Court Opinion

ID: 8214307
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-10-14 18:01:25.86642+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:42:29.430596
License: Public Domain

USCA11 Case: 21-10487     Date Filed: 10/14/2022       Page: 1 of 28

                                           [DO NOT PUBLISH]
                            In the
         United States Court of Appeals
                 For the Eleventh Circuit

                  ____________________

                         No. 21-10487
                  ____________________

PRASATH NAVARATHNASINGAM,
                                                         Petitioner,
versus
U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

                                                       Respondent.

                  ____________________

            Petition for Review of a Decision of the
                 Board of Immigration Appeals
                   Agency No. A213-541-178
                   ____________________
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2                      Opinion of the Court                21-10487

Before LUCK, BRASHER, and HULL, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
        Prasath Navarathnasingam petitions for review of the Board
of Immigration Appeals’s dismissal of his appeal of the immigration
judge’s order denying his application for asylum, withholding of
removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture. He ar-
gues that the immigration judge’s adverse credibility finding was
not supported by substantial evidence. He also argues that the im-
migration judge erred in concluding that he didn’t corroborate his
claims, show a pattern or practice of persecution, and establish eli-
gibility for relief under the Convention Against Torture. After
careful review of the record and the parties’ briefs, and with the
benefit of oral argument, we deny Navarathnasingam’s petition.
    FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
                 Navarathnasingam’s Application
       Navarathnasingam is an ethnic Tamil and a native and citi-
zen of Sri Lanka. He entered the United States in 2020 without
valid immigration documents, and the Department of Homeland
Security served him with a notice to appear before an immigration
judge, charging him with being removable. Navarathnasingam
conceded removability and the immigration judge sustained the
charge. He then filed an application for asylum, withholding of re-
moval, and relief under the Convention Against Torture.
     Navarathnasingam alleged in his application that he feared
he would be persecuted, tortured, and murdered by the Sri Lankan
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21-10487                   Opinion of the Court                                3

government because of his Tamil ethnicity if removed to
Sri Lanka.1 He wrote that he had been detained and tortured by
the Sri Lankan miliary for long periods of time because they mis-
takenly thought he was a member of a Tamil separatist group
known as the “Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam,” or “Tamil Ti-
gers.”
       Specifically, Navarathnasingam alleged that the Sri Lankan
military detained him from 2009 to 2015 and tortured him with
burns, ice and heat, repeated beatings, food deprivation, sexual har-
assment, and electric shock. The military released him in 2015 on
the condition that he would not travel, seek medical treatment, or
tell anyone about what happened during the detention. Nava-
rathnasingam alleged that the military constantly monitored him
and sporadically detained him and tortured him after his initial re-
lease. Unable to seek medical treatment, he treated his pain with
ayurvedic medicine, oil, turmeric powder, and hot water when he
returned home.

1
  “The asylum statute provides a list of five protected grounds: ‘race, religion,
nationality, membership in a particular social group, [and] political opinion.’”
Lingeswaran v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 969 F.3d 1278, 1287 n.11 (11th Cir. 2020)
(quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A)). In his asylum application, Nava-
rathnasingam indicated that he sought asylum based on his “[r]ace.” “We
need not decide whether his Tamil ethnicity is, in fact, a statutorily protected
ground, however, because the government has not raised this issue and be-
cause we affirm the [board] for other reasons.” See id.; see also Jathursan v.
U.S. Att’y Gen., 17 F.4th 1365, 1370 n.1 (11th Cir. 2021) (“Whether Tamil is a
race or an ethnicity makes no difference to our decision . . . .”).
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4                      Opinion of the Court               21-10487

       Navarathnasingam wrote that military officials went to his
home and questioned his mother about where he was at least
twice, threatening his mother that they would take her other son if
Navarathnasingam wasn’t there when they visited the next day.
When officials arrived the next day, he alleged that they detained
him and tortured him again. They yelled at him, beat him, sexually
harassed him, urinated on him, and left him naked in a room for
days. He was detained in December 2016 and released in April
2017.
       Navarathnasingam alleged that his final detention began in
late October 2018, after the military suspected his involvement in
a protest for disappeared persons that occurred earlier that month.
He alleged that his aunt, whose son had disappeared, asked him to
drop her off at the protest, which took place outside a temple, and
that he did not participate in the protest but instead entered the
temple to pray. Later that month, military officials came to his
home and detained him and tortured him again. They asked him
questions about the protest and didn’t believe that he wasn’t in-
volved. They sexually harassed him and burned his leg with an
iron box.
      Navarathnasingam alleged that he escaped from detention
three months later, in January 2019, and hid at his uncle’s house.
Meanwhile, military officials went to his home and threatened his
mother that they would shoot him if they found him. Nava-
rathnasingam feared for his life, so he sought to leave the country.
His mother sold their land, house, and jewels to get money to help
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21-10487               Opinion of the Court                         5

him leave and, in March 2019, Navarathnasingam escaped
Sri Lanka, traveling on a flight out of a Sri Lankan airport and
through many countries before eventually arriving in the United
States.
       Navarathnasingam attached to his application several news
articles that discussed Sri Lanka’s treatment of Tamil individuals,
including a 2017 article identifying approximately 249 Tamil vic-
tims who were accused of being Tamil Tigers and tortured through
beatings, burning by iron rods, and sexual violence. He provided a
2009 notice from the Human Rights Commission of Sri Lanka that
recognized the registration of a “complaint” by his mother with the
commission (although the notice didn’t describe the substance of
her complaint or have Navarathnasingam’s name). He also pro-
vided a 2009 certificate of absence showing that his cousin was
missing.
       Navarathnasingam also introduced letters from family
members, community organizations, and a Sri Lankan Justice of
the Peace on his behalf. The letters from his mother stated that
Navarathnasingam was engaged in “social activities” and detained
by the Sri Lankan military from 2009 through 2015; he was har-
assed three times after his release; his family in Sri Lanka is regu-
larly harassed and threatened about his whereabouts; his life was
not safe in Sri Lanka; and her eldest son was killed by the Sri Lankan
miliary. A letter from Navarathnasingam’s aunt stated that he par-
ticipated in the October 2018 protest, was arrested, detained, and
severely assaulted because of the protest, and escaped military
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6                       Opinion of the Court                 21-10487

custody and fled abroad in 2019. Navarathnasingam’s other aunt
wrote that he was engaged in social work and, due to his activities,
was arrested, detained, and severely assaulted by the military until
he escaped and moved in with her in 2016, and that the military
continued searching for him and warned his mother to “hand over
her son.”
       A letter from a community center stated that Nava-
rathnasingam participated and played a leading role in social justice
causes at the center, including “struggles” for disappeared people,
and that he was taken away “very often” by the military “for in-
quiries” because of his work. Another letter from a social service
organization stated that Navarathnasingam was a member who
performed social welfare services, including peaceful protests. The
organization wrote that its members “were threatened several
times under the pretext of inquiries” by the Sri Lankan military.
And the organization stated that Navarathnasingam participated in
the October 2018 protest; that it lost contact with him after the pro-
test and learned from his mother that he had been arrested by the
military; and that a military official later contacted the organization
inquiring about Navarathnasingam.
       The letter from a Sri Lankan Justice of the Peace explained
that Navarathnasingam’s family “is the most affected persons due
to the ethnic war in Sri Lanka.” The oldest son was “shot and
killed” by the Sri Lankan military, and Navarathnasingam “was en-
gaged in [s]ocial work” and served a “key role” in organizing the
October 2018 protest. The Justice of the Peace wrote that
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21-10487               Opinion of the Court                       7

Navarathnasingam was arrested, detained, and severely assaulted
by the Sri Lankan miliary because of the protest before escaping to
the United States, and his family members in Sri Lanka were “being
harassed” and threatened by the Sri Lankan miliary about his
whereabouts. The Justice of the Peace wrote that it was “not ad-
visable” for Navarathnasingam to return to Sri Lanka because he
wasn’t safe there.
                 Immigration Court Proceedings
       The immigration judge held a hearing on Nava-
rathnasingam’s application. Navarathnasingam testified that the
information in his application was correct. He also testified that
the social service organization’s letter didn’t mention his six-year
detention by the Sri Lankan military because “he did not mention
that to them.” His application never mentioned his participation
in social activism or peaceful demonstrations, Navarathnasingam
explained, because he “just wrote what . . . problems [he] faced.”
He denied participating in the October 2018 protest and insisted
that the letters from the social service organization and the Sri
Lankan Justice of the Peace had been incorrectly translated to Eng-
lish and that the Tamil versions didn’t say that he participated in
the October 2018 protest. He testified that he never went to a doc-
tor or hospital because the military released him “under warning”
that he could not seek medical treatment or tell anyone about what
happened to him. Navarathnasingam said there were three en-
counters between his mother and the Sri Lankan military, two in
December 2016, in which the military threatened to take his
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8                      Opinion of the Court                21-10487

brother, and a third in 2019, during which the military said it would
shoot and kill Navarathnasingam. He explained that his mother’s
letters failed to mention any of these encounters because he had
already mentioned them in his statement, and “she just wrote up
the . . . main problems.” And while he couldn’t explain how he
was able to get a passport in one day as “someone who had escaped
from military custody,” he maintained that he “did the fingerprints
and everything” at the passport office and was able to board a flight
without being questioned.
       Navarathnasingam said that while detained by the military,
he was shocked with electricity, repeatedly beaten, burned, and
subjected to sexual violence. The only medical treatment he
sought for his injuries was ayurvedic treatment using herbs and oils
because he was warned not to go to the hospital. He had no docu-
mentation for his treatment in Sri Lanka and had not sought any
other treatment after he left Sri Lanka.
        The immigration judge denied Navarathnasingam’s applica-
tion for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the Con-
vention Against Torture. Before discussing Navarathnasingam’s
claims, the immigration judge made an adverse credibility finding,
explaining that Navarathnasingam was “not a credible witness” be-
cause his statements were “inconsistent with the evidence in the
record in regard to the basic facts underpinning material aspects of
his claim.”
     The immigration judge based his adverse credibility finding
on four inconsistencies and three implausibilities. As to the
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21-10487               Opinion of the Court                        9

inconsistencies, the immigration judge first found that the social
service organization failed to mention Navarathnasingam’s six-
year detention and, although Navarathnasingam’s mother and
aunt corroborated the detention, their testimony carried “minimal
weight” because they were “interested witnesses who did not tes-
tify” at the hearing.
       Second, the immigration judge found that Nava-
rathnasingam didn’t discuss social activism in his asylum applica-
tion and marked the “no” box to the question about whether he
“ever belonged or ha[s] been associated with any organization or
groups in his home country.” But his mother, aunt, and the social
service organization all confirmed that Navarathnasingam was en-
gaged in social activism.
       Third, the immigration judge found that Navarathnasingam
denied any involvement in the October 2018 protest, but his asy-
lum application included two written statements from his aunt and
the social service organization confirming that he participated in
the protest. And Navarathnasingam’s application explained that he
had only dropped off his aunt at the October 2018 protest, but his
aunt didn’t mention him taking her to the protest in her letter.
       And fourth, the immigration judge found that Nava-
rathnasingam identified three encounters between the Sri Lankan
military and his mother, but his mother didn’t mention any en-
counters, and his aunt’s letter said that one of these encounters oc-
curred over the phone. The immigration judge found that
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10                     Opinion of the Court                21-10487

Navarathnasingam “did not provide a satisfactory explanation for
these inconsistencies.”
       As to the implausibilities, the immigration judge found it im-
plausible that Navarathnasingam had been tortured with electrical
shocks, beatings, burns, and sexual violence but “only required as
medical treatment ‘ayurvedic medicine,’ ‘oil,’ ‘turmeric powder,’
‘hot water,’ and other unspecified medication.” The immigration
judge acknowledged Navarathnasingam’s explanation that the Sri
Lankan military ordered him not to seek medical care, but empha-
sized that he hadn’t provided “any medical documentation from
the United States (such as records prepared by the medical staff of
the Stewart Detention Center) substantiating his claims of harm.”
The immigration judge also determined that Navarathnasingam’s
evidence from family and acquaintances failed to “identify his inju-
ries or any lasting harm or physical or mental disabilities that he
suffered from his alleged mistreatment.”
       Second, the immigration judge found it implausible that the
Sri Lankan military granted Navarathnasingam “a great degree of
autonomy,” despite warning him not to go anywhere or tell any-
one what happened to him. “For approximately four years, [he]
was able to move around the northern region of Sri Lanka” and
“even returned home from an ultimately unsuccessful arranged
marriage,” the immigration judge reasoned. Although Nava-
rathnasingam’s movement was “partially explained by his claim
that he tried to avoid detection,” and although he claimed that the
military monitored him and visited his home, his freedom of
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21-10487                Opinion of the Court                        11

movement was “inconsistent with that of a government that alleg-
edly was so interested in [him], that it detained [him] for six years
between 2009 and 2015, and for six months between February and
August of 2016.”
       Third, the immigration judge found Navarathnasingam’s
departure from Sri Lanka implausible. “Despite allegedly detaining
him for six years, telling him that he ‘can’t go anywhere,’ or ‘tell
anything about what happened,’ and keeping track of him for
about four years after his initial release from detention, the Sri
Lankan government issued him a passport in one day.” The immi-
gration judge found it was implausible “that the Sri Lankan gov-
ernment would give him the means to depart the country and po-
tentially seek asylum abroad, when it apparently fear[ed] him in-
forming others of its alleged mistreatment of him.”
       Based on the inconsistencies and implausibilities as to “the
extent of his alleged harms, his interaction with the Sri Lankan au-
thorities, the authorities’ level of interest in him, and his manner of
departure from Sri Lanka,” the immigration judge found that Nav-
arathnasingam “was not a credible witness” and “his corroborative
evidence” carried “minimal to no weight.” Navarathnasingam’s
corroborative evidence only “accentuate[d] the severe problems in
his testimony,” the immigration judge determined, because:
(1) the social service organization’s and the Sri Lankan Justice of
the Peace’s letters stated that he participated in the October 2018
protest; (2) the social service organization’s letter didn’t mention
Navarathnasingam’s six-year detention; (3) his mother’s letters
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12                     Opinion of the Court                21-10487

didn’t mention any encounters with the Sri Lankan military; and
(4) his aunt’s letter didn’t mention that he only took her to the Oc-
tober 2018 protest.
       Because Navarathnasingam’s testimony was neither credi-
ble nor sufficiently corroborated, the immigration judge found that
he “failed to provide credible testimony or other reliable evidence,”
so he “failed to show past persecution or a well-founded fear of be-
ing singled out for persecution upon his return to Sri Lanka.”
        The immigration judge also found that Navarathnasingam
failed to establish a pattern or practice of persecution in Sri Lanka
against Tamil individuals. The immigration judge explained that a
2019 human rights report noted only that “Tamil individuals face
discrimination and harassment in Sri Lanka,” but was “silent as to
whether they are persecuted or tortured” because of their ethnic-
ity. While the report stated that journalists and protestors faced
harassment and sometimes violence, Navarathnasingam was “nei-
ther a journalist nor a protestor.” “Given the conflicting evidence
about whether [Navarathnasingam] engaged in community activ-
ism on behalf of Tamil individuals,” the immigration judge was
“left to believe that [he] [wa]s, instead, a private citizen with no
involvement in Sri Lankan politics or the issues that the Tamil com-
munity faces.”
      The immigration judge took administrative notice that
there were approximately 2,563,591 Tamil individuals in Sri Lanka,
and they represented about 11.2 percent of the Sri Lankan popula-
tion. The immigration judge explained that Navarathnasingam’s
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21-10487               Opinion of the Court                      13

2017 article “identified about 249 Tamil victims of what would
qualify as persecution or torture” and that those victims could not
“be said to be representative of what happens to the average Tamil
individual or suspected Tamil Tiger supporter.” The immigration
judge reasoned that experiences of persecution or torture against
Tamil individuals “appear to be statistical aberrations.” The immi-
gration judge recognized that “the Sri Lankan Tamil population
face[d] discrimination, harassment, and adversity in Sri Lanka,” but
the immigration judge found that Navarathnasingam did not show
that there was “systemic widespread or organized pattern or prac-
tice of persecution against those individuals in Sri Lanka today.”
       Given Navarathnasingam’s “failure to satisfy the lower bur-
den of proof for asylum,” the immigration judge concluded that
Navarathnasingam’s withholding of removal claim also failed.
And, because Navarathnasingam failed to establish the facts of his
case with credible testimony or reliable evidence in the record, and
because “general country conditions evidence of human rights
abuses and discrimination against Tamil individuals in Sri Lanka”
was insufficient for him to meet his burden, the immigration judge
concluded that Navarathnasingam also failed to establish eligibility
for protection under the Convention Against Torture.
           The Board of Immigration Appeals’s Decision
       The board dismissed Navarathnasingam’s appeal. The
board found “no clear error” in the immigration judge’s adverse
credibility finding, explaining that the immigration judge “capably
describe[d] the discrepancies and implausible assertions upon
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14                     Opinion of the Court                 21-10487

which [his] finding was based.” The board also explained that,
while Navarathnasingam sought to “offer alternative explanations
for some of those discrepancies on appeal,” he failed to demon-
strate that the immigration judge’s credibility assessment was
based on an impermissible or implausible view of the evidence.
       The board explained that, given the immigration judge’s
reasonable concerns about his credibility, Navarathnasingam
“needed to come forward with strong corroborative evidence.”
Yet Navarathnasingam’s corroboration was “either general and
lacking in detail (so as to be of limited help) or contain[ed] details
that [we]re at odds with his own version of events,” like the dis-
crepancy about his participation in the October 2018 protest. And,
despite Navarathnasingam’s allegations about “extremely severe
physical torture over a sustained period in Sri Lanka,” he provided
“no medical evidence—such as proof of scarring, burning, or other
indications of healed soft-tissue damage—to substantiate these
claims.”
       Because the immigration judge’s “adverse credibility and
corroboration findings were based on a permissible view of the rec-
ord,” the board concluded that Navarathnasingam’s asylum and
withholding of removal claims were “properly denied.” The board
also concluded that the immigration judge “properly determined”
that Navarathnasingam “did not demonstrate that Tamils in Sri
Lanka [were] subjected to ‘extreme and pervasive’ persecution, as
required for a pattern or practice to exist.” And because Nava-
rathnasingam’s Convention Against Torture claim was based on
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21-10487               Opinion of the Court                       15

the “same facts and evidence” as his asylum claim, the board con-
cluded that the “adverse credibility finding in the asylum context”
was “dispositive” of his Convention Against Torture claim.
                    STANDARD OF REVIEW
       We review the board’s decision as the agency’s final decision
unless, as in this case, the board expressly adopted or agreed with
the immigration judge’s decision. Jathursan, 17 F.4th at 1372.
Where the board agreed with the immigration judge’s reasoning,
we review the decisions of both the board and the immigration
judge to the extent of the agreement. Gonzalez v. U.S. Att’y Gen.,
820 F.3d 399, 403 (11th Cir. 2016).
        We review de novo all legal conclusions, and we review fac-
tual determinations—including credibility findings—under the
substantial evidence test. Jathursan, 17 F.4th at 1372; Chen v. U.S.
Att’y Gen., 463 F.3d 1228, 1230–31 (11th Cir. 2006) (the immigra-
tion judge’s “factual determinations, including credibility determi-
nations, are reviewed under a substantial evidence standard”). Un-
der the substantial evidence test, we will not disturb the board’s
findings if they are “supported by reasonable, substantial, and pro-
bative evidence on the record considered as a whole.” Jathursan,
17 F.4th at 1372 (quotation omitted). We view the record evidence
in the light most favorable to the board’s decision and draw all rea-
sonable inferences in its favor. Thamotar v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 1 F.4th
958, 969 (11th Cir. 2021). We will reverse a fact finding only when
“the record compels reversal.” Jathursan, 17 F.4th at 1372 (quota-
tion omitted). “[T]he mere fact that the record may support a
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16                       Opinion of the Court                   21-10487

contrary conclusion is insufficient to justify reversal.” Id. (quota-
tion omitted).
                             DISCUSSION
        Navarathnasingam raises four arguments in his petition.
First, he contends that the board’s adverse credibility finding was
not supported by substantial evidence. Second, he asserts that the
board erred in finding that he didn’t corroborate his claims. Third,
he maintains that the board erred in finding that he failed to show
a pattern or practice of persecution. And fourth, he argues that the
immigration judge erred in finding that he failed to establish eligi-
bility under the Convention Against Torture.
                     Adverse Credibility Finding
       To be eligible for asylum, a noncitizen must establish a
“well-founded fear” that his “race, religion, nationality, member-
ship in a particular social group, or political opinion . . . . will cause
harm or suffering that rises to the level of persecution.” Forgue v.
U.S. Att’y Gen., 401 F.3d 1282, 1286 (11th Cir. 2005) (quotation
omitted). “In order to demonstrate a sufficient connection be-
tween future persecution and the protected activity,” an asylum
applicant “is required to present specific, detailed facts showing a
good reason to fear that he . . . will be singled out for persecution
on account of such protected activity.” Id. (quotation omitted). An
applicant’s history of past persecution creates a presumption that
he has a “well-founded fear” of future persecution, “although that
presumption can be rebutted by the government.” Id. An
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21-10487                Opinion of the Court                        17

applicant “does not have to prove he would be singled out if he can
establish a pattern or practice of persecution of a group of which
he is a member.” Lingeswaran, 969 F.3d at 1290–91 (quotation
omitted).
       “The asylum applicant must establish eligibility for asylum
by offering credible, direct, and specific evidence in the record.”
Forgue, 401 F.3d at 1287 (quotation omitted). “The testimony of
an applicant, if found to be credible, is alone sufficient to establish
these factors.” Id.; see 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(a) (“The testimony of the
applicant, if credible, may be sufficient to sustain the burden of
proof without corroboration.”); 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(b) (same).
        “Conversely, an adverse credibility determination alone
may be sufficient to support the denial of an asylum application.”
Forgue, 401 F.3d at 1287. An adverse credibility finding does not,
however, alleviate the immigration judge’s duty to consider other
evidence produced by an asylum applicant. Id. The immigration
judge “must still consider all evidence introduced by the applicant.”
Id. If the applicant provided “other evidence of persecution, what-
ever form it may take,” the immigration judge “must consider that
evidence” and cannot “rely solely on an adverse credibility deter-
mination in those instances.” Id.
       “Considering the totality of the circumstances, and all rele-
vant factors,” the immigration judge may base a credibility finding
on the plausibility of the applicant’s account and the consistency of
the applicant’s statements with other record evidence, “without re-
gard to whether an inconsistency . . . goes to the heart of the
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18                     Opinion of the Court                21-10487

applicant’s claim.” Chen, 463 F.3d at 1231 (quoting 8 U.S.C.
§ 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii)).
       To make an adverse credibility finding, the immigration
judge “must offer specific, cogent reasons” why the applicant was
not credible. Forgue, 401 F.3d at 1287. Once the immigration
judge makes an adverse credibility finding, the burden is on the ap-
plicant to show that the credibility finding was not supported by
“specific, cogent reasons” or was not based on substantial evidence.
Id. A “credibility determination, like any fact finding, may not be
overturned unless the record compels it.” Id. (quotation omitted).
        Here, the immigration judge offered seven “specific, cogent
reasons” for the adverse credibility finding. See id. The immigra-
tion judge explained that: (1) the social service organization didn’t
mention Navarathnasingam’s six-year detention; (2) Nava-
rathnasingam didn’t discuss his social activism in his application
and denied participation in any organization in Sri Lanka; (3) Nav-
arathnasingam denied involvement in the October 2018 protest;
(4) Navarathnasingam’s mother didn’t mention any encounters
with the Sri Lankan military despite his claim that the military told
his mother that it would take her other son and “shoot” Nava-
rathnasingam; (5) Navarathnasingam claimed to have been tor-
tured but “only required as medical treatment ‘ayurvedic medi-
cine,’ ‘oil,’ ‘turmeric powder,’ ‘hot water,’ and other unspecified
medication”; (6) the Sri Lankan military granted Nava-
rathnasingam “a great degree of autonomy”; and (7) “the Sri
Lankan government issued him a passport in one day.”
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21-10487               Opinion of the Court                      19

        These inconsistencies and implausibilities are supported by
substantial evidence in the record. Most significantly, Nava-
rathnasingam denied participation in the October 2018 protest,
while a Justice of the Peace in Sri Lanka said that Nava-
rathnasingam played a “key role in organi[z]ing the protest,” and
Navarathnasingam’s aunt and the social service organization also
confirmed his participation. Navarathnasingam also denied be-
longing to any organization in Sri Lanka in his application, but he
provided letters from two organizations—the community center
and the social service organization—both confirming his active par-
ticipation. The record shows that Navarathnasingam treated his
bodily pain only with ayurvedic medicine, oil, turmeric powder,
hot water, and back pain medication, even after escaping Sri Lanka,
despite claiming that the Sri Lankan military burned his leg with an
iron box and tortured him with ice and heat, repeated beatings,
food deprivation, sexual harassment, and electric shock. And Nav-
arathnasingam confirmed that he obtained a passport in one day
and succeeded leaving the country by plane with no issues, despite
being constantly monitored by the military and a fugitive from mil-
itary custody.
       Navarathnasingam argues that the immigration judge’s ad-
verse credibility finding wasn’t supported by substantial evidence
for three reasons. He first insists that his hearing testimony “an-
swer[ed]” the inconsistencies and implausibilities and that his ex-
planations “make sense” and are “compelling,” “quite possible,”
and “quite plausible.”       But, even if Navarathnasingam’s
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20                         Opinion of the Court                      21-10487

“explanations of the implausible aspects of his claim[s] are tenable,
we cannot say, especially given the relative lack of corroborating
evidence, that these explanations would compel” a reasonable fact-
finder to reverse the immigration judge’s adverse credibility find-
ing. See Chen, 463 F.3d at 1233.
       Second, Navarathnasingam contends that the immigration
judge “completely failed to take . . . into account” parts of his evi-
dence and testimony. In particular, he asserts that the immigration
judge ignored his testimony that the social service organization’s
and the Sri Lankan Justice of the Peace’s letters were incorrectly
translated and the 2009 notice from the Human Rights Commis-
sion that “confirm[ed] that he was detained for [six] years.” But the
immigration judge considered Navarathnasingam’s testimony at
the hearing and found that he was the one who “provided th[e]
translation” of the letters. 2 And the 2009 notice from the Human
Rights Commission did not “confirm[]” Navarathnasingam’s de-
tention—the notice did not have his name and stated only that his
mother’s “complaint dated 12.08.2009 has been registered under

2
 Navarathnasingam points out that he attached to his board appeal brief a new
translation of his aunt’s letter, which states that he did not take part in the
October 2018 protest. But he did not move the board to remand to the immi-
gration judge so he could supplement the record and ask the immigration
judge to reconsider his fact findings. See 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(d)(3)(iv). Like the
board, we may not make fact findings or consider new evidence outside the
administrative record before the immigration judge. See 8 U.S.C.
§ 1252(b)(4)(A); Huang v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 429 F.3d 1002, 1007 & n.1 (11th Cir.
2005).
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21-10487               Opinion of the Court                        21

the above number and is receiving the attention of the Commis-
sion,” without identifying the substance of her complaint.
        Even if these parts of Navarathnasingam’s testimony and ev-
idence corroborated his claim, the immigration judge did not fail
to take them into account. The immigration judge considered “the
totality of the circumstances” and “all documentary and testimo-
nial evidence” in assessing whether Navarathnasingam was credi-
ble. See Forgue, 401 F.3d at 1287. Despite Navarathnasingam’s
insistence that the immigration judge “completely failed” to con-
sider parts of the record, the immigration judge was “not required
to discuss every piece of evidence presented before him,” and noth-
ing indicates that the immigration judge ignored Nava-
rathnasingam’s evidence. See Tan v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 446 F.3d
1369, 1376 (11th Cir. 2006). Only after reviewing Nava-
rathnasingam’s evidence did the immigration judge find that the
inconsistencies and implausibilities about Navarathnasingam’s “al-
leged harms, his interaction with the Sri Lankan authorities, the
authorities’ level of interest in him, and his manner of departure
from Sri Lanka” made him “not a credible witness.”
       Third, Navarathnasingam asserts that the inconsistencies
and implausibilities were “non-material omissions and inconsisten-
cies” with “no tendency to suggest” he “fabricated” his claim. To
be sure, an immigration judge’s adverse credibility determination
can’t be based on “wholly immaterial” inconsistencies. See Kuevia-
koe v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 567 F.3d 1301, 1305 (11th Cir. 2009) (explain-
ing that the petitioner’s use of the word “car” in his testimony and
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22                      Opinion of the Court                  21-10487

“truck” in his written statement was a “wholly immaterial” “differ-
ence in terminology” and “not inconsistent[] at all”). But we can-
not call the omissions and inconsistencies that the immigration
judge identified “wholly immaterial.” Each related to a material
aspect of Navarathnasingam’s claims—his six-year detention, his
social activism and participation in the October 2018 protest, the
torture he experienced, the military’s monitoring of him and
threats against his family, and his escape from Sri Lanka. These
significant parts of Navarathnasingam’s account are a far cry from
“wholly immaterial” “difference[s] in terminology” like the differ-
ence between “car” and “truck” that we found insufficient to sup-
port an adverse credibility finding in Kueviakoe.
       And even if the omissions and inconsistencies did not “go[]
to the heart of [Navarathnasingam’s] claim,” the immigration
judge could still rely on them in making an adverse credibility de-
termination. See Chen, 463 F.3d at 1233 (“[T]he trier of fact may
base a credibility determination on any inaccuracies or falsehoods
in the applicant’s statements, without regard to whether an incon-
sistency . . . goes to the heart of the applicant’s claim, or any rele-
vant factor.” (alterations adopted) (quoting 8 U.S.C.
§ 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii)). So, “to the extent” Navarathnasingam “argues
the inconsistencies and discrepancies are ‘trivial’ and ‘irrelevant to
the dispositive issues,’ he ignores . . . [section] 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii).”
See id.
      The immigration judge—“who actually observed” Nava-
rathnasingam—was “best positioned” to assess his credibility in the
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21-10487               Opinion of the Court                        23

first instance. See Garland v. Ming Dai, 141 S. Ct. 1669, 1678 (2021).
We cannot overturn the immigration judge’s adverse credibility
finding “unless the record compels it,” and it does not. See Forgue,
401 F.3d at 1287. Because Navarathnasingam hasn’t met his bur-
den to show that the immigration judge’s adverse credibility deter-
mination wasn’t supported by specific, cogent reasons or wasn’t
based on substantial evidence, we may not overturn it. See id.
                           Corroboration
       “An applicant’s failure to corroborate his testimony can be
fatal to his asylum application.” Morales v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 33
F.4th 1303, 1308 (11th Cir. 2022). While “[a]n applicant’s testi-
mony, if credible, may be found alone sufficient to meet his burden
for asylum,” “[t]he weaker an applicant’s testimony . . . the greater
the need for corroborative evidence.” Id. (quoting Yang v. U.S.
Att’y Gen., 418 F.3d 1198, 1201 (11th Cir. 2005)). The immigration
judge found that Navarathnasingam’s corroborative evidence “ac-
centuate[d] the severe problems in his testimony,” and the board
agreed, finding that Navarathnasingam’s corroborative evidence
was either “at odds with his own version of events” or “general and
lacking in detail.”
       The record doesn’t compel reversal of the immigration
judge and the board’s corroboration finding. Navarathnasingam
relied on the letters from family and acquaintances to corroborate
his account of persecution, but parts of those letters conflicted with
his own statements and otherwise stated only generally that he was
arrested, detained, and severely assaulted by the Sri Lankan mili-
tary, without providing details. The letters never mentioned
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24                     Opinion of the Court               21-10487

Navarathnasingam’s injuries and, while Navarathnasingam de-
scribed extensive torture over a long duration in his own state-
ments, he failed to provide medical records, photographs, or any
other evidence to corroborate his account. The several news arti-
cles Navarathnasingam provided didn’t mention his name or per-
sonal experiences, the 2009 notice from the Human Rights Com-
mission also didn’t mention his name or provide details, and the
certificate about his missing cousin didn’t provide specifics as to
Navarathnasingam. Navarathnasingam’s evidence wasn’t strong
enough to corroborate his incredible testimony. See Yang, 418
F.3d at 1201.
       Navarathnasingam argues that he didn’t provide “medical
evidence” of his torture because “nobody asked” for it; that the
“discrepancy” about his participation in the October 2018 protest
was “a translation error”; that the judge “failed to take into ac-
count” the 2009 notice from the Human Rights Commission and
the certificate about his missing brother; and that the immigration
judge “did not identify what other documents [he] could have pro-
vided and why it was not provided.” But it was Nava-
rathnasingam’s burden to offer “credible, direct, and specific evi-
dence” to support his application, see Forgue, 401 F.3d at 1287, and
the immigration judge and the board properly considered the ab-
sence of medical evidence corroborating his torture, the conflicting
statements about his participation in the October 2018 protest, and
the absence of details about Navarathnasingam in the 2009 notice
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21-10487                   Opinion of the Court                              25

from the Human Rights Commission and the certificate about his
missing cousin.3
                   Pattern or Practice of Persecution
       An applicant can satisfy his burden to establish a “well-
founded fear” of future persecution by showing that there exists “a
pattern or practice of persecution” of a group of which he is a mem-
ber. Lingeswaran, 969 F.3d at 1290. “To prove the existence of a
pattern or practice of persecution, the alien must prove that the
mistreatment of persons similarly situated is extreme and perva-
sive.” Murugan v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 10 F.4th 1185, 1193 (11th Cir.
2021).
      The immigration judge found that, while the record showed
that Tamil individuals suffered harassment and discrimination in

3
   We reject Navarathansingam’s claim that the immigration judge was re-
quired to identify needed corroborative evidence in advance of the merits
hearing, as have the majority of Circuits and the BIA. See Wambura v. Barr,
980 F.3d 365, 373-74 (4th Cir. 2020); Avelar-Oliva v. Barr, 954 F.3d 757, 770-71
(5th Cir. 2020); Uzodinma v. Barr, 951 F.3d 960, 966-67 (8th Cir. 2020); Wei v.
Sessions, 883 F.3d 23, 28-30 (2d Cir. 2018); Gaye v. Lynch, 788 F.3d 519, 529-
30 (6th Cir. 2015); Rapheal v. Mukasey, 533 F.3d 521, 530 (7th Cir. 2008); Mat-
ter of L-A-C-, 26 I. & N. Dec. 516, 520 (BIA 2015). We note also that at the
hearing the IJ asked Navarathnasingam questions that gave him the oppor-
tunity to explain missing corroborative evidence. See Matter of S-M-J-, 21 I.
& N. Dec. 722, 725-26 (BIA 1997) (en banc) (providing that “where it is reason-
able to expect corroborating evidence for certain alleged facts pertaining to
the specifics of an applicant’s claim, such evidence should be provided,” and if
it is not, “an explanation should be given as to why such information was not
presented”).
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26                     Opinion of the Court                 21-10487

Sri Lanka, Navarathnasingam failed to show “systemic widespread
or organized pattern or practice of persecution against those indi-
viduals in Sri Lanka today.” The board agreed that Nava-
rathnasingam “did not demonstrate that Tamils in Sri Lanka are
subjected to ‘extreme and pervasive’ persecution, as required for a
pattern or practice to exist.”
       The record doesn’t compel reversal of the immigration
judge and the board’s pattern or practice finding. The 2019 human
rights report stated that the Sri Lankan government instituted a
“variety of ministries and presidentially appointed bodies deigned
to address the social and development needs of the Tamil minor-
ity.” The Sri Lankan Office of National Unity and Reconciliation,
“established in 2016, continued to coordinate the government’s
reconciliation efforts” with the Tamil community, focusing on the
promotion of “social integration to build an inclusive society,”
“language rights for all citizens,” “a healing process within war-af-
fected communities,” and “nonrecurrence of the violence.” And
the Tamil National Alliance and Defense Ministry “continued to
meet in accordance with a formal dialogue on returning military-
held lands in the Northern and Eastern Provinces inaugurated in
2017.” Like the record in Lingeswaran, the record here shows that
“the Sri Lankan government has made recognized efforts to im-
prove the situation for Tamils and reconcile the country.” See 969
F.3d at 1291.
       Navarathnasingam asserts that the immigration judge and
the board’s pattern or practice finding was erroneous because:
(1) the board “reli[ed] on the factual findings” of other cases rather
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21-10487                Opinion of the Court                        27

than “exclusively on the record” of his case; and (2) it was based on
the adverse credibility finding. But the board did not rely on “fac-
tual findings” from other cases—it relied on the immigration
judge’s “proper determ[ination]” that Navarathnasingam’s evi-
dence didn’t “demonstrate that Tamils in Sri Lanka are subjected
to ‘extreme and pervasive’ persecution” and cited other cases as
consistent examples. And for the reasons we explained, substantial
evidence supported the immigration judge and the board’s adverse
credibility finding. See Forgue, 401 F.3d at 1287.
     Denial of Relief Under the Convention Against Torture
        To qualify for relief under the Convention Against Torture,
“an alien must establish standards more stringent tha[n] those for
asylum eligibility.” Rodriguez Morales v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 488 F.3d
884, 891 (11th Cir. 2007). “Thus, an alien unable to prove a ‘well-
founded fear’ of persecution based on a protected ground, as re-
quired for asylum relief, necessarily fails to demonstrate” eligibility
for relief under the Convention Against Torture. Id. Because Nav-
arathnasingam failed to prove eligibility for asylum, he “neces-
sarily” cannot prove entitlement to relief under the Convention
Against Torture. See id.
                        *      *      *      *
       Because substantial evidence supported the immigration
judge and the board’s credibility, corroboration, and pattern or
practice findings, we conclude that substantial evidence supports
the denial of Navarathnasingam’s asylum claim. See Forgue, 401
F.3d at 1287–88. And because Navarathnasingam “failed to
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28                     Opinion of the Court                21-10487

establish a claim of asylum on the merits,” he “necessarily” failed
to establish eligibility for relief under the Convention Against Tor-
ture. See id. at 1288 n.4.
      PETITION DENIED.