Court Opinion

ID: 4161806
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-04-20 07:11:25.317247+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:24:45.972721
License: Public Domain

STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS

SHEAN SATGUNAM, M.D.,                                              UNPUBLISHED
                                                                   April 18, 2017
               Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                                  No. 330454
                                                                   Ingham Circuit Court
HACKNEY GROVER HOOVER & BEAN,                                      LC No. 12-001194-NM

               Defendant-Appellee.

SHEAN SATGUNAM,

               Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                                  No. 330660
                                                                   Court of Claims
MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY,                                         LC No. 12-000140-MK

               Defendant-Appellee.

SHEAN SATGUNAM, M.D.,

               Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                                  No. 331779
                                                                   Ingham Circuit Court
HACKNEY GROVER HOOVER & BEAN,                                      LC No. 12-001194-NM

               Defendant-Appellee.

Before: KRAUSE, P.J., and K. F. KELLY and GADOLA, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        In Docket No. 330454, plaintiff Shean Satgunam, M.D. (plaintiff) appeals by right an
order that granted summary disposition in favor of defendant Hackney Grover Hoover & Bean
(law firm) in plaintiff’s legal malpractice action stemming from representation plaintiff received

                                               -1-
from Attorney Brett Bean (Bean) in an underlying medical malpractice claim and settlement. In
Docket No. 331779, plaintiff appeals by right an order that granted the law firm attorney fees and
costs. In Docket No. 330660, plaintiff appeals by right an order that granted defendant Michigan
State University (MSU) summary disposition on plaintiff’s claim that MSU breached an
employment contract by failing to provide an attorney to represent plaintiff who did not have a
conflict of interest. Finding no errors warranting reversal, we affirm on all three appeals.

                                        I. BASIC FACTS

        Plaintiff performed bariatric surgery on “Patient A” at Sparrow Hospital on July 15,
2010. Patient A developed complications and died several months later in October 2010. After
it received a notice of potential claim from Patient A’s estate, MSU hired the law firm to provide
legal services in defense of the anticipated claim. Bean began investigating the claim in an effort
to defend MSU. After a notice of intent was filed as to both plaintiff and MSU, the law firm,
through Bean, agreed to also represent plaintiff. Plaintiff agreed to the representation and met
with Bean on April 23, 2012, at which time plaintiff told Bean his impression of the case and its
history.

        Shortly thereafter, the law firm settled Patient A’s medical malpractice claim for
$650,000.00. This settlement triggered MSU’s duty to report to the National Practitioner Data
Bank (data bank) under the Health Care Quality Improvement Act of 1986. This data bank is
operated by the Secretary of Health and Human Services and reports are confidential. Reports
may only be accessed by permitted entities, including potential employers. Plaintiff argues that
the law firm settled Patient A’s malpractice claim without his authorization or consent and
without counseling plaintiff on the “ancillary consequences” of being reported to the data bank.
Plaintiff claims that the report regarding the settlement has made him under-employable or
completely unemployable.

        Plaintiff brought a legal malpractice claim against the law firm in Ingham Circuit Court
and also sued MSU in the Court of Claims, arguing that MSU breached its obligation to defend
plaintiff in Patient A’s case. Both cases were summarily dismissed. The circuit court concluded
that plaintiff failed to demonstrate that he would have been successful in Patient A’s case but for
the law firm’s malpractice. The Court of Claims dismissed plaintiff’s case against MSU because
it determined that MSU had the authority to settle Patient A’s case under MCL 691.1408(1)
without plaintiff’s express consent.

                        II. THE CASE-WITHIN-A-CASE DOCTRINE

        In Docket No. 330454, plaintiff argues that the circuit court erred when it concluded that
the case-within-a-case doctrine applied to his legal malpractice lawsuit. Plaintiff appeals the
circuit court’s ruling on his motion in limine, as well as the circuit court’s rulings on the two
subsequent motions for summary disposition.

        This Court will review a circuit court’s decision on a motion for limine for an abuse of
discretion. Bellevue Ventures, Inc v Morang-Kelly Investment, Inc, 302 Mich App 59, 63; 836
NW2d 898 (2013).

                                                -2-
       “We review de novo motions for summary disposition brought under MCR
2.116(C)(10).” Johnson v Recca, 492 Mich 169, 173; 821 NW2d 520 (2012). Under that rule,
summary disposition is appropriate when “[e]xcept as to the amount of damages, there is no
genuine issue as to any material fact, and the moving party is entitled to judgment or partial
judgment as a matter of law.” MCR 2.116(C)(10).

       A motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10) tests the factual
       sufficiency of the complaint. The moving party must specifically identify the
       matters that have no disputed factual issues, and it has the initial burden of
       supporting its position by affidavits, depositions, admissions, or other
       documentary evidence. The party opposing the motion then has the burden of
       showing by evidentiary materials that a genuine issue of disputed material fact
       exists. The existence of a disputed fact must be established by substantively
       admissible evidence, although the evidence need not be in admissible form. A
       genuine issue of material fact exists when the record, giving the benefit of
       reasonable doubt to the opposing party, leaves open an issue upon which
       reasonable minds could differ. [Bronson Methodist Hosp v Auto-Owners Ins Co,
       295 Mich App 431, 440–441; 814 NW2d 670 (2012) (internal citations omitted).]

“Because a motion under MCR 2.116(C)(10) tests the factual sufficiency of the complaint, the
circuit court must consider the affidavits, pleadings, depositions, admissions, and other evidence
submitted by the parties, MCR 2.116(G)(5), in the light most favorable to the party opposing the
motion.” Joseph v Auto Club Ins Ass’n, 491 Mich 200, 206; 815 NW2d 412 (2012).

        To establish a claim of legal malpractice, a plaintiff must show: “(1) the existence of an
attorney-client relationship; (2) negligence in the legal representation of the plaintiff; (3) that the
negligence was a proximate cause of an injury; and (4) the fact and extent of the injury alleged.”
Charles Reinhart Co v Winiemko, 444 Mich 579, 585-586; 513 NW2d 773 (1994), quoting
Coleman v Gurwin, 443 Mich 59, 63; 503 NW2d 435 (1993). The “last two elements . . .
proximate causation and damages, have proven to be problematic.” Basic Food Indus, Inc v.
Grant, 107 Mich App 685, 691; 310 NW2d 26 (1981). To establish proximate causation in some
instances, the plaintiff in a legal malpractice suit must show that “but for the attorney’s alleged
malpractice, [the plaintiff] would have been successful in the underlying suit.” Id. The purpose
of this case-within-a-case requirement is to “insure that the damages claimed to result from the
attorney’s negligence are more than mere speculation.” Coleman, 443 Mich at 64. But the
concept “has vitality only in a limited number of situations,” such as where an attorney’s
negligence prevents a client from bringing a cause of action . . ., where the attorney’s failure to
appear causes judgment to be entered against his client[,] or where the attorney’s negligence
prevents an appeal from being perfected.” Id.

         In Basic Food Industries, the defendant represented the plaintiff in a trial concerning
legal fees that the client had incurred in a previous action. The plaintiff lost in that action, and
was required to pay a judgment of $25,000. In the malpractice case, the jury found for the
plaintiff and awarded damages of $5,000. The defendant argued that the malpractice judgment
should be reversed because the plaintiff failed to show that it would have prevailed in the prior
litigation had the defendant not been negligent, asserting that the plaintiff was required to show
that it would have won the suit to establish its legal malpractice claim. Basic Foods, 107 Mich

                                                 -3-
App at 687-690. This Court found that the plaintiff had indeed demonstrated both an attorney-
client relationship and negligence on the part of the defendant. The negligence included failing
to conduct pretrial discovery, failing to file a counterclaim, failing to keep the client adequately
informed of the increased exposure to liability, and failing to seek an adjournment even after
learning that a key witness was unavailable. Id. at 690-691. But the Court acknowledged the
difficulty in proving causation in legal malpractice actions:

               “The factor which has occasioned most difficulty to clients attempting to
       charge attorneys with liability for negligence in connection with litigation has
       been the necessity of proving that the damages claimed resulted from the alleged
       misconduct. The recovery sought is usually the value of the claim in suit in the
       proceeding in which the negligent act occurred, if the client was a plaintiff in that
       action, or, if he was a defendant, the amount of the judgment imposed upon him,
       and, in accordance with general rules as to proximate cause, it is generally held
       that before such recovery can be had the client must establish that, absent the act
       or omission complained of, the claim lost would have been recovered or the
       judgment suffered avoided. Accordingly, the client seeking recovery from his
       attorney is faced with the difficult task of proving two cases within a single
       proceeding.” [Id. at 691, quoting 45 ALR2d 5, s 2, p. 10.]

The Court went on to hold that:

                it would appear that the “suit within a suit” concept has vitality only in a
       limited number of situations, such as where an attorney’s negligence prevents the
       client from bringing a cause of action (such as where he allows the statute of
       limitations to run), where the attorney’s failure to appear causes judgment to be
       entered against his client or where the attorney’s negligence prevents an appeal
       from being perfected. In such cases, it is at least arguably true that the suit within
       a suit requirement serves to insure that the damages complained of due to the
       attorney’s negligence are more than mere speculation. The concept, however, is
       wholly without value in cases such as the one at bar . . .. Rather, the attorney’s
       liability, as in other negligence cases, is for all damages directly and proximately
       caused by the attorney’s negligence.

                                                ***

               We believe that the “suit within a suit” requirement should, as a matter of
       sound public policy, be limited to the types of cases we have described above.
       Requiring the plaintiff in all cases to show that he would have prevailed
       completely in the former action as a condition precedent to recovery in a
       subsequent malpractice action is a harsh requirement that would preclude
       otherwise meritorious claims. If the attorney’s negligence results in a verdict
       against his client that is larger than what would have been returned in the absence
       of his negligence, then the attorney should be held liable for the increased amount
       of the judgment. [Basic Food, 107 Mich App at, 693–694 (footnote and internal
       citations omitted).]

                                                -4-
The Court concluded that the defendant could not act with impunity by simply citing
professional judgment. The defendant’s many errors that exposed the client to increased liability
were not simply mere errors in judgment and the plaintiff properly received a judgment in its
favor. Id. at 694-695. An attorney’s liability is for all damages directly and proximately caused
by the attorney’s negligence, and might not be just an adverse judgment, but the amount of the
judgment. Id. at 693-694.

        Here, Basic Food is distinguishable, and the nature of plaintiff’s alleged damages makes
the case-within-a-case approach relevant. Plaintiff alleges no direct monetary damage, as the
settlement was paid by MSU or its insurer. Plaintiff’s “loss” was to his reputation, and allegedly
affected his ability to obtain another job. However, to show that damage, plaintiff was required
to prove that he would have prevailed in a medical malpractice action, and that he would have
obtained the Saginaw job if the information would not have been posted on the data registry.
Thus, to prove damages, plaintiff was required that he would have prevailed completely in the
underlying action, and there would have been no report to the data bank.

       Plaintiff argues that, even if the case-within-a-case doctrine applies, he met that burden
by showing that Patient A’s claim was defensible. In its November 30, 2015 order granting the
law firm summary disposition, the circuit court noted that plaintiff had failed to meet his burden
of proving the case-within-a-case under Basic Foods:

               Plaintiff’s experts testified during their depositions regarding the second
       requirement of legal malpractice which is the negligence in the representation of
       the Plaintiff, however, they did not and could not testify that the negligence was
       the proximate cause of Plaintiff’s injury.

               Plaintiff claims that because he has medical experts that will testify that
       the Plaintiff did not violate the standard of care in the underlying medical
       malpractice claim that he would have prevailed at trial. This court disagrees. The
       underlying medical malpractice claim involved a young woman who died from
       complications following elective bariatric surgery. She was married and had two
       young children. The Defendant had requested expert opinions as to the standard
       of care regarding Plaintiff’s care and treatment of Patient A prior to the decision
       to settle the matter and had some difficulty finding support for the Plaintiff.
       Although Plaintiff now has expert witness support, the Estate of Patient A also
       had experts who would testify that the Plaintiff violated the standard of care
       causing Patient A’s death. Given these sets of facts, it is not surprising that the
       Plaintiff cannot provide expert testimony to support that he would have
       completely prevailed in the underlying claim. Even though Patient A’s claim was
       defensible, Plaintiff has failed to show that he would have prevailed completely in
       the underlying medical malpractice claim.

Plaintiff claimed that the data bank report injured his reputation and that “but for” the settlement
of Patient A’s case he would not have suffered such a report. The mere fact that Patient A’s case
may have been defensible does nothing to aid plaintiff’s burden of showing causation. That is,
plaintiff would have had to have prevailed completely in the underlying action for there to have
been no report to the data bank.

                                                -5-
                                   III. EXPERT TESTIMONY

        In Docket No. 330454, plaintiff argues that the circuit court erred in finding that he
needed to present legal expert testimony on the issue of causation where the harm to plaintiff’s
reputation could be determined from the jury’s common knowledge.

       Causation involves two inquiries:

       Proof of causation requires both cause in fact and legal, or proximate, cause.
       Cause in fact requires that the harmful result would not have come about but for
       the defendant’s negligent conduct. On the other hand, legal cause or “proximate
       cause” normally involves examining the foreseeability of consequences, and
       whether a defendant should be held legally responsible for such consequences.
       [Haliw v Sterling Heights, 464 Mich 297, 310; 627 NW2d 581 (2001).]

“In professional malpractice actions, an expert is usually required to establish the standard of
conduct, breach of the standard, and causation.” Dean v Tucker, 205 Mich App 547, 550; 517
NW2d 835 (1994) (emphasis added). “Where the absence of professional care is so manifest that
within the common knowledge and experience of an ordinary layman it can be said that the
defendant was careless, a plaintiff can maintain a malpractice action without offering expert
testimony.” Law Offices of Lawrence J Stockler, PC v Rose, 174 Mich App 14, 48; 436 NW2d
70 (1989). But, as previously discussed, for plaintiff to establish proximate causation in this case
he had to show that “but for” the law firm’s alleged malpractice, he would have been successful
in defending Patient A’s actions. Basic Food Indus, 107 Mich App at 691.

        In granting the law firm summary disposition, the circuit court noted that plaintiff was
not relieved of his responsibility to present expert testimony on the issue of proximate cause:

               In the instant case, the Court finds that legal expert testimony is required
       as to the causation element. Plaintiff does have legal expert testimony as to the
       breach of the standard of care. However this case is complex and includes an
       underlying medical malpractice claim, the relationship between the Plaintiff and
       MSU, the effect of the indemnification agreement as well as the “case within a
       case” requirement. This is not the situation where the causal connection between
       Defendant’s negligence and Plaintiff’s damages would be obvious to an ordinary
       layman. Expert testimony would be necessary to establish that causal connection.

        Plaintiff contends that this was error because the settlement of Patient A’s claim, the
report to the data bank, and the subsequent harm to his reputation could be determined from
common knowledge. Plaintiff erroneously argues that presenting expert testimony as to the law
firm’s breach of the standard of care sufficed to prove the remainder of his claim – that the law
firm caused plaintiff “the lifetime of lost wages and career when the report was filed with the
National Practitioner Data Bank.” Plaintiff cannot make such a leap because a successful
defense of Patient A’s claim was not within the purview of the jury without expert opinion. In
fact, plaintiff’s own experts acknowledged that predicting the outcome of the case was
impossible.

                                                -6-
        Malpractice Attorney Richard J. Dimanin believed the law firm was confronted with a
conflict of interest when it undertook representing both MSU and plaintiff. He also believed that
the law firm breached the standard of care when it failed to apprise plaintiff that a settlement
would result in his being reported to the data bank. Such an ancillary consequence was critical to
plaintiff’s ability to make an informed decision about whether to settle and failing to get
plaintiff’s written consent with an indication that plaintiff was aware of the ancillary
consequences of the settlement was a breach of the standard of care. However, Dimanin
confirmed that he was not offering an opinion as to causation. The following exchange took
place:

             Q. . . . So, MSU settles out. Satgunam has his own attorney. And then
       what? MSU still reports Satgunam to the National Practitioners Data Bank?

               A. Correct.

               Q. So then the result is the same?

              A. Well, like I said, my – that isn’t my role here. My role is simply to tell
       about the conflict. I don’t know what internal remedies are available in terms of
       presenting to Michigan State’s board or presenting the case to the board. I don’t
       know how that goes. But I would assume that there’s some type of administrative
       hearing or administrative process where Dr. Satgunam’s objections to the
       settlement would be heard.

               Q. Are you here to offer expert testimony on proximate cause or breach
       only?

               A. Just what I’ve talked about today.

               Q. Well, can you answer my question[?] I need to know.

              A. Proximate cause, no. It’s just – just what I testified to regarding the
       consent issue and the breach.

        In fact, given the facts of this case, Dimanin was impressed that the firm was able to
negotiate such a low settlement with Patient A’s estate. He also acknowledged that just because
a case was defensible did not remove the risk of going to trial – “I’ve won cases I should have
lost, and I’ve lost cases I should have won.” Dimanin could not say with a reasonable degree of
certainty that plaintiff would have received a “no cause” judgment if the case had gone to trial.

        Former Bay County Circuit Court Judge William J. Caprathe also testified that the law
firm breached its standard of care in failing to reveal the conflict of interest, failing to apprise
plaintiff of the “collateral consequences” of accepting a settlement, and failing to obtain
plaintiff’s consent to settle. In terms of the underlying medical malpractice lawsuit, Caprathe
acknowledged that “you never know what a jury is going to do,” especially in this type of case
with a young, sympathetic working mother who died as a result of elective surgery. He added:
“I’m not here to assess the percentage of liability on the underlying case or not. I just see that
from what I’ve read, it looks like there was some – a defense.” Therefore, like Dimanin,

                                                -7-
Caprathe did not offer causation testimony and acknowledged that he was not offering an
opinion as to what the result would have been had Patient A’s case gone to trial. In fact, he had
no experience with the data bank. Caprathe could not say whether the result would have
changed at all:

               Q. It sounds to me, in a nutshell, that – and I understand your criticisms, I
       think we’ve gone over them, it sounds to me that you’re offering opinions as to
       the standard of care and breaches of the standard of care, is that correct?

              A. Correct.

               Q. But you’re not here necessarily to offer expert testimony on the issue
       of proximate cause, because you’re not exactly sure if things had been done as
       you indicate they should have been, whether it necessarily would have changed
       the ultimate outcome, is that fair?

              A. That’s correct.

        The need for expert opinion on the issue of causation is especially obvious in this case
where plaintiff contends that he lost at least one employment opportunity because the settlement
with Patient A’s estate was reported to the data bank. However, there were actually two reports
to the data bank – (1) the report regarding the settlement in Patient A’s case; and (2) a second
report detailing that plaintiff’s privileges at Sparrow Hospital had been suspended. See
Satgunam v Michigan State Univ, 556 Fed Appx 456, 458–459 (CA 6 2014); Satgunam v
Basson, No. 1:12-CV-220, 2013 WL 12093005 (WD Mich February 6, 2013). In order to
succeed in his medical malpractice claim, plaintiff had to establish that the report to the data
bank regarding Patient A’s case resulted in additional harm to his reputation. Plaintiff was not
relieved of his obligation to prove causation through expert testimony.

               IV. MSU’S AUTHORITY TO SETTLE UNDER MCL 691.1408

        In both Docket No. 330454 and Docket No. 330660, plaintiff argues that the circuit court
erred in finding that either MSU or the law firm had the authority to settle Patient A’s medical
malpractice action under MCL 691.1408 without plaintiff’s authority, especially where it appears
that plaintiff was unaware of the full consequences of the settlement. He maintained that while
the statute permits MSU to spend public funds to settle a claim on behalf of an employee it does
not “quash a public employee’s autonomy to decide whether or not to settle claims alleged and
also does not transfer case decision-making authority” to MSU. Plaintiff further argues that
under the plain language of the indemnification agreement, even if MSU had the statutory
authority to settle on plaintiff’s behalf, it gave up that right.

        “Statutory interpretation is a question of law that we review de novo.” Hecht v Nat’l
Heritage Academies, Inc, 499 Mich 586, 604-605; 886 NW2d 135 (2016). Likewise, contract
interpretation presents a question of law, which requires de novo review. White v Taylor Distrib
Co, Inc, 289 Mich App 731, 734; 798 NW2d 354 (2010).

         Section 1408(1) is nestled in the governmental tort liability act (GTLA), MCL 691.1401
et seq., which has the following as its purpose:

                                               -8-
       AN ACT to make uniform the liability of municipal corporations, political
       subdivisions, and the state, its agencies and departments, officers, employees, and
       volunteers thereof, and members of certain boards, councils, and task forces when
       engaged in the exercise or discharge of a governmental function, for injuries to
       property and persons; to define and limit this liability; to define and limit the
       liability of the state when engaged in a proprietary function; to authorize the
       purchase of liability insurance to protect against loss arising out of this liability; to
       provide for defending certain claims made against public officers, employees, and
       volunteers and for paying damages sought or awarded against them; to provide for
       the legal defense of public officers, employees, and volunteers; to provide for
       reimbursement of public officers and employees for certain legal expenses; and to
       repeal acts and parts of acts. [MCL Ch. 691, Refs & Annos (West).]

The purpose of governmental immunity is to avoid the expenditure of state funds in litigation.
Costa v Community Emergency Med Serv, Inc, 475 Mich 403, 410; 716 NW2d 236 (2006).
Broadly, MCL 691.1407(2) provides that a governmental employee is immune from tort liability
if he is able to demonstrate that he acted within the scope of his authority and was not grossly
negligent. MCL 691.1407(2). However, MCL 691.1407(4) provides that the statute “does not
grant immunity to a governmental agency or an employee or agent of a governmental agency
with respect to providing medical care or treatment to a patient . . .” See also Briggs v Oakland
Co, 276 Mich App 369, 371; 742 NW2d 136 (2007).

         The GTLA provides that a governmental agency may assist an employee who faces
liability for actions that occurred in the course of employment. MCL 691.1408(1) provides:

               Whenever a claim is made or a civil action is commenced against an
       officer, employee, or volunteer of a governmental agency for injuries to persons
       or property caused by negligence of the officer, employee, or volunteer while in
       the course of employment with or actions on behalf of the governmental agency
       and while acting within the scope of his or her authority, the governmental agency
       may pay for, engage, or furnish the services of an attorney to advise the officer,
       employee, or volunteer as to the claim and to appear for and represent the officer,
       employee, or volunteer in the action. The governmental agency may compromise,
       settle, and pay the claim before or after the commencement of a civil action.
       Whenever a judgment for damages is awarded against an officer, employee, or
       volunteer of a governmental agency as a result of a civil action for personal
       injuries or property damage caused by the officer, employee, or volunteer while in
       the course of employment and while acting within the scope of his or her
       authority, the governmental agency may indemnify the officer, employee, or
       volunteer or pay, settle, or compromise the judgment.

“[T]he governmental immunity act contemplates that government employees may be held liable
for performing their jobs in a grossly negligent manner. Indeed, the Legislature has expressly
authorized government agencies to defend and indemnify employees facing potential tort
liability for injuries caused by the employee ‘while in the course of employment and while acting
within the scope of his or her authority . . .’” Beaudrie v Henderson, 465 Mich 124, 140; 631
NW2d 308 (2001). The statute does not require a governmental agency to provide an employee

                                                 -9-
with legal counsel, but clearly permits the agency to do so when one of its employees faces suit
for actions that occurred while in the course of employment. Warda v City Council of City of
Flushing, 472 Mich 326, 332; 696 NW2d 671 (2005) (“The use of the word ‘may’ in § 8 makes
clear that the decision to pay an officer’s attorney fees is a matter left to the discretion of the
[governmental agency].”)

       The state has offered additional protection for universities like MSU, who undertake to
provide insurance and attorneys to their employees for incidents arising out of their employment.
MCL 390.1126 provides:

               The state shall assume the excess loss of the university or its agents if the
       university adopts an indemnification and hold harmless policy in which the
       university agrees to indemnify, save harmless, and defend its agents against
       professional liability and premises liability arising out of, related to, or incurred in
       the course of, employment, assigned duties, course of academic studies, or
       authority and establishes an indemnification reserve fund consistent with this act.

“Loss” includes: “Health care professional liability which the university becomes legally
obligated to pay or for which the university assumes the obligation to pay as damages or costs
because of injury to a person arising out of the rendering of, or failure to render, health care
services . . .” MCL 390.1124(3)(a). To that end, MSU’s policy regarding indemnifying its
employees provides:

       Michigan State University will support its trustees, officers, faculty, and staff
       when acting in the performance of assigned duties on behalf of the University.
       This policy also applies to students while engaged in approved academic
       programs and volunteers who are performing services for the University with
       prior written approval of the appropriate University official. The University will
       defend, save harmless, and indemnify such persons against any suit or proceeding,
       whatever brought, premised upon the fact that he or she is or was a member of the
       Board or an officer, employee, student, or volunteer of the University. The
       indemnity extends to expenses including attorney fees, judgments, fines, and
       amounts paid in settlement, actually and reasonably incurred, and with respect to
       any criminal action or proceeding where such person had no reasonable cause to
       believe that his or her conduct was unlawful. As a condition of indemnification,
       the true, official, employee, student, or volunteer is required to cooperate fully on
       a continuous basis with the University Attorney and the office of Insurance and
       Risk Management.

         It is clear from the plain language of MCL 691.1408(1), as well as the underlying policy
considerations, that MSU retained the right to settle Patient A’s case as a means of limiting its
liability exposure under the GTLA. Contrary to plaintiff’s arguments, MSU did not lack the
legal authority to settle Patient A’s claim without his consent.

        Plaintiff argues, however, that under the parties’ indemnification agreement, MSU
modified its rights because the agreement provides that any attorney assigned to represent
plaintiff would do so as though plaintiff were paying for the service and that the attorney would

                                                -10-
have an independent ethical duty to represent plaintiff. Plaintiff claims that he maintained
control of the case. The indemnification agreement between plaintiff and MSU provided:

        The parties’ agreement did nothing to change MSU’s ability to settle the claim under
MCL 691.1408(1). The plain language of the agreement does not preclude MSU from settling
Patient A’s claims and does not specifically vest in plaintiff the right to control the case. In fact,
the very language requiring plaintiff to specifically “aid in the defense,” continue to cooperate,
and “abide by the defense counsel’s lawful instructions,” indicates that plaintiff lacked the
authority to control the trajectory of Patient A’s claim.

        Plaintiff’s own expert conceded as much. Dimanin acknowledged that there were
indications that plaintiff was on notice that there was a facilitation process. He also testified:

               Q. So, again, playing out this hypothetical, Satgunam hires his own
       attorney. He’s objecting to the settlement. Michigan State is still free to settle
       this case with David Mittleman [attorney for Patient A’s estate], right?

               A. Mm-hmm. Yes.

                                                -11-
               Q. I mean, Dr. Satgunam doesn’t have the authority to put the brakes on
       any settlement of the case, right?

               A. Correct.

               Q. So MSU --

               A. As far as I could see.

               Q. So MSU settles out. I mean, it would be nonsensical for MSU to cede
       the authority to settle the case to one of its employees, right?

               A. Right.

                                                    ***

               Q. Right. Okay. We agree on that.

                   So, MSU settles out. Satgunam has his own attorney. And then
       what? MSU still reports Satgunam to the National Practitioners Data Bank?

               A. Correct.

        Additionally, plaintiff was well aware that settlement negotiations were taking place and
he did nothing to object. For example, plaintiff was copied on an April 11, 2012 letter from
Bean to MSU’s general counsel regarding the “facilitation effort on this case.” The letter
indicated that MSU offered $350,000 but that Patient A’s estate demanded $875,000. The letter
stated that “[d]ue to time limitations, as well as the fact that both parties seemed to see this case
quite differently, the facilitation effort was adjourned. Everybody agreed that the door would be
left open for further discussion.” (Emphasis added.) Second, Bean’s notes following his April
23, 2012, meeting with plaintiff indicate: “My conversation with Dr. Satgunam filled in some of
the blanks from the medical records. I advised Dr. Satgunam that if this case did not get resolved
through the facilitation process, I would confirm the support of Kurt Kralovich, M.D. and revisit
with our earlier experts to see if they can become more supportive.” (Emphasis added.) Finally,
plaintiff’s attorney in the district court action, Jeffrey L. Herron, emailed Bean and Michael
Kiley (MSU’s general counsel) about a potential conflict of interest on April 23, 2012, just
before Bean met with plaintiff: “I just wanted to make it clear to you that your clients are in
conflict with each other on a matter that has some nexus with the events underlying the
malpractice claim. Neither I nor my client have any interest in gumming up the malpractice
claim or its resolution, but don’t believe that means we should ignore a potential conflict.”
(Emphasis added.) Plaintiff could have raised his objections or, if he was truly concerned about a
conflict of interest, plaintiff was free to obtain his own attorney.

        Finally, a report to the data bank regarding Patient A’s claim was inevitable. 45 CFR
60.7(a) provides:

       Each entity, including an insurance company, which makes a payment under an
       insurance policy, self-insurance, or otherwise, for the benefit of a health care

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       practitioner in settlement of or in satisfaction in whole or in part of a claim or a
       judgment against such health care practitioner for medical malpractice, must
       report information as set forth in paragraph (b) of this section to the NPDB and to
       the appropriate state licensing board(s) in the state in which the act or omission
       upon which the medical malpractice claim was based.

The law firm agrees that a payment as a result of a claim that is solely against an entity and that
does not specifically identify an individual practitioner does not need to be reported, but that is
not what happened in this case. Patient A’s notice of intent specifically identified plaintiff and
the settlement was paid on his behalf. MSU’s general counsel, Kiley, averred that MSU would
have reported the settlement to the data bank regardless of whether plaintiff had his own attorney
because it was legally obligated to do so. As such, the report to the data bank was inevitable.

                            V. CASE EVALUATION SANCTIONS

        In Docket No. 331779, plaintiff argues that the circuit court erred in considering the law
firm’s late request for sanctions and then failed to properly exercise its discretion in awarding
such sanctions. Plaintiff further argues that the circuit court erred in using the market rate for
attorney fees rather than the hourly fee actually billed, thereby providing the law firm’s attorneys
a windfall.

               A trial court’s decision whether to grant case-evaluation sanctions under
       MCR 2.403(O) presents a question of law, which this Court reviews de novo. We
       review for an abuse of discretion a trial court’s award of attorney fees and costs.
       An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court’s decision is outside the range
       of reasonable and principled outcomes. [Smith v Khouri, 481 Mich 519, 526; 751
       NW2d 472 (2008).]

                             A. TIMELINESS OF THE REQUEST

        While the law firm accepted the $15,000 case evaluation in plaintiff’s favor, plaintiff
failed to respond entirely, which resulted in a rejection. Following the trial court’s order
granting summary disposition in its favor, the law firm sought case evaluation sanctions pursuant
to MCR 2.403. Plaintiff responded that the request was untimely because it was made more than
28 days after dismissal of the case. Defense counsel pointed out that a courier was sent to file
the motion for case evaluations sanctions on December 28th, but the trial court was closed due to
inclement weather. The trial court understood:

       I did authorize closing the courts at noon that day based upon not just the fact that
       the county was closing all of its offices and buildings which happens to be where
       our Court is maintained but because of the impending poor weather that was
       coming in and concern for people traveling on the streets of the area that day.
       The Probate Court also was closed. The district Court for Ingham County was
       also closed. You probably will not find an Order regarding that. That was
       something that was a decision that I made in discussions and email went out to
       that effect and, ah, to all staff here at the Court telling them that we were closing
       and to show up Tuesday morning.

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                                                 ***

       I have to say that at 1:30 on, ah, December 28 it was impossible to file this and it
       was impossible based upon the actions of the Court in closing based upon the
       weather. Because of that and this is not the first time that this has come up. This
       is not the only thing that needed to be filed by 5 o’clock on December 28th. We
       have many, many different types of deadlines that needed to be met that day.
       Anybody that needed to file anything on the 28th was given the opportunity to file
       that timely on the 29th. Had you filed it, Mr. Gilchrist [defense counsel] on the
       30, I would have said, no. Had you not come in and said that you attempted to
       file it at a time when the Court was closed, I would have also said no. So based
       upon the information that, you know, I can tell you again as Chief Judge that I did
       authorize closure of the Court at noon on December 28 based upon the weather
       predictions, poor weather in the area as well as in conjunction with the other
       courts of our county and in working with our county controller who was closing
       county offices.

               So based upon that I am going to allow the filing on the 29. I think that’s
       the right thing to do even though I understand what the technical reading of this
       computation of time would be. That would be people that miss statutes of
       limitations, that made the effort that came here to file and came here and the
       Court was closed. As indicated we had other deadlines of filings in many other
       types of issues that were also at issue that day.

The trial court did not abuse its discretion when it permitted the law firm to file the request one
day after it attempted to do so. Plaintiff asks the law firm to be penalized for failing to do the
impossible.

                           B. INTERESTS OF JUSTICE EXCEPTION

       Plaintiff argued that the circuit court should have exercised its discretion in refusing to
award case evaluation sanctions because the case was one of “first impression” over whether the
case-within-a-case doctrine applied.

        If the verdict is the result of a judgment entered as the result of a motion after rejection of
the case evaluation, the court may, in the interests of justice, refuse to award actual costs. MCR
2.403(O)(11). But the trial court may not expand the exception too broadly and the “interests of
justice” is fairly limited, including when there is a legal issue of first impression presented or
when the law is unsettled. Harbour v Correctional Med Serv, Inc, 266 Mich App 452, 466; 702
NW2d 671 (2005), lv den 475 Mich 859 (2006); Haliw v Sterling Hts, 257 Mich App 689, 707;
669 NW2d 563 (2003), rev’d on other grounds 471 Mich 700 (2005).

       Regarding whether the case warranted case evaluation sanctions, the trial court noted:

               As to the discretion in awarding sanctions. Um, the Court is aware that it
       is discretionary because this was done through a motion and the Court certainly
       does understand the concerns of Dr. Satgunam regarding his position, regarding
       the case within a case doctrine. And the Court has been well aware for ever since
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       I’ve made the ruling that that was something that the Plaintiff absolutely
       disagreed with and believes that the Court made a legal error in reaching that
       decision. However, I do have to say, ah, regarding this case evaluation,
       specifically, and whether or not sanctions would be appropriate, you know, I have
       looked at the fact that what was requested was $9 million and the case evaluated
       for [$]15,000. What this tells the Court and I think maybe a message that was
       probably short of being sent to the Plaintiff is that they considered, the panel
       anyway, considered this a case that was not likely to, ah, bring much, if
       anything, . . .if there was a trial, that the claim just didn’t have a lot of merit.
       And quite frankly that type of amount I believe was put there to send a message, I
       think, to maybe the Plaintiff that resolving it would be appropriate. It’s very
       interesting to the Court to get a request for 9 million and get an evaluation for
       [$]15,000. For lack of a better term it appears to me that the panel believed this to
       be more of a nuisance suit and put the amount smaller so it would be cheaper as
       we see for the Defendant to pay that damage than to prosecute or litigate the case
       so the Defendant did accept. The Plaintiff did not. And, again, that necessitated
       moving forward based upon what the Plaintiff was aware of, what the panel
       thought that the value of the litigation was. And I would have to say probably
       more than anything that that is what I think makes the difference in this Court’s
       mind in sending – in determining that I do believe that sanctions are appropriate
       in this matter and I am going to award those.

       The trial court did not abuse its discretion when it determined that case evaluation
sanctions were warranted. Our Supreme Court has explained:

       The purpose of this fee-shifting provision is to encourage the parties to seriously
       consider the evaluation and provide financial penalties to the party that, as it
       develops, “should” have accepted but did not. This encouragement of settlements
       is traditional in our jurisprudence, as it deters protracted litigation with all its costs
       and also shifts the financial burden of trial onto the party who imprudently
       rejected the case evaluation. [Smith, 481 Mich at 527–528.]

Clearly the trial court’s observations are in accordance with this principle. Additionally,
although whether the application of the case-within-a-case doctrine was in dispute, there was
nothing novel about the arguments made in the trial court.

                                    C. AMOUNT AWARDED

       Finally, plaintiff argues that the circuit court erred when it awarded sanctions based on a
reasonable hourly rate rather than the actual hourly rate the law firm charged the insurance
company.

         Smith detailed what trial courts have been doing when calculating attorney fees, such as
using the factors found in Wood v Detroit Automobile Inter-Ins Exch, 413 Mich 573, 588; 321
NW2d 653 (1982), that were derived from Crawley v Schick, 48 Mich App 728, 737; 211 NW2d
217 (1973). The factors are: (1) the professional standing and experience of the attorney; (2) the
skill, time and labor involved; (3) the amount in question and the results achieved; (4) the

                                                 -15-
difficulty of the case; (5) the expenses incurred; and (6) the nature and length of the professional
relationship with the client. Smith, 481 Mich at 529. The Smith Court also recognized that many
trial courts had been consulting the eight factors found in Rule 1.5(a) of the Michigan Rules of
Professional Conduct, which are: (1) the time and labor required, the novelty and difficulty of
the questions involved, and the skill requisite to perform the legal service properly; (2) the
likelihood, if apparent to the client, that the acceptance of the particular employment will
preclude other employment by the lawyer; (3) the fee customarily charged in the locality for
similar legal services; (4) the amount involved and the results obtained; (5) the time limitations
imposed by the client or by the circumstances; (6) the nature and length of the professional
relationship with the client; (7) the experience, reputation, and ability of the lawyer or lawyers
performing the services; and (8) whether the fee is fixed or contingent. Id. at 529-530. The
Supreme Court further noted that trial courts have not limited themselves to only consulting the
factors listed above. Id. at 530.

        Recognizing that “some fine-tuning” was required, the Smith Court instructed that when
determining an attorney fee pursuant to MCR 2.403, trial courts should first determine the
“reasonable hourly rate [which] represents the fee customarily charged in the locality for similar
legal services,” and the trial court should rely on “reliable surveys or other credible evidence of
the legal market.” Id. at 530-531. The Court emphasized that the burden is on the fee applicant
to produce satisfactory evidence “that the requested rates are in line with those prevailing in the
community for similar services by lawyers of reasonably comparable skill, experience, and
reputation.’” Id. at 531, quoting Blum v Stenson, 465 US 886, 895 n 11; 104 S Ct 1541; 79 L Ed
2d 891(1984). The Court then instructed that trial courts should multiply that number by the
“reasonable number of hours expended in the case.” Smith, 481 Mich at 531. The Court again
emphasized that “[t]he fee applicant bears the burden of supporting its claimed hours with
evidentiary support.” Id. at 532. After this initial baseline figure has been calculated, “[i]n order
to aid appellate review, a trial court should briefly discuss its view of the remaining [Wood and
MRPC] factors” and whether such factors justify an upward or downward adjustment. Id. at 531.

       Plaintiff complains that the trial court should have awarded the fees charged because
performing a traditional analysis regarding what fees were in the locality resulted in a windfall.
The Smith Court warned that the court rule “is not designed to provide a form of economic relief
to improve the financial lot of attorneys or to produce windfalls.” Smith, 481 Mich at 528.
However, the Smith Court also noted, “[r]easonable fees are not equivalent to actual fees
charged.” Id. at 528 n 12, quoting Zdrojewski, 254 Mich App 50, 72; 657 NW2d 721 (2002).
Instead, the court rule “only permits an award of a reasonable fee, i.e., a fee similar to that
customarily charged in the locality for similar legal services, which, of course, may differ from
the actual fee charged.” Smith, 481 Mich at 528. The trial court did not abuse its discretion
when it followed the exact framework set forth in Smith. The fee actually charged is only one
consideration in the overall determination of what fee is reasonable for purposes of case
evaluation sanctions.

       Affirmed.

                                                              /s/ Amy Ronayne Krause
                                                              /s/ Kirsten Frank Kelly
                                                              /s/ Michael F. Gadola

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