Court Opinion

ID: 5125439
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-11-12 15:00:46.030662+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:22:50.872813
License: Public Domain

USCA11 Case: 20-10916     Date Filed: 11/12/2021       Page: 1 of 23

                                           [DO NOT PUBLISH]
                            In the
         United States Court of Appeals
                 For the Eleventh Circuit

                  ____________________

                         No. 20-10916
                  ____________________

KELVIN R. CREWS,
                                            Petitioner-Appellant,
versus
COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE,

                                           Respondent-Appellee.

                  ____________________

            Petition for Review of a Decision of the
                         U.S. Tax Court
                    Agency No. 18940-16 L
                   ____________________
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2                          Opinion of the Court                       20-10916

Before NEWSOM, BRANCH, and LAGOA, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
        In a long-running game of executive and judicial Telephone,
we decide in this appeal whether the IRS abused its discretion in
upholding planned tax penalty collections against Kelvin Crews. In
2010, the IRS assessed two tax penalties against Crews. Later,
Crews asked the IRS to abate those penalties. Although the record
is not entirely clear on this point, it appears that an IRS appeals of-
ficer directed the abatement of only one of Crews’s two penalties.
When the IRS later informed Crews that it planned to collect on
his remaining tax penalty, Crews asked for a collection due process
(CDP) hearing,1 where he argued that the IRS appeals officer had
directed the abatement of both of his tax penalties. The IRS settle-
ment officer who held Crews’s CDP hearing found that the IRS ap-
peals officer had directed the abatement of only the one tax penalty
and that the IRS’s planned collection of Crews’s remaining penalty
was appropriate. Crews appealed this determination to the U.S.
Tax Court, which affirmed.
      After careful review, we find that the IRS settlement officer
did not abuse her discretion in finding that the IRS appeals officer

1A  CDP hearing is an administrative hearing that, on a taxpayer’s request, the
IRS Appeals Office must conduct before it collects a tax or tax penalty it has
assessed against the taxpayer. See 26 U.S.C. § 6330(a)–(b). At the hearing, the
taxpayer may raise any relevant issues that “relat[e] to the unpaid tax or the
proposed levy, including . . . challenges to the appropriateness of [the] collec-
tion action[].” Id. § 6330(c)(2)(ii).
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20-10916                Opinion of the Court                         3

had directed the abatement of only one of Crews’s tax penalties and
in upholding the IRS’s planned collection of Crews’s remaining tax
penalty. Thus, we affirm the decision of the Tax Court.
                           I.       Background
       A. Trust Fund Recovery Penalties and the Process of
          Assessing and Collecting Them
        The Internal Revenue Code (IRC), 26 U.S.C. § 1 et seq., re-
quires employers to deduct income, Social Security, and Medicare
taxes from their employees’ wages and pay those taxes directly to
the IRS. See id. §§ 3102(a), 3402(a). The taxes employers withhold
from their employees’ wages are known as “trust fund taxes.”
Slodov v. United States, 436 U.S. 238, 243 (1978). If an employer
fails to deliver the trust fund taxes it has collected from its employ-
ees to the IRS, the IRS may attempt to collect the trust fund taxes
directly from the employer, see 26 U.S.C. § 3403, or may assess
trust fund recovery penalties (TFRPs) equal to the amount of the
unpaid taxes against “[a]ny person required to collect, truthfully ac-
count for, and pay over” trust fund taxes, id. § 6672(a). A person
who is “required to collect, truthfully account for, and pay over”
trust fund taxes is referred to in case law as a “responsible person.”
Thosteson v. United States, 331 F.3d 1294, 1299 (11th Cir. 2003).
        When the IRS decides to assess a TFRP against a person re-
sponsible for collecting and delivering an employer’s trust fund
taxes, it must first notify that person of the planned tax assessment.
See 26 U.S.C. § 6672(b). The taxpayer may then appeal the planned
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4                            Opinion of the Court                     20-10916

tax assessment to the IRS Appeals Office. See Romano-Murphy v.
Comm’r, 816 F.3d 707, 711 (11th Cir. 2016). If the taxpayer does
not appeal the planned assessment within a certain time—or if the
taxpayer’s appeal is denied—the IRS may proceed to assess the
TFRP. 2 See 26 U.S.C. § 6672(a)–(b).
        Once the IRS has assessed the TFRP, it can collect the TFRP
from the taxpayer, which it does by levying the taxpayer’s prop-
erty. 3 See id. § 6331(a). Before it levies a taxpayer’s property, the
IRS must inform the taxpayer of its intent to levy and of the tax-
payer’s statutory right to a CDP hearing. See id. § 6330(a).
        At the CDP hearing, the taxpayer may raise “any relevant
issue relating to the unpaid tax or the proposed levy, including . . .
challenges to the appropriateness of collection actions; and . . . of-
fers of collection alternatives . . . .” Id. § 6330(c)(2)(A)(ii)–(iii).
However, the taxpayer may not challenge the “existence or
amount of the underlying tax liability” if he or she had a previous
opportunity to do so. Id. § 6330(c)(2)(B). In addition to considering
whatever challenges to the planned tax collection the taxpayer
raises, the settlement officer conducting the CDP hearing must
consider whether “the requirements of any applicable law or

2 A tax assessment is a “formal determination that a taxpayer owes money”
that “serves as the trigger for levy and collection efforts.” Romano-Murphy,
816 F.3d at 710 (quotations omitted).
3   “A levy is a legal seizure of [a taxpayer’s] property to satisfy a tax debt.”
What Is a Levy?, IRS, https://www.irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-
employed/what-is-a-levy (last visited November 9, 2021).
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20-10916               Opinion of the Court                         5

administrative procedure have been met” and “whether [the] pro-
posed collection action balances the need for the efficient collection
of taxes with the legitimate concern of the person that any collec-
tion action be no more intrusive than necessary.” Id. § 6330(c)(1)–
(3). If the settlement officer upholds the IRS’s planned tax collec-
tion at the CDP hearing, the taxpayer may appeal that determina-
tion to the Tax Court. Id. § 6330(d)(1).
      B. Crews’s Businesses and Tax Deficiencies
       In the early 2000s, Crews founded a small company, Erosion
Stopper, Inc., that provided environmental services like groundwa-
ter and construction site cleanup. Initially, Crews was Erosion
Stopper’s owner and president. In 2002 or 2003, Crews transferred
ownership of Erosion Stopper to his wife, LouAnn Crews. After
the ownership transfer, Crews’s wife became Erosion Stopper’s
president and oversaw the company’s administrative, finance, and
office operations while Crews ran the company’s field operations.
        In 2006, Crews’s wife incorporated a second environmental
services company, K.C. Earthmovers, Inc. Afterward, the Crewses
operated their environmental services business under both the Ero-
sion Stopper and K.C. Earthmovers names. Crews’s wife was ini-
tially K.C. Earthmovers’s owner and president. Later, the Crewses’
adult daughter served as K.C. Earthmovers’s owner and president.
      After a few years, the Crewses got behind on delivering to
the IRS the trust fund taxes they withheld from the wages of the
employees of Erosion Stopper and K.C. Earthmovers. In early
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6                         Opinion of the Court                    20-10916

2010, the IRS sent Crews several letters in which it proposed as-
sessing TFRPs against Crews for Erosion Stopper’s and K.C. Earth-
movers’s trust fund tax deficiencies.4 In those letters, the IRS in-
formed Crews that it considered him to be an “individual[] who
[was] required to collect, account for, and pay over” Erosion Stop-
per’s and K.C. Earthmovers’s unpaid trust fund taxes. The IRS also
informed Crews of his right to appeal the proposed TFRP assess-
ments to the IRS Appeals Office. Crews did not appeal the pro-
posed assessments, and in June 2010, the IRS assessed TFRPs
against Crews for Erosion Stopper’s and K.C. Earthmovers’s tax
deficiencies.
       C. Crews’s Tax Abatement Proceedings
        Between 2010 and 2012, Crews paid a small amount of the
TFRPs the IRS had assessed against him. Crews then filed a claim
with the IRS in which he requested a refund of the small amount
of the TFRPs he had paid and an abatement of his remaining pen-
alties relating to both Erosion Stopper’s and K.C. Earthmovers’s
tax deficiencies. Crews’s abatement claim was assigned to an IRS
tax examiner, Sheneka Bradwell, who denied it. Crews then ap-
pealed Bradwell’s denial of his abatement claim to the IRS Appeals
Office. In his letter appealing the denial of his abatement claim,

4 Erosion Stopper’s trust fund tax deficiencies were from four tax quarters—
the second, third, and fourth quarters of 2008 and the first quarter of 2009.
K.C. Earthmovers’s trust fund tax deficiencies were from seven tax quarters—
the second, third, and fourth quarters of 2008 and all four quarters of 2009.
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20-10916                  Opinion of the Court                              7

Crews asserted that the TFRPs the IRS had assessed against him
were improper because he “[was] not responsible for the unpaid
taxes due to the fact that [he] was not in charge of any financial
matters with Erosion Stopper[]/K.C. Earthmovers at any time dur-
ing their operations.”
      Crews’s appeal of the denial of his abatement claim was as-
signed to an IRS appeals officer, Victoria Johnson. In October 2012,
Johnson sent Crews and his wife a letter scheduling a conference
with them to discuss their challenges to their respective TFRPs. 5
The heading of Johnson’s letter referenced four tax quarters—the
second, third, and fourth quarters of 2008 and the first quarter of
2009. Those were the four tax quarters for which Erosion Stopper
had outstanding unpaid trust fund taxes.
       In December 2012, the Crewses’ counsel met with Johnson.
Before and after that meeting, the Crewses’ counsel sent Johnson
several letters explaining Crews’s position regarding the TFRPs the
IRS had assessed against him. In a letter they sent to Johnson prior
to the December 2012 conference, the Crewses’ counsel asserted
that Crews “[was] not liable for the [TFRPs] assessed against him”
regarding either Erosion Stopper’s or K.C. Earthmovers’s trust
fund tax deficiencies because he was not a “responsible person”

5 At some point—the record does not indicate when—the IRS assessed sepa-
rate TFRPs against Crews’s wife for Erosion Stopper’s trust fund tax deficien-
cies, and Crews’s wife appealed or requested an abatement of those TFRPs.
Johnson jointly handled Crews’s appeal of the denial of his abatement claim
and Crews’s wife’s appeal regarding her TFRPs.
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8                     Opinion of the Court                 20-10916

who was required to collect, account for, or pay over those taxes
to the IRS. The Crewses’ counsel asserted that Crews’s “position
with Erosion Stopper, Inc. and K.C. Earthmovers, Inc. was Field
Manager,” in which capacity “[h]e did not review or maintain em-
ployee records, verify hours worked, or determine the proper
amounts to be paid to the various employees” and “had no
knowledge or computer skills to access payroll, bills, or any other
financial information.” In a letter they sent Johnson shortly after
the December 2012 conference, the Crewses’ counsel stated:
      We write in follow-up to our meeting of Thursday,
      December 6, 2012. As I understand it, based upon nu-
      merous factors, you will be recommending a full and
      complete concession of the [TFRP] tax assessments
      against our client, Kelvin R. Crews, for the various tax
      quarters involved.
The heading of that letter from the Crewses’ counsel referenced
both Erosion Stopper and K.C. Earthmovers and listed all of the tax
quarters for which both companies had unpaid trust fund taxes.
       In May 2013, Johnson sent Crews a letter, the header of
which referenced K.C. Earthmovers—and identified the seven tax
quarters for which K.C. Earthmovers had unpaid trust fund taxes—
but did not reference Erosion Stopper. The letter stated:
      We have considered your protest and the evidence
      and arguments in support of your position against the
      Trust Fund Recovery Penalty assessment.
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20-10916                  Opinion of the Court                               9

       We are returning your case file to the Area Directory
       with the determination that you be relieved of liabil-
       ity for the tax periods indicated above.6
Johnson never sent Crews a letter referencing or resolving his re-
quest for abatement of his TFRPs relating to Erosion Stopper’s tax
deficiencies.
        While Crews’s administrative appeal of the denial of his
abatement claim was pending, Johnson recorded several notes
about the appeal proceedings in an IRS internal case activity file. 7
In May 2013, shortly before she sent Crews the letter directing
abatement of his TFRPs relating to K.C. Earthmovers’s tax defi-
ciencies, Johnson recorded the following entries in Crews’s case ac-
tivity file:
       AO determined that TP is not responsible or acted
       willfully.
       AO spent most of the day completing Request for Ad-
       justment form to remove all the assessed penalties.
       TP is not a responsible person within the meaning of
       IRC 6672.

6 On the same day she sent Crews this letter abating his TFRPs for K.C. Earth-
movers’s tax deficiencies, Johnson sent Crews’s wife a separate letter sustain-
ing her TFRPs for Erosion Stopper’s tax deficiencies.
7 The entries in the IRS internal case activity file use frequent shorthand. In
the entries we discuss below, (1) “AO” or “A/O” means appeals officer; (2)
“TP” or “tp” means taxpayer; and (3) “POA” means power of attorney, i.e.,
the Crewses’ counsel in their proceedings before the IRS.
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10                     Opinion of the Court                20-10916

The case activity file does not make clear whether these entries re-
lated to only Crews’s K.C. Earthmovers-related TFRPs or to both
those TFRPs and his Erosion Stopper-related TFRPs.
       While Crews’s appeal was pending, Bradwell, the IRS exam-
iner who had originally denied his abatement claim, also recorded
some notes about the matter in a separate IRS internal recordkeep-
ing system. In May 2013, shortly before Johnson sent Crews the
letter directing the abatement of his K.C. Earthmovers-related
TFRPs, Bradwell recorded the following entry in the internal
recordkeeping system: “Called and spoke w/ Victoria Johnson
[and] addressed status of the case. She advised that the tp was
found not liable and the assmts are being abated against him.” A
week later, Bradwell recorded an entry stating: “The TFRP assmt
was total[l]y abated against Mr. Crews.”
      D. Crews’s Collection Due Process Proceedings
       After Crews’s appeal proceedings regarding his abatement
claim were closed, the IRS proceeded to abate his K.C. Earthmov-
ers-related TFRPs but not his Erosion Stopper-related TFRPs. In
late 2015 and early 2016, the IRS sent Crews two notices of intent
to levy his property to collect his unpaid Erosion Stopper-related
TFRPs. In response, Crews requested a CDP hearing.
       Crews’s CDP proceedings were assigned to an IRS settle-
ment officer, Cathleen Curry. On June 30, 2016, Curry held a CDP
hearing with Crews and his counsel. At the CDP hearing, Crews
challenged the IRS’s planned collection of his Erosion Stopper-
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20-10916               Opinion of the Court                      11

related TFRPs on only one ground: that the IRS erred in pursuing
collection of those TFRPs because the IRS appeals officer who han-
dled Crews’s appeal from the denial of his abatement claim had in
fact directed the abatement of both his K.C. Earthmovers-related
TFRPs and his Erosion Stopper-related TFRPs. After the CDP
hearing, the Crewses’ counsel sent Curry a letter reiterating
Crews’s position that “an administrative determination of non-lia-
bility was previously made [by the IRS Appeals Office],” that “the
administrative file should show a full concession for both corpora-
tions,” and that “the current TFRP assessments are void, illegal, or
improper as they should have been abated or written off.”
       Before and after she held the CDP hearing with Crews and
his counsel, Curry received and reviewed several files relating to
the original assessment of Crews’s TFRPs and Crews’s appeal from
the denial of his request to abate those TFRPs. While Crews’s CDP
proceedings were pending, Curry recorded the following entries in
the IRS internal case activity file for the matter:
      [I]ndepth review of case file. . . . The related corp KC
      Earthmovers has already been abated. . . . Letter in
      file from AO V Johnson concerns 1st TFRP KC Earth-
      movers and this amount abated already, nothing in
      file to indicate abatement in order for the related
      corp.
      Went over huge amounts and stacks of information
      from POA. The letters all addressed to prior A/O
      working the TFRP appeal on KC conceded but yet no
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12                       Opinion of the Court                    20-10916

       letter was provided from A/O working the case ad-
       dressing the Erosion Stopper Inc. . . .
       Although the TFRP was abated for KC Earthmovers,
       Inc. there is no indication in Appeals history that the
       related corp Erosion Stopper for which tp still [as-
       serts] challenges was addressed.
       Although Curry reviewed various relevant records, it ap-
pears she was unable to retrieve and review some of the records
from either Bradwell’s original denial of Crews’s abatement claim
or Johnson’s determination of Crews’s appeal from that denial. In
June 2016, Curry recorded this entry in Crews’s case activity file:
“TFRP file for erosion has been ordered from [IRS] records center.”
In July 2016, Curry emailed an IRS examiner asking her to “retrieve
the [Form] 843 Claim file for Kelvin Crews.” 8 The IRS examiner
responded: “This was already worked on by Victoria Johnson of
Appeals. I do not have the 843 claim because after 2 years the file
[gets] destroyed.”
       Additionally, in June 2016, Curry emailed Johnson:
       Was wondering if I could pick your brain about a case
       you previously worked the TFRP issue. The POA
       states that when you worked [the] case you indicated
       both TFRPs should be abated in full for taxpayer. . . .

8Form 843 is the IRS form a taxpayer uses to file a tax abatement claim such
as Crews’s. See About Form 843, Claim for Refund and Request for Abate-
ment, IRS, https://www.irs.gov/forms-pubs/about-form-843 (last visited
November 9, 2021).
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20-10916               Opinion of the Court                      13

      Do you recall whether both TFRPs should have been
      abated?
Johnson responded, “The TP should have a copy of my closing let-
ter.” Curry then responded to Johnson:
      I need to get a copy of your Appeals history . . . and
      any closing documentation you may have retained
      for the [Crews] case you previously worked in Ap-
      peals regarding a previous 843 TFRP claim.
      I attempted to get the closed Appeals file from the Ad-
      visory Unit but they have informed me it has been
      destroyed.
Johnson responded, “I don’t have anything. I can’t access my I:
drive right now. But I am sure it is not there either. I back up all
my cases in a thumb drive.” Curry wrote back, “Can you check
your thumb drive to see if you may be able to pull it up,” to which
Johnson responded, “I do not have anything for this tp.” After-
ward, Curry obtained a copy of Johnson’s entries in Crews’s case
activity file from Johnson’s manager.
        In late July 2016, Curry met again with the Crewses’ coun-
sel. At that meeting, Curry explained that her review of the records
from Crews’s appeal of the denial of his abatement claim did not
indicate that Johnson had directed the abatement of his Erosion
Stopper-related TFRPs. Curry then sent Crews a determination
letter formally resolving his CDP proceedings and upholding the
IRS’s planned collection of Crews’s Erosion Stopper-related
TFRPs. That letter stated, in relevant part:
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14                     Opinion of the Court                20-10916

      On 6/30/2016, a [CDP] hearing was held in the Jack-
      sonville Federal Office Building. You and your repre-
      sentative, Keith Johnson, were present. . . . You and
      Mr. Johnson stated that a prior appeal was worked
      which would have addressed the TFRP that was as-
      sessed against you regarding 2 different corporations,
      namely Erosion Stopper, Inc. and KC Earthmovers,
      Inc. . . . You indicated that you would like the previ-
      ous appeal file regarding a Claim to be reviewed. . . .
      The paperwork was subsequently ordered for the pre-
      vious Appeal Claim File worked and there was no in-
      dication that the TFRP was conceded regarding Ero-
      sion Stopper, Inc.
      ...
      The Collection File and IRS records were reviewed
      along with the information you provided. My review
      confirmed that the IRS followed all legal and proce-
      dural requirements, and the actions taken or pro-
      posed were appropriate under the circumstances.
      E. Crews’s Appeal to the Tax Court
       Crews appealed Curry’s decision upholding the IRS’s
planned collection of his Erosion Stopper-related TFRPs to the Tax
Court. In his petition to the Tax Court, Crews stated that he “[was]
not seeking a determination [regarding his Erosion Stopper-related
TFRPs] on the merits, but merely a determination that the previ-
ous administrative review by the Office of Appeals resulted in a full
concession and that the existing liabilities remain due to a clerical
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20-10916                   Opinion of the Court                               15

or ministerial mistake on behalf of [the IRS].” Crews and the IRS
jointly moved to submit Crews’s appeal on the basis of a stipulated
record. The Tax Court granted that motion and decided the appeal
based on the parties’ stipulated facts and attached exhibits.
        In his filings in the Tax Court, Crews argued, as he had at
the CDP stage, that the record showed that Johnson had directed
the abatement of his Erosion Stopper-related TFRPs during her re-
view of Crews’s appeal from the denial of his abatement claim.9
He also argued that, during the CDP proceedings, Curry failed to
acquire all of the IRS records that were relevant to her review of
that issue. Crews argued that the appropriate standard for the Tax
Court’s review of Curry’s CDP determination was de novo, while
the IRS argued that the standard was abuse of discretion.

9 Crews argued in the alternative that the Tax Court should find that Johnson’s

review of his Erosion Stopper-related TFRPs was still pending in the IRS Ap-
peals Office. The Tax Court ruled that this argument was not properly raised
because Crews had not asserted it at his CDP hearing and declined to consider
it.
In his appeal to this Court, Crews does not dispute the Tax Court’s decision
not to consider his alternative argument. Instead, Crews asserts in passing
that, if we find the administrative record “inconclusive,” we should find that
his administrative appeal “is still pending with the [IRS] Office of Appeals.”
Crews’s argument that his administrative appeal is still pending in the IRS Ap-
peals Office is not properly raised or briefed, and we do not consider it. See
Hamilton v. Southland Christian Sch., Inc., 680 F.3d 1316, 1319 (11th Cir.
2012) (“A passing reference to an issue in a brief is not enough, and the failure
to make arguments and cite authorities in support of an issue waives it.”).
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16                     Opinion of the Court                20-10916

       The Tax Court affirmed Curry’s decision to uphold the IRS’s
planned collection of Crews’s Erosion Stopper-related TFRPs. It
did not resolve the parties’ dispute about what standard of review
it should apply to Curry’s CDP determination, finding that affir-
mance was appropriate under either a de novo standard or an
abuse-of-discretion standard. The court held that “Officer Johnson
did not determine to relieve Crews of the TFRPs related to Erosion
Stopper,” or, alternatively, that Curry “did not abuse [her] discre-
tion in concluding that [Johnson] did not make such a determina-
tion.”
       In affirming Curry’s CDP determination, the Tax Court
found “the strongest evidence of the scope of Officer Johnson’s de-
termination [of Crews’s appeal from the denial of his abatement
claim] [was] her letter of May 23, 2013, in which she stated that she
had made the ‘determination’ to relieve Crews of TFRPs. This de-
termination letter referred to K.C. Earthmovers and not Erosion
Stopper.” The Tax Court noted that, although some entries in the
IRS’s internal record systems by Johnson and by the examiner
Bradwell were ambiguous about the scope of the abatement of
Crews’s TFRPs, none of the entries clearly indicated that Crews’s
Erosion Stopper-related TFRPs were part of the abatement John-
son directed. The Tax Court also found that Curry, in her review
of Johnson’s determination at the CDP stage, “took reasonable
steps to ascertain whether Officer Johnson had determined that
Crews was not liable for the TFRPs with respect to Erosion Stop-
per.”
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20-10916                   Opinion of the Court                              17

      Crews filed post-trial motions in the Tax Court that were
denied, after which he timely appealed.
                          II.      Standard of Review
       We review “decisions of the Tax Court . . . in the same man-
ner and to the same extent as decisions of the district court in civil
actions tried without a jury.” 26 U.S.C. § 7482(a). We review an
IRS determination to uphold a planned tax collection following a
CDP hearing for abuse of discretion. 10 See Roberts v. Comm’r, 329
F.3d 1224, 1228 (11th Cir. 2003). The IRS abuses its discretion
when it acts “arbitrarily, capriciously, or without sound basis in fact
or law.” Vinatieri v. Comm’r, 133 T.C. 392, 400 (2009).
                                III.   Discussion
      Turning to the merits, we must decide in this appeal
whether the Tax Court rightly decided that an IRS settlement of-
ficer who reviewed an IRS appeals officer’s determination of
Crews’s appeal from the denial of his tax abatement claim did not

10 Citing to the legislative history of the Internal Revenue Service Restructur-
ing and Reform Act of 1998, Pub. L. No. 105–206, 112 Stat. 685—the Act of
Congress that created CDP hearings—Crews argues that we should review
the IRS’s decision to uphold his planned tax collection de novo because he has
challenged the “validity” of his tax liabilities. It is unclear why Crews thinks
the legislative history of the Restructuring and Reform Act should inform our
standard of review. In any case, Crews’s argument has no merit on its own
terms—as he conceded in the Tax Court, he has not presented argument or
sought a determination on appeal regarding the merits of his underlying tax
liabilities, and we do not review them.
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18                     Opinion of the Court                20-10916

abuse her discretion by finding that the appeals officer had directed
the abatement of only one of Crews’s two tax penalties. This ap-
peal is not about whether Crews’s outstanding Erosion Stopper-
related tax liabilities have legal merit under the IRC. It is about
only whether, as a factual matter, the IRS settlement officer abused
her discretion in determining, based on the evidence available at
Crews’s CDP hearing, that those liabilities are still on the IRS’s
books.
       The first, and primary, issue on appeal is whether the record
shows that the settlement officer Curry abused her discretion in
finding that the appeals officer Johnson directed the abatement of
Crews’s Erosion Stopper-related TFRPs. Following Crews’s CDP
hearing, the settlement officer Curry found that Johnson had di-
rected the abatement of Crews’s K.C. Earthmovers-related TFRPs
but not his Erosion Stopper-related TFRPs. Crews argues that the
evidence shows that Johnson actually directed the abatement of
both sets of penalties.
      The evidence cuts both ways. Some parts of the record sup-
port Crews’s position. It is clear that Crews initially requested an
abatement of both his K.C. Earthmovers-related TFRPs and his
Erosion Stopper-related TFRPs, a request that the examiner
Bradwell denied. Crews then sent a letter to the IRS Appeals Office
appealing Bradwell’s denial of his abatement claim in which he ref-
erenced both sets of liabilities and asserted that he should not be
responsible for either. After Crews’s appeal was assigned to her,
Johnson sent Crews and his wife a scheduling letter that referenced
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the four tax quarters for which Erosion Stopper had outstanding
unpaid trust fund taxes, which suggests, perhaps, that the topic of
the planned conference between Johnson and the Crewses was the
Erosion Stopper-related TFRPs the IRS had assessed against both
Crews and his wife. The Crewses’ counsel then sent letters to John-
son asserting that Crews was not responsible for Erosion Stopper’s
tax liabilities and later attempting to confirm that Johnson “w[ould]
be recommending a full and complete concession of the [TFRP] tax
assessments against [Crews].” 11
       Some of Johnson’s and Bradwell’s entries in the IRS’s inter-
nal records also somewhat support Crews’s position. Johnson
wrote in Crews’s case activity file that she had “determined that TP
is not responsible or [did not] act[] willfully,” that “TP is not a re-
sponsible person within the meaning of IRC 6672,” and that she
had completed forms to “remove all the assessed penalties.” In
May 2013, around the time Johnson issued the letter directing the
abatement of Crews’s K.C. Earthmovers-related TFRPs, Bradwell
wrote in a separate recordkeeping system that she had spoken with
Johnson, who advised her “that the tp was found not liable and the
assmts are being abated,” and Bradwell later wrote that “[t]he

11Crews claims that, at the December 2012 conference Johnson held with the
Crewses’ counsel, Johnson “stated that she agreed with Crews’ position, and
that all of the penalties would be abated.” Crews points to nothing in the rec-
ord to support this assertion. There is no transcript of the conference between
Johnson and the Crewses’ counsel. Crews cites no affidavits or declarations in
the record averring to what Johnson and the Crewses’ counsel discussed at the
conference.
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20                        Opinion of the Court                      20-10916

TFRP assmt was total[l]y abated.” These entries from Johnson and
Bradwell suggest—but do not explicitly indicate—that Johnson in-
tended to direct the abatement of all of Crews’s TFRPs.
        On the other hand, as the Tax Court emphasized, the deter-
mination letter that Johnson actually sent to Crews, in which she
expressly directed the abatement of his K.C. Earthmovers-related
TFRPs, did not mention his separate Erosion Stopper-related
TFRPs. We agree with the Tax Court that “the strongest evidence
of the scope of Officer Johnson’s determination is [this] letter.” In-
deed, the parties stipulated in the Tax Court that “Johnson’s deter-
mination letter does not mention petitioner’s TFRP liabilities for
Erosion Stopper” and that “Johnson did not issue a determination
letter for petitioner’s TFRP liabilities for Erosion Stopper.” 12 In her
correspondence with Curry, when asked “whether both TFRPs

12 Crews argues that Johnson’s determination letter was not in the proper form

prescribed by internal guidelines set out in the IRS’s Internal Revenue Service
Manual (IRM). Similarly, Crews asserts that Johnson failed to produce an “Ap-
peals Case Memorandum,” which is apparently a standard type of IRS case
summary document, and that Johnson failed to close out both of Crews’s ap-
peals as required by the IRM.
Crews’s reliance on the IRM is misplaced. The IRM is an internal IRS docu-
ment that “does not have the force of law.” Griswold v. United States, 59 F.3d
1571, 1576 n.8 (11th Cir. 1995). And in any event, these alleged “process er-
rors” in Johnson’s handling of Crews’s appeal do not bear on whether Johnson
in fact directed the abatement of all of Crews’s TFRPs—which is the question
at hand.
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20-10916               Opinion of the Court                        21

should have been abated,” Johnson did not indicate that they
should have been.
         On this record, we cannot say that Curry abused her discre-
tion by finding that there was insufficient evidence to show that
Johnson had directed the abatement of Crews’s Erosion Stopper-
related TFRPs, and by therefore upholding the IRS’s planned col-
lection of those liabilities. The most direct piece of evidence in the
record regarding the scope of the IRS’s abatement of Crews’s TFRP
liabilities—Johnson’s determination letter—indicated that the IRS
abated only Crews’s K.C. Earthmovers-related TFRPs. Although
some of the other evidence in the record weighed in Crews’s favor,
Curry did not act “arbitrarily, capriciously, or without sound basis
in fact or law” in finding, based on the strongest evidence available,
that the IRS did not abate Crews’s Erosion Stopper-related TFRPs.
See Vinatieri, 133 T.C. at 400.
       Crews raises a second, related issue on appeal as well:
whether Curry failed to review all the records she should have in
assessing whether Johnson directed the abatement of Crews’s Ero-
sion Stopper-related TFRPs. Crews asserts that Curry failed to ob-
tain and review the “appeals claim file” from Crews’s administra-
tive appeal proceedings and that Curry misled Crews “about the
nature and scope of her review.”
       The record indicates that, during the course of Crews’s CDP
proceedings, Curry was unable to obtain some of the records from
either Bradwell’s original denial of Crews’s abatement claim or
Johnson’s determination of Crews’s appeal from that denial. Curry
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22                     Opinion of the Court               20-10916

asked an IRS examiner for Crews’s “843 Claim file” and was told
that it had been destroyed. Curry then asked Johnson to provide
the “Appeals history” and “closing documentation” from Crews’s
case, and Johnson told Curry that she no longer had any files from
the matter. It is unclear precisely what materials Curry expected
the “843 Claim file” or the “Appeals history” to contain.
        That some of the records from Crews’s case that Curry tried
to obtain were apparently missing does not show, or indicate, that
Curry abused her discretion in her handling of Crews’s CDP pro-
ceedings. The record indicates that Curry tried to obtain various
records from Crews’s case from multiple sources but was told
those records no longer existed. In a declaration submitted in the
Tax Court, Curry averred that she was able to retrieve and review
other relevant records, including Crews’s case activity file, corre-
spondence between Johnson and the Crewses’ counsel, and other
case summaries, notes, and transcripts. In fact, the parties stipu-
lated in the Tax Court that Curry “reviewed the administrative rec-
ord, including the Appeals Claim File from Appeals Officer John-
son, and determined there was no evidence Appeals Officer John-
son conceded petitioner’s TFRP liabilities for Erosion Stopper.”
Curry did not issue her determination of Crews’s CDP hearing “ar-
bitrarily, capriciously, or without sound basis in fact or law.”
Vinatieri, 133 T.C. at 400. The record indicates that she made her
determination based on the evidence available to her, which she
went to substantial lengths to collect.
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20-10916                  Opinion of the Court                              23

       Finally, Crews asserts that Curry “purposely or inadvert-
ently misled Crews’ Counsel about the nature and scope of her re-
view” because she falsely told Crews that she “conducted a full and
complete review of [Crews’s] administrative file.” The record does
not support this assertion. In her determination letter resolving
Crews’s CDP proceedings, Curry informed Crews that “[t]he pa-
perwork was subsequently ordered for the previous Appeal Claim
File worked and there was no indication that the TFRP was con-
ceded regarding Erosion Stopper.” Nothing about that statement
appears to be untrue. Curry did order various files from Crews’s
appeal—some of which she was able to retrieve and others of
which she was told no longer existed—and resolved Crews’s pro-
ceedings based on the materials available. 13 She did not abuse her
discretion in doing so.
                              IV.     Conclusion
       Because the IRS did not abuse its discretion in upholding its
planned collection of Crews’s tax liabilities, we affirm the decision
of the Tax Court.
       AFFIRMED.

13Crews argues that we should apply the doctrine of spoliation to infer that
the materials Curry was unable to obtain would have shown that his Erosion
Stopper-related liabilities should have been abated. That argument is off-base.
Spoliation sanctions may be warranted “when [an] absence of [] evidence is
predicated on bad faith.” Bashir v. Amtrak, 119 F.3d 929, 931 (11th Cir. 1997).
Crews has provided no evidence indicating that Curry or anyone else at the
IRS destroyed any records from his case in bad faith.