Court Opinion

ID: 9411383
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-07-26 18:01:01.306923+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:21:06.444857
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        JUL 26 2023
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

HEATH GARCIA; VALERINE GARCIA,                  No.    22-35733

                Plaintiffs-Appellees,           D.C. No. 2:20-cv-01318-TSZ

 v.
                                                MEMORANDUM*
ROBERT MIRABAL, an Island County
Deputy; MICHAEL HAWLEY, an Island
County Deputy,

                Defendants-Appellants,

and

ISLAND COUNTY, a county of the State of
Washington,

                Defendant.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Western District of Washington
                    Thomas S. Zilly, District Judge, Presiding

                       Argued and Submitted July 11, 2023
                              Seattle, Washington

Before: GRABER, GOULD, and FRIEDLAND, Circuit Judges.

      Heath and Valerie Garcia sued police officers Michael Hawley and Robert

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
Mirabal, alleging that both officers violated Heath Garcia’s Fourteenth

Amendment right to be free from state-created danger when they took certain

actions while responding to a suicidal individual whom Garcia was trying to assist.

Plaintiffs further allege that Mirabal violated Garcia’s Fourth Amendment right to

be free from unreasonable seizure. Hawley and Mirabal moved for summary

judgment, arguing that they are entitled to qualified immunity. The district court

denied the officers’ motion. Reviewing de novo the denial, Peck v. Montoya, 51

F.4th 877, 884 (9th Cir. 2022), we affirm as to Hawley and reverse as to Mirabal.

      1. “[R]esolving all factual disputes and drawing all inferences in

[Plaintiffs’] favor,” Ballou v. McElvain, 29 F.4th 413, 421 (9th Cir. 2022), we

conclude that Hawley violated Garcia’s Fourteenth Amendment rights under the

state-created danger doctrine. He acted affirmatively when he told Garcia that he

would have his officers back up before Garcia led the suicidal individual outside,

but he then broke that promise. See Kennedy v. City of Ridgefield, 439 F.3d 1055,

1062 (9th Cir. 2006). The misrepresentation placed Garcia in a worse position

than he otherwise would have been in: The suicidal individual had calmed down

substantially and became agitated and violent only upon realizing that Hawley had

not kept his word. See id. That individual’s violent reaction to the continued

police presence was foreseeable and particularized. See Lawrence v. United States,

340 F.3d 952, 957 (9th Cir. 2003); Sinclair v. City of Seattle, 61 F.4th 674, 682–83

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(9th Cir. 2023), petition for cert. filed, No. 22-1156 (U.S. May 25, 2023). And a

jury could reasonably conclude that Hawley acted with deliberate indifference

when he misrepresented to Garcia that he would have his officers back up: His

incident report showed both that he recognized the risk posed by an armed,

agitated, suicidal person and that he was aware that a condition of the individual’s

safe surrender to medical treatment was that law enforcement leave the area. See

Kennedy, 439 F.3d at 1064–65 (concluding that an officer was deliberately

indifferent when he broke his promise to the plaintiff about how he would deal

with an individual who wound up attacking the plaintiff, despite the officer’s

knowledge of that individual’s violent tendencies).

      This violation contravened clearly established law. See Hernandez v. City of

San Jose, 897 F.3d 1125, 1137 (9th Cir. 2018). As in Kennedy, Hawley broke a

promise on which the plaintiff relied, thereby “affirmatively creat[ing] a

danger . . . [he] otherwise would not have faced.” 439 F.3d at 1063. And, as in

L.W. v. Grubbs, 974 F.2d 119 (9th Cir. 1992), Hawley “enhanced [the plaintiff’s]

vulnerability to attack by misrepresenting to [him] the risks attending” the task he

had agreed to perform. Id. at 121. In all three cases—Kennedy, Grubbs, and this

one—the relevant state action “left plaintiffs exposed to the danger of the

subsequent . . . injury they in fact suffered. And in [all three] cases the plaintiff

relied upon the state actor’s representation and did not take protective measures [he

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or] she otherwise would have taken, and the state’s action made plaintiffs

vulnerable to a particularized danger they would not have faced but for that

action.” Kennedy, 439 F.3d at 1067. The supervisor in Grubbs assigned a violent

sex offender to work closely with the plaintiff after leading her to believe that she

would not have to work alone with dangerous inmates, 974 F.2d at 121; the officer

in Kennedy notified the plaintiff’s dangerous neighbor of the plaintiff’s allegations

against him after promising not to do so without first warning the plaintiff, 439

F.3d at 1063–64; and Hawley broke his promise to have his officers pull back. No

reasonable officer in Hawley’s position could have “concluded otherwise than that

[Garcia] had a right not to be placed in obvious physical danger as a result of”

Hawley’s breaking of his promise. Id. at 1067.

      2. Mirabal is entitled to qualified immunity on both the Fourteenth

Amendment and Fourth Amendment claims. Plaintiffs have offered no theory for

how Mirabal’s actions reflected deliberate indifference in violation of the

Fourteenth Amendment under the state-created danger doctrine. Nor did Mirabal’s

actions amount to a seizure of Garcia under the Fourth Amendment. But even if a

seizure occurred and was unreasonable, no case has clearly established that actions

such as Mirabal’s violated the Fourth Amendment. See White v. Pauly, 580 U.S.

73, 79 (2017) (per curiam) (reiterating “the longstanding principle that clearly

established law should not be defined at a high level of generality,” and that “the

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clearly established law must be particularized to the facts of the case” (quotation

marks omitted)).

      AFFIRMED in part and REVERSED in part. The parties shall bear their

own costs on appeal.

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