Court Opinion

ID: 2807720
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-06-12 05:02:25.638247+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:30:05.276120
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                OFFICE OF SPECIAL MASTERS
                                        No. 04-405V
                                      (To be published)

*************************
MARCIE and ALAN BROOK,             *
parents of N.B., a minor,          *
                                   *
                      Petitioners, *                             Filed: May 14, 2015
                                   *
               v.                  *
SECRETARY OF HEALTH AND            *                              Vaccine Act Entitlement;
HUMAN SERVICES                     *                              Causation-in-fact; MMR-Varivax/
                                   *                              Autism Spectrum Disorder.
                      Respondent.  *
*************************

Clifford Shoemaker, Shoemaker, Gentry & Knickelbein, Vienna, VA, for Petitioners.
Linda Renzi, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for Respondent.

                                              DECISION

HASTINGS, Special Master.

        This is an action in which Petitioners, Marcie and Alan Brook, seek an award under the
National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (hereinafter “the Program”1), on account of
their son N.B.’s autism spectrum disorder (“ASD”), which they assert to have been caused or
aggravated by one of the vaccinations (MMR, varicella, and pneumococcal) administered to their
son on June 13, 2001. For the reasons set forth below, I conclude that Petitioners are not entitled
to an award.

                                                    I

                         THE APPLICABLE STATUTORY SCHEME

       Under the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program, compensation awards are
made to individuals who have suffered injuries after receiving vaccines. In general, to gain an
award, a petitioner must make a number of factual demonstrations, including showing that an
individual received a vaccination covered by the statute; received it in the United States; suffered

1
  The applicable statutory provisions defining the Program are found at 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-10 et seq.
(2006 ed.). Hereinafter, for ease of citation, all "§" references will be to 42 U.S.C. (2006 ed.).

                                                    1
a serious, long-standing injury; and has received no previous award or settlement on account of
the injury. Finally – and the key question in most cases under the Program – the petitioner must
also establish a causal link between the vaccination and the injury. In some cases, the petitioner
may simply demonstrate the occurrence of what has been called a “Table Injury.” That is, it may
be shown that the vaccine recipient suffered an injury of the type enumerated in the “Vaccine
Injury Table,” corresponding to the vaccination in question, within an applicable time period
following the vaccination also specified in the Table. If so, the Table Injury is presumed to have
been caused by the vaccination, and the petitioner is automatically entitled to compensation,
unless it is affirmatively shown that the injury was caused by some factor other than the
vaccination. § 300aa-13(a)(1)(A); § 300 aa-11(c)(1)(C)(i); § 300aa-14(a); § 300aa-13(a)(1)(B).

         In other cases, however, the vaccine recipient may have suffered an injury not of the type
covered in the Vaccine Injury Table. In such instances, an alternative means exists to
demonstrate entitlement to a Program award. That is, the petitioner may gain an award by
showing that the recipient’s injury was “caused-in-fact” by the vaccination in question. § 300aa-
13(a)(1)(B); § 300aa-11(c)(1)(C)(ii). In such a situation, of course, the presumptions available
under the Vaccine Injury Table are inoperative. The burden is on the petitioner to introduce
evidence demonstrating that the vaccination actually caused the injury in question. Althen v.
HHS, 418 F.3d 1274, 1278 (Fed. Cir. 2005); Hines v. HHS, 940 F.2d 1518, 1525 (Fed. Cir.
1991). The showing of “causation-in-fact” must satisfy the “preponderance of the evidence”
standard, the same standard ordinarily used in tort litigation. § 300aa-13(a)(1)(A); see also
Althen, 418 F.3d at 1279; Hines, 940 F.2d at 1525. Under that standard, the petitioner must
show that it is “more probable than not” that the vaccination was the cause of the injury. Althen,
418 F.3d at 1279. The petitioner need not show that the vaccination was the sole cause or even
the predominant cause of the injury or condition, but must demonstrate that the vaccination was
at least a “substantial factor” in causing the condition, and was a “but for” cause. Shyface v.
HHS, 165 F.3d 1344, 1352 (Fed. Cir. 1999). Thus, the petitioner must supply “proof of a logical
sequence of cause and effect showing that the vaccination was the reason for the injury;” the
logical sequence must be supported by “reputable medical or scientific explanation, i.e., evidence
in the form of scientific studies or expert medical testimony.” Althen, 418 F.3d at 1278; Grant v.
HHS, 956 F.2d 1144, 1148 (Fed. Cir. 1992).

        The Althen court also provided additional discussion of the “causation-in-fact” standard,
as follows:

       Concisely stated, Althen’s burden is to show by preponderant evidence that the
       vaccination brought about her injury by providing: (1) a medical theory causally
       connecting the vaccination and the injury; (2) a logical sequence of cause and
       effect showing that the vaccination was the reason for the injury; and (3) a
       showing of proximate temporal relationship between vaccination and injury. If
       Althen satisfies this burden, she is “entitled to recover unless the [government]
       shows, also by a preponderance of the evidence, that the injury was in fact caused
       by factors unrelated to the vaccine.”

Althen, 418 F.3d at 1278 (citations omitted). The Althen court noted that a petitioner need not
necessarily supply evidence from medical literature supporting petitioner’s causation contention,

                                                2
so long as the petitioner supplies the medical opinion of an expert. (Id. at 1279-80.) The court
also indicated that, in finding causation, a Program fact-finder may rely upon “circumstantial
evidence,” which the court found to be consistent with the “system created by Congress, in
which close calls regarding causation are resolved in favor of injured claimants.” (Id. at 1280.)

         Since Althen, the Federal Circuit has addressed the causation-in-fact standard in several
additional rulings, which have affirmed the applicability of the Althen test, and afforded further
instruction for resolving causation-in-fact issues. In Capizzano v. HHS, 440 F.3d 1317, 1326
(Fed. Cir. 2006), the court cautioned Program fact-finders against narrowly construing the
second element of the Althen test, confirming that circumstantial evidence and medical opinion,
sometimes in the form of notations of treating physicians in the vaccinee’s medical records, may
in a particular case be sufficient to satisfy that second element of the Althen test. Both Pafford v.
HHS, 451 F.3d 1352, 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2006), and Walther v. HHS, 485 F.3d 1146, 1150 (Fed. Cir.
2007), discussed the issue of which party bears the burden of ruling out potential non-vaccine
causes. DeBazan v. HHS, 539 F.3d 1347 (Fed. Cir. 2008), concerned an issue of what evidence
the special master may consider in deciding the initial question of whether the petitioner has met
her causation burden. The issue of the temporal relationship between vaccination and the onset
of an alleged injury was further discussed in Locane v. HHS, 685 F.3d 1375 (Fed. Cir. 2012), and
W.C. v. HHS, 704 F.3d 1352 (Fed. Cir. 2013). Moberly v. HHS, 592 F.3d 1315 (Fed. Cir. 2010),
concluded that the “preponderance of the evidence” standard that applies to Vaccine Act cases is
the same as the standard used in traditional tort cases, so that conclusive proof involving medical
literature or epidemiology is not needed, but demonstration of causation must be more than
“plausible” or “possible.” Both Andreu v. HHS, 569 F.3d 1367 (Fed. Cir. 2009), and Porter v.
HHS, 663 F.3d 1242 (Fed. Cir. 2011), considered when a determination concerning an expert’s
credibility may reasonably affect the outcome of a causation inquiry. Broekelschen v. HHS, 618
F.3d 1339 (Fed. Cir. 2010), found that it was appropriate for a special master to determine the
reliability of a diagnosis before analyzing the likelihood of vaccine causation. Lombardi v. HHS,
656 F.3d 1343 (Fed. Cir. 2011), and Hibbard v. HHS, 698 F.3d 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2012), both again
explored the importance of assessing the accuracy of the diagnosis that supports a claimant’s
theory of causation. Doe 11 v. HHS, 601 F.3d 1349 (Fed. Cir. 2010) and Deribeaux v. HHS, 717
F.3d 1363 (Fed. Cir. 2013), both discuss the burden of proof necessary to establish that a “factor
unrelated” to a vaccine may have caused the alleged injury.

         Another important aspect of the causation-in-fact case law under the Program concerns
the factors that a special master should consider in evaluating the reliability of expert testimony
and other scientific evidence relating to causation issues. In Daubert v. Merrell Down
Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993), the Supreme Court listed certain factors that federal
trial courts should utilize in evaluating proposed expert testimony concerning scientific issues.
In Terran v. HHS, 195 F.3d 1302, 1316 (Fed. Cir. 1999), the Federal Circuit ruled that it is
appropriate for special masters to utilize Daubert’s factors as a framework for evaluating the
reliability of causation-in-fact theories presented in Program cases.

                                                 3
                                                       II
                         THE OMNIBUS AUTISM PROCEEDING (“OAP”)
        This case is one of more than 5,400 cases filed under the Program in which petitioners
alleged that conditions known as “autism” or “autism spectrum disorders” (“ASD”) were caused
by one or more vaccinations. A special proceeding known as the Omnibus Autism Proceeding
(“OAP”) was developed to manage these cases within the Office of Special Masters (“OSM”). A
detailed history of the controversy regarding vaccines and autism, along with a history of the
development of the OAP, was set forth in the six entitlement decisions issued by three special
masters as “test cases” for two theories of causation litigated in the OAP (see cases cited below),
and will only be summarized here.
         A group called the Petitioners’ Steering Committee (“PSC”) was formed in 2002 by the
many attorneys who represented Vaccine Act petitioners who raised autism-related claims.
About 180 attorneys participated in the PSC. Their responsibility was to develop any available
evidence indicating that vaccines could contribute to causing autism, and eventually present that
evidence in a series of “test cases,” exploring the issue of whether vaccines could cause autism,
and, if so, in what circumstances. Ultimately, the PSC selected groups of attorneys to present
evidence in two different sets of “test cases” during many weeks of trial in 2007 and 2008. In
the six test cases, the PSC presented two separate theories concerning the causation of ASDs.
The first theory alleged that the measles portion of the measles, mumps, rubella (“MMR”)
vaccine could cause ASDs. That theory was presented in three separate Program test cases
during several weeks of trial in 2007. The second theory alleged that the mercury contained in
thimerosal-containing vaccines could directly affect an infant’s brain, thereby substantially
contributing to the causation of ASD. That theory was presented in three additional test cases
during several weeks of trial in 2008.
        Decisions in each of the three test cases pertaining to the PSC’s first theory rejected the
petitioners’ causation theories. Cedillo v. HHS, No. 98-916V, 2009 WL 331968 (Fed. Cl. Spec.
Mstr. Feb. 12, 2009) aff’d, 89 Fed. Cl. 158 (2009), aff’d, 617 F.3d 1328 (Fed. Cir. 2010);
Hazlehurst v. HHS, No. 03-654V, 2009 WL 332306 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Feb. 12, 2009), aff’d
88 Fed. Cl. 473 (2009), aff’d, 604 F.3d 1343 (Fed. Cir. 2010); Snyder v. HHS, No. 01-162V,
2009 WL 332044 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Feb. 12, 2009), aff’d, 88 Fed. Cl. 706 (2009).2 Decisions
in each of the three “test cases” pertaining to the PSC’s second theory also rejected the
petitioners’ causation theories, and the petitioners in each of those three cases chose not to
appeal. Dwyer v. HHS, No. 03-1202V, 2010 WL 892250 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Mar. 12, 2010);
King v. HHS, No. 03-584V, 2010 WL 892296 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Mar 12, 2010); Mead v.
HHS, No. 03-215V, 2010 WL 892248 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Mar. 12, 2010).
        The “test case” decisions were comprehensive, analyzing in detail all of the evidence
presented on both sides. The three test case decisions concerning the PSC’s first theory
(concerning the MMR vaccine) totaled more than 600 pages of detailed analysis, and were
solidly affirmed in many more pages of analysis in three different rulings by three different
judges of the United States Court of Federal Claims, and in two rulings by two separate panels of
the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. The three special master decisions

2
    The petitioners in Snyder did not appeal the ruling to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.

                                                        4
concerning the PSC’s second theory (concerning vaccinations containing the preservative
“thimerosal”) were similarly comprehensive.
        All told, the 11 lengthy written rulings by the special masters, the judges of the U.S.
Court of Federal Claims, and the panels of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
unanimously rejected the petitioners’ claims, finding no persuasive evidence that either the
MMR vaccine or thimerosal-containing vaccines could contribute in any way to the causation of
autism.
         Thus, the proceedings in the six “test cases” concluded in 2010. Thereafter, the
Petitioners in this case, and the petitioners in other cases within the OAP, were instructed to
decide how to proceed with their own claims. The vast majority of those autism petitioners
elected either to withdraw their claims or, more commonly, to request that the special master
presiding over their case decide their case on the written record, uniformly resulting in a decision
rejecting the petitioner’s claim for lack of support. However, a small minority of the autism
petitioners have elected to continue to pursue their cases, seeking other causation theories and/or
other expert witnesses. A few such cases have gone to trial before a special master, and in the
cases of this type decided thus far, all have resulted in rejection of petitioners’ claims that
vaccines played a role in causing their child’s autism. See, e.g., Blake v. HHS, No. 03-31V, 2014
WL 2769979 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Vowell May 21, 2014) (autism not caused by MMR
vaccination); Henderson v. HHS, No. 09-616V, 2012 WL 5194060 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Vowell
Sept. 28, 2012) (autism not caused by pneumococcal vaccination); Franklin v. HHS, No. 99-
855V, 2013 WL 3755954 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Hastings May 16, 2013) (MMR and other
vaccines found not to contribute to autism); Coombs v. HHS, No. 08-818V, 2014 WL 1677584
(Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Hastings Apr. 8, 2014) (autism not caused by MMR or Varivax vaccines);
Long v. HHS, No. 08-792V, 2015 WL 1011740 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Hastings Feb. 9, 2015)
(autism not caused by influenza vaccine). In addition, some causation autism claims have been
rejected without trial, at times over the petitioner’s objection, in light of the failure of the
petitioner to file plausible proof of vaccine-causation. See, e.g., Waddell v. HHS, No. 10-316V,
2012 WL 4829291 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Campbell-Smith Sept. 19, 2012) (autism not caused by
MMR vaccination); Geppert v. HHS, No. 00-286V, 2013 WL 2500852 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr.
Vowell Sept. 6, 2012); Fesanco v. HHS, No. 02-1770, 2010 WL 4955721 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr.
Hastings Nov. 9, 2010); Fresco v. HHS, No. 06-469V, 2013 WL 364723 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr.
Vowell Jan. 7, 2013); Pietrucha v. HHS, No. 00-269V, 2014 WL 4538058 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr.
Hastings Aug. 22, 2014). Judges of this court have affirmed the practice of dismissal without
trial in such a case. E.g., Fesanco v. HHS, 99 Fed. Cl. 28 (May 16, 2011) (Judge Braden).
        In none of the rulings since the test cases has a special master or judge found any merit in
an allegation that any vaccine can contribute to causing autism.

                                                III
                         PROCEDURAL HISTORY OF THIS CASE
       Petitioners filed a Short-Form Autism Petition for Compensation on behalf of their son
N.B. on March 12, 2004. (ECF No. 1.) On March 19, 2004, this case was stayed indefinitely
pending completion of the general inquiry under the Omnibus Autism Proceeding regarding the

                                                 5
possible causal relationship between certain vaccines and autistic spectrum disorders. (See
Section II of this Decision above.)

       On September 13, 2007, Petitioners filed medical records marked as Exhibits 1-34. (ECF
No. 13.)

        Following the resolution of the autism “test cases,” Petitioners filed an amended petition
on July 14, 2011, alleging that N.B. “developed mercury poisoning and toxic/static
encephalopathy” as a result of his MMR and Varicella vaccinations administered on June 13,
2001, as well as his Hib vaccination of October 8, 2001.3 (ECF No. 15.) On June 6, 2013,
Petitioners filed narrative statements by N.B.’s parents marked as Exhibits 35 and 36, along with
medical literature marked as Exhibits 37-42, an expert medical report by Joseph Bellanti, M.D.
marked as Exhibit 43, and a CV of Dr. Bellanti marked as Exhibit 44.

        Respondent filed a “Rule 4 report” on November 8, 2013. (ECF No. 33.) Respondent’s
report took the position that compensation is not appropriate under the Vaccine Act. At that
same time, Respondent also filed an expert medical report by Christine McCusker, MD, marked
as Exhibit A, accompanied by a CV marked as Exhibit B, and supporting medical literature
marked as Exhibits C-L. (ECF Nos. 34, 35.)

       Both Respondent’s “Rule 4 report” and expert report indicated that no medical records
from N.B.’s primary care physician were filed for the period 2000 through 2002. (ECF No. 33, p.
2; Ex. A, p. 1.) Petitioners filed these records as Exhibit 45 on December 16, 2013.4 (ECF No.
37.)

        Petitioners submitted a pre-hearing brief on January 21, 2014 (ECF No. 40), and
Respondent filed a pre-hearing brief on January 22, 2014 (ECF No. 41). A hearing was
conducted at the Office of Special Masters on April 25, 2014 (see Transcript of Proceedings
(“Tr.”), ECF No. 47.) Dr. and Mrs. Brook testified by telephone, while both Dr. Bellanti and Dr.
McCusker testified in person. (Id.)

        On August 28, 2014, Petitioners filed a post-hearing brief. (ECF No. 52.) Respondent
filed an opposing brief on December 5, 2014, (ECF No. 56), and Petitioners filed a reply brief on
January 18, 2015 (ECF No. 59).

3
  However, Petitioners’ expert Dr. Bellanti at times was unclear as to which of the vaccines of June 13,
2001, he thought were injurious to N.B. (See fn. 13 below.) Further, Petitioners apparently abandoned
the allegation that the vaccination of October 8, 2001, injured N.B., failing to pursue that allegation in Dr.
Bellanti’s expert report or hearing testimony.
4
 Both experts later confirmed at the hearing in this case that they reviewed these records subsequent to
writing their reports but before testifying in this case. (Tr. 71-73, 105.)

                                                      6
                                                   IV
                                        FACTUAL HISTORY
A. Facts reflected in the medical records
        N.B. was born on June 12, 2000, after approximately 37 weeks of gestation. (Ex. 33, p.
14.) His birth was complicated; he was “limp/blue” at delivery, requiring resuscitation. (Id., pp.
16, 22.) N.B. remained in the newborn special care unit for three days. (Id., p. 18.)
        No problems were reported at N.B.’s two, four, and six month well-baby exams with his
primary care physician, Dr. Lazaroff. (Ex. 45, pp. 19, 23, 25.) At these visits N.B. received
routine vaccinations. (Id.)
         On March 1, 2001, N.B.’s records note that he was not sitting alone at that time, had
increased tone, and that he arched when sitting. (Id., p. 26.) He was referred to a neurologist, Dr.
Denis Altman, who indicated that N.B. exhibited mild hypertonia with no evidence of spastic
quadriplegia. (Ex. 7, p. 20.) Dr. Altman recommended physical therapy. (Id.) Later, on April
11, 2001, N.B. was seen, and it was noted that he had gross motor delay and was hypertonic.
(Ex. 45, p. 27.) Dr. Lazaroff noted that N.B. was “not crawling – not getting to sitting.” (Id.) Dr.
Lazaroff also noted feeding issues, and indicated that occupational therapy would be considered
if the problems persisted. (Id.)
       By June 6, 2001, Dr. Altman reported that N.B. was making “excellent gains” and that he
was “sitting, crawling, beginning to stand,” with “good social skills.” (Ex. 7, p. 19.) Dr.
Altman’s impression for that visit was “normal.” (Id.) Despite this progress, however, N.B.
remained at the 27th percentile for gross motor skills. (Ex. 24, p. 53.) Dr. Altman recommended
continued physical therapy, and that N.B.’s language be monitored. (Ex. 7, p. 19.)
        Shortly thereafter, on June 13, 2001, N.B. had his one-year well visit, at which time he
received “MMR” (measles, mumps, rubella), Varivax (varicella), and Prevnar (pneumococcal)
vaccinations. (Ex. 45, p. 29.) Ten days later, on June 23, 2001, N.B. was seen again, for a rash
thought to be secondary to his Varivax vaccination.5 (Id., p. 30.) The record of this visit
mentions the fact of the vaccination 10 days previously, but indicates that the parent who brought
N.B. for the check-up specifically denied that N.B. was suffering besides the rash, any symptoms
of illness, including fever. (Id.)
       At a visit on October 8, 2001, N.B. received a further dose of HIB (hemophilus influenza
type B) vaccine. (Ex. 45, p. 31.) He was seen again on October 25 with fever and rash, which
symptoms were recorded as the potential result of a Coxsackie viral infection. (Id., p. 32).
       At his visit of November 7, 2001, with Dr. Altman, it was noted that N.B. pulled to stand,
but was not yet walking, used 3-5 words, babbled, played repetitively, and did not yet have
fantasy play. (Ex. 7, p. 18.) Dr. Altman’s diagnostic impression was “static encephalopathy
with global delay.” (Id.) Dr. Altman also noted that N.B. was “ok” socially, but needed to be
monitored for a possible autism spectrum disorder. (Id.) Speech and language therapy, along

5
 In fact, both experts in this case indicated that both the MMR and varicella vaccines can produce a rash
at about ten days, and that the MMR vaccine could also have been the cause of the rash. (Tr. 58, 110.)

                                                    7
with physical and occupational therapies, were recommended. (Id.) A physical therapy
reevaluation on December 19, 2001, indicated that, at 18 months of age, N.B. had the fine motor
skills of a 15-month-old. He had normal muscle tone, but decreased trunk strength and safety
awareness. (Ex. 18, pp. 10-11, 40-42.)
        N.B. underwent speech and language evaluation on January 22, 2002. (Ex. 24, pp. 90-
92.) His mother gave a history that indicated that he babbled and cooed at 4 months, used his
first word at 10 months, and had an “extremely limited vocabulary.” (Id., p. 90.) N.B. was
diagnosed as having delay in speech articulation, language comprehension, and language
expression. (Id.) Specifically, at 19 months of age N.B.’s language comprehension and play
skills were determined to be at the 12-15 month level, while his expression and
interaction/attachment were at the 9-12 month level. (Id., pp. 91-92.)
        On March 19, 2002, Dr. Altman indicated that N.B. was making “definite but slow
progress,” describing “definite” language delay, and maintaining his diagnostic impression of
“static encephalopathy with global delay.” (Ex. 7, p. 17.) Dr. Altman observed that N.B. was
making some sounds, but without intent, and that he communicated by grunts. (Id.) It was
recommended that N.B. continue his services, and noted in particular that he needed
“aggressive” speech and language therapy. (Id.) Although autism is not mentioned in Dr.
Altman’s March 19 record, an April 2002 progress note by N.B.’s occupational therapist
indicates that the family had been speaking during this time period with therapy staff about a
possible autism diagnosis suggested by N.B.’s neurologist. (Ex. 18, p. 28.)
         In July of 2002, at 25 months of age, N.B. was evaluated in an inclusive classroom
setting at the Good Shepherd School for Children. (Ex. 12, pp. 147-48.) He was found to have
the cognitive skill level of a 9-11 month old, but received no scoring in many areas, because he
was unable to comply with requests. (Id., p. 148.) He did not respond to his name, and cried
intermittently, particularly when peers came near. (Id., p. 147.) N.B. was “very overwhelmed”
by the school environment and was hypersensitive to his environment the majority of the time.
(Id., p. 199.) He could be calmed with “vestibular input, deep pressure, and rhythmic music.”
(Id.) At around this time, N.B.’s speech therapist noted that “[N.B.] has demonstrated difficulty
in relating to people,” and that he appeared aloof and demonstrated only minimal eye contact.
(Ex. 7, p. 41.) It was also noted that N.B.’s play was limited and that he had a “very limited
repertoire of play skills.” (Id., p. 42.)
       N.B. was seen again by Dr. Altman on August 15, 2002. (Ex. 7, p. 16.) At this time, Dr.
Altman noted that at age 26 months, N.B. had very little communication, poor eye contact, and
echolalia. (Id.) For this visit, Dr. Altman’s diagnostic impression reads “Autism Spectrum
Disorder.” (Id.)
       In August of 2002, N.B. switched speech therapists and was evaluated on August 28 by
Therapy Relief Incorporated. (Ex. 27, pp. 25-26.) At this evaluation, N.B. presented with a
“severe receptive and expressive language disorder” and “possible severe developmental apraxia
of speech.”6 (Id., p. 26.) N.B.’s language scores were two standard deviations below the mean,

6
  Apraxia of speech was later confirmed by a speech pathologist who diagnosed N.B. as falling in the
“severe” range. (Ex. 5, pp. 3-5.)

                                                   8
reflecting a 50% delay with language skills for his age. (Id., p. 25.) He had difficulty following
instructions and used only about 10 words. His mother reported that he had lost words he
previously used, but also reported that “all developmental milestones with [N.B.] have followed
the normal progression; however, he has been very late.” (Id.)
        N.B. was evaluated at the Judevine Center for Autism in October of 2002, scoring 26 on
the Childhood Autism Rating Scale based on parental reporting, which fell within the non-
autistic range of the scale. (Ex. 13, pp. 18-19.) Based on the assessor’s interaction, however,
N.B. scored 39, which fell in the “severely autistic” range. (Id.)
        N.B.’s records indicated that overall he continued making progress in his therapies
throughout 2003 and 2004. For example, Dr. Altman noted in August of 2004 that “he’s made
marked improvement in all aspects of his neurological functioning over the last 18 months.” (Ex.
7, p. 10.) Dr. Altman noted in particular that N.B. was using more language, beginning to
understand more commands, and that his social interaction had improved to the point that he
could attend pre-school with an aide. (Id.)
       At that time, N.B. was being evaluated for “the possibility of a biological or metabolic
disorder” to explain his syndrome. (Id.) Based on an unspecified biological work-up, Dr.
Altman indicated that his “overall feeling is that [N.B.] does not have a degenerative or
underlying identifiable metabolic or biochemical disease.” (Id.) N.B.’s progress was to be
monitored before any more comprehensive evaluation for mitochondrial disorder would be
conducted. (Id., pp. 10-11.) Later blood tests, in November of 2004, indicated that N.B. had
elevated levels of lactic acid and pyruvic acid. (Ex. 7, p. 67.)
        N.B.’s therapies continued thereafter and N.B. continued to make progress. (See, e.g.,
Ex. 32, pp. 13-16 (noting N.B.’s current level of function as of May 25, 2005).) In June of 2005,
N.B. reached five years of age, and was considered for enrollment in kindergarten. (Ex. 20, pp.
262-65.) In a Special School District Resolution Conference Report, it was recommended that
N.B. move from in-home education services to a school age program at the Bellerive Elementary
School, a center for applied behavioral analysis with special programs for autistic students. (Id.,
pp. 263-64.)
B. Additional facts reported by N.B.’s parents
        In addition to the above, both of N.B.’s parents provided written narratives and testimony
further describing N.B.’s clinical course. (Ex. 35; Ex. 36; Tr. 4-50.) Overall, their recollection of
events mostly agreed with what is reflected in the medical records. However, concerning the key
facts surrounding N.B.’s alleged immediate reaction to his vaccinations of June 13, 2001, and the
onset of his symptoms of ASD, the parents presented certain facts which are at variance with
N.B.’s contemporaneous medical records.
       In his narrative, N.B.’s father, Dr. Brook, stated that after N.B. received his vaccinations
of June 13, 2001, N.B. “experienced high fever to 104 for 2 days. He screamed loudly for 24
hours.” (Ex. 35, p. 1.) At the hearing, Dr. Brook further elaborated, indicating that “I remember
him having fever and just being extremely irritable and crying. I think he slept very poorly those
next two days, and we just couldn’t seem to calm him down.” (Tr. 12-13.) Dr. Brook indicated

                                                 9
that “that kind of was the beginning of what became a behavior that we saw a lot of over those
next several months * * *. And after those vaccines, his whole personality seemed to change.”
(Tr. 13.) Dr. Brook testified that N.B. had had reactions to prior vaccinations, but that this was
“more severe” than before, and that it was “particularly severe right after the vaccination.” (Id.)
        In addition, N.B.’s mother, stated in her narrative that after the vaccinations of June 13,
2001, N.B. seemed “out of sorts for days,” that he “cried quite frequently,” “ran a fever,” and
“had chronic diarrhea and was inconsolable.” (Ex. 36, p.1.) At the hearing, she testified that
following those vaccinations N.B. “kind of seemed out of it for days,” and that “something was
wrong.” (Tr. 41.) She indicated that N.B. cried, was inconsolable, and ran a high fever. (Id.)
She testified that she couldn’t remember when exactly this reaction started, but she indicated that
she believed it occurred prior to her return visit to Dr. Lazaroff on June 23, 2001, concerning
N.B.’s subsequent rash. (Id.) She also testified that N.B. was out of character, “zoned out,”
experienced sensitivity to light and sound, and had unusual behaviors such as “flapping his
hands” and “high-pitched vocalizations.” (Tr. 42.)

                                                 V
     SUMMARY OF EXPERT WITNESSES’ QUALIFICATIONS AND OPINIONS
       In this case, Petitioners and Respondent each presented an expert report and testimony
from a medical expert. At this point, I will briefly summarize both the qualifications and the
opinions of these expert witnesses.
A. Petitioners’ expert, Dr. Joseph Bellanti

       1. Qualifications

        Joseph A. Bellanti, M.D., received his Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) from the University of
Buffalo School of Medicine in 1958. (Ex. 44, p. 3.) He completed residency training at
Children’s Hospital of Buffalo, New York, from 1959 to 1961. (Id.) He was a special NIH
trainee in Immunology at the J. Hillis Miller Health Center in Gainesville, Florida, and a research
virologist at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, before moving on to serve in a number
of capacities with Georgetown University where he has served from 1963 to the present. (Id.)

       Currently, Dr. Bellanti serves as director of the International Center for Interdisciplinary
Studies of Immunology at Georgetown University where he is also a professor of pediatrics and
of microbiology-immunology. (Ex. 44, p. 1.) Dr. Bellanti also serves at the Georgetown
University Hospital, where he is the director of Immunology and Virology in the Department of
Laboratory Medicine. (Id., p. 1.) He is also on the academic staff in pediatrics of Children’s
Hospital National Medical Center, as well as being a member of the department of pediatrics at
both Arlington Hospital and INOVA Fairfax Hospital. (Id.)

        Dr. Bellanti is licensed to practice medicine in New York, Maryland, Virginia, and the
District of Columbia. He is board-certified in pediatrics, and is a Diplomate of both the National
Board of Medical Examiners and the American Board of Allergy and Immunology. (Ex. 44, p.
4.) He is a fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Academy of Allergy,
the American College of Allergists, and the American Association for Clinical Immunology and

                                                 10
Allergy. (Id.) He has held numerous positions in scientific and professional societies, and is a
past president of the American College of Allergy and Immunology and the Association of
Medical Laboratory Immunologists. He has been on the editorial boards of seven different
pediatric and allergy publications. (Id., pp. 5-6.)

         Dr. Bellanti has also served on a number of committees, including the Growth and
Development Committee of the National Institutes of Health and Human Development, the
Allergy and Immunology Research Committee of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious
Diseases, and the American College of Allergy Board of Regents. (Ex. 44, p. 7.) He is a past
member of the Board of Directors for the American Board of Medical Laboratory Immunology
as well as the American College of Allergy Board of Regents. He is currently a member of the
Institutional Review Board. (Id.)

       Dr. Bellanti lists numerous awards and lectures on his curriculum vitae. He has
published 234 articles as either lead or contributing author, and has written or contributed to 59
book chapters. (Ex. 44, pp. 12-26.)

       2. Summary of Dr. Bellanti’s opinion
        Dr. Bellanti provided both an expert report (Ex. 43) and oral testimony at hearing (Tr. 52-
102). His opinion was never very clearly explained, but as I understand it, the gist of his opinion
can be summarized as follows. Dr. Bellanti opined that N.B. suffered an “encephalopathy”
(brain injury) that resulted in a global developmental delay, causing symptoms consistent with
ASD. (E.g., Ex. 43, pp. 9, 10, 12; Tr. 56.) Dr. Bellanti argued that such encephalopathy was
likely caused by vaccines that N.B. was given on June 13, 2001, which were MMR, varicella,
and pneumococcal vaccines. (Ex. 43, pp. 10, 12; Tr. 56-57.) Further, as to how the vaccines
caused the encephalopathy, his main theory seemed to be that the vaccines caused N.B.’s own
immune system to mistakenly attack his brain--i.e., an “autoimmune” theory. (Ex. 43, pp. 11-12;
Tr. 57-62, 65-66.)
        Initially, Dr. Bellanti in his report advanced four (and possibly more) separate theories to
explain how N.B.’s vaccinations could cause such an autoimmune response. These were:
“molecular mimicry,” “polyclonal activation,” “bystander effect,” “adjuvant effect,” “and such
other theories as I have discussed in other reports.” (Id., p. 11.) At the hearing in this case,
however, Dr. Bellanti narrowed his opinion. He clarified that he believed molecular mimicry
was not a likely explanation for N.B.’s condition, and that the likely mechanism was either
polyclonal activation or bystander effect. (Tr. 98-99.)
    Under a polyclonal activation theory, Dr. Bellanti argued, in a person “genetically
predisposed,” a vaccine can induce a “generalized stimulation of the immune system,” which
leads to “autoantibodies attacking host organs.” (Ex. 43, p. 11.) He also stated that “[b]ystander
activation is an antigen non-specific theoretical mechanism, where the vaccination can cause the
tissue damage which leads to the release of self-antigens that are taken up by antigen presenting
cells of the innate immune system.” (Id.) Dr. Bellanti testified that he found it “difficult to say”
which of these two mechanisms occurred in N.B.’s case, but stated that both theories are
premised on the persistence of an “antigen” within N.B.’s body. (Tr. 98-99.)

                                                 11
B. Respondent’s expert, Dr. Christine McCusker

       1. Qualifications
        Christine McCusker, M.D., MSc, FRCP, received her Master of Science (MSc) and her
Medical Doctor (MD) degrees from McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, in 1988 and
1993 respectively. (Ex. A, p. 1.) From 1993 to 1999 she completed a residency training
program in pediatrics and a clinical fellowship in allergy and immunology at McGill University
in Montreal, Quebec. (Id., p. 2.) Currently she is an associate professor of allergy and
immunology in the department of Pediatrics at the Montreal Children’s Hospital and McGill
University. (Ex. A, p. 3.) She is also a research director for Meakins-Christie Laboratories and a
staff physician and director of the Clinical Immunology Laboratory at Montreal Children’s
Hospital. (Id., pp. 3-4.)
        Additionally, Dr. McCusker serves on a number of committees, including the Hereditary
Angioedema Society and Primary Immunodeficiency Network, the Canadian Immunodeficiency
Patient Organization Scientific Advisory Committee, and the Examination Committee of the
Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. She is Chair of the Immunology Interest
Section of the Canadian Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. (Ex. A, p. 13.)
       As well as being licensed by the Medical Council of Canada, she is board-certified by the
American Board of Pediatrics. She is a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons
of Canada, recognized in pediatrics as well as allergy and immunology. She is licensed by the
College des Medecins du Quebec. (Ex. A, pp. 2-3.) Dr. McCusker is also a member of the
Canadian Medical Protective Association, the Federation of Medical Specialists of Quebec, the
Quebec Allergy and Immunology Association, and the Clinical Immunology Society. (Id., p. 14.)
         In addition to her clinical and teaching duties, Dr. McCusker is an active researcher,
listing numerous research grants on her curriculum vitae as well as three pending patent
applications. (Ex. A, pp. 17-19.) Dr. McCusker has published 25 articles and one book chapter
on topics relating to allergy and immunology. (Id., pp. 19-22.)

       2. Summary of Dr. McCusker’s opinion
        Although Dr. McCusker did not disagree with Dr. Bellanti’s opinion that N.B. likely
experienced a static encephalopathy (Tr. 124-25), she disagreed with the view that N.B.’s
condition is in any way related to any of his vaccinations. (Tr. 105; Ex A, p. 8.) Dr. McCusker
noted that N.B.’s developmental problems began prior to the vaccinations of June 13, 2001. She
also noted that there is no evidence in N.B.’s case of CNS (central nervous system)
inflammation, autoantibody formation, or CNS lesions associated with autoimmune
encephalopathy, and that N.B. had a normal MRI--all of which contradict Dr. Bellanti’s theory
that N.B.’s symptoms were caused by an autoimmune response. (Ex. A, p. 8.) She also noted
that there is no evidence of “persistent viral infection or chronic immune activation” to support
Dr. Bellanti’s “bystander effect” theory or his “polyclonal activation” theory (Ex. A, p. 6; Tr.
119-122.)

                                                12
                                                  VI
                                 SUMMARY OF MY DECISION
        In this case, N.B.’s treating neurologist, Dr. Altman, initially diagnosed N.B. as having a
“static encephalopathy with global delay.” He later included ASD in his diagnostic impression.
Neither expert witness in this case disputes the diagnoses made by Dr. Altman. The two experts
differ greatly, however, in their interpretation of those diagnoses, their significance, and
ultimately, their cause. After reviewing the record of this case, I have found Dr. Bellanti’s view
of the case to be quite unpersuasive,7 while Dr. McCusker’s opinion was far more persuasive.
There are several reasons for this conclusion.
        First and foremost, Dr. Bellanti based his causation opinion on two faulty factual
assumptions, namely that after his vaccinations of June 13, 2001, N.B. experienced (1) an
immediate severe vaccine reaction, and (2) a prompt post-vaccine developmental regression.
For the reasons described below, I have determined that these factual assumptions are, much
more likely than not, incorrect. (See Section VII below.) Dr. Bellanti’s alternate theory
regarding a possible autistic regression resulting from fever was likewise unsupported by the
record of this case, in that it was conditional upon N.B. suffering a mitochondrial dysfunction.
There is no substantial evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction in the record, and in any event, Dr.
Bellanti did not ever actually opine that N.B. did have such dysfunction. (See Section IX,
below.)
       In addition, there are a number of other deficiencies in Dr. Bellanti’s opinion. He did not
substantiate his claim that autoimmune encephalopathy could result in symptoms consistent with
ASD, and he acknowledged that no test results were available to substantiate his claim that N.B.
experienced a vaccine-related encephalopathy. (Section VIII(A), below.) Moreover, his opinion
was tentative and uncertain overall. (Section VIII(B), below.) And finally, Dr. Bellanti’s
opinion was refuted by a number of points raised by Dr. McCusker. (Section VIII(C), below.)

                                                  VII
     DR. BELLANTI’S CAUSATION OPINION IS BASED ON FLAWED FACTUAL
                             ASSUMPTIONS
       Petitioners’ expert, Dr. Bellanti, argued that N.B. suffered an encephalopathy caused by
N.B.’s vaccinations of June 13, 2001. The most obvious deficiency in this presentation is that Dr.
Bellanti’s causation opinion is premised on assumptions that run contrary to the clinical history
presented by the medical records.
       Specifically, Dr. Bellanti opined in his expert report as follows: “it is clear that the live
vaccines that [N.B.] received on June 13, 2001, * * * caused a significant change in his
condition. He clearly had a severe immediate reaction to these vaccines (the fever and
inconsolable crying), and the rash that appeared 10 days after the vaccination would be

7
 Petitioners have the burden of demonstrating the facts necessary for entitlement to an award by a
“preponderance of the evidence.” § 300aa-12(a)(1)(A). Under that standard, the existence of a fact must
be shown to be “more probable than its nonexistence.” In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 371 (1970) (Harlan,
J., concurring).

                                                  13
consistent with an adverse reaction to the vaccines. N.B.’s rather sudden regression after these
vaccines makes it highly likely that he suffered a static encephalopathy (or significant
aggravation of a preexisting static encephalopathy) as a result of these vaccinations that then led
to his developmental delays and symptoms diagnosed as autism.” (Ex. 43, p. 10.)
         During the hearing in this case, Dr. Bellanti acknowledged that there are no clinical test
results available to support his causation theory, but stressed that he believed that the
combination of N.B.’s high fever and crying immediately after the vaccination, along with his
subsequent developmental deterioration, suggest that his vaccinations contributed to his clinical
condition. (Tr. 64.) Although Dr. Bellanti testified that his opinion was based “collectively” on
all of the information in N.B.’s clinical history (Tr. 82-83), he repeatedly cited N.B.’s alleged
immediate reaction to the vaccine and his alleged subsequent developmental regression as being
key clinical indicators showing a logical “cause and effect” sequence supporting his opinion (Tr.
55-56, 58-59, 64, 82-83).
        Thus, Dr. Bellanti’s primary causal theory is clearly predicated on two factual
assumptions: that N.B. experienced a severe immediate reaction to his June 13 vaccinations, and
that he soon thereafter experienced a developmental regression. These assumptions, however,
are not supported by the factual record of his case.
A. The medical records contradict the assumption that N.B. suffered a severe immediate
   reaction to his vaccination.
        Dr. Bellanti admitted that there is no support in the medical records for his assumption
that N.B. experienced a severe immediate reaction to his vaccinations. Instead, Dr. Bellanti
relied upon statements and testimony from N.B.’s parents that N.B. experienced a fever of 104°
for two days, plus loud screaming and uncontrollable crying, immediately after his vaccinations.
(Ex. 43, pp. 2, 10; Tr. 58, 79.) Dr. Bellanti acknowledged that “the only thing that was
mentioned [in N.B.’s medical records] was the reaction [a rash only] at ten days on the 23rd” (Tr.
79), but he relied upon the testimony of Dr. Brook, N.B.’s father. Dr. Bellanti stated that “you
know, this history of being out of sorts, the father’s history of 104° for two days was what I was
basing my opinion on. I didn’t see that documented in the medical records.” (Tr. 80.) Thus, Dr.
Bellanti testified that rather than relying on the medical records, “my opinion is based to quite a
degree on Dr. Brook’s [N.B.’s father’s] testimony.” (Tr. 79.)
       In this case, however, I do not find that Dr. and Mrs. Brook’s testimony establishes that it
is more likely than not that N.B. experienced high fever, inconsolable crying, or any other
symptoms of a severe vaccine reaction in June of 2001. Rather, I find that the medical records
contradict Dr. Bellanti’s assumption.
        Medical records “warrant consideration as trustworthy evidence.” Cucuras v. Sec'y of
Health & Human Servs., 993 F.2d 1525, 1528 (Fed.Cir.1993). Accordingly, where subsequent
testimony conflicts with contemporaneous medical records, special masters usually accord more
weight to the medical records. See, e.g., Reusser v. Sec'y of Health & Human Servs., 28 Fed. Cl.
516, 523 (Fed. Cl. 1993) (“[W]ritten documentation recorded by a disinterested person at or soon
after the event at issue is generally more reliable than the recollection of a party to a lawsuit
many years later.”).

                                                14
        To be sure, “it must [also] be recognized that the absence of a reference to a condition or
circumstance is much less significant than a reference which negates the existence of the
condition or circumstance. Since medical records typically record only a fraction of all that
occurs, the fact that reference to an event is omitted from the medical records may not be very
significant.” (Murphy v. HHS, 23 Cl. Ct. 726, 733 (Fed. Cl. 1991) (aff’d 968 F.2d 1226 (Fed.
Cir. 1992)). However, in balancing these considerations, special masters in this Program have
traditionally declined to credit later testimony over contemporaneous records. (See, e.g., Stevens
v. HHS, 90-221V, 1990 WL 608693, at *3 (Cl. Ct. Spec. Mstr. 1990); see also Vergara v. HHS,
08-882V, 2014 WL 2795491, at *4 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. July 17, 2014) (“Special Masters
frequently accord more weight to contemporaneously-recorded medical symptoms than those
recorded in later medical histories, affidavits, or trial testimony.”) See also Cucuras v. HHS, 993
F.2d 1525, 1528 (Fed. Cir. 1993) (noting that “the Supreme Court counsels that oral testimony in
conflict with contemporaneous documentary evidence deserves little weight”).)
        Here, the pertinent medical records do not support Dr. Bellanti’s assumptions about the
supposed immediate reaction of N.B. to his vaccinations, in which, according to his parents, N.B.
had a fever of 104° for two days, accompanied by loud screaming and uncontrollable crying.
When N.B. was taken back to the doctor ten days after the vaccination, on June 23, 2001, the
note of the visit does not mention any part of the alleged immediate reaction of June 13-15. (Ex.
45, p. 30.) In fact, the note states specifically that N.B.’s parent “denies illness symptoms,” other
than the rash, and that the parent reported an absence of fever in N.B. (Id.)8 In my view, if N.B.
had actually experienced the immediate reaction on June 13-15 later alleged by his parents, such
reaction would certainly have been reported at the June 23 visit.
       “To the extent that it relies on the testimony of the petitioners’ witnesses as to the
occurrence and timing of events, [expert medical opinion] must stand or fall with the fact
testimony.” (Murphy v. HHS, 90-882V, 1991 WL 74931, at *3 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. April 25,
1991) (aff’d 23 Cl.Ct. 726 (1991), aff’d, 968 F.2d 1226 (Fed. Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 113 S. Ct.
463 (1992).) Thus, because I decline to credit Petitioners’ testimony9 with regard to N.B.’s
alleged immediate reaction to his June 13 vaccinations, I likewise decline to accept Dr. Bellanti’s
opinion based upon on that testimony.
B. The record also contradicts Dr. Bellanti’s assumption that N.B. experienced a sharp
   developmental regression following his vaccinations.
        In addition to assuming a severe immediate vaccine reaction, Dr. Bellanti testified that
his opinion was also based upon the assumption that N.B. experienced a regression of
developmental skills after his vaccinations of June 13, 2001. For example, Dr. Bellanti testified
that N.B. experienced a “significant deterioration” after his June 13 vaccinations (Tr. 56), and at
another point answered “yes” to a question about whether N.B. experienced a “regression” after
those vaccines (Tr. 85). In particular, Dr. Bellanti contended that Dr. Altman’s progress note of
8
  At Ex. 45, p. 30, the symbol of a circle with horizontal line through it, prior to the word “fever,” is commonly used
in medical records; here, it means “no fever.”

9
  I stress that I am not questioning the sincerity of Dr. and Mrs. Brook. I have no reason to doubt that they believe
their recollections to be accurate. I simply find that their testimony does not have sufficient indicia of reliability to
be trusted over the medical records, which constitute a conflicting, contemporaneously-recorded, recitation of the
facts.

                                                            15
November 7, 2001, demonstrated a regression by reflecting a “change in attitude” by Dr. Altman
regarding N.B.’s condition. (Tr. 85.) In that regard, Dr. Altman’s record of that November 2001
visit indicates for the first time a diagnostic impression of “static encephalopathy with global
delay,” and includes a note that N.B. should be monitored for ASD. (Ex. 7, p. 18.) This, Dr.
Bellanti argued, marks a contrast to Dr. Altman’s notations immediately prior to N.B.’s
vaccinations, wherein Dr. Altman indicated that N.B. was making “excellent gains.” (Tr. 89.)
Thus, Dr. Bellanti contended that “[N.B.] was progressing satisfactorily before the vaccine [sic]
and then there was a deterioration or a reversal of that slow progression.” (Tr. 86, emphasis
added.)
        Like the allegation of a severe immediate post-vaccine reaction, however, this second
factual assumption of Dr. Bellanti is not borne out by a full examination of the record in this
case.
        Dr. McCusker, in contrast to Dr. Bellanti, argued that she did not interpret the medical
records to show a regression in N.B.’s behavior after the June 13 vaccinations. She explained
that there is an important distinction between a “failure to achieve” developmental milestones,
and a “pathologic process that has arrested, stopped or regressed a child.” (Tr. 115-17.) She
opined that Dr. Altman’s diagnosis of a “static” encephalopathy in November 2001 was the
result of N.B.’s ongoing failure to timely achieve milestones, as opposed to resulting from a
regression or deterioration as Dr. Bellanti argued. (Tr. 115-17, 133, 161-62.)
        Asked about Dr. and Mrs. Brook’s perception of post-vaccine changes in their son, Dr.
McCusker explained that “as [a] child gets older, from the age of one to the age of two, there are
many different developmental stages that the child goes through. And with each stage, there’s a
new challenge. If you have a child who is developmentally delayed, those challenges may
become magnified. And it is still part of this child’s developmental course, not because there’s a
dramatic change.” (Tr. 145-46.) Dr. McCusker noted that N.B.’s medical records show that
concerns regarding N.B.’s development began at around six to eight months of age, and that as
he aged, N.B.’s developmental problems were noted “from the first indications that one can
usually pick up a problem.” (Tr. 106-07.) For example, Dr. McCusker explained that
developmentally, milestones related to motor function are not expected to arise until between
four to eight months, and skills related to independent play aren’t expected until around 18
months. (Tr. 128, 144.) Dr. McCusker opined that as N.B. aged in the months just after the
relevant vaccinations, he was expected to meet more milestones, but failed to do so. (E.g., Tr.
132.) She opined that the fact that N.B. received vaccines on June 13, 2001, and was diagnosed
in November 2001 with static encephalopathy, did not constitute good evidence that those
vaccines caused any injury to N.B. (Tr. 160-62.)
       Dr. Bellanti, by contrast, was not able to substantiate his assertion that N.B. experienced
a regression soon after his vaccinations, as opposed to a continued failure to achieve milestones
as Dr. McCusker argued. When asked to compare N.B.’s developmental course to the typical
course of ASD, Dr. Bellanti indicated that he could not, because it was beyond his expertise. (Tr.
94.) Asked whether Dr. Altman used the word “regression” in his November 2001 note, Dr.
Bellanti conceded that he had not. (Tr. 85-86.) Dr. Bellanti also acknowledged that he found no
evidence of “regression” in N.B.’s physical therapy records for the months following N.B.’s June
13 vaccinations (id.), and that N.B.’s medical records show that he was already developmentally
delayed at the time of his June 13 vaccinations (Tr. 73).
                                                16
         Nor, in fact, does Dr. Bellanti’s assertion that N.B. experienced a post-vaccine regression
even square with Dr. and Mrs. Brook’s recollections. Dr. Brook testified that after the
vaccinations, N.B. continued to make progress in physical therapy, albeit “very slowly.” (Tr. 27.)
Similarly, when asked about N.B.’s post-vaccination progress in physical therapy, Mrs. Brook
testified that “he wasn’t making the same kind of progress” and that “the work was hard.” (Tr.
44-45.) She did not, however, indicate that N.B. regressed. This is consistent with the way in
which she reported N.B.’s history to his speech therapist in August of 2002. That is, N.B.’s
speech therapy records at 26 months of age indicate that “the mother reported all developmental
milestones with [N.B.] have followed the normal progression; however, he has been very late.”
(Ex. 27, p. 25.)
        And in any event, Dr. Altman’s records for N.B.’s examinations of June 6 and November
7, 2001, the very records that Dr. Bellanti compared in arguing that a regression occurred in
between the two visits, actually show, despite Dr. Altman’s changing diagnostic impression, that
N.B. had basically the same developmental skills at both visits—namely, that he had three to five
words, and was sitting, crawling, and beginning to stand, but not yet walking. (Compare Ex. 7, p.
18, to Ex. 7, p. 19.) 10 In addition, Dr. Altman’s subsequent record, made in March of 2002,
indicates that N.B. was making “definitive but slow progress.” (Ex. 7, p. 17.) In this regard, Dr.
Bellanti seemed to be unable to point to any specific skills that N.B. allegedly lost during the
period from June to November of 2001. (Tr. 88-94.) Further, while Dr. Bellanti generally
contended that N.B. lost language skills after the vaccination, he also acknowledged that
questions about N.B.’s language development had already been raised prior to the vaccinations.
(Tr. 77.) Indeed, Dr. Altman had noted that N.B.’s language should be monitored as early as
June 6, 2001, before he received the vaccinations at issue in this case. 11 (Ex. 7, p. 19.)
        Thus, although N.B. undoubtedly continued to experience worsening symptoms of ASD
after receiving his vaccinations of June 13, 2001, Dr. Bellanti’s assertion of a developmental
regression after those vaccinations is not supported by the record of this case. Dr. Bellanti never
made a persuasive case that N.B.’s history between June 13 and November 7 was different from

10
  Although Dr. Altman noted that N.B. was “normal” in his June 6, 2001, record, he also recommended
continued physical therapy and language monitoring. (Ex. 7, p. 19.) Dr. McCusker persuasively
explained that the “normal” notation is misleading or semantic, in that it was a “snap shot” of N.B.’s
progress with aggressive physical therapy into a broad developmental range of normal, but it was not an
indication, as evidenced by Dr. Altman’s prescriptions of continued therapies, that N.B. was destined to
remain in that “normal” range as development progressed. (Tr. 133-37.) Moreover, Dr. Bellanti
seemingly agreed, when he acknowledged that N.B. was “moderately, modestly” developmentally
delayed prior to the June 13 vaccinations. (Tr. 73.)

11
   Although both Dr. Brook and Mrs. Brook testified that N.B. stopped speaking, or lost speech skills,
after his vaccinations in question (Tr. 27-28, 43), they both acknowledged that prior to his vaccinations,
N.B. had only just begun to babble, with “a few” words such as mama and dada (Tr. 27-28, 40).
Significantly, Dr. Altman’s record of November 7, 2001, indicates that at 17 months of age,
approximately five months post-vaccinations, N.B. had 3-5 words and babbled. (Ex. 7, p. 18.) In March
of 2002, at about 21 months of age, Dr. Altman noted “definite” language delays, but gave no indication
of regression. (Ex. 7, p. 17.) And at 26 months of age, N.B.’s speech therapy records indicate that by that
time he had approximately 10 words (in contrast to the 3-5 words pre-vaccinations.) (Ex. 27, p. 25.)

                                                    17
what one might expect of a child who had already exhibited early symptoms of ASD prior to
June 13. Rather, it appears, as Dr. McCusker argued, that between June 13 and November 7 of
2001, N.B. was experiencing ongoing delays that began prior to his June 13 vaccinations; after
those vaccinations he simply continued to miss milestones.

C. Summary
    In sum, the most obvious reason to reject Dr. Bellanti’s and Petitioners’ causation claim in
this case is that Dr. Bellanti based his causation theories on two distinctly flawed assumptions.
First, he assumed the accuracy of the testimony of N.B.’s parents that N.B. experienced a severe
immediate reaction to his vaccinations in question, consisting of two days of very high fever plus
loud screaming and uncontrollable crying. However, based upon the medical records, I conclude
that such alleged reaction never in fact happened.
        Second, Dr. Bellanti also based his opinion on the assumption that N.B. suffered a
“significant deterioration” and “regression” of skills during the five months after the vaccinations
in question. However, for the reasons discussed above, I also conclude that this assumption was
factually incorrect.
        Therefore, because Dr. Bellanti, Petitioners’ sole expert witness, based his causation
opinion on two clearly flawed factual assumptions, I could end my analysis of this case at this
point--Petitioners have clearly failed to prove their causation case via Dr. Bellanti’s flawed
testimony. However, in the interest of completeness, in the pages to follow I will explain several
other reasons for rejecting Petitioners’ causation claim in this case.

                                                VIII
ADDITIONAL REASONS TO CREDIT DR. McCUSKER’S OPINION OVER THAT OF
                         DR. BELLANTI
        As noted above, because Dr. Bellanti based his testimony on clearly flawed factual
assumptions, his causation opinion can be readily dismissed for that reason alone. But I will also
briefly discuss certain additional reasons to discount Dr. Bellanti’s opinion.
        In general, I simply found the presentation of Dr. McCusker to be more logical and more
persuasive. Despite acknowledging that N.B. has been diagnosed with ASD, Dr. Bellanti did not
point to any evidence that would suggest that any of N.B.’s vaccinations of June 13, 2001, could
have caused or aggravated his ASD. And although he discussed several mechanisms which
might be “possible explanations” of N.B.’s condition, he appeared merely to be throwing out
possibilities, and did not address those mechanisms convincingly. Moreover, Dr. McCusker
effectively refuted his points in that regard.

A. Dr. Bellanti has pointed to no evidence indicating that the vaccines at issue could have
   caused or aggravated N.B.’s ASD.
        First, I note that, regardless of the specific mechanism at work, Dr. Bellanti has clearly
failed to offer any evidence that the vaccines at issue could have caused or aggravated N.B.’s
neurologic disorder, which has been diagnosed as an ASD. Although Dr. Bellanti argued that
N.B. experienced an encephalopathy that resulted in global developmental delay, he conceded

                                                 18
that N.B.’s symptoms “are consistent with autism spectrum disorder.” (Ex. 43, p. 9.) He also
specifically acknowledged in his expert report that N.B. was diagnosed as having an ASD. (Ex.
43, p. 10.) He admitted that he could not say whether N.B.’s course was different from the
ordinary course of an ASD. (Tr. 94.) Further, while Dr. Bellanti linked N.B.’s ASD diagnosis to
his vaccinations of June 13, 2001 (Tr. 56-57), at the hearing, when specifically asked if any of
the autoimmune theories he cited in his opinion have been shown to lead to ASD, Dr. Bellanti
responded “now, that’s a subject that’s highly controversial. I don’t think the data are in yet to
support that.” (Tr. 101-02, emphasis added.)
        Indeed, Dr. Bellanti’s expert report cites no medical literature supporting his contention
that any of the vaccinations in question12 can, through autoimmune encephalopathy or otherwise,
cause ASD or ASD-like symptoms. Rather, he stated in a conclusory manner, and wholly
without support, that “[i]t should be obvious, however, that if a vaccine is capable of producing
the severe encephalopathy described in the table13, then that vaccine is also capable of producing
a milder encephalopathy or one that affects the child in different ways. Depending on what areas
of the brain are injured, the encephalopathy can result in autistic symptoms.”14 (Ex. 43, pp. 10-
11.) Indeed, Dr. Bellanti not only failed to cite any supporting literature for this contention, he
did not even describe what area of the brain he believed would need to be injured in order to
produce ASD-like symptoms. 15

12
   I note that at most times, Dr. Bellanti referred simply to “the vaccines” that N.B. received on June 13,
2001, as likely causing or aggravating his condition, without distinguishing among the several vaccines
received on that date. (E.g., Ex. 43, pp. 10, 12; Tr. 56.) However, Dr. Bellanti’s main theory was one of
“viral persistence”--i.e., that one of the “live” viral vaccines that N.B. received on June 13, 2001,
remained alive in N.B.’s body. And he explained that the pneumococcal (Prevnar) vaccine that N.B.
received on that day was a “killed virus” vaccine, while only the varicella and MMR vaccines contained
live viruses. (Tr. 57.) So it was not clear whether Dr. Bellanti pointed only to the varicella and MMR
viruses, and excluded the pneumococcal vaccine. This lack of clarity is another example of the loose
nature of Dr. Bellanti’s entire presentation in this case.

13
   Dr. Bellanti was presumably referring to the “Vaccine Injury Table” under which, in certain narrowly-
defined circumstances, a particular type of “encephalopathy” can be presumed to be caused by an MMR
vaccination. See § 300aa-14(a); 42 C.F.R. § 100.3. I note, however, that despite Dr. Bellanti’s apparent
reference to the listing of encephalopathy on the Vaccine Injury Table, Petitioners have argued their case
exclusively on a “cause-in-fact” basis, and have not attempted to demonstrate that N.B.’s condition fits
the narrow definition of encephalopathy included in the Vaccine Injury Table. (See ECF No. 52.)
14
  More specifically, at the hearing Dr. Bellanti argued that if it is possible for the MMR vaccination to
cause “acute disseminated encephalomyelitis” (“ADEM”), then it must also be capable of causing other
types of brain dysfunction. (Tr. 59.) Again, however, Dr. Bellanti did not substantiate this assertion with
any literature related to either ADEM or ASDs. Moreover, Dr. McCusker disputed that she agreed that
ADEM could be caused by the MMR vaccine. (Tr. 151.) Although she indicated in her expert report that
reports exist indicating that some instances of ADEM were “temporally associated” with the MMR
vaccine (Ex. A, p. 7), she argued that the presence of that association was insufficient to show “what
causes” ADEM. (Tr. 151.)
15
  It is worth noting that Dr. McCusker agreed with the statement that “anything that injures the brain, if it
injures the right parts of the brain, can result in symptoms of autism spectrum disorder.” (Tr. 124.) Thus,

                                                     19
       In his expert report and testimony, the only medical literature Dr. Bellanti cited that
allegedly linked vaccination with autistic regression was in specific regard to patients with
mitochondrial disorders. (Ex. 43, pp. 10-12, fns. 3, 4.) However, as will be described in Section
IX below, Dr. Bellanti never opined, nor sought to demonstrate, that N.B. had any mitochondrial
dysfunction.
         Dr. Bellanti’s admission that “the data are not in yet” to support his theory, and his failure
to cite any medical literature on point, are particularly notable in light of Dr. McCusker’s
assertion that, despite having familiarity with the relevant medical literature, she “has yet to find”
any medical literature supporting a link between vaccinations and autism. (Tr. 162-63.) Dr.
McCusker was of the clear opinion that N.B. “followed the course of many, many children who
have, unfortunately, autism spectrum disorder and developmental delays.” (Tr. 122.) Dr.
Bellanti, who admitted that he was unqualified to discuss whether N.B.’s developmental delay fit
the pattern of an ASD (Tr. 94), effectively left Dr. McCusker’s opinion on this point
unchallenged.
       Thus, even if I accepted Dr. Bellanti’s theoretical description of autoimmune
encephalopathy and its mechanisms at face value, I would still find Dr. Bellanti’s causation
opinion in this case to be unpersuasive, because he failed to substantiate his claim that such a
process could ultimately result in the ASD with which N.B. has been diagnosed.

B. Dr. Bellanti seemed to be merely throwing out possibilities.
        Turning to the question of what mechanism could have resulted in static encephalopathy
in N.B.’s case, Dr. Bellanti’s opinion appeared to lack both focus and conviction. To the extent
that his expert opinion included a multitude of possibilities, it was seemingly tentative and
clouded by doubt. Moreover, in several instances Dr. Bellanti appeared to effectively
acknowledge that his opinion was speculative. Ultimately, his opinion seemed to expound upon
what is possible, more so than shedding any light on what is likely.
        For example, in his expert report, Dr. Bellanti asserted that “there are a number of
medical theories that explain how the vaccines received by [N.B.] on June 13, 2001, could either
cause a post-vaccinal encephalopathy or significantly aggravate an underlying condition
resulting in a regressive encephalopathy with features of ASD.” (Ex. 43, p. 11, emphasis added.)
Dr. Bellanti not only listed four such theories, he also included a broad “catch-all,” writing that
N.B.’s condition might also be explained by “such other theories that I have discussed in other
reports in this program.” (Id.)
       Among the theories specifically discussed in Dr. Bellanti’s report are molecular mimicry,
polyclonal activation, bystander effect, and adjuvant effect. (Ex. 43, p. 11.) At the hearing,
however, Dr. Bellanti was asked which mechanism he thought was most likely to be at play in
N.B.’s case. He contradicted his own expert report and discounted the possibility that molecular

to the extent that Dr. McCusker acknowledged that a brain injury might be capable of resulting in ASD
under the right circumstances, she seemingly agreed with Dr. Bellanti’s statement that “depending on
what areas of the brain are injured, the encephalopathy can result in autistic symptoms.” (Ex. 43, pp. 10-
11.) However, the fact remains that Dr. Bellanti has not substantiated his opinion either that the vaccines
in question can operate in general to injure the brain in such a way as to cause ASD, or that any vaccine
or vaccines did so in N.B.’s case specifically.

                                                    20
mimicry might be involved, stating that “it could be the bystander or polyclonal activation.” (Tr.
98.)
        Dr. Bellanti further testified that he could not narrow the mechanism down any further,
indicating that his two possible mechanisms, “polyclonal activation” or “bystander effect,” both
involve “the theory of persistence of antigen” in N.B.’s body. (Tr. 99.) Dr. Bellanti indicated
that he was presenting these two mechanisms as a “possible” explanation for N.B.’s condition
(Tr. 99), and seemed to concede that there exists no “direct” evidence for his causation theory
(Id.). Although Dr. Bellanti did at another point state that he was asserting his opinion of
vaccine causation “within a reasonable certainty” (Tr. 56), he admitted that there were no clinical
studies in N.B.’s case that would support his theory of antigen persistence (Tr. 64, 100).
         At times, indeed, Dr. Bellanti’s opinion seemed to be based on mere guesswork. That is,
while describing his theory that N.B.’s encephalopathy was caused by antigen persistence and
infiltration of the central nervous system, he testified that “there’s no – there are no direct
studies, of course, in [N.B.] that anybody isolated virus, but it’s tempting to offer that possibility,
particularly in a child who developed a high fever, inconsolable crying, something happened
after that vaccine.” (Tr. 64, emphasis added.) In fact, Dr. Bellanti explicitly characterized the
basis of his opinion as assumption, stating that “You know, if you’ve got somebody with
minimal damage who’s starting to talk, who’s starting to stand up, then suddenly he gets a set of
vaccines and everything stops, you know, it doesn’t take a rocket engineer to assume that there’s
a causal relationship.”16 (Tr. 83, emphasis added.) He also at another point referred to his theory
as a “distinct possibility.” (Tr. 68.) Further, although his primary causation theory was that a
live virus from a vaccine “persisted” in N.B. and thereby caused a brain injury (encephalopathy),
on cross-examination he admitted that he “can’t say” that such persistence actually happened; it
was merely a “possibility.” (Tr. 100.)
        Moreover, Dr. Bellanti would not even commit in his expert report to opining that N.B. in
fact experienced a static encephalopathy, arguing instead that N.B. may alternatively have
experienced an autistic regression related to mitochondrial dysfunction. (Ex. 43, pp. 11-12.) He
wrote that “I should also point out that, if [N.B.’s] prior vaccines (and/or difficulty breathing at
birth) did in fact result in mitochondrial dysfunction, then his autistic regression after the June
13, 2001 vaccinations could also be explained by something as simple as ‘autistic regression
caused by fever.’” (Ex. 43, p. 11.) Despite raising this possibility, however, as described in
Section IX below, Dr. Bellanti made no attempt to demonstrate that N.B. actually suffered any
mitochondrial dysfunction.
        To be sure, Petitioners are not obligated to prove the specific biological mechanism of
injury as part of their burden of proof. (See, e.g., Knudsen v. HHS, 35 F.3d 543, 549 (Fed. Cir.
1994).) Nonetheless, Dr. Bellanti’s inability to point with confidence to any likely or probable
theory of causation undermines Petitioners’ case as a whole. In fact, the overall tentative nature
of Dr. Bellanti’s opinion was crystalized during the hearing when he conceded that N.B. had
problems at birth that left him with developmental delays, before further stating that “it’s a
difficult thing to know whether it was all due to anoxia [at birth].” (Tr. 55-56.) In total, Dr.

16
   Of course, for the reasons previously discussed in Section VII, in addition to revealing speculative
thinking, this statement of Dr. Bellanti was based on faulty factual predicates as well.

                                                    21
Bellanti seemed either unwilling or unable to identify even what he believes N.B.’s injury
actually to be, let alone offering a solid opinion regarding its cause.

C. Dr. McCusker effectively refuted Dr. Bellanti’s theories
         In any event, even setting Dr. Bellanti’s seeming uncertainty aside, those theories that
Dr. Bellanti did posit were persuasively refuted by Dr. McCusker. Although Dr. McCusker
agreed as a general matter that the “polyclonal activation” and “bystander effect” theories
presented by Dr. Bellanti are “viable” explanations of how a vaccination or infection might
trigger autoimmunity (Tr. 157), she presented a number of points which cast significant doubt on
the question of whether either of these processes could have been at work in N.B.’s case. That is,
in addition to disputing the factual assumptions upon which Dr. Bellanti relied (as discussed in
Section VII above), Dr. McCusker also argued that N.B.’s clinical course was missing other key
indicators that would have been present if Dr. Bellanti’s theory was correct.
        At base, Dr. Bellanti’s opinion – regardless of the specific mechanism at work – is that
N.B. was unable, through either his innate or adaptive immune systems, to completely eliminate
the live viruses17 contained in the vaccines that he received on June 13, 2001. This alleged
persistence within N.B. of a live virus from a vaccine supposedly caused autoimmune damage
(encephalopathy) to N.B.’s brain. (Tr. 61-64.) Dr. McCusker, however, opined that there is no
evidence of viral persistence in this case. (Tr. 117.) If N.B. had been experiencing viral
persistence following the failure of his innate and adaptive immune systems, she argued, then
one would expect a “sick” child. (Tr. 117-20.) In particular, Dr. McCusker noted that Dr.
Bellanti’s “bystander effect” theory, because it is based on proximity between the antigen and
the so-called “bystander” (Tr. 118), would mean that N.B. had “viremia,” which would have
included signs of illness such as days-long high fever (Tr. 119-20). N.B.’s medical records,
however, as noted above, show no fever or other viremia symptoms.18 Dr. McCusker also
explained why Dr. Bellanti’s “polyclonal activation” theory likewise is not viable in N.B.’s case.
(Tr. 121-22.)
        Significantly, Dr. McCusker also indicated that there is actually no evidence to support
the idea that either of the two mechanisms suggested by Dr. Bellanti actually led to any kind of
post-vaccination progressive encephalopathic process in N.B.19 That is, she noted that N.B.’s
history is lacking any indication of the type of significant non-developmental neurological
impairment expected in the case of an encephalopathic process. (Tr. 115.) Specifically, Dr.

17
     See footnote 13 above.
18
   To the extent that Petitioners allege that N.B. did have a high fever shortly after his MMR vaccination,
Dr. McCusker’s remarks make clear that a fever shortly after vaccination would be consistent with the
immediate inflammatory response of the innate immune system and would be distinct from the type of
fever she discussed as being associated with viremia. (Tr. 117-20.) In any event, for the reasons
discussed in Section VII(A), I have declined to credit Petitioners’ allegation that such a fever occurred.

19
  As previously indicated, Dr. McCusker agreed that a static encephalopathy is consistent with what
N.B. experienced (Tr.115), but she emphasized that there is no reason to conclude that such static
encephalopathy was caused or aggravated by his vaccines (e.g., Tr. 122, 162.)

                                                    22
McCusker observed that significant inflammation of the central nervous system would be
accompanied by symptoms such as fever, headache, drowsiness, vomiting, and irritability, which
do not appear in N.B.’s medical records. (Tr. 142.)
      Dr. McCusker also noted that studies of the MMR vaccination have shown no association
between MMR vaccination and encephalopathy in children. (Ex. A, p. 7.)
        Moreover, Dr. McCusker also pointed out that N.B.’s MRI was normal. (Tr. 114-15.)
This is significant, Dr. McCusker noted, because autoimmune encephalopathies are associated
with “distinctive lesions” that were not present on N.B.’s MRI. (Ex A, pp. 7-8.) The normal
MRI also indicates a lack of inflammation in N.B.’s brain, although inflammation would be
expected under Dr. Bellanti’s theory. (Tr. 139.) Moreover, Dr. McCusker noted more generally
in her expert report that “patients with profound autoimmune-mediated encephalopathy usually
show changes on imaging studies.” (Ex. A, p. 6.) Yet, despite identifying inflammation of the
central nervous system as a possible result of the alleged persistence of the live virus from the
vaccine within N.B., Dr. Bellanti likewise agreed not only that N.B.’s MRI was normal, but also
that there was no clinical testing done to determine if N.B. had any ongoing presence of the
measles virus. (Tr. 100-01.)
        The apparent lack of symptoms of either viremia or encephalopathy noted by Dr.
McCusker are important, because Dr. Bellanti acknowledged that there were no studies done in
N.B.’s case which would have isolated the alleged viral persistence (Tr. 64), and also
acknowledged that his opinion is based entirely on N.B.’s clinical presentation (Tr. 82-83). In
short, Dr. Bellanti had no persuasive answer to any of Dr. McCusker’s points. Again, as with the
flawed factual assumptions discussed in detail in Section VII above, this leaves Dr. Bellanti’s
causation opinion without sufficient tether to the facts of this case, and far less persuasive than
Dr. McCusker’s presentation.
                                                 IX

  PETITIONERS’ ALTERNATIVE “MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION” THEORY
        In addition to Dr. Bellanti’s primary theory discussed above, that N.B.’s vaccinations of
June 13, 2001, caused an autoimmune reaction leading to encephalopathy, Petitioners have also
briefly suggested an alternative theory about how vaccines might have caused or aggravated
N.B.’s neurological disorder. I found no merit in this unsupported suggestion.
         Petitioners suggested that N.B.’s condition might be the result of a “mitochondrial
dysfunction” caused by “mercury toxicity,” brought about by certain vaccines containing a
preservative known as “thimerosal,” which vaccines N.B. received on various dates prior to
December 2000. (ECF No. 52, p. 25.) Although Petitioners raised this theory in their post-
hearing brief, it not even clear that Dr. Bellanti was relying on it. He stated in his expert report
that he is of the opinion that the causal role of the vaccinations of June 13, 2001, was clear
“whether or not these [other] vaccines caused mitochondrial dysfunction.” (Ex. 43, p. 10.)
Moreover, he did not volunteer mitochondrial dysfunction as part of his opinion during the
hearing in this case; it was raised only on cross-examination by respondent’s counsel. (Tr. 96-
97.) Nonetheless, in the interest of completeness, I note that, like Dr. Bellanti’s principal theory,
this alternative theory is similarly predicated on a faulty factual assumption. That is, Dr. Bellanti

                                                 23
has not established, nor even attempted to establish, that N.B. actually had a mitochondrial
dysfunction.
         Although Dr. Bellanti posited in his expert report that “[t]he porphyrins test results are
suggestive of a role for mercury toxicity that may have contributed to his condition,” and that
“mercury has been demonstrated to cause mitochondrial dysfunction,” he never opined that N.B.
actually had a mitochondrial dysfunction. (Ex. 43, pp. 10-12.) Nor did he point to any
diagnostic sign or symptom of mitochondrial dysfunction in N.B.’s history. When asked on
cross-examination about mitochondrial dysfunction, Dr. Bellanti testified that N.B. had never
been diagnosed as having any mitochondrial dysfunction, and that the only evidence in the
clinical history of such dysfunction was “inferential.” (Tr. 96-97). That is, Dr. Bellanti indicated
that there was a reference to a single reading of elevated lactic acid in N.B.’s history. (Tr. 97-
98.) He acknowledged, however, that a single such test was insufficient for a diagnosis. (Id.)
Thus, even Dr. Bellanti acknowledged that there is no evidence to support this alternative theory
in this case, since there is no evidence in the record of mitochondrial dysfunction.20
        Therefore, I find no merit to Petitioners’ alternative “mitochondrial dysfunction” theory.
                                                     X

                     PETITIONERS HAVE FAILED THE ALTHEN TEST
       As noted above, in its ruling in Althen, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
discussed the “causation-in-fact” issue in Vaccine Act cases. The court stated as follows:

        Concisely stated, Althen’s burden is to show by preponderant evidence that the
        vaccination brought about her injury by providing: (1) a medical theory causally
        connecting the vaccination and the injury; (2) a logical sequence of cause and
        effect showing that the vaccination was the reason for the injury; and (3) a
        showing of a proximate temporal relationship between the vaccination and injury.
        If Althen satisfies this burden, she is “entitled to recover unless the [government]
        shows, also by a preponderance of the evidence, that the injury was in fact caused
        by factors unrelated to the vaccine.”

Althen, 418 F.3d 1274, 1278 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (citations omitted). In the pages above, of course, I
have already set forth in detail my analysis in rejecting Petitioners’ “causation-in-fact” theory in
this case. In this part of my Decision, then, I will briefly explain how that analysis fits
specifically within the three parts of the Althen test, enumerated in the first sentence of the
Althen excerpt set forth above. The short answer is that I find that Petitioners’ theory in this case
clearly does not satisfy the Althen test.

20
   Dr. McCusker, likewise, indicated that a single instance of elevated lactic acid is insufficient for the
diagnosis of a mitochondrial dysfunction. (Tr. 158-59.) She also stressed that the scientific evidence
linking mitochondrial disease and ASD is “very soft.” (Id.) However, because Dr. Bellanti has not even
sought to establish that N.B. had any mitochondrial dysfunction, I do not reach the question of whether
such a link exists.

                                                    24
A. Relationship between Althen Prongs 1 and 2

         One interpretive issue with the Althen test concerns the relationship between the first two
elements of that test. The first two prongs of the Althen test, as noted above, are that the
petitioners must provide “(1) a medical theory causally connecting the vaccination and the
injury; [and] (2) a logical sequence of cause and effect showing that the vaccination was the
reason for the injury.” Initially, it is not absolutely clear how the two prongs differ from each
other. That is, on their faces, each of the two prongs seems to require a demonstration of a
“causal” connection between “the vaccination” and “the injury.” However, a number of Program
opinions have concluded that these first two elements reflect the analytical distinction that has
been described as the “can cause” vs. “did cause” distinction. That is, in many Program opinions
issued prior to Althen involving “causation-in-fact” issues, special masters or judges stated that a
petitioner must demonstrate (1) that the type of vaccination in question can cause the type of
injury in question, and also (2) that the particular vaccination received by the specific vaccinee
did cause the vaccinee’s own injury. See, e.g., Kuperus v. HHS, 2003 WL 22912885, at *8 (Fed.
Cl. Spec. Mstr. Oct. 23, 2003); Helms v. HHS, 2002 WL 31441212, at *18 n. 42 (Fed. Cl. Spec.
Mstr. Aug. 8, 2002). Thus, a number of judges and special masters of this court have concluded
that Prong 1 of Althen is the “can cause” requirement, and Prong 2 of Althen is the “did cause”
requirement. See, e.g., Doe 11 v. HHS, 83 Fed. Cl. 157, 172-73 (2008); Nussman v. HHS, 83
Fed. Cl. 111, 117 (2008); Banks v. HHS, 2007 WL 2296047, at *24 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. July
20, 2007); Zeller v. HHS, 2008 WL 3845155, at *25 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. July 30, 2008). And,
most importantly, the Federal Circuit confirmed that interpretation in Pafford, ruling explicitly
that the “can it?/did it?” test, used by the special master in that case, was equivalent to the first
two prongs of the Althen test. Pafford v. HHS, 451 F.3d at 1352, 1355-56 (Fed. Cir. 2006).
Thus, interpreting the first two prongs of Althen as specified in Pafford, under Prong 1 of Althen
a petitioner must demonstrate that the type of vaccination in question can cause the type of
condition in question; and under Prong 2 of Althen that petitioner must then demonstrate that the
particular vaccination did cause the particular condition of the vaccinee in question.

        Moreover, there can be no doubt whatsoever that the Althen test ultimately requires that,
as an overall matter, a petitioner must demonstrate that it is “more probable than not” that the
particular vaccine was a substantial contributing factor in causing the particular injury in
question. That is clear from the statute itself, which states that the elements of a petitioner’s case
must be established by a “preponderance of the evidence.” § 300aa-13(a)(1)(A). And, whatever
is the precise meaning of Prongs 1 and 2 of Althen, in this case the overall evidence falls far short
of demonstrating that it is “more probable than not” that any of the vaccines that N.B. received
contributed to the causation or aggravation of N.B.’s tragic neurodevelopmental disorder.

B. Petitioners have failed to establish Prong 1 of Althen in this case
        As explained above, under Prong 1 of Althen a petitioner must provide a medical theory
demonstrating that the type of vaccine in question can cause the type of condition in question.
Petitioners’ primary theory is that N.B.’s vaccinations of June 13, 2001, resulted in an
autoimmune encephalopathic process that resulted in symptoms consistent with ASD. However,
as described above in Section VIII(A), Dr. Bellanti has not demonstrated that the types of
vaccines received by N.B. can cause an autoimmune encephalopathy, nor has he shown that an

                                                 25
autoimmune encephalopathic process could result in ASD-like symptoms. Thus, Petitioners’
claim clearly fails under Althen Prong 1.

C. Petitioners have failed to establish Prong 2 of Althen in this case

         Under Prong 2, the Petitioners need to show that it is “more probable than not” that one
or more of N.B.’s vaccinations did cause N.B.’s own condition. But this they have failed to do,
for all of the reasons detailed above. Dr. Bellanti acknowledged that no test results were
available to substantiate his opinion that N.B.’s vaccinations either caused or aggravated a static
encephalopathy. Rather, he opined that a “cause and effect” relationship was demonstrated by
N.B.’s alleged immediate severe vaccine reaction and his alleged post-vaccination regression.
As described in Section VII, however, neither of these factual assumptions is supported by the
record of this case. In addition, as described in Section VIII(C), Dr. McCusker persuasively
refuted Dr. Bellanti’s arguments concerning N.B.’s case. Thus, Petitioners have failed to
establish Prong 2 of Althen in this case.21

D. Petitioners have failed to establish Prong 3 of Althen in this case

        Since I have explained why Petitioners have failed to satisfy the first and second prongs
of Althen, I need not discuss why Petitioners’ case also fails to satisfy the third prong. However,
I will note again that Dr. Bellanti’s assumption of a “cause and effect” relationship based on the
supposed presence of an immediate severe reaction and a post-vaccination regression is not
supported by the record of this case. This would preclude any finding of a proximate temporal
relationship between the vaccination and the injury, as required under Althen Prong 3.22

E. This is not a close case

        As noted above, in Althen the Federal Circuit indicated that the Vaccine Act involves a
“system created by Congress, in which close calls regarding causation are resolved in favor of
injured claimants.” 418 F.3d at 1280. Accordingly, I note here that this case ultimately is not a
close case. For all the reasons set forth above, I found that Dr. Bellanti’s theory was not at all
persuasive, while Respondent’s expert was far more persuasive.

                                                    XI
        PETITIONERS’ ARGUMENT CONCERNING “ALTERNATIVE CAUSE”
        In their initial post-hearing brief, Petitioners argue that “[n]o other or alternate cause of
N.B.’s injuries have been found,” implying that this suggests that vaccines caused N.B.’s
condition. (ECF No. 52, p. 24.) This argument, however, adds no support to their claim for an
award.

21
  To clarify, Petitioners have failed to show that N.B.’s autism was either initially caused by his
vaccinations, or was aggravated in any way by his vaccinations.

22
  As noted in Section IX of this Decision above, Petitioners have also suggested an alternative theory of
causation. For the reasons set forth in Section IX, this alternative theory also fails the Althen test.

                                                    26
        In this regard, Dr. McCusker did point out that N.B. had a very complicated birth, and
that the type of hypoxia he experienced at that time is often followed by developmental delay.
(Tr. 105-06). Specifically, Dr. McCusker noted in her expert report that “[t]here is no evidence
implicating the MMR vaccination in the onset or progression of encephalopathy in children. In
contrast there is a clear association [between] perinatal asphyxia and hyperoxemia in the first
hour of life and moderate to severe encephalopathy.” (Ex. A, p. 7; see also Tr. 123.) At the
hearing, Dr. McCusker further indicated that “we know that in moderate to severe cases,
developmental delays usually follow perinatal hypoxia or perinatal asphyxia.” (Tr. 106,
emphasis added.) Although Dr. McCusker acknowledged that it’s not possible to know how
long N.B. was without oxygen, she stressed that the pH of his cord blood and his first “APGAR
score” after birth indicate that his anoxia was likely more severe than mild. (Tr. 137-38.)
        It is appropriate to consider Dr. McCusker’s explanation regarding this other possible
cause of N.B.’s condition as part of evaluating Petitioners’ “case-in-chief.” (See, e.g. deBazan
v. HHS, 539 F.3d 1347, 1353-54 (Fed. Cir. 2008).) It is particularly appropriate in the context of
this case, in which Petitioner’s own expert, Dr. Bellanti, agreed that N.B.’s perinatal asphyxia
could possibly explain N.B.’s condition. In his expert report, Dr. Bellanti indicated that among
the factors potentially bearing on any explanation of N.B.’s condition is “the possibility that he
had a mild encephalopathy (brain injury) from the anoxia at birth.” (Ex. 43, p. 12.) At the
hearing, Dr. Bellanti went a step further, and in fact conceded that “it’s a difficult thing to know
whether it was all due to anoxia [at birth].” (Tr. 55-56.) This concession by Dr. Bellanti not only
adds weight to Dr. McCusker’s opinion that N.B.’s condition may have been the result of
perinatal hypoxia or perinatal asphyxia, but also, again, underscores the uncertainty of Dr.
Bellanti’s own opinion.
        However, I must stress that in this case, the Petitioners never carried their burden of
establishing a prima facie case that any vaccinations likely had any role in causing or
aggravating N.B.’s neurological disorder. Therefore, the burden never shifted to Respondent to
demonstrate that N.B.’s disorder was “due to factors unrelated to the vaccination.” § 300aa-
13(a)(1)(B). (de Bazan, 539 F.3d at 1354.) I do not conclude in this case that N.B.’s birth
trauma caused his disorder. I merely conclude that there has been no showing that it is probable
that any vaccinations23 had anything to do with causing or aggravating that disorder.24

                                                    XII
                                             CONCLUSION
        The record of this case demonstrates plainly that N.B. and his family have been through a
tragic ordeal. I had the opportunity, in the courtroom during the evidentiary hearing, to listen to

23
  As Dr. McCusker testified, the causation of ASD is not well-understood by medical science at this time,
so that it is quite common that a particular cause for an individual’s ASD is never identified. (Tr. 123-
24.)

24
   Petitioners’ reply brief argues that the Petitioners’ causation theory need not be proved to a “scientific
certainty.” That is certainly true. I require proof only to the level of a “preponderance of the evidence”--
i.e., more likely than not. (See fn. 7 above.) But Petitioners have fallen far, far short of that “more
probable than not” standard.

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the testimony of N.B.’s parents. I have also studied the records describing N.B.’s medical
history, and the efforts of his family in caring for him. Based upon those experiences, the great
dedication of N.B.’s family to his welfare is readily apparent to me.
        Nor do I doubt that N.B.’s parents are sincere in their belief that N.B.’s vaccinations
played a role in causing or aggravating N.B.’s neurological disorder. N.B.’s parents have heard
the opinion of Dr. Bellanti, and perhaps other physicians, who profess to believe in a causal
connection between vaccines and autism. After studying the extensive evidence in this case, I
am convinced that the opinion provided by Petitioners’ expert in this case, advising the Brook
family that there is a causal connection between vaccinations and autism, was quite wrong.
Nevertheless, I can understand why N.B.’s parents found such opinion to be believable under the
circumstances. I conclude that the Petitioners filed this petition in good faith.
        Thus, I feel deep sympathy for the Brook family. Further, I find it unfortunate that my
ruling in this case means the Program will not be able to provide funds to assist this family, in
caring for their child who suffers from a serious disorder. It is my view that our society does not
provide enough assistance to families of all autistic children, regardless of the cause of their
disorders. And it is certainly my hope that our society will find ways to ensure that in the future
much more generous assistance is available to all such children. Such families must cope every
day with tremendous challenges in caring for their autistic children, and all are deserving of
sympathy and admiration. However, I must decide this case not on sentiment, but by analyzing
the evidence. Congress designed the Program to compensate only the families of individual
whose injuries or deaths can be linked causally, either by a Table Injury presumption or by a
preponderance of “causation-in-fact” evidence, to a listed vaccine. In this case, the evidence
advanced by Petitioners has fallen far short of demonstrating such a link. Accordingly, I
conclude that the Petitioners in this case are not entitled to a Program award on N.B.’s behalf.25

IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                                        /s/ George L. Hastings, Jr.
                                                        George L. Hastings, Jr.
                                                        Special Master

25In the absence of a timely-filed motion for review of this Decision, the Clerk of the Court shall enter
judgment accordingly.

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