Court Opinion

ID: 9369050
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-02-07 18:03:42.756431+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:16:12.299463
License: Public Domain

Filed 2/7/23 Alcaraz v. DMW Industries CA5

                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                       FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

 RAUL ALCARAZ et al.,
                                                                                             F082417
           Plaintiffs and Appellants,
                                                                            (Super. Ct. No. BCV-15-100055)
                    v.

 DMW INDUSTRIES, INC.,                                                                    OPINION
           Defendant and Respondent.

         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Kern County. Stephen D.
Schuett, Judge.
         Justice Law Corporation, Douglas Han, Shunt Tatavos-Gharajeh, and Talia Lux
for Plaintiffs and Appellants.
         Belden Blaine Raytis, T. Scott Belden, and Kaleb L. Judy; Hodges Law Group and
Nathan M. Hodges for Defendant and Respondent.
                                                        -ooOoo-
                                    INTRODUCTION
       Plaintiffs/appellants Raul Alcaraz and Robert Mann1 (collectively, “plaintiffs”)
appeal from an order of the Kern County Superior Court denying plaintiffs’ motion for
class certification in connection with various class action claims asserted against
plaintiffs’ former employer, defendant/respondent DMW Industries, Inc. (DMW). We
affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings.
                                        PREFACE
       In the following opinion, we conclude, among other things, that certain class
claims at issue present predominant common questions of law and fact with regard to
liability whereas others do not. In doing so, however, we wish to clearly state that our
opinion should not be construed as directing the trial court to certify the class for each, or
any, of those class claims. Rather, we remand to the trial court to continue its analysis of
the remaining considerations relevant to class certification.
       We also note that, in denying class certification for the claims we identify herein
as presenting predominant common questions of law and fact (the rest and meal break
claims and steel-toe boot reimbursement claims), the trial court identified numerous
considerations that will remain relevant to the rest and meal break claims once the court
resumes its analysis and which the court will need to consider anew. However, as
discussed herein, we view those considerations as relating primarily to the manageability
of individual issues related to damages, rather than whether common questions of law

       1 The notice of appeal filed in this matter only identifies plaintiff Raul Alcaraz as
“Plaintiff/Petitioner.” (Some capitalization omitted.) However, the original briefing in
this matter identified both Mann and Alcaraz as appellants. At oral argument, plaintiffs’
counsel advised that, after briefing in this matter was completed, plaintiffs’ counsel lost
all contact with Mann and that the appeal “at this juncture” should be considered as being
brought by Alcaraz. Based on this concession, we acknowledge Mann has abandoned the
appeal. Notwithstanding, because this concession appears to be premised on facts that
occurred after appellate briefing was completed, we continue to refer to appellants using
the plural term “plaintiffs.”

                                              2.
and fact predominate as to liability issues. Because “we analyze the propriety of an order
denying class certification based solely on the lower court’s stated reason for [its]
decision” and “ignore any other grounds which might support denial” (Weinstat v.
Dentsply Internat., Inc. (2010) 180 Cal.App.4th 1213, 1223–1224), we are precluded
from ruling on the manageability of individual issues independent of the trial court. The
trial court is best positioned to make such judgment calls.
       Finally, we wish to acknowledge the relatively unusual nature of DMW employee
field work. Without making any findings or pronouncements in that regard, we
acknowledge issues pertaining to class certification may be complicated by the nature of
their work. Again, the trial court is best positioned to assess these issues and their
significance with regard to class certification.
                  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       Plaintiffs are former employees of DMW, an oilfield welding services operation
headquartered in Bakersfield, California.
I.     THE PLEADINGS
       On May 14, 2015, Alcaraz filed a class action complaint against DMW and Does 1
through 50 alleging various causes of action for Labor Code violations, and unfair and
unlawful business practices under Business and Professions Code section 17200 (section
17200 claim). The complaint also included a cause of action under the Labor Code
Private Attorneys General Act of 2004 (PAGA) (Lab. Code, § 2698 et seq.).2 On
July 15, 2015, DMW demurred to the complaint in lieu of filing an answer.
       On September 18, 2015, plaintiffs filed a first amended class action complaint
alleging the same or similar causes of action. It was at that time that Mann, also a former
employee of DMW, was first joined as a named plaintiff in the case.

       2All subsequent statutory references are to the Labor Code unless stated
otherwise.

                                              3.
       On November 18, 2015, upon the parties’ stipulation, the trial court granted
plaintiffs leave to file a second amended complaint which was filed that same day. The
recitals in the parties’ stipulation indicate they had reached an agreement the amendments
would “reflect that . . . Alcaraz is bringing the sixth cause of action for PAGA, and that
. . . Mann is bringing the class claims . . . .”
       The complaint was amended several times thereafter culminating in plaintiffs’
fifth amended class action complaint (governing complaint) filed on November 20, 2018.
As with the preceding versions, the fifth amended complaint alleged the same or similar
causes of action as the initial complaint.
       On December 26, 2018, DMW answered the governing complaint. It generally
denied plaintiffs’ claims and alleged 26 affirmative defenses.
       On June 25, 2020, plaintiffs filed a motion for class certification. On December 4,
2020, the trial court issued its ruling to deny plaintiffs’ motion. The order adopting the
court’s ruling was entered on January 14, 2021, and notice of its entry was given on
February 1, 2021. (We refer to the order and the ruling upon which it was based as the
“subject order.”)
       On February 16, 2021, upon the request of Alcaraz, the clerk of court dismissed
Alcaraz’s PAGA claim without prejudice.
       On February 18, 2021, plaintiffs timely appealed the subject order. 3
II.    FACTUAL ALLEGATIONS IN THE G OVERNING COMPLAINT
       The following allegations are contained in the governing complaint.
       Alcaraz was employed by DMW from September 2013 to March 2015, as “an
hourly-paid, non-exempt employee” in various capacities including as a “driver, a
‘trailer’, and a fire watchperson.” His duties in these roles included “driving hauls back
and forth between locations, prepar[ing] and inspect[ing] trucks, gather[ing] and

       3   See footnote 1, ante.

                                                   4.
inspect[ing] equipment and tools, load[ing] and unload[ing] trailers, conduct[ing] fire
watch duties for [d]efendant’s welding department, and monitor[ing] for possible fires
and safety issues.”
       Mann was employed by defendants from June 2011 to December 2013, as “an
hourly-paid, non-exempt employee” in various capacities including as a “driver, welder,
and general welder.” His duties in these roles included “perform[ing] field welding and
shop welding, [driving] and operat[ing] trucks, prepar[ing] and inspect[ing] trucks, and
perform[ing] general labor.”
       A.     First Cause of Action Regarding Meal Period and Rest Period Wages
       In the first cause of action, Mann alleges that he, the class, and affected subclass
members “had the right to take a 10-minute rest break for every four (4) hours worked or
major fraction thereof, and a 30-minute meal period for every five (5) hours worked”;
and that DMW “as a pattern and practice, . . . would regularly require . . . Mann and other
employees to work shifts exceeding 10 hours and did not provide [them] with meal
periods and rest breaks according to the time periods outlined in . . . [sections] 226.7,
[and] 512, [or] provide proper compensation for this failure . . . .”
       Mann alleges DMW instructed its employees “to record that they took meal and
rest periods” even when they did not, and when they were “provided with meal and rest
periods, [employees] would regularly be rushed, pressed to cut-short [sic] or interrupted
and were not paid the proper [wage] premiums for these violations.” Mann also alleges
DMW failed to provide employees with required cool-down rest periods to protect them
against heat illness and did not compensate them for these violations.
       B.     Second Cause of Action Regarding Overtime Wages
       In the second cause of action, Mann alleges that DMW “was required to
compensate [its] non-exempt employees minimum wages for all hours worked and
overtime wages for all hours worked in excess of eight (8) hours in a day or forty (40)
hours in a workweek”; and that “as a pattern and practice . . . DMW . . . regularly

                                              5.
required . . . Mann and other employees to work in excess” of those amounts, “regularly
miscalculated overtime compensation by failing to pay daily overtime after eight hours
per day,” and would only compensate its employees for time billed to DMW’s clients
rather than for actual time worked. He alleges DMW engaged in a pattern and practice of
“requiring employees to arrive earlier than their shift to perform pre-shift work” without
compensation and to “remain ‘on-call’ with a restrictive response time, which required
. . . [employees] to remain within a short distance from [DMW’s] yard.” He alleges
DMW failed to compensate its employees for “time spent performing pre-shift work” and
“for remaining on-call and for responding to on-call time.” Mann contends these patterns
and practices violated sections 510 and 1194.
       C.     Third Cause of Action Regarding Waiting Time Penalties
       In the third cause of action, Mann alleges DMW “was required to pay its
employees all wages owed in a timely fashion at the end of employment pursuant to . . .
[sections] 201 to 204” and, as a result of these violations, DMW “regularly failed to pay
[them] their final wages . . . and accordingly owe waiting time penalties pursuant to . . .
[section] 203.” These claims are alleged to be derivative of those alleged in the first and
second causes of action.
       D.     Fourth Cause of Action Regarding Record Keeping
       In the fourth cause of action, Mann alleges DMW “failed . . . to keep accurate
records regarding the rates of pay for their California employees.” The claim is
derivative of those alleged in the first and second causes of action. Mann contends the
practice violates subdivision (a) of section 226 entitling him and other class members to
damages and/or penalties, interest thereon, reasonable attorney’s fees, and costs of suit.
       E.     Fifth Cause of Action Regarding Business Expenses
       In the fifth cause of action, Mann alleges that DMW “was required to indemnify
[its] employees for all necessary expenditures or losses incurred in direct consequence of
the discharge of [their] duties, or of [their] obedience to the directions of [DMW]

                                             6.
pursuant to . . . [section] 2802”; and that DMW violated said statute by requiring its
employees “to purchase and provide their own safety equipment including, but not
limited to steel toe boots, travel reimbursement to off-site training sessions, mileage
reimbursement for responding to on-call schedule, laundering [their] own uniforms, and
mileage for out-of-town travel.” Mann contends the practice violates section 2802 and
entitles him and other class members to damages and/or penalties, interest thereon,
reasonable attorney’s fees, and costs of suit.
       F.     Sixth Cause of Action (PAGA claim)
       The sixth cause of action is a PAGA claim brought by Alcaraz. This claim is not
at issue on appeal.
       G.     Seventh Cause of Action (section 17200 claim)
       In the seventh cause of action, Mann alleges the previously alleged violations
“constitute[] unfair, unlawful competition and provides an unfair advantage over
[DMW’s] competitors” in violation of Business and Professions Code section 17200 et
seq., and entitles him and other class members to “full restitution of monies . . . to restore
any and all monies withheld, acquired and/or converted by [DMW] by means of” said
practices.
III.   CLASS CERTIFICATION PROCEEDINGS
       On January 23, 2017, the trial court issued a Joint Case Management Order [sic]
and Order (boldface & some capitalization omitted) (case management order) adopting
the parties’ Joint Case Management Statement. The case management order noted the
“parties engaged in a Belair[4 ] opt-out procedure in order for [p]laintiffs to be able to
obtain class contact information,” and the parties’ agreement that a class certification
motion should be delayed due to settlement discussions.

       4 Belaire-West Landscape, Inc. v. Superior Court (2007) 149 Cal.App.4th 554
(Belaire).

                                                 7.
       On June 25, 2020, plaintiffs filed a motion to certify proposed class and subclasses
for the class action claims. Specifically, plaintiffs sought an ord er certifying a class
described as follows: “all current and former California-based hourly-paid or non-
exempt field employees who worked for [DMW] at any time during the period from
May 14, 2011 to class certification” (overarching class). In addition, plaintiffs sought
certification of the following subclasses:

              “(a)    Meal Period Subclass: all Defendant’s non-exempt
                      employees who worked one or more shifts in excess of six (6)
                      hours in California who were not provided a 30-minute break
                      during which they were relieved of all duties, during the
                      period from May 14, 2011 to the present;

              “(b)    Alternative Meal Period Subclass: all Defendant[’s] non-
                      exempt employees who worked one or more shifts in excess
                      of twelve (12) hours in California who were not provided a
                      30-minute break during which they were relieved of all
                      duties, during the period from May 14, 2011 to the present [5 ];

              “(c)    Rest Break Subclass: all Defendant[’s] non-exempt
                      employees who worked one or more shifts of three and one-
                      half (3.5) hours or more in California who were not provided
                      a 10-minute break during which they were relieved of all
                      duties, during the period from May 14, 2011 to the present;

              “(d)    Overtime Subclass: all Defendant[’s] non-exempt employees
                      who worked in excess of eight (8) hours in a day or forty (40)
                      hours in a week, during the period from May 14, 2011 to the
                      present;

              “(e)    Minimum Wage Subclass: all Defendant[’s] non-exempt
                      employees who worked in California and were not properly
                      paid all minimum wages during the period from May 14,
                      2011 to the present[;]

              “(f)    Business Expense Reimbursement Subclass: all
                      Defendant[’s] non-exempt employees who worked in

       5  For purposes of this opinion, we consider and treat the meal period and
alternative meal period subclasses and claims collectively.

                                              8.
                     California and incurred business expenses that were not
                     reimbursed during the period from May 14, 2011 to the
                     present.”
       A.     Plaintiffs’ Evidence in Support of the Class Certification Motion
       In support of the motion, plaintiffs’ attorney, Daniel J. Park, filed a declaration
outlining, among other things, his qualifications as an attorney and his experience in
handling class action cases and representative PAGA matters. He also averred “[i]n or
around March, 2016, Simpluris Inc., the third party administrator selected by the parties
to administer the Belaire process, sent notices to the 155 class members on the class list
Defendant provided Simpluris.” In addition, he authenticated declarations obtained from
several putative class members, excerpts from the deposition of David Martin Miller (i.e.,
DMW’s principal),6 documents produced by DMW in discovery including DMW’s
“Company Policy Handbook—II Edition” (2011 handbook); DMW’s “Employee
Handbook—DMW Industries, Inc.—Revised August 2014” (2014 handbook); and
“weekly pay records with corresponding handwritten time sheets, job completion forms,
and job and time summaries for the week of work . . . .”
              1. Former DMW Employee Declarations—Putative Class Members
       In support of their class certification motion, plaintiffs offered the declarations of
four former DMW employees, Salvador Castillo, Carlos Gomez, Nicholas Beavers, and
Michael O’Neill. Except for minor variations and occasional facts specific to each
declarant’s job or experience, the declarations are largely identical. The substance of
those declarations is set forth below.
       Each of the declarants worked “predominantly in the field on wells and rigs on oil
leases in Kern County.” Castillo worked for DMW “in or about 2015 to 2016” as a “fire

       6Miller was substituted in as a defendant for defendant Doe 1 on May 13, 2016, in
connection with the PAGA cause of action only. The record reveals Miller demurred to
the PAGA cause of action on December 26, 2018, and that he was removed as a
defendant on December 10, 2019. As mentioned, the PAGA cause of action was
dismissed without prejudice prior to the appeal.

                                              9.
watch, welder helper, welder and tool mover.”7 Gomez worked for DMW “in or about
2009 to December 2015” as a “fire watch, welder helper, welder and tool mover.”
Beavers worked for DMW “in or about 2012 to 2015” as a “welder’s helper and lead
man.” O’Neill worked for DMW “from about November, 2013 to April, 2015” as a “fire
watch, a hydro testing hand, and hydro tester.”
       Each declarant averred he “never received payment of a meal break premium or
rest break premium” and was “not told what these were by DMW.” None of the
declarants worked a “set weekly schedule.”
       Each declarant stated, “DMW routinely failed to provide [him] with 30-minute or
60-minute off-duty meal breaks and 10-minute off-duty rest breaks. The workload was
heavy and the nature of the work would not allow [him] to take a meal or rest break.”
The declarants explained that when a welder begins to weld, workers cannot take breaks
because it will “jeopardize the final product” and “potentially ruin a well head.” “Taking
breaks during the welding process would also result in excessive billing and inefficient
use of time, as stopping the process and reheating the metal to get it to the right
temperature would waste time.” The employees had to constantly monitor the welding
process and the client’s “man on-site monitored” the workers.
       There would be occasions for “downtime”—“typically available only when we
were in between jobs or arrived at a job site” when, for example, cement was being
poured. “Therefore, DMW had no official meal and rest break policy . . . other than
instructions from DMW’s dispatch to eat something along the way to the next job site or
if downtime allowed.” They were not permitted to leave the jobsite during downtime
because they “had to be present and ready to immediately resume work when welding
was required.” The only time they were permitted to leave for a break was when the

       7
       Castillo would later admit at deposition he did not work as a welder while
employed at DMW.

                                             10.
client’s company man on-site specifically authorized it, which was rare. If they worked
more than 10 hours in a shift, they were “never provided . . . a second 30-minute off-duty
meal break” and were never paid for breaks they were not allowed to take.
       Their work hours would be communicated to them on their personal cell phones
from DMW’s dispatch. They were required to respond “within 30 to 45 minutes”—even
on days off. Dispatch would instruct them to “report to DMW’s yard . . . at a specified
time, usually within one (1) hour” for eventual dispatch to an off-site job. Before their
day was through, they would “regularly receive[] another call or text from dispatch on
[their] personal cell phone with information” for the next job or were expected to call
dispatch to see if there was another job to report to.
       When off work but “on-call,” if the declarants did not respond to dispatch within
the required time, they would be reprimanded. If they did not respond at all, their hours
would be cut “so that [they] would be starved out of work.” “Based on [their]
observations and conversations with supervisors and dispatch,” if an employee did not
take the call, declined work, or failed to respond, those employees “were starved out and
eventually fired.” According to some, this was per “instructions by . . . Miller.” Castillo
averred he was personally instructed by Miller “not to travel anywhere that exceeds a
thirty (30) minute drive while on-call” and that he was required to notify dispatch if he
had to travel while on call. On one occasion Castillo was verbally reprimanded when he
could not work due to childcare responsibilities and was told by Miller he “had to be
available to work at all times.” The declarants were “never compensated for time spent
on-call.”
       Each declarant averred he “regularly worked shifts longer than twelve (12) hours”
and would frequently work “consecutive days for a total of 70 to 80 hours during a
week.” Each declarant stated, “with DMW’s timekeeping, a shift’s hours [were] reset
overnight at midnight so that even if I worked through the night, a new day’s shift started

                                             11.
while [he] was on the clock.” The declarants do not explain the relevance of this
contention or how it impacted them.
       The declarants were required to record the hours they worked on timecards to be
turned in to DMW’s payroll department but were not allowed to record all the actual
hours they worked. They were instructed on the number of hours to record by DMW
dispatch and payroll based on what the welder on the job recorded. They were never
compensated for the full amount of time necessary to “perform preparatory work” such as
the time it took them to don personal protective equipment (i.e., “steel-toed boots,
hardhats, glasses, gloves, and fire retardant clothing”), to “gather[] tools,” and “conduct[]
a pre-shift vehicle inspection.” O’Neill stated he was “instructed by payroll to round the
time down to the nearest 30-minute interval instead of the time [he] arrived at the
yard. . . . [E]verything was rounded to the nearest 30 minutes.”
       DMW payroll required the declarants to report that they took “meal breaks after
every fifth hour when [they] worked in the field” even though they did not receive a
break. They were instructed that they would not get paid unless they reported meal
breaks as instructed. In a supplemental declaration, Castillo also averred he was required
to attend weekly safety meetings but was instructed by Miller not to record the time he
spent in those meetings.
       DMW withheld the declarants’ paychecks if they failed to provide payroll with
“job tickets”—documents provided to them by the DMW client for whom they were
performing work which reflected the “number of hours that were charged for the job.”
The DMW welders would complete the job tickets and the declarants would copy the
information onto their timecards. The declarants were required to conduct job safety
analyses prior to entering a jobsite and throughout their work on the site and, at the end of
their shift, were required to complete related paperwork. They were not compensated for
performing this paperwork.

                                             12.
       DMW required declarants to wear personal protective equipment such as fire-
retardant clothing and steel-toe boots which they purchased for themselves. They were
never reimbursed for all such purchases or for company-related cell phone usage.
       The declarants averred that when their respective employments were terminated,
DMW failed to pay them the wages they were owed, including for “off-the-clock work
. . . and meal and rest premiums” and has still failed to pay those wages.
              2. Declaration of Plaintiff Raul Alcaraz
       Alcaraz stated he worked “one or more shifts over three and a half hours in
length,” “one or more shifts between six and eight hours in length,” and “one or more
shifts greater than ten hours in length,” and “never received payment of a meal break
premium or rest break premium.” His declaration is largely identical to declarations of
Castillo, Gomez, Beavers, and O’Neill, except he also discusses his suitability as a class
representative—notwithstanding the fact all class claims, by stipulation, were brought by
Mann. Alcaraz stated he knows he has the following duties: “a. Represent the interests
of all members of the Class; [¶] b. Always consider the interests of the Class just as I
would consider my own interests, and put the interests of the Class before my own
interests[; ¶] c. This means that I am a fiduciary of the Class that I understand to mean I
cannot ‘sell out’ the Class for my own personal gain; [¶] d. Always actively participate
in the lawsuit by, amongst other things, searching for documents, keeping in contact with
my attorneys and answering their questions as needed—which I believe I have done so
far; . . . [¶] e. Follow the progress of the lawsuit and provide all relevant facts to my
attorneys[; and ¶] f. In short, I understand I am pursuing claims on behalf of people that
may not want to or may be unable to file their own lawsuits.” He continued, “I have
spent a substantial amount of time on this litigation. Among other things, I searched for
documents as part of my duty as a plaintiff, I consult with my attorneys on a regular
basis, and I assisted my attorneys in preparing this declaration.”

                                             13.
              3. DMW Policy Handbooks and Pay-related Records
       Plaintiffs submitted portions of DMW’s 2011 handbook and 2014 handbook and
provided time sheets, job completion forms and pay records they contend constitute
“prima facie evidence of a uniform practice applicable to all class members.” The trial
court sustained DMW’s objections to the time sheets, job completion forms and pay
records.8 On appeal, plaintiffs do not challenge the trial court’s ruling on DMW’s
objections.
              4. Deposition of Miller
       Miller was deposed in his individual capacity and as the “PMK on behalf of
DMW . . . .”9 (Some capitalization omitted.) He testified DMW “employees are paid
from the time they get to the yard to the time they leave.” He confirmed DMW does not
pay its employees for “on-call” time. He confirmed DMW’s policy “in 2011 through
2014” was that “ ‘when working conditions permit impending [sic] a supervisor’s
approval, employees are entitled to one ten-minute break for every four hours worked.’ ”
He noted that DMW’s policy is, as reflected in the 2011 handbook, employees “will get
their break . . . anywhere from two hours to four hours” and that “they have to work
around the specific job that they’re on. And that’s why it says supervisor’s approval.”
The 2011 handbook reads, in relevant part: “[w]hen working conditions permit, and
pending a supervisor’s approval, employees are entitled to one 10 minute break for every
4 hours worked.” The 2011 handbook also reads, in part: “Meal periods are for 60
minutes, and specific times must be approved by a supervisor.” However, Miller testified

       8DMW objected on grounds of hearsay, lack of foundation, lack of authentication,
and lack of personal knowledge.
       9 PMK commonly refers to the “person most knowledgeable” or “person most
qualified” to testify at deposition on behalf of an entity as to specified matters. (Code
Civ. Proc., § 2025.230.)

                                             14.
this provision applied only to office employees. Employees working in the field received
30-minute meal breaks.
       B.      DMW’s Evidence in Opposition to the Class Certification Motion
               1. Deposition Testimony of Plaintiffs’ Declarants
       DMW submitted excerpts from the deposition testimony of declarants Castillo,
Gomez, Beavers, O’Neill, and Alcaraz in opposition to plaintiffs’ class certification
motion.
               a. Castillo Deposition
       Castillo testified that welding a “starter head” would typically take two to four
hours. At the end of every job, he would turn in “rig tickets” which reflected the number
of hours worked on a specific job. If a job took an hour or two, DMW still charged a
minimum of four hours for the job but the employee only got paid for the hour or two
worked. Castillo completed his timecards daily and turned them in weekly. If he did not
put a lunch time hour or when he took breaks on his timecard, he would be called to the
office to fill in the missing time.
       Castillo acknowledged receiving a boot voucher from a particular store to obtain
work boots but they never had his size. As a result, he purchased other work boots with
his own money.
               b. Gomez Deposition
       Gomez testified his typical crew size was seven people but could be as few as two
persons counting himself. Two-person jobs typically took two to three hours to
complete. On a four-job stint, which the company charged for 16 hours, Gomez would
probably work 12 hours. The remainder of his time was spent driving.
       Although he logged meal periods on his timecards, Gomez never received a lunch
break when out in the field during his six years of employment at DMW. He was
informed by DMW personnel that he would not get paid unless he wrote those meal
periods on his timecards. He testified he was paid “from the moment [they] entered until

                                            15.
the moment [they] got out, but [they] also started before that to prep what [they] needed
to prep.” They were not paid for that prep time. Similarly, they were not paid for time
spent on the job unloading once they returned to the yard.
       Gomez acknowledged receiving an allowance for boots “maybe three, four times.”
              c. Beavers Deposition
       Beavers testified that at times he was compensated by DMW starting from the
moment he arrived at the DMW yard and that, at other times, he was only compensated
starting from the time he left the DMW yard to go to a jobsite. In the latter case, he
would not be compensated for preparing to leave for the jobsite—i.e., “getting stuff
ready, wellheads, leads, welding rods for the welder, [and] stuff like that.” He estimated
the latter case occurred anywhere from 50 percent to 60 percent of the time. He did not
typically get paid for work that occurred after he returned to the yard —e.g., setting up for
an upcoming job. He estimated he did not get paid for such time after returning from a
jobsite approximately 60 percent of the time.
       Beavers testified he did receive a boot voucher one time during his employment
with DMW.
              d. O’Neill Deposition
       O’Neill testified he was paid from the time he showed up at the DMW yard to the
time he left the yard and that he was, in fact, compensated for work performed at the yard
including prep work.
              e. Alcaraz Deposition
       Alcaraz testified he started looking for an attorney to represent him in connection
with his grievances against DMW after DMW began reducing his hours. He had to apply
for unemployment insurance because he was unable to get 40 hours of work. He
speculated he “got on one of the supervisor’s bad side or dispatch’s bad side” and that
DMW was starting to “starve [him] out.” He believes he was wrongfully terminated,
“personally being victimized,” and “targeted.”

                                             16.
        Alcaraz never complained to DMW office personnel about DMW’s compensation
practices. He indicated it was the general complaint of his coworkers that “if you rocked
the boat over there, they are going to get rid of you.” However, he was unable to name
anyone in particular who had been let go because they “rocked the boat.”
        If he had a “scheduled” day off, he could still be called to work, but could decline
going to work. If he was scheduled to work and declined, he indicated “they will starve
you out.”
        He confirmed receiving a $200 voucher for steel-toe safety boots on a single
occasion. However, all the boots were more than $200, so he had to come up with the
remainder out of his own pocket. He had to buy at least four pairs of boots using his own
money.
        Alcaraz confirmed his signature on an “Arbitration Agreement/Acknowledgment.”
(Boldface omitted.) He did not recall signing the arbitration agreement or having it
explained to him but believes he was forced to sign it in order to pick up his paycheck
because “[t]hat’s how they usually did it” when they needed an employee to sign a
document. The arbitration agreement, signed by Alcaraz on August 13, 2014, reads, in
part:

        “[T]here will be no right or authority for any dispute to be brought,
        heard or arbitrated as a class, collective or representative action.
        (‘Class Action Waiver’). Notwithstanding any other clause contained in
        this Agreement, the preceding sentence shall not be severable from this
        Agreement in any case in which the dispute to be arbitrated is brought as a
        class, collective or representative action. . . . Notwithstanding any other
        clause contained in this Agreement, any claim that all or part of the Class
        Action Waiver is unenforceable, unconscionable, void or voidable may be
        determined only by a court of competent jurisdiction and not by an
        arbitrator.”
        At the time of his deposition, Alcaraz indicated he had not spoken with his
coplaintiff, Mann, for about a year.

                                             17.
              2. DMW’s Declarations of Current and Former DMW Employees
              a. Field Employee Declarations
       DMW submitted declarations from a number of its current and former employees
including five field employees. With varying levels of specificity, each of the field
employees averred they were paid for all time worked for DMW. Those that made
mention of attending safety meetings, training, and drug testing, or performing work
before leaving to a jobsite or after returning from a jobsite, all averred they were paid for
their time. Some specifically mentioned their understanding they were to be paid from
the moment they arrived at the DMW yard to the time they left the yard at the end of the
day. Some mentioned adding additional time to their timecards to allow for any
additional work at the end of the day, or to match a customer’s “four-hour minimum
arrangement with DMW.” Some mentioned rounding time up or down to the nearest half
hour. At least two of the field employees stated that, when they had noticed their
compensation did not match the hours they actually worked, DMW corrected the error.
       The field employees were relatively consistent in stating there was enough time to
take lunch breaks and rest breaks during downtime or standby time. However, one
declarant stated “[s]ome days are busy and there is hardly time for a break” but also noted
“some days you’ll spend five or ten hours sitting in the truck with nothing to do.” Some
expressly stated no one at DMW told them when they could or could not take a break,
and that the policy was to “take them when you can.” As one declarant described it, “The
Drill Site Manager would always let you know what was going on so you could plan
around when they actually needed you.” Another stated DMW told him he “was
supposed to take a lunch for every five hours of work” but that many employees did not
take a “formal lunch.” He indicated he never kept track of his lunch time because “most
of the ‘work’ was just sitting in the truck waiting for the rig to be ready for us.” He “just
wrote down that [he] took a break every five hours.” No one told him he could not leave
a jobsite for a meal break “but that was kind of a gray area. [He] did not usually feel like

                                             18.
[he] could leave, and most of the time [he] had [his] lunch with [him], so [he] didn’t want
to leave.” Another stated, he was never told he could not leave a jobsite, but most of the
time it would not be possible to leave a jobsite and get back within a half an hour.
       With regard to issues raised by plaintiffs’ reimbursement claims, four field
employees stated DMW gave them fire-retardant clothing or a “uniform.” Some stated
they already had steel-toe boots and several noted DMW provided them with vouchers
for steel-toe boots either yearly or in “[s]ome years.” Some declarants noted DMW
provided them with cell phones. Others noted DMW did not supply them with cell
phones but acknowledged cell phones were not required—DMW simply needed a means
of contacting them.
       One declarant, Brandon Green, also worked as a dispatcher for a period of time
with DMW. According to his declaration, off-site jobs would get scheduled when a
“Drill Site Manager managing a rig in the field” would call and tell DMW it needed a
crew. Typically, DMW would receive four hours’ notice to get a crew on-site but it
could be as little as two hours’ notice. DMW would then figure out which employees
should respond based on “things like who was working that day, who had been out all
night on a long job, who was already going to be working close by, etc.” DMW would
then call or text the employees. “If someone did not respond to dispatch[, he] would
simply go on to the next person” and put the nonresponding employee on the bottom of
the call list—the only “consequence[] for an isolated incident.” “If it happened
repeatedly management would get involved.” At some point, DMW “moved to a more
formal system where[,] instead of just calling dispatch and asking for time off[,] people
would have set days off every week, and they could trade them with other people or
request other times off with a form.”
              b. Emily Pittman
       Emily Pittman worked for DMW in various administrative positions from 2010 to
January 2019. During her first few years at DMW she was required to review all

                                            19.
employee timesheets and “worked closely with dispatch” to make sure they were
accurate. She averred field employees got paid from the moment they arrived at the yard
to start the day and would continue to get paid until they left the yard after returning from
a jobsite. All time, including preparation time and unloading time was paid. If there was
a problem with an employee’s paycheck, it would get fixed “right away.” Moreover, she
never heard any complaints from field workers that they were unable to take meal or rest
breaks.
          Pittman stated, “DMW did not require most employees to have a cell phone.”
“[D]ispatch would call employees at whatever number the employee supplied.”
                c. Megan Miller-Julien
          Megan Miller-Julien was the vice-president of operations for DMW. She oversaw
“billing, safety, payroll and HR departments.” From 2011 to the date of her declaration,
she worked with DMW’s administrative staff. She was “generally . . . responsible for
employee onboarding.” She stated DMW has posted “standard California and Federal
employment notices” and “Wage Order 16” to inform DMW employees of their
employment rights including, without limitation, “their right to minimum wage,”
“overtime pay, and meal and rest breaks.”
          Miller-Julien explained that DMW employees use paper timecards to log their
hours for the week. In addition, DMW uses “daily job-completion form (‘JCF’) for each
job they are working on.” Typically, the lead person on the job will complete the JCF for
the group. JCF’s are used “to create estimates and invoices” and “to create a calendar for
each employee showing the hours they worked in the week.” The JCF, calendar, and
timecards “are all verified against each other.” Discrepancies between them are
addressed to the employees and, if corrections are necessary, the employee initials the
correction. If an employee claims his or her pay is short, DMW investigates and, if
substantiated, DMW fixes the problem.

                                             20.
        Miller-Julien averred that “DMW’s policy is that employees are paid ‘gate to
gate’. This means that as soon as they come in the gate to the facility they are on the
clock, and they stay on the clock until they go out the gate to go home for the day.”
(Boldface omitted.) “Employees generally round the time they write to the nearest half-
hour.” She denied telling employees that “ ‘gate to gate’ meant they were not getting
paid for their time in the yard getting ready for their first job, or after they got back to the
yard for the day.” “DMW employees are advised of the exact opposite.” She denies
telling employees “to record less time on their timecards than they actually worked.” She
denied ever telling employees to “falsify their timecards,” to “write down that they had
taken a meal, even if they had not,” or “what time to write down regarding when they
took a meal.”
        Miller-Julien indicated employees are instructed to take meal breaks and to record
them on their timecards. “Given the kind of work DMW does, we expect field
employees to take their breaks around their hands-on work.” In 2013, DMW revised its
timecards to reflect DMW’s policy that employees exercise their right to rest and meal
breaks. Since then, “employees could note right on their timecard if they had missed a
break.” “In 2014 [DMW] revised the employee handbook to bring it in line with
California law” and to “reflect the actual policy in place.” All time spent completing
paperwork and attending safety meetings, drug/alcohol testing, and training is on paid
time.
        According to Miller-Julien, “DMW provides all field employees with fire-resistant
uniforms to wear” as well as “hard hats, safety glasses, gloves, and all other safety-
related clothing and equipment.” DMW’s “expectation is that employees show up
wearing their work clothes, which are simply pants and a shirt, and boots.” DMW
supplies cell phones to some employees but does not require other employees to own a
cell phone. Employees do need some sort of telephone in order for dispatch to schedule
them for work.

                                              21.
               d. Miller
       Miller was the president and chief executive officer of DMW. He owns DMW
with his spouse and oversees DMW’s day-to-day operations. He explained “DMW is
primarily an oilfield welding services operation.” “At any given time DMW has 12 to 15
field employees.” During the period between 2011 and 2016, “DMW employed a total of
about 200 people due to high rates of turnover, which is caused by the nature of the work
and the varying industry demand for DMW’s services.” “Most of these employees work
in two-man teams consisting of a welder and a welder’s helper” but there are “numerous
other types of field employees.”
       Miller corroborated Miller-Julien’s averments concerning the use of timecards,
JCF’s, and calendars to show an employee’s hours worked; and the policy of paying
employees “ ‘gate to gate’ ” and for safety meetings. He denied ever informing
employees “to record less time on their timecards than they actually worked,” to record
meal breaks that had not been taken, or that they could not leave a jobsite during their
meal breaks.
       He stated employees are issued $150 boot vouchers every year and that “lead
employees are given a DMW-issued cell phone” to “coordinate jobs within the field.”
However, lower-level employees (e.g., firewatch or welder’s helpers) are not typically
issued cell phones. Dispatch contacts them “during their off-hours using whatever phone
number they have provided to us.”
                                      DISCUSSION
I.     THRESHOLD QUESTION AS TO ALCARAZ’S STANDING
       DMW contends both Mann and Alcaraz lack standing to bring this appeal and that
this court is precluded from reaching the merits of the appeal. As mentioned in
footnote 1, ante, plaintiffs’ counsel conceded during oral argument that their office had
lost contact with Mann after appellate briefing was completed and that the instant appeal
should now be construed as being brought only on behalf of Alcaraz. Based on this

                                            22.
concession, we find that Mann has abandoned the appeal and do not address his standing
in this opinion. However, for reasons discussed below, we conclude Alcaraz has standing
to pursue the appeal.
       In support of its argument that Alcaraz lacks standing to appeal, DMW notes
“Alcaraz dismissed his only cause of action,” i.e., the PAGA cause of action. DMW
contends “ ‘[a] person who was a party, but by dismissal ceased to be, is without legal
standing as a litigant or as an appellant,’ ” quoting Bates v. John Deere Co. (1983) 148
Cal.App.3d 40, 53. DMW further contends “Alcaraz’s residual status as a member of the
putative class does not make him a party to the litigation,” citing Hernandez v.
Restoration Hardware, Inc. (2018) 4 Cal.5th 260, 266 [“Unnamed parties [in a class
action] . . . are not considered ‘parties’ to the litigation.”].)
       Plaintiffs argue the PAGA claim was dismissed without prejudice in order to
render the subject order appealable. (See Munoz v. Chipotle Mexican Grill, Inc. (2015)
238 Cal.App.4th 291, 310 [holding that the “presence of PAGA claims following a trial
court’s denial of class certification precludes application of the death knell doctrine”].)
Plaintiffs note that “both [plaintiffs] sought class certification as to the class and
subclasses at issue on appeal” and they “thoroughly hashed out how . . . Alcaraz is an
adequate representative,” and “the trial court treated . . . Alcaraz as a class representative
and made a ruling impacting his rights.” Plaintiffs also argue, “if a court concludes a
named plaintiff can no longer suitably represent the class, it should afford the plaintiff the
opportunity to amend his complaint, to redefine the class, or to add new individual
plaintiffs, in order to establish a suitable representative,” citing Jones v. Farmers Ins.
Exchange (2013) 221 Cal.App.4th 986, 989 (Jones).
       As for Alcaraz’s standing, although the governing complaint does seem to
segregate the class action claims as having been brought by Mann and the PAGA claim
by Alcaraz, it states in the opening paragraph that the governing complaint is being
brought by both plaintiffs. Moreover, the PAGA claim itself, which appears as the sixth

                                                23.
cause of action in the governing complaint, “re-alleges and incorporates by reference” all
the preceding causes of action including all the primary claims upon which the derivative
claims are based. Finally, we also acknowledge that Alcaraz, as moving party, requested
leave to amend the governing complaint in the event the court found he was not a suitable
class representative but the trial court did not rule on the request.
       Based on the above, we conclude Alcaraz has standing to appeal in this matter.
II.    STANDARD OF REVIEW
       “We review the trial court’s ruling for abuse of discretion. ‘Because trial courts
are ideally situated to evaluate the efficiencies and practicalities of permitting group
action, they are afforded great discretion in granting or denying certification. . . .
[Accordingly,] a trial court ruling supported by substantial evidence generally will not be
disturbed “unless (1) improper criteria were used [citation]; or (2) erroneous legal
assumptions were made [citation]” [citation]. . . . “Any valid pertinent reason stated will
be sufficient to uphold the order.” ’ ” (Sav-On Drug Stores, Inc. v. Superior Court (2004)
34 Cal.4th 319, 326–327 (Sav-On).) “ ‘A trial court is generally afforded great latitude in
granting or denying class certification . . . .’ ” (Benton v. Telecom Network Specialists,
Inc. (2013) 220 Cal.App.4th 701, 716 (Benton).)
       “Unlike the general rule compelling a reviewing court to scrutinize the result
below, not the trial court’s rationale, we analyze the propriety of an order denying class
certification based solely on the lower court’s stated reason for the decision. [Citations.]
Thus we review only the reasons advanced by the trial court and ignore any other
grounds which might support denial.” (Weinstat v. Dentsply Internat., Inc., supra, 180
Cal.App.4th at pp. 1223–1224, italics omitted.)
       “ ‘[A] certification ruling not supported by substantial evidence cannot stand.’ ”
(Sav-On, supra, 34 Cal.4th at p. 328.) However, “ ‘[w]here a certification order turns on
inferences to be drawn from the facts, “ ‘the reviewing court has no authority to substitute
its decision for that of the trial court.’ ” ’ ” (Ibid.) We “[p]resum[e] in favor of the

                                              24.
certification order . . . the existence of every fact the trial court could reasonably deduce
from the record.” (Id. at p. 329.) “[W]e have no authority to substitute our own
judgment for the trial court’s” in crediting one party’s evidence over conflicting evidence
submitted by the other party. (Id. at p. 331.) A court may decide the question of whether
class action litigation is superior to separate lawsuits according to the preponderance of
the evidence. (Id. at p. 332.)
III.   G ENERAL CLASS ACTION PRINCIPLES
       Code of Civil Procedure section 382 provides, “If the consent of any one who
should have been joined as plaintiff cannot be obtained, he may be made a defendant, the
reason thereof being stated in the complaint; and when the question is one of a common
or general interest, of many persons, or when the parties are numerous, and it is
impracticable to bring them all before the court, one or more may sue or defend for the
benefit of all.”
       “Generally, a class suit is appropriate ‘when numerous parties suffer injury of
insufficient size to warrant individual action and when denial of class relief would result
in unjust advantage to the wrongdoer.’ [Citations.] But because group action also has
the potential to create injustice, trial courts are required to ‘ “carefully weigh respective
benefits and burdens and to allow maintenance of the class action only where substantial
benefits accrue both to litigants and the courts.” ’ ” (Linder v. Thrifty Oil Co. (2000) 23
Cal.4th 429, 435 (Linder).) “[T]he superiority criterion is manifest in the determination
that a class action brought under Code of Civil Procedure section 382 would produce
‘substantial benefits’ to the litigants and the judicial system.” (Schneider v. Vennard
(1986) 183 Cal.App.3d 1340, 1347.)
       “The certification question is ‘essentially a procedural one that does not ask
whether an action is legally or factually meritorious.’ ” (Sav-On, supra, 34 Cal.4th at
p. 326.) “A class action may be certified even if it is unlikely the class will eventually
prevail on the merits, as certification in such a situation allows a defendant to obtain a

                                              25.
favorable judgment binding all class members. ‘It is far better from a fairness
perspective to determine class certification independent of threshold questions disposing
of the merits, and thus permit defendants who prevail on those merits, equally with those
who lose on the merits, to obtain the preclusive benefits of such victories against an entire
class and not just a named plaintiff.’ ” (McCleery v. Allstate Ins. Co. (2019) 37
Cal.App.5th 434, 449.)
IV.    THE OVERARCHING CLASS IS ASCERTAINABLE
       “The party seeking certification has the burden to establish the existence of both
an ascertainable class and a well-defined community of interest among class members.”
(Sav-On, supra, 34 Cal.4th at p. 326.) In addressing whether the overarching class and
subclasses are ascertainable, the trial court wrote, “ ‘[w]hether a class is “ascertainable”
within the meaning of [Code of Civil Procedure section] 382 is determined by examining
(1) the class definition, (2) the size of the class, and (3) the means available for
identifying the class members[,]’ ” citing, among other authorities, Reyes v. Board of
Supervisors (1987) 196 Cal.App.3d 1263, 1271 (Reyes). It likewise wrote, “[a] precise,
objective and presently ascertainable class definition is required. [Citation.] The
definition should define the class in terms of objective characteristics and common
transactional facts to enable identification of the class members.”
       The trial court stated, “under [p]laintiffs’ definitions, it appears easy for a putative
class member to easily identify from the definition whether he or she falls into one of the
defined subclass[es] and what the [sub]classes seek to address (i.e., missed meal/rest
periods), but the [overarching] ‘class’ only identifies putative class members and not
what they seek to address—so it cannot be ascertained, if all the subclasses were not
certified, what exactly the [overarching] ‘class’ seeks to address. However, [DMW]

                                              26.
raises no objection to the class/subclass definitions so it could be said that the
class/subclasses[10 ] are sufficiently defined.”
       The trial court acknowledged plaintiffs’ contentions the overarching class “ ‘is
ascertainable from [DMW’s] timekeeping and pay records’ ” and “ ‘[t]here are at least
155 members of the class, and the class is sufficiently numerous,’ ” but found plaintiffs
did not cite to evidence to support the contentions. Referencing plaintiffs’ counsel’s
declaration which stated “[i]n or around March, 2016, Simpluris Inc., the third party
administrator selected by the parties to administer the Belaire process, sent notices to the
155 class members on the class list Defendant provided Simpluris,” the court determined
plaintiffs “did not provide that list as evidence (or any other basis on which the Court can
ascertain the number of the class/subclasses) to support the number . . . or how [it] was
ascertained or whether [DMW] agrees this is the number in the class. Nor does the
[m]otion indicate what that number represents—the entire class? Some subclass? Or
some other combination?” The court presumed DMW did not dispute the class size since
it did not address the issues in opposition to plaintiffs’ motion but, nevertheless, found
plaintiffs did not meet their burden of establishing class size.
       Plaintiffs argue they “defined the class as ‘all current and former California-based
hourly-paid or non-exempt field employees who worked for [DMW] at any time during
the period from May 14, 2011 to class certification’ ” and it is unnecessary for them to
identify “what the class members seek to address.” They argue “[t]he proper place to
decipher the relationship between the defined class and the legal claims they seek to
address is not at the pre-certification stage but rather, through the class certification order
and notice to the class,” citing Hicks v. Kaufman & Broad Home Corp. (2001) 89
Cal.App.4th 908, 915 (Hicks) and Cohen v. DIRECTV, Inc. (2009) 178 Cal.App.4th 966,

       10 Given the trial court’s determination the overarching class is not ascertainable,
we interpret the court’s use of the term “class/subclass” as referring only to subclasses.

                                              27.
975 (Cohen). Plaintiffs contend the class description sets forth common characteristics
(i.e., “hourly paid or non-exempt [employees] who worked from May 14, 2011 through
class certification”), a means of readily identifying class members (i.e., DMW’s
“timekeeping and pay records”), and allows individuals to self-identify with the class.
       In support of the subject order, DMW argues that the trial court used the correct
legal standards, i.e., those set forth in Reyes and Noel v. Thrifty Payless, Inc. (2019) 7
Cal.5th 955 (Noel); that “neither Hicks nor Noel overturned Reyes or removed
[p]laintiffs’ burden to establish the size of the class”; and that the court correctly required
plaintiffs to “submit some admissible evidence regarding the number of class members.”
       We conclude plaintiffs have the better argument.
       In Hicks, the plaintiffs were purchasers of a home built by the defendants. The
plaintiffs alleged the defendants used improper construction materials (i.e., Fibermesh)
resulting in “ ‘inherently defective’ ” “concrete slab foundations.” (Hicks, supra, 89
Cal.App.4th at p. 912.) The plaintiffs brought a class action lawsuit under several
theories and defined the class as “ ‘All persons or entities who own one or more homes
[in specified . . . developments] which were constructed and marketed by [the defendants]
in which “Fibermesh” . . . was utilized in the concrete foundation slabs as a substitute for
. . . welded wire mesh with manifested damage or defect due to the . . . substitution.’ ”
(Ibid.) The court denied class certification based, in part, on its determination the class
was not ascertainable. (Id. at p. 913.)
       The appellate court determined the trial court erred by concluding “ ‘class
membership . . . [cannot] be ascertained without an individualized analysis of each
putative class member’s concrete slabs [because] manifest damage to a slab must exist as
a precondition for class membership.’ ” (Hicks, supra, 89 Cal.App.4th at p. 914.) The
appellate court noted “[a]scertainability is required in order to give notice to putative
class members as to whom the judgment in the action will be res judicata,” and
determined “[m]anifest damage to a slab is not a ‘precondition’ for class membership. It

                                              28.
is, if anything, an element in the proof of [the defendant’s] liability and relates to the
existence of common questions of law and fact, not ascertainability of the class.” (Ibid.,
fns. omitted.)
       To illustrate the point, the Hicks court pointed to the holding in Block v. Major
League Baseball.11 (Hicks, supra, 89 Cal.App.4th at pp. 914–915.) In Block, the
plaintiffs were major league baseball players who brought a class action lawsuit alleging
the defendants unlawfully used “their names, voices, signatures and photographs in
various commercial products without consent or compensation.” (Hicks, at p. 914, citing
Block, supra, 65 Cal.App.4th at p. 541.) “The class was defined as ‘ “all major league
baseball players who played major league baseball before 1947, or, if they are now
deceased, their heirs or beneficiaries.” ’ ” (Hicks, at pp. 914–915, quoting Block, at
p. 541.) The Block court held the class was ascertainable (“ ‘i.e., approximately 800 men
(or their heirs and beneficiaries) who played major league baseball prior to 1947’ ” but
denied certification due to the predominance of individualized issues of law or fact.
(Hicks, at p. 915, citing Block, at p. 545.) Thus, Block “found the class ascertainable
even though it was not defined as former major league players whose voices, likenesses,
etc., [the] defendants used without their ‘consent or compensation.’ ” (Hicks, at p. 915,
italics omitted.) “[T]he [Block] court properly treated the lack of consent or
compensation as an ultimate fact each class member would have to prove to establish
liability.” (Ibid.)
       Hicks explained “ascertainability can be better achieved by defining the class in
terms of objective characteristics and common transactional facts making the ultimate
identification of class members possible when that identification becomes necessary. The
class certification order and notice to the class are the proper places to explain the

       11   Block v. Major League Baseball (1998) 65 Cal.App.4th 538 (Block).

                                              29.
relationship between the defined class and the legal claims being made in the case.”
(Hicks, supra, 89 Cal.App.4th at p. 915.)
       In Cohen, the plaintiffs filed a class action lawsuit alleging the defendant
fraudulently induced customers to enter into subscription packages based on a false
promise to provide a specific high resolution picture to subscribers. (Cohen, supra, 178
Cal.App.4th at pp. 969–970.) The plaintiffs sought to “certify a class defined as follows:
‘Residents of the United States of America who subscribed to [the defendant’s] High
Definition Programming Package.’ ” (Id. at p. 970.) The trial court found the definition
too broad in that it would include subscribers who had not relied on the alleged
fraudulent misrepresentations. (Id. at pp. 971-972.) Although the appellate court ended
up affirming the trial court’s order denying class certification, the appellate court
concluded the class definition was “precise, with objective characteristics and
transactional parameters, and can be determined by [the defendant’s] own account
records. No more is needed.” (Id. at p. 976.)
       In Noel, our high court examined past court opinions that addressed the issue of
class ascertainability and the various views of Courts of Appeal on the subject. (Noel,
supra, 7 Cal.5th at pp. 969–979.) Having considered the various approaches taken, the
high court concluded “objectives of [the ascertainability] requirement are best achieved
by regarding a class as ascertainable when it is defined ‘in terms of objective
characteristics and common transactional facts’ that make ‘the ultimate identification of
class members possible when that identification becomes necessary.’ [Citation.] We
regard this standard as including class definitions that are ‘sufficient to allow a member
of [the class] to identify himself or herself as having a right to recover based on the
[class] description.’ ” (Id. at p. 980.)
       The Noel court did mention Reyes as one of several cases in which the courts
provided for a more “exacting inquiry” of ascertainability—i.e., the one used by the trial
court here—“calling for an examination into ‘(1) the class definition, (2) the size of the

                                             30.
class and (3) the means of identifying class members.” (Noel, supra, 7 Cal.5th at p. 974.)
The Noel court wrote, “insofar as the three-factor approach . . . could be read to demand a
more exacting inquiry than the approach we endorse today, we disapprove of it . . . .” (Id.
at p. 986, fn. 15.)
       Here, the trial court required a more exacting inquiry than proscribed in Noel. The
class designation of “all current and former California-based hourly-paid or non-exempt
field employees who worked for [DMW] at any time during the period from May 14,
2011 to class certification” is sufficient to define the class. It is based on objective
characteristics and common transactional facts and will allow the subsequent
identification of class members based upon DMW’s payroll and other business records.
Similarly, each of the subclasses is ascertainable under the appropriate inquiry set forth in
Noel. For purposes of ascertainability, it was unnecessary for plaintiffs to state what the
class seeks to address. “The class certification order and notice to the class are the proper
places to explain the relationship between the defined class and the legal claims being
made in the case.” (Hicks, supra, 89 Cal.App.4th at p. 915.)
V.     THE OVERARCHING CLASS AND SUBCLASSES ARE SUFFICIENTLY NUMEROUS
       “ ‘The ultimate issue in evaluating [the numerosity] factor is whether the class is
too large to make joinder practicable . . . .’ ” (Hendershot v. Ready to Roll
Transportation, Inc. (2014) 228 Cal.App.4th 1213, 1222.) Class sizes as few as 10, 28,
and 42, have been upheld. (Rose v. City of Hayward (1981) 126 Cal.App.3d 926, 934,
disapproved on unrelated grounds in Noel, supra, 7 Cal.5th at p. 986, fn. 15.)
       Here, plaintiffs contend the class size consists of “ ‘at least 155 members . . . and
. . . is sufficiently numerous.’ ” The trial court determined plaintiffs’ counsel’s statement
that “ ‘[i]n or around March, 2016, Simpluris Inc., the third party administrator selected
by the parties to administer the Belaire process, sent notices to the 155 class members on
the class list [DMW] provided Simpluris” is insufficient to support the contention. In the

                                              31.
absence of other evidence, we might be inclined to agree with the court. However, we
believe the evidence is sufficient to support the numerosity requirement.
       The Belaire process derives from Belaire, supra, 149 Cal.App.4th 554. In Belaire,
“the trial court granted a motion to compel [the defendant employer] to provide the
names and contact information of all current and former . . . employees [of the defendant]
and adopted a proposed notice to those individuals that would have required them to
object in writing in order to prevent information about them from being disclosed to the
real parties in interest.” (Id. at p. 556.) As described in one practice guide, “[t]he named
plaintiff may seek precertification discovery to identify and obtain contact information
. . . for members of the putative class . . . . Such information is generally discoverable,
subject to privacy protections for the putative class members [citation].” (Edmon and
Karnow, Cal. Practice Guide: Civil Procedure Before Trial (The Rutter Group 2022)
§ 14:135.3, italics omitted.) The process is described as facilitating communication
between the lead plaintiff and class members “who might assist in prosecuting the case.”
(Pioneer Electronics (USA), Inc. v. Superior Court (2007) 40 Cal.4th 360, 373.)
Likewise, it can be used to identify individuals who might substitute in as a plaintiff in
the event a named plaintiff is without standing to pursue the claim. (See CashCall, Inc. v.
Superior Court (2008) 159 Cal.App.4th 273, 290.)
       A trial court is authorized to “consider the totality of the evidence in determining
whether the plaintiffs have presented evidence sufficient to establish the requirements for
class certification.” (Jones, supra, 221 Cal.App.4th at p. 998.) Here, Miller averred
“DMW is primarily an oilfield welding services operation.” “At any given time DMW
has 12 to 15 field employees.” During the period between 2011 and 2016, “DMW
employed a total of about 200 people due to high rates of turnover, which is caused by
the nature of the work and the varying industry demand for DMW’s services.” “Most of
these employees work in two-man teams consisting of a welder and a welder’s helper”
but there are “numerous other types of field employees.” This is evidence that the

                                             32.
overarching class is sufficiently numerous. Moreover, we understand plaintiffs’ theory to
be that all DMW field employees within the defined class are likewise within each of the
defined subclasses. Thus, in terms of numerosity, there appears to be complete identity
between the overarching class and the subclasses.
       Given the nature of the Belaire process and Miller’s own admissions, we conclude
the trial courts determination the evidence is insufficient to establish class size is not
supported by substantial evidence.

VI.    COMMON QUESTIONS OF LAW AND FACT PREDOMINATE WITH REGARD TO
       THE R EST AND MEAL BREAK C LAIMS AND STEEL -TOE BOOT R EIMBURSEMENT
       CLAIMS
       “The party seeking certification has the burden to establish the existence of both
an ascertainable class and a well-defined community of interest among class members.
[Citations.] The ‘community of interest’ requirement embodies three factors:
(1) predominant common questions of law or fact; (2) class representatives with claims or
defenses typical of the class; and (3) class representatives who can adequately represent
the class.” (Sav-On, supra, 34 Cal.4th at p. 326.)
       “To establish these factors, the party seeking certification must show ‘that
questions of law or fact common to the class predominate over the questions affecting the
individual members . . . . [Citation.] In essence, this means “each member must not be
required to individually litigate numerous and substantial questions to determine his [or
her] right to recover following the class judgment; and the issues which may be jointly
tried, when compared with those requiring separate adjudication, must be sufficiently
numerous and substantial to make the class action advantageous to the judicial process
and to the litigants.” ’ ” (Soderstedt v. CBIZ Southern California, LLC (2011) 197
Cal.App.4th 133, 143, quoting Washington Mutual Bank v. Superior Court (2001) 24
Cal.4th 906, 913–914.)
       “As the focus in a certification dispute is on what type of questions—common or

                                              33.
individual—are likely to arise in the action, rather than on the merits of the case
[citations], in determining whether there is substantial evidence to support a trial court’s
certification order, we consider whether the theory of recovery advanced by the
proponents of certification is, as an analytical matter, likely to prove amenable to class
treatment.” (Sav-On, supra, 34 Cal.4th at p. 327.)
       “That calculation of individual damages may at some point be required does not
foreclose the possibility of taking common evidence . . . .” (Sav-On, supra, 34 Cal.4th at
p. 332.) “ ‘[A] class action is not inappropriate simply because each member of the class
may at some point be required to make an individual showing as to his or her eligibility
for recovery or as to the amount of his or her damages.’ ” (Id. at p. 333.) Denial of class
certification has been upheld on grounds “there was no common method to prove the fact
of liability on a classwide basis” to support class certification. (ABM Industries Overtime
Cases (2017) 19 Cal.App.5th 277, 308 (ABM).) “[O]ther cases have held that
individualized issues regarding proof of the amount of damages . . . does not defeat a
class action so long as there are common questions of liability amenable to class
resolution. [Citations.]” (ABM, at pp. 308–309, citing Faulkinbury v. Boyd &
Associates, Inc. (2013) 216 Cal.App.4th 220, 232-240, disapproved on unrelated grounds
in Noel, supra, 7 Cal.5th at p. 986, fn. 15; Jones, supra, 221 Cal.App.4th at p. 997;
Benton, supra, 220 Cal.App.4th at p. 726.) “The common theme in these cases is that the
plaintiff’s theory of liability could be determined based on common uniform policies
applicable to the class as a whole.” (ABM, at p. 309.)

       A.     Unlike the Subclasses, the Overarching Class, as Defined, Did Not
              Reference Any Alleged Violation or Wrongdoing on the Part of DMW
              and, Consequently, Did Not Lend Itself to Analysis of Whether Common
              Issues of Law or Fact Predominated
       Plaintiffs contend “the trial court entirely failed to analyze whether there existed a
well-defined community of interest as to the [overarching] class, instead conflating the
‘class’ definition’s ascertainability analysis with the community of interest analysis for

                                             34.
the subclasses,” and “this Court must remand to the trial court to retrieve the trial court’s
basis for denials as to the ‘class.’ ” The conflation referenced by plaintiffs seemingly
relates to the fact the court’s ascertainability determination for the overarching class was
premised, in part, on the lack of an identification of what the class members seek to
address. Although that consideration was unnecessary in analyzing ascertainability, it
was necessary to determine whether a well-defined community of interest existed.
       The trial court’s comment that “the [overarching] ‘class’ only identifies putative
class members and not what they seek to address” highlights the fact that the overarching
class, by all appearances, is merely a conglomeration of the subclasses. There is no
separate cause of action applicable to the overarching class that does not implicate, in
some way, one of the causes of action asserted on behalf of the subclasses. Thus, the
only way to determine whether there are predominate common questions of law or fact,
whether the class representatives have claims or defenses typical of the overarching class,
and whether the plaintiffs can adequately represent the overarching class is by conducting
the analysis with respect to each subclass.

       B.     Common Questions of Law and Fact Predominate with Regard to
              Liability Under the Rest Break Claims
       The trial court noted DMW’s 2011 handbook provided “ ‘[w]hen working
conditions permit, and pending a supervisor’s approval, employees are entitled to one 10
minute break for every 4 hours worked’ ” and the 2014 handbook “also provides for meal
and rest periods.” It further noted that Miller “testified that 60-minute meal periods are
only for office employees, not employees working out in the field at worksite locations”
and that “there was no meal break policy applicable to employees working in the field
from 2011 to 2014 that authorized and permitted employees to take 30-minute off-duty
meal breaks during their shift when working in the field.”
       The trial court noted plaintiffs’ declarants “indicate that [they] were never allowed
a meal/break period because ‘when they were out in the field because the nature of the

                                              35.
work did not allow them to take off-premises, duty[-]free, uninterrupted 30-minute meal
breaks,’ ” but determined “[DMW] only had to allow duty[-]free/uninterrupted meal
breaks; [and] that employees could not go off premises due to the location of the work
site [was] not a requirement for [DMW].” The court characterized the process described
by plaintiffs’ declarants as follows: “they went out, welded and had to babysit the weld
to ensure it cooled properly, so could not take any breaks which would ‘leave [sic] to
wastefulness’ and client dissatisfaction and unless there was downtime no breaks were
taken.”
       The trial court noted DMW’s position that “there is no requirement for a written
meal break policy and that employees had the ability to schedule their breaks” as averred
by DMW’s declarants and that DMW’s “declarants all state there was plenty of time to
take rest and meal breaks and they were never denied any request to take any break.”
       Based on the above, the trial court determined “the break issues are not susceptible
of common proof for all members of the proposed and the class members would be
required to litigate numerous and substantial questions determining their individual right
to recover following a class judgment on common issues . . . .” According to the court,
those individual issues “requires questioning of . . . class member[s] as to dates they
claim they were not provided with breaks, if they were specifically denied breaks,
number of hours each worked, who was on their teams, what the other team members say
with respect to breaks, where they were in the field, i.e.[,] were they accessible to going
‘off premises’ within the allot[t]ed break period, or if they were denied leaving the
premises for breaks, did they ask for any meal/rest breaks.” The court found plaintiffs
provided no evidence of a “uniform policy that [DMW] denied any meal/rest breaks.”
       Plaintiffs claim it was error for the trial court to analyze the rest and meal break
subclasses together but cite no authority for the proposition. “ ‘When an appellant . . .
asserts [a point] but fails to support it with reasoned argument and citations to authority,
we treat the point as waived.’ ” (In re A.C. (2017) 13 Cal.App.5th 661, 672.)

                                             36.
       Plaintiffs further contend the trial court’s determination that they “failed to
provide any evidence of a uniform policy that [DMW] denied rest breaks” is not
supported by substantial evidence—citing the 2011 handbook’s provision that “ ‘[w]hen
working conditions permit, and pending a supervisor’s approval, employees are entitled
to one 10 minute break for every 4 hours worked.’ ” We agree.
       In Brinker Restaurant Corp. v. Superior Court (2012) 53 Cal.4th 1004 (Brinker),
the defendant employer had a written policy that “employees receive one 10-minute rest
break per four hours worked . . . .” (Id. at p. 1033.) The court stated, “[c]lasswide
liability could be established through common proof if [the plaintiff] were able to
demonstrate that, for example, [the defendant employer] under this uniform policy
refused to authorize and permit a second rest break for employees working shifts longer
than six, but shorter than eight, hours.” (Ibid.)
       DMW argues Brinker does not aid plaintiffs because Brinker ruled certification
should follow “if [the] plaintiff could show a uniform policy to deny second rest breaks
on shifts between six and eight hours long” but here “the trial court concluded that there
was no uniform corporate policy to deny rest breaks and that common issues did not
predominate”—a determination, DMW argues, is supported by substantial evidence.
DMW further argues that the existence of contrary evidence is not a legitimate ground on
which to overturn the trial court’s decision.
       As mentioned above, “[t]he certification question is ‘essentially a procedural one
that does not ask whether an action is legally or factually meritorious.’ ” (Sav-On, supra,
34 Cal.4th at p. 326.) “As the focus in a certification dispute is on what type of
questions—common or individual—are likely to arise in the action, rather than on the
merits of the case [citations], in determining whether there is substantial evidence to
support a trial court’s certification order, we consider whether the theory of recovery
advanced by the proponents of certification is, as an analytical matter, likely to prove

                                                37.
amenable to class treatment.” (Id. at p. 327.) The trial court did not adhere to this
principal in its subject order. Rather, it decided the issue on the merits.
       “State law obligates employers to afford their nonexempt employees meal periods
and rest periods during the workday.” (Brinker, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 1018; see
§§ 226.7; 512; Cal. Code Regs., tit. 8, § 11160 [Industrial Welfare Commission (IWC)
Wage Order No. 16-2001 (hereinafter, Wage Order 16)].) In Brinker, the plaintiffs
alleged the defendant employer failed to provide its employees with rest breaks, meal
breaks, or “premium wages in lieu of meal breaks, required by law” (Brinker, at p. 1018),
“required [its] employees to work off-the-clock during meal periods and engaged in time
shaving, [i.e.,] unlawfully altering employee time records to misreport the amount of time
worked and break time taken.” (Id. at p. 1019.) The trial court found a predominance of
common issues compared to individual issues and granted class certification. (Id. at
p. 1020.) The Court of Appeal reversed as to the three subclasses and the California
Supreme Court granted review. (Id. at p. 1017.)
       The high court noted a trial court “must determine whether the elements necessary
to establish liability are susceptible of common proof or, if not, whether there are ways to
manage effectively proof of any elements that may require individualized evidence.”
(Brinker, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 1024.) “[A] trial court must examine the . . . theory of
recovery, assess the nature of the legal and factual disputes likely to be presented, and
decide whether individual or common issues predominate.” (Id. at p. 1025.)
       The high court also considered the applicable wage order which read: “ ‘Every
employer shall authorize and permit all employees to take rest periods, which insofar as
practicable shall be in the middle of each work period. The authorized rest period time
shall be based on the total hours worked daily at the rate of ten (10) minutes net rest time
per four (4) hours or major fraction thereof. However, a rest period need not be
authorized for employees whose total daily work time is less than three and one-half (3½)
hours.’ ” (Brinker, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 1028.) It summarized the effect of the wage

                                             38.
order as follows: “Employees are entitled to 10 minutes’ rest for shifts from three and
one-half to six hours in length, 20 minutes for shifts of more than six hours up to 10
hours, 30 minutes for shifts of more than 10 hours up to 14 hours, and so on.” (Id. at
p. 1029.)
          The court then considered the allegations of the complaint and focused on “the
theory that [the defendant employer] adopted a uniform corporate rest break policy that
violates [the applicable wage order] because it fails to give full effect to the ‘major
fraction’ language of [the wage order].” (Brinker, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 1032.) Similar
to the case at bar, the written policy allowed employees “one 10-minute rest break per
four hours worked”: “ ‘If I work over 3.5 hours during my shift, I understand that I am
eligible for one ten minute rest break for each four hours that I work.’ ” (Id. at p. 1033.)
The court concluded “[c]lasswide liability could be established through common proof if
[the plaintiff] were able to demonstrate that, for example, [the defendant employer] under
this uniform policy refused to authorize and permit a second rest break for employees
working shifts longer than six, but shorter than eight, hours. Claims alleging that a
uniform policy consistently applied to a group of employees is in violation of the wage
and hour laws are of the sort routinely, and properly, found suitable for class treatment.”
(Ibid.)
          The court noted, “[a]n employer is required to authorize and permit the amount of
rest break time called for under the wage order for its industry. If it d oes not—if, for
example, it adopts a uniform policy authorizing and permitting only one rest break for
employees working a seven-hour shift when two are required—it has violated the wage
order and is liable.” (Brinker, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 1033.) It determined the plaintiff
had submitted “substantial evidence of a uniform rest break policy authorizing breaks
only for each full four hours worked” and that the trial court’s certification decision
should not have been disturbed. (Ibid.) In closing, the Brinker court stated, “[t]he theory
of liability—that [the defendant employer] has a uniform policy, and that that policy,

                                              39.
measured against wage order requirements, allegedly violates the law—is by its nature a
common question eminently suited for class treatment.” (Ibid.)
       Here, Wage Order 16 is similar to that discussed in Brinker. It provides, in
relevant part:

              “(A) Every employer shall authorize and permit all employees to
       take rest periods, which insofar as practicable, shall be in the middle of
       each work period. Nothing in this provision shall prevent an employer
       from staggering rest periods to avoid interruption in the flow of work and to
       maintain continuous operations, or from scheduling rest periods to coincide
       with breaks in the flow of work that occur in the course of the workday.
       The authorized rest period time shall be based on the total hours worked
       daily at the rate of ten (10) minutes net rest time for every four (4) hours
       worked, or major fraction thereof. . . .

                “(B) Rest periods need not be authorized in limited circumstances
       . . . . However, the employer shall make-up the missed rest period within
       the same work day or compensate the employee for the missed ten (10)
       minutes of rest time at his or her regular rate of pay within the same pay
       period. [¶] . . . [¶]

              “(D) If an employer fails to provide an employee a rest period in
       accordance with the applicable provisions of this Order, the employer shall
       pay the employee one (1) hour of pay at the employee’s regular rate of
       compensation for each work day that the rest period was not provided. In
       cases where a valid collective bargaining agreement provides final and
       binding mechanism for resolving disputes regarding enforcement of the rest
       period provisions, the collective bargaining agreement will prevail.” (Cal.
       Code Regs., tit. 8, § 11160, subd. 11(A), (B), (D), italics added.)
       Wage Order 16 contains the same “major fraction thereof” language at issue in
Brinker and DMW’s policy is quite similar to that in Brinker. DMW’s 2011 handbook
provides, “When working conditions permit, and pending a supervisor’s approval,
employees are entitled to one 10 minute break for every 4 hours worked [,]” but does not
include the “major fraction thereof” language. The existence of the policy, its
implementation, and its legality are all matters subject to common proof.

                                           40.
       DMW’s written policy for rest breaks for nonexempt employees did change in or
about 2014 to comport with the law. The 2014 handbook reads, in relevant part: “[y]ou
are entitled to one (1) 10-minute rest break for every four (4) hours you work (or major
fraction thereof, which is defined as greater than (2) hours). If you work more than six
(6) hours and up to 10 hours in a workday, you will receive one (1) rest break during the
first half of your shift and one (1) rest break during the second half of your shift. If you
work more than 10 hours and up to 14 hours, you will be entitled to an additional paid
10-minute rest break.”
       However, the tenor of plaintiffs’ proffered declarations is that, notwithstanding
any written policy, DMW, as a matter of practice, routinely denied its employees such
breaks. According to plaintiffs’ declarants, the workload was such that time for breaks
was largely nonexistent; downtime only occurred between jobs or if upon arrival, the
jobsite was not ready for the field employees to begin their work; breaks were not
possible once the welding process was underway and the welds and surrounding areas
needed to be constantly monitored. Moreover, plaintiffs’ declarants say DMW pressured
its employees to “finish the day’s work as quickly and efficiently as possible” to enable
them to move to the next jobsite and to avoid excessive billing to their clients.
       In Brinker, the court stated, “an employer may not undermine a formal policy of
providing meal breaks by pressuring employees to perform their duties in ways that omit
breaks. (Cicairos v. Summit Logistics, Inc. (2005) 133 Cal.App.4th 949, 962–963 [35
Cal.Rptr.3d 243]; see also Jaimez v. Daiohs USA, Inc. [2010] 181 Cal.App.4th [1286,]
1304–1305 [proof of common scheduling policy that made taking breaks extremely
difficult would show violation]; Dilts v. Penske Logistics, LLC (S.D.Cal. 2010) 267
F.R.D. 625, 638 [indicating informal anti-meal-break policy ‘enforced through “ridicule”
or “reprimand” ’ would be illegal].) The wage orders and governing statute do not
countenance an employer’s exerting coercion against the taking of, creating incentives to
forgo, or otherwise encouraging the skipping of legally protected breaks.” (Brinker,

                                             41.
supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 1040.) We see no reason why a similar routine practice by an
employer, if true, would not violate rest-break requirements.
       Whether there was a companywide practice of undermining the employee rest-
break policy contained in the 2014 handbook is a matter of common proof. Moreover,
defenses to that theory of liability would likewise be subject to common proof.
       The trial court focused on individualized issues related to proof of damages.
Evidence that “goes to individual issues concerning the right to recover damages . . . do
not preclude class certification.” (Jones, supra, 221 Cal.App.4th at p. 996.) “[T]he fact
that individual inquiry might be necessary to determine whether individual employees
were able to take breaks despite the defendant’s allegedly unlawful policy (or unlawful
lack of a policy) is not a proper basis for denying certification.” (Benton, supra, 220
Cal.App.4th at p. 726.)
       As discussed in section VII. below, individualized issues related to proof of
damages and liability are relevant considerations for class certification. We conclude
they are particularly relevant to the question of manageability. On remand, the trial court
will need to analyze and determine whether such issues are manageable.12 As mentioned
in the preface, we are not directing the court to order class certification. The court may
decide the class certification issue in its discretion upon completing an analysis of class
certification issues consistent with this opinion.
       We conclude there is a predominance of common questions of law and fact with
respect to liability under plaintiffs’ rest break claims.

       12  The court’s manageability analysis is not necessarily limited to individualized
issues related to proof of damages. Our determination that common issues of law and
fact predominate as to proof of liability does not preclude the possibility that some
individualized issues related to proof of liability may remain.

                                               42.
       C.     Common Questions of Law and Fact Predominate with Regard to
              Liability Under the Meal Break Claims
       The governing complaint alleges “as a pattern and practice,” DMW “would
regularly require . . . employees to work shifts exceeding 10 hours and did not provide
[them] with meal periods” as required by law and “did not provide proper compensation
for this failure”; employees “regularly did not receive uninterrupted meal and rest
periods”; and DMW instructed its employees “to record that they took meal and rest
periods, even if they did not take uninterrupted meal and rest periods.” It alleges
employees “would regularly be rushed, pressed to cut-short or interrupted and were not
paid the proper meal and rest break premiums,” and DMW’s “payroll system failed to
implement a system to compensate a premium pay.”
       Plaintiffs’ declarants generally averred they were not permitted to take
uninterrupted, off-duty breaks and instead were instructed by DMW dispatch to “eat
something along the way to the next job site or if downtime allowed”; they were not
allowed to leave the jobsite during such breaks because they “had to be present and ready
to immediately resume work when welding was required”; they were not allowed to leave
the site “unless the client’s company man on-site specifically authorized it”; were never
provided a second off-duty meal break when working shifts greater than 10 hours; and
were never paid wage premiums for meal breaks that were denied. Plaintiffs’ declarants
indicated “[a]ll members of the crew . . . were required to write down 30-minute
break[s]” whether taken or not.
       The trial court noted there was “no meal break policy applicable to employees
working in the field from 2011 to 2014 that authorized and permitted employees to take
30-minute off-duty meal breaks” per Miller’s testimony. As with the rest break subclass,
the court found that individual issues predominated requiring each class member to
“litigate numerous and substantial questions determining their individual right to recover
following a class judgment on common issues.” The court indicated the same types of

                                            43.
questions required for the rest break claims would also be required for the meal break
claims.
          Plaintiffs did provide evidence of a uniform practice to deny DMW employees
their right to meal breaks or wage premiums in lieu thereof. As stated in Brinker, “an
employer may not undermine a formal policy of providing meal breaks by pressuring
employees to perform their duties in ways that omit breaks.” (Brinker, supra, 53 Cal.4th
at p. 1040.) We see no reason why an employer should be permitted to engage in the
same conduct simply because the written policy in place was not applicable to field
employees as stated by Miller in his deposition.
          Plaintiffs contend Bradley v. Networkers Internat., LLC (2012) 211 Cal.App.4th
1129 (Bradley) is instructive. In Bradley, the plaintiffs “presented evidence that under
[the defendant employers’] uniform practice, none of the workers was provided, or given
authorization to take, the required meal or rest breaks.” (Id. at p. 1150.) The defendant
employer “acknowledged it did not have a policy and did not know if the employees took
meal or rest breaks. Five workers further submitted declarations confirming that they
frequently did not take rest breaks because of the nature of the work and several believed
they would be ‘fired’ if they stopped working to take a break. Likewise, these workers’
declarations supported that they were not given the type of meal break required under the
law—an uninterrupted 30 minutes during which they were free to use their time as they
wished.” (Ibid.) The court held the plaintiffs’ theory that the defendant employer’s
“(uniform) lack of a rest and meal break policy and its (uniform) failure to authorize
employees to take statutorily required rest and meal breaks” are matters of common
proof. (Ibid., italics omitted.)
          DMW argues Bradley does not support plaintiffs’ case for class certification
because it was based on undisputed evidence. However, the Bradley court acknowledged
“an employer could potentially defend these claims by arguing that it did have an

                                              44.
informal or unwritten meal or rest break policy” but stated “this defense is also a matter
of common proof.” (Bradley, supra, 211 Cal.App.4th at p. 1150.)13
       As with the rest break claims, the trial court chose to focus on individualized
issues pertaining to the right to recover damages. However, whether or not such a policy
or practice existed and its legality are subject to common proof. Evidence that “goes to
individual issues concerning the right to recover damages . . . do not preclude class
certification.” (Jones, supra, 221 Cal.App.4th at p. 996.) “[T]he fact that individual
inquiry might be necessary to determine whether individual employees were able to take
breaks despite the defendant’s allegedly unlawful policy (or unlawful lack of a policy) is
not a proper basis for denying certification.” (Benton, supra, 220 Cal.App.4th at p. 726.)
       Again, individualized issues related to proof of damages and liability are relevant
considerations for class certification. They are especially relevant to the question of
manageability. (See section VII. below.) On remand, the trial court will need to analyze
and determine whether such issues are manageable and may decide the class certification
issue in its discretion upon completing an analysis of class certification issues consistent
with this opinion.14
       We conclude there is a predominance of common questions of law and fact with
respect to liability under plaintiffs’ meal break claims.

       13 Relatedly, DMW argues Bradley “made clear that its decision was
distinguishable from cases in which ‘the denial of class certification on meal/rest break
claims’ was based on conflicting evidence.” (See Bradley, supra, 211 Cal.App.4th at
p. 1154.) Yet, the single case Bradley cites to as representative of such cases was ordered
depublished.
       14   See footnote 12, ante.

                                             45.
         D.     Common Questions of Law and Fact Do Not Predominate with Regard to
                Liability Under Overtime and Minimum Wage Claims
                1.     Common Questions of Law and Fact Do Not Predominate with
                       Regard to Liability Under Plaintiffs’ On-call Allegations
         In their governing complaint, plaintiffs allege DMW “as a corporate policy and
practice, required its employees to remain ‘on-call’ with a restrictive response time,
which required [its employees] to remain within a short distance from [DMW’s] yard”;
and that DMW would “threaten [its employees] if they were unable to report for work
within one (1) hour of receiving a call . . . .”
         The trial court noted plaintiffs’ declarants averred they were “on call 24/7 even
when they were not scheduled to work and must respond to work calls within 30-60
minutes when called to work or they would be reprimanded and ‘starved out of work’
from then on.” The court remarked that plaintiffs essentially “assert that they were never
not working and were unable to do any personal tasks such as travel or going out to
dinner. Other than these declarations, [p]laintiffs provide no evidence that they were
always on call and must respond within 30-60 minutes or they would be ‘starved out of
work.’ ” The court further noted DMW’s declarants stated they “were not on-call 24/7,
but were on call on their scheduled work days and they would have to respond within the
30-60 minute time frame, but if they failed to respond, no action was taken against them.”
         The trial court ruled “the overtime issues are not susceptible of common proof”
and found individualized issues would predominate—i.e., “[the] dates [the employees]
claim they were on call 24/7, why they thought that, when they failed to answer calls, and
what actions were taken against them as to each time they failed to answer calls.” The
court determined plaintiffs “failed to provide evidence of a uniform policy that [DMW]
required all field employees to be on call 24/7 even when they were not scheduled for
work.”

                                               46.
       As noted in Brinker, “ ‘issues affecting the merits of a case may be enmeshed with
class action requirements . . . .’ ” (Brinker, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 1023.) “When
evidence or legal issues germane to the certification question bear as well on aspects of
the merits, a court may properly evaluate them.” (Id. at pp. 1023–1024.) The issue of
on-call time presents such a situation.
       “On-call waiting time may be compensable if it is spent primarily for the benefit
of the employer and its business. (Armour & Co. v. Wantock (1944) 323 U.S. 126, 132
[89 L.Ed. 118, 65 S.Ct. 165] [time firefighters spent on call in the onsite fire hall was
compensable, even though they spent time in ‘idleness’ and ‘amusements’].) A
determination of whether the on-call waiting time is spent predominantly for the
employer’s benefit depends on two considerations: (1) the parties’ agreement, and (2) the
degree to which the employee is free to engage in personal activities.” (Gomez v.
Lincare, Inc. (2009) 173 Cal.App.4th 508, 523 (Gomez).)
       The Gomez court considered a “nonexclusive list of factors, none of which is
dispositive, to determine whether [an] employee was free to engage in personal activities:
‘(1) whether there was an on-premises living requirement; (2) whether there were
excessive geographical restrictions on employee’s movements; (3) whether the frequency
of calls was unduly restrictive; (4) whether a fixed time limit for response was unduly
restrictive; (5) whether the on-call employee could easily trade on-call responsibilities;
(6) whether use of a pager could ease restrictions; and (7) whether the employee had
actually engaged in personal activities during call-in time.” (Gomez, supra, 173
Cal.App.4th at p. 523.) Such considerations support the trial court’s determination that
individualized issues of law and fact predominate.
       Plaintiffs’ declarants have not provided evidence their off-duty time was “spent
primarily for the benefit” of DMW or that they were not “free to engage in personal
activities.” (Gomez, supra, 173 Cal.App.4th at p. 523.) Plaintiffs have not pointed to any
provision in either the 2011 handbook or 2014 handbook that required them to be on-call.

                                             47.
Although there is anecdotal evidence that some of the declarants were reprimanded when
they “declined a call,” there is a lack of evidence there was a companywide policy or
practice of reprimands. Moreover, the nature of those reprimands is relatively
nonspecific. The employees indicated if they “declined calls” their hours would be cut
and they would be “starved out of work.” However, a natural consequence of declining
work is to endure a cut in hours and it is unclear what is meant by being “starved out of
work” beyond not being able to accept a particular job. Moreover, the declarants’
statements that others were eventually fired if they “continued to decline work” or “failed
to respond” is speculative, not based on personal knowledge, and lacking in substantial
evidentiary value.
       The trial court could have inferred from the statements of plaintiffs’ declarants,
that plaintiffs were free to engage in their own personal activities notwithstanding any
subjective feeling on their part that they could not do so; that the repercussions they
suffered if they failed to respond or “declined a call” were they would not receive the
jobs that were being solicited at the time; and that if hours were cut, it was a natural
consequence of not accepting a given job.
       Plaintiffs’ reliance on Ghazaryan v. Diva Limousine, Ltd. (2008) 169 Cal.App.4th
1524 (disapproved on unrelated grounds in Noel, supra, 7 Cal.5th at p. 986, fn. 15) does
not aid them. In Ghazaryan, “[o]n any given day” the employer would “place[] between
40 and 45 [limousine] drivers in the field, and those drivers [would be] dispatched on 140
to 150 trips or runs.” (Id. at p. 1528.) Some days were slower and others were busier.
(Ibid.) The drivers were given shifts and typically received their “first few assignments
before their shift beg[an] in part to allow them to plan their gap time” (ibid.)—i.e., the
time during their shift between assigned trips (id. at p. 1527). Thus, the on-call time
under consideration in Ghazaryan was time in which the employee was on his or her
shift, in possession of the employer’s limousine, and with the limousine on stand -by in

                                             48.
between trips. The employee was not off-duty as in the case before us. There is little
similarity between the facts of Ghazaryan and the instant case.
       Plaintiffs also cite to Prince v. CLS Transportation, Inc. (2004) 118 Cal.App.4th
1320 in support of their argument. In Prince, the plaintiffs filed a class action complaint
and the defendant demurred on grounds it was “ ‘not an appropriate class action,’
contending there is no well-defined community of interest, and that a class action is not
superior to other methods of adjudicating” the claims. The trial court sustained the
demurrer without leave to amend. (Id. at p. 1322.) On appeal, the appellate court merely
concluded that class suitability should not have been decided at the pleading stage.
(Ibid.) Prince is inapposite and does not aid plaintiffs’ argument.
       Based on all the above, there is substantial evidence to support the trial court’s
finding that a liability determination would predominantly involve individualized issues.

              2.      Common Questions of Law and Fact Do Not Predominate with
                      Regard to Liability Under Plaintiffs’ Claims They Were Not
                      Compensated for Work Performed Before and After Jobs
       The trial court noted plaintiffs’ declarants averred they “were not paid from the
time they arrived at the yard or when they came back from the field” and that they were
“told or pressured to fill out their time cards . . . to reflect specific times.” “[A]side from
the declarations,” the court wrote, “[p]laintiffs provide no evidence that shows that there
was any policy to not pay employees for the time from when they arrived at the yard to
when they left [the] yard. The employee time records do not show any policy; it only
shows the time each individual employee put down on their time card.” The court noted
that DMW’s declarants contradict the claims made by plaintiffs’ declarants, that the
former claimed they put the actual time worked on their timecards and were paid for that
time, and that they were not pressured to report their time incorrectly.
       As a result, the trial court found “the failure[-]to[-]pay[-]for[-]all[-]hours[-]worked
issue is not susceptible of common proof for all members of the proposed class and the

                                              49.
class members would be required to litigate numerous and substantial questions
determining their individual right to recover.” The court noted each class member would
have to be questioned regarding “[the] dates they claim they were pressured or told to fill
in their time cards a certain way, what hours they allege they actually worked, when they
arrived at the yard and when they left” and that plaintiffs did not provide evidence other
than “the declarations of a uniform policy” that they were not paid for all time worked.
       Plaintiffs argue merely that “[t]he trial court . . . improperly weighed [plaintiffs’]
declarations against [DMW’s] declarations in making its incorrect determination that the
minimum wage and overtime subclasses are not susceptible to common proof,” and that it
“used improper criteria by weighing the merits of [plaintiffs’] claims with [DMW’s]
defenses, in lieu of concluding that [DMW’s] defenses, namely class members being paid
for all time worked, are susceptible to common proof.” We disagree.
       Although the trial court did note the difference between the statements of
plaintiffs’ declarants and DMW’s declarants, the court did not rule on the merits of
plaintiffs’ minimum wage and overtime claims. Rather, the court determined plaintiffs
had not met their burden in demonstrating common proof issues predominated over
individualized proof issues in deciding liability issues.
       Here, plaintiffs’ declarants noted “DMW’s dispatch and payroll instructed [they
are] only compensated . . . from the time when dispatch instructed [them] to be at the
DMW yard in Bakersfield.” Plaintiffs’ declarants interpreted this instruction in such a
way that they only reported their time commencing when they “began travelling from the
yard to the jobsite.” Although they contend they worked prior to traveling from the yard
to the jobsite, the instructions they state they received actually authorized them to report
this time on their timecards. That plaintiffs’ declarants did not report the time they
worked consistent with DMW’s instructions does not constitute evidence of a policy or
practice to deny them compensation for such time. Statements to the effect that they
“w[ere] not allowed to record . . . all of the hours [they] worked” are conclusory and

                                             50.
devoid of evidentiary substance. Similarly, the statement that “DMW limited the time
[they] could put on the time cards based on what they were able to bill clients,” is
conclusory and does not evidence that actual hours worked were less than what was
billed to clients. Finally, the claim that, “due to DMW’s dispatch and payroll
expectation[s],” additional work was performed does not provide any basis upon which
plaintiffs’ declarants were able to discern said expectations. Based on this record, the
trial court was entitled to infer that plaintiffs’ declarants relied on their own subjective
and inconsistent interpretations of statements made by DMW (e.g., interpreting an
instruction that compensable time begins when they arrive at DMW’s yard, as an
instruction that compensable time begins when they leave the yard for a jobsite) and their
own subjective belief of DMW’s expectations without an objective basis for arriving at
that conclusion. Based on this record, we cannot conclude the court’s determination is
unsupported by substantial evidence, or rested on improper criteria or erroneous legal
assumptions.

       E.      Common Questions of Law and Fact Do Not Predominate with Regard to
               Liability Under Reimbursement Claims for Cell Phone Usage but Do
               Predominate with Regard to Liability Under Reimbursement Claims for
               Steel-toe Boots
       The trial court noted plaintiffs’ assertion “they were required to wear steel-toed
boots but not provided with the boots and were required to answer dispatch calls on their
personal cell phone while on-call, but were no[t] reimbursed for this use.” The trial court
noted the only evidence in support of plaintiffs’ claims were the declarations submitted in
support of the class certification motion. The court also noted plaintiffs did not provide
portions of the 2014 handbook that pertained to cell phone/mobile device and dress
policies. Relying on Townley v. BJ’s Restaurants, Inc. (2019) 37 Cal.App.5th 179
(Townley), the court denied certification of the reimbursement class because “[p]laintiffs
. . . have not argued that steel-toed boots were ‘part of a uniform’ or ‘were not usual and
generally usable’ in the field welding occupation.” As for cell phone usage, the trial

                                              51.
court noted plaintiffs’ failed to present “evidence that use of a personal cell phone was
. . . mandatory for work,” citing Herrera v. Zumiez, Inc. (9th Cir. 2020) 953 F.3d 1063,
1078.
        As to cell phone usage, plaintiffs cite to Cochran v. Schwan’s Home Service, Inc.
(2014) 228 Cal.App.4th 1137, 1144, 1145, for the proposition that “ ‘[i]f an employee is
required to make work-related calls on a personal cell phone, then he or she is incurring
an expense for purposes of section 2802[,]’ ”15 and “ ‘[t]o show liability under section
2802, an employee need only show that he or she was required to use a personal cell
phone to make work-related calls, and he or she was not reimbursed.’ ”
        Plaintiffs’ declarants did indicate they used their cell phone to send and receive
work-related messages. However, they did not provide any evidence that their employer
required them to use their cell phones for this purpose. Even assuming plaintiffs’
declarants were entitled to reimbursement for such cell phone usage under section 2802,
the evidence does not rise to the level of establishing a classwide common policy or
practice.
        With regard to steel-toe boots, plaintiffs argue Townley is “inapposite as the matter
involved a grant of a motion for summary judgment that was taken up on appeal,” and
“inapposite as it related to non-slip shoes.” (See Townley, supra, 37 Cal.App.5th at
pp. 180–181.) Plaintiffs point to the statement in Townley that “[the plaintiff] does not
cite any authority holding that an employer is required, under section 2802, to reimburse
an employee for basic, nonuniform wardrobe items, such as the slip-resistant shoes at
issue in this case.” (Id. at p. 185.) Plaintiffs contend “steel-toe boots are not basic,
nonuniform wardrobe items, unlike the slip-resistant shoes discussed in Townley,” citing

        15Section 2802 provides, in relevant part, “[a]n employer shall indemnify his or
her employee for all necessary expenditures or losses incurred by the employee in direct
consequence of the discharge of his or her duties, or of his or her obedience to the
directions of the employer . . . .” (Id., subd. (a).)

                                              52.
Clark v. QG Printing II, LLC (E.D.Cal. Sept. 18, 2020, No. 1:18-cv-00899-AWI-EPG)
2020 U.S.Dist. Lexis 171610 at page *51.
       In support of the trial court’s determination, DMW argues courts are not “barred
from denying class certification on the ground that the claim is legally meritless, so long
as both sides have an opportunity to brief the issue,” citing Linder, supra, 23 Cal.4th at
page 443. In Linder, the court cautioned against such an approach but did not foreclose
it. (Ibid.) The court wrote, “we are not convinced that certification should be
conditioned upon a showing that class claims for relief are likely to prevail.” (Ibid.) It
then stated, “in keeping with the principle that trial courts should be afforded flexibility
in dealing with class actions [citations], we do not foreclose the possibility that, in the
exceptional case where the defense has no other reasonable pretrial means to challenge
the merits of a claim to be asserted by a proposed class, the trial court may, after giving
the parties notice and an opportunity to brief the merits question, refuse class certification
because the claim lacks merit as a matter of law. Furthermore, we see nothing to prevent
a court from considering the legal sufficiency of claims when ruling on certification
where both sides jointly request such action.” (Ibid.)
       DMW does not contend it had no other reasonable pretrial means to challenge the
merits of plaintiffs’ reimbursement claims. Nor has it pointed to anywhere in the record
where the parties jointly requested the trial court determine the merits of the claim, or
where the trial court gave the parties notice of its intent to do so and an opportunity to
brief the issue, and we have found no such record references.
       We conclude the trial court improperly ruled on the merits of plaintiffs’ claims for
reimbursement of steel-toe boots. Plaintiffs did not have fair notice the trial court would
rule on those grounds and, consequently, the class certification issue should not have
been adjudicated on that basis.

                                              53.
       We further agree with plaintiffs that there is sufficient evidence in the record that
DMW had a policy of requiring its employees to wear steel-toe boots, and that whether
DMW has liability under section 2802 is susceptible to common proof with regard to
factual and legal questions.
VII.   REMAINING ISSUES TO BE DECIDED BY THE TRIAL COURT
       A.     Manageability
       The trial court’s ruling on manageability of individualized issues correctly noted
“[t]he proponent of class certification must demonstrate that the proposed class action is
manageable” (see Washington Mutual Bank v. Superior Court, supra, 24 Cal.4th at
p. 922; accord, Global Minerals & Metals Corp. v. Superior Court (2003) 113
Cal.App.4th 836, 850) and that it must “ ‘carefully weigh the respective benefits and
burdens of a class action, and . . . permit its maintenance only where substantial benefits
will be accrued by both litigants and the courts alike’ ” quoting Reyes, supra, 196
Cal.App.3d at page 1275. (Accord, Global Minerals, at p. 849.) “In certifying a class
action, the court must . . . conclude that litigation of individual issues . . . can be managed
fairly and efficiently.” (Duran v. U.S. Bank National Assn. (2014) 59 Cal.4th 1, 28–29.)
“[T]he manageability of individual issues is just as important as the existence of common
questions uniting the proposed class.” (Id. at p. 29.) The manageability of individualized
issues of class members’ damages is likewise an appropriate and necessary consideration.
(See Rosack v. Volvo of America Corp. (1982) 131 Cal.App.3d 741, 754 [“Manageability
of the class with regard to proof of the amount of each class member’s damages may
present an independent ground for failure to certify the class.”])
       The trial court noted the grounds upon which DMW opposed manageability and
that the evidence DMW submitted was supportive of its opposition. However, the court
did not make a manageability determination—perhaps because it found common issues
did not predominate as to any of the class claims.

                                              54.
       However, given our determination that common questions of law and fact do
predominate as to liability under the rest and meal break claims, and the steel-toe boot
reimbursement claims, it is necessary for the trial court to decide the issue of
manageability of individualized issues pertaining to those claims—including, but not
necessarily limited to, those that concern proof of damages.16
       In this regard, we reiterate that the trial court correctly identified numerous
individualized issues that may impact whether class certification is appropriate for the
rest and meal break claims. The individualized issues, as framed by the court, included
determining “dates [employees] claim they were not provided with breaks, if they were
specifically denied breaks, number of hours each worked, who was on their teams, what
the other team members say with respect to breaks, where they were in the field, i.e.[,]
were they accessible to going ‘off premises’ within the allot[t]ed break period, or if they
were denied leaving the premises for breaks, did they ask for any meal/rest breaks.”
       In remanding the matter back to the trial court, we wish to stress that it is the
proponent of class certification who bears the burden of demonstrating individual issues
are manageable. (Washington Mutual Bank v. Superior Court, supra, 24 Cal.4th at
pp. 924–925.) We express no opinion on how the court should rule on the manageability
question.
       B.       Class Representative Issues
       In order to determine whether a well-defined community of interest exists for
plaintiffs’ rest and meal break claims and steel-toe boot reimbursement claims, the trial
court must also determine whether the proposed class representative has claims or
defenses typical of the class, and whether the proposed class representative can
adequately represent the class. (Sav-On, supra, 34 Cal.4th at p. 326.) Because the trial
court concluded common questions did not predominate as to any of plaintiffs’ claims,

       16   See footnote 12, ante.

                                              55.
the court did not have occasion to consider questions pertaining to the suitability of the
proposed class representative to serve in that capacity. Given today’s ruling, it is
necessary the court do so.17
       In the event the court determines the proposed class representative is not a suitable
candidate to serve, the trial court shall determine whether plaintiffs should be granted
leave to amend to propose a new class representative.
       C.     Derivative Claims
       The trial court did not consider class certification with regard to the derivative
claims. To the extent those derivative claims are (or may be) premised on plaintiffs’ rest
and meal break claims, and steel-toe boot reimbursement claims, the court must consider
the relevant class certification issues to determine whether class action is appropriate for
those derivative claims.
                                      DISPOSITION
       The trial court’s order denying class certification with regard to plaintiffs’
proposed overtime and minimum wage subclasses is affirmed. The trial court’s order
denying class certification of the business reimbursement subclass is affirmed except as
to claims related to the reimbursement for steel-toe boots.
       The trial court’s order denying class certification as to the remainder of plaintiffs’
proposed subclasses (i.e., the meal period, alternative meal period, rest break and
business reimbursement [for steel-toe boots] subclasses) is reversed and remanded to the
trial court to reconsider and redetermine class certification in light of the views expressed
in this opinion. The trial court shall allow the parties further briefing opportunities with
respect to the following: (1) the determination of whether individualized issues
pertaining to claims of the remaining subclasses subject to potential class certification are

       17  We express no opinion on the effect of the arbitration agreement on Alcaraz’s
ability to serve as class representative.

                                             56.
manageable and whether class certification will result in substantial benefits for the
litigants and court alike; (2) the determination of whether the proposed class
representative has claims or defenses typical of the class, and whether he or she can
adequately represent the class; (3) in the event plaintiffs desire to propose a different
class representative, whether plaintiffs should be granted leave to amend for that purpose;
and (4) whether the derivative claims (i.e., plaintiffs’ third, fourth, and seventh causes of
action) are appropriate for class certification consistent with this opinion.
       In the interest of justice, each party shall bear their own costs on appeal. (Cal.
Rules of Court, rule 8.278(a)(5).)

                                                                          LEVY, Acting P. J.
WE CONCUR:

POOCHIGIAN, J.

DETJEN, J.

                                             57.