Court Opinion

ID: 2819738
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-07-23 15:17:57.394763+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:30:53.681093
License: Public Domain

1      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

 2 Opinion Number: ___________

 3 Filing Date: July 21, 2015

 4 NO. 33,187

 5 CYNTHIA R. HERALD, M.D.,

 6        Plaintiff-Appellant/Cross-Appellee,

 7 v.

 8   BOARD OF REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY
 9   OF NEW MEXICO, a body corporate of the
10   STATE OF NEW MEXICO, for itself and its
11   public operations including BOARD OF DIRECTORS
12   OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO HEALTH
13   SCIENCES CENTER, UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO
14   HEALTH SCIENCES CENTER and its components the
15   UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO HOSPITAL and
16   UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO SCHOOL OF
17   MEDICINE,

18        Defendant-Appellee/Cross-Appellant.

19 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY
20 C. Shannon Bacon, District Judge

21   Curtis & Lucero
22   Lisa K. Curtis
23   Amalia S. Lucero
24   Albuquerque, NM
 1 Law Offices of E. Justin Pennington
 2 E. Justin Pennington
 3 Albuquerque, NM

 4 L. Helen Bennett
 5 Albuquerque, NM

 6 for Appellant

 7 Wiggins, Williams & Wiggins, P.C.
 8 Patricia G. Williams
 9 Albuquerque, NM

10 for Appellee
 1                                       OPINION

 2 SUTIN, Judge.

 3   {1}   Plaintiff Cynthia Herald, M.D., sued the Board of Regents of the University of

 4 New Mexico (Defendant) after she was discharged from the residency program at the

 5 University of New Mexico School of Medicine. She claimed that her termination was

 6 driven by discrimination and retaliation in violation of the New Mexico Human

 7 Rights Act (the HRA), NMSA 1978, §§ 28-1-1 to -15 (1969, as amended through

 8 2007), and the Whistleblower Protection Act (the WPA), NMSA 1978, §§ 10-16C-1

 9 to -6 (2010). She also stated claims under the New Mexico Tort Claims Act (the

10 TCA), NMSA 1978, §§ 41-4-1 to -30 (1976, as amended through 2015), and for

11 breach of contract. Underlying these claims was Plaintiff’s theory that Defendant’s

12 alleged discriminatory and retaliatory actions toward her, including her termination,

13 stemmed from and were related to Plaintiff’s allegation that she had been raped by a

14 fellow participant in the residency program.

15   {2}   The district court dismissed Plaintiff’s TCA and WPA claims, and the court

16 granted summary judgment in favor of Defendant as to Plaintiff’s breach of contract

17 claim. The district court construed Plaintiff’s complaint as stating three claims under

18 the HRA, namely, disparate treatment, sex discrimination, and retaliation. As to

19 disparate treatment, the district court granted summary judgment in favor of
 1 Defendant. Plaintiff’s claims of sex discrimination and retaliation pursuant to the

 2 HRA were tried before a jury; the jury found in favor of Defendant on both claims.

 3   {3}    On appeal, Plaintiff challenges the district court’s WPA and TCA dismissal

 4 orders and its order granting summary judgment as to her breach of contract claim.

 5 She also argues that the court erred in its instructions to the jury on her HRA claim.

 6 We reverse the district court’s dismissal of Plaintiff’s WPA claims on statutory

 7 construction grounds. As to Plaintiff’s remaining arguments, we affirm the district

 8 court.

 9   {4}    Defendant cross appeals, claiming that the district court erred in denying its

10 requested costs and attorney fees. We reverse the district court’s denial of costs

11 associated with Defendant’s electronic filing fees because we hold that it was

12 premised on a misapplication of the relevant law. We affirm on the remaining issues.

13 BACKGROUND

14   {5}    After graduating from medical school, Plaintiff enrolled in the University of

15 New Mexico School of Medicine (the School) as a post-doctoral fellow and resident

16 physician in anesthesiology (the residency program) in June 2008. As a participant

17 in the residency program, Plaintiff was both an employee and a student at the

18 University of New Mexico (UNM), with responsibilities as a “house staff physician

19 for patients” at UNM Hospital, as well as having a responsibility to participate in

                                               2
 1 educational activities. Plaintiff’s involvement with the residency program was

 2 formalized in a “Graduate Medical Education Agreement” between Defendant and

 3 Plaintiff; this agreement served as Plaintiff’s employment contract.

 4   {6}   In June 2009, Plaintiff visited the home of a man who was “senior to Plaintiff”

 5 in the residency program (the senior resident), and who, by virtue of his greater

 6 experience, education, and training, supervised Plaintiff’s work. Plaintiff claimed that

 7 while she was in his home, the senior resident raped her. In September 2009, Plaintiff

 8 reported the alleged rape to the Associate Dean for Graduate Medical Education, Dr.

 9 David Sklar; Residency Program Director, Dr. James Harding; and Chairman of the

10 Department of Anesthesiology, Dr. John Wills (collectively, the residency

11 administrators). Plaintiff never reported the alleged rape to a law enforcement agency,

12 and the senior resident was never charged with or convicted of any crime as a result

13 of Plaintiff’s allegation that he raped her.

14   {7}   In June 2010, Plaintiff was terminated from the residency program. A “notice

15 of final action” letter to Plaintiff, signed by Doctors Wills and Sklar, detailed the

16 School’s decision to terminate Plaintiff from the residency program on

17 “administrative misconduct” grounds. The letter enumerated several findings that led

18 to the School’s conclusion that Plaintiff had committed various forms of

19 administrative misconduct. Those findings included that Plaintiff was impaired and

                                              3
 1 incompetent while on duty at UNM Hospital as a result of ingesting Schedule IV

 2 narcotics; that an investigation revealed that Plaintiff’s hospital-issued narcotic pack

 3 was missing Schedule II and IV controlled substances and that Plaintiff had altered

 4 a document pertaining to the content of the narcotic pack so as to hide the

 5 discrepancy; and that, in contravention of the School’s policy, Plaintiff had repeatedly

 6 filled prescriptions issued to her by other participants in the residency program, many

 7 of which may have been falsified by Plaintiff in an unlawful use of the other

 8 residents’ institutional DEA numbers. As well, the letter stated that Plaintiff had

 9 refused to attend meetings, refused to discuss her impairment and related issues,

10 deliberately lied to the School so as to obstruct the investigation, and had attempted

11 to convince an attending physician to take the blame for the discrepancy in her

12 narcotic pack.

13   {8}   Following her termination from the residency program, Plaintiff filed a

14 complaint with the New Mexico Department of Workforce Solutions, Human Rights

15 Bureau alleging that she had suffered sex discrimination and retaliation culminating

16 in her termination from the residency program. She received an order of non-

17 determination from the Labor Relations Division of the Human Rights Bureau

18 allowing her to pursue her HRA claim in district court. See § 28-1-10(D) (stating that

19 “[a] person who has filed a complaint with the human rights division may request and

                                              4
 1 shall receive an order of non[-]determination from the director”); § 28-1-13(A)

 2 (stating that the order of non-determination may be appealed to the district court

 3 where the complainant may obtain a trial de novo).

 4   {9}    Plaintiff filed a “notice of appeal [from the order of non-determination] and

 5 complaint for negligent supervision [under the TCA], wrongful discharge[,] and

 6 violation of civil rights” against Defendant in district court. In her complaint, Plaintiff

 7 alleged the following. After she reported to the residency administrators that the

 8 senior resident had raped her, they discouraged her from reporting the alleged rape

 9 to law enforcement so as to avoid damaging the reputation of the School and UNM

10 Hospital. Defendant failed to investigate the rape allegation and failed to “provide

11 appropriate assistance” to her. And, although her “documented performance

12 continued to be satisfactory through December 2009,” after she reported the alleged

13 rape, she was subjected to “heightened scrutiny and increased criticisms” by

14 Defendant’s agents.

15   {10}   Plaintiff further alleged that, on an unspecified date, she requested but was

16 denied a medical leave of absence so that she could seek and participate in medical

17 treatment for the alleged rape. She also alleged that her physical, psychological, and

18 emotional condition deteriorated after she reported the alleged rape to the residency

19 administrators and that on January 14, 2010, Dr. Harding requested that she resign

                                                5
 1 from the residency program based on “performance deficiencies and unspecified

 2 ‘global problems.’ ” She then repeated her request for a medical leave of absence, and

 3 the request was granted. When she returned to work, she was advised that, owing to

 4 deficient clinical performance, she would be subject to a three-month period of formal

 5 remediation during which her clinical performance would be assessed regularly.

 6   {11}   Plaintiff alleged that, after she returned to work, she was not periodically

 7 assessed, but to the extent that she was assessed, her performance was deemed

 8 satisfactory, and without a final assessment, the remediation period concluded in

 9 April 2010. Finally, Plaintiff’s complaint stated facts that have already been

10 addressed in this Opinion, pertaining to her alleged impairment on duty on May 4,

11 2010, and her termination from the residency program.

12   {12}   Based on the foregoing factual allegations, Plaintiff stated four overarching

13 claims: negligent supervision under the TCA, wrongful discharge for a breach of an

14 employment contract, wrongful discharge by retaliation contrary to the WPA, and

15 retaliation and sex discrimination contrary to the HRA.

16   {13}   Before answering Plaintiff’s complaint, Defendant filed two motions to

17 dismiss, one seeking dismissal of Plaintiff’s WPA claims and another seeking

18 dismissal of Plaintiff’s negligent supervision and breach of contract claims. For

19 reasons that are discussed later in this Opinion, the district court granted Defendant’s

                                              6
 1 motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s WPA claims and TCA claims, and the court denied

 2 Defendant’s motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s breach of contract claim.

 3   {14}   Notwithstanding the court’s orders of dismissal, Plaintiff filed a first amended

 4 notice of appeal and first amended complaint for failure to properly operate a

 5 hospital, wrongful discharge, and violation of civil rights (the amended complaint)

 6 that re-stated all of the claims in the original complaint. According to Plaintiff, the

 7 substantive differences between the original complaint and the amended complaint

 8 were that the amended complaint made it clear that the WPA claims were “in the

 9 alternative and/or in addition to the relief and remedies of the other causes of action”;

10 and that, unlike the original complaint, the amended complaint specified that

11 Plaintiff’s tort claim was based on an alleged “failure to properly operate a

12 hospital[.]” With the exception of the previously dismissed WPA and TCA claims,

13 which the court ruled remained dismissed, the district court permitted Plaintiff to

14 proceed on the amended complaint.

15   {15}   After Defendant answered Plaintiff’s amended complaint, Defendant filed two

16 motions for summary judgment, one pertaining to Plaintiff’s breach of contract claim

17 and another pertaining to her HRA claims. Plaintiff filed responses in opposition to

18 both motions for summary judgment. The details of the parties’ arguments will be

19 discussed as necessary in the body of this Opinion.

                                                7
 1   {16}   Based on the parties’ written arguments and the arguments made at a hearing

 2 on the motions for summary judgment, the district court granted summary judgment

 3 in favor of Defendant as to Plaintiff’s breach of contract claim. As to Plaintiff’s HRA

 4 claims, the district court ruled that, to the extent that Plaintiff raised a claim of sex

 5 discrimination on the theory of disparate treatment, summary judgment should be

 6 granted in Defendant’s favor. To the extent that Plaintiff’s HRA claims for sex

 7 discrimination were based on a theory of hostile work environment and of retaliation

 8 based on the theory of opposition to unlawful discrimination, the court denied

 9 summary judgment and allowed the claims to be tried before a jury.

10   {17}   A jury determined that Plaintiff failed to prove that Defendant unlawfully

11 retaliated or unlawfully discriminated against her. The district court entered a

12 judgment on the verdict ordering that “Plaintiff take nothing[.]” Thereafter,

13 Defendant sought costs pursuant to Rule 1-054(D) NMRA and, on the ground that it

14 had made two offers of settlement, both of which had been rejected by Plaintiff, it

15 sought costs pursuant to Rule 1-068 NMRA. Defendant also sought attorney fees. The

16 district court awarded Defendant its partial costs but denied its request for attorney

17 fees.

18   {18}   On appeal, Plaintiff argues that the district court dismissed her WPA claims

19 based on its erroneous determination that the WPA and the HRA are irreconcilable

                                               8
 1 and on its related conclusion that Plaintiff could therefore only proceed under the

 2 HRA. Plaintiff also argues that erroneous legal determinations led the district court

 3 to grant summary judgment in favor of Defendant on Plaintiff’s breach of contract

 4 claim. Additionally, Plaintiff argues that the district court’s decision to dismiss her

 5 tort claims was based on its misconstruction of the TCA. And finally, Plaintiff argues

 6 that because the jury instructions did not accurately reflect the relevant law, the

 7 instructions confused and misled the jury. On these bases, Plaintiff seeks reversal. In

 8 a cross-appeal, Defendant argues that the district court erred in not awarding attorney

 9 fees and in not awarding its full costs or, alternatively, double costs.

10   {19}   We conclude that the district court erred in dismissing Plaintiff’s WPA claims

11 on the ground that the WPA and the HRA are irreconcilably conflicting. Accordingly,

12 we reverse the court’s dismissal of Plaintiff’s WPA claims and remand for further

13 proceedings as to that claim. Plaintiff’s remaining arguments provide no grounds for

14 reversal.

15   {20}   We conclude that the district court’s denial of Defendant’s electronic filing fees

16 on the ground that they are not recoverable under the applicable rule was based on a

17 misinterpretation of the law and remand for further consideration of that issue.

18 Defendant’s remaining arguments pertaining to costs and attorney fees do not

19 demonstrate grounds for reversal.

                                                9
 1 DISCUSSION

 2 A.       Plaintiff’s Arguments

 3   {21}   Plaintiff’s arguments present issues of law that are reviewed de novo. See

 4 Baker v. Hedstrom, 2013-NMSC-043, ¶ 10, 309 P.3d 1047 (stating that statutory

 5 construction is a question of law that an appellate court reviews de novo); Benavidez

 6 v. City of Gallup, 2007-NMSC-026, ¶ 19, 141 N.M. 808, 161 P.3d 853 (stating that

 7 the appellate court reviews “jury instructions de novo to determine whether they

 8 correctly state the law” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)); Lopez v. Las

 9 Cruces Police Dep’t, 2006-NMCA-074, ¶ 10, 139 N.M. 730, 137 P.3d 670 (stating

10 that orders pertaining to summary judgment and motions to dismiss are reviewed de

11 novo).

12 1.       Plaintiff’s Argument That the District Court Erred in Dismissing Her
13          WPA Claims

14   {22}   Plaintiff’s respective HRA and WPA claims arose out of her claim that because

15 she reported the alleged rape to the residency administrators, Defendant took various

16 retaliatory actions against her that ultimately culminated in terminating her from the

17 residency program. In its motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s WPA claims, Defendant argued

18 that the HRA provides the exclusive remedy for Plaintiff’s retaliation claim. The

19 district court agreed and dismissed Plaintiff’s WPA claims. We begin by reviewing

20 the relevant provisions of the HRA and the WPA.

                                              10
 1 i.       The HRA

 2   {23}   The HRA provides that it is an unlawful discriminatory practice for an

 3 employer to discharge or discriminate based on an employee’s sex when that

 4 employee is otherwise qualified, in matters of terms, conditions, or privileges of

 5 employment. Section 28-1-7(A). It is also an unlawful discriminatory practice for any

 6 employer to “aid, abet, incite, compel[,] or coerce the doing of any unlawful

 7 discriminatory practice or to attempt to do so” or to “engage in any form of . . .

 8 reprisal or discrimination against any person who has opposed any unlawful

 9 discriminatory practice[.]” Section 28-1-7(I)(1), (2). A person claiming to be

10 aggrieved by an unlawful discriminatory practice may file a written complaint with

11 the Human Rights Division, thus prompting a series of administrative processes, or

12 she may request an order of non-determination. See generally § 28-1-10. An

13 aggrieved employee may obtain a trial de novo in the district court either from an

14 order of the commission following the administrative process or from an order of

15 non-determination. Section 28-1-10(D); § 28-1-13(A).

16 ii.      The WPA

17   {24}   The WPA applies exclusively to public employers and public employees.

18 Section 10-16C-3. Among other things, the WPA prohibits a public employer from

19 taking any retaliatory action against a public employee because the public employee:

                                            11
 1 “communicates to the public employer . . . information about an action or a failure to

 2 act that the public employee believes in good faith constitutes an unlawful or

 3 improper act” or “objects to or refuses to participate in an activity, policy[,] or

 4 practice that constitutes an unlawful or improper act.” Section 10-16C-3(A), (C). A

 5 “retaliatory action” is defined in the WPA as “any discriminatory or adverse

 6 employment action against a public employee in the terms and conditions of public

 7 employment[.]” Section 10-16C-2(D). The WPA enumerates the remedies that are

 8 available to a public employee who prevails in a lawsuit and provides that those

 9 remedies “are not exclusive and shall be in addition to any other remedies provided

10 for in any other law[.]” Section 10-16C-4(A), (C).

11 iii.     Plaintiff Was Entitled to State Claims Under the HRA and the WPA

12   {25}   Statutory interpretation is driven primarily by the language in a statute, and the

13 language of remedial statutes, including the HRA and the WPA, must be liberally

14 construed. See Whitely v. State Pers. Bd., 1993-NMSC-019, ¶ 5, 115 N.M. 308, 850

15 P.2d 1011 (stating that the language used by Legislature in a statute is the primary

16 indicator of legislative intent); Las Campanas Ltd. P’ship v. Pribble, 1997-NMCA-

17 055, ¶ 15, 123 N.M. 520, 943 P.2d 554 (stating that remedial statutes must be

18 liberally construed). With these principles in mind, we observe that the WPA

19 expressly provides that its remedies “shall be in addition to any other remedies

                                                12
 1 provided for in any other law[.]” Section 10-16C-4(C). Further, we observe that,

 2 although the HRA is silent on the issue of exclusivity, our Supreme Court has

 3 interpreted this silence to mean that the Legislature did not intend the HRA’s

 4 remedies to be exclusive. See Gandy v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 1994-NMSC-040, ¶ 8,

 5 117 N.M. 441, 872 P.2d 859 (stating that the language of the HRA “is permissive

 6 [insofar as it] contains no declaration that the remedies [that] it provides are

 7 exclusive” and holding, therefore, that the Legislature “did not intend the [HRA’s]

 8 remedies to be exclusive”).

 9   {26}   In light of our Supreme Court’s discussion of the HRA in Gandy, and based

10 upon the language in Section 10-16C-4(C) of the WPA, we conclude that the

11 Legislature did not intend the HRA to provide Plaintiff’s exclusive remedy in this

12 case. Our conclusion, supported by the Legislature’s language, also comports with a

13 liberal construction of the two statutes. The district court’s reasons for reaching the

14 opposite conclusion are not persuasive.

15   {27}   “Statutes are not to be read in a manner that would make portions of them

16 superfluous.” State Dep’t of Labor v. Echostar Commc’ns Corp., 2006-NMCA-047,

17 ¶ 6, 139 N.M. 493, 134 P.3d 780. In construing legislative intent to reach its

18 conclusion that the HRA provided Plaintiff’s exclusive remedy, the district court

19 omitted any discussion of the express provision in Section 10-16C-4(C) that the

                                             13
 1 remedies in the WPA “shall be in addition to any other remedies provided for in any

 2 other law[.]” Having omitted consideration of that language, which ostensibly allows

 3 a plaintiff to state a WPA claim alongside a claim under any other law, including the

 4 HRA, the district court concluded that there was a conflict between the WPA and the

 5 HRA that rendered them irreconcilable.

 6   {28}   In the context of statutory construction, a determination that two legislatively

 7 enacted provisions irreconcilably conflict is not favored. See Luboyeski v. Hill, 1994-

 8 NMSC-032, ¶ 10, 117 N.M. 380, 872 P.2d 353 (“Whenever possible, [the appellate

 9 courts] must read different legislative enactments as harmonious instead of as

10 contradicting one another.”); see also NMSA 1978, § 12-2A-10(A) (1997) (stating

11 that “[i]f statutes appear to conflict, they must be construed, if possible, to give effect

12 to each”). This is because there is a presumption that the Legislature is aware of

13 existing laws and would not intend to enact new legislation that irreconcilably

14 conflicts with existing laws. See Luboyeski, 1994-NMSC-032, ¶ 10 (stating that the

15 Legislature is presumed not to have intended to enact a law that is inconsistent with

16 existing laws). Thus, the district court’s conclusion that the HRA and the WPA are

17 irreconcilably conflicting is out of step with general principles of statutory

18 construction, particularly in light of the language in Section 10-16C-4(C).

                                               14
 1   {29}   In support of its conclusion that there was an irreconcilable conflict between

 2 the HRA and the WPA, the district court stated that: (1) unlike the WPA, the HRA

 3 “provides a comprehensive administrative process . . . which must be exhausted as

 4 a prerequisite to suit”; (2) the two acts have different statutes of limitations; and

 5 (3) the two acts differ in terms of the recovery available to a successful claimant.

 6 Defendant urges this Court to rely on these distinctions to affirm the district court’s

 7 decision. We decline to do so.

 8   {30}   We begin with the different statutes of limitations and the different recoveries

 9 available to a successful claimant. Here, the district court did not explain why these

10 differences necessarily placed the HRA and the WPA in irreconcilable conflict. And,

11 on appeal, Defendant has failed to as well. We see no reason to conclude that these

12 distinctions create an irreconcilable conflict between the two acts.

13   {31}   The HRA and the WPA may be read harmoniously, giving effect to each,

14 notwithstanding the different statutes of limitations and the different remedies

15 available to a successful claimant. We assume that any plaintiff who wished to file

16 claims pursuant to the HRA and the WPA would understand the need to do so within

17 the earlier statute of limitations of the HRA to avoid dismissal of the HRA claim on

18 timeliness grounds. See § 28-1-10(A) (providing a three-hundred-day statute of

19 limitations for filing claims under the HRA); § 10-16C-6 (providing a two-year

                                               15
 1 statute of limitations for filing claims under the WPA). In the present case, Plaintiff’s

 2 HRA and WPA claims were timely brought within the same complaint.

 3   {32}   Additionally, that the HRA and the WPA provide different remedies for a

 4 successful claimant does not create an irreconcilable conflict. See § 28-1-13(D)

 5 (providing that, pursuant to the district court’s discretion, a successful claimant under

 6 the HRA may receive “actual damages and reasonable attorney fees”); § 10-16C-4(A)

 7 (stating that a public employer that violates the WPA “shall be liable to the public

 8 employee for actual damages, reinstatement with the same seniority status that the

 9 employee would have had but for the violation, two times the amount of back pay

10 with interest on the back pay and compensation for any special damage sustained as

11 a result of the violation . . . . [and the] employer shall be required to pay the litigation

12 costs and reasonable attorney fees of the employee”). To the extent that a plaintiff is

13 successful under both theories and to the extent that the remedies overlap, it is

14 incumbent on the district court to prevent impermissible double recovery. Hood v.

15 Fulkerson, 1985-NMSC-048, ¶ 12, 102 N.M. 677, 699 P.2d 608 (stating that

16 “[d]uplication of damages or double recovery for injuries received is not permissible”

17 and “[w]here there are different theories of recovery and liability is found on each,

18 but the relief requested was the same . . ., the injured party is entitled to [recover a

19 particular type of damages] award [only once]”); see Gandy, 1994-NMSC-040, ¶ 12

                                                16
 1 (“We are confident that an appropriate exercise of discretion by the district courts . . .

 2 will prevent double recovery[.]”).

 3   {33}   In regard to its conclusion that the HRA “provides a comprehensive

 4 administrative process . . . which must be exhausted as a prerequisite to suit,” the

 5 district court reasoned that allowing a public employee to frame retaliation-based

 6 disputes as WPA claims instead of HRA claims would frustrate the Legislature’s

 7 intent, reflected in the HRA, to require aggrieved employees to pursue administrative

 8 remedies. But here, Plaintiff satisfied the grievance procedure of the HRA by

 9 requesting and receiving an order of non-determination and then appealing that order

10 in the district court. See Mitchell-Carr v. McLendon, 1999-NMSC-025, ¶ 16, 127

11 N.M. 282, 980 P.2d 65 (explaining that the process of requesting and receiving an

12 order of non-determination signals that the claimant has complied with the HRA

13 grievance procedures and may proceed to court). The order of non-determination

14 allowed Plaintiff to bring her HRA and non-HRA claims, including her WPA claim,

15 before the district court in a single lawsuit.

16   {34}   That the Legislature provided a procedure in the HRA by which a claimant may

17 proceed to court on her claim after requesting and receiving an order of non-

18 determination precludes the conclusion that the Legislature intended to require a

19 claimant, in every instance, to proceed through a comprehensive administrative

                                               17
 1 process before the Human Rights Commission before bringing her claim to court. See,

 2 e.g., § 28-1-10(B), (C), (F) (describing an administrative process that includes, in

 3 part, an investigation by the director of the Human Rights Division, potentially

 4 followed by an attempt of persuasion or conciliation, possibly followed by a hearing

 5 before the Human Rights Commission). Rather, as demonstrated in this case, a

 6 claimant may essentially circumvent the more extensive administrative processes

 7 contemplated by the HRA by requesting and receiving, without delay, an order of

 8 non-determination that may then be appealed in a trial de novo in the district court.

 9 See § 28-1-10(D) (“A person who has filed a complaint with the [H]uman [R]ights

10 [D]ivision may request and shall receive an order of non[-]determination from the

11 director without delay[.]”); § 28-1-13(A) (stating that the order of non-determination

12 may then be appealed to the district court where the complainant may obtain a trial

13 de novo).

14   {35}   In sum, we reverse the district court’s order dismissing Plaintiff’s WPA claims

15 on the ground that the HRA and WPA are in irreconcilable conflict and that,

16 therefore, the HRA is the exclusive remedy for Plaintiff’s retaliation claim.

17 iv.      Defendant’s Arguments in Opposition to Remanding Plaintiff’s WPA
18          Claims for Trial

19   {36}   Defendant argues that even if this Court reverses the dismissal of Plaintiff’s

20 WPA claims, Plaintiff is not entitled to a trial on that issue. According to Defendant,

                                              18
 1 when the jury found that Plaintiff did not prove Defendant unlawfully retaliated

 2 against her under the HRA, it necessarily resolved her claim for retaliation under the

 3 WPA as well. We disagree.

 4   {37}   Plaintiff’s claims under the HRA and under the WPA were premised on distinct

 5 theories of what caused Defendant’s alleged retaliation against her. In regard to the

 6 HRA claims, the jury was instructed, in relevant part, that to prove retaliation,

 7 Plaintiff was required to show that she suffered an adverse employment action

 8 because she opposed an “unlawful discriminatory practice.” The phrase “unlawful

 9 discriminatory practice” was defined for the jury as follows: (1) “to create a hostile

10 work environment, discharge an employee[,] or to otherwise discriminate on the basis

11 of sex”; or (2) “to discriminate against any person who reports an unlawful

12 discriminatory practice.”

13   {38}   Thus, as to Plaintiff’s HRA claims, the jury was instructed that an employer

14 engages in an unlawful retaliation if the employee claiming retaliation (1) opposed

15 the creation of a hostile work environment or the discharge of an employee or other

16 discrimination on the basis of sex; or (2) reported the creation of a hostile work

17 environment, the discharge of an employee, or other discrimination on the basis of

18 sex. Plaintiff argues that the jury’s determination that Plaintiff did not suffer

19 retaliation on any of the foregoing bases did not answer the question that was raised

                                             19
 1 by her WPA claims, that is, whether Defendant retaliated against her based on her

 2 report of the alleged rape to the residency administrators.

 3   {39}   The issue whether Defendant’s alleged retaliatory behavior was triggered by

 4 Plaintiff’s report of the alleged rape alone is distinct from the issue whether

 5 Defendant’s alleged retaliatory behavior was triggered by Plaintiff’s opposition to or

 6 report of an “unlawful discriminatory practice” as that phrase was defined for the

 7 jury. Accordingly, we hold that the jury’s determination of no retaliation under the

 8 HRA did not preclude a determination that Defendant retaliated against Plaintiff in

 9 violation of the WPA, and we remand this matter to the district court for further

10 proceedings related to Plaintiff’s WPA claims.

11   {40}   Recognizing that we might hold that the WPA claims were viable, Defendant

12 argues that we should affirm the district court’s dismissal of Plaintiff’s WPA claims

13 on the basis that the WPA is unconstitutional. Defendant argues that the WPA is void

14 for vagueness because it “sets no discernable standard for compliance” and fails to

15 define crucial terms such as “information” and “about.” The district court, having

16 dismissed Plaintiff’s WPA claims on another ground, expressly declined to consider

17 the issue whether the WPA is unconstitutional. Accordingly, this issue is not properly

18 before this Court and will not be considered. See Lewis v. City of Santa Fe, 2005-

                                             20
 1 NMCA-032, ¶ 19, 137 N.M. 152, 108 P.3d 558 (declining to consider an issue upon

 2 which the district court had not passed).

 3 2.       Plaintiff’s Breach of Contract Arguments

 4   {41}   In the amended complaint, Plaintiff stated a claim for wrongful discharge

 5 premised on the theory that, by terminating her from the residency program without

 6 just cause, Defendant had breached the Graduate Medical Education Agreement (the

 7 employment contract). Defendant filed a motion for summary judgment on the ground

 8 that Plaintiff’s contract claim was precluded as a matter of law, which the district

 9 court granted. On appeal, Plaintiff argues that disputed issues of fact existed that

10 rendered summary judgment on this issue improper.

11   {42}   In summary judgment proceedings, the moving party has the initial burden of

12 making a prima facie showing that it is entitled to summary judgment. Romero v.

13 Philip Morris Inc., 2010-NMSC-035, ¶ 10, 148 N.M. 713, 242 P.3d 280. The moving

14 party may meet this burden by showing “such evidence as is sufficient in law to raise

15 a presumption of fact or establish the fact in question[.]” Id. (internal quotation marks

16 and citation omitted). “Once this prima facie showing has been made, the burden

17 shifts to the non-movant to demonstrate the existence of specific evidentiary facts

18 [that] would require trial on the merits.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation

19 omitted). In order to meet its burden, the non-movant must provide the court with

                                               21
 1 evidence that justifies a trial on the issues; merely arguing that such evidence exists

 2 is insufficient. Id.

 3   {43}   Defendant set forth the following undisputed facts in support of its motion:

 4 (1) “[t]he terms of Plaintiff’s employment contract, including applicable policies and

 5 procedures, required her to adjudicate her contract dispute through a formal three-step

 6 grievance [procedure]”; (2) “[w]hile Plaintiff initiated that process, she did not

 7 complete the third step—final and binding arbitration”; and (3) “Plaintiff, having

 8 failed to comply with the exclusive dispute resolution provisions of her own contract,

 9 including applicable policies and procedures, is precluded as a matter of law from

10 asserting claims against [Defendant] for breach of contract[.]” Attached to

11 Defendant’s motion were several exhibits that supported the foregoing statements,

12 including the employment contract and copies of “grievance forms” indicating that

13 Plaintiff had completed only two steps of the three-step grievance procedure.

14   {44}   The district court relied on Defendant’s undisputed material facts as the basis

15 for its summary judgment order. Implicit in the court’s summary judgment was a

16 determination that Plaintiff failed to meet her burden, under Romero, of

17 demonstrating the existence of evidence that would require a trial on the merits. See

18 id. On appeal, Plaintiff argues that two issues of fact precluded the court’s summary

19 judgment.

                                              22
 1   {45}   First, Plaintiff argues that there exists a factual issue regarding the basis for her

 2 termination from the residency program. In support of her argument, Plaintiff points

 3 out that, although the notice of final action by which Defendant terminated Plaintiff

 4 from the residency program states that the various forms of conduct for which

 5 Plaintiff was terminated constituted “administrative misconduct,” the notice of final

 6 action “clearly articulate[d] academic and professional objections[.]” Therefore,

 7 Plaintiff argues, she was actually terminated for “alleged non-administrative

 8 misconduct[.]” Plaintiff argues that since she was not terminated for administrative

 9 misconduct, she was not required to follow the three-step grievance procedure upon

10 which the district court’s summary judgment order was based. Rather, Plaintiff

11 argues, she was required to and did follow a “bifurcated two-step grievance process”

12 that is applicable to termination based on academic or professional misconduct. Based

13 on the foregoing, Plaintiff argues that the district court erred in concluding as a matter

14 of law that she failed to comply with the three-step grievance procedure required in

15 the employment contract.

16   {46}   Plaintiff does not supply any evidentiary or legal support for her assertion that,

17 contrary to what was stated in the notice of final action, the actions that led to her

18 termination constituted non-administrative misconduct. We note as well that in

19 Plaintiff’s grievance forms, attached to Defendant’s motion for summary judgment,

                                                 23
 1 Plaintiff referred to the grievance procedure applicable to disciplinary action for

 2 administrative misconduct. Accordingly, we are not persuaded that the district court

 3 erred in granting Defendant’s summary judgment motion. See id. (stating that in

 4 response to the movant’s showing of entitlement to summary judgment, the non-

 5 movant must show, rather than merely argue, the existence of evidence that warrants

 6 a trial on the merits); V.P. Clarence Co. v. Colgate, 1993-NMSC-022, ¶ 2, 115 N.M.

 7 471, 853 P.2d 722 (“[A]rguments of counsel are not evidence upon which a trial court

 8 can rely in a summary judgment proceeding.”).

 9   {47}   Plaintiff nevertheless argues that even if the grievance procedure applicable to

10 termination on administrative misconduct grounds applied to her, she could not have

11 submitted her dispute to binding arbitration because only the union that negotiated

12 the terms of the employment contract on behalf of all medical residents was permitted

13 to do so. And, according to Plaintiff, the union “did not elect to proceed to the third

14 step—binding arbitration[.]” In Plaintiff’s view, she “exhausted her remedies within

15 the UNM system” by completing the only two steps of the grievance procedure that

16 she, personally, could do. From our review of the record, we conclude that Plaintiff

17 failed in the district court to provide any evidence in support of this argument.

18 Specifically, Plaintiff does not point to any evidence demonstrating that she attempted

19 but the union refused to submit her grievance to arbitration, thus leaving her unable

                                               24
 1 to complete the grievance procedure. Plaintiff’s arguments on appeal are unsupported

 2 by citations to the record on appeal and fail to demonstrate grounds for reversing the

 3 district court’s summary judgment order. See id.; Muse v. Muse, 2009-NMCA-003,

 4 ¶ 51, 145 N.M. 451, 200 P.3d 104 (stating that, on appeal, this Court will not rely on

 5 the arguments and assertions of counsel that are unsupported by citations to the

 6 record).

 7 3.       Plaintiff’s TCA Arguments

 8   {48}   The district court granted Defendant’s motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s tort claims

 9 because Plaintiff failed to comply with the TCA’s notice requirement. Plaintiff argues

10 that the court erred in concluding that she failed to meet the TCA’s notice

11 requirements. She also argues that the merits of her tort claims precluded dismissal.

12 Because we affirm the district court’s dismissal on the notice issue, we do not

13 consider Plaintiff’s remaining TCA arguments.

14   {49}   Under the TCA, a person who claims damages against a public entity is

15 required to provide the administrative head of the public entity with written notice

16 stating the “time, place[,] and circumstances of the loss or injury” that gave rise to the

17 claim. Section 41-4-16(A). Unless the public entity has been given notice as required

18 in Section 41-4-16(A) or unless the public entity had “actual notice of the

19 occurrence[,]” a court is jurisdictionally barred from considering the matter. Section

                                               25
 1 41-4-16(B). Plaintiff claims that dismissal of her tort claims was improper because,

 2 by reporting the alleged rape, Plaintiff provided Defendant with “actual notice” of the

 3 occurrence; thus, Plaintiff contends, she satisfied the notice requirement of Section

 4 41-4-16(B). Under the clear constraint of precedent, we disagree.

 5   {50}   The purpose of the notice requirement in Section 41-4-16(B) is “to ensure that

 6 the agency allegedly at fault is notified that it may be subject to a lawsuit.” City of

 7 Las Cruces v. Garcia, 1984-NMSC-106, ¶ 5, 102 N.M. 25, 690 P.2d 1019 (internal

 8 quotation marks and citation omitted); Dutton v. McKinley Cnty. Bd. of Comm’rs,

 9 1991-NMCA-130, ¶ 9, 113 N.M. 51, 822 P.2d 1134 (stating that it is “firmly

10 established that the notice required is not simply actual notice of the occurrence of

11 the accident or injury but rather, actual notice that there exists a likelihood that

12 litigation may ensue” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). Requiring a

13 potential claimant to provide notice that litigation is likely to ensue is intended to

14 “reasonably alert [the agency] to the necessity of investigating the merits of a

15 potential claim against it.” Smith v. State ex rel. State Dep’t of Parks & Recreation,

16 1987-NMCA-111, ¶ 12, 106 N.M. 368, 743 P.2d 124; see also Ferguson v. State

17 Highway Comm’n, 1982-NMCA-180, ¶ 12, 99 N.M. 194, 656 P.2d 244 (stating that

18 the purpose of the notice requirement under the TCA is to enable an investigation

19 “while the facts are accessible[,]” “to question witnesses[,]” “to protect against

                                              26
 1 simulated or aggravated claims[,]” and “to consider whether to pay the claim or to

 2 refuse it”).

 3   {51}   Plaintiff does not argue on appeal, nor did she allege in the district court, that

 4 her report of the alleged rape created or was sufficient to notify Defendant of a

 5 likelihood that litigation may ensue. Without such notice, the fact that Plaintiff

 6 notified Defendant of the alleged rape does not satisfy Section 41-4-16(B). Dutton,

 7 1991-NMCA-130, ¶ 9 (stating that actual knowledge of a plaintiff’s alleged injury is

 8 insufficient to comply with Section 41-4-16). The district court properly dismissed

 9 Plaintiff’s TCA claims.

10 4.       Plaintiff’s Jury Instructions Arguments

11   {52}   In regard to the instructions given to the jury, Plaintiff argues that the district

12 court erred in two ways. Plaintiff’s first argument pertains to the instruction that

13 stated the elements of a “hostile work environment” claim. In relevant part, the jury

14 was instructed that to prove her hostile work environment theory, Plaintiff was

15 required to establish that Defendant’s “alleged conduct, after it learned of Plaintiff[’s]

16 allegations of rape, was based on her sex and was severe and pervasive.” Plaintiff

17 argues that because the given instruction included the phrase “severe and pervasive”

18 instead of the phrase “severe or pervasive[,]” as stated in Plaintiff’s proffered

19 instruction on this issue, the jury was provided with a misstatement of the law.

                                                27
 1   {53}   Plaintiff’s argument regarding the hostile work environment instruction is

 2 premised on our Supreme Court’s recognition, in Nava v. City of Santa Fe, that

 3 “generally” a hostile work environment claim requires showing that “the harassment

 4 was sufficiently severe or pervasive to create an abusive work environment[.]” 2004-

 5 NMSC-039, ¶ 6, 136 N.M. 647, 103 P.3d 571 (quoting Lawrence Solotoff & Henry

 6 S. Kramer, Sex Discrimination and Sexual Harassment in the Work Place § 3.04[2],

 7 at 3-31 (2004)) (internal quotation marks omitted). The Nava Court also observed,

 8 however, that in New Mexico the HRA has been interpreted to require conduct that

 9 is “so severe and pervasive that . . . the workplace is transformed into a hostile and

10 abusive environment for the employee.” Nava, 2004-NMSC-039, ¶ 5 (quoting Ocana

11 v. Am. Furniture Co., 2004-NMSC-018, ¶ 24, 135 N.M. 539, 91 P.3d 58) (internal

12 quotation marks omitted). The phrase “severe and pervasive” used in Ocana and

13 recognized in Nava continued, after Nava, to be employed by our Supreme Court in

14 the context of hostile work environment claims. See, eg., Ulibarri v. State, 2006-

15 NMSC-009, ¶ 13, 139 N.M. 193, 131 P.3d 43 (“The alleged harassment . . . was not

16 sufficiently severe and pervasive to support [the p]laintiff’s claim.”).

17   {54}   The issue in the present case, whether harassment must be “severe and

18 pervasive” or “severe or pervasive” was not considered by the Nava Court, and

19 therefore, Nava is not authority for Plaintiff’s argument. Ramirez v. Dawson Prod.

                                             28
 1 Partners, Inc., 2000-NMCA-011, ¶ 10, 128 N.M. 601, 995 P.2d 1043 (“[C]ases are

 2 not authority for propositions they do not consider.”). Further, we are not persuaded

 3 that, by its mere recognition of a general rule cited in a treatise, the Nava Court

 4 intended to announce a new standard applicable to hostile work environment claims

 5 in New Mexico. Accordingly, we conclude that the district court’s instructions to the

 6 jury on this issue accurately stated the law.

 7   {55}   Plaintiff’s second argument in regard to the jury instructions is a generalized

 8 complaint that the district court failed to give the jury Plaintiff’s proffered

 9 instructions pertaining to three issues: Defendant’s failure to conduct an adequate and

10 fair investigation into the alleged rape, its failure to prepare a written report on the

11 alleged rape, and its failure “to respond” to Plaintiff’s reports that she felt

12 “traumatized, terrified, intimidated[,] and unable to work or learn” when she was

13 required to interact with the senior resident. Insofar as we can tell from Plaintiff’s

14 briefing, Plaintiff’s argument regarding Defendant’s failure to prepare a written report

15 is raised for the first time on appeal. Therefore, this issue will not be considered. See

16 Wolfley v. Real Estate Comm’n, 1983-NMSC-064, ¶ 5, 100 N.M. 187, 668 P.2d 303

17 (stating that the appellate courts will not consider theories that are raised for the first

18 time on appeal).

                                               29
 1   {56}   As to Plaintiff’s contention that the district court erred in failing to instruct the

 2 jury in regard to Defendant’s failure to conduct an investigation into the alleged rape

 3 and its failure “to respond” to Plaintiff in a particular manner, Plaintiff fails to

 4 demonstrate where, in the record, facts to support these instructions were argued

 5 before the district court, argued at trial, or supported by evidence that was presented

 6 to the jury. See Rule 12-213(A)(4) NMRA (requiring the appellant to include in the

 7 brief in chief citations to the record proper, transcript of proceedings, or exhibits

 8 relied upon in support of each argument). We will not search the record on Plaintiff’s

 9 behalf; accordingly, Plaintiff’s argument provides no grounds for reversal. See Muse,

10 2009-NMCA-003, ¶ 72 (stating that this Court “will not search the record for facts,

11 arguments, and rulings in order to support generalized arguments”).

12 5.       Conclusion of Issues in Plaintiff’s Appeal

13   {57}   In summary, we reverse the district court’s order dismissing Plaintiff’s WPA

14 claim. As to all other issues raised by Plaintiff, we affirm. We turn now to

15 Defendant’s cross-appeal.

16 B.       Defendant’s Cross-Appeal

17   {58}   Defendant’s cross-appeal pertains to the district court’s decisions regarding its

18 requested costs and attorney fees. As to the costs issue, Defendant relies upon both

19 Rule 1-068 and Rule 1-054. Since the jury did not enter a judgment in favor of

                                                 30
 1 Plaintiff, Rule 1-068 does not apply under the circumstances of this case. See Rule

 2 1-068(A) (“If an offer of settlement made by a defending party is not accepted and the

 3 judgment finally obtained by the claimant is not more favorable than the offer, the

 4 claimant must pay the costs . . . incurred by the defending party after the making of

 5 the offer[.]”); Apodaca v. AAA Gas Co., 2003-NMCA-085, ¶ 100, 134 N.M. 77, 73

 6 P.3d 215 (“Rule 1-068 . . . does not apply where the judgment is entered against [a]

 7 plaintiff-offeree and in favor of a defendant-offeror.”). Accordingly, we limit our

 8 review of the costs issue to Defendant’s arguments under Rule 1-054.

 9   {59}   Pursuant to Rule 1-054(D)(1), “costs . . . shall be allowed to the prevailing

10 party unless the court otherwise directs[.]” Attorney fees awards are governed by the

11 American rule, which provides that “absent statutory or other authority, . . . each party

12 should bear its own attorney fees”; an exception to the American rule is the court’s

13 power “to sanction the bad faith conduct of litigants and attorneys[.]” Clark v. Sims,

14 2009-NMCA-118, ¶ 21, 147 N.M. 252, 219 P.3d 20 (internal quotation marks and

15 citation omitted). The district court’s decisions regarding costs and attorney fees are

16 reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Robertson v. Carmel Builders Real Estate, 2004-

17 NMCA-056, ¶¶ 47, 53, 135 N.M. 641, 92 P.3d 653.

18   {60}   Defendant filed motions seeking to recover attorney fees in an amount not

19 specified in the record, and costs, totaling $39,442.05. The district court found that,

                                              31
 1 at trial, Plaintiff testified that she had “earned almost no money. However, Plaintiff

 2 has a medical degree and it was established at trial that Plaintiff had done little, to

 3 nothing, to seek employment from the time of her termination to the time of trial.”

 4 The court determined that, although the foregoing facts did not support an “outright

 5 denial of Defendant’s cost bill[,]” they did warrant reducing certain costs that

 6 Defendant sought to recover. The district court ultimately awarded Defendant costs

 7 totaling $16,661.16. The district court denied Defendant’s request for attorney fees,

 8 reasoning that the HRA does not allow attorney fees for a prevailing Defendant and

 9 that Plaintiff’s case was not brought in bad faith, nor was it unreasonable, frivolous,

10 or lacking a foundation.

11   {61}   Defendant argues that it was error for the district court to deny its costs for

12 certain depositions on the ground that they were not used at trial or in support of

13 summary judgment, as well as its electronic filing fees, its charges for obtaining

14 Plaintiff’s medical records, witness fees that it paid to Plaintiff’s psychiatrist who was

15 not qualified as an expert, and transcript fees that were not requested or approved by

16 the court. Additionally, Defendant argues that the court erred in reducing its jury

17 consultant fees from the total sum of $18,298.31 to the awarded sum of $2000. With

18 the exception of the court’s denial of Defendant’s electronic filing fees, which was

                                               32
 1 based on a misconstruction of Rule 1-054(D)(2)(a), we conclude that the district court

 2 properly exercised its discretion in its decision regarding costs.

 3   {62}   Pursuant to the Rules of the District Court of the Second Judicial District,

 4 Defendant was required to file all of its court documents electronically. See LR2-303

 5 NMRA (stating that in the Second Judicial District Court, in civil, domestic relations,

 6 and probate actions, “[t]he electronic filing of documents . . . is mandatory for parties

 7 represented by attorneys”). Having prevailed against Plaintiff in this lawsuit,

 8 Defendant sought to recover its electronic filing fee costs of $330. The district court

 9 refused to award Defendant’s filing fees on the ground that “Rule 1-054 does not

10 allow for the recovery of e-filing charges.”

11   {63}   Rule 1-054(D)(2)(a) provides that “filing fees” are generally recoverable. Rule

12 1-005(F) NMRA, governing the service and filing of pleadings and other papers with

13 the court, provides that “ ‘[f]iling’ shall include . . . filing an electronic copy[.]”

14 Nothing in these rules suggests that the cost of electronically filing court documents

15 is excluded from Rule 1-054(D)(2)(a)’s provision that filing fees are generally

16 recoverable. Further, to conclude that electronic filing fees comprise an exception to

17 Rule 1-054(D)(2)(a) would absurdly render that rule inapplicable to attorney-

18 represented litigants in a civil, domestic relations, or probate action in the Second

19 Judicial District Court who are required to file documents electronically. LR2-303.

                                              33
 1 To avoid this absurd result, and in accord with the language of the rule, we conclude

 2 that “filing fees” as that term is used in Rule 1-054(D)(2) includes electronic filing

 3 fees.

 4   {64}   Because the district court’s denial of Defendant’s costs was expressly based

 5 upon its misconstruction of Rule 1-054(D)(2)(a), we conclude that the court abused

 6 its discretion in that regard. See Bhandari v. Artesia Gen. Hosp., 2014-NMCA-018,

 7 ¶ 9, 317 P.3d 856 (stating that the district court abuses its discretion when its

 8 discretionary decision rests upon a misapprehension of the law), cert. denied, 2014-

 9 NMCERT-001, 321 P.3d 935. On remand, the district court shall reconsider whether

10 to award Defendant its electronic filing fee costs of $330.

11   {65}   Having reviewed Defendant’s arguments and the district court’s order, we

12 conclude that the court’s remaining costs decisions were supported by various

13 provisions of Rule 1-054, and we will not second guess the equitable consideration

14 by the district court of Plaintiff’s inability to pay the costs. See Martinez v. Martinez,

15 1997-NMCA-096, ¶ 20, 123 N.M. 816, 945 P.2d 1034 (stating that equitable

16 considerations are appropriate in determining whether to award costs); Gallegos ex

17 rel. Gallegos v. Sw. Cmty. Health Servs., 1994-NMCA-037, ¶ 30, 117 N.M. 481, 872

18 P.2d 899 (“[T]he losing party’s ability to pay is a proper factor to consider in

19 determining whether to award costs.”); see also Rule 1-054(D)(1) (granting the court

                                               34
 1 discretion to determine whether to award costs); Rule 1-054(D)(2)(d) (stating that

 2 transcript fees are generally recoverable “when requested or approved by the court”);

 3 Rule 1-054(D)(2)(e)(i), (ii) (stating, in relevant part, that the cost of a deposition is

 4 generally recoverable only when it is used at trial or used in support of a motion for

 5 summary judgment); Rule 1-054(D)(2)(g) (providing only that “expert” witness fees

 6 are generally recoverable). Accordingly, we are not persuaded that the district court’s

 7 denial or reduction of Defendant’s remaining costs constituted an abuse of discretion.

 8   {66}   In regard to attorney fees, Defendant, citing Sorbo v. United Parcel Service,

 9 432 F.3d 1169, 1181 (10th Cir. 2005), argues that “[i]n federal employment

10 discrimination actions, the court has discretion to award fees to a prevailing defendant

11 when the plaintiff’s claim ‘was brought in bad faith, or was frivolous, unreasonable,

12 or without foundation.’ ” Defendant urges this Court to interpret the HRA to comport

13 with the principle that it has derived from Sorbo. Building on the foregoing,

14 Defendant argues further that because “Plaintiff’s claims in this litigation were, in

15 fact, unreasonable and without foundation[,]” the district court erred in denying its

16 request for attorney fees under the HRA.

17   {67}   It is unnecessary in this case to determine whether the HRA should be read to

18 comport with the principle that Defendant has derived from Sorbo. Had the district

19 court determined that Plaintiff’s lawsuit was unreasonable or without foundation, it

                                              35
 1 was free to exercise its discretion to award attorney fees to Defendant. See Clark,

 2 2009-NMCA-118, ¶ 21 (stating that, pursuant to the American Rule, a district court

 3 may award a prevailing party its attorney fees on the ground that the losing party

 4 acted in bad faith). The district court expressly found that Plaintiff’s lawsuit was not

 5 unreasonable and was not brought “without foundation[.]” Defendant does not attack

 6 the district court’s determination in that regard, and it is conclusive. See Rule 12-

 7 213(A)(4) (stating that where a party does not specifically attack a finding, the

 8 finding shall be deemed conclusive). Accordingly, Defendant’s assertion that

 9 Plaintiff’s lawsuit was “in fact, unreasonable and without foundation” is contradicted

10 by the district court’s conclusive finding to the contrary. Defendant’s attorney fees

11 argument provides no grounds for reversal.

12   {68}   In sum, as to Defendant’s cross-appeal, we reverse the district court’s decision

13 to deny the cost of Defendant’s electronic filing fees. On remand, the district court

14 shall consider whether those costs should be awarded to Defendant. As to the court’s

15 remaining decisions regarding costs and attorney fees, we affirm.

16 CONCLUSION

17   {69}   We reverse the district court’s dismissal of Plaintiff’s WPA claim. We also

18 reverse the district court’s denial of Defendant’s request to recover the cost of its

                                               36
1 electronic filing fees. We remand for further proceedings as to these issues. As to all

2 remaining issues raised in Plaintiff’s appeal and Defendant’s cross-appeal, we affirm.

3   {70}   IT IS SO ORDERED.

4                                         __________________________________
5                                         JONATHAN B. SUTIN, Judge

6 WE CONCUR:

7 _______________________________
8 CYNTHIA A. FRY, Judge

 9 _______________________________
10 LINDA M. VANZI, Judge

                                            37