Court Opinion

ID: 4666304
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-03-10 03:00:47.188567+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:02:48.360980
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                                FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

                          Plaintiff,
                                                                   Civil Action No. 17-1208 (BAH)
                          v.
                                                                   Chief Judge Beryl A. Howell
BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT, et al.,

                          Defendants.

                                       MEMORANDUM OPINION

        Plaintiff Center for Biological Diversity (“CBD”), a nonprofit “environmental

conservation organization that works to protect native wildlife species and their habitats,” Am.

Compl. ¶ 1, ECF No. 6, challenges the response of defendant U.S. Department of the Interior

(“DOI”) to a six-part request submitted pursuant to the Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”), 5

U.S.C. § 552, for records regarding an order issued by the Secretary of the Interior concerning

the Federal Coal Program (the “FOIA Request”), id. ¶¶ 27, 30–31. Specifically, plaintiff alleges

in three claims that DOI failed to conduct an adequate search for responsive records (Count II),

id. ¶¶ 49–53; failed to promptly disclose records responsive to plaintiff’s FOIA request (Count

III), id. ¶¶ 59–63; and failed to provide reasonably segregable portions of any responsive records

exempt from disclosure under FOIA (Count IV), id. ¶¶ 70–75.1

1
          In addition to these counts, the Amended Complaint pled that DOI failed to make a determination on
plaintiff’s FOIA request (Count I), Am. Compl. ¶¶ 40–43, and, in the alternative, violated the Administrative
Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. § 551 et seq., by unlawfully withholding or unreasonably delaying agency actions required
by FOIA (Count V), Am. Compl. ¶¶ 82–87, and failing to comply with its FOIA obligations (Count VI), id. ¶¶ 93–
97. The Amended Complaint also pled all six counts against the Bureau of Land Management (“BLM”). Id. ¶¶ 36–
39, 44–48, 54–58, 64–69, 76–81, 88–92. The parties presented no argument on any claim except Count II, as
alleged against DOI, in their pending cross-motions for summary judgment. Defendants represented in their Motion
for Summary Judgment, filed only by DOI, that “[p]laintiff d[id] not seek further searches by BLM nor d[id]
[p]laintiff currently have any reason to challenge any redactions or exemption clams by [d]efendants,” Def.’s Mot.
Summ. J. (“Def.’s Mot.”) at 1–2, ECF No. 29, and suggested that “the Court should dismiss the claims against BLM

                                                        1
        Pending before the Court are the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment. Def.’s

Mot. Summ. J. (“Def.’s Mot.”), ECF No. 29; Pl.’s Mot. Partial Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Mot.”), ECF No.

30. For the reasons set forth below, both parties’ motions are denied.

I.      BACKGROUND

        Plaintiff’s FOIA Request is briefly described below, followed by review of DOI’s

responses to the Request both before and after initiation of this lawsuit.

        A.       The FOIA Request

        On March 28, 2017, then–President Trump signed Executive Order 13783, which, in

relevant part, directed the Secretary of the Interior to “take all steps necessary and appropriate to

amend or withdraw Secretary’s Order 3338” and “to lift any and all moratoria on Federal land

coal leasing activities related to Order 3338.” Exec. Order No. 13,783, 82 Fed. Reg. 16,093,

16,096 (Mar. 28, 2017). That same day, in response to the Executive Order, plaintiff submitted

two FOIA requests, one to DOI and the other to the Bureau of Land Management (“BLM”),

seeking “all communications” “referencing Secretarial Order No. 3338.” Pl.’s Statement of

Material Facts Not in Genuine Dispute (“Pl.’s SMF”) ¶ 1, ECF No. 30-2; see also Def.’s

Statement of Material Facts Not in Genuine Dispute (“Def.’s SMF”) ¶ 1, ECF No. 29-1; Def.’s

Statement of Genuine Issues & Resp. Pl.’s Statement of Issues Not in Dispute (“Def.’s Resp.

SMF”) ¶ 1, ECF No. 32-1; Decl. of William J. Snape, III (“Snape Decl.”), Ex. 1, Letter from

Margaret E. Townsend, Open Gov’t Staff Att’y, CBD, to Ryan Witt, BLM FOIA Officer (Mar.

as moot,” id. at 2. In response to the Court’s order for supplemental briefing addressing the plaintiff’s claims
against BLM and Counts I, III, IV, V, and VI against DOI, see Min. Order (Feb. 9, 2021), plaintiff advised that it
“possesse[d] no further claims” against BLM and that its “remaining claims are against [DOI] on Counts II, III, and
IV of its Amended Complaint,” Pl.’s Suppl. Mem. Law & Facts (“Pl.’s Suppl. Mem.”) at 1, ECF No. 39. In
response to the Court’s order to show cause why the undisputed claims against BLM and DOI should not be
summarily dismissed, see Min. Order (Mar. 1, 2021), the parties instead stipulated to the dismissal of all claims
against BLM and of Counts I, V, and VI against DOI, see Joint Mot. Dismissal, ECF No. 41, which dismissal was
granted on March 3, 2021, see Min. Order (Mar. 3, 2021). Counts II, III, and IV of the Amended Complaint as
alleged against DOI are thus the only claims still disputed by the parties.

                                                         2
28, 2017) (“BLM FOIA Request”) at 1, ECF No. 30-6; Snape Decl. ¶ 16, ECF No. 30-3

(authenticating the BLM FOIA Request).2 The six parts of the Request specified that it

encompassed “all records of discussions or correspondence with private parties, state or local

officials, federal elected officials, Trump transition team members, other federal agencies, and

internal agency staff” that referenced the Order, Pl.’s SMF ¶ 1; see also Def.’s Resp. SMF ¶ 1,

“even if the Order is not explicitly discussed or referenced,” BLM FOIA Request at 1–2; see also

Am. Compl. ¶ 31. The FOIA Request also defined the term “record” to be “consistent with the

meaning of the term under FOIA,” and therefore to include a wide variety of file formats, such as

voicemails, text messages, instant messages, and chats, in addition to more traditional

communications. BLM FOIA Request at 2.

        B.       Processing of the Request and Procedural History

        On March 29, 2017, only one day after issuance of Executive Order 13783, then–

Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke signed Secretarial Order No. 3348, which order “revoke[d]

Secretary’s Order 3338,” effective immediately. Sec’y of Interior, Secretarial Order No. 3348,

Concerning the Federal Coal Moratorium 1 (Mar. 29, 2017). On the same day, DOI

acknowledged receipt of the FOIA Request and assigned it tracking number OS-2017-00376.

Pl.’s SMF ¶ 5; Def.’s Resp. SMF ¶ 5; Def.’s SMF ¶ 2; Decl. of Amy R. Atwood (“Atwood

Decl.”) ¶ 7, ECF No. 30-4; Snape Decl., Ex. 3, Letter from Clarice Julka, FOIA Officer, Office

of the Sec’y (“OS”), DOI, to Margaret E. Townsend, Open Gov’t Staff Att’y, CBD (Mar. 29,

2017) at 1, ECF No. 30-8.

2
          The record does not include the FOIA Request submitted by plaintiff to DOI. The parties agree, however,
that the requests submitted to DOI and BLM were identical except insofar as they referred to BLM or DOI, Pl.’s
SMF ¶ 2; Def.’s Resp. SMF ¶ 2, and do not contest either the scope or the content of the FOIA Request. Thus, the
Court relies on the language of the BLM FOIA Request in describing the DOI FOIA Request at issue in this case.
As the remaining disputed claims relate solely to the DOI FOIA Request, see supra note 1, BLM’s search for and
production of responsive records are not discussed.

                                                        3
       Several months passed without DOI making any further response to plaintiff. See Pl.’s

SMF ¶¶ 5–6; Def.’s Resp. SMF ¶¶ 5–6. In June 2017, three months after submission of the

FOIA Request, plaintiff requested that the agency provide an estimated completion date for its

response to the FOIA Request. Snape Decl., Ex. 4, Letter from Margaret E. Townsend, Open

Gov’t Staff Att’y, CBD, to Clarice Julka, FOIA Officer, OS, DOI (June 14, 2017) at 2–3, ECF

No. 30-9; Snape Decl. ¶ 16; Atwood Decl. ¶ 8. Around the same time, on June 20, 2017,

plaintiff initiated this litigation, naming only BLM as a defendant. See Compl., ECF No. 1.

About a month later, on July 26, 2017, having received no response from DOI to its June 2017

correspondence, plaintiff amended its complaint to include DOI as a defendant. See Am.

Compl.; Pl.’s SMF ¶ 8; Def.’s Resp. SMF ¶ 8.

       Soon after plaintiff filed its Amended Complaint, DOI “beg[an] searching for and

reviewing records . . . responsive to” the FOIA Request. Joint Status Report (Sept. 7, 2017) ¶ 3,

ECF No. 9. Under the Court’s supervision, from September 2017 to early 2019, DOI produced

responsive records to plaintiff, including responsive records from DOI’s Office of the Secretary

(“DOI-OS”), “with no serious issues or disagreements between the parties.” Pl.’s SMF ¶ 11; see

also Def.’s Resp. SMF ¶ 11; Def.’s SMF ¶ 7; Pl.’s Resp. Def.’s Statement of Material Facts

(“Pl.’s Resp. SMF”) ¶ 7, ECF No. 30-2; Second Joint Status Report (Nov. 30, 2017), ECF No.

10; Third Joint Status Report (Mar. 16, 2018), ECF No. 11; Fourth Joint Status Report (Aug. 15,

2018), ECF No. 12; Fifth Joint Status Report (Nov. 9, 2018), ECF No. 13; Joint Status Report

(Jan. 29, 2019), ECF No. 15. During this time, according to the acting DOI-OS FOIA Officer,

DOI-OS “identified likely custodians in the OS” and sent the FOIA request to those individuals

with instructions to “search all electronic and paper files in their possession” based on “the

subject matter of Secretarial Order No. 3338,” the order repealed by Secretary Zinke’s signing of

                                                 4
Secretarial Order No. 3348. Decl. of Leah Fairman (“Fairman Decl.”) ¶ 4, ECF No. 29-2; see

also Def.’s SMF ¶ 16; Pl.’s Resp. SMF ¶ 16. The identified custodians each carried out an initial

search. Fairman Decl. ¶ 4. DOI-OS also “asked each custodian to identify other custodians who

were likely to have additional responsive documents,” and undertook a similar process with the

new list of custodians. Id. ¶ 5; see also Def.’s SMF ¶ 17; Pl.’s Resp. SMF ¶ 17. As Secretarial

Order No. 3338 concerned the Federal Coal Program, the agency’s initial efforts “focused on the

minerals management mission of” DOI. Fairman Decl. ¶ 6; see also Def.’s SMF ¶¶ 17–18; Pl.’s

Resp. SMF ¶¶ 17–18. The initial search ultimately “yielded 2,338 responsive pages” of records.

Fairman Decl. ¶ 8; see also Def.’s SMF ¶ 19; Pl.’s Resp. SMF ¶ 19.

       At the close of the initial search, plaintiff “expressed concern over the apparent lack of

Secretarial communications,” that is, communications directly to or from Secretary Zinke, in

DOI’s rolling productions of records. Fairman Decl. ¶ 7; see also Def.’s SMF ¶ 20; Pl.’s Resp.

SMF ¶ 20. DOI-OS thus expanded its search to include records in the files of the Secretary,

which were searched by his Special Assistant, and his Chief of Staff, Fairman Decl. ¶ 7; Def.’s

SMF ¶ 21; Pl.’s Resp. SMF ¶ 21, but reported that no new records were located, Fairman Decl.

¶ 7; Def.’s SMF ¶ 22; Pl.’s Resp. SMF ¶ 22. Consequently, in their April 2019 status report, the

parties raised an “area of disagreement . . . regarding records pertaining to the Interior Secretary

and his office,” Joint Status Report (Apr. 8, 2019) at 1, ECF No. 17, namely, plaintiff’s

continued concern that DOI’s productions did not include meaningful correspondence to or from

Secretary Zinke, Fairman Decl. ¶ 9; Pl.’s Mem. P. & A. Supp. Pl.’s Mot. Partial Summ. J. &

Opp’n Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Opp’n”) at 3–4, ECF No. 30-1.

       The parties agreed to confer about the absence of Secretary-level records, see Joint Status

Report (July 30, 2019) at 1, ECF No. 18, but encountered delays in the production of potentially

                                                  5
relevant documents that were subject to “review[] by the White House for equities,” Joint Status

Report (Aug. 26, 2019) at 1, ECF No. 19; see 43 C.F.R. §§ 2.12, 2.13. The White House

completed its review in February 2020, Pl.’s SMF ¶ 13; Def.’s Resp. SMF ¶ 13, and DOI

subsequently released its final production of documents, consisting of 181 additional pages, to

plaintiff, Joint Status Report (Mar. 2, 2020) ¶ 1, ECF No. 25. This production did not include

“any communications from the Secretary or Deputy Secretary of the Interior” or “any records

that would be considered a draft of final Secretarial Order No. 3348.” Pl.’s SMF ¶ 13; Def.’s

Resp. SMF ¶ 13. As a result, upon review of this final release of documents, plaintiff continued

to “believe[] that there might be some records [from DOI-OS] still possibly missing.” Joint

Status Report (June 8, 2020) (“June 2020 JSR”) ¶ 2, ECF No. 26.

       In an effort to address this concern, plaintiff requested, and DOI agreed to conduct, “a

supplemental search for documents related to then–Secretary Zinke’s involvement in the

promulgation of Secretarial Order No. 33[4]8,” based on search terms provided by plaintiff.

Fairman Decl. ¶ 9; see also June 2020 JSR ¶¶ 3–4; Def.’s SMF ¶¶ 24–26; Pl.’s Resp. SMF

¶¶ 24–26. DOI-OS FOIA staff proceeded to search Secretary Zinke’s government email account

and his personal email account, as well as DOI’s document tracking system, using DOI’s “email

and correspondence databases,” with the search terms suggested by plaintiff of “moratorium,”

“coal moratorium,” and “coal lease.” Fairman Decl. ¶ 10; see also Def.’s SMF ¶¶ 24–26; Pl.’s

Resp. SMF ¶¶ 24–26. The supplemental search generated fourteen pages of documents “not

previously identified by other custodians during the initial search.” Fairman Decl. ¶ 10. In July

2020, DOI produced all responsive, non-exempt material collected in the supplemental search to

plaintiff. Id.; Def.’s SMF ¶ 27; Pl.’s Resp. SMF ¶ 27. Still missing from the production were

                                                6
substantial Secretary-level communications and any draft of Secretarial Order No. 3348. Pl.’s

SMF ¶ 15; Def.’s Resp. SMF ¶ 15.3

         In a final attempt to resolve their dispute about these allegedly missing records, DOI

“agreed to provide [p]laintiff with a detailed description of its search for responsive documents”

and to confer with plaintiff about “any further suggestions it may have for a further search, and

any additional follow-up searches” by DOI-OS, as memorialized in the parties’ next status report

submitted to the Court. Joint Status Report (Aug. 10, 2020) ¶ 3, ECF No. 27. The parties

accordingly “held a series of telephone conferences,” Joint Status Report (Sept. 11, 2020) (“Sept.

2020 JSR”) ¶ 1, ECF No. 28, during which plaintiff raised a number of concerns with the “scope

and manner” of the agency’s search for DOI-OS records, id. ¶ 2. Specifically, plaintiff pointed

to DOI’s failure to produce drafts of Secretarial Order No. 3348 and communications to or from

Secretary Zinke related to the Order, which, in its view, suggested that DOI had failed to

adequately search all of Secretary Zinke’s personal and government communication platforms

and had failed to search the records of members of the Trump Transition Team for DOI,

including the eventual Deputy Secretary of the Interior and Zinke’s successor as Secretary,

David Bernhardt. Pl.’s SMF ¶ 17; Def.’s Resp. SMF ¶ 17; Sept. 2020 JSR ¶¶ 1–2.

3
          In response to plaintiff’s contention that the July 2020 production “failed to provide . . . any Secretary-level
communications,” Pl.’s SMF ¶ 15, DOI notes that the production included “two calendar invite emails from then-
Secretary Zinke to staff (including the Deputy Secretary) inviting the[m] to a briefing on the ‘Secretarial Order on
Coal Moratorium,’” Def.’s Resp. SMF ¶ 15, but does not submit that any additional secretarial communications
were produced, see generally id.; see also Decl. of Brett H. Myrick (“Myrick Decl.”) ¶ 23, ECF No. 32-2.
Moreover, DOI’s primary evidence to dispute plaintiff’s contention, an exhibit apparently consisting of the allegedly
produced calendar invitations and a briefing document included as a calendar attachment, Def.’s Reply Supp. Def.’s
Mot. Summ. J. & Opp’n Pl.’s Cross-Mot. Summ. J. (“Def.’s Reply”), Ex. C, ECF No. 32-4, not only has no indicia
of having actually been given to plaintiff, but also has not been authenticated in any of DOI’s declarations and
therefore cannot be considered. See Konah v. District of Columbia, 971 F. Supp. 2d 74, 80 (D.D.C. 2013); Akers v.
Liberty Mut. Grp., 744 F. Supp. 2d 92, 97 (D.D.C. 2010) (“‘[U]nsworn, unauthenticated documents cannot be
considered on a motion for summary judgment.’” (alteration in original) (quoting Orsi v. Kirkwood, 999 F.2d 86, 92
(4th Cir. 1993))).

                                                            7
         The parties dispute at some length the details of a September 9, 2020 conference call

between their respective counsel held as part of this conferral process.4 The disputed particulars

of the September 9 call notwithstanding, the parties agree that they were unable to resolve their

disagreements and that DOI did not conduct the additional searches of Secretary Zinke’s

personal files and Trump Transition Team records suggested by plaintiff. The parties

accordingly advised the Court in their next status report that they had reached deadlock on the

issues surrounding DOI’s search for Secretary-level communications and for drafts of Secretarial

Order No. 3348, Sept. 2020 JSR ¶¶ 1–4, and a schedule for dispositive motions was set, see Min.

Order (Sept. 14, 2020).

II.      LEGAL STANDARD

         Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56, “‘[a] party is entitled to summary judgment

only if there is no genuine issue of material fact and judgment in the movant's favor is proper as

a matter of law.’” Soundboard Ass’n v. FTC, 888 F.3d 1261, 1267 (D.C. Cir. 2018) (quoting

Ctr. for Auto Safety v. Nat’l Highway Traffic Safety Admin., 452 F.3d 798, 805 (D.C. Cir. 2006));

see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). “In FOIA cases, ‘summary judgment may be granted on the basis

of agency affidavits if they contain reasonable specificity of detail rather than merely conclusory

statements, and if they are not called into question by contradictory evidence in the record or by

evidence of agency bad faith.’” Aguiar v. DEA, 865 F.3d 730, 734–35 (D.C. Cir. 2017) (quoting

Judicial Watch, Inc. v. Secret Serv., 726 F.3d 208, 215 (D.C. Cir. 2013)); see also Students

4
         Plaintiff contends that, during the call, DOI refused to search the additional locations and types of records
suggested by plaintiff, in particular, the personal files and email accounts of Secretary Zinke and the records of the
Trump Transition Team for DOI, without a court order. Pl.’s Opp’n at 4; Snape Decl. ¶ 14; Atwood Decl. ¶ 12; Pl.’s
SMF ¶¶ 17–18. DOI, in contrast, claims that its counsel advised plaintiff that its requests “were outside the power
of the Department” because they called for searches of persons and entities outside the agency or for resolution of
complex technical issues and therefore would require a court order. Def.’s Resp. SMF ¶ 18; see also Myrick Decl.
¶¶ 8–15. The agency further claims that plaintiff “declined” its offer to design a further search of records under
DOI’s direct control and that DOI therefore completed all searches sought by plaintiff. Def.’s SMF ¶ 30; see also

                                                          8
Against Genocide v. Dep’t of State, 257 F.3d 828, 833 (D.C. Cir. 2001) (“[A]n agency is entitled

to summary judgment if no material facts are in dispute and if it demonstrates ‘that each

document that falls within the class requested either has been produced . . . or is wholly exempt

from the Act’s inspection requirements.’” (omission in original) (quoting Goland v. CIA, 607

F.2d 339, 352 (D.C. Cir. 1978))). Most FOIA cases “can be resolved on summary judgment.”

Brayton v. Off. of U.S. Trade Representative, 641 F.3d 521, 527 (D.C. Cir. 2011).

         FOIA was enacted “to promote the ‘broad disclosure of Government records’ by

generally requiring federal agencies to make their records available to the public on request.”

DiBacco v. Army (“DiBacco I”), 795 F.3d 178, 183 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (quoting Dep’t of Justice v.

Julian, 486 U.S. 1, 8 (1988)). Agencies are therefore statutorily mandated to “make . . records

promptly available to any person” who submits a request that “reasonably describes such

records” and “is made in accordance with [the agency’s] published rules.” 5 U.S.C.

§ 552(a)(3)(A). Should an agency fail to comply with these obligations, FOIA authorizes federal

courts “to enjoin the agency from withholding agency records and to order the production of any

agency records improperly withheld from the complainant.” Id. § 552(a)(4)(B).

         An agency responding to a FOIA request is “simply required to ‘conduct[] a search

reasonably calculated to uncover all relevant documents.’” In re Clinton, 973 F.3d 106, 116

(D.C. Cir. 2020) (alteration in original) (emphasis omitted) (quoting Steinberg v. Dep’t of

Justice, 23 F.3d 548, 551 (D.C. Cir. 1994)). Thus, when reviewing a challenge to the adequacy

of an agency’s search for responsive records, “a district court is not tasked with uncovering

‘whether there might exist any other documents possibly responsive to the request,’ but instead,

asks only whether ‘the search for [the requested] documents was adequate.’” Id. (alteration and

Myrick Decl. ¶ 22. Plaintiff not only denies this representation, but also claims that no offer to undertake further
searches was made. Pl.’s Resp. SMF ¶¶ 28–30.

                                                           9
emphasis in original) (quoting Weisberg v. Dep’t of Justice, 745 F.2d 1476, 1485 (D.C. Cir.

1984)).

          In this regard, an agency “fulfills its obligations under FOIA if it can demonstrate beyond

material doubt that its search was reasonably calculated to uncover all relevant documents” and

that it “perform[ed] more than a perfunctory search” to identify responsive records. Ancient

Coin Collectors Guild v. Dep’t of State, 641 F.3d 504, 514 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (internal quotation

marks omitted); see also Clemente v. FBI, 867 F.3d 111, 117 (D.C. Cir. 2017) (“‘In order to

obtain summary judgment the agency must show that it made a good faith effort to conduct a

search for the requested records, using methods which can be reasonably expected to produce the

information requested.’” (quoting Oglesby v. Dep’t of Army, 920 F.2d 57, 68 (D.C. Cir. 1990))).

At the summary judgment stage, an agency “can satisfy this burden through a ‘reasonably

detailed affidavit, setting forth the search terms and the type of search performed, and averring

that all files likely to contain responsive materials (if such records exist) were searched.’”

Machado Amadis v. Dep’t of State, 971 F.3d 364, 368 (D.C. Cir. 2020) (quoting Oglesby, 920

F.2d at 68); see also Reps. Comm. for Freedom of the Press v. FBI (“Reps. Comm.”), 877 F.3d

399, 402 (D.C. Cir. 2017). Courts “accord such affidavits ‘a presumption of good faith, which

cannot be rebutted by purely speculative claims about the existence and discoverability of other

documents.’” Machado Amadis, 971 F.3d at 368 (quoting SafeCard Servs., Inc. v. SEC, 926

F.2d 1197, 1200 (D.C. Cir. 1991)).

          If an agency has made a prima facie showing of the adequacy of its search, the FOIA

requester bears the burden of overcoming this presumption of good faith by “provid[ing]

countervailing evidence as to the adequacy of the agency’s search.” Iturralde v. Comptroller of

Currency, 315 F.3d 311, 314 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks omitted). “‘[S]ummary

                                                  10
judgment is inappropriate’ if ‘a review of the record raises substantial doubt’ as to the search’s

adequacy, ‘particularly in view of well defined requests and positive indications of overlooked

materials.’” Reps. Comm., 877 F.3d at 402 (alteration in original) (quoting Valencia-Lucena v.

U.S. Coast Guard, 180 F.3d 321, 325 (D.C. Cir. 1999)); see also Aguiar, 865 F.3d at 738.

III.   DISCUSSION

       The parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment dispute only the adequacy of DOI’s

search for responsive records. See Def.’s Mot. at 2; Pl.’s Mot. at 1; Pl.’s Suppl. Mem. at 1;

Def.’s Resp. Pl.’s Suppl. Mem. (“Def.’s Suppl. Mem.”) at 1, ECF No. 40. First, plaintiff asserts

that DOI’s search was unreasonable and inadequate because the agency did not produce or

identify in response to the FOIA Request any drafts of Secretarial Order No. 3348 or any

substantial communications directly to or from Secretary Zinke about either Secretarial Order

No. 3348 or the order it repealed, Secretarial Order No. 3338. Pl.’s Opp’n. at 2; Pl.’s Reply Br.

Supp. Partial Mot. Summ. J. & Opp’n Defs.’ Mot. Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Reply”) at 2, ECF No. 34.

According to plaintiff, these documents fell squarely within the scope of the FOIA Request,

which “sought all ‘communications in all forms discussing overturning [Secretarial Order No.]

3338” within DOI and with other government actors and external stakeholders, Pl.’s Opp’n at 1,

and consequently, the agency should be required “to conduct a new search” to locate the records,

id. at 2; see also Pl.’s Reply at 10; Pl.’s Suppl. Mem. at 4.

       In addition to the notable absence of drafts of Secretarial Order No. 3348 and related

Secretary-level communications, plaintiff points to three categories of records as to which it

believes DOI’s search was inadequate: (1) personal devices and communications of former

Secretary Zinke and other agency officials, see Pl.’s Opp’n. at 7; Pl.’s Reply at 5; Pl.’s Suppl.

Mem. at 5, 7; (2) government devices and accounts used by former Secretary Zinke and related

                                                  11
records held by DOI’s OIG, see Pl.’s Opp’n at 4, 7–8; Pl.’s Reply at 4–5; Pl.’s Suppl. Mem. at 7–

10, and (3) records held by or related to the Trump Transition Team and David Bernhardt, who

was the Trump Transition leader for DOI and later became Deputy Secretary of the Interior and,

eventually, Zinke’s successor as Secretary of the Interior, see Pl.’s Opp’n at 4–5; Pl.’s Reply at

7–8; Pl.’s Suppl. Mem. at 5–6.5

         The significance of the missing drafts and Secretary-level communications cannot be

understated in assessing the sufficiency of DOI’s declarations describing the search. That issue

is addressed first before turning to consideration of the three additional alleged deficiencies in

DOI’s search.

         A.       Missing Drafts of Secretarial Order No. 3348 and Secretary-Level
                  Communications

         Plaintiff first contends that DOI’s failure to produce any drafts of Secretarial Order No.

3348 and any substantial communications directly to or from Secretary Zinke about either

Secretarial Order No. 3338 or Secretarial Order No. 3348 indicates that its search was not

adequate. Pl.’s Opp’n. at 2; Pl.’s Reply at 2. In response, DOI counters that plaintiff’s bare

assertion “that something more from the Secretary must exist somewhere” cannot render the

agency’s search inadequate, Def.’s Mem. P. & A. Supp. Def.’s Mot. Summ. J. (“Def.’s Mem.”)

at 7, ECF No. 29, relying on the D.C. Circuit’s statement in Iturralde v. Comptroller of

Currency, 315 F.3d 311 (D.C. Cir. 2003), that “[m]ere speculation that as yet uncovered

5
          At times, plaintiff appears to argue that DOI’s search was inadequate because plaintiff “specifically asked”
the agency to search these specific repositories and the agency declined to do so. Pl.’s Reply at 5; see also, e.g.,
Pl.’s Opp’n at 4. This argument fails because an agency’s failure to carry out every step recommended by a FOIA
requester does not automatically render the search not “reasonably calculated to uncover all relevant documents.”
Valencia-Lucena, 180 F.3d at 325 (internal quotation marks omitted). Likewise, DOI’s counterargument that,
“[w]here a FOIA requester directs the agency to the office to be searched, and the agency complies with that
direction, the requester cannot later complain that the search was unreasonable or made in bad faith,” Def.’s Reply at
3 (citing Truesdale v. Dep’t of Justice, 803 F. Supp. 2d 44, 50 (D.D.C. 2011)), is unpersuasive because DOI did not
in fact fulfill all of plaintiff’s requests with respect to the search.

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documents may exist does not undermine the finding that the agency conducted a reasonable

search for them,” id. at 316 (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks omitted).

       As DOI acknowledges, see Def.’s Reply at 4, the rule set forth in Iturralde, that “the

failure of an agency to turn up one specific document in its search does not alone render a search

inadequate,” is subject to an exception “[i]n certain circumstances” deemed “sufficient to

overcome an adequate agency affidavit,” 315 F.3d at 315. Among those circumstances is a case

in which a FOIA requester points to “evidence that would indicate that at the time the [agency]

searched its files there was reason to believe that [the missing documents were] in those files.”

Id. In such cases, “[t]he agency’s failure to locate a document that the evidence indicates likely

existed at the time of the search . . . may give rise to ‘material doubt’ about the adequacy of the

agency’s affidavits.” Lamb v. Millennium Challenge Corp., 228 F. Supp. 3d 28, 36 (D.D.C.

2017) (citing Valencia-Lucena, 180 F.3d at 325; Iturralde, 315 F.3d at 315).

       As to the missing drafts of Secretarial Order No. 3348, plaintiff points to the fact that the

Order was signed by Secretary Zinke on March 29, 2017, which fact alone gives ample cause to

believe that at the time of DOI’s initial search later that year, at least one draft should have been

among the agency’s records. Plaintiff correctly notes that DOI is required, under the Federal

Records Act (“FRA”), 44 U.S.C. §§ 3101–3107, and its implementing regulations, to

“[d]ocument the formulation and execution of basic policies and decisions and the taking of

necessary actions, including all substantive decisions and commitments reached orally (person-

to-person, by telecommunications, or in conference) or electronically,” 36 C.F.R. § 1222.22(e);

see also 44 U.S.C. § 3101; Pl.’s Opp’n at 8–10. Thus, affording DOI the “presumption of

regularity” to which it claims to be entitled, Def.’s Suppl. Mem. at 6, that agency employees

comply with applicable law, plaintiff has met its burden to show that drafts or, at a minimum,

                                                 13
notes or other documents reflecting the formulation of, Secretarial Order No. 3348 must have

existed at the time of the search. See, e.g., Nat’l Archives & Records Admin. v. Favish, 541 U.S.

157, 174 (2004) (“[T]here is a presumption of legitimacy accorded to the Government's official

conduct.”); Bracy v. Gramley, 520 U.S. 899, 909 (1997) (“Ordinarily, we presume that public

officials have ‘properly discharged their official duties.’” (quoting United States v. Armstrong,

517 U.S. 456, 464 (1996))); Stone v. Stone, 136 F.2d 761, 763 (D.C. Cir. 1943) (“In an action

which challenges the conduct of a public officer, a presumption of law is indulged in his favor

that his official duties were properly performed.”). Even without the backdrop of the FRA,

plaintiff’s belief that drafts of the Order may exist carries more than just speculative weight. To

accept the premise that no such documents exist would lead to the conclusion that Secretarial

Order No. 3348, a Cabinet-level directive directly responsive to Executive Order 13783, signed

by Secretary Zinke the day after Executive Order 13783 was issued, was somehow developed in

the intervening twenty-four-hour period without any prior planning, revisions, review, or

discussions within DOI or between DOI and the White House. That conclusion defies credulity.

       Similarly incredible, especially in the absence of drafts of Secretarial Order No. 3348, is

the suggestion, raised by the lack of what plaintiff characterizes as “meaningful” Secretary-level

communications located by the agency, Pl.’s Opp’n at 2, that Secretary Zinke himself neither

reviewed even one draft of, nor engaged in any substantive communications about, the order he

was poised to sign. As to the absence of these records, plaintiff relies on “the implausibility of

[d]efendants possessing no meaningful Secretary-level records on a Secretary-signed Secretarial

Order.” Id. at 11; see also Pl.’s Reply at 2. DOI’s response of reducing this claim to

speculation, see Def.’s Reply at 5–6; Def.’s Suppl. Mem. at 6–7, rests on an alternative theory

that Secretary Zinke adopted an order overturning current agency practice and precedent without

                                                 14
engaging in any substantive discussions or communications about either the decision to

implement the order or the language to be used. The agency’s alternative theory is indeed highly

implausible and, if true, deeply troubling. Plaintiff’s position that this deeply troubling

conclusion is likely incorrect, and that records reflecting both drafts of the Order and

communications with Secretary Zinke about the Order therefore likely exist, is not speculative,

in light of DOI’s obligations under the FRA, to preserve records, and under the Administrative

Procedure Act, to refrain from adopting policies that are “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of

discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law” or enacted “without observance of

procedure required by law,” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2). In order to fulfill these duties, DOI would

necessarily have had to engage in some deliberative, recorded process before adopting

Secretarial Order No. 3348.

       Of course, “the adequacy of a FOIA search is generally determined not by the fruits of

the search, but by the appropriateness of the methods used to carry out the search.” Iturralde,

315 F.3d at 315. Here, however, the combination of the missing drafts and Secretary-level

communications with notable gaps in DOI’s declarations to explain those holes in the record

“give[s] rise to ‘material doubt’ about the adequacy of the agency’s affidavits.” Lamb, 228 F.

Supp. 3d at 36 (citations omitted). None of DOI’s declarations, nor its briefing, provides any

explanation for the total absence of any drafts of Secretarial Order No. 3348 from its

productions. See Def.’s Mem.; Def.’s Reply; Def.’s Sur-Reply Resp. Pl.’s Reply Supp. Cross-

Mot. Summ. J. (“Def.’s Sur-Reply”), ECF No. 37; Def.’s Suppl. Mem; Fairman Decl.; Decl. of

David D. Alspach (“Alspach Decl.”), ECF No. 29-3; Myrick Decl. These omissions “make[] it

impracticable for the court to review the adequacy of [DOI’s] search” for these records because,

at summary judgment, the Court “must be able to ascertain if [the agency] has explained the . . .

                                                 15
absence” of responsive records that the FOIA requester has shown once existed. Morley v. CIA,

508 F.3d 1108, 1121 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (emphasis omitted). DOI does not appear to contest that

drafts of Secretarial Order No. 3348 would be responsive to plaintiff’s FOIA Request, nor does it

contend that no drafts of the Order were created, but the agency has not even attempted to

explain its failure to produce them.

       Further, in the years since Iturralde was decided, the D.C. Circuit has found that “in

some cases, failure to find a record that once existed, coupled with a conclusory affidavit about

the methodology of the search, can weaken the agency’s claim for summary judgment.” Aguiar,

865 F.3d at 739 (citing Weisberg, 627 F.2d at 370–71). “[A]n affidavit containing ‘no

information about the search strategies of the [agency] components charged with responding to

[a] FOIA request’ and providing no ‘indication of what each [component’s] search specifically

yielded’” is deemed conclusory and therefore “is inadequate to carry the government’s summary-

judgment burden.” Reps. Comm., 877 F.3d at 403 (alterations in original) (quoting Morley, 508

F.3d at 1122). Of particular relevance, under this standard, an affidavit that identifies agency

components “tasked with conducting a search” of certain files but does not explain “how [the

components] searched within those files,” Aguiar, 865 F.3d at 738, including by identifying the

employees chosen to conduct the search and “disclos[ing] the search terms used by the [agency]

and the type of search performed,” is insufficient, DeBrew v. Atwood, 792 F.3d 118, 122 (D.C.

Cir. 2015) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Morley, 508 F.3d at 1122. Applying

those criteria here, DOI’s primary declaration in support of its search fails to pass muster.

       DOI-OS’s acting FOIA Officer explains that her office “identified likely custodians in the

OS” and requested that those custodians “search all electronic and paper files in their possession,

and . . . base the search on the subject matter of Secretarial Order No. 3338.” Fairman Decl. ¶ 4.

                                                 16
She further states that “[e]very search in the initial search was done by the applicable custodian,”

but does not describe how those custodians undertook the search within their files. Id. This

process was repeated with an additional set of individuals identified by the initial custodians. Id.

¶ 5. Though the declaration includes a list of identified custodians by name and title, it does not

indicate whether that list consists only of initially identified custodians or also extends to the

expanded set of custodians. See id. ¶ 6.

       In addition, the agency provides no information as to which files individual custodians

were directed to search and, as plaintiff observes, does not indicate whether the definition of

“files” provided to custodians included the “text messages, memoranda, meeting minutes, visitor

logs, [and] voicemails” specifically sought by the FOIA Request. Pl.’s Reply at 4. As to search

terms, DOI states that custodians were instructed to “base their search on the subject matter of

Secretarial Order No. 3338,” Fairman Decl. ¶ 4, but this vague statement does not provide

sufficient information as to the exact search terms used by custodians in carrying out the search,

an omission that is of particular concern with respect to custodians’ search of electronic records.

Nor does the declaration provide a clear idea of how custodians went about retrieving and

searching their electronic files. DOI’s representation that, “[u]nlike the initial search,” its second

supplemental search “us[ed] Departmental email and correspondence databases” and three

specific search terms, id. ¶ 10, suggests that the custodians employed some other approach, but

does not fill in that gap. Even the description provided of the second supplemental search is

ambiguous as to whether DOI-OS searched the relevant databases only for Secretary Zinke’s

records or more broadly. See id. Nor does DOI sufficiently explain its decision to confine its

supplemental searches of DOI-OS records to Secretary Zinke’s files to the exclusion of other

high-ranking officials or individuals in DOI-OS likely to receive relevant documents from other

                                                  17
components of the agency or external stakeholders. See Fairman Decl. ¶¶ 7, 10; Pl.’s Opp’n at 7;

Pl.’s Reply at 4.

       In short, DOI’s declaration does not “‘set[] forth the search terms and the type of search

performed’” for responsive records “with the specificity [this Circuit’s] precedent requires,”

Reps. Comm., 877 F.3d at 403 (first alteration in original) (quoting Oglesby, 920 F.2d at 68), and

the Court therefore “lacks any basis for ‘determin[ing] if the search was [sufficiently] adequate

in order to grant summary judgment,’” id. at 405 (alterations in original) (quoting Oglesby, 920

F.2d at 68). The agency must either carry out a new search or supplement its declarations.

       In reaching this conclusion, the Court is mindful of the D.C. Circuit’s admonition in In re

Clinton, 973 F.3d 106 (D.C. Cir. 2020), that, in evaluating the adequacy of an agency’s search

under FOIA, a district court may not “authorize[] an improper Federal Records Act-like inquiry

to uncover purely hypothetical” records, id. at 116. While FOIA limits a reviewing court to

determining whether the agency has “conduct[ed] a search reasonably calculated to uncover all

relevant documents,” id. (internal quotation marks and emphasis omitted), the FRA “requires

federal agencies to protect against the removal or loss of records, and allows certain parties to

bring suit to compel enforcement action to recover unlawfully removed or destroyed

documents,” id. (citing 44 U.S.C. §§ 3105, 3106(a)); see also Judicial Watch, Inc. v. Pompeo,

744 F. App’x 3 (D.C. Cir. 2018) (mem.) (Under the FRA, “[w]hen documents have been

unlawfully removed or destroyed, agency heads ‘shall initiate action through the Attorney

General’ to recover the records” and may be compelled to do so by certain litigants. (quoting 44

U.S.C. § 3106(a))). Thus, when considering a challenge under the FRA, the reviewing court

may reach the broader question of “whether there might exist any other documents” sought by a

plaintiff, even if the plaintiff can point to nothing more than speculation in support of its claim

                                                 18
that the agency has withheld such documents. In re Clinton, 973 F.3d at 116 (internal quotation

marks omitted). In contrast, this inquiry is foreclosed by FOIA unless a plaintiff proffers more

than speculation in support of its claim that additional documents exist, and even then, review

centers on the adequacy of the agency’s efforts to locate the missing records rather than the

success of those efforts.

       In the instant case, requiring DOI to undertake additional steps to search for and retrieve

the missing drafts of Secretarial Order No. 3348 and related Secretary-level communications

does not implicate the Circuit’s concern with authorizing discovery in the guise of reviewing the

adequacy of a search under FOIA. First, plaintiff’s assertion that these two sets of records must

exist and are conspicuously absent from DOI’s productions is, as explained above, a common-

sense assumption based on the premise that the agency complies with federal law when

developing and adopting policies, not speculation. Second, even if plaintiff’s claims were

speculative, DOI’s description of its searches is facially inadequate, requiring remand to the

agency independent of any further doubts cast on its declarations by plaintiff. Though, at this

stage in the proceedings, remand to the agency for further steps to recover these records pursuant

to FOIA is appropriate, if DOI’s renewed searches still fail to produce any drafts of Secretarial

Order No. 3348 or any substantial communications to or from Secretary Zinke about the Order,

an enforcement action under the FRA may, as plaintiff suggests, see Pl.’s Opp’n at 10 & n.2, be

merited.

       The inadequacies described above are themselves sufficient to warrant denial of summary

judgment, but plaintiff also raises three further challenges to the agency’s search. These

challenges are discussed in turn to guide DOI’s efforts to fulfill its FOIA obligations on remand.

                                                19
       B.      Search for Communications and Data from Personal Accounts and Devices

       First, plaintiff argues because DOI only “partially search[ed] Secretary Zinke’s personal

email, text messages, and other forms of record communication” and did not search the “personal

emails, texts, and other forms of record communications” of other, unidentified high-ranking

DOI officials, the agency has not exhausted its search of officials’ personal devices and accounts.

Pl.’s Opp’n. at 7; see also Pl.’s Reply at 5; Pl.’s Suppl. Mem. at 5, 7. DOI, for its part, declares

that it searched “Secretary Zinke’s personal email,” Fairman Decl. ¶ 10, and “that only Mr.

Zinke’s personal email was searched in this case because he was the only Departmental

employee who had a demonstrated track-record of occasionally using his personal email in

conversations related to Departmental business,” Myrick Decl. ¶ 18.

       FOIA applies only to materials qualifying as “agency records,” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B), a

category that “‘extends only to those documents that an agency both (1) create[s] or obtain[s]

and (2) control[s] . . . at the time the FOIA request [was] made,’” Aguiar, 865 F.3d at 735

(alterations, omission, and emphasis in original) (quoting Judicial Watch, Inc., 726 F.3d at 216).

The parties do not dispute that agency employees’ communications on non-agency devices and

accounts may constitute “agency records” under this definition. See Competitive Enter. Inst. v.

Off. of Sci. & Tech. Pol’y, 827 F.3d 145, 146 (D.C. Cir. 2016) (“[W]e agree with plaintiff-

appellant that an agency cannot shield its records from search or disclosure under FOIA by the

expedient of storing them in a private email account controlled by the agency head[.]”).

Nevertheless, “a FOIA requestor is not entitled to a search of files specified by the requestor, but

rather to a search of files ‘that are likely to turn up the information requested.’” Tunchez v. Dep’t

of Justice, 715 F. Supp. 2d 49, 54 (D.D.C. 2010) (quoting Oglesby, 920 F.2d at 68). Federal law

requires that official communications created on agency employees’ personal accounts be

“preserved in the appropriate agency recordkeeping system.” 36 C.F.R. § 1236.22(b); see also
                                                 20
44 U.S.C. § 2911(a) (prohibiting agency employees from “creat[ing] or send[ing] a record using

a non-official electronic messaging account” unless they properly preserve that record within the

agency). Applying again the presumption of regularity, “in a typical case,” searches of agency

employees’ personal accounts and devices “would be unnecessarily duplicative of a search” of

the employee’s agency records and therefore are not required under FOIA. Judicial Watch, Inc.

v. Dep’t of Justice, 319 F. Supp. 3d 431, 438 (D.D.C. 2018); see also Competitive Enter. Inst. v.

Off. of Sci. & Tech. Pol’y, 241 F. Supp. 3d 14, 21–22 (D.D.C. 2017) (applying the presumption

to conclude that an agency was not required to search a personal email account); Wright v.

Admin. for Children & Families, No. 15-cv-218, 2016 WL 5922293, at *8–9 (D.D.C. Oct. 11,

2016) (same).

       This presumption notwithstanding, DOI in fact searched former Secretary Zinke’s

personal email account, noting that he was known to use his personal email to conduct agency

business. Myrick Decl. ¶ 18; cf. Hunton & Williams LLP v. EPA, 248 F. Supp. 3d 220, 237

(D.D.C. 2017) (approving of agency’s search of “the personal email account of one particular

employee [who] . . . appeared to have conducted . . . business using a personal email account”

(second omission in original) (internal quotation marks omitted)). As to the other types of

Secretary Zinke’s personal communications that plaintiff contends should be searched, plaintiff

does not point to any specific facts in the record or countervailing evidence indicating that

Secretary Zinke used these personal platforms to carry out agency business. Hunton & Williams

LLP, 248 F. Supp. 3d at 237–38 (declining to require an agency to search for responsive text

messages on employees’ personal devices where the FOIA requester “d[id] not point to any

evidence indicating that text messages were used for agency business or otherwise show that

searching text messages would be likely to lead to responsive documents”). Nonetheless, paired

                                                21
with the significant nature of the missing records—i.e., missing drafts of a significant Secretarial

Order and related Secretary-level communications—plaintiff’s contention that responsive

records may be located on former Secretary Zinke’s personal devices or accounts is more than

mere speculation, but entirely common sense. If, as DOI claims, the agency has truly exhausted

its search of its own records, former Secretary Zinke’s personal devices and accounts are the next

logical place to search for drafts that the Secretary should have reviewed and his related

communications.6

         The agency raises concerns about its ability to compel former Secretary Zinke, as a

former DOI employee, to search for such records. See Def.’s Reply at 3; Myrick Decl. ¶¶ 17–18,

19–20. While the agency may lack the authority to compel a former employee to carry out a

search of personal records, FOIA allows the Court to “direct the agency to ask” Secretary Zinke

whether he used any personal platforms beyond the personal email address already searched to

conduct agency business, to request that Secretary Zinke search his own files for any agency

records they may contain, to detail “its best efforts” to retrieve records from the former

Secretary, and to provide “any further evidence it is able to obtain.” Brady Ctr. to Prevent Gun

Violence v. Dep’t of Justice (“Brady Ctr.”), 410 F. Supp. 3d 225, 232 (D.D.C. 2019) (internal

quotation marks omitted). DOI must take these additional steps to confirm that it has completed

an adequate search for Secretary-level communications and drafts of Secretarial Order No. 3348.

         As to the personal communication platforms of other agency employees, plaintiff has

offered no evidence, and DOI denies, that any agency employee other than Zinke used personal

devices or accounts in relation to agency business. Without more, widespread searches of

6
        Of course, any such records should have been turned over to DOI for preservation within the agency’s files.
See 44 U.S.C. §§ 2911(a), 3105 (requiring agencies to “establish safeguards against the removal or loss of records”).
A discovery of agency records in Secretary Zinke’s personal possession without duplicates in the agency’s custody
would implicate a further possible violation of the FRA.

                                                         22
individuals’ personal files would be inappropriate. See Wright, 2016 WL 5922293, at *8–9

(finding mere possibility that non-official channels may have been used to conduct agency

business insufficient to require additional searches by the agency).

       C.      Search for Secretary Zinke’s Communications and Data from Government
               Accounts and Devices

       Second, plaintiff points to DOI’s incomplete search for records located on Secretary

Zinke’s agency devices. Pl.’s Opp’n at 4, 7–8; Pl.’s Reply at 4–5. A declaration by the

Departmental Records Officer in DOI’s Office of the Chief Information Officer (“OCIO”) states

that former Secretary Zinke was issued a government cell phone for domestic use (the “Original

Phone”) and a separate government cell phone for international use (the “International Phone”).

Alspach Decl. ¶¶ 2–3. DOI declares that “[a]ny use of Departmental email” on the Original

Phone “was archived in the Department’s email database,” id. ¶ 2, but other types of

communications, such as text messages or voicemails, are stored only on the devices. Zinke lost

his Original Phone in November 2018, and was issued a replacement phone (the “Replacement

Phone”). Id. ¶ 4. As a security measure, OCIO “attempted to remotely ‘wipe’” the data from the

Original Phone, but “unintentionally” wiped the contents of the International Phone rather than

the Original Phone. Id. ¶ 5. DOI claims that “[t]here is no way to restore the data on the

International Phone following the wipe,” and that it therefore cannot search Secretary Zinke’s

communications from this device. Id. Zinke found the lost Original Phone, with its data fully

intact, in December 2018, shortly before he resigned his position on January 2, 2019. Id. ¶¶ 6–8.

       At the time of Secretary Zinke’s resignation, in the midst of a federal government

shutdown that limited OCIO’s capacity immediately to process his records, OCIO collected all

three cell phones and “requested the Secretary’s passcodes in order to download the contents of

the phone[s] for Federal records purposes.” Id. ¶ 8. Before accessing the data, OCIO sent the

                                                23
phones to DOI’s Office of the Inspector General (“OIG”), which “collected data on the phones,”

but declined to provide the data to OCIO because it related to an ongoing OIG investigation. Id.

¶ 9. OCIO next attempted to extract the data itself. It successfully did so for the Replacement

Phone, but claims that “the Replacement Phone did not contain any text messages.” Id. ¶ 10. As

to the Original Phone, OCIO declares that the passcode provided by the Secretary “did not

work,” and that, “[w]ithout the passcode the Department has no technological means, and knows

of no means, to access” the phone, id. ¶ 11, overlooking, of course, the fact that agency’s own

OIG apparently has a backup copy of the data. In all, then, of Zinke’s three government cell

phones, DOI represents that the International Phone was not searched because the data is

allegedly irretrievably lost; makes no statement as to whether the Replacement Phone data was

searched for responsive records but nonetheless declares that the Replacement Phone did not

contain any text messages at all from the month during which Secretary Zinke used it; and claims

that the agency has no means of accessing the Original Phone data—data stored on an agency-

owned device—without a passcode. DOI’s declarations are silent as to whether the agency

attempted to search the phone data, or any other related records, held by OIG and what efforts, if

any, it made to retrieve the data from the Original Phone in the absence of a passcode, including

whether it attempted to confirm the passcode with Secretary Zinke. See Fairman Decl.; Alspach

Decl.; Myrick Decl.

       Plaintiff contends that this tangled story of missing devices and irretrievable data is

suggestive of “bad faith” or “malfeasance” on the part of the agency. Pl.’s Reply at 9; see also

id. at 8–9; Pl.’s Opp’n at 11 n.3. The largely cooperative and productive relationship between

the parties throughout the course of this search, see supra Part I.B, renders these allegations

“unpersuasive” in the first instance. Weisberg v. Dep’t of Justice, 705 F.2d 1344, 1358 (D.C.

                                                 24
Cir. 1983). Nonetheless, the agency’s description of its search of Secretary Zinke’s government

devices gives rise to “positive indications of overlooked materials,” Reps. Comm., 877 F.3d at

402 (internal quotation marks omitted), that DOI’s declarations clearly state were not searched

for responsive records: the data on Secretary Zinke’s International Phone, the data on Secretary

Zinke’s Original Phone, and the copies of these records collected by DOI’s OIG.

       As to the erased data on the International Phone, DOI declares that “[t]here is no way to

restore the data . . . following the wipe.” Alspach Decl. ¶ 5. Plaintiff casts doubt on the truth of

this claim, finding it unlikely that the agency has no backup of data stored on an agency-owned

device. Pl.’s Opp’n at 11 n.3; Pl.’s Reply at 9. In cases involving electronic records that the

government claims have been destroyed or otherwise rendered inaccessible, the D.C. Circuit has

required that agencies “inform the court and plaintiffs whether backup tapes of any potential

relevance exist” and “whether there is any practical obstacle to searching them.” Ancient Coin

Collectors Guild, 641 F.3d at 515. This requirement is satisfied by “an affidavit from an

information-technology professional . . . that describes the . . . backup system potentially

containing” responsive records and “describes any practical obstacles to searching that system.”

Parker v. U.S. Immigr. & Customs Enf’t, 238 F. Supp. 3d 89, 105 (D.D.C. 2017); see also Safety

Rsch. & Strategies, Inc. v. Dep’t of Transp., 903 F. Supp. 2d 1, 7 (D.D.C. 2012) (same). DOI’s

declarations fail to provide this information, critical to assessing the adequacy of its search for

potentially responsive records on the International Phone, or to indicate at all whether the agency

made any attempt to retrieve the lost data, and must do so on remand.

       As to the Original Phone, DOI claims that the passcode for the phone provided by

Secretary Zinke “did not work.” Alspach Decl. ¶ 11. This explanation of DOI’s inability to

search the Original Phone raises the obvious question of why the agency, upon realizing that the

                                                 25
passcode was incorrect, did not simply ask Secretary Zinke to confirm the passcode. DOI

protests that it “cannot force . . . [Zinke] to provide the passcode as he is no longer an employee

of the Department.” Alspach Decl. ¶ 11; see also Myrick Decl. ¶ 15 (DOI “ha[s] no power to

compel a now-private citizen to provide a working passcode.”); Def.’s Reply at 3. While the

agency may lack the authority to compel former Secretary Zinke to provide a passcode, as with

Secretary Zinke’s personal devices and accounts, the Court may, pursuant to FOIA, direct the

agency to ask him for the passcode, describe its efforts to obtain this information, and proffer any

further evidence that results. See Brady Ctr., 410 F. Supp. 3d at 232. Even if they prove

unsuccessful, DOI is obligated under FOIA to undertake these additional steps to search the

Original Phone.

         DOI further states, without elaboration, that “[w]ithout the passcode the Department has

no technological means, and knows of no means, to access” the Original Phone. Alspach Decl.

¶ 11. As with the International Phone, DOI has failed through this conclusory statement to

provide the requisite information about any potential backups of the data stored on the Original

Phone, and must do so. Moreover, the agency must explain in greater detail the efforts it made

to retrieve the data, beyond entering the incorrect passcode, and why it lacks any “technological

means” to access the Original Phone without a passcode. See Parker, 238 F. Supp. 3d at 105.7

         Finally, DOI represents that before OCIO’s unsuccessful efforts to extract data, DOI’s

OIG “collected data on the phones.” Alspach Decl. ¶ 9. The agency claims that “OIG declined

to provide any data” to OCIO “because it related to an [ongoing] OIG investigation.” Id.

7
         In the alternative, DOI contends that “[p]laintiff has failed to make any showing, beyond speculation, that
the Secretary used his cell phone to review or edit drafts of” Secretarial Order No. 3348. Def.’s Reply at 6. This
argument misconstrues plaintiff’s burden, which is only to provide non-speculative “positive indications of
overlooked materials.’” Reps. Comm., 877 F.3d at 402 (internal quotation marks omitted). The agency has
conceded that, in responding to a FOIA Request that specifically sought text messages, it did not carry out a
complete search of Secretary Zinke’s government cell phones, the logical location for such communications. See

                                                         26
Though not clear on this point, the declaration suggests that OCIO’s denied request was made as

part of its routine processing of Secretary Zinke’s records after his departure. See id. The

declaration does not indicate whether DOI-OS or OCIO requested the data from OIG in relation

to plaintiff’s FOIA Request, a request which now, more than two years after the initial request

was denied, might be successful, in the event that OIG has completed the investigation that

prevented disclosure in January 2019. Further, the declaration does not specify from which of

Secretary Zinke’s three government-issued phones OIG was able to collect data, leaving open the

possibility that OIG has the information from the Original Phone or the International Phone that

DOI has otherwise been unable to retrieve. If the data held by OIG is in fact the missing,

irretrievable data from either device, DOI has not met its obligation under FOIA to attempt to

retrieve these records from OIG. See Campbell v. Dep’t of Justice, 164 F.3d 20, 28 (D.C. Cir.

1998) (holding that an agency “‘cannot limit its search to only one record system if there are

others that are likely to turn up the information requested’” (quoting Oglesby, 920 F.2d at 68)).

DOI must either explain the efforts it made to obtain the collected government-device data from

OIG in responding to the FOIA Request or make a renewed request to OIG for the data.

        D.       Failure to Search Trump Transition Team Records

        Finally, plaintiff challenges DOI’s failure to search the records of the Trump Transition

Team for DOI and, in particular, the agency’s failure to search the files of David Bernhardt, the

Trump Transition leader for DOI who later became Deputy Secretary of the Interior and,

eventually, Zinke’s successor as Secretary of the Interior. Pl.’s Opp’n at 4–5; Pl.’s Reply at 6–8.

DOI admits that it did not search the Transition Team’s or Bernhardt’s files, but counters that

“FOIA does not extend to documents created or held by a President’s Transition Team” and that

Def.’s Reply at 6; Alspach Decl. ¶ 11. That admission of overlooked materials is itself enough to render DOI’s
search inadequate as to these records.

                                                        27
the agency therefore had no obligation to search for or produce any responsive records held by

the Transition Team, other than records that were transmitted to agency employees and thereby

became “agency records.” Def.’s Reply at 7.

       As DOI correctly notes, and plaintiff concedes, Pl.’s Reply at 6, “[t]he law in this Circuit

is well-settled that FOIA does not extend to documents created or held by a President’s

Transition Team,” Def.’s Reply at 7, as a completely separate entity from any government

agency, except to the extent that such documents independently satisfy the requirements to

qualify as an “agency record” under the definition set forth supra Part III.B. See Wolfe v. Dep’t

of Health & Hum. Servs., 711 F.2d 1077, 1082 (D.C. Cir. 1983); Democracy Forward Found. v.

GSA, 393 F. Supp. 3d 45, 53–54 (D.D.C. 2019). Thus, for transition team files to qualify as

“agency records,” the agency must have created or obtained the files, must have control over

them at the time of the FOIA request, and must have “integrate[d] the documents with agency

files or records” such that there exists a “real nexus between the documents and the agency other

than their physical location.” Wolfe, 711 F.2d at 1080; see also Aguiar, 865 F.3d at 735.

       This clear Circuit precedent notwithstanding, plaintiff contends that DOI was nonetheless

obligated under FOIA to search at least some Transition Team files. Pl.’s Reply at 6–7. In

support of this claim, plaintiff points to the Trump Transition’s practice of forming and

deploying agency “landing teams,” groups tasked with “gather[ing] information about their

assigned agency between the election and the inauguration to inform the incoming administration

and help them prioritize the issues where attention is most needed.” Pl.’s Reply, Ex. 13, U.S.

GOV’T ACCOUNTABILITY OFF., GAO-17-615R, PRESIDENTIAL TRANSITION: INFORMATION ON

ETHICS, FUNDING, AND AGENCY SERVICES 7 (2017) (“GAO Report”), ECF No. 34-1. According

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to a GAO report on the Trump Transition, however, “[m]ost team members [were] not federal

employees” at any time during their work for the Transition Team. Id. at 6.

       Separate from the landing teams, after President Trump’s inauguration, his

Administration followed the practice, common to new administrations, of appointing individuals

“into temporary agency positions under special hiring authorities to assist the Transition Team.”

Id. at 7. Individuals hired under these authorities “are federal agency employees” serving as

temporary political appointees in the early days of a new administration. Id. at 8. The Trump

Transition Team appointed 536 such individuals, known as the “beachhead team,” to take up

positions at various agencies “as of Day One” of the Trump Administration. Pl.’s Notice of

Suppl. Auth., Ex. 17, Memorandum from Vice President-elect Mike Pence, Transition Chairman,

to President-elect Donald Trump (Jan. 19, 2017) (“Pence Memorandum”) at 3, ECF No. 38-1.

Many of these temporary appointees “remained in place for several months because of the new

administration’s slow staffing process.” Pl.’s Reply, Ex. 14, PARTNERSHIP FOR PUBLIC SERVICE

CENTER FOR PRESIDENTIAL TRANSITION, AGENCY TRANSITION GUIDE 17 (1st ed. 2017)

(“AGENCY TRANSITION GUIDE”), ECF No. 34-2.

       Plaintiff argues that DOI was obligated to search the records of both the Trump

Transition’s landing team for the agency and Bernhardt, but in making this contention, plaintiff

conflates the landing team and the so-called “beachhead team.” Plaintiff states that “[l]anding

teams are teams of agency officials picked by the President to lead the agency on an interim

basis between the start of inauguration until enough political appointees are confirmed by the

Senate to lead that particular agency,” Pl.’s Reply at 7 (citing AGENCY TRANSITION GUIDE at 16–

19); see also id. at 2 (asserting that “agency transition ‘landing teams’ are considered part of the

federal agency for purposes of FOIA” (emphasis omitted)), but plaintiff’s own evidence does not

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support this description of a landing team’s role and function within an agency, see Def.’s Sur-

Reply at 2–4. To the contrary, plaintiff’s exhibits make clear that, though some federal

employees may be landing team members, the landing team itself is part of the Transition Team,

not the relevant agency. See GAO Report at 6; AGENCY TRANSITION GUIDE at 16–17. Though

certain individuals may serve both as landing team members and temporary political appointees

for a new administration, the two groups are distinct. Landing team members who are not

designated as temporary political appointees remain part of the Transition Team and do not

become agency employees. See AGENCY TRANSITION GUIDE at 17. Likewise, temporary

political appointees installed by a new administration at a particular agency are agency

employees during their tenure, but are not necessarily part of the landing team. See Pence

Memorandum at 3 (distinguishing between agency landing teams and the “beachhead team”).

       Taking as true these third-party characterizations of the landing team and the beachhead

team, the records of the beachhead team’s temporary political appointees, who serve as agency

employees, are of course subject to FOIA, but the records of the landing team, whose members

are affiliated with the Transition Team but are not agency employees, are not “agency records”

unless they are “created” or “obtained” by the agency. See Forsham v. Harris, 445 U.S. 169,

182 (1980). This logic is supported by the Transition Act, which specifies that employees of a

presidential Transition Team “shall not be held or considered to be employees of the Federal

Government.” 3 U.S.C. § 102 note; see also Ill. Inst. for Continuing Legal Educ. v. Dep’t of

Lab., 545 F. Supp. 1229, 1232–33 (N.D. Ill. 1982) (citing the Transition Act in finding that

“[t]he autonomy accorded the transition staff compels the conclusion that the staff is . . . not an

‘agency’ within the meaning of . . . the FOIA”); Def.’s Sur-Reply at 4–5.

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       Plaintiff resists this conclusion, arguing that “landing team records are, by definition,

those that ‘integrate the documents with agency files or records,’” within the meaning of Wolfe,

Pl.’s Reply at 7 (quoting Wolfe, 711 F.2d at 1080), but that argument reverses the roles of the

landing team and the agency during a presidential transition. The function of the landing team is

to receive information from the agency and share it with the incoming administration, not to

provide information from the Transition Team to the agency. See GAO Report at 7. If files

received from DOI in the course of this process are in the landing team’s files, that fact indicates

that agency documents have been integrated into the Transition Team’s records. FOIA,

however, requires that documents from the landing team have been integrated into the agency’s

records in order to compel production. The landing team’s records therefore operate to merge

the two entities’ records only to the extent that they are present in the agency’s repositories. See

Wolfe, 711 F.2d at 1080.

       Perhaps realizing this flaw in its argument, plaintiff recasts its challenge with respect to

Transition Team records in its supplemental briefing as a challenge to DOI’s failure to search for

“[t]ransition and transition landing team records obtained by DOI or created by DOI.” Pl.’s

Suppl. Mem. at 6. This reframed challenge is somewhat more successful. Plaintiff’s FOIA

Request sought all documents related to Secretarial Order No. 3338, including “[a]ll

communications with the Trump Presidential Transition Team.” BLM FOIA Request at 2. As

described supra Part I.B, DOI’s initial custodian searches and supplemental searches of

Secretary Zinke’s files for records responsive to this Request focused on the subject matter of

Secretarial Order No. 3338, without regard to the author or recipient of a particular document.

Any correspondence in the agency’s records to or from members of the Trump Transition Team

concerning the Order should, in theory, have fallen within those search parameters.

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        DOI says that its searches did not suggest that any responsive Transition Team

documents were within the agency’s files, Def.’s Sur-Reply at 6 (citing Fairman Decl. ¶¶ 9–10),

but in fact, its primary declaration, cited in support of this assertion, is completely silent as to

records related to the Transition Team, see Fairman Decl. The declaration therefore provides no

basis on which to determine whether the searches DOI has undertaken to date encompassed

responsive Transition Team records now integrated in agency records. In light of the

insufficiency of DOI’s declarations as to its initial custodian searches and supplemental searches

of former Secretary Zinke’s files, described supra Part III.A, and this specific omission with

respect to Transition Team documents, the record is deficient as to whether DOI adequately

searched for responsive Transition Team documents within its records. DOI’s renewed search

for records or supplemental declarations should therefore make clear the efforts taken by the

agency to identify any records involving the Transition Team in the course of its subject-matter

or search term-based searches.

        As part of its critique of DOI’s search for records associated with the Transition Team,

plaintiff hones in on DOI’s failure to search the records of David Bernhardt, who had a

leadership role on the Trump Transition for DOI and was Zinke’s eventual successor as

Secretary, and who plaintiff believes was likely involved in the repeal of Secretarial Order No.

3338 and the issuance of Secretarial Order No. 3348 in his Transition Team role. Pl.’s Opp’n at

7; Pl.’s Reply at 7–8. DOI avers that Bernhardt “did not work for the Department” in any

capacity, Myrick Decl. ¶ 13, and “had no Departmental email account or phone” during the time

period covered by the FOIA Request, id. ¶ 14. Indeed, even plaintiff admits that Bernhardt

“became Deputy Secretary of the Interior in July 2017,” more than three months after Secretarial

Order No. 3338 was repealed and Secretarial Order No. 3348 was enacted. Pl.’s Opp’n at 5.

                                                  32
Plaintiff nonetheless insists that, because Bernhardt “was leader of the Interior Landing Team,”

“any records obtained or created by [him] during the early months of the Trump administration

would be subject to FOIA.” Pl.’s Reply at 7–8.

       The evidence plaintiff proffers in support of this contention supports only the conclusion

that Bernhardt was involved in the Trump Transition for DOI. See Snape Decl., Ex. 9, Donald

Trump Presidential Transition Team, Ballotpedia, ECF No. 30-14 (listing Bernhardt as a

member of the Trump Transition’s Agency Action Team for Interior); Pl.’s Reply, Ex. 15,

Economic Landing Teams Announced, Politico (Nov. 21, 2016, 2:01 PM), ECF No. 34-3

(referring to Bernhardt as the Trump transition official “handling the Interior Department”).

Plaintiff has not pointed to anything on the record that establishes Bernhardt was a member of

DOI’s landing team during the relevant time period, let alone that he was one of the temporary

political appointees installed by the Trump Administration to whom FOIA would apply. This

weak showing is insufficient to overcome the presumption of good faith as to DOI’s

representation that Bernhardt was not an agency employee when Secretarial Orders Nos. 3338

and 3348 were being discussed and implemented, and therefore does not suffice to obligate DOI

to undertake a search of Bernhardt’s records.

       Finally, to the extent that plaintiff requests that DOI be required to search files held by

the Transition Team or Bernhardt, third parties to the litigation who are not agencies or agency

employees, FOIA does not provide for such a remedy. The statute authorizes only the relief of

“enjoin[ing] the agency from withholding agency records” and “order[ing] the production of any

agency records improperly withheld from the complainant.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B). Thus, an

agency is obligated under FOIA only to carry out a reasonable and adequate search of its own

records “because ‘possession or control’ of the documents at issue is, in most circumstances, ‘a

                                                 33
prerequisite to FOIA disclosure duties.’” Gawker Media, LLC v. Dep’t of State, 266 F. Supp. 3d

152, 158 (D.D.C. 2017) (quoting Kissinger v. Reps. Comm. for Freedom of the Press, 445 U.S.

136, 152 (1980)). Moreover, FOIA does not “permit private actions to recover records” outside

the agency’s custody. Reps. Comm. for Freedom of the Press, 445 U.S. at 150; see also

Founding Church of Scientology of Wash., D.C. v. Regan, 670 F.2d 1158, 1164 (D.C. Cir. 1981)

(reversing district court order directing an agency to undertake a search for records in the

possession of a third-party, non-governmental organization).

       DOI is therefore not obligated to undertake a specific search for records of the Transition

Team or David Bernhardt within the agency’s files or to attempt to search records held by the

third-party Transition Team or Bernhardt. The agency must, however, either clarify in its

declarations the extent to which its searches to date encompassed and identified records

consisting of correspondence between DOI employees and the Trump Transition Team or

expand its search to include these records.

IV.    CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, DOI’s Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 29, and

plaintiff’s Cross-Motion for Partial Summary Judgment, ECF No. 30, are both denied without

prejudice. Genuine issues exist as to the adequacy of DOI’s search for responsive records that

preclude summary judgment for either party. On remand, DOI must either supplement its

declarations or undertake additional searches for responsive records, consistent with this

Memorandum Opinion. These renewed efforts must provide additional information as to DOI’s

efforts to recover data from former Secretary Zinke’s Original Phone and International Phone, as

well as the data OIG retrieved from those government-owned devices, and to retrieve records

located on former Secretary Zinke’s personal accounts and devices, and must clarify whether

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DOI’s original or renewed searches were designed to identify responsive records consisting of

communications between DOI employees and members of the Trump Transition Team.

        Given that this case has been pending for nearly four years, since June 2017, and in light

of the relatively narrow disputes remaining between the parties, DOI is directed to complete its

additional searches and/or supplement its declarations promptly by April 23, 2021, and the

parties are further directed to submit, by that same date, a joint status report as to the progress, if

any, the parties have made to narrow the remaining disputed issues and to propose a schedule to

govern further proceedings in this matter.

        An order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion will be entered contemporaneously.

        Date: March 9, 2021
                                                        __________________________
                                                        BERYL A. HOWELL
                                                        Chief Judge

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