by letter dated May 6, 2009, that Appellee Zebrowski was
entitled to $1,774,428 in combined benefits under both the Pension Plan and Supplemental Plan. However, if he
were to collect the $461,775 COLA entitlement with his Pension Plan benefit, he must “repay the Supplemental Plan
$461,775.” (See App. 1992-97; id. at 1996 (“If you receive an additional lump sum payment from the Pension Plan

                                                       4
III.           The Committee’s Interpretation Is Inconsistent With Its Prior Course of
               Dealing, The Testimony of Its Own Actuaries and Employees and Its Prior
               Interpretation of the Supplemental Plan Terms

               The parties’ prior course of dealing confirms that before the 2008 COLA

       Amendment, no COLA amount was ever considered as part of Factor B, and the

       calculations for Factor A and Factor B under the Supplemental Plan were not dependent

       upon one’s election under the Pension Plan. (See, e.g., App. 34-35 (District Court

       opinion indicating that “the defendants acknowledge that the calculation of plaintiff’s

       benefits departed from the longstanding administration of the plans”); Teamsters Indus.

       Emps. Welfare Fund v. Rolls-Royce Motor Cars, Inc., 989 F.2d 132, 137 (3d Cir. 1993)

       (stating that the “past dealings of contracting parties pursuant to an agreement are

       probative of the parties’ intent” and “[e]vidence of a course of conduct is particularly

       compelling when it occurs over a substantial time period”); James v. Zurich-Am. Ins. Co.

       of Ill., 203 F.3d 250, 255 (3d Cir. 2000) (“[A] basic rule of contract construction is that

       ‘[a] contract must be interpreted in light of the meaning which the parties have accorded

       to it as evidenced by their conduct in its performance.’” (second alteration in original)

       (quoting Capitol Bus Co. v. Blue Bird Coach Lines, Inc., 478 F.2d 556, 560 (3d Cir.

       1973)); In re New Valley Corp., 89 F.3d 143, 150 (3d Cir. 1996) (“Extrinsic evidence

       of $461,775 [to account for your Pension Plan COLA entitlement], you must repay the Supplemental Plan
       $461,775.”); id. at 1988 (stating that “[d]ue to the COLA Amendment, your Qualified Plan lump sum benefit . . . is
       increased by $461,774.88,” which has the effect of “shift[ing] a portion ($461,774.88) of your total retirement
       benefit from the Non-Qualified to the Qualified Plan, such that “your total retirement benefit under the Qualified
       Plan and Non-Qualified Plan is not chang[ed]”).) Again, the Committee’s requirement that Appellee Zebrowski
       (and each of the other Appellees), receive a COLA entitlement under the Pension Plan in exchange for a reduction
       of his Supplemental Plan benefit in an amount equal to the COLA entitlement, leaves Appellee Zebrowski (and each
       of the other Appellees) with a net zero COLA entitlement. Moreover, there is no perceived or actual benefit to
       Appellees as a result of the COLA Amendment under this scenario.

                                                               5
[which we may consider in interpreting a contract] may include . . . the conduct of the

parties that reflects their understanding of the contract’s meaning.”).)

          William Dorcas, Director of Employee Benefits at Evonik Degussa, confirmed

that historically, when a plan participant elected an annuity form of payment from the

Pension Plan, there was no “extra adjustment” of the Supplemental Plan benefits to

account for the COLA amount received together with the Pension Plan benefit. (App.

1781-82.) Now, under the Committee’s new interpretation, when a plan participant

elects a lump sum form of payment from the Pension Plan, there will be an adjustment—

namely, a reduction—in the Supplemental Plan benefits to account for the COLA amount

received together with the Pension Plan benefit. However, the formula set forth in the

Supplemental Plan allows for no such distinction—ostensibly because there was no ex

ante intent among the contracting parties to treat Supplemental Plan beneficiaries

differently based on their elections (of annuity or lump sum payments) under the Pension

Plan. 7

          Furthermore, Peter A. Fargo, the company’s actuary until 2006, 8 stated that “it is

my opinion that the adjustments made by [Appellants] to the lump sum payable to

          7
           This point is separate from (though related to) the issue of whether Factor B includes a COLA. The point
here is that, if it were always the parties’ intent to treat different beneficiaries under the same Supplemental Plan
differently based on whether or not they chose to receive Pension Plan payments via a lump sum rather than annuity
payments, the Supplemental Plan contract language should reflect that differential treatment. The absence of any
contract language speaking to this differential treatment supports a finding that the Committee’s interpretation is
unreasonable.
          8
          Contrary to the majority’s contention, (see Majority Op. 13 n.11), Fargo’s testimony is relevant, even
though he was not working for Appellants at the time that the COLA Amendment was implemented. Fargo was
familiar with the 1999 Supplemental Plan terms from having administered and interpreted that plan while working
for Appellants. Therefore, his testimony indicating that Appellants’ new contract interpretation is inconsistent with
the Supplemental Plan terms—with which he was intimately familiar from his prior period of employment with
Appellants—is relevant. Additionally, the actuary employed by Appellants after Fargo, Blake Baietto, also gave

                                                          6
[Appellees] under the Evonic RohMax USA, Inc. Non-Qualified Pension Plan in the

event that [they] elect a lump sum payment from the []Pension Plan is not in accordance

with the terms of either the Original Non-Qualified Pension Plan or the Amended Non-

Qualified Pension Plan.” (See id. at 2027 (emphasis added).) “Specifically, the benefit

calculated under Section 6.1(b) of the Amended Non-Qualified Pension Plan is not

affected by the election of a lump sum benefit under the Pension Plan . . . .” (Id.) 9

         Moreover, the Committee’s own documentation indicates, as recently as

December 2007, that it did not tie the calculation of Supplemental Plan benefits to one’s

elections under the Pension Plan. In a Resolution signed by the Committee on December

19, 2007 (the “December 2007 Resolution”), the Committee wrote: “[n]on-qualified

[Supplemental] plan benefits are reduced by qualified [Pension] plan benefits, but are not

linked to elections under the qualified [Pension] plan.” (App. 1550 (emphasis added).) 10

testimony that supports Appellees’ position. Baietto indicated that while he “had never done it that way in the past,”
he received guidance from the Committee and Appellants’ lawyers to change his calculation methodology to include
a COLA amount in the calculation of Factor B, which had the effect of awarding a COLA amount with Pension Plan
benefits and subtracting an amount equal to the COLA from Supplemental Plan benefits. (App. 1708-09 (emphasis
added).) Baietto, however, was not able to point to any language from the 1999 Supplemental Plan that supported
this new interpretation and methodological change. (Id. at 1714-15.)
         9
          (See also id. at 2025-26 (“[T]he value of the lump sum payment under the Original [Supplemental]
Pension Plan is not contingent upon the form of payment [chosen] under the Pension Plan.” (emphasis added).)
         10
            The first part of the December 2007 Resolution’s statement that “[n]on-qualified [Supplemental] plan
benefits are reduced by qualified [Pension] plan benefits” does not support Appellants’ position, notwithstanding the
majority’s pronouncement to the contrary. Essentially, this stands for the uncontroversial proposition—which
neither party disputes—that Supplemental Plan benefits are reduced by some measure of Pension Plan benefits
(though the parties do dispute which numbers to include in calculating that measure of Pension Plan benefits). The
controversial part of the December 2007 Resolution statement that this dissent seeks to emphasize is the second half,
which claims that Supplemental Plan benefit amounts “are not linked to elections under the qualified [Pension]
plan.” (App. 1550.) It is plain from the record that, notwithstanding the December 2007 Resolution’s
pronouncement, Appellants did begin to link Supplemental Plan benefits to elections under the Pension Plan. (See,
e.g., App. 1699-1701 (Blake Baietto, Appellants’ actuary, indicating that despite the December 2007 Resolution,
Appellee Woodruff’s Supplemental Plan benefit was linked to Woodruff’s election of a lump sum rather than
annuity payments under the Pension Plan).)

                                                          7
This language indicates that at least until December 2007, the Committee itself did not

believe that the formula set out in Section 7.2.2 of the Supplemental Plan called for

treating the calculation of benefits differently depending on one’s elections (to receive a

lump sum or monthly annuity payments) under the Pension Plan.

       One year later—after certain of Appellees’ benefits had already vested and

accrued under the Supplemental Plan—the Committee added language to Factor B which

states the opposite of the December 2007 Resolution, namely that “the Participant’s Basic

Amount of Early Retirement Pension [under the Supplemental Plan] shall reflect the

relative value of the Participant’s selected payment form under the Pension Plan.” (App.

266.) Despite the fact that this addition constitutes an about-face in the Committee’s

interpretation of the Supplemental Plan benefits formula, the Committee steadfastly

maintains that the “restated document . . . signed in December of 2008 and its

predecessor [Supplemental Plan] document are the same in terms of the formula to be

applied to calculate the benefit.” (App. 1554.) This pronouncement by the Committee is

hard to reconcile on this record.

       To the contrary, the record reflects that Thomas Ayres, the Committee’s

Chairman, explained that the new Supplemental Plan language was added “based on the

conflicts that [Appellants] were having at the time in terms of the interpretation of the

plan with the plan participants,” ostensibly including Appellees in this case. (App. 1556-

57.) And, the testimony of Joseph Sinclair, Evonik RohMax’s Director of Human

Resources, also undermines any finding that the contract language supports the

                                              8
Committee’s interpretation. (See App. 1870 (disagreeing with Appellants’ decision to

“[o]ffset[] the COLA driven increase in the [Pension Plan] benefit with a decrease in the

[Supplemental Plan] benefit” because this decision “seems contrary to the intent of the

[Supplemental] plan . . . [and the] decrease in the nonqualified [Supplemental] benefit in

effect diminishes the value of the bonuses.”).) 11 The writing is thus on the wall. 12

         The Committee’s interpretation, which changed in 2008 to provide for linking

one’s benefits under the Supplemental Plan to his election under the Pension Plan—and

which had the effect of providing a net zero COLA entitlement—is unreasonable given

the testimony of Appellants’ own employees, Appellants’ prior course of dealing, and

Appellants’ own prior interpretations of the contract. 13 Behind the smoke and mirrors—

which Appellants seek to erect through reference to complex actuarial calculations—is a

         11
           Furthermore, at oral argument, Appellants conceded that their revised Supplemental Plan language
constituted a “math change” in prior Committee interpretations of the Supplemental Plan benefits calculation.
         12
            The majority argues that Appellants did not “arbitrarily decide[] in 2008 to change their Supplemental
Plan calculations” but changed their interpretation because of “the attendant change in the law—i.e., the Williams
decision.” (Majority Op. 12 (“Accordingly, the “Committee’s interpretation of how the Supplemental Plan benefits
were to be calculated . . . was based on the Pension Plan amendment, prompted by Williams . . .” (emphasis
added).) Reliance on Williams to justify the Committee’s interpretation is troubling for several reasons. First, the
Williams decision applied only to Pension Plan benefits and did not affect the law relating to Supplemental Plan
benefits. Second, Williams constituted non-binding out-of-circuit precedent, which Appellants were not compelled
to follow but voluntarily chose to follow. Third, the Committee’s interpretative change disrupted the parties’ ex ante
intentions, which had been reinforced by the parties’ course of dealing in prior years. (App. 34 (District Court
opinion indicating that “the actions of the contracting parties were consistent with a mutual intention that pension
plan COLAs would be paid once under the pension plan and would not be used to reduce benefits paid under the top
hat plan”).)
         13
            See, e.g., Goldstein, 251 F.3d at 436 (stating that where, as here, a top hat plan “grant[s] the plan
administrator discretion to construe the terms of the plan,” that discretion is “subject to the implied duty of good
faith and fair dealing” embodied in ordinary contract principles) (citing Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 205);
Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 205 cmt. e; (stating that the duty of good faith is “violated by dishonest
conduct such as . . . asserting an interpretation contrary to one’s own understanding”); id. at cmt. d (stating that
while a “complete catalogue of types of bad faith is impossible . . . the following types are among those which have
been recognized in judicial decisions: evasion of the spirit of the bargain . . . [and] abuse of a power to specify
terms”); cf. Frommert v. Conkright, 738 F.3d 522, 531 (2d Cir. 2013) (stating that “the [plan administrator’s]
proposed offset produces an absurd . . . result and is therefore unreasonable”).

                                                          9
bare, ex post attempt to deprive Appellees of the COLA amount to which they are

entitled. 14 The majority should not give its imprimatur to such an attempt.

         While, as the majority indicates, “[t]here is nothing unreasonable about one

interpretation over the other when the plan is ‘reasonably susceptible’ to either meaning

put forth by the parties,” (see Majority Op. 13 (quoting Goldstein v. Johnson & Johnson,

251 F.3d 433, 447 (3d Cir. 2001))), in my view the Supplemental Plan language here is

not reasonably susceptible to the Committee’s interpretation. To reiterate, the

Committee’s interpretation leaves Appellees with no net COLA entitlement, treats

Supplemental Plan beneficiaries differently depending on whether they elect to receive

Pension Plan benefits in lump sum rather than annuity payments absent any contract

language reflecting this differential treatment, and runs contrary to the understandings of

Appellants’ employees, Appellants’ prior course of dealing and Appellants’ prior

interpretations of Supplemental Plan terms. For the reasons set forth above, I would

affirm the District Court’s judgment. Therefore, I dissent.

         14
            It seems that Appellants were confounded by the thought of having to pay a COLA amount together with
a lump sum Pension Plan benefit, pursuant to the 2008 COLA Amendment. To this point, Appellants admitted in a
letter to Pension Plan participants that “[t]he financial impact of applying the COLA to lump sum payments is
significant and well beyond the value of the pension benefit as originally intended.” (App. 1970 (Pension Plan
COLA Amendment Notice, Nov. 7, 2008).) By calculating Supplemental Plan benefits pursuant to the Committee’s
interpretation, however, Appellants are able to give with the left hand and take with the right, such that the economic
loss that they would otherwise have suffered as a result of paying out COLAs together with lump sum Pension Plan
benefits is entirely mitigated. (See, e.g., App. 1716-17 (Appellants’ actuary Blake Baietto stated that “Evonik and
its counsel made the decision that the size of the pie, if you will, stays the same . . . [s]o if there is more benefit
coming from the qualified [Pension] plan, that must be reflected in the determination of the nonqualified
[Supplemental] plan” benefit).)

                                                         10