Court Opinion

ID: 9364655
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-01-19 21:00:44.930568+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:15:39.618807
License: Public Domain

RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                 Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                        File Name: 23a0011p.06

                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                    FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

                                                              ┐
 SHEILA MIKEL,
                                                              │
                                    Plaintiff-Appellant,      │
                                                               >        No. 22-5329
                                                              │
        v.                                                    │
                                                              │
 MARGIE QUIN, Commissioner of the Department of               │
 Children’s Services, in her official capacity; JENNIFER      │
 NICHOLS, in her individual capacity; TENNESSEE               │
 DEPARTMENT OF CHILDREN’S SERVICES; OMNI                      │
 VISIONS, INC.,                                               │
                                  Defendants-Appellees.       ┘

                           Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Eastern District of Tennessee at Chattanooga.
                      No. 1:20-cv-00345—Curtis L. Collier, District Judge.

                                    Argued: October 19, 2022

                               Decided and Filed: January 19, 2023

          Before: SUTTON, Chief Judge; BOGGS and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges.
                                  _________________

                                             COUNSEL

ARGUED: William Neil Thomas III, THOMAS & THOMAS, Chattanooga, Tennessee, for
Appellant. Jordan K. Crews, OFFICE OF THE TENNESSEE ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Nashville, Tennessee, for state of Tennessee Appellees in their official capacities. Jeffrey M.
Beemer, DICKINSON WRIGHT PLLC, Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellee Omni Visions. ON
BRIEF: William Neil Thomas III, THOMAS & THOMAS, Chattanooga, Tennessee, for
Appellant. Jordan K. Crews, OFFICE OF THE TENNESSEE ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Nashville, Tennessee, for state of Tennessee Appellees in their official capacities. Jeffrey M.
Beemer, Daniel D. Choe, DICKINSON WRIGHT PLLC, Nashville, Tennessee, for Appellee
Omni Visions.
 No. 22-5329                        Mikel v. Quin, et al.                               Page 2

                                     _________________

                                          OPINION
                                     _________________

       SUTTON, Chief Judge.        Sheila Mikel claims that the Tennessee Department of
Children’s Services took her two foster children without due process of law. She sued the
Department, its Commissioner, and a private Department subcontractor, seeking damages along
with declaratory and injunctive relief. The district court dismissed Mikel’s claims against the
Department and Commissioner for want of jurisdiction and held that Mikel had failed to state a
claim against the subcontractor. We affirm.

                                               I.

       The Tennessee Department of Children’s Services supervises Tennessee’s foster care
system. See Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 37-5-105(3), 37-5-106(a)(1), (3). An appointed Commissioner,
now Margie Quin and previously Jennifer Nichols, leads the Department. The Department
subcontracts much of its day-to-day work to private foster care agencies, including Omni
Visions, Inc.

       Plaintiff Sheila Mikel is a resident of Tennessee. In June of 2016, Mikel took custody of
two Tennessee girls—“AK,” then twelve years old, and “SK,” then nine years old—as a foster
parent. Mikel describes her relationship with AK and SK as “pre-adoptive,” R.1 at 3, meaning
that she had planned to adopt the girls after taking custody of them. Omni approved Mikel’s
home as a foster home and oversaw Mikel’s relationship with the girls.

       All was well until December 2017, when Mikel submitted her adoption papers to Omni.
Omni removed the girls from Mikel’s custody three days later, alleging emotional abuse. About
a week after that, Omni “clos[ed] [Mikel’s] home as a foster home.” Id. at 6. Mikel says that
she never abused the girls, that Omni’s removal was pretextual and in violation of Tennessee
law, and that neither Omni nor the Department gave her notice or an opportunity to be heard
before commencing the removal process.
 No. 22-5329                          Mikel v. Quin, et al.                                Page 3

       After unsuccessfully appealing Omni’s removal administratively and in state court, Mikel
filed this action against Omni, the Department, and then-Commissioner Nichols.             In her
complaint, Mikel alleged claims arising under Tennessee tort law and § 1983. She demanded
damages from Omni, costs and expenses, and two injunctions—one limiting the defendants’
rights to remove future foster children, one preventing the defendants from “assisting in any
adoption” of the girls. Id. at 11. She also sought declaratory relief.

       The Department, Nichols, and Omni filed motions to dismiss. The district court granted
the motions. It held that Tennessee’s sovereign immunity blocked Mikel’s suits against the
Department and Nichols in her official capacity, that Mikel had not properly served process on
Nichols in her individual capacity, and that Mikel had failed to state a claim against Omni under
§ 1983. It then declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Mikel’s state-law claims.
Mikel appealed.

                                                 II.

       Sovereign immunity generally bars lawsuits against States or their agencies. See, e.g.,
Torres v. Tex. Dep’t of Pub. Safety, 142 S. Ct. 2455, 2461–62 (2022). While a State may waive
its immunity from suit, Lapides v. Bd. of Regents of Univ. Sys. of Ga., 535 U.S. 613, 618–19
(2002), Mikel does not claim that Tennessee has waived anything here. And while Congress can
abrogate a State’s sovereign immunity to enforce the Fourteenth Amendment, it did not do so
when it enacted § 1983. Quern v. Jordan, 440 U.S. 332, 342–43 (1979). State entities in fact are
not “persons” under § 1983 in the first place. Will v. Mich. Dep’t of State Police, 491 U.S. 58,
71 (1989). Thus, to the extent Mikel seeks relief against Tennessee agencies, her lawsuit fails
twice over—first due to sovereign immunity, second due to the inapplicability of § 1983.

       Sovereign immunity also limits, but does not entirely prohibit, lawsuits against state
officials in their official capacity. Under Ex parte Young, 209 U.S. 123, 159–60 (1908), federal
courts may award injunctive and declaratory relief against state officials when the relief is
“designed to end a continuing violation of federal law.” Green v. Mansour, 474 U.S. 64, 68
(1985); see, e.g., Frew ex rel. Frew v. Hawkins, 540 U.S. 431, 437–38 (2004). They may not,
however, entertain actions that essentially seek a monetary recovery from a State. Edelman v.
 No. 22-5329                         Mikel v. Quin, et al.                                 Page 4

Jordan, 415 U.S. 651, 663 (1974). Put differently, Ex parte Young applies only when a plaintiff
targets “an ongoing violation of federal law and seeks” prospective relief. Verizon Md., Inc. v.
Pub. Serv. Comm’n of Md., 535 U.S. 635, 645 (2002) (quotations omitted).

       As to Mikel’s lawsuit against the Department, there is little room to maneuver. The
Department is a state agency. Gean v. Hattaway, 330 F.3d 758, 766 (6th Cir. 2003). Sovereign
immunity thus protects it, full-stop. Id. Plus, the Department is not a “person” under the statute
anyway. Will, 491 U.S. at 71.

       The same is not true for the current Commissioner, Quin. True, if Mikel had sought
money damages from Quin in her official capacity, sovereign immunity would have stood in her
way. E.g., Ernst v. Rising, 427 F.3d 351, 358 (6th Cir. 2005) (en banc). But Mikel’s complaint
did not demand damages from Quin or otherwise seek recovery of money from the State of
Tennessee. Mikel instead alleged that Quin violated federal law in depriving Mikel of her foster
children and sought declaratory and injunctive relief. That kind of claim sits well within the
heartland of Ex parte Young.

       It makes no difference whether Mikel’s § 1983 claim fails on the merits. To ascertain
whether sovereign immunity defeats an action seeking injunctive relief against a state official,
we ask only whether the action alleges an ongoing violation of federal law. Verizon, 535 U.S. at
646. We do not ask whether the allegation is true. Because Mikel’s complaint seeks to state a
claim for a violation of federal law, it falls outside the scope of Tennessee’s sovereign immunity.

       Nor is it true that Mikel failed to allege an “ongoing” violation of federal law. She
alleges that Quin and the Department unlawfully took AK and SK from her, surely an “ongoing”
or “continuing” action. See In re Flint Water Cases, 960 F.3d 303, 334 (6th Cir. 2020). The
girls indeed remain outside Mikel’s custody to this day. Just as state officials may commit
“ongoing” violations when they unconstitutionally retain possession of a person’s identifiable
property, see, e.g., Tindal v. Wesley, 167 U.S. 204, 221–22 (1897); Fla. Dep’t of State v.
Treasure Salvors, Inc., 458 U.S. 670, 697–98 (1982) (plurality op.), so the same may be true
when they keep children they allegedly have no right to keep.
 No. 22-5329                           Mikel v. Quin, et al.                                 Page 5

          All in all, while sovereign immunity bars Mikel’s suit against the Department, it does not
bar Mikel’s claims against Quin.

                                                  III.

          That leaves Mikel’s claims against Quin and Omni. These claims run into another
hurdle—standing—one Mikel can clear with respect to Omni but not with respect to Quin.
Standing requires (1) an actual injury (2) caused by a defendant’s challenged conduct (3) that a
favorable decision likely will redress. Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560–61 (1992).
“[A] plaintiff must demonstrate standing separately for each form of relief sought.” Friends of
the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Env. Servs. (TOC), Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 185 (2000).

          Damages and attorney’s fees. Mikel seeks damages only from Omni, and she has
standing to pursue them. When Omni took AK and SK away from Mikel, Mikel suffered an
injury.    Chafin v. Chafin, 568 U.S. 165, 172–73 (2013).           Omni inflicted that injury by
participating in the removal process. And even a dollar in damages would help mitigate the
injury that Omni inflicted. Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski, 141 S. Ct. 792, 801–02 (2021). That
adds up to standing.

          Mikel’s standing to seek costs and attorney’s fees follows from her standing to seek
damages. An interest in recovering litigation expenses, to be sure, does not create standing on its
own. Lewis v. Cont’l Bank Corp., 494 U.S. 472, 480 (1990). When a litigant has standing to
seek damages, however, she has standing to recover fees and costs as well. See, e.g., Steel Co. v.
Citizens for a Better Env’t, 523 U.S. 83, 107–08 (1988). Because Mikel has standing to seek
damages, she has standing to seek attorney’s fees too.

          Injunctive relief. Mikel also seeks two injunctions: one limiting “further activity” by the
defendants “[i]nvolving the removal of children from foster homes,” and another barring the
defendants from “assisting in” any future adoption of AK or SK.              R.1 at 11.   But these
injunctions would not redress Mikel’s injuries, meaning Mikel lacks standing to seek them.

          Injunctions redress “present ongoing” or “imminent future” injuries. Shelby Advocs. for
Valid Elections v. Hargett, 947 F.3d 977, 981 (6th Cir. 2020) (per curiam). Injuries are “present”
 No. 22-5329                        Mikel v. Quin, et al.                                Page 6

when they have already come about, and “imminent” when they are certain or perhaps
substantially likely to occur in the future. Id. at 981–82; compare Clapper v. Amnesty Int’l USA,
568 U.S. 398, 401–02 (2013), with Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus, 573 U.S. 149, 158 (2014).

       A “person who has been accorded a procedural right to protect his concrete interests can
assert that right without meeting all the normal standards for redressability and immediacy.”
Lujan, 504 U.S. at 572 n.7. When a litigant seeks to remedy a procedural wrong, she instead
needs only to show “some possibility” that an injunction will afford her redress. Klein v. U.S.
Dep’t of Energy, 753 F.3d 576, 579 (6th Cir. 2014) (quotations omitted). But “a bare procedural
violation, divorced from any concrete harm,” is not a present or imminent injury that an
injunction can redress. Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, 578 U.S. 330, 341–42 (2016).

       These principles create problems for Mikel’s demands for injunctive relief against Quin
and Omni. Start with Mikel’s injuries. Mikel suffered a present, ongoing injury when she lost
custody of her girls. That loss, however, is the only injury supporting Mikel’s standing theory.
Among other things, Mikel has not pled that she plans to foster more children going forward. As
a result, she cannot argue that she faces “imminent” risks of losing future foster children. Cf.
Clapper, 568 U.S. at 401–02; Driehaus, 573 U.S. at 158. Likewise, although the defendants
allegedly deprived Mikel of custody over her girls without adequate process, Mikel did not suffer
a separate injury from the inadequate process she received. Divorced from AK and SK, such an
injury would be a “bare procedural violation” insufficient for standing by itself. Spokeo, 578
U.S. at 341–42.

       Losing custody of AK and SK, in turn, is not an injury that either of Mikel’s proposed
injunctions against Quin and Omni could redress.        Recall that Mikel sought an injunction
restricting removal of future foster children and another preventing the defendants from
“assisting in” any adoption of the girls. R.1 at 11. Neither injunction, however, creates even
“some possibility” of returning AK or SK to Mikel. Klein, 753 F.3d at 579 (quotations omitted).
AK and SK have already been removed, so limiting future foster-child removals would not alter
AK or SK’s custody status. And while barring Omni or Quin from assisting in AK or SK’s
adoption might prevent AK or SK from being adopted, this outcome would not return them
either. Mikel has not said that she presently intends to adopt AK or SK and has not otherwise
 No. 22-5329                         Mikel v. Quin, et al.                                 Page 7

explained how an injunction against adoption would protect her concrete interests. Given this
reality, whether AK and SK get adopted or not, they will still remain outside Mikel’s hearth and
home.

        Declaratory relief. Mikel requests two declaratory judgments: one establishing that the
contract between Omni and the Department is void and another announcing “a violation of
42 U.S.C. § 1983.” R.1 at 11. Both requests fail.

        Declaratory judgments are not get-out-of-standing-free cards. Because federal courts
may not issue advisory opinions, all declaratory judgments must have “a conclusive character.”
Aetna Life Ins. Co. of Hartford v. Haworth, 300 U.S. 227, 241 (1937). A declaratory judgment,
put differently, may issue only when “it is substantially likely” to redress a plaintiff’s actual or
imminent injuries. Franklin v. Massachusetts, 505 U.S. 788, 803 (1992) (plurality op.); see, e.g.,
Duke Power Co. v. Carolina Env’t Study Grp., Inc., 438 U.S. 59, 75–76 & n.20 (1978); Friends
of Tims Ford v. Tenn. Valley Auth., 585 F.3d 955, 971 (6th Cir. 2009) (explaining that a
declaratory judgment must “affect[] the behavior of the defendant towards the plaintiff”
(emphasis omitted) (quoting Hewitt v. Helms, 482 U.S. 755, 761 (1987))).

        Neither of Mikel’s proposed declaratory judgments has a “conclusive character.”
Haworth, 300 U.S. at 241. For starters, declaring that Omni’s contract with the Department is
void would not redress any injuries Mikel has suffered. Omni issued AK and SK’s removal
notice long ago. Hence voiding Omni’s contract would not lead AK and SK to return to Mikel.
And because Mikel does not operate a foster home now and has not suggested that she intends to
do so later, Mikel lacks a legally cognizable interest that could support an award of prospective
relief. Cf. City of Los Angeles v. Lyons, 461 U.S. 95, 105–06 (1983).

        So too for a “[d]eclaration of a violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983.” R.1 at 11. The problem,
as before, is that Mikel does not explain how a declaratory judgment of this sort would offer her
redress. Entering the realm of the possible and the hypothetical, we suppose, it could be said that
a declaratory judgment could raise the odds that the Department would return the children. But
Mikel’s complaint made no such suggestion, leaving this hypothetical no less hypothetical than
 No. 22-5329                         Mikel v. Quin, et al.                                 Page 8

many other speculative possibilities. Because Mikel has not argued anything to this effect, we
see no good reason to tread where Mikel has not.

       All in all, while Mikel has standing to seek attorney’s fees and damages from Omni, she
lacks standing to seek injunctive or declaratory relief against Omni or Quin.

                                                IV.

       Jurisdictional brambles cleared, we turn to the merits. Mikel sought damages only from
Omni, the last party standing as it were. And the only claim left against Omni is Mikel’s due
process claim under § 1983.

       “No state,” the Due Process Clause says, shall “deprive any person of life, liberty, or
property, without due process of law.” U.S. Const. amend. XIV. To violate the guarantee, a
“State” must “deprive” a “person” of “liberty” or “property.” Id. Omni does not argue that it is
not a “State” for Due Process purposes, and Mikel does not allege that she had a property interest
in her status as a foster parent. As a result, we need ask only whether Omni deprived Mikel of
“liberty” when it took AK and SK away from her.

       Protected liberty interests can arise either from the Constitution itself or from state law.
Neither source in this instance gave Mikel a liberty interest in her relationship with AK and SK.

       The Constitution.      The Fourteenth Amendment’s promise of “liberty” encompasses,
among other things, “those privileges long recognized . . . as essential to the orderly pursuit of
happiness by free men.” Bd. of Regents of State Colls. v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 572 (1972)
(quoting Meyer v. Nebraska, 262 U.S. 390, 399 (1923)). What these privileges are has never
been clear, perhaps because free men pursuing happiness tend to disagree over what “long,”
“recognized,” “essential,” and “orderly” mean or ought to mean. Nor do today’s facts bring
things into focus: the Supreme Court has explicitly declined to decide whether foster parents
have liberty interests in their relationships with foster children. Smith v. Org. of Foster Fam. for
Equal. & Reform, 431 U.S. 816, 846–47 (1977).

       Where the Supreme Court has drawn blurred lines, however, our circuit has drawn
comparatively crisp ones. The key case is Renfro v. Cuyahoga County Department of Human
 No. 22-5329                           Mikel v. Quin, et al.                               Page 9

Services, 884 F.2d 943 (6th Cir. 1989). A family had fostered a girl for more than six years,
starting when the girl was fourteen months old. Id. at 944. Child services took the girl away,
alleging abuse. Id. We held that the family lacked a liberty interest in its relationship with the
child. Id. “[T]he foster care relationship,” we explained, was “a temporary arrangement created
by state and contractual agreements,” one which (under Ohio law) vested “limited” legal rights
in the foster family. Id. For that reason, the family’s foster relationship did not create a
constitutional liberty interest. Id.

        Mikel took custody of AK and SK under a contract with Omni and the Department. As
in Renfro, her foster relationship with her girls was a “temporary arrangement created by state
and contractual agreements,” id.; Mikel had not adopted the girls, or for that matter come
particularly close to consummating their adoption, and had not otherwise established a
permanent legal relationship with them.          Id.   As in Renfro, that means Mikel lacked a
constitutional liberty interest in her status as a foster parent. Id.

        Mikel seeks to distinguish Renfro in three ways, none persuasive. First, Mikel says, her
relationship with her girls was “pre-adoptive” rather than “temporary.” But under Tennessee
law, foster relationships, pre-adoptive or not, are designed to be temporary. Dawn Coppock,
Coppock on Tennessee Adoption Law 226–27 (7th ed. 2017).                The temporary nature of
Tennessee foster placements “provides sufficient notice” to foster parents like Mikel “that their
rights are limited.” Renfro, 884 F.2d at 944.

        Second, Mikel continues, a court had terminated the girls’ biological parents’ rights
before Mikel took custody of them. Terminating the girls’ parents’ rights is a necessary step on
the path to adoption. Diminishing the girls’ biological parents’ rights, however, does not greatly
expand Mikel’s. Mikel’s relationship with the girls remains “created by state and contractual
agreements” regardless of the girls’ biological parents’ rights. Id.

        Third, Mikel concludes, Tennessee law gives foster parents preference in adoption
proceedings. Undeniably, Tennessee law affords greater protections to foster parents than the
Ohio rules at issue in Renfro. But the first preference to adopt that Tennessee law gives to foster
parents does not, on our view, entitle them to the same constitutional protections as natural or
 No. 22-5329                          Mikel v. Quin, et al.                                 Page 10

adoptive parents. It also does not change the reality that Mikel’s relationship is circumscribed by
state and contractual agreements.

       Out-of-circuit cases do not change this conclusion. Mikel relies most heavily on Elwell v.
Byers, 699 F.3d 1208, 1217 (10th Cir. 2012), where a foster family had “cared for [a foster child]
nearly his entire life and [was] on the verge of adopting him,” and a state court had previously
approved the family’s “adoption plan.” Id. The Tenth Circuit held that this arrangement created
a liberty interest. Id. But to recite these facts distinguishes them. Mikel did not care for the girls
for their entire lives, and her adoption plan did not make it out of the starting gate. We need not
decide whether a different conclusion would apply if the facts changed so materially.

       Rivera v. Marcus, 696 F.2d 1016 (2d Cir. 1982), is further afield. In Rivera, a woman
had fostered her half-brother and sister. Id. at 1024. She had lived “as a family” with the
children for many years before entering into a formal foster arrangement, and the biological
mother had “expressly asked” the claimant to parent the children. Id. The Second Circuit found
a constitutional liberty interest. Id. at 1024–25. Here, by contrast, Mikel neither lived with nor
shared a blood relationship with the girls before taking custody of them as a foster parent.

       Mikel’s other out-of-circuit cases, if anything, cut against her position. See, e.g., Lofton
v. Sec’y of Dep’t of Child. & Fam. Servs., 358 F.3d 804, 814 (11th Cir. 2004) (rejecting view that
foster parents possess liberty interests in foster relationships because, in regulating foster
relationships, “the state is not interfering with natural family units that exist independent of its
power, but is regulating ones created by it”). Other out-of-circuit cases squarely reject views
analogous to Mikel’s. See, e.g., Rodriguez v. McLoughlin, 214 F.3d 328, 337 (2d Cir. 2000)
(holding that no liberty interest arises in foster arrangements between “biologically unrelated”
persons, and distinguishing Rivera because it involved a blood relationship).

       Tennessee law. Tennessee law might also vest Mikel with a liberty interest in foster
parenting. “State-created liberty interests arise when a state places substantive limitations on
official discretion.” Tony L. ex rel. Simpson v. Childers, 71 F.3d 1182, 1185 (6th Cir. 1995)
(quotations omitted).     A statute places substantive limits on official discretion when it
(1) contains mandatory language (2) requiring specific substantive outcomes (3) when specific
 No. 22-5329                         Mikel v. Quin, et al.                              Page 11

substantive predicates are met. See, e.g., Fields v. Henry County, 701 F.3d 180, 186 (6th Cir.
2012).

         Mikel offers no rule of Tennessee law that passes this test. Mikel principally cites
statutes and Department rules that, she says, required the Department to offer notice and a
hearing before taking away the girls. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-2-415(a)(16); Tenn. Dep’t
Childs. Servs. Admin. Pol’ys & Procs. 16.27. Bare notice or hearing requirements, however, do
not make substantive outcomes contingent on substantive predicates. See, e.g., Fields, 701 F.3d
at 186 (hearing); Pusey v. City of Youngstown, 11 F.3d 652, 656 (6th Cir. 1993) (notice). They
make substantive outcomes contingent on procedural predicates—the adequacy of notice or a
hearing. Even if Omni violated Mikel’s procedural rights under Tennessee law, that did not
mean it violated her federal due process rights.

         Mikel also says that Omni lacked authority under Tennessee law to remove the girls, that
its removal lacked an evidentiary basis, and that it justified its removal using testimony that
would have been inadmissible under the Federal and Tennessee Rules of Evidence. Even if
Mikel were right as to each point, none of these facts helps her state a claim under § 1983. See,
e.g., Stanley v. Vining, 602 F.3d 767, 769 (6th Cir. 2010) (“[V]iolation of a state statute or
regulation is insufficient alone to make a claim cognizable under § 1983.”).

         We affirm.