Court Opinion

ID: 9701140
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-25 22:07:13.483929+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:21:19.937239
License: Public Domain

McKUSICK, Chief Justice.
Is an illegally employed minor limited to the relief provided for work-related injuries under the Maine Workers’ Compensation Act, 39 M.R.S.A. §§ 1-195 (1989 & Supp. 1989)? We answer that question in the affirmative; a minor, even though employed in violation of the Child Labor Laws, 26 M.R.S.A. §§ 773, 775 (1988), is limited to the remedies provided by the Act. We therefore affirm the decision of the Superior Court (Aroostook County, Pierson, J.) granting summary judgment to the employer, Philip McNeal, in this death action arising out of work-related injuries suffered by an illegally employed minor, Christopher Girard, plaintiff’s decedent.
Philip McNeal is the sole proprietor of McNeal Trucking, a waste removal business in Caribou. At about 7:00 a.m. on Tuesday, January 5, 1988, McNeal hired 15-year-old Christopher Girard to help collect rubbish. McNeal did not have a work permit for Girard, as required by 26 M.R. S.A. § 775 (1988).1 While on the job about four hours later, Girard fell from the back of one of McNeal’s trucks and was struck and killed. At the time of the accident, McNeal had workers’ compensation insurance coverage in compliance with the Act.
Girard’s mother, Jeanette Fanion, was appointed personal representative of Gir-ard’s estate and filed this death action against McNeal. McNeal promptly moved for summary judgment asserting that the compensation benefits provided under the Act are the exclusive remedy available to any employee and that the Act exempts him from tort liability. From the Superior Court’s entry of summary judgment Fan-ion appeals.
Since McNeal had not procured a work permit for Girard, his employment violated 26 M.R.S.A. § 775. In addition, by plaintiff’s contention, McNeal operates a “mechanical establishment” so that his employment of Girard also violated 26 M.R.S.A. § 7732 and a work permit for Girard could not in any event have been lawfully obtained. Giving plaintiff the benefit of all favorable inferences that may be drawn from the record, as we are required to do in reviewing a summary judgment, see Philbrook v. Gates Formed-Fibre Products, Inc., 536 A.2d 1118, 1119 (Me.1988), we assume that Girard’s employment violated *4both section 773 and section 775 of the Child Labor Laws.
Regardless of these statutory violations, workers’ compensation remains the sole and exclusive remedy of any employee, including a minor, injured in the course of employment. The Act defines employee to include “every person in the service of another under any contract of hire, express or implied, oral or written” with certain exceptions not here applicable. 39 M.R.S.A. § 2(5). The statutory definition of employee is “almost unlimited.” Bartley v. Couture, 143 Me. 69, 74, 55 A.2d 438, 441 (1947). At the time of the accident, Girard was performing service for McNeal pursuant to an express oral contract. There can be no doubt that young Girard was an employee within the terms of the Act at the time he was killed.
The exclusivity provisions of the Act are unambiguous. Section 4 specifically provides that “[a]n employer who has secured the payment of compensation ... is exempt from civil actions ... involving personal injuries sustained by an employee arising out of and in the course of his employment, or for death resulting from those injuries.” 39 M.R.S.A. § 4. Further, section 28 reiterates that “[a]n employee ... shall be held to have waived the employee’s right of action at common law to recover damages for the injuries sustained.” 39 M.R.S.A. § 28 (Supp.1989). We have noted on several occasions that “the law of workers’ compensation is uniquely statutory.” Wentzell v. Timberlands, Inc., 412 A.2d 1213, 1215 (Me.1980). The comprehensive scheme for workers’ compensation reflects the legislature’s intent to provide “certainty of remedy to the injured employee and absolute but limited and determinate liability for the employer.” McKellar v. Clark Equip. Co., 472 A.2d 411, 414 (Me.1984). Through sections 4 and 28 of the Act, the legislature has declared that an employee’s remedy and an employer’s liability will be limited exclusively to workers’ compensation.
The exclusivity sections of the Workers’ Compensation Act mean exactly what they say. If an employer subject to the Act secures the payment of workers’ compensation as it is required to do, any of its employees (as well as the representative of any employee) is barred from suing that employer for damages for work-related injuries, whether at common law or under ... the wrongful death statute. The employee must look to the workers’ compensation system for his exclusive remedy.
Beverage v. Cumberland Farms Northern, Inc., 502 A.2d 486, 489 (Me.1985).
Plaintiff contends that the contract of hire between McNeal and young Girard, formed in violation of the Child Labor Laws, is against public policy and voidable at the option of the minor, and that on her exercising that right to void the contract she as her son’s representative is freed from the Act’s exclusivity provisions. We reject plaintiff’s contention as an imper-missable attempt to get around the clear intent of the Act. The legislature has already prescribed the penalties to be imposed on employers to enforce the public policy underlying the Child Labor Laws. See 26 M.R.S.A. § 781 (Supp.1989). Had the legislature intended that employers violating the Child Labor Laws would also forfeit their immunity from tort suits, it could easily have so provided.3 The Act defines “employee” in the broadest possible terms, to encompass a minor whether legally or illegally employed. Nothing in the Act suggests a legislative decision to give illegally employed minors special treatment or to penalize their employers beyond the sanctions provided in the Child Labor Laws themselves. See American Mut. Ins. Co. v. Murray, 420 A.2d 251, 252 (Me.1980) (absent a clear command from the legislature, the court will not engraft common law rules onto the statutory scheme of workers’ compensation to establish social policy).
The entry is:
Judgment affirmed.
ROBERTS, WATHEN, CLIFFORD and COLLINS, JJ., concurring.

. 26 M.R.S.A. § 775 reads in part as follows:
[Minors under 16] — work permits
No minor under 16 years of age shall be employed, permitted or suffered to work in, about or in connection with any gainful occupation, unless the person, firm or corporation employing such child procures and keeps on file a work permit issued to such child by the superintendent of schools of the city or town in which the child resides....

. 26 M.R.S.A. § 773 reads in part as follows:
Minors under 16; prohibited in certain places
No minor under 16 years of age shall be employed, permitted or suffered to work in, about or in connection with any manufacturing or mechanical establishment....
[[Image here]]
[This provision] shall not apply to minors under 16 years of age who are employed on the grounds of a manufacturing or mechanical establishment, but who are assigned nonhazardous work which is performed outside of any building in which manufacturing or mechanical operations are undertaken.

. Our legislature might also have provided additional compensation for illegally employed minors who are victims of work-related injuries as have some 21 other state legislatures. See 1C D. Larson, The Law of Workman’s Compensation § 47.52(a), at 8-375 n. 86 (1986).