Court Opinion

ID: 2786955
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-03-17 21:03:01.636491+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:28:41.300240
License: Public Domain

Illinois Official Reports

                                        Appellate Court

                  Denton v. Universal Am-Can, Ltd., 2015 IL App (1st) 132905

Appellate Court           JAMES AND THERESA DENTON, Plaintiffs-Appellees, v.
Caption                   UNIVERSAL AM-CAN, LTD., a Corporation; UNIVERSAL
                          TRUCKLOAD SERVICES, INC., a Corporation; DAVID LEE
                          JOHNSON AND LOUIS BROADWELL, LLC, Defendants-
                          Appellants (OMG, Inc., a Corporation; RFX, Inc., a Corporation; and
                          Michael A. Twardak, Defendants).

District & No.            First District, Third Division
                          Docket No. 1-13-2905

Filed                     January 14, 2015

Held                       In a personal injury action arising from a chain reaction collision on an
(Note: This syllabus Indiana interstate highway involving multiple cars and trucks when
constitutes no part of the one driver was proceeding northbound on a southbound lane, the
opinion of the court but appellate court answered a question certified under Supreme Court
has been prepared by the Rule 308 as to whether Illinois law or Indiana law should be applied to
Reporter of Decisions the issues of liability and damages in the case by concluding that
for the convenience of Indiana law should apply because Indiana has more significant
the reader.)               contacts with the suit and policy reasons, including Indiana’s law
                           maintaining that defendants can only be held severally liable for their
                           own percentage of fault, the Indiana law allowing defendants to prove
                           the negligence of an absent or settling tortfeasor, and the Indiana law
                           allowing defendants to defend by attempting to persuade the jury that
                           a nonparty, such as the wrong-way driver, was responsible for the
                           collisions; therefore, the trial court’s judgment in favor of applying
                           Illinois law was reversed and the cause was remanded for further
                           proceedings.

Decision Under            Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 12-L-3085; the
Review                    Hon. William E. Gomolinski, Judge, presiding.
     Judgment                    Reversed; remanded.

                                 Carlton D. Fisher, Stephen S. Swofford, and Timothy G. Shelton, all
     Counsel on
                                 of Hinshaw & Culbertson LLP, of Chicago, for appellants.
     Appeal
                                 James M. Roche, of Theisen & Roche, Ltd., of Wheaton, for
                                 appellees.

     Panel                       JUSTICE LAVIN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                                 Justices Hyman and Mason concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                                    OPINION

¶1          Plaintiffs James and Theresa Denton, Illinois residents, filed a personal injury action
       against defendants Universal Am-Can, Ltd.; Universal Truckload Services, Inc.; David Lee
       Johnson; and Louis Broadwell, LLC, among others, for a vehicular accident that occurred on
       an interstate highway in Jasper County, Indiana. When presented with defendants’
       choice-of-law motion for application of Indiana law, the circuit court instead ruled that
       Illinois law applied. On defendants’ motion, the circuit court granted leave to file an
       interlocutory appeal pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 308 (eff. Feb. 26, 2010) and
       certified the following question for our review: “Whether Illinois law or Indiana law should
       be applied to the issues of liability and damages in the present case.” Contrary to the circuit
       court, we conclude that Indiana law governs the liability and damages issues in this case. We
       therefore reverse the judgment of the circuit court and remand for further proceedings
       consistent with our judgment.

¶2                                         BACKGROUND
¶3         This litigation stems from a multivehicle accident that occurred around noon on
       February 8, 2011, on Interstate 65 (I-65) in Indiana. The record reveals that Indiana resident
       George Kallis,1 who is now deceased, drove northbound on the southbound lane of I-65,
       setting off an unfortunate chain reaction of collisions. The vehicles endeavored to avoid the
       Kallis vehicle, and the semi-tractor trailer truck driven by David Lee Johnson ultimately
       rear-ended Denton’s vehicle. In particular, a police report taken at the time revealed that
       upon seeing Kallis driving the wrong way, two vehicles slowed and moved to the side.
       Denton crashed into one of these vehicles and was then propelled into the middle of the
       highway. Johnson subsequently rear-ended Denton, shoving his car into another vehicle on
       the side. Denton suffered physical injuries and his wife claimed a loss of consortium.

             1
            Plaintiffs dispute that Kallis was, and his estate now is, a nonparty Indiana resident not subject to
       the jurisdiction of Illinois. Before the trial court, defendants repeatedly represented Kallis or his estate
       as residing in Indiana and as a party not subject to Illinois’s jurisdiction. Plaintiffs did not object to
       these repeated characterizations and as such are precluded from doing so now on appeal. See Grainger
       v. Harrah’s Casino, 2014 IL App (3d) 130029, ¶ 32.

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     Plaintiffs ultimately received a $100,000 settlement from the Kallis estate. Plaintiffs then
     filed this case in Illinois, claiming truck driver Johnson was negligent, essentially for failing
     to keep a proper lookout and failing to reduce speed, resulting in the collision with Denton’s
     vehicle. Plaintiffs alleged the defendants who are party to this appeal either hired Johnson or
     leased Johnson’s truck and, given Johnson’s license suspensions, tickets and otherwise
     allegedly checkered driving record, they were also negligent for hiring him or leasing him the
     truck. The defendants, in turn, filed answers and affirmative defenses alleging in pertinent
     part that a third party proximately caused the accident, the damages resulted from nonparties
     (namely, Kallis), and alleging that Indiana law barred or diminished the claim. Then, within
     days of plaintiffs’ Illinois lawsuit, defendants Universal Am-Can, Ltd., Broadwell, and
     Johnson filed their own negligence action in Indiana against both Kallis and Denton.
¶4        The pleadings, taken altogether, reveal that Universal Am-Can was a Michigan
     corporation that conducted continuous business in Illinois and also did business in Indiana,
     but both Universal Truckload Services, Inc. (also a Michigan corporation), and Broadwell (a
     South Carolina corporation) denied the same allegation. On appeal, defendants have
     acknowledged that the corporate defendants, although domiciled elsewhere, did business in
     Illinois. Additionally, Johnson was a South Carolina resident, and Denton was traveling in
     Indiana for business. The other defendants, who are not party to this appeal, included driver
     Michael Twardak, an Illinois resident, RFX, Inc. (allegedly a Massachusetts corporation),
     and OMG, Inc. (allegedly a Delaware corporation).
¶5        The exact relationship of the corporate defendants is not clear from the record. According
     to the trial court order, RFX apparently entered into a subcontract with Universal Am-Can to
     transport goods for OMG from OMG’s facility in Illinois. From the pleadings, Universal
     Truckload Services appears to have been somehow involved in the contract or subcontract.
     The pleadings also show that Broadwell, an employee of Universal Am-Can, hired Johnson.
     Universal Am-Can admitted Johnson was acting as a qualified driver on its behalf. A bill of
     lading in the supplemental record shows that truck driver Johnson retrieved goods from
     OMG in Illinois for delivery to South Carolina, and he apparently was en route when the
     accident happened.
¶6        Defendants filed a motion to dismiss the case arguing improper venue, and a hearing
     followed with all parties, save Twardak, present. The trial court denied the motion to dismiss,
     and defendants subsequently filed a choice-of-law motion to apply Indiana, rather than
     Illinois, law in this case. The trial court also denied that motion, and this timely interlocutory
     appeal followed.

¶7                                            ANALYSIS
¶8       Defendants now argue, as they did below, that Indiana law should apply to the present
     case. In essence, defendants argue that Indiana law ought to apply, given that it was an
     Indiana resident wrong-way driver whose negligence triggered the chain reaction that ended
     with Denton’s vehicle being rear-ended by Johnson. Were Indiana law to apply, as compared
     to Illinois law, defendants argue, their financial exposure would be far less than the potential
     exposure under Illinois law, centered mainly upon how the two states deal with contribution,
     nonparty negligence, along with joint and several liability. This is not an insignificant
     observation, because a choice-of-law determination is required only when a difference in the
     law of the states will affect the outcome of a case, as analyzed in light of the forum state.

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       Townsend v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 227 Ill. 2d 147, 155 (2007); Murphy v. Mancari’s
       Chrysler Plymouth, Inc., 408 Ill. App. 3d 722, 725 (2011). When conducting a choice-of-law
       analysis in tort cases, Illinois has adopted the approach found in the Restatement (Second) of
       Conflict of Laws, which provides that the rights and liabilities for a particular issue should be
       governed by the jurisdiction with the most significant relationship to the occurrence and the
       parties. Barbara’s Sales, Inc. v. Intel Corp., 227 Ill. 2d 45, 61 (2007); Gregory v. Beazer
       East, 384 Ill. App. 3d 178, 196-97 (2008).
¶9          Defendants argue they sufficiently alleged that a different outcome favors application of
       Indiana law. Defendants specifically allege that were Illinois law to apply, they would
       effectively be barred from arguing that Kallis “was a major or predominant cause” of
       plaintiffs’ injuries, or pursuing apportionment of fault to a settling party. Applying the de
       novo standard of review to the question of law before us, we are compelled to agree. See
       Townsend, 227 Ill. 2d at 153-54.
¶ 10        There can be no serious doubt that the relevant tort law of Illinois and Indiana is quite
       different. First, the two states have different approaches to allocating fault among joint
       tortfeasors. In Illinois, all defendants found liable are jointly and severally liable for the
       plaintiff’s past and future medical expenses. 735 ILCS 5/2-1117 (West 2012). A defendant
       who is at least 25% at fault is jointly and severally liable for all other damages, as well, while
       a defendant whose fault falls below this 25% threshold is only severally, or proportionately,
       liable for all other damages. Id. Under Illinois’s joint and several liability law, if Johnson
       were found responsible for 25% of the damages caused to plaintiffs, then he could
       nonetheless be responsible for the full amount of damages.
¶ 11        Indiana, by contrast, maintains that defendants can only be held severally liable for their
       own percentage of fault. R.L. McCoy, Inc. v. Jack, 772 N.E.2d 987, 989-90 (Ind. 2002); see
       also Ind. Code Ann. § 34-51-2-8 (West 2012). Moreover, Indiana law allows a defendant to
       prove the negligence of an absent or settling tortfeasor. McCoy, 772 N.E.2d at 990; see also
       Ind. Code Ann. § 34-51-2-14 (West 2012); cf. Ready v. United/Goedecke Services, Inc., 232
       Ill. 2d 369, 383, 385 (2008). Under Indiana law, therefore, defendants could defend this case
       by attempting to persuade the jury that Kallis (even though a nonparty) was entirely
       responsible or overwhelmingly responsible given the fact that his obvious negligence seems
       to have set everything else into motion.
¶ 12        By contrast, in Illinois, tortfeasors who have settled in good faith and who have been
       dismissed from the lawsuit are exempt from section 2-1117 of the Code of Civil Procedure
       (735 ILCS 5/2-1117 (West 2012)) and therefore may not be apportioned fault by the trier of
       fact. Ready, 232 Ill. 2d at 385. The trier of fact can only consider the fault of settling
       tortfeasors if there is evidence to suggest fault by the settling tortfeasors and if plaintiff is
       allegedly contributorily negligent. Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Civil, No. B45.03.A
       (2012) (citing Bofman v. Material Service Corp., 125 Ill. App. 3d 1053, 1064 (1984)).
       Settling tortfeasors, nonetheless, are immune from suits for contribution. 740 ILCS 100/2(d)
       (West 2012). Under Illinois law, Johnson would be precluded from obtaining any
       contribution from the Kallis estate, assuming it and plaintiffs settled in good faith. See In re
       Guardianship of Babb, 162 Ill. 2d 153, 160 (1994) (noting the contribution law); see also 740
       ILCS 100/2(d) (West 2012). (Parenthetically, we note that while plaintiffs moved for a
       good-faith finding regarding their settlement with Kallis, defendants opposed the finding.
       The record does not reveal a ruling on plaintiffs’ motion.)

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¶ 13       As the law cited above makes clear, the two states present substantially different ways of
       apportioning fault and damages. The differences are clearly more advantageous to the
       defendants than plaintiffs, which fits with plaintiffs’ decision to file in Illinois and explains
       why defendants urge us to apply Indiana law. Plaintiffs nonetheless contend defendants
       failed to set forth an adequate record to support the conclusion that the differences between
       the respective state laws will affect the outcome in this case. We disagree. In an attempt to so
       persuade us, plaintiffs suggest we disregard the fact that the wrong-way driver was the
       precipitating factor in this chain-reaction accident. In fact, plaintiffs would have this court
       perform a jurisprudential “fact-ectomy” and have us only consider that their car was
       rear-ended by Johnson’s truck. Plaintiffs justify this tack by arguing that the police report
       concerning this accident is not properly in the record and any references ought to therefore be
       stricken. We respectfully decline to apply a judicial blindfold. We observe that defendants
       appended the report to their motion to dismiss for improper venue, the denial of which
       prompted the choice-of-law motion at issue now. In their motion, defendants specifically
       argued Kallis was an indispensable party over whom Illinois courts simply had no
       jurisdiction. We therefore find that the accident report was before the trial court and can be
       referenced in this matter sub judice. It also merits mention that plaintiffs did not object to its
       presentation before the trial court and thus appear to have forfeited the matter. See Grainger
       v. Harrah’s Casino, 2014 IL App (3d) 130029, ¶ 32. What is more, during the
       motion-to-dismiss hearing, plaintiffs’ counsel averred that Kallis drove northbound in
       southbound lanes and “caused this huge accident,” involving multiple cars. At the hearing,
       defense counsel then recounted the facts whereby Kallis entered the highway driving the
       wrong way, then encountered Twardak, and three miles later, Denton. Denton was thereafter
       rear-ended by Johnson. Counsel for plaintiffs did not then object to this rendition of the facts,
       which generally mirrored the police report, or to the defendants’ reliance on the police report.
¶ 14       We thus are unmoved by plaintiffs’ assertion that “defendants are forcing this court to
       engage in speculation as to whether Mr. Kallis, or any other individual, is at fault for the
       crash that forms the basis of this lawsuit.” This case is still at the pleading stage, and we
       cannot speculate as to the level of fault Kallis represents but, based on the parties’ rendition
       of the facts before the trial court, we can safely say Kallis was the principal protagonist in the
       accident giving rise to the Illinois lawsuit. Moreover, we observe that taking plaintiffs’
       argument to its logical conclusion, no multivehicular tort case could ever survive a pretrial
       choice-of-law motion because fault cannot be apportioned until trial.
¶ 15       In light of plaintiffs’ above-stated forfeiture and concessions, we also reject their
       alternative assertion that we cannot consider the facts from the police report because police
       reports are generally not admissible in evidence, as they contain conclusions and hearsay.
       See Kociscak v. Kelly, 2011 IL App (1st) 102811, ¶ 25. Even absent the concessions, we note
       that police reports have been admitted into evidence, provided there is a proper foundation,
       as past recollection recorded or for use in impeachment. Id.
¶ 16       In their last effort to show the outcome would not change based on the respective states’
       laws, plaintiffs also assert that defendants cannot even utilize Indiana’s “nonparty” defense
       because it was not timely raised in the statute of limitations period under Indiana law. See
       Ind. Code Ann. § 34-51-2-16 (West 2012). We reject this argument for two reasons. First, up
       until this point, the parties have proceeded assuming Illinois law applies. There would be no
       reason for the defendants to follow the rules of Indiana, by pleading a nonparty defense that

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       is unavailable under Illinois law, when defending an Illinois lawsuit. See Restatement
       (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 161 (1971) (“The law selected by application of the rule of
       § 145 determines what defenses to the plaintiff’s claim may be raised on the merits.”); see
       also Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 173 (1971) (same regarding contribution or
       indemnity). Defendants acknowledge as much by citing the Illinois statute for the two-year
       period within which the lawsuit had to be filed. Second, plaintiffs have cited a procedural
       rule (i.e., a statute of limitations rule) under Indiana law to defeat the question of which
       state’s substantive law should apply. However, “[i]n conflict of laws cases, matters of
       procedure are governed by the law of the forum [citation], while the law of the State with the
       most significant contacts controls substantive matters.” Boersma v. Amoco Oil Co., 276 Ill.
       App. 3d 638, 645 (1995); see also Freeman v. Williamson, 383 Ill. App. 3d 933, 938-39
       (2008) (same); Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 127 (1971). The requirements of
       pleading are procedural, and therefore Illinois law should apply. Boersma, 276 Ill. App. 3d at
       646. It is worth noting that defendants raised the substantive nonparty affirmative defense in
       their answer to plaintiffs’ first-amended complaint and as part of their objection to plaintiffs’
       proposed good-faith finding on the Kallis settlement. Defendants thus appear to have
       complied with Illinois procedural rules in that regard. See 735 ILCS 5/2-613 (West 2012). In
       short, plaintiffs have failed to adequately develop their argument that a procedural rule from
       another state can be used to dispose of the present choice-of-law question. See Ill. S. Ct. R.
       341(h)(7) (eff. July 1, 2008); Grainger, 2014 IL App (3d) 130029, ¶ 32.
¶ 17       Lastly, plaintiffs argue that since there is no good-faith finding on their settlement with
       Kallis, nothing precludes defendants from seeking contribution from Kallis, and therefore,
       the laws of the two states offer the same outcome. From the discussion above, the very fact
       that the states have different ways of allocating fault–with Illinois placing the burden on
       defendants and Indiana placing the burden on plaintiffs–arguably leads to a different outcome
       in this multivehicle car accident case. For the foregoing reasons, plaintiffs’ varying attempts
       to avoid applying the choice-of-law analysis must fail.
¶ 18       Having established how the differences between Indiana and Illinois law might affect the
       outcome of the case, we next consider which state has a more significant relationship to the
       case. The entire litigation must be considered in assessing which forum has the more
       significant contacts with the litigation. Gregory, 384 Ill. App. 3d at 196.
¶ 19       There is a legal presumption that the local law of the state where the injury occurred
       applies in determining the rights and liabilities of the parties unless Illinois has a more
       significant relationship to the conflict. Townsend, 227 Ill. 2d at 164-65. In other words, “ ‘in
       the absence of unusual circumstances, the highest scorer on the “most significant
       relationship” test is–the place where the tort occurred.’ ” Id. at 165 (quoting Spinozzi v. ITT
       Sheraton Corp., 174 F.3d 842, 844 (7th Cir. 1999)). To test this presumption, we must
       generally consider (1) the relevant policies of the forum; (2) the relevant policies of other
       interested states and the relative interests of those states in the determination of the particular
       issue; and (3) the basic policies underlying the particular field of law. Townsend, 227 Ill. 2d
       at 170. Along with these principles, we consider connecting factors like (1) the place where
       the injury occurred; (2) the place where the conduct causing the injury occurred; (3) the
       domicile, residence, nationality, place of incorporation, and place of business of the parties;
       (4) the place where the relationship, if any, between the parties is centered. Id. at 160; see
       also Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 145 (1971). We consider the latter factors

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       first while noting that our goal is not merely to “count contacts,” but to meaningfully analyze
       each contact in light of the policies at hand. See Townsend, 227 Ill. 2d at 168.

¶ 20                                The Place Where the Injury Occurred
¶ 21        Here, the injury took place in Indiana. The first factor thus favors defendants. Plaintiffs,
       tracking the trial court’s order, now argue that the place where the injury occurred was
       merely “fortuitous,” so that it should be disregarded. The cases cited by plaintiffs involve
       situations in which either all of the parties were domiciled in the same state, the conduct
       giving rise to the injury occurred in a different state than where the injury occurred, or the
       parties had a prior relationship that was clearly centered in a different state. See Murphy, 408
       Ill. App. 3d at 727-30; Miller v. Hayes, 233 Ill. App. 3d 847, 849-51 (1992); Schulze v.
       Illinois Highway Transportation Co., 97 Ill. App. 3d 508 (1981). None of those factors
       necessarily applies here, as we will fully explicate below. Notably, Miller and Schulze were
       decided before Townsend, which clearly places an emphasis on honoring the law of the state
       where the injury originates unless another state has more significant contacts.
¶ 22        Moreover, Denton was in Indiana for work-related reasons. Kallis was a resident of
       Indiana, and Johnson was also driving his truck through Indiana on a work-related
       assignment. Given that Indiana appears to be the focal point of the parties’ activity and that
       this was a multicar accident, we cannot say the location was merely haphazard or incidental
       to their interstate travel. In other words, the injury could not have just as easily occurred in
       any other state. We thus conclude the location of the injury weighs in favor of applying
       Indiana law. See Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 145 cmt. f (1971) (“the place of
       injury is of particular importance in the case of personal injuries”). We note that even if the
       situs of the injury were “fortuitous,” our conclusion would not change because the following
       factors, considered in totality and weighed against the tort policies, favor honoring the
       presumption that Indiana law should apply to this case.

¶ 23                   The Place Where the Conduct Causing the Injury Occurred
¶ 24       There is no question that the conduct causing the injury also took place in Indiana. A
       court’s consideration of injury-causing conduct in a section 145 analysis includes all conduct
       from any source contributing to the injury. Townsend, 227 Ill. 2d at 169. Indiana is where
       Kallis drove the wrong way on a highway, causing a major chain reaction of accidents. It is
       also where, in the midst of Kallis’s unruly driving, Johnson was allegedly negligent with
       regard to Denton. That is, if we were to say there were a direct relationship between the
       allegedly negligent conduct of Johnson and the injury Denton suffered, that relationship
       would have to be in Indiana. It is also the place where Denton would have been
       contributorily negligent. Here, the trial court nonetheless essentially found the negligent
       hiring/entrustment causes of action detracted from the significant contacts in Indiana. Noting
       that it was not clear where the agreements were entered into, the court held this factor
       weighed in neither party’s favor. See Van Horne v. Muller, 185 Ill. 2d 299, 311 (1998)
       (noting the proximate cause of the plaintiff’s injury is the employer’s negligence in hiring or
       retaining the employee rather than the employee’s wrongful act). We disagree. While the
       negligent hiring of Johnson might have taken place elsewhere, plaintiffs could not bring such
       a claim unless the negligent conduct and resulting injury first occurred in Indiana.
       Additionally, proximate cause is an essential element of any negligence action and, although

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       an employer may have negligently hired someone who caused harm to another, liability will
       only attach if the injuries were brought about by reason of the employment of the unfit
       employee. Carter v. Skokie Valley Detective Agency, Ltd., 256 Ill. App. 3d 77, 80 (1993).
       Intervening causes, such as the negligence of another driver, can destroy a negligent hiring
       action because one might say the injury did not occur by virtue of the employment. See id. at
       80-83. Here, the present record demonstrates that the best way to understand any possible
       intervening cause would be to analyze the conduct that occurred in Indiana. That the goods
       Johnson was delivering originated with a truckload in Illinois is of no moment because that
       fact has little effect on analyzing whether there was first any negligent conduct relating to the
       accident in Indiana. Likewise, the record is unclear as to where the hiring/entrustment
       agreements were entered into, let alone exactly how they were entered into, so we cannot
       judge that allegedly tortious conduct. Moreover, since agreements can be made from varying
       states over the telephone or Internet, we do not believe this should be the deciding factor in
       our analysis. In short, but for the alleged physical harm to Denton occurring in Indiana, there
       would be no facts upon which to base a negligent hiring claim. Thus, as we analyze the
       particular causes of action asserted here, the case for applying Indiana law is even stronger.

¶ 25                  The Domicile, Residence, Nationality, Place of Incorporation,
                                    and Place of Business of the Parties
¶ 26       The plaintiffs are residents of Illinois, as is one other defendant, Twardak (who is not
       party to this appeal).2 In pleadings, only defendant Universal Am-Can, Ltd., a Michigan
       corporation, acknowledged that it conducted continuous business in Illinois. As stated, on
       appeal, both parties seem to agree that all of the corporate defendants did business in Illinois.
       Universal Truckload Services, Inc., is a Michigan corporation. Louis Broadwell resides in
       South Carolina, as does Johnson. RFX is allegedly a Maryland corporation, and OMG is
       allegedly a Delaware corporation, although neither is party to this appeal. Kallis was an
       Indiana resident. Again, Denton was traveling to Indiana for business, and Johnson was
       passing through for business purposes. In sum, the parties have varying residences and places
       of incorporation. While the injury occurred in Indiana, several parties reside and do business
       in Illinois. As a result, this factor is a wash and does not weigh in any particular party’s
       favor.

¶ 27              The Place Where the Relationship, if Any, Between the Parties Is Centered
¶ 28       But for their travels through Indiana, these parties would have no relationship. To the
       extent they have a relationship, it is clearly centered in Indiana.

¶ 29                                     Policy Considerations
¶ 30       Based on the foregoing, we observe three factors favor application of Indiana law and
       one factor is a wash. As a result, we conclude that Indiana has more significant contacts to
       the present action than Illinois. We next consider the section 6 factors and conclude that

          2
           Notably, neither party makes a distinction between domicile and residence. While a domicile is
       usually a person’s home/residence, that is not always the case since domicile is a permanent abode
       while a residence might be temporary. See Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws §§ 11, 12 (1971).
       We will assume residence means domicile at this stage in the proceedings.

                                                    -8-
       while Illinois has an interest in compensating its residents/domiciliaries for injuries, this
       interest does not outweigh that of Indiana to maintain safe highways or to protect individuals
       and businesses from being apportioned a greater cost in negligence actions. Considering the
       aforementioned contacts in the context of general principles applicable to personal injury
       actions under section 6 (see Townsend, 227 Ill. 2d at 169-70), we cannot say that Illinois’s
       relationship to this case is so pivotal as to overcome the presumption that Indiana law should
       apply.

¶ 31                                         CONCLUSION
¶ 32       Based on the foregoing, in answering this choice-of-law certified question, we conclude
       the substantive law of Indiana should apply because Indiana has more significant contacts
       with the lawsuit, and policy reasons also support the application of Indiana law. We reverse
       the judgment of the circuit court ruling in favor of the application of Illinois law and remand
       for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

¶ 33      Reversed; remanded.

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