Court Opinion

ID: 9381952
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-03-24 14:04:53.657292+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:17:36.057592
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: MARCH 17, 2023; 10:00 A.M.
                            NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

                    Commonwealth of Kentucky
                               Court of Appeals

                                   NO. 2021-CA-1245-MR

LARRY LOVE                                                           APPELLANT

                      APPEAL FROM HART CIRCUIT COURT
v.                  HONORABLE CHARLES C. SIMMS, III, JUDGE
                           ACTION NO. 20-CR-00207

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY                                              APPELLEE

                                          OPINION
                                         AFFIRMING

                                        ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: EASTON, ECKERLE, AND GOODWINE, JUDGES.

EASTON, JUDGE: Larry Love (“Love”) appeals from an order of the Hart Circuit

Court denying his motion to suppress evidence seized from a vehicle in which he

was a passenger. The evidence obtained from the search resulted in an indictment

of Love, and he subsequently entered a conditional guilty plea to a reduced charge1

1
    Originally, Love was charged with trafficking methamphetamine.
of possession of a controlled substance, first degree, and possession of drug

paraphernalia. We affirm.

                 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

             On January 31, 2020, Detective Guffy with the Barren County Drug

Task Force called Detective Eli Dennis, who is employed with the Hart County

Sheriff’s Office but is also a member of the Greater Hardin County Narcotics Task

Force. Detective Guffy informed Detective Dennis that the Barren County Drug

Task Force was conducting surveillance on a residence in the Cave City area of

Barren County because the residents were known drug traffickers.

              Detective Guffy also informed Detective Dennis that a vehicle

arrived at the residence, stayed only a short time, and detectives were following the

vehicle, which was traveling northbound on US 31W. Detective Guffy asked for

assistance as the vehicle was headed from Barren County into Hart County.

Detective Dennis said Detective Guffy was giving him a “play-by-play” of the

movement of the vehicle, which was being surveilled constantly since it left the

suspicious residence.

             At approximately 2:27 p.m., Deputy Caleb Butler (“Deputy Butler”)

from the Hart County Sheriff’s Office, began following the vehicle in Hart County

based on the information from Detective Dennis. Deputy Butler pulled the vehicle

over for going twelve miles per hour over the speed limit. Upon approaching the

                                         -2-
vehicle, Deputy Butler knew three of the four occupants, including Love, based on

prior contact with law enforcement due to narcotics use.

              Love was sitting in the rear seat on the passenger’s side. Deputy

Butler did not know the driver who was unable to produce a driver’s license.

Deputy Butler observed it is normal for people to act nervous during a traffic stop,

but the occupants of the vehicle were “above and beyond nervous to the point of

manifesting fear.” The driver of the vehicle denied Deputy Butler’s request to

search the vehicle. Deputy Butler stated he separated the parties and, once

assistance arrived from the Hart County Sheriff’s Office, he began working on the

citation. He started this work at approximately 2:39 p.m.

             The driver had provided a social security number since he did not

have a license. Deputy Butler sought a photo of the driver based on the social

security number to ascertain whether the driver had given him false information.

Deputy Butler testified that he searched for warrants on the occupants of the

vehicle. Deputy Butler eventually confirmed the driver’s identity and discovered

the driver’s license was suspended, but there were no active warrants on any of the

occupants of the vehicle. The gathering of this information took time. Deputy

Butler testified he did not intentionally drag out the stop. When he began working

on the citation, Deputy Butler had requested a canine unit.

                                         -3-
                Deputy Butler testified the canine unit arrived while he was working

on the citation and there was an alert at approximately 2:56 p.m. After the alert,

the vehicle was searched, and at 3:09 p.m. Deputy Butler alerted dispatch that

drugs were located.2

                Love asked the trial court to suppress the evidence seized in the

search. A hearing was held, the parties briefed the motion, and the trial court

ultimately entered an order denying the motion. Love entered a conditional guilty

plea and was sentenced to three years’ incarceration, consecutive to a

methamphetamine trafficking sentence for which Love was on probation at the

time of this arrest.3 This appeal followed.

                                STANDARD OF REVIEW

                A trial court’s denial of a motion to suppress is reviewed
                under a two-prong test. First, we review the trial court’s
                findings of fact under the clearly erroneous standard.
                Under this standard, the trial court’s findings of fact will
                be conclusive if they are supported by substantial
                evidence. Second, we review de novo the trial court’s
                application of the law to the facts.

2
  Deputy Butler testified that the call times on the CAD (computer-aided dispatch) sheet,
admitted into evidence at the suppression hearing, are approximate because he did not make a
call to dispatch contemporaneous with events happening. Therefore, it was before 3:09 p.m. that
the drugs were found.
3
    Hart Circuit Court Case No. 19-CR-00125.

                                               -4-
Rhoton v. Commonwealth, 610 S.W.3d 273, 275-76 (Ky. 2020) (footnotes

omitted). Here, the controlling facts are not in dispute. We therefore focus our

analysis on whether the trial court properly applied the facts to the law.

             Love argues the traffic stop was extended beyond the reasonable time

necessary for the speeding violation because Deputy Butler lacked reasonable

suspicion to extend the stop. We disagree. “Reasonable suspicion is determined

by examining the totality of the circumstances. And, when determining whether

reasonable suspicion of criminal activity exists, the collective knowledge of all the

law enforcement officers involved in the stop may be taken into consideration.”

Giles v. Commonwealth, 620 S.W.3d 204, 208 (Ky. App. 2021) (internal quotation

marks and citations omitted). The law on extension of stops in the context of dog

sniffs has been ably summarized:

                     Police officers may not extend or prolong traffic
             stops without reasonable, articulable suspicion to conduct
             further criminal investigation. Rodriguez v. United
             States, 575 U.S. 348, 355, 135 S. Ct. 1609, 191 L. Ed. 2d
             492 (2015). Officers who pursue other purposes instead
             of those associated with the original mission of the stop
             for any amount of time unconstitutionally prolong the
             stop. See Illinois v. Caballes, 543 U.S. 405, 408, 125 S.
             Ct. 834, 160 L. Ed. 2d 842 (2005). Therefore, a stop is
             extended when an officer pursues purposes or tasks
             unrelated to his or her main objective of addressing a
             traffic violation and that new pursuit adds time to the
             stop. See Carlisle v. Commonwealth, 601 S.W.3d 168,
             176 (Ky. 2020) (citing Arizona v. Johnson, 555 U.S. 323,
             333, 129 S. Ct. 781, 172 L. Ed. 2d 694 (2009)). Steps
             taken in pursuit of securing the scene and ensuring

                                         -5-
                officer safety must still relate back to the purpose of the
                stop or be pursued simultaneously with diligent work on
                its original purpose. Id.; Rodriguez, 575 U.S. at 349, 135
                S. Ct. 1609 (“The officer-safety interest . . . stem[s] from
                the danger to the officer associated with the traffic stop
                itself.”). In short: An officer must stay on-task, and
                assisting officers running simultaneous investigations
                must add no time.

                       There is no de minimus or reasonableness
                exception to this extension rule. Any unwarranted
                extension – no matter how short – without reasonable,
                articulable suspicion violates the Fourth Amendment.
                Davis,[4] 484 S.W.3d at 294. A stop may therefore last
                “no longer than is necessary to effectuate the purpose of
                the stop,” Florida v. Royer, 460 U.S. 491, 500, 103 S.
                Ct. 1319, 75 L. Ed. 2d 229 (1983), and even tasks
                pertaining to that purpose must be diligently pursued.
                Lane, 553 S.W.3d at 206; see also Rodriguez, 575 U.S. at
                357, 135 S. Ct. 1609.

                        Attending to a traffic violation and conducting a
                criminal investigation are two separate purposes. For
                example, pulling someone over and checking their
                license and registration are squarely within the objectives
                of issuing a traffic ticket. Id. at 355, 135 S. Ct. 1609. A
                dog sniff, by contrast, is a criminal investigation
                unrelated to addressing a traffic violation. Id. (“A dog
                sniff . . . is a measure aimed at detecting evidence of
                ordinary criminal wrongdoing . . . . Lacking the same
                close connection to roadway safety as the ordinary
                inquiries, a dog sniff is not fairly characterized as part of
                the officer’s traffic mission.”); Lane, 553 S.W.3d at 206
                (“Obviously, a drug dog sniff search for illegal drugs
                falls outside the scope of routine traffic law
                enforcement.”); see also Indianapolis v. Edmond, 531
                U.S. 32, 40-41, 121 S. Ct. 447, 148 L. Ed. 2d 333 (2000)

4
    Davis v. Commonwealth, 484 S.W.3d 288 (Ky. 2016).

                                             -6-
             (finding that a traffic checkpoint at which dogs walked
             around cars without individualized suspicion was
             “ultimately indistinguishable from the general interest in
             crime control” rather than constitutionally related to a
             traffic stop).

                    Dog sniffs are criminal investigations. The dissent
             claims that dog sniffs are legitimate investigative tools,
             and that their use does not rise to the level of a
             constitutionally cognizable infringement. See Caballes,
             543 U.S. at 409, 125 S. Ct. 834. It is true that in a
             vacuum, dog sniffs are not violative of the Fourth
             Amendment, just as, in a vacuum, an encounter with a
             police officer on the street does not violate the Fourth
             Amendment. However, that says little about how, in
             practice, dog sniffs implicate the Fourth Amendment
             during an otherwise lawful traffic stop.

Commonwealth v. Clayborne, 635 S.W.3d 818, 824-25 (Ky. 2021).

             In this case, in examining the totality of circumstances, the circuit

court found Deputy Butler had reasonable articulable suspicion to extend the traffic

stop based on the following:

             (1) that police in Barren County were conducting
             surveillance on a residence of a known drug dealer, (2)
             that the occupants of the targeted vehicle had stopped at
             this residence for a short duration and then proceeded to
             travel into Hart County, (3) that [Detective] Guffy
             suspected that the vehicle contained drugs, pursued said
             vehicle, and radioed Hart County for assistance, (4) that
             Butler recognized that three of the occupants were known
             drug users, and (5) that Butler found these subjects to be
             “above and beyond nervous.”

             Love relies on Giles in support of his argument. In Giles, the officer

stopped a vehicle for an expired license plate after receiving a call from a narcotics

                                         -7-
officer that a similar vehicle had recently left a house known for drug activity.

Giles was the passenger in the vehicle. A canine unit was called, and drugs were

found in the vehicle. This Court reversed the trial court’s ruling that there was

reasonable suspicion to prolong the stop, holding, in relevant part:

                    [t]o have properly relied upon the narcotics
             detective’s radio call, it was incumbent upon the
             Commonwealth to have introduced evidence setting forth
             the facts supporting the reasonable suspicion that the
             house on Locust Avenue was indeed a known drug
             house. In the absence thereof, we can only conclude that
             there was not reasonable suspicion of criminal activity to
             support the narcotics detective’s radio call concerning the
             Altima leaving the known drug house on Locust Avenue.
             In this respect, the circuit court committed an error of
             law.

                    Additionally, the evidence established that Hood
             did not see the Altima leave the house, the narcotics
             detective did not provide a license plate number, and the
             narcotics detective did not supply a description of the
             individuals in the Altima. A driver’s license check
             revealed that Santana had an active driver’s license, and a
             search for outstanding warrants revealed that neither
             Santana nor Giles had any outstanding warrants. And,
             there was no evidence that Giles or Santana had a
             criminal history. While certainly a close call, in the
             absence of any other evidence being presented at the
             suppression hearing, we must conclude that Hood’s
             actions in prolonging the stop for an expired license plate
             tag to wait for a canine unit were unreasonable and were
             in violation of Giles’ Fourth Amendment right to be free
             from an unreasonable search and seizure. There was
             insufficient evidence presented at the hearing to justify
             prolonging the stop.

Giles, 620 S.W.3d at 208-09 (emphasis added).

                                         -8-
             Testimony at the suppression hearing in this case revealed that the

vehicle in question was under constant surveillance by officers from the time it left

the residence under investigation until the time the vehicle was intercepted by

Deputy Butler in Hart County. Although the vehicle was stopped for speeding,

Deputy Butler testified that, upon contacting the driver and passengers in the

vehicle, he recognized three out of the four passengers, including Love, for known

narcotics use. Deputy Butler was suspicious because these numerous known users

of narcotics were all together in one vehicle and had just left a suspected drug sale

location.

             The lack of identification from the driver of the vehicle necessitated a

further investigation during the stop. Finally, Deputy Butler also testified

regarding the behavior of the driver and passengers during the stop. “Although

nervousness alone is insufficient to give rise to reasonable suspicion, it is an

important factor in the analysis.” Adkins v. Commonwealth, 96 S.W.3d 779, 788

(Ky. 2003) (citation omitted). Deputy Butler testified that the occupants were

“manifesting fear” and were “above and beyond nervous.”

             The assessment of reasonable articulable suspicion occurs on a

continuum and not in a vacuum. It is not a snapshot of a second or even a minute

of the entire interaction. When we evaluate evidence and apply reported cases to

                                          -9-
the facts, it is tempting to examine one factor in isolation. Most reported vehicle

stop cases involve more than one factor and can usually be distinguished factually.

             For example, the report of the stop at a suspected drug provider’s

house in Giles as one factor in isolation is like the continued observation of the

vehicle in this case. But there the similarity ends. The driver in Giles had a valid

license; the driver in this case did not. The time needed for the interaction can be

affected even by such a difference. The officer had to determine what to do with

the developing issue of a driver without a valid license, including who owned the

vehicle and who could drive the vehicle away.

             Another example is the criminal record of the occupants. In Giles,

there was no evidence of a criminal record much less any active warrants. The

record here reveals Love was on a recently granted probation for trafficking

methamphetamine. Such information was available to Butler, although he did not

specifically mention it in his testimony. Deputy Butler did testify generally of his

knowledge of Love’s run-ins with law enforcement relating to domestic issues and

drugs.

            We and the circuit court must look at all the circumstances. Here,

Deputy Butler was an officer involved in an ongoing and uninterrupted

surveillance. When a valid reason (speeding) for a traffic stop presented itself, the

development of new suspicion continued. The officer saw three people with

                                         -10-
known drug use history in a vehicle with someone he did not know, who it turns

out did not have a valid driver’s license. The occupants were not just nervous;

they were beyond that state.

             When all the circumstances are considered together, Deputy Butler

obtained additional information by observation and investigation supporting

reasonable suspicion of criminal activity pertaining to drug use. The extension for

the dog sniff was a justified extension. With everything else observed, the alert by

the dog supported the required probable cause to search. The evidence obtained

was not obtained in violation of Love’s constitutional rights to be free from

unreasonable search and seizure.

                                CONCLUSION

            The factual findings of the Hart Circuit Court are supported by the

evidence and are not clearly erroneous. The Hart Circuit Court correctly applied

the law. The order denying the motion to suppress is AFFIRMED.

             ALL CONCUR.

                                        -11-
BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT:     BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:

Emily Holt Rhorer         Daniel Cameron
Frankfort, Kentucky       Attorney General of Kentucky

                          Stephanie L. McKeehan
                          Assistant Attorney General
                          Frankfort, Kentucky

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