Court Opinion

ID: 9362935
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-01-13 15:09:14.34086+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:15:26.512012
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: JANUARY 6, 2023; 10:00 A.M.
                        NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

                Commonwealth of Kentucky
                           Court of Appeals

                              NO. 2022-CA-0716-MR

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY                                            APPELLANT

                APPEAL FROM JEFFERSON CIRCUIT COURT
                 HONORABLE AUDRA J. ECKERLE, JUDGE
v.                     ACTION NO. 20-CR-001322

TYRIN CHRISTOPHER
CURRINGTON                                                            APPELLEE

                                    OPINION
                                   AFFIRMING

                                  ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: CETRULO, COMBS, AND GOODWINE, JUDGES.

GOODWINE, JUDGE: The Commonwealth of Kentucky (“Commonwealth”)

appeals from a Jefferson Circuit Court order suppressing Tyrin Christopher

Currington’s (“Currington”) statements made during an interview with the police.

After careful review, finding no error, we affirm.

             On July 4, 2020, at approximately 11:47 p.m., Louisville Police

Department officers responded to a reported shooting on Alba Way in Jefferson
County. Currington was heavily intoxicated and suffered a gunshot wound to his

right upper arm/shoulder area. The victim, Jose Hernandez (“Hernandez”),

suffered a gunshot wound to his chest. Both were taken to University of

Louisville Hospital where Hernandez died of his injury.

             Currington was treated for approximately four hours. His blood

alcohol level was .399 around the time he arrived at the hospital. Currington was

given four doses of opiate-based narcotics during his treatment. He was released

to law enforcement at 5:00 a.m. on July 5, 2020.

             When Currington arrived at the police department ten to fifteen

minutes later, he was taken to an interrogation room for questioning regarding his

role in Hernandez’s death. He ultimately made a statement regarding possession of

a gun and shooting Hernandez. Currington was charged with and later indicted for

murder and being a felon in possession of a handgun.

             On January 24, 2022, Currington moved to suppress his statement to

police. The circuit court heard the motion on February 22, 2022. The

Commonwealth called lead Detective Abigail Christman, and Currington called

Mr. Kevin McCullum, a nurse practitioner. The Commonwealth submitted a

recording of Currington’s statement to police for the circuit court to watch in

camera, to which Currington agreed. Currington’s medical records were

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introduced, and counsel was advised to append any relevant material to

memoranda as needed.

                 Detective Christman testified that she went directly to the hospital

when she learned of the shooting at 11:47 p.m. She was told Currington was

intoxicated and was combative and aggressive with medical staff, but she did not

speak to him at the hospital. After Currington was discharged and released to the

police at 5:10 a.m., it took about ten to fifteen minutes to get to the police station.

He was taken directly to an interview room. At the beginning of the interview,

Currington complained of pain, but the detective did not believe it impacted him.

                 Detective Christman and Sgt. Bird read Currington his Miranda1

rights and gave him a copy to follow along. Although Currington had some

questions, he stated several times that he understood his rights. The detective

admitted Currington said some odd things during the interview. However, she

testified Currington appeared to be lucid and understood what was happening

around him. Currington walked into the interview room on his own two feet and

gave no indication that he was under the influence of anything and did not seem

like he was hallucinating.

                 On cross-examination, Detective Christman said she knew Currington

had been taken to the trauma unit at the hospital for his gunshot wound. She was

1
    Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966).

                                                -3-
told Currington had been drinking at a Fourth of July celebration. When she

interviewed Currington, she was unaware if he had ever been read his Miranda

rights before or if he had a prior record.

             Detective Christman acknowledged Currington was difficult at the

beginning of the interview. He insisted the detective already knew his name and

date of birth. Detective Christman testified that despite reading the rights and

waiver form to Currington, he refused to sign it. She also testified he was confused

about the form, specifically when the detective read the form in first-person.

Currington believed she was talking about her rights instead of his. Currington

told the detective the part of the form about waiving his right to an attorney was

“bullshit because that is what y’all always say.” Video Record (“VR”) 2/22/22;

1:41:26-29. Currington needed help reading specific phrases, and at the end of the

first reading, he asked if he had to have a lawyer to sign the waiver form.

             Currington abruptly changed the subject and began to talk about the

shooting. Sgt. Bird stopped him and said they could not speak to him unless he

waived his rights. Currington asked, “What do you mean, waive my rights?” Id. at

1:42:40-43. Bird again tried to explain the waiver and asked Currington if he

would orally waive his rights. Currington said he was “not signing shit” and “that

makes no sense.” Id. at 1:44:04-37. Ultimately, Currington gave a statement to

the officers despite never explicitly waiving his Miranda rights.

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             The defense called as an expert witness Kevin McCullum

(“McCullum”), a licensed nurse practitioner, who had experience in the trauma

unit at University of Louisville Hospital and currently worked for University of

Louisville Physicians. Although McCullum never treated or examined Currington,

he reviewed Currington’s medical records from the shooting and the various

medications given to him during the short time he was at the hospital. According

to the medical records, Currington arrived at the hospital at 12:41 a.m.,

approximately four hours before the interview, with a gunshot wound. The wound

was significant enough that he was admitted to the trauma unit.

             Currington had a toxicology screen at 1:05 a.m. His blood alcohol

level was .399. A blood alcohol level of .4 is lethal, so Currington entered the

hospital near the lethal dose. McCullum testified the typical symptoms of a person

with a blood alcohol level of .399 included impulsivity, coma-like state,

aggressiveness, impaired motor coordination, and severe confusion.

             Currington was given four doses of various narcotics during his four-

hour hospital visit. First, Currington was given Ketamine for agitation when he

arrived at the hospital. McCullum testified typically a patient on Ketamine would

experience confusion, mental fog, and drowsiness. When coming off Ketamine,

patients generally experience hallucination, a dreamlike state, and confusion.

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             Second, Currington was given midazolam (Versed), a benzodiazepine

at 4:07 a.m. It can cause amnesia, forgetfulness, grogginess, and sleepiness.

             Finally, Currington was given two shots of Fentanyl, a Schedule II

opioid used for pain. The first shot was administered at 4:37 a.m. (23 minutes

before Currington was discharged), and the second shot was given at 4:55 a.m.

(five minutes before Currington was discharged to police). McCullum testified

Fentanyl generally causes sleepiness, drowsiness, grogginess, high, and euphoria.

             McCullum testified the combination of having a gunshot wound, a

near lethal blood alcohol level of .399, and the administration of four narcotics

would be “life altering.” VR at 2:10:07-10. This combination would cause severe

mental compromise, severe confusion, incoherence, impaired motor skills, and

respiratory distress.

             McCullum also testified regarding when the effects of the narcotics

would subside. He stated Versed stays in the system for two hours, and Fentanyl

lasts for one to two hours. Thus, Currington would have been under the influence

of those two drugs when the interview began at 5:15 a.m.

             On cross-examination, McCullum stated drugs affect people

differently. However, hardly anyone could tolerate the amount of alcohol in his

system. McCullum stated Currington was discharged from the hospital with no

aftercare.

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            At the conclusion of the hearing, the circuit court allowed parties to

submit briefs on the issue and agreed to view the taped interview of Currington.

On May 2, 2022, the circuit court entered an order suppressing the statement

finding:

                   In this case, there is no real question that
            Defendant was in custody and subjected to interrogation,
            as he was handcuffed at the police station. Defendant
            was very heavily intoxicated. Indeed, his blood alcohol
            level was nearly at a lethal stage. The video shows
            clearly that Defendant did not understand the questions
            Christman and Bird asked him. They each asked
            Defendant about his rights on numerous occasions, and
            Defendant repeatedly failed to voice any understanding.
            He said specifically: “That makes no sense.” And he
            added: “I don’t know what you mean.” He then asked
            them about snitching on someone else, which was a
            completely different topic about which neither officer
            had questioned him. While defendant did state once that
            “I know what my rights are,” he still refused to sign the
            form. Christman knew Defendant was intoxicated and
            belligerent. And she admitted his behavior was odd.
            Indeed, it was incoherent and disconnected from reality.
            The video clearly shows that Defendant did not have
            even a cursory understanding of his rights. While the
            officers appropriately read Defendant his rights several
            times, the evidence showed that he did not comprehend
            them. Accordingly, under the totality of the
            circumstances, he could not possibly have made a
            knowing, voluntary, and intelligent waiver of said rights.
            Therefore, his statements to the police, and the entire
            interview, are suppressed.

Record (“R.”) at 134.

            This appeal followed.

                                        -7-
                On appeal, the Commonwealth argues Currington was not so impaired

that he was unable to knowingly, willingly, and voluntarily waive his rights. We

apply a two-step standard of review on a motion to suppress:

                “First, we review the trial court’s findings of fact under a
                clearly erroneous standard. Welch v. Commonwealth,
                149 S.W.3d 407, 409 (Ky. 2004). Under this standard,
                the trial court’s findings of fact will be conclusive if they
                are supported by substantial evidence. RCr[2] 9.78;
                Canler v. Commonwealth, 870 S.W.2d 219, 221 (Ky.
                1994). We then “conduct a de novo review of the trial
                court’s application of the law to the facts to determine
                whether its decision [was] correct as a matter of law.”
                Payton v. Commonwealth, 327 S.W.3d 468, 471-72 (Ky.
                2010) (quoting Commonwealth v. Neal, 84 S.W.3d 920,
                923 (Ky. App. 2002)).

Smith v. Commonwealth, 410 S.W.3d 160, 164 (Ky. 2013). Additionally, we give

“due regard . . . to the opportunity of the circuit court to judge the credibility of the

testifying officer and to assess the reasonableness of the officer’s inferences.”

Commonwealth v. Perry, 630 S.W.3d 671, 674 (Ky. 2021).

                First, the Commonwealth argues that although Currington “may have

been somewhat impaired, his impairment did not reach the level required for

suppression of his statement. The Commonwealth cites Smith, 410 S.W.3d 160, in

support of its argument, which contradicts its position. In Smith, the appellant was

under the influence of alcohol when he was interviewed by the police. Id. at 163.

2
    Kentucky Rules of Criminal Procedure.

                                             -8-
He signed a written acknowledgement that he understood his rights and admitted to

committing crimes. Id. On appeal to the Supreme Court of Kentucky, appellant

argued “the interview should have been suppressed because he was so intoxicated

at the time of the interview that his statements were not knowingly, willingly, and

voluntarily made. Id. at 163-64.

              Our Supreme Court opined:

                     Generally speaking, no constitutional provision
              protects a drunken defendant from confessing to his
              crimes. “The fact that a person is intoxicated does not
              necessarily disable him from comprehending the intent of
              his admissions or from giving a true account of the
              occurrences to which they have reference.” Peters v.
              Commonwealth, 403 S.W.2d 686, 689 (Ky. 1966). As
              noted by Justice Palmore in Britt v. Commonwealth, “[i]f
              we accept the confessions of the stupid, there is no good
              reason not to accept those of the drunk.” 512 S.W.2d
              496, 500 (Ky. 1974). “We are not at all persuaded that it
              would make sound law to hold that the combination of
              intoxication and police custody must add up to a
              violation of due process.” Id. at 501.

Id. at 164.

              There are two exceptions to this general rule that warrant

consideration in determining whether a defendant’s waiver of his right to remain

silent was knowing, voluntary, and intelligent. “First, intoxication may become

relevant because a ‘lesser quantum’ of police coercion is needed to overcome the

will of an intoxicated defendant.” Id. (citations omitted). Second, and applicable

here, “a confession may be suppressed when the defendant was ‘intoxicated to the

                                         -9-
degree of mania’ or was hallucinating, functionally insane, or otherwise ‘unable to

understand the meaning of his statements.’” Id. (citations omitted). Under this

exception, “suppression may be warranted not because the confession was

‘coerced’ but because it is unreliable.” Id. 164-65. In Smith, our Supreme Court

held neither exception applied as there was no evidence of coercion by the police,

and appellant was not “so intoxicated that his statement was inherently unreliable.”

Id. at 165.

              Based on our review of the record, the circuit court weighed the

credibility of the testimony in deciding to suppress Currington’s statement.

Though Detective Christman testified Currington stated he knew what his rights

were, she also testified regarding his confusion about the waiver form and orally

waiving his rights. Additionally, Currington presented expert testimony that the

drugs and alcohol in his system would impair his thought process and cause severe

mental compromise. Thus, based on the totality of the circumstances, substantial

evidence supports the circuit court’s factual finding that Currington was so

intoxicated that he did not comprehend his rights, and we lack the authority to

make our own factual findings. Perry, 630 S.W.3d at 677.

              Additionally, applying Smith, the evidence supports a legal conclusion

that Currington was so intoxicated that he could not understand the meaning of his

statements. Smith, 410 S.W.3d at 164. His statement was “inherently unreliable”

                                        -10-
and not knowingly, willingly, and voluntarily made. Id. at 165. Thus, the circuit

court correctly suppressed Currington’s interview with police.

             For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the order of suppression of the

Jefferson Circuit Court.

             ALL CONCUR.

BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT:                     BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:

Daniel Cameron                            Shannon Dupree
Attorney General of Kentucky              Frankfort, Kentucky

Jeanne Anderson
Special Assistant Attorney General
Louisville, Kentucky

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