Court Opinion

ID: 4290631
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-07-02 10:49:59.648946+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:38:13.984173
License: Public Domain

Opinion issued June 27, 2018

                                      In The

                              Court of Appeals
                                     For The

                          First District of Texas
                             ————————————
                              NO. 01-17-00988-CV
                            ———————————
            IN THE INTEREST OF J. I. T. AND J. A. T., children

                    On Appeal from the 311th District Court
                             Harris County, Texas
                       Trial Court Case No. 2011-53185

                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

      Following a bench trial, the parental rights of the mother and father of two

young boys were terminated. The parents appeal. The mother challenges the legal

and factual sufficiency of the evidence on each predicate finding and the best

interest finding. She also challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the

naming of the Department of Family and Protective Services as the boys’ sole
managing conservator. The father challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of

the evidence on each predicate finding as to him and the best interest finding.

      We affirm as to the father, reverse as to the mother, and remand for a new

trial regarding the mother’s parental rights. Regarding conservatorship, we affirm

the designation of the Department as sole managing conservator.

                                    Background

      The two children who are the subject of this parental-termination suit are

J.I.T. (Jim) and J.A.T. (Jake). When Jim was seven years old and Jake was six,

they lived in the downstairs apartment of a duplex with their mother P.M. (Pam),

stepfather, J.S. (John), and John’s two boys who were roughly their same ages.1

      One Saturday morning, Jim blew the fire out on two lit stove burners,

causing the house to fill with the smell of gas. Pam was frightened and angry. It is

undisputed that, in an effort to discipline Jim and teach him that playing with fire is

dangerous, Pam decided to place Jim’s hands near the heat emanating from a hair

straightener. It is also undisputed that the process of holding his hands near the hot

plates ended with Jim suffering second-degree burns2 on both hands. The police

were notified, and Pam was charged with felony injury to a child.

1
      The parental rights of John’s two children are not at issue. John was informed by
      CPS that his two boys could not live with Pam while the case was pending. He
      thereafter separated from and then divorced her.
2
      Burn classification is discussed in Mosby’s Medical Dictionary as follows:
                                           2
      What is disputed is whether Pam intended to burn Jim as she exposed him to

the device’s heat or if, as she contends, Jim jerked away from her as she held his

hands near the hot plates and, in doing so, came into contact with the plates and

was unintentionally burned. The trial also focused on whether Pam ever admitted

pretrial that she plugged in her hair straightener to discipline Jim and was holding

it when Jim was burned and whether her failure to “confess” to this involvement

pretrial meant that her parental rights should be terminated. A related trial focus

was the Department’s reasons for changing the permanency goal, which had been

family reunification for more than a year, to seeking termination of parental rights.3

             Burns are sometimes classified as first, second, third, and fourth degree.
             First-degree burns involve only a superficial layer of epidermal cells.
             Second-degree burns may be divided into superficial partial-thickness and
             deep partial-thickness wounds. Damage in second-degree burns extends
             through the epidermis to the dermis but is usually not sufficient to prevent
             skin regeneration. In third-degree burns the entire thickness of the
             epidermis and dermis is destroyed. Fourth-degree burns are full-thickness
             injuries that penetrate the subcutaneous tissue, muscle, and periosteum or
             bone.

      Burns, MOSBY’S MEDICAL DICTIONARY (9th ed. 2013).
3
      The shift in permanency goals is discussed in more detail later in the opinion. In
      short, the first assigned caseworker testified that she was the caseworker for more
      than a year, that she recommended family reunification at all times while she
      worked the case, and that the service providers concurred in the recommendation.
      Later caseworkers and the replacement supervisor recommended parental
      termination and provided three explanations for the Department’s change of
      permanency goal: (1) Pam denied any involvement in Jim’s burns until trial when
      she testified that she plugged in the hair straightener and held Jim’s hands near the
      device but did not intend to burn him, which, in the Department’s view, equated to
      a trial confession; (2) Pam did not “successfully complete” her Plan if she did not
                                            3
      1.     Jim is burned

      Pam, the only trial witness who observed the events surrounding Jim’s burn,

testified that the burns occurred early one Saturday afternoon, on February 6, 2016,

when she, her two sons, and her two step-sons were at home. The boys were

playing and watching television; she was doing laundry and preparing for the

upcoming school week. Pam’s husband, John, was at work.

      It was cold outside and the home heater had stopped working that morning.

To add some warmth, Pam turned on the back two burners on the stove. She chose

the back burners because they were farther away from the children’s reach. Pam

put away laundry in one of the back rooms and reentered the home’s main living

area. As soon as she did, she smelled gas. She “panicked” because the gas smell

was very strong and she feared an explosion. She and the boys opened windows to

air out the house. She asked the boys what happened and was told that Jim blew

out the flames on the stove.

      Pam, according to her testimony, was still panicked by the danger of the

accumulated gas in the house and wanted to impress on Jim—who had melted

crayons in the gas fireplace the day before—that fire is dangerous. She took Jim to

      confess, pretrial, to her role in the incident to the caseworkers, service providers,
      and, according to Department supervisor, Roy, law enforcement officials and the
      criminal court adjudicating criminal charges against her; and (3) Department
      employees view cases differently and can be expected to change permanency
      goals as staffing changes.

                                            4
her bedroom intending to spank him. While in the bedroom she recalled that her

grandmother taught her the dangers of playing with fire by holding her hand near

an open flame so she could understand that heat emanates from flames and can

harm people. Her grandmother did not burn her; she only exposed her to the

sensation of heat emanating from the open flame.

      She decided to use a similar approach with seven-year-old Jim, but she was

too afraid to reignite the stove due to the accumulated gas in the home. Instead, she

plugged in her hair straightener and had Jim hold his hands in a prayer position so

she could hold them close enough to the hair straightener to feel heat coming from

the plates. She held the straightener in her left hand and restrained Jim’s arms with

her right hand. Jim resisted and moved around. Jim’s hands came into direct

contact with the hot plates, burning him. She immediately dropped the hair

straightener and tried to treat his burn. She apologized for hurting him.

      Pam testified that she did not intentionally contact Jim’s hands to the

straightener. She did not intend to burn him. She never clamped the hair

straightener closed around his hands. When she realized Jim had been burned, she

immediately dropped the device, ran cold water over his hands, and applied burn

cream. The incident caused second-degree burns to the outside of Jim’s hands.

      Pam testified that she had earlier had been involved in two CPS

investigations. The first one was occurred in 2010 when she was the victim of

                                          5
domestic abuse by the boys’ father, Ron.4 The second was in late 2013 when Jim

was reported to have a bruise on his cheek. Nothing came of that incident. But after

two interactions with the Department, Pam was concerned that the burn incident

might cause her to lose her children, so, with that fear in mind, she treated the burn

at home without seeking a medical evaluation, lied to the school and later a health

clinic about how Jim was injured, and created a fake doctor’s note to further

conceal the truth.

      Pam lied to healthcare professionals about the cause of Jim’s injuries. Pam

took Jim to the East End Medical Clinic four days after the burns, on February 10,

because she did not think they were healing adequately. She told the nurse

practitioner, L. Umez, that Jim grabbed her hair straightener. Umez testified that

she asked Jim what happened, but he “didn’t say anything.” The burn had become

infected, so Umez provided antibiotics and additional burn cream. Umez testified

that she recommended that Pam take Jim “right away” for treatment by burn

specialists at Shriner’s Hospital. She did not make a report of suspected child

abuse to authorities.

4
      The court received evidence that the boys’ father, Ron, had vandalized Pam’s
      home and wrote threatening remarks on the walls. Pam said it worried her because
      she was concerned about Jim and Jake’s well-being. At the Department’s urging,
      she entered a domestic violence shelter, after which she did not return to Ron. She
      testified that she did not resume her relationship with Ron due to her concern for
      the boys’ well-being.

                                           6
       Pam returned Jim to school on Monday, February 15. Jim was wearing

gloves to cover his injuries. She lied to the school about why he missed school,

claiming it was because of blisters in his mouth. She convinced Jim to lie to the

school too. Pam forged a medical release document to indicate that Jim had blisters

in his mouth that required antibiotics instead of his true injuries. The Department

was notified on February 15, and the police were also notified.

       Pam took Jim to a burn specialist, as recommended, but she did not go

immediately, and she chose a different facility that was closer to her home. She

took Jim to Memorial Hermann on February 18. According to Pam’s

uncontradicted testimony, the doctor determined that Jim’s wounds were healing

appropriately. The doctor did not recommend any treatment beyond the ointments

Pam was already using. There was no evidence presented during trial that Jim

suffered any long-term pain, scarring, impairment, or any psychological harm from

his injuries.5

       Jim was interviewed by the police on February 23. Officer B. Bookman

from the child abuse division testified that Jim first offered an explanation of his

5
       The Department points to a photograph admitted into evidence showing a large
       area of skin discoloration across the top of Jim’s right hand and a smaller area on
       his left hand. The photograph is undated, and there is nothing in the record
       indicating when the photograph was taken. The photograph shows discoloration
       across Jim’s knuckles as well, but other photographs admitted into evidence dated
       February 17, 2016—eleven days after the burns—do not show discoloration on the
       knuckles.

                                            7
injuries that was untruthful. Later during his interview, Jim told her that his mother

burned him because “she was upset with him” and that the burns were a “form of

discipline.” Bookman determined the burns were intentional. Bookman wanted to

talk with Pam, but Pam’s lawyer recommended that she invoke her Fifth

Amendment right of silence.

      Pam testified about her avoidance of discussing the details of how Jim was

burned. Referring to her criminal defense attorney’s instruction not to discuss her

matter during the pendency of her criminal charges,6 Pam said that she never

discussed the “details” of the events surrounding the burns to anyone before her

trial testimony. By trial, though, her criminal case had been referred to a diversion

program that would allow dismissal of the charges against her without a plea or

conviction if she timely satisfied all agreement requirements.7 With the matter in

an agreed-disposition state, she testified about what occurred when Jim was

6
      Pam’s criminal defense attorney, Ron Johnson, confirmed in his testimony that he
      instructed Pam not to discuss the facts of the matter with the Department or
      anyone else while the criminal case was pending. He told Pam to give the
      Department his number; the Department never contacted him. Johnson agreed that
      the Fifth Amendment grants a right to remain silent, but does not grant a right to
      speak falsely.
7
      In July 2017, Pam entered into an agreement for pre-trial diversion with the State
      pursuant to the Pre-Trial Diversion Program authorized by Section 76.011 of the
      Texas Government Code. The agreement did not contain a plea of guilty or no-
      contest. The agreement allows her to undergo a form of probation, without a plea,
      and if she is successful, her case will be dismissed, without a conviction in July
      2018.
                                           8
burned. Pam acknowledged that her trial testimony was the first time she fully

disclosed the events.

      Despite Pam’s denials and avoidance of discussing the issue, according to

Department employees who testified, the consensus within the Department had

always been that Pam burned Jim and, more specifically, that she had done so

intentionally to punish him. Pam was denying her involvement but, according to

the Department employees who testified, they all involved believed the allegation

from the beginning.

      2.     The Department begins a short-term intervention

      Working off the allegation that Pam burned Jim intentionally during a

disciplinary event, the Department determined its course of action. A Family Based

Safety Services investigator, P. Lafleur, was assigned. FBSS focuses on non-

judicial intervention with the goal of family reunification. The Department also

initiated a parental child safety plan (PCSP) for Jim and Jake. According to the

Department’s published Resource Guide, a PCSP is “a temporary, short-term out-

of-home placement a parent can make when CPS determines that the child cannot

safely stay with a parent. . . . CPS may offer the parents the option of placing the

child out of the home rather than CPS petitioning for court-ordered removal of the

                                         9
child.”8 The “primary goal of every PCSP is to keep the child safe until the child

can safely return to the parent.”9 PCSPs are used only for “short term and

temporary” situations that can be resolved within 60 days with the return of the

children to the parent.10 Under this approach, Pam was able to continue to see her

children daily and be involved in their care with supervision.

      According to Lafleur, Pam identified a relative to be a caregiver and the

children were placed with that relative. Pam continued to have direct—but

supervised—access to the children, including picking them up daily from school.

Lafleur knew of no problems with Pam’s access to the children under this

arrangement. The original PCSP placement would have transitioned into family-

based services, without the children being removed from Pam, had the initial PCSP

relative continued in that role, according to Lafleur.

      But that placement “fell apart” within a matter of days because the relative

determined she was unable to continue caring for Jim and Jake. The Department

then removed the children and placed them with foster parents. Up to that point,

Lafleur had no belief that the children required removal. And Lafleur would not

8
      Texas Department of Family and Protective Services, Investigations: Parental
      Child Safety Placement (PCSP) Resource Guide, available online at http://www.
      dfps.state.tx.us/handbooks/cps/Resource_Guides/PCSP_Resource_Guide.pdf, at 1.
9
      Id.
10
      Id.
                                          10
have sought removal from the arrangement had it not broken down due to the

designated caregiver backing out of the arrangement.

      3.    The Department removes the children and implements Plan
            requirements
      Pam and Ron were unable to identify a replacement caregiver to continue

with PCSP placement. Without a relative to continue the PCSP, the Department

obtained removal of Jim and Jake.

      The Department adopted a Family Services Plan on April 18, 2016, that was

prepared by a Department caseworker, M. Mendez, and approved by her

supervisor, J. Dominguez. It designated the permanency goal for both children as

family reunification, with an April 2017 target date.11 The Plan stated that the

Department became involved because it

      received a referral alleging physical abuse to [Jim] by his mother. His
      hands were burned by a hair straightener. The children disclosed they
      overheard [Jim] scream while [Jim] and his mother were in the
      bedroom. Mother taught [Jim] a lesson for playing with fire on the
      stove by having him put his hands in a praying position and used the
      hair straightener to burn the outside of his hands. [Pam] produced fake
      documents from the doctor’s office when she returned the child to
      school a week after the incident occurred. [Pam] failed to follow up
      with medical treatment at Shriner’s hospital for his burns.

11
      The Plan contains an attachment explaining the significance of the permanency
      and concurrent goals. The permanency goal, it explained, is “the plan DFPS thinks
      would be best. If it cannot be done, DFPS also has a backup goal called the
      Concurrent Goal.” The Plan states that Pam’s progress would be evaluated
      concerning whether she had completed her assigned tasks, achieved its goals, and
      showed an ability to provide for her children’s well-being.
                                          11
The Plan noted that there was family support, which was a strength. Additionally,

the Department noted positively that Pam “is very close to her children,” it is

“evident that she loves her children very much,” and there are “no significant

concerns of the home environment.”

      The Plan listed multiple concerns about Pam’s parenting, including that Pam

“may not have knowledge of appropriate discipline methods,” “does not take the

allegations seriously,” and has attempted to “cover up the burn injuries by

keeping” Jim home from school and presenting a “forged a doctor’s note” that

misrepresented Jim’s health status. Moreover, there was concern that Jim “has

been coached to say his injuries were an accident.”

      The Plan warned that its purpose was to help Pam provide her children “with

a safe environment” and that an “inability to provide a safe environment” could

result in parental termination.

      The Plan identified “service plan goals,” including that Pam demonstrate a

willingness and ability to protect her child from harm; learn and demonstrate

reasonable discipline to meet the children’s needs; actively participate in therapy to

understand how her own abuse/neglect as a child may impact her current parenting

style; and actively cooperate in fulfilling the agreed upon safety plan in order to

control the risk of abuse or neglect.

                                         12
      The Plan also included a series of required “tasks and services” by the

mother, which were grouped into the areas of cooperation, family visits,

employment, psychosocial assessment, and parenting. Under cooperation, Pam was

required to “actively participate in all Permanency Conferences, court hearings,

family visits and activities that are centered for her children . . . [and] cooperate

with her current criminal case . . . .” Under psychosocial assessment, Pam was

required to complete an assessment, “provide honest and accurate information to

the service provider,” and follow provider recommendations. For parenting, Pam

was required, among other things, to “actively participate in, and successfully

complete six to eight week parenting classes” and “demonstrate learned behavior.”

      An April 2016 court order adopted the Plan and placed the children in the

Department’s managing conservatorship but granted Pam supervised access to her

children at agreed times. Accordingly, the Department had until April 2017 to

resolve the conservatorship suit and related issues under a statutory deadline.12

      Dominguez, who was the original supervisor assigned to the case, testified

that the Department believed, from the beginning, that Pam had burned Jim with a

12
      Section 263.401 of the Family Code provides that the trial court’s jurisdiction ends
      after one year unless the court “commences the trial on the merits” or grants an
      extension. TEX. FAM. CODE § 263.401(a)–(b). The extension requires a finding
      that “extraordinary circumstances necessitate the child remaining in the temporary
      managing conservatorship of the department and that continuing the appointment
      of the department as temporary managing conservator is in the best interest of the
      child.” Id. § 263.401(b). The parties may not extend the deadlines by agreement or
      otherwise. Id. § 263.402.
                                           13
flat iron and that she did it intentionally. The services that the Department deemed

appropriate and that were offered to Pam were based on this belief. This testimony

was echoed by the original caseworker, Mendez, and the last caseworker, A.

Edwards. Dominguez also testified that the services selected by the Department

were intended to address the reason the children came under the Department’s care

so that the children could safely return to Pam.

      4.     Pam is criminally charged and is denied access to her children

      In April 2016, the same month the Plan was implemented, Pam was charged

with felony child abuse. One of the stipulations placed on Pam by her bond

provider was that she have no contact with the complainant. A Department

supervisor, N. Roy, testified that Department employees misunderstood the bond

condition and believed it was an order from the criminal court prohibiting Pam

from having any visitation with the children. Accordingly, almost immediately

after the trial court indicated that Pam would have supervised access to Jim and

Jake, the Department denied Pam any visitation to her children.

      Roy and C. Johnson—the caseworker who replaced Mendez—agreed that

the Department was incorrect in its belief that there was a court order preventing

Pam from visiting with Jim and Jake and in denying Pam visitation for eighteen

months. Roy testified that, when she found out there was no court order, “I was

just like, Oh, wow” because “I wasn’t aware that there’s a difference between a

                                         14
court order and a bond condition.” The Department did not accept any

responsibility for this mistake. Roy, instead, insisted that Pam always had options

“if there was an issue” with being denied visitation, such as calling a supervisor or

going “up the chain of command through CPS.”

      Pam testified that she repeatedly tried to visit her boys while the case was

pending, but Department workers always said that there was a court order

preventing it. She did not learn until the month of trial that the Department was

mistaken. Since the boys were placed under the Department’s care, she only saw

them three or four times, including once shortly before trial. Pam nevertheless

continued to work towards completing the services listed in her Department Plan.

      5.     Pam is told by the Department she has completed the required
             services
      The original caseworker, Mendez, testified that, during the year when she

was the assigned caseworker, Pam did what the Department asked of her.

      The service provider who performed the Plan’s required psychosocial

evaluation. S. Hand, a licensed clinical social worker with the Children’s Crisis

Care Center (also referred to as 4Cs), noted in her written report that the

Department’s referral to 4Cs included a sworn affidavit that Pam had gotten angry

at her boys and had “used a hair straightener to burn” Jim’s hands. The

Department’s affidavit further reported that Pam submitted a doctor’s note that

“appeared to have been tampered” and that the clinic, in response to the school’s

                                         15
inquiries, said Jim was seen for his hand burns, “not for anything to do with the

mouth.” Finally, the Department informed 4Cs that Pam had “not cooperated” with

either the police or the Department “to address” Jim’s burns.

      Hand’s evaluation stated that Pam claimed “she was not in the room” when

Jim’s hands were burned. Pam denied to Hand that she wrote a fake doctor’s note.

Hand testified that she knew the Department had accused Pam of intentionally

injuring Jim. Though Pam told Hand a different story, Hand made a number of

recommendations for Pam that she felt “adequately addressed all of the problems”

raised in the Department’s investigation. The written recommendations, which

were approved by Hand’s supervisor, another licensed clinical social worker, were

“made so that the parents can learn something to make sure they can provide a safe

and stable environment for their children.” The recommendations included

“everything” Hand “could think of” so that Pam could provide a safe and stable

home environment for her children.

      According to Hand’s 4Cs report, a “standard family assessment interview”

was performed, and Pam answered Hand’s questions. This is considered “self-

reported” information. The form states that the “impressions, conclusions, and

recommendations given regarding this family are based on the information

provided by the parent, the direct observation of the interviewee by the clinician,

and the case history.”

                                        16
      Hand described Pam as cooperative. Pam disclosed that she had been

charged with injury to a child and stated that her criminal defense attorney advised

her not to discuss with the police the details regarding Jim’s injury. Hand

confronted Pam with the Department’s allegation that all four children in the home

reported that Pam burned Jim hands because he “had been playing with the stove,”

took him into her bedroom, burned his hands, and said, “This is what happens

when you play with fire.” Pam became “tearful when discussing the allegations.”

Hand noted that Pam “appeared . . . very concerned about all of her children.” Pam

also became fearful while expressing her fear that she would not be reunited with

her children.

      Hand noted a number of “family strengths,” including that Pam had

participated in the 4Cs assessment, was employed, had completed most parenting

classes already, stated that she would cooperate and comply with Department

requirements, expressed love and commitment for her sons, and reportedly acted

protectively of her sons in the prior Department case when the boys’ father, Ron,

was accused of assaulting her.

      The evaluation’s “summary and clinical impression” section noted that Pam

had denied causing Jim’s injuries and stated that, to work toward family

reunification, Pam needed “to actively participate in, and complete, all services

provided for her.” In addition, she needed to “accept responsibility for the reason

                                        17
her children are currently” in the Department’s care and “make the changes

necessary to reduce the risk of abuse and neglect in the future.” Specific

recommendations included random drug tests, individual counseling to address her

“role and responsibility” in the case, and parenting classes to learn appropriate

“discipline techniques.” Pam should also have “supervised visitation” with the

boys “to maintain the parent-child relationship” if the Department’s goal was

reunification.

      In August, Pam received a certificate for completing parenting classes. In

September, Pam began individual therapy sessions with P. Lezak, which were

completed in January 2017. At the conclusion, Lezak officially discharged Pam

from therapy. The discharge summary states that Pam was referred “when

allegations were made that she burned the hands of her son” after becoming “angry

at her two boys” and that she “used a hair straightener to burn” Jim’s hands. The

treatment provided was summarized as follows: “Interventions that were used in

therapy were protective parenting techniques on alternative ways to discipline,

anger management skills, and coping skills in missing her two sons.” Her

assessment was marked as “much improved,” and she was discharged on the basis

of “completed” therapy “goals.”

      Lezak did not testify. Pam’s first caseworker, Mendez, testified that Lezak

believed that Pam had satisfactorily completed the services, as indicated by

                                       18
Lezak’s completion of a discharge transfer summary in January 2017. Mendez

never asked Lezak to provide Pam additional therapy after her discharge.

      The second assigned caseworker, C. Johnson, testified that therapist Lezak

saw the boys shortly after they were removed from their home and again when

they were first placed in foster care. Lezak reported that there had been behavioral

problems for the children at the foster home, including fights with the other foster

kids, and that the children said they missed their mother. The children also

“expressed their desire to return home” to Department employees before Johnson’s

involvement. Johnson agreed with Mendez that Lezak had recommended that the

children be reunited with Pam.

      Pam testified that she learned a great deal from her parenting classes and

therapy, even without discussing the incident details. Lezak “worked . . . around”

her unwillingness to discuss the details of the event and “came up with a plan” to

proceed with therapy without discussing the details. Pam testified that Lezak

interacted with her as though she had caused the burns. The court directly asked

Pam whether “you feel like you have dealt with the cause of the injuries to your

son through therapy.” Pam responded, “Yes, I have.”

      In October 2016, Pam signed an apartment lease, which listed Jim and Jake

as residents in anticipation that they would be returned to her when she finished

her Plan services.

                                        19
      Pam testified that she completed everything the Department asked her to do.

To her knowledge, she was eligible for the return of her children, and that is what

she expected to occur. Her first caseworker, Mendez, concurred.

      According to Mendez, a parent successfully completes services when a

service provider discharges the parent from the services. Pam completed all of her

services as indicated by her service providers’ discharges. In February 2017,

Mendez documented that Pam “completed” the “tasks and services” assigned to

her in the Department’s Plan. Mendez also informed the trial court during a

pendency hearing that Pam had completed her services.

      6.    Foster care placements are unsuccessful for Jim and Jake

      In an August 2016 permanency report to the trial court by Mendez and her

supervisor, Dominguez, Mendez reported that Jim “does not have a relationship

with his foster parent and does not seem to have any bond.” During the home

visits, “the children are in one room watching tv and foster parent in another room

watching tv.” Jim reported “discomfort in this placement.” Mendez reported that

the foster parent “only speaks of child in negative view and very rarely has any

positive things to say.” She made similar comments about Jake’s relationship with

the foster parent, saying that the foster parent “doesn’t express too many positive

things about him” and there is not “much of a bond.” Mendez concluded that both

boys would “benefit from being placed with family.” She recommended that the

                                        20
case’s dismissal date of April 2017 “remain in effect,” “as it is consistent with” the

Plan. The report stated that the primary goal was “relative conservatorship” with a

concurrent goal of “family reunification.”

      In October, the Department reviewed the progress on the children’s service

plans. The review stated that Jake “has expressed that he misses his mom, dad,

and step brothers.” He “has been displaying aggressive behaviors in school as he

has been in the home.” The primary goal remained “family reunification with the

concurrent of related conservatorship.”

      A December permanency report prepared by Mendez stated that the

Department’s goal was relative adoption with a concurrent goal of family

reunification. Mendez reported that Jim was on multiple medications and

repeatedly would “act out.” The report indicated that Jim’s behaviors had

deteriorated while in foster care. Examples of bad behavior included “pouring

bleach on the caregiver’s clothes,” “destroying her furniture,” requiring “round the

clock supervision,” and failing to “feel bad about those behaviors.” She reported

that Jake also was medicated and not comfortable in his foster home placement.

      7.     Statutory one-year mark is reached

      April 2017 was the one-year mark for the pendency of the conservatorship

suit.13 A month before that statutory deadline was reached, the trial court extended

13
      See supra note 12.
                                          21
the conservatorship matter to September 2017 and set a new trial date in August

2017.

        The permanency goal at the one-year mark continued to include family

reunification. Mendez, who remained the caseworker, testified that her

recommendation, supported by the service providers’ discharges, was that Jim and

Jake should be reunited with their mother.

        Mendez continued to support family reunification at trial. Mendez provided

several reasons why reunification was in the boys’ best interest, including that the

boys demonstrated a bond and love for Pam, they always asked about their mom

during conversations with Mendez, they asked Mendez to let Pam know that they

loved their mother, Mendez did not believe that Pam would be a future danger to

the boys, Pam completed all services assigned to her by the Department, and the

Department placements were unsuccessful.

        8.    New supervisor is assigned and the Department seeks termination of
              parental rights
        Mendez’s original supervisor, Dominguez, was replaced by Roy in late

2016. Roy signed the Department’s May 2017 permanency report, which stated

that Pam had “completed” and was “discharged” from individual therapy and had

completed an eight-week parenting class. It also stated that the boys were in a new

foster home where they continued to report “discomfort” with their placement.

Nevertheless, this permanency report removed family reunification from the

                                        22
Department’s permanency goals. Instead, the main goal was listed as unrelated

adoption and the concurrent goal was listed as related adoption.

      Roy was repeatedly questioned during trial about the Department’s change

in goals. She recommended parental termination. She agreed that she had never

asked the earlier-assigned Department employees why they had recommended

family reunification. She also never spoke with the investigating police officer or

the Department investigator before changing the goal. Likewise, Roy never spoke

with Lezak, never spoke with Hand, never spoke with the parenting class

instructor, never read the police report, never spoke with either child, never read

any progress reports submitted to the trial court, never read any therapy notes, and

never read the initial service plan. Roy agreed that the change in the Department’s

permanency goals from family reunification to unrelated adoption was based, not

on changes in the facts of the case, but directly related to a change in case staffing.

Roy testified that it is “very common” for a replacement Department employee to

change a child’s permanency goals.

      At other times, though, Roy attributed the change to Pam’s trial testimony

about events surrounding the burn incident compared to what she was willing to

disclose earlier. That explanation is irreconcilable with the timeline of events,

though, because the Department had already changed the permanency goals and

sought termination of parental rights before trial and before Pam testified. Even if

                                          23
the timing allowed the trial testimony to be a cause of the change, it was unclear

how that testimony affected the goal. When asked what new information was

revealed that the Department did not already know, Roy responded: “That she

admitted to injuring the child.” For Roy, Pam’s trial testimony revealed Pam had

“intentionally plugged” in the hair straightener before she disciplined Jim. When

asked, though, if Pam had not testified to intentionally plugging in the hair

straightener, would Roy’s view still have been that reunification was not

recommended, she agreed it would. Further, Roy confirmed that she always

believed Pam had intentionally injured her child.

      Roy testified that she did not believe that Hand’s assessment was reliable

because Pam provided false information. Roy also testified that Pam had not been

truthful to therapist Lezak in the psychosocial assessment. But when asked whether

she knows what Pam told Lezak, she responded, “I don’t know . . . .”14

      Roy testified that, had Pam revealed to the Department before trial what she

revealed during her trial testimony, Roy would have assigned additional services,

14
      The last Department caseworker, Edwards, testified similarly. She testified that
      Pam “was not forthcoming about how her child was injured” pretrial, which was
      “the ultimate thing” Pam should have done. Further, Pam had withheld vital
      information pretrial only to “essentially . . . confess” during trial to harming Jim.
      But Edwards also denied any belief that Pam had been untruthful to her therapist,
      with whom Pam was obligated by the Plan to provide “honest and accurate
      information.”
                                           24
including completion of “a psychological, a psychiatric” and additional therapy to

address proper disciplinary techniques.

      When presented with evidence that Pam had completed classes on

alternative discipline techniques, Roy testified that the classes could not have been

effective because Pam had not acknowledged her conduct. Roy drew a distinction

between completing the Plan’s requirements and completing them successfully,

and testified that Pam “did not” successfully complete the Plan. Roy agreed that

“nowhere in this plan does it make any distinction between completing the service

plan and successfully completing it.” According to Roy, Pam was deficient

because she “did not tell the service providers the truth on how the child was

injured,” and “she denied that she injured the child.” Pam’s Plan required her to

“provide honest and accurate information to the service provider.” Roy

acknowledged that others in the Department believe Pam successfully completed

her services, but Roy disagreed because Pam provided false information.

      According to Roy, the assigned supervisor and program director are to meet

to determine whether a parent has successfully met Plan goals. Roy testified that

she never met with the program director on whether Pam completed her goals.

Thus, Roy, alone made the determination that Pam had not.

      Roy was asked why she never told Pam that she believed Pam had not

successfully completed her Plan though she performed all listed requirements. Roy

                                          25
testified that she “never” puts into a report that there are concerns about a parent

adequately completing services; instead, those concerns would only be expressed

“on the record in front of the Judge,” even after a report is prepared that says

“completed and discharged.” According to Roy, parents will learn in the courtroom

what the Department’s actual position might be. Contrary to Roy’s testimony,

Dominguez, who was Roy’s predecessor, testified that the normal action is for the

Department to alert a parent if the Department believes that the parent has not

successfully completed the services. Moreover, “the parent should be given an

opportunity to work services and be reunified with their children.” And, according

to Dominguez, if more services are required of the parent, the caseworker should

tell the parent.

         Dominguez testified that she, as a Department supervisor, “expects” family

reunification if the parent completes the services. According to Dominguez,

though, different supervisors adopt different permanency goals when facing similar

facts.

         Dominguez agreed that a parent needs to be forthcoming about how an

injury occurred for services to be successful. But Dominguez also testified that the

Department always believed that Pam intentionally caused the burns on Jim’s

hands. When pressed whether Dominguez would have changed the Plan had Pam

informed the Department that she intentionally exposed Jim’s hands to heat,

                                         26
Dominguez could not confirm that the Plan would have changed based on that

additional information.

      Roy was asked about the Department’s policies on changing goals, as well

as the undocumented distinction she was making at trial between “completed” and

“successfully completed” Plan services. Roy testified that she was unaware of the

Department policies that apply to changes in conservatorship, including that

parents must be notified of changes to permanency plans, and she confirmed that

the Department “didn’t follow the policy” here. She also was unaware if there was

any policy concerning (1) whether permanency goals should be considered in any

particular order,15 and (2) the relevant factors for ruling out family reunification as

a permanency goal.

15
      The Department agreed during oral argument that we may take judicial notice of
      the Department’s policies as set forth in the Child Protective Services Handbook.
      Section 6233 of the Handbook requires the caseworker to discuss with the
      children, parents, and other identified individuals the permanency goals before
      their selection. See https://www.dfps.state.tx.us/handbooks/CPS/Files/CPS_pg_
      6200.asp. If a parent disagrees with the selected goals, the caseworker is required
      to document the parent’s reasons. See id. Section 6234 requires a caseworker to
      “consider permanency goals in” a specified “order of priority,” with family
      reunification over all other options. See id. Section 6234.1 provides that family
      reunification is the goal when the Department “has determined that the child’s
      parents are willing and, after completing services, able to provide the child with a
      safe living environment.” Id.

      Section 6234.16 provides that the Department “may rule out family reunification”
      in two situations (1) reasonable efforts at reunification were made and the family
      is no longer willing or able to reduce the risk of abuse or neglect enough for the
      child to return home and live there safely for the foreseeable future or (2)
      reasonable efforts to reunify the family are not required because either a court has
                                           27
      Roy was not the only Department employee who testified in favor of

terminating Pam’s parental rights. The two caseworkers who replaced Mendez and

were under Roy’s supervision during the last six months of the conservatorship

testified likewise. Mendez’s initial replacement was Johnson, who was the

caseworker from May 2017 through October 6, 2017. She testified that the children

were in foster care and that Pam had completed all the requirements of her Plan.

Johnson stated that she had never requested any revisions to Pam’s Plan. She

believed Pam “was trying to cooperate as much as she could without . . . admitting

that she actually injured the child” due to the pending criminal matter. But Johnson

testified that Pam’s failure to admit injury meant that Pam had not fully cooperated

with the Plan’s requirements.

      Johnson recommended that Pam’s parental rights be terminated. Johnson’s

official reason was the pending criminal case.16 But, at the time of trial, the

criminal case had been resolved. Johnson now thought Pam’s rights should be

terminated because of the injury’s “nature,” what the kids said about how the burn

      determined that reunification is not necessary due to aggravated circumstances or
      both parents have had their parental right terminated either voluntarily or
      involuntarily. Id.
16
      A Department “child information report” was prepared by case manager, S. Gates,
      in May, at the same time Johnson took over as assigned caseworker. It twice stated
      that Pam had “completed her services” and that the “main barrier at this time is not
      being able to return the children to her due to her pending criminal charge and not
      knowing the outcome.”

                                           28
occurred, and the mother’s failure “to explain why the circumstances happened.”

Johnson also contended that although Pam had completed the parenting classes,

she had not communicated with the Department to show that she had “developed

the skills to be a protective parent and understand inappropriate discipline.”

Johnson admitted, however, that she never told Pam that she expected her to

explain that she had learned appropriate discipline methods. Johnson assumed that

“there is some kind of requirement or need for” Pam to “admit to intentionally

injuring the child,” to “show remorse,” and to “acknowledge responsibilities for

the injuries.” Yet Johnson conceded that a Family Services Plan “should never”

require or ask “a parent to incriminate themselves” and that she never told Pam

that she would not support reunification.

      Johnson testified the children exhibited behavioral problems since being

placed in foster care. She testified they are lacking in empathy and have issues with

authority. Consistent with earlier reports, Johnson’s report noted that the “children

have expressed their desire to return home with their parents.”17

      The caseworker at the time of trial, A. Edwards, who replaced Johnson, was

assigned to the case on October 6, 2017 but did not make contact with Pam until

17
      Gates’s May 2017 report stated that the children had been moved to a different
      foster home, where the children’s “immediate needs” were “being met.” The
      children, however, “expressed their desire to return home with their parents” and
      “missed their mother.”

                                            29
October 30,18 over two months after the trial began.19 Edwards testified that

termination was in the boys’ best interest “based mostly on the fact that throughout

the duration of this petition, the mother has withheld vital information regarding

how injuries were caused to the child,” which, according to Edwards, “calls

question to her truthfulness,” as well as “her ability to parent the children

successfully” and to use “proper discipline techniques.”

      Edwards testified that, to her knowledge, no one at the Department had ever

told Pam that she did not satisfactorily complete her service plan. Edwards agreed

that the Department did not ask Pam to take additional parenting classes or tell her

that, in the Department’s view, she failed to demonstrate an adequate

understanding of proper discipline techniques. Edwards further agreed that the

Department “has a duty to inform parents what it takes for them to get their

children back” and “a duty to tell parents when they are deficient in their services.”

      In sum, Roy, Johnson, and Edwards replaced the original Department

caseworker and supervisor. While the original caseworker testified that she

18
      There was evidence that Pam was texting Johnson as late as October 12 to obtain
      information about the case’s status and to arrange to visit her boys because she had
      learned that there was no court order preventing access. Pam was not told that
      Edwards was the new assigned caseworker as the case was approaching the
      November trial date.
19
      Trial briefly began on August 16, 2017 and was continued until the next week.
      When it resumed, the Department briefly began its questioning of one witness and
      offered one exhibit. The trial was recessed to November 1. The trial began in
      earnest on November 13.
                                           30
supported family reunification, her replacements did not. They indicated that Pam

failed to successfully complete her Plan because she did not fully disclose pretrial

her role in the events when Jim was burned. Yet the Plan, as written, required

honest disclosure specifically to the psychosocial evaluator, and none of these

witnesses affirmatively testified that, to their knowledge, Pam had been dishonest

with the therapist, who did not, herself, testify. No report from the therapist stated

that Pam was dishonest or that her lack of full disclosure impaired her treatment.

The discharge summary allowed Lezak the option to specify discharge for

“noncompliance,” but Lezak instead discharged Pam on the basis of “completed”

therapy “goals.” Roy was asked whether she knows what Pam had told the

therapist, and she responded, “Yeah, I don’t know.” Edwards specifically denied

any belief that Pam was untruthful to the therapist.

      According to Mendez, no one with the Department ever said that Pam did

not complete the services because she did not tell what happened during the burn

incident. In fact, Roy had “signed off” on documents saying that Pam had

completed the services. Mendez testified that no one at the Department ever voiced

a concern that Pam had to address whether her conduct was intentional to

successfully complete the services. In Mendez’s view, Pam successfully completed

her services, as evidenced by her discharge by service providers and the notes on

court-filed documents indicating the services were “completed.”

                                         31
      9.      Evidence regarding Ron’s involvement in the children’s lives and
              adherence to the Department’s Plan

      The trial court received evidence that the Department created a Plan for Ron

as well. Ron had not completed any of the listed services. In addition, he had not

seen Jim or Jake for the entire pendency of the suit, nor had he asked about their

well-being or attempted to designate a caregiver for them.

      Ron testified that he has extreme difficulty with his memory. He could not

remember when he last saw the boys, where he lived, or the dates of significant

events. He also did not remember being served with process.

      10.          Rendition

      Immediately following closing arguments, the trial court announced its

rendition from the bench. The trial court found “by clear and convincing evidence

that the mother has engaged in . . . conduct” that violates Subsections (D), (E), and

(E), and that “termination of the parent-child relationship is in the best interest of

the children.” The trial court likewise found that the father engaged in conduct that

violated Subsections (D), (E), (N), and (O) and that termination was in the best

interest of the children as to father’s parental rights. The trial court found that it

was necessary for the safety and welfare of the children and their best interest that

the Department be named sole managing conservator of both children. Pam and

Ron appeal.

                                         32
                                 Standard of Review

      A parent’s rights to the “companionship, care, custody, and management” of

his or her children are constitutional interests “far more precious than any property

right.” Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 758–59 (1982); see In re M.S., 115
S.W.3d 534, 547 (Tex. 2003). A termination decree is final, irrevocable, and

permanently divests the parent of all legal rights, privileges, duties, and powers

with respect to the parent-child relationship except for the child’s right to inherit.

Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. 1985). We strictly scrutinize termination

proceedings and strictly construe the involuntary termination statutes in favor of

the parent. Id. However, “the rights of natural parents are not absolute” and “the

rights of parenthood are accorded only to those fit to accept the accompanying

responsibilities.” In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d 355, 361 (Tex. 2003). Recognizing that

parents may forfeit their parental rights by their acts or omissions, the primary

focus of any termination suit is protection of the child’s best interest. Id.

      Due to the severity and permanency of the terminating parental rights, the

State must prove its case by clear and convincing evidence. See TEX. FAM. CODE.

§ 161.001(b); In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 263 (Tex. 2002). “‘Clear and

convincing evidence’ means the measure or degree of proof that will produce in

the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the

allegations sought to be established.” TEX. FAM. CODE § 101.007. This is an

                                           33
intermediate standard that falls between “preponderance of the evidence” used in

ordinary civil proceedings and “reasonable doubt” used in criminal proceedings.

State v. Addington, 588 S.W.2d 569, 570 (Tex. 1979).

      This heightened burden of proof results in a heightened standard of

review. In re S.R., 452 S.W.3d 351, 358 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014,

pet. denied). When the legal sufficiency of the evidence supporting the termination

of parental rights is challenged, the reviewing court looks at all the evidence in the

light most favorable to the termination finding to determine whether a reasonable

trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or conviction that the finding was true.

In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 344 (Tex. 2009); In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 265–66.

The court must assume that the factfinder resolved disputed facts in favor of its

finding if a reasonable factfinder could do so. In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d at 344; In

re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. It should disregard all evidence that a reasonable

factfinder could have disbelieved or found to be incredible. In re J.O.A., 283
S.W.3d at 344; In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. If, after conducting a legal

sufficiency review of the record evidence, the court determines that no reasonable

factfinder could have formed a firm belief or conviction that the matter to be

proved was true, the court must conclude that the evidence on that matter is legally

insufficient. In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d at 344–45; In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266.

                                         34
      Only when the factual sufficiency of the evidence is challenged does the

reviewing court review disputed or conflicting evidence. In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d

at 345; In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. “If, in light of the entire record, the disputed

evidence that a reasonable factfinder could not have credited in favor of the finding

is so significant that a factfinder could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or

conviction, then the evidence is factually insufficient.” In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at

266. We give due deference to the factfinder’s findings, and we cannot substitute

our own judgment for that of the factfinder. In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d 105, 108

(Tex. 2006) (per curiam). The factfinder is the sole arbiter when assessing the

credibility and demeanor of witnesses. Id. at 109. We are not to “second-guess the

trial court’s resolution of a factual dispute by relying on evidence that is either

disputed, or that the court could easily have rejected as not credible.” In re L.M.I.,

119 S.W.3d 707, 712 (Tex. 2003). The court of appeals should “explain in its

opinion ‘why it has concluded that a reasonable factfinder could not have credited

disputed evidence in favor of the finding.’” In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d at 345; see In

re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266–67.

      A single predicate finding under Section 161.001(b)(1) of the Family Code

is sufficient to support a judgment of termination when there is also a finding that

termination is in the child’s best interest. In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d 355, 362 (Tex.

2003). Thus, if multiple predicate grounds are found by the trial court, we will

                                          35
affirm on any one ground because only one is necessary for termination of parental

rights. See In re T.G.R.-M., 404 S.W.3d 7, 13 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

2013, no pet.).

                      Termination of Pam’s Parental Rights

      Pam challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence on each

predicate finding and the best interest finding.

A.    Predicate findings (D), (E), and (O)

      The trial court determined that Pam (1) knowingly placed or knowingly

allowed her children to remain in conditions or surroundings that endanger their

physical or emotional well-being, (2) engaged in conduct or knowingly placed her

children with people who engaged in conduct that endangers their physical or

emotional well-being, and (3) failed to comply with the provisions of a court order

that specifically establishes the actions necessary for the parent to obtain the return

of the child. TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E), (O). We begin with

subsection (E).

      Subsection (E) requires the trial court to find by clear and convincing

evidence that the parent has “engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the child

with persons who engaged in conduct which endangers the physical or emotional

                                          36
well-being of the child.”20 Id. § 161.001(b)(1)(E). This subsection focuses on

whether “the endangerment of the child’s physical well-being was the direct result

of the parent’s conduct, including acts, omissions, or failures to act.” In re M.T.W.,

2011 WL 6938542, at *12 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Dec. 29, 2011, no pet.)

(mem. op.) (quoting In re J.T.G., 121 S.W.3d 117, 125 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth

2003, no pet.).

      The Department presented evidence that Pam committed acts that

endangered her children. Pam’s testimony established that, as part of her discipline

of Jim for playing with the fire on the stove, she intentionally placed Jim’s hands

close to a hot hair straightener to cause him to be aware of the sensation of heat.

While Pam denied that she intentionally caused Jim’s hands to contact the

straightener’s hot surface, the trial court was free to disbelieve her testimony and

conclude that she clamped his hands in the device intentionally. Jim received

second-degree burns on the outside of both hands.

20
      The parties dispute whether termination under Subsection (E) can be based on a
      single act or omission or if it requires a course of conduct. The Department points
      to the language of the statute that says “engaged in conduct” and a recent opinion
      of this court, In re A.M., 495 S.W.3d 573, 580 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
      2016, pet. denied), to argue that a single event can be sufficient. Pam relies on a
      body of cases, including In re E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d 796, 806 (Tex. 2012), that
      discuss the State’s burden of proving “that a parent engaged in an endangering
      course of conduct . . . .” We need not address whether a single act or omission
      would suffice because the Department presented evidence of multiple acts.

                                          37
      Moreover, Pam withheld medical care for Jim for four days after the burn.

Pam testified that she treated the burn at home and delayed medical treatment only

because she was fearful that she might lose custody of her children. Nonetheless,

medical care was withheld by Pam, and Jim developed an infection that required

antibiotics. See In re H.M.O.L., No. 01-17-00777-CV, 2018 WL 1659981, at *13

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Apr. 6, 2018, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (parent’s

failure to provide appropriate medical care may constitute endangering conduct for

purposes of Subsection (E)).

      Pam also intentionally caused Jim to miss a week of school in her effort to

hide the burn and, once he did return, Pam intentionally misrepresented Jim’s

health information to school officials in furtherance of her efforts to hide the

incident and Jim’s injuries. She also had Jim lie about what had occurred.

      Jim’s younger brother, Jake, was in the house when Jim was burned. There

is evidence that Jake knew Pam was mad, heard Jim scream, and worried that Pam

would burn him. Thus the factfinder could have reasonably determined that the

incident negatively affected Jake’s emotional well-being as well. See In re A.C.,

Nos. 10-15-00192-CV, 10-15-00193-CV, 2015 WL 6437843, at *7 (Tex. App.—

Waco Oct. 22, 2015, no pet.) (mem. op.) (stating that violence to another resident

of home can endanger child living in home).

                                        38
      Pam argues that she provided burn care at home, took Jim to the doctor

when it appeared the burn might not be healing appropriately and, after that initial

appointment, also took him to a burn specialist, who told her that the burn was

healing appropriately with the care given. This testimony does not negate the

evidence that she delayed Jim’s initial medical care, that Jim’s injuries were

infected when a medical professional did assess his injuries days later, and that she

further delayed follow-up medical care when she rejected the recommendation to

take Jim to Shriner’s Hospital, chose another medical facility, and delayed making

the appointment there for several more days.

      Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the termination, we hold

that the trial court reasonably could have formed a firm belief or conviction that

Pam “knowingly engaged in conduct” that endangered Jim and Jake and, therefore,

the evidence was legally sufficient. See In re H.M.O.L., 2018 WL 1659981, at *13

(parent’s failure to provide appropriate medical care may constitute endangering

conduct); In re V.V., 349 S.W.3d 548, 554 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2010,

pet. denied) (“Intentional criminal activity that exposes a parent to incarceration is

conduct that endangers the physical and emotional well-being of a child.”); see

also Jordan v. Dossey, 325 S.W.3d 700, 724 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

2010, pet. denied) (“Abusive and violent criminal conduct by a parent can produce

an environment that endangers the well-being of a child.”).

                                         39
       We further hold that, viewed in light of the entire record, any disputed

evidence could have been reconciled in favor of a finding of endangerment under

Section 161.001(b)(1)(E) or was not so significant that the factfinder could not

reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction of endangerment. Accordingly,

we hold that the evidence was factually sufficient. We overrule Pam’s second

issue.21

       We turn now to the best interest finding.

B.     Best interest

       In addition to a predicate violation, the Department must establish by clear

and convincing evidence that termination is in the child’s best interest. TEX. FAM.

CODE § 161.001(b)(2). There is a strong presumption that the child’s best interest

will be served by preserving the parent-child relationship. In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d

at 294; see TEX. FAM. CODE § 153.131(b). Because of the strong presumption that

maintaining the parent-child relationship is in the child’s best interest and the due

process implications of terminating a parent’s rights without clear and convincing

evidence that termination is in the child’s best interest, “the best interest standard

does not permit termination merely because a child might be better off living

elsewhere. Termination should not be used to merely reallocate children to better

21
       Because we have determined that there is legally and factually sufficient evidence
       to support termination under Subsection (E), we do not reach Pam’s challenges to
       the evidence under Subsections (D) and (O).
                                           40
and more prosperous parents.” In re W.C., 98 S.W.3d 753, 758 (Tex. App.—Fort

Worth 2003, no pet.); see In re E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d 796, 809 (Tex. 2012).

       A factfinder may consider a number of factors to determine the child’s best

interest, including the child’s desires, the child’s present and future physical and

emotional needs, the present and future emotional and physical danger to the child,

the parental abilities of the people seeking custody, programs available to assist

those people in promoting the child’s best interest, plans for the child by those

people or by the agency seeking custody, the acts or omissions of the parent that

may indicate that the existing parent-child relationship is not appropriate, and any

excuse for the acts or omissions of the parent. Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367,

371–72 (Tex. 1976). The absence of evidence about some of the factors would not

preclude a factfinder from reasonably forming a strong conviction or belief that

termination is in the child’s best interest. In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 27 (Tex. 2002).

Likewise, a lack of evidence on one factor cannot be used as if it were clear and

convincing evidence supporting a termination finding. In re E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d at

808.

       In some cases, undisputed evidence of only one factor may be sufficient to

support a finding that termination is in the child’s best interest; in other cases, there

could be “more complex facts in which paltry evidence relevant to each

consideration mentioned in Holley would not suffice” to support termination. Id.

                                           41
Our “best interest” analysis is not limited to these Holley factors; other factors may

be considered. Holley, 544 S.W.2d 372.

      When the court considers factors related to the child’s best interest, “the

prompt and permanent placement of the child in a safe environment is presumed to

be in the child’s best interest.” TEX. FAM. CODE § 263.307(a). In determining

whether a child’s parent is willing and able to provide the child with a safe

environment, the court and the Department should consider: (1) the child’s age and

physical and mental vulnerabilities; (2) the frequency and nature of out-of-home

placements; (3) the magnitude, frequency, and circumstances of the harm to the

child; (4) whether the child has been the victim of repeated harm after the initial

report and intervention by the Department; (5) whether the child is fearful of living

in or returning to the child’s home; (6) the results of psychiatric, psychological, or

developmental evaluations of the child, the child’s parents, other family members,

or others who have access to the child’s home; (7) whether there is a history of

abusive or assaultive conduct by the child’s family or others who have access to

the child’s home; (8) whether there is a history of substance abuse by the child’s

family or others who have access to the child’s home; (9) whether the perpetrator

of the harm to the child is identified; (10) the willingness and ability of the child’s

family to seek out, accept, and complete counseling services and to cooperate with

and facilitate an appropriate agency’s close supervision; (11) the willingness and

                                          42
ability of the child’s family to effect positive environmental and personal changes

within a reasonable period of time; (12) whether the child’s family demonstrates

adequate parenting skills; and (13) whether an adequate social support system

consisting of an extended family and friends is available to the child. Id. at

§ 263.307(b).

      A best-interest analysis may consider circumstantial evidence, subjective

factors, and the totality of the evidence as well as the direct evidence.” In re E.D.,

419 S.W.3d 615, 620 (Tex. App.–San Antonio 2013, pet. denied). “A trier of fact

may measure a parent’s future conduct by his past conduct and determine whether

termination of parental rights is in the child’s best interest.” Id.

      1.        Children’s desires

      When the burn incident occurred, Jim was seven years old, and Jake was six.

The trial took place 21 months later, when Jim was nine and Jake was eight.

      It was undisputed that the children love their mother and wish to live with

her. Edwards agreed that there is “no question” that the boys miss and “will always

love their mother.” Edwards testified that, when Pam visited with the boys shortly

before trial, they were happy to see her, she was excited to see them, and they all

hugged each other. Edwards saw nothing in the visit that concerned her about their

relationship.

                                           43
      Roy, the Department supervisor who made the decision to seek termination

instead of family reunification, never read the boys’ therapy notes to determine the

boys’ desire. Roy never spoke to the boys at all, ever.

      The Department argues that this factor is “neutral” and does not weigh in

favor of Pam because of the “young age” of the children. The Department relies on

In re A.C., 394 S.W.3d 633, 643 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, no pet.) for

this proposition. But that case involved a one year old. These boys are eight and

nine years old. As the Department essentially conceded at oral argument, they are

old enough to express their desires. See In re A.A.Z., No. 14-17-00276-CV, 2017
WL 3612259, at *10 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Aug. 22, 2017, pet. denied)

(mem. op.) (considering desires of eight year old). And they have done so clearly

and emphatically, repeatedly telling the Department caseworkers that they love

their mother and want to return home to her.

      This factor weighs strongly in Pam’s favor.

      2.     Children’s present and future physical and emotional needs and
             danger

      The Department argues that the evidence supporting the predicate findings

also supports a best-interest finding against Pam under this factor.

      While Pam denied intentionally harming Jim, the factfinder reasonably

could have disbelieved Pam’s denial. A parent’s past dangerous behavior indicates

the potential for future dangerous behavior. See In re W.J.B., Nos. 01-15-00802-

                                         44
CV & 01-15-00803-CV, 2016 WL 1267847, at *9 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

mar. 31, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.) (stating that “evidence of past misconduct or

neglect can be used to measure a parent’s future conduct.”); Williams v. Williams,

150 S.W.3d 436, 451 (Tex. App.—Austin 2004, pet. denied) (factfinder may infer

that past endangering conduct may recur in future if child is returned to parent).

But there was other evidence mitigating the likelihood of future harm. Edwards

agreed that the therapy Pam received addressed alternative, effective ways to

discipline. Lezak discharged Pam from therapy, which Mendez agreed signified

that, in Lezak’s opinion, Pam had “satisfactorily completed all of her therapy.”

While testifying, Pam demonstrated memory of the parenting techniques she had

learned, which increases the likelihood she would incorporate appropriate

parenting techniques in the future.

      Pam completed all of the classes and therapy the Department requested. If it

determined that additional classes or therapy were needed to develop Pam’s

abilities to provide for her children’s emotional and physical needs adequately, it

could have assigned more services. It neither assigned more tasks nor told Pam that

she failed to meet its expectations. In fact, it did the opposite: the Department

informed Pam and the trial court on several occasions that Pam was successful in

completing her services.

                                        45
      There was evidence that these services taught Pam protective parenting

techniques, proper disciplinary techniques, anger management skills, and coping

skills. Pam testified that she learned additional, helpful concepts about parenting in

her parenting classes and therapy. These new skills are reasonably likely to bolster

Pam’s ability to provide for the boys’ physical and emotional needs in the future.

      Pam provided food, clothing, shelter, education, and love to the boys. At the

time of trial, Pam had been employed 18 months. Additionally, Pam was furthering

her education beyond her high school degree. This evidence supports a conclusion

that Pam is able to provide for the boys’ present and future physical needs.

      There was undisputed evidence that the boys love their mother and want to

be with her. This evidence supports a conclusion that Pam can and will provide for

their emotional needs as well. See Yonko v. Dep’t of Fam. and Protective Servs.,

196 S.W.3d 236, 245 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.) (similarly

considering child’s wishes in analysis of present and future emotional needs).

      The Department argues Pam continues to be a danger to the boys. The

Department focuses on the testimony of Edwards, Johnson, and Roy that Pam did

not “successfully complete” her services because she did not admit to the

investigating officer, criminal courts, therapist, or Department workers that she

intentionally placed Jim’s hands near the heat of the hair straightener. Edwards

                                         46
testified that Pam needed to “confess” to successfully remedy the Department’s

concerns.

      We reject the Department’s position for at least four reasons. First, given the

importance of a parent’s constitutional rights and the necessity of clear and

convincing evidence to terminate those rights, the Department cannot keep a parent

in the dark about the need to “confess” in order to reunite with their children. If a

parent’s confession is critical for the Department to adequately provide the parent

specific training to avoid similar misconduct in the future, the Department should

inform the parent. After all, why make the parent take parenting and therapy

classes if the Department will recommend termination in the absence of a

confession? Second, the Department not only kept Pam in the dark, it affirmatively

misled her by telling her that she had completed all the assigned tasks. Third, the

Department documents admitted into evidence state that the services were

completed. And finally, the right to remain silent is a right of constitutional

dimension, as is the right to the “companionship, care, custody, and management”

of one’s child. If the Department is going to require a parent to sacrifice one

constitutional right for another, it should at least inform the parent of this

requirement and explore whether there are reasonable steps that can be taken to

avoid this constitutional dilemma for a parent. Here, for example, the criminal case

reached an agreed disposition months before the trial began in earnest. The

                                         47
Department during those months could have re-interviewed Pam, sent her for

additional therapy or parenting classes, or itself met with the therapist. It also could

have called her defense lawyer. The record lacks evidence that it did anything in

light of this new development which, according to Pam, freed her to discuss more

openly the events surrounding Jim’s burns.

      In considering the boys’ emotional needs, we also note that there was

evidence that the boys were demonstrating inappropriate behaviors while in foster

care. The parties dispute the source of these behaviors and whether they evidence a

decline in the boys’ emotional well-being while in foster care. The Department

asserts that there had been abuse in the home before the boys’ removal and that the

abuse accounts for the behavioral problems seen after removal. Pam argues that

there is no evidence of behavioral problems at home before the boys’ removal. The

only evidence we locate of behavioral problems before removal is a Department

permanency planning form with a handwritten notation that the “boys did not have

behavioral issues at home before coming into custody; however, the previous

school reported some behavior issues.”

      The Department points to Edwards’s and Roy’s testimony that this was not

the only incident in which the children had been hurt by Pam. Edwards noted a

“history of domestic violence,” but other evidence confirmed that the earlier

incidents were (1) a single incident in which the father allegedly assaulted Pam,

                                          48
(2) an incident when the father caused property damage in the family home, and

(3) an incident when Jim had scratches or a bruise on his face for which the

Department has “ruled out” abuse as the cause. Edwards agreed she was not aware

of any incidents other than these three. When pressed whether there had been any

earlier harm to the boys, Edwards testified that there “possibly could have been”

but the Department was “unable to determine.” She continued, “So, it could have

happened; it couldn’t have. There was not enough evidence to give it a reason to

believe disposition.” She agreed the actual disposition was that abuse had been

“ruled out.”

      Roy testified that Jake had disclosed during a 4Cs evaluation that he had

welts after an episode of physical punishment. The 4Cs report for the children was

not admitted into evidence, and there was no other evidence concerning this

allegation.

      There also were generalized “sexual allegations” without evidence in

support of any specific act. Department employees testified that the boys exhibited

behaviors that were sexually inappropriate for their young ages. The boys were

interviewed but did not disclose anything. Thus, while their behavior in foster care

included acting out sexually, no basis for this behavior was determined.

      In sum, while allegations of harm were discussed, the trial court received no

evidence of other incidents in which Pam was involved in abuse of Jim or Jake

                                        49
beyond the single burn incident and her efforts to hide Jim’s injuries and the

singular statement attributed to Jake that he once had welts.

      In reviewing the boys’ present and future physical and emotional needs and

dangers, we also note that there was evidence that the children would suffer

psychological harm from termination. Roy testified that the boys received therapy

for reunification, not termination. She stated that she “can’t say” with confidence

that the boys ever received any therapy related to termination. She conceded that it

was not good for the boys to have had the wrong therapy for the Department’s

permanency goals. In fact, she stated that she was “sure” it was harmful to them.

      Weighing all the evidence, and giving due consideration to the Department’s

concession that termination without appropriate therapy was harmful to the

children whose best interests are the focus of this proceeding, we conclude that this

factor favors Pam.

      3.     Parenting abilities of people seeking custody

      Pam demonstrated a history of a bonded, affectionate relationship with her

boys. All indications are that the boys love their mother and are comfortable in her

care, wishing to be returned to her. The burn incident raises serious questions about

Pam’s parenting ability at the time of the incident though, and past poor judgment

is indicative of the potential for future poor judgment. See In re W.J.B., 2016 WL
1267847, at *9 (stating that “evidence of past misconduct or neglect can be used to

                                         50
measure a parent’s future conduct.”). However, in the interim, Pam has completed

parenting classes and demonstrated recall of the material taught. She testified that

she would alter her disciplinary techniques in the future, ensure she has adequate

time to calm before disciplining the children, and incorporate modeling techniques

as well. While there cannot be complete assurances that Pam would not falter in

her parenting in the future if reunited with the boys, there is significant evidence

that she intends to incorporate her new skills and knowledge into her parenting

approach.

      The Department argues in its brief that Pam has “mental health issues” that

counsel against reunification. It points to no evidence in support of this assertion.

And such unsubstantiated accusations cannot support the permanent severance of

the bond a parent enjoys with her children.

      The Department also argues that “the Department could provide a prompt,

permanent and safe home for the child with parental termination” as an alternative

to family reunification. But the evidence does not support the Department’s

argument. Edwards testified that she had made no efforts to explore relatives with

whom the children might live to allow for a relative placement instead of

termination of parental rights. Instead, she envisioned the boys being adopted by a

family that had been identified by the Department. Upon further questioning,

though, it was established that no one at the Department had spoken directly with

                                         51
the potential adoptive parents. They were simply the only couple that had come

forward and shown an interest in the boys, whom they had never met.

      Roy too testified that this couple would provide a safe, loving home for the

boys. But, without any evidence that the Department had spoken to the family, that

the Department had evaluated their home, or that the prospective adoptive parents

had even been introduced to the boys, the testimony was conclusory on the issue of

the couple’s suitability to parent the boys. See City of San Antonio v. Pollock, 284
S.W.3d 809, 820 (Tex. 2009) (conclusory opinion testimony is no evidence).

      Most of the evidence of this factor weighs in Pam’s favor. But we cannot

ignore the evidence of Pam’s February 2016 abuse of Jim. On balance, we

conclude that this factor is neutral.

      4.     Available programs for conservators to promote best interest of
             children

      Edwards testified that Pam completed her services under her Family

Services Plan. This evidence strongly suggests that Pam is amenable to availing

herself of programs that can improve her parenting.

      To the extent Pam did not discuss the specifics of Jim’s injury and thereby

hampered her effective use of offered programs, there was evidence that her

criminal defense attorney had instructed her not to discuss the matter with anyone,

including therapists, given the pending criminal charges. The criminal matter has

concluded, and Pam finishes the diversion program in July 2018. With that matter

                                        52
resolved, there is no indication that Pam would be untruthful or evasive in future

encounters with therapists and class instructors.

      Roy testified that she would have required additional parenting classes and

therapy had Pam revealed before trial that she intentionally exposed Jim to the

sensation of heat emanating from the hot plates. There is no indication that Pam

would reject additional services if offered or required. See Horvatich v. Tx. Dep’t

of Protective and Regulatory Servs., 78 S.W.3d 594, 603 (Tex. App.—Austin

2002, no pet.) (reversing and remanding parental-termination suit based on

factually insufficient evidence of best interest and noting that “passage of time”

may afford parent opportunity to better demonstrate parenting ability and any

changes were something “Department should take . . . into account on remand.”).

      This factor strongly favors Pam.

      5.     Pam’s and the Department’s plans for the children

      The stability of the proposed home environment is an important

consideration in determining whether termination of parental rights is in a child’s

best interest. In re L.G.R., 498 S.W.3d 195, 205 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]

2016, pet. denied). A child’s need for permanence, with the establishment of a

“stable, permanent home,” has been recognized as the paramount consideration in

a best-interest determination. Id.; In re J.D., 436 S.W.3d 105, 118 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, no pet.) (“Stability and permanence are paramount in

                                         53
the upbringing of children.”). Therefore, evidence about the present and future

placement is relevant to the factfinder’s best-interest determination. See In re C.H.,

89 S.W.3d 17, 28 (Tex. 2002).

      The most recent Department caseworker, Edwards, was assigned to the

boys’ case in October 2017, which was two months after the termination-of-rights

trial began. She testified that the boys were living in a foster home and clarified

that it was not a foster-to-adopt home. Edwards testified that the Department would

continue to consider relative placements and that a potential adoptive home had

been identified two weeks before her testifying date, meaning that it was identified

after the trial had begun. Edwards testified that no one at the Department had ever

met with the prospective adoptive parents. They were selected because “essentially

it was the only family” that had indicated any interest in adopting the boys, who

they still had not met. Edwards and Roy spoke positively about the family—stating

they “would be a good fit for the children” and would provide Jim and Jake a

“safe” and “loving” home—but did so without ever having met the couple. This

testimony is conclusory and is no evidence. See Pollock, 284 S.W.3d at 820

(conclusory opinion testimony is no evidence).

      Pam testified that, until they were removed from the home, Pam had never

gone more than 24 hours without seeing either boy. She stated that she completed

all of her services quickly, within a matter of months, because she was anxious to

                                         54
have her children returned so they could be together again. Pam further testified

that she learned a great deal in her parenting classes and from this incident. If the

boys were returned to her care, she would not use similar disciplinary or parenting

tactics in the future. Pam had been consistently employed with the same company

for eighteen months at the time of trial. She planned to live with the boys in the

apartment she leased a few months before trial.

      Thus, Pam demonstrated that she had a plan for the boys’ future. The

Department, on the other hand, had an optimistic vision for the future but no

evidence to support a conclusion that its vision would materialize.

      This factor weighs in Pam’s favor.

      6.     Pam’s acts or omissions that may indicate that the existing
             parent-child relationship is not a proper one and any excuse for
             those acts or omissions

      It is undisputed that Pam caused the burns on Jim’s hands. Obviously,

burning a child as discipline, to use the words in Holley, is “not a proper” aspect of

a parent-child relationship. 544 S.W.2d at 371.

      Pam testified that she did not clamp the hair straightener down onto Jim’s

hands, that she did not intend to allow his hands to contact the hot plates, and that

she only meant for him to feel the sensation of heat emanating from the device for

him to understand that heat can be dangerous. If the trial court did not accept this

testimony and concluded that Pam intentionally burned Jim, which the trial court

                                         55
as factfinder reasonably could have done, it indicates that the parent-child

relationship is not appropriate. Pam’s handling of the aftermath of the burns is

further evidence of an inappropriate parent-child relationship.

      Conversely, Pam testified about the specific parenting skills she learned

through her services and vowed that she would incorporate those skills in the

future. She discussed the vulnerabilities of children that age and their need to be

led through their experiences. She noted that children the boys’ ages are curious

and require guidance. She also learned anger management skills and alternative,

healthy ways to discipline children. She specifically discussed what she learned

about coping with stress: “I learned how to cope with stress. That means if it is

necessary for me to step back, take a deep breath, . . . wait five minutes, it’s okay.”

She learned the importance of modeling good behavior for her children as well.

She emphasized the importance of ethics, teaching manners, and stressing

academic achievement.22 Thus, Pam’s testimony provided specific evidence of

skills she had learned and intended to implement in parenting and disciplining her

children in the future.

      On balance, this factor favors the Department.

22
      She testified, “That means, for instance, since I was in school at the time, I show
      my grades to my children and told them ‘Look, Mommy makes As and Bs. That’s
      why Mommy expects you-guys to make As and Bs.’”
                                          56
      7.     Conclusion based on consideration of evidence and factors

      Pam presented strong evidence that she completed all Plan services assigned

to her. There was no evidence to suggest that she would have declined to do more

had she been asked. The Department caseworker who was assigned to this family’s

case the longest—in fact, the full amount of time statutorily provided for resolving

conservatorship issues like this—recommended reunification. The Department

workers who recommended termination had difficulty establishing a foundation for

their opinion due to general unfamiliarity with many aspects of the case, including

the underlying file materials, the people involved, and the policies that should

guide their evaluations and recommendations. There were insinuations and

allegations of harmful conduct directed toward the boys during Department

workers’ testimony, but the only evidence of harm to the boys was limited to the

single burn incident, Pam’s efforts to hide it, and Roy’s statement that Jake

disclosed an episode when physical punishment left welts. Other allegations

without evidentiary support do not meet the Department’s burden in this best-

interest analysis.

      One of the Department’s primary reasons for recommending that the trial

court terminate Pam’s parental rights, even though she completed all Plan services,

was a distinction between “completed” and “successfully completed” Plan

requirement, which the Department workers all agree was never explained to Pam.

                                        57
At trial, a Department employee expressed a belief that Pam was required to

“confess” to injuring her child while a felony criminal charge was pending to be

eligible for family reunification. None of the Department employees identified any

basis for a confession requirement beyond a Plan requirement that a parent speak

honestly with the parent’s therapist, and none could testify about what Pam and her

therapist (who did not testify) discussed. Nor did any Department employees ever

explain to Pam that her invocation of her Fifth Amendment rights could adversely

impact their view of whether she had successfully completed parenting training.

      Pam testified to lengthy steps she has undertaken to achieve family

reunification. The Department argues that the boys were happy in their foster

home; however, the last permanency report, dated October 2017—during trial—

states that both boys reported “discomfort” in their foster home placement. The

boys’ strong and repeated desire to be with their mother and the evidence that Pam

had a well-bonded relationship with the boys strongly weighs against termination,

particularly given their poor experience in foster care and the lack of a fully

interviewed, vetted, and approved adoptive family with a permanent home for Jim

and Jake. The Department argues that the prospective adoptive parents were

approved and that the Department witness who discussed them simply did not have

full knowledge at the time she testified. This, though, is not evidence of a

permanent, safe, and nurturing home for the boys.

                                        58
        Significantly, Roy, who is the Department supervisor who recommended

termination, testified that the therapy the boys received did not address termination

and admitted that termination without appropriate therapy is harmful to Jim and

Jake.

        We have given due consideration to the evidence that the factfinder could

have credited in support of its finding that termination of Pam’s parental rights to

Jim and Jake was in their best interest. We recognize that the factfinder reasonably

could have rejected Pam’s explanation of the events surrounding Jim’s burns,

determined that Pam’s efforts to conceal the burns further endangered Jim, and

discounted the effectiveness of therapy given the obstacles to full discussion of the

events during the pendency of the criminal case. Nonetheless, weighing all the

evidence and considering all the Holley factors, we conclude that the disputed

evidence that a reasonable factfinder could not have credited in favor of the finding

is so significant that a factfinder could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or

conviction that termination of Pam’s parental rights to Jim and Jake was in their

best interest. See In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266; see also In re C.T.E., 95 S.W.3d
462, 469 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, pet. denied) (concluding evidence

was factually insufficient to support best interest finding); In re K.C.M., 4 S.W.3d
392, 399 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, pet. denied) (same); In re S.R.L.,

243 S.W.3d 232, 236 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, no pet.) (same).

                                         59
      We conclude that there is legally sufficient evidence to support the trial

court’s ruling on best interest but factually insufficient evidence that termination of

Pam’s parental rights is in the children’s best interest.

      We sustain Pam’s fourth issue.

                     Termination of Father’s Parental Rights

      The trial court terminated Ron’s parental rights after concluding that his

conduct met the predicate grounds for termination under Subsections (D), (E), (N),

and (O) and that termination was in the boys’ best interest.

      Subsection (O) provides a predicate for termination of parental rights for

failure to comply with the provisions of a court order that specifically establishes

the actions necessary for the parent to obtain the return of the child. TEX. FAM.

CODE § 161.001(b)(1)(O).

      According to Mendez, Ron did not participate in his services. Ron did not

dispute this. Instead, he contended that his failure cannot support termination

because he did not know about the Department’s involvement with his kids, the

termination suit, or the court-ordered Family Service Plan. According to Ron, he

did not know any of this because he was never served citation in the suit. Ron

argued that he could not be expected to have fulfilled the Plan’s services without

this knowledge.

                                           60
      Ron repeatedly testified that he could not answer questions because he has

an extremely faulty memory. He could not recall the number of times he had been

arrested, his work history, the address where he lived, or when he last saw his

children. He knew it had been at least since the case began in early 2016, which

was a year and a half before he testified. He admitted that he received letters from

the Department during the pendency of the suit but contended that he had not been

served. He stated that he would have remembered being served even though he

could remember little else, including arrests.

      The trial court took judicial notice of the executed officer’s September 30,

2016 return in the court’s file. Also in the clerk’s record is a May 11, 2016 Status

Hearing Order which states that Ron has appeared through his attorney of record

and announced ready. Another order dated September 14, 2016, against states that

Ron has appeared and announced ready.

      Ron’s bare denial that he was served in this case is contradicted by the

record. Ron appeared in the case more than a year before trial. He failed to

complete any of the services detailed in the Plan that had been in place for more

than a year.

      The record supports the trial court’s finding that Ron failed to comply with

the provisions of a court order that specifically establishes the actions necessary for

                                          61
the parent to obtain the return of children. See In re J.M.T., 519 S.W.3d 258, 268

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2017, pet. denied).

      At the time of trial, Ron had not seen his children in over a year and, by all

accounts, had not checked on their well-being or assisted in finding a suitable,

permanent home for them. There is ample evidence that termination of Ron’s

parental rights is in the best interest of Jim and Jake. See id. (stating that evidence

parent failed to complete all tasks and services required in Plan supports finding

that termination is in child’s best interest).

      We overrule Ron’s fourth and fifth issue. We do not reach his other issues

challenging the sufficiency of the evidence as to the remaining predicate findings.

                               Managing Conservator

      Pam also challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence

supporting the appointment of the Department as the children’s sole managing

conservator. She asks that she be appointed sole managing conservator.

      A managing conservator is authorized to determine the child’s primary

residence. See Phillips v. Beaber, 995 S.W.2d 655, 660 (Tex. 1999); In re

C.A.M.M., 243 S.W.3d 211, 215 n.7 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, pet.

denied); see also TEX. FAM. CODE § 153.132 (listing “rights and duties” of parent

appointed sole managing conservator), § 153.371 (listing “rights and duties” of

non-parent appointed as sole managing conservator). The managing conservator

                                            62
has nearly sole authority to make decisions for the child. See TEX. FAM. CODE

§§ 153.132(1)–(9), 153.371(1)–(11); see also In re R.L., No. 01-16-00851-CV,

2017 WL 1496955, at *13 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Apr. 21, 2017, no pet.)

(mem. op.); In re N.L.D., 412 S.W.3d 810, 816 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2013, no

pet.) (“Conservatorship of a child includes the day-to-day management of the

child.”).

       The termination of parental rights and the appointment of a non-parent as

sole managing conservator are two distinct issues, requiring different elements,

different standards of proof, and different standards of review. Compare TEX. FAM.

CODE § 161.001 with id. § 153.131(a); see In re J.A.J., 243 S.W.3d 611, 615–17

(Tex. 2007); Earvin v. Dep’t. of Family & Protective Servs., 229 S.W .3d 345, 351

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, no pet.). A rebuttable presumption exists

that it is in a child’s best interest for his parents to be named his joint managing

conservators. TEX. FAM. CODE § 153.131(b).

       Section 153.131’s parental presumption is removed when there is a “finding

of a history of family violence involving the parents of a child.” Id. § 153.131(b);

see In re J.J.G., 540 S.W.3d 44, 56 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2017, no pet.).

The presumption may also be rebutted by showing that appointment of a parent

would “significantly impair the child’s physical health or emotional development.”

TEX. FAM. CODE § 153.131(a); In re J.A.J., 243 S.W.3d at 616. An opposite

                                        63
rebuttable presumption from the normal presumption in favor of parents occurs so

that courts are to presume that appointment of a parent as the sole managing

conservator is not in the child’s best interest when credible evidence is presented of

a history or pattern of past or present child neglect, or physical or sexual abuse by

that parent directed against the other parent, a spouse, or a child. TEX. FAM. CODE

§ 153.004(b); In re J.J.G., 540 S.W.3d at 56.

      Regardless    of   any    presumptions,     the   primary    consideration    in

conservatorship determinations should always be the child’s “best interest.” TEX.

FAM. CODE § 153.002; In re A.C., 394 S.W.3d 633, 644 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 2012, no pet.). In determining the child’s best interest for the appointment of

a managing conservator, the court must consider both the Section 263.307 factors

and the Holley factors described above. In re A.C., 394 S.W.3d at 644.

      Unlike the standard of proof for termination of parental rights, the findings

necessary to appoint a non-parent as sole managing conservator need only be

established by a preponderance of the evidence. TEX. FAM. CODE § 105.005; In re

J.A.J., 243 S.W.3d at 616. Likewise, the standard of review for the appointment of

a non-parent as sole managing conservator is less stringent than the standard of

review for termination of parental rights. In re J.A.J., 243 S.W.3d at 616; In re

A.C., 394 S.W.3d at 644. We review a trial court’s appointment of a non-parent as

                                         64
sole managing conservator for abuse of discretion only. In re J.J.G., 540 S.W.3d at

55.

      Under an abuse of discretion standard, legal and factual insufficiency are not

independent grounds of error, but rather are relevant factors in assessing whether

the trial court abused its discretion. Id. When, as here, an appellant challenges the

legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence in a case where the proper standard is

abuse of discretion, we engage in a two-pronged analysis: (1) whether the trial

court had sufficient information upon which to exercise its discretion and

(2) whether the trial court erred in its application of discretion. Id. We reverse the

trial court’s appointment of a non-parent as sole managing conservator only if we

determine that it is arbitrary or unreasonable. Id. “Because different standards

apply, evidentiary review that results in reversal of a termination order may not

yield the same result for a conservatorship appointment.” In re J.A.J., 243 S.W.3d

at 616.

      This Court has previously held that even when there was factually

insufficient evidence to support the trial court’s finding that termination of parental

rights was in the children’s best interest, the trial court may nevertheless not abuse

its discretion in appointing the Department as sole managing conservator. In re

R.W., No. 01–11–00023–CV, 2011 WL 2436541, at *13 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] June 16, 2011, no pet.) (mem. op.); cf. In re J.A.J., 243 S.W.3d at 616

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(recognizing that “the evidence supporting termination under ... section 161.001(1)

could be insufficient, and at the same time still support the determination that

appointment of a parent as conservator would impair the child’s physical health or

emotional development . . . .”); In re J.J.G., 540 S.W.3d at 61 (holding that trial

court could deny termination request but still “determine that a preponderance of

that same evidence established that appointing either parent as conservator would

impair the children's physical health or emotional development”).

      We conclude similarly here. The evidence is factually insufficient to support

the trial court’s finding that termination of Pam’s parental rights is in the best

interest of Jim and Jake. The evidence contrary to the factfinder’s ultimate best-

interest conclusion includes the children’s desires, the children’s prior relationship

with their mother, the children’s reported anxiety from being separated from their

mother, Pam’s compliance with everything in the Plan (though, the Department

contends, not “successful completion”), Pam’s gainful employment, Pam’s new

apartment lease, Mendez’s recommendation, who at the time of her involvement in

the case favored family reunification, the therapist’s opinion in favor of

reunification, the absence of any foster home where the boys feel loved or have

bonded or any potential adoptive family that has completed screening by the

Department, and the absence of any evidence of mental illness and drug and

alcohol abuse. But the disputed evidence that a reasonable factfinder could have

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credited in favor of termination and the best interest finding specifically, including

Pam’s role in burning Jim, her efforts to conceal the burns, and her lack of full

engagement in the services she completed, is sufficient under the lesser standard to

support naming the Department as the boys’ sole managing conservator. Id.

      The same reasons that we hold the evidence to be legally sufficient to show

that termination was in the children’s best interest also supports a holding that

naming the Department as sole managing conservator was not an abuse of

discretion. There was evidence from which the trial court could have concluded

that Pam intentionally injured Jim and that she attempted to cover it up. In light of

this evidence, the trial court’s ruling on the issue of sole managing conservatorship

was not arbitrary and capricious; thus, it was not an abuse of discretion.

      We were told in oral argument that Jim and Jake are now living with a

relative, and therefore the circumstances may have materially and substantially

changed since the 2017 order terminating parental rights and appointing the

Department as the sole managing conservator for the children. That is a matter for

the trial court to consider on remand.

                                     Conclusion

      We affirm the trial court’s order terminating Ron’s parental rights. We

overrule Pam’s challenge to the trial court’s order appointing the Department as

the children’s managing conservator, although we recognize, as the parties stated

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during oral argument, that the trial court could reconsider that issue as well as

whether Pam should have visitation rights now that additional time has passed that

may aid the court in determining the children’s best interest. We conclude that

there is legally and factually sufficient evidence of the predicate finding against

Pam under Subsection (E), that there is legally sufficient evidence that termination

of her parental rights is in the children’s best interest, but that there is factually

insufficient evidence that it is in their best interest. Accordingly, we reverse the

trial court’s order terminating Pam’s parental rights for factually insufficient

evidence that termination is in the children’s best interest. We remand that portion

of the suit for additional proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                               Harvey Brown
                                               Justice

Panel consists of Justices Higley, Brown, and Caughey.

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