Court Opinion

ID: 3614194
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-07-05 23:57:42.207921+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:24:29.285022
License: Public Domain

[EDITORS' NOTE:  THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.] *Page 212 
The assignors are vindicated by the verdict from all imputations of actual fraud. Their purpose was to pay their creditors, and not to hinder them. They relinquished all their property, reserving no benefit to themselves, and devoting it unconditionally to the payment of their debts. The object of the trust was lawful, and the instrument by which it was created should be upheld, unless it is corrupted by some provision plainly illegal.
It is claimed that the assignment is defeated by a clause in the declaration of trust, providing that the assignee shall *Page 213 
convert the property into money, with all convenient speed, with full power "to sell and dispose of the assigned premises, at such time or times, and in such manner, as to him may seem to be most for the benefit and advantage of the creditors."
In construing the provisions of a general assignment, we are to be governed by the rules applicable to ordinary conveyances. The prevalent impression, alluded to in the opinion delivered in the court below, that there is any peculiar rigor of intendment in this class of cases, arises from misapprehension. Some diversity of opinion exists, and occasionally finds expression in the courts, as to the policy of our laws, in permitting a debtor, by his own act, to withdraw his property from the reach of ordinary process. It is true that it tends to the disadvantage of those not preferred; but it operates beneficially to the creditors as a class, by securing the application to the payment of debts, of a large portion of the assets, which would otherwise be exhausted by the costs, incident to a race of legal diligence between the prosecuting creditors. It tends also to such delay as may be needful in the execution of the trust; but this is common to all the creditors, and no more the subject of just complaint, than the delay unavoidably incident to the extinguishment of claims against the estate of a deceased debtor. The right exercised by the assignor is secured by the statute which authorizes the creation of these trusts, and it has never been seriously questioned in any of our judicial tribunals.
The policy of the law, in permitting the debtor to declare theorder, in which he thinks it just that his debts should be paid, has also been occasionally the subject of judicial observation; but the right to make preferential assignments was settled, in the Court of Errors, nearly half a century ago, in the case of Murray v. Riggs (15 Johns., 571). From that time to this, it has been recognized by the legislature and upheld in the courts. It is as perfect and absolute as the rights secured by law to the creditor; and when either become the subject of judicial determination, the same presumption *Page 214 
prevails in favor of good faith, and the same rules of construction are uniformly applied in the courts.
One of the most familiar of these, is the quaint rule of Lord COKE: "Whensoever the words of a deed, or of the parties without deed, may have a double intendment, and one standeth with law and right, and the other is wrongful and against law, the intendmentthat standeth with law shall be taken." (Coke's Litt., 42.)
The assignors, when they executed this instrument, were creating a trust for a lawful purpose, to be executed under the control of the courts, by an unobjectionable and competent trustee. They surrendered all their property, reserving to themselves no benefit or control in any contingency whatever. The general tenor of the instrument, as well as the finding of the jury, indicate an honest purpose to apply their property unconditionally to the payment of their debts. They had no apparent motive for delaying this application. If the clause in question could be construed as directing such delay it would defeat their manifest intent. There is no such express direction, and if one can be deduced by inference or implication, the effect will be to destroy the deed, and convert into a crime an act otherwise innocent. Deeply as the law abhors fraud and crime, it equally abhors the imputation of either, except upon clear and controlling evidence. Where mere words, written or spoken, are relied on as the sole evidence of guilt, it is not enough that they admit of a construction consistent with the imputed wrong, unless they are also inconsistent with a lawful act and an honest purpose. There are exceptions to this rule, in the class of cases in which, from considerations of public policy, particular facts are made by law presumptive evidence of fraud or crime. Familiar illustrations of these rules of artificial presumption are found in the old English law of child murder, and in our own statute, making the continued possession of assigned goods evidence of fraud in respect to the creditors of the assignor. The present case is within none of these exceptions; and the onus is, therefore, upon the creditor who assails the assignment, to show that the *Page 215 
clause in question is in plain violation of law. If he fails in this, the duty of the court is clear. The assignment, being otherwise unimpeached, must be upheld, unless it bears upon its face the brand of self-condemnation. In the case of the Earl of Clanrickards, Lord HOBART said: "I do exceedingly commend the judges that are curious and almost subtile, astuti — which is the word used in the Proverbs of Solomon in a good sense, when it is to a good end — to invent reasons and means to make acts, according to the just intent of the parties, and to avoid wrong and injury, which by rigid rules might be wrought out of the act." (Hobart, 277.) Whenever this rule of judgment has been invoked, it has received the sanction of the courts. (Crossing
v. Scudamore, 1 Ventris, 141; Roe v. Tranmer, 2 Wilson, 78;Pugh v. The Duke of Leeds, 2 Cowper, 714; Harrington v.Kloprogge, 2 Chitty, 475; Shore v. Wilson, 9 Clark 
Finelly, 397; Hathaway v. Power, 6 Hill, 456; Booth v.Sweezy, 4 Selden, 280.) It may be said of this, as it was, by Lord BACON, of a kindred rule: "It is author of much quiet and certainty; and that, in two sorts: first, because it favoreth acts and conveyances executed, taking them still beneficially for the grantees and possessors; and, secondly, because it makes an end of many questions and doubts about construction of words; for, if the labor were only to pick out the intention of the parties, every judge would have a several sense; whereas this rule doth give them a sway, to take the law more certainly one way." (Bacon's Law Maxims, Reg. 3.)
In the decisions made by this court, this rule of construction has been uniformly applied; and no general assignment has been adjudged to be fraudulent on its face, where the language of the instrument admitted of an interpretation in harmony with settled principles of law. (Kellog v. Slauson, 1 Kern., 302; Jessup
v. Hulse, 21 N.Y., 168; Ogden v. Peters, 21 N.Y., 24;Griffin v. Marquadt, 21 N.Y., 123; Campbell v. Woodworth,24 N.Y., 304; Dow v. Platner, 16 N.Y., 562; Carpenter v.Underwood, 19 N.Y., 520; Oliver Lee's Bank v. Talcott,19 N Y, 146.) The cases in which the trust has been subverted as illegal, have *Page 216 
been those in which the assignee was invested by the instrument with absolute or discretionary powers, independent of, and inconsistent with, those resulting from the nature of the trust by operation of law. (Barney v. Griffin, 2 Comst., 365;Nicholson v. Leavitt, 2 Seld., 510; Burdick v. Post, 2 Seld., 522; Porter v. Williams, 5 Seld., 142; Brigham v.Tillinghast, 3 Kern., 215; Dunham v. Waterman, 17 N.Y., 9;Nichols v. McEwen, 17 N.Y., 22.)
The provisions of the assignment now in question, if fairly construed, are free from all objection. The obvious purpose of the clause to which exception is taken, was to enjoin fidelity on the assignee, in exercising the powers conferred by the assignor, and in discharging the duties of the resulting trust. Such an injunction was needless; as the mere acceptance of the instrument, if the objectionable words had been omitted, would have imposed on the assignee the precise obligations to the creditors, which this clause declared in terms. He was directed to convert the assigned estate into money with all convenient speed; and this would have been his plain duty, though it had not been enjoined by the assignor. That such a direction does not invalidate the instrument was adjudged, by this court, in the case of Ogden v. Peters (21 N.Y., 23).
He was also enjoined to sell and dispose of the assigned property, "at such time or times, and in such manner, as to him may seem most for the benefit and advantage of the creditors." These, too, were obligations imposed by law, and which he would not have been at liberty to disregard, though they had not been stated in the declaration of trust. If he had sold all the property at once, without regard to its locality, its nature, or the circumstances which might require sales at different places, and on different occasions, he would have been guilty of a plain breach of trust. If the beneficiaries were seasonably advised that such a course was meditated, they could arrest his action by invoking the aid of the courts; and if the wrong was perpetrated without notice to them, they could hold him responsible for bad faith in the execution of his trust. So, also, as to the manner of sale. Whether the *Page 217 
property should be sold at private sale or at public auction, was a question committed by the law, as well as by the assignment to the discretion of the assignee. That the discretion as to the time or times and manner of sale does not invalidate the assignment, was adjudged in the case of Jessup v. Hulse
(21 N Y, 168).
The remaining objection arises out of the direction, that the assignee should exercise his discretion in these particulars in good faith, as to him should "seem to be most for the benefit and advantage of the creditors." It would be difficult to define, with more exact precision, the duty in this regard imposed by law on the trustee. The question, however, is no longer open to discussion; as the validity of such a direction has been settled in this court by repeated adjudications. (Kellog v. Slauson,
1 Kern., 302; Jessup v. Hulse, 21 N.Y., 168; Wilson v.Robertson, 21 id., 587.)
We find nothing in the assignment indicative of a purpose on the part of the assignor, to withhold any portion of his property from his creditors, to delay its prompt application to the payment of his debts, to invest his assignee with unlawful powers, or to hamper him with illegal restrictions. If he was guilty of any fault, it was in enjoining upon the assignee that fidelity to his trust, which was secured by the more authoritative mandate of the law. Such an injunction is neither immoral, illegal nor fraudulent. It is never unlawful tostipulate for that, which is implied as matter of undoubted legal right. "Expressio eorum quae tacite insunt nihiloperatur." (Broom's Legal Maxims, 518; Curtis v. Leavitt,15 N Y, 120.)
As the original assignment was valid, it is unnecessary to consider the question, discussed with great learning and ability by the respective counsel, whether an assignment can be purged by subsequent agreement between the parties, from an unlawful provision in favor of the assignee, as against a creditor who acquires his equitable lien after the illegal provision is waived.
Various interlocutory errors are alleged, in the course of the proceedings which resulted in the exoneration of the *Page 218 
assignor by the jury, from the imputation of actual fraud. The clearness and cogency with which these allegations are met, in the opinion delivered by Judge WOODRUFF at the General Term, relieve us from the duty of considering them anew in detail. It is sufficient to say that the views presented by him meet with our entire concurrence.
The judgment of the Superior Court should be affirmed.
BROWN, J., also delivered an opinion in favor of affirmance.
All the judges concurring; the judgment was affirmed, with costs. *Page 219