Court Opinion

ID: 4042021
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-28 22:59:02.05915+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:18:39.979746
License: Public Domain

PD-1539-14 & PD-1540-14
                                                       COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                                                                        AUSTIN, TEXAS
                                                      Transmitted 3/9/2015 3:28:42 PM
                                                       Accepted 3/10/2015 9:43:27 AM
                                                                         ABEL ACOSTA
                           NO. PD-1539-14                                        CLERK
                           NO. PD-1540-14

          IN THE TEXAS COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS

NICHOLAS JARED MIRELES           §          APPELLANT
                                 §
V.                               §
                                 §
STATE OF TEXAS                   §          APPELLEE - STATE

              NO. 14-13-00333-CR and NO. 14-13-00334-CR

             FROM THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE
           FOURTEENTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT OF TEXAS
__________________________________________________________________

       APPEAL FROM THE 176TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
                  HARRIS COUNTY, TEXAS
             TRIAL COURT NOS. 1281111 & 1288900

      APPELLANT’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
__________________________________________________________________

                                     SCHNEIDER & MCKINNEY, P.C.
                                     W. TROY MCKINNEY
                                     Texas Bar No. 13725020
                                     440 Louisiana, Suite 800
                                     Houston, Texas 77002
                                     (713) 951-9994
                                     (713) 224-6008 (FAX)
       March 10, 2015                E-mail: wtmhousto2@aol.com

                                     ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT
                          Identity of Parties and Counsel

The following is a complete list of all parties to the trial court’s judgment, and the
names and addresses of all trial and appellate counsel:

Nicholas Jared Mireles                 -       Appellant.

State of Texas                         -       Appellee.

W. Troy McKinney                       -       Appellant’s retained counsel at trial.
440 Louisiana, Suite 800
Houston, Texas 77002

Dan Cogdell                            -       Appellant’s retained counsel at trial.
402 Main, 4th Floor
Houston, Texas 77002

Todd R. Keagle                         -       Assistant District Attorneys at trial.
Allison Baimbridge
1201 Franklin
Houston, Texas 77002

W. Troy McKinney                       -       Appellant’s retained counsel on appeal.
440 Louisiana, Suite 800
Houston, Texas 77002

Devon Anderson                         -       District Attorney on appeal.
1201 Franklin
Houston, Texas 77002

Melissa P. Hervey                      -       Assistant District Attorneys on appeal.
1201 Franklin
Houston, Texas 77002

Hon. Leslie Brock Yates                -       Trial Judges.
Hon. Stacy W. Bond

                                           i
                                                 Table of Contents

Identity of Parties and Counsel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i

Table of Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii

Table of Authorities.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

Statement Concerning Oral Argument. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi

Statement of the Case. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Statement of Procedural History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Ground for Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Reason for Review.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Argument and Authorities for Granting Review.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Prayer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Certificate of Service.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Certificate of Compliance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Appendix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

                                                               ii
                                         Table of Authorities

                                                   Cases

Baker v. State,
      11 Tex. Crim. 262 (1881). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Ex parte Davis,
      506 S.W.2d 882 (Tex. Crim. App. 1974). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Green v. State,
     706 S.W.2d 653 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 11, 14

Guthery v. Taylor,
     112 S.W.3d 715
     (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, no pet.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Hannan v. State,
     7 Tex. Crim. 664 (1880). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Kesaria v. State,
      148 S.W.3d 634
      (Tex. App.-Houston [14th] 2004),
      aff'd, 189 S.W.3d 279, 282-283 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Kesaria v. State,
      189 S.W.3d 279 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 6

LaPorte v. State,
     840 S.W.2d 412 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . passim

Lechuga v. State,
     532 S.W.2d 581 (Tex. Crim. App.1975).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 5, 6

Nicholas v. State,
      56 S.W.3d 760
      (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, pet. ref'd). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

                                                      iii
Pettigrew v. State,
      48 S.W.3d 769 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 12, 14

Prince v. State,
      44 Tex. 480 (1876). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Speth v. State,
      6 S.W.3d 530 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 6

Tapps v. State,
     294 S.W.3d 175 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Wiltz v. State,
       863 S.W.2d 463 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 5, 6

                                               Statutes and Rules

TEX. CODE CRIM. PRO.
      art. 42.08. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . passim
      art. 42.08(a). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . passim
      art. 42.08(b). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
      art. 42.08(c). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

TEX. GOV'T CODE § 311.011(a). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

TEX. PEN, CODE

         § 3.03. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . passim
         § 3.03(a).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 11, 13
         § 3.03(b). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 10, 11, 13
         § 49.07. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
         § 49.07(a).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
         § 49.08. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
         § 49.08(a).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

                                                             iv
TEX. R. APP. P.
      § 4.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
      § 9.4 (i) (2) (D). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
      § 66.3 (b). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
      § 66.3 (c). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 4
      § 66.3 (d). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 4
      § 68.1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 16

                                                          Other

Act of May 31, 1997,
75th Leg., R.S., ch. 667,
§ 7, 1997 Tex. Gen. Laws 2250, 2252 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

House Committee on Criminal Jurisprudence,
Bill Analysis, Tex. H.B. 554,
70th Leg., R.S. (1987). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

                                                              v
                      Statement Regarding Oral Argument

      Appellant requests oral argument. Not only does this case presents a statutory

interpretation issue never before directly decided by this Court – whether a suspended

or probated sentence from an intoxication assault conviction may be ordered to run

consecutively to a prison sentence from an intoxication manslaughter conviction --

it also involves a variety of subsidiary issues relevant to the ultimate issue that have

long since been decided by this Court. The court of appeals’ opinion departs from

many of this Court’s prior decisions with respect to the issues relevant to this case.

As this case involves an important issue of state law and statutory interpretation, oral

argument would be of benefit to this Court.

                                           vi
To the Honorable Judges of the of the Court of Criminal Appeals:

         Pursuant to TEX. R. APP. P. 68.1 Appellant presents this petition for

discretionary review.

                                Statement of the Case

         Appellant was charged by indictment in cause number 1281111 with the

second degree felony offense of intoxication manslaughter,1 and in cause number

1288900 with the third degree felony offense of intoxication assault,2 both alleged to

have occurred on October 10, 2010. CR-1288900-7; CR-1281111-14. Appellant

pled guilty to the jury. 4RR15-16. The jury found him guilty of both charges and

assessed punishment at four years imprisonment for the intoxication manslaughter

conviction, and seven years imprisonment, probated, for the intoxication assault

conviction.     CR-1288900-162; CR-1281111-121.          The trial court ordered the

probation term (of seven years) to run consecutively with the prison term. 5RR210.

Appellant filed a motion for new trial and a motion to modify and correct the

judgment in cause number 1288900, which were denied following a hearing. CR-

1288900-178-179; 7RR5-6. Appellant filed timely written notice of appeal. CR-

1288900-171.

1
    TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 49.08(a) (West Supp.2010).
2
    TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 49.07(a) (West Supp. 2010).

                                           1
                           Statement of Procedural History

       The court of appeals issued its decision on August 21, 2014. On December 2,

2014, the court of appeals granted Appellant’s TEX. R. APP. P 4.5 motion for

additional time to file a motion for rehearing.3 Appellant’s motions for rehearing was

timely filed on December 17, 2014 and overruled on January 6, 2015. Pursuant to

this Court’s order, this petition is due not later than March 9, 2015. A copy of the

court of appeals opinion is attached as an Appendix.

                                  Ground for Review

       The Court of Appeals erred in holding that TEX. PEN. CODE § 3.03
       allowed the trial court to order that the suspended sentence for the
       intoxication assault conviction would be consecutive to the prison
       sentence for the intoxication manslaughter conviction.

                                  Reasons for Review

       This Court should grant review pursuant to TEX. R. APP. P. 66.3 (b) because the

court of appeals decided an important question of state law that has not been, but

should be, settled by this Court: to wit, whether TEX. PEN. CODE § 3.03 allows the

3
  Because of the time limits imposed by Rule 4.5 and because the court of appeals had not
ruled on Appellant’s motion by the deadline for filing a motion with this Court with respect
to a petition for discretionary review, Appellant also filed a Rule 4.5 motion for additional
time to file a petition for discretionary review with this Court. This Court granted
Appellant’s motion. The court of appeals thereafter granted Appellant’s pending motion
with respect to the motion for rehearing, rendering the motion to and order of this Court
moot.

                                             2
suspended (probated) sentence for the intoxication assault conviction to be stacked

onto the prison sentence for the intoxications manslaughter conviction when “the

accused [was] found guilty of more than one offense arising out of the same criminal

episode prosecuted in a single criminal action” under § 3.03.

      This Court should additionally grant review pursuant to TEX. R. APP. P. 66.3

(c) because the court of appeals decided an important question of state law in a way

that conflicts with the applicable decisions of this Court; to wit, the court of appeals

interpreted “sentence” in Tex. Pen Code § 3.03 to include a suspended or probated

sentence contrary to this Court’s decisions in Lechuga v. State, 532 S.W.2d 581, 582

(Tex. Crim. App.1975), Wiltz v. State, 863 S.W.2d 463 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993),

Speth v. State, 6 S.W.3d 530, 535 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999), and Kesaria v. State, 189
S.W.3d 279, 282-283 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006), all of which held that an order

suspending a sentence was not part of or a sentence.

      This Court should additionally grant review pursuant to TEX. R. APP. P. 66.3

(d) because the court of appeals appears to have misconstrued a state statute:

specifically, the court of appeals has misconstrued and misinterpreted TEX. PEN.

CODE § 3.03 by holding that it allows a trial court to order a suspended sentence

(probation) to run consecutively to completion or partial completion of a prison

sentence when each offense arises out of the same criminal episode and both were

                                           3
tried in a single criminal action.

      This Court should additionally grant review pursuant to TEX. R. APP. P. 66.3

(c) and (d) because the court of appeals decision appears not only to have

misconstrued a state statute, § 3.03, but has also done so in a way that conflicts with

this Court’s decisions in LaPorte v. State, 840 S.W.2d 412, 415 (Tex. Crim. App.

1992), Green v. State, 706 S.W.2d 653 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986), and Pettigrew v.

State, 48 S.W.3d 769, 772 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001), which together hold that § 3.03

is a limitation on a trial court’s general power under TEX. CODE. CRIM. PRO. ART.

42.08 to cumulate sentences “imposed or suspended” when “the accused is found

guilty of more than one offense arising out of the same criminal episode prosecuted

in a single criminal action” and that the general references to “punishment” or

“sentence” in a statute do not include a suspended or probated sentence.

                Arguments and Authorities for Granting Review

      This Court has never specifically addressed or decided whether TEX. PEN.

CODE § 3.03(b), which allows “sentences” in intoxication manslaughter and

intoxication assault cases arising from the same criminal episode and tried in the same

criminal action to be cumulated, also allows a trial court to legally order that a

suspended or probated sentence in one such case be served consecutively to a prison

sentence in another such case. Nonetheless, this Court has decided many cases in

                                           4
which the result of its decisions compel a conclusion contrary to that reached by the

court of appeals.

      As relevant to this case, § 3.03, titled Sentences for Offenses Arising Out of

Same Criminal Episode, provides:4

      (a) When the accused is found guilty of more than one offense arising
      out of the same criminal episode prosecuted in a single criminal action,
      a sentence for each offense for which he has been found guilty shall be
      pronounced. Except as provided by Subsection (b), the sentences shall
      run concurrently.

      (b) If the accused is found guilty of more than one offense arising out
      of the same criminal episode, the sentences may run concurrently or
      consecutively if each sentence is for a conviction of:

             (1) an offense:

                    (A) under Section 49.07 or 49.08,5 regardless
                    of whether the accused is convicted of
                    violations of the same section more than once
                    or is convicted of violations of both sections
                    ....

      While it is well established that sentences may either be imposed or suspended,

it is just as well established that an order suspending or probating a sentence is not

part of the sentence. Lechuga v. State, 532 S.W.2d 581, 582 (Tex. Crim. App.1975)

(“probation is no sentence at all”); Wiltz v. State, 863 S.W.2d 463 (Tex. Crim. App.

4
  All emphasis is added unless noted otherwise.
5
  TEX. PEN. CODE §§ 49.07 and 49.08 are, respectively, the Intoxication Assault and
Intoxication Manslaughter statutes.

                                          5
1993) (finding that five years “straight time” was not more severe than ten years in

prison, probated because “[t]he order granting probation suspends the imposition of

sentence until the probationer violates the terms of his probation or successfully

completes the probationary period”); Speth v. State, 6 S.W.3d 530, 535 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1999) (“community supervision is an arrangement in lieu of the sentence, not

as part of the sentence”); Kesaria v. State, 148 S.W.3d 634, 643-44 (Tex.

App.-Houston [14th] 2004), aff’d, 189 S.W.3d 279, 282-283 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006)

(court of appeals held that conditions of community supervision could be cumulated

because “community supervision is not part of the sentence. Rather, community

supervision is the suspension of the sentence received by the defendant at trial” and

this Court reiterated that community supervision is “an arrangement in lieu of the

sentence, not as part of the sentence,” and held that § 3.03 “applies to the trial court’s

discretion to cumulate sentences for multiple offenses,” rather than conditions of

probation. (emphasis in original)).

      If only a “sentence” may be cumulated and when a “sentence” does not include

an order suspending or probating a sentence, it naturally and logically flows from this

Court’s prior decisions that an order suspending a sentence, which is not part of the

sentence, may not be ordered to run consecutively to an imposed sentence.

      Despite the clear holdings of this Court’s decisions in Lechuga, Wiltz, Speth,

                                            6
and Kesaria, the court of appeals nonetheless construed “sentence” in § 3.03 to

include a probated sentence.

      Nonetheless, the trial court ordered and the court of appeals affirmed a

cumulation order that provided that the seven year term of the suspension of the

sentence (probation) for the intoxication assault conviction would be served

consecutively to the imposed sentence of four years confinement in prison in the

intoxication manslaughter conviction.

      At its core, this case asks this Court to construe, declare, and decide the

meaning of the terms and provisions of TEX. PEN. CODE. § 3.03. This is the

quintessential important question of state law that the Rules of Appellate Procedure

call upon this Court to decide for the enlightenment and guidance of the bench and

bar of the State. Moreover, since it appears that the court of appeals has construed

the statute in a way that conflicts with the prior decisions of this Court discretionary

review is proper.

      Issues of statutory construction are reviewed de novo. Tapps v. State, 294
S.W.3d 175, 177 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). Under the canons of statutory construction,

a reviewing court must construe a statute according to its plain language, unless the

language is ambiguous or the interpretation would lead to absurd results that the

legislature could not have intended. Id. The court must focus on the literal text of

                                           7
the statutory language, reading it in context and construing it according to grammar

rules and common usage. Id (citing TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 311.011(a)).

      An improper cumulation order is, in essence, a void sentence, and such error

cannot be waived.” LaPorte v. State, 840 S.W.2d 412, 415 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992).

A defect which renders a sentence void may be raised at any time. Id. A trial court

abuse its discretion when it enters a cumulation order that is not in compliance with

or authorized by the law. Nicholas v. State, 56 S.W.3d 760, 765 (Tex. App.-Houston

[14th Dist.] 2001, pet. ref’d).

      The discretion of a trial court to cumulate, or stack, a defendant’s sentences is

governed by statute. Ex parte Davis, 506 S.W.2d 882, 883 (Tex. Crim. App. 1974);

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 42.08 (a) (West Supp. 2011); TEX. PENAL CODE

ANN. § 3.03 (Vernon Supp. 2012). Absent statutory authority, a sentencing court has

no discretion to stack sentences. Prince v. State, 44 Tex. 480 (1876); Hannan v.

State, 7 Tex. Crim. 664 (1880); Baker v. State, 11 Tex. Crim. 262 (1881).

      When a defendant has been convicted in two or more cases, the trial court

generally has the discretion, subject to limitations not relevant to this case, in the

second and subsequent convictions, to order that the sentence imposed or suspended

in the second or subsequent conviction run consecutively or concurrently to the

sentence imposed or suspended in the prior conviction. TEX. CODE CRIM. PRO. ART.

                                          8
42.08(a).

      (a) Except as provided by Sections (b) and (c) of this article, in the
      discretion of the court, the judgment in the second and subsequent
      convictions may either be that the sentence imposed or suspended shall
      begin when the judgment and the sentence imposed or suspended in the
      preceding conviction has ceased to operate, or that the sentence
      imposed or suspended shall run concurrently with the other case or
      cases, and sentence and execution shall be accordingly....

TEX. CODE CRIM. PRO. Art. 42.08(a) (emphasis added).6

      However, “[t]he trial court’s general authority under Article 42.08, V.A.C.C.P.,

to order consecutive sentences is statutorily limited by Section 3.03 [of the Texas

Penal Code] whenever a single criminal action arising out of the same criminal

episode occurs, whether based upon a single charging instrument or several charging

instruments.” LaPorte v. State, 840 at 415. This Court’s decision in LaPorte is, of

course, consistent with the plain language in the prefatory phrases in both § 3.03 (a)

and (b), which provide for the scope of the applicability of § 3.03, when or if,

respectively, “the accused is found guilty of more than one offense arising out of the

same criminal episode. . . .”

      There is no question in this case that “the accused [was] found guilty of more

than one offense arising out of the same criminal episode.” Likewise, and contrary

6
 Subsection (b) requires a cumulated sentence for an offense committed by a prison inmate,
and subsection (c) prohibits stacking a prison sentence onto a suspended sentence. TEX.
CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 42.08(b), (c).

                                            9
to some of the alternative theories advanced by the court of appeals, there is no

question -- at least none consistent with this Court’s decisions -- that the terms of §

3.03 apply to this case. Because the stacking order challenged here arises from

convictions arising from offenses from a single criminal episode prosecuted in a

single criminal action, article 42.08 (a) is wholly inapplicable and § 3.03 controls

completely. Any other decision is contrary to this Court’s prior decisions and long

established rules of statutory construction.

      Absent from § 3.03 is any language permitting the cumulation of a “sentence

imposed or suspended.” In contrast to Article 42.08, which expressly permits a

“sentence imposed or suspended” to be cumulated, 3.03 (b) states only that

“sentences” may run consecutively. Accordingly, the plain language of § 3.03 does

not authorize a sentencing court to stack a term of community supervision onto either

a prison sentence, as in this case, or onto another term of community supervision.

      Under the rules of statutory construction, “[w]hen the same or a similar term

is used in the same connection in different statutes, the term will be given the same

meaning in one as in the other, unless there is something to indicate that a different

meaning was intended.” Guthery v. Taylor, 112 S.W.3d 715, 721–22 (Tex. App.-

Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, no pet.). The legislature’s use of the term “sentence” in

                                          10
section 3.03, as opposed to the phrase “sentence imposed or suspended” in article

42.08, indicates that a different meaning was intended.

         If the legislature had intended to make suspended sentences eligible for

cumulation under § 3.03 (a) or (b), as it expressly did in article 42.08, it presumably

would have included the “imposed or suspended” language in 3.03 (a) or (b) – as it

did in 42.08. That it did not do so is not only telling, but should be dispositive of the

statutory interpretation.

         The “imposed or suspended” language was added to article 42.08 in 1987, in

response to Green v. State, 706 S.W.2d 653 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986), in which this

Court was called upon to decide whether 42.08 (a) permitted trial courts to stack

probationary sentences onto prison sentences. This Court in Green decided that the

only punishment and sentence that the then existing article 42.08(a) permitted a trial

court to cumulate upon a second or subsequent conviction when the preceding

conviction ceased to operate was punishment and sentence by confinement in a prison

or a jail. Green at 657.7 Thus, as this Court has definitively held, absent express

7
    The prior version of Article 42.08 provided:
                When the same defendant has been convicted in two or more
                cases and the punishment assessed in each case is confinement
                in an institution operated by the Department of Corrections or
                the jail for a term of imprisonment, judgment and sentence shall
                be pronounced in each case in the same manner as if there had
                been but one conviction, except that in the discretion of the
                court, the judgment in the second and subsequent convictions

                                               11
statutory authority allowing it, a cumulation order that stacks a suspended sentence

on top of a prison term is unlawful and void.

      This Court has since acknowledged that the “sentence imposed or suspended”

language added to article 42.08 “appears very clearly designed to broaden a trial

court’s ability to stack sentences by affording the option of stacking periods of

community supervision, or stacking a prison term and period of community

supervision - an option that had not been present in the prior version of the statute.”

Pettigrew v. State, 48 S.W.3d 769, 772 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) (holding that for

purposes of cumulation pursuant to article 42.08 (a), a conviction occurs when a

sentence is either imposed or suspended); see also House Committee on Criminal

Jurisprudence, Bill Analysis, Tex. H.B. 554, 70th Leg., R.S. (1987) (“Amends Article

42.08, Code of Criminal Procedure to allow a judge to make sentences of probation

as well as sentences of confinement either cumulative or concurrent”).

      If stacking a prison term and a period of community supervision was not an

option under the prior version of article 42.08, in which the “sentence imposed or

             may either be that the punishment shall begin when the
             judgment and sentence in the preceding conviction has ceased
             to operate, or that the punishment shall run concurrently with the
             other case or cases, and sentence and execution shall be
             accordingly.

TEXAS CODE OF CRIM. PROC. art 42.08 (1965).

                                            12
suspended” language was absent and only the terms “sentence” and “punishment”

were used, then it is not an option under § 3.03 of the Penal Code. The exceptions

listed in section 3.03 (b) were enacted in 1997, after article 42.08 was amended. See

Act of May 31, 1997, 75th Leg., R.S., ch. 667, § 7, 1997 Tex. Gen. Laws 2250, 2252.

The legislature’s omission of the “imposed or suspended” language in both 3.03(a)

and particularly (b), after previously including it in another statute addressing the

same subject, must be presumed intentional.

      At the very least, these issues present an important issue of state law that

should be directly decided by this Court. The court of appeals decision in this case

cannot be reconciled with prior decisions of this Court with respect to the

interpretation of § 3.03. Discretionary review is proper.

      In its opinion, the court of appeals held. “[i]f “sentence” does not include

community supervision, as appellant vigorously argues, then we cannot perceive how

Section 3.03 would ever apply to his case. By default, the trial court’s authority to

stack would be governed by Article 42.08.” Addressing this holding in the motion

for rehearing, Appellant argued that because § 3.03 governs cumulation orders in all

cases within the scope of § 3.03 (which includes any case and all cases in which “the

accused is found guilty of more than one offense arising out of the same criminal

episode prosecuted in a single criminal action”), the only authority given to a trial

                                         13
court is to cumulate the sentence, which does not include an order suspending a

sentence, and that nothing in § 3.03 grants a trial court authority to cumulate the

suspended portion of a sentence in such instances. Contrary to the court of appeals

holding, nothing in § 3.03 even suggests, much less states, that suspended sentences

in a case where “the accused is found guilty of more than one offense arising out of

the same criminal episode prosecuted in a single criminal action” are not within the

scope of § 3.03 but are within the scope of Article 42.08. The court of appeals

decision interpreted § 3.03 in a way that writes language into the statue not provided

by the legislature and is contrary to this Court’s decision in LaPorte that § 3.03 acts

as a limitation to Article 42.08 any time “the accused is found guilty of more than one

offense arising out of the same criminal episode prosecuted in a single criminal

action.”

      In reaching this extra-textual interpretation of § 3.03, the court of appeals has

not only misconstrued and misinterpreted § 3.03, but has also done so in way that is

contrary to this Court’s holdings in LaPorte, Green, and Pettigrew. Discretionary

review is proper both because the court of appeals has misconstrued and

misinterpreted § 3.03, but has also because it has done so in way that is contrary to

this Court’s holdings in LaPorte, Green, and Pettigrew.

                                          14
                                     Prayer

      Appellant prays that this Court grant his petitions for discretionary review,

reverse the judgments of the court of appeals, and render a decision striking the

cumulation order in cause number 1288900, or, alternatively, remanding to the trial

court for entry of a new judgment without a cumulation order in cause number

1288900.

                                             Respectfully submitted,

                                             SCHNEIDER & MCKINNEY, P.C.

                                             /s/ W. Troy McKinney
                                             W. Troy McKinney
                                             Texas Bar No. 13725020
                                             440 Louisiana
                                             Suite 800
                                             Houston, Texas 77002
                                             (713) 951-9994
                                             (713) 224-6008 (FAX)
                                             wtmhousto2@aol.com

                                             ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT

                                        15
                              Certificate of Service

      Pursuant to TEX. R. APP. P. 9.5, a copy of this document has been served to the

following attorneys for the State and the State Prosecuting Attorney by electronic

service, as required by TEX. R. APP. P. 68.11, on March 9, 2015:

•     Melissa P. Hervey
      Hervey_Melissa@dao.hctx.net

•     Lisa C. McMinn
      information@spa.texas.gov

                                              /s/ W. Troy McKinney
                                              W. Troy McKinney

                            Certificate of Compliance

      I certify that this document was prepared with Word Perfect X3, and that,

according to that program’s word-count function, the sections covered by TEX. R.

APP. P. 9.4 (I) (2) (D) contain 3028 words and less than the limit of 4500 words.

                                              /s/ W. Troy McKinney
                                              W. Troy McKinney

                                         16
                             Appendix

Court of Appeals opinion submitted as an attachment to the electronic filing

                                  17
Affirmed and Opinion filed August 21, 2014.

                                     In The

                    Fourteenth Court of Appeals

                              NO. 14-13-00333-CR
                              NO. 14-13-00334-CR

                  NICHOLAS JARED MIRELES, Appellant

                                        V.

                      THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

                   On Appeal from the 176th District Court
                            Harris County, Texas
                  Trial Court Cause Nos. 1281111 & 1288900

                                  OPINION

      Appellant pleaded guilty in a consolidated trial to one count of intoxication
manslaughter and one count of intoxication assault. The jury recommended four
years’ imprisonment on the first count and seven years’ community supervision on
the second. The trial court entered judgment accordingly, along with a stacking
order providing that appellant could not begin his community supervision until he
had completed his term of imprisonment. The only question on appeal is whether
the trial court erred by not ordering the community supervision to run concurrently
with the prison sentence.

                                Standard of Review

      We review a trial court’s stacking order for an abuse of discretion. See
Beedy v. State, 194 S.W.3d 595, 597 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006), aff’d,
250 S.W.3d 107 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008); Harvey v. State, 821 S.W.2d 389, 392
(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1991, pet. ref’d). A trial court abuses its
discretion when it fails to apply the law correctly or when no reasonable view of
the record could support the trial court’s decision. See Nicholas v. State, 56 S.W.3d
760, 764 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, pet. ref’d).

      A trial court’s authority to stack is provided by statute. When interpreting a
statute, we apply a de novo standard of review, mindful that our primary objective
is to ascertain and give effect to the intent of the legislature. See Nguyen v. State,
359 S.W.3d 636, 641–42 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). We focus on the literal text of
the statute, applying the plain and ordinary meaning of the words that have been
used, unless doing so yields an absurd result. See Tex. Gov’t Code § 311.011; Ex
parte Ervin, 187 S.W.3d 386, 388 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). If the statute is clear
and unambiguous, we must presume that the legislature meant what it expressed.
See Boykin v. State, 818 S.W.2d 782, 785 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991).

                               The Current Statutes

      Two statutes govern the trial court’s authority to stack. The first is Article
42.08 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure, which provides as follows:

      When the same defendant has been convicted in two or more cases,
      judgment and sentence shall be pronounced in each case in the same
      manner as if there had been but one conviction. Except as provided by
      Sections (b) and (c), in the discretion of the court, the judgment in the
      second and subsequent convictions may either be that the sentence
                                          2
       imposed or suspended shall begin when the judgment and the sentence
       imposed or suspended in the preceding conviction has ceased to
       operate, or that the sentence imposed or suspended shall run
       concurrently with the other case or cases, and sentence and execution
       shall be accordingly . . . .
       When the exceptions are considered,1 Article 42.08 effectively provides the
trial court with three distinct options: (1) the court may impose sentences of
confinement to be served either concurrently or consecutively; (2) the court may
suspend sentences of confinement and order periods of community supervision to
be served either concurrently or consecutively; or (3) the court may impose a
sentence, suspend another sentence, and order the suspended sentence to run either
concurrently with the imposed sentence or after the imposed sentence has ceased to
operate.

       The second statute, Section 3.03 of the Texas Penal Code, contains special
stacking rules when the defendant is convicted of multiple offenses in a
consolidated trial. In pertinent part, Section 3.03 provides as follows:

              (a) When the accused is found guilty of more than one offense
       arising out of the same criminal episode prosecuted in a single
       criminal action, a sentence for each offense for which he has been
       found guilty shall be pronounced. Except as provided by Subsection
       (b), the sentences shall run concurrently.
              (b) If the accused is found guilty of more than one offense
       arising out of the same criminal episode, the sentences may run
       concurrently or consecutively if each sentence is for a conviction of:
                      (1) an offense:
                            (A) under Section 49.07 [intoxication assault] or
                      49.08 [intoxication manslaughter], regardless of whether
                      the accused is convicted of violations of the same section

1
  Section (b) of Article 42.08 requires stacked sentences for certain inmate offenders. Section (c)
states that a trial court may not stack a prison sentence on top of a period of community
supervision; the prison sentence must always be imposed first.
                                                3
                         more than once or is convicted of violations of both
                         sections . . . .

          Under the plain language of Section 3.03(a), a court must order a
defendant’s sentences to run concurrently when the defendant has been convicted
of more than one offense in a consolidated trial. Section 3.03(b) restores the trial
court’s discretion to stack sentences, even when the offenses are tried together, if
the resulting convictions involve certain enumerated offenses, such as intoxication
assault and intoxication manslaughter.

                                   The History of the Statutes

          When Article 42.08 was first enacted in 1965, it only gave the trial court the
discretion to stack a defendant’s “punishment.”2 The Court of Criminal Appeals
construed this language narrowly in 1986 when, in Green v. State, it held that
punishment did not include community supervision, and that a trial court did not
have the authority to stack a probated sentence under the statute. See 706 S.W.2d
653, 657–58 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986).

          The legislature amended Article 42.08 in response to Green by deleting all
references to “punishment” and replacing them with “sentence imposed or

2
    The original text stated as follows:
          When the same defendant has been convicted in two or more cases, and the
          punishment assessed in each case is confinement in an institution operated by the
          Department of Corrections or the jail for a term of imprisonment, judgment and
          sentence shall be pronounced in each case in the same manner as if there had been
          but one conviction, except that in the discretion of the court, the judgment in the
          second and subsequent convictions may either be that the punishment shall begin
          when the judgment and sentence in the preceding conviction has ceased to
          operate, or that the punishment shall run concurrently with the other case or cases,
          and sentence and execution shall be accordingly.
Act effective Jan. 1, 1966, 59th Leg., R.S., ch. 722, 1965 Tex. Gen. Laws 317, 486–87.

                                                   4
suspended.” See Act effective Aug. 31, 1987, 70th Leg., R.S., ch. 513, § 1, 1987
Tex. Gen. Laws 2125, 2125. In its amended form, which is still in effect today, the
statute plainly applies to community supervision. See Pettigrew v. State, 48 S.W.3d
769, 772 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) (stating that the legislature amended Article
42.08 to “broaden a trial court’s ability to stack sentences by affording the option
of stacking periods of community supervision”).

      When Section 3.03 was enacted in 1973, it contained virtually the same
language as the current Section 3.03(a), but without any exceptions. See Act
effective Jan. 1, 1974, 63d Leg., R.S., ch. 399, sec. 3.03, 1973 Tex. Gen. Laws
883, 891. No exceptions were added to Section 3.03 when Article 42.08 was
amended in 1987. The first exception provision, Section 3.03(b), did not arrive
until 1995, and it applied only in a narrow circumstance: when the defendant was
convicted of more than one count of intoxication manslaughter. See Act effective
Sept. 1, 1995, 74th Leg., R.S., ch. 596, § 1, 1995 Tex. Gen. Laws 3435, 3435. In
2005, the legislature expanded on this provision by including intoxication assault
among the list of enumerated offenses subject to the exception. See Act effective
Sept. 1, 2005, 79th Leg., R.S., ch. 527, § 1, 2005 Tex. Gen. Laws 1429, 1429.

                                  In Pari Materia

      When two statutes address the same general subject, they are considered as
being in pari materia. See State v. Vasilas, 253 S.W.3d 268, 271 (Tex. Crim. App.
2008). All acts and parts of acts in pari materia must be read and construed
together as though they were parts of one and the same law, even if they were
enacted at different times. Id. Whenever possible, we must harmonize any conflict
between the two statutes so that each is given effect. Id. at 272. If the statutes are
irreconcilable, then we must apply the more “special” statute as an exception to the
general one. See Tex. Gov’t Code § 311.026.

                                          5
      Article 42.08 and Section 3.03 are in pari materia because they both govern
the trial court’s authority to order concurrent or consecutive sentences. See Barrow
v. State, 207 S.W.3d 377, 380 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (“[T]he Texas Legislature
has assigned the decision to cumulate, vel non, in Section 3.03 of the Penal Code
and Article 42.08 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, to the trial court.”). Although
they have their differences, the two statutes do not irreconcilably conflict. Article
42.08 is the more general statute, describing the trial court’s broad authority to
stack, regardless of whether the defendant was convicted in separate trials or in a
consolidated trial. Section 3.03 is the more “special” of the two, applying
specifically when sentences are imposed for more than one conviction obtained in
a consolidated trial. In those circumstances, Section 3.03(a) operates as a limitation
on the trial court’s broad discretion, unless an exception applies under Section
3.03(b). See LaPorte v. State, 840 S.W.2d 412, 415 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992) (“The
trial court’s general authority under Article 42.08, V.A.C.C.P., to order
consecutive sentences is statutorily limited by Section 3.03 whenever a single
criminal action arising out of the same criminal episode occurs . . . .”).

                           The Arguments of the Parties

      Appellant asserts that Section 3.03(a) applies to the exclusion of Article
42.08 because both of his convictions were obtained in a consolidated trial.
Appellant then argues that the trial court could not stack his community
supervision on top of his sentence under the authority of Section 3.03(b) because
that exception provision only uses the word “sentence.” Appellant compares this
term with the language of Article 42.08, which uses “sentence imposed or
suspended.” Citing Green v. State and other authorities, appellant argues that
community supervision is not a sentence and that Section 3.03(b) does not apply.

                                           6
       The State agrees that Section 3.03 governs the outcome of this case, but the
State focuses on Section 3.03(b) rather than Section 3.03(a). During oral argument,
the State asserted that we should interpret Section 3.03(b) as applying to periods of
community supervision because trial judges and other criminal practitioners have
always understood the statute to operate in that manner. We are not aware of any
cases since 1973, when Section 3.03 was first enacted, to state otherwise and
expressly hold that the statute does not apply to community supervision. The State
accordingly argues that the trial court’s judgment should be affirmed because the
court had the discretion to stack appellant’s community supervision under the
exception of Section 3.03(b).

                                           Analysis

       We begin with the State’s argument, which contends that the word
“sentence” under Section 3.03 should be construed to include community
supervision. The State argues that “sentence” should have this expansive definition
because the in pari materia doctrine instructs us to incorporate Article 42.08 in our
reading of Section 3.03. Assuming without deciding that this argument is correct,
the trial court would have no discretion under Section 3.03(a) but to order a
defendant’s sentences, including any periods of community supervision, to run
concurrently unless an exception applied. An exception would apply in this case
because both of appellant’s convicted offenses are enumerated in Section 3.03(b).
Thus, if we were to accept the State’s position, then we would affirm the trial
court’s stacking order under the plain terms of Section 3.03(b).3

3
 At least one other intermediate appellate court has construed Section 3.03(b) to apply to periods
of community supervision, though its opinion is unpublished and has no precedential value. See
Tex. R. App. P. 47.7(a); Gonzalez v. State, Nos. 04-08-00156-CR, 04-08-00157-CR, & 04-08-
00158-CR, 2009 WL 222159, at *1 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Jan. 28, 2009, pet. ref’d) (mem.
op., not designated for publication).
                                                7
      Appellant asserts that “sentence” does not have this expansive definition. He
cites decisions from the Court of Criminal Appeals, which exclude community
supervision from the definition of this term. Appellant directs us to Green v. State,
wherein the court noted that community supervision (or “probation”) has never
been defined or regarded as a type of “punishment” or “sentence.” See 706 S.W.2d
at 656. He also cites Speth v. State, in which the court plainly held that
“community supervision is not a sentence or even a part of a sentence.” See 6
S.W.3d 530, 532 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). Rather, it is “an arrangement in lieu of
the sentence.” Id.

      Appellant attempts to limit the application of Section 3.03(b) so that Section
3.03(a) controls instead. But if appellant is correct that Section 3.03(b) does not
encompass community supervision, then appellant cannot also maintain that
Section 3.03(a) is controlling. Both provisions refer to “sentences” without ever
mentioning community supervision or sentences that are “suspended.” We must
presume that the legislature chose its words carefully, recognizing that every word
in a statute was included for some purpose and that every word excluded was
omitted for a purpose. See Ex parte Santellana, 606 S.W.2d 331, 333 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1980). When two provisions contain parallel language—in this case,
“sentences”—we cannot reasonably conclude that one provision applies to
community supervision while the other does not. Appellant’s argument is flawed to
suggest otherwise.

      During oral argument, appellant asserted that the legislature intended for
“sentences” to have different meanings under Sections 3.03(a) and 3.03(b) because
of a textual difference between the two provisions. Appellant asserted that the term
was broader under Section 3.03(a) because that provision requires the sentence for
each offense to be “pronounced.”

                                         8
       The pronouncement is just the oral statement of the sentence, which must be
communicated to the defendant in open court. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art.
42.03; Ex parte Madding, 70 S.W.3d 131, 135 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). We do not
believe that the act of pronouncing converts a “sentence” into a broader term
encompassing community supervision. If a trial court grants community
supervision, the court pronounces the community supervision as a suspension of
the sentence. See Kesaria v. State, 148 S.W.3d 634, 644 (Tex. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] 2004) (“[C]ommunity supervision is the suspension of the sentence
received by the defendant at trial.”), aff’d, 189 S.W.3d 279 (Tex. Crim. App.
2006). Thus, we do not construe the pronouncement language in Section 3.03(a) as
providing any textual basis for expanding the meaning of “sentence.”

       If “sentence” does not include community supervision, as appellant
vigorously argues, then we cannot perceive how Section 3.03 would ever apply to
his case. By default, the trial court’s authority to stack would be governed by
Article 42.08.4 Based on the language of that statute, the trial court’s stacking order
cannot be said to be an abuse of discretion.

4
  Professors Dix and Schmolesky have suggested that a trial court always has the discretion to
stack periods of community supervision under Article 42.08 because community supervision is
not a “sentence” within the meaning of Section 3.03. Consider their following explanation:
               May the trial court cumulate community supervision terms for multiple
       convictions achieved in a single criminal action? The Code of Criminal Procedure
       gives the court discretion to cumulate probation terms provided that the total of
       the terms in a felony case does not exceed 10 years. In a misdemeanor case
       involving at least one DWI conviction, the total of the terms cumulated may not
       exceed the maximum period of confinement authorized for all the offenses or four
       years whichever is less. In all other misdemeanor cases, the total of the terms may
       not exceed the maximum period of confinement for all the offenses or three years
       whichever is less.
               There is no reason why these same rules should not apply when multiple
       convictions are achieved in the same criminal action because it is the community
       supervision terms that are being cumulated, not the sentences. Therefore, if a jury
       in a single criminal action were to give probation for two felony convictions, the
                                               9
                                        Conclusion

       We need not decide which theory is correct in this case, appellant’s or the
State’s. Both arguments are premised on notions that ultimately lead to a
conclusion that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by entering its stacking
order. Therefore, we overrule appellant’s sole issue and affirm the judgment of the
trial court.

                                           /s/     Tracy Christopher
                                                   Justice

Panel consists of Justices Christopher, Jamison, and McCally.
Publish — Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b).

       trial court should be authorized under these rules to make those terms concurrent
       or to “stack” them for a total of up to 10 years’ community supervision.

George E. Dix & John M. Schmolesky, Texas Practice Series: Criminal Practice and Procedure
§ 38:38 (3d ed. 2011) (footnotes omitted) (emphasis added).

                                              10