Court Opinion

ID: 4686039
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-05-12 15:00:26.143017+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:04:31.604881
License: Public Domain

19-13
     United States v. Jackson

                                UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                    FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
                                          SUMMARY ORDER
     Rulings by summary order do not have precedential effect. Citation to a summary order
     filed on or after January 1, 2007, is permitted and is governed by Federal Rule of Appellate
     Procedure 32.1 and this court’s Local Rule 32.1.1. When citing a summary order in a
     document filed with this court, a party must cite either the Federal Appendix or an
     electronic database (with the notation “summary order”). A party citing a summary order
     must serve a copy of it on any party not represented by counsel.
1           At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit,
2    held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the
 3   City of New York, on the 12th day of May, two thousand twenty-one.
 4
 5          PRESENT:            Guido Calabresi,
 6                              Steven J. Menashi,
 7                                      Circuit Judges
 8                              John G. Koeltl,*
 9                                      District Judge.
10   ____________________________________________

11   UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
12
13                    Appellee
14              v.
15                                                                  No. 19-13
16   JERMAINE JACKSON,
17
18                    Defendant-Appellant.
19   ____________________________________________

     *Judge John G. Koeltl of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New
     York, sitting by designation.
1
2    For Appellee:                            CHRISTOPHER      C.    CAFFARONE,      (Susan
3                                             Corkery, on the brief), Assistant United States
 4                                            Attorneys, for Mark J. Lesko, Acting United
 5                                            States Attorney for the Eastern District of
 6                                            New York, Brooklyn, New York.
 7
 8   For Defendant-Appellant:                 JESSE M. SIEGEL, New York, New York.
 9
10         Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Eastern

11   District of New York (Feuerstein, J.).

12         Upon due consideration, it is hereby ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and

13   DECREED that this appeal is DISMISSED.

14         Jermaine Jackson appeals his conviction, pursuant to a 2017 plea agreement,

15   for murder in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(j)(1). We assume the parties’ familiarity

16   with the underlying facts, procedural history, and arguments on appeal. For the

17   reasons set forth below, we dismiss this appeal.

18                                              I

19         Jackson attempted two armed robberies with an accomplice. The first

20   attempt—on December 9, 2016—succeeded, with the pair obtaining over $2,000 in

21   cash. During the second attempt—on December 16, 2016—a store employee,

22   Edwin Lopez, tried to prevent the robbery. Jackson shot Lopez and fled before he

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 1   and his accomplice could retrieve any money or other goods from the store. When

 2   Lopez attempted to chase the two would-be robbers, Jackson shot Lopez

 3   repeatedly, causing his death.

 4         A grand jury returned a seven-count indictment against Jackson. As

 5   relevant here, for his role in the December 16 attempted robbery and killing, the

 6   indictment charged Jackson with conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act robbery and

 7   Hobbs Act robbery, both in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1951(a) (Counts Four and Five),

 8   discharging a firearm in connection with those “crimes of violence” in violation of

 9   18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(iii) (Count Six), and the murder of Lopez in the course of

10   committing the firearm offense charged in Count Six in violation of 18 U.S.C.

11   § 924(j)(1) (Count Seven).

12         On December 6, 2017, Jackson pleaded guilty to the § 924(j)(1) firearm-

13   related murder charge only. The plea agreement included an appeal waiver that

14   bound Jackson as long as the district court imposed a sentence with a term of

15   imprisonment that did not exceed 365 months. Pursuant to the agreement’s terms,

16   the district court dismissed the remaining counts in the indictment in response to

17   the government’s motion. The district court imposed a sentence of 365 months’

18   imprisonment followed by five years of supervised release. Jackson appealed.

                                             3
 1                                             II

 2            The appeal waiver in Jackson’s plea agreement requires us to dismiss this

 3   appeal. An appeal waiver is “presumptively enforceable.” United States v. Riggi,

 4   649 F.3d 143, 147 (2d Cir. 2011). Jackson, however, “retains the right to contend

 5   that there were errors in the proceedings that led to the acceptance of his plea of

 6   guilty.” United States v. Adams, 448 F.3d 492, 497 (2d Cir. 2006). Such errors may

 7   demonstrate that the waiver was not “knowingly, voluntarily, and competently

 8   provided by the defendant,” and for that reason should not be enforced. Riggi, 649

 9   F.3d at 147. Because Jackson did not raise the alleged errors before the district

10   court, we review for plain error. United States v. Pattee, 820 F.3d 496, 505 (2d Cir.

11   2016).

12            Jackson argues that the magistrate judge who took his plea made two errors.

13   First, he argues, the magistrate judge did not inform him that Hobbs Act robbery

14   has as one of its elements the unlawful taking or obtaining of personal property,

15   see 18 U.S.C. § 1951(b)(1), and thereby failed to discharge her obligation to “inform

16   the defendant of, and determine that the defendant understands, ... the nature of

17   each charge to which the defendant is pleading,” Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(b)(1)(G).

18   Second, because neither Jackson nor his accomplice took any property during the

                                               4
 1   December 16 attempted robbery, Jackson argues that the magistrate judge could

 2   not have established “a factual basis” for the crime charged—namely, completed

 3   Hobbs Act robbery. Fed. R. Crim. P. 11(b)(3). And because conspiracy to commit

 4   Hobbs Act robbery no longer constitutes a qualifying crime of violence to support

 5   a conviction for a § 924 firearms offense, United States v. Barrett (Barrett II), 937 F.3d

 6   126, 129-30 (2d Cir. 2019), Jackson contends the magistrate judge erred in accepting

 7   his plea.

 8         Jackson’s arguments are without merit. Jackson pleaded guilty to a violation

 9   of 18 U.S.C. § 924(j)(1), not to Hobbs Act robbery. We have held that a court

10   satisfies Rule 11(b)(1)(G) by “describing the elements of the offense in the court’s

11   own words.” United States v. Maher, 108 F.3d 1513, 1521 (2d Cir. 1997). The

12   transcript of the plea hearing demonstrates that the magistrate judge informed

13   Jackson of each element of his § 924(j)(1) charge and ensured that Jackson

14   understood the court’s explanations, thus satisfying her obligation under Rule

15   11(b)(1)(G). See J. App’x 40, 45-47.

16         But even assuming that Rule 11 requires a magistrate judge to explain every

17   material fact that the government would need to prove to secure a conviction on

18   the count to which a defendant pleads, the government plainly would not have

                                                 5
 1   had to prove that Jackson obtained property to convict him for a § 924(j)(1)

 2   firearm-related murder. When Jackson pleaded guilty, settled circuit precedent

 3   provided that Hobbs Act robbery conspiracy qualified as a “crime of violence”

 4   under § 924(c). See United States v. Barrett (Barrett I), 903 F.3d 166, 175 (2d Cir. 2018).

 5   Even though Hobbs Act robbery conspiracy no longer qualifies as a “crime of

6    violence,” Barrett II, 937 F.3d at 129-30, we have held that attempted Hobbs Act

7    robbery does. See United States v. McCoy, No. 17-3515, 2021 WL 1567745, at *20 (2d

8    Cir. Apr. 22, 2021). Therefore, the government would not have needed to prove

9    that Jackson obtained property in order to obtain a conviction under § 924(j)(1).

10   Jackson does not contest that the facts adduced at the plea hearing established that

11   he attempted a robbery. The magistrate judge thus did not err either in accepting

12   the plea or in finding a factual basis for the plea.

13          Moreover, Jackson cannot make the requisite showing under plain error

14   review “that there is ‘a reasonable probability that, but for the error, he would not

15   have entered the plea.’” Pattee, 820 F.3d at 505 (quoting United States v. Dominguez

16   Benitez, 542 U.S. 74, 83 (2004)). Jackson does not point to any evidence indicating

17   that he would not have entered this plea had he been informed of the obtaining-

18   property element of Hobbs Act robbery. See United States v. Lloyd, 901 F.3d 111, 122

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 1   (2d Cir. 2018). Knowledge of this element would not have significantly altered

 2   Jackson’s plea calculus. By pleading guilty, Jackson avoided a recommended life

 3   sentence under the Guidelines if a jury convicted him on the § 924(j)(1) charge—a

 4   distinct possibility, given the government’s plan to display surveillance footage at

 5   trial showing Jackson repeatedly shooting Lopez. And the jury would not have

 6   needed to find that Jackson obtained property in order to convict him. Instead, the

 7   plea agreement provided that the highest end of his Guidelines range would be

 8   365 months (just over 30 years). Jackson therefore has not shown “a reasonable

 9   probability that ... he would not have entered the plea” if the magistrate judge had

10   informed him of Hobbs Act robbery’s obtaining-property element. Pattee, 820 F.3d

11   at 505. And, furthermore, the magistrate judge’s failure to do so did not “seriously

12   affect[] the fairness, integrity or public reputation of [the] judicial proceedings”

13   leading to Jackson’s sentence. Id.

14                                        *    *     *

15         For the foregoing reasons, we DISMISS this appeal.

16                                            FOR THE COURT:
17                                            Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court
18

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