Court Opinion

ID: 4014893
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-07-12 15:05:50.504331+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:29:36.046529
License: Public Domain

Wicomico County Department of Social Services v. B.A.
No. 46, September 2014 Term

Child Abuse and Neglect – Sexual Abuse – Temporary Care or Custody or
Responsibility for the Supervision of a Child. An individual may be found to be
responsible for “indicated” child sexual abuse by a local department of social services if
the individual commits an act involving sexual molestation or exploitation of the child
while the individual has “temporary care or custody or responsibility for the supervision of
a child.” There was substantial evidence to support an administrative law judge’s
conclusion that a martial arts instructor did not have “temporary care or custody or
responsibility for the supervision of a child” when the instructor engaged in sexually
suggestive electronic and telephone communications with a 15-year old student outside of
classroom hours while the student was at home, and no inappropriate behavior occurred
while the student was in class or in the instructor’s presence. Maryland Code, Family Law
Article, §5-701(x).
Circuit Court for Wicomico County
Case No. 22-C-12-001286
Argued: June 3, 2015                       IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
Reargued: December 3, 2015                      OF MARYLAND

                                                         No. 46

                                                 September Term, 2014

                                            WICOMICO COUNTY
                                      DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES

                                                            v.

                                                          B.A.

                                                  Barbera, C.J.
                                                  *Battaglia
                                                  Greene
                                                  Adkins
                                                  McDonald
                                                  Watts,
                                                  Harrell, Glenn T., Jr. (Retired,
                                                  Specially Assigned)
                                                                           JJ.

                                              Opinion by McDonald, J.
                                        Adkins, Watts, and Harrell, JJ., dissent.

                                                  Filed: July 12, 2016

                                    *Battaglia, J., now retired, participated in the
                                    hearing and conference of this case while an
                                    active member of this Court; after being
                                    recalled pursuant to the Constitution, Article IV,
                                    Section 3A, she also participated in the decision
                                    and adoption of this opinion.
       Under the State’s Child Abuse and Neglect Law, local departments of social

services are charged, along with law enforcement, with investigating allegations of child

abuse. At the conclusion of an investigation, the department is to determine whether child

abuse is “indicated,” “ruled out,” or “unsubstantiated.” The department may make a

finding of indicated child sexual abuse if, among other things, an individual commits an

act of sexual exploitation or molestation against the child while the individual has

“temporary care or custody or responsibility for the supervision of the child.”

       In this case, the Respondent, a martial arts instructor, engaged in sexually explicit

communications by email and telephone with a 15-year old student who regularly attended

his class. All of this inappropriate behavior occurred outside of class while the instructor

and student were in separate locations, usually their respective homes.           Petitioner

Wicomico County Department of Social Services found that the instructor had engaged in

child sexual abuse under the statute. Following a hearing, an administrative law judge

(“ALJ”) concluded that this finding should be reversed because the instructor did not have

“care or custody or responsibility for the supervision of” the student when she was not in

his class and there was no evidence of inappropriate behavior on the instructor’s part while

the student was in the instructor’s presence – a decision that the Circuit Court for Wicomico

County and Court of Special Appeals affirmed on judicial review.

       On the record before us, there was substantial evidence to support the decision of

the ALJ and the lower courts.        The instructor’s out-of-class behavior was clearly

inappropriate and may have violated some other statute, but it did not constitute child

sexual abuse under the current statutory definition.
                                              I

                                        Background

A.     Statutory Framework

       The law defining child sexual abuse and governing the investigation of allegations

of such abuse is set forth in in Maryland Code, Family Law Article (“FL”), §5-701 et seq.,

and in regulations adopted by the Department of Human Resources pursuant to the statute.

Under the statute, “abuse” includes “sexual abuse of a child.” FL §5-701(b)(2). “Sexual

abuse” is defined, in pertinent part, as “any act that involves sexual molestation or

exploitation of a child by a parent or other person who has permanent or temporary care or

custody or responsibility for supervision of a child ....” FL §5-701(x)(1).1 Examples of

       1
         The Department’s regulations include a similar definition of child abuse in which
the term “caretaker” is substituted for the statutory phrase “other person who has permanent
or temporary care or custody or responsibility for supervision of a child.” COMAR
07.02.07.02B(7). The regulations define “caretaker” somewhat more broadly than the
phrase that it replaces:

                     (4)     Caretaker.

                           (a)    “Caretaker” means an individual who has,
              or is known to a child through having had, permanent or
              temporary care, custody, or responsibility for supervision of
              the child.

                             (b)    “Caretaker” includes, but is not limited to,
              a stepparent, foster parent, guardian, custodian, or employee or
              volunteer in a facility or program caring for a child.

COMAR 07.02.07.02B(4) (emphasis added). This elaboration of the statutory definition
was a matter of debate before the ALJ and courts below, although it is not at issue before
us and the Department has disclaimed reliance upon it. See footnote 5 below.

                                              2
acts that involve sexual molestation or exploitation of a child, such as human trafficking or

rape, follow in the next statutory provision. FL §5-701(x)(2). This list is not exhaustive.

See Crispino v. State, 417 Md. 31, 44-46, 7 A.3d 1092 (2010). The Department’s

regulations elaborate that “sexual molestation or exploitation” means “sexual contact or

conduct with a child” and includes a list of examples. The pertinent regulation provides:

              Sexual Molestation or Exploitation.

                   (a)     “Sexual molestation or exploitation” means
              sexual contact or conduct with a child.

                     (b)     “Sexual molestation or exploitation” includes,
              but is not limited to:

                            (i)     Exposure, voyeurism, sexual advances,
              kissing, or fondling;

                          (ii)    Sexual crime in any degree including
              rape, sodomy, or prostitution;

                           (iii)    Allowing, encouraging, or engaging in
              obscene or pornographic display, photographing, filming, or
              depiction of a child in a manner prohibited by law; or

                            (iv)    Human trafficking.

COMAR 07.02.07.02B(42).

       When a local department of social services receives a report of child abuse, it (or

appropriate law enforcement agency, or both) must investigate. FL §5-706(b). Possible

civil outcomes of the investigation are: (1) abuse is “indicated,” meaning “a finding that

there is credible evidence, which has not been satisfactorily refuted, that abuse, neglect, or

sexual abuse did occur”; (2) abuse is “ruled out,” meaning “a finding that abuse, neglect,

or sexual abuse did not occur”; or (3) abuse is “unsubstantiated,” meaning “a finding that

                                              3
there is an insufficient amount of evidence to support a finding of indicated or ruled out.”

FL §5-701(m), (w), (y). The Department’s regulations elaborate on the evidence – or lack

thereof – that supports each of those findings. See COMAR 07.02.07.12.

         When the local department makes a finding of “indicated” or “unsubstantiated,” the

department must inform the individual alleged to have abused the child of the finding, and

the individual may request a contested case hearing under the State Administrative

Procedure Act (“APA”), Maryland Code, State Government Article (“SG”), §10-201 et

seq. See FL §5-706.1; COMAR 07.02.26. The ALJ may uphold the local department’s

finding or modify it. COMAR 07.02.26.14. The individual or local department may seek

judicial review of the ALJ’s decision in accordance with the APA. SG §10-222; COMAR

07.02.26.14F.

         Under this statute, the local department keeps records of individuals who have been

found responsible for “indicated” child abuse, or for “unsubstantiated” child abuse for a

specified period of time, but no further consequences necessarily follow. See FL §§5-707,

5-714.

         The definitions of child abuse in the Family Law Article are similar to those that

appear in the statute that creates criminal liability for child neglect and abuse. See

Maryland Code, Criminal Law Article (“CR”), §3-601 et seq. For example, criminal child

abuse, which can be in the first or second degree depending on its severity, is abuse

committed by a “parent, family member, household member, or other person who has

permanent or temporary care or custody or responsibility for the supervision of a minor.”

CR §3-601(b)(1), (d)(1). This criminal provision thus uses the same phrase as the civil

                                              4
provision in the Family Law Article: a “person who has permanent or temporary care or

custody or responsibility for the supervision of a minor.” This is unsurprising, as the civil

and criminal provisions originated as parts of the same statute with the same set of

definitions.2

B.     Facts

       The pertinent facts, as they appear in the administrative record, are uncontested.3

       2
         The civil and criminal provisions relating to child abuse were originally enacted
as part of the same statute and codified in former Article 27 of the Maryland Code. Chapter
221, Laws of Maryland 1966, then codified in Maryland Code, Article 27, §11A. That law
specified civil and criminal consequences for the same conduct. It was later recodified as
Article 27, §35A. Chapter 500, Laws of Maryland 1970. A definition of “abuse” was
added to the statute in 1973. Chapter 835, Laws of Maryland 1973. A definition of “sexual
abuse” was added the following year. Chapter 554, Laws of Maryland 1974. The civil and
criminal consequences thus related to conduct based on the same definitions.

       In 1984, as part of the creation of the Family Law Article, the civil provisions were
moved to the new Family Law Article. Chapter 296, Laws of Maryland 1984. Identical
versions of the pertinent original definitions in Article 27 were included with the civil
provisions in the Family Law Article and were also retained with the criminal provisions
in Article 27. The criminal provisions were later recodified as part of the new Criminal
Law Article. Chapter 26, Laws of Maryland 2002. The provision concerning child sexual
abuse in both the Family Law Article and the Criminal Law Article both continue to
describe conduct by a “person who has permanent or temporary care or custody or
responsibility for the supervision of” a child. See CR §3-602(b); FL §5-701(x).
       3
         The evidence at the administrative hearing in this case consisted of the testimony
of Ms. K., her boyfriend, the investigating police officer, and the representative of the local
department who received and investigated the complaint. The Department’s investigative
file, consisting largely of interview reports and a few emails retrieved from Ms. K.’s phone,
was admitted in evidence, along with a video recording of the interviews of Ms. K. and her
boyfriend. Although Mr. A. did not stipulate to the facts, he elected not to testify at the
hearing and, in this civil context, one may infer, as the ALJ apparently did, that the events
recounted by Ms. K. and the other witnesses are true.

                                              5
Respondent B. A.4 is an instructor at a martial arts school in Salisbury. He has been a

friend of the family of V. K., since before Ms. K.’s birth in 1995. Ms. K. took martial arts

instruction from Mr. A. as a small child and, after a break, resumed taking classes with him

regularly in October 2010 when she was 15 years old. During these classes, according to

Ms. K., Mr. A. was “really friendly” to Ms. K. She testified that Mr. A. “spen[t] more time

with [her] than with everybody else,” and he spoke with her after class about her “personal

life” and “how [she] was doing.” He referred to her as “Sunlight,” a pet name that only he

used for her.

       In November 2010, Ms. K. missed class due to illness, and Mr. A. texted her to ask

how she was doing. He added that the class missed her and that he hoped that she felt

better. After this, the two of them continued to exchange texts, at first occasionally but

over time with increasing frequency. Around February 2011, they also began to exchange

emails. They created email addresses that did not identify themselves by name and that

they used to communicate only with each other. Ms. K.’s 18-year old boyfriend, D. P.,

also had access to Ms. K.’s account.

       Around February and March 2011, their conversations turned increasingly to sexual

topics. By email, Mr. A. sent Ms. K. pictures of erotically posed women and told her that

he would like her to pose for pictures, but she declined to do so. Ms. K. testified that she

and Mr. A. had several telephone calls, including one in which he said that he wanted to

       4
         The Court of Special Appeals granted a motion to refer to B. A. by his initials. We
also use initials to refer to certain other individuals to protect their privacy.

                                             6
teach her a martial arts kick in class that would cause her to lift her leg onto a railing so

that he could “slyly touch [her] vagina.” In telephone calls and in emails, he told her that

he existed on a spiritual plane and that if she “felt anything,” he was having sex with her

on the spiritual plane. In another telephone call, which Ms. K. said lasted approximately

five hours, Mr. A. said that he was “hard” and that he wanted to have sex with her. She

testified that they spoke again by telephone the next morning and he told her that he was

touching himself. On several occasions, he invited her over to his house, nominally to

“work off” the price of her gi (a martial arts uniform) by helping him with gardening or

other chores, but she declined to go. During February and March 2011, Mr. A. expressed

concern that others would not understand their relationship and that Ms. K. should delete

the messages that he sent to her.

       According to Ms. K., they continued to correspond in much the same vein until May

2011. Around May 19, 2011, Ms. K. showed her boyfriend a message from Mr. A. that

said that the boyfriend was not good enough for Ms. K. About two weeks later, the

boyfriend confronted Mr. A. in his office at his martial arts studio, with Ms. K. present.

According to the boyfriend, Mr. A. alternately apologized for, attempted to excuse, and

denied the inappropriate communications with Ms. K. After that confrontation, Mr. A.

continued to communicate with Ms. K. outside of class, but he did so with declining

frequency and without sexual content. At some point in 2011, Ms. K. attempted to switch

out of Mr. A.’s class and by November, she was no longer in his class.

       The ALJ found that none of the sexually inappropriate conduct occurred during

class. In class, Mr. A. did not touch or speak to Ms. K. in a sexual manner. She reported

                                             7
that he touched her hips with his hands at least once to help her with a position, but did no

more.

C.      Procedural History

        Investigation and Finding

        On November 3, 2011, the Wicomico County Department of Social Services

(“Department”) received a report that Mr. A. had sent Ms. K. sexually explicit text

messages and emails. On November 4, 2011, Amy Giordano, an experienced investigator

for the Department, conducted recorded interviews with Ms. K. and her boyfriend about

the allegations. Detective John Seichepine assisted in the investigation and obtained copies

of some of the email exchanges between Mr. A. and Ms. K. and copies of their telephone

records. Through his attorney, Mr. A. declined to be interviewed by the investigators. On

January 6, 2012, after completion of the investigation, the Department, through Ms.

Giordano, found Mr. A. responsible for indicated child sexual abuse based on the out-of-

class communications.

        Administrative Hearing

        Mr. A. requested a hearing. On June 12, 2012, the ALJ held a contested case

hearing. At the hearing, Mr. A.’s attorney argued that nothing inappropriate occurred while

Ms. K. was under the care of Mr. A. at the martial arts school and that the sexually explicit

communications recounted by Ms. K. occurred by telephone or electronically during off-

hours when she was in her own home. The Department’s representative conceded that

                                             8
there was no actual sexual contact, but argued that the abuse lay in Mr. A.’s “grooming”

of Ms. K. during the period he was her instructor.5

       The ALJ issued a decision on July 20, 2012. The ALJ found that it was undisputed

that Mr. A. had inappropriate “sexually exploitive” communications with Ms. K. However,

the ALJ noted that there was a clear temporal break between the instructor-student

relationship of Mr. A. and Ms. K. at the martial arts studio and the inappropriate sexually

explicit communications that took place when they were not physically together.

Accordingly, the ALJ concluded, Mr. A. did not have care or custody or responsibility for

the supervision of Ms. K. at the time of the sexually exploitative conduct and thus did not

commit abuse under FL §5-701(x). Pursuant to COMAR 07.02.26.14D, the ALJ ordered

the Department to modify the finding of “indicated” abuse to “ruled out.”6

       5
         This “grooming” theory was not articulated in any detail at the administrative
hearing, but the Department has elaborated on it in later court filings. See footnote 10
below.

       At the administrative hearing, the Department also argued that Mr. A. was a
“caretaker” of Ms. K. under COMAR 07.02.07.02B(4)(a) and (b). See footnote 1 above.
The ALJ concluded that this regulation was excessively vague and improperly extended
the definitions in FL §5-701(x) to individuals who did not have contemporaneous care,
custody, or responsibility for the supervision of a child. The ALJ consequently declined
to apply the definition of “caretaker” in COMAR. After the Circuit Court and the Court of
Special Appeals agreed with the ALJ that this regulation exceeded the reach of the statute,
the Department abandoned its reliance on the regulation in this Court, so we do not consider
it.
       6
        That regulation authorizes an ALJ, after a hearing, to order a local department to
modify a finding of child abuse.

                                             9
       Judicial Review

       The Department filed a petition for judicial review in the Circuit Court for

Wicomico County. On December 21, 2012, the Circuit Court held oral argument, and on

March 22, 2013, it affirmed the decision of the ALJ. The Department appealed to the Court

of Special Appeals, which also affirmed the ALJ in an unreported opinion.

       The Department then filed a petition for a writ of certiorari with this Court, which

we granted. The issue presented by the Department in its petition was whether the

Department’s original finding could be supported by “grooming” behavior by Mr. A.

during class – when Mr. A. had responsibility for the supervision of Ms. K. – in conjunction

with the out-of-class communications.

       Following briefing and oral argument on that issue, we requested supplemental

briefing on three questions:

              1.     In an ongoing instructor-student relationship, can
              “temporary care or custody or responsibility for supervision of
              a child” pursuant to FL §5-701(x)(1) be established through
              remote electronic communications?

              2.     Can “temporary care” pursuant to FL §5-701(x)(1) be
              established without the mutual consent, expressed or implied,
              of the one legally charged with the care of the child and of the
              one purportedly assuming the “temporary care”?

               3.     Does an instructor who has temporary care or
               responsibility for a child on a repeated, ongoing basis, commit
               child abuse within the meaning of FL §5-701 by sexually
               explicit communications made via texts, telephone calls or
               other electronic means to the child, provided there exists a
               significant connection between the abusive conduct and the
               in-person care or responsibility?

                                            10
The parties filed supplemental briefs and additional oral argument was held on those

questions.

                                             II

                                        Discussion

A.     Standard of Review

       “When reviewing the decision of an administrative agency … we review the

agency’s decision directly, not the decision of the circuit court [or the intermediate

appellate court].” Comptroller v. Science Applications Int’l Corp., 405 Md. 185, 192, 950

A.2d 766 (2008). Whether conduct permits a finding of indicated child abuse is a mixed

question of law and fact, and we affirm the ALJ’s decision unless it is unsupported by

competent, material, and substantial evidence in light of the entire record as submitted.

Charles County Dep’t of Soc. Servs. v. Vann, 382 Md. 286, 295-96, 855 A.2d 313 (2004).

We afford no special deference, however, to the interpretation of the ALJ on matters of

law. 382 Md. at 295.

B.     Sexually Exploitative Conduct with a Child

       Our task is to review the ALJ’s determination that child sexual abuse should be

“ruled out” in this case. As indicated above, child sexual abuse means “any act that

involves sexual molestation or exploitation of a child by a parent or other person who has

permanent or temporary care or custody or responsibility for supervision of a child, or by

any household or family member.” FL §5-701(x)(1). There appears to be no question that

Mr. A. engaged in sexually exploitative conduct with a child – i.e., an individual under the

                                            11
age of 18.7 Ms. K. was 15 years old at the time of most of the communications and turned

16 part way through the relevant time period. Mr. A. appears to have committed at least

one act enumerated in the definition of “sexual abuse,” namely encouraging a child to

engage in obscene or pornographic photography or poses.           See FL §5-701(x)(2)(i);

COMAR 07.02.07.02B(42)(b)(iii). Other out-of-class communications between Mr. A.

and Ms. K. could also be characterized as sexually exploitative. Cf. Walker v. State, 432

Md. 587, 625, 69 A.3d 1066 (2013) (an adult who passed notes to a child in class exploited

her sexually because “the context and the content” of the notes was sexual and the adult

“received a benefit” − sexual or romantic pleasure − from the notes).

C.     Caretaker Status

       The remaining question is whether Mr. A. fell within the class of persons covered

by the statute at the time of his inappropriate behavior – i.e., whether he was a parent,

household or family member, or “other person who has permanent or temporary care or

custody or responsibility for the supervision of a child.” FL §5-701(x)(1). He was not Ms.

K.’s parent, nor was he a household or family member, nor did he have any permanent

responsibility for her. Therefore, the only possibility is that he was an “other person who

has … temporary care or custody or responsibility for supervision of” Ms. K. It appears to

be undisputed that he did have temporary responsibility for the supervision of Ms. K.

during the time that she was in his martial arts class. However, the key question is whether

       7
           FL §5-701(e).

                                            12
he had such status in relation to Ms. K. at the time he engaged in sexually exploitative

conduct. The ALJ concluded that he did not – a conclusion affirmed by the courts below.

       Caretaker Status and Temporal Breaks

       The resolution of this case depends to some extent on the construction of the

pertinent statutory language – i.e., what it means to have “temporary care or custody or

responsibility for the supervision of” a child. As always, we look to the “normal, plain

meaning of the language of the statute.” Lockshin v. Semsker, 412 Md. 257, 275, 987 A.2d

18 (2010). The statute refers to an “act ... by a ... person who has ... temporary care or

custody or responsibility for the supervision of a child.” FL §5-701(x)(1) (emphasis

added). The present tense indicates that the act must take place while the person has

temporary care or custody or responsibility for supervision.

       This Court has previously said that “temporary care or custody” is equivalent to “in

loco parentis,” a relatively restrictive classification that “arises only when one is willing to

assume all the obligations and to receive all the benefits associated with one standing as a

natural parent to a child.” Pope v. State, 284 Md. 309, 323, 396 A.2d 1054 (1979) (quoting

Fuller v. Fuller, 247 A.2d 767 (D.C. 1968)). However, “responsibility for ... supervision”

is broader. As the Court in Pope observed:

              “Responsibility” in its common and generally accepted
              meaning denotes “accountability,” and “supervision”
              emphasizes broad authority to oversee with the powers of
              direction and decision. . . . Absent a court order or award by
              some appropriate proceeding pursuant to statutory authority,
              we think it to be self-evident that responsibility for supervision
              of a minor child may be obtained only upon the mutual consent,
              expressed or implied, by the one legally charged with the care
              of the child and by the one assuming the responsibility.

                                              13
284 Md. at 323. Thus, the Court said, a babysitter temporarily has responsibility for the

supervision of a child, and so does a school teacher when the child is at school. Id. at 324.

Having begun, such responsibility ends as follows:

              [O]nce responsibility for the supervision of a minor child has
              been placed in a third person, it may be terminated unilaterally
              by a parent by resuming responsibility, expressly or by
              conduct. The consent of the third party in such circumstances
              is not required; he may not prevent return of responsibility to
              the parent. But, of course, the third person in whom
              responsibility has been placed is not free to relinquish that
              responsibility without the knowledge of the parent. For
              example, a sitter may not simply walk away in the absence of
              the parents and leave the children to their own devices.

Id.

       The Court examined the significance of a temporal break in responsibility for

supervision of a child in Anderson v. State, 372 Md. 285, 812 A.2d 1016 (2002). In that

case, a male teacher, who was driving a 14-year-old girl home from school, took a detour

to his house where he and the girl had sex. 372 Md. at 289. In holding that the teacher had

temporary responsibility for the supervision of his student at the time of the abusive

conduct, the Court reasoned that the teacher’s responsibility for her supervision began at

school and had not yet terminated when they had sex, because he had not yet delivered the

girl back to her parents. Id. at 295-96. Anderson relied heavily on the implied consent of

the parents to “any reasonable assistance that a teacher may provide to assure the child’s

return home from school” and the lack of any “temporal break in the teacher and student

relationship” that might, “depending on its length and nature, ... interrupt the implied

consent of the parent and dispel the teacher’s duty to supervise.” Id. at 294.

                                             14
       This understanding of the statute nearly resolves this appeal.             Mr. A. had

responsibility for the supervision of Ms. K. when she was in his class, but that

responsibility ended when she departed the martial arts studio and her parents resumed

their responsibility – thereby terminating the implied consent of the parents and the

instructor’s duty to supervise. Mr. A.’s subsequent inappropriate behavior in emails and

telephone calls occurred when Mr. A. did not have responsibility for her supervision during

a temporal break in the teacher-student relationship, when Ms. K. was usually in her own

home. By the time Ms. K. got home and exchanged the emails and telephone calls with

Mr. A., her parents had responsibility for her supervision, and Mr. A. did not. Therefore,

Mr. A.’s out-of-class behavior was not an “act ... by a ... person who has ... temporary care

or custody or responsibility for the supervision of a child.” FL §5-701(x)(1) (emphasis

added).8 Reprehensible as some of Mr. A.’s conduct might be, without more it did not fall

within the definition of child abuse under this statute.

       8
           In her dissent, Judge Adkins suggests that we might construe the definition of
“sexual abuse” – and, more specifically, its description of caretaker status – more broadly
than the Court has construed its criminal counterpart in cases such as Anderson. Tempting
as this approach might be, it fails because the definitions in the civil and criminal provisions
originated as one. See footnote 2 above. This is not to say civil and criminal enforcement
are in all respects the same. For a variety of reasons, it may be easier to prove child abuse
in a civil proceeding than in a criminal prosecution. The State has a lighter burden of proof
in a civil case; unlike a criminal case, adverse inferences may be drawn from a defendant’s
silence; and the formal rules of evidence do not apply in a civil administrative proceeding.
But the legislative DNA of the definition of “child abuse” in the two statutes is identical.

        In her dissent, Judge Watts argues that one may have “temporary care” of a child by
engaging in remote communications with the child – e.g., by sending an email or a letter
that expresses concern or by providing psychological comfort to the child. She offers
several reasons for this position. She points out that this would comport with a dictionary
definition of “care,” which includes providing psychological comfort. In addition, she
                                              15
       The Department has essentially conceded this but argued, both before the ALJ and

on appeal, that there is more here – i.e., that Mr. A. engaged in grooming behavior in class

that linked the time he was responsible for Ms. K.’s supervision to his sexually explicit

out-of-class communications with her.9

       Grooming

       The Department contends that Mr. A.’s interactions with Ms. K. during, or

immediately after, class constituted systematic “grooming” designed to make her

susceptible to sexual exploitation. It points to her testimony that Mr. A. paid special

attention to her in class and sometimes spoke to her about personal matters.             The

argues that “care” must be read in this fashion or else it will be redundant with
“responsibility for supervision” elsewhere in the statute. She also urges that it would be
consistent with the underlying legislative purpose of protecting children.

      Perhaps this idea would have some merit if the statute said “provide care” or “offer
care” instead of “has … care” which, like “has … custody,” denotes a greater
responsibility. In any event, as Judge Watts concedes, the Court has already interpreted
“temporary care or custody” as equivalent to “in loco parentis,” which is inconsistent with
Judge Watts’ suggested reading of the phrase, and has construed “responsibility for
supervision” to cover one who is not in loco parentis but who nonetheless has
responsibility for a child. Thus, these concepts are not redundant.

       In any event, the approach suggested in Judge Watts’ dissent would go well beyond
this Court’s past decisions that sought to interpret the child abuse statutes to carry out the
purpose of protecting children consistent with the statutory text and constitutional
principles. See Pope, 284 Md. at 320-25 (noting issue as to whether child abuse statute
was unconstitutionally vague and construing concepts of “care or custody” and
“responsibility for supervision”); Anderson v. State, 372 Md. 285, 812 A.2d 1016 (2002)
(applying the concepts developed in Pope).
       9
        The Department also agrees that the requisite caretaker status could not ordinarily
be established by remote communication alone, although it might be in particular
circumstances – such as when a teacher home schools children by video link.

                                             16
Department describes this as “inextricably intertwined with his conduct outside of class”

and “part of one continuous chain of events.” The Department suggests that what Mr. A.

did during class enabled what he did outside of class.

       Although the Department in its closing argument at the administrative hearing urged

the ALJ to find that grooming occurred,10 the ALJ found that there was no evidence of

inappropriate behavior during class. Moreover, most of the behavior that the Department

points to – chatting with Ms. K., sometimes about personal matters, and being “really

friendly” – is the same behavior one might expect of a family friend instructing a student.

       In their out-of-class communications, Mr. A. spoke at least once about the

possibility of engaging in sexual contact during class, such as touching Ms. K.

inappropriately while she ostensibly practiced a kick, but he apparently never acted on that

idea. The Department also points out that Mr. A. at least once “put his hands on [Ms. K.’s]

hips during class,” but martial arts classes frequently involve this sort of contact and even

Ms. K. said that it was to assist her with a position in class.

       We cannot say that the ALJ’s conclusion is clearly erroneous or unsupported by the

evidence. From our review of the record, there is nothing like the in-school conduct and

communications of the defendant in Walker v. State, 432 Md. 587, 69 A.3d 1066 (2013).

In Walker, a teacher’s aide at an elementary school who frequently hugged and held hands

       10
         During its argument to the ALJ, the Department did not explain what particular
conduct during class would constitute grooming. During the evidentiary portion of the
administrative hearing, the investigating officer identified the email and text messages
between Mr. A. and Ms. K. – which occurred outside of class – as the grooming behavior.
It appears that the investigating officer viewed the out-of-class communications as
grooming behavior for in-person sexual exploitation that ultimately did not materialize.
                                              17
with a third grade girl at the school was found to have exchanged notes in school with her

that, among other things, professed his love for her, confessed that he dreamed of sleeping

with her in his arms, and analogized their relationship to one depicted in a teenage romance

novel. In Walker, the defendant conceded that he engaged in this behavior while he had

“care or custody or responsibility for the supervision of” the girl at school. This Court held

that giving the girl the notes constituted sexual exploitation because “the content and the

context of the notes … satisfy the ‘sexual’ element of exploitation” and “[t]he great

pleasure [he] repeatedly describes from exchanging with [the girl] notes that carried a

sexual undertone lead us to conclude that he ‘received a benefit’ from his actions and

therefore exploited her.” 432 Md. at 625. By contrast, in this case, the ALJ found that

“[n]one of the sexually explicit telephone conversations, texting or emails … occurred

during [Ms. K.’s] taekwondo classes [and Mr. A.] did not have any sexually inappropriate

conversations or touch [Ms. K.] in a sexual manner when [Ms. K.] was … receiving

instruction from [Mr. A.].”

       Of course, as Walker indicates, context is not irrelevant. In some circumstances,

actions that, by themselves, do not seem sexually exploitative might, in context, be so. For

example, seemingly innocuous actions may nonetheless be sexually exploitative if they

meet the standards described in Walker:        they are sexual in context, and the adult

performing the actions receives a benefit from them. 432 Md. at 625. What matters for

this case is what Mr. A. did during class, or in its immediate context (as in Anderson). We

cannot simply import all of Mr. A.’s out-of-class behavior into class to satisfy the statutory

                                             18
definition; rather, there must be evidence that Mr. A. engaged in acts that involved sexual

exploitation of Ms. K. at the time he had responsibility for her supervision.

       The Department urges that this obstacle may be overcome by adopting an expansive

understanding of child sexual abuse in order to protect children. See, e.g., Tribbett v. State,

403 Md. 638, 943 A.2d 1260 (2008) (sexual abuse can be predicated on conduct that does

not constitute a sexual offense in any degree or otherwise violate any provision of

Maryland law); Crispino, supra (sexual abuse can be predicated on French kissing, even

though that is not one of the enumerated acts in the statute). It is true that the statute refers

to “any act that involves sexual ... exploitation” (emphasis added), and this allows the

statute to reach more broadly than if it simply referred to sexual exploitation. One meaning

of “involves” is “includes,” see, e.g., Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.),

available at http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/involve, so any conduct that

partly is not sexual exploitation and partly is sexual exploitation nonetheless involves

sexual exploitation.

       However, the Department has not pointed to a single action (or course of actions)

that Mr. A. took during class that, in context, is even partly sexual exploitation. Being

“really friendly” to a student is not sexual exploitation. Talking to a student about how she

is doing and what she has done that day is not sexual exploitation. Touching a student’s

                                               19
hips during a martial arts class to help the student with a position ordinarily is not sexual

exploitation.11 Building trust with a student during class is not sexual exploitation.

       The Department argues that Mr. A.’s intent behind his actions during class was to

prepare Ms. K. for out-of-class sexual exploitation. The Department contends that this

intent means that his in-class behavior “involves” sexual exploitation under the statute,

even if it is not itself sexually exploitative. We do not rule out this possibility – that is, that

an act can “involve” sexual exploitation because it is performed specifically in order to

facilitate sexual exploitation in the future. But it is not enough to show that a teacher built

trust with the student during class and subsequently attempted to sexually exploit the

student outside of class. There would need to be a showing that the teacher took some

specific action during class with the specific intention of facilitating sexual exploitation

outside of class (rather than, for example, building trust merely in order to facilitate the

physically demanding and potentially dangerous martial arts class, as any teacher might

do). The fact that Mr. A. did try to sexually exploit Ms. K. outside of class is not, by itself,

enough to prove his intentions during class. In any event, the record reports very little of

what happened during class.

       If Mr. A. had given clear indications of romantic feelings during class, then the

outcome might be different. See Walker, 432 Md. at 624-25. If he had said or done

anything inappropriate during their conversations immediately after class, while Ms. K.

       11
         Touching a student’s hips could be sexual exploitation if, for example, the teacher
touched them inappropriately, but there is no indication of that here.

                                                20
was still at the martial arts center, then the outcome might be different. See Anderson, 372

Md. at 295-96. If there was any evidence that he intentionally attempted to use in-class

time specifically for the purpose of facilitating out-of-class sexual exploitation of his

student, the outcome might be different. But no facts in the record here necessarily lead to

an inference that Mr. A. sexually exploited Ms. K. while he had temporary supervisory

responsibility for her, and that is what the statutory definition covers.

D.     Summary

       Mr. A. engaged in sexually suggestive telephone and electronic communications

with a 15-year-old girl. He thus engaged in sexual exploitative conduct with a child.

However, there was substantial evidence to support the ALJ’s conclusion that Mr. A. did

not have responsibility for the supervision of Ms. K. at the time of this conduct – which

occurred outside of class while Mr. A. and Ms. K. were not in each other’s presence. Mr.

A. did have responsibility for the supervision of Ms. K. while she was at the martial arts

school, but none of the sexually exploitative conduct occurred at that time. Although

grooming behavior in class could, in conjunction with sexually exploitative conduct

outside of class, support a finding of indicated child sexual abuse, the ALJ’s conclusion

that there was insufficient evidence for such a finding here was not clearly erroneous.12

       12
          It may be that an appropriate finding, when there is insufficient evidence that an
individual who has had responsibility for the supervision of a child continued to have that
responsibility at a time when the individual engaged in sexually exploitative conduct, is
“unsubstantiated” rather than “ruled out.” However, neither party in this case suggested
that the Department’s finding should be modified to “unsubstantiated.”

                                              21
        We note that the Department relies on a few out-of-state cases construing statutes

that appear to be broader than the Maryland statute. In some states, all that is required is

that the alleged abuser be in a “position of trust” with respect to the alleged victim. See

Pellman v. People, 252 P.3d 1122 (Colo. 2011) (construing Colo. Rev. Stat. Ann. §18-

3-401(3.5)). The General Assembly has the power to adopt such a statute in Maryland if

it wishes to do so.13

                                            III

                                        Conclusion

        For the reasons set forth above, there is substantial evidence to support the ALJ’s

determination that the Department should modify its finding from “indicated” to “ruled

out.”

                                          JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF SPECIAL
                                          APPEALS AFFIRMED. COSTS TO BE PAID BY
                                          PETITIONER.

        13
          The regulation that the Department disclaimed in this case also might be a starting
point for such a statute. See footnote 1 above.

                                             22
Circuit Court for Wicomico County
Case No.: 22-C-12-001286
Argued: June 3, 2015
Reargued: December 3, 2015
                                            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
                                                 OF MARYLAND

                                                         No. 46

                                                September Term, 2014

                                     WICOMICO COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF
                                            SOCIAL SERVICES

                                                           v.

                                                          B.A.

                                                     Barbera, C.J.
                                                     *Battaglia
                                                     Greene
                                                     Adkins
                                                     McDonald
                                                     Watts
                                                     Harrell, Glenn T., Jr. (Retired,
                                                        Specially Assigned),

                                                         JJ.

                                           Dissenting Opinion by Adkins, J.

                                                  Filed: July 12, 2016

                                    *Battaglia, J., now retired, participated in the
                                    hearing and conference of the case while an
                                    active member of this Court; after being recalled
                                    pursuant to the Constitution, Article IV, Section
                                    3A, she also participated in the decision and
                                    adoption of the majority opinion.
       Respectfully, I dissent in part from the Majority’s opinion and holding. I concur

with Judge Watts’s Dissent (“Watts Dissent”), but depart from some of its reasoning. The

Watts Dissent relies heavily on our decision in Anderson v. State, 372 Md. 285 (2002), a

criminal case involving child sexual abuse committed by a teacher away from the school

premises. Certainly Anderson is instructive regarding the issue presented herein, and I

concur with her view that Anderson declined to take a narrow view of the Art. 27, § 35C(b)

requirement that the defendant have “temporary care or custody or responsibility for the

supervision of a child.”

       But the Majority never reckons with the material difference between Anderson and

this case—namely, that the sexual abuse occurred when the defendant was driving the child

home from school, and doing so, we held, with the implied consent of the child’s mother.

Implied consent was the foundation of our holding in Anderson. Recognizing that consent

by the legal guardian is the only basis for a third party to obtain responsibility for the

supervision of a minor child, we held that when a parent entrusts his or her child to a school,

the parent “‘impliedly consents to all reasonable measures taken by a teacher to assure the

safe return of the child from school[.]’” Anderson, 372 Md. at 294 (citation omitted).

       We then extended the reach of the implied consent doctrine, reasoning that the

absence of any temporal break between the teacher's supervision at school and continued

supervision while driving the child home, created an “‘indivisible, ongoing relationship.’”

Id. at 294–96 (“It is the school related activity immediately connected to the abuse . . . that

provides the basis of supervision . . . . ‘From the moment he extended his invitation until

the time he and [the victim] had sexual intercourse, she was never for long, if ever, either
out of his sight or, for that matter, out from under his influence or control.’”) (citations

omitted). Although the sexual abuse took place at the teacher’s home, we considered that

part of his trip to take the student home. See id.

       Here, unlike Anderson, there was a break between B.A.’s role as instructor at the

martial arts school, and he never undertook to take the child home. His inappropriate

sexual advances to the minor by texts and during telephone calls occurred remotely, in the

evening. Accordingly, the implied parental consent to transport a child home from school

that was central to our decision in Anderson simply does not sustain us here.

       I think the statute reaches B.A.’s conduct not by a theory of implied parental

consent, but by a settled rule of statutory construction—that a civil, remedial statute, if

ambiguous, should be interpreted in favor of furthering the legislative remedial purpose.

See Opert v. Crim. Injuries Comp. Bd., 403 Md. 587, 593 (2008) (“If . . . we conclude that

‘the language is subject to more than one interpretation, it is ambiguous, and we resolve

that ambiguity by looking to the statute's legislative history, case law, and statutory

purpose.’”) (citations omitted). It cannot be disputed that the remedial purpose of Md.

Code (1984, 2012 Repl. Vol.), § 5-701(x)(1) of the Family Law Article (“FL”) is the

protection of children. As the statute reads, “‘[s]exual abuse’ means any act that involves

sexual molestation or exploitation of a child by a parent or other person who has permanent

or temporary care or custody or responsibility for supervision of a child[.]” FL § 5-

701(x)(1) (emphasis added). We need to decide whether, in this civil statute, the phrase,

“other person who has . . . temporary care or custody or responsibility” imposes a strict

temporal requirement in order to invoke inclusion of B.A. in the “confidential

                                              2
computerized database that contains information regarding child abuse[.]” FL § 5-701. I

emphasize that this statute is civil, because I would differentiate our holding from any

criminal case with similar facts. Also the registry on which B.A. and this incident would

be included is only accessible by “(1) the protective services staff of the Administration;

(2) the protective services staffs of local departments who are investigating a report of

suspected abuse or neglect; and” (3) law enforcement personnel who are investigating a

report of suspected abuse or neglect. FL § 5-714.1

       1
        This statute is not nearly as restrictive of a registrant’s conduct, nor so public, as
the sexual registry required after conviction of certain sexual abuse crimes. We described
the severity of that statute in Doe v. Department of Public Safety & Correctional Services,
430 Md. 535, 562 (2013):

              Petitioner currently must report in person to law enforcement
              every three months, give notice to law enforcement of his
              address and any changes of address, and notify law
              enforcement before being away from his home for more than
              seven days. . . . Furthermore, he must disclose to the State a
              significant amount of information, some of which is highly
              personal, including: his employment address; information
              about his conviction; his social security number; his email
              address and computer log-in names; information about
              vehicles he often uses, including those not owned by him; his
              finger prints and palm prints; all “identifying factors, including
              a physical description,” and an updated digital image of
              himself. See C.P. §§ 11–706, 11–707 (2001, 2008 Repl.Vol.,
              2012 Cum.Supp.). Additionally, other than to vote, Petitioner
              is prohibited from entering onto real property that is used as a
              school or a family child care center licensed under Title 5,
              Subtitle 5 of the Family Law Article, without first obtaining
              permission. . . . If Petitioner fails to comply with these
              requirements, he faces terms of imprisonment, depending on
              the violation, of up to three or five years.

       If we were dealing with that public sex offender registry, our conclusions here may
be different.

                                              3
       One reasonable way to interpret this section is to read the phrase “other person who

has . . . temporary care or custody or responsibility” liberally to mean that the section

would prohibit sexual exploitation of a child, so long as the adult, in an ongoing

relationship exercises responsibility and in person care for the child, with the further

proviso that there be a significant connection between the abuse and the in-person care. I

would require that the care be in person, but the abuse may occur by other means. The

evidence in this case can readily support a factual conclusion that would meet this standard.

       Like Judge Watts’s dissent, my analysis depends on the strength of a teacher’s

relationship with, and influence on, the child, which may be presumed. The authority

exercised by this instructor, together with the student’s desire to excel in this martial arts

program could bolster that presumption. The telephonic communications would support a

conclusion that B.A. repeatedly drew upon the martial arts culture, calling her a “warrior,”

and saying that he was “very proud that [she was] working out so hard,” and that “You

ARE strong . . . among many other wonderful traits.” (Ellipsis in original.) He also offered,

more than once, to drive her to a workshop on tai chi. In another email, he wrote “I’m

sorry that you got hurt in class. I . . . can only hope that you’re alright? . . . [Y]ou’re beyond

beautiful and wonderful.”       He exerted his authority as a martial arts instructor by

threatening to discipline V.K.’s boyfriend, writing that the boyfriend’s jealousy was a

problem, and that B.A. “[could] not allow this type of vibe/attitude in my work[]place.

He’s either going to fix it or I’m talking to him. And if it still doesn’t change I’m going to

be forced to not allow him to come anymore[.]”

                                                4
       V.K. responded to some of his emails and texts and engaged in a five-hour phone

conversation with him. It is reasonable to conclude that she would not have done so, absent

the student-teacher relationship. In short, there was more than enough evidence to support

a conclusion that there was a substantial connection between the martial arts instruction

and the telephonic sexual abuse. This leads me to a conclusion that the ALJ erred in

concluding that because there was “a clear temporal break in the taekwondo-

instructor/taekwondo-student relationship when the sexual correspondence took place . . .

the local department failed to show an instructor-student relationship between” B.A. and

V.K. when the sexual communication occurred. To be sure, there was a temporal break,

but in this civil case, that, on its own, does not eliminate the possibility that B.A. violated

FL § 5-701.

       In conclusion, unlike the Majority, I would vacate the judgment and opinion of the

Court of Special Appeals, and remand to that Court with instructions to remand to the

Circuit Court for further remand to the ALJ to make additional findings not inconsistent

with this opinion.

                                              5
Circuit Court for Wicomico County
Case No. 22-C-12-001286
Argued: June 3, 2015
Reargued: December 3, 2015
                                            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
                                                 OF MARYLAND

                                                         No. 46

                                              September Term, 2014
                                    ______________________________________

                                     WICOMICO COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF
                                            SOCIAL SERVICES

                                                           v.

                                                     B.A.
                                    ______________________________________

                                                  Barbera, C.J.
                                                  *Battaglia
                                                  Greene
                                                  Adkins
                                                  McDonald
                                                  Watts
                                                  Harrell, Jr., Glenn T. (Retired,
                                                  Specially Assigned),

                                                    JJ.
                                    ______________________________________

                                    Dissenting Opinion by Watts, J., which Harrell,
                                                       J., joins
                                    ______________________________________

                                                  Filed: July 12, 2016

                                    *Battaglia, J., now retired, participated in the
                                    hearing and conference of this case while an
                                    active member of this Court; after being recalled
                                    pursuant to the Constitution, Article IV, Section
                                    3A, she also participated in the decision and
                                    adoption of the majority opinion.
        Respectfully, I dissent. The Majority narrowly construes a statute that the General

Assembly enacted to protect children—the most vulnerable members of society—from

sexual predators. In doing so, the Majority chips away at the legal deterrents against sexual

exploitation of children.

        In addition to exposing children to harm, the Majority Opinion is non-forward-

looking. In today’s digital age, with increasing frequency, children engage in remote

communications (e.g., e-mails, telephonic conversations, or text messages) with people

who have permanent or temporary care, custody, or responsibility for the supervision of

them.

        This issue in this case is whether a teacher can commit “sexual abuse” as defined

by Md. Code Ann., Fam. Law (1984, 2012 Repl. Vol.) (“FL”) § 5-701(x)(1) (“‘Sexual

abuse’ means any act that involves sexual molestation or exploitation of a child by a parent

or other person who has permanent or temporary care or custody or responsibility for

supervision of a child, or by any household or family member.”) by sexually exploiting a

student through remote communications.

        The Majority narrowly construes FL § 5-701(x)(1) so that it applies only to in-

person contact between a child student and a teacher who is a sexual predator.              I

respectfully disagree with the Majority’s reasoning, and would hold that a teacher can

commit “sexual abuse” as defined by FL § 5-701(x)(1) by sexually exploiting a student

through remote communications.

        This case’s material facts are undisputed. On January 11, 2012, the Wicomico
County Department of Social Services (“the Department”), Petitioner, notified B.A.,1

Respondent—the “grandmaster” of Park’s Martial Arts (“Park’s”), a martial arts school in

Salisbury, Maryland—that the Department had found B.A. responsible for indicated child

sexual abuse. B.A. appealed. On June 12, 2012, an administrative law judge (“the ALJ”)

of the Maryland Office of Administrative Hearings conducted a hearing.

       On July 20, 2012, the ALJ issued a decision in which the ALJ found the following

facts, which I summarize. From October 2010 through Spring 2011, V.K.2 was a fifteen-

year-old female student at Park’s, where B.A. was V.K.’s teacher.3 The record reveals that

V.K. was in B.A.’s classes up to three times per week, and that V.K. believed that B.A.

obtained her cell phone number and e-mail address from school records. In December

2010, B.A. texted V.K. to ask for a photograph of her. In February 2011, B.A. e-mailed

V.K. and attached photographs of naked women who were posing in an erotic manner. In

his e-mail, B.A. informed V.K. that he wanted her to pose like the women in the

photographs. At one point, B.A. remotely informed V.K. that he could go “out of his

body[,]” and that, “if she felt anything[,] it would be hi[s] having sex with her in a spiritual

manner.”    At approximately midnight on a night in February or March 2011, B.A.

telephoned V.K., initiating a conversation that lasted until approximately 5:00 a.m.

According to V.K., during this conversation, B.A. told V.K. that he wanted to “talk dirty”

to her; said that he was “hard”; said that he wanted her to touch his penis; said that he

       1
        The Court of Special Appeals granted a motion to refer to B.A. by his initials.
       2
        To protect her privacy, I refer to V.K. by her initials.
      3
        The record reveals that V.K. had also taken B.A.’s martial arts classes when she
was younger.

                                             -2-
wanted to have sex with her; and said that, to show her how much he loved her, he wanted

to touch her vagina while he was teaching her to do a kick during martial arts class. The

following morning, B.A. telephoned V.K. again, and, while breathing heavily, told V.K.

that he was masturbating.

       The ALJ admitted into evidence the following e-mails between B.A. and V.K. On

February 28, 2011, B.A. e-mailed V.K. to state: “How are you doing? It would be good to

hear from you[.]” On March 31, 2011, B.A. e-mailed V.K. to state: “I adore you so much

. . . . I’m certain[]ly a lucky guy.”

       On May 5, 2011, B.A. e-mailed V.K. to state: “I’m very proud that [you’re] working

out so hard[.]” Later that day, V.K. replied to state: “Thank you. I wanna be strong[.]”

Still later that day, B.A. replied to state: “You ARE strong...among many other wonderful

traits!” (Ellipsis in original).

       On May 7, 2011, B.A. e-mailed V.K. to state:

       Hi Beautiful Warrior! Been thinking about [yo]u a lot . . . . This Friday I
       leave for Tai Chi weekend workshop. Wish [yo]u were going. There’s still
       room if [yo]u wanna go up. I’ll drive . . . . [H]ow was [yo]ur day? What do
       [yo]u do for fun? . . . . [D]oes [your boyfriend] ever smile, joke[,] or laugh .
       . . ? He always seems so serious[.] I would LOVE to hear from [yo]u MUCH
       MORE. Tell me more about [yo]ur life, thoughts, [yo]ur inner workings, etc.

(Paragraph breaks omitted). On May 8, 2011, V.K. e-mailed B.A. to tell him what she did

for fun and to state: “[My boyfriend] smiles A LOT . . . . He just doesn’t smile around you.[

H]e feels [that] you like me a little to[o] much.” Later that day, B.A. e-mailed V.K. to

state: “[E]ven b[efore you] started training[, your boyfriend] was serious and somber[,]

more so than any other student.” Still later that day, V.K. e-mailed B.A. to state: “[My

                                            -3-
boyfriend] thinks [that] you have a thing for me[.]” Still later that day, B.A. e-mailed V.K.

to state: “[You’re] so sweet[.]”

       At some point on May 8, 2011, V.K. e-mailed B.A. and attached a photograph of

another female in a prom dress. B.A. replied to state: “I thought you were sending me pics

of you. (B[y the way]: That would be nice and welcomed...hint)[.]” (Ellipsis in original).

V.K. replied to state: “I don’t think [that] pictures would be appropriate[.]”

       On May 12, 2011, B.A. e-mailed V.K. to state:

       I’m sorry that you got hurt in class. I . . . can only hope that you’re alright?
       . . . . [Y]ou’re beyond beautiful and wonderful[,] . . . and[,] every time I see
       you[,] my heart feels enlivened. . . . [D]oes [your boyfriend] know[ that] we
       write, and particularly that we write using these aliases[4] . . . ? . . . . [D]ue to
       our “age differences” and our “professional relationship[,]” this could be
       seen as weird to virtually anyone . . . . I would erase all of our past
       correspondences NOW[—]and[,] from now on[,] use no personally
       identifying questions or comments unless you immediately erase them . . . .
       If you wish to share our e-mails with others[,] . . . then it would be prudent
       to ONLY discuss “normal or professional” things using our original
       “normal” e-mail addresses. . . . Tonight[, your boyfriend] was very odd at the
       end of class. . . . [Y]our varying moods and cavalier attitude when I do see
       you do[]n’t necessarily instill the utmost confidence. . . . I am an extremely
       private man[,] and [I] don’t want any[]thing about my life to be shared with
       anyone EVER unless I specifically say otherwise.

(Paragraph break omitted). Later that day, B.A. e-mailed V.K. to state:

       Not sure why all of a sudden [your boyfriend’s] jealousy has reached such a
       state that he’s acting that way towards me[.] What are you saying to him? .
       . . [H]e is just going to have to deal with guys looking at his girlfriend because
       she is beautiful. . . . If he can’t handle it[,] then maybe he should look for a
       girl who’s not as attractive . . . . I don’t want to hear anything about m[y]
       being “inappropriate” since I am older or a teacher . . . . I cannot allow this
       type of vibe/attitude in my work[]place. He’s either going to fix it[,] or I’m
       talking to him. And if it still doesn’t change[,] I’m going to be forced to not

       4
      B.A. and V.K. e-mailed each other using e-mail accounts that did not identify them
by name.

                                               -4-
       allow him to come anymore[,] since it will hurt our school . . . . [I]f you can
       fix it without causing more problems[,] . . . then please do so.

(Paragraph breaks omitted).

       The ALJ concluded as a matter of law that B.A.’s sexually explicit remote

communications with V.K. constituted sexual exploitation; however, the ALJ reasoned

that, because the sexual exploitation occurred via remote communications, B.A. was not

providing “temporary care” for V.K. when he engaged in the sexual exploitation.

Accordingly, the ALJ concluded as a matter of law that the Department had not met its

burden to prove that B.A. was responsible for indicated “child abuse” as defined by FL §

5-701(x)(1), and the ALJ modified the Department’s finding that B.A. was responsible for

indicated child abuse to “ruled out.”

       The Department petitioned for judicial review, and the Circuit Court for Wicomico

County affirmed. The Department appealed, and the Court of Special Appeals affirmed in

an unreported opinion. The Department filed a petition for a writ of certiorari, which this

Court granted. See Wicomico Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. v. B.A., 439 Md. 328, 96 A.3d

143 (2014).

       No reported Maryland opinion addresses the scope of the phrase “sexual abuse” as

defined by FL § 5-701(x)(1) (“‘Sexual abuse’ means any act that involves sexual

molestation or exploitation of a child by a parent or other person who has permanent or

temporary care or custody or responsibility for supervision of a child, or by any household

or family member.”). This Court, however, has addressed—and broadly construed—the

scope of the term “abuse” as used in the statutes that have criminalized child abuse.

                                            -5-
Specifically, in Anderson v. State, 372 Md. 285, 287, 289-90, 812 A.2d 1016, 1018, 1019

(2002), this Court held that the evidence was sufficient to support a finding that, under a

statute that criminalized child abuse,5 a high school teacher had “responsibility for the

supervision of a” student where the teacher offered to drive the student home from school;

the student accepted the offer; and the teacher drove the student to the teacher’s home,

where the teacher engaged in sexual intercourse with the student. This Court concluded

that: (1) the student’s parent impliedly consented to the teacher’s driving the student home

from school, and, thus, the teacher “assume[d] the responsibility of supervising” the

student; and (2) the teacher’s responsibility for the student’s supervision did not end outside

school grounds, as “there was no temporal break in the” teacher-student relationship; from

the time of the offer of a ride to the time of the sexual intercourse, the student “was never

for long, if ever, either out of [the teacher’s] sight or, for that matter, out from under his

influence or control.” Id. at 294-95, 812 A.2d at 1022 (quoting Anderson v. State, 142

Md. App. 498, 509-10, 790 A.2d 732, 739 (2002)) (emphasis added); see also Anderson,

372 Md. at 295, 812 A.2d at 1022 (“At bottom, a teacher-student relationship is based on

the student’s trust and acquiescence to [the] teacher’s authority. At no time was there

a temporal break in that relationship so that we might conclude the relationship inducing

both trust and acquiescence to authority have at least temporally ended.” (Quoting

Anderson, 142 Md. App. at 510, 790 A.2d at 739) (emphasis added)). Thus, the teacher’s

       5
        At the time, the statute was codified as Md. Code Ann., Art. 27 (1957, 1996 Repl.
Vol., 2001 Supp.) § 35C(b), which stated: “A parent or other person who has permanent or
temporary care or custody or responsibility for the supervision of a child or a household or
family member who causes abuse to the child is guilty of a felony[.]”

                                             -6-
“official supervisory interactions with the [child] that began at school, his transportation of

her that was initiated at school, and his sexual involvement with her together constituted

an indivisible, ongoing relationship.” Anderson, 372 Md. at 295-96, 812 A.2d at 1023

(emphasis added) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted); see also id. at 297, 812

A.2d at 1023 (This Court favorably quoted State v. Pasteur, 9 S.W.3d 689, 697 (Mo. Ct.

App. 1999) (“By virtue of [the teacher]’s position, he was able to exert influence upon

[the student], not only within the confines of the school, but outside of it as well.”)

(Emphasis added)).

       This Court’s broad construction of the statute that criminalized child abuse in

Anderson, 372 Md. at 287, 812 A.2d at 1018, was warranted by the circumstance that the

purpose of the statutes that criminalize child abuse is to “target the ever-shifting manner in

which some people will target and abuse children[,]” Walker v. State, 432 Md. 587, 627,

69 A.3d 1066, 1090 (2013); accordingly, this Court has joined “the modern trend in broadly

recognizing and punishing all forms of child abuse[,]” Degren v. State, 352 Md. 400, 424,

722 A.2d 887, 899 (1999) (footnote omitted)). These considerations apply with equal force

in interpreting FL § 5-701(x)(1), whose language regarding the people to whom it

applies—“a parent or other person who has permanent or temporary care or custody or

responsibility for supervision of a child, or . . . any household or family member”—is

substantively identical to the relevant language in the statutes that have criminalized child

abuse. See Md. Code Ann., Art. 27 (1957, 1996 Repl. Vol.) § 35C(b); Md. Code Ann.,

Crim. Law (2002, 2012 Repl. Vol., 2014 Supp.) (“CR”) §§ 3-601(b)(1), (d)(1) (Child

Abuse), 3-602(b)(1) (Sexual Abuse of a Minor).

                                             -7-
       Here, recognizing that FL § 5-701(x)(1)’s purpose, like CR § 3-602’s purpose, is to

“target the ever-shifting manner in which some people will target and abuse children[,]”

Walker, 432 Md. at 627, 69 A.3d at 1090, and remaining in accord with “the modern trend

in broadly recognizing and punishing all forms of child abuse[,]” Degren, 352 Md. at 424,

722 A.2d at 899 (footnote omitted), even giving some deference to the ALJ’s interpretation

of FL § 5-701(x)(1),6 this Court’s precedent compels the conclusion that a teacher commits

“sexual abuse” as defined by FL § 5-701(x)(1) where the teacher takes advantage of an

ongoing teacher-student relationship to exert authority, influence, or control over the

student via sexually exploitative remote communications. See FL § 5-701(x)(1) (“‘Sexual

abuse’ means any act that involves sexual . . . exploitation of a child by a . . . person who

has . . . temporary care . . . of a child[.]”).

       As used in FL § 5-701(x)(1), the term “care” is not limited to in-person contact

between a teacher and a student. Otherwise, the term “care” would be impermissibly

redundant with the phrase “responsibility for supervision.” See Woznicki v. GEICO Gen.

Ins. Co., 443 Md. 93, 108, 115 A.3d 152, 161 (2015) (A court reads a statute “so that no

word . . . or phrase is rendered superfluous[.]” (Citation omitted)). It is readily apparent

from FL § 5-701(x)(1)’s language—“permanent or temporary care or custody or

responsibility for supervision of a child”—that “care” has a meaning that is distinct from

the meaning of “custody” and “responsibility for supervision.” The term “care” has a

       6
       “[A]n agency’s legal interpretation of [a] statute [that] it administers . . . is entitled
to some deference[.]” Charles Cnty. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. v. Vann, 382 Md. 286, 295-96,
855 A.2d 313, 319 (2004) (citations omitted)).

                                                  -8-
broader meaning, including: “Family law. The provision of physical or psychological

comfort to another, esp[ecially] . . . [a] child[.]” Care, Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed.

2014).7 The reason for utilizing a broad definition of “care” is obvious—the protection of

children.

       The Majority states that “[t]his Court has previously said that ‘temporary care or

custody’ is equivalent to ‘in loco parentis,’ a relatively restrictive classification that ‘arises

only when one is willing to assume all the obligations and to receive all the benefits

associated with one standing as a natural parent to a child.’” Maj. Slip Op. at 13 (quoting

Pope v. State, 284 Md. 309, 323, 396 A.2d 1054, 1063 (1979)). In turn, in Pope, 284 Md.

at 322, 396 A.2d at 1063, this Court stated that “Bowers [v. State, 283 Md. 115, 389 A.2d

341 (1978)] equates ‘permanent or temporary care or custody’ with ‘in loco

parentis[.]’” (Underlining added).

       In Bowers, 283 Md. at 116, 389 A.2d at 343, a defendant contended that the statute

that criminalized child abuse was void-for-vagueness. Specifically, the defendant argued

that

       the failure of the statute to include any definition of the phrase “temporary care or
       custody” creates a[n] ambiguity of constitutional dimension, since neither [the
       defendant] nor others similarly situated would have had any way of knowing
       whether they fell within the class of persons [who are] subject to prosecution under
       the [statute].

       7
       “Care” has also been defined as “[t]he provision of what is necessary for the health,
welfare, maintenance, and protection of someone[.]” Care, Oxford Dictionaries (Oxford
University Press 2015), http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american
_english/care [https://perma.cc/LK4Q-GZ2E]. This definition does not imply that the care
must be provided in person.

                                              -9-
Id. at 119, 389 A.2d at 344. This Court disagreed and stated:

       [T]he [] General Assembly [] intended that the statute here apply to persons
       who stood in [loco parentis] to a child. Had the [General Assembly] wished
       to narrow application of the child abuse [statute] to those who had been
       awarded custody or control by court order, it could readily have done so in
       explicit language to that end.

Id. at 130, 389 A.2d at 350. In other words, in Bowers, id. at 130, 389 A.2d at 350, in the

context of a void-for-vagueness challenge, this Court broadly construed the statute that

criminalized child abuse and concluded that the statute did not apply only to people who

had court-ordered custody or control of a minor.

       B.A.’s many e-mails to V.K. and displays of concern for V.K.’s welfare constituted

the administration of psychological comfort to—i.e., “care” of—V.K. On three occasions,

B.A. e-mailed V.K. to ask how she was doing. In one such e-mail, B.A. stated: “I’m sorry

that you got hurt in class[.]” On another occasion, B.A. e-mailed V.K. to state: “I’m very

proud that [you’re] working out so hard[.]”8 In essence, this case’s facts exemplify the

circumstance of a teacher who administers care to a student through remote

communications during an ongoing teacher-student relationship.

       Just as the term “care” is not limited to in-person contact between a teacher and a

student, the term “care” is not limited to contact that occurs when the student, the teacher,

or both are on school grounds. This Court has already held that a teacher can be responsible

       8
        Additionally, in three e-mails, B.A. called V.K. “beautiful.” B.A. also
complimented V.K. via e-mail by calling her “attractive,” “sweet,” and “wonderful”;
stating that V.K. was “strong...among many other wonderful traits”; stating that, “every
time” B.A. saw V.K., his “heart fe[lt] enlivened”; stating that B.A. “adore[d V.K.] so
much”; and stating that B.A. was “certain[]ly a lucky guy.” (Ellipsis in original).

                                           - 10 -
for supervising a student—and thus, the teacher can commit sexual abuse of the student—

when both the teacher and the student are outside the school grounds. See Anderson, 372

Md. at 287, 812 A.2d at 1018. Although “responsibility for supervision,” rather than

“care,” was at issue in Anderson, id. at 287, 812 A.2d at 1018, this Court’s recognition of

the power of a teacher-student relationship applies with equal force in considering “care.”

This is so because, regardless of a particular case’s circumstances, “[b]y virtue of [a

teacher]’s position, [the teacher is] able to exert influence upon [a student], not only within

the confines of the school, but outside of it as well.” Id. at 297, 812 A.2d at 1023 (citation

omitted). Plainly put, a teacher does not stop being a teacher when he or she leaves the

school grounds; regardless of the location, a teacher and a student are in an “indivisible,

ongoing relationship” that “is based on the student’s trust and acquiescence to [the]

teacher’s authority[,]” “influence[, and] control.” Id. at 296, 295, 812 A.2d at 1023, 1022

(citations and internal quotation marks omitted). It is logical that a teacher who is in an

ongoing teacher-student relationship with a student, and who undertakes care for the child

outside of the school grounds, must not be permitted to take advantage of the student.

       Just as a teacher is able to exert authority, influence, or control over a student in

person while both are outside the school grounds, the teacher is able to exert authority,

influence, or control over the student via remote communications while both are outside

the school grounds.     In any remote communication that calls for a response—even

something as simple as an e-mail in which a teacher asks: “How are you?”—the teacher,

by virtue of the teacher-student relationship, obligates the student to share information and

spend time and effort, however little, on a response. The teacher-student relationship plays

                                            - 11 -
an even greater role where the teacher directly or indirectly refers to the relationship—for

example, a teacher could e-mail a student to state: “You were unusually quiet in class today.

Are you okay?” If the student chooses to respond to the teacher’s remote communication,

the student’s choice is at least partially driven by the teacher-student relationship; the

student sees the teacher on a regular basis at the school, and the student is aware that, if the

student chooses to ignore the teacher’s remote communications, the student risks having

an uncomfortable and/or awkward in-person encounter with the teacher at the school. By

way of hypothetical comparison, if a random stranger e-mailed, telephoned, or texted a

minor requesting information about the minor’s life, the minor would almost certainly

refrain from responding. The only plausible explanation for a student’s responses to a

teacher’s remote communications is the ongoing teacher-student relationship.

       Significantly, my conclusion is supported by FL § 5-701(x)(1)’s purpose, which is

to protect vulnerable children from sexual predators. See Walker, 432 Md. at 627, 69 A.3d

at 1090. To conclude otherwise would exempt teachers who happen to be such predators

from liability for “sexual abuse” as defined by FL § 5-701(x)(1)—and, by logical

extension, liability under FL § 5-701(x)(1)’s criminal counterparts CR §§ 3-601(b)(1),

(d)(1) (Child Abuse) and 3-602(b)(1) (Sexual Abuse of a Minor)—simply by virtue of the

circumstance that the predators preyed on students remotely instead of in person.

       Additionally, my conclusion is consistent with FL § 5-701(x)(1)’s legislative

history. The first statute to use the phrase “temporary care or custody” in illegalizing harm

to a minor was Md. Code Ann., Art. 27 (1957, 1963 Supp.) (“Art. 27”) § 11A (Assault on

Child), which the General Assembly enacted in 1963. Art. 27 § 11A stated: “Any parent,

                                             - 12 -
adoptive parent[,] or other person who has the permanent or temporary care or custody of

a minor child under the age of fourteen years who maliciously beats, strikes, or otherwise

mistreats[] such minor child to such degree as to require medical treatment for such child

shall be guilty of a felony[.]” Obviously, the acts that Art. 27 § 11A illegalized (beating,

striking, and physically mistreating) could occur only in person; however, eleven years

later, the General Assembly broadened the category of illegal harm to a minor by adding

sexual exploitation without physical injury. See Md. Code Ann., Art. 27 (1957, 1971 Rep.

Vol., 1974 Supp.) §§ 35A(a) (“Any parent, adoptive parent[,] or other person who has the

permanent or temporary care or custody or responsibility for the supervision of a minor

child under the age of eighteen years who causes abuse to such minor child shall be guilty

of a felony[.]”); 35A(b)(7)(B) (“‘Abuse’ shall mean . . . any sexual abuse of a child,

whether physical injuries are sustained or not.” (Emphasis added)); 35A(b)(8) (“‘Sexual

abuse’ shall mean any act or acts involving sexual molestation or exploitation[.]”

(Emphasis added)).9

       It would be illogical to conclude that the General Assembly broadened the category

of illegal harm to a minor to include sexual exploitation without physical injury, yet

intended to limit such illegal harm to in-person contact between an adult and a child. Of

course, in 1974, many modern methods of remote communication, including e-mail, text

messaging, and instant messaging, were not in widespread use; however, other methods of

remote communication, such as telephonic conversation and letter writing, existed in 1974

       9
           In 1970, the General Assembly recodified Art. 27 § 11A as Art. 27 § 35A.

                                            - 13 -
and remain in widespread use. Indeed, even today, sexual predators use these older

methods of remote communication to contact victims. For example, in this case, B.A.

engaged in telephonic conversation with V.K.; and, in Walker, 432 Md. at 592, 69 A.3d at

1069, a school employee wrote “to an eight-year-old female student a series of notes in

which he repeatedly professed his love for her, shared fantasies of kissing and holding her,

and expressed jealousy about her having a boyfriend.”

       My conclusion, of course, would not alter the principle that “responsibility for

supervision of a minor child may be obtained only upon the mutual consent, expressed or

implied, by the one legally charged with the care of the child and by the one assuming

responsibility.” Anderson, 372 Md. at 293, 812 A.2d at 1021 (citation omitted). In other

words, consent remains an element of “responsibility for supervision.” I simply recognize

that mutual consent, express or implied, is not required for “care.” This Court has

interpreted “responsibility for supervision” to require mutual consent, stating:

       ‘Responsibility’ in its common and generally accepted meaning denotes
       ‘accountability,’ and ‘supervision’ emphasizes broad authority to oversee
       with the powers of direction and decision. . . . Absent a court order or award
       by some appropriate proceeding pursuant to statutory authority, we think it
       to be self-evident that responsibility for supervision of a minor child may be
       obtained only upon the mutual consent, expressed or implied, by the one
       legally charged with the care of the child and by the one assuming
       responsibility. In other words, a parent may not impose responsibility for the
       supervision of his or her minor child on a third person unless that person
       accepts the responsibility, and a third person may not assume such
       responsibility unless the parent grants it.

Id. at 293, 812 A.2d at 1021 (ellipsis in original) (citation and some internal quotation

marks omitted). As stated above, “care” has a broader definition, including the provision

of what is necessary for the health, welfare, maintenance, and protection of a child, and the

                                           - 14 -
administration of psychological comfort, which does not necessarily require mutual

consent, express or implied. To conclude otherwise would lead to illogical results. For

example, suppose that a child is playing outside and injures herself. A neighbor invites the

child inside to get a bandage. Once inside, the child is sexually molested by the neighbor.

In this scenario, the child’s parent did not consent to the neighbor’s providing care for the

child. Simply stated, an adult who undertakes to provide care of a child without a parent’s

consent should be held accountable for any abuse or molestation or exploitation of the

child, despite the circumstance that there may have been no mutual consent, express or

implied, for the adult’s care of the child.

       For the above reasons, a teacher commits “sexual abuse” as defined by FL § 5-

701(x)(1) where the teacher takes advantage of an ongoing teacher-student relationship to

exert authority, influence, or control over the student via sexually exploitative remote

communications.      I note that my conclusion is expressly tied to a teacher-student

relationship that is “ongoing,” and I do not express an opinion on whether FL § 5-701(x)(1)

applies where there is a former teacher-student relationship or no teacher-student

relationship.10 Additionally, my conclusion would obviously not apply where a teacher

does not engage in “any act that involves sexual molestation or exploitation” of a student.

       10
         For example, the ALJ posed a hypothetical that was similar to the following. A
thirteen-year-old tutors an eight-year-old neighbor. The tutor moves away and has no
contact with the other minor until six years later, at which point the two begin a consensual
sexual relationship at ages nineteen and fourteen, respectively. My conclusion would not
apply to this scenario because the sexual relationship did not occur while the teacher-
student relationship was ongoing.

                                              - 15 -
FL § 5-701(x)(1).11

       This case’s facts provide a prime example of how a teacher can commit “sexual

abuse” as defined by FL § 5-701(x)(1) where the teacher takes advantage of an ongoing

teacher-student relationship to exert authority, influence, or control over the student via

sexually exploitative remote communications.

       All of B.A.’s relevant e-mails to V.K. occurred while B.A. was teaching classes to

V.K. up to three times per week, and many of B.A.’s e-mails to V.K. were inextricably

intertwined with the ongoing teacher-student relationship. For example, in one e-mail,

B.A. referred to V.K. as a “warrior,” which, ostensibly, was a reference to the fact that

V.K. was a student of martial arts. On a related note, in the same e-mail, B.A. offered to

drive V.K. to a workshop on tai chi, which is an exercise that is similar to martial arts. B.A.

once e-mailed V.K. to state that her boyfriend “always seem[ed] so serious” at the school.

Later, B.A. e-mailed V.K. to state that, “even b[efore you] started training[ at the school,

your boyfriend] was serious and somber[,] more so than any other student.” (Emphasis

added). Still later, B.A. e-mailed V.K. to state:

       I’m sorry that you got hurt in class. . . . [D]ue to . . . our “professional
       relationship[,]” this could be seen as weird to virtually anyone . . . . Tonight[,
       your boyfriend] was very odd at the end of class. . . . [Y]our varying moods
       and cavalier attitude when I do see you [at the school] do[]n’t necessarily
       instill the utmost confidence.

       11
         At initial oral argument, the Department seemingly contended that, even if a
teacher did not engage in any sexually explicit or suggestive activity with a student at any
time, the teacher might have engaged in sexual exploitation by forming a close relationship
with the student. As Judge Battaglia aptly pointed out, “that leads you down a very
dangerous path.” Teachers often form close relationships with students without any
intention of grooming the students for sexual activity. Clearly, I do not conclude that
simply forming a close relationship with a student alone constitutes sexual exploitation.

                                             - 16 -
(Emphasis added) (paragraph breaks omitted). On the same day, B.A. e-mailed V.K. to

state:

         Not sure why all of a sudden [your boyfriend’s] jealousy has reached such a
         state that he’s acting that way towards me [at the school] . . . . I don’t want
         to hear anything about m[y] being “inappropriate” since I am . . . a teacher .
         . . . I cannot allow this type of vibe/attitude in my work[]place. . . . I’m going
         to be forced to not allow him to come anymore since it will hurt our school[.]

(Emphasis added) (paragraph breaks omitted).               Additionally, during a telephonic

conversation, B.A. told V.K. that he wanted to touch her vagina while he was teaching her

to do a kick during martial arts class.

         B.A. utilized the ongoing teacher-student relationship to exert authority, influence,

or control over V.K. by sending remote communications that either called for responses or

included instructions to V.K. In one e-mail, B.A. offered to drive V.K. to a workshop. In

one e-mail and one text message, B.A. asked V.K. for a photograph of her. In three e-

mails, B.A. asked V.K. how she was doing. In one such e-mail, B.A. stated: “It would be

good to hear from you”; in another such e-mail, B.A. stated: “I would LOVE to hear from

[yo]u MUCH MORE. Tell me more about [yo]ur life, thoughts, [yo]ur inner workings,

etc.” In three e-mails, B.A. asked V.K. for information about her boyfriend. In one such

e-mail, B.A. complained about what he perceived to be jealousy on V.K.’s boyfriend’s

part, and instructed V.K. to “fix it[.]” In another e-mail, B.A. instructed V.K. to “erase all

of [their] past correspondences NOW”; to “use no personally identifying questions or

comments unless [V.K.] immediately erase[d] them”; “to ONLY discuss ‘normal or

professional’ things using [their] original ‘normal’ e-mail addresses” if V.K. “wish[ed] to

                                               - 17 -
share [their] e-mails with others”; and to refrain from “shar[ing]” “any[]thing about [his]

life . . . with anyone EVER unless [B.A.] specifically sa[id] otherwise.”

       The fact that V.K. responded to many of B.A.’s remote communications offers even

further support for the conclusion that B.A.’s remote communications constituted exertions

of authority, influence, or control over V.K. In replies to B.A.’s e-mails, V.K. provided

information about her life in general and her boyfriend in particular. In one e-mail, V.K.

thanked B.A. for a compliment. In another e-mail, V.K. declined to provide a photograph

of herself. On one occasion, after B.A. telephoned V.K. at approximately midnight, V.K.

participated in the telephonic conversation for approximately five hours.

       In sum, B.A., while providing “temporary care” for V.K., took advantage of the

ongoing teacher-student relationship to exert authority, influence, or control over V.K. via

remote communications. As the ALJ concluded (and as B.A. fails to dispute), B.A.’s

sexually explicit remote communications with V.K.—namely, informing her that he

wanted her to pose in an erotic manner, propositioning her for sexual intercourse, and

telling her during a telephonic conversation that he was masturbating—constituted sexual

exploitation. Thus, the ALJ erred in concluding as a matter of law that the Department had

not met its burden to prove that B.A. was responsible for indicated “sexual abuse” as

defined by FL § 5-701(x)(1).12

       12
         This case’s material facts are clear and undisputed; stated otherwise, I do not know
of any factual gaps in the record that require additional consideration by the ALJ. In
particular, the e-mails between B.A. and V.K. speak for themselves. The ALJ concluded
that B.A.’s sexually explicit remote communications with V.K. constituted sexual
exploitation, and, in this Court, B.A. does not dispute that conclusion. The teacher-student

                                           - 18 -
      At oral reargument, the Department’s counsel stated that she did not believe that

B.A. had temporary care of V.K. when B.A. sexually exploited V.K. through remote

communications. Of course, a party’s erroneous concession of law does not bind this

Court, which independently decides legal issues. See In re Heather B., 369 Md. 257, 266

n.9, 799 A.2d 397, 402 n.9 (2002) (“We independently decide issues of law and are not

bound by a party’s concession of law in a particular case.” (Citation omitted)); Imbesi v.

Carpenter Realty Corp., 357 Md. 375, 380 n.3, 744 A.2d 549, 551 n.3 (2000) (“A court . .

. is not bound by an erroneous concession of law.”). Regardless of the Department’s

erroneous concession of law in this case, B.A. had temporary care of V.K. when B.A.

sexually exploited V.K. through remote communications.

      Although CR § 3-324 (Sexual Solicitation of Minor) enables criminal prosecutions

of sexual predators who use remote communications to prey on children, FL § 5-701 is the

only means by which a county’s Department of Social Services may take action against a

sexual predator where, as here, the State elects not to prosecute the sexual predator.13

Because the Majority interprets “sexual abuse” as defined by FL § 5-701(x)(1) to require

relationship between B.A. and V.K. was ongoing at the time of the sexual exploitation.
And, as discussed above, B.A. exerted influence, authority, or control over V.K. Thus, the
undisputed facts establish that B.A., while providing “temporary care,” used an ongoing
teacher-student relationship to exploit V.K. through remote communications.
       13
          At oral reargument, the Department’s counsel stated:

      I can tell you, no prosecutor is going to pick up this case. There’s too much
      to do out there to pick up a case where a teacher’s maybe exploiting a child.
      I mean, that—the law enforcement went very far and investigated it, but these
      are the kinds of cases that don’t get prosecuted. So, the only record of them,
      frequently, is the local department’s ability to maintain its files.

                                          - 19 -
in-person contact, it is incumbent upon the General Assembly to modernize FL § 5-

701(x)(1) by amending it so that it applies to sexual predators who use remote

communications to prey on children.

      For the above reasons, respectfully, I dissent.

      Judge Harrell has authorized me to state that he joins in this opinion.

                                          - 20 -