Court Opinion

ID: 9904487
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-27 16:38:05.987395+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:21:42.725885
License: Public Domain

IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA
                      FIFTH DISTRICT

                                   NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO
                                   FILE MOTION FOR REHEARING AND
                                   DISPOSITION THEREOF IF FILED

STATE OF FLORIDA,

            Appellant,

 v.                                    Case No.    5D21-1416
                                       LT Case No. 05-2019-CF-051407-A

MELVIN ERNEST REDHEAD,

         Appellee.
________________________________/

Opinion filed June 10, 2022

Appeal from the Circuit Court
for Brevard County,
Stephen G. Henderson, Judge.

Ashley Moody, Attorney General,
Tallahassee, and Richard Alexander
Pallas, Jr., Assistant Attorney General,
Daytona Beach, for Appellant.

Matthew J. Metz, Public Defender, and
Nancy Ryan, Assistant Public Defender,
Daytona Beach, for Appellee.

PER CURIAM.

      The State of Florida appeals the trial court’s order granting Melvin

Ernest Redhead’s (“Redhead”) motion to suppress evidence collected from

his home pursuant to a search warrant. It argues that the trial court erred in
ruling that the good faith exception to the exclusionary rule described in

United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897 (1984), did not apply here and asserts

the evidence obtained should not have been suppressed. As we explain, we

find the good faith exception applies and, thus, reverse the suppression order

and remand this case for further proceedings.

      In October 2019, Agent Jorge Negron, of the Palm Bay Police

Department, submitted an affidavit requesting a search warrant for

Redhead’s residence (the “Early Drive residence”). In it, Agent Negron

described Redhead as a convicted felon and listed his extensive criminal

history that included the sale of cocaine. Agent Negron then stated that the

Palm Bay Police Department had received two Crime Line tips that Redhead

was selling heroin and cocaine from the Early Drive residence.

      After receiving the tips, the Palm Bay Police Department cultivated an

informant who was willing to provide information on cocaine trafficking

occurring within the City of Palm Bay. In May of 2019, the confidential

informant, whose reliability was unproven at the time, provided the Palm Bay

Police Department with an audio-recorded sworn statement in which he

averred that between December 2018 and April 2019 he regularly purchased

large amounts of heroin and cocaine from Redhead at the Early Drive

residence. The informant also stated that a week earlier he drove with

Redhead to another residence (the “Las Palmos residence”) to pick up more
                                      2
cocaine. The informant stated that Redhead went inside the residence for

five minutes before exiting with a cake-sized brick of cocaine in a plastic bag.

The two then drove back to the Early Drive residence where Redhead sold

the informant cocaine from the brick. After the interview, the informant drove

with an officer and identified the Las Palmos residence where Redhead had

retrieved the brick of cocaine.

      With this information, the Palm Bay Police Department, including Agent

Negron, surveilled the Early Drive and Las Palmos residences between May

and October 2019. During this period and consistent with the informant’s

statements, officers witnessed Redhead travel between the two residences,

often staying at the Las Palmos residence for five minutes at a time before

exiting, often with an object, and returning to the Early Drive residence. They

also observed numerous known heroin and cocaine traffickers coming and

going from both residences, often spending only a few minutes at each

location. In addition, officers observed what appeared to be a hand-to-hand

exchange at the front door of the Early Drive residence.

      During the course of their surveillance, officers also conducted another

audio- and video-recorded interview with the same informant who showed

them messages from Redhead inviting the informant to travel to Redhead

whenever he wanted. According to the informant, based upon his history

                                       3
with Redhead, he knew that the messages were an invitation to purchase

cocaine.

      Based upon the foregoing, Agent Negron submitted an affidavit for a

search warrant and alleged that there was probable cause to believe that

heroin and cocaine were being stored and trafficked from the Early Drive

residence. The magistrate judge agreed and issued a warrant for the Early

Drive residence.

      During the search, police found substantial quantities of heroin,

fentanyl, and cocaine, as well as drug trafficking paraphernalia, which led to

charges for trafficking in illegal drugs, trafficking in fentanyl, trafficking in

cocaine, and use or possession of drug paraphernalia. Redhead moved to

suppress the evidence discovered during the search, arguing that Agent

Negron’s affidavit presented insufficient probable cause to believe that a

crime was being committed at the Early Drive residence. In response, the

State argued that the allegations in Agent Negron’s affidavit were sufficient

to establish probable cause for the search and, even if that were not the

case, the good faith exception in Leon applied to preclude exclusion of the

evidence discovered during the search.

      Following a hearing at which the trial court considered only Agent

Negron’s affidavit, as well as argument from counsel, the court granted the

motion to suppress. Addressing Redhead’s argument that the allegations in
                                       4
Agent Negron’s affidavit provided insufficient probable cause for issuance of

the search warrant, the court found the affidavit did not go far enough to

establish the informant’s reliability, noting that police could have

corroborated the informant’s claims through trash pulls or controlled buys.

The court further found that even if the informant was reliable, probable

cause was still lacking because the information provided by the informant in

his sworn audio-recorded statement about drugs being present at the Early

Drive residence was stale, as it was offered several months before police

applied for the search warrant.

      The trial court next considered the State’s argument that the good faith

exception to the exclusionary rule applied such that the evidence seized

pursuant to the search warrant should not be suppressed.                 The court

concluded that it did not, writing only that the “affidavit is ‘so lacking in indicia

of probable cause as to render official belief in its existence entirely

unreasonable.’”     As previously indicated, the State challenges only this

determination on appeal.

      When reviewing an order granting a motion to suppress, we “defer to

a trial court’s factual findings but apply a de novo review to the trial court’s

application of law to those facts.” State v. Hart, 308 So. 3d 232, 235 (Fla.

5th DCA 2020). However, as the trial court’s decision here was based solely

on a review of Agent Negron’s affidavit for a search warrant and no evidence
                                         5
was introduced at the hearing on Redhead’s motion to suppress, our review

of the order suppressing the evidence is de novo. Pagan v. State, 830 So.

2d 792, 806 (Fla. 2002).

     Redhead’s suppression motion is grounded upon the evidence being

seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment to the United States

Constitution. This amendment protects the “right of the people to be secure

in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable

searches and seizures.” 1 Amend. IV, U.S. Const. To safeguard these Fourth

Amendment rights by deterring police misconduct, evidence that is gathered

in a manner that violates the Fourth Amendment is suppressed under a

court-created exclusionary rule. United States v. Calandra, 414 U.S. 338,

348 (1974); see also State v. Teamer, 151 So. 3d 421, 430 (Fla. 2014).

     However, the application of the exclusionary rule to a given factual

scenario is not automatic. In Leon, the United States Supreme Court created

the good faith exception to the exclusionary rule, which has been

summarized as follows:

                In general, the good faith exception to the
           exclusionary rule precludes the suppression of
           evidence secured pursuant to an invalid warrant
           when the officer who conducts the search does so in

     1
        The Florida Constitution also provides protection from unreasonable
searches and seizures but mandates that the right “be construed in
conformity with the 4th Amendment to the United States Constitution, as
interpreted by the United States Supreme Court.” Art. I, § 12, Fla. Const.
                                    6
an objectively reasonable reliance upon the validity
of the warrant. United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897
[ ] (1984). In determining whether an officer acted in
reasonable reliance on the validity of the warrant,
courts must consider whether, given the totality of the
circumstances, a well-trained officer armed with the
information possessed by the officer conducting the
search would have believed the warrant to be valid.
State v. Sabourin, 39 So. 3d 376, 384 (Fla. 1st DCA
2010). The good faith exception does not apply
under the following circumstances: (1) if, in issuing
the warrant, the magistrate was misled by
information in an affidavit that the affiant knew was
false or would have known was false except for his
reckless disregard of the truth; (2) where the issuing
magistrate wholly abandoned his judicial role; (3)
where the warrant is based on an affidavit so lacking
in indicia of probable cause as to render official belief
in its existence entirely unreasonable; or (4) where a
warrant is so facially deficient (i.e., in failing to
particularize the place to be searched or the items to
be seized) that the executing officer could not
reasonably presume it to be valid. Leon, 468 U.S. at
923 [ ].

      The rationale behind the good faith exception
is that the exclusionary rule “is designed to deter
police misconduct rather than to punish the errors of
judges and magistrates.” Id. at 916 [ ]. Therefore,
when the police act in good faith on a warrant they
have no reason to believe is invalid, the deterrent
effect of suppressing illegally seized evidence is
minimal. Id. at 919–20 [ ]; see also State v. Watt, 946
So. 2d 108, 110 (Fla. 5th DCA 2007) (“In order to
reject the application of the good faith exception in
this case, we would need to conclude that an
objectively reasonable police officer would have a
better understanding of the law of search and seizure
and probable cause than did the trial judge who
issued the warrant.”).

                           7
State v. McGill, 125 So. 3d 343, 351–52 (Fla. 5th DCA 2013).

       In sum, the good faith exception applies, precluding the suppression of

evidence obtained by officers, if the officers acted in objectively reasonable

reliance on the search warrant issued by a detached and neutral magistrate,

regardless of whether the warrant was later found by the trial court to be

unsupported by probable cause. Thus, the issue before the trial court was

whether, given the totality of the circumstances, a well-trained officer with the

same information would have believed the warrant to be valid, see

Sabourin, 39 So. 3d at 384, with the caveat that if the search warrant at issue

was based on an affidavit so lacking in indicia of probable cause so as to

render official belief in its existence entirely unreasonable, then the good faith

exception to the exclusionary rule does not apply. See Leon, 468 U.S. at

923.

       Here, the trial court appears to have rejected the good faith exception

for the same reasons it found probable cause for issuance of the warrant

lacking—the unproven reliability of the confidential informant and the

staleness of his disclosures. While these issues may raise doubt about the

presence of probable cause, based upon the totality of the circumstances,

we find that the good faith exception applies.

       We find that the warrant was not so lacking in the indicia of probable

cause so as to render belief in its existence entirely unreasonable. See
                                        8
Wingate v. State, 289 So. 3d 566, 568–70 (Fla. 1st DCA 2020) (explaining

the separate framework for each analysis). First, Agent Negron’s affidavit

upon which the warrant was issued related that a confidential informant

swore in an audio-recorded statement that he routinely and recently

purchased drugs from Redhead at the Early Drive residence. Riding with an

officer, the informant also identified the Las Palmos residence where he

alleged Redhead had taken the informant to retrieve a brick of cocaine.

While the informant’s reliability was unproven at the time of this disclosure,

Agent Negron’s affidavit provided independent verification of the informant’s

claim that Redhead would travel to the Las Palmos residence, quickly

retrieve something, and return to the Early Drive residence. See State v.

Smith, 315 So. 3d 1228, 1230 (Fla. 1st DCA 2021) (finding good faith

exception applied, in part, because the affidavit included facts supporting the

ex-girlfriend’s claim that defendant was selling drugs from his residence).

      Second, while the informant’s disclosures predated the warrant by

several months, Agent Negron’s affidavit documented ongoing activity

observed by police at the Early Drive and Las Palmos residences, including,

but not limited to, visits by known drug traffickers. According to Agent

Negron’s affidavit, such activity continued to occur less than a week before

the date the warrant issued, demonstrating a likelihood that Redhead

continued to sell drugs from the Early Drive residence. See State v. Paige,
                                      9
934 So. 2d 595, 601 (Fla. 5th DCA 2006) (“When an affidavit establishes the

existence of a widespread, firmly entrenched, and ongoing narcotics

operation, which is observed to be continuing, a staleness argument loses

much of its force.”); see also State v. Irizarry, 948 So. 2d 39, 43 (Fla. 5th

DCA 2006) (noting that law enforcement’s viewing of numerous people

arriving at the residence in question and staying for a very brief time “was at

least consistent with drug sales being consummated at the residence”).

Since these allegations at least raise a colorable argument that the informant

was reliable and his information had not gone stale, it was reasonable for

law enforcement to rely on the magistrate’s prior determination that probable

cause existed for issuance of the warrant to search the Early Drive residence

for evidence of drug trafficking. See Smith, 315 So. 3d at 1230 (finding good

faith exception applied where “the search warrant affidavit created at least a

‘colorable argument’ that probable cause existed”).

      Our conclusion that the good faith exception is applicable here is

buttressed by the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Leon, which we find to

be factually analogous.     In Leon, an officer with the Burbank Police

Department received a tip from a confidential informant of unproven reliability

claiming that cocaine and methaqualone were being sold out of a residence

in Burbank. Leon, 468 U.S. at 901. The informant also claimed that the

dealers stored larger quantities of drugs at another residence. Id. This
                                      10
information led the Burbank Police Department to “initiate[] an extensive

investigation” of the two residences. Id.

      During the investigation, which, based on the Supreme Court’s

description appears to have largely consisted of surveillance, officers

observed several individuals known to be involved in the drug trade arrive at

the residences in question and, shortly after their arrival, leave with small

packages in tow. Id. at 901–02. One of the individuals observed by the

officers was associated with Alberto Leon, who had been arrested the prior

year on drug charges.      Id. at 901.      At the time of his arrest, Leon’s

“companion” informed police that Leon was heavily involved in the

importation of drugs. Id. Also, officers learned that prior to their current

investigation, an informant, whose reliability was not discussed by the

Supreme Court, told a Glendale police officer that Leon stored a large

quantity of methaqualone at his residence in Glendale. Id. at 901–02. During

the investigation, though, officers learned that Leon moved to a residence in

Burbank. Id. at 902.

      Based upon this information, the investigating officer applied for and

obtained a search warrant for three residences, including Leon’s residence

in Burbank, which resulted in the discovery of narcotics at each residence.

Id. Leon and others were charged with various drug offenses and moved to

suppress the evidence discovered pursuant to the search warrant. Id. at
                                     11
902–03. The trial court granted the motion, and a divided panel on the Ninth

Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed. Id. at 903–05.

      The Supreme Court reversed.          In concluding that the good faith

exception applied and that the evidence should not be suppressed or

excluded, the court explained:

             In the absence of an allegation that the magistrate
      abandoned his detached and neutral role, suppression is
      appropriate only if the officers were dishonest or reckless in
      preparing their affidavit or could not have harbored an objectively
      reasonable belief in the existence of probable cause. Only
      respondent Leon has contended that no reasonably well trained
      police officer could have believed that there existed probable
      cause to search his house; significantly, the other respondents
      advance no comparable argument.                Officer Rombach’s
      application for a warrant clearly was supported by much more
      than a “bare bones” affidavit. The affidavit related the results of
      an extensive investigation and, as the opinions of the divided
      panel of the Court of Appeals make clear, provided evidence
      sufficient to create disagreement among thoughtful and
      competent judges as to the existence of probable cause. Under
      these circumstances, the officers’ reliance on the magistrate’s
      determination of probable cause was objectively reasonable, and
      application of the extreme sanction of exclusion is inappropriate.

Id. at 926.

      Like the situation in Leon, Agent Negron’s affidavit for a search warrant

of the Early Drive residence was more than a bare-bones affidavit. As

previously described, Agent Negron’s affidavit relayed the results of a long

investigation that corroborated much of the informant’s claims, supporting

the notion that the informant was reliable. Agent Negron’s affidavit also

                                      12
detailed events suggesting that Redhead continued to sell narcotics from the

Early Drive residence days before the warrant was issued.          Given the

similarities between this case and Leon, we find that the trial court erred in

concluding that the good faith exception did not apply. 2

      REVERSED and REMANDED for further proceedings.

LAMBERT, C.J., WALLIS and NARDELLA, JJ., concur.

      2
        Redhead raises several tipsy coachman arguments in support of
affirmance. We considered those arguments and find none of them to be
availing.
                                     13