Court Opinion

ID: 5605112
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-11 03:40:45.640824+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:36:55.241430
License: Public Domain

Powell, J.
(After stating the foregoing facts.)
1. The first point, and perhaps the most troublesome point in the 'record, arises upon the defense under the statute of limitations. The present suit was not filed within the statutory period, but the jolaintiff relies on section 4381 of the Civil Code (1910), which is as follows: “If a plaintiff shall be nonsuited, or shall discontinue or dismiss his case, and shall recommence within six months, such renewed case shall stand upon the same footing, as to limitation, with the original case: but this privilege of dismissal and renewal shall be exercised only once under this clause.” It is made to appear by the pleadings and the proof that on January 26, 1906, the plaintiff filed, in the superior court of Fulton county, an action against the present defendant (joining also the manager *675and the assistant manager of the hotel company, though they were afterwards stricken by amendment). That suit set forth in ■one .count the entire transaction set forth in the three counts of the present suit, and the defendant filed thereto a demurrer, on the ground that “the same contains in the same count two separate and distinct causes of action, to wit, a cause of action for false arrest and a cause of action for malicious prosecution. ” The judge of the. superior court sustained this demurrer, but gave leave to amend; and on January 28, 1909, the plaintiff filed an amendment to that petition, “striking therefrom any claim for damages on ‘a cause of action for false arrest/ and electing to pursue the cause of action for malicious prosecution.” The case was then assigned for trial, and .on March 30, 1909, terminated in a nonsuit. The present suit, it may be recalled, was filed on May 27, 1909, i. e., within six months from the date on which the former suit was’nonsuited, and also within six months from the date on which the plaintiff struck out from the former petition the claim for damages on account of false arrest and imprisonment.
Whether the petition in the former suit did, in its one count, set forth more than one- distinct cause of action is not now a question for determination. The demurrer raising that point and the judgment of the court (unexcepted to) sustaining it make conclusive upon the parties, and upon the court in the trial of the present case, the proposition that the false arrest (including the false imprisonment — for it is manifest from the context that the expression, “false arrest,” as used’ in the quotations from the pleadings in the former case, referred to the imprisonment as well as to the arrest) was a separate and distinct cause of action from the alleged malicious prosecution which followed thereon. The fact that we doubt the soundness of that ruling makes no difference; it is now a postulate of the case.
Before deciding the point which controls this branch of the case, we will eliminate another proposition. It may be that the language employed in the amendment to the former suit, by which the plaintiff struck from the petition “any claim for damages” on the cause of action for false arrest, left the allegations as to the false arrest and false imprisonment still in the petition as a part of the transaction declared on as a malicious prosecution. Be that as it may, we will decide the case as if the former petition in its *676one count set up the three separate and distinct causes of action contained in the different counts of the joresent petition, and as if on January 28, 1909, the plaintiff struck out two of these causes of action, and was on March 30, 1909, nonsuited as to the third.
The point, the very serious point, which counsel for the plaintiff in error (the defendant in the lower court) makes, is that an amendment relates back to the date of the filing of the suit, and that when, on January 28, 1909, the plaintiff amended the petition in the former suit by striking out all causes of action except the one on account of the malicious prosecution, that amendment related back to the beginning of the suit and left the case as if the petition had been originally brought only for the malicious prosecution; so that when the case thus proceeding terminated in nonsuit, only a case for malicious prosecution could be renewed within six months thereafter.
We believe the true rule to be that if a petition contains two or more separate and distinct causes of action, each cause of action is to be tried and treated as if it were a separate and distinct case. In many instances the rules of pleading do allow separate and distinct causes of action to be joined in the same petition, though, as a matter of technical form and .of orderliness of procedure, there is a requirement that each shall be set forth in a separate count. Bach count, then, from a substantial point of view, is a separate suit; and the case made by the petition as a whole is determined as if separate suits had been filed and had been consolidated for the purposes of trial. Bor an analogue in criminal procedure, see Tooke v. State, 4 Ga. App. 495, 504 (61 S. E. 917). The requirement that the different causes of action shall be alleged in separate counts is technical only, and if the case proceeds to trial with the petition asserting two or more distinct causes of action in the same count, the case nevertheless stands as if a number of separate suits were on trial by consolidation. It seems expedient, logical, and altogether just to say that if a plaintiff should file a petition setting forth in separate counts a number of distinct causes of action, and afterwards should find that he was unable satisfactorily to proceed as to one of his counts, and should then strike or dismiss that count, the effect would be the same as if he had brought a like number of separate suits and had dismissed one of them; and that if the time required by the statute of *677limitations had been completed after the filing of the suit and before the dismissal of the count, the plaintiff should nevertheless be allowed to sue over upon the cause of action asserted in that count within six months from the time he struck it out or dismissed it. 'This is merely to give to the code section on the subject of renewal of actions that liberal, common-sense construction which the courts are accustomed to say should be given it. See Cox v. Strickland, 120 Ga. 104 (47 S. E. 912) (especially at bottom of page 111 and top of page 112), and authorities there cited. If by technical delinquency the plaintiff has joined two distinct causes of action in the same count, he should be allowed to strike out or dismiss one of them on like terms; for one of the very objects of the renewal statute is to give the plaintiff the right to sue over without the embarrassment of the bar of the statute of limitations, where in the first suit he attempted to assert a cause of action, but “by some accident, or inadvertence or variance, not affecting the real merits of the case, was compelled to dismiss.” Moss v. Keesler, 60 Ga. 44, 47. That the right to claim the benefit of the statute may apply as to a part of a case only (if that part relates to a distinct and entire cause of action) is shown by the Civil Code (1910), § 4382, where it is given to a'defendant whose plea of set-off has been disposed of without a hearing on the merits.
In our opinion, the rule insisted upon by able counsel for the plaintiff in error, that amendments relate back to the beginning of the suit, does not destroy this right of renewal in cases such as those we have been discussing. The prime object of the rule is the saving of causes of action, not the destroying of them. It is a general rule, but it has its exceptions. When an amendment merely perfects, either in form or in substance, the manner in which a particular cause of action has been stated, it relates back to the beginning of the suit, so far as that cause of action is concerned, and makes the procedural perfection finally attained as to that cause of action a perfection ab initio; but there are cases into which new and distinct causes of action are inserted by amendment (though the contrary is the general rule, of course), and in such cases the amendment does not relate back, and the causes of action contained in the petition prior to the introduction of the new cause of action are in nowise affected. Cf. Bentley v. Crummey, 119 Ga. 911 (47 S. E. 209).
*678The amendment involved in this ease was twofold in its consequences. As to the allegations respecting the cause of action for malicious prosecution, it fulfilled the proper offices of an amendment, i. e., it relieved the statement of that cause of action of the procedural imperfection of being joined in the same count with the statement of another cause of action; and as to that cause of action it related back to the beginning of the case and made the perfection attained as to it a perfection ab initio. But as to the cause of áction for the false arrest it operated quite differently; as to the statement of that cause of action it was no amendment at all, but was a dismissal; and dismissals do not relate back to the beginning of the suit, at least so far as counting time under the code section as to renewals of actions is concerned.
We are of the opinion that the trial court properly held that the plaintiffs causes of action, so far as the questioned counts are concerned, were not barred. In holding this we think that we are applying the rule on the subject according to its reason as so-ably set forth by Mr. Justice Lamar in the case of Cox v. Strickland, 120 Ga. 104, 109 (47 S. E. 912); “Statutes of limitation are based partly on the theory that non-action by a plaintiff tends to throw his adversary off guard, making him careless in the preservation of receipts, vouchers, documents, and other evidence needful for his defense. But when a suit is pending, whether it be brought with technical correctness or not, the defendant is warned to preserve his evidence. The attempted assertion by judicial proceedings of a cause of action in which A gives B notice of his claim is sufficient to stop the running of the statute during the pendency of that suit, and for six months thereafter. In like manner, if B in the same suit, by a set-off or cross-bill (Civil Code, § 3787 [Civil Code (1910), § 5282]; Crane v. Berry, 60 Ga. 362; Hunt v. Spaulding, 18 Pick. 521), or other appropriate proceeding, should attempt to enforce his cause of action against the plaintiff or other party to the proceedings, the statute would likewise be tolled as to this claim. Notice had been given. The opposite party was warned. If the suit was disposed of on any matter not concluding the merits of the cause of action, or any [italics ours] of the causes of action, asserted in the proceeding by one party against another, it might be thereafter seasonably renewed in the proper forum, in proper form, against any of the proper and all of *679the necessary parties therein.” See also Atlanta, K. & N. Ry. Co. v. Wilson, 119 Ga. 781 (47 S. E. 366).
2. Another exception involving somewhat of the general question we have just been discussing will now be noticed. The plaintiff, in alleging the proceedings had in the former suit, for the purpose of showing that the present action was not barred, did not set forth verbatim a copy of the amendment of. January 28, 1909, by which the cause of action as to the arrest and imprisonment was stricken out, but stated the substance of it in the following language: “The plaintiff filed an amendment striking from said suit any claim for damages on a cause of action for false arrest.” The defendant filed special demurrer to this, on the ground that a copy of the amendment was not attached; and exception is taken to the overruling of the special demurrer. Counsel for the plaintiff in error cite Atlanta, K. & N. Ry. Co. v. Wilson, supra, in which it is held that, “if the point be raised by special demurrer, the plaintiff, who relies on the privilege of renewal under the Civil Code, § 3786 [Civil Code (1910), § 4381], to escape the bar of the statute, may be required to attach a copy of the petition in the first suit, so that the court may determine, as matter of law, whether it was for the same cause of action as the second, between the same parties, brought before the original bar had attached, and in a court having jurisdiction of the subject-matter.” The petition in the former action was set forth by exhibit in the case at bar, and the allegation attacked by the demurrer merely stated what became of that case so far as the particular cause of action is concerned. We doubt that the reason underlying the rule as announced in the case just cited applies-with full vigor here. At any rate, the allegation, under the facts of the present case, stood in such an immaterial relation that any error in respect to its sufficiency was harmless; for whether the pleader correctly stated the substance and legal effect of his amendment or incorrectly stated it, the case was unaffected. That is to say, if the amendment alleged by the pleader was not adequate to dismiss the cause of action as to false arrest from the case, then it remained in, and fell by nonsuit in March, 1909, and was on that account renewable; if the amendment was adequate to effect the dismissal, the case was nevertheless renewable, for six months had not expired from the date of the amendment.
*6803. The jury, as has been said, found in favor of the defendant as to the third count (for malicious prosecution) ; lienee, only errors relating to the manner in which the other two counts were submitted to the jury will be considered. There is no dispute that the arrest and. imprisonment complained-, of in the other two counts took place without any warrant being procured. Whoever arrests or imprisons a person without a warrant is guilty of a tort, unless he can justify under- one of the exceptions prescribed by law; and the burden of proving that the case lies within the exception rests upon the person making the arrest or inflicting the imprisonment White v. State, 99 Ga. 16 (3), 19 (26 S. E. 742). If a warrant is shown authorizing the arrest, the presumption is that the arrest was made legally and for a lawful purpose, and the burden of proof is upon the person asserting the contrary. Graham v. Marks, 98 Ga. 67, 70 (25 S. E. 931).
4. The circumstances under which an arrest without warrant may be made by an officer are sot forth in section 917 of the Penal Code of 1910 (which section is a codification of the common law, with slight enlargement), as follows: “An arrest may be made fora crime by an officer, either under a warrant, or without a warrant if the offense is committed in his presence, or the offender is endeavoring to escape, or for other cause there is likely to be a failure of justice for want of an officer to issue a warrant.” This applies to arrests for misdemeanors as well as for felonies; though as to arrests for felonies somewhat greater latitude may be allowed in certain eases. Porter v. State, 124 Ga. 297, 302 (52 S. E. 383); Thompson v. State, 4 Ga. App. 649 (2), 652 (62 S. E. 568). In this case the crime charged was a misdemeanor. There is no contention that the alleged offender was endeavoring to escape, or that for any other cause there was likely to be a failure of justice for want of an officer to issue a warrant. The only ground of justification left was that the crime was committed in the officer’s presence. Complaint is made in regard to the court’s instructions to the jury as to when a crime may be considered as having been committed in an officer’s presence. There are other assignments of error bearing on the same general subject. (Were it not for the contingency that there may be another trial of the case, it would be unnecessary for us to pass upon these questions, in view of what we are going to rule a little later on in the course of the opinion.) *681We think that the words, “in his presence,” as used in the Penal Code (1910), § 917, and the words “within his immediate knowledge,” as used in § 921, are synonymous. To justify the arrest without warrant, the officer need not see the act which constitutes the crime take place, if by any of his senses he has personal knowledge of its commission. Thus, if he hears shooting or other noises, and runs immediately to the place and finds the offender with evidence of the alleged crime on him, or finds the offender running away as if in apparent flight from the crime, and in similar cases, the crime is considered as having been committed in the officer’s presence or immediate knowledge. See the dissent in Porter v. State, supra, and cases therein cited.
5. It is said, however, that policemen in Atlanta have broader powers than ordinary officers as to making arrests, because it is provided in the charter of Atlanta (Acts 1905, p. 613), as to the police officers of the city, that '“it shall be their duty to make arrests of any persons violating the ordinances of said city, with or without summons, and also with or without warrant; they shall likewise make arrests of any persons who have violated the statutes of said State, and their arrests for such violations are hereby authorized, either with or without warrants therefor.” The general law as embodied in the Penal Code (1910), § 917, applies to policemen of all the municipalities of the State. Thomas v. State, 91 Ga. 204, 206 (18 S. E. 305) ; Brooks v. State, 114 Ga. 6 (39 S. E. 877); Porter v. State, supra; Johnson v. State, 30 Ga. 426. Unless the local law as found in the Atlanta charter is construed in such a way as to make it harmonious with the general law, the local law would fall as being unconstitutional. A construction which avoids repugnancy to the constitution is always to be favored. With this in view, we construe the provision in the Atlanta charter as authorizing policemen of that city to make arrests without warrant only where such a course is permissible under the general law. The language of the local law is easily susceptible of this construction, and the ordinary canons of interpretation require the limitation here imposed upon it.
6. Even if' we should find that the court erred in any of the instructions as to the legality of the arrest, there is a reason why the error should be considered as harmless and insrrfiicient to authorize a new trial. The Penal Code (1910), § 922, provides: *682“In every ease of an arrest without warrant, the person arresting shall, without delay, convey the offender before the most convenient officer authorized to'receive an affidavit and" issue a warrant. And no such imprisonment shall be legal beyond a reasonable time allowed for this purpose.” Though it would probably do no violence to the prerogative of the jury as to passing on the facts for us to say that the evidence in this ease demanded a finding that the defendants did not comply with this law, still it is unnecessary for us to do so. What is a reasonable time for the detention after the arrest in order to procure a warrant is, generally speaking, a question for the jury; and in this case the question was fairly submitted to the jury, and by their verdict on the second count they have established the fact that the plaintiff was imprisoned for an unreasonable time before the warrant was procured. This being so, another proposition of law comes into play. One of .the resolutions in the case of The Six Carpenters, 8 Coke, 146 (1 Smith’s Leading Cases, 9th ed. 261), cited approvingly in Sheftall v. Zipperer, 133 Ga. 488, 492 (66 S. E. 253), is that “when entry, authority, or license is given to any one by the law, and he doth abuse it, he shall be a trespasser ab initio.” This has been frequently applied to cases of arrest prima facie legal, followed by illegal detention. In the case of Brock v. Stimson, 108 Mass. 520 (11 Am. Rep. 390), the policeman legally• arrested the plaintiff without a warrant, but failed in the duty of carrying him before the magistrate. The court, in an opinion by Mr. Justice Gray, held: “Every man has the right to the enjoyment of his liberty and the use of his property, except so far as restrained by law; and whoever unlawfully interferes with the enjoyment of the one, or the use of the other, is a trespasser. A man who seizes the property or arrests the person of another by legal process, or other equivalent authority conferred upon him by law, can only justify himself by a strict compliance with the requirements of such process or authority. If he fails to execute or return the process as thereby required, he may not, perhaps, in the strictest sense be said to become a trespasser ab initio; but he is often called such; for his whole justification fails, and he stands as if he had never had any authority to take the property, and therefore appears to have been a trespasser from the beginning. 2 Rol. Ab. 563; Sherland v. Govett, 5 B. & C. 485; s. c., 8 D. & R. 257; Smith v. Gates *68321 Pick. 55; Coffin v. Vincent, 12 Cush. 98; Russell v. Hanscomb, 15 Gray, 166; Munroe v. Merrill, 6 Id. 236; Williams v. Babbitt, 14 Id. 141. The same rule holds good in the case of an officer who, after arresting a person on criminal process, omits to perform the duty required by the law, of taking him before a court. Tubbs v. Tukey, 3 Cush. 438.” See also Boston & Maine R. v. Small, 85 Me. 462 (35 Am. St. R. 379); Dehn v. Hinman, 56 Conn. 320 (1 L. R. A. 374). Hence, it is immaterial to inquire whether the officer could have arrested without a warrant if he had thereafter obeyed the provisions of the Penal Code (1910), § 922; for his legally ascertained disobedience of this law relates back so as to make the arrest in any event illegal.
7. The point is made that the court erred in submitting to the jury instructions on the subject of punitive damages. Without going into the details of the evidence, we will dispose of the exception with the statement that this issue was presented by the evidence as well as by the pleadings and was properly submitted to the jury.
8. Complaint is made that the court allowed the plaintiff to prove that at the time of her arrest at night and her imprisonment, she had at home three young daughters without male protection. Taken in connection with the testimony that the defendants’ agents were informed of this fact and were requested by the plaintiff to take her by her home for the purpose of making some provision for the safety of these children, and that the request Avas refused (though her home was near by), the evidence, was plainly admissible, not only for the purpose of showing the extent of the plaintiff’s mental suffering, but also for the purpose of showing malice and wanton oppression on the part of the defendant. “Cruel treatment of his prisoner by the captor may be considered (where there is evidence on the point) to illustrate the purpose of the arrest and the bona fides of the custody.” Habersham v. State, 56 Ga. 61 (5).
9. The defendant desired to prove the death of two persons connected with the case — a Miss Scott and the policeman, Carson. A witness was asked, “Have you heard from any member or members of Miss Scott’s family whether or not she is dead?” The witness answered, “I had a letter from her sister.” The court ruled this out. As the record does not disclose what was in the *684¿etter or what the defendant expected tg show by the letter, it'is not necessary to consider this exception further. As to Carson, the witness testified, “W. W. Carson was a member of the police force, and there was public announcement of his death, and my officer at the hotel told me of his death, and told me he attended his funeral, but I have no personal knowledge of it.” The court ruled this out.
The Civil Code (1910), § 5764, provides: “Pedigree, including descent, relationship, birth, marriage, and death, may be proved either by the declarations of deceased persons related by blood or marriage, or by general repute in the family, or by genealogies, inscriptions, ‘family trees/ and similar evidence.” In Imboden v. Etowah Co., 70 Ga. 86, it was held in general language that hearsay as to death is admissible. In Williams v. State, 86 Ga. 548, 550 (12 S. E. 743), the generality of this statement was criticised. While, in a sense, hearsay is admissible to prove death, yet the hcarsa3r must come up to the requirements of the code section quoted above. Cf. Augusta R. Co. v. Randall, 85 Ga. 297 (3) (11 S. E. 706). See also Travelers Ins. Co. v. Sheppard, 85 Ga. 751 (10) (12 S. E. 18). The evidence was properly excluded.
10. We come now to the only error we find in the entire record. The first count sets up that by the false arrest the plaintiff was greatly humijiated and damaged in her feelings and reputation, and mentions no other element of damage (except punitive damages). The second count sets up that by the false imprisonment which ensued after the arrest and by the circumstances connected with it, she was “greatly humiliated and made sick, and nearly lost her reason, and her nervous system was so shocked that for over two weeks she was prostrated from the effects thereof, from which she has never recovered.” We need not recite what is set up in the third count, as the verdict was for the defendant as to that. The judge, in his charge to the jury, in stating the contentions of the parties, took up the counts of the plaintiff’s petition and read them to the jury separately. Then, after stating the 'substance of the pleas in the case, lie stated to the jury what facts were conceded by both parties to be true as to each of the counts. He then stated the contested issues arising under each count, and gave to the jury the rules of law by which these contested issues were to be settled. As he concluded his instructions as to the contests *685under each count, he added, “I will instruct you as to the amount of the recovery later, on this proposition, if she is entitled to recover at all.” After he had finished with the other portions of his charge and approached the question of damages, he made the following statement to the jury: '“Now, she sets up, gentlemen, she suffered damage on each of these counts to which I have called your attention, for humiliation and for her wounded feelings, for her suffering mental and physical, for her disgrace amongst her friends and people who knew her, and humiliation, and that it affected her nervous system so that she suffered a nervous shock for two weeks or more, and asks to recover damages, laying her damages on each one of the counts at $10,000. Well, gentlemen, the same rule or measure of damage would apply on each of these counts, and it is left to the enlightened consciences of impartial jurors to say what the amount of damages would be, if she recovers in the case. It would be your duty to look into the character of the wrong done her, if she was wronged, in each count; what effect it had as to causing her humiliation; what its tendency was as to disgracing her before the public, amongst her friends; and, desiring to be fair and just to both sides and not oppressive to the defendant, .you would give to her such sum as you believe would compensate her, under the circumstances, for her pain and her suffering, her humiliation, her mental suffering, if she underwent such suffering, and such sum as your enlightened consciences would approve as right and just under the facts and circumstances of the case.” Then, after instructions on the subject of punitive damages, he charged the jury as to the form of their verdict, directing them to make a separate finding as to each count. The verdict was: “We, the jury, find for the plaintiff twrenty-five hundred dollars on count No. 1, and twenty-five hundred dollars on count No. 2, making a total of five thousand dollars.”
The error complained of is that the court instructed the jury, in effect, that under the first count, as well as under the second, they might award damages to the plaintiff for the physical suffering (including the shock to her nervous system) which she experienced through her illness which she claimed was brought about by the false imprisonment, though no such damages were claimed or alleged in the first count. The point seems to be well taken. While *686it is true that the court correctly read the plaintiffs petition and the various counts thereof to the jury, still, as he was repeatedly reminding them throughout the charge that he would inform them later as to how they should assess the damages in the event they found the defendant liable, and did at the close of the charge 'give these erroneous instructions, we can not say that the jury was not misled. There is a possibility that the jurors decided that the plaintiff ought to have $5,000 for the wrong done her by the false arrest and imprisonment, considered as one continuous and connected transaction, and that, having agreed on this amount, they proceeded to divide.it into two parts, in order to comply with the directions of the judge as to the form of their verdict; but as judges we have no right to assume that they did any such thing; for, under the law and under the charge of the court, it was their duty to consider and to find as to each count separately. If the ¡fiaintiff had not divided the transaction into parts and made each part a separate cause of action, there would he no trouble in sustaining the verdict, but the fact that confronts us is that the division exists. Under all the facts of the case the false imprisonment was a much more serious cause of damage than the false arrest. The point is made that $3,500 for the false arrest alone is excessive. It will not be necessary for us to malee an authoritative ruling on that point. -However, in the light of the decision in the case of Fire Association v. Fleming, 78 Ga. 733 (3 S. E. 420), in which Mr. Justice Hall denounced the verdict of $1,000 for an arrest without warrant as so excessive as to show bias or misapprehension on the part of the jury, there is much plausibility in the point. It must be kept in mind that the verdict of the jury on the third count is in effect a finding that probable cause existed for a prosecution of the plaintiff, though it was afterwards ascertained that she was not guilty. If there was probable cause for a prosecution, there was reasonable ground for an arrest. The verdict, taken as a whole, must be construed as finding that the actionable wrong which the defendant committed, so far as the first count is concerned, was not in causing her to be arrested, but in not getting a warrant. The arrest was in private, and, standing alone, was not accompanied by specially aggravating circumstances. If the jury believed the-plaintiff’s version of the case, the damages assessed are very moderate so far as the second count is concerned; *687but this is not true as to tlie first count. As to tlie second count, the case was fairly and legally tried throughout; as to the first count there is an error of serious import. We make this statement in explanation of the direction we are about to give the case. We are of the opinion that the proper disposition of the case, under all the circumstances, is to affirm the judgment, on condition that the plaintiff will voluntarily write off the recovery had on the first count, thus relieving the case of all effects of the error, but that otherwise a new trial be had of the case as a whole.

Judgment affirmed, on condition.