Court Opinion

ID: 4283499
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-06-12 03:00:45.328738+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:35:12.147123
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                               FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

    IN RE: MCCORMICK & COMPANY, INC.,
    PEPPER PRODUCTS MARKETING AND
    SALES PRACTICES LITIGATION

                                                                MDL Docket No. 2665
                                                                Misc. No. 15-1825 (ESH)
    This Document Relates to:

    ALL CONSUMER CASES

                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

         Before the Court are several motions relating to the sealing and redaction of documents.

Plaintiffs filed a Motion to Unseal Opening Class Certification Papers (ECF No. 174 (“Mot. to

Unseal”)), arguing that defendants’ confidentiality designations as to materials produced during

discovery are overly broad, and since defendants have failed to justify these designations, all

documents should be unsealed and unredacted in full.1 Also at issue are defendants’ several

motions to seal documents (ECF Nos. 160, 163, 177, and 179), which plaintiffs oppose, as well

as plaintiffs’ two motions to seal documents (ECF Nos. 157 and 172), which plaintiffs filed in

compliance with the parties’ Stipulated Protective Order (ECF No. 48), but they argue against

the sealing of these documents.

         The question is whether defendants’ confidentiality designations justify allowing

significant redactions to pleadings and related declarations, in addition to the complete sealing of

hundreds of pages of exhibits. Last year, this Court addressed potential redactions in a judicial

opinion related to plaintiffs’ amended complaint. See In re McCormick & Co., Inc., Pepper

1
    Defendants are McCormick & Co. (“McCormick”) and Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (“Wal-Mart”).
Prods. Mktg. & Sales Practices Litig., 275 F. Supp. 3d 218 (D.D.C. 2017). The Court,

concluding that the public interest in access to judicial records outweighed McCormick’s interest

in avoiding reputational harm, overruled McCormick’s objections and published its opinion

without redactions. In re McCormick & Co., Inc., No. 15-mc-1825, 2017 WL 2560911, at *1

(D.D.C. June 13, 2017). Now, pleadings and declarations associated with the plaintiffs’ motion

for class certification, the motion to unseal, and the joint motion to exclude plaintiffs’ expert,

Armando Levy, are at issue. In addition to the extensive redaction of multiple pleadings and

declarations, defendants ask that hundreds of pages of exhibits attached to these declarations

remain under seal.

                                         BACKGROUND

        Plaintiffs, who are purchasers of defendant McCormick’s black pepper, allege in their

complaint that defendants “had a statutory duty to refrain from unfair or deceptive acts or

practices in the promotion and sale of McCormick black pepper or store-branded black pepper,”

(Second Am. Compl. Consol. Class Action Compl. ¶ 115, ECF No. 128), and that they “violated

this duty by selling black pepper in non-transparent containers containing nonfunctional slack-

fill.” (Id. ¶ 116.)

I.      CLASS CERTIFICATION

        On July 21, 2017, plaintiffs moved to certify three multistate classes under the consumer

protection and unjust enrichment laws of more than thirty states and the District of Columbia,

claiming that McCormick and Wal-Mart violated these laws when they knowingly sold black

pepper in non-transparent containers containing non-functional slack fill, intending to minimize

or eliminate consumers’ ability to notice the reduced quantity of pepper by maintaining the same

price and container size. (See Mot. for Class Cert. at 1–15, ECF No. 157-2.)

                                                  2
       A. Redacted Pleadings

       When plaintiffs filed their memo in support of class certification, they moved to file it

under seal (ECF No. 157) pursuant to the parties’ Protective Order, and they filed a redacted

version on the public docket as well. (ECF No. 159.) Redactions appear in the Table of

Contents and on the following pages: 1–2, 4–5, 7–15, 18, 21, 23–24, 35, and 37–39. McCormick

also filed a redacted version of its opposition to class certification (ECF No. 161) and moved to

file an unredacted version under seal.2 (ECF No. 160.) These redactions appear on the

following pages: 1 n.2, 4–6, 10, 19, 23–25, and 25 n.29. Finally, plaintiffs filed a redacted reply

to McCormick’s opposition to class certification (ECF No. 168) and moved to file an unredacted

version under seal. (ECF No. 172.) Plaintiffs’ reply includes redactions on the following pages:

8–9 & n. 10, and 10.

       Apart from the class certification pleadings, Wal-Mart filed its opposition to plaintiffs’

motion to unseal with redactions and attached two redacted exhibits (ECF No. 180) and moved

to file an unredacted version under seal. (ECF No. 179.) Exhibit A is the letter Wal-Mart’s

attorney Andrew Klevorn wrote in response to plaintiffs’ initial challenge to defendants’

confidentiality designations. (“Klevorn Letter,” ECF No. 179-1.) Exhibit B is the Declaration of

Wal-Mart employee Kassie Keeter, which identifies and explains commercially sensitive

information that appears in Wal-Mart’s exhibits. (“Keeter Decl.,” ECF No. 179-1.)

       In sum, three redacted class certification pleadings are at issue—plaintiffs’ motion,

McCormick’s opposition, and plaintiffs’ reply to McCormick—as well as Wal-Mart’s opposition

2
  Defendants filed separate oppositions to class certification. Wal-Mart’s opposition (ECF
No. 165) and plaintiffs’ reply thereto (ECF No. 169) are not redacted and therefore are not at
issue.
                                                 3
to plaintiffs’ motion to unseal and the two exhibits attached to the opposition. Plaintiffs

challenge all redactions.3

        B. Declarations and Reports

        Both plaintiffs and McCormick attach declarations, reports, and exhibits to their class

certification pleadings. Several of these documents are heavily redacted or filed entirely under

seal.

            i.   Fegan Declaration

        Plaintiffs’ Fegan Declaration—describing plaintiffs’ underlying merits case—was filed as

an affidavit in support of the class certification motion. (ECF No. 157-3.) Large swathes of the

Fegan Declaration are redacted (ECF No. 158), including portions of pages 2, 5–17, 20–26, and

30–32. Most of the redacted information comes from defendants’ documents, produced in

discovery, which were filed as Exhibits 101–143 to the Fegan Declaration. (See ECF No. 157.)

Defendants say very little about the Fegan Declaration.

           ii.   Levy Report

        Plaintiffs also filed a sealed copy of the report written by their damages expert, Armando

Levy, as Exhibit 100 to the Fegan Declaration. (“Levy Report,” ECF No. 157-4). McCormick

does not object to unsealing the Levy Report so long as “any references . . . to confidential

materials [are] appropriately redacted.” (McCormick Opp. to Unseal at 3 n.2, ECF No. 176.)

Wal-Mart appears to adopt a similar position, but expresses concern that the report shows how

many “units of select McCormick-supplied black pepper products” Wal-Mart sold in each state

for each month over the course of more than two years, as well as “Wal-Mart’s net sales of those

3
 See Mot. to Unseal; Pls.’ Opp. to McCormick’s Mot. to File Opp. to Class Certification Under
Seal, ECF No. 173 (“Opp. to Sealing McCormick Opp.”); Pls.’ Opp. to Wal-Mart’s Mot. to File
Opp. to Unseal Under Seal, ECF. 183 (“Opp. to Sealing Wal-Mart Opp.”).
                                                 4
products in each state for the same period.” (Wal-Mart Opp. to Unseal at 3, ECF No. 179-1; see

also id. at 7 (requesting that the Court maintain under seal “Wal-Mart documents attached to

Plaintiffs’ Motion for Class Certification and referenced in Dr. Levy’s report”).)

          iii.    Schmitt Declaration Exhibits

       McCormick filed the Schmitt Declaration as an affidavit in support of its opposition to

class certification. (ECF No. 162.) Though the Schmitt Declaration itself contains no redacted

material, McCormick moved to file three attachments to it under seal. (ECF No. 160.) These

include the Hester Declaration as Exhibit 16 (ECF No. 160-3 (hereinafter “Hester Decl.”)); the

Johnson Expert Report as Exhibit 19 (ECF No. 160-4 (hereinafter “Johnson Report”)); and

selected Levy Deposition Excerpts as Exhibit 20. (ECF No. 160-5 (hereinafter “Levy Deposition

Excerpts”).)

                 a. Hester Declaration

       To support its argument that the Hester Declaration contains confidential business

information, McCormick relies on the Declaration of Richard M. Morse, McCormick’s Vice

President of Global Customers. (ECF No. 176-6.) McCormick cites Morse to show that the

Hester Declaration contains “information regarding the sourcing and density of McCormick

pepper, packaging processes and strategy, and historical filling practices” (McCormick’s Reply

to Seal Opp. to Class Cert. at 4), and argues that its disclosure “could harm McCormick”

(McCormick Opp. to Unseal at 10), and that “none of this information is already available to the

public.” (Id. at 6.) Plaintiffs respond that the Hester Declaration “is devoid of any information

that could harm Defendants,” characterizing it as containing “general, historical discussions.”

(Opp. to Sealing McCormick Opp. at 7.)

                                                 5
               b. Johnson Report

       The Johnson Report receives limited attention from the parties. Plaintiffs oppose the

motion to file it under seal and lump together their analysis of the Levy Report, the Johnson

Report, and the Hester Declaration. (See, e.g., Opp. to Sealing McCormick Opp. at 5 (referring

to all three documents and explaining that they “were filed with the Court and introduced into

evidence as part of the class certification briefing”).) Plaintiffs describe “Dr. Johnson’s report

[as] focused on refuting the conclusions in Dr. Levy’s report.” (Id. at 7.) McCormick states that

the Johnson Report refers to “market research on changes to the pepper containers and reaction

to those changes, third-party sales data, McCormick documents discussing the qualities and

sourcing of pepper, and filling practices, and fill weights of McCormick pepper containers.”

(McCormick’s Reply in Supp. of Mot. to Seal Opp. to Class Certification at 5, ECF No. 175

(“McCormick’s Reply to Seal Opp. to Class Cert.”).)

       Plaintiffs argue that no redactions to these documents (the Fegan Declaration, the Hester

Declaration, the Levy Report, and the Johnson Report) are justified.4

       C. Fegan Declaration Exhibits 101–143

       Attached to the Fegan Declaration, plaintiffs filed 45 sealed exhibits consisting of more

than 200 pages. Forty-three of these are company documents that defendants produced in

discovery and designated as “confidential” or “highly confidential.” (McCormick Opp. to

Unseal at 4–5; Wal-Mart Opp. to Unseal at 2.) McCormick produced forty of these documents,

and Wal-Mart produced three.5 (McCormick Opp. to Unseal at 2.) As above, plaintiffs argue

4
  See Mot. to Unseal; Opp. to Sealing McCormick Opp.
5
  Wal-Mart identifies these three documents as WALBPL00000760, WALBPL00000760,
WALBPL00000765, which correlate to Fegan Declaration Exhibits 127–129. Wal-Mart also
identifies a fourth document (WALBPL00030103) as containing transactional data incorporated
in the Levy Report. (Klevorn Letter.)
                                                  6
that defendants have failed to demonstrate that these documents are properly designated as

confidential and therefore challenge all designations and oppose sealing all Fegan Declaration

Exhibits. (Mot. to Unseal ¶¶ 1, 9.)

II.    MOTION TO EXCLUDE EXPERT REPORT & OPINIONS

       On August 28, 2017, defendants jointly moved to exclude the report and opinions of

plaintiffs’ expert, Dr. Armando Levy. (ECF No. 164 (“Mot. to Exclude”).) Plaintiffs retained

Levy to calculate class-wide damages. He relied on facts and data in defendants’ documents to

draw conclusions about pepper sales and fill levels in the pepper containers and to explain his

damage calculations. (See, e.g., id. ¶ 20 n.16 & Ex. B-2.)

       A. Redacted Pleadings

       Defendants filed a redacted version of their memo in support of the motion to exclude the

Levy Report (ECF No. 164-1) and moved to file the unredacted version under seal. (ECF

No. 163.) Redactions appear on the following pages: 2 & n.4, 3–7. Plaintiffs filed a redacted

version of their opposition (ECF No. 170) and moved to file an unredacted version under seal.

(ECF No. 172.) These redactions appear on the following pages: 2–3, 5, 7 & n.2, 9, 14. Finally,

defendants filed a redacted reply (ECF No. 178) and moved to file an unredacted version under

seal. (ECF No. 177.) Defendants’ reply includes redactions on the following pages: 3–4, 7 n.6.

As a result, three redacted pleadings relating to the motion to exclude are at issue. Plaintiffs

oppose all redactions. (Pls.’ Opp. to Defs.’ Mot. to File Mot. to Exclude Under Seal, ECF

No. 173.)

                                                  7
       B. Levy Deposition Excerpts

       Defendants also filed three sealed exhibits as attachments to the motion to exclude. Two

of these are the Levy Report and the Hester Declaration.6 As for the deposition excerpts, certain

excerpted pages were filed as Exhibit B to the motion to exclude (ECF No. 163-4) and narrower,

but overlapping, excerpts were filed as Exhibit 20 to the Schmitt Declaration.7 (ECF No. 160-5.)

Together, the sealed exhibits include the following excerpts from the Levy Deposition: 29–30,

40–41, 43, 51–60, 65–66, 74–77, 89–90, 108, 113, 115, and 120. As with the Levy Report,

McCormick does not object to unsealing the deposition excerpts “subject to the provision that

any references . . . to confidential materials be appropriately redacted.” (McCormick Opp. to

Unseal at 3 n.2.) Wal-Mart has not clearly articulated its position as to the deposition excerpts.

III.   THE PARTIES’ POSITIONS

       In their motion to unseal, plaintiffs argue that defendants’ designations “(1) contain[]

information already available to the public, (2) concern[] business protections no longer

applicable given the passage of time, and/or (3) [do] not fall under one or more of the categories

permitted under the Stipulated Protective Order.” (Mot. to Unseal ¶ 8.) McCormick and Wal-

Mart filed separate oppositions to the motion to unseal, and they maintain that their

confidentiality designations are appropriate. Specifically, they argue that the confidentiality

6
  The Levy Report appears on the docket as both Exhibit 100 to the Fegan Declaration and
Exhibit A to defendants’ motion to exclude. (ECF No. 163-3.) The Hester Declaration appears
as both Exhibit 16 to the Schmitt Declaration and Exhibit C to defendants’ motion to exclude.
(ECF No. 163-5.)
7
  Exhibit B includes pages 29–30, 40–41, 43, 51–60, 74–77, 89–90, 108, 113, 115, and 120 of
the deposition. Exhibit 20 includes pages 53–58, 65–66, 74–77, 90, and 115. In other words, the
deposition excerpts included with the Schmitt Declaration only add pages 65 and 66 to the
excerpts included with the motion to exclude.
                                                 8
designations are appropriate under the protective order8 (McCormick Opp. to Unseal at 6; Wal-

Mart Opp. to Unseal at 3–4), that plaintiffs’ objections are untimely (McCormick’s Opp. to

Unseal at 3, 4; Wal-Mart’s Opp. to Unseal at 1–2), and that there is no heightened presumption

of public access in the class action context. (McCormick Opp. to Unseal at 6–8; Wal-Mart Opp.

to Unseal at 7.)

       To support its confidentiality designations of the forty sealed McCormick documents

attached to the Fegan Declaration, McCormick relies on an index that lists each document and

provides a description of the document and a generic explanation for the confidentiality

designation. (McCormick Opp. to Unseal at 5; see id. Ex. D.)9 McCormick argues that this

index, in combination with the Morse Declaration, shows that the materials in question “clearly

contain information which, if disclosed, (1) would reveal a trade secret or other research,

development, or financial information that is commercially sensitive and/or (2) would cause

McCormick to suffer a significant competitive or commercial disadvantage by revealing trade

8
  The Stipulated Protective Order defines confidential materials as those the producing party
“reasonably believes may reveal a trade secret or other research, development, or financial
information that is commercially sensitive or is personal information relating to an identified or
identifiable natural Person that is protected from disclosure by statute, regulation, or otherwise is
entitled to protection from public disclosure.” (Stipulated Protective Order ¶ 19(a).) Highly
confidential materials are those the producing party “reasonably believes contains or reflects
trade secrets, ‘know-how,’ customer information, financial and marketing information, or other
competitively sensitive commercial information (including, but not limited to, cost information,
pricing, or sales information), the disclosure of which to another Party or non-party would create
a substantial risk of causing the Producing Party to suffer a significant competitive or
commercial disadvantage.” (Id. ¶ 19(b).) It is the producing party’s burden “to demonstrate the
appropriateness of its confidentiality designation.” (Id. ¶ 21(b).)
9
  McCormick characterizes the motion to unseal as being about “internal and confidential
business documents,” and distinguishes the arguments plaintiffs make on that basis, explaining
that it is easier to justify disclosure of a judicial opinion than confidential business documents.
(McCormick’s Opp. to Unseal at 7 n.3.) As a result, McCormick does not separately address
redactions in the briefs or the Fegan Declaration, though they are also the subject of plaintiffs’
motion to unseal.
                                                  9
secrets, ‘know-how,’ customer information, financial and marketing information, or other

competitively sensitive commercial information (including, but not limited to, cost information,

pricing, or sales information).” (Id. at 6.) McCormick repeats that “the documents in question

contain confidential and proprietary business information, the disclosure of which could harm

McCormick” (id. at 10) and which is not already public. (Id. at 6.) (But see infra note 3.)

       By contrast, Wal-Mart has provided more detailed reasons to support the sealing of its

three documents—Fegan Declaration Exhibits 127–29 (ECF Nos. 157-31–157-33). For

example, Wal-Mart explains that these documents “contain highly sensitive information about

Wal-Mart’s internal processes and systems for executing product changes; the names of Wal-

Mart personnel who are involved in the aforementioned process; and the individuals with whom

Wal-Mart transacts [business].” (Id. at 2–3.) Moreover, Wal-Mart argues that if its “internal

processes are disclosed, competitors might be able to replicate or improve upon such processes

to Wal-Mart’s detriment.” (Id. at 3.) Wal-Mart uses the Keeter Declaration to support the

contention that “disclosure of these materials might cause Wal-Mart to suffer a significant

competitive or commercial disadvantage.” (Id. at 6.)

       Plaintiffs characterize both oppositions as insufficient and conclusory and argue that

defendants have failed to overcome the presumptive public right of access to judicial records.

(Pls.’ Reply to Defs.’ Opps. to Unseal at 1, ECF No. 181 (“Reply to Unseal”).)

IV.    The Court’s Conclusions

       Having reviewed the relevant unredacted documents and the parties’ arguments, and for

the reasons discussed herein, the Court concludes that many of defendants’ confidentiality

designations have resulted in overbroad redactions that do not comport with the presumptive

right of public access. Accordingly, the Court will grant in part and deny in part plaintiffs’

                                                 10
motion to unseal (ECF No. 174) and one of plaintiffs’ motions to seal (ECF No. 157), but will

deny the remaining motions to seal (ECF Nos. 160, 163, 172, 177, and 179).

       Specifically, the Court will require the unsealing of the pleadings related to class

certification, plaintiffs’ motion to unseal, and defendants’ motion to exclude. With respect to the

Fegan Declaration, the Hester Declaration, the Levy Report, the Johnson Report, and all Levy

Deposition Excerpts, the defendants will be required to file, by June 29, 2018, these documents

with limited redactions and more detailed justifications of the proposed redactions. Finally, the

Court will deny without prejudice plaintiffs’ motion to unseal (ECF No. 174), insofar as it relates

to Fegan Declaration Exhibits 101–143, to be revisited after the underlying motion for class

certification has been resolved.

                                            ANALYSIS

I.     GOVERNING PRINCIPLES OF LAW

       As this Court has explained previously, see In re McCormick, 2017 WL 2560911, at *1,

there is a “strong presumption in favor of public access to judicial proceedings.” EEOC v. Nat’l

Children’s Ctr., Inc., 98 F.3d 1406, 1409 (D.C. Cir. 1996) (quoting Johnson v. Greater Se. Cmty.

Hosp. Corp., 951 F.2d 1268, 1277 (D.C. Cir. 1991)). “This right extends to judicial records[;]

. . . whether something is a judicial record depends on ‘the role it plays in the adjudicatory

process.’” In re Fort Totten Metrorail Cases, 960 F. Supp. 2d 2, at 6 (D.D.C. 2013) (quoting

United States v. El-Sayegh, 131 F.3d 158, 163 (D.C. Cir. 1997)). “A court proceeding . . . is in

its entirety and by its very nature a matter of legal significance; all of the documents filed with

the court . . . are maintained as the official ‘record’ of what transpired.” Wash. Legal Found. v.

                                                 11
U.S. Sentencing Comm’n, 89 F.3d 897, 906 (D.C. Cir. 1996). “Indeed, the meaning and legal

import of a judicial decision is a function of the record upon which it was rendered.” Id.

        In “cases involving motions to seal or unseal judicial records, the Hubbard test . . . serves

. . . [to] ensure[] that we fully account for the various public and private interests at stake.”

Metlife, Inc. v. Fin. Stability Oversight Council, 865 F.3d 661, 666 (D.C. Cir. 2017). Under

United States v. Hubbard, 650 F.2d 293 (D.C. Cir. 1980), courts consider six factors that may act

to overcome the presumption in favor of public access to judicial proceedings:

        (1) the need for public access to the documents at issue; (2) the extent of previous
        public access to the documents; (3) the fact that someone has objected to
        disclosure, and the identity of that person; (4) the strength of any property and
        privacy interests asserted; (5) the possibility of prejudice to those opposing
        disclosure; and (6) the purposes for which the documents were introduced during
        the judicial proceedings.

Nat’l Children’s Ctr., 98 F.3d at 1409 (citing Hubbard, 650 F.2d at 317–22).

        Public access to judicial records is not limitless, however, and may be denied “to protect

trade secrets . . . and to minimize the danger of an unfair trial by adverse publicity.” Hubbard,
650 F.2d at 315; cf. Press-Enterprise Co. v. Super. Ct. of Cal., 464 U.S. 501, 510 (1984) (“The

presumption of openness may be overcome only by an overriding interest based on findings that

closure is essential to preserve higher values and is narrowly tailored to serve that interest.”).

“Protecting an entity’s ‘competitive standing’ through retained confidentiality in business

information has been recognized as an appropriate justification for restriction of public or press

access.” New York v. Microsoft Corp., No. 98-cv-1233, 2002 WL 1315804, at *1 (D.D.C. May

8, 2002) (quoting Nixon v. Warner Comms., 435 U.S. 589, 598 (1978)); see Metlife, 865 F.3d

at 671 (“For documents containing sensitive business information and trade secrets, those factors

often weigh in favor of sealing and . . . courts commonly permit redaction of that kind of

information.”).

                                                  12
       The burden to rebut the presumption of disclosure rests with the objecting party.

Grynberg v. BP P.L.C., 205 F. Supp. 3d 1, 3 (D.D.C. 2016). And, “a party seeking to seal court

documents must ‘come forward with specific reasons why the record, or any part thereof, should

remain under seal.’” Friedman v. Sebelius, 672 F. Supp. 2d 54, 58 (D.D.C. 2009) (quoting

Johnson, 951 F.2d at 1278).10

       A. The Role of a Protective Order

       “‘[T]he District Court cannot abdicate its responsibility to . . . determine whether filings

should be made available to the public’ by allowing the parties to control public access pursuant

to a protective order.” Aristotle Int’l, Inc. v. NGP Software, Inc., 714 F. Supp. 2d 1, 20 (D.D.C.

2010) (quoting Procter & Gamble v. Bankers Trust, 78 F.3d 219, 227 (6th Cir. 1996)); cf.

Gynber v. BP PLC, 205 F. Supp. 3d 1, 3 (D.D.C. 2016) (“Although confidentiality agreements

between private parties may weigh against disclosure, they do not dictate whether documents can

be filed under seal.”); United States v. ISS Marine Servs., Inc. 905 F. Supp. 2d 121, 141 (D.D.C.

2012) (“[T]he mere fact that a case was, at one time, placed under seal is not a reason, in and of

itself, to indefinitely maintain that seal and thus negate the public’s access to judicial records,

which the D.C. Circuit has described as ‘fundamental to a democratic state.’”) (quoting

Hubbard, 650 F.2d at 315 n.79).

       Though defendants rely on the protective order to justify their confidentiality

designations, that order preserves only “legitimate proprietary and privacy interests” and protects

10
  McCormick appears incorrectly to fault plaintiffs for failing to carry their burden. (See, e.g.,
McCormick Opp. to Unseal at 6; Wal-Mart Opp. to Unseal at 6); see also, United States v. ISS
Marine Servs., Inc. 905 F. Supp. 2d 121, 140–41 (D.D.C. 2012) (“It is not the Government’s
burden to proffer a need for public access; the burden is instead the respondent’s to demonstrate
the absence of a need for public access because the law presumes that the public is entitled to
access the contents of judicial proceedings.”).
                                                  13
only “confidential business and trade secret information . . . consistent with the public’s right of

access to the Court’s records and processes.” (Stipulated Protective Order ¶ 17.) Indeed, it

advises the parties not to “seek to file under seal any more of the papers than is reasonably

necessary to protect Confidential Information from disclosure.” (Id. ¶ 28.)

       B. The Class Action Context

       The parties argue over whether the presumption in favor of public access is heightened in

the class action context. The Third and Sixth Circuits have concluded, for example, that “[t]he

right of public access is particularly compelling . . . [where] many members of the ‘public’ are

also plaintiffs in the class action.” In re Cendant Corp., 260 F.3d 183, 193 (3d Cir. 2001); see

Shane Grp., Inc. v. Blue Cross Blue Shield of Mich., 825 F.3d 299, 305 (6th Cir. 2016) (“[I]n

class actions—where by definition some ‘members of the public are also parties to the [case]’—

the standards for denying public access to the record ‘should be applied . . . with particular

strictness.’”) (quoting Cendant, 260 F.3d at 194). The D.C. Circuit has not expressly embraced a

heightened standard, but the fact that a case is a class action is not irrelevant under Hubbard. By

applying the Hubbard factors, courts can assess whether and how class action status weighs in

evaluating the public interest in access to the judicial records. There “is a stronger presumption

of transparency in some judicial proceedings than in others,” Friedman, 672 F.2d at 57, and by

its nature, a class action may create a greater need for public access. See, e.g., Cochran v. Volvo

Grp. N. Am., LLC, 931 F. Supp. 2d 725, 730 (M.D. N.C. 2013) (noting that class actions offer

“public benefits” and that once certified, class actions “bind members of the class, even if they

are not named parties” and may “affect the rights of persons who are not parties to the case”).

                                                 14
II.    WHICH DOCUMENTS SHOULD BE UNSEALED

       A. Class Certification Papers & the Motion to Unseal

            i.   Class Certification Pleadings

       As described above, plaintiffs moved to unseal the class certification pleadings either

through their motion to unseal or by opposing defendants’ motions to seal. Plaintiffs also oppose

Wal-Mart’s motion to file under seal its opposition to the motion to unseal. The Hubbard factors

weigh heavily in favor of unsealing each of these pleadings.

       Defendants make only conclusory arguments about the proprietary nature of the redacted

information in the class certification pleadings. To carry their burden under Hubbard,

defendants must specifically identify the commercially sensitive information contained in the

redactions and explain why its disclosure would harm their competitive standing.11 See, e.g.,

R&R, United States v. Aetna Inc., No. 16-cv-01494 (JDB), 2016 WL 8739257, at *4 (D.D.C.

Dec. 4, 2016) (summarizing defendant’s declaration which asserts which exhibits contain “core

sensitive commercial information,” describes the information specifically, and explains the type

of harm defendant would suffer if it were disclosed). In Friedman v. Sebelius, plaintiffs asked

the court “to maintain a blanket seal of the case rather than requesting only that the allegedly

damaging portions of the record remain under seal—despite the fact that the purported harm

11
  McCormick makes some effort to argue that information in its opposition to class certification
derived from the Hester Declaration is “confidential business information regarding the sourcing
and density of McCormick pepper, packaging processes and strategy, and historical filling
practices.” (McCormick’s Reply to Seal Opp. to Class Cert. at 4.) The Hester Declaration may
contain some sensitive business information, but the Court remains skeptical that the same
argument applies with equal force to McCormick’s opposition. By way of example, the fact that
“there are various types of black pepper” is not a business secret nor is the fact that weight and
volume are not always precisely correlated. (See Opp. to Class Cert. at 4.) In other words,
McCormick’s redactions are overbroad. Moreover, McCormick has not identified in its
opposition the specific language that reveals proprietary information.
                                                 15
[would] be caused by the release of only a few documents in the record.” 672 F. Supp. 2d at 58.

Here, defendants fail to specifically identify commercially sensitive information, but instead,

they make overbroad requests to maintain information in confidence that is relevant to the

Court’s decision-making, and which should therefore be presumptively accessible to the public.

       Based on the record before it, the Court concludes that the Hubbard factors favor

disclosure of the class certification pleadings. The first factor is the need for public access to the

documents at issue. Pleadings are the clearest expression of relevant evidence and

argumentation on any given disputed issue and necessarily influence a Court’s decision. See

Metlife, 865 F.3d at 668 (“Without access . . . it is impossible to know which . . . materials

persuaded the court and which failed to do so.”). The second factor considers prior public

access. See Hubbard, 650 F.2d at 318. Some redacted information is already available through

the Court’s prior opinion. For example, the motion for class certification quotes extensively

from previously disclosed language. See, e.g., In re McCormick & Co., Inc., Pepper Prods.

Mktg. & Sales Practices Litig., 275 F. Supp. 3d 218, 222 (D.D.C. 2017) (“McCormick also

‘feared that a unilateral reduction [in quantity of pepper in a tin] might be ‘deceptive and could

very well back fire on us.’”); (June 13, 2017 Mem. Op., ECF No. 148 at 2 (“Plaintiffs alleged

that ‘[s]ince 2010 the cost of raw black pepper has increased by approximately 500%.’

. . . Although the containers noted the new weight, they were the ‘exact same size’ as before.”).

Defendants make no effort to distinguish what is publicly available from what is not. So, factors

one and two weigh in favor of disclosure. By virtue of defendants’ opposition to the motion to

unseal and various motions to seal, the third factor, which considers the identity of a party

objecting to disclosure, weighs in favor of closure. Hubbard, 650 F.2d at 320.

                                                  16
        Hubbard’s fourth factor considers the strength of the property and privacy interests

asserted in the class certification papers, id., and points in favor of disclosure in large part

because neither defendant gives any reason why particular redactions in the pleadings are

necessary. The fifth “considers whether disclosure of the documents will lead to prejudice in

future litigation to the party seeking the seal.” Friedman, 672 F. Supp. 2d at 60. Wal-Mart does

not address this factor and McCormick argues that it favors McCormick “because there is no

prejudice to Plaintiffs.” (McCormick’s Opp. to Seal at 10.) The correct question is whether

defendants will be prejudiced in future litigation if the class certification pleadings are unsealed.

Nothing suggests defendants will be prejudiced. The sixth factor looks to “the purposes for

which the documents were introduced during the judicial proceedings.” Nat’l Children’s Ctr.,
98 F.3d at 1409. Though documents obtained through discovery “are afforded a stronger

presumption of privacy,” Friedman, 672 F. Supp. 2d at 61, briefing relating to a potentially

dispositive motion that is intended to play a crucial role in a court’s analysis should be accessible

to the public unless an overriding privacy interest controls. See, e.g., Hardaway v. Dist. of

Columbia Housing Auth., 843 F.3d 973, 980–81 (D.C. Cir. 2016) (reversing the district court’s

denial of a motion to seal the “complaint, all medical records, and all non-dispositive materials,”

explaining that the “public has no need for access to documents that describe [plaintiff’s]

disability” and that “descriptions of [her] disability contained in any filing—including appellate

briefs and appendices—should be or remain redacted”). Accordingly, the fourth, fifth, and sixth

factors weigh in favor of disclosing the parties’ class certification briefing in full.

        Given the weight of the Hubbard factors and defendants’ failure to identify any specific

information in the pleadings that might cause them competitive harm, the Court will unseal the

class certification pleadings.

                                                  17
           ii.     Wal-Mart’s Opposition to the Motion to Unseal

       Wal-Mart argues that its opposition to plaintiffs’ motion to unseal should remain redacted

because it refers to the existence of confidential materials. (See Wal-Mart Opp. to Unseal.) The

Court disagrees.

       Arguing that it “has a strong privacy interest in the contents of the Opposition and might

be harmed competitively if it were disclosed to the public,” Wal-Mart cites the Keeter

Declaration for the idea that disclosure, “even by reference, poses a business risk.” (Id. at 4.)

But the Keeter Declaration states only that “[i]f the information contained in the four sealed Wal-

Mart documents were released to the public, Wal-Mart’s business and competitive standing

would likely be harmed. Competitors and suppliers would be able to gain insights . . . which

they could utilize to Wal-Mart’s competitive disadvantage.” (Keeter Decl. ¶ 5.) The law does

not support the proposition that mere references to the existence of information should be sealed.

Even in the cases Wal-Mart cites, courts do not redact non-substantive descriptions of the

confidential information. See Onex Credit Partners, LLC v. Atrium 5 LTD., No. 13-cv-5629,

2017 WL 4284490, at *3 (D.N.J. Sept. 27, 2017) (granting a motion to seal certain documents

and describing in specific terms what plaintiff sought to seal or redact); Gaudin v. Saxon

Mortgage Servs, Inc., No. 11-cv-01663, 2013 WL 2631074, at *2 (N.D. Cal. June 11, 2013)

(granting a motion to seal and describing generally the material to be sealed).

       As the Supreme Court has noted, there is “a general right to inspect and copy public

records and documents, including judicial records and documents.” Nixon, 435 U.S. at 597.

While the Court finds Wal-Mart has shown that its four documents labeled “highly confidential,”

contain “sensitive commercial information, the disclosure of which could threaten Wal-Mart’s

competitive standing” (Wal-Mart’s Reply in Supp. of its Mot. for Leave to File Opp. to Pls.’

                                                 18
Mot. to Seal Under Seal at 2, ECF. No. 184 (“Wal-Mart’s Reply to File Opp. Under Seal”)), non-

substantive references to or general discussions of those documents are not similarly protected.

Cf. ISS Marine Servs., 905 F. Supp. 2d at 141 (“[R]espondent relies entirely on the privacy

interests that would be implicated by revealing the fact that it is the subject of some kind of

government investigation, but these nebulous privacy interests are unavailing.”).

        Accordingly, Wal-Mart’s motion to seal (ECF No. 179) is denied and its opposition to the

motion to unseal, including exhibits,12 will be unsealed.

           iii.    Declarations and Reports

        This category of documents consists of the Fegan Declaration, the Hester Declaration, the

Levy Report, and the Johnson Report. As explained herein, defendants have indiscriminately

redacted far more than is necessary to protect confidential information in each of these

documents; they have failed to identify the specific proprietary information that should remain

under seal and have failed to give particularized reasons for the withholdings. Without such a

showing, defendants cannot overcome the presumption in favor of public access. Therefore,

defendants will be required to refile these documents with limited redactions and an

accompanying supplemental memorandum of law, consistent with this Memorandum Opinion,

that justifies their withholdings.

                  a. The Fegan Declaration

        Defendants offer little justification to support the sealing of the Fegan Declaration. For

many of the reasons described above in relation to the class certification pleadings, the Court

finds that the redactions of the Fegan Declaration are far greater than are necessary.

12
  The Court notes that the information redacted in the attached exhibits does not reveal
confidential information, and that the Klevorn Letter is already unsealed elsewhere on the
docket. (See McCormick Opp. to Seal Ex. C, ECF No. 176-4.)
                                                 19
        Two differences, however, place the Fegan Declaration in a category separate from the

pleadings. First, while the Fegan Declaration provides support for plaintiffs’ reasoning and

arguments in favor of class certification, it may be less crucial to the Court’s certification

decision. Second, though both defendants defend the Fegan Declaration redactions without

specificity, the declaration draws from the attached exhibits extensively, portions of which

arguably contain confidential information.

        Some of the Fegan Declaration redactions are obviously overbroad. (Compare In re

McCormick, 275 F. Supp. 3d at 222 (“McCormick also ‘feared that a unilateral reduction [in

quantity of pepper in a tin] might be ‘deceptive and could very well back fire on us[,]’ since the

private label competitors would likely ‘advertise ‘10% more vs [McCormick]’’ and thus ‘point[]

this deception out to our loyal branded customer.’”) with Fegan Decl. ¶ 37 (beginning with

exactly the same sentence).); see also Berliner Corcoran & Rowe LLP v. Orian, 662 F. Supp. 2d
130, 135 (D.D.C. 2009) (weighing the fifth Hubbard factor and commenting that defendants’

proposed redacted statements “do not reveal any substantive information that is not already

discernable from other, public portions” of the opinion). Other portions appear to contain

proprietary information that might harm defendants’ competitive standing if disclosed, but

redactions must be narrowly tailored and specifically supported.13 See, e.g., In re Document

Techs. Litig., 282 F. Supp. 3d 743, 747 (S.D.N.Y. 2017) (“Documents may nonetheless be sealed

or redacted ‘if specific, on the record findings are made demonstrating that closure is essential to

13
   Exhibit D to McCormick’s opposition to the motion to unseal is the index “listing each
document and providing a description of the document and the basis for the confidentiality
designation.” (McCormick Opp. to Unseal at 5.) This index is conclusory and not specifically
tailored to the information it seeks to redact in contrast to the description of the parties’ filings in
Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., 727 F.3d 1214, 1223–24 (Fed. Cir. 2013).
                                                  20
preserve higher values and is narrowly tailored to serve that interest.’”) (quoting Lugosch v.

Pyramid Co. of Onandaga, 435 F.3d 110, 120 (2d Cir. 2006)).

               b. The Hester Declaration

       The Hester Declaration, as noted above, was filed as an exhibit to the Schmitt

Declaration, which was in turn filed in support of McCormick’s opposition to class certification.

The Hester Declaration was, in other words, filed to oppose class certification in the same way

the Fegan Declaration was filed to support it.

       McCormick explains that the Hester Declaration “contains confidential business

information regarding the sourcing and density of McCormick pepper, packaging processes and

strategy, and historical filling practices (not just for the relevant period)” (McCormick’s Reply to

Seal Opp. to Class Cert. at 4), and provides the Morse Declaration as support for its assertion that

“public disclosure of such information would be harmful to McCormick’s business.” (Id.)

While the Morse Declaration suffices to establish that the Hester Declaration contains

“confidential and proprietary business information [that] . . . would not be made available to the

public in the ordinary course of business” or shared with competitors (Morse Decl. ¶ 7), it does

not specifically identify that information. See In re Platinum & Palladium Commodities Litig.,

828 F. Supp. 2d 602, 603 (S.D.N.Y. 2011) (denying plaintiffs’ motion to file under seal without

prejudice because the redactions were overbroad); Pfizer, Inc. v. Teva Pharms. USA, Inc., Nos.

08-cv-1331, 08-cv-2137(DMC), 2010 WL 2710566, at *5–6 (D.N.J. July 7, 2010) (denying a

motion to redact a transcript where the requests to seal were ‘not supported by a brief or

particularized argument,’ were ‘overbroad and only supported by general allegations of harm,’

and left ‘unexplained how the disclosure of this type of information could result in a specific and

serious injury’).

                                                 21
                 c. The Levy & Johnson Reports

       McCormick does not object to unsealing the Levy Report so long as “any references . . .

to confidential materials be appropriately redacted.” (McCormick Opp. to Unseal at 3 n.2.)

Wal-Mart implies a similar position. (Wal-Mart Opp. to Unseal at 7.) The Johnson Report

refutes many of the findings in the Levy Report and McCormick discusses it only briefly. In

fact, where McCormick mentions the Johnson Report, it specifically cites only six paragraphs

and Appendix C as referring to potentially sensitive commercial information. (McCormick Opp.

to Unseal at 5 (describing confidential information in the Johnson Report at ¶¶ 22–23, 26–27,

30–31, and Appendix C).) While mere references to confidential materials cannot, as explained

above, be redacted, the Court will accept defendant’s offer to refile the reports with limited

redactions and, consistent with this Memorandum Opinion, particularized argument explaining

why the redactions are necessary.

       B. Motion to Exclude

            i.    Pleadings

       The parties have filed three pleadings in conjunction with defendants’ joint motion to

exclude Levy as an expert. Defendants suggest that these pleadings should remain redacted.

(McCormick’s Reply to Seal Opp. to Class Cert. at 2.) McCormick notes that the Hester

Declaration is referred to twice in the motion to exclude (id. at 4), and argues that the three

redactions in defendants’ reply in support of the motion to exclude constitute information

derived from the Hester Declaration. (Defs.’ Mot. to File Reply to Mot. to Exclude Under Seal

at 1–2, ECF No. 177.) Otherwise, defendants offer no justifications for the redactions.

       The same reasoning applies to these pleadings as applied to the class certification

pleadings. See In re Fort Totten, 960 F. Supp. 2d at 14 (explaining that the documents at issue

                                                 22
were “judicial records subject to the common law right of access because they . . . were filed

with the Court and were the subjects of judicial action”). Accordingly, the Court will unseal the

pleadings related to the motion to exclude.

              ii.   Levy Deposition Excerpts

       The sealed excerpts of the Levy Deposition include the following pages as exhibits under

seal : 29–30, 40–41, 43, 51–60, 65–66, 74–77, 89–90, 108, 113, 115, and 120. As with the Levy

Report, McCormick does not object to unsealing the deposition excerpts “subject to the provision

that any references . . . to confidential materials be appropriately redacted.” (McCormick Opp.

to Unseal at 3 n.2.) Wal-Mart has not made clear its position as to the deposition excerpts.

       Again, while mere references to confidential materials should not be redacted, defendants

shall file the deposition excerpts with limited redactions and particularized justifications for these

redactions.

       C. Fegan Declaration Exhibits 101–143

       Defendants argue that the company documents attached as Fegan Declaration Exhibits

101–143 should remain under seal. Although the Court does not find these arguments wholly

persuasive, at this stage the Court lacks the necessary information to apply the Hubbard factors

to these documents and will therefore deny plaintiffs’ motion to unseal as to the exhibits. See

R&R, Aetna Inc., 2016 WL 8739257, at *1 (“With respect to the first and final [Hubbard]

factors, namely, the need for public access to the documents at issue and the purposes for which

the documents were introduced during the judicial proceedings, the Special Master lacks

sufficient information to conclude that either factor outweighs the Defendants’ interests in

maintaining the confidentiality of these documents because the documents have not yet been

                                                 23
used at trial.”). Should it later become apparent that these documents are necessary to the

Court’s class certification decision, plaintiffs may renew their motion to unseal.

       The Court is aware, however, that these exhibits include some information that will be

disclosed as a result of the Court’s other rulings herein. But these documents present a more

complicated question than do the pleadings and documents already discussed. First, significant

portions appear to include sensitive business information (see, e.g., Fegan Decl. Ex. 132, at 4),

while other portions are not proprietary. (See, e.g., Fegan Decl. Ex. 104, at 5–7 (copies of news

reports).) Second, much of the proprietary and non-proprietary information is interspersed—

especially in emails—such that redaction would be inefficient and ineffectual. See, e.g., Sullivan

v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., No. 2:12-cv-01173, 2012 WL 3783904, at *1 (E.D. Cal. Aug. 12,

2012) (finding that the parties’ joint representation that “the Administrative Record ‘is replete’

with personal identifying information . . . and that redacting such information would be too

burdensome, is considered sufficient to justify granting the parties’ request under the good cause

standard at this stage of the proceedings”); cf. Matter of Search of Office Suites for World &

Islam Studies Enter., 925 F. Supp. 738, 743–44 (M.D. Fla. 1996) (finding that “[r]edaction might

protect the parties named in the affidavits, however, it offers no shield against revealing the other

aspects of the Government’s investigation” and so maintaining the documents under seal for the

time being). Third, many of the documents refer to details of internal operations that may not be

revealing to a layperson’s eye, but may be of use to defendants’ competitors.

       Finally, and importantly, disclosing original source documents, as opposed to pleadings

and declarations, may be of less value to public’s understanding of the judicial process. See

Hyatt v. Lee, 251 F. Supp. 3d 181, 185 (D.D.C. 2017) (concluding that “having reviewed

proposed redactions—including the Court’s rulings on dispositive motions—the Court notes that

                                                 24
[the first Hubbard] factor weighs heavily in favor of disclosing the Court’s orders and those

materials relied upon by the Court . . . [but] it does not weigh as heavily for disclosing

confidential patent information ancillary to the Court’s orders or the parties’ briefs”).

                                          CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the Court will grant in part and deny in part plaintiffs’ motion

to unseal (ECF No. 174) and plaintiffs’ related motion to seal (ECF No. 157), and will deny the

remaining motions to seal (ECF Nos. 160, 163, 172, 177, and 179) as detailed in the Order

accompanying this Memorandum Opinion.

       Specifically, the Court finds that the presumptive right of public access in pleadings

outweighs any privacy interest articulated by defendants. Accordingly, all of the pleadings

described above—related to class certification, plaintiffs’ motion to unseal, and defendants’

motion to exclude—will be unsealed. The Court will also require defendants to file narrowly

redacted or unredacted versions of the following documents: the Fegan Declaration, the Hester

Declaration, the Levy Report, the Johnson Report, and all Levy Deposition Excerpts. In other

words, none of these shall remain entirely under seal, and only narrowly tailored, specifically

supported redactions shall be permitted. In addition, the Court will grant motions to seal Fegan

Declaration Exhibits 101–143 (ECF Nos. 157-5 through 157-47), without prejudice to revisiting

that decision after the Court resolves the substantive motion to which these exhibits relate.

                                                      /s/ Ellen Segal Huvelle
                                                      ELLEN SEGAL HUVELLE
                                                      United States District Judge

Date: June 11, 2018

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