Court Opinion

ID: 2700834
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-08-04 19:25:59.664763+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:51:17.702869
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Stewart, 2013-Ohio-753.]
                            STATE OF OHIO, MAHONING COUNTY

                                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                                         SEVENTH DISTRICT

STATE OF OHIO                                  )    CASE NO. 11 MA 195
                                               )
        PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE                     )
                                               )
VS.                                            )    OPINION
                                               )
TROMMONE STEWART                               )
                                               )
        DEFENDANT-APPELLANT                    )

CHARACTER OF PROCEEDINGS:                           Criminal Appeal from the Court of
                                                    Common Pleas of Mahoning County,
                                                    Ohio
                                                    Case No. 00 CR 1184A

JUDGMENT:                                           Affirmed.

APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiff-Appellee:                             Atty. Paul J. Gains
                                                    Mahoning County Prosecutor
                                                    Atty. Ralph M. Rivera
                                                    Assistant Prosecuting Attorney
                                                    21 West Boardman Street, 6th Floor
                                                    Youngstown, Ohio 44503

For Defendant-Appellant:                            Trommone Stewart, Pro se
                                                    #424-224
                                                    Mansfield Correctional Institution
                                                    P.O. Box 788
                                                    Mansfield, Ohio 44901

JUDGES:

Hon. Cheryl L. Waite
Hon. Joseph J. Vukovich
Hon. Mary DeGenaro
                                                    Dated: March 1, 2013
[Cite as State v. Stewart, 2013-Ohio-753.]
WAITE, J.

        {¶1}     Appellant, Trommone Stewart, pleaded guilty to one count of attempted

murder and one count of attempted manslaughter in 2002. Both counts included

firearm specifications. The judgment entry sentencing Appellant to a total of twenty-

five years for the two crimes and two firearm specifications failed to inform Appellant

that he would be subject to post-release control. Appellant filed a pro se “motion for

sentencing” in 2011, seeking to have his sentence declared void due to this

omission. The trial court held a hearing on Appellant’s motion and subsequently

issued a nunc pro tunc entry that corrected the original entry by including post-

release control information. Appellant then filed a pro se motion to withdraw his guilty

plea alleging additional irregularities in his original 2002 sentencing hearing and his

resentencing, which the trial court denied. Appellant has not identified any material

in the record that supports his claims of irregularities in either hearing and his appeal

of the trial court’s decision to deny his pro se motion is upheld.

                                   Factual and Procedural History

        {¶2}     On December 14, 2000, Appellant was indicted on charges of

complicity to murder in violation of R.C. 2923.03(A)(2) and 2903.02(A)(D) with a

firearms specification, R.C. 2941.145(A); two counts of complicity to attempted

murder, in violation of R.C. 2923.03(A)(2)(F), 2023.02(A)(E) and 2903.02(A)(D) with

firearm specifications, R.C. 2941.145(A); two counts of attempted murder, R.C.

2923.03(A)(2) and 2923.02(A)(D), with firearm specifications, R.C. 2941.145(A); and

one count of murder, R.C. 2923.02(A)(D) which carried a penalty of fifteen years to

life.   According to the indictment, Appellant “did purposefully cause the death of
                                                                                   -2-

Thomas Brown” and “did purposefully attempt to cause the death of Clinton Brown.”

(12/14/00 Indictment.)

      {¶3}    Appellant waived his speedy trial rights and the matter continued

through discovery and various motions for continuance until February of 2002. On

February 1, 2002, the trial court apparently held a plea hearing, which was followed

by a sentencing hearing on February 2, 2002.         No transcript of either hearing

appears in the record.

      {¶4}    On March 6, 2002 the trial court filed a judgment entry. According to

the entry, pursuant to a Crim.R. 11 agreement Appellant pleaded guilty to an

amended indictment which included one count of involuntary manslaughter, in

violation of R.C. 2903.04(A)(C), a first degree felony with a firearms specification.

The victim of this first offense was Thomas Brown. Appellant also pleaded guilty to

one count of attempted murder, in violation of R.C. 2923(A)(E), a first degree felony,

with a firearms specification. The victim of this second offense was Clinton Brown.

One remaining count apparently in the amended indictment was dismissed. The

court found that Appellant’s offenses represented the most serious form of the crimes

charged.     According to the court, Appellant stipulated to the imposition of the

sentence imposed: ten years of imprisonment for involuntary manslaughter plus an

additional three years of mandatory imprisonment for the firearms specification on the

involuntary manslaughter charge; nine years for attempted murder with an additional

mandatory three years for the firearms specification on this charge.       The court

ordered all time to be served consecutively and stated that Appellant was “given
                                                                                   -3-

notice under R.C. 2929.19(B)(3) and of appellate rights under R.C. 2953.08.” (3/6/02

J.E., p. 2.) The order did not include any indication that Appellant would be subject

to post-release control.

       {¶5}   On July 20, 2011, more than nine years after his sentencing hearing,

Appellant filed a “motion for sentencing” and claimed his original sentence was void

because the entry imposing his sentence did not include information concerning post-

release control. Appellant conceded in his motion that he pleaded guilty on all counts

in the amended indictment, signed a plea agreement, and waived the preparation of

a pre-sentencing report.     Appellant claimed, however, that the March 6, 2002

judgment entry regarding his sentence had never been journalized.

       {¶6}   On October 13, 2011 the trial court held a hearing on Appellant’s

motion for sentencing.      The trial court discussed the original sentence and

acknowledged that the judgment entry did not include a statement informing

Appellant that he would be subject to post-release control on each count. The trial

court also heard Appellant’s pro se argument concerning his sentence and gave

Appellant the opportunity to supplement his statements. The trial court informed

Appellant that post-release control was mandated by statute for both attempted

murder and involuntary manslaughter.

       {¶7}   On October 18, 2011, the trial court issued a nunc pro tunc entry

correcting and supplanting the original sentencing entry. In the nunc pro tunc entry,

the trial court acknowledged the original guilty plea, imposed the same sentence, and

included the proper notification concerning post-release control.
                                                                                        -4-

       {¶8}   On October 18, 2011, Appellant filed a pro se motion to withdraw his

2002 guilty plea. Appellant filed this appeal from the trial court’s November 2, 2011

entry denying his motion to withdraw his guilty plea.

                                   Argument and Law

                               Assignment of Error No. 1

       THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED ABUSE OF DISCRETION WHEN IT

       OVERRULED TROMMONE STEWART’S MOTION TO WITHDRAW

       GUILTY PLEA.

                               Assignment of Error No. 3

       THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED PLAIN, PREJUDICIAL, AND

       REVERSIBLE ERROR WHEN IT FAILED TO VACATE THE VOID

       JUDGMENT.

       {¶9}   As a preliminary matter, Appellant contends that the trial court’s original

March 6, 2002 sentencing entry was not journalized and is therefore void.             The

judgment entry itself appears in the record, is signed by the judge, and sets forth in

writing the decision of the court. The clerk of court’s dated stamp appears in the

upper right hand corner of the entry, indicating that it was filed with the clerk on

March 6, 2002. “To journalize a decision means that certain formal requirements

have been met, i.e., the decision is reduced to writing, it is signed by a judge, and it is

filed with the clerk so that it may become a part of the permanent record of the court.”

State v. Ellington, 36 Ohio App.3d 76, 78 (1987). The original sentencing entry in
                                                                                      -5-

this matter meets with these requirements and is not void for any defect in

journalization.

       {¶10} Criminal Rule 32.1 governs the withdrawal of a guilty or no contest plea.

Ordinarily a motion to withdraw a plea may be made only prior to sentencing,

however, the trial court is permitted to “set aside the judgment of conviction and

permit the defendant to withdraw his or her plea” to “correct manifest injustice.” A

defendant seeking to withdraw a plea after the imposition of sentence “has the

burden of establishing the existence of manifest injustice.” State v. Smith, 49 Ohio

St.2d 261, 361 N.E.2d 1324 (1977), paragraph one of the syllabus. “The logic behind

this precept is to discourage a defendant from pleading guilty to test the weight of

potential reprisal, and later withdraw the plea if the sentence was unexpectedly

severe.” State v. Caraballo, 17 Ohio St.3d 66, 67, 47 N.E.2d 627 (1985).

       {¶11} When a defendant seeks to withdraw a guilty plea the request is

“addressed to the sound discretion of the trial court, and the good faith, credibility,

and weight of the movant’s assertions in support of the motion are matters to be

resolved by that court.” Smith, supra, paragraph two of the syllabus. The review of a

trial court’s decision in these matters “is somewhat limited as a motion made

pursuant to Crim. R. 32.1 is left to the sound discretion of the trial court. It is that

court which determines the credibility of a defendant’s claim in support of the motion.”

Caraballo at 67, citing Smith, supra, paragraph two of the syllabus. “An undue delay

between the occurrence of the alleged cause for withdrawal of a guilty plea and the

filing of a motion under Crim. R. 32.1 is a factor adversely affecting the credibility of
                                                                                        -6-

the movant and militating against the granting of the motion.” Id., paragraph three of

the syllabus, also State v. Bush, 96 Ohio St.3d 235, 2002-Ohio-5643, 773 N.E.2d

522, ¶14. “Under Crim.R. 11(B)(1), ‘[t]he plea of guilty is a complete admission of the

defendant’s guilt’ * * * ‘a counseled plea of guilty is an admission of factual guilt which

removes issues of factual guilt from the case.” (Internal citation deleted.) State v.

Ketterer, 111 Ohio St.3d 70, 2006-Ohio-5283, 855 N.E.2d 48, ¶92, citing State v.

Wilson, 58 Ohio St.2d 52, 388 N.E.2d 745 (1979), paragraph one of the syllabus. In

cases involving non-capital offenses, where the death penalty is not sought by the

prosecution, a guilty plea waives any challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence.

       {¶12} Appellant contends that he should be allowed to withdraw his 2002 plea

because he was not informed that post-release control would be imposed for both of

the counts in the amended indictment.           Appellant is correct that the original

sentencing entry does not include any statement concerning post-release control.

Any discussion of the effect of a plea and the penalty to be imposed would have

taken place during his plea hearing. Although Appellant concedes that he received a

plea hearing and concedes that he was present during the hearing, and

acknowledges that he entered a plea pursuant to a plea agreement during this

hearing, he has not submitted a transcript of that hearing in the record to allow the

trial court or this Court to evaluate his new claims concerning irregularities that may

have occurred during the hearing. Under these circumstances, the only irregularity

demonstrated by the record has been corrected in his resentencing hearing and the

nunc pro tunc entry informing him of his post-release control. “[W]here a sentence is
                                                                                    -7-

void because it does not contain a statutorily mandated term, the proper remedy is * *

* to resentence the defendant.” State v. Fischer, 128 Ohio St.3d 92, 2010-Ohio-

6238, 942 N.E.2d 332, ¶10.

      {¶13} Where, as here, the omission of post-release control is the only

apparent defect in an entry, “the postrelease-control component of the sentence is

fully capable of being separated from the rest of the sentence as an independent

component, and the limited resentencing must cover only the postrelease control.”

Id. at ¶17. The remainder of the sentence “remains valid under the principles of res

judicata.” Id. “A motion to correct an illegal sentence ‘presupposes a valid conviction

and may not, therefore, be used to challenge alleged errors in proceedings that occur

prior to the imposition of sentence.” Id. at ¶25. For these reasons, Appellant was

entitled to an entry that included notice to Appellant that he was subject to post-

release control sanctions. Appellant received a new sentencing hearing in 2011, a

transcript of which does appear in the record. During his second sentencing hearing,

Appellant was clearly informed on the record that post-release control was a

component of his sentence.      The court then issued a nunc pro tunc entry that

contained all statutorily required elements of sentencing.      Pursuant to Fischer,

Appellant has received his remedy.      Because a motion for a corrected sentence

presupposes a valid conviction existed in the first instance, it cannot be used to

challenge any aspect of pre-sentencing proceedings.

      {¶14} Since Appellant received the appropriate remedy for the defect in his

original sentencing entry, but apparently not the remedy he sought, Appellant then
                                                                                     -8-

filed a motion to withdraw his 2002 guilty plea. The validity of a challenged plea rests

solely on whether the plea itself was knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently entered

by a defendant who understood the charges against him or her, in compliance with

Crim.R. 11(C). For this reason the only issue before a court when considering a

motion to withdraw a plea is whether the record reflects that all the necessary

information was provided to a defendant and that the defendant sufficiently

understood the charges and the effect of his or her plea.

      {¶15} To reduce the extent to which an exercise of discretion is necessary to

evaluate the quality of a plea, Crim.R. 11 requires a colloquy between the trial court

and the defendant entering a plea. “Crim. R. 11 * * * remedies the problems inherent

in a subjective judgment by the trial court as to whether a defendant has intelligently

and voluntarily waived his constitutional rights and ensures an adequate record on

review by requiring the trial court to personally inform the defendant of his rights and

the consequences of his plea and determine if the plea is understandably and

voluntarily made.” Crim.R. 11; State v. Stone, 43 Ohio St.2d 163, 167-168, 331

N.E.2d 411 (1975). The presence of a Crim.R. 11 colloquy in the record “does not

absolutely immunize a guilty plea from collateral attack,” State v. Kapper, 5 Ohio

St.3d 36, 38, 448 N.E.2d 823 (1983), but “a record reflecting compliance with Crim.R.

11 has greater probative value than contradictory affidavits.” State v. Calhoun, 86

Ohio St.3d 279, 288-289, 714 N.E.2d 905 (1999). For these reasons, our review of a

motion to withdraw a plea must begin with a review of the record to determine

whether the trial court conducted the necessary colloquy. Here, however, Appellant
                                                                                        -9-

has provided nothing to review. No transcript of a plea hearing was entered in the

record. Appellant’s 2011 praecipe for the transmission of the record reflects that,

although he filed a motion to withdraw his 2002 plea, Appellant requested only a

transcript of his 2011 resentencing hearing, not his original sentencing hearing.

Appellant’s decision not to provide the evidence required to support his motion

results in a complete failure to satisfy his burden.

       {¶16} Absent a record which supports Appellant’s claims, “all reasonable

presumptions consistent with the record will be indulged in favor of the validity of the

judgment under review and of the regularity and legality of the proceeding below.” In

re Sublett, 169 Ohio St. 19, 20, 157 N.E. 2d 324 (1959). Hence, without a transcript

we must presume the regularity of the proceedings. This presumption extends to the

trial court’s colloquy pursuant to Crim.R. 11(C). Where there is no demonstration “on

the record that the trial court failed to comply substantially with [the criminal rules] in

a manner reasonably intelligible to [the] defendant during the hearing when it

accepted his * * * plea * * * the presumption of regularity * * * must prevail.” State v.

Summers, 3 Ohio App.3d 234, 237, 444 N.E.2d 1041 (1981), see also State v.

Muhleka, 7th Dist. No. 05 BE 4, 2005-Ohio-6447, ¶18. For these reasons the trial

court was correct to overrule Appellant’s motion to withdraw his guilty plea.

Appellant’s first and third assignments of error are overruled as they rely on alleged

defects in the trial court’s colloquy during his 2002 plea hearing.

       {¶17} In addition to alleging that defects existed in his 2002 plea hearing,

Appellant bases his motion to withdraw his guilty plea on conversations he alleges
                                                                                    -10-

occurred at the time of his resentencing in 2011. These alleged conversations did

not occur in the courtroom and, thus, do not appear on the record. Appellant argues

that in these conversations he received ineffective assistance of counsel which

should result in voiding the judgment against him. Appellant is incorrect as to the

effect of these conversations for a myriad of reasons. Appellant’s claim of ineffective

assistance of counsel relies in part on an a meeting alleged to have taken place with

counsel in September 2011, prior to his hearing on the motion for resentencing.

Appellant claims that due to his use of certain drugs, he did not understand counsel’s

advice given at that time. While the denial of a post-sentencing motion to withdraw a

guilty plea may be directly appealed, Appellant’s claim concerning alleged conduct in

2011 raises issues that are outside the record which ordinarily cannot be evaluated

on direct appeal. State v. Bush, 96 Ohio St.3d 235, 2002-Ohio-3993, 773 N.E.2d

522. More importantly, despite the fact that these claims are not properly before us,

even if they had been properly raised the effectiveness of counsel in 2011 and

Appellant’s mental state at that time have absolutely no bearing on the validity of a

plea entered in 2002. To the extent that Appellant’s first and third assignments of

error rely on events alleged to have occurred outside of the record in 2011, both

assignments are overruled.

       {¶18} Finally, in Appellant’s motion to withdraw his guilty plea he alleges the

existence of an off the record conversation between the prosecutor, defense counsel,

and the court, to which he was not a party. Appellant claims that after this private, off

the record, discussion, counsel instructed him to agree with everything the court said.
                                                                                   -11-

Appellant’s motion does not specify whether the off the record conversation and

instruction occurred in 2011 during resentencing or in 2002 at the time he entered his

plea and was originally sentenced.      However, it appears that Appellant may be

referring to his original plea, because in his motion he later claims that he was “never

[advised] by [counsel] of what was actually taking place so fast back on February 1,

2002.” (10/18/11 Motion to Withdraw Plea, Tr., p. 2.) Appellant provides no evidence

in any form to support his allegations. Appellant does not even attempt to provide his

own affidavit in support. Bearing in mind that these unsworn statements have no

evidentiary significance, and are wholly unsupported by the material in the record, it

appears that Appellant is alleging that he was tricked by counsel into entering his

plea. What Appellant describes is not a claim that can be made on direct appeal of

his motion to withdraw his plea because “[a] reviewing court cannot add matter to the

record before it, which was not a part of the trial court’s proceedings, and then decide

the appeal on the basis of the new matter.” State v. Hill, 90 Ohio St.3d 571, 572, 740

N.E. 2d 282 (2001).

      {¶19} To the extent that Appellant now contends that he entered his guilty

plea in 2002 due to some trickery amounting to ineffective assistance of counsel and

the material on which he relies for this contention would not appear in the record

even had he filed the appropriate transcripts, his remedy lies solely by means of a

petition for post-conviction relief under R.C. 2953.21.        R.C. 2953.21(A)(1)(a);

Coleman, supra at 134:      “Any allegations of ineffectiveness based on facts not

appearing in the record should be reviewed through the post[-]conviction remedies of
                                                                                      -12-

R.C. 2953.21.” We note, however, that such a claim on Appellant’s part is facially

untimely, and he would be required to identify an applicable exception to R.C.

2953.21(A)(2) to attempt to establish the trial court’s jurisdiction over the matter.

Even if Appellant is able to establish jurisdiction, he must then provide the trial court

“sufficient operative facts to establish substantive grounds for relief.”         State v.

Calhoun, 86 Ohio St.3d 279, 714 N.E.2d 905 (1999), paragraph two of the syllabus.

       {¶20} With regard to the motion to withdraw his plea, Appellant has not

satisfied his burden in this Court, or in the trial court, to identify any sort of manifest

injustice apparent on the record to merit the extraordinary relief he seeks. Although

we have the discretionary power to address “[p]lain errors or defects affecting

substantial rights” even where they were not brought to the attention of the trial court,

that discretion is limited to where the “rights and interests involved may warrant it.” In

re M.D., 38 Ohio St.3d 149, 151, 527 N.E.2d 286 (1988) and State v. Zuern, 32 Ohio

St.3d 56, 63, 512 N.E.2d 585 (1987). Appellant has supplied nothing for either court

to review in this matter.    In the absence of any material supporting Appellant’s

statements, the trial court was correct to deny his post-sentencing motion to withdraw

his guilty plea.

       {¶21} Appellant received a hearing on his motion for resentencing and the

trial court entered the necessary nunc pro tunc entry correcting his sentence.

Appellant’s successful challenge to his sentence did not affect in any way the validity

of his original plea.   Appellant has not even attempted to satisfy his burden to
                                                                                    -13-

demonstrate error affecting his substantial rights. In re M.D., supra. Appellant’s first

and third assignments are wholly without merit and therefore overruled.

                              Assignment of Error No. 2

       THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED PLAIN, PREJUDICIAL, AND

       REVERSIBLE ERROR WHEN IT FAILED TO FOLLOW THE

       MANDATE OF O.R.C. 2941.25 AND State v. Johnson [SIC] IN

       VIOLATION      OF   APPELLANT’S       CONSTITUTIONAL         RIGHT     TO

       FUNDAMENTALLY FAIR PROCEEDINGS AND RIGHTS TO BE

       SENTENCED IN COMPLIANCE WITH ALL STATUTES.

       {¶22} Appellant filed his appeal from the judgment entry denying his motion to

withdraw his plea, and not from the trial court’s 2011 resentencing entry. Hence, this

issue is not properly directly before us.       However, to avoid any confusion or

duplication of effort, we will briefly address Appellant’s concerns. Appellant is raising

the issue of allied offenses. “Allied offenses” are defined by R.C. 2941.25 which

provides: “Where the same conduct by defendant can be construed to constitute two

or more allied offenses of similar import, the indictment or information may contain

counts for all such offenses, but the defendant may be convicted of only one.” R.C.

2941.25(A).   Determining whether offenses are allied within the meaning of the

statute is a two-step process.     A court must first determine whether, when the

elements of the two crimes are compared, the elements “correspond to such a

degree that the commission of one crime will result in the commission of the other.”

State v. Rance, 85 Ohio St.3d 632, 638, 710 N.E.2d 699 (1999) (reversed on other
                                                                                   -14-

grounds). When conducting this analysis a court must consider both the elements of

the offenses and the conduct of the accused. State v. Johnson, 128 Ohio St.3d 153,

2010-Ohio-6314, 942 N.E.2d 1061, paragraph one of the syllabus, (explicitly

overruling paragraph one of the syllabus in Rance, supra, which provided that the

statutorily defined elements of offenses would be compared in the abstract, without

reference to the conduct of the accused, and holding that two offenses were “allied

under R.C. 2941.25 because the same conduct constituted the commission of two

offenses of similar import under the facts” of the case. Johnson at ¶9.).

      {¶23} We first begin by noting that Appellant appears to have agreed to the

sentence imposed and cannot then challenge it on appeal.           That said, in 2002,

Appellant pleaded guilty to two counts in the amended indictment: one count of

involuntary manslaughter in which the victim was Thomas Brown and one count of

attempted murder, in which the victim was Clinton Brown.                    There is no

correspondence between the elements of involuntary manslaughter with regard to

one person and attempted murder with regard to a second, they are wholly separate

crimes. There is no instance in which “the commission of one crime will result in the

commission of the other.” Rance at 638. Even if the specific conduct of Appellant

with regard to each offense was as a result of a single course of conduct, the fact that

the conduct resulted in harm to different victims negates any finding that the crimes

are allied offenses pursuant to R.C. 2941.25.        Appellant was convicted of two

separate crimes with two different victims. Different crimes with different penalties
                                                                                 -15-

and different victims are not allied offenses. Appellant’s second assignment of error

is overruled.

                               Assignment of Error No. 4

       THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED PLAIN, PREJUDICIAL, AND

       REVERSIBLE         ERROR     WHEN    IT   SENTENCED       TROMMONE

       STEWART IN VIOLATION OF O.R.C. 5145.01.

       {¶24} Again, Appellant has not filed a direct appeal of his resentencing.

Appellant sought and received postconviction relief in 2011 remedying the omission

of post-release information in his original sentencing entry. The instant appeal was

filed from the denial of Appellant’s subsequent motion to withdraw his 2002 guilty

plea. Any defect in the resentencing entry is not properly before us at this time. The

only relevant issues in this appeal are those affecting whether the original plea was

entered in compliance with Crim.R. 11(C)(2)(a), (b), and (c), and as a result was

knowing, intelligent, and voluntary on Appellant’s part. The party seeking to withdraw

a plea must identify both a defect in the entry of the plea and demonstrate prejudice

resulting from the defect.     Under this assignment of error, Appellant does not

challenge any aspect of the entry of his plea and instead claims an error in his

sentence.       The imposition of consecutive sentences is wholly irrelevant to the

knowing, intelligent, and voluntary aspects of the entry of his plea because

sentencing does not happen until after a plea has been entered. An event that had

not occurred when the plea was entered can have no bearing on whether the plea
                                                                                 -16-

was valid. Appellant has identified no sentencing issue as a condition of his plea

under this assignment of error that would undermine the validity of his plea.

      {¶25} Appellant did not appeal his original sentence or his resentencing.

“Under the doctrine of res judcata, a final judgment of conviction bars a convicted

defendant who was represented by counsel from raising and litigating in any

proceeding, except an appeal from that judgment, any defense or any claimed lack of

due process that was raised or could have been raised by the defendant at trial,

which resulted in that judgment of conviction, or on an appeal from that judgment.”

State v. Szefcyk, 77 Ohio St.3d 93, 671 N.E.2d 233 (1996), syllabus.             This

assignment of error, which directly challenges the trial court’s ability to impose

consecutive sentences, is precisely the type of issue which could have been raised in

an appeal from the original 2002 final judgment and is therefore barred by the

doctrine of res judicata. We again must note that if Appellant entered an agreed

sentence, as the record reflects, he is barred from appealing this sentence for this

reason, alone.

      {¶26} Moreover, even if this challenge were somehow within our scope of

review on an appeal from the denial of a postsentencing motion to withdraw a plea,

Appellant’s argument would require application of the portions of R.C. 2929.14 which

were found unconstitutional in State v. Foster, 109 Ohio St.3d 1, 2006-Ohio-856, 845

N.E.2d 470, paragraph three of the syllabus:       “Because R.C. 2929.14(E)(4) and

2929.41 (A) require judicial finding of facts not proven to a jury beyond a reasonable

doubt or admitted by the defendant before the imposition of consecutive sentences,
                                                                                  -17-

they are unconstitutional.” Under the Supreme Court’s Foster decision, “[t]rial courts

have full discretion to impose a prison sentence within the statutory range and are no

longer required to make findings or give their reasons for imposing maximum,

consecutive, or more than minimum sentences.”         Id. at paragraph seven of the

syllabus. We cannot apply an unconstitutional law, because “an unconstitutional law

must be treated as having no effect whatsoever from the date of its enactment.”

Middletown v. Ferguson, 25 Ohio St.3d 71, 80, 495 N.E.2d 380 (1986).               Any

requirement in R.C. 5145.01 and R.C. 2929.14 limiting a trial court’s ability to impose

consecutive sentences which was found unconstitutional in Foster must be regarded

in light of the Supreme Court’s determination that “[a]n unconstitutional act is not a

law; it confers no rights; it impose no duties; it affords no protection; it creates no

office; it is, in legal contemplation, as inoperative as though it had never been

passed.” Middletown at 80, quoting Norton v. Shelby County, 118 U.S. 425, 442, 6

S.Ct. 1121, 30 L.Ed. 178 (1886). Thus, even if Appellant had properly appealed the

entry of consecutive sentences, the law he cites is a nullity and cannot form the basis

of the relief he seeks. For all of these reasons Appellant’s fourth assignment of error

is overruled.

                              Assignment of Error No. 5

       TROMMONE STEWART’S COUNSEL WAS INEFFECTIVE.

       {¶27} To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, Appellant

must show not only that counsel's performance was deficient, but also that he was

prejudiced by that deficiency. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct.
                                                                                    -18-

2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674, (1984) see also State v. Williams, 99 Ohio St.3d 493, 2003-

Ohio-4396, 794 N.E.2d 27, ¶107. “Deficient performance” means performance falling

below an objective standard of reasonable representation.           “Prejudice,” in this

context, means a reasonable probability that but for counsel's errors the result of the

proceeding would have been different. Strickland at 687-688, 694.

       {¶28} Appellant argues that the performance of counsel in this instance was

deficient because counsel failed to inform him of his right to appeal in 2002 and

because counsel did not file an appeal on his behalf in 2002. The court, not counsel,

is required to inform Appellant of his right to appeal, and although Appellant also

alleges that the court failed to inform him of this right, nothing in the record supports

Appellant’s claim.   Again, the alleged omission would have occurred during the

original sentencing hearing, but Appellant has not included any transcript or a

substitute for the record pursuant to App.R. 9. In the absence of a transcript or other

evidence of the alleged defect, we are constrained to presume the regularity of the

proceedings in the trial court. Yarbrough v. Maxwell, 174 Ohio St. 287, 189 N.E.2d

136 (1963). Without evidence in support of his claim, Appellant has clearly failed to

show counsel was deficient.

       {¶29} Appellant also alleges that trial counsel was deficient because trial

counsel did not file a direct appeal on his behalf. Counsel is not required to file an

appeal for Appellant unless counsel is retained or appointed to do so. Appellant has

not produced any evidence suggesting, and nothing appears in the record to support,

a claim that counsel was retained or appointed for the purpose of filing a direct
                                                                                    -19-

appeal in 2002. Appellant has availed himself of both his right to appointed counsel

as well as his right to represent himself pro se at various times in this matter.

Nothing in this record suggests that counsel violated a duty to file an appeal on

Appellant’s behalf, or that Appellant was otherwise unable to protect his rights.

       {¶30} Appellant has not met the elements of the Strickland test on either of

his claims that he received ineffective assistance of counsel. His fifth assignment of

error is without merit and is overruled.

                                       Conclusion

       {¶31} Appellant argues on appeal that his 2002 plea was not knowing or

voluntary on his part because he was not told that he would be subject to post-

release control as a result of his plea. Appellant also argues that his 2002 guilty plea

should be vacated due to his attorney’s alleged failure to file a direct appeal and

some trickery on counsel’s part based on an off the record conversation alleged to

have occurred.    Appellant has not provided the transcript of his original plea or

sentencing hearings necessary to allow us to even evaluate his various claims.

Appellant, inexplicably, also claims his 2002 plea was invalid because of his

substance abuse in 2011 at the time of his resentencing. Appellant did not file a

direct appeal of either his sentencing or his resentencing, so to the extent he

challenges issues arising out of those entries, these are not properly before us.

Further, Appellant also relies on (unsupported) evidence that is not of record. This is

also not appropriate for the direct appeal of the denial of his motion to withdraw his

2002 plea. Appellant’s five assignments of error are without merit and are overruled.
                                                                                  -20-

The judgment of the trial court denying Appellant’s motion to vacate his guilty plea is

affirmed.

Vukovich, J., concurs.

DeGenaro, P.J., concurs.