Court Opinion

ID: 9913827
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-12-28 20:07:30.715788+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:01:05.578463
License: Public Domain

[Cite as Broadview Hts. v. Waseleski, 2023-Ohio-4790.]

                              COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                             EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

CITY OF BROADVIEW HEIGHTS,                               :

                Plaintiff-Appellee,                      :
                                                             No. 112346
                v.                                       :

PHILLIP WASELESKI,                                       :

                Defendant-Appellant.                     :

                               JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION

                JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED AND REMANDED
                RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: December 28, 2023

                      Criminal Appeal from the Parma Municipal Court
                                  Case No. 22CRB00905

                                            Appearances:

                Vince Ruffa, Law Director, City of Broadview Heights, and
                Joseph Grandinetti, Assistant Prosecutor, for appellee.

                Allen C. Hufford, for appellant.

EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, P.J.:

                Defendant-appellant, Phillip Waseleski (“Waseleski”), appeals from his

conviction following a bench trial. He raises the following assignments of error for

review:

        1. The trial court erred in finding the defendant guilty of criminal
        mischief because of insufficient evidence.
      2. The court erred when it found the defendant guilty because it was
      counter to the manifest weight of the evidence.

      3. The court erred in sustaining an objection of relevance preventing
      the defendant from exploring potential bias of a witness when the court
      prevented the defendant from questioning about a EEO (Equal
      Employment Opportunity) complaint that the defendant had against
      the plaintiff.

      4. The court erred in admitting the videotape because it was not
      properly authenticated when entered into evidence.

      5. The court erred in convicting the defendant given that the
      contamination of the credibility of the video is against the manifest
      weight of the evidence.

      6. The court erred in allowing Patrol Officer Harmon and Sergeant
      Carlton to testify as to their opinions as to the state of mind of the
      defendant regarding the dumping of trash.

            After careful review of the record and relevant case law, we affirm.

                     I. Factual and Procedural History

            In March 2022, the city of Broadview Heights filed a complaint against

Waseleski, charging him with a single count of criminal mischief in violation of

Broadview Heights Codified Ordinances (“BHCO”) 642.11. The offense was later

amended to a charge of criminal mischief in violation of R.C. 2909.07, a

misdemeanor of the third degree. (Tr. 7.) Following several continuances, the

matter proceeded to a bench trial in November 2022.

            At trial, Stephanie Johnson (“Johnson”) testified that she is the owner

of a commercial cleaning franchise and provides cleaning services to various

facilities, including the University Hospitals Broadview Heights Health Center (“UH

hospital”). Waseleski was employed by Johnson as a “general cleaner.” He was
responsible for cleaning the offices and examination rooms located on the second

floor of UH hospital. (Tr. 15.)

             On February 28, 2022, Johnson and Waseleski had a disagreement

concerning Waseleski’s work practices during his night shift at UH hospital.

Specifically, Johnson alleged that Waseleski was leaving UH hospital during his shift

without approval and while being “clocked in.” (Tr. 15.) Johnson testified that

Waseleski became “belligerent” during the verbal dispute, resulting in the

termination of his employment. (Tr. 17.) After Waseleski was fired, he continued to

insult and yell at Johnson. He further threatened to “take [her] house, [her] truck,

[her] Jeep, anything that [she] had, that [she] was messing with the wrong person.”

(Tr. 21.) Johnson testified that she immediately contacted the police because

Waseleski was still at UH hospital and she was concerned for the safety of her other

employees.

             Officer Jessica Harmon (“Officer Harmon”) of the city of Broadview

Heights Police Department, testified that at approximately 10:34 p.m. on February

28, 2022, she received a dispatch to respond to UH hospital to “remove” an

employee from the building. (Tr. 55.) Officer Harmon was provided a description

of Waseleski and his vehicle. Upon arriving at the scene, Officer Harmon observed

Waseleski sitting in the driver’s seat of his vehicle in the hospital parking lot. Officer

Harmon testified that when she confronted Waseleski, “he immediately got irate

asking why I was there, what are you doing.” (Tr. 57.) Officer Harmon testified that

she explained to Waseleski that she was there to ensure that he was safely removed
from the property. Following an exchange of words, Waseleski left the premises and

Officer Harmon “cleared the call.” (Tr. 59.) Officer Harmon then resumed her

patrol.

             Shortly after contacting the police, Johnson arrived at the scene to

speak with the responding officers and to complete Waseleski’s work responsibilities

for the evening. When Johnson entered the hospital, she discovered “trash thrown

— strewn all over the hallways and [examination rooms]” that Waseleski was

responsible for cleaning during his shift. (Tr. 25.) Johnson described the scene as

follows:

      There were paper towels in the hallways, and in four of the exam rooms
      there was paper towels, trash out of the trash can, dirty diapers, food.
      It had gone all the way down the hall and into the exam rooms.

      ***

      It was very obvious to see when I walked in, somebody had thrown
      trash throughout the hallway and the exam rooms, and Mr. Waseleski
      is the only one that I had to clean those areas.

(Tr. 27-29.) Based on these observations, Johnson contacted the police department

a second time to report “the mess” caused to the second-floor offices. (Tr. 30.)

             Officer Harmon confirmed that she was called back to the scene at

approximately 11:15 p.m. to investigate the “trashed suites.” (Tr. 60.) Upon arriving

at the hospital, Officer Harmon observed trash “thrown down the hall, in the middle

of the rooms, [and] in the suites.” (Tr. 62.) She explained that “there was like, food,

trash, like medicine glass vials, and dirty diapers just all over the floor.” (Tr. 61.)
            In the course of her investigation, Officer Harmon spoke with the

employees present at the scene and obtained a written statement from Johnson.

According to Officer Harmon, the employees denied any involvement in the incident

and stated that they did not know who was responsible for the dispersed trash

because they were not working in that area of the hospital. In her written report,

however, Johnson opined that “[Waseleski] was the one that threw the trash due to

him being the only one on the floor cleaning that night.” (Tr. 63.)

              Based on the information gathered at the scene, Officer Harmon

contacted Waseleski via telephone. Officer Harmon testified that Waseleski denied

having any knowledge about the trash found in the offices, stating “anyone could

have done it.”    (Tr. 64.)   During this conversation, Officer Harmon notified

Waseleski that he was going to be charged with criminal mischief.

             On March 1, 2022, the Broadview Heights Police Department retrieved

video footage captured by UH hospital’s security cameras. The video, city’s exhibit

A, was played during Officer Harmon’s direct examination while she narrated the

events as they unfolded. Officer Harmon summarized the contents of the video as

follows: “[Waseleski] was seen going into the area that I was in observing the trash

on the floor with a full trash bag and then never coming back out with it.” (Tr. 65.)

              Sergeant Dale Carlton (“Sergeant Carlton”) of the city of Broadview

Heights Police Department testified that he responded to UH hospital

approximately two minutes after Officer Harmon. Sergeant Carlton stated that by

the time he had arrived at the scene, Officer Harmon was already speaking with
Waseleski in the parking lot. Sergeant Carlton verified that Waseleski “was very

upset” and hostile towards the responding officers. (Tr. 81.) Sergeant Carlton

further testified that he reviewed the video-surveillance footage showing Waseleski

taking a large trash bag into an office. When asked to narrate his observation of the

video, Sergeant Carlton stated, “In my view, what I believe is happening is

[Waseleski] reaching into a bag and taking stuff out and throwing it.” (Tr. 87.)

               Waseleski testified on his own behalf. In relevant part, Waseleski

denied causing the mess discovered by Johnson on February 28, 2022, and

maintained that other employees had access to the second-floor offices during his

shift. Waseleski testified that he immediately left the building and headed to his

vehicle after his employment was terminated by Johnson. Before he could exit the

parking lot, however, Waseleski was “surrounded” by three officers who were acting

“like there was something criminal going down.” (Tr. 117.) Regarding the video-

surveillance footage introduced by the city, Waseleski stated that he was merely

transferring leaky trash from a garbage bag to a trash bin that was located behind

an office door. (Tr. 134-135.) Waseleski further claimed that city’s exhibit A lacked

credibility because the city of Broadview Heights Police Department obtained the

video footage directly from Johnson and not from UH hospital.

               At the conclusion of trial, Waseleski was found guilty of criminal

mischief in violation of R.C. 2909.07.1 The trial court sentenced Waseleski to 60

1 The trial court’s final journal entry, dated January 18, 2023, reiterates that Waseleski was

found guilty of the amended charge following a nonjury trial. However, the final entry
further states that prior to the imposition of a sentence on December 19, 2022, “the
days in jail, suspended, imposed a 12-month period of probation, and ordered

Waseleski to have no contact with Johnson. Waseleski was also required to pay a

fine in the amount of $500, with $350 of the fine suspended.

               Waseleski now appeals from his conviction and sentence.

                                 II. Law and Analysis

                           A. Sufficiency of the Evidence

               In the first assignment of error, Waseleski argues the state failed to

present sufficient evidence to support his conviction.

               A sufficiency challenge requires a court to determine whether the state

has met its burden of production at trial and to consider not the credibility of the

evidence but whether, if credible, the evidence presented would sustain a conviction.

State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997). The relevant

inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the

prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the

crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 273,

defendant waived the issuance of a new complaint and entered a plea of guilty,” which was
accepted by the court following a Crim.R. 11 explanation of rights. On November 17, 2023,
this court ordered the parties to address the trial court’s reference to a purported guilty plea
and whether Waseleski waived the arguments raised in this appeal by entering a plea of
guilty. On November 29, 2023, the parties filed a joint response brief, ensuring this court
that the finding of guilt arose following a bench trial and that no plea was entered into under
Crim.R. 11 in this matter. Satisfied with the parties’ clarification of the proceedings, we find
Waseleski has not waived the evidentiary challenges raised in this appeal. The trial court
shall modify its final entry of conviction nunc pro tunc to delete the reference to the
purported admission of guilty under Crim.R. 11.
574 N.E.2d 492 (1991), citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781,

61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979).

              “‘Proof of guilt may be made by circumstantial evidence, real evidence,

and direct evidence, or any combination of the three, and all three have equal

probative value.’” State v. Rodano, 2017-Ohio-1034, 86 N.E.3d 1032, ¶ 35 (8th

Dist.), quoting State v. Zadar, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94698, 2011-Ohio-1060, ¶ 18.

Direct evidence exists when “a witness testifies about a matter within the witness’s

personal knowledge such that the trier of fact is not required to draw an inference

from the evidence to the proposition that it is offered to establish.” State v. Cassano,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97228, 2012-Ohio-4047, ¶ 13. In contrast, “[c]ircumstantial

evidence requires the drawing of inferences that are reasonably permitted by the

evidence.” Id.; see also State v. Hartman, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 90284, 2008-

Ohio-3683 (“Circumstantial evidence is the proof of facts by direct evidence from

which the trier of fact may infer or derive by reasoning other facts in accordance with

the common experience of mankind.”). Id. at ¶ 37, citing State v. Griesheimer, 10th

Dist. Franklin No. 05AP-1039, 2007-Ohio-837, citing State v. Bentz, 2 Ohio App.3d

352, 442 N.E.2d 90 (1st Dist.1981).

              Although circumstantial evidence and direct evidence have obvious

differences, those differences are irrelevant to the probative value of the evidence,

and circumstantial evidence carries the same weight as direct evidence. Cassano at

¶ 13. Furthermore, circumstantial evidence is not only sufficient, “‘but may also be

more certain, satisfying, and persuasive than direct evidence.’” State v. Hawthorne,
8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 96496, 2011-Ohio-6078, ¶ 9, quoting Michalic v. Cleveland

Tankers, Inc., 364 U.S. 325, 330, 81 S.Ct. 6, 5 L.Ed.2d 20 (1960).

              In this case, Waseleski was convicted of criminal mischief in violation

of R.C. 2909.07. “The activity that constitutes criminal mischief under Revised Code

Section 2909.07(A) involves a crime against property rather than a person.”

Wysocki v. Oberlin Police Dept., 9th Dist. Lorain No. 13CA010437, 2014-Ohio-

2869, ¶ 11. “A person commits criminal mischief if he without privilege to do so,

knowingly move[s], defaces, damages, destroys, or otherwise improperly tampers

with the property of another.” State v. Fridley, 9th Dist. Wayne No. 17AP0029,

2019-Ohio-3412, ¶ 8, citing R.C. 2909.07(A)(1)(a). “A person acts knowingly,

regardless of purpose, when the person is aware that the person’s conduct will

probably cause a certain result or will probably be of a certain nature.” Id., citing

R.C. 2901.22(B).

             On appeal, Waseleski argues that there is no evidence that he was

responsible for the trash discovered on the hospital-room floor. Alternatively, he

contends that even if he did dump trash in the hospital, the prosecution failed to

establish that he knowingly damaged, destroyed, defaced, or tampered with the

property as those terms are commonly defined.

              Viewing the evidence adduced at trial in a light most favorable to the

prosecution, we find a rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements

of the criminal mischief offense proven beyond a reasonable doubt. In this case, the

city presented ample evidence regarding Waseleski’s verbal altercation with
Johnson on the night in question, his state of mind following his termination of

employment, and his proximity to the trashed office area during the relevant

timeframe. Specifically, Johnson confirmed that Waseleski was the only employee

assigned to the area where the trash was discovered, and the video-surveillance

footage shows Waseleski walking into the office with “a full trash bag and then never

coming back out with it.” (Tr. 65.) Taken together, we find the evidence permitted

the trier of fact to reasonably infer that Waseleski was responsible for the trash

dispersed in the hallway and examination room.

              Furthermore, we find the evidence demonstrates that Waseleski

“tampered” with the property as contemplated under the criminal statute. In this

regard, R.C. 2909.07(B) provides that “as used in this section” the phrase

“‘improperly tamper’ means to change the physical location or the physical

condition of the property.” (Emphasis added.) Here, Waseleski’s act of dispersing

trash throughout the office undoubtedly changed the physical condition of the

property. Accordingly, we find Waseleski’s conviction for criminal mischief is

supported by sufficient evidence.

              The first assignment of error is overruled.

                     B. Manifest Weight of the Evidence

              In the second assignment of error, Waseleski argues his conviction is

against the manifest weight of the evidence. Waseleski contends that in the absence

of direct evidence or eyewitness testimony, the city’s case rested on “coincidental
inferences” that did not overcome the greater weight of the evidence showing that

other employees had access to offices where the trash was discovered.

              When considering a defendant’s claim that a conviction is against the

manifest weight of the evidence, the appellate court functions as a “thirteenth juror”

and may disagree “with the factfinder’s resolution of * * * conflicting testimony.”

Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387, 678 N.E.2d 541, citing Tibbs v. Florida, 457 U.S.

31, 42, 102 S.Ct. 2211, 72 L.Ed.2d 652 (1982). The appellate court examines the

entire record, weighs the evidence and all reasonable inferences that may be drawn

therefrom, considers the witnesses’ credibility and determines whether, in resolving

conflicts in the evidence, the trier of fact “‘clearly lost its way and created such a

manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial

ordered.’” Thompkins at 387, quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485

N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983). Reversal on manifest weight grounds is reserved for the

“‘exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.’”

Thompkins at 387, quoting Martin at 175.

              In addition, a trier of fact is free to believe all, some, or none of the

testimony of each witness testifying at trial. State v. Jones, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

108371, 2020-Ohio-3367, ¶ 85; State v. Sheline, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 106649,

2019-Ohio-528, ¶ 100. Thus, “[a] conviction is not against the manifest weight of

the evidence simply because the jury believed the testimony of the state’s witnesses

and disbelieved the defendant.” Jones at ¶ 85.
              Viewing the evidence adduced at trial and the inferences that can be

reasonably drawn therefrom, we cannot say that the trier of fact clearly lost its way

and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the judgment must be

reversed and a new trial ordered. In this case, the city presented credible evidence

demonstrating Waseleski’s motive, access, and opportunity to commit the offense of

criminal mischief on February 28, 2022. Waseleski exercised his right to testify on

his own behalf and denied all allegations levied against him. Similarly, the perceived

limitations of the city’s evidence, including the lack of physical evidence or

eyewitness testimony, was widely explored by the defense on cross-examination and

during its case-in-chief. Thus, the trier of fact was provided all relevant information

and was in the best position to assess the credibility of the competing evidence.

Under these circumstances, we find Waseleski’s conviction is not against the

manifest weight of the evidence.

              The second assignment of error is overruled.

                     C. Limitation of Cross-Examination

              In the third assignment of error, Waseleski argues the trial court erred

by prohibiting defense counsel from questioning Johnson on cross-examination

about his filing of an Equal Employment Opportunity Commission complaint (“the

EEOC complaint”) against her. Waseleski contends that the trial court’s evidentiary

ruling denied him the opportunity to explore Johnson’s potential bias.

              The constitutional right of cross-examination includes the right to

impeach a witness’s credibility. State v. Green, 66 Ohio St.3d 141, 147, 609 N.E.2d
1253 (1993); State v. Brewer, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 13866, 1994 Ohio App.

LEXIS 3724, 15 (Aug. 24, 1994). Evid.R. 611(B) permits cross-examination on “all

relevant matters and matters affecting credibility.” In turn, Evid.R. 616(A) governs

methods of impeachment and provides that “[b]ias, prejudice, interest, or any

motive to misrepresent may be shown to impeach the witness either by examination

of the witness or by extrinsic evidence.” Evid.R. 616(A). The denial of full and

effective cross-examination of any witness who identifies a defendant as the

perpetrator of the offense is the denial of the fundamental constitutional right of

confrontation essential to a fair trial. State v. Hannah, 54 Ohio St.2d 84, 88, 374

N.E.2d 1359 (1978).

              However,

      “trial courts have wide latitude in imposing reasonable limits on the
      scope of cross-examination based upon concerns about harassment,
      prejudice, confusion of the issues, the witness’s safety, or repetitive,
      marginally relevant interrogation. Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S.
      673, 106 S.Ct. 1431, 89 L.Ed.2d 674 (1986). It is within the trial court’s
      broad discretion to determine whether testimony is relevant, and to
      balance its potential probative value against the danger of unfair
      prejudice. In re Fugate, 2d Dist. Darke No. 1512, 2000 Ohio App.
      LEXIS 4306 ([Sept. 22,] 2000). We will not interfere with the trial
      court’s decision in those matters absent an abuse of discretion. Id.”

State v. Bolton, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 96385, 2012-Ohio-169, ¶ 41, quoting State

v. Foust, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 20470, 2005-Ohio-440.

              “Evidence which is not relevant is not admissible.” Evid.R. 402.

“Relevant evidence” means evidence having any tendency to make the existence of
any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or

less probable than it would be without the evidence. Evid.R. 401.

      “The mere fact that testimony is logically relevant does not in all cases
      make it admissible. It must also be legally relevant. A fact which in
      connection with other facts renders probable the existence of a fact in
      issue may still be rejected, if in the opinion of the judge and under the
      circumstances of the case it is considered essentially misleading or too
      remote.”

State v. McDowell, 3d Dist. Hancock No. 5-17-01, 2017-Ohio-9249, ¶ 28, quoting

Whiteman v. State, 119 Ohio St. 285, 289, 164 N.E. 51 (1928).

              In this case, Waseleski’s constitutional challenge concerns the

following exchange during the cross-examination of Johnson:

      DEFENSE COUNSEL: Okay. Has Mr. Waseleski filed an Equal
      Employees Commission complaint?

      JOHNSON: Yes.

      DEFENSE COUNSEL: Okay. And that’s still in litigation?

      JOHNSON: I was told it was —

      PROSECUTOR: I’m sorry, what was the question that you asked
      before?

      WASELESKI:       So, it was the Ohio Equal Employee Commission
      complaint.

      PROSECUTOR: I’m going to object to the relevancy.

      ***

      TRIAL COURT: First off, whether it’s EEOC or whatever, what is the
      relevance of this item relative to the charge?

      DEFENSE COUNSEL: It goes towards the issue —

      TRIAL COURT: It goes to the issue of what?
      DEFENSE COUNSEL: It goes towards the issue of bias.

      ***

      TRIAL COURT: When was this complaint or report or whatever filed?

      DEFENSE COUNSEL: I can ask.

      TRIAL COURT: Once you ask that, then I’ll give you relevance on
      everything else.

      DEFENSE COUNSEL: Okay. Fair enough.

      DEFENSE COUNSEL: Do you know when you received the complaint?

      JOHNSON: Ask Mr. Waseleski, he filed it. I have no idea when I got
      it.

      TRIAL COURT: Hold on. Was that before or after this incident?

      JOHNSON: After.

      TRIAL COURT: Court finds it’s not relevant. We’ll [note] an exception
      for the defendant. What happens after the fact is after the fact.
      Continue.

      DEFENSE COUNSEL: I have nothing further at this point.

(Tr. 45-47.)

               Viewing the record in its entirety, we are unable to conclude that the

trial court abused its discretion by imposing reasonable limits on the scope of

defense counsel’s cross-examination. In this case, defense counsel was provided an

opportunity to explore a potential bias by questioning Johnson about the filing of

the EEOC complaint. Johnson answered the questions as they were posed and

testified that the EEOC complaint was filed after the criminal mischief offense was

committed. Given the timeline of events, we agree with the trial court’s conclusion

that Waseleski’s initiation of legal proceedings against Johnson following his
termination of employment did not make it any more or less probable that he

committed the offense of criminal mischief. The subsequent litigation bore no

relationship to Johnson’s firsthand observations on February 28, 2022. Similarly,

Waseleski has failed to demonstrate that his filing of an EEOC complaint impaired

Johnson’s credibility, particularly where her observations at UH hospital were

consistent with the observations of Officer Harmon.

              Because the disputed evidence was not relevant to the criminal action,

Waseleski has not demonstrated that he was prohibited from engaging in otherwise

appropriate cross-examination.

              The third assignment of error is overruled.

                    D. Authentication of Video Evidence

              In the fourth assignment of error, Waseleski argues the trial court

committed reversible error by admitting city’s exhibit A into evidence because the

video footage was not properly authenticated. Waseleski contends that the city

“provided no evidence in how the police department obtained the evidence from the

third-party source or who the third-party source was.” Waseleski further asserts

that there is no evidence in the record to establish that the video footage captured

events that occurred on February 28, 2022.

              The decision whether to admit or exclude evidence is subject to review

under an abuse-of-discretion standard and reviewing courts will not disturb

evidentiary rulings absent a clear showing that the trial court abused its discretion

and materially prejudiced a party. State v. Barnes, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 104045,
2017-Ohio-383, ¶ 17, citing State v. Lyles, 42 Ohio St.3d 98, 99, 537 N.E.2d 221

(1989).   The term abuse of discretion implies that the court’s attitude is

unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d

217, 219, 450 N.E.2d 1140 (1983); Johnson v. Abdullah, 166 Ohio St.3d 427, 2021-

Ohio-3304, 187 N.E.3d 463, ¶ 34.

              Evid.R. 901(A) addresses the authentication or identification of

evidence prior to its admissibility. The evidentiary rule provides, in relevant part:

      (A) General provision. The requirement of authentication or
      identification as a condition precedent to admissibility is satisfied by
      evidence sufficient to support that the matter in question is what its
      proponent claims.

      (B) Illustrations. By way of illustration only, and not by way of
      limitation, the following are examples of authentication or
      identification conforming with the requirements of this rule:

      (1) Testimony of witness with knowledge. Testimony that a matter is
      what it is claimed to be.

              “‘[T]he authentication requirement of Evid.R. 901(A) is a low

threshold that does not require conclusive proof of authenticity, but only sufficient

foundation evidence for the trier of fact to conclude that the evidence is what its

proponent claims it to be.’” State v. Heard, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 110722, 2022-

Ohio-2266, ¶ 31, quoting State v. Toudle, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98609, 2013-Ohio-

1548, ¶ 21, citing Yasinow v. Yasinow, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 86467, 2006-Ohio-

1355, ¶ 81.   The proponent of the evidence must demonstrate a “‘reasonable

likelihood’ that the evidence is authentic, which may be supplied by the testimony

of a witness with knowledge.” State v. Roseberry, 197 Ohio App.3d 256, 268, 2011-
Ohio-5921, 967 N.E.2d 233, ¶ 65 (8th Dist.), quoting State v. Bell, 12th Dist.

Clermont No. CA2008-05-044, 2009-Ohio-2335, ¶ 30; State v. Wright, 12th Dist.

Clermont No. 28831, 2021-Ohio-2133, ¶ 77.

               Generally, video evidence may be admissible under one of two

theories: the “pictorial testimony” theory or the “silent witness” theory. Midland

Steel Prods. Co. v. Internatl. Union, United Auto., Aerospace & Agricultural

Implement Workers, Local 486, 61 Ohio St.3d 121, 129, 573 N.E.2d 98 (1991).

               Under the pictorial-testimony theory, evidence is admissible when a

sponsoring witness can testify that it is a fair and accurate representation of the

subject matter, based on that witness’s personal observation. Id. at 129-130. “‘In

authenticating evidence through this method, there is no need to call the witness

who took the photographs [or video] as long as a witness with knowledge can testify

that the photograph is a fair and accurate depiction.’” State v. Scott, 12th Dist.

Warren No. CA2012-06-052, 2013-Ohio-2866, ¶ 36, quoting State v. Freeze, 12th

Dist. Butler No. CA2011-11-209, 2012-Ohio-5840, ¶ 66. The evidence is merely

illustrative of a witness’s testimony. Midland at 129-130.

               Under the silent-witness theory, “the photographic evidence is a

‘silent witness’ which speaks for itself, and is substantive evidence of what it portrays

independent of a sponsoring witness.” Id. at 130. Therefore, photographic evidence

may be admitted upon a sufficient showing of the reliability of the process or system

that produced the evidence. Id. Expert witness testimony is not required to

demonstrate reliability. Id. In Midland, the Ohio Supreme Court found that a
surveillance video tape was properly authenticated when a witness’s testimony

regarding the layout of the area corresponded with the video and the witness was

the custodian of the video and testified that the video had not been altered. Id.

              Viewing the testimony presented at trial together with the contents of

city’s exhibit A, we do not believe the trial court abused its discretion by admitting

the video footage obtained from UH hospital’s surveillance system. In this case, the

city introduced testimony establishing that the city of Broadview Heights Police

Department went to UH hospital the morning after the incident and requested to

review surveillance video footage during the time period Waseleski had access to the

tampered with area of the hospital. Officer Harmon explained that she was unable

to obtain the surveillance footage from UH hospital on the night of the incident

because the hospital was closed for the evening and the available employees did not

have access to the security system. Officer Harmon further testified that the video

is a clear and accurate representation of the setting where the trash was dispersed

and that she had no reason to believe that the footage was tampered with. (Tr. 67.)

Although the video footage does not contain a digital-time stamp, Sergeant Carlton

emphasized that the police department’s request for surveillance footage was

limited to “a specific date and timeframe.” (Tr. 97.)

              Under these circumstances, we believe that the trial court could have

reasonably determined that the prosecution satisfied the low threshold of

establishing that the video footage was what the city claimed it to be, i.e., a fair and

accurate depiction of the surveillance footage recovered by the police during the
course of the investigation. See State v. Ladson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 111211,

2022-Ohio-3670, ¶ 22 (determining that the responding officer’s testimony that the

footage itself accurately reflected the scene of the shooting was sufficient to properly

authenticate the video evidence), citing Freeze, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2011-11-209,

2012-Ohio-5840, at ¶ 68 (determining trial court did not abuse its discretion by

admitting surveillance video when investigating officer testified that video was an

accurate representation of what he originally viewed). See also State v. Coots, 2015-

Ohio-126, 27 N.E.3d 47 (2d Dist.) (determining that video surveillance footage

properly authenticated when investigating officer testified that the video depicting

the crime was the same video taken from surveillance cameras in the area); State v.

Hoffmeyer, 9th Dist. Summit No. 27065, 2014-Ohio-3578 (concluding that trial

court did not abuse its discretion by admitting video surveillance footage when

investigating officers testified that the video accurately portrayed the location on the

night in question).

              In reaching this conclusion, we reiterate that the video footage did not

constitute direct evidence of the crime because it did not clearly and unambiguously

depict trash being thrown on the ground. Thus, the prosecution witnesses could not

testify that the video footage was a fair and accurate representation of the incident.

Rather, the video was merely illustrative of the police investigation and was only

used to establish Waseleski’s possession of trash materials, his opportunity to

commit the offense, and his presence in the area of the hospital building where the

dispersed trash was later discovered. Any challenge relating to the credibility or
substantive value of the video footage goes to the weight of the exhibit and not its

authenticity. State v. Lash, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 104725, 2018-Ohio-1385, ¶ 21.

Similarly, the absence of testimony from a hospital employee with personal

knowledge of the surveillance system’s recording process does not render the video

footage inadmissible. While such testimony may have been beneficial, courts have

not imposed it as an absolute precondition to admissibility under Evid.R. 901(A).

See State v. Farrah, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 01AP-968, 2002-Ohio-1918, ¶ 39; State

v. Johnson, 140 Ohio App.3d 385, 393-394, 747 N.E.2d 863, (1st Dist.2000).

               Based on the foregoing, we disagree with Waseleski that the trial court

abused its discretion by admitting the video recording into evidence. The fourth

assignment of error is overruled.

                   E. Contamination of the Video Evidence

               In the fifth assignment of error, Waseleski argues city’s exhibit A was

devoid of credibility due to the limitations of the video footage. He further contends

that “questions as to chain of custody” suggest that the video footage was potentially

contaminated.

               “The chain of custody of a piece of evidence is part of the

authentication and identification requirement of Evid.R. 901.” State v. Rhodes, 11th

Dist. Lake No. 2000-L-089, 2001 Ohio App. LEXIS 5650, *16 (Dec. 14, 2001). “A

strict chain of custody is not always required in order for physical evidence to be

admissible.” State v. Wilkins, 64 Ohio St.2d 382, 389, 415 N.E.2d 303 (1980).

Rather, “[t]he state need only establish that it is reasonably certain that substitution,
alteration or tampering did not occur.” State v. Blevins, 36 Ohio App.3d 147, 150,

521 N.E.2d 1105 (10th Dist.1987). But see State v. Biswa, 2d Dist. Montgomery No.

29383, 2022-Ohio-3156, ¶ 39 (finding that surveillance-video footage did not

require evidence of chain of custody because it was not fungible and

indistinguishable by nature).

              Having reviewed the surveillance-video footage introduced at trial, we

find no merit to Waseleski’s assertion that the footage was “potentially”

contaminated or otherwise altered. In this case, Officer Harmon described the

process used to retrieve the surveillance footage from UH hospital and expressly

testified that she had no reason to believe that the video footage was “not real, fake,

or altered.” (Tr. 77.) We further note that “[t]he possibility of contamination goes

to the weight of the evidence, not its admissibility.” State v. Richey, 64 Ohio St.3d

353, 360, 595 N.E.2d 915 (1992), overruled on other grounds, State v. McGuire, 80

Ohio St.3d 390, 686 N.E.2d 1112 (1997). As previously discussed, the city satisfied

its low burden for authentication under Evid.R. 901, and the trier of fact was

presented with all relevant arguments regarding the exhibit’s potential weaknesses,

including its failure to include a time stamp and the various obstructions of view.

Deferring to the trial court’s assessment of credibility on this issue, we find no error.

              The fifth assignment of error is overruled.
                         F. Lay-Person Opinion Testimony

              In this sixth assignment of error, Waseleski argues the trial court erred

by permitting Johnson, Officer Harmon, and Sergeant Carlton to offer opinion

testimony as to Waseleski’s state of mind.

              Evid.R. 701 governs the admissibility of lay witness opinion

testimony. It states:

      If the witness is not testifying as an expert, the witness’ testimony in
      the form of opinions or inferences is limited to those opinions or
      inferences which are (1) rationally based on the perception of the
      witness and (2) helpful to a clear understanding of the witness’
      testimony or the determination of a fact in issue.

“Testimony in the form of an opinion or inference otherwise admissible is not

objectionable solely because it embraces an ultimate issue to be decided by the trier

of fact.” Evid.R. 704.

              As stated, “[t]he admission or exclusion of relevant evidence rests

within the sound discretion of the trial court.” State v. Sage, 31 Ohio St.3d 173, 180,

510 N.E.2d 343 (1987). Thus, trial courts are afforded “‘considerable discretion in

controlling the opinion testimony of lay witnesses’” under Evid.R. 701. State v.

Harris, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 108624, 2020-Ohio-4461, ¶ 54, quoting State v.

Grajales, 5th Dist. Delaware No. 17CAC030020, 2018-Ohio-1124, ¶ 60.

              On appeal, Waseleski challenges the following testimony, which was

introduced over defense counsel’s objection: (1) Johnson’s testimony that it

appeared that the trash was purposely thrown throughout the hallway and

examination rooms, and (2) Officer Harmon’s testimony that, based on her training
and experience as a police officer, it appeared the mess was created purposely or

intentionally. (Tr. 29, 61-62.) Although this assigned error references Sergeant

Carlton’s testimony, Waseleski has failed to identify Sergeant Carlton’s purported

lay opinion or include a specific citation to the record where the alleged error

occurred. Accordingly, we limit our review to the testimony provided by Johnson

and Officer Harmon.

              Upon review, we find no abuse of discretion. This is not the case where

the prosecution witnesses offered opinions based on specialized knowledge that is

ordinarily governed by Evid.R. 702. Rather, Johnson and Officer Harmon each

offered opinions that were within the realm of common understanding and based

on their firsthand observations of the scene. The witnesses’ belief that the trash was

purposely, as opposed to accidently, emptied onto the hospital floor was both

“rationally based” on their own perceptions and “helpful to * * * the determination

of a fact in issue.” Accordingly, we find the trial court reasonably admitted their

testimony as lay opinion under Evid.R. 701.

              The sixth assignment of error is overruled.

              Judgment affirmed. The matter is remanded for the trial court to

correct its final sentencing entry nunc pro tunc.

      It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.

      The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the

common pleas court to carry this judgment into execution.
      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27

of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, PRESIDING JUDGE

EMANUELLA D. GROVES, J., and
MICHAEL JOHN RYAN, J., CONCUR