Court Opinion

ID: 2814998
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-07-07 20:07:19.872494+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:41:01.567403
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                OFFICE OF SPECIAL MASTERS
                                        No. 02-1648V
                                      (To be published1)

*************************
ALISON BUSHNELL and,                    *
DANIEL BUSHNELL, individually           *
and as next friends of J.R.B., a minor, *
                                        *
                       Petitioners,     *                        Filed: June 12, 2015
                                        *
                v.                      *
                                        *
SECRETARY OF HEALTH AND                 *                          Vaccine Act Entitlement;
HUMAN SERVICES                          *                          Causation-in-fact; Mercury;
                                        *                          Mitochondrial Disorder;
                                        *                          Autism Spectrum Disorder.
                       Respondent.      *
                                        *
*************************

Michael T. Gallagher, The Gallagher Law Firm, Houston, TX, for Petitioners.
Traci R. Patton, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for Respondent.

                                              DECISION

HASTINGS, Special Master.

        This is an action in which Petitioners, Alison and Daniel Bushnell, seek an award under
the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (hereinafter “the Program2), on account of
their son J.R.B.’s autism spectrum disorder (“ASD”), which they believe was caused by one or
more of a series of mercury-containing vaccines administered between October 6, 1998, and

1
         Because I have designated this document to be published, this document will be made available to
the public unless petitioners file, within fourteen days, an objection to the disclosure of any material in
this decision that would constitute “medical files and similar files the disclosure of which would
constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of privacy.” See 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-12(d)(4)(B); Vaccine Rule
18(b).
2
        The applicable statutory provisions defining the Program are found at 42 U.S.C. § 300aa-10 et
seq. (2006 ed.). Hereinafter, for ease of citation, all "§" references will be to 42 U.S.C. (2006 ed.).

                                                    1
February 1, 2000.3 For the reasons set forth below, I conclude that Petitioners are not entitled to
an award.

                                                      I

                          THE APPLICABLE STATUTORY SCHEME

        Under the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program, compensation awards are
made to individuals who have suffered injuries after receiving vaccines. In general, to gain an
award, a petitioner must make a number of factual demonstrations, including showing that an
individual received a vaccination covered by the statute; received it in the United States; suffered
a serious, long-standing injury; and has received no previous award or settlement on account of
the injury. Finally – and the key question in most cases under the Program – the petitioner must
also establish a causal link between the vaccination and the injury. In some cases, the petitioner
may simply demonstrate the occurrence of what has been called a “Table Injury.” That is, it may
be shown that the vaccine recipient suffered an injury of the type enumerated in the “Vaccine
Injury Table,” corresponding to the vaccination in question, within an applicable time period
following the vaccination also specified in the Table. If so, the Table Injury is presumed to have
been caused by the vaccination, and the petitioner is automatically entitled to compensation,
unless it is affirmatively shown that the injury was caused by some factor other than the
vaccination. § 300aa-13(a)(1)(A); § 300 aa-11(c)(1)(C)(i); § 300aa-14(a); § 300aa-13(a)(1)(B).

         In other cases, however, the vaccine recipient may have suffered an injury not of the type
covered in the Vaccine Injury Table. In such instances, an alternative means exists to
demonstrate entitlement to a Program award. That is, the petitioner may gain an award by
showing that the recipient’s injury was “caused-in-fact” by the vaccination in question. § 300aa-
13(a)(1)(B); § 300aa-11(c)(1)(C)(ii). In such a situation, of course, the presumptions available
under the Vaccine Injury Table are inoperative. The burden is on the petitioner to introduce
evidence demonstrating that the vaccination actually caused the injury in question. Althen v.
HHS, 418 F.3d 1274, 1278 (Fed. Cir. 2005); Hines v. HHS, 940 F.2d 1518, 1525 (Fed. Cir.
1991). The showing of “causation-in-fact” must satisfy the “preponderance of the evidence”
standard, the same standard ordinarily used in tort litigation. § 300aa-13(a)(1)(A); see also
Althen, 418 F.3d at 1279; Hines, 940 F.2d at 1525. Under that standard, the petitioner must
show that it is “more probable than not” that the vaccination was the cause of the injury. Althen,
418 F.3d at 1279. The petitioner need not show that the vaccination was the sole cause or even
the predominant cause of the injury or condition, but must demonstrate that the vaccination was
at least a “substantial factor” in causing the condition, and was a “but for” cause. Shyface v.
HHS, 165 F.3d 1344, 1352 (Fed. Cir. 1999). Thus, the petitioner must supply “proof of a logical
sequence of cause and effect showing that the vaccination was the reason for the injury;” the
logical sequence must be supported by “reputable medical or scientific explanation, i.e., evidence

3
         Specifically, Petitioners’ amended petition places the following vaccinations at issue in this case:
DTP/DaPT administered 10/6/1998, 12/7/1998, 2/9/1999, and 2/10/2000; Hib administered 10/6/1998;
12/7/1998; OPV administered 2/7/1998 and 2/10/2000; MMR administered 8/9/99; Hep A administered
12/7/1999; Hep B administered 8/19/1998 and 10/6/1998. (See Amended Petition (“Am Pet”)(ECF No.
18), pp. 1-2, 5; see also p. 8 of this Decision.)

                                                      2
in the form of scientific studies or expert medical testimony.” Althen, 418 F.3d at 1278; Grant v.
HHS, 956 F.2d 1144, 1148 (Fed. Cir. 1992).

        The Althen court also provided additional discussion of the “causation-in-fact” standard,
as follows:

       Concisely stated, Althen’s burden is to show by preponderant evidence that the
       vaccination brought about her injury by providing: (1) a medical theory causally
       connecting the vaccination and the injury; (2) a logical sequence of cause and
       effect showing that the vaccination was the reason for the injury; and (3) a
       showing of proximate temporal relationship between vaccination and injury. If
       Althen satisfies this burden, she is “entitled to recover unless the [government]
       shows, also by a preponderance of the evidence, that the injury was in fact caused
       by factors unrelated to the vaccine.”

Althen, 418 F.3d at 1278 (citations omitted). The Althen court noted that a petitioner need not
necessarily supply evidence from medical literature supporting petitioner’s causation contention,
so long as the petitioner supplies the medical opinion of an expert. (Id. at 1279-80.) The court
also indicated that, in finding causation, a Program fact-finder may rely upon “circumstantial
evidence,” which the court found to be consistent with the “system created by Congress, in
which close calls regarding causation are resolved in favor of injured claimants.” (Id. at 1280.)

         Since Althen, the Federal Circuit has addressed the causation-in-fact standard in several
additional rulings, which have affirmed the applicability of the Althen test, and afforded further
instruction for resolving causation-in-fact issues. In Capizzano v. HHS, 440 F.3d 1317, 1326
(Fed. Cir. 2006), the court cautioned Program fact-finders against narrowly construing the
second element of the Althen test, confirming that circumstantial evidence and medical opinion,
sometimes in the form of notations of treating physicians in the vaccinee’s medical records, may
in a particular case be sufficient to satisfy that second element of the Althen test. Both Pafford v.
HHS, 451 F.3d 1352, 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2006), and Walther v. HHS, 485 F.3d 1146, 1150 (Fed. Cir.
2007), discussed the issue of which party bears the burden of ruling out potential non-vaccine
causes. DeBazan v. HHS, 539 F.3d 1347 (Fed. Cir. 2008), concerned an issue of what evidence
the special master may consider in deciding the initial question of whether the petitioner has met
her causation burden. The issue of the temporal relationship between vaccination and the onset
of an alleged injury was further discussed in Locane v. HHS, 685 F.3d 1375 (Fed. Cir. 2012), and
W.C. v. HHS, 704 F.3d 1352 (Fed. Cir. 2013). Moberly v. HHS, 592 F.3d 1315 (Fed. Cir. 2010),
concluded that the “preponderance of the evidence” standard that applies to Vaccine Act cases is
the same as the standard used in traditional tort cases, so that conclusive proof involving medical
literature or epidemiology is not needed, but demonstration of causation must be more than
“plausible” or “possible.” Both Andreu v. HHS, 569 F.3d 1367 (Fed. Cir. 2009), and Porter v.
HHS, 663 F.3d 1242 (Fed. Cir. 2011), considered when a determination concerning an expert’s
credibility may reasonably affect the outcome of a causation inquiry. Broekelschen v. HHS, 618
F.3d 1339 (Fed. Cir. 2010), found that it was appropriate for a special master to determine the
reliability of a diagnosis before analyzing the likelihood of vaccine causation. Lombardi v. HHS,
656 F.3d 1343 (Fed. Cir. 2011), and Hibbard v. HHS, 698 F.3d 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2012), both again
explored the importance of assessing the accuracy of the diagnosis that supports a claimant’s

                                                 3
theory of causation. Doe 11 v. HHS, 601 F.3d 1349 (Fed.Cir. 2010) and Deribeaux v. HHS, 717
F.3d 1363 (Fed. Cir. 2013), both discuss the burden of proof necessary to establish that a “factor
unrelated” to a vaccine may have caused the alleged injury.

         Another important aspect of the causation-in-fact case law under the Program concerns
the factors that a special master should consider in evaluating the reliability of expert testimony
and other scientific evidence relating to causation issues. In Daubert v. Merrell Dow
Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993), the Supreme Court listed certain factors that federal
trial courts should utilize in evaluating proposed expert testimony concerning scientific issues.
In Terran v. HHS, 195 F.3d 1302, 1316 (Fed. Cir. 1999), the Federal Circuit ruled that it is
appropriate for special masters to utilize Daubert’s factors as a framework for evaluating the
reliability of causation-in-fact theories presented in Program cases.

                                                 II
                     THE OMNIBUS AUTISM PROCEEDING (“OAP”)
        This case is one of more than 5,400 cases filed under the Program in which petitioners
alleged that conditions known as “autism” or “autism spectrum disorders” (“ASD”) were caused
by one or more vaccinations. A special proceeding known as the Omnibus Autism Proceeding
(“OAP”) was developed to manage these cases within the Office of Special Masters (“OSM”). A
detailed history of the controversy regarding vaccines and autism, along with a history of the
development of the OAP, was set forth in the six entitlement decisions issued by three special
masters as “test cases” for two theories of causation litigated in the OAP (see cases cited below),
and will only be summarized here.
         A group called the Petitioners’ Steering Committee (“PSC”) was formed in 2002 by the
many attorneys who represented Vaccine Act petitioners who raised autism-related claims.
About 180 attorneys participated in the PSC. Their responsibility was to develop any available
evidence indicating that vaccines could contribute to causing autism, and eventually present that
evidence in a series of “test cases,” exploring the issue of whether vaccines could cause autism,
and, if so, in what circumstances. Ultimately, the PSC selected groups of attorneys to present
evidence in two different sets of “test cases” during many weeks of trial in 2007 and 2008. In
the six test cases, the PSC presented two separate theories concerning the causation of ASDs.
The first theory alleged that the measles portion of the measles, mumps, rubella (“MMR”)
vaccine could cause ASDs. That theory was presented in three separate Program test cases
during several weeks of trial in 2007. The second theory alleged that vaccines containing
thimerosal, a form of mercury, could directly affect an infant’s brain, thereby substantially
contributing to the causation of ASD. That theory was presented in three additional test cases
during several weeks of trial in 2008.
        Decisions in each of the three test cases pertaining to the PSC’s first theory rejected the
petitioners’ causation theories. Cedillo v. HHS, No. 98-916V, 2009 WL 331968 (Fed. Cl. Spec.
Mstr. Feb. 12, 2009), aff’d, 89 Fed. Cl. 158 (2009), aff’d, 617 F.3d 1328 (Fed. Cir. 2010);
Hazlehurst v. HHS, No. 03-654V, 2009 WL 332306 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Feb. 12, 2009), aff’d,
88 Fed. Cl. 473 (2009), aff’d, 604 F.3d 1343 (Fed. Cir. 2010); Snyder v. HHS, No. 01-162V,

                                                 4
2009 WL 332044 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Feb. 12, 2009), aff’d, 88 Fed. Cl. 706 (2009).4 Decisions
in each of the three “test cases” pertaining to the PSC’s second theory also rejected the
petitioners’ causation theories, and the petitioners in each of those three cases chose not to
appeal. Dwyer v. HHS, No. 03-1202V, 2010 WL 892250 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Mar. 12, 2010);
King v. HHS, No. 03-584V, 2010 WL 892296 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Mar 12, 2010); Mead v.
HHS, No. 03-215V, 2010 WL 892248 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Mar. 12, 2010).
        The “test case” decisions were comprehensive, analyzing in detail all of the evidence
presented on both sides. The three test case decisions concerning the PSC’s first theory
(concerning the MMR vaccine) totaled more than 600 pages of detailed analysis, and were
solidly affirmed in many more pages of analysis in three different rulings by three different
judges of the United States Court of Federal Claims, and in two rulings by two separate panels of
the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. The three special master decisions
concerning the PSC’s second theory (concerning vaccinations containing the preservative
“thimerosal”) were similarly comprehensive.
        All told, the 11 lengthy written rulings by the special masters, the judges of the U.S.
Court of Federal Claims, and the panels of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
unanimously rejected the petitioners’ claims, finding no persuasive evidence that either the
MMR vaccine or thimerosal-containing vaccines could contribute in any way to the causation of
autism.
         Thus, the proceedings in the six “test cases” concluded in 2010. Thereafter, the
Petitioners in this case, and the petitioners in other cases within the OAP, were instructed to
decide how to proceed with their own claims. The vast majority of those autism petitioners
elected either to withdraw their claims or, more commonly, to request that the special master
presiding over their case decide their case on the written record, uniformly resulting in a decision
rejecting the petitioner’s claim for lack of support. However, a small minority of the autism
petitioners have elected to continue to pursue their cases, seeking other causation theories and/or
other expert witnesses. A few such cases have gone to trial before a special master, and in the
cases of this type decided thus far, all have resulted in rejection of petitioners’ claims that
vaccines played a role in causing their child’s autism. See, e.g., Blake v. HHS, No. 03-31V, 2014
WL 2769979 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Vowell May 21, 2014) (autism not caused by MMR
vaccination); Henderson v. HHS, No. 09-616V, 2012 WL 5194060 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Vowell
Sept. 28, 2012) (autism not caused by pneumococcal vaccination); Franklin v. HHS, No. 99-
855V, 2013 WL 3755954 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Hastings May 16, 2013) (MMR and other
vaccines found not to contribute to autism); Coombs v. HHS, No. 08-818V, 2014 WL 1677584
(Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Hastings Apr. 8, 2014) (autism not caused by MMR or Varivax vaccines);
Long v. HHS, No. 08-792V, 2015 WL 1011740 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Hastings Feb. 9, 2015)
(autism not caused by influenza vaccine); Brook v. HHS, No. 04-405V (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr.
Hastings May 14, 2015) (autism not caused by MMR/Varivax vaccines). In addition, some
causation autism claims have been rejected without trial, at times over the petitioner’s objection,
in light of the failure of the petitioner to file plausible proof of vaccine-causation. See, e.g.,
Waddell v. HHS, No. 10-316V, 2012 WL 4829291 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Campbell-Smith Sept.

4
           The petitioners in Snyder did not appeal the ruling to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal
Circuit.

                                                       5
19, 2012) (autism not caused by MMR vaccination); Geppert v. HHS, No. 00-286V, 2013 WL
2500852 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Vowell Sept. 6, 2012); Fesanco v. HHS, No. 02-1770, 2010 WL
4955721 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Hastings Nov. 9, 2010); Fresco v. HHS, No. 06-469V, 2013 WL
364723 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Vowell Jan. 7, 2013); Pietrucha v. HHS, No. 00-269V, 2014 WL
4538058 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Hastings Aug. 22, 2014). Judges of this court have affirmed the
practice of dismissal without trial in such a case. E.g., Fesanco v. HHS, 99 Fed. Cl. 28 (2011)
(Judge Braden).
        In none of the rulings since the test cases has a special master or judge found any merit in
an allegation that any vaccine can contribute to causing autism.

                                                 III

                                   PROCEDURAL HISTORY

        On November 20, 2002, Petitioners filed a petition (styled as a “complaint”) alleging that
their son, J.R.B., “is a minor who received a series of mercury-containing vaccines and who
subsequently demonstrated developmental problems.” (See Petition (“Pet.”), p. 1.) Petitioners
further alleged that J.R.B. “suffers from mercury poisoning and not from any condition
associated with any therapeutic component in any of the vaccines listed.” (Id., p. 5.) The case
was assigned to me on November 20, 2002. (See Notice of Assignment, Filed November 20,
2002 (ECF No. 2).)
        On December 9, 2002, I issued a “Notice Regarding “Omnibus Autism Proceeding” in a
number of cases, including this one. (See Notice, filed December 9, 2002 (ECF No. 3).) In my
notice, I indicated that based on the allegations of the petition, the Petitioners would be permitted
to delay the filing of medical records in the case until I resolved the general “causation” issues to
be addressed in the OAP. (Id., p. 1.) Those issues and the course of the OAP are discussed in
greater detail in Section II, above.
         On July 15, 2008, I issued an order indicating that petitioners with cases delayed pending
the OAP, such as this case, would be permitted to complete the record of their individual cases in
two phases – the first phase being limited to records necessary to determine whether the statute
of limitations had been met, and the second phase consisting of all remaining records necessary
to complete the record of the case. (See Order, filed July 15, 2008 (ECF No. 11), pp. 1-4.)
Petitioners were also advised that they retained the option to file a complete record immediately.
(Id., p. 3, fn. 3; p. 5, fn. 4.) Petitioners were given 90 days to comply, and Respondent was
ordered to file a statement within 45 days thereafter indicating whether this case should proceed
in the OAP. (Id., p. 5.)
        Petitioners filed medical records designated as Exhibits 1-6, via a compact disc, on
October 9, 2008. (See Notice of Filing, October 8, 2008 (ECF No. 12).) On October 17, 2008,
Petitioners filed a Statement of Compliance, indicating that they believed they had satisfied both
phases of medical records production required by my order of July 15, 2008. (See Statement of
Completion, filed October 17, 2008 (ECF No. 13).)
       Respondent filed the required statement regarding continuation in the OAP on November
25, 2008. (See Notice, filed November 25, 2008 (ECF No. 15).) Respondent indicated that

                                                 6
further factual development was necessary to determine whether the statute of limitations had
been met. (Id., p. 4, fn. 1.)
        On November 26, 2008, Petitioners filed a Statement of Completion, indicating that they
had filed “all records known to be available to them.” (See Statement of Completion, filed
November 26, 2008 (ECF No. 16).)5
        Subsequently, on November 8, 2012, I issued an order in this case updating Petitioners on
the outcome of the six OAP test cases, including appeals. (See Order, filed November 8, 2012,
ECF No. 17, pp. 1-2.) Although I advised Petitioners that the OAP test cases are not binding, I
noted that the test cases indicate that their claim was unlikely to be successful absent different
evidence or theories not presented in the test cases. (Id., p. 2.) Petitioners were allowed 30 days
to inform the court whether they intended to proceed with this claim or to exit the Vaccine
Program. (Id.)
        Thereafter, on December 7, 2012, Petitioners filed an amended petition. In their amended
petition, Petitioners alleged that J.R.B. was diagnosed as having a “mitochondrial disorder” on
March 18, 2009 (Am. Pet., p. 3), and that “his mitochondrial disorder caused an “enzyme
deficiency.” (Id., p. 5). Petitioners alleged that J.R.B.’s enzyme deficiency led to an
“accumulation of Thimerosal contained in the vaccines he was administered,” and that such
thimerosal accumulation led to his ASD. (Id., p. 5.) Accompanying the amended petition,
Petitioners filed Exhibit 7, consisting of medical records pertaining to J.R.B.’s mitochondrial
evaluations. (See Ex. 7 (ECF No. 18-1).)
        Thereafter, on January 16, 2013, Petitioners were ordered to file an expert report
supporting the causation theory alleged by their amended petition. (ECF No. 19.) In a series of
status reports, Petitioners indicated that further testing was pending relating to J.R.B.’s
mitochondrial disorder and that additional medical records would be produced. (See ECF Nos.
20-22.) On August 16, 2013, Petitioners filed further medical records identified as Exhibits 8-
10, and indicated in a status report that the medical file was then sufficiently complete for expert
review. (ECF No. 22.) Ultimately, Petitioners filed the expert report, curriculum vitae, and list
of prior trials and depositions, of Dr. Donald Marks on April 11, 2014. (ECF No. 28.)6
        On August 15, 2014, Respondent filed two expert reports. (ECF Nos. 36-37.) A report by
Dr. Max Wiznitzer was filed as Exhibit A, with accompanying curriculum vitae filed as Exhibit
B. (ECF No. 36.) Supporting literature was filed as Exhibits C through F. (Id.) In addition, a
report by Dr. Edward Cetaruk was filed as Exhibit G, along with a curriculum vitae marked as
Exhibit H. (ECF No. 37.)
5
         The document itself is mis-captioned as having been filed on November 20, 2002. (See ECF No.
16, p. 1.) Both the date of service and the date of signature, however, clearly indicate that the document
was created and filed on November 26, 2008. (Id., p. 2.)

6
        Unfortunately, petitioners initially improperly designated Dr. Marks’ materials as Exhibits 1-4.
(See ECF No. 28.) Petitioners were ordered to correct that mistake on May 2, 2014. (ECF No. 30.)
Petitioners refiled these materials on May 5, 2014, improperly designating them as Exhibits 7-10. (ECF
No. 31.) Petitioners were again ordered to refile Dr. Marks’ materials (ECF No. 32) and did so on May
15, 2014, designating the materials as Exhibits 11-14. (ECF No. 33.) (I will refer to Dr. Marks’ report as
Ex. 11, and his CV as Ex. 12.)

                                                     7
        On August 18, 2014, I issued an order requesting that Petitioners indicate how they
wished to proceed. (ECF No. 38.) On December 1, 2014, Petitioners filed a status report asking
that I make a ruling based on the record. (ECF No. 41.)
        The case is therefore ripe for decision without hearing and on the written record.

                                                     IV

                                         FACTUAL HISTORY

        J.R.B. was born on August 7, 1998. (Ex. 5, p. 2.) He was delivered via cesarean section
due to breech presentation after 38 weeks of gestation. (Id., pp. 4-6.) No significant neonatal
complications were recorded (id., p. 5) and he was discharged on August 10, 1998, weighing
approximately 8.5 pounds (id., pp. 3-4). Upon discharge he was reported as having an
undescended testicle7 and a small mandible, but these conditions were considered stable. (Id., p.
4.) Newborn genetic screening was normal. (Ex. 1, p. 15.)
        Early “well child” visits initially indicated normal development in the first months of life,
with some reports of constipation. (Ex. 1, pp. 8-14.) In December of 1998, it was noted in
J.R.B.’s four-month well-visit that he was not yet rolling. (Ex. 6, p. 277.) By February of 1999,
J.R.B. was rolling, but he was not yet sitting, turning to voice, transferring objects, or bearing
weight on his legs. (Id., p. 275.) In May of 1999, his nine-month well visit indicated that he did
not yet stand or cruise, but sat alone and pulled to stand. (Id., p. 272.) Well child visits at 18
months and 2 years did not record any developmental concerns.8 (Id., pp. 255, 260.)
        During this time period, J.R.B. received routine childhood vaccinations as follows. On
August 19, 1998, J.R.B. received his first hepatitis B (“Hep B”) vaccination. (Ex. 6, p. 1.) A
few months later, on October 6, 1998, he received the first of his diphtheria, tenanus, and
acellular pertussis (“DTaP”), haemophilus influenza type B (“Hib”), and live polio (“OPV”)
vaccinations, as well as his second Hep B vaccination. (Id.) On December 7, 1998, he received
his second vaccinations of DTaP, Hib, and OPV. (Id.) His third doses of DTaP and Hib were
administered on February 9, 1999. (Id.) Later that same year, he received a third dose of Hep B
vaccine on May 10; a measles, mumps, and rubella (“MMR”) vaccination on August 19; his
fourth Hib vaccination on November 15; and a hepatitis A (“Hep A”) vaccination on December
7. (Id.) Finally on February 10, 2000, he received his fourth DTaP and his third OPV. (Id.)
Additionally he later received a varicella vaccination in February of 2007. (Id.)
       Mrs. Bushnell began to have concerns about J.R.B.’s development when he was about 18
months old. (Ex. 9, p. 13.) Shortly after he turned two, J.R.B.’s pediatrician started early
intervention for an expressive language delay. (Ex. 9, p. 13; Ex. 10, p. 6.) Initially he was
followed by an educator every other week and attended a play group once a week. (Ex. 9, p. 13.)
After about five months, Mrs. Bushnell became concerned about J.R.B.’s slow progress. (Ex. 9,

7
        J.R.B. would later have corrective surgery for this condition at 4 years of age. (Ex. 6, pp. 278-79.)
8
        In addition to well-child visits, J.R.B.’s medical records also reflect a number of sick child visits
during his first two years, including treatment for multiple upper respiratory infections and ear infections,
as well as pharyngitis/strep throat and unidentified viral illnesses. (See, e.g., Ex. 6, pp. 256-76.)

                                                      8
p. 13; Ex. 10, p. 6.) He began receiving speech therapy twice a week and ABA therapy for 28
hours a week. (Ex. 9, p. 13.)
         At about that time, J.R.B. was evaluated at the Franciscan Children’s Hospital on May
14, 2001. (Ex. 10, pp. 6-7.) The assessment for that evaluation was “developmental delays of
unknown etiology, expressive language delay, and mild hypotonia with mild motor skills delay.”
(Id., p. 7.) Follow up was recommended to test for chromosomal abnormalities and “fragile X
syndrome,” and to assess J.R.B.’s hearing. (Ex. 10, p. 7.) J.R.B. was negative for fragile X, and
no chromosomal abnormalities were found. (Ex. 10, pp. 9-13.) His hearing was later confirmed
as adequate for communication and development. (Id.) Subsequently, on May 31, 2001, J.R.B.’s
pediatric records referenced a potential “PDD”--i.e., “pervasive developmental delay.” (Ex. 6, p.
247.)
         On June 26, 2001, J.R.B. was evaluated to determine whether he met the diagnostic
criteria for an ASD. (Ex. 9, p. 11.) The evaluation team concluded that J.R.B. “does have a
significant expressive language delay and a much more mild receptive language delay.
However, he has no other of the DSM IV symptoms that would meet the criteria for autistic
disorder or PDD, NOS.” (Id., p. 14.) Based on the evaluation, they continued, “the best
diagnosis for [J.R.B.] at this time is a developmental language disorder with some mild
impairment in social interaction skills that may be secondary to his language delay as well as
some attentional difficulties that interfere with his ability to learn.” (Id.) The team further
stressed that J.R.B. benefitted from his ongoing special education services and speech therapies
and that they should be continued. (Id.)
       A team at Boston Children’s Hospital Developmental Medicine Center, however,
disagreed with the conclusion reached during the June 26, 2001 evaluation. (See, Ex. 2, pp. 82-
90.) Following an evaluation on August 1, 2001, the team concluded that:
        [J.R.B.] was very self-directed and had limited communication. [J.R.B.] also has
        been noted to have difficulty with language acquisition, from both receptive and
        expressive standpoints. During our assessment, he uttered simple one word
        statements inconsistently and used some sign language to communicate simple
        needs such as hunger. He had significant difficulty in behavioral interactions with
        other caregivers and examiners with reduced reciprocal gaze and responsive
        interactions. [J.R.B.] seems to enjoy the physical aspects of toys more than their
        representational use in play or life circumstances. Because of all of these
        attributes, we feel that it is appropriate to diagnosis [sic] [J.R.B.] with autism.
(Id., pp. 87-88.)
         The Boston Children’s Hospital team noted that this diagnosis was a departure from
J.R.B.’s prior evaluations, but stressed that they believed it was the appropriate diagnosis
“considering his degree of difficulty in language, behavior, and social interactions.” (Id., p. 88.)
A follow-up developmental evaluation at Boston Children’s Hospital on April 5, 2002, indicated
that although he was still delayed, J.R.B. was making developmental progress and showed some
skills improvement. (Ex. 2, pp. 71-76.) It was also noted that “he has shown no developmental

                                                 9
regression over the past six months.”9 (Id., p. 72.) His condition was noted as being consistent
with PDD-NOS (“pervasive developmental disorder, not otherwise specified”), a form of ASD.
(Id., p. 74.)
        Thereafter, J.R.B. continued undergoing numerous tests and evaluations over the
succeeding years, with diagnostic impressions varying as between “ASD,” “PDD-NOS,” and
“global development delay.” Throughout this time, J.R.B. also underwent genetic and nutritional
evaluations. Eventually, J.R.B. was diagnosed as having complex I, II, IV, and ETC enzyme
deficiency as well as muscle coenzyme Q10 deficiency. (Ex. 8, p. 14.) He began vitamin
cocktail treatments for his mitochondrial disorder in 2009. (Ex. 7, p. 5.) After that point, his
mother reported that his behavior disturbances decreased and his flapping disappeared. (Id.)
Subsequent follow-up, however, indicated no significant improvement or deterioration in his
function. (Ex. 7, p. 3.) And while he continued to make progress, his ASD symptoms persisted
although his neurological exams remained stable. (Ex. 8, pp. 13-14.)
       J.R.B.’s medical records note that as of April 19, 2012, he was a 13-year old boy with
autism and mitochondrial disorder (complex I, II, IV ETC enzyme deficiency, as well as muscle
coenzyme Q10 deficiency), and also suggest an additional later diagnosis of PANDAS.10 (Ex. 8,
pp. 13-14.)

                                                     V
                                      ISSUE TO BE DECIDED
       Petitioners contend that J.R.B.’s autism was caused by one or more of a series of
aluminum-containing and/or mercury-containing vaccines administered between October 6,
1998, and February 1, 2000,11 which they claim aggravated his pre-existing mitochondrial
disorder. After carefully considering all of the evidence, I conclude that Petitioners have failed
to demonstrate that it is “more probable than not” that any vaccinations contributed to causing or
aggravating their son’s condition, and that they have therefore failed to meet their burden. 12

9
         Years later, during a developmental evaluation on February 4, 2005, the Boston Children’s
Hospital staff again noted that a review of J.R.B.’s condition revealed that “he has had no regression or
loss of skills.” (Ex. 2, p. 33.)

10
         “PANDAS” is an abbreviation for pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated
with streptococcal infections. (Davis, Neil M., Medical Abbreviations: 32,000 Conveniences at the
Expense of Communication and Safety (15th Ed.) (2011), p. 245.)

11
        The vaccinations placed at issue in this case include DTP/DaPT, Hib, OPV, MMR, Hep A, and
Hep B. (See footnote 3, supra.) I note that the petition and amended petition characterize these vaccines
only as mercury-containing; Petitioners’ expert, however, additionally contends that they may contain
aluminum as well.
12
        Petitioners have the burden of demonstrating the facts necessary for entitlement to an award by a
“preponderance of the evidence.” § 300aa-13(a)(1)(A). Under that standard, the existence of a fact must
be shown to be “more probable than its nonexistence.” In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 371 (1970) (Harlan,
J., concurring).

                                                    10
        Petitioners’ theory of the case, though not very well explained by their expert, is
apparently that vaccinations containing either mercury or aluminum, which are in themselves
neurotoxins, act as stressors which can aggravate a mitochondrial disorder leading to
neurological injury, and that individuals suffering from mitochondrial disorders are susceptible
to ASDs in particular. In J.R.B.’s case, they argue the stress of his vaccines aggravated his
underlying mitochondrial disorder and resulted in a regressive encephalopathy manifesting as
autism.
        Respondent, however, disputes both the scientific and factual basis for Petitioners’
theory. Respondent argues that neither mercury nor aluminum, in the minuscule amounts
contained in vaccines, has been shown to have the effects that Petitioners allege. Respondent
also argues that there is no evidence to suggest that patients with mitochondrial disorders are
vulnerable to these elements, or that vaccines cause autism among mitochondrial disorder
patients. And, in any event, Respondent further argues that J.R.B.’s own clinical history is
inconsistent with Petitioners’ theory.

                                                VI
     SUMMARY OF EXPERT WITNESSES’ QUALIFICATIONS AND OPINIONS
        In this case, Petitioners rely on the expert report of one medical expert while respondent
relies on the expert reports of two medical experts. At this point, I will briefly summarize both
the qualifications and the opinions of those expert witnesses.
A. Petitioners’ expert

       1. Dr. Donald Marks
        Petitioners rely primarily on the expert report of Donald H. Marks, M.D., PhD. Dr.
Marks completed his undergraduate education in 1972 at the California State University, San
Bernardino. (Ex. 12, p. 2.) He earned a Ph.D. in Microbiology from the University of California,
Los Angeles, in 1977, and an M.D. from the same school in 1980. (Id., p. 3.) He completed a
residency in internal medicine at the USAF Medical Center at the Keesler Air Force Base. (Id.)
He is licensed by four states as well as by the National Board of Medical Examiners. He is also
a Diplomat of the American Board of Internal Medicine. (Id., p. 4.) From 1980 to the present,
Dr. Marks’ clinical practice has focused on general internal medicine. (Id., p. 1.) At present, he
is a hospitalist at Apogee Physicians and Brookwood Medical Center in Birmingham, Alabama,
as well as a clinical assistant professor at the University of Alabama at Birmingham Department
of Medicine, in the Division of General Internal Medicine. (Id., pp. 1-2.)
        In addition, Dr. Marks has many years of experience in clinical research and in the
pharmaceutical industry. (Ex. 12, pp. 1-2.) He has published over 30 peer-reviewed articles,
holds a number of patents concerning vaccines, and has testified extensively in a variety of trials
and depositions. (Ex. 12, pp. 4-7; Ex. 13; Ex. 14.) He is a member of the editorial boards for The
International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine, The Internet Journal of Pharmacology, and
Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry. (Ex. 12, p. 8.)

                                                11
        2. Summary of Dr. Marks’ opinion
        Dr. Marks’ report in this case stated that J.R.B. “may” have received vaccinations
containing mercury, aluminum “and other toxic substances.” (Ex. 11, p. 4.) He opined that both
mercury and aluminum are “known to cause neurotoxic effects,” and that J.R.B.’s documented
mitochondrial disorder,13 which he indicates is “known to cause ASD,” left him “predisposed” to
such alleged toxicity from vaccines. (Id.) He argued that J.R.B.’s vaccinations “significantly
aggravated an underlying mitochondrial disorder which predisposed him to deficits in cellular
energy metabolism and manifested as ASD.” (Id.) He also asserted that what J.R.B. experienced
was a “regressive encephalopathy.” (Id., pp. 2-3.)
        Dr. Marks argues that there is no expected temporal association for such an injury, stating
that “there are vaccines which can cause either a more rapid or less rapid neurotoxicity, so either
response is seen and documented in the medical literature. Time to injury itself does not include
or exclude vaccine injury.” (Ex. 11, p. 3.) Rather, Dr. Marks indicated J.R.B.’s condition could
be linked to his vaccinations through a “documented stepwise regression after each vaccine
administration” which he argued “demonstrated a consistent challenge-rechallenge response.”
(Id.)
B. Respondent’s experts

        1. Dr. Max Wiznitzer
        Respondent relies in part on the expert report of Dr. Max Wiznitzer. Dr. Wiznitzer
attended the Northwestern University Honors Program and specialized in Medical Education,
earning a Bachelor of Science degree in Medicine in 1975 before entering medical school. (Ex.
B, p.1.) He attended Northwestern University Medical School and graduated in 1977 with a
degree in medicine. (Id.) During his postgraduate training, Dr. Wiznitzer was a resident in
pediatrics at the Children’s Hospital Center in Cincinnati, Ohio from 1977 to 1980. (Id.) He also
was a fellow in developmental disorders at the Cincinnati Center for Developmental Disorders
from 1980 to 1981. (Id.) He thereafter became a fellow in pediatric neurology at the Children’s
Hospital of Philadelphia from 1981 to 1984. (Id.) He received the NIH National Research
Service Award fellowship in Higher Cortical Functions from 1984 to1986. (Id., p. 2.) From
1986 to the present, Dr. Wiznitzer has been an Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Neurology, and
International Health at Case Western Reserve University. (Ex. B, p. 2.)
        Dr. Wiznitzer has additionally won the NIG National Research Service Award from the
Albert Einstein College of Medicine in 1986, and was recognized as the Professional of the Year
from the Autism Society of Ohio in 1991. (Ex. B, p. 3.) He was certified by the American Board
of Pediatrics in 1982, the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology with special
qualification in Child Neurology in 1986, and the National Board of Medical Examiners in 1978.
(Ex. B, p. 5.) He has been licensed to practice in three states. (Ex. B, p. 5.) Dr. Wiznitzer served

13
        I note that the experts in this case appear to use the terms mitochondrial disease and
mitochondrial disorder interchangeably. Dr. Marks in particular uses both terms within his expert report,
while Dr. Wiznitzer seems to prefer to use the term disorder and Dr. Cetaruk uses the term disease. For
the sake of consistency, this opinion will use the term disorder except where quoted source material uses
the term disease; however, no distinction is intended by such word choice.

                                                   12
on the Editorial Board of Pediatric Neurology, Journal of Child Neurology, and Lancet
Neurology. (Id., p. 6.) He has helped author 58 original articles, 11 book chapters, and 55
abstracts, which are listed on his CV. (Id., pp. 13-23.)

       2. Summary of Dr. Wiznitzer’s opinion
        Dr. Wiznitzer disagreed with Dr. Marks’ assertion that J.R.B. experienced a neurologic
regression following vaccination. Rather, upon his detailed review of the medical records, Dr.
Wiznitzer concluded that the onset of J.R.B.’s ASD “fits one of the identified development
trajectories – acquisition of some words * * * followed by apparent
expressive/stagnation/slowing of expressive language development with gradual appearance of
impaired socialization.” (Ex. A, p. 9.) He further argued that in fact there is “no history in the
contemporaneous medical records of an autistic regression.” (Id.) Dr. Wiznitzer also noted that
“there is no documentation of any adverse event following immunization in his contemporaneous
medical records,” and that there were “multiple febrile illnesses (8 in the first 2 years of life) that
were not associated with or followed by neurologic regression.” (Ex. A, p. 10.) Dr. Wiznitzer
argued that this, among other factors, casts doubt on Dr. Marks’ suggestion that J.R.B.’s autism
was caused by mitochondrial stress. (Id.) He also stressed that Dr. Marks’ theory lacks a
plausible biological basis, in that he has not provided sufficient data regarding the toxicity of
either mercury or aluminum. (Id.) He also argued there is insufficient evidence that J.R.B.
experienced an “acute” encephalopathy. (Id.)

       3. Dr. Edward Cetaruk
        In addition to Dr. Wiznitzer’s report, Respondent is also relying on a report prepared by
Dr. Edward Cetaruk. Dr. Cetaruk is a 1986 graduate of the University of Massachusetts at
Amherst. (Ex. H, p. 2.) He completed his M.D. at the New York University School of Medicine
in 1991 and a residency in emergency medicine at the University of Massachusetts Medical
Center in Worcester, Massachusetts in 1994. (Id.) From 1994 to 1996 he completed fellowships
in emergency medicine and medical toxicology. (Id., p. 1.) Currently, Dr. Cetaruk is an
attending faculty member at the Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center as well as an assistant
clinical professor in the Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology at the University of
Colorado Health Sciences Center Department of Medicine. (Id.) He also maintains a private
medical practice focusing on toxicology through the medical group Toxicology Associates. (Ex.
G, p. 2; Ex. H, p. 3.)
        Dr. Cetaruk is a member of the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology, the American
College of Medical Toxicology, and the American College of Emergency Physicians. (Ex. H, p.
4.) He has been licensed to practice medicine in three states and is a Diplomate of the American
Board of Emergency Medicine with special qualification in medical toxicology, as well as the
American Board of Emergency Medicine and the National Board of Medical Examiners. (Ex. H,
pp. 1-2.) He lists 27 publications on his curriculum vitae as well as numerous invited lectures.
(Ex. H, pp. 5-10.)

       4. Summary of Dr. Cetaruk’s opinion
        Dr. Cetaruk contended that there is no causal connection between J.R.B.’s vaccinations
and his development of ASD. He argued that vaccinations do not contain sufficient doses of

                                                  13
either mercury or aluminum to be poisonous, and that even if a poisoning occurred by those
elements, such poisoning would not manifest as autism. (Ex. G, p. 8.) He further noted that there
is no evidence to suggest that mercury or aluminum in vaccines “sets off” or “triggers”
regressive encephalopathy among mitochondrial patients or that such patients are vulnerable to
those elements. (Id.) Dr. Cetaruk also disputed Dr. Marks’ claim that the immune response from
aluminum adjuvants contained in vaccines could have exacerbated J.R.B.’s mitochondrial
disorder. (Id.) He stressed the lack of reliable scientific data to support Dr. Marks’ theory. (Id.)

                                                VII
                                SUMMARY OF MY DECISION
        I find that Dr. Marks’ causation theory was entirely unsupported. Even without
considering Respondent’s competing expert evidence, Dr. Marks very brief report is utterly
unpersuasive, in that it fails to articulate sufficient support for his opinion in either the factual
record of this case or in the relevant medical literature. Indeed, Dr. Marks’ report has no
evidentiary support whatsoever. Moreover, Dr. Marks’ report is far outweighed by the reports of
Respondent’s experts. The reports prepared by Drs. Wiznitzer and Cetaruk – both of whom have
superior credentials in the relevant fields – were far more persuasive in that they were more
detailed, more coherent, and better supported by the facts of J.R.B’s case and the relevant
medical literature.

                                                VIII
    DR. MARKS’ EXPERT REPORT IS PATENTLY INSUFFICIENT TO SUPPORT
                         PETITIONERS’ CLAIM
        Dr. Marks’ report was spare to an untenable degree. His recitation of J.R.B.’s clinical
history is notable in that it is almost completely absent, and Dr. Marks did almost nothing to link
his causation opinion to the facts of J.R.B.’s case. His discussions of both autism and
mitochondrial function were vague and insufficiently explained. At times his report seemed
confused regarding which mechanism of injury was being proposed, and he provided no citations
to support his most critical points. In short, even before considering Respondent’s competing
submissions, Dr. Marks’ report--which is undoubtedly the linchpin of Petitioners’ claim on this
record--suffers numerous flaws which leave it inherently inadequate to establish vaccine
causation in this case.

A. Dr. Marks’ theory finds no support in J.R.B.’s medical records.
       Most glaringly, Dr. Marks’ entire opinion is predicated on an incorrect reading of J.R.B.’s
medical record. The only evidence that Dr. Marks cited which would indicate his theory might
be at work in J.R.B.’s case was the claim that “the injuries from vaccines received by JB caused
a documented stepwise regression after each vaccine administration, and this demonstrated
consistent challenge – re-challenge responses.” (Ex. 11, p. 3.) Absent such a “challenge-re-
challenge” response, Dr. Marks made no attempt to link his theory to J.R.B.’s own clinical
history. In fact, Dr. Marks explicitly rejected any other measure of a temporal association
between J.R.B.’s vaccinations and his autism, stating that “time to injury itself does not include

                                                 14
or exclude vaccine injury.” (Ex. 11, p. 3.) J.R.B.’s medical records, however, do not support a
“challenge-rechallenge” response.14
        As detailed above, the vaccinations at issue in this case were administered between
October 6, 1998, and February 10, 2000. (See footnote 3, supra; see also Ex. 6, p. 1.) Thus,
J.R.B. having been born on August 7, 1998, the last of the relevant vaccinations was
administered around the time J.R.B. reached 18 months of age. The histories contained in the
medical records, however, place the onset of J.R.B.’s developmental delays sometime between
18 months and two years of age--i.e., no earlier than after the conclusion of his series of
vaccinations. (See, e.g., Ex. 2, p. 82; Ex. 9, p. 13.) There is, therefore, no basis to assert that a
challenge-rechallenge response was present. There is simply no evidence that there was a
“stepwise regression after each vaccine administration,” as Dr. Marks specifically claimed. The
medical records do not support the contention that J.R.B. experienced any developmental
setbacks during the course of his series of vaccinations, let alone discernable regressions after
each vaccination. And even assuming arguendo that the onset of J.R.B.’s developmental
concerns at about 18 months constituted a challenge event, there is no evidence of any
subsequent re-challenge. As Dr. Witzniter indicated in his report, once onset occurred J.R.B.
followed a trajectory of delays (and even some improvement) without subsequent regression.
(Ex. A, p. 9.) Indeed, J.R.B.’s medical records explicitly note on multiple occasions the absence
of regression.15 (Ex. 2, pp. 33, 72.)
        Thus, because Dr. Marks’ opinion is based on a false assumption regarding the onset of
J.R.B.’s condition, and the incorrect assumption of a “stepwise regression” after each vaccine
administration, it should not be credited. See, e.g., Rickett v. HHS, 468 Fed. Appx. 952, 958 (Fed.
Cir. 2011)(holding that “it was not error for the Special Master to assign less weight to Dr.
Bellanti’s conclusion regarding challenge-rechallenge to the extent it hinged upon Mr. Rickett’s
testimony that was inconsistent with the medical records.”); see also Dobrydnev v. HHS, 566
Fed. Appx. 976, 982-83 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (holding that the special master was correct in noting
that “when an expert assumes facts that are not supported by a preponderance of the evidence, a
finder of fact may properly reject the expert’s opinion”) (citing Brooke Group Ltd. v. Brown &
Williamson Tobacco Corp., 509 U.S. 209, 242 (1993)).

14
          The “challenge-rechallenge” concept has been addressed in numerous cases within the Vaccine
Program. Most notably, the Federal Circuit succinctly summarized the theory by explaining that “a
rechallenge event occurs when a patient who had an adverse reaction to a vaccine suffers worsened
symptoms after an additional injection of the vaccine.” Cappizano v. HHS, 440 F.3d 1317, 1322 (Fed.
Cir. 2006).) To successfully establish a challenge-rechallenge theory, a petitioner must show a temporal
relationship between the occurrence of petitioner’s symptoms and multiple vaccine administrations. See,
e.g., Doe v. HHS, 95 Fed. Cl. 598, 609 (2010)(affirming the decision of the special master and noting that
“the special master found that petitioner had not established causation by a preponderance of the evidence
because neither of his expert’s proposed ‘challenge events’ had the necessary temporal connection to the
first or second dose of the vaccine.”)
15
         A later parental history does indicate that Mrs. Bushnell reported a regression in speech, but this
record also indicates that she perceived J.R.B. to be “normal” as late as two and a half years of age. (Ex.
6, p. 45.) This account is not consistent with the earlier records which clearly show that J.R.B. began
early intervention at about two years of age as a result of Mrs. Bushnell’s concerns at that time. (See, e.g.,
Ex. 9, p. 13; Ex. 10, p. 6.)

                                                     15
B. Dr. Marks’ report failed to identify which, if any, of J.R.B.’s vaccinations were allegedly
   causative.

        In addition to the above, Dr. Marks’ report is further undercut by his apparent inability or
unwillingness to address the specific details of J.R.B.’s vaccination history. Not only did Dr.
Marks fail to specifically discuss J.R.B.’s medical records, Dr. Marks did not even actually
indicate which of J.R.B.’s vaccinations he believes to be potentially causative. (Ex. 11, p. 1.)
That is, despite opining that J.R.B.’s condition was the result of neurotoxic effects of mercury
and aluminum, at no point did Dr. Marks attempt to establish which of J.R.B.’s vaccinations
contained those elements. Rather he stated that J.R.B. “is a child who received multiple
vaccinations which may have contained mercury, aluminum, and other toxic substances.” (Ex.
11, p. 4 (emphasis added).) His opinion stops short, however, of committing to any opinion that
J.R.B. actually received a vaccine containing what he contends is a neurotoxic substance.
Instead, Dr. Marks begs the question by speculating that “any of the vaccines JB received may
have been a trigger for exacerbating his regression.” (Ex. 11, p. 2 (emphasis added).) Thus, his
opinion is inherently speculative.

C. It is not clear what mechanism of injury Dr. Marks is relying upon.
        Dr. Marks’ report was also unclear regarding the mechanism of injury he believes to be
operative in the development of J.R.B.’s condition. It appears, from Dr. Marks’ repeated
references to “neurotoxicity,” that he believes the ultimate source of harm to J.R.B. was the
mercury and/or aluminum contained in his vaccinations. (Ex 11, passim.) Confusingly, however,
his report was very unclear in stating how those elements would have acted to create such harm.

        Dr. Marks postulated that the inflammatory response created by aluminum adjuvants
could exacerbate an underlying mitochondrial disorder and in turn result in local hypoxia and
lactic acid build-up. (Ex. 11, p. 2.) He also repeatedly lumped aluminum and mercury together
as elements in vaccines that “produce toxicity to the brain,” apparently positing a direct response.
(See, e.g., Ex. 11, pp. 2, 3, 4). In addition, he cited “neuroimmune” disorders as potentially
involved, and indicated that the vaccines at issue acted as “immunological stressors.” (Ex. 11, p.
2.) None of these potential mechanisms, however, was explained. Nor was there any indication
of whether, in Dr. Marks’ view, they acted in combination, or whether they are mutually
exclusive alternative theories.16

       Of course, petitioners are not obligated to prove the mechanism of injury as part of their
burden of proof. (See, e.g., Knudsen v. HHS, 35 F.3d 543, 549 (Fed. Cir. 1994.).) Nonetheless,
Dr. Marks’ seeming inability to coherently articulate a theory of causation undermines

16
        Moreover, in his final conclusion, Dr. Marks muddied the waters further by claiming that J.R.B.’s
mitochondrial disorder itself is “known to cause ASD.” (Ex. 11, p. 4.) Contrary to the above, this
suggests that perhaps Dr. Marks does not necessarily believe that J.R.B.’s vaccinations were a “but for”
cause of his condition, but rather implies that the mitochondrial disorder itself could have resulted in ASD
without any vaccine involvement at all.

                                                    16
Petitioners’ case as a whole. Dr. Marks’ report merely postulates a number of possibilities
without adequately explaining or substantiating any of them.

D. Dr. Marks’ causation theory lacks scientific support.
        In any event, I have reviewed the references that Dr. Marks cited in his report, and,
regardless of the specific mechanism at work, none of these sources offers significant support for
his assertions. Most of Dr. Marks’ supporting citations point to general resources relating to
mitochondrial disorders and dysfunction, autism, and general principles of medical causation.
(See Ex. 11, p. 5.) These sources do not address in any meaningful way the issues actually
controverted in this case, let alone support Dr. Marks’ specific contentions. Indeed, as Dr.
Cetaruk points out, several of Dr. Marks’ own citations actually refute his assertions. (Ex. G, pp.
6-7.)
        For example, Dr. Marks cites a vaccine safety webpage regarding thimerosal of the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (“CDC”). (Ex. 11, p. 5, Ref. 2.) On that webpage,
the CDC states that “there is no convincing evidence of harm caused by the low doses of
thimerosal in vaccines, except for minor reactions like redness and swelling at the injection site.”
(See http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/thimerosal/, last accessed January 26, 2015.)
Similarly, Dr. Marks cites a “Questions and Answers” guide to thimerosal in vaccines posted on
the Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) website. (Ex. 11, p. 5, Ref. 3.) Like the CDC, the
FDA similarly notes that “[u]nder the FDA Modernization Act (FDAMA) of 1997, FDA carried
out a comprehensive review of the use of thimerosal in childhood vaccines. Conducted in 1999,
this review found no evidence of harm from the use of thimerosal as a vaccine preservative,
other than local hypersensitivity reactions.” (See
http://www.fda.gov/biologicsbloodvaccines/vaccines/questionsaboutvaccines/ucm070430.htm,
last accessed January 26, 2015.)
       Dr. Marks himself effectively conceded this point, noting that “recent expert reviews
have concluded that mercury toxicity from vaccines does not lead to autism.” (Ex. 11, p. 2.)
Although he attempted to discount those studies by asserting that “these reviews were not
focused on populations exhibiting mitochondrial defects” (id.), he has failed to come forward
with any studies that have found, or would otherwise purport to explain, any link between
vaccines and autism among that population.
         Similarly, although he additionally claimed that “[s]ome expert reviews have also
concluded that aluminum adjuvants have the potential to cause neuroimmune disorders,” he did
not specify what expert reviews he was relying upon in making that statement, nor do any of the
citations in his report support that claim. (Ex. 11, pp. 2, 5.) For his part, Dr. Cetaruk stated that in
fact “[t]here are no cases published in the peer-reviewed medical literature that report aluminum
toxicity, including neurotoxicity, due [to] the doses of aluminum found in vaccines.” (Ex. G, p.
6.)
        In addition, Dr. Marks’ report is noteworthy for arguing that there is an association
between mitochondrial disorders and ASD. He stated that “mitochondrial disease may affect any
part of the body, including the muscles and various organs, and presents along a wide spectrum.
* * *. A child with mitochondrial disease may have autism, may only have some symptoms of
autism, or may have no symptoms of autism.” (Ex. 11, p. 2.) More specifically, Dr. Marks

                                                  17
asserted that mitochondrial disorders are “known to cause ASD.” (Ex. 11, p. 4.) Yet, the CDC
webpage he cites among his references disagrees. It states that “more research is needed to find
out how common it is for people to have autism and a mitochondrial disorder. Right now, it
seems rare. In general, more research about mitochondrial disease and autism is needed.” (Ex.
11, p. 5, Ref. 5; See http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/mitochondrial-faq.html, last accessed
1/29/15.) Moreover, the Rossignol and Frye article cited by Dr. Marks, while finding some
evidence of an association between ASDs and mitochondrial dysfunction, likewise indicates that
more studies are needed to understand the relationship. (Ex. 11, p. 5, Ref. 5; Mol Psychiatry, Mar
2012; 17(3): 290-314.)
        These citations indicate that Dr. Marks, at best, grossly overstated the scientific support
for his claims. Thus, he has not even purported to minimally support his foundational assertion
that childhood vaccines can have neurotoxic effects at all, let alone that any such effect could
combine with a mitochondrial disorder to manifest as autism. All of his citations are either silent
regarding his specific contentions or are actually contradictory to the claims made in his report.
His report is therefore patently insufficient. See, e.g., Caves v. HHS, 100 Fed. Cl. 119, 134
(2011), aff’d, 463 F. App’x 932 (Fed. Cir. 2012)(quoting Gen. Elec. Co. v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 136,
146 (1997) for the proposition that “Daubert does not require a trial court ‘to admit opinion
evidence that is connected to existing data only by the ipse dixit of the expert.’”).17

E. The OAP test cases have already addressed the question of vaccine toxicity to the brain.
        Dr. Marks’ failure to convincingly address the question of mercury and/or aluminum
toxicity to the brain is particularly glaring in light of the prior OAP test cases which addressed
related questions. As noted above, the second set of OAP test cases considered the theory that
the thimerosal component of vaccines could cause autism. See Dwyer v. HHS, No. 03-1202V,
2010 WL 892250 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Mar. 12, 2010); King v. HHS, No. 03-584V, 2010 WL
892296 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Mar. 12, 2010); Mead v. HHS, No. 03-215V, 2010 WL 892248
(Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. March 12, 2010). In addressing this question, those cases extensively
reviewed the science regarding the possible neurotoxicity of thimerosal, and uniformly
concluded that no link between thimerosal-containing vaccines and autism had been established.
       Although Dr. Marks’ theory seems to differ somewhat from the OAP test cases, in
contending that J.R.B. was susceptible to these alleged neurotoxic effects by virtue of his
mitochondrial disorder, he has not substantiated that assertion. (See Section VIII(D) above.)
Moreover, the fact remains that his theory is still predicated on the alleged neurotoxicity of
thimerosal and aluminum as contained in vaccines. The OAP test cases decisively decided

17
          To be clear, I am not requiring the Petitioners in this case, or the petitioners in any case, to
necessarily produce medical literature directly on point. In any particular case, a petitioner could prevail
by providing a persuasive medical opinion in lieu of medical literature, especially where the scientific
field is “bereft of complete and direct proof of how vaccines affect the human body.” (see Althen, 418
F.3d at 1280). However, in this case, Dr. Marks’ failure to identify any supporting medical literature
(which he claims does exist at least as regards aluminum toxicity) in the face of his acknowledgment that
contrary literature exists, as well as his citation to sources which actually contradict his opinion, weighs
heavily against accepting his opinion in this case. This is not a case where the field is bereft of proof, but
rather a case where the Petitioners’ expert has utterly failed to demonstrate that the existing literature
supports his view, or even to address the subject matter in any detail at all.

                                                      18
against, inter alia, any neurotoxic effect of the thimersosal contained in vaccines and, as
described in Section VIII(D) above, Dr. Marks has offered no significant evidence to the
contrary. The result of the OAP test cases, of course, are not binding in any other case.
Nonetheless, to the extent that the issues overlap, it is quite noteworthy that the huge amount of
evidence in those test cases proved wholly contradictory to the claim that the thimerosal
component of vaccines could contribute to autism--and that huge volume of evidence contrasts
strikingly to Dr. Marks’ extremely sparse, unsupported opinion.

                                                IX
             RESPONDENT’S EXPERTS WERE FAR MORE PERSUASIVE
       For the reasons described above, I find that Petitioners’ expert opinion is inadequate to
support Petitioners’ claim, and can be readily dismissed. Further, I additionally note that
Respondent’s experts were far more persuasive. Drs. Wiznitzer and Cetaruk, in addition to
having vastly superior credentials, offered much greater detail within their reports, and more
coherently and effectively communicated the basis for their opinions in this case.
A. Respondent’s experts are far more qualified than Dr. Marks.

        The qualifications of the three experts in this case are more fully addressed in Section VI
above. At this point, however, I will briefly reiterate that Drs. Wiznitzer and Cetaruk have
expertise that is far more closely matched to the issues in this case than the expertise of Dr.
Marks.

       Dr. Marks’ medical career has been predominantly one devoted to general internal
medicine. (See Ex. 11.) Indeed, his clinical practice has been entirely devoted to general and
hospital medicine. (Ex. 11, p. 1.) His curriculum vitae offers no indication of any special
competency related to either the diagnosis or treatment of ASDs, such as J.R.B. suffers; nor does
Dr. Marks claim any such expertise in his report. (See Exs. 11, 12.)

        Dr. Wiznitzer, on the other hand, is a pediatrician and neurologist who has devoted his
career to the diagnosis and treatment of ASDs. His curriculum vitae demonstrates that he has
worked for more than 30 years in the field of pediatric developmental disorders with a particular
focus on autism. (See Ex. B.) For example, he spent nearly 20 years as director of the Rainbow
Autism Center (Ex. B, p. 3) and has been a child neurology liaison to both the American
Academy of Pediatrics Autism Subcommittee and the Autism Treatment Network (Ex. A, pp. 1-
2).

         Dr. Marks’ professional biography is noteworthy in that he does hold a Ph.D. in
Microbiology in addition to his M.D., and claims “over 20 years of experience in pharmaceutical
and vaccine medicine,” as well as “several patents concerning vaccines.” (Ex. 11, p. 1.)
However, neither his listed patents nor his graduate studies identify any focus on toxicology, as
would be relevant regarding his claims of alleged mercury and aluminum neurotoxicity. (Ex. 12,
pp. 2-4.) Indeed, his graduate studies focused on plant physiology and immunology. (Ex. 12, p.
3.) And while some of Dr. Marks’ peer-reviewed publications relate to toxicology, many more
relate to other subjects such as bacterial and viral infection. (Ex. 12, pp. 5-7.) Moreover, despite
working in research and regulatory affairs within the pharmaceutical industry, Dr. Marks has no
                                                19
certification in either pharmacology or toxicology, nor has he ever held any clinical practice
position in either field. (Ex. 12, pp. 1-4.)

        Dr. Cetaruk, in contrast, has an extensive career focused particularly on medical
toxicology, which, pertinent to this case, he describes as a specialization in “the assessment,
diagnosis and treatment of adverse effects of pharmaceuticals, non-therapeutic chemicals, natural
toxins, envenomations, as well as other potential toxicants and toxicological conditions.” (Ex. G,
p. 2.) He is board-certified in emergency medicine with a special qualification in medical
toxicology, and is an assistant clinical professor in Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology at the
University of Colorado. (Ex. H, p. 1.) He is a past chair of the American Academy of Clinical
Toxicology Committee on Chemical Terrorism and a manuscript reviewer for the Journal of
Toxicology. (Ex. H, p. 4.) His curriculum vitae lists numerous toxicological papers and
presentations. (Ex. H, pp. 6-10.)

       In sum, Respondent’s experts are far more qualified to speak to the question of whether
tiny amounts of aluminum and mercury contained in some vaccines can contribute to the
development of autism. They have far superior qualifications in the relevant areas of pediatric
developmental disorders, including autism in particular, and toxicology.

B. Respondent’s experts have fully rebutted Dr. Marks’ report.

       It is also significant that in addition to being better qualified, Respondent’s experts
produced reports that are of a higher quality and far more convincingly address the issues in this
case. Their reports fully rebut Dr. Marks’ causation opinion in this case.

        First, I note that Dr. Wiznitzer, following a lengthy and detailed summary of J.R.B.’s
complete medical history, persuasively argues that Dr. Marks has not fully accounted for that
history. Indeed, whereas Dr. Marks failed to fully discuss J.R.B.’s medical history – instead
simply referring the reader back to the medical records – Drs. Wiznitzer and Cetaruk both
included extensive reviews of J.R.B.’s relevant history in their reports. (Compare Ex. 11, p. 1 to
Ex. A, pp. 2-8; Ex. G, p. 3.)

        Dr. Wiznitzer, in particular, argues that J.R.B.’s history, contrary to Dr. Marks’ assertion,
is not consistent with a “regressive encephalopathy,” but rather “fits one of the identified
developmental trajectories [of ASD] – acquisition of some words * * * followed by apparent
expressive/stagnation/slowing of expressive language development with appearance of impaired
socialization.” (Ex. A, p. 9.) He notes that J.R.B.’s contemporaneous medical records report no
regression, and that, in fact, J.R.B.’s co-existing developmental problems showed gradual but
variable improvement over time. (Ex. A, p. 9.) He also notes that despite being diagnosed with a
mitochondrial disorder, “vitamin cocktail” treatment has not resulted in any significant
improvement of his ASD features.18 (Ex. A, p. 10.)

18
        Petitioners make a point of alleging in their amended petition that after beginning his “vitamin
cocktail,” J.R.B.’s “behavior disturbances had dramatically decreased and his flapping movements had
disappeared.” (Am. Pet, p. 3.) And indeed, this improvement is noted in the interval history for his
follow-up exam of October 7, 2009, as having been reported by his mother (albeit in response to
treatment with antibiotics and not attributed to the vitamin cocktail). (Ex. 7, p. 5.) However, at his

                                                    20
         Dr. Witznitzer further notes that J.R.B.’s stable head circumference suggests a lack of
any acute encephalopathy. (Ex. A, p. 10.) He also argues that although acute encephalopathy
can be seen among mitochondrial disorder patients following acute infectious illness, J.R.B.’s
ability to withstand prior febrile illnesses, along with the lack of any noted adverse events
following his immunizations, are facts inconsistent with Dr. Marks’ contention that J.R.B.
experienced neurologic regression related to his mitochondrial disorder after each vaccine. (Id.)

        Dr. Marks’ report does not even identify, let alone address the significance of, any of
these facts. Indeed, Dr. Marks’ most detailed description of J.R.B.’s medical history is that “J.B.
is a male child who developed neurologic adverse effects after repeated vaccinations. He was
subsequently diagnosed with autism and with a mitochondrial disorder.” (Ex. 11, p. 2.)

        Dr. Cetaruk’s toxicological analysis was likewise far more detailed and coherent than Dr.
Marks’ competing interpretation. Although Dr. Cetaruk acknowledged that both mercury and
aluminum can be neurotoxic, he stresses that the question of toxicity is dose-dependent. (Ex. G,
p. 7.) He pointed out that the amounts of aluminum and mercury contained in vaccines are
“magnitudes less” than the doses which have been shown to be neurotoxic. (Id.)

        Dr. Cetaruk also explained that Dr. Marks’ suggestion that “mercury” in vaccines acts as
a neurotoxin is insufficient. He argued that the thimerosal contained in vaccines is metabolized
to ethylmercury, which is distinct from methylmercury, a different type of mercury known to
cause neurological damage if the dosage is sufficient. (Ex. G, p. 4.) Dr. Cetaruk cited studies
showing not only that methlymercury is not a suitable reference to assess the risk of thimerosal,
but also that human infants immunized with thimerosal-containing vaccines showed mercury
levels below even the safety guidelines for methylmercury.19 (Ex. G, pp. 4-5.)

       Dr. Cetaruk further pointed out that Dr. Marks failed to distinguish between the two
major types of aluminum vaccine adjuvant, aluminum hydroxide adjuvant and aluminum
phosphate adjuvant. (Ex. G, p. 6.) After explaining at length the current understanding of how
aluminum adjuvants function in the body, Dr. Cetaruk noted that the two different types of
adjuvant have different chemical compositions, and can have different effects on the body’s
immune response depending on the vaccine’s formulation. (Id.) He also asserted that “there are
no cases published in the peer-reviewed medical literature that report aluminum toxicity,
including neurotoxicity, due [to] the doses of aluminum found in vaccines.” (Id.)

subsequent follow-up, on October 20, 2010, J.R.B.’s father indicated that “there has been no significant
improvement or deterioration in his function.” (Ex. 7, p. 3.) Thereafter, subsequent follow-ups indicate
that J.R.B. was making progress, and that his neurological exam was “stable.” (Ex. 8, p. 17.) Features of
ASD, such as poor eye contact, and understanding but not participating in conversations, remain evident
in the records. (Ex. 8, pp. 13-14.)
         In any event, whether or not J.R.B.’s “vitamin cocktail” treatment has caused any improvement in
his ASD symptoms, there is no evidence in the record that the effectiveness of such a treatment would
constitute an indication that vaccinations had played any role in causing or aggravating the ASD.

19
       I stress again, as discussed in Section VIII(E), that these issues were extensively explored in the
OAP test cases.

                                                    21
        In sum, Dr. Cetaruk argued that Dr. Marks has not presented a reliable scientific basis to
conclude that any causal relationship exists between the aluminum and/or mercury contained in
vaccines and ASD, the condition which affects J.R.B. (Ex. G, pp. 7-8.) In that regard, Dr.
Cetaruk’s point is well taken. 20 Dr. Marks failed not only to acknowledge any of the distinctions
Dr. Cetaruk raised, but indeed failed to even address the actual dosages at issue in J.R.B.’s case.
Moreover, as described in Section VIII(D) above, Dr. Marks also failed to show adequate
scientific support for his assertions regarding the toxicity of either aluminum or mercury.

        Thus, on the whole, I find that Drs. Wiznitzer and Cetaruk fully rebutted Dr. Marks’
report. They noted that Dr. Marks remained silent on crucial points and failed to substantiate
many of his claims. Perhaps more importantly, they also established that Dr. Marks’ report is
actually contrary to both the medical literature and the record of this case on key points.

                                                      X
                      PETITIONERS HAVE FAILED THE ALTHEN TEST
       As noted above, in its ruling in Althen, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
discussed the “causation-in-fact” issue in Vaccine Act cases. The court stated as follows:

        Concisely stated, Althen’s burden is to show by preponderant evidence that the
        vaccination brought about her injury by providing: (1) a medical theory causally
        connecting the vaccination and the injury; (2) a logical sequence of cause and
        effect showing that the vaccination was the reason for the injury; and (3) a
        showing of a proximate temporal relationship between the vaccination and injury.
        If Althen satisfies this burden, she is “entitled to recover unless the [government]
        shows, also by a preponderance of the evidence, that the injury was in fact caused
        by factors unrelated to the vaccine.”

Althen, 418 F.3d 1274, 1278 (Fed. Cir. 2005)(citations omitted). In the pages above, I have
already set forth in detail my analysis in rejecting Petitioners’ “causation-in-fact” theory in this
case. In this part of my Decision, then, I will briefly explain how that analysis fits specifically
within the three parts of the Althen test, enumerated in the first sentence of the Althen excerpt set
forth above. The short answer is that I find that Petitioners’ theory in this case clearly does not
satisfy the Althen test.

A. Relationship between Althen Prongs 1 and 2

        One interpretive issue with the Althen test concerns the relationship between the first two
elements of that test. The first two prongs of the Althen test, as noted above, are that the
petitioners must provide “(1) a medical theory causally connecting the vaccination and the
injury; (2) a logical sequence of cause and effect showing that the vaccination was the reason for
the injury.” Initially, it is not absolutely clear how the two prongs differ from each other. That
20
       I note that to the extent that Dr. Cetaruk’s report set out to “prove a negative” --i.e., to dispute Dr.
Marks’ theory of a causal link--much of his report is necessarily focused on the shortcomings of Dr.
Marks’ report.

                                                      22
is, on their faces, each of the two prongs seems to require a demonstration of a “causal”
connection between the “vaccination” and “the injury.” However, a number of Program
opinions have concluded that these first two elements reflect the analytical distinction that has
been described as the “can cause” vs. “did cause” distinction. That is, in many Program opinions
issued prior to Althen involving “causation-in-fact” issues, special masters or judges stated that a
petitioner must demonstrate (1) that the type of vaccination in question can cause the type of
injury in question, and also (2) that the particular vaccination received by the specific vaccine
did cause the vaccinee’s own injury. See, e.g., Kuperus v. HHS, 2003 WL 22912885, at *8 (Fed.
Cl. Spec. Mstr. Oct. 23, 2003); Helms v. HHS, 2002 WL 31441212, at *18 n. 42 (Fed. Cl. Spec.
Mstr. Aug. 8, 2002). Thus, a number of judges and special masters of this court have concluded
that Prong 1 of Althen is the “can cause” requirement, and Prong 2 of Althen is the “did cause”
requirement. See, e.g., Doe 11 v. HHS, 83 Fed. Cl. 157, 172-73 (2008); Nussman v. HHS, 83
Fed. Cl. 111, 117 (2008); Banks v. HHS, 2007 WL 2296047, at *24 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. July
20, 2007); Zeller v. HHS, 2008 WL 3845155, at *25 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. July 30, 2008). And,
most importantly, the Federal Circuit confirmed that interpretation in Pafford, ruling explicitly
that the “can it?/did it?” test, used by the special master in that case, was equivalent to the first
two prongs of the Althen test. Pafford v. HHS, 451 F.3d at 1352, 1355-56 (Fed. Cir. 2006).
Thus, interpreting the first two prongs of Althen as specified in Pafford, under Prong 1 of Althen
a petitioner must demonstrate that the type of vaccination in question can cause the type of
condition in question; and under Prong 2 of Althen that petitioner must then demonstrate that the
particular vaccination did cause the particular condition of the vaccinee in question.

        Moreover, there can be no doubt whatsoever that the Althen test ultimately requires that,
as an overall matter, a petitioner must demonstrate that it is “more probable than not” that the
particular vaccine was a substantial contributing factor in causing the particular injury in
question. That is clear from the statute itself, which states that the elements of a petitioner’s case
must be established by a “preponderance of the evidence.” § 300aa-13(a)(1)(A). And, whatever
is the precise meaning of Prongs 1 and 2 of Althen, in this case the overall evidence falls far short
of demonstrating that it is “more probable than not” that any of the vaccines that J.R.B. received
contributed to the causation of J.R.B.’s tragic neurodevelopmental disorder.

A. Petitioners have failed to establish Prong 1 of Althen in this case.
        As explained above, under Prong 1 of Althen a petitioner must provide a medical theory
demonstrating that the type of vaccine in question can cause the type of condition in question.
Petitioners’ theory is that some or all of J.R.B.’s vaccinations may have contained either mercury
or aluminum, that these elements are neurotoxins, and that their neurotoxic effects ultimately
aggravated J.R.B.’s mitochondrial disorder, resulting in a regressive encephalopathy manifesting
as autism. (Ex. 11, pp. 2-4.) However, for the reasons set forth in detail above, Petitioners have
not established that any vaccines contain mercury or aluminum in sufficient doses to be
neurotoxic, which is the fundamental basis of their theory. Nor have they established either that
individuals with mitochondrial disorders are predisposed to this alleged vaccine toxicity.21 Thus,
Petitioners’ claim fails under Althen Prong 1.

21
        I further note that to the extent that Dr. Marks’ report seemed, in a rather confused manner, to
reference other possible causal mechanisms in addition to neurotoxicity, those suggested means of injury
are likewise insufficiently substantiated. (See Sections VIII(C) and (D), supra.)

                                                   23
B. Petitioners have failed to establish Prong 2 of Althen in this case.

         Under Prong 2, the Petitioners need to show that it is “more probable than not” that one
of J.R.B.’s vaccinations did cause J.R.B.’s own condition. But this they have failed to do, for all
of the reasons detailed above. I note in particular that Dr. Marks has failed to even specifically
identify any vaccine or vaccines that he believes did cause J.R.B.’s condition. Thus, even if
Petitioners had established as a general matter that some vaccines contain potentially injurious
neurotoxic elements, they still would not have established that any of J.R.B.’s own vaccinations
fit into such a category. And in any event, J.R.B.’s medical records do not support Dr. Marks’
argument that J.R.B. experienced “a stepwise regression after each vaccine administration.” (Ex.
11, p. 3.) This was the only basis that Dr. Marks articulated for believing that his theory was
operative in J.R.B.’s case in particular. Moreover, Dr. Wiznitzer adequately rebutted Petitioners’
contention that J.R.B.’s clinical history is consistent with a “regressive encephalopathy” after his
vaccine administration, arguing instead that his condition is consistent with the onset of an ASD
unrelated to vaccination. Thus, Petitioners have failed to establish Prong 2 of Althen in this
case.22

22
        To clarify, Petitioners have failed to show that J.R.B.’s autism was either initially caused by his
vaccinations, or was aggravated in any way by his vaccinations.
        In this regard, I note that where a petitioner in a causation-in-fact (or “off-Table”) vaccine case is
seeking to prove that a vaccination aggravated a pre-existing injury, in addition to the three Althen factors
discussed herein, the factfinder ordinarily must also apply three additional factors. See Loving v. HHS, 86
Fed. Cl. 135, 144 (Fed. Cl. 2009)(combining the first three Whitecotton factors for claims regarding
aggravation claims with the three Althen factors for causation-in-fact injury claims to create a six-
part test, for causation-in-fact aggravation claims); see also W.C. v. HHS, 704 F.3d 1352, 1357
(Fed. Cir. 2013)(applying the six-part Loving test.). The additional Loving factors require the
Petitioners to demonstrate aggravation by showing: (1) the vacinee’s condition prior to the
administration of the vaccine, (2) the vacinee’s current condition, and (3) whether the vacinee’s
current condition constitutes a “significant aggravation” of the condition prior to the vaccination.
(Id.) Although Petitioners in this case are technically advancing an “aggravation” claim, in that
they assert that J.R.B.’s autism is a result of an aggravation of his mitochondrial disorder by his
vaccinations, it is unnecessary to separately reach the additional Loving factors in this case. For
the reasons discussed below, the Althen factors, which are themselves incorporated into the
Loving test, decide this case on the question of possible vaccine involvement, without the need to
determine under the complete Loving test whether J.R.B.’s autism actually constitutes an
aggravation of his mitochondrial disorder. (In other words, whether or not his ASD constitutes an
aggravation of his mitochondrial disorder, or his ASD is in any way connected to his
mitochondrial disorder, is irrelevant here, because there is an complete lack of persuasive
evidence that J.R.B.’s vaccinations played any role in causing or aggravating either his
mitochondrial disorder or his ASD.)

                                                     24
C. Petitioners have failed to establish Prong 3 of Althen in this case.

        Since I have explained why Petitioners have failed to satisfy the first and second prongs
of Althen, I need not discuss why Petitioners’ case also fails to satisfy the third prong. However,
I note again that Dr. Marks’ reliance on a “stepwise regression after each vaccine administration”
is not supported by the record. Moreover, he explicitly declined to set forth any expected
timeframe, after vaccination, in which one would expect a condition like J.R.B.’s to develop. He
stated that “there are vaccines which can cause either a more rapid or a less rapid neuro toxicity,
so either response is seen and documented in the medical literature. Time to injury itself does
not include or exclude vaccine injury.” (Ex. 11, p. 3.) Dr. Marks provided no citation for this
assertion. Without further substantiation from Dr. Marks, this would preclude any finding of a
proximate temporal relationship between the vaccination and the injury, as required under Althen
Prong 3.

D. This is not a close case

        As noted above, in Althen the Federal Circuit indicated that the Vaccine Act involves a
“system created by Congress, in which close calls regarding causation are resolved in favor of
injured claimants.” 418 F.3d at 1280. Accordingly, I note here that this case ultimately is not a
close case. For all the reasons set forth above, I found that Dr. Marks’ theory was not at all
persuasive, while Respondent’s experts were far more persuasive.

                                                    XI

                                            CONCLUSION

        The record of this case demonstrates plainly that J.R.B. and his family have been through
a tragic ordeal, and I have great sympathy for the family. However, I must decide this case not
on sentiment, but by analyzing the evidence. Congress designed the Program to compensate
only the families of those individuals whose injuries or deaths can be linked causally, either by a
Table Injury presumption or by a preponderance of “causation-in-fact” evidence, to a listed
vaccine. In this case, the evidence advanced by the Petitioners has fallen far short of
demonstrating such a link. Accordingly, I conclude that the Petitioners in this case are not
entitled to a Program award on J.R.B.’s behalf.23

                                                          /s/ George L. Hastings, Jr.
                                                            George L. Hastings, Jr.
                                                            Special Master

23
        In the absence of a timely-filed motion for review of this Decision, the Clerk of the Court shall
enter judgment accordingly.

                                                    25