Court Opinion

ID: 4288483
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-06-26 17:00:18.039851+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:37:28.134578
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 ___________

                                       No. 16-2769
                                       ___________

                                     ABDUL KANU,
                                              Appellant

                                             v.

WARDEN LINDSEY; LEACH, Chief of Security; MICHAEL MOORE, Classification;
PANARELLO, Sgt; SGT. BRYAN; MS. APT; GOETTER, C.E.R.T. Officer; ATKINS,
              C.E.R.T. Officer; OFFICER WACKOO; C.E.C.,
                  Individually and in their Official Capacities
                 ____________________________________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                           (E.D. Pa. Civ. No. 2:13-cv-06451)
                       District Judge: Hon. Joseph F. Leeson, Jr.
                      ____________________________________

                    Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                    April 19, 2017

              Before: RESTREPO, SCIRICA and FISHER, Circuit Judges

                              (Opinion filed June 26, 2018)
                                     ___________

                                        OPINION*
                                       ___________

*
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
SCIRICA, Circuit Judge

       Proceeding pro se, Abdul Kanu brought this civil rights action against officials of

the George W. Hill Correctional Facility—a Delaware County prison—alleging they

violated his constitutional rights while he was a pretrial detainee there in 2013. See U.S.

Const. amends. I, XIV; 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The parties filed cross-motions for summary

judgment, and the trial court entered summary judgment in favor of Defendants and

against Kanu. He appeals. For the reasons that follow, we will affirm.

                                             I.

       Beginning in May 2013, while awaiting trial in state court on attempted murder,

aggravated assault, and related charges, Kanu was held without bail at the George W. Hill

Correctional Facility (“Hill”), a Delaware County prison then operated by Community

Education Centers, Inc. (CEC). Because of the violent nature of Kanu’s alleged offenses,

Hill’s classification committee placed him in the prison’s maximum security unit.

During the intake process, an officer observed a tattoo on Kanu’s chest indicating a

possible gang affiliation. Kanu denied being a gang member, but the officer thought he

was being untruthful and referred Kanu for review by the gang committee.

       On August 10, 2013, Correctional Officer Goetter directed Kanu to surrender his

bottom bunk to another inmate with medical needs and to move to another cell. In

incident and disciplinary reports, Goetter alleged Kanu began yelling, and when asked to

                                             2
stop, yelled to other inmates: “We don’t have to listen to these fake cops. There’s more

of us than them.” R103, R109. When asked to stop again, Kanu allegedly said to the

correctional officer: “Fuck you. I don’t need to listen to you as I’m going up state soon

and I have no problem fucking up one of you [officers] before I leave.” R103, R109.

Goetter then summoned Sergeant Panarello, who placed Kanu in handcuffs. Kanu

threatened Panarello as well. Significantly, Kanu admits in his complaint that he “used

obscene language towards Panarello.” R9 ¶ 11. Kanu was then placed in a Special

Management Unit (SMU) cell pending a hearing on disciplinary charges.

       The next morning, Panarello interviewed Kanu about the charges against him.

According to the interview report, Kanu admitted to making the provocative statements

attributed to him in the incident and disciplinary reports. Kanu said, among other things,

that the officers should watch how they speak to him because he was willing to fight.

When Panarello inquired further, Kanu stated: “Fuck these fake nut cops[.] I don’t need

to listen to any of them[.] I’m a grown man.” R106. Panarello informed Kanu that he

would remain in SMU housing because of his hostility toward staff and attempt to incite

the other inmates. Kanu told him to “[f]uck off.” R106.

       A hearing was held before Officer Abt on August 20 and 21, 2013. Kanu alleges

he sought to call four witnesses and now claims he was entitled to review of security

camera footage as evidence. Abt interviewed two witnesses, inmates Steven Davis and

Omar Rollie. A third potential witness, inmate Emil Dale, refused to provide a statement,

                                             3
telling a correctional officer “to eat his gun.” R105. There is no indication in the record

that Kanu sought to introduce video evidence or that Abt reviewed it. The hearing officer

found Kanu was guilty of the charges and imposed 20 days of disciplinary detention,

backdated to August 10, 2013, and ending on August 30, 2013. Accordingly, Kanu was

in disciplinary detention between August 10 and August 30. On August 30, he was

removed from disciplinary detention and placed into administrative segregation.1 Kanu

remained in administrative segregation until October 19, 2013. He apparently filed

numerous inmate requests and grievances respecting his disciplinary and administrative

confinement.

                                            II.

       In November 2013, Kanu filed a pro se complaint against CEC and several prison

officials,2 alleging procedural and substantive due process, equal protection, and First

Amendment violations relating to his disciplinary hearing, his 20 days’ disciplinary

detention, and his subsequent placement into administrative segregation. The trial court

1
 Although Kanu was placed in the same housing unit for both administrative segregation
and disciplinary detention, these housing classifications are materially different. For
example, inmates in disciplinary detention lack privileges such as ability to use the
commissary and retain personal items in their cells. See Moore Aff. ¶ 9, R144.
2
  Kanu misidentified several individual Defendants. The trial court identified the
individual Defendants as Warden Lindsey, Mr. Leach, Michael Moore, Sergeant
Panarello, Sergeant Bryan, Chris Atkins, Ms. Abt, Officer Wackoo, and Officer Goetter.
                                            4
denied Defendants’ dismissal motion. After discovery closed, the parties filed

cross-motions for summary judgment.

       In March 2016, the trial court entered summary judgment in favor of Defendants

and against Kanu. Finding a genuine issue of material fact as to Kanu’s exhaustion

efforts, the court denied Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on exhaustion

grounds and proceeded to evaluate the merits.3

       The court entered summary judgment for Defendants on all Kanu’s due process,

equal protection, and First Amendment claims.4 Because Kanu’s appeal, liberally

construed, appears to challenge only the trial court’s rulings on his due process claims,

we address only those claims here.

       The trial court first evaluated Kanu’s substantive due process claims. As to

Kanu’s claim his disciplinary detention arose from a falsified misconduct report, the

3
  We note “exhaustion constitutes a preliminary issue for which no right to a jury trial
exists.” Paladino v. Newsome, 885 F.3d 203, 210 (3d Cir. 2018) (quoting Small v.
Camden Cty., 728 F.3d 265, 271 (3d Cir 2013)). Accordingly, the trial court was
empowered to decide the issue before reaching the merits, acting as the fact finder to
“resolve factual disputes relevant to the exhaustion issue without the participation of a
jury.” Id. (quoting Small, 728 F.3d at 271).
4
 The trial court granted summary judgment for CEC because Kanu made no specific
allegations respecting CEC and produced no evidence establishing prison officials acted
pursuant to a CEC policy or custom as required under Monell v. New York Department of
Social Services, 336 U.S. 658 (1978). For the same reasons it entered summary judgment
for the moving individual Defendants, the trial court entered summary judgment sua
sponte for the non-moving Defendants—Panarello, Atkins, and Wackoo—who were
never served with the complaint.
                                            5
court found Kanu had failed to state a substantive due process claim because he had been

afforded procedural due process before being disciplined. The court also observed that

Kanu admitted in his complaint that he “used obscene language” toward Defendant

Panarello, belying his claim that the misconduct report was falsified. As to Kanu’s claim

his placement in administrative segregation following his disciplinary detention was a

punishment violating his substantive due process rights, the court found Kanu had offered

no evidence the administrative segregation was imposed as punishment. To the contrary,

Defendant Moore’s uncontroverted affidavit established Kanu’s placement in

administrative segregation was “solely for the safety of the facility, its staff, and its

residents” in light of “the violent nature of [Plaintiff’s] alleged crime, and because of his

threats of violence and stated intention to rebel against staff.” R174 (alteration in

original) (quoting Moore Aff. ¶ 7, R143). Defendants also offered evidence showing the

prison’s concern about Kanu’s possible gang ties.

       The court then turned to Kanu’s procedural due process challenges to his

disciplinary detention and the administrative segregation that followed.

       With respect to his disciplinary detention, Kanu alleged in his complaint that

Defendant Abt “never notified Kanu that he had the right to call witnesses and present

documentary evidence” at his hearing. R11 ¶ 20. He abandoned this allegation in his

response to Defendants’ summary judgment motion, however, admitting Abt “asked

[him] if he had any witnesses and [that he] stated Steven Davis, Omar Rollie, Emil Dale,

                                               6
and Willie Snowden.” Dist. Ct. Dkt. #64 at 5. Kanu alleged that Abt did not interview

Snowden but made no allegations respecting the other witnesses. He also alleged, for the

first time,5 that Abt had not “reviewed the camera.” Dist. Ct. Dkt. #64 at 5. The trial

court held that Abt’s interview of three witnesses,6 consistent with the Commonwealth’s

policy, comported with procedural due process, and that Abt’s failure to review video

surveillance footage did not violate due process. Consistent with its holding, the court

found Kanu’s allegations and the evidence established he was given notice of the

disciplinary charges at least twenty-four hours before his hearing, Kanu was given a

hearing with the right to present witnesses and documentary evidence, and Abt provided

him with a written statement listing the reason for the decision and the supporting

evidence.

       As to Kanu’s claim his administrative segregation violated procedural due process,

the trial court found no violation because Kanu was provided notice and had an

opportunity to be heard through the grievance process.

       Because Kanu offered no evidence in support of his substantive and procedural

due process claims, the trial court entered summary judgment for Defendants. Giving

appropriate deference to Defendants’ professional expertise, the court also found that

5
 In his complaint, Kanu states “[t]he cameras on Unit 10B saw what happened,” R14, but
he did not allege that he asked Abt to review the cameras or that she refused to do so.
6
 From the record, it appears Abt attempted unsuccessfully to interview the third witness,
Emil Dale.
                                           7
both the disciplinary detention imposed and subsequent administrative segregation were

reasonably related to the prison’s legitimate interest in maintaining security and order.

       Kanu timely filed this pro se appeal.

                                               III.

       The trial court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331, and we have jurisdiction

under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We exercise plenary review over the trial court’s grant of

summary judgment, applying the same standard as the trial court. See Paladino v.

Newsome, 885 F.3d 203, 207 n.16 (3d Cir. 2018). Summary judgment is proper where,

viewing the evidence and drawing all inferences in the light most favorable to the

nonmoving party, there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the moving party

is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A party opposing a

motion for summary judgment must cite to specific materials in the record that

demonstrate the existence of a disputed issue of material fact. See Fed. R. Civ. P.

56(c)(1)(A). We may affirm the trial court on any basis supported by the record. See

Migliaro v. Fidelity Nat’l Indemnity Ins. Co., 880 F.3d 660, 664 n.6 (3d Cir. 2018) (citing

Helvering v. Gowran, 302 U.S. 238, 245 (1937)).

                                                8
                                             IV.

       As stated, construing Kanu’s pro se brief liberally, he challenges only the District

Court’s rulings on his due process claims.7 Kanu argues Steven Davis’s statement to

Defendant Abt was disregarded; the camera footage was not reviewed; his disciplinary

detention actually lasted until September 17, rather than August 30; and he never

received notice or a hearing respecting his placement on administrative segregation.

       Generally, prisons may sanction a pretrial detainee for misconduct that he commits

while awaiting trial, as long as it is not a punishment for the “underlying crime of which

he stands accused.” Rapier v. Harris, 172 F.3d 999, 1003–06 (7th Cir. 1999); see also

Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 535, 539 (1979); Stevenson v. Carroll, 495 F.3d 62, 68 (3d

Cir. 2007). However, the imposition of disciplinary segregation for violation of prison

rules and regulations cannot be imposed without providing the procedural due process

protections set forth in Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539 (1974).8 These protections

include the right to receive written notice of the charges at least 24 hours before the

7
 On appeal, Kanu makes several arguments respecting the grievance process, some of
which appear to be contradictory. Kanu references his use of the grievance procedure but
argues the trial court erred in concluding he “exhausted administrative remedies by filing
grievances.” Appellant’s Br. at 3. Because the trial court denied summary judgment on
exhaustion grounds and proceeded to the merits, we do not reach Kanu’s arguments about
exhaustion.
8
 Although Wolff involved sentenced inmates, its protections apply to pretrial detainees as
well. See Bell, 441 U.S. at 545; see also Stevenson, 495 F.3d at 70–71.

                                              9
hearing, the opportunity to present witnesses and documentary evidence, and a written

statement of the reasons for the disciplinary action taken and the supporting evidence. See

id. at 563–66.

       As to Kanu’s claims concerning the opportunity to present witnesses and evidence

at his hearing, a detainee’s right to call witnesses and present documentary evidence is

cabined by the prison’s discretion to “keep the hearing within reasonable limits and to

refuse to call witnesses that may create a risk of reprisal or undermine authority,” as well

as to refuse to allow specific documentary evidence. See Wolff, 418 U.S. at 565–66. The

record indicates that the hearing officer interviewed at least two of the four witnesses put

forth by Kanu and provided Kanu with a written statement of her findings. This is well

within the Wolff framework. 9 See Wolff, 418 U.S. at 565–66.

       Kanu’s allegation on appeal that Steven Davis’s statement was disregarded is

belied by the record, which shows Abt interviewed Steven Davis.10 And while the failure

to review video evidence could rise to the level of a procedural due process violation in

some cases, Kanu has not explained how Abt’s failure to review video would be

9
 Contrary to Kanu’s assertion that Wolff requires prison officials to explain a refusal to
call witnesses, the Supreme Court noted that while it would be useful for them to do so,
“we do not prescribe it.” Wolff, 418 U.S. at 566.
10
  In the trial court, Kanu argued that the hearing disposition form did not contain a
sufficient description of the witnesses’ statements, and he submitted an affidavit from
Steven Davis describing the events of August 10, 2013. See R69–R71. Davis’s affidavit
does not contradict the record and is not exculpatory.

                                             10
exculpatory, particularly in light of his admissions he made obscene and provocative

statements. Because the record establishes that the disciplinary hearing comported with

procedural due process, and Kanu has offered no evidence to the contrary, we will affirm

the trial court’s conclusion that Kanu’s procedural due process rights were not violated

during his disciplinary hearing.

       As stated, Kanu now alleges he was kept in disciplinary detention until September

17, 2013—beyond its August 30, 2013 expiration. Kanu points to an “Alerts” page from

Hill’s Offender Management System which states, in a September 17, 2013 entry, that

“[p]er Mike Moore, [Kanu] remains on SMU.” Appellant’s Br., Ex. A. This entry does

not support Kanu’s assertion that he was not transferred from disciplinary detention to

administrative segregation until September 17. It shows only that Kanu remained in the

SMU, with no mention of disciplinary status. Both Hill’s Inmate Housing History and

Moore’s affidavit, however, establish that Kanu was transferred to administrative

segregation on August 30, 2013—the day his disciplinary detention expired—and Kanu

has offered no evidence to the contrary.

       Kanu also argues the prison violated procedural due process by never affording

him notice or opportunity to be heard about his placement in administrative segregation.

“Prison officials must provide detainees who are transferred into more restrictive housing

for administrative purposes only an explanation of the reason for their transfer as well as

an opportunity to respond.” Stevenson, 495 F.3d at 70. This notice must be within a

                                            11
“reasonable time” following the transfer, id. (quoting Hewitt v. Helms, 459 U.S. 460, 476

n.8 (1983)), and the opportunity to respond can be satisfied by written grievances, see

Helms, 476 U.S. at 874. With respect to his placement in the SMU before his

disciplinary hearing, Panarello immediately informed Kanu he would remain in SMU

housing because of his hostility toward staff and attempt to incite the other inmates, and

Kanu submitted a grievance that same day. With respect to his post-disciplinary

administrative segregation, Kanu filed requests for information about, and several

grievances challenging, his confinement in administrative segregation within four days of

his move to this status. Kanu admitted in his complaint that Defendant Moore informed

him on September 13, 2013—about two weeks after his disciplinary detention was

completed—he was in administrative segregation because of concerns that he was going

to “start a Chester v. Philly beef.” R13 ¶ 29. We agree with the trial court that this

complies with the notice and opportunity to be heard requirements set forth in Stevenson.

See Shoats v. Horn, 213 F.3d 140, 144–45 (3d Cir. 2000).

       The substantive due process protections afforded to pretrial detainees are set forth

in Bell. See 441 U.S. at 535, 539. The Supreme Court held that while punishment may

not be imposed on pretrial detainees before an adjudication of guilt, a restriction or

condition of pretrial detention that is reasonably related to a legitimate government

objective does not, without more, amount to punishment. See id.; see also Rapier, 172
F.3d at 1003 (noting that pretrial detainees can be punished for violating prison rules).

                                             12
       Any substantive due process claim is foreclosed because it is clear Kanu’s

pre- and post- disciplinary placement in the SMU was reasonably related to the legitimate

goal of maintaining security and order. As discussed, Defendant Moore submitted an

affidavit explaining “Kanu was placed on administrative segregation solely for the safety

of the facility, its staff, and its residents” based on factors including “his threats of

violence and stated intentions to rebel against staff.” Moore Aff. ¶ 7, R143; see

Stevenson v. Carroll, 495 F.3d 62, 69 (3d Cir. 2007) (“In situations such as this, where

the allegations of punishment are coextensive with the allegations that form the basis for

the procedural due process claim, it will generally be sufficient for the prison officials to

submit affidavits to show that the classification was appropriate based on reasonable

prison management concerns. . . . A showing by the prison officials that a restrictive

housing assignment is predicated on a legitimate managerial concern . . . will typically

foreclose the substantive due process inquiry.”). Here, contemporaneous evidence in the

record shows Kanu’s behavior raised significant security concerns. See, e.g., R96

(August 10, 2013 disciplinary report) (describing Kanu’s obscene language and attempts

to incite other inmates); R99 (August 11, 2013 investigation report) (explaining Kanu

was advised he would “remain on SMU due to the fact he is still being hostile toward

staff and h[ad] attempt[ed] to incite other inmates”). Kanu was able to file a grievance

the day after he was placed in pre-hearing SMU housing and was afforded a hearing

some nine days later. Kanu filed numerous grievances after being placed in

                                               13
post-disciplinary administrative segregation and has admitted he discussed the decision

with Defendant Moore. We believe this comports with due process and will affirm.

                                           V.

      For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s March 21, 2016

order entering summary judgment for Defendants.

                                           14