Court Opinion

ID: 2693015
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-08-01 21:56:00.06645+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:56:43.319812
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Kilby, 2013-Ohio-5340.]

          IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR MONTGOMERY COUNTY, OHIO

STATE OF OHIO                                        :

        Plaintiff-Appellant                          :            C.A. CASE NO.      25650

v.                                                   :            T.C. NO.    2011-9469

MARY KILBY                                           :            (Appeal from Common
                                                                   Pleas Court, Juvenile Division)
        Defendant-Appellee                           :

                                                     :

                                            ..........

                                            OPINION

                          Rendered on the      6th       day of         December          , 2013.

                                            ..........

R. LYNN NOTHSTINE, Atty. Reg. No. 0061560, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, 301 W.
Third Street, 5th Floor, Dayton, Ohio 45422
       Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellant

RICHARD HEMPFLING, Atty. Reg. No. 0029986, 15 W. Fourth Street, Suite 100, Dayton,
Ohio 45402
      Attorney for Defendant-Appellee

                                            ..........

DONOVAN, J.

                 {¶ 1} This matter is before the Court on the Notice of Appeal of the State of
               Ohio,

filed February 22, 2013. The State appeals from the February 7, 2013 decision of the

Juvenile Court that granted Mary Kilby’s motion to dismiss one count of failure to report

child abuse or neglect. We hereby reverse the judgment of the juvenile court.

       {¶ 2}    Kilby was initially indicted, on November 17, 2011, in the Montgomery

County Court of Common Pleas, for one count of failing to provide for a functionally

impaired person, in violation of R.C. 2903.16(B)(recklessly), a felony of the fourth degree,

and one count of failure to report child abuse or neglect, in violation of R.C.

2151.421(A)(1)(a), a misdemeanor of the first degree. On November 21, 2011, Kilby was

charged by way of complaint in juvenile court, with one count of failure to report child abuse

or neglect. On November 22, 2011, the charge of failure to report child abuse or neglect

pending in the court of common pleas was nolled without prejudice, due to the charge being

refiled in juvenile court.   On April 11, 2012, Kilby was indicted in the court of common

pleas on one count of failing to provide for a functionally impaired person, in violation of

R.C. 2903.16(A)(knowingly), a felony of the fourth degree.

       {¶ 3}     On September 14, 2012, Kilby entered no contest pleas to one count of

failing to provide for a functionally impaired person, in violation of R.C. 2903.16(A), and

one count of failing to provide for a functionally impaired person, in violation of R.C.

2903.16(B).     On October 25, 2012, Kilby was sentenced to five years of community

control sanctions.

       {¶ 4}    On October 29, 2012, following a status conference, the Juvenile Court

issued an Entry and Order Setting Dates for Submission of Briefs, which provides that an

“oral motion to dismiss was made by defense counsel on the grounds of double jeopardy.
                                                                                           3

Defense counsel argues that the case in Juvenile Court should merge with the case in the

General Division, in which sentence has previously been issued by Judge Huffman.” The

juvenile court directed the parties to brief the double jeopardy issue.

       {¶ 5}    In her memorandum in support of her motion to dismiss, Kilby asserted that

her conviction in the General Division barred her prosecution in juvenile court because the

test for allied offenses of similar import, pursuant to State v. Johnson, 128 Ohio St. 3d 153,

2010-Ohio-6314, 942 N.E.2d 1061, has been met.            Kilby directed the juvenile court’s

attention to the Bill of Particulars filed by the State in the General Division, which she

attached to her memorandum. The Bill of Particulars provides as follows:

               ***

               The conduct of the defendant alleged to constitute the offenses in both

       counts is as follows: Between March 17, 2010 through March 1, 2011, the

       defendant was a licensed registered nurse employed by Care Star and charged

       with the responsibility in that employment position of managing Makayla’s

       care under her care plan and/or All Services Plan ensuring that her care plan

       and/or All Services Plan was being followed, including personally visiting

       and assessing Makayla Norman in Makayla’s home at 707 Taylor Street in

       Dayton, Montgomery County, Ohio, every six months, in order to ensure both

       Makayla’s health and safety and that Makayla’s other caretakers were in

       compliance     with   Makayla’s     care plan and/or All           Services Plan.

       Fourteen-year-old Makayla Norman was a lifelong mentally handicapped

       quadriplegic with cerebral palsy who could not stand, walk, speak, or
                                                                                   4

swallow food. She was totally dependent on her caretakers, of which the

defendant was one. As far back as March 17, 2010 - almost a year before

Makayla’s death - the defendant was alerted to the deplorable living

conditions of the home in which Makayla was living at 707 Taylor Street.

       The defendant, as a registered nurse assigned to Makayla’s case, also

understood medically Makayla’s physical diagnosis, the physical ailments

that could come with such diagnoses, the nature of what those diagnoses

required in terms of her medical care and treatment, and also the importance

of Makayla’s proper care by her caretakers. She was also the assigned case

manager of Makayla’s care plan and/or All Services Plan and knew what that

entailed for ensuring that Makayla received the treatment, care, goods and

services that she was supposed to receive under Medicaid.

       The defendant’s last personal visit with and assessment of Makayla at

707 Taylor Street occurred on February 24, 2011, just five days prior to

Makayla’s death. The defendant did not provide or seek out any treatment,

service, or goods for (or even report to local authorities) Makayla’s visible

signs of neglect and deplorable living conditions at that time, nor did the

defendant care for any of the numerous visible physical injuries and signs of

neglect to Makayla herself, including: Makayla having an extremely

emaciated face and body, weighing only 28 pounds at autopsy; unbandaged

bedsores all over her body; some filled with feces and dirt and some showing

scarring; adult lice in her hair and eyebrows; long-standing dirt that could not
                                                                                5

be entirely washed off with a scrubbing at the coroner’s office; a two-inch

impacted rectum; an interior pelvic area obstructed by a dilated colon filled

with feces which had begun to block one of her kidneys; teeth riddled with

plaque and a build up of thick dry secretions on her tongue due to a lack of

daily oral care; and pneumonia in both lungs - any, some or all of which the

defendant, as a trained and experienced registered nurse familiar with

Makayla’s condition and charged with the responsibility of ensuring that

Makayla was receiving the care she should have received under her care plan

and/or All Services Plan as well as Medicaid, should have detected during the

defendant’s personal visit just five days prior to Makayla’s death. The cause

of death was determined to be nutritional and medical neglect, with the death

being contributed to by complications of cerebral palsy. The manner of

death was ruled a homicide.

***

       Therefore, notwithstanding the defendant’s knowledge, training, and

employment position as a registered nurse and case manager for Makayla

Norman, the defendant recklessly and knowingly failed to provide treatment,

care, goods, and/or services to Makayla which resulted in serious physical

harm and Makayla’s death on March 1, 2011. That is, the defendant, as a

registered nurse and caretaker to Makayla, failed to follow up and/or act

adequately on reports of deplorable conditions in the home from when she

was alerted to a problem with the home March 17, 2010 to Makayla’s death
                                                                                            6

       on March 1, 2011, failed to adequately assess Makayla and her living

       conditions in visits during that time frame, failed to detect the visible signs of

       neglect to Makayla and resulting medical danger to Makayla in her last

       assessment just five days before Makayla’s death, and failed to care for

       Makayla under the care plan and/or All Services Plan as well as ensure that

       other caretakers were caring for Makayla - all of which she had the training

       and responsibility to do as a registered nurse and case manager with Care Star

       assigned to Makayla.

       {¶ 6}    Regarding the assertion that Makayla was dependent upon her, Kilby

asserted as follows:

               Hence, the allegations that Mrs. Kilby was a “caretaker,” and Makayla

       Norman was a “functionally impaired person” as required under R.C.

       2903.16(A). These facts, of course, also would constitute elements required

       to be proven in this Court with regard to the charge under R.C. 2151.421, i.e.,

       that Mrs. Kilby was a “registered nurse,” “acting in an official or professional

       capacity,” and that Makayla was “a child under eighteen years of age or a

       mentally retarded, developmentally disabled, or physically impaired child

       under twenty-one years of age.”

       {¶ 7}      Kilby further asserted as follows:

               The Bill of Particulars goes on to graphically describe, in the words of

       the State, “deplorable living conditions” in Makayla’s home, as well as

       “numerous visible physical injuries and signs of neglect to Makayla herself,”
                                                                                         7

and that Mrs. Kilby knew or should have known of the existence of these

matters. This, of course, satisfies not only the “knowingly” element of the

felony offense, but also the requirement under R.C. 2151.421 that the

offender “knows or has reasonable cause to suspect” that the child is an

abused or neglected child.

       As for the “conduct” described in the Bill of Particulars, i.e., the failure to

provide “treatment, care, goods, or service . . . necessary to maintain the health or

safety” of Makayla, the state is less precise. Nevertheless, the State’s theory

clearly included an assertion that at or following Mrs. Kilby’s last visit to

Makayla’s home on February 24, 2011, she “did not provide or seek out any

treatment, services, or goods for (or even report to authorities) Makayla’s visible

signs of neglect and deplorable living conditions at that time . . .” * * * Further at

page 6 of its Sentencing Memorandum filed on October 23, 2012, * * * when

arguing causation, the S[t]ate asserted and explained that “[a]t a minimum, the

defendant caused Makayla to suffer physical pain between February 25 and March

1, 2011 by not calling authorities to get her admitted to a hospital.” This, of

course clearly corresponds with the remaining allegations of the prosecution in

this Court, i.e., that Mrs. Kilby failed to report abuse or neglect to the proper

authorities, thereby causing harm to Makayla.

       Finally, lest there be any doubt that the instant charge of failing to report

abuse or neglect was subsumed within the previous conviction for failing to

provide for a functionally impaired person, the S[t]ate’s only sentencing request is
                                                                                           8

       very instructive. At the conclusion of that Sentencing Memorandum, the State

       had this to say:

                          The State would also ask that the defendant be required to

               lecture nurses about the dangers of evading and ignoring their duty

               to report child abuse and/or neglect, particularly when there are

               clear signs of the need to do so.

       {¶ 8}    According to Kilby’s memorandum, the “forgoing amply demonstrates that it is

possible to commit both offenses with the same conduct (here, failure to act), that the evidence

would, in fact show the same conduct, and that there would not and could not be any showing of

a separate ‘animus’ or state of mind.”

               {¶ 9} The State responded in part as follows:

               * * * The charge of Failing to Provide for a Functionally Impaired Person

       accuses the defendant of being the person not to provide the care to Makayla

       Norman over the course of the indictment period from March 2010 to the date of

       the defendant’s last visit to the home of Makayla on February 24, 2011. At her

       last home-visit and examination/assessment of Makayla on February 24, 2011, the

       defendant had the medical training as a registered nurse to identify and treat

       bedsores, an impacted rectum, lice living in Makayla’s hair, eyelashes and

       eyebrows, among other physical ailments.           The defendant further had the

       experience and training to look for the beginning signs of pneumonia or existing

       pneumonia.     The defendant further had the experience and training to clean

       Makayla’s numerous open wounds and filthy body. However, the defendant
                                                                                             9

       provided none of this care to Makayla, nor arranged to have additional medical

       care provided to Makayla to help with these conditions.

               In the count of Failing to Report Child Abuse and Neglect, the defendant is

       charged with not reporting the egregious neglect of Makayla Norman by other

       defendants on February 24, 2011, specifically. In essence, she is charged with not

       picking up the phone to report to the children’s services bureau or local law

       enforcement what should have been obvious the minute the defendant walked in

       the door of 707 Taylor Street on February 24, 2011, and saw the horrific state of

       Makayla’s body and living conditions.         For this defendant specifically, the

       conditions of the home alone should have

       been reason to make the mandatory report since in March 2010 she had personally

       put Makayla’s mother, daily nurse Mollie Parsons as well as the agency for which

       Mollie Parsons worked on notice that the home conditions were not acceptable to

       her.

       {¶ 10} The State asserted that each failure to act, namely failing to minister to Makayla’s

needs and failing to contact authorities, “constituted separate conduct.” The State asserted that

Kilby’s failure to provide care “is a separate decision and act than failing to pick up the phone to

report the neglect to Makayla caused by Makayla’s mother and her daily nurse, among others on

February 24, 2011 specifically.” According to the State, the fact that Kilby’s “failure to report

the neglect of Makayla had the additional benefit of covering up her own failure to provide care

and services, does not change the fact that the animus behind the failure to provide care and

services and failure to report were separate and distinct.” The State asserted that “the offense of
                                                                                              10

Failing to Provide for a Functionally Impaired Person is not an allied offense of Failing to Report

Child Abuse or Neglect under Johnson,” and that “an offender may commit the offense of Failing

to Report Child Abuse or Neglect for a Functionally Impaired person but still make a phone call

to report the neglect caused by another individual. Further, an offender may commit the offense

of Failure to Report Child Abuse or Neglect without even having a duty to themselves provide

care.” The State asserted that both “the conduct and the animus are separate.”

       {¶ 11} The State distinguished the matter herein from State v. Bridgeman, 2d Dist.

Champaign No. 2010 CA 16, 2011-Ohio-2680.               Therein, Bridgeman was convicted of

aggravated burglary, aggravated robbery, and grand theft as a result of a bank robbery. Id., ¶ 11.

He was sentenced to a total of 13 years, namely 10 years for the burglary, robbery and theft

charges to be served concurrently to each other and consecutively to a three-year firearm

specification on the aggravated robbery. This Court applied Johnson and determined as follows:

               Under the facts of this case, it is apparent that the charges of aggravated

       robbery, aggravated burglary, and grand theft are allied offenses of similar import.

       The grand theft charge was based on the theft of $8,218; Bridgeman was not

       accused of stealing anything beyond the money from the bank. The aggravated

       robbery charge arose from Bridgeman's use of a deadly weapon in committing the

       grand theft. Bridgeman committed aggravated burglary by trespassing at the bank,

       by force and with a deadly weapon, while bank employees were present and with

       the purpose to commit grand theft and/or aggravated robbery. In short, all of the

       charges stem from Bridgeman's conduct of entering the bank to conduct a robbery,

       threatening the employees with a firearm, demanding money, and leaving the bank
                                                                                            11

       with $8,218. Bridgeman committed multiple offenses through a single course of

       conduct and with a single state of mind. Therefore, the three counts should have

       been merged prior to sentencing. Id., ¶ 54.

       {¶ 12} The State asserted that “the Bridgeman court has added language to the Johnson

case that simply doesn’t exist.”    The State asserted that “Kilby’s crimes are not as intertwined

as Bridgeman’s,” and that each of Kilby’s “actions was based on a decision to achieve a

different goal. None was necessary in order to complete the other crime. None are a predicate

or lesser-included of the other.”     According to the State, to “change        Johnson into now

categorizing [Kilby’s] behavior as a ‘course of conduct’ rather than the original language of

‘conduct’ would reward - if not encourage - criminals to push their illegal behavior to excess,

making their conduct equal in the eyes of the law to those who commit just one crime,” and

demean the serious nature of the two crimes.

       {¶ 13} The State directed the juvenile court’s attention to State v. Overton, 10th Dist.

Franklin No. 09AP-858, 2011-Ohio-4204, in which the Tenth District held that, while it is

possible to commit felonious assault and child endangerment by the same conduct, Overton failed

to establish that his offenses resulted from the same conduct, since “there were two separate

incidents of abuse, the strike to the head and the blows to the chest,” and the “incidents were

separated in time.” Id., ¶ 15. It was significant to the court that the State relied upon “the blows

to the chest as the basis for the felonious assault conviction,” while the “argument for child

endangering, by contrast, was only based on the fact that appellant struck [the victim], without

indicating whether this was the blow to the head * * * or the later blows to the chest.” Id.

According to the Tenth District, there “was sufficient evidence for the jury to conclude that
                                                                                             12

appellant committed child endangering through child abuse by striking [the victim] in the head *

* * ,” such that the offenses were not subject to merger. Id., ¶ 16.

       {¶ 14} The State asserted as follows:

                Addressing Johnson’s first question of whether it is possible to commit

       one offense and commit the other with the same conduct, the answer is no.

       Although each of the defendant’s acts involved the same victim, each of the

       crimes was separate conduct and separate incidents of failure to act.

                However, even if this Court should determine that the defendant’s offenses

       can be committed by the same conduct, then the State asserts that when the Court

       addresses the separate question of whether or not the defendant’s offenses were a

       single act, committed with a single state of mind, that the answer is no - the

       defendant’s acts were not a single act, and they were not committed with a single

       state of mind. Because the facts of this specific case do not answer Johnson’s

       two questions in the affirmative, then the offenses are not allied offenses of

       similar import and should not be merged.

       {¶ 15}    Regarding Kilby’s reliance upon the Sentencing Memorandum submitted in the

General Division, the State asserted that “the State’s Memorandum did not address the charge

before this juvenile court,” and that its request that Kilby be required to lecture nurses “in no way

addressed or conceded the issue of merger.” The State asserted that Kilby’s “arguments that

the State’s Memorandum weighs in favor of merger should be disregarded.”

       {¶ 16} The State asserted that the fact that the legislature granted exclusive jurisdiction

to the juvenile court over the offense of failing to report child abuse or neglect “gives more
                                                                                             13

weight to the State’s position that the crimes are not allied offenses.”

       {¶ 17} Finally, the State asserted that, even if the offenses are subject to merger, “the

proper remedy would not be dismissal of the count. * * * The State should be allowed to pursue

the defendant’s accountability for this charge - through a plea or trial.”

       {¶ 18} In reply to the State’s memorandum, Kilby asserted that the State “appears to

argue that while the felony offense involved a year long failure by Mrs. Kilby to do anything

about Makayla’s condition, it did not include the alleged failure to report her condition on one

specific date within that time period.”      Kilby asserted that the State’s position ignores its

“original theory of the felony case as set forth in the Bill of Particulars and Sentencing

Memorandum attached to Mrs. Kilby’s Motion to Dismiss.”                She asserted that a separate

prosecution for failing to report child abuse or neglect violates the Double Jeopardy Clause, since

“‘where . . . a person has been . . . convicted for a crime which has various incidents included in

it, he cannot be a second time tried for one of those incidents without being twice put in jeopardy

for the same offense.’” (citation omitted). Finally, in response to the State’s position that even if

these offenses should merge, the Complaint should not be dismissed, Kilby asserted that “as a

practical matter, a mere finding of guilt on the offense charged in this Complaint has serious

ramifications in terms of civil liability as well,” since R.C. 2151.421(M) provides that a violation

of R.C. 2141.421(A) subjects the offender to compensatory and exemplary damages.

       {¶ 19} In its Entry granting Kilby’s motion to dismiss, the juvenile court determined that

“the two charges of Failure to Provide for a Functionally Impaired Person and Failure to Report

Abuse and Neglect are allied offenses of similar import pursuant to O.R.C. § 2941.25.” The

court found that “as the two offenses are allied offenses of similar import, the Defendant cannot
                                                                                                14

be convicted of both.” The court then found as follows:

              * * * Pursuant to O.R.C. § 2941.25 and Ohio Supreme Court precedent,

       the Court finds that it is possible to commit the offenses of Failure to Provide for a

       Functionally Impaired Person and Failure to Report Child Abuse or Neglect with

       the same conduct. The Court finds the offenses were based on the following

       conduct: the Defendant, as a registered nurse, caretaker, and person acting in an

       official or professional capacity failed to provide care for Makayla Norman; the

       Defendant failed to identify and treat bedsores, an impacted rectum, lice,

       pneumonia, open wounds; and the Defendant failed to report the egregious neglect

       of Makayla Norman. This Court finds that the State has relied upon the same

       conduct of the Defendant to prove Failure to Provide for a Functionally Impaired

       Person and Failure to Report Child Abuse or Neglect. This Court further finds that

       while the State argues that these offenses are separate and occurred at two

       different instances, one from March 2010 to February 24, 2011, and the other

       specifically on February 24, 2011, the Court fails to recognize how the

       Defendant’s conduct as it pertains to Failure to Report Child Abuse and Neglect

       can be confined to one specific date. The Court finds that in her capacity as a

       registered nurse and supervisor, the Defendant was to personally assess Makayla

       Norman every six (6) months, over the course of the entire indictment period.

       Furthermore, this Court finds that over the course of the indictment period, the

       same conduct resulted in the Defendant committing the offenses. Moreover, this

       Court finds the Defendant’s Failure to Report Child Abuse and Neglect of
                                                                                            15

       Makayla Norman resulted in and formed the predicate offense of Failure to

       Provide for a Functionally Impaired Person. The Court finds that the conduct that

       qualified as a Failure to Report Child Abuse and Neglect resulted in the

       Defendant’s Failure to Provide Care for a Functionally Impaired Person.

       Therefore, the Court finds the offenses are allied offenses of similar import. The

       Court finds with the Defendant having been convicted of Failure to Provide for a

       Functionally Impaired Person, the charge before this Court must be and hereby is

       DISMISSED.

       {¶ 20} The State asserts one assignment of error as follows:

               THE JUVENILE COURT ERRED BY DISMISSING THE COMPLAINT

       CHARGING MARY KILBY WITH FAILURE TO REPORT CHILD ABUSE

       AND NEGLECT IN VIOLATION OF R.C. 2151.421(A)(1)(a) ON DOUBLE

       JEOPARDY GROUNDS WHERE PROSECUTION OF KILBY FOR THAT

       CRIME - SUBSEQUENT TO HER CONVICTIONS FOR FAILURE TO

       PROVIDE FOR A FUNCTIONALLY IMPAIRED PERSON IN VIOLATION OF

       R.C.    2903.16    -   WOULD       NOT     SUBJECT       HER     TO     MULTIPLE

       PUNISHMENTS, NOR SUCCESSIVE PROSECUTIONS, FOR A SINGLE

       OFFENSE.

       {¶ 21} The State asserts that “the crimes at issue herein were not predicated upon the

same conduct committed by Mary Kilby, but rather were the result of different conduct: her

failure to provide proper medical and physical care to Makayla, as opposed to her failure to report

the abuse or neglect of Makayla that was committed by others who were responsible for her
                                                                                            16

care.”

         {¶ 22} Kilby again relies upon the references in the Bill of Particulars and Sentencing

Memorandum regarding Kilby’s failure to report, and she asserts that “such references can only

mean that in connection with the felony prosecution for failure to provide care or services, the

State’s theory was that there was a continuing course of conduct (or inaction) that included both

the failure to provide direct physical care for Makayla and the failure to report the living

conditions and other signs of neglect to authorities.”

         {¶ 23}    In State v. Yeldell, 2d Dist. Montgomery Nos. 25198, 25209, 2013-Ohio-1918, ¶

5, quoting State v. Sturgell, 2d Dist. Darke No. 1751, 2009-Ohio-5628, ¶ 10, this Court noted

that “‘The Double Jeopardy Clause protects against a second prosecution for the same offense,

after acquittal or conviction, and against multiple punishments for the same offense.’”

         {¶ 24} R.C. 2941.25 provides as follows:

                  (A) Where the same conduct by defendant can be construed to constitute

         two or more allied offenses of similar import, the indictment or information may

         contain counts for all such offenses, but the defendant may be convicted of only

         one.

                  (B) Where the defendant’s conduct constitutes two or more offenses of

         dissimilar import, or where his conduct results in two or more offenses of the

         same or similar kind committed separately or with a separate animus as to each,

         the indictment or information may contain counts for all such offenses, and the

         defendant may be convicted of all of them.

         {¶ 25} As this Court has previously noted:
                                                                                       17

       “R.C. 2941.25 codifies the double jeopardy protections in the federal and

Ohio Constitutions, which prohibit courts from imposing cumulative or multiple

punishments for the same criminal conduct unless the legislature has expressed an

intent to impose them. R.C. 2941.25 expresses the legislature’s intent to prohibit

multiple convictions for offenses which are allied offenses of similar import per

paragraph (A) of that section, unless the conditions of paragraph (B) are also

satisfied.” State v. Barker, 183 Ohio App. 3d 414, 2009-Ohio-3511, ¶ 22, citing

State v. Rance, 85 Ohio St. 3d 632, 1999-Ohio-291, overruled on other grounds by

State v. Johnson, 128 Ohio St. 3d 153, 2010-Ohio-6314. State v. Bridgeman, 2d

Dist. Champaign No. 2010 CA 16, 2011-Ohio-2680, ¶ 50.

{¶ 26} As this Court further noted:

       * * * The Johnson court overruled Rance “to the extent that it calls for a

comparison of statutory elements solely in the abstract under R.C. 2941.25.”

Johnson at ¶ 44. Now, “[w]hen determining whether two offenses are allied

offenses of similar import subject to merger under R.C. 2941.25, the conduct of

the accused must be considered.” Id.

       Johnson states that “the intent of the General Assembly is controlling.”

Id. at 46.   “We determine the General Assembly’s intent by applying R.C.

2941.25, which expressly instructs courts to consider the offenses at issue in light

of the defendant’s conduct.”      Id.   The trial court must determine prior to

sentencing whether the offenses were committed by the same conduct. The court

no longer must perform any hypothetical or abstract comparison of the offenses at
                                                                                              18

       issue in order to conclude that the offenses are subject to merger. Id. at ¶ 47. “In

       determining whether offenses are allied offenses of similar import under R.C.

       2941.25(A), the question is whether it is possible to commit one offense and

       commit the other with the same conduct, not whether it is possible to commit one

       without committing the other. If the offenses correspond to such a degree that the

       conduct of the defendant constituting commission of one offense constitutes

       commission of the other, then the offenses are of similar import.” Id. at ¶ 48

       (internal citation omitted).

               “If the multiple offenses can be committed by the same conduct, then the

       court must determine whether the offenses were committed by the same conduct,

       i.e., a ‘single act, committed with a single state of mind.’” Id. at ¶ 49 (citation

       omitted). “If the answer to both questions is yes, then the offenses are allied

       offenses of similar import and will be merged.” Id. at ¶ 50. “Conversely, if the

       court determines that the commission of one offense will never result in the

       commission of the other, or if the offenses are committed separately, or if the

       defendant has separate animus for each offense, then, according to R.C.

       2941.25(B), the offenses will not merge.” Id. at ¶ 51.

Bridgeman, at ¶s 51-53.

       {¶ 27} R.C. 2903.16(A) provides as follows: “No caretaker shall knowingly fail to

provide a functionally impaired person under the caretaker’s care with any treatment, care, goods,

or service that is necessary to maintain the health or safety of the functionally impaired person

when this failure results in physical harm or serious physical harm to the functionally impaired
                                                                                            19

person.”

       {¶ 28} R.C. 2151.421(A)(1)(a) provides as follows:

               No person described in division (A)(1)(b) of this section who is acting in

       an official or professional capacity and knows, or has reasonable cause to suspect

       based on facts that would cause a reasonable person in a similar position to

       suspect, that a child under eighteen years of age or a mentally retarded,

       developmentally disabled, or physically impaired child under twenty-one years of

       age has suffered or faces a threat of suffering any physical or mental wound,

       injury, disability, or condition of a nature that reasonably indicates abuse or

       neglect of the child shall fail to immediately report that knowledge or reasonable

       cause to suspect to the entity or persons specified in this division.

R.C. 2151.421(A)(1)(b) provides that division (A)(1)(a) applies to a person who is a “registered

nurse; * * *; visiting nurse; other health care professional * * *.” R.C. 2151.421(A)(1)(a)

provides that a person required to make a report “shall make it to the public children services

agency or a municipal or county peace officer in the county in which the child resides or in which

the abuse or neglect is occurring or has occurred.” R.C. 2151.421(C) provides: “Any report

made pursuant to division (A) * * * of this section shall be made forthwith either by telephone or

in person and shall be followed by a written report, if requested.” R.C. 2151.421(D)(1) requires

a peace officer, upon receipt of report, to “refer the report to the appropriate children services

agency.”    R.C. 2151.421(F)(1) provides that “the public children services agency shall

investigate, within twenty-four hours, each report of child abuse or child neglect * * * to

determine the circumstances surrounding the injuries, abuse, or neglect or the threat of injury,
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abuse, or neglect, the cause of the injuries, abuse, neglect, or threat, and the person or persons

responsible.”

       {¶ 29} We initially note that the juvenile court misstated the dates in the indictments.

The indictment period for the felony offense was “between the dates of March 17, 2010 through

March 1, 2011,” the date of Makayla’s death, while the indictment period for the misdemeanor

offense is “on or about the 24th day of February 2011.”

       {¶ 30} Kilby was convicted of failure to provide treatment, care, goods, or service for a

functionally impaired person under her care that is necessary to maintain the health and safety of

the functionally impaired person. We initially note that the Bill of Particulars regarding that

charge is focused upon Kilby’s conduct in failing to “care for any of the numerous physical

injuries and signs of neglect to Makayla herself,” such that serious physical harm to Makayla

resulted (emphasis added). We cannot conclude, as Kilby asserts, that the parenthetical, merely

incidental reference in the Bill of Particulars to Kilby’s failure to report to authorities establishes

that the misdemeanor offense is encompassed by the felony, such that double jeopardy attaches.

We also note that R.C. 2903.16 does not identify a predicate offense, and we conclude that the

trial court erred in determining that Kilby’s failure to report child abuse and neglect “resulted in

and formed the predicate offense,” of her failure to provide for a functionally impaired person.

       {¶ 31}    Further, we conclude that Kilby’s reliance upon the Sentencing Memorandum is

not persuasive; its purpose, unlike the Bill of Particulars, was not to provide Kilby with detail

regarding the conduct constituting the felony offense in preparation for trial. Rather, the purpose

was to provide the court with all the details of Makayla’s death. In a sentencing memorandum

advocating a particular sentence, the State may reference other criminal conduct allegedly
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committed by the defendant which is pending in another court.

        {¶ 32} Most importantly, we cannot conclude that the felony offense of which Kilby was

convicted and the misdemeanor charge, pursuant to R.C. 2151.421, correspond to such a degree

that Kilby’s conduct in failing to personally minister care to Makayla by, for example, treating

the obvious unbandaged wounds all over the child’s body, constitutes a failure to make a

statutorily mandated report, by telephone or in person, to a peace officer or children services, for

purposes of initiating an investigation to determine the cause of and responsibility for Makayla’s

evident neglect. In other words, the offenses are not of similar import but rather were committed

by distinct instances of failing to act, namely as Makayla’s case manager of her personal

caretakers, and separately as a statutorily mandated reporter. This conclusion is buttressed by

the fact that R.C. 2903.16 did not require Kilby to make a report regarding Makayla’s abuse or

neglect, while R.C. 2151.421 mandated that she make such a report. One is an omission in

rendering medical assistance, the other a crime of omission in not contacting the appropriate

authorities.

        {¶ 33} Finally, we note that subsequent to oral argument, the Ohio Supreme Court

decided State v. Washington, Slip Opinion No. 2013-Ohio-4982, which addresses merger,

however nothing in Washington changes our analysis.

        {¶ 34} Having determined that Kilby’s offenses were committed separately, such that

her subsequent prosecution for failing to report child abuse or neglect is not barred by double

jeopardy protections and not subject to merger, we hereby sustain the State’s sole assignment of

error. The judgment of the trial court is reversed and vacated, and the matter is remanded for

proceedings consistent with this opinion.
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                                      ..........

FAIN, P.J. and WELBAUM, J., concur.

Copies mailed to:

R. Lynn Nothstine
Richard Hempfling
Hon. Anthony Capizzi