Court Opinion

ID: 9378368
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-03-10 06:05:26.089419+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:17:20.731980
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS

DANIEL EDWARD CALLAHAN,                                              UNPUBLISHED
                                                                     March 9, 2023
               Plaintiff-Appellant,

V                                                                    No. 360118
                                                                     Court of Claims
STATE OF MICHIGAN LEGAL SERVICES                                     LC No. 21-000152-MB
ADMINISTRATION,

               Defendant-Appellee.

Before: JANSEN, P.J., and REDFORD and YATES, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Plaintiff appeals the Court of Claims’ order granting summary disposition in favor of
defendant for failing to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, and denying as futile
plaintiff’s motion to amend his complaint to add parties. We affirm.

                     I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

         Plaintiff, acting in propria persona, filed a complaint naming only the “State of Michigan
Legal Services Administration” (LSA) as a defendant. The complaint expressed numerous
grievances for things that allegedly occurred over a decade against circuit court judges, county and
municipal officials, and state entities, stemming from the issuance of personal protective orders
(PPOs) against him, along with other civil and criminal matters. Although difficult to discern, his
allegations relate to what he characterized as false, malicious, and unlawful prosecutions,
fraudulent theft and conspiracy to commit fraud, defamation, violations of statutes and court rules,
and constitutional violations. None of plaintiff’s allegations were directed at the LSA or specified
any action or conduct by the LSA, nor did plaintiff explain how the LSA in any manner contributed
to his alleged injuries or damages. Aside from the caption, the complaint did not mention the LSA.

       The LSA moved for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8) and (C)(10), on the
ground that plaintiff failed to state a claim against it. With its motion, the LSA submitted an
excerpt from the Michigan Manual to demonstrate that the LSA could not have had any

                                                -1-
involvement in the alleged wrongful conduct.1 In short, according to the LSA, plaintiff sued the
wrong entity.

        Plaintiff did not respond to the LSA’s motion, but moved for leave to file an amended
complaint. He attached a proposed amended complaint that reiterated his numerous grievances,
but named the Ottawa Circuit Court, the Muskegon County Prosecutor’s Office, the Muskegon
County Sheriff’s Department, the Fruitport Michigan Police Department, the “Michigan
Department of Health and Human Resources,”2 and the Offices of the Governor and the Attorney
General as additional defendants. His proposed amended complaint, again, lacked any factual
allegations regarding the LSA.

        The Court of Claims granted summary disposition in favor of the LSA finding that,
“plaintiff has failed to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, because defendant was not
involved in any of the actions or inactions alleged in the complaint.” Additionally, the court denied
plaintiff’s motion to file an amended complaint as futile on the ground that the Court of Claims
“lacks jurisdiction over the named county and city departments . . . and as to the remaining state
defendants the amended complaint fails to describe any involvement of those entities in the actions
or inactions alleged to have deprived plaintiff of his rights.” This appeal ensued.

                                            II. ANALYSIS

        As an initial matter, plaintiff’s pleadings are not clear, concise, or direct, making it difficult
to fully comprehend the nature of his claims. He has not presented any legal argument directly or
clearly addressing the Court of Claims’ decision. “Generally, where a party fails to brief the merits
of an allegation of error, the issue is deemed abandoned by this Court.” Yee v Shiawassee Co Bd
of Comm’rs, 251 Mich App 379, 406; 651 NW2d 756 (2002) (quotation marks and citation
omitted). “ ‘It is not enough for an appellant in his brief simply to announce a position or assert
an error and then leave it up to this Court to discover and rationalize the basis for his claims, or
unravel and elaborate for him his arguments, and then search for authority either to sustain or reject
his position.’ ” Id., quoting Mitcham v Detroit, 355 Mich 182, 203; 94 NW2d 388 (1959). This
Court has recognized that “a person acting in propria persona should be held to the same standards
as members of the bar.” Totman v Royal Oak Sch Dist, 135 Mich App 121, 126; 352 NW2d 364

1
  MCL 24.24(1) provides as follows: “The legislative service bureau, under the direction of the
legislative council, shall prepare and publish biennially an official state manual to be known as the
‘Michigan Manual,’ ” which must include, among other things, “[a] complete list of all depart-
ments, boards, commissions, and agencies of the state government[.]” MCL 24.25(ll). The
Michigan Manual describes the LSA’s functions, in part, as follows:
         The Legal Services Administration (LSA) provides legal support to the secretary
         of state, and includes the Office of Legal Policy, Office of Hearings and Adminis-
         trative Oversight, and Office of Investigative Services. The LSA also supports the
         Independent Citizens Redistricting Commission. [Michigan Manual 2019–2020,
         pp 414-415.]

2
    Presumably, plaintiff meant the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS).

                                                   -2-
(1984). Nevertheless, mindful of plaintiff’s in propria persona status, we consider his appeal, the
thrust of which is that the Court of Claims should have allowed his lawsuit to proceed against the
defendants named in his proposed amended complaint. See Estelle v Gamble, 429 US 97, 106;
97 S Ct 285; 50 L Ed 2d 251 (1976) (pleadings offered in propria persona should be liberally
construed in the interests of justice).

                                    A. SUMMARY DISPOSITION

         Plaintiff argues that the Court of Claims improperly granted summary disposition for
failure to state a claim against the LSA upon which relief can be granted. We disagree.

        “Review of a motion for summary disposition is de novo.” Auto Club Group Ins Co v
Burchell, 249 Mich App 468, 479; 642 NW2d 406 (2001). “A motion under
MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim by the pleadings alone.” Eason v Coggins
Mem Christian Methodist Episcopal Church, 210 Mich App 261, 263; 532 NW2d 882 (1995).
This Court must determine “if the claim is so clearly unenforceable as a matter of law that no
factual development could establish the claim and justify recovery.” Id. (quotation marks and
citation omitted). “All factual allegations supporting the claim are accepted as true, as well as any
reasonable inferences or conclusions that can be drawn from the facts.” Id. “However, mere
conclusions, unsupported by allegations of fact, will not suffice to state a cause of action.” Id.3

        “A complaint must contain ‘[a] statement of the facts, without repetition, on which the
pleader relies in stating the cause of action, with the specific allegations necessary reasonably to
inform the adverse party of the nature of the claims the adverse party is called on to defend . . . .’ ”
Dalley v Dykema Gossett, PLLC, 287 Mich App 296, 305; 788 NW2d 679 (2010) (alteration in
original), quoting MCR 2.111(B)(1). “[T]he primary function of a pleading in Michigan is to give
notice of the nature of the claim or defense sufficient to permit the opposite party to take a
responsive position.” Dalley, 287 Mich App at 305 (alteration in original; quotation marks and
citations omitted). A plaintiff may not leave “a defendant to guess upon what grounds plaintiff
believes recovery is justified.” Dacon v Transue, 441 Mich 315, 329; 490 NW2d 369 (1992).
Thus, plaintiff had to plead factual allegations sufficient to inform the LSA of the nature of the
claims against it.

        Plaintiff’s complaint lacked any allegations against the LSA. Even after the LSA raised
the issue regarding the lack of any allegations against it in its motion, plaintiff made no attempt to
explain how the LSA did anything for which it could possibly be held liable. Nor did he assert
any allegations in his proposed amended complaint and he offers no explanation in this appeal.
Moreover, the LSA provides legal support to several state governmental entities, none of which
would involve or concern the allegations on which plaintiff based his complaint. We conclude
that plaintiff has failed to demonstrate that any factual development could possibly justify a right

3
 The Court of Claims’ conclusion that plaintiff failed to state a claim upon which relief could be
granted indicating that it granted the LSA’s motion under MCR 2.116(C)(8). We therefore need
not consider the merits of the LSA’s motion under MCR 2.116(C)(10), which tests the factual or
evidentiary support for a plaintiff’s claim. See Burchell, 249 Mich App at 479.

                                                  -3-
of recovery against the LSA. The Court of Claims, therefore, properly granted the LSA summary
disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8).

                                  B. AMENDED COMPLAINT

       Plaintiff also argues that the Court of Claims abused its discretion by denying his motion
to amend his complaint to add new parties. We disagree.

        “We review a trial court’s decision regarding a party’s motion to amend its pleadings for
an abuse of discretion. Thus, we defer to the trial court’s judgment, and if the trial court’s decision
results in an outcome within the range of principled outcomes, it has not abused its discretion.”
Wormsbacher v Phillip R Seaver Title Co, Inc, 284 Mich App 1, 8; 772 NW2d 827 (2009) (citations
omitted).

         Under MCR 2.116(I)(5), the court shall permit amendment to pleadings “unless the
evidence then before the court shows that amendment would not be justified.” “Because a court
should freely grant leave to amend a complaint when justice so requires, a motion to amend should
ordinarily be denied only for particularized reasons,” such as “undue delay, bad faith or dilatory
motive, repeated failure to cure deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, undue prejudice
to the defendant, or futility.” Wormsbacher, 284 Mich App at 8. “An amendment would be futile
if it is legally insufficient on its face, and the addition of allegations that merely restate those
allegations already made is futile.” Id. at 8-9.

                      1. THE COUNTY AND MUNICIPAL DEFENDANTS

        The Court of Claims properly denied as futile amendment to add the Muskegon County
Prosecutor’s Office, the Muskegon County Sheriff’s Department, the Ottawa County Sheriff’s
Department, and the Fruitport Police Department as defendants. These nonstate actors are not
subject to the jurisdiction of the Court of Claims.

         “Whether the trial court had subject-matter jurisdiction is a question of law that this Court
reviews de novo.” Council of Orgs & Others for Ed About Parochiaid v Michigan, 321 Mich App
456, 463; 909 NW2d 449 (2017) (quotation marks and citation omitted). “Where a court lacks
jurisdiction over the subject matter of a suit, any action with respect to such a cause, other than
dismissal, is absolutely void.” Id. at 466 (quotation marks and citation omitted).

        “The Court of Claims is a court of legislative creation. Its statutory powers are explicit and
limited.” Council of Orgs, 321 Mich App at 466 (quotation marks and citation omitted). “MCL
600.6419, which specifically outlines the jurisdiction of the Court of Claims, contains a
requirement that the action be ‘against the state or any of its departments or officers . . . .’ ” Id.
at 467.4 Thus, the “Court of Claims lack[s] subject-matter jurisdiction over claims against nonstate

4
    MCL 600.6419(1) provides in part as follows:

                                                 -4-
actors.” Id. at 465. Included in the statutory definition of “the state or any of its departments or
officers” is
       any state governing, legislative, or judicial body, department, commission, board,
       institution, arm, or agency of the state, or an officer, employee, or volunteer of this
       state or any governing, legislative, or judicial body, department, commission,
       board, institution, arm, or agency of this state, acting, or who reasonably believes
       that he or she is acting, within the scope of his or her authority while engaged in or
       discharging a government function in the course of his or her duties.
       [MCL 600.6419(7).]

        Plaintiff’s proposed amended complaint asserted numerous claims against the named
county and municipal entities. Specifically, he alleged that the Muskegon County Prosecutor
maliciously prosecuted him and allegedly withheld exculpatory evidence, committed fraud and
conspiracy to commit fraud, defamed him by erroneously charging him as a habitual offender, and
attempted to deprive him of his firearms. Plaintiff alleged that the county and municipal police
departments unlawfully forced entry to execute a warrant, arrested him, and seized his firearms,
resorted to improper methods of service, and demanded that plaintiff refrain from using the term
“Sheriff” on his Facebook page in violation of his First Amendment rights.

        However, the county and township police departments are not subject to the jurisdiction of
the Court of Claims. See MCL 600.6419(7); Doan v Kellogg Community College, 80 Mich App
316, 320; 263 NW2d 357 (1977) (counties, cities, villages, and townships are “governmental
instrumentalities [that] are never within the jurisdiction of the Court of Claims”). Likewise, the
Muskegon County Prosecutor is a local official and not a state actor. See Hanselman v Killeen,
419 Mich 168, 188; 351 NW2d 544 (1984) (“[t]he county prosecutor and the sheriff are clearly
local officials elected locally and paid by the local government”).5 Therefore, the Court of Claims
properly denied as futile amendment to add the local entities as defendants on the ground that it

       Except as otherwise provided in this section, the [Court of Claims] has the
       following power and jurisdiction:

               (a) To hear and determine any claim or demand, statutory or constitutional,
       liquidated or unliquidated, ex contractu or ex delicto, or any demand for monetary,
       equitable, or declaratory relief or any demand for an extraordinary writ against the
       state or any of its departments or officers notwithstanding another law that confers
       jurisdiction of the case in the circuit court.

5
  In any event, the Muskegon County Prosecutor would be entitled to immunity. See Imbler v
Pachtman, 424 US 409, 430; 96 S Ct 984; 47 L Ed 2d 128 (1976) (activity of a prosecutor that is
“intimately associated with the judicial phase of the criminal process” is entitled to absolute
immunity); Bischoff v Calhoun Co Prosecutor, 173 Mich App 802, 810; 434 NW2d 249 (1988)
(MCL 691.1407(5) provides absolute immunity to a prosecutor, as the chief law enforcement
officer in the county, if acting within the scope of his or her executive authority).

                                                -5-
lacked jurisdiction over them. “A trial court does not abuse its discretion by refusing to permit an
amendment when such amendment would be futile.” Formall, Inc v Community Nat’l Bank, 166
Mich App 772, 783; 421 NW2d 289 (1988).

                                2. THE OTTAWA CIRCUIT COURT

        The Court of Claims properly denied as futile amendment to add the Ottawa Circuit Court
as a defendant. Not only were the circuit judges immune from civil actions for damages arising
out of their judicial acts performed in their judicial capacity, the propriety of their orders from
previous cases are not subject to collateral attack in a subsequent civil action. Plaintiff alleged that
Ottawa Circuit Court Judges Jon Hulsing and Karen Miedema perpetrated numerous wrongs
against him over a decade.6 He characterized his claims as malicious prosecution, arising out of
Judge Hulsing’s issuance of numerous PPOs against him from 2012 to 2020; “fraudulent theft”
and conspiracy to commit fraud, arising from Judge Miedema’s dismissal of plaintiff’s 2018 civil
action against his ex-girlfriend, Veronica Marota, and award of attorney fees as sanctions against
plaintiff, along with orders and judgments related to collection of the award; abuse of process or
power, arising from the judges’ alleged malicious conduct in issuing the PPOs and other orders
against him; and numerous violations of Michigan statutes and constitutional violations, arising
from the earlier circuit court proceedings.7
         However, in presiding over the PPO, civil, and collection proceedings, and rendering
decisions, orders, and judgments, the circuit judges were clearly undertaking judicial acts in their
role as judicial officers and, therefore, were absolutely immune from civil liability. “It is well
settled that judges are accorded absolute immunity from liability for acts performed in the exercise
of their judicial functions.” Diehl v Danuloff, 242 Mich App 120, 128; 618 NW2d 83 (2000),
citing Forrester v White, 484 US 219, 225; 108 S Ct 538; 98 L Ed 2d 555 (1988). Indeed,
“Michigan has always held that judges in performing judicial acts have an absolute privilege.”
Ginger v Wayne Circuit Judge, 369 Mich 680, 683; 120 NW2d 842 (1963). “ ‘The principle that
judges and courts of superior jurisdiction are immune from actions based upon judicial acts may
be said to be as old as the beginning of the English common law.’ ” Ginger, 369 Mich at 685,
quoting Mundy v McDonald, 216 Mich 444, 454; 185 NW 877 (1921). “[A]bsolute immunity
serves the dual purposes of protecting the finality of judgments and preserving the judicial
independence by ‘insulating judges from vexatious actions prosecuted by disgruntled litigants.’ ”

6
    Plaintiff did not name the judges as defendants in their individual capacities.
7
  Plaintiff listed, in his appellate brief, numerous laws and court rules that he claims the judges
violated, but failed to develop argument explaining how they did so. Nor did he provide any
authority for holding the circuit court institutionally liable because of these alleged violations.
Again, plaintiff may not leave it to this Court to search for authority to sustain or reject his position.
See Yee, 251 Mich App at 406. Likewise, he listed numerous constitutional provisions that he
claims the judges violated, but did not develop his arguments. Nevertheless, the alleged violations
and improprieties concern the substantive and procedural propriety of the circuit court’s issuance
of the PPOs. Plaintiff cannot now collaterally attack matters that were subject to the appellate
process when initially decided.

                                                   -6-
Diehl, 242 Mich App at 128-129, quoting Forrester, 484 US at 225. “Accordingly, judges ‘are
not liable to civil actions for their judicial acts even when such acts are in excess of their
jurisdiction, and are alleged to have been done maliciously or corruptly.’ ” Serven v Health Quest
Chiropractic, Inc, 319 Mich App 245, 253; 900 NW2d 671 (2017), quoting Bradley v Fisher, 80
US 335, 351; 20 L Ed 646 (1871). Consistent with this common-law doctrine, MCL 691.1407(5)
of the governmental tort liability act8 likewise grants judges immunity from tort liability if they
acted within the scope of their judicial capacity. See Diehl, 242 Mich App at 126.
        Under these well-established principles, even if, as plaintiff alleged, the Ottawa Circuit
judges acted maliciously, unlawfully, and improperly in carrying out their judicial acts, plaintiff
could not bring a civil suit against them or the circuit court itself for those judicial acts. Moreover,
plaintiff impermissibly attempts to collaterally attack the propriety of the circuit judges’ decisions
in this civil action. “It is well established in Michigan that, assuming competent jurisdiction, a
party cannot use a second proceeding to attack a . . . decision in a previous proceeding[.]”
Workers’ Comp Agency Dir v MacDonald’s Indus Prod, Inc, 305 Mich App 460, 474; 853 NW2d
467 (2014). Indeed, “mere errors or irregularities in the proceedings, however grave, although
they may render the judgment erroneous and subject to be set aside in a proper proceeding for that
purpose, will not render the judgment void, and until it is set aside it is valid and binding for all
purposes and cannot be collaterally attacked.” Jackson City Bank & Trust Co v Fredrick, 271
Mich 538, 545; 260 NW 908 (1935). “An impermissible collateral attack occurs whenever a
challenge is made to judgment in any manner other than through direct appeal.” People v Iannucci,
314 Mich App 542, 544-545; 887 NW2d 817 (2016) (quotation marks and citation omitted). See
also In re JCB, 336 Mich App 736, 745-747; 971 NW2d 705 (2021) (foreclosing a respondent’s
challenge to the validity of a PPO in an appeal of a criminal contempt order for violation of a PPO,
where he failed to timely challenge the PPO in the first instance); Kosch v Kosch, 233 Mich App
346, 353; 592 NW2d 434 (1999) (a defendant, who did not directly appeal a divorce judgment,
was precluded from collaterally attacking the merits of the original child support provision in an
appeal from a subsequent order modifying child support).
        Here, plaintiff could have challenged the propriety of Judge Hulsing’s or Judge Miedema’s
decisions in direct appeals, see MCR 3.709 (appeals after entry of a PPO); MCR 7.204(A)(1)
(appeals by right); MCR 7.205 (delayed applications for leave), or, perhaps, by petitioning an
appropriate tribunal to exercise superintending control over the circuit court, see MCR 3.302
(providing that the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeals, and the circuit court have jurisdiction to
issue superintending control orders to lower courts where no other remedy is available).9 These
avenues provided plaintiff with the means to remedy any wrongful, improper, or unconstitutional
actions by the circuit judges related to the issuance of the PPOs, the dismissal of his 2018 civil

8
    MCL 691.1401 et seq.
9
  Additionally, “Michigan has provided for other means of supervising our judiciary so that if
judges abuse the important position they occupy, they may be properly disciplined.” Ginger, 369
Mich at 686. See Const 1963, art 6, § 30 (creating a Judicial Tenure Commission and permitting
the Supreme Court, upon the commission’s recommendation, to censure, suspend, retire, or
remove a judge for misconduct in office); Const 1963, art 6, § 25 (removal of judges from office
by the governor); MCR 9.202.

                                                  -7-
case against Marota, and imposition of attorney-fee sanctions in that case along with the rulings
and orders related to collection efforts.10 In short, plaintiff’s claims against the circuit court, which
ultimately challenge the propriety of the judges’ past orders and decisions, constitute
impermissible collateral attacks on the results of those closed cases. See Iannucci, 314 Mich App
at 544-545; Workers’ Compensation Agency Dir, 305 Mich App at 474; Kosch, 233 Mich App
at 353. For these reasons, we conclude that the Court of Claims did not abuse its discretion in
denying as futile amendment of plaintiff’s complaint to add the Ottawa Circuit Court as a
defendant.

                                            3. THE DHHS

        We also conclude that the Court of Claims properly denied as futile amendment to add the
DHHS as a defendant. The DHHS is immune from tort liability in connection with the exercise
or discharge of its governmental functions and, regardless, plaintiff has not alleged an actionable
claim.

        Plaintiff’s attempt to assert a claim of malicious prosecution against the DHHS is strained,
at best. It apparently stems from the alleged involvement of the DHHS in what plaintiff
characterizes as the “prosecution” of Marota’s alleged false allegations of child abuse of their child
that she made against plaintiff to the department and the police, which allegedly led to plaintiff’s
placement on the central registry.11 For a claim of malicious prosecution, a plaintiff
        has the burden of proving (1) that the defendant has initiated a criminal prosecution
        against him, (2) that the criminal proceedings terminated in his favor, (3) that the
        private person who instituted or maintained the prosecution lacked probable cause
        for his actions, and (4) that the action was undertaken with malice or a purpose in
        instituting the criminal claim other than bringing the offender to justice. [Matthews
        v Blue Cross & Blue Shield, 456 Mich 365, 378; 572 NW2d 603 (1998).]

10
   The record does not indicate that plaintiff ever challenged the propriety of the PPOs in direct
appeals. Plaintiff did appeal Judge Miedema’s dismissal of his civil action against Marota, and
imposition of the attorney-fee sanction against him, to this Court, and this Court affirmed.
Callahan v Marota, unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued July 30, 2020
(Docket No. 349454). In that case, plaintiff apparently attempted to challenge the trial court’s
issuance of the various PPOs, but this Court declined to address that, Callahan, unpub op at 3-4,
stating “there is no indication that plaintiff ever appealed the PPOs, and the record before the court
is insufficient to allow review of the issues raised, even if such a review were warranted.” Id. at 4.
Thus, plaintiff’s instant civil action against the circuit court represents yet another attempt to
collaterally attack the judges’ orders.
11
  The “central registry” is “the system maintained at the department that is used to keep a record
of all reports filed with the department under this act in which relevant and accurate evidence of
child abuse or child neglect is found to exist.” MCL 722.622(c). “Department” means “the
department of health and human services.” MCL 722.622(q).

                                                  -8-
        Here, although Marota’s alleged conduct, if she knowingly made false claims to law
enforcement in order to induce prosecution of plaintiff, might support a claim of malicious
prosecution against her,12 see Renda v Int’l Union UAAAIWA, 366 Mich 58, 83; 114 NW2d 343
(1962); MCL 600.2907, plaintiff did not name any individuals, employees, or representatives
connected to the DHHS, who investigated, or otherwise pursued Marota’s claims without a lawful
basis to do so. Under MCL 722.628(1), the department must commence an investigation of a child
suspected of being abused or neglected. Plaintiff did not specify how any DHHS agent responded
to Marota’s claims with any improper purpose. Although plaintiff alleged that Marota’s claims
were false and made to “garner parental control” of their child, he made no specific allegations
indicating that any individual associated with the DHHS had knowledge of Marota’s ulterior
motive or otherwise had reason to suspect that Marota’s claims were false.13 In short, plaintiff did
not specify how any DHHS representative acted maliciously by investigating Marota’s claims or
placing him on the central registry.14 Instead, he merely alleged that Marota’s allegations were
false and, without more, that defendants acted with malice in response.                       Such
conclusory allegations, however, are not sufficient to state a cause of action. See Kloian v
Schwartz, 272 Mich App 232, 240; 725 NW2d 671 (2006).15

        Further, even if plaintiff did sufficiently plead facts constituting malicious prosecution on
the part of the DHHS, such claim is barred by governmental immunity. MCL 691.1407(1) broadly
exempts governmental agencies from tort liability in connection with the exercise or discharge of
their governmental functions. See McLean v McElhaney, 289 Mich App 592, 598; 798 NW2d 29
(2010). The DHHS is a principal department of the State of Michigan, see MCL 400.227, and is
clearly a governmental agency entitled to immunity. 16 Investigating allegations of child abuse and

12
     Plaintiff pursued such a claim of malicious prosecution in his 2018 civil case against Marota.
13
  We note that “[a] person making a report . . . is presumed to have acted in good faith.” MCL
722.625.
14
   We question whether plaintiff’s placement on the central registry, in and of itself, could
constitute a “prosecution.” See Restatement 2d of Torts, § 653, comment c (“The making of the
charge is not actionable . . . unless a prosecution actually results from it, or, in other words, unless
criminal proceedings are instituted against the accused by the tribunal or official before whom the
charge is made[.]”) A criminal prosecution begins when the prosecutor files an information or
indictment, MCR 6.112(B), and a child protective proceeding begins with the filing of a petition,
MCR 3.961(A). See also MCL 712A.2(b).
15
  Plaintiff further implicated the DHHS by asserting that its “[u]nlawful distribution and unlawful
mass quantity administration of the drug Benzodiazepines” to Marota caused her to report false
crimes that led to his false and malicious prosecution. This allegation is not only speculative, but
seems inherently incredible. Further, that Marota made false child abuse claims ostensibly because
of the DHHS’s administering drugs to her, without more, asserts too remote a consequence to hold
the DHHS responsible for the alleged malicious prosecution of plaintiff.
16
  “Governmental agency” means “this state or a political subdivision” MCL 691.1401(a). “State”
means “this state and its agencies, departments, commissions, courts, boards, councils, and
statutorily created task forces.” MCL 691.1401(g).

                                                  -9-
placing an individual on the central registry are statutorily mandated activities of the DHHS, and
thus those activities underlying plaintiff’s complaint are clearly governmental functions. See MCL
722.627(4) (“If the department classifies a report of suspected child abuse or child neglect as a
central registry case, the department shall maintain a record in the central registry.”); MCL
722.627(5) to (7) (providing for expungement of record from the registry); MCL 722.627(7)
(providing for maintenance of information in the central registry after investigation of abuse
allegations); MCL 722.628 (governing the department’s investigations). Accordingly, the DHHS
has governmental immunity from plaintiff’s claims. See MCL 691.1407. The Court of Claims,
therefore, did not abuse its discretion by denying as futile amendment of plaintiff’s complaint to
add the DHHS as a defendant.

              4. OFFICES OF THE GOVERNOR AND ATTORNEY GENERAL

       The Court of Claims properly denied as futile amendment to add the Offices of the
Governor and Attorney General as defendants. Plaintiff failed to assert a cognizable claim against
them and, regardless, governmental immunity applies.

        Plaintiff briefly asserted in his proposed amended complaint that the Governor and
Attorney General failed to perform legal duties to respond and investigate his complaints. He
refers this Court to correspondence he apparently sent to those offices informing them of what he
characterized as unlawful and malfeasant conduct, particularly by the judges of the Ottawa Circuit
Court, and demanded that the Offices of the Governor and Attorney General initiate a criminal
investigation.

       Plaintiff’s claim, alleging that these public offices failed to perform their legal duties to
respond and investigate his complaints, implies a claim of common-law misconduct in office, see
MCL 750.505 (providing for punishment for indictable common-law offenses).
       To find defendant guilty of the criminal offense of misconduct in office, the
       defendant must be found to be a “public officer,” who while acting “in the exercise
       of the duties of his office or while acting under color of his office,” did “any act
       which is wrongful in itself—malfeasance,” did “any otherwise lawful act in a
       wrongful manner—misfeasance,” or failed to “do any act which [was] required of
       him by the duties of his office—nonfeasance.” [People v Carlin, 239 Mich App
       49, 52 n 2; 607 NW2d 733 (1999) (alteration in original), quoting Perkins & Boyce,
       Criminal Law (3d ed), p 540.]

        Plaintiff’s proposed amended complaint seeks money damages to redress the alleged
wrongful conduct of the proposed defendants, but plaintiff has not cited any authority for the
proposition that the existence of a purported common-law crime reflects the existence of a parallel
common-law tort. Moreover, he did not name the Governor or the Attorney General individually,
only their respective offices. To the extent plaintiff attempted to assert a claim of ordinary
negligence against the Offices of the Governor and Attorney General for allegedly failing to
respond to or investigate his complaints, such claim is invalid. “There can be no negligence absent
a duty, and a plaintiff has the burden of showing a duty owed by a defendant to the plaintiff.”
Flores v Dalman, 199 Mich App 396, 402-403; 502 NW2d 725 (1993). “A duty is a legally
recognized obligation to conform to a particular standard of conduct toward another.” Harrison v

                                               -10-
Dir of Dep’t of Corrections, 194 Mich App 446, 456; 487 NW2d 799 (1992). “Where the duty of
a public official arises from his official authority, the duty is for the benefit of the public at large,”
not to a specific individual. Id. Here, plaintiff did not allege a specific duty to the general public
to investigate or otherwise respond to claims of citizens, or that a special relationship existed with
those offices such that they had a duty to investigate his claims. See id. at 456-460; Flones, 199
Mich App at 403 (rejecting the plaintiff’s theory of “negligent investigation” in different context).

         Nevertheless, even if plaintiff could otherwise set forth a plausible claim, the Offices of
the Governor and Attorney General were entitled governmental immunity from tort liability. See
MCL 691.1407(1). Those offices are governmental agencies, and thus are immune from tort
liability in connection with the exercise or discharge of their governmental functions. See MCL
691.1407(1); McLean, 289 Mich App at 598. Exercising discretion whether to investigate or
otherwise respond to a constituent’s complaints falls squarely within the exercise or discharge of
governmental functions. Moreover, to the extent plaintiff implies that the Governor and Attorney
General themselves acted wrongfully, despite not naming them as individual defendants, they
come under the absolute immunity granted to “the elective or highest appointive executive official
of all levels of government” by MCL 691.1407(5) for acts within the scope of their executive
authority. The Court of Claims, therefore, properly denied as futile amendment of plaintiff’s
complaint to add the Offices of the Governor and Attorney General as defendants.

                                      5. NEGLIGENT HIRING

        Plaintiff failed to allege sufficient facts to state a claim of negligent hiring against the
named actors. “[T]he gravamen of negligent hiring or retention is that the employer bears some
responsibility for bringing an employee into contact with a member of the public despite
knowledge that doing so was likely to end poorly.” Mueller v Brannigan Bros Restaurants &
Taverns LLC, 323 Mich App 566, 574; 918 NW2d 545 (2018). “[A] claim of negligent hiring or
retention requires actual or constructive knowledge by the employer that would make the specific
wrongful conduct perpetrated by an employee predictable.” Id. at 575.

        Plaintiff made no specific allegations of any specific inadequacy or deficiency regarding
any of the named actors’ hiring processes, training, or supervision of employees. Nor did he allege
that they had specific knowledge that their employees would act wrongfully, or failed to take
appropriate action if the employees did so. In short, plaintiff made only brief and conclusory
statements, with little explanation, and failed to sufficiently allege how any actions or inactions by
the governmental entities in their personnel decisions, supervision, or training caused his alleged
injuries. Plaintiff failed to sufficiently plead a negligent hiring claim in his proposed amended
complaint, making amendment to add such a claim futile. The Court of Claims, therefore, did not
abuse its discretion by denying plaintiff’s motion for leave to amend his complaint.

        Affirmed.

                                                                 /s/ Kathleen Jansen
                                                                 /s/ James Robert Redford
                                                                 /s/ Christopher P. Yates

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