Court Opinion

ID: 810398
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2012-10-17 17:29:01+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:18:43.554097
License: Public Domain

FOR PUBLICATION
 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
      FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

JOE LEONARD LAMBRIGHT,                     No. 10-99012
             Petitioner-Appellant,
               v.                            D.C. No.
                                         4:87-cv-00235-JMR
CHARLES L. RYAN,
                                              OPINION
            Respondent-Appellee.
                                     
       Appeal from the United States District Court
                for the District of Arizona
         John M. Roll, District Judge, Presiding

                  Argued and Submitted
        April 16, 2012—San Francisco, California

                  Filed October 17, 2012

    Before: Mary M. Schroeder, Stephen Reinhardt, and
          Consuelo M. Callahan, Circuit Judges.

               Opinion by Judge Reinhardt;
                Dissent by Judge Callahan

                          12489
                     LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN                 12493

                        COUNSEL

Jon M. Sands, Federal Public Defender; Jennifer Y. Garcia
(argued) and Dale A. Baich, Assistant Federal Public Defend-
ers; Keith J. Hilzendeger, Research and Writing Specialist,
Federal Public Defender for the District of Arizona, Phoenix,
Arizona, for the petitioner-appellant.

Thomas C. Horne, Attorney General; Kent E. Cattani, Chief
Counsel, Criminal Appeals/Capital Litigation Section; Ginger
Jarvis (argued), Assistant Attorney General, Criminal
Appeals/Capital Litigation Section, Office of the Attorney
General of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, for the respondent-
appellee.
12494                 LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN
                          OPINION

REINHARDT, Circuit Judge:

   Joe Leonard Lambright appeals the decision of the district
court to modify the protective order issued in his federal
habeas proceeding to permit Respondent to turn over materi-
als produced during the federal proceeding to the agency that
will prosecute his resentencing, the Pima County Attorney’s
Office. The district court granted Respondents’ motion for
modification, reasoning that the protective order covered only
materials disclosed after the issuance of the order, that Lam-
bright did not rely on the protective order, that any privileged
material lost protection under the order when it became part
of the public record during the evidentiary hearing, and that
Lambright had failed to explain the basis for his assertion that
certain materials were privileged. We hold that the district
court abused its discretion in granting the motion for modifi-
cation as to materials that are privileged. First, the language
of the protective order covers all materials, not just materials
produced after its issuance, and, in any event, the failure to
enter the order before the commencement of discovery was an
abuse of discretion. Second, the protective order was suffi-
cient to protect the materials introduced at the evidentiary
hearing, and Lambright was entitled to rely on the assurances
made by the district court that evidence introduced during the
evidentiary hearing was protected by the order. Third, the dis-
trict court did not request that Lambright explain the basis for
asserting that certain materials were privileged, and erred in
failing to recognize that his waiver of the Fifth Amendment
privilege was limited; thus its modification of the protective
order as to those materials was an abuse of discretion. We
therefore vacate the portion of the order relating to privileged
materials and remand to the district court for further proceed-
ings to resolve all disputes as to which specific materials are
privileged and thus are covered by its protective order. We
hold, however, that the district court did not abuse its discre-
tion in modifying the protective order so as to exclude from
                         LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN                       12495
its coverage non-privileged material, and therefore affirm that
portion of its order.

   Lambright also appeals the decision by the district court to
deny his motion for discovery and an evidentiary hearing
prior to the imposition of sanctions on Respondents for violat-
ing the protective order and for disqualification of the Arizona
Attorney General’s Office from representing Respondents at
the sanctions evidentiary hearing. We hold that the district
court did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion for
discovery and an evidentiary hearing. The parties had a full
opportunity to brief the issue, and based on the evidence
before it, the district court concluded that the violation of the
protective order was inadvertent. Because we hold that the
district court did not abuse its discretion in failing to hold an
evidentiary hearing, the disqualification of the Arizona Attor-
ney General’s Office from representing Respondents is moot.

                         BACKGROUND

   In 1987, Lambright filed a federal habeas petition under 28
U.S.C. § 2254 in the Arizona District Court. In his petition,
Lambright argued inter alia that he was denied effective
assistance of sentencing counsel. The district court dismissed
that claim, finding that it was procedurally defaulted. We
reversed and remanded “for an evidentiary hearing . . . . to
determine whether Lambright was denied effective assistance
of counsel at sentencing because of the failure to investigate
and present evidence of his psychiatric condition and social
history.” Lambright v. Stewart (Lambright I), 241 F.3d 1201,
1208 (9th Cir. 2001).

   On remand, between July 26, 2001 and August 26, 2003,
the district court entered several discovery orders. On July 26,
2001, the district court ordered that discovery be conducted
pursuant to Rule 6(b) of the Rules Governing Section 2254
Cases,1 and instructing the parties to engage in informal dis-
  1
   Rule 6(a) states: “Leave of Court Required. A judge may, for good
cause, authorize a party to conduct discovery under the Federal Rules of
Civil Procedure and may limit the extent of discovery.”
12496                 LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN
covery. Starting on June 18, 2002, the district court ordered
Lambright and Respondents to disclose the names of all wit-
nesses and a summary of their anticipated testimony, to
exchange expert reports, and to produce all raw data and
background documents and information used by the experts.
On February 11, 2003, the district court granted Respondents’
motion for an order requiring the Arizona Department of Cor-
rections to provide copies of Lambright’s medical and mental
health records. On July 14 and 18, 2003, the district court
granted Respondents’ motions to allow state experts, Dr.
Anne Herring and Dr. Gina Lang, to examine Lambright. On
August 26, 2003, the court granted Respondents’ motion to
depose Lambright and his trial counsel, Carmine Brogna; it
also authorized each party to depose experts.

   On September 2, 2003, Lambright moved for a protective
order, noting that Respondents intended to ask “questions, at
his deposition, concerning the crime that [he] was convicted
of,” which he argued would be irrelevant and violate his Fifth
Amendment right against self-incrimination. Lambright
requested the protective order to prevent that “deposition tes-
timony [from being] used against him at the new sentencing
hearing.” The district court held oral argument on September
19, 2003, during which Lambright’s counsel requested that
the motion for a protective order be deemed a motion to pre-
vent Respondents from deposing Lambright. The district court
relied on two cases, Bean v. Calderon, 166 F.R.D. 452 (E.D.
Cal. 1996), which held that a habeas petitioner could be
deposed subject to invocation of his Fifth Amendment right,
but that an adverse inference could be drawn from such invo-
cation, and Bittaker v. Woodford, 331 F.3d 715 (9th Cir.
2003) (en banc), in which we held that a habeas petitioner
waives his attorney-client privilege in a proceeding raising an
ineffective assistance of counsel claim, but that such waiver
is narrow and limited to what is necessary to allow the state
to fairly defend against such claim. The court granted the pro-
tective order, but denied the request to preclude Respondents
from deposing Lambright. When Lambright’s counsel
                      LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN                  12497
inquired as to the scope of the protective order, the district
court responded that it would be described in the order itself.

   On September 23, 2003, the district court issued a protec-
tive order with the following parameters:

    IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that all discovery
    granted to Respondents, including the requests to
    depose sentencing counsel Brogna, Petitioner’s
    experts and Petitioner, shall be deemed to be confi-
    dential. Any information, documents and materials
    obtained vis-a-vis the discovery process may be used
    only by representatives from the Office of the Ari-
    zona Attorney General and only for purposes of any
    proceedings incident to litigating the claims pre-
    sented in the petition for writ of habeas corpus (and
    all amendments thereto) pending before this Court.
    None may be disclosed to any other persons or agen-
    cies, including any other law enforcement or pro-
    secutorial personnel or agencies, without an order
    from this Court. This Order shall continue in effect
    after the conclusion of the habeas corpus proceed-
    ings and specifically shall apply in the event of a
    resentencing, except that either party maintains the
    right to request modification or vacation of this
    Order upon entry of final judgment in this matter.

    IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Respondents’
    deposition of Petitioner must specifically relate to
    assertions Petitioner has made in this habeas petition
    (or amendments thereto), and for which it is likely
    that Petitioner has personal knowledge. The ques-
    tions must be phrased in such a manner that they are
    directly linked to the federal claim upon which Peti-
    tioner is being deposed. Petitioner may assert his
    Fifth Amendment privilege, but the assertion of that
    privilege may be cause for the Court to draw an
    adverse inference in this habeas proceeding.
12498                 LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN
   In November 2003, the district court held a six-day eviden-
tiary hearing on the ineffective assistance of sentencing coun-
sel claim. During the cross-examination of Lambright,
Respondents asked questions related to his crime of convic-
tion. Lambright invoked his Fifth Amendment right, and his
counsel entered a standing objection to all questions related to
the crime. The court responded:

    THE COURT: . . . Mr. Lambright, I should mention
    I have also issued a protective order so that should
    the petition be granted, either now or at some later
    time and there is a new sentencing hearing in this
    case, your testimony concerning the crimes in this
    case that you would not otherwise answer but decide
    to answer could not be used against you in connec-
    tion with that hearing. So there is not a risk of your
    testimony and statements concerning the crimes in
    this case being used against you in a future hearing
    in connection with this case insofar as resentencing.

    MR. ADDIS (counsel for Lambright): Your Honor,
    I understand the Court’s protective order. Actually,
    I had thought until just now that it had just applied
    to the discovery deposition that we did, but I’m also
    aware of case law which indicates that matters
    brought up in a hearing like this can later be used in
    a resentencing, so I would say that our understanding
    of the law is that it’s unclear at this time whether the
    Court’s protective order would hold up at a later
    resentencing in terms of anything Mr. Lambright
    might say here.

    THE COURT: Well, I can’t imagine the judge that
    would admit the evidence when any testimony con-
    cerning the crimes was given on the assurance of the
    judge before the testimony was given that that testi-
    mony could not be used in connection with the
    resentencing, and that is the order that I have
                      LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN                    12499
    entered, so I think they would have to disregard the
    protective order that I have issued and I suspect you
    would be very successful in precluding any use of it,
    so I don’t think it’s a realistic risk.

The court allowed Respondents to continue cross-examining
Lambright with questions related to his crime of conviction,
which Lambright refused to answer. On August 30, 2004, the
district court denied Lambright habeas relief on his ineffective
assistance of sentencing counsel claim. We reversed, vacated
his death sentence, and instructed the state court to conduct a
new sentencing proceeding. Lambright v. Schriro (Lambright
II), 490 F.3d 1103 (9th Cir. 2007).

   On October 10, 2008, Respondents filed a Motion to Mod-
ify Protective Order with the district court, requesting that the
protective order be modified to allow the Pima County Attor-
ney’s Office access to materials produced during the federal
habeas proceeding. Rather than respond to the modification
motion, Lambright filed a Motion for Order to Show Cause
on November 3, 2008, alleging that Respondents violated the
protective order by sending protected materials to the Pima
County Attorney’s Office without first seeking modification
of the order. On December 3, 2008, the district court issued
an order addressing the parameters of the protective order.
The court stated that although it had mistakenly omitted the
word “privileged” from the protective order, it was evident
from Bean and Bittaker, the cases upon which the court relied,
that only privileged materials were covered. Thus, it modified
the order “so that it will be narrowly tailored to solely protect
documents and information that qualify for protection under
the Fifth Amendment or the attorney-client privilege.” The
court then granted Lambright an opportunity to “identify the
specific information or materials he asserts should be pro-
tected from use at his resentencing.”

  Instead of responding to the order, Lambright filed an
appeal. On March 24, 2009, the district court held that its
12500                  LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN
December 2008 order was not final or appealable, and pro-
ceeded to vacate the protective order and deny the motion for
an order to show cause. Lambright appealed the March 2009
order as well. On appeal, we held that we lacked jurisdiction
over the December 2008 order, but that we had jurisdiction to
review the March 2009 order. Lambright v. Ryan (Lambright
III), 359 F. App’x 838, 840 (9th Cir. 2009). We held that we
could not review the denial of the motion for an order to show
cause on the record before us, and we therefore vacated the
order and remanded “so that the court may resolve any dis-
puted factual questions and make factual findings regarding
the circumstances surrounding, and the extent and effect of,
the violation and then determine whether sanctions are war-
ranted.” Id. Moreover, we noted that, as a result of his prema-
ture appeal, Lambright “never responded to the court’s
request that he identify material that was protected,” and “had
no opportunity to explain whether, in his view, non-privileged
material or material that did not emerge through the discovery
process warranted protection, given this court’s rationale in
Bittaker v. Woodford: ‘If a prisoner is successful in persuad-
ing a federal court to grant the writ [of habeas corpus], the
court should aim to restore him to the position he would have
occupied, had the first trial been constitutionally error-free.’ ”
Id. at 841 (quoting Bittaker, 331 F.3d at 722) (alteration and
emphasis in original). Because the district court did not have
the information necessary to rule on the modification motion,
we vacated the modification order and remanded for further
proceedings. Id.

   On remand, the district court ordered supplemental briefing
from both parties. The court ordered Respondents to address
the extent and cause of the protective order violation, and any
prejudice Lambright might have suffered as a result of the
violation. The court ordered Lambright to “set forth inter alia
the specific statements or information he contends are privi-
leged and should be protected from use at his resentencing.”

   Respondents’ supplemental brief asserted that any violation
of the protective order was inadvertent, and submitted affida-
                      LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN                   12501
vits from Patricia Nigro and Kent Cattani, attorneys in the
Arizona Attorney General’s Office, stating that they were
unaware that the file contained materials covered by the pro-
tective order. Concerning the extent of the violation, Respon-
dents contended that the materials in the file were not
protected because “most, if not all, of the evidence at issue
was presented in open court with no suggestion that the court
proceedings would remain under seal.” Respondents also
argued that the prejudice to Lambright was minimal because
the Pima County prosecutor had “avowed” not to look at any
protected materials absent authorization from the district
court, any mental health information fell outside the scope of
the protective order because it was disclosed prior to the issu-
ance of the order, and Lambright had put his mental health at
issue at resentencing.

   In his supplemental brief, Lambright identified the materi-
als that he asserted were protected by the attorney-client,
work product, and Fifth Amendment privileges, and non-
privileged materials that he argued should be covered by the
order and barred from use at resentencing in order to return
him to the position he would have been in had his first sen-
tencing been constitutionally error-free. Lambright also filed
a Motion for Discovery and an Evidentiary Hearing Relating
to Petitioner’s Motion for an Order to Show Cause and
Motion to Disqualify the Office of the Arizona Attorney Gen-
eral. Lambright argued that resolving the issue of the violation
of the protective order based on the parties’ briefs would inad-
equately develop a factual record, and that the Arizona Attor-
ney General’s Office should be disqualified from representing
Respondents prior to the requested evidentiary hearing
because some of its attorneys would be necessary witnesses
at the hearing.

   Respondents filed a reply, arguing that the court should
affirm its order vacating the protective order. Respondents
argued that Lambright waived any privilege to his mental
health information when he placed his mental health at issue
12502                  LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN
in his resentencing proceeding, that he did not rely on the pro-
tective order because his counsel was only concerned with
testimony regarding the crime of conviction, did not seek to
seal the evidentiary hearing, and disclosed mental health
information prior to the issuance of the order, that he waived
the attorney-client and work product privileges when he
raised his ineffective assistance of counsel claim, and, even if
not waived, he did not provide any explanation of how the
materials listed in his brief were subject to a privilege, and
that the Fifth Amendment privilege was inapplicable because
Lambright refused to answer questions regarding his crime of
conviction.

   The district court issued its decision on May 4, 2010. The
court denied the motion to disqualify the Arizona Attorney
General’s Office from representing Respondents, finding that
there was no pending “trial” and that “any testimony from
[its] lawyers or staff would be in regard to the ‘nature . . . of
legal services rendered in the case’ and thus exempt from [the
advocate-witness rule].” The court also denied the motion for
discovery and an evidentiary hearing on the violation of the
order, finding that based on the sworn affidavits by the Ari-
zona Attorney General’s Office attorneys, “there are no dis-
puted issues of material fact.” The court found that Lambright
did not suffer any prejudice from the disclosure of the file to
the Pima County Attorney’s Office because the materials had
not been used at his resentencing proceeding, and because
Lambright had failed to show that those materials could not
have been obtained from public records of the federal eviden-
tiary hearing. Although the court acknowledged that Respon-
dents violated the “plain language of the protective order,” it
agreed that the file was “inadvertently” sent and, rather than
preclude the use of the materials, the court directed the
retrieval of the file as a sanction.

  The district court then addressed the modification of the
protective order. The court held that because the “protective
order . . . does not state that it applied retroactively . . . the
                      LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN                   12503
only materials that fall within the scope of the order are those
that were disclosed after the order issued on September 23,
2003.” The court further held that Lambright did not rely on
the protective order because he engaged in discovery prior to
its issuance, had “sought only a narrow protective order,” and
refused to answer questions related to the crime of conviction
even after the order was issued. The court acknowledged that
it “inadvertently omitted the word ‘privileged’ in its protec-
tive order,” but held that “it is apparent when considered in
context with the original motion and oral argument in support
of the motion, that the Court intended its protective order to
address only the concerns set forth in Bean and Bittaker.”
Although Lambright identified materials that he claimed were
privileged, and thus should remain subject to the protective
order, the court rejected the assertion of privilege, faulting
Lambright for failing to explain the basis for the privilege
asserted. The court also declined to extend protection to non-
privileged material, based on the “status quo” language from
Bittaker, reasoning that upholding the broad protective order
would lead to duplicative discovery in the resentencing pro-
ceeding. Lastly, the court found that all evidence presented
during the federal evidentiary hearing became public record
because Lambright did not request that any materials be
sealed. The court held that the assurances given to Lambright
during the evidentiary hearing concerned only his testimony
about the crime and not all materials introduced during the
evidentiary hearing. Accordingly, the district court modified
the protective order so that it would “remain in effect only as
to the transcript of [Lambright’s] deposition,” but granted a
stay pending appeal.

  This appeal followed.
12504                      LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN
                             DISCUSSION

                                      I.

    We first address the modification of the protective order,
and review for abuse of discretion. See Beckman Indus., Inc.
v. Int’l Ins. Co., 966 F.2d 470, 472 (9th Cir. 1992) (“The court
reviews the grant of a protective order for abuse of discretion,
. . . as well as a request to modify a protective order.”) (cita-
tions omitted).2 “In general terms we have held that a district
court abuses its discretion when it makes an error of law,
when it rests its decision on clearly erroneous findings of fact,
or when we are left with a definite and firm conviction that
the district court committed a clear error of judgment.” United
States v. Ressam, 679 F.3d 1069, 1086 (9th Cir. 2012) (en
banc) (internal quotation marks, alteration, and citation omit-
ted). Even if the district court identifies the correct legal stan-
dard, it abuses its discretion if its “application of the correct
legal standard was (1) illogical, (2) implausible, or (3) without
support in inferences that may be drawn from the facts in the
record.” United States v. Hinkson, 585 F.3d 1247, 1262 (9th
Cir. 2009) (en banc) (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted).

                                     A.

   [1] As noted above, the district court, in considering the
scope of the protective order, determined that it covered only
materials produced after the order was issued on September
23, 2003. This determination was an abuse of discretion for
two reasons. First, its interpretation of the text of the protec-
tive order is illogical. The district court reasoned that the pro-
  2
   We note that although this appeal arises out of habeas proceedings at
the district court level, no certificate of appealability is required for us to
exercise jurisdiction since we are not reviewing the district court’s “final
order[ ] that dispose[s] of the merits of [the] habeas corpus proceeding.”
Harbison v. Bell, 556 U.S. 180, 183 (2009).
                       LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN                   12505
tective order applied only to those materials produced after its
issuance because the order did not specifically state that it
applied retroactively. The order, however, states that it applies
to “all discovery granted to Respondents” and to “[a]ny infor-
mation, documents and materials obtained vis-a-vis the dis-
covery process.” The common meaning of the word “all” is
“the whole amount, quantity, or extent of; as much as possi-
ble,” and the common meaning of the word “any” is “one or
some indiscriminately of whatever kind: one or another taken
at random; every — used to indicate one selected without
restriction.” All and Any Definition, Merriam-Webster Dictio-
nary, http://www.m-w.com (last visited October 4, 2012). The
absence of a specific statement that the order applies retroac-
tively does not alter the ordinary meanings of these words. To
the contrary, in the absence of any limitation, the only logical
reading of the order is that it applies to the entirety of materi-
als produced in the federal habeas proceeding, whether before
or after issuance of the protective order. It is illogical to say,
as the district court does here, that the words “all” and “any”
do not really mean “all” and “any” but instead mean “only the
materials produced after this order.” Nothing in the record
supports the district court’s reading of the order. Its attempt
to limit the scope of the order to those materials produced
after September 23, 2003, is illogical and therefore an abuse
of discretion. See Hinkson, 585 F.3d at 1262. The dissent
argues that we should not read the text of the September 23
order literally because it was issued in response to a motion
that “only sought prospective relief for testimony to be given
at a deposition.” Dissent at 12533. This argument ignores the
fact that the district judge himself instructed the parties to
look to the text of his order in order to determine its scope.
After oral argument on September 19, 2003, the court indi-
cated it intended to grant a protective order and Lambright’s
counsel asked what its scope would be. The district judge
responded: “Well, it will be set out. I will issue an order that
will describe what that is.” We take the district judge at his
word.
12506                 LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN
   [2] Second, the district court abused its discretion because
it had a duty to enter a protective order prior to ordering the
disclosure of privileged materials. In Bittaker, we delineated
the scope of the waiver of the attorney-client and work prod-
uct privileges when a federal habeas petitioner raises a claim
of ineffective assistance of counsel. 331 F.3d at 716-17, 722
n.6. We held that, although that petitioner impliedly waives
his attorney-client privilege, such waiver is narrow and does
not extend beyond the adjudication of the ineffectiveness
claim in the federal habeas proceeding. Id. at 720-25. In order
to protect that limited waiver, we stated that

    district courts have the obligation, whenever they
    permit discovery of attorney-client materials as rele-
    vant to the defense of ineffective assistance of coun-
    sel claims in habeas cases, to ensure that the party
    given such access does not disclose these materials,
    except to the extent necessary in the habeas proceed-
    ing . . . .

Id. at 727-28 (emphasis added). We explained that parties in
habeas cases, “unlike those in ordinary civil cases, have no
right to discovery,” and that discovery is available if, and only
“to the extent that, the judge in the exercise of his discretion
and for good cause shown grants leave to do so.” Id. at 728
(internal quotation marks and citations omitted). “If a district
court exercises its discretion to allow such discovery . . . , it
must ensure compliance with the fairness principle. To that
end, it must enter appropriate orders clearly delineating the
contours of the limited waiver before the commencement of
discovery, and strictly police those limits thereafter.” Id.
(emphasis added).

   [3] Despite this clear holding, the dissent insists that Bit-
taker does not require the protective order to be issued at the
commencement of discovery on a habeas petitioner’s ineffec-
tive assistance claim because “the doctrine of implied waiver
does not arise when a habeas petition is filed, but only once
                           LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN                           12507
a defendant brings a question of privilege to the court’s atten-
tion.” Dissent at 12536. We disagree. The defendant
impliedly waives his attorney-client privilege the moment he
files a habeas petition alleging ineffective assistance of counsel.3
See Bittaker, 331 F.3d at 716 (“It has long been the rule in the
federal courts that, where a habeas petitioner raises a claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel, he waives the attorney-client
privilege as to all communications with his allegedly ineffec-
tive lawyer.”); see also id. at 719 (quoting 3 Jack B. Wein-
stein & Margaret A. Berger, Weinstein’s Federal Evidence
§ 503.41[1], at 503-104.1 to .2 (Joseph M. McLaughlin ed.,
2d ed. 2003) for the proposition that attorney-client privilege
“may be found to have been waived by implication when a
party takes a position in litigation that makes it unfair to pro-
tect that party’s attorney-client communications” (emphasis
added)). Subsequent orders by the district court merely serve
to clarify the scope of the waiver. This is why a district court
is obligated under Bittaker to issue a protective order prior to
authorizing discovery on a defendant’s ineffective assistance
claim “to ensure compliance with the fairness principle.”4 Bit-
taker, 331 F.3d at 728.

   [4] Here, the district court entered an order in July 2001,
authorizing the parties to engage in discovery. After that, the
court entered several orders for production of information and
materials to Respondents, including: several orders starting in
June 2002, ordering Lambright and Respondents to disclose
the names of all of his witnesses and to provide a summary
of their anticipated testimony, to exchange expert reports, to
   3
     For the same reason, the dissent’s argument that Lambright expressly,
rather than impliedly, waived his attorney-client privilege is incorrect. The
privilege was impliedly waived when Lambright filed his ineffective assis-
tance claim, so he could not later expressly waive the privilege by simply
disclosing privileged documents without objection.
   4
     Contrary to the dissent’s assertions, we do not hold that a district court
must issue a protective order the moment a habeas petitioner asserts an
ineffective assistance of counsel claim. It must, however, do so prior to
authorizing discovery on such a claim. Bittaker, 331 F.3d at 728.
12508                     LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN
engage in informal discovery including witness interviews
and document exchanges without further court supervision,
and to produce all raw data and information used by the
experts; an order in February 2003, granting Respondents
access to Lambright’s medical and mental health records from
the Arizona Department of Corrections; two orders in July
2003, granting Respondents’ motions to allow state experts to
examine Lambright; and an order in August 2003, allowing
Respondents to depose Lambright and his trial counsel, and
authorizing the deposition of experts.5 Yet, the district court
did not enter the protective order until September 23, 2003,
after Lambright filed a motion raising concerns about his
deposition testimony, and only two months prior to the evi-
dentiary hearing. Under Bittaker, however, the district court
had the obligation, in ordering the production of discovery on
the ineffective assistance of counsel claim, to “enter appropri-
ate orders clearly delineating the contours of the limited
waiver before the commencement of discovery.” 331 F.3d at
728 (emphasis added). The court knew that Lambright, in his
federal habeas petition, was litigating the ineffectiveness of
his sentencing counsel, and that engaging in discovery neces-
sarily meant that Lambright would be forced to reveal infor-
mation protected by the attorney-client and work product
privileges. As a consequence, the court had “the obligation,
[in] permit[ting] discovery of attorney-client materials as rele-
  5
    The dissent, on the basis of its review of the district court docket,
claims that none of these orders can be interpreted as ordering discovery
that might include material that was protected by the attorney-client privi-
lege or the privilege against self-incrimination. This argument simply
ignores the content of many of the orders listed on the docket. For exam-
ple, on June 18, 2002 and September 13, 2002, the court ordered the par-
ties to engage in “informal discovery, such as witness interviews and
exchange of documents” which would have included attorney-client privi-
leged documents. And, as mentioned above, the district court’s August 26,
2003 order expressly authorized the deposition of Lambright and his attor-
ney. We have no idea how our dissenting colleague can interpret these
orders as not authorizing discovery that would include privileged informa-
tion.
                      LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN                    12509
vant to the defense of ineffective assistance of counsel
claim[ ], to ensure that the party given such access does not
disclose these materials, except to the extent necessary in the
habeas proceeding.” Id. at 727-28 (emphasis added). Its fail-
ure to enter the protective order prior to September 2003, as
required under Bittaker, was an error of law and thus an abuse
of discretion. See Ressam, 679 F.3d at 1086.

                               B.

   [5] The district court, citing Foltz v. State Farm Mut. Auto
Ins. Co., 331 F.3d 1122, 1134 (9th Cir. 2003), also held that,
because Lambright did not attempt to seal any discovery
materials submitted during the evidentiary hearing, those
materials became part of the public record and are no longer
covered by the protective order. This determination also con-
stitutes an abuse of discretion. First, there is no indication in
Bittaker that the protective order entered by the district court
is insufficient by itself to protect the narrow waiver of the
attorney-client and work product privileges and to prevent the
disclosure and use of materials in a resentencing proceeding.
Bittaker offers no reason to provide less protection for privi-
leged information disclosed in an evidentiary hearing than for
privileged information disclosed during pretrial discovery. In
fact, where, as here and in Bittaker, the purpose of a protec-
tive order is to allow a party to disclose materials in a habeas
proceeding but not in subsequent litigation (as opposed to
shielding the evidence from the public), it would render the
order practically useless to hold that disclosing the materials
in the habeas hearing deprives that material of protection in
the subsequent litigation. Moreover, the language in Bittaker
supports the conclusion that its holding extends to the entire
habeas litigation, not to pretrial discovery only. In that case,
we explained that the state courts “remain free, of course, to
determine whether [the petitioner] waived his attorney-client
privilege on some basis other than his disclosure of privileged
information during the course of the federal litigation.” 331
F.3d at 726 (second emphasis added); see also id. at 722
12510                 LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN
(“[W]e can conceive of no federal interest in enlarging the
scope of the waiver beyond what is needed to litigate the
claim of ineffective assistance of counsel in federal court. A
waiver that limits the use of privileged communications to
adjudicating the ineffective assistance of counsel claim fully
serves federal interests.”) (emphasis added). Thus, under Bit-
taker, disclosure of protected material “during the course of
the federal litigation” remains protected. Id. at 726. This nec-
essarily extends beyond the discovery phase and includes the
evidentiary hearing during which the petitioner presents his
claim to the district court.

   [6] Foltz is not to the contrary. In Foltz we explained that
materials that are sealed during discovery presumptively may
not remain sealed once they are filed with the court for public
policy reasons unless the materials in questions are of a type
that “have traditionally been kept secret for important policy
reasons.” 331 F.3d at 1134 (internal quotation marks and cita-
tion omitted). Attorney-client privileged materials, of course,
are archetypical examples of material that has traditionally
been kept secret for important policy reasons. See, e.g.,
United States v. Jicarilla Apache Nation, 131 S. Ct. 2313,
2320 (2011). Consequently, the protective order was suffi-
cient to protect Lambright from the disclosure and use of pro-
tected materials at resentencing, and his counsel was not
required to seal the evidentiary hearing in order to ensure that
such materials remained protected. The contrary determina-
tion by the district court constituted an error of law, and thus
an abuse of discretion. See Ressam, 679 F.3d at 1086.

   [7] Second, Lambright was entitled to rely on the assur-
ances by the district judge, made during the evidentiary hear-
ing, that the protective order extended to evidence introduced
at the hearing. During the evidentiary hearing, after Lam-
bright invoked his Fifth Amendment right to refuse to answer
questions regarding his crime of conviction, the district judge
stated to Lambright that he had “issued a protective order so
that should the petition be granted . . . your testimony con-
                      LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN                    12511
cerning the crimes in this case that you would not otherwise
answer but decide to answer could not be used against you in
connection with that hearing.” The judge further reassured
Lambright that his testimony could not be used against him
at resentencing because “that is the order that I have entered.”
It is clear from this exchange that the district judge assured
Lambright that the protective order would cover the evidence
at the evidentiary hearing, not just the material exchanged
during discovery.

   In its order, the district court attempted to limit the scope
of its assurances, stating that “[t]he record is clear that the
Court offered during the evidentiary hearing an extension of
the discovery protective order solely to protect any testimony
by [Lambright] concerning the underlying crime.” The assur-
ances, however, were not meant as an “extension of the dis-
covery protective order.” The district judge represented to
Lambright and his counsel that the protective order, as issued,
fully covered the evidentiary hearing. At no point during the
exchange at the evidentiary hearing did the judge suggest that
he was extending or somehow modifying the scope of the pro-
tective order to cover the evidence at the hearing. Rather, the
judge stated that he “ha[d] issued a protective order” that cov-
ered the testimony offered at the hearing. (emphasis added).
The judge refers to the protective order, as already issued,
protecting statements made during the evidentiary hearing.
After Lambright’s counsel objected, specifically expressing a
concern that “matters brought up in a hearing like this can
later be used in a resentencing,” the district judge again
referred to the protection of “the order that I have entered.”
(emphasis added). To use the testimony from the evidentiary
hearing at the resentencing, the judge assured Lambright, the
state court “would have to disregard the protective order that
I have issued.” (emphasis added). Notably, the district judge
did not say that the state court would have to disregard his
statements at the evidentiary hearing; rather, he referred to the
protection granted by the already issued order. Clearly, the
judge was not extending the protective order, as the district
12512                 LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN
court now attempts to argue, but giving assurances regarding
the scope of the already issued order. Moreover, although the
assurances were made in the context of the testimony regard-
ing the crime, as that was the testimony Lambright refused to
give, there is no reason to believe that the protective order
applied with any less force to other protected material intro-
duced during the evidentiary hearing.

   [8] Thus, because the district judge assured Lambright and
his counsel that the protective ordered covered evidence pre-
sented during the evidentiary hearing, Lambright was not
required to seal the proceedings to protect his interests. Based
on the assurances, Lambright reasonably believed that the
protective order was sufficient to safeguard his rights, and that
seeking to seal the proceedings “would have been redundant.”
This court has held that “the explicit assurances that a judge
makes . . . must be consistent and worthy of reliance.” Perry
v. Brown, 667 F.3d 1078, 1087 (9th Cir. 2012). “Because
[Lambright] reasonably relied on [the assurances by the dis-
trict judge that the protective order covered the evidentiary
hearing], the setting aside of [that] commitment[ ] would
compromise the integrity of the judicial process. The interest
in preserving respect for our system of justice is clearly a
compelling reason for” extending the protection of the order,
notwithstanding the fact that the materials are now public
record. Id. at 1088. In light of the assurances by the district
court, the conclusion that Lambright forfeited protection of
materials introduced during the evidentiary hearing was “(1)
illogical, (2) implausible, or (3) without support in inferences
that may be drawn from the facts in the record,” and thus an
abuse of discretion. Hinkson, 585 F.3d at 1262 (internal quo-
tation marks and citation omitted).

                               C.

   Lambright, in his supplemental brief to the district court,
identified the materials he asserted were covered under the
protective order because of the attorney-client, work product,
                       LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN                   12513
or Fifth Amendment privileges. The district court rejected the
claim that the documents listed by Lambright in his supple-
mental brief should be protected because “it is simply not
clear from [his] brief how or why the attorney-client or work-
product privilege applies to these materials,” and because
Lambright had not “identified any compelled testimony . . .
or otherwise explained how the Fifth Amendment right
against self-incrimination is relevant to the . . . documents.”
In doing so, the district court abused its discretion.

   [9] The district court faulted Lambright for not providing
an explanation of how or why the privilege applied to each
item identified. The supplemental briefing order, however,
only required that Lambright “set forth inter alia the specific
statements or information he contends are privileged and
should be protected from use at his resentencing.” That is, the
district court asked that Lambright identify the documents he
believed should remain protected. It did not require that Lam-
bright show, for each material identified, why the asserted
privilege applied. It is true that a “party asserting an evidenti-
ary privilege has the burden to demonstrate that the privilege
applies to the information in question.” United States v. Gray,
876 F.2d 1411, 1415 (9th Cir.1989). Given the wording of the
order, however, it was not unreasonable for Lambright to
believe, as he asserts on appeal, that the “grounds for claiming
the privilege were hardly ‘unclear’ to the district court,” and
that no explanation was required for the district court to rule
on the modification of the order. Faulting Lambright for fail-
ing to make a showing that the briefing order did not require
him to make was “(1) illogical, (2) implausible, or (3) without
support in inferences that may be drawn from the facts in the
record,” and the district court thus abused its discretion. Hink-
son, 585 F.3d at 1262 (internal quotation marks and citation
omitted).

   [10] The district court also abused its discretion in holding
that Lambright had not shown that the Fifth Amendment priv-
ilege applied because he had not demonstrated that his testi-
12514                 LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN
mony was compelled. It was not necessary for Lambright to
show that his testimony was compelled. The Fifth Amend-
ment prohibits use of his testimony at resentencing so long as
it could be used to establish aggravating factors or to under-
mine his claim of mitigating factors, Estelle v. Smith, 451
U.S. 454, 462-63 (1981), and offering it was necessary to vin-
dicate his constitutional rights in the habeas proceeding, Sim-
mons v. United States, 390 U.S. 377, 388-94 (1968). Thus, a
waiver of the Fifth Amendment privilege is subject to the
same limits imposed on the waiver of the attorney-client and
work product privileges in Bittaker. That is, the waiver of the
Fifth Amendment privilege in a habeas proceeding is narrow
and courts must limit the use of any privileged testimony to
litigation of the habeas claim. In Bittaker, we explained that
a waiver of the attorney-client and work product privileges
was implied out of fairness to the State, in that a habeas peti-
tioner could not use “the privilege as both a shield and a
sword.” 331 F.3d at 719. “The court thus gives the holder of
the privilege a choice: If you want to litigate this claim, then
you must waive your privilege to the extent necessary to give
your opponent a fair opportunity to defend against it.” Id. at
720. Similarly, a waiver of the Fifth Amendment privilege is
implied out of fairness to the State, and the petitioner is given
a choice: If you want to litigate this claim, which puts your
mental health and state of mind at the time of the crime at
issue, you must waive your privilege to the extent necessary
to allow the State a fair opportunity to defend against such
claim. As in Bittaker, this justification means “that the court
must impose a waiver no broader than needed to ensure the
fairness of the proceedings before it.” Id. Most important, fail-
ure to impose a narrow waiver “would force [the petitioner]
to the painful choice of, on the one hand, asserting his ineffec-
tive assistance claim and risking a trial where the prosecution
can use against him” any statements he may have made dur-
ing the habeas proceeding “and, on the other hand, retaining
the privilege but” abandoning his claim. Id. at 723. “This
would violate the spirit, and perhaps the letter, of Simmons,”
                      LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN                    12515
where the Supreme Court explained that “it would be consti-
tutionally unacceptable to require a criminal defendant to
choose between two constitutional rights.” Id. at 723 & n.7
(emphasis in original). It is true that in some circumstances
petitioners, including Lambright, are permitted to refuse to
answer questions by asserting their Fifth Amendment privi-
lege. The court, however, is permitted to draw a negative
inference against the petitioner, which could jeopardize his
chances of vindicating his constitutional rights. Moreover,
some claims, such as the one asserted by Lambright in this
case, cannot be asserted without some waiver of the privilege.
Simply put, Lambright could not simultaneously put his men-
tal health at issue and then refuse to answer questions from
mental health experts by asserting his Fifth Amendment privi-
lege. Finally, the logic that a habeas petitioner should not be
disadvantaged at retrial because his constitutional rights were
violated in his first trial applies equally whether the disadvan-
tage is the disclosure of attorney-client materials or the waiver
of the Fifth Amendment privilege. See id. at 722. Therefore,
as in Bittaker, the district court is required to ensure that,
whenever a waiver of the Fifth Amendment privilege against
self-incrimination is required to allow the State to fairly
defend against a habeas claim, such waiver is narrow and the
court must limit the use of any privileged material to the liti-
gation of the habeas claim. Because the district court failed to
recognize this narrow waiver, and required Lambright to
show that his testimony was compelled, it committed an error
of law and therefore abused its discretion. See Ressam, 679
F.3d at 1086.

  Moreover, in ruling on the modification of the protective
order without the information necessary to make a proper
determination, the district court abused its discretion. District
courts have the obligation to “strictly police” the limits of
habeas petitioners’ narrow waivers of the attorney-client,
work product and Fifth Amendment privileges during habeas
proceedings. Bittaker, 331 F.3d at 728. The district court does
not fulfill that obligation when it modifies a protective order
12516                 LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN
and releases materials arguably subject to those privileges
without first giving the petitioner a full opportunity to explain
why such materials should remain protected. Yet that is what
the court did in this case. In disregarding its obligation to
“strictly police” the limits of the waivers of those privileges
and releasing materials for use at resentencing without the
information necessary to determine the appropriateness of
such action, the district court abused its discretion.

   [11] Lambright also asserts that certain non-privileged
materials should remain protected, pursuant to Bittaker, “to
restore him to the position he would have occupied, had the
first trial been constitutionally error-free.” 331 F.3d at 722.
The district court rejected this argument, finding “no support
for such an expansive reading of Bittaker,” and reasoning
that, taken to its logical conclusion, such a broad interpreta-
tion of the order would require that the materials developed
by Lambright in the federal habeas proceeding be kept from
his state sentencing counsel, forcing him to enlist new experts
and reinvestigate mitigation. We hold that the district court
did not abuse its discretion. To support his argument that non-
privileged materials should be covered by the protective order
and barred from use at resentencing, Lambright relies solely
on language from our decision in Bittaker, stating: “If a pris-
oner is successful in persuading a federal court to grant the
writ, the court should aim to restore him to the position he
would have occupied, had the first trial been constitutionally
error-free.” 331 F.3d at 722. This language, when read in iso-
lation, seems broad. When read in context, however, it is clear
that we were concerned with the disclosure of privileged
materials, which the prosecution would not have had access
to absent the constitutional error that necessitated a federal
habeas proceeding. Lambright does not provide any other
support for his position that non-privileged materials dis-
closed in the course of a federal habeas proceeding must be
excluded from use at a resentencing. As such, we hold that the
district court did not abuse its discretion in modifying the pro-
                      LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN                   12517
tective order authorizing the disclosure of non-privileged
materials to the Pima County Attorney’s Office.

                              D.

   For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the district
court abused its discretion in granting Respondents’ motion to
modify the protective order as to materials covered by the
attorney-client, work product, and Fifth Amendment privi-
leges. The district court abused its discretion in holding that
the protective order did not apply to any materials exchanged
prior to its issuance; the clear text of the order covers all
materials, not just those exchanged after the issuance of the
order and, in any event, the district court had an obligation to
enter the protective order prior to the commencement of dis-
covery in the federal habeas proceeding. The September 23,
2003 protective order, therefore, applies retroactively. The
district court also abused its discretion in holding that any
materials lost protection under the order because Lambright
failed to move to seal the evidentiary hearing; the protective
order was sufficient to protect Lambright from the disclosure
and use of privileged materials and, moreover, he was entitled
to rely on the district court’s assurances that the protective
order covered materials introduced at the evidentiary hearing.
Finally, the district court abused its discretion in modifying
the protective order without determining whether materials
were covered under the attorney-client, work product or Fifth
Amendment privileges; the district court did not request that
Lambright explain the basis for asserting that certain materials
were privileged, and thus erred in faulting him for failing to
do so, and also erred in failing to recognize the limited waiver
of the Fifth Amendment privilege when a petitioner asserts a
habeas claim. We therefore vacate that portion of the May 4,
2010 order and remand to the district court for further pro-
ceedings.

 We affirm, however, the portion of the May 4, 2010 order
modifying the protective order as to non-privileged materials.
12518                 LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN
The portion of Bittaker that Lambright relies on concerns the
disclosure of privileged materials, and Lambright has offered
no other argument for why non-privileged materials should be
excluded from use at his resentencing.

                              II.

   We now turn to the denial of the motion for discovery and
an evidentiary hearing on the sanctions issue, and for disquali-
fication of the Arizona Attorney General’s Office from repre-
senting Respondents at the sanctions evidentiary hearing, and
we review for abuse of discretion. See Paladin Assocs., Inc.
v. Montana Power Co., 328 F.3d 1145, 1164-65 (9th Cir.
2003) (reviewing district court’s imposition of sanctions and
refusal to hold evidentiary hearing prior to imposing sanctions
for abuse of discretion); United States v. Frega, 179 F.3d 793,
799 (9th Cir. 1999) (reviewing district court’s ruling on
motion for disqualification of counsel for abuse of discretion).

                              A.

   In Lambright III, we remanded to the district court with
instructions to “resolve any disputed factual questions and
make factual findings regarding the circumstances surround-
ing, and the extent and effect of, the violation” of the protec-
tive order prior to determining “whether sanctions are
warranted.” 359 F. App’x at 840. On remand, the court
ordered supplemental briefing from Respondents to explain
the violation of the protective order and any prejudice that
resulted from such violation, and afforded Lambright an
opportunity to respond. After considering the supplemental
briefing and affidavits submitted by the Arizona Attorney
General’s Office, the court held that “neither discovery nor a
hearing are necessary because there are no disputed issues of
material fact.” The court noted that Lambright would like the
opportunity to cross-examine the Arizona Attorney General’s
Office to verify their story, but, after considering the chal-
lenges to their credibility raised by Lambright, found that
                       LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN                   12519
“there is no basis for questioning the affiants’ veracity and
holding a hearing to have counsel restate what is already in
their affidavits would be a waste of time and resources.” The
court thus determined that it had “sufficient knowledge of the
facts to consider” the motion for sanctions. Considering those
facts, the court found that Respondents “violated the plain
language of the protective order when they provided materials
obtained through the discovery process to the Pima County
Attorney without first seeking modification of the protective
order,” but that this was done “without willful intent to dis-
obey” the order. Finally, the court determined that an order
directing Respondents to retrieve the materials subject to the
protective order was an appropriate sanction because “such
sanction will restore the parties to the position they were in
had Respondents not violated the protective order.”

   “When necessary, the district court may hold an evidentiary
hearing on a motion for sanctions.” Wyle v. R.J. Reynolds
Indus., Inc., 709 F.2d 585, 592 (9th Cir. 1983). Hence, the
district court has the discretion, but is not required, to hold an
evidentiary hearing prior to imposing sanctions on a party.
Indeed, in cases in which the sanctioned party argued that it
was deprived of due process because the district court failed
to conduct an evidentiary hearing, where the standard is nec-
essarily higher than it is here, as Lambright does not raise a
due process argument, we have held that “[t]he opportunity to
brief the issue fully satisfies due process requirements.” Pac.
Harbor Capital, Inc. v. Carnival Air Lines, Inc., 210 F.3d
1112, 1118 (9th Cir. 2000).

   [12] Here, both parties were afforded an opportunity to
fully brief the sanctions issue. Respondents submitted evi-
dence to support their arguments that the violation of the pro-
tective order was inadvertent and did not cause prejudice, and
Lambright had the opportunity to challenge that evidence and
present his arguments in support of his position. The district
court gave careful consideration to all of the evidence and
arguments raised by the parties, and ultimately concluded that
12520                  LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN
the material facts were not disputed and that, although
Respondents violated the protective order, such violation was
inadvertent and thus a severe sanction was not warranted.
Instead, the court determined that ordering Respondents to
retrieve the file from the Pima County Attorney’s Office was
an appropriate sanction because it returned the parties to the
same position they were in prior to the violation. The district
court did not commit an error of law, and we cannot say that
its findings were “(1) illogical, (2) implausible, or (3) without
support in inferences that may be drawn from the facts in the
record.” Hinkson, 585 F.3d at 1262 (internal quotation marks
and citation omitted). Therefore, the court did not abuse its
discretion in failing to hold an evidentiary hearing prior to the
imposition of sanctions on Respondents for violating the pro-
tective order.

  Because we hold that the district court did not err in failing
to hold an evidentiary hearing on the sanctions issue, the
motion for disqualification of the Arizona Attorney General’s
Office from representing Respondents at that hearing is moot.

                        CONCLUSION

   We affirm the portion of the district court’s May 4, 2010
order excluding non-privileged materials from the coverage of
its protective order, but we hold that it erred in holding that:
(1) the protective order applied only to privileged materials
produced after its issuance; (2) the privileged materials intro-
duced at the evidentiary hearing were no longer covered by
the protective order because Lambright failed to move to seal
the evidentiary hearing; and (3) the materials identified by
Lambright as privileged were not protected because he failed
to support his assertion of privilege by submitting written jus-
tifications to the district court. We therefore vacate those por-
tions of the order pertaining to the numbered clauses supra.
On remand, the district court shall allow Lambright an oppor-
tunity to support his assertions of privilege as to materials that
he identified as protected by the attorney-client, work product,
                      LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN                    12521
and Fifth Amendment privileges, and shall determine which
materials fall within a privilege and are thus covered by the
protective order.

   We also conclude that the district court did not abuse its
discretion in failing to hold an evidentiary hearing prior to the
imposition of a sanction on Respondents for violating the pro-
tective order, and thus that the sanction, trivial as it may be,
was not invalid. Accordingly, we affirm that portion of the
May 4, 2010 order as well. We do not reach the question
whether the district court abused its discretion in denying the
motion to disqualify the Arizona Attorney General’s Office
from representing Respondents at the sanctions evidentiary
hearing, as that issue is now moot.

  AFFIRMED in part; VACATED in part; REMANDED.
Each party shall bear its own costs on appeal.

CALLAHAN, Circuit Judge, dissenting:

   I agree with the majority that the district court did not
abuse its discretion in denying the motion for discovery and
an evidentiary hearing. I also agree that the district court
properly modified its protective order so as to exclude from
its coverage non-privileged materials. However, I dissent
because the majority, in finding that the district court abused
its discretion in modifying its protective order, distorts the
applicable law as set forth in our en banc opinion, Bittaker v.
Woodford, 331 F.3d 715 (9th Cir. 2003), and misperceives the
facts in the case. An implied waiver, as Bittaker explains,
arises only once a specific claim of privilege is presented to
a court and any resulting protective order is forward-looking.
Lambright did not seek a protective order until September
2003, after 15 months of discovery, the protective order
sought only to limit the scope of Lambright’s deposition, and
Lambright subsequently declined to testify. Accordingly,
12522                    LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN
there was no implied waiver prior to the district court’s Sep-
tember 2003 order, and that order does not cover the discov-
ery that took place before it was entered. Moreover,
Lambright has not shown that any rights he may have had to
a protective order were not waived, or that the State should be
denied access on resentencing to materials that were revealed
during Lambright’s habeas proceedings that were open to the
public. Accordingly, I dissent.

                    I.    BACKGROUND

  A.    Initial Proceedings

  The majority’s extraordinary interpretation of the district
court’s 2003 protective order is best understood in the context
of the history of Lambright’s criminal proceedings.

   In March of 1982, Joe Leonard Lambright was convicted
of first degree murder, kidnaping, and sexual assault. After a
brief sentencing proceeding in which the sentencing judge
found one aggravating factor — that the “offense was com-
mitted in an especially heinous, cruel or depraved manner” —
and no substantial mitigating evidence, Lambright was sen-
tenced to death. See Lambright v. Schriro, 490 F.3d 1103,
1106, 1109 (9th Cir. 2007) (“Lambright III”).

   Lambright’s conviction and sentence were affirmed by the
Arizona courts on direct appeal and in state post-conviction
proceedings. Id. at 1104. In April 1987, Lambright filed a fed-
eral habeas petition under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 in the United
States District Court for Arizona, arguing inter alia that he
had been denied effective assistance of counsel. The district
court denied the petition, and Lambright appealed.

  In 1999, the Ninth Circuit reversed Lambright’s conviction
on the ground that the use of dual juries for a single trial of
both Lambright and Smith violated due process. The en banc
court then reheard the case, reversed the panel decision, and
                      LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN                    12523
affirmed the denial of habeas relief with respect to the dual
jury issue. Lambright v. Stewart, 167 F.3d 477 (9th Cir.),
rev’d, 191 F.3d 1181 (9th Cir. 1999) (en banc) (“Lambright
I”).

   In 2001, this court found that Lambright had raised a color-
able claim of ineffective assistance of counsel at sentencing.
The court remanded for an evidentiary hearing “to determine
whether Lambright was denied effective assistance of counsel
at sentencing because of the failure to investigate and present
evidence of his psychiatric condition and social history.”
Lambright v. Stewart, 241 F.3d 1201, 1208 (9th Cir. 2001)
(“Lambright II”).

  B.   The Proceedings on Remand in 2002-2003

   Upon receipt of a certified copy of our order, the district
judge set the case for a scheduling conference, and granted
Lambright’s motion for appointment of associate counsel.
Lambright sought authorization of expenditures, and when the
district court initially denied the motion, Lambright submitted
a declaration under seal. The district court granted the motion
to file under seal, and in February 2002, it subsequently
granted the motion for authorization of expenditures of funds.
Over the next year and a half, Lambright, through his counsel,
vigorously developed his case. There are over 80 docket
entries during this time, including motions by Lambright to
seal certain documents, the appointment of psychiatrists to
examine Lambright, orders allowing contact visits with Lam-
bright, stipulations concerning visits, orders requiring the dis-
closure of the names of all lay and expert witnesses, the
release of Lambright’s medical and mental health records, and
motions for discovery by Lambright.

   On August 26, 2003, the court granted the State’s motion
to depose Lambright and his trial counsel. On September 2,
2003, in response to that order, Lambright filed the motion for
a protective order that is at the heart of this appeal. Lambright
12524                 LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN
requested “a protective order limiting the scope of questioning
of Petitioner at his deposition, to only those matters which are
relevant to the subject matter in dispute.” The short memoran-
dum of points and authorities in support of the motion was
based on Lambright’s Fifth Amendment right not to be com-
pelled to be a witness against himself.

  In considering the motion, the district court relied on two
cases, Bittaker v. Woodford, 331 F.3d 715 (9th Cir. 2003) (en
banc), and Bean v. Calderon, 166 F.R.D. 452 (E.D. Cal.
1996). On September 23, 2003, the district court granted
Lambright’s motion in an order that read:

    IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that all discovery
    granted to Respondents, including the requests to
    depose sentencing counsel Brogna, Petitioner’s
    experts and Petitioner, shall be deemed to be confi-
    dential. Any information, documents and materials
    obtained vis-a-vis the discovery process may be used
    only by representatives from the Office of the Ari-
    zona Attorney General and only for purposes of any
    proceedings incident to litigating the claims pre-
    sented in the petition for writ of habeas corpus (and
    all amendments thereto) pending before this Court.
    None may be disclosed to any other persons or agen-
    cies, including any other law enforcement or pro-
    secutorial personnel or agencies, without an order
    from this Court. This Order shall continue in effect
    after the conclusion of the habeas corpus proceed-
    ings and specifically shall apply in the event of a
    resentencing, except that either party maintains the
    right to request modification or vacation of this
    Order upon entry of final judgment in this matter.

    IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Respondents’
    deposition of Petitioner must specifically relate to
    assertions Petitioner has made in this habeas petition
    (or amendments thereto), and for which it is likely
                      LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN                   12525
    that Petitioner has personal knowledge. The ques-
    tions must be phrased in such a manner that they are
    directly linked to the federal claim upon which Peti-
    tioner is being deposed. Petitioner may assert his
    Fifth Amendment privilege, but the assertion of that
    privilege may be cause for the Court to draw an
    adverse inference in this habeas proceeding.

   Despite the September 23, 2003, protective order, and
despite the court’s warnings that Lambright’s refusal to
answer could be considered in determining whether he had
carried his burden of proof, Lambright refused to testify. The
case proceeded to a hearing, and, in August 2004, the district
court denied Lambright’s ineffective assistance of counsel
claim. Lambright appealed. The Ninth Circuit concluded that
Lambright had received ineffective assistance of counsel,
reversed the district court, vacated the death sentence, and
remanded with instructions to grant the writ. Lambright III,
490 F.3d 1103.

  C. The District Court’s 2008 Modification of the
  Protective Order

   In October 2008, after the case had been returned to the dis-
trict court, the State filed a Motion to Modify Protective
Order requesting that the protective order be modified to
allow the Pima County Attorney’s Office access to the materi-
als produced during the federal habeas proceedings. The dis-
trict court granted the motion in part. It first explained:

    It is apparent, when considered in context with the
    original motion and the oral argument, that the Court
    intended the above quoted protective order to
    address the concerns set forth in Bean and Bittaker.
    The second paragraph tracks Bean and protects Peti-
    tioner’s Fifth Amendment right against self-
    incrimination, the only real concern raised by Peti-
    tioner in his motion. The first paragraph was
12526                 LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN
    intended to track Bittaker. Although the Court did
    not include the word “privileged” as a modifier to
    the phrase “information, documents and materials,”
    it is evident from a reading of Bittaker that a protec-
    tive order’s necessity derives solely from the need to
    protect the attorney-client privilege.

After discussing Bittaker, the district court determined that “a
protective order under Bittaker limits use during retrial only
of privileged materials obtained by invoking a federal habeas
court’s power of discovery compulsion for the limited pur-
pose of litigating a petitioner’s ineffectiveness claim.” The
court noted that Lambright opposed modification of the pro-
tective order on principle and had not identified “any privi-
leged information or any self-incriminating statements
obtained during the discovery process that, if disclosed to
prosecutors, would prejudice his resentencing.” The court
concluded that the protection order “was intended to shield
Petitioner from prejudice at retrial from (1) any statements he
made during his deposition concerning the crime and (2) any
information subject to the attorney-client privilege obtained
during discovery.” The court determined that it would modify
the protective order “so that it will be narrowly tailored to
solely protect documents and information that qualify for pro-
tection under the Fifth Amendment or the attorney-client priv-
ilege.” To that end, Lambright was given 30 days in which “to
identify the specific information or materials he asserts should
be protected from use at his resentencing.”

   Lambright, instead of filing any further motion in the dis-
trict court, filed a notice of appeal from the December 4,
2008, order. When Lambright failed to respond to the Decem-
ber 4, 2008, order, the district court issued an order on March
24, 2009, (a) granting the State’s Motion for Modification of
the Protective Order, (b) vacating the Protective Order, and
(c) denying Lambright’s motion for an order to show cause.
Lambright filed another notice of appeal from this order.
                     LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN                   12527
   Lambright’s appeals from the December 4, 2008, order and
the March 24, 2009, order were consolidated. On December
21, 2009, the Ninth Circuit issued a memorandum disposition.
Lambright v. Ryan, 359 Fed. App’x 838 (9th Cir. 2009)
(“Lambright IV”). The panel dismissed the first appeal as pre-
mature, and then set forth its ruling on the second appeal in
two paragraphs. The first, explaining its action, reads:

    The district court did not explain the factual or legal
    basis of its ruling on Lambright’s motion to sanction
    the state for violating the Protective Order. Instead,
    the court summarily dismissed the motion in a foot-
    note. When a district court fails to make findings of
    fact in a ruling on a motion for discovery sanctions,
    the appellate court reviews its decision de novo.
    Adriana Int’l Corp. v. Thoeren, 913 F.2d 1406, 1408
    (9th Cir. 1990). In this case, however, de novo
    review is not possible because the record is unclear
    about the extent to which the Protective Order was
    violated, the reasons the violation occurred, and the
    prejudice that Lambright may have suffered as a
    result of the violation. Accordingly, we vacate the
    district court’s dismissal of Lambright’s motion and
    remand so that the court may resolve any disputed
    factual questions and make factual findings regard-
    ing the circumstances surrounding, and the extent
    and effect of, the violation and then determine
    whether sanctions are warranted.

359 Fed. App’x at 840-41 (footnote and final citation omit-
ted). The second paragraph comments:

    Lambright’s premature appeal cut short the district
    court’s efforts to identify the material that Lambright
    believed merited continued protection under the Pro-
    tective Order or a modified protective order. In par-
    ticular, Lambright never responded to the court’s
    request that he identify material that was protected
12528                     LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN
      by his attorney-client privilege, work-product privi-
      lege, or Fifth Amendment privilege not to disclose
      information that could be used to establish aggravat-
      ing factors or to undermine his claim of mitigating
      factors during future capital sentencing proceedings.
      Estelle v. Smith, 451 U.S. 454, 462 (1981). For the
      same reason, Lambright had no opportunity to
      explain whether, in his view, non-privileged material
      or material that did not emerge through the discovery
      process warranted protection, given this court’s
      rationale in Bittaker v. Woodford: “If a prisoner is
      successful in persuading a federal court to grant the
      writ [of habeas corpus], the court should aim to
      restore him to the position he would have occupied,
      had the first trial been constitutionally error-free.”
      331 F.3d 715, 722 (9th Cir. 2003) (en banc). As a
      result, the district court did not have sufficient infor-
      mation to rule on the state’s motion to modify the
      Protective Order and the record does not contain
      enough information to allow this court to review the
      district court’s decision on that question.

Id. at 841 (parallel citation omitted).

  D. The District Court’s 2010 Modification of the
  Protective Order

  We finally come to the order that is presently before us. On
remand, the district court, on May 4, 2010, issued an order
granting the State’s motion to modify the Protective Order,
denying Lambright’s motion for discovery and a hearing, and
essentially denying Lambright’s motion for an order to show
cause.1
  1
   Because I agree with the majority’s denial of relief to Lambright on his
motions to disqualify counsel, for discovery, and for sanctions, my discus-
sion of the 2010 order is limited to the modification of the protective
order.
                      LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN                   12529
   The State sought modification to allow prosecutors access
to the depositions and discovery obtained during the federal
habeas proceedings. The district court found guidance in
cases that considered (a) the avoidance of duplicative discov-
ery, (b) whether the materials had been produced in reliance
on the protective order, and (c) whether the information had
been released through public court proceedings.

  The court observed:

    [B]eginning in June 2002, [Lambright] willingly
    engaged in discovery and disclosure without the ben-
    efit of a protective order. Indeed, he was examined
    by his own experts on October 28 and December 3,
    2002, and Respondents’ experts on July 25 and 30,
    2002. The Court’s protective order, entered on Sep-
    tember 23, 2003, does not state that it applies retro-
    actively. Thus the only materials that fall within the
    scope of the protective order are those that were dis-
    closed after September 23, 2003.

   Lambright opposed the motion, arguing that the State had
failed to provide notice that it would attempt to modify the
protective order, and that he had relied on the protective
order’s broad language and the court’s verbal assurances that
his testimony would not be used against him in a later resen-
tencing. The district court, however, was not persuaded. It
noted that the order specifically provided that either party
could seek modification and determined that Lambright did
not rely on the order in conducting discovery. The court
observed that Lambright had sought only a narrow protective
order and that its verbal assurances covered only Lambright’s
testimony.

   Reiterating the reasons set forth in its 2008 order, the dis-
trict court explained that it had inadvertently omitted the word
“privileged” in its protective order. The court stated that “it
was apparent, when considered in context with the original
12530                 LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN
motion and oral argument in support of the motion, that the
Court intended its protective order to address only the con-
cerns set forth in Bean and Bittaker.” The district court
explained that its order “was intended to shield [Lambright]
from prejudice at resentencing from (1) any statements he
made during his deposition concerning the crime, and (2) any
information subject to the attorney-client or work-product
privilege obtained during discovery.” The court concluded
that “[b]ecause the plain language of the order extends
beyond the parameters of privileged material — and Peti-
tioner did not rely on the Court’s mistake to litigate his inef-
fectiveness claim — modification is appropriate.”

   The district court then listed the general items from the
habeas proceeding that Lambright claimed were covered by
the attorney-client, work-product, and the Fifth Amendment
privileges. The district court, however, chastised Lambright
for failing to (a) identify specific communications or relevant
dates of disclosure, (b) identify any compelled testimony, and
(c) explain the relevance of his Fifth Amendment right against
self-incrimination to the listed documents. Excluding Lam-
bright’s testimony (which remains protected), the only items
arguably containing privileged attorney communications or
work product were the interviews and depositions of trial
counsel, but Lambright “failed to identify what in these tran-
scripts is privileged.”

   Finally, the court concluded that because Lambright “did
not seek to seal any of the materials submitted and testified
to during the evidentiary hearing in support of his habeas
claim, those materials became a matter of public record. The
district court cited our language in Foltz v. State Farm Mutual
Insurance Co., 331 F.3d 1122, 1134 (9th Cir. 2003):

    When discovery material is filed with the court,
    however, its status changes. If the documents are not
    among those which have “traditionally been kept
    secret for important policy reasons,” Times Mirror
                      LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN                   12531
    Co. v. United States, 873 F.2d 1210, 1219 (9th Cir.
    1989), then “the public policy reasons behind a pre-
    sumption of access to judicial documents (judicial
    accountability, education about the judicial process
    etc.),” Phillips, 307 F.3d at 1213, apply. In Nixon v.
    Warner Communications, 435 U.S. 589, 597, 98 S.
    Ct. 1306, 55 L. Ed.2d 570 (1978), the Supreme
    Court recognized a federal common law right “to
    inspect and copy public records and documents.”

  This appeal is from the district court’s May 4, 2010, order.

              II.   STANDARD OF REVIEW

   I agree with the majority that we review the modification
of a protective order for abuse of discretion. Beckman Indus.,
Inc. v. Int’l Ins. Co., 966 F.2d 470, 472 (9th Cir. 1992). How-
ever, the abuse of discretion test we set forth in United States
v. Hinkson, 585 F.3d 1247, 1262 (9th Cir. 2009) (en banc),
requires that the district court’s findings be given substantial
deference. In Hinkson, we stated:

    If the trial court identified the correct legal rule, we
    move to the second step of our abuse of discretion
    test. This step deals with the tension between the
    Supreme Court’s holding that we may reverse a dis-
    cretionary trial court factual finding if we are “left
    with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake
    has been committed,” [United States v.] U.S. Gyp-
    sum Co., 333 U.S. [333,] [ ] 395 [(1948)], and its
    holding that we may not simply substitute our view
    for that of the district court, but rather must give the
    district court’s findings deference, see Nat’l Hockey
    League [v. Metropolitan Hockey Club], 427 U.S.
    [639,] [ ] 642 [(1976)]. Resolving that tension by ref-
    erence to Anderson, we hold that the second step of
    our abuse of discretion test is to determine whether
    the trial court’s application of the correct legal stan-
12532                        LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN
       dard was (1) “illogical,” (2) “implausible,” or (3)
       without “support in inferences that may be drawn
       from the facts in the record.” Anderson [v. City of
       Bessemer], 470 U.S. [564,] [ ] 577 [(1985)]. If any
       of these three apply, only then are we able to have
       a “definite and firm conviction” that the district court
       reached a conclusion that was a “mistake” or was not
       among its “permissible” options, and thus that it
       abused its discretion by making a clearly erroneous
       finding of fact.

Id. at 1262 (parallel citations and footnotes omitted).2 Thus,
the abuse of discretion standard requires that we defer to the
district court unless its determination was a “mistake” or not
among its “permissible options.”
  2
   The footnote in Hinkson that follows this paragraph reads:
      This view of our test for abuse of discretion review — one that
      looks to whether the district court reaches a result that is illogical,
      implausible, or without support in inferences that may be drawn
      from the facts in the record — is one that already has partial sup-
      port in a number of our cases and in those of other circuits. See,
      e.g., Wilderness Soc’y v. Babbitt, 5 F.3d 383, 387 (9th Cir. 1993)
      (“The court’s decision . . . is not implausible and, based upon this
      factor alone, the court’s decision would not be considered an
      abuse of discretion.”); see also Savic v. United States, 918 F.2d
      696, 700 (7th Cir. 1990) (“A finding is clearly erroneous when,
      although there may be some evidence to support it, ‘the review-
      ing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm
      conviction that a mistake has been committed.’ We may have
      such a conviction if the trial judge’s interpretation of the facts is
      implausible, illogical, internally inconsistent or contradicted by
      documentary or other extrinsic evidence.”) (citations omitted),
      cert. denied, 502 U.S. 813 (1991); United States v. Jacquinot,
      258 F.3d 423, 427 (5th Cir. 2001) (“A factual finding is not
      clearly erroneous as long as it is plausible in light of the record
      as a whole.”); Conte v. Gen. Housewares Corp., 215 F.3d 628,
      634 (6th Cir. 2000) (“[W]e cannot conclude that the district
      court’s decision was so unreasonable, illogical, or arbitrary as to
      constitute an abuse of discretion.”).
585 F.3d at 1262 n.21.
                           LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN                          12533
                         III.    DISCUSSION

   An obvious question in light of the district court’s pro-
longed, patient, and careful consideration of this case is how
the majority can conclude that the district court’s May 2010
order was an abuse of discretion. The majority asserts that the
order was an abuse of discretion because: (1) the district
court’s “interpretation of the text of the protective order is
illogical” (Majority at 12504); and (2) the district court “had
a duty to enter a protective order prior to ordering the disclo-
sure of privileged materials.” Majority at 12505-06. Neither
of these reasons withstands analysis.

  A. The District Court’s                   Interpretation         Of     Its
  Protective Order Is Logical.

   Although the majority may not like the May 2010 order,
there is nothing “illogical” about it. As the district court
noted, Lambright had engaged in discovery for some 15
months before seeking a protective order. During these 15
months, Lambright made a couple of motions to seal particu-
lar documents and the district court granted those motions.
Lambright never sought a general protective order, and the
motion for a protective order that he did file in September
2003 sought only to limit “the scope of questioning of Peti-
tioner at his deposition.” The facts that the parties had
engaged in discovery for over a year without any protective
order, and that Lambright’s motion only sought prospective
relief for testimony to be given at a deposition, would lead
most judges and attorneys to “logically” conclude that the
motion was forward-looking and did not concern any specific
prior discovery, let alone all of it.3
  3
    Furthermore, the majority’s interpretation of the order is based, in part,
on its misconception that the district court was compelled to issue a pro-
tective order when Lambright filed his habeas petition. See supra. Once
this misconception is cleared, there is nothing illogical about reading the
September 23, 2003 order as forward-looking, which was the district
court’s view of its order.
12534                  LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN
  B. The District Court Was Not Under Any Duty To
  Issue A Protective Order.

   While the majority’s first reason strays from the facts of
this case, its second reason misstates the law and is unsup-
ported by the facts. The majority misreads Bittaker, 331 F.3d
715, as requiring that all discovery in a federal habeas petition
be sealed, regardless of whether any party has requested a
protective order. This allows it to assert that the district court
“had a duty to enter a protective order prior to ordering the
disclosure of privileged materials.” Majority at 12505-06. In
support of its position the majority asserts that the “defendant
impliedly waives his attorney-client privilege the moment he
files a habeas petition alleging ineffective assistance of coun-
sel.” Majority at 12506-07. In one sense this is true as the
petition places counsel’s performance in issue. However, it
does not follow that all discovery undertaken is privileged.
Rather, as explained in Bittaker, an implied waiver for pur-
poses of giving rise to a protective order arises when a party
seeks a protective order from the court in return for disclosing
particular information. 331 F.3d at 720. Thus, under Bittaker,
the filing of a habeas petition is not in itself sufficient to
invoke an implied waiver protective order. In this case, there
does not appear to have been any request for a protective
order prior to Lambright’s September 2, 2003 motion.

  1. An implied waiver arises when a claim of privilege is
  presented to a court and any resulting protective order is
  forward-looking.

  Our en banc opinion in Bittaker starts by distinguishing an
implied waiver from “the more traditional express waivers.”
331 F.3d at 719. We explained:

    An express waiver occurs when a party discloses
    privileged information to a third party who is not
    bound by the privilege, or otherwise shows disregard
    for the privilege by making the information public.
                      LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN                   12535
    Disclosures that effect an express waiver are typi-
    cally within the full control of the party holding the
    privilege; courts have no role in encouraging or forc-
    ing the disclosure — they merely recognize the
    waiver after it has occurred. The cases upon which
    the state relies

    . . . hold that, once documents have been turned over
    to another party voluntarily, the privilege is gone,
    and the litigant may not thereafter reassert it to block
    discovery of the information and related communica-
    tions by his adversaries. Because these express
    waiver cases do not involve the court-ordered disclo-
    sure of privileged information after “the client [has]
    assert[ed] a claim or defense that place[d] at issue
    the nature of the privileged material,” we do not find
    them particularly useful in ascertaining the scope of
    Bittaker’s waiver of his attorney-client privilege
    under the fairness principle.

Id. at 719-20 (citations and footnote omitted). The opinion
further observes that an express waiver “need not be effectu-
ated by words or accompanied by the litigant’s subjective
intent,” and “the privilege may be waived by the client’s, and
in some cases the attorney’s actions, even if the disclosure
that gave rise to the waiver was inadvertent.” Id. at 720 n.4.

   In contrast, the doctrine of implied waiver “allocates con-
trol of the privilege between the judicial system and the party
holding the privilege.” Id. at 720 (quoting Developments in
the Law — Privileged Communications, 98 Harv. L. Rev.
1450, 1630 (1985)). We explained:

    The court imposing the waiver does not order disclo-
    sure of the materials categorically; rather, the court
    directs the party holding the privilege to produce the
    privileged materials if it wishes to go forward with
    its claims implicating them. The court thus gives the
12536                   LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN
      holder of the privilege a choice: If you want to liti-
      gate this claim, then you must waive your privilege
      to the extent necessary to give your opponent a fair
      opportunity to defend against it . . . . Essentially, the
      court is striking a bargain with the holder of the priv-
      ilege by letting him know how much of the privilege
      he must waive in order to proceed with his claim.

Id.

   We then noted that this regime gave rise to three important
implications. “The first is that the court must impose a waiver
no broader than needed to ensure the fairness of the proceed-
ings before it.” Id. “Second, the holder of the privilege may
preserve the confidentiality of the privileged communications
by choosing to abandon the claim that gives rise to the waiver
condition.” Id. at 721. Third, “if a party complies with the
court’s conditions and turns over privileged materials, it is
entitled to rely on the contours of the waiver the court
imposes, so that it will not be unfairly surprised in the future
by learning that it actually waived more than it bargained for
in pressing its claims.” Id.

   Under the regime set forth in Bittaker the doctrine of
implied waiver does not arise when a habeas petition is filed,
but only once a defendant brings a question of privilege to the
court’s attention. The court then “gives the holder of the privi-
lege a choice:” if he wants to litigate the claim, he must waive
the privilege “to the extent necessary to give your opponent
a fair opportunity to defend against it.” 331 F.3d at 720. The
directive that an implied waiver only arises when the privilege
is presented to a court is reinforced by our statement in Bit-
taker that “[b]ecause these express waiver cases do not
involve the court-ordered disclosure of privileged information
after the client has asserted a claim or defense that placed at
issue the nature of the privileged material, we do not find
them particularly useful in ascertaining the scope of Bittaker’s
waiver of his attorney-client privilege under the fairness doc-
                      LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN                   12537
trine.” Id. at 720 (internal quotation marks and citation omit-
ted).

   Furthermore, the very purpose of an implied waiver makes
it prospective only. An implied waiver is a court imposed lim-
ited waiver of a privilege, but “the holder of the privilege may
preserve the confidentiality of the privileged communications
by choosing to abandon the claim that gives rise to the waiver
condition.” Id. at 721. This is possible only if the court order
imposing a limited waiver is in existence when the holder
makes his choice. Thus, in a federal habeas petition an
implied waiver arises only when the petitioner affirmatively
asserts a privilege before the court and the court then issues
a forward-looking protective order.

   The majority ignores these features of the doctrine of
implied waiver when it asserts that “the district court abused
its discretion because it had a duty to enter a protective order
prior to ordering the disclosure of privileged materials.”
Majority at 12505-06. In support of its assertion, the majority
quotes our statement in Bittaker that “district courts have the
obligation, whenever they permit discovery of attorney-client
materials as relevant to the defense of ineffective assistance
of counsel claims in habeas cases, to ensure that the party
given such access does not disclose these materials, except to
the extent necessary in the habeas proceeding.” 331 F.3d at
727-28. We made this statement in the context of the question
of enforcement. In that context, it is clear that “whenever they
permit discovery of attorney-client materials” refers to protec-
tive orders issued in response to petitioners’ assertions of
privileges. Any suggestion that the filing of a habeas petition
itself, or commencement of discovery in a habeas petition,
somehow invokes an implied waiver would make implied
waivers the rule, rather than an exception to “more traditional
express waivers.” Id. at 719.
12538                  LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN
  2. The District Court did not order disclosure of
  protected materials.

   The majority attempts to justify its application of the Sep-
tember 2003 protective order to prior discovery by asserting
that the district court “entered an order in July 2001, authoriz-
ing the parties to engage in discovery.” Majority at 12507.
This effort to extend Bittaker reflects the majority’s conten-
tion that the filing of the habeas complaint compels the imme-
diate issuance of a protective order. The district court’s docket
sheet shows that only two orders were entered in July. The
first one simply resets the preliminary scheduling conference.
The second order sets dates for actions by counsel. Neither
order was issued in response to any assertion of privilege by
Lambright, and neither can be fairly read as ordering Lam-
bright to take any action that was contrary to his attorney-
client privilege or his privilege against self-incrimination.

   Indeed, the district court’s docket sheet reflects that the par-
ties and counsel cooperated in the process of preparing the
habeas case. The parties sought assistance from the district
court to ensure funds for the preparation of Lambright’s case
and to set time tables for discovery. In the fall of 2002, when
Lambright sought authorization of expenditures to allow a
neuropsychologist to examine him, the district court’s order
allowing the neuropsychologist to have a confidential contact
visit with Lambright was issued pursuant to a stipulation by
the parties. The only other order that might arguably be inter-
preted as compelling discovery was entered on February 11,
2003, and directed the Arizona Department of Corrections to
provide copies of Lambright’s medical and mental health
records to counsel for both parties. However, there is nothing
in the record to suggest that Lambright had any concern about
protecting those materials. Instead, Lambright’s failure to
advance any such concerns appears to have been deliberate,
                         LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN                       12539
as his counsel did file motions to seal other documents which
the district court granted.4

   A fair reading of the record discloses that: (a) the parties
did not request any court order to commence discovery; (b)
Lambright’s counsel knew how to file motions to seal docu-
ments and successfully made such motions, and (c) Lambright
did not make any assertion of privilege or request for a pro-
tective order prior to his September 2003 motion. Accord-
ingly, as a matter of fact and law, there was no implied waiver
or protective order prior to the fall of 2003.

  C. There Is No Showing That Lambright Was Not
  Represented By Competent Counsel In His Federal
  Habeas Proceeding.

   Another troubling aspect of the majority’s opinion is its
failure to consider that Lambright was represented by counsel
at all times in his federal habeas petition. Instead, the majority
appears to assume that a defendant’s right to a protective
order under Bittaker is absolute and cannot be waived by a
petitioner’s counsel. The majority never explains why it
deems this right different from all of the constitutional rights
that can be waived.

  Absent Supreme Court case law to the contrary, we should
assume that whatever right to a protective order a petitioner
may have under Bittaker, it can be waived by counsel for any
number of reasons. Here, Lambright’s attorneys apparently
chose not to seek a protective order until Lambright was faced
with a deposition. From all appearances this was a reasonable
  4
    For example, on October 17, 2001, counsel filed a “Motion to file
under seal Confidential Declaration by Joe Leonard Lambright.” The court
granted the motion on October 23, 2001. On June 13, 2002, Lambright
filed a “Motion to file under seal confidential declaration of David P.
Tiers: First Amended Phase v. Case Management Plan and Budget Plan
by Joe Leonard Lambright.” The court granted that motion on June 17,
2002.
12540                      LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN
strategic choice. Lambright has never explained why the
exposure of the materials exchanged prior to the protective
order has harmed him, or may harm him in the future. More-
over, Lambright succeeded in having a writ issue and forcing
the State to resentence him. Whatever right to a protective
order that may arise when a state prisoner files a federal
habeas petition challenging the competency of his attorney in
his state proceedings, that right may be waived by counsel
and was waived by Lambright prior to his September 2003
motion for a protective order.5

  D. To The Extent That Materials Were Presented To
  The Court In Hearings On Lambright’s Habeas Petition
  That Were Open To The Public, Lambright Has
  Waived His Right To Maintain Their Secrecy.

   In granting the State’s motion for a modification of the pro-
tective order, the district court relied in part on the established
rule that the public has a common law right of access to judi-
cial documents. See Nixon v. Warner Commc’ns, Inc., 435
U.S. 589, 597 (1978). It then found that because Lambright
“did not seek to seal any of the materials submitted and testi-
fied to during the evidentiary hearing in support of his habeas
claim, those materials became a matter of public record.” In
support of its conclusion the district court cited our holding in
Foltz that:
  5
    Arguably, a petitioner could claim that habeas counsel was ineffective
in failing to assert his attorney-client privilege and privilege against self-
incrimination, and in failing to seek a protective order. However, under
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), petitioner would have to
show both that “counsel’s performance was deficient” and “that the defi-
cient performance prejudiced the defense.” Id. at 687. Lambright would be
hard pressed to meet these criteria. He prevailed on his habeas petition,
and his failure to explain how the exposure of materials discovered prior
to the protective order will prejudice him in the resentencing proceeding
makes it impossible to find that he was prejudiced by counsel’s failure to
immediately seek a protective order.
                      LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN                   12541
    When discovery material is filed with the court,
    however, its status changes. If the documents are not
    among those which have traditionally been kept
    secret for important policy reasons, then the public
    policy reasons behind a presumption of access to
    judicial documents (judicial accountability, educa-
    tion about the judicial process etc.) apply.

331 F.3d at 1134 (internal citations and quotations omitted).

   The majority concludes that the State may not use the mate-
rials even though they became part of the public record. It
offers two grounds for its conclusion. First, it argues that a
protective order under Bittaker is sufficient in itself “to pro-
tect the narrow waiver of the attorney-client waiver and work
product privileges and to prevent the disclosure and use of
materials in a resentencing proceeding.” Majority at 12509.
Second, it argues that Lambright “was entitled to rely on the
assurances by the district judge, made during the evidentiary
hearing, that the protective order extended to evidence intro-
duced at the hearing.” Majority at 12510. The first argument
fails because, as has been noted, there was no implied waiver
prior to the September 2003 protective order. The second
argument fails because the district court’s assurances were
clearly limited to Lambright’s testimony, and Lambright,
despite having procured a protective order, declined to testify.

   The majority’s first argument is based on the fiction that
the district court had somehow issued an implied waiver pro-
tective order prior to the September 2003 protective order. No
such order was issued. As a result, the parties did not, and
could not, contest the meaning of the protective order as the
parties did in Perry v. Brown, 667 F.3d 1078 (9th Cir. 2012).
In Perry, we determined that the district court abused its dis-
cretion and compromised the integrity of the judicial process
by not enforcing its prior order affirmatively sealing the trial
recording. Id. at 1088. Here, there was no assertion of an
implied waiver or any request for a protective order until the
12542                      LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN
fall of 2003, and there is no identified order by the district
court that sealed any matter prior to the September 2003 pro-
tective order. Thus, even if the recipient of a protective order
under Bittaker might not be required to protect material from
disclosure in a public trial, here there is no protective order
and thus no presumably confidential materials.

   The majority’s second ground also fails because the facts
are not as it portrays them to be. The assurance that the dis-
trict court gave Lambright was clearly and specifically limited
to his testimony. The district judge stated:

      Also, Mr. Lambright, I should mention I have also
      issued a protective order so that should the petition
      be granted, either now or at some later time and
      there is a new sentencing hearing in this case, your
      testimony concerning the crimes in this case that you
      would not otherwise answer but decide to answer
      could not be used against you in connection with that
      hearing.

This assurance, by its own clear terms, is limited to Lam-
bright’s testimony “concerning the crimes in this case” that he
would not have given but for the protective order.6 Thus,
Lambright could not have relied on the assurance for anything
other than the use of his testimony. But as Lambright chose
not to testify, he cannot argue that he relied at all on the dis-
trict judge’s assurance.7
  6
     The limited nature of the assurance is further supported by the district
judge’s prior statement to Lambright: “I do believe you have the right to
refuse to answer questions that are asked of you during the examination,
but unlike the situation where someone actually has a privilege, because
you don’t have a privilege, I can consider your refusal to answer questions
in deciding whether to grant the petition in connection with this case.”
   7
     Perhaps in recognition of the weakness of its assurance argument, the
majority states “although the assurances were made in the context of the
testimony regarding the crime, as that was the testimony Lambright
                           LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN                         12543
   Because no protective order was entered prior to the Sep-
tember 2003 order and the September 2003 order was, as a
matter of law, forward-looking, it follows that the district
court was not compelled to recognize any privilege in the
materials discovered before September 2003. Indeed, it seems
incredibly inefficient to require the State to go through the
process of “rediscovering” in the state resentencing proceed-
ings information that is now known to the public, and to the
State.8 If there are any items that should be suppressed or if
any procedure should be unfair, Lambright’s counsel can raise
it in the state proceedings. I agree with the district court that
the state courts will respect the protective order that the dis-
trict court did issue.9

refused to give, there is no reason to believe that the protective order
applied with any less force to other protected material introduced during
the evidentiary hearing.” Majority at 12511-12. Of course there are good
reasons to question this assertion. There is no Bittaker protective order
other than the September 2003 order, and as that order is limited to Lam-
bright’s testimony, there are no “other protected materials.” How can a
party rely on an assurance that was not made concerning a protective order
that was never issued?
   8
     Even if Foltz, 331 F.3d 1122, were not applicable, or if all the discov-
ery in a federal habeas petition were construed to constitute documents
“which have traditionally been kept secret for important policy reasons”
(331 F.3d at 1134), the fact remains that here Lambright’s documents
were nevertheless exposed to the public at Lambright’s habeas hearing.
The majority’s revision of the district court’s protective order will force
the state to conduct additional discovery, but it cannot put the cat back in
the bag.
   9
     At the November 14, 2003 hearing, Lambright’s counsel, after indicat-
ing that he had thought that the protective order applied only to the discov-
ery deposition, expressed concern that the state court on resentencing
would not observe the district court’s protective order. The district court
responded:
    Well, I can’t imagine the judge that would admit the evidence
    when any testimony concerning the crime was given on the assur-
    ance of the judge before the testimony was given that the testi-
    mony could not be used in connection with the resentencing, and
12544                      LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN
                            CONCLUSION

   On remand, counsel cooperated in preparing Lambright’s
federal habeas case. There was no request to seal documents
or for a protective order until the fall of 2003 when Lambright
filed a motion for a protective order limiting the scope of
questioning at his forthcoming deposition. The district court,
applying our then recent en banc opinion in Bittaker, 331 F.3d
715, issued a protective order that it subsequently determined
was broader than necessary or appropriate. The State sought
a modification of the protective order to allow it to use docu-
ments disclosed in the federal habeas proceedings in the state
resentencing proceedings. The State did not seek to use Lam-
bright’s testimony because, even under the protective order,
Lambright had refused to testify.

   The majority’s determination that the district court abused
its discretion in modifying its protective order misreads Bit-
taker and the factual record. Bittaker holds that an implied
waiver arises when a petitioner asserts a privilege before the
district court. The court’s subsequent order “does not order
disclosure of the materials categorically; rather the court
directs the party holding the privilege to produce the privi-
leged materials if it wishes to go forward with its claims
implicating them.” 331 F.3d at 720 (emphasis added). Thus,
the very nature of an implied waiver protective order renders
it forward-looking. Accordingly, the district court’s orders
prior to the September 2003 protective order are not protec-
tive orders and the September 2003 order does not cover
materials disclosed prior to its issuance.

    that is the order that I have entered, so I think they would have
    to disregard the protective order that I have issued and I suspect
    you would be very successful in precluding any use of it, so I
    don’t think it’s a realistic risk.
Furthermore, as the district court implied, were the state court to disregard
the district court’s protective order, Lambright could file another federal
habeas petition.
                      LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN                    12545
   The majority also fails to appreciate two additional factors
that support the district court’s order. First, whatever rights
Lambright might have had to a protective order were subject
to waiver. Second, to the extent that the materials that Lam-
bright now seeks to protect were disclosed during public ses-
sions in his habeas proceedings, the State should be allowed
to use those documents pursuant to the common law right of
access to judicial documents.

   Even if one or more of the preceding arguments were not
persuasive, we would still be required to affirm the district
court’s modification of its protective order. As the majority
notes, we review the modification of a protective order for
abuse of discretion. See Beckman Indus., 966 F.2d at 472.
Thus, if the district court reasonably thought that under Bit-
taker its protective order was forward-looking, or that none of
its orders prior to September 2003 constituted protective
orders, or that Lambright had waived any privilege against the
disclosure of discovery prior to the September 2003 order, or
that the privilege had been lost by the exposure of the materi-
als in the public proceedings, then we must affirm. The dis-
trict court’s order would not be a mistake or not among its
permissible options. See Hinkson, 585 F.3d at 1262.

   Finally, I am concerned with the practical consequences of
the majority’s approach. By distorting the doctrine of implied
waiver and misreading the facts in this case, the majority
delays and increases the expense of resentencing Lambright
without offering him any substantive protection. The public
and the State have knowledge of all the documents that the
majority would protect. Thus, all the majority’s opinion
accomplishes is to force the State to conduct additional dis-
covery in the resentencing proceeding to formally gather
information that it has already seen. The district court recog-
nized the inefficiency of such a course when it granted the
motion to modify the protective order. Morever, the majori-
ty’s unique interpretation of Bittaker is likely to generate con-
siderable litigation as parties and courts argue over whether a
12546                     LAMBRIGHT v. RYAN
court order at the beginning of a federal habeas proceeding
somehow seals all discovery beyond any attorney’s ability to
waive the privilege.10 Accordingly, I dissent.

  10
     This concern finds some support in the history of this case. The mem-
orandum disposition in Lambright IV contained language that suggested
that non-privileged documents might be covered by the protective order.
359 Fed. App’x at 841. Thus, on remand in the district court, Lambright
argued that non-privileged documents were covered by the protective
order. The district court disagreed, commenting that such a proffered
expansive reading of Bittaker found no support in Bittaker and “taken to
its logical conclusion . . . would also require that materials developed by
Petitioner’s federal habeas counsel be precluded from use at resentencing,
forcing his state counsel to enlist new experts and reinvestigate mitiga-
tion.” The majority now concludes that the district court did not abuse its
discretion in holding that non-privileged materials were not covered by the
protective order. Majority at 12516. I would go further and hold that non-
privileged materials are not covered by any implied waiver.