Court Opinion

ID: 7275391
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-25 14:06:41.212745+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:18:49.324394
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

                                                         SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                         APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                         DOCKET NO. A-5652-18

MIN AMY GUO,

           Plaintiff-Respondent/
           Cross-Appellant,

v.

NOVARTIS PHARMACEUTICALS
CORPORATION,

     Defendant-Appellant/
     Cross-Respondent.
______________________________

                    Argued February 3, 2022 – Decided July 25, 2022

                    Before Judges Haas, Mawla, and Mitterhoff.

                    On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
                    Division, Morris County, Docket No. L-1486-14.

                    John B. McCusker argued the cause for appellant/cross-
                    respondent (McCusker, Anselmi, Rosen & Carvelli,
                    PC, and Porzio, Bromberg & Newman, PC, attorneys;
                    John B. McCusker, Patricia Prezioso and Patrice
                    LeTourneau, on the briefs).

                    James K. Webber argued the cause for
                    respondent/cross-appellant (Webber McGill LLC, and
            Richard J. Murray, attorneys; James K. Webber,
            Douglas J. McGill, and Richard J. Murray, on the
            briefs).

PER CURIAM

      Defendant Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation appeals from an August

27, 2019 judgment following a jury verdict in plaintiff Min Amy Guo's favor

pursuant to the Conscientious Employee Protection Act (CEPA), N.J.S.A.

34:19-1 to -14, and awarding her counsel fees. Plaintiff cross-appeals from the

same judgment following the jury's verdict in defendant's favor on its unjust

enrichment counterclaim and she challenges the counsel fees and the no-cause

verdict on punitive damages. We affirm both the appeal and the cross-appeal.

      We discern the following facts from the record. Plaintiff began working

for defendant in 2008 as senior director of a new health economics outcome

research (HEOR) department within its oncology division. The department was

tasked with conducting research regarding the economic efficacy of treatment

plans and pharmaceuticals. Over the following several years, plaintiff received

positive performance reviews and earned a promotion to executive director and

salary increase in March 2012. By the time of her termination, she earned an

annual salary of $223,678, as well as cash and stock incentive awards through

defendant's annual incentive plan (AIP) and stock incentive plan (SIP), albeit

                                                                         A-5652-18
                                      2
subject to claw-back in the event of misconduct pursuant to the rules of each

respective plan. In the event of an employee's noncompliance with the law, the

company's code of conduct, or any provision of the company guidelines, the AIP

explicitly set forth avenues for recovery of any incentives already paid to the

employee. The SIP likewise required a participant's adherence to the same

company policies, including the code of conduct, under the same terms.

      During plaintiff's employment, as part of its settlement of a lawsuit

brought by the U.S. Department of Justice alleging violations of the False

Claims Act (FCA), 31 U.S.C. § 3729 to -33, and Anti-Kickback Statute (AKS),

42 U.S.C. § 1320a-7b(b), defendant entered into a corporate integrity agreement

(CIA) in 2010, requiring that it implement and adhere to policies and procedures

to ensure its compliance with federal law, including the FCA and AKS.

Consistent with those policies, defendant provided plaintiff training regarding

compliance with the CIA and, by extension, the AKS. Plaintiff's understan ding

from that training, as pertinent here, was that the company could violate the

AKS by paying a distributor for a study of negligible scientific value as a

kickback for purchasing and distributing its product.        In that connection,

defendant does not sell any of its products directly to the general public; rather,

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                                        3
it sells them to firms such as McKesson Corporation (McKesson), which in turn

sells them to pharmacies.

      In June 2012, while approval for a new indication to treat breast cancer

for Afinitor remained pending, Christi Shaw, head of defendant's oncology

division, met with Grant Bogle, a senior marketing executive at McKesson, to

discuss the drug's launch.    Shaw discussed with Bogle the possibility that

McKesson might perform an HEOR study of Afinitor to support the launch.

      Early the following month, Greg Grabavoy, head of defendant's Oncology

Scientific Operations – Managed Markets (OSOMM) group, sent an email

message to Shaw apprising her of a proposed study from McKesson, at a cost to

defendant of $248,500, that would examine McKesson's doctors' existing off-

label use of Afinitor to treat their breast cancer patients. He described the

proposal as a "customer engagement project" that offered a "very quick

turnaround time prior to launch" and suggested a telephone conference the

following week to "expedite approval/funding." Despite the HEOR group's

responsibility for evaluation of such studies, he failed to include anyone from

the group as an email recipient.

      Plaintiff contended, in support of her CEPA claim, that once she learned

of the proposal, she reasonably believed its approval could constitute the sort of

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kickback that might run afoul of defendant's CIA and federal law. She testified

at trial that she believed approval of the study, and particularly its expedited

approval, would violate numerous compliance principles, noting that the

proposal had been made by commercial leaders rather than qualified health

economists, that it was not accounted for in defendant's annual budget, and that

it would entail off-label usage.     Plaintiff promptly sent an email to her

supervisor, Steven Stein, and to Shaw, complaining that her HEOR group had

not been "kept in the loop" about the proposal, observing that the study seemed

impossible to viably complete prior to the drug's launch, and cautioning that

"[p]er [the] CIA, all customer studies w[ould] have to go through Medical and

HEOR review and approval for medical soundness and methodology rigor, and

we are required to document the review and approval of the study protocol."

Over the next few days, on further review of the proposal, plaintiff sent another

pair of emails to Stein describing what she believed to be several flaws in the

study.

         On July 6, 2012, Peter Kwok, an employee in the OSOMM group,

mentioned plaintiff in an email to Grabavoy and expressed concern about her

involvement in the process and the implication for expedited approval:

              Can you confirm with Christi that she wants us to move
              forward with a proposal since [McKesson] is expecting

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                                        5
            a quick response from [Novartis]? Or are we going to
            "wait" for Amy? I think it is unwise to have another
            "internal review" by Amy and her group; doing so not
            only means we will likely miss the "deadline" that
            Christi had originally set for an August completion, it
            will also send a wrong signal to [McKesson] since they
            quickly turned this proposal around.

Another email from Kwok to his superiors in the company a few days later added

that this "was not intended to be an HEOR study as we have structured the

deliverables over . . . [seven] weeks['] time to meet Christi's desire to have the

results ready at product launch."

      Despite defendant's modification of the proposal responsive to plaintiff's

comments in some respects, plaintiff continued to raise concerns about the study

and its approval process, both in writing and in conversations with other

supervisors over the course of the following month. In email messages in late

July, she advised that the appropriate procedure would need to be followed "to

ensure rigor and minimize risk" and that the study "require[d] HEOR

analytical/methodological skills to maximize the value of the study and

minimize risk." Moreover, according to plaintiff, when she told her supervisor,

Ling Wu, "about [the] policy violations," the "processes being broken," and

"potential anti-kickback" implications, Wu asked whether Shaw and Stein were

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                                        6
supporting the approval and, when plaintiff responded in the affirmative, warned

plaintiff to "back off."

      In late July 2012, Madhav Namjoshi, one of plaintiff's subordinates,

approached plaintiff and expressed concerns about the proposed study, recalling

an email in which Kwok had appeared to place commercial interests above the

scientific rigor of the approval process by stating, "[w]e like to engage

[McKesson] because they are a key customer, the largest GPO in the country,

and have significant impact on the 'drug purchase' as well as 'influence' with

payers[.]" Yet plaintiff failed to bring Namjoshi's concern to Wu's attention

until the following week, at which point Wu advised plaintiff to report the issue

to William "Charlie" Lucas in the ethics and compliance department.

      Plaintiff did so the same day, and Lucas noted in his memorialization of

the conversation his agreement "that the appropriate review process was

important in order to ensure the scientific validity of the project and that it avoid

any suggestion we are engaging in a study as an inducement for the cus tomer to

purchase our products." Lucas contacted defendant's Business Practice Office

(BPO), which declined to conduct an investigation of the matter itself but

assigned Lucas to do so.

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                                         7
      In the course of that investigation, Lucas interviewed the recipients of

Kwok's email and others who were reviewing McKesson's proposal and

ultimately concluded that the email had been poorly worded but did not evidence

any impropriety and that in any event, the proposed study was at that point no

longer being pursued.    He recommended that all recipients of the email,

including plaintiff, receive coaching regarding seeking legal or compliance

advice about "manag[ing] poor documentation" and that plaintiff also receive

coaching "about reporting policies for potential compliance violations," given

her failure to promptly report Namjoshi's complaint to compliance.

      On August 23, 2012, Namjoshi and James Turnbull, another of plaintiff's

subordinates, approached Tina Grasso, a senior director in the oncology

department, to report that plaintiff had directed them to evade the legal and

compliance departments regarding two studies for which defendant's vendor had

failed to obtain proper approval from an institutional review board, as they

believed was required by federal regulation. Grasso reported the issue to Lucas,

who again contacted the BPO, an action which plaintiff admitted at trial had

been appropriate.    The BPO initially assigned Lucas and the oncology

compliance department to investigate, pursuant to guidance from the legal

department, though Lucas was eventually replaced in that role by his colleague

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                                       8
Annabel Nau after the investigation expanded into areas where Lucas had

provided guidance on compliance to plaintiff's HEOR group.

      Investigators interviewed plaintiff on three occasions, as well as more

than two dozen other witnesses, and reviewed voluminous documentary

material, some of it provided to them directly by plaintiff. Moreover, they

considered numerous further allegations aside from those that had initially

spurred the investigation, including from Virginia Lazala, head of the oncology

legal department. The investigation ultimately substantiated, in part based on

plaintiff's admissions, numerous violations of company policy, including that

she had drafted a review procedure without consulting the legal department,

conducted   two HEOR studies         without proper approval, discouraged

subordinates from raising potential legal and compliance issues with the

appropriate departments, pushed for approval of another study without

disclosing any conflict of interest, consulted with a vendor's attorney regarding

regulatory compliance rather than defendant's own counsel, and failed to correct

overpayments to customers above fair market value. Yet the investigative

report, issued in April 2013, made no recommendation as to any appropriate

disciplinary measures.

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                                       9
      While that investigation remained pending, in March 2013, plaintiff

received a positive performance review for the prior year and a bonus, and

defendant expanded her group's responsibilities and allowed her to hire another

associate.     In May 2013, however, an internal review committee (IRC),

comprising reviewers from the human resources, compliance, and legal

departments, recommended retraining and other disciplinary action short of

termination for the other employees involved in the violations detailed in the

investigative report, but recommended termination for plaintiff in light of the

severity of her violations and her leadership role within the organization.

      Wu, Shaw, and Stein, as plaintiff's supervisors, formally requested that

the IRC reconsider that recommendation, suggesting that plaintiff instead be

placed on a performance improvement plan, but the IRC affirmed it, explaining

that the pattern and severity of her transgressions demanded nothing less than

termination.     Her supervisors then appealed to a global internal review

committee, but that committee reached the same recommendation, adding that

plaintiff's judgment had been poor and that the committee was not confident she

would prospectively refrain from similar misconduct. Her supervisors accepted

that result and rationale, and defendant terminated her employment in July 2013.

Defendant offered her a severance package.

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                                      10
      On June 13, 2014, plaintiff filed a complaint against defendant, alleging

she had been terminated from her employment in violation of both CEPA and

the common law. On September 12, 2014, defendant filed an answer and

counterclaims for breach of contract and unjust enrichment, among other claims.

      On August 17, 2018, after a protracted period of discovery, the motion

judge denied a motion by defendant for summary judgment. In denying the

motion, the judge concluded plaintiff presented sufficient evidence to

substantiate her claim. As the judge recounted, plaintiff had stated that she

believed that Kwok's email regarding the proposed study raised potential

violations of the CIA, which had been formulated to ensure compliance with the

AKS, and defendant's expert confirmed that the CIA required defendant to notify

appropriate authorities of a probable violation of that sort. There was therefore

sufficient evidence in the record to support that she had an "objectively

reasonable belief that there was a substantial nexus between the complained of

conduct" and the CIA and the AKS. With regard to whistleblowing activity,

plaintiff had at least formally brought her subordinate's complaint to Lucas's

attention, which led to her investigation and the adverse employment action of

her termination.

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                                      11
      The judge further noted both that plaintiff had satisfied her initial burden

and that defendant had adequately substantiated its purported legitimate reasons

for termination, leaving the burden on plaintiff to demonstrate that those reasons

were pretextual. But the judge concluded she had introduced sufficient evidence

to require submission of the issue to a jury, noting that none of the other

employees who failed to report the same email message were terminated and

that plaintiff had been viewed as delaying the proposed study, which would have

"benefited [defendant] immensely." Defendant was therefore not entitled to

summary judgment on the claim.

      Trial was held before a jury from January 2, 2019 to February 26, 2019.

At trial, both parties moved for a directed verdict, but the judge reserved his

decision.

      At the conclusion of trial, the judge instructed the jury that in order to

prove the first element of her CEPA claim, plaintiff needed to "establish that she

reasonably believed that the proposed McKesson . . . study and the approval

process was either . . . in violation of the law or rule or a regulation issued under

the law" or "would have been compatible with a clear mandate of public policy

concerning public health, safety or welfare[.]" The judge mentioned the project

approval process in response to plaintiff's theory that because the CIA required

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                                        12
the company to make and adhere to policies to ensure compliance with the AKS,

misconduct related to the approval process could also implicate the AKS. The

judge also instructed, "[t]o prove the second element of her claim, plaintiff must

establish that she complained or actually blew the whistle."

      The judge provided the following instruction on CEPA's third element:

            To prove the third element of their claim, the plaintiff
            must establish that the defendant took an adverse action
            against her. Adverse action can be a termination,
            suspension, demotion, or any other employment action
            taken against an employee in the terms and the
            conditions of their employment.

                   The parties in this case do not contest that
            [defendant] terminated [plaintiff's] employment. That
            is considered an adverse action. The plaintiff claims it
            was retaliatory. [Defendant] claims she was an
            employee and [defendant] properly terminated her after
            an internal investigation because of her misconduct and
            that retaliation was not a determinative motivating
            factor in [defendants'] decision to terminate her.

                   Plaintiff claims that the internal investigation
            itself was an adverse action for the retaliation or the
            retaliative motive. Again, it is for you, the jury, to
            decide which to believe.

      Finally, the judge instructed as follows:

                   In order to prove the final element and to prevail
            in her case the plaintiff must prove by a preponderance
            of the evidence the existence of a causal connection
            between her reporting, complaining, or objecting to the
            McKesson . . . study which is her blowing the whistle

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                                       13
            and the adverse employment action taken by her
            employer.

                   In other words, there must be a connection
            between the whistleblowing and the termination. It's
            the plaintiff's burden to prove that it is more likely than
            not that [defendant] engaged in intentional retaliation
            against the plaintiff because she blew the whistle or in
            other words, reported, complained, or made objections
            to her supervisors regarding her objectively reasonable
            belief that the McKesson . . . study violated the anti-
            kickback statute or CIA.

                   That's really the ultimate issue for you to decide
            in this case. Did [defendant] intentionally terminate
            [plaintiff] because she blew the whistle . . . .

      After the trial, the jury returned a verdict awarding plaintiff $1,816,040

on her CEPA claim. The jury also awarded defendant $345,360.79 on its

counterclaim for unjust enrichment.

      The jury also issued a verdict denying plaintiff any punitive damages after

a brief trial on that issue. During the punitive damages trial, the judge agreed

to plaintiff's request to include Lisa Goldman, defendant's chief compliance

officer, as well as Shaw and Lazala as upper management employees in his

instructions to the jury. The judge declined to include Lucas and Nau because

although they worked in the compliance department, they took direction from

Goldman and thus could not qualify as upper management. It further declined

to include Liz McGee, an attorney who eventually replaced Lazala as executive

                                                                           A-5652-18
                                       14
director of the legal department and who participated in plaintiff's investigation

by interviewing Shaw, offering only that, "[w]hether she was involved [in the

investigation] or not, I don't think she's upper management in the sense that

we're looking for."

      On March 26, 2019, the judge denied motions by both parties for judgment

notwithstanding the verdict (JNOV). The judge acknowledged that there had

been "little direct evidence" supporting any element of plaintiff's claim but

concluded that she had presented sufficient circumstantial evidence to permit a

rational juror to return the verdict in her favor. The judge reasoned that both

testimony and documentary evidence suggested that plaintiff was left out of the

initial legal and compliance review chain for the proposed study and that once

it was presented to her for review, she raised numerous objections, some to th e

effect that the proposal could be interpreted as a payment to McKesson to induce

the distributor to push defendant's product in violation of the AKS. Moreover,

even if plaintiff had been mistaken in that regard, the record showed that other

employees initially shared the same perception, supporting the notion that her

belief was a reasonable one.

      The judge further recounted that the AKS was "very broad in its efforts to

prevent abuse in this area of the pharmaceutical business[,]" and noted that

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                                       15
Kwok's email could be construed to suggest defendant should approve the study

for reasons prohibited under that statute. The judge reiterated that the other

employees investigated in conjunction with plaintiff had been disciplined rather

than terminated, that plaintiff was fired despite her otherwise satisfactory

performance record, her immediate supervisor appealed for reconsideration of

the recommendation for termination, and that other superiors had recommended

counseling instead. Because reasonable minds could have differed on this

record, the judge concluded defendant was not entitled to a JNOV.

      In rejecting plaintiff's motion for JNOV, the judge reasoned that "[o]ur

law only prohibits double recovery for alternate claims out of the same set of

facts[,]" but that had not been the case here. The judge recounted that there had

been considerable evidence in the record demonstrating that plaintiff had

violated defendant's code of conduct and other policies governing conflicts of

interest, ethics, and compliance, and that she discouraged subordinates from

seeking appropriate advice and approvals.        Indeed, despite warnings and

coaching for prior noncompliance, she sought advice from a vendor's attorneys,

rather than defendant's, regarding the need for regulatory approval of a proposal,

and hired outside counsel to train defendant's employees. The judge concluded

there was "ample evidence" establishing that she had "inequitably placed her

                                                                            A-5652-18
                                       16
own self-interest" over her employer's and unjustly enriched herself at

defendant's expense, contrary to the company's code of conduct.

      On August 8, 2019, the judge granted defendant an award reimbursing it

for the $8,466 in attorney's fees it had expended due to plaintiff's disruptive

conduct during trial. The following day, the judge issued an order and opinion

granting plaintiff $1,531,434.54 in attorney's fees and costs on her CEPA claim.

In calculating plaintiff's award of attorney's fees, the judge arrived at a

reasonable rate of $350 per hour for the services of counsel Webber McGill's

lead attorney, consistent with the rate represented in the firm's retainer

agreement with plaintiff. She set rates ranging from $200 to $300 per hour for

other attorneys from the same firm on careful, thorough consideration of t heir

relative levels of experience, education, and role in the litigation. For solo

practitioner Richard J. Murray, the judge concluded a rate of $450 per hour

would be appropriate, based on similar considerations and in light of his award

calculated with the same rate in another recent CEPA case.

      The judge then undertook a thorough review of the attorneys' billing

records, carefully identifying redundancies and other excess expenditures of

time, as well as those expenditures for which he found the documentary support

was lacking and reducing the total number of billable hours accordingly. On

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                                      17
careful consideration of the relevant legal factors, the judge concluded that the

fee awards would not be reasonable absent some enhancement but reduced that

enhancement in light of defendant's success on the unjust enrichment claim and

other mitigating factors, thereby arriving at figures of $940,916.25 for Webber

McGill and $484,076.25 for Murray.

      On August 27, 2019, the judge issued a final order.         These appeals

followed.

      On appeal, defendant presents the following arguments for our

consideration:

            POINT I

            THE COURT SHOULD HAVE GRANTED
            [DEFENDANT'S] MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY
            JUDGMENT DIRECTED VERDICT, AND JNOV
            BECAUSE THE EVIDENCE SHOWED THAT
            PLAINTIFF DID NOT IDENTIFY ANY ILLEGAL
            CONDUCT, DID NOT ENGAGE IN PROTECTED
            ACTIVITY, AND WAS TERMINATED FOR
            EGREGIOUS MISCONDUCT UNRELATED TO
            ANY ALLEGED WHISTLEBLOWING.

                  A. Plaintiff Failed To Meet The First
                  Prong of CEPA Because She Did Not
                  Demonstrate A Reasonable Belief That A
                  Violation Of Law Or Public Policy Had Or
                  Would Imminently Occur.

                        i. The Internal Process For
                        Reviewing Research Proposals

                                                                           A-5652-18
                                      18
     Has No Substantial Nexus To
     The Anti-Kickback Statute.

     ii. The CIA Also Has No
     Standard    For    Reviewing
     Research Proposals And Is Not
     A Clear Mandate Of Public
     Policy.

     iii.  Plaintiff   Did   Not
     Demonstrate Any Wrongdoing
     With Regard To the McKesson
     Proposal.

B. Plaintiff Failed To Meet The Second
Prong of CEPA Because She Did Not
Engage In Any Protected Whi[s]tleblowing
Activity.

C. Plaintif[f]'s Serious Misconduct
Warranted Termination [And] Was Wholly
Unrelated To Alleged Whistleblowing.

     i. There Was No Evidence
     That The Investigati[o]n was
     Retaliatory     Or       Pre-
     Determined to Terminate.

     ii. Plaintiff Never Suggested
     That She Believed There Was
     Any Illegality Occurring.

     iii. Plaintiff Admitted To
     Much Of The Misconduct
     Alleged By Her Subordinates
     And Coworkers.

                                           A-5652-18
                  19
            iv. The Only Support For
            Pretext    Was  Plaintiff's
            Speculation.

            v. Plaintiff Admitted Lucas
            Was Required To Report The
            Allegations      Of     Her
            Misconduct And There Was
            No Evidence That Any
            Investigator Acted With Any
            Retaliatory Motive.

            vi. There Was No Comparator
            Evidence To Support Pretext
            Since     Plaintiff  Alone
            Committed Serious Acts of
            Misconduct.

POINT II

THE DUAL VERDICT UNDERSCORES THE
COURT'S ERROR IN DENYING [DEFENDANT]
JNOV ON PLAINTIFF'S CEPA CLAIM.

POINT III

THE TRIAL COURT'S JNOV OPINION CONTAINS
ERRONEOUS FACTUAL AND LEGAL FINDINGS
THAT CANNOT BE UPHELD BY THIS COURT.

     A. The Trial Court Failed To Identify A
     Substantial Nexus To Any Law Or Public
     Policy Or Point To Any Protected Activity.

            i. The Trial Court Pointed To
            No         Evidence        Of
            Whistleblowing.

                                                  A-5652-18
                        20
     ii. The Court Acknowledged
     That Plaintiff Could Not Have
     Reasonably           Believed
     Approval Of McKesson's
     Proposal Was Imminent.

     iii. Plaintiff Admitted It Was
     Not Her Job To Ensure
     Proposals Complied With The
     Law.

     iv. Plaintiff Never Expressed
     That She Thought The
     Proposal Could Be Interpreted
     Simply As A Payment To
     McKesson.

     v. There Is No Evidence That
     Anyone Thought The Proposal
     Was Unlawful.

     vi. The Court Conflated The
     Kwok Email With The
     McKesson Proposal.

B. The Court Pointed To Nothing But
Unreasonable And Erroneous Inferences
To Justify A Finding That Plaintiff Met
Her Burden Of Establishing Pretext.

     i. The Court Ignored That
     Plaintiff, Unlike All The Other
     Employees Disciplined, Was
     Terminated For A Pattern of
     Serious Policy Violations.

     ii. There Was No Evidence to
     Support The Court's Inference

                                          A-5652-18
                  21
                         That Shaw          Engaged   In
                         Misconduct.

                         iii. The Study Proposal Had
                         No Impact On The Launch
                         And [Carlos] Garay,[1] Who
                         Criticized The Proposal, Was
                         Promoted.

             POINT IV

             THE COURT INCORRECTLY INSTRUCTED THE
             JURY THAT IT COULD FIND PROTECTED
             ACTIVITY BASED UPON COMPLAINTS ABOUT
             THE COMPANY'S INTERNAL "APPROVAL
             PROCESS"    AND    COULD     FIND THE
             INVESTIGATION ITSELF RETALIATORY.

                   A. The Court Incorrectly Instructed The
                   Jury Thirteen . . . Times That Complaints
                   About Internal "Approval Process" Could
                   Constitute Whistleblowing.

                   B. The Jury Was Wrongfully Instructed
                   That It Could Find The Investigation Itself
                   [Was] Adverse Action.

             POINT V

             PLAINTIFF IS NOT ENTITLED TO AN AWARD OF
             COUNSEL FEES FOR HER FAILED DEFENSE
             AGAINST THE COUNTERCLAIMS, LET ALONE
             ENHANCED FEES.

1
    Executive Director of Solid Tumors and lead reviewer of the study.
                                                                         A-5652-18
                                       22
      On cross-appeal, plaintiff presents the following arguments for our

consideration:

            POINT I

            DEFENDANT'S    UNJUST  ENRICHMENT
            JUDGMENT SHOULD BE REVERSED AS A
            MATTER OF LAW.

            POINT II

            THE LOWER COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION
            IN   AWARDING   PLAINTIFF'S   COUNSEL
            REDUCED FEES.

                 A. The Applicable Law Favors Plaintiff.

                       1. The Standard Of Review.

                       2. Establishment    Lodestar
                       Award.

                            i.   Establishing
                            Appropriate
                            Hourly Rates.

                            ii. Principles For
                            Approving Time
                            Entries.

                 B. The Lower Court Abused Its Discretion
                 In Awarding Webber McGill A Reduced
                 Lodestar.

                       1. The Lower Court Imposed
                       An     Impermissible  Rate
                       "Ceiling" Based On Webber

                                                                   A-5652-18
                                   23
     McGill's Engagement Letter
     With Plaintiff.

     2. The Lower Court Erred By
     Failing To Award A Fee Based
     On Current Market Rates As
     Established               By
     Uncontroverted      Attorney
     Certifications.

     3. The Lower Court Abused Its
     Discretion    In    Imposing
     Across-the-Board        Rate
     Reductions For Attorneys
     Who The Court (Mistakenly)
     Believed Did Not Actively
     Participate At Trial Or In
     Motion Practice.

     4. The Lower Court Abused Its
     Discretion By Arbitrarily
     Disallowing       Significant
     Amounts of Time And By
     Failing To Identify With
     Requisite Precision Which
     Time Entries It Reduced
     and/or Cut

C. The Lower Court Abused Its Discretion
In Awarding . . . Murray A Reduced
Lodestar.

     1. The Lower Court Erred By
     Failing To Award A Fee Based
     On Current Market Rates.

                                           A-5652-18
                  24
                         2. The Lower Court Abused Its
                         Discretion In Reducing Hours
                         Expended By . . . Murray.

                   D. The Trial Court Erred By Relying On
                   Inappropriate Factors To Limit Plaintiff's
                   Counsel's Fee Enhancement.

            POINT III

            THE LOWER COURT ERRED IN REFUSING TO
            GRANT PLAINTIFF'S SUPPLEMENTAL FEE
            APPLICATION.

            POINT IV

            THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED REVERSIBLE
            ERROR IN THE PUNITIVE DAMAGES TRIAL.

                                        A.

      Defendant first argues that the judge erred by denying it judgment as a

matter of law at various stages of the proceedings—at summary judgment, at the

close of plaintiff's case, and after the verdict. We review a trial court's decision

on motions for summary judgment, directed verdict, and JNOV de novo, applying

the same standard as the trial court. See, e.g., Prudential Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co. v.

Boylan, 307 N.J. Super. 162, 167 (App. Div. 1998); Luczak v. Twp. of Evesham,

311 N.J. Super. 103, 108 (App. Div. 1998); Barber v. ShopRite of Englewood &

Assocs., 406 N.J. Super. 32, 52 (App. Div. 2009).

                                                                              A-5652-18
                                        25
      A court may grant summary judgment only where "the pleadings,

depositions, answers to interrogatories and admissions on file, together with the

affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact

challenged and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment or order as a

matter of law." R. 4:46-2(c). An equivalent standard applies to a motion for a

directed verdict at trial. Frugis v. Bracigliano, 177 N.J. 250, 269-70 (2003).

Finally, the court may grant a motion for JNOV only "if, having given due regard

to the opportunity of the jury to pass upon the credibility of the witnesses, it

clearly and convincingly appears that there was a miscarriage of justice under

the law." R. 4:49-1(a).

      The CEPA provides in relevant part that:

            An employer shall not take any retaliatory action
            against an employee because the employee does any of
            the following:

            a. Discloses, or threatens to disclose to a supervisor or
            to a public body an activity, policy or practice of the
            employer . . . that the employee reasonably believes:

                  (1) is in violation of a law, or a rule or regulation
                  promulgated pursuant to law . . . or

                  ....

            c. Objects to, or refuses to participate in any activity,
            policy or practice which the employee reasonably
            believes:

                                                                           A-5652-18
                                       26
                   (1) is in violation of a law, or a rule or regulation
                   promulgated pursuant to law . . . [or]

                   ....

                   (3) is incompatible with a clear mandate of public
                   policy concerning the public health, safety or
                   welfare or protection of the environment.

             [N.J.S.A. 34:19-3.]

The statute defines "retaliatory action" as "the discharge, suspension or

demotion of an employee, or other adverse employment action taken against an

employee in the terms and conditions of employment." N.J.S.A. 34:19-2(e).

      To prevail on a claim for violation of those provisions, the employee must

establish that:

             (1) he or she reasonably believed that his or her
             employer's conduct was violating either a law, rule, or
             regulation promulgated pursuant to law, or a clear
             mandate of public policy; (2) he or she performed a
             "whistle-blowing" activity described in [CEPA]; (3) an
             adverse employment action was taken against him or
             her; and (4) a causal connection exists between the
             whistle-blowing activity and the adverse employment
             action.

             [Dzwonar v. McDevitt, 177 N.J. 451, 462 (2003).]

      The employer's conduct need not have actually violated a law or clear

mandate of public policy; it suffices that the employee held a reasonable belief

that it did. Ibid. Nonetheless, there must be an identifiable "statute, regulation,

                                                                             A-5652-18
                                        27
rule, or public policy that closely relates to the complained-of conduct[,]" the

absence of which will compel judgment in the employer's favor. Id. at 463. As

for causation, that element need not be satisfied by direct evidence but may

instead "be satisfied by inferences that the trier of fact may reasonably draw

based on circumstances surrounding the employment action[.]" Maimone v.

City of Atl. City, 188 N.J. 221, 237 (2006). That may include "[t]he temporal

proximity of employee conduct protected by CEPA and [the] adverse

employment action[,]" ibid., though "[t]emporal proximity, standing alone, is

insufficient to establish causation." Hancock v. Borough of Oaklyn, 347 N.J.

Super. 350, 361 (App. Div. 2002).

      Once the employee establishes a prima facie case pursuant to that

framework, the burden of production shifts to the employer

            to advance "a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for
            its rejection of the employee." The plaintiff retains the
            ultimate burden of proving that the retaliatory motive
            played a determinative role in the adverse decision. As
            in any cause of action, plaintiff can meet that burden by
            means of circumstantial as well as direct evidence, or a
            combination of the two. One way the employee can do
            this is by proving that the employer's articulated reason
            "was not the true reason for the employment decision
            but was merely a pretext for discrimination."

            [Donofry v. Autotote Sys., Inc., 350 N.J. Super. 276,
            292 (App. Div. 2001) (internal citations omitted)

                                                                          A-5652-18
                                      28
            (quoting Bergen Com. Bank v. Sisler, 157 N.J. 188, 211
            (1999)).]

Ultimately, the employee must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that

the employer's retaliation "was more likely than not a determinative factor" in

its decision with regard to the adverse employment action. Id. at 293 (quoting

Kolb v. Burns, 320 N.J. Super. 467, 479 (App. Div. 1999)).

                                        I.

      On appeal, defendant first argues that plaintiff failed to show she had a

reasonable belief that any violation of law or public policy had occurred or was

imminent. It contends, moreover, that there was no substantial nexus between

the violation of defendant's internal approval process about which plaintiff

complained and either the AKS or CIA, neither of which prescribed any

requirements for such an approval process, and the latter of which did not even

qualify as either a law or a clear mandate of public policy in the first place.

Defendant also asserts plaintiff did not demonstrate any wrongdoing with regard

to the McKesson proposal.

      We reject, as did the trial judge, defendant's assertion that the proofs were

insufficient to establish plaintiff's reasonable belief that the law was being

violated. Plaintiff's testimony and documentary evidence showed that she had

specifically voiced to Wu and Lucas her belief that the McKesson study was a

                                                                             A-5652-18
                                       29
kickback that violated the CIA, which in turn was designed to ensure compliance

with the AKS. She had received training on the policies after Novartis was

heavily sanctioned by the federal government for violations of the AKS and the

FCA. Plaintiff's understanding from that training was that the company could

violate the AKS by paying a distributor for a study of negligible scientific value

as a kickback for purchasing and distributing its product. Other employees

shared her perception that approval of the study might be improper on that

ground, particularly in light of the "unfortunately worded" email from Kwok.

The trial judge correctly concluded that the evidence was sufficient to support

an inference that plaintiff's belief had been objectively reasonable. As for the

nexus between the AKS and the misconduct of which plaintiff complained,

plaintiff's emails and other communications showed that she took issue, not only

with defendant's adherence to the approval process, but also with the perceived

kickback in violation of both the AKS and the CIA, which was meant to ensure

defendant's compliance with the AKS.         As the judge aptly concluded, the

evidence was sufficient to show a substantial nexus.

                                       II.

      Defendant next argues that plaintiff failed to demonstrate that she had

engaged in any protected whistleblowing activity. This argument ignores that

                                                                            A-5652-18
                                       30
plaintiff explicitly mentioned the notion of a kickback in her July 2012

conversation with Wu, and it was the jury's prerogative to determine whether to

credit that account. See State v. Feaster, 156 N.J. 1, 81 (1998) (noting the jury's

exclusive prerogative to evaluate witness' credibility and find of facts based on

record). Moreover, Lucas' memorialization of his initial conversation with

plaintiff in his report mentioned concern that approval of the study could be

perceived as "an inducement for the customer to purchase our products[,]" albeit

without using the specific term "kickback." The jury could reasonably conclude

that those communications constituted protected whistleblowing activity. As

for plaintiff's subjective belief on the subject, we note that plaintiff's trial

testimony indicated that she did not know at the time whether Shaw was

engaging in any kickback scheme but was "concerned." Her testimony was not

that she affirmatively did not believe Shaw engaged in such impropriety.

                                       III.

      Defendant next argues the judge erred in finding the evidence supported

an inference of retaliation, claiming that plaintiff's serious misconduct

warranted her termination and the firing bore no relationship to the alleged

whistleblowing. Defendant reasons that there was no direct evidence defendant

had conducted the investigation in retaliation for her complaints. Defendant

                                                                             A-5652-18
                                       31
asserts that plaintiff never suggested that she believed there was any illegality

occurring and acknowledged much of her own misconduct. Defendant contends

the disciplinary actions taken as to the other employees who failed to report

Kwok's email did not constitute a viable comparison for plaintiff's treatment in

evaluating causation because plaintiff's termination was brought about by

further misconduct discovered only after the initial investigation that resulted in

the lighter discipline to the others.

      We reject these arguments and agree with the judge that evidence of other

disciplinary actions, the timing and outcomes of those actions, and evidence that

defendant resented plaintiff's holding up the approval process for an important

and financially beneficial proposal, sufficed to support an inference of

retaliation. The jury was not bound to simply accept defendant's evidence,

considerable though it may have been, at face value. See ibid. There was

enough for the jury to determine that the retaliation and not plaintiff's

misconduct was the reason plaintiff was terminated.

                                        IV.

      Defendant next contends that the mixed verdict should have compelled

the court to grant its JNOV motion. Yet defendant acknowledges that when the

jury asked during deliberations whether the verdicts could be "mutually

                                                                             A-5652-18
                                        32
exclusive," the parties agreed that it could, betraying defendant's understanding

that these results were not inherently irreconcilable. Indeed, the jury could find

from the record that plaintiff had engaged in numerous violations of company

policy justifying the claw-back of prior incentive awards on the unjust

enrichment claim but that her complaint about the McKesson study, given the

coincidence of its timing and of the investigation revealing the other violations,

nonetheless was a decisive factor in defendant's decision to terminate her

employment. Nor was the size of the unjust enrichment award of any mom ent,

as defendant asserts, because the measure of the award was the value of those

prior incentives, not the severity of plaintiff's misconduct.

                                        V.

      Finally, defendant asserts that the judge relied on mistaken factual

findings and legal conclusions to deny its JNOV motion. It complains that the

judge failed to identify a substantial nexus to any law or public policy or point

to any protected activity and that the judge pointed to no evidence of

whistleblowing. Defendant contends that plaintiff could not have reasonably

believed approval of the McKesson proposal was imminent; that plaintiff, as an

economist, was not actually responsible for determining whether that or any

other proposal complied with the law; that plaintiff never actually expressed a

                                                                            A-5652-18
                                       33
belief at the relevant time that she believed the McKesson proposal could be

interpreted as a kickback; or that anyone else believed the proposal to be

unlawful. Defendant also asserts the judge conflated the Kwok email with the

McKesson proposal. It argues, moreover, that there was no basis for the notion

that defendant's asserted reason for plaintiff's termination was pretextual,

arguing that the judge ignored that plaintiff was terminated for a pattern of

serious policy violations, that there was no evidence to support the judge's

inference that Shaw engaged in misconduct, and that the study proposal had no

impact on the launch.

      Defendant's objections are without merit.       First, while the judge

acknowledged Stein's statement that he would not approve the proposal until

plaintiff had reviewed it, a juror could nonetheless reasonably infer from

communications in the record regarding Shaw's desire for expedited review that

plaintiff reasonably believed the proposal's inappropriate approval might be

imminent. Moreover, while plaintiff was certainly not a legal expert, ample

evidence in the record showed that she was as responsible as any other employee

for recognizing and reporting possible legal and compliance issues, including

with respect to the AKS.     She even received training to that effect from

defendant consistent with its own obligations under the CIA.           Indeed,

                                                                         A-5652-18
                                     34
defendant's recovery on the unjust enrichment claim rested in part on plaintiff's

breach of her responsibility in that regard.

      As for defendant's insistence that plaintiff never actually objected to the

proposed study at the relevant time, specifically on the ground that it could be

construed as a kickback, even accepting at face value the notion that none of her

email communications could be construed to qualify, her conversation with Wu

certainly did, and the jury could reach the same conclusion as to her conversation

with Lucas. Moreover, as defendant acknowledges, other employees did express

concern about the study, even if they ultimately concluded nothing was amiss

based on counseling that they misunderstood an "unfortunately worded" email.

Regarding defendant's remaining arguments on these issues, defendant

presented a considerable case on all these points at trial, but the jury was simply

not bound to take that case at face value. See ibid. Therefore, as the judge's

findings of fact are supported by the record, his legal conclusions are correct

and defendant was not entitled to judgment as a matter of law on plaintiff's

CEPA claim at any stage of the proceeding, and its arguments to the contrary

present no grounds for reversal.

                                                                             A-5652-18
                                       35
                                        B.

      Defendant next contends that the judge made two prejudicial errors in his

instructions to the jury: instructing the jury that plaintiff's complaints regarding

an internal approval process for the proposed study constituted whistleblowing

and instructing that that the investigation alone was a retaliatory adverse action.

      A "jury is entitled to an explanation of the applicable legal principles" in

the case and of how those principles "are to be applied in light of the parties'

contentions and the evidence" in the record. Viscik v. Fowler Equip. Co., 173

N.J. 1, 18 (2002) (quoting Rendine v. Pantzer, 276 N.J. Super. 398, 431 (App.

Div. 1994)). To that end, in its jury charge, a court must "correctly state the

applicable law, outline the jury's function and be clear in how the jury should

apply the legal principles charged to the facts of the case at hand." Ibid. It must

do so, moreover, in "clear[ly] understandable language[,]" Toto v. Ensuar, 196

N.J. 134, 144 (2008), and in a manner "tailored to the specific facts of the case."

Est. of Kotsovska, ex rel. Kotsovska v. Liebman, 221 N.J. 568, 592 (2015).

      Clear and accurate jury instructions are essential to a fair trial. Velazquez

ex rel. Velazquez v. Portadin, 163 N.J. 677, 688 (2000). Consequently, where

a timely objection was made, as is the case here, an inaccurate instruction will

warrant reversal "unless the error is harmless." Toto, 196 N.J. at 144. In that

                                                                              A-5652-18
                                        36
connection, an error is harmful if, considered in the context of the charge a

whole, it was "clearly capable of producing an unjust result." Kotsovska, 221

N.J. at 592 (quoting R. 2:10-2).

      Defendant relies for its argument primarily on Battaglia v. United Parcel

Serv., Inc., 214 N.J. 518, 559-60 (2013), in which the Court explained the need

for precise jury instructions responsive to the evidence in a CEPA case, given

the demands of the statute:

            [I]t is critical to identify the evidence that an aggrieved
            employee believes will support the CEPA recovery
            with care and precision. Vague and conclusory
            complaints, complaints about trivial or minor matters,
            or generalized workplace unhappiness are not the sort
            of things that the Legislature intended to be protected
            by CEPA.

                   More to the point, trial courts must be precise in
            their communications with the jury and must ensure
            that the factual evidence could support a basis for a
            CEPA claim. When instructing juries, trial courts must
            be vigilant in identifying the essential complaint made
            by the employee in order that the jury will be able to
            test it against the standards that the law imposes as a
            prerequisite to recovery.

      In particular, "it is incumbent upon the court to identify the protected

activity precisely, that is, to articulate the complaint that plaintiff made that

constitutes whistle-blowing[,]" rather than a "broad and open-ended

description[.]" Id. at 561. The model charges, which the court followed here,

                                                                           A-5652-18
                                       37
echo those guidelines.      Model Jury Charges (Civil), 2.32, "New Jersey

Conscientious Employee Protection Act ('CEPA') (N.J.S.A. 34:19-1 et seq.)"

(rev. Apr. 2014).

                                         I.

      With these guiding principles in mind, we discern no error in the judge's

instructions regarding the internal approval process.        The judge explicitly

informed the jury that "[p]laintiff need not prove that the proposed . . . study and

its approval process actually violated the law or a clear mandate of public

policy[,]" but only that she "actually held the objectively reasonable belief that

[defendant] executed or was about to execute the proposed . . . study and that

such execution and or that such approval process actually violated the anti -

kickback law or were unlawful or [was] in violation of public policy." The judge

explained the AKS and read the sections of the CIA requiring that defendant

implement policies and procedures meant to ensure its compliance with federal

law, including the AKS.

      Moreover, the judge cautioned that CEPA was "not intended to provide a

remedy for employees who simply disagree with an employer's decision where

that decision is lawfully made" and that the jury's focus should consequently

"not be on the efficiency or sufficiency of [defendants'] internal research

                                                                              A-5652-18
                                        38
proposal review" but, with reference to the AKS, on whether defendant

"knowingly and willfully offer[ed] to pay or do something to induce another

person or company to purchase or recommend [its] drug or product." The judge

reiterated, plaintiff had to "establish that she reasonably believed that

[defendant] was executing or about to execute the . . . study as a kickback

disguised as research in violation of the anti-kickback law or by reference to

[the] corporate integrity agreement which incorporates it." We conclude these

instructions accurately conveyed to the jury the relevant facts and the governing

law, and we discern no error.

                                        II.

      We also reject defendant's assertion that instructions led the jury to believe

the investigation standing alone qualified as an adverse employment action.

Defendant states that under the statute, the "definition of retaliatory action

speaks in terms of completed action[,]" such as "[d]ischarge, suspension or

demotion[,]" and, for that reason, "action taken to effectuate the 'discharge,

suspension or demotion'" does not qualify. Keelan v. Bell Commc'ns Rsch., 289

N.J. Super. 531, 539 (App. Div. 1996).         An investigation into misconduct

"normally" falls outside the definition. Beasley v. Passaic Cnty., 377 N.J. Super.

585, 606 (App. Div. 2005).

                                                                              A-5652-18
                                       39
      In this case, however, the judge explicitly and correctly instructed the jury

that to prevail in her case, plaintiff needed to show a connection specifically

between the whistleblowing and the termination, with no mention of the

investigation.     Although the judge described the investigation again as an

alleged retaliatory action, he repeatedly tasked the jury with evaluating the

existence of a causal connection only between the whistleblowing and the

termination.

      The jury verdict sheet echoed those instructions, asking whether plaintiff

"establish[ed] by a preponderance of the evidence that there [wa]s a causal

connection between the 'whistle blowing' activity and plaintiff's termination of

employment at Novartis[,]" again with no mention of the investigation.

Considered in this full context, we discern no error, nor did the instructions have

the clear capacity to produce an unjust result warranting reversal. Kotsovska,

221 N.J. at 592.

                                        C.

      On her cross-appeal, plaintiff first argues that the judge erred in denying

her judgment as a matter of law on defendant's unjust enrichment claim. Using

the same standard as the trial court, we find no error in the judge's decision.

                                                                             A-5652-18
                                       40
      To prevail on a claim for unjust enrichment, a party must demonstrate that

the opposing party "received a benefit" from him or her and that "retention of

that benefit without payment would be unjust." VRG Corp. v. GKN Realty

Corp., 135 N.J. 539, 554 (1994). Most commonly, such a claim arises in the

situation where a party "has not been paid despite having had a reasonable

expectation of payment for services performed or a benefit conferred." Cnty. of

Essex v. First Union Nat'l Bank, 373 N.J. Super. 543, 550 (App. Div. 2004).

This sort of "quasi-contractual recovery is known as quantum meruit ('as much

as he [or she] deserves')[] and entitles the performing party to recoup the

reasonable value of services rendered." Weichert Co. Realtors v. Ryan, 128 N.J.

427, 437-38 (1992). The obligation is "wholly unlike an express or implied-in-

fact contract in that it is 'imposed by the law for the purpose of bringing about

justice without reference to the intention of the parties.'" Saint Barnabas Med.

Ctr. v. Cnty. of Essex, 111 N.J. 67, 79 (1988) (quoting Saint Paul Fire & Marine

Ins. Co. v. Indem. Ins. Co. of N. Am., 32 N.J. 17, 22 (1960)).

      However, "[i]t is only when the parties do not agree that the law

interposes" such an obligation. Moser v. Milner Hotels, 6 N.J. 278, 280 (1951).

Consequently, "the existence of an express contract excludes the awarding of

relief regarding the same subject matter based on quantum meruit." Kas Oriental

                                                                           A-5652-18
                                      41
Rugs, Inc. v. Ellman, 394 N.J. Super. 278, 286 (App. Div. 2007). A party may

still plead breach of contract and quantum meruit in the alternative and, where

sufficient evidence exists for each, have both claims submitted to the jury.

Caputo v. Nice-Pak Prods., Inc., 300 N.J. Super. 498, 504 (App. Div. 1997). But

once the jury concludes that an express contract exists, recovery may not be had

under the alternative theory. N.Y.-Conn. Dev. Corp. v. Blinds-To-Go (U.S.)

Inc., 449 N.J. Super. 542, 557 (App. Div. 2017).

      The agreements at issue here undisputedly existed, were viable, governed

a participating employee's entitlement to incentive benefits under each plan,

detailed the employee's responsibility to adhere to company policies to maintain

that entitlement, and explained the appropriate mechanism for identifying any

violation and recovering benefits already paid on account of such violation.

Specifically, the AIP agreement provided:

            The payment of any award under this [p]lan is subject
            to the participant's adherence to and compliance with
            all applicable laws, as well as all internal rules of
            Novartis such as the [c]ode of [c]onduct, the Novartis
            Pharmaceuticals [c]orporation [c]onflicts of [i]nterest
            [p]olicy, the [g]uideline on reporting violations of law
            and policies, and the other Novartis policies,
            procedures, and guidelines applicable to a participant's
            work . . . . These [g]uidelines, which may be amended
            from time to time through publication on the Novartis
            intranet or otherwise, form an integrated part of this
            incentive plan.

                                                                          A-5652-18
                                      42
      In the event of an employee's noncompliance, the agreement explicitly set

forth the following avenue for recovery of any incentives already paid to the

employee:

            [I]n case the administrator of the [c]ompany's [p]lan, in
            its sole discretion, determines that the participant has
            violated the law, the [c]ode of [c]onduct, or any
            provision of the [g]uidelines in a substantial or material
            way (including, but not limited to, fraud, bribes,
            scientific misconduct, illegal marketing practices such
            as off-label promotion, offering kickbacks, etc.), AIP
            awards will be withheld and the participant shall agree
            promptly to repay any incentive already received for
            any period in which such violation(s) occurred or were
            discovered. In the event of the participant's failure to
            disgorge such amounts illegitimately received by him
            or her under the above provision, the participant agrees
            that the [c]ompany may sue him or her for recovery of
            such proceeds on the basis of breach of contract . . . .

      The SIP likewise required a participant's adherence to the same company

policies, including the code of conduct, under the same terms. But it left

determination of whether the participant violated any of those policies,

justifying a clawing back of paid incentives, whether voluntarily or through

legal action, to a committee charged with administering the plan.

      The agreements thus governed the same basic subject as that at issue in

defendant's unjust enrichment claim. But, as the judge aptly noted, defendant's

code of conduct, which plaintiff routinely certified a commitment to follow,

                                                                         A-5652-18
                                       43
imposed an independent equitable obligation to return any incentives earned

while in violation of the law or company policy, without any reference to the

AIP or SIP agreements or the mechanisms for recovery. The code of conduct

set forth:

             [E]mployment with the [c]ompany and the [c]ompany's
             payment of any incentive and/or bonus compensation
             are conditioned on compliance with applicable laws
             and associated company policies.

                    Any associate found by the [c]ompany to be in
             violation of the law or any material provision of any
             [c]ompany [p]olicy (including fraud, pattern of off-
             label promotion, pattern of offering kickbacks,
             antitrust, bribery, scientific misconduct, etc.) will not
             earn or receive any incentive bonus compensation for
             any period in which such violations occurred or were
             discovered. Associates will be required to repay to the
             [c]ompany any such incentive or bonus compensation
             already paid during a period in which the associate
             violates the law or any material provision of any
             [c]ompany [p]olicy or the period in which such
             violation was discovered.

                   In addition to any other remedy that the
             [c]ompany may have to recover damages, if an
             associate fails to repay any such incentive or bonus
             compensation already paid to him or her, the [c]ompany
             may institute a lawsuit to recover the amount of
             incentive or bonus compensation plus costs and fees
             incurred in pursuing the lawsuit.

      Caselaw does not bar imposition of this equitable obligation because it

does not conflict with plaintiff's obligation under the express contract. See

                                                                         A-5652-18
                                       44
Blinds-To-Go, 449 N.J. Super. at 557 (explaining that the law forbids recovery

only on "inconsistent theories"). It simply affords an independent avenue of

recovery. Moreover, plaintiff does not quarrel with the judge's reasoning or the

viability of the unjust enrichment claim in any other respect. Thus, the judge

did not err in declining to grant plaintiff judgment as a matter of law on

defendant's counterclaim for unjust enrichment.

                                       D.

      Both parties next take issue with plaintiff's attorney fee award. Defendant

asserts that the award was excessive, while plaintiff argues that the judge abused

his discretion in reducing the base award in various respects, in limiting the

enhancement of that award, and in declining to grant a supplemental fee

application. We reject the parties' arguments and find the award of attorney's

fees were well within the judge's discretion.

      Our courts generally adhere to the American Rule, which holds each party

responsible for its own attorney fees. Rendine, 141 N.J. at 322. But the CEPA

statute expressly authorizes recovery of reasonable attorney fees and costs to a

"prevailing employee," N.J.S.A. 34:19-5(e), and a court may grant such relief to

the extent of that party's "overall success" in the litigation. DePalma v. Bldg.

Inspection Underwriters, 350 N.J. Super. 195, 219 (App. Div. 2002).

                                                                            A-5652-18
                                       45
      In setting an award, a trial court must first determine an appropriate

lodestar, "'the most significant element in the award of a reasonable fee[,]'"

which is "derived by multiplying the number of hours reasonably expended on

the litigation by a reasonable hourly rate[.]" Walker v. Giuffre, 209 N.J. 124,

130 (2012) (quoting Rendine, 141 N.J. at 335). For that purpose, pursuant to

Rule 4:42-9(b), counsel for the prevailing party must submit a certification of

services sufficiently detailed to enable accurate calculation. Id. at 131. That is,

with "fairly definite information as to the hours devoted to various general

activities . . . and the hours spent by various classes of attorneys." Ibid. (quoting

Rendine, 141 N.J. at 337). Yet courts must not accept such submissions at face

value and instead must undertake a "careful[] and critical[]" evaluation of the

hours and rates entailed. Rendine, 141 N.J. at 335.

      In undertaking its task, the court must ensure the lodestar reflects only the

time counsel reasonably expended, rather than actually expended, in prosecuting

the case. Ibid. Consequently, the court may exclude any hours "for which

counsel's documentary support is marginal[,]" Szczepanski v. Newcomb Med.

Ctr., 141 N.J. 346, 368 (1995), or otherwise reduce that element of the

calculation to the extent "the hours expended, taking into account the damages

prospectively recoverable, the interests to be vindicated, and the underlying

                                                                              A-5652-18
                                        46
statutory objectives, exceed those that competent counsel reasonably would

have expended" in the same litigation. Rendine, 141 N.J. at 336. Moreover, the

court must ensure the hourly rate awarded is "fair, realistic, and accurate" and

must calculate it "'according to the prevailing market rates in the relevant

community'" for "'similar services'" offered by attorneys of comparable

"'experience and skill'" to the prevailing party's counsel. Id. at 337 (quoting

Rode v. Dellarciprete, 892 F.2d 1177, 1183 (3d Cir. 1990)).

      Once the court establishes an appropriate lodestar based on those

elements, it may enhance the fee award to adequately compensate the attorney

for his or her assumption of the "actual risk that the attorney will not receive

payment if the suit does not succeed." Id. at 338. To ensure an appropriate

"relationship between the amount of the enhancement awarded and the extent of

th[at] risk[,]" the court should set the enhancement on consideration of "'whether

[the] case was taken on a contingent basis, whether the attorney was able to

mitigate the risk of nonpayment in any way, and whether other economic risks

were aggravated by the contingency of payment[.]'"          Id. at 339 (quoting

Pennsylvania v. Del. Valley Citizens' Council for Clean Air, 483 U.S. 711, 747

(1987) (Blackmun, J., dissenting)).

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      Ultimately, a trial court's decision as to an attorney fee award rests within

its broad discretion. Desai v. Bd. of Adjustment of Phillipsburg, 360 N.J. Super.

586, 598 (App. Div. 2003). Such an award "will be disturbed only on the rarest

of occasions, and then only because of a clear abuse of [that] discretion."

Packard-Bamberger & Co. v. Collier, 167 N.J. 427, 444 (2001) (quoting

Rendine, 141 N.J. at 317).

                                        I.

      First, defendant takes issue with the judge's fee decision only insofar as it

believes the award effectively reimburses plaintiff for fees attributable to her

unsuccessful defense on defendant's counterclaim for unjust enrichment at an

enhanced rate. While there is certainly authorization for reduction of an award

to reflect a claimant's limited success, in particular by excluding excess hours

expended on unsuccessful aspects of the litigation, see Rendine, 141 N.J. at 336,

where a "a plaintiff's unsuccessful claims are related to the successful claims,

either by a 'common core of facts' or 'related legal theories,' the court must

consider the significance of the overall relief obtained to determine whether

those hours devoted to the unsuccessful claims should be compensated." Singer

v. State, 95 N.J. 487, 500 (1984) (quoting Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424,

435 (1983)). So long as the "results obtained are fully effective in vindicating

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plaintiff's rights, counsel should recover for all hours reasonably expended on

the litigation." Ibid.

      The judge aptly concluded that was the case here, noting that the

"counterclaim was so interwoven with [p]laintiff's case that regardless of

whether it was a counterclaim or merely an affirmative defense, [p]laintiff was

required to respond to arguments that she violated company policy[,]" leaving

no excess expenditure of time on that account that would warrant exclusion.

Indeed, the alleged misconduct underlying defendant's counterclaim was

identical to that which defendant had advanced as its true, appropriate reason

for plaintiff's termination in defense to the CEPA claim. Notably, however, the

judge did consider defendant's success on the counterclaim in limiting the

enhancement and so reduced the award in that manner.                 The judge's

determination not to also reduce the lodestar on the same ground, in light of the

interwoven nature of the claims, was not an abuse of discretion. Ibid.

                                       II.

      On her cross-appeal, plaintiff argues that the judge abused his discretion

in calculating a reduced lodestar for Webber McGill's services, asserting that the

judge imposed an inappropriate ceiling on rates for the firm's attorneys and that

the judge settled on a reasonable rate that was contrary to counsel's submissions.

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Moreover, she contends the judge inappropriately imposed rate reductions for

attorneys he mistakenly believed did not actively participate at trial or in motion

practice and arbitrarily excluded considerable amounts of time without

identifying precisely which entries it had reduced.

      In determining fees, the judge merely considered the terms of the

agreement as a factor in determining a reasonable rate, consistent with the

Supreme Court's guidance to that effect in the same authority. Szczepanski, 141

N.J. at 357. And, in light of his conclusion that the rate indicated in the

agreement would be a reasonable one for the firm's lead attorney, that rate would

thereby effectively serve as a "ceiling" for the rates assigned to other less

experienced attorneys in the same firm.

      Moreover, plaintiff's contention that the judge was bound to set rates

consistent with counsel's submissions, in the absence of any contrary showing

on defendant's part, runs directly contrary to the judge's responsibility not to

merely accept those submissions at face value, but to engage in a "careful[] and

critical[]" evaluation of the issue. Rendine, 141 N.J. at 335. The judge's diligent

undertaking of that task is clear from the opinion, wherein he arrived at a set of

reasonable rates for the firm's attorneys on consideration of several factors,

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among them the retainer agreement and each attorney's relative level of

education, experience, and role in the litigation.

      Nor is there any merit to the balance of plaintiff's contentions with regard

to the lodestar for Webber McGill's services.        Plaintiff asserts the judge's

perception of certain attorney's relative roles in the litigation was mistaken yet

cites no evidence in the record contradicting the judge's findings based on his

review of counsel's submissions and his own observation of the proceedings.

Moreover, the judge's exhaustive identification of the billed hours he found

excessive on various grounds, such as redundancy and failure of proof, based on

his careful review of counsel's submissions, were accompanied by explanations

of those grounds that were adequate to ensure the reductions were within the

judge's discretion.

      Plaintiff next argues the judge should have accepted counsel's submissions

relevant to Murray's reasonable hourly rate, rather than the rate reflected in a fee

award from unrelated litigation and asserts that the judge arbitrarily excluded

reasonable hours Murray had expended on the case for various meetings,

conferences, and other communication among the attorneys. Plaintiff ignores,

however, that the judge reduced Murray's hours in that respect not on a

conclusion that such meetings were unnecessary in themselves but because the

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billing records failed to include any detail establishing the need for "multiple

attorney attendance." The judge was well within his discretion to discount

expenditures of time for which counsel failed to provide adequate information

to ensure their reasonableness. See Szczepanski, 141 N.J. at 368. And, with

regard to Murray's hourly rate, the judge was not bound to simply accept

counsel's submissions at face value but could conclude that the rate reflected in

a recent award to the same attorney in the same sort of litigation could constitute

a reasonable one, on consideration of the balance of the relevant circumstances.

Rendine, 141 N.J. at 335.

       Plaintiff also argues that the judge abused his discretion by relying on

inappropriate factors to limit counsel's fee enhancement—specifically her lack

of success in defending against the unjust enrichment claim, her abandonment

of an emotional distress claim, and her decision against calling two experts

during trial. The judge, however, was within his discretion to consider the

unfavorable verdict on the counterclaim in evaluating the extent to which

plaintiff prevailed in this litigation and to ensure the reasonableness of the fee

award relative to her overall level of success. See DePalma, 350 N.J. Super. at

219.    Moreover, the judge never considered, in the balance, plaintiff's

abandonment of the counterclaim or decision not to call the expert witnesses on

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the notion that those actions inherently weighed in favor of reduction of an

enhancement, as plaintiff suggests. Instead, consistent with his discretion in

setting a reasonable award, he considered only that the late timing of those

decisions in this litigation ultimately brought about an excess expenditure of

fees that would have been unfair for the ultimate award to reflect. Packard-

Bamberger, 167 N.J. at 444.

      Lastly, plaintiff argues that the judge erred, on the limited remand, in

declining to grant her motion for a supplemental award of past fees, which she

failed to raise until after the matter had already been appealed. The judge denied

her motion for that relief without prejudice on the ground that it exceeded the

scope of the remand and that the judge therefore was without jurisdiction to

consider it at that point.

      The judge was correct in his findings. The matter was already on appeal,

and authorization for the remand was confined to entertainment of the parties'

motions for reconsideration of the judge's August 27, 2019 order. See In re

Plainfield-Union Water Co., 14 N.J. 296, 302 (1954) (noting that filing of notice

of appeal "divests the lower court of jurisdiction save as reserved by statute or

rule" and that such jurisdiction is restored only pursuant to mandate by this

court). Plaintiff does not dispute that, but merely urges this court to remand the

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matter for consideration of the supplemental award anyway. Even aside from

the lack of any error justifying that outcome, plaintiff's prior motion was denied

without prejudice, already leaving her free to renew it once this appeal

concludes, as the trial judge aptly noted. Thus, we discern no abuse of discretion

in the judge's fee awards.

                                        E.

      Finally, plaintiff argues that the judge erred in the punitive damages phase

of the trial, specifically by denying a requested jury instruction that would have

placed at issue the conduct of three additional management-level employees and

excluding as evidence an unredacted version of defendant's CIA. We reject

plaintiff's argument.

      The CEPA statute explicitly authorizes recovery of punitive damages,

where appropriate. N.J.S.A. 34:19-5. Generally, such damages—sanctions

awarded separately from compensatory damages to punish or deter "particularly

egregious conduct"—are meant to be a "limited remedy" and "must be reserved

for special circumstances." Maudsley v. State, 357 N.J. Super. 560, 590-91

(App. Div. 2003). Accordingly, our Punitive Damages Act (PDA), N.J.S.A.

2A:15-5.9 to -5.17, permits recovery of such sanctions only on proof, "by clear

and convincing evidence, that the harm suffered was the result of the [adverse

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party]'s acts or omissions, and [that] such acts or omissions were actuated by

actual malice or accompanied by a wanton and willful disregard of persons who

foreseeably might be harmed by [them]." N.J.S.A. 2A:15-5.12(a). In setting an

appropriate award, a factfinder should consider "all relevant circumstances,"

Herman v. Sunshine Chem. Specialties, Inc., 133 N.J. 329, 338 (1993), including

the nature, duration, and severity of the offending conduct and the defendant's

awareness of the risk of serious harm arising from that conduct. N.J.S.A. 2A:15-

5.12(b) to (c).

      In CEPA claims in particular, "punitive damages are available against an

employer only if there is 'actual participation by upper management or willful

indifference.'" Longo v. Pleasure Prods., Inc., 215 N.J. 48, 58 (2013) (quoting

Abbamont v. Piscataway Twp. Bd. of Educ., 138 N.J. 405, 419 (1994)).

Discerning whether individuals qualify as "upper management" is a fact-

sensitive undertaking but will ultimately depend not on their formal titles, but

on whether they have "'significant power, discretion and influence within their

own departments,' capable of furthering the mission of the organization and of

selecting courses of action from available alternatives." Cavuoti v. N.J. Transit

Corp., 161 N.J. 107, 122-23 (1999) (quoting N.J. Tpk. Auth. v. AFSCME,

Council 73, 150 N.J. 331, 356 (1997)). In general, upper management should

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            consist of those responsible to formulate the
            organization's anti-discrimination policies, provide
            compliance programs and insist on performance (its
            governing body, its executive officers), and those to
            whom the organization has delegated the responsibility
            to execute its policies in the workplace, who set the
            atmosphere or control the day-to-day operations of the
            unit (such as heads of departments, regional managers,
            or compliance officers). For an employee on the second
            tier of management to be considered a member of
            "upper management," the employee should have either
            (1) broad supervisory powers over the involved
            employees, including the power to hire, fire, promote,
            and discipline, or (2) the delegated responsibility to
            execute the employer's policies to ensure a safe,
            productive and discrimination-free workplace.

            [Id. at 128-29.]

      Guided by these principles, the judge's determination to include Goldman,

Shaw, and Lazala as upper management employees and to exclude Lucas, Nau,

and McGee was not error because his findings are adequately supported by the

record. McGee arguably had no less claim to qualify as upper management than

Lazala, whom she succeeded in the legal department and whom the judge did

include. Moreover, to the extent of any reasonable dispute, whether McGee or

the others qualified should have been a question for the jury. See Cavuoti, 161

N.J. at 122 (noting that issue is fact-sensitive). Plaintiff cites no clear and

convincing evidence of "actual malice" or "wanton and willful disregard" on any

of their parts, N.J.S.A. 2A:15-5.12(a), that would have rendered the judge's

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decision on this jury instruction anything other than harmless, even if it were

error. Toto, 196 N.J. at 144.

      The judge also reasoned that punitive damages were available in a CEPA

lawsuit specifically to punish and deter the retaliatory conduct at issue in that

statute and that the CIAs, which documented transgressions of unrelated

statutes, were irrelevant on that point. A trial judge's determination as to the

relevance and consequent admissibility of evidence rests within its broad

discretion and will not be disturbed on appeal absent its palpable abuse of that

discretion. Verdicchio v. Ricca, 179 N.J. 1, 34 (2004). Here, nothing in the

CEPA statute suggests its authorization for punitive damages is any broader than

logic would dictate—as punishment for conduct specifically violating that

statute, N.J.S.A. 34:19-5—and the PDA enumerates for consideration in setting

an award characteristics exclusively of the conduct that caused the plaintiff

harm, not any broader wrongdoing. N.J.S.A. 2A:15-5.12(b) to (c). In light of

that standard, we discern no abuse of discretion.

      Affirmed.

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