Court Opinion

ID: 4639820
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-12-05 01:02:02.603065+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:59:37.215558
License: Public Domain

Filed 12/4/20 P. v. Singh CA3
                                           NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                      THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                                         (Yolo)
                                                            ----

    THE PEOPLE,                                                                                C089081

                    Plaintiff and Respondent,                                    (Super. Ct. No. CRF184734)

           v.

    BALJIT SINGH,

                    Defendant and Appellant.

         Defendant Baljit Singh slapped his wife and later grabbed her by the neck. The
jury found him guilty of aggravated assault and domestic violence charges. The trial
court sentenced defendant to four years in prison, which included one year for a prior
prison term enhancement charged pursuant to Penal Code section 667.5, subdivision (b).1
The court also imposed a 10-year protective order.

1   Further undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.

                                                             1
       On appeal, defendant contends the trial court committed instructional error by
failing to instruct the jury on the lesser included offense of simple assault. He further
contends that: (1) Senate Bill No. 136 mandates remand to strike the one-year sentencing
enhancement; (2) the protective order was erroneously issued under section 273.5 and
should be remanded for possible issuance under section 136.2; and (3) the abstract of
judgment is incorrect.
       We modify the judgment and remand for resentencing and correction of the
abstract of judgment. We otherwise affirm.
                  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       The Offense
       Defendant and Urmil married following a two-month relationship and moved in
together, with Urmil’s two sons from a previous marriage. Shortly after they married,
defendant began drinking heavily. When he drank, he would often use abusive language
and become physically violent towards Urmil.
       On August 10, 2018, after defendant had been drinking for several days, Urmil
and defendant were in their bedroom arguing about his drinking. Defendant reacted to
Urmil’s disclosure that she had previously recorded him saying “very bad things” about
her by forcefully slapping her twice on the face. Urmil retreated to the kitchen, but
defendant followed her and began to insult her family. Urmil’s 17-year-old son was in
the living room with a clear view of the kitchen. As the couple continued arguing,
defendant pushed Urmil into the corner of the kitchen and grabbed her around the neck
with his right hand, hard. His thumb gripped one side of her throat while his fingers
wrapped around and gripped the other side. Urmil felt a little bit of pain and some
pressure from his grip, but was able to breathe.
       The son saw defendant grab Urmil around the neck. As defendant held her neck,
he called her a prostitute and a slut as she screamed. The son ran over and tried to
physically push them apart by trying to get in between them, but defendant would not

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release his grip on Urmil’s neck. The son “need[ed] to punch him” so that he would
move his hand from her neck. The son punched defendant so hard he fell over; he let go
of Urmil’s neck when punched. Urmil believed that without her son’s intervention,
defendant might have killed her.
       Urmil and her son went outside for their safety. Defendant’s grip on Urmil’s neck
caused a reddened, one-inch abrasion. Several hours later, Urmil felt pain “inside [her]
neck and on the nerves.”
       The People’s expert testified on non-fatal strangulation. He stated generally that
gripping an individual’s neck with less pressure than it takes to open a can of soda can
cause an individual to lose consciousness in 10 seconds, to suffer an anoxic seizure in 14
seconds, and to die within a minute. It is possible for an individual to not feel any effects
of strangulation within the first five seconds, and it is unusual for any nonfatal
strangulation to leave a visible external injury.
       The Defense
       Defendant testified on his own behalf. He agreed that on August 10 he was
drinking and arguing with Urmil in the bedroom as well as the kitchen while the son was
nearby. When Urmil said she wanted to take her children and go to her father’s house,
defendant told her not to go. Urmil and her children walked out the front door and
defendant followed them. At that point, the son punched defendant multiple times in the
face. Defendant denied slapping, grabbing, or strangling Urmil that day.
       The Charges and Outcome
       The People charged defendant with inflicting corporal injury on his spouse
(§ 273.5, subd. (a); count 1), aggravated assault (§ 245, subd. (a)(4); count 2), battery
against a spouse (§ 273.5, subd. (e)(1); count 3), and abusing or endangering the health of
a child (§ 273a, subd. (b); count 4).

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       The jury found defendant guilty of the lesser included offense of attempted
infliction of corporal injury on a spouse, aggravated assault, and abusing or endangering
the health of a child. It acquitted him of spousal battery.
       The trial court sentenced defendant to the middle term of three years in prison for
aggravated assault and a one-year enhancement for the prior prison term. The court also
sentenced defendant to the middle term of 18 months for attempted infliction of corporal
injury on a spouse, stayed pursuant to section 654, and a concurrent term of 180 days in
jail for abusing or endangering the health of a child. The court issued a 10-year
protective order pursuant to the People’s request but did not specify the statutory
authority therefor. This timely appeal followed.
                                       DISCUSSION
                                               I
                             Lesser Included Offense of Simple Assault
       Defendant argues there was substantial evidence for a reasonable jury to find that
defendant committed simple assault when he grabbed Urmil by the neck, rather than
assault by means of force likely to produce great bodily injury. Thus, he contends the
trial court erred in failing to sua sponte instruct the jury on simple assault. He further
contends the error was prejudicial.
       A. Background
       The prosecutor elected in closing argument that the assault with force likely
charge was based on defendant’s conduct in the kitchen, that is, the grabbing of Urmil’s
throat. Neither party requested an instruction on the lesser included offense of simple
assault and the court did not raise the issue or give the instruction.
       During deliberations, the jury asked whether count 3, domestic battery, was
limited to the slaps in the bedroom or included all of the evidence presented. Defense
counsel argued that the jury should be permitted to consider all evidence for count 3,
because “the 273.5 is [a] continuous course of conduct.” Counsel added that “[i]f the

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slaps in the bedroom are part of the continuing course of conduct for what happened in
the kitchen, the [domestic battery] is absolutely a lesser included offense.” Counsel
posited that if the jury were allowed to consider “whether . . . what happened in the
kitchen is a 273.5 or a lesser included . . . of contact continuing from the bedroom as a
[domestic battery,]” it would “make[] up for the fact that we didn’t read the [simple
assault] instruction as a lesser included for count 2 to them, because the [domestic
battery] can kind of act like a lesser for the 245 as well.”
       The trial court responded (correctly) that domestic battery is not a lesser included
offense of assault with force likely and indicated it would tell the jury that “count 3 deals
with the conduct in the bedroom.” There was no further discussion regarding a jury
instruction for simple assault.
       After the verdicts, defendant moved for a new trial on the grounds that the trial
court erred in failing to instruct the jury on simple assault. The court denied the motion,
noting that “[t]he defense was that no assault occurred, no assault by means of force
likely to produce great bodily injury, not the level of assault.”2
       B. The Law
       A trial court is required to instruct on lesser included offenses that are supported
by substantial evidence. (People v. Licas (2007) 41 Cal.4th 362, 366.) Substantial
evidence in this context “is not merely ‘any evidence . . . no matter how weak’ [citation],
but rather ‘ “evidence from which a jury composed of reasonable [persons] could . . .
conclude[]” ’ that the lesser offense, but not the greater, was committed.” (People v.

2  The trial court also noted that because the jury convicted on the greater charge, it
“would have never gotten to a lesser charge.” This observation is not relevant to the
issue of whether the jury should have been given the choice to convict on a lesser
offense, rather than the all or nothing choice it was given. As we explain, the relevant
inquiry is whether substantial evidence supported conviction on the lesser offense. If the
answer to that question is yes, the fact that the jury selected the greater offense over the
option of acquittal does not remedy the error.

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Cruz (2008) 44 Cal.4th 636, 664.) Thus, there must be “ ‘evidence which, if accepted by
the trier of fact, would absolve [the] defendant from guilt of the greater offense’ [citation]
but not the lesser.” (People v. Memro (1995) 11 Cal.4th 786, 871, italics omitted.) “ ‘[A]
trial court errs if it fails to instruct, sua sponte, on all theories of a lesser included offense
which find substantial support in the evidence. On the other hand, the court is not
obliged to instruct on theories that have no such evidentiary support.’ [Citation.]”
(People v. Smith (2013) 57 Cal.4th 232, 240.)
       We review de novo claims of error for failure to instruct on a lesser included
offense. (People v. Licas, supra, 41 Cal.4th at p. 366.) In doing so, we consider the
evidence in the light most favorable to the defendant. (People v. Millbrook (2014)
222 Cal.App.4th 1122, 1137.) However, it is defendant’s burden to show error by
demonstrating substantial evidence of the lesser offense. (People v. Hamlin (2009)
170 Cal.App.4th 1412, 1458.)
       Simple assault (§ 240) is a lesser included offense of aggravated assault. (People
v. McDaniel (2008) 159 Cal.App.4th 736, 747-748.) Simple assault requires that a
defendant willfully commit an “an act that by its nature would directly and probably
result in the application of force to a person” with the present ability to do so.
(CALCRIM No. 915.) The elements of simple assault are included in the elements of
aggravated assault; thus, one cannot commit an aggravated assault without also
committing a simple assault. (People v. Yeats (1977) 66 Cal.App.3d 874, 879.) We must
therefore determine whether a reasonable jury could have found that defendant
committed only a simple assault and not an assault with force likely to produce great
bodily injury. (See McDaniel, at p. 748.)
       “Great bodily injury” is defined as “a significant or substantial physical injury.”
(§ 12022.7, subd. (f); see People v. Brown (2012) 210 Cal.App.4th 1, 7.) The force has
to be “likely” to produce a great bodily injury; it is immaterial whether the victim in fact
suffers any harm.” (People v. Aguilar (1997) 16 Cal.4th 1023, 1028, 1032.) “[T]he use

                                                6
of hands or fists alone may support a conviction of assault ‘by means of force likely to
produce great bodily injury.’ ” (Id. at p. 1028.)
       C. Analysis
       Defendant argues that a reasonable jury could have found simple assault from the
evidence presented at trial, as an alternative to assault by means of force likely. While he
concedes that choking a person unconscious necessarily suggests force likely to produce
great bodily injury, he contends that because Urmil testified she was able to breathe, felt
only minimal pain, and did not suffer long-term injuries or pain from the incident, there
was a possibility of a lesser finding. He adds that the People’s expert testified generally
to the possible effects of manual strangulation and did not analyze the specific facts here.
Although defendant testified that he did not even touch Urmil’s throat, he now argues
that the jury could have concluded the truth fell somewhere between his version of no
contact and her version of contact, backed by the expert’s description of the danger of
great bodily injury inherent in even momentary strangulation such as that described by
Urmil and her son at trial.
       As we have described in detail ante, the evidence of assault against Urmil was
provided by her and her son, and established that defendant pushed her into a corner and
gripped her neck with his right hand, hard, from the front, with his thumb on one side of
her neck and four fingers on the other, for a significant period of time while he called her
names. Urmil’s 17-year-old son could not physically force defendant to release her until
he punched him in the face. Urmil believed she might have died had her son not
forcefully intervened. She suffered an abrasion on her neck, followed by neck and nerve
pain several hours later. The expert testified that a throat grab even with relatively minor
pressure creates the risk of serious injury within seconds, and the risk of death within one
minute, even where, as here, the victim feels minimal physical effects in the moment.
       To rise to the level of force likely to cause great bodily injury, it is not necessary
that the choking victim be rendered unconscious (People v. Berry (1976) 18 Cal.3d 509,

                                              7
518-519) or turn red and gasp for breath (People v. Covino (1980) 100 Cal.App.3d 660,
664-665, 667-668). Rather, the force must be likely to cause “a significant or substantial
physical injury.” (§ 12022.7, subd. (f).) The evidence shows that likelihood here. If a
reasonable jury believed the only version of an assault presented in this case, it
necessarily would have found assault with force likely, given the evidence at trial.
       People v. Brown (2016) 245 Cal.App.4th 140, on which defendant relies, is
distinguishable. There, the defendant was convicted of resisting an executive officer
pursuant to section 69. On appeal, the defendant argued that the trial court should have
instructed on the lesser included offense of simple assault. The appellate court agreed,
holding that the jury could have concluded that the officers used unreasonable or
excessive force if they credited the defendant’s version of events, but could also have
concluded that the defendant responded to the officers' use of excessive force with
unreasonable force, if they also credited the officers' version of events. (Brown, at p.
154.) Thus, the jury could have concluded from the evidence presented that the officers'
use of force was excessive but that the defendant's use of force in response was
unreasonable, which would have supported an assault conviction: “ ‘[W]hen excessive
force is used by a defendant in response to excessive force by a police officer ...
defendant [may] be convicted, and then the crime may only be a violation of section 245,
subdivision (a) or of a lesser necessarily included offense within that section,’ such as
section 240.” (Ibid.)
       Here, there was simply no evidence that a lesser assault occurred, even crediting
all the evidence presented and considering it as a whole. There was evidence that
defendant did not assault Urmil, and there was evidence that he assaulted her with force
likely to cause bodily injury. While we agree that a jury certainly may believe a portion
of each side when two sides of the relevant happenings are presented, and it may, from
the evidence presented, formulate a “middle ground” such as that described by Brown,
the middle ground on which to base the sua sponte giving of an instruction must be

                                              8
grounded in actual evidence presented, and must be supported by substantial evidence.
We see no evidentiary support for such a middle ground finding here, certainly not a
finding that is supported by substantial evidence.3 Defendant’s claim of instructional
error fails. Because we conclude no error occurred, we do not reach the claim of
prejudice.
                                                   II
                                  Prior Prison Term Enhancement
        Defendant contends the one-year prior prison term enhancement imposed pursuant
to section 667.5, subdivision (b) must be stricken due to the change in the law
promulgated by Senate Bill No. 136 (2019-2020 Reg. Sess.) effective January 1, 2020.
The Attorney General agrees. We agree with the parties.
        Senate Bill No. 136 amended section 667.5, subdivision (b), which formerly
imposed a one-year sentence enhancement for prior prison terms such as defendant’s
here. Pursuant to Senate Bill No. 136, the enhancement now applies only if a defendant
served a prior prison term for a sexually violent offense as defined in Welfare and
Institutions Code section 6600, subdivision (b). (See Stats. 2019, ch. 590, § 1.)
        Because his sentence was not final when Senate Bill No. 136 took effect and
because his prior offense was not for a sexually violent felony, we agree that the amended
law applies to defendant retroactively. (See People v. Vieira (2005) 35 Cal.4th 264, 306
[defendant entitled to retroactive application of criminal statute that takes effect during
the time defendant has to appeal to the United States Supreme Court]; In re Estrada
(1965) 63 Cal.2d 740, 742; People v. Lopez (2019) 42 Cal.App.5th 337, 341-342.)
        Because the trial court imposed less than the maximum sentence, we remand the
matter for full resentencing to allow the court to exercise its discretion in light of the

3   We note the Attorney General failed to address Brown and defendant’s reliance on it.

                                               9
changed circumstances. (See People v. Lopez, supra, 42 Cal.App.5th at p. 342; People v.
Buycks (2018) 5 Cal.5th 857, 896, fn. 15.) While the trial court is entitled to reconsider
its entire sentencing scheme, defendant may not be sentenced to a term in excess of his
original sentence. (See People v. Burns (1984) 158 Cal.App.3d 1178, 1184.)
                                                    III
                                           Protective Order
       At defendant’s sentencing hearing, the trial court granted the People’s request for
a 10-year criminal protective order. Defendant did not object. He now contends that
when the court issued the protective order, it erroneously checked the box on the form
authorizing the order under section 273.5, subdivision (j). He argues the protective order
could only have properly issued pursuant to subdivision (i)(1) of section 136.2, and that
the statutorily required findings were not made; thus, the order was insufficient. He avers
that where a protective order is issued under that subdivision, the court must make an
express finding that defendant was found guilty of a crime involving domestic violence,
and that the duration of the order was based on the “seriousness of the facts before the
court, the probability of future violations, and the safety of a victim and his or her
immediate family.” (§ 136.2, subd. (i)(1).) Because the court made no such findings,
defendant asks us to remand the case for the trial court to issue a protective order
consistent with what he contends are the applicable statutory requirements.
       The Attorney General agrees that the box designating the protective order under
section 273.5, subdivision (j) was erroneously checked, but argues that defendant
forfeited his claim by failing to object in the trial court. We agree the claim is forfeited.
       “As a general rule, an appellant [forfeits] issues on appeal that he or she did not
initially raise in the trial court. [Citation.] But there are exceptions to this rule for
unauthorized sentences and sentencing decisions that are in excess of the trial court’s
jurisdiction.” (People v. Ponce (2009) 173 Cal.App.4th 378, 381.) In Ponce, the
defendant did not object in the trial court to a three-year protective order issued under

                                               10
section 136.2. The Court of Appeal concluded the defendant did not forfeit his claim that
the protective order was of an unauthorized duration because he challenged the order’s
jurisdictional validity. (Ponce, at pp. 381-382.)
       Here, unlike in Ponce, the challenge is not jurisdictional. The parties agree that
the court had the authority to issue the 10-year protective order under section 136.2, subd.
(i)(1), which allows for protective orders of up to 10 years where, as here, the defendant
was found guilty of a crime involving domestic violence. As the court had jurisdiction to
issue the protective order under section 136.2, subd. (i)(1), and defendant failed to object
to the imposition of the protective order, the general rule of forfeiture applies, and the
issue is forfeited. (People v. Race (2017) 18 Cal.App.5th 211, 219, fn. 4.)
       In any event, defendant’s contention that the court must make express findings
that defendant was found guilty of a crime involving domestic violence and that the
duration of the order was based on the “seriousness of the facts before the court, the
probability of future violations, and the safety of a victim and his or her immediate
family” in order to issue a protective order under section 136.2, subd. (i)(1) is not
supported by the statutory language or by any other authority.
                                                  IV
                                       Abstract of Judgment
       The parties agree that the abstract of judgment erroneously states that defendant
was sentenced to prison due to a “current or prior serious or violent felony.” In fact, none
of defendant’s current or prior felonies qualify as such. (See §§ 667.5, 1192.7.)
       “Entering the judgment in the minutes being a clerical function [citation], a
discrepancy between the judgment as orally pronounced and as entered in the minutes is
presumably the result of clerical error.” (People v. Mesa (1975) 14 Cal.3d 466, 471.)
We thus presume that checking the box “current or prior serious or violent felony” in the
abstract of judgment was a clerical error and we will direct correction thereof.

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                                     DISPOSITION
       We modify the judgment to strike the one-year prior prison term enhancement and
remand for resentencing. The trial court is directed to correct the abstract of judgment as
described by this opinion and to deliver a certified copy of the new abstract to the
Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation.

                                                       /s/
                                                  Duarte, Acting P. J.

We concur:

     /s/
Hoch, J.

/s/

Renner, J.

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