Court Opinion

ID: 24336
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-25 08:20:37+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:33:24.543249
License: Public Domain

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                       FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

                       _____________________

                            No. 00-41081
                          Summary Calendar
                       _____________________

          UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                                          Plaintiff - Appellee

          v.

          JOAQUIN ESTRADA-CASTRO

                                          Defendant - Appellant

_________________________________________________________________

           Appeal from the United States District Court
                for the Southern District of Texas
                      USDC No. L-00-CR-453-1
_________________________________________________________________
                           May 18, 2001

Before KING, Chief Judge, and SMITH and PARKER, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:*

     Defendant-Appellant Joaquin Estrada-Castro appeals his

conviction under 8 U.S.C. § 1326.    For the following reasons, we

AFFIRM.

     *
      Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that
this opinion should not be published and is not precedent except
under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR. R. 47.5.4.
               I.   FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

     On July 7, 1997, Defendant-Appellant Joaquin Estrada-Castro,

a citizen of Mexico, was apprehended (along with another

undocumented alien) by U.S. Border Patrol agents in Encinal,

Texas.   Estrada-Castro, who has a history of criminal convictions

and a prior deportation, admitted to illegally entering the

United States by wading across the Rio Grande River near Laredo,

Texas.   On May 2, 2000, Estrada-Castro was charged in a one-count

indictment with being present in the United States as a

previously deported alien.    See 8 U.S.C. § 1326.1

     On May 19, 2000, Estrada-Castro filed a motion to dismiss

the indictment,2 arguing that it did not allege any act or intent

     1
          Section 1326 states in relevant part:

     (a) In general
       Subject to subsection (b) of this section, any alien
     who—
           (1) has been denied admission, excluded,
     deported, or removed or has departed the United States
     while an order of exclusion, deportation, or removal is
     outstanding, and thereafter
           (2) enters, attempts to enter, or is at any time
     found in, the United States, unless (A) . . . the
     Attorney General has expressly consented to such
     alien’s reapplying for admission; or (B) . . . such
     alien shall establish that he was not required to
     obtain such advance consent . . ., shall be fined under
     Title 18, or imprisoned not more than 2 years, or both.

8 U.S.C. § 1326 (1999).
     2
          The indictment against Estrada-Castro states:

     THE GRAND JURY CHARGES THAT:

          On or about April 8, 2000, in the Southern

                                  2
on his part.    The district court denied this motion on May 24,

2000, and, on June 19, Estrada-Castro pled guilty to the

indictment.    The district court subsequently sentenced him to

fifty-seven months3 in prison and three years of supervised

release.   Estrada-Castro timely appeals.

                       II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

     We review challenges to the sufficiency of the indictment,

which have been preserved by being raised in the district court,

under a de novo standard of review.    See United States v. Guzman-

Ocampo, 236 F.3d 233, 236 (5th Cir. 2000); United States v.

Asibor, 109 F.3d 1023, 1037 (5th Cir. 1997).     Furthermore,

     District of Texas and within the jurisdiction of the
     Court, the defendant,

                       JOAQUIN ESTRADA-CASTRO,

     an alien who has been denied admission, excluded,
     deported, or removed, or has departed the United States
     while an order of exclusion, deportation or removal is
     outstanding, and having not obtained the consent of the
     Attorney General of the United States for reapplication
     by the Defendant for admission into the United States,
     was thereafter found in the United States.

     In violation of Title 8, United States Code, Section
     1326.
     3
          The Probation Department had calculated Estrada-
Castro’s criminal history category to be V. Estrada-Castro
objected at sentencing to this calculation, arguing that a prior
conviction was unsupported by a judgment and conviction. The
district court agreed and reduced Estrada-Castro’s criminal
history category to IV, which in turn reduced his punishment
range under the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines.

                                  3
“[b]ecause an indictment is jurisdictional, . . . the defect is

not waived by a guilty plea.”    United States v. Cabrera-Teran,

168 F.3d 141, 143 (5th Cir. 1999) (internal quotations and

citations omitted); see also United States v. Marshall, 910 F.2d

1241, 1243 (5th Cir. 1990).

               III. SUFFICIENCY OF THE INDICTMENT

     In essence, Estrada-Castro argues that the indictment

violates the Fifth and Sixth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution

because it does not allege any intent on his part.4    We recently

considered this very issue.     See United States v. Berrios-

Centeno, No. 00-20373, --- F.3d ---- (5th Cir. April 27, 2001).

We first held that § 1326 is a general intent offense (and not a

strict liability offense, as advocated by the government).      See

id., manuscript at 6-8.   We also held that Berrios-Centeno’s

indictment sufficiently alleged the requisite general intent as

it fairly conveyed that the defendant’s presence in the United

     4
          Estrada-Castro also raises an issue regarding his
sentence enhancement, which he received as a result of a prior
felony conviction. He argues that prior felony convictions are
elements of the offense under 8 U.S.C. § 1326, as opposed to mere
sentencing enhancements. He recognizes that this issue has been
resolved against him by Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523
U.S. 224 (1998). See United States v. Dabeit, 231 F.3d 979, 984
(5th Cir. 2000) (stating, in a case regarding the very challenge
that Estrada-Castro asserts here, that lower courts are compelled
to follow directly controlling Supreme Court precedent “‘unless
and until’” the Court speaks to the contrary (citations
omitted)), cert. denied, 121 S. Ct. 1214 (2001). Estrada-Castro
raises this issue in order to preserve it for further review by
the Supreme Court.

                                  4
States was a voluntary act.    See id., manuscript at 9-12.   The

indictment in the instant case is almost identical to the

indictment found sufficient in Berrios-Centeno.    For the reasons

stated in Berrios-Centeno, we conclude that Estrada-Castro’s

indictment sufficiently alleged the general intent mens rea

required of § 1326 offenses.

                         IV.   CONCLUSION

     For the foregoing reasons, the conviction of Joaquin

Estrada-Castro is AFFIRMED.

                                 5