Court Opinion

ID: 4620140
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-21 02:42:03.290697+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:55:46.472075
License: Public Domain

George M. Hancock and Ruby Hancock, Petitioners, v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, RespondentHancock v. CommissionerDocket No. 31146United States Tax Court18 T.C. 210; 1952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 202; May 9, 1952, Promulgated 1952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 202">*202 Decision will be entered for the respondent.  Under the facts, held, that petitioner George M. Hancock, and not the corporation, purchased certain stock of the corporation belonging to another, and that dividends and bonus declared on the stock so purchased constitute taxable income to petitioners.  J. A. McIntosh, Esq., for the petitioners.Michael J. Clare, Esq., for the respondent.  Johnson, Judge.  JOHNSON 18 T.C. 210">*210  Respondent determined a deficiency of $ 3,598.10 in income tax against petitioners for 1948.  The issue is whether petitioners received as taxable income certain dividends in the aggregate amount of $ 10,170, and whether George M. Hancock, husband of Ruby Hancock, also received a bonus of $ 5,833.05.  Petitioners filed their joint return for the taxable year with the collector of internal revenue for the first district of Ohio.FINDINGS OF FACT.The facts set forth in a stipulation of the parties are found in accordance therewith.George M. Hancock, hereinafter for convenience to be referred to as petitioner, prior to May 14, 1948, held 56 of the 113 shares of outstanding stock of Duff-Hancock Motors, Inc., an Ohio corporation, organized in August 19471952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 202">*203  and engaged in the sale of new and used automobiles in Middletown, Ohio.  A like number of shares was held by Buford Duff, and the remaining share was held by Jewell Winkle, Duff's daughter and the bookkeeper of the corporation.At some undisclosed time prior to May 14, 1948, Duff, who was president and a director of the corporation, expressed to petitioner a desire to retire from the business in order to reengage in the real estate business, and petitioner agreed to endeavor to make some arrangement to purchase his stock without involving a distribution of corporate earnings or surplus to himself.  Petitioner and the corporation did not at that time have sufficient capital to pay cash for the stock.18 T.C. 210">*211  The corporation's firm of accountants was engaged by petitioner, acting as president of the corporation, to plan a course of procedure for the acquisition of the stock of Duff and Winkle.  A plan prepared by the firm, with assistance of the corporation's attorney, was accepted by petitioner and Duff without being questioned.The board of directors of the corporation held a special meeting on May 14, 1948.  The minutes of the meeting, signed by Duff, as president, and petitioner, 1952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 202">*204  as secretary, contained the following:The President announced that he was withdrawing from the corporation as shareholder, director and officer, that Martha Duff desires to resign as Vice President, and that Jewell Winkle was desirous of selling her share of stock but remain as a director and bookkeeper.  George M. Hancock being the only remaining stockholder proposed that the board of directors authorize the corporation to loan him the money to buy up the shares owned by Buford Duff and Jewell Winkle, and provide for the repayment of the loan by the corporation to him.  After discussion the following resolution, on motion of George M. Hancock and seconded by Jewell Winkle, was unanimously adopted by all directors.  RESOLVED, that the corporation accept resignation of Buford Duff as President and Director and of Martha Duff as Vice President; that the treasurer be directed to loan George M. Hancock the sum of Fifteen Thousand Four Hundred Fifty-Five and No/100 Dollars ($ 15,455.00) for the sole purpose of George M. Hancock's purchasing the 56 shares of common no par value stock from Buford Duff and 1 share from Jewell Winkle, and the treasurer is authorized upon surrender of1952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 202">*205  said 57 shares to issue 56 shares to George M. Hancock and 1 share to his wife Ruby Hancock; and that George M. Hancock is directed to repay the aforesaid loan as soon as possible so as not to impair the operating capital of the corporation to an appreciable extent.The corporation was solvent at that time, but was required to borrow money to make the loan directed by the resolution.Thereafter the corporation borrowed from $ 10,000 to $ 12,000 from the Commercial Credit Corporation, secured by a floor plan mortgage on the used cars of the corporation.  The loan was negotiated by petitioner.On May 17, 1948, the corporation, pursuant to the resolution, loaned petitioner $ 15,455.  On the same day petitioner deposited in his personal bank account the check which he had received from the corporation for the amount of the loan, and gave his personal check in the amount of $ 16,455 to Duff, in consideration of which Duff and Winkle transferred their shares of stock of the corporation to petitioner.  Thereafter petitioner surrendered the certificates to the corporation and the stock was reissued, 56 shares in his name and one share in the name of his wife.At the same or another special1952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 202">*206  meeting held by the board of directors of the corporation on May 14, 1948, a resolution was adopted providing that 25 per cent of the net profits of the corporation during the fiscal 18 T.C. 210">*212  year ended July 31, 1948, in excess of a dividend of $ 10 per share of stock be paid to petitioner as president, treasurer and general manager.  Pursuant thereto, petitioner earned a bonus of $ 5,833.05, which amount was paid to him by a credit to his personal account on the books of the corporation.At a special meeting held on July 13, 1948, the directors of the corporation approved the minutes of the previous meeting and adopted a resolution for the payment of a dividend of $ 90 a share on July 23, 1948, to stockholders of record on July 20, 1948, and authorized and directed the treasurer to pay the dividend on that day and cause proper entries to be made on the books of the corporation to record the declaration of the dividend and the payment thereof.  The minutes of the meeting were signed by petitioner, as president, and by his wife, as secretary.In accordance with the provisions of the resolution, petitioner's personal account on the books of the corporation was credited with $ 10,080, 1952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 202">*207  an amount representing the dividend on the 112 shares of stock outstanding in his name, and a dividend check for $ 90 was issued in favor of Ruby Hancock on the one share of stock outstanding in her name.The reason for payment of the bonus and declaration of a dividend was to enable petitioner to satisfy his debt to the corporation for the loan.In the income tax return of the corporation for the fiscal year ended July 31, 1948, filed on October 14, 1948, a deduction was claimed in the amount of $ 5,833.05 for "Officers' Bonus," which was the amount of the bonus paid to petitioner, and showed payment of the dividends totaling $ 10,170 to stockholders during the year.  The capital stock was reported to be $ 11,300, consisting of 113 shares of no par value. The return contains a notation that petitioner "owns 112 shares purchased in May 1948; 1st Ohio" and was signed by petitioner as president, and Jewell Winkle as "Chief Accounting Officer."After October 14, 1948, but before December 8, 1948, Robert Keays, another accountant without previous connection with the stock transaction, concluded, after an examination of the books of the corporation, that the correct accounting procedure1952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 202">*208  for carrying out the stock transaction would have been to retire the stock held by Duff, and advised petitioner that the manner in which it was carried out "was anything but good tax form." Petitioner then requested the accountant to advise him in the matter and, as a result, an amended corporate return, signed by petitioner, was filed about December 8, 1948, in which the deduction of $ 5,833.05 for the bonus paid to petitioner was eliminated and the amount of $ 90 substituted therefor under the same heading, and no amount was shown in the balance sheet for dividends paid to stockholders during the year.  The balance sheet reported in 18 T.C. 210">*213  the amended return listed as an asset of the corporation the amount of $ 10,755 1 for "Premium on Treasury Stock" and capital stock in the amount of $ 5,600, consisting of 56 share of no par value.1952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 202">*209  The amended return reflected adjusting entries made by the accountant in the books of the corporation to show a purchase of the 57 shares of stock by the corporation and no payment of the bonus to petitioner and of the dividends. The minutes of the meetings on May 14, 1948, in which the dividends and bonus were authorized, were not amended to conform with the books, as adjusted.  Counsel for the corporation informed the corporation that the filing of a copy of the amended return in the minute books would be sufficient to show that the minutes of the May 14, 1948, meetings had been corrected.  The accountant who prepared the amended return and made the adjusting bookkeeping entries did not consult the corporation's previous firm of accountants or attorney in regard to the matter.The petitioners did not report the dividends paid to them in the aggregate amount of $ 10,170, or the bonus of $ 5,833.05 paid to petitioner, in their joint return for 1948.  Duff reported in his income tax return that he had sold the stock for $ 16,455.The shares of stock held by Duff and Winkle prior to May 14, 1948, were never retired by the corporation.  The corporation was liquidated in the spring of1952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 202">*210  1951.In his determination of the deficiency, respondent included the bonus and dividends in taxable income of petitioners.OPINION.Petitioners seek to avoid tax liability on the dividends and bonus upon the general ground that the transaction as a whole was a purchase of treasury stock by the corporation.  They argue that the entire arrangement was a plan worked out by the corporation's accountant for the retirement of the stock held by Duff and Winkle.  Specifically, they allege that the dividends and bonus were used by the corporation to pay for the stock. There is no factual basis for the contentions of petitioners.  To the contrary, the evidence establishes that there was a purchase of the stock from Duff and Winkle by petitioner, and dividend and bonus payments thereafter on the basis of ownership of the stock by petitioners.The fact that the corporation's directors, including petitioner, followed without question the plan advanced by the accountant for the acquisition of the stock does not relieve petitioner of the liability for the tax consequences of the transaction.  That petitioner was aware 18 T.C. 210">*214  that he, and not the corporation, was purchasing the stock is shown1952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 202">*211  beyond reasonable doubt by the evidence before us.The resolution of May 14, 1948, provided in unequivocal terms for the granting of a loan to petitioner for the sole purpose of purchasing the stock held by Duff and Winkle, and for the repayment of the loan as soon as possible.  The minutes, which were prepared by the corporation's counsel, were signed by petitioner and he must be charged with knowledge of the contents of the resolution even though, as he testified, he signed the minutes without reading them.  Thereafter petitioner, as president of the corporation, negotiated a loan to put the corporation in funds to comply with the terms of the resolution and the amount was loaned to petitioner.  The check issued to petitioner for the amount of the loan was deposited in his personal bank account, and on the same day petitioner gave to Duff his personal check for $ 16,455, which was $ 1,000 in excess of the amount borrowed from the corporation, in payment of the stock. There is no suggestion here that the excess of the consideration petitioner paid for the stock over the borrowed money did not come from personal funds of petitioner, or that petitioner regarded himself to be indebted1952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 202">*212  to the corporation for the additional amount.  In consideration of the payment, Duff transferred his shares to petitioner and thereafter the certificate for the stock, together with the certificate for the one share transferred by Winkle, was reissued, 56 shares to petitioner and one share to his wife.The course of action of Duff, who did not testify at the hearing, and nothing was offered to establish that he was unavailable as a witness, shows particularly in the light of the fact that he signed the resolution, that he intended to sell the stock to petitioner.  Any misunderstanding petitioner might have had about the purport of the resolution, and the plan of the accountant, was cleared up before the transaction between him and Duff was consummated. To hold otherwise would require that we ignore completely the voluntary acts of petitioner.  Unless changed by what occurred thereafter, delivery of the consideration and stock certificates closed the transaction for the sale of the stock by Duff and Winkle to the petitioner.As late as October 14, 1948, when the corporation's return for the fiscal year ended July 31, 1948, was filed, the transaction was treated by petitioner and the1952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 202">*213  corporation as a purchase by the former.  Pursuant to a resolution adopted at a meeting of the board of directors of the corporation on July 13, 1948, the minutes of which were signed by petitioner as president and by his wife as secretary, a dividend of $ 90 a share was paid.  Petitioner's personal account on the corporation's books was credited with $ 10,080 on the basis of ownership of 18 T.C. 210">*215  112 shares of stock and his wife received a check for $ 90 for the one share outstanding in her name.  Nothing here is opposed to a conclusion that the minutes of the previous meeting, which were approved by the directors on July 13, 1948, did not relate to the meeting held on May 14, 1948, at which the loan to petitioner was authorized.  The return reflected the dividend payments to stockholders, reported 113 shares of stock outstanding at the end of the year, none of which was listed as treasury stock, and claimed as a deduction the amount of $ 5,833.05 for the bonus paid to petitioner.  The course of conduct thus taken is consistent with full and complete ownership by petitioner and his wife of the stock involved herein.The adjusting entries made in the corporation's books after the1952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 202">*214  return was filed were nothing more, in the final analysis, than an effort to avoid tax consequences of the dividend and bonus payments by making it appear that the corporation and not petitioner purchased the stock from Duff and Winkle.  While the intent of the adjusting entries was to show that the corporation purchased all of the stock, including the one share reissued to Ruby Hancock, petitioner admitted by his testimony at the hearing that the cash dividend received by her was taxable.  The fact that the corporation could have purchased the stock is not controlling, for the issue must be decided upon what was done rather than by what might have been done.  The corporation, which must be treated as an entity separate and distinct from petitioners, its sole stockholders, Moline Properties, Inc. v. Commissioner, 319 U.S. 436">319 U.S. 436, never acted to purchase the stock. Obviously, the filing of the amended return in the minute books, action not shown to have been taken under the direction of the board of directors, was not sufficient for that purpose, particularly in the light of the fact that the resolution of May 14, 1948, specifically referred to the 1952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 202">*215  transaction as a purchase by petitioner and that the acquisition had been fully consummated with the seller.The accountant who made the adjusting bookkeeping entries did not discuss the matter with the corporation's attorney, or its previous accountant, and therefore did not have the benefit of their ideas on what the parties intended.  That he was not interested in their views is illustrated by his concluding testimony at the hearing that:* * * George Hancock at that time was somewhat strapped for money, so he didn't want to get more expenses on his shoulders because he didn't know which way he was going at that particular time, so I was trying to help him out as best I could.In Commissioner v. Court Holding Co., 324 U.S. 331">324 U.S. 331, the taxpayer, a corporation all of whose stock was held by two individuals, entered into an oral agreement to sell its only asset and received a payment 18 T.C. 210">*216  on the purchase price.  When meeting to reduce the agreement to writing, the taxpayer's attorney informed the purchaser that the sale could not be concluded because of the tax liability it would impose upon the seller. The next day the corporation declared a liquidating1952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 202">*216  dividend and thereafter the sale was made by the former stockholders, as sellers. The Court held that the corporation and not the individuals sold the property and was liable for tax on any gain realized.  In reaching its conclusion the Court said, among other things:* * * A sale by one person cannot be transformed for tax purposes into a sale by another by using the latter as a conduit through which to pass title.  To permit the true nature of a transaction to be disguised by mere formalisms, which exist solely to alter tax liabilities, would seriously impair the effective administration of the tax policies of Congress.A like question was considered in United States v. Cumberland Public Service Co., 338 U.S. 451">338 U.S. 451. Here petitioners substituted a different buyer after the sale was fully consummated and thereby changed both the substance and the form of the transaction.  The rationale of these decisions of the Supreme Court oppose such a method to minimize tax liability. There remains the question of whether the adjusting bookkeeping entries altered the right of petitioners to receive and retain the dividends and bonus.The general rule is that1952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 202">*217  the declaration of a dividend creates a debtor-creditor relationship between a corporation and its stockholders, and that the directors have no power to rescind or revoke their action.  Estate of Lloyd E. Crellin, 17 T.C. 781, wherein the dividends were repaid by the stockholders within the year received after revocatory action was taken by the directors, and we held that the amounts were taxable.  The rule in Ohio is that the debt created by a dividend declaration is "beyond the control of both the stockholders and directors." Mitchell v. Bookwalter Wheel Co., 4 Ohio N. P. N. S. 609, affd. 75 O. S. 639. Here neither the stockholders nor the directors, as such, took any action to revoke the resolutions declaring the dividend and bonus. The dividend and bonus were credited to petitioner's personal account on the books of the corporation and served to liquidate the loan he made from the corporation to buy the stock. Thus, he not only received the amounts but used them for his own benefit in the purchase of the stock.No useful purpose would be served by a further discussion of the question.  It is sufficient to say1952 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 202">*218  that we find no error in respondent's action in including the dividends and bonus in gross income of petitioners.  Accordingly,Decision will be entered for the respondent.  Footnotes1. No evidence was offered to show how the figure was computed but it appears to be the difference between the amount of $ 16,455 paid for the 57 shares and $ 5,700, a figure to represent par value of the stock.↩