Court Opinion

ID: 4427888
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-08-20 18:57:28.996047+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:50:47.588549
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

                                                         SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                         APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                         DOCKET NOS. A-5668-14T4
                                                                     A-5729-14T4
                                                                     A-5745-14T4

LANE BAJARDI and KIMBERLY
CARDINAL BAJARDI,

           Plaintiffs-Respondents,

v.

NANCY PINCUS, ROMAN
BRICE, and JOHN DOES 1-10,1

           Defendants-Respondents.

IN THE MATTER OF WHITNEY
GIBSON, ESQ.,

           Appellant.

LANE BAJARDI and KIMBERLY
CARDINAL BAJARDI,

1
   The John Doe defendants posted allegedly defamatory statements about
plaintiffs under "screen names" on various websites. During discovery, the trial
court compelled identification of one such individual, Mark Heyer, who entered
an appearance and participated in the action through final judgment. It does not
appear that the complaint was formally amended to include Heyer.
     Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v.

NANCY PINCUS, ROMAN BRICE,
and MARK HEYER,

     Defendants-Respondents.

LANE BAJARDI and KIMBERLY
CARDINAL BAJARDI,

     Plaintiffs-Respondents,

v.

NANCY PINCUS, ROMAN
BRICE, and MARK HEYER,

     Defendants-Respondents.

IN THE MATTER OF JONATHAN
Z. COHEN, ESQ.,

     Appellant.

           Argued May 9, 2018 – Decided August 2, 2019

           Before Judges Nugent, Currier and Geiger.

           On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
           Division, Hudson County, Docket No. L-3723-12.

                                                                  A-5668-14T4
                                    2
        William T. Reilly argued the cause for appellants
        Whitney Gibson, Esq. and Vorys, Sater, Seymour and
        Pease, LLP, in A-5668-14 (McCarter & English, LLP,
        attorneys; William T. Reilly, of counsel and on the
        brief).

        Francis X. Garrity argued the cause for appellants Lane
        Bajardi and Kimberly Cardinal Bajardi in A-5729-14
        (Garrity, Graham, Murphy, Garofalo & Flinn, PC,
        attorneys; Thomas D. Flinn, of counsel; Jane Garrity
        Glass, on the brief).

        Marshall D. Bilder argued the cause for appellant
        Jonathan Z. Cohen, Esq., in A-5745-14 (Eckert
        Seamans Cherin & Mellott, LLC, attorneys; Marshall
        D. Bilder and Jason S. Feinstein, of counsel and on the
        brief).

        Kerry Brian Flowers argued the cause for respondent
        Mark Heyer in A-5668-14, A-5729-14, and A-5745-14
        (Flowers & O'Brien, LLC, attorneys; Kerry Brian
        Flowers and Michele A. Daitz, of counsel and on the
        briefs).

        Stephen R. Katzman argued the cause for respondent
        Nancy Pincus in A-5729-14 (Methfessel & Werbel,
        attorneys; Stephen R. Katzman, of counsel and on the
        brief; Christian R. Baillie, on the brief).

        Alexander W. Booth, Jr. argued the cause for
        respondent Roman Brice in A-5729-14, and joined in
        the briefs of respondent Mark Heyer in A-5668-14 and
        A-5745-14.

PER CURIAM

                                                                  A-5668-14T4
                                  3
      In these back-to-back appeals, which we consolidate for this opinion,

plaintiffs appeal from a series of orders dismissing their defamation action, and

they and their attorneys appeal from orders awarding counsel fees to defendants

and imposing sanctions. The backdrop is the contentious political climate that

existed in Hoboken from 2009 through 2012. During that time, through July

2011, plaintiff Lane Bajardi (Bajardi) emerged as a not infrequent and often

outspoken participant at city council meetings and some board of education

meetings, where he routinely criticized officeholders aligned with a political

faction he opposed.

      Defendant Nancy Pincus, a self-described "political-satirist blogger," who

supported the incumbent mayor during the relevant period and harshly criticized

the opposing political faction, was frequently the target of Bajardi's criticism. 2

Defendants regularly posted commentary on various internet sites about Bajardi

2
  "A blog is a type of personal column posted on the Internet. . . . Some blogs
are like an individual's diary while others have a focused topic, such as recipes
or political news." Too Much Media, LLC v. Hale, 206 N.J. 209, 219 n.1 (2011)
(alteration in original) (internal citation omitted).

                                                                           A-5668-14T4
                                        4
and his wife, plaintiff Kimberly Cardinal Bajardi (Kimberly), who also

supported the political faction that opposed the incumbent mayor. 3

      Between June 2011 and July 2012, defendants posted more than thirty

blogs about plaintiffs, falsely accusing them of continuing their participation in

politics and internet exchanges by posting under new screen names. With two

exceptions, these blogs were posted after plaintiffs had ceased all participation

in Hoboken civic and political affairs. Pincus also sent an email to Bajardi's

employer, falsely accusing Bajardi of authoring what she deemed an anti-

Semitic post to an internet site. Alleging the postings between June 2011 and

July 2012 were defamatory, plaintiffs filed the lawsuit from which this appeal

stems.

      Plaintiffs appeal from the summary judgment dismissal of the majority of

their defamation claims, from several rulings at trial resulting in the dismissal

of their action at the close of their evidence, and from the post-trial order

requiring them to pay more than a quarter million dollars in counsel fees. In the

other two appeals, plaintiffs' attorneys – one who filed the complaint and

3
   We use plaintiff Kimberly Cardinal Bajardi's first name to differentiate her
from her husband. We mean no disrespect.

                                                                          A-5668-14T4
                                        5
represented plaintiffs during some of the pretrial proceedings, the other who

represented plaintiffs during the remaining pretrial proceedings and at trial –

appeal from orders requiring them to pay sanctions. Because two of plaintiffs'

claims presented disputed facts that should have been resolved by a jury, and

because the trial court erred by awarding counsel fees, we reverse and remand

for further proceedings.

                                       I.

                                       A.

      Although the arguments plaintiffs present on appeal do not challenge the

outcome of many of the dispositive pretrial motions defendants made, the

motions are relevant to the trial judge's imposition of frivolous claims fees and

sanctions. For that reason, we recount most of the pretrial proceedings.

      On July 26, 2012, plaintiffs filed a complaint in which they alleged that

on different and separate occasions between June 8, 2011, and July 19, 2012,

defendants posted on internet websites more than thirty defamatory statements

about them. According to the complaint, Pincus posted twenty-one, Brice three,

the John Doe defendant later identified as Heyer six, and John Doe defendants

                                                                           A-5668-14T4
                                       6
identified by their screen names (the Screen Name defendants), four.4 Plaintiffs

also alleged Pincus sent a defamatory email to Bajardi's employer.          When

plaintiffs filed the complaint, Whitney Gibson, Esq., admitted pro hac vice, and

Amy Cox, Esq., a New Jersey attorney, represented them.

      Before filing answers, Pincus and Heyer sent letters to Gibson under Rule

1:4-8, requesting dismissal of the complaint. On September 26, 2012, Pincus's

then-counsel asserted in a letter the litigation was a SLAPP suit, 5 initiated for

the improper purpose of harassing Pincus, creating needless litigation costs, and

chilling legitimate political speech. Counsel explained why the causes of action

were unsupported by facts or the law, and advised that if plaintiffs did not

withdraw the complaint, Pincus would apply for sanctions.

      A few weeks later, on October 15, 2012, Heyer's counsel sent a Rule 1:4-

8 letter to Gibson, claiming to represent individuals who posted under various

screen names mentioned in the complaint, and demanding the complaint be

withdrawn. Counsel claimed the litigation was a SLAPP suit intended to silence

4
   The content of the defamatory statements, as set forth in the complaint, are
attached as Exhibit A and numbered according to the paragraphs that correspond
to the complaint.
5
  Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation. LoBiondo v. Schwartz, 199
N.J. 62, 72 (2009).
                                                                          A-5668-14T4
                                        7
political speech. Counsel further claimed that plaintiffs' causes of action were

without factual or legal merit, arguing that the alleged statements were not

actionable as defamation given the subject matter of the statements and the

context in which they were made. Counsel noted plaintiffs' work on behalf of a

particular candidate and their involvement in Hoboken's political affairs, which

rendered them public figures.

      On October 23, 2012, Gibson responded to Pincus's letter.           Gibson

explained that plaintiffs' claims were made in good faith, and not for an improper

purpose. He further explained that the claims were not frivolous, setting forth

the factual and legal bases for the causes of action. Finally, he denied that

plaintiffs were public figures, but stated that even if they were they could

succeed on the defamation claims because defendants made their statements

with reckless disregard for the truth.

      In November 2012, Pincus and Brice filed answers to the complaint , and

in January 2013, Pincus moved for summary judgment. The first pretrial judge

granted the motion in part and dismissed three allegedly defamatory statements

as time-barred but determined that genuinely disputed issues of material fact

precluded summary judgment as to the remaining statements. The Appellate

Division denied Pincus's motion for leave to appeal.

                                                                          A-5668-14T4
                                         8
      Later that year, in November 2013, Gibson and Cox withdrew as plaintiffs'

counsel. Jonathan Z. Cohen, Esq. represented plaintiffs through trial.

      The following month, on December 22, 2013, Pincus wrote to Cohen and

asked that plaintiffs dismiss the litigation as frivolous under Rule 1:4-8. She

attached her former attorney's September 26, 2012 letter, as well as some

discovery materials.

      Thereafter, on April 11, 2014, the first pretrial judge granted in part and

denied in part Brice and Heyer's Rule 4:6-2(e) motions to dismiss the complaint

for failure to state a cause of action. The judge dismissed four paragraphs that

identified allegedly defamatory statements and a fifth paragraph that alleged

defendants may have posted defamatory statements under twelve enumerated

screen names.     In his decision, the judge found potential merit in certain

allegations in the complaint.

      Two months later, in June 2014, the first pretrial judge granted plaintiffs'

motion to compel identification of whoever was using the screen names

"ThisMeansWar" and "JackStop". Significantly, the judge remarked on the

potential merits of plaintiffs' claims.

      The following month, after filing a summary judgment motion as well as

an unsuccessful motion for a stay, Heyer acknowledged he used the screen

                                                                          A-5668-14T4
                                          9
names    ThisMeansWar      and   JackStop,    answered    the   complaint,    and

counterclaimed for a violation of the Frivolous Litigation statute, N.J.S.A.

2A:15-59.1. Plaintiffs filed a motion to dismiss the counterclaim, which a

second pretrial judge granted.

      Next, Pincus and Brice filed motions for summary judgment. Heyer's was

still pending. On August 22, 2014, while the three summary judgment motions

were pending, Heyer's counsel sent a letter to Cohen under Rule 1:4-8,

referencing his October 15, 2012 letter to Gibson, as well as Pincus's September

26, 2012, letter to Gibson, which he enclosed. Counsel asked that plaintiffs

withdraw the complaint, charging that it was a frivolous SLAPP suit, filed for

the improper purpose of harassing Heyer and chilling his First Amendment

rights. Cohen denied ever receiving this letter.

      In September, the second pretrial judge granted the summary judgment

motions (the September motions) in part, dismissing most of the remaining

claims, leaving for trial only several of Bajardi's claims against Pincus, Brice,

and Heyer. The judge also made these rulings: (1) Bajardi was a limited purpose

public figure based upon his involvement in Hoboken's contentious factional

politics; and (2) the subject of defendants' allegedly defamatory statements,

Hoboken's political factionalism, was one of public concern. In view of these

                                                                         A-5668-14T4
                                      10
rulings, Bajardi would be required at trial to prove defendants made the alleged

defamatory statements with "actual malice," that is, with knowledge of their

falsity or with reckless disregard of whether they were false.       The judge

determined the jury would have to decide this factual dispute, that is, whether

defendants made the alleged statements with actual malice.

      The dispositive motion practice continued. In November 2014, Heyer

filed another summary judgment motion, which the second pretrial judge denied.

In December, Pincus and Brice filed summary judgment motions. On December

12, 2014, with the motions pending, Brice's counsel sent a letter to Cohen

demanding under Rule 1:4-8 that plaintiffs withdraw the complaint against

Brice. Counsel called the lawsuit a SLAPP suit and an abuse of process.

      A week later, on December 19, 2014, the second pretrial judge denied the

latest summary judgment motion filed by Heyer, and two weeks later, on January

9, 2015, a third pretrial judge denied the latest summary judgment motio n filed

by Brice.

      The case was tried in January and February 2015. Following the close of

plaintiffs' evidence, the trial judge dismissed the complaint's remaining

allegations on defendants' motion for judgment under Rule 4:40-1. Thereafter,

defendants moved for counsel fees and sanctions under N.J.S.A. 2A:15-59.1 and

                                                                        A-5668-14T4
                                      11
Rule 1:4-8. The trial judge granted the motions. These appeals followed.

                                      B.

       During discovery and the extensive pretrial motion practice, the parties

developed the following background facts. Bajardi began working in radio

broadcasting at age sixteen and became a professional journalist in 1987. From

February 2009 through September 2011, he was unemployed but continued to

receive income from his severance package. In September 2011 – two months

after ceasing all participation in Hoboken political and civic affairs – Bajardi

began working for CBS at its radio station, 1010 WINS. He started as a

freelance journalist. By the time the defamation trial commenced, he was a news

anchor on an overnight shift.

       Bajardi and Kimberly moved to Hoboken in 2001. Four years later, in

2005, Bajardi became interested in Hoboken politics and the proposed

construction of a high-rise building near his fifth-floor walk-up apartment. He

began attending city council meetings, and he rallied people in his neighborhood

against the proposed development.      He also attended board of education

meetings occasionally.    He volunteered on numerous political campaigns,

working to elect politicians he believed would support matters of importanc e to

him.

                                                                        A-5668-14T4
                                      12
      Among the politicians Bajardi eventually supported and volunteered for

were Beth Mason, Tim Occhipinti, and Peter Cammarano. Cammarano, who

was elected mayor in 2009, was arrested within thirty days of taking office. He

later pled guilty to federal charges for accepting bribes. Dawn Zimmer , who

Bajardi opposed, succeeded Cammarano as mayor. Pincus supported Mayor

Zimmer.

      In addition to the scandal involving Cammarano, Patrick Ricciardi, a

former Hoboken employee and systems information specialist, resigned in May

2011. He was later convicted of federal crimes for intercepting Mayor Zimmer's

emails.

      Bajardi volunteered for several campaigns, including a bid by Mason for

mayor, but was never paid. He ended his involvement in Hoboken politics in

July 2011. He stopped attending board of education meetings in 2009 or 2010,

last worked voluntarily for a city council campaign in May 2011, and stopped

attending city council meetings in July 2011.

      During his years of political involvement, Bajardi participated in online

conversations regarding Hoboken politics. In particular, he wrote articles for

the website Hoboken411.com, albeit without credit for authorship. He also

posted comments on other websites, according to him to counteract what others

                                                                       A-5668-14T4
                                     13
had written about Mason. When doing so, he used the screen name Redhaven

but never the screen name prosbus. Bajardi stopped posting online comments

when he withdrew from the Hoboken political scene in July 2011.

      To Bajardi's knowledge, he first became a target for criticism on Hoboken

blogs in 2009. Pincus, in particular, targeted him in her online posts. She

disliked Bajardi, posting in June 2011 that "[n]othing I do is personal or

intentionally cruel. (Except for Mason and Bajardi – and I freely admit it.)."

      Kimberly worked in cable television news from 1989 to 2009, starting as

a Desk Assistant and finishing as an Editorial Producer. She left her job to

become a stay-at-home mother. During the period that Pincus, Brice, and Heyer

posted their allegedly defamatory comments, Kimberly did not "blog." In her

interrogatory answers she said, "I have never blogged – period."

      Like Bajardi and their neighbors, in 2005, Kimberly became involved in

a "grassroots effort to make [their] voices heard in regards to the potential

development of the Municipal Parking Garage," which threatened the enjoyment

of their homes. Kimberly attended city council meetings, but she did so for the

last time in November 2008 – more than two years before Pincus, Brice, and

Heyer began posting the blogs that are the subject of this appeal. She did,

however, work for certain campaigns.        Discovery revealed that she once

                                                                         A-5668-14T4
                                      14
discussed with opponents of Mayor Zimmer whether a certain tactic would

embarrass the Mayor publicly.

      According to Kimberly, in 2006, blogs emerged as a medium for Hoboken

residents to express their views about politics and other matters. She observed

that in 2009 the discourse on these blog sites "took a particularly nasty turn,

taking the civil discussions to a new level of personal attacks."

      Pincus, an architect, moved to Hoboken in 1996. In 2008, she began to

attend board of education meetings, "concerned about the priorities of the

Superintendent and allied Board majority and suspect[ing] misappropriation of

resources." For those and other reasons, she supported three candidates who

opposed the incumbents in the 2009 school board election. These candidates,

who won, ran on a "Kids First" ticket aligned with the "Reform" political camp

in Hoboken, which Pincus supported. On December 9, 2009, City Council

appointed Pincus to the Zoning Board of Adjustment.

      Pincus had observed Bajardi "appearing regularly at the City Council and

Board of Education . . . meetings for years." She and Bajardi became what she

described as "adversaries with diametric political allegiances." She admittedly

"support[ed] Hoboken Mayor Zimmer and [was] a harsh critic of Hoboken

Councilwoman Beth Mason."

                                                                       A-5668-14T4
                                       15
      Pincus claimed that the day after city council meetings a "detailed and

anonymous write-up" would appear on a website called Hoboken411.com. She

also claimed that Bajardi's "tone and talking points at the City Council and the

colorful prose on Hoboken411 were identical." For that reason, she suspected

Bajardi was ghostwriting for the website and using pseudonyms "for online

postings in that same unmistakable voice."

      Pincus averred in an affidavit that "Reform participants in Hoboken's

political blogosphere" also believed Bajardi was ghostwriting for Hoboken

411.com. She cited other internet posts and a former council member's remarks

at a televised meeting as evidence. The statement of the council member

provides one perception of Bajardi's public and suspected internet commentary.

He said Bajardi had "done more than any other human being in this city to lower

the standard of public debate[.]"

      Pincus routinely attacked Bajardi in her internet postings.     She also

attacked Kimberly, whom she suspected of being Bajardi's "silent, behind-the-

scenes partner."

      Brice and Heyer supported some of Pincus's views. They posted to her

blog site. Some of their posts were critical of Bajardi and Kimberly. Bajardi

and Brice once engaged in a verbal disagreement and shoving match that

                                                                        A-5668-14T4
                                      16
resulted in their filing criminal complaints against each other.

      Against that backdrop, plaintiffs filed their complaint. The complaint

includes 174 paragraphs. The first seven paragraphs identify the parties, state

the John Does are "natural persons, and/or corporations or business entities,

whose specific names and residences are unknown," and assert defendants made

defamatory statements about plaintiffs on the internet and interfered with

plaintiffs' business relations. Paragraph seven alleges the unnamed "John Doe"

defendants have refused to identify themselves and have taken affirmative steps

to conceal their identities.

      Paragraphs ten to sixteen purport to provide the "factual background" for

the complaint.      They identify plaintiffs' occupations and provide some

background information about them. Paragraph fourteen asserts that Pincus "is

the owner and operator of GrafixAvenger blogspot and posts to the internet

under the pseudonym Grafix Avenger." Paragraph fifteen asserts that Pincus is

a member of Hoboken's Zoning Board of Adjustment and in that capacity takes

official actions on behalf of the City. Paragraph sixteen states that Brice is the

editor of "The Hudson Mile Square View" and posts to the internet under the

pseudonym "hobokenhorse."

                                                                          A-5668-14T4
                                       17
      Paragraph seventeen alleges Pincus, Brice and the unnamed defendants

posted false and disparaging comments about plaintiffs on various website s,

including hoboken.Patch.com, GrafixAvenger.blogspot.com, Galloway.Patch.

com, and nj.com, among others. Beginning with paragraph eighteen, and in

every other third or fourth paragraph thereafter, the complaint purports to quote

a specific defamatory internet post, followed by two or three explanatory

paragraphs. The following are examples:

            22. Upon information and belief, on or about June 16,
            2011, Pincus posted comments concerning [p]laintiffs
            on the website grafixavenger.blogspot.com, including,
            but not limited to the following:

                  Lane Bajardi let out of his holding cell in
                  Newark, all wired-up and no place to go –
                  was there last night, dapper in a dark suit,
                  excited to see me. So excited he told the
                  handsome, young gentleman next to him
                  who I was. That young man then stood up
                  and snapped pic after pic of me with his
                  cell phone from his side of the gallery. . . .
                  Nothing I do is personal. Or intentionally
                  cruel. (Except for Mason and Bajardi –
                  and I freely admit it.)

                  ....

            24. The statements are false and defamatory because
            they imply that Mr. Bajardi is serving as a cooperating
            witness for the FBI. Mr. Bajardi is not under
            investigation by the FBI, has never been in the custody
            of the FBI, is not a witness for the FBI, and is not

                                                                         A-5668-14T4
                                      18
involved in any criminal activity. Mr. Bajardi also did
not direct anyone to take photos of Ms. Pincus. Finally,
this comment demonstrates Pincus' malicious intent to
harm [p]laintiffs.

      ....

31. Upon information and belief, on or about August
25, 2011, Pincus posted false and defamatory
comments concerning [p]laintiffs on the website
grafixavenger.blogspot.com, including but not limited
to the following:

      City Council regular for years, Beth Mason
      operative Lane Bajardi . . . . Bajardi has
      been lashing out on Patch and Hudson
      Reporter forums. To boot, he's ditched his
      "known" screen names, commenting under
      a variety of new ones, with rants as
      identifiable as a finger print [sic].

      Ha! It looks like I spoke too soon . . . the
      Mason checkbook seems to have flipped
      open to throw a certain cyber-slug a bone.
      Yes, he's published another putrid Bajardi
      screed. FBI, they're at it again. Persons-
      of-interest, enjoy the time you have left.
      Unshackled.

32. The post above is followed by a photograph of
Mr. Bajardi and former Hoboken Mayor, and convicted
felon, Peter Cammarano with the caption "Birds of a
Feather."

      ....

34. The statements are false and defamatory because
Mr. Bajardi is not an FBI person of interest, and is not

                                                           A-5668-14T4
                          19
involved in criminal activity. Further, Mr. Bajardi is
not a political operative, is not paid by Ms. Mason, does
not anonymously post to the hoboken.Patch.com
website, and did not post any comments referenced by
the statements.

35. Upon information and belief, on or about
November 7, 2011, Brice posted false and defamatory
comments concerning Mr. Bajardi on the website
hoboken.patch.com, including, but not limited to the
following: "Lane Bajardi is back. Still fighting for the
corrupt and The Machine for his Beth Mason paycheck.
Yawn. Same ole, same ole."

      ....

37. The statements are false and defamatory because
Mr. Bajardi does not associate with corrupt individuals,
and is not paid by Ms. Mason. The statements falsely
imply involvement in criminal activity.

      ....

44. Upon information and belief, on or about January
13, 2012, an Unnamed Defendant posting under the
pseudonym ThisMeansWar, posted false and
defamatory comments concerning [p]laintiffs on the
website hoboken.patch.com, including, but not limited
to the following:

      Has it occurred to Lane Bajardi that he may
      be looking at hefty prison time? He has
      NEVER appeared in an ELEC report for
      Beth Mason or Tim Occhipinti. He appears
      in this midnight video for Occhipinti's
      campaign leaders . . . . Is he credited in
      Bath Mason's IRS filings? Does he credit
      her in his tax forms?

                                                            A-5668-14T4
                          20
      ....

46. The statements are false and defamatory because
Mr. Bajardi is not a political operative, and is not paid
by Ms. Mason or Tim Occhipinti. Mr. Bajardi does not
have any income from either person that needs to be
reported to the IRS, and thus does not face prison time,
or even possible prison time, for such activities. By
referring readers to an FBI website explaining that
organization's "internet tip line," the Unnamed
Defendant encourages readers to report Mr. Bajardi to
the FBI, harming his reputation and employment
prospects. The statements falsely imply involvement in
criminal activity.

47. On or about January 18, 2012, Pincus emailed
false and defamatory comments concerning [p]laintiffs
to Mr. Bajardi's employer, including, but not limited to
the following:

      Lane Bajardi is a hyper-partisan political
      operative who blogs under the screen name
      'prosbus,' and is now fomenting anti-
      Semitism in his latest effort to smear
      Hoboken's Jewish mayor, Dawn Zimmer.
      As a Jew, I am offended and disgusted by
      this. As a well-known political blogger in
      Hoboken, I will be asking my community
      to reject Mr. Bajardi and his hate-
      mongering. I don't think your advertisers
      will appreciate a voice on your airwaves
      actively engaged in spreading bigotry and
      intolerance in the Hoboken community . . .
      . Here are (2) of Mr. Bajardi's posts
      attached, in case he has them deleted
      first[.]

                                                            A-5668-14T4
                          21
            48. The above quote is followed by screen shots
            supposedly representing blog entries by someone
            writing under the pseudonym prosbus. The email is
            attached at Exhibit 1.

            49. The statements are false and defamatory because
            Mr. Bajardi – who is Jewish – is not anti-Semitic, nor
            has he posted anything anti-Semitic, or anything
            attacking other ethnic or religious groups. Further, Mr.
            Bajardi is not a political operative, and does not post to
            the internet under the pseudonym prosbus.

            50. The email also harms Mr. Bajardi's relationship
            with his employer. It encourages CBS to terminate Mr.
            Bajardi's employment through its threat to harm
            1010WINS radio's listenership.        Mr. Bajardi's
            supervisor, who has the ability to terminate Mr.
            Bajardi's employment, was made aware of the email.

            51. When asked by CBS to prove that Mr. Bajardi
            posted under the pseudonym prosbus, Ms. Pincus never
            responded.

      As previously noted, most of the allegedly defamatory statements were

dismissed on motions before trial after judges found them to be facially non -

defamatory. The few not dismissed on pre-trial motions were dismissed at trial.

      The case proceeded to trial against Pincus, Brice, and Heyer, based on

allegedly defamatory statements delineated in several paragraphs of the

complaint. The statements were based on posts falsely attributed to Bajardi, as

Bajardi had stopped posting. Collectively, the statements asserted Bajardi was

a political operative, painted him as being corrupt, and accused him of having

                                                                         A-5668-14T4
                                       22
engaged in criminal activity. Bajardi presented the following evidence as to

these posts.6

        After testifying about his background and how he became involved in

Hoboken politics, Bajardi denied being paid for working on any of Mason's

campaigns. He denied being "a Beth Mason operative." Mason testified that

she never compensated Bajardi in any way for his services.                Bajardi

acknowledged, however, Mason was once fined for not reporting all of her

political expenses with respect to her 2009 mayoral campaign.

        Similarly, Occhipinti testified that Bajardi was merely a volunteer on one

of his campaigns, and both Cammarano and Occhipinti testified that to their

knowledge Bajardi was not involved in any corrupt or criminal activities.

Cammarano added that neither Pincus nor Brice ever contacted him to obtain

information about his criminal conviction.

        Bajardi emphasized that his involvement in Hoboken politics ended in

July 2011. Concerning the allegedly defamatory statements made about him by

defendants, Bajardi testified that there were a number of internet blogs or

websites focused on Hoboken politics.        In addition, individuals sometimes

commented on Hoboken politics in the comment sections of other websites. The

6
    Bajardi called defendants as witnesses in his case.
                                                                          A-5668-14T4
                                        23
comments were posted under screen names.

      Pincus operated one Hoboken-focused blog, GrafixAvenger.blogspot.

com. Pincus admitted that: she did not like Bajardi; she once sent an email to

his boss, criticizing him; she wrote in posts that plaintiffs were bad parents who

should be reported to child protective services; she stated in posts that plaintiffs

had serious personality disorders; and in her posts, she referred to plaintiffs as

"Mr. and Mrs. Melanoma."

      Brice operated another Hoboken-focused blog, Hudson Mile Square

View. Bajardi testified about the incident with Brice that resulted in the mutual

filing of criminal charges.

      Bajardi explained that during his years of political involvement, he

participated in online conversations regarding Hoboken politics.         He wrote

articles for the website Hoboken411, albeit without credit for authorship . He

also posted comments on other websites, under the screen name, Redhaven, to

counteract what others had written about Mason; but never under the screen

name prosbus.

      Bajardi stopped posting online comments when he withdrew from the

Hoboken political scene in July 2011. He did so, in part, "to separate [him]self

from . . . this constant barrage of attacks [he] was receiving from individuals

                                                                            A-5668-14T4
                                        24
online and otherwise."

      Bajardi recalled he first became a target for criticism on Hoboken blogs

in 2009. Pincus, in particular, targeted him in her online posts, with apparent

animus, writing in June 2011 that "nothing I do is personal. Or intentionally

cruel. (Except for Mason and Bajardi – and I freely admit it.)."

      After Bajardi withdrew from Hoboken politics in July 2011, Pincus

noticed. In a post dated August 15, 2011, Pincus wrote:

            City Council regular for years, Beth Mason operative
            Lane Bajardi – famous for choreographed City Council
            performances coordinated with self-authored hit pieces
            in Hoboken411.com and scripted Mason outrage – has
            been MIA at public meetings.              Severed from
            Hoboken411.com and neutered at the City Council,
            Bajardi has been lashing out on Patch and Hudson
            Reporter forums. To boot, he's ditched his 'known'
            screen names, commenting under a variety of new ones,
            with rants as identifiable as a finger print. GA thinks
            the motive for using so many screen names is to create
            the perception that the 'message' is shared by many
            messengers. In fact, it's one person blowing a lot of
            smoke.

                  ....

            Ha! It looks like I spoke too soon . . . the Mason
            checkbook seems to have flipped open to throw a
            certain cyber-slug a bone. Yes, he's published another
            putrid Bajardi screed.

            FBI, they're at it again.

                                                                       A-5668-14T4
                                        25
             Persons-of-interest, enjoy the time you have left.
             Unshackled.

       According to Bajardi, the statement was false, as he was not a "Beth

Mason operative," nor was he ever paid by Mason. For her part, Pincus admitted

that she knew at the time of this post that none of Mason's ELEC 7 reports

indicated any payments to Bajardi, and she admitted that she did not contact

Mason or Bajardi to check the accuracy of her statements.

       In another blog post, on January 25, 2012, Pincus wrote:

             I had to laugh at the mournful post of CuriousGal, who
             does not deny being Kim Cardinal, the political
             operative wife of political operative Lane Bajardi, who
             has not denied posting as prosbus . . .

             Mr. and Mrs. Melanoma, defenders of corruption,
             haters of the clean, progressive Kids First majority
             School Board.

       Pincus did not contact Bajardi to confirm the accuracy of these statements.

However, she knew at the time she wrote this post that he was working as a news

anchor for CBS radio, he had not attended a city council meeting since July

2011, and he had stopped ghostwriting articles for Hoboken411.com.

       In another allegedly defamatory post, written on February 3, 2012, in the

comments section of an article posted on galloway.patch.com, Pincus wrote:

7
    Election Law Enforcement Commission.
                                                                          A-5668-14T4
                                       26
            CuriousGal (Kim Cardinal) is a hideous political
            operative whose husband has worked for years on the
            campaigns of a wealthy local Councilwoman named
            Beth Mason, yet Bajardi has never appeared on a Mason
            ELEC report – meaning perhaps lots of undeclared
            income to the IRS. Oops!

                  . . . Mr. Bajardi, blogging here as VinVan has
            been questioned by the FBI, and is believed to be part
            of the criminal conspiracy to steal our mayor's e-mail
            and traffic[k]ing [in] confidential city information. A
            friend of Bajar[d]i's named Patrick Ricciardi, has been
            arrested. More arrests will follow. Don't be surprised
            if you read about him in the paper. . . .

      Pincus testified that she wrote the comment to protect the reputation of a

former Hoboken business administrator, in response to comments made by

someone using various screen names, whom she believed to be Bajardi. She

admitted that when she wrote the comment she had no knowledge of Bajardi's

having been questioned by the FBI, or of his having been involved in the theft

of emails, and she did not question him, Ricciardi, the FBI, or the U.S.

Attorney's office to verify the accuracy of her statements.

      Bajardi and Ricciardi testified that Pincus never sought an interview with

either of them about her statements. Moreover, both men testified that Bajardi

had nothing to do with the theft of the mayor's emails, a crime for which

Ricciardi was convicted. Bajardi testified he was never questioned by the FBI

about any matter.

                                                                        A-5668-14T4
                                      27
      On cross-examination, Bajardi admitted that nine emails to and from

former Hoboken Mayor Zimmer had been forwarded to him as an email

attachment in February 2011, and were found on his email account during

discovery. He denied opening the attachments or reading the emails until they

were produced during discovery, and he denied any knowledge that the attached

emails had been stolen. In his testimony, Ricciardi explained that the nine

emails found on Bajardi's email account were not ones he had stolen.

      In another allegedly defamatory posting, on March 16, 2012, Pincus wrote

on her GrafixAvenger blog:

            Guess WHO showed up to . . . umm . . . defend the
            person he's not supposed to be- at least according to the
            corporate owner of 1010 WINS, CBS[?]

            prosbus.

            It was overdue, frankly.

            His wife Kim Cardinal was getting pounded, forced to
            fend off the onslaught of commenters asking the
            obvious: was Lane Bajardi unwittingly used to aid and
            abet the corruption of Hoboken's zoning adjustment
            authority or was he Cammarano's willing pitchman in
            this corruption?

            G.A. can personally attest to Bajardi's long war on a fair
            and honest official — myself. Now that we've
            discovered his alliance with Cammarano for control of
            the zoning adjustment authority (which Cammy sold to
            Dwek just days earlier) it puts Bajardi's lust for my seat

                                                                         A-5668-14T4
                                       28
            in it's proper perspective; ingratiating himself with
            corrupt and powerful individuals is what it's been
            about.

            Take a look at who he and the Mrs. are siding up to
            these days. Al Arezzo.

            Case closed.

            Today, prosbus is in a bit of a bind. He can't 'defend'
            or 'explain' the actions of Lane Bajardi without stepping
            out from behind his screen name. It's delicious.

            But he did finally show up — to suggest the
            Cammarano-Bajardi disclosure was "undocumented
            hearsay" from a "biased source" (GA).

            So here's his comment with my response below.

      Bajardi explained that Pincus never contacted him to verify the accuracy

of her post, and the post was false, as he never posted on the internet using the

screen name prosbus, he was not Cammarano's pitch man for corruption, and he

was not involved in an alliance with Cammarano for control of the zoning

adjustment authority. He admitted that he endorsed Cammarano as a candidate

for mayor. However, he did not know at the time Cammarano intended to sell

zoning variances, and he was shocked when Cammarano was arrested.

      Pincus testified that the post was based upon her reasonable beliefs, and

not upon facts established through investigation. She admitted she did not

contact Bajardi or Cammarano regarding her statements.

                                                                         A-5668-14T4
                                      29
      Regarding Brice's allegedly defamatory statements, in a November 7,

2011 comment on hobokenpatch.com, Brice wrote:

            Lane Bajardi is back. Still fighting for the corrupt and
            The Machine for his Beth Mason paycheck. Yawn.

            Same ole, same ole.

      Bajardi testified that the statement was false, as he did not fight for the

corrupt and "the machine," or for a Beth Mason paycheck.

      Brice testified that he believed Bajardi had been commenting on the same

thread, and his comment was responsive and meant to be humorous; a joke

about Bajardi's involvement in the political discourse in Hoboken. In particular,

Brice was referring to Bajardi's involvement on a number of political campaigns,

and his support for Cammarano, Occhipinti, and Mason, and the status quo in

Hoboken politics (the machine) as opposed to the reformers.

      Brice admitted that he never asked Bajardi or Mason whether Mason paid

Bajardi for his services. Moreover, when he posted this comment, Brice had not

viewed Mason's ELEC reports, and when he ultimately did view the ELEC

reports they did not show any payments to Bajardi. In short, Brice admitted he

had no evidence Bajardi was ever paid by Mason. Nevertheless, he believed

Bajardi was paid by Mason based upon his observation that Mason spent a lot

of money on her campaigns, and because Bajardi worked strenuously on

                                                                         A-5668-14T4
                                      30
Mason's behalf.

      In another allegedly defamatory comment, made on June 8, 2012, on a

comment thread relating to a May 21, 2012 article on the Hoboken Patch

website, Brice wrote under the screen name hobokenhorse:

            No matter what Beth Mason's other paid political
            operative Lane (prosbus/Madison Monroe/et al)
            Bajardi has to say about his fellow Mason paid political
            operative Matt Calicchio, the judge's comments speak
            for themselves even if the prosecutor lacked evidence
            for a conviction.

      Bajardi testified the statement was false, as he was never a political

operative, nor was he paid by Mason. Furthermore, Brice never contacted him

to verify the accuracy of his comment.

      Brice testified that:   he wrote the comment as part of the extensive

political discourse generated by a news article; he was commenting on Matt

Calicchio's alleged harassment of a woman and her child outside a board of

education meeting; and the comment, when viewed in its entirety, was intended

as satirical humor.

      Brice believed both Bajardi and Calicchio were political operatives based

upon their involvement in Mason's campaigns. However, he knew at the time

of his comment that Bajardi did not appear in any of Mason's ELEC reports.

Brice also admitted that when he made the comment he "might have heard" that

                                                                       A-5668-14T4
                                      31
Bajardi was working for 1010 WINS, although he "really wasn't sure."

      With respect to Heyer's allegedly defamatory statement, in a February 3,

2012 post on the Galloway Patch website Heyer, using the screen name

ThisMeansWar, wrote:

            Hello Galloway. Just a quick note on our "contributors"
            from Hoboken. VinVan, prosbus, CuriousGal (and
            other names they may use as the night goes on) are the
            husband and wife PAID OPERATIVE team of Lane
            Bajardi and Kim Cardinal. Bajardi and Cardinal are
            extremely closely aligned with (PAID BY) the political
            machine in Hoboken. You can rather quickly and easily
            verify that yourselves. . . . You may recall from FBI
            surveillance tapes where he [Russo] accepted a bribe
            from Solomon Dwek and told Dwek to make it out to
            RussoForHoboken. Bajardi and Cardinal have spent
            many an hour defending Mr. Russo's behavior. . . . Ms.
            Mason is the exceeding wealthy bankroller of smear
            campaigns against political enemies (many of which
            were penned by Mr. Bajardi)        . . . . She has spent
            millions in her own (husband's) money in a failed quest
            to get elected mayor (much to the chagrin of Mr.
            Bajardi who would have been her Public Information
            Officer). . . .

Bajardi testified that the statement was false.

      For his part, Heyer believed it likely that Bajardi was paid by Mason.

However, he admitted that he had no evidence Bajardi was paid for any of his

political activities. Heyer also admitted knowing at the time of his comment

that Bajardi did not appear in any ELEC reports, and he admitted that he

                                                                       A-5668-14T4
                                       32
performed no interviews of relevant individuals to determine if Bajardi was paid.

      In terms of personal animus, Heyer denied hating plaintiffs. At the same

time, he admitted writing that they were "future convicted felons," and "paid

liars," and they were damaging their child.

      Concerning damages, plaintiffs' counsel advised the court that Bajardi was

attempting to prove defamation per se, and was seeking only presumed, nomin al

damages, as opposed to actual, pecuniary damages.

      The trial ended when the court granted defendants' motion for judgment

at the close of the evidence. Following additional proceedings culminating in

the award of counsel fees to defendants, plaintiffs appealed.

                                        II.

      We first address plaintiffs' arguments concerning the September motions.

Plaintiffs argue the second pretrial judge erred in dismissing all allegedly

defamatory statements concerning Kimberly and most others concerning

Bajardi. Plaintiffs also argue the judge erred in determining Bajardi was a

limited purpose public figure and that Hoboken political factionalism was

sufficiently specific to qualify as a matter of public concern.

      Specifically, plaintiffs contend the judge committed four errors. First, the

judge failed to recognize that defendants' statements identifying the Bajardis as

                                                                          A-5668-14T4
                                       33
"prosbus" and "CuriousGal" were capable of a defamatory meaning; many

readers found the posts under those screen names to be offensive, believed

plaintiffs had written them, and ridiculed plaintiffs as a result. Second, the judge

improperly dismissed claims that were defamatory per se in that they accused

plaintiffs of criminal activity and occupational misconduct. Third, defendants

argued the judge applied an overly broad analysis when she identified

"contentious factionalism present in Hoboken politics" as a sufficiently

"particular controversy" to which Bajardi had a connection, thereby making him

a "limited purpose public figure." Fourth, the judge applied an overly broad

analysis and mistakenly concluded that "Hoboken political factionalism" was a

"matter of public concern."

      Defendants counter that the statements identifying plaintiffs as prosbus

and CuriousGal are not susceptible of a defamatory meaning because statements

in other writings made by plaintiffs were "completely consistent" with

statements made by the two persons posting under the screen names prosbus and

CuriousGal. Defendants contend plaintiffs' claims for defamation per se fail

because, as a matter of law, that cause of action is not available when a matter

of public interest is involved. In addition, defendants insist the second pretrial

judge correctly determined that Bajardi was a limited purpose public figure and

                                                                            A-5668-14T4
                                        34
that Hoboken political factionalism was sufficiently specific to constitute an

issue of public importance.

                                       A.

      We review the second pretrial judge's order on the September motions "in

accordance with the same standard as the motion judge." Bhagat v. Bhagat, 217
N.J. 22, 38 (2014) (citations omitted).     Our function is not "to weigh the

evidence and determine the truth of the matter but to determine whether there is

a genuine issue for trial." Brill v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 142 N.J. 520,

540 (1995) (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249

(1986)); accord, R. 4:46-2(c). We owe no special deference, however, to a trial

court's determination that a party is entitled to summary judgment as a matter of

law. That determination is subject to de novo review. Cypress Point Condo.

Ass'n, Inc. v. Adria Towers, L.L.C., 226 N.J. 403, 415 (2016) (citation omitted).

                                       B.

      "Defamation law balances two competing interests – an individual's right

to protect his reputation from unjustified and false aspersions and our citizens'

right to free expression and robust debate in our democratic society." Petro-

Lubricant Testing Labs., Inc. v. Adelman, 233 N.J. 236, 243 (2018). To succeed

on a defamation claim, a plaintiff must prove the following elements: "(1) that

                                                                         A-5668-14T4
                                      35
defendants made a false and defamatory statement concerning [plaintiff]; (2)

that the statement was communicated to another person (and not privileged); and

(3) that defendants acted negligently or with actual malice." G.D. v. Kenny, 205
N.J. 275, 292–93 (2011) (citing DeAngelis v. Hill, 180 N.J. 1, 13 (2004). "The

actual-malice standard will apply when the alleged defamatory statement

concerns a public figure or a public official or involves a matter of public

concern." Senna v. Florimont, 196 N.J. 469, 496 (2008). To prove actual

malice, a plaintiff must establish by clear and convincing evidence that the

defamatory statement was published “with knowledge that it was false or with

reckless disregard” of its truth or falsity. N.Y. Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S.
254, 279–80 (1964).

      "At the heart of every action for . . . defamation is the threshold issue of

whether the language used is reasonably susceptible of a defamatory meaning."

Kotlikoff v. Cmty. News, 89 N.J. 62, 67 (1982). This issue "is one of law to be

resolved by the court." Ibid. Confronted with the issue of whether a statement

is defamatory, a court "must consider the content, verifiability, and context of

the challenged statements." Ward v. Zelikovsky, 136 N.J. 516, 529 (1994).

      When considering a statement's content, a court looks "to the fair and

natural meaning which will be given it by reasonable persons of ordinary

                                                                          A-5668-14T4
                                      36
intelligence."   Romaine v. Kallinger, 109 N.J. 282, 290 (1988) (citations

omitted). Name calling, "[n]o matter how obnoxious, insulting or tasteless, . . .

is regarded as a part of life for which the law of defamation affords no remedy."

Ward, 136 N.J. at 529-30 (quoting Rodney A. Smolla, Law of Defamation, §4.03

at 4-11 (1986)). In the same vein, statements of rhetorical hyperbole are not

defamatory. Id. at 530. "Courts thus distinguish 'between genuinely defamatory

communications as opposed to obscenities, vulgarities, insults, epithets, name -

calling, and other verbal abuse.'" Id. at 530 (quoting Smolla, §4.03, at 4-10).

      Evaluating verifiability "requires courts to determine whether the

statement is one of fact or opinion." DeAngelis, 180 N.J. at 14 (citing Ward,
136 N.J. at 530). That exercise, in turn, requires a court to consider whether a

statement is true or false. Lynch v. N.J. Educ. Ass'n, 161 N.J. 152, 167 (1999).

"Factual statements, unlike non-factual statements, are uniquely capable of

objective proof of truth or falsity." Ward, 136 N.J. at 530. "Opinion statements,

in contrast, are generally not capable of proof of truth or falsity because they

reflect a person's state of mind." Id. at 531.

      Opinions are generally considered non-defamatory, but "[h]arm from a

defamatory opinion statement is redressable when the statement implies

underlying objective facts that are false." Ibid. (citing Milkovich v. Lorain

                                                                         A-5668-14T4
                                       37
Journal Co., 497 U.S. 1, 18 (1990)). "Unless a statement explicitly or impliedly

rests on false facts that damage the reputation of another, the alleged defamatory

statement will not be actionable." Ibid.

      "Loose, figurative or hyperbolic language is not likely to imply specific

facts, and thus is not likely to be deemed actionable." Lynch, 161 N.J. at 167-

68 (citing Ward, 136 N.J. at 532). "The higher the 'fact content' of a statement,

the more likely that the statement will be actionable." Id. at 168 (quoting Ward,
136 N.J. at 531-32). "If a statement could be construed as either fact or opinion,

a defendant should not be held liable." Ibid.

      In addition, "[w]here an opinion is accompanied by its underlying

nondefamatory factual basis, . . . a defamation action premised upon that opinion

will fail, no matter how unjustified, unreasonable or derogatory the opinion

might be. This is so because readers can interpret the factual statements and

decide for themselves whether the writer's opinion was justified." Kotlikoff, 89
N.J. at 72-73.

      Because "the context of a statement can affect significantly its fair and

natural meaning," Lynch, 161 N.J. at 168, "courts permit the context in which

the statement appears to inform its determination of whether the statement was

capable of a defamatory meaning." Ward, 136 N.J. at 532. "Words uttered face

                                                                          A-5668-14T4
                                       38
to face during an altercation may well be understood merely as abuse or insult ,

while words written after time for thought or published in a newspaper may be

taken to express the defamatory charge and to be intended to be taken seriously."

Id. at 533 (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts, §566 comment e (Am. Law

Inst. 1977)).

      "If a published statement is susceptible of one meaning only, and that

meaning is defamatory, the statement is libelous as a matter of law." Romaine,
109 N.J. at 290. If the published statement "is susceptible of only a non -

defamatory meaning, it cannot be considered libelous, justifying dismissal of

the action." Ibid. If, however, "the statement is capable of being assigned more

than one meaning, one of which is defamatory and another not, the question of

whether its content is defamatory is one that must be resolved by the trier of

fact." Id. at 290-91.

      Our Supreme Court has recognized that "[c]ertain kinds of statements

denote such defamatory meaning that they are considered defamatory as a matter

of law." Id. at 291. "A prime example is the false attribution of criminality."

Ibid. Another example is a statement that "disparage[s] the plaintiff in pursuit

of his business, trade, profession, or office, or tend[s] to harm him in it."

Ricciardi v. Weber, 350 N.J. Super. 453, 477 (App. Div. 2002) (citing

                                                                         A-5668-14T4
                                      39
Restatement (Second) of Torts, §573 (1977)); accord, Ward, 136 N.J. at 526.

"The words must affect the plaintiff in a way that is peculiarly harmful to one

engaged in his trade." Ibid. (citing Restatement (Second) of Torts, §573).

      Thus, "[t]he 'false attribution' of a quotation to a speaker may be

defamatory if putting the words in the plaintiff's mouth 'cast[s] doubt on the

plaintiff's fitness for his profession.'" Chau v. Lewis, 771 F.3d 118, 131 (2d Cir.

2014) (quoting Mahoney v. Adirondack Publ'g Co., 517 N.E.2d 1365, 1368

(N.Y. 1987)); see also Masson v. New Yorker Magazine, Inc., 501 U.S. 496,

511 (1991) ("[R]egardless of the truth or falsity of the factual matters asserted

within the quoted statement, the attribution may result in injury to reputation

because the manner of expression or even the fact that the statement was made

indicates a negative personal trait or an attitude the speaker does not hold.").

      Plaintiffs who prove defamation and the requisite degree of fault can

recover three types of damages: "(1) compensatory or actual, which may be

either (a) general or (b) special; (2) punitive or exemplary; and (3) nominal."

W.J.A. v. D.A., 210 N.J. 229, 239 (2012) (citing Prosser & Keeton on Torts,

§116A at 842 (5th Ed. 1984) (footnote omitted)). Compensatory damages are

"the real losses flowing from the defamatory statement." Ibid. (citing Prosser &

Keeton, at 843).      Compensatory damages include out-of-pocket losses,

                                                                           A-5668-14T4
                                       40
impairment to reputation, standing in the community, personal humiliation,

mental anguish, and suffering to the extent that the compensatory damages flow

from the reputational injury. Ibid. Accord, Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., 418
U.S. 323, 350 (1974).

      Compensatory or actual damages subsume presumed damages – "losses

'which are normal and usual and which are to be anticipated when a person's

reputation is impaired.'" W.J.A., 210 N.J. at 239 (quoting Prosser & Keeton,

§116A at 843). The doctrine of presumed damages permits the plaintiff who has

proved liability "to obtain a damage award without proving actual harm to his

reputation." Ibid. (citing Rodney A. Smolla, Law of Defamation §9:17 (2d. ed.

2008)). Presumed damages are justified in part, due to "the difficulty of proving

the effects of the defamatory statement and that harm normally results from such

a statement."   Id. at 239-40 (citing Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Greenmoss

Builders, Inc., 472 U.S. 749, 760 (1985)).

      Our Supreme Court has expressly held that "[p]resumed damages apply in

libel cases." Id. at 240 (citing Prosser & Keeton, §112 at 785-86, §116Aat 843).

A plaintiff who has proved liability may thus recover nominal damages in a

defamation action if the plaintiff has not proved a compensable loss. Ibid.

(citing Smolla, §9:5; Prosser & Keeton, §116A at 845). "Nominal damages are

                                                                         A-5668-14T4
                                      41
'awarded for the infraction of a legal right, where the extent of the loss is not

shown, or where the right is one not dependent upon loss or damage.'" Id. at

240-41 (quoting Charles T. McCormick, Damages 85 (1935)).               A nominal

damage award represents a "judicial declaration that the plaintiff's right has been

violated," and "serves the purpose of vindicating the plaintiff's character by a

verdict of a jury that establishes the falsity of the defamatory statement." Id. at

241 (quoting McCormick at 85).

      Recognizing that "private persons face the real risk of harm through the

modern ease of defamatory publications now possible through use of the

Internet," id. at 249, the Supreme Court held in W.J.A., "in private plaintiff cases

that do not involve matters of public concern[,] [w]here a plaintiff does not

proffer evidence of actual damage to reputation, the doctrine of presumed

damages permits him to survive a motion for summary judgment and to obtain

nominal damages, thus vindicating his good name." Id. at 233. If a defendant

is a public official, a public or limited purpose public figure, or if the matter

involves a question of public concern, a plaintiff may recover nominal damages

only by proving the defendant acted with actual malice. See Rocci v. Ecole

Secondaire Macdonald-Cartier, 165 N.J. 149, 156 (2000) (quoting N.Y. Times,
376 U.S. at 279-80) ("[A] plaintiff asserting a defamation claim cannot rely on

                                                                            A-5668-14T4
                                        42
the doctrine of presumed damages absent a finding that the defendant published

the statement 'with knowledge that it was false or with reckless disregard of

whether it was false or not.'").

                                        C.

      With these principles in mind, we address those allegations in the

complaint that plaintiffs contend the second pretrial judge erroneously dismissed

on summary judgment. Although plaintiffs make a general assertion the judge

erred in all of the rulings, they specifically discuss only a few of the complaint's

allegations.   Our primary focus is thus on the paragraphs plaintiffs have

specifically discussed. 8

                                         1.

      Plaintiffs first argue the statements that "directly or indirectly identify

Lane Bajardi as 'prosbus' or Kim Bajardi as 'CuriousGal'" are defamatory. They

note the only evidence in the summary judgment record on this issue were

Bajardi's and Kim's certifications that they did not post under those screen

8
  Counsel are required to "present [a] reasonably competent analysis of the law
as it relate[s] to the facts of th[e] case." Sackman v. N.J. Mfrs. Ins. Co., 445
N.J. Super. 278, 298-99 (App. Div. 2016). An argument based on conclusory
statements is insufficient to warrant appellate review. Nextel of N.Y. v.
Borough of Englewood Cliffs Bd. of Adjustment, 361 N.J. Super. 22, 45 (App.
Div. 2003).
                                                                            A-5668-14T4
                                        43
names. Thus, defendants' posts attributing statements posted under those screen

names to Bajardi and Kim were false.

      According to plaintiffs, the statements so posted "all were potentially

defamatory as to the identified persons, [Bajardi and Kim]," and the judge

"failed to realize that when defendants claimed that plaintiffs posted under those

screen names, any negative or critical comments by 'prosbus' or 'CuriousGal'

were falsely attributed to the Bajardis, who had never made any such

statements." (Emphasis added). Although plaintiffs assert this "led to a cascade

of vicious attacks" on them, they cite only two negative responsive comments,

both posted under screen names whose users are unknown.

      Even if we were to agree with plaintiffs that all statements falsely

attributed to them were potentially defamatory, the false attributions, by

themselves, do not necessarily make such statements defamatory. Absent from

plaintiffs' argument under this point heading is any discussion of the content,

verifiability, or context of any statement. Moreover, citing negative comments

from two anonymous contributors to a string of posts is not evidence of either

damage to their reputation or "the fair and natural meaning which will be given

[to the attributed statements] by reasonable persons of ordinary intelligence."

Romaine, 109 N.J. at 290. We thus reject plaintiffs' general argument that those

                                                                          A-5668-14T4
                                       44
statements identified in the complaint, which were falsely attributed to

plaintiffs, are, without more, defamatory. An argument based on conclusory

statements is insufficient to warrant appellate review. Nextel, 361 N.J. Super.

at 45.

                                          2.

         We next address plaintiffs' argument that certain statements identified in

the complaint were facially defamatory because they accused plaintiffs of

criminal activity or occupational misconduct.          Some but not all of these

statements were based on defendants' false attribution to plaintiffs of posts by

prosbus and CuriousGal. Specifically, plaintiffs argue that statements identified

in the complaint's paragraphs 38, 41, 44, 47, 84, 106, 118, and 121 include

accusations that are defamatory as a matter of law.

         Plaintiffs first challenge the dismissal of the defamation claims set forth

in paragraph 38 of the complaint. In paragraph 38, plaintiffs alleged Pincus

defamed Bajardi when, on November 9, 2011, she wrote on her blog:

               Another point of note is the role of the "blogs" in the
               complaint, citing them as evidence of the political
               schism in Hoboken.

               GA believes this points to Hoboken411.com, Perry
               Klaussen and Lane Bajardi for their handling of leaked
               emails and other leaked materials as part of the
               conspiracy. It also points to the other political blogs –

                                                                            A-5668-14T4
                                         45
            whose emails were requested on the Mason-Russo
            resolution: Hoboken Journal, Mile Square View and
            Grafix Avenger.

            And the Resolution (email jihad) was the 'cover' to out
            the illegally obtained emails by Ricciardi and
            forwarded to others.

      Plaintiffs alleged this statement was defamatory because it falsely implied

Bajardi's involvement in criminal activity, namely the theft of emails from

Hoboken City Hall servers, when in fact he was not involved in the crime, a

conspiracy, or the handling of leaked emails.

      This blog entry represented Pincus's commentary on the federal criminal

complaint filed against Ricciardi, which was based on his involvement in the

theft of emails from Hoboken City Hall. In the blog, Pincus speculated that

Ricciardi was covering for people. She noted her disbelief of his stated motive

for stealing the emails ("to determine whether his job was secure"), and

speculated that "the feds" also disbelieved the stated motive. She theorized that

the prosecutor would "produce all sorts of evidence to show that Ricciardi was

engaged in a political operation, a conspiracy."      Thereafter, she made the

statement about which plaintiffs complain, expressing her belief that Bajardi and

others were part of a conspiracy to distribute the stolen emails.

      Pincus followed this statement with a facetious proposal to speak with

                                                                         A-5668-14T4
                                       46
"the Feds . . . over a falafel." She also cited paragraphs of the federal criminal

complaint against Ricciardi, which allegedly supported her expressed beliefs.

      The blog post accuses Bajardi of criminal behavior, which on its face is

defamatory. Moreover, while she is expressing her opinion ("GA believes"),

opinions are actionable where they imply underlying objective facts that are

false. Here, however, the statements are not actionable as defamation because

they include the underlying facts on which the opinion is based, namely,

excerpts from the federal criminal complaint filed against Ricciardi. Anyone

who read the blog was thus capable of assessing the validity of Pincus's opinion.

      In paragraph 41 of the complaint, plaintiffs alleged Pincus defamed them

by falsely implying they received unreported income from Mason and were

engaged in tax evasion, and she encouraged readers to contact the IRS to initiate

an unwarranted investigation of them. On December 23, 2011, Pincus wrote on

her website:

               Then there's CuriousGal (Bajardi's Bridezilla) – who's
               NOT curious enough to know why her hubby's never
               appeared on a Mason ELEC or if that revenue stream
               has been reported to the I.R.S.

               GA's heard the I.R.S. has given cash rewards to those
               who report tax cheats. Maybe CuriousGal can get us
               the answer: How to Report Suspected Tax Fraud
               Activity:

                                                                          A-5668-14T4
                                        47
            http://wwww.irs.gov/individuals/article/0,,id=106778,
            00.html) I hear the I.R.S. is curious about unreported
            income.
                   ....

            A real curious gal might want to know what happens to
            whose compensation for political campaign work goes
            unreported to the NJ Election Law Enforcement
            Commission and the I.R.S.

            GA is certainly curios about that. I must be a Curious
            Gal.

      Pincus made the statement in the context of a post titled "Smartboards and

the I.R.S.," in which she primarily addressed the quality of education in the

Hoboken public school system and criticized those who disparaged Hoboken's

public schools without having visited one.      She questioned whether those

disparaging the schools were doing it "[f]or compensation?" or "[f]or fun?"

      Once again, Pincus implied that Bajardi may have unreported income

from Mason, and plaintiffs may have engaged in tax fraud by failing to disclose

such income. However, the statements are not presented as factual assertions.

Rather, Pincus's phrasing is theoretical. For example, she uses the phrase "if

that revenue stream has been reported to the IRS" (emphasis added). Overall,

she suggested that these issues should be investigated by Kimberly, who she

claimed was "CuriousGal"; the New Jersey Election Law Enforcement

Commission; or the I.R.S.      Because the language about which plaintiffs

                                                                        A-5668-14T4
                                      48
complain is not a statement of fact, it is not actionable as defamation.

      Plaintiffs challenge the dismissal of the defamation claim set forth in

paragraph 44 of the complaint. In paragraph 44, plaintiffs alleged that Heyer

defamed them when, on January 13, 2012, he wrote on the website

hobokenpatch.com, under the screen name ThisMeansWar:

            Has it occurred to Lane Bajardi that he may be looking
            at hefty prison time? He has NEVER appeared in an
            ELEC report for Beth Mason or Tim Occhipinti. He
            appears in this midnight video for Occhipinti's
            campaign leaders. . . . Is he credited in Beth Mason's
            IRS filings? Does he credit her in his tax forms?
            http://www.fbi.gov/news/         videos/inside-the-fbis-
            internet-tip-line.

      Bajardi denied being a paid political operative of Mason or Occhipinti,

and plaintiffs alleged this statement was defamatory because it implied Lane's

involvement in criminal activity, and encouraged readers to report him to the

FBI, thereby harming his reputation and employment prospects.

      Heyer made this statement in the context of the comments section of a

newspaper's website, following a newspaper article titled "City to Choose New

Insurance Plan for Its Employees." Heyer's comment had no relationship with

the subject matter of the newspaper article, nor was it responsive to comments

made by individuals using other screen names. Rather, it appeared to be a

gratuitous attack on the individual who posted under the screen name prosbus,

                                                                           A-5668-14T4
                                       49
whose remarks Heyer falsely attributed to Bajardi.

      At his deposition, Heyer admitted that he wrote this statement without

having performed any investigation. He also admitted that he had no evidence

to support a statement that Bajardi had done anything to warrant prison time.

      Explaining why he believed Bajardi would be facing "hefty prison time,"

he stated that the 2010 campaign was "observably sleazy," with suggestions that

people were paid to vote. Also, in his opinion, Bajardi's participation in the

campaign was "an awful lot of involvement for . . . somebody who is . . .

unemployed and raising a . . . small child in an affluent, expensive community

to be doing for free – it doesn't pass the smell test. So, that's really what I was

saying."

      Heyer did not know what crime Bajardi might go to prison for. He

suggested that Bajardi was being "paid off the books," in violation of election

and tax laws.   However, he admitted he had no evidence that Lane had been

paid for his efforts on behalf of Mason or Occhipinti.

      We agree with the trial court's conclusion that the language plaintiffs

challenge poses rhetorical questions rather than statements of fact, and thus is

not actionable as defamation. We also note that "[t]he pace and structure of the

contemporary American scene are such that today, public debate is seldom found

                                                                           A-5668-14T4
                                       50
in village squares and town meetings." Kotlikoff, 89 N.J. at 73. It is more likely

found on the internet and is often crude, contentious, and opinion rather than

fact based.9 Reasonable people of ordinary intelligence, giving such statements

as those posted by Heyer their fair and natural meaning, would understand they

were opinion based and would be unlikely to believe they were factual,

especially considering the venue in which they were made.

      We disagree with the second pretrial judge's summary judgment dismissal

of the allegations in paragraph 47. In that paragraph, plaintiffs claim Pincus

defamed Bajardi on January 18, 2012, when she sent the following email to his

employer:

            Lane Bajardi is a hyper-partisan political operative who
            blogs under the screen name 'prosbus', and is now

9
   Public commentary and debate often take place on the internet on websites
dedicated to such debate, and in the comments sections that often follow news
articles. Online comments sections do not always contain civil, intellectual
discourse. Rather, they are at times characterized by coarseness and incivility.
See, e.g., Barbara Ortutay, Websites Try to Clean Up Cesspool of Online
Comments,       Washington     Post,   Dec.     27,    2013    (available     at
https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/web-sites-try-to-clean-up-
cesspool-of-online-comments/2013/12/27/520f11a4-6e6d-11e3-a523-
fe73f0ff6b8d_ story.html?utm_term=.7ec2bf4097d6 (last visited July 22, 2019);
Daniel J. Schneider, Our article comments have been a cesspool of trolls and
spam for years. Enter Civil Comments, Denver Post, May 22, 2017 (available at
https://www.denverpost.com/2017/05/22/denver-post-civil-comments/)(last
visited July 22, 2019).

                                                                          A-5668-14T4
                                       51
fomenting anti-Semitism in his latest effort to smear
Hoboken's Jewish mayor, Dawn Zimmer.

As a Jew, I am offended and disgusted by this. As a
well-known political blogger in Hoboken, I will be
asking my community to reject Mr. Bajardi and his
hate-mongering. I don't think your advertisers will
appreciate a voice on your airwaves actively engaged
in spreading bigotry and intolerance in the Hoboken
community.

Please read this thread to see Mr. Bajardi's comments
in situ: http://hoboken.patch.com /articles/st-patrick-s-
day-parade-canceled. See how he (fallaciously) raises
the notion that the mayor's administration is 'anti-
Christian' and religiously intolerant. Disgusting.

Here are (2) of Mr. Bajardi's posts attached, in case he
has them deleted first:

-------------------------------------------
prosbus
10:42 am on Monday, January 16, 2012
Santa was removed from Calabro; Zimmer got angry
with Father Vinny after the police mass at St. Ann's
Roman Catholic Church last year; Saint Patrick's Day
Parade cancelled . . . some are seeing a pattern
developing.
--------------------------------------------

prosbus
1:04 pm on Monday, January 16, 2012
The definition of anti-semitism is suspicion of, hatred
toward, or discrimination against Jews for reasons
connected to their Jewish heritage. Nothing could be
further from the truth. What I do know as facts are
these:

                                                            A-5668-14T4
                          52
1) Santa was removed from the public schools this
Christmas– specifically in Calabro because it was a
"religious" symbol even through [sic] the Supreme
Court has ruled he is a cultural symbol. This removal
was done by the Zimmer supported Kids First majority
Board of Education.
2) Last year, in a well known incident, Mayor Zimmer
raised her voice repeatedly and had to be restrained
after the police mass at St. Ann's Roman Catholic
Church because she felt Fr. Vinny made some illusions
to recent policy decisions by the mayor (Fr. Vinny is a
very class act and did not comment on the incident
although it was witnessed by dozens of people).
3) The St. Patrick's Parade committee recently cited
Mayor Zimmer's "religious/cultural intolerance" in a
lettering surrounding the events of the recent St.
Patrick's Parade cancellation. St. Patrick is the most
generally recognized patron saint of Ireland and a
strong symbol of the Irish American heritage of the City
of Hoboken.

A climate of intolerance is building up in this city and
it is centered around religious and cultural issues. The
former whispered voices are now becoming a chorus.

-------------------------------------

I am extremely angry that Mr. Bajardi has taken this
divisive and hateful tone. Of all days, on MLK's
birthday.

Feel free to contact me.

Nancy Pincus
[Phone Number]

http://grafixavenger.blogspost.com/

                                                           A-5668-14T4
                           53
      In paragraph 49 of the complaint, plaintiffs alleged: "The statements are

false and defamatory because Mr. Bajardi – who is Jewish – is not anti-Semitic,

nor has he posted anything anti-Semitic, or anything attacking other ethnic or

religious groups. Further, Mr. Bajardi is not a political operative, and does not

post to the internet under the pseudonym prosbus." In paragraph 50 of the

complaint, plaintiffs alleged the defamatory email harmed his relationship with

his employer by encouraging the employer to terminate his employment

"through its threat to harm 1010WINS radio's listenership." Plaintiffs did not

allege any negative employment action was taken against Bajardi, but in

discovery claimed the allegation limited his ability to negotiate a higher salary.

Plaintiffs contend this post as well as other statements "impute occupational

misconduct and, thus, constitute defamation per se."

      In her response, Pincus does not specifically address the allegations in

paragraph 47. Rather, she asserts that when an action implicates a public

interest, a plaintiff's failure to allege any reputational or pecuniary harm

precludes a defamation claim. She relies on Rocci, 165 N.J. 149, to support that

proposition. She also relies on the explanation provided by the second pretrial

judge. Unlike most of the other allegedly defamatory statements identified in

the complaint, Pincus's email to Bajardi's employer did not involve a post to the

                                                                          A-5668-14T4
                                       54
internet in the context of a discussion about ongoing political factionalism.

Thus, it was not made in the context of a discussion on a website in which

Bajardi's employer may have had no interest.

      We agree with the second pretrial judge that Pincus's allegation of anti-

Semitism was inactionable, because it was an expression of opinion and because

the facts upon which it was based were included in the email. We also agree

that Pincus's characterization of Bajardi as a hyper-partisan political operative

is inactionable hyperbolic name-calling. Those determinations, however, do not

address the question of whether the false attribution of the statements to Bajardi,

and the allegation he was engaging in such controversial discourse, ascribed to

Bajardi conduct that would adversely affect his fitness for his business. The

false attribution ascribed such conduct to Bajardi. Because the false attribution,

and thus the false accusation, put words in Bajardi's mouth that cast doubt on

his fitness for his occupation, the statements were defamatory and actionable.

      Pincus contends that defamation per se is no longer actionable in the

matter of a public official, public figure, or question of public concern. The

argument misses the point. Statements that falsely ascribe to a public figure

conduct that affects the public figure's fitness for the proper performance of his

or her business are actionable if made with actual malice. Here, the second

                                                                           A-5668-14T4
                                       55
pretrial judge overlooked that Pincus's email to Bajardi's employer falsely

ascribed to Bajardi conduct that was not only inconsistent with the performance

of his work, but conduct that, if true, would have resulted in the termination of

his employment. The issue the motion judge did not reach is whether the

statements were made with actual malice.

      The motion judge made no determination about whether Bajardi was a

limited purpose public figure on this issue, or whether it involved a question of

public concern, because she decided the allegedly defamatory statement was not

facially defamatory. Given the nature of Bajardi's status as a limited public

figure, one could question whether such status or Hoboken political factionalism

was relevant to his employment outside of Hoboken. Perhaps he was a public

figure for another reason – the nature of his job. The judge who decided the

September motions never addressed these issues.

      Pincus claimed she assumed prosbus and CuriousGal were the Bajardis,

apparently based on tone and content of the posts under those screen names.

We question whether that bare assertion presents a factual issue for the jury. In

any event, there is significant evidence to the contrary. Pincus's own posts stated

expressly that her posts were not personal or intentionally cruel, except with

respect to two people, one of whom was Bajardi.           Her posts confirm her

                                                                           A-5668-14T4
                                       56
awareness that Bajardi had stopped posting and stopped attending council

meetings. There is also evidence on the motion record suggesting Pincus knew

that if Bajardi was posting, overtly or clandestinely through screen names, about

Hoboken politics or questions of public concern, he would be disciplined or

fired.

         Regardless, as we have noted, the judge who decided the September

motions did not address the question of actual malice on this issue. Because the

issue was decided on summary judgment, neither plaintiffs nor Pincus had the

opportunity to present the issue at trial. Although we remand on this issue, we

do not preclude the parties from either fully developing a motion record on the

issue or visiting it at the close of plaintiffs' evidence at trial. We reverse the

grant of summary judgment with respect to the defamation allegation set forth

in paragraph 47 of the complaint and remand for further proceedings.

         Plaintiffs next complain about dismissal of their defamation allegations

set forth in paragraph 84 of the complaint. In this paragraph, plaintiffs alleged

Pincus defamed them in the following February 3, 2012 comment she made on

the website galloway.patch.com:

               I live in Hoboken. We have a sickness living amongst
               us- his name is Lane Bajardi and his wife is Kim
               Cardinal.    Here they are posting as:       VinVan,
               CuriousGal, prosbus, OutofControl. Both of them work

                                                                          A-5668-14T4
                                        57
            in the media – Bajardi is an anchor with 1010WINS
            radio. They are very sick people – Bajardi was actually
            arrested for assaulting a local blogger and stealing his
            camera. . . . These [two] run smear campaigns on
            anyone affiliated with Mayor Dawn Zimmer. And they
            are sick people. Undiagnosed, with serious personality
            disorders. I was no surprised to find out that they were
            smearing [an employee], and [sic] EXCEPTIONAL
            Business Administrator. Do your best to ignore these
            [two] – we call them Mr. and Mrs. Melanoma. I'm a
            blogger and political activist, and also a frequent target
            of these [two] malevolent creatures. Do contact me
            with questions:           grafixavenger666@gmail.com
            http://grafixavenger.blogspot.com/.

      Plaintiffs claimed the comment was defamatory because it referred to

them as "a sickness," which was highly damaging to their reputations,

particularly because Pincus identified Bajardi's place of employment and

thereby endangered his job.       Plaintiffs again denied posting under the

pseudonyms CuriousGal, VinVan, prosbus, and OutofControl.

      Pincus made the statement in the context of the comments section to a

news article published on galloway.patch.com about the appointment of a former

Hoboken business administrator to a new position. The comments section

consisted mostly of people expressing opinions about the former Hoboken

business administrator, and Hoboken politics in general.

      Although, as previously noted, falsely attributing a statement to a person

may constitute defamation in some circumstances, here Pincus merely expressed

                                                                         A-5668-14T4
                                       58
a negative opinion.     No matter how distasteful, the name-calling is not

actionable as defamation.

      Plaintiffs next complain about dismissal of their defamation allegation set

forth in paragraph 106 of the complaint. In this paragraph, plaintiffs alleged

Heyer, posting under the screen name JackStop, defamed them in the following

comment he posted on nj.com on May 29, 2012:

            http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-
            HJ2tPQHSFoE/T2NdUn8S77I/AAAAAAAACBI/Kqu
            YD6CgRc/s1600/cammarano+bajardi.jpg.          Future
            convicted felons Lane Bajardi & Kim Cardinal sucking
            up to soon-to-be convicted felon Peter Cammarano like
            a pair of remoras.

      In paragraph 108 of the complaint, plaintiffs noted that Heyer's post

displayed a picture of what appeared to be Lane with Cammarano, and in

paragraph 109, plaintiffs alleged the statement was defamatory because it falsely

implied that plaintiffs were involved in criminal activity through t heir

association with Cammarano.

      Heyer's name-calling ("remoras") is not actionable as defamation. On the

other hand, his referring to plaintiffs as "future convicted felons" could be

considered defamatory if, when viewed in context, the reader would be left with

the impression that plaintiffs were being accused of criminal acts on the basis of

undisclosed factual allegations. However, judged by how a reasonable person

                                                                          A-5668-14T4
                                       59
would view the comments, particularly considering their context and content,

and the apparent attribution of criminality based merely upon an association

with Cammarano, we conclude the statements were not defamatory. Plaintiffs'

alleged association with Cammarano is not actionable as defamation.

        Plaintiffs next complain about dismissal of their defamation allegation set

forth in paragraph 121 of the complaint. In this paragraph they alleged that

Pincus defamed Kimberly in the following June 23, 2012 statement made on her

blog:

              CONSPIRATOR B: The political operative who posts
              online under many different monikers, but mostly as
              CuriousGal and prosbus, and has never denied she is
              Kim Cardinal. Cardinal is the current (or former) wife
              of 1010WINS cabby-crooner Lane Bajardi. Cardinal
              has not denied she's moved out of Hoboken to a
              waterside development in Edgewater. Curious Kim has
              been the Energizer Bunny of this conspiracy to seed
              Patch with closed-session allegations- which cannot be
              debated or refuted because they are closed session.
              This is Cardinal's modus operandi-planting ugly rumors
              online, lies and spin, against those she perceives as
              'enemies'. All disturbing, and in his case, her victim is
              an African American. The vigor and venom with which
              CuriousGal has pursued this individual with
              unethically-obtained information NOT AVAILABLE
              BY OPRA REQUEST suggests a very dark motive
              driving her animus toward this African American
              professional.

        In paragraph 123, plaintiffs claimed these statements were defamatory

                                                                           A-5668-14T4
                                        60
because they falsely implied Kimberly's involvement in criminal activity

through improper access of information, and they falsely implied Kimberly was

a racist or posted racist comments, and falsely implied the Bajardis were

divorced. Kimberly made similar denials in opposition to summary judgment.

      Pincus made the statements in the context of a blog post titled "Data

Smuggling at the BoE: Whodunit?" In the post, Pincus alleged that Kimberly

disclosed information obtained from a closed session board of education

meeting, which she obtained from an unnamed co-conspirator identified as

"CONSPIRATOR A." In the blog post, Pincus identified people she had ruled

out as Conspirator A, and wondered who Conspirator A could be.

      We affirm the dismissal of this claim, substantially for the reasons

expressed by the motion judge. We add only our conclusion that a reader of

ordinary intelligence would not likely view the comments as implying criminal

activity.

      In denying summary judgment in part, the second pretrial judge

determined that as to the surviving claims, the applicable standard of fault was

actual malice, because Bajardi was a limited purpose public figure with respect

to the issue of contentious factionalism present in Hoboken politics. Moreover,

even though Bajardi claimed to have withdrawn from civic involvement, he

                                                                        A-5668-14T4
                                      61
remained a public figure for purpose of later commentary or treatment of the

issue. Alternatively, the actual malice standard applied because the subject

matter of the alleged defamatory statements was Hoboken politics, which was

an issue of public concern.

      As to the remaining claims, the motion judge determined the issue of

actual malice presented a jury question. The judge explained:

                  Plaintiff submitted evidence establishing that
            Defendant Pincus made no effort to investigate 1)
            whether Plaintiff was a person of interest to the FBI; 2)
            whether Plaintiff handled leaked emails or other
            materials from Hoboken City Hall or whether he was
            part of a conspiracy; 3) whether he was questioned by
            the FBI; 4) whether Plaintiff was part of a criminal
            conspiracy to steal the mayor of Hoboken's email. This
            evidence is sufficient to create a triable issue as to
            whether the remaining statements were made with
            actual malice at this juncture in the sense of having
            knowledge that they were false or acted in reckless
            disregard of the truth or falsity.

      Plaintiffs challenge the judge's determination on the grounds that: (1) the

issue of Hoboken's political factionalism was insufficiently specific to qualify

as a matter of public concern, and each statement should be assessed

individually to determine whether it addressed a matter of public concern; and

(2) Bajardi was not involved in the subject matters addressed in defendants'

allegedly defamatory statements, but rather was "dragged" into the issues via

                                                                         A-5668-14T4
                                      62
defendants' false attributions to him of statements made by others.

      With the exception of the allegations in paragraph 47 of the complaint,

which we have previously addressed, and except for the following brief

comments, we find plaintiffs' arguments without sufficient merit to warrant

further discussion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).

      People who have "thrust themselves 'into the vortex of [a] public issue,'

or who ha[ve] 'engage[d] the public's attention in an attempt to influence its

outcome,'" are limited public figures. Barasch v. Soho Weekly News, Inc., 208
N.J. Super. 163, 170 (App. Div. 1986) (quoting Gertz v. Welch, 418 U.S. 323,

352 (1974)). Moreover, "once a person becomes a public figure in connection

with a particular controversy, that person remains a public figure thereafter for

purposes of later commentary or treatment of that controversy." Berkery v.

Kinney, 397 N.J. Super. 222, 228 (App. Div. 2007) (quoting Street v. National

Broadcasting Co., 645 F.2d 1227, 1235 (6th Cir. 1981)).

      Through his confrontational style, by the tone and manner of his discourse

at city council and board of education meetings, and through his internet

commentary, Bajardi quite clearly thrust himself into the vortex of Hoboken

political factionalism – including the disparate views of the incumbent mayor

and those with whom she was aligned on one side, and her challengers and those

                                                                         A-5668-14T4
                                      63
with whom they were aligned on the other. Indisputably, he engaged the public's

attention in an attempt to influence the public's views on political candidates,

political appointees, and the outcome of elections. Considering the scope of

issues subsumed within the broader views of political candidates, public

officeholders, including school board members, and office seekers, Bajardi's

argument    that   the   motion    judge      should   have   somehow     parsed,

compartmentalized, and segregated the issues on which defendants criticized

him after he withdrew from the political scene, is devoid of merit.

      Moreover, Bajardi does not specifically discuss any of the allegedly

defamatory comments and explain why they are not encompassed within the

views he previously advocated publicly or why they do not involve a matter of

public concern. See n.6, ante. Accordingly, except as discussed above, we

affirm the second pretrial judge's grant of summary judgment.

                                       III.

      We next address plaintiffs' arguments that the trial judge erred by granting

defendants' motion for judgment at trial. They first argue the trial judge erred

by accepting the second pretrial judge's decision on the September motions that

Bajardi was a limited purpose public figure and that the allegedly defamatory

statements involved matters of public concern. We reject these arguments for

                                                                          A-5668-14T4
                                      64
the reasons we explained in part II of this opinion.10

      Alternatively, plaintiffs argue that their evidence was sufficient to raise a

jury question as to whether defendants made the defamatory statements with

actual malice. With the exception of the allegations in paragraph 87, we reject

plaintiffs' arguments and affirm the dismissal, substantially for the reasons

expressed by the trial judge. We disagree that the defamation claim based on

paragraph 87 of the complaint should have been dismissed, and therefore we

address that claim.

      In granting defendants' motions for judgment under Rule 4:40-1 at the

close of Bajardi's case, the trial judge determined Bajardi had not presented

evidence that defendants' statements were wholly false, since the evidence

showed that Bajardi had actively engaged in Hoboken politics, and stolen emails

were ultimately found on his email account. Thus, defendants had a reasonable

basis for believing the truth of their statements. The judge also noted Bajardi's

failure to prove any damages through reputational injury or a negative impact

on his employment or otherwise, and held that he was not entitled to presumed

10
   Plaintiffs also argue the trial judge erred by precluding them from calling a
witness who purportedly would have testified he was the person who posted
under the screen names of prosbus and CuriousGal. Although we leave that
issue to the retrial judge's discretion, it is difficult to discern why such testimony
would not be relevant if defendants have a bona fide dispute to the contrary.
                                                                              A-5668-14T4
                                         65
damages "absent clear and convincing evidence of actual malice."

      Summarizing his ruling, the judge stated:

            In light of the foregoing reasons, it is evident that
            reasonable minds could not differ that plaintiffs'
            evidence, even with all reasonable inferences and
            without consideration to the weight, worth, nature or
            extent of the evidence, is simply insufficient to support
            a finding of actual malice or reputational injury. And,
            therefore, the plaintiffs' complaint is dismissed.

      Rule 4:40-1 authorizes a party to make a motion for judgment at the close

of the evidence offered by an opponent. Motions for judgment should be denied

if the evidence and all legitimate inferences that may be deduced from it could

sustain a judgment in favor of the opposing party.         Godfrey v. Princeton

Theological Seminary, 196 N.J. 178, 197 (2008); Zive v. Stanley Roberts, Inc.,

182 N.J. 436, 441-42 (2005); Verdicchio v. Ricca, 179 N.J. 1, 30 (2004); Dolson

v. Anastasia, 55 N.J. 2, 5-6 (1969). When reviewing a trial court's order granting

a motion for judgment at the close of an opponent's evidence, we apply the same

standard as the trial court. Smith v. Millville Rescue Squad, 225 N.J. 373, 397

(2016); ADS Assocs. Grp., Inc. v. Oritani Sav. Bank, 219 N.J. 496, 511 (2014).

We owe no deference to the trial court's rulings on issues of law. Manalapan

Realty, L.P. v. Twp. Comm. at Manalapan, 140 N.J. 366, 378 (1995).

      Paragraph 87 of the complaint identified the following post, which Pincus

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posted on February 3, 2012, in the comments section of an article posted on

galloway.patch.com:

            Bruce, the "39-year civil servant" is Al Arezzo, a
            former Construction Code official who 'allegedly'
            extorted people I know and is infamous in our city.
            Curious Gal (Kim Cardinal) is a hideous political
            operative whose husband has worked for years on the
            campaigns of a wealthy local Councilwoman named
            Beth Mason, yet Bajardi has NeveR appeared on a
            Mason an ELEC report-meaning perhaps lots of
            undeclared income to the IRS. Oops!

            . . . Mr. Bajardi, blogging here as VinVan has been
            questioned by the FBI, and is believed to be part of the
            criminal conspiracy to steal our mayor's e-mail and
            traffic[k]ing in confidential city information. A friend
            of Bajardi's named Patrick Ricciardi, has been arrested.
            More arrests will follow. Don't be surprised if you read
            about him in the paper. . . .

      This statement is defamatory because it falsely states Bajardi has been

questioned by the FBI and alleges, although couched in terms of "it is believed,"

that Bajardi is involved in specific criminal acts.

      At trial, Bajardi and Ricciardi testified that Bajardi was not involved in

Ricciardi's theft of the mayor's emails, and Bajardi testified that he was never

questioned by the FBI about any matter. Pincus admitted that she had not

performed any research to support the truthfulness of her accusation. She also

admitted that when she wrote the comment she had no knowledge of Bajardi

                                                                         A-5668-14T4
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having been questioned by the FBI, or of his having been involved in the theft

of emails. From that testimony, the jury could have concluded Pincus simply

fabricated the accusations.

      In addition, in dismissing Bajardi's claim based on paragraph 87, the trial

judge based his decision in part on his belief that "evidence of stolen e-mails

subject of the FBI investigation . . . were present on Mr. Bajardi's e-mail

account." The judge's belief was not supported by the record and the conclusion

he drew from it was contrary to the standard of review.

      During the trial, defendants attempted to prove this allegation based on

emails found on Bajardi's email account during discovery – substantially after

Pincus had written her allegedly defamatory statement. She could not have

relied on them when she made the false allegations.        Moreover, Ricciardi

testified that the emails on Bajardi's account were not ones he had stolen, and

Bajardi denied any awareness of the emails until they were produced in

discovery. Thus, the standard of review under Rule 4:40-1 required the judge

to accept the testimony of both Bajardi and Ricciardi. Had he done so, he would

not have made his mistaken assumption.

      This evidentiary record was sufficient to prove actual malice. Pincus's

claim that Bajardi had been questioned by the FBI, and her assertion

                                                                         A-5668-14T4
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immediately following that false statement, in the same sentence, that it was

believed he was part of a conspiracy to steal the mayor's emails, had no basis in

fact. The jury could have concluded the statements were "fabricated by the

defendant, . . . the product of [her] imagination, or . . . based wholly on an

unverified anonymous [source]." Durando v. Nutley Sun, 209 N.J. 235, 252

(2012). These facts would satisfy the actual malice standard even in the face of

an allegation of good faith. Ibid. Thus, the trial judge should have denied

defendants' motion on this claim.

      Plaintiffs also claim the judge erroneously determined that Bajardi's claim

failed because he had failed to prove actual damages. We do not interpret the

judge's explanation as so holding. Rather, the judge appeared to have made his

observation about damages in the context of his determination that Bajardi had

not proved actual malice. On retrial, if the jurors conclude Pincus made the

defamatory statements with actual malice, Bajardi can recover nominal damages

in the absence of proof of actual damages.        W.J.A., 210 N.J. at 240-41;

Restatement (Second) of Torts § 620, cmt. c.

                                      IV.

      Last, we address plaintiffs' and their attorneys' challenges to the

imposition of frivolous claim fees and sanctions. Plaintiffs argue that sanctions

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were unwarranted because they had a good faith basis to pursue their claims,

their claims were legally complex, they relied upon counsel to evaluate the

merits of their claims, and several of their claims survived multiple summary

judgment motions and motions to dismiss, with numerous judges deeming the

claims sufficient to proceed to trial. Plaintiffs further contend that as a matter

of procedure, defense counsel's letters under N.J.S.A. 2A:15-59.1 were

insufficient because they did not set forth the legal basis upon which the suit

was ultimately dismissed.

      Plaintiffs' respective counsel, Gibson and Cohen, insist they reasonably

believed the complaint had merit. Like plaintiffs, they emphasize the claims

survived multiple dispositive motions. They, too, contend the trial judge erred

by concluding as part of the basis for his decision that plaintiffs were required

to prove actual damages. Cohen adds that as a matter of procedure, Heyer's

motion for sanctions should have been denied because he, Cohen, never received

Heyer's counsel's "safe harbor" letter.

      Defendants respond that plaintiffs' complaint was filed not in good faith,

but rather to harass defendants and chill their First Amendment right to free

speech. They discount the denial, in whole or in part, by the two pretrial judges

of their multiple motions to dismiss the complaint for failure to state a cause of

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action and for summary judgment. Defendants accuse plaintiffs of filing the

complaint and pursuing it in the absence of any evidence of either malice on

defendants' part or damage to their reputations.        Defendants also dispute

plaintiffs relied on the advice of their attorneys in pursuing the defamation

action, claiming instead that plaintiffs pursued the action for political motives.

      Defendants also argue that plaintiffs' attorneys knew the action had no

merit, because no proof existed of either malice on the part of defendants or

reputational damage to plaintiffs. Defendants accuse the attorneys of, among

other improprieties, making misrepresentations to the court.

      In short, defendants argue the trial judge's award of fees and imposition

of sanctions are amply supported by the record and a proper exercise of

discretion.

      Following the dismissal of the case at trial, the trial judge granted

defendants' motions for counsel fees and sanctions. The court ordered Gibson

to pay sanctions to the court in the amount of $1000 for violating Rule 1:4-

8(a)(1), (2), and (3), and Cohen to pay sanctions to the court in the amount of

$2000, for violating Rule 1:4-8(a)(1), (2), and (3). The court also ordered

plaintiffs to pay the following: $26,033 to Pincus; $22,687 to Brice; $225,757

to Heyer; and $2200 to Heyer and the ten screen name defendants.

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      In his written opinion, the judge first concluded that the Rule 1:4-8 letters

sent by defense counsel were sufficient to satisfy the procedural requirements

of Rule 1:4-8 and N.J.S.A. 2A:15-59.1. The judge also found that counsel's

certifications complied with R.P.C. 1.5(a).

      Addressing the substantive requirements for fees and sanctions, and

concluding that plaintiffs' complaint was frivolous, the trial judge noted

plaintiffs' complaint was pled in a "shotgun approach," the majority of plaintiffs'

claims were dismissed on summary judgment, and the few claims that survived

ultimately were not supported by proof of actual malice or actual damages. The

judge assailed plaintiffs' motives in pursing the litigation, stating:

             The Bajardis did not simply rely on their attorney's
             review of the documentation and interpretation of the
             law when pursuing their claim to collect on a judgment.
             Rather, this Court finds that Plaintiffs were limited
             public figures who manipulated their attorney to
             perpetrate and perpetuate a SLAPP-suit disguised as a
             defamation case involving weighty issues of
             constitutionally protected First Amendment political
             free speech.

      Ultimately, the judge concluded that defendants were entitled to an award

of counsel fees under N.J.S.A. 2A:15-59.1, due to plaintiffs' pursuit of frivolous

litigation. He particularly noted plaintiffs' failure to prove economic damages,

stating:

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              In this case, the heart of Plaintiffs' claims were
              economic and reputational damage. Plaintiffs' [sic]
              here did not simply rely on advice of counsel when
              bringing their claims. This is not a case where the
              attorney evaluated a basis for a claim in the law.
              Rather, it is a situation where the clients represented to
              the attorney that they suffered reputational and
              pecuniary damage – something that is particularly
              within their own purview to assess.              Plaintiffs
              represented to their counsel that damages existed as a
              result of the alleged defamatory conduct. No proof of
              damages was ever presented. . . .

      The judge also determined plaintiffs were not "forthcoming" with their

counsel "as to the extent of their political involvement both on the internet and

in person."     According to the judge, "[p]laintiffs acted in bad faith and

continually pursued claims with no basis in fact, while misrepresenting the facts

to their counsel and to the Court. Plaintiffs' conduct throughout this case at a

minimum demonstrates bad faith, and approaches a fraud upon the Court."

Thus, the judge found that "the Bajardis' claims were frivolous, were pursued in

bad faith, and with the purpose of harassment, delay, and malicious injury, in

violation of N.J.S.A. 2A:15-59.1."

      Regarding Gibson, the judge concluded that he "failed to conduct a

reasonable inquiry under the circumstances, and failed to withdraw or correct

Plaintiffs' claims when a reasonable inquiry would have required [him] to do

so," and therefore he "prosecuted claims which [he] knew or should have known

                                                                            A-5668-14T4
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had no factual or legal basis." The judge noted facts about which Gibson should

have been aware, particularly, plaintiffs' inability to establish any economic or

pecuniary harm resulting from the alleged defamation, and Bajardi's insertion of

himself into public discourse. Accordingly, the judge concluded that Gibson

asserted frivolous claims on behalf of plaintiffs in violation of Rule 1:4-8(a)(1),

(2), and (3), warranting sanctions.

      Regarding Cohen, the judge concluded that he "failed to conduct a

reasonable investigation under the circumstances." The judge noted plaintiffs'

inability to prove any economic harm or pecuniary injury, verification of which

would have required "minimal effort by Cohen, and could have been

accomplished by a single discussion with his clients and a cursory review of

their financial records."

      The judge added:

            Not until the court heard oral argument on these
            motions for sanctions and attorney's fees did Cohen, for
            the first time, argue that he intended only to pursue the
            defamation per se claims. This was a belated attempt
            to explain why he possessed no facts regarding
            pecuniary or reputational damages, and why none were
            ever presented. This was also contrary to the prior
            representations and conduct of Cohen up until this point
            in time. Cohen and Gibson both argued to the Court
            that actual damage existed and would be proven. In
            cases where only defamation per se is pursued,

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             attorneys generally indicate as much to the Court and
             the other parties. . . .

       This statement was incorrect. Cohen advised the court at trial that Bajardi

was attempting to prove defamation per se, and was seeking only presumed,

nominal damages, as opposed to actual, pecuniary damages.

       The judge nonetheless faulted Cohen for failing to withdraw the complaint

and concede before trial that he had no evidence to prove actual malice. The

judge thus concluded that Cohen asserted frivolous claims on behalf of plaintiffs

in violation of Rule 1:4-8(a)(1), (2), and (3), warranting sanctions.

       We review an award of sanctions and counsel fees for an abuse of

discretion. Occhifinto v. Olivo Constr. Co., 221 N.J. 443, 453 (2015); Ferolito

v. Park Hill Ass'n, 408 N.J. Super. 401, 407 (App. Div. 2009); United Hearts,

LLC v. Zahabian, 407 N.J. Super. 379, 390 (App. Div. 2009). "Reversal is

warranted when 'the discretionary act was not premised upon consideration of

all relevant factors, was based upon consideration of irrelevant or inappropriate

factors, or amounts to a clear error in judgment.'" Ferolito, 408 N.J. Super. at

407 (quoting Masone v. Levine, 382 N.J. Super. 181, 193 (App. Div. 2005)).

We review a trial court's legal conclusions de novo.      Occhifinto, 221 N.J. at

453.

       New Jersey follows the American Rule, which prohibits the recovery of

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counsel fees by a prevailing party against the losing party. Id. at 449; In re

Estate of Vayda, 184 N.J. 115, 120 (2005); In re Niles Tr., 176 N.J. 282, 294

(2003). The purposes behind the American Rule include providing unrestricted

access to the courts by all persons, ensuring equity and not penalizing a party

for exercising his or her right to litigate a dispute, and administrative

convenience. Occhifinto, 221 N.J. at 450; In re Estate of Vayda, 184 N.J. at

120; In re Niles Tr., 176 N.J. at 294. Thus, as a general matter, our courts

"disfavor[] the shifting of attorneys' fees." Litton Indus., Inc. v. IMO Indus.,

Inc., 200 N.J. 372, 385 (2009); In re Niles Trust, 176 N.J. at 293-94. Prevailing

parties may recover fees only if expressly permitted under statute, court rule, or

contract. Litton, 200 N.J. at 385. See also R. 4:42-9(a).

      Here, the relevant statute and Court Rule are N.J.S.A. 2A:15-59.1 and

Rule 1:4-8, which permit a trial court to award sanctions and counsel fees for

the pursuit of frivolous lawsuits. Specifically, N.J.S.A. 2A:15-59.1 provides, in

pertinent part:

             a. (1) A party who prevails in a civil action, either as
             plaintiff or defendant, against any other party may be
             awarded all reasonable litigation costs and reasonable
             attorney fees, if the judge finds at any time during the
             proceedings or upon judgment that a complaint,
             counterclaim, cross-claim or defense of the
             nonprevailing person was frivolous.

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                    ....

            b. In order to find that a complaint . . . of the
            nonprevailing party was frivolous, the judge shall find
            on the basis of the pleadings, discovery, or the evidence
            presented that either:

            (1) The complaint . . . was commenced, used or
            continued in bad faith, solely for the purpose of
            harassment, delay or malicious injury; or

            (2) The nonprevailing party knew, or should have
            known, that the complaint . . . was without any
            reasonable basis in law or equity and could not be
            supported by a good faith argument for an extension,
            modification or reversal of existing law.

      Rule 1:4-8 allows for sanctions against attorneys who submit pleadings

that are presented for an improper purpose, such as harassment of the opposing

party, or are not supported by evidence, or by existing law, a non-frivolous

argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law, or the

establishment of new law.

      A motion for sanctions under Rule 1:4-8, and for counsel fees and costs

under N.J.S.A. 2A:15-59.1, must follow the procedures set forth at Rule 1:4-

8(b), as follows:

            An application for sanctions under this rule shall be by
            motion made separately from other applications and
            shall describe the specific conduct alleged to have
            violated this rule. No such motion shall be filed unless
            it includes a certification that the applicant served

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                                      77
              written notice and demand pursuant to R. 1:5-2 to the
              attorney or pro se party who signed or filed the paper
              objected to. The certification shall have annexed a
              copy of that notice and demand, which shall (i) state
              that the paper is believed to violate the provisions of
              this rule, (ii) set forth the basis for that belief with
              specificity, (iii) include a demand that the paper be
              withdrawn, and (iv) give notice, except as otherwise
              provided herein, that an application for sanctions will
              be made within a reasonable time thereafter if the
              offending paper is not withdrawn within 28 days of
              service of the written demand. . . . The certification
              shall also certify that the paper objected to has not been
              withdrawn or corrected within the appropriate time
              period provided herein following service of the written
              notice and demand.

              No motion shall be filed if the paper objected to has
              been withdrawn or corrected within 28 days of service
              of the notice and demand or within such other time
              period as provided herein.

See State v. Franklin Sav. Account No. 2067, 389 N.J. Super. 272, 281 (App.

Div. 2006).

      N.J.S.A. 2A:15-59.1 serves the dual purposes of deterring frivolous

litigation and reimbursing victimized parties. Toll Bros. v. Twp. of W. Windsor,

190 N.J. 61, 67 (2007).       Nevertheless, courts should exercise restraint in

awarding frivolous litigation sanctions. McDaniel v. Man Wai Lee, 419 N.J.

Super. 482, 499 (App. Div. 2011) ("Sanctions are not to be issued lightly[.]").

The goal of the statute is to "deter baseless litigation," but "without discouraging

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honest, creative advocacy," and "keep[ing] in mind our significant policy that

litigants should usually bear their own litigation costs." DeBrango v. Summit

Bancorp, 328 N.J. Super. 219, 226-27 (App. Div. 2000). Accord Iannone v.

McHale, 245 N.J. Super. 17, 26-28 (App. Div. 1990).

      In this vein, "[t]he nature of conduct warranting sanction under Rule 1:4-

8 has been strictly construed," First Atlantic Federal Credit Union v. Perez, 391
N.J. Super. 419, 432 (App. Div. 2007), and the term "frivolous" has been given

a restrictive meaning, McKeown-Brand v. Trump Castle Hotel & Casino, 132
N.J. 546, 561 (1993).     "Sanctions for frivolous litigation are not imposed

because a party is wrong about the law and loses his or her case." Tagayun v.

AmeriChoice of N.J., Inc., 446 N.J. Super. 570, 580 (App. Div. 2016). Rather,

"[a] claim will be deemed frivolous or groundless [only] when no rational

argument can be advanced in its support, when it is not supported by any credible

evidence, when a reasonable person could not have expected its success, or when

it is completely untenable." Belfer v. Merling, 322 N.J. Super. 124, 144 (App.

Div. 1999).

      Moreover, clients are entitled to rely upon their attorneys for an analysis

of the merits of their case. "[A] client who relies in good faith on the advice of

counsel cannot be found to have known that his or her claim or defense was

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baseless." McKeown-Brand, 132 N.J. at 558. "Although the advice of counsel

will not necessarily provide a defense to a bad-faith litigant, in many cases, it

may constitute an adequate explanation for the assertion of a claim or defense."

Id. at 559.

      In addition, "[f]alse allegations of fact will not justify a fee award unless

they are made in bad faith, for the purpose of harassment, delay, or malicious

injury." Belfer, 322 N.J. Super. at 144. "When the plaintiff's conduct bespeaks

an honest attempt to press a perceived, though ill-founded and perhaps

misguided, claim, he or she should not be found to have acted in bad faith." Id.

at 144-45. See also DeBrango, 328 N.J. Super. at 227 (holding that counsel fee

sanction not warranted where plaintiff had reasonable good faith belief in merits

of claim); Ellison v. Evergreen Cemetery, 266 N.J. Super. 74, 86 (App. Div.

1993) ("The most that can be said is that plaintiffs were perhaps overly

optimistic in seeking a remedy, but this does not mean that the litigation was

essentially frivolous.").

      Significantly,

              a pleading will not be considered frivolous for purposes
              of imposing sanctions under Rule 1:4-8 unless the
              pleading as a whole is frivolous. Sanctions are not
              warranted if an attorney has a reasonable and good faith
              belief in the claims being asserted. In our judgment, a
              pleading cannot be deemed frivolous as a whole nor can

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            an attorney be deemed to have litigated a matter in bad
            faith where, as in this case, the trial court denies
            summary judgment on at least one count in the
            complaint and allows the matter to proceed to trial.

            [United Hearts, 407 N.J. Super. at 394.]

Accord In re Estate of Ehrlich, 427 N.J. Super. 64, 77 (App. Div. 2012), certif.

denied, 213 N.J. 46 (2013). Conversely, "a grant of a motion for summary

judgment in favor of a defendant, without more, does not support a finding that

the plaintiff filed or pursued the claim in bad faith." Ferolito, 408 N.J. Super.

at 408.

      Contrary to the trial court's assessment of the complaint and plaintiffs'

claims, they were not such that no rational argument could be advanced in their

support and they were not completely untenable. Belfer, 322 N.J. Super. at 144.

The legal issues raised by the complaint were complicated, and reasonable

minds could differ as to the merit of plaintiffs' defamation claims, as evidenced

by decisions of three judges who considered them on multiple pretrial

dispositive motions. Several of plaintiffs' defamation claims survived the

numerous dispositive motions, notwithstanding precedent that encourages early

dismissal of frivolous defamation cases. Durando, 209 N.J. at 254.

      Significantly, with the exception of two claims dismissed as time-barred,

defendants made every allegedly defamatory statement identified in the

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complaint after Bajardi had ceased his participation in Hoboken politics and

civic affairs and had stopped posting on such subjects.           Every allegedly

defamatory statement defendants based on postings by prosbus and CuriousGal

were falsely attributed to plaintiffs. Each defendant made at least one statement

about plaintiffs that fell within the category of defamation per se. And plaintiffs'

claims that defendants acted with malice as to those claims alleging Bajardi was

involved in criminal wrongdoing, and as to Pincus's email to his employer, were

not completely untenable.

      The trial judge erred as a matter of law when he concluded that the

defamation claims were frivolous because Bajardi could not prove pecuniary

damages. As previously discussed, had Bajardi proved actual malice, he was

entitled to seek nominal damages. W.J.A., 210 N.J. at 240-41; Restatement

(Second) of Torts § 620, cmt. c.

      The trial judge also misunderstood the record, believing Bajardi only

indicated after trial, at the time of the sanctions motion, that he had been seeking

only nominal damages. In contrast, the record reflects that plaintiffs' counsel

made that representation to the court at trial.

      The court also erred by awarding $2200 in counsel fees to "ten of the

screen name [d]efendants and Heyer, together." R. 4:26-4. Judgment may not

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be taken against fictitious defendants. Ibid.; Stegmeier v. St. Elizabeth Hosp.,

239 N.J. Super. 475, 485 (App. Div. 1990).

      For the foregoing reasons, we vacate the award of counsel fees and remand

the matter to the trial court for entry of judgment in the amounts of fees paid to

date, if any.

                                       V.

      To summarize, we reverse the summary judgment motion dismissing the

claim set forth in paragraph 47 of the complaint and remand that claim for

further proceedings. We reverse the judgment at trial dismissing the claim set

forth in paragraph 87 of the complaint and remand that claim for trial. Last, we

vacate the award of counsel fees and sanctions. To the extent we have not

specifically addressed some of the parties' arguments, we have found them to be

without sufficient merit to warrant discussion. R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).

      Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for further proceedings

consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.

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                                  Appendix A1
¶in
Complaint

18             On June 8, 2011, Pincus               posted    the    following      on
               grafixavenger.blogspot.com:

               GA thinks that Bajardi's egotism may have him believing he can
               outsmart the F.B.I. A friend told me I was nuts, he'd never be that
               stupid. But we both agreed that Mason would throw him under the
               bus in a nanosecond if it would shield her from prosecution in the
               F.B.I.'s developing criminal case. Is that what he's doing to her now
               in an F.B.I. interrogation room? Cutting his losses, trying to save his
               own skin? Or has he woven some elaborate, nutty story with Zimmer
               at the epicenter?... it depends on what the birdie sings.

22             On June 16, 2011, Pincus               posted   the    following      on
               grafixavenger.blogspot.com:

               Lane Bajardi let out of his holding cell in Newark, all wired-up and
               no place to go- was there last night, dapper in a dark suit, excited to
               see me. So Excited he told the handsome, young gentlemen next to
               him who I was. That young man then stood up and snapped pic after
               pic of me with his cell phone from his side of the gallery…. Nothing
               I do is personal. Or intentionally cruel. (Except for Mason and
               Bajardi- and I freely admit it).

25             On June 11, 2011, Pincus               posted   the    following      on
               grafixavenger.blogspot.com:

               Ricky Mason, as the Mason campaign Treasurer, should furnish
               copies of these checks to ELEC along with a list of street money
               recipients to correspond with those check numbers. And he should

 1
   We have not corrected any typographical errors or misspellings in the blogs
 as reproduced in the complaint.
                                                                           A-5668-14T4
                                        1
     explain why the coterie of Mason political operatives that
     (presumably) should be on her ELECs are NOT: Lane Bajardi.. How
     did they get paid?

28   On August 15, 2011, Pincus posted the following on the
     grafixavenger.blogspot.com:

     Dear FBI,
     How've you been? Sorry you haven't heard from me in a while. No,
     I'm not mad at you, I was on vacation. Have you had one this
     summer? Remember to bring your sunblock – 35 spf or higher. Do
     you burn or tan?

     Listen I head you're hiring people from HOBOKEN.

     That's ME! I know what you do and it looks like fun. I used to watch
     you on Kojak. Or was it Baretta? Hey, did that bird ever crap on your
     shoulder? I remember when Bush Jr. got crapped on at a Rose
     Garden press conference. Funniest thing I ever saw.
     Back to the subject. I want you to hire ME. That's right.

     I think I'd do a GREAT job. First of all, I've always wanted to shoot
     someone. I'd get a gun, right? Well I'd definitely use it. A lot. Maybe
     everyday. Bang, bang! Take that! Only do I ask questions first
     THEN shoot? Or shoot FIRST and ask questions later? I guess it's
     in the manual, rigt?

     And I have a whole list of people to arrest… all within walking
     distance! One's on upper Hudson, another's on Park, one lives above
     a Pet Shop… I'm telling you, I'll just walk over at 6am and knock on
     their doors. And if they don't answer right away, I'll take out my gun
     and shoot the door knob (I get a gun, right?) And if they resist, I'll
     apply the Vulcan Death Grip- one squeeze and they're down.

     So what do you think? I've got the goods right? As soon as we seal
     the deal I can start arresting. Look, I didn't want to hurt your
     feelings, but you're just taking TOO long. I'll get the job done in a
     jiffy.

                                                                 A-5668-14T4
                              2
     Then after the Paddy wagon takes off to Newark, how about we grab
     that falafel at Mamoun's? Do you like yours with hot sauce?

     Sincerely,
     Agent Grafix Avenger (sounds good)

31   On August 15, 2011, Pincus              posted   the   following     on
     grafixavenger.blogspot.com:

     City Council regular for years, Beth Mason operative Lane Bajardi-
     famous for choreographed City Council performances coordinated
     with self-authored hit pieces in Hoboken411.com and scripted
     Mason outrage-has been MIA at public meetings. Severed from
     Hoboken411.com and neutered at the City Council, Bajardi has been
     lashing out on Patch and Hudson Reporter forums. To boot, he's
     ditched his 'known' screen names, commenting under a variety of
     new ones, with rants as identifiable as a finger print . . . .

     Ha! It looks like I spoke too soon . . . the Mason checkbook seems
     to have flipped open to throw a certain cyber-slug a bone. Yes, he's
     published another putrid Bajardi screed.

     FBI, they're at it again.

     Persons-of-interest, enjoy the time you have left. Unshackled.

35   On November 7, 2011,            Brice   posted   the   following     on
     Hoboken.patch.com:

     Lane Bajardi is back. Still fighting for the corrupt and The Machine
     for his Beth Mason paycheck. Yawn.

     Same ole, same ole.

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38   On November 9, 2011, Pincus posted the following on
     grafixavenger.blogspot.com:

     Another point of note is the role of the "blogs" in the complaint,
     citing them as evidence of the political schism in Hoboken.

     GA believes this points to Hoboken411.com, Perry Klaussen and
     Lane Bajardi for their handling of leaked emails and other leaked
     materials as part of the conspiracy.

41   On December 23, 2011, Pincus posted the following on
     grafixavenger.blogspot.com:

     Then there's CuriousGal (Bajardi's Bridezilla) - who's NOT curious
     enough to know why her hubby's never appeared on a Mason ELEC
     or if that revenue stream has been reported to the I.R.S.

     GA's heard the I.R.S. has given cash rewards to those who report tax
     cheats. Maybe CuriousGal can get us the answer: How to Report
     Suspected Tax Fraud Activity:
     http://www.irs.gov/individuals/article/0,,id=106778,00.html
     I hear the I.R.S. is curious about unreported income.

     ...

     A real curious gal might want to know what happens to whose
     compensation for political campaign work goes unreported to the NJ
     Election Law Enforcement Commission and the I.R.S.

44   On January 13, 2012, Heyer, writing as ThisMeansWar, posted the
     following on hoboken.patch.com:

     Has it occurred to Lane Bajardi that he may be looking at hefty
     prison time? He has NEVER appeared in an ELEC report for Beth
     Mason or Tim Occhipinti. He appears in this midnight video for
     Occhipinti's campaign leaders. . . . Is he credited in Beth Mason's
     IRS filings?      Does he credit her in his tax forms?
     http://www.fbi.gov/news/videos/inside-the-fbis-internet-tip-line.

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47   On January 18, 2012, Pincus emailed the following to Lane's
     employer:

     Lane Bajardi is a hyper-partisan political operative who blogs under
     the screen name 'prosbus', and is now fomenting anti-Semitism in
     his latest effort to smear Hoboken's Jewish mayor, Dawn Zimmer.

     As a Jew, I am offended and disgusted by this. As a well-known
     political blogger in Hoboken, I will be asking my community to
     reject Mr. Bajardi and his hate-mongering. I don't think your
     advertisers will appreciate a voice on your airwaves actively
     engaged in spreading bigotry and intolerance in the Hoboken
     community.

       ...

     Here are (2) of Mr. Bajardi's posts attached, in case he has them
     deleted first[.]

52   On January 25, 2012, Pincus             posted   the   following      on
     grafixavenger.blogspot.com:

     But if the St. Patrick's Parade Committee fired the opening salvo, it's
     been taken to the bottom of the swamp in the anti-Semitic rantings
     of political operative Lane Bajardi.

     Bajardi posts as 'prosbus' on Patch; it's one of many screen names
     he uses. While GA mainly ignores the dreck that pours from him
     like a broken sewage pipe, his anti-Semitism can't be.

       ...

     That's why Bajardi needs to use the Dirty Jew strategy. He's got
     nothing else. So he's peddling hate and prejudice. He and his

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     buddies are saying the (Jewish) mayor and her allies are anti-
     Christian, anti-Irish, anti-Italian, anti-(name your ethnicity).

56   On January 25, 2012, Pincus            posted   the   following     on
     grafixavenger.blogspot.com:

     I had to laugh at the mournful post of Curious Gal, who does not
     deny being Kim Cardinal, the political operative wife of political
     operative Lane Bajardi (who has not denied posting as prosbus . . .

     Mr. and Mrs. Melanoma, defenders of corruption, haters of the
     clean, progressive Kids First Majority School Board.

59   On January 27, 2012,         Pincus    posted   the   following     on
     hoboken.patch.com:

     Curious Kim Cardinal and gettheledout44 Bajardi. . . trashing the
     public schools has become your full-time occupation, hasn't it? Have
     the Russos adopted you yet? You are so protective of their buddy
     Al Arezzo. It's heartwarming how you care about Arezzo, but attack
     our public schools that your own child may be using in a year or two.
     What kind of parents are you? Trying to drive families away from
     public schools by trashing them 24/7. You could care less about
     your own kid, future public school student? Your hared [sic] of the
     mayor is more important than him. You 2 suck as parents.
     Somebody call DYFUS. [sic] The kid would be better off being
     raised by wolves. Poor thing.

62   On January 27, 2012,         Pincus    posted   the   following     on
     hoboken.patch.com:

     This Curious Cardinal MOTHER hates the mayor more than she
     looks out for the welfare of her own child. gettheledout44 Bajardi
     would rather trash the schools than support them for the sake of his
     young child. They suck as parents. Neither of these 2 nitwits,
     blogging for poor Al Arezzo, give a damn about our schools. They

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     should adopt Al Arezzo and change their last names to Russo. Their
     poor kid. Won't somebody call DYFUS? [sic] He'd be better off
     being raised by wolves.

65   On January 27, 2012,          Pincus    posted   the   following      on
     hoboken.patch.com:

     Certainly, Curious Kim Cardinal, I'd be delighted. It'll only cost you
     $1/word. Have one of your pimps write a check. But please, no
     bouncy ones. In fact, it has to clear before I post for you, since you
     are known to shill for criminals. Now, getting back to the subject,
     what kind of mother trashes her school district 24/7 for political
     patrons? You are a lousy parent. You have no interest in the school
     system in your child's community. A true disgrace. He'd be better
     off being raised by wolves.
68   On January 27, 2012, an unnamed defendant posted on
     hoboken.patch.com:

     Well, have we just witnessed a confirmation by the shrew of the
     house that Curiousasshat and Pussface and their multiple [sic]
     mutations are in fact that uber employment challenged and not
     appearing on any ELECc [sic] reports couple Kim and Lane Bajardi?

71   On January 29, 2012,          Pincus    posted   the   following      on
     hoboken.patch.com:

     Kim Arezzo Cardinal Russo. You've made anything you and hubby
     have to say irrelevant with your defense of the '39 year civil servant'
     (Arezzo) and denial of past BoE corruption. You and hubby lack
     normal parental instincts, hating the mayor is more important than
     supporting the public school system for your own son. Somebody
     call DYFUS. He'd be better off being raised by wolves

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74   On January 29, 2012,         Pincus    posted   the   following     on
     hoboken.patch.com:

     Let's see you and hubby run for the School Board, or volunteer in
     the schools, or run events like Minutillo, then you can bitch all you
     like. In other words, get off your nasty ass and do something for our
     community. Turning tricks for politicos may satisfy your ego, but
     you aint helping your kid. You're a miserable mother, attacking our
     schools for political masters. The kid would do better raised by
     wolves.

77   On January 30, 2012, Pincus            posted   the   following     on
     grafixavenger.blogspot.com:

     hey GA, this smokestack on L*** Baj*rdi’s penthouse apartment is
     a recent addition, maybe a couple of years old. . . . is this legal?

     ...

     Gee reader, this kind of thing is not my expertise. That would be
     the purview of the Construction Office.

     And if this is several years old, GA believes the person who would
     have been inspected and approved smokestack is the Construction
     Code Official. That would be . . . Al Arezzo.

     Curious Gal, anti-Zimmer operative, is a big Al Arezzo fan.

     I bring that up because she is believed to be Kim Cardinal (has never
     denied it) the wife of 'prosbus' – believed to be Lane Bajardi (has
     never denied it). Take a look, in this Patch comment; she calls
     Arezzo a "knight" and "shamefully treated" and a victim of "bully
     tactics".

     ....
     And hubby 'prosbus' is a big Arezzo fan, too; calls Arezzo’s
     termination "unlawful".

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     ....

     My goodness, WHAT could inspire SUCH loyalty to the former
     Construction Code official? Hmm. . .

     I have no idea.

     As for that smokestack, reader I think you need to contact the
     Construction Office: Hours: M – F, 9 am – 4 pm, tel: (201) 420-
     2066.

     The Acting Construction official is Thomas Shannon. He’s got to
     know this like the back of his hand.

     ....

     Does that smokestack look like its 4 feet below the window?

     Really, one can't tell from a photograph. Maybe prosbus or Curious
     Gal can measure it for us?

81   On February 3, 2012, Heyer, writing as ThisMeansWar, posted the
     following on galloway.patch.com:

     VinVan, Prosbus, Curiousgal (and other names they may use as the
     night goes on) are the husband and wife PAID OPERATIVE team
     of Lane Bajardi and Kim Cardinal. Bajardi and Cardinal are
     extremely closely aligned with (PAID BY) the political machine in
     Hoboken. You can rather quickly and easily verify that yourselves.
     . . . You may recall from FBI surveillance tapes where [Russo]
     accepted a bribe from Solomon Dwek and told Dwek to make it out
     to RussoForHoboken. Bajardi and Cardinal have spent many an
     hour defending Mr Russo's behavior. . . . Ms Mason is the exceeding
     wealthy bankroller of smear campaigns against political enemies
     (many of which were penned by Mr Bajardi). . . . She has spent
     millions in her own (husband's) money in a failed quest to get elected

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     mayor (much to the chagrin of Mr Bajardi who would have been her
     Public Information Officer). . . .

84   On February 3, 2012,          Pincus    posted   the   following      on
     galloway.patch.com:

     I live in Hoboken. We have a sickness living amongst us- his name
     is Lane Bajardi and his wife is Kim Cardinal. Here they are posting
     as: VinVan, Curious Gal, prosbus, OutofControl. Both of them
     work in the media- Bajardi is an anchor with 1010WINS radio. They
     are very sick people-Bajardi was actually arrested for assaulting a
     local blogger and stealing his camera. . . These two run smear
     campaigns on anyone affiliated with Mayor Dawn Zimmer. And
     they are sick people. Undiagnosed, with serious personality
     disorders. I was no surprised to find out that they were smearing
     Ach Liston, and EXCEPTIONAL Business Administrator. Do your
     best to ignore these 2- we call them Mr. and Mrs. Melanoma. I'm a
     blogger and political activists, and also a frequent target of these 2
     malevolent creatures.         Do contact me with questions:
     grafixavenger666@gmail.com http://grafixavenger.blogspot.com/.

87   On February 3, 2012,          Pincus    posted   the   following      on
     galloway.patch.com:

     Curious Gal (Kim Cardinal) is a hideous political operative whose
     husband has worked for years on the campaigns of a wealthy local
     Councilwoman named Beth Mason. , yet Bajardi has NeveR
     appeared on a Mason an ELEC report-meaning perhaps lots of
     undeclared income to the IRS. Oops!

     . . . Mr. Bajardi, blogging here as VinVan has been questioned by
     the FBI, and is believed to be part of the criminal conspiracy to steal
     our mayor's e-mail and trafficing in confidential city information. A
     friend of Bajardi's named Patrick Ricciardi, has been arrested. More

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     arrests will follow. Don't be surprised if you read about him in the
     paper. . . .

90   On February 11, 2012, an unnamed defendant posted on
     grafixavenger.blogspot.com:

     Every few minutes Kim Cardinal pokes her head of the bunker and
     runs up the flag for her doomed campaign of lies an [sic]
     misdirection. She immediately gets buried in an artillery barrage of
     easily verified facts and figures. Only by standing up and saying 'my
     side is lying' could she be having a worse net impact. Is there any
     chance she comprehends that? OR that the people who are paying
     for this nonsense 'get it'?

93   On March 2, 2012, Heyer, writing as ThisMeansWar, posted the
     following on hoboken.patch.com:

     Well it looks like Prosbus-hq is back so it’s time for today’s PSA.
     PUBLIC SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENT Paid liar Lane Prosbus-hq
     . . Paid liar Kim CuriousGal . . . Additionally PAID LIAR Lane has
     a HISTORY of VIOLENCE and getting ARRESTED at BOE
     meetings . . . Don’t waste your time listening to PAID LIARS and
     THUGS.

96   On March 4, 2012, Heyer, writing as ThisMeansWar, posted the
     following on hoboken.patch.com:

     Now what about your child? Have either of you losers EVER
     thought about the damage you are doing to him? … But he will be
     the kid who is KNOWN the second he walks through the doors of
     ANY schools [sic] as the progeny of you two hateful people.
     Children are cruel. You are digging and [sic] awful hole for that
     child. Fairly or not he will be punished for the sins of the father. And
     mother. Stop thinking about how badly you want to hurt everyone

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                             11
      associated with Zimmerman and reform, and start thinking about
      how BADLY you are hurting your own child.

99    On March 12, 2012, Pincus               posted    the   following      on
      grafixavenger.blogspot.com:

      GA takes a special interest in one member of the trio: the 'on -air
      personality' who works for the AM radio station 1010WINS. The
      corporate owner of 1010WINS is CBS.

103   On March 16, 2012, Pincus               posted    the   following      on
      grafixavenger.blogspot.com:

      Guess WHO showed up to . . . umm . . . defend the person he's not
      supposed to be- at least according to the corporate owner of 1010
      WINS, CBS? Prosbus.

      …was Lane Bajardi unwittingly used to aid and abet the corruption
      of Hoboken's zoning adjustment authority or was he Cammarano's
      willing pitchman in his corruption?

      Now that we've discovered his alliance with Cammarano for control
      of the zoning adjustment authority (which Cammy sold to Dwek just
      days earlier) it puts Bajardi's lust for my seat in its proper
      perspective; ingratiating himself with corrupt and powerful
      individuals is what it's been about.

      Today, prosbus is in a bit of a bind. He can't 'defend' or 'explain' the
      actions of Lane Bajardi without stepping out from behind his screen
      name.

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106   On May 29, 2012, Heyer, writing as JackStop, posted the following
      on nj.com:

      http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-
      HJ2tPQHSFoE/T2NdUn8S77I/AAAAAAAACBI/KquYD6CgRc/s
      1600/cammarano+bajardi.jpg.       Future convicted felons Lane
      Bajardi & Kim Cardinal sucking up to soon-to-be convicted felon
      Peter Cammarano like a pair of remoras.

110   On June 8, 2012, Brice, writing as         hobokenhorse, posted the
      following on hoboken.patch.com:

      No matter what Beth Mason's other paid political operative Lane
      (prosbus/Madison Monroe/et al) Bajardi has to say about his fellow
      Mason paid political operative Matt Calicchio, the judge's comments
      speak for themselves even if the prosecutor lacked evidence for a
      conviction.

113   On June 13, 2012,           an   unnamed     defendant   posted     on
      hoboken.patch.com:

      Here's the problem, CuriousKim. You're trying to ruin the schools
      in Hoboken and live in Edgewater. Id on't care what it's called,
      cyber-bullying, hypocrisy, whatever – it's nasty. Perhaps you should
      stop. http://i46.tiny pic.com/zvvgqq.jpg."

117   Brice allegedly posted on Hobokenhorse.com plaintiffs moved from
      Hoboken to Edgewater.

118   On June 11, 2012,           Pincus   posted     the   following     on
      hoboken.patch.com:

      It appears I've hit a nerve with Curious Gal / Kim Cardinal. About
      hubby prosbus/Lane Bajardi never appearing on an ELEC report,
      and ALL of that unpaid tax-income you 2 may owe the IRS? Is the
      IRS a bully, too? How has Bajardi been paid all these years?

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                             13
      ...

      It looks like taxpayers were funding Mason's 501(3)(c) political
      operative employment agency. Are CG and prosbus on the 501(c)(3)
      dole, too? Is that why she's so angry now?

121   On June 23, 2012, Pincus               posted   the    following      on
      grafixavenger.blogspot.com:

      CONSPIRATOR B: The political operative who posts online under
      many different monikers, but mostly as Curious Gal and prosbus,
      and has never denied she is Kim Cardinal. Cardinal is the current
      (or former) wife of 1010WINS cabby-crooner Lane Bajardi.
      Cardinal has not denied she's moved out of Hoboken to a waterside
      development in Edgewater. Curious Kim has been the Energizer
      Bunny of this conspiracy to seed Patch with closed-session
      allegations- which cannot be debated or refuted because they are
      closed session. This is Cardinal's modus operandi-planting ugly
      rumors online, lies and spin, against those she perceives as 'enemies'.
      All disturbing, and in his case, her victim is an African American.
      The vigor and venom with which Curious Gal has pursued this
      individual    with     unethically-obtained      information     NOT
      AVAILABLE BY OPRA REQUEST suggests a very dark motive
      driving her animus toward this African American professional.

124   On July 18, 2012, an unnamed defendant posting as Napoleon
      Complex posted on hoboken.patch.com:

      I say Mayor Zimmer is responsible for driving Kim Cardinal to
      Edgewater and Little Lane B into hiding. Something most people
      look at as a HUGE positive for the town. 2 of the biggest POS's the
      town has ever encountered.

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127   On July 19, 2012, an unnamed defendant posting as Hoboken1653
      posted the following on hoboken.patch.com:

      I feel nothing but pity for CuriousGal Kim. Her marriage is in
      shambles and she is living in exile in Edgewater. Her husband once
      again took what he felt his allotted pizza was and left.

130   Alleges defendants posted defamatory comments concerning
      plaintiff as: Bet Mazin, KlaussenFluffer, InfotainMe, SmartyJones,
      Bludiamonds, JAM, Redrider765, plywood, davidd, ss1959, Hobbs,
      and Bob R.

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