Court Opinion

ID: 9929648
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-02-02 22:01:40.009594+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:40:58.706487
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES ARMY COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS

Before
FLEMING, PENLAND, and POND
Appellate Military Judges

UNITED STATES, Appellee
Vv.
Sergeant CHAS E. PHILLIPS
United States Army, Appellant

ARMY 20220233

Headquarters, 1st Armored Division and Fort Bliss
Robert L. Shuck, Military Judge (pretrial)
Matthew S. Fitzgerald, Military Judge (trial)
Colonel Andrew D. Flor, Staff Judge Advocate

For Appellant: Captain Kevin T. Todorow, JA (argued)!; Colonel Michael C. Friess,
JA; Lieutenant Colonel Dale C. McFeatters, JA; Major Rachel P. Gordienko, JA;
Captain Kevin T. Todorow, JA (on brief); Colonel Philip M. Staten, JA; Major
Robert W. Rodriguez, JA; Captain Kevin T. Todorow, JA (on reply brief).

For Appellee: Major Joseph H. Lam, JA (argued); Major Kalin P. Schlueter, JA;
Major Justin L. Talley, JA; Major Joseph H. Lam, JA (on brief).

30 January 2024

This opinion is issued as an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as precedent.

FLEMING, Senior Judge:

Appellant raises four issues before this Court, two of which merit discussion
but ultimately no relief.? Appellant argues the military judge erred by declining to

' The court heard oral argument on 16 October 2023 at Campbell University Law
School as part of the court’s outreach program.

? We have given full and fair consideration to the issues personally raised by
appellant before this Court pursuant to United States v. Grostefon, 12 M.J. 431
(C.M.A. 1982), and determine they warrant neither discussion nor relief.
PHILLIPS-ARMY 20220233

suppress appellant’s statements to El Paso law enforcement officers. Appellant also
argues his three convictions for three separate offenses of assault consummated by a
battery upon his spouse constitute an unreasonable multiplication of charges. We
disagree.

BACKGROUND

A military judge sitting as a general court-martial convicted appellant,
contrary to his pleas, of one specification of communicating a threat and three
specifications of assault consummated by a battery upon his spouse in violation of
Articles 115 and 128, Uniform Code of Military Justice [UCMJ], 10 U.S.C. §§ 915,
928.

Appellant and his wife, a married in 2018 and had a daughter in the spring
of 2019. In mid-August 2019, appellant and BB cot into a heated argument about
money difficulties. ad previously agreed to pay the monthly electric bill but
could not afford to do so. Appellant directed her to immediately attempt to earn
money by making food deliveries.

Deciding it was too late for food deliveries, [instead traveled to a nearby
friend’s house to pick up her young daughter. BB visited with her friend for
approximately thirty to forty-five minutes and returned home. Upon fs return,
appellant met her in their garage, took their baby and placed her in a bassinet inside
their home, and returned to the garage where the argument about money difficulties
immediately resumed.

The argument quickly escalated into physical violence. First, appellant
grabbed Man dragged her by her hair (Specification 3 of Charge II). After
appellant released her hair, Boved to a different part of the garage where
appellant pushed her onto the ground, struck her multiple times, and punched her in
the face (Specification 2 of Charge II). Appellant threatened to kill chop up her
body, put it in a bag, and hide her remains in the desert (The Specification of Charge
I). After this death threat, appellant stopped striking ff bu returned to the house to
retrieve a green extension cord, which he then used to strike her repeatedly
(Specification | of Charge II). Eventually, fg got away from appellant, left the
garage, and ultimately received assistance from friends who called law enforcement
officers from the El] Paso Police Department.

After speaking to hana observing her injuries, four officers arrived at
appellant’s home and knocked on his front door. The officers invited appellant
outside to discuss his wife’s injuries and allegations regarding domestic assault.
Asserting a need to watch his baby, appellant declined to step outside to talk to the
officers and instead invited the officers into his home. Two officers entered
appellant’s home while the other two officers remained outside.
PHILLIPS-ARMY 20220233

Once inside, one of the officers told appellant they had seen and spoken to his
wife. One officer asked appellant for his side of the story and asked detailed
questions about his version of events. During this time, appellant was not
handcuffed and the responding officers did not advise appellant of the constitutional
rights provided by Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966) [hereinafter Miranda].
After appellant offered three or four different versions of the event, he told the
officers he had pushed his wife to the ground, struck her, and “may have” whipped
her with a cord. After this statement, the officers placed appellant under arrest for
domestic assault.

At a motion hearing prior to his trial, appellant moved to suppress his above
statements because the officers failed to advise him of his Miranda rights. The
military judge denied the motion to suppress by ruling appellant was not entitled to
the protections afforded by Miranda when he made his statements to the officers.

After the military judge convicted appellant of all charged offenses, he was
sentenced to a dishonorable discharge, confinement for forty months, total forfeiture
of all pay and allowances, and reduction to the grade of E-1.7 The convening
authority approved the adjudged findings and sentence.

3 As to appellant’s sentence to confinement, the military judge was required to
determine an exact “term of confinement” for each offense. See Rule for Courts-
Martial [R.C.M.] 1002(d)(2)(A). Next, the military judge was required to “state
whether [each offense’s] term of confinement [was] to run concurrently or
consecutively with any other [offense’s] term ... of confinement.” R.C.M.
1002(d)(2)(B). The military judge sentenced appellant to an exact “term of
confinement” for each offense as follows:

The Specification of Charge I (communicating a threat): 8 months of
confinement to run consecutively with the term of confinement for all other
offenses;

Specification 1 of Charge II (extension cord assault): 18 months of
confinement to run consecutively with the term of confinement for all other
offenses;

Specification 2 of Charge II (push/punch assault): 14 months of confinement
to run concurrently with the term of confinement for Specification 3 of Charge II
(hair drag assault) but to run consecutively with the terms of confinement for The
Specification of Charge I (communicating a threat) and Specification 1 of Charge II
(extension cord assault).

(continued .. .)
PHILLIPS-ARMY 20220233

LAW AND DISCUSSION

A. Motion to Suppress

We review a military judge’s denial of a motion to suppress evidence for an
abuse of discretion. United States v. Chatfield, 67 M.J. 432, 437 (C.A.A.F. 2009)
(citing United States v. Pipkin, 58 M.J. 358, 360 (C.A.A.F. 2003)). We do not
disturb the military judge’s findings of fact provided they are not clearly erroneous
or unsupported by the record. Jd. (citing United States v. Leedy, 65 M.J. 208, 213
(C.A.A.F. 2007)). We review conclusions of law supporting the suppression ruling
de novo, to include whether someone is in custody for the purposes of Miranda
warnings and whether a confession is voluntary. /d. (internal citations omitted).

The Supreme Court defined custodial interrogation as “questioning initiated
by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise
deprived of his freedom of action in any significant way.” Miranda, 384 U.S. at
444. “To answer the question whether an accused is in custody for purposes
of Miranda, we consider ‘all of the circumstances surrounding the interrogation’ to
determine ‘how a reasonable person in the position of the [accused] would gauge the
breadth of his or her freedom of action.’” Chatfield, 67 M.J. at 437 (citing
Stansbury v. California, 511 U.S. 318, 322 (1994)). Relevant circumstances include:
the length of questioning, the location of the questioning, the accusatory or non-
accusatory nature of the questioning, the amount of restraint on the individual’s
physical movement, and statements made by officers regarding the individual’s
freedom to move or leave. United States v. Hale, 81 M.J. 651, 666 (Army Ct. Crim.
App. 2021).

We assess the totality of the circumstances to objectively determine whether a
reasonable person under the circumstances would feel they were not free to leave.
Id. This assessment, however, does not end our analysis because the Supreme Court
has stated:

[djetermining whether an individual’s freedom of
movement was curtailed, however, is simply the first step
in the analysis, not the last. Not all restraints on freedom of
movement amount to custody for purposes of Miranda. We
have . . . instead asked the additional question whether the

(. . . continued)

Specification 3 of Charge II (hair drag assault): 10 months of confinement to
run concurrently with the term of confinement for Specification 2 of Charge II
(push/punch assault) but to run consecutively with the terms of confinement for The
Specification of Charge I (communicating a threat) and Specification 1 of Charge II
(extension cord assault).
PHILLIPS-ARMY 20220233

relevant environment presents the same inherently coercive
pressures as the type of station house questioning at issue
in Miranda. “Our cases make clear. . . that the freedom-of-
movement test identifies only a necessary and not a
sufficient condition for Miranda custody.”

Howes v. Fields, 565 U.S. 499, 509 (2012) (citing Maryland v. Shatzer 559
U.S. 98, 112 (2010)).

As discussed in-depth below, we find the “relevant environment” surrounding
the making of appellant’s statements did not contain the “same inherently coercive
pressures as the type of station house questioning at issue in Miranda.” Id.

Four officers arrived at appellant’s home, knocked on his front door, and
asked him to step outside to speak with them. Appellant declined this invitation
and, instead, inserted his level of control over the situation, requesting two of the
four officers, Officers and IJ enter his home for a discussion. The officers
complied with appellant’s request, did not fully enter his home, and “stayed around
the entrance of the door.”

Appellant was not placed in handcuffs or touched by the officers. The
officers did not draw their weapons. Officer [J testified appellant was “temporarily
detained,” which she described as similar to a vehicular traffic stop, stating he “was
not free to leave until we felt we had the information for our investigation to either
say he did do this or he did not do that.” Officer [J testified, however, appellant
possessed the ability to move freely within his own home and, for example, could
have left the front entrance and gone into the kitchen to get a glass of water. Cf
United States v. Catrett, 55 M.J. 400 (C.A.A.F. 2001) (finding appellant subjected to
Miranda custody when he was directed by officers to remain, with an officer
present, in appellant’s living room that he could only depart if an officer
accompanied appellant).

As to the officer’s investigative role, Officer[iibsserted the purpose of
asking appellant for his side of events was because “we have had females where they
may have technically injured themselves . . . [but injuries and an allegation] doesn’t
necessarily mean that what she is saying is 100 percent accurate.” orice ll
testified it was her job to determine “what exactly happened” because not only could
a female victim’s version of the event contain inaccuracies but appellant could have
also had justifiable reasons, such as self-defense, for his actions.

Only after appellant provided different versions of the event, the military
judge found the officers “likely” used “accusatory questioning” when confronting
appellant “with the inconsistencies of his version of the incident [as compared] with
the injuries found on his spouse.” Despite this questioning, the military judge
PHILLIPS-ARMY 20220233

found, and we concur, appellant “never asked to leave or requested the officers to
leave his home. The officers never threatened [appellant] or used force in any way.
After the police questioned [appellant] for less than an hour about what had
occurred, [appellant] made incriminating statements about what he had done to his
spouse.”

Even assuming appellant’s freedom of movement was curtailed to the location
of his entire home,‘ the overall “relevant environment” at the time he made his
statements to the officers did not “‘sufficiently impair [appellant’s]
free exercise of his privilege against self-incrimination to require that he be warned
of his [Miranda] constitutional rights.’” Howes, 565 U.S. at 509-10 (citing
Berkemer v. McCarty, 468 U.S. 420, 437 (1984)). Appellant asserted control over
the location of the discussion in his home, he was never handcuffed or restrained
during the discussion, and the discussion took less than an hour.’ Additionally, we
considered the difference, as recognized in Miranda, between questioning occurring
in appellant’s home, as opposed to the police station. As stated in Miranda, a
suspect “[i]n his own home... may be confident, indignant, or recalcitrant. He is
more keenly aware of his rights and more reluctant to tell of his indiscretions or
criminal behavior within the walls of his home.” Miranda, 384 U.S. at 449-50.

* We note the parties heavily disputed whether the military judge was clearly
erroneous in his ruling that found appellant was “not free to leave” but he “was
never told this information.” Although the record is clear the officers did not tell
appellant he was “free to leave,” it is less clear on the inverse question: did the
officers affirmatively tell appellant he was not free to leave? Ultimately, whether
the military judge’s finding of fact was clearly erroneous does not aid our analysis
because we assume, arguendo, that a reasonable person in appellant’s shoes would
have known they were not free to leave the home and disregard the officers upon
their arrival. Similarly, as reasoned by the Supreme Court, a reasonable person
knows by implication they are not free “to disobey a directive to pull over or to
leave the scene of a traffic stop without being told they might do so.” Howes, 565
U.S. at 510 (citing Berkemer, 468 U.S. at 436). A review of appellant’s subjective
understanding, although not determinative to our analysis, clearly indicates he was
capable of assessing the situation as an objectively reasonable person because we
agree with the military judge’s findings of fact that, at the time appellant made his
statements, he was a smart and mature twenty-eight-year-old non commissioned
officer who possessed approximately nine years of military service, a “Bachelor of
Science Degree,” and an “ASVAB General Technical Score of 111.”

> Appellant testified the questioning lasted less than thirty minutes. However, the
military judge adopted as his findings of fact the officer’s time estimate of less than
an hour which, ironically, was more favorable to appellant.
PHILLIPS-ARMY 20220233
B. Unreasonable Multiplication of Charges

We review a military judge’s denial of relief for unreasonable multiplication
of charges [UMC] for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Campbell, 71 M.J. 19,
22 (C.A.A.F. 2012). Courts apply a five-part test to determine whether the
government has unreasonably multiplied charges:

(1) Did the accused object at trial that there was an
unreasonable multiplication of charges and/or
specifications?

(2) Is each charge and specification aimed at distinctly
separate criminal acts?

(3) Does the number of charges and specifications
misrepresent or exaggerate the appellant's criminality?

(4) Does the number of charges and specifications
unreasonably increase the appellant's punitive exposure?

(5) Is there any evidence of prosecutorial overreaching or
abuse in the drafting of the charges?

United States v. Pauling, 60 M.J. 91, 95 (C.A.A.F. 2004) (citing United States v.
Quiroz, 55 M.J. 334, 338 (C.A.A.F. 2001)).

Although appellant objected at trial, we find the four other Quiroz prongs
favor the government and the military judge did not abuse his discretion denying
appellant’s UMC motion as to his conviction of three separate assaults by battery
upon his spouse.

Appellant committed separate and distinct criminal acts. Act 1: he dragged
his wife by her hair, tearing some of her hair out of her head in the process, across
the garage floor. He then released her, which presented him with an opportunity to
cease and desist his criminal activity. This he did not do. She then moved to a
different part of the garage. Act 2: he then pushed his wife to the ground, struck her
multiple times, and punched her in the face. The government combined these acts
into a single offense and did not separately charge the push, the punch, or every
single strike. Appellant’s combined acts left his wife with a golf-ball sized lump on
her head. He then left the garage and went into their home — a further opportunity to
cease and desist his criminal activity that he did not take. Act 3: he located a green
extension cord within the home, returned to the garage, and struck her with the cord
multiple times, leaving whip marks on her shoulder, back, and lower leg.
PHILLIPS-ARMY 20220233

Appellant applied three different means of force (actus reus) — dragging,
pushing and punching, and whipping with a cord. Appellant’s wife received three
different types of injuries from each of appellant’s separate criminal acts — hair torn
out of her head, a golf-ball sized lump on her head, and whip marks on multiple
locations on her body. Appellant had an opportunity between each different actus
reus to adjust his criminal mens rea, which he declined to do each time.

Charging appellant’s acts as three separate offenses in this situation does not
exaggerate his criminality or establish prosecutorial overreach. This is the opposite
situation of appellant engaging in “an uninterrupted attack” with a metal stool and
being charged with two separate specifications of aggravated assault for injuring his
wife’s head and elbow after the receipt of multiple blows from the stool. See United
States v. Clarke, 74 M.J. 627, 628 (Army Ct. Crim. App. 2015) (finding the factual
predicate of appellant’s “uninterrupted attack” warranted consolidating the two
specifications into one specification of aggravated assault).

Further, appellant did not face an unreasonable increase in his punitive
exposure. Each offense carried a maximum sentence to confinement of two years.
See Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (2019 ed.), pt. IV, 4 77.d.(2)(f). He
received ten months of confinement for the hair-drag assault and fourteen months of
confinement for the push and punch assault which the military judge then ordered to
run concurrently. Stated differently, because the military judge ruled the two
offenses were concurrent for sentencing, appellant was only required to serve
fourteen months of confinement for these two individual offenses.°

Appellant received eighteen months of confinement for whipping his wife
with an extension cord. This sentence to confinement stood alone. We find this
sentence to confinement, however, did not unreasonably increase his punitive
exposure. Between the pushing/punching assault and the whipping with the cord
assault, appellant threatened his wife’s life by telling her he was going to chop her
up and put her in a bag and no one would know she was missing.

Appellant’s wife testified “he kept saying the whole time that I don’t
understand what is going on here. So he feels like he needs to give me a little
incentive. So he stopped and left for a little bit and went back to the house. And
then when he came back, this is when he came back with a green extension cord.”
As lay on the garage floor, curled up, while being whipped multiple times with

° We find the military judge’s decision to adjudge concurrent confinement sentences
for these two separate offenses, under the facts of this case, was neither mandated
nor unreasonable, but within the broad range of his judicial discretion to fashion an
appropriate sentence. See R.C.M. 1002 (d)(2)(B) discussion, (“A military judge may
exercise broad discretion in determining whether terms of confinement will run
concurrently or consecutively.”).
PHILLIPS-ARMY 20220233

the cord, she thought appellant was going to achieve his death threat and it “was
probably going to be it for me... [and] I was going to die that night.”

Having departed the garage, appellant had an increased opportunity to
reevaluate his mens rea while searching his home for the extension cord — a weapon
beyond his own hands — but he decided to assault his wife again. He escalated the
abuse. We see this offense as more egregious than the previous two assaults and it
was not unreasonable for appellant to receive a separate sentence to confinement for
this offense.

CONCLUSION

The findings of guilty and the sentence are AFFIRMED.
Senior Judge PENLAND and Judge POND concur.

FOR THE COURT:

JAMES W. HERRING, JR.
Clerk of Court