Court Opinion

ID: 9351182
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-12-29 17:08:08.582931+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:58:18.305965
License: Public Domain

J-A23035-22

                                   2022 PA Super 223

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    DONALD SMITH, JR.                          :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 1158 MDA 2021

         Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered August 4, 2021
       In the Court of Common Pleas of Lancaster County Civil Division at
                             No(s): CI-21-05024

BEFORE:      BOWES, J., McCAFFERY, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

OPINION BY STEVENS, P.J.E.:                        FILED: DECEMBER 29, 2022

        Donald Smith, Jr. appeals from the August 4, 2021 judgment of

sentence ordering him to pay court costs after he was found guilty of indirect

criminal contempt1 of a Protection From Abuse (“PFA”) order. The trial court

made a determination of guilt without further penalty pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S.A.

§ 9721(a)(2). After careful review, we affirm.

        The relevant facts and procedural history of this case, as gleaned from

the certified record, are as follows:          On July 26, 2021, Khadijah Smith

(hereinafter “victim”) filed a pro se PFA petition against Appellant, her

husband. That same day, the trial court granted victim’s petition and ordered

a temporary PFA prohibiting Appellant from having any contact with the

____________________________________________

*   Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.

1   23 Pa.C.S.A. § 6114.
J-A23035-22

victim. At 9:50 p.m. on July 26, 2021, Lieutenant Christopher McCormick of

the Lancaster City Bureau of Police served Appellant with a copy of the

temporary PFA and evicted Appellant from the parties’ residence.

     On July 27, 2021, between the hours of 10:45 a.m. and 3:10 p.m.,

Appellant sent several Facebook messages to victim’s Facebook account. The

following day, Appellant was charged with one count of indirect criminal

contempt. On August 4, 2021, a hearing was held on the indirect criminal

contempt charge, in conjunction with the final PFA hearing previously

scheduled for the same date.

     At said hearing, the victim testified that the parties had previously used

Facebook Messenger to communicate and that Appellant used his Facebook

account to contact her several times on July 27, 2021. Notes of testimony,

8/4/21 at 9-11.   Appellant’s counsel objected to the statements, not the

content of the messages themselves, as protected communications between

spouses. Id. at 12. The trial court overruled Appellant’s objection and the

messages were admitted into the record.       Id. at 14, 17.    Appellant also

testified on his own behalf at the hearing and acknowledged that he had been

given a copy of the temporary PFA order by Lieutenant McCormick, but that

he never read it prior to sending the messages to the victim. Id. at 26-29.

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        Following the hearing, the trial court found Appellant guilty of one count

of indirect criminal contempt and sentenced him to pay court costs on August

4, 2021. This timely appeal followed on September 2, 2021.2

        Appellant raises the following issues for our review:

              1.     Did the [trial court] abuse its discretion by
                     admitting [Appellant’s Facebook messages sent
                     to his wife] despite [Appellant’s] attempt to
                     exercise his privilege regarding confidential
                     communications between spouses, codified at
                     42 Pa.C.S.[A.] § 5914?

              2.     Was    the    evidence    introduced  by   the
                     Commonwealth at trial sufficient to prove that
                     [Appellant] was guilty beyond a reasonable
                     doubt of indirect criminal attempt?

Appellant’s brief at 5.

        Appellant first argues that the trial court abused its discretion in allowing

the Commonwealth to introduce evidence that he contacted the victim via

Facebook Messager because they constituted confidential communications

between spouses, pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 5914. Appellant’s brief at 11-

14. We disagree.

        “[T]he admission of evidence is within the sound discretion of the trial

court and will be reversed only upon a showing that the trial court clearly

abused its discretion.” Commonwealth v. Fransen, 42 A.3d 1100, 1106

(Pa.Super. 2012) (citation omitted), appeal denied, 76 A.3d 538 (Pa. 2013).

____________________________________________

2   Appellant and the trial court have complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

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           The threshold inquiry with admission of evidence is
           whether the evidence is relevant. Evidence is relevant
           if it logically tends to establish a material fact in the
           case, tends to make a fact at issue more or less
           probable, or supports a reasonable inference or
           presumption regarding the existence of a material
           fact. In addition, evidence is only admissible where
           the probative value of the evidence outweighs its
           prejudicial impact.

Commonwealth v. Antidormi, 84 A.3d 736, 750 (Pa.Super. 2014) (citations

and internal quotation marks omitted), appeal denied, 95 A.3d 275 (Pa.

2014); see also Pa.R.E. 401(a), (b).

     Here, a review of the certified record supports the trial court’s conclusion

that the evidence that Appellant contacted the victim via Facebook Messager

is not subject to privilege under Section 5914 nor Section 5924.

      Section 5914 governs confidential communications between spouses

and provides that “in a criminal proceeding neither husband nor wife shall be

competent or permitted to testify to confidential communications made by one

to the other, unless this privilege is waived upon the trial.”     42 Pa.C.S.A.

§ 5914. In Commonwealth v. McBurrows, 779 A.2d 509 (Pa.Super. 2001),

appeal denied, 815 A.2d 632 (Pa. 2002), cert. denied, 540 U.S. 829

(2003), a panel of this Court explained Section 5914 as follows:

           This privilege prevents a husband or wife from
           testifying against their spouse as to any
           communications which were made during the marital
           relationship. The privilege remains in effect through
           death or divorce. The confidential communication
           cannot be divulged without the consent of the other
           spouse. The public policy sought to be enhanced by
           this privilege is the preservation of marital harmony

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           and the resultant benefits to society from that
           harmony. Communications between spouses are
           presumed to be confidential, and the party opposing
           application of the rule disqualifying such testimony
           bears the burden of overcoming this presumption. In
           order for a confidential communication between
           spouses to be protected, knowledge must be gained
           through the marital relationship and in the confidence
           which that relationship inspires. In order to be
           protected under § 5914, it is essential that the
           communication be made in confidence and with the
           intention it not be divulged.

Id. at 514 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Thus, “while

communications between spouses are presumed to be confidential under

section 5914, it has long been recognized that whether a particular

communication is privileged depends upon its nature and character and the

circumstances under which it was said.” Commonwealth v. Hunter, 60 A.3d

156, 159–160 (Pa.Super. 2013) (citation and footnote omitted).

     A court may hold a defendant in indirect criminal contempt and punish

him or her in accordance with the law where the police have filed charges of

indirect criminal contempt against the defendant for violating a PFA order

issued pursuant to the domestic relations code.     23 Pa.C.S.A. § 6114(a).

Section 5924 is the corollary to Section 5914 in civil matters where a spouses

are called to testify as a witnesses against each other in indirect criminal

contempt matters.     This section provides that “[i]a civil matter neither

husband nor wife shall be competent or permitted to testify against each

other[,] [except] ... in an action or proceeding … [a]rising under 23 Pa.

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C.S. Ch.61 (relating to protection from abuse).” 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 5924(a),

(b)(4) (emphasis added).

      Instantly, it is quite clear that the Legislature did not intend for the

confidential communications privilege to apply where a PFA order is in effect.

Under Section 5924(b)(4), the presumption of a spousal confidential

communications privilege is inapplicable because the underlying indirect

criminal contempt charge arose out of a protection from abuse action.       To

allow otherwise would permit a defendant-spouse to engage in whatever

contact he desires with his plaintiff-spouse irrespective of the protections

afforded by the PFA.

      In reaching this decision, we find our Supreme Court’s holding in

Commonwealth v. Spetzer, 813 A.2d 707 (Pa. 2002), insightful.                In

Spetzer, our Supreme Court held that communications tending to create or

promote marital disharmony are not protected under the confidential

communications privilege. Id. at 719 (stating, “there are instances where the

circumstances   surrounding   marital   communications    indicate   that   the

communications are intended to create or further disharmony in the marital

relationship; in those instances, the privilege yields.”). The Spetzer Court

reasoned:

            It is safe to say that the communications appellee
            made to his wife here-concerning appellee's past
            (e.g., rape), continuing (e.g., witness intimidation),
            and future-intended (e.g., attempted sexual assaults)
            crimes against his wife and her minor children-are not
            the      sensitive,     marital     harmony-inspiring

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            communications contemplated by the common law
            authorities, or the Pennsylvania General Assembly, in
            erecting this privilege. To the contrary, these
            communications were intended to further marital
            disharmony.

Id. at 720–721.

      Similarly, in the instant matter, we agree with the trial court that

although Appellant’s actions do not rise to the level of those committed in

Spetzer, permitting him to invoke spousal communications privilege in a

situation involving a PFA where the act of sending the messages to the victim,

regardless of their content, fosters disharmony in the marriage and constitutes

an element of the crime of indirect criminal contempt, is both abhorrent and

contrary to the intent of the privilege. See trial court opinion, 11/1/21 at 7.

Accordingly, Appellant’s first claim of trial court error must fail.

      Appellant next argues that there was insufficient evidence to sustain his

conviction for indirect criminal contempt because the Commonwealth failed to

prove that he had “clear notice of the conduct prohibited by the [PFA] order”

and that he acted with “wrongful intent.” Appellant’s brief at 30-33.

      Our standard of review in evaluating a challenge to the sufficiency of

the evidence is as follows:

            In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we must
            determine whether the evidence admitted at trial and
            all reasonable inferences drawn therefrom, viewed in
            the light most favorable to the Commonwealth as
            verdict winner, is sufficient to prove every element of
            the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.           As an
            appellate court, we may not re-weigh the evidence
            and substitute our judgment for that of the fact-

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            finder. Any question of doubt is for the fact-finder
            unless the evidence is so weak and inconclusive that
            as a matter of law no probability of fact can be drawn
            from the combined circumstances.

Commonwealth v. Thomas, 988 A.2d 669, 670 (Pa.Super. 2009) (citations

omitted), appeal denied, 4 A.3d 1054 (Pa. 2010).

            A charge of indirect criminal contempt consists of a
            claim that a violation of an order or decree of court
            occurred outside the presence of the court. Where a
            PFA order is involved, an indirect criminal contempt
            charge is designed to seek punishment for violation of
            the protective order.

            ....

            To establish indirect criminal contempt, it must be
            shown that 1) the order was sufficiently clear to the
            contemnor as to leave no doubt of the conduct
            prohibited; 2) the contemnor had notice of the order;
            3) the act must have been one prohibited by the
            order; and 4) the intent of the contemnor in
            committing the act must have been wrongful.

Commonwealth v. Padilla, 885 A.2d 994, 996-997 (Pa.Super. 2005)

(citations and internal quotation marks omitted), appeal denied, 897 A.2d

454 (Pa. 2006).

      Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth

as the verdict winner, we conclude that there was sufficient evidence to

sustain Appellant’s conviction for indirect criminal contempt of the temporary

PFA order. Here, the order at issue clearly prohibited Appellant “from having

ANY CONTACT with [victim], or any other person protected under this order

either directly or indirectly, at any location, including but not limited to any

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contact at [victim’s] or other protected party’s school, business, or place of

employment” . . . “by telephone or by any other means….” Temporary PFA

order, 7/26/21 at §§ 3-4.

     As the trial court comprehensively noted in its opinion,

           There is no doubt that [Appellant] received notice of
           the [temporary PFA (hereinafter, “TPFA”)], having
           been personally served with the TPFA on July 26,
           2021, at 9:50pm, by Lieutenant Christopher
           McCormick at 557 S. Christian St., Lancaster, PA
           17602. Additionally, [Appellant] admitted to receiving
           the TPFA and riding away with it in his backpack on
           July 26, 2021. . . . [Appellant] testified that he was
           present at the residence in the presence of the Victim
           and was told to leave the premises by the police
           officer. [Appellant] admitted that he did not read the
           TPFA Order in the twelve (12) hours between the time
           he was served with the TPFA at 9:50pm on July 26,
           2021, and he began sending the text messages to
           [victim] at 10:45am on July 27, 2021. [Pa.R.C.P.
           1930.4(a)(1)] regarding service of original process in
           domestic relations matter indicates inter alia that
           service may be made by the sheriff or a competent
           adult by handing a copy to the defendant. That rule
           does not include an additional provision that an officer
           review all the provisions in an order with a defendant.
           It was incumbent upon [Appellant] in this case to
           review the legal document served upon him on July
           26, 2021. It is no defense for [Appellant] to state that
           he failed to read an order of court during the twelve
           (12) hours after being served before violating that
           order.

           ....

           After being served with a TPFA at 9:50pm, [Appellant]
           rode to his sister’s home, possibly slept, woke up the
           next day, and then volitionally acted by choosing to
           contact [victim] via Facebook text messages rather
           than reading the court order that, inter alia,
           prohibited him from remaining in his former marital

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            residence the prior night. [Appellant] deliberately
            chose to send messages to [victim] the day after
            being served with a TPFA that prohibited contact. He
            had time to contemplate his actions. Given the
            temporal proximity to his removal from the marital
            home the prior evening, and the passage of time in
            which he was in possession of the court order, the
            court does not doubt that [Appellant] either read the
            TPFA and chose to violate its prohibitions anyway, or
            chose not to read it, despite having ample time to do
            so. Either way, sending the messages to [victim]
            constituted a volitional act on the part of [Appellant].

            The actions of [Appellant] demonstrated his wrongful
            intent. . . . The Victim testified that [Appellant]
            regularly communicated with [her] through messages
            on Facebook over a nine (9) year period. Therefore,
            there was a substantial certainty that his act of
            sending text messages to [victim] via Facebook would
            place him in contact with [her] in violation of the
            applicable TPFA.

Trial court opinion, 11/1/21 at 8-10.

      Based on the foregoing, we agree that the Commonwealth presented

ample evidence to support Appellant’s conviction for indirect criminal

contempt.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 12/29/2022

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