Court Opinion

ID: 6345676
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-06-01 13:02:42.154334+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:14:58.962615
License: Public Domain

NOTICE: This opinion is subject to modification resulting from motions for reconsideration under Supreme Court
   Rule 27, the Court’s reconsideration, and editorial revisions by the Reporter of Decisions. The version of the
   opinion published in the Advance Sheets for the Georgia Reports, designated as the “Final Copy,” will replace any
   prior version on the Court’s website and docket. A bound volume of the Georgia Reports will contain the final and
   official text of the opinion.

In the Supreme Court of Georgia

                                                Decided: June 1, 2022

   S21G1147. GENERAL MOTORS, LLC v. BUCHANAN et al.

     BETHEL, Justice.

     In a civil lawsuit in Georgia, the discovery process allows

litigants to gather information about a case from other litigants and

third parties in an orderly and defined manner. Georgia, like most

states, also provides various mechanisms for litigants and third

parties to seek relief from the demands of discovery. One such

method is by moving for a protective order under OCGA § 9-11-26

(c), which provides that upon a showing of “good cause,” a trial court

“may make any order which justice requires to protect a party or

person from annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or undue

burden or expense,” including limiting or otherwise prohibiting the

requested discovery.

     In this wrongful death case in which the plaintiffs allege a
faulty vehicle component caused the deadly accident, the plaintiffs

have sought to depose the Chief Executive Officer of General Motors,

LLC, and General Motors has sought a protective order barring that

deposition. General Motors urges us to adopt the so-called “apex

doctrine,” or some variation thereof, as a means of determining

whether “good cause” exists for granting the protective order it

seeks. That doctrine provides courts with a framework for

determining whether good cause exists to forbid or limit the

deposition of a high-ranking corporate executive 1 who lacks

personal, unique knowledge of facts relevant to the litigation. We

granted General Motors’ petition for a writ of certiorari to consider

      1 The apex doctrine can also apply to high-level government officials. See,
e.g., Sourgoutsis v. United States Capitol Police, 323 FRD 100, 114 (D.D.C.
2017) (“High-ranking government officials are generally not subject to
depositions unless they have some personal knowledge about the matter and
the party seeking the deposition makes a showing that the information cannot
be obtained elsewhere.” (Citation, punctuation, and emphasis omitted.));
K.C.R. v. County of Los Angeles, No. CV 13-3806 PSG (SSx), 2014 WL 3434257,
at *3-*5 (III) (B), (IV) (C.D. Cal. July 11, 2014) (same, and noting that the
undersheriff qualified as a high-ranking government official); Church of
Scientology of Boston v. I.R.S., 138 FRD 9, 12 (C) (D. Mass. 1990) (“In general,
heads of agencies and other top government executives are normally not
subject to depositions.”). But because this case involves a high-ranking
corporate executive, we use corporate terminology in our discussion of the
doctrine in this opinion.
                                       2
“what factors should be considered by a trial court in ruling on a

motion for a protective order under OCGA § 9-11-26 (c) that seeks to

prevent the deposition of a high-ranking officer” and “the

appropriate burden of proof as to those factors.”

     We conclude that, to the extent these factors are asserted by a

party seeking a protective order, a trial court should consider

whether the executive’s high rank, the executive’s lack of unique

personal knowledge of relevant facts, and the availability of

information from other sources demonstrate good cause for a

protective order under OCGA § 9-11-26 (c). However, we decline to

hold that a trial court must find that good cause is presumptively or

conclusively established in each instance that a movant has

demonstrated that an executive is “sufficiently high-ranking” and

lacks unique personal knowledge of discoverable information not

available through other means.

     Additionally, while motions for a protective order relying on

factors associated with the apex doctrine and any other basis argued

to constitute good cause are entitled to consideration by the trial

                                  3
court, the burden of persuasion remains on the party seeking the

protective order. Applying that standard here, we conclude that the

trial court did not fully consider all of the reasons asserted by

General Motors as a basis for the protective order it sought in the

motion. Thus, we vacate the judgment of the Court of Appeals

affirming the trial court’s order and remand this case with direction

that the Court of Appeals vacate the trial court’s order and remand

the case for reconsideration consistent with this opinion.

     1. Background

     Robert Randall Buchanan’s wife, Glenda Marie Buchanan, was

killed in a single-vehicle accident in November 2014 while driving

her 2007 Chevrolet Trailblazer, which was manufactured by

General Motors Corporation, the predecessor to General Motors,

LLC (collectively “GM”). Buchanan brought a wrongful death action

against GM alleging that the fatal accident was caused by a defect

in the “steering wheel angle sensor,” a component of the car’s

electronic stability control system, and seeking compensatory and

punitive damages.

                                  4
     As part of that suit, Buchanan noticed the deposition of GM’s

current CEO, Mary Barra. Buchanan predicated his request on

previous statements Barra made in testimony before Congress and

other public statements she made about GM’s commitment to safety,

including the “Speak Up for Safety” program under which the

Trailblazer steering system angle sensor was investigated by GM.

At the conclusion of that investigation into the Trailblazer steering

system, GM decided that no action would be taken.

     GM responded to Buchanan’s notice of deposition by moving for

a protective order under OCGA § 9-11-26 (c), arguing that good

cause existed to prohibit Barra’s deposition because she had not

been identified as a witness having relevant knowledge during

discovery, did not have “personal, unique, or superior knowledge of

information” relevant to the case, was not involved in the

investigation of the alleged defect at issue, and did not have any

knowledge relevant to the design of the steering wheel angle sensor

for the car at issue in Buchanan’s suit or the investigation into it.

GM also argued that any knowledge Barra might have could be

                                 5
obtained through “other, less intrusive means.” In support of its

motion, GM cited cases primarily from federal courts applying the

framework for assessing good cause commonly known as the “apex

doctrine.”

     GM supported its response with Barra’s affidavit, in which she

averred that she was “not personally involved with” and did not have

“direct personal knowledge regarding[] every aspect of each vehicle

that is or has been manufactured by GM.” More specifically, Barra

averred that she “was not involved in the design, development, or

manufacture” of either the steering wheel angle sensor or the 2006

to 2009 Trailblazer, did not conduct any Speak Up for Safety

program investigations, did not receive individual reports about

each investigation conducted under the program, was not involved

in any investigation of the steering wheel angle sensor, and did not

have “any direct, unique, specialized or superior knowledge about

the design, manufacture, and marketing” of the steering wheel angle

sensor, the 2007 Trailblazer, or any internal investigations or

results from investigations into the same.

                                 6
     In response to GM’s motion, Buchanan again pointed to Barra’s

congressional testimony in relation to a different alleged defect

across several vehicles in which she stated that she would work with

GM’s new vice president of global vehicle safety to quickly identify

and resolve product-safety issues and that she would review all

future death inquiries in GM vehicle crashes. Buchanan also pointed

to Barra’s public statements and general knowledge about GM’s

safety culture and efforts to eliminate safety issues. Buchanan

further argued that, to the extent Barra lacked knowledge about the

other subjects, her lack of knowledge itself was properly

discoverable by deposition.

     The trial court denied GM’s motion for a protective order,

rejecting GM’s argument that the apex doctrine or any similar

framework was a suitable guide to assessing good cause and noting

Georgia’s liberal discovery rules under the Civil Practice Act.

However, although it plainly rejected the invitation to employ the

apex doctrine framework, the trial court’s order does not otherwise

reflect that it actually considered whether GM’s arguments as to

                                 7
apex doctrine factors constituted good cause for granting the motion

for protective order. The court’s order further declared that “until

such time as the court is satisfied by substantial evidence that bad

faith or harassment motivates the discoveror’s action, the court

should not intervene to limit or prohibit the scope of pretrial

discovery” and determined that GM had not shown good cause for

the protective order it sought. The court further directed that the

deposition of Barra take place in Detroit, Michigan and that it last

no longer than three hours.

     Following the grant of a certificate of immediate review, GM

filed an application for interlocutory appeal, which the Court of

Appeals granted. The Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court’s

denial of the motion for protective order and, like the trial court,

rejected GM’s request to apply the apex doctrine. See General

Motors, LLC v. Buchanan, 359 Ga. App. 412, 417-418 (2) (858 SE2d

102) (2021). Noting that OCGA § 9-11-26 (b) (1) is broader than its

federal counterpart, see Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 26 (b) (1), the Court of

Appeals concluded that the parties could “obtain discovery

                                 8
regarding any matter, not privileged, which is relevant to the subject

matter involved,” but that a trial court may prohibit, or impose

limitations on, discovery requests under OCGA § 9-11-26 (c).

Buchanan, 359 Ga. App. at 414. The Court of Appeals reasoned that

the trial court could consider whether Barra had unique personal

knowledge of properly discoverable facts and whether those facts

could be discovered by other, less burdensome means as among the

myriad considerations, but that it was not required to do so. See id.

at 415 (1). The Court of Appeals held that there was evidence to

support the trial court’s conclusion that GM did not meet its burden

of showing good cause because its only argument was that Barra

should not be deposed because she was a high-ranking executive

without unique knowledge. See id. at 416-417 (1).

     We granted GM’s petition for a writ of certiorari and posed the

questions noted at the outset of this opinion.

     2. Analysis

     (a) The scope of discovery in Georgia

     The scope of discovery under the Civil Practice Act is broad.

                                  9
See Tenet Healthcare Corp. v. Louisiana Forum Corp., 273 Ga. 206,

210 (2) (538 SE2d 441) (2000) (“[T]he discovery procedure is to be

construed liberally in favor of supplying a party with the facts.”).

OCGA § 9-11-26 (b) (1) provides:

     Parties may obtain discovery regarding any matter, not
     privileged, which is relevant to the subject matter
     involved in the pending action, whether it relates to the
     claim or defense of the party seeking discovery or to the
     claim or defense of any other party . . . .

Trial courts “should and ordinarily do interpret ‘relevant’ very

broadly” so as to “remove the potential for secrecy” and to “reduce

the element of surprise at trial.” (Citations and punctuation

omitted.) Bowden v. The Medical Center, Inc., 297 Ga. 285, 291-292

(2) (a) (773 SE2d 692) (2015). Moreover, “[i]t is not ground for

objection that the information sought will be inadmissible at the

trial if the information sought appears reasonably calculated to lead

to the discovery of admissible evidence.” Id. at 290 (2) (a).

     However, trial courts may limit discovery in multiple ways,

including for “good cause shown” under OCGA § 9-11-26 (c). More

specifically, OCGA § 9-11-26 (c) provides:

                                   10
     Upon motion by a party or by the person from whom
     discovery is sought and for good cause shown, the court in
     which the action is pending or, alternatively, on matters
     relating to a deposition, the court in a county where the
     deposition is to be taken may make any order which
     justice requires to protect a party or person from
     annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or undue burden
     or expense[.]

The trial court has “wide discretion in the entering of orders . . .

preventing the . . . taking of depositions [under OCGA § 9-11-26 (c).]”

(Citation omitted.) Hampton Island Founders, LLC v. Liberty

Capital, LLC, 283 Ga. 289, 296 (4) (658 SE2d 619) (2008). And “[t]his

court has repeatedly held that it will not reverse a trial court’s

decision on discovery matters absent a clear abuse of discretion.”

Ambassador College v. Goetzke, 244 Ga. 322, 323 (1) (260 SE2d 27)

(1979); see also Alexander Properties Grp. Inc. v. Doe, 280 Ga. 306,

307 (1) (626 SE2d 497) (2006) (“The grant or denial of a motion for

protective order generally lies within the sound discretion of the

trial court[], and the exercise of that discretion is reviewed on appeal

for abuse.” (citation omitted)).

     In exercising its discretion under OCGA § 9-11-26 (c), the court

                                   11
can order, among other things, that discovery not be had, allow it

“only on specified terms and conditions, including a designation of

the time or place,” change the method of discovery, seal a deposition,

restrict disclosure of trade secrets and other sensitive commercial

information, or require that the discovery be filed under seal. See

OCGA § 9-11-26 (c) (1) - (8). The movant bears the burden of showing

her entitlement to a protective order under this rule. See OCGA § 9-

11-26 (c) (authorizing issuance of protective orders “[u]pon motion

by a party . . . and for good cause shown”). See also Hill, Kertscher

& Wharton, LLP v. Moody, 308 Ga. 74, 80 (2) (839 SE2d 535) (2020)

(“Plaintiffs bore the burden of showing their entitlement to a

protective order.”). To meet this burden, the movant must establish

good cause for the issuance of a protective order. See OCGA § 9-11-

26 (c); Moody, 308 Ga. at 80 (2). The rule does not specify or limit

the grounds a party may assert as good cause for a protective order.

      (b) The “apex doctrine”

     GM and several amici curiae argue that, in determining

whether good cause exists for the issuance of a protective order of a

                                 12
high-ranking corporate executive under OCGA § 9-11-26 (c), a court

should employ the framework of the apex doctrine. But before we

can address whether a court should consider the apex doctrine in

assessing good cause for a protective order under OCGA § 9-11-26

(c), we first review the factors typically associated with the apex

doctrine and the burden associated with seeking such an order.

      (i) Apex doctrine factors

      GM and several amici point to the considerable body of

jurisprudence addressing the circumstances in which it is

appropriate to depose corporate executives and many cases from

other jurisdictions – primarily federal district courts – purporting to

apply some iteration of the apex doctrine. 2 Though the case law is

      2  It bears noting that many jurisdictions have rejected or opted not to
adopt the apex doctrine, including the only federal appellate court to address
the doctrine by name. See, e.g., Serrano v. Cintas Corp., 699 F3d 884, 901-902
(II) (C) (3) (6th Cir. 2012) (holding instead that to justify a protective order
under Federal Rule 26 (c), one of the enumerated harms “must be illustrated
with a particular and specific demonstration of fact, as distinguished from
stereotyped and conclusory statements” (citation and punctuation omitted));
BlueMountain Credit Alt. Master Fund L.P. v. Regal Ent. Grp., 465 P3d 122,
131-132 (37-41) (Colo. 2020) (concluding that the apex doctrine “is inconsistent
with Colorado law”); Bradshaw v. Maiden, No. 14 CVS 14445, 2017 WL
1238823, at *5 (II) (N.C. Super. Ct. Mar. 31, 2017) (holding that “adoption of

                                      13
not always uniform in its application of the apex doctrine, GM

argues that the case law reflects a consensus as to the following four

factors it suggests a trial court should generally consider when

determining whether good cause exists for granting a protective

order against a deposition of a high-ranking corporate executive: (1)

whether the deponent is a sufficiently high-ranking executive

considering her role and responsibilities in the organization; (2) the

extent to which the facts sought to be discovered in the deposition

are properly discoverable; (3) whether the executive has unique

personal knowledge of relevant facts; and (4) whether there are

alternative means, including written discovery or depositions of

other witnesses (including a deposition of an organizational

the apex doctrine is not necessary and that [North Carolina] Rule 26 is entirely
adequate” to resolve the dispute over the deposition); Netscout Sys., Inc. v.
Gartner, Inc., No. (FS1) TCV146022988S, 2016 WL 5339454, at *6 (Conn.
Super. Ct. Aug. 22, 2016) (holding that the apex doctrine was incompatible
with Connecticut law to the extent that it shifted the burden of showing good
cause); Crest Infiniti, II, LP v. Swinton, 174 P3d 996, 1004 (17) (Okla. 2007)
(“We decline to adopt a form of the apex doctrine that shifts a burden to the
party seeking discovery. In Oklahoma, the burden of showing ‘good cause’ is
statutorily placed on the party objecting to discovery and is part of that party’s
motion for a protective order.”); State ex rel. Ford Motor Co. v. Messina, 71
SW3d 602, 607 (II) (Mo. 2002) (“This Court declines to adopt an ‘apex’ rule.”).
                                       14
representative pursuant to OCGA § 9-11-30 (b) (6)) by which the

same facts could be discovered. We focus here on these factors most

commonly associated with the apex doctrine, as argued by GM and

explained in more detail below.

     In the corporate context, the apex doctrine generally is

intended to apply only to “high-level” executives. See Minter v. Wells

Fargo Bank, N.A., 258 FRD 118, 126 (I) (A) (D. Md. 2009) (“[T]he

apex deposition rule is intended to protect busy, high-level

executives.”). Whether an executive is considered sufficiently “high-

ranking” in a particular organization such that the doctrine should

apply to her is less clear, however. Some jurisdictions have

attempted to provide some sort of guidance in making this

determination. See, e.g., Apple Inc. v. Samsung Elec. Co., Ltd., 282

FRD 259, 263 (III) (N.D. Cal. 2012) (“In order that the ‘apex’

designation as applied to multiple executives does not itself become

a tool for evading otherwise relevant and permissible discovery, the

court must assess . . . with apologies – the person’s degree of ‘apex-

ness’ in relation to [the other] factors.”); see also Estate of Levingston

                                   15
v. Cnty. of Kern, 320 FRD 520, 526 (V) (A) (E.D. Cal. 2017)

(considering how highly official is ranked in the county); K.C.R. v.

Cty. of Los Angeles, No. CV 13-3806 PSG (SSx), 2014 WL 3434257,

at *6 (IV) (C.D. Cal. July 11, 2014) (considering hierarchical

structure of department, official’s key role in setting and enforcing

policies and practices, and “significant risk” of being “called to testify

in innumerable suits” in concluding that official was sufficiently

high-ranking); Alexander v. F.B.I., 186 FRD 1, 3-4 (II) (A) (D.D.C.

1998)     (evaluating   seniority   and   level   of   compensation    in

determining if official was sufficiently high-ranking). Further, as

one court described this doctrine,

     [o]n the proverbial sliding scale, the closer that a proposed
     witness is to the apex of some particular peak in the
     corporate mountain range, and the less directly relevant
     that person is to the evidence proffered in support of his
     deposition, the more appropriate the protections of the
     apex doctrine become.

Apple Inc., 282 FRD at 263 (III).

        “The rationale for barring such depositions is that high level

executives are vulnerable to numerous, repetitive, harassing, and

                                    16
abusive depositions, and therefore need some measure of protection

from the courts.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) In re Mentor

Corp. Obtape Transobturator Sling Prods. Liab. Litig., No. 4:08-MD-

2004(CDL), 2009 WL 4730321, *1 (M.D. Ga. Dec. 1, 2009); see also

In re Bridgestone/Firestone, Inc., Tires Products Liab. Litig., 205

FRD 535, 536 (S.D. Ind. 2002). These cases establish that the apex

doctrine “is aimed to prevent the high level official deposition that

is sought simply because [s]he is the CEO or agency head – the top

official, not because of any special knowledge of, or involvement in,

the matter in dispute.” Minter v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 258 FRD

118, 126 (I) (A) (D. Md. 2009).

     Other courts have also determined that, in order for the

deposition of a high-ranking executive to move forward, that person

must have some knowledge of facts that are properly discoverable –

that is, facts that are relevant to the litigation. See, e.g., Simms v.

Nat. Football League, No. 3:11-CV-0248-M-BK, 2013 WL 9792709,

at *3 (N.D. Tex. July 10, 2013); Alliance Indus., Inc. v. Longyear

Holding, Inc., No. 08CV490S, 2010 WL 4323071, *4 (III) (A)

                                  17
(W.D.N.Y. Mar. 19, 2010). And, as applied by a number of federal

district courts, this knowledge must be personal and unique or

superior to that of other persons from the organization who might

be deposed in the litigation. See, e.g., Thomas v. Intl. Bus. Machines,

48 F3d 478, 483 (II) (A) (10th Cir. 1995) (affirming district court’s

grant of protective order prohibiting deposition of chairman of

defendant’s board of directors where chairman had no personal

knowledge of plaintiff’s claim and other employees had direct

knowledge); Chick-Fil-A, Inc. v. CFT Dev., LLC, No. 5:07-cv-501-Oc-

10GRJ, 2009 WL 928226, *3 (II) (M.D. Fla. Apr. 3, 2009) (denying

motion to compel deposition of president where moving party failed

to convince the court that he possessed any “unique or superior

knowledge concerning any information which is relevant and

material to the issues in this case” or that the defendants had “been

unable to obtain full and complete discovery” from the other

company representatives already deposed in the case); Burns v.

Bank of America, No. 03 Civ. 1685 RMB JCF, 2007 WL 1589437, *3

(S.D.N.Y. June 4, 2007) (holding that “[u]nless it can be

                                  18
demonstrated that a corporate official has ‘some unique knowledge’

of the issues in the case, ‘it may be appropriate to preclude a

deposition of a highly-placed executive’ while allowing other

witnesses with the same knowledge to be questioned.”).

     Further, courts should consider whether the high-ranking

executive’s “unique or superior knowledge” is available through

other means. See Cuyler v. Kroger Co., No.1:14-CV-1287-WBH-AJB,

2014 WL 12547267, *6 (B) (N.D. Ga. Oct. 3, 2014); see also Brown v.

Branch Banking and Trust Co., No. 13-81192-CIV, 2014 WL 235455,

*3 (S.D. Fla. Jan. 22, 2014) (plaintiffs must show that “no less

intrusive means (such as serving interrogatories, deposing a Rule 30

(b) (6) corporate representative and/or lower level employees) exist”).

Exhaustion of less intrusive means of discovery is not necessarily

“an absolute requirement; instead, exhaustion of other discovery

methods is an important, but not dispositive, consideration for a

court to take into account in deciding how to exercise its discretion.”

Reilly   v.   Chipotle   Mexican   Grill,   Inc.,   No.   15-Civ-23425-

COOKE/TORRES, 2016 WL 10644064, *7 (II) (B) (2) (c) (S.D. Fla.

                                   19
Sept. 26, 2016). See also In re Transpacific Passenger Air Transp.

Antitrust Litig., No. C-07-05634 CRB (DMR), 2014 WL 939287, at *5

(III) (N.D. Cal. Mar. 6, 2014) (noting that exhaustion of other

discovery routes is an “important consideration” but not a necessary

precondition to the taking of an apex deposition).

     (ii) The parties’ respective burdens under the apex doctrine

     When it comes to determining who bears the burden to prove

or defeat a protective order under the apex doctrine, federal courts

have adopted varying approaches. In some courts, application of the

doctrine results in shifting the burden of proof to the party

requesting the discovery. See, e.g., Degenhart v. Arthur State Bank,

No. CV411-041, 2011 WL 3651312, *1 (S.D. Ga. Aug. 8, 2011) (“As

the party seeking to compel the deposition of a high-ranking

executive, the deposing party has the burden of showing that the

target’s deposition is necessary.” (citation and punctuation

omitted)); Hickey v. North Broward Hosp. Dist., No. 14-CV-60542,

2014 WL 7495780, *2 (A) (S.D. Fla. Dec. 17, 2014) (same);

Performance Sales & Marketing LLC v. Lowe’s Companies, Inc., No.

                                 20
5:07-CV-00140-RLV, 2012 WL 4061680, at *4 (II) (C) (W.D.N.C.

Sept. 14, 2012) (“[T]he apex doctrine is the application of the

rebuttable presumption that the deposition of a high-ranking

corporate   executive   either   violates   Rule   26   (b)   (2)   (C)’s

proportionality standard or, on a party’s motion for a protective

order, constitutes ‘good cause’ for such an order as an ‘annoyance’ or

‘undue burden’ within the meaning of Rule 26 (c) (1).”).

     In other federal courts, however, the party seeking relief from

discovery bears the burden of establishing that good cause exists for

a protective order through application of the apex factors. See, e.g.,

Dyson, Inc. v. Sharkninja Operating LLC, No. 1:14-cv-0779, 2016

WL 1613489, *1 (II) (A) (N.D. Ill. Apr. 22, 2016) (“Plaintiffs[’]

contention that Defendants bear the burden of proving that their

discovery is appropriate misstates and inverts the burden of proof in

this case. The burden under the apex principle is supplied by the

general rule [that] a party that seeks to avoid discovery in general

bears the burden of showing that good cause exists to prevent the

discovery.” (citation and punctuation omitted)); Scott v. Chipotle

                                  21
Mexican Grill, Inc., 306 FRD 120, 122 (I) (S.D.N.Y. 2015) (stating

that even in apex doctrine scenarios, the plaintiff bears no burden

to show that the deponent has special knowledge).

     Finally, other federal courts have developed a hybrid, burden-

shifting version of the doctrine. See, e.g., Naylor Farms, Inc. v.

Anadarko OGC Co., No. 11-cv-01528-REB-KLM, 2011 WL 2535067,

at *2 (D. Colo. June 27, 2011) (party seeking to depose an executive

“bears an initial burden of making some showing that the executive

has ‘unique personal knowledge’ of some relevant issues,” and then

“the burden shifts to the executive to demonstrate by evidence that

he in fact has no personal knowledge or that there exists one of the

other three circumstances under which requiring him to sit for a

deposition is inappropriate,” though “the ultimate burden of

persuasion lies with the executive invoking the apex doctrine”);

Alliance Indus., Inc. v. Longyear Holding, Inc., No. 08CV490S, 2010

WL 4323071, at *4 (III) (W.D.N.Y. Mar. 19, 2010) (noting that the

party seeking discovery must first establish the relevance of the

material sought from the executive, and once that burden has been

                                22
met, it then shifts to the party opposing disclosure to show good

cause for not producing its executive); Tierra Blanca Ranch High

Country Youth Program v. Gonzales, 329 FRD 694, 697-698 (II)

(D.N.M. 2019) (applying this same burden-shifting test). Thus,

federal courts that recognize some version of the apex doctrine are

split on which party bears the ultimate burden.

     (c) Consideration of apex doctrine factors under Georgia law
     and the associated burden as to those factors

     GM argues that federal cases interpreting Federal Rule 26 and

applying apex doctrine factors should be considered by Georgia

courts as persuasive authority in evaluating whether good cause for

a protective order exists. However, the text of Federal Rule 26 shows

that the scope of discovery is narrower than that contemplated by

OCGA § 9-11-26 (b). Compare Fed. R. Civ. P. 26 (b) (1) (providing

that parties may obtain discovery on matters that are “relevant to

any party’s claim . . . and proportional to the needs of the case,

considering [a number of factors, including] whether the burden or

expense of the proposed discovery outweighs its likely benefit”) with

                                 23
OCGA § 9-11-26 (b) (providing that “[p]arties may obtain discovery

regarding any matter, not privileged, which is relevant to the subject

matter involved in the pending action”); see also City of Huntington

v. AmerisourceBergen Drug Corp., No. 3:17-01362, 3:17-01665, 2020

WL 3520314, at *2 (III) (S.D.W.V. June 29, 2020) (noting the

proportionality standard in the federal rule, which considers “the

importance of the issues at stake in the action, the amount in

controversy, the parties’ relative access to relevant information, the

parties’ resources, the importance of the discovery in resolving the

issues, and whether the burden or expense of discovery outweighs

its likely benefit”); Bowden, 297 Ga. at 291 n.5 (noting that, unlike

OCGA § 9-11-26, Federal Rule 26 has had “several amendments to

narrow the scope of discovery”). Moreover, the text of OCGA § 9-11-

26 (c) makes it clear that the movant bears the burden of

establishing that a protective order is necessary. See OCGA § 9-11-

26 (c); Moody, 308 Ga. at 80 (2). Thus, to the extent federal courts

have interpreted Federal Rule 26, those interpretations are relevant

to Georgia only insofar as they comport with the text of our

                                 24
analogous rule. More specifically, to the extent that federal courts

interpret the apex doctrine as establishing a burden-shifting scheme

or a rebuttable presumption that the deposition of a high-ranking

corporate executive violates Federal Rule 26 (b) (2) (C)’s

proportionality standard, no such equivalent consideration exists

under Georgia’s Rule 26 (c). And although we acknowledge as a

general principle that we look to federal case law interpreting the

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure as persuasive authority, see

Bowden, 297 Ga. at 291 n.5, where the language of a Georgia statute

deviates from the federal rules, the persuasive value of the authority

interpreting and applying the federal rules is diminished. See, e.g.,

Blanton v. Blanton, 259 Ga. 622, 622 (1) (385 SE2d 672) (1989)

(noting textual differences between Federal Rule 45 and OCGA § 9-

11-45 pertaining to subpoenas and declining to follow the federal

approach). Accordingly, we decline to adopt any version of the apex

doctrine that shifts the burden to the party seeking discovery.

     Instead, courts applying Georgia law should rely on the

overarching dictates of OCGA § 9-11-26 (c) in determining whether

                                 25
to grant a protective order. Under that statutory provision, to justify

a protective order, one or more of the statutorily enumerated harms

must be established through a specific demonstration of fact, as

opposed to stereotyped and conclusory statements about, for

example, the position in the corporate hierarchy held by the

prospective deponent or the size and complexity of the organization.

See Caldwell v. Church, 341 Ga. App. 852, 861 (4) (802 SE2d 835)

(2017) (“[M]ere conclusory statements, bereft of facts[,] will not

support the imposition of limitations on civil discovery.” (citation

and punctuation omitted)); Young v. Jones, 149 Ga. App. 819, 824

(256 SE2d 58) (1979) (“Good cause for the issuance of a protective

order designed to frustrate discovery . . . necessarily is not

established by stereotyped or conclusional statements, bereft of

facts.”). And as the Court of Appeals rightly noted, “‘[w]hat

constitutes ‘good cause’ must be left largely to the trial judge who

has a latitude of discretion in determining whether the showing has

been made.’” Buchanan, 359 Ga. App. at 417 (1) (quoting Harris v.

Tenet Healthsystem Spalding, Inc., 322 Ga. App. 894, 901 (3) (746

                                  26
SE2d 618) (2013)). Adopting the apex doctrine would necessarily

restrict the trial court’s discretion by placing a thumb on the scale

so as to suggest a special rule for high-ranking executives of large

companies that exists nowhere in the Civil Practice Act, and would

contravene the principle of broadly available discovery under

Georgia law. See Tenet Healthcare Corp., 273 Ga. at 210; OCGA § 9-

11-26 (b) (1). 3

      Moreover, we reject GM’s assertion that leaving the

determination of good cause to a trial court’s discretion will result in

inconsistent outcomes that will make meaningful appellate review

difficult, if not impossible. Trial courts are regularly called upon to

exercise their discretion in considering whether good cause exists in

      3 The holding of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
in Salter v. Upjohn Co., 593 F2d 649 (5th Cir. 1979) does not support a different
result. In Salter, the Fifth Circuit recognized the trial court’s “broad discretion”
in controlling the timing of discovery when it affirmed the trial court’s issuance
of a protective order requiring the discovering party to depose employees with
the most direct knowledge of relevant facts. See id. at 651. However, the court
did not formalize the application of the underlying principles of the apex
doctrine into a generally applicable doctrine or rule, and indeed noted that “[i]t
is very unusual for a court to prohibit the taking of a deposition altogether and
absent extraordinary circumstances, such an order would likely be in error.”
Id.

                                        27
other circumstances, and appellate courts are able to review the

reasonableness of those decisions under the specific circumstances

of the case based upon the evidence and arguments presented to the

trial court. 4 There is no reason that the same cannot be true here.

For these reasons, we see no need to employ a special test or

framework different than that which generally applies to any claim

of good cause made in support of a motion for protective order under

      4  See, e.g., Moody, 308 Ga. at 80 (2) (upholding trial court’s finding that
plaintiffs did not establish good cause entitling it to a protective order because,
among other things, the finding was supported by discovery responses);
DeVaughn v. State, 296 Ga. 475, 478 (3) (769 SE2d 70) (2015) (trial court “did
not abuse its discretion in ruling that the State had established good cause for
allowing an exception to the ten-day rule” in OCGA § 17-16-8 (a) that requires
disclosure of a witness at least ten days before trial where, after substantial
efforts to find the witness, the State “was able to identify and speak with [him]
for the first time as the jury was being selected”); Harris v. State, 278 Ga. 596,
597 (1) (604 SE2d 788) (2004) (based on facts in the record, trial court did not
abuse its discretion in determining that good cause existed to seat alternate
juror under OCGA § 15-12-172); Yates v. State, 274 Ga. 312, 315 (2) (553 SE2d
563) (2001) (reversing and noting, among other things, that while a trial court
has “broad discretion” in determining whether good cause exists to excuse a
juror for service, “that discretion is abused when the trial court fails to make
any inquiry into whether the proffered excuse constitutes ‘good cause’” under
OCGA § 51-12-1 (a)); Crider v. Sneider, 243 Ga. 642, 645-646 (1) (256 SE2d
335) (1979) (no abuse of discretion where the trial court, in determining
whether good cause had been shown for a mental and physical examination of
the defendant under predecessor to OCGA § 9-11-35, considered whether the
facts and circumstances of the collision could be established by other sources
of evidence).
                                        28
OCGA § 9-11-26 (c).

     Despite many federal cases it cites holding otherwise, GM

concedes that, as the party seeking a protective order in this case, it

has the initial burden of establishing good cause for such relief.

However, it argues that this burden is met when it shows that the

deponent is a high-ranking executive, that she has no unique

personal knowledge that is properly discoverable, and that the

discoverable information is available through other means –

essentially, when it demonstrates that it has satisfied apex doctrine

factors. But GM’s view effectively builds in a presumption of good

cause in favor of protection from discovery once apex doctrine factors

are established. And, as noted above, the text of OCGA § 9-11-26 (c)

places the burden on the party seeking protection from discovery to

establish good cause. GM’s formulation would impermissibly shift

that burden to the party seeking discovery.

     Accordingly, when factors commonly associated with the apex

doctrine are raised and adequately shown by a party seeking a

protective order, a court should consider those factors – as well as

                                  29
any other factors raised – and decisions applying those factors in

determining whether the party seeking relief has shown good cause

for a protective order under OCGA § 9-11-26 (c). That is, a court

must consider whether the deposition of a particular individual

would cause “annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or undue

burden or expense” based on, for example, that person’s scheduling

demands or responsibilities and lack of relevant or unique personal

knowledge that is not available from other sources. OCGA § 9-11-26

(c).

       Such consideration is not solely a product of the relative

organizational “importance” of a prospective deponent. Rather,

courts should consider on a case-by-case basis whether the evidence

demonstrates good cause such as an undue burden or expense. High-

ranking corporate executives are not immune from discovery and

are not automatically given special treatment excusing them from

being deposed simply by virtue of the positions they hold or the size

                                 30
of the organizations they lead.5 And large multinational companies

are subject to the same Georgia discovery rules as smaller ones.

With respect to the discovery rules, we have said that “[t]he

availability of one form of proof does not make other forms of proof

irrelevant[.]” Bowden, 297 Ga. at 296 (2) (b). Thus, discovery is not

usually limited to “unique” knowledge. Very often, discovery is

sought to uncover what witnesses do or do not know and to reveal

inconsistencies between witnesses. See, e.g., Flower v. T.B.A. Indus.,

      5 It is not high rank alone that warrants consideration for good cause,
but rather the significant responsibilities – and thus the burden on the
executive imposed by the distraction of a deposition – that generally
accompany that rank. Of course, significant responsibilities and the
accompanying burden of disruption are not limited to high-ranking corporate
executives. For example, a single parent who works full-time outside the home,
an individual who runs the whole “back office” or who serves as the sole outside
sales presence of a small business, or an administrator who supervises the
person who actually handled the records at issue in a case also might be able
to claim that their situation warrants a finding that they would be
unnecessarily burdened by being compelled to participate in a deposition,
especially if they lack unique personal knowledge of relevant information
readily available from another source. But they, like the CEO, would need to
demonstrate the actual facts of their circumstances to support a finding of good
cause for a protective order. Moreover, it is not mere “busyness” that warrants
a protective order. We live in a busy world. Rather, as required by the text of
the rule, a protective order under OCGA § 9-11-26 (c) is warranted only where
the movant demonstrates to the trial court that the sitting for a deposition
would result in “annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or undue burden or
expense.”
                                      31
Inc., 111 P3d 1192, 1206 (Wisc. App. 2005) (“[C]laimed lack of

knowledge does not provide sufficient grounds for a protective order

[as] the other side is allowed to test this claim by deposing the

witness.”); Kuwait Airways Corp. v. Am. Sec. Bank, N. A., No. 86-

CV-2542, 1987 WL 11994, at *2 (D.D.C. May 26, 1987) (“The reason

why [the Chairman’s] alleged lack of knowledge is not a sufficient

ground to prevent a deposition is obvious. The very purpose of the

deposition discovery is to test the extent of the deponent’s knowledge

and claims of ignorance.”); Travelers Rental Co. v. Ford Motor Co.,

116 FRD 140, 143 (D. Mass. 1987) (“The plaintiff is entitled to ‘test’

the claim of lack of knowledge or lack of recollection by deposing the

witness.”).

     Thus, a court considering whether factors commonly associated

with the apex doctrine should limit or bar a plaintiff from deposing

a high-ranking executive need not interpret the factors as a firmly

established basis for an order prohibiting an executive’s deposition.

It is possible for a court to act within its discretion to conclude, based

on the facts of the case before it, that a protective order prohibiting

                                   32
the deposition of an executive need not be issued even where the

executive is high-ranking, has no unique personal knowledge, and

the discoverable information is available through other means.

Likewise, the absence of factors commonly associated with the apex

doctrine does not mean that a protective order for a high-ranking

official’s deposition cannot be granted if other factors presented

show good cause for such a conclusion. In making these

determinations, courts must balance the interests of the parties in

securing permissible discovery with the clear directive of OCGA § 9-

11-26 (c) to protect against “annoyance, embarrassment, oppression,

or undue burden or expense,” as this determination is directed to be

made in the interest of “justice,” which must include consideration

of all concerned parties. Further, when a protective order is denied

“in whole or in part, the court may, on such terms and conditions as

are just,” regulate the terms and conditions for discovery and can

otherwise control the sequence and timing of discovery. OCGA § 9-

11-26 (c) & (d).

     Finally, GM and several amici raise policy concerns about

                                33
inefficiencies in discovery involving corporate defendants absent

mandatory application of the apex doctrine, like the collective

impact   of discovery on corporate executives (such as               an

overwhelming influx of deposition requests that will expose them to

harassment and abusive, unduly burdensome discovery practices

that will prevent them from fulfilling their professional duties), the

potential for abuse by plaintiff’s counsel, and the creation of a

double-standard between Georgia’s state and federal courts. But

these policy concerns are properly addressed not by this Court but

by petitioning the General Assembly and advocating for a change in

the law. See McEntyre v. Sam’s East, Inc., No. S21Q0909, 2022 WL

677417, at *3 (2) (a) (Ga. Mar. 8, 2022) (“[I]t is not for this Court to

expand or contract the scope of the General Assembly’s legislative

enactments, unless the policy choices it makes by enacting statutes

exceed its constitutional authority.”).

     (d) The trial court’s order

     Turning to the application of these principles to this case, GM

asked the trial court to consider Barra’s alleged lack of “unique or

                                   34
superior knowledge of issues relevant to the case” and the allegation

that Buchanan could obtain relevant information by other, less

intrusive means (such as through the testimony of lower-level

corporate agents or employees with personal knowledge about the

alleged defects). GM also argued that the deposition was intended to

harass Barra and GM.

     The trial court’s order reflects that it generally concluded that

“there is no express or implied law in Georgia for the ‘apex doctrine’

or other framework that imposes presumptive hurdles to seeking

discovery   (or    deposition   testimony)     from   certain   corporate

individuals.”     This   conclusion    about   the    apex   doctrine   as

presumptive or burden-shifting was correct, as we explained above.

However, the court’s order does not otherwise indicate that the court

considered whether the substantive merits of GM’s arguments

constituted good cause for granting GM’s motion for a protective

order. As noted above, independent of the apex doctrine, the

asserted factors are entitled to consideration as to whether they

constitute “good cause” if established, whether in isolation or in

                                      35
concert.

     The trial court further concluded, relying on identical language

in Bullard v. Ewing, 158 Ga. App. 287, 291 (279 SE2d 737) (1981),

that “until such time as the court is satisfied by substantial evidence

that bad faith or harassment motivates the discoveror’s action, the

court should not intervene to limit or prohibit the scope of pretrial

discovery” and ruled that GM had not shown good cause for the

protective order. (Emphasis in original.) However, OCGA § 9-11-26

(c) makes clear that a court’s decision whether to issue a protective

order is to be based on the effect the proposed discovery would have

on the party from whom the discovery is sought, not the intent or

motivations of the requesting party. See OCGA § 9-11-26 (c)

(providing that a court may issue a protective order “to protect a

party or person from annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or

undue burden or expense”). The trial court’s apparent construction

of this rule based on the language found in Bullard would require

substantial evidence of bad faith or a purpose of harassment on the

part of the party seeking discovery as a predicate to the issuance of

                                  36
a protective order. That interpretation is incorrect and has no basis

in the text of OCGA § 9-11-26 (c). For this reason, we overrule

Bullard to the extent it held otherwise. 6

      Finally, we note that the Court of Appeals’ opinion suggests

that the trial court needed only to determine that the requested

discovery was relevant and was not required to consider GM’s

arguments that apex doctrine factors constituted good cause for a

      6 Bullard, in turn, relied on Bridges v. 20th Century Travel, 149 Ga. App.
837, 838-839 (256 SE2d 102) (1970), and Intl. Ser. Ins. Co. v. Bowen, 130 Ga.
App. 140, 144 (202 SE2d 540) (1973). These cases both quote language from
Travis Meat & Seafood Co., Inc. v. Ashworth, 127 Ga. App. 284, 288 (193 SE2d
166) (1972), which cited Stonybrook Tenants Assn., Inc. v. Alpert, 29 FRD 165,
167 (D. Conn. 1961). In Stonybrook, the federal District Court for Connecticut,
citing no authority, stated that “[u]ntil such time as the court is satisfied that
bad faith or harassment motivates the movers’ action, the court will not
intervene to limit the scope of pre-trial discovery.” Id. at 167. Similar language
has appeared in other opinions from Georgia’s Court of Appeals. See, e.g.,
Caldwell v. Church, 341 Ga. App. 852, 861 (4) (802 SE2d 835) (2017); Ewing v.
Ewing, 333 Ga. App. 766, 768 (1) (777 SE2d 56) (2015); Galbreath v. Braley,
318 Ga. App. 111, 113 (733 SE2d 412) (2012); McKesson HBOC, Inc. v. Adler,
254 Ga. App. 500, 505 (3) (562 SE2d 809) (2002); Parks v. Multimedia
Technologies, Inc., 239 Ga. App. 282, 296 (6) (520 SE2d 517) (1999); Clayton
Cnty. Bd. of Tax Assessors v. Lake Spivey Golf Club, Inc., 207 Ga. App. 693,
695 (2) (428 SE2d 687) (1993); Deloitte Haskins & Sells v. Green, 187 Ga. App.
376, 379 (2) (370 SE2d 194) (1988); Osborne v. Bank of Delight, 173 Ga. App.
322, 324 (2) (326 SE2d 523) (1985); Armstrong v. Strand, 167 Ga. App. 723,
724 (307 SE2d 528) (1983). These cases from Georgia’s Court of Appeals are
also disapproved to the extent they rely on such language, which has no basis
in the text of OCGA § 9-11-26 (c).
                                       37
protective order under OCGA § 9-11-26 (c). See Buchanan, 359 Ga.

App. at 415 (1) (noting that “the court may consider a myriad of

factors to determine whether GM showed good cause to protect

Barra from annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or undue

burden or expense,” but that it was not required to). But, as noted

above, to the extent a party seeking a protective order argues that a

proposed      deponent   should   be   protected   “from   annoyance,

embarrassment, oppression, or undue burden or expense” based on

apex doctrine (or any other) factors, a trial court must consider

whether the movant’s arguments (and evidence presented in

support of such arguments) constitute good cause for protection from

discovery under OCGA § 9-11-26 (c). The discretion conferred upon

the trial court, while broad, requires the trial court to actually

consider the evidence and arguments presented and exercise that

discretion.

     For these reasons, we vacate the judgment of the Court of

Appeals and remand the case with direction to vacate the trial

court’s order and remand the case for reconsideration consistent

                                  38
with this opinion.

     Judgment vacated and case remanded with direction. All the
Justices concur, except Colvin, J., disqualified.

                              39