Court Opinion

ID: 7842161
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-08 17:03:00.092936+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:21:02.288654
License: Public Domain

2022 IL App (1st) 210118-U
                                             No. 1-21-0118
                                      Order filed September 8, 2022
                                                                                     Fourth Division

     NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except in the
     limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).

                                                IN THE
                                  APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
                                           FIRST DISTRICT

     YASMINA VAVAL and TERESA FOSTER,                          )       Appeal from the Circuit Court
                                                               )       of Cook County.
            Petitioners-Appellants,                            )
                                                               )
            v.                                                 )
                                                               )
     THE POLICE BOARD OF THE CITY OF CHICAGO                   )       No. 19 CH 11251
     and SUPERINTENDENT OF POLICE                              )
     EDDIE JOHNSON                                             )
                                                               )
            Respondents,                                       )
                                                               )       Honorable
     (Former Superintendent of Police Eddie Johnson,           )       Raymond W. Mitchell,
     Respondent-Appellee).                                     )       Judge, Presiding.

            JUSTICE MARTIN delivered the judgment of the court.
            Justices Reyes and Rochford concurred in the judgment.

                                                ORDER

¶1          Held: We affirm the circuit court’s order affirming the Police Board of the City of
                  Chicago’s decision to terminate petitioners Yasmina Vaval and Teresa Foster’s
                  employment. The Chicago Police Board’s decision is affirmed, where there was
                  ample evidence supporting its factual findings, which were not against the manifest
                  weight of the evidence.
     No. 1-21-0118

¶2           Petitioners, Yasmina Vaval and Teresa Foster, appeal from a January 5, 2021 order of the

     circuit court of Cook County affirming the City of Chicago Police Board’s (Board) August 22,

     2019 final administrative decision that ordered petitioners discharged from their positions as police

     officers for the City of Chicago. For the following reasons, we affirm the circuit court’s order

     affirming petitioners’ terminations. 1

¶3                                            I. JURISDICTION

¶4           On August 22, 2019, the Board issued its decision finding petitioners guilty of violating

     various Rules of Conduct and discharging them from their positions as police officers. Petitioners

     filed a complaint for administrative review, and the circuit court affirmed the Board’s discharge

     order on January 5, 2021. Petitioners filed a timely notice of appeal thereafter on February 3, 2021.

     Accordingly, this court has jurisdiction pursuant to article VI, section 6, of the Illinois Constitution

     (Ill. Const. 1980, art. VI, § 6) and Illinois Supreme Court Rules 301 (eff. Feb. 1, 1994) and 303(a)

     (eff. July 1, 2017), governing appeals from a final judgment of a circuit court in a civil case.

¶5                                            II. BACKGROUND

¶6           Vaval was sworn in as a Chicago police officer on September 11, 2000. Foster was sworn

     in as a Chicago police officer on December 18, 2000 and went on disability leave in 2010. Vaval

     and Foster have been domestic partners since approximately 2007 and are now married. Vaval and

     Foster lived together with Foster’s two biological children, Sean and Trayvon (Darrien). D.V.,

     M.V., and C.V. first came to live with Vaval as foster children in November and December of

     2007. 2 Vaval adopted the children in February 2009, and the Department of Child and Family

     Services (DCFS) removed the children from their physical custody in November 2009.

             1
               In adherence with the requirements of Illinois Supreme Court Rule 352(a) (eff. July 1, 2018), this
     appeal has been resolved without oral argument upon the entry of a separate written order.
             2
               We use initials to protect the minors’ anonymity.
                                                        -2-
     No. 1-21-0118

¶7                                   A. Charges Against Yasmina Vaval

¶8          On January 3, 2019, the Superintendent of Police (Superintendent) filed charges against

     Vaval, alleging, in seven counts, that she had committed the following five Department rules of

     conduct violations:

                     “Rule 1: Violation of any law or ordinance.

                     Rule 2: Any action or conduct which impedes the Department’s efforts to

                     achieve its policy and goals or brings discredit upon the Department.

                     Rule 3: Any failure to promote the Department’s efforts to implement its

                     policy or accomplish its goals.

                     Rule 8: Disrespect to or maltreatment of any person, while on or off duty.

                     Rule 14: Making a false report, written or oral.”

¶9          Specifically, the Superintendent asserted that: (1) in approximately June or July 2008,

     Vaval learned that her foster son, M.V., suffered an injury, which turned out to be a fracture to the

     child’s orbital bone under the child’s left eye, but failed to seek medical treatment for that injury

     in a timely manner, in violation of Rules 1, 2, 3, and 8; (2) on or about April 29, 2009, Vaval

     physically maltreated and/or failed to protect from harm her adopted child, M.V., who was

     physically punished by either Vaval and/or Foster, in a manner resulting in visible physical injuries

     that necessitated medical care, in violation of Rules 1, 2, 3, and 8; (3) on or about April 29, 2009,

     M.V. was physically maltreated by Vaval and/or Foster, resulting in visible physical injuries that

     necessitated medical care, but Vaval failed to seek medical care for the child’s injuries until on or

     about May 1, 2009, in violation of Rules 1, 2, 3, and 8; (4) on or about October 2009, Vaval

     observed her adopted child, M.V., suffer what appeared to be a seizure, and failed to seek medical

     treatment, in violation of Rules 1, 2, 3, and 8; (5) on or about October 2009, Vaval physically

                                                       -3-
       No. 1-21-0118

       maltreated and/or failed to protect her adopted child, M.V., by failing to administer to him

       prescribed medication, in violation of Rules 1, 2, 3, and 8; 3 (6) on or about November 13, 2009,

       M.V. was physically abused by Foster, resulting in bruising and/or swelling to various parts of the

       child’s body and/or a broken left arm, but Vaval failed to seek medical care for the child’s injuries

       until on or about November 15, 2009, in violation of Rules 1, 2, 3, and 8; and (7) on or about

       November 15, 2009, Vaval made a false and/or misleading statement when she told medical

       personnel treating M.V. that the child’s injuries, including bruising on M.V.’s arms and legs and

       a broken arm, were self-inflicted, in violation of Rules 2 and 14.

¶ 10                                  B. Charges Against Teresa Foster

¶ 11          Also on January 3, 2019, the Superintendent filed charges against Foster, alleging, in five

       counts, that she had committed the same five Department rules of conduct violations:

                       “Rule 1: Violation of any law or ordinance.

                       Rule 2: Any action or conduct which impedes the Department’s efforts to

                       achieve its policy and goals or brings discredit upon the Department.

                       Rule 3: Any failure to promote the Department’s efforts to implement its

                       policy or accomplish its goals.

                       Rule 8: Disrespect to or maltreatment of any person, while on or off duty.

                       Rule 14: Making a false report, written or oral.”

¶ 12          Specifically, the Superintendent asserted that: (1) on or about April 29, 2009, Foster

       physically maltreated and/or failed to protect from harm, M.V., who was physically punished by

       either Vaval or Foster, in a manner resulting in visible physical injuries that necessitated medical

       care, in violation of Rules 1, 2, 3, and 8; (2) on or about November 13, 2009, Foster physically

              3
               The Superintendent withdrew this charge at the hearing before the Board.
                                                         -4-
       No. 1-21-0118

       maltreated M.V. in a manner resulting in visible physical injuries that necessitated medical care,

       in violation of Rules 1, 2, and 8; (3) on or about November 13, 2009 and November 17, 2009,

       Foster made false and/or misleading statements during interviews with Chicago Police Department

       (CPD) Detective Thomas Cleary when she denied inflicting any injuries on M.V., in violation of

       Rules 2 and 14; 4 and (4) on or about December 11, 2009, Foster made a false and/or misleading

       statement during an interview with CPD Detective Nicholas Cikulin when she denied hitting M.V.

       with a bat or a brush, in violation of Rules 2 and 14.

¶ 13                                    C. Hearing Before the Board

¶ 14          On June 18, 19, and 26, 2019, a hearing was held on the Superintendent’s charges. The

       following evidence was presented to Hearing Officer Thomas E. Johnson.

¶ 15          First, Vaval was called as an adverse witness. Vaval testified that, in November and

       December 2007, three children—D.V., M.V., and C.V.—came to live with her and Foster, as foster

       children. Thereafter, Vaval officially adopted the three children in February 2009. Vaval admitted

       that, in 2009, DCFS conducted three separate investigations regarding suspicious injuries that were

       suffered by either D.V. or M.V. The first investigation was initiated by DCFS in February 2009

       and involved injuries suffered by D.V. The second and third investigations were initiated by DCFS

       in April 2009 and November 2009, respectively, and involved injuries suffered by M.V.

¶ 16          Prior to these investigations, when M.V. was seven years old, there was an incident in

       which M.V. needed medical treatment for his left eye, which stayed stationary upon M.V.’s

       attempts to look upwards. Vaval was unaware of this problem when M.V. first came to live with

       her; she only became aware of the injury roughly four months later, in March or April 2008.

       Approximately four months after learning of the injury, Vaval took M.V. to a doctor regarding the

              4
                At the hearing before the Board, this charge was amended to reflect that the November 17, 2009
       interview was with Detective Nicholas Cikulin.
                                                        -5-
       No. 1-21-0118

       problem with his left eye. This doctor subsequently referred M.V. to a surgeon at the University

       of Chicago Comer Children’s Hospital (Comer). Vaval advised both doctors that she believed

       M.V. had caused the problem by rubbing his left eye. Vaval later learned from the doctors at Comer

       that M.V. had suffered a fracture of the orbital floor. 5 In November 2008, M.V. underwent surgery

       on his left eye. However, the surgeon informed Vaval that there was a possibility the eye would

       have limited mobility due to the delay in seeking treatment. Ultimately, the surgery was

       unsuccessful.

¶ 17           DCFS’s first investigation into Vaval’s treatment of her adopted children was conducted

       pursuant to a hotline call DCFS received on February 24, 2009, regarding D.V. DCFS’s second

       investigation was conducted after Debra Lomax, a social worker at Harold Washington

       Elementary, made a DCFS hotline call on April 30, 2009, after observing concerning injuries on

       M.V. That evening, when Vaval arrived home from work, she noted that M.V. had bruises on the

       back of his legs, knees, and elbows, and an injury to his shoulder. Vaval testified it was her

       understanding that M.V. initially told Lomax that his mother had hit him on his hands with a belt.

       The preceding day, April 29, 2009, Vaval and Foster were both home with M.V. until

       approximately 9 or 9:30 p.m., when Foster left for her overnight work shift. At DCFS’s

       recommendation, Vaval brought M.V. to Comer on May 1, 2009, where he was examined. She

       informed medical personnel at the hospital that she believed M.V. had caused the injuries to

       himself, and that he had a history of hurting himself. Specifically, she informed the doctors that he

               5
                As defined by the American Academy of Ophthalmology, an orbital floor fracture “is when a blow
       or trauma to the orbital rim pushes the bones back, causing the bones of the eye socket floor [to buckle]
       downward. This fracture can also affect the muscles and nerves around the eye, keeping it from moving
       properly and feeling normal.” Kierstan Boyd, reviewed by Philip R. Rizzuto, M.D., What is an Orbital
       Fracture?, American Academy of Ophthalmology (Sep. 28, 2017), https://www.aao.org/eye-
       health/diseases/what-is-orbital-fracture#:~:text=Orbital%20floor%20fracture,moving%20properly%20
       and%20feeling%20normal (last visited Aug. 23, 2022).
                                                         -6-
       No. 1-21-0118

       sucked on his arms and rubbed his legs on the rail of his bed to cause the bruises to his arms and

       legs. Vaval was unaware that M.V. had conveyed to hospital medical staff that he was afraid to lie

       about his injuries because he was told if he lied, the police would take him away and put him in

       jail.

¶ 18           DCFS investigator Barbara Williams was assigned to M.V.’s case. Vaval admitted she

       informed Williams that she had “spanked” M.V. with his belt on his bottom, while he was clothed.

       However, she denied telling Williams that she “whipped” M.V. on his hands with a belt for acting

       out in school and testified Williams was incorrect when she included that statement in her report.

       At the conclusion of the April 2009 investigation, Williams notified Vaval that she was

       recommending the case be closed as unfounded. Vaval denied that Williams advised her that her

       explanation for M.V.’s injuries was suspect. Vaval conceded that Williams informed her that if

       there was another incident involving the children becoming injured, in which the explanation for

       the injuries was again suspect, that it would be obvious to DCFS that something else had occurred.

¶ 19           Vaval further testified that there was an incident in early November 2009 when M.V.

       “fake[d] he was passed out.” She denied telling medical personnel that M.V. had passed out and

       instead insisted she only told them that M.V. “be faking.” Vaval further stated she did not recall

       telling doctors at La Rabida hospital that M.V. had hit his head on a countertop so hard that he had

       passed out, and she assumed that the medical staff “made it up.” She further denied telling medical

       personnel at La Rabida that M.V. had suffered seizure-like symptoms—foaming at the mouth, eyes

       rolling back into his head with clonic jerking—in October 2009. She clarified that she informed

       the medical staff that “he was shaking like he was having a seizure, but not a seizure.” She alleged

       that the medical personnel also “made up” the information regarding M.V.’s seizure. Despite

                                                      -7-
       No. 1-21-0118

       admitting that she had never seen M.V. “shake” before, she failed to seek any medical attention

       for M.V. following his October 2009 symptoms.

¶ 20          DCFS’s third investigation was conducted after an employee at M.V.’s school called the

       DCFS hotline on November 13, 2009. When Vaval arrived home from work that evening, she was

       met by two DCFS investigators—Venus Cole and Jacque Butler. While the investigators were

       present, Vaval had M.V remove his shirt. Vaval observed injuries on his back, including bruises

       and linear marks on his shoulders, hip, and thighs, and an injured forearm. She denied seeing linear

       marks and bruising on his right buttocks. Vaval testified that the evening of November 13 was the

       first time she noticed M.V.’s injuries. Investigator Cole directed Vaval to take M.V. to the hospital

       to be assessed. On the evening of November 14, 2009, Vaval brought M.V. to Hartgrove Hospital 6

       but medical personnel there told her she needed to take M.V. to another hospital for a

       neuropsychological evaluation and a physical examination. Vaval then took M.V. to La Rabida

       hospital at approximately 1 a.m. on November 15, 2009. The hospital admitted M.V., and Vaval

       returned home. Later that day, Vaval returned to the hospital and M.V. was examined by a

       physician, Doctor Ziemianin.

¶ 21          Vaval further testified she informed the doctor at La Rabida that M.V. had a history of

       hurting himself and she believed that M.V. had caused his own injuries. On November 16, Foster

       returned to La Rabida and apprised Doctor Ruby Roy, who was attending to M.V.’s injuries, that

       M.V. had hurt himself. Within several days of the start of the November 2009 DCFS investigation,

       C.V. and D.V. were removed from Vaval’s home, and were placed with Vaval’s sister, Jocelyne.

       M.V. remained admitted to La Rabida.

              6
               As evinced during Vaval’s testimony, Hartgrove Hospital is primarily a psychological hospital,
       although it does operate a small medical clinic.
                                                       -8-
       No. 1-21-0118

¶ 22          Based on the assessments made at La Rabida, DCFS instituted proceedings in juvenile

       court to remove D.V., M.V., and C.V. from Vaval’s care and custody. Following hearings and

       testimony, the court found that M.V. had been physically abused and that all three children had

       been neglected and were living in an injurious environment. Vaval admitted that M.V. suffered

       from fetal alcohol syndrome, had cognitive disabilities, and was physically underdeveloped. She

       further acknowledged that, as M.V.’s custodial parent, it was her job to protect him.

¶ 23          On cross-examination, Vaval testified that, prior to fostering the children, she filled out an

       application, was interviewed by Lutheran Children and Family Services (LCFS), and took a

       specialized class regarding how to care for children in DCFS care. D.V., M.V., and C.V. were all

       categorized as needing specialized care. Vaval stated she was only interested in fostering children

       who were up for adoption because she loves children and “wanted to take care of them.” Despite

       Foster living with Vaval, LCFS never interviewed nor screened Foster when evaluating Vaval as

       a potential foster or adoptive parent. Foster was responsible for dropping the children off at school

       in the morning and picking them up after school.

¶ 24          Vaval explained she believed that M.V.’s behavior was “unusual” as soon as the children

       were brought to Vaval’s house, when M.V. said “[a]re you going to be my new mommy?” and

       then began looking around the house with D.V. Vaval further noted that during timeouts, M.V.

       would “put his leg over the bunk bed top rail and rub it back and forth. And then he’ll suck on his

       arm.” Additionally, she stated M.V. once defecated in the kitchen and spread his feces on the

       kitchen and bathroom walls, claiming D.V. had told him to. Vaval spoke with M.V.’s caseworker,

       Saneeta Auster, about the incident and Auster recommended play, cognitive, and speech therapies

       for M.V. Thereafter, M.V. participated in therapy, saw a psychiatrist, and began taking medicine

       for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Soon afterward, Vaval discovered M.V. was

                                                       -9-
       No. 1-21-0118

       not taking the medication and had been storing them under his bed. Vaval testified that M.V. was

       never diagnosed with having seizures and she never observed him have a seizure.

¶ 25          Vaval detailed the procedure for seeking medical treatment for the children when she was

       fostering them—in an emergency she could take them to the hospital or call 911, but in a

       non-emergency situation she would have to call the caseworker to come to the house and evaluate

       the child. The caseworker would then call DCFS and get a referral or consent, and Vaval could

       then take the child to a doctor. This procedure for medical care continued for the first six months

       after adoption. Additionally, caseworkers continued to make visits to check on the children during

       this period, to ensure they had adequate food, bedding, and clothing.

¶ 26          Regarding the first charge against her, Vaval testified she first learned M.V. had an issue

       with his eye when he came into the living room on April 29, 2008 and expressed he had a “trick”

       to show her. 7 Vaval then notified caseworker Auster regarding M.V.’s eye “trick,” and Auster

       stated M.V. needed a referral to be seen. M.V. told Vaval he could do the “trick” by rubbing his

       eye and he never indicated that it was painful to him; rather, he would smile when performing the

       “trick.” After receiving the referral (which Vaval stated took a couple of weeks), Vaval made an

       appointment with Doctor Griswold at Comer. Upon examining M.V., Griswold told Vaval M.V.’s

       left eye was “defected,” and recommended outpatient surgery. After M.V.’s November 2008

       surgery, Griswold revealed that M.V.’s orbital bone was fractured. Vaval denied that either she or

       Foster had ever struck M.V. in the face or near his eye.

¶ 27          Concerning the second charge against Vaval, she testified that she first became aware of

       M.V.’s bruises on April 29, 2009 after investigator Williams arrived at her house that day. After

              7
               During M.V.’s school physical, there was no indication that something was wrong with his eye.
       At some point after Vaval became M.V.s foster/adoptive mother, although she could not recall when, she
       took him to see an optometrist and he began wearing glasses.
                                                       - 10 -
       No. 1-21-0118

       checking on M.V., Vaval saw two big red bruises, each roughly the size of a baseball, on the back

       of M.V.’s knees. Williams informed Vaval that this was the second open case DCFS had and, if it

       happened again, they were going to do further investigation. Williams never spoke to M.V.

       privately and told Vaval she could wait until the next day to get M.V. evaluated at the hospital. On

       April 30, 2009, Vaval took M.V. to Comer, where she explained to hospital staff that he “put his

       leg across the bunk bed rail and going back and forth” caused the redness. M.V. made similar

       statements that he caused the bruising to his arms by sucking on them and the bruises to his legs

       by rubbing them on his bunk bed railing. She did not need a referral for him to be seen because

       there is a different procedure following a call to the DCFS hotline. M.V. was not given any

       ointment or medicine for his injuries. Vaval denied ever hitting M.V. with her hand, but admitted

       she used M.V.’s belt to spank his buttocks through his clothing. She further conceded that on April

       29, 2009—the same day Williams came to the house—M.V. got in trouble at school, was given

       detention, and was sent home with a letter for Vaval to sign. Vaval denied disciplining or spanking

       M.V. on April 28, the day before M.V. received detention for misbehaving.

¶ 28           Vaval denied that she, at any point, witnessed M.V. pass out, foam at the mouth, or

       observed his eyes roll back in his head. Rather, she testified that D.V. once yelled out to her that

       M.V. was “faking again,” and when she rushed to M.V., she observed him “kind of shaking,” but

       then he jumped up and started laughing. Vaval was familiar with seizures since her nephew suffers

       from seizures. She further denied telling M.V. that the police would come and put him in jail if he

       lied about his injuries.

¶ 29           Regarding the charges surrounding the November 2009 events, Vaval stated she never

       allowed Foster to strike M.V. on November 13, 2009. Vaval was at work when she received a call

       from D.V. revealing that M.V. had told “Ms. Cole” that Foster hit him with a baseball bat. When

                                                      - 11 -
       No. 1-21-0118

       questioned by Vaval, in the presence of Cole and Butler, M.V. denied telling Cole he had been hit

       with a baseball bat. Vaval had M.V. disrobe, and she observed bruising behind M.V.’s knees and

       on his arm. Vaval did not notice any swelling on M.V.’s arms and he did not complain that his arm

       hurt. After M.V. denied being hit by a bat, Cole tore up a service plan she had in her hand and

       M.V. stood there “smirk[ing].” Cole then informed Vaval that she could take M.V. to Hartgrove

       or La Rabida. When Vaval asked if she should take M.V. to the hospital that evening, Cole told

       her no and asked if she was able to take him the next day. Vaval explained that M.V. had a football

       tournament the next day, and Cole said she could take him after the tournament.

¶ 30          Around 5 or 6 p.m. on November 14, following the football game, Vaval took M.V. and

       the children home to eat dinner. Later, Vaval took M.V. to Hartgrove, where she explained to the

       intake nurse that she was there for an evaluation because of M.V.’s self-harm injuries. The nurse

       gave Vaval a referral for a neuropsychological and physical examination at Chicago Community

       Mental Health Center (CCMHC), citing a possible seizure M.V. suffered a week prior. Vaval

       denied telling the nurse anything about M.V.’s physical condition or any event that happened a

       week prior. Since CCMHC was closed on the weekend, Vaval took M.V. to La Rabida so she

       could get the evaluation “over with.” Once at the hospital, medical personnel made the decision to

       admit M.V., and Vaval returned home. Vaval denied doing anything around November 13, 2009

       to cause physical harm to M.V.

¶ 31          Following the juvenile court proceedings and adjudication, Vaval visited M.V. once at a

       group home. According to Vaval, she made the ultimate decision not to allow M.V. to move back

       into her house because she did not want to “[walk] on eggshells” in her own home. On re-direct

       examination, counsel for the Superintendent presented Vaval with paperwork indicating that the

                                                     - 12 -
       No. 1-21-0118

       DCFS hotline call was made on April 30, 2009, and that she brought M.V. to Comer on May 1,

       2009.

¶ 32           M.V., who was 18 years old at the time of the hearing, was next called as a witness. M.V.

       testified that he, along with biological brother D.V., and C.V., lived with Vaval, Foster, Darrien,

       and Sean for over a year, around 2009. He stopped living with Vaval and Foster when DCFS had

       him removed because of abuse he suffered. M.V. thereafter went to live with Vaval’s sister,

       Jocelyne. He was currently living in a transitional living program and was about to graduate high

       school. M.V. could not remember the date that he suffered his eye injury, but remembered it was

       while he was living with Vaval. He incurred the injury when Foster punched him in the eye. While

       the injury hurt, he did not tell Vaval or anyone else what happened because he was scared. M.V.

       denied injuring his eye by rubbing it. He stated that his eye remains stagnant when he tries to look

       upwards.

¶ 33           M.V. attended Harold Washington Elementary when he lived with Vaval and remembered

       his case manager at school asking him about bruises on his body. He explained that he received

       bruises after Foster hit him with wooden sticks and brushes. He did not tell Vaval about the

       beatings because he was scared that Foster “would do it again.” M.V. denied causing the injuries

       to his arms and legs. When questioned regarding his 2009 broken arm, he explained his arm broke

       after it became “stuck” in the bunk bed and Foster stepped on it. No one else was in the room when

       Foster broke his arm, and he did not tell Vaval about it because he was scared. He denied breaking

       his own arm and stated he never told anybody he broke his arm by hitting it on the desk at school.

       M.V. further denied hitting himself with a hairbrush or banging his legs on his bunk bed.

¶ 34           On cross-examination, M.V. testified that he takes Abilify for depression, does not have

       seizures, and does not take medication for seizures. M.V. stated he never told lies about D.V. or

                                                      - 13 -
       No. 1-21-0118

       anyone else who lived in the house with him when he lived with Vaval. He testified that if he

       “know[s] something’s happening to me, I ain’t going to lie about it.” M.V. recollected an instance

       when he first moved in with Vaval, where he and D.V. were sitting on the bed and Foster came in

       there and “started whooping [D.V.] for no reason.” He testified that neither his teachers nor

       coaches would check in with him and ask how he was doing. M.V. stated he did not believe Foster

       walked with a cane or wore braces on her hands while he lived with her. He recalled the incident

       where his eye was injured and explained he was sitting on the toilet in the bathroom when Foster

       came in and punched him in his eye “for no reason.” He received a black eye from the punch, but

       nobody questioned him regarding it. M.V. denied rubbing his legs against his bunk bed rail while

       living with Vaval.

¶ 35          He conceded he told his DCFS caseworker in November 2009 that Foster beat him with a

       bat and further explained that she beat him with multiple items. He explained that in November

       2009, Foster took him downstairs (at what he believed was Foster’s mother’s residence) and beat

       him with a bat before dropping him off at school in the morning. M.V. clarified that Foster would

       first drop off her biological children before dropping off D.V., C.V., and M.V. at Harold

       Washington Elementary. He stated that sometimes Foster would turn right towards their home

       instead of heading straight to the school, and he knew that meant she was going to beat them. M.V.

       was not the only adoptive child that Foster beat. Foster would take them back to the house before

       school, bring them individually into rooms, and hit them with wooden sticks, their brush, and their

       belts. M.V. testified this happened daily when they were going to school. He did not tell Vaval

       because he felt like she knew it was happening and “just didn’t care.” He admitted Vaval was not

       present when the beatings occurred, but he assumed she knew because “[Foster and Vaval] talk

       and stuff.” While M.V. at some point stated that Foster did not hit him with a bat, he only said that

                                                      - 14 -
       No. 1-21-0118

       because he feared Foster and knew he would have to go back to living with her. M.V. could not

       remember speaking to police detectives in November 2009 and could not recall telling La Rabida

       doctors that he broke his arm when he hit it on a desk.

¶ 36          M.V. could not recollect going to the hospital in May 2009 for a bruised back and legs.

       Neither could he remember getting into trouble at school and receiving a detention, but he stated

       that he probably received detention because “everybody got a detention” at his school. He likewise

       could not recall telling his teacher in May that he got “whipped” with a belt as a result of getting

       in trouble at school nor could he recall telling personnel at the hospital that he caused the bruises

       himself by sucking on his arm and rubbing his legs on the bed. He denied receiving timeouts for

       punishment when he lived with Vaval and Foster.

¶ 37          C.V., who was 16 years old at the time of the hearing, testified that Vaval and Foster were

       his guardians when he was approximately 5 years old. Although C.V. could not remember the

       exact dates that he lived with Foster and Vaval, he testified that he lived with them for two different

       periods of time, the second in 2015 or 2016. He stated he stopped living with Vaval and Foster the

       first time because M.V. and D.V. were being abused. 8 When C.V. was removed from Vaval and

       Foster’s home the second time, he went to Comer. C.V. is no longer in communication with M.V.

       and did not recall seeing M.V. with marks on his legs or hands when they lived with Vaval and

       Foster. He stated M.V. never broke his arm and he never saw M.V. hurt himself, hit himself with

       a hairbrush, or bang his legs against the bunk bed.

¶ 38          On cross-examination, C.V. testified that he remembered sharing a room with M.V. at

       Vaval’s home and did not remember sharing a room with Darrien. On re-direct examination, C.V.

       clarified that he saw M.V. with a broken arm but that M.V. did not break his own arm. He

              8
               C.V. admitted that he was “still young back then, so my memory is kind of fuzzy on that.”
                                                       - 15 -
       No. 1-21-0118

       remembered that M.V.’s broken arm had “something to do with Teresa,” but he was “too young”

       when it happened to say definitively who broke M.V.’s arm. On recross-examination, C.V. stated

       that Foster used to drive him to school, and he remembers going to Foster’s mother’s house

       sometimes before school. He admitted being angry with Vaval and Foster but stated that he does

       not “hold a grudge.” On further re-direct examination, C.V. elaborated that he is angry with them

       because his shoulders have “big scars on them” from Foster hitting him with a stick.

¶ 39          The parties stipulated that, if Venus Cole were called to testify, she would testify that in

       November and December of 2009, she worked as a child protection investigator for DCFS. In her

       role, she investigated allegations of abuse after they were called into the child abuse and neglect

       hotline (hotline). She would further testify that an investigation was opened on November 13, 2009

       based on a hotline call from an individual at M.V.’s school that M.V. had complained his hand

       was hurting. His palms were observed to be red, and his thumb bruised and swollen. He reported

       that Foster hit him with a brush and a bat that broke in half. M.V. later recanted these allegations.

       Cole interviewed M.V. at the school counseling office, where he told her that he got a “whooping”

       with a brush by Foster. His left arm was swollen, his right arm had bruises that looked like he was

       scraped, he had a bruise on his left knee, and marks on his back like he was bruised with an object.

       Cole later learned that M.V. had other bruises on his back area as well. When Cole interviewed

       D.V. on November 13, 2009, D.V. told her that M.V. hurt himself all the time and he saw him do

       so. Cole recommended a safety plan be completed and stated that M.V. should be seen by a doctor

       that day. C.V. reported to DCFS that he observed M.V. being “whipped” by Foster on the day he

       was injured.

¶ 40          Cole would further testify that when she spoke to Vaval on that same date, Vaval reported

       she had adopted the children two years earlier and they had experienced numerous behavioral

                                                      - 16 -
       No. 1-21-0118

       problems. Cole informed Vaval that the children should be taken to Hartgrove Hospital or Chicago

       Lakeshore Hospital so they could be assessed for self-mutilation. Cole was informed by Vaval

       that, on prior occasions, DCFS investigations had been initiated when the children had hurt

       themselves. When that had occurred, Vaval stated she took them for an evaluation but was not

       given a diagnosis. Cole gave Vaval a medical referral form that needed to be completed by a doctor

       to evaluate M.V.’s injuries. Cole also expressed that the children needed psychiatric treatment

       and/or medications. Cole additionally communicated that she found Vaval to be credible when she

       explained that M.V. had hurt himself and therefore M.V. could stay with Vaval during the

       investigation. Also on November 13, 2009, Cole met with Foster, and Foster denied doing anything

       to M.V. Three days later, Cole met with Sean Foster who stated he had seen M.V. in the bathroom

       with a brush on his back and had seen M.V. scratching his legs across the bed. When Cole asked

       Sean if he had seen M.V. get a “whipping,” Sean did not respond, but said they are punished by

       not being allowed to play games or by being sent to bed. Cole did not observe any marks of abuse

       on Sean.

¶ 41          Doctor Roy informed Cole on November 16, 2009 that M.V. had a fracture through the

       humerus in his right arm and that she believed M.V. could not have caused the bruises to his back.

       Dr. Roy additionally wanted to know if DCFS was aware that, the previous year, M.V. had suffered

       a fracture to his eye socket that required surgery. Cole learned that the children had reported to

       Vaval that they had been “whipped” by Foster, but Vaval did not believe them. As a result of the

       November 13 incident, M.V., C.V., and D.V. were removed from the home and were placed in

       protective custody. The children were taken to a shelter and then eventually placed in the care of

       Vaval’s sister, Jocelyne McGlorthan. The McGlorthan’s indicated they were willing to care for the

       children until the investigation was completed. On November 18, 2009, Cole informed Vaval that

                                                     - 17 -
       No. 1-21-0118

       the boys had been placed in protective custody and the case was referred to the juvenile court.

       Temporary custody over the children was awarded to DCFS. Lastly, Cole would testify that in

       December 2009, she conducted a risk assessment and prepared a summary report. She determined

       that M.V. could not be safely maintained in the home with appropriate services and/or a safety

       plan. She concluded that while the boys may have engaged in questionable conduct, M.V.’s

       injuries could not have been self-administered.

¶ 42           Jocelyne McGlorthan, Vaval’s older sister, was next called as a defense witness. Jocelyne

       met M.V. when Vaval first brought the children home in 2007. She continued to interact with M.V.

       several times a week, especially on Sundays. Jocelyne would occasionally pick M.V. up from

       school if his mothers were unavailable. She never observed M.V. with a black eye and he never

       told her that Foster was beating him, sat on him, or broke his arm. She never witnessed Vaval or

       Foster spank or whip M.V., though occasionally he was on punishment and was confined to his

       bedroom. Jocelyne “quite often” saw M.V. do “unusual” things with his eye, including turn his

       eyelid inside out. When Jocelyne spoke with her sister regarding why M.V. was removed from her

       care, Vaval told Jocelyne that it was because Foster had broken M.V.’s arm. Jocelyne never asked

       Vaval if she hurt the children because Vaval was her sister, and she “knew” Vaval would not hurt

       them.

¶ 43           After the children were removed from Vaval’s care, Jocelyne and her husband, Derek

       McGlorthan, agreed to house the children. M.V. stayed with her for approximately one or two

       months. During this period of time, M.V. and D.V. “ran up” her cable and telephone bills, D.V.

       punched a hole in a wall, her son’s expensive game system was broken, and all three children

                                                     - 18 -
       No. 1-21-0118

       “almost made [her] lose [her] job” when they fought at her office after school. 9 After the incident

       at her office, she called the social worker and told her she would no longer be caring for the

       children. Jocelyne brought the children to the caseworker and submitted a letter to the agency

       informing them that she could not keep the children. She additionally stated that M.V. threatened

       her husband and son, claiming he would call (presumably DCFS) to get them in trouble.

¶ 44           On cross-examination, Jocelyne admitted she was close with Vaval and would not want to

       see anything happen to her. She testified that C.V. went back to live with Vaval at a later date, but

       admitted C.V. was later removed from the home again. Jocelyne testified that she is aware that

       C.V. has no desire to return and live with Vaval. She stated she never saw M.V. hurt himself and

       only saw him turn his eyelid inside out. On re-direct, Jocelyne stated she did not believe Foster

       had hurt M.V. Jocelyne stated she would not lie to help Vaval, even if she were in trouble.

¶ 45           Barbara Williams testified she has worked for DCFS for 25 years—as a foster care

       caseworker, an intact family worker, a child protection investigator, in quality assurance, and as

       an administrative case reviewer. In 2009, Williams was a child protective investigator, meaning

       she investigated child abuse and neglect cases. In April 2009, Williams conducted an investigation

       after receiving a hotline call from M.V.’s school alleging that M.V. had bruises on his arm caused

       by his adoptive mother. When Williams interviewed M.V., she observed bruising on his arms and

       upper back area. M.V. told her that he was disciplined for acting out—that “his mommy [Vaval]

       disciplined him with a belt,” and then “his second mommy [Foster] came home from work and

       disciplined him with a belt.” Williams also interviewed D.V. and C.V., both of whom told her that

               9
                 She testified she brought the children to her office because she did not have a babysitter. After
       they fought, her supervisor asked her not to bring them back to the office because it was disruptive.
       However, she brought them back the next day and the supervisor again observed them fighting. Jocelyne
       lied and told her supervisor that the social worker was coming to get them, and she was allowed to keep her
       job.
                                                         - 19 -
       No. 1-21-0118

       M.V. was acting out and that both of their parents had disciplined M.V. C.V. additionally indicated

       that M.V. had been disciplined with a belt. When Williams questioned Vaval, Vaval told her that

       she did not physically discipline M.V. but that M.V. had behavioral problems and would normally

       self-inflict injuries. Foster similarly denied disciplining M.V. Furthermore, both Foster and Vaval

       denied that they lived together in the same home. Williams examined M.V.’s bunkbed and found

       there was nothing wrong with the bed so as to cause M.V.’s legs injuries. At some point in the

       investigation, Vaval eventually admitted to Williams that she had either “whooped” or “spanked”

       M.V. on the hand with a belt.

¶ 46           During the initial visit, Williams instructed Vaval to take M.V. to the doctor for an

       examination. Williams later spoke to the doctor who examined M.V. The doctor told Williams that

       she had concerns, as M.V.’s marks were not consistent with the explanation of how he received

       them. The doctor told Williams she would call back later to further discuss her concerns; however,

       Williams never received a call back from the treating physician. Despite repeated attempts to

       contact the physician, Williams was unable to speak with the doctor again. Williams testified she

       relies on a doctor’s belief as to whether an injury rises to a level of abuse and neglect. To that end,

       if an investigator is unable to speak with a doctor regarding a child’s injuries, that frustrates the

       investigator’s ability to complete the investigation. Ultimately, Williams closed the investigation

       as “unfounded,” since (1) there was insufficient evidence from the medical professional indicating

       that the discipline of M.V. had risen to the level of abuse, (2) it was the first report related to M.V.,

       (3) M.V. had behavioral issues, (4) the adoptive mother wanted services, and (5) the children

       reported they were not afraid. Nevertheless, Williams informed Vaval that the doctor and DCFS

       had concerns and informed her that if there was a subsequent hotline call, there could be

                                                        - 20 -
       No. 1-21-0118

       consequences such as protective custody or opening the case up for family services. Accordingly,

       Williams recommended Vaval refrain from physically disciplining the children.

¶ 47             On cross-examination, Williams explained that a foster parent would not need DCFS

       approval for a normal routine medical appointment, but they would need DCFS consent for

       something like surgery, counseling, or therapy. Williams testified Vaval was cooperative with her

       investigation. She further stated she did not remove M.V. from Vaval’s home because she did not

       believe he was in immediate risk of harm. Williams never asked to see the belt M.V. was whipped

       with because “everybody kind of conceded that he was disciplined with a belt.” She could not

       recall Vaval offering an alternate explanation for the bruising on M.V.’s arms but did remember

       M.V. stating that when he was being spanked on the bottom, he tried to block the strikes with his

       arm. Williams explained that a case can be “indicated” for abuse or neglect without a doctor’s

       opinion because those types of cases are “there, we know it.” When cases are “gray,” the

       investigators prefer a doctor give their medical opinion. In addition to not being able to reach the

       treating physician during her investigation, Williams was unable to reach M.V.’s caseworker or

       therapist. Williams was unaware that two other children (Foster’s biological children) lived in the

       house with M.V. but stated she would have interviewed them if she had been informed. On

       re-direct, Williams clarified that DCFS consent is not required for a physician to examine a child’s

       injury.

¶ 48             Twenty-five-year-old Sean Pierre Lemar Foster was subsequently called as a defense

       witness. Sean testified that Foster is his biological mother, but he also considers Vaval to be his

       mother. Sean lived with Vaval, Foster, and his brother Darrien until 2007 when M.V., C.V., and

       D.V. came to live with them. Sean estimated that, in 2008, he was 14 years old, D.V. was eight or

       nine, M.V. was seven or eight, C.V. was six or seven, and Darrien was three years old. Sean

                                                      - 21 -
       No. 1-21-0118

       detailed his home life between 2007 and 2009 as the children playing and having fun “until

       someone got – was in trouble either in school or at home.” As the eldest brother, Sean interacted

       with his siblings by playing video games, watching television, and wrestling. Foster would drive

       the children to school in the mornings. Sean described M.V. as someone who sought attention. He

       explained that “most times” M.V. would get in trouble over little things or lie about someone else

       to get attention. M.V. never confided in Sean, but they were close and played together. When they

       lived together, Sean observed M.V. “hang his legs over the railings and just swing them around

       and then put his arms through the bed railing and move it a certain way.” When Sean witnessed

       this, he would tell M.V. to stop.

¶ 49          Sean recalled one time when M.V. lied, claiming he did not break a PlayStation Portable

       (PSP). He explained that all the children had their own PSPs and he believed M.V. had broken his,

       since M.V. was the last one he had seen with it. After he told Vaval and Foster, his mothers

       concluded M.V. had broken Sean’s PSP and replaced Sean’s with M.V.’s. M.V. was upset with

       his punishment and pouted. Sean explained that if he and his siblings misbehaved and were

       disciplined, they had their privileges taken away and would be sent to their corresponding rooms.

       He denied either mother ever whipped or hit him. He also denied ever seeing either of his mothers

       whip or beat M.V., and never saw his mothers slap any of his siblings in their faces. M.V. never

       told Sean that either of their mothers was beating or hurting him physically. Sean testified that all

       his siblings were treated the same, regardless of whether they were biological or adopted. Lastly,

       Sean testified that Foster was in an accident at work in 2006, which caused injuries including “head

       damage,” surgery, and resulted in “her right-side nervous system” being “all messed up.” He

       explained Foster could barely walk, talk, or hold anything following the accident.

                                                      - 22 -
       No. 1-21-0118

¶ 50          On cross-examination, Sean clarified that M.V. would drape his legs over the higher

       protective railing on the bunk bed when he would swing them. Sean recalled an occasion in

       approximately November 2009 when he was babysitting his siblings and had to call his mothers

       to come home after M.V. hit his head. Sean heard a thump in the bathroom, and when he went

       inside, M.V. was lying on the floor. On re-direct, Sean clarified that M.V. was not unconscious,

       since he ended up getting up once their mothers came home and checked on him. He stated he did

       not know if M.V. hitting his head was attention seeking behavior; rather, he heard a thump and ran

       into the bathroom to find M.V. on the floor.

¶ 51           Kylynn McMillian 10 was next called as a defense witness. McMillian is a school

       administrator living in Mobile, Alabama. Previously, she lived in Chicago and was employed as a

       supervisor at LCFS, a private foster care agency. In her LCFS role, she supervised up to eight case

       workers, attended meetings, developed case review plans, and attended court. M.V. and D.V. were

       in foster care with a relative when they were assigned to McMillian’s “team” in 2006. 11 She

       testified that each case had a different goal—return home, guardianship, or adoption. M.V. and

       D.V.’s case did not have a return home goal due to parental lack of cooperation. M.V. and D.V.

       were originally removed from their mother’s care when they were approximately two and three

       years old. They then lived with their maternal great aunt, who was older and had health issues. The

       great aunt was frustrated with the boys’ behaviors and McMillian remarked that the boys “were

       really forbidden to move” when she came to visit. As a result, McMillian made alternate

       recommendations regarding the placement of D.V. and M.V.; ultimately, they were placed in the

       custody of Vaval and Foster. Prior to becoming a foster parent, Vaval underwent 60 hours of

              10
                On cross-examination, McMillian testified her name was previously Kylynn Brown.
              11
                McMillian explained being assigned to her “team” meant that LCFS took over the children’s case
       from either DCFS or another agency.
                                                       - 23 -
       No. 1-21-0118

       training. After D.V. and M.V. were placed with Vaval, they were categorized as “children needing

       specialization.” McMillian testified that she had represented to Vaval that M.V. displayed

       behaviors such as: throwing things in the classroom, having tantrums, talking back to the teacher,

       acting “belligerent,” and occasionally behaving defiantly.

¶ 52          McMillian visited the children (M.V., D.V., and eventually, C.V.) once they were placed

       in Vaval and Foster’s residence—the first month she visited weekly, the second month she visited

       biweekly, and thereafter once a month. McMillian spoke to the minors privately, but M.V. never

       reported to McMillian that Foster beat him. Nor did M.V. ever disclose that Foster had punched

       him in the eye or that he was afraid of Vaval or Foster. McMillian never saw any unusual bruises

       or marks on his extremities. Had she seen marks on the children, she would have involved DCFS

       to initiate an investigation for abuse. For Vaval to adopt the children, they had to be in her home

       successfully and consistently for six months, she had to be compliant with all services and requests

       of LCFS, an adoption worker had to do a home study, and a court had to approve the adoption.

       McMillian testified that M.V. and D.V. both indicated they wanted to be adopted by Vaval. She

       learned in “family team meetings” that M.V. would “pick at his skin and create sores.” McMillian

       explained the process for getting DCFS approval for doctor visits but explained that if there was

       an emergent issue, the children could be brought to any emergency room for care. She recalled

       “some situation” with M.V.’s eye when he was approximately four years old and explained “there

       was not a case of anybody punching him in the eye. That was nowhere in the medical records at

       all and I read them over and over and over again.”

¶ 53          McMillian believed the Vaval home was a good placement for M.V., D.V., and C.V., and

       LCFS continued to monitor the home after the children had been placed with Vaval and Foster.

       Once the children were ultimately removed from the home, they came back to LCFS and were

                                                      - 24 -
       No. 1-21-0118

       assigned to another supervisor, although McMillian continued to consult with that supervisor. The

       children were placed in a non-relative, licensed foster home for approximately a month before they

       were removed at the request of the foster parent. That foster parent alleged that they were unhappy

       because M.V. had reported to the caseworker that the foster parent had stabbed M.V. with a pencil.

       The children were eventually placed in a foster home in Park Forest. Following the children’s

       removal from the Vaval home, McMillian was never contacted by the CPD to discuss the case.

¶ 54          On cross-examination, McMillian testified she is aware that the juvenile court determined

       that M.V. was physically abused. She stated that, prior to the children’s placement with Vaval,

       LCFS compiled a medical file and psychological history on M.V., which included the file from

       DCFS and the previous agency. McMillian testified that she could not recall a history of seizures

       contained within M.V.’s medical records. Neither did M.V.’s medical history have any sort of

       diagnosis that M.V. engages in self-harm. She clarified that the “team meetings” she earlier

       referenced were meetings between M.V. and D.V.’s relative caregiver (great aunt) and the

       caseworker. McMillian never witnessed M.V. inflict an injury upon himself, but after M.V. was

       placed in Park Forest, she observed him picking scabs on his arms. She ultimately conceded that

       she never believed the allegations of physical abuse and does not believe Foster was physically

       capable of the abuse alleged, despite the juvenile court’s determination that M.V. was abused. She

       further testified that, to her, M.V. never looked as though he had been beaten with a wooden bat.

       On re-direct examination, McMillian recalled reviewing M.V.’s medical record and reading that

                       “when he was younger, much smaller around maybe three or four, there was some

              sort of defect with his eye with the orbital type of thing. And I don’t recall when the – when

              it went form the defect to a fracture or whatever, I don’t know. But I know he was small

              and he was still with the great aunt when that happened.”

                                                      - 25 -
       No. 1-21-0118

       She also clarified that she did not believe the abuse allegations since M.V. never had a concussion

       or a more serious injury that she would expect to see had he been beaten with a bat. Lastly,

       McMillian recollected speaking with M.V. after he was placed in Park Forest (sometime around

       2015) and M.V. told her that he fractured his arm by banging it on the edge of a table, but it never

       hurt. He also told her he hit himself with large hairbrushes because it did not hurt.

¶ 55           Teresa Foster was next called as an adverse witness. Foster testified that she is employed

       by CPD but has been on “duty disability” since July 28, 2011. She testified that she recalled

       learning of M.V.’s eye condition in approximately March 2008. She had no idea how he developed

       the condition but had seen M.V. rubbing his eye on occasion. In 2008, the doctor at Comer told

       Foster that M.V.’s eye injury was a “defect,” but Foster later learned that Doctor Roy had classified

       the injury as a fracture. She did not know what Vaval had been told regarding M.V.’s eye injury

       but was sure Vaval would have mentioned it being a fracture if a doctor had informed her of that

       fact.

¶ 56           When questioned regarding the detention note M.V. came home with on April 29, 2009,

       Foster testified she did not sign the document and could not recall if she had seen the note. She

       likewise could not recall if she was aware that M.V. received a detention on that date but stated if

       Vaval had signed a form acknowledging M.V. received a detention, Vaval would have told her.

       Foster agreed a DCFS hotline call was made on April 30, 2009. Following the call, M.V. was taken

       to Comer and was found to have a pattern of bruises on the back of his thighs, a bruise on his

       bottom, and bruises on both forearms. Foster conceded that the paperwork from Comers did not

       indicate bruising to the back of the knees. She did not recall observing any injuries on M.V. before

       he went to the emergency room on May 1, 2009. Foster learned M.V. told someone at school that

       his mom hit him with a belt; she thought he had accused Vaval until she later learnt he meant her.

                                                      - 26 -
       No. 1-21-0118

       M.V. then told investigators that he had caused the injuries himself. Foster recalled speaking to

       Williams and being informed that D.V. and C.V. had confirmed that she had disciplined M.V. with

       a belt. Foster denied ever hitting M.V. with a belt. Foster was aware the April 2009 investigation

       was closed and determined unfounded. She never learned from Vaval that DCFS had concerns

       regarding whether M.V.’s April injuries were self-inflicted.

¶ 57          Regarding the incident where M.V. hit his head in November 2009, Foster remembered

       receiving a call from Sean but did not recall him telling her M.V. had passed out. Foster was

       presented with her December 27, 2011 Independent Police Review Authority (IPRA) statement

       where she stated Sean called her to tell her M.V. had passed out. Once she and Vaval arrived home

       following that call, they did not seek any medical treatment for M.V.’s incident because “he got

       up.” Foster testified that, on the morning of November 13, 2009, she had M.V., C.V., and D.V.

       with her when she stopped by her mother’s house. Foster stated M.V. told her his tooth had been

       knocked out, so she sent him to the basement to find his tooth. Then she sent D.V. down to the

       basement to get M.V. and they all left after taking out the garbage. Foster denied M.V. was injured

       at her mother’s house that morning and further denied that anybody did anything to injure M.V. in

       any way on the morning of November 13. Foster never observed any bruising on M.V. that day

       but conceded that M.V. had bruises all over his arms, back, and legs when he went to La Rabida

       later. She likewise never observed any injury on M.V. that would indicate he had a fractured arm

       before she dropped M.V. at school on November 13.

¶ 58          Roughly a month before the November 13 incident, M.V. had an incident where he was

       shaking. Foster testified M.V. was ill and had a high temperature. She agreed M.V. started shaking

       but denied that his eyes rolled back. Foster was again presented with her December 2011 IPRA

       statement where she stated M.V.’s eyes rolled back into his head “slightly.” Foster put a wet towel

                                                     - 27 -
       No. 1-21-0118

       on M.V.’s head in an attempt to cool him down, but neither she nor Vaval took him to the doctor.

       She admitted this was the first time they had ever seen M.V. shake or his eyes roll back.

¶ 59           Foster spoke with Chicago Police Detective Thomas Cleary 12 on November 13, 2009 and

       told Cleary that M.V. had previously hurt himself but that he refused to tell her how he received

       his current injuries. She denied inflicting the injuries upon M.V. and informed Cleary that she was

       unaware how M.V. received his injuries. On November 17, 2009, Foster spoke with Chicago

       Police Detective Cikulin 13, at Area Two police headquarters. Foster told Cikulin that M.V. had

       hurt himself in the past and denied (1) hitting M.V. with a brush at any time, (2) punching M.V.

       in the eye, (3) grabbing M.V. by the neck, (4) hitting M.V. on the left arm, and (5) throwing M.V.

       to the ground. Foster conceded that, as a result of the November 2009 investigation, the State began

       proceedings to have the children removed from Vaval’s custody. Following those proceedings, the

       court determined that all three minors were abused and that there was a substantial risk of injury

       to them if they remained living with Foster. Additionally, the court determined that M.V. had been

       physically abused and specifically found that Foster had inflicted the bruising to M.V.’s back and

       had fractured M.V.’s arm.

¶ 60           On cross-examination, Foster described a May 2006 automobile accident she was in while

       on duty and the injuries she suffered as a result—head trauma, c5-c6 spinal fusion, right-side nerve

       damage, a fractured arm, and injuries to her hands, knees, and back. She stated her ability to move

       has been affected because she has painful spasms if she turns a certain way. She is on medication

       for the nerve pain (Gabapentin), her right arm and hand tingles at times, she wears a brace on her

               12
                  Foster testified she understood the interview was part of an official police proceeding and that she
       was obligated by CPD rules to tell the truth.
               13
                  As before, Foster understood the interview was part of an official police proceeding and she was
       obligated to tell the truth. She was additionally informed of her Miranda rights prior to the interview.
                                                           - 28 -
       No. 1-21-0118

       wrist for carpal tunnel syndrome, and she had to attend physical therapy. Foster was never able to

       return to her position as a patrol officer and was placed on disability in July 2011.

¶ 61          Foster denied physically injuring M.V. on April 29, 2009 and stated she physically could

       not have done so. She denied lying during her statements to the CPD detectives. She stated she did

       not believe M.V. was having a seizure when she saw him shaking in October 2009. On the way

       home from school on November 13, 2009, Foster overheard D.V. urging M.V. to tell Foster

       something. When they exited the vehicle, D.V. was pulling on M.V.’s clothes and urging M.V. to

       “show her.” Once inside the home, Foster told M.V. to take off his shirt and she observed “straight

       line marks” on his shoulders. Foster called Vaval and asked her to come home immediately. Foster

       sent M.V. to his room and left D.V. and C.V. in the kitchen, while she went upstairs to sleep. After

       Foster observed the injuries on M.V.’s shoulders, D.V. told her that M.V. was talking to a social

       worker at school. She denied ever beating the children before taking them to school. She denied

       physically harming M.V. or beating him with a bat, brush, or belt.

¶ 62          Next, Ronya Starks was called as a character witness for Vaval. Starks, a former CPD

       officer, had known Vaval for 17 years and was her patrol partner for approximately eight years.

       During that time, she came to know Vaval as reliable, even keeled, and someone everybody

       respected. Starks further testified that Vaval has an “unchallenged” reputation for truthfulness,

       honesty, and integrity. She never observed Vaval lose her temper or act in an abusive manner

       towards civilian adults or children.

¶ 63          Chicago Police Sergeant Shawn Kennedy was also called as a character witness for Vaval.

       He became Vaval’s sergeant in 2014. Since then, Kennedy has never received a citizens’ complaint

       regarding Vaval’s conduct as a police officer nor did he receive any accusations of her acting

       over-aggressively or physically with a civilian. Kennedy described Vaval as being very

                                                      - 29 -
       No. 1-21-0118

       trustworthy, professional, levelheaded, even tempered, patient, and fair. He further testified he

       feels Vaval has a type of integrity, work ethic, and professionalism that is in line with his own.

¶ 64          Angela Fulton was called as a character witness for Foster. Fulton, who lives five or six

       houses away from petitioners, has known Vaval for approximately 42 years and has known Foster

       for about 12 years. She frequently communicates with Foster, considers her a friend, and sees her

       on a nearly weekly basis. Fulton would describe Foster as nice, generous, very honest, and the

       kind of person who looks out for others. Fulton never met the adopted children, never saw them

       misbehaving, and never observed Foster lose her temper with the children or strike them. Neither

       did she witness anything that caused her to believe Foster might be physically abusing the children.

       Fulton further stated that Foster is a person of integrity and is not deceptive or untruthful.

¶ 65          Dr. Ruby Roy, medical director for complex care at Advocate Children’s hospital, next

       testified. After an exhaustive discussion of her qualifications, Roy was qualified as an expert in

       the medical diagnosis of child abuse. In November 2009, Dr. Roy was working at La Rabida

       hospital when she treated M.V. As a result of her treatment (and in conjunction with consultations

       with other professionals 14), Dr. Roy diagnosed M.V.’s injuries as likely child abuse. Specifically,

       Dr. Roy concluded that the injuries she observed on M.V. did not fit the described mechanism for

       how she was told the injuries occurred. On November 15, 2009, Dr. Roy was the attending doctor

       on call for La Rabida’s inpatient floor when she received a phone call from Doctor Jennifer

       Ziemianin, attending physician in the emergency room. Dr. Ziemianin had concerns regarding

       M.V.’s injuries. After Dr. Roy consulted with M.V. on November 16, 2009, she reviewed M.V.’s

       Comer records and called the University of Chicago child abuse physician. Despite parental reports

       of self-mutilation, Dr. Roy did not see any diagnosis in M.V.’s medical records to support such

              14
                 Roy spoke with resident Ellen Kennedy, social worker Ann Holman, child abuse doctor Kelly
       Staley, director of the behavior science department Brad Stolbach, and DCFS investigator Cole.
                                                       - 30 -
       No. 1-21-0118

       behavior. In Dr. Roy’s professional opinion, follow-up medical care should have been sought for

       M.V. following the reported incidents in approximately October 2009 when M.V. had a seizure

       and passed out. Dr. Roy described M.V.’s November 2009 injuries in detail, including bruising to

       the back of the left shoulder, bruise on the back of his right shoulder, mid-back bruise, linear marks

       on the back of the right hip, bruise on the back of the left thigh, and a fractured ulna.

¶ 66           Dr. Roy opined that M.V. could not have physically caused the bruising to his back nor the

       bruising to the back of the legs (both of which would have taken a greater deal of force than the

       46–48-pound 9-year-old M.V. would have been able to exert). Similarly, it would have been highly

       unlikely for M.V. to have been able to cause the “nightstick fracture” 15 to his left arm. After

       observing M.V. for his ten-day stay in the hospital, Dr. Roy described him as quiet and remarkably

       well behaved. Dr. Roy testified that she never questioned M.V. regarding how he received his

       injuries, but that he spontaneously volunteered information on November 17, 2009 to Izetta

       Middleton. 16 Dr. Roy hypothesized that M.V. may have changed his story and later claimed he

       caused the injuries because he “was a small, nine-year-old boy expecting to go back to this mother,

       the same mother that is telling people here is how these injuries occurred. He would be afraid to

       say anything different.” Dr. Roy found the case to be “extremely disturbing because [M.V.] had

       been brought in multiple times for injuries. And – and the description was always that they were

       self-inflicted. And the disturbing piece to me is not just that but that many other doctors took that

       mom at her word.” At the conclusion of Dr. Roy’s treatment of M.V. she made several medical

       conclusions: (1) M.V.’s bruises were the result of physical abuse, as he is not physically capable

               15
                  Dr. Roy testified that a nightstick fracture is a category of fractures similar to that which is caused
       by a blunt object.
               16
                  M.V. told Middleton, without any solicitation, that “she” hit him with a stick and a belt, and that
       he could not play football the last Saturday (when his team was in the playoffs) because he was on
       punishment.
                                                            - 31 -
       No. 1-21-0118

       of causing bruising with that location and severity by self-mutilation; (2) M.V. was the victim of

       medical neglect for failure to provide appropriate and timely treatment of his arm fracture, as well

       as the seizure and syncope events; and (3) there was no documentation of psychiatric disorder and

       no evidence of self-mutilative behavior or any abnormal behavior in the hospital.

¶ 67          On cross-examination, Dr. Roy reiterated that M.V. never explained to her how he was

       hurt because she never asked him. She also conceded that she did not consider the delay between

       M.V. seeing an ophthalmologist in August 2008 and having eye surgery in November 2008 as

       attributable to Vaval’s medical neglect; rather she agreed it probably had to do with DCFS consent

       procedures, as the date of injury was unknown. However, she testified the described mechanism

       for how the eye injury occurred (M.V. rubbing his eye) could not have caused the injury. Dr. Roy

       admitted that M.V.’s arm could have possibly broken from a fall but stated it would have to have

       been a “substantial fall” (i.e., from a run or a fall down steps). Nevertheless, she maintained that a

       “nightstick fracture” is much more likely to have been caused by induced blunt trauma.

¶ 68          Lastly, Vaval was recalled as a defense witness and testified regarding the intake questions

       she was asked during M.V.’s November hospital visit. She also testified that she remembered that

       M.V. played football on November 14, 2009 because he scored a touchdown for the wrong team.

¶ 69                                  D. Board’s Findings Regarding Vaval

¶ 70          Following the hearing, the members of the Board: (1) read and reviewed the record of the

       proceedings, (2) viewed the video recording of the entire evidentiary hearing, (3) listened to the

       hearing officer’s oral report, and (4) conferred with the hearing officer. Thereafter, the Board

       issued a decision finding Vaval guilty of violating Rules 1, 2, 3, and 8 (Counts II, III, IV, and VI),

       and 2 and 14 (Count VII), that she: (1) whipped M.V. on his hands with a belt on April 29, 2009;

       (2) failed to protect M.V. from the beating he received from Foster on April 29, 2009; (3) would

                                                       - 32 -
       No. 1-21-0118

       never have taken M.V. for treatment of his injuries unless DCFS had ordered her to take him; (4)

       failed to seek treatment for M.V. after he exhibited serious symptoms in October 2009 and obvious

       physical injuries in November 2009; and (5) made a false statement to La Rabida medical staff

       and Dr. Roy when she told them that M.V.’s November 2009 injuries were self-inflicted.

¶ 71           However, the Board found Vaval not guilty of violating Rules 1, 2, 3, and 8, regarding the

       allegation that Vaval learned M.V. suffered an injury, which turned out to be a fracture to the

       child’s orbital bone but failed to seek treatment for that injury in a timely manner.

¶ 72           Based upon her various violations, the Board determined, by unanimous vote, that cause

       existed to discharge Vaval. The Board considered the facts and circumstances of Vaval’s conduct,

       as well as the evidence she presented in mitigation. 17 Nevertheless, the Board concluded that

       Vaval’s accomplishments and positive evaluations do not mitigate the seriousness of her

       misconduct in this case. Unambiguously, the Board found that Vaval “physically mistreated, failed

       to protect, and failed to seek medical care for her nine-year-old adopted son.” Finding that this

       conduct displayed a disregard for the child’s safety and the law, the Board concluded that Vaval

       had undermined public confidence in the judgment of CPD’s officers. Further, the Board found

       that Vaval’s attempts to cover up her violation of the law was detrimental to her credibility and is

       a serious liability to CPD. Therefore, the Board determined that Vaval’s conduct is sufficiently

       serious to constitute a substantial shortcoming which renders her unfit to maintain employment as

       a police officer.

¶ 73                                   E. Board’s Findings Regarding Foster

               17
                 Specifically, the Board pointed to the testimonies of McGlorthan, Fulton Starks, and Kennedy, as
       well as Vaval’s complimentary career history, during which time she earned 30 total awards and had no
       sustained complaints on her disciplinary record.
                                                         - 33 -
       No. 1-21-0118

¶ 74          Following the administrative hearing, the Board issued a decision finding Foster guilty of

       violating Rules 1, 2, 3, and 8 (Counts II, III, IV, and VI), and 2 and 14 (Count VII), that she: (1)

       caused the balance of the injuries to M.V. on April 29, 2009 when she beat him; (2) committed

       child abuse by physically abusing M.V. on November 13, 2009, causing him to suffer significant

       injuries; and (3) made false statements to Detective Cleary on November 13, 2009, and to

       Detective Cikulin on November 17 and December 11, 2009, when she denied hitting M.V. and

       inflicting the November 2009 injuries he sustained.

¶ 75          The Board determined, by unanimous vote, that cause existed to discharge Foster based

       upon her various violations. The Board considered the facts and circumstances of Foster’s conduct,

       as well as the evidence she presented in mitigation. 18 Nevertheless, the Board concluded that

       Foster’s accomplishments as an officer and her positive evaluations did not mitigate the

       seriousness of her misconduct in this case. The Board detailed that Foster had physically

       maltreated a nine-year-old child on two occasions, resulting in visible physical injuries requiring

       medical care. Moreover, it found that Foster’s abuse of this young child showed a disregard for

       the law and brought discredit upon the CPD, thereby undermining public confidence in the

       judgment of its officers. Further, it found Foster attempted to cover up her criminal abuse by

       repeatedly falsely stating to detectives that she did not inflict any injuries on the child. The Board

       concluded that these material and false denials of her criminal activity render her unfit to be a

       Chicago police officer. Ultimately, the Board resolved that Foster’s misconduct was incompatible

       with continued service as a police officer.

¶ 76                                        F. Administrative Review

              18
                Specifically, the Board pointed to the testimony of Fulton, and Foster’s 19-year career, during
       which time she earned 12 total awards and had no sustained complaints on her disciplinary record.
                                                        - 34 -
       No. 1-21-0118

¶ 77          On September 27, 2019, petitioners filed a “Petition for Administrative Review” in the

       circuit court, arguing that the findings and decisions of the Board were against the manifest weight

       of the evidence and were contrary to law. Further, petitioners contended the Board’s decision to

       discharge them was arbitrary, capricious, and unrelated to the requirement of the service. Some

       months later, petitioners filed a brief in support of their petition for administrative review, arguing

       that the Superintendent’s charges should be barred under the doctrine of laches. Thereafter, the

       respondents filed a response to petitioners’ memorandum, alleging that laches does not apply, that

       the Board’s findings are consistent with the manifest weight of the evidence, and that the penalty

       of discharge is not arbitrary, capricious, or unrelated to the required services of Chicago police

       officers. Petitioners responded by filing a reply brief wherein they maintained laches should be

       applied and that the manifest weight of the evidence favors petitioners.

¶ 78          On January 5, 2021, after a hearing, the circuit court affirmed the Board’s findings of fact

       and conclusions of law. Specifically, the court concluded that the hearing officer did not abuse its

       discretion in declining to apply laches, that the Board did not exceed its authority, and that the

       hearing officer made findings supported by the evidence in the record. Accordingly, the court

       found that the Board’s decision to discharge Vaval and Foster was reasonable. Thereafter,

       petitioners timely filed the instant appeal.

¶ 79                                            III. ANALYSIS

¶ 80          On appeal, petitioners present the following issues: (1) whether the Superintendent’s

       charges were barred by laches, (2) whether the Board’s findings of guilt against petitioner Vaval

       are against the manifest weight of the evidence; and (3) whether the Board’s findings of guilt

       against petitioner Foster are against the manifest weight of the evidence. The Superintendent

       counters that: (1) the Board’s findings that petitioners engaged in child abuse and neglect and made

                                                       - 35 -
       No. 1-21-0118

       false statements to medical personnel and/or CPD detectives are not against the manifest weight

       of the evidence; (2) the Superintendent’s charges are not barred by laches, where petitioners failed

       to raise the defense before the Board and failed to establish either extraordinary circumstances,

       unreasonable delay, or prejudice; (3) that the Superintendent may seek the termination of police

       officers based on criminal misconduct despite the lack of criminal charges being filed; and (4) that

       petitioners forfeited their asserted right to administer corporal punishment.

¶ 81          In an appeal from the judgment of an administrative review proceeding, we review the

       decision of the Board, not the circuit court. Remus v. Sheahan, 387 Ill. App. 3d 899, 901 (2009).

       Our review of an administrative agency’s decision to discharge requires a two-step analysis. Siwek

       v. Police Bd. of City of Chicago, 374 Ill. App. 3d 735, 737 (2007). First, we determine whether the

       Board’s factual findings are against the manifest weight of the evidence. Id. Second, we must

       determine whether those findings of fact provided a sufficient basis for the Board’s decision of

       discharge. Id.

¶ 82                                                 A. Laches

¶ 83          Petitioners first argue that the Board improperly rejected their doctrine of laches argument,

       when they were charged 10 years after the alleged improper conduct occurred and after the

       investigation of the matters had been closed. The Superintendent counters that petitioners forfeited

       the defense of laches as it was not raised before the Board. “Laches is an equitable defense that

       bars recovery by a litigant whose unreasonable delay in bringing an action for relief prejudices the

       rights of the other party.” People ex rel. Department of Human Rights v. Interstate Realty

       Management, 2022 IL App (5th) 210161, ¶ 38. Laches differs from a statute of limitations in that

       a party must show that the unreasonable delay has prejudiced and misled them or has caused them

       to pursue a different course of action than they otherwise would have taken. Id. When asserting a

                                                      - 36 -
       No. 1-21-0118

       laches defense, the party asserting the doctrine bears the burden of establishing the defense by a

       preponderance of the evidence. Cruz v. Dart, 2019 IL App (1st) 170915, ¶ 55; Kampmann v.

       Hillsboro Community School District No. 3 Board of Education, 2019 IL App (5th) 180043, ¶ 15.

       The two necessary elements of laches are (1) prejudice to the opposing party and (2) lack of due

       diligence by the party asserting the claim. Cruz, 2019 IL App (1st) 170915, ¶ 54. Further, “the

       decision with respect to whether laches should be invoked is generally a discretionary matter.”

       Van Milligan v. Board of Fire & Police Commissioners of the Village of Glenview, 158 Ill. 2d 85,

       91 (1994).

¶ 84          Petitioners contend the Board waited ten years after the relevant events occurred to bring

       charges against them, thus causing “extreme” prejudice. Specifically, petitioners allege the delay

       (1) led to the unavailability of witnesses that could have aided in their defense and (2) impacted

       the witnesses’ recollection of relevant events. The Board responds that petitioners forfeited any

       laches challenge when they failed to raise or develop the issue before the hearing officer. The

       Board further argues that it exercised due diligence, without improper delay, in bringing charges

       against Vaval and Foster. We note that “ ‘there is considerable reluctance to impose the doctrine

       of laches to the actions of public entities.’ ” Cruz, 2019 IL App (1st) 170915, ¶ 54 (quoting Van

       Milligan, 158 Ill. 2d at 90). “[W]hile governmental bodies do not enjoy total immunity from

       laches, the doctrine is to be applied sparingly against them and only under compelling, unusual[,]

       or extraordinary circumstances.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) City of Countryside v. City of

       Countryside Police Pension Board of Trustees, 2018 IL App (1st) 171029, ¶ 65 (quoting Van

       Milligan, 158 Ill. 2d at 90). This is due to valuable public interests that “ ‘may be jeopardized or

       lost by the negligence, mistakes or inattention of public officials.’ ” Id. (quoting Hickey v. Illinois

       Central R.R. Co., 35 Ill. 2d 427, 447-48 (1966)).

                                                       - 37 -
       No. 1-21-0118

¶ 85          The timing in the instant case is undisputed: the incidents occurred in June or July 2008,

       April 29, 2009, October 2009, November 13, 2009, November 15, 2009, November 17, 2009, and

       December 11, 2009; Vaval and Foster gave statements to IPRA in 2011 and 2016; juvenile court

       proceedings regarding the placement of the children occurred in 2012; the Superintendent filed his

       complaint before the Board on January 3, 2019; the hearing occurred before Thomas E. Johnson

       on June 18, 19, and 26, 2019; and the Board issued its decision on August 22, 2019.

¶ 86          It is well settled that on administrative review, a party forfeits any argument, issue, or

       defense that it failed to raise in proceedings before the administrative agency. Demesa v. Adams,

       2013 IL App (1st) 122608, ¶ 52; see also Carpetland U.S.A., Inc. v. Illinois Dept. of Employment

       Security, 201 Ill. 2d 351, 396-97 (2002) (generally, issues or defenses not raised before an

       administrative agency will not be considered for the first time on administrative review); Cinkus

       v. Village of Stickney Municipal Officers Electoral Board, 228 Ill. 2d 200, 212 (2008) (a defense

       not presented at an administrative hearing is procedurally defaulted and may not be raised for the

       first time before the circuit court). As administrative review is confined to proof offered before the

       agency, challenges should be asserted on the record before the administrative agency. Carpetland,

       201 Ill. 2d at 397. This allows opponents an opportunity to present evidence and refute the asserted

       argument in the tribunal that will decide the case. Id.; Cinkus, 228 Ill. 2d at 213.

¶ 87          We recognize that waiver is a limitation on the parties and not a limitation upon the

       jurisdiction of this court. See, e.g., Holt v. City of Chicago, 2022 IL App (1st) 220400, ¶ 9. This

       court further acknowledges that “the doctrine of waiver may be relaxed when necessary to maintain

       a uniform body of precedent, or where the interests of justice so require.” Carpetland, 201 Ill. 2d

       at 397. There are no such compelling circumstances here.

                                                       - 38 -
       No. 1-21-0118

¶ 88           Our review of the record demonstrates that the petitioners failed to raise this claim at the

       evidentiary hearing before the administrative board, and further failed to respond to the hearing

       officer’s mention of a potential laches defense 19. While this court recognizes that an inordinate

       amount of time passed between the incidents in 2008-2009 and the Superintendent’s January 2019

       filing of charges against petitioners 20, we find that the petitioners’ laches claim is forfeited, where

       they raised the contention for the first time before the circuit court on administrative review.

       Accordingly, as the petitioners failed to raise a laches argument before the administrative agency,

       we decline to reach the merits of their claim.

¶ 89                                       B. The Board’s Factual Findings

¶ 90           Petitioners first contend the Board’s factual findings were against the manifest weight of

       the evidence. As an administrative agency, the Board’s findings and conclusions on questions of

       fact shall be held to be prima facie true and correct on review. 735 ILCS 5/3-110 (West 2020). A

       Board’s decision regarding factual findings is only contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence

       “if, after reviewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the agency, we conclude that no

       rational trier of fact could have agreed with the agency’s decision and an opposite conclusion is

       clearly evident.” Daniels v. Police Bd. of City of Chicago, 338 Ill. App. 3d 851, 858 (2003).

               19
                   During the hearing, Johnson specifically stated: “I’m not suggesting there is a laches defense
       here, which would require specific evidence of material prejudice. I’m just saying when the City comes and
       says this is shocking what has happened and these officers have to be discharged, but they somehow found
       other things to do for nine years – .” The record reveals no other mention of laches until the matter came
       before the circuit court.
                20
                   As the Board noted in its “Findings and Decisions,”
                         “[T]he length of time for disciplinary cases to reach the Board is excessive. The Board
                         continues to be deeply troubled by cases such as this, in which the charges were filed more
                         than nine years after an incident occurs. In this case, the impact was particularly serious
                         [for] the victim, who was eight years old when abused and is now an adult. While the delay
                         has no effect on the Board’s decisions as to the facts or outcome of this case, and there is
                         no evidence in the record that the delay prejudiced either Respondent, the delay of ten years
                         is noted for the purpose of providing another example of excessive delay to emphasize that
                         eliminating excessive delays must continue to be a priority in resolving allegations of
                         misconduct and improving police accountability.”
                                                           - 39 -
       No. 1-21-0118

       “ ‘When sufficient evidence in the record supports an administrative agency’s findings, the

       decision will not be reversed.’ ” Orsa v. Police Board of Chicago, 2016 IL App (1st) 121709, ¶ 47

       (quoting Collura v. Board of Police Commissioners, 135 Ill. App. 3d 827, 839 (1985)). The

       Board’s findings of facts will not be reversed simply because we might have ruled differently, or

       an opposite conclusion might be reasonable. Roman v. Cook County Sheriff's Merit Bd., 2014 IL

       App (1st) 123308, ¶ 67. Furthermore, “[w]e may not substitute our judgment for the Police Board’s

       credibility determinations.” Franko v. Police Board of the City of Chicago, 2021 IL App (1st)

       201362, ¶ 46. See Gounaris v. City of Chicago, 321 Ill. App. 3d 487, 490 (2001) (“Because the

       weight of the evidence and the credibility of witnesses are uniquely within the province of the

       administrative agency, there need only be some competent evidence in the record to support its

       finding.” “[Citation.]”).

¶ 91                                           1. Yasmina Vaval

¶ 92          Based upon our review of the record, we cannot say that the police board’s findings

       regarding Vaval were against the manifest weight of the evidence. The evidence at hearing

       consisted of Vaval’s adverse testimony; the testimonies of: M.V., C.V., Vaval’s sister Jocelyne,

       DCFS investigator Williams, Sean Foster, LCFS supervisor McMillian, Doctor Roy, and character

       witnesses Starks and Kennedy; the stipulation of DCFS investigator Cole; prior

       statements/interviews of the children, petitioners, and doctor; a plethora of medical records from

       M.V.’s various injuries; the juvenile court adjudication; various reports from DCFS and CPD; and

       photographs of M.V.’s injuries.

¶ 93          Regarding the April 29, 2009 injuries, M.V. testified that he did not recall going to the

       hospital at the beginning of May 2009. Vaval points to this lack of testimony as proof that the

       Board’s guilty finding was against the manifest weight of the evidence. However, the Board relied

                                                     - 40 -
       No. 1-21-0118

       upon Vaval’s admission that she had spanked M.V.’s hands; the contemporaneous statements

       M.V., D.V., and C.V. made to school staff, DCFS caseworkers, hospital personnel, and police; the

       impetus behind the spanking (M.V. was punished for the school detention he received); and Doctor

       Roy’s medical opinion (proffered before the juvenile court) that M.V.’s injuries were indicative of

       child abuse and neglect. Further, the Board gave credence to Williams’s testimony that the railing

       of M.V.’s bed could not have injured M.V. in the way Vaval described. We are unimpressed by

       Vaval’s attempts to minimize M.V.’s injuries by pointing out that they were not “substantial” and

       that he was not hospitalized in May 2009. This corroborating evidence undoubtedly supports the

       Board’s findings that Vaval violated the Department’s rules of conduct. See Orsa, 2016 IL App

       (1st) 121709, ¶ 47 (an agency’s decision will not be reversed absent a finding of insufficient

       supporting evidence).

¶ 94          Concerning the October 2009 charge against Vaval, the Board stated it did not find Vaval

       and Foster’s testimony to be credible when petitioners testified that M.V. did not have a seizure

       and was “faking he passed out.” The Board found this testimony was intended to minimize M.V.’s

       symptoms and stood in direct conflict with La Rabida’s medical staff’s contemporaneous

       recordings from his November 2009 visit. Ultimately, the Board determined that Vaval only

       reported M.V.’s seizure and loss of consciousness episodes to medical personnel after DCFS

       ordered her to bring M.V. to the hospital. After Vaval reported these events, the hospital performed

       an MRI and cardiac monitoring on M.V. While the results were unremarkable, the Board

       concluded that it was of no moment that there was no clinical confirmation of a seizure condition

       because the real question was why Vaval failed to seek medical attention for these problems on

       her own.

                                                      - 41 -
       No. 1-21-0118

¶ 95          Similarly, the Board determined it was clear that Vaval did not seek medical care after

       M.V.’s November 13, 2009 injuries until Cole insisted he be taken to the hospital for an evaluation.

       The Board found credible the contemporaneous statements of M.V., D.V., and C.V. regarding the

       abuse M.V. suffered. In November 2009, D.V. and C.V. both related that they had previously been

       whipped with a belt or their mother’s hand. Neither had ever seen M.V. hurt himself. Also, Foster’s

       biological son Sean confirmed that the mothers hit the children with a belt or their hand. The Board

       likewise determined that M.V. and C.V.’s testimony before the Board was credible based on its

       observations of the witnesses during their testimony. The Board further determined that M.V.’s

       recantations at the hospital were “meaningless,” given the presence of Vaval. While the Board

       recognized that M.V. gave varying accounts of how the injuries occurred, they found that when

       M.V. was outside the presence of Vaval and Foster, he was generally consistent in his claims that

       Foster had beaten him. It found M.V.’s inconsistent statements could be explained by his fear of

       returning home after contradicting Vaval’s accounts. These determinations were appropriate,

       where “it was within the Board's province to determine the credibility of the witnesses and the

       weight to be given to [the] evidence.” Cruz, 2019 IL App (1st) 170915, ¶ 45. Additionally, the

       Board iterated that Dr. Roy’s testimony corroborated M.V.’s testimony regarding the nature and

       extent of M.V.’s injuries. Specifically, that M.V.’s injuries did not align with Vaval’s described

       mechanism of how M.V. was injured. Overall, the Board found Dr. Roy’s testimony that M.V.’s

       November injuries were caused by child abuse to be unrebutted and convincing. Moreover, there

       is ample evidence in the record that the only allegations of M.V. engaging in self-harm or

       self-mutilation came from Vaval and Foster (and M.V., when in Vaval’s presence).

¶ 96          Despite Vaval’s repeated attempts to prove there was conflicting testimony presented at

       the administrative hearing, “ ‘[c]onflicts in witness testimony do not constitute a sufficient reason

                                                      - 42 -
       No. 1-21-0118

       to reverse an administrative agency’s decisions, since the agency’s responsibility is to resolve the

       conflicting evidence.’ ” Orsa, 2016 IL App (1st) 121709, ¶ 47 (quoting Collura, 135 Ill. App. 3d

       at 839). The Board appropriately weighed the evidence that was presented and assessed the

       credibility of the witnesses. It is not our job to substitute our judgment for that of the Board. See

       Cruz, 2019 IL App (1st) 170915, ¶ 49. Therefore, we find the Board’s determinations of Vaval’s

       guilt were not against the manifest weight of the evidence.

¶ 97          We similarly reject Vaval’s claim that the Board wrongly charged her with violating the

       rules of conduct for “committing a domestic battery” when she was never criminally charged for

       the same conduct. While it is true that Vaval was never charged with, nor found guilty of, the

       criminal offenses of domestic battery (720 ILCS 5/12-3.2) or child endangerment (720 ILCS 5/12-

       21.6), the Board is authorized “to adopt rules and regulations for the governance of the police

       department of the city.” Chicago Municipal Code § 2–84–030 (amended Sept. 8, 2011). The CPD

       Rules of Conduct were created pursuant to that authority. Contrary to Vaval’s assertions, the Board

       was not adjudicating Illinois criminal statute offenses. The law is clear that the Board may proceed

       with administrative charges based on the violation of a criminal statute, regardless of whether

       criminal charges are initiated. As the burdens of proof are different, being charged criminally and

       administratively are not the same thing, nor are they in some way mutually exclusive. See Daley

       v. El Flanboyan Corp., 321 Ill. App. 3d 68, 75 (2001) (the burden of proof in a criminal case is

       beyond a reasonable doubt, versus a preponderance of the evidence in an administrative

       proceeding); accord Grames v. Illinois State Police, 254 Ill. App. 3d 191, 204 (1993). Further,

       even if Vaval had been charged criminally, and subsequently found not guilty, such a result would

       not preclude a finding of guilty in a civil proceeding based on the same allegations. See id.; In re

       T.D., 180 Ill. App. 3d 608, 612 (1989).

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¶ 98          Finally, Vaval contends that she should not have been found guilty since she was entitled,

       as their adoptive mother, to inflict corporal punishment on her children. While Illinois courts have

       recognized that a parent’s right to corporally punish their child “encompasses the right to care for,

       control, and discipline one’s own children,” it must “be balanced against the State’s legitimate

       interest in preventing and deterring the mistreatment of children.” People v. Green, 2011 IL App

       (2d) 091123, ¶ 14. A parent’s right to discipline their child “ ‘must be exercised within the bounds

       of reason and humanity.’ ” People v. Ball, 58 Ill. 2d 36, 39 (1974) (quoting Fletcher v. People, 52

       Ill. 395, 297 (1869)). Consequently, the parental right of discipline is “limited by a standard of

       reasonableness, not malice.” Green, 2011 IL App (2d) 091123, ¶ 20. Additionally, “the degree of

       injury inflicted upon a child is not the exclusive or determinative factor in evaluating whether the

       discipline exceeded the bounds of reasonableness.” Id. ¶ 24; see In re J.P., 294 Ill. App. 3d 991,

       1004 (1998) (courts are to consider factors including: the severity and location of the injury; use

       of an instrument; pattern and chronicity of similar incidents of harm; the child’s age, medical

       conditions, physical, mental, emotional, or developmental disabilities; and the parent’s history of

       reports of abuse and neglect). As this argument was not raised before the Board, it is forfeited. See

       Keeling v. Board of Trustees of Forest Park Police Pension Fund, 2017 IL App (1st) 170804, ¶ 45

       (issues and defenses not raised before the administrative agency are forfeited on administrative

       review).

¶ 99          Forfeiture aside, we find unpersuasive Vaval’s suggestion that she was authorized to inflict,

       or allow to be inflicted, broken bones and severe bruising on a small child under her care. It is

       apparent from the record that the Board could find that Vaval’s punishments were excessive

       considering the sheer extent of M.V.’s injuries and the proffered testimony regarding his physical,

       cognitive, and emotional delays.

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        No. 1-21-0118

¶ 100           Clearly, this evidence—taken in its entirety, in a light most favorable to the Board—

        supported the Board’s determination that Vaval disregarded her duty and seriously abused her

        authority as a police officer. This is not a case where there is no evidence in the record to support

        the agency’s decision, and the Board’s decision must therefore be upheld. Compare Basketfield v.

        CPB, 56 Ill. 2d 351 (1974) (reversing the agency’s decision that the police officer failed to report

        an incident where there was no evidence presented to support a conclusion that the delay was

        unreasonable) with Cruz, 2019 IL App (1st) 170915 (upholding the agency’s decision where there

        was supporting evidence in the record). Accordingly, it was not against the manifest weight of the

        evidence for the Board to determine that Vaval’s conduct was violative of the Department’s rules

        and regulations regarding the conduct of police officers. Specifically, we affirm the Board’s

        findings that Vaval violated Rule 1’s prohibition on conduct which violates any law or ordinance,

        Rule 2’s prohibition on conduct impeding the Department’s efforts to achieve its policy and goals

        or discrediting the Department, Rule 3’s prohibition on failure to promote the Department’s efforts

        to implement its policy or accomplish its goals, Rule 8’s prohibition against disrespecting or

        maltreating any person whether on or off duty, and Rule 14’s prohibition on making a false written

        or oral report.

¶ 101                                            2. Teresa Foster

¶ 102           Here, the evidence, consisting of, inter alia, (1) Foster’s adverse testimony, (2) Foster’s

        prior statements/interviews, (3) M.V. and C.V.’s testimony before the administrative hearing and

        their past accounts to DCFS investigators and medical personnel, (4) Dr. Roy’s professional

        opinion that M.V. had been the victim of child abuse, (5) contemporaneous photographs of M.V.’s

        injuries, and (6) the multitude of medical records, supported the Board’s determination that Foster

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        No. 1-21-0118

        “physically maltreated a nine-year-old child on two occasions,” and then “attempted to cover up

        her criminal abuse” by repeatedly lying to CPD detectives.

¶ 103          Foster argues that there are consequential variances in M.V.’s accounting of how he

        received his injuries in April and November 2009. Accordingly, she argues, M.V.’s credibility was

        impaired and the Board was required to dismiss the accusations against Foster. As aforementioned,

        the hearing officer found M.V. and C.V.’s testimonies to be credible. In fact, the Board stated that

        it found C.V.’s testimony regarding the injuries inflicted upon him (on separate occasions) by

        Foster to be “particularly convincing.” The hearing officer and the Board, however, disbelieved

        Foster’s testimony that she did not beat M.V. and that his injuries were self-inflicted. The Board

        found Foster’s insistence that she did not inflict M.V.’s injuries and had no idea how they may

        have occurred, when measured against the medical records and Dr. Roy’s testimony, rendered her

        “absolutely” incredible. See Cannici v. Department of Employment Security Board of Review,

        2021 IL App (1st) 181562, ¶ 48 (“the Board, as the fact finder, was permitted to disbelieve

        testimony that was contradicted by the circumstances or inherently improbable.”). Foster

        essentially requests that we reweigh the evidence and make credibility determinations. We are not

        at liberty to do so. See Chisem v. McCarthy, 2014 IL App (1st) 132389, ¶ 21 (it is the Board’s

        purview to make credibility determinations and assign weight to testimony and other evidence; we

        will not substitute our judgment for that of the Board).

¶ 104          As detailed above, we correspondingly reject Foster’s suggestion that the Board improperly

        determined she was guilty of injuring M.V. since she was entitled to inflict corporal punishment

        on the children as a custodial parent. This argument is forfeited, as it was not raised before the

        Board. It is well settled that on administrative review, a party forfeits any argument, issue, or

        defense that it failed to raise in proceedings before the administrative agency. Demesa, 2013 IL

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        App (1st) 122608, ¶ 5. Given Foster’s repeated denials (in various interviews, statements, and

        testimonies) that she ever—in any physical way, shape, or form—punished the children, we find

        it contradictory that she now claims she did inflict corporal punishment to support her challenge

        under the manifest weight standard.

¶ 105          Lastly, we find Foster’s argument that she was physically unable to inflict the injuries of

        which she was accused to be unpersuasive. While the record does indicate that Foster was in a

        serious automobile accident in 2006 and suffered numerous injuries therefrom, the Board weighed

        this evidence against the injuries M.V. incurred and found she was physically capable and did

        abuse M.V. We will not disrupt this credibility determination.

¶ 106          In this case, the record clearly supports the Board’s determination that Foster disregarded

        her duty and seriously abused her authority as a police officer when she physically maltreated

        M.V., causing injuries that required medical care. Accordingly, it was not against the manifest

        weight of the evidence for the Board to determine that Foster’s conduct was violative of the

        Department’s rules and regulations regarding the conduct of police officers. Specifically, we

        affirm the Board’s findings that Foster violated Rule 1’s prohibition on conduct which violates

        any law or ordinance, Rule 2’s prohibition on conduct impeding the Department’s efforts to

        achieve its policy and goals or discrediting the Department, Rule 3’s prohibition on failure to

        promote the Department’s efforts to implement its policy or accomplish its goals, Rule 8’s

        prohibition against disrespecting or maltreating any person whether on or off duty, and Rule 14’s

        prohibition on making a false written or oral report.

¶ 107                                         C. Cause for Termination

¶ 108          We next determine whether the Board’s findings of fact “provide a sufficient basis for the

        agency’s conclusion that cause for termination does or does not exist.” Siwek, 374 Ill. App. 3d at

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        737. An administrative agency’s finding of cause for discipline “demands the respect of the court,”

        Swanson v. Board of Police Commissioners, 197 Ill. App. 3d 592, 606 (1990), and we

        correspondingly “will not disturb the finding of cause for discharge unless the finding is arbitrary,

        unreasonable, or unrelated to the requirements of service.” Remus, 387 Ill. App. 3d at 904.

¶ 109          A police officer may not be discharged without cause. 65 ILCS 5/10-1-18(a) (West 2020).

        Our supreme court has defined “cause” as “ ‘some substantial shortcoming which renders [the

        employee’s] continuance in his office or employment in some way detrimental to the discipline

        and efficiency of the service and something which the law and a sound public opinion recognize

        as good cause for his [discharge].’ ” Lesner v. Police Board, 2016 IL App (1st) 150545, ¶ 45

        (quoting Walsh v. Board of Fire & Police Commissioners, 96 Ill. 2d 101, 105 (1983)). The Board

        stands in the best position to determine the effect of a police officer’s conduct on the Department,

        not the court of review. Id. Accordingly, we give considerable deference to the Board’s

        determination of cause. Valio v. Board of Fire & Police Commissioners, 311 Ill. App. 3d 321,

        330-31 (2000)). In reviewing an administrative discharge decision, “we may not consider whether

        we would have imposed a more lenient disciplinary sentence,” rather, our “review is limited to a

        determination of whether the Board acted unreasonably or arbitrarily by selecting a type of

        discipline that was inappropriate or unrelated to the needs of the service.” Krocka v. Police Board

        of the City of Chicago, 327 Ill. App. 3d 36, 48 (2001) (citing Wilson v. Board of Fire & Police

        Commissioners, 205 Ill. App. 3d 984, 992 (1990)).

¶ 110          Petitioners here do not raise the argument on appeal that their conduct on the dates in

        question does not warrant dismissal. Rather, they simply argue that the findings of guilt are against

        the manifest weight of the evidence.

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        No. 1-21-0118

¶ 111          Nonetheless, the record indicates that the Board, in assessing the penalty here, thoroughly

        considered all witness testimony regarding petitioners’ conduct, the alleged mechanisms behind

        M.V.’s injuries, the evidence proffered at the hearing, and the evidence petitioners offered in

        mitigation. The Board deemed that discharge was an appropriate sanction because Vaval and

        Foster’s conduct showed a disregard for M.V.’s safety, “for the law, and brought discredit upon

        the Chicago Police Department, thereby undermining public confidence in the judgment of its

        officers and the Department’s mission.” The Board further found that the petitioners’ intentional

        and materially false statements rendered them unfit to be police officers, as “a police officer’s

        credibility is at issue in both the prosecution of crimes and in the Police Department’s defense of

        civil lawsuits.”

¶ 112          Illinois courts have repeatedly “emphasized that ‘a law-enforcement officer is in a unique

        position of public trust and responsibility.’ ” Remus, 387 Ill. App. 3d at 904 (quoting Lewis v.

        Hayes, 152 Ill. App. 3d 1020, 1025 (1987)). “Officers must act in accord with ‘their most

        fundamental duty as law enforcement officers—to act to protect the public.’ ” Id. (quoting People

        v. Sorice, 182 Ill. App. 3d 949, 956 (1989)). In the present case, petitioners ignored their duties to

        uphold the law and brought discredit upon the CPD when they engaged in child abuse, thereby

        undermining the public’s trust of and confidence in its officers. The efficacy and discipline of a

        police force is impaired when a police officer fails to abide by the laws he has sworn to enforce.

        Krocka, 327 Ill. App. 3d at 48-49. Accordingly, we conclude that the Board’s finding of cause for

        discharge was not arbitrary, unreasonable, or unrelated to the requirements of petitioners’ service

        as police officers in the CPD.

¶ 113                                          IV. CONCLUSION

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        No. 1-21-0118

¶ 114          Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the Board’s decision to terminate petitioners’

        employment as Chicago police officers was not erroneous and we therefore affirm the Board’s

        August 22, 2019 decision. Accordingly, the January 5, 2021 order of the circuit court of Cook

        County affirming that termination is affirmed.

¶ 115          Circuit court judgment affirmed.

¶ 116          Board decision affirmed.

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