Court Opinion

ID: 4606046
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-20 19:37:39.016532+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:53:18.678219
License: Public Domain

REPUBLIC INSURANCE CO., PETITIONER, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RESPONDENT.Republic Ins. Co. v. CommissionerDocket No. 19693.United States Board of Tax Appeals13 B.T.A. 568; 1928 BTA LEXIS 3226; September 26, 1928, Promulgated *3226  A written consent, signed by the chairman of the board of directors of the petitioner, to a later determination, assessment and collection of such income and profits tax as may be determined to be due, operated, under the evidence in this case, to suspend the running of the statutes of limitation, notwithstanding the board of directors of the corporation did not specifically authorize the execution of such consent.  R. W. Mayo, Esq., for the petitioner.  Harold Allen, Esq., for the respondent.  LITTLETON*568  The Commissioner determined deficiencies in income and profits tax of $11,885.97 for the year 1920, and of $11,346.28 for the year 1921.  The hearing was confined to petitioner's plea that the statute of limitations had barred the assessment and collection of the alleged deficiency in tax.  FINDINGS OF FACT.  The petitioner is a Texas corporation with a place of business and principal office at Highland Park, Dallas County, Tex.It filed its income-tax returns for the year 1920 on April 14, 1921, and for the year 1921, on March 14, 1922.  Geo. W. Jalonick, 73 years of age, was engaged in various business activities in Dallas.  He*3227  was chairman of the board of directors of petitioner; held the same position in the Gulf Insurance Co. and in the Harvester Life Insurance Co. of Dallas.  He was also president of the Oakland Cemetery Association and financial agent of the First Unitarian Church of Dallas.  Under date of January 18, 1926, waiver forms were signed in the name of petitioner by Geo. W. Jalonick, chairman of its board of *569  directors, and its corporate seal affixed thereto, and they were also signed by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue.  These forms of waiver purported to extend to December 31, 1926, the time prescribed by the revenue acts for making any assessment of income or profits tax for each of the two years in question.  They were identical with each other except that one named the year 1920 and the other the year 1921, and they read as follows: JANUARY 18, 1926.  In pursuance of the provisions of existing Internal Revenue Laws Republic Insurance Co., a taxpayer of Dallas, Texas, and the Commissioner of Internal Revenue hereby waive the time prescribed by law for making any assessment of the amount of income, excess profits, or war profits taxes due under any return made by or*3228  on behalf of said taxpayer for the year 1920 under existing revenue acts, or under prior revenue acts.  This waiver of the time for making any assessment as aforesaid shall remain in effect until December 31, 1926, and shall then expire except that if a notice of a deficiency in tax is sent to said taxpayer by registered mail before said date and (1) no appeal is filed therefrom with the United States Board of Tax Appeals then said date shall be extended sixty days, or (2) if an appeal is filed with said Board then said date shall be extended by the number of days between the date of mailing of said notice of deficiency and the date of final decision by said Board.  REPUBLIC INSURANCE CO. Taxpayer.by (Signed) GEO. W. JALONICK, Chairman.D. H. BLAIR, Commissioner.(Corporate seal) If this waiver is executed on behalf of a corporation, it must be signed by such officer or officers of the corporation as are empowered under the laws of the State in which the corporation is located to sign for the corporation, in addition to which, the seal, if any, of the corporation must be affixed.  Under date of March 4, 1926, the Commissioner sent to petitioner a notice*3229  that an audit of its returns for 1920 and 1921 disclosed a deficiency of $38,977.06, and that 30 days' time was granted in which to present a protest.  A written protest was made in the name of petitioner, and signed, "I. Jalonick, President," under date of March 26, 1926.  On June 30, 1926, the Commissioner mailed to petitioner a notice of determination of a deficiency for both years totaling $23,232.25.  A petition was duly filed with this Board, in which petitioner alleged that the proposed assessment is barred by the limitation provisions of the revenue acts.  The period of time prescribed by the revenue acts within which assessments may be made, expired as to the year 1920 on April 14, 1926; and as to the year 1921, on March 14, 1926.  *570  At the date when the consents were signed the by-laws of the company then in force were as hereinafter set out, having been adopted January 26, 1922, as shown by the minutes of the board of directors.  The material part of the minutes of the meeting of the board of directors at which the by-laws were amended are as follows: President Jalonick addressed the directory, stating in substance, that the growth of the Republic had greatly*3230  increased the responsibilities and work of the executive officers.  In the interest of higher efficiency in the Underwriting Department as well as the Department of Loans and Investments, he thought it the part of wisdom to encourage the younger officers of the company to greater effort by promotions.  To that end, the President recommended that the directory, by an amendment to the by-laws, create the office of Chairman of Board of Directors, the duties of which he would undertake to discharge.  President Jalonick added that it was his intention to continue actively in the service of the Republic as heretofore.  Upon motion of Mr. Coke, seconded by Mr. Flippen, the following amendments to the by-laws were then submitted and unanimously adopted by the directory.  ABTICLE III.  Section 1.  The officers of the company shall consist of Chairman of the Board of Directors, President, two or more vice-presidents, one or more secretaries, and such other officers as the directory may consider necessary for the conduct of the business of the company.  Section 2.  The Chairman of the Board of Directors shall have charge of the loans and investment of the company.  Section 3.  The*3231  President shall have charge of the Underwriting of the Company.  Section 4.  The Chairman of the Board of Directors and the President, acting together, shall exercise general supervision and control of the company.  Both officers shall have authority to execute deeds, assignments, releases and other instruments in connection with the conduct of the business of the company.  Section 5.  Salaries of the Chairman of the Board of Directors and President shall be equal in amount, the compensation to be fixed by the Board of Directors.  Nominations for officers being declared in order by the president, upon motion of Mr. Adoue, seconded by Mr. joy, the following were elected for the ensuing year: George W. JalonickChairman Board of Directors.I. JalonickPresident.J. B. AdoueVice-President.A. F. PilletVice-President.T. R. MansfieldSecretary.W. P. AndersonSecretary.E. C. JalonickSecretary.J. G. VaughanAssistant Secretary.I. C. HagermanAssistant Secretary.From and after the date of said meeting of the board of directors and at least to and including the date the waiver forms were signed, George W. Jalonick, as chairman of the board of*3232  directors, and I. Jalonick, as president of the corporation, have respectively exercised the duties specified in the above minutes and by-law; and during said *571  period there was no change in the express authority contained in said minutes and by-law.  While George W. Jalonick was in charge mainly of the loans and investments, he also advised as to the underwriting policy of petitioner.  In connection with his duties he regularly signed a great many papers, principally connected with loans, as well as releases and assignments, and he frequently signed other instruments connected with the underwriting branch of the business.  He also signed a great many checks.  Geo. W. Jalonick, chairman of board of directors, and I. Jalonick each received a salary from petitioner of $12,000 per annum.  OPINION.  LETTLETON: It is claimed by petitioner that assessment and collection of any additional tax are barred by the statute of limitations for the reason that the two written consents are invalid.  It is argued that the consents in question are invalid because the directors did not specifically authorize the execution thereof and that the respondent was charged with notice of the*3233  want of authority in Geo. W. Jalonick to make the agreement implied in the consents.  In the performance of his duties with the petitioner, Geo. W. Jalonick signed a great many papers, "principally loans, papers connected with loans, releases, assignments, and frequently other instruments connected with the underwriting end of the business." He also signed "a great many checks." The inference to be drawn from the testimony of Geo. W. Jalonick is, clearly, that he signed checks, releases, etc., and did many things in the way of business for petitioner not jointly with the president, not both signing the same instruments or papers, but he alone doing this.  The interpretation which the corporation and its officers put upon the section of the by-laws that "both officers shall have authority to execute deeds, assignments, releases and other instruments in connection with the conduct of the business of the company," evidently was that the chairman of the board and the president each possessed the authority to "execute deeds, assignments, releases and other instruments in connection with the conduct of the business of the company." *3234  Jalonick signed the consents and affixed the seal of the company thereto in due course of business and the interpretation he put upon his authority to do so was consistent with the authority he had generally exercised and the acts of a similar nature which he was in the habit of performing alone for the corporation.  See , in which the Board stated: * * * The general rules applicable to the determination of the validity of contracts are not applicable in the determination of the validity of the consent to a later determination, assessment, and collection of additional tax *572  under the various revenue acts.  We think Congress used the word "consent" advisedly.  To consent implies the idea of acquiescence to a matter of conduct, the assent to the performance of an act or duty in other than the usual or customary manner, or at a time other than that prescribed, and we think a consent to a later determination and assessment of tax of a corporation signed by an officer of the corporation in the regular course of business, although without specific authorization by the board of directors, is valid and effectual to suspend*3235  the operation of the statute of limitation for such period as may be specified therein.  It is well known that in the general conduct of affairs of corporations it is customary for the corporate officers to perform many acts that partake of agreements or consents, as may be for the best interest of the corporation, and it would be unreasonable to suppose that every act of regularly constituted officers of a corporation must have specific approval by vote of the Board of directors.  A consent to a determination and assessment of whatever tax may be due by the corporation beyond the period specified in the statute is nothing more than approval by the officer or officers of a corporation of a policy to be pursued in the conduct of affiars of a corporation in respect of such matters or the concurrence or acquiescence by such officer on behalf of the corporation to the performance by the Commissioner at a later date of an act which the statute prescribes shall otherwise be performed by him within a specified time.  There is no element of bargain in the execution of a consent for a later determination and assessment of a tax imposed by Congress.  *3236  See also . While the by-laws expressly provide that "Both officers shall have authority to execute deeds, assignments, releases and other instruments in connection with the conduct of the business of the company," there is no evidence in the record indicating that either the president or the chairman of the board of directors construed such by-law to mean that "both" the president and chairman must sign or execute all "deeds, assignments, releases and other instruments in connection with the conduct of the business of the company," as now argued in behalf of petitioner.  No one testified that such was the practice or custom, or that any such paper was ever so signed.  The object of the by-laws in conferring authority on "both" the president and chairman of the board of directors was evidently, as may be inferred from the statement of the president in recommending that the office of chairman of the board of directors be created, that either might exercise the authority which was conferred on "both." It was to relieve the president of some of the work, not to require him to join the chairman, or the chairman to join him, in the execution of*3237  all such instruments.  Each drew the same salary.  Both possessed the same authority, which either might exercise.  Such, we think, is clearly indicated by the evidence.  We are of the opinion that the deficiencies are not barred, and the plea of the statute of limitations is accordingly denied.  *573  The proceeding will be restored to the calendar for hearing on the merits in due course.  Reviewed by the Board.  Order will be entered accordingly.LOVE LOVE, dissenting: I do not agree with the decision or the opinion in this case.  The only issue involved in this proceeding is whether or not the assessment and collection of the deficiency in tax asserted by the Commissioner is barred by the statute of limitations.  It is conceded that, in the absence of an agreement to extend the time in which such assessment and collection could legally be made, that limitation has interposed a bar.  The Commissioner asserts that such an agreement, executed by himself and the taxpayer, was made, and the Commissioner relies on such agreement.  The petitioner pleads the statute of limitations and urges that it never executed nor authorized the execution of such agreement. *3238  The real question at issue, therefore, is whether or not the document in evidence and relied on by the respondent as an agreement by and between himself and the petitioner and admittedly signed by Geo. W. Jalonick, who was chairman of the petitioner's board of directors, is an act of the corporation such as will bind it in the absence of any act of ratification.  In view of the fact that some people entertain a prejudice against a plea of limitation (and before proceeding further I wish to make it plain that I do not mean to intimate that any Member of the Board entertains any such prejudice), I wish to point out that in dealing with income-tax matter, Congress realized and recognized the fact that to leave the collection of such tax without a limitation statute, with the returns subject to be reopened and the tax liability redetermined for an indefinite time, would thrust business operations into chaos and work an intolerable hardship on the taxpayer.  Cogress enacted the statute of limitation as a bar to such procedure.  It is a defense that is just as moral and legitimate a plea as a claim for depreciation on physical assets.  Each and both claims are founded on statutory rights*3239  granted the taxpayer, and without a statute granting such right neither could be successfully claimed.  The plea of limitation is a purely legal defense, and no equity rules or presumptions may be invoked.  It must stand or fall under the "cold steel" of the law.  I assume that it is conceded that the governing head of a corporation is its board of directors, and that no contractual document is binding on the corporation unless authorized by the board of directors.  I also assume that it is conceded that no officer of a corporation or other person, by his action, can bind a corporation without being duly authorized to so act by the board of directors.  It may be argued that the board of directors *574  may act in such a way as to lead reasonably prudent persons to assume authority granted to certain officers or individuals, and that under such circumstances the board of directors will not be permitted to deny such authority.  That situation involves the doctrine of estoppel, and estoppel must be especially pleaded, as such, and the necessary elements of the plea sustained by affirmative evidence.  The courts, under those circumstances, do not hold that the act of the person*3240  involved was authorized, but simply hold that the board of directors knowingly acted in such a way as to mislead the complaining party to his injury and sustain the plea of estoppel.  Under general corporation law the chairman of the board of directors, as such, has authority to do nothing except to preside over meetings of the directors and sign the minutes of such meetings.  Some courts have held that when a document is signed by the president of a corporation and has the corporate seal affixed and has been made public or delivered, in the absence of a timely repudiation of his authority on the part of the directors, it will be conclusively presumed that the president has been duly authorized thereunto.  I know of no case where a court has authorized such a presumption in regard to any officer other than the president.  In the instant case the document in question was not signed by the president of the corporation.  It was signed by "Geo. W. Jalonick, Chairman." Without quibbling over the technical feature that the document fails to disclose what Geo. W. Jalonick was chairman of, I may again point out that as chairman of the board of directors he had no authority, either actual*3241  or presumptive, to execute, on the part of the corporation, the document involved.  The Commissioner, when he received that document, was charged with notice that it had not been signed by the officer who according to custom as well as law is usually given authority to sign such documents, and was put upon inquiry to ascertain whether or not Geo. W. Jalonick had been so authorized.  Had the Commissioner pursued such inquiry, he would have discovered in the minutes of the corporation the amendments to the by-laws adopted January 26, 1922, four years prior to the date of the so-called agreement, section 4 of which by-laws reads as follows: The chairman of the board of directors and the president, acting together, shall exercise general supervision and control of the company.  Both officers shall have authority to execute deeds, assignments, releases and other instruments in connection with the conduct of the business of the company.  By that section of the by-laws, it is specifically and expressly enacted that the chairman and the president, acting together, shall *575  exercise the management and control of the business of the corporation.  Where joint authority is so granted*3242  and in the absence of a specific provision that each may act alone, it is fundamental that both must act together, and that the action of either, alone, is not binding.  But in the prevailing opinion it is argued that the sentence in the by-laws which says that "Both officers shall have authority to execute deeds, assignments, releases and other instruments in connection with the conduct of the business of the company," means that each should have authority to sign such instruments in connection with the conduct of the business of the company.  It may sometimes occur in informal conversation that the term "both" will be used where "each" is meant, but I can not believe that such loose language would be used by a group of business men in a document as formal as by-laws of a corporation are supposed to be.  It is further urged that there was no evidence that "each" was not meant where the word "both" was used.  The document was placed in evidence and the language of that document, as I construe the English of it, on its face clearly negatives the idea that "each" was meant where "both" is used, which made for petitioner a prima facie case on that point and shifted the burden*3243  of proof to the respondent to prove the contrary.  Geo. W. Jalonick was on the stand as a witness and he was not interrogated in regard to that matter.  Estoppel was not pleaded in this case and there is no element of estoppel in the evidence.  Believing as I do, that tax cases, like all other cases, should be decided according to the laws applicable thereto; and believing as I do that the law applicable to the case at bar demands a decision in favor of petitioner on its plea of limitation, I feel it my duty to dissent from the prevailing opinion and to record my reasons for such dissent.