Court Opinion

ID: 9751159
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-28 16:09:52.539263+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:42:50.707282
License: Public Domain

J-S07044-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT OP 65.37

  COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                 :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                       Appellee                :
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
  NICHOLAS ANTHONY WILSON                      :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :      No. 1589 EDA 2022

      Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered January 18, 2022
               In the Court of Common Pleas of Bucks County
           Criminal Division at No(s): CP-09-CR-0004629-2020

BEFORE: DUBOW, J., KUNSELMAN, J., and KING, J.

MEMORANDUM BY KING, J.:                                FILED AUGUST 28, 2023

       Appellant, Nicholas Anthony Wilson, appeals from the judgment of

sentence imposed by the Bucks County Court of Common Pleas, following his

jury trial convictions for burglary, criminal trespass, criminal attempt to

commit a theft by unlawful taking of movable property, and criminal attempt

to receive stolen property.1 We affirm.

       The trial court set forth the relevant facts and procedural history in this

matter as follows:

          On March 18, 2020, Warminster Township Police
          Department responded to a report of a burglary in progress.
          (N.T. Trial, 8/9/21, at 59). Victim reported that she had left
          her house to go grocery shopping for about thirty (30)
          minutes. (Id. at 18). Victim had left her seventeen (17)
          year old son home. (Id. at 16, 18). When she returned
          home from grocery shopping her front door was open. (Id.
____________________________________________

1 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3502(a)(1)(ii), 3503(a)(1)(i), and 901(a) respectively.
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       at 21). She entered her home and found Appellant, a man
       who she did not know and had never seen before, inside her
       house. (Id. at 21-22). Appellant was holding a yoga mat,
       hoverboard, and a pair of UGGs in a box, which belonged to
       the Victim and her family. (Id. at 22). Victim told Appellant
       to leave her home and she followed him out. (Id. at 26).
       She then called 911. (Id. at 27). Appellant proceeded to
       leave the residence before police officers arrived. (Id. at
       86-87). Victim’s son was in the home throughout the entire
       ordeal. (Id. at 62).

                               *    *    *

       Prior to Appellant’s jury trial, Appellant was offered a
       negotiated guilty plea by the Commonwealth. Before the
       start of the jury trial, this [c]ourt ensured Appellant was
       aware that if he was found guilty by a jury, he would be
       subject to a mandatory minimum sentence. Appellant, after
       knowingly and intelligently acknowledging the mandatory
       minimum, refused the negotiated guilty plea and proceeded
       to trial.

       On August 9, 2021, Appellant’s jury trial began. On August
       10, 2021, the jury found him guilty as to burglary of
       overnight accommodations with a person present, criminal
       trespass by entering a structure, criminal attempt to commit
       a theft by unlawful taking of movable property, and criminal
       attempt to receive stolen property.          Sentencing was
       deferred at the request of Appellant.

       On August 11, 2021, the Commonwealth filed notice of
       mandatory minimum sentence, which stated:

          1. In the event of conviction of the crime of burglary
          (F1), 18 Pa.C.S. § 3502(a)(1)(ii) as charged in the
          above-captioned criminal case, the court is required
          by law to sentence [Appellant], who has been
          previously convicted of a crime of violence
          (aggravated assault, (F1), 18 Pa.C.S. § 2702(a)(1)),
          in accordance with Section 9714 of Title 42 of the
          Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes, (Sentences for
          second and subsequent offenses), which requires the
          imposition of a minimum sentence of at least ten (10)
          years’ incarceration. 42 Pa.C.S. § 9714(a)(1).

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        Sentencing was originally scheduled for November 22,
        2021, this was continued at the request of Appellant. On
        January 18, 2022, Appellant requested another continuance
        of sentencing. [The trial] court denied that request and
        sentencing proceeded on that day. Appellant was then
        sentenced to a period of ten to twenty years’ imprisonment
        at a state correctional institution on the charge of burglary,
        all other charges merged with the burglary charge.
        Appella[nt] was given credit for time-served between March
        18, 2020 (his initial date of incarceration) through July 9,
        2020 (the date he received bail), as well as credit for time-
        served between May 20, 2021 (his date of re-incarceration
        after violating the terms of his bail) through January 18,
        2022 (the date of this sentencing).

        On January 26, 2022, Appellant filed a motion to modify
        and/or reconsider sentence and a motion to bar application
        of mandatory minimum sentencing statute. [The trial] court
        held a hearing for reconsideration of sentence on May 20,
        2022. On that day, [the trial] court denied Appellant’s
        motions. Subsequently, Appellant filed notice of this appeal
        on June 17, 2022. On June 21, 2022, [the trial] court filed
        an order for a concise statement. Appellant filed his concise
        statement of errors complained [of] on appeal on November
        1, 2022.

(Trial Court Opinion, filed 11/21/22, at 1-3) (record citation formatting

provided; footnotes and unnecessary capitalization omitted).

     Appellant raises the following four issues on appeal:

        A. Was the verdict of guilty of burglary supported by
        sufficient evidence?

        B. Did the trial court err in precluding Appellant from
        presenting evidence regarding a large monetary judgment
        he received on the day of the incident?

        C. Did the trial court err in admitting the testimony of
        Detective Bunda regarding DNA evidence?

        D. Did the trial court err in imposing a mandatory minimum

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         sentence in violation of the United States and Pennsylvania
         Constitutions’ prohibitions against cruel and unusual
         punishment?

(Appellant’s Brief at 8) (unnecessary capitalization omitted).

      In his first issue, Appellant contends that the evidence presented by the

Commonwealth at trial was insufficient to establish his guilt of burglary.

Appellant asserts that the Commonwealth failed to prove the requisite mens

rea, namely, that he entered the house with the intent to commit a crime

therein. Appellant insists that his actions at the time of the incident do not

support an inference that he had the intent to commit a crime inside the home.

Specifically, Appellant maintains that he entered the home because the door

was unlocked and there was a “for sale” sign on the property.        Appellant

emphasizes that he did not attempt to conceal his identity, and he left the

premises when Victim asked him to do so. Appellant concludes the evidence

was insufficient to support his burglary conviction, and this Court must grant

relief. We disagree.

      In reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, our well-

settled standard of review is as follows:

         As a general matter, our standard of review of sufficiency
         claims requires that we evaluate the record in the light most
         favorable to the verdict winner giving the prosecution the
         benefit of all reasonable inferences to be drawn from the
         evidence. Evidence will be deemed sufficient to support the
         verdict when it establishes each material element of the
         crime charged and the commission thereof by the accused,
         beyond a reasonable doubt.              Nevertheless, the
         Commonwealth need not establish guilt to a mathematical
         certainty. Any doubt about the defendant’s guilt is to be

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          resolved by the fact finder unless the evidence is so weak
          and inconclusive that, as a matter of law, no probability of
          fact can be drawn from the combined circumstances.

          The Commonwealth may sustain its burden by means of
          wholly circumstantial evidence. Accordingly, [t]he fact that
          the evidence establishing a defendant’s participation in a
          crime is circumstantial does not preclude a conviction where
          the evidence coupled with the reasonable inferences drawn
          therefrom overcomes the presumption of innocence.
          Significantly, we may not substitute our judgment for that
          of the fact finder; thus, so long as the evidence adduced,
          accepted in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth,
          demonstrates the respective elements of a defendant’s
          crimes beyond a reasonable doubt, the appellant’s
          convictions will be upheld.

Commonwealth v. Sebolka, 205 A.3d 329, 336-37 (Pa.Super. 2019)

(quoting Commonwealth v. Franklin, 69 A.3d 719, 722-23 (Pa.Super.

2013)).

      The version of Section 3502 of the Crimes Code that was in effect at the

time of Appellant’s offenses defined burglary, in relevant part, as follows:

          § 3502. Burglary

          (a) Offense defined.—A person commits the offense of
          burglary if, with the intent to commit a crime therein, the
          person:

          (1)(i) enters a building or occupied structure, or separately
          secured or occupied portion thereof, that is adapted for
          overnight accommodations in which at the time of the
          offense any person is present and the person commits,
          attempts or threatens to commit a bodily injury crime
          therein;

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3502(a)(1)(i) (effective Jan. 3, 2017 to Sept. 8, 2022).

      The Commonwealth is not required to specify what crime a defendant is

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intending to commit and it need not prove the underlying crime in order to

sustain a conviction.    Commonwealth v. Brown, 886 A.2d 256, 260

(Pa.Super. 2005), appeal denied, 588 Pa. 743, 902 A.2d 969 (2006). Rather,

“[t]he intent to commit a crime after entry may be inferred from the

circumstances surrounding the incident.” Commonwealth v. Lambert, 795

A.2d 1010, 1022 (Pa.Super. 2002), appeal denied, 569 Pa. 701, 805 A.2d 521

(2002) (citation omitted). “While this intent may be inferred from actions as

well as words, the actions must bear a reasonable relation to the commission

of a crime. Once one has entered a private residence by criminal means, we

can infer that the person intended a criminal purpose based upon the totality

of the circumstances.” Id. (citations omitted).

      Instantly, Appellant entered the house of a stranger and gathered

several items—a yoga mat, a hoverboard, and a pair of UGG boots—all without

permission.   Viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth as

verdict winner, it was reasonable for the jury to infer that under the totality

of the circumstances, Appellant intended to commit a crime in the home. See

Sebolka, supra; Lambert, supra.         Accordingly, Appellant’s first issue is

meritless.

      In his second issue, Appellant argues that the trial court erred when it

precluded him from offering evidence of a monetary judgment which he had

learned he was entitled to earlier on the day of the events at issue. Appellant

claims that this evidence was relevant to whether he would have entered the

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home with an intent to commit a theft. Appellant insists he had a right to

present this relevant evidence in his defense. Appellant concludes the court’s

evidentiary ruling was erroneous, and this Court must grant relief.        We

disagree.

      When reviewing the admission or exclusion of evidence, our standard of

review is well established and very narrow:

         Admission of evidence is a matter within the sound
         discretion of the trial court, and will not be reversed absent
         a showing that the trial court clearly abused its discretion.
         We can affirm the court’s decision if there is any basis to
         support it, even if we rely on different grounds to affirm.
         Not merely an error in judgment, an abuse of discretion
         occurs when the law is overridden or misapplied, or the
         judgment exercised is manifestly unreasonable, or the
         result of partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will, as shown by
         the evidence on record.

Commonwealth v. Montalvo, 604 Pa. 386, 403, 986 A.2d 84, 94 (2009),

cert. denied, 562 U.S. 857, 131 S.Ct. 127, 178 L.Ed.2d 77 (2010) (internal

citations and quotation marks omitted). Our scope of review in cases where

the trial court explains the basis for its evidentiary ruling is limited to an

examination of the stated reason. Commonwealth v. Stephens, 74 A.3d

1034, 1037 (Pa.Super. 2013). “We must also be mindful that a discretionary

ruling cannot be overturned simply because a reviewing court disagrees with

the trial court’s conclusion.” Commonwealth v. O’Brien, 836 A.2d 966, 968

(Pa.Super. 2003), appeal denied, 577 Pa. 695, 845 A.2d 817 (2004).

         Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 401 defines relevant
         evidence as “evidence having any tendency to make the
         existence of any fact that is of consequence to the

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          determination of the action more probable or less probable
          than it would be without the evidence.” Pa.R.E. 401.
          Building upon this definition, Rule 402 provides, in full, as
          follows: “All relevant evidence is admissible, except as
          otherwise provided by law. Evidence that is not relevant is
          not admissible.” Pa.R.E. 402. Thus, while the general rule
          of the admissibility of relevant evidence is subject to various
          exceptions, the rule that irrelevant evidence is not
          admissible is categorical. Accordingly, “[t]he threshold
          inquiry with admission of evidence is whether the evidence
          is relevant.” Commonwealth v. Collins, 585 Pa. 45, 888
          A.2d 564, 577 (2005); Commonwealth v. Treiber, 582
          Pa. 646, 874 A.2d 26, 32 (2005); Commonwealth v.
          Robinson, 554 Pa. 293, 721 A.2d 344, 350 (1998).

Commonwealth v. Cook, 597 Pa. 572, 602, 952 A.2d 594, 612 (2008).

       Instantly, the trial court stated that it excluded Appellant’s proposed

testimony that he was getting a $10,000.00 judgment “because it is irrelevant

to the case at hand.” (Trial Court Opinion at 10). The court continued that

“[t]he fact that Appellant had a piece of paper stating that at some point in

the future he may receive $10,000 does not tend to make it more or less

probable that he committed a burglary on the date in question.” (Id.) We

see no abuse of discretion in the court’s evidentiary ruling.2        See Cook,

____________________________________________

2 In support of this issue, Appellant relies on Commonwealth v. Yale, ___

Pa. ___, 249 A.3d 1001 (2021). In Yale, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court
considered whether a defendant was entitled to introduce evidence of third
person guilt to show that the defendant was not the perpetrator of the crime
charged.     Our Supreme Court held that the heightened standard for
admissibility of “bad acts” evidence under Rule 404(b) did not apply to
evidence introduced against a third party, rather than the defendant. The
Court concluded that determining the admissibility of third person guilt
evidence requires nothing more than the traditional inquiries prompted by
Rules 401, 402 and 403. Yale, supra at ____, 249 A.3d at 1022.
(Footnote Continued Next Page)

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supra. See also Montalvo, supra. Thus, Appellant’s second issue merits

no relief.

       In his third issue, Appellant claims that the trial court erred when it

permitted the Commonwealth to introduce testimony from Officer Bunda that

DNA testing of swabs collected at the residence would have cost hundreds or

thousands of dollars. Appellant insists that evidence concerning the cost of

DNA testing was irrelevant and inadmissible. He further argues that admitting

the testimony suggested that the Commonwealth would be relieved of its

burden of proof if recovering evidence costs too much money.             Appellant

concludes that admission of this testimony was improper, and this Court must

grant relief. We disagree.

       It is well settled that “trial judges retain wide latitude as to the scope of

cross-examination and will not be reversed absent an abuse of that

discretion.” Commonwealth v. Murphy, 182 A.3d 1002, 1005 (Pa.Super.

2018) (citation omitted). As this Court has explained:

             One who induces a trial court to let down the bars to a field
             of inquiry that is not competent or relevant to the issues
             cannot complain if his adversary is also allowed to avail
             himself of that opening. The phrase ‘opening the door’... by
             cross examination involves a waiver. If defendant delves
             into what would be objectionable testimony on the part of
____________________________________________

Here, Appellant is not seeking to admit evidence of third person guilt, and the
trial court did not exclude the evidence based on Rule 404(b). Rather, the
court found that the proposed testimony concerning the $10,000.00 judgment
was irrelevant. Therefore, the court’s ruling did not violate our Supreme
Court’s holding in Yale, supra and that decision is distinguishable.

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           the Commonwealth, then the Commonwealth can probe
           further into the objectionable area.

Commonwealth v. Lewis, 885 A.2d 51, 54-55 (Pa.Super. 2005) (quoting

Commonwealth v. Stakley, 365 A.2d 1298, 1299-1300 (Pa.Super. 1976)).

      Here, the trial court analyzed this issue as follows:

           Defense [c]ounsel broached the topic of DNA testing during
           cross examination of the first testifying officer. (N.T. Trial
           at 72). Defense counsel then extensively questioned the
           second testifying officer regarding DNA testing. (Id. at 95-
           97). It was not until the redirect of the second testifying
           officer that the Commonwealth introduced testimony
           regarding DNA testing, which was directly in response to
           statements elicited by the [d]efense on cross examination.
           (Id. at 98).

                                       *      *      *

           Once again it should be noted that… Appellant opened the
           door to any testimony regarding DNA testing. Additionally,
           Appellant explicitly stated he would be requesting an
           adverse inference because DNA analysis did not occur. (Id.
           at 76). Thus, to rebut this defense, testimony regarding
           DNA testimony was highly relevant and properly admitted.

(Trial Court Opinion at 8) (record citation formatting provided).               On this

record, we see no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s ruling permitting the

Commonwealth to introduce testimony concerning the DNA testing.                    See

Murphy, supra; Lewis, supra. Appellant’s third issue merits no relief.

      In his final issue, Appellant claims that his mandatory minimum

sentence     violated   the   United       States    and   Pennsylvania   Constitution’s

prohibition against cruel and unusual sentences. He initially claims that based

on the particular facts and circumstances of this offense, the instant conviction

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for burglary should not be considered a crime of violence for purposes of the

recidivist statute.   In addition, Appellant argues that the sentence in this

matter was grossly disproportionate to the crime, where he left when asked

to do so and he had no contact with the individual who was in the home at the

time. Appellant concludes that his sentence of 10 to 20 years’ imprisonment

(which was double the guideline range had the mandatory minimum sentence

not applied) constitutes cruel and unusual punishment and must be vacated.

We disagree.

      Appellant’s challenge to the application of a mandatory minimum

sentencing provision constitutes a challenge to the legality of sentence.

Commonwealth v. Foster, 960 A.2d 160, 168 (Pa.Super. 2008), aff’d, 609

Pa. 502, 17 A.3d 332 (2011). Our scope and standard of review in such cases

is well settled: “If no statutory authorization exists for a particular sentence,

that sentence is illegal and subject to correction. An illegal sentence must be

vacated.” Commonwealth v. Leverette, 911 A.2d 998, 1001 (Pa.Super.

2006) (citations omitted).     “In evaluating a trial court’s application of a

statute, our standard of review is plenary and is limited to determining

whether the trial court committed an error of law.” Id. Furthermore, to the

extent that Appellant is challenging the constitutionally of the statute imposing

a mandatory minimum sentence, “because the constitutionality of a statute is

a question of law, our standard of review is de novo and our scope is plenary.”

Commonwealth v. Baker, 621 Pa. 401, 406 n.3, 78 A.3d 1044, 1047 n.3

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(2013).

      The Pennsylvania Sentencing Code provides as follows:

          § 9714.    Sentences     for   second    and    subsequent
          offenses

          (a)   Mandatory sentence.—

          (1) Any person who is convicted in any court of this
          Commonwealth of a crime of violence shall, if at the time of
          the commission of the current offense the person had
          previously been convicted of a crime of violence, be
          sentenced to a minimum sentence of at least ten years of
          total confinement, notwithstanding any other provision of
          this title or other statute to the contrary.

42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9714(a)(1). “Burglary is a crime of violence as a matter of

law.” Commonwealth v. Spotz, 616 Pa. 164, 232, 47 A.3d 63, 104 (2012).

See also Commonwealth v. Chester, 627 Pa. 429, 443, 101 A.3d 56, 64

(2014) (stating: “[I]t is well established within our case law that ‘[b]urglary

is a crime of violence as a matter of law,’ signifying that first-degree burglary

necessarily constitutes violent behavior in all contexts”) (quoting Spotz,

supra at 232, 47 A.3d at 104).

      Here, Appellant was convicted of burglary, which is a crime of violence

as a matter of law. See Spotz, supra. The Commonwealth notified both the

trial court and Appellant that it intended to seek the mandatory minimum

sentence. Appellant does not dispute that at the time of the commission of

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the crimes at issue he had previously been convicted of a crime of violence.3

Therefore, the mandatory minimum sentencing provisions of Section

9714(a)(1) apply; and, based on the statute, the trial court was required to

sentence him to a minimum sentence of at least ten years of total

confinement. See 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9714(a)(1).

       Next, we consider whether the statutory minimum sentence itself

constitutes cruel and unusual punishment under either the Eighth Amendment

of the United States Constitution or Article 1, § 13 of the Pennsylvania

Constitution.4 “The Eighth Amendment does not require strict proportionality

between crime and sentence. Rather, it forbids only extreme sentences which

are grossly disproportionate to the crime.” Baker, supra at 406, 78 A.3d at

1047 (citation omitted).          In reviewing whether a sentence is grossly

disproportionate, we consider: “(i) the gravity of the offense and the

harshness of the penalty; (ii) the sentences imposed on other criminals in the

____________________________________________

3  Appellant has an extensive criminal history, commencing with his
adjudication of delinquency of aggravated assault while a juvenile. As an
adult, he was convicted of simple assault in December 2000; forgery in March
2001; driving under the influence in April 2003; receiving stolen property in
September 2004; aggravated assault, defiant trespass and attempted retail
theft in March 2005, and retail theft in June 2020. (N.T. Trial, 8/10/21, at
174).

4 “The Pennsylvania prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment is
coextensive with the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment of the United States
Constitution. Therefore, the Pennsylvania Constitution affords no broader
protection against excessive sentences than that provided by the Eighth
Amendment to the United States Constitution.”         Commonwealth v.
Yasipour, 957 A.2d 734, 743 (Pa.Super. 2008) (citations omitted).

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same jurisdiction; and (iii) the sentences imposed for commission of the same

crime in other jurisdictions.”   Baker, supra (quoting Commonwealth v.

Spells, 612 A.2d 458, 462 (Pa.Super. 1992) (en banc)). Notably, this Court

is not obligated to reach the second or third prongs of the test unless “a

threshold comparison of the crime committed and the sentence imposed leads

to an inference of gross disproportionality.” Id. (citation omitted).

         A presumption exists that the General Assembly does not
         intend to violate the Constitution of the United States or of
         this Commonwealth when promulgating legislation. Duly
         enacted legislation is presumed valid, and unless it clearly,
         palpably and plainly violates the Constitution, it will not be
         declared unconstitutional.         Accordingly, the party
         challenging the constitutionality of a statute bears a heavy
         burden of persuasion. Moreover, this Court has articulated
         the principle that the Pennsylvania prohibition against cruel
         punishments, like its federal counterpart against cruel and
         unusual punishments, is not a static concept. The concept
         must draw its meaning from the evolving standards of
         decency that mark the progress of a maturing society. The
         most accurate indicators of those evolving standards of
         decency are the enactments of the elected representatives
         of the people in the legislature.

Id. at 411–12, 78 A.3d at 1050 (citations, internal quotation marks and

brackets omitted). “In weighing the offense’s gravity, both [an individual’s]

current felony and his long history of felony recidivism must be placed on the

scales. Any other approach would not accord proper deference to the policy

judgments that find expression in the legislature’s choice of sanctions.”

Ewing v. California, 538 U.S. 11, 12, 123 S. Ct. 1179, 1181, 155 L.Ed.2d

108 (2003).

      Here, in considering whether Appellant’s sentence of 10 to 20 years’

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imprisonment was grossly disproportionate to his burglary conviction, we

must consider both the facts of the instant matter, Appellant’s conviction of a

felony crime of violence, as well as his history of felony recidivism.      See

Ewing, supra. Appellant was sentenced to a mandatory minimum ten years

of imprisonment after committing a burglary of a stranger’s home. This crime

of violence was preceded by his lengthy criminal history with a prior crime of

violence—a felony conviction for aggravated assault from 2005. Ultimately,

considering both crimes of violence, and Appellant’s criminal history generally,

we conclude that the mandatory minimum sentence imposed in this matter

was not grossly disproportionate to the crime.       Rather, the sentence was

amply supported by Appellant’s criminal record.       The instant sentence fell

squarely within the legislature’s choice of sanctions and is “justified by the

[legislature’s] public-safety interest in incapacitating and deterring recidivist

felons.”   Ewing, supra at 12, 123 S.Ct. at 1181, 155 L.Ed.2d 108.            As

Appellant has not established that the mandatory minimum sentence he

received was grossly disproportionate to the crimes which he committed, it is

unnecessary to consider the second and third prongs of the comparative

analysis for cruel and unusual sentences.         See Baker, supra.        Thus,

Appellant’s final issue merits no relief. Accordingly, we affirm.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

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Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 8/28/2023

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