Court Opinion

ID: 4597633
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-20 19:19:38.02528+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:51:49.634696
License: Public Domain

ROBERT M. MORGAN, PETITIONER, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RESPONDENT.Morgan v. CommissionerDocket No. 87739.United States Board of Tax Appeals41 B.T.A. 379; 1940 BTA LEXIS 1198; February 14, 1940, Promulgated *1198  The owner of one-fourth of the stock of a corporation desired to acquire his proportionate share of its assets and continue its business, either as an individual or through a corporation, all of the stock of which should be owned by him.  Realizing that the liquidation or partial liquidation of the corporation would result in the imposition of tax, a series of steps, most of which came within the literal wording of the exchange and reorganization provisions of the statute, were taken.  Held:(1) There was but one transaction, the substance of which was an exchange by the taxpayer of his stock in the old corporation for stock in the new corporation.  (2) The exchange was not made pursuant to a plan of reorganization within the purview and intendment of the statute and the gain realized by the taxpayer is taxable.  Allen S. Hubbard, Esq., and William W. Owens, Esq., for the petitioner.  John B. Wheeler, Esq., for the respondent.  MELLOTT*379  The Commissioner determined a deficiency in petitioner's income tax for the year 1933 in the amount of $37,662.73.  The sole question *380  is: Did petitioner realize a capital net gain from*1199  a series of steps by which 25 percent of the assets of a corporation, one-fourth of the stock of which was owned by him, became the total assets of a corporation organized by him, all the stock of which was owned by him?  FINDINGS OF FACT.  Petitioner, a resident of Pelham, New York, duly filed his individual return of income for the calendar year 1933 with the collector of internal revenue for the first district of New York.  Albert C. Field, Inc., was a corporation duly organized under the laws of the State of New York on January 27, 1905.  It was engaged primarily in the business of exporting grain.  Petitioner had become associated with it in 1908 and at various times had acquired stock in it.  On or prior to December 29, 1932, petitioner was the owner of 7,500 shares, or 25 percent of its total outstanding capital stock, the remaining shares, 22,500, being owned by Albert C. Field, who was petitioner's brother-in-law.  Field died testate December 2, 1930.  Petitioner and Field's widow were duly appointed executors of his estate and trustees under certain trusts created by his will.  The will authorized the executors and trustees to retain the stock of Albert C. Field in*1200  Albert C. Field, Inc.  The export grain business was recognized by all of the interested parties to be rather speculative in character.  Following the death of Field, his executors and the attorney for the estate had numerous conferences as to the policy to be pursued in connection with the continuance of the export grain business by Albert C. Field, Inc.  It was determined that the property comprising the Field estate and trusts should not be subjected to the hazards of the grain business.  Petitioner desired to continue in the grain business, either as an individual, or through a corporation, all of the stock of which would be owned by him.  He realized, after conferences with his attorneys, that the liquidation, or partial liquidation, of Albert C. Field, Inc., might result in subjecting him or the corporation to tax.  It was therefore deemed to be advisable to handle the entire matter in such a way that Albert C. Field, Inc., would continue to hold the stocks, bonds, securities, and nongrain business assets, while the 22,500 shares of its stock should remain the principal asset of the Field estate and trusts, and that the assets formerly used in the export grain business, together*1201  with a portion of the stocks, bonds, and securities, should be made available to petitioner or a corporation to be formed by him.  Accordingly the following steps were taken: *381  (1) On or about December 15, 1932, a new corporation, Robert M. Morgan, Inc. (hereinafter referred to as Morgan (1932)), was organized under the laws of Delaware, with an authorized capital stock of 1,000 shares without par value.  (2) On or about December 27, 1932, a new corporation, 128 Monterey Avenue Corporation (hereinafter referred to as Monterey), was organized under the laws of Delaware, with an authorized capital stock of 1,000 shares without par value.  (3) On December 29, 1932, one-fourth of the total assets of Albert C. Field, Inc., including all the assets pertaining to its export grain business, such as grain on hand, contracts for the purchase and sale of grain, various board of trade and produce and grain exchange, etc,, memberships, were transferred by Albert C. Field, Inc., to Morgan (1932) in exchange for all of its authorized capital stock of 1,000 shares.  (4) On December 29, 1932, petitioner transferred the 7,500 shares of stock which he owned in Albert C. Field, Inc. *1202  , to Monterey and received in exchange all of its authorized capital stock of 1,000 shares.  (5) On April 27, 1933, Monterey and Morgan (1932) were consolidated under the name of Robert M. Morgan, Inc. (hereinafter referred to as Morgan (1933)), the consolidated corporation having an authorized capital stock of 2,000 shares without par value.  Pursuant to the agreement of consolidation, petitioner surrendered his 1,000 shares of stock in Monterey and received 1,000 shares of stock in Morgan (1933).  Albert C. Field, Inc., surrendered its 1,000 shares of stock in Morgan (1932) and received 1,000 shares of stock in Morgan (1933).  (6) At a special meeting of the stockholders of Albert C. Field, Inc., held on June 14, 1933, the president was authorized and directed to submit to Morgan (1933) the following offer: We hereby offer to purchase from you 7,500 shares of the capital stock of this Corporation and to give, in consideration therefor, 1,000 shares of the capital stock of your Corporation which we now hold.  * * * At the same meeting the officers of Albert C. Field, Inc., were authorized and directed, in the event that the offer to Morgan (1933) should be accepted "to take*1203  all necessary steps to carry the offer into effect and to cause the 7,500 shares of the capital stock of this Corporation so purchased to be retired." At a special meeting of the stockholders of Morgan (1933), held on the same date, a resolution was adopted which read in part as follows: WHEREAS, all the stockholders of this Corporation have consented to the reduction of the capital of this corporation by $411,092.96 and that such reduction *382  be effectuated by the purchase for retirement of 1,000 shares of the capital of this corporation; NOW, THEREFORE, be it RESOLVED, that the President be and he hereby is authorized and directed on behalf of this corporation, to accept the offer of Albert C. Field, Inc., FURTHER RESOLVED, that the 1,000 shares of the capital stock of this corporation be delivered in payment for the 7,500 shares of the capital stock of Albert C. Field, Inc., to be accepted for retirement; and be it FURTHER RESOLVED, that the President, Secretary and Treasurer of this Corporation be and they hereby are authorized and directed to take all necessary or proper steps to carry out the terms of the foregoing contract, and to execute all necessary or*1204  proper documents in order to effectuate the reduction of capital of this Corporation.  At the meeting of the board of directors of Morgan (1933), held on the same date, the following resolution was adopted: WHEREAS the stockholders of this corporation have accepted an offer of Albert C. Field, Inc., to purchase 1,000 shares of the capital stock of this corporation and to pay therefor by the delivery of 7,500 shares of capital stock of Albert C. Field, Inc., held by this corporation; and WHEREAS the stockholders have determined that the capital of the corporation be reduced by $411,092.96 to be effective by the retirement of 1,000 shares of the capital stock of this corporation so purchased.  Now, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED that the president of this corporation be and he hereby is authorized and directed on behalf of this corporation to execute, the secretary be and he hereby is authorized and directed to affix the corporate seal to, any and all instruments which may be necessary or proper to carry the aforementioned contract into effect and to cause the reduction of the capital of the corporations, each of them and the other proper officers of the corporations be and they*1205  hereby are authorized and directed to take all necessary or proper steps to effectuate such contract and the reduction of the capital of the corporations.  On Jone 22, 1933, Morgan (1933) caused to be filed in the office of the Secretary of State of Delaware a certificate showing the reduction of its capital stock, effected "By retiring 1000 [shares] * * * by the purchase of such shares * * * for retirement, from Albert C. Field, Inc., and delivering in payment therefor 7,500 shares of the capital stock of Albert C. Field, Inc., held by this corporation." On or about the same date Albert C. Field, Inc., caused to be filed in the office of the Secretary of State of New York a certificate showing the reduction of its capital stock from 30,000 shares to 22,500 shares.  Immediately after the incorporation of Morgan (1932) letters were sent out notifying the trade that Albert C. Field, Inc., had retired from the grain business, and that such business would be conducted by Robert M. Morgan, Inc.  Morgan (1932) carried on the grain business until its consolidation with Monterey.  Thereafter Morgan (1933) carried on such business.  The value on June 22, 1933, of the assets of Robert*1206  M. Morgan, Inc., (1933) was $433,566.47.  The difference between this amount *383  and the cost to petitioner of 7,500 shares of Albert C. Field, Inc., amounting to $110,000, or $323,566.47, was determined by respondent to have been income realized by petitioner in 1933.  OPINION.  MELLOTT: Petitioner contends that he did not realize any taxable income by reason of the series of steps set out in our findings and that the respondent erred in determining the deficiency in tax.  Respondent justifies his determination upon the theory that the various steps were but a cloak to obscure the real transaction; that the substance, rather than the form, of the transaction should be considered; and that the result, for tax purposes, is the same as if petitioner had traded his interest in Albert C. Field, Inc., directly to that corporation for the interest which it held in Robert M. Morgan, Inc.  The applicable sections of the Revenue Act of 1932 are set out in the margin. 1*1207  Summarizing our findings, it will be noted that the following steps were taken: (1) Petitioner transferred his 7,500 shares of Albert C. Field, Inc., stock to Monterey in exchange for all of its capital stock.  *384  (2) Simultaneously Albert C. Field, Inc., transferred one-fourth of its assets to Morgan (1932) in exchange for all of its capital stock.  (3) Morgan (1932) and Monterey consolidated under the laws of Delaware into a new corporation, Morgan (1933) and petitioner and Albert C. Field, Inc., each received one-half of its capital stock, which consisted of 2,000 shares, or 1,000 shares.  (4) Morgan (1933) surrendered the 7,500 shares of Albert C. Field, Inc., which it had acquired as shown in steps one and three, to the issuing corporation and received the 1,000 shares of its stock (see steps 2 and 3), whereupon each corporation canceled the shares of its own stock thus acquired.  Upon brief petitioner points out that each step, examined separately, comes within some subdivision of the applicable revenue act under which gain or loss is not to be recognized.  Thus, he says: In step number 1 he made a nontaxable exchange under section 112(b)(5), supra; in*1208  step number 2 there was a nontaxable exchange of property by a corporation, a party to a reorganization, in pursuance of a plan of reorganization, solely for stock in another corporation, a party to a reorganization (section 112(b)(4) and (i)(1)(B), supra ); in step number 3 there was a statutory consolidation and hence a reorganization of two corporations (section 112(i)(1)(A), supra ), and he, in pursuance of the plan, exchanged stock in a corporation, a party to a reorganization, for stock or securities in another corporation, a party to the reorganization (section 112(b)(3), supra ); and in step 4, one corporation, Morgan (1933) acquired, by purchase - i.e. by giving up a portion of its assets consisting of stock in Albert C. Field, Inc. - 1,000 shares of its own stock, which did not result in any taxable gain to it.  (Art. 66, Regulations 77.  Cf. Helvering v. Reynolds Tobacco Co.,306 U.S. 110">306 U.S. 110.) Petitioner contends, in the alternative, that if any taxable gain were realized - which he denies - it was realized by the consolidated corporation (Morgan, Inc. (1933)) through a distribution in partial liquidation of Albert C. Field, Inc., but that no*1209  part of such gain may be imputed *385  to him.  He also asks us to find as a fact that the cost of the securities transferred to Robert M. Morgan, Inc. (1932) by Albert C. Field, Inc., was $515,663.10, while their fair market value on December 29, 1932, was $129,838.77.  The evidence indicates that the fact is as urged; but we have refrained from making any such finding because it is not relevant to the issue before us.  Respondent argues that petitioner, in taking the various steps, was merely endeavoring "to avoid by form a tax which is legally due when substance is considered" (United States v. Phellis,257 U.S. 156">257 U.S. 156; Kent Oil Co.,38 B.T.A. 528">38 B.T.A. 528); that the "interdependent steps in the integral plan, for income tax purposes, must be treated as a single transaction" (United Light & Power Co.,38 B.T.A. 477">38 B.T.A. 477; affd., 105 Fed.(2d) 866; certiorari denied, 308 U.S. 574">308 U.S. 574; that the rule enunciated by the Supreme Court in Gregory v. Helvering,293 U.S. 465">293 U.S. 465, should be applied since the purpose was "not to reorganize a business * * * but to transfer a parcel of" assets to petitioner - *1210  a "mere device which put on the form of a corporate reorganization as a disguise for concealing its real character"; and that the whole plan, though a bit more elaborate, can not be distinguished from the one involved in Paul L. Case,37 B.T.A. 365">37 B.T.A. 365 (affirmed upon the reorganization issue in Case v. Commissioner, 103 Fed.(2d) 283). The right answer to the question is somewhat elusive.  Much of petitioner's argument is persuasive and it can not be gainsaid that many of the steps, standing alone, come within the literal wording of the sections relied upon; but we are of the opinion that respondent must be sustained.  The object which petitioner and Albert C. Field, Inc., sought to accomplish by the above steps was obviously the avoidance of tax upon petitioner.  Counsel for petitioner tacitly admits as much in his opening statement.  Before the steps were taken petitioner owned a minority interest in the stock of Albert C. Field, Inc.  He wanted to have approximately one-fourth of the assets of that corporation and especially those which were being used in the grain business conducted by it, transferred to a corporation all of the stock of which*1211  was to be owned and controlled by him.  If the assets had been transferred to petitioner in exchange for the 7,500 shares of Albert C. Field, Inc., stock owned by him, he would have realized taxable gain measured by the difference between the cost or other basis of the 7,500 shares and the value of the assets; and this would have been true even though he subsequently or contemporaneously transferred them to another corporation in exchange for its stock.  Faced with this situation, the interested parties turned to the exchange and reorganization provisions of the statute and devised the series of steps enumerated above.  *386  Petitioner now urges, in effect, that by the use of the roundabout method which was followed he succeeded in getting one-fourth of the assets of Albert C. Field, Inc., into the hands of Morgan (1933), all of the stock of which is owned by him, without the realization of any taxable gain.  We are not convinced that he has done so.  The Supreme Court of the United States said in Minnesota Tea Co. v. Helvering,302 U.S. 609">302 U.S. 609, 613: "A given result at the end of a straight path is not made a different result because reached by following*1212  a devious paty." Cf. Griffiths v. Helvering,308 U.S. 355">308 U.S. 355. This is especially true in tax cases because of the well settled principle that in applying the income tax laws the substance, and not the form, of the transaction controls.  United States v. Phellis, supra.Petitioner would have us treat each of the steps taken by him and Albert C. Field, Inc., and the corporations they created to serve as conduits, as separate and distinct transactions.  If we should do this, and it could be said that each of the steps was executed for the purpose of effecting a statutory reorganization, our decision would necessarily be in favor of petitioner.  But, as has often been said by the courts and this Board: "For income tax purposes the component steps of a single transaction can not be treated separately." Bassick v. Commissioner, 85 Fed.(2d) 8; certiorari denied, 299 U.S. 592">299 U.S. 592, affirming 30 B.T.A. 163">30 B.T.A. 163; Prairie Oil & Gas Co. v. Motter, 66 Fed.(2d) 309; *1213 West Texas Refining & Development Co. v. Commissioner, 68 Fed.(2d) 77, affirming on this point, 25 B.T.A. 1254">25 B.T.A. 1254; Ahles Realty Corporation v. Commissioner, 71 Fed.(2d) 150; certiorari denied, 293 U.S. 611">293 U.S. 611; Hazeltine Corporation v. Commissioner, 89 Fed.(2d) 513, affirming 32 B.T.A. 110">32 B.T.A. 110, on this point; Schumacher Wall Board Corporation,33 B.T.A. 1211">33 B.T.A. 1211; affd., 93 Fed.(2d) 79; Helvering v. Bashford,302 U.S. 454">302 U.S. 454; George Whittell & Co.,34 B.T.A. 1070">34 B.T.A. 1070; Starr v. Commissiner, 82 Fed.(2d) 964; certiorari denied, 298 U.S. 680">298 U.S. 680; Paul L. Case, supra.In the instant proceeding there was but a single plan and a single transaction.  The plan, stripped off all camouflage, was to have petitioner's proportionate interest in the assets of Albert C. Field, Inc., transferred to a new corporation, Morgan (1933), all of the stock of which was to be owned by petitioner.  When the plan was consummated this was the net result.  Petitioner owned all of the stock of Morgan (1933) and had surrendered the 7,500*1214  shares of the stock of Albert C. Field, Inc., formerly owned by him.  The substance of the transaction, therefore, was merely an exchange by petitioner of the stock of one corporation for stock of another.  Unless such an exchange was made pursuant to a plan of reorganization, it is taxable.  If petitioner had taken a straight path in the instant proceeding, no statutory reorganization would have been effected, and we think *387  it must be held that none was effected by following the devious path selected.  This is so because from the inception of the transaction to its conclusion there was never any intention to reorganize a corporate business.  It may be true, as petitioner argues, that the steps taken had a business purpose; but many exchanges of stock for stock have business purposes and yet are not made in connection with, or pursuant to, a reorganization within the intendment of the statute.  Nor is it material to the present issue that petitioner was motivated by a business purpose when he arranged for the transfer of his proportionate interest in the assets of Albert C. Field, Inc., to a corporation all of the stock of which was to be owned by him.  There was no reorganization*1215  within the intendment of the statute because when the transaction was consummated neither Albert C. Field, Inc., nor its stockholders retained any interest in Morgan (1933).  The continuity of interest 0n the part of the reorganized corporation or its stockholders which is essential to any statutory reorganization was lacking.  Pinellas Ice & Cold Storage Co. v. Commissioner,287 U.S. 462">287 U.S. 462; Cortland Specialty Co. v. Commissioner, 60 Fed.(2d) 937; certiorari denied, 288 U.S. 599">288 U.S. 599; Electrical Securities Corporation v. Commissioner, 92 Fed.(2d) 593; United Light & Power Co., supra.Indeed it might be said, as was said in Paul L. Case, supra, that the very purpose of the plan was to destroy the continuity of interest.  True, the facts in the instant proceeding are not identical with those in the cited case; but they are sufficiently alike to justify the application of the same principle.  We held that there was no reorganization in Paul L. Case even though the larger corporation, Peckham Case Co., corresponding to Albert C. Field, Inc., in the instant proceeding, exchanged a portion of its*1216  assets for the stock of the newly organized corporation.  We predicated our decision upon the fact that its holding of such stock was "transitory and without real substance; [being] part of a plan which contemplated the immediate transfer of the stock" to another.  The same conclusion is justified under the evidence in the instant procceeding.  It was never intended that Albert C. Field, Inc., should hold the stock of the new corporation, except temporarily.  The purpose of the organization of Morgan, Inc., was to segregate the assets of Albert C. Field, Inc., and to vest them either in petitioner or in a corporation whose stock he owned.  He did not feel that the assets of his brother-in-law's estate should be "invested in that [grain export] business because it was too risky." He desired to cooperate with those interested in the estate toward making Albert C. Field, Inc., become, as it did become, "dormant as a holding company" for the benefit of Field's heirs.  It is our conclusion therefore that the exchange here involved was not made pursuant to a plan of reorganization, and that the gain *388  realized by petitioner was taxable to the extent determined by the respondent. *1217 In passing it might be stated that under the recent decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in Higgins v. Smith,308 U.S. 473">308 U.S. 473, we would probably be justified in finding that the substance of the transaction here under consideration was merely a transfer of one-fourth of the assets of Albert C. Field, Inc., to petitioner, he being the owner of all of the stock of Morgan (1933), in exchange for the 7,500 shares of stock of Albert C. Field, Inc.  Inasmuch, however, as such a construction necessitates a disregard of the corporate entity of Morgan (1933), we prefer to rest our decision on the ground that the substance of the transaction was an exchange of 7,500 shares of stock of Albert C. Field, Inc., for all of the stock of Morgan (1933).  Reviewed by the Board.  Judgment will be entered for the respondent.LEECHLEECH, concurring: I agree that the several steps, in carrying out the obvious plan, constituted only one transaction for tax purposes.  Neither Albert C. Field, Inc., nor its stockholders, retained the necessary continuing interest in Morgan (1933), in which the assets originally owned by Field, Inc., rested at the consummation*1218  of that transaction.  For that reason, therefore, I concur in the holding that there was no statutory reorganization.  LeTulle v. Scofield,308 U.S. 415">308 U.S. 415; Paul L. Case,37 B.T.A. 365">37 B.T.A. 365 (affirmed upon the reorganization issue in Paul L. Case v. Commissioner, 103 Fed.(2d) 283). Footnotes1. SEC. 112.  RECOGNITION OF GAIN OR LOSS.  (a) GENERAL RULE. - Upon the sale or exchange of property the entire amount of the gain or loss, determined under section 111, shall be recognized, except as hereinafter provided in this section.  (b) EXCHANGES SOLELY IN KIND. - * * * (3) STOCK FOR STOCK ON REORGANIZATION. - No gain or loss shall be recognized if stock or securities in a corporation a party to a reorganization are, in pursuance of the plan of reorganization, exchanged solely for stock or securities in such corporation or in another corporation a party to the reorganization.  (4) SAME - GAIN OF CORPORATION. - No gain or loss shall be recognized if a corporation a party to a reorganization exchanges property, in pursuance of the plan of reorganization, solely for stock or securities in another corporation a party to the reorganization.  (5) TRANSFER TO CORPORATION CONTROLLED BY TRANSFEROR. - No gain or loss shall be recognized if property is transferred to a corporation by one or more persons solely in exchange for stock or securities in such corporation, and immediately after the exchange such person or persons are in control of the corporation; but in the case of an exchange by two or more persons this paragraph shall apply only if the amount of the stock and securities received by each is substantially in proportion to his interest in the property prior to the exchange.  * * * (i) DEFINITION OF REORGANIZATION. - As used in this section and sections 113 and 115 - (1) The term "reorganization" means (A) a merger or consolidation (including the acquisition by one corporation of at least a majority of the voting stock and at least a majority of the total number of shares of all other classes of stock of another corporation, or substantially all the properties of another corporation), or (B) a transfer by a corporation assets are transferred, or (C) a recapitalization, or (D) a mere change in identity, form, the transferor or its stockholders or both are in control of the corporation to which the assets are transferred, or (c) a recapitalization, or (d) a mere change in identity, form, or place of organization however effected.  (2) The term "a party to a reorganization" includes a corporation resulting from a reorganization and includes both corporations in the case of an acquisition by one corporation of at least a majority of the voting stock and at least a majority of the total number of shares of all other classes of stock of another corporation.  * * * SEC. 115.  DISTRIBUTIONS BY CORPORATIONS.  * * * (c) DISTRIBUTIONS IN LIOUIDATION. - Amounts distributed in complete liquidation of a corporation shall be treated as in full payment in exchange for the stock, and amounts distributed in partial liquidation of a corporation shall be treated as in part or full payment in exchange for the stock.  The gain or loss to the distributee resulting from such exchange shall be determined under section 111, but shall be recognized only to the extent provided in section 112.  In the case of amounts distributed in partial liquidation (other than a distribution within the provisions of section 112(h) of stock or securities in connection with a reorganization) the part of such distribution which is properly chargeable to capital account shall not be considered a distribution of earnings or profits within the meaning of subsection (b) of this section for the purpose of determining the taxability of subsequent distributions by the corporation. ↩