Court Opinion

ID: 4680199
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-04-22 19:01:01.318734+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:12:18.497377
License: Public Domain

USCA11 Case: 20-13706        Date Filed: 04/22/2021     Page: 1 of 11

                                                               [DO NOT PUBLISH]

                IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                          FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                            ________________________

                                  No. 20-13706
                              Non-Argument Calendar
                            ________________________

                        D.C. Docket No. 1:19-cv-21996-MGC

SLAM DUNK I, LLC,
on behalf of itself and all others similarly situated,

                                                       Plaintiff - Appellant,

versus

CONNECTICUT GENERAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY,

                                                       Defendant - Appellee.

                            ________________________

                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Southern District of Florida
                          ________________________

                                    (April 22, 2021)

Before JILL PRYOR, LUCK, and LAGOA, Circuit Judges.

LAGOA, Circuit Judge:
         USCA11 Case: 20-13706       Date Filed: 04/22/2021   Page: 2 of 11

      Slam Dunk I, LLC, appeals the district court’s order granting Connecticut

General Life Insurance Company’s motion to dismiss with prejudice. We are

presented with a straightforward issue on appeal. Slam Dunk asserts that it stated a

claim for breach of contract by alleging Connecticut General improperly increased

cost-of-insurance rates, thereby increasing fees collected from its insureds. We

disagree and affirm for the reasons that follow.

I.    FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

      This case involves group universal life insurance (“GUL”) policies. Several

decades ago, Connecticut General issued GUL policies to employees of several

companies, including Hyatt Corporation, Magellan Health Services, and Continental

Airlines. In 2010, Slam Dunk, a life settlement company that purchases life

insurance policies through the secondary market acquired twenty-two GUL polices

issued to individuals by Connecticut General.

      According to Slam Dunk, GUL policies are obtained voluntarily and paid for

by an employee. GUL policies are also less expensive than what is typically

available to an individual, permanent (in that they can be maintained even after an

employee leaves his or her job), and feature a savings component. The savings

component is the policy’s “cash value,” which consists of money held in trust by the

insurer plus any money the policyholder contributes.          When making such a

contribution, the policyholder is guaranteed a minimum fixed interest rate.

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      The policyholder pays for a policy through deductions that Connecticut

General makes each month from the policy’s cash value.          This deduction is

calculated by using a set of cost-of-insurance (“COI”) rates. Connecticut General

selects the COI rate that best corresponds to the insured and then deducts the COI

monthly charge from the GUL policy’s cash value.

      The GUL policies contain the following language about how Connecticut

General calculates and may adjust the COI:

            The Monthly Cost of Insurance Rates are based on the Insured’s
      Attained Age, the type of benefit, the Class of Insured and whether
      premiums for that Insured are paid directly to [Connecticut General] or
      through payroll deductions. The Monthly Cost of Insurance Rates are
      determined by [Connecticut General] based on its expectations as to
      future mortality experience. Adjustment in the Monthly Cost of
      Insurance Rates may be made by [Connecticut General] from time to
      time, but not more than once a year, and will apply to Insureds of the
      same class. Under no circumstance will the Monthly Cost of Insurance
      Rates for Life Insurance ever be greater than those shown in the Table
      of Guaranteed Maximum Life Insurance Rates. Such guaranteed
      maximum rates are based on the Commissioners 1980 Extended Term
      Table (age last birthday) and 4% effective annual interest.

The GUL policies therefore establish a variable COI rate that may increase or

decrease based on several things, including: the policyholder’s age, the type of

benefit, the class of policyholder, whether premiums for the policyholder are paid

directly to Connecticut General or through payroll deductions, and Connecticut

General’s expectations of the policyholder’s “future mortality experience.”

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Regarding the last factor, as the policyholder’s mortality experience improves or

declines, Connecticut General may adjust the COI rate accordingly.

      Slam Dunk brought this putative class action against Connecticut General,

seeking to represent similarly situated policyholders whose monthly COI rates have

been increased at least once since May 16, 2014. Because, as a general matter,

advancements in medicine and science have improved life expectancy over time,

Slam Dunk alleges that Connecticut General should have either reduced or at least

not increased the COI rate. In its initial complaint, Slam Dunk asserted that this

improving life expectancy trend triggered a contractual obligation for Connecticut

to reduce the COI rate. Connecticut General moved to dismiss the initial complaint,

and the district court granted that motion without prejudice, allowing Slam Dunk

leave to file an amended complaint. Slam Dunk then amended its complaint, this

time shifting its theory from faulting Connecticut General for not changing the COI

rate to faulting Connecticut General for changing the rate, i.e., Slam Dunk alleges

that, despite life expectancy improving, Connecticut General improperly increased

the COI rate. According to Slam Dunk, because the COI rate is to be “based on”

expectations of “future mortality experience,” Connecticut General violated the

GUL policies by increasing the COI rate.

      Connecticut General again moved to dismiss Slam Dunk’s action, arguing that

Slam Dunk failed to state a plausible claim for breach of contract. On September

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29, 2020, the district court dismissed Slam Dunk’s amended complaint with

prejudice, finding that the policies’ plain language did not support Slam Dunk’s

allegations in its amended complaint. This appeal ensued.

II.    STANDARD OF REVIEW

       We review de novo an order dismissing a complaint for failure to state a claim

with prejudice, Hunt v. Aimco Props., L.P., 814 F.3d 1213, 1221 (11th Cir. 2016),

“accepting the complaint’s factual allegations as true and construing them in the light

most favorable to the plaintiff.” United States v. Henco Holding Corp., 985 F.3d

1290, 1296 (11th Cir. 2021). In our review, we apply Florida law. 1

III.   ANALYSIS

       On appeal, Slam Dunk argues that Connecticut General breached its

contractual obligations that it would base COI rate adjustments on mortality

expectations. Because mortality experiences across the board are improving, Slam

       1
          Because this is a diversity case brought in a Florida district court, we apply Florida’s
choice-of-law rules. Boardman Petroleum, Inc. v. Federated Mut. Ins. Co., 135 F.3d 750, 752
(11th Cir. 1998) (“Federal courts sitting in diversity apply the forum state's choice-of-law rules.”).
Florida follows the rule of lex loci contractus in determining which law applies to a breach-of-
contract claim. Jemco, Inc. v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 400 So. 2d 499, 501 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App.
1981). Under this theory, “in the absence of a contractual provision specifying the governing law,
a contract . . . is governed by the law of the state in which the contract is made.” Fioretti v. Mass.
Gen. Life Ins. Co., 53 F.3d 1228, 1235 (11th Cir. 1995) (footnote omitted). The GUL policies do
not contain a choice of law provision. Slam Dunk’s amended complaint is devoid of allegations
identifying where the GUL policies were signed or executed, but does make passing reference to
Connecticut General’s breach of “one or more contracts in Florida by failing to perform acts
required by its insurance contracts to be performed within Florida.” Although this jurisdictional
allegation does not provide us with information about where the contracts were made, neither party
disputes that Florida law controls, and we therefore apply it to this matter.

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Dunk argues that the language of the GUL policies prohibited Connecticut General

from increasing the COI rate. 2

       Insurance policies are contracts. See Lumbermens Mut. Cas. Co. v. August,

530 So. 2d 293, 295 (Fla. 1988). A claim for breach of contract under Florida law

requires three elements: “(1) the existence of a contract; (2) a material breach of that

contract; and (3) damages resulting from the breach.” Vega v. T-Mobile USA, Inc.,

564 F.3d 1256, 1272 (11th Cir. 2009). As with any contract, courts “must interpret

the policy in accordance with the plain meaning of the language used so as to give

effect to the policy as it was written.” State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Menendez,

70 So. 3d 566, 569–70 (Fla. 2011) (quoting Travelers Indem. Co. v. PCR Inc., 889

So. 2d 779, 785 (Fla. 2004)). “Furthermore, ‘[i]n construing a contract, the legal

effect of its provisions should be determined from the words of the entire contract,’

and that construction must give ‘effect to all of the provisions of the contract.’”

Summitbridge Credit Invs. III, LLC v. Carlyle Beach, LLC, 218 So. 3d 486, 489 (Fla.

4th DCA 2017) (alteration in original) (emphasis added) (quoting Sugar Cane

Growers Co-op. of Fla., Inc. v. Pinnock, 735 So.2d 530, 535 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App.

1999)).

       2
           We agree with Connecticut General that Slam Dunk abandoned the theory put forward in
its initial complaint: that Connecticut General should have reduced the COI rate. Further, we also
agree that Slam Dunk has abandoned its count for breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing,
as Slam Dunk fails to address the district court’s dismissal of this count and makes no mention of
it anywhere in its initial brief. Therefore, we affirm on this count without further comment. See
LaCourse v. PAE Worldwide Inc., 980 F.3d 1350, 1360 (11th Cir. 2020).
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      Accepting Slam Dunk’s factual allegations as true and viewing them in the

light most favorable to Slam Dunk, in order to state a cause of action for breach of

contract, Connecticut General’s duty to adjust the COI rate would have to be based

exclusively on expectations of future mortality experience, and Connecticut General

could not consider any other factors without breaching the GUL policies. This

reading of the contract fails for two reasons.

      First, Slam Dunk’s interpretation ignores the other sentences of the GUL

policies. The COI provision contained in each of the GUL policies consists of five

sentences, but Slam Dunk’s theory focuses only on the sentence that mentions future

mortality experience as a basis for establishing the COI rate. The immediately

preceding sentence, however, establishes that the COI rates are also based on “the

Insured’s Attained Age, the type of benefit, the Class of the Insured and whether

premiums for that Insured are paid directly to [Connecticut General] or through

payroll deductions.”

      We cannot accept a reading of the GUL policies that focuses only one

sentence to the exclusion of all others. See Auto-Owners Ins. Co. v. Anderson, 756

So. 2d 29, 34 (Fla. 2000) (“[I]n construing insurance policies, courts should read

each policy as a whole, endeavoring to give every provision its full meaning and

operative effect.”). The GUL policies’ language establishes factors that Connecticut

General must consider in a decision to adjust the COI rate: the policyholder’s age,

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the type of benefit, the class of policyholder, whether premiums for the policyholder

are paid directly to Connecticut General or through payroll deductions, and the

expectations of the policyholder’s “future mortality experience.” We must read the

contract as a whole and cannot sever the single sentence highlighted by Slam Dunk

from the remainder of the COI provision.

      Second, Slam Dunk advances a reading of the COI provision that is contrary

to its plain language by incorrectly reading exclusivity into the phrase “based on.”

For example, even if we were to disregard the preceding sentence and consider only

the sentence of the COI provision that Slam Dunk highlights, Slam Dunk asks this

Court to read the sentence as follows: “The Monthly Cost of Insurance Rates are

determined by [Connecticut General] based only on its expectations as to future

mortality experience”; or “based on its expectations as to future mortality experience

and nothing else.” This runs afoul of basic principles of contract interpretation that

courts do not add words to a contract. Indeed, ‘[t]he law [in Florida] is quite clear

that courts may not rewrite, alter, or add to the terms of a written agreement between

the parties and may not substitute their judgment for that of the parties in order to

relieve one from an alleged hardship of an improvident bargain..”              See Int’l

Expositions, Inc. v. City of Miami Beach, 274 So. 2d 29, 30-31 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App.

1973). “Rather, it is a court’s duty to enforce the contract as plainly written.” See

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Okeechobee Resprts, L.L.C. v. E Z Cash Pawn, Inc., 145 So. 3d 989, 993 (Fla. Dist.

Ct. App. 2014).

      Our sister circuit in Norem v. Lincoln Benefit Life Co., 737 F.3d 1145 (7th Cir.

2013), addressed the phrase “based on” in a case involving COI rates. In Norem, the

policy at issue contained the following provision: “The cost of insurance rate is based

on the insured’s sex, issue age, policy year, and payment class. The rates will be

determined by us, but they will never be more than the guaranteed rates shown on

Page 5.” Id. at 1147. The plaintiff brought a breach-of-contract class action, alleging

that the insurer breached “the express terms” of the COI provision “because it

considers factors beyond the insured’s sex, issue age, policy year, and payment class

when it calculates the COI rates.” Id. at 1147–48. Because the insurer conceded it

did, in fact, consider other factors, the plaintiff moved for summary judgment,

arguing there was no genuine dispute that the insurer breached the policies. Id. at

1148. The Seventh Circuit looked to the plain and ordinary meaning of the phrase

“based on” and concluded that none of the definitions supported Norem’s proposed

interpretation that “base” or “based on” implied exclusivity. Id. at 1149 (relying on

the definition of “base” in the Merriam–Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary and the

Shorter Oxford English Dictionary). By way of example, the court explained that

“no one would suppose that a cake recipe ‘based on’ flour, sugar, and eggs must be

limited only to those ingredients.” Id. at 1150. The court, therefore, concluded that

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because the phrase “based on” was not exclusive the insurer was not “prohibited

from considering factors beyond sex, issue age, policy year, and payment class when

calculating its COI rates.” Id.

      We agree with Norem. Nothing about the plain and ordinary meaning of the

phrase “based on” connotes exclusivity, and nothing about it implies the list that

follows is exhaustive. And while we recognize there is some disagreement among

state and district courts, see Norem, 737 F.3d at 1149 (“Several state and district

courts have considered similar clauses in life insurance policies and reached

divergent results.”), we conclude that this interpretation is most consistent with

Florida contract law. Indeed, here, the COI provision at issue in the GUL policies

contains two separate sentences that both use the phrase “based on.” Having been

used twice to refer to different factors, the phrase “based on” cannot connote

exclusivity without leading to an absurd or internally inconsistent result. We

therefore decline to adopt Slam Dunk’s proposed interpretation because to do so

would rewrite the GUL policies.

      We have considered the other arguments raised by Slam Dunk and find them

unavailing. The district court read the COI provisions of the GUL policies according

to their plain and ordinary meaning and properly dismissed the case.

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IV.   CONCLUSION

      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of Slam

Dunk’s claims.

      AFFIRMED.

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