Court Opinion

ID: 9324149
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-12-09 15:03:12.046388+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:14:52.796972
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: DECEMBER 2, 2022; 10:00 A.M.
                       NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

                Commonwealth of Kentucky
                          Court of Appeals

                             NO. 2021-CA-0976-MR

KENTUCKY FARM BUREAU
MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY                                             APPELLANT

                  APPEAL FROM BOYD CIRCUIT COURT
v.              HONORABLE GEORGE W. DAVIS, III, JUDGE
                       ACTION NO. 15-CI-00328

WILLIAM N. WALTERS AND RYAN
BREWER                                                               APPELLEES

                                  OPINION
                               REVERSING AND
                                REMANDING

                                  ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: COMBS, MCNEILL, AND K. THOMPSON, JUDGES.

COMBS, JUDGE: This is a declaratory judgment action between an insurance

company and its insured. Kentucky Farm Bureau Mutual Insurance Company

(Kentucky Farm Bureau) appeals from an order of the Boyd Circuit Court. The

circuit court concluded that the terms of a commercial general liability (CGL)

policy issued to William Walters required Kentucky Farm Bureau to defend a civil
action against him and to pay damages caused by a landslide (or landslip) on

property that Walters had graded and prepared as a building lot. After our review,

we reverse and remand.

             This appeal marks the parties’ third appearance before this Court.

Once again, we set forth the relevant facts and procedural history of the dispute

expanding upon our earlier recitations as time and subsequent events have made

necessary.

             Walters operates an excavation business. In September 2000, he

purchased property in Catlettsburg. He built a road through the property and sold

the standing timber. According to Walters, he undertook various erosion control

measures while the timber was being harvested. Once the timber was removed,

Walters graded the property and otherwise prepared it for development. He

subdivided the acreage into 40 residential lots and named it Mountain View

Estates.

             During the development process, Walters was cited for his failure to

prevent erosion which was washing away large amounts of sediment.

Furthermore, an inspection report prepared by Kentucky’s Environmental and

Public Protection Cabinet indicated specifically that “several acres of slopes show

severe erosion because they have not been stabilized.”

                                         -2-
             Ryan Brewer became interested in building a home in Mountain View

Estates in August 2014. He and his parents met with Walters and Walters’s realtor

at the development in September 2014. In his deposition, Brewer explained that he

saw an excavator at the property and it was obvious that Lot 52 and Lot 54 had

been recently excavated; he asked Walters if there was any reason to be concerned

about building on either of the lots. According to Brewer, Walters explained that a

portion of Lot 54 had slipped down the hill and that he (Walters) had undertaken

steps to restabilize the ground. Lot 52 had been partially excavated to “tie

everything back in.” (At his deposition, Walters remembered that he had also

excavated in order to repair a sewer-line leak on Lot 50, which he did not consider

an attempt to restabilize the ground following a landslip.)

            Approximately one week later, because he felt that Lot 52 had a better

view, Brewer contracted to purchase it. Brewer decided to forego his right to have

the property inspected “because as the developer of the lot, I thought [Walters]

would have been the professional to talk to. He was the one to know everything

about it.” While no soil stabilization test had ever been conducted, Brewer stated

that his conversations with the realtor and Walters persuaded him that the property

was suitable for building. The transaction closed on November 13, 2014.

                                         -3-
            After he purchased the property, Brewer decided upon a house plan

that he found online, and he visited Lot 52 with his builder, Millard Chaffins.

Chaffins began construction of the home in February 2015.

             Walters was hired by Chaffins to dig the footings according to

dimensions supplied by Chaffins. Walters excavated the footings to bedrock,

completing his work. Construction was then interrupted by severe winter weather.

Then, in March 2015, the land slipped about three feet beyond the edge of the

footing. The slip was nearest the slope at the rear of the property. In his

deposition, Brewer stated that it was his understanding that the slip began at Lot 54

and migrated to his Lot 52.

             In April 2015, Brewer’s attorney corresponded with Walters advising

him of the slip at Lot 52. Counsel alleged that Walters had represented to Brewer

that the property was suitable for home construction and claimed that excavation

work performed by Walters led to the landslip. Brewer hired soil engineers with

Alternative Building Concepts to study the problem. The company suggested that

piers be constructed to stabilize the foundation of the house. Another geotechnical

engineering firm was hired in May 2015 to study the foundation. That firm

concluded that the foundation had not been impacted by the slip and that the

structure was at a low risk of being adversely affected in the future.

                                         -4-
             On April 28, 2015, Brewer filed his complaint against Walters in

Boyd Circuit Court. It included eleven causes of action alleging variously that

Walters was: negligent and grossly negligent in his excavation and development

of Lot 52; that he was negligent and grossly negligent in failing to disclose

conditions that he knew or reasonably should have known made Lot 52 unsuitable

for construction; and that he was negligent per se with respect to the excavations

undertaken at Mountain View Estates. The complaint also alleged fraud, negligent

misrepresentation, unjust enrichment, breach of contract, and finally, breach of the

covenant of good faith and fair dealing.

             At the time the claim was made, Walters (doing business as William

Walters Heavy Equipment) had two insurance policies with Kentucky Farm

Bureau -- a farm-owner policy and the CGL policy. The policies provide that

Kentucky Farm Bureau will pay sums that the insured becomes legally obligated to

pay as damages because of property damage but only where the property damage is

caused by an “occurrence.” “Occurrence” is defined by the policies as “an

accident.”

             After Walters notified Kentucky Farm Bureau of Brewer’s claim,

Kentucky Farm Bureau sent Walters correspondence informing him that it was

reserving its right to deny coverage because of the delay in reporting the loss and

because the claims might not be covered by the policy. Nevertheless, Kentucky

                                           -5-
Farm Bureau employed counsel to represent Walters in the civil action against him.

Walters answered and denied the allegations made by Brewer.

             In May 2015, Walters filed a third-party complaint against Chaffins,

the home builder. Walters alleged that the slip at Lot 52 had occurred as a result of

the delay in construction once the footings had been excavated. Additionally, he

alleged that Chaffins’s decision to place a footing beyond the slope of the lot

contributed to the slip. As an alternative, Walters alleged that the combined

negligence of Brewer, Chaffins, and him (Walters) caused the “accident” and the

damages claimed by Brewer. Construction of the house was completed in late-

summer of 2015.

             Discovery and pre-trial litigation continued. Throughout the

litigation, Walters continued to be represented by counsel employed on his behalf

by Kentucky Farm Bureau.

             At his deposition in June 2016, Walters explained that a small slip had

appeared at Lot 52 three or four months before Brewer purchased it. Walters

repaired it and “had it fixed perfect, and grass coming up.” He denied talking with

Brewer about any slip before Brewer purchased the lot because, as he stated,

“[n]obody asked me.” He believed that his realtor was aware of the slip at Lot 52

and felt sure that the excavation and attempt to re-stabilize the land was obvious to

everyone who viewed the property. According to Walters, “there was nothing

                                         -6-
wrong with [Lot 52] . . . there wasn’t no cracks, there wasn’t nothing. There

wasn’t a crack in that hill until they stuck the footer over the hill and it filled full of

water.”

             Additionally, Walters felt that the dwelling’s footprint was too large

for Lot 52, but “[he] wasn’t hired to build that house.” He alleged that Chaffins

was in a rush to get the footing excavated and the foundation prepared so that he

[Chaffins] could take a draw from Brewer’s loan. He attributed the slip to

Chaffins’s decisions -- “If Mr. Chaffins hadn’t dug the footer and walked off and

left it, [Lot 52] would have been fine. You can’t dig a nine-foot footer 50 foot

long, fill it full of nine feet of water, come freezing rain, it lay up there for six

weeks, and not expect the hill below it not to slip.”

              On August 4, 2017, Kentucky Farm Bureau filed an intervening

petition for declaratory judgment concerning the coverage offered by its policies.

Walters filed an answer to the petition, requesting the court to declare that the

terms of the policy afforded him coverage for the claims asserted against him by

Brewer. Kentucky Farm Bureau filed a motion for summary judgment. By its

order entered April 20, 2018, the circuit court declared that Kentucky Farm Bureau

was estopped to deny coverage under its policies because of its delay in pursuing

the issue. The first appeal to this Court followed.

                                            -7-
             By our opinion rendered February 21, 2020, in Kentucky Farm

Bureau Mutual Insurance Company v. Brewer, 596 S.W.3d 620 (Ky. App. 2020),

the order of the Boyd Circuit Court was reversed. We concluded that the mere

passage of time between Kentucky Farm Bureau’s correspondence to Walters

reserving its rights and the declaratory judgment proceedings was insufficient to

preclude it from contesting coverage. Id. We held that the court erred by failing to

consider whether Kentucky Farm Bureau ever misrepresented to Walters that it

was no longer defending under a reservation of rights and whether Walters was

prejudiced by Kentucky Farm Bureau’s failure to assert its no-coverage position

earlier. Id. Consequently, we remanded for these factual findings. We expressly

declined to decide whether the Kentucky Farm Bureau policies afford coverage for

Brewer’s claims.

             On remand, Kentucky Farm Bureau argued: 1) that it was not

estopped from pursuing the coverage issue because it had never misrepresented its

position concerning its reservation of rights; and 2) that Walters had not been

prejudiced by the timing of its decision to dispute coverage. Moreover, it

contended that neither policy issued to Walters provided coverage for the claims

asserted against him by Brewer.

             In its order entered January 12, 2021, the circuit court concluded that

liability attributable to Walters’s alleged acts of intentional conduct and grossly

                                          -8-
negligent conduct “would not be covered under the [CGL] Policy[.]” However, it

concluded that “alleged acts of negligent conduct, . . . if found [to be] true by the

trier of fact, would constitute an ‘occurrence’” under Kentucky Farm Bureau’s

CGL policy and that Walters would, in that event, be entitled to liability coverage.

The circuit court’s order did not reference the estoppel issue addressed by our

opinion reversing and remanding. Nor did it specifically reference the terms of the

farm owner policy issued to Walters by Kentucky Farm Bureau.

                Kentucky Farm Bureau filed its notice of appeal. Walters did not

cross-appeal the circuit court’s judgment with respect to coverage of the damages

allegedly caused either by his acts of intentional conduct or grossly negligent

conduct.

                By our order entered on June 17, 2021, we dismissed the second

appeal. While the circuit court had designated its order as final and appealable, the

order did not recite that “there is no just cause for delay.” On that basis, a motion

panel of the Court concluded that we lacked jurisdiction to consider the appeal.

CR1 54.02. On August 6, 2021, the circuit court revised its order to indicate that it

had made the omitted determination and that there was, in fact, no just cause for

delay. This third appeal followed. Again, Walters did not cross-appeal.

1
    Kentucky Rules of Civil Procedure.

                                           -9-
             On appeal, Kentucky Farm Bureau argues that no cause of action

asserted by Brewer against Walters could trigger the liability coverage afforded by

its policies. We agree that the circuit court erred by concluding that Walters could

be entitled to coverage under the terms of the CGL policy.

             A party seeking a declaratory judgment may move (with or without

supporting affidavits) for a summary judgment in his favor. Foreman v. Auto Club

Property-Casualty Insurance Company, 617 S.W.3d 345 (Ky. 2021). Upon our

review, we determine whether the record supports the trial court’s conclusion that

there is “no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is

entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” CR 56.03. Because the interpretation of

insurance contracts is a matter of law, our review is de novo. Foreman, supra.

Where provisions of an insurance contract are unambiguous and reasonable, they

are enforced as written. Id.

             By their terms, Walters’s policies cover his liability for property

damage caused only by an accident. Kentucky Farm Bureau argues that the

allegations upon which Brewer relies -- referring to Walters’s negligence and other

wrongful conduct in preparing Lot 52 for sale -- were not an accidental cause of

the alleged property damage. The Supreme Court of Kentucky has analyzed

identical policy language under similar facts. It has held, as a matter of law, that

coverage is not triggered under these CGL policy provisions where an insured had

                                         -10-
control over the disputed event -- even if he did not intend to cause the resulting

damage. The disputed event in this case is Walters’s preparation of the ground at

Mountain View Estates.

             In Bituminous Casualty Corporation v. Kenway Contracting, Inc., 240

S.W.3d 633 (Ky. 2007), an employee of a construction company was sent to

demolish a carport. He misunderstood the scope of the project and, instead, he tore

down much of an adjoining structure. The Kentucky Supreme Court held that even

though the employee intentionally undertook demolition, the construction company

never intended to destroy anything but the carport. This event was characterized as

an accident that triggered coverage under the terms of the policy.

             In Cincinnati Insurance Company v. Motorists Mutual Insurance

Company, 306 S.W.3d 69 (Ky. 2010), the Court considered whether faulty

construction undertaken at a home constituted an accident covered by the builder’s

CGL policy. The Court refined its analysis. It noted that the term “accident” had

not acquired a technical meaning in the law and had to be interpreted according to

its ordinary meaning. Id. at 74. “Inherent in the plain meaning of ‘accident’ is the

doctrine of fortuity.” Id. Examining the facts as alleged by the plaintiff, the Court

concluded that the disputed construction -- even where it ultimately proved faulty -

- had been undertaken in accordance with the builder’s plan and intention and

“[did] not involve the fortuity required to constitute an accident.” Id. at 80

                                         -11-
(citation omitted). The builder had intended to undertake the construction just as

he saw fit and the resulting property damage was not the result of chance or

fortuity. The builder retained full control over the operation with no intervening

accidental occurrence.

             In Martin/Elias Properties, LLC v. Acuity, 544 S.W.3d 639 (Ky.

2018), the Supreme Court of Kentucky again applied the concept of fortuity.

Where a subcontractor undertaking renovations in a basement rendered the entire

house unstable, the Court observed that the subcontractor had exercised control of

his work even though it ultimately proved faulty. The Court concluded that the

property damage was not caused by an accident but rather was an unintended

consequence of the subcontractor’s poor workmanship. Coverage for an accident

is available to protect the insured only where the insured did not intend the event or

result to occur, and the result was a chance event beyond anyone’s control. Under

these circumstances, the Court held that the subcontractor’s liability coverage had

not been triggered.

             In the case before us, Walters’s allegedly improper preparation of the

building site was not an “accident” because Walters was in control of the grading

and other preparation of the development. That he might have undertaken his

work negligently -- with natural and foreseeable consequences -- does not

transform the landslip into an accident. The undisputed evidence indicates that

                                        -12-
Walters was aware of the soil conditions at Mountain View Estates. He had been

cited for his failure to prevent erosion from washing away large amounts of

sediment; he had also been made aware by environmental officials that the slopes

had become severely eroded because he failed to take necessary steps to stabilize

them. By his own admission, Walters had become aware of the instability of Lot

52 before he sold it to Brewer and had tried again to prevent it from slipping.

             In light of these undisputed facts, Walters could not deny that damage

to the property resulting from his grading and soil preparation -- if undertaken

negligently -- was reasonably to be anticipated. Landslips under these conditions

are not unusual or unexpected. Therefore, under these specific circumstances, the

landslip, if it were caused by Walters’s negligent workmanship, cannot be

characterized as an accident. Consequently, the coverage provisions of the policy

were not triggered.

             Based upon the forgoing, the judgment of the Boyd Circuit Court is

reversed and remanded for entry of an order consistent with this Opinion.

             THOMPSON, K., JUDGE, CONCURS.

        MCNEILL, JUDGE, CONCURS IN RESULT ONLY AND FILES
SEPARATE OPINION.

MCNEILL, JUDGE, CONCURRING IN RESULT ONLY: In consideration of the

majority’s well-written Opinion, I must respectfully concur in result only. There

are two core claims at issue here. First, there is the tort claim arising from

                                         -13-
Walters’s alleged errors in excavating Brewer’s property. Second, there is a

contract claim concerning denial of insurance coverage brought by Kentucky Farm

Bureau.

              The only reasoning advanced by the circuit court in denying Kentucky

Farm Bureau’s motion for summary judgment is that “Plaintiff has nonetheless

alleged acts of negligent conduct, which if found true by the trier of fact, would

constitute an ‘occurrence’ under sad [sic] policy.” It therefore appears that the

court erroneously conflated the two claims. The CGL policy covers accidents, not

negligence.

              “Generally, the interpretation of a contract, including determining

whether a contract is ambiguous, is a question of law for the courts and is subject

to de novo review.” Cantrell Supply, Inc. v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 94 S.W.3d 381,

385 (Ky. App. 2002). See also Martin/Elias Properties, LLC v. Acuity, 544

S.W.3d 639, 641-42 (Ky. 2018) (“Interpretation of a contract is ordinarily a

question of law for a court’s determination.”); Lewis v. Monumental Life Ins. Co.,

No. 2006-CA-000914-MR, 2007 WL 1207153, at *2 (Ky. App. Apr. 20, 2007)

(“The construction and interpretation of an insurance policy is a question of law for

the Court.”); and Foster v. Kentucky Hous. Corp., 850 F. Supp. 558, 560-61 (E.D.

Ky. 1994) (“Since there are no relevant factual disputes, the interpretation and

construction of the insurance policy is a matter of law for the court.”).

                                         -14-
             Whether there was an “occurrence” under the policy is most

appropriately a matter of law to be decided in the first instance by the circuit court.

Therefore, I respectfully concur in result only because I believe the circuit court

erred by conflating the two claims, and by concluding that the trier of fact must

determine whether there was an “occurrence” under the CGL policy. I would

reverse the circuit court and remand for the court to enter an order on the

occurrence issue as a matter of law. Upon remand, if the court determines that

there are genuine issues or material of fact that negate a judgment as a matter of

law, then there is of course nothing prohibiting the court from so holding. In any

event, I believe the circuit court should have the opportunity to revisit this issue

with the guidance provided herein.

 BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT:                      BRIEF FOR APPELLEE WILLIAM
                                            WALTERS:
 John J. Ellis
 Morehead, Kentucky                         Robert T. Renfroe
                                            Greenup, Kentucky

                                         -15-