Court Opinion

ID: 3144879
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-22 18:05:05.257555+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:10:13.850342
License: Public Domain

No. 2--08--0769     Filed: 1-7-09
______________________________________________________________________________

                                             IN THE

                              APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                              SECOND DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________

THE VILLAGE OF BENSENVILLE,            ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
ROBERTA BAIRD, WILLIAM BAIRD,          ) of Du Page County.
ARLENE BENSON, BERNARDO                )
FLORES, GAIL FLORES, NELSON            )
MARRERO, and ROBERT RACKOW,            )
                                       )
      Plaintiffs-Appellants,           )
                                       ) Nos. 07--CH--1620
v.                                     )       07--CH--2995
                                       )
THE CITY OF CHICAGO,                   ) Honorable
                                       ) Kenneth L. Popejoy,
      Defendant-Appellee.              ) Judge, Presiding.
______________________________________________________________________________

       JUSTICE O'MALLEY delivered the opinion of the court:

       Plaintiffs, the Village of Bensenville, and Bensenville residents Roberta Baird, William

Baird, Arlene Benson, Bernardo Flores, Gail Flores, Nelson Marrero, and Robert Rackrow

(Residents), appeal the orders of the circuit court of Du Page County dismissing counts I through IV

of their five-count second amended complaint against defendant, the City of Chicago (Chicago), and

dissolving a preliminary injunction barring Chicago from demolishing structures in Bensenville

pursuant to its plan to expand O'Hare International Airport (O'Hare). We affirm in part, reverse in

part, and remand for further proceedings.

                                        BACKGROUND
No. 2--08--0769

       The following facts set the backdrop of this matter. We will provide additional facts as

needed in our discussion of the issues.

       In 2001, Chicago, as owner and operator of O'Hare, proposed the O'Hare Modernization

Program (OMP), which would reconfigure and expand O'Hare's facilities, with the purpose of

streamlining air traffic and reducing flight delays. The primary measure in the OMP is the

installation of parallel runways to replace O'Hare's existing body of intersecting runways, to which

the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has attributed much of O'Hare's inefficiency. The OMP

outlines a two-phased "Master Plan" for expansion. Phase 1 calls for the expansion of an existing

runway, the reconfiguration of taxiways and a concourse, and the construction of two new runways,

a new western satellite terminal, and an underground automated transit system or "people mover"

connecting the new satellite terminal with the main terminal.1 Phase 2 envisions the expansion of

another existing runway and the construction of two additional new runways as well as a "world

gateway terminal."

       In 2003, the Illinois General Assembly enacted the O'Hare Modernization Act (Act) (620

ILCS 65/1 et seq. (West 2006)). In its prefatory findings, the legislature determined that "O'Hare

cannot efficiently perform its role in the State and national air transportation systems unless it is

reconfigured with multiple parallel runways." 620 ILCS 65/5(a)(2) (West 2006). The legislature

found it "essential" that the OMP "be completed efficiently and without unnecessary delay" and that

"acquisition of property as required for the [OMP] be completed as expeditiously as practicable."

620 ILCS 65/5(a)(6), (a)(7) (West 2006). To carry out Chicago's expansion efforts, it is empowered

       1
           An FAA document in the record states that construction of the western terminal is projected

to be "initiated" during Phase l but is "independent of other Phase 1 components."

                                                  -2-
No. 2--08--0769

by the Act to "acquire by gift, grant, lease, purchase, [or] condemnation ***, or otherwise any right,

title, or interest in any private property," including property outside Chicago's boundaries. 620 ILCS

65/15 (West 2006). The Act allows acquisition of property "that [Chicago] reasonably determines

will be necessary for future use, regardless of whether final regulatory or funding decisions have

been made." (Emphasis added.) 620 ILCS 65/15 (West 2006). The Act also contains a broad

preemption clause providing: "Airport property shall not be subject to the laws of any unit of local

government except as provided by ordinance of [Chicago]." 620 ILCS 65/25 (West 2006).

       The OMP identifies 615 parcels in Bensenville that Chicago believes it must acquire in order

to complete the expansion project at O'Hare. These parcels, situated off the southwest corner of

O'Hare, are collectively identified by the OMP as the "Southwest Acquisition Area" (Acquisition

Area). The properties in the Acquisition Area are variously improved with residential, commercial,

and industrial structures. Plaintiffs all own properties in the Acquisition Area. Chicago has initiated

eminent domain proceedings against those properties. This suit, City of Chicago v. Forest Preserve

District of Du Page County, No. 06--ED--111, is pending before Judge Stephen J. Culliton in the

circuit court of Du Page County.2 As for the remaining properties in the Acquisition Area, it appears

that Chicago has acquired the great majority of them, though precisely how many is unclear. It also

appears that some were acquired through eminent domain proceedings and some through voluntary

sales, but again the respective numbers are not clear from the record.

       2
           The record does not clearly show whether all of the Residents have properties involved in

the Culliton proceeding or, moreover, whether any properties owned by Bensenville itself are

involved. The parties appear to assume that the Residents and Bensenville all have properties at

stake in the Culliton proceeding, and we proceed on that assumption.

                                                 -3-
No. 2--08--0769

       In 2006 and 2007, Chicago drafted plans for demolishing structures it acquired or planned

to acquire in the Acquisition Area. Chicago also developed a "Demolition Health and Safety Plan,"

which described Chicago's measures for insuring that the demolition would proceed without risk to

public safety.

       On June 28, 2007, plaintiffs initiated the present action by filing a two-count complaint

against Chicago. Count I sought a declaratory judgment that Chicago's demolition plans must

comply with Bensenville's recently enacted Demolition Ordinance, which provides detailed permit

requirements for all demolition within the Bensenville village limits. Bensenville Village Code

§9--6a--2(F) (eff. February 27, 2008). The Demolition Ordinance provides that any application for

a demolition permit must include plans for replacing the structures planned for demolition.

Bensenville Village Code §9--6a--2(B) (eff. February 27, 2008). The Demolition Ordinance contains

a specific exception for Chicago's demolition of structures in the Acquisition Area, provided Chicago

demonstrates that the demolition is "necessary" to accomplish the OMP. Bensenville Village Code

§9--6a--2(C)(2) (eff. February 27, 2008).

       Count II of plaintiffs' complaint alleged that demolition under the plans proposed by Chicago

would constitute a public nuisance, as it would "expose *** Bensenville residents and their families

to toxic or hazardous substances and chemicals released by the demolition."

       Plaintiffs simultaneously moved for an injunction barring Chicago from demolishing any

properties in the Acquisition Area during the pendency of the lawsuit. Plaintiffs alleged that Chicago

planned to demolish the properties without having quantified all potentially harmful substances in

the structures and soils of the properties or designed appropriate measures to control the release of

such substances into the air or ground water during demolition. Plaintiffs attached to their motion

                                                 -4-
No. 2--08--0769

sworn declarations from Kenneth Mundt and Mark Travers, both employees of Environ, a firm

retained by Bensenville to assess the health risks posed by demolition of structures in the Acquisition

Area.

        Mundt, an epidemiologist, averred in his declaration that the demolition as planned by

Chicago would "create[] a significant potential endangerment to the health and safety of Bensenville

residents and their families." Mundt stated that he had reviewed Chicago's plan for controlling

emissions of harmful substances during demolition and found it inadequate to protect either

demolition workers or Bensenville residents who live in the Acquisition Area or in the vicinity.

Mundt identified hazardous substances that are likely present in the structures or soils in the

Acquisition Area:

               "Based on the mix of industrial, commercial, and residential structures in the

        Acquisition Area (as well as the historical uses of the area), it is highly likely that the

        following hazardous or toxic substances are present in the structures to be demolished (or in

        the surrounding soils and groundwater):        lead, mercury, pesticides, insecticides and

        herbicides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), chemical wood preservatives such as chromate

        copper arsenate, pentachlorophenols, creosote, paint and solvent compounds containing

        volatile organic compounds, petroleum wastes containing benzene and PAHs (polycyclic

        aromatic hydrocarbons), pathogenic mold spores, and septic system wastes containing

        bacterial and viral pathogens."

Mundt stated that these substances can, depending on their concentrations, cause "severe adverse

health effects including lung diseases, central nervous system damage, learning disabilities in

children, cancer, birth defects, liver damage, and damage to reproductive systems." Mundt cautioned

                                                 -5-
No. 2--08--0769

that a full list of the hazardous substances in the Acquisition Area was not possible until the area was

comprehensively investigated and tested.

       Mundt described a three-step process that he recommended be completed before demolition.

The first step is a comprehensive area-wide field investigation and sampling. This step involves

identifying "the locations, types, and quantities of hazardous or toxic materials in and around the

structures to be demolished." Mundt contrasted this approach with Chicago's proposed method of

testing, which he criticized as "start-stop" because Chicago intended to test and demolish piecemeal

rather than test the site in full before commencing demolition. Mundt opined that Chicago's method

was inadequate because it failed to consider the additive or cumulative effects of releases from

multiple parcels or structures.

       The second step, according to Mundt, is to develop a baseline risk assessment, which

involves using data from the field-testing stage to calculate the degree to which demolition will

expose to hazardous substances demolition workers and residents living in the Acquisition Area or

its vicinity. If the exposure is likely to exceed "accepted levels of public health protection," then

strict controls are necessary to reduce the exposure to acceptable levels. Mundt averred that, since

Chicago did not perform proper field testing, it necessarily could not have performed a proper risk

assessment.

       The third step, explained Mundt, is to establish "sufficiently strict control measures" to insure

that levels of exposure do not exceed "accepted levels of public health protection." Mundt opined

that, since Chicago did not perform proper field testing or prepare a proper risk assessment, Chicago

has no basis for claiming that its demolition proposal will adequately protect public health.

                                                  -6-
No. 2--08--0769

       In his declaration, Travers, a geologist, noted that Bensenville's Demolition Ordinance

requires an applicant for a demolition permit to submit plans for (in his words):                (1) "a

comprehensive investigation of the location, type, and quantity of hazardous chemical[s] and

materials in the entire area to be demolished"; and (2) demolition controls that "minimiz[e] the

public health risk from release of those hazardous chemicals during demolition." Travers opined that

the Demolition Ordinance "is a carefully developed and organized set of requirements designed to

protect the public health and safety of Bensenville residents and their families from exposure to

hazardous or toxic chemicals and materials that may be released during demolition activities."

Travers averred that Chicago's compliance with the Demolition Ordinance was "essential" for public

protection.

       At a July 2007 hearing on the motion for injunctive relief, the trial court held that count I did

not provide a basis for an injunction because plaintiffs were not likely to succeed on the merits. The

court reasoned that the Demolition Ordinance was preempted by section 25 of the Act, which

provides that "[a]irport property shall not be subject to the laws of any unit of local government

except as provided by ordinance of [Chicago]." 620 ILCS 65/25 (West 2006). The court did,

however, find a basis for injunctive relief in count II, alleging a public nuisance. The court entered

a preliminary injunction:

       "against [Chicago] on any further demolition of any kind or nature within [the Acquisition

       Area] until an area-wide field investigation and sampling program is done identifying any

       location, type and quantities of hazardous or toxic materials in or around the structures to be

       demolished in the demolition area."

As for the duration of the injunction, the court said:

                                                 -7-
No. 2--08--0769

       "Once that area-wide field investigation and sampling program has been completed, then we

       will hold an evidentiary hearing in regard to the findings that have been made, any expert

       testimony that either Bensenville or [Chicago] may wish to put forth in open court, and any

       other testimony that may be relevant in regard to same for this Court to make a determination

       whether [the] preliminary injunction [should continue] *** or whether [it] [should] terminate

       at that point with there being sufficient safeguards and protection for the public health of

       those residents of Bensenville and the surrounding areas to satisfy this Court."

The court put the matter over for status.

       In October 2007, plaintiffs filed a four-count amended complaint. Count I alleged common-

law fraud, in that Chicago knowingly made to property owners in the Acquisition Area false

statements that all of their parcels are necessary for completion of the OMP. Plaintiffs alleged,

without elaboration, that, "[w]ith the exception of one parcel of property owned by [Bensenville],"

none of the properties in the Acquisition Area are needed for Phase 1 of the OMP. Plaintiffs alleged

that only a portion of Phase 1 received the requisite approval from the "Majority-In-Interest Airlines"

(MII Airlines) at O'Hare. Plaintiffs asserted that only Phase 2 could possibly warrant acquisition of

plaintiffs' properties in the Acquisition Area but that Phase 2 was unlikely ever to be completed,

because the MII Airlines probably would not approve Phase 2 given its projected cost. Plaintiffs

asserted that Chicago knows that completion of Phase 2 is unlikely and that Phase 2 "is little more

than a public relations creation by Chicago to provide a false justification for acquiring and

destroying the residential and commercial properties in the Acquisition Area."

       Count II of the complaint pleaded constructive fraud based on the same false statements

alleged in count I. Count III reasserted the first complaint's claim that the Demolition Ordinance

                                                 -8-
No. 2--08--0769

governs the demolition of properties in the Acquisition Area. Count IV realleged that the demolition

would constitute a public nuisance if it proceeded under the plans proposed by Chicago.

       Chicago moved to dismiss counts I through III, pursuant to section 2--615 of the Code of

Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2--615 (West 2006)). The trial court granted the motion as to

counts I and II but not count III. The court dismissed count I on the grounds that: (1) Chicago's

statements as to Acquisition Area properties' necessity for the OMP were legal opinions based on

statutory or constitutional criteria for condemnation and therefore were not proper subjects of a fraud

action, pursuant to Stern v. Norwest Mortgage, Inc., 284 Ill. App. 3d 506 (1996); (2) Chicago's

statements that it would use the properties for either Phase 1 or Phase 2 were statements of future

intent and therefore not actionable as fraud (see People ex rel. Peters v. Murphy-Knight, 248 Ill. App.

3d 382, 387 (1993) ("[s]tatements regarding future events are considered opinions, not statements

of fact," and therefore cannot be fraudulent)); (3) plaintiffs' alleged damages were "speculative at

best" because plaintiffs did not allege that Chicago had no intent to use the properties for Phase 1

or Phase 2; and (4) relatedly, the lack of final approval for Phase 1 or Phase 2 did not vitiate

Chicago's ability to acquire the properties, because the Act allows acquisition of properties that

Chicago "reasonably determines will be necessary for future use, regardless of whether final

regulatory or funding decisions have been made" (emphasis added) (620 ILCS 65/15 (West 2006)).

       The court dismissed count II because plaintiffs set forth no facts that would prove "the

existence of a fiduciary relationship between Chicago and Bensenville." In denying the motion to

dismiss with respect to count III, the court reasoned that Chicago's sole contention was that the

ordinance was preempted by the Act, an affirmative matter not properly claimed in a section 2--615

motion. The court noted that the dismissal of counts I and II was without prejudice.

                                                 -9-
No. 2--08--0769

       In November 2007, Chicago filed with the court a status report regarding its plans for

surveying and sampling the Acquisition Area as previously ordered by the court. Chicago informed

the court that it had retained the firm of Conestoga-Rovers and Associates (CRA) to conduct the

investigation. The court set July 7, 2008, for an evidentiary hearing on whether the preliminary

injunction should continue.

       On March 11, 2008, plaintiffs filed a five-count, second amended complaint. Count I of the

second amended complaint was entitled "Declaration and Injunctive Relief as to the Constitutionality

of the O'Hare Modernization Act." In their foundational allegations, plaintiffs averred that Chicago

"has acquired--either through eminent domain or threat of eminent domain--several hundred ***

residential and commercial properties in Bensenville in the Acquisition Area." Plaintiffs further

alleged that Chicago is currently seeking to acquire through eminent domain plaintiffs' own

properties.

       Plaintiffs pleaded for two declarations. First, plaintiffs sought a declaration that the Act does

not override the requirement of article I, section 15, of the Illinois Constitution, the takings clause,

that "the courts *** decide after an evidentiary hearing whether any particular parcel is necessary"

for a public purpose. See Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, §15 ("Private property shall not be taken *** for

public use without just compensation as provided by law"); People ex rel. Director of Finance v.

Young Women's Christian Ass'n, 86 Ill. 2d 219, 232 (1981) (YWCA) (the takings clause of the

Illinois Constitution " 'is a restraint and limitation placed upon the exercise of [the condemnation

power] as against the right of the private citizen except in those cases where public necessity requires

the taking of private property for public use' "), quoting Department of Public Works & Buildings

v. Ryan, 357 Ill. 150, 154 (1934).

                                                 -10-
No. 2--08--0769

        Second, plaintiffs sought a declaration that Chicago did not satisfy the constitutional

requirement of necessity in "taking" properties in the Acquisition Area. In support, plaintiffs alleged

that only a portion of the OMP's Phase 1, i.e., the "Phase 1 Airfield Project," was currently in

progress. Plaintiffs further alleged that, "[w]ith the exception of a small number of properties on the

north end of the so-called 'Acquisition Area,' Chicago has no need for any properties in Bensenville

for [Phase 1]--or the Phase 1 Airfield Project." With respect to Phase 2, plaintiffs averred that "there

is no certainty that [Phase 2] will be constructed within any reasonable period of time as required

by the necessity limitations of the Illinois Constitution." Plaintiffs alleged that, "despite this lack of

necessity for property in Bensenville, Chicago has acquired--through eminent domain proceedings

or the threat of eminent domain--several hundred residential and commercial properties in

Bensenville on the false assertion that these properties are necessary" for the OMP.

        In addition to declaratory relief, plaintiffs asked that Chicago be ordered to restore "to their

prior state and condition" the properties it "acquired" from the Acquisition Area. Plaintiffs also

asked that Chicago be enjoined from "further acquisitions" of property in Bensenville "under any

claim that the properties are necessary" for the OMP, until Chicago proves its compliance with the

constitutional necessity requirement.

        Count II pleaded common-law fraud. Plaintiffs made the following core allegations:

                "(A) False statement of material fact. Here the false statements of material fact are

        Chicago's false factual allegations made to meet the necessity requirement of the Illinois

        Constitution.

                        i. That all of the properties in the Acquisition Area are needed for [Phase 1]

                                                  -11-
No. 2--08--0769

             when at most only a few parcels are needed; the vast majority of Plaintiffs' properties

             are not needed; and the vast majority of parcels in the Acquisition Area are not

             needed for the 'Phase 1 Airfield Project' or any portion of [Phase 1].

                     ii. That all of the properties in [the] Acquisition Area are needed for thefuture

             [Phase 2] and that the necessity requirement of the Illinois Constitution is met

             because [Phase 2] will be constructed by 2014. This statement of future need is false

             because Chicago has no basis in fact to assert that [Phase 2] will be constructed by

             2014 or any future date, if ever.

             (B) Defendant's knowledge that the statement is false. Chicago knows that its

      factual assertions as set forth in paragraph (A) are false.

             (C) Defendant's intent that the false statement induce the Plaintiffs to act.

      *** Here Chicago knew and intended its false factual statements as to necessity would cause

      many property owners to sell their homes and businesses under threat of eminent domain.

      The false statements by Chicago as to the facts--i.e., that Chicago had demonstrated a factual

      basis of constitutional necessity in accordance with the Illinois Constitution's limitations on

      the power of eminent domain--were made to property owners who sold their homes and

      businesses under threat of eminent domain and to the DuPage [sic] County Circuit Court

      which unwittingly accepted these assertions as the truth.

             (D) Plaintiffs' reliance on the truth of the false statement. Here many--indeed

      hundreds of property owners--sold their homes to Chicago under threat of eminent domain

      in reliance on the truth of Chicago's false statements as to necessity to take their properties.

      In turn by selling their homes in response to these false statements as to necessity, these

                                                 -12-
No. 2--08--0769

       property owners (with the assistance and encouragement of Chicago) left the neighborhood

       a deserted wasteland."

Plaintiffs alleged as injuries that: (1) parts of the Acquisition Area have been turned into "a virtual

wasteland" in that the acquired properties are uninhabited, and plaintiffs have suffered a resulting

"[l]ack of community"; and (2) the loss of neighboring properties has diminished plaintiffs' property

values and the reduction in the tax base has led to higher taxes.

       Count III alleged unjust enrichment. Plaintiffs pleaded that "Chicago has improperly and

unjustly obtained and continue[s] to retain the use of the properties in the Acquisition Area by

violating the necessity limits of the Illinois Constitution and by false statements as to necessity."

       Count IV realleged the claim from the prior complaints that demolition in the Acquisition

Area was governed by the Demolition Ordinance. Count V realleged the public nuisance claim from

the prior complaints.

       Plaintiffs also filed a motion for injunctive relief under counts I through III of the second

amended complaint. Also, under count V, plaintiffs sought the same injunctive relief that was

currently in place. Plaintiffs did so to preserve the status quo in the event the court dissolved the

injunction at the July 2008 evidentiary hearing.

       On April 11, 2008, Chicago moved to dismiss counts I and IV, pursuant to section 2--619

of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2--619 (West 2006)), and counts II and III pursuant to section 2--615 of the

Code. Plaintiffs filed a response to the motion. To particularize their allegations of fraud in count

II, plaintiffs attached an affidavit from Joseph Del Balzo, former acting administrator of the FAA.

Del Balzo averred that he reviewed documents relating to the OMP and found that Phase 1 requires

                                                 -13-
No. 2--08--0769

only 33 properties in the Acquisition Area, not 615 properties as Chicago claimed. Del Balzo further

determined that none of the documents indicates an estimated completion date for Phase 2.

       On June 26, 2008, the trial court dismissed counts I and IV under section 2--619 and counts

II and III under section 2--615. The court first addressed the grounds for dismissing counts I and IV.

The court construed count I as alleging "that Chicago's acquisition of properties in Bensenville is

unconstitutional because those properties are not necessary, as required by the Illinois Constitution."

The court proceeded from the premise that, "[if] property is not necessary for [a] public project, there

is no constitutional authority to take the property--despite what the Legislature has asserted in the

authorizing statute." The court distinguished between properties owned by plaintiffs, which Chicago

is presently attempting to acquire in the proceedings before Judge Culliton, and all other properties

in the Acquisition Area, which the court noted were "owned by individuals who contracted with

Chicago for the sale of those properties."3

       The trial court held that plaintiffs' claims respecting their own properties were barred on the

ground that there is "another action pending between the same parties for the same cause" (735 ILCS

5/2--619(a)(3) (West 2006)), namely, the eminent domain action before Judge Culliton. The trial

court found that the proceedings before Judge Culliton could provide plaintiffs "complete relief"

with respect to their own properties. As for the remaining properties, the trial court held that

plaintiffs lacked standing to challenge their acquisition by Chicago. The court noted plaintiffs'

reliance on two cases, People ex rel. Klaeren v. Village of Lisle, 202 Ill. 2d 164 (2002), and Yusuf

       3
           This is contrary to plaintiffs' allegation, and the assumptions of the appellate briefs, that

some of these properties were acquired through eminent domain proceedings.

                                                   -14-
No. 2--08--0769

v. Village of Villa Park, 120 Ill. App. 3d 533 (1983), to establish standing, but the court found that

plaintiffs alleged injuries unlike those in Yusuf or Klaeren.4

       As for count IV, the court held that, in light of section 25 of the Act (620 ILCS 65/25 (West

2006)) ("Airport property shall not be subject to the laws of any unit of local government except as

provided by ordinance of [Chicago]"), it is "clear *** that any property acquired by the City of

Chicago for the purposes of OMP is not subject to the Bensenville Demolition Ordinance."

       The court then turned to counts II and III, which alleged fraud and unjust enrichment,

respectively. On count II, the court reasoned:

                 "This court reaches the same conclusion it reached the last time plaintiffs presented

       a fraud claim--the alleged damages are speculative at best. The acquired properties are to be

       used for the benefit of the State of Illinois, and there is no evidence that Chicago plans to use

       them for anything else.       Assurance as to future events is generally not considered

       misrepresentation of fact. [Citation.] As such, Chicago's stated intention to use the acquired

       properties for the [OMP] cannot be considered fraud. In addition, a legal position, even if

       alleged to be wrong, is not fraud. [Citation.] Therefore, Chicago's legal position that it has

       discretion (granted by the Illinois legislature) to determine what parcels of land it requires

       for completion of the [OMP] cannot be considered a fraudulent statement."

On count III, the court said:

       4
           Plaintiffs did not argue, and the trial court did not on its own consider, what standing

Bensenville might have as the municipality in whose territorial boundaries another government body

seeks to acquire property by eminent domain.

                                                 -15-
No. 2--08--0769

       " 'To state a cause of action for unjust enrichment, a plaintiff must allege the defendant

       unjustly retained a benefit to the plaintiff's detriment, and the defendant's retention violated

       the fundamental principles of justice, equity, and good conscience.' [Citation.] *** [T]here

       is no fact pleading that supports the proposition that Chicago intends to use the acquired

       properties for anything other than expansion of O'Hare. The properties are not for the benefit

       of the City of Chicago. In addition, Chicago paid for each of the acquired properties in real

       estate contracts with former owners of those properties. 'Where there is a specific contract

       which governs the relationship of the parties, the doctrine of unjust enrichment has no

       application.' [Citation.]"

       The court also denied, as moot, plaintiffs' motion for injunctive relief under counts I through

III. On June 30, 2008, plaintiffs petitioned this court for leave to take an interlocutory appeal from

the denial of their motion. This court denied the petition.

       On July 7-10, 2008, the trial court held an evidentiary hearing on whether its injunction

should continue against demolition of the properties in the Acquisition Area. Chicago presented its

case first, and its first witness was Fred Blickle, an environmental engineer with CRA and an expert

in developing and evaluating plans for the decommissioning and demolition of residential,

commercial, or industrial structures. Blickle explained that "decommissioning" is the process of

removing potentially hazardous material from a structure before demolishing it. Blickle testified that

CRA was hired to perform an area-wide testing and investigation program in the Acquisition Area,

to evaluate the results of the program, and to develop a decommissioning and demolition program

that would protect public health.

                                                -16-
No. 2--08--0769

       Blickle first explained the nature and scope of the testing and investigation. CRA inspected

and sampled both structures and soils in the Acquisition Area. With respect to structures, CRA

inspected "600 plus" parcels in the Acquisition Area and looked for any "material[s] of concern that

should be decommissioned prior to demolition." CRA inspected the structures for lead and asbestos

and for "waste," subdivided by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) into

universal waste (fluorescent bulbs, batteries), household waste (cooking oils, cleaning agents,

pesticides), and hazardous waste (determined by a specialized test). CRA found materials containing

asbestos. CRA did not test for lead in applied paint on the structures but, rather, assumed that there

was lead in all applied paint and planned to decommission the structures accordingly.

       Blickle testified that CRA's inspection for waste included testing areas of concern, like

stained concrete. This sampling was guided by the Toxic Substances Control Act (15 U.S.C. §2601

et seq. 2000)), which Blickle described as "the only procedure prescribed by the [USEPA] for

sampling solid materials." CRA gathered 4,400 samples in all and sent them to an independent lab

to be tested for the presence of hazardous waste according to the criteria of the Resource

Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA) (42 U.S.C. §6901 et seq. (2000)). Blickle testified

that CRA found household and universal waste but no hazardous waste in the Acquisition Area.

       Blickle then explained CRA's methodology for soil sampling. CRA conducted two types of

sampling: (1) sampling in areas of potential environmental concern (PECs); and (2) grid sampling.

CRA identified PEC sites based on historical data showing the likely presence of contaminants in

the soil. Grid sampling consisted of random testing within a grid of acre-sized lots imposed on a

map of the Acquisition Area (with no overlap with PEC testing). Blickle testified that grid sampling

was not required by the USEPA but that CRA did it as an extra precaution. Blickle testified that

                                                -17-
No. 2--08--0769

CRA took samples at approximately 170 PEC sites and approximately 200 grid sites. About 400

discrete samples were taken in all.5 CRA took samples at depths recommended by a document

entitled "Soil Screening Guidance: User's Guide," promulgated by the USEPA. CRA was not able

to complete testing at 21 of the PEC sites because of "access issues." Blickle testified that he was

confident that nothing was present at these 21 PEC sites that CRA had not already encountered

elsewhere in the Acquisition Area. Blickle testified that CRA selected the chemicals for which to

test a PEC sample based on the contaminants, e.g., petroleum, that the usage history of the site

indicated would likely be present in the soil. Blickle testified that grid samples were tested for

substances listed on the Priority Pollutant List established by the Federal Water Pollution Control

Act, commonly referred to as the Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. §1317 (2000)).

       Blickle testified that the test results for each chemical were compared against the soil

screening level for that chemical. Blickle used soil screening levels developed by Dr. Elizabeth

Anderson of Exponent Corporation. Blickle testified that Dr. Anderson's screening levels are

conservative and that an exceedance does not necessarily indicate that disturbance of the soil will

be a risk to public health. Blickle testified that 99% of the PEC samples and 99% of the grid

samples were below the screening levels. Blickle testified that the exceedances that were found

would not preclude demolition, because CRA had measures to control emission of contaminants

within levels acceptable for public safety.

       5
           There is some equivocation in the record between a "parcel" and a sampling "site" or

"location." From what we gather, CRA took samples at 370 "locations" or "sites" within the 615

legal parcels that comprise the Acquisition Area. A given parcel might contain more than one

sampling site or location, and multiple samples might be taken at a given sampling site or location.

                                               -18-
No. 2--08--0769

        Blickle then described CRA's planned decommissioning procedures. Blickle testified that

CRA intends to remove all waste that can be "practically" taken from the structures. As for asbestos,

Blickle noted that the handling and disposition of materials containing asbestos is controlled by the

National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) (40 C.F.R. §61 et seq.

(2008)), a series of federal regulations. Blickle explained that asbestos is of two types: "Regulated

Asbestos Containing Material" (RACM) and non-RACM.                      The USEPA and the Illinois

Environmental Protection Agency (IEPA) both must be notified of the presence of RACM in a

structure designated for demolition. Prior to demolition, RACM must be entirely removed from the

structure by a demolition contractor licensed in asbestos abatement. Non-RACM need not be

removed prior to demolition. Blickle explained that, though such a measure is not required by law,

CRA will dismantle rather than crush or implode structures containing non-RACM. As for lead,

CRA will assume that all applied paint contains lead and will remove all flaked or flaking paint.

        Blickle next described the demolition controls that CRA developed to keep emissions of

contaminants to safe levels during demolition. CRA will enclose the demolition area to exclude the

public and will maintain a "buffer zone" between the demolition area and occupied properties. CRA

will apply water to all structures to control release of dust and will use silk screens to filter the water

running off the structures. Blickle characterized the wetting of structures as CRA's "primary" control

on dust. CRA will also vacuum around the structures with a device designed to catch particles down

to .3 microns in size. In addition, CRA will implement a "real time" air monitoring program in an

effort to confine "visible dust" to the demolition area, per the dictates of the NESHAP. CRA will

monitor airborne asbestos according to the standards of the Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response

Act of 1986 (AHERA) (15 U.S.C. §2461 et seq. (2000)) and lead levels according to the National

                                                   -19-
No. 2--08--0769

Primary & Secondary Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) (40 C.F.R. §50.1 et seq. (2008)).

CRA derived from the AHERA and the NAAQS certain "action" and "trigger" levels for lead and

asbestos. If an action level is exceeded, CRA will take corrective measures while continuing

demolition. If a trigger is exceeded, CRA will cease demolition altogether until it achieves

compliance with the emission standards. In addition to the foregoing, CRA will monitor the air for

volatile organic compounds. Blickle admitted that CRA will not monitor for substances other than

lead, asbestos, and volatile organic compounds. Blickle explained that demolition teams "never

monitor for every constituent that's present, no matter what the site." The custom rather is to "select

target compounds, indicator parameters to gauge your monitoring program."

        Blickle testified that CRA will further minimize soil disturbance by demolishing just to the

"pad" or slab of a structure and by filling basements with concrete rather than digging out the walls.

Blickle opined that CRA's demolition controls will insure that no "appreciable" deposition of

chemicals will occur in residential areas inside or outside the demolition area. Blickle admitted that

CRA made no quantitative estimate of "what would come off the site during demolition." CRA saw

no need to make that calculation, because its controls "are protective of any type of generation of that

material" and it did not believe "anything is going to come off" the site during demolition.

        Blickle acknowledged an October 31, 1997, letter from the IEPA to Nelson Steel & Wire,

which had occupied in the Acquisition Area a parcel that is now the site of Pro Logis. The letter

implies that at the site there had been some environmental issue for which remediation had been

required. The letter refers to presently contaminated soil at the site but states that "no further

remediation" is required at the site as long as certain terms are followed. The letter states in pertinent

part:

                                                  -20-
No. 2--08--0769

      "PREVENTIVE, ENGINEERING, AND INSTITUTIONAL CONTROLS

      3.     Preventive:    a) A Site Health and Safety Plan for this remediation site is to be

                            implemented in accordance with the Occupational Safety and Health

                            Administration requirements to address possible worker exposure,

                            should any further excavation and construction activities occure [sic]

                            within the contaminated soil.

                            b) The area of the northeastern retention basin, as identified on the

                            Site Base Map, is prohibited from recreational use. Additionally, any

                            future activity which would expose contaminated sediments within

                            the northeastern retention basin will require implementation of an

                            engineered barrier meeting the requirements of 35 Illinois

                            Administrative Codes 742.1100 and 742.1105.

             Engineering: As delineated on the Site Base Map, a six (6) inch asphalt or

                            equivalent material cap must remain in place over the contaminated

                            soil. The cap must be properly maintained in the future as an

                            engineered barrier to inhibit inhalation and ingestion of the

                            contaminated media below the cap, as well as impede contaminant

                            migration to groundwater.

             Institutional: Within the boundaries of the site, no person shall construct, install,

                            maintain or utilize a water system or well other than the water supply

                            and water services available from the nearest Public Water Supply.

                            The provisions of this institutional control shall be applicable to all

                                             -21-
No. 2--08--0769

                                  water usage including, but not limited to, domestic, commercial and

                                  industrial uses and water for outdoor purposes."

The letter also states that the conditions specified may be revised if "(a) Further investigation or

remedial action has been conducted that documents the attainment of objectives appropriate for the

new land use; and (b) A new letter is obtained and recorded in accordance with Title XVII of the

[Illinois Environmental Protection Act] and regulations adopted thereunder." Blickle testified that

the demolition of structures at the Pro Logis site will not disturb the cap that now sits over the

contaminated soil at that site.

       Blickle testified that, in his professional opinion, CRA's decommissioning program and

demolition controls will insure that the demolition of structures in the Acquisition Area is "clean"

and not a threat to public health.

       Chicago's other witness was Dr. Elizabeth Anderson, a toxicologist at Exponent and an

expert in assessing risks to public health from contaminants and pollutants. Dr. Anderson testified

that a proper assessment of the risk posed by a proposed demolition has three steps: (1)

characterizing the demolition site, which involves identifying chemicals of potential concern; (2)

identifying potential receptors of emissions and pathways of exposure, such as inhalation and

ingestion; and (3) determining the overall risk on the basis of the qualitative and quantitative data.

The aim of the risk assessment approach is to insure that contaminants are not released in levels that

can threaten public health.

       Dr. Anderson testified that, in her professional opinion, Blickle's plan for decommissioning

the structures, controlling dust, and monitoring for lead and asbestos was suitably protective of

public health. To evaluate the risk posed by soil disturbance, Dr. Anderson used a specialized risk

                                                  -22-
No. 2--08--0769

assessment paradigm called the "screening level approach," which is approved by both the USEPA

and the IEPA. Dr. Anderson explained that the aim of the screening level approach is to calculate

the maximum soil concentration at which a substance, if released during a soil disturbance, will not

endanger public health. Dr. Anderson drew her soil screening levels from the baseline values

provided in the "Tiered Approach to Corrective Action Objectives" (TACO) (35 Ill. Adm. Code

§742.100 et seq., adopted at 21 Ill. Reg. 7942, eff. July 1, 1997, as amended) promulgated by the

IEPA.6 Dr. Anderson explained that TACO assumes that there has been both "a hazardous release"

and "an enforcement action" and, accordingly, prescribes soil screening levels by which to plan

appropriate corrective action. TACO may also be used "voluntarily," as she did here, where the issue

is the risk involved in a prospective soil disturbance. Dr. Anderson testified that TACO soil

screening levels are calculated differently for carcinogenic substances than for noncarcinogenic

substances. Under TACO, exposure to carcinogenic substances must not cause greater than a 1 in

1 million (1 x 10-6) chance of developing cancer over one's lifetime. Risk associated with

noncarcinogenic substances, however, is measured not as a probability but as a hazard quotient, or

"the ratio of the expected exposure to the regulatory limit." Under TACO, the hazard quotient for

noncarcinogenic substances must not exceed one.

       Dr. Anderson testified that TACO considers the risk that demolition poses to both demolition

workers and adjacent residents. TACO provides three tiers of screening values. Tier 1 provides

       6
           It became apparent in later testimony that Dr. Anderson provided screening levels for

chemicals she considered relevant to the risk analysis and did so independently of Blickle's test

results. Therefore, it was possible that Dr. Anderson calculated screening levels for chemicals that

Blickle never detected.

                                               -23-
No. 2--08--0769

screening values for a certain baseline scenario, and Tiers 2 and 3 allow for modification of those

values if the circumstances of a chemical release from soils differ materially from the Tier 1

scenario. Dr. Anderson explained that Tier 1 presupposes a release of contaminants due to a "very

gentle soil disturbance." Tier 1 also presupposes an exposure duration of 30 years for adjacent

residents and 30 days for demolition workers. Dr. Anderson modified the Tier 1 scenario in several

ways. First, she assumed, commensurate with the length of the planned demolition, that both

residents and demolition workers in the Acquisition Area would be exposed to released chemicals

for 260 days. Dr. Anderson testified that the baseline 30-year exposure for residents was not realistic

in this case because contaminants were found at "very low levels" in the Acquisition Area and

Blickle's demolition controls would forestall any "large depositions that would then cause long term

risk."

         Second, Dr. Anderson assumed a greater soil disturbance than the baseline Tier 1 scenario

and in fact employed a "Particulate Emission Factor" (PEF) 10 times more conservative than the Tier

1 default factor.

         Third, as a precautionary measure, Dr. Anderson assumed that residents in the Acquisition

Area would inhale released contaminants to the same degree as demolition workers. Dr. Anderson

did not, however, assume any ingestion of contaminants by residents as she did for demolition

workers, because ingestion by residents was unlikely given the degree of Blickle's controls.

         The fourth manner in which Dr. Anderson departed from Tier 1 was to use an additive risk

analysis according to the guidelines of Tier 3. Dr. Anderson explained that an additive risk analysis

considers the combined effect of exposure to multiple contaminants. Dr. Anderson emphasized that

the additive risk analysis considers "contaminants detected--not suspected, not possibilities." Dr.

                                                 -24-
No. 2--08--0769

Anderson also emphasized that the additive risk analysis considers separately the effects of

noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic substances; TACO does not permit the combining of carcinogenic

and noncarcinogenic effects into a single risk value. Finally, the additive risk analysis segregates

effects to different parts of the body. Dr. Anderson testified that the screening levels resulting from

her adjustments were more rigorous overall than even the conservative Tier 1 levels.

          Dr. Anderson then described Blickle's test results and his comparison of them to her

screening levels.     Dr. Anderson noted that Blickle's test results showed "very, very low"

concentrations of contaminants in the Acquisition Area. Blickle took these concentrations and did

a "chemical by chemical" analysis, comparing each chemical to its screening level. Blickle found

exceedances at 41 of the 370 locations he sampled. When Dr. Anderson did her own comparison

using the additive risk model, she found exceedances at only 11 locations sampled. Dr. Anderson

attributed this somewhat counterintuitive disparity to the specialized nature of additive risk analysis

under TACO. For one, additive risk separates effects peculiar to discrete body parts; there is no

"mixing of body parts." Furthermore, under TACO, "the cumulative risk of carcinogens [sic]

contaminants attacking the same target must not exceed 1 x 10-4," not the standard benchmark of 1

x 10-6.

          Dr. Anderson testified that, in an effort to be "more public health protective," Blickle

designed his controls based on the 41 site-exceedances derived from his chemical-by-chemical

analysis, not on the lower number of exceedances reached in Dr. Anderson's additive risk analysis.

Dr. Anderson noted that, of the 41 exceedance sites, no soil disturbance causing a release would

occur at 25 of the sites because either there are no structures at all on those sites or the soil that is

contaminated is located below asphalt or concrete that will be undisturbed during demolition. Dr.

                                                  -25-
No. 2--08--0769

Anderson testified that another 12 of the 41 locations showed exceedances only for arsenic and

benzo(a)pyrene, and these were in concentrations at acceptable background levels that TACO sets

for chemicals found "frequently in the environment." On yet another site, "the limits of detection

were above the risk-base soil concentration levels," and Blickle "had very generally just included [it]

as a positive sample even though it was never detected." Thus, there remained just three sampling

locations with unmitigated exceedances.

       Asked if CRA had taken enough samples at each sampling location to be confident that it had

measured the highest concentration of each contaminant found at the location, Dr. Anderson

answered:

               "I suppose Mr. Blickle could have sampled every square inch. But that's not the point

       of a sampling program.

               The point of [a] sampling program is to capture the representative samples in a

location."

Dr. Anderson further defended CRA's sampling program:

               "If you're doing a focus sampling plan and you're trying to sample particularly the

       point where you think the concentration is going to be the highest and you don't really find

       anything that is of enormous concern--we did not find huge levels of contamination at this

       site--and then to proceed further to establish protective measures, I don't think you

       necessarily need to establish sampling plans that just continue to sample and to sample and

       to sample, when at this site, as I said ***, we really don't find that many enormous concerns.

               We found very, very, few samples that exceeded the screening levels."

                                                 -26-
No. 2--08--0769

       Dr. Anderson testified that CRA did not intend to remove the protective barrier in place at

the Nelson Wire/Pro Logis site, but, if there were a soil disturbance, "it would need to be addressed

with the [IEPA]."

       Dr. Anderson testified that, in her professional opinion, the demolition planned by CRA will

not threaten public health because CRA's plan for decommissioning the Acquisition Area is

comprehensive and sound, the soil in the Acquisition Area has low concentrations of contaminants,

and the demolition controls designed by CRA will adequately control emission of contaminants from

the structures and soils.

       Plaintiffs' first witness was Stanley Popelar, a geologist and expert in site assessment

employed by Environ. Popelar's testimony was focused primarily on CRA's soil sampling program,

which he found inadequate. Popelar emphasized first that soil samples were taken at a relatively

small number of legal parcels in the Acquisition Area. Popelar noted that CRA took samples at only

147 of the 615 parcels in the Acquisition Area. Moreover, CRA identified 61 PEC parcels but took

samples at only 37.7

       Popelar criticized CRA's general sampling methodology. Popelar testified that CRA's PEC

sampling concentrated almost exclusively on commercial and industrial properties even though

residential properties regularly contain such contaminants as lead from paint, pesticides, chemicals

       7
           Again, the testimony at the hearing draws a distinction between a parcel and a sampling

location. As seen from Blickle's testimony, CRA often identified more than one sampling location

within a given parcel and often took more than one discrete sample within a sampling location. Still,

it is difficult to reconcile Blickle's testimony that only 24 PEC sampling sites remained to be tested

with Popelar's testimony that 37 legal parcels remained for PEC testing.

                                                -27-
No. 2--08--0769

for treating lumber, heating oil residue, and household wastes. Popelar asserted that this deficiency

in the PEC sampling was not remedied by the grid sampling, which also did not cover all residential

properties in the Acquisition Area.

       Popelar also criticized CRA's methodology with respect to the sites it did sample. Popelar

noted that, once CRA found a sample in a given location that tested positive for a contaminant, CRA

did not "step out" from the point of the sample, i.e., take further samples to determine the total

quantity of that contaminant at the sampling location. Popelar testified that, without knowing the

total quantity of a contaminant in an area, one cannot know what quantity of that contaminant will

be released during a soil disturbance, and, without knowing emission levels, one cannot design

appropriate emission controls. Popelar also opined that CRA did not bore deeply enough when

taking samples. Additionally, in the residential properties that were grid-sampled, CRA "typically

put the soil borings out in the middle of the yard in areas [where CRA was] least likely to find

contamination, not near the structures, not near [the] sources of residential contaminants."

       Popelar maintained that, though underground septic and heating oil tanks are common in

residential properties in the Acquisition Area, CRA did not search for such tanks in many of the

residential areas. Popelar identified specifically a residential area north of Irving Park Road in

Bensenville that CRA had not surveyed for septic or heating oil tanks.

       Popelar concluded that CRA's sampling was "not area-wide" or "comprehensive" and that

CRA failed to "identify the maximum concentrations present and/or the quantities they might be

dealing with." Popelar admitted that Environ did not take its own samples from the Acquisition

Area. Robert Adams, also employed by Environ, testified that he has experience in developing and

evaluating decommissioning and demolition plans. Adams testified that the basic shortcoming in

                                                -28-
No. 2--08--0769

CRA's demolition controls is that they are based on incomplete data. Adams observed that a large

number of residential properties have not been sampled by CRA.           Even with respect to the

properties it has sampled, CRA has "done no assessment or review to determine what kinds of

emissions will be coming off the site during the demolition process." Because "you need to know

what is going to come off of the site [during demolition] to determine what the necessary controls

are," CRA has no basis for claiming that its controls will limit emissions within levels consistent

with public health.

       Adams also questioned aspects of CRA's air monitoring program. Adams asserted that

CRA's monitoring system was not sufficiently comprehensive because asbestos, lead, and volatile

compounds are not reliable proxies for other contaminants, contrary to CRA's position. Adams also

claimed that CRA's lead monitoring instruments are not sensitive enough to detect emissions at

CRA's proposed action and trigger levels.

       Adams admitted that he has not taken samples from, or otherwise investigated or examined,

the Acquisition Area. He also admitted that he himself has made no estimate of the emission levels

for any contaminant that could be released during demolition.

       Dr. Frank Jones, a toxicologist at Environ and an expert in risk assessment, testified to the

multiple points on which he disagreed with Dr. Anderson's screening level approach. First, Dr. Jones

disagreed with Dr. Anderson's rejection of ingestion as a possible pathway of exposure for residents

inside or outside the Acquisition Area. Second, Dr. Jones challenged Dr. Anderson's PEF. Dr. Jones

stated that TACO's baseline PEF is the "Cowherd factor," which assumes "just bare exposed soil

with wind blowing across the soil." Dr. Jones noted that Dr. Anderson, to account for the greater

soil agitation caused by demolition, simply multiplied the Cowherd factor by 10. Dr. Jones opined

                                               -29-
No. 2--08--0769

that, though TACO mandates multiplying the baseline factor by 10, there is no scientific basis for

choosing 10 as the multiplier. Dr. Jones dismissed TACO's enhanced PEF as "simplistic" and noted

that the USEPA has developed more sophisticated emissions factors.

       Third, Dr. Jones asserted that Dr. Anderson was mistaken in substituting an exposure

duration of 260 days for the 30-year default duration in TACO Tier 1. Dr. Jones explained that the

default standard assumes that contaminants will travel from a demolition area into adjoining

residential areas and, once deposited, will cause continual exposure until dissipated or transported

elsewhere. Dr. Anderson made the substitution because she believed there would be no deposition

of material that could have long-term ill effects. Dr. Jones criticized this belief as unfounded

because CRA had not measured the quantity of each contaminant in the soil and therefore had an

incomplete picture of emission levels or deposition amounts. Dr. Jones cited a body of literature

finding that, even with "dust suppression" controls in place, demolition of structures causes

"significant levels of deposition of dust" outside the demolition area. Dr. Jones concluded that Dr.

Anderson had no cause for departing from the default exposure duration in TACO Tier 1. Dr. Jones

admitted, however, that the prevailing winds in the vicinity of the Acquisition Area blow from the

southwest. Thus, the Acquisition Area, situated between O'Hare to the northeast and the remaining

sections of Bensenville to the west and southwest, is mostly downwind from the other areas of

Bensenville.

       Dr. Jones testified that, though he disagreed with Dr. Anderson's screening levels, he did not

calculate his own screening levels but used Dr. Anderson's to perform an additive risk analysis that

considers the combined effect of multiple agents. Dr. Jones employed the additive risk approach of

a USEPA document entitled "Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund, Volume I, Human Health

                                               -30-
No. 2--08--0769

Evaluation Manual" (RAGS). The method of the RAGS involves dividing "your acceptable risk

level by the number of potential chemicals that your--that you may have present at the site." Dr.

Jones stressed that he considered the additive effects of carcinogens separately from the additive

effects of noncarcinogens; he agreed that the RAGS does not allow one "to take the noncancer risk

and add it to the cancer risk to determine the total risk." Dr. Jones testified that he calculated the

respective additive risks for carcinogens and noncarcinogens by first adding together all screening

levels Dr. Anderson provided, which yielded a total screening level. He then divided this figure, in

the case of noncarcinogens, by 120 (the total number of chemicals for which Dr. Anderson provided

screening levels), and, in the case of carcinogens, by 50 (the total number of carcinogenic chemicals

for which Dr. Anderson provided screening levels). The higher divisor for noncarcinogens was

necessary because "all chemicals have a noncarcinogenic effect, whether they are a carcinogen or

a noncarcinogen." Dr. Jones acknowledged that he divided the total screening value not "by the

chemicals actually detected" but by "the total number of chemicals for which [Dr. Anderson]

provided a screening level."8 He noted that, "even if it was nondetected, [a] chemical might still

have been of concern." He explained in the following colloquy:

                 "Q. You used *** the substances that were listed in Dr. Anderson's table [of

       screening values] did you not?

                 A. That is correct.

                 Q. And you mentioned that some of the chemicals she had listed came back as

       nondetect; isn't that right?

       8
           It is implied here that Dr. Anderson created her list of screening values independently of

what Blickle detected in the Acquisition Area.

                                                 -31-
No. 2--08--0769

               A. That is what I've been told this morning.

               Q. Okay. And one of the problems with nondetect is that the sensitivity level of the

       chemistry may be above the level of health concern; isn't that right?

               A. That is--in the field of risk assessment, if you have a detection limit that is higher

       than your health-based concern, you would assume that the chemical might still be there at

       half the detection level.

               Q. Because the limits of the chemical lab may be, you have the chemical there and

       a health risk, but the laboratory isn't able to analyze it; is that correct?

               A. Exactly."

Dr. Jones claimed that TACO dictates the same divisors as the RAGS for an additive risk analysis.

       Dr. Jones testified that, under the additive risk analysis of the RAGS, he found exceedances

at 52 of CRA's sampling locations, compared to Blickle's 41 exceedances. If he had used the

unmodified TACO Tier 1 values (a risk limit of 1 x 10-6, exposure through both ingestion and

inhalation, and an exposure duration of 30 years), he would have found exceedances at "most" of

CRA's sampling locations. Dr. Jones noted that, under TACO, if an additive risk analysis yields

screening values more rigorous than the Tier 1 values, "the number[s] would default back to the Tier

1 number[s]." Dr. Jones considered this proviso in TACO "policy-based" not "health-based." If not

for it, an additive risk analysis using the strict Tier 1 values would yield exceedances at every

sampling location in the Acquisition Area. Dr. Jones admitted that he was "supposed to calculate

additive risk by target organ" but did not do so.

       Dr. Jones testified that there were "too many gaps" in CRA's data for Chicago to conclude

that the demolition would not endanger public health. Particularly, CRA failed to calculate the total

                                                 -32-
No. 2--08--0769

quantities of contaminants found at each sampling location. Without this knowledge, CRA could

not develop appropriate demolition controls because, "if you don't know what's there, you can't

control for it." Dr. Jones acknowledged that it is acceptable to obtain the average concentration of

a contaminant at a sampling location as long as the range of sampling is broad enough. CRA,

however, did not attempt to find the average concentration at any sampling location.

        Michael Paige, a Bensenville official responsible for insuring compliance with the village's

codes, testified that he met with Chicago officials to discuss the proposed demolition. During these

meetings, he informed Chicago officials about the likelihood of underground storage tanks and septic

fields in the residential areas north of Irving Park Road. Paige also testified that, as of the hearing,

13 residential parcels in the Acquisition Area were still occupied.

        Kenneth Mundt, who had submitted a sworn declaration in support of plaintiffs' original

motion for injunctive relief, testified that he was the leader of the team of Environ employees who

evaluated CRA's proposed decommissioning and demolition procedures. Mundt and his team tested

CRA's work against the risk assessment framework Mundt had laid out in his sworn declaration.

This three-stage method consists of: (1) conducting a "comprehensive area-wide sampling plan,"

which involves measuring the "concentration, quantity[,] and type of contaminants" in the area

designated for demolition and calculating the extent to which the demolition will expose demolition

workers, and residents in the vicinity, to contaminants; (2) determining whether the likely exposure,

if any, is consistent with acceptable levels of public health protection; and (3) developing measures

to limit exposure to within acceptable levels. Mundt testified that step one is "critical" for the others

because if "good scientific data" is lacking, "whatever controls are based on [the] improper risk

assessment might not be adequately protective."

                                                  -33-
No. 2--08--0769

       Mundt opined that CRA did not conduct step one properly. Mundt asserted that CRA's

survey of the demolition site was deficient because CRA did not take PEC samples at all residential

properties, where the soils likely contained pesticides and lead from exterior paint. Mundt also noted

that CRA did not test for pesticides in any grid or PEC sample even though they were likely present

in the Acquisition Area. Mundt considered these gaps in data "irresponsible." Also, Mundt

considered grid sampling intrinsically flawed as a sampling methodology because it is not directed

by historical property use. Mundt testified that he did not consider grid sampling appropriate "for

any purpose" and did not believe that the USEPA approves grid sampling.

       Mundt criticized CRA's sampling program for the additional reason that it did not utilize

"stepping out" sampling. Mundt noted that "stepping out" sampling is important because, "[i]f levels

of contaminants exceed certain thresholds, we would then want to know whether we were at the very

edge of the contaminated area, [or] at the center of it." "Stepping out" sampling "confirm[s] what

the highest concentrations are of a particular contaminant of concern as well as the quantity of the

particular contaminant of concern." Mundt admitted that he is not trained in soil sampling and has

never taken soil samples himself. Mundt also admitted that Environ did no soil sampling of its own

but simply critiqued CRA's methods.         Mundt concluded that, because CRA's sampling was

inadequate, there was insufficient data "to make a scientifically or technically supportable judgment

that going forward with the demolition at this time would not pose a significant health risk" to

residential areas in or near the Acquisition Area.

       In rebuttal, Chicago called Dr. Anderson, who addressed Dr. Jones' criticisms of her risk

assessment methods and also critiqued his proposed methods. Dr. Anderson testified that a proper

risk assessment of the planned demolition in the Acquisition Area did not require her to measure the

                                                -34-
No. 2--08--0769

total quantity of each contaminant in a sampling location because she used a soil disturbance model

that assumed "limitless amounts of contaminant in the soil." Referencing Dr. Jones' additive risk

method, Dr. Anderson asserted that she knows of no government agency that prescribes including

"suspected" or "non-detected" chemicals in the divisor for additive risk analysis. Dr. Anderson

suggested that such a method is "arbitrary" and "make[s] no sense." Dr. Anderson followed instead

TACO's additive risk method, which provides that the divisor need include only chemicals "actually

detected at the site." Dr. Anderson noted that Dr. Jones, by his own admission, did not "develop his

screening levels based on target organs." Dr. Anderson suggested that Dr. Jones' analysis was further

flawed because "he combined the cancer risk and the non-cancer risk to the same chemical to come

up with his screening level."

       Dr. Anderson testified that, since her testimony in Chicago's case-in-chief, she recalculated

her screening levels using straightforward Tier 1 factors and found exceedances at 37 sampling

locations. Dr. Anderson testified that this was the same number of exceedances Popelar found when

he applied Dr. Jones' screening levels.

       In surrebuttal, Dr. Jones testified that, since his testimony in plaintiffs' case-in-chief, he redid

his additive risk model using the number of chemicals detected, not merely suspected. The result

was still a set of screening levels that fell below TACO Tier 1 baseline norms (but that defaulted to

the Tier 1 standards due to TACO's reversionary clause). Dr. Jones admitted that he combined the

carcinogenic risk with the noncarcinogenic risk for at least three chemicals for which he provided

screening levels. Dr. Jones claimed that this was an "inadvertent" error and that he was "a little

sloppy" in calculating his screening levels. Dr. Jones noted that, for the three examples he identified,

the noncarcinogenic risk had such a low value that it added virtually nothing to the carcinogenic risk.

                                                  -35-
No. 2--08--0769

       On August 7, 2008, in a lengthy written opinion, the trial court dissolved the preliminary

injunction against Chicago's demolition of structures in the Acquisition Area. The trial court began

with a general overview of the evidence:

               "The Defendant, City of Chicago, presented two expert witnesses, Mr. Fred Blickle

       of Conestoga-Rovers and Associates ('CRA') and Dr. Elizabeth Anderson of Exponent, Inc.

       ('Exponent'), in support of its position: (i) that proper precautionary measures will be taken

       during demolition to prevent unsafe exposure to any potentially harmful materials in the

       Acquisition Area; (ii) that Plaintiffs' contention that the Acquisition Area presents significant

       uncontrollable risks to public health is without foundation; and (iii) that Plaintiffs' claims of

       endangerment were not only inaccurate and speculative at the time they were made

       (particularly since they were not based on any investigation, sampling, testing, or modeling

       of the Acquisition Area by the Plaintiffs), but[,] moreover[,] have no legitimate evidentiary

       basis, now that there has been extensive area-wide investigation and sampling of the

       Acquisition Area.

               The Plaintiff[s], Village of Bensenville et al., countered with their position as

       presented by their four expert witnesses, Mr. Stanley Popelar, Dr. Frank Jones, Mr. Robert

       Adams, and Dr. Kenneth Mundt, all of ENVIRON International Corporation ('ENVIRON'),

       that it is premature to determine whether there will be endangerment to the public health,

       because more investigation and sampling must first be done in the Acquisition Area.

       Although Plaintiffs' experts acknowledged that they have not investigated, sampled[,] or

       tested the Acquisition Area at any time and consequently have no data of their own on which

                                                 -36-
No. 2--08--0769

       to base their contentions ***, Plaintiffs nonetheless contend that no demolition activities can

       now proceed."

       To illustrate what it considered the pith of the controversy between the parties, the trial court

collected the following subject headings from plaintiffs' proposed order and findings of fact:

       "A. Chicago-CRA sampling was incomplete and inadequate

       B. There was no proper risk assessment of the health risks to Bensenville residents and their

       families

                       a. The Level of Public Health Protection for Residents of Bensenville and

                       their Families: 1 x 10-6 Cancer Risk and A Hazard Index of 1

                       b. The Translation of the Health Based Objectives of 1 x 10-6 and a Hazard

                       Index of 1 into health based concentrations and quantities of toxic chemicals

                               i. The Foundation Assumptions To Determine Residential Health

                               Protection--30 years vs. 260 days

                               ii. Multiple Toxic Chemical v. Single Chemical Exposure

                               iii. Chicago and Dr. Anderson's Approach--Ignore Ingestion and the

                               30-year Exposure Ingestion Pathway

                               iv. Chicago and Dr. Anderson did not report individual chemical

                               concentrations for a health level of protection of 1 x 10-6 and a Hazard

                               Index of 1--using both the traditional residential assumptions of 30 yr.

                               ingestion as well as multiple chemical exposure

                       c. Chicago conducted no transport dispersion or deposition analysis to

                       determine what concentration and amounts of toxic contaminants from the

                                                 -37-
No. 2--08--0769

                      demolition activity would be deposited into the homes, day care centers,

                      retirement homes and schools of Bensenville residents or their families

                      d. Dr. Anderson's rationale as to why there was no need to do a residential

                      exposure analysis at the residential receptors (i.e., the homes and schools).

                      e. The dispute between Dr. Anderson and Dr. Jones Relating to Multiple

                      Chemical Exposure

       C. There is No Evidence that the Demolition Controls and Monitoring Proposed by Chicago

       are Adequate to Protect Public Health.

               (1) Lead controls inadequate

               (2) Controls and Monitoring for toxic contaminants in dust inadequate to protect

               public health."

       After reviewing the standards for granting injunctive relief, the trial court made the following

general findings:

               "A year has passed since this Court's original injunctive ruling. The area-wide field

       investigation and sampling program that I ordered Chicago to complete was in fact

       completed.

               I was privileged to hear the expert testimony of both Plaintiff's [sic] and Defendant's

       [sic] over the course of the four day hearing. Through that testimony, I 'became educated'

       in regard to the standards of the United States Environmental Protection Agency; the Illinois

       EPA; the National Emissions Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants, the Asbestos

       'NESHAP'; regulated ACM and non RACM; the Asbestos Hazardous Emergency Response

       Act ('AHERA'); the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Lead ('NAAQS'); risk

                                                -38-
No. 2--08--0769

      assessment procedures promulgated by the IEPA in its regulatory program called 'Tiered

      Approach to Corrective Action Objectives,' Tier 1 and Tier 3 ('TACO'); as well as the Illinois

      EPA's previously issued No Further Remediation Letter ('NFR') on October 31, 1997,

      pertaining to the ProLogis site contained within the demolition area.

             I now see that there are sufficient governmental agencies and regulations that can

      oversee this demolition project. In my opinion any further oversight by the Court would be

      done without proper authority.

             By this Court attempting to exceed it's [sic] authority and to go in and oversee the

      entire environmental activities for the proposed demolitions would make this Court a

      revolving door for the parties to constantly come in requesting the Court to evaluate and

      review the various continuing steps and missteps which might occur in the demolition

      process. This Court would be called upon to be a self-imposed 'environmental protection

      agency' and/or risk assessment manager that would be constantly micromanaging the

      demolition process and having numerous hearings with differing experts [sic] opinions on

      what should and shouldn't be done at each step of the process.

             That would leave the Court to impose its own judgment pertaining to environmental

      issues where agencies and regulations already exist as an oversight.

             As noted herein[,] there are guidelines as to what is appropriate and there are agencies

      that can oversee same with their enforcement divisions as that of the EPA's.

             In my opinion[,] I don't have a basis to impose any further guidelines. This Court

      asked for a certain investigation to be done and in my opinion that investigation has been

      successfully done. That investigation satisfied the basics of what this Court wanted to see

                                              -39-
No. 2--08--0769

       from the Defendant before they [sic] started the process of demolition. I am now satisfied

       by the fact that the environment protection and other agencies can continue to oversee this

       project should there be violations of regulations, codes[,] or the like.

               This Court has accomplished what it wanted to do when it issued the TRO and

       Preliminary Injunction on a previous occasion and ordered the Defendant to do certain work

       to ensure that the residents were protected from many concerns that might have existed

       because of unregulated or uncontrolled activity by the City of Chicago in regards to

       demolition.

               It is appropriate for demolition to commence now under the standards laid out by the

       expert testimony of the City of Chicago. Further delay creates inordinate safety issues

       pertaining to the existence of vacant unoccupied structures as well as the resultant safety

       issues within the approximate three hundred acres known as the Acquisition Area. That area

       with all structures properly and safely removed eliminates the current eye sore condition and

       eliminates the numerous concerns of fire, vandalism, and individual injuries to the public.

               Based on the foregoing[,] there is a separate remedy with the enforcement divisions

       of the various environmental protection agencies that would not require judicial

       intervention." (Emphases in original and added.)

       The trial court then made specific factual findings as to each of the prerequisites for a

preliminary injunction. See Grandberg v. Didrickson, 279 Ill. App. 3d 886, 888-90 (1996) (stating

prerequisites for a preliminary injunction). The court said:

       "1. Ascertainable Claim for Relief

                                                -40-
No. 2--08--0769

              Here, Plaintiffs claimed in their pleadings, in pertinent part, that they were entitled

      to continuing injunctive relief because the City's planned demolition in the Acquisition Area

      will endanger residents in Bensenville.

              However, by the time of the July 7-10 hearing, the status quo as to residential

      occupancy in the Acquisition Area had materially changed. *** [A]s the testimony

      established, the number of residential occupied parcels has been reduced to only thirteen.

      Moreover, as the evidence established, the planned demolition will be protective of all

      remaining residents and Bensenville residents adjacent to the Acquisition Area.

              Accordingly, the strength of Plaintiffs' ascertainable claims has been materially

      diminished, a factor which the Court may take into account in deciding whether Plaintiffs are

      entitled to continuing equitable relief.

      2.Likelihood of Success on the Merits

              ***.

              A court may enjoin an anticipated nuisance only where it clearly appears that a

      nuisance will necessarily result. [Citation.] ***

              In this case, the Plaintiffs have not established that the City's planned demolition,

      with the testing and controls to be put into place, constitutes a current, existing public

      nuisance or that the public health will be endangered from demolition. Consequently,

      Plaintiffs were required, but failed, to establish that there is a fair question that they have a

      likelihood of success on the merits. I note this especially in light of the fact that the Plaintiffs

      have not performed any independent testing or evaluative field studies of their own! They

                                                 -41-
No. 2--08--0769

       have only taken issue with that performed by the Defendant. As such[,] the Plaintiff[s]

       [have] not met their burden of proof for continuing injunctive relief.

       3. Irreparable Harm

              Plaintiffs have not established that they will be subject to irreparable harm as a result

       of the demolition for much of the same reason that they have not established a fair question

       of likelihood of success on the merits of their nuisance claim.

              Plaintiffs have not established that they will be endangered by the City's planned

       demolition. As discussed above, Plaintiffs' experts at most testified that there may be an

       issue of concern or that they were uncertain or needed further data. However, these tentative

       questions and concerns do not constitute actual harm. Moreover, as the evidence at the

       hearing further established, not only will proper precautionary measures be taken during

       demolition through the application of CRA's decommissioning and demolition controls ***

       and air monitoring program *** to prevent any unsafe exposure to any potentially harmful

       materials in the Acquisition Area, but Plaintiffs' claims that the Acquisition Area presents

       significant uncontrollable risks to public health are simply without foundation.

       4. No Adequate Remedy at Law

              An additional element to be considered with regard to a decision as to whether

       continuing injunctive relief should issue is whether Plaintiffs have an adequate remedy at

law.

              If Plaintiffs had established their allegations that the City's demolition will endanger

       public health, the Plaintiffs would likely have no adequate remedy at law. But, as indicated

                                                -42-
No. 2--08--0769

      above, Plaintiffs have failed to do so, and consequently, the Court cannot grant the

      continuing preliminary injunctive relief which Plaintiffs seek.

              A separate remedy does exist with the enforcement divisions of various federal and

      state environmental protection agencies as created by the legislative bodies. There is no

      further authority or basis for judicial intervention by this court.

      5. Balancing the Hardships

              The Court must also balance the hardships and the public interest in making its

      determination regarding whether equitable injunctive relief should issue. *** Balancing the

      hardships and the public interest clearly weigh in favor of terminating the preliminary

      injunction. This determination is not made with an evaluation of necessity, which this Court

      excluded from this hearing as that issue is currently pending in an eminent domain action

      before Judge Culliton of the 18th Judicial Circuit. But the legislative history is relevant to

      this determination.

              The Illinois legislature has determined that the OMP is a project vital to the public

      interest. ***

              The evidence demonstrates that the demolition will occur in a manner protective of

      public health. As previously referenced in this opinion, the prompt demolition of City-

      owned buildings clearly outweighs Plaintiffs' unsubstantiated and admittedly uncertain

      claims of harm concerning the planned demolition.

              For all of these reasons, the balance of hardships weighs in favor of demolition in the

      Acquisition Area, and the public interest amply supports proceeding with demolition as

      planned by CRA on behalf of the City of Chicago." (Emphases in original and added.)

                                               -43-
No. 2--08--0769

The court ordered that the demolition:

       "comply with all applicable state and federal environmental laws with respect to

       decommissioning and demolition of the Acquisition Area buildings, and associated building

       materials, equipment and contents, including but not limited to applicable provisions of the

       Toxic Substances Control Act, and regulations thereunder, including 40 C.F.R. Part 761; the

       Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and regulations thereunder, including 40 C.F.R.

       Part 273; the Clean Air Act NESHAP for asbestos, 40 C.F.R. Part 61, and other federal and

       state regulations pertaining to asbestos in the demolition context; federal and state law

       pertaining to removal of underground storage tanks; and the Occupational Safety and Health

       Act and regulations issued thereunder, including 29 C.F.R. 1926, Subpart T."

The court further directed Chicago to complete any further testing of structures or soils that it

"determines is necessary" before beginning demolition in those areas.

       On August 8, 2008, plaintiffs moved for a stay of the order lifting the injunction, pending

appeal. The court refused to grant "an indefinite stay" but entered a stay until September 10. On

August 14, plaintiffs appealed, under Supreme Court Rule 307(a)(1) (188 Ill. 2d R. 307(a)(1)), the

order lifting the injunction. Plaintiffs also appealed under Supreme Court Rule 304(a) (210 Ill. 2d

R. 304(a)) the order dismissing counts I through IV of plaintiffs' complaint.

       On August 18, plaintiffs moved this court for a stay of the August 7 order lifting the

injunction. We granted the motion and stayed the order pending further order of this court.

                                          DISCUSSION

                               I. Dismissal of Counts I through IV

                                               -44-
No. 2--08--0769

        We address first plaintiffs' challenge to the dismissal of counts I through IV of their second

amended complaint. Counts I and IV were dismissed under section 2--619 of the Code and counts

II and III under section 2--615 of the Code.

                                          A. Counts I and IV

        "A motion to dismiss under section 2--619(a)(9) admits the legal sufficiency of the complaint

and raises defects, defenses, or other affirmative matters that appear on the face of the complaint or

are established by external submissions and that act to defeat the plaintiff's claim." Board of

Trustees of Community College District No. 502 v. Department of Professional Regulation, 363 Ill.

App. 3d 190, 196 (2006). A dismissal under section 2--619 is generally reviewed de novo. Board

of Trustees, 363 Ill. App. 3d at 196.

        Count I seeks a declaration that: (1) the Act does not override the requirement of the Illinois

Constitution "that the courts *** decide after an evidentiary hearing whether any particular parcel

is necessary" for a public purpose; and (2) Chicago did not provide the requisite justification for

"taking" properties in the Acquisition Area. Count I also asks that Chicago be ordered to restore "to

their prior state and condition" the properties it "acquired" from the Acquisition Area and that

Chicago be enjoined from "further acquisitions"of property in Bensenville "under any claim that the

properties are necessary" for the OMP until Chicago proves its compliance with constitutional

requirements.

        Before reviewing the trial court's grounds for dismissing count I under section 2--619, we

touch briefly on that part of count I in which plaintiffs seek a declaration that the Act does not trump

the constitutional restrictions on the taking of property. The trial court did not expressly rule on this

request, but its remarks evince agreement with plaintiffs on the Act's relationship to the Illinois

                                                  -45-
No. 2--08--0769

Constitution. In its recitation of the applicable law, the trial court stated: "If property is not

necessary for the public project, there is no constitutional authority to take the property--despite what

the Legislature has asserted in the authorizing statute." (Emphasis added.) This is a correct

statement of the law. Article I, section 15, of the Illinois Constitution, the takings clause, provides:

"Private property shall not be taken *** for public use without just compensation as provided by

law." Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, §15. The takings clause " 'is a restraint and limitation placed upon the

exercise of [the condemnation power] as against the right of the private citizen except in those cases

where public necessity requires the taking of private property for public use,' " and "[t]he legislature

*** cannot, by delegating the power of eminent domain, dispense with constitutional requirements

restricting its use, including the requirement of 'necessity.' " YWCA, 86 Ill. 2d at 232-33, quoting

Ryan, 357 Ill. at 154; see also Davis v. Brown, 357 Ill. App. 3d 176, 183 (2005) ("the legislature

cannot enact a statute that overrides or circumvents the constitution").

        Despite agreeing with plaintiffs that the Act is subservient to the Illinois Constitution, the

trial court dismissed the whole of count I. Presumably, the trial court considered the plea for a

declaration moot upon finding other affirmative matter under section 2--619 that barred plaintiffs'

claim that Chicago did not meet the constitutional requirements for acquiring the properties in

Bensenville. See Sadler v. Creekmur, 354 Ill. App. 3d 1029, 1039-40 (2004) (mootness is a ground

for dismissal under section 2--619). In any event, plaintiffs complain of no error in the trial court's

disposition of their request for a declaration that the Act does not override constitutional

requirements. Rather, it seems their goal in pressing for that declaration was to clarify that, as they

claim in their brief, the Act does not prohibit them from "proceed[ing] with adjudication of their

allegations that Chicago's claims of constitutional necessity for hundreds of properties in Bensenville

                                                  -46-
No. 2--08--0769

are false and inaccurate." The trial court agreed, as do we, that the Act presents no such bar.

Whether an obstacle in section 2--619 exists elsewhere is another matter.

          In presenting its reasons for dismissing count I under section 2--619, the trial court

distinguished two groups of properties: (1) plaintiffs' own properties in the Acquisition Area,

currently the subject of the eminent domain action before Judge Culliton; and (2) all other properties

in the Acquisition Area. (The trial court assumed that all but plaintiffs' properties have been

acquired by Chicago.) The trial court found these component claims barred by different affirmative

matter.

          First, with respect to plaintiffs' own properties, the trial court determined that plaintiffs had

"an identical cause of action" before Judge Culliton and could "obtain complete relief" in that

proceeding. The court held, therefore, that this component of count I was barred under section

2--619(a)(3) of the Code, which provides for dismissal where "there is another action pending

between the same parties for the same cause" (735 ILCS 5/2--619(a)(3) (West 2006)).

          "Section 2--619(a)(3) furthers judicial economy by avoiding duplicative litigation."

Combined Insurance Co. of America v. Certain Underwriters at Lloyd's, London, 356 Ill. App. 3d

749, 753 (2005). "With respect to whether the actions are for the same cause, the crucial inquiry is

whether both arise out of the same transaction or occurrence, not whether the legal theory, issues,

burden of proof, or relief sought materially differs between the two actions." Jackson v. Callan

Publishing, Inc., 356 Ill. App. 3d 326, 337 (2005). The "same parties" requirement of section

2--619(a)(3) is satisfied " 'where the litigants' interests are sufficiently similar, even though the

litigants differ in name or number.' " Combined Insurance Co., 356 Ill. App. 3d at 754, quoting

Doutt v. Ford Motor Co., 276 Ill. App. 3d 785, 788 (1995). Even when the "same cause" and "same

                                                    -47-
No. 2--08--0769

parties" requirements are met, section 2--619(a)(3) does not mandate automatic dismissal.

Combined Insurance Co., 356 Ill. App. 3d at 754. Rather, the decision to grant or deny a section

2--619(a)(3) motion is discretionary with the trial court, unlike motions under other subsections of

section 2--619 or under section 2--615. Combined Insurance Co., 356 Ill. App. 3d at 754. The

reason is that "a section 2--619(a)(3) motion *** is inherently procedural and urges the trial court

to weigh several factors to determine whether it is appropriate for the action to proceed." Combined

Insurance Co., 356 Ill. App. 3d at 753. The following factors are relevant: (1) comity; (2) the

prevention of multiplicity, vexation, and harassment; (3) the likelihood of obtaining relief in the

foreign jurisdiction; and (4) the res judicata effect of a foreign judgment in a local forum. In re

Estate of Hoch, 382 Ill. App. 3d 866, 869 (2008). "An abuse of discretion occurs when the ruling

is arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable, or when no reasonable person would take the same view."

Favia v. Ford Motor Co., 381 Ill. App. 3d 809, 815 (2008).

         We find no abuse of discretion in the trial court's application of section 2--619(a)(3) to

plaintiffs' claim that Chicago has not fulfilled its constitutional burden of proving that their

properties are necessary for the OMP. First, the present proceeding and the proceeding before Judge

Culliton are for the "same cause." The matter before Judge Culliton is an eminent domain

proceeding by which Chicago seeks to acquire plaintiffs' properties for the OMP. In that proceeding,

plaintiffs contend that their properties are not necessary for either Phase 1 or Phase 2 of the OMP.

Plaintiffs present the identical challenge here. The actions also involve the same parties. Plaintiffs

are all parties to the suit before Judge Culliton and so their interests naturally are well represented

there.

                                                 -48-
No. 2--08--0769

        Plaintiffs point out that "none of the several hundred properties which Chicago has already

acquired, which are the subject of this case, are involved in [Judge Culliton's case]." (Emphasis

added.) This fact was fully grasped by the trial court, which found separate grounds (which we

review below) for granting the section 2--619 motion with respect to properties Chicago has already

acquired.

        Of course, as noted, the fulfillment of the "same cause" and "same parties" requirements does

not entail a reflexive dismissal but rather a look at the Hoch factors. Of the four Hoch factors, the

trial court gave special emphasis to the likelihood of relief in the Culliton proceeding. In seeking

to upset the trial court's decision, plaintiffs offer surprisingly little argument on the Hoch factors.

They certainly do not convince us that the factors weigh so heavily against dismissal that the trial

court's decision was arbitrary, fanciful, or irrational. Plaintiffs' only contention is that "none of the

equitable relief sought here is involved in [Judge Culliton's case]." Presumably, plaintiffs mean the

declaratory and injunctive relief they seek here, but they do not present any explanation or develop

any argument regarding the noninvolvement of this relief in the case before Judge Culliton. We will

not make their case for them. We hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in dismissing,

under section 2--619(a)(3) of the Code, plaintiffs' request for a declaration that their properties are

not necessary for the OMP.

        Turning to the trial court's grounds for dismissing count I as it relates to properties other than

plaintiffs', we note that the trial court appeared to misconstrue count I, though not in a way fatal to

its analysis. The trial court assumed that all of the property owners other than plaintiffs "contracted"

with Chicago "for the sale of [their] properties." The source of this assumption is unclear to us.

Count I alleges that Chicago acquired properties "either through eminent domain proceedings or the

                                                  -49-
No. 2--08--0769

threat of eminent domain." (Emphases added.) Count II alleges that "many--indeed hundreds of

property owners--sold their homes to Chicago under threat of eminent domain in reliance on the truth

of Chicago's false statements as to necessity to take their properties." (Emphasis added.) Yet count

II also references condemnation proceedings involving some of the properties.

       A distinction may possibly lie here. The complaint does not expound the phrase "threat of

eminent domain," but, generally, a "taking" for constitutional purposes requires at least the formal

initiation of condemnation proceedings. See Kleinschmidt, Inc. v. County of Cook, 287 Ill. App.

3d 312, 317 (1997) ("where parties agree to compensation so as to forestall a condemnation

proceeding, no taking occurs"; thus, the takings clause was not triggered where, at the time of the

sale, the government had not initiated eminent domain proceedings but had passed a resolution

providing for condemnation in the event the parties did not agree on a purchase price); Towne v.

Town of Libertyville, 190 Ill. App. 3d 563, 568 (1989) ("The taking of property in the constitutional

sense is accomplished only by the filing of a petition, the ascertainment of value, and the payment

of just compensation"). For the sake of clarity, we treat count I as concerning properties acquired

in eminent domain proceedings where constitutional strictures applied, and count II as concerning

properties acquired through voluntary sales where the constitution was not implicated but where

                                                -50-
No. 2--08--0769

common-law principles (such as fraud) of course applied.9 The lynchpin of both counts, however,

is that the requisite necessity is lacking with respect to properties Chicago has acquired.

       With this clarification in mind, we examine the trial court's specific grounds for dismissing

the remainder of count I. The trial court reasoned that plaintiffs lack standing to challenge the

condemnation of properties not their own. Lack of standing may be alleged in a motion pursuant to

section 2--619(a)(9) of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2--619(a)(9) (West 2006)), which provides for

dismissal on the ground that "the claim asserted against defendant is barred by other affirmative

matter avoiding the legal effect of or defeating the claim." We review de novo the dismissal of a

complaint for lack of standing. Winnebago County Citizens for Controlled Growth v. County of

Winnebago, 383 Ill. App. 3d 735, 740 (2008).

       In arguing that they have standing, plaintiffs cite Yusuf and Klaeren. In these cases, the

plaintiffs were found to have standing to challenge the issuance of special use permits for properties

adjoining or in the vicinity of theirs. The proposed development in Yusuf was a religious and

cultural center that would also provide day-care services. The plaintiffs alleged that the development

"would result in additional traffic and noise at extended hours of the day and night, would have a

substantial adverse impact upon [their] quiet enjoyment of their property, and would have an adverse

impact on the value of their property which is near the subject property." Yusuf, 120 Ill. App. 3d

       9
           Count II does also allege that Chicago made false statements about necessity to "the DuPage

[sic] County Circuit Court" in condemnation proceedings involving some of the acquired properties.

Plaintiffs do not, however, allege any reliance by "the DuPage [sic] County Circuit Court" on those

statements. Count II is reasonably construed, therefore, as concerning transactions outside of

condemnation proceedings.

                                                  -51-
No. 2--08--0769

at 538. The plaintiffs in Klaeren challenged the proposed construction of a retail store near their

properties, and they alleged that "any increase in noise, traffic or light pollution created by the

development would affect the use and enjoyment of [their] properties." Klaeren, 202 Ill. 2d at 176.

In each case, the court held that the plaintiffs alleged injuries "distinct" from that of the general

public and therefore could bring their claims. Klaeren, 202 Ill. 2d at 176; Yusuf, 120 Ill. App. 3d

at 538.

          Here, the trial court held, without analysis, that plaintiffs "alleged no such injuries" as were

claimed in Klaeren and Yusuf. Plaintiffs disagree. They argue that they established standing by

alleging the following injuries:

                 "(A) A portion of [Bensenville] has been turned into a virtual wasteland, which the

          [Residents] are forced to live in or give in to the demands of Chicago;

                 (B) Reduction in the value of [the Residents'] properties;

                 (C) Decreased tax base in [Bensenville] causing a rise in taxes to those taxpayers

          remaining in the Village; and

                 (D) Lack of community on the eastern edge of [Bensenville] surrounding the property

          owned by [the Residents]."

Plaintiffs argue that these injuries are analogous to those claimed in Klaeren and Yusuf.

          We do not decide whether plaintiffs satisfy the general requirements of standing, because we

hold that they manifestly fail to meet the specialized and stricter norms for intervention in an eminent

domain proceeding. Section 10--5--75 of the Eminent Domain Act (735 ILCS 30/10--5--75 (West

2006)) provides:

                                                   -52-
No. 2--08--0769

                       "Intervening Petition. Any person not made a party may become a party by

               filing an intervening petition setting forth that the petitioner is the owner or has an

               interest in property that will be taken or damaged by the proposed work. The rights

               of the petitioner shall thereupon be fully considered and determined."

This is a codification of the rule that, "to challenge a taking, one must have a property interest

affected, and one not alleging a property interest affected has no standing to challenge a taking."

Lake County Forest Preserve District v. First National Bank of Waukegan, 213 Ill. App. 3d 309, 314

(1991). "The entire purpose of the [Eminent Domain Act] is to regulate the rights and duties

between the condemning authority and those holding property interests. It is designed to protect the

landowner from the taking of his property without just compensation." City of Crystal Lake v. La

Salle National Bank, 121 Ill. App. 3d 346, 355 (1984). To establish standing under the Eminent

Domain Act, one must allege a property interest that is directly infringed by the taking. See Lake

County Forest Preserve, 213 Ill. App. 3d at 314 (City of Waukegan had standing to challenge

proposed taking of property within its boundaries because the city owned a utility easement in the

subject property; Community Unit School District No. 60, however, could not base standing on the

prospect of lost revenue because its "interest in receiving tax revenue from the subject property is

too remote to provide standing to appeal"); City of Crystal Lake, 121 Ill. App. 3d at 355 ("The only

interest which Crystal Lake can claim is that it has filed a petition seeking to condemn the same

property previously condemned under which it seeks priority. It is doubtful that this is a property

right"); Midwest Television, Inc. v. Champaign-Urbana Communications, Inc., 37 Ill. App. 3d 926,

934 (1976) (finding no standing for cable provider to challenge, as effecting a taking without just

compensation, an ordinance mandating that an easement previously granted to another public utility

                                                -53-
No. 2--08--0769

should, if possible, be interpreted to grant a cable franchisee the same rights in the easement as the

other public utility; to establish standing, plaintiff would have had to allege "that it is a property

owner who has granted such an easement to another utility which might be affected"). Plaintiffs

have not alleged that Chicago's acquisition of other properties in the Acquisition Area directly

infringed any property interest of their own. They claim only consequential harm.10

       As Chicago points out, plaintiffs would be no better off if they did have standing to challenge

Chicago's acquisition of the properties, for they are attacking prior judgments that carry preclusive

effect. Section 2--619(a)(4) of the Code provides for dismissal on the ground "[t]hat the cause of

action is barred by a prior judgment." 735 ILCS 5/2--619(a)(4) (West 2006). In La Salle National

Bank v. County Board of School Trustees, 61 Ill. 2d 524 (1975), the supreme court described the

preclusive effect of a condemnation judgment. In La Salle National Bank, two school boards sought

to sell land they acquired in separate eminent domain proceedings but later decided not to use for

the purpose for which it was condemned, i.e., as sites for schools. The plaintiffs, banks that held the

properties as trustees at the time they were condemned, filed suit to stop the sales, alleging that they

retained a reversionary interest in the properties that was triggered when the school boards decided

not to use them for school purposes. The supreme court held that the plaintiffs' claims were barred

under the doctrine of res judicata:

       "[Plaintiffs] had the opportunity to contend in the eminent domain action that the school

       authorities would take less than a fee simple estate but did not do so. No appeals were taken

       10
            Bensenville may well have easements in some of the Acquisition Area properties it does

not own in fee simple, but plaintiffs do not distinguish Bensenville's standing from that of the

Residents.

                                                 -54-
No. 2--08--0769

        from those final judgments. The judgments are not now subject to collateral attack.

        [Plaintiffs] cannot litigate the question they could have had decided in the original

        proceedings." La Salle National Bank, 61 Ill. 2d at 530-31.

Likewise here, plaintiffs, assuming arguendo that they possessed an interest to litigate in the

condemnation proceedings, cannot revisit the grounds for those prior judgments.

        Counsel for plaintiffs intimated at oral argument that a constitutional violation may consist

of the very demolition of properties for which the condemning authority has shown no necessity.

Counsel's insinuation was that, if plaintiffs have no standing to challenge the acquisition of

properties other than their own, they have standing at least to seek the imposition of a constructive

trust on those properties in order to forestall what plaintiffs deem an unconstitutional demolition.

At least in count I, however, plaintiffs allege no illegality of the proposed demolition apart from the

wrongful taking of the properties. As we have shown, plaintiffs either lack standing to challenge the

condemnation of properties other than their own or are barred from collaterally attacking those

condemnation judgments. For the foregoing reasons, we find no error in the trial court's dismissal

of count I.

        Count IV, which was also dismissed under section 2--619, sought a declaratory judgment that

the Demolition Ordinance governs demolition of properties in the Acquisition Area. The trial court

dismissed count IV on the ground that the Act preempts the Demolition Ordinance. "Determination

of preemption of a local ordinance by a state statute involves construction of the statute and is

subject to de novo review." City of Champaign v. Sides, 349 Ill. App. 3d 293, 299 (2004).

        The trial court relied on section 25 of the Act, which provides: "Airport property shall not

be subject to the laws of any unit of local government except as provided by ordinance of

                                                 -55-
No. 2--08--0769

[Chicago]." 620 ILCS 65/25 (West 2006).11 The trial court noted that section 10 of the Act (620

ILCS 65/10 (West 2006)) defines "airport property" in relevant part as "any property or an interest

in property that is, or hereafter becomes, part of O'Hare International Airport." The trial court

concluded that "any property acquired by the City of Chicago for the purposes of the OMP is not

subject to the Bensenville Demolition Ordinance."

       Plaintiffs' challenge to the trial court's analysis is twofold. First, they contend that "airport

property" is property legally acquired by Chicago for O'Hare, and, because this very lawsuit

challenges the legality of Chicago's acquisition of properties in Bensenville, those properties are not

"airport property." The issue, however, is which legal norms govern the acquisition of property. The

Act does not attempt to override constitutional restrictions on Chicago's acquisition of property.

(Plaintiffs' constitutional challenges fail on other grounds, as noted above.) The Act does, however,

unequivocally override local restrictions on the acquisition of property pursuant to the OMP. Section

30 of the Act (620 ILCS 65/30 (West 2006)) states:

                 "It is declared to be the law of this State *** that the regulation and supervision of

       the City of Chicago's implementation of the [OMP] is an exclusive State function that may

       not be exercised concurrently by any unit of local government."

"Implementation" we take to encompass all stages of the OMP from property acquisition, to

demolition, to construction. The Demolition Ordinance, being the creature of a locality, is

preempted by the Act to the extent that it attempts to regulate any stage in the implementation of the

OMP.

       11
            There is no question that Chicago has not authorized regulation by any other local

government.

                                                  -56-
No. 2--08--0769

        Given the foregoing, we can dispense in short order with plaintiffs' second point, which is

that the Demolition Ordinance is a public safety measure akin to the police and fire protection that

Bensenville continues to provide in the Acquisition Area at Chicago's insistence. Plaintiffs wonder

"how Bensenville can enforce police, fire, and other public safety laws in the Acquisition Area while

being barred from enforcing its public safety and health[-]based demolition ordinance." But the

issue, as Chicago notes, is whether Bensenville's police and fire protection and other public safety

services "constitute attempted regulation of the OMP." Plaintiffs' argument is undercut by the very

cases they cite, both of which judge a county's obligation to comply with city ordinances by whether

the ordinances conflict with the statutory program carried out by the county. See Lake County Public

Building Comm'n v. City of Waukegan, 273 Ill. App. 3d 15, 20 (1995) (county acting pursuant to

Public Building Commission Act (50 ILCS 20/1 et seq. (West 1994)) was obligated to comply with

city building ordinances designed to protect the health and safety of citizens of the city, because there

was no evidence that the act exempted the county from compliance or that the ordinances would

thwart the county's operations under the act); Village of Swansea v. County of St. Clair, 45 Ill. App.

3d 184, 188 (1977) (county acting pursuant to Animal Control Act (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1975, ch. 8, par.

351 et seq.) not obligated to comply with city zoning ordinances that "frustrate" the aim of the act).

Plaintiffs point to no way in which Bensenville's provision of fire and police services attempts to

regulate the implementation of the OMP. Here lies the difference between those measures and the

Demolition Ordinance, which overtly purports to restrict the demolition of properties in the

Acquisition Area. We uphold the dismissal of count IV on the ground that the Demolition Ordinance

is preempted by the Act.

                                   II. Dismissal of Counts II and III

                                                  -57-
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       The trial court dismissed counts II and III pursuant to section 2--615 of the Code. The

following standards shape our review of dismissals under section 2--615.

               "The question presented by a section 2--615 motion to dismiss is whether the

       allegations of the complaint, when viewed in a light most favorable to the plaintiff, are

       sufficient to state a cause of action upon which relief can be granted. [Citation.] Illinois is

       a fact-pleading jurisdiction that requires a plaintiff to present a legally and factually sufficient

       complaint. [Citation.] The plaintiff is not required to prove his or her case, but must allege

       sufficient facts to state all the elements of the asserted cause of action. [Citation.]

               When ruling on a section 2--615 motion to dismiss, the trial court should admit all

       well-pleaded facts as true and disregard legal and factual conclusions that are unsupported

       by allegations of fact. [Citation.] If, after disregarding any legal and factual conclusions, the

       complaint does not allege sufficient facts to state a cause of action, the trial court must grant

       the motion to dismiss. [Citation.] The standard of review on a section 2--615 motion to

       dismiss is de novo." Neurosurgery & Spine Surgery, S.C. v. Goldman, 339 Ill. App. 3d 177,

       182 (2003).

       Count II alleges common-law fraud. As noted above, we construe count II as concerning

alleged misrepresentations by Chicago in the course of voluntary transactions between Chicago and

property owners other than plaintiffs. "The elements of common-law fraud are: (1) a false statement

of material fact; (2) defendant's knowledge that the statement was false; (3) defendant's intent that

the statement induce plaintiff to act; (4) plaintiff's reliance upon the truth of the statement; and (5)

plaintiff's damages resulting from reliance on the statement." Wernikoff v. Health Care Service

Corp., 376 Ill. App. 3d 228, 233 (2007). Corresponding to these elements, plaintiffs allege, in

                                                  -58-
No. 2--08--0769

relevant part: (1) Chicago made false allegations "to meet the necessity requirements of the Illinois

Constitution," namely, that all of the properties in the Acquisition Area are needed for Phase 1 or

Phase 2 of the OMP; (2) "Chicago [knew] that its factual assertions [were] false; (3) Chicago

"intended its false factual statements as to necessity would cause many property owners to sell their

homes and businesses under threat of eminent domain"; (4) "hundreds of property owners *** sold

their homes to Chicago under threat of eminent domain in reliance on the truth of Chicago's false

statements as to necessity to take their properties"; and (5) plaintiffs have suffered "a lack of

community," diminished property values, and higher property taxes.

       The trial court dismissed count II upon finding that: (1) the alleged representations are not

actionable both because they constitute legal positions rather than assertions of fact and because they

amount to "[a]ssurance[s] as to future events"; and (2) plaintiffs' damages are "speculative at best."

       In addition to defending these grounds, Chicago argues that count II fails because plaintiffs

seek to recover based on statements made to and relied on by third parties (i.e., other property

owners), not plaintiffs themselves. Chicago made this argument below but the trial court did not

comment on it. We, however, may consider it as a basis for affirmance. Paul H. Schwendener, Inc.

v. Jupiter Electric Co., 358 Ill. App. 3d 65, 71 (2005) (dismissal under section 2--615 may be

affirmed on any basis in the record).

       We rely on principles laid out in Shannon v. Boise Cascade Corp., 208 Ill. 2d 517 (2004).

The plaintiffs in Shannon brought a claim under the Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business

Practices Act (Consumer Fraud Act) (815 ILCS 505/1 et seq. (West 1998)) against Boise Cascade,

the manufacturer of siding that was installed on the plaintiffs' homes when they were built. The

plaintiffs alleged that the siding deteriorated prematurely and that Boise Cascade made false

                                                 -59-
No. 2--08--0769

representations about the durability of the siding in its product literature. The supreme court

affirmed the trial court's grant of summary judgment for Boise Cascade. The court held that

"deceptive advertising cannot be the proximate cause of damages under the [Consumer Fraud] Act

unless it actually deceives the plaintiff" and that the plaintiffs' complaint was deficient for failing to

allege such "actual deception." Shannon, 208 Ill. 2d at 525. The court caveated that the deception

need not "always be direct between the defendant and the plaintiff" to satisfy the Consumer Fraud

Act. Shannon, 208 Ill. 2d at 526. That is, the complaint would have been sufficient if the plaintiffs

had alleged that the literature for the siding deceived a builder, architect, or contractor resulting in

installation of the siding on the plaintiffs' homes. "In those circumstances, the purchaser, who may

have no independent knowledge of the qualities or expected performance standards of siding, is

deceived because of the deception of the builder, architect or contractor, who reasonably should have

had correct knowledge." Shannon, 208 Ill. 2d at 526. The plaintiffs, however, did not "allege that

any deceptive advertising by [Boise Cascade] was received by any plaintiff, or that it was received

by any builder, architect, engineer, or other like person somehow connected with a plaintiff."

(Emphasis added.) Boise Cascade, 208 Ill. 2d at 525. The plaintiffs' fraud claim thus failed. Boise

Cascade, 208 Ill. 2d at 526.

        As support for its reasoning, the supreme court cited St. Joseph Hospital v. Corbetta

Construction Co., 21 Ill. App. 3d 925 (1974), where a hospital brought a common-law fraud claim

against the manufacturer of wall paneling installed in the hospital. The hospital put forth evidence

at trial that the manufacturer failed to disclose to the architect and the builder that product testing

had revealed the paneling to have a flame spread in excess of that allowed by the Chicago building

code. The appellate court upheld a jury verdict in favor of the hospital. St. Joseph, 21 Ill. App. 3d

                                                  -60-
No. 2--08--0769

at 957. The court held that there was sufficient evidence of reliance because the hospital could be

said to have been deceived through the manufacturer's deception of the architect and the builder. St.

Joseph, 21 Ill. App. 3d at 956. The court explained that privity "in the traditional sense" does not

apply in fraud cases. St. Joseph, 21 Ill. App. 3d at 954. "It is enough," the court explained, "that the

statements by the defendant be made with the intention that it reach the plaintiff and influence his

action and that it does reach him and that he does rely upon it, to his damage." St. Joseph, 21 Ill.

App. 3d at 954. The court cited legal commentary for support. See St. Joseph, 21 Ill. App. 3d at 955

(" 'While some connection, direct or indirect, between a party charged with making false

representations and a party relying thereon must be shown, it is not essential, in support of a cause

of action for damages resulting from false representations, that the false representations be shown

to have been made directly to the party claiming to have relied upon them' "), quoting 37 Am. Jur.

2d Fraud & Deceit §190, at 252-53 (1968).

       The suit in Boise Cascade was brought under the Consumer Fraud Act, but the supreme court

cited with unqualified approval St. Joseph's requirement of actual deception in common-law fraud

cases as well. Count II fails this requirement of actual deception. The claimed misrepresentations

were made to third parties--other property owners--and there is no allegation that these

misrepresentations flowed to plaintiffs and influenced their actions. Plaintiffs allege no reliance of

their own and so fail to plead common-law fraud under Illinois law. See Premier Electrical

Construction Co. v. Morse/Diesel, Inc., 257 Ill. App. 3d 445, 458 (1993) ("a common law fraud

claim requires actual reliance, which means that the misrepresentations must reach the plaintiff, who

must reasonably rely on them").

                                                 -61-
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        Plaintiffs are correct that Board of Education of the City of Chicago v. A, C & S, Inc., 131

Ill. 2d 428 (1989), allows a plaintiff to recover for damages caused strictly by a third party's reliance

on a defendant's misrepresentations, but plaintiffs overstate the scope of this liability. The plaintiffs

in A, C & S sued manufacturers and suppliers of asbestos and alleged that the defendants made

negligent misrepresentations about that product. The defendants argued that the trial court's

dismissal of the negligent misrepresentation claim was proper under Moorman Manufacturing Co.

v. National Tank Co., 91 Ill. 2d 69, 88-89 (1982), which held that "economic loss is recoverable

where one intentionally makes false representations [citation], and where one who is in the business

of supplying information for the guidance of others in their business transactions makes negligent

representations." The defendants noted that the plaintiffs made no allegation that the defendants

were in the business of supplying information for the guidance of others in their business

transactions. The supreme court held that it need not resolve "the question of when and against

whom a plaintiff may recover economic losses for negligent misrepresentation" (emphasis added)

because the plaintiffs alleged not just economic loss but physical harm as well. A, C & S, 131 Ill.

2d at 454. The court found a more apt standard in section 311 of the Restatement (Second) of Torts,

entitled "Negligent Misrepresentation Involving Risk of Physical Harm." Restatement (Second) of

Torts §311 (1965). Section 311 declares:

                "(1) One who negligently gives false information to another is subject to liability for

        physical harm caused by action taken by the other in reasonable reliance upon such

        information, where such harm results

                        (a) to the other, or

                                                  -62-
No. 2--08--0769

                          (b) to such third persons as the actor should expect to be put in peril by the

                   action taken." Restatement (Second) of Torts §311, at 106 (1965).

The court observed that section 311 creates "broader liability" than section 552 of the Restatement,

entitled "Information Negligently Supplied for the Guidance of Others," which requires, in part, that

the defendant make the representations "in the course of his business." Restatement (Second) of

Torts §552, at 126 (1965).12

        Plaintiffs argue that, in adopting section 311, the supreme court in A, C & S implicitly

adopted its companion provision, section 310, which is entitled "Conscious Misrepresentation

Involving Risk of Physical Harm" and concerns fraudulent rather than negligent misrepresentations.

Section 310 provides:

                   "An actor who makes a misrepresentation is subject to liability to another for physical

        harm which results from an act done by the other or a third person in reliance upon the truth

        of the representation, if the actor

        12
             Section 311 is broader also because, as we explain below, it permits recovery for parties

who did not themselves rely on the alleged misrepresentations but were damaged by those who did.

The supreme court in A, C & S did not, however, apply this feature of section 311. In remanding

the case, the court noted that the plaintiffs' allegations were "very broad and unspecific" and that they

would need to prove at trial "what representations were made to them and who made [the]

representations." (Emphasis added.) A, C & S, 131 Ill. 2d at 456. Apparently, the plaintiffs alleged

their own reliance, not that of others. Thus, the court relied on section 311 not for its expansive

concept of reliance but for its lack of a requirement that the defendant have made the

misrepresentation in the course of its business.

                                                    -63-
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                        (a) intends his statement to induce or should realize that it is likely to induce

                action by the other, or a third person, which involves an unreasonable risk of physical

                harm to the other, and

                        (b) knows

                                (I) that the statement is false, or

                                (ii) that he has not the knowledge he professes." Restatement

                        (Second) of Torts §310, at 103 (1965).

Section 310 imposes liability on the defendant for physical harm to another "which results from an

act done by the other or a third person in reliance" upon a conscious misrepresentation made by the

defendant. (Emphasis added.) Restatement (Second) of Torts §310, at 103 (1965). Likewise,

section 311 imposes liability where the defendant makes a negligent misrepresentation to another

and the other's reliance causes physical harm to "third persons." Restatement (Second) of Torts

§311, at 106 (1965). Thus, sections 310 and 311 both permit recovery for parties who did not

themselves rely on the alleged misrepresentation but were damaged by those who did so rely.

Neither section is applicable here, however, because each presupposes physical harm and plaintiffs

have not alleged that they incurred such harm.

        Because plaintiffs have not alleged that they themselves relied on the misrepresentations for

which they seek recovery, and because they do not claim physical harm, they have not adequately

pleaded the element of reliance. The trial court, therefore, did not err in dismissing count II. In light

of this holding, we do not review Chicago's other proposed bases for affirming the dismissal.

        Count III of plaintiffs' second amended complaint alleges unjust enrichment. Plaintiffs allege

that "Chicago has improperly and unjustly obtained and continue[s] to retain the use of the properties

                                                  -64-
No. 2--08--0769

in the Acquisition Area by violating the necessity limits of the Illinois Constitution and by false

statements as to necessity." The trial court dismissed count III because: (1) the properties "are not

for the benefit of the City of Chicago," that is, there is no indication that Chicago "intends to use the

acquired properties for anything other than expansion of O'Hare"; and (2) Chicago acquired the

properties through real estate contracts, and, therefore, unjust enrichment, a quasi-contractual

remedy, is not available.

        Chicago reiterates here an argument that it presented below but that drew no comment from

the trial court. Nonetheless, the argument may serve as a basis for affirmance. See Paul H.

Schwendener, Inc., 358 Ill. App. 3d at 71. Chicago notes that count III deals strictly with Chicago's

acquisition of properties other than plaintiffs'. Count III is deficient, Chicago suggests, because it

does not allege that Chicago accepted any benefit from plaintiffs. This does not quite identify the

true problem with count III. It is not itself fatal to count III that plaintiffs are complaining about what

Chicago acquired from others. "To state a cause of action based on a theory of unjust enrichment,

a plaintiff must allege that the defendant has unjustly retained a benefit to the plaintiff's detriment,

and that defendant's retention of the benefit violates the fundamental principles of justice, equity, and

good conscience." HPI Health Care Services, Inc. v. Mt. Vernon Hospital, Inc., 131 Ill. 2d 145, 160

(1989). The doctrine of unjust enrichment permits "recovery of a benefit that was transferred to the

defendant by a third party." (Emphasis added.) HPI Health Care Services, 131 Ill. 2d at 161. The

defendant's retention of a benefit transferred to it by a third party would be unjust where: "(1) the

benefit should have been given to the plaintiff, but the third party mistakenly gave it to the defendant

instead [citation], (2) the defendant procured the benefit from the third party through some type of

wrongful conduct [citation], or (3) the plaintiff for some other reason had a better claim to the benefit

                                                   -65-
No. 2--08--0769

than the defendant [citation]." HPI Health Care Services, 131 Ill. 2d at 161-62. From these

propositions it is apparent that the real flaw in plaintiffs' claim is their failure to allege how Chicago's

acquisition of the properties from the other owners deprived plaintiffs of any "benefit." Plaintiffs

claim damages flowing from Chicago's acquisition of the properties, but the basis of their complaint

is not that the properties should have been conveyed to them instead. Plaintiffs assert no legal or

equitable interest in the properties themselves, and therefore we cannot discern what "benefit"

plaintiffs claim was wrongfully intercepted by Chicago when it acquired the properties. Cf. Harper

v. Adametz, 142 Conn. 218, 225, 113 A.2d 136, 139 (1955) (real estate agent unjustly enriched when

he suppressed his client's purchase offer and acquired the property for himself). As plaintiffs have

not alleged that Chicago is retaining a "benefit" to their detriment, we hold that the trial court

properly dismissed count III of plaintiffs' second amended complaint.

        For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the dismissal with prejudice of counts I through IV of

plaintiffs' second amended complaint.

                                 II. The Preliminary Injunction Hearing

        Plaintiffs argue that the trial court erred in dissolving its preliminary injunction against

demolition of properties in the Acquisition Area. To obtain a preliminary injunction, the movant

must establish:

                  "(1) that he or she possesses a clearly ascertainable right which needs protection; (2)

        that he or she would suffer irreparable harm without the injunction; (3) there is no adequate

        remedy at law for his [or her] injury; (4) there is a likelihood of success on the merits; and

        (5) the plaintiff will suffer more harm without the injunction than the defendant will suffer

        with it. ***

                                                   -66-
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                                                  ***

                  *** In balancing these equities, the court should also consider the effect of the

        injunction on the public." Grandberg, 279 Ill. App. 3d at 888-90.

"The decision to grant or deny a preliminary injunction lies within the sound discretion of the trial

court and on review the decision will not be disturbed absent an abuse of discretion." Klaeren, 202

Ill. 2d at 177.

        Plaintiffs claim that the trial court abused its discretion by "abdicat[ing] *** its common law

public nuisance jurisdiction in favor of non-existent administrative agency protection." Plaintiffs

assert that the trial court erroneously assumed that "the judiciary either did not have independent

nuisance jurisdiction, or that the trial court should somehow defer to the administrative agencies."

Plaintiffs claim that these misapprehensions are evident in several of the trial court's remarks. For

example, in the prefatory findings in its written order, the trial court led with this statement:

        "I now see that there are sufficient governmental agencies and regulations that can oversee

        this demolition project. In my opinion any further oversight by the Court would be done

        without proper authority."

The trial court determined that the "enforcement division[s]" of these "agencies" are adequate to

redress "violations of regulations, codes[,] or the like." The trial court found it "appropriate for

demolition to commence now under the standards laid out by the expert testimony of the City of

Chicago" and that the court "[did not] have a basis to impose any further guidelines." The trial court

concluded its general findings by stating that "there is a separate remedy with the enforcement

divisions of the various environmental protection agencies that would not require judicial

intervention."

                                                  -67-
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       As plaintiffs note, these thoughts surfaced again in the trial court's specific findings. In

considering whether plaintiffs had an adequate remedy at law, the court determined:

               "If Plaintiffs had established their allegations that [Chicago's] demolition will

       endanger the public health, the Plaintiffs would likely have no adequate remedy at law. But,

       as indicated above, Plaintiffs have failed to do so, and consequently, the Court cannot grant

       the continuing preliminary injunctive relief which Plaintiffs seek.

               A separate remedy does exist with the enforcement divisions of various federal and

       state environmental protection agencies as created by legislative bodies. There is no further

       authority or basis for judicial intervention by this court."

       We agree with plaintiffs that the trial court's remarks are questionable on several levels.

First, they are not consistent. At one point, the court claims that these "agencies" (unnamed but for

the "EPA") can "oversee" the demolition, which suggests active supervision. At another point, the

court remarks that the agencies are available for redressing violations of regulations and codes,

which implies not ongoing or active oversight but rather intervention as needed. Second, there is

scant evidentiary ground for finding any administrative agency available to oversee the demolition

in a manner active and thorough enough to prevent a public nuisance and so to serve as an adequate

alternative to the equitable relief sought by plaintiffs, namely, a prospective injunction. The

testimony at the July 2008 hearing contains but two allusions to potential agency involvement. The

first is the October 31, 1997, "No Further Remediation" in which the IEPA implies that further soil

disturbance at the Nelson Wire/Pro Logis site will lead to action by the IEPA, and the second is

Blickle's testimony that the USEPA and IEPA both must be informed of the presence of RACM in

                                                -68-
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the Acquisition Area. These two points of evidence do not establish potential agency involvement

nearly on the scale the court conceived.

       Following oral argument, Chicago filed a motion to cite statutes and regulations that vest the

IEPA and the USEPA with power to enforce environmental laws and regulations. Chicago notes,

for instance, that the Illinois Environmental Protection Act (Environmental Protection Act) (415

ILCS 5/31(d)(1) (West 2006)) provides that "[a]ny person may file with the [Illinois Pollution

Control] Board a complaint *** against any person allegedly violating this Act, any rule or

regulation adopted under [this] Act, any permit or term or condition of a permit, or any Board order."

The Environmental Protection Act also permits the State to file enforcement actions in the circuit

courts. See generally 415 ILCS 5/42, 43, 44 (West 2006). We grant this motion, but note that these

various authorities do not persuade us that the trial court acted correctly. Agency authority does not

displace the judiciary's equitable powers in these circumstances.

       Such is the lesson of Village of Wilsonville v. SCA Services, Inc., 77 Ill. App. 3d 618 (1979),

where a municipality and a county sued to enjoin the operation of a newly operational landfill for

hazardous waste. The plaintiffs argued that the landfill was a public nuisance because there was a

risk that toxic or flammable substances would seep from the landfill. The IEPA had issued the

defendant an initial permit to operate the landfill, and afterward the defendant applied for and

received from the IEPA a permit for each waste the defendant proposed to deposit at the landfill.

The trial court entered a permanent injunction against continued operation of the landfill.

Wilsonville, 77 Ill. App. 3d at 621-23.

       The defendant appealed, and the court permitted the USEPA to file an amicus curiae brief

in which it defended the public need for the landfill. The defendant argued to the court "that the trial

                                                 -69-
No. 2--08--0769

court either lacked jurisdiction to hear the case or, in the alternative, should have deferred to the

concurrent jurisdiction of the administrative agencies, IEPA and the Pollution Control Board."

Wilsonville, 77 Ill. App. 3d at 623. The court rejected both positions while acknowledging "the lack

of expertise in courts to fully understand the complicated technical matters involved in a case of this

nature." Wilsonville, 77 Ill. App. 3d at 625. The court found that Illinois law "clearly indicate[s]

a policy *** not to leave the enforcement of environmental matters exclusively in the hands of

administrative agencies but to have a dual system of enforcement and civil relief." Wilsonville, 77

Ill. App. 3d at 625; see also People ex rel. Scott v. Janson, 57 Ill. 2d 451, 460 (1974) ("there exists

jurisdiction [in the courts] to abate public nuisances which may endanger the general welfare").

       Proceeding to the merits of the case, the appellate court upheld the permanent injunction.

The defendant acknowledged that "severe damage [was] likely to result if substantial amounts of

hazardous substances escaped from the landfill," but argued that the possibility of a release was "too

uncertain and, in any event, too far in the distant future to form the basis for the issuance of an

injunction." Wilsonville, 77 Ill. App. 3d at 633. The court disagreed, holding that the "extremely

serious," indeed "catastrophic," nature of the possible harm outweighed the consideration of

likelihood. Wilsonville, 77 Ill. App. 3d at 635, 638.

       On appeal to the supreme court, the defendant argued for deference to the IEPA, which had

licensed the landfill, and to the USEPA, which had filed the amicus brief explaining the public need

for the landfill. The court declined to defer:

               "The defendant *** asserts that error occurred in the courts below when they failed

       to defer to the IEPA and the USEPA, as well as when they failed to give weight to the

       permits issued by the IEPA. This assertion has no merit, however, because the data relied

                                                 -70-
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        upon by the IEPA in deciding to issue a permit to the defendant were data collected by the

        defendant, data which have been proved at trial to be inaccurate. In particular, defendant's

        experts concluded that any subsidence at the site would be negligible. The IEPA (as well as

        the USEPA) adopted this inaccurate conclusion in deciding to issue a permit to the

        defendant." Village of Wilsonville v. SCA Services, Inc., 86 Ill. 2d 1, 27 (1981).

        Reaching the merits, the supreme court upheld the permanent injunction. The court agreed

with the trial and appellate courts that "a prospective nuisance is a fit candidate for injunctive relief."

(Emphasis in original.) Wilsonville, 86 Ill. 2d at 25. The court held that "the defendant is engaged

in an extremely hazardous undertaking at an unsuitable location, which seriously and imminently

poses a threat to the public health." Wilsonville, 86 Ill. 2d at 30. The court rejected the defendant's

contention that the plaintiffs had an adequate remedy at law because they could have pursued relief

through administrative channels:

                "We *** disagree with the defendant that since the plaintiffs could seek review from

        the IEPA's decision to grant permits to the defendants through the Pollution Control Board

        they have an adequate remedy at law and are unable to obtain relief in a court of equity.

        First, the plaintiffs are not seeking a review of the issuance of permits. The plaintiffs [are

        seeking] to enjoin a nuisance, a matter which is properly brought in a court of equity. This

        court has stated that jurisdiction exists in the circuit court 'to abate public nuisances which

        may endanger the general welfare.' [Citation.] Thus, the trial court has subject matter

        jurisdiction to decide the issues raised herein, and to award appropriate equitable relief."

        Wilsonville, 86 Ill. 2d at 27-28.

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       From Wilsonville we see the error in the trial court's reasoning behind its termination of the

preliminary injunction. Like Wilsonville, this case is an "environmental matter[]" (Wilsonville, 77

Ill. App. 3d at 625) in which a proposed activity is claimed to threaten a public nuisance in the form

of release of hazardous substances into residential areas. Jurisdiction is no less certain here than in

Wilsonville. Having jurisdiction, the trial court had a responsibility to determine, under all relevant

factors, and without regard to the concurrent jurisdiction of administrative agencies, whether

demolition would constitute a public nuisance. The court, however, displayed an overt reliance on

the powers of administrative agencies in determining whether plaintiffs have an adequate remedy

at law. The court found that "a separate remedy does exist with the enforcement divisions of various

federal and state environmental protection agencies as created by the legislative bodies." This

reliance was misplaced for two reasons. First, it was wrong from an evidentiary point of view

because, as noted, the record contains virtually no evidence of any potential agency involvement.

See Liebert Corp. v. Mazur, 357 Ill. App. 3d 265, 276 (2005) (a trial court abuses its discretion when

it relies on a factual finding that is against the manifest weight of the evidence, i.e., where the

opposite conclusion is clearly evident). Second, it was wrong from an institutional view--that is, as

a matter of law--because, as Wilsonville teaches, the court had no cause to abdicate its judicial

function even if a remedy could be found in administrative bodies. See Engel v. Loyfman, 383 Ill.

App. 3d 191, 197 (2008) (a trial court abuses its discretion when its decision is based on a

"misapprehension of law"). In Wilsonville, the supreme court rejected the defendant's argument that

the plaintiffs had an adequate remedy at law because they could have pursued administrative review

of the IEPA's decision to license the defendant's landfill. The supreme court reasoned that the

plaintiffs were seeking "to enjoin a nuisance, a matter which is properly brought in a court of equity."

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Wilsonville, 86 Ill. 2d at 27. In Wilsonville, there at least was an identifiable remedy available

through administrative channels. Here, by contrast, there was no evidence of any available remedy,

much less one comparable to the injunction sought. The trial court, we conclude, abused its

discretion in finding that plaintiffs have an adequate remedy at law.

        We recognize, of course, that the trial court's discussion of the "adequate remedy at law"

factor appears at first blush to have alternative rationales. Immediately preceding the reference to

administrative agencies, the court stated:

        "If Plaintiffs had established their allegations that the City's demolition will endanger public

        health, the Plaintiffs would likely have no adequate remedy at law. But, as indicated above,

        Plaintiffs have failed to do so, and consequently, the Court cannot grant the continuing

        preliminary injunctive relief which Plaintiffs seek."

In actuality, this was not a finding that plaintiffs have an adequate remedy at law but rather an

explanation for not reaching the issue in light of the court's findings on other factors. In that respect,

it does not jibe with the court's immediately following remark about the availability of remedies from

administrative agencies.

        We also recognize that plaintiffs were obligated to satisfy all prerequisites for a preliminary

injunction. In theory, then, our disagreement with the trial court's finding that plaintiffs have an

adequate remedy at law would pose no barrier to affirmance should we determine that plaintiffs

failed to meet one or more of the other prerequisites. We decline to take that avenue, since it is clear

that the trial court's entire analysis was influenced by its factually unfounded and legally erroneous

view of the potential role of administrative agencies in the demolition. Although the trial court's

erroneous perspective does not overtly surface in its discussion of the remaining findings, the general

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discussion that precedes its specific findings is pervaded with a sentiment that the court had no place

adjudicating matters on which administrative agencies may act. No fewer than five times does the

court mention "administrative agencies" and their "enforcement divisions." In fact, the court's

discussion is bookended by two of these references. At the outset of its remarks, before even hinting

at its own assessment of the alleged hazards in the proposed demolition, the court mentions that

"there are sufficient governmental agencies and regulations that can oversee this demolition project"

and that "further oversight by the Court would be done without proper authority." The court

concludes its remarks by stating: "Based on the foregoing[,] there is a separate remedy with the

enforcement divisions of the various environmental protection agencies that would not require

judicial intervention." This is revealing, for, though the availability of another remedy is but one of

multiple considerations in weighing the propriety of injunctive relief, the court gives it exclusive

attention here. Tellingly, the court's discussion ends not with an assertion of its own jurisdiction but

with an attitude of deference.

       A further sign that the trial court's entire analysis was influenced by its notion of agency

involvement is its failure to resolve the core conflicts in the testimony at the hearing. We have

exhaustively set forth the evidence and find it teeming with polarized expert opinions on highly

technical matters such as soil sampling, soil screening levels, emission factors, and demolition

controls. The trial court made some reference to this testimony but its analysis shows no weighting

of these radically opposed views. There is instead this summary finding:

       "[N]ot only will proper precautionary measures be taken during demolition through the

       application of CRA's decommissioning and demolition controls *** and air monitoring

       program *** to prevent any unsafe exposure to any potentially harmful materials in the

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       Acquisition Area, but Plaintiffs' claims that the Acquisition Area presents significant

       uncontrollable risks to public health are simply without foundation."

Section 11--101 of the Code (735 ILCS 5/11–101 (West 2006)) provides that every order granting

or denying an injunction "shall set forth the reasons for its entry." Section 11--101 requires reasons

clear and detailed enough to apprize the reviewing court of the basis for the decision. See In re

Marriage of Grauer, 133 Ill. App. 3d 1019, 1026 (1985).13 The trial court's reasoning does not

contain specific enough findings based on proper considerations to allay our concern that the court

diminished its judicial function by impermissibly deferring to what it perceived as the capability of

administrative bodies to police the demolition. "A court commits error when it fails to exercise its

discretion due to a belief that it has no discretion to exercise." RTS Plumbing Co. v. DeFazio, 180

Ill. App. 3d 1037, 1041 (1989). We therefore reverse the trial court's order terminating the

       13
            At oral argument, Chicago claimed that the trial court's findings of fact are "extensive" and

that the court's reference to the authority of administrative agencies over the demolition was not the

"basis" of its decision but rather a "prefatory" or "background" observation. Chicago was then asked

where in its appellee's brief it argued that the trial court properly resolved the conflicting testimony

at the injunction hearing. Counsel at the podium was given the opportunity to confer with co-

counsel on the question. Chicago mentioned the possibility of also submitting a written response.

After counsel's conference, Chicago was unable to identify where in its brief it defended the formal

sufficiency of the trial court's findings. Moreover, Chicago has since filed only a motion to cite

various statutes and regulations, which motion we addressed above. Consequently, Chicago has

effectively abandoned any effort to defend the trial court's findings as formally sufficient under

section 11--101.

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preliminary injunction and remand this case for the court to reanalyze the propriety of injunctive

relief in light of our finding that the record before the court was essentially devoid of evidence of

remedies available from administrative agencies and, more importantly, our holding, pursuant to

Wilsonville, that any such remedies cannot replace judicial remedies in cases of this nature.

       Last, we dispose of plaintiffs' "motion to cite additional authority." Plaintiffs seek to apprize

us that (1) the USEPA has heightened its standards for airborne lead emissions, and (2) certain

airlines operating out of O'Hare have voiced opposition to Phase 2 of the OMP. These matters are

more in the nature of additional evidence than additional authority. We deny the motion without

prejudice to plaintiffs seeking to raise these matters before the trial court on remand.

                                           III. Conclusion

       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court's judgment dismissing counts I through

IV of plaintiffs' second amended complaint. We reverse, however, the judgment terminating the

preliminary injunction that was entered in July 2007, and we remand for further proceedings

consistent with this opinion.

       Affirmed in part and reversed in part; cause remanded with directions.

       ZENOFF, P.J., and GROMETER, J., concur.

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