Court Opinion

ID: 6146
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-25 05:13:36+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:30:41.621106
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                        For the Fifth Circuit

                            No. 92-7255

                      KATHERINE A. McMURTRAY,
                                                 Plaintiff-Appellant,

                               versus

             J. MAC HOLLADAY, Individually, ET AL.,
                                            Defendants-Appellees.

*****************************************************************

                            No. 93-7002

                         RICHARD L. BUFORD,
                                                           Plaintiff,

                               versus

                      J. MAC HOLLADAY, ET AL.,
                                                          Defendants.

    *          *           *            *           *          *

                         GEORGE A. GEORGE,
                                                 Plaintiff-Appellant,

                               versus

             J. MAC HOLLADAY, Individually, ET AL.,
                                            Defendants-Appellees.

    *          *           *            *           *          *

                           GINGER CROCE,
                                                 Plaintiff-Appellant,

                               versus

             J. MAC HOLLADAY, Individually, ET AL.,
                                            Defendants-Appellees.

          Appeals from the United States District Court
             for the Southern District of Mississippi
                        (December 28, 1993)
Before WISDOM, KING, and DEMOSS, Circuit Judges.

DEMOSS, Circuit Judge:

     This appeal is comprised of three separate lawsuits.        Two of

the suits were tried together in the same district court; the other

was tried in the same district but by a different court.         In each

suit, a former Mississippi state employee sued several state

officers alleging that his/her constitutionally protected property

right in employment with the state was extinguished without due

process of law.     Both district courts granted the state officers

summary judgment.    Because we find no genuine issues of material

fact exist, we affirm.

                  I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

     Under Mississippi law, state employees are categorized in one

of two ways: "state service" employees or "nonstate service"

employees.    MISS. CODE ANN.   §   25-9-107(b),(c).     State   service

employees are afforded the protections of the state personnel

system.   MISS. CODE ANN. § 25-9-121.   Accordingly, no state service

employee in Mississippi:

     may be dismissed or otherwise adversely affected as to
     compensation or employment status except for inefficiency or
     other good cause, and after written notice and hearing within
     the department, agency or institution as shall be specified in
     the rules and regulations of the state personnel board
     complying with due process of law.

MISS. CODE ANN. § 25-9-127.     A state service employee also "may

appeal his dismissal or other action adversely affecting his

employment status to the employee appeals board" and ultimately to

the courts.   MISS. CODE ANN. § 25-9-131(1),(2).       Nonstate service

                                    2
employees are not covered by the state personnel system.          MISS. CODE

ANN. § 25-9-123.

       The appellants, Katherine McMurtray, George George, and Ginger

Croce, were employees with Mississippi's Department of Economic

Development (DED) until October 1988. At that time, the appellants

were terminated as part of a legislatively mandated reorganization

of the DED.    Specifically, in May 1988, the State of Mississippi

enacted Senate Bill 2925 (the Act).1         The Act, effective July 1,

1988, abolished the state's Research and Development Center (R&D

Center),    reorganized   its   DED,   and   established   the   University

Research Center (URC).2    A portion of the R&D Center's duties were

       1
        The Act was later codified at MISS. CODE ANN. § 57-1-1 et
seq.
       2
        In particular, Section 1 of the Act reads in pertinent
part:

       SECTION 1.(1) The Mississippi Research and Development
       Center is hereby abolished from and after July 1, 1988. All
       of the functions of the center shall be transferred on that
       date to the Mississippi Department of Economic Development
       or to the University Research Center which is created in
       Section 3 of this act.

       (2)(a) From and after July 1, 1988, the duties and
       responsibilities of the Research and Development Center
       which are depicted organizationally in the 1989 fiscal year
       budget request of the Research and Development Center and
       which are performed by the Forecast and Analysis Division,
       the Administration Division, the Government Services
       Division and the Data Services Division except as provided
       in subsection 3(b) shall be transferred to the University
       Research Center.

          (b) From and after July 1, 1988, the duties and
       responsibilities of the Research and Development Center not
       included in the transfer described in paragraph (a) except
       as provided in (3)(c) of this subsection shall be
       transferred to the Mississippi Department of Economic
       Development.

                                       3
transferred to the DED, and the remaining duties were transferred

to the URC.   The Act also transferred employees of the R&D Center

to the DED and the URC in accordance with the transfer of duties.

     To facilitate the reorganization of the DED, the Act provided

in Section 28.(6):

     For a period of one (1) year after the effective date of this
     act the personnel actions of the department shall be exempt
     from State Personnel Board Procedures in order to give the
     department flexibility in making an orderly, effective and
     timely transition to the mandated reorganization.

The appellee, J. Mac Holladay, the Executive Director of the DED,

interpreted these sections of the Act to mean that, between July 1,

1988, and July 1, 1989, state service employees with the DED lost

the protection of the state personnel system, thereby enabling the

DED to terminate its employees at will without providing written

notice and a hearing.    On October 26, 1988, Holladay therefore

     (3)(a) All personnel of the Mississippi Research and
     Development Center shall be transferred to the Department of
     Economic Development or to the University Research Center
     according to the transfer of their duties pursuant to this
     section.
                              * * *
        (d) It is the intention of the Legislature that there be
     a reduction in personnel where there is a duplication of
     effort as a result of the transfers required by this
     subsection. The Department of Economic Development in its
     reorganization pursuant to this act may utilize savings
     realized from personnel attrition and other economies to
     reallocate and reclassify positions within the department,
     subject to the approval of the State Personnel Board.

        (e) All personnel transferred to the University Research
     Center shall become subject to all personnel and
     compensation policies of the Board of Trustees of State
     Institutions of Higher Learning; however, anyone so
     transferred shall retain all of the protection and benefits
     to which they have been entitled under the state personnel
     system.

                                 4
informed DED employees that "the property interest of employees of

the   Mississippi         Department         of       Economic       Development     has   been

eliminated for a period of one year beginning July 1, 1988."                                 In

addition, he informed them that each position at the DED had been

eliminated and replaced with entirely different positions.                                  DED

employees, he said, would have the "first opportunity" for re-

employment at the restructured DED, and would be allowed to apply

for a maximum of two positions by October 28, 1988.

      McMurtray, George, and Croce applied for positions in the

newly     organized       DED    but    were      not    hired.         In   November      1988,

McMurtray filed suit in federal district court against Holladay and

several    other        DED    officials,         in    their    individual      capacities,

alleging that she had a constitutionally protected property right

in employment with the DED which Holladay extinguished without due

process of law.           Holladay filed a motion for summary judgment,

which     the    court        granted   in     March         1992.      George   and    Croce,

meanwhile, also filed suit3 against Holladay, et al., in April

1989, alleging that they, too, had a constitutionally protected

property        right    in     employment            with    the     DED    which   Holladay

extinguished without due process of law.                            Holladay again filed a

motion for summary judgment, which the district granted in February

      3
      The suit was filed in the same federal district, the
Southern District of Mississippi, but in a different court.

                                                  5
1992.     See Buford v. Holladay, 791 F. Supp. 635 (S.D. Miss. 1992).4

McMurtray, George, and Croce appeal together.

                               II. DISCUSSION

                          A. Standard of Review

      We review a summary judgment de novo, sitting as if we were

the district court itself.           D.E.W., Inc. v. Local 93, Laborers'

Int'l. Union, 957 F.2d 196 (5th Cir. 1992).              Therefore, summary

judgement is appropriate if there is "no genuine issue as to any

material fact and . . . the moving party is entitled to a judgment

as a matter of law."      FED. R. CIV. P. 56(c).

            B. Status of the Appellants' Property Interests

      The appellants' first contention is that Holladay's summary

termination of them was a violation of their due process rights

under the United States Constitution because Section 28.(6) of the

Act did not extinguish their property interest in employment with

the DED.        The United States Constitution is not the source of

property     interests.       Rather,    it    merely   provides   procedural

protections against the invasion of an acquired property interest.

U.S. CONST. amend. XIV, § 1; Board of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564,

576, 92 S. Ct. 2701, 2708 (1972).            Property interests "are created

and     their    dimensions    are      defined    by   existing   rules   or

understandings that stem from an independent source such as state

law." Cleveland Bd. of Educ. v. Loudermill, 470 U.S. 532, 538, 105
S. Ct. 1487, 1491 (1985); see also Schaper v. City of Huntsville,

      4
      The district court's opinion in McMurtray v. Holladay, Civ.
Action No. J88-0619(W) (S.D. Miss. Mar. 31, 1992), was not
published.

                                         6
813 F.2d 709, 713 (5th Cir. 1987).        Once bestowed, property

interests may not be extinguished by the state without adherence to

minimal due process standards.   Boucvalt v. Board of Comm'rs, 798
F.2d 722, 728 (5th Cir. 1986).   But the legislature, which creates

the property interest in the first place, may also take it away:

"The procedural component of the Due Process Clause does not

'impose a constitutional limitation on the power of Congress to

make substantive changes in the law of entitlement to public

benefits.'"   Atkins v. Parker, 472 U.S. 115, 129, 105 S. Ct. 2520,

2529 (1985) (quoting Richardson v. Belcher, 404 U.S. 78, 81, 92 S.

Ct. 254, 257 (1971)); see also Gattis v. Gravett, 806 F.2d 778, 781

(8th Cir. 1986) ("the legislature which creates a property interest

may rescind it, whether the legislative body is federal or state

and whether the interest is an entitlement to economic benefits, a

statutory cause of action or civil service job protections").

     In this case, the appellants and Holladay agree that the

appellants had a constitutionally protected property interest in

their employment with the DED, at least through June 30, 1988.   The

dispute arises over whether the Mississippi Legislature abrogated

that property interest with enactment of Section 28.(6) of the Act.

The appellants stress that their property interest arose out of

their state service status, MISS. CODE ANN. § 25-9-107(b), and the

concomitant procedural protections of the state personnel system.

MISS. CODE ANN. §§ 25-9-121, 25-9-127.   Therefore, the appellants

argue, if the Legislature intended to extinguish their property

interests, it would have to explicitly abolish the state service

                                 7
status of all employees at the DED.               Then, and only then, could the

DED terminate its employees at will, without adhering to procedural

due process as required by § 27-9-127.

     As for Section 28.(6), which afforded the DED a one year

exemption from "State Personnel Board Procedures," the appellants

insist that this provision does not explicitly abolish, or even

affect, their state service status.                Instead, they claim that the

provision goes no further than it says, that the DED is exempt from

the State Personnel Board Procedures.                     Furthermore, they argue,

Section 1.(3)(d) permitted the DED, in its reorganization, to

reclassify "positions" within the DED but subject to an important

limitation:   "the        approval     of        the    State     Personnel   Board."

Holladay's,   and       both   the   district          courts',   interpretation   of

Section 28.(6) is totally inconsistent with Section 1.(3)(d), they

claim.   While Section 28.(6) fails to explicitly address the

employees' state service status, Section 1.(3)(d) places their

"positions" squarely within the control of the State Personnel

Board and not       the DED.         Thus, they conclude, the Act never

extinguished their property interests.

     The appellants' contention is not meritless.                     But it begs an

important question: what exactly does a department's exemption from

such procedures ultimately mean?                   Our reading of the relevant

statutes tells us that, in fact, the Legislature intended to

suspend DED employees' property interests for one year.                         Under

Mississippi law, the State Personnel Board, which is created under

MISS. CODE ANN.     §    25-9-109,    is        charged    with   "[a]dopt[ing]    and

                                            8
amend[ing]    policies,   rules   and   regulations   establishing    and

maintaining the State Personnel System."        MISS. CODE ANN. § 25-9-

115(c).   In effect, the State Personnel Board represents the state

personnel system, meaning any of the system's rules, regulations,

or procedures are also the Board's.        The state personnel system

requires that, for a state service employee to be terminated, the

department (or other entity) must have good cause and also provide

the employee with written notice and a hearing.        MISS. CODE ANN. §

25-9-127.    Therefore, if a department (or other entity) is exempt

from the state personnel system's rules and regulations, then that

department is free to terminate its employees at will, without

notice or a hearing.

      With regard to the alleged contradiction between Section

28.(6) and Section 1.(3)(d), we point out that the Act was limiting

the DED's ability to reclassify "positions" and not its authority

to terminate personnel. The Legislature in Section 1.(3)(d) merely

was   reaffirming    existing     Mississippi   law   with   regard   to

reclassifying state service positions: the board "[r]ecommend[s]

policies and procedures for the establishment and abolishment of

employment positions within state government." MISS. CODE ANN. § 25-

9-115(i) (emphasis added). The provision is unrelated to the DED's

personnel responsibilities, in stark contrast to Section 28.(6).

That provision exempts the "personnel actions" of the DED "from

State Personnel Board Procedures in order to give the department

flexibility in making an orderly, effective and timely transition

                                    9
to the mandated reorganization."    As one of the district courts

stated below:

     The difference between the two sections is the difference
     between a job classification and the person holding the job
     classification.   Under Section 28(6), a person holding a
     particular job classification was subject to termination, but
     under Section 1(3)(d), the job classification could not be
     modified without compliance with the procedures of the State
     Personnel Board.

Buford, 791 F. Supp. at 642.

     We agree with the appellants that the Act does not explicitly

provide that DED employees lost their state service status.5   The

Legislature certainly could have been more precise.   Nonetheless,

the logical extension of Section 28.(6), when read in conjunction

with other relevant portions of the Act and the Mississippi Code,

     5
      The appellants further submit that, in addition to its
absence of explicit language, the Act as a whole evinces the
legislature's intent to preserve the property interests of state
service employees, such as those with the DED. Specifically,
Section 1.(3)(e) of the Act extended the protections of the state
personnel system to those employees transferred from the R&D
Center, which had carried state service status, to the URC, which
currently carries nonstate service status. See MISS. CODE ANN. §
25-9-107(c)(vii). The appellants maintain that this is evidence
of the legislature's general interest in preserving property
interests rather than limiting them. The appellants' argument is
unconvincing, and possibly counterproductive to their effort.
The legislature's affirmative efforts to extend protections to
these employees -- and not DED employees -- strongly suggest
that, when it wants to ensure that employees retain their state
service status, the legislature is clear and unambiguous about
its intentions.

     Finally, the appellants also ask us to consider two other
matters in determining the status of their property interests:
the actions of the DED before and after enactment of the Act, and
two conflicting interpretations of the Act by the office of the
state's attorney general. While such evidence may suggest that
the state government had difficulty interpreting the Act, we
refuse to consider such matters. Our resolution of this appeal
will rest solely on interpreting the Mississippi Legislature's
intentions, as embodied in the Act.

                               10
is that the legislature intended to suspend the property interests

of DED employees for one year.         Because no genuine issue of

material fact exists as to whether Section 28.(6) of the Act

extinguished the appellants' property interest, summary judgment

for Holladay was appropriate.

                    C. Legislative Due Process

     Finding that the appellants property interest was extinguished

by the Act, we must next consider the appellants' contention that

they nonetheless were denied due process.    The Supreme Court long

ago established that, when a legislature extinguishes a property

interest via legislation that affects a general class of people,

the legislative process provides all the process that is due.    Bi-

Metallic Inv. Co. v. State Bd. of Equalization, 239 U.S. 441, 445-

46, 36 S. Ct. 141, 142-43 (1915); Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co., 455
U.S. 422, 433, 102 S. Ct. 1148, 1156 (1982); see also Jackson Court

Condominiums v. City of New Orleans, 874 F.2d 1070, 1074 (5th Cir.

1989); Gattis, 806 F.2d at 781.

     The appellants claim that the Act affected a specific, and not

a general, class of people: the 29 individuals who lost their jobs

at the DED through reorganization.     We disagree.   While those 29

individuals (including the three appellants) may have lost their

jobs, the Act was intended to affect every employee at the DED,

which qualifies as a general class of people.    See O'Bannon v. Town

Court Nursing Ctr., 447 U.S. 773, 799-801, 100 S. Ct. 2467, 2483

(1980) (Blackmun, J., concurring) ("[w]hen governmental action

affects more than a few individuals, concerns beyond economy,

                                  11
efficiency and expedition tip the balance against finding that due

process attaches"). Because no genuine issue of material exists as

to whether the appellants were denied legislative due process,

summary judgment was appropriate.

                           D. Monetary Compensation

        The appellants' last contention is that, when the state

extinguished their property rights, the Act constituted a "taking,"

and they should therefore be justly compensated pursuant to the

Fifth Amendment.         Even if the Act amounted to a "taking" under the

Fifth       Amendment,   and   we   do   not   conclude   that   it   does,   the

appellants' claim would be barred because under the Eleventh

Amendment, a citizen may not sue his own state in federal court.

U.S. CONST. amend. XI; Pennhurst State School & Hosp. v. Halderman,

465 U.S. 89, 98, 104 S. Ct. 900, 906 (1984).                     Therefore, the

portion of the appellants' suit regarding monetary compensation is

barred.6

                                III. CONCLUSION

        The summary judgments granted below were appropriate and are

therefore AFFIRMED.

        6
      The portion of the appellants' suit regarding the status of
their property interest and whether they were denied legislative
due process is not similarly barred because Congress has the
power with respect to the rights protected by the Fourteenth
Amendment to abrogate Eleventh Amendment immunity. See U.S.
CONST. amend. XIV, § 5; Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer, 427 U.S. 445, 451-
56, 96 S. Ct. 2666, 2669-71 (1976). Congress granted federal
courts jurisdiction to hear private suits against states
involving constitutionally protected property interests under 42
U.S.C. § 1983.
opin\92-07255.opn
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