Court Opinion

ID: 4395139
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-05-09 01:00:39.622519+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:27:43.189745
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                             FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

 MARKELLE SETH,

                        Plaintiff,
                                                           Civil Action No. 18-1034 (BAH)
                        v.
                                                           Chief Judge Beryl A. Howell
 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, et al.,

                        Defendants.

                                     MEMORANDUM OPINION

       The plaintiff, Markelle Seth, seeks to alter or amend the portion of this Court’s judgment

entered on September 28, 2018, see Seth v. District of Columbia, No. 18-cv-1034 (BAH), 2018
WL 4682023 (D.D.C. Sept. 28, 2018) (“2018 Decision”), that dismissed with prejudice his

complaint seeking to require the defendants, the District of Columbia, District of Columbia

Department on Disability Services (“DDS”), and Andrew Reese, in his official capacity as

Director of DDS (collectively, “defendants”) to “promptly accept physical and legal custody of”

Seth, Compl. at 48, ECF No. 1, based on four alleged violations of federal and local

antidiscrimination laws, including Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

(“ADA”), 42 U.S.C. § 12131 et seq.; Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (“RA”), 29

U.S.C. § 794; the District of Columbia Human Rights Act of 1997 (“DCHRA”), D.C. CODE

§ 2-1401.01 et seq.; and the Citizens with Intellectual Disabilities Civil Rights Restoration Act of

2015 (“CIDA”), D.C. CODE § 7-1301.01 et seq. As support for reconsideration, Seth asserts that

dismissal of his Complaint with prejudice was “clear error,” Pl.’s Mot. to Alter or Amend

Judgment & Mot. for Leave to File Am. Compl. (“Pl.’s Mot.”) at 2, ECF No. 29, particularly

since he now “possesses additional facts that further support his claims and that specifically

                                                 1
address this Court’s concerns” with his original complaint, id. He therefore seeks leave to file an

Amended Complaint, a copy of which is attached to his motion. See Pl.’s Mot., Attachment 1,

Proposed Am. Compl. (“Proposed Am. Compl.”), ECF No. 29-1. For the reasons explained

below, Seth’s Motion to Alter or Amend the Judgment is denied, and his Motion for Leave to

File an Amended Complaint is therefore denied as moot.

I.     BACKGROUND

       The 2018 Decision laid out this matter’s statutory framework and procedural history in

some detail, see 2018 Decision at *1–8, and thus only the essentials are recounted here.

       A.      Competency Proceedings in the District of Columbia and the Eastern District
               of North Carolina

       Seth, a “resident of the District of Columbia with an intellectual disability,” id. at *3, was

arrested on October 16, 2014 and “charged in this Court with ‘one count of production of child

pornography for allegedly using his cell phone to videotape two children in his household

engaging in sexual behavior with him, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2251(a),” id. at *4 (quoting

Compl. ¶ 32). On October 23, 2014, Seth’s counsel requested an examination of Seth’s mental

competency pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 4241(a), which motion was granted. Id. Over the next

several years, the parties followed the three-stage statutory process that the Insanity Defense

Reform Act of 1984 (“IDRA”), Pub. L. No. 98-473, 98 Stat. 2057, establishes to determine

whether an individual “is a long-term incompetent and sufficiently dangerous to require

indefinite institutionalization.” United States v. Weissberger, 951 F.2d 392, 395–96 (D.C. Cir.

1991) (citing 18 U.S.C. § 4241(d)); see also 2018 Decision at *2–3 (describing this statutory

framework).

       Since December 22, 2016, following this Court’s adoption, “without objection” from

either Seth or the government, of a Magistrate Judge’s Report and Recommendation that Seth “is

                                                 2
incapable of being restored to competency in the foreseeable future,” Seth has been in the

custody of the Attorney General at FMC Butner, in North Carolina. See 2018 Decision at *5

(quoting Order (Dec. 22, 2016) at 1–2, United States v. Seth, No. 14-mj-608 (D.D.C. Dec. 22,

2016), ECF No. 77). On April 11, 2017, FMC Butner psychologist Dr. Kristina Lloyd concluded

that Seth was “suffering from a mental disease or defect as the result of which his release to the

community would create a substantial risk for bodily injury to another person or serious damage

to the property of another.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Three days later,

the Complex Warden at FMC Butner executed a “certificate of dangerousness” pursuant to 18

U.S.C. § 4246, citing Dr. Lloyd’s conclusions, and stating that “suitable arrangements for State

custody are not available.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). This certificate

was filed, on April 28, 2017, in the District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina, the

district where FMC Butner is located. Id.

       On May 24, 2018, a competency hearing was held in the Eastern District of North

Carolina, after which the Court entered an order finding “by clear and convincing evidence” that

Seth was “presently suffering from a mental disease or defect as a result of which his release

would create a substantial risk of bodily injury to another person or serious damage to the

property of another,” id. at *6 (quoting E.D.N.C. Commitment Order (“E.D.N.C. Commitment

Order”) at 1, United States v. Seth, No. 17-hc-2090 (E.D.N.C. May 25, 2018), ECF No. 32), and

that state placement was not available in the District of Columbia, id. (internal quotation marks

and citation omitted). Seth was therefore committed to the custody and care of the Attorney

General, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 4246. Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

       Although Seth is committed to the custody of the Attorney General, the IDRA provides

that a person “shall” be released “to the appropriate official of the State in which the person is

                                                  3
domiciled or was tried if such State will assume responsibility for his custody, care, and

treatment.” 18 U.S.C. § 4246(d). The Attorney General “shall make all reasonable efforts to

cause such a State to assume responsibility,” id., and must hospitalize the person for treatment in

a suitable facility until the State assumes responsibility or the person may be released without

creating a substantial risk of bodily injury to another person or serious damage to property of

another, whichever occurs first. Id. § 4246(d)(1)–(2). The Attorney General must “continue

periodically to exert all reasonable efforts to cause such a State to assume such responsibility for

the person’s custody, care, and treatment.” Id. § 4246(d).

       “[A]t any time during [the] person’s commitment,” his counsel or legal guardian may

“file with the court that ordered the commitment a motion for a hearing to determine whether the

person should be discharged” from the facility, so long as no motion is filed within 180 days of a

court determination that the person should continue to be committed.” Id. § 4247(h). For the

period of almost one year since Seth has been committed at FMC Butner, no such motion has

been filed.

       B.      Efforts for Seth’s Placement in D.C. Community-Based Program

       While Seth’s federal competency and civil commitment proceedings were ongoing, his

counsel made efforts to have him placed in a community-based program within the District of

Columbia. 2018 Decision at *6–7. Beginning in March 2015, DDS and its then-Director Laura

Nuss indicated that Seth was eligible for DDS services and DDS made plans to move for civil

commitment of Seth. See id. at *6.

       Prior to Seth’s competency hearing in this Court in May 2016, id. at *5, defendant Reese

replaced Nuss as the Director of DDS, and requested that a new risk assessment of Seth be

prepared, id. at *7. DDS’s expert, Dr. Matthew Mason, subsequently found, on February 24,

2017, that Seth could be safely supported in a highly structured, closely supervised

                                                 4
community-based program, id., which conclusion was endorsed, on June 18, 2017, by Dr.

Stephen Hart, an expert retained by Seth, id. Between these two reports, however, FMC

Butner’s expert Dr. Lloyd concluded that Seth’s release to the community would create a

substantial risk for bodily injury to another person or serious damage to the property of another,

prompting the Complex Warden of FMC Butner to file a certificate of dangerousness, resulting

in a judicial order finding, by clear and convincing evidence, that Seth’s release would create a

substantial risk of bodily injury to another person or serious damage to the property of another.

Id. Since that judicial order, which relies in part on a finding that suitable state arrangements are

not available, DDS has not attempted to take responsibility for Seth’s care. This local agency

inaction has led to this lawsuit.

       C.      Procedural History

       Seth filed his original civil complaint in this action on May 1, 2018, after the Complex

Warden of FMC Butner issued a certificate of dangerousness but before the Eastern District of

North Carolina held a competency hearing. The defendants moved to dismiss under Federal

Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) on June 14, 2018, see Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss, ECF No. 19,

which motion was fully briefed as of July 26, 2018. Seth did not move for leave to amend his

complaint at any point prior to issuance of the September 28, 2018 Decision granting the

defendants’ motion to dismiss.

       The complaint was dismissed with prejudice as to all counts. See Order (Sept. 28, 2018)

at 1, ECF No. 27. The federal and state antidiscrimination claims were dismissed because Seth

failed to establish that he was discriminated against based on his disability, let alone based solely

on his disability. 2018 Decision at *12–13 (ADA and RA claims); id. at *15 (DCHRA claim).

Although Seth made much of DDS’s apparent change of position regarding accepting

responsibility for his care, he offered nothing to suggest that DDS, an organization whose

                                                  5
purpose is to provide services for individuals with disabilities, changed its position as a result of

Seth’s disability rather than as a result of other factors, inter alia, a change in leadership at DDS,

possible budgetary strains, and, most significantly, certification by the warden at FMC Butner

and a holding by the Eastern District of North Carolina, based on clear and convincing evidence,

that Seth posed a substantial risk of causing bodily injury to another person or serious damage to

the property of another if released into the community. See id. at *12. Likewise, Seth’s

unjustified isolation claim failed because he could not offer sufficient indications that community

placement was appropriate or could be reasonably accommodated, in light of the dangerousness

finding in the Eastern District of North Carolina—a finding that may only issue if suitable

arrangements for state custody or care are unavailable. See id. at *13–14. “In the absence of

suitable arrangements in the District, the [unjustified isolation] test is not satisfied.” Id. at *14.

Notably, the Court pointed out that Seth has not challenged the dangerousness finding in the

Eastern District of North Carolina by filing a motion for discharge under 18 U.S.C. § 4247(h)

and has not challenged his continuing custodial status by initiating a habeas proceeding under 18

U.S.C. § 4247(g). See id. at *14 n.12 (“[A]lthough Seth has failed to state a claim under the

antidiscrimination laws, alternative avenues for relief remain open.”). Moreover, the Court noted

that although Seth’s unjustified isolation claim relied in part on United States v. Ecker, 489 F.

Supp. 2d 130 (D. Mass. 2007), in which the court “direct[ed] the government to provide a

detailed report within six months . . . identifying all reasonable efforts exerted to cause the [state]

to assume custody,” of a defendant committed to the care of the Attorney General, id. at 137

“[s]uch relief is not available in [Seth’s] antidiscrimination case” as Seth sued only local

government parties. 2018 Decision at *14 n.12.

                                                   6
         Seth’s CIDA claim was dismissed with prejudice because the CIDA does not create a

private right of action in federal court for individuals, such as Seth, who have not been

determined intellectually disabled through the process set out by the CIDA, which process entails

a discretionary decision on the part of the District to file a commitment petition in the Superior

Court of the District of Columbia. See id. at *15–17. Once again, the Court pointed out that

Seth had not pursued his CIDA claim by challenging the District’s inaction in the Superior Court

of the District of Columbia. See id. at *17 n.15 (“[W]hile Seth does not have a federal right of

action to enforce his rights under the CIDA, such an action may be available in the Superior

Court of the District of Columbia.” (citing D.C. CODE § 7-1305.13(a)).

         D.       Plaintiff’s Motion to Amend or Alter the Judgment and for Leave to Amend
                  the Complaint

         Rather than pursuing any alternative avenue of relief available to him in the Eastern

District of North Carolina or in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia, Seth has returned

once again to this Court, with the same claims, hoping for a different result.1 Specifically, Seth

moves to vacate the portion of the September 28, 2018 judgment dismissing his claims with

prejudice, contending that dismissal with prejudice was clear error and that such dismissal is

only permitted when there is no set of facts that he could possibly adduce to meet the pleading

standards, whereas Seth now “possesses significant evidence . . . that reinforce[s] his claims.”

Pl.’s Mem. at 7–8. The defendants counter that “dismissal with prejudice was appropriate and

leave to amend should be denied because there are no factual allegations consistent with those

1
         The plaintiff, failing to acknowledge or, apparently, to pursue these alternative avenues for relief, accuses
the Court of leaving Seth “in a hopeless ‘catch 22’ situation in which he has no meaningful avenue for relief,” Pl.’s
Mem. in Supp. of Mot. to Alter or Amend Judgment & Mot. for Leave to File Am. Compl. (“Pl’s Mem.”) at 4, ECF
No. 29, and “in cruel and hopeless limbo,” id. at 16. In light of the plaintiff’s allegations that “he is experiencing
significant harm from [his] placement,” id. at 2, counsel would be well advised to consider carefully the full range of
options available. See Citizens for Responsibility & Ethics in Wash. v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, No. 18-5116, 2019 WL
1907230, at *6 (D.C. Cir. Apr. 30, 2019) (“[Plaintiff’s] failure to pursue these alternatives causes [his] cries of
unfairness to ring hollow.”).

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previously pled that could cure the deficiencies in the original Complaint.” Defs.’ Opp’n to Pl.’s

Mot. to Alter or Amend Judgment & Mot. for Leave to File Am. Compl. (“Defs.’ Opp’n”) at 1,

ECF No. 31. Further, the defendants assert that leave to amend should be denied because

granting that relief now would be both unduly prejudicial and futile, as the Proposed Amended

Complaint fails to cure the deficiencies warranting dismissal in the first place. Id. at 6. For the

reasons explained below, Seth’s motion is denied.

II.       LEGAL STANDARD

          Rule 59(e) allows a party to file “[a] motion to alter or amend a judgment.” FED. R. CIV.

P. 59(e). “A Rule 59(e) motion is discretionary and need not be granted unless the district court

finds that there is an intervening change of controlling law, the availability of new evidence, or

the need to correct a clear error or prevent manifest injustice.” Messina v. Krakower, 439 F.3d
755, 758 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (quoting Firestone v. Firestone, 76 F.3d 1205, 1208 (D.C. Cir. 1996)).

As the D.C. Circuit recently stressed, “the reconsideration or amendment of a judgment is

nonetheless an extraordinary measure.” Leidos, Inc. v. Hellenic Republic, 881 F.3d 213, 217

(D.C. Cir. 2018). A Rule 59(e) motion “may not be used to relitigate old matters, or to raise

arguments or present evidence that could have been raised prior to the entry of judgment,” id.

(quoting Exxon Shipping Co. v. Baker, 554 U.S. 471, 485 n.5 (2008)), and “is ‘not a vehicle to

present a new legal theory that was available prior to judgment,’” id. (quoting Patton Boggs LLP

v. Chevron Corp., 683 F.3d 397, 403 (D.C. Cir. 2012)). Thus, “Rule 59(e) is not available to a

party who ‘could have easily avoided the outcome, but instead elected not to act until after a final

order had been entered.’” Id. at 220 (quoting Ciralsky v. CIA, 355 F.3d 661, 665 (D.C. Cir.

2004)).

                                                  8
       When a Rule 59(e) motion seeks review of dismissal of a complaint, and is accompanied

by a proposed amended complaint that purports to cure the deficiency prompting the original

dismissal, the proper procedure requires the plaintiff first to “satisfy Rule 59(e)’s more stringent

standard,” Firestone, 76 F.3d at 1208, before Federal Rule of Civil Procedure “15(a)’s liberal

standard for granting leave to amend governs,” id.; see also Osborn v. Visa Inc., 797 F.3d 1057,

1062 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (noting that “[a]s a technical matter, the District Court lack[s] authority to

rule on the merits of the Rule 15(a) motion [if] it did not modify its final judgment dismissing

[the case]”). At the same time, the D.C. Circuit has instructed that “the Rule 59(e) motion

should be granted” “if the dismissal of the complaint with prejudice was erroneous[,] that is, the

Rule 59(e) motion should be granted unless ‘the allegation of other facts consistent with the

challenged pleading could not possibly cure the deficiency.’” Brink v. Cont'l Ins. Co., 787 F.3d
1120, 1128 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (quoting Firestone, 76 F.3d at 1209).

III.   DISCUSSION

       In urging reconsideration under Rule 59(e), Seth argues that dismissal of his complaint

with prejudice was erroneous for two reasons. First, he complains that the reasons for dismissing

with prejudice were not adequately explained in the 2018 Decision. Pl.’s Mem. at 7–9. Second,

he argues that he now possesses “significant evidence” supporting his claims, id. at 8, illustrating

that he is able to allege “other facts consistent with the challenged pleading,” id. at 5 (quoting

Firestone, 76 F.3d at 1209), which facts cure the complaint’s prior deficiencies. Each of these

arguments is addressed in turn.

       A.      Dismissal with Prejudice was Both Warranted and Adequately Explained

       According to Seth, the dismissal of his complaint with prejudice must be in error because

“the Memorandum Opinion identifies numerous possible areas where additional or other facts

could cure the supposed defects in [Seth’s] original Complaint.” Id. at 9. He presses this point

                                                  9
in his reply, which largely consists of tables matching deficiencies identified in the prior ruling

with new allegations contained in the Proposed Amended Complaint that purport to address each

such deficiency. See Pl.’s Reply to Defs.’ Opp’n (“Pl.’s Reply”) at 6–10, ECF No. 32.

       Seth errs in assuming that the recitation in the 2018 Decision of certain facts he failed to

elucidate was an indication that such facts could cure the complaint. They cannot. The central

reason that his federal and state antidiscrimination claims were dismissed with prejudice is that

he could not allege sufficient facts suggesting that he was denied DDS services due to his

disability, rather than due to the fact—barely acknowledged in his complaint—that he had been

deemed by a federal court, by clear and convincing evidence, to be a danger to the community.

See 2018 Decision at *11–14. As the defendants argue, this fact, which remains unchallenged in

the Eastern District of North Carolina, “undermines any allegation—that was pled or could be

pled—suggesting that the District failed to act for plaintiff . . . because he has an intellectual

disability.” Defs.’ Opp’n at 5 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). The emphasis, in

the original ruling, on the dangerousness finding by the warden at FMC Butner and by the

Eastern District of North Carolina offered sufficient explanation why “the allegation of other

facts consistent with the challenged pleading could not possibly cure the deficiency” in the

complaint, and therefore provided sufficient explanation as to why the federal and state

antidiscrimination claims were dismissed with prejudice. See Firestone, 76 F.3d at 1209

(internal quotation marks and citation omitted); He Depu v. Yahoo! Inc., 334 F. Supp. 3d 315,

321 n.8 (D.D.C. 2018) (“[T]he amended allegations must be consistent with plaintiffs’ pleading,

not with issues noted by the Court.”).

       The dangerousness finding was also the foundation for the dismissal with prejudice of

Seth’s unjustified isolation claim. See 2018 Decision at *14. In light of the Eastern District of

                                                  10
North Carolina’s finding, by clear and convincing evidence, that Seth’s release to the community

would pose a substantial risk of causing bodily injury and that state placement was not available,

Seth could allege no facts that the state’s treatment officials had determined that community

placement was now appropriate or could be reasonably accommodated. Id. at *13–14. As noted

in the prior ruling, the Rehabilitation Act does not require that any benefit extended to one

category of handicapped persons be extended to all other categories, see id. at *14 (citing

Traynor v. Turnage, 485 U.S. 535, 549 (1988)), nor does the IDRA provide for judicial review as

to whether suitable arrangements for state custody are in fact available, id. (citing United States

v. Wigren, 641 F.3d 944, 946 (8th Cir. 2011)).2 Notwithstanding Seth’s frustration with the

District’s refusal to serve him, given the conditional language of the IDRA, the Attorney General

is not required to release a committed person to the District in the absence of the District’s

willingness to assume responsibility for that person’s custody, care, or treatment, id., and thus

the decision to dismiss Seth’s unjustified isolation claim with prejudice was warranted and

adequately explained.

         Finally, Seth’s CIDA claim was dismissed with prejudice based on the conclusion that no

private right of action in federal court is provided for individuals, such as Seth, who have not

2
          Seth protests that because the District determined in March 2015 that “carefully supervised
community-based services are appropriate,” Pl.’s Mem. at 13, the “subsequent decision by DDS not to provide
services to [Seth] is not a determination by DDS sufficient to satisfy the Olmstead v. L.C. ex rel. Zimring, 527 U.S.
581 (1999) standard[] that community based services are not ‘appropriate,’” id. at 13–14. These arguments have
already been rejected, 2018 Decision at *14, and Seth offers no citation to undermine the cases relied upon, such as
Wigren, 641 F.3d at 946–47, which held that the IDRA does not provide for judicial review of or establish standards
for determining whether suitable arrangements for state custody are available, nor does it endow the committed
person with a judicially enforceable right to state custody. See also United States v. Johnson, 453 F. App’x 664, 667
(8th Cir. 2012) (holding that the government is not required to put on proof on the matter of state custody aside from
the initial certification by the warden). Further, whatever quarrel Seth has with DDS’s “unilateral[]” decision that
state placement is not appropriate, Pl.’s Mem. at 14, this assessment was ratified by the Complex Warden at FMC
Butner and the Eastern District of North Carolina. See 2018 Decision at *6 (noting that the Eastern District of North
Carolina found that “state placement is not available” in the District (quoting Competency H’rg Tr. (May 24, 2018)
at 46:19, United States v. Seth, No. 17-hc-2090 (E.D.N.C. June 7, 2018), ECF No. 34)); id. at *14 & n.12 (“[T]his
Court would be hard-pressed to order [Seth’s] release,” which was part of the relief Seth requested in his complaint,
see Compl. at 48, “given the finding of dangerousness in the Eastern District of North Carolina.”).

                                                         11
been determined intellectually disabled through the process set out in the CIDA and because the

CIDA does not obligate the District to petition for Seth’s commitment. See id. at *15–17. Under

the Cort v. Ash test, Seth could not establish that the CIDA provided an implied right of action in

federal court for individuals who had not been determined by the Superior Court of the District

of Columbia to have an intellectual disability, nor could he overcome the discretionary nature of

the petition provision in the CIDA, which establishes that the District is not required to file a

petition for civil commitment every time an individual is found incompetent in a criminal case.

See id. at *16–17 (citing Cort v. Ash, 422 U.S. 66, 78 (1975)). Seth does not even attempt to

offer new evidence consistent with his challenged pleading, relying instead on a new legal

argument that the CIDA’s legislative history shows that Seth is “one of the class for whose

especial benefit the statu[t]e was created.” Pl.’s Reply at 10–11 (emphasis in original) (citing

Proposed Am. Compl. ¶¶ 141, 144 (discussion of the Committee Report for 2002 amendments to

the CIDA)). By contrast, Seth’s memorandum in opposition to the defendants’ motion to dismiss

his original complaint argued that “[t]here is no need to look to the Committee Report to discern

CIDA’s purpose.” Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss at 31, ECF No. 21. The

legislative history Seth now relies on addresses only one of the relevant Cort v. Ash prongs and,

in any event, is consistent with this Court’s conclusion that the CIDA’s legislative history

indicates that this local statute only affords rights to those determined to be intellectually

disabled after a petition is filed in Superior Court. See 2018 Decision at *16. Thus, Seth’s

CIDA claim “suffers the same legal deficiency that existed in the [original] Complaint.” Defs.’

Opp’n at 10. Seth’s attempt to relitigate his CIDA claim demonstrates that he cannot allege

additional facts consistent with the challenged pleading, and therefore dismissal with prejudice

was appropriate.

                                                  12
       B.      Seth’s “New” Evidence Demonstrates that Reconsideration is Not Warranted

       Consideration of the new factual allegations proffered by Seth only reinforces the

conclusion that dismissal with prejudice was appropriate in the first place and that

reconsideration is not warranted now. “[R]econsideration is only appropriate when ‘the moving

party shows new facts or clear errors of law which compel the court to change its prior

position.’” Carter v. Wash. Metro. Area Transit Auth., 503 F.3d 143, 145 n.2 (D.C. Cir. 2007)

(quoting Nat’l Ctr. for Mfg. Scis. v. Dep’t of Def., 199 F.3d 507, 511 (D.C. Cir. 2000)).

Reconsideration motions may not be used to “relitigate old matters, or to raise arguments or

present evidence that could have been raised prior to the entry of judgment.” Exxon Shipping

Co., 554 U.S. at 485 n.5 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). In other words, the

evidence presented in a reconsideration motion must be “newly discovered or previously

unavailable despite the exercise of due diligence.” Johnson v. District of Columbia, 266 F. Supp.
3d 206, 211 (D.D.C. 2017) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “Courts routinely

deny Rule 59(e) motions where all relevant facts were known or should have been known by the

party prior to the entry of judgment.” Id.; see also SEC v. Bilzerian, 729 F. Supp. 2d 9, 15

(D.D.C. 2010) (denying Rule 59(e) motion where “new evidence” was “not newly available; it is

simply newly received”).

       Seth’s new factual allegations were neither unavailable, within the meaning of Rule

59(e), prior to entry of judgment, nor are they sufficient now to compel a different result. He

protests that “some” of the additional evidence he wishes to offer was “unavailable at the time

this action was initiated,” Pl.’s Reply at 1 (emphasis added), but that is not the governing

standard under Rule 59(e), which asks whether the evidence could have been raised “prior to the

entry of judgment,” Exxon Shipping Co., 554 U.S. at 485 n.5 (emphasis added). Although Seth

insists that it “should come as no surprise” that he “continued to identify evidence and witnesses

                                                 13
while litigating the motion to dismiss,” Pl.’s Reply at 12, he fails to explain why either his

continued investigation or the defendants’ motion to dismiss never prompted him to move to

amend the complaint prior to entry of the judgment, either as of right under Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 15(a)(1)(B), or with the consent of the party or judicial approval under Federal Rule of

Civil Procedure 15(a)(2). See Defs.’ Opp’n at 6–7 (noting this lack of explanation).

       Regardless, Seth’s proffered evidence, even if deemed “previously unavailable despite

the exercise of due diligence,” Johnson, 266 F. Supp. 3d at 211, does not “compel the court to

change its prior position,” Carter, 503 F.3d at 145 n.2. First, the 2018 Decision critically

assessed Seth’s allegation regarding DDS “utilizing criteria or methods of administration” for its

services, which criteria allegedly “have the effect of subjecting [Seth] to discrimination on the

basis of disability,” Compl. ¶ 133, for not “provid[ing] . . . further details on these criteria, how

they affected him, or the defendants’ motivations for imposing such criteria.” 2018 Decision at

*11. To address this criticism, Seth alleges that he can now present “statements made in

communications by DDS employees creat[ing] a strong inference that their motivation was to

discriminate against [Seth].” Pl.’s Mem. at 10. As support, Seth points to a single email

communication from a DDS employee in 2015 indicating that DDS wanted “to leave as small a

footprint as possible” in committing Seth, see Pl.’s Reply at 6 (citing Proposed Am. Compl. ¶¶

127, 128), which Seth interprets to “reflect[] both DDS’s willingness in 2015 to civilly commit

[Seth] and its simultaneous preference that others remain unaware of this action . . . evidencing

DDS’s bias against serving individuals with intellectual disability,” Proposed Am. Compl. ¶ 128.

According to Seth, this email, together with evidence that the District provides community-based

services to individuals with mental illness who are dangerous and has the capacity of serving

individuals such as Seth who have an intellectual disability and are dangerous, is sufficient to

                                                  14
create an inference that the District’s ultimate refusal to accept responsibility for Seth was

motivated by discrimination on the basis of his intellectual disability. Pl.’s Mem. at 10; Pl.’s

Reply at 6–8.

         Although, at the motion-to-dismiss stage, the complaint’s factual allegations and

reasonable inferences to be drawn from those facts are assumed to be true, Niskey v. Kelly, 859
F.3d 1, 5 (D.C. Cir. 2017), Seth still offers insufficient facts to support a reasonable inference

that a desire “to leave as small a footprint as possible” in providing community-based services to

a man accused of sexual activities with children reflects discrimination on the basis of Seth’s

disability, as opposed to common-sense concerns about the community’s possible reaction to

Seth’s potential (later confirmed) dangerousness. See Harris v. D.C. Water & Sewer Auth., 791
F.3d 65, 69 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (a claim may be rendered plausible when the facts alleged in the

complaint eliminate other, legitimate reasons and thus lead to a reasonable inference of

discrimination).3

3
          Seth posits that “it does not take much pleading to withstand a motion to dismiss in the discrimination
context,” Pl.’s Reply at 4 (internal quotation marks and alteration omitted) (quoting Brown v. District of Columbia,
No. 16-cv-0947 (EGS), 2017 WL 4174417, at *2 (D.D.C. Sept. 18, 2017)), citing a refrain from a racial
discrimination case holding that “’I was turned down for a job because of my race’ is all a complaint has to say to
survive a motion to dismiss,” id. (quoting Sirmans v. Caldera, 138 F. Supp. 2d 14, 21 (D.D.C. 2001) (internal
citation omitted)). Sirmans, which is not binding on this Court, was decided before Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550
U.S. 544 (2007) and Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009), which are. See Sirmans, 138 F. Supp. 2d at 21 (citing
Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45–46 (1957)). In any event, the cases Seth relies on, such as Brown, which
involved a pro se plaintiff, whose pleadings are provided more leeway, 2017 WL 4174417, at *2, or Alston v.
District of Columbia, 561 F. Supp. 2d 29, 39 (D.D.C. 2008) (cited at Pl.’s Mem. at 7 n.2), are distinguishable.
Indeed, Seth has been warned previously that “Alston’s continuing guidance regarding the analysis of a motion to
dismiss is . . . questionable” since it was decided before the Supreme Court’s decision in Iqbal. See 2018 Decision
at *13 n.11. Regardless, unlike plaintiffs who may be able to “state a facially plausible claim,” Rudder v. Williams,
666 F.3d 790, 794 (D.C. Cir. 2012), without reference to anticipated justifications or defenses, see Alston, 561 F.
Supp. 2d at 39 (“There is no mention in the complaint of any causes other than the ‘extent and severity of her
disabilities.’”), Seth must, even in his complaint, acknowledge the dangerousness certification at FMC Butner and
the dangerousness finding in the Eastern District of North Carolina. These legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons
for the DDS’s actions, together with Seth’s failure to allege sufficient facts demonstrating that DDS’s actions were
nonetheless taken because of his disability, supported dismissal with prejudice in the first instance, and support
denial of the motion to alter or amend the judgment now.

                                                         15
       Second, in response to the 2018 Decision’s footnote that Seth had utterly failed to

develop any legal theory distinguishing Seth’s intellectual disability from mental illness as the

“crux” of his discrimination claims, see 2018 Decision at *12 n.9, Seth says that he can offer

evidence “show[ing] that Defendants have a track record of providing similar services to

individuals with behaviors similar to his own but who have different disabilities.” Pl.’s Mem. at

10. As support, he alleges that the defendants “filed more than 40 petitions to civilly commit

individuals found not competent to stand trial as a result of mental illness, while . . . avoid[ing]

civilly committing and serving people with intellectual disability under similar circumstances.”

Id. at 15; see also Pl.’s Mot. at 2–3 (citing the District’s practice of “regularly” seeking to civilly

commit individuals with mental illness “who are determined incompetent and dangerous” under

the Ervin Act, D.C. CODE §§ 21-501, et seq., while “refus[ing] to serve people with intellectual

and developmental disabilities in the same situation,” under the CIDA). Seth suggests that this

data supports a disparate impact theory, apparently because he “identif[ies] a specific practice

that, while facially neutral, nonetheless had a disproportionate adverse effect on a protected class

of individuals.” Pl.’s Reply at 7 (quoting 2018 Decision at *12 (quoting Anderson v. Duncan, 20
F. Supp. 3d 42, 54 (D.D.C. 2013) (internal quotation marks and alteration omitted))).

       Seth notes discrepancies between the number of individuals served by the Ervin Act and

the CIDA, but offers no evidence suggesting that “the practice in question caused individuals to

suffer the offending adverse impact because of their membership in a protected group.”

Anderson, 20 F. Supp. 3d at 54 (quoting Watson v. Fort Worth Bank & Tr., 487 U.S. 977, 994

(1988) (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted)). Although individuals served by the

Ervin Act have mental illness, whereas those served by the CIDA have intellectual or

developmental disabilities, this is not the only distinction among the populations. See Heller v.

                                                  16
Doe, 509 U.S. 312, 322–24 (1993) (concluding that a state had a rational basis for requiring a

lower standard of proof for commitments for “mental retardation” than for mental illness, as

“mental retardation is easier to diagnose” and “[m]ental retardation is a permanent, relatively

static condition . . . so a determination of dangerousness may be made with some accuracy based

on previous behavior”). Seth states that “[u]pon information and belief, in just the last fiscal

year, 40 Ervin Act petitions seeking civil commitment of incompetent defendants with mental

illness were filed,” Proposed Am. Compl. ¶ 116, compared to only two petitions filed under the

CIDA in the last seven years, id., yet he provides no further citation for this information, or any

way to compare commitments under the Ervin Act and the CIDA with an estimated population

of defendants with mental illness compared to defendants with intellectual disabilities. See

Anderson, 20 F. Supp. 3d at 54 (a prima facie case of disparate impact requires “statistical

evidence of a kind and degree sufficient to show that the practice in question caused” adverse

impact because of membership in a protected group (internal quotation marks and citations

omitted)). Notably, the Ervin Act provides a process for the involuntary commitment of

individuals with mental illness who, because of their mental illness, are found “likely to injure

[themselves] or other persons if not committed,” even if that person has not been arrested in

connection with a criminal case, D.C. CODE § 21-541(a), whereas the CIDA was recently

amended to prohibit new commitments other than commitments of persons found incompetent in

a criminal case. See D.C. CODE §§ 7-1303.04; 7-1303.12a(a); Proposed Am. Compl. ¶ 141 n.15;

Disability Services Reform Amendment Act of 2018, D.C. Act 22-227 (2018). These

differences among the Ervin Act and the CIDA require more than surface-level statistics

comparing commitments under the two acts, which serve different populations, of different sizes,

with potentially different levels of immediate risk to the public. Seth’s statistics are therefore

                                                 17
inadequate to “show that the practice in question caused individuals to suffer the offending

adverse impact because of their membership in a protected group.” Anderson, 20 F. Supp. 3d at

54 (internal quotation marks and alternation omitted); see also Figueroa v. Tillerson, 289 F.

Supp. 3d 212, 230 (D.D.C. 2018) (without proper statistical analysis, “the Court has no basis on

which to assess whether any disparity . . . may be caused by the challenged [practice] rather than

the randomness of chance, the overall small number of [members of the protected class], or some

other factor”); Defs.’ Opp’n at 8 (“[P]laintiff’s comparison is unavailing because he attempts to

compare distinct populations and commitments that are governed by differing statutes.”).

       Third, Seth argues that the defendants “were fully aware of [Seth’s] potential

dangerousness throughout the planning process [so] their decision not to initiate commitment and

custody proceedings was not premised on the FMC Butner’s Warden’s Certificate of

Dangerous[ness] filed on April 28, 2017.” Pl.’s Mem. at 13. He notes that in May 2017, a

month after the dangerousness certificate and a year before the Eastern District of North Carolina

commitment proceeding, DDS communicated that “the idea is to get [Seth] out of confinement

as soon as possible within the timing realities of the two commitment processes.” Id. (quoting

email communications between DDS and Seth’s counsel). Indeed, Seth cites former DDS

Director Nuss for the proposition that “there would be no need or basis for civil commitment in

the absence of a dangerousness finding.” Pl.’s Mot., Ex. 1, Decl. of Laura L. Nuss (“Nuss

Decl.”) at ¶ 6, ECF No. 29-2. This background, Seth argues, “create[s] a strong inference that

DDS’s ultimate failure to serve [Seth] was not because of the charges against [him] or his

potential dangerousness but was instead discrimination against [Seth] due to his intellectual

disability.” Pl.’s Mem. at 13.

                                                18
        Seth’s evidence of DDS’s planning process offers nothing to contradict the history

already recounted in the 2018 Decision, which noted that the District and Seth’s attorneys had

been discussing and planning for Seth’s eventual commitment since at least February 2015, a

process that entailed multiple assessments of Seth’s competency and potential risk to the

community. 2018 Decision at *4–6. The 2018 Decision also acknowledged that dangerousness

was a consideration for the District in determining whether to exercise discretion to seek a civil

commitment. See id. at *16 (citing the Committee Report for an amendment to the CIDA, the

Civil Commitment of Citizens with Mental Retardation Amendment Act of 2002, D.C. Bill

14-616, which explained that the purpose of the Act was to “ensure public safety and protect the

community from individuals who may be dangerous to others without treatment or supervision”

(internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). What Seth once again fails to grapple with is

that planning for responsibility for an individual whose “potential dangerousness” is known, Pl.’s

Mem. at 13, is not equivalent to planning for responsibility for an individual who has been

declared, by clear and convincing evidence, to pose a substantial risk of injury to the community.

Seth attempts to argue that his “potential dangerousness” was a constant throughout DDS’s

consideration of his placement in order to draw the inference that the District’s action (or

inaction) can only be explained as discrimination on the basis of his intellectual disability. He

has it exactly backwards. Seth’s intellectual disability was a constant; what changed was the

certainty of his dangerousness. In light of Seth’s failure, once again, to offer facts supporting an

inference that DDS’s ultimate refusal to exercise its discretion to file a petition for his civil

commitment was an action taken on the basis of his disability, his “new evidence” on this front

offers no reason to alter or amend the judgment.

                                                  19
       Fourth, Seth avers that “publicly available budget data shows DDS’s budget allocations

have increased year over year every year since 2016, and . . . at no time during the relevant time

period has DDS had a waiting list for its services.” Id. at 15; see also Nuss Decl. at ¶ 5 (noting

that the District is required to provide services to all individuals who are eligible for services

under a waiver program and that there was a funded slot available when Seth was found eligible

for DDS services). This data, according to Seth, rebuts the 2018 Decision’s finding that his

original complaint “offers no reason to think that [DDS’s] change [of position regarding Seth’s

care] was made by reason of his disability, rather than, for example, budgetary choices made by

the new leadership or FMC Butner’s Certificate of Dangerousness.” 2018 Decision at *12. This

data was neither unavailable within the meaning of Rule 59(e) prior to the entry of judgment nor

does it compel a different outcome. Even without any budgetary strain, Seth has failed to offer

evidence supporting an inference that DDS’s refusal to accept responsibility for Seth’s care was

because of his disability, as opposed to concerns—which may not have been alleviated by budget

increases Seth cites—shared by new leadership in light of Seth’s dangerousness finding.

       Finally, Seth offers to present new allegations and declarations “from former high-level

public officials . . . who explain that the District has public systems capable of serving [him]

safely in the community. . . . [and that Seth] is not only an excellent candidate for community-

based placement but that incarcerating him indefinitely in a corrections facility unequipped to

meet his unique needs is extremely harmful to his well-being.” Pl.’s Mem. at 15. Even though

Seth has not established that he now possesses evidence that was unavailable prior to the entry of

judgment, the supporting exhibits and declarations he proffers in support of reconsideration have

been carefully considered, including the statement from Nuss, the former director of DDS, that

based on her knowledge “the decision by DDS to allow [Seth] to languish and regress in federal

                                                  20
custody rather than carry out its mission and mandate remains inexplicable other than as a matter

of discrimination and refusal to alter a usual way of working in order to accommodate an

individual’s needs.” Nuss Decl. ¶ 24. Seth’s situation remains undeniably troubling, 2018

Decision at *1, and may even raise questions about the Attorney General’s compliance with the

statutory obligation to encourage the District to accept responsibility for Seth’s care, id. at *14

n.12 (citing the Attorney General’s obligation, under 18 U.S.C. § 4246(d), to “continue

periodically to exert all reasonable efforts to cause [the] State to assume . . . responsibility for the

person’s custody, care, and treatment”). Yet, no evidence Seth now offers changes the

conclusion in the 2018 Decision that Seth has failed to show that DDS’s refusal to serve him was

an action taken “at least in part ‘because of,’ not merely ‘in spite of’ its adverse effects upon an

identifiable group.” Pers. Adm’r of Mass v. Feeney, 442 U.S. 256, 279 (1979). Despite Nuss’s

experience and declarations, her inference of discrimination is “unsupported by the facts set out

in the complaint.” Attias v. Carefirst, Inc., 865 F.3d 620, 627 (D.C. Cir. 2017) (internal

quotation marks and citation omitted). See also Defs.’ Opp’n at 9 (“[O]ne agency director’s

willingness to accept responsibility for a dangerous individual does not mean a subsequent

director’s unwillingness to do so must have been motivated by discriminatory animus; plaintiff is

demanding an inference [of discrimination] that does not logically follow the facts pled.”

(emphasis in original)).

        Seth, in an attempt to show that he was discriminated against on the basis of his

disability, continues to overlook and minimize an inescapable fact about his particular disability:

he was found “by clear and convincing evidence,” to be “suffering from a mental disease or

defect as a result of which his release would create a substantial risk of bodily injury to another

person or serious damage to the property of another.” E.D.N.C. Commitment Order at 1. It is

                                                  21
because of that substantial risk, and the District’s refusal to exercise its discretion to commit him,

that he was committed to the care of the Attorney General. Seth has tried valiantly to cobble

together facts supporting an inference that DDS refused to provide him care because of his

disability, as opposed to because of his dangerousness, but he has once again failed to do so.

“To survive a motion to dismiss, [plaintiff] must allege in [his] complaint ‘sufficient factual

matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’ In other words,

[plaintiff] must do more than allege ‘facts that are merely consistent with a defendant’s liability’

or raise only ‘a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.’” Citizens for

Responsibility & Ethics in Wash., 2019 WL 1907230, at *4 (internal quotation marks and

citations omitted) (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678). Even taking Seth’s “new evidence” into

account, he fails to state a claim for relief that would survive a motion to dismiss, and therefore

his motion to amend or alter the judgment must be denied.

        C.      Even if Reconsideration Were Warranted, Leave to Amend Would Be Futile

        “Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a) provides that leave to amend shall be ‘freely

give[n]’ when ‘justice so requires.’ But after entry of judgment, a court has no obligation to

grant leave to amend unless a plaintiff first satisfies ‘Rule 59(e)’s more stringent standard for

setting aside that judgment.’” Mohammadi v. Islamic Republic of Iran, 782 F.3d 9, 17 (D.C. Cir.

2015) (alteration in original) (quoting Ciralsky, 355 F.3d at 673). Where the plaintiff fails to

meet this “stringent standard,” the motion for leave to file an amended complaint is properly

denied as moot. See id. at 18 (citing Ciralsky, 355 F.3d at 673); Osborn, 797 F.3d at 1062 (“As a

technical matter, the District Court lack[s] authority to rule on the merits of [a] 15(a) motion

[when] it [does] not modify its final judgment.”). Seth’s failure to meet the stringent Rule 59(e)

standard is sufficient reason to deny his motion for leave to amend under Rule 15(a).

                                                  22
       Nevertheless, “even if [Seth had established that] dismissal with prejudice was error, the

remedy at this point would be to grant reconsideration, dismiss without prejudice, and allow

[Seth] to amend his Complaint.” Strumsky v. Wash. Post Co., 922 F. Supp. 2d 96, 106 (D.D.C.

2013). Yet, as noted, supra Section III.B, evaluation of the Proposed Amended Complaint

confirms that even if the motion to alter or amend the judgment were granted, this case would

not survive a motion to dismiss, and thus granting leave to file an amended complaint “would

appear to be an ‘empty exercise’ in which courts are not required to engage.” Strumsky, 922 F.

Supp. 2d at 106 (quoting Norman v. United States, 467 F.3d 773, 775 (D.C. Cir. 2006)); see also

Confederate Mem’l Ass’n, Inc. v. Hines, 995 F.2d 295, 299 (D.C. Cir. 1993) (“[T]he law does

not require the doing of vain things.”). Under Rule 15, a motion to amend may be denied “on

grounds of futility where the proposed pleading would not survive a motion to dismiss.” In re

Interbank Funding Corp. Sec. Litig., 629 F.3d 213, 215 (D.C. Cir. 2010). For the reasons

discussed above, the “new” facts Seth alleges fail to cure the deficiencies in his complaint, and

therefore granting leave to amend would be futile.

IV.    CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, Seth’s Motion to Alter or Amend Judgment and Motion for

Leave to File Amended Complaint, ECF No. 29, is DENIED. An order consistent with this

Memorandum Opinion will be entered contemporaneously.

       Date: May 8, 2019

                                                     __________________________
                                                     BERYL A. HOWELL
                                                     Chief Judge

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