Court Opinion

ID: 4911188
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-09-15 15:28:59.610924+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:13:22.801051
License: Public Domain

[Cite as In re C.S., 2021-Ohio-3182.]

STATE OF OHIO                     )                  IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
                                  )ss:               NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
COUNTY OF SUMMIT                  )

IN RE C.S.                                           C.A. Nos.      29927
      G.S.                                                          29929
                                                                    29938

                                                     APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT
                                                     ENTERED IN THE
                                                     COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
                                                     COUNTY OF SUMMIT, OHIO
                                                     CASE Nos. DN 17 11 0948
                                                                DN 19 01 0048

                                 DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY

Dated: September 15, 2021

        CALLAHAN, Judge.

        {¶1}     Appellants Mother, Father, and Grandfather appeal the judgment of the Summit

County Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, that terminated Mother’s and Father’s

parental rights and placed their two children in the permanent custody of Summit County

Children Services Board (“CSB” or “the agency”). This Court affirms.

                                                I.

        {¶2}     Mother and Father are the biological parents of G.S. (d.o.b. 7/25/11) and C.S.

(d.o.b. 11/9/17). Grandfather is the maternal grandfather of the children.

        {¶3}     These cases have a long and complicated history. When G.S. was an infant, CSB

filed a complaint in juvenile court regarding the child. The details of that case are limited, but

G.S. was ultimately returned to Mother’s legal custody.          Mother allowed G.S. to live in

Grandfather’s home, where Mother also lived at times. Although, in 2017, Grandfather moved
                                               2

for legal custody of G.S. in the 2011 dependency case, no change of disposition was granted, and

Mother remained the child’s legal custodian.       At no time was Grandfather appointed as a

custodian or guardian for the child. The record indicates, however, that he possessed some sort

of power of attorney regarding G.S.

       {¶4}   Late in 2017, a couple weeks after C.S. was born, CSB filed a complaint alleging

that that child was abused (endangered) and dependent. In support, the agency alleged that

Mother had used drugs throughout her pregnancy, that the infant exhibited signs of withdrawal

and required treatment with morphine, that Father had both substance abuse and criminal

histories, and that the parents’ relationship was volatile. CSB obtained emergency temporary

custody of C.S. The agency did not remove the then-six-year-old G.S. or file a complaint

regarding that child at that time, because G.S. was then living in another home with Grandfather,

a maternal aunt, and some cousins.

       {¶5}   Mother later stipulated that C.S. was abused (endangered) and dependent. As

Father did not appear for adjudication, the agency presented evidence to establish C.S.’ abuse

and dependency. The child was then placed in the temporary custody of CSB. The juvenile

court adopted the agency’s case plan which required Mother to engage in chemical dependency

services with an approved provider and follow all recommendations, including submitting to

additional substance abuse and mental health assessments, attending counseling and relapse

prevention or aftercare services, attending support meetings, and submitting to drug screens.

Mother was also required to demonstrate that she had the resources to provide for the child’s

basic needs, including housing, food, clothing, and the like. Father was required to formally

establish paternity and contact the caseworker if he was interested in visitation or custody.
                                                 3

Shortly after Father was determined to be C.S.’ biological father, the agency added case plan

objectives for him regarding chemical dependency and mental health services, and basic needs.

          {¶6}   After the first review hearing, C.S. was continued in the temporary custody of

CSB. At that time, the magistrate’s order expressly found that “[n]o appropriate or willing

relatives have been identified for placement or custody at this time.” When C.S. was 9 months

old, the guardian ad litem filed a report indicating that Mother wanted Grandfather, in whose

home G.S. was staying, to have legal custody of C.S. However, Grandfather had informed the

guardian ad litem that he was not willing or able to seek custody of the infant.

          {¶7}   Eleven months into the case, CSB filed a motion for a first six-month extension of

temporary custody. The agency asserted that “Kinship [department] previously assessed and

denied [Grandfather], but an updated Kinship Assessment is pending. [Grandfather] is willing to

take placement and to be a concurrent permanency plan.” Accordingly, CSB asserted that an

extension of temporary custody was in C.S.’ best interest so that the agency had time to complete

a second kinship assessment regarding Grandfather. At the sunset dispositional hearing, the

juvenile court granted the agency’s motion for a first six-month extension of temporary custody

of C.S.

          {¶8}   A month and a half later in January 2019, CSB filed a complaint alleging three

grounds that G.S. was a dependent child. The agency removed the child from the home he

shared with Grandfather, a maternal aunt, and some cousins, after his aunt was found slumped

over the steering wheel of her car in a school parking lot. The aunt evidenced symptoms of

opiate overdose. There were suspicions of drug and excessive alcohol use in the home, as well.

CSB alleged that the aunt had been trying to buy Vicodin for Grandfather who admitted using

non-prescribed Vicodin for pain. Grandfather also admitted having had a beer before picking up
                                              4

C.S. once from daycare.      CSB alleged that the aunt was engaging in prostitution out of

Grandfather’s home. Grandfather denied this but admitted that the aunt gave massages to men in

the home where G.S. and the aunt’s young children were living. Mother informed the agency

that she was also staying in Grandfather’s home with G.S. at times. At the time of G.S.’

removal, Mother and Father had made minimal progress on their case plan objectives to remedy

the concerns that had caused the removal of G.S.’ sister from Mother’s and Father’s custody.

Mother and Father both stipulated to G.S.’ dependency and his placement in the temporary

custody of CSB.

       {¶9}    In April 2019, CSB moved for a second six-month extension of temporary

custody of C.S. based on Mother’s progress. Although Father had not made any progress, the

juvenile court granted the second six-month extension of temporary custody based on Mother’s

additional substantial compliance with her case plan objectives. Two weeks later, G.S. was

continued in the agency’s temporary custody after a review hearing. Shortly thereafter, Mother

requested and received unsupervised visitation with both children, provided that she not allow

Father and/or Grandfather to be present.

       {¶10} Almost immediately, Mother began to regress. She became financially dependent

on Father, began missing counseling sessions, prioritized Father over the children, and brought

both Father and Grandfather to her unsupervised visits. After the next review hearing, the

magistrate maintained both children in the agency’s temporary custody and ordered that

Mother’s visits thereafter would be supervised at the agency visitation center. The magistrate

made the express finding that “[n]o appropriate or willing relatives have been identified for

placement or custody at this time.”
                                                5

       {¶11} On October 17, 2019, 23 months after filing its complaint regarding C.S. and nine

months after filing its complaint regarding G.S., CSB filed a motion for permanent custody of

both children. The agency alleged that C.S. had been in its temporary custody in excess of 12 of

22 consecutive months and that G.S. could not or should not be returned to his parents’ custody.

CSB premised the allegation regarding G.S. on Mother’s and Father’s failures to remedy the

concerns impacting their abilities to provide a safe and stable home for the child, as well as the

parents’ chronic mental health and chemical dependency problems that precluded reunification

within a year. In addition to its allegations regarding the best interest of the children, CSB also

asserted that “[d]espite family search and engagement efforts, no relatives are identified who are

willing/able/appropriate to take Legal Custody.”

       {¶12} One week later, on October 24, 2019, Grandfather filed four pro se motions:

motions to intervene in each child’s case and motions for legal custody of each child. After a

sunset hearing in November 2019, the juvenile court scheduled pretrial and hearing dates for the

agency’s permanent custody motion. Although the trial court had not yet ruled on Grandfather’s

motions to intervene, it copied Grandfather on the scheduling order.

       {¶13} In the meantime, Father filed a motion for legal custody of both children to

Mother and Father, or alternatively legal custody of the children to Grandfather. Mother filed

alternative motions for legal custody, legal custody with protective supervision, legal custody to

both Mother and Father with protective supervision, legal custody to Grandfather with protective

supervision, or a six-month extension of temporary custody.

       {¶14} The juvenile court continued the originally scheduled March 25, 2020 permanent

custody hearing due to the Covid-19 pandemic. It rescheduled the final dispositional hearing for

mid-August 2020. In the meantime, the trial court scheduled a hearing on Grandfather’s motion
                                                  6

to intervene for June 25, 2020. On June 29, 2020, the juvenile court granted Grandfather’s

motion to intervene without objection by any party.

       {¶15} Father requested transport from prison for the permanent custody hearing.

Because inmates could not be transported due to pandemic restrictions, the juvenile court

continued the permanent custody hearing until December 21 and 22, 2020, as Father was

scheduled to be released from prison prior to that time. For an unknown reason, the juvenile

court again continued the permanent custody hearing until January 14 and 15, 2021. Mother

filed renewed motions, including the five prior alternative dispositional motions, plus a motion

for legal custody to her and Father and a motion for legal custody to Grandfather, each without

ongoing protective supervision. On January 12, 2021, two days before the permanent custody

hearing began, Grandfather filed a “renewed” motion for legal custody of both children. This

was the first time he filed a dispositional motion as a party to the action.

       {¶16} A visiting judge held a hearing on all pending dispositional motions and gave the

parties the opportunity to submit proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law. All parties

except the guardian ad litem did so. CSB proposed an award of permanent custody, Father and

Grandfather proposed granting legal custody to Grandfather, and Mother proposed an award of

any of her alternative dispositions. In their proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law,

Mother, Father, and Grandfather each noted that CSB had never added Grandfather to the case

plan or developed case plan objectives for him.

       {¶17} The juvenile court issued a judgment terminating Mother’s and Father’s parental

rights and granting permanent custody of both children to CSB. The court found that C.S. had

been in the agency’s temporary custody in excess of 12 months of a consecutive 22-month

period, that G.S. could not or should not be returned to his parents’ custody based on their
                                               7

failures to remedy concerns, and that an award of permanent custody was in the best interest of

the children.    Mother, Father, and Grandfather each timely appealed, raising identical

assignments of error for review.

                                               II.

                          MOTHER’S ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR

       THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED REVERSIBLE AND PLAIN ERROR
       WHEN IT TERMINATED THE PARTIES’ PARENTAL RIGHTS AS THE
       EVIDENCE WAS NOT SUPPORTED BY CLEAR AND CONVINCING
       EVIDENCE AND WAS AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE
       EVIDENCE. (sic.)

                          FATHER’S ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR

       THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED REVERSIBLE AND PLAIN ERROR
       WHEN IT TERMINATED THE PARTIES’ PARENTAL RIGHTS AS THE
       TRIAL COURT’S DECISION WAS NOT SUPPORTED BY CLEAR AND
       CONVINCING EVIDENCE AND WAS AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT
       OF THE EVIDENCE.

                      GRANDFATHER’S ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR

       THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED REVERSIBLE AND PLAIN ERROR
       WHEN IT TERMINATED THE PARTIES’ PARENTAL RIGHTS AS THE
       EVIDENCE WAS NOT SUPPORTED BY CLEAR AND CONVINCING
       EVIDENCE AND WAS AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE
       EVIDENCE. (sic.)

       {¶18} Mother, Father, and Grandfather purport to assign error relating to the evidentiary

basis for the juvenile court’s judgment awarding permanent custody of C.S. and G.S. to CSB.

Specifically, each party’s sole assignment of error asserts that the judgment was against the

manifest weight of the evidence. None of the appellants argue, however, that the juvenile court’s

findings regarding either prong of the permanent custody test were against the manifest weight of
                                                  8

the evidence. Instead, Mother, Father, and Grandfather focus their arguments1 on an alleged

deficiency in the agency’s case plan. Specifically, each appellant argues that CSB’s failure to

add case plan objectives for Grandfather for the purpose of “reunification” of the children with

him constituted reversible error. This Court disagrees.

       {¶19} As this Court has frequently noted, the juvenile court derives its sole authority in

dependency, neglect, and abuse cases from the comprehensive statutory scheme set out in R.C.

Chapter 2151. E.g., In re A.P., 9th Dist. Medina No. 12CA0022-M, 2012-Ohio-3873, ¶ 16.

R.C. 2151.412, which addresses case plans, further directs the director of job and family services

to adopt rules regarding the content, format, development, implementation, and modification of

case plans. Those rules are found in various provisions of the Ohio Administrative Code.

       {¶20} CSB was required to “prepare and maintain a case plan” for C.S. and G.S. R.C.

2151.412(A)(2). The agency filed its original case plan prior to C.S.’ adjudication, amended that

case plan once, and then a second time prior to G.S.’ adjudication, fulfilling its statutory

obligation. See R.C. 2151.412(D). The agency’s case plan goal remained reunification with the

parents throughout the case, even after CSB moved for permanent custody. At all times, the case

plan objectives were designed to remedy concerns regarding both parents.

       {¶21} Mother, Father, and Grandfather argue that CSB was required to add Grandfather

to the case plan once he became a party to the case. Moreover, they argue that the agency was

further required to create case plan objectives for Grandfather designed to remedy concerns

regarding his ability to be a suitable caregiver for the children in an effort to facilitate

“reunification” of the children with him.       This Court is not persuaded by the appellants’

arguments.

       1
           Mother and Grandfather have submitted identical briefs except for their identification of
                                                 9

       {¶22} Ohio Adm.Code 5101:2-38-05(E) identifies who is a party to the case plan. In

addition to the child, child’s attorney (if applicable), and guardian ad litem, the list includes the

child’s “parent, guardian or custodian.” Id. at (E)(1), (3), (4), (5), and (7).2 “Custodian” is

defined as “a person who has legal custody of a child or a public children services agency or

private child placing agency that has permanent, temporary, or legal custody of a child.” R.C.

2151.011(B)(11); see also Ohio Adm.Code 5101:2-1-01(B)(84). “Legal custody” is “a legal

status that vests in the custodian the right to have physical care and control of the child and to

determine where and with whom the child shall live, and the right and duty to protect, train, and

discipline the child and to provide the child with food, shelter, education, and medical care, all

subject to any residual parental rights, privileges, and responsibilities.” R.C. 2151.011(B)(21);

see also Juv.R. 2(V) and Ohio Adm.Code 5101:2-1-01(B)(171). “Guardian” means “a person,

association, or corporation that is granted authority by a probate court pursuant to Chapter 2111.

of the Revised Code to exercise parental rights over a child to the extent provided in the court’s

order and subject to the residual parental rights of the child’s parents.” R.C. 2151.011(B)(17);

see also Juv.R. 2(N) and Ohio Adm.Code 5101:2-1-01(B)(130). Beyond those enumerated

persons, the juvenile court may “specifically identif[y] * * * [a]ny other party” * * * as a party to

the case plan.” Ohio Adm.Code 5101:2-38-05(E)(8).

       {¶23} Grandfather is not the parent of either child. Neither had he ever been awarded

legal custody of the children or appointed by the probate court as their guardian. Although he

became a party to the juvenile proceedings, he was never “specifically identified by the

[juvenile] court as a party to the case plan.” See Ohio Adm.Code 5101:2-38-05(E)(8). In fact,

the named appellant and the addition of one sentence in Grandfather’s brief.
        2
          Ohio Adm.Code 5101:2-38-05(E)(2) and (6) include two additional specific categories
of individuals not applicable to this case.
                                               10

there is nothing in the record to demonstrate that Grandfather ever moved the court for an order

identifying him as a party to the case plan. Accordingly, CSB had no obligation to treat

Grandfather as a party to the case plan, add objectives for him, or seek his agreement regarding

amendments, as the agency would have to do regarding designated parties to the case plan. See

Ohio Adm.Code 5101:2-38-05(T).

       {¶24} None of the case law cited by the appellants supports the argument that CSB was

required to include Grandfather as a party to the case plan in this case. In In re J.H., 9th Dist.

Lorain No. 19CA011522, 2019-Ohio-4510, and In re S.R., 9th Dist. Summit No. 27209, 2014-

Ohio-2749, this Court reversed awards of permanent custody based on the agency’s failure to

add the respective fathers to the case plans. In In re A.P., 2012-Ohio-3873, at ¶ 1, we reversed

based on the agency’s removal of the child’s grandmother from the case plan although the

grandmother was the legal custodian of the child when the child was removed. Mother, Father,

and Grandfather have cited no authority requiring the addition of extended family members to

the case plan where those family members were not the subject child’s legal custodian or

guardian or had not been designated by the juvenile court as parties to the case plan. This Court

declines to expand the agency’s duty in the absence of compelling or persuasive authority.

       {¶25} Neither is this Court persuaded by the appellants’ arguments that Grandfather’s

addition to the case plan was necessary for purposes of “reunification.” Given the substantial

right of parents to raise their children, they are entitled to “every procedural and substantive

protection the law allows[,]” including “the obligation of the agency to make reasonable efforts

to reunify the child[ren] with one or both parents.” (Internal quotations and citations omitted.)

In re H.S., 9th Dist. Summit Nos. 28944 and 28948, 2018-Ohio-3360, ¶ 14. The law does not

recognize rights for grandparents akin to parental rights regarding the care and control of their
                                                11

grandchildren. In fact, only under very limited circumstances do grandparents even have the

legal right to visitation with their grandchildren.      See, e.g., R.C. 3109.11 and 3109.12.

Reunification efforts, therefore, inure to the benefit of parents and legal custodians or guardians,

i.e., nonparents who have been legally endowed with parental rights. See In re A.P., 2012-Ohio-

3873, at ¶ 27-28 (recognizing the overriding goal of the case plan to enable the child to return

“home,” i.e., “the place where the child resided, prior to the commencement of an abuse,

dependency, or neglect case, with one or both of her parents, guardian, or custodian.”)

(Emphasis added.) In other words, “case planning and reunification efforts are required to be

directed to the person who was the child’s legal caretaker at the time the case began: a parent or

parents, guardian, or custodian.” Id. at ¶ 29. As a grandparent who was never awarded legal

custody or guardianship of the children, Grandfather had no right to reunification efforts by the

agency.3

       {¶26}    R.C. 2151.412(F)(2) and (3) provide the exclusive means for modifying case

plans.4 Subsection (2) allows “[a]ny party [to] propose a change to a substantive part of the case

plan, including, but not limited to, the child’s placement and the visitation rights of any party.”

The statute requires the party moving for modification of the case plan to file the proposed

changes with the court and give notice to all parties, including the guardian ad litem. The parties

then have seven days in which to object and request a hearing to determine whether the proposed

changes should become the order of the court. Assuming, without deciding, that “party” in this

       3
         The appellants’ argument regarding “reunification” of C.S. with Grandfather is even
more tenuous, as that child was removed from her parents’ care shortly after birth without ever
having lived in Grandfather’s home.
       4
        Subsection (3) addresses exigent situations and allows the agency to implement
emergency modifications to the case plan without prior notice to the parties or adoption by the
court.
                                                 12

context refers to parties to the case and not merely parties to the case plan, there is nothing in the

record to indicate that Grandfather, once he became a party to the case, ever moved to modify

the case plan to include objectives designed to remedy the agency’s concerns regarding his

suitability as a caregiver for the children. In the absence of such a request by Grandfather,

followed by the adoption by the juvenile court of any proposed modifications to the case plan,

CSB had no statutory duty to add case plan objectives for Grandfather.

       {¶27} Finally, Mother, Father, and Grandfather argue that CSB was required to work

with Grandfather in the interest of maintaining the children in the least restrictive out-of-home

placement, prioritizing seeking legal custody to a member of the children’s extended family over

permanent custody. In developing its case plan, the agency is guided by R.C. 2151.412(H)(2)

which prioritizes an award of legal custody to a “suitable member of the child’s extended

family” over an award of permanent custody. Mother, Father, and Grandfather disregard the

word “suitable” in the statute and instead argue to impute a duty on the agency to rehabilitate a

relative who has been assessed and determined to be inappropriate, where no such duty exists.

R.C. 2151.412(H)(5) directs the agency to pursue permanent custody if a child cannot or should

not be returned to his parents and no suitable member of the child’s extended family or suitable

nonrelative is able to accept legal custody of the child.

       {¶28} CSB assessed Grandfather twice prior to initiating the instant cases, in 2011 and

2015. Because of concerns illuminated during those assessments, the agency determined that he

was not a suitable placement for G.S. at those times. Notwithstanding Grandfather’s prior

unsuitability, the agency initiated a new (third) kinship assessment late in 2018, after

Grandfather indicated his interest in placement and possible legal custody of C.S. Unfortunately,

due to concerns regarding Grandfather’s own personal issues, as well as his failure to
                                                 13

acknowledge the significance of the issues of his own adult children, including Mother, CSB

again found Grandfather unsuitable for placement or custody of the children.5 As there is no

statutory obligation for the agency to work to try to rehabilitate an unsuitable relative or

nonrelative before seeking permanent custody, CSB’s failure to add case plan objectives for

Grandfather does not require reversal of the juvenile court’s award of permanent custody of C.S.

and G.S. For the above reasons, the appellants’ substantive arguments in their assignments of

error are not well taken.

        {¶29} As previously noted, none of the appellants make arguments relating to the

manifest weight of the evidence. Nevertheless, given the substantial rights implicated when

parental rights are terminated, this Court addresses that assigned error in the interest of justice.

See In re T.B., 9th Dist. Summit Nos. 29560 and 29564, 2020-Ohio-4040, ¶ 15 (considering

whether the judgment awarding permanent custody was against the manifest weight of the

evidence even though the parents-appellants failed to make any substantive arguments in support

of that assigned error).

        {¶30} In considering whether the juvenile court’s judgment is against the manifest

weight of the evidence, this Court “weighs the evidence and all reasonable inferences, considers

the credibility of witnesses and determines whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the

[finder of fact] clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the

[judgment] must be reversed and a new [hearing] ordered.” (Internal quotations and citations

omitted.) Eastley v. Volkman, 132 Ohio St.3d 328, 2012-Ohio-2179, ¶ 20. When weighing the

evidence, this Court “must always be mindful of the presumption in favor of the finder of fact.”

Id. at ¶ 21.

        5
            G.S. had been placed in the agency’s emergency temporary custody by this time.
                                                14

       {¶31} Before a juvenile court may terminate parental rights and award permanent

custody of a child to a proper moving agency, it must find clear and convincing evidence of both

prongs of the permanent custody test: (1) that the child is abandoned; orphaned; has been in the

temporary custody of the agency for at least 12 months of a consecutive 22-month period; the

child or another child of the same parent has been adjudicated abused, neglected, or dependent

three times; or that the child cannot be placed with either parent, based on an analysis under R.C.

2151.414(E); and (2) that the grant of permanent custody to the agency is in the best interest of

the child, based on an analysis under R.C. 2151.414(D)(1).              R.C. 2151.414(B)(1) and

2151.414(B)(2); see also In re William S., 75 Ohio St.3d 95, 98-99 (1996). The best interest

factors include: the interaction and interrelationships of the children, the wishes of the children,

the custodial history of the children, the children’s need for permanence and whether that can be

achieved without a grant of permanent custody, and whether any of the factors outlined in R.C.

2151.414(E)(7)-(11) apply. R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(a)-(e); see In re R.G., 9th Dist. Summit Nos.

24834, 24850, 2009-Ohio-6284, ¶ 11.         Clear and convincing evidence is that which will

“produce in the mind of the trier of facts a firm belief or conviction as to the facts sought to be

established.” (Internal quotations omitted.) In re Adoption of Holcomb, 18 Ohio St.3d 361, 368

(1985), quoting Cross v. Ledford, 161 Ohio St. 469 (1954), paragraph three of the syllabus.

       {¶32} No appellant challenges the juvenile court’s first-prong findings, and the record

supports those findings. C.S. had been in the agency’s temporary custody for approximately 21

months at the time CSB filed its motion for permanent custody. See R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)

(setting the date that a child enters the temporary custody of the agency as the earlier of the date

of the child’s adjudication or 60 days after the child’s removal from the home). In addition, G.S.

could not and should not be returned to his parents’ custody, as Mother and Father failed
                                                 15

continuously and repeatedly to substantially remedy the concerns underlying the child’s

continued removal from her home. Both parents had long-term chemical dependency issues

which continued to impact their abilities to provide a safe and stable home for G.S. Despite

numerous referrals by the agency and some participation by Mother and Father in various

substance abuse services, neither parent was able to achieve sustained sobriety or gain insight

into their addiction issues. For these reasons, the juvenile court’s first-prong findings in support

of permanent custody are not against the manifest weight of the evidence.

       {¶33} As to best interest of the children, the juvenile court’s findings were also

supported by clear and convincing evidence. C.S. was removed by CSB shortly after her birth,

based in large part on Mother’s use of various drugs throughout her pregnancy and the infant’s

suffering from withdrawal symptoms upon birth. Father also had significant substance abuse

issues, as well as involvement in criminal activity. Upon her release from the NICU, C.S. spent

her entire life in foster care. G.S. was a subject child in a prior case but ultimately remained in

Mother’s legal custody. Mother and G.S. lived together at times in Grandfather’s home, while

Mother on other occasions left the child to live in Grandfather’s home without her.             The

caseworker testified that G.S. had been residing in Grandfather’s home just over a year when the

child was removed. Grandfather had a power of attorney regarding G.S., but the extent of his

authority over the child is unknown and not explained in the record. The record is clear,

however, that Grandfather was not the child’s legal custodian or guardian and, accordingly, had

no legal rights akin to parental rights regarding G.S.

       {¶34} Although the children have remained in separate foster homes, they visit with

each other and share a close bond. G.S.’ foster family is not available as a permanent placement
                                                16

for him, but C.S.’ foster family is very familiar with G.S. and may be able to provide a

permanent home for him. G.S. is comfortable in that environment.

       {¶35} Mother and Father visited sporadically with the children for the first six months of

the case, but their visits became more consistent over time. Grandfather frequently attended

visits with Mother and Father. The caseworker and guardian ad litem reported that the parents

were appropriate with the children during visits.

       {¶36}    C.S. was too young to express her wishes for custody. Besides G.S.’ expressed

comfort in his foster home, there is nothing in the record to indicate that he had any strong

opinion about his custody. The guardian ad litem opined that it was in the best interest of both

children to be placed in the permanent custody of CSB for purposes of adoption.

       {¶37} Both children require permanency after the significant length of time each spent

in the agency’s custody. G.S. had been removed two years earlier, while C.S. had been in the

agency’s care for more than three years at the time of the hearing. Mother and Father are not

able to provide a safe and stable home for the children due to various unresolved mental health,

substance abuse, and basic needs issues. No suitable alternative caregiver was available for legal

custody.

       {¶38} Based on a thorough review of the evidence, this is not the exceptional case

wherein the trier of fact clearly lost its way and created a manifest miscarriage of justice by

granting permanent custody of the children to CSB.          The clear and convincing evidence

supported the juvenile court’s first-prong findings of the permanent custody test and

demonstrated that the termination of Mother’s and Father’s rights was necessary in the best

interest of the children. Accordingly, the juvenile court’s judgment awarding permanent custody
                                                17

of C.S. and G.S. to CSB was not against the manifest weight of the evidence. Mother’s,

Father’s, and Grandfather’s assignments of error are overruled.

                                                     III.

       {¶39} Mother’s, Father’s, and Grandfather’s respective assignments of error are

overruled. The judgment of the Summit County Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, is

affirmed.

                                                                              Judgment affirmed.

       There were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       We order that a special mandate issue out of this Court, directing the Court of Common

Pleas, County of Summit, State of Ohio, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy

of this journal entry shall constitute the mandate, pursuant to App.R. 27.

       Immediately upon the filing hereof, this document shall constitute the journal entry of

judgment, and it shall be file stamped by the Clerk of the Court of Appeals at which time the

period for review shall begin to run. App.R. 22(C). The Clerk of the Court of Appeals is

instructed to mail a notice of entry of this judgment to the parties and to make a notation of the

mailing in the docket, pursuant to App.R. 30.

       Costs taxed to Appellants.

                                                       LYNNE S. CALLAHAN
                                                       FOR THE COURT
                                         18

CARR, P. J.
SUTTON, J.
CONCUR.

APPEARANCES:

AMBER R. CROWE, Attorney at Law, for Appellant.

NEIL P. AGARWAL, Attorney at Law, for Appellant.

BRENDON KOHRS, Attorney at Law, for Appellant.

SHERRI BEVAN WALSH, Prosecuting Attorney, and HEAVEN R. DIMARTINO, Assistant
Prosecuting Attorney, for Appellee.

TONY PAXTON, Attorney at Law, for G.S.

KRISTOPHER IMMEL, Guardian ad Litem.