Court Opinion

ID: 4656301
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-02-01 18:00:28.087858+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:00:49.424583
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                               File Name: 21a0064n.06

                                    Case Nos. 20-5486/5556

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                    FILED
                                                                              Feb 01, 2021
ROBERT CUNDIFF,                                        )                  DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk

       Plaintiff-Appellant,                            )
                                                       )   ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
NEW HAMPSHIRE INSURANCE COMPANY,                       )   STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
                                                       )   THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF
       Intervenor Plaintiff,
                                                       )   KENTUCKY
       v.                                              )
                                                       )
WORLDWIDE BATTERY COMPANY, LLC,                        )
dba Worldwide Battery,                                 )
       Defendant-Appellee.                             )
                                                       )

BEFORE: COLE, Chief Judge; SILER and GIBBONS, Circuit Judges.

       SILER, Circuit Judge. A man trips. Who is to blame? In Kentucky, that decision is left

in the hands of a jury. Because the district court improperly removed that decision from the jury,

we REVERSE and REMAND the district court’s dismissal on summary judgment.

                                                I

       Robert Cundiff went to Worldwide Battery to pick up batteries for his employer, Total

Truck Parts. Cundiff v. Worldwide Battery Co., LLC, 2020 WL 1644038, at *1 (W.D. Ky. Apr. 2,

2020). While in the store, he “tripped over two large black machine batteries near the customer

service desk.” Id. Cundiff claims the batteries were “‘partially blocked from view’ by a counter”

and “partially camouflaged by the black rug.” Id. He, however, admits “that he was not looking
Case Nos. 20-5486/5556, Cundiff v. Worldwide Battery Company, LLC

at the ground when he tripped.” Id. And he acknowledges if he had looked, he likely would have

seen the batteries. Id.

       Cundiff sued Worldwide Battery for his injuries in Kentucky state court. New Hampshire

Insurance Co. successfully intervened because it “allegedly paid Cundiff workers’ compensation

benefits arising out of the trip-and-fall injury.” Id. Worldwide Battery then removed to the

Western District of Kentucky. Id.

       The district court granted summary judgment for Worldwide Battery on the ground that

the batteries were an open and obvious condition and thus did not breach its duty of care. Id. at

*3.

                                                II

       We have jurisdiction over this appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review a grant of

summary judgment de novo. Grubb & Ellis/Centennial, Inc. v. Gaedeke Holdings, Ltd., 401 F.3d

770, 773 (6th Cir. 2005). Because the plaintiff is the non-moving party, all factual inferences are

made in his favor. See Dinsmore Instrument Co. v. Bombardier, Inc., 199 F.3d 318, 320 (6th Cir.

1999). All parties agree that Kentucky law governs this diversity action.

                                                III

       Cundiff sued Worldwide Battery for premises-liability negligence, alleging that the

batteries he tripped over created an unreasonable risk of harm. To succeed, Cundiff must show:

(1) duty; (2) breach; (3) causation; and (4) damages. Patton v. Bickford, 529 S.W.3d 717, 729

(Ky. 2016). Here, Worldwide Battery owed a duty to Cundiff “to discover unreasonably dangerous

conditions on the land and either eliminate or warn of them.” Shelton v. Kentucky Easter Seals

Soc. Inc., 413 S.W.3d 901, 909 (Ky. 2013). But Worldwide Battery claims the batteries were open

and obvious; therefore, they were not unreasonably dangerous. That decision, however, is reserved

                                               -2-
Case Nos. 20-5486/5556, Cundiff v. Worldwide Battery Company, LLC

for a jury, except where the plaintiff is entirely at fault. Grubb v. Smith, 523 S.W.3d 409, 418 (Ky.

2017) (as modified Aug. 24, 2017). Id. Cundiff was not. Therefore, we reverse the district court.

       Batteries can be an unreasonable condition. Indeed, in Kentucky, almost anything can be

unreasonably dangerous:

           •   A simple curb outside of an emergency room. Ky. River Med. Ctr. v.
               McIntosh, 319 S.W.3d 385, 394-95 (Ky. 2010).
           •   Wires on the floor next to a hospital bed. Shelton, 413 S.W.3d at 917-18.
           •   Ice in a parking lot of a hotel. Carter v. Bullitt Host, LLC, 471 S.W.3d 288,
               299-300 (Ky. 2015).
           •   Slipperiness of a wet hotel bathtub. Goodwin v. Al J. Schneider Co.,
               501 S.W.3d 894, 899-900 (Ky. 2016).
           •   A small pothole between the pumps of a gas station. Grubb, 523 S.W.3d at
               421.
           •   A pallet protruding from the bottom of a store display. Veloudis v.
               Wal-Mart Stores E., Ltd. P’ship, 2017 WL3499927, at *7-*8 (Ky. Ct. App.
               July 28, 2017).
           •   Uneven pavement. Embry v. Mac’s Convenience Stores, LLC, 2014 WL
               2640240, at *4 (Ky. Ct. App. June 13, 2014).
           •   A concrete flowerpot placed near an exit. Rodgers v. Grant Cnty. Football
               Boosters, 2017 WL 4570711, at *5-*6 (Ky. Ct. App. Oct. 13, 2017).

Like the other items on the list, the batteries’ obviousness does not preclude its unreasonableness.

Instead, even obvious conditions can be unreasonable if “the property possessor can anticipate

someone’s being injured by it.” Grubb, 523 S.W.3d at 419. A reasonable jury could conclude that

batteries left in a walkway might injure someone. The heightened standard applied by the district

court was contrary to Kentucky law. Cundiff, 2020 WL 1644038, at *3-*4.

         Cundiff’s “claim remains viable even though by his own admission he was careless.”

Grubb, 523 S.W.3d at 419 (cleaned up). Like Grubb, he admits that he “failed to observe the

hazard” because he was “not paying attention to where he was walking.” Id. (cleaned up). But

that is not enough to show he was entirely at fault. Demonstrating complete fault requires

something more—like a video conclusively showing that the plaintiff tripped over her own feet.

                                                -3-
Case Nos. 20-5486/5556, Cundiff v. Worldwide Battery Company, LLC

Dunn v. Wal-Mart Stores E., Ltd. P’ship, 724 F. App’x 369, 373-74 (6th Cir. 2018). Here,

Cundiff’s familiarity with the store and lack of attention are simply factors “the jury will consider

when apportioning comparative blame.” Frazier v. Total Renal Care, Inc., 2019 WL 3219148, at

*5 (E.D. Ky. July 17, 2019). In sum, this is not one of the rare cases that can be removed from a

jury’s consideration.

                                                 IV

       “[T]he unreasonableness and foreseeability of the risk of harm is normally a question for

the jury to determine in deciding whether the defendant breached its duty of care in all but the

rarest of circumstances.” Dunn, 724 F. App’x at 374. This case is no different. Accordingly, we

REVERSE and REMAND the district court’s entry of summary judgment for Worldwide Battery.

                                                -4-