Court Opinion

ID: 9453010
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-04 17:59:28.795904+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:33:27.000679
License: Public Domain

MOORE, Circuit Judge
(dissenting as to counts 1, 2 and 12):
Randolph Phillips (Phillips), plaintiff-appellant, appeals from a judgment dismissing his amended and supplemental complaint (the complaint). The.defendant-appellee, John D. Murchison, was the only defendant served, although his brother, Clint W. Murchison, was named as a defendant in the complaint. Counts 1-5, 8, 13 and 14 were dismissed on motion (Dawson, D. J. — opinion unreported) ; subsequently, on motion for summary judgment and on motion of Phillips to vacate the Dawson order of dismissal, Counts 6, 7, 9, 10, 11 and 12 were dismissed, the motion to vacate was denied and judgment of dismissal entered (Ryan, D. J.; D.C., 252 F.Supp. 513). The appeal does not include Counts 4 and 5.
*374The complaint, containing 14 counts, is based upon three legal theories (1) malicious use and abuse of legal process (malicious prosecution); (2) defamation; and (3) violation of certain sections and rules of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934!
The bibliographical material relevant to an understanding of the issues on this appeal is to be found in various opinions which comprise the Alleghany, Kirby, Murchison, Phillips saga Alleghany Corp. v. Kirby, 218 F.Supp. 164 (S.D.N.Y. 1963), affirmed, 333 F.2d 327 (2d Cir. 1964), affirmed en banc, 340 F.2d 311 (2d Cir.), cert. granted sub nom, Holt v. Alleghany Corp., 381 U.S. 933, 85 S.Ct. 1772, 14 L.Ed.2d 698 (1965), dismissed after argument as improvidently granted, 384 U.S. 28, 86 S.Ct. 1250, 16 L.Ed.2d 335 (1966).
For almost twenty years, a modern War of the Roses has been fought on judicial battlegrounds between the Kirby and Murchison forces. Each side has come to the fray well equipped with all the manpower essential to legal warfare, i. e., astute counsel, financial advisers, and imaginative public relations generals. Over the years, victories have been gained, defeats suffered, but the persistence of the litigants and the always available replacements from the Bar have enabled the war to continue. Anomalously enough, the bitterest battle arose over the treaty of peace. Although not an original combatant, Phillips, wearing neither a white nor a red rose, had kept more than in casual touch with the two camps. He had been a consultant to Brussel in the Breswick1 litigation, to Graubard in the Zenn2 suit, he had participated in the New York Central proxy fight, he had been a participant in discussions relating to a settlement of the stockholders’ derivative suits and, in fact, had been regarded as controlling the minority stockholders’ litigation. Whether Phillips was primarily responsible for the settlement of the stockholders’ suits, he, at least, had an important role. Little wonder then that, when it suited Alleghany’s interest to challenge the propriety and fairness of the settlement, charges should be leveled at the principal participants such as are evidenced by the allegation (Complaint par. 44, Alleghany Corporation v. Kirby, D.C., 218 F.Supp. 164, 176) that in return for Phillips’ betrayal of his fiduciary duty to Alleghany, its stockholders and others and in return for his advocacy in obtaining for Kirby a settlement favorable to Kirby, Kirby undertook to secure for Phillips a directorship in Investors Diversified Services, Inc. (IDS), employment as a consultant by IDS and other emoluments.
On September 7 and 8,1960, suits were commenced by stockholders on behalf of Alleghany against Allan P. Kirby, Fred M. Kirby, Phillips, Charles T. Ireland, Jr., and others, in substance, to nullify the Kirby settlement releasing him from any liability in the original stockholders’ suit.3 The two main issues in those suits, formulated after pre-trial conferences, were (1) whether there was a corrupt agreement between Kirby, Phillips and Ireland, whereby a settlement was made for an amount far less than otherwise under which settlement Phillips and Ireland personally benefited, and (2) whether Kirby failed to adduce on the court hearings facts material to a proper evaluation of Kirby’s liability which were essential to a determination of the fairness and adequacy of the settlement.
The district court dismissed the complaint (Alleghany then under Murchison *375control had become the plaintiff) finding that Alleghany which had the burden of proof had failed completely to establish a breach by Phillips of a “fiduciary obligation to the minority stockholders in that he made a secret agreement for his own benefit which was not revealed to the Court” (p. 182). The district court then proceeded to find affirmatively that Phillips’ directorship on the IDS Board did not warrant the conclusion that this nomination was pursuant to a pre-existing agreement. As to Kirby’s alleged failure to produce facts essential to a proper determination of a fair settlement, the district court held that any such failure was not a basis for a collateral attack upon the judgment.
This judgment came before this court for appellate review and was affirmed. 333 F.2d 327 (2 Cir. 1964). No appeal was taken from the district court’s finding that there was no fraudulent agreement between Kirby and Phillips.
Piqued by the allegations (aspersions to him) in the September 8, 1960 derivative suit Murchison complaint, Phillips embarked upon a litigious campaign against his erstwhile colleagues, associates, employers and friends (?).
In September 1960, Murchison and others sought by proxy contest to secure for themselves the management of Alleghany then in Kirby’s control. Phillips, a paid consultant to Kirby and Alleghany, on February 24,. 1961, commenced a derivative action wherein he sought to enjoin a proxy contest. His attempt voluntarily to dismiss this suit being denied by the court, he then served (March 19, 1961) an amended complaint in which he added a charge of libel against Murchison. Over two years later, upon motion for summary judgment, all counts except Count 2 were dismissed. A second amended complaint was also dismissed. Then followed the present amended and supplemental complaint.

The Dawson Opinion

Judge Dawson dismissed Count 1 (malicious use of process), Count 2 (malicious abuse of process), Count 3 (malicious violation of Rule 11, F.R.Civ.P.), and Count 14 (malicious use and abuse and inequitable and alleged harassment) as failing to state claims upon which relief could be granted. No appeal was taken as to this dismissal.
Count 1 alleged that a suit entitled Freeman and Manaster v. Kirby, Phillips et al., in the Federal court was brought “in furtherance of a conspiracy maliciously to use the process of this [Federal] Court and the New York State Supreme Court to the injury and damage of plaintiff.” A similar suit was brought in the New York State Supreme Court. The suit was a derivative action on behalf of Alleghany and was characterized as seeking relief to obtain a vacature of the settlement [of other previous lawsuits in the Federal and State courts] as to Kirby only.” 27 F.R.D. 395, 396.
Count 2 made the same charges with the conclusory allegation that Murchison was part of a conspiracy “maliciously to abuse the process of this Court and the New York State Supreme Court.”
Count 3 alleged a conspiracy maliciously to violate Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
Judge Dawson concluded that it is the law of New York that to sustain a complaint in a civil litigation based on malicious prosecution, there must be an allegation that the plaintiff’s person or property was interfered with in connection with the prior proceeding. Because there were no allegations of special circumstances which would take the case out of the general rule of interference with person or property, he dismissed Count 1.
The “abuse of process” count (#2) was found to be defective for the reasons applicable to count 1 and, in addition, because the bad faith alleged was in the institution of the action — not conduct after the action had been commenced.

*376
The Ryan Opinion

Judge Dawson died in August 1964. On November 2, 1965, Murchison moved for summary judgment (Rule 56(b) F. R.Civ.P.), dismissing Counts 6, 7, 9, 10, 11 and 12 of the amended and supplemental complaint, and plaintiff moved to vacate so much of the Dawson order dated May 8, 1964, from which no appeal had been taken which had dismissed Counts 1, 2, 3, 8, 13 and 14. Judge Ryan denied Phillips’ motion to review Judge Dawson’s dismissal of Counts 1, 2, 3, 8 and 13, and addressed himself to Counts 6, 7, 9, 10, 11 and 12. The court held that there was a judicial proceeding pending at the time of the publications, that New York law applied even to the out-of-state publications (Counts 11 and 12), and that the publications were a fair and true report of the judicial proceeding which they purported to report. Accordingly, the court held that Counts 6, 7, 9, 10, 11 and 12 should be dismissed because the alleged defamations were absolutely privileged under the statute (Sec. 74, supra).
While his Federal court action was in progress, Phillips also had pending a suit in the State court based upon similar charges. In Phillips v. Alleghany Corporation, New York Law Journal, December 29, 1965, p. 16, cols. 6-8, Phillips had made charges against Alleghany of malicious prosecution and abuse of process (Counts 1 and 2 here) based upon the institution of the Murchison (Alleghany) v. Kirby et al., suit in the Federal court. As to the malicious prosecution charge, the court (Mr. Justice Streit, New York Supreme Court) dismissed it, saying:
“An action for malicious prosecution of a civil proceeding cannot be maintained where there has been no showing that the plaintiff’s person or property was the subject of interference in the prior action by a provisional remedy such as arrest, attachment or injunction or otherwise,”
citing Sachs v. Weinstein, 208 App.Div. 360, p. 365, 203 N.Y.S. 449, 453, wherein the court said that without such interference a
“defendant, although successful is not entitled to maintain an action for malicious prosecution against the plaintiff, notwithstanding such action may have been prosecuted without probable cause and maliciously, and resulted in damage to the defendant in excess of the costs recovered by him.”
See also Paul v. Fargo, 84 App.Div. 9, 82 N.Y.S. 369.
Dismissing the abuse of process cause of action, the State court said:
“An ulterior motive in the use of court process is not enough. There must be a further act done outside the use of the process, some perversion of the process (Hauser v. Bartow, 273 N.Y. 370, 374, 7 N.E.2d 268).”
Although the charges in the State Supreme Court case were based upon the Murchison suit, the Freeman suit was no different in theory and the same legal principles apply.
Phillips did not appeal from this decision. Instead he took advantage of leave to replead the fourth cause of action, also dismissed, which added to previous allegations the proxy fight motive.
This amended complaint, the gravamen of which was “that he was sued maliciously and without probable cause in a civil action,” was also attacked as insufficient and suffered the same fate. In dismissing it, Mr. Justice Silverman (now Surrogate) held (New York Law Journal, June 8, 1966, p. 17, col. 6) that:
“As a cause of action for malicious prosecution, the complaint is insufficient for failure to allege an interference with plaintiff’s person or property by a provisional remedy in the previous action”;
that
“[Tjhere are reasons for the imposition of barriers to maintenance of ma*377licious prosecution causes still recognized as valid in this jurisdiction.”;
and that
“Avoidance of these barriers may not be had by denominating the cause as one of prima facie tort * *
Despite no decision by the New York Court of Appeals changing, or even throwing any doubt as to the law as declared in previous decisions, the majority believe that two 3-2 decisions in the First and Second Departments of the Appellate Division of the New York Supreme Court, Chappelle and Williams, supra, now establish as the law that “an interference with a plaintiff’s person or property is not a necessary allegation in an abuse of process or malicious prosecution complaint” — at least they say that this is their best estimate. Of course neither case stands for any such proposition. Chappelle involved a definite interference with property, namely, the filing of a lis pendens; Williams was based on the allegation that the suit was brought “not with the intention of prosecuting it as a lawsuit, but solely for the purpose of ruining plaintiff’s business reputation by widespread publication of the accusations made against plaintiff”.
The complaint under consideration in Williams was radically different from the complaint before us. On its face, the complaint here shows that the purpose of the action was, in a derivative action on behalf of Alleghany Corporation against Kirby, Phillips and Ireland, to attack the settlement of two other derivative actions brought on behalf of Alleghany (Zenn v. Anzalone and Breswick & Co. v. Briggs). In the light of this allegation, which must be accepted for the purposes of this decision, it is clear that the allegations which the court in Williams deemed essential are not present here. Nor could they very well be made since Phillips can scarcely allege that there was no intention to prosecute and that the action was brought solely to ruin his reputation. The requirement of allegations which state a cause of action is not outmoded in these rapidly changing legal times because defendants are still entitled to have plaintiffs prove their charges.
In Chappelle, the court held that a complaint alleging that “the institution of the suit, with its accompanying lis pend-ens, was willful, malicious and without probable cause, with intent to injure the plaintiffs and to prevent them from conveying title to others with whom plaintiffs had a valid written contract of sale,” was sufficient to survive a motion to dismiss (appeal pending in New York Court of Appeals). Furthermore, the comments in dissent of Mr. Justice Steuer in my opinion state a sounder policy, i. e., “If every successful defendant could turn around and sue the plaintiff and, by a liberal use of the word ‘malicious’ state a cause of action, a never ending source of new litigation would have a forum. Questions once thought to have been put to rest could be relitigated almost without limit. Judgment should mark the conclusion of the disputes between the parties and not be an invitation to further litigation.” 26 A.D.2d at 345, 274 N.Y.S.2d at 561.
The issues sought to be revived in this action have been litigated and re-litigated. There is no reason to believe that New York law departs from the policy of finality of judgment. Nor is there reasonable expectation that the New York Court of Appeals will reverse the principles well established during the years by the decisions expounding New York law relied upon by Judge Dawson and Justices Streit and Silverman.
The fallacy of the majority is the assumption that the allegations of counts 1 and 2 “are not dissimilar” to those in Williams. Even if Williams were to change the New York law as to abuse of process actions and to set new requisites of a valid cause of action, plaintiff will indeed be hard put on any trial to prove (1) lack of intention to prosecute a lawsuit and (2) that the suit was brought “solely” to injure plaintiff. On its face, the complaint reveals that the suit was brought to upset a settlement in a stockholders’ derivative suit. *378Even in this so-called liberal age of notice pleading, the old requirement of allegata et probata ought not to be sloughed off and plaintiff ought to assume the burden of the “allegata” so that at the end of his case defendant can point to the failure of the “probata.”
In short, I would affirm Judge Ryan’s judgment in its entirety. Phillips has had his “day” in court. A “day” even in Dickensian law should not be a lifetime.

. Breswick & Co. v. Briggs, 135 F.Supp. 397, S.D.N.Y.1955.

. Zenn v. Anzalone, 17 Misc.2d 897, 191 N.Y.S.2d 840, 46 Misc.2d 378, 259 N.Y.S. 2d 747.

. Freeman et al. v. Kirby et al., (Sup.Ct. N.Y.Co.); Freeman et al. v. Kirby et al., 27 F.R.D. 395 (U.S.D.C.S.D.N.Y.); and Murchison et al. v. Kirby et al., 27 F.R.D. 14 (U.S.D.C.S.D.N.Y.). The Freeman suits were dismissed; the Murchison suit was tried.