Court Opinion

ID: 9959658
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-04-12 14:07:37.709561+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:18:43.352741
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: APRIL 5, 2024; 10:00 A.M.
                         NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

                Commonwealth of Kentucky
                          Court of Appeals
                             NO. 2023-CA-0872-ME

TRAVIS TAYLOR                                                        APPELLANT

                 APPEAL FROM FAYETTE CIRCUIT COURT
v.                  HONORABLE ROSS EWING, JUDGE
                      ACTION NO. 23-D-00798-001

RACHEL PHELPS                                                          APPELLEE

                                    OPINION
                                   AFFIRMING

                                  ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: COMBS, GOODWINE, AND LAMBERT, JUDGES.

GOODWINE, JUDGE: Appellant, Travis Taylor (“Taylor”), appeals from a

Domestic Violence Order (“DVO”) entered against him by the Fayette Circuit

Court. After careful review, we affirm.

                               I. BACKGROUND

            Appellee, Rachel Phelps (“Phelps”), filed a petition for a protective

order on June 11, 2023 against Taylor. The allegations in the petition read as

follows:
             Previously had police escort myself off a property to
             safely move out after break up. Request for escort was
             due to prior DV instances unreported. [Taylor] has
             harassed [Phelps] at work in the past. Started again mid
             May of current year. Emergency operations at [Phelps’]
             place of employment had to get involved. [Taylor] most
             recently was physical while [Phelps] was operating a
             motor vehicle and endangering [Phelps] as well as other
             motorists. [Taylor] then followed [Phelps] to her home
             and would not leave. [Taylor] continues to call and
             message [Phelps] threatening her and her friends.
             [Taylor] has also followed [Phelps] to a friend[’]s house
             and used public profile to harass friend as well for a
             former offense. [Taylor] was walking around a public
             space with a bat in hand making verbal threats as well
             (most recent incident 06/11/2023).

(Record (“R.”) at 5.) Notably, Phelps marked the parties’ relationship as

“currently or previously in a dating relationship.” (R. at 6.) After review of the

petition, the circuit court entered a Temporary Interpersonal Protective Order

(“TIPO”) and issued a summons for a hearing on June 19, 2023. (R. at 1-3.)

             Both parties appeared at the hearing representing themselves pro se.

The allegations in Phelps’ petition were read aloud and Phelps indicated that she

still wished for a long-term protective order and feared Taylor. (Video Record

(“V.R.”), June 19, 2023 Hearing – 9:59:00.)

             Both parties testified that they had previously been in a romantic

relationship and lived together, but after an incident on June 15, 2022, the parties

ended the relationship and Phelps moved out. Phelps testified that she called law

enforcement at that time due to her concerns with past unreported domestic

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violence incidents. (V.R., June 19, 2023 Hearing – 10:01:10.) Taylor stated police

were called after he began removing Phelps’ clothes from a closet and denied any

physical altercations. (V.R., June 19, 2023 Hearing – 10:04:30.)1

                 In late April 2023, the parties attempted to start a relationship again,

though it was short lasted. (V.R., June 19, 2023 Hearing – 10:02:15.) Taylor

testified that on May 11, 2023, he saw a group of motorcycles in a parking lot

while driving around and approached them thinking Phelps was there, which she

was.2 He admitted to confronting her in the parking lot and “flicking” her helmet

as she attempted to drive past him. Additionally, he admitted to following her to a

nearby gas station and then to her home. (V.R., June 19, 2023 Hearing –

10:11:45.)

                 Taylor also testified about the incident in which he was walking

around a parking lot with a bat on June 11, 2023, the day Phelps filed her petition

for a protective order. Taylor stated he received a prank call from an unknown

man, claimed he heard Phelps laughing in the background, and challenged the man

to meet up to fight. He further testified that no one showed up at the location and

he later went to a parking lot where some friends were and admitted to walking

1
 The parties also testified to having lived together in a hotel between November 2022 and
January 2023, though Phelps indicated the parties were not in a relationship at that time. (V.R.,
June 19, 2023 Hearing – 10:08:00.)
2
    Both parties are actively engaged in the Lexington motorist community.

                                                -3-
around it with a baseball bat in hand, claiming it was for protection. (V.R., June

19, 2023 Hearing – 10:05:40.)

             Finally, Taylor testified about an incident a few weeks prior to June

11, 2023 in which he saw Phelps while driving and admitted to pulling up

alongside her, motioning for her to talk to him, and attempting to contact her on his

phone. (V.R., June 19, 2023 Hearing – 10:12:45.)

             After hearing the testimony, the circuit court made oral findings that

an act of domestic violence occurred and may occur again, specifically that Taylor

had placed Phelps in fear of imminent physical injury. (V.R., June 19, 2023

Hearing – 10:15:45-10:16:50.) The circuit court entered a standard Administrative

Office of the Courts (“AOC”) Form 275.3 order of protection for entry of a DVO

and found that “an act of domestic violence and abuse has occurred and may again

occur.” (R. at 27.) Additionally, the circuit court notated on a docket sheet

accompanying the hearing which stated:

             Both parties present. Court took testimony from [Phelps]
             and [Taylor]. [Phelps] requests no contact 3 year IPO,
             including no 3rd party contact. [Taylor] admitted during
             sworn testimony that he has attempted to contact [Phelps]
             since the TIPO was entered. [Taylor] further admitted to
             following [Phelps], standing in the way of [Phelp’s]
             moving motorcycle, “flicking” [Phelp’s] helmet while
             [Phelps] was driving by, and being present at parking lot
             with baseball bat as described by [Phelps]. Court finds
             by a preponderance of the evidence that an act of DV has
             occurred and may occur again, specifically that [Taylor]
             placed [Phelps] in imminent fear of physical harm as

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                described in Petition and during testimony. 3 year no
                contact IPO entered mirroring terms in TIPO.

(R. at 26.)

                This appeal followed. On appeal, Taylor argues that the circuit court

abused its discretion by using the standard required for the entry of a DVO instead

of that for an Interpersonal Protective Order (IPO) and that insufficient evidence

existed for a finding of imminent physical injury. Phelps did not file a responsive

brief.

                               II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

                This Court reviews the factual findings and entry of a DVO for clear

error. See CR3 52.01; Caudill v. Caudill, 318 S.W.3d 112, 114 (Ky. App. 2010).

A judgment is not clearly erroneous if it is supported by substantial evidence,

which is “evidence of substance and relevant consequence having the fitness to

induce conviction in the mind” of a reasonable person. Owens-Corning Fiberglas

Corp. v. Golightly, 976 S.W.2d 409, 414 (Ky. 1998) (citations omitted). “[I]n

reviewing the decision of a trial court the test is not whether we would have

decided it differently, but whether the court’s findings were clearly erroneous or

that it abused its discretion.” Gomez v. Gomez, 254 S.W.3d 838, 842 (Ky. App.

2008) (citations omitted).

3
    Kentucky Rules of Civil Procedure.

                                           -5-
                                        III. ANALYSIS

                To begin, we observe that Phelps failed to file an Appellee’s brief

herein. This Court may impose penalties under RAP4 31(H)(3); however, the

decision whether to impose any penalties is within our discretion. Roberts v.

Bucci, 218 S.W.3d 395, 396 (Ky. App. 2007). Considering the serious nature of

domestic violence actions, we decline to exercise any penalties. See Wright v.

Wright, 181 S.W.3d 49, 52 (Ky. App. 2005).

                Taylor first asserts the circuit court incorrectly applied the DVO

standard instead of the IPO standard.

                “[T]he statute governing how the IPO statutes should be interpreted

almost perfectly tracks the language of the statute governing how the DVO statutes

should be interpreted. . . . Apart from who may file a petition for an IPO or DVO,

the statutes governing the respective protective orders read and operate in much the

same way.” Smith v. Doe, 627 S.W.3d 903, 908-10 (Ky. 2021).5 The statutory

definitions of “domestic violence and abuse” and “dating violence and abuse” are

nearly identical; both are “physical injury, serious physical injury, stalking, sexual

abuse, strangulation, assault, or the infliction of fear of imminent physical injury,

4
    Kentucky Rules of Appellate Procedure.
5
  A petition for a DVO may be filed by a victim of domestic violence and abuse or by an adult of
a qualifying minor. Kentucky Revised Statutes (“KRS”) 403.725(1). A petition for an IPO may
be filed by a victim of dating violence and abuse, a victim of stalking, a victim of sexual assault,
or by an adult on behalf of a qualifying minor. KRS 456.030.

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serious physical injury, sexual abuse, strangulation, or assault.” Compare KRS

403.720 with KRS 456.010. The sole difference is domestic violence and abuse

occurs between family members or members of an unmarried couple and dating

violence and abuse occurs between persons who are or who have been in a dating

relationship.6

              The similarities between IPOs and DVOs can be seen in the process of

obtaining them. Form petition AOC 275.1 is utilized by individuals seeking either.

See Taylor v. Fitzpatrick, 659 S.W.3d 745, 748 (Ky. App. 2023). Following the

identical processes outlined in KRS 403.730 or KRS 456.040, a petition is

submitted to the court for review and the court has the option of entering a

temporary protective order, which is either a TIPO or an emergency protective

order (“EPO”), based upon the indicated relationship of the parties.

              In this case, Phelps marked “currently or previously in a dating

relationship” on her petition, and the circuit court subsequently entered a TIPO.

However, as both parties affirmatively testified during the hearing, they formerly

lived together as an unmarried couple prior to June 2022. Thus, it would have

been appropriate for Phelps to have indicated “unmarried, currently or formerly

living together” on her petition, and for the circuit court to enter an EPO.

6
 An unmarried couple includes a couple who are living together or formerly lived together.
KRS 403.720.

                                              -7-
             Whether one temporary protective order was entered over the other is

inconsequential to the circuit court’s authority to enter a DVO or IPO after a

proper hearing due to the functionally identical standards of DVOs and IPOs and a

family court’s concurrent jurisdiction. See Calhoun v. Wood, 516 S.W.3d 357, 360

(Ky. App. 2017) (“[T]he purpose and intent behind, and the interpretation of, the

DVO statutes are almost identical to that of the IPO statutes.”); see also Taylor,

659 S.W.3d at 748.

             It is immaterial that the circuit court entered a DVO but indicated on

the accompanying docket sheet that an IPO was entered. This Court has

previously declined to consider the argument that an accompanying docket sheet

indicating an IPO is to be entered trumps a DVO. Benson v. Lively, 544 S.W.3d

159, 162-63 (Ky. App. 2018). Furthermore, unlike the respondent in Benson,

Taylor does not dispute that the parties lived together as an unmarried couple.

Thus, the error is harmless and does not rise to the level of reversible error; at

most, it constitutes a clerical mistake which the circuit court is at liberty to correct.

Id. at 164; CR 60.01.

             Considering the congruencies of the DVO and IPO statutes and the

fact the parties both affirmatively testified to having formerly lived together as an

unmarried couple, we determine the circuit court did not err in entering a DVO

rather than an IPO.

                                           -8-
             We will next examine whether the evidence supports the findings

made, namely if Phelps was placed in fear of imminent physical injury. A

preponderance of the evidence in a proceeding for a protective order exists when

the alleged victim was more likely than not to have been a victim. Baird v. Baird,

234 S.W.3d 385, 387 (Ky. App. 2007).

             Pursuant to KRS 403.740, following a hearing conducted under KRS

403.730, a circuit court may enter an order of protection if it finds by “a

preponderance of the evidence that domestic violence and abuse has occurred and

may again occur.” As mentioned in the analysis above, both phrases “domestic

violence and abuse” and “dating violence and abuse” include the infliction of fear

of imminent physical injury. KRS 403.720; KRS 456.010. “Physical injury” can

mean any “substantial physical pain or any impairment of physical condition” or

“[p]hysical damage to a person’s body.” Petrie v. Brackett, 590 S.W.3d 830, 835

(Ky. App. 2019) (citing KRS 500.080(13) and BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (11th

ed. 2019)). “Imminent” means “impending danger, and, in the context of domestic

violence and abuse . . . , belief that danger is imminent can be inferred from a past

pattern of repeated serious abuse.” KRS 503.010(3); Collett v. Dailey, 371 S.W.3d

777, 779 (Ky. App. 2011).

             An infliction of fear of imminent physical injury does not require a

finding that physical injury occurred. Hohman v. Dery, 371 S.W.3d 780, 782-83

                                          -9-
(Ky. App. 2012). In Hohman, we held that the circuit court did not abuse its

discretion when finding that an infliction of fear of imminent physical injury

existed, though no physical injury occurred, based on the petitioner’s testimony

that she felt threatened by the respondent’s aggressive body language, her belief

that the respondent lacked the ability to control his emotions, and that she feared

his behavior was going to escalate “to the next level.” 371 S.W.3d at 782-83.

              Taylor’s actions in (1) flicking Phelps’ helmet while she was

operating a motorcycle and then following Phelps to multiple locations after being

told she did not want to talk to him; (2) following Phelps in her car on another

occasion; and (3) challenging someone who he believed was associated with

Phelps to a fight and carrying around a baseball bat exhibit a similarly threatening

nature as the actions of the respondent in Hohman. Therefore, we conclude

Taylor’s actions rise to the level of infliction of fear of imminent physical injury,

and so the circuit court did not err when it found that an act of domestic violence

occurred.

              In determining if domestic violence may again occur, the circuit court

considers the “totality of the circumstances and weigh the risk of future violence

against issuing a protective order.” Pettingill v. Pettingill, 480 S.W.3d 920, 925

(Ky. 2015).

                                         -10-
             Phelps described multiple instances when Taylor attempted to contact

her even though she did not want to talk to him and alleged previous incidents of

domestic violence while the parties were living together. Taylor also admitted to

trying to contact her through third parties after the issuance of the TIPO, which the

circuit court found notably concerning. (V.R., June 19, 2023 Hearing – 10:16:25.)

Based on these actions, we do not believe the circuit court erred in finding that an

act of domestic violence may again occur.

             In this case, the circuit court thoroughly considered the testimony of

both parties and the entirety of the evidence presented; it found Phelps to be

credible in her testimony and chose to believe her. See Moore v. Asente, 110

S.W.3d 336, 354 (Ky. 2003).

                                IV. CONCLUSION

             In conclusion, we find the circuit court did not err in entering a DVO

against Taylor and affirm its judgment.

             ALL CONCUR.

BRIEF FOR APPELLANT:                        NO BRIEF FOR APPELLEE.

Derrick L. Harris
Lexington, Kentucky

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