Court Opinion

ID: 5457832
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-09 19:26:05.447679+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:32:44.572287
License: Public Domain

By the Court, Willard, J.
The allegation in the- reply that the injury was occasioned by the bad condition of the track of the road, whereby the plaintiff was hindered and delayed, is a departure from the cause of action set up in the complaint. In the complaint the injury is attributed to the negligence of the persons backing the engine and tender. No objection seems to have been taken on the trial, on this account. All the issues *377raised by the pleadings were tried, and the only questions growing out of the bill of exceptions arose from the rulings and charge of the learned judge. The charge of the judge was doubtless intended to instruct the jury that the defendants were bound to use the utmost care to avoid collision with a foot passenger, and were responsible for any injury occasioned by slight neglect. Such is obviously the scope of the charge; for he tells them that “ ordinary care is not enough to exonerate them from such liability,” and that proof of a collision affords presumptive evidence of culpable inattention, and casts “ upon the defendants the burthen of proving that they had exercised the utmost care.” If the learned judge was wrong in these instructions to the jury, there must be a new trial.
The argument by which the counsel for the plaintiff seeks to sustain the ruling at the circuit is based upon the supposed analogy of this case to that of the liability of a carrier of passengers, for an injury done to a passenger, by the upsetting of a coach, or the like. This latter liability rests on a different foundation from that of a carrier of goods, and the nature and extent of it were correctly expounded by the supreme court of the United States in Stokes v. Saltonstall, (13 Peters, 161.) The carrier of goods is answerable at all events except for the act of God, and the public enemy. But although he does not warrant the safety of the passengers, at all events, yet his undertaking and liability, as to them, say the court, go to this extent; that he, or his agents, shall possess competent skill; and that as far as human care and foresight can go he will transport them safely. This is the doctrine of all the cases and the elementary writers who have treated of the subject. (Christian v. Griggs, 2 Camp. N. P. 79, 80. The Camden and Amboy Railroad v. Burke, 3 Wend. 611. Story on Bailments, §§ 601, 2. Angell on the Law of Carriers, §§ 523, 568, 569. 2 Greenl. Ev. § 221.) It results from this rule that the onusprobandi is on the proprietor of the vehicle, to establish that there has been no disregard whatever of his duties, and that the damage has resulted from a cause which human care and foresight could not prevent. (See Angell on Carriers, § 569; Ware v. Gay, 11 Pick. 106.) *378But a passenger on board a stage coach or railroad car, and a person walking on foot in the street, do not stand in the same relation to the carrier. Towards the one the liability of the latter springs from a contract, express or implied, and upheld by an adequate consideration. Towards the other he is under no obligation but that of justice and humanity. While engaged in their lawful business, both are bound to use a degree of caution suited to the exigencies of the case; the one to avoid occasioning an injury, and the other to avoid receiving it. What that degree of caution is, which they are respectively bound to exercise, may be seen by a brief consideration of the degrees of care which the law exacts from persons engaged in the various pursuits of.life.
With regard to the degrees of care or diligence which are recognized in the law, Sir William Jones says, “ there are infinite shades, from the slightest momentary thought or transient glance of attention, to the most vigilant anxiety and solicitude.” (Jones on Bailment, 5, 6.) “ And in like manner there are infinite shades of default or neglect) from the slightest inattention or momentary absence of mind, to the most reprehensible supineness and stupidity; and these are the omissions of the before mentioned degrees of diligence, and are exactly correspondent with them.” (Ib. 7, 8. Story on Bailment, § 17.) It is not possible to mark the boundaries between the various degrees of care on the one hand, and neglect on the other, with the same precision that prevails in the exact sciences. Extremes on both sides are to be avoided. The diligence which the great mass of mankind exercise in their own affairs must be taken as the standard. The exacting of more or less diligence than the general standard, must depend on the circumstances of each particular case. In the civil law, there are three degrees of diligence; ordinary diligence, (diligentia ;) extraordinary diligence, (exactissima diligentia ;) and slight diligence, (levissima diligentia.) In like manner there are three degrees of fault or neglect; lata culpa, gross fault or neglect; levis culpa, ordinary fault or neglect ; levissima culpa, slight fault or neglect: and the definitions of these degrees are precisely the same with those in our law. *379(Story on Bailment, § 18. Id. § 11 to 17. Angell on Law of Carriers, § 10. Jones on Bailment, supra. 2 Kent's Com. 560 et seq.) Diligence is a relative term, and must be proportionate to the danger against which it is required to guard. More active vigilance is required to conduct a locomotive through I the streets of a populous town, than is necessary to guide a sled, I drawn by oxen, in an unfrequented place. The degree of ordi- / nary care implies a higher state of mental activity in the one / case than in the other. It demands more skill and science to ‘ guide a ship on the ocean, than a mud-scow in a harbor. And yet, in the performance of either duty, we may witness the sev- . eral degrees of care or neglect which we have been considering. E Where the law exacts ordinary care, in the performance of any , business, it has reference to the care which men of common ¡ prudence generally exercise in the same business, or that which ■ is the most analogous to it. It does not expect from the farrier . the delicate and skilful movements of the oculist. It judges each ' by the standard of his own profession. In saying that a farrier has been guilty of negligence in shoeing a horse, we do not judge him by the skill and dexterity which the most eminent surgeon would exert in some delicate operation upon the human frame, but we refer to that standard which all farriers would recognize as the criterion of ordinary skill and care in that profession. The same principles apply to engineers, engaged in the management of locomotives on our railroads. They must bring to the employment a skill and care adequate to the duty, having reference to speed and safety. These qualities / must be tested by a comparison with those of others engaged in the like occupation. The care and skill which the mass of engineers of common attainments exercise in their calling, constitute the ordinary skill and diligence by which the different degrees of diligence are to be measured, and by which the conduct of the engineer is to be governed. (See The Mayor of New- York v. Bailey, 2 Denio, 440, 441, per Chancellor Walworth, on the care requisite in different cases, &c.)
These considerations will enable us to examine the question whether the learned judge was right, in instructing the jury, *380that the defendants were bound to use the utmost care and diligence, and that ordinary care was not enough to exonerate them from such liability. If we view the case upon principle, the rule promulgated to the jury seems to be too rigorous. In general, the highest diligence is not exacted from any person, except when a compensation is paid for the service, or when the party injured was in the power and under the control of the defendant, as in the case of stage passengers; or the party officiously obtrudes his services upon another; or is the sole party deriving a benefit from the act; or the party occasioning the injury was in the wrong place, or engaged in an unlawful calling. If both parties stand on an equality as to the means of avoiding the accident, and both are engaged in a lawful employment, it is hard to conceive how more than ordinary diligence can be demanded. In the present case the defendants had as good a right to pass over their track, at the period in question, as the plaintiff to walk the streets, or to go over the cross walk. It is not pretended that the engine was backed down, at an unexpected moment. Ou the contrary, it was the usual hour for the departure of the cars, and the usual signals were given by ringing the bell. The public are, in general, cognizant of these hours, and prepared to expect the engine. The act of 1848, § 37, page 235, has prescribed the notice which the conductors of a locomotive must give, when approaching the place where the railroad shall cross any road or street. It requires the bell on the engine to be rung, at least eighty rods from the place of intersection, and to be kept ringing until it shall have crossed such road or street. This notice was given on the present occasion. This notice is doubtless more effective than would be a verbal notice along the track, or a proclamation from the engineer.
The rule announced in the charge is against the authority of adjudged cases. The liability for injuries to foot passengers, occasioned by a collision with carriages, or cars, or engines, is the same as that which arises in respect to a collision between two carriages meeting on the highway. In Boss v. Litton, (5 C. & Payne, 407,) the action was trespass for injuring the plain*381tiff, by driving a cart against him. It occurred at ten o’clock in the evening, when the defendant, who was driving a taxed cart, turned out from behind a post chaise and drove against the plaintiff and knocked him down. Lord Denman held that all persons had a right to walk in the road, and were entitled to the exercise of reasonable care' on the part of persons driving carriages along it. In Hawkins v. Cooper, (8 Car. & Payne, 473,) and Wolf v. Beard, (Id. 373,) the question arose upon the defendant’s liability for a collision with the plaintiff, a foot passenger ; and in neither case was it urged that the defendant was bound to use the utmost care.
It has been truly remarked that all persons have a right to walk in a public highway, if they observe reasonable care to avoid carriages; and they are entitled to the exercise of reasonable care on the part of persons driving carriages along it. (Angell on Law of Carriers, § 563.) Mr. Justice Story indeed says that persons driving carriages along the road are bound to exercise all possible diligence to avoid driving against foot passengers. (Story on Bailm. § 599, a.) He cites for this position Cotterill v. Starkey, (8 C. & P. 691,) which supports no such doctrine. That case turned partly upon the rule of pleading in trespass. The plea was not guilty, and that the injury was occasioned by the plaintiff’s own fault; on which issue was joined. Patterson, J. told the jury, that if in trespass a defendant means to say that the matter did not arise from his fault, that must be stated in a special plea. That as the issue was whether the accident was occasioned by the plaintiff’s own fault or not, it would be no defence, if the jury should think there was no fault at all. The defendant’s liability without negligence, is put upon the ground that under the pleadings the defendant’s liability was in effect conceded, if the jury should find that the injury was occasioned by the defendant, and the plaintiff was without fault. This case, therefore, affords no sanction for the rule that a party driving a carriage is bound to exercise all possible diligence to avoid a collision.
The defendants’ counsel requested the judge to charge, that if the jury believed from the evidence, that the plaintiff was guilty *382of negligence and imprudence, at the time of the occurrence, and that such negligence and imprudence contributed to the injury, she was not entitled to recover. The judge refused so to charge, and the defendants’ counsel excepted. It does not appear for what reason the judge refused to charge as requested. If there I was no evidence which warranted the prayer, he might well 'have refused for that reason. But the evidence that the plaintiff was intoxicated, at the time, bore directly upon that question ; making it a fair subject of inquiry whether the plaintiff’s attempt to cross the track, before the approaching locomotive, in defiance of the warning given by the bell, was not an act of rashness and fool-hardy presumption, which contributed to bring the injury upon herself. It is presumed, however, that the judge refused to charge as requested, from a belief that the law was otherwise. He had already told the jury, that if the defendants had been guilty of negligence, in not looking out for persons on the track, the plaintiff was entitled to recover, “ unless she, by her own negligence, caused the injury.” He was now asked to instruct them, “ that if her negligence and imprudence contribyted to the injury, she was not entitled to recover.” The judge, by refusing so to charge, gave the jury to understand, that there was a distinction between an act of the plaintiff which caused the injury, and one which contributed to it: and the effect of the charge and refusal was to instruct the jury, that in the first case the plaintiff could not recover, and that in the second she could. The refusal, therefore, to charge as requested, raises the most important point in the case, viz. whether, if the plaintiff’s own negligence and imprudence contributed to the injury, she was entitled to recover.
The general rule is, that in an action brought for damages occasioned by a collision between two carriages, and between a carriage and a foot passenger, if it appears that the damage was occasioned partly by the negligence of the plaintiff, and partly by that of the defendant, the action cannot he maintained. This rule was applied, in its full extent, in an 'action by a foot passenger for an injury occasioned by the negligent driving of the defendant, in Wolf v. Beard, (8 C. & P. 373;) Hawkins *383v. Cooper, (Id. 473 ;) and Williams v. Holland, (6 Id. 23.) It was applied to the case of collision between canal boats, in Rathbun v. Payn, (19 Wend. 399;) to a collision between two steamboats, in Barnes v. Cole, (21 Wend. 188;) to the swamping of a loaded wherry, by the swell occasioned by a steamboat, in Luxford v. Large, (5 C. & P. 421;) to the breaking of the plaintiff’s arm by running over him with a sleigh, the plaintiff being an infant and improperly in the road, in Hartfield v. Roper, (21 Wend. 611;) to a collision between two carriages on the highway, by Strong, J. in Burdick v. Worrall, (4 Barb. Sup. Court Rep. 599.) The rule is distinctly recognized in Cook v. The Champlain Transportation Co. (1 Denio, 91;) Brown v. Maxwell, (6 Hill, 592,) and Brownell v. Flagler, (5 Id. 282.) The reporter, in a note to the latter case, has brought together various other cases, in which the same doctrine has been adjudged. And Mr. Angelí, in his valuable treatise on the law of common carriers, (§§ 356, 357, 564, 565,) has given a review of the leading cases on the subject. The case of Hawkins v. Cooper, (supra,) is a strong one against the present action. The plaintiff, a female, in attempting to cross a street in Westminster, before a cart which was approaching at the rate of twelve miles an hour, was knocked down and seriously hurt. Lord Ch. J. Tindal instructed the jury that if the injury was attributable to the negligence, carelessness and improper mode of driving of the defendant’s servant, and to that alone, they should find for the plaintiff; but if it was occasioned in any degree by the improper conduct of the plaintiff herself, in crossing in so incautious and improper a manner, the defendant was entitled to their verdict; and the jury found for the defendant.
In the present case, it may well be that the plaintiff, on arriving at the crossing place in Maiden-lane, and seeing the locomotive slowly backing up, and being herself stupified by liquor, misjudged as to the rapidity of its approach, and attempted, with an utter recklessness of consequences, to pass before it; and in so doing was knocked down and crushed under the wheels of the tender. The defendant had a right to have the jury pass upon these facts, under suitable instructions as to the law. If *384the facts were as the prayer for instructions supposes, the plaintiff could not recover.
There were several other questions of minor importance discussed ; but as they need not arise, on a subsequent trial, it is not deemed necessary to decide them. Those which have been examined strike at the merits of the case.
The judgment of the circuit court must be reversed, and a new trial be had.