Court Opinion

ID: 4152540
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-03-15 11:08:15.163839+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:30:17.170803
License: Public Domain

STATE OF MICHIGAN

                          COURT OF APPEALS

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                 UNPUBLISHED
                                                                 March 14, 2017
              Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                No. 329086
                                                                 Macomb Circuit Court
HEATHER MARIE GLIDDEN,                                           LC No. 2014-000734-FH

              Defendant-Appellant.

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

              Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                No. 329248
                                                                 Macomb Circuit Court
MARK ANTHONY HEAD,                                               LC No. 2014-000735-FH

              Defendant-Appellant.

Before: HOEKSTRA, P.J., and JANSEN and SAAD, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        In these consolidated appeals, in docket no. 329086, defendant Glidden appeals as of
right her jury trial convictions of attempted second-degree home invasion, MCL 750.92; MCL
750.110a(3), and conspiracy to commit second-degree home invasion, MCL 750.157a; MCL
750.110a(3). Likewise, in docket no. 329248, defendant Head appeals as of right his jury trial
convictions of attempted second-degree home invasion and conspiracy to commit second-degree
home invasion. Because the evidence was sufficient to support defendants’ convictions and
defendants were not denied the effective assistance of counsel, we affirm.

       This case arises from a home invasion in Harrison Township that occurred while the
homeowner was out-of-town. The house in question was equipped with seven outdoor security
cameras and a “very” loud internal alarm that sounded after 30 seconds if not deactivated on
entry. Video footage take from the surveillance cameras shows that, on the morning in question,
defendants drove a pick-up truck into the victim’s driveway. While Head initially waited in the
truck, Glidden approached the front door of the house and spent a few minutes ringing the

                                              -1-
doorbell, knocking on the door, looking in a nearby window, and knocking on the window.
After a few minutes, Glidden returned to the truck, and Head approached the house. He devoted
the next few minutes to knocking on the door, attempting to tamper with a security camera,
walking around the exterior of the house, and peering in windows. Eventually, he returned to the
front door, where he proceeded to kick the front door 17 times until the door gave way and he
gained entry. Head entered the home briefly, but then quickly exited when the alarm sounded.
Defendants then drove away in their truck. No property was taken from the house.

       Defendants were later identified based on the video and charged with attempted second-
degree home invasion and conspiracy to commit home invasion. A joint trial was conducted,
and defendants were convicted as noted above. Defendants now appeal as of right, and we have
consolidated their appeals.1

                               I. SUFFICIENCY OF EVIDENCE

        On appeal, defendants first argue that the prosecution failed to present sufficient evidence
of intent to commit larceny, a necessary element of second-degree home invasion and therefore
the intent necessary for attempted second-degree home invasion as well as conspiracy to commit
second-degree home invasion. In particular, relying on People v Uhl, 169 Mich. App. 217, 220;
425 NW2d 519 (1988), defendants emphasize that intent to commit larceny “cannot be presumed
solely from proof of the breaking and entering.” Given that no property was taken and
defendants did not have burglary tools, defendants maintain that there is no evidence of an intent
to commit larceny and that the prosecution thus presented insufficient evidence.

        This Court reviews challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence de novo. People v
Harverson, 291 Mich. App. 171, 175-176; 804 NW2d 757 (2010). “We examine the evidence in
a light most favorable to the prosecution, resolving all evidentiary conflicts in its favor, and
determine whether a rational trier of fact could have found that the essential elements of the
crime were proved beyond reasonable doubt.” People v Ericksen, 288 Mich. App. 192, 196; 793
NW2d 120 (2010). “Circumstantial evidence and reasonable inferences that arise from such
evidence can constitute satisfactory proof of the elements of the crime.” People v Williams, 268
Mich. App. 416, 419; 707 NW2d 624 (2005). In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, “a
reviewing court is required to draw all reasonable inferences and make credibility choices in
support of the jury verdict.” People v Nowack, 462 Mich. 392, 400; 614 NW2d 78 (2000).

       Defendants were convicted of attempted second-degree home invasion and conspiracy to
commit home invasion. To obtain a conviction for attempting to commit a crime, the prosecutor
must show: “(1) an intent to do an act or to bring about certain consequences which would in
law amount to a crime; and (2) an act in furtherance of that intent which, as it is most commonly
put, goes beyond mere preparation.” People v Jones, 443 Mich. 88, 100; 504 NW2d 158 (1993)

1
  People v Glidden, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered October 19, 2016
(Docket Nos. 329086, 329248).

                                                -2-
(citation omitted); MCL 750.92.2 In comparison, “[a] criminal conspiracy is a partnership in
criminal purposes, under which two or more individuals voluntarily agree to effectuate the
commission of a criminal offense.” People v Jackson, 292 Mich. App. 583, 588; 808 NW2d 541
(2011); MCL 750.157a. “The individuals must specifically intend to combine to pursue the
criminal objective, and the offense is complete upon the formation of the agreement.” Id. “The
intent, including knowledge of the intent, must be shared by the individuals.” Id. In this case,
the attempted offense, which defendants were also charged with conspiring to commit, is second-
degree home invasion.3 As charged, the elements of second-degree home invasion are as
follows: (1) “the defendant entered a dwelling by breaking or without the permission of any
person in ownership or lawful possession or control of the dwelling” and (2) the defendant “did
so with the intent to commit . . . larceny.” People v Dunigan, 299 Mich. App. 579, 582; 831
NW2d 243 (2013); MCL 750.110a(3).

        Of the various elements necessary to these offenses, the only question on appeal is
whether the prosecutor presented sufficient evidence to establish that defendants intended the
commission of a larceny. “[L]arceny is committed by a wrongful taking from one who has
rightful possession.” People v March, 499 Mich. 389, 404; 886 NW2d 396 (2016). “[T]he
specific intent necessary to commit larceny is the intent to steal another person's property.”
People v Cain, 238 Mich. App. 95, 120; 605 NW2d 28 (1999). “Intent to commit larceny cannot
be presumed solely from proof of the breaking and entering.” Uhl, 169 Mich. App. at 220.
“However, intent may reasonably be inferred from the nature, time and place of defendant's acts
before and during the breaking and entering.” Id. Whether a defendant possessed the requisite
intent to steal poses a question of fact for the jury. Cain, 238 Mich. App. at 119. Given the
difficulty of proving an actor’s state of mind, minimal circumstantial evidence will suffice to
establish intent. People v Stevens, 306 Mich. App. 620, 629; 858 NW2d 98 (2014).

        In this case, viewed in a light most favorable to the prosecution, the facts and
circumstances reasonably support the conclusion that defendants intended to steal from the
victim’s home. Specifically, the facts show that defendants went to a stranger’s house at a time
when the house was unoccupied. Compare People v Riemersma, 104 Mich. App. 773, 780-781;
306 NW2d 340 (1981), with People v Palmer, 42 Mich. App. 549, 552; 202 NW2d 536 (1972).
They drove a borrowed pick-up truck in which it would be possible to transport stolen goods.
See People v Frost, 148 Mich. App. 773, 777; 384 NW2d 790 (1985). When defendants arrived
at the victim’s home, they parked their vehicle facing the street, as though poised for easy exit.

2
  “[A] defendant may be convicted of an attempt even where the evidence shows a completed
crime.” Jones, 443 Mich. at 103.
3
  With respect to Glidden in particular, we also note that the jury was presented with an aiding
and abetting instruction. “To aid and abet the commission of a crime, the crime itself must be
proved, and the defendant must have rendered some kind of assistance or encouragement to the
commission of that crime with the intent that the crime occur or the knowledge that the principal
intended for the crime to occur.” People v Blevins, 314 Mich. App. 339, 358; 886 NW2d 456
(2016).

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At the house, both defendants took turns looking in windows and repeatedly knocking on the
door, from which it can be inferred that they were verifying that the home was in fact
unoccupied. Head attempted to adjust or tamper with a security camera, suggesting that he
wished to conceal his actions; and such furtiveness can also be considered as indicative of intent.
See People v Bowers, 136 Mich. App. 284, 298; 356 NW2d 618 (1984).

        After walking around the perimeter of the house, Head then kicked open the front door
and gained entry. Indeed, while defendants emphasize that they did not have burglary tools with
them, it is apparent that they needed no tools to gain entry; rather, with repeated kicks, Head was
able to break the deadbolt and doorframe, crack the door, and ultimately force open the front
door. While Head undertook these actions, Glidden sat in the driver’s seat of the truck,
positioned for a quick exit from the property. Although it is true that Head did not succeed in
stealing property from inside the house, Glidden acknowledged to police that she heard the
home’s alarm sound. Upon the sounding of the alarm, Head exited the home and returned to the
truck. Glidden then promptly drove out of the driveway. The fact that Head was interrupted by
the alarm before he was able to steal does not mean that there was insufficient evidence of an
intent to steal. See id.; Riemersma, 104 Mich. App. at 781. Instead, this evidence of flight from
the scene can be seen to support the conclusion that defendants intended to steal. See People v
Coleman, 210 Mich. App. 1, 4; 532 NW2d 885 (1995); Bowers, 136 Mich. App. at 298.

        Ultimately, defendants’ various actions at the house were recorded by the victim’s home
surveillance system and played before the jury at trial. It was for the jury to determine whether
the facts and circumstances demonstrated that defendants intended to commit larceny.4 Cain,
238 Mich. App. at 119. And, considering the nature, time and place of defendant's acts before and
during the breaking and entering, the jury could reasonably infer that defendants intended to
commit larceny. See Uhl, 169 Mich. App. at 220. Thus, the evidence was sufficient to support
defendants’ convictions.

                       II. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL

        Next, defendants argue that they were deprived of the effective assistance of counsel for a
variety of reasons. Specifically, Glidden argues that her trial counsel, Maroun Hakim, was
ineffective because (1) he failed to present a defense insofar as he failed to cross-examine any
witnesses, waived his opening statement, made no request for jury instructions, and failed to set
forth a defense in his closing statement, (2) he misunderstood the law and offered a meritless
objection to the admission of Glidden’s statements to police, (3) he failed to move for a directed

4
  In contrast to the inference that defendants’ conduct evinced an intent to commit larceny,
Glidden testified that they stopped to inquire about a boat trailer in the yard and that they stayed
to offer assistance because Glidden thought she heard a distressed voice in the home. The
credibility of this story was for the jury. See Cain, 238 Mich. App. at 118-119. Moreover, this
version of events was undermined by the fact that the house was actually unoccupied, defendants
did not call 911, defendants fled when the alarm sounded, and Glidden did not tell this story to
police when initially questioned. Likewise, Head, a professed “scrapper,” did not provide an
explanation to police for his conduct at the house and instead denied even being “in that area.”

                                                -4-
verdict at the “appropriate” time, and (4) he failed to request a jury instruction on the lesser
included offense of breaking and entering without permission. More generally, Glidden
attributes her counsel’s overall poor performance to his “distracted state of mind” arising from
personal issues, such as his health concerns and his mother’s death. In comparison, Head argues
only that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to request a jury instruction on a lesser
included offense.

        Head did not file a motion for a new trial or a Ginther5 hearing, meaning that he failed to
preserve his ineffective assistance of counsel claim. People v Petri, 279 Mich. App. 407, 410;
760 NW2d 882 (2008). Glidden filed a timely motion for a new trial and a Ginther hearing in
the lower court, raising her arguments related to counsel’s general distractedness as well as the
claim that he performed unreasonably with respect to moving for a directed verdict. The trial
court held an evidentiary hearing, after which the court rejected Glidden’s claims. Thus, these
specific issues have been preserved for review.6 See id. However, Glidden did not raise her
other arguments regarding counsel’s performance in the trial court, and her remaining arguments
are therefore unpreserved. See id.

       Whether a person has been denied effective assistance of counsel is a mixed question of
law and fact. Id. “A trial court’s findings of fact, if any, are reviewed for clear error, and this
Court reviews the ultimate constitutional issue arising from an ineffective assistance of counsel
claim de novo.” Id. at 410. However, to the extent defendants’ claims are unpreserved, our

5
    People v Ginther, 390 Mich. 436; 212 NW2d 922 (1973).
6
  At the Ginther hearing, Glidden also testified that Hakim advised her not to take a plea bargain,
failed to prepare for sentencing or review the presentencing report (PSIR) with Glidden, and
unwisely advised her to take the stand to testify. Glidden recounts this testimony on appeal, but
does not develop a legal argument relating to these specific concerns, leading us to conclude that
Glidden intends to abandon these issues. See People v Huffman, 266 Mich. App. 354, 371; 702
NW2d 621 (2005). In any event, these issues are without merit. The record shows that Glidden
initially entered a plea, but withdrew it voluntarily after learning that, due to an underestimation
of her sentencing guidelines, her sentence would likely be greater than originally supposed.
Given Glidden’s voluntary and informed decision to proceed to trial, she has not shown that any
advice by counsel constituted ineffective assistance. See Lafler v Cooper, 566 U.S. 156, 164; 132
S. Ct. 1376; 182 L. Ed. 2d 398 (2012); People v Armisted, 295 Mich. App. 32, 48-49; 811 NW2d 47
(2011). In addition, the record shows that Glidden chose to testify against the advice of counsel.
The choice to do so was her own, People v Bonilla-Machado, 489 Mich. 412, 419; 803 NW2d
217 (2011); and she has not shown counsel was ineffective relative to her decision to testify.
Finally, Glidden conceded at the Ginther hearing that there were no errors in the PSIR and, at
sentencing, Hakim advocated on Glidden’s behalf by, for example, asking that Glidden be
allowed to participate in a rehabilitation program. Given these facts, Glidden simply has not
shown how counsel’s performance in relation to sentencing was deficient or how it affected the
outcome. See People v Buie, 298 Mich. App. 50, 66; 825 NW2d 361 (2012).

                                                -5-
review is limited to mistakes apparent on the record. People v Davis, 250 Mich. App. 357, 368;
649 NW2d 94 (2002).

        To establish a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, “a defendant must show (1) that
defense counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness under
prevailing professional norms and (2) that defense counsel’s deficient performance so prejudiced
the defendant that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors,
the result of the proceeding would have been different.” People v Fonville, 291 Mich. App. 363,
382; 804 NW2d 878 (2011) (citation omitted). “Effective assistance of counsel is presumed, and
a defendant bears a heavy burden to prove otherwise.” People v Swain, 288 Mich. App. 609, 643;
794 NW2d 92 (2010). A defendant also has the burden of establishing the factual predicate for
an ineffective assistance claim. People v Hoag, 460 Mich. 1, 6; 594 NW2d 57 (1999).

        “Defense counsel is given wide discretion in matters of trial strategy because many
calculated risks may be necessary in order to win difficult cases.” People v Odom, 276 Mich
App 407, 415; 740 NW2d 557 (2007). Decisions regarding what evidence to present, what
objections to make, what jury instructions to request, and whether to call or question witnesses
are presumed to be matters of trial strategy; and this Court will not substitute its judgment for
counsel’s regarding matters of trial strategy. People v Unger, 278 Mich. App. 210, 242; 749
NW2d 272 (2008); People v Gonzalez, 468 Mich. 636, 645; 664 NW2d 159 (2003); Davis, 250
Mich. App. at 368. Likewise, counsel’s decisions regarding closing argument are a matter of trial
strategy, People v Burns, 118 Mich. App. 242, 248; 324 NW2d 589 (1982), and “the waiver of an
opening statement involves a subjective judgment on the part of trial counsel which can rarely, if
ever, be the basis for a successful claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.” People v Payne,
285 Mich. App. 181, 190; 774 NW2d 714 (2009).

                           A. FAILURE TO PRESENT A DEFENSE

        On appeal, Glidden faults her attorney for failing to cross-examine any witnesses, for
waiving his opening statement, for not requesting any jury instructions, and for failing to set
forth a defense in his closing arguments. According to Glidden, these failings deprived her of
the opportunity to present a defense. However, contrary to these arguments, counsel clearly
presented a defense to the jury, and Glidden has not overcome the presumption that counsel’s
specific decisions during trial were a matter of trial strategy.

        In particular, at trial, counsel presented the jury with a defense of “mere presence,”
asserting that Glidden was merely present at the scene and was not involved in any crime
committed by Head. Consistent with such a defense, Hakim requested a jury instruction on mere
presence. Counsel also offered a reason for not cross-examining witnesses, explaining to the
jury during closing that such examination was unnecessary because the witnesses “didn’t
implicate [Glidden] of doing anything.” Such a trial strategy was not unsound, particularly in
this case where counsel’s questions would likely have been largely redundant of those asked by
Head’s counsel, and thus Glidden’s counsel could make the grand claim that there was no need
for cross-examination while Glidden still received the benefit of co-defendant’s cross-
examination of witnesses.

                                                -6-
        More generally, although counsel did not offer an opening statement, defense counsel
provided a cogent closing argument, emphasizing the burden of proof, asserting that there was no
evidence to contradict Glidden’s testimony that she was looking for a boat trailer and heard
noises inside the house, and ultimately arguing that, at most, Glidden was merely present when
Head committed a crime. Further, contrary to Glidden’s arguments that counsel somehow
prevented her from presenting a defense, in addition to counsel’s arguments on “mere presence,”
Glidden in fact testified at trial to offer her version of events. In short, Glidden was not
prevented from presenting a defense, she has not shown that counsel’s performance fell below an
objective standard of reasonableness, and, in view of the video evidence, she has not shown a
reasonable probability of a different outcome relating to counsel’s alleged failings at trial. See
Fonville, 291 Mich. App. at 383.

                                  B. MIRANDA OBJECTION

        Glidden also argues on appeal that Hakim’s Miranda7 objection to the admission of
Glidden’s statements to police was an unreasonable mistake because even “[a] law student would
know” that the challenged statements, made when Glidden was not in police custody, did not
require Miranda warnings. See People v Hill, 429 Mich. 382, 391; 415 NW2d 193 (1987).
Essentially, Glidden complains that Hakim misunderstood the law and made a meritless
objection. But, given that the statement was properly admitted, she has wholly failed to explain
how such a purported misunderstanding affected the outcome of the trial.8 Thus, she has not
established her ineffective assistance of counsel claim. See Fonville, 291 Mich. App. at 383.

                                   C. DIRECTED VERDICT

        Next, Glidden contends that Hakim failed to move for a directed verdict at the
“appropriate” time. In other words, although Hakim moved for a directed verdict, he did so after
Glidden testified, as opposed to at the close of the prosecution’s proofs. There is no rule that
requires counsel to move for a directed verdict at the close of the prosecution’s case as opposed
to later in the proceedings. See MCR 6.419(A) (“After the prosecutor has rested the
prosecution's case-in-chief or after the close of all the evidence, the court on the defendant's
motion must direct a verdict of acquittal on any charged offense for which the evidence is
insufficient to sustain a conviction.”) (emphasis added). In any event, even assuming the
delayed timing of the motion was unreasonable, an earlier motion would also have failed, and
thus Glidden cannot prevail on her ineffective assistance claim.

7
    Miranda v Arizona, 384 U.S. 436; 86 S. Ct. 1602; 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966).
8
  Somewhat nonsensically, Glidden also argues that, if counsel was going to object to the
admission of Glidden’s statements, he should have done so before trial. However, such an
argument must fail because, as Glidden concedes, she was not in custody, meaning that Miranda
warnings were not required. See Hill, 429 Mich. at 391. Accordingly, any motion by counsel
before trial would have been futile; and, counsel is not ineffective for failing to bring a futile
motion. Buie, 298 Mich. App. at 66.

                                               -7-
       That is, a motion for a directed verdict is reviewed in the same manner as a challenge to
the sufficiency of the evidence, except that the only evidence considered is the evidence
presented up to the time the motion is made. People v Schultz, 246 Mich. App. 695, 702; 635
NW2d 491 (2001). As discussed supra, the video evidence, which was presented in the
prosecution’s case-in-chief, provided sufficient evidence to support Glidden’s convictions.
Accordingly, counsel could not have prevailed on a motion for a directed verdict at the close of
the prosecutor’s proofs, and counsel cannot be considered ineffective for failing to make a futile
motion at that time. See People v Riley, 468 Mich. 135, 141; 659 NW2d 611 (2003).

                     D. LESSER INCLUDED OFFENSE INSTRUCTIONS

        Both defendants contend on appeal that their attorneys were ineffective for failing to
request an instruction on the lesser included offense of breaking and entering without permission,
MCL 750.115(1). “[A] trial court, upon request, should instruct the jury regarding any
necessarily included lesser offense . . . if the charged greater offense requires the jury to find a
disputed factual element that is not part of the lesser included offense, and a rational view of the
evidence would support it.” People v Silver, 466 Mich. 386, 388; 646 NW2d 150 (2002).
Second-degree home invasion and breaking and entering without permission differ in that home
invasion requires an intent to commit “a felony, larceny, or assault” once in the dwelling. See
MCL 750.110a(3); MCL 750.115; see also Silver, 466 Mich. at 392. Consequently, it is
impossible to commit second-degree home invasion without committing breaking and entering
without permission, and thus breaking and entering without permission is a lesser included
offense. Cf. Silver, 466 Mich. at 392 (holding breaking and entering without permission is a
lesser included offense of first-degree home invasion). Given that intent was a disputed element
in this case, defendants would have been entitled to a lesser-included instruction had such an
instruction been requested. Id. at 388.

        However, simply because such a request would have succeeded, it does not follow that
defendants’ attorneys were ineffective for failing to make such a request. “Failing to request a
particular jury instruction can be a matter of trial strategy.” Dunigan, 299 Mich. App. at 584. In
particular, as a matter of strategy, trial counsel may forgo an instruction on a lesser included
offense and instead attempt “to force the jury into an ‘all or nothing’ decision.” People v Rone,
109 Mich. App. 702, 718; 311 NW2d 835 (1981). When the strategy is to obtain an outright
acquittal—as it apparently was in this case—an instruction on lesser offenses can reasonably be
seen as reducing the chance of acquittal.9 People v Robinson, 154 Mich. App. 92, 94; 397 NW2d
229 (1986); People v Armstrong, 124 Mich. App. 766, 769; 335 NW2d 687 (1983). “The fact that
the strategy chosen by defense counsel did not work does not constitute ineffective assistance of
counsel.” People v Williams, 240 Mich. App. 316, 332; 614 NW2d 647 (2000). In short,

9
  We note that this issue was not raised in the trial court or considered at Glidden’s Ginther
hearing, meaning that there has been no factual development of this issue. On the record before
us, there is no reason to conclude that the attorneys were not pursuing an “all or nothing” trial
strategy.

                                                -8-
defendants have not overcome the presumption that their attorneys’ decisions not to request a
lesser included instruction were a matter of trial strategy. They are not entitled to relief.

                                     E. PERSONAL ISSUES

         Finally, aside from allegations of specific shortcomings by counsel, Glidden broadly
asserts on appeal that her counsel was generally “distracted” due to personal issues, including his
own ill health and the recent death of his mother. According to Glidden, this general distraction
provides the underlying reason for Hakim’s specific failures at trial and prevented him
advocating for Glidden “in a meaningful way.” Factually, such an argument must fail based on
the trial court’s findings. Notably, following the Ginther hearing, the trial court made the factual
determination that Hakim credibly testified that he would have alerted the trial court to any
personal issues that would have impaired his representation of Glidden. As found by the trial
court, Hakim did not report any personal issues because “he did not have such an issue.” Given
the evidence at the Ginther hearing, the trial court’s findings were not clearly erroneous. Petri,
279 Mich. App. at 410. Thus, Glidden’s argument must fail because she has not established the
factual predicate of her claim. Hoag, 460 Mich. at 6.

        Moreover, we note that, as we have discussed, Hakim presented a defense to the jury and,
overall, subjected the prosecution’s case to meaningful adversarial testing. See People v Frazier,
478 Mich. 231, 243 n 10; 733 NW2d 713 (2007). Consequently, this is not a case where Hakim’s
“failure is complete” such that prejudice must be presumed. See id. at 243-244. Instead, Glidden
must show that, but for counsel’s failures, it is reasonably probable that the results of the
proceedings would have been different. Id. Given that we have considered Glidden’s specific
claims of error and found them to be without merit, we fail to see how Glidden was prejudiced
by Hakim’s allegedly “distracted state of mind.” Thus, Glidden has not established that she was
denied the effective assistance of counsel. See Fonville, 291 Mich. App. at 383.

       Affirmed.

                                                             /s/ Joel P. Hoekstra
                                                             /s/ Kathleen Jansen
                                                             /s/ Henry William Saad

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