Court Opinion

ID: 4036809
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-24 04:40:16.317811+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:49:58.953067
License: Public Domain

[Cite as Heartland of Urbana OH, L.L.C. v. McHugh Fuller Law Group, P.L.L.C., 2016-Ohio-6959.]

                            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                               SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                    CHAMPAIGN COUNTY

 HEARTLAND OF URBANA OH, LLC                        :
                                                    :
         Plaintiff-Appellant                        :    Appellate Case No. 2016-CA-3
                                                    :
 v.                                                 :    Trial Court Case No. 2014-CV-210
                                                    :
 MCHUGH FULLER LAW GROUP,                           :    (Civil Appeal from
 PLLC                                               :    Common Pleas Court)
                                                    :
         Defendant-Appellee                         :

                                            ...........

                                            OPINION

                        Rendered on the 23rd day of September, 2016.

                                            ...........

ROBERT M. ANSPACH, Atty. Reg. No. 0017263, J. RANDALL ENGWERT, Atty. Reg.
No. 0070746, JOSEPH S. CENTER, Atty. Reg. No. 0092570, 300 Madison Avenue, Suite
1600, Toledo, Ohio 43604
      Attorneys for Plaintiff-Appellant

THOMAS P. MANNION, Atty. Reg. No. 0062551, JUDD R. UHL, Atty. Reg. No. 0071370,
MICHELLE L. GORMAN, Atty. Reg. No. 0066493, 1375 East Ninth Street, Suite 1600,
Cleveland, Ohio 44114
      Attorneys for Defendant-Appellee

                                           .............
                                                                                          -2-

WELBAUM, J.

       {¶ 1} In this case, Plaintiff-Appellant, Heartland of Urbana, LLC (“Heartland”),

appeals from a summary judgment rendered in favor of Defendant-Appellee, McHugh

Fuller Law Group PLLC (“McHugh”). In support of its appeal, Heartland contends that

the trial court erred in holding that its claims for injunctive relief were moot. Heartland

further contends that the trial court erred in finding that its claims arising under Ohio’s

Deceptive Trade Practices Act (“DTPA”) failed under the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. 1125,

and Diamond Co. v. Gentry Acquisition Corp., 48 Ohio Misc.2d 1, 531 N.E.2d 777

(C.P.1988). Finally, Heartland contends that the trial court erred by concluding that

Heartland’s failure to amend its complaint to request a retraction precluded the court from

granting such relief.

       {¶ 2} We conclude that the case was not moot. Even if McHugh conceded that it

could no longer run the same advertisement due to statutory amendments, Heartland was

entitled to have the trial court consider whether McHugh willfully engaged in a deceptive

trade practice, and if so, whether Heartland was entitled to attorney fees. Furthermore,

the trial court erred in rendering summary judgment in favor of McHugh.                 The

advertisement was literally false under the false by necessary implication doctrine, and in

such situations involving comparative advertisements, likely injury is presumed.           A

rebuttable presumption of causation and injury in fact also arose – which was not rebutted

by McHugh in a manner sufficient to warrant summary judgment in its favor.

       {¶ 3} Finally, the request for a retraction was sufficiently pled, and the trial court

erred in concluding that it was precluded from granting such a remedy. Accordingly, the

judgment of the trial court will be reversed, and this cause will be remanded for further
                                                                                     -3-

proceedings.

                              I. Facts and Course of Proceedings

      {¶ 4} McHugh is a Mississippi law firm. Michael J. Fuller is an attorney licensed

in several jurisdictions, including Mississippi, Georgia, New York, Washington D.C.,

Kentucky, Ohio, Missouri, Wisconsin, West Virginia, Florida, Pennsylvania, and

Tennessee. Fuller is a member/manager of McHugh.

      {¶ 5} On December 13, 2014, McHugh published a full-page advertisement in the

Urbana Daily Citizen newspaper that discussed Heartland, a skilled nursing care facility

located in Urbana, Ohio. In addition, the advertisement was published online, on the

newspaper’s website. The advertisement contained a picture of Heartland’s facility in

Urbana, and stated:

               ATTENTION!
               The government has cited

               HEARTLAND OF URBANA NURSING

               AND REHABILITATION CENTER

               for failing to provide necessary care and

               services to maintain the highest well-being

               of each resident.

               If you suspect that a loved one was

               NEGLECTED or ABUSED

               at Heartland of Urbana,
                                                                                            -4-

              call McHugh Fuller today!

              Has your loved one suffered?

                     Bedsores

                     Broken Bones

                     Unexplained Injuries

                             Death

       {¶ 6} The words “Attention,” “Neglected or Abused,” and “Death,” were in bold type

and were colored red. “Cited” was also underlined in red. In addition, the advertisement

contained contact information, including a phone number for McHugh, and a statement

that the advertisement was “advertising material.” Michael Fuller’s name was also listed

on the advertisement.

       {¶ 7} After becoming aware of the advertisement, Heartland filed a complaint for

injunctive and other relief, along with a request for a temporary restraining order (“TRO”),

with the common pleas court on December 24, 2014. The complaint contained claims

for violation of the DTPA, as well as violations of Ohio common law, including claims for

defamation and false light invasion of privacy. Heartland alleged in the complaint that

McHugh advertised its services across the country, and that its systematic efforts to entice

clients to bring suit against Heartland and other skilled care facilities included a pattern of

ongoing newspaper and online advertisements that were false, fraudulent, deceptive, and

misleading.

       {¶ 8} The complaint further alleged that the language in the advertisement falsely

led readers to believe that Heartland had been cited recently. However, Heartland had

not had a citation of any kind for over two years, and had not had a citation remotely
                                                                                       -5-

similar to the one alleged in the advertisement since June 24, 2010, more than four years

previously. Furthermore, even the June 2010 citation, classified as an “F-309” citation,

did not cause harm to any nursing home patient, and the deficiencies had been corrected

in June 2010. In all counts of the complaint, as well as the prayer for relief, Heartland

asked the trial court for an injunction, attorney fees and costs of the action, and such

further relief as the court deemed equitable.

      {¶ 9} On December 24, 2014, Heartland also filed a motion for a temporary

restraining order (“TRO”). The motion was supported by the affidavit of Heartland’s

Licensed Nursing Home Administrator, Dan Arnold, who stated that Heartland was an 85-

bed, skilled nursing home facility that was ranked overall by the federal government as a

“Five Star” nursing home, which is the highest ranking available to nursing homes.

Arnold further stated that Heartland had most recently been subject to regular annual

surveys on February 20, 2014, and November 23, 2012, during which the Ohio

Department of Health had found no deficiencies, and had issued no citations. Consistent

with the allegations in the complaint, Arnold additionally stated that the only citation

remotely similar to the one referenced in the complaint had occurred more than four years

earlier, on the June 24, 2010 survey, and had not resulted in harm to any nursing home

patient. The deficiency was also corrected shortly after the June 2010 survey.

      {¶ 10} The trial court held an ex parte TRO hearing on December 24, 2014, at

which only counsel for Heartland appeared. After hearing Heartland’s arguments, the

trial court entered a TRO and set a preliminary injunction hearing for January 7, 2015.

The restraining order precluded McHugh from using the advertisements in question, and

required the ads to be removed from the public domain, including the websites of both
                                                                                        -6-

the newspaper and McHugh. On December 31, 2014, Heartland filed a motion seeking

a show cause order, because McHugh had not complied with the TRO, and the

advertisement remained visible to the public.      Heartland then filed a motion for a

preliminary and permanent injunction. In the memorandum accompanying the motion,

Heartland asked the trial court, among other things, to require McHugh to publish a full-

page retraction of its prior advertisement.

       {¶ 11} On January 7, 2015, the parties agreed to extend the TRO until the

application was heard by a court of competent jurisdiction. On the same day, McHugh

filed a notice of removal to federal court. Subsequently, the matter was removed to

federal court, but was remanded by the federal court to common pleas court in April 2015,

because the amount in controversy required for diversity actions had not been satisfied.

Ultimately, in May 2015, the trial court ordered McHugh to file an answer to the complaint.

       {¶ 12} In May 2015, McHugh filed a motion asking the trial court to dissolve the

TRO. McHugh claimed in the motion that the TRO deprived it of income, because

McHugh relied on advertising for its income.1 However, in June 2015, McHugh withdrew

its motion and the parties agreed to continue the TRO until the matter could be set for

hearing by a court of competent jurisdiction. Shortly thereafter, the court set the matter

for trial in October 2015, and ordered a discovery cut-off of September 30, 2015.

1 The evidence submitted to the trial court indicated that in December 2014, alone,
McHugh spent more than $100,000 on advertising in Ohio newspapers and in a
newspaper in Huntington, West Virginia. Plaintiff’s Memorandum in Opposition to
Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment, Doc. #80, Ex. D. Substantial money
appears to be available in litigation against nursing homes. See, e.g., Manor Care, Inc.
v. Douglas, 234 W.Va. 57, 82-92, 763 S.E.2d 73 (2014) (in case where a decedent’s son
and estate were represented by McHugh, the West Virginia Supreme Court reversed
some parts of the judgment, but affirmed about $5,000,000 in compensatory damages
and reduced punitive damages from $80,000,000 to slightly less than $32,000,000).
                                                                                         -7-

        {¶ 13} On August 3, 2015, McHugh filed a list of its expert and lay witnesses, and

included only one lay witness, Michael Fuller. McHugh indicated that Fuller had been

involved in the design, creation, and production of the advertisement, and had knowledge

about the publicly available information concerning the following matters: citations issued

to Heartland that were reviewed and used in creating the advertisement and its content;

information that was not used in the advertisement; the target audience of the

advertisement; and the response to the advertisement.

        {¶ 14} Heartland then attempted to schedule Michael Fuller’s deposition. The

record clearly indicates that McHugh obstructed access to Fuller by refusing to supply

him for a deposition on September 15, 2015, even though the parties had agreed upon

the date and location well in advance of the scheduled time for the deposition.

        {¶ 15} Moreover, McHugh’s explanation to the court for the failure to supply Fuller

for the September 15, 2015 deposition was contradicted by the record. Specifically,

McHugh filed a motion for a protective order on September 14, 2015, asking the court to

stay Fuller’s deposition until after McHugh’s motion for summary judgment had been

resolved.2 In the motion for protective order, McHugh noted that Fuller’s deposition was

set for September 15, 2015, and then stated that Fuller had a schedule conflict, based on

a mediation set for September 15, 2015, in Mississippi. In this regard, McHugh told the

court that: “The date for this mediation has been set since August 10, 2015, well before

Defendant’s attorneys received notice that Plaintiffs wished to take Mr. Fuller’s deposition

* * *.” Defendant’s Motion for a Protective Order, Doc. #51, p. 2.

        {¶ 16} Contrary to these representations, the time, date, and location of Fuller’s

2   McHugh filed a motion for summary judgment the same day, on September 14, 2015.
                                                                                             -8-

deposition had been negotiated and agreed to by both Heartland and McHugh on several

occasions between August 21, 2015, and September 10, 2015.                   See Heartland’s

Memorandum Contra Defendant’s Motion for a Protective Order, Doc. #53; Heartland’s

Motion for A Show Cause Order, Doc. #60; Heartland’s Emergency Motion to Compel

Fuller’s Deposition and for Sanctions, Doc. #61; and the documents attached to these

motions.

       {¶ 17} Further contrary to its representations to the court, McHugh did not tell

Heartland that it needed to cancel the deposition because of the conflict; instead, McHugh

indicated on September 9, 2010, that McHugh was filing a motion for summary judgment

and believed the resolution of the motion would make the deposition unnecessary.

       {¶ 18} In view of the allegations of malice and willfulness in the complaint,

Heartland was entitled to question the only fact witness identified by McHugh. McHugh

had agreed to produce this witness, and did not have the right to arbitrarily restrict access,

particularly after agreeing to produce the witness.

       {¶ 19} Instead of ruling on the motion to compel and motion for sanctions for the

failure to produce Fuller, the trial court did nothing other than to vacate the discovery

deadline.

       {¶ 20} As was noted, McHugh’s motion for summary judgment was filed on

September 14, 2015. On September 24, 2015, Heartland filed a motion under Civ.R.

56(F), asking for an extension of time to respond to the motion. Had the deposition gone

forward on September 15, 2015, as agreed, Heartland would not have needed to file a

Civ.R. 56(F) motion with the trial court.

       {¶ 21} Heartland noted in the motion that Fuller’s deposition was critical to its ability
                                                                                       -9-

to respond to McHugh’s summary judgment motion. However, based on the court’s

apparent conclusion that the case might be moot, the court denied the Civ.R. 56(F) motion

on October 13, 2015, and ordered Heartland to file a response to the summary judgment

motion within 21 days. Notably, at the time the summary judgment motion was filed, and

even when summary judgment was ultimately granted, the court had not set either a

discovery deadline or another trial date.

       {¶ 22} After the court denied the Civ.R. 56(F) motion, the parties agreed that

Fuller’s deposition would be taken on December 16, 2015. The trial court was aware of

this, since Heartland filed a notice of deposition.     See Third Amended Notice of

Videotaped Deposition, Doc. #79, filed on October 26, 2015. Heartland also mentioned

the deposition and the need to cross-examine Fuller, in its own motion for summary

judgment, which was filed on November 3, 2015, and in its November 23, 2015 reply to

McHugh’s memorandum contra Heartland’s summary judgment motion. See Plaintiff’s

Motion for Summary Judgment, Doc. #81, pp. 15, 17, 18, 19, and 19, fn.1, and Heartland’s

Reply Motion to McHugh’s Memorandum Contra Heartland’s Summary Judgment Motion,

Doc. #83, pp. 4-5. In fact, Heartland indicted that it would supplement its motion and

responses to McHugh’s motion after Fuller was deposed. Id.

       {¶ 23} Nonetheless, the court ruled on the summary judgment motions on

December 31, 2015, without allowing a reasonable time for Fuller’s deposition to be

transcribed and filed with the court.   (The deposition was filed on January 6, 2016, six

days after the court’s ruling on summary judgment. The notary’s certification on Fuller’s

deposition indicates the notary did not even finish preparing the deposition until January
                                                                                      -10-

5, 2016.)3

      {¶ 24} As an additional matter, McHugh, itself, submitted Fuller’s affidavit to

buttress its arguments in support of summary judgment. See Doc. #82, Defendant’s

Reply in Support of Its Motion for Summary Judgment; Affidavit of Michael J. Fuller

Attached and Motion to Strike Non-Conforming Evidence, filed on November 13, 2015.

Thus, McHugh used Fuller to support its motion, but Heartland was not permitted a Civ.R.

56(F) continuance to properly respond to summary judgment.

      {¶ 25} Finally, on December 23, 2015, McHugh filed a motion for leave to

supplement its motion for summary judgment. On December 31, 2015, prior to the

expiration of time for Heartland to respond to that motion, the trial court issued its

summary judgment decision, granting McHugh’s motion for summary judgment, denying

Heartland’s motion for summary judgment, and dissolving the TRO.         Heartland now

appeals from the judgment of the trial court.

                    II. Did the Court Err in Holding that Heartland’s Claims

                           Were Mooted by a Statutory Amendment?

      {¶ 26} Heartland’s First Assignment of Error states that:

             The Trial Court Erred in Holding Heartland of Urbana’s Claims for

      Injunctive Relief Were Mooted by R.C. 5165.67.

      {¶ 27} The gist of Heartland’s DTPA claim was that the advertisement was

misleading because the only citation remotely similar to the one referenced in the

3These items were included with the record sent to us, but we have not reviewed the
deposition.
                                                                                           -11-

advertisement occurred on June 24, 2010, more than four and a half years prior to the

date of the advertisement. According to Heartland, the advertisement deceptively leaves

a reader with the perception that the citation was very recent. Heartland also notes that

it had not been issued any citations since 2012, and no citations of the type involved in

the 2010 citation had been issued since June 24, 2010. In addition, Heartland notes that

it is a five-star rated facility, which is the highest ranking for a nursing home operating in

the United States.

        {¶ 28} Heartland also argued in the trial court that the advertisement was deceptive

because it omitted a description of the citation (referred to as an F-309 tag), and led

readers to believe that the violation was far more serious than it actually was. For

example, under Federal standards applicable to nursing facilities, violations are assessed

by letters ranging from “A” to “L,” with “L” being the most severe. “J,” “K,” or “L” violations

mean that a nursing facility is in immediate jeopardy, and is in risk of being cut-off from

Medicare reimbursement. In contrast, the particular violations on June 24, 2010 were

only “E” and Level 2 violations, which, at worst, contemplate only minimal physical

discomfort and the potential to undermine a given resident’s ability to maintain or reach

his or her highest practicable well-being, in light of definitions of that resident’s plan of

care.

        {¶ 29} According to Heartland, the harm and injury mentioned in McHugh’s

advertisement, “negligence, abuse, bedsores, broken bones, unexplained injuries, and

death” would fall under a Level 4 severity. The three matters that were involved in the

June 24, 2010 citation, however, involved three relatively minor matters: a failure to

document and administer laxatives prescribed for constipation; a failure to timely
                                                                                       -12-

reassess abdominal pain for 18 hours; and a failure to apply prescribed antibiotic for two

weeks after a physician had ordered a culture. As a result, these violations would not

have caused the type of injury referenced in the advertisement. And again, no harm was

caused to any resident by the violations.

       {¶ 30} The trial court concluded that Heartland’s DTPA claims were mooted by

amendments to R.C. 3721.02, which would effectively prohibit further use of the

advertisement that ran in the Urbana Daily Citizen on December 13, 2014.               See

Am.Sub.H.B. No. 290 (“H.B. 290”). These statutory amendments were approved on

December 19, 2014, and became effective on March 23, 2015.

       {¶ 31} On appeal, Heartland indicates that R.C. 5165.67 (which applies to skilled

nursing facilities) is the applicable statute, rather than R.C. 3721.02, which applies to

residential facilities that provide “accommodations supervision, and personal care

services for three to sixteen unrelated adults.” R.C. 3721.02(A).   As a result, Heartland

discusses R.C. 5165.67 in its brief, while McHugh’s brief discusses R.C. 3721.02, which

was the statute used by the trial court. Both parties agree that these statutes were both

amended by H.B. 290, and that they contain the same applicable provisions as pertinent

to this case. For ease of discussion, we will refer to R.C. 3721.02, which is the statute

considered by the trial court.

       {¶ 32} Prior to the H.B. 290 amendments, R.C. 3721.02(F) read as follows:

              (F)(1) Except as otherwise provided in this section, the results of an

       inspection or investigation of a home that is conducted under this section,

       including any statement of deficiencies and all findings and deficiencies

       cited in the statement on the basis of the inspection or investigation, shall
                                                                                           -13-

       be used solely to determine the home's compliance with this chapter or

       another chapter of the Revised Code in any action or proceeding other than

       an action commenced under division (I) of section 3721.17 of the Revised

       Code. Those results of an inspection or investigation, that statement of

       deficiencies, and the findings and deficiencies cited in that statement shall

       not be used in any court or in any action or proceeding that is pending in

       any court and are not admissible in evidence in any action or proceeding

       unless that action or proceeding is an appeal of an action by the department

       of health under this chapter or is an action by any department or agency of

       the state to enforce this chapter or another chapter of the Revised Code.

              (2) Nothing in division (F)(1) of this section prohibits the results of an

       inspection or investigation conducted under this section from being used in

       a criminal investigation or prosecution.

       {¶ 33} Thus, nothing in the prior statute prohibited the use of investigation results

in advertising or other matters, or governed their use; the statute simply restricted the use

of investigation results in court proceedings.

       {¶ 34} After the amendments, R.C. 3721.02(F) read as follows:

              (F)(1) Except as otherwise provided in this section, the results of an

       inspection or investigation of a home that is conducted under this section,

       including any statement of deficiencies and all findings and deficiencies

       cited in the statement on the basis of the inspection or investigation, shall

       be used solely to determine the home's compliance with this chapter or

       another chapter of the Revised Code in any action or proceeding other than
                                                                                     -14-

an action commenced under division (I) of section 3721.17 of the Revised

Code. Those results of an inspection or investigation, that statement of

deficiencies, and the findings and deficiencies cited in that statement shall

not be used in either of the following:

       (a) Any court or in any action or proceeding that is pending in any

court and are not admissible in evidence in any action or proceeding unless

that action or proceeding is an appeal of an action by the department of

health under this chapter or is an action by any department or agency of the

state to enforce this chapter or another chapter of the Revised Code;

       (b) An advertisement, unless the advertisement includes all of the

following:

       (i) The date the inspection or investigation was conducted;

       (ii) A statement that the director of health inspects all homes at least

once every fifteen months;

       (iii) If a finding or deficiency cited in the statement of deficiencies has

been substantially corrected, a statement that the finding or deficiency has

been substantially corrected and the date that the finding or deficiency was

substantially corrected;

       (iv) The number of findings and deficiencies cited in the statement of

deficiencies on the basis of the inspection or investigation;

       (v) The average number of findings and deficiencies cited in a

statement of deficiencies on the basis of an inspection or investigation

conducted under this section during the same calendar year as the
                                                                                          -15-

      inspection or investigation used in the advertisement;

             (vi) A statement that the advertisement is neither authorized nor

      endorsed by the department of health or any other government agency.

             (2) Nothing in division (F)(1) of this section prohibits the results of an

      inspection or investigation conducted under this section from being used in

      a criminal investigation or prosecution.

      {¶ 35} The trial court concluded that these amendments would eliminate any false

impression about a recent violation, since the date of the citation was now required to be

included in advertisements. Furthermore, the amended statute required the number of

citations to be included, as well as whether those citations had been substantially

remedied. The trial court, therefore, held that the changes in the law had mooted the

matter, and rejected Heartland’s argument that the court should issue an injunction to

prevent future violations. In this regard, the court found that an injunction requiring a

defendant to simply follow the law was too broad and vague to be enforceable.

      {¶ 36} Under the mootness doctrine, “ ‘American courts will not decide * * * cases

in which there is no longer any actual controversy.’ ” In re A.G., 139 Ohio St.3d 572,

2014-Ohio-2597, 13 N.E.3d 1146, ¶ 37, quoting Black's Law Dictionary 1100 (9th

Ed.2009). This is based on the fact that courts have no duty “to decide purely academic

or abstract questions.” (Citation omitted.) James A. Keller, Inc. v. Flaherty, 74 Ohio

App.3d 788, 791, 600 N.E.2d 736 (10th Dist.1991). Dismissals on the basis of mootness

present questions of law and are reviewed de novo.           (Citation omitted.)    Brown v.

Dayton, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24900, 2012-Ohio-3493, ¶ 9.

      {¶ 37} In its brief, Heartland argues that in order for mootness to apply in lawsuits
                                                                                         -16-

seeking injunctive relief, the offending conduct must have ceased, and there must be no

reasonable expectation that it will continue, with the defendant bearing the burden of

proving that there is no reasonable expectation the wrong will be repeated.

       {¶ 38} Although the case law Heartland cites is federal, Ohio courts have held that

“[a]n action for declaratory and/or injunctive relief, may, however, become moot if the

defendant demonstrates that ‘ * * * “there is no reasonable expectation that the wrong will

be repeated.” * * * ’ ”   Ohio Academy of Nursing Homes, Inc. v. Barry, 10th Dist. Franklin

No. 92AP-1266, 1993 WL 186656, *3 (May 25, 1993), quoting United States v. W.T. Grant

Co., 345 U.S. 629, 633, 73 S.Ct. 894, 97 L.Ed. 1303 (1953).            In Barry, the court

concluded that issues pertaining to the legality of a reduction in the Medicaid

reimbursement rate by a state agency were not rendered moot by the voluntary

reinstatement of the original reimbursement rate, because the agency failed to provide

evidence of this alleged fact, and additionally, had not provided evidence that the wrongful

reductions would not be repeated.        Id.   In W.T. Grant, the court stressed that the

defendant’s burden of showing no reasonable expectation that the wrong would be

repeated is a “heavy one.” W.T. Grant at 633.

       {¶ 39} This is consistent with the exception to the mootness doctrine that “arises

when the claims raised are capable of repetition, yet evading review. This exception

applies when the challenged action is too short in duration to be fully litigated before its

cessation or expiration, and there is a reasonable expectation that the same complaining

party will be subject to the same action again.” (Citation omitted.) State ex rel. Dispatch

Printing Co. v. Louden, 91 Ohio St.3d 61, 64, 741 N.E.2d 517 (2001).       “An injury is not

deemed capable of repetition merely because someone, at sometime, [sic] might suffer
                                                                                            -17-

the same harm; there must be a reasonable chance that it will happen again to the

complaining party.” Village of W. Unity ex rel. Beltz v. Merillat, 6th Dist. Williams No.

WM-03-016, 2004-Ohio-2682, ¶ 16, citing Weinstein v. Bradford, 423 U.S. 147, 149, 96

S.Ct. 347, 46 L.Ed.2d 350 (1975).

       {¶ 40} According to the information in the case before us, McHugh voluntarily

agreed to stop publishing the advertisement during the litigation. In addition, McHugh

submitted an affidavit in connection with its summary judgment motion, conceding that

under the law as amended, McHugh would not and could not publish the same

advertisement in Ohio, now or in the future. Affidavit of Michael J. Fuller, attached as

Ex. A to McHugh’s Reply in Support of its Motion for Summary Judgment. Heartland

contends that this is insufficient for several reasons. First, Fuller did not sign the affidavit

in a representative capacity. Second, an assurance to comply with the law is of no effect.

       {¶ 41} We disagree with Heartland’s initial proposition.         Under Civ.R. 56(C),

affidavits are included within the matters to be considered in deciding whether summary

judgment is appropriate. Statements of agents or employees of a party opponent are

also considered admissions of the party.         See, e.g., Citizens Fed. Bank, F.S.B. v.

Brickler, 114 Ohio App.3d 401, 408, 683 N.E.2d 358 (2d Dist.1996); Saum v. Venick, 33

Ohio App.2d 11, 15, 293 N.E.2d 313 (2d Dist.1972) (“answers to the interrogatories

propounded to [assistant secretary of defendant] were made under oath and introduced

into evidence. They acquire the same status as evidence, as if the statements had been

made under oath at the trial and are binding upon [defendant] as admissions against

interest or judicial admissions.”)

       {¶ 42} “Judicial admissions are formal statements, made by a party or a party's
                                                                                          -18-

counsel in a judicial proceeding, that act as a substitute for legal evidence at trial. So if

a party unequivocally concedes a fact, that concession constitutes a judicial admission

for the purposes of trial. Judicial admissions can occur at any point in the litigation

process, including the pleading stage.” (Footnotes and citations omitted.) Haney v.

Law, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-070313, 2008-Ohio-1843, ¶ 7. “ ‘[A]n admission in a

pleading dispenses with proof of the fact admitted and is equivalent to the proof of the

fact.’ ” Fullum v. Columbiana Cty. Coroner, 2014-Ohio-5512, 25 N.E.3d 463, ¶ 17 (7th

Dist.), quoting Gerrick v. Gorsuch, 172 Ohio St. 417, 178 N.E.2d 40 (1961).

       {¶ 43} Thus, when McHugh submitted Fuller’s affidavit, it was a judicial admission

of the statements contained in the affidavit, and McHugh could not, thereafter, challenge

the fact that McHugh was prohibited from publishing the advertisement it had previously

submitted to the Urbana newspaper. As an additional matter, Fuller specifically identified

himself in his affidavit as a member/manager of McHugh. Clearly, he was speaking in a

representative capacity.

       {¶ 44} The matters at issue were the publication of the advertisement as well as

preventing it from continuing to be published.        Heartland indicated from the very

beginning of the case that it was not seeking damages, as they would be very difficult to

quantify. See Transcript of December 24, 2014 TRO Hearing, p. 19.4 Since relief from

publication was obtained, the issue is whether there was any further relief the court could

4 Compare McHugh’s representations in attempting to prevent remand of a case back to
state court. The district court noted that “[i]n its brief opposing remand, McHugh Fuller
offered the conclusory assertion that the reputational harm, loss of goodwill, and loss of
business opportunities to a skilled nursing facility arising from defamatory advertising
‘clear[ly]’ is in excess of $75,000. (Doc. 7 at PageID 243.)” Heartland of Portsmouth,
OH, LLC v. McHugh Fuller Law Group, PLLC, S.D.Ohio No. 1:15-CV-007, 2015 WL
728311, *3 (Feb. 19, 2015).
                                                                                          -19-

order that would prevent application of the mootness doctrine.

       {¶ 45} R.C. 4165.02 outlines various deceptive trade practices, and, as pertinent

to the claims Heartland says it is making, states that:

              (A) A person engages in a deceptive trade practice when, in the

       course of the person's business, vocation, or occupation, the person does

       any of the following:

              ***

              (2) Causes likelihood of confusion or misunderstanding as to the

       source, sponsorship, approval, or certification of goods or services;

              (3) Causes likelihood of confusion or misunderstanding as to

       affiliation, connection, or association with, or certification by, another;

              ***

              (7) Represents that goods or services have sponsorship, approval,

       characteristics, ingredients, uses, benefits, or quantities that they do not

       have or that a person has a sponsorship, approval, status, affiliation, or

       connection that the person does not have;

              ***

              (9) Represents that goods or services are of a particular standard,

       quality, or grade, or that goods are of a particular style or model, if they are

       of another;

              (10) Disparages the goods, services, or business of another by false

       representation of fact * * *.

       {¶ 46} R.C. 4165.03 allows two avenues for suit. First, the statute provides that:
                                                                                           -20-

             (A)(1) A person who is likely to be damaged by a person who

      commits a deceptive trade practice that is listed in division (A) of section

      4165.02 of the Revised Code may commence a civil action for injunctive

      relief against the other person, and the court of common pleas involved in

      that action may grant injunctive relief based on the principles of equity and

      on the terms that the court considers reasonable.            Proof of monetary

      damage or loss of profits is not required in a civil action commenced under

      division (A)(1) of this section.

(Emphasis added.)

      {¶ 47} R.C. 4165.03(A)(2) also provides for a civil action to be brought by persons

who have been injured by persons injured by a deceptive trade practice listed in R.C.

4165.02(A). With respect to the two kinds of civil actions authorized by R.C. 4165.03(A),

R.C. 4165.03(B) states that:

             The court may award in accordance with this division reasonable

      attorney's fees to the prevailing party in either type of civil action authorized

      by division (A) of this section.      An award of attorney's fees may be

      assessed against a plaintiff if the court finds that the plaintiff knew the action

      to be groundless. An award of attorney's fees may be assessed against a

      defendant if the court finds that the defendant has willfully engaged in a

      trade practice listed in division (A) of section 4165.02 of the Revised Code

      knowing it to be deceptive.

      {¶ 48} Heartland sought injunctive relief and attorney fees in the complaint, and

with respect to these issues, the case was not moot. Instead of deciding the issues in
                                                                                         -21-

the case, i.e., whether McHugh had committed a deceptive trade practice, and, if so,

whether McHugh did so willfully, which would allow Heartland to obtain attorney fees, the

court concluded that the case was moot since McHugh had withdrawn the advertisement

and indicated that it could not statutorily run the same advertisement in the future.

However, by doing so, the court disregarded McHugh’s past conduct, and the issue of

whether that conduct, if established as a willful violation of the DTPA, would entitle

Heartland to attorney fees.

       {¶ 49} The statute clearly states that attorney fees may be granted under either

type of action brought under R.C. 4165.03(A), i.e., an action where a person is likely to

be damaged and seeks injunctive relief, or an action where a person has been injured

and seeks damages. Heartland’s situation falls within the first category, and it was not

necessary for Heartland to establish actual damages in order to recover attorney fees.

The trial court should have decided the issue of whether McHugh had willfully committed

a deceptive trade practice, and, if so, whether Heartland was entitled to attorney fees

because it was required to bring an action for an injunction. This issue was contested.

Specifically, even though Fuller’s affidavit conceded that the ad could no longer be used

in its current form in light of the statutory changes, Fuller nonetheless expressed the view

that the advertisement was not false or deceptive. See Affidavit of Michael J. Fuller,

attached to Doc. #82 as Ex. A, p. 2, ¶ 7.

       {¶ 50} Ohio does not have a significant amount of case law relating to the DTPA.

As a result, “where claims are made under Ohio common law and the deceptive trade

practices statutes, courts are to apply essentially the same analysis as that applied in

assessing unfair competition under the federal statutes.” (Citation omitted.) Cesare v.
                                                                                           -22-

Work, 36 Ohio App.3d 26, 28, 520 N.E.2d 586 (9th Dist.1987). Accord Leventhal &

Assoc., Inc. v. Thomson Cent. Ohio, 128 Ohio App.3d 188, 196, 714 N.E.2d 418 (10th

Dist.1998).

         {¶ 51} In Cesare, the court concluded that the plaintiff was entitled to a permanent

injunction because he successfully demonstrated a “likelihood of confusion” over whether

customers purchased tickets to one band’s performance, thinking they were going to see

another band. However, because the plaintiff had not demonstrated that he had been

injured, he was not entitled to actual damages. Cesare at 28.

         {¶ 52} Notably, in Cesare, the trial court awarded the plaintiff attorney fees as the

“prevailing party,” and the court of appeals agreed that there was sufficient evidence for

the trial court to make an award of reasonable attorney fees. Id. at 29. This occurred

even though the plaintiff obtained only injunctive relief.

         {¶ 53} Based on the preceding discussion, the trial court erred in concluding that

the case was moot. Even if McHugh conceded that it would no longer run the same

advertisement, Heartland was entitled to have the court consider whether McHugh

willfully committed a deceptive trade practice, and, if so, whether Heartland was entitled

to attorney fees. Accordingly, the First Assignment of Error is sustained. However,

whether this error is prejudicial depends on our resolution of the Second Assignment of

Error.     Specifically, the trial court alternatively rendered summary judgment on

Heartland’s claim under the DTPA. If the trial court was correct in granting summary

judgment, any error in finding the case moot would be harmless.

                          III. Did Heartland’s Claim under the DTPA Fail?
                                                                                          -23-

       {¶ 54} Heartland’s Second Assignment of Error states that:

              The Trial Court Erred by Holding Heartland of Urbana’s Claim Arising

       Under the Deceptive Trade Practices Act Fails Pursuant to Diamond Co. v.

       Gentry Acquisition Corp. and the Lanham Act.

       {¶ 55} In its brief, Heartland combines its discussion of the First and Second

Assignment of Error. However, the basic arguments being made under the Second

Assignment of Error are, first, that the trial court’s comments about Diamond Co. v. Gentry

Acquisition Corp., 48 Ohio Misc.2d 1, 531 N.E.2d 777 (C.P.1988), are dicta, and second,

that the trial court failed to recognize that Heartland’s claim under the DTPA involves

several branches, rather than just a “false advertising” claim as discussed in Diamond

Co. In this context, Heartland relies on the enumerated deceptive trade practices in R.C.

4165.02(A)(2), (3), (7), (9), and (10).

       {¶ 56} Finally, Heartland contends that the test outlined in Diamond Co. conflicts

with the DTPA.         Specifically, according to Heartland, Diamond Co. requires

demonstration of some adverse impact other than a plaintiff’s subjective belief that he or

she is injured or likely to be injured. Heartland contends this standard imposes too heavy

a burden.

       {¶ 57} After finding the claims moot, the trial court went on to note that even if the

case were not moot, McHugh would be entitled to summary judgment on the DTPA claim.

In this regard, the court reasoned that Heartland failed, under the test set out in Diamond

Co., to demonstrate any causal connection between the allegedly false statements and

any harm resulting to Heartland.          If the case, indeed, were moot, the trial court’s

comments about summary judgment would have been dicta. However, since the trial
                                                                                         -24-

court erred in concluding that the case was moot, we must consider the summary

judgment ruling.

       {¶ 58} Concerning summary judgment, “[a] trial court may grant a moving party

summary judgment pursuant to Civ. R. 56 if there are no genuine issues of material fact

remaining to be litigated, the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, and

reasonable minds can come to only one conclusion, and that conclusion is adverse to the

nonmoving party, who is entitled to have the evidence construed most strongly in his

favor.” (Citation omitted.) Smith v. Five Rivers MetroParks, 134 Ohio App.3d 754, 760,

732 N.E.2d 422 (2d Dist.1999). “We review decisions granting summary judgment de

novo, which means that we apply the same standards as the trial court.” (Citations

omitted.) GNFH, Inc. v. W. Am. Ins. Co., 172 Ohio App.3d 127, 2007-Ohio-2722, 873

N.E.2d 345, ¶ 16 (2d Dist.).

       {¶ 59} As was noted earlier, Ohio courts look to case law interpreting the Lanham

Act for guidance when considering the DTPA. See, e.g., Dawson v. Blockbuster, Inc.,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 86451, 2006-Ohio-1240, ¶ 23 (noting that “[t]he Ohio Deceptive

Trade Practices Act is substantially similar to the federal Lanham Act * * * .”)

       {¶ 60} Section 43(a) of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. 1125, prohibits both false

advertising and unfair competition.     Frisch's Restaurants, Inc. v. Elby's Big Boy of

Steubenville, Inc., 670 F.2d 642, 646 (6th Cir.1982), citing Chevron Chemical Co. v.

Voluntary Purchasing Groups, Inc., 659 F.2d 695, 702 (5th Cir. 1981). In this regard,

“ ‘the essential misrepresentation in “false advertising,” which* * * forms the basis of the

“false representation” leg of § 43(a), is fundamentally different from the essential

misrepresentation in “unfair competition”: in the former case, the defendant makes no
                                                                                         -25-

secret of the origin of the goods in himself, but merely misrepresents certain qualities or

characteristics that his goods may or may not have; in the latter case, the defendant

misrepresents his goods to be those of another.’ ” Id., quoting Chevron at 701.

        {¶ 61} 15 U.S.C. 1125(a)(1) refers to both goods and services, and prohibits any

person from making “false or misleading representations of fact, which * * * misrepresents

the nature, characteristics, qualities, or geographic representations of his or her or

another person’s goods, services, or commercial activities * * *.” (Emphasis added.)

Thus, the statute is not simply limited to false representations of one’s own goods; it

includes services and false representations about another’s services and commercial

activities.   However, the distinction in Frisch’s between false advertising and unfair

competition is still pertinent.

        {¶ 62} “Two different theories of recovery are available to a plaintiff who brings a

false advertising action under § 43(a) of the Lanham Act.           First, the plaintiff can

demonstrate that the challenged advertisement is literally false, i.e., false on its face.”

(Citation omitted.) Time Warner Cable, Inc. v. DIRECTV, Inc., 497 F.3d 144, 153 (2d

Cir.2007). “When an advertisement is shown to be literally or facially false, consumer

deception is presumed, and ‘the court may grant relief without reference to the

advertisement's [actual] impact on the buying public.’ ” Id., quoting Coca-Cola Co. v.

Tropicana Prods., Inc., 690 F.2d 312, 317 (2d Cir.1982), abrogated on other grounds by

Fed.R.Civ.P. 52(a).       Under the second theory, “a plaintiff can show that the

advertisement, while not literally false, is nevertheless likely to mislead or confuse

consumers.” (Citation omitted.) Id. Regarding this second theory, the claim is that a

statement, while literally true, leaves an impression on consumers that conflicts with
                                                                                          -26-

reality. Id. In situations involving the second theory, courts “ ‘must rely on extrinsic

evidence [of consumer deception or confusion] to support a finding of an implicitly false

message.’ ” (Emphasis sic.) Id., quoting Schering Corp. v. Pfizer Inc., 189 F.3d 218,

229 (2d Cir.1999).

        {¶ 63} In Time Warner, the plaintiff proceeded strictly on a literal falsity claim.

One commercial was found to contain a literally false statement, and the court of appeals

affirmed a preliminary injunction that had been granted based on a presumption of

irreparable harm. Time Warner at 152 and 154. In discussing a second commercial, in

which the statements were not “literally false,” the court concluded that it would formally

adopt a doctrine “known in other circuits as the ‘false by necessary implication’ doctrine.”

Id. at 158, citing cases from the First, Third, Fourth, and Ninth Circuits.5 The court noted

that:

               Under this doctrine, a district court evaluating whether an

        advertisement is literally false “must analyze the message conveyed in full

        context,” [Castrol v.] Pennzoil Co., 987 F.2d [939] at 946 [(3d Cir.1993)],

        i.e., it “must consider the advertisement in its entirety and not ... engage in

        disputatious dissection,” Avis Rent A Car [System, Inc. v. Hertz Corp.], 782

        F.2d [381] at 385 [(2d Cir.1986)] (internal quotation marks omitted). If the

        words or images, considered in context, necessarily imply a false message,

5 The doctrine has been adopted by other federal appellate districts as well. Eastman
Chem. Co. v. Plastipure, Inc., 775 F.3d 230, 240 (5th Cir.2014) (noting adoption by the
First, Second, Third, Fourth, Ninth, and Federal Circuit Courts). It has also been applied
by district courts in other circuits, including the Sixth Circuit. See, e.g., Cboss, Inc. v.
Zerbonia, N.D.Ohio No. 409CV00168, 2010 WL 3835092, *6 (Sept. 29, 2010); Fed. Exp.
Corp. v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 765 F.Supp.2d 1011, 1022 (W.D.Tenn.2010); MSP
Corp. v. Westech Instruments, Inc., 500 F.Supp.2d 1198, 1216-1217 (D.Minn.2007).
                                                                                             -27-

       the advertisement is literally false and no extrinsic evidence of consumer

       confusion is required.

Time Warner, 497 F.3d at 158.

       {¶ 64} The court stressed that if the language or graphic in the advertisement “is

susceptible to more than one reasonable interpretation, the advertisement cannot be

literally false.” (Citation omitted.) Id. In such situations, factfinders “ ‘might conclude

that the message conveyed by a particular advertisement remains so balanced between

several plausible meanings that the claim made by the advertisement is too uncertain to

serve as the basis of a literal falsity claim * * *.’ ” Id., quoting Clorox Co. Puerto Rico v.

Proctor & Gamble Commercial Co., 228 F.3d 24, 35 (1st Cir.2000). Accord Apotex Inc.

v. Acorda Therapeutics, Inc., 823 F.3d 51, 63 (2d Cir.2016).

       {¶ 65} The rationale for the presumption of harm is that the injury in misleading,

non-comparative commercials “accrues equally to all competitors; none is more likely to

suffer from the offending broadcasts than any other.”           McNeilab, Inc. v. Am. Home

Products Corp., 848 F.2d 34, 38 (2d Cir.1988). As a result, in such situations, “some

indication of actual injury and causation” is required to ensure that a plaintiff’s injury is not

speculative.    Id.     In contrast, “[a] misleading comparison to a specific product

necessarily diminishes that product's value in the minds of the consumer.” Id. “This is

analogous to a Lanham Act trademark dispute. An infringing mark, by its nature, detracts

from the value of the mark with which it is confused * * * [and] irreparable harm will be

presumed.”     Id.    Accord Time Warner at 162.        The same observations are equally

applicable to disparagement of services of a specific provider, like Heartland.

       {¶ 66} After reviewing the second advertisement under these standards, the court
                                                                                           -28-

of appeals in Time Warner affirmed the district court’s conclusion that Time Warner had

established a likelihood of success on its claim that the advertisement was literally false.

Time Warner, 497 F.3d at 158.

       {¶ 67} In Diamond Co., the Common Pleas Court of Cuyahoga County referred to

federal law, and stated that:

              The generally required proofs on a claim of false or deceptive

       advertising are:

              (a) a false statement, or a statement which is misleading;

              (b) which statement has actually deceived or has the tendency to

       deceive a substantial segment of the target audience;

              (c) the deception is material in that it is likely to influence a

       purchasing decision; and

              (d) The plaintiff has been or is likely to be injured as a result.

Diamond Co., 48 Ohio Misc.2d at 5, 531 N.E.2d 777, citing Am. Rockwool, Inc. v. Owens-

Corning Fiberglas Corp., 640 F.Supp. 1411, 1419 (E.D.N.C.1986).                (Other citation

omitted.)

       {¶ 68} Consistent with Time Warner, the court noted in Diamond Co. that “[i]f a

statement in an advertisement is facially false or is susceptible to an objective

determination of its falsity, the only issues under the Lanham Act are questions of

materiality, causation and damages. * * * If the challenged statement is not objectively or

facially false, the plaintiff then has the burden of introducing some evidence that the

statement in question would deceive a substantial number of the group at which the

statement is aimed.” (Citations omitted.) Id. at 5-6.
                                                                                           -29-

       {¶ 69} In Diamond Co., the court also discussed materiality, causation, and

damages. Id. at 6. As relevant here, the court noted that R.C. 4165.03 requires a

plaintiff to show that he or she is “ ‘likely to be damaged’ by the alleged violation.” Id.

The court stressed that “[w]hile this does not require proof of monetary loss, it certainly

requires some demonstration of adverse impact on the plaintiff's business by evidence

that is ‘something more than a plaintiff's mere subjective belief that he is injured or likely

to be damaged.’ ” Id., quoting Johnson & Johnson v. Carter-Wallace, Inc., 631 F.2d 186,

189 (2d Cir.1980).

       {¶ 70} In Johnson (the case cited by Diamond Co.), the court of appeals reversed

the dismissal of the plaintiff’s claims after a bench trial. The dismissal had been based

on the plaintiff’s failure to carry its burden to show damage or likelihood of damage.

Johnson at 189.

       {¶ 71} The case involved Johnson’s claims that the defendant, Carter-Wallace,

made false claims for its product (NAIR with baby oil), and that Carter was “packaging

and advertising NAIR so as to give consumers the false impression that NAIR is a

Johnson & Johnson product.” Id. at 188. Johnson promoted its own product, baby oil,

“as a substitute for shaving cream and is used for removal of hair by shaving.” Id. at 190.

The court of appeals noted that “Johnson’s false representation claim alleges that Carter's

‘NAIR with baby oil’ campaign falsely represents to consumers that the baby oil in NAIR

has moisturizing and softening effect on the skin of the user.” Id. at 188. After reviewing

the evidence, the court of appeals found that Johnson had provided sufficient evidence

to support its claim, and reversed the dismissal of the case.

       {¶ 72} In Johnson, the court of appeals rejected the district court’s conclusion that
                                                                                          -30-

Johnson must show that Carter caused some injury in order to obtain an injunction. Id.

at 190. The court stressed that “[t]he statute demands only proof providing a reasonable

basis for the belief that the plaintiff is likely to be damaged as a result of the false

advertising. The correct standard is whether it is likely that Carter's advertising has

caused or will cause a loss of Johnson sales, not whether Johnson has come forward

with specific evidence that Carter's ads actually resulted in some definite loss of sales.”

Id. The court went on to stress that “[c]ontrary to Johnson's argument, however, the

likelihood of injury and causation will not be presumed, but must be demonstrated. If

such a showing is made, the plaintiff will have established a reasonable belief that he is

likely to be damaged within the meaning of § 43(a) and will be entitled to injunctive relief,

as distinguished from damages, which would require more proof.” Id.

       {¶ 73} Unlike Time Warner and McNeilab, however, Johnson involved a non-

comparative advertisement, rather than a specific comparison of the parties.            See

McNeilab, 848 F.2d at 38.         Likewise, Diamond Co. involved a non-comparative

commercial, in which the competitor’s name was not mentioned. See Diamond Co., 48

Ohio Misc.2d at 4, 531 N.E.2d 777 (the defendant’s ads referred to “regular-priced stores

and departments,” and not to any competitor by name).

       {¶ 74} In McNeilab, the court stressed that:

              Both Coca-Cola [v. Tropicana Prods., Inc., 690 F.2d 312 (2d

       Cir.1982),] and Johnson & Johnson [v. Carter-Wallace, Inc., 631 F.2d 186,

       (2d Cir.1980)] involved misleading, non-comparative commercials which

       touted the benefits of the product advertised but made no direct reference

       to any competitor's product. The injury in such cases accrues equally to
                                                                                       -31-

      all competitors; none is more likely to suffer from the offending broadcasts

      than any other. The Lanham Act, however, only authorizes actions by one

      “who believes that he is or is likely to be damaged.” 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a).

      Thus, we required some indication of actual injury and causation to satisfy

      Lanham Act standing requirements and to ensure a plaintiff's injury was not

      speculative. See Johnson & Johnson, 631 F.2d at 189. This case, by

      contrast, presents a false comparative advertising claim. Thus, the

      concerns voiced in Coca-Cola and Johnson & Johnson regarding

      speculative injury do not arise. A misleading comparison to a specific

      competing product necessarily diminishes that product's value in the minds

      of the consumer.

McNeilab at 38. See also Merck Eprova AG v. Gnosis S.p.A., 760 F.3d 247, 259 (2d

Cir.2014). Accordingly, neither Diamond Co. nor Johnson is pertinent or controlling in

the case before us, where the advertisement in question refers directly to the plaintiff.

The appropriate standard is taken from decisions like McNeilab, Time Warner, and Merck,

which discuss misleading advertisements identifying a specific party.

      {¶ 75} Furthermore, “[a] predicate finding of intentional deception, as a major part

of the defendant's marketing efforts, contained in comparative advertising, encompasses

sufficient harm to justify a rebuttable presumption of causation and injury in fact.”

(Emphasis sic.) Porous Media Corp. v. Pall Corp., 110 F.3d 1329, 1336 (8th Cir.1997).

Accord Merck at 260.

      {¶ 76} After applying the above standards to the case before us, which involves

comparative advertising (identifying the specific party), we conclude that McHugh’s ad is
                                                                                         -32-

literally false pursuant to the false by necessary implication doctrine.      Although the

statement that Heartland had been cited is not literally false, the words, “considered in

context, necessarily imply a false message * * *.” Time Warner, 497 F.3d at 158.

       {¶ 77} When the advertisement was published, McHugh, a law firm, would have

known that any claims based on the June 24, 2010 citations were barred due to the statute

of limitations – one year for medical claims pursuant to R.C. 2305.113(A), or two years

for bodily injury pursuant to R.C. 2305.10. See, e.g., Conkin v. CHS-Ohio Valley, Inc.,

1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-110660, 2012-Ohio-2816, ¶ 5-13 [discussing distinction between

“medical claims” against nursing homes that arise from care, medical diagnosis and

treatment of a resident, versus claims that arise from negligence, like injury to a resident

during transport. The latter claims would not be barred by the one-year limitation period

in R.C. 2305.113(A)].    Accord Haskins v. 7112 Columbia, Inc., 2014-Ohio-4154, 20

N.E.3d 287, ¶ 2 and 5 (7th Dist.) (two year statute of limitations for negligence applies to

action brought against nursing home, where resident’s leg was broken when her bed was

being changed). McHugh would also have had access to information that Heartland had

not been cited in 2012 or 2014, and that none of the citations related to harm caused to

residents.

       {¶ 78} Furthermore, the only reasonable conclusion is that the advertisement

falsely implied Heartland was a facility where patients were being exposed to very

dangerous conditions, including death, and that McHugh made impliedly false statements

intended to deceive customers.      As a result, Heartland’s services were necessarily

diminished in the minds of consumers, since Heartland was directly identified. McNeilab,

848 F.2d at 38.      Furthermore, in view of the intentional deception, a rebuttable
                                                                                              -33-

presumption of causation and injury in fact arose – which was not rebutted by McHugh.

Merck, 760 F3d at 261. Because McHugh failed to submit evidence to rebut these

presumptions – or to rebut the presumption that Heartland’s services were diminished in

the minds of consumers, the trial court erred in rendering summary judgment in favor of

McHugh.

       {¶ 79} In Internatl. Diamond Exchange Jewelers, Inc. v. U.S. Diamond & Gold

Jewelers, Inc., 70 Ohio App.3d 667, 591 N.E.2d 881 (2d Dist.1991), we found the opinion

in Diamond Co. “well-reasoned,” and adopted it. Id. at 676. However, although our own

case involved specific reference to a competitor, we did not consider the distinctions

between non-comparative advertising and advertising identifying specific competitors.

This may be because the parties did not bring the distinction to our attention. In addition,

the doctrine was not as well-known at the time. For example, the Second Circuit only

formally adopted it in 2007. Time Warner, 497 F.3d at 158. As a result, our decision is

not a full consideration of the matter.

       {¶ 80} Nonetheless, Internatl. Diamond is not controlling because it dealt only with

the issue of whether a grant of a preliminary injunction should be stayed pending the

outcome of a permanent injunction hearing, and not with a judgment on the merits of the

case. Id. at 669. Also, in contrast to the case before us, we concluded in Internatl.

Diamond that the comments in the advertisement were not misleading, but were fair

comment, and that the plaintiff was unlikely to prevail on the merits. Id. at 677.

       {¶ 81} Heartland’s final point is that the trial court failed to consider its five separate

claims under the DTPA. At pages 10-11 of its brief, Heartland discusses how the content

of the advertisement qualifies as a deceptive trade practice under each prong. For
                                                                                           -34-

example, Heartland states that the advertisement is deceptive under R.C. 4165.02(A)(2)

and (A)(3) because it causes a likelihood of confusion concerning the government’s

approval and certification of Heartland’s services. We need not address this argument,

however, because we have already concluded that the trial court erred in granting

summary judgment in favor of McHugh.

       {¶ 82} Based on the preceding discussion, the Second Assignment of Error is

sustained.

                           IV. Failure to Grant a Mandatory Injunction

       {¶ 83} Heartland’s Third Assignment of Error states that:

              The Trial Court Erred by Finding Heartland of Urbana’s Failure to

       Amend Its Complaint to “Add a Request for a Mandatory Injunction, in the

       Form of a Retraction” Precluded the Court From Granting Such Relief.

       {¶ 84} Under this assignment of error, Heartland contends that the trial court erred

in concluding that it could not grant a “mandatory injunction” because Heartland failed to

add a request for this form of relief in its complaint. Heartland argues that it generally

asked for injunctive relief in the complaint, and that the allegations in the complaint were

sufficient to be construed as a request for retrospective relief in the form of a retraction of

the advertisement.

       {¶ 85} Civ.R. 8(A) provides that “[a] pleading that sets forth a claim for relief,

whether an original claim, counterclaim, cross-claim, or third-party claim, shall contain (1)

a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the party is entitled to relief, and (2)

a demand for judgment for the relief to which the party claims to be entitled.” Civ.R. 8(F)
                                                                                            -35-

further states that “[a]ll pleadings shall be so construed as to do substantial justice.”

       {¶ 86} In the complaint, Heartland asked the trial court for an injunction and such

further equitable relief as the court deemed appropriate. Additionally, Heartland filed a

motion for a preliminary and permanent injunction, and asked the trial court in its

memorandum to require McHugh to publish a full-page retraction of its prior

advertisement.

       {¶ 87} “A prohibitory injunction preserves the status quo by enjoining a defendant

from performing the challenged acts in the future. * * * A mandatory injunction, however,

is an extraordinary remedy that compels the defendant to restore a party's rights through

an affirmative action. * * * The distinction between these two categories of injunctive relief

can best be summed up as follows: a prohibitory injunction is used to prevent a future

injury, but a mandatory injunction is used to remedy past injuries.” (Citations omitted.)

State ex rel. Gen. Motors Corp. v. Indus. Comm., 117 Ohio St.3d 480, 2008-Ohio-1593,

884 N.E.2d 1075, ¶ 12. For example, in Gratz v. Lake Erie & W. RR. Co., 76 Ohio St.

230, 233, 81 N.E. 239 (1907), a railroad attempted to obtain a mandatory injunction for a

property owner to remove a crossing he had constructed over the railroad.

       {¶ 88} Similarly, we noted that “a mandatory injunction is a proper remedy for an

adjoining landowner to seek for the purpose of compelling the removal of an

encroachment.” Miller v. W. Carrollton, 91 Ohio App.3d 291, 296, 632 N.E.2d 582 (2d

Dist.1993). In Miller, we observed that mandatory injunctions have a “drastic character”

and courts should “consider and weigh the relative conveniences and comparative

injuries to the parties which would result * * *.” Id. In light of this standard, we concluded

that the trial court had erred in issuing a mandatory injunction requiring parts of a car
                                                                                         -36-

wash encroaching on the right of way to be torn down.           Instead, we modified the

injunction to provide that the city should regulate traffic on the street by prohibiting any

parking or vehicles standing on the street, which would eliminate any inconvenience to

adjoining property owners. Id. at 300.

       {¶ 89} Publishing a retraction of an advertisement in a newspaper does not appear

to qualify as the type of remedy that has the “drastic character” of a mandatory injunction.

Instead, it appears to be the type of equitable relief that a court could easily order where

money damages are not being sought.

       {¶ 90} “The function of equitable relief is to supplement the law where the law is

insufficient to remedy a wrong.” Barone v. Barone, 11th Dist. Geauga No. 2004-G-2575,

2005-Ohio-4479, ¶ 17, citing Mosesson v. Rach, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 99 CA 321, 2001

WL 315236, *2, fn.1 (Mar. 28, 2001). “In short, a court's equitable powers may be

invoked to provide the flexibility necessary to moderate unjust results.” Id. “Under the

prayer for general equitable relief, the Court may grant any relief that is consistent with

the pleadings and the evidence.” (Citations omitted.) Suburban Home Mortg. Co. v.

Hopwood, 83 Ohio App. 115, 123-24, 81 N.E.2d 387 (2d Dist.1948).

       {¶ 91} Under the circumstances, we conclude that a request for retraction of the

advertisement was sufficiently pled, and that the trial court erred in concluding otherwise.

Accordingly, the Third Assignment of Error is sustained.

                                         V. Conclusion

       {¶ 92} All of Heartland’s assignments of error having been sustained, the judgment

of the trial court is reversed, and this cause is remanded for further proceedings.
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                                      .............

DONOVAN, P.J., concurs.

HALL, J., concurring:

       {¶ 93} I agree with the well-reasoned lead opinion and join wholeheartedly. I write

separately only to note that appellant’s argument that there are five possible violations of

the DTPA being R.C. 4165.02 (A) subsections (2),(3),(7),(9) and (10), in my view may be

overly broad. The first four subsections they refer to involve advertisement

misrepresentations by a company about THEIR OWN products or services, not

disparagement of someone else’s products or services. In other words, to violate the first

four sections referenced, one must misrepresent its own product or service. An example

is in Diamond Co. v. Gentry, supra. Diamond was complaining about Gentry’s

representations about Gentry’s own clothing line (although there were comparisons to

“regular-priced stores [and] Elsewhere.”) That claimed misrepresentation of defendant-

Gentry’s own products could be a violation by the advertiser. But here, the law firm is not

touting the qualities of their own services, they are being critical of another’s. In my view

that is likely to fall exclusively under RC 4165.02(A)(10), “Disparaging the goods,

services, or business of another.” However, at this summary judgment stage of

proceedings I am not prepared to say that there is no genuine issue of material fact with

regard to the other subsections.

                                      .............
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