Court Opinion

ID: 865156
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-04-27 00:25:51.088812+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:26:15.553823
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

                                  NO. 2003-CT-02395-SCT

JOSEPH THOMPSON, BY AND THROUGH HIS
MOTHER AND NEXT FRIEND, NANCY THOMPSON

v.

LEE COUNTY SCHOOL DISTRICT

                               ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI

DATE OF JUDGMENT:                          10/09/2003
TRIAL JUDGE:                               HON. THOMAS J. GARDNER, III
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:                 LEE COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT:                   J. MARK SHELTON
                                           JANA DAWSON
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:                    WILLIAM C. MURPHREE
                                           GARY L. CARNATHAN
NATURE OF THE CASE:                        CIVIL - PERSONAL INJURY
DISPOSITION:                               THE JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF APPEALS
                                           IS REVERSED, AND THE JUDGMENT OF THE
                                           LEE COUNTY         CIRCUIT COURT IS
                                           REINSTATED AND AFFIRMED - 01/19/2006
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:

       EN BANC.

       CARLSON, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1.    Joseph Thompson, by and through his mother and next friend, Nancy Thompson, filed

suit in the Lee County Circuit Court pursuant to the Mississippi Tort Claims Act (MTCA),

Miss. Code Ann. Sections 11-46-1 et seq., against George Gregory and the Lee County School

District for injuries from an accident involving a vehicle driven by Thompson and a Lee County
school bus driven by Gregory.         After a bench trial, the Lee County Circuit Court, Judge

Thomas J. Gardner, III, presiding, found:        Lee County liable for the accident and assessed

damages in the amount of $200,000; and Thompson fifty percent contributorily negligent.

Judgment was entered against Lee County and in favor of Thompson in the amount of

$100,000.     Thompson appealed from this final judgment, claiming error on the part of the

circuit court in the assessment of contributory negligence against him, and in the assessment

of damages, which Thompson claimed to be inadequate. We assigned this case to the Court

of Appeals, which reversed the trial court’s assignment of comparative negligence to

Thompson; rendered judgment in favor of Thompson and against Lee County on the issue of

negligence; reversed the trial court’s award of damages as inadequate and unreasonable; and

remanded the case for a new trial as to damages.       Thompson v. Lee County School District,

__ So.2d __, 2005 WL 895026 (Miss. Ct. App. 2005). Upon a grant of certiorari, we find the

Court of Appeals erred.      We reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals and reinstate and

affirm the final judgment entered by the Circuit Court of Lee County.

                    FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS IN THE TRIAL COURT

¶2.     The following facts are gleaned from the opinion of the Court of Appeals:

        On December 4, 1998, Thompson was driving his red truck in the northbound
        lane of Romie Hill Road, a two-lane road in Shannon, Mississippi. As Thompson
        approached the intersection of Romie Hill Road and County Road 300, the
        school bus driven by Gregory pulled out in front of Thompson, causing a
        collision between the two vehicles. Fortunately, the bus was empty of children
        at the time. There were no stop signs or stop lights to halt or slow traffic
        proceeding north or southbound on Romie Hill Road; thus, Thompson was
        proceeding with the right of way and without any traffic signal requiring him to
        slow down or stop. There were stop signs on each of the eastbound and

                                                   2
       westbound sides of County Road 300; thus, the school bus had to proceed
       through a stop sign in order to enter Romie Hill Road. Whether Gregory came
       to a complete stop at this stop sign before entering Romie Hill Road became
       one of the contested factual issues in the case, but there was no dispute about
       the fact that Thompson faced no road sign, traffic light, or other warning signal
       as he approached the intersection of Romie Hill Road and County Road 300.

       Gregory suffered only minor injuries from the collision, but Thompson suffered
       numerous injuries, including severe head trauma. Thompson was taken to the
       emergency room at North Mississippi Medical Center where he remained in a
       coma for three days. Thompson remained hospitalized until December 31, 1998,
       incurring roughly $50,000 in medical bills from his extended stay at the
       hospital.

       Experts at trial testified that while Thompson has made a virtually full physical
       recovery, he suffers from permanent cognitive defects as a result of the head
       injuries caused by the accident. Among these permanent cognitive defects are
       the following: loss of language skill, mild dysnomia, reduced motor functioning
       and coordination, abnormally reduced attentional skills, mental slowness and
       inefficiency in learning, and visual perceptual difficulties.

Id. at **1 ¶¶ 4-6

¶3.    Joseph Thompson (Joey) was nineteen years old at the time of the accident and twenty

years old at the time this suit commenced.               After considerable discovery and several

continuances, a bench trial was conducted before Judge Gardner on October 6, 2003.                Six

witnesses testified in Joey’s case-in-chief:       Robert Gwin, the Shannon police officer who

investigated the accident;1 George Gregory, the school bus driver; Jay Miller, the head coach

and defensive coordinator at Itawamba Community College in Fulton;2 Nancy Thompson;

Sherry Gill, Joey’s oldest sister; and, Thelma Hubbard, Joey’s older sister. At the close of the

       1
        By the time of the hearing, Officer Gwin was a Lee County deputy sheriff.

       2
        By the time of the hearing, Coach Miller was head coach at Mississippi Delta Community College
in Moorhead.

                                                    3
plaintiff’s case-in-chief, the defendants offered a motion for a directed verdict, and the trial

judge granted a directed verdict as to Gregory, but denied the motion as to the Lee County

School District (Lee County).        In the defendant’s case-in-chief, Gregory and Dr. David E.

Stewart, a certified rehabilitation counselor, testified.      The plaintiff offered no rebuttal.3      Lee

County again requested a judgment of dismissal based on the alleged failure of the plaintiff to

make out a prima facie case on the issue of liability, or alternatively, that the trial court find

Joey to have been contributorily negligent.        After a recess in order to consider the evidence,

Judge Gardner heard arguments from counsel and immediately thereafter issued his bench

ruling as follows:

        Motion for a directed verdict in favor of the defendant will be overruled.

        While I don't feel obligated to do so, I think it's appropriate that I discuss
        somewhat my findings and conclusions in resolving this matter.

        The testimony, the only testimony before this Court is to the effect that Mr.
        Gregory stopped at the stop sign, that he watched a vehicle turning left near him
        right by -- almost beside him. I guess I understood it was a little north of the
        intersection itself. That when that vehicle had cleared, he looked back to the
        right, which would have been to the south and in the direction from which the
        plaintiff was coming. He did not see the vehicle. As a matter of fact, he said in
        direct response to someone's question, the first time he saw the car was when
        he got out of the bus, which would have been after the accident occurred.
        Now, in considering where the area of impact took place, I think it is equally
        clear, no contradiction whatsoever that it occurred in the northbound lane
        occupied by the plaintiff in this case or by Joey Thompson.

        Based on the only testimony concerning what parts of the vehicles came into
        contact, it seems apparent to me that the bus was hit by the automobile

        3
        Also received into evidence during the course of the bench trial were the depositions of Dr. Richard
Sharp and Dr. Thomas Boll, as well as the Mississippi Uniform Accident Report form completed by Officer
Gwin, photographs of the accident scene, and Joey’s medical records and bills.

                                                     4
        apparently in a fairly head-on circumstance, that is, the car was travelling straight
        in a northerly direction, striking the bus behind or in the vicinity behind the
        passenger door located on the right-hand side of the bus somewhat behind the
        driver's seat, knocking the driver with apparent substantial force from his seat
        into the doorway breaking glass out, which indicates to me substantial impact,
        which as it applies to this case would indicate to me that the plaintiff, Joey
        Thompson, was travelling at an increased rate.

        I do not know, but there is testimony or an indication that the speed limit there
        was 45 miles an hour. I do not know whether the speed exceeded 45, but it was
        a substantial impact and, no doubt, caused pretty substantial injury to the
        vehicles, as well as to both of the drivers.

        The front of the bus itself was based on the drawing which is a part of the police
        report in this case which is probably conservative, by the way, because it would
        appear to me that in all likelihood the bus was at least as indicated in that
        drawing and possibly slightly more for the impact to have been in the northbound
        lane of traffic.

        In any event, all of these things considered, the Court is certainly of the opinion
        that the defendant -- I'm sorry, the plaintiff in this case, Joseph Thompson, was
        contributorily negligent in causing the accident.

        Having said that, the Court is of the opinion that judgment should be entered on
        the Complaint filed in this cause for the plaintiff, Nancy Thompson or Joseph
        Thompson, he is 24 years of age now. There has not been any conservatorship
        set up or anything in that nature.

                                          ************

        The Court is of the opinion that judgment be entered for the plaintiff in this case
        in the sum of $100,000.

On October 9, 2003, Judge Gardner entered a final judgment consistent with his bench ruling.

This final judgment stated, inter alia:

        IT IS ORDERED AND ADJUDGED that George Gregory be dismissed from
        this action as a named defendant pursuant to the Tort Claims Act.

                                                 5
        IT IS FURTHER ORDERED AND ADJUDGED that the Plaintiff is entitled to
        a judgement (sic) of and from the Defendant, Lee County School District, and
        the Court does assess Plaintiff’s total damages to be $200,000, and does further
        find that Plaintiff’s actions constituted comparative negligence, and that
        Plaintiff’s total damages should be reduced by that portion of his own
        negligence, which the Court finds to be 50 per cent, and therefore the Court
        awards a total judgment in favor of Plaintiff of and from the Defendant, Lee
        County School District, in the amount of $100,000.00, for which execution may
        issue according to law.

¶4.     It is from this final judgment that Joey has appealed, claiming the trial court committed

reversible error in (1) finding him to be contributorily negligent and, (2) awarding damages of

only $200,000. We assigned this case to the Court of Appeals. See Miss. Code Ann. § 9-4-

3(1) (Rev. 2002).

                        PROCEEDINGS IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

¶5.     The Court of Appeals, relying on its decision in City of Newton v. Lofton, 840 So. 2d
833, 837 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003), stated, inter alia:                “[t]he assignment of contributory

negligence in the case sub judice was based entirely upon certain inferences drawn by the trial

judge from facts in the case; thus, we will examine these inferences in light of the evidence in

the record.” Thompson, 2005 WL 895026 at *2, ¶ 10. The Court of Appeals found the trial

court’s finding of contributory negligence was “belied by the record.” Id. at *3, ¶ 11. On the

issue of the trial judge’s award of damages, the Court of Appeals stated:

        In the case sub judice, we find that the trial judge's award of damages was
        inadequate, as it was not based upon substantial and credible evidence. It is
        undisputed that (1) Thompson now suffers from permanent cognitive defects,
        such as loss of language skill, mild dysnomia, reduced motor functioning and
        coordination, abnormally reduced attentional skills, mental slowness and
        inefficiency in learning, and visual perceptual difficulties; (2) Thompson's
        potential earning capacity has been reduced due to these various, permanent

                                                   6
        cognitive defects; and (3) Thompson has experienced much pain and suffering.
        There is no indication in the trial court's judgment that these undisputed damages
        were included in its award.

Id. at *9, ¶ 36.       The Court of Appeals reversed the trial court’s finding that Joey was

contributorily negligent and rendered judgment as to liability in favor of Joey and against Lee

County; and, the Court of Appeals likewise reversed the trial court’s award of damages; and

remanded the case to the Circuit Court of Lee County for a new trial as to damages only. Id.

at *9, ¶ 40.     After the Court of Appeals denied the motion for rehearing, Lee County filed a

petition for writ of certiorari, which was granted by this Court.

¶6.     In its cert petition, Lee County asserts that the Court of Appeals’s decision in this case

conflicts with prior decisions of that Court as well as this Court.          See M.R.A.P. 17(a)(1).

Specifically, Lee County alleges the Court of Appeals erred failing to consider Miss. Code

Ann. Section 63-3-805, and its own analysis of this statute in Redmond v. Breakfield, 840
So. 2d 828 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003), instead relying on its decision in City of Newton and in

reversing the trial court’s award of damages and remanding this issue for a new trial.           In

support, Lee County contends an appellate court is without authority to reverse an award of

damages simply on a finding that the trial court award is “inadequate and unreasonably low.”

                                              DISCUSSION

¶7.     In considering whether the trial court erred in its factual findings as to Joey’s

contributory negligence and as to the award of damages, “[the] circuit court judge sitting

without a jury is accorded the same deference with regard to his findings as a chancellor, and

                                                     7
his findings are safe on appeal where they are supported by substantial, credible, and reasonable

evidence.” City of Jackson v. Perry, 764 So. 2d 373, 376 (Miss. 2000) (citing Puckett v.

Stuckey, 633 So. 2d 978, 982 (Miss. 1993)).

       This Court recognizes that the trial judge, sitting in a bench trial as the trier of
       fact, has the sole authority for determining the credibility of the witnesses. Rice
       Researchers, Inc. v. Hiter, 512 So. 2d 1259, 1265 (Miss. 1987); Hall v. State
       ex rel. Waller, 247 Miss. 896, 903, 157 So. 2d 781, 784 (1963). Where there
       is conflicting evidence, this Court must give great deference to the trial judge's
       findings. McElhaney v. City of Horn Lake, 501 So. 2d 401, 403 (Miss. 1987).
       This Court reviews errors of law, including the proper application of the
       Mississippi Tort Claims Act, de novo. City of Jackson v. Perry, 764 So. 2d 373,
       376 (Miss. 2000) (citing Cooper v. Crabb, 587 So. 2d 236, 239 (Miss. 1991)).

City of Jackson v. Lipsey, 834 So. 2d 687, 691 (Miss. 2003).

       I.      WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FINDING THE
               PLAINTIFF DRIVER TO BE CONTRIBUTORILY
               NEGLIGENT.

¶8.    Joey asserted, and the Court of Appeals agreed, that the trial court erred in finding Joey

was guilty of contributory negligence.    Much of the Court of Appeals’ opinion on this issue

focused on the trial court’s finding that Joey was most likely speeding at the time of the

accident. The trial court found, inter alia, that Joey’s truck struck the much bigger school bus

in a direct hit “behind the passenger door located on the right-hand side of the bus” with such

force that Gregory was thrown from the driver’s seat, situated on the left side of the school

bus, into the door on the right side of the bus, knocking out the glass. Acknowledging he did

not know whether Joey was driving in excess of the 45-mile per hour speed limit, the trial

judge stated the collision “was a substantial impact and, no doubt, caused pretty substantial

                                                8
injury to the vehicles, as to both of the drivers.” The trial court opined that Joey “was traveling

at an increased rate.”         The trial judge also concluded          that in reviewing a “probably

conservative” drawing on the police report, “it would appear to me that in all likelihood the bus

was at least as indicated in that drawing and possibly slightly more for the impact to have been

in the northbound lane of traffic.”

¶9.     In its review of the trial court’s findings of fact as well as the entire record in this case,

the Court of Appeals thoroughly explained its reasoning in concluding the trial court erred in

finding Joey to have been contributorily negligent in the operation of his truck.        Thompson,

2005 WL 895026 at ** 2-7, ¶¶ 10-25.            The Court of Appeals stated, inter alia: (1) there was

no expert testimony as to Joey’s speed; (2) Gregory’s injuries were relatively minor; (3) the

record was devoid of evidence which would indicate a speed of more than 45-miles per hour

was required to throw Gregory from the driver’s seat into the passenger door; (4) there was no

evidence to support the trial court’s finding the drawing on the police report was “probably

conservative,” and that this drawing would support a negative inference that Joey was

contributorily negligent; (5) the trial court erroneously found Joey was speeding; and (6) there

was insufficient evidence before the trial court to find a “substantial impact” so as to conclude

that Joey was speeding.

¶10.    Because we are addressing this issue on certiorari, we feel compelled to quote

extensively from the Court of Appeals’ opinion in order to fully address this issue:

        Going a step further, however, we find that there is no credible evidence in the
        record to support a finding that Thompson was in any way at fault. This is
        because the record shows very simply that the bus pulled out into the right of

                                                    9
way and in front of Thompson. Further, but for the school bus pulling out into
the right of way, the accident would not have happened, and it appears from the
record that, given the fact that the road had only two lanes, the most that
Thompson may have been able to do in any event would have been to swerve off
the road in order to avoid the bus. We certainly cannot say that such a result
would have been better or worse than what actually transpired. But we can say,
based upon what we find in the record, that there is no credible evidence to
support the conclusion that Thompson was partially at fault in this accident.

In order to find that Thompson was partially at fault in this accident would
require one to accept as proven, as the trial judge did, certain facts that are not
supported by credible evidence in the record. That we cannot do.

As Thompson points out for the sake of argument in his brief, given the
distances involved, even if Thompson had been traveling as fast as 120 miles per
hour, Gregory would have had as many as fifteen seconds of clear, unobstructed
viewing time to see Thompson's red truck approaching. Given the fact that no
credible evidence in the record supports the conclusion that Thompson was
going any speed above the posted limit (much less the clearly hypothetical and
hyperbolic 120 miles per hour Thompson uses to prove his point), the court
might easily have concluded that Gregory had even more time in which he
should reasonably have observed the approach of Thompson's vehicle.

How on a clear day, looking down two unobstructed views of straight lanes of
traffic, Gregory succeeded in seeing one vehicle approaching in the southbound
lane but failed to see the red truck approaching from the northbound lane, we
cannot say. We can say, however, what the answer to this question should not be.
Given the evidence in this case, one could not reasonably answer that because
Gregory failed to see Thompson's red truck approaching that, therefore,
Thompson must have been doing something wrong. If there was evidence of
negligence or wrongdoing on the part of Thompson, this case would be different,
but such a conclusion is unreasonable, given the facts of this case, as there was
no credible evidence of negligence or wrongdoing on the part of Thompson.
Unless Thompson was traveling at a literally "blurring" rate of speed (in which
case we doubt that Gregory would have left the accident with only minor injuries
after the impact) then Gregory should have seen the approaching red truck from
the north, just as he saw the other approaching vehicle from the south; and the
fact that Gregory failed to see Thompson does not prove that Thompson must
have been partially responsible for the accident.

                                       10
       Very simply, the record shows that Gregory pulled out in front of Thompson and
       caused the collision. There was little or nothing that Thompson could have done
       to avoid or even minimize the accident. As noted, the road had only two lanes;
       thus, Thompson had nowhere to go, other than off the road, even if he had
       anticipated that Gregory would pull out in front of him. Also, given the point of
       impact at the front end of the bus, we do not see how Thompson could have
       avoided a collision, even if he had been traveling less than the posted speed
       limit. If Thompson had rear-ended the bus, for example, this case might be
       different, but, as the facts of this case stand, we do not believe that fault should
       be assigned to Thompson based upon his failure to take extreme, split-second
       evasive maneuvers in reaction to or in anticipation of Gregory's negligence.

       We find that the trial court's finding of contributory negligence was clearly
       erroneous, and we find further that the record contains no credible evidence that
       the accident was caused in any part by Thompson's actions. Therefore, we
       reverse the trial judge's assignment of fifty percent comparative negligence to
       Thompson, and render to remove any assignment of comparative negligence to
       Thompson.

Id. at **5-7, ¶¶ 20-25.     With all due respect and deference to our learned colleagues on the

Court of Appeals, they failed to address, a critical point which was addressed by Lee County

before the trial court, in its appellate brief, and in its motion for rehearing filed with the Court

of Appeals – the existence of Miss. Code Ann. Section 63-3-805, which states:

       The driver of a vehicle shall stop as required by this chapter at the entrance to
       a through highway and shall yield the right-of-way to other vehicles which have
       entered the intersection from said through highway or which are approaching so
       closely on said through highway as to constitute an immediate hazard. However,
       said driver having so yielded may proceed and the drivers of all other vehicles
       approaching the intersection on said through highway shall yield the right-of-
       way to the vehicle so proceeding into or across the through highway.

       The driver of a vehicle shall likewise stop in obedience to a stop sign as required
       by this chapter at an intersection where a stop sign is erected at one or more
       entrances thereto although not a part of a through highway and shall proceed
       cautiously, yielding to vehicles not so obliged to stop which are within the
       intersection or approaching so closely as to constitute an immediate hazard, but
       may then proceed.

                                                11
Although Lee County argues the applicability of this statute in its appellate brief and in its

motion for rehearing, a careful reading of the opinion of the Court of Appeals reveals the

glaring absence of any discussion of this statute and its applicability vel non.

¶11.    Section 63-3-805 appropriately requires the driver of a vehicle approaching an

intersection with a through highway and being confronted with a stop sign to stop. Proceeding

cautiously, once the driver of the vehicle determines             there are no vehicles on the through

highway which pose an immediate hazard, that driver may proceed to enter the through highway.

The drivers of vehicles traveling on the through highway and approaching the intersection

“shall” yield the right-of-way to the vehicle which is proceeding into or across the through

highway.

¶12.    With Section 63-3-805 in mind, we again turn to the facts of this case as revealed in the

record. This accident occurred on a clear day; the roads were dry; and driver visibility (for

vehicles both on Romie Hill Road and North Street) was virtually unobstructed due to the clear

weather, the road conditions and the terrain in the area of the accident. Joey was driving his

1999 Chevrolet truck in a northerly direction on Romie Hill Road, and Gregory was driving

his 1994 International school bus eastbound on North Street in Shannon. 4              Both Joey and

Gregory had a clear and unobstructed view of the intersection of Romie Hill Road and North

Street as they approached this intersection.        Unquestionably, Joey had the right-of-way because

he had no stop signs or traffic lights which would require him to stop his vehicle or otherwise

        4
        Once outside the Shannon city limits, Romie Hill Road becomes Highway 245, and North Street
becomes County Road 300. Likewise, according to the testimony of Officer Gwin, Highway 245 was formerly
known as Highway 145.

                                                     12
reduce his speed.5     On the other hand, Gregory had a stop sign which he was required to honor

as he approached Romie Hill Road traveling east on North Street.

¶13.    Gregory, a school teacher at Shannon for thirty years, and a Lee County school bus

driver for twenty-seven years, was very familiar with the intersection of Romie Hill Road and

North Street. 6    Gregory testified that he came to a complete stop at the stop sign.                   This

testimony is unrebutted in the record because Joey did not testify (and Gregory and Joey were

the only eyewitnesses to the accident) and             is corroborated by Officer Gwin’s testimony.

During direct examination by Joey’s attorney, Officer Gwin testified:

        Q. All right. Now based upon your discussions with Mr. Gregory [at the
        accident scene], did Mr. Gregory relay to you whether or not he adhered to or
        actually stopped at that traffic sign?
        A. Again, I don’t have exact recall of our conversation.
        Q. Yes, sir.
        A. Looking again at the accident report –
        Q. Yes, sir.
        A. – I’m going to say that that is probably correct, simply because had he told
        me something different or I had reason to believe that he ran the stop sign, it
        would have been noted somewhere. Based on the fact that there is nothing there
        about anybody running the stop sign or disregard for a traffic device, I’m going
        to say that that is correct, that he did stop at the stop sign.

Joey does not contest that Gregory stopped at the stop sign, but instead focuses on the fact

that while Gregory was stopped at the stop sign, his attention had been diverted from looking

to his right, where he would have seen Joey’s vehicle, because Gregory was looking to his left

and observing a southbound vehicle on Romie Hill Road.                  According to Gregory, he was

        5
          Officer Gwin did testify: “to the best of my memory...there is a 45 mile per hour speed limit at the
city limit sign as you are [heading north] into town.”

        6
         Gregory testified “I go through that intersection four times each day that I’m driving a school bus.”

                                                     13
waiting at the stop sign for the southbound vehicle to pass through the intersection, but instead,

this vehicle gave a turn signal and turned into a store parking lot prior to entering the

intersection; once that vehicle turned, he looked in both directions, determined    the road was

clear, and proceeded slowly through the intersection. Joey’s theory is that Gregory’s attention

was diverted by the southbound vehicle on Romie Hill Road, that Gregory entered the

intersection without looking back to his right to observe Joey’s northbound vehicle, and that

Gregory’s inattention     was the sole proximate cause of the accident.     Gregory admitted he

never saw Joey’s vehicle until after the collision.          However, Gregory firmly asserted

throughout the hearing that he looked both to his right and to his left before entering the

intersection stating    that after he observed the southbound vehicle turn into the store parking

lot, he looked back to the right for northbound traffic, and, observing none, he slowly entered

the intersection.

¶14.    The Court of Appeals criticized the trial court’s use of Officer Gwin’s diagram in the

accident report, depicting the school bus in Joey’s northbound lane of travel when the collision

occurred, as a justification to find Joey contributorily negligent. However, we also find in the

record, Officer Gwin’s testimony during Lee County’s cross-examination:

        Q.      Now, is it correct, do I understand correctly from the report that Mr.
        Gregory's bus had crossed the lane for southbound traffic and had actually gotten
        over into the lane for northbound traffic when the impact occurred?
        A. Looking at the report, I would say that's correct.
        Q. All right, sir. Because Mr. Thompson was going north.
        A. Yes, sir, that's correct.
        Q.     Now, Mr. Herring asked you if there was anything to obscure a driver's
        vision there travelling east on County Road 300, and I believe you indicated that
        there was not.

                                                14
        A. Yes, sir, that's correct.
        Q.      Likewise, it would be correct, would it not, that there was nothing to
        obscure the vision of a driver who was driving north on Romie Hill or 145?
        A. That is also correct, sir.
                                              ************
        Q.      Mr. Gwin, I'm going to show you what have been premarked these
        photograph exhibits, and they are listed on the back there, 1, 2, 3, and 4.
        A. Okay.
        Q. Can you identify those?
        A. Okay. This appears to be -- at this point would be Highway 245 which is
        actually Romie Hill, the road we're talking about once it goes into the city
        limits.
        Q. I have been saying 145. Is it 145 or --
        A. It's 245 now. It used to be 145.
        Q. All right, sir. I stand corrected.
        A. Yes, sir, that's what it appears to be.
        Q.      All right, sir. All four of them, then, are photographs looking north on
        Highway 245?
        A. Yes, sir, that is correct.
        Q. This would have been the view that Mr. Thompson would have had as he
        traveled north.
        A. Yes, sir, that is correct.
        Q. All right, sir. All right. Now I'm going to ask you to look at what's been
        marked as 5 through 10 and see if you can identify those.
        A. Okay. Okay. This one appears to be the same roadway heading the opposite
        direction.
        Q. All right, sir.
        A. Would be heading south on 245 at the intersection that's in question here.
        Q. All right, sir.
        A. Yes, sir, that's what it appears to be.
        Q.      All right, sir. So then 5 through 10 are a view of looking back down
        Highway 245 south.
        A. Yes, sir.7

        7
         Earlier in the cross-examination of Officer Gwin, Lee County’s counsel questioned Gwin about his
direct examination testimony that his failure to note in the accident report that Gregory ran the stop sign
indicated that Gregory did not run the stop sign. On redirect examination, Joey’s counsel attempted to elicit
from Gwin that he had noted in the accident report that Gregory “pulled into intersection failing to yield right
of way” to Joey. The trial court correctly sustained Lee County’s objection to this testimony. While Gwin
could testify as he did regarding the position of the school bus on the highway when he arrived at the accident
scene, his testimony that Gregory failed to yield the right of way would not be proper, even though Joey

                                                      15
As we view this testimony and the totality of the record before us, there was legally sufficient

evidence for the trial judge to conclude the collision occurred in Joey’s lane of travel.               This

evidence would certainly go to the issue of whether Joey was contributorily negligent.

¶15.    Officer Gwin readily admitted that, from his personal viewing of the accident scene and

the photographs of the scene received into evidence at the trial, there was nothing on North

Street or Romie Hill Road to obscure the vision of Gregory or Joey as they approached the

intersection.   There was similar testimony from Gregory.               Additionally, we note Gregory’s

testimony during Lee County’s case-in-chief:

        Q.      All right. Now, George, how much -- well, let me ask you this: When
        you've got that school bus at a complete stop at a stop sign, can you dart through
        that intersection like you can with a car?
        A. No, sir. They don't take off that fast, sir.
        Q. How fast do you estimate top speed that you were going when you got hit?
        A. I would say five, maybe a little bit more than that, six, seven miles an hour.
        It wasn't very fast.

¶16.    In addition to the evidence and the law, Joey argued to the trial court, the Court of

Appeals, and now us, that familiar rules of the road computations would support his theory that

if Gregory had only been attentive to the existence of northbound traffic on Romie Hill Road,

the accident would never have occurred. In his appellant’s brief, Joey states:

        Later Mr. Gregory admits that he could see “[p]robably half a mile or close to
        it” looking down Romie Hill road in the direction from which Joey was
        traveling. [Gregory, T.p103 lines 20 - 24] Applying simply arithmetic to the

offered this evidence on redirect examination in an effort to overcome Gwin’s testimony that there was no
indication Gregory ran the stop sign. See Roberts v. Grafe Auto Co., 701 So. 2d 1093, 1098-99 (Miss. 1997)
This was not proper redirect because this testimony was initially elicited from Gwin during his direct
examination by Joey’s counsel, and because the phrases “failing to yield the right of way” and “running a stop
sign” are not synonymous.

                                                     16
        facts elicited from Mr. Gregory’s testimony alone reveals (1) the lack of
        credibility in his testimony that he looked in the direction of Joey before
        proceeding into the highway and (2) the lack of plausibility in the School
        District’s theory that Joey Thompson was at fault in the accident.
        Officer Gwin testified that he believed the speed limit to be 45 miles per hour
        at the location where Joey was traveling. [Gwin, T.p24 lines 4 - 17]       Even
        assuming Joey was traveling at sixty miles per hour, or fifteen miles per hour
        over the speed limit (to which no proof was offered), Mr. Gregory would have
        been able to observe Joey vehicle traveling the nearly half-mile for thirty (30)
        seconds prior to impact.8 If Joey was traveling as fast as eighty (80) miles per
        hour, Mr. Gregory would still have had more than twenty-two (22) seconds
        within which he would have been able to observe Joey’s vehicle. 9       Without
        being factitious, even if Joey Thompson had been traveling at 120 miles per
        hour, Mr. Gregory would still have had fifteen (15) seconds to observe Joey’s
        vehicle.10

        Using this simple arithmetic, it becomes clear that it is contrary to all logic to
        believe Mr. Gregory could actually have looked down Romie Hill road and not
        have seen Joey Thompson’s vehicle. It could not have happened like Mr.
        Gregory said. If he did look in Joey’s direction, he had more than sufficient
        time to observe him and if he did not, it is certainly not Joey’s fault. The proof
        at trial simply does not support the School District’s argument, nor the
        apportionment of fault by the trial court.

        The only testimony whatsoever offered by George Gregory which could
        arguably be said to support a finding that Joey was partially at fault is Mr.
        Gregory’s testimony that he had crossed the southbound lane of Romie Hill
        prior to Joey’s vehicle making impact. [Gregory, T.p101 lines 9 - 12] In other
        words, that Mr. Gregory had already gotten across one lane of the highway

        8
         A vehicle traveling at 60 miles per hour travels 316,800 feet per hour (60 x 5280 = 316,800), or
5,280 feet per minute (316,800 / 60 = 5,280), or 88 feet per second (5,280 / 60 = 88). One half mile is 2,640
feet. Thus, traveling at 60 mph, a vehicle travels the 2,640 in 30 seconds. (2,640 / 88 = 30).

        9
         A vehicle traveling at 80 miles per hour travels 422,400 feet per hour (80 x 5280 = 422,400), or
7,040 feet per minute (422,400 / 60 = 7,040), or 117.33 feet per second (7,040 / 60 = 117.33). One half mile
is 2,640 feet. Thus, traveling at 80 mph, a vehicle travels the 2,640 in 22.5 seconds (2,640 / 117.33 = 22.5).

        10
          A vehicle traveling at 120 miles per hour travels 633,600 feet per hour (120 x 5280 = 633,600), or
10,560 feet per minute (633,600 / 60 = 10,560), or 176 feet per second (10,560 / 60 = 176). One half mile
is 2,640 feet. Thus, traveling at 120 mph, a vehicle travels the 2,640 in 15 seconds. (2,640 / 176 = 15).

                                                     17
        before the accident.      Mr. Gregory suggests that he was going per haps “six,
        seven miles an hour” at the time of impact. [Gregory, T.p101 line 13].

        Taking Mr. Gregory’s testimony to be true and again applying a little simple
        math, the bus he was operating would have been traveling at 10.3 feet per
        second just prior to impact.11 Since a standard lane of a two-lane highway is
        approximately thirteen (13) feet wide, Mr. Gregory would have entered Joey’s
        path of travel in just over one second. The School District’s arguments that Joey
        was at fault in causing this accident as a result of his failure to observe Mr.
        Gregory’s movement and avoid the accident all within the one second period of
        time is without merit.      While the School District argues that Joey Thompson
        was partially at fault, it does not explain or offer any theory as to what Joey
        should have done to avoid the accident.

        It is unclear from the bench ruling whether the trial court found Joey to have
        exceeded the lawful rate of speed. The court stated: “which as it applies to this
        case would indicate to me that the plaintiff, Joey Thompson, was traveling at an
        increased rate.” [Judge Gardner, T.p125 line 28 - p126 line 2]     However, the
        court goes on to state: “I do not know whether the speed exceeded 45 . . .”
        [Judge Gardner, T.p126 lines 5 - 6]        Certainly there was no credible proof
        offered to establish that Joey Thompson was speeding. Nevertheless, assuming
        for the moment that the trial court found that Joey was exceeding the posted
        speed limit, that still does not necessarily conclude that he was at fault in the
        accident. As explained above, Mr. Gregory still had more than sufficient time
        to observe and yield to Joey’s vehicle, even assuming Joey to have been
        speeding.

        Surely the law does not require that Joey Thompson, while traveling down a
        clear highway in broad daylight should having anticipated that a school bus
        stopped at a stop sign would have pulled out into his lane of travel. Even if Joey
        would have observed the bus for the one second of time it took to cross the
        south-bound lane, Joey still had insufficient time to do anything to avoid the
        accident. As set forth above, using Mr. Gregory’s own estimates of speed, he
        most likely was into Joey’s path of travel within just over one second. If Joey
        is traveling at 45 miles per hour, or even 60 miles per hour, what could he have
        done to avoid an accident given less than two seconds of warning? The School
        District offers no theories or conclusions. Rather, it simply throws up an

        11
          By simple arithmetic, Mr. Gregory was traveling 10.3 feet per second just prior to impact if he was
traveling 7 miles per hour. There are 5,280 feet per mile, and traveling at 7 miles per hour, one travels 36,960
per hour. At this rate of speed, one travels 616 feet per minute, or 10.3 per second.

                                                      18
        argument of comparative negligence, and unfortunately, the trial court agreed
        despite a total lack of any evidence to support the argument.12

¶17.    While we agree with most of Joey’s calculations, we cannot agree with his deductive

reasoning based on his calculations in footnote 14. Joey concludes that since “a standard lane

of a two-lane highway is approximately thirteen (13) feet wide,” and since Gregory’s school

bus could travel 10.3 feet per second traveling at the rate of 7 miles per hour, Joey would have

had just over a second to react before the school bus entered his lane of travel (13 feet divided

by 10.3 feet equals 1.26 seconds). However, in arriving at his conclusion, Joey would have to

assume Gregory did not stop at the stop sign, and that Gregory indeed ran the stop sign

traveling at the rate of 7 miles per hour. This assumption is belied by the record. That Gregory

came to a complete stop at the stop sign on North Street before entering Romie Hill Road is

unrebutted in the record.         The only other          premise on which Joey could conclude that

Gregory’s school bus traveled from the stop sign to his northbound lane of travel in “just over

one second” would be that the laws of physics allow a school bus to go from zero miles per

hour to seven miles per hour, instantaneously.                   We find this to be an impossibility.

Additionally, Gregory’s unrebutted testimony was that               at the time of the collision, he was

traveling at the rate of “five, maybe a little bit more than that, six, seven miles an hour.” As

Gregory also testified, a school bus cannot “dart through” an intersection from a dead stop as

compared to a car. In referring to school buses in general, Gregory testified that “[t]hey don’t

take off that fast.”

        12
          Footnotes 8-11, inclusive, supra, appear as footnotes 1-4, inclusive, in the appellant’s brief.

                                                       19
¶18.   We agree with Lee County that today’s case is factually similar to a recent case decided

by the Court of Appeals, Redmond v. Breakfield, 840 So. 2d 828 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003), but

not cited by that court in its opinion. In Redmond, Breakfield, traveling east on Highway 35

in Covington County, approached a stop sign at the intersection of Highway 35 and Highway

49. He intended to negotiate the stop sign and the crossing of Highway 49, and then continue

on his way. Redmond was traveling north on Highway 49, which was the through highway. The

collision occurred after Breakfield had entered the intersection.      Redmond and Breakfield

were the only eyewitnesses to the accident.    At trial, Breakfield testified that he came to a

complete stop at the stop sign, looked for any approaching traffic on Highway 49, and seeing

none, he entered the intersection. Id. at 830. According to the Court of Appeals, “[t]here was

testimony tending to show that Redmond had not applied his brakes before striking

Breakfield’s truck.”   Id.   The jury returned a verdict in favor of Breakfield, and Redmond

appealed.

¶19.   Relying on Miss. Code Ann. Section 63-3-805, the Court of Appeals stated:

       Redmond, in support of his contention that the verdict was against the weight of
       the evidence, seems to contend that the uncontradicted proof that he was
       traveling on the through highway at the time of the accident necessarily
       establishes Breakfield's negligence for the accident. We find this to be an
       incorrect analysis of the law and the facts. There is contradictory evidence in the
       record as to whether Redmond, while traveling on the through highway, had
       approached so close to the intersection that he constituted an immediate hazard
       to Breakfield. Breakfield claimed that he stopped and made the necessary
       observations before entering the intersection. The clear implication of
       Breakfield's testimony is that Redmond was traveling at a high rate of speed that
       caused him to enter the intersection and strike Breakfield's truck and that
       Breakfield had entered the intersection only after he determined that no

                                               20
        approaching vehicle posed an immediate hazard. Thus, it was Redmond's failure
        to approach the intersection with the necessary caution (including, necessarily,
        at a diminished rate of speed) to observe vehicles--such as Breakfield's--already
        in the process of crossing over the through highway.

        Certainly, Redmond’s version of events differed from Breakfield’s. However,
        Breakfield's testimony was not substantially impeached, nor was it shown that
        any of the uncontradicted physical evidence rendered his version of events
        unlikely or implausible. In such a circumstance, in the face of differing versions
        of the facts presented by competing parties to the litigation, it is the duty of the
        jury sitting as finders of fact to assess the credibility of the witnesses and
        determine what weight and worth to give any particular element of the evidence.
        Upchurch ex rel. Upchurch v. Rotenberry, 761 So. 2d 199 (¶ 22) Miss. 2000).

Id. at 831.

¶20.    The facts in this case more strongly undergird the trial judge’s finding of negligence on

the part of Joey, than do the facts which supported the jury’s finding in favor of the defendant

driver in Redmond.      In Redmond, both drivers involved in the accident testified, creating

clearly conflicting evidence on the issue of negligence; whereas, in our case today, only one

driver, Gregory, testified. As in Redmond, the trier-of-fact, the trial judge, had to consider the

testimony of the witnesses and the exhibits received into evidence, and determine the issues

of negligence and proximate causation, including whether Joey was contributorily negligent.

Miss. Code Ann. Section 11-7-15 states:

        In all actions hereafter brought for personal injuries, or where such injuries have
        resulted in death, or for injury to property, the fact that the person injured, or the
        owner of the property, or person having control over the property may have been
        guilty of contributory negligence shall not bar a recovery, but damages shall be
        diminished by the jury in proportion to the amount of negligence attributable to
        the person injured, or the owner of the property, or the person having control
        over the property.

                                                 21
See Tharpe v. Bunge Corp., 641 So. 2d 20 (Miss. 1994); McDaniel v. Ritter, 556 So. 2d 303

(Miss. 1989).     In reading the record, including the trial judge’s findings of fact, we conclude

the trial judge properly considered all the evidence before him in reaching his conclusion that

Joey was contributorily negligent. It matters not what this Court may have done if placed in

the trial court’s fact-finding role.     It matters only that in exercising our mandated appellate

review, we can confidently determine the trial court’s findings of fact “are supported by

substantial, credible, and reasonable evidence.” Perry, 764 So. 2d at 376.       We find that they

are. Gregory testified he came to a complete stop at the stop sign on North Street. This fact

was corroborated by the testimony of Officer Gwin.           Gregory testified that he looked both

ways for oncoming traffic on Romie Hill Road before entering the intersection, and saw no

oncoming northbound traffic on Romie Hill Road.           Upon deciding to enter the intersection,

Gregory had to start his school bus from a dead stop and he was traveling between five to seven

miles per hour at the time of the collision, which occurred in Joey’s lane of travel. In referring

to the photographs of the accident scene, both Gregory and Gwin testified that not only

Gregory, but also Joey, had a clear unobstructed view of the intersection as they approached

the intersection from their respective directions.     The trial judge found that Gregory’s school

bus was hit by Joey’s truck “apparently in a fairly head-on circumstance,” thus indicating a lack

of evasive action on the part of Joey.

¶21.    If a person is adhering to the statutory mandate of Section 63-3-805 when operating a

motor vehicle on the roads and highways of this state, that person is engaging in an exercise

of common sense. Just because a person may be driving on a through highway with the lawful

                                                  22
right-of-way to proceed through an intersection with another road where there are located stop

signs, does not mean that person may approach and enter the intersection with impunity and

without exercising caution.      The trial judge in today’s case had to make such determinations

from the record as to (1) whether any vehicles traveling on Romie Hill Road constituted an

immediate hazard at the time Gregory entered the intersection; (2) whether Gregory proceeded

cautiously through the intersection; and, (3) whether Joey was under a statutory duty to yield

the right-of-way to Gregory after Gregory entered the intersection.

¶22.    All of this having been said, we find the trial court’s finding of contributory negligence

on the part of Joey is not manifestly wrong and is supported by substantial and credible

evidence. Thus, in appropriately affording deference to the trial judge’s findings of fact on this

issue, we find this assignment of error to be without merit.

        II.     WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN ASSESSING
                THE DAMAGES.

¶23.    Joey asserts the trial court’s assessment of his total damages of $200,000 is

“unconscionably insufficient     and   inadequate.”       In making this assertion, Joey readily

acknowledges that in order to succeed on this issue, he is confronted with “a very high burden

indeed.” We agree. This Court has stated:

        In Lewis v. Hiatt, 683 So. 2d 937, 941 (Miss.1996), this Court reasoned that "[i]t
        is primarily the province of the jury [and in a bench trial the judge] to determine
        the amount of damages to be awarded and the award will normally not be set
        aside unless so unreasonable in amount as to strike mankind at first blush as
        being beyond all measure, unreasonable in amount and outrageous.'" Id. (quoting
        Harvey v. Wall, 649 So. 2d 184, 187 (Miss.1995)).

                                                    23
Foster v. Noel, 715 So. 2d 174, 183 (Miss. 1998). We are mindful that Joey suffered serious

injuries as a result of this accident and incurred over $50,000 in medical expenses.               Joey’s

mother and two sisters testified to Joey’s injuries, and the impact these injuries have had on

Joey and his daily life.13   Coach Miller testified to his observations of Joey, both on and off

the football field, before and after Joey was injured in this accident. The trial court also had

before it the depositions of Dr. Richard Sharp and Dr. Thomas Boll.             Joey’s mother and two

sisters, and Coach Miller, were also subjected to cross-examination by Lee County’s counsel.

¶24.    The trial judge was charged with the responsibility of hearing and considering the

testimony of the witnesses and observing their demeanor.         Regardless of the number of judges

who have considered this case on appeal, Judge Gardner is the only member of the judiciary

who will ever have the benefit of not only hearing the testimony, but also observing the

demeanor of the witnesses as they testified. At least part of what Judge Gardner heard and

observed was Lee County’s cross-examination of Nancy Thompson, Joey’s mother. This is but

a portion of her testimony on cross examination:

        Q. Ms. Thompson, when Dr. Sharp and Dr. Cannella discharged Joey from the
        hospital on December the 31st, 1998, was he able to bathe himself, feed himself,
        dress himself, do all the things that we call activities of daily living?
        A. No, he wasn't.
        Q. He wasn't?
        A. No, he wasn't.
        Q. Have you read Dr. Sharp's deposition? They have asked you about these
        depositions. Have you read his deposition?

        13
          At the time of the hearing, one of Joey’s sisters, Thelma Hubbard, was a certified mental health
therapist with the Region I Mental Health Center in Charleston, Mississippi. She saw Joey every other
weekend when she traveled to Shannon for family visits.

                                                   24
A. No, I didn't read Dr. Sharp's deposition.
Q. He states here on page 16, At discharge, he was independent in all activities
of daily living and mobility. Now, why do you think Dr. Sharp would say that if
he wasn't?
A. I really don't know, because he wasn't.
Q. Don't know. Okay. So Dr. Sharp was just wrong about that?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Okay. This is his primary physician that has treated him now for some 27
days, and he says he can do everything that's needed to be done to take care of
himself, but he's wrong?
A. Yes, sir, because we worked with him daily.
Q. Okay. Now, what was his speech like when Dr. Sharp and Dr. Cannella
discharged him?
A. Well, it was blurry. It was as if his tongue was thick.
Q. Well --
A. And he couldn't deliver his speech too good.
Q. Have you read Dr. Sharp's deposition about that?
A. No, I haven't.
Q. Are you aware of the fact that he says that he didn't -- he doesn't recall that
he had any speech problem at the time of discharge? This is on page 17 and 18
of his deposition.
A. No, he did have a speech problem.
Q. So Dr. Sharp got that wrong, too?
A. Yes, sir, he have (sic).
Q. Okay. Now, you went back with him in January to see Dr. Cannella, didn't
you, the two of you went together?
A. Yes.
Q. Did you recall Dr. Cannella telling you and putting down in his records that
his memory and mental status had improved?
A. No.
Q. You don't recall that?
A. No.
Q. Do you recall Dr. Cannella saying that neither you nor Joey had any specific
problems or complaints?
A. No.
Q. Was Dr. Cannella wrong about that?
A. Yes.
Q. Okay. Now, do you remember -- do you remember going back in February
with Joey to see Dr. Cannella?
A. Yes, I do.
Q. Do you recall him saying then that Joey's speech and memory were normal?

                                       25
       A. No, I don't.
       Q. Okay. Do you recall him saying that his mental status was normal?
       A. No, I don't.
       Q.       Do you recall him saying that Joey continued to make an excellent
       recovery?
       A. Yes.
       Q. He did say that?
       A. Yes.
       Q. Okay. But what about his speech and memory? Was it normal at that time?
       A. No, it wasn't.
       Q. So Dr. Cannella is wrong about that?
       A. Yes.
       Q. What about -- he said his mental status was normal; is that correct?
       A. No, it's not correct.
       Q. So Dr. Cannella was wrong about that, too?
       A. Yes.
                                                ************
       Q. Didn’t the doctor, Dr. Cannella, release him to go back and play football?
       A. Yes, he did.
       Q. All right. Was Dr. Cannella wrong about that?
       A. In my opinion.
                                                ************
       Q. Now, every time you went to see Dr. Cannella, didn’t he tell you at each one
       of these visits that if you felt like you had any problem to call him back?
       A. No, he never said that.
       Q. He never said that either. So if he has got that in his records that he said that,
       he’s wrong about that, too?
       A. Yes.

¶25.   Finally, in mitigation of damages, Lee County also offered       the testimony of David E.

Stewart, a self-employed certified life care planner and rehabilitation counselor; therefore,

Judge Gardner had this evidence to consider.

¶26.   That Joey was seriously injured is not in dispute – the extent of his injuries and his

recovery is disputed. As the fact-finder in the bench trial, Judge Gardner was presented with

a “classic jury case” based on conflicting testimony regarding the extent of Joey’s injuries and

                                               26
the extent of his recovery. One well-established principle cannot be ignored by us. It matters

not what this Court may have done if w, as the original fact-finder, were able to arrive at the

dollar-value of Joey’s damages.          Rather, based on our mandated appellate review, we must

determine based on the totality of the record before us, whether the trial judge’s assessment

of damages was so unreasonably low and outrageous that his judgment must be reversed and

the case remanded for a new trial as to damages.                We are constrained, as a matter of well-

established law, to answer this question in the negative, and to affirm the trial court’s total

damage award in the amount of $200,000.14

¶27.    For these reasons, we find this assignment of error to be without merit.

                                               CONCLUSION

¶28.    For the reasons stated, we find the Court of Appeals erred in reversing the trial court’s

finding of contributory negligence by Joey, and rendering judgment for Joey on the issue of

negligence.     We further find the Court of Appeals erred in reversing the trial court’s

        14
          Justice Randolph, in his dissent, finds fault with the trial judge’s failure to explain his calculations
in arriving at his total award of damages (Randolph, J., Dissenting Opinion, **9-11). In essence, Judge
Gardner rendered a “general verdict” similar to jury verdicts which we routinely review without the benefit
of an explanation from the jury as to how it arrived at the total amount of damages. The failure of the trial
judge in this case to give an itemization of the elements of damages does not vitiate his “general verdict.” So
that there can be no misunderstanding, we have not overlooked our recent decision in Capital One Services,
Inc. v. Rawls, 904 So. 2d 1010 (Miss. 2004). In Rawls, we were confronted with a trial judge’s award of
damages without an evidentiary hearing on damages after grant of a default judgment as to liability. Id. at
1013. While we upheld the trial court’s refusal to set aside the default judgment, we remanded the case with
directions to conduct an evidentiary (on-the-record) hearing on the issue of damages. Id. at 1017-19.
However, in today’s case, Judge Gardner conducted an on-the-record hearing as to liability and damages –
he simply did not itemize his award of damages.

                                                       27
assessment of damages in the total amount of $200,000 and remanding this case to the trial

court for a new trial as to damages.

¶29.    Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals and reinstate and affirm

the judgment of the Lee County Circuit Court.

¶30. THE JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF APPEALS IS REVERSED, AND THE
JUDGMENT OF THE LEE COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT IS REINSTATED AND
AFFIRMED.

     SMITH, C.J., WALLER, P.J., EASLEY AND DICKINSON, JJ., CONCUR.
RANDOLPH, J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY
COBB, P.J., AND GRAVES, J. DIAZ, J., NOT PARTICIPATING.

        RANDOLPH, JUSTICE, DISSENTING:

¶31.    The Lee County Circuit Court assigned contributory negligence to Thompson despite

an absence of “substantial, credible, and reasonable evidence,” City of Jackson v. Perry, 764
So. 2d 373, 376 (Miss. 2000) (citing Puckett v. Stuckey, 633 So. 2d 978, 982 (Miss. 1993)),

to support that conclusion. Moreover, the damages awarded to Thompson were unreasonably

low so as to shock the conscience of this Justice, taking into account the magnitude of injuries

sustained by Thompson as the result of an accident for which no proof exists in the record that

he was responsible.       Therefore, to the extent the majority’s opinion affirms the judgment of

the circuit court, I must dissent.

¶32.    In accord with the unanimous decision of the Court of Appeals, the trial court’s

assignment of contributory negligence to Thompson should be reversed, and judgment should

be rendered in favor of Thompson and against Lee County on the issue of negligence.

                                                 28
Furthermore, the trial court’s inadequate and unreasonable award of damages should be

reversed and remanded to the trial court for a new trial on the issue of damages.

        I.      Whether the trial court erred in finding the Plaintiff driver to be
                contributorily negligent.

¶33.    The majority opinion properly states that, “‘[a] circuit court judge sitting without a jury

is accorded the same deference with regard to his findings as a chancellor,’ and his findings

are safe on appeal where they are supported by substantial, credible, and reasonable

evidence.”     Id. (emphasis added).           Based upon the evidence presented, the trial judge

determined in his findings and conclusions that Mr. Gregory stopped the bus at the stop sign

on County Road 300; looked to his left and right; did not observe a vehicle coming from the

right (the south); proceeded across Romie Hill Road; and the collision occurred in the

northbound lane of traffic.          From those findings, and the trial court’s unsubstantiated

inferences on the manner in which the vehicles came in contact,15 the trial judge concluded that

“plaintiff, Joey Thompson, was traveling at an increased rate.”              This conclusion was reached

        15
          The trial court made these inferences despite the absence of any testimony from an accident
reconstruction expert on the subject. As the Court of Appeals stated:

        we find in the record no justification for the conclusion that the drawing from the police
        report [a diagram of the accident] was ‘probably conservative’ and should, therefore, have
        been taken to indicate something more than the drawing actually indicated. ... This drawing
        is not a ‘realistic’ depiction of the accident, and given the nature of this drawing as such, it
        should not have been taken to convey a picture of the accident sufficient to support the kind
        of negative inference drawn by the trial court ... .

Thompson v. Lee County School District, – So. 2d. –, 2005 WL 895026 at * 4 (Miss. Ct. App. 2005).

                                                      29
despite the trial judge’s own acknowledgment that no facts supported the finding that

Thompson was speeding.16            From those dubitable conclusions, the trial court determined

Thompson was equally contributorily negligent for the accident.17

¶34.    The majority opinion references Miss. Code Ann. Section 63-3-805 in defending the

final judgment of the trial court. Miss. Code Ann. Section 63-3-805 states:

        The driver of a vehicle shall stop as required by this chapter at the entrance to
        a through highway and shall yield the right-of-way to other vehicles which
        have entered the intersection from said highway or which are approaching so
        closely on said through highway as to constitute an immediate hazard.
        However, said driver having so yielded may proceed and the drivers of all other
        vehicles approaching the intersection on said through highway shall yield the
        right-of-way to the vehicle so proceeding into or across the through highway.
        The driver of a vehicle shall likewise stop in obedience to a stop sign as required
        by this chapter at an intersection where a stop sign is erected at one or more
        entrances thereto although not a part of a through highway and shall proceed
        cautiously, yielding to vehicles not so obliged to stop which are within the
        intersection or approaching so closely as to constitute an immediate hazard,
        but may then proceed.

(Emphasis added). Assuming Gregory did come to a complete stop at the stop sign on County

Road 300, he still had the duty not to enter the intersection without a proper lookout.                    To

“proceed cautiously” naturally involves maintaining a proper lookout, as well as yielding to

        16
          The trial judge stated: “I do not know whether the speed exceeded 45 [miles per hour], but it was
a substantial impact and, no doubt, caused pretty substantial injury to the vehicles, as well as to both of the
drivers.” Furthermore, Gregory himself made no statements regarding Thompson’s speed at the time of the
accident, but rather testified that he did not see Thompson’s vehicle until after the accident. As the Court
of Appeals concluded: “there was no credible evidence in the record to suggest that Thompson was speeding;
therefore, this inference is unreasonable, as it finds no evidentiary support in the record.” Thompson, 2005
WL 895026 at * 3. For instance, no evidence was presented indicating that an accident at 45 miles per hour
or less could not have resulted in this “substantial impact.”

        17
         Defendants did not plead comparative/contributory negligence as an affirmative defense in
responding to Thompson’s Complaint.

                                                     30
those vehicles which are “approaching so closely as to constitute an immediate hazard.” Miss.

Code Ann. Section 63-3-805.            That the accident occurred more than suggests Thompson’s

truck posed an “immediate hazard.” Id. Moreover, Gregory admitted he had no idea why he

never saw Thompson’s truck approaching. The clear and obvious inference is that he failed to

“proceed cautiously,” by failing to maintain a proper lookout. See Shideler v. Taylor, 292 So.
2d 155 (Miss. 1974) (automobile driver has a duty to see that which is in plain view, open and

apparent; to take notice of obvious danger; and to be on alert so as to avoid collision with

objects, vehicles, and others using highway); Campbell v. Schmidt , 195 So. 2d 87 (Miss.

1967) (a motorist is charged with seeing what he should have seen); Tippit v. Hunter, 205 So.
2d 267 (Miss. 1967) (automobile driver is chargeable with knowledge of all conditions which

would be obtainable by the exercise of his faculties, and it is his duty to see that which is in

plain view or open and apparent and to take notice of obvious dangers). As a result, he pulled

out in front of Thompson’s truck, a vehicle which he should have, but failed to, see. Gregory

never claimed he believed Thompson’s car was far enough away so as not to constitute an

“immediate hazard.”      All he stated was: “I did not see him.”           The following are uncontested

facts:   Gregory had an unobstructed view of oncoming traffic from the northbound lane of

Romie Hill Road for approximately one-half mile; he was familiar with the intersection; 18 it

was a clear day; and Thompson’s truck was red.              Utilizing calculations commonly accepted in

         18
          Gregory had been driving school buses in this area for 27 years at the time of the accident. Clearly
he understood that the bus accelerated slowly, and that fact should have weighed into any “proceed
cautiously” calculation he was making.

                                                     31
trial courts, and presented in Appellant’s brief, even had Thompson been traveling at 120 miles

per hour, Gregory would have had fifteen (15) seconds in which to clearly observe the

oncoming vehicle.   This distinguishes the case sub judice from Redmond v. Breakfield, 840
So. 2d 828, 832 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003), where the Court of Appeals found:

        Breakfield’s testimony that Redmond’s vehicle was not in sight just moments
        before the collision would clearly support an inference by the jury that
        Redmond was only able to cover such a large distance in so short a time by
        traveling at a hazardously high rate of speed. Additionally, Breakfield made
        reference to the degree of damage inflicted on his truck as evidence tending to
        show that Redmond’s vehicle must have been traveling at a relatively high rate
        of speed at impact. We find this evidence of Redmond’s possible excessive
        speed to be enough to support an inference that this was the cause of the
        collision.

There is no evidence indicating Thompson was traveling over the speed limit of 45 miles per

hour.   As such, there was an absolute absence of “substantial, credible, and reasonable

evidence,” Perry, 764 So. 2d at 376, Thompson was negligent. Therefore, Gregory’s lack of

caution in entering the intersection without observing the plaintiff, who was travelling on the

primary road, renders the clear result that the right-of-way never transferred to him.     The

requirement of Miss. Code Ann. Section 63-3-805 for the right-of-way to attach to Gregory

was that he proceed with caution and yield to vehicles approaching so closely as to constitute

an immediate hazard.    That threshold requirement was never met by Gregory based on his

sworn testimony.

¶35.    Therefore, the Court of Appeals was eminently correct in finding that any contributory

negligence apportioned to Thompson by the trial judge was “belie[d] [by] the extremely tenuous

evidentiary base upon which the court attempted to ground this ruling ... .” Thompson, 2005

                                               32
WL 895026 at * 3.           In the absence of any “substantial, credible, and reasonable evidence,”

Perry, 764 So. 2d at 376, that Thompson was negligent, it was utterly improper for the trial

judge to impute equal, or any, contributory liability upon Thompson for the accident.19                    To

grant that level of deference to the trial judge, as the majority does, is plainly flawed.

¶36.    The majority opines, “[j]ust because a person may be driving on a through highway with

the lawful right-of-way to proceed through an intersection with another road where there are

located stop signs, does not mean that person may approach and enter the intersection with

impunity and without exercising caution.” Majority Opinion at 23 (emphasis added). This

statement is unquestionably true. See generally, Redmond, 840 So. 2d at 831. However, the

statement implies Thompson “enter[ed] the intersection with impunity and without exercising

caution,” despite the absence of one iota of supporting evidence in the record. One may only

conjure or speculate such a finding, due to Gregory’s negligent failure to “proceed cautiously”

in the face of an “immediate hazard.”                The trial court’s decision to hold Thompson

contributorily negligent for Gregory’s mistake, in the absence of any “substantial, credible, and

reasonable evidence,” Perry, 764 So. 2d at 376, was clear error.

        II.        Whether the trial court erred in assessing the total damages suffered by
                   the Plaintiff driver.

¶37.    The majority opinion sets forth the applicable standard of review for assessing damage

awards, stating:

        19
         Just as the Court of Appeals stated: “to find that Thompson was partially at fault in this accident
would require one to accept as proven, as the trial judge did, certain facts that are not supported by credible
evidence in the record. That we cannot do.” Thompson, 2005 WL 895026 at *6.

                                                     33
        In Lewis v. Hiatt, 683 So. 2d 937, 941 (Miss. 1996), this Court reasoned that
        “[i]t is primarily the province of the jury [and in a bench trial the judge] to
        determine the amount of damages to be awarded and the award will normally not
        ‘be set aside unless so unreasonable in amount as to strike mankind at first blush
        as being beyond all measure, unreasonable in amount and outrageous.’” Id.
        (quoting Harvey v. Wall, 649 So. 2d 184, 187 (Miss. 1995)). Foster v. Noel,
        715 So. 2d 174, 183 (Miss. 1998).

Majority Opinion at 24.     This is a “very high standard of review.”         Brandon HMA, Inc. v.

Bradshaw, 809 So. 2d 611, 621 (Miss. 2001). In interpreting that standard, the majority asks:

“can we say with confidence that, based on the totality of the record before us, the trial judge’s

assessment of damages was so unreasonably low and outrageous that his judgment must be

reversed and the case remanded for a new trial as to damages.” Majority Opinion at 30.

¶38.    As a result of the accident, Thompson incurred approximately $50,000 in medical bills

from being hospitalized for twenty-seven (27) days.20             Moreover, he sustained permanent

cognitive defects from the head injury, including “loss of language skill, mild dysnomia,

reduced motor functioning and coordination, abnormally reduced attentional skills, mental

slowness and inefficiency in learning, and visual perceptual difficulties.”           Thompson, 2005
WL 895026 at * 1. In addition to the medical treatment he required at the time of the accident,

he has since undergone extensive physical and psychological therapy.               As a result of his

        20
          The doctors initial assessment was that Thompson had a fifty percent chance of coming out of the
coma he eventually stayed in for three days. Additionally, Thompson spent his first fourteen (14) days
hospitalized in the intensive care unit.

                                                   34
disabling condition,21 Thompson’s once-promising football career22 was effectively ended.                   The

report of Dr. Boll indicated that cognitively Thompson had permanently lost significant

language, motor function, attention, and mental skills.23            Sherry Gill, Thompson’s older sister

and employer, testified Thompson’s memory problems following the injury rendered him

unable to be left alone during work hours, such that he made a poor employee. Gill further

testified that Thompson had become socially withdrawn, frustrated with his troubles in

communicating, and prone to crying spells as a result of his frustrations, a marked difference

from the outgoing, athletic younger brother she remembered prior to the accident.24

¶39.     The Court of Appeals found the trial judge failed to elaborate “on how [he] arrived at

this amount of damages or whether this amount included or excluded pain and suffering, future

medical expenses, loss of earning capacity, and/or other possible items of damages.” Id. at *

8.     For that reason, the Court of Appeals unanimously “reverse[d] the award of damages as

         21
           On cross-examination, Dave Stewart, a certified life care planner and rehabilitation counselor,
testified that persons who seek vocational rehabilitation usually have a disability or have sustained a disabling
condition.

         22
           Prior to attending Itawamba Community College (“ICC”) on a football scholarship, Thompson had
been contacted by Ole Miss, Mississippi State, Arkansas, and Rice University about playing football. At ICC,
Thompson started every game as a freshman and his coach, Jay Miller, testified that he had a ninety-nine
percent chance to play at the four-year college level. The accident occurred in December following his
freshman season. In his sophomore season, Thompson was relegated to playing special teams only. Miller
testified that Thompson’s reaction times had slowed considerably; that he was slower in answering questions;
and that he had a harder time answering questions. In total, Miller stated there was a marked difference in
Thompson’s speech and motor skills following the accident.

         23
       Nancy Thompson, Thompson’s mother, testified that, post-accident, her son’s memory, money
management skills, and grades had diminished significantly.

         24
         Thelma Hubbard, Thompson’s older sister, testified he had become deeply depressed and told her
“he wished he had died” in the accident.

                                                      35
inadequate and unreasonably low, and ... remand[ed] this issue to the trial court for a new trial

to determine the proper measure of damages, bearing in mind all of the items of damages

mentioned in [the] opinion.” Id. at * 9.

¶40.    In affirming the trial court’s total damage award of $200,000,25 the majority opines that

the very high burden of an unreasonably low and outrageous damage award was not met here.

This finding is based, in part, on the premise that Thompson was contributorily negligent.          As

that premise is rendered erroneous by the lack of “substantial, credible, and reasonable

evidence,” Perry, 764 So. 2d at 376, that Thompson was at fault, the damage issue should be

reconsidered.   Thompson incurred a permanently disabling condition as a result of an accident

for which he was not responsible.          Moreover, to award damages of $200,000 without any

apparent consideration, or at least explanation, of whether the award includes pain and

suffering, future medical expenses, loss of earning capacity, or other items of damages,26

necessitates a new trial on the issue of damages.      “The determination of damages must be a

process which is particular to the facts of the case; there is no fixed rule.” City of Newton v.

Lofton, 840 So. 2d 833, 837 (Miss. Ct. App. 2003). In making that determination, “[t]he trial

court takes into account: amount of physical injury, mental and physical pain, present and

future pain and disability, temporary and permanent disability, medical expenses, loss of wages

and wage earning capacity, sex, age, and health of the injured.” Id. (citing Woods v. Nichols,

        25
          Only $100,000 went to Thompson because he was deemed 50% contributorily negligent.

        26
          Other damages might include loss of enjoyment of life. See Kansas City Southern Ry. Co., Inc.
v. J.C. Johnson, 798 So. 2d 374, 380-81 (Miss. 2001).

                                                  36
416 So. 2d 659, 671 (Miss. 1982)). In Scott Prather Trucking, Inc. v. Clay, 821 So. 2d 819,

822 (Miss. 2002), this Court affirmed a trial court’s additur because the jury’s award of

damages was “contrary to the overwhelming weight of the credible evidence.” The jury’s award

was found to have ignored future medical expenses, permanent impairment and disfigurement,

pain and suffering, and loss of enjoyment of life incurred by the injured plaintiff.   Id.; see also

Rodgers v. Pascagoula Public School Dist., 611 So. 2d 942, 945-46 (Miss. 1992) (additur

granted for failure of jury to consider plaintiff’s pain and suffering); Pham v. Welter, 542 So.
2d 884, 889 (Miss. 1989) (additur granted for failure of jury to consider plaintiff’s future pain

and suffering and permanent partial disability).

¶41.    Thompson, 19 years old at the time of the accident, had his life irreparably altered by

the consequences of this accident.          His once-promising football abilities were dashed; his

cognitive functions are permanently impaired; his employability has become significantly

diminished; and he has been cast into a frustrated sense of despair, a shadow of his former

vibrant self.   To improperly find him contributorily negligent and then award him inadequate

damages, with no explanation of the factors contained within that calculation, merits reversing

and remanding to the trial court for a new trial on the issue of damages.

                                             CONCLUSION

¶42.    I agree with the unanimous decision of the Court of Appeals, reversing the trial court’s

assignment of contributory negligence to Thompson and reversing and remanding to the trial

                                                   37
court for a new trial on the issue of damages. Therefore, I respectfully submit my dissent to

the majority opinion.

        COBB, P.J., AND GRAVES, J., JOIN THIS OPINION.

                                            38