Court Opinion

ID: 4126300
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-02-15 19:01:27.446411+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:28:30.247411
License: Public Domain

Case: 16-20547      Document: 00513876320         Page: 1    Date Filed: 02/15/2017

           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                    FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                                                         United States Court of Appeals
                                                                                  Fifth Circuit

                                    No. 16-20547                                FILED
                                  Summary Calendar                       February 15, 2017
                                                                           Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                                Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

              Plaintiff - Appellee

v.

GEORGE CORNEJO,

              Defendant - Appellant

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Southern District of Texas
                             USDC No. 4:15-CV-1155

Before KING, DENNIS, and COSTA, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
       The government sought to revoke George Cornejo’s citizenship under 8
U.S.C. section 1451(a) because it maintained he procured citizenship illegally
or by concealment of a material fact or by willful misrepresentation. Although
he was served with the denaturalization lawsuit, Cornejo did not timely
appear.     The district court granted summary judgment in favor of the

       * Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH
CIR. R. 47.5.4.
    Case: 16-20547    Document: 00513876320     Page: 2   Date Filed: 02/15/2017

                                 No. 16-20547
government, stripping Cornejo of his citizenship.      Soon after that ruling,
Cornejo appeared and unsuccessfully sought to reopen the proceeding for
“excusable neglect” under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b)(1). Cornejo
appeals both the denial of that motion and the grant of summary judgment.
      In September 1996, Cornejo became a naturalized citizen. A few months
earlier, during his June 18 interview with an immigration agent, Cornejo said
that he had not “knowingly committed any crime for which [he had] not been
arrested.”
      In August 1996, the State of Kansas provided a different answer to that
question. It charged that Cornejo had committed two drug offenses on March
20, 1996. Cornejo was detained during a traffic stop that day but was not
arrested on the later charges until after he was naturalized. In early 1997, he
pleaded guilty to the two charges, which included possession of marijuana with
intent to sell.
      Almost two decades later, Cornejo was served with the complaint seeking
to revoke his citizenship. On counsel’s advice, he did not respond or appear.
The government filed a motion for summary judgment, which the court
granted.
      After Cornejo was served with the judgment voiding his naturalization,
he hired new counsel and soon moved for relief on the basis of excusable neglect
under Rule 60(b)(1). His affidavit, attached to the motion, said the “main
reason” he pleaded guilty was that his criminal defense attorney had advised
him that pleading would have no immigration consequences. He alleged he
“never purposely made any false statements and thought that [he] was
answering the truth during [his] naturalization.” The district court held a
hearing and denied the motion to reopen.
      The district court acted within its discretion in denying the Rule 60(b)
motion. Motions under Rule 60(b) are directed to the sound discretion of the
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                                     No. 16-20547
district court, and their denial will be set aside only for abuse of discretion.
Smith v. Alumax Extrusions, Inc., 868 F.2d 1469, 1471 (5th Cir. 1989). We are
less inclined to find abuse of discretion in this situation when the court entered
summary judgment after considering evidence as opposed to one in which a
default judgment was entered.          Id. at 1472.     Cornejo claimed he did not
participate in this case because his attorney told him he had no viable defense.
He has not shown that advice was mistaken, however, and in any case a
mistake “attributable solely to the negligence or carelessness of that party’s
attorney” will not generally constitute excusable neglect. Lavespere v. Niagara
Mach. & Tool Works, Inc., 910 F.2d 167, 173 (5th Cir. 1990), abrogated on other
grounds by Little v. Liquid Air Corp., 37 F.3d 1069 (5th Cir. 1994); see also
Bohlin Co. v. Banning Co., 6 F.3d 350, 357 (5th Cir. 1993). We will thus not
consider the affidavit Cornejo sought to have included in the record through
his Rule 60(b) motion. 1
      Because of the unusual posture of this case in which the Rule 60(b) relief
was sought only a few days after entry of the final judgment, Cornejo also
timely appealed the underlying judgment. The record, however, also supports
that ruling.
      To revoke citizenship, the government must prove that: (1) the
naturalized     citizen    misrepresented       or   concealed     a    fact;   (2)   the
misrepresentation or concealment was willful; (3) the fact was material; and
(4) the naturalized citizen procured citizenship as a result of the
misrepresentation or concealment. See Kungys v. United States, 485 U.S. 759,
767–71 (1988). Cornejo’s appeal focuses on materiality. A fact is material if it
“was predictably capable of affecting” or “had a natural tendency to affect” the

      1 In any event, Cornejo’s affidavit does not dispute that he pleaded guilty to the
Kansas drug offenses, which, as discussed below, estops him from arguing he did not commit
them.
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                                 No. 16-20547
determination of whether the applicant met the requirements for citizenship.
Id. at 771.
      To become a naturalized citizen, an applicant must be “a person of good
moral character” from five years prior to submitting an application for
citizenship until the date of citizenship. 8 U.S.C. § 1427(a). Cornejo’s brief
focuses on the provision barring an applicant from meeting that standard if he
had committed a crime of moral turpitude, 8 U.S.C. §§ 1101(f)(3),
1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(I), which Cornejo contends his drug offenses were not. But we
need not decide that question. An applicant also does not qualify as a person
of good moral character if he admits that, during the statutory time period, he
committed acts which constitute a violation of “any law or regulation of a
State . . . relating to a controlled substance,” other than a crime of simple
possession of a small amount of marijuana.             8 U.S.C. §§ 1101(f)(3);
1182(a)(2)(A)(i)(II). This is true regardless of whether the applicant is ever
arrested or convicted. See 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(2)(A)(i). At summary judgment,
the government established that Cornejo committed such a crime while his
application was pending in light of his later guilty plea to the Kansas drug
offenses that occurred prior to his interview. To the extent he now alleges
otherwise, he is estopped from doing so by his guilty plea. See In re Grothues,
226 F.3d 334, 339 (5th Cir.2000); United States v. Kayode Akamo, 515 F. App’x
248, 249 (5th Cir. 2012). The omitted fact of his drug crime was therefore
material as a crime relating to a controlled substance. Cornejo does not contest
this ground for the judgment in his opening brief and has therefore forfeited

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                                       No. 16-20547
the issue. 2 See Legate v. Livingston, 822 F.3d 207, 211–12 (5th Cir. 2016);
United States v. Scroggins, 599 F.3d 433, 446–47 (5th Cir. 2010).
       To the extent Cornejo asserts his misrepresentations were not willful, he
also forfeited that issue for failure to adequately raise it in his opening brief.
                                           ***
       The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

       2 In a footnote, Cornejo maintains that a violation of Kansas’s possession of marijuana
with intent to sell law is not an aggravated felony under 8 U.S.C. section 1101(a)(43)(B). This
is beside the point. The relevant inquiry is not whether Cornejo’s crime was an aggravated
felony but whether it was a violation of any state law relating to a controlled substance under
section 1101(f)(3).
                                              5