Court Opinion

ID: 9468498
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-05 02:16:30.324924+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:40:53.761357
License: Public Domain

KUNZIG, Judge.
This is an action by plaintiff-appellant Kolb arising out of his participation in a car dealership under defendant-appellee Chrysler’s “Dealer Enterprise” (D.E.) program. A jury verdict in favor of Kolb was set aside by the district judge upon a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict (J.N.O.V.). We now partially reject and partially sustain Kolb’s appeal from that decision.
On or about February 24, 1969, Chrysler and Kolb — the latter a Chrysler District Manager — together established á car dealership in Wisconsin named “Waukesha Chrysler-Plymouth (Corporation), Inc.” Kolb contributed $30,000 in exchange for 100 percent of the common stock of the Corporation and Chrysler contributed $90,-000 in exchange for 100 percent of the preferred stock. Only the preferred stock had voting power. Plaintiff and two officers of Chrysler became the directors of the Corporation, plaintiff also serving as president and general manager.
The parties further executed a written stock agreement. Pursuant to this agreement, Kolb was required gradually to purchase the outstanding preferred stock of the Corporation from Chrysler utilizing bonuses paid to him by the Corporation. Immediately after each purchase, Kolb was to exchange the preferred for additional common stock of the Corporation, thereby preserving Chrysler’s exclusive voting power so long as the preferred stock was outstanding. The agreement also contained a common stock buy-out provision to apply in the event of Kolb’s departure from the business.
Finally, Chrysler entered into a direct dealer agreement with the Corporation, granting it a franchise to market Chrysler passenger cars, parts and accessories. Kolb signed this contract on behalf of the Corporation.1
Kolb’s management proved unsuccessful. The dealership lost approximately $30,000 in 1969 and an additional $60,000 during the first half of 1970. In July 1970, Chrysler obtained Kolb’s resignation as an officer and director. It later bought out his stock for nominal consideration and sold the assets of the Corporation to a private capital dealer. The business thereafter prospered. Kolb, however, suffered a complete loss of his investment in the project.
On June 29, 1971, Kolb filed this lawsuit, alleging numerous federal and state claims. Most of the claims were dismissed upon defendant’s motion for summary judgment in a comprehensive decision by District *1139Judge Robert W. Warren. Kolb v. Chrysler Corp., No. 71-C-326 (E.D.Wis. Sept. 30, 1977)2 At trial, District Judge Terence T. Evans, presiding, only four counts remained.
The first two counts concerned alleged violations of federal and state Dealer Acts. The Automobile Dealer’s Day in Court Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1221-1225 (1976), gives an automobile dealer the right to recover damages caused by the failure of an automobile manufacturer to act in “good faith” in performing the terms of the franchise agreement or in terminating or not renewing the dealer’s franchise. § 1222. The Act defines “good faith” as follows:
The term “good faith” shall mean the duty of each party to any franchise . . . to act in a fair and equitable manner toward each other so as to guarantee the one party freedom from coercion, intimidation, or threats of coercion or intimidation from the other party: Provided, That recommendation, endorsement, exposition, persuasion, urging or argument shall not be deemed to constitute a lack of good faith.
§ 1221(e). See, e. g., Autohaus Brugger, Inc. v. Saab Motors, Inc., 567 F.2d 901 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 436 U.S. 946, 98 S.Ct. 2848, 56 L.Ed.2d 787 (1978); Lawrence Chrysler Plymouth, Inc. v. Chrysler Corp., 461 F.2d 608 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 409 U.S. 981, 93 S.Ct. 317, 34 L.Ed.2d 245 (1972). The Wisconsin Dealer Act provides a private remedy to dealers if a manufacturer has “unfairly, without due regard to the equities of said dealer and without just provocation, canceled the franchise of any motor vehicle dealer,” or “induced or coerced . . . any motor vehicle dealer to accept delivery of any motor vehicle or vehicles, parts or accessories therefor, or any other commodities which shall not have been ordered. .. . ” Wis.Stat.Ann. § 218.-01(3)(a) 15, 17 and (9) (1980-1981 Supp. West). “The purpose of the law is to furnish the dealer with some protection against unfair treatment by the manufacturer.” Forest Home Dodge, Inc. v. Karns, 29 Wis.2d 78, 85, 138 N.W.2d 214, 218 (1965).
The two remaining counts were for breach of contract and fraud. The breach claim was premised upon the following provision of the stock agreement:
As soon as practical after the initial twelve (12) months of Manager’s [f. e., Kolb’s] operation, the Corporation’s [i. e., dealership’s] auditors shall determine if the Corporation has sustained a net operating loss during and for such period, and shall advise the Board of Directors of the Corporation the amount of any such loss. Thereupon the Board of Directors shall notify Chrysler and Manager of the amount of such loss. Upon receipt of such notice, Chrysler and Manager shall determine if additional capital is required to maintain the capital of the Corporation at a satisfactory level, and, if so, the amount of additional capital that shall be required. Chrysler and Manager shall each contribute to the capital of the Corporation in cash, a proportionate share of such additional capital.
Kolb complained that Chrysler failed to perform the twelve-month audit and to contribute additional capital to offset the first year losses.
The court submitted the case to the jury upon a special verdict with written questions. The jury’s responses were not entirely favorable to either side. The jury found: 1) violation of the federal Dealer Act, damages of $135,000; 2) violation of the state Dealer Act, no damages; 3) breach of the written stock agreement, damages of $30,-000; 4) no fraud. Both parties then moved for judgment notwithstanding the verdict under Fed.R.Civ.P. 50. Kolb requested that the verdict be set aside insofar as the jury found no damages under the state Dealer Act and no fraud. Chrysler sought a determination that it had not violated the Dealer Acts, federal or state, and had no liability under the stock agreement. Chrysler’s motion was granted, Kolb’s denied. Kolb’s action was dismissed. Kolb v. Chrysler *1140Corp., No. 71-C-326 (E.D.Wis. June 24, 1980).
With regard to the purported Dealer Act violations, the court said: “The verdict of the jury that Chrysler violated both the federal and the state laws cannot be sustained. No evidence in the record shows that Chrysler acted without just provocation, and certainly nothing Chrysler did can be termed coercion under either law.” Id. at 4. Further, “Even if the jury findings on liability were permitted to stand, the record in this case in no way supports a damage award of $135,000 to Kolb personally. Kolb’s only loss which is documented in the evidence is the $30,000 of his original investment.” Id. at 6.
On the breach count, the court’s opinion reads as follows:
The court also finds that the evidence in this case does not allow a finding of anything but a technical breach of the stock agreement. The agreement provided that at the end of twelve months of operation, an audit would be made of the amount of the capital impairment; then the parties would decide on any additional capital contribution. However . . . neither party was obliged to make further contributions. It is true that no audit was made of the first twelve months of operation, however, an audit was made of the first ten months of operation. That audit was not completed until the 13th month of operation. To say that another audit should have commenced after the 12th month would be to require the absurd. Furthermore, it was clear, audit or no audit, that the business was losing money. No formal audit was necessary to confirm the obvious.
Id. at 6-7. The court upheld without comment the jury’s finding of no fraud. This appeal followed. Kolb seeks reversal of both aspects of the lower court decision: the grant of J.N.O.V. in favor of Chrysler, and the denial of Kolb’s own motion therefor.
It is well settled that if the trial court erroneously grants judgment notwithstanding the verdict, the appellate court may reverse and order reinstatement of the verdict of the jury. Similarly, if the motion for judgment is erroneously denied, the appellate court has power to order the entry of judgment for the moving party. Wright and Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure: Civil § 2540 (1971).
The standard of appellate review of a J.N.O.V. order is the same as that applied by the district court under Rule 50: the motion should be denied where the evidence, along with all inferences to be reasonably drawn therefrom, when viewed in the light most favorable to the party opposing such motion, is such that reasonable men in a fair and impartial exercise of their judgment may reach different conclusions. Compare Farmers State Bank v. Dravo Corp., 321 F.2d 38, 39 (7th Cir. 1963) with Funk v. Franklin Life Insurance Co., 392 F.2d 913, 915 (7th Cir. 1968). Bearing this standard in mind, the court concludes that the district court decided Kolb’s motion for J.N.O.V. in the proper manner but partially erred with respect to Chrysler’s own motion therefor.
The lower court found Kolb’s fraud and Dealer Act claims to be wholly without foundation. We agree. The record shows that Chrysler dealt firmly, but fairly with Kolb and obtained the latter’s resignation out of legitimate concern for the survival of the business and the protection of its own sizable investment: $90,000, or three-fourths of the total capitalization. We find nothing suggesting coercion, intimidation, bad faith, fraud or any sort of unfairness.
The matter of the stock agreement involves two separate considerations.
First, the lower court interpreted the agreement as imposing upon Chrysler the obligation to perform an audit of the Corporation following the initial twelve months of operation, an obligation which Chrysler never fulfilled. The court found, however, that it would be “absurd” to say that an audit should have been performed, since an audit had been made of the first ten months of operation, that audit was not completed until the thirteenth month, and *1141“it was clear, audit or no audit, that the business was losing money.” Thus, the failure to perform the twelve-month audit was merely a “technical breach.” The court held, in effect, that while there had not been perfect compliance with the contractual requirement, the breach was harmless under the circumstances, and, therefore, could not ground a claim for damages. This analysis was proper.
Second, there is Chrysler’s failure to contribute additional capital following the expiration of twelve months of operation, an omission which Kolb deems actionable. The crucial language in the stock agreement is as follows:
Chrysler and Manager [i. e., Kolb] shall determine if additional capital is required to maintain the capital at a satisfactory level, and, if so, the amount . . . required. Chrysler and Manager shall each contribute to . . . the Corporation ... a proportionate share of such additional capital.
The district judge held that, “[N]either party was obliged to make further contributions.”
My two brethren on this panel, Chief Judge Cummings and Judge Cudahy, have decided that the district judge should be reversed on this aspect of the case. For the reasons set forth in my partial dissent, post, I respectfully disagree with that decision. The reasoning supporting the majority’s reversal on this point is set forth, post, in Judge Cudahy’s concurring opinion.
Accordingly, after consideration of the record and the submissions of the parties, with oral argument of counsel, the judgment of dismissal is affirmed in part and reversed in part. Plaintiff is entitled to recover $30,000.00 and judgment is herein entered for that amount.

. The alternative marketing device which Chrysler has employed is that of the private capital dealer. In this arrangement, Chrysler does not own any part of the dealership, but simply enters into a franchise contract with it. See Martin B. Glauser Dodge Co. v. Chrysler Corp., 570 F.2d 72, 75 (3d Cir. 1977), cert. denied, 436 U.S. 913, 98 S.Ct. 2253, 56 L.Ed.2d 413 (1978).

. Kolb has filed a notice of appeal from that decision but has submitted no briefing thereon. We have reviewed the decision, however, and believe it to be sound.