Court Opinion

ID: 9381180
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-03-22 05:05:28.644484+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:17:30.516708
License: Public Domain

Michigan Supreme Court
                                                                                           Lansing, Michigan

Syllabus
                                                             Chief Justice:             Justices:
                                                              Elizabeth T. Clement      Brian K. Zahra
                                                                                        David F. Viviano
                                                                                        Richard H. Bernstein
                                                                                        Megan K. Cavanagh
                                                                                        Elizabeth M. Welch
                                                                                        Kyra H. Bolden

This syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been               Reporter of Decisions:
prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader.                 Kathryn L. Loomis

                                             PEOPLE v DUPREE

            Docket No. 161589. Argued on application for leave to appeal October 12, 2022. Decided
      March 21, 2023.

              Robert M. Dupree was convicted following a jury trial in the Macomb Circuit Court of
      armed robbery, and he was sentenced by the trial court, Carl J. Marlinga, J., as a fourth-offense
      habitual offender to serve 360 to 720 months in prison. Defendant robbed a store with two
      accomplices in 2012. One of defendant’s accomplices was armed. The armed robber held the
      store’s clerk at gunpoint while defendant and the other accomplice bound the clerk with duct tape.
      The armed robber also struck the clerk with the gun during the robbery. Defendant and his
      accomplices fled after the robbery, but in 2014, defendant was charged with armed robbery in
      connection with the offense. Defendant’s accomplices were not arrested or charged. Defendant
      appealed his conviction and sentence in the Court of Appeals, arguing, in part, that Offense
      Variable (OV) 1, MCL 777.31, and OV 2, MCL 777.32, had been wrongly scored. The Court of
      Appeals (BECKERING, P.J., and CAVANAGH and STEPHENS, JJ.) affirmed defendant’s convictions
      and sentence in an unpublished per curiam opinion. The Supreme Court ordered and heard oral
      argument on whether to grant defendant’s application for leave to appeal or take other action. 508
      Mich 1019 (2022).

             In a per curiam opinion signed by Justices VIVIANO, BERNSTEIN, CAVANAGH, and WELCH,
      the Supreme Court held:

              Under MCL 777.31(1)(c), 15 points should be assessed for OV 1 when a firearm was
      pointed at or toward a victim. Five points should be assessed for OV 2, MCL 777.32(1)(d), when
      the offender possessed or used a weapon. There was no evidence that defendant was the offender
      who was armed during the robbery. Despite this fact, the circuit court relied on the multiple-
      offender provisions in MCL 777.31 and MCL 777.32 in assessing defendant 15 points for OV 1
      and 5 points for OV 2. Under the multiple-offender provisions in these statutes, in cases involving
      multiple offenders, if one offender is assessed points for the OV, all offenders must be assessed
      the same number of points. The plain language of these provisions sets forth two conditions that
      must be satisfied before the provisions are triggered. The first condition is that the case must be a
      multiple-offender case. The second condition is that one offender is assessed points for possessing
      a weapon. Although the first condition was satisfied in this case, given that there were three
      offenders, the second condition was not; defendant was the only person charged with and convicted
of armed robbery, and no other offender was charged or convicted, let alone assessed points for
possessing a weapon. Because defendant was the only person arrested and convicted, points could
only be assessed under OVs 1 and 2 if defendant had possessed and/or used the weapon himself.
There was no contention that defendant did so, so no points should have been assessed under those
variables. The prosecution argued that, pursuant to caselaw, a court must first accurately determine
a defendant’s score without regard to other co-offenders by punishing an aider and abettor as
though they were the principal. However, MCL 777.31(2)(b) and MCL 777.32(2) plainly require
“1 offender [to be] assessed points” before “other offenders” are also assessed the same points.
Under these provisions, defendant would be an “other offender,” as a person who did not possess
or use the weapon. The aiding-and-abetting statute, MCL 767.39, requires an aider and abettor to
be “punished” as if they had directly committed the offense, but the effect of this statute is that
aiders and abettors are to be charged with the same offense(s) as the principal—it does not speak
to the scoring of the OVs. If MCL 767.39 were interpreted to require that, in the case of an aider
and abettor, every OV must be scored in accordance with the conduct of the principal, this would
be contrary to the plain language of several OVs. Because MCL 777.31 and MCL 777.32 clearly
required that an “other offender” be assessed points before points could be assessed to defendant
on a multiple-offender theory, the trial court should have assessed zero points to defendant for
OVs 1 and 2. Defendant was entitled to resentencing because the Court’s decision resulted in a
20-point reduction in his guidelines score and thus reduced the top end of his guidelines minimum
sentence range. In all other respects, defendant’s application for leave to appeal was denied.

         Chief Justice CLEMENT, joined by Justice ZAHRA, dissenting, disagreed with the majority
that MCL 777.31 and MCL 777.32 mandated that defendant could not be assessed points for OVs
1 and 2 because his co-offender, who had possessed a firearm, was not apprehended, convicted, or
assessed points for these OVs. Instead, she would have concluded that even if a co-offender is not
assessed points under a multiple-offender provision, the defendant may still be assessed points for
an OV if they aided and abetted the conduct addressed by that OV. Under MCL 767.39, the
distinction between an accessory and a principal is abolished in Michigan. Reading MCL 767.39
in pari materia with MCL 777.31 and MCL 777.32 led to the conclusion that a defendant could
properly be assessed points under an OV if the defendant aided and abetted the specific conduct
that served as the basis for scoring the OV. She cautioned that there was a distinction between a
defendant’s aiding-and-abetting conduct supporting a conviction and a defendant’s aiding-and-
abetting conduct supporting a specific sentence. If aiding and abetting only the crime itself
justified scoring the OVs based on the principal’s conduct alone, the aider and abettor would
always be assessed the same points as the principal and there would be no need for OVs 1, 2, and
3 to contain a multiple-offender provision stipulating that a co-offender’s conduct alone may
justify the assessment of points. While a defendant may not be assessed points solely on the basis
of a co-offender’s conduct unless the OV states otherwise, a defendant may be assessed points
when they aided and abetted the conduct that serves as the basis for scoring the OV—not because
they merely aided and abetted the crime itself.

       Justice BOLDEN did not participate in the disposition of this case because the Court
considered it before she assumed office.
                                                                           Michigan Supreme Court
                                                                                 Lansing, Michigan

OPINION
                                                  Chief Justice:                Justices:
                                                   Elizabeth T. Clement         Brian K. Zahra
                                                                                David F. Viviano
                                                                                Richard H. Bernstein
                                                                                Megan K. Cavanagh
                                                                                Elizabeth M. Welch
                                                                                Kyra H. Bolden

                                                           FILED March 21, 2023

                            STATE OF MICHIGAN

                                     SUPREME COURT

  PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

               Plaintiff-Appellee,

  v                                                                No. 161589

  ROBERTO MARCELLO DUPREE,

               Defendant-Appellant.

 BEFORE THE ENTIRE BENCH (except BOLDEN, J.)

 PER CURIAM.
       The issue in this case is the proper scoring of Offense Variables 1 and 2, which

 concern the possession or use of a weapon during the commission of a crime. Because

 there is no contention that defendant possessed a weapon during the offense at issue, and

 because no other offender was assessed points for either offense variable, both offense

 variables should have been scored at zero points. We reverse the judgment of the Court of

 Appeals in this regard and remand for resentencing.
                        I. FACTS & PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       Defendant and two accomplices robbed a store in Clinton Township on

December 15, 2012. Only one of the three robbers was armed. The armed robber held the

clerk at gunpoint while the other robbers bound him with duct tape and moved him to the

back of the store. The armed robber struck the clerk with the gun during the robbery. The

robbery was captured on surveillance video, which was viewed by Clinton Township

Police Sergeant Deena Terzo. Sergeant Terzo described the armed robber as a thin Black

man, probably in his late 20s, with no gloves or mask. Sergeant Terzo described the second

robber as a heavy-set, light-skinned man with a shaved head wearing clear or yellow rubber

gloves, and she described the third robber as a medium-built Black man wearing one white,

dark-palmed glove. After the robbers fled, the clerk was able to call the police. A police-

tracking dog followed the robbers’ scent from the store, and officers found rubber gloves

along the path of the robbers’ flight.

       A lead developed in 2014 implicating defendant, which ultimately led to a charge

of armed robbery. While defendant was the only person arrested or charged, there was no

contention that defendant had been the robber wielding the gun.          A jury convicted

defendant of the charged crime. The trial court sentenced defendant as a fourth-offense

habitual offender, subjecting him to a mandatory 25-year minimum prison term pursuant

to MCL 769.12(1)(a). However, defendant’s guidelines minimum sentence range actually

allowed for a longer minimum sentence. Specifically, defendant fell into the F-III cell of

the Class A sentencing grid, yielding a minimum sentence range of 135 to 450 months in

prison. The trial court sentenced defendant to 360 to 720 months (30 to 60 years) in prison,

to be served concurrently with a sentence of 93 days for contempt of court.

                                             2
                             II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       This appeal concerns the interpretation and application of the sentencing guidelines,

MCL 777.1 et seq., which are legal questions that this Court reviews de novo, People v

Morson, 471 Mich 248, 255; 685 NW2d 203 (2004).

                                     III. ANALYSIS

       The circuit court assessed 15 points for Offense Variable (OV) 1 and 5 points for

OV 2. Fifteen points should be assessed for OV 1 when “[a] firearm was pointed at or

toward a victim,” MCL 777.31(1)(c); five points are assessed for OV 2 when “[t]he

offender possessed or used a pistol, rifle, shotgun, or knife or other cutting or stabbing

weapon,” MCL 777.32(1)(d). There is no evidence that defendant was the offender who

wielded the gun in this robbery. Despite this fact, in assessing 15 points for OV 1 and 5

points for OV 2, the circuit court relied on the instruction contained in both OVs that “[i]n

multiple offender cases, if 1 offender is assessed points for possessing a weapon, all

offenders shall be assessed the same number of points.” MCL 777.32(2); see also MCL

777.31(2)(b). On direct appeal, defendant challenged the scoring of OVs 1 and 2 on the

basis that no other offender was assessed points for possessing a weapon. The Court of

Appeals affirmed:

       The sentencing guidelines do not require that the other offenders be
       identified, charged, and convicted before any of the offenders may be
       assessed points under OV [1]. That defendant was the first, and might be the
       only, offender identified, charged, and convicted of the armed robbery is
       irrelevant for purposes of scoring OV 1. Further, a person convicted of
       committing a crime under an aiding-and-abetting theory “shall be punished
       as if he had directly committed such offense.” MCL 767.39. Scoring the
       sentencing guidelines is an integral part of determining the punishment for
       one convicted of a crime.

                                             3
              In the present case, the evidence established that the principal pointed
       a gun at the victim during the robbery, the jury convicted defendant of armed
       robbery as an aider and abettor, MCL 767.39 requires defendant to receive
       the same “punish[ment] as if he had directly committed [armed robbery,]”
       and OV 1 requires all offenders to receive the same score, without regard to
       whether the other offenders were prosecuted and convicted. [People v
       Dupree, unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued
       February 6, 2020 (Docket No. 344603), p 6.]

The Court of Appeals applied this same reasoning to OV 2 and held that the trial court did

not err in scoring either variable. Id. We disagree.

       The plain language of MCL 777.31(2)(b) and MCL 777.32(2) sets forth two

conditions that must be satisfied before those provisions are triggered. The first condition

is that the case is a “multiple offender case[].” The second condition is that “1 offender is

assessed points” for possessing a weapon. Here, there were three offenders, which makes

this a “multiple offender case,” satisfying the first condition. However, defendant was the

only person charged and convicted of armed robbery; no other offender has been charged

or convicted, let alone assessed points for possessing a weapon. Therefore, the second

condition, requiring another offender to have been assessed points for possessing a weapon,

was not satisfied. Since defendant was the only person arrested, convicted, and assessed

points under OVs 1 and 2, points could only be assessed under OVs 1 and 2 if he had

possessed and/or used the weapon himself.         There is no contention that he did so.

Therefore, no points should have been assessed under OV 1 or OV 2.

       The prosecutor argues that the Court of Appeals was correct to find that no other

co-offenders need to be convicted before defendant is assigned points for OVs 1 and 2,

citing People v Libbett, 251 Mich App 353; 650 NW2d 407 (2002). The defendant in

Libbett was accurately assessed 15 points for OV 1 on the basis of the facts of the case,

                                             4
while another co-offender had been erroneously assessed 5 points after entering a plea. Id.

at 364, 367. The defendant argued that he should be assigned the same number of points

as the other offender under MCL 777.31(2)(b). Libbett, 251 Mich App at 364. The Libbett

Court rejected this argument, explaining:

       Although defendant would be correct if we were to read subsection 2(b) in
       isolation, we are not permitted to read the statute in that manner. Rather, this
       Court is required to construe a statute in light of the other statutory provisions
       in order to carry out the intent of the Legislature. [People v Morey, 461 Mich
       325, 329-330; 603 NW2d 250 (1999)]; In re Messer Trust, 457 Mich 371,
       380; 579 NW2d 73 (1998). . . .

              When reading MCL 777.31 in its entirety, it is clear that the
       Legislature intended for the sentencing courts to first accurately determine
       the highest number of points that are to be scored under MCL 777.31(1)(a)-
       (e) and then to assess the same number of accurately scored points to multiple
       offenders in the same case under MCL 777.31(2)(b). [Id. at 366-367.]

The Court of Appeals concluded that the defendant’s reading of MCL 777.31(2)(b) failed

to give effect to MCL 777.31(1). Libbett, 251 Mich App at 367. The prosecutor here

argues that, reading Libbett together with the aiding-and-abetting statute, a court must first

“accurately determine” the score, without regard to other co-offenders, by punishing an

aider and abettor as though they were the principal.

       Libbett is inapposite here, where the issue is not whether MCL 777.31(1) and MCL

777.31(2)(b) conflict but, rather, whether MCL 777.31(2)(b) and MCL 777.32(2) are even

triggered under these facts.     The Court of Appeals’ assertion that “[t]he sentencing

guidelines do not require that the other offenders be identified, charged, and convicted

before any of the offenders may be assessed points under [the] OV” ignores the clear

statutory requirements of MCL 777.31(2)(b) and MCL 777.32(2). Dupree, unpub op at 6.

Under those provisions, this defendant would be an “other offender[],” as the person who

                                               5
did not possess or use the weapon. The provisions plainly require “1 offender [to be]

assessed points” before “other offenders” are also assessed the same points.

       The Court of Appeals and the prosecution also rely on the aiding-and-abetting

statute, as does the dissent. The aiding-and-abetting statute says that a person convicted

under an aiding-and-abetting theory “shall be punished as if he had directly committed

such offense.” MCL 767.39. The effect of this statute is that aiders and abettors are to be

charged with the same offenses as principal offenders—but it does not speak to the scoring

of the OVs. “ ‘[S]pecific [statutory] provisions . . . prevail over any arguable inconsistency

with the more general rule’ ” in a different statute. Miller v Allstate Ins Co, 481 Mich 601,

613; 751 NW2d 463 (2008) (citation omitted; first alteration in original). To ignore the

specific statute relating to the scoring of the OVs in favor of the general aiding-and-abetting

statute would be contrary to this canon of statutory interpretation.

       Moreover, if MCL 767.39 works here as the Court of Appeals and the prosecution

suggest, that would mean that every OV scored in the case of an aider and abettor would

be scored in accordance with the conduct of the principal offender. This is contrary to the

plain language of several OVs, some of which are silent on co-offender conduct and some

of which explicitly instruct courts to rely on co-offender conduct. For example, OVs 1, 2,

and 3, MCL 777.31 to MCL 777.33, have provisions for scoring “other offenders”

according to the score of one offender in multiple-offender cases, but OVs 4 through 19,

MCL 777.44 to MCL 777.49, do not offer guidance on whether co-offenders must be

                                              6
assessed the same number of points as each other. 1 In fact, OV 14 addresses the role of

offenders who act in concert with others and requires the court to score the variable when

the offender acted as a leader. MCL 777.44(1)(a). This requires the court to score OV 14

differently for some offenders than others in a multiple-offender situation. 2 Here, MCL

777.31(2)(b) and MCL 777.32(2) clearly require that another offender be assessed points

as a threshold matter before points may be assessed to this defendant on a multiple-offender

theory.

       The dissent’s view of the aiding-and-abetting statute is more nuanced. The dissent

notes that the statute says aiders and abettors should be “ ‘prosecuted, indicted, tried and

on conviction shall be punished as if [they] had directly committed such offense.’ ”

Quoting MCL 767.39 (emphasis added by the dissent). Because the Legislature included

the word “punished,” the dissent reasons that the statute must have some application to

sentencing. According to the dissent, “it is appropriate to assess points under an OV if the

defendant aided and abetted the specific conduct that serves as the basis for scoring the

OV,” and the multiple-offender provisions allow for co-offender conduct to provide the

basis for OV scoring even if the defendant did not aid or abet that conduct.

1
 Some OVs are completely silent on multiple-offender cases, and some require a scoring
difference if there were multiple offenders but do not address appropriate scores for aiders
and abettors on the basis of the principal’s conduct. See MCL 777.31 et seq.
2
  MCL 777.44(2)(b) states that “[i]f 3 or more offenders were involved, more than 1
offender may be determined to have been a leader.” See People v Rhodes (On Remand),
305 Mich App 85, 88; 849 NW2d 417 (2014). The implication of MCL 777.44(2)(b) is
that when there are exactly two offenders, only one may be assessed 10 points for OV 14.
Generally, OV 14 is clearly meant to ascribe greater culpability to some offenders than to
others in multiple-offender situations.

                                             7
       Regardless of how we interpret and apply MCL 767.39, it remains significant that

only defendant was convicted and sentenced in relation to the robbery. Even if defendant

aided and abetted his codefendants in using a firearm to carry out the robbery, the language

of OVs 1 and 2 does not support the contention that points may be assessed when only one

defendant in a multiple-offender scenario is convicted and sentenced. Again, we may not

ignore the plain language of the OV statutes in favor of applying the broader aiding-and-

abetting statute, and to do so would be contrary to the general rules of statutory

interpretation. Miller, 481 Mich App at 613. Further, we disagree with the dissent’s

application of MCL 767.39 in this case. The dissent directly addresses the use of a firearm

during the robbery:

              Defendant was present during the armed robbery when his co-
       offender was using the weapon. After his co-offender pointed the gun at the
       victim, defendant helped to bind the victim with duct tape. Later, after
       defendant and his co-offender tried to escape, the co-offender hit the victim
       on the head with the firearm. Defendant’s conduct constitutes aiding and
       abetting the use of the firearm.

MCL 767.39 assigns liability when a co-defendant “procures, counsels, aids, or abets” the

conduct of another. What the dissent describes is defendant and the co-offender equally

participating in the robbery, and the co-offender aiding and abetting the actions of

defendant in perpetrating the robbery. But nothing in this description specifically amounts

to defendant procuring, counseling, aiding, or abetting the co-offender’s use of the firearm.

       Finally, there is a difference in the phrasing of OVs 1 and 2, which lends some

support to the prosecution’s reading of OV 1. OV 1 assigns points for the “aggravated use

of a weapon” and describes aggravated uses in the passive voice. Specifically, OV 1 refers

to whether “[a] firearm was pointed at or toward a victim . . . .” MCL 777.31(1)(c). OV 2

                                             8
assigns points on the basis of the “lethal potential of [a] weapon possessed or used” and

describes each category of possession in the active voice. MCL 777.32(1). Specifically, OV

2 refers to whether “[t]he offender possessed or used a pistol . . . .” MCL 777.32(1)(d). One

could argue that while OV 2’s plain text ties possession to individual offenders, OV 1’s plain

text assesses points to all offenders based on the conduct of co-offenders. While there seems

to be no dispute that defendant neither possessed a pistol nor pointed one at a victim, there also

seems to be no dispute that his co-offender did. So, a firearm was indeed pointed at a victim.

       However, relying on this argument would create a counterintuitive difference in the

operation of OVs 1 and 2 and render MCL 777.31(2)(b) nugatory. OVs 1 and 2 have

parallel functions and purposes. As discussed above, OV 1 assigns points on the basis of

how a weapon is used (that is, whether it was used in a particularly dangerous manner),

while OV 2 assigns points on the basis of the inherent dangerousness of a weapon.

Additionally, each OV has a nearly identical provision for tying together conduct of co-

offenders. MCL 777.31(2)(b); MCL 777.32(2). Given the similarities in purpose and

structure of the OVs, it would be odd if use of the passive voice in OV 1 resulted in courts

according a different meaning to the nearly identical language of the co-offender provisions

in both OVs. At any rate, this reading would render MCL 777.31(2)(b) redundant.

Generally, “[w]hen interpreting a statute, we must give effect to every word, phrase, and

clause and avoid an interpretation that would render any part of the statute surplusage or

nugatory.” People v Propp, 508 Mich 374, 383; 976 NW2d 1 (2021) (quotation marks and

citation omitted). But if the passive nature of OV 1’s wording were sufficient to transmit

liability among co-offenders, there would be no work left for MCL 777.31(2)(b) to do.

This is a complicating piece of the puzzle of these statutes, but it does not change the result.

                                                9
       It is true that the proper interpretation of the statutory language precludes assessing

points under OVs 1 and 2 against defendants whose co-offenders have evaded capture or

are not brought to trial but allows scoring in cases where all offenders are sentenced and

assessed points at the same time. This might strike some as an incongruous result. But

this is a policy decision left to the Legislature, not the judiciary. See Nieminen v Isle Royale

Copper Co, 214 Mich 212, 214; 183 NW 9 (1921) (“This language is simple, clear and

unambiguous, and we think is controlling. Counsel argue and give illustrations that are

persuasive that this construction of the statute may in certain instances work a great

hardship. If it be conceded that the argument is true, still we think it one to be addressed

to the legislature and not the court.”). And the Legislature could easily amend the statute

to address this issue.    For example, it could make the multiple-offender provisions

applicable if an offender “is or could be assessed points.” See MCL 777.31(2)(b) and MCL

777.32(2).

       Having concluded that the trial court erred in scoring OV 1 and OV 2, we must

determine whether defendant is entitled to resentencing as a result. “A defendant is entitled

to be sentenced by a trial court on the basis of accurate information.” People v Francisco,

474 Mich 82, 88; 711 NW2d 44 (2006); see also MCL 769.34(10). A scoring error requires

resentencing when it results in a miscalculation of the sentencing range. Francisco, 474

Mich at 88. While defendant was subject to a mandatory minimum sentence of 25 years

pursuant to MCL 769.12(1)(a), resentencing is still required when the upper range of the

sentencing guidelines would change. In Francisco, this Court explained:

       Indeed, appellate correction of an erroneously calculated guidelines range
       will always present this dilemma, i.e., the defendant will have been given a
       sentence which stands differently in relationship to the correct guidelines

                                              10
       range than may have been the trial court’s intention. Thus, requiring
       resentencing in such circumstances not only respects the defendant’s right to
       be sentenced on the basis of the law, but it also respects the trial court’s
       interest in having defendant serve the sentence that it truly intends.
       [Francisco, 474 Mich at 91-92.]

Here, defendant’s minimum sentence range was 135 to 450 months. Because he was

subject to a statutory mandatory minimum of 300 months (25 years), in effect, the range

for his minimum sentence was 300 to 450 months. The circuit court imposed a sentence

of 360 to 720 months (30 to 60 years). Defendant needs a reduction of one point to change

his minimum sentence range from F-III to F-II in the Class A grid (126 to 420 months),

and 19 points to move to F-I (108 to 360 months). This Court’s decision results in a 20-

point reduction. While defendant is still subject to the mandatory minimum, effectively

setting the lower end of his sentencing range at 300 months, the top of the minimum

sentence range is now significantly reduced. Resentencing is required. Id. at 92.

                                  IV. CONCLUSION

       We conclude that the circuit court erred by assessing 15 points to defendant for OV

1 and 5 points for OV 2, and we reverse in part the judgment of the Court of Appeals.

Because this Court’s reversal reduces defendant’s OV score by 20 points, resulting in a

new minimum sentencing guidelines range, we remand to the circuit court for resentencing

consistent with this opinion. In all other respects, defendant’s application for leave to

appeal is denied. We do not retain jurisdiction.

                                                        David F. Viviano
                                                        Richard H. Bernstein
                                                        Megan K. Cavanagh
                                                        Elizabeth M. Welch

                                            11
                              STATE OF MICHIGAN

                                     SUPREME COURT

 PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

               Plaintiff-Appellee,

 v                                                             No. 161589

 ROBERTO MARCELLO DUPREE,

               Defendant-Appellant.

CLEMENT, C.J. (dissenting).
       This case presents a textual wrinkle—given that certain offense variables (OVs)

mandate that in multiple-offender cases all offenders should be assessed the same number

of points, how should those OVs be scored when a defendant’s co-offenders were not

apprehended and therefore were never assessed points under those OVs? It is undisputed

that defendant’s armed co-offender, if apprehended and convicted, would have been

assessed points for OVs 1 and 2, which concern aggravated use of a weapon and lethal

potential of a weapon, respectively.      Nevertheless, the majority opinion holds that

defendant should not be assessed points for OVs 1 and 2 because he was unarmed and his

armed co-offender, who remains at large, has of course not been assessed points for those

OVs. This is a curious result, that a defendant should benefit because his co-offenders

were not apprehended. I do not believe that the statutes require this to be so.

       Put simply, I believe a defendant must be assessed OV points if they aided and

abetted the conduct that serves as the basis for scoring the OVs. Accordingly, even if a co-

offender is not assessed points under an OV with a multiple-offender provision, rendering
that multiple-offender provision inapplicable, the defendant must still be assessed points

for that OV if the defendant aided and abetted conduct addressed by that OV. This reading

of the OV statutes is consistent with the aiding-and-abetting statute 1 and our caselaw.

Further, this reading would not render the multiple-offender provisions in OVs 1 and 2

nugatory. Rather, the existence of a multiple-offender provision means that aiding and

abetting the crime itself is sufficient to warrant scoring the defendant identically to their

co-offenders; so long as one co-offender is assessed points for an OV with a multiple-

offender provision, those who aided and abetted the crime may be assessed points for that

OV.     For OVs without a multiple-offender provision, or when that provision is

inapplicable, a defendant must have aided and abetted the conduct that supports assessing

points for the OV at issue; that is, merely aiding and abetting the crime itself does not

support assessing points for an OV without a multiple-offender provision. Therefore,

because defendant aided and abetted conduct that must be scored under OVs 1 and 2, I

dissent from this Court’s conclusions that OVs 1 and 2 should have been scored at zero

points in this case and that defendant is entitled to resentencing.

        I agree with the majority’s summary of the facts. In short, defendant and two

accomplices robbed a store in 2012. Only one of the three was armed, and it was not

defendant. Of the three offenders, only defendant was apprehended. He was convicted of

armed robbery and was sentenced, as a fourth-offense habitual offender, to serve 360 to

720 months (30 to 60 years) in prison. Defendant appealed, challenging the scoring of

OVs 1 and 2, and the Court of Appeals affirmed in an unpublished opinion.

1
    MCL 767.39.

                                              2
       This case turns on the correct scoring of OVs 1 and 2, which the sentencing court

scored at 15 points and 5 points, respectively. Fifteen points should be assessed for OV 1,

concerning aggravated use of a weapon, when “[a] firearm was pointed at or toward a

victim . . . .” MCL 777.31(1)(c). Five points should be assessed for OV 2, concerning the

lethal potential of the weapon used, when “[t]he offender possessed or used a pistol, rifle,

shotgun, or knife or other cutting or stabbing weapon . . . .” MCL 777.32(1)(d). Both OVs

contain the same language, which is the source of the dispute in this case. The statutes

instruct, “In multiple offender cases, if 1 offender is assessed points for [the OV], all

offenders shall be assessed the same number of points.” 2

       As an initial matter, I agree with defendant and the majority that defendant’s own

conduct during the offense does not directly support scoring OVs 1 and 2, given that

defendant did not personally use or possess the gun during the armed robbery and that he

did not point the gun at the victim. I also agree with defendant and the majority that the

multiple-offender provisions in OVs 1 and 2 are not triggered because none of defendant’s

co-offenders was “assessed points” under OVs 1 and 2. The language contains two

conditions—first, the case must be a multiple-offender case, and second, one offender “is

assessed” points for the OV. Because the second condition is not satisfied here, the

instruction to assess defendant the same number of points as his co-offenders is

inapplicable. Nonetheless, I disagree with the majority that defendant may not be assessed

points under those OVs based on his conduct during the offense.

2
  MCL 777.31(2)(b) (“In multiple offender cases, if 1 offender is assessed points for the
presence or use of a weapon, all offenders shall be assessed the same number of points.”);
MCL 777.32(2) (“In multiple offender cases, if 1 offender is assessed points for possessing
a weapon, all offenders shall be assessed the same number of points.”).

                                             3
       First, the majority’s conclusion improperly disregards MCL 767.39, which

abolishes the distinction between an accessory and a principal in Michigan. MCL 767.39

states, “Every person concerned in the commission of an offense, whether he directly

commits the act constituting the offense or procures, counsels, aids, or abets in its

commission may hereafter be prosecuted, indicted, tried and on conviction shall be

punished as if he had directly committed such offense.” The majority contends that MCL

767.39 means that an aider and abettor should be charged with the same offense as if they

were the principal but that the statute does not apply to the scoring of the OVs.

       I disagree with the majority’s narrow reading of MCL 767.39. The language of that

statute is broad, saying that an aider and abettor should be “prosecuted, indicted, tried and

on conviction shall be punished as if he had directly committed such offense.” (Emphasis

added.) If the Legislature meant to indicate only that a defendant should be charged with

the crime that the principal committed, the Legislature could have stated merely that an

aider and abettor should be “prosecuted, indicted, [and] tried” as if they were the principal

and there would be no need for the statute’s reference to punishment. In other words, the

instruction in MCL 767.39 that an aider and abettor “shall be punished as if he had directly

committed [the] offense” cannot mean, as the majority contends, only that the aider and

abettor is charged with the same crime as the principal, because that would be subsumed

within the language in MCL 767.39 instructing that the aider and abettor be “prosecuted,

indicted, [and] tried . . . as if he had directly committed [the] offense.” Accordingly, MCL

767.39 must have some application to punishment, and specifically to the OVs. 3

3
 MCL 767.39’s reference to the “offense” includes not only the crime itself but also the
“offense” for which the OV is scored. Merriam-Webster defines “offense,” in relevant
part, as “an infraction of law.”         Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, offense

                                             4
       Reading MCL 767.39 in pari materia with the OV statutes, MCL 777.31 et seq., it

is appropriate to assess points under an OV if the defendant aided and abetted the specific

conduct that serves as the basis for scoring the OV. 4 Such a reading is consistent with our

caselaw. In People v Gloster, 499 Mich 199, 202; 880 NW2d 776 (2016), the defendant

drove his codefendants to Hamtramck, where the codefendants singled out and attacked a

woman, attempting to steal her necklace. The codefendants fled the scene, and the

defendant later picked them up and drove them away from the area where the crime had

occurred. Id. The defendant was convicted of armed robbery under an aiding-and-abetting

theory, id. at 203, and the trial court assessed the defendant 15 points for OV 10, which is

appropriate when “[p]redatory conduct was involved.” MCL 777.40(1)(a). The Court of

Appeals upheld the trial court’s score, concluding that the defendant aided and abetted in

the commission of an offense that involved “the exact sort of predatory conduct [that] OV

10 is designed to punish.” Gloster, 499 Mich at 203 (quotation marks and citation omitted).

 (accessed December 12, 2022)
[https://perma.cc/W7VQ-RKAF]. Not only are traditional crimes obviously infractions of
law, but the various kinds of conduct addressed by the OVs are also infractions of law that
the OV statutes punish through the assessment of points, which, in turn, can raise a
defendant’s guidelines minimum sentence range.
4
  Reading MCL 767.39 in pari materia with MCL 777.31 et seq. is appropriate. “Under
the doctrine [of in pari materia], statutes that relate to the same subject or that share a
common purpose should, if possible, be read together to create a harmonious body of law.
An act that incidentally refers to the same subject is not in pari materia if its scope and aim
are distinct and unconnected.” People v Mazur, 497 Mich 302, 313; 872 NW2d 201 (2015)
(citation omitted). Both MCL 767.39 and MCL 777.31 et seq. are in the Code of Criminal
Procedure, which has the purpose of “provid[ing] for judgments and sentences of persons
convicted of criminal offenses and ordinance violations . . . .” 1994 PA 445, title.
Therefore, MCL 767.39 and MCL 777.31 et seq. do not merely incidentally refer to the
same subject, but rather, they share a common purpose.

                                              5
       This Court reversed and unanimously held that because of the multiple-offender

provision exclusive to OVs 1, 2, and 3, 5 “a defendant shall not have points assessed solely

on the basis of his or her co-offenders’ conduct unless the OV at issue specifically indicates

to the contrary.” Id. at 206. This Court cited People v Hunt, 290 Mich App 317; 810

NW2d 588 (2010), which considered OV 7 and held that the defendant could not be

assessed points when he took no part in the conduct serving as the basis for scoring OV 7.

Gloster, 499 Mich at 206 n 16. Hunt reasoned:

       [W]hile defendant was present and armed during the commission of the
       crimes here, he did not himself commit, take part in, or encourage others to
       commit acts constituting “sadism, torture, or excessive brutality” under
       OV 7. Moreover, unlike OV 1, OV 2, and OV 3, OV 7 does not state that
       “[i]n multiple offender cases, if 1 offender is assessed points for [the
       applicable behavior or result], all offenders shall be assessed the same
       number of points.” For OV 7, only the defendant’s actual participation
       should be scored. [Hunt, 290 Mich App at 325-326 (citations omitted;
       emphasis added; second and third alterations in original).]

Thus, the reasoning of Hunt and Gloster supports the conclusion that, outside of OVs 1, 2,

and 3, to be assessed points under an OV a defendant must have actually participated in

the conduct by either committing, taking part in, or encouraging others to commit the

conduct addressed by the OV. 6

5
  While OV 3 is not at issue in this case, like OVs 1 and 2, OV 3 contains a multiple-
offender provision; that provision states, “In multiple offender cases, if 1 offender is
assessed points for death or physical injury, all offenders must be assessed the same number
of points.” MCL 777.33(2)(a).
6
  Notably, aiding and abetting can take several forms. MCL 767.39 penalizes one who
“procures, counsels, aids, or abets in [a crime’s] commission . . . .” We have noted that
such language was essentially the traditional definition of aiding and abetting, which was
to “ ‘[h]elp, assist, or facilitate the commission of a crime, promote the accomplishment
thereof, help in advancing or bringing it about, or encourage, counsel, or incite as to its

                                              6
       That is, with respect to all OVs, aiding and abetting the conduct addressed by the

OV always warrants the assessment of points for that OV. With regard to OVs 1, 2, and 3,

aiding and abetting the crime generally is sufficient to warrant scoring the defendant

identically to their co-offenders, so long as one co-offender is assessed points for the OV.

But even if a co-offender is not assessed points under OVs 1, 2, and 3—such that the

multiple-offender provisions do not apply—the defendant may still be assessed points for

those OVs if they aided and abetted the conduct addressed by those OVs. This is consistent

with MCL 767.39’s statement that aiders and abettors should be punished as if they directly

committed the offense.

       Importantly, this interpretation of the OV statutes does not render the multiple-

offender provisions in OVs 1, 2, and 3 nugatory. Indeed, if aiding and abetting the crime

itself justified scoring the OVs based on the principal’s conduct alone, then the aider and

abettor would always be assessed the same points as the principal and there would be no

need for OVs 1, 2, and 3 to make clear that a co-offender’s conduct alone may justify the

assessment of points. Therefore, there must be a distinction between a defendant’s aiding-

and-abetting conduct supporting a conviction and a defendant’s aiding-and-abetting

conduct supporting a specific sentence. That distinction exists by recognizing that while a

defendant may not be assessed points based solely on a co-offender’s conduct unless the

OV states otherwise (i.e., a multiple-offender provision), a defendant may be assessed

points when they aided and abetted the conduct that serves as the basis for scoring the

OV—not merely aided and abetted the crime itself.

commission.’ ” People v Robinson, 475 Mich 1, 8 n 17; 715 NW2d 44 (2006) (alteration
in original), quoting Black’s Law Dictionary (5th ed), p 63.

                                             7
       Applying that rule to the instant case, although the multiple-offender provisions of

OVs 1 and 2 do not apply, defendant aided and abetted the conduct at issue in OVs 1 and

2. Defendant was present during the armed robbery when his co-offender was using the

weapon. After his co-offender pointed the gun at the victim, defendant helped to bind the

victim with duct tape. Later, when defendant and his co-offender tried to escape, the co-

offender hit the victim on the head with the firearm. Defendant’s conduct constitutes aiding

and abetting the use of the firearm. Defendant at least promoted and encouraged the use

of the gun by actively taking part in the armed robbery while his co-offender was using the

gun, and he took advantage of the fear that the gun inspired in the victim by binding the

victim after the gun was wielded against him. Unlike the defendant in Gloster, defendant

here was not a getaway driver with possibly no knowledge that his co-offender had used a

firearm. Instead, he aided and abetted his armed co-offender in the exact conduct addressed

in OVs 1 and 2.

       Importantly, the majority’s holding has eyebrow-raising practical effects. The

majority’s ruling provides a fairly significant benefit to defendants in multiple-offender

situations so long as their co-offenders are never caught. Why the Legislature might have

wanted to do that is anybody’s guess. While I believe the text of the statute controls and,

for the reasons discussed, that the text supports my reading, the practical implications of

the majority’s holding should be enough to warrant at least a pause to consider whether the

Court is truly on the right track. 7

7
  Additionally, I question whether, under the majority’s interpretation, defendant’s co-
offenders, if any of them were to be apprehended and convicted in the future, must also be
assessed zero points for OV 1 and OV 2 because this score was assigned to defendant. In
that scenario, one offender, namely defendant, would arguably have been assessed points

                                             8
       The majority’s reading of the statutory scheme will lead to some perplexing results.

For the reasons set out in this opinion, I do not believe the text of the statute mandates such

results. Reading MCL 777.31 and MCL 777.32 in pari materia with MCL 767.39 and

applying our reasoning from Gloster, I conclude that even without the application of the

multiple-offender provisions, a defendant can be assessed points under OVs 1 and 2 if they

aided and abetted the conduct at issue in those OVs. Under these facts, I believe defendant

here did aid and abet the conduct at issue, and OVs 1 and 2 were consequently properly

scored. Therefore, I dissent.

                                                          Elizabeth T. Clement
                                                          Brian K. Zahra

      BOLDEN, J., did not participate in the disposition of this case because the Court
considered it before she assumed office.

under the OV; although the sentencing court assessed defendant zero points, that is
plausibly still the assessment of points. Both conditions of the multiple-offender provision
being met in this hypothetical scenario, MCL 777.31(2)(b) and MCL 777.32(2) may
mandate, according to the majority’s ruling, that the co-offenders be “assessed the same
number of points.”

                                              9