Court Opinion

ID: 4321190
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-10-16 14:00:29.854265+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:28:24.766000
License: Public Domain

Case: 17-14429    Date Filed: 10/16/2018   Page: 1 of 23

                                                              [DO NOT PUBLISH]

                IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                         FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                           ________________________

                                 No. 17-14429
                             Non-Argument Calendar
                           ________________________

                        D.C. Docket No. 1:16-cv-01164-AT

THAIS ELAINE DANIELS,
as administrator of the estate of Milton Daniels,

                                                               Plaintiff - Appellant,

versus

LLOYDSTONE JACOBS,

                                                              Defendant - Appellee.

                           ________________________

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Northern District of Georgia
                         ________________________

                                 (October 16, 2018)

Before WILSON, JORDAN, and JULIE CARNES, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
              Case: 17-14429      Date Filed: 10/16/2018    Page: 2 of 23

      Plaintiff Thais Elaine Daniels, as administrator of the estate of Milton

Daniels (“Daniels”), appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment in

favor of Defendant Lloydstone Jacobs in Plaintiff’s action brought under 42 U.S.C.

§ 1983. Plaintiff asserts that the district court erred in concluding that the facts,

viewed in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, failed to demonstrate that Defendant

was deliberately indifferent to Daniel’s serious medical needs in violation of the

Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments while he was incarcerated at the Gwinnett

County Detention Center (“GCDC”). After careful review, we affirm entry of

summary judgment.

I.    BACKGROUND
      A.     Factual Background
      From 2012 to 2014, Daniels was a pretrial detainee at the GCDC. Defendant

is a doctor that served as the Medical Director at GCDC during Daniels’s

incarceration. The medical staff at GCDC provided Daniels treatment for medical

conditions that both preexisted and arose during his confinement. Bloodwork

obtained over the course of those treatments eventually led Defendant to diagnosis

Daniels with diabetes. Daniels’s belief that Defendant should have diagnosed his

                                           2
                Case: 17-14429       Date Filed: 10/16/2018       Page: 3 of 23

diabetes sooner forms the basis for this lawsuit asserting that Defendant was

deliberately indifferent to Daniels’s serious medical condition.1

       The parties generally agree on the staffing, duties, and procedures typically

followed by the GCDC medical team. During the first part of Daniels’s

confinement, he received care from two nurse practitioners. The nurse

practitioners assisted Defendant in caring for detainees. The nurse practitioners

“were qualified to provide medical treatment to patients.” The nurse practitioners

“could order diagnostic testing; make diagnoses; and prescribe medications.”

Defendant “generally cared for patients housed in the infirmary [and] handled the

more acute or complicated chronic care issues,” while the nurse practitioners

“handled routine chronic care and sick call appointments.” Defendant asserts that

“[i]t was within the scope of the nurse practitioners’ practice to diagnose and treat

diabetes and chronic pain.”

       The GCDC nursing staff triages medical requests from inmates for

treatment. The nursing staff sorts inmate medical requests by urgency, and then

either “determine[s] that no action is required, provide[s] over-the-counter

treatment, or refer[s] the patient to a medical services provider such as a nurse

practitioner, physician assistant or physician.” In the majority of cases, the patient

1
  Daniels also claimed that Defendant was deliberately indifferent in treating injuries Daniels
suffered in a fall on August 14, 2013. Plaintiff did not pursue this claim on appeal and we will
focus on the facts pertinent to Defendant’s diagnosis and treatment of Daniels’s diabetes.
                                                3
              Case: 17-14429     Date Filed: 10/16/2018    Page: 4 of 23

is referred to a mid-level provider – a nurse practitioner or physician assistant.

“The physician is typically only scheduled in the most acute cases or when the

mid-level provider believes a referral to the physician is necessary.”

      Daniels received medical treatment from the GCDC medical team for

rheumatoid arthritis and chronic pain, including headaches, body aches, and pain in

his joints, back, knees, elbows, hand, and shoulders. Following a reported slip and

fall on August 14, 2013, Daniels received treatment for pain in his left hip and

shoulder. Based on a nurse’s examination, Defendant prescribed Tylenol and

ordered x-rays, which came back normal. Over the next several weeks, a nurse

practitioner provided follow-up care as Daniels reported at various times low back

pain, headaches, shoulder pain, neck pain and hip pain from the reported fall. The

nursing staff “noted drug seeking behavior” during this time.

      On October 3, 2013, during another visit with a nurse practitioner for

chronic neck and back pain, Daniels requested to see Defendant about his chronic

pain and recurrent earache. As requested, Defendant evaluated Daniels on October

9, 2013, and Daniels reported severe headaches and other medical issues unrelated

to this suit. On October 9, 2013, Defendant performed a physical examination,

noted sinus tenderness to palpation, assessed Daniels with suspected sinus

congestion leading to headaches, and prescribed medication. Defendant treated

Daniels again for ear and back pain on October 22, 2013.

                                           4
              Case: 17-14429     Date Filed: 10/16/2018    Page: 5 of 23

      While treating Daniels for his pre-existing conditions and injuries from the

reported fall, medical evidence that Daniels was diabetic developed. At GCDC

intake on October 11, 2012, Daniels did not report diabetes or problems with high

blood sugar. Nor did Daniels complain of any symptoms suggestive of diabetes,

such as increased hunger, unexplained weight loss, excessive thirst or frequent

urination before being diagnosed as diabetic in December 2013. However, an

October 25, 2013, lab report addressed to Defendant indicated Daniels’s blood

glucose level was 371 mg/dL. That same report indicates that a previous result of

147 mg/dL was recorded in January 2013.

      On November 19, 2013, a nurse practitioner again met with Daniels

regarding his chronic pain. The progress note for that visit included the note that

“his Glucose has been high on last 2 blood draw HgbA1C added,” indicating that a

test for HgB A1C was added to a request for additional bloodwork. A blood draw

for HgB A1C level is used to help diagnose diabetes.

      On December 9, 2013, the GCDC medical team collected a blood sample

from Daniels. A December 10, 2013, report of the results from that sample

identifies “SCREENING HgB A1C 15.6 HI” under the heading “Clinical

Abnormalities Summary.” When Dr. Jacobs reviewed the results of the lab work

on December 17, 2013, he determined that the HgB A1C level of 15.6% was

consistent with diabetes, called Daniels to health care to discuss the results,

                                           5
              Case: 17-14429     Date Filed: 10/16/2018    Page: 6 of 23

examined Daniels, and prescribed a course of treatment for his new diagnosis of

diabetes mellitus that included insulin and a diabetic diet. The GCDC medical

team monitored Daniels’s blood sugar daily and administered insulin as prescribed.

Within two weeks of diagnosis, Daniels reported that he was feeling better since

the start of insulin. Daniels’s HgB A1C level dropped from over 15% when he

was first diagnosed to approximately 9%.

      B.     Procedural History
      On September 26, 2013, Daniels filed a pro se lawsuit against the GCDC

and Defendant in the United States District Court for the Northern District of

Georgia (Case No. 1:13-cv-03217-AT). Daniels complained of inadequate medical

care for the severe pain he suffered as a result of his August 14, 2013, slip and fall.

The district court conducted a frivolity review, permitted the deliberate

indifference claim against Defendant to proceed, and dismissed the claim against

the GCDC.

      Daniels subsequently obtained counsel and moved to amend the complaint.

Daniels’s proposed amended complaint added allegations against two nurses as

additional Defendants, complained that Defendant was deliberately indifferent to

Daniels’s diabetes, and added two supplemental state law claims against Defendant

for cruel and unusual punishment under the Georgia Constitution and negligence.

The court found that Daniels’s allegations against the nurses did not state a claim

                                           6
              Case: 17-14429     Date Filed: 10/16/2018   Page: 7 of 23

and did not pass 28 U.S.C. § 1915A screening because Daniels: (1) did not allege

that either nurse made any decisions to deny specific treatment to him or that they

even had the power to do so; (2) did not raise any allegations as to either nurse in

connection with the failure to treat him for diabetes; and (3) only alleged that any

different treatment decisions that should have been made were asked of, and

denied by, the supervising physician, Defendant. The court permitted the

additional allegations against Defendant to proceed.

      The court established a 4-month discovery period originally set to expire on

August 14, 2015. On July 31, 2015, the parties jointly moved to extend discovery

by three months, stating that Daniels was planning to hire an expert and would

shortly produce an expert report. The court noted that “[t]he parties have requested

an additional three months of discovery to accommodate anticipated discovery for

experts only now being identified and hired, nearly two years into this case, nearly

one year after counsel has appeared for Plaintiff, and 3.5 months into discovery.”

The court granted a 45-day extension of discovery and ordered that Daniels

“produce all required discovery regarding its experts by August 21, 2015.”

Daniels did not identify an expert, much less produce an expert report.

      On October 9, 2015, more than two months after the deadline for production

of expert discovery, Daniels moved for voluntary dismissal without prejudice.

Daniels explained that Defendant had asserted a defense of failure to exhaust under

                                          7
              Case: 17-14429     Date Filed: 10/16/2018     Page: 8 of 23

the Prison Litigation Reform Act and that Defendant had “denied an admission

which sought to determine whether Defendant was entitled to rely upon the Act

when the plaintiff was no longer incarcerated but had filed while incarcerated.”

Daniels’s counsel stated that “counsel in this case made [sic] effort to determine

whether plaintiff had indeed exhausted his remedies and have finally determined

that he did not, but it is unclear.” Daniels maintained that “[g]iven the uncertainty

of the law, plaintiff believes that the better course is to request this Court to allow

him to voluntarily dismiss his complaint without prejudice and to refile under the

Georgia renewal statute.”

      In response, Defendant waived and withdrew any exhaustion defense and

argued that Daniels’s motion for voluntary dismissal should be denied as moot. In

reply, Daniels expressed his wish to voluntarily dismiss despite Defendant’s

withdrawal of his exhaustion defense, accusing Defendant of coming “perilously

close to violation of F.R.C.P. 11” by withdrawing his exhaustion defense after

“having insisted on this defense as late as answers to request for admissions filed

August 14, 2015.”

      The Magistrate Judge issued a Report and Recommendation in which he

stated “it is not clear to the Court what value a dismissal would serve for Plaintiff.

The only benefit identified by Plaintiff is that dismissal and subsequent re-filing

would allow him to avoid Defendant’s exhaustion defense. But Defendant has

                                           8
              Case: 17-14429     Date Filed: 10/16/2018   Page: 9 of 23

waived that defense.” Nevertheless, the Magistrate Judge recommended that

Daniels’s motion to dismiss be granted, “subject to re-filing of the case in this

same Court with an indication to the Clerk that it is to be assigned to the same

judges as this case, and that any newly-filed case be deemed to incorporate the

procedural history of this case.” The Magistrate Judge explained that any re-filed

action “will essentially resume at the point in which this case left off.” The

Magistrate Judge further recommended that “[t]he parties upon re-filing and

service on Defendant should be required to contact the undersigned to arrange for a

teleconference to discuss scheduling, including provision of a new deadline for

filing of summary judgment motions.” Daniels filed no objections to the

Magistrate Judge’s Report and Recommendation, and the district court adopted it.

The court’s order adopting the Magistrate Judge’s recommendation reiterated the

conditions of dismissal:

      Subject to re-filing of the case in this same Court with an indication to
      the Clerk that it is to be assigned to the same judges as this case, and
      that any newly-filed case be deemed to incorporate the procedural
      history of this case. Upon any such re-filing, the parties are required
      to contact Judge Anand to arrange for a teleconference to discuss
      scheduling, including provision of a new deadline for filing of
      summary judgment motions.
      Plaintiff filed this renewal action on April 11, 2016. Plaintiff waited until

September to serve Defendant who answered the complaint on September 21,

2016. After holding a scheduling teleconference, the court issued an order on

                                          9
             Case: 17-14429     Date Filed: 10/16/2018    Page: 10 of 23

October 4, 2016, stating “that this case [is to] resume where the previous case left

off, with the discovery period having closed.” The court rejected Plaintiff’s

arguments that “because he is re-filing the case pursuant to the renewal statute, the

schedule should start anew just like any newly filed case,” noting that the renewal

statute did not override the conditions of the dismissal order. The court ordered

that dispositive motions be filed within 30 days.

      On October 17, 2016, Plaintiff filed a self-styled amendment to his

complaint. The amendment consisted of the sworn statement of Dr. Henry Fein,

M.D., “a Board–Certified Physician in Internal Medicine and in Endocrinology,

Metabolism and Diabetes”; his curriculum vitae; and supporting exhibits from

Plaintiff’s GCDC medical records. Defendant moved to strike Plaintiff’s amended

complaint and expert declaration. In response, Plaintiff argued that his amendment

was timely as a matter of right under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a)(1).

Plaintiff also explained his delay in providing expert discovery, stating that

“[a]lthough counsel is reluctant to admit the same, neither Plaintiff (who proceeded

in forma pauperis) or counsel had the money at the time to pay for an expert.

There has been no reason to hurtle through this case as Defendant apparently wants

to do.”

      Defendant filed a summary judgment motion on November 3, 2016. In

response, Plaintiff filed another sworn statement from Dr. Fein, which “is to be

                                          10
             Case: 17-14429    Date Filed: 10/16/2018   Page: 11 of 23

used in conjunction with [his] previous statement under penalty of perjury and

supplements the same.”

      On May 31, 2017, the Magistrate Judge issued an Order and Final Report

and Recommendation. The Magistrate Judge granted Defendant’s motion to strike

and excluded the original and supplemental statements of Dr. Fein. The Magistrate

Judge explained:

      The history of this litigation counsels against accepting Plaintiff’s
      proffer of an expert affidavit filed on October 17, 2016, more than one
      year after discovery closed in this case on September 30, 2015. It
      appears that Plaintiff deceived the Court as to the real motivation for
      his October 9, 2015 motion for voluntary dismissal of this action,
      using his pro se failure to exhaust administrative remedies — despite
      Defendant’s willingness to waive the exhaustion defense — as a cover
      for his inability to retain an expert within the five and one-half month
      discovery period that closed on September 30, 2015. But Plaintiff
      never sought an extension of the discovery period for that purpose.
      He simply filed his expert’s declarations without seeking permission
      from the Court to do so, and filed one of them in response to
      Defendant’s summary judgment motion. He has not offered a
      substantial justification for doing so. Among other things, Plaintiff’s
      failure to properly identify and produce discovery of his expert, unless
      the Court were to reopen discovery now, has denied Defendant the
      chance to depose that expert and/or to engage a contrary expert on the
      same topic. And to reopen discovery now, more than a year after
      discovery closed, is not warranted by any reason that Plaintiff has
      presented to the Court.
Order at 12–13, Daniels v. Jacobs, No. 1:16-cv-01164-AT.

      The Magistrate Judge also recommended that Defendant’s motion for

summary judgment be granted, that Plaintiff’s federal deliberate indifference

claims be dismissed with prejudice, and that the court decline to exercise

                                         11
               Case: 17-14429        Date Filed: 10/16/2018        Page: 12 of 23

supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiff’s state-law claims and dismiss those claims

without prejudice. The Magistrate Judge found that “[t]here is no genuine issue of

material fact for trial as to whether Defendant, before December 17, 2013, was

aware of facts from which the inference could be drawn that Plaintiff had diabetes,

and also as to whether Defendant drew that inference.” Having excluded Dr.

Fein’s statements, the Magistrate Judge also found that “Plaintiff simply has not

demonstrated, with verifying medical evidence, that he suffered any adverse

consequence from the delay, until December 17, 2013, in the diagnosis and

treatment of his diabetes,” a requirement to establish Plaintiff’s deliberate

indifference claim based on Defendant’s failure to treat Plaintiff’s diabetes.2

       After conducting a de novo review, the District Judge overruled Plaintiff’s

objections, adopted the Magistrate Judge’s Report and Recommendation, granted

Defendant’s motion for summary judgment, dismissed Plaintiff’s federal deliberate

indifference claims with prejudice, and dismissed Plaintiff’s state law claims

without prejudice. The District Judge found that “Plaintiff has not presented any

record evidence disputing Defendant’s factual assertion that he was not aware of

Plaintiff’s diabetes until December 17, 2013, an assertion that — unless properly

disputed — entitles Defendant to summary judgment on Plaintiff’s diabetes claim.

2
  The Magistrate Judge also recommended that Plaintiff’s claims based on Defendant’s
deliberate indifference to Plaintiff’s non-diabetes injuries be dismissed. Plaintiff did not object
to this recommendation, which the district court adopted. Plaintiff grounds his appeal only his
claims based on Defendant’s deliberate indifference to Plaintiff’s diabetes injury.
                                                 12
             Case: 17-14429     Date Filed: 10/16/2018   Page: 13 of 23

The deliberate indifference test does not ask whether Defendant might have known

or possibly should have known of Plaintiff’s diabetes earlier, but rather whether the

record evidence supports a reasonable inference that Defendant did know and then

ignored Plaintiff’s condition.” Having found that Plaintiff’s claim failed on the

subjective-knowledge prong of the deliberate indifference test, the court did not

address the causation prong.

II.   DISCUSSION
      A.     Standard of Review
      We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo,

considering the facts and drawing all reasonable inferences in the light most

favorable to the non-moving party. Melton v. Abston, 841 F.3d 1207, 1219 (11th

Cir. 2016). Summary judgment is appropriate “if the movant shows that there is

no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as

a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). Genuine disputes of fact exist when the

evidence is such that a reasonable jury could render a verdict for the non-movant.

Melton, 841 F.3d at 1219. Factual issues are considered genuine when they have a

real basis in the record. Id. Summary judgment should be entered against a party

who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an essential

element of his case, and on which he bears the burden of proof at trial. Id.

“Inferences based on speculation and a ‘mere scintilla of evidence in support of the

                                         13
             Case: 17-14429      Date Filed: 10/16/2018    Page: 14 of 23

nonmoving party will not suffice to overcome a motion for summary judgment.’”

Id. (quoting Young v. City of Palm Bay, Fla., 358 F.3d 859, 860 (11th Cir. 2004)).

      “The decision of whether to grant a voluntary dismissal pursuant to Rule

41(a)(2) . . . falls within the sound discretion of the district court. Therefore, we

review the district court’s decision to voluntarily dismiss the case for an abuse of

discretion.” Arias v. Cameron, 776 F.3d 1262, 1268 (11th Cir. 2015).

      B.     The District Court Properly Excluded Dr. Fein’s Sworn
             Statements
      The district court did not abuse its discretion in imposing and enforcing the

procedural restrictions of Plaintiff’s voluntary dismissal under Federal Rule of

Civil Procedure 41(a)(2). “A district court enjoys broad discretion in determining

whether to allow a voluntary dismissal under Rule 41(a)(2).” Arias, 776 F.3d at

1268. “The purpose of Rule 41(a)(2) ‘is primarily to prevent voluntary dismissals

which unfairly affect the other side, and to permit the imposition of curative

conditions.’” Id. at 1268–69 (quoting McCants v. Ford Motor Co., Inc., 781 F.2d
855, 856 (11th Cir. 1986) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)). “While

the district court ‘should keep in mind the interests of the defendant, for Rule

41(a)(2) exists chiefly for protection of defendants,’ the court should also weigh

the relevant equities and do justice between the parties in each case, imposing such

costs and attaching such conditions to the dismissal as are deemed appropriate.”

                                           14
               Case: 17-14429     Date Filed: 10/16/2018   Page: 15 of 23

Id. (quoting Fisher v. Puerto Rico Marine Mgmt., Inc., 940 F.2d 1502, 1503 (11th

Cir. 1991)).

         The district court’s dismissal with the condition that any subsequent action

would be deemed to incorporate the procedural history of the original case did not

constitute an abuse of discretion. At the time of dismissal, the original case had

been pending for more than two years and the parties had completed a discovery

period that had already been extended to permit Plaintiff to retain an expert and

submit an expert report. The imposed conditions protected Defendant from the

time, expense, and prejudice that would necessarily result if Plaintiff were

permitted to relitigate the case anew. “The condition does nothing more than

preserve, upon refiling, the status quo ante.” Versa Prod., Inc. v. Home Depot,

USA, Inc., 387 F.3d 1325, 1329 (11th Cir. 2004) (holding that district court did not

abuse its discretion in placing conditions on the voluntary dismissal that protected

defendant from prejudice); Parker v. Freightliner Corp., 940 F.2d 1019, 1025 (7th

Cir. 1991) (upholding the district court’s order that expert testimony excluded in

the original action could not be reintroduced in the refiled action); Templeton v.

Nedlloyd Lines, 901 F.2d 1273, 1276 (5th Cir. 1990) (noting with approval the

district court’s decision to condition a voluntary dismissal on the plaintiffs

agreeing that they would not oppose the use of existing discovery in a subsequent

suit).

                                           15
               Case: 17-14429        Date Filed: 10/16/2018       Page: 16 of 23

       The court’s order imposing procedural conditions on any refiled case is not

ambiguous, as Plaintiff contends. The Magistrate Judge stated that any newly-filed

case would “incorporate the procedural history of this case” and that any re-filed

action “will essentially resume at the point in which this case left off.” At that

point, discovery had closed and those statements reasonably informed Plaintiff that

the court would not reopen discovery and permit submission of expert reports in

any refiled action. Although Plaintiff’s counsel now admits that his proffered

reason for seeking a dismissal (i.e. exhaustion of remedies) was a subterfuge and

that he sought dismissal to allow more time to retain an expert, he did not object to

the Magistrate Judge’s clearly expressed procedural conditions that would bar

additional discovery in any refiled case. Nor did he object or seek reconsideration

of the court’s order adopting the Magistrate Judge’s recommendations and

reiterating that “any newly-filed case [would] be deemed to incorporate the

procedural history of this case.”

       Plaintiff’s arguments that “[t]here had been no order forbidding the use of

expert testimony” and “[n]either Court gave plaintiff the option of refusing the

condition” are not persuasive.3 We agree with the Magistrate Judge that “it should

3
  The district court’s order here does not suffer from the same flaws that undermined the
dismissal orders in the cases cited by Plaintiff. For instance, the Sixth Circuit in Duffy was
“troubled . . . by the district court’s failure to give notice to the Duffys that it intended to
condition the voluntary dismissal on retaining the law of the case in the refiled action” and found
“the Duffys did not have a sufficient opportunity to contest the district court’s decision or to
withdraw their motion for voluntary dismissal if they did not wish to accept that condition.”
                                                16
               Case: 17-14429       Date Filed: 10/16/2018       Page: 17 of 23

have been clear to Plaintiff – after the parties received an extension of the

discovery period for the explicit purpose of designating experts and the extension

expired without any such designation – that upon the renewal of his original action,

he would not be allowed to make a belated expert disclosure without showing that

he was substantially justified in doing so.” Plaintiff made no such showing in

either the original or refiled actions.

       Instead of showing that a belated expert disclosure was justified, Plaintiff

argued, as he does here, that “he had an absolute right” under Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 15(a)(1)(A) to amend his complaint in the refiled action to include an

expert affidavit. We disagree. Plaintiff did not have an absolute right to

voluntarily dismiss the original action or subvert the court’s procedural conditions

on dismissal. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(a)(2) permits voluntary dismissal

“only by court order, on terms that the court considers proper.” As explained, the

court’s procedural conditions to dismissal were proper under the circumstances to

preserve the status quo and those conditions precluded additional discovery,

Duffy v. Ford Motor Co., 218 F.3d 623, 633–34 (6th Cir. 2000). That is not the case here where
Plaintiff declined the opportunity to object to the Magistrate Judge’s recommendation and argue
that expert discovery should be permitted in any refiled action and chose instead to continue
hiding his true motive for dismissal. Nor does the order here suffer from the ambiguities that
plagued the orders in the other cases cited by Plaintiff. The court’s order cannot reasonably be
read as permitting the reopening of discovery and the submission of expert reports in any refiled
action.

                                               17
               Case: 17-14429       Date Filed: 10/16/2018       Page: 18 of 23

including the submission of expert reports, in any refiled action. The district court

did not err in striking Dr. Fein’s statements. 4

       C.      The District Court Properly Granted Summary Judgment
       Plaintiff contends that the district court erred in finding that there is no

record evidence from which to construe a genuine issue of material fact for trial on

Plaintiff’s diabetes claim. “To establish a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, a plaintiff

must prove: (1) a violation of a constitutional right; and (2) that the alleged

violation was committed by a person acting under the color of state law or a private

individual who conspired with state actors.” Melton, 841 F.3d at 1220. As we

explained in Melton:

       The Eighth Amendment to the Constitution provides, “Excessive bail
       shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and
       unusual punishments inflicted.” U.S. Const. amend. VIII. The Eighth
       Amendment governs the conditions under which convicted prisoners
       are confined and the treatment that they receive while in prison.
       Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 832, 114 S. Ct. 1970, 1976, 128
L. Ed. 2d 811 (1994). The Supreme Court has interpreted the Eighth
       Amendment to prohibit “deliberate indifference to serious medical
       needs of prisoners.” Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 102, 97 S. Ct.
285, 290, 50 L. Ed. 2d 251 (1976). As a pretrial detainee . . . ,
       [Plaintiff’s] rights arose under the due process clause of the
       Fourteenth Amendment rather than the Eighth Amendment. Mann,
588 F.3d at 1306. Nonetheless, [Plaintiff’s] claims are “subject to the
       same scrutiny as if they had been brought as deliberate indifference
       claims under the Eighth Amendment.” Id. To prevail on a claim of

4
  That Plaintiff filed this case as a “renewal action” ostensibly under O.C.G.A. § 9-2-61 does not
alter the analysis as Plaintiff contends. Georgia’s renewal statue is a mechanism for allowing
cases to be re-filed in certain circumstances notwithstanding the statute of limitations. The
renewal statute does not affect the conditions imposed by the district court on Plaintiff’s
voluntary dismissal under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(a)(2).
                                               18
              Case: 17-14429       Date Filed: 10/16/2018      Page: 19 of 23

       deliberate indifference, a plaintiff must show: (1) a serious medical
       need; (2) a defendant’s deliberate indifference to that need; and (3)
       causation between that indifference and the plaintiff’s injury. Id. at
       1306–07.

Id. The district court found that Plaintiff failed to establish a genuine issue of

material fact with respect to the second requirement, Defendant’s deliberate

indifference to Daniels’s diabetes. We agree. 5

       “A plaintiff claiming deliberate indifference to a serious medical need must

prove: (1) subjective knowledge of a risk of serious harm; (2) disregard of that

risk; (3) by conduct that is more than mere negligence.” Id. at 1223. “Each

individual Defendant must be judged separately and on the basis of what that

person knows.” Burnette v. Taylor, 533 F.3d 1325, 1331 (11th Cir. 2008). “Since

a finding of deliberate indifference requires a finding of the defendant’s subjective

knowledge of the relevant risk, a genuine issue of material fact exists ‘only if the

record contains evidence, albeit circumstantial, of such subjective awareness.’”

Melton, 841 F.3d at 1224 (quoting McElligott v. Foley, 182 F.3d 1248, 1255 (11th

Cir. 1999) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)).

       The record evidence construed in the light most favorable to Plaintiff does

not establish that Defendant knew of Daniels’s high blood glucose levels before

diagnosis of his diabetes and treatment began on December 17, 2013. To rebut

5
  As did the district court, we assume for purposes of summary judgment that Daniels’s had a
serious medical need before being diagnosed and treated for diabetes on December 17, 2013.
                                              19
             Case: 17-14429     Date Filed: 10/16/2018   Page: 20 of 23

Defendant’s testimony that he did not know of Daniels’s diabetes, Plaintiff argues

that Defendant, as Daniels’s treating physician, must have known of the lab results

indicating that Daniels had diabetes sometime before his diagnosis. But the

evidence merely establishes that nurses at GCDC were aware of Daniels’s blood

glucose results. “[I]mputed or collective knowledge cannot serve as the basis for a

claim of deliberate indifference. Each individual defendant must be judged

separately and on the basis of what that person kn[ew].” Nam Dang by & through

Vina Dang v. Sheriff, Seminole Cty. Fla., 871 F.3d 1272, 1280 (11th Cir. 2017)

(quoting Burnette, 533 F.3d at 1331 (citations omitted)).

      The evidence is insufficient to support an inference that Defendant knew of

Defendant’s blood glucose test results before December 17, 2013. The undisputed

evidence shows that GCDC nurses were qualified to provide medical treatment to

patients, could order diagnostic testing, make diagnoses, and prescribe

medications. Plaintiff also admits that Defendant “generally cared for patients

housed in the infirmary [and] handled the more acute or complicated chronic care

issues,” while the nurse practitioners “handled routine chronic care and sick call

appointments.” Plaintiff further concedes that the GCDC nursing staff triages

medical issues by urgency and that the physician is typically only scheduled in the

most acute cases or when the mid-level provider believes a referral to the physician

is necessary. Despite the nurse practitioner’s central role in Daniels’s medical

                                         20
               Case: 17-14429        Date Filed: 10/16/2018       Page: 21 of 23

treatment, Plaintiff did not depose the nurses responsible for his care, much less

obtain testimony supporting Plaintiff’s contention that they must have informed

Defendant of Daniels’s blood glucose lab results before December 2013.

Speculation that the nurses must have told Defendant about the high blood glucose

results because they must have thought such high results warranted a physician

referral is insufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact.

       Nor can we infer that Defendant must have known about Daniels’s blood

glucose levels from the fact that Defendant saw and treated Daniels on several

occasions in the fall of 2013. Defendant treated Daniels for pain on October 9,

2013, and October 23, 2013, before the October 25, 2013, lab results indicating a

high glucose level were mailed. Thus, at that time, Daniels’s medical file included

only the blood work obtained in January 2013, showing a glucose level of only

147 mg/dL6, much lower than the 371 mg/dL reported in the October 25, 2013,

results that ultimately prompted the nurse practitioner to obtain a blood draw for

HgB A1C level to check for diabetes. Although no contemporaneous record seems

to reflect it, a possibility exists that Defendant also saw Daniels on or about

November 22, 2013. That visit apparently also was for pain.

6
  Plaintiff asserts that Defendant “had been told as of January 2013 that plaintiff’s blood sugar
was 147.” The record does not establish that anyone “told” Defendant about the January 2013
lab report. Moreover, the January 2013 lab report is addressed to a different doctor, Alaba
Adeshigbin.
                                                21
             Case: 17-14429     Date Filed: 10/16/2018    Page: 22 of 23

      No reasonable jury could conclude based on the evidence of record that

Defendant must have become aware of Daniels’s blood glucose test results while

treating him for pain, especially when it is undisputed that Daniels did not report

any symptoms consistent with diabetes before his diagnosis, primary responsibility

for screening lab results fell on the nurse practitioners, and Defendant relied on the

nurse practitioners to alert him to serious conditions requiring his attention.

Although the October 2013 lab report was addressed to Defendant, Defendant

denies seeing it before diagnosing Daniels with diabetes, and the normal protocol

called for nurse practitioners to screen lab reports and alert Defendant of the results

only if needed. There must be more than a “mere scintilla of evidence” of

Defendant’s awareness of the test results to survive summary judgment. Anderson

v. Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. 242, 252 (1986); Melton, 841 F.3d at 1224.

      At best, Plaintiff has raised a genuine issue about whether Defendant should

have been aware of Daniels glucose levels sooner by virtue of those results being

in his medical file when Defendant treated him for pain. “But an official’s failure

to alleviate a significant risk that he should have perceived but did not, while no

cause for commendation, cannot . . . be condemned as the infliction of

punishment.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837–38. “Mere incidents of negligence or

malpractice do not rise to the level of constitutional violations.” Harris v. Thigpen,

941 F.2d 1495, 1505 (11th Cir. 1991).

                                          22
               Case: 17-14429        Date Filed: 10/16/2018        Page: 23 of 23

       Based on the evidence of record, no reasonable jury could conclude that

Defendant had subjective knowledge of Daniels’s diabetic condition before

December 17, 2013. Plaintiff failed to establish that Defendant knew about a

serious medical need and deliberately chose to ignore it. Without evidence to

establish the subjective mental intent prong of deliberate indifference, Defendant is

entitled to summary judgment. 7

III.   CONCLUSION
       For the reasons explained above, we AFFIRM the decision of the district

court granting Defendant’s motion for summary judgment, dismissing Plaintiff’s

federal deliberate indifference claims with prejudice, and dismissing Plaintiff’s

state law claims without prejudice. 8

7
   In passing, Plaintiff argues that “[a]lthough the defendant says everything was working . . . that
is simply not true because the record from February 9, 2014 showed an 8.9% A1c.” To the
extent this argument suggests Defendant was deliberately indifferent to Daniels’s diabetes
following his diagnosis in December 2013, Plaintiff has failed to raise a genuine issue of material
fact. While “medical care which is so cursory as to amount to no treatment at all may amount to
deliberate indifference,” Mandel v. Doe, 888 F.2d 783, 789 (11th Cir. 1989), medical treatment
violates the Constitution only when it is “so grossly incompetent, inadequate, or excessive as to
shock the conscience or to be intolerable to fundamental fairness,” Nam Dang by & through Vina
Dang, 871 F.3d at 1280 (quoting Rogers v. Evans, 792 F.2d 1052, 1058 (11th Cir. 1986) (citation
omitted)). “‘[A] simple difference in medical opinion between the prison’s medical staff and the
inmate as to the latter’s diagnosis or course of treatment’ does not support a claim of deliberate
indifference.” Melton, 841 F.3d at 1224 (quoting Thigpen, 941 F.2d at 1505). The record
reflects that Defendant and his staff provided regular monitoring of Daniels’s glucose levels and
insulin treatment that succeeded in significantly lowering Defendant’s blood glucose and HgB
A1C level. Because the record does not establish a genuine dispute that Defendant failed to
make a good-faith effort to treat Daniels’s diabetes, summary judgment is appropriate.
8
  Plaintiff concedes that supplemental jurisdiction should not be exercised over the state law
claims if summary judgment is affirmed or Dr. Fein’s affidavits excluded.
                                                 23