Court Opinion

ID: 9412513
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-07-31 17:09:11.598267+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:41:30.637649
License: Public Domain

J-S21009-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

  COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                 :     IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :          PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
  STEVEN MICHAEL FRY                           :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :     No. 908 MDA 2022

        Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered May 10, 2022
  In the Court of Common Pleas of Cumberland County Criminal Division at
                      No(s): CP-21-CR-0002629-2021

BEFORE:      BOWES, J., NICHOLS, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY BOWES, J.:                           FILED: JULY 31, 2023

       Steven Michael Fry appeals from the judgment of sentence of twelve to

twenty-four months of incarceration following his convictions for simple

assault and harassment. We affirm.

       We glean the following factual background from the trial transcript. In

the early evening hours of September 15, 2021, Teresa Wolf (“Ms. Wolf”) was

riding in a car driven by Appellant, who was then her fiancé. During the drive,

the couple began arguing about their relationship. Appellant subsequently

started punching Ms. Wolf in her face and head with a closed fist, striking her

eye, nose, and the left side of her head approximately fifteen to twenty times.

Shortly thereafter, Appellant slammed on the brakes, which caused the car to

stop functioning. Bystander Yesenia Martinez allowed the couple to push the

____________________________________________

* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
J-S21009-23

vehicle into her driveway.      Ms. Martinez and Appellant unsuccessfully

attempted to jump start the car while Ms. Wolf remained seated inside the

vehicle.   Ms. Martinez did not notice any injuries to Ms. Wolf, nor did she

observe her in distress. Ms. Wolf did not inform Ms. Martinez that she had

been struck by Appellant.

      Appellant and Ms. Wolf subsequently walked through the rain to a

nearby church.    Shortly thereafter, a trooper with the Pennsylvania State

Police (“PSP”) arrived at the church and began speaking with the couple. The

trooper generally inquired as to whether they were okay. Ms. Wolf did not

disclose the assault to the trooper and testified at trial that she was not sure

why, though she noted that Appellant was next to her during the whole

encounter. The trooper left about five minutes later, and Appellant and Ms.

Wolf then met Samuel Burkholder, one of the church’s pastors. Mr. Burkholder

drove them to the borough of Carlisle. He testified that during the drive, he

did not observe any injuries to Ms. Wolf, and that she did not appear to be in

pain and never indicated there was any altercation with Appellant. Upon being

dropped off in Carlisle that evening, Appellant and Ms. Wolf parted ways.

      Ms. Wolf woke up the next morning with bruising on her face and went

to the hospital. PSP Trooper Wesley Smith met with her in the emergency

room. He observed that she had a bruised eye and arm, as well as red marks

all over her head. Trooper Smith photographed the injuries.

      The trooper then interviewed Appellant the same day.            Appellant

conceded to the trooper that he was driving with Ms. Wolf the day before and

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had gotten into a verbal confrontation with her. However, Appellant denied

causing her injuries.        During the interview, Trooper Smith noticed that

Appellant’s hand was “really red” and “borderline bruising.”              N.T. Trial,

3/31/22, at 42. When asked about that, Appellant stated, “it was unrelated

to what happened the night prior.”             Id.   The trooper did not photograph

Appellant’s knuckles.

       Based on the foregoing, Appellant was charged with simple assault and

harassment and proceeded to a jury trial.1               At trial, the Commonwealth

introduced four photographs of Ms. Wolf’s injuries taken at the hospital the

morning after the incident. During the defense’s case, counsel for Appellant

decided to recall Ms. Wolf as a witness.             Immediately beforehand, counsel

requested permission from the trial court to ask Ms. Wolf about her involuntary

mental health commitment to UPMC - Carlisle on September 30, 2021,

approximately two weeks after the assault.              Following a discussion on the

record at sidebar, the court denied the request. However, the court permitted

counsel to ask whether Ms. Wolf caused the injuries in question to herself.

When questioned, she denied that her wounds were self-inflicted.

       Appellant was convicted and sentenced as indicated hereinabove. This

timely appeal followed. Appellant and the trial court complied with Pa.R.A.P.

____________________________________________

1 Since the count for harassment was graded as a summary offense, the trial

court acted as finder of fact with regard to that charge.

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1925.2    Appellant raises the following issue on appeal:     “Whether the trial

court erred in not allowing defense counsel to question [Ms. Wolf] regarding

her involuntary commitment under Pennsylvania Mental Health Procedure Act

of 1976, section 302?”         Appellant’s brief at 5 (unnecessary capitalization

omitted).

       Although Appellant raises a single issue on appeal, he attacks the trial

court’s decision on two distinct grounds. First, he argues that evidence of Ms.

Wolf’s involuntary commitment was both relevant and probative under the

rules of evidence, and therefore was admissible at trial. Second, Appellant

summarily asserts that the trial court’s decision runs afoul of his right to

present a complete defense under the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments of

the United States Constitution.

____________________________________________

2  Appellant filed a pro se “Petition to Remand/Dismiss Counsel (and)
Appointment of New Counsel” to this Court on March 9, 2023, seeking to
change appointed counsel because an appellate brief had not been filed and
due to an alleged breakdown in attorney-client communication. We remanded
the matter to the trial court to determine whether counsel had abandoned
Appellant and whether any further action was required to protect Appellant’s
right to appeal, but vacated our order when counsel filed a brief. The trial
court nonetheless responded to our remand order, finding that counsel did not
abandon Appellant. To the extent the court’s response did not address the
remaining     complaints     concerning     the    quality   of   attorney-client
communication, we observe that the court previously disposed of materially
similar averments following a hearing, in which Appellant participated, on a
prior remand. Moreover, if Appellant is seeking to challenge current counsel’s
effectiveness, such a claim must be raised on collateral review.             See
Commonwealth v. Holmes, 79 A.3d 562, 576 (Pa. 2013) (holding that
claims of ineffective assistance of counsel are to be deferred to post-conviction
review, barring circumstances not applicable here).

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      The appropriate standards of review for these issues are as follows:

      Questions concerning the admissibility of evidence are within the
      sound discretion of the trial court and we will not reverse a trial
      court’s decision concerning admissibility of evidence absent an
      abuse of the trial court’s discretion. An abuse of discretion is not
      merely an error of judgment, but is rather the overriding or
      misapplication of the law, or the exercise of judgment that is
      manifestly unreasonable, or the result of bias, prejudice, ill-will or
      partiality, as shown by the evidence of record. If in reaching a
      conclusion the trial court overrides or misapplies the law,
      discretion is then abused and it is the duty of the appellate court
      to correct the error.

Commonwealth v. LeClair, 236 A.3d 71, 78 (Pa.Super. 2020) (citation

omitted). “To constitute reversible error, an evidentiary ruling must not only

be erroneous, but also harmful or prejudicial to the complaining party.”

Commonwealth v. Bond, 190 A.3d 664, 667 (Pa.Super. 2018) (citation

omitted).

      Additionally, “[w]hether a defendant was denied his right to confront a

witness under the confrontation clause of the Sixth Amendment is a question

of law for which our standard of review is de novo and our scope of review is

plenary.” Commonwealth v. Tejada, 161 A.3d 313, 317 (Pa.Super. 2017)

(citation omitted). In the same vein, “[a] question regarding whether a due

process violation occurred is a question of law for which the standard of review

is de novo and the scope of review is plenary.” Id. (cleaned up).

      We now turn to Appellant’s argument that he should have been

permitted to question Ms. Wolf concerning her involuntary commitment

because the evidence was both relevant and probative. This Court has offered

the following summary of the pertinent legal principles:

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       Relevance is the threshold for admissibility of evidence; evidence
       that is not relevant is not admissible. Evidence is relevant if it
       logically tends to establish a material fact in the case, tends to
       make a fact at issue more or less probable or supports a
       reasonable inference or presumption regarding a material fact.
       Our Rules of Evidence provide the test for relevance: evidence is
       relevant if (a) it has any tendency to make a fact more or less
       probable than it would be without the evidence; and (b) the fact
       is of consequence in determining the action. Further, the court
       may exclude relevant evidence if its probative value is outweighed
       by a danger of one or more of the following: unfair prejudice,
       confusing the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay, wasting
       time, or needlessly presenting cumulative evidence.

Commonwealth v. Leap, 222 A.3d 386, 390 (Pa.Super. 2019) (cleaned up).

       Appellant asserts that sections 301 and 302 of the Pennsylvania Mental

Health Procedures Act (“MHPA”) require the committed person to have

exhibited conduct that poses a danger to either themselves or another within

the thirty days leading up to the commitment.3 See Appellant’s brief at 12.
____________________________________________

3 Relevant herein, § 302 of the MHPA provides that an involuntary emergency

examination of a person may occur upon a physician’s certification. See 50
P.S. § 7302(b). If the examining physician determines “that the person is
severely mentally disabled and in need of emergency treatment, treatment
shall be begun immediately” and may continue for up to 120 hours. 50 P.S.
§ 7302(b), (d).

Section 301 of the MHPA further provides that a person is “severely mentally
disabled” when mental illness causes the person’s “capacity to exercise self-
control, judgment and discretion in the conduct of his affairs and social
relations or to care for his own personal needs is so lessened that he poses a
clear and present danger of harm to others or to himself[.]” 50 P.S.
§ 7301(a). “Clear and present danger to others” is shown by establishing
that, within the past thirty days, the person has inflicted or attempted to inflict
serious bodily harm on another and that there is a reasonable probability that
such conduct will be repeated.” See 50 P.S. § 7301(b)(1). One way “clear
and present danger to” one’s self can be shown is by establishing that, within
the past thirty days, the person attempted suicide or substantially mutilated
themselves. See 50 P.S. § 301(b)(2).

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Appellant contends that if Ms. Wolf’s commitment on September 30, 2021,

was due to self-inflicted harm, it “would shed light on whether she herself,

and not [Appellant], inflicted the injuries found on September 16, 2021.” Id.

Appellant further asserts that the involuntary commitment was relevant to the

charges because neither Mr. Burkholder nor Ms. Martinez observed injuries to

Ms. Wolf on the day in question, which bolsters the defense that she inflicted

the injuries to herself sometime after she parted ways with Appellant in the

evening of September 15, but before she arrived at the hospital the following

morning. Id. at 14-15.

      The trial court denied Appellant’s request to introduce this evidence

because it found that he had not demonstrated its relevance.              More

particularly, the court stated that at the time Appellant asked to question Ms.

Wolf concerning the involuntary commitment, Appellant did not know whether

the commitment stemmed from her causing harm to herself or to others. See

Trial Court Opinion, 9/1/22, at 7. The court noted that Appellant’s information

came solely from an affidavit of probable cause attached to a criminal

complaint accusing Ms. Wolf of assaulting two UPMC emergency room security

guards after she had been committed.       See id.   In relevant portion, the

affidavit stated:

      On 09/30/21 at 1023 hours, Pennsylvania State Police Troopers
      were dispatched to UPMC – Carlisle . . . for a report of a fight
      involving a patient. . . . The incident occurred within emergency
      Room (ER) Room 16 and within the hallway.

            ....

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      At approximately 1021 hours, the patient, [Ms.] Wolf, was here
      from a 302 commitment. [She], while in Room 16, had nurses go
      in for vitals readings. [Ms. Wolf] was not allowing this to occur so
      [the security guards] entered the room.             [She] became
      combative, swinging her fists in the air towards both [of the
      security guards] in attempts to strike them.

N.T. Trial, 3/31/22, at 68 (Defense Exhibit 1 at 4) (cleaned up). The trial

court concluded that from this sole reference to the commitment, Appellant

offered no basis to support relevance because he had no information as to

whether the commitment was due to Ms. Wolf “being a danger to herself

versus a danger to others.” Trial Court Opinion, 9/1/22, at 8.

      Upon our review of the record, we discern no abuse of discretion or error

of law in the court’s ruling. At trial, Appellant failed to produce any documents

or other evidence addressing the involuntary commitment in any capacity

other than the affidavit of probable cause for Ms. Wolf’s unrelated simple

assault charge. He did not demonstrate that she was committed for causing

injuries to herself, nor did he show that the commitment had anything to do

with the events surrounding Appellant’s assault. Indeed, counsel admitted at

trial that he knew no facts pertaining to the involuntary commitment other

than what was contained in the affidavit of probable cause. See N.T. Trial,

3/31/22, at 67.     The affidavit described events that occurred after the

commitment, which at most indicates that her actions constituted a threat to

others, not herself. In short, Appellant failed to properly lay a foundation as

to the relevance of the involuntary commitment.       The trial court therefore

acted within its discretion in finding that this evidence was not relevant.

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      Appellant next argues that the inability to question Ms. Wolf about her

commitment deprived him of his right to present a complete defense under

the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment of the United States

Constitution, as well as the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

See Appellant’s brief at 15-16.     Appellant notes that a defendant has “a

fundamental right to present evidence[,] provided that the evidence is

relevant and not subject to exclusion under one of the established evidentiary

rules.” Id. at 15 (citing Commonwealth v. McGrowan, 635 A.2d 113, 115

(Pa. 1993)).    He contends that this includes evidence that someone else

caused Ms. Wolf’s injuries, i.e., a third-party guilt defense. Id. He avers that

this type of defense “possesses a constitutional component under the Six[th]

and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution, as an accused

has a right to present a complete defense.” Id. (citing Holmes v. South

Carolina, 547 U.S. 319 (2016)). Despite citing both Pennsylvania and federal

case law, Appellant neglects to offer any discussion of how this law applies to

the facts of his case.

      This Court has stated that “[t]he Confrontation Clause in the Sixth

Amendment to the United States Constitution applies to both federal and state

prosecutions and provides that, in all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall

enjoy the right . . . to be confronted with the witnesses against him[.]”

Commonwealth v. Yohe, 39 A.3d 381, 384 (Pa.Super. 2012) (cleaned up).

The right is a procedural one intended to ensure the reliability of evidence

through cross-examination. Id. at 385. Further, we have declared that:

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      Generally speaking, the Confrontation Clause guarantees an
      opportunity for effective cross-examination, not cross-
      examination that is effective in whatever way, and to whatever
      extent, that the defense might wish. Thus, the Confrontation
      Clause is generally satisfied when the defense is given a full and
      fair opportunity to probe and expose . . . infirmities through cross-
      examination.

Commonwealth v. Segarra, 228 A.3d 943, 956-57 (Pa.Super. 2020)

(cleaned up).

      Regarding the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, the

United States Supreme Court has noted that the fundamental fairness

afforded thereunder includes “a meaningful opportunity to present a complete

defense.” Crane v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 683, 690 (1986). Notably, “[o]nly

when an evidentiary rule or ruling completely infringes upon a defendant’s

ability to present evidence are the Sixth or Fourteenth Amendments

implicated.” Commonwealth v. Murray, 83 A.3d 137, 160 (Pa. 2013) (citing

Crane, supra).     State and federal lawmakers do, however, “have broad

latitude under the Constitution to establish rules excluding evidence from

criminal trials.” Holmes, supra at 324. This latitude is abridged when the

evidentiary rule under consideration “infringe[s] upon a weighty interest of

the accused and . . . [is] arbitrary or disproportionate to the purposes [it is]

designed to serve. Id. (cleaned up).

      With his scant argument and mere citation to authority, Appellant has

failed to convince us that the trial court’s decision to preclude testimony about

Ms. Wolf’s involuntary commitment violated his right to present a complete

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defense.     Initially, as discussed above, the trial court did not abuse its

discretion in finding that the proposed evidence was not relevant. Appellant

cites no authority for the proposition that the Pennsylvania Rules of Evidence

concerning    relevancy,   as    applied   to   this   matter,   are   “arbitrary   or

disproportionate” to the purposes they are designed to serve. Holmes, supra

at 324.

      Furthermore, while the trial court did not permit testimony concerning

the involuntary commitment, it did allow counsel to ask Ms. Wolf whether she

caused the injuries to herself. Counsel did so, and the following exchange

took place:

      Q: Ms. Wolf, I think the last question that I had for was, you had
      the opportunity to cause your own injuries, didn’t you?

      A: I wouldn’t have.

              ....

      Q: Ms. Wolf, before you went to the hospital on the 16th and after
      you had spent time with [Appellant], you caused your own
      injuries, didn’t you?

      A: No.

N.T. Trial, 3/31/22, at 73-74.

      Appellant offers no developed argument that the trial court’s ruling

“completely infringe[d] upon [his] ability to present evidence,” thereby

implicating the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments. Murray, supra at 160.

Appellant was permitted to question Ms. Wolf about whether she harmed

herself instead of being injured by Appellant. As such, Appellant was afforded

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both the right to confront her concerning his charges and the opportunity to

present a complete defense.

     Since none of Appellant’s arguments convinces us that the trial court

improperly denied him the right to question Ms. Wolf about her involuntary

commitment, we have no cause to disturb Appellant’s conviction or sentence.

     Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 07/31/2023

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