Court Opinion

ID: 6675692
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-20 21:15:40.201624+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:00:41.909080
License: Public Domain

Mr. Ci-iiee Justice Simpson,
dissenting. One A. F. Kitchens, an insolvent debtor, being indebted, among others, to the plaintiff, for the purpose of securing said indebtedness, on October 5,1882, executed and delivered to the plaintiff a paper styled in the complaint a chattel mortgage, conveying to the plaintiff a considerable quantity of personal property — in fact, as is stated, all that Kitchens possessed. This mortgage was regularly recorded, and was executed upon the condition “that if the sum of $1,543, the amount of plaintiff’s claim, was not paid by the 1st day of January, 1883, with the interest thereon, then the said plaintiff was empowered to sell the property, or so much thereof as might be necessary to satisfy said indebtedness.” On the same day the said Kitchens conveyed to the plaintiff certain real *113property, all that he owned, subject to execution for debt, in consideration of thirty-five bales of cotton to be delivered by the plaintiff to the estate of one Robert Patterson, another creditor of Kitchens.
On February 10, 1883, the mortgage debt secured by the chattel mortgage above mentioned, not having been paid, in consideration thereof, and further, the plaintiff having agreed to credit said indebtedness with $1,498.99, Kitchens transferred by bill of sale to the plaintiff the greater part of the property embraced and described in said mortgage, including among other articles a considerable quantity of cotton, some twenty-five bales, then on the railroad platform at Richburg, in said county.
On April 5, 1883, the defendants, Cousar & Son, having obtained a judgment against Kitchens, and having executed an indemnity bond to the sheriff, with the defendant Leard as surety thereto, caused this cotton to be levied and afterwards sold in satisfaction of said judgment, Cousar & Son being the highest bidders, at 9-| per pound, the whole purchase amounting to $1,071.45 — no part of which was paid to the plaintiff. Under this state of facts, the action below was commenced, the plaintiff having demanded possession of the sheriff more than once before the cotton was sold. -In the complaint plaintiff prayed judgment for the sum of $1,071.45, with interest from the day of sale and costs.
The defendants alleged in their answer that Kitchens was insolvent at the time the papers above referred to were executed, and that such being the fact the said papers, covering as they did the entire property, both real and personal, of Kitchens, and making provision for the payment of a debt to the estate of Patterson, another creditor of Kitchens, on the delivery of twenty-five bales of cotton to said estate by the plaintiff, were executed in fraud of chapter 72 of the general statutes in reference to assignments for the benefit of creditors, and therefore void.
At the trial the defendants (endeavoring to sustain the allegations in the answer, i. e., that Kitchens had embraced all of his property in the conveyances to the plaintiff), when Kitchens was on the stand as a witness, propounded to him .the following question, i. e., “What property did you own on the 5th of October, *1141882 ?” Upon objection, this question was ruled incompetent and irrelevant under the pleadings, the Circuit judge holding that, admitting the truth of the allegations' interposed in the defence, yet they would constitute a legal defence, as the transactions therein charged, even if true, were not violative of chapter 72 of the general statutes. Upon this ruling, no further evidence was offered, and a verdict was rendered for the plaintiff for the sum of $899.98. The appeal assigns error to this ruling.
The sole, question, therefore, before us is, Do the facts of the case, as herein above stated, bring the case under the provisions of chapter 72 of the general statutes? If so, the appeal must be sustained, otherwise the judgment below must be affirmed. We will confine ourselves to this question, anything further would be obiter and misleading.
Chapter 72 of the general statutes contains twelve sections, and it is entitjed “Of assignments for the benefit of creditors.” The most important sections, and the only ones necessary to be considered here, are sections 2014 and 2015. Section 2014 imperatively forbids an insolvent debtor from giving a preference to any one creditor over another in any assignment made for the benefit of creditors, except to the public, and to such creditors as may release their claims upon accepting the terms of the assignment ; and it declares that any assignment executed by an insolvent debtor, with a preference other than as stated, shall be absolutely null and void. Section 2015 provides that if any insolvent person shall, within ninety days before the execution of an assignment for the benefit of creditors, prefer one debtor, by procuring or suffering any part of his property to be attached, sequestered, or seized in execution in his behalf, or makes any payment, pledge, assignment, transfer, or conveyance of any part of his property, &c., &c., the person securing such payment, pledge, &c., having cause to believe that such debtor is insolvent, the same shall be void; and the assignee may recover the said property, or the value of it, from the person so benefited.
It is hardly necessary to refer to authorities for the position that a debtor, as a general rule, may pay one creditor in advance and in preference of another. Nor can it be denied that he can sell and transfer his property, in part or in whole, as he may *115desire, without consulting, and even in defiance of, his creditors, provided the transaction is based upon a sufficient consideration and is bona fide. This acknowledged right springs from that recognized dominion which every person has over his own property, and which is so necessary to the pursuits and duties of life. It is true that it is difficult to harmonize this dominion of the"debtor with the just claims of creditors in all eases, and sometimes injustice no doubt is done in the application of the above principle. Yet, as a general principle of law, it has been long established and is well recognized.
Where, however, a man becomes insolvent, and he finds it necessary to surrender his property, in whole or in part, to his creditors, either voluntarily or by force of law, equity demands that creditors of all grades and classes should come in for a share of his estate, and all insolvent laws should be enacted to this end. The act under discussion seems to have recognized this principle, and was based upon it. But this act does not undertake to repeal the common law right referred to above except to tbe extent of prohibiting a preference within ninety days prior to the execution of an assignment for the benefit of creditors generally. At any time before ninety days prior to such assignment the right of debtors is the same since the act as before its passage.
This does not seem to be denied by the appellants, and it is not contended by them that the mere fact that Kitchens preferred the plaintiff in the mortgage and bill of sale of his personal property, and that he made provision for the payment of the estate of Patterson in the sale of his real estate to the plaintiff, per se renders said sales invalid and void. These sales, if regarded as ordinary transactions, and governed by the common principles in such cases, if founded upon valuable considerations and bona fide, would be unimpeachable. It is, however, urged that all of these papers must be considered together as one transaction, and it is insisted that when so considered they constitute in substance an assignment for the benefit of creditors, and a preference being given therein to the plaintiff and to the estate of Patterson over other creditors, they must be held void under the express terms of the act. If this be the proper construction of these papers, then this position of appellants is well founded.
*116But can such construction be sustained ? Do these papers, when considered as a unity, amount to an assignment for the benefit of creditors, with a preference expressed in favor of the plaintiff and the estate of Patterson over all other creditors, and therefore in violation of section 2014 of the act ? There is no pretence that the other section, 2015, has been violated, as there is no allegation of a sale or transfer by Kitchens within ninety days previous to the execution of the papers relied on as constituting the assignment, the position being, that all of the papers must be regarded as one transaction, and in that way constituting an assignment. Nor can it be sez-iously uz-ged that these papers, when united and considered as one instrument, with the provisions in each examined as if contained in a single paper, are ■characterized with the form or any of the features of a genez'al assignment for the benefit of creditors, such an assignmezit as the act under consideration was intended to regulate and control.
When these instruments are examined separately, the first is a mortgage in form and in all of its features, and was intended to secure the payment of a single debt to a single creditor; the second is an ordinary conveyance of real estate upon the consideration that the purchaser would pay a debt of the grantor to a third party, a valuable and legal consideration, and the third is a bill of sale of a portion of the property embraced in the mortgage, in payment of the debt intended to be thus secured. When taken together’, they amount to-a sale and conveyance by Kitchens to the plaintiff of the property therein described, upon a sufficient consideration and upon a fair and just valuation, there being no allegation that the debts secured and paid were fictitious, or that the property was taken by the plaintiff at an undervalue. In an assignment for the benefit of creditors it is usual to name the creditors specifically and individually, or at least to provide for them as a class, and generally an assignee is nominated and appointed, who upon accepting the appointment becomes a tnzstee, holding for the creditors who are cestui que trusts, and who are invested with rights under and by virtue of the assignment, which they must seek either through or against the assignee, as the facts may require.
Now, there is not an expression in either of the papers, when *117considered singly or together, which indicates that it was the purpose of Kitchens to execute an assignment for the benefit of his creditors generally, under the act of assembly above. No creditors are named either individually or as a class, otherwise than as in an ordinary sale. No assignee is nominated or appointed, nor do the papers possess a single feature in form of an assignment. On the contrary, as we have already stated, nothing more appears than a sale by an insolvent debtor of his entire property to one of his creditors, in consideration of an antecedent debe due said creditor and the payment by said creditor of a debt due another creditor; the effect of which transaction, it is true, is to place the property beyond the reach of all other creditors. Such a transaction may or may not be fraudulent at common law and under the statutes of-Elizabeth, dependent upon the fact of its bona fides, but it cannot be assailed under chapter 72 of the general statutes, as the main feature which that act requires to be. present in order to be applicable is absent, i. e., an assignment for the benefit of creditors.
The appellants in their argument seem to feel the force of this position when they urge that the transaction, if not against the letter of the act, is certainly against its spirit, insisting that it is a patent evasion of the manifest purpose of the act. This may or may not be true, but yet the act is specific in its terms, and describes in well understood and in precise language the class to which its sections are intended to apply, and this court cannot enlarge its provisions by embracing other classes under the light of what may be termed the" spirit of the act. This would be judicial legislation instead of judicial construction. The latter power we possess, but not the former.
It was urged by appellants, as a second position, “that the transactions were void under the provisions of 13th and 27th Elizabeth.” This question was not raised in the pleadings, nor was it made before the Circuit judge, or ruled upon by him. It cannot, therefore, be considered here. Whether the dealings between Kitchens and the plaintiff were fraudulent at common law or under the statutes of Elizabeth, which in substance were but legislative declarations of the common law, depend upon altogether different facts and circumstances from those which would *118render them invalid under chapter 72 of the general statutes. The appellants in this case have seen proper in their pleadings to rest their defence on the provisions of the latter act, and they must stand or fall upon the case as made.
With these views I am unable to concur with the majority of the court, and this is filed as a dissenting opinion.
Judgment reversed.