Court Opinion

ID: 2665469
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-04-04 07:44:50.772258+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:01:29.959844
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                        FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
__________________________________________
                                           )
BARBARA FEINMAN and                        )
GARRETT M. GRAFF,                          )
                                           )
            Plaintiffs,                    )
                                           )
            v.                            )    Civil Action No. 09-2047 (ESH)
                                           )
FEDERAL BUREAU OF                          )
INVESTIGATION, et al.,                     )
                                           )
            Defendants.                    )
__________________________________________)

                         MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

       Plaintiff Garrett M. Graff has filed a class action complaint against the Federal Bureau of

Investigation (“FBI”), the Executive Office for United States Attorneys (“EOUSA”), and the

U.S. Department of Justice (“DOJ”), alleging that defendants have violated the Freedom of

Information Act (“FOIA”), 5 U.S.C. § 552. This matter is before the Court on plaintiff’s motion

to certify the class, as well as his motion for leave to amend the complaint. For the reasons

discussed herein, the Court will deny the class certification motion but will grant the motion for

leave to amend.

                                        BACKGROUND

       Since this is the third motion that has been before the Court, it is not necessary to repeat

the facts and procedural history which are set forth in Feinman v. F.B.I., 680 F. Supp. 2d 169

(D.D.C. 2010) (dismissing plaintiff Barbara Feinman and Count One for lack of standing), mot.

to certify for interlocutory appeal denied, No. 09-CV-2047, 2010 WL 962188 (D.D.C. Mar 15,

2010), and Feinman v. F.B.I. (“Feinman II”), No. 09-CV-2047, 2010 WL 2102326 (D.D.C. May

26, 2010) (dismissing Count Six for lack of subject matter jurisdiction). Instead, the Court will

                                                 1
limit its discussion to those facts that relate to the two pending motions.

I.      THE FOIA REQUESTS

        Plaintiff Graff currently serves as the editor for The Washingtonian Magazine and is a

“representative of the news media,” as that term is defined by 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(A)(ii), for

purposes of determining administrative fees. (Compl. ¶ 4.) In January 2009, he submitted a

FOIA request to the EOUSA for information regarding “the investigation, capture, and

prosecution” of former Panamanian general Manual Noriega. (Id. ¶ 22; see also Pl.’s Mot. for

Partial Summ. J. (“Pl.’s SJ Mot.”), Ex. 1 at 1.) The request stated that disclosure of this

information would be in the public interest “because it is likely to contribute significantly to

public understanding of the operations or activities of the government . . . .” (Pl.’s SJ Mot., Ex. 1

at 1.) The EOUSA denied Graff’s request on the grounds that he had provided neither (1)

“express authorization and consent of the third party,” i.e., Noriega, (2) “proof that the subject of

[the] request is deceased,” nor (3) “a clear demonstration that the public interest in disclosure

outweighs the personal privacy interest and that significant public benefit would result from the

disclosure of the requested records.” (Id., Ex. 2 at 1.) The denial letter stated that release under

those circumstances “would result in an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy,” and that the

records were “generally exempt from disclosure” pursuant to FOIA Exemptions 6 and 7(C).

(Id.)

        In April 2009, Graff submitted a separate FOIA request to the FBI for information

regarding “the FBI’s investigation into and role in the 1987 rendition of Royal Jordanian Flight

402 hijacker and Amal Organization militiaman” Fawaz Younis. (Compl. ¶ 36; see also Pl.’s SJ

Mot., Ex. 6 at 1.) This request also stated that disclosure of this information would be in the

public interest “because it is likely to contribute significantly to public understanding of the

                                                  2
operations or activities of the government . . . .” (Pl.’s SJ Mot., Ex. 6 at 1.) The FBI denied

Graff’s request solely on the grounds that he had not provided either proof of Younis’s death or a

privacy waiver, without addressing the question of public interest justification. (See Pl.’s SJ

Mot., Ex. 7 at 1.) The FBI’s denial stated that it could not process his request until he provided

either proof of death or of consent, and that release without such proof would be considered an

unwarranted invasion of privacy under Exemptions 6 and 7(C). (Id.)

       The original complaint, which was filed on October 30, 2009, alleges that defendants

denied his requests pursuant to unlawful EOUSA and FBI policies that “requir[e] the submission

of privacy waivers or proof of death before agreeing to process requests seeking records

pertaining to foreign nationals.” (Compl. ¶¶ 6-7; see id. ¶¶ 26, 37.)1 He also alleges that these

claims are representative of a class of similarly situated FOIA requesters (see id. ¶ 10), and that

common questions of law and fact relating to each class member include “whether the

defendants’ policy to refuse to process FOIA requests for records without submission of proof of

death or a privacy waiver is unlawful . . . .” (Id. ¶ 12.) He seeks equitable relief, including a

declaration that the EOUSA and FBI policies are unlawful, an order enjoining defendants from

       1
          Based on the previously filed cross-motions for partial summary judgment, it is
undisputed that from the time of Graff’s Noriega request through the present, it has been the
EOUSA’s practice, upon receiving a request for information about a third party, not to search for
responsive records unless the requester provides proof of death, a privacy waiver, or sufficient
public interest justification. (See Defs.’ Cross-Mot. for Partial Summ. J. (“Defs.’ SJ Mot.”),
Statement of Material Facts as to Which There Is No Genuine Issue (“SMF”) ¶ 1.) It is also
undisputed that at the time of Graff’s Younis request, it was the FBI’s practice to require a
requester seeking information about a third party “to provide either a privacy waiver or proof of
death in order for the FBI to process the request.” (Id. ¶ 2.) Despite a policy modification after
this lawsuit was filed, it remains the FBI’s general policy not to search for records responsive to
a request regarding a third party unless the requester provides a privacy waiver, proof of death,
or sufficient public interest justification. (Id. ¶ 3.) If the requester demonstrates that the third
party “is a public figure . . . who has attained current notoriety,” the FBI will search for
responsive records but will withhold all non-public source information under Exemptions 6 and
7(C). (Id.)

                                                  3
giving effect to such a policy, and an order requiring defendants “to contact every FOIA

requestor who is part of the class and offer the opportunity to reinstate their respective requests

and then process [those requests] accordingly[.]” (Id. at 13 ¶¶ (3)-(4) & (6).)

II.     THE CLASS CERTIFICATION MOTION

        On January 28, 2010, Graff moved for certification pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 23(b)(2), in order to secure injunctive and declaratory relief for a class defined as

follows:

        All persons who submitted at any time, from October 30, 2003 through the date of
        certification, a Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”) request to the Federal
        Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”) and/or Executive Office for United States
        Attorneys (“EOUSA”) for records pertaining to third party foreign nationals and
        subsequently: (1) were informed that processing of their respective requests could
        not begin until they had provided a signed privacy waiver or proof of death;
        and/or (2) were not provided with notice of their right to administratively appeal
        the response.

(Pl.’s Mem. in Supp. of Mot. for Class Cert. (“Pl.’s Cert. Mot.”) at 5; see also Compl. ¶ 10

(alleging class definition).)

        After the certification motion was filed, defendants moved to dismiss Count Six of the

original complaint, which had alleged that defendants’ policies of categorically refusing to

search for documents violated the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”), 5 U.S.C. §§ 701-706.

(See Compl. ¶¶ 41-50.) The Court concluded that the equitable relief sought under the APA was

“of the ‘same genre’” as the relief available under Graff’s FOIA claims. Feinman II, 2010 WL

2102326, at *7 (quoting Garcia v. Vilsack, 563 F.3d 519, 522 (D.C. Cir. 2009)). Accordingly,

the Court held that APA review was precluded because there was another “adequate remedy in

court,” 5 U.S.C. § 704, and so it dismissed Count Six for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.

2010 WL 2102326, at *7.

        Subsequently, on July 1, 2010, defendants opposed class certification on the grounds that

                                                  4
the Court’s dismissal of Count Six leaves only Graff’s FOIA claims “challenging the non-

disclosure of specific records requested pursuant to [his] specific FOIA requests,” and that

“[t]here is simply no justification for certifying a class to resolve whether Defendants unlawfully

withheld records requested by Graff pursuant to the FOIA.” (Defs.’ Opp’n to Pl.’s Cert. Mot.

(“Defs.’ Cert. Opp’n”) at 1-2.) In the alternative, defendants argue that even if the Court

construed the remaining claims as alleging “a so-called pattern and practice claim . . . to

challenge [defendants’] policies,” class certification would remain inappropriate because Graff

has not satisfied the requirements of Rule 23(a). (Id. at 2.) Certification would also be

“unnecessary,” they contend, because “[a]ny ruling with respect to the agencies’ policies and

regulations would inure to the benefit [of] all FOIA request[or]s, regardless of whether they were

part of the alleged class.” (Id.)

III.   THE MOTION FOR LEAVE TO AMEND THE COMPLAINT

       On July 16, 2010, following the Court’s dismissal of Count Six’s APA claim, plaintiff

moved for leave to file an amended complaint. The proposed amendment would add a new

Count Six that expressly alleges that defendants have violated FOIA through their policies of

“permitting FOIA personnel to categorically refuse to process searches for responsive records

pertaining to third party foreign nationals absent proof of death, a signed privacy waiver or a

demonstration that the public interest in disclosure outweighs the privacy interests of the

particular foreign national.” (Pl.’s Mem. of P. & A. in Supp. of Mot. for Leave to File First Am.

Compl. (“Pl.’s Amend Mot.”) at 5; see id., Ex. A (“Proposed Am. Compl.”) ¶ 44.)2 Plaintiff

seeks to amend “out of an extreme abundance of caution,” given defendants’ argument in

       2
       The previously dismissed Counts One and Six would be retained (with Count Six
renumbered as Count Seven) to preserve the right to appeal their dismissal. (Pl.’s Mot. to
Amend at 4 n.4; see Proposed Am. Compl. ¶¶ 17-21, 49-58.)

                                                 5
opposing class certification that Counts Two and Five challenge only the denials of the Noriega

and Younis requests and do not challenge defendants’ policies as a whole. (Pl.’s Amend Mot. at

2-3; see Defs.’ Cert. Opp’n at 7 (characterizing Feinman II as dismissing “the sole count in the

complaint challenging these policies”).) Defendants have opposed the motion to amend, arguing

that the amendment would be futile because the facts of this case do not satisfy the standard for

granting equitable relief under FOIA. (See Defs.’ Opp’n to Pl.’s Amend Mot. (“Defs.’ Amend

Opp’n”) at 4.)

                                             ANALYSIS

I.       LEGAL STANDARDS

         A.      Class Certification

         Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23 “states that ‘[a] class action may be maintained’ if

two conditions are met: The suit must satisfy the criteria set forth in subdivision (a) (i.e.,

numerosity, commonality, typicality, and adequacy of representation), and it also must fit into

one of the three categories described in subdivision (b).” Shady Grove Orthopedic Assocs., P.A.

v. Allstate Ins. Co., 130 S. Ct. 1431, 1437 (2010).3 “[A] class plaintiff has the burden of showing

that the requirements of Rule 23(a) are met and that the class is maintainable pursuant to one of

Rule 23(b)’s subdivisions.” Richards v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 453 F.3d 525, 530 (D.C. Cir.

2006).

         Rule 23(b)(2), which is the only ground for certification that plaintiff has invoked,

permits certification where “the party opposing the class has acted or refused to act on grounds

         3
          In its entirety, Rule 23(a) provides that “[o]ne or more members of a class may sue or
be sued as representative parties on behalf of all members only if: (1) the class is so numerous
that joinder of all members is impracticable, (2) there are questions of law or fact common to the
class, (3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the claims or defenses
of the class; and (4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of
the class.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a).

                                                   6
that apply generally to the class, so that final injunctive relief or corresponding declaratory relief

is appropriate respecting the class as a whole . . . .” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(2). This provision

“permits class actions seeking final injunctions or corresponding declaratory relief for the entire

class,” and “[u]nlike class actions for monetary relief under Rule 23(b)(3), there are no additional

requirements of notice and opt-out rights, and the plaintiff need not establish that a class action

would be superior to individual actions or that common legal and factual questions

predominate.” Richards, 453 F.3d at 530 (citation omitted).

       B.      Amending the Complaint

       After a defendant has filed a responsive pleading, “a plaintiff [must] first seek leave of

court or obtain the opposing party’s written consent before filing [an] amended complaint.”

Banks v. York, 448 F. Supp. 2d 213, 215 (D.D.C. 2006); Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a). “The decision to

grant leave to amend a complaint is left to the court’s discretion,” Banks, 448 F. Supp. 2d at 215,

but the court must “heed Rule 15’s mandate that leave is to be ‘freely given when justice so

requires.’” Amore v. Accor N. Am., Inc., 529 F. Supp. 2d 85, 92 (D.D.C. 2008) (quoting

Firestone v. Firestone, 76 F.3d 1205, 1208 (D.C. Cir. 1996)). “[I]t is an abuse of discretion to

deny leave to amend unless there is sufficient reason, such as ‘undue delay, bad faith or dilatory

motive . . . [or] futility of amendment.’” Firestone, 76 F.3d at 1208 (quoting Foman v. Davis,

371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962)). In this case, the only issue presented is futility, and defendants may

prevail on this ground “if the proposed claim would not survive a motion to dismiss.” James

Madison Ltd. v. Ludwig, 82 F.3d 1085, 1099 (D.C. Cir. 1996).

III.   PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR CLASS CERTIFICATION

       A.      Availability of Class Relief under FOIA

       Although courts have granted class certification in “reverse-FOIA” cases where plaintiffs

                                                  7
seek judicial review to prevent an agency’s disclosure of information, see, e.g., Doe v. Veneman,

380 F.3d 807, 812 (5th Cir. 2004) (noting district court’s certification of class); Fla. Med. Ass’n,

Inc. v. Dep’t of Health, Educ. & Welfare, 479 F. Supp. 1291, 1295-96 (M.D. Fla. 1979) (noting

court’s prior certification of class), Graff has not cited – nor has the Court found – any decision

granting certification of a class of FOIA plaintiffs who alleged the improper withholding of

information. However, the Court has not located any authority suggesting that such certification

is categorically impermissible, nor do defendants raise such an argument. Indeed, the Supreme

Court has explained that Rule 23 “creates a categorical rule entitling a plaintiff whose suit meets

the specified criteria to pursue his claim as a class action,” Shady Grove, 130 S. Ct. at 1437, and

there is some authority suggesting that FOIA claims are amenable to class prosecution. See

Davis v. Astrue, 250 F.R.D. 476, 483 (N.D. Cal. 2008) (rejecting argument that “FOIA claims

are not amenable to class prosecution”); cf. Andrew v. Bowen, 837 F.2d 875, 876 (9th Cir. 1988)

(discussing successful APA and FOIA suit that was filed as class action, without commenting on

propriety of certification or whether certification had even been granted). Thus, the Court will

assume arguendo that plaintiff’s FOIA claims are amenable to class action prosecution, and it

will consider his certification motion on the merits. Cf. Davis, 250 F.R.D. at 483-92 (granting

leave to amend complaint to add FOIA claims and concluding that class certification would not

moot request to amend, but denying motion to certify without prejudice to introducing additional

evidence of numerosity, typicality, and adequacy of representation).

       B.      Plaintiff Has Failed to Show Numerosity

       Under Rule 23(a), plaintiff must first show that “the class is so numerous that joinder of

all members is impracticable . . . .” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a). Plaintiff has failed to meet his burden.

       A class action “may only be certified if the trial court is satisfied, after a rigorous

                                                  8
analysis, that the prerequisites of Rule 23(a) have been satisfied.” Gen. Tel. Co. of the Southwest

v. Falcon, 457 U.S. 147, 161 (1982). “The numerosity requirement requires examination of the

specific facts of each case and imposes no absolute limitations.” Gen. Tel. Co. of Northwest, Inc.

v. EEOC, 446 U.S. 318, 330 (1980). “Generally speaking, courts have found that a proposed

class consisting of at least forty members will satisfy the impracticability requirement. The

general rule is that a plaintiff need not provide the exact number of potential class members in

order to satisfy this requirement.” Bynum v. District of Columbia, 214 F.R.D. 27, 32-33 (D.D.C.

2003) (citations omitted). The numerosity requirement can be satisfied “[s]o long as there is a

reasonable basis for the estimate provided,” Kifafi v. Hilton Hotels Retirement Plan, 189 F.R.D.

174, 176 (D.D.C. 1999) (emphasis added), but “[m]ere conjecture, without more, is insufficient

to establish numerosity . . . .” Pigford v. Glickman, 182 F.R.D. 341, 347 (D.D.C. 1998); see also

Bynum, 214 F.R.D. at 31 (“[T]he legal standard is whether the evidence presented by plaintiffs

establishes a ‘reasonable basis for crediting [plaintiffs’] assertion[s].’” (quoting Wagner v.

Taylor, 836 F.2d 578, 587 n.57 (D.C. Cir. 1987)).

       Plaintiff concedes that he is neither aware nor capable of determining “the exact number

of individuals who would fall within the scope of [the] proposed class” (Pl.’s Cert. Mot. at 5),

and he contends that “[t]he Defendants alone retain the records which would easily identify

exactly how many individuals fall within the proposed class.” (Id. at 8.) However, “based on

the experience of counsel,” he estimates that there are at least “200 potential members” (id. at 5),

given that the FBI alone receives over 10,000 FOIA requests annually and that it recently

invoked Exemption 6 over 2,000 times in a single year. (Id. at 8-9 (citing agency-generated

FOIA statistics).) Thus, he concludes, it is reasonable to assume that over the last six years,

defendants improperly denied at least 200 individuals’ requests for information about third-party

                                                  9
foreign nationals. (See id. at 9.)

       Plaintiff’s class size estimate of 200 lacks a reasonable basis. Although he cites to

agency data regarding the total number of FOIA requests made and the total number of requests

that were denied under Exemption 6, it does not follow from these numbers that there are at least

200 potential class members. See generally Marcial v. Coronet Ins. Co., 880 F.2d 954, 957 (7th

Cir. 1989) (concluding that district court did not abuse discretion in finding that plaintiffs failed

to prove numerosity, because there was inadequate support for their numerical assumptions). As

defendants correctly observe, the total number of Exemption 6 denials says nothing about the

number of Exemption 6 denials of requests for records pertaining to third-party foreign

nationals. (Defs.’ Cert. Opp’n at 10.)

       Plaintiff responds that the data upon which he bases his estimate need not be “specific to

requests pertaining to third party foreign nationals,” and that it is enough for him to cite the

“large number” of FOIA requests received and occasions on which Exemption 6 was invoked.

(Reply to Pl.’s Cert. Mot. (“Pl.’s Cert. Reply”) at 7.) To the contrary, the numbers of FOIA

requests and Exemption 6 denials “offer no basis whatsoever” for plaintiff’s estimate of 200

potential class members.4 Rodriguez v. U.S. Dep’t of Treasury, 131 F.R.D. 1, 6 (D.D.C. 1990).

“For all the Court knows, [that number] is absolutely random, as it would have to be given the

       4
         Plaintiff’s argument also assumes incorrectly that the total number of FOIA requests (or
Exemption 6 denials) necessarily represents an equivalent number of FOIA requesters. One
person can make multiple requests, just as plaintiff himself has done (albeit to two different
agencies). Plaintiff’s cited cases do not support his argument that the FOIA request statistics are
“sufficient to establish numerosity” (Pl.’s Cert. Reply at 7-8), because each of those cases
featured person-based statistics. See Bynum v. District of Columbia, 217 F.R.D. 43, 46 (D.D.C.
2003) (finding numerosity where putative class and available data pertained to individuals who
were strip-searched); Davis, 250 F.R.D. at 486 (declining to find numerosity, where putative
class and available data pertained to number of Social Security beneficiaries); Taylor v. Dist. of
Columbia Water & Sewer Auth., 241 F.R.D. 33, 37 & n.4 (D.D.C. 2007) (finding numerosity
where defendant did not challenge existence of class and did not directly challenge plaintiff’s
assertion that 800 employees had been discriminated against).

                                                  10
lack of evidence to support a more concrete number.” Id. (rejecting plaintiff’s assumption that

“some percentage” – and thus, at least one percent – of would-be Secret Service applicants fell

within class definition); see also Davis, 250 F.R.D. at 486 (plaintiff failed to show numerosity of

putative class of mentally disabled Social Security recipients who sought “substantial gainful

work activity,” because – despite evidence of nearly 2 million mentally disabled beneficiaries

under Social Security Disability Insurance program – “the court has no evidence regarding what

percentage of” those 2 million beneficiaries “have attempted or are attempting to work”); Lyon v.

United States, 94 F.R.D. 69, 73-74 (W.D. Okla. 1982) (plaintiff failed to show numerosity of

putative class of claimants for worker’s compensation whose requests under Privacy Act were

not given proper consideration, because evidence regarding number of Privacy Act requesters

did not specify how many requesters were also worker’s compensation claimants); Campbell v.

Minneapolis Pub. Housing Auth., 175 F.R.D. 531, 538 (D. Minn. 1997) (plaintiff failed to show

numerosity of putative class of housing applicants who were disabled due to drug or alcohol

addiction, where he offered statistics showing 141 of 9000 applications were from disabled

individuals but “offered [no] indication” of how many of them “were disabled due to drug or

alcohol addiction”), vac’d on other grounds, 168 F.3d 1069 (8th Cir. 1999); Golden v. City of

Columbus, 404 F.3d 950, 966 (6th Cir. 2005) (affirming denial of certification motion where

plaintiff failed to show numerosity of putative class of city’s tenants “whose water service was or

will be terminated because of the landlord’s or prior tenant’s indebtedness,” because plaintiff

relied only upon “unrefined measure” of city’s “total tenant population”).5

       5
         Defendants also represent that they cannot readily determine which past requesters
sought information pertaining to foreign nationals. (Defs.’ Cert. Opp’n at 10.) Their FOIA
records are not categorized by reference to the nationality of the subject of a request, and they
observe correctly that it is not possible to determine the citizenship of a FOIA request’s subject
solely by his or her name. (See id. at 10-11; id., Suppl. Decl. of Dennis Argall ¶¶ 5-6; id., Decl.
of Vinay Jolly ¶ 4.) Plaintiff responds that these limitations on defendants’ search capabilities

                                                 11
       In sum, plaintiff has failed to show numerosity, and since “[f]ailure to adequately

demonstrate any of the four [prerequisites of Rule 23(a)] is fatal to class certification,” Garcia v.

Johanns, 444 F.3d 625, 631 (D.C. Cir. 2006), plaintiff’s motion will be denied.6

IV.    PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR LEAVE TO AMEND THE COMPLAINT

       Defendants argue that the proposed amendment is futile because it does not state a valid

claim for equitable relief. (See Defs.’ Amend Opp’n at 4.) Specifically, they contend that the

facts of this case do not present the justifications for equitable relief upon which the D.C. Circuit

are not directly relevant to the question of numerosity. (Pl.’s Cert. Reply at 8.) Even if so, and
even assuming that plaintiff had satisfied his burden (which he has not), the fact that defendants
cannot readily provide discovery on potential class members merely reinforces the Court’s
concern that permitting such discovery could amount to little more than a fishing expedition.
(Compare id. at 8 n.4 (plaintiff’s suggestion that “minimal discovery would easily” enable him to
support his assertions of numerosity).)
       6
         Even if plaintiff had met his burden under Rule 23(a), the Court remains concerned
about the “necessity” of certifying his proposed class. See Mills v. District of Columbia, 266
F.R.D. 20, 22 (D.D.C. 2010) (“[I]t is not uncommon for courts, in exercising their discretion, to
deny class certification on that basis when the particular facts and circumstances of the case
warrant doing so.”); but see Disability Rights Council of Greater Wash. v. Wash. Metro. Area
Transit Auth., 239 F.R.D. 9, 23-24 (D.D.C. 2006) (rejecting necessity doctrine as unsupported by
text of Rule 23); Littlewolf v. Hodel, 681 F. Supp. 929, 937-38 (D.D.C. 1988) (rejecting
necessity doctrine and certifying class), judgment aff’d sub nom. Littlewolf v. Lujan, 877 F.2d
1058 (D.C. Cir. 1989). To the extent that the necessity doctrine survives the Supreme Court’s
analysis of Rule 23 in Shady Grove, 130 S. Ct. at 1437-38, the circumstances of this case would
warrant denying certification as unnecessary.
        Here, most of the equitable relief sought by plaintiff would, if granted, “benefit all
proposed class members” regardless of whether the class were certified. Sargent v. Block, 576 F.
Supp. 882, 888 (D.D.C. 1983). (See Compl. at 12-13 ¶¶ (2)-(5).) Certification is only relevant to
plaintiff’s request for an order requiring defendants to notify all class members that the policies
under which their prior FOIA requests were denied have now been deemed unlawful. (See
Compl. at 13 ¶ (6); see also Pl.’s Cert. Reply at 13 & n.8.) However, “it would not be feasible”
for defendants to comply with such an injunction, because they do not record the nationality of
the subject of a FOIA request, and therefore they cannot readily identify requesters who fall
within plaintiff’s class definition. (Defs.’ Cert. Opp’n at 13 n.3.) See supra note 5. Plaintiff also
concedes that he is incapable of determining the full extent of the class. (See Pl.’s Cert. Mot. at
5, 8.) It thus appears that “the burdens of maintaining a (b)(2) class action” solely for the
purpose of retroactive notification would be “substantial . . . due to the discovery problems that
will inevitably arise . . . .” Berlin Democratic Club v. Rumsfeld, 410 F. Supp. 144, 164 (D.D.C.
1976).

                                                 12
relied in Payne Enterprises, Inc. v. United States, 837 F.2d 486 (D.C. Cir. 1988). (See Defs.’

Amend Opp’n at 5-8.) Based on the record before the Court, it cannot conclude that plaintiff’s

proposed amendment would be futile.

       “FOIA imposes no limits on courts’ equitable powers in enforcing its terms.” Payne, 837

F.2d at 494; see Renegotiation Bd. v. Bannercraft Clothing Co., Inc., 415 U.S. 1, 19-20 (1974).

The Court is not yet persuaded that the particular facts of Payne define the only possible

circumstances under which equitable relief may be justified in a FOIA case. Nonetheless, the

Court also notes that Payne deemed declaratory relief to be appropriate where, inter alia, the

record demonstrated an agency official’s “inability” to remedy the agency’s persistent

“noncompliance” with FOIA. 837 F.2d at 494. Here, Graff’s proposes to allege that the DOJ

Office of Information Policy (“OIP”) “is responsible for encouraging agency compliance with

FOIA” and “manages DOJ’s responsibilities, which includes the FBI and EOUSA, related to the

FOIA.” (Proposed Am. Compl. ¶ 43.) He also proposes to allege that OIP’s director has

publicly stated “that FOIA does not permit a categorical requirement that privacy waivers be

submitted for foreign nationals in order to process a request for records,” and “that FOIA

personnel should not pursue such a policy.” (Id.) Plaintiff further proposes to allege that despite

this official’s stated position, defendants have continued to contradict her and to violate FOIA by

maintaining the policies at issue in this case. (See id. ¶ 44.)

       The Court must accept the truth of such “well-pleaded factual allegations,” Ashcroft v.

Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1950 (2009), given that plaintiff’s proposed amendment need only

survive a motion to dismiss. See James Madison, 82 F.3d at 1099. Moreover, the legal

interpretation set forth in the proposed allegations finds support in Nation Magazine, Washington

Bureau v. U.S. Customs Service, 71 F.3d 885 (D.C. Cir. 1995), which explained that “categorical

                                                  13
rules” may only be used “when the range of circumstances included in the category

characteristically supports an inference that the statutory requirements for exemption are

satisfied . . . .”7 Id. at 893 (internal quotation marks and edits omitted); cf. United States v.

Landano, 508 U.S. 165, 176-78 (1993) (rejecting categorical rule for applying Exemption 7(D)).

Thus, there is a serious question whether defendants’ policies can be justified under FOIA and

D.C. Circuit law. See also Nation Magazine v. U.S Customs Serv., 937 F. Supp. 39, 44-45

(D.D.C. 1996) (noting, on remand, that “the privacy concerns that drive Exemption 7(C) may not

be present with respect to every record in [the agency’s] investigatory files regarding” third-party

subject of FOIA request, and approving of narrower categorical rule that was tailored to specific

contents of records).8

        7
          In Nation Magazine, the FOIA request sought documents regarding 1992 independent
presidential candidate H. Ross Perot, particularly records “‘pertain[ing] to offers by Mr. Perot to
assist the Customs Service in the interdiction of illegal drugs,’” which Perot had referenced
during the presidential campaign. 71 F.3d at 888 & n.1 (quoting request). Unlike the instant
agency defendants, the Customs Service did search some of its files, see id. at 891, and thus it
“did not simply refuse to take any action on the request.” Id. at 889 n.3. Even so, the agency
refused either to confirm or deny whether any responsive investigatory files existed, because
“‘disclosure of the mere fact that an individual is mentioned in an agency’s law enforcement files
carries a stigmatizing connotation’ . . . .” Id. at 888 (quoting agency response).
        The D.C. Circuit concluded that the agency’s categorical presumption against disclosure
was unsupportable, because “the mere fact that records pertain to an individual’s activities does
not necessarily qualify them for exemption [on privacy grounds]. Such records may still be
cloaked with the public interest if the information would shed light on agency action,”
particularly where a FOIA request makes clear that the “significan[ce]” of a third-party subject
“is [his] connection to agency conduct.” 71 F.3d at 894-95. See also id. at 896 (finding that
SafeCard Services, Inc. v. SEC, 926 F.2d 1197 (D.C. Cir. 1991), did not support “permitting an
agency to exempt from disclosure all of the material in an investigatory record solely on the
grounds that the record includes some information which identifies a private citizen or provides
that person’s name and address,” and concluding that “such a blanket exemption” “is not a
permissible reading of Exemption 7(C)” because it “would reach far more broadly than is
necessary to protect the identities of individuals mentioned in law enforcement files” and thus
“would be contrary to FOIA’s overall purpose of disclosure”).
        8
          Defendants also rely upon this Court’s prior decisions in Fischer v. U.S. Department of
Justice, 596 F. Supp. 2d 34 (D.D.C. 2009), and Lewis v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 609 F. Supp. 2d
80 (D.D.C. 2009), aff’d, No. 09-5225, 2010 WL 1632835 (D.C. Cir. Apr. 7, 2010). (See Defs.’

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        Plaintiff’s proposed allegations “present[] ‘sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to

‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face,’” Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1949 (quoting Bell Atl.

Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)), including a claim for equitable relief.

Accordingly, the Court will grant plaintiff’s motion for leave to amend.

                                           CONCLUSION

        For the foregoing reasons, plaintiff’s class certification motion is DENIED, and his

motion for leave to amend the complaint is GRANTED. The parties shall jointly submit, within

two weeks of the date of this Memorandum Opinion, a briefing schedule that provides for

sequential summary judgment motions on plaintiff’s remaining claims.

        SO ORDERED.

                                                                     /s/
                                                        ELLEN SEGAL HUVELLE
                                                        United States District Judge

DATE: August 13, 2010

Amend Opp’n at 7-8.) However, these decisions do not demonstrate that amendment would be
futile. The pro se plaintiffs in Fischer and Lewis did not squarely present the Court with an
opportunity to consider the agency’s policy of categorically refusing to search for documents.
Moreover, in each case, the proffered public interest justification – that the information would
help the plaintiff challenge his conviction – was inadequate as a matter of law, thereby mooting
the relevance of the agency’s categorical refusals. See Lewis, 609 F. Supp. 2d at 84-85 (citing
cases); see also Fischer, 596 F. Supp. 2d at 47 (same).

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