Court Opinion

ID: 9401077
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-06-09 22:04:51.704199+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:19:50.668732
License: Public Domain

2023 IL App (2d) 220112
                                  No. 2-22-0112
                            Opinion filed June 9, 2023
______________________________________________________________________________

                                            IN THE

                             APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                              SECOND DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE                ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
OF ILLINOIS,                           ) of Kane County.
                                       )
      Plaintiff-Appellant,             )
                                       )
v.                                     ) No. 07-CF-1753
                                       )
MICHAEL A. LUCIANO,                    ) Honorable
                                       ) Donald Tegeler Jr.,
      Defendant-Appellee.              ) Judge, Presiding.
______________________________________________________________________________

       JUSTICE BIRKETT delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
       Justices Hutchinson and Schostok concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                           OPINION

¶1     On Halloween 1990, Albert Gonzalez, leader of the Insane Deuces street gang in Aurora,

was murdered by members of the Latin Kings street gang in Aurora. Police quickly developed

information pointing to defendant, Michael A. Luciano, and other members of the Latin Kings.

The State was presented with a choice: develop further information and charge defendant with

murder or charge defendant as quickly as possible with what it could from the evidence on hand.

The State chose the latter course and charged defendant in two cases: in 1990, in case No. 90-CF-

1887, defendant was charged with six counts of unlawful possession of weapons by a felon (Ill.

Rev. Stat. 1991 ch. 38, ¶ 24-1.1(a) (now 720 ILCS 5/24-1.1(a) (West 2020))), and in 1991, in case

No. 91-CF-787, defendant was charged with four counts of unlawful possession of weapons by a
2023 IL App (2d) 220112

felon and one count of solicitation to commit aggravated discharge of a firearm (Ill. Rev. Stat.

1991, ch. 38, ¶ 8-1(a) (now 720 ILCS 5/8-1(a) (West 2020))).)

¶2     In this case, the third appeal before this court, 1 the State’s choice to prosecute defendant as

quickly as possible is at issue. The State appeals the order of the circuit court of Kane County

granting relief to defendant following a third-stage postconviction hearing. We affirm as modified

the trial court’s judgment, and we reverse and vacate defendant’s conviction.

¶3                                       I. BACKGROUND

¶4     We summarize the facts necessary for an understanding of the issues raised in this appeal.

¶5                         A. Investigation of the Offense in 1990 and 1991

¶6     On October 31, 1990, Michael Langston, a detective with the Aurora Police Department,

arrived at the Gonzalez residence, where Gonzalez was shot, about an hour after the shooting had

occurred. He determined that the shots were fired from a grassy area about 60 yards from the

residence. Langston’s search of the area recovered six .22-caliber shell casings, one live .22-caliber

round, two shotgun shell casings, one .30-caliber shell casing, and one .30-30-caliber shell casing.

A further search of the area by an evidence technician recovered three .30-30 Winchester shell

casings and parts of expended shotgun shells.

       1
           The first case before us was defendant’s direct appeal from his conviction of first degree

murder (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1989, ch. 38, ¶ 9-1(a)). People v. Luciano, No. 2-09-0066 (Oct. 26, 2010)

(unpublished order under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23) (Luciano I). The second case involved

defendant’s appeal of the summary dismissal of his postconviction petition. People v. Luciano,

2013 IL App (2d) 110792 (Luciano II).

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¶7     On November 4, 1990, the police executed a search warrant at a residence associated with

defendant, located on East Galena Boulevard in Aurora. Police recovered firearms and

ammunition, as well as documents and photographs related to the Latin Kings.

¶8     On November 7, 1990, a confidential source, later revealed as Hector Rodriguez, informed

Robert Reichardt, an officer with the Aurora Police Department, about details of a Latin Kings

meeting that occurred near Halloween 1990. Reichardt was told that defendant distributed firearms

to Latin King members Robert “Droopy” Rangel, Jose “Bam Bam” or “Joe” Delatorre, and Jose

“Speedy” Rivera. Rodriguez also informed Reichardt that, on November 3, 1990, after the

Gonzalez murder, the weapons were returned to defendant and on November 4, 1990, the weapons

were again moved. From Rodriguez’s information, the State obtained search warrants and

conducted searches of the residences that Rodriguez had linked to defendant and the Gonzalez

murder.

¶9     On November 7, 1990, Reichardt executed a search warrant at an apartment associated

with defendant on Best Place in Aurora (Best Place apartment), which was the residence of his

father’s girlfriend. Inside the bedroom, Reichardt found a Marlin .30-30 lever-action rifle, a Ted

Williams 12-gauge shotgun with the barrel sawed off, a loaded Commando Mark .45-caliber

assault rifle, a .30-caliber carbine, and another 12-gauge sawed-off shotgun. In addition to the

firearms, police found 700 rounds of assorted ammunition of various calibers and gauges.

¶ 10   Juan Acevedo spoke with a police officer during that week. Acevedo revealed that, after

the Gonzalez murder, Rangel, Michael “Loco” Rodriguez, and Delatorre drove to Acevedo’s

residence. The three used an outside water spigot to wash their faces and hands. At the time of this

statement to police, Acevedo concealed the fact that the men also hid guns at his residence; it was

not until the trial of defendant on the 2007 murder charges that Acevedo testified that the men hid

firearms.

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¶ 11   Testing on the weapons recovered from the Best Place apartment matched a spent .30-30

shell casing from the grassy area near the Gonzalez residence to the Marlin .30-30 rifle. Two of

the spent shotgun shells recovered from the grassy area were matched to the Ted Williams 12-

gauge shotgun. In addition, by April 1991, a fingerprint on the Commando Mark .45-caliber assault

rifle was determined to belong to defendant.

¶ 12   In December 1990, Hector Rodriguez provided a recorded statement to the police.

Rodriguez described a Latin Kings meeting that occurred before the Gonzalez murder. Rodriguez

stated that, at that meeting, defendant instructed the members present to shoot opposing gang

members, particularly members of the Insane Deuces, with whom the Latin Kings were at war,

and defendant distributed firearms to the members to carry out the shootings. Defendant gave

Rodriguez the .45-caliber assault rifle, gave Rangel the Ted Williams shotgun, and gave Delatorre

the .30-30 Marlin rifle. Defendant also gave them instructions to shoot Gonzalez, the leader of the

Insane Deuces. Rodriguez related that, on Halloween, he encountered defendant at a bar and

defendant informed him that Gonzalez had already been shot. Rodriguez stated that, after

Halloween, he observed Rangel and Delatorre return their weapons to defendant and, thereafter,

he helped defendant move the firearms to another location to conceal them.

¶ 13   Late in 1990, the State began to prosecute cases arising from the Gonzalez murder. In

December 1990, defendant was indicted in Kane County circuit court case No. 90-CF-1887 with

six counts of unlawful possession of weapons by a felon (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 38, ¶ 24-1.1(a)

(now 720 ILCS 5/24-1.1(a) (West 2020))).

¶ 14   In March 1991, the State presented Hector Rodriguez’s account to the grand jury. The State

also presented Acevedo’s statement corroborating Rodriguez’s claim that the Gonzalez shooting

was ordered at a Latin Kings meeting. In addition, the State presented Acevedo’s account of the

immediate aftermath of the shooting, in which Rangel, Michael Rodriguez, and Delatorre came to

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his house and used an outside spigot to wash their faces. The State presented information that,

early in March 1991, Rangel bragged that he had shot Gonzalez. Rangel was eventually charged

with the Gonzalez murder.

¶ 15   On May 28, 1991, defendant was indicted in Kane County circuit court case No. 91-CF-

797. Defendant was charged with one count of solicitation to commit aggravated discharge of a

firearm (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 38, ¶ 8-1(a) (now 720 ILCS 5/8-1(a) (West 2020))), by directing

Hector Rodriguez to shoot at Gonzalez, and four counts of unlawful possession of weapons by a

felon (specifically two shotguns, a Marlin .30-30-caliber rifle, and a Commando Mark .45-caliber

rifle). We note that the count of solicitation to commit aggravated discharge of a firearm bears a

handwritten modification of the date to October 28, 1990, with the original date being scratched

out. There is no explanation or initials showing that the handwritten modification was properly

agreed to and entered by the trial court.

¶ 16   In October 1991, Rangel was tried by a jury. He was acquitted after Acevedo offered

perjured testimony establishing an alibi for Rangel.

¶ 17   In December 1991, defendant and the State entered into a plea agreement. Defendant

pleaded guilty to the six counts of unlawful possession of weapons by a felon in case No. 90-CF-

1887 and the four counts of unlawful possession of weapons by a felon in case No. 91-CF-797. In

exchange for the guilty plea, the State agreed to nol-pros the solicitation count in case No. 91-CF-

797. Defendant and the State did not reach any agreement regarding his sentence. At the sentencing

hearing, the State presented Reichardt’s testimony about defendant’s role in the Gonzalez murder.

Specifically, the State elicited that Reichardt had received information from Hector Rodriguez that

defendant convened a meeting of the Latin Kings for the purpose of planning Gonzalez’s shooting

on Halloween, passed out weapons, and assigned shooting targets to the members present. In

particular, Reichardt related that defendant gave Delatorre the Marlin .30-30 rifle and gave Rangel

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the Ted Williams 12-gauge sawed-off shotgun and instructed them to shoot at the Gonzalez

residence. Forensic evidence subsequently determined that those weapons, the Marlin .30-30 rifle

and the Ted Williams shotgun, had been used in the Gonzalez murder. Reichardt also reviewed his

investigation and the recovery of the weapons from the Best Place apartment. The State presented

other witnesses who testified about defendant’s involvement in the Latin Kings gang and its

structure at that time.

¶ 18    The State argued that defendant should receive consecutive sentences because the offenses

encompassed separate dates, they involved two sets of guns, and the guns were found in two

distinct locations. The trial court rejected the State’s position, stating, “What I have before me is

possession of weapons by a felon, and I specifically find that that possession is not two separate

acts, but an ongoing series of events and that consecutive sentencing is not available.” 2 Defendant

was sentenced to concurrent 5-year terms of imprisonment on each of the 10 counts to which he

pleaded guilty.

        2
         In Luciano I, we rejected defendant’s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence and

affirmed his conviction following the trial on the 2007 murder charges (which we discuss below).

We analyzed the evidence at trial and discussed how defendant’s possession of the weapons and

the physical evidence corroborated Hector Rodriguez’s testimony specifically. We concluded that

Rodriguez’s testimony (the contours of which, we note, can be discerned in his statements to police

made near in time to the shooting) gave “rise to the reasonable inference that defendant had

oversight of gang weapons and, therefore, possessed the weapons before the shooting, as well as

handed out the weapons” to the gang members to use in shooting Gonzalez. Luciano I, No. 2-09-

0066, slip op. at 43.

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¶ 19   We also note that, on February 4, 1992, the State filed its State’s Attorney’s statement, or

pen letter. The State represented that, “upon search warrant, numerous weapons were found

including murder weapon used in assassination of [Gonzalez].” The State further provided, as

“factual information about defendant,” that “defendant is a notorious leader of Latin King street

gang in Aurora. His father, Angel Luciano, is reputed leader of Latin Kings. Defendant is

dangerous and was previously charged with ordering [the] assasination [sic] of [a] gang member

in Aurora. The case [(i.e., the solicitation of aggravated discharge count)] was dismissed for lack

of proof.”

¶ 20                            B. 2007 Murder Charges and Trial

¶ 21   In 2007, defendant and his father, Angel Luciano, were charged with Gonzalez’s murder.

Both defendant and Angel Luciano were tried in a simultaneous bench trial. Defendant’s trial

counsel did not file a motion to dismiss the new charge pursuant to any theory that may have been

available.

¶ 22   At the trial, Hector Rodriguez testified that defendant instructed him to shoot Gonzalez and

gave him the Commando Mark .45-caliber assault rifle. A few days before October 31, 1990,

Rodriguez went to a bar in downtown Aurora where defendant, Angel Luciano, and other Latin

Kings members were present. Rodriguez testified that Angel Luciano instructed him to do a “drive-

by” at Gonzalez’s residence. Rodriguez testified that, on October 31, 1990, he attended a Latin

Kings meeting with defendant, Rangel, and others. Defendant reiterated the instruction to

Rodriguez to do a “drive-by” on Gonzalez. Rodriguez testified that, while armed with the

Commando rifle, he drove to the Gonzalez house, where he observed police and emergency

vehicles around the house. Rodriguez drove on, still with the rifle. Later, defendant told Rodriguez

to “move” the rifle, so Rodriguez met defendant at a house and placed the rifle on a bed. Rodriguez

observed other weapons that defendant had passed out at the earlier meeting and had collected

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from the members. Rodriguez observed defendant wiping down the weapons and recognized the

shotgun defendant had given to Rangel at the meeting.

¶ 23   At trial, Acevedo testified that, on October 31, 1990, he was at his residence in Aurora.

Jose “Fang” Hernandez stopped by his residence and then left and did not return again that evening.

Later in the evening, a car with four people, including Rangel, Delatorre, and Michael Rodriguez

stopped at Acevedo’s residence. The car’s occupants washed their faces at an outside spigot, and

the men, all of whom had guns, hid the guns in Acevedo’s residence. Acevedo testified at trial that,

in 1990, he lied to the police when he told the investigator that only three men had stopped by and

that the men were not armed. Acevedo testified that, because he was on probation, he did not want

the police to know that he had firearms in his residence. In the trial on the 2007 murder charges,

Acevedo admitted that, during the 1991 Rangel trial, he lied when he testified that he had not seen

Rangel on Halloween in 1990. Acevedo admitted that he had been convicted of perjury for his

testimony in the Rangel trial and that he had served a five-year sentence for the offense.

¶ 24   Due to federal investigations, three witnesses came forward and testified at defendant’s

trial on the 2007 murder charges in exchange for significant sentencing considerations. Michael

Rodriguez, Jose Oliva, and Hernandez each testified about their roles in the Gonzalez murder.

Each testified he had attended a meeting around October 31, 1990, at which defendant distributed

weapons and issued instructions to shoot Gonzalez and other members of the Insane Deuces. At

that meeting, Angel Luciano stated that Halloween was a good opportunity to wear black (a gang

color) and do shootings. They described that the weapons were spread across a table and defendant

handed weapons to the members: Rangel received a shotgun, Delatorre received the Marlin .30-

30 rifle, and Hector Rodriguez received the Commando .45-caliber rifle. Michael Rodriguez

testified that defendant told him, Rangel, and Delatorre that they were to hit Gonzalez and that

defendant had also instructed Hector Rodriguez to shoot Gonzalez. Michael Rodriguez further

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testified that defendant explained that he was concerned that Hector Rodriguez would not follow

through with the shooting.

¶ 25   Michael Rodriguez, Rangel, and Delatorre went to a park near the Gonzalez residence and

fired their weapons at the house. Michael Rodriguez used a .22-caliber rifle he had been given at

the Latin Kings meeting. He dropped the rifle on the grass as he, Rangel, and Delatorre ran back

to Delatorre’s car after they shot at Gonzalez’s house. They went to Acevedo’s house, dropped off

the weapons, and washed their hands. Hernandez also testified that the shooters included Rangel

and Delatorre and they arrived with their weapons at Acevedo’s house.

¶ 26   In its closing argument, the State remarked that, “we also know [defendant pleaded] guilty

to possessing those exact weapons [(the Marlin .30-30 rifle, the Ted Williams shotgun, and the

Commando .45-caliber rifle)].” The State believed that defendant’s 1991 guilty plea to possession

of the weapons showed

       “his control over those weapons, whether it be constructive possession or actually in his

       hands, like he left those fingerprints on [the Commando .45-caliber rifle]. He had control

       over those weapons on November 4th, just like he had control over those weapons on

       Halloween evening when he passed them out to various members of the Latin Kings to go

       out and do this mission.”

¶ 27   In its rebuttal closing argument, the State continued its theme: “what this case is really

about is control of the weapons, control of the people, and control over the [Latin] Kings.” The

State argued, “What we have then is we have [defendant] involved in the distribution of those

weapons, and that is the key element of his participation in [Gonzalez’s murder].” The State

concluded that defendant “aided,” “abetted,” and “solicited” the principals in Gonzalez’s murder.

¶ 28   From the foregoing argument, the State’s theory was clearly that defendant’s possession of

the weapons began no later than the meeting at which he passed out the weapons to the members

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and continued through the Gonzalez shooting and until, on November 4, 1990, the weapons were

finally seized. This possession was key to defendant’s participation, and his actions indicated that

he “solicited” the principals to perform the Gonzalez murder.

¶ 29    The trial court found defendant guilty of each count charged. The court also found that the

State had not proved Angel Luciano guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. The court determined that,

under accountability principles, defendant was culpable upon the State showing his “involvement,

in some fashion, in sharing the criminal purpose underlying the offense.” The court specifically

noted that defendant’s guilty plea to possessing the Marlin .30-30-caliber rifle and the Ted

Williams 12-gauge sawed-off shotgun corroborated trial testimony that defendant controlled the

weapons and distributed them at the meeting in which Gonzalez’s murder was planned.

¶ 30    Before Gonzalez’s murder and before the trial on the 2007 murder charges occurred,

defendant had been convicted of a June 1989 murder. Thus, under the applicable law and despite

defendant’s age of 17 years at the time of the Gonzalez murder, the trial court imposed a sentence

of natural life.

¶ 31                        C. Appeals and Postconviction Proceedings

¶ 32    In his direct appeal in Luciano I, defendant challenged only the sufficiency of the evidence.

Defendant questioned how, when the trial court heard exactly the same evidence during the

simultaneous bench trials of his father and himself, that evidence was somehow insufficient to

prove his father guilty beyond a reasonable doubt yet sufficient to prove defendant guilty beyond

a reasonable doubt. This court affirmed, reasoning that the trial court segregated the evidence

applicable to each defendant and carefully evaluated the applicable evidence with respect to each

defendant when rendering its determination. Luciano I, No. 2-09-0066, slip op. at 39-40.

¶ 33    On May 31, 2011, defendant filed his petition for postconviction relief. Among the claims

defendant raised were allegations of ineffective assistance of trial counsel for not filing a motion

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to dismiss based on compulsory joinder, contending that the 2007 murder charges were based on

the same acts as the 1990 and 1991 weapons possession and solicitation charges to which

defendant pleaded guilty. On July 25, 2011, the trial court summarily dismissed defendant’s

postconviction petition.

¶ 34   Defendant appealed the summary dismissal of his postconviction petition. Luciano II, 2013

IL App (2d) 110792. Defendant argued that his mandatory life sentence violated the prohibition

on imposing mandatory life sentences on minors. He also argued that he received ineffective

assistance of counsel because counsel failed to recognize, and move to dismiss, the 2007 murder

charges as being founded on the same act as the 1990 and 1991 weapons and solicitation charges,

which led to a violation of compulsory-joinder and speedy-trial provisions. Id. ¶ 41. We agreed

with defendant on both points. We remanded the matter for resentencing, instructing the trial court

to consider all permissible sentences. Id. ¶ 62. Regarding the ineffective assistance claim, we

advanced the matter to the second stage, noting that defendant’s arguments hinged on the factual

determination of “what the State knew and when they knew it” for purposes of determining

whether the 2007 murder charges were subject to compulsory joinder to the 1990 and 1991

possession and solicitation charges. Id. ¶ 86.

¶ 35   Once the cause was remanded, the trial court proceeded to the resentencing. Defendant

received a 50-year term of imprisonment, from which he appealed. People v. Luciano, No. 2-17-

0236 (Luciano III). Because the postconviction proceedings were still pending as part of the

remand from Luciano II, we held Luciano III in abeyance, reasoning that there was a reasonable

probability that the result of the postconviction proceedings would obviate the need to decide the

issues raised in Luciano III. We ordered defendant to provide us with periodic reports on the status

of the postconviction proceedings.

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¶ 36   On April 17, 2019, defendant, through counsel, filed an amended postconviction petition.

The amended petition included claims of ineffective assistance of trial and appellate counsel.

Defendant alleged that trial counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to file a motion to

dismiss the 2007 murder charges because they were based on the same act as the 1990 and 1991

weapons possession and solicitation charges and were therefore subject to compulsory joinder.

Defendant alleged that appellate counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to raise the

compulsory-joinder issue on direct appeal. On September 4, 2019, the State filed its motion to

dismiss defendant’s amended petition for postconviction relief.

¶ 37   On January 20, 2021, following delays caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the trial court

heard the State’s motion to dismiss. In that hearing, the State did not advance an affirmative

defense, but instead argued that the 1990 and 1991 charges were not based on the same act as the

2007 murder charges. Specifically, the State argued that the solicitation charge was based on

defendant’s alleged instruction to Hector Rodriguez, which occurred on a different date than the

gang meetings that were emphasized at the trial on the 2007 murder charges. The State also argued

that, in 1990 and 1991, it only “suspected,” rather than had “knowledge,” that defendant was

involved in the Gonzalez murder, and the 2007 murder charges therefore were not subject to

compulsory joinder. For his part, defendant argued that his actions constituted a part of a

continuing solicitation and ongoing conspiracy to kill Gonzalez, which was known to the State.

¶ 38   On April 5, 2021, the trial court denied the State’s motion to dismiss. The court focused on

the compulsory-joinder issue between the 1990 and 1991 weapons and solicitation charges and the

2007 murder charges. The matter advanced to the third-stage hearing, with the court describing

the issues as, “What did the State know when they first charged [defendant], who knew it, and

what were the circumstances that they didn’t charge the murder.”

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¶ 39   On February 17, 2022, the trial court held the third-stage hearing on defendant’s amended

postconviction petition. Neither party presented in-person testimony; instead the parties relied on

purely documentary evidence. After defendant presented his case-in-chief, the State moved for a

directed finding, arguing that defendant’s evidence did not demonstrate that the State “knew” (for

purposes of compulsory joinder) the identity of the actual shooter. According to the State, under

our Luciano II decision, joinder was required only if the State had sufficient “admissible

substantive evidence” to “secure a conviction,” rather than simply adequate evidence with which

to charge defendant. The trial court denied the State’s motion for a directed finding.

¶ 40   The State continued to focus on the identity of the actual shooter or shooters. The State

maintained that it needed “admissible substantive evidence which identifies the shooter” before

the 2007 murder charges were subject to compulsory joinder. The State acknowledged that it could

have charged defendant in 1991 with the solicitation of the actual shooter or shooters and that it

might have been able to secure a conviction for murder, based on circumstantial evidence without

proving the identity of the shooter or shooters. However, the State maintained that it was not

required to join the murder charges prematurely, based on only the possibility of prevailing.

¶ 41   On March 25, 2022, the trial court rendered its determination. The court first evaluated the

evidence presented in the third-stage hearing, noting that the search warrants presented were

uniformly seeking weapons at locations associated with Angel Luciano, defendant, Acevedo,

Hernandez, Oliva, Delatorre, and others. The search warrants sought evidence related to the

Gonzalez murder, with the court expressly noting, “Never do I have a search warrant for the

possession of weapons.” The court also recounted the various police reports, witness interviews,

and cooperating witness statements, particularly, Hector Rodriguez’s description of the meeting at

which defendant passed out the weapons and ordered certain members to shoot Gonzalez.

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¶ 42   The trial court also discussed the 1990 and 1991 indictments for the possession and

solicitation offenses and defendant’s guilty plea. Specifically, the court referenced comments made

by the sentencing judge “about potential accountability [i.e., possible future ramifications and

charges],” noting that “other comments were also made by defense counsel and the State; not

getting to the heart of the nature, but acknowledging that the guns were used in the murder.”

¶ 43   The trial court then discussed its judgment:

       “this Court has to determine, as I said under Strickland, whether or not a constitutional

       violation occurred.

               Normally on a third stage post-conviction petition the relief sought is a new trial.

       That’s not the case here.

               As the Appellate court said when they decided to tell me to peel the onion from the

       inside out, I think is the words that they used, the question becomes, what did the State

       know and when did they know it and was there enough to charge him? Not was there

       enough to actually convict him, but was there enough to charge when they charged him

       with that [sic]?

               I’m at a unique posture in this case because I have not yet had filed a mandatory

       joinder motion because it’s not been allowed. We’re at a post-conviction petition.

               However, it is going to be the finding of this Court with everything I have in front

       of me, we have argued whether or not [defendant] could have been charged by

       accountability, that’s the only way he could have been charged in [this] case. The defense

       has pretty much conceded the guilt of [defendant]. They haven’t said that directly but they

       pretty much conceded that for purposes of this motion.

               The State has pretty much conceded that if mandatory joinder applies, this case is

       over and the murder conviction would be vacated on speedy trial grounds.

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              What I am finding today is as follows, because of the procedural history of this case

      and I somewhat disagree with the Appellate Court, I have not heard at this point any of the

      witnesses from the State as to what they knew and when they knew it.

              What I have heard is the documentary evidence leading up to this, to determine

      whether or not ineffective assistance occurred by not filing the motion for joinder.

              What I see here is as follows: I do not see that there is any trial strategy that this

      court can come up with. And I will tell you for the record so that it’s clear, this Court did

      criminal defense work for 25 years before it took the bench and sat in felony court until

      recently getting the assignment to be presiding judge of family court, sat in felony court

      for about six and a half years.

              On my experience, even if [defendant] did not tell his attorney about the gun case,

      I cannot fathom a trial strategy that you would not go back and look into the history, to see

      what happened on a 1990 murder when this is charged in 2007 and figure out what’s going

      on. It’s incumbent upon defense attorneys to research. That was obviously not done in this

      case.

              There is no trial strategy for never filing a motion for compulsory joinder if you

      think it is there as we all know. [Worst] thing that happens is if you don’t file it, the answer

      is always no.

              I can’t think of a trial strategy that said, don’t file a joinder that could have killed

      the case off immediately.

              So I do find under the first prong of Strickland that ineffective assistance occurred.

              As to the second prong of Strickland whether or not, and I know I’m paraphrasing,

      there’s a reasonable possibility that had the motion been filed, it would have been

      successful. I have to find that there’s a reasonable possibility.

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             This court can make a reasonable argument as to accountability in this case and that

      at the time the gun cases were charged, there’s a real possibility the State had enough

      information based upon, if nothing else, Mr. Rodriguez’s comments that [defendant] who’s

      sitting in front of me, was accountable. If nothing else, he handled the guns, he ordered

      people to go shoot Deuce house[s]. He said Psycho was going to get hit. And he took the

      guns back and wiped them clean. And if I’m not mistaken, one of his fingerprints ended

      up on one of the guns. By accountability, I believe that there may have been enough.

             However, so the relief I’m granting is as follows, because I find that the second

      prong of Strickland was met too. But I don’t have a motion for joinder in the file. And I

      am not prepared today to find specifically that joinder must apply. This Court has never

      heard from any of the witnesses at the time.

             And I know the witnesses, Mr. Johnson, who was the state’s attorney is still alive,

      the prosecuting attorney Mr. Crimmins is still alive and they’re both practicing law. I just

      bring that up because in the future we may hear from them.

             So I am granting the third stage.

             I am not vacating the conviction. And the reason I’m not vacating the conviction in

      this case is, quite frankly, I don’t think it’s appropriate based on the arguments I have.

             There’s a tacit admission that this is a joinder and that, therefore, I find that the trial

      was appropriate. I find the facts of the trial were appropriate. And I find that the finding of

      the jury was an appropriate finding, based upon the facts of this case.

             This is a procedural question that should a motion [have] been filed, and I find that

      it should have been. So I’m not going to vacate the conviction in this case.

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                 But what I am going to do is grant the third stage and grant the Defense leave, if

          they so desire, they may not, but if they so desire grant them to [sic] leave to file a

          mandatory joinder or compulsory joinder motion and have that heard.”

¶ 44      On March 25, 2022, the trial court entered a handwritten order that stated: “Reassignment

following the court’s granting of 3rd stage evidentiary hearing & continuance to allow defense [to]

file motion to dismiss based on compulsory joinder.” On March 28, 2022, the court entered two

written status orders stating, relevantly, “On 3/25/2022, [the trial court] found trial counsel was

ineffective under both prongs of Strickland but did not vacate the conviction. [The trial court]

continued the case for defense counsel to file a motion to dismiss the indictment and for a hearing

on that motion.” The trial court also tolled the 30-day period for defendant to file the motion for

compulsory joinder until April 11, 2022. On April 5, 2022, the State timely filed its notice of

appeal.

¶ 45                                        II. ANALYSIS

¶ 46      On appeal, the State argues that the trial court improperly granted postconviction relief to

defendant. First, the State contends that the trial court did not actually decide the amended

postconviction petition in defendant’s favor. Second, the State contends that, in any event, the

2007 murder charges were not subject to compulsory joinder because (1) they were not based on

the same act as the 1990 and 1991 possession and solicitation charges and (2) the State did not

have a reasonable chance of securing a murder conviction based on what it knew when the 1990

and 1991 charges were filed.

¶ 47                   A. Postconviction Proceedings and Standard of Review

¶ 48      The Post-Conviction Hearing Act (Act) (725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 2020)) describes

how postconviction proceedings are to be conducted. A postconviction proceeding allows an

individual convicted of a criminal offense to challenge his or her conviction on the grounds of a

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constitutional violation. People v. Domagala, 2013 IL 113688, ¶ 32. It provides for up to three

stages of review. Id. In the first stage, the defendant is required only to set forth the gist of a

constitutional deprivation, and the trial court may summarily dismiss the petition if it is frivolous

or patently without merit. Id. If the petition is not summarily dismissed, it is advanced to the second

stage, in which counsel may be appointed to assist the defendant, and the petition and its

accompanying documentation must make a substantial showing of a constitutional violation. Id.

¶ 33. If the petition survives the second stage, it advances to the third and final stage, where the

defendant is entitled to an evidentiary hearing. Id. ¶ 34.

¶ 49    At the third-stage hearing, the trial court serves as the fact finder, and it determines the

credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given to evidence and it resolves any evidentiary

conflicts. Id. Ultimately, the court must determine whether the evidence introduced in the third-

stage hearing demonstrates that the defendant is, in fact, entitled to relief. Id. A defendant is entitled

to relief if he or she proves, by a preponderance of the evidence, that a constitutional right has been

violated. People v. Coleman, 2013 IL 113307, ¶ 92.

¶ 50    As noted above, defendant’s postconviction petition was advanced to the third stage and

the parties submitted documentary evidence. The trial court evaluated the documentary evidence,

heard the parties’ arguments, and rendered its decision. The parties dispute the standard of review.

Defendant argues that the typical post-evidentiary-hearing standard of deference, the manifest-

error standard, applies. People v. English, 2013 IL 112890, ¶ 23. Defendant contends that fairness

requires a deferential review because the court considered new evidence, albeit documentary, and

made factual determinations based on its review. See People v. Brown, 2013 IL App (1st) 091009,

¶ 53 (manifest-error standard applied where the trial court considered new documentary evidence

entered by stipulation at the third-stage hearing; additionally, the trial court presided over the

defendant’s trial).

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¶ 51   The State argues that our review is more appropriately de novo where the trial court

considered only documentary evidence and the issues presented are purely questions of law. See

English, 2013 IL 112890, ¶ 23. However, even in these circumstances, deferential review is

required if the trial court has some special expertise or familiarity with the defendant’s trial or

sentencing and that familiarity has some bearing upon the disposition of the postconviction

petition. Id. The State argues that this exception does not apply in this case: the parties presented

only documentary evidence at the third-stage hearing, the evidence concerned the legal issue of

whether defendant’s trial and appellate counsel were ineffective, and the trial court neither had

special expertise nor presided over the trial or sentencing of defendant.

¶ 52   We agree with the State that our review of the trial court’s third-stage determination is

de novo. We note that defendant relies upon Brown but ignores the detail that the trial court in that

case also presided over the Brown defendant’s trial. Brown, 2013 IL App (1st) 091009, ¶ 53. Thus,

the Brown court applied the deferential manifest-error standard in significant part because the trial

court had presided over the underlying trial. Here, while the trial court did consider and evaluate

new documentary evidence, it did not have the necessary special expertise or involvement in the

underlying trial or sentencing to qualify for the exception carved out in English. In any event, the

standard of review does not affect the outcome in this case—the result remains the same whether

we employ deferential or plenary review.

¶ 53                                   B. Compulsory Joinder

¶ 54   In Luciano II, 2013 IL App (2d) 110792, ¶ 66, we termed the issues presented in

defendant’s ineffective assistance claim “something of an analytical onion,” due to the layering of

the various components of his claims. Defendant’s postconviction petition alleged claims of

ineffective assistance against trial and appellate counsel. The ineffective assistance claims, in turn,

were based on trial counsel’s failure to file a motion to dismiss based on compulsory joinder (720

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ILCS 5/3-3 (West 2006)) and appellate counsel’s failure to raise on direct appeal an ineffective

assistance claim against trial counsel for that failure. In turn, by not seeking compulsory joinder,

defendant’s right to a speedy trial was compromised because the 1990 and 1991 weapons

possession and solicitation charges constituted the same acts used to prove the 2007 murder

charges and thus, when the 2007 murder charges were instituted, the speedy-trial period, both

statutory and constitutional, had long since lapsed. Therefore, the heart of defendant’s claim in this

appeal, on which any relief succeeds or fails, is the compulsory-joinder issue. We therefore address

this issue first, because, if it fails, then none of the other layers of defendant’s claim can succeed;

but if it succeeds, then we can move on to the next layer of our “analytical onion.”

¶ 55   The compulsory-joinder statute provides: “If the several offenses are known to the proper

prosecuting officer at the time of commencing the prosecution and are within the jurisdiction of a

single court, they must be prosecuted in a single prosecution *** if they are based on the same

act.” 720 ILCS 5/3-3(b) (West 2006). There are two key concepts relevant to our consideration

here: “knowledge” or “known to the proper prosecuting officer” and “based on the same act.”

Knowledge for compulsory-joinder purposes means “the conscious awareness of evidence that is

sufficient to give the State a reasonable chance to secure a conviction.” Luciano II, 2013 IL App

(2d) 110792, ¶ 78; see also People v. McBride, 2022 IL App (4th) 220301, ¶ 41. 3 We conclude

that the State had “knowledge” under the compulsory-joinder statute.

¶ 56   When defendant was charged in 1990 and 1991, especially in 1991 for solicitation of

aggravated discharge, the State had evidence, provided by Hector Rodriguez, that defendant had

instructed Rodriguez and others to shoot Gonzalez, distributed weapons for that purpose, been

       3
        In December 2022, after briefing concluded, defendant filed a motion to cite this case as

additional authority and the State did not object. We hereby grant defendant’s motion.

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aware of the shooting immediately after it occurred, collected the weapons after the shooting,

attempted to secrete the weapons, and possessed the actual weapons used in the shooting. Analysis

of the weapons found in defendant’s possession showed that the .30-30 Marlin rifle and the Ted

Williams shotgun were used in the shooting and the Commando Mark .45-caliber rifle had

defendant’s fingerprint on it. Rodriguez also informed the police that defendant gave him the

Commando Mark .45-caliber rifle and instructed him to shoot Gonzalez. In addition, Acevedo told

police at that time that several men, who were identified in Rodriguez’s statements to police as

possible shooters, came to his house and used the outside spigot to wash their faces.

¶ 57    As the case developed, the police focused on Rangel as one of the shooters, and Rangel

was charged with Gonzalez’s murder. Rangel’s murder charge was founded in significant part on

Hector Rodriguez’s statements but was torpedoed by Acevedo’s perjury. Notwithstanding the

State’s failure to convict Rangel, the State used the Rodriguez information at defendant’s

sentencing on the 1990 and 1991 possession charges as evidence in aggravation to support a longer

sentence. This evidence shows that the State had the requisite knowledge to charge defendant with

murder, certainly by the time it secured the 1991 indictment for weapons possession and

solicitation.

¶ 58    We next turn to the “based on the same act” concept. Our supreme court observed that the

compulsory-joinder statute was enacted to prevent the State from embarking on a piecemeal and

harassing prosecution of multiple offenses. People v. Hunter, 2013 IL 114100, ¶ 18. For purposes

of compulsory joinder, “based on the same act” is not given “a hypertechnical interpretation to

create multiple acts based on discrete moments in time”; instead, where the defendant is engaged

in a single and uninterrupted act, joinder will be required. Id. Our supreme court cautioned against

adopting an elements-based test when determining whether joinder is required versus other

situations, such as when determining whether multiple convictions are supported by separate acts.

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Id. ¶ 22. Indeed, our supreme court expressly overruled cases in which courts had erroneously used

a one-act-one-crime definition of “act” in the context of compulsory joinder. Id. (overruling People

v. Davis, 381 Ill. App. 3d 614 (2008), and People v. Davis, 328 Ill. App. 3d 411 (2002)).

¶ 59   With this understanding of “based on the same act” in mind, it is clear that the 1991 charges

in case No. 91-CF-797 are based on the same act as the 2007 murder charges. The statement from

Hector Rodriguez indicated that defendant held a cache of weapons that he distributed to various

gang members attending a meeting before Halloween 1990. At that meeting, defendant instructed

the members to shoot members of the Insane Deuces generally and Gonzalez specifically.

Defendant also distributed the weapons to the members for that purpose. At the trial on the 2007

murder charges, more witnesses came forward to corroborate Rodriguez’s description of the

meeting at which defendant distributed the weapons and gave the members their assignments. This

act—conducting the meeting, distributing the weapons, and giving the instructions—forms the

foundation of both the solicitation of aggravated discharge offense and the 2007 murder charges.

Because both the 1990 and 1991 charges and the 2007 charges were “based on the same act” for

purposes of the compulsory-joinder statute, the State, which, as we have determined above, had

“knowledge” of the facts, was required to prosecute the murder charges together with the

possession and solicitation charges.

¶ 60   Having determined that joinder was required, we can now move to the next layer. The

interplay between compulsory joinder and speedy-trial rights is governed by the Williams rule:

               “Where new and additional charges arise from the same facts as did the original

       charges and the State had knowledge of these facts at the commencement of the

       prosecution, the time within which trial is to begin on the new and additional charges is

       subject to the same statutory limitation that is applied to the original charges. Continuances

       obtained in connection with the trial of the original charges cannot be attributed to

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       defendants with respect to the new and additional charges because these new and additional

       charges were not before the court when those continuances were obtained.” People v.

       Williams, 94 Ill. App. 3d 241, 248-49 (1981).

Here, because the 2007 murder charges were subject to compulsory joinder with the 1990 and

1991 weapons possession and solicitation charges, the speedy-trial term began to run at that time.

Approximately 16 years elapsed between when the State had “knowledge” of the murder charges

and when it instituted the murder charges, and defendant’s murder prosecution was subject to

dismissal on speedy-trial grounds.

¶ 61   Next, in 2007, had defendant filed a motion to dismiss based on compulsory joinder, it

would have been granted. Because the speedy-trial term had long since lapsed, the prosecution on

the 2007 murder charges would have been dismissed. It is on this failure to file a motion to dismiss

that defendant bases his postconviction claims of ineffective assistance. To prevail on a claim of

ineffective assistance, a defendant must show both that his or her counsel’s performance fell below

an objective standard of reasonableness and that there is a reasonable probability that the result of

the proceeding would have been different but for counsel’s deficient performance. People v. Jones,

2023 IL 127810, ¶ 51. Counsel’s strategic decisions are generally immune from ineffective

assistance claims. Id.

¶ 62   Here, the trial court could find no strategic reason for not filing a motion to dismiss. We,

too, discern no strategic purpose in failing to file a motion to dismiss. As we determined above, a

motion to dismiss based on compulsory joinder would have been successful. Defendant’s murder

charges, therefore, would have been dismissed. Trial counsel’s representation, therefore, was

objectively deficient. Defendant was also prejudiced because, had the motion been filed, the 2007

murder charges would have been dismissed on compulsory-joinder/speedy-trial grounds. Thus, we

agree with the trial court that trial counsel provided ineffective assistance.

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¶ 63    Likewise, the same rubric applies to appellate counsel. We can discern no strategic reason

not to include the issue of trial counsel’s failure to file a motion to dismiss. Therefore, appellate

counsel’s failure to raise this issue in the direct appeal was objectively deficient. Further, defendant

was also prejudiced on direct appeal in at least two ways. First, the issue of ineffective assistance

of trial counsel for failing to file a motion to dismiss based on compulsory joinder would have

been successful. This alone establishes prejudice because the outcome of defendant’s direct appeal

would have been different. Second, by failing to raise the issue on direct appeal, appellate counsel

has potentially forfeited its consideration in future proceedings. Indeed, it is only through an

ineffective assistance claim against appellate counsel that we are able to consider the compulsory-

joinder issue, because it could, and should, have been raised on direct appeal. Thus, appellate

counsel, too, provided ineffective assistance.

¶ 64    Finally, we consider the relief ordered by the trial court. The court unequivocally granted

defendant relief following the third-stage evidentiary hearing. In its oral remarks, the court stated

that it would “grant the third stage and grant the Defense leave, if they so desire, they may not, but

if they so desire grant them to [sic] leave to file a mandatory joinder or compulsory joinder motion

and have that heard.” The court appears to have believed that it needed to entertain the actual

motion to dismiss despite necessarily deciding that, had counsel filed the motion to dismiss,

defendant was reasonably likely to prevail. In other words, although the court determined that

compulsory joinder applied and that the motion to dismiss the murder charges would have

succeeded based on the 16-year speedy-trial violation, it granted leave to present a motion that it

had already determined would be successful.

¶ 65    We believe that the trial court erred in choosing this relief. Effectively, the court’s relief

was a do-over on the third-stage evidentiary hearing because the completed third-stage evidentiary

hearing covered precisely the issue of whether a motion to dismiss based on compulsory-

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joinder/speedy-trial grounds would have succeeded. While neither the parties’ nor our own

research has revealed the relief to be granted in a procedurally similar case, the relief granted in

direct appeals for this situation is uniform and compelling. For example, in People v. Williams,

204 Ill. 2d 191, 207-08 (2003), our supreme court reversed the defendant’s murder conviction

where counsel failed to move to dismiss on compulsory-joinder/speedy-trial grounds. See also

People v. Isbell, 2020 IL App (3d) 180279, ¶¶ 13, 29 (“when a defendant raises an ineffectiveness

claim on [failing to file a motion to dismiss], we must only consider whether a motion to dismiss

charges on speedy trial grounds, had it been filed by counsel, would have been meritorious.

[Citation.] The remedy for ineffective assistance in this regard is the same as the remedy for any

speedy trial violation found on appeal: outright reversal of the conviction or convictions in

question”; conviction subject to compulsory joinder reversed). Thus, the proper remedy here was

to reverse and vacate defendant’s conviction of the 2007 murder charges. Accordingly, we modify

the court’s judgment and reverse and vacate defendant’s conviction in this case.

¶ 66                                C. The State’s Contentions

¶ 67   The State argues that the trial court actually determined that defendant had not

demonstrated that his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance and that the court erred in not

denying defendant postconviction relief. The State also challenges the court’s findings that the

2007 murder charges were based on the same act as the 1990 and 1991 charges and that it had a

reasonable chance to secure a conviction based on its knowledge in 1990 and 1991. We consider

the contentions in turn.

¶ 68                       1. Erroneous Grant of Postconviction Relief

¶ 69   The State initially argues that the trial court’s chosen relief actually means that defendant

failed to prove prejudice. As we have discussed above, the trial court unequivocally granted

defendant postconviction relief based on a determination that trial counsel provided ineffective

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assistance. The trial court determined both that trial counsel provided objectively deficient

representation by failing to file a motion to dismiss based on compulsory joinder and the

concomitant speedy-trial violation and that this failure prejudiced defendant because the motion

to dismiss would likely have succeeded. The trial court, however, did not order the proper relief;

rather, it effectively ordered a repeat of the third-stage evidentiary hearing, despite having

necessarily determined that a motion to dismiss had a reasonable probability of succeeding. Thus,

the State conflates the relief granted with the success of the petition.

¶ 70    Notwithstanding the type of relief, the trial court inescapably granted defendant’s

postconviction petition. The court determined that defendant prevailed on his claim of ineffective

assistance, and it very clearly ordered relief in favor of defendant. We reject the State’s claim that

relief is not relief.

¶ 71    The State concedes that, if the 2007 murder charges were subject to compulsory joinder,

then “defendant’s murder prosecution would have been barred by speedy trial principles where the

[State] brought the murder charges after the 160-day speedy-trial period had expired.” The State

nevertheless reasons that, because the relief granted by the trial court was not the vacation of

defendant’s murder conviction, “the court necessarily found that defendant had not proven that his

compulsory joinder argument would have succeeded.” We disagree.

¶ 72    On March 25, 2022, the trial court entered an order stating: “Reassignment following the

court’s granting of 3rd stage evidentiary hearing & continuance to allow defense [to] file motion

to dismiss based on compulsory joinder.” On March 28, 2022, the court entered two orders. Both

orders stated: “On 3/25/2022, [the trial court] found trial counsel was ineffective under both prongs

of Strickland but did not vacate [defendant’s] conviction.” Both orders referenced that defendant

was granted leave to file a motion to dismiss based on compulsory joinder. Thus, for purposes of

the postconviction proceedings, the court clearly determined that trial counsel had provided

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ineffective assistance since both prongs of Strickland had been satisfied. The court then granted

the relief, albeit incorrect, of granting defendant leave to file the very motion to dismiss that was

the subject of the postconviction proceedings. The court’s written orders directly refute the State’s

contention.

¶ 73   Similarly, the trial court’s oral remarks directly refute the State’s contention. To the

exclusion of everything else that the trial court said from the bench, the State focuses on a single

sentence in the March 25, 2022, transcript: “And the reason I’m not vacating the conviction in this

case is, quite frankly, I don’t think it’s appropriate based on the argument I have.” The State ignores

that the trial court stated that it “[found under the first prong of Strickland] that ineffective

assistance occurred.” The State ignores that the trial court stated: “there’s a real possibility the

State had enough information based upon, if nothing else, Mr. Rodriguez’s comments that

[defendant], who’s sitting in front of me, was accountable [for Gonzalez’s murder].” The State

ignores that the trial court stated, “I am granting the third stage,” and proceeded to order the relief

of “leave to file a mandatory joinder or compulsory joinder motion and have that heard.” Thus, the

oral statements and the written orders all reflect the trial court’s judgment of granting defendant’s

postconviction petition following the third-stage hearing.

¶ 74   Finally, we note that the State agrees with our assessment of the correct relief to be ordered

in this case. As mentioned, the State concedes that, “if compulsory joinder applied, defendant’s

murder prosecution would have been barred by speedy trial principles where the [State] brought

the murder charges after the 160-day speedy-trial period had expired.” We have determined that

compulsory joinder did indeed apply to the 2007 murder charges, and we accept the State’s

concession. Further, we reject the State’s contention that the trial court did not grant defendant’s

postconviction petition, because the record directly and completely refutes the State’s argument.

¶ 75       2. Same Act Supporting 1990 and 1991 Charges and 2007 Murder Charges

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¶ 76    The State disputes that the two sets of charges, the 1990 and 1991 possession and

solicitation charges and the 2007 murder charges, were based on the same act. As an initial matter,

we note that, in defendant’s guilty plea to the 1990 and 1991 possession charges, the State argued

that consecutive sentencing was available, not because each count to which defendant was

pleading guilty constituted a separate act, but because defendant was dangerous and consecutive

sentences would protect the public from defendant. See Ill. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 38, ¶ 1005-8-4(b)

(now 730 ILCS 5/5-8-4(c)(1) (West 2020)). At the sentencing, the trial court specifically rejected

that the acts of possession constituted different acts and, instead, determined that the possession

constituted “an ongoing series of events and that consecutive sentencing [was] not available.” In

the trial on the 2007murder charges, the State argued that defendant possessed the weapons before,

during, and after the Gonzalez shooting. The trial court determined that defendant’s possession of

the weapons used in the shooting supported his conviction of Gonzalez’s murder. Luciano I, No.

2-09-0066, slip op. at 29-30. The State also used defendant’s guilty plea as evidence of his

possession of the weapons used in the murder (id. at 37), and, we note, this evidence was deemed

effectively a single, continuing, act that would not support consecutive sentencing for separate acts

of possession. In this appeal, however, the State now argues that defendant’s murder conviction

was founded on separate acts of possession and separate acts of encouragement to the members to

shoot and kill Gonzalez. This argument constitutes a significant and first-time change in position,

from asserting a single act to multiple acts.

¶ 77    The doctrine of judicial estoppel operates to protect the integrity of the judicial process

from parties deliberately changing their positions based on the exigencies of the moment. People

v. Palmer, 2021 IL 125621, ¶ 74. Generally, judicial estoppel will apply when a party “has

(1) taken two positions (2) that are factually inconsistent (3) in separate judicial or quasi-judicial

administrative proceedings, (4) intending for the trier of fact to accept the truth of the facts alleged

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and (5) having succeeded in the first proceeding and received some benefit from it.” Id. The fact

that all the factors are established does not always require the application of judicial estoppel—the

court may exercise its discretion in making the determination and it may also consider whether the

party intended to deceive or mislead, whether the party’s change in position was due to

inadvertence or mistake, and the impact of the party’s original position in the first proceeding.

Seymour v. Collins, 2015 IL 118432, ¶ 47.

¶ 78   We believe that judicial estoppel could be invoked under the circumstances of this case.

The State’s consistent theory from 1990 through the trial on the 2007 murder charges was that

defendant’s possession of the weapons used in the murder was a continuing act, which served as

the foundation of the murder charges. It is only in this appeal (and the third-stage postconviction

proceedings below) that the State has changed its position from asserting an ongoing act of

possession to contending discrete acts of possession that render the murder charges not subject to

compulsory joinder. The latter position is factually inconsistent with the former position, taken in

the 1991 guilty plea and the murder trial (which also used defendant’s guilty plea to establish his

ongoing possession of the weapons and his ability to distribute the weapons he possessed).

Moreover, the State obtained a murder conviction based on its earlier theory, and it now jettisons

that theory. Thus, the record manifestly and clearly establishes each of the elements necessary to

apply the doctrine of judicial estoppel. Palmer, 2021 IL 125621, ¶ 74.

¶ 79   Nevertheless, although the doctrine could, and perhaps should, apply to prohibit the State’s

argument that defendant’s 1990 and 1991 possession and solicitation charges and 2007 murder

charges were based on different acts, we do not decide this case on that basis. Neither party appears

to have raised the issue below, and the trial court made neither findings concerning the elements

nor a determination whether the doctrine should be applied. While it is well established that we

may sustain the trial court’s judgment on any basis supported in the record (People v. Aljohani,

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2022 IL 127037, ¶ 28), we believe it would not be appropriate to decide this case on an unbriefed,

albeit manifestly apparent, rationale. We therefore turn to the State’s specific contentions.

¶ 80    The State argues that the 1991 solicitation charge was not based on the same act as the

2007 murder charges, because the solicitation charge focused on Hector Rodriguez. The State does

not explain how the 1991 solicitation charge differs from the 2007 murder charges, but we infer

that the State is suggesting that the murder charges were based on the instructions to the other

individuals. However, at the same time and in the same meeting, defendant instructed members,

including Hector Rodriguez, Michael Rodriguez, Delatorre, and Rangel, to carry out the Gonzalez

shooting. Under Hunter, the simultaneous instructing of these individuals is the same act for

purposes of compulsory joinder. Hunter, 2013 IL 114100, ¶ 27.

¶ 81   The State relies on People v. Gooden, 189 Ill. 2d 209, 219 (2000), to support its contention

that the act of soliciting Hector Rodriguez to commit aggravated discharge of a firearm is not the

same act for compulsory-joinder purposes as instructing others, including Delatorre and Rangel,

to shoot Insane Deuces generally and to shoot Gonzalez specifically. In Gooden, our supreme court

held that an aggravated criminal sexual assault committed after the defendant had committed a

home invasion by breaking into his ex-wife’s residence and injuring her by hitting her with a

shotgun were separate acts and not subject to compulsory joinder even though they occurred during

the same incident. Id. at 220. Gooden is distinguishable, however, because the evidence in this

case showed a single act, where Hector Rodriguez and the other gang members, including those

who shot Gonzalez, were all instructed at the same meeting. See Hunter, 2013 IL 114100, ¶ 27

(simultaneously possessing cannabis and firearms discovered during the same search deemed a

single physical act for purposes of compulsory joinder). Because the solicitation and the murder

charges were based on defendant’s instructing the gang members to carry out the shooting of

Gonzalez, they were based on the same act (id.), and we reject the State’s contention.

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¶ 82                                3. The State’s Knowledge

¶ 83   The State denies that it had sufficient “knowledge” for purposes of compulsory joinder.

The State argues that the trial court employed an incorrect standard by focusing on whether the

State “knew” enough to charge defendant with murder instead of whether the State could “secure

a conviction for murder.” The State contends that it did not possess “substantively admissible

evidence identifying the [actual] shooter” or connecting the actual shooter to defendant at the time

it instituted the 1990 and 1991 charges, so it “could not prove that defendant was accountable for

the acts of the shooter.”

¶ 84   This argument subtly misstates “knowledge” for purposes of compulsory joinder. In

Luciano II, which is also the law of this case, we stated that “ ‘knowledge’ or ‘known to the proper

prosecuting officer’ means the conscious awareness of evidence that is sufficient to give the State

a reasonable chance to secure a conviction.” Luciano II, 2013 IL App (2d) 110972, ¶ 78; accord,

McBride, 2022 IL App (4th) 220301, ¶ 41; People v. Sykes, 2017 IL App (1st) 150023, ¶ 42. The

State converts the prosecutor’s “conscious awareness of evidence” into actual possession of

admissible evidence, and it converts the prosecutor’s confidence in the evidence from “sufficient

to give the State a reasonable chance to secure a conviction” to proof beyond a reasonable doubt

that defendant was accountable for the shooter’s acts. This conception would impermissibly raise

the standard to a degree where no prosecution would ever be subject to compulsory joinder and it

would implement the very harm—piecemeal prosecutions—the compulsory-joinder statute was

enacted to prevent. See Hunter, 2013 IL 114100, ¶ 18 (compulsory-joinder statute was enacted to

prevent prosecutorial abuse through the piecemeal prosecution of multiple offenses). We reject the

State’s conception of “knowledge” pertaining to compulsory joinder.

¶ 85   The State recognizes that, in 2007, defendant was charged with murder and that a

conviction could be obtained only under accountability principles. A defendant is legally

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accountable for the acts of another if, “before or during the commission of an offense, and with

the intent to promote or facilitate such commission, he [or she] solicits, aids, abets, agrees or

attempts to aid, such other person in the planning or commission of the offense.” 720 ILCS 5/5-

2(c) (West 2006); see also Ill. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 38, ¶ 5-2(c). In People v. Fernandez, 2014 IL

115527, ¶ 13, our supreme court explained that, to prove a defendant’s legal accountability, the

State may present evidence that the defendant shared the criminal intent with the principal, or that

there was a common criminal design between the defendant and the principal. The State argues

that accountability cannot be proved, and it specifically contends, relying on People v. Johnson,

2014 IL App (1st) 122359-B, ¶ 160, that “[o]ne cannot share an intent to facilitate or promote the

commission of a crime without knowing who committed the crime.” The State’s contention,

however, conflates the sufficiency of the evidence presented at trial with “knowledge” for purposes

of compulsory joinder. In Johnson, the issue involved whether the defendant was accountable for

the actions of Sims. The court determined that the defendant shared with Sims neither a prior intent

to shoot the victim nor a common design to shoot the victim—indeed, the State failed to offer

evidence that the defendant was in any way involved in the commission of the crime. Id. ¶ 161.

Thus, the State is placing itself in the shoes of the defendant in Johnson in considering whether

shared criminal intent was demonstrated by the evidence presented at trial when the identity of the

shooter was not known. Instead, the proper issue is whether the prosecutor was aware of evidence

that provided a reasonable chance of demonstrating accountability.

¶ 86   Likewise, the State makes a similar argument regarding common criminal design. Relying

on People v. Ivy, 2015 IL App (1st) 130045, ¶ 45, the State contends that it must prove that

someone with whom defendant shared a common criminal design committed the act for which

defendant is being held criminally responsible. Once again, however, the State conflates the

sufficiency of the evidence presented to convict defendant at trial with “knowledge” for purposes

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of compulsory joinder. In Ivy, the issue was whether the State needed to present evidence that an

accomplice of the defendant performed the shooting, and the court determined that the State had

not presented any evidence concerning who shot the victim. Id. ¶ 46. Once again, the State places

itself in the Ivy defendant’s shoes and considers the sufficiency of the evidence presented at trial

instead of assessing the evidence it possessed and whether that offered a reasonable chance of

demonstrating a common design.

¶ 87   The State, therefore, by relying on Johnson and Ivy, is impermissibly attempting to conflate

evidence of which the prosecutor is aware that provides the State a “reasonable chance to secure a

conviction” with evidence admitted at trial that proves a defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable

doubt. Again, that is neither the law of this case nor what the law actually requires. E.g., McBride,

2022 IL App (4th) 220301, ¶ 41. We reject the State’s argument.

¶ 88   To prove defendant guilty of murder, the State had to be able to prove that defendant was

legally accountable for the shooters’ actions. Under either the shared intent or common design

doctrines, the State was aware that defendant could be proved accountable. Hector Rodriguez had

informed police that defendant ran a meeting at which he passed out weapons and told the gang

members present—including at least two of the shooters identified by Rodriguez and subsequently

identified through the cooperating Latin King witnesses in the prosecution of the 2007 murder

charges—to shoot members of the Insane Deuces generally and to shoot Gonzalez specifically.

The various search warrants executed by the police led to the recovery of two of the weapons used

in the shooting. Defendant’s fingerprint was found on a weapon that Rodriguez expressly

acknowledged that defendant gave to him. This evidence was adequate to apprise the prosecutor

and to provide a reasonable chance of proving defendant accountable under either the shared intent

or common design doctrines for Gonzalez’s murder by the actual shooters.

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¶ 89   The State provides a recitation of the evidence it contends was known to prosecutors in

1990 and 1991. The State’s recitation, however, focuses on the sufficiency of the evidence and

whether it provides proof beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant was accountable for and guilty

of Gonzalez’s murder, much like the cases it cited in support of its position. As we have discussed,

this is the wrong lens through which to view “knowledge” for purposes of compulsory joinder. As

such, we reject the State’s improper framework and discussion. We instead conclude, based on our

analysis above, that the evidence known to the State at the time of the 1990 and 1991 weapons

possession and solicitation charges provided a reasonable chance to secure a murder conviction

against defendant.

¶ 90                                  4. Final Considerations

¶ 91   There are two more considerations that were raised at oral argument that bear discussion

here. First, while this appeal deals with the ineffective assistance provided by trial counsel and

appellate counsel, we note that the performance of guilty-plea counsel has not been challenged,

and we presume he provided competent representation. E.g., People v. Petrie, 2021 IL App (2d)

190213, ¶ 66 (counsel’s actions are presumed to be the product of sound strategy). This

competence would extend to the effect of the guilty plea on future actions. At oral argument, the

State did not dispute that, on the date of defendant’s guilty plea, the 120-day speedy trial term had

lapsed. The lapse of the term would have prohibited a subsequent prosecution for Gonzalez’s

murder based on the acts charged in the nol-prossed solicitation of aggravated discharge count in

the 1991 case. This understanding was further reflected in defendant’s statement in allocution, in

which he expressed the hope of “get[ting] this time in [his] past to start on [his] life again.” The

understanding that the acts on which the solicitation charge was based could not be used to support

a future murder charge is also reflected in the fact that the State did not qualify the guilty plea in

any way to preserve its right, should more and better information come to light, to later seek to

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charge defendant with Gonzalez’s murder. For example, the State could have easily made such a

reservation a part of the guilty-plea record, but it did not do so. Instead, it sought and received the

maximum sentence for weapons possession, and it sought to make defendant’s sentences

consecutive because of his danger to the public, which the trial court rejected. Thus, flowing from

the presumption of competent representation and effective performance by both defendant’s plea

counsel and the prosecutors in the 1990 and 1991 cases, it is apparent that, at the time of the 1991

guilty plea, the State had concluded all charges stemming from the acts depicted in the nol-prossed

solicitation charge.

¶ 92      Our final point is to highlight our disagreement with the State’s argument on appeal and at

oral argument that “[t]here is nothing in compulsory joinder jurisprudence which imposes a duty

upon the [State] to seek out evidence that may or may not ultimately be available.” At oral

argument, the State persisted in this position even when we bluntly asked if its argument meant

that doing nothing to improve its knowledge and evidence regarding the case was proper and

acceptable. While not binding, we note that a prosecutor is expected to investigate and prosecute

offenses where appropriate. See ABA Criminal Justice Standards: Prosecution Function § 3-4.1

(4th   ed.    2017),   https://www.americanbar.org/groups/criminal_justice/standards/Prosecution

FunctionFourthEdition/ (last visited May 12, 2023) [https://perma.cc/X4J4-9GCP]; ABA Criminal

Justice         Standards:       Prosecutorial        Investigations       (3d       ed.        2014),

https://www.americanbar.org/groups/criminal_justice/publications/criminal_justice_section_arch

ive/crimjust_standards_pinvestigate/ (last visited May 12, 2023) [https://perma.cc/L4DY-CADU].

We believe that the State had sufficient evidence to charge defendant with Gonzalez’s murder no

later than when it focused on bringing Rangel to trial, and it had the obligation to do more than

nothing to investigate defendant’s culpability for Gonzalez’s murder. Because the State chose to

do nothing, by either contemporaneously investigating to bolster its case or reserving its right and

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ability to later charge defendant in Gonzalez’s murder notwithstanding the acts alleged in the count

for solicitation of aggravated discharge, we are compelled to answer the question of whether

compulsory joinder applied to the 2007 murder charges and to determine the consequences flowing

from our answer.

¶ 93                                   III. CONCLUSION

¶ 94   For the foregoing reasons, we affirm as modified the judgment of the circuit court of Kane

County. Defendant’s conviction is reversed and vacated.

¶ 95   Affirmed as modified.

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                      People v. Luciano, 2023 IL App (2d) 220112

 Decision Under Review:     Appeal from the Circuit Court of Kane County, No. 07-CF-
                            1753; the Hon. Donald Tegeler Jr., Judge, presiding.

 Attorneys                  Jamie L. Mosser, State’s Attorney, of St. Charles (Janet C.
 for                        Mahoney, Assistant State’s Attorney, and Patrick Delfino,
 Appellant:                 Edward R. Psenicka, and Katrina M. Kuhn, of State’s Attorneys
                            Appellate Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.

 Attorneys                  James E. Chadd, Douglas R. Hoff, and Jonathan Yeasting, of
 for                        State Appellate Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.
 Appellee:

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