Court Opinion

ID: 9910161
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-12-14 21:01:02.909462+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:51:13.344075
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                File Name: 23a0528n.06

                                            No. 23-1165

                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                                FILED
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                                  Dec 14, 2023
                                                                               KELLY L. STEPHENS, Clerk
                                                          )
 JOANNE MOSKOVIC, et al.,                                 )
                                                                  ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                                          )
         Plaintiffs - Appellants,                                 UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                          )
                                                                  COURT FOR THE WESTERN
                                                          )
 v.                                                               DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
                                                          )
 CITY OF NEW BUFFALO, MICHIGAN,                           )
                                                          )
         Defendant - Appellee.                                                            OPINION
                                                          )
                                                          )

Before: GIBBONS, BUSH, and DAVIS, Circuit Judges.

       JOHN K. BUSH, Circuit Judge. The City of New Buffalo, Michigan (the City) restricted

property owners from using properties within certain zoning districts as short-term rentals (STRs),

that is, a rental of less than thirty consecutive days. The City first imposed a moratorium on issuing

STR permits and then prohibited STRs within those districts entirely. Plaintiffs, who wish to use

their properties as STRs, challenged the City’s actions as unconstitutional and contrary to

Michigan law. The district court granted summary judgment for the City on those claims,

concluding that Plaintiffs lacked a protected property interest. For the reasons discussed below,

we AFFIRM the district court.

                                                  I.

       According to Plaintiffs, they purchased the properties here intending to use them as STRs.

Each home fell within zoning districts—almost entirely the R-1, R-2, and R-3 zoning districts—
No. 23-1165, Moskovic v. City of New Buffalo, Mich.

that permitted single-family detached dwelling units. Until 2019, the City’s zoning ordinance did

not specifically address STRs, although it banned all uses that it did not specifically authorize.

       In April 2019, the City passed Ordinance 237. It required property owners who wished to

use their homes as STRs to acquire a permit after satisfying certain prerequisites. But on May 18,

2020, the city council imposed a moratorium on the issuance of new STR permits, even if an

applicant satisfied those prerequisites. Also, during the moratorium, the city council adopted

Ordinance 248, which amended Ordinance 237 to add additional permitting requirements. Even

though Plaintiffs eventually met these requirements, they did not apply for an STR permit until

after the City had imposed the moratorium. Thus, they never received the requisite permit. The

city council ultimately extended the moratorium until December 13, 2021.

       On November 23, 2021, after government deliberations and public hearings, the city

council adopted Zoning Ordinance 253, which generally banned STRs in R-1, R-2, and R-3 zoning

districts, dating back to May 18, 2020. Zoning Ordinance 253 took effect on December 13, 2021.

However, section 20-8 of Zoning Ordinance 253 allowed nonconforming STRs “that existed and

were registered under Chapter 11 of the Code of Ordinances as of November 23, 2021” to continue

their nonconforming use if they conformed with other regulations. Zoning Ordinance 253, R. 117-

10, PageID 3690.

                                                 II.

       In response to the moratorium, Plaintiffs sued the City in separate actions, which the district

court later consolidated. In December 2021, Plaintiffs filed the operative complaint, which

asserted (among other claims) that the City violated the Michigan Zoning Enabling Act (MZEA),

Plaintiffs’ substantive due process rights under the United States and Michigan Constitutions, and

the takings clauses of those charters. The parties cross-moved for summary judgment in June

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No. 23-1165, Moskovic v. City of New Buffalo, Mich.

2022—the City on all counts and Plaintiffs on their substantive due process and equal protection

claims. In October 2022, the district court granted partial summary judgment to Plaintiff 218 S.

Bronson, LLC on its equal protection claim, but granted partial summary judgment to the City on

all remaining claims. Plaintiffs moved for reconsideration of that order, which the district court

denied. The district court then dismissed the consolidated actions, and Plaintiffs timely appealed.

                                               III.

       We review a grant of summary judgment de novo. Morgan v. Trierweiler, 67 F.4th 362,

366 (6th Cir. 2023). Summary judgment is appropriate if “the movant shows that there is no

genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”

Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A genuine issue of material fact exists when “the evidence is such that a

reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.,

477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). In this analysis, the court “must view all the evidence and draw all

reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the non-moving party.” Rhinehart v. Scutt,

894 F.3d 721, 735 (6th Cir. 2018) (citing Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255).

                                               IV.

       Plaintiffs appeal the district court’s grant of summary judgment for the City on their

substantive due process, regulatory takings, and MZEA claims.

A.     Substantive Due Process Claims

       Both the United States and Michigan Constitutions protect individuals from government

deprivation of certain property interests without due process of law. U.S. Const. amend. XIV;

Mich. Const. art. 1, § 17. Due process clauses implicate both procedure and substance. EJS

Props., LLC v. City of Toledo, 698 F.3d 845, 855 (6th Cir. 2012). This appeal concerns only its

substantive component.

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No. 23-1165, Moskovic v. City of New Buffalo, Mich.

        “[S]ubstantive due-process claims raised in the context of zoning regulations require a

plaintiff to show that . . . a constitutionally protected property or liberty interest exists.” Id. at 855

(internal quotation marks and citation omitted) (addressing a claim under the federal due process

clause); see Cummins v. Robinson Twp., 770 N.W.2d 421, 438 (Mich. Ct. App. 2009) (stating that

Michigan’s due process clause “is coextensive with its federal counterpart”) (citing People v.

Sierb, 581 N.W.2d 219, 221 (Mich. 1998)). The existence of a protected property interest here

turns on state law, but “federal constitutional law determines whether that interest rises to the level

of a legitimate claim of entitlement protected by the Due Process Clause.” EJS Props., 698 F.3d

at 855–56 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Town of Castle Rock v. Gonzales, 545 U.S.

748, 757 (2005)). Plaintiffs argue that they had two protected property interests: (1) an interest in

the nonconforming use of their properties as STRs and (2) an interest in receiving STR permits for

which they applied. We address each below.

        1. Do Plaintiffs have a protected property interest in the nonconforming use of their
        properties as STRs?

        We first consider whether the City’s original zoning ordinance (i.e., the ordinance in effect

before Zoning Ordinance 253) permitted STRs, such that Plaintiffs possessed a vested right to their

nonconforming use. Under Michigan law, a “prior nonconforming use is a vested right in the use

of particular property that does not conform to zoning restrictions, but is protected because it

lawfully existed before the zoning regulation’s effective date.” Heath Twp. v. Sall, 502 N.W.2d

627, 629 (Mich. 1993). “In other words, it is a lawful use that existed before the restriction, and

therefore continues after the zoning regulation’s enactment.” Id. “Once a nonconforming use is

established, a subsequently enacted zoning restriction, although reasonable, will not divest the

property owner of the vested right.” Id. The MZEA also guarantees a prior lawful nonconforming

use. Mich. Comp. Laws Ann. § 125.3208(1) (West 2010).

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No. 23-1165, Moskovic v. City of New Buffalo, Mich.

       To determine whether a prior lawful nonconforming use vested, we interpret the relevant

zoning law using the rules of statutory construction. Brandon Charter Twp. v. Tippett, 616 N.W.2d

243, 245 (Mich. Ct. App. 2000); see Golf Vill. N. LLC v. City of Powell, 826 F. App’x 426, 434

(6th Cir. 2020) (applying state statutory construction law to interpret a zoning ordinance). If the

zoning ordinance’s language “is clear and unambiguous, the courts may only apply the language

as written.” Tippett, 616 N.W.2d at 245.

       Under the zoning ordinance in effect before Zoning Ordinance 253,

       [a]ll land development specifically listed under the heading “Uses Permitted by
       Right” shall be allowed when determined to be in accordance with all provisions of
       this ordinance and all other applicable laws, regulations or ordinances having
       jurisdiction over the proposed use of land. Where not specifically permitted, uses
       are prohibited, unless construed to be similar to a use as expressly determined in
       accordance with Section 1-4G.

Zoning Ordinance § 1-4E, R. 121-2, PageID 5126 (emphasis added). We apply this ordinance first

by determining whether an STR is specifically listed under “Uses Permitted by Right.” It is not.

Therefore, under the ordinance, we must determine whether an STR is similar to a property use

that Section 1-4G expressly permits.

       Section 1-4G provided a process for classifying uses not specifically mentioned under the

“Uses Permitted by Right” heading. Id. § 1-4G, R. 121-2, PageID 5126–27. Under this heading,

the City’s original zoning ordinance permitted owners to use properties in R-1, R-2, and R-3

zoning districts as “[s]ingle-family detached dwelling units.” Zoning Ordinance Arts. 6-8, R. 120-

4, Page ID 4814–20. The original zoning ordinance defined “dwelling,” “single-family dwelling,”

and “family” as follows:

       DWELLING — A detached building or portion thereof designed or used
       exclusively as the home, residence or sleeping place of one or more persons, not
       including accessory buildings or structures, either attached or detached.
       ...

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No. 23-1165, Moskovic v. City of New Buffalo, Mich.

        DWELLING, SINGLE-FAMILY — A detached building, designed for or occupied
        exclusively by one family.
        ...
        FAMILY —

        A.      An individual or group of two or more persons related by blood, marriage,
                or adoption, together with foster children and servants of the principal
                occupants who are domiciled together as a single housekeeping unit in a
                dwelling unit; or
        B.      A collective number of individuals domiciled together in one dwelling unit
                whose relationship is of a continuing, non-transient domestic character and
                who are cooking and living as a single nonprofit housekeeping unit. This
                definition shall not include any society, club, fraternity, sorority,
                association, half-way house, lodge, coterie, organization, group of students,
                or other individual whose domestic relationship is of a transitory or seasonal
                nature, is for an anticipated limited duration of school term or during a
                period of rehabilitation or treatment, or is otherwise not intended to be of a
                permanent nature.

Zoning Ordinance § 2-3, R. 120-4, Page ID 4775–4776. Plaintiffs contend that using their

properties as STRs reflects this permitted use because (1) “dwelling” does not prohibit temporary

occupancy of the structure, (2) each contested property is designed to be occupied by a single

family, and (3) “domicile” as used in the definition of “family” does not necessarily include a

permanent occupancy requirement.

        In its order on the motion to reconsider,1 the district court concluded that STRs fail to meet

this permitted use because the original zoning ordinance required property owners to use properties

within the R-1, R-2, and R-3 zoning districts as domiciles, as reflected in the definition of “family,”

1
   Plaintiffs did not specifically make the text-based argument described above until their motion to
reconsider, so the City argues that Plaintiffs waived it on appeal. The “traditional rule” for addressing on
appeal precise issues not raised below is that once “a federal claim is properly presented, a party can make
any argument in support of that claim; parties are not limited to the precise arguments they made below.”
Lebron v. Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp., 513 U.S. 374, 379 (1995). Plaintiffs have consistently claimed that
they possess a vested right to use their properties as STRs before the adoption of Zoning Ordinance 253, so
they did not waive this issue.

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No. 23-1165, Moskovic v. City of New Buffalo, Mich.

and residentially,2 not commercially. The original zoning ordinance defined neither “domicile”

nor “residential.” But Michigan courts define “domicile” as “the place where a person has his true,

fixed, permanent home, and principal establishment, and to which, whenever he is absent, he has

the intention of returning.” Grange Ins. Co. of Mich. v. Lawrence, 835 N.W.2d 363, 372 (Mich.

2013) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).              And Michigan courts have defined

“residence” in STR contexts as “exclud[ing] uses of a transitory nature.” Concerned Prop. Owners

of Garfield Twp., Inc. v. Charter Twp. of Garfield, No. 342831, 2018 WL 5305235, at *3 (Mich.

Ct. App. Oct. 25, 2018) (citing O’Connor v. Resort Custom Builders, Inc., 591 N.W.2d 216, 220–

221 (Mich. 1999)). The inherent transitory nature of STRs means that their occupants do not use

them as domiciles or residentially under these definitions, so the original zoning ordinance’s text

alone excludes STRs as permitted uses in R-1, R-2, and R-3 zoning districts.3

        Notwithstanding this textual prohibition, Plaintiffs argue that the City issued 93 STR

permits in the R-1, R-2, and R-3 zoning districts under Ordinances 237 and 248, which shows that

the City interpreted the original zoning ordinance to permit STRs in these districts. But those

ordinances require a permit to use a property as an STR, and it is undisputed that Plaintiffs never

received any of those 93 permits. Thus, although Ordinances 237 and 248 allowed owners to use

their properties as STRs with a permit, Plaintiffs never received a permit to vest their right to use

their properties as STRs.

2
  The stated purpose for each of these zoning districts is residential use. Tippett, 616 N.W.2d at 245 (stating
that courts follow the rules of statutory construction “to give effect to the legislative body’s intent”).
3
  Plaintiffs argue that adopting the district court’s reasoning would erroneously omit “cabins, cottages, lake
house, and other non-homestead properties in the city” from the Zoning Ordinance. Appellants’ Br. at 40.
But the Supreme Court of Michigan has more broadly defined “residence” as having “a permanent
presence” rather than permanent occupancy, which would include those non-homestead properties.
O’Connor v. Resort Custom Builders, Inc., 591 N.W.2d 216, 221 (Mich. 1999). For that same reason, the
commercial use provided for R-3 apartment rentals also fits within the Michigan Supreme Court’s definition
of “residence.”

                                                      7
No. 23-1165, Moskovic v. City of New Buffalo, Mich.

        The district court therefore correctly interpreted the original zoning ordinance: it prohibited

all uses that it did not expressly permit. And using the contested properties as STRs without a

permit was not a permitted use. As a result, Plaintiffs lacked a protected property interest in the

nonconforming use of their properties as STRs.4

        2. Do Plaintiffs have a protected property interest in receiving STR permits for which
        they applied?

        Plaintiffs also argue that they possessed a substantive due process right to receive permits

for which they applied, because Ordinances 237 and 248 required the City to issue an STR permit

if the applicant complied with the permitting requirements. Ordinance 237 § 11-4C, R. 13-2,

PageID 312 (stating that “a short-term rental unit permit shall be granted” if applicants complied

with regulatory requirements); Ordinance 248 § 11-3(D), R. 41-7, PageID 1200 (same). But first-

time applicants for a permit lack a protected property interest in that permit. Wojcik v. City of

Romulus, 257 F.3d 600, 609–10 (6th Cir. 2001) (explaining that, under Michigan law, first-time

applicants for liquor licenses and entertainment permits lack a constitutionally protected property

interest to support a substantive due process claim); Women’s Med. Pro. Corp. v. Baird, 438 F.3d

595, 611 (6th Cir. 2006) (concluding that a first-time applicant for a medical license lacked a

“property or liberty interest in [that] license”), abrogated in part on other grounds by Dobbs v.

Jackson Women’s Health Org., 142 S. Ct. 2228 (2022).

4
  Plaintiffs cite testimony from the City Attorney and the City Manager, who also served as the Zoning
Administrator and stood as the City’s Rule 30(b)(6) deponent, expressing opinions that the original zoning
ordinance permitted STRs. But those city officials’ limited authority precludes their testimony from
contravening what the original zoning ordinance’s text provides. See City Charter § 4.5(b), R. 117-8,
PageID 3640 (in the section defining the City Attorney’s function and duties, failing to expressly authorize
him to issue legal opinions that bind the City); Mays v. LaRose, 951 F.3d 775, 790 (6th Cir. 2020) (“Most
courts don’t treat concessions by Rule 30(b)(6) designees as binding.”).

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No. 23-1165, Moskovic v. City of New Buffalo, Mich.

        Plaintiffs argue that Wojcik and Baird are inapposite because they involved discretionary

permitting schemes, whereas the STR permitting scheme here mandated that the City issue an STR

permit once a property owner satisfied its prerequisites.5 But Wojcik and Baird do not discuss

discretion; instead, they turn on whether a property owner already held a license. Wojcik, 257 F.3d

at 609–10; Baird, 438 F.3d at 611. And Plaintiffs never applied for STR permits until after the

City had imposed the moratorium. See, e.g., Skoczylas Aff., R. 118-2, PageID 4212 (stating that

her family applied for an STR permit in “late January 2021”). Because they waited until after the

moratorium was in place to apply for STR permits, Plaintiffs lacked “a legitimate claim of

entitlement” to the permits to create a protected property interest in them. Bd. of Regents of State

Colls. v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 577 (1972); Silver v. Franklin Twp. Bd. of Zoning Appeals, 966 F.2d

1031, 1036 (6th Cir. 1992) (concluding that, when the government body could deny a conditional

zoning certificate even if the applicant met mandatory requirements, the applicant lacked a

justifiable expectation to receive the certificate). The moratorium enabled the City to reject

permits, notwithstanding the permitting scheme established by Ordinances 237 and 248, so

Plaintiffs did not have a protected property interest in receiving STRs permits when they applied.

B.      Other Claims

        Plaintiffs also appeal the district court’s grant of summary judgment for the City on their

regulatory takings and MZEA claims.              Plaintiffs contend that (1) Zoning Ordinance 253

constituted a regulatory taking because it transformed their conforming use into a nonconforming

5
   Plaintiffs refer to cases generally stating that an applicant would have a protected interest if they
“complied with certain minimum, mandatory requirements.” Silver v. Franklin Twp. Bd. of Zoning
Appeals, 966 F.2d 1031, 1036 (6th Cir. 1992); accord Triomphe Invs. v. City of Northwood, 49 F.3d 198,
202-03 (6th Cir. 1995); G.M. Eng’rs & Assocs., Inc. v. W. Bloomfield Twp., 922 F.2d 328, 331 (6th Cir.
1990). But Plaintiffs identify no on-point, binding authority establishing that first-time applicants under a
non-discretionary permitting scheme possess a vested right to receive the permit sufficient to establish a
substantive due process claim.

                                                     9
No. 23-1165, Moskovic v. City of New Buffalo, Mich.

use through prohibiting STRs and (2) section 20-8 of Zoning Ordinance 253 violated the MZEA

by retroactively divesting them of a vested right to use their properties as STRs. Like their

substantive due process claims, however, these claims fail because Plaintiffs did not establish that

the City deprived them of a vested property interest. McCarthy v. Middle Tenn. Elec. Membership

Corp., 466 F.3d 399, 412 (6th Cir. 2006) (“[D]ue process and takings claims require that the

plaintiffs first demonstrate that they have a legally cognizable property interest.”); Twp. of

Indianfields v. Carpenter, No. 350116, 2020 WL 4249168, at *7 (Mich. Ct. App. July 23, 2020)

(recognizing that zoning ordinances “may not destroy already-vested property interests”

retroactively). Thus, the district court correctly granted summary judgment for the City on

Plaintiffs’ takings and MZEA claims.

                                                V.

       In sum, Plaintiffs lacked a protected property interest in using their homes as STRs, so their

substantive due process, regulatory takings, and MZEA claims fail. We therefore AFFIRM the

judgment of the district court.

                                                10