Court Opinion

ID: 4020853
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-08-02 18:04:43.7094+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:17:41.437373
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF IDAHO

                                    Docket No. 42625-2014

BARBARA MORRISON, for herself, and as
                                   )
personal representative and as Guardian Ad
                                   )                        Boise, June 2016 Term
Litem for her minor children, GRANT)
MORRISON and KATIE MORRISON,       )                        2016 Opinion No. 79
                                   )
       Plaintiffs-Appellants,      )                        Filed: July 22, 2016
                                   )
v.                                 )                        Stephen W. Kenyon, Clerk
                                   )
ST. LUKE’S REGIONAL MEDICAL        )
CENTER, LTD.; JOACHIM G. FRANKLIN, )
M.D.; and EMERGENCY MEDICINE OF    )
IDAHO, P.A.,                       )
                                   )
       Defendants-Respondents.     )
                                   )

       Appeal from the District Court of the Fourth Judicial District of the State of
       Idaho, in and for Ada County. Hon. Richard D. Greenwood, District Judge.

       The judgment of the district court is affirmed.

       Donald W. Lojek, Lojek Law Offices, Boise, argued for appellants.

       Randall L. Schmitz, Gjording Fouser PLLC, Boise argued for respondent St.
       Luke’s Regional Medical Center, Ltd.

       Nicole L. Cannon, Powers Tolman Farley PLLC, Twin Falls, argued for
       respondents Joachim Franklin, M.D., and Emergency Medicine of Idaho, P.A.

EISMANN, Justice.
       This is an appeal out of Ada County from a judgment in favor of the defense in a medical
malpractice case following a jury trial. We affirm the judgment.

                                              I.
                                     Factual Background.
        On December 26, 2011, Mitchell Morrison arrived at the emergency department of St.
Luke’s Regional Medical Center, Ltd. (“St. Luke’s”), in Meridian, complaining of chest pains.
He was seen by Joachim G. Franklin, M.D. (“Dr. Franklin”), who took a history, conducted a
thorough physical examination, and ordered the appropriate tests. Based upon the results, he
correctly determined that Mr. Morrison was not having a heart attack and was safe and stable for
discharge from the emergency department.         However, Dr. Franklin recommended that Mr.
Morrison contact a cardiologist the next morning to schedule an appointment and provided him
with the cardiologist’s name and contact information. Dr. Franklin also recommended that Mr.
Morrison contact his primary care physician, and the emergency department faxed its
documentation to that physician the following day. That physician’s medical assistant called Mr.
Morrison’s telephone number and left a message to schedule an appointment, but he did not do
so.
       On December 27, 2011, Barbara Morrison, Mr. Morrison’s wife, called for an
appointment with the cardiologist, and the telephone was answered by a scheduler for St. Luke’s.
The scheduler stated that the first available appointment for the cardiologist was in four weeks.
Mrs. Morrison requested an earlier appointment, and she was given an appointment in three
weeks with another St. Luke’s cardiologist. On January 11, 2012, Mr. Morrison died from a
heart attack.
       On June 10, 2013, Mrs. Morrison, on her behalf and on behalf of her minor children, filed
a wrongful death action against St. Luke’s and Dr. Franklin. On December 23, 2013, Mrs.
Morrison filed a separate wrongful death action against Emergency Medicine of Idaho, P.A.
(“Emergency Medicine”), Dr. Franklin’s employer. On February 5, 2014, the district court
entered an order consolidating the second lawsuit with the first.
       Mrs. Morrison contended that St. Luke’s and Emergency Medicine were liable based
upon their own negligence and the imputed negligence of Dr. Franklin.            St. Luke’s and
Emergency Medicine both filed motions for partial summary judgment seeking dismissal of the
claims that they were negligent, and the district court granted those motions. The case was tried
to a jury, which found that Dr. Franklin had not failed to meet the applicable standard of health
care practice. Mrs. Morrison then timely appealed.

                                                 2
                                            II.
     Did the District Court Err in Granting Emergency Medicine’s Motion for Partial
                                   Summary Judgment?

       One of the issues to be tried was whether Dr. Franklin had violated the local standard of
care by failing to properly indicate on an emergency-room record that he wanted Mr. Morrison to
be seen promptly by a cardiologist. The schedulers were trained to look at a place on the record
under the heading “Disposition” to see whether the referring physician specified a time frame
within which the patient was to be seen by a cardiologist. The cardiologists set aside two 30-
minute slots per day for urgent appointments. If there was a time frame specified, the schedulers
would look for a time slot for urgent appointments that was within the specified time frame. If
there was no time frame specified, the schedulers would schedule the appointment at the next
available opening for non-urgent appointments.
       Dr. Franklin did not specify in the emergency-room record a time frame within which he
wanted Mr. Morrison to be seen by the cardiologist. He wrote that Mr. Morrison should contact
the cardiologist the following day. Dr. Franklin testified that in his experience, a referral from an
emergency-room physician received an expedited appointment. Because Dr. Franklin did not
specify a time frame, the scheduler did not give Mrs. Morrison an expedited appointment for her
husband. Mrs. Morrison contended that Emergency Medicine was negligent for failing to ensure
that Dr. Franklin knew of the proper way to specify in the emergency-room record that he
wanted Mr. Morrison to be seen promptly. Her assertion was that had Dr. Franklin made the
proper notation on the record, the scheduler to whom Mrs. Morrison talked would have given
Mr. Morrison an expedited appointment with the cardiologist in time for the cardiologist to have
diagnosed Mr. Morrison’s condition and taken steps to prevent the heart attack.
       On October 3, 2013, the parties filed a Stipulation for Scheduling and Planning, which set
forth deadlines for various actions in the litigation. With respect to Mrs. Morrison’s expert
witnesses, one of the deadlines was that 200 days before trial she was to “disclose all information
required by Rule 26(b)(4),” which would have included “[a] complete statement of all opinions
to be expressed and the basis and reasons therefore; [and] the data or other information
considered by the witness in forming the opinions,” I.R.C.P. 26(b)(4)(A)(i) (2013). On February
4, 2014, Mrs. Morrison provided her disclosure, which included a statement that an out-of-state
expert would testify that it was the duty of Emergency Medicine “to ensure that the process [used

                                                 3
by St. Luke’s for referring patients to cardiologists] was being followed by its physician
employees rather than to allow mere assumptions to control the expected continuum of care.”
However, the disclosure did not state that the expert’s opinion was based upon the applicable
standard of care as defined in Idaho Code sections 6-1012 and 6-1013 or how the expert became
familiar with that standard of care.1
           On May 14, 2014, months after Mrs. Morrison’s deadline for disclosing the information
about her experts, Emergency Medicine filed a motion for partial summary judgment seeking to
dismiss the claim that it was negligent on three grounds:                       (1) there was no showing that
Emergency Medicine owed Mr. Morrison any direct duty; (2) there was no evidence that
Emergency Medicine breached the applicable standard of health care practice; and (3) there was
no evidence that any alleged negligence of Emergency Medicine caused Mr. Morrison’s death.
With respect to the alleged breach of the applicable standard of health care, Emergency Medicine
argued that Mrs. Morrison could not present any admissible testimony that Emergency Medicine
breached any standard of health care applicable to it as an entity.
           In response to the motion for partial summary judgment, Mrs. Morrison presented the
deposition testimony of her out-of-state expert.                 In his deposition, he was asked, “It’s my
understanding it’s your opinion that Dr. Franklin and EMI [Emergency Medicine] should have
ensured there was a referral process in place that was understood by everyone in their group;
correct?” The expert responded, “Correct.”
           The expert also testified that he had consulted with a Dr. Kim, a local emergency-room
physician, about the applicable standard of care for emergency-room physicians. The expert
testified that Dr. Kim told him that the standard of care for emergency-room physicians was the
national standard and that the local standard of care did not deviate from the national standard.

1
    Idaho Code section 6-1012 provides that in a medical malpractice case the plaintiff must prove

           that such defendant then and there negligently failed to meet the applicable standard of health care
           practice of the community in which such care allegedly was or should have been provided, as such
           standard existed at the time and place of the alleged negligence of . . . such health care provider
           and as such standard then and there existed with respect to the class of health care provider that
           such defendant then and there belonged to and in which capacity he, she or it was functioning.

Idaho Code section 6-1013 requires that before the plaintiff’s expert can testify as to the applicable standard of
health care, the plaintiff must lay a foundation for the testimony that includes testimony “that such expert witness
possesses professional knowledge and expertise coupled with actual knowledge of the applicable said community
standard to which his or her expert opinion testimony is addressed.”

                                                            4
The expert stated that he did not discuss the specifics of the case with Dr. Kim, but only
discussed generalities about the care provided by Dr. Franklin.        The expert’s deposition
testimony indicated that he had not talked with Dr. Kim about the standard of care of entities
such as Emergency Medicine. The following exchange then occurred:

              Q. Did you talk with Dr. Kim about referrals to specialists during this
       conversation?
              A. I didn’t get into the specifics of this case.
              Q. Did you get into any specifics such as the medical records or a
       physician’s duty as far as what information should be included in the medical
       records, for example?
              A. I did not get into that kind of detail at all.
              Q. So other than the completion of a chest pain workup, do you recall if
       you had any other specific discussions with Dr. Kim relative to this case?
              A. No.

Thus, the expert had not testified to any facts showing that he had knowledge of an applicable
standard of care for entities such as Emergency Medicine with respect to training their employee
physicians.   Emergency Medicine filed a motion to strike the expert’s opinion regarding
Emergency Medicine’s alleged negligence because there was no showing of the foundation
required by Idaho Code section 6-1013.
       During the oral argument, the district court took up the motion to strike before hearing
argument on the motion for partial summary judgment. Mrs. Morrison’s counsel admitted that
there was nothing in the expert’s deposition regarding his knowledge of the applicable standard
of care with respect to Emergency Medicine. The following dialogue occurred between the court
and Mrs. Morrison’s counsel, Mr. Lojek:

              MR. LOJEK: And he [the out-of-state expert] addresses EMI [Emergency
       Medicine] and he says that both EMI and Dr. Franklin were negligent.
              THE COURT: Oh, I understand. He does that.
              MR. LOJEK: Right.
              THE COURT: He expresses that opinion.
              MR. LOJEK: Right.
              THE COURT: That’s isn’t the issue here. The issue here is that EMI says
       he’s not demonstrated any foundation necessary to express the opinion with
       respect to EMI, not necessarily the physician’s conduct, but he—that he’s not
       demonstrated sufficient foundation to testify as to EMI. So where’s the
       foundation?
              MR. LOJEK: Well, one of the problems is that when counsel got to ask
       him questions in his deposition about the group, and about the negligence of the
       group, and about his disclosures where he says that EMI is negligent, she backed

                                               5
       off on that. She, meaning Ms. Cannon, backed off on that. Didn’t ask the right
       questions. So there’s nothing in the deposition. But I can’t control that. Ms.
       Fouser didn’t ask any questions at all.

(Emphasis added.)
       The court then asked whether the required expert disclosure showed that there was a
foundation for admitting the expert’s opinion, and Mr. Lojek responded that he was still in the
process of taking depositions. The dialogue was as follows:

               THE COURT: Do the disclosures show a foundation for his testimony
       with respect to EMI?
               MR. LOJEK: You do the best you can, Your Honor. But we are still in
       the process—no, we’re still in the—
               THE COURT: Well, did you answer my question?
               MR. LOJEK: No. Yes. Yes, I have, because we’re still in the process of
       taking depositions. I’ve been fighting, and fighting, and fighting trying to get
       deposition dates where one counsel or the other counsel has always told me that
       they’re not available. They’ve been very, very busy. We are still taking
       depositions of their experts and haven’t had an opportunity to do that. We’re
       taking Dr. Brait’s deposition.

       The court reminded Mr. Lojek that the Plaintiff had the burden of showing that the
expert’s opinion was admissible, and Mr. Lojek responded that the expert had talked to Dr. Kim.
The dialogue was as follows:

               THE COURT: She’s just—and Ms. Cannon is suggesting on behalf of
       EMI that there’s no foundation in this record for your client to testify with regard
       to the standard of care for an emergency room group as opposed to the individual
       physicians to the end. I’m just asking you, is it—in his disclosures, is that in
       there?
               MR. LOJEK: Well, as we said in the disclosures, he has talked with Dr.
       Kim who’s a practicing emergency room physician for Saint Alphonsus Group
       here in Boise. We know that he’s done that.

       The court asked a fourth time where was the testimony showing the standard of care for
an entity like Emergency Medicine. Mr. Lojek responded that the out-of-state expert had “not
had an opportunity to respond to the motion itself.”
       The court gave Mr. Lojek seven days within which to submit an affidavit from the expert
showing that an adequate foundation exists for his opinion regarding the alleged negligence of
Emergency Medicine. The court admonished counsel that it was not an opportunity to create

                                                6
new foundation, but only to provide an affidavit showing that the expert had adequate foundation
for the opinion he had expressed.
        On June 17, 2014, Mrs. Morrison filed the affidavit of the out-of-state expert. In that
affidavit, he stated, “To confirm my opinion with respect to EMI’s negligence, I have
additionally spoken with Darin Lee, M.D. who is a board-certified emergency physician and also
practiced in Boise, Idaho in 2011 as a physician member of the group of emergency
physicians . . . .”
        On June 30, 2014, the district court entered an order granting Emergency Medicine’s
motion for partial summary judgment. In the order, the court struck the portion of the expert’s
opinion relating to his conversation with Dr. Lee because: (1) Mrs. Morrison had not
supplemented her expert disclosures to indicate that Dr. Lee was a foundational source of the
out-of-state expert’s opinion even though that information had been requested in an
interrogatory; (2) the court had asked Mrs. Morrison’s counsel during a telephonic pre-trial
conference when the expert’s conversation with Dr. Lee had occurred, and “counsel conceded it
occurred after the hearing on the motion for summary judgment”; and (3) the court had not given
Mrs. Morrison an opportunity to supplement the expert’s opinion “with a post hearing
conversation with a previously undisclosed person” when it had granted the extension of time.
With the striking of that portion of the expert’s affidavit, there was no foundation for the
admission of his opinion regarding the negligence of Emergency Medicine. Therefore, the court
granted its motion for partial summary judgment.
        The district court’s decision to strike the portion of the out-of-state expert’s affidavit that
referred to his conversation with Dr. Lee was committed to its sound discretion. Schmechel v.
Dillé, 148 Idaho 176, 180, 219 P.3d 1192, 1196 (2009). Mrs. Morrison does not contend on
appeal that the court abused its discretion in doing so. She only seeks a new trial based upon the
court’s decision to grant Emergency Medicine’s motion for partial summary judgment. There
are three reasons why she is not entitled to a new trial on her negligence claim against
Emergency Medicine.
        First, there was no foundation for the out-of-state expert’s opinion regarding the alleged
negligence of Emergency Medicine. “The admissibility of the expert testimony is an issue that is
separate and distinct from whether that testimony is sufficient to raise genuine issues of material
fact sufficient to preclude summary judgment.” Dulaney v. St. Alphonsus Reg’l Med. Ctr., 137

                                                  7
Idaho 160, 163, 45 P.3d 816, 819 (2002). “To avoid summary judgment for the defense in a
medical malpractice case, the plaintiff must offer expert testimony indicating that the defendant
health care provider negligently failed to meet the applicable standard of health care practice.”
Id. at 164, 45 P.3d at 820. “An expert testifying as to the standard of care in medical malpractice
actions must show that he or she is familiar with the standard of care for the particular health
care professional for the relevant community and time.”            Id.   “The applicable community
standard of care is defined in Idaho Code § 6-1012 to be the standard of care for the class of
health care provider to which the defendant belonged and was functioning, taking into account
the defendant’s training, experience, and fields of medical specialization, if any.” Id. at 166, 45
P.3d at 822.
       Mrs. Morrison’s out-of-state expert testified that there was a national standard of care for
entities such as Emergency Medicine.       She contends that this was sufficient, relying on the
following quotation from Suhadolnik v. Pressman, 151 Idaho 110, 254 P.3d 11 (2011):

              Furthermore, where an expert demonstrates that a local standard of care
       has been replaced by a statewide or national standard of care, and further
       demonstrates that he or she is familiar with the statewide or national standard, the
       foundational requirements of I.C. § 6-1013 have been met.

Id. at 116, 254 P.3d at 17 (footnotes omitted).
       In Suhadolnik, we did not hold that an out-of-area expert’s assertion that the local
standard of care has been replaced by a national standard is sufficient to lay the foundation for
the admission of the expert’s opinion. The district court in Suhadolnik had held that an out-of-
state expert’s affidavit was inadmissible because he had failed to demonstrate actual knowledge
of the local standard of care. Id. at 114, 254 P.3d at 15. We began our discussion of that issue
by stating, “A precondition to the admission of testimony by a medical expert in a malpractice
case is that the expert familiarize himself with the local standard of practice or care for the
medical practice field at issue in the case.” Id. at 114–15, 254 P.3d at 15–16. Immediately
following the portion of the Suhadolnik opinion quoted by Mrs. Morrison, we stated,
“Specifically, an out-of-area expert can demonstrate familiarity with a local standard by speaking
to a local specialist and by reviewing deposition testimony that establishes that the local standard
is governed by a national standard.” Id. at 117, 254 P.3d at 18.

                                                  8
       The expert in Suhadolnik had stated in his affidavit that in his opinion the applicable
standards of care “do not vary by locale and thus could be considered the same as national
standards.” Id. at 118, 254 P.3d at 19. We held that was insufficient. We noted that the expert
was board-certified with “a multitude of experience” in the applicable area of medicine and that
he was presumed to be knowledgeable regarding the class of specialists of which the defendant
doctor was a member. Id. Even so, we stated, “However, he must also demonstrate knowledge
of the local standard of care in order for his testimony to be admissible.” Id. Because there was
no showing that the expert was familiar with the local standard of care, we held that the expert’s
“statement that the standard of care is equivalent to a national standard is without foundation and
inadmissible.” Id. at 120, 254 P.3d at 21. In the instant case, there was no showing that Mrs.
Morrison’s out-of-state expert was familiar with the local standard of care for entities such as
Emergency Medicine.
       In her opening brief, Mrs. Morrison lists twenty documents that were filed in the district
court in support of her opposition to the motion for summary judgment. She contends that
somewhere within those twenty documents there was sufficient evidence to create a genuine
issue of material fact precluding summary judgment. She argues, “Absent any evidentiary
question regarding the admissibility of the Morrisons’ expert’s Affidavit, this constellation of
exhibits -- deposition testimony -- expert witness disclosures -- affidavits created a body by itself
sufficient to defeat EMI’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment.” “[T]he trial court is not
required to search the record looking for evidence that may create a genuine issue of material
fact; the party opposing the summary judgment is required to bring that evidence to the court’s
attention.” Esser Elec. v. Lost River Ballistics Techs., Inc., 145 Idaho 912, 919, 188 P.3d 854,
861 (2008). As shown by the dialogue between Mr. Lojek and the district court quoted above,
Mr. Lojek did not call the court’s attention to anything in those documents that would show the
local standard of care for Emergency Medicine.
       Mrs. Morrison also argues that because it was agreed that the physicians employed by
Emergency Medicine were held to a national standard of care in providing medical services to
patients in the emergency room, Emergency Medicine must also be held to a national standard of
care with respect to its obligation to ensure that its physicians were knowledgeable of the
hospital’s referral process. An entity and its employee physicians do not have the same standard
of care because “individual providers of health care shall be judged in such cases in comparison

                                                 9
with similarly trained and qualified providers of the same class in the same community, taking
into account his or her training, experience, and fields of medical specialization, if any.” I.C. §
6-1012.     An entity does not have the similar training, experience, and fields of medical
specialization as its employee physicians, and an entity does not provide direct care to patients.
          Second, Mrs. Morrison has not presented argument and authority that the alleged error in
granting Emergency Medicine’s motion for partial summary judgment affected her substantial
rights.    “A party alleging error on appeal must also show that the alleged errors were
prejudicial.” Saint Alphonsus Diversified Care, Inc. v. MRI Assocs., LLP, 157 Idaho 106, 122,
334 P.3d 780, 796 (2014). “[A]lleged errors not affecting substantial rights will be disregarded.”
Weinstein v. Prudential Prop. and Cas. Ins. Co., 149 Idaho 299, 310, 233 P.3d 1221, 1232
(2010). Mrs. Morrison contends that Emergency Medicine was negligent for failing to ensure
that Dr. Franklin was familiar with St. Luke’s process for referring patients to a cardiologist in
order for the patient to be given a prompt appointment. In order to establish that a defendant was
negligent, the plaintiff must prove: “(1) a duty, recognized by law, requiring a defendant to
conform to a certain standard of conduct; (2) a breach of that duty; (3) a causal connection
between the defendant’s conduct and the resulting injuries; and (4) actual loss or damage.” Stem
v. Prouty, 152 Idaho 590, 593, 272 P.3d 562, 565 (2012). “The existence of a duty is a question
of law for this Court.” Harrigfeld v. Hancock, 140 Idaho 134, 138, 90 P.3d 804, 888 (2004).
          Emergency Medicine was a professional service corporation organized under chapter 13
of Title 30, Idaho Code (repealed Ch. 251, § 2, 2015 Idaho Sess. Laws 1047, 1047). A
professional service corporation had to be organized “for the sole and specific purpose of
rendering professional service” and all of the corporation’s shareholders had to be “natural
persons who themselves are duly licensed or otherwise legally authorized within the state of
Idaho to render one or more of the same professional services as the corporation.” I.C. § 30-
1303 (2013). The corporation cannot “render professional services except through its officers,
employees and agents who are duly licensed or otherwise legally authorized to render such
professional services within this state.” I.C. § 30-1305. Dr. Franklin was a shareholder and
employee of Emergency Medicine.
          We have not previously addressed whether a professional services corporation such as
Emergency Medicine has a duty to train the professionals who are the shareholders and
employees of the corporation. “In deciding whether to recognize a new duty or extend a duty

                                                 10
beyond the scope previously imposed, this Court engages in a balance of the harms test.”
Vincent v. Safeco Ins. Co. of Am., 136 Idaho 107, 109, 29 P.3d 943, 945 (2001). The factors
considered are set forth in Rife v. Long, 127 Idaho 841, 846, 908 P.2d 143, 148 (1996). In her
opening brief, Mrs. Morrison did not present any legal authority supporting her claim that
Emergency Medicine had the duty she claims, nor has she addressed the factors set forth in Rife.
Therefore, she has not shown that the district court’s alleged error affected her substantial rights.
       Third, the jury verdict established that there is no basis for granting Mrs. Morrison a new
trial. Assuming that Emergency Medicine had a duty to train the physicians who were its
employees, that duty would have been to provide whatever training was necessary to ensure that
they met the applicable standard of health care practice of the community in which they provided
care. See I.C. § 6-1012. The jury by its special verdict found that Dr. Franklin did not “fail to
meet the local standard of health care practice in his treatment of Mitchell Morrison.” Therefore,
there would be no basis for holding that Emergency Medicine failed to properly train him.

                                             III.
   Did the District Court Err in Failing to Rule That There Was a Settlement Agreement
    Resolving Mrs. Morrison’s Claims Against Dr. Franklin and Emergency Medicine?

       On August 6, 2014, counsel for Mrs. Morrison and counsel for Dr. Franklin and
Emergency Medicine executed a stipulation to dismiss with prejudice the action against these
defendants on the ground that the action had been fully compromised and settled. On August 8,
2014, at 8:00 a.m., Mrs. Morrison filed a motion to dismiss this action against these defendants
pursuant to Rule 41(a)(2) of the Idaho Rules of Civil Procedure. The motion was heard later that
morning at 9:30 a.m.      During the argument on the motion, counsel for Dr. Franklin and
Emergency Medicine stated that she believed there was an agreement to settle the claims against
her clients, but the agreement was set forth in an exchange of e-mails and a prior telephone
conversation that the agreement must be reduced to writing and her clients must approve the
release agreement. She stated that she had received the proposed release at 5:15 p.m. the
previous day and that there was a term in the proposed release that was unacceptable to her
clients. Mrs. Morrison’s counsel contended that the entire settlement agreement was set forth in
the e-mail exchange. Based upon there being a dispute as to whether there was a settlement, the
court denied the motion to dismiss.

                                                 11
       Mrs. Morrison apparently contends that the district court erred in failing to grant the
motion to dismiss, although she does not expressly so state. After reciting what occurred, she
merely states: “This completely frustrated the Morrisons’ trail [sic] strategy. It was apparent
that St. Luke’s had fully relied upon EMI/Franklin to prepare a defense and that St. Luke’s was
not fully prepared to proceed to trial.” The district court was faced with conflicting assertions as
to whether the parties had reached an agreement, so it denied the motion to dismiss. “[A] motion
to dismiss pursuant to Rule 41(a)(2) is addressed to the sound discretion of the trial court and its
ruling will not be overturned on appeal absent an abuse of discretion.” Rohr v. Rohr, 118 Idaho
689, 693, 800 P.2d 85, 89 (1990). In her opening brief, Mrs. Morrison did not present any
argument and authority regarding the issue of whether the district court abused its discretion in
denying the motion to dismiss. “We will not consider assignments of error not supported by
argument and authority in the opening brief.” Hogg v. Wolske, 142 Idaho 549, 559, 130 P.3d
1087, 1097 (2006).
       On August 11, 2014 (the day the trial began), at 8:00 a.m., Mrs. Morrison filed a motion
for summary judgment to confirm the settlement. At 9:00 a.m., the district court began oral
argument on some motions in limine. Mrs. Morrison’s counsel brought up the motion for
summary judgment, and the court stated that it would not hear oral argument on the motion at
that time.
       On August 14, 2014 (the third day of trial), at 9:00 a.m., Mrs. Morrison’s counsel made a
motion for a mistrial because both counsel for St. Luke’s and counsel for Dr. Franklin and
Emergency Medicine were being permitted to conduct cross-examination of Mrs. Morrison’s
witnesses. Her counsel also asked that if the motion for a mistrial was denied, counsel for only
one defendant should be able to cross-examine the witnesses. After the district court denied the
motions, Mrs. Morrison’s counsel again brought up the motion for summary judgment. The
court stated that it would take up that motion the following day. Mrs. Morrison’s counsel did not
bring up the matter again, and so the court did not rule on the motion. “This Court does not
review an alleged error on appeal unless the record discloses an adverse ruling forming the basis
for the assignment of error.” Ada Cnty. Highway Dist. v. Total Success Invs., LLC, 145 Idaho
360, 368, 179 P.3d 323, 331 (2008). Therefore, we will not address this issue.
       Mrs. Morrison later filed a separate lawsuit to enforce the settlement agreement, and that
case was settled based upon her acceptance of an offer of judgment made by Dr. Franklin and

                                                12
Emergency Medicine. Thus, she has already recovered based upon the alleged settlement. She
argues that because of the alleged wrongful failure of Dr. Franklin and Emergency Medicine to
admit that the terms of the settlement were entirely set forth in the e-mail exchange, she should
be granted a new trial against St. Luke’s. She does not present any rational argument or legal
authority as to why St. Luke’s should be required to go through another trial because of the
alleged wrongdoing of Dr. Franklin and Emergency Medicine. As Mrs. Morrison’s counsel
argued when seeking a mistrial, “There is one issue here, and that’s whether Dr. Franklin was or
was not negligent.” The jury found that he was not. There is nothing left to be tried.

                                          IV.
 Did the District Court Err in Denying Mrs. Morrison’s Motion for Limitation of Defense
                                      Proceedings?

       At 8:00 a.m. on the morning the trial began, Mrs. Morrison filed a Motion for Limitation
of Defense Proceedings. In the motion, she stated:

               There is only one possible negligent actor in this case: Dr. Franklin. His
       negligence can be imputed to both St. Luke’s under the theory of apparent
       authority and to Emergency Medicine of Idaho, P.A. on an employer-employee
       basis. There is therefore no reason to allow two lawyers to present a case which
       is framed essentially on behalf of one Defendant.
               ....
               Therefore, the Court, as the gatekeeper in this trial, to ensure fairness as
       well as keeping the length of the trial as short as will be reasonable, is requested
       to grant Plaintiffs’ Motion. In the interest of time, no Memorandum will
       accompany this Motion.

       The motion was argued at 9:00 that morning. In support of the motion, Mrs. Morrison’s
counsel stated: “They have an identity of interest, and it’s unfair for them to have two of
everything. That’s the motion.” The district court denied the motion.
       The same law firm represented both Dr. Franklin and his employer, Emergency
Medicine, and another law firm represented St. Luke’s. Mrs. Morrison chose to sue both Dr.
Franklin, contending that he was negligent, and St. Luke’s, contending that it was liable for Dr.
Franklin’s negligence under the doctrine of apparent authority. Mrs. Morrison contends that
both Dr. Franklin and St. Luke’s should not have been permitted to cross-examine the witnesses
called by Mrs. Morrison and that Dr. Franklin and St. Luke’s should not each have been
permitted to call expert witnesses in their respective defenses. She further contends that only one

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of them should have been allowed to conduct cross-examination of a witness and only one
should have been permitted to present expert testimony on a particular issue. In essence, she
argues that they should have been required to present a joint defense rather than individual
defenses to her claims. Each defendant had the right to present its own defense.
        Mrs. Morrison contends that allowing them to do so resulted in a trial that was inherently
unfair. She asserts, “Consequently, the Court allowed the defense two complete voir dires, two
extensive opening statements, two cross-examinations of every witness, two arguments on every
contested objection or motion, multiple defense experts on questions of liability and causation,
and two closing arguments.”2 She also contends that “because the trial was extended by a matter
of days because of the cumulative evidence presented by the Defendants and the duplication of
voir dire, opening statements, cross-examinations, etc., the Morrisons’ rebuttal expert, Dr. Hugh
West, could not testify,” which further prejudiced the Plaintiffs.
        Mrs. Morrison has not cited to anything in the record that supports her factual assertions.
In fact, at the close of the eighth day of trial, the district court commended Ms. Fouser, counsel
for St. Luke’s, for not doing what Mrs. Morrison’s counsel alleged would occur. The court
stated: “I will say that Ms. Fouser has done—I think, has been fairly restrained. Mr. Lojek, you
haven’t had quite the double-teaming. She has not covered the same ground, necessarily, the
others have.” “An appellant must support assignments of error with citations to the parts of the
transcript or record relied upon.” VanderWal v. Albar, Inc., 154 Idaho 816, 821, 303 P.3d 175,
180 (2013); accord I.A.R. 35(a)(6). Mrs. Morrison has not done so.
        Also, Mrs. Morrison has not presented argument and legal authority supporting the
contention that in this circumstance defendants can be required to present a joint defense, nor has
she presented any citations to the record supporting her claim of prejudice. Therefore, we will
not consider this issue. Cummings v. Stephens, 157 Idaho 348, 362, 336 P.3d 281, 295 (2014).

                                              V.
    Did the District Court Err in Preventing Mrs. Morrison from Calling Two Witnesses to
                                           Testify?

2
  Mrs. Morrison admits in a footnote that defense counsel did agree to divide between them the one hour that the
district court allotted each side for closing arguments.

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         Prior to the commencement of the sixth day of trial, the district court addressed defense
motions with respect to witnesses that Mrs. Morrison intended to call to testify. One of the
witnesses was a Dr. Torres, who had been deposed in the litigation but had not been listed by
Mrs. Morrison as an expert she intended to call at trial. Mrs. Morrison wanted to have a portion
of Dr. Torres’s deposition read to the jury. Dr. Torres had previously worked in the emergency
room at St. Luke’s in Meridian, and Mrs. Morrison wanted his testimony regarding his practice
in informing schedulers that he wanted a patient seen promptly by a cardiologist in order to
support the standard-of-care opinions to which Mrs. Morrison’s out-of-state expert had testified.
The district court sustained the objection to the reading of Dr. Torres’s deposition testimony on
the grounds that either it was irrelevant because he had no personal involvement in this case or it
was an expert opinion from someone who had not been disclosed as an expert witness.
         On the morning of the ninth day of trial, Mrs. Morrison again requested to read a portion
of Dr. Torres’s deposition because she had another witness who could not attend the trial. The
defense objected, and the district court sustained the objection on two grounds: (a) “[I]t is either
not relevant because his conduct is not in question and he did not take part in the treatment of
Mr. Morrison, or it is, by implication, an opinion testimony that needed to be disclosed prior to
trial,” and (b) “[S]econdarily, I still don’t have a showing that he is not available.”3 On appeal,
Mrs. Morrison asserts in her opening brief that Dr. Torres’s testimony was “factual rather than a
matter of opinion as to any issue,” but she does not address the court’s alternative ruling that
there was no showing that Dr. Torres was unavailable. “Where a lower court makes a ruling
based on two alternative grounds and only one of those grounds is challenged on appeal, the
appellate court must affirm on the uncontested basis.” State v. Grazian, 144 Idaho 510, 517–18,
164 P.3d 790, 797–98 (2007). Therefore, we will not address this issue.
         Mrs. Morrison also contends that the district court erred in sustaining the defense
objection to the calling of a Dr. Worst as an expert witness. Mrs. Morrison’s opening brief does
not include any citation to the record nor does it contain any legal argument as to why she should

3
  Rule 32(a)(3) of the Idaho Rules of Civil Procedure provides that all or part of the deposition testimony of a
witness can be read at trial, if it is otherwise admissible, if the court finds: “(B) that the witness is at a greater
distance than 100 miles from the place of trial . . . or (D) that the party offering the deposition has been unable to
procure the attendance of the witness by subpoena.” Mrs. Morrison did not contend that she was unable to subpoena
Dr. Torres, or that she had even tried to do so. In his deposition he had testified that he practiced “primarily” at a
hospital 134 miles from the place of trial, but there was no evidence of where he lived, and there was an assertion
that he also continued to practice occasionally in the Treasure Valley, which is within 100 miles of the place of trial.

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be permitted to call as a witness an expert retained by the other side. “The argument section of
the appellant’s brief ‘shall contain the contentions of the appellant with respect to the issues
presented on appeal, the reasons therefor, with citations to the authorities, statutes and parts of
the transcript and record relied upon.’ ” Bolognese v. Forte, 153 Idaho 857, 866, 292 P.3d 248,
257 (2012) (quoting I.A.R. 35(a)(6)). Because Mrs. Morrison wholly failed to comply with Rule
35(a)(6) with respect to this issue on appeal, we will not consider it. VanderWal, 154 Idaho at
822, 303 P.3d at 181.
       In addition, Mrs. Morrison did not present any argument showing that this alleged error
affected her substantial rights. She apparently wanted to have Dr. Worst testify regarding the
issue of damages, but the jury found no liability.

                                           VI.
            Are Respondents Entitled to an Award of Attorney Fees on Appeal?

       The Respondents request awards of attorney fees on appeal pursuant to Idaho Code
section 12-121. “In normal circumstances, attorney fees will only be awarded [under this statute]
when this court is left with the abiding belief that the appeal was brought, pursued or defended
frivolously, unreasonably or without foundation.” Minich v. Gem State Developers, Inc., 99
Idaho 911, 918, 591 P.2d 1078, 1085 (1979). The appeal was not supported by the facts or the
law. Therefore, the Respondents certainly qualify to receive awards of attorney fees under
section 12-121.

                                              VII.
                                           Conclusion.

       We affirm the judgment of the district court, and we award costs, including attorney fees,
to Respondents.

       Chief Justice J. JONES and Justices BURDICK, W. JONES and HORTON CONCUR.

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