Court Opinion

ID: 4575319
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-10-09 20:00:29.801715+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:31:58.295910
License: Public Domain

USCA11 Case: 18-15101    Date Filed: 10/09/2020   Page: 1 of 9

                                                          [DO NOT PUBLISH]

            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                       ________________________

                             No. 18-15101
                         Non-Argument Calendar
                       ________________________

        D.C. Docket Nos. 1:16-cv-22544-JAL; 1:12-cr-20152-JAL-1

MICHAEL LUIS SUAREZ,

                                                           Petitioner-Appellant,

                                   versus

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                          Respondent-Appellee.

                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Southern District of Florida
                      ________________________

                             (October 9, 2020)

Before WILLIAM PRYOR, Chief Judge, JORDAN and NEWSOM, Circuit
Judges.

PER CURIAM:
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      Michael Luiz Suarez, a federal prisoner, appeals the denial of his motion to

vacate. 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Suarez moved to vacate his sentence for possessing a

firearm in furtherance of a crime of violence, 18 U.S.C. § 924(c), on the ground

that his predicate offense of conspiring to take a person hostage cannot serve as a

crime of violence after Johnson v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015), which

held that the residual clause in the Armed Career Criminal Act was void for

vagueness. The district court denied Suarez’s motion because his companion

offense of carjacking qualified categorically as a crime of violence, 18 U.S.C.

§ 924(c)(3)(A). After Suarez filed his appeal, the Supreme Court decided in United

States v. Davis, 139 S. Ct. 2319 (2019), that the definition for a crime of violence

in the residual clause of the firearm statute, id. § 924(c)(3)(B), was

unconstitutionally vague. We granted Suarez a certificate of appealability to decide

whether Davis invalidates his sentence. Because the record establishes that

Suarez’s firearm conviction is predicated on his offense of carjacking, which our

precedent holds is a crime of violence under the elements clause of section

924(c)(3)(A), In re Smith, 829 F.3d 1276, 1280–81 (11th Cir. 2016), we affirm.

      A grand jury returned a second superseding indictment in which the first five

counts charged Suarez for conspiring to take a person hostage, 18 U.S.C.

§ 1203(b)(2), for taking a hostage, id., for kidnapping, id. §§ 1201(a)(1), 2, for

carjacking, id. § 2119(2), and for possessing a firearm in furtherance of a crime of

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violence in “violation of Title 18, United States Code, Sections 1201(a), 1203(b),

and 2119, as set forth in Counts 1, 2, 3 and 4 of [his] indictment, all in violation of

Title 18, United States Code, Section 924(c)(1)(A) and 2.” Suarez signed a written

agreement to plead guilty to “Count 1 and Count 5 of the Second Superseding

Indictment.” The agreement described “Count 5 [as] charg[ing] that on or about

February 20, 2012, [Suarez] and his co-defendants did knowing [sic] possess a

firearm in furtherance of a crime of violence in violation of Title 18, United States

Code, Section 924(c)(1)(A).”

      During his change of plea hearing, Suarez acknowledged that he was

pleading guilty to the “written charges against [him]” in Counts 1 and 5 of the

indictment, and the district court read aloud the two charges. Suarez admitted that

he and his coconspirators kidnapped and transported the victim in his vehicle at

gunpoint to a prearranged location where he was tortured and held for ransom.

When asked, Suarez stated that he was “Guilty” of “Counts 1 and 5 of the second

superseding indictment.” The district court adjudicated Suarez “guilty of Counts 1

and 5 of the second superseding indictment” and later sentenced him to 444

months of imprisonment.

      After the Supreme Court decided Johnson, 135 S. Ct. 2551, Suarez moved to

vacate his sentence. 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Suarez argued that, like the residual clause

in Johnson, the residual clause of the firearm statute, 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(B),

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was void for vagueness. Suarez argued that his firearm conviction no longer

qualified as a crime of violence because it was based on his offense of conspiring

to take a hostage, which did not involve the force required to satisfy the elements

clause of the firearm statute, id. § 924(c)(3)(A). The government responded that

Suarez’s firearm conviction was based on four companion offenses and that his

offense of carjacking categorically qualified as a crime of violence. See id. Later, at

Suarez’s request, the district court held his motion to vacate in abeyance until this

Court decided Ovalles v. United States, 905 F.3d 1231 (11th Cir. 2018) (en banc).

      The district court denied Suarez’s motion to vacate. 28 U.S.C. § 2255. The

district court ruled that Suarez “[could not] establish that he was actually innocent

of his Section 924(c) conviction.” The district court reasoned that, “irrespective of

the en banc Ovalles opinion,” Suarez’s motion “fail[ed] on the merits because [our

prior precedents held that] carjacking qualified as a crime of violence under

Section 924(c)(3)(A)’s ‘use-of-force’ clause.”

      On denial of a motion to vacate, we review findings of fact for clear error

and the application of the law to those facts de novo. Thomas v. United States, 572
F.3d 1300, 1303 (11th Cir. 2009).

      Section 924(c) prohibits using or carrying a firearm during a crime of

violence. 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A). The section provides that a defendant is

subject to a mandatory consecutive sentence for using a firearm during a crime of

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violence or a drug-trafficking crime. Id. § 924(c)(1). For the purposes of the

section, “crime of violence” means an offense that is a felony and “has as an

element of the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the

person or property of another.” Id. § 924(c)(3)(A).

      A conviction for using or carrying a firearm during or in furtherance of a

crime of violence does not require that the defendant be convicted of or even

charged with the companion offense. United States v. Frye, 402 F.3d 1123, 1127

(11th Cir. 2005). The firearm statute requires only that the companion offense be a

crime “for which the person may be prosecuted in a court of the United States.” 18

U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A). A person may be prosecuted if the government submits

sufficient evidence from which the district court can find that the person

committed the offense. Frye, 402 F.3d at 1127–28.

      A firearm conviction under section 924(c) can be predicated on multiple

companion offenses so long as the defendant can be prosecuted for those offenses.

In re Navarro, 931 F.3d 1298, 1302–03 (11th Cir. 2019). In Navarro, a federal

prisoner applied, without success, for leave to file a successive motion to vacate his

conviction for carrying a firearm in furtherance of a crime of violence and in

furtherance of a drug-trafficking crime, 18 U.S.C. § 924(c). 931 F.3d at 1299–

1303. Navarro argued that his firearm conviction was predicated on his conviction

for conspiring to commit a Hobbs Act robbery, which no longer qualified as a

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crime of violence after the Court declared the residual clause of the firearm statute

invalid in Davis. Navarro, 931 F.3d at 1300. But we concluded that Navarro’s

firearm conviction was not predicated solely on the Hobbs Act charge to which he

pleaded guilty. Id. at 1303 (citing Frye, 402 F.3d at 1127, and 18 U.S.C.

§ 924(c)(1)(A)). Because Navarro’s indictment and plea agreement alleged that he

used, carried, and possessed a firearm charge in furtherance of both “a crime of

violence and a drug trafficking crime,” id. at 1299–1300, his firearm charge was

“predicated both on conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery and drug-trafficking

crimes” charged in his indictment, id. at 1302. We held that the drug-trafficking

offenses “independently supported” Navarro’s firearm conviction because the

factual proffer to his plea agreement established that he committed the drug

trafficking crimes and carried a firearm during and in relation to those offenses. Id.

at 1300, 1302–03. We denied Navarro’s application because his firearm conviction

was “fully supported by his drug-trafficking crimes, . . . [which fall] outside the

scope of Davis . . . .” Id. at 1302.

       As in Navarro, Suarez’s conviction for possessing a firearm in furtherance

of a crime of violence is predicated on more than one offense to which he did not

plead guilty but for which he could have been prosecuted. Suarez agreed in his

written agreement and during his change of plea hearing that he was “plead[ing]

guilty to Count 1 and Count 5 of the Second Superseding Indictment.” Because

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Suarez agreed to plead guilty to the firearm crime as charged in the specific count

of his indictment, its allegations dictate what offenses support his firearm

conviction. Count 5 alleges that Suarez’s companion offenses include as “a crime

of violence . . . [the] violation of Title 18, United States Codes Sections 1201(a),

1203(a), and 2119, as set forth in Count 1, 2, 3 and 4 of [his] Indictment.” So

Suarez’s firearm charge is predicated on conspiracy to take a hostage, on taking a

hostage, on kidnapping, and on carjacking. See Navarro, 931 F.3d at 1300. And

Suarez’s offense of carjacking can “fully support” his firearm conviction. See id. at

1302; Frye, 402 F.3d at 1127. Suarez admitted during his change of plea hearing

that he and his cohorts transported the victim against his will in his vehicle while

armed.

      Suarez is not entitled to have his sentence vacated. See 28 U.S.C. § 2255.

Even if we assume that his conspiracy offense no longer qualifies as a crime of

violence after Davis, which invalidated the residual clause of the firearm statute,

18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(B), Suarez’s firearm conviction is “fully supported” by his

conviction for carjacking. See Navarro, 931 F.3d at 1302. Our precedent holds that

carjacking satisfies the definition for a crime of violence in the elements clause of

the firearm statute. Smith, 829 F.3d at 1280. “The term ‘crime of violence’ as

Congress defined it in 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3) clearly includes carjacking” because

“‘[t]ak[ing] or attempt[ing] to take by force and violence or by intimidation,’ 18

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U.S.C. § 2119, encompasses ‘the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical

force,’ 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(A).” United States v. Moore, 43 F.3d 568, 572–73

(11th Cir. 1994).

      Suarez argues that the district court was required to consider his offense of

conspiring to take a hostage as the sole predicate for his firearm conviction based

on In re Gomez, 830 F.3d 1225 (11th Cir. 2016), but we disagree. In Gomez, we

granted a movant leave to file a second or successive motion to vacate his sentence

for a firearm conviction under section 924(c) because his indictment, which

referenced four companion offenses, was duplicitious and we could not divine

from the jury’s general guilty verdict whether the firearm conviction was based on

one companion crime or all of them, so his mandatory minimum sentence had been

increased without the unanimity required by Alleyne v. United States, 570 U.S. 99

(2013). Gomez, 830 F.3d at 1226–28. In contrast, we harbor no uncertainty about

which crime or crimes support Suarez’s firearm conviction because, as in Navarro,

his case involves a guilty plea and the record makes clear that all four companion

offenses alleged in his indictment support his firearm conviction. See Navarro, 931
F.3d at 1302–03 & n.4. Suarez argues that, under the categorical approach, his

predicate offense must be the “least serious of the charges in [his] indictment,” but

we apply the “least culpable offense” rule to determine whether an offense

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qualifies as a crime of violence, not to determine which crime of violence supports

a defendant’s conviction. See id. at 1303.

      Suarez also attempts to liken himself to the movant who received relief from

his sentence in Brown v. United States, 942 F.3d 1069 (11th Cir. 2019), but the

movant in Brown eliminated the possibility that the drug-trafficking offenses

alleged in his indictment could serve as predicate offenses by specifying in his plea

agreement that his firearm conviction was supported solely by his offense of

conspiring to commit Hobbs Act robbery. Id. at 1073–75. In contrast, Suarez

agreed to plead guilty to “Count 5 of the Second Superseding Indictment,” and that

count alleges that his firearm conviction is based on four companion offenses.

      The district court did not err by denying Suarez’s motion to vacate. Suarez’s

indictment, his plea agreement, his statements during his change of plea hearing,

and the facts proffered to support his pleas of guilty establish that his firearm

conviction was predicated on the companion offenses of conspiracy to take a

hostage, taking a hostage, kidnapping, and carjacking. The latter offense

independently supports Suarez’s firearm conviction. And because carjacking

qualifies as a crime of violence under the elements clause of the firearm statute, 18

U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(A), the invalidation of the residual clause in the statute in Davis

did not affect his firearm conviction.

      We AFFIRM the denial of Suarez’s motion to vacate.

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