Court Opinion

ID: 4411544
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-06-27 20:02:46.582033+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:27:42.505958
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

STEPHEN G. PERLMAN, REARDEN LLC,                 )
and ARTEMIS NETWORKS LLC,                        )
                                                 )
                               Plaintiffs,       )
                                                 )
                  v.                             ) C.A. No. 10046-VCS
                                                 )
VOX MEDIA, INC.,                                 )
                                                 )
                               Defendant.        )

                         MEMORANDUM OPINION

                        Date Submitted: April 17, 2019
                         Date Decided: June 27, 2019

Matthew E. Fischer, Esquire, Jacob R. Kirkham, Esquire and Jacqueline A. Rogers,
Esquire of Potter Anderson & Corroon LLP, Wilmington, Delaware, Attorneys for
Plaintiffs.

Peter L. Frattarelli, Esquire of Archer & Greiner, P.C., Wilmington, Delaware and
James Rosenfeld, Esquire and Jeremy A. Chase, Esquire of Davis Wright Tremaine
LLP, New York, New York, Attorneys for Defendant.

SLIGHTS, Vice Chancellor
      The dispositive question presented by Defendant, Vox Media, Inc., in its

motion for summary judgment reduces to this: can a plaintiff invoke this court’s

limited subject matter jurisdiction in connection with a claim for defamation by

seeking a mandatory injunction to compel the defendant to remove the allegedly

defamatory statement from an online publication? In my view, the answer to that

question is no.

      Plaintiffs, Stephen G. Perlman, and his companies, Rearden LLC (“Rearden”)

and Artemis Networks LLC (“Artemis”), filed their Verified Second Amended

Complaint (the “Complaint”) against Vox on December 24, 2014,1 in which they

assert claims for defamation arising from two allegedly defamatory statements made

in separate articles posted in Vox’s online publication known as The Verge.

Specifically, Plaintiffs seek a final judgment: (1) declaring the articles contain

defamatory statements about Plaintiffs; (2) compelling Vox to remove all

defamatory statements about Plaintiffs from its websites and related social media

accounts; (3) compelling Vox to publish a retraction of the allegedly defamatory

articles at the Uniform Resource Locator (“URL” or web address) of each article and

1
  Plaintiffs’ initial Complaint and Verified First Amended Complaint, filed August 18,
2014 and September 24, 2014, respectively, asserted claims against both Vox Media, Inc.
and Vox Media Partner LLC, but Plaintiffs’ Verified Second Amended Complaint, filed
December 24, 2014, asserts claims only against Vox Media, Inc.

                                          1
on The Verge’s main page;2 and (4) awarding compensatory damages in an amount

to be determined at trial.

         In this Memorandum Opinion, following this court’s scholarly and thoughtful

Opinion in Organovo Hldgs., Inc. v. Dimitrov, I conclude that, in connection with a

claim for defamation, the Court of Chancery, in all instances, lacks subject matter

jurisdiction to adjudicate the questions of whether a defendant made a false

statement about the plaintiff and whether it did so with actual malice.3 A defendant

alleged to have committed the tort of defamation is entitled, should she wish, to have

a jury decide those threshold questions. If the jury declares that the defendant is

liable for defamation, then the plaintiff may seek to enforce that declaration of

defamation with mandatory injunctive relief in Chancery, but only in the event the

declaration is not enough to prompt the defendant to remove the defamatory content

from the offending site.4 Because this Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction to

adjudicate the factual questions implicated by Plaintiffs’ claims for defamation,

Defendant’s motion for summary judgment must be granted.

2
  Given the time that has elapsed since the articles were published, Plaintiffs no longer seek
to compel Vox to publish a retraction. Pls.’ Answering Br. in Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. for
Summ. J. 27 n.84.
3
    Organovo Hldgs., Inc. v. Dimitrov, 162 A.3d 102 (Del. Ch. 2017) (Laster, V.C.).
4
  Id. at 124 (“[T]he potential availability of permanent injunctive relief following an
adjudication of falsity that is narrowly tailored to the scope of the adjudication cannot reach
back to support equitable jurisdiction.”).

                                              2
                            I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

         For purposes of this Memorandum Opinion, I have focused on the facts

relevant to the subject matter jurisdiction issue.5 I have drawn the facts from the

admissions in the pleadings, uncontested facts presented in the parties’ submissions

and those matters of which the Court may take judicial notice.6 I have resolved any

doubt as to the absence of a genuine issue of fact in favor of Plaintiffs as the non-

moving parties.7

     A. The Parties

         Plaintiff, Stephen Perlman, is an entrepreneur and founder of technology

companies including Plaintiffs, Rearden and Artemis.8 Perlman serves as President

5
  The Court provided an extensive discussion of the factual background of this dispute in
its decision on Defendant’s motion to dismiss. Perlman v. Vox Media, Inc., 2015
WL 5724838 (Del. Ch. Sept. 30, 2015). Vox did not raise subject matter jurisdiction as a
defense at that time, presumably because Organovo had not yet been decided. While it is
unfortunate the jurisdictional question has been raised so late in this litigation, I note that
the question of whether Chancery has subject matter jurisdiction over an action cannot be
waived and may be raised by the parties or the Court at any time. See Ct. Ch. R. 12(b)(3);
IBM Corp. v. Comdisco, Inc., 602 A.2d 74, 77 n.5 (Del. Ch. 1991) (“[U]nlike many
jurisdictions, judges in the Delaware Court of Chancery are obligated to decide whether a
matter comes within the equitable jurisdiction of this Court regardless of whether the issue
has been raised by the parties.”).
6
  See Ct. Ch. R. 56(c). Citations to the Verified Second Amended Compl. will be to
“SAC ¶ __.” and to the Def.’s Answer to Pls.’ Verified SAC will be to “Answer ¶ __.”
7
    Brown v. Ocean Drilling & Expl. Co., 403 A.2d 1114, 1115 (Del. 1979).
8
    SAC ¶¶ 12–14; Answer ¶ 12.

                                              3
and Chief Executive Officer of both companies.9 Plaintiff, Artemis, is wholly owned

by Rearden; Plaintiff, Reardon, is wholly owned by Perlman.10

         Defendant, Vox, a Delaware corporation, owns and operates The Verge, an

online publication that covers the intersection of technology, science, culture and

transportation. Vox also owns the online publications Polygon, Vox and SB Nation.11

      B. OnLive, Inc.

         In 2003, Perlman founded non-party, OnLive, Inc., which operated a video

game streaming service by the same name (“OnLive Service”). 12 After several

efforts to raise capital for OnLive Service failed,13 OnLive, Inc. was forced to enter

into an Assignment for the Benefit of Creditors (“ABC”), under which it transferred

its assets and OnLive Service to OL2, Inc. (“OL2”), an entity operated by technology

investor Gary Lauder.14 Following the ABC, in late August 2012, OnLive, Inc. had

9
    Answer ¶ 12.
10
     Id. ¶¶ 3–14.
11
     SAC ¶ 15.
12
   Id. ¶ 16; Answer ¶¶ 16–18; Transmittal Aff. of Jacob R. Kirkham in Support of
Pls.’ Answering Br. in Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J. (“Kirkham Aff.”) Ex. 1;
Transmittal Aff. of Peter L. Frattarelli in Supp. of Def. Vox Media, Inc.’s Mot. for
Summ. J. (“Frattarelli Aff.”) Ex. 17 (“Perlman Dep.”) 28:19–29:11.
13
     Perlman Dep. 38:1–11, 39:15–19, 40:6–7, 41:15–18; Kirkham Aff. Ex. 2.
14
     Perlman Dep. 65:24–66:6.

                                            4
“no assets or operations,” “no officers or employees . . . [and] no records.”15

In connection with the ABC, Russell Burbank was hired as OnLive, Inc.’s board

director, manager and liquidating agent through at least April 21, 2015.16

He managed the company’s business dealings17 and supervised the “wind[ing] up of

the company, [including eventually] . . . dissolv[ing] it.”18

         After years of inactivity, in April 2015, OnLive Service finally ceased

operations altogether when OL2 sold its patents to Sony.19 OnLive announced,

“[a]fter April 30, 2015, our data centers will shut down and the service will be

15
   Frattarelli Aff. Ex. 23 at 1 & Ex. 26 at 1. The company did not revamp operations, buy
assets, earn revenues, hire employees, hold board meetings or pay franchise taxes.
See Frattarelli Aff. Ex. 10 Interrogatory Responses (“Interrogatory Resp.”) 11–13;
Frattarelli Aff. Ex. 18 (“Burbank Dep.”) 12:17–14:7, 16:2–16, 36:4–22, 55:9–17;
Frattarelli Aff. Ex. 27. OnLive, Inc. was effectively “defunct.” See Frattarelli Aff. Ex. 28
at 1; Burbank Dep. at 73:1–14.
16
     Burbank Dep. 88:6–16.
17
     Interrogatory Resp. No. 11; Perlman Dep. 56:1–77:3.
18
     Burbank Dep. 16:17–20, 29:21–30:13; Frattarelli Aff. Ex. 23 at 1–2.
19
   Perlman, 2015 WL 5724838, at *35–36; Frattarelli Aff. Ex. 16 (“Anderson Dep.”)
142:24–25; Burbank Dep. 88:2–89:5. See Frattarelli Aff. Ex. 29 (“Amid financial turmoil,
OnLive––as we knew it––folded in 2012, and Perlman left. Since then, OnLive has been
under the radar, to say the least.”); Frattarelli Aff. Ex. 31 (OnLive “didn’t exactly
disappear, but it did go incredibly quiet”).

                                              5
offline. All accounts will be closed, and all data deleted . . . .”20 Until at least

March 1, 2014, OnLive, Inc. remained a Delaware corporation.21

      C. The 2012 Articles

          On August 19, 2012, The Verge published an article by Tracey Lien titled

“OnLive’s bankruptcy protection filing leaves former employees in the dark”

(“August 19 Article”).22 That same day, Jane Anderson, who was responsible for

OnLive, Inc.’s communications and public relations, contacted individuals at The

Verge, including Sean Hollister, to alert them of what she believed to be inaccuracies

in the article.23       After investigating Anderson’s concerns, The Verge directed

Hollister to write a corrected version of the August 19 Article.24 The Verge removed

the original version of the August 19 Article and published the corrected version.25

The content of the original article, however, remained available online.26

20
     Frattarelli Aff. Ex. 32.
21
     Kirkham Aff. Ex. 1.
22
   Frattarelli Aff. Ex. 1 Aff. of Nalay Patel in Supp. of Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J.
(“Patel Aff.”) ¶¶ 1, 3, 4. The “bankruptcy protection” referred to in the article apparently
was a reference to the ABC filing.
23
 See Anderson Dep. 46:12–47:25; Frattarelli Aff. Ex. 2 Aff. of Sean Hollister in Supp. of
Def.’s Mot. for Summ. J. (“Hollister Aff.”) ¶ 3.
24
     See Hollister Aff. ¶ 3; Anderson Dep. at 51:8–17, 49:1–24.
25
     Hollister Aff. ¶ 3; Frattarelli Ex. 3 (Corrected August 19 Article).
26
     See, e.g., Kirkham Exs. 8–12.

                                                6
           On August 28, 2012, The Verge published an article by Hollister titled

“OnLive lost: how the paradise of streaming games was undone by one man’s ego”

(“August 28 Article”          and,    together    with     the   August      19    Article,   the

“2012 Articles”).27 Hollister emailed the final draft of the August 28 Article to

Anderson and notified her that he intended to publish.28 Anderson tried to reach

Hollister by phone and email to fact check the August 28 Article before it was

posted.29 They did not connect, however, and the article was published as written

by Hollister.30

27
  Patel Aff. ¶ 5; Certification of Peter L. Frattarelli in Supp. of Def.’s Mot. For Summ. J.
(“Frattarelli Cert.”) ¶¶ 4–5; Frattarelli Cert., Ex. 4 (August 28 Article).
28
     Hollister’s email stated:

           Hey! Just wanted to give you a heads up that [Vox is] going to be running
           with a report that I don’t think you’ll like very much . . . I originally wanted
           to reach out to you and go through a process and maybe get some of
           [Perlman’s] perspective (which I’d still like, honestly!) but the team decided
           I’d done enough interviewing already and that the story was getting away
           from me. I just don’t want you to read this and have an aneurysm or
           anything! You’re far too nice for that! –Sean

Frattarelli Ex. 14.
29
     Id.
30
   Perlman Dep. 183:24–25, 140:18–141:5; Anderson Dep. 72:25–74:18; Hollister
Aff. ¶¶ 5–7, Ex. A.

                                                  7
           When Perlman read the August 28 Article, he believed it was a “complete

fiction.”31      He was “concerned [the article] would harm Reardon’s business

reputation and his own personal and business reputation.32

      D. The 2014 Article

           On February 19, 2014, The Verge published an article titled “The man behind

OnLive has a plan to fix your terrible cellphone service,” by Aaron Souppouris

(“2014 Article”).33 The 2014 Article opened, “Steve Perlman, the creator of the

defunct game-streaming service OnLive, claims he has the answer to slow wireless

service.”34 The words “defunct game-streaming service OnLive” hyperlinked to the

August 28 Article, allegedly for background information.35 The 2014 Article went

on to discuss a new wireless antenna developed by Perlman and Artemis called

“pCell.”36 According to Plaintiffs, the reference to OnLive as “defunct,” the link to

the defamatory August 28 Article and certain criticisms of the pCell technology

render the 2019 Article defamatory.

31
     Perlman Dep. 120:5–12.
32
     Id. 122:14–21; see Anderson Dep. 72:18–24.
33
     Frattarelli Ex. 5.
34
     Id.
35
     Patel Aff. ¶¶ 7–9; Frattarelli Ex. 5.
36
     See Frattarelli Ex. 5.

                                             8
      E. Procedural Posture

           On August 18, 2014, Plaintiffs filed their initial Verified Complaint asserting

that Vox made false statements about Plaintiffs in articles published from August 19,

2012 through February 19, 2014, and that the false statements continue to cause

irreparable harm to Plaintiffs’ reputations.37 They sought damages and mandatory

injunctive relief.38 On September 24, 2014, Plaintiffs filed their Verified First

Amended Complaint.39 Vox responded with its motion to dismiss the Verified First

Amended Complaint.40

           On December 24, 2014, Plaintiffs filed their Verified Second Amended

Complaint.41 On January 15, 2015, Vox moved to dismiss that Complaint, arguing

Plaintiffs’ claims were untimely as to the 2012 Articles and otherwise failed because

the 2014 Article was substantially true and did not republish the 2012 Articles.42

Vice Chancellor Parsons denied the motion to dismiss on September 30, 2015.43

37
     D.I. 1.
38
     Id.
39
     D.I. 4.
40
     D.I. 6.
41
     D.I. 11.
42
     D.I. 12.
43
     D.I. 22.

                                              9
         On October 28, 2015, Vox filed its Answer to the Plaintiffs’ Verified Second

Amended Complaint in which it raised twenty affirmative defenses, including that

the Court lacked subject matter jurisdiction.44 On October 12, 2017, the Court

granted a stipulation and order governing the case schedule whereby the parties

agreed to bifurcate fact discovery to allow Vox to move for summary judgment on

its affirmative defenses.45 On September 28, 2018, Vox filed its motion for summary

judgment,46 and the Court heard oral argument on that motion on March 21, 2019.47

                                II. LEGAL ANALYSIS

         The Court of Chancery is proudly a court of limited jurisdiction. Its judges

will adjudicate claims only when (1) the complaint states a claim for relief that is

equitable in character, (2) the complaint requests an equitable remedy when there is

no adequate remedy at law or (3) Chancery is vested with jurisdiction by statute.48

In addition to these settled bases for subject matter jurisdiction, to avoid piecemeal

litigation, the so-called “clean-up doctrine” allows Chancery to exercise subject

44
     D.I. 23.
45
     D.I. 40.
46
     D.I. 71.
47
     D.I. 125.
48
   See Candlewood, 859 A.2d at 997; 10 Del. C. §§ 341, 342. See also, e.g., 8 Del. C.
§ 111.

                                          10
jurisdiction over a claim at law if the plaintiff has stated a bona fide claim over which

Chancery had original subject matter jurisdiction.49

         As well and thoroughly explained in Organovo, courts adhering to a common

law tradition historically have reserved determinations of falsity and malice for the

collective wisdom of a jury rather than cast a judge as the sole arbiter of defamation

and libel.50 With this and other considerations in mind, Vice Chancellor Laster

concluded in Organovo that the plaintiff’s defamation claim should be dismissed for

want of subject matter jurisdiction.51 He then allowed the plaintiff to elect to transfer

its case to the Superior Court.52

49
     See generally Kraft v. Wisdom Trees Invs., Inc., 145 A.3d 969, 975 (Del. Ch. 2016).
50
  See Organovo, 162 A.3d at 114–19 (citing, among other authority, Michael I. Meyerson,
The Neglected History of the Prior Restraint Doctrine: Rediscovering the Link Between
the First Amendment and the Separation of Powers, 34 Ind. L. Rev. 295, 306 (2001)
(observing that “one of the major Eighteenth Century battles for freedom of the press was
to give jurors, rather than judges, the power to determine whether publications were in fact
defamatory.”); Kidd v. Horry, 28 F. 773, 776 (C.C.E.D. Pa. 1886) (“Charges of slander are
peculiarly adapted to and require trial by jury.”); Am. Malting Co. v. Keitel, 209 F. 351,
356 (2d Cir. 1913) (“In a country which has constitutional guarantees of freedom of speech
and of the press and of trial by jury, courts of equity should be slow to assume that they
possess a power to deal with the publication of libels that the High Court of Chancery in
England disclaimed.”)).
51
  Organovo, 162 A.3d at 125 (noting that “[e]quity and law courts should not be placed in
the position of competing for litigation nor should [a] [p]laintiff be afforded a choice of
forums.”).
52
   Id. at 127 (invoking 10 Del. C. § 1902). Accord, Nichols v. Lewis, 2007 WL 1584622,
at *1 (Del. Ch. May 24, 2007) (Strine, V.C.) (transferring trade libel claims to Superior
Court following dismissal of other claims).

                                              11
       Plaintiffs would have me either depart from Organovo or distinguish the

decision on the ground that Vice Chancellor Laster was addressing a prayer for

injunctive relief with respect to future defamatory statements whereas Plaintiffs here

seek an injunction to require Vox to remove defamatory statements already made

from the websites where the statements are now posted. In this regard, Plaintiffs

maintain that Organovo simply applied the “traditional maxim that ‘equity will not

enjoin a libel.’”53

       Plaintiffs are correct; Organovo did address a plaintiff’s request that the court

restrain future libelous statements. But that posture did not animate or alter the

court’s thorough discussion of defamation as a claim uniquely suited for

adjudication by a law court, and specifically, if either party demands, by a jury. That

holds true even where the plaintiff may ultimately seek equity’s intervention to

compel a defendant found liable of defamation to take down a defamatory statement

from a post that remains available for consumption on the internet.54

53
   2 Rodney A. Smolla, Law of Defamation § 9.85 (2d ed. 2012); see also 2 ROBERT D.
SACK, SACK ON DEFAMATION: LIBEL, SLANDER AND RELATED PROBLEMS § 10.6.1 (4th ed.
2010) (“One principle long adhered to in defamation cases is that courts will not enjoin
libels.”); David S. Ardia, Freedom of Speech, Defamation, and Injunctions, 55 William &
Mary L. Rev. 1, 18 (2013) (“The no-injunction rule has been a fixture of Anglo-American
law for more than three centuries.”); Capstack Nashville 3 LLC v. MacVenture P’rs, 2018
WL 3949274, at *6 (Del. Ch. Aug. 16, 2018) (holding that “the rule against speech
restraints” prohibited the entry of a temporary restraining order to prevent future alleged
“trade libel”).
54
   See Organovo, 163 A.3d at 124 (holding that “the potential availability of permanent
injunctive relief following an adjudication of falsity that is narrowly tailored to the scope

                                             12
         Moreover, “[d]amages are [the] standard remedy for defamation.”55 Indeed,

the crux of what Plaintiffs seek here are damages caused by Vox’s conduct “in an

amount to be determined at trial.”56 Although Plaintiffs try to dress their allegations

of “lost business opportunities and lost investments” as irreparable harm, those

losses, if proven, are readily and historically compensable by damages.57 If it is

determined that Plaintiffs require an injunction after a jury has adjudicated their

                       Remainder of page intentionally left blank

of the adjudication cannot reach back to support equitable jurisdiction”) (emphasis
supplied).
55
  Organovo, 162 A.3d at 114. See Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co., 497 U.S. 1, 23 (1990)
(“[I]mperfect though it is, an action for damages is the only hope for vindication or redress
the law gives to a man whose reputation has been falsely dishonored.”).
56
     SAC ¶ 11.
57
   Id. ¶¶ 108–10 (alleging Artemis lost $100 million investments in 2014). See Danias v.
Fakis, 261 A.2d 529, 531–32 (Del. Super. 1969) (observing that harm in a defamation
action is “capable of being measured in money with approximate exactness”); ROBERT D.
SACK, SACK ON DEFAMATION: LIBEL, SLANDER AND RELATED PROBLEMS § 10.5.1
(4th ed. 2010) (“Where the plaintiff loses money as a result of the defamation, that loss,
when proved, can of course be the basis for a [damages] award.”).

                                             13
defamation claims,58 then the case can be transferred to Chancery59 or, if deemed

appropriate, the assigned Superior Court judge can be designated as a Vice

Chancellor to provide the suitable equitable remedy.60

58
   I note that the need for later injunctive relief is unlikely given that Plaintiffs seek a
declaratory judgment that the offending statements are defamatory. If Plaintiffs secure that
declaration, and thereafter demand that Vox take down the defamatory statements, it would
be foolish and wasteful for Vox to decline that request and thereby require Plaintiffs to
initiate further litigation to compel that result. I note separately that Vox has raised laches,
a uniquely equitable defense, as an affirmative defense to Plaintiffs’ defamation claim, a
claim unique to the common law. Should Plaintiffs elect to transfer their claims to the
Superior Court, the timeliness of the defamation claim can be tested under traditional
statute of limitations analyses. This is yet another reason why the Superior Court should
be adjudicating these claims.
59
  See 10 Del. C. § 1902; see, e.g., Draper v. Westwood Dev. P’rs, LLC, 2010 WL 2432896,
at *5 (Del. Ch. June 3, 2010) (transferring case back to Superior Court where it was
originally filed); Mass. Mut. Life Ins. v. Certain Underwriters at Lloyd’s of London, 2010
WL 3724745, at *4 (Del. Ch. Sept. 24, 2010) (same).
60
   Del. Const. art. IV § 13(2); Employers Ins. Co. of Wausau v. Pinkerton’s Inc., 2004
WL 1195369, at *1 (Del. Super. May 11, 2004) (“Subsequent to transfer . . . to the Court
of Chancery, either party may petition for, or either court may sua sponte initiate,
proceedings to consolidate the cases before one Judge or Chancellor in accordance with
Article IV, Section 13(2) of the Delaware Constitution of 1897.”). See, e.g., Caldera
Properties-Lewes/Rehoboth VII, LLC v. Ridings Dev., LLC, 2009 WL 2231716
(Del. Super. May 29, 2009) (Judge Graves presiding over consolidated case as both
Superior Court Judge and Vice Chancellor by designation); Reybold Venture Gp. XI-A,
LLC v. Atl. Meridian Crossing, LLC, 2009 WL 143107, at *6 n.44 (Del. Super. Jan. 20,
2009) (dismissing case for lack of subject matter jurisdiction but recommending
appointment as Vice Chancellor by designation); Monsanto Co. v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co.,
1989 WL 997183, at *3 (Del. Super. Sept. 29, 1989) (defendant moved to dismiss or
transfer in favor of parallel litigation in Court of Chancery and Judge Martin denied the
motion after being designated to sit in Chancery by designation); New Castle Cty. v.
Christiana Town Ctr., LLC, 2004 WL 1835103 (Del. Ch. Aug. 16, 2004) (Judge Gebelein
sitting as Vice Chancellor by designation); Interim Healthcare, Inc. v. Spherion Corp.,
2003 WL 22902879 (Del. Ch. Nov. 19, 2003) (then-Judge Slights sitting as Vice
Chancellor by designation).

                                              14
                            III. CONCLUSION

      Having found the Court of Chancery lacks subject matter jurisdiction to

adjudicate defamation claims, Defendant’s motion for summary judgment must be

GRANTED, subject to Plaintiffs electing to have the matter transferred to the

Superior Court.

      IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                     15