Court Opinion

ID: 9942618
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-02-21 17:06:28.0945+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:48:20.914761
License: Public Domain

STATE OF LOUISIANA

                                COURT OF APPEAL

    CN` k                         FIRST CIRCUIT

                                 NO. 2023 CA 0309

                            THE LATHAN COMPANY

                                       VERSUS

     STATE OF LOUISIANA, DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION,
    RECOVERY SCHOOL DISTRICT AND JOHN WHITE IN HIS
       OFFICIAL CAPACITY AS THE STATE OF LOUISIANA
                      SUPERINTENDENT OF EDUCATION

                                  Consolidated with

                                 NO. 2023 CA 0310

           GUARANTEE COMPANY OF NORTH AMERICA

                                       VERSUS

     STATE OF LOUISIANA, DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION,
                        RECOVERY SCHOOL DISTRICT

                                                Judgment Rendered.   FEB 212024

                                  On Appeal from the
                               19th Judicial District Court
                        In and for the Parish of East Baton Rouge
                                   State of Louisiana
                           Trial Court No. 612067 c/ w 635780

                      Honorable Donald R. Johnson, Judge Presiding

Lloyd N. Shields                                Attorneys for Plaintiff A
                                                                        - ppellee,
Elizabeth L. Gordon                             The Lathan Company
Adrienne C. May
Adrian A, D' Arcy
Jeffrey K. Prattini
Andrew G. Vicknair
New Orleans, LA
Steven F. Griffith, Jr.              Attorneys for Defendant -Appellant,
Benjamin W. Janke                    Jacobs Project Management Co./CSRS
Camalla K. Guyton                    Consortium
Kennard B. Davis
New Orleans, LA

             BEFORE: McCLENDON, HESTER, AND MILLER, JJ.

                                 2
HESTER, J.

       Defendant,         Jacobs       Project     Management      Co./ CSRS      Consortium

Jacobs/ CSRS),'       appeals a judgment of the trial court granting a motion for sanctions

filed by The Lathan Co., Inc. ( Lathan), striking all of Jacobs/ CSRS' s defenses to

Lathan' s claims, disallowing the introduction of any evidence in support of such

defenses,    and casting Jacobs/ CSRS with all fees, costs, and expenses.                 For the

reasons that follow, we reverse in part, vacate in part, amend in part, affirm in part,

as amended, and remand for further proceedings consistent herewith.

                        FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       This protracted litigation began in 2012 and originated from a 2010

construction project at the William Frantz School in New Orleans, Louisiana, ( the

 project")   in which Lathan served as the general contractor.            At present, the only

remaining defendant is Jacobs/ CSRS,               who served as the State of Louisiana,

Department of Education,           Recovery School District' s ( RSD) representative and

construction manager on the project.

       Previously, this matter came before this court on Lathan' s appeal of the trial

court' s grant of Jacobs/ CSRS' s motion for summary judgment, which dismissed

Lathan' s    claims    against     Jacobs/ CSRS.       Lathan   Company,      Inc.   v.    State,

Department of Education, Recovery School District, 2016- 0913 ( La. App. 1st

Cir. 1216117), 237 So. 3d 1, writ denied, 2018- 0026 ( La. 319/ I8), 237 So. 3d 1191.

The applicable factual and procedural history, as set forth in Lathan Company,

Inc., is as follows:

               On August 13, 2010, The Lathan Company, Inc., entered into a
       public works contract with the State of Louisiana, Department of
       Education, Recovery School District (" the RSD") to renovate William
       Frantz School in New Orleans. Billes Partners, LLC (`Gilles") served
       as    architect     on    the    project.       Jacobs   Project    Management

       1 Jacobs/ CSRS is a consortium between Jacobs Project Management Company, Inc. and
CSRS, Inc., which was formed to perform program management and construction management
services for the Department of Education, Recovery School District on various school projects.

                                                   3
Company/ CSRS Consortium (" Jacobs"),        through a contract with the
RSD, served as the construction manager on the project.

       On May 14, 2012, Lathan filed a " Petition for Mandamus,"
naming the RSD and John White, in his official capacity as the
Louisiana Superintendent of Education, as defendants, seeking an order
requiring the RSD to make payment of all undisputed amounts owed
for Lathan' s work.   In an amended petition filed on August 1, 2014,
Lathan added Billes and Jacobs as defendants.

       Lathan' s lengthy amended petition, consisting of twenty-five
pages and two hundred eighteen paragraphs, alleged, in pertinent part,
that Jacobs owed a duty to Lathan to conduct constructability reviews
and to oversee and administer the project according to the standard of
care of similar professionals in the industry, which Jacobs did not do.

       In response,   Jacobs filed a motion for summary judgment,
seeking a dismissal of Lathan' s claims against it. In its memorandum
in   support   of its motion,   Jacobs   asserted that   Lathan' s   general
negligence claims must fail because Jacobs owed no duty to Lathan,
since Lathan was not a party to the contract between Jacobs and the
RSD. Jacobs additionally urged that because it owed no duty to Lathan,
Lathan' s [ the Louisiana Unfair Trade Practices Act (" LUTPA")] claims
must fail as a matter of law. Notwithstanding whether a duty was owed,
Jacobs also argued that Lathan' s allegations did not rise to the level of
an unfair trade practice that is actionable under LUTPA. Alternatively,
Jacobs argued that a majority of Lathan' s claims against it were
prescribed.

      Lathan opposed the motion, contending that Jacobs owed it a
duty given the high degree of control and power that Jacobs, as a
learned professional, held and had exercised ( or failed to exercise) over
Lathan. Additionally, Lathan argued that its claims against Jacobs were
timely because: ( 1) Billes and Jacobs are joint tortfeasors and thus, the
2012 suit against Billes interrupted prescription as to Jacobs; and ( 2)
Jacobs was still performing work on the project and thus, Lathan' s
claims against Jacobs are governed by the continuing tort doctrine.

        Following argument, the trial court granted Jacobs' s motion for
summary judgment, finding that Jacobs owed Lathan no duty. As such,
the trial court concluded that in the absence of a duty, Lathan could not
recover under its negligence theory or LUTPA claims.

                                    4
Lathan Company, Inc., 237 So. 3d at 3- 4. On appeal, this court reversed in a split

decision, finding the trial court erroneously concluded that there was ( or could be)

no duty owed by the project manager to the general contractor.2 Id. at 10.

                                The 2019 Requests for Production

        On remand, Lathan propounded requests for production of documents on

Jacobs/CSRS on July 31, 2019. After multiple extensions were granted by Lathan,

Jacobs/ CSRS provided responses on October 2, 2019.                    However, the responses

included perfunctory general objections and a singular, duplicated response to all

thirty distinct requests.       As part of the response, Jacobs/ CSRS produced 319 pages

of project documents, referred to certain items from the " Project [ F] ile" previously

produced by the RSD, and further responded that the Project File was owned and

possessed by the RSD, which Jacobs/ CSRS was contractually prohibited from

producing to third parties.

        Lathan filed a motion to compel on November 8, 2019, seeking to require

Jacobs/ CSRS to produce all responsive documents in its possession in a reasonably

usable format and to produce a privilege log of those documents it claimed were

privileged.     According to Lathan, the Project File previously produced by the RSD

and identified by Jacobs/ CSRS in its October 2019 responses were produced in

 PDF format"        and did not include many of the attachments to emails or other

        2 Two j edges concluded (with one judge concurring) that " although Jacobs was not in direct
contractual privity with Lathan, Jacobs must be deemed and held to know that its services were
not only for the protection or interests of the owner but also third parties, including, specifically,
Lathan, who was acting as the general contractor on the project"; " it was foreseeable and to a
degree certain that Lathan would suffer economic harm if Jacobs failed to perform"; and " there
 was] a close connection between Jacob' s alleged failure to act according to industry standards,
and the alleged economic harm suffered by Lathan." Lathan Company, Inc., 237 So. 3d at 9.
Two dissenting judges disagreed with the majority' s finding that Jacobs owed a duty to Lathan,
with whom it had no contractual privity, and found that the majority incorrectly extended
Louisiana law beyond its previous limits because the contract between Jacobs and the RSD did not
create any duty in favor of Lathan not did Jacobs render any professional services that would give
rise to tort liability in this case. Id. at 10- 12.
        3
            According to Jacobs/CSRS, the RSD production in 2015 included " eight CDs with nearly
100, 000 pages of pdf documents," which also included thousands of pages from the Project File
as of April 30, 2014.

                                                      5
documents to which an attachment was referenced.          Jacobs/ CSRS opposed the

motion, arguing that the Project File through April 30, 2014 was already produced

in the litigation by the RSD and that on November 26, 2019 it produced the balance

of the Project File from April 30, 2014 through the present. In light of the previous

and current production, Jacobs/ CSRS maintained that it complied with the discovery

requests.

         In reply, Lathan argued that Jacobs/ CSRS could not hide behind the RSD' s

prior production of documents in response to the request for production of

documents specifically directed to it and that Jacobs/ CSRS did not claim that

production of responsive documents would cause it to incur an undue burden or

expense.     While acknowledging that Jacobs/ CSRS produced post -April 30, 2014

Project File documents, Lathan maintains that this production was incomplete.

         Ultimately, the trial court granted, in part, Lathan' s motion, compelling

Jacobs/ CSRS to produce its post -April 2014 Project Files in the form in which they

are ordinarily maintained and which are reasonably usable. Jacobs/ CSRS was also

ordered to produce a proper privilege log.     The January 24, 2020 order further

provided that, to the extent that the November 2019 production of its post -April 2014

documents complies with all requirements of the order and that all corrupt files have

been corrected and properly produced, Jacobs/ CSRS would not be required to further

produce such documents.      To the extent the November 2019 production did not

comply, Jacobs/ CSRS was ordered to " reproduce all such documents in strict

accordance with this [ order]."   The order was silent as to pre -April 2014 Project

Files.
                                        The RSD Subpoena

       On October 6, 2020, Lathan caused a subpoena duces tecum to be issued to

the RSD, seeking from it documents' exchanged between the RSD, Jacobs/ CSRS,

and other parties concerning Lathan' s work and design deficiencies, among other

documents.'       Lathan specifically sought " all written and electronic correspondence

between [ the RSD] and Jacobs, [ the RSD] and Billes, and [ the RSD] and CSRS

regarding the Project," as well as " all documents in [the RSD' s] possession, custody,

or control regarding the Project" and Jacobs/ CSRS' s " project file."

       The RSD responded to the subpoena and, through follow up correspondence

with counsel for Lathan, indicated that it produced all responsive and non -privileged

emails in native format after searching its records using the terms " Frantz" and

 Lathan." The RSD informed Lathan that its own records are stored on a state server,

which is separate and apart from Jacobs/ CSRS' s data over which the RSD has no

control. According to the RSD, Jacobs/ CSRS maintained a project file for each RSD

project, and it produced the applicable Project File as of April 2014 during the 2015

discovery prior to being dismissed from the suit. The RSD further indicated that it

was unable to locate the original transmittal it received from Jacobs/ CSRS for the

2015 document production. Counsel for the RSD stated that "Jacobs/ CSRS provided

to the RSD, and the RSD has produced to Lathan, all subsequent project file

documents."        Moreover, counsel for the RSD clearly conveyed that the RSD had no

objection to Jacobs/ CSRS producing correspondence or emails with attachments

regarding the project, provided that the RSD reserved the right to assert any

applicable privilege or legal protection that may apply.

       4"
             Document" was a defined term in the subpoena that included all correspondence,

electronic communications, emails, and corresponding attachments.

            According to Lathan, this subpoena was issued to the RSD after the trial court denied its
request to compel Jacobs/ CSRS to produce all pre -April 2014 documents in a reasonably usable
format in response to the July 2019 requests for production. The subpoena issued to the RSD
contained requests similar to those requested in the July 2019 requests for production propounded
on Jacobs/ CSRS.

                                                   VA
                                 The 2021 Interrogatories

        On January 11, 2021, Lathan propounded interrogatories on Jacobs/ CSRS in

an effort to discover facts concerning Jacobs/ CSRS' s electronic files housing the

relevant documents responsive to the July 2019 requests for production, which

Lathan maintained Jacobs/ CSRS failed to fully produce.                 The January 2021

interrogatories sought, in part, to identify who maintains Jacobs/ CSRS' s document

management and electronic systems, its retention policies, and the identification and

location of the Jacobs/ CSRS' s maintained and stored e- mail accounts for employees

at the time of the RSD construction project.

        Jacobs/ CSRS responded to the January 2021 interrogatories in February 2021,

objecting globally to the discovery requests and objecting to each of the eighteen

interrogatories.   Only two responses provided information beyond objections.               In

those responses, Lathan was directed to information previously produced by the

RSD in 2015 and to Jacobs/ CSRS' s prior discovery responses in October and

November 2019.6

        On April 2, 2021, Lathan filed a second motion to compel, maintaining that

Jacobs/ CSRS " failed and refused to provide responsive emails and documents which

it generated, and which should be maintained in its electronic files" in response to

the July 2019 requests for production and " without basis or proper objection, ...

failed to provide any substantive response" to the January 2021 interrogatories.

According to Lathan, Jacobs/ CSRS made only piecemeal production and was

 secreting its electronic files."     Lathan sought, in part, to be allowed to inspect

Jacobs/ CSRS' s electronic files for the project in order to retrieve all relevant and

responsive documents or, in the alternative, to require Jacobs/ CSRS to conduct a

        6 We note that the responses to the January 2021 interrogatories referenced October and
November 2020 productions; however, the record indicates that the correct dates of the relevant
production were October and November 2019 when Jacobs/ CSRS produced the balance of the
Project File.

                                               8
good faith search of its electronically stored information and produce all relevant

emails and documents.      Lathan again requested that Jacobs/ CSRS be required to

provide a privilege log for documents to which a privilege was claimed.

      Lathan informed the trial court that, despite Jacobs/ CSRS' s position that all

non -privileged information relevant to the matter was properly preserved and

produced through the RSD' s document production in 2015,           a   review    of the

documents later produced by the RSD in response to the October 2020 subpoena

revealed that Jacobs/ CSRS' s position was inaccurate. The 2015 production did not

include all of Jacobs/ CSRS' s relevant documents and information responsive to the

July 2019 requests for production propounded on Jacobs/ CSRS.      Lathan identified

the deficiencies as follows:

              1) 771 emails previously produced by the RSD in 2015 ( who originally

      received     these   documents   from   Jacobs/ CSRS)   lacked   their    original.

      attachment and were unusable, 751 of which were emails to, from, or copied

      to Jacobs/ CSRS employees and which would be responsive to the 2019

      requests for production;

              2)   a review of the documents produced by RSD in response to the

      October 2020 subpoena revealed there were a significant number of relevant

      and responsive emails to, from, or copied to Jacobs/ CSRS employees that

      were   not included with the     2015   production,   showing that the initial

      production being relied upon by Jacobs/ CSRS was an incomplete response to

      the July 2019 requests for production; and

              3) the October 2020 subpoena response by the RSD also revealed that

      at least one category of relevant and responsive documents, i.e., " meeting

      minutes"     generated by Jacobs/ CSRS, were not included in the             2015

      production, demonstrating again that the initial production being relied upon

                                          Z
          by Jacobs/ CSRS was an incomplete response to the July 2019 requests for

          production.

          Lathan     further    argued    that    Jacobs/ CSRS' s       responses     to     the   2021

interrogatories, consisting of objections and two extremely limited responses, were

insufficient.      Because the interrogatories sought information reasonably calculated

to the discovery of admissible evidence, Lathan argued that it was entitled to an order

compelling Jacobs/ CSRS to fully respond.

          Jacobs/ CSRS opposed the second motion to compel, maintaining that the

 project file" had been produced " as it is kept in the usual course of business."

According to Jacobs/ CSRS, employees for both the RSD and Jacobs/ CSRS worked

in the same office space and simply discussed the project without sending electronic

communications.         Jacobs/ CSRS posited that it would be " a complete waste of party

and judicial        resources    to   require [   it]   to   make   a   duplicative        production."

Additionally, Jacobs/ CSRS argued that no good cause existed under La. Code Civ.

P. art.    1462( E) 7 to afford Lathan access to its electronically stored information.

Jacobs/ CSRS contended that the pre -April 2014 Project File, which included emails,

was previously produced in the 2015 production, and Jacobs/CSRS produced the

post -April 2014 Project File, inclusive of emails, prior to the trial court' s January

23, 2020 order granting Lathan' s first motion to compel.

          Regarding the 2021 interrogatories, Jacobs/ CSRS maintained that it fully and

properly responded to the discovery by properly objecting to the requests.

           Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure article 1462( E) provides as follows:

          If the requesting party considers that the production of designated electronically
          stored information is not in compliance with the request, the requesting party may
          move under Article 1469 for an order compelling discovery, and in addition to the
          other relief afforded by Article 1469, upon a showing of good cause by the
          requesting party, the court may order the responding party to afford access under
          specified conditions and scope to the requesting party, the representative of the
          requesting party, or the designee of the court to the computers or other types of
          devices used for the electronic storage of information to inspect, copy, test, and
          sample the designated electronically stored information within the scope of Articles
          1422 and 1425.

                                                   10
Jacobs/ CSRS       noted that La. Code            Civ.     P.   art.   1458    provides     that "[   e] ach

interrogatory shall be answered separately and fully in writing under oath, unless it

is objected to, in which event the reasons for objection shall be stated in lieu of an

answer."       Further, Jacobs/ CSRS observed that Lathan did not argue that the

objections made by Jacobs/ CSRS were improper and did not even address the merits

of the    objections.      Jacobs/ CSRS was critical of Lathan' s actions in the case

  sleuthing in subpoenaing records," " side- show distraction," " exercises smoke -

and -mirror tactics," with the " only activity that Lathan has engaged in for the past

two years has been nit -picky discovery motions"), and averred as follows:

         The crux of the present Motion is that the RSD, in response to Lathan' s
         subpoena, has produced certain email correspondence that are to/ from
         or carbon copy [ to] Jacobs/ CSRS personnel that are not contained in
         the Project file, and that somehow, this renders                        Jacobs/ CSRS' s
         production deficient. The fact that the RSD, the owner of the project,
         maybe [ sic]   in possession of documents somewhere in some file that
         did not make it into the Project file is of no moment. The Project file,
         which includes email correspondence, has been produced as it is
         ordinarily maintained, and Lathan has not (because it cannot) show that
         good cause exists to afford it access to Jacobs/ CSRS' s electronically
         stored information. Stated differently, Lathan' s Motion constitutes
         nothing more than an attempt to obtain a third bite at the apple. This
         Court should ( again) decline to grant Lathan the relief it requests.

         In reply, Lathan was equally critical of Jacobs/ CSRS' s actions ( its " incendiary

misstatements," "       flagrant disregard of its discovery obligations," " blustering

mutilation of the facts").'        Substantively, Lathan argued that Jacobs/ CSRS cannot

         8 We note that the record in this matter is overwrought with colorful language and mocking
retorts that are ill-suited for pleadings presented to the court. As this court stated in Cooper v.
United Southern Assurance Co., 97- 0250 ( La. App. 1 st Cir. 9/ 9/ 98), 718 So. 2d 1029, 1039:
         We take this opportunity to remind all counsel that as attorneys and officers of the
         court, they are required to " conduct [ themselves] at all times with decorum, and in
         a manner consistent with the dignity and authority of the court and the role which
          they] should play in the administration ofjustice." La. C. C. P. art. 371. This article
         also mandates that    attorneys treat the      court, witnesses,     opposing party, and
         opposing counsel with due respect.... The legal profession demands integrity,
         professionalism and a strict adherence to the rules of propriety. Although attorneys
         should zealously represent their clients' interests, we believe in this instance ...
         counsel  stepped precariously close to the             line   which    separates   zealous

         representation from unprofessional conduct.

Emphasis removed; footnote omitted.)

                                                   11
 redo"    something it has never done, i.e., produce the Project File as Jacobs/ CSRS

maintained it in the ordinary course of business as opposed to how the RSD " kept"

the Project File as it received it from Jacobs/ CSRS who had custody and control over

it, notwithstanding the RSD' s contractual ownership of the file. Lathan further

argued that the July 2019 requests for production and the 2021 interrogatories

included requests beyond the Project File, specifically requesting certain written and

electronic     correspondence,      documents,      emails,
                                                              and electronically stored data.

Moreover, Lathan maintained that the 2021 interrogatories permissibly sought the

discovery of the substance of the claims and defenses as well as information

concerning the existence and location of the discoverable matter pursuant to La.

Code Civ. P. art. 1422. 9

         On June 8, 2021, the trial court issued an order granting the motion to compel,

ordering Jacobs/ CSRS to comply with the following within forty-five ( 45) days of

the entry of the order:

         1. Jacobs/ CSRS will provide to Lathan a list of all computers, servers,
         or other types of devices belonging to Jacobs/ CSRS and its subsidiaries,
         affiliates, employees, as well as every other individual who, because
         acting as Jacobs/ CSRS' s agent or representative, can be required by
         Jacobs to furnish such information, used for the electronic storage of
         emails and information dated prior to April 30, 2014 pertaining or in
         any way related to or concerning the project entitled " Renovations &
      Addition at William Frantz School," 3811 N. Galvez St., New Orleans,
         LA   70117,     Project Number. 2009- 0114- 0003 ("            Project").     At a
      minimum, such devices shall be those that include all of the emails to
         or from the Jacobs employees listed in Lathan' s Request For Production
      No. 4, any Jacobs employee listed in Lathan' s Exhibit " 12" entered into
      evidence at the hearing, Herschal Acosta (Lathan Exhibit " 15"), David

         9 Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure article 1422 provides:

         Unless otherwise limited by order of the court in accordance with this Chapter, the
         scope of discovery is as set forth in this Article and in Articles 1423 through 1425.
         Parties may obtain discovery regarding any matter, not privileged, which is relevant
      to the subject matter involved in the pending action, whether it relates to the claim
      or defense of the party seeking discovery or to the claim or defense of any other
      party, including the existence, description, nature, custody, condition, and location
      of any books, documents, or other tangible things and the identity and location of
      persons having knowledge of any discoverable matter. It is not ground for
         objection that the information sought will be inadmissible at the trial if the
         information sought appears reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of
         admissible evidence.

                                                  12
      Schneider ( Lathan Exhibit " 16"),                  and Marie Bennett ( Lathan Exhibit
           18"),    and     all     documents         responsive     to    Lathan' s    Requests      for
      Production Nos. 1,               2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 13,           16 through 19, 24, and 28
       collectively, " Servers").               The Servers shall not be limited to what
      Jacobs calls its " Project file."

      2. Jacobs/ CSRS and Lathan shall meet and confer to determine limited
      key terms agreed to by the parties in order to search the Servers for all
      emails and electronically stored information prior dated or generated to
      April 30, 2014;

      3.      Lathan        shall    appoint     a     representative      to   participate    with     a

      Jacobs/ CSRS representative in the on- site investigation and search for
      emails and electronically stored data on the Servers on a day-to-day
      basis, and said investigation shall be completed as expeditiously as
      possible.

      4. All documents containing one or more ofthe search terms shall be
      separately saved and indexed on a Control Sheet ( index) that
      identifies every document located ( without revealing any content),
      which shall be produced to counsel for Lathan and Jacobs/ CRS
      immediately after the on-site inspection is completed. Jacobs/ CSRS' s
       sic]        will    review      the    Control     Sheet      and   redact      any   privileged
      information that may appear therein. Jacobs/CSRS' s counsel will also
      review          the     entire         production        for   privilege      and      relevance.

      Jacobs/ CSRS' s               counsel    will    then    produce      relevant,     unprivileged

      documents to Lathan' s counsel, together with the entire index,                                 as

      redacted.           Jacobs' s counsel will also produce a " privilege log" for all
      items deemed privileged or work product. The documents not objected
      to, the redacted index,    and the privilege log must be produced by
      Jacobs/ CSRS to counsel for Lathan no later than 45 days from entry of
      this Judgment. If Lathan disagrees that any of these documents are

      protected by attorney/ client privilege, those documents will be subject
      to an in -camera review by the Court.
Emphasis added.)

                                              Motion for Sanctions

      On October 26, 2021, Lathan filed a motion for sanctions pursuant to La. Code

Civ. P. art. 1471, maintaining that Jacobs/ CSRS was in contempt of and willfully

failed to fully comply with the June 8, 2021 contempt order.                                 The motion was

supported by the affidavit of Lathan' s counsel, Elizabeth L. Gordon, which affidavit

included nineteen exhibits.              Jacobs/ CSRS opposed the motion, supported by one

exhibit.    Lathan' s reply memorandum included additional exhibits in support.

      At the hearing on December 6, 2021, Lathan offered the affidavit of Ms.

Gordon, a portion of the exhibits originally attached thereto, and six additional

                                                          13
                                                 1)
exhibits not referenced in the affidavit.              No exhibits were offered on behalf of

Jacobs/ CSRS at the hearing. While Lathan attempted to present the testimony of

Ms. Gordon, Jacobs/ CSRS objected to the testimony."                  The trial court sustained the

objection, noting that Lathan' s counsel was " artful enough to show me what' s in the

affidavit."     After only hearing argument from counsel, the trial court ordered the

parties to submit proposed resolutions on the motion for sanctions, clarifying that " I

just want your statement of what you think the facts should be and what the

conclusions should be, and then give me a judgment."

       On February 1, 2022, the trial court signed a judgment, granting the motion

for sanctions, specifically providing as follows:

           1.   Jacobs/ CSRS' s violations of the June 8, 2021 Judgment were
                willful and in bad faith; that considering Jacobs/ CSRS' s repeated
                failure   to   allow   Lathan to       participate     in   any       meaningful

                investigation and search of the emails and electronically stored
                data ( among other violations of the Judgment specifically set
                forth in the Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law), and its
                prior culpable conduct in this matter, less drastic sanctions would
                be ineffective; and that Jacobs/ CSRS' s violations unequivocally
                prejudiced     Lathan' s    ability    to    timely    begin      preparations

                necessary to bring this matter to trial.

           2.   All of Jacobs/ CSRS' s defenses to Lathan' s claims are hereby
                stricken and Jacobs/ CSRS shall not be allowed to present any
                evidence in support of such defenses.

           3.   Lathan shall be and hereby is awarded all fees,                        costs    and

                expenses (     collectively " Fees")        it   incurred   as    a    result    of

                Jacobs/ CSRS' s non- compliance with the Judgment, as well as
                the " Fees"    it incurred to bring the Sanctions Motion and the
                previous motion to compel on which the Judgment was based.

       io The original exhibits A -B and D -R attached to the affidavit were offered, along with the
new exhibits T -Y.

          Jacbos/ CSRS' s objected, in part, on the basis that Ms. Gordon already submitted an
affidavit such that whatever she would state during testimony " would either be superfluous or a
surprise because we haven' t heard it before," and that it would be " duplicative and ... extend what
is effectively a[ n] already lengthy day." Jacobs/ CSRS also referenced Rule 3. 7 of the Professional
Rules of Conduct, stating that the rule " prohibits a lawyer from also acting as a witness." But see
Jordan v. Intercontinental Bulktank Corp., 621 So. 2d 1141, 1148- 49 ( La. App. 1st Cir.), writs
denied, 623 So. 2d 1335 and 1336 ( La. 1993) ( Rule 3. 7 does not prohibit attorneys from testifying
at a trial about facts essential to the case; rather, this rule prohibits attorneys from acting as
advocates in trials in which they are likely to be called as witnesses.).

                                                  14
           4.   Concerning the award of "Fees" to Lathan immediately above,
                within 30 days of signing of this Judgment, Lathan shall submit
                to this Court for its consideration and ruling evidence supporting
                the Fees that Lathan incurred or expended. 1` 1

                                       A    ellate Review

       On February 10, 2022, Jacobs/ CSRS timely filed its notice of intention to

apply for supervisory writs and request for a return date with the trial court and

timely filed its application with this court. In an unpublished writ action, this court

issued the following ruling:

                STAY DENIED; WRIT GRANTED WITH ORDER.                              The

       trial court' s judgment signed on February 1, 2022 granted the motion
       for sanctions filed by The Lathan Company based on its finding that
       Jacobs Project Management Company/CSRS Consortium violated the
       court' s June 8, 2021 judgment. The judgment also awarded The Lathan
       Company " all fees, costs and expenses ( collectively " Fees")," but did
       not specify the amount of the award. The amendment to Subparagraph
        A)( 10) of La. Code Civ. P. art. 2088 clarifies that the trial court retains
       jurisdiction for purposes of setting " costs, expert witness fees, and
       attorney fees" after an appeal has been taken from the initial judgment.
        See Comments --2021( a). Accordingly, we find the February 1, 2022
       judgment is a final, appealable judgment.            See La. Code Civ. P. art.
       1915( A)( 6);    Capital City Press, LLC v. Louisiana State University
       System Board of Supervisors, 2013- 1994 ( La. 8/ 28/ 1. 3), 120 So. 3d
       250. Therefore, it is ordered that this case be remanded to the district
       court     with    instruction   to   grant   Jacobs     Project    Management

       Company/ CSRS Consortium an appeal pursuant to the February 10,
       2022 pleading notifying the trial court of its intention to seek writs. See
       In re Howard, 541 So. 2d 195 ( La. 1989) ( per curiam).           A copy of this
       court' s action is to be included in the appellate record.

Lathan Co. v. Department of Education, 2022- 0215 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 6121122),

2022 WL 2230376 ( unpublished).

       is Portions of the February 1, 2022 judgment are sometimes hereinafter identified by
numbered paragraphs, corresponding to the numbers utilized in the judgment.

                                               15
       On remand, Lathan submitted a proposed order of appeal, indicating that the
                                                                                13
order was agreed to by Jacobs/CSRS, and this appeal followed.                        Jacobs/ CSRS' s

primary assignment of error is the trial court' s imposition of sanctions —particularly,

the striking of all of its defenses in paragraph one, which is a draconian penalty

reserved for the most culpable conduct under extreme circumstances ( Assignment

of Error No. 1).     Jacobs/ CSRS argues that the imposition of sanctions was erroneous

given the following underlying errors: ( 1. 1) the trial court' s February 1,                   2022

judgment improperly references " Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law" in

paragraph one, which Jacobs/ CSRS argues do not even exist"; ( 1. 2) the record

reflects that Jacobs/ CSRS complied with the four directives set forth in the June 8,

2021 order, evidenced by the completed " rolling document production" and the " re-

production of documents previously provided to Lathan in 2015"; ( 1. 3) the timing

of Jacobs/ CSRS' s document production has not prejudiced Lathan' s ability to

prepare for trial; and ( 1. 4) the trial court subsequently issued an award of attorney' s

        3
            Following the lodging of the instant appeal, this court, ex proprio mole, issued a rule to
show cause order, finding an apparent defect in the February 1, 2022 judgment.          The judgment
contained an award of fees, costs, and expenses without including a specific amount.       While the
trial court is divested of jurisdiction over ail matters reviewable under the appeal once an appeal
is granted, it retains jurisdiction during the pendency of the appeal to set and tax costs, expert
witness fees, and attorney fees. La. Code Civ. P. art. 2088( A)( 10) and Comments -2021, comment
 a). Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure article 1920 provides that "[ u] nless the judgment provides
otherwise, costs shall be paid by the party cast, and may be taxed by a rule to show cause."
 Emphasis added.)      Because the February 1, 2022 judgment specifically noted that the
determination of the amount of fees, costs, and expenses would be made at a later date, over which
the trial court retains jurisdiction pursuant to La. Code Civ. P. art. 2088( A)( 10), we do not find
that the judgment lacks appropriate decretal language. Therefore, we recall the rule to show cause
order and maintain the appeal.

         14 We do not find merit in this alleged error. The February 1, 2022 judgment is complete
in its determination and ruling on the motion for sanctions and the sanctions issued, and it is of
no consequence that the judgment contains surplus language. See Harvey v. Collins, 2020- 0840
 La. App. 1st Cir. 4116121), 2021 WL 1452210, * 4 ( unpublished), writ denied, 2021- 00683 ( La.
9127121), 324 So. 3d 96.

                                                   16
fees on an ex parte basis without allowing Jacobs/ CSRS the opportunity to file an

opposition. is

                                      LAW AND ANALYSIS

       In this matter, our inquiry is focused on whether the trial court was manifestly

erroneous in finding that Jacobs/ CSRS failed to obey a trial court order compelling

discovery' 6 and whether the trial court abused its discretion in imposing sanctions
pursuant to La. Code Civ. P. art. 1471.        A trial court has much discretion in imposing

sanctions for failure to comply with discovery orders, and its ruling should not be

reversed absent an abuse of discretion.         Hutchinson v. Westport ins. Corp., 2004-

1592 ( La. 1118104), 886 So. 2d 438, 440 ( per curiam).

       Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure article 1471 provides, 17 in pertinent part,

as follows:

                  A. If a party ...fails to obey an order to provide or permit
       discovery, including an order made under Article 1464 or 1469, the
       court in which the action is pending may make such orders in regard to
       the failure as are just, including any of the following:

              1) An order that the matters regarding which the order was made
       or any other designated facts shall be taken to be established for the
       purposes of the action in accordance with the claim of the party
        obtaining the order.

        15 1n Assignment of Error No. 1. 4, Jacobs/ CSRS refers to the trial court' s order, awarding
Lathan $ 109,216. 16 in fees, which was signed on March 15, 2022.      We decline to consider any
alleged error concerning the actions of the trial court issued after the rendition of the February 1,
2022 judgment appealed.

        Moreover, Jacobs/ CSRS acknowledges in its brief that the March 15, 2022 order is " not
specifically on appeal here ( it is stayed pending the resolution of this Appeal)" and that the action
of the trial court opposed by Jacobs/ CSRS in this appeal is the issuance of any sanctions at all.
Accordingly, we address Jacobs/ CSRS' s alleged error concerning that portion of the February 1,
2022 judgment awarding attorney fees and expenses as sanctions in our analysis of Assignment of
Error No. 1.

        16 The appropriate standard for appellate review of factual determinations is the manifest
error -clearly wrong standard, which precludes the setting aside of a trial court' s finding of fact
unless that finding is clearly wrong in light of the record reviewed in its entirety. Hayes Fund for
First United Methodist Church of Welsh, LLC v. Kerr-McGee Rocky Mountain, LLC, 2014-
2592 ( La. 121gI15), 193 So. 3d 1110, 1115.

        17 We note that Acts 2021, No. 174 § 1 amended La. Code Civ. P. art. 1471( A)( 3), replacing
 final default judgment" with " default judgment."  The amendment was made effective on January
1, 2022, after the motion was filed and before the judgment was issued by the trial court. Section
7 of the Act specifically states that it " shall apply to default judgments rendered on or after" the
effective date.

                                                  17
             2) An order refusing to allow the disobedient party to support or
      oppose designated claims or defenses, or prohibiting him from
      introducing designated matters in evidence.
              3) An order striking out pleadings or parts thereof, or staying
      further proceedings until the order is obeyed, or dismissing the action
      or proceeding or any part thereof, or rendering a default judgment
      against the disobedient party upon presentation of proof as required by
      Article 1702.

              4) In lieu of any of the foregoing orders or in addition thereto,
      an order treating as a contempt of court the failure to obey any orders
      except an order to submit to a physical or mental examination.

             B. Absent exceptional circumstances, a court may not impose
      sanctions under this Article on a person or party for failing to provide
      electronically stored information lost as a result of the routine, good -
      faith operation of an electronic information system.

             C. In lieu of any of the foregoing orders or in addition thereto,
      the court shall require the party failing to obey the order or the attorney
      advising him or both to pay the reasonable expenses, including attorney
      fees, caused by the failure, unless the court finds that the failure was
      substantially justified or that other circumstances make an award of
      expenses unjust.

      In this matter,    the trial court issued orders compelling Jacobs/ CSRS to

respond to discovery, with the June 2021 order being the subject of the motion for

sanctions.   Any failure by Jacobs/ CSRS to comply with the trial court' s orders

subjected them to further orders of the court, including the possibility of sanctions

as specified in La. Code Civ. P. art. 1471.

    Did Jacobs/ CSRS fail to comply with the June 2021 order of the trial court?
                             Assigpment of Error No. 1. 2)

      The trial court made a factual determination that Jacobs/ CSRS failed to

comply with the June 2021 order. Accordingly, this court cannot set aside this

determination unless the factual determination is clearly wrong.     Stobart v. State

through Department of Transportation and Development, 617 So. 2d 880, 882

La. 1993).

      Regarding Item 4 of the June 2021           order,   Lathan acknowledged that

Jacobs/ CSRS produced 1, 674 emails ( including their attachments and totaling

                                          18
125, 379 pages) with a privilege log on July 23, 2021, 8, 082 emails ( 250, 949 pages)

on October 22, 2021, 11, 979 emails ( 188, 342 pages) on November 24, 2021, and

246 emails ( 3, 792 pages) on December 4, 2021.              Jacobs/ CSRS also produced non -

privileged portions of the Project File and a privilege log on October 6, 2021.              The

October, November, and December 2021 productions were beyond the July 23, 2021

deadline set by the trial court in the June 2021                    order,   but do   demonstrate

Jacobs/ CSRS' s willingness to comply with the trial court' s order. Additionally,

Jacobs/ CSRS has never produced to Lathan a " Control Sheet" as directed in Item 4,

which was to be an index of all documents containing one or more of the search
                                                                                         I
terms, identifying every document located ( without revealing its contents). '

        In accordance with Item 2 of the June 2021 order, the parties successfully met

and conferred to determine limited key terms in which to use in the search of the

servers for emails and electronically stored information prior to the order deadline

of April 30, 2014.          Further, counsel for Jacobs/ CSRS and Lathan discussed

custodians,    and counsel for Jacobs/ CSRS identified and described two servers

hosting emails and other electronically stored data responsive to the judgment, which

were located at CSRS' s office in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.

        While the parties appointed representatives to participate in the on- site

investigations and search in accordance with Item 3 of the June 2021 order, no such

on- site investigation occurred. Rather, a one- hour virtual meeting (via Webex video

conferencing) was held on July 9, 2021, along with a second meeting on August 19,

2021.

        At the July 9, 2021 virtual meeting, counsel for Lathan, Ms. Gordon, and

Lathan' s designated representative,          Dr. Michael Black, conferred virtually with

counsel for Jacobs/ CSRS, Benjamin Janke, and Jacobs/ CSRS' s representative,

        s We note that on July 26, 2021, Jacobs/ CSRS provided a forty -five-page " folder
structure" of the files maintained in the Project File on the servers.

                                                  19
Sandy Roppolo, who was the Director of Technology for CSRS, Inc, During this

virtual meeting, two screens from one of the identified servers was shared by Mr.

Roppolo, but Lathan maintained that its access was restricted. Regarding the second

server, Mr. Roppolo shared one screen containing a listing of general project folders,

and Mr. Janke indicated that these were the applicable folders for the project, all of

which were copied and produced in the 2015 production by the RSD. When counsel

for Lathan asked that the folders be opened, Mr. Janke denied the request.

      Later, on August 19, 2021, another Webex call was scheduled to go over the

search that was rerun by Jacobs/ CSRS after discovering that the prior search using

old software resulted in an unintentional restricted search, despite the use of proper

search terms.    While Lathan again requested that it be permitted to perform an

investigation and search of the servers, only a Webex call with counsel for both

parties, Dr. Black, and Mr. Roppolo participating occurred. Lathan maintains that it

was on this call that it learned that Jacobs/ CSRS had only identified a portion of the

servers housing emails used by Jacobs/ CSRS representatives on the project. Only

the email server hosting the " jacobscsrs. com" domain was searched, and the initial

and subsequent search did not include the Jacobs.com" and " csrsonline. com" email

domains.   The record does not indicate what else transpired during the August 19,

2021 Webex call.

      Based on our review of the designated record, 19 particularly the affidavit of

Ms. Gordon, a reasonable basis exists for the trial court' s determination that

Jacobs/ CSRS failed to comply with the June 2021 order. We are unable to conclude

that the trial court was manifestly erroneous in so finding. Stobart, 617 So. 2d at

882 ( to reverse a trial court' s findings, an appellate court must determine that there

exists no reasonable basis for the trial court' s factual finding and the record shows

       19 The record was designated on appeal by Jacobs/ CSRS.

                                             20
the finding is clearly wrong or manifestly erroneous after a review the record in its

entirety).   Accordingly, this portion of Jacobs/ CSRS' s assignment of error (No. 1. 2)

is without merit.

              Did the trial court abuse its discretion in issuing sanctions?
                           Assignments of Error No. 1 and 1. 3)

       Having determined that the trial court was not manifestly erroneous in finding

that Jacobs/ CSRS failed " to     obey an order to provide or permit discovery"           in

accordance with La. Code Civ. P. art. 1471( A), it must be determined whether the

trial court abused its wide discretion in issuing sanctions.      Hutchinson, 886 So.2d

at 440.

       A trial court has the authority to impose sanctions on a party for discovery

misconduct under both its inherent power to manage its own affairs and the

discovery articles provided in the Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure. Carter v. Hi

Nabor Super Market, LLC, 2013- 0529 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 12/ 30/ 14),             168 So. 3d

698, 703, writ denied, 2015- 0190 ( La. 4/ 17/ 15), 168 So. 3d 399. Under La. Code

Civ. P. art. 1471, when a party refuses or is unable to comply with a discovery order,

the trial court in a pending action " may make such orders in regard to the failure as

are just,"   thereby granting the trial court broad discretion to impose a range of

sanctions.   Id. at 703- 04.

       Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure article 1471( A) provides authority for the

imposition of sanctions by the trial court.       In this regard, the trial court elected to

impose multiple sanctions, striking all ofJacobs/ CSRS' s defenses to Lathan' s claims

and decreeing that Jacobs/ CSRS " shall not be allowed to present any evidence in

support of such defenses" ( paragraph two).         Additionally, the trial court awarded

Lathan " all fees,   costs and expenses ( collectively ` Fees') it incurred as a result of

Jacobs/ CSRS' s non- compliance with the [ June 2021 order], as well as the ` Fees' it

                                             21
incurred to bring the Sanctions Motion and the previous motion to compel on which

the [ June 2021 order] was based" ( paragraph three).

       Regarding the issuance of expenses and attorney fees as sanctions, La. Code

Civ. P. art. 1471( C) provides:

       In lieu of any of the foregoing orders or in addition thereto, the court
       shall require the party failing to obey the order or the attorney advising
       him or both to pay the reasonable expenses, including attorney fees,
       caused by the failure, unless the court finds that the failure was
       substantially justified or that other circumstances make an award of
       expenses unjust.

Finding no error in the trial court' s determination that Jacobs/ CSRS failed to comply

with the June 2021 order, we do not find that the trial court was manifestly erroneous

in awarding expenses and attorney fees as sanctions. Considering the record on

appeal, we further find no justification or other circumstances that would render an

award of expenses and attorney fees pursuant to La. Code Civ. P. art. 1471( C) unjust

under the circumstances herein.

       However, the language in paragraph three of the February 1, 2022 judgment

is overly broad, awarding sums not contemplated by La. Code Civ. P. art. 1471( C),

See Cracco v. Barras, 520 So.2d 371, 372 ( La. 1988) (" Attorney' s fee statutes must

be construed strictly because the award of attorney fees is exceptional and penal in

nature.").   Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure article 1471( C) prescribes that the trial

court shall require the payment of "the reasonable expenses, including attorney fees,

caused by the failure" to obey the order. (        Emphasis added.)     The reasonable

expenses and attorney fees recoverable under La. Code Civ. P. art. 1471( C) is

expressly limited, and we find that the trial court abused its discretion in awarding

additional expenses and attorney' s fees not contemplated therein. Accordingly, we

                                            22
vacate paragraph three and amend this portion of the judgment to conform to the

language of La. Code Civ. P. art. 1471( C). 20

        We now consider whether the sanction of striking all of Jacobs/ CSRS' s

defenses to Lathan' s claims and decreeing that Jacobs/ CSRS " shall not be allowed

to present any evidence in support of such defenses" in paragraph two was an abuse

of the trial court' s discretion. The ultimate sanction for a recalcitrant plaintiff who

fails to comply with discovery orders is dismissal of the suit, and the ultimate

sanction for such a defendant is the issuance of a default judgment. Skidmore v.

Salvadras, 496 So. 2d 4351 437 ( La. App. 1 st Cir. 1986). In Raby v. Orkin, LLC,

2018- 0224 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 9121118), 2018 WL 4519958, * 3 ( unpublished), this

court observed that preventing a plaintiff from supporting his claims for personal

injuries and prohibiting him from introducing evidence to prove his claim was

 equivalent to a dismissal of his cause of action altogether."

        Additionally, in Boyer v. Kokkinis, 51, 598 ( La. App. 2d Cir. 9/ 27/ 17), 244

So. 3d 652, 658, writ denied, 2017- 2058 ( La. 212118), 235 So. 3d 1112, the Second

Circuit Court of Appeal similarly determined that the sanction of prohibiting the

appellant from using certain records in support of its claims and defenses or in

opposition to plaintiff' s claims was " the       functional equivalent of dismissal of the

appellants' reconventional demand and default judgment against them on the main

demand." 21 The court in Boyer concluded that the same justifications required for

        20
          Additionally, we vacate paragraph four of the February 1, 2022 judgment, as it
referenced paragraph three and contemplated a deadline dependent on an event, i.e., the " signing
of this Judgment," which is now inapplicable.

        21 Also, see Matter of Succession of Morris, 2019- 0562 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 6/ 17/ 20), 312
So. 3d 285, 293, writ denied, 2020- 01180 ( La. 1218120),     306 So. 3d 435, wherein this court
acknowledged that most of the less -severe alternative sanctions available under La. Code Civ. P.
art. 1471 would have yielded the same result as a dismissal. In the Morris case, the appellant' s
status as a forced heir was the sole remaining issue before the trial court.   This court concluded

that deeming certain facts relating to forced heirship proven for purposes of litigation, prohibiting
her from introducing evidence relative to forced heirship, and striking all the appellant' s
allegations of forced heirship in the pleadings would all ultimately result in the dismissal of
appellant' s claims. Id. at 293- 94.

                                                 23
dismissal and default judgment were necessary for the imposition of these sanctions.

Id.   Likewise,      we       find that the    sanctions     at    issue herein, striking all of

Jacobs/ CSRS' s defenses to Lathan' s claims and prohibiting Jacobs/ CSRS from

presenting any evidence in support of such defenses, are tantamount to entering a

default judgment against Jacobs/ CSRS.              Therefore, we analyze whether the trial

court abused its discretion accordingly.

      As stated in the seminal Louisiana Supreme Court case, Horton v. McCary,

635 So. 2d 199, 203 ( La. 1994), dismissal and default are generally reserved for those

cases in which the client, as well as the attorney, is at fault. Before taking the drastic

action of dismissal for a discovery violation, a court should consider the following

four factors ( often referred to as the " Horton factors"): ( 1)            whether the violation

was willful or resulted from inability to comply; ( 2) whether less drastic sanctions

would be effective; ( 3) whether the violations prejudiced the opposing party' s trial

preparation;    and (   4)    whether the client participated in the violation or simply

misunderstood a court order or innocently hired a derelict attorney.                   Hutchinson,

886 So.2d at 440; Horton, 635 So. 2d at 203.           Dismissal is justified only if the record

contains     sufficient      evidence   of a   party' s ( as      opposed   to   counsel' s)   willful

disobedience, bad faith, or fault.             BancorpSouth Bank v. Kleinpeter Trace,

L.L.C., 2013- 1396 ( La. App.           1st Cir. 1011114),     155 So. 3d 614, 631, writ denied,

2014- 2470 (La. 2127115), 159 So. 3d 1067 ( citing Lirette v. Babin Farm, Inc., 2002-

1402 ( La. App. 1st Cir. 4/ 2/ 03), 843 So. 2d 1141, 1143 and In re Medical Review

Panel, 1999- 2088 ( La. App. 1 st Cir. 12/ 22/00), 775 So.2d 1214, 1218).

      In considering the first and second Horton factors, the record does not contain

sufficient factual information on which this court could appropriately evaluate

whether the violation was willful or whether less drastic sanctions would be

effective.   We additionally note that, with respect to the first Horton factor, there is

no evidence that the violation was due to an inability of Jacobs/ CSRS to comply.

                                                  24
Further, the record does not contain any motions or pleadings that were filed on

behalf of Jacobs/ CSRS seeking relief from Lathan' s discovery requests or the trial

court' s orders to compel, e.g., motions to quash, for protective order, or for extension

of time. 22

       Regarding the third Horton factor — whether the violations prejudiced

Lathan' s trial preparation —we note that in many of the cases in which courts have

upheld the drastic sanction of dismissal or default, a trial date was set and the

recalcitrant party' s actions hindered trial preparation or necessitated a continuance

of the trial.

       In Matter of Succession of Morris, 2019- 0562 ( La. App. lst Cir. 6/ 17/ 20),

312 So. 3d 285, 290, writ denied, 2020- 01180 ( La. 1218120), 306 So. 3d 435, trial was

set for September 28, 2018.      After the discovery propounded on appellant on August

30, 2017, was never answered, a motion to compel was filed with a hearing set on

December 18, 2017. Id. at 287- 89.         While responses were provided by appellant on

the eve of the hearing, the responses contain " very minimal information." Id. at 289.

The motion to compel was granted, and the appellant provided supplemental

responses on January 18, 2018, which provided no answers of any substance and

indicated, " Please see attached," while never attaching any documents. Id. at 289-

90,   In fact, this court described appellant' s response as " untimely, evasive, and

incomplete at best."      Id. at 293.    With the trial date set within two weeks of the

hearing on the motion for sanctions ( filed over three months prior), this court

concluded that there was actual prejudice to the party propounding discovery.

       In Hutchinson, trial was set for April 21, 2003.               The appellants failed to

respond to interrogatories and requests for production of documents, resulting in a

contempt order on November 27, 2002.              Hutchinson, 886 So.2d at 439- 40.       The

       22 Further, the parties do not allege that any such motions were filed.

                                                25
appellants obtained an extension of time to respond, but failed to comply with the

order.    Id. at 440.    The Supreme Court determined that the appellants' " failure to

cooperate in discovery made it impossible for the defense to proceed and placed the

defense at a disadvantage if they had to try the case without the discovery."                 Id. at

441.

         In McWilliams v. Exxon Mobil Corp., 2012- 1288 ( La. App. 3d Cir. 4/ 3/ 13),

111 So. 3d 564, 573, writ denied, 2013- 1402 ( La. 11/ 8/ 13), 125 So. 3d 451, the Third

Circuit Court of Appeal specifically noted that the appellants had squandered every

opportunity to proceed in the litigation properly, ignoring deposition requests for

months on end and forcing the trial court to continue the matter from May 2011 to

January 2012 in an attempt to have the appellants comply with discovery orders.23

Even with the additional time provided for trial, the appellants failed to make any

good faith effort to participate in discovery. Id.

         In the present case, the matter was not set for trial and there was no scheduling

order in place setting discovery deadlines. Under the specific facts of this case, we

find that the trial court erred in finding that Jacobs/ CSRS' s violations prejudiced

Lathan' s     trial   preparation.     Accordingly,      we    find   merit   in   Jacobs/ CSRS' s

Assignment of Error No. 1. 3.

         Lastly, concerning the fourth Horton factor —whether the client participated

in the violation or simply misunderstood a court order or innocently hired a derelict

attorney — we do not find that the evidence in the record establishes the client' s

involvement in this case.       In In re Medical Review Panel, 1999- 2088 ( La. App. 1 st

Cir. 12/ 22100), 775 So.2d 1214, 1218- 19, this court explicitly stated as follows:

         Although the trial court has wide discretion in fashioning a remedy
         pursuant to those provided in La. C. C. P. art. 1471, the record must
         contain sufficient evidence of plaintiff' s willful disobedience, bad faith,

         23 We note that Lathan argues that it was prejudiced by not being able to " prepare its case
against Jacobs/ CSRS or proceed with depositions until it has all relevant documents it has
requested."   However, Lathan does not claim to have made any attempts to schedule depositions
pursuant to La. Code Civ. P. arts. 1437 or 1442 nor did it provide evidence of such attempts.

                                                  26
         or fault, in order to justify the dismissal. Ifthe record does not contain
         evidence ofplaintiffs, rather than counsel' sfault, the trial court, ifit
         grants dismissal, abuses the wide discretion afforded it by La. C.C.P.
         art 1471.

 Emphasis added.)         Accordingly, in order to support the severe sanctions in this

matter, there must be evidence of the party' s fault in the violation of the June 2021

order.

         In Horton, 635 So. 3d 199, the defendants failed to answer interrogatories and

respond to a request for production of documents. A motion to compel compliance

was filed, and the trial court issued an order requiring compliance within ten days

and indicating that " if defendants fail to obey this order, the court will order such

penalties as are provided by Louisiana Code of Civil Procedure article 1471, which

penalties include,    inter alia, the granting of a judgment by default against the

disobedient party."       Id. at 200. The defendants responded, but the plaintiffs filed a

motion for contempt, alleging that the discovery responses were incomplete and

unresponsive and sought the entry of a default judgment against the defendants.

Finding that the defendants followed a pattern of concealing discoverable

information, the trial court entered a default judgment in favor of the plaintiffs on

the issue of liability.

         Noting the four factors, the Supreme Court expressly acknowledged that the

defendants, through counsel, gave incorrect and incomplete responses to discovery,

shortly before the trial date, which subjected plaintiffs to possible surprise and

prejudice.     However, with no evidence that the client itself participated in the

violation of the trial court' s discovery orders, the Supreme Court reversed the default

judgment on liability and ordered the trial court to conduct a hearing in order to

determine who was responsible to failure to comply with the discovery orders.

Horton, 635 So. 2d at 203.

                                              27
       Moreover, in BancorpSouth Bank, 155 So. 3d at 636, this court observed

that, "[ w] hile   the trial court' s hearings elucidated the extent of BancorpSouth' s

failures to respond to discovery requests, those failures do not, as a matter of law,

support the ultimate sanction of dismissal of BancorpSouth' s claims." The Fourth

Circuit Court of Appeal in Payne v. Green, 2000- 1655 ( La. App. 4th Cir. 8/ 30/00),

769 So. 2d 650, 653, reversed that portion of the trial court' s judgment striking the

answers filed by defendant, stating that "[ t]he problem is that the clients may be

getting punished for their attorneys'     misconduct,"           and concluded that they were

entitled to a hearing to determine whether they were at fault.

       In this case, Lathan asserted in its memorandum in support of sanctions that

Jacobs/ CSRS, as the client, was at fault, willfully disobeyed the June 2018 order,

and acted in bad faith.       Lathan argued that: (         1)    it made multiple requests to

participate in an onsite investigation, which " requests would likely have to be

cleared through Jacobs/ CSRS"; ( 2) Jacobs/ CSRS' s Director of Technology, Mr.

Roppolo " heard Lathan' s analysis of the [ June 2021 order' s] language and request

for a subsequent on- site inspections [     sic]"; (   3)        Jacobs/ CSRS participated and

acquiesced in the willful denial of Lathan' s right to participate in the investigation

and search and decided in bad faith to ignore the trial court' s authority and mandates

of the June 2021 order; and ( 4) Mr. Roppolo " participated in and perhaps lead [ sic]

the email search which knowingly excluded two of the three clearly applicable

domains under the [ June 2021 order] ."

       The affidavit of Ms. Gordon provided the following relative to Mr. Roppolo' s

participation:

        14.    On the Webex video conference call on July 9,                    2021,   I
               participated in a discussion with Mr. Roppolo and Dr. Black
               concerning some technical issues and parameters of the Servers
               generally. Dr. Black requested remote access to information on
               the Servers, which Jacobs/ CSRS denied. In the Webex video
               call, Mr. Roppolo shared two screens from the Outlook server,
               but did not provide Lathan access to see what other files from the

                                            29
                 Frantz project may have been located on the outlook server or
                 how the files or other data were maintained. As for the " Project
                 file" server, Mr. Roppolo shared one screen which contained a
                 listing of general project folders.     Mr. Janke represented that
                 these were folders from the Frantz project and that all of these
                 folders had been copied andproduced to Lathan in the RSD 2015
                 Production.   After looking at the folder on the computer screen
                  which was very small and extremely difficult to read), I asked
                 whether Mr. Roppolo would open one of the folders - -               for
                 example, the first. Mr. Janke would not allow it. I requested that
                 Jacobs/ CSRS' s Counsel send me a copy of the screenshot of the
                 purported Frantz project listing of general project folders. On
                 July 9, 2021, I received an email with a screenshot of the
                 displayed folder.

           15.   In the Webex video meeting,           Mr. Janke stated, while Mr.
                 Roppolo was present and after I read at least portions of
                 Paragraph No. 3 of the Judgment, that the single one- hour Webex
                 video   meeting     on   July   9,   2021   satisfied   Jacobs/ CSRS' s
                 obligations   concerning        Lathan' s    participation     in   the

                 investigation and search of the emails and electronically stored
                 data on the Servers.

Emphasis added.)          Notably, there are multiple instances of the conduct and

statements of counsel for Jacobs/ CSRS, but no clear indication of Mr. Roppolo' s

actions that would establish the client' s willful failure to comply.

       Additionally, Lathan argued in its reply memorandum that Mr. Roppolo, as

the Jacobs/ CSRS representative assisting with the response to the June 2021 order

and the " IT Director of CSRS," should have known that the search of emails failed

to include the " jacobs.com"         and " csrsonline. com"    email domains belonging to

Jacobs and CSRS, respectively. According to Lathan, prior document productions

from the RSD indicated that Jacobs/ CSRS representatives were using one of the

following email domains: " jacobscsrs.com," " jacobs.com," " csrsonllnexom," and

 gotech- inc.com."        Through responses to a third -party subpoena issued to

 GOTECH,"         Lathan discovered that Mr. Roppolo assisted with transitioning " all

users ( gotech, Csrs, Jacobs)"     to new email addresses, utilizing the " jacobscsrs. com"

domain in February 2011. Mr. Roppolo' s email stated that he planned to " export

users[']     existing mailboxes from current mail servers into a pst file and have them

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work offthat for old email" and that he set up " forwarding on [ the] C SRS mail server

for all CSRS Rsd users."

       In its brief on appeal, Lathan notes that its multiple requests to participate in

an on- site investigation " would likely have to be cleared through Jacobs/ CSRS for

access to the facility housing the Servers" and that Mr. Roppolo heard Lathan' s

counsel' s analysis of the language in the June 2021 order. Reference is also made

to Mr. Roppolo' s knowledge of email domains searched and the existence of other

domains.     Lathan summarily concludes that the " evidence shows Jacobs/ CSRS' s

 the client' s) participation/acquiescence in the willful denial of Lathan' s right to

participate [ in]   the investigation and search ...    and ...   Jacobs/ CSRS' s bad faith

decision to ignore the Trial Court' s authority and the mandates of the [ June 2021

order] ."

       Notwithstanding the noted involvement of Mr. Roppolo, there is no express

proof that the client itself participated in or were responsible for the violation of the

June 2021 order. Rather, paragraphs 14 and 15 of Ms. Gordon' s affidavit indicate

that Mr. Janke, counsel for Jacobs/ CSRS, advised his client according to his own

interpretation of the June 2021 order, and Mr. Roppolo followed counsel' s advice.

See supra.   It is not clear to what extent, if any, the client, as opposed to its counsel,

was at fault in failing to comply with the order.

       This is in contrast with Hutchinson, 886 So. 2d at 439 n. 1, in which plaintiff

was representing herself and her minor son after hiring and firing four different

firms. Notwithstanding the fact that "[ m] uch of the discovery was easily answerable

even by a lay person," plaintiff completely failed to make a good faith effort to

respond to discovery.        Id. at 441.   In fact, the Supreme Court noted that " Ms.

Hutchinson is the client and is directly and solely responsible for the failure to

comply with the discovery order," " she was ...        dissatisfied with the representation

of several   attorneys," "   she demanded self -representation despite the trial court' s

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warning that such procedure was unwise," and " she was given special consideration

and extra time to respond to discovery."           Id. at 440 ( quoting      Hutchinson v.

Westport Ins. Corp., 2004- 138 ( La. App. 5th Cir. 5126/ 04), 875 So. 2d 891, 897,

writ   granted,    judgment „ rev' d,   2004- 1592 (   La.   11/ 8/ 04),   886   So. 2d   438).

Accordingly, the Supreme Court reinstated the trial court' s order of dismissal due to

the plaintiff' s willful refusal to comply with the discovery order. Id. at 441.

        Further, in McWilliams, 111 So.3d at 572- 73, the Third Circuit specifically

noted the      defendants'   participation
                                             in delay tactics in connection with the

depositions of defendants' corporate representatives pursuant to La. Code Civ. P.

art.   1442.    The   corporate representatives,   who defendants deemed the most

knowledgeable in their fields, did little to no work to prepare for their required

testimonies, and defendants' own counsel indicated how involved the client was. Id.

at 573.

        We acknowledge that a majority of a three-judge panel ofthis court in Morris,

312 So. 3d at 294,     determined that the sanction of dismissal was not manifestly

erroneous after the appellant' s refusal to comply with discovery orders.           However,

we note that the majority in Morris did not address the fourth Horton factor of the

analysis — whether the client participated     in the violation. The court in Morris did

specifically quote the applicable discovery requests, which entailed very basic and

nontechnical requests for information and documents concerning the appellant' s

claim of forced heirship, i.e., her illness, disease, conditions, and/ or sickness. Id. at

288.      The appellant' s responses contained minimal information with the only

substantive response being that she suffered from " several" illnesses, diseases, and

conditions, including but not limited to pancreatic cancer.          No medical records or

other documents were provided. Id. at 289.

        The detailed discovery in this complex litigation involves, in part, the

production of electronically stored information amassed over a period of more than

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ten years, which is distinctively different from the Morris litigation. Additionally,

the actions of the appellant in Morris affected the defendant' s preparation for the

scheduled trial, whereas here, no trial date has been scheduled. Lastly, the appellant

in Morris, after having more than a year, failed to produce any documents and

almost no substantive responses. Accordingly, we do not find the decision in Morris

instructive.24

       In this case,       the evidence does not support a finding that the client,

Jacobs/ CSRS, willfully or in bad faith failed to comply with the June 2021 order;

therefore, the fourth Horton factor is not met in this case. In light of our conclusion

that two of the four Horton factors are not met in this case, we find merit in that

portion of Jacobs/ CSRS' s Assignment of Error No. 1 concerning the sanctions of

striking all of Jacobs/ CSRS' s defenses to Lathan' s                 claims    and   prohibiting

Jacobs/ CSRS from presenting any evidence in support of such defenses, which are

tantamount to entering a default judgment. See BancorpSouth Bank, 155 So. 3d at

636; Lirette, 843 So. 2d at 1143; In re Medical Review Panel, 775 So. 2d at 1218.

Such sanctions were not justified in this case, and the trial court abused its discretion

in striking all of Jacobs/ CSRS' s defenses and prohibiting the introduction of

evidence in support of those defenses.

                                        CONCLUSION

       For the above and foregoing reasons, paragraph three of the February 1, 2022

judgment is vacated and amended to read as follows. " The Lathan Company is

awarded    reasonable      expenses,   including attorney fees, caused by the failure of

Jacobs Project Management Co./ CSRS Consortium to obey the June 8, 2021 order."

Paragraph four of the February 1, 2022 judgment is vacated. Further, paragraph two

       241n Morris, 312 So. 3d at 291, the appellant' s original appeal was dismissed by this court
as abandoned for appellants' failure to file a brief, but the appeal was ultimately reinstated ( and
nearly abandoned again).

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of the February 1, 2022 judgment striking all of Jacobs Project Management

Co./ CSRS Consortium' s defenses to The Lathan Company' s claims and prohibiting

Jacobs Project Management Co./ CSRS Consortium from presenting any evidence in

support of such defenses is hereby reversed. The remaining portions of the February

1, 2022 judgment are affirmed, as amended.         We remand this matter for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion.    Costs of this appeal are assessed one- half

to The Lathan Company, and one- half to Jacobs Project Management CO.ICSRS

Consortium.

      REVERSED IN PART; VACATED IN PART; AMENDED IN PART;

AFFIRMED IN PART, AS AMENDED; REMANDED.

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