Court Opinion

ID: 8269334
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-10-16 19:21:39.301868+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:43:28.061085
License: Public Domain

The opinion of the court was delivered by
Garrison, J.
A civil information is a legal proceeding in chancery older than the court of equity, whose equitable powers, when acquired, were *153termed “extraordinary” to distinguish them from its ordinary or legal jurisdiction.
Thus Blackstone says that in the court of chancery
“there are two distinct tribunals: the one ordinary, being a court of common law; the other extraordinary, being a court of equity. The ordinary legal court is much more ancient than the court of equity.” 3 Bl. Com. 47.
A generation earlier it was said:
“In the chancery are two courts or rather two manners of powers, the one ordinary, wherein the proceedings are according to the laws and statutes of the realm; the other extraordinary, according to the rules of equity. This court, as a court of law, had heretofore great extent of jurisdiction and multiplicity of business. By this short view it appears that the matters determined in the chancery according to the rules and methods of the law must in times past have created much business in the court and that at this day there must be sometimes proceedings in this court according to law.”
The quotation is from a controversial pamphlet published anonymously in 1727 and referred to by Judge Story as “by Lord King (or whoever else was the author of the treatise entitled The Legal Judicature of Chancery stated).” 1. Eq. Jur. 44.
It is now known that it was written by Samuel Burroughs, with the assistance of William Warburton, the famous religious controversialist. Life of Lord Hardwicke (1913) 94, 95.
Judge Story is also authority for the statement that among the earliest writers of the common law, such as Bracton, Glanville, Britton and Fleta (and he might have added The Mirror), there is not a syllable to be found relating to the equitable jurisdiction of the court of chancery. 1 Eq. Jur. 39.
It is to this period when the chancery was a court of law, and the chancellor a common law judge, that we must refer those legal procedures in chancery, of which information by the attorney-general was the most important, as it has proved to be the most enduring. Indeed, it is more than probable that these legal procedures arose in the aula regis itself, and upon its dissolution were parceled out to the chancellor because of his more intimate relations to the crown. Certain it is that upon the breaking up *154of that royal council the chancellor emerged as a distinct court having a legal jurisdiction closely connected with the royal prerogatives and duties.
This was in the time of Edward I. and the equitable jurisdiction of the court did not arise until the reign of Edward III.
Short of compiling a treatise from sources equally available to all, it must suffice to say that the legal jurisdiction of the chancellor centered around two fundamental conceptions — the impeccability of the sovereign and the righteousness of his purposes toward Ms subjects. The king could do no wrong and the chancellor was the beeper of his conscience. From those conceptions it followed that if a subject was wronged by the king the chancellor would redress it, and that if all of the king’s subjects suffered from an act unlawfully done in his name, the chancellor, upon being so informed, would see that right was done.
Of this latter class was the cancellation of letters patent when made against law or upon untrue suggestion, whereby the regalia or common domain was diminished, which was done in chancery, not, however, upon information, but by scire facias, for the reason that the patent was a record in that court. 8 Bac. Abr. 609; 3 Bl. Com. 45, 48; Attorney-General v. Sooy Oyster Co., 78 N. J. Law 394 (at p. 407).
With few exceptions, however, the redress of public injuries in the name of the king was instituted by the attorney-general by an information which, as the name imports, merely informed the chancellor of the existence and nature of the public wrong; it being considered beneath the dignity of the king to pray for relief in his own courts and also that the keeper of Ms conscience had but to be informed of a public wrong in order to right it.
Confining our attention to cases resembling in principle the one now before us, the essentials of this jurisdiction were that the information should be exhibited by the attorney-general as the representative of the sovereign and that it should refer to matters by which the public or public rights were affected by unlawful acts done in the name of the king or by some agency or instrumentality of his government.
These essentials of jurisdiction, being fundamental principles of the common law, survived the changes wrought by the Revolu*155tion, and exist in this country as a part of the common law excepting where altered by constitutions or legislative enactments of which in this state there is no trace. It would be quite profitless to rehearse the changes in practice and forms of procedure that have been adopted in those jurisdictions in which this common law proceeding still obtains, or to enumerate those in which, owing to the abolition of chancery or the merger of the courts, it has been measurably lost sight of. In the federal courts such actions are brought directly in the name of the United States by a bill in equity, and even in this state the information, both as to its prayer and the relief sought, no longer conforms strictly to the old landmarks. The removal of a landmark, however, does not destroy a title, and in all of its essentials this legal jurisdiction of chancery is maintained in this state, as evidenced by a large number of eases, a few of which may be cited at random: In Newark Aqueduct Board v. Passaic, 45 N. J. Eq. 393, 401, the ratio decidendi was that “the conservation of public interests is with the state and its attorney-general.” Of an early case, decided in 1834, it is said: “The doubts expressed by the chancellor in Attorney-General v. New Jersey Railway and Transportation Co., 3 N. J. Eq. 140, have been dissipated and contradicted by the later course of adjudication.” 1 Eng. Rul. Cas. 573.
In MacKenzie v. The Trustees, 67 N. J. Eq. 652, 683, and in The Trustees v. Attorney-General, 78 N. J. Eq. 1, the proper office of the attorney-general is recognized and stated. In Stevens v. Stevens, 24 N. J. Eq. 77, 82, an equity suit that concerned the famous Stevens floating battery, the attorney-general interposed an information in order to assert a public legal right in the State of New Jersey. And the list might be indefinitely extended. The cases affecting gmsi-public bodies are collected in Attorney-General v. Firemen’s Insurance Co., 74 N. J. Eq. 372.
That none of these eases is on its facts just like the one before us is aside from the point, which is that the present case presents every essential of the common law jurisdiction by information, viz., action by the attorney-general on behalf of the state to redress an injury arising from an unlawful act of a state agency affecting all the people of the state. This brings such action clearly within the principle of the common law, and it is by such *156principles that we must be guided rather than by precise precedents or by the presence or absence of modem instances. Enough has been said to point out that we are dealing with a strictly legal remedy and not with the court of equity or with any encroachment of equitable jurisdiction ujoon the writ of certiorari. Indeed, the present case is not within the province of the common law writ of certiorari, for the reason that the act of 1912, which is the one under review, does not call for the exercise of judicial or gwasi-judicial powers, but solely for the administrative functions of a purchasing agent.
Hence, the review of the action taken under such statute is solely by force of that extension of the writ of certiorari that obtains in this state to a greater degree than elsewhere. To this situation the pertinent rule, even as to a court of equity, is that whenever jurisdiction was originally acquired, and the scope of the common law has since become enlarged so as to furnish an adequate legal remedy, the earlier jurisdiction is not thereby destroyed or lessened, although it is made to be concurrent. 1 Pom. Eq. 182.
It has not escaped our attention that the statute of April 1st, 1912, provides that contracts and obligations under it shall be subject to review by the supreme court as to the reasonableness and fairness of the terms'and conditions thereof. These, however, are not the matters at which the present information is aimed, which are the illegality of the contract and the absence of power on the part of the water commission to enter into it.
Upon this branch of the case, therefore, we conclude that the attorney-general in exhibiting his information in the court of chancery was within his legal rights and that the question presented by this appeal must be considered upon its merits.
The chancellor sustained the demurrer to the information upon the ground that the water supply commission was “a corporate entity apart from, the state,” that its contract was not the contract of the state, and that the mortgage debt for the purchase price of $1,000,000 was the debt of such corporate entity and not that of the state. This result was reached by the chancellor, contrary to his own views, because of what he conceived to be the controlling effect of the decision of the supreme court in Van *157Cleve v. Passaic Valley Sewerage Commissioners, 71 N. J. Law 183, 514. In this he was in error. What was there held was that the constitutional provision now under consideration “has no application to local or municipal indebtedness.” Such decision has no bearing upon the indebtedness with which we have to deal, which is created by a state agency that is in no sense local, since its authority is to acquire lands and water rights for the general and common use of the inhabitants of the state, and which is in no sense a municipal agency, since it possesses not a shred of governmental power.
That the authority thus exercised in behalf of the inhabitants of the state is that of a purchasing agent appears in every provision of the statute. The lands so acquired are state property, which would conclusively appear if this commission were to be abolished, in which event the lands that had been so purchased would belong either to the state or to the individuals who had composed the commission, an alternative that admits of but one conclusion. The authority of the commission to act as such purchasing agent is contained in the statute of April 1st, 1912, and the sole question to be decided is whether or not such statute conferred upon the commission the power to make the contract in question by which the entire purchase price, amounting to $1,-000,000, is left unpaid as a mortgage debt upon the lands purchased. If by this statute the legislature has authorized the making of this contract the debt thereby created is one that is created by the legislature within the meaning of the constitutional provision, since by the fundamental maxim of agency the legislature creates whatever it authorizes its agent to create. But, by an established canon of construction, the statute will not be construed to authorize the contract if the effect be the creation of a debt that the legislature is by the constitution prohibited from creating. A statute, by force of this familiar canon, will, if possible, be so construed as to render it constitutional. In the present case, there is no difficulty in so construing the statute, which is absolutely silent as to the amount of indebtedness that may be created in the purchase of lands; and which must therefore be construed as not authorizing tire present contract, if the debt thereby created is in excess of the constitutional power of *158the legislature. This brings us to the crux of the case, which is whether this statute would be constitutional if it in terms authorized the creation of a mortgage debt of $1,000,000. A mortgage debt is clearly within the language of the constitution, for the simple reason that the language there used is broad enough to cover every manner of debt; a debt created “in any manner” is the unqualified constitutional description. The only question is whether we shall pare this language down and say that it means only this sort of debt or only that sort. The principal attempt in this direction is to limit the word “debt” to actionable debts, i. e., to those the payment of which is enforceable. For such a limitation there is not the slightest justification either in common usage or in the context. Common usage reflects common experience, which teaches us that the vast majority of debts are paid without any reference to their enforceable character. Why, therefore, should the exceptional case be singled out as illustrative of •common usage in order to give to a word the sense in which it is most infrequently used? A debt against the enforcement of which the statute of limitations has run is in common usage “an •outlawed debt,” and gambling debts are even spoken of as “debts of honor.”
Another attempt to pare down the constitutional language is based upon the argument that a debt that is to be collected from a particular fund, or that is to be made out of a particular piece of land, is for that reason not a debt, an illogical argument that carries with it its own refutation. As a matter of common usage, no term is more familiar than “mortgage debt.”
If the context be regarded, we find that it not only gives no support to these limitations, but, on the contrary, distinctly refutes them, for in the context “debt” is connected with “state” and “legislature,” neither of which is amenable to that enforcement of debt to which it is sought to limit the meaning of that word. But the context goes further than this, in a most significant direction, when we consider that the only manner in which the legislature pays a debt is by the making of an, appropriation. Regard for the context, therefore, must at least constrain us not to deny to the word “debt” its'ordinary meaning merely because it is payable by a legislative appropriation. It is at least a reason*159able construction that what the framers were guarding against were not suits and actions against the legislature, which they knew could not be brought, but debts incurred by the legislature which they knew might be paid by appropriations if they were permitted to be contracted. That this was no fanciful anticipation is shown by the contract now before us which provides for a sinking fund for the payment of the mortgage debt, the first source of which is: “(1) Any and all moneys which shall from time to time be appropriated by any legislature of the State of New Jersey towards the principal of said bonds or any part thereof.”
An additional sinking fund is provided after five years, “this sinking fund shall be provided (1) from any appropriations made by the legislature of the State of New Jersey.” Finally, it is provided that the mortgage debt shall be made out of the property “unless a special appropriation be made by the legislature of the State of New Jersey.”
Obviously, there are very practical reasons why the word “debt” in the constitution should be construed to include those payable by legislative appropriation; it is against the construction of such debts that the constitutional provision is aimed and not against voluntary appropriations for any lawful object.
It is in this connection of significance to inquire what was the object of these appropriations that were to be made “from time to time,” first to the original sinking fund, then five years later to the additional sinking fund, and finally to the satisfaction of the mortgage debt. Were they gifts — or were they payments made in the reduction or discharge of a debt ? If, after the land had been improved in the manner contemplated by the contract, and after a part of the purchase price had been paid the mortgage was foreclosed and the legislature appropriated the money necessary to redeem its property, would it not be the payment of a debt? The very decree on which such payment would be made would so dominate it.
In dealing with all of these attempts to pare down this provision of the constitution, it must be constantly borne in mind that it is the only one in that entire instrument in which the right to pass upon a law after it has been enacted by the legisla*160ture is expressly reserved to the people. Such a provision should be construed so as to effectuate, not to frustrate, its object, which latter result is surely accomplished if the propriety of a purchase of- this magnitude can, by a general law, be turned over bodily to four or five citizens, however estimable, instead of being, as the constitution requires, passed upon by the legislature itself, i. <?., by the senate, the house of assembly and the governor. For, it is only when this has been done, and the specific object sought, together with the ways and means, have been enacted into a law that the referendum provided by the constitution can be had. It cannot be that the legislature by a wholesale abdication of its constitutional functions can defeat this unique provision of the organic law. The only way to avoid such a criticism is by holding, as we do, that the statute that was enacted applied only to purchases that did not create an indebtedness that would violate this constitutional provision, and, as has been pointed out, the statute thus construed affords no authority for the contract that was entered into on behalf of the state.
A contract thus entered into by a state agency without authority when challenged by the state itself should not be permitted to go into effect. This, in substance, is what was set forth and charged by the attornejr-general in his information; it was error, therefore, to sustain the demurrer thereto.
It is perhaps unnecessary to add that the decision of this legal question in no way involves the propriety of the purchase in question. Our sole concern is that a right reserved to the people by their constitution shall be secured to them by their courts.
The decree of the court of chancery is reversed, and the cause remitted to be proceeded with therein according to law and the practice of that court.