Court Opinion

ID: 4223782
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-11-27 22:08:41.854318+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:26:18.046999
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Wright, 2017-Ohio-8702.]

                      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                         FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                              JACKSON COUNTY

STATE OF OHIO,                 :
                               :    Case No. 16CA3
     Plaintiff-Appellee,       :
                               :
     vs.                       :    DECISION AND JUDGMENT
                               :    ENTRY
DENNIS WRIGHT,                 :
                               :
    Defendant-Appellant.       :    Released: 11/16/17
_____________________________________________________________
                         APPEARANCES:

Timothy Young, Ohio State Public Defender, and Kristopher A. Haines,
Assistant Ohio State Public Defender, Columbus, Ohio, for Appellant.

Mike DeWine, Ohio Attorney General, and Jocelyn K. Lowe, Special
Assistant Prosecutor, Columbus, Ohio, for Appellee.
_____________________________________________________________

McFarland, J.

        {¶1} Dennis Wright appeals the Order on Sentencing entered May 23,

2016 in the Jackson County Court of Common Pleas. Wright was convicted

of multiple counts of sexual battery, unlawful sexual conduct with a minor,

gross sexual imposition, and rape. On appeal, Wright asserts: (1) his rights

to due process and a fair trial were violated when the trial court allowed the

State to present overly prejudicial evidence of prior bad acts through a non-

victim witness; and (2) he was rendered the ineffective assistance of counsel

due to trial counsel’s failure to move to sever certain counts of the
Jackson App. No. 16CA3                                                     2

indictment for purposes of trial. However, having reviewed the record

herein, as well as the pertinent Ohio law, we find no merit to Wright’s

assignments of error. Accordingly, we overrule both assignments of error

and affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                                   FACTS

      {¶2} In February 2016, Appellant was indicted by the Jackson

County Grand Jury as follows:

      Count One           Sexual Battery, R.C. 2907.03(A)(12);

      Count Two           Sexual Battery, R.C. 2907.03(A)(12);

      Count Three         Unlawful Sexual Conduct with a Minor,
                          R.C. 2907.04(A);

      Count Four          Unlawful Sexual conduct with a Minor;
                          R.C. 2907.04(A);

      Count Five          Illegal Use of a Minor in Nudity-Oriented
                          Material, R.C. 2907.323(A)(1);

      Count Six           Gross Sexual Imposition, R.C. 2907.05(A)(1);

      Count Seven         Gross Sexual Imposition, R.C. 2907.05(A)(1);

      Count Eight         Gross Sexual Imposition, R.C. 2907.05(A)(1);

      Count Nine          Rape, R.C. 2907.02(A)(1)(c);

      Count Ten           Rape, R.C. 2907.02(A)(2);

      Count Eleven        Rape, R.C. 2907.02(A)(1)(c);

      Count Twelve        Rape, R.C. 2907.02(A)(2);
Jackson App. No. 16CA3                                                            3

      Count Thirteen       Rape, R.C. 2907.02(A)(1)(c);

      Count Fourteen       Rape, R.C. 2907.02(A)(2); and,

      Count Fifteen        Rape, R.C. 2907.02(A)(1)(b).

      {¶3} At the time of the indictment, Appellant pastored a church in

rural Jackson County. Appellant was married and had two adult sons. The

complaining witnesses in the indictment were two of Appellant’s

congregants at the church, one a teenage female, and one a mentally

challenged adult female. The third complaining witness was one of

Appellant’s sons, dating back to the complainant’s childhood.

      {¶4} The indictment also contained sexually violent predator

specifications as to Counts 1, 2, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14. Appellant was

appointed counsel and entered not guilty pleas. The case eventually

proceeded to jury trial which took place May 9 through May 16, 2016. Prior

to trial, Appellant waived his right to trial on the sexually violent predator

specifications.

      {¶5} The State’s theory of the case was Appellant abused his familiar

relationship with the victims and his authority as their pastor, and father, to

perpetrate his criminal sexual activity. The defense strategy was to portray

Appellant as a victim of lies and innuendo by complainants with ulterior
Jackson App. No. 16CA3                                                            4

motives of their own. Local media sources followed the case during the

pretrial and trial phases.

      {¶6} At trial, the State presented testimony from M.S., a complaining

witness; Marjorie Norman, an eyewitness to one of the instances of abuse;

M.S.’s twin sister; Deputy Urias Hall, an investigator for the Jackson County

Sheriff’s Office; T.R., another complaining witness; J.W., Appellant’s son

and a complaining witness; Dr. Amy Luckeydoo, a pediatrician employed by

the Child Protection Center in Ross County, Ohio; Ashley Muse, a forensic

interviewer with the Child Protection Center; T.S., M.S.’s older sister; and,

Agent Latisha Schuler of the Ohio Bureau of Criminal Identification and

Investigation. The State also offered two exhibits: a DVD of Ashley Muse’s

forensic interview with M.S. and a recorded conversation between Agent

Schuler and Appellant.

      {¶7} When the State rested, defense counsel made a Crim.R. 29

motion to dismiss the charges due to insufficient evidence. The trial court

overruled the motion. Appellant then presented testimony from his wife,

Diana Wright. Appellant also testified on his own behalf. After the defense

rested, both sides gave closing arguments, the trial court instructed the jury,

and the jury retired to deliberate.
Jackson App. No. 16CA3                                                            5

      {¶8} Appellant was subsequently convicted of all counts except count

five, illegal use of a minor in sexually oriented material. He was sentenced

to consecutive sentences for all counts, and life imprisonment. This timely

appeal followed. Where pertinent, additional facts will be set forth below.

                         ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

      “I. MR. WRIGHT’S RIGHTS TO DUE PROCESS AND A
      FAIR TRIAL WERE VIOLATED WHEN THE TRIAL
      COURT ALLOWED THE STATE TO PRESENT OVERLY
      PREJUDICIAL EVIDENCE ABOUT PRIOR BAD ACTS
      THROUGH A NON-VICTIM WITNESS.”

                        A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

      {¶9} The admission of other acts evidence lies within the broad

discretion of the trial court, and a reviewing court will not disturb the trial

court's decision in the absence of an abuse of that discretion. State v. Ruble,

4th Dist. Washington No. 16CA20, 2017-Ohio-7259, at ¶ 27; State v.

Morris, 132 Ohio St. 3d 337, 2012-Ohio-2407, 972 N.E.2d 528, ¶ 14. “ ‘A

trial court abuses its discretion when it makes a decision that is

unreasonable, unconscionable, or arbitrary.’ ” State v. Keenan, 143 Ohio

St.3d 397, 2015-Ohio-2484, 38 N.E.3d 870, ¶ 7, quoting State v. Darmond,

135 Ohio St. 3d 343, 2013-Ohio-966, 986 N.E.2d 971, ¶ 34. An abuse of

discretion includes a situation in which a trial court did not engage in a

“sound reasoning process”; this review is deferential and does not permit an
Jackson App. No. 16CA3                                                           6

appellate court to simply substitute its judgment for that of the trial court.

Darmond at ¶ 34. We are mindful, however, that “Although the abuse of

discretion standard usually affords maximum [deference] to the lower court,

no court retains discretion to adopt an incorrect legal rule or to apply an

appropriate rule in an inappropriate manner. Such a course of conduct

would result in an abuse of discretion.” 2-J Supply Inc. v. Garrett & Parker,

LLC, 4th Dist. Highland No. 13CA29, 2015-Ohio-2757, ¶ 9, quoting Safest

Neighborhood Assn. v. Athens Bd. of Zoning Appeals, 2013-Ohio-5610, 5
N.E.3d 694, ¶ 16.

                           B. LEGAL ANALYSIS

      {¶10} In general, “[e]vidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not

admissible to prove the character of a person to show action in conformity

therewith.” Evid.R. 404(B). “It may, however, be admissible * * * [to

prove] motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or

absence of mistake or accident.” Id. But evidence of other crimes and acts

of wrongdoing are strictly construed against admissibility. See also Ruble,

supra, at ¶ 25; State v. Marshall, 4th Dist. Lawrence No. 06CA23, 2007-

Ohio-6298, ¶ 46.

      {¶11} In determining the admissibility of other acts evidence, trial

courts should determine: (1) whether the other acts evidence is relevant to
Jackson App. No. 16CA3                                                           7

establishing any fact that is of consequence, i.e. the other acts make the

existence of a material fact more or less probable than it would be without

that evidence; (2) whether the other acts evidence is presented to prove the

character of the accused in order to show the accused acted in conformity

with that character, or whether the other acts evidence is presented for a

legitimate purpose, such as those stated in Evid.R. 404(B); and (3) whether

the probative value of the other acts evidence is substantially outweighed by

the danger of unfair prejudice under Evid.R. 403. Ruble, at ¶ 26; State v.

Williams, 134 Ohio St. 3d 521, 2012-Ohio-5695, 983 N.E.2d 1278, ¶ 20;

State v. Adams, 9th Dist. Lorain No. 15CA010868, 2017-Ohio-1178, ¶ 10;

State v. Fowler, 2017-Ohio-438, ––– N.E.3d ––––, ¶ 17, 2017 WL 495595

(10th Dist.).

      {¶12} In his first assignment of error, Appellant asserts that the trial

court prejudiced him when it admitted testimony of M.S.’s sister, T.S.

Appellant argues this testimony essentially added another unindicted accuser

to bolster the State’s case with improper propensity evidence. The State

filed a motion to use Evid.R. 404(B) evidence to show Appellant’s motive,

preparation, plan, and modus operandi.

      {¶13} The State’s motion indicated T.S.’s testimony would be that
Jackson App. No. 16CA3                                                         8

between 2010 and 2011, when T.S. was 14 and 15 years old, Appellant

taught T.S. to drive a truck and used this opportunity to touch her breasts.

The State argued in doing so, Appellant used his role as T.S.’s pastor and

trusted family friend to gain access to her and sexually assault her. The

State argued that Appellant used the same relationship with the victims as

their pastor and trusted family friend to gain access to M.S., whom he also

taught to drive and also sexually assaulted by touching her breasts during the

“lesson.” M.S. was almost the exact same age as T.S. when Appellant

molested her. The State concluded that in using the same relationship, the

same location, the same scheme, and the same sexual contact, the evidence

adduced from T.S.’s testimony was admissible and relevant in the current

case pursuant to Evid.R. 404(B) to show motive, preparation, plan, and

modus operandi in committing the sexual abuse against M.S.

      {¶14} At a hearing to resolve pretrial motions, Appellant argued it

was highly prejudicial to allow T.S.’s testimony when she was not named as

a victim in any count of the indictment. However, by written decision, the

trial court announced it would be allowing T.S. to testify. The trial court

relied on the Supreme Court of Ohio’s decision in State v. Williams, 134
Ohio St. 3d 521, 2012-Ohio-5695, 983 N.E.2d 1278, and the Eight District

Court of Appeals’ decision in State v. Herrington, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.
Jackson App. No. 16CA3                                                        9

101322, 2015-Ohio-1820, finding that the factual scenario in Appellant’s

case was strikingly similar to the facts in Harrington.

      {¶15} The first witness at Appellant’s trial was M.S., age 17. She

testified in the past, her family attended a church with Appellant, and she

identified Appellant. Appellant was the pastor and the congregation was a

very small group which included her family, Appellant’s family, and only a

few others.

      {¶16} M.S. testified she sometimes went to Appellant’s farm to help

him clean stalls and feed the animals. At times, Appellant bought her candy,

food, and clothing. When M.S. was 10-13 years old, Appellant began

talking to her about sex and “how it would feel.” He also touched her

breasts and vagina under her clothing. When he put his hands on her, she

would tell him to stop and try to shrug him away or try to get her clothes

back. He told her “it would make him love again and all that but that he

loves me.”

      {¶17} On occasion, Appellant would get on top of M.S. on the floor

of his bedroom. Once he put his penis on her vagina and it hurt. He also

asked her at times to touch his penis with her hand. She felt “awkward and

“really didn’t want to.” M.S. testified she was forced to do it, “He kept
Jackson App. No. 16CA3                                                         10

nagging and riding me until I did it.” One time, he had her put her mouth on

his penis. Afterwards she cried and complained she was sick.

      {¶18} M.S. further testified that Appellant let her drive his truck to

practice. He told her he would help her get her license “if I do stuff with

him.” M.S. testified she did not tell anyone what was happening because

she was scared and because her father did not “believe other victims when it

happened.” She also testified that on occasion, after doing the farm chores,

M.S. would take a shower at Appellant’s house. Sometimes Appellant

would come in, open the door to look at her, and take pictures of her naked

body on his phone. M.S. later deleted them.

      {¶19} The instances of abuse began when M.S. was 10-13 years old.

They occurred numerous times until she was 15 or 16 years old.

      {¶20} On the fourth day of trial, T.S., now age 20, testified a handful

of people, which included her family, attended the church where Appellant

pastored. T.S. testified when she was 14 or 15 years old, she was at

Appellant’s house, in his truck, and he asked her if she wanted to learn to

drive. When they switched places in the truck and T.S. was driving, he told

her “This is what young boys will do.” T.S. testified:

      “He stuck his arm around… he stuck his arm around my
      shoulders and tried to stick it down my shirt and I said no then
      he stuck it around me and tried to stick it down the front and
      back of my pants and I said no and I stopped him.”
Jackson App. No. 16CA3                                                          11

      {¶21} Prior to T.S.’s testimony, Appellant’s counsel renewed the

objection. At the close of trial, the court instructed the jury as follows:

      “Evidence was admitted of other acts which the defendant may
      have committed. You may not consider that evidence to
      determine whether the defendant committed any act alleged in
      the indictment. If you find from other evidence that the
      defendant committed the acts charged in the indictment, then
      you may consider the evidence of the other act as bearing upon
      the defendant’s motive, preparation, plan, and modus
      operandi.”

      {¶22} Based upon our review of the facts herein and the pertinent

case law, we find no error or abuse of discretion in the trial court’s ruling

which allowed the State to present evidence of other acts through T.S.’s

testimony.

      {¶23} In Williams, supra, the Supreme Court of Ohio was asked to

determine whether evidence that the defendant had a prior sexual

relationship with an underage boy, A.B., he coached in the 1990s was

properly admitted pursuant to Evid.R. 404(B) in the State's prosecution of

the defendant for sex offenses committed in 2008 against a different

underage boy, J.H., that the defendant was mentoring. Id. The Supreme

Court recognized that “[e]vidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts of an

accused tending to show the plan with which an act is done may be

admissible for other purposes, such as those listed in Evid.R. 404(B)—to

show proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge,
Jackson App. No. 16CA3                                                          12

identity, or absence of mistake or accident.” Id. at ¶ 19. The court set forth a

three-step analysis that courts should conduct in determining the

admissibility of other acts evidence. Id. First, the court should “consider

whether the other acts evidence is relevant to making any fact that is of

consequence to the determination of the action more or less probable than it

would be without the evidence.” Id. at ¶ 20, citing Evid.R. 401. Second, the

court should “consider whether evidence of the other crimes, wrongs, or acts

is presented to prove the character of the accused in order to show activity in

conformity therewith or whether the other acts evidence is presented for a

legitimate purpose, such as those stated in Evid.R. 404(B).” Id. Third, the

court should “consider whether the probative value of the other acts

evidence is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.” Id.,

citing Evid.R. 403.

      {¶24} In Williams, applying the three-part test, the Court determined

that the other acts evidence related to the defendant's conduct and

relationship with A.B. and was properly admitted in accordance with

Evid.R. 404(B) as it helped to prove motive, preparation, and plan on the

part of the defendant. Id. at ¶ 24 –25. With respect to the first step of the

court's three-part test, the court found that A.B.'s testimony was relevant

“because it tended to show the motive [the defendant] had and the
Jackson App. No. 16CA3                                                          13

preparation and plan he exhibited of targeting, mentoring, grooming, and

abusing teenage boys.” Id. at ¶ 22. Further, A.B.'s testimony “rebutted the

suggestion offered by the defense during opening statements that J.H. had

falsely accused [the defendant] of abuse with the hope of getting out of

trouble at school and the suggestion that [the defendant] was sexually

attracted to women.” Id. As for the second part of the test, the court noted

that the evidence of the defendant's relationship with A.B. was not offered to

show that abusing J.H. was in conformity with the defendant's character. Id.

at ¶ 23. “In fact, the trial court gave two limiting instructions that this

evidence was not being offered to prove [the defendant's] character—one

just prior to the testimony of A.B. and one prior to deliberation.” Id. Finally,

with respect to the third part of the test, the court found that the evidence

was not unduly prejudicial given the limiting instructions provided to the

jury. Id. at ¶ 24. “[T]he trial court instructed the jury that this evidence

could not be considered to show that [the defendant] had acted in conformity

with a character trait. This instruction lessened the prejudicial effect of

A.B.'s testimony, and A.B. corroborated J.H.'s testimony about the sexual

abuse, which had been denied by [the defendant].” Id.

      {¶25} In State v. Powih, 12th Dist. Brown No. CA2016-11-023,

2017-Ohio-7208, the appellate court found the facts therein to be similar to
Jackson App. No. 16CA3                                                        14

Williams and, after applying the three-part test, concluded that the trial court

did not abuse its discretion in permitting the other acts evidence. The court

found the testimony of the uninindicted complainant in Powih was relevant

as it tended to show the appellant's motive, intent, and plan of targeting and

sexually assaulting female nursing aides in their mid-twenties who were

isolated in a resident's room while caring for elderly patients who lacked

awareness of what was occurring around them. The challenged other acts

testimony was also relevant to prove the absence of mistake and to rebut the

suggestion offered by the defense during opening statements that A.H.

consented to sexual contact with the appellant before falsely accusing the

appellant of assaulting her because she did not want to accept responsibility

for her actions. Id. at ¶ 27.

       {¶26} In this case, the trial court’s decision allowing T.S.’s testimony

also cited State v. Herrington. There Herrington was indicted and charged

with multiple counts of gross sexual imposition, one count of kidnapping,

and one count of illegal use of a minor in nudity-oriented material or

performance. Prior to Herrington’s trial, the court addressed appellant's

pretrial motions to exclude other acts evidence pursuant to Evid.R. 404(B).

       {¶27} The evidence involved Herrington’s prior acts against a 19-

year-old victim, A.H., in 1995. Before the jury was selected, the trial court
Jackson App. No. 16CA3                                                        15

stated that it would permit A.H. to testify but that evidence of the appellant's

prior conviction would not be admitted. The matter proceeded to jury trial

in March, 2014.

      {¶28} A.H., then 37 years old, testified she knew Herrington from the

time of her birth. A.H.'s father and Herrington were “best friends” and both

served as associate ministers at their church. A.H. testified that in 1995,

Herrington approached her at her parents’ home and offered to give her

driving lessons. A.H. accepted his offer because she wanted to get her

driver’s license and was excited for the opportunity to learn how to drive.

Over the course of approximately one month, Herrington took A.H. for

driving lessons on three separate occasions. After the last driving lesson,

Herrington suddenly kissed A.H., placed her on a couch, got on top of her

and forced her to have sexual intercourse. She stated, “I tried to push him

off, but I couldn't get him off of me.”

      {¶29} T.B., Herrington’s current victim, was 20 years old at the time

of trial. She testified that she first met Herrington when he began a romantic

relationship with her grandmother when T.B. was approximately 7 or 8 years

old. On separate occasions, T.B. lived with Herrington and her

grandmother. T.B. testified about several incidents when she was

inappropriately touched by Herrington in her grandmother’s home.
Jackson App. No. 16CA3                                                       16

However, several incidents occurred after Herrington offered to provide T.B.

driving lessons when she was 15 years old. After the first driving lesson,

T.B. went up to her bedroom. Herrington followed her to her bedroom and

said he needed to “check [her] pulse” because “she seemed nervous and

tense.” Herrington claimed that he had to check T.B.'s pulse on her chest

and had her take her shirt off. Appellant then “cupped” her breast over her

bra.

       {¶30} Approximately two or three weeks later, Herrington offered to

give T.B. a second driving lesson. While in the vehicle, Herrington warned

T.B. not to tell anyone about the driving lessons. When they returned home,

T.B. went upstairs to her bedroom and Herrington followed her. Again,

Herrington asked if he could check her pulse. On this occasion, Herrington

had T.B. take off her pants so he could check her pulse by touching her inner

leg. T.B. testified that she complied and Herrington placed two fingers on

her inner thigh and “brushed” his hand over her “private parts.”

       {¶31} One month later, Herrington told T.B. that he was going to

drive to Akron and that he would let her drive on the freeway if she wanted

to join him. T.B. agreed to go along. When they returned home, Herrington

followed T.B. upstairs to her bedroom and began to give her a massage

because he thought she “looked tense.” Herrington then asked her to take
Jackson App. No. 16CA3                                                        17

her shirt off. T.B. testified that she complied because they were alone and

she did not know what would happen if she told him no. T.B. stated that

Herrington continued to give her a massage while she was lying face down

on the bed. Herrington then unclasped her bra and took off her pants. T.B.

testified that Herrington “moved” her underwear to the side and “separated

[her] privates” with his fingers. T.B. closed her legs and Herrington went

downstairs shortly thereafter.

      {¶32} The Herrington court was guided by the Supreme Court’s

analysis in Williams. The Herrington court applied the three-step analysis,

reasoning as follows at ¶ 33:

     “With regard to the first and second steps of the Williams test,
     we find A.H.'s testimony was relevant and was presented for a
     legitimate purpose under Evid.R. 404(B). Similar to the factual
     scenario in Williams, appellant's relationship and interaction with
     A.H. and T.B. were similar in character and method.
     Collectively, A.H.'s testimony demonstrated appellant's motives
     and the preparation and plan he exhibited, i.e., offering teenage
     girls driving lessons and manipulating their confidence and trust
     for his own sexual gratification. In our view, if believed by the
     jury, such testimony could corroborate portions of T.B.'s
     testimony. See Williams at ¶ 22.”

     {¶33} The Herrington court, as did the court in Williams, also

elaborated on the fact the trial court gave limiting instructions that the

evidence was not being offered to prove appellant's character. Citing the

same authorities as Williams, the Herrington court further recognized the
Jackson App. No. 16CA3                                                      18

presumption that the jury followed those instructions. Finally, the

Herrington court considered whether the probative value of the other acts

evidence of the prior relationship with A.H. was substantially outweighed by

the danger of unfair prejudice. The Herrington court held:

      “In our view, the challenged evidence is not unduly prejudicial
      because the trial court instructed the jury that this evidence
      could not be considered to show that appellant had acted in
      conformity with a character trait. This instruction lessened the
      prejudicial effect of A.H.'s testimony, and A.H. corroborated
      T.B.'s testimony about appellant's pattern of conduct, which had
      been denied by appellant. Thus, Evid.R. 404(B) permitted
      admission of evidence of appellant's prior crime because it
      helped to prove appellant's motive, preparation, and plan.
      Accordingly, the prejudicial effect did not substantially
      outweigh the probative value of that evidence.”

      {¶34} We begin the three-step analysis by considering whether the

other acts evidence through T.S.’s testimony is relevant to establishing any

fact that is of consequence. M.S.’s testimony regarding the sexual abuse

which she endured is set forth above fully. She testified the abuse began

when she was 10-13 years old and ended when she was 15-16 years old.

Appellant was M.S.’s pastor and family friend. She testified Appellant

bought her candy, food, and clothes. He also let her drive his truck and

promised to help her get her driver’s license if she engaged in sexual

activities with him or allowed him to touch her.
Jackson App. No. 16CA3                                                         19

      {¶35} Having reviewed M.S.’s testimony, we find T.S.’s testimony

was relevant to establishing a fact of consequence. In both cases, the abuse

occurred when the teenage girls were the age to be interested in driving, and

the sexual abuse occurred during driving lessons or was endured for the sake

of driving lessons. T.S.’s testimony, if believed, tended to corroborate

M.S.’s testimony that at least part of the abuse she experienced occurred at

approximately the same age and under the same pretextual assistance with

driving lessons.

      {¶36} We also consider whether the other acts evidence is presented

for a legitimate purpose. Here, we find T.S.’s testimony was relevant to

establish Appellant’s motive, preparation, and plan. In both instances,

Appellant took advantage of his relationship with the girls’ families and as

the girls’ pastor, in order to gain their trust. The reasonable inference is that

his motive was sexual gratification. It is also reasonable to infer that he

planned and prepared to sexually abuse them by either getting them in a

vulnerable position in his truck with him for driving lessons, or using the

driving lessons as a “carrot” to get M.S. to agree to submit to unwanted

sexual conduct. As in Herrington, Appellant’s relationship and interaction
Jackson App. No. 16CA3                                                                                      20

with teenage girls was similar in character and method. T.S.’s testimony

demonstrated Appellant’s motives, preparation, and the plan exhibited.1

         {¶37} Finally, we consider whether the probative value of the other

acts evidence is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.

Here, the trial court’s ruling announced that it would give a limiting

instruction. The trial court then gave its limiting instruction during the

closing portion of trial, but not prior to T.S.’s testimony. And, the transcript

is devoid of any request for a limiting instruction by Appellant.

         {¶38} In Powih, supra, the trial court gave two limiting instructions

regarding other acts testimony. Just prior to allowing the challenged

testimony, the court advised the jury as follows:

         “Ladies and gentlemen, you're about to hear evidence
         concerning a separate alleged incident, in May 2016, involving
         Mr. Powih. This evidence is only being offered and may only
         be considered by you in determining whether Mr. Powih had a
         common scheme, a plan, or a system in engaging in the conduct
         alleged in determining Mr. Powih's preparation, motive, intent,
         or absence of mistake or accident, in engaging in the alleged
         misconduct, with the alleged victim, in this present case.
         You may not—again, you may not consider this evidence as
         proof of Mr. Powih's character, in order to show that he acted in
         conformity with that character.”

1
  See also State v. Shank, 9th Dist. Mahoning No. 12CA0104-M, 2013-Ohio-5368, ¶19 (As in Williams,
[witnesses’] testimony was relevant because it tended to show Shank's motive and plan of targeting for
sexual activity teenage girls who spent the night at his house after drinking alcohol. As the trial court noted,
[the witnesses’ testimony was “highly probative of whether [Shank] acted in conformity with a plan or a
purpose or an intent to commit these sexual offenses against [the complaining witness.].”)
Jackson App. No. 16CA3                                                                                21

        {¶39} Then, prior to the jury's deliberation, the court provided a

second limiting instruction to the jury regarding the other acts evidence. The

Powih court noted the presumption that the jury followed the court's

instructions and did not consider the other acts testimony to show that Powih

was acting in conformity with bad character. 2

        {¶40} In State v. Landers, 2nd Dist. Greene No. 2015-CA-74, 2017-

Ohio-1194, Landers argued that the trial court erred by failing to give a

contemporaneous instruction when the unindicted witness testified about the

“other acts” evidence. However, the Landers court noted that the “other

acts” testimony presented was not extensive, and a limiting instruction was

given. Id. at 65. The Landers court also recognized an earlier decision in

State v. Shaw, 2nd Dist. Montgomery No. 21880, 2008–Ohio–1317, wherein

the court stated: “[t]he limiting instruction should be given at the time the

‘other acts’ evidence is received, [State v.] Lewis, supra, [66 Ohio App. 3d
37, 583 N.E.2d 404 (2nd Dist.1990) ] * * *. Shaw at ¶ 13; Landers at 66.

Landers further noted that in Shaw, it did not say that the limiting instruction

“must” be given at the time of the testimony. “We used the terms “should”

and “either”—meaning that the instruction could be given at the time of the

2
 See Williams, 134 Ohio St. 3d 521, 2012-Ohio-5695, 983 N.E.2d 1278, at ¶ 23; State v. Stevens, 12th
Dist., 2017-Ohio-498, ––– N.E.3d ––––, ¶ 32; State v. Ward, 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2013-07-059,
2014-Ohio-990, ¶ 36.
Jackson App. No. 16CA3                                                              22

testimony or at the end of the trial.” Landers at 67. The Landers court

concluded the trial court did not err in failing to give the instruction at the

time the witness testified, emphasizing that the trial court did give a limiting

instruction and the presumption that the jury followed its instructions.

      {¶41} Similarly, in State v. Rodrigues, 10th Dist. Franklin No.

95APA06-683, 1996 WL 146063 (Mar. 26, 1996), Rodrigues faulted the

trial court for not instructing the jury that other acts evidence was to be

considered for a limited purpose only and not as substantive evidence of his

guilt. The Rodrigues court duly noted Rodrigues did not request such an

instruction and thus waived all but plain error. The Rodrigues court opined

trial court's failure to sua sponte issue a limiting instruction to the jury with

respect to the other acts evidence would not have clearly changed the

outcome of the proceedings. Moreover, Rodrigues recognized the Supreme

Court of Ohio’s decision in State v. Schaim, 65 Ohio St. 3d 51, 1992-Ohio-

31, 600 N.E.2d 661, in rejecting a defendant's claim that it was plain error

for a trial court to fail to give a limiting instruction on the use of other acts

evidence, which stated:

      “[T]he decision not to request a limiting instruction is
      sometimes a tactical one, and we do not wish to impose a duty
      on the trial courts to read this instruction when it is not
      requested.” Schaim, supra, at 61-62, fn. 9.
Jackson App. No. 16CA3                                                       23

      {¶42} Here, we find the probative value of T.S.’s other acts testimony

is not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.

Appellant’s counsel did not request a limiting instruction prior to T.S.’s

testimony, which may or may not have been a tactical decision. However,

the trial court gave a limiting instruction along with the closing jury

instructions. As in Williams and the numerous other cases cited, we

presume the jury followed the court’s instruction.

      {¶43} Having engaged in the three-step analysis, we find the trial

court did not abuse its discretion in allowing T.S.’s testimony regarding

other acts of the Appellant. As such, we find no merit to the first assignment

of error and accordingly, it is hereby overruled.

      “II. MR. WRIGHT’S TRIAL COUNSEL WAS INEFFECTIVE
      FOR FAILING TO MOVE TO SEVER CERTAIN COUNTS
      IN HIS INDICTMENT, UNDER CRIM.R. 8 AND CRIM.R.
      14, IN VIOLATION OF MR. WRIGHT’S RIGHTS UNDER
      THE FIFTH, SIXTH, AND FOURTEENTH AMENDMENTS
      TO THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION, AND
      ARTICLE I, SECTIONS 10 AND 16 OF THE OHIO
      CONSTITUTION.”

                       A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

      {¶44} Criminal defendants have a right to counsel, including a right

to the effective assistance from counsel. State v. Dukes, 4th Dist. Scioto No.

16CA3760, 2017-Ohio-7204, ¶ 67; McMann v. Richardson, 397 U.S. 759,

771, 90 S. Ct. 1441 (1970), fn. 14; State v. Stout, 4th Dist. Gallia No. 07CA5,
Jackson App. No. 16CA3                                                         24

2008-Ohio-1366, ¶ 21. To establish constitutionally ineffective assistance of

counsel, a criminal defendant must show (1) that his counsel's performance

was deficient and (2) that the deficient performance prejudiced the defense

and deprived him of a fair trial. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668,

687, 104 S. Ct. 2052 (1984); State v. Issa, 93 Ohio St. 3d 49, 67, 752 N.E.2d
904 (2001); State v. Goff, 82 Ohio St. 3d 123, 139, 694 N.E.2d 916 (1998).

“In order to show deficient performance, the defendant must prove that

counsel's performance fell below an objective level of reasonable

representation. To show prejudice, the defendant must show a reasonable

probability that, but for counsel's errors, the result of the proceeding would

have been different.” State v. Conway, 109 Ohio St. 3d 412, 2006–Ohio–

2815, 848 N.E.2d 810, ¶ 95. “Failure to establish either element is fatal to

the claim.” State v. Jones, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 06CA3116, 2008–Ohio–968,

¶ 14.

        {¶45} “When considering whether trial counsel's representation

amounts to deficient performance, ‘a court must indulge a strong

presumption that counsel's conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable

professional assistance.’ ” Dukes, supra, at 68, quoting State v. Walters, 4th

Dist. Washington Nos. 13CA33 & 13CA36, 2014–Ohio–4966, ¶ 23; quoting

Strickland at 689. “Thus, ‘the defendant must overcome the presumption
Jackson App. No. 16CA3                                                           25

that, under the circumstances, the challenged action might be considered

sound trial strategy.’ ” Id. “A properly licensed attorney is presumed to

execute his duties in an ethical and competent manner.” State v. Taylor, 4th

Dist. Washington No. 07CA11, 2008–Ohio–482, ¶ 10; citing State v. Smith,

17 Ohio St. 3d 98, 100, 477 N.E.2d 1128 (1985). “Therefore, a defendant

bears the burden to show ineffectiveness by demonstrating that counsel's

errors were so serious that he or she failed to function as the counsel

guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment.” Walters at ¶ 23; citing State v.

Gondor, 112 Ohio St. 3d 377, 2006–Ohio–6679, 860 N.E.2d 77, ¶ 62, and

State v. Hamblin, 37 Ohio St. 3d 153, 524 N.E.2d 476 (1988).

      {¶46} “To establish prejudice, a defendant must demonstrate that a

reasonable probability exists that but for counsel's errors, the result of the

trial would have been different.” Dukes at 69, quoting Walters at ¶ 24;

quoting State v. White, 82 Ohio St. 3d 16, 23, 693 N.E.2d 772 (1998) and

State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio St. 3d 136, 538 N.E.2d 373 (1989), at paragraph

three of the syllabus. “Furthermore, courts may not simply assume the

existence of prejudice, but must require that prejudice be affirmatively

demonstrated.” Walters at ¶ 24. “There are countless ways to provide

effective assistance in any given case; therefore, judicial scrutiny of

counsel's performance must be highly deferential.” Id. (Citations omitted).
Jackson App. No. 16CA3                                                         26

                           B. LEGAL ANALYSIS

      {¶47} At a pretrial hearing, defense counsel indicated a motion to

sever would “probably” be filed. However, this filing did not occur.

Appellant argues the indictment against him was based on allegations that he

sexually assaulted three different individuals over the course of nearly 26

years. He argues while there are some similarities between the accounts as

told by the alleged victims, there were also significant differences.

Appellant points out the allegation by Appellant’s son, supposedly occurring

in 1989 and 1990, differed from the conduct alleged by the teenage female

victims in 2012-2015 and 2009-2010. Appellant argues the cumulative

nature of the allegations caused him prejudice, and furthermore, if counsel

had requested severance, it is likely that it would have been granted and the

outcome of his trials would have been different. Appellant concludes the

failure of his counsel to move to sever the counts pertaining to each of the

alleged victims resulted in his being deprived of due process and a fair trial.

       {¶48} Crim.R. 8(A) permits an indictment to charge two or more

offenses “in a separate count for each offense if the offenses charged * * *

are of the same or similar character, or are based on the same act or

transaction, or are based on two or more acts or transactions connected

together or constituting parts of a common scheme or plan, or are part of a
Jackson App. No. 16CA3                                                          27

course of criminal conduct.” The law favors joining same or similar

offenses in order to “conserve [ ] judicial and prosecutorial time, lessen[ ]

the not inconsiderable expenses of multiple trials, diminish[ ] inconvenience

to witnesses, and minimize[ ] the possibility of incongruous results in

successive trials before different juries.” State v. Freeland, 4th Dist. Ross

No. 12CA3352, 2015-Ohio-3410, ¶ 11, quoting State v. Thomas, 61 Ohio

St.2d 223, 225, 400 N.E.2d 401 (1991); State v. Lott, 51 Ohio St. 3d 160,

163, 555 N.E.2d 293 (1990); accord State v. Fry, 125 Ohio St. 3d 163, 2010–

Ohio–1017, 926 N.E.2d 1239, ¶ 196.

      {¶49} Although the law favors joining same or similar offenses for

trial, a defendant may nevertheless request a trial court to sever the offenses.

Freeland, supra, at ¶ 12; Fry at ¶ 197, 926 N.E.2d 1239; State v. LaMar, 95
Ohio St. 3d 181, 2002–Ohio–2128, 767 N.E.2d 166, ¶ 49. Crim.R. 14 states:

“If it appears that a defendant * * * is prejudiced by a joinder of offenses

* * * the court shall order * * * separate trial of counts * * * or provide such

other relief as justice requires.” A defendant who claims that a trial court

erred by refusing a Crim.R. 14 request for separate trials of multiple offenses

must (1) affirmatively demonstrate that his rights were prejudiced and (2)

establish “that the court abused its discretion in refusing to separate the

charges for trial.” State v. Torres, 66 Ohio St. 2d 340, 421 N.E.2d 1288
Jackson App. No. 16CA3                                                        28

(1981), syllabus; accord Fry at ¶ 197, 926 N.E.2d 1239; State v. Hand, 107
Ohio St. 3d 378, 2006–Ohio–18, 840 N.E.2d 151, ¶ 166; State v. Skatzes, 104
Ohio St. 3d 195, 2004–Ohio–6391, 819 N.E.2d 215, ¶ 33. Thus, a reviewing

court will not reverse a trial court's decision regarding a motion to sever

unless the defendant shows that the trial court abused its discretion. We

have set forth the standard of review applicable to an abuse of discretion

argument above.

      {¶50} In response to Appellant’s argument, the State argues that

Appellant was not prejudiced by the decision not to file a motion to sever.

The State contends the evidence of each offense was simple, distinct, and

unlikely to confuse a jury. The State contends the evidence of other acts

would be admissible even if the counts had been severed. The State further

argues the evidence of each offense was sufficient to sustain each verdict.

As such, the State concludes Appellant’s trial counsel’s performance was

neither deficient nor prejudicial. We agree with the State’s arguments.

       {¶51} The State may negate claims of prejudicial joinder in two

ways. Freeland, supra, at 13; Fry at ¶ 198, 926 N.E.2d 1239. Under the first

method, known as the “other acts” test, joinder is not prejudicial if the joined

offenses would be admissible in separate trials as “other acts” under Evid.R.

404(B). Id.; Lott, 51 Ohio St. 3d at 163, 555 N.E.2d 293. Under the second
Jackson App. No. 16CA3                                                          29

method, known as the “joinder” test, the State is not required to meet the

stricter “other acts” admissibility test, but is merely required to show that

evidence of each crime joined at trial is simple and direct. State v. Roberts,

62 Ohio St. 2d 170, 175, 405 N.E.2d 247 (1980); State v. Torres, 66 Ohio

St.2d at 344, 421 N.E.2d 1288. “The purpose of the ‘joinder test’ is to

prevent the finder of fact from confusing the offenses,” State v. Varney, 4th

Dist. Hocking No. 07CA18, 2008–Ohio–5283, ¶ 19, and “to prevent juries

from combining the evidence to convict” the defendant of multiple crimes,

“instead of carefully considering the proof offered for each separate

offense.” State v. Mills, 62 Ohio St. 3d 357, 362, 582 N.E.2d 972 (1992).

“The two tests are disjunctive, so that the satisfaction of one negates a

defendant's claim of prejudice without consideration of the other.” State v.

Sullivan, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 10AP–997, 2011–Ohio–6384, ¶ 23; accord

Mills, 62 Ohio St. 3d at 362, 582 N.E.2d 972 (stating that “if the state can

meet the joinder test, it need not meet the stricter ‘other acts’ test”). “Thus,

when simple and direct evidence exists, an accused is not prejudiced by

joinder regardless of the nonadmissibility of evidence of these crimes as

‘other acts’ under Evid.R. 404(B).” Lott, 51 Ohio St. 3d at 163–64, 555
N.E.2d 293; State v. Franklin, 62 Ohio St. 3d 118, 122, 580 N.E.2d 1 (1991)

(stating that “an accused is not prejudiced by joinder when simple and direct
Jackson App. No. 16CA3                                                         30

evidence exists, regardless of the admissibility of evidence of other crimes

under Evid.R. 404(B)”).

       {¶52} Evidence is “simple and direct” if the jury is capable of readily

separating the proof required for each offense, if the evidence is unlikely to

confuse jurors, if the evidence is straightforward, and if there is little danger

that the jury would “improperly consider testimony on one offense as

corroborative of the other.” Freeland, supra, at ¶ 14, quoting Skatzes at ¶ 34,

citing State v. LaMar, 95 Ohio St. 3d 181, 2002–Ohio–2128, 767 N.E.2d
166, ¶¶ 50–51; State v. Brinkley, 105 Ohio St. 3d 231, 2005–Ohio–1507, 824
N.E.2d 959, ¶ 37; Varney at ¶ 19. Thus, a defendant does not suffer

prejudice from joinder of offenses when the offenses charged in an

indictment are “simple and distinct,” when “[t]he factual situation of each

crime was easy to understand and was capable of segregation, and when

“[t]he crimes involved different victims, different factual situations and

different witnesses.” State v. Clifford, 135 Ohio App. 3d 207, 212, 733
N.E.2d 621 (1st Dist.1999).

      {¶53} In Freeland, we considered the issue of joinder Freeland raised

on appeal. In 2012, the Ross County Grand Jury returned an indictment

charging Freeland with six counts of gross sexual imposition, three counts of

felonious sexual penetration, and five counts of rape. The allegations arose
Jackson App. No. 16CA3                                                                                   31

from reports law enforcement officers received between 2007 and 2009, that

during the mid-1990s, Freeland sexually abused his step-children, and

another young child whom he had tutored. Freeland filed a motion to sever

the offenses, which the trial court subsequently overruled. Freeland was

convicted of many of the offenses.

         {¶54} In our decision affirming Freeland’s convictions, we

considered the joinder issue and found that the State satisfied the elements of

the joinder test. Id. at 15. We observed that “the State presented simple and

direct testimony from three different individuals who described distinct and

separate acts that Appellant allegedly committed against them.” Id. J.F., a

twenty-two year old female, described sexual acts that occurred when she

was a young child living with Freeland, who was her step-father. J.B., J.F.'s

twenty-four year old brother, testified that when J.B. was around seven or

eight years old, Freeland rubbed or touched his penis on two occasions.

D.T., a twenty-nine year old male who was unrelated to the other two

witnesses, described several incidents of fellatio and anal sex occurring

when he was ten and eleven years old.

         “Each witness thus provided a different account of the acts
         appellant allegedly committed against them and there was no
         overlap in the testimony.3 * * * Although the acts may have
3
 See State v. Clyde, 6th Dist. Erie No. E–14–006, 2015–Ohio–1859, ¶ 38, quoting State v. Lewis, 6th Dist.
Lucas Nos. L–09–1224, L–09–1225, 2010–Ohio–4202, ¶ 33 (concluding that evidence simple and direct
when “each victim testified as to his or her own experiences with [the defendant]” and stating joinder is not
Jackson App. No. 16CA3                                                                                  32

         occurred around the same approximate time, the state presented
         each witness's testimony separately so that there was no danger
         of confusing the evidence. Furthermore, the state presented
         more than sufficient evidence with respect to each victim so
         that there is no danger that the jury convicted appellant based
         upon a cumulation of evidence.4

         {¶55} As in Freeland, we have reviewed the trial transcript and find

that the State satisfied the elements of the joinder test. The State presented

simple and direct testimony from the three victims, M.S., a teenage girl,

T.R., a mentally challenged adult female, and J.W., his own son. With

regard to the female victims, Appellant abused his friendship with the family

and his authority as a pastor in their church to sexually assault the females.

As to the male victim, Appellant abused his position of authority as a parent.

         {¶56} The details of the sexual abuse M.S. suffered have been

previously discussed. Further, on cross-examination, M.S. testified she went

to Appellant’s house nearly every day during the summers. On Sundays,

after church, she would go home with Appellant and work in the barn until

going back to church Sunday evening. Sometimes she stayed overnight,

sleeping in a recliner or on the floor in Appellant’s room. Appellant’s wife

and son were present at times. Appellant’s wife was often away at work.

prejudicial when “ ‘the evidence is presented in an orderly fashion as to the separate offenses or victims
without significant overlap or conflation of proof’ ”).
4
  See State v. Hand, 107 Ohio St. 3d 378, 2006-Ohio-18, 840 N.E.2d 151, at ¶ 170, quoting Torres, supra,
66 Ohio St.2d at 344, 421 N.E.2d 1288 (1981), and State v. Jamison, 49 Ohio St. 3d 182, 187, 552 N.E.2d
180 (1991).
Jackson App. No. 16CA3                                                           33

M.S. acknowledged that she never feigned illness to get out of going to

Appellant’s house. She testified she never told her twin sister about the

abuse.

         {¶57} In sum, Appellant’s acts of sexual abuse committed on M.S.

involved his taking advantage of a young teenage girl by virtue of his

position of authority and were aided by his bestowing gifts of food and

clothing and driving privileges. Although M.S. was forced to endure

wrongful sexual conduct, Appellant told her he loved her and held out the

gifts and driving lessons as quid pro quo for the unwanted sexual advances.

M.S. testified on one occasion when she cried and said she was sick, he left

her alone.

         {¶58} By contrast, Appellant’s criminal sexual activity with T.R. was

cruel, forceful, and at times violent. He called her names. Sometimes, if she

refused to engage in sexual conduct, Appellant would slap her back, hit her

face, and “do it anyways.”

         {¶59} At trial, T.R., age 35, testified she has lived with her mother

almost her entire life. She was in special classes in school, but dropped out

in 10th grade due to bullying. She has never been employed and is unable to

drive a car. She testified she has seizures, PTSD, and a learning disability.
Jackson App. No. 16CA3                                                       34

T.R. also identified Appellant and testified she attended the church he

pastored. Appellant was also her neighbor.

      {¶60} T.R. testified she went to Appellant’s house for cookouts. She

enjoyed petting his horses and cows and sitting outside under a tree. In

2009, she lived at Appellant’s house for approximately one year. Appellant

promised he would help her obtain a GED and get a car. She slept on a

couch in the living room. She cleaned, vacuumed, and did outside work.

      {¶61} T.R. was alone with Appellant when his wife and sons went to

work. She testified she had sexual relations with him. He touched her

breasts and vagina. At this point, T.R. became emotional and the court took

a break. When her testimony resumed, she explained she quit doing outside

work because Appellant told her she did it wrong. Appellant called her “the

b-word,” “idiot,” and “stupid.”

      {¶62} Appellant touched her with his hands and he placed his penis

inside her vagina and her anus. Her mouth touched his penis. T.R.

emphasized she “never” wanted to do these things.

      {¶63} T.R. testified one time, in the living room, she was laying on

her side because Appellant shoved her head onto his penis. Appellant’s son

J.W. overheard them arguing, came out and said “Dad you did it again.”

T.R. testified J.W. punched Appellant’s face. Then J.W. smacked and
Jackson App. No. 16CA3                                                      35

pushed her. Appellant’s wife found out. T.R. lived there another week until

someone in church found her an apartment.

      {¶64} On cross-examination, T.R. acknowledged she lived at

Appellant’s house because she wanted to get away from her mother and

experience life. She testified she never told anybody about Appellant’s

abuse because she was “scared to death.” She admitted that when Appellant

hit her, she did not have bruising.

      {¶65} T.R. testified that when Appellant’s wife overheard the

commotion, she screamed “Oh, oh this done ruined everything. He ruined

my life.” T.R. denied leaving her mother’s house to get away from abuse by

her mother. She testified Appellant took her pills and she had seizure

activity. When she has seizures, she sits and stares.

      {¶66} On redirect, T.R. explained that she cannot remember what

happens during a seizure, but it does not make her forget other things.

      {¶67} The sexual abuse M.S. and T.R. described was different from

that suffered by the third victim, Appellant’s son J.W. J.W., age 37, testified

he grew up in a very strict household. His father would punish him by

beating him with a horse whip, ball bats, a water hose, a chunk of wood, or

“whatever” was nearby. When J.W. was 9 or 10, his father would touch

J.W.’s penis in the shower or the bedroom. Usually, after a spanking, his
Jackson App. No. 16CA3                                                      36

father would throw him back into bed and caress him in an inappropriate

way. Appellant would touch his anus and insert his fingers. J.W. never told

anyone and over the years, Appellant eventually quit abusing him.

      {¶68} J.W. testified Agent Schuler sought him out and questioned

him. J.W. testified he and his wife were staying at Appellant’s house during

2009-2010. One night, he heard a noise and went into the living room and

saw T.R. “giving my dad a blow job.” Appellant ran into the bedroom. J.W.

confronted him and hit him in the mouth. J.W. was also upset with T.R.

However, J.W. did not report the incident. J.W. does not have a relationship

with T.R. J.W. admitted he had a misdemeanor conviction for falsification.

      {¶69} On cross-examination, J.W. described T.R. as follows: “I

didn’t think she was all there. I thought something might have been wrong

with her * * * mentally.” However, he also testified she could cook, help

mow, and he thought she knew right from wrong. J.W. also admitted when

he was 13 or 14, he was removed from the home because his parents could

not control him.

      {¶70} We find the evidence presented by the State’s three

complaining witnesses to be simple and direct. While there are some

similarities, such as the fact M.S. and T.R. knew Appellant through church,

and that M.S. and T.R. both performed farm chores for Appellant, each
Jackson App. No. 16CA3                                                          37

witness testified to his or her own experiences. The three witnesses’

testimony regarding their own unwanted sexual encounters was detailed and

straightforward. We also note, as a matter of the presentation of evidence,

there were other witnesses that testified between M.S. and T.R., and then

between T.R. and J.W. The only overlap in testimony occurred when J.W.

testified he walked in on the sexual activity between Appellant and T.R.,

however we do not find that overlap to be significant.

      {¶71} In Freeland, we also observed that courts have held that any

prejudice that results from the joinder of offenses is minimized when a trial

court cautions a jury before deliberations to consider each count, and the

evidence applicable to each count separately, and to state its findings as to

each count uninfluenced by its verdict on any other counts. Freeland, supra,

at 16; State v. Gibson, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L–13–1223 and L–13–1222,

2015–Ohio–1679, ¶ 30; State v. Meeks, 5th Dist. Stark No. 2014CA17,

2015-Ohio-1527, at ¶ 99; State v. Hillman, 2014-Ohio-5760, 26 N.E.2d
1236 (10th Dist.), at ¶ 40. Here, at Appellant’s trial during closing, the trial

court instructed:

      “The charges set forth in each count in the indictment
      constitutes a separate and distinct matter. You must consider
      each count and the evidence applicable to each count separately
      and you must state your finding as to each count uninfluenced
      by your verdict as to any other count. The defendant may be
Jackson App. No. 16CA3                                                          38

      found guilty * * * the defendant may be found guilty or not
      guilty of any one or all the offenses charged.”

      {¶72} As in Freeland, based on our review of the record, we find the

evidence and testimony presented was simple and direct. And, we see

nothing to indicate that the jury failed to follow the trial court's instructions.

See State v. Gibson, 6th Dist. Lucas Nos. L-13-1223 and L-13-1222, 2015-

Ohio-1679, at ¶ 30 (“Absent evidence to the contrary, we indulge the

presumption that the jury followed the instructions of the trial court.”). In

fact, we observe that the jury declined to return a guilty verdict on

Appellant’s charge of illegal use of a minor in nudity-oriented material.

This gives us some indication that the jury considered each charge carefully

and separately.

      {¶73} Freeland further asserted that the State failed to satisfy the

“other acts” test, and, thus, joinder of the offenses prejudiced him. We

determined, however, that the State negated Freeland’s claimed prejudice by

showing that the evidence regarding each offense is simple and direct. Id. at

17. The Supreme Court of Ohio held that “when simple and direct evidence

exists, an accused is not prejudiced by joinder regardless of the

nonadmissibility of evidence of these crimes as ‘other acts' under Evid.R.

404(B).” Lott, supra, 51 Ohio St.3d at 163, 555 N.E.2d 293. Thus, joinder

of the offense was not prejudicial. Here, as in Freeland, even if we had
Jackson App. No. 16CA3                                                         39

found the evidence of Appellant’s other offenses to have been inadmissible

other acts, having found the evidence of offenses to be simple and direct,

joinder of offenses for purposes of trial was not prejudicial to Appellant.

      {¶74} Therefore, having found that joinder of the offenses was not

prejudicial to Appellant, we further find that he was not rendered the

ineffective assistance of counsel by his attorneys’ failure to file a motion to

sever. Freeland also raised this argument on appeal. Freeland’s trial counsel

had filed a motion to sever the offenses, but did not file it in accordance with

the correct time limits. However, the trial court considered the merits of

Freeland’s motion to sever and only cited trial counsel's failure to timely file

the motion as an additional reason for denying the motion.

      {¶75} In Freeland, having determined that the trial court ultimately

ruled on the merits of his motion to sever, we failed to see how Freeland

suffered prejudice as a result of trial counsel's failure to timely file the

motion. We cited State v. Carr, 9th Dist. Summit No. 26661, 2014–Ohio–

806, ¶ 25, wherein the appellate court rejected an ineffective assistance of

counsel claim due to trial counsel's failure to renew motion to sever at the

close of the evidence when the record revealed no evidence that joinder of

offenses prejudiced Carr.
Jackson App. No. 16CA3                                                          40

      {¶76} Here, we have considered the merits of the severability

argument and found that Appellant was not prejudiced by the offenses being

joined at trial. Had Appellant’s counsel filed the motion to sever, the trial

court reasonably could have reached the same conclusion and denied

severance. Therefore, we likewise fail to see how Appellant was rendered

the ineffective assistance of counsel by counsel’s failure to file a motion to

sever which could reasonably have been denied.

      {¶77} For the foregoing reasons, we find Appellant was not rendered

ineffective assistance of counsel by his attorneys’ failure to file a motion to

sever. As such, we find no merit to the second assignment of error.

Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

                                                  JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.
Jackson App. No. 16CA3                                                         41

Harsha, J., dissenting in part and concurring in part:

      {¶78} I conclude the trial court abused its discretion in finding the

probative value of T.S.’s other acts evidence was not substantially

outweighed by its prejudicial effect in the context of this trial. The state

already had joined 15 counts of sexual abuse that the jury was going to hear.

To add additional evidence of similar conduct to that evidence went way too

far in my opinion.

      {¶79} In all other regards I concur in judgment and opinion.
Jackson App. No. 16CA3                                                          42

                           JUDGMENT ENTRY

      It is ordered that the JUDGMENT BE AFFIRMED and costs be
assessed to Appellant.

      The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing
the Jackson County Common Pleas Court to carry this judgment into
execution.

       IF A STAY OF EXECUTION OF SENTENCE AND RELEASE
UPON BAIL HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY GRANTED BY THE TRIAL
COURT OR THIS COURT, it is temporarily continued for a period not to
exceed sixty days upon the bail previously posted. The purpose of a
continued stay is to allow Appellant to file with the Supreme Court of Ohio
an application for a stay during the pendency of proceedings in that court. If
a stay is continued by this entry, it will terminate at the earlier of the
expiration of the sixty day period, or the failure of the Appellant to file a
notice of appeal with the Supreme Court of Ohio in the forty-five day appeal
period pursuant to Rule II, Sec. 2 of the Rules of Practice of the Supreme
Court of Ohio. Additionally, if the Supreme Court of Ohio dismisses the
appeal prior to expiration of sixty days, the stay will terminate as of the date
of such dismissal.

      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to
Rule 27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

Abele, J.: Concurs in Judgment and Opinion.
Harsha, J.: Dissents in Part and Concurs in Part with Opinion.

                                        For the Court,

                                 BY: ______________________________
                                     Matthew W. McFarland, Judge

                      NOTICE TO COUNSEL
    Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final
judgment entry and the time period for further appeal commences from
                   the date of filing with the clerk.