Court Opinion

ID: 868686
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-05-22 18:02:35.874278+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:33:46.903260
License: Public Domain

Filed 5/22/13 SB Liberty v. Isla Verde Assn. CA4/1

                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

                    COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION ONE

                                           STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SB LIBERTY, LLC,                                                    D061261

         Plaintiff and Respondent,

         v.                                                         (Super. Ct. No. 37-2011-00059253-
                                                                                    CU-MC-NC)
ISLA VERDE ASSOCIATION, INC.,

         Defendant and Appellant.

         APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Frederick A.

Mandabach, Judge. (Retired judge of the San Bernardino Superior Court, assigned by the

Chief Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.) Affirmed.

         Epsten Grinnell & Howell, William S. Budd and Thomas A. Scutti; Gates,

O'Doherty, Gonter & Guy and Douglas D. Guy for Defendant and Appellant.

         Lepiscopo & Associates Law Firm and Peter D. Lepiscopo for Plaintiff and

Respondent.
                                     INTRODUCTION

       In 2006 Gregg and Janet Short (together the Shorts, who are not parties to this

appeal but are interested persons) purchased a home in the Isla Verde residential

community (Isla Verde). They then transferred title to themselves as trustees of their

family trust and later transferred title to plaintiff SB Liberty, LLC (SB Liberty), a

California limited liability company organized in early 2011, which is owned by the

Shorts as trustees of their trust and is managed by Gregg Short, SB Liberty's sole

manager. The Shorts reside in the home. Defendant Isla Verde Association, Inc. (the

Association) is a California nonprofit mutual benefit corporation that is an association of

the Isla Verde homeowners. It is undisputed that SB Liberty is a member of the

Association.

       This action against the Association for injunctive relief (among other things) arose

when the Association's board of directors (the Board) denied SB Liberty's retained

counsel, Peter D. Lepiscopo, access to the Board's September and October 2011

meetings. SB Liberty brought a motion for preliminary injunction seeking to enjoin the

Association and the Board from taking any action to prevent or interfere with SB

Liberty's representatives, including Lepiscopo, attending and participating in the Board's

meetings. The court denied the motion.

       SB Liberty appeals the denial of its motion for preliminary injunction, contending

(1) the Association─a "quasi-government entity"─has prevented SB Liberty─ whose

association, speech, and member rights are fundamental in nature─from attending the

open sessions of the Association's Board meetings by excluding its chosen

                                              2
representative─attorney Lepiscopo1─from those meetings, thereby causing SB Liberty to

suffer great and irreparable harm; and (2) SB Liberty is entitled to send the representative

of its own choosing (Lepiscopo) to the open sessions of the Board's meetings because SB

Liberty is a member of the Association but not a natural person. We affirm the order

denying SB Liberty's motion for preliminary injunction.

                    FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       A. Factual Background

       Isla Verde is a residential community consisting of 87 single-family properties

located in the Lomas Santa Fe area of Solana Beach. The Association is a nonprofit

mutual benefit corporation established to conduct the business of Isla Verde's member

homeowners. The Association conducts its business pursuant to various governing

documents, including the articles of incorporation (Articles), protective covenants and

restrictions (PC&Rs) and bylaws (Bylaws).

       The Association operates through its board of directors (Board), which consists of

seven Association "members," which the Bylaws define as "[e]very beneficial owner (as

defined by California Code, and as distinguished from a security owner) of real property

situated in . . . Isla Verde."

       The Bylaws contain rules governing the meetings of members and the Board.

Article XV, section 15.14, of the Bylaws provides that "[a]ny member in good standing

1      Lepiscopo represented SB Liberty during the trial court proceedings in this matter
and also represents SB Liberty on appeal.
                                             3
may attend any [Board] meeting, except those portions of such meetings which are

declared as 'Executive Session' meetings." (Italics added.)

         After the Shorts transferred title of their home to themselves as trustees of their

family trust in mid-2006, they submitted architectural plans to remodel the their house,

which eventually led to a dispute between the Shorts and the Association regarding the

scope of the construction the Shorts were permitted to perform, eventually resulting in

litigation brought by the Association.

         SB Liberty's articles of organization were filed in early 2011, establishing it as a

limited liability company with Gregg Short designated as the sole manager.

         Later that year, the Shorts' retained counsel, Lepiscopo, provided notice to the

Association's legal counsel, William S. Budd, that he represented the Shorts. In that

notice, Lepiscopo requested various documents and a "detailed summary of the purpose

for and status of any proposed amendments to the governing documents."

         Thereafter, Lepiscopo advised Budd that he might attend the September 14, 2011

Board meeting on behalf of the Shorts. Budd advised Lepiscopo that he was not planning

to attend the September meeting and asked that Lepiscopo not attend, stating that "the

Rules of Professional Conduct prohibit communication with a represented party without

permission from that party's attorney."

         Lepiscopo replied, indicating his attendance at the upcoming September 14 Board

meeting would not implicate the Rules of Professional Conduct because he would be

appearing as a representative of his clients, whom he again identified as Gregg and Janet

Short.

                                                4
       On the day before the Board meeting, Budd reiterated in an e-mail to Lepiscopo

that he was not allowed to attend the Board meeting over Budd's objection, as it would

violate rule 2-100 of the Rules of Professional Conduct, and also instructed Lepiscopo

that he could not communicate with his client without Budd's permission.

       Lepiscopo responded with a letter, which he sent to Budd by e-mail and fax,

disagreeing with Budd's interpretation of rule 2-100 and stating that he (Budd) and the

Board "do not hold a veto over [the Shorts'] right to decide the manner in which they

attend any [Association] Board meeting," and reiterating that he (Lepiscopo ) planned to

attend the September 2011 board meeting on behalf of the Shorts as their representative.

       Lepiscopo attempted to attend the September 2011 Board meeting on behalf of the

Shorts, but was denied access to the meeting. Specifically, after he advised the Board

that he represented the Shorts, Lepiscopo was asked to leave and was advised that the

Shorts could be at the meeting, but not their attorney. When Lepiscopo refused to leave,

the meeting was adjourned to a board member's residence.

       The next day the Shorts, as trustees of their family trust, recorded a grant deed

conveying ownership of their residence to SB Liberty, a California limited liability

company.

       About a week later the Shorts, as trustees of their trust, and Gregg Short, as the

manager of SB Liberty, executed─as principals─a "Specific Power of Attorney" (which

they recorded two days later) that purportedly gave Lepiscopo─as their attorney-in-fact

or agent─the right to "present requests and motions" to the Board and to "attend and

                                             5
participate" in the Board's meetings on their behalf, "as fully, to all intents and purposes,

as [the] Principals might or could do if personally present."

       Thereafter, Lepiscopo notified Budd of his intention to attend the Board's October

2011 meeting on behalf of the Shorts. Lepiscopo attached to his letter a copy of the

recorded power of attorney.

       In a reply letter, Budd stated that the power of attorney "is really nothing more

than authorization from the Shorts to act as their attorney"; "[i]t doesn't confer any power

on you except to attend meetings and advocate their interests"; and "[i]t doesn't even

qualify as a proxy because it expressly withholds the power to vote at membership

meetings." Budd also stated:

          "[W]hile [the Power of Attorney] purports to give you the power to
          make motions, you may not [do so] for two reasons: First, only
          Board Members can make motions at board meetings. Second, only
          members can make motions at membership meetings. That power of
          attorney does not appear to confer any membership rights to you
          because a membership cannot be parsed out among different people.
          In other words, one person cannot have voting rights, while another
          has the right to make motions at membership meetings."

       In his letter, Budd advised Lepiscopo that he would forward to the Board

Lepiscopo's correspondence and his "request to attend meetings on behalf of the Shorts."

Budd informed Lepiscopo of the time and place of the Board's October 2011 meeting and

stated that the Board would consider in executive session his request to attend, and it

would advise him of their decision before the open session began.

                                              6
       At the October 12, 2011 Board meeting, after the Board met in executive session,

the Board's chairperson advised Lepiscopo that the Board had met and voted to exclude

his attendance at the meeting, asked him to leave, and he did.

       B. Procedural Background

       SB Liberty commenced this action against the Association in late October 2011,

by filing a complaint in which it sought injunctive relief, a refund of allegedly unlawful

increases in annual dues, specified civil penalties, and declaratory relief. SB Liberty

attached to the complaint copies of the Articles, the PC&Rs, and the Bylaws.

       1. SB Liberty's motion for preliminary injunction

       Soon thereafter, SB Liberty filed an ex parte application for an order to show

cause hearing re preliminary injunction and for the issuance of a temporary restraining

order pending hearing on a preliminary injunction (motion for preliminary injunction),

seeking (as pertinent here) a preliminary injunction restraining and enjoining the

Association and its Board "from taking any and all action, whether directly or indirectly,

to prevent or interfere with SB Liberty's representatives, including its legal counsel, Mr.

Lepiscopo," from (1) "presenting written motions or proposals to [the Association] prior

to any HOA Board Meeting"; (2) "attending and fully participating in the November

2011 HOA Board Meeting"; and (3) "attending and fully participating in any future HOA

Board Meeting."

       In support of its motion, SB Liberty asserted the Association is a quasi-

governmental entity and, as SB Liberty's "association and member rights are fundamental

in nature," its loss of such rights constituted irreparable harm. SB Liberty also asserted

                                             7
the Association's governing documents and various sections of the Civil Code and

Corporations Code "support SB Liberty's position that Mr. Lepiscopo was authorized to

attend the September and October 2011 [Association] Board meetings."

       In its opposition to the motion, the Association argued "[t]here is no legal basis for

allowing a member's legal counsel to appear before the Board without his client present,

and without [the Association's] counsel at the Board meeting." The Association also

asserted that Lepiscopo's direct contact with the Board without the Association's

permission would be a violation of rule 2-100 of the Rules of Professional Conduct;

"[t]he only persons allowed to attend a meeting are members"; Lepiscopo was "neither an

officer nor [a] member of [SB Liberty]"; and SB Liberty's power of attorney did not grant

Lepiscopo "rights of membership or ownership in SB Liberty's real property."

       Following a hearing on the motion and submission of supplemental briefing by the

parties, the court took the matter under submission.

       a. Ruling

       On December 28, 2011, the court issued its order denying the Association's motion

for preliminary injunction. Regarding the issue of whether SB Liberty had met its burden

of showing a reasonable probability of prevailing on the merits, the court first noted that

the parties could not "point to a particular section, or sections, of the law" or any treatises

pertaining to the issue of whether SB Liberty, as a member of the Association, could

"designat[e] a representative to attend, and participate in, [Association] meetings." The

court stated it "was left to conclude that the issue . . . must be decided on general

                                               8
principles of law relating to [common interest developments], corporations, [limited

liability companies (LLC's),] and agency."

       The court found it was undisputed that SB Liberty became a member of the

Association when the Shorts transferred ownership of their lot to SB Liberty. Citing

sections 17150 and 17151 of the Corporations Code, the court explained that

"[m]anagement of an LLC is vested in all members [of the LLC] unless the articles of

organization provide otherwise," and an LLC can be managed by one or more managers

who need not be members of the LLC. The court also found it was undisputed that SB

Liberty's counsel, Lepiscopo, was not a member of SB Liberty.

       The court rejected SB Liberty's claim that the decision to exclude Lepiscopo from

Association meetings as SB Liberty's designated representative was an abridgement of its

First Amendment freedom. Noting that SB Liberty was "free to appear through its

manager [(Gregg Scott)] and its members" and finding that Lepiscopo was neither a

manager nor a member of SB Liberty, the court concluded that "SB Liberty's freedom has

not been abridged by an act of the [Association]."

       Noting that SB Liberty's complaint described the Association as a nonprofit

mutual benefit corporation, the court found the Board had the authority under

Corporations Code section 7210 to determine how to conduct its meetings and to exclude

nonmembers from its meetings. Citing Corporations Code section 7320 and noting that

"[t]he parties fail[ed] to point to a provision of the [Articles] or [Bylaws] which

authorizes a member to transfer membership or any right arising from membership except

                                              9
the right to vote by proxy,"2 the court found SB Liberty "is not allowed to transfer its

membership rights to [Lepiscopo]." The court concluded that SB Liberty "ha[d] failed to

show a reasonable probability of prevailing on this issue at trial."

                                       DISCUSSION

       In support of its claim that the court erroneously denied its motion for preliminary

injunction, SB Liberty contends that (1) the Association is a "quasi-government entity"

and SB Liberty's association, speech, and member rights are fundamental in nature; (2) it

is entitled to send the representative of its own choosing─attorney Lepiscopo─to the

open sessions of the Board's meetings because SB Liberty is a member of the Association

but not a natural person; and (3) by preventing Lepiscopo from attending and

participating in those meetings on behalf of SB Liberty as its representative, the

Association has caused it to suffer a loss of its fundamental rights, which constitutes great

and irreparable harm. These contentions are unavailing.

       A. Applicable Legal Principles

       The general purpose of a preliminary injunction is to preserve the status quo

pending a determination on the merits of the action. (Continental Baking Co. v. Katz

(1968) 68 Cal.2d 512, 528.) "'The granting or denial of a preliminary injunction does not

amount to an adjudication of the ultimate rights in controversy. It merely determines that

the court, balancing the respective equities of the parties, concludes that, pending a trial

2     The court found that "[t]he agency agreement signed by [the Shorts] does not give
Lepiscopo the right to vote."
                                             10
on the merits, the defendant should or . . . should not be restrained from exercising the

right claimed by him.'" (Ibid.)

       A trial court must weigh two interrelated factors when deciding whether to grant a

plaintiff's motion for a preliminary injunction: (1) the likelihood that the plaintiff will

prevail on the merits at trial; and (2) the relative interim harm to the parties from the

issuance or nonissuance of the injunction; that is, the interim harm the plaintiff is likely to

sustain if the injunction is denied as compared to the harm the defendant is likely to

suffer if the preliminary injunction is issued. (People ex rel. Gallo v. Acuna (1997) 14

Cal.4th 1090, 1109; Butt v. State of California (1992) 4 Cal.4th 668, 677-678.)

       Thus, "[t]he trial court's determination must be guided by a 'mix' of the potential-

merit and interim-harm factors; the greater the plaintiff's showing on one, the less must

be shown on the other to support an injunction." (Butt v. State of California, supra, 4

Cal.4th at p. 678.) "A trial court may not grant a preliminary injunction, regardless of the

balance of interim harm, unless there is some possibility that the plaintiff would

ultimately prevail on the merits of the claim." (Ibid.) Accordingly, the trial court must

deny a motion for a preliminary injunction if there is no reasonable likelihood the moving

party will prevail on the merits. (Common Cause v. Board of Supervisors (1989) 49

Cal.3d 432, 447; see Yu v. University of La Verne (2011) 196 Cal.App.4th 779, 786-787

[order denying a motion for preliminary injunction should be affirmed if the trial court

correctly found the moving party failed to satisfy either of the two factors].)

       Appellate review of a trial court's order granting or denying a motion for

preliminary injunction generally is "limited to whether the trial court's decision was an

                                              11
abuse of discretion." (Butt v. State of California, supra, 4 Cal.4th at p. 678; Yu v.

University of La Verne, supra, 196 Cal.App.4th at pp. 786-787.) "A trial court will be

found to have abused its discretion only when it has '"exceeded the bounds of reason or

contravened the uncontradicted evidence."'" (IT Corp. v. County of Imperial (1983) 35

Cal.3d 63, 69.) The burden rests with the party challenging a trial court's decision to

grant or deny a preliminary injunction to make a clear showing of an abuse of discretion.

(Ibid.)

          However, as this court explained in California Assn. of Dispensing Opticians v.

Pearle Vision Center, Inc. (1983) 143 Cal.App.3d 419, 426, "when the matter is solely a

question of a violation of law the standard of review is not abuse of discretion but

whether statutory or constitutional law was correctly interpreted and applied by the trial

court."

          B. Analysis

          In denying SB Liberty's motion for a preliminary injunction, the court found that

the Board may exclude from the open sessions of its meetings a person like Lepiscopo

who is not a member of the Association and determined that SB Liberty failed to meet its

burden of showing a reasonable probability of prevailing on the merits at trial. The court

did not err.

          We first conclude that SB Liberty's claim it is entitled to send the representative of

its own choosing─here, Lepiscopo─to participate in the open sessions of the Board's

meetings on SB Liberty's behalf, is unavailing. SB Liberty relies in part on Civil Code

section 1363.05, which is known as the Common Interest Development Open Meeting

                                                12
Act and is part of the Davis-Stirling Common Interest Development Act (Civ. Code,

§ 1350 et seq.).3 (See Civ. Code, §§ 1350 & 1363.05, subd. (a).) With exceptions not

pertinent here, subdivision (b) of Civil Code section 1363.05 provides that "[a]ny

member of the association[4] may attend meetings of the board of directors of the

association . . . ." (Italics added.) Subdivision (h) of that section provides that "[t]he

board of directors of the association shall permit any member of the association to speak

at any meeting of the association or the board of directors, except for meetings of the

board held in executive session." (Italics added.)

       The Association's governing documents define who qualifies as a member of the

Association and address both the rights of members and their participation at Board

meetings. Article I, paragraph 7, of the PC&Rs defines "Member" as "an Owner, as

defined below, who is entitled to membership in the Association as provided in this

declaration." That paragraph also provides that "[o]wnership of a Lot shall be the sole

qualification for membership in the Association." Article I, paragraph 8, of the PC&Rs

defines "Owner" as "the Record owner or owners, whether one or more persons or

entities, of fee simple title to any Lot, but excluding those having such interest merely as

security for the performance of an obligation."

3     "'Common interest development' means any of the following: [¶] (1) A
community apartment project. [¶] (2) A condominium project. [¶] (3) A planned
development. [¶] (4) A stock cooperative." (Civ. Code, § 1351, subd. (c).)

4       "'Association' means a nonprofit corporation or unincorporated association created
for the purpose of managing a common interest development." (Civ. Code, § 1351, subd.
(a).)
                                              13
       Similarly, article III of the PC&Rs states that "[t]he owner of a lot shall

automatically, upon becoming an owner of same, be a member of the Association" and

provides that a member "shall remain a member thereof until such time as his ownership

ceases for any reason." That article also provides that "[n]o member shall resign his

membership," and "[m]embership in the Association shall not be transferred,

encumbered, or alienated in any way, except upon the sale or encumbrance of the lot to

which it is appurtenant."

       Regarding the qualifications and rights of members, article III, paragraph 3.1, of

the Bylaws provides that "[t]hose members whose annual dues and assessments (if any)

are current shall be considered 'Members in Good Standing'" and that such members

"have all rights inherent with that membership, including, but not limited to the right to

vote on all measures submitted to the membership at any meeting or mail ballot," as well

as "the right to serve on any committee" and "the right to serve as directors and/or

officers."

       Paragraph 15.14 of article XV of the Bylaws, which is titled "Participation of

members other than directors at meetings of the [Board]," provides that "[a]ny member in

good standing" may attend the open sessions of the Board's meetings and delineates the

scope of their participation at such meetings:

             "Any member in good standing may attend any [Board] meeting,
             except those portions of such meetings which are declared as
             'Executive Session' meetings. Once an agenda item has been
             declared open for discussion they may ask to be recognized for the
             purposes of addressing the meeting in relation to that agenda item.
             [¶] Members may submit written proposals to the Secretary
             proposing matters for discussion and/or resolution. . . . [¶] The

                                              14
          Board shall consider members' proposals and consider and
          decide . . . the issues raised." (Italics added.)

       Here, the court found, and the Association does not dispute, that SB Liberty

became a member of the Association when the Shorts transferred ownership of their lot to

it.

       However, it does not follow (as SB Liberty contends) that, by virtue of its status as

a member of the Association, SB Liberty is entitled to send Lepiscopo to attend and

participate in the open sessions of the Board's meetings on SB Liberty's behalf as its

representative. SB Liberty is a California limited liability company. Under the Beverly-

Killea Limited Liability Company Act (Corp. Code, § 17000 et seq.) (the Act),

management of the business and affairs of a limited liability company5 is vested in its

members6 unless the articles of organization provide otherwise. (Corp. Code, § 17150.)7

5     The Act defines "limited liability company" as "an entity having one or more
members that is organized under this title and is subject to the provisions of
[Corporations Code] Section 17101." (Corp. Code, § 17001, subd. (t).)

6      The Act defines "member" as "a person who: [¶] (1) Has been admitted to a
limited liability company as a member in accordance with the articles of organization or
operating agreement, or an assignee of an interest in a limited liability company who has
become a member pursuant to [Corporations Code] Section 17303. [¶] (2) Has not
resigned, withdrawn, or been expelled as a member or, if other than an individual, been
dissolved." (Corp. Code, § 17001, subd. (x).)

7      Corporations Code section 17150 provides: "Unless the articles of organization
include the statement referred to in subdivision (b) of [Corporations Code] Section 17151
vesting management of the limited liability company in a manager or managers, the
business and affairs of a limited liability company shall be managed by the members
subject to any provisions of the articles of organization or operating agreement restricting
or enlarging the management rights and duties of any member or class of members. If
management is vested in the members, each of the members shall have the same rights
                                            15
Under the Act, the articles of organization of a limited liability company "may provide

that the business and affairs of the limited liability company shall be managed by or

under the authority of one or more managers who may, but need not, be members." (Id.,

§ 17151, subd. (a).)

       Thus, under the Act, the business and affairs of SB Liberty must be managed by

the members of SB Liberty or, if authorized by its articles of organization, by Greg Short,

who is the sole manager of SB Liberty. (Corp. Code, §§ 17150, 17151, subd. (a).)

       Here, it is undisputed, as the court properly found, that Lepiscopo is not a member

of SB Liberty. The record also shows he is not a manager of SB Liberty authorized by its

articles of organization to manage its business and affairs. Thus, Lepiscopo is not

authorized to manage the business and affairs of SB Liberty, and SB Liberty's members

and/or manager cannot delegate such management authority to him.

       Furthermore, article III of the Association's PC&Rs and applicable statutory

authority prohibit SB Liberty from transferring to Lepiscopo any right arising from SB

Liberty's Association membership─except the right to vote by proxy (see Corp. Code,

§ 7613)8─such as the right accorded to Association members under Article XV,

and be subject to all duties and obligations of managers as set forth in this title." (Italics
added.)

8      SB Liberty's complaint alleges, and the Association's PC&Rs indicate, that the
Association is a California nonprofit mutual benefit corporation. Corporations Code
section 7613, subdivision (a), which is part of the Nonprofit Mutual Benefit Corporation
Law (Corp. Code, § 7110 et seq.), provides (subject to restrictions not pertinent here) that
"[a]ny member may authorize another person or persons to act by proxy with respect to
such membership except that this right may be limited or withdrawn by the articles or
                                              16
paragraph 15.14, of the Bylaws to attend and participate in the open sessions of the

Board's meetings.9 As the court properly found, the specific power of attorney executed

by the Shorts (discussed, ante) did not expressly give Lepiscopo the right to vote on

behalf of SB Liberty.

       In addition, as the court also properly found, the Board had the authority to

determine how to conduct its meetings and, thus, the power to prevent a nonmember

(Lepiscopo) from attending and participating in those meetings on behalf of SB Liberty

as its representative. (Corp. Code, § 7210;10 see Burt v. Irvine Co. (1964) 224

Cal.App.2d 50, 51.)

bylaws." Article XII, section 12.3, of the Association's bylaws provides that "[m]embers
may vote in person or by written proxy."

9      As noted, article III of the Association's PC&Rs provides "[m]embership in the
Association shall not be transferred, encumbered, or alienated in any way, except upon
the sale or encumbrance of the lot to which it is appurtenant." Corporations Code section
7320, subdivision (a)(1) of the Nonprofit Mutual Benefit Corporation Law (see fn. 8,
ante) provides: "Subject to [Corporations Code] Section 7613: [¶] (a) Unless the articles
or bylaws otherwise provide: [¶] (1) No member may transfer a membership or any right
arising therefrom." (Italics added.)

10     Corporations Code section 7210 of the Nonprofit Mutual Benefit Corporation Law
(see fn. 8, ante) provides: "Each corporation shall have a board of directors. Subject to
the provisions of this part and any limitations in the articles or bylaws relating to action
required to be approved by the members ([Corporations Code] Section 5034), or by a
majority of all members ([Corporations Code] Section 5033), the activities and affairs of
a corporation shall be conducted and all corporate powers shall be exercised by or under
the direction of the board
                                            17
       Also unavailing is SB Liberty's claim that by preventing Lepiscopo from attending

and participating in the open sessions of the Board's meetings on behalf of SB Liberty, as

its representative, the Association has caused SB Liberty to suffer great and irreparable

harm. The record shows, as the court properly found, that SB Liberty at all times was

free to attend and participate in those meetings through its members or (if permitted by its

articles of organization) its manager, Gregg Short. SB Liberty has failed to meet its

burden of showing the exclusion of Lepiscopo from those meetings as its representative

was an abridgment of its First Amendment or membership rights.11

       For all of the foregoing reasons, we affirm the court's order denying SB Liberty's

motion for a preliminary injunction.

11     We express no opinion regarding the issue─which is not presented here─of
whether an attorney appointed by an LLC member of the Association as the LLC's
manager would have the right to appear at the open sessions of the Board's meetings on
behalf of the LLC as its representative.
                                            18
                                     DISPOSITION

       The order denying SB Liberty's motion for preliminary injunction is affirmed.

The Association shall recover its costs on appeal.

                                                 NARES, Acting P. J.

WE CONCUR:

McINTYRE, J.

AARON, J.

                                            19