Court Opinion

ID: 9387496
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-04-18 12:04:11.52506+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:13.815400
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                   No. COA22-415

                                 Filed 18 April 2023

Haywood County, Nos. 14CRS051293, 14CRS000736, 14CRS000738-39,
17CRS000494, & 14CRS001097-98

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA

             v.

CHRIS ALLISON DEMICK, Defendant.

      Appeal by Defendant from Judgments entered 3 November 2017 by Judge

Marvin P. Pope, Jr., in Haywood County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of

Appeals 7 February 2023.

      Attorney General Joshua H. Stein, by Assistant Attorney General Catherine R.
      Laney, for the State.

      Office of the Appellate Defender, by Assistant Appellate Defender Michele A.
      Goldman and Appellate Defender Glenn Gerding, for Defendant-Appellant.

      RIGGS, Judge.

      Defendant Chris Allison Demick appeals from several criminal judgments

entered after a jury convicted him of multiple felony and misdemeanor child abuse

offenses. On appeal, Mr. Demick contends the trial court: (1) erred in sentencing him

based on aggravating factors that were necessary elements of the underlying crimes;

(2) erred in sentencing him at higher statutory felony classifications that went into

effect during the period alleged in the indictment absent a special verdict establishing
                                   STATE V. DEMICK

                                   Opinion of the Court

the date of the offenses; (3) erred in denying his motion to dismiss a charge of

intentional child abuse inflicting serious bodily injury (“ICAISBI”); (4) plainly erred

in its verdict sheet on ICAISBI and in failing to submit intentional child abuse

inflicting serious physical injury (“ICAISPI”) as a lesser-included offense of ICAISBI;

(5) plainly erred in failing to submit misdemeanor child abuse to the jury as a lesser

included offense on four counts of ICAISPI; (6) plainly erred in failing to give a jury

instruction on lawful corporal punishment; and (7) may have erred in withholding

juvenile delinquency records of one of the victims. Finally, Mr. Demick presents an

eighth, alternative argument that errors (1) through (6) collectively establish

ineffective assistance of counsel (“IAC”). After careful review, we hold that: (1) Mr.

Demick is entitled to resentencing without consideration of the aggravating factor

found by the jury and at the lesser felony classifications; (2) the record is otherwise

free of reversible error; and (3) this panel is unable to resolve Mr. Demick’s IAC claim

on the cold record. For these reasons, we remand the matter for resentencing only

and dismiss Mr. Demick’s IAC claim without prejudice to filing a motion for

appropriate relief (“MAR”) with the trial court.

                I.   FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

      Mr. Demick began residing with his future spouse and her several children in

2009. Over time, the family grew to two adults and seven children as a result of

changes in the children’s custody arrangements. The family moved several times,

transitioning from a camper to a singlewide trailer before eventually settling into a

                                          -2-
                                  STATE V. DEMICK

                                  Opinion of the Court

three-bedroom doublewide mobile home near a junkyard in Bethel, North Carolina.

      One of the children, M.B. (“Margot”), was eight years old when Mr. Demick

moved in. She was tasked with numerous chores around the home; beginning at 4

a.m. every morning, Margot had to feed the 17 dogs and more than 60 cats that lived

on the property, take them for walks, and wash all the clothes and dishes for the

family in the bathtub due to the absence of a kitchen sink. Margot’s chores kept her

up very late at night, interfering with her sleep. When she did sleep, she was

consigned to a spot on the floor of the mobile home. She attended elementary school

but was otherwise generally prohibited from going outside.

      On one December 2010 afternoon, Margot returned home from school after

getting in trouble for teasing other children. Margot’s mother began hitting her with

a switch as punishment when Mr. Demick approached with a wooden paddle. Mr.

Demick took Margot to a trailer at the junkyard, had her pull down her pants, and

struck her with the paddle on her backside. This was the first time Mr. Demick ever

hit Margot.

      Mr. Demick beat Margot on an almost daily basis over the following four years,

and she was kept home from school on several occasions due to her visible bruises.

In one such instance, Mr. Demick struck Margot in the face with a belt, causing her

eye to bruise and swell; Margot was not permitted to go to school while the injury was

visible and experienced permanent partial vision loss as a result of the injury. On

another occasion, Mr. Demick beat Margot with a paddle until she lost consciousness;

                                         -3-
                                          STATE V. DEMICK

                                          Opinion of the Court

she awoke to a one-inch laceration on the back of her head that required pediatric

medical treatment and several staples to close. Margot was permitted to return to

school with this injury but was restricted from participating in extracurricular

activities. Beyond the beatings, Mr. Demick also made Margot eat mealworms, grub

worms, and crickets as “punishments.” Mr. Demick also forced cat feces in Margot’s

mouth after waking her up at 3 a.m., purportedly for falling asleep while doing the

dishes and allowing a cat to relieve itself in the bathtub.

        The daily paddlings generally followed a standard pattern. Mr. Demick would

use the same paddle and strike Margot on her legs and backside repeatedly. The

beatings usually took place inside their home, and Mr. Demick would hit Margot with

her pants up or down depending on his degree of anger. He would strike her hard

enough to shake the entire home, sometimes laughing at her when she would squirm

or grow nauseous from the pain. The beatings left severe bruising and bleeding sores

on Margot’s legs and buttocks that interfered with her ability to walk and kept her

home from school. Mr. Demick would hit Margot for the slightest reason, including

showing emotion at home.

        Mr. Demick was also alleged to have physically abused Margot in other ways.1

In lieu of paddling her, Mr. Demick would grab, pinch, and twist the skin on Margot’s

stomach, causing it to bruise, bleed, and scab over. These wounds eventually left

        1Mr. Demick was charged with and tried for one act of sexual abuse against Margot, and the
jury acquitted him of this offense. As a result, we omit discussion of those allegations from this opinion.

                                                   -4-
                                       STATE V. DEMICK

                                       Opinion of the Court

scars on Margot’s stomach. Mr. Demick would tell Margot not to tell anyone about

the beatings and threatened to kill her if she did; he also instructed her to lie about

her injuries when receiving medical treatment. The pinching and paddling continued

through late 2013 and early 2014, leaving scars and bruises. Margot recorded the

following school absences over the years of abuse: 20 in 2009-2010; 12 in 2010-2011;

24 in 2011-2012; 22 in 2012-2013; and 20 in 2013-2014.2

       Other children in the household received physical beatings as well. In January

2011, Mr. Demick beat 12-year-old S.D. (“Scott”)3 for the first time for yelling at a

sibling. Mr. Demick flew into a furious rage, bent Scott over a trunk, and shouted

and hit him for 20 to 25 minutes across his hips, back, and thighs with a stick Mr.

Demick called a “Mother of Rose.” The beating left a black and purple bruise, six-to-

eight inches wide, on Scott’s right hip. The area was bruised and sore for two weeks,

and left Scott unable to fully participate in physical education class.

       In a second instance, in 2012, Mr. Demick was angry with Scott for getting into

a fight at school and neglecting some of his chores. Mr. Demick took Scott to the

primary bedroom and hit him across the back and knees 115 times—until Mr. Demick

was winded with exhaustion—with a wooden axe handle.                        Mr. Demick grew

increasingly angry as the beating continued, turning from silently furious to outright

       2 As relevant background, 15 absences was considered excessive by the local school system.
       3 Though of majority age at the time of trial, we refer to S.D. by pseudonym to protect his
privacy as a minor victim.

                                              -5-
                                  STATE V. DEMICK

                                  Opinion of the Court

cursing over the course of 30 to 40 minutes. Scott’s legs were left black and blue for

two weeks, while his hips and legs hurt severely for about a week. Mr. Demick beat

Scott on other occasions, though they did not rise to the severity of the two events

described above.

      Scott eventually built up the courage to report Mr. Demick’s abuse to his school

principal on 4 March 2014.       By the time Scott returned home that day, law

enforcement had arrived at the home and the local Department of Social Services had

begun arranging alternative care placements for Margot and Scott. Scott and Margot

never returned to Mr. Demick’s custody.

      Margot started receiving medical care from Dr. Sarah Monahan-Estes, a

pediatric hospitalist and child abuse pediatrician with Mission Hospital.         Dr.

Monahan-Estes observed small permanent scars on Margot’s stomach and “extensive

scarring on [Margot’s] butt and the back of her legs” as a result of Mr. Demick’s

paddlings.   She would later describe Margot’s injuries with the following trial

testimony:

             [Margot] actually had pieces of her butt missing. . . . [S]he
             was actually missing pieces of her fat and her muscle that
             had been so significantly damaged that it was permanently
             gone. So she actually had two rather large holes in—one
             on each side of her butt where she had what we call
             necrosis, which means that tissue had died and was never
             going to come back.

             ....

             . . . [S]he had part of her muscle and fat just gone, just

                                          -6-
                                    STATE V. DEMICK

                                    Opinion of the Court

             wasn’t present.

             ....

             . . . [Y]ou can see these little hyperpigmented scars.
             Hyperpigmented is a very fancy word for saying dark. So
             she had these dark scars on her abdomen, and she said
             those were from where she had been pinched and that it
             had actually caused her to bleed.

             ....

             . . . [Y]ou can see . . . the di[vo]t or the hole that is in both
             sides.

             ....

             . . . [S]he still has all of these large sort of di[vo]ts or
             scarring on her butt and on her lower leg. . . . [T]hat is
             actually a hole. So she is actually permanently missing a
             piece of her buttocks that will never be back.

             So she—again, just sort of permanently disfigured on this
             side.

The abuse also left Margot with a below-average height and weight due to an

endocrinological condition called “psychological dwarfism,” which inhibited her

physical growth and development until she left Mr. Demick’s care and the

mistreatment ceased.

      Mr. Demick was indicted on 7 July 2014 for: (1) one count each of assault

inflicting serious bodily injury, ICAISBI, and assault with a deadly weapon inflicting

serious injury for the injuries to Margot’s buttocks and legs; (2) one count each of

assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury and ICAISPI for the injuries to

Margot’s scalp; (3) one count of ICAISPI for the injuries to Margot’s stomach; (4) one

                                           -7-
                                    STATE V. DEMICK

                                    Opinion of the Court

count of misdemeanor child abuse for forcing Margot to ingest cat feces; and (5) two

counts of ICAISPI for the injuries to Scott.

      The State obtained superseding and new indictments on 12 June 2017 for the

following offenses: (1) one count of ICAISBI for the injuries to Margot’s buttocks; (2)

one count each of ICAISPI for the injuries to Margot’s stomach, head, and eye; and

(3) one count of rape of a child for the alleged sexual abuse of Margot. The State later

dismissed the two assault with a deadly weapon charges and the initial ICAISBI

charge as duplicative. In its dismissal, the State noted that the ICAISBI offense

charged by superseding indictment would be “a class C or B2 felony (depending on a

factual finding of the date of offense because the punishment changed during the

alleged date range).”

      The trial court ordered production of Margot’s “mental health, counseling and

juvenile records” to conduct an in camera review for any impeachment, exculpatory,

or otherwise relevant evidence. The trial court reviewed the materials and ordered

them sealed without disclosure to Mr. Demick, finding that they contain “no evidence

which would impeach the credibility of the witness or in any way bear[] any relevance

to the alleged dates of offense.”

      Mr. Demick’s trial began on 30 October 2017. Margot, Scott, and Dr. Monahan-

Estes testified consistent with the above recitation of the facts, as did several social

workers and school employees. Mr. Demick moved to dismiss all charges at the close

                                           -8-
                                  STATE V. DEMICK

                                  Opinion of the Court

of both the State’s and Mr. Demick’s evidence. The trial court denied the motions

both times.

      The jury was instructed on each charge and given the verdict sheets, which

generally asked the jury to make a finding of guilt or innocence “as to the allegation

of Mr. Demick [committing the alleged crime.]” However, the verdict sheet for the

ICAISBI charge deviated from the other charges by asking the jury to find the

following:

      As to the allegation of [Mr. Demick] inflicting permanent scarring to the
buttocks and/or legs of [Margot], we the jury unanimously return as our verdict that
[Mr. Demick] is:

      1. ____________ GUILTY of Felonious Child Abuse Inflicting Serious
      Bodily Injury; OR

      2. ____________ NOT GUILTY.

      The jury found Mr. Demick guilty on all counts except rape. The jury also

found that Mr. Demick took advantage of a position of trust or confidence as an

aggravating factor as to each guilty verdict. The trial court sentenced Mr. Demick to

a total of 400 to 550 months’ imprisonment based on six consecutive aggravated

sentences. This included sentencing Mr. Demick on one count each of ICAISBI and

ICAISPI at the higher classification levels. Written judgements were entered 3

November 2017, and Mr. Demick filed a written notice of appeal on 9 November 2017.

                                II.   ANALYSIS

                                         -9-
                                   STATE V. DEMICK

                                   Opinion of the Court

      Mr. Demick identifies eight different issues on appeal under different

standards of review.      We first address Mr. Demick’s meritorious sentencing

arguments before reaching his remaining prejudicial and plain error claims. Finally,

we dismiss his IAC claim without prejudice to filing an MAR with the trial court.

A. The Trial Court Impermissibly Considered the Aggravating Factor
   Found by the Jury

      Mr. Demick first argues that the trial court erred in sentencing him in the

aggravated range based on the aggravating factor that he “took advantage of a

position of trust or confidence, including a domestic relationship.” He rightly notes

that “[e]vidence necessary to prove an element of the offense shall not be used to prove

any factor in aggravation,” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1340.16(d) (2021), and both

misdemeanor and felony child abuse require showing the defendant is a

“parent . . . or . . . other person providing care to or supervision of [a] child,” N.C.

Gen. Stat. §§ 14-318.2 & -318.4 (2021). Thus, “the trust or confidence factor” may not

“be used to aggravate a sentence for felony child abuse.” State v. Darby, 102 N.C.

App. 297, 299, 401 S.E.2d 791, 792 (1991) (citation omitted). The State concedes error

in this regard and agrees with Mr. Demick that every conviction must be remanded

for resentencing without consideration of the trust or confidence factor found by the

jury. See id. at 301, 401 S.E.2d at 793. Consistent with Mr. Demick’s argument, the

State’s concessions, and the binding statutory and caselaw, we order just such relief.

B. The Ambiguous Verdict Requires Resentencing at Lower Felony
   Classifications on Remand

                                          - 10 -
                                   STATE V. DEMICK

                                   Opinion of the Court

      The indictments for the ICAISPI and ICAISBI offenses against Margot in file

nos. 14CRS000736 and 14CRS051293 alleged the crimes occurred between January

2009 and March 2014. Effective 1 December 2013, the General Assembly changed

the felony classification for each crime: ICAISPI was elevated from Class E to Class

D, while ICAISBI was elevated from Class C to Class B2. 2013 N.C. Sess. Laws 98,

98-99, ch. 35 § 1.    At trial, Margot testified that the pinchings (ICAISPI) and

paddlings (ICAISBI) occurred both before and after these reclassifications. No special

verdict form was presented to the jury requiring a determination of a date or date

range of the offenses; therefore, the jury made no specific finding as to the date of the

offenses, and the trial court sentenced Mr. Demick at the higher felony levels.

      Mr. Demick argues that the jury’s verdict was ambiguous for sentencing

purposes and, on de novo review, must be construed in his favor as occurring under

the earlier, lower sentencing regime. See, e.g., State v. Mosley, 256 N.C. App. 148,

153, 806 S.E.2d 365, 368-69 (2017) (holding, on de novo review, that a second-degree

murder verdict was ambiguous as to malice—which elevates second-degree murder

to a Class B1 felony—and must be construed in the defendant’s favor as a Class B2

second-degree murder conviction).       The State disagrees, arguing the issue is

controlled by State v. Poston, which held that a sentence at the higher classification

as between two potentially applicable sentencing statutes is proper so long as it is

supported by the evidence introduced at trial and sentencing. 162 N.C. App. 642,

650-51, 591 S.E.2d 898, 904 (2004). We address the parties’ dispute despite requiring

                                          - 11 -
                                          STATE V. DEMICK

                                         Opinion of the Court

resentencing under Mr. Demick’s first argument “because it may recur on remand.”

State v. Poore, 172 N.C. App 839, 842, 616 S.E.2d 639, 641 (2005).

        Whether the circumstances presented here falls within cases like Mosley or

Poston appears to be a matter of first impression; we have not found, and the parties

have not provided, a published case resolving whether a general verdict is rendered

ambiguous by evidence showing the completed offense may have been committed on

either temporal side of a statutory reclassification of the crime.4 As explained below,

we hold that the general verdict is ambiguous under these circumstances and a

defendant, absent a determination by the jury by special verdict form as to the specific

date of or date range of offense sufficient to determine which sentencing regime is

applicable, must be sentenced under whichever statutory classification is lower.

    1. Ambiguous Verdicts Generally

        Our caselaw has generally addressed ambiguous verdicts in two contexts. The

first—and more serious—category involves fatal ambiguities that call into question

the unanimity of the verdict such that a defendant’s constitutional rights are violated.

For example, “a disjunctive instruction, which allows the jury to find a defendant

        4 In an unpublished decision, this Court did consider a defendant’s “nuanced argument that
where the date of an offense is uncertain, and the evidence shows it may have fallen under more than
one sentencing regime, the trial court should sentence the defendant under the most lenient regime.”
State v. Amore, 275 N.C. App. 980, 852 S.E.2d 738, 2020 WL 7974419, at *3 (unpublished). We
ultimately did not need to squarely resolve the question because “the factual basis for the [guilty] plea
in this case showed [the offense occurred] well before the new sentencing regime took effect. Therefore,
there was not ambiguity as to the dates of the offenses . . . . The trial court had a sufficient factual
basis to sentence [the] [d]efendant under the [harsher] 2008 regime.” Id. (second emphasis added).

                                                 - 12 -
                                    STATE V. DEMICK

                                    Opinion of the Court

guilty if he commits either of two underlying acts, either of which is in itself a separate

offense, is fatally ambiguous because it is impossible to determine whether the jury

unanimously found that the defendant committed one particular offense.” State v.

Lyons, 330 N.C. 298, 302-03, 412 S.E.2d 308, 312 (1991).

       This same kind of infirmity does not arise, however, when a general verdict is

rendered on evidence supporting multiple theories of the same offense. State v.

Hartness, 326 N.C. 561, 564-65, 391 S.E.2d 177, 179 (1990). For example, and as

explained by our Supreme Court in the context of indecent liberties:

              The risk of a nonunanimous verdict does not arise in cases
              such as the one at bar because the statute proscribing
              indecent liberties does not list, as elements of the offense,
              discrete criminal activities in the disjunctive . . . . [The
              statute] proscribes simply “any immoral, improper, or
              indecent liberties.” Even if we assume that some jurors
              found that one type of sexual conduct occurred and others
              found that another transpired, the fact remains that the
              jury as a whole would unanimously find that there
              occurred sexual conduct within the ambit of “any immoral,
              improper, or indecent liberties.” Such a finding would be
              sufficient to establish the first element of the crime
              charged.

Id. at 564-65, 391 S.E.2d at 179. Such general verdicts—even if nonspecific as to the

theories upon which each juror found the defendant guilty of all elements of the

crime—are thus not fatally ambiguous on unanimity grounds. Lyons, 330 N.C. at

302-03, 412 S.E.2d at 312. After all, “[c]riminal defendants are not convicted or

acquitted of theories; they are convicted or acquitted of crimes.” State v. Thomas, 325

N.C. 583, 593, 386 S.E.2d 555, 561 (1989).

                                           - 13 -
                                     STATE V. DEMICK

                                     Opinion of the Court

       While a general verdict does not require a jury, as a constitutional unanimity

matter, to specifically identify which of several alternative alleged acts or theories

satisfy the elements of the crime charged, such verdicts may nonetheless be

ambiguous for sentencing purposes only if the different acts or theories change the

classification of the offense. Cf. State v. Sargeant, 206 N.C. App. 1, 10, 696 S.E.2d

786, 793 (2010), (“[A] jury’s specification of its theory does not constitute a conviction

of a crime, but is for purposes of sentencing proceedings.” (emphasis added)), aff’d as

modified, 365 N.C. 58, 707 S.E.2d 192 (2011). This Court has frequently addressed

this issue in the context of second-degree murder: the crime requires the State to

prove malice, but different theories of malice result in different felony classifications.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-17(b) (2021). Thus, “a general verdict would be ambiguous for

sentencing purposes where the jury is charged on second-degree murder and

presented with evidence that may allow them to find that either B2 depraved-heart

malice or another B1 malice theory existed.” State v. Lail, 251 N.C. App. 463, 475,

795 S.E.2d 401, 411 (2016) (emphasis added). When a general verdict is sufficient to

support a unanimous conviction but ambiguous for sentencing purposes, “neither we

nor the trial court is free to speculate as to the basis of a jury’s verdict, and the verdict

should be construed in favor of the defendant.” Mosley, 256 N.C. App. at 153, 806

S.E.2d at 369 (citations omitted). Trial courts may avoid the issue altogether by

requiring a special verdict that resolves any sentencing ambiguity in the first

instance. See Lail, 251 N.C. App. at 476, 795 S.E.2d at 411 (noting in the context of

                                            - 14 -
                                   STATE V. DEMICK

                                   Opinion of the Court

second-degree murder that “where a general verdict would be ambiguous for

sentencing purposes, trial courts should frame a special verdict requiring the jury to

specify under which available malice theory it found the defendant guilty” (citations

omitted)).

   2. The Verdict Is Ambiguous for Sentencing Purposes

      We hold that the verdicts in this case present the same ambiguity discussed in

Mosley and Lail, albeit under different facts. As in those cases, there is no question

that the jury unanimously found Mr. Demick committed all elements of the two felony

child abuse crimes alleged in file nos. 14CRS000736 and 14CRS051293. This case

therefore does not raise any constitutional unanimity concerns, Hartness, 326 N.C.

at 564-65, 391 S.E.2d at 179, and Mr. Demick raises none on appeal. However, there

was evidence presented at trial establishing that the offenses charged in those

indictments occurred before and/or after the statutory reclassifications. Because

“trial courts are limited to whatever punishment the jury’s verdict authorizes,” State

v. Norris, 360 N.C. 507, 516, 630 S.E.2d 915, 921 (2006), and the verdicts fail to

resolve which classifications apply by omitting the operative dates or range of dates

of offense, the jury’s verdicts are ambiguous for sentencing purposes.         Further,

because an ambiguous verdict is “construed in favor of a defendant[,] [as] [t]his Court

is not free to speculate as to the basis of a jury’s verdict,” State v. Whittington, 318

N.C. 114, 123, 347 S.E.2d 403, 408 (1986) (citation omitted), we are compelled to

resolve this ambiguity in favor of Mr. Demick.

                                          - 15 -
                                         STATE V. DEMICK

                                         Opinion of the Court

       In reaching this holding, we distinguish the principal cases relied upon by the

State, Poston and State v. Lawrence, 193 N.C. App. 220, 667 S.E.2d 262 (2008). The

defendant in Poston did not challenge the verdict as ambiguous for sentencing

purposes; instead, the defendant argued that the adoption of the Structured

Sentencing Act during the timeframe alleged in the indictment “rendered the date of

the offense material” to the commission of the crime. 162 N.C. App. at 650, 591 S.E.2d

at 904 (emphasis added).5 Nor could the defendant have successfully argued any

ambiguity in that case—as we went on to explain, the evidence introduced at trial

was insufficient to show that the offense in question occurred at any time other than

before the Structured Sentencing Act’s effective date. Poston, 164 N.C. App. at 651,

591 S.E.2d at 904. We ultimately held that the trial court erred in sentencing the

defendant under the Fair Sentencing Act because all the evidence showed the offenses

occurred after the Structured Sentencing Act went into effect. Id. Both of the above

dissimilarities from the instant case are present in Lawrence, which likewise did not

present an ambiguity argument and only involved evidence establishing guilt on one

side of the statutory reclassification. 193 N.C. App. at 224-25, 667 S.E.2d at 265.

       In sum, sentencing Mr. Demick at the higher classifications would require the

       5  This is an important distinction; failure to prove a material fact requires setting aside a
conviction rather than merely remanding for resentencing. See, e.g., State v. Whittemore, 255 N.C.
583, 593, 122 S.E.2d 396, 403-04 (1961) (holding the trial court prejudicially erred in instructing the
jury it could convict defendants for conduct occurring after the dates alleged in the indictment when
defendants’ presented alibis and thus made “the time charged in the bill . . . material”).

                                                - 16 -
                                  STATE V. DEMICK

                                  Opinion of the Court

trial court and this Court to speculate as to which dates the jury “used to support its

conviction[s].” Lail, 251 N.C. App. at 475, 795 S.E.2d at 411. Cf. Mosley, 256 N.C.

App. at 153, 806 S.E.2d at 369 (“Because there was evidence presented which would

have supported a verdict on second degree murder on more than one theory of malice,

and because those theories support different levels of punishment . . . , the verdict

rendered in this cause was ambiguous.”). We are prohibited from undertaking such

an exercise and must instead instruct the trial court to address these offenses under

the lower classifications on resentencing. Mosley, 256 N.C. App. at 153, 806 S.E.2d

at 369. We therefore direct the trial court to resentence Mr. Demick on remand under

the lower Class E for ICAISPI in file no. 14CRS000736 and Class C for ICAISBI in

file no. 14CRS051293.

C. Mr. Demick’s Motion to Dismiss

      Mr. Demick next asserts that the trial court erred in denying his motion to

dismiss the ICAISBI charge involving Margot, claiming there was insufficient

evidence to support a finding that the injuries she suffered amounted to “serious

bodily injury” as defined by N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-318.4(d)(1) (2021). Per that statute,

“serious bodily injury” is:

             Bodily injury that creates a substantial risk of death or
             that causes serious permanent disfigurement, coma, a
             permanent or protracted condition that causes extreme
             pain, or permanent or protracted loss or impairment of the
             function of any bodily member or organ, or that results in
             prolonged hospitalization.

                                         - 17 -
                                   STATE V. DEMICK

                                   Opinion of the Court

Id. Mr. Demick asserts that because Margot’s injuries were limited to scarring that

is easily concealed by clothing, they could not amount to “serious bodily injury.” We

disagree.

   1. Standard of Review

      Trial court rulings on motions to dismiss are reviewed de novo. State v. Smith,

186 N.C. App. 57, 62, 650 S.E.2d 29, 33 (2007). A motion to dismiss requires the court

to discern “whether there is substantial evidence (1) of each essential element of the

offense charged, or of a lesser offense included therein, and (2) of defendant’s being

the perpetrator of such offense. If so, the motion is properly denied.” State v. Fritsch,

351 N.C. 373, 378, 526 S.E.2d 451, 455 (2000) (citations omitted). We answer these

questions taking the evidence “in the light most favorable to the State, giving the

State the benefit of every reasonable inference and resolving any contradictions in its

favor.” State v. Rose, 339 N.C. 172, 192, 451 S.E.2d 211, 223 (1994) (citation omitted).

Said evidence is substantial if it is “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind

might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Smith, 186 N.C. App. at 62, 650

S.E.2d at 33 (citation and quotation marks omitted).

   2. The Motion to Dismiss Was Properly Denied

      In arguing that Margot’s injuries did not amount to “serious bodily injury,” Mr.

Demick minimizes Margot’s injuries to simple, minor scarring that, as a matter of

law, does not constitute “serious bodily injury” under our precedents. See State v.

Williams, 255 N.C. App. 168, 182, 804 S.E.2d 570, 579 (2017) (“[T]he presence of a

                                          - 18 -
                                        STATE V. DEMICK

                                        Opinion of the Court

minor scar or other mild disfigurement alone cannot be sufficient to support a finding

of ‘serious bodily injury.’” (citation omitted)); State v. Dixon, 258 N.C. App. 78, 85,

811 S.E.2d 705, 710 (2018) (applying this rule to ICAISBI specifically). In Williams,

we held that a visible scar that did not permanently impact the victim’s health or

otherwise physically impair him was insufficient evidence to survive a motion to

dismiss a charge of assault on a law enforcement officer inflicting serious bodily

injury. 255 N.C. App. at 182-83, 804 S.E.2d at 579. Similarly, in Dixon, we held that

an ICAISBI charge should not have gone to the jury where the scars at issue: (1) were

caused by surgery on the victim’s leg rather than the injury itself; (2) had healed

without any lasting restrictions on the victim’s physical activities; (3) were fading;

and (4) did not result in “permanent disfiguration, or any loss or impairment of

function of the leg,” according to expert physician testimony. 258 N.C. App. at 86,

811 S.E.2d at 710.6 These cases collectively establish that a small, purely aesthetic

scar, with no other lasting physical impact on the victim, does not amount to a

“serious bodily injury,” as it is not a “serious permanent disfigurement, . . . a

permanent or protracted condition that causes extreme pain, or [a] permanent or

       6  Dixon also involved a femur fracture that was successfully treated with surgery and, while
extremely painful for some time, did not result in any permanent pain or ill-effects beyond the small
surgery scar. Id. at 81, 811 S.E.2d at 707. Because there was no evidence that the femur fracture
resulted in any permanent injury or pain, we held that it was insufficient evidence to support the
ICAISBI charge. Id. at 86, 811 S.E.2d at 710. For the same reasons explained infra, Margot’s injuries
are distinguishable from the femur break discussed in Dixon in that they are large, permanent, and
resulted in the irrevocable loss of fat and muscle tissue.

                                               - 19 -
                                    STATE V. DEMICK

                                   Opinion of the Court

protracted loss or impairment of the function of any bodily member or organ.” N.C.

Gen. Stat. § 14-318.4(d)(1) (emphasis added).

      The above cases are meaningfully distinct from the one before us, however.

Critically, “[w]hether a ‘serious bodily injury’ has occurred . . . depends upon the facts

of each case[.]” Williams, 255 N.C. App. at 179, 804 S.E.2d at 577 (quoting State v.

Williams, 150 N.C. App. 497, 502, 563 S.E.2d 616, 619 (2002)). This case includes

substantial distinguishing facts, namely that Margot suffered from necrosis in

addition to the scarring, leaving her with permanent “holes” and “di[vo]ts” on her

backside caused by the permanent and irrevocable loss of muscle and fat tissue. Dr.

Monahan-Estes testified that Margot “was actually missing pieces of her fat and her

muscle that had been so significantly damaged that it was permanently gone. So she

actually had two rather large holes . . . on each side of her butt where she had what

we call necrosis, which means that tissue had died and was never going to come back.”

(Emphasis added). She repeatedly noted that these “holes” were “large,” and left

Margot “permanently disfigured.” Beyond the permanent loss of muscle and other

tissue, the scars themselves were still causing Margot pain two months after leaving

Mr. Demick’s custody. The scars were likewise the result of beatings that left open,

bleeding sores on Margot’s legs for years, and which substantially interfered with her

attendance at school. All of this distinguishing evidence establishes that the injuries

to Margot were not purely aesthetic; rather, their substantial size and permanency,

alongside their long-term pain and accompanying irreversible loss of underlying

                                          - 20 -
                                   STATE V. DEMICK

                                   Opinion of the Court

muscle and fat tissue due to necrosis, all suffice to show “serious bodily injury” in the

form of “serious permanent disfigurement” and “a . . . protracted condition that causes

extreme pain” as described in the statute. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-318.4(d)(1).

      Other cases demonstrate this distinction equally well. For example, in State

v. Fields, 265 N.C. App. 69, 827 S.E.2d 120 (2019), aff’d as modified, 374 N.C. 629,

843 S.E.2d 186 (2020), we held that “a significant, jagged scar” on the victim’s genitals

was sufficient at the motion to dismiss stage to “support a finding of ‘serious

permanent disfigurement.’” 265 N.C. App. at 73, 827 S.E.2d at 123. We reached a

similar conclusion in State v. Downs, 179 N.C. App. 860, 635 S.E.2d 518 (2006),

holding that evidence of a permanently lost tooth was sufficient to send an assault

inflicting serious bodily injury charge to the jury:

             Defendant’s assault caused [the victim] to forever lose a
             natural tooth, and therefore “marred and spoiled” his
             appearance. Notwithstanding the prospect of a dental
             implant, the fact remains that [the victim] suffered the
             permanent loss of his own live, natural tooth. Because
             there is substantial record evidence of a serious permanent
             disfigurement, the assignment of error is overruled.

179 N.C. App. at 862, 635 S.E.2d at 520. In both cases, and contrary to Mr. Demick’s

argument here, the fact that the genital and dental injuries could be concealed by

clothing or an implant had no bearing on whether the large genital scar or lost tooth

amounted to serious bodily injuries. And while it is true that we have held “serious

bodily injury” in the specific context of ICAISBI offenses is intended to apply to “those

more egregious cases where a child suffers permanent or protracted injuries or is

                                          - 21 -
                                          STATE V. DEMICK

                                         Opinion of the Court

placed at substantial risk of death,” Dixon, 258 N.C. App. at 85, 811 S.E.2d at 709-10

(citation and quotation marks omitted), the evidence in this case unequivocally

establishes Margot’s injuries as “permanent or protracted.”7 We therefore hold that

the trial court did not err in denying Mr. Demick’s motion to dismiss the ICAISBI

charge.

D. ICAISBI Verdict Sheet and Absence of ICAISPI Lesser-Included
   Instruction

        Mr. Demick next assigns plain error to the verdict sheet for ICAISBI and the

failure of the trial court to submit ICAISPI as a lesser-included offense of that charge

to the jury. We hold that Mr. Demick has not shown plain error in either respect.

    1. Standard of Review

        Under the plain error standard of review, “a defendant must demonstrate that

a fundamental error occurred at trial.” State v. Lawrence, 365 N.C. 506, 518, 723

S.E.2d 326, 334 (2012). To establish the requisite prejudice, a defendant must show

that, “after examination of the entire record, the error had a probable impact on the

jury’s finding that the defendant was guilty.” Id. (citations and quotation marks

        7 Mr. Demick cites several child abuse cases for the proposition that Margot’s injuries are more
equivalent to some lesser degree of injury. See generally State v. Williams, 184 N.C. App. 351, 646
S.E.2d 613 (2007) (holding a single hour-and-45-minute beating with a belt on the victim’s backside
that left scarring but no permanent injury amounted to ICAISPI); State v. Williams, 154 N.C. App.
176, 571 S.E.2d 619 (2002) (beating daughter on buttocks with a board multiple times resulting in
temporary bleeding, a large bruise, limping, and the mere possibility of scarring amounted to
misdemeanor assault); State v. Varner, 252 N.C. App. 226, 796 S.E.2d 834 (2017) (striking the victim
with a paddle resulting in a large bruise and a few days of pain and limping amounted to misdemeanor
child abuse). All of these cases are distinguishable on their facts for the same reasons set forth above.

                                                 - 22 -
                                    STATE V. DEMICK

                                   Opinion of the Court

omitted). The standard “is to be applied cautiously and only in the exceptional case,

[and] the error will often be one that seriously affects the fairness, integrity or public

reputation of judicial proceedings.” Id. (cleaned up) (citation and quotation marks

omitted).

   2. ICAISBI Verdict Sheet

      The trial court submitted the ICAISBI offense to the jury through the following

verdict sheet:

      As to the allegation of [Mr. Demick] inflicting permanent scarring to the
buttocks and/or legs of [Margot], we the jury unanimously return as our verdict that
[Mr. Demick] is:
      1. ____________ GUILTY of Felonious Child Abuse Inflicting Serious
      Bodily Injury; OR

      2. ____________ NOT GUILTY.

Mr. Demick argues plain error under the theory that, “[b]y framing the allegation as

whether Mr. Demick inflicted permanent scarring, the jury did not have to consider

whether that injury met the definition of serious bodily injury.”          Mr. Demick’s

argument fails, as the indictment, verdict sheet, and instructions collectively tasked

the jury with making this finding in order to find Mr. Demick guilty, and his

conclusory assertion that “the jury probably would have reached a different result” if

given a different verdict sheet is insufficient to demonstrate the requisite prejudice.

      When analyzing a verdict sheet for error, the form itself should be analyzed

together with the indictments and the actual instructions given to the jury, as the

verdict sheet “is intended to aid the trial court in avoiding the taking of verdicts which

                                          - 23 -
                                   STATE V. DEMICK

                                   Opinion of the Court

are flawed by the inadvertent omission of some essential element of the verdict itself

when given orally.” State v. Sanderson, 62 N.C. App. 520, 524, 302 S.E.2d 899, 902

(1983) (citation omitted) (emphasis added).         Thus, where the indictments and

instructions are proper, there is no error in the verdict sheet if it “sufficiently

identified the offenses found by the jury to enable the court to pass judgment on the

verdict and sentence defendant appropriately.” Id.

      The ICAISBI indictment in this case clearly set forth all elements of the crime

charged, and the trial court properly instructed the jury that it could only convict Mr.

Demick of the offense if it found that the injuries to Margot’s legs and backside rose

to the level of serious bodily injury after defining the term consistent with the law:

             For you to find the defendant guilty of this offense, the
             State must prove three things beyond a reasonable doubt.

             ....

             And third, that the defendant without justification or
             excuse intentionally inflicted a serious bodily injury to the
             child, and/or intentionally assaulted the child which
             proximately resulted in serious bodily injury to the child.
             A serious bodily injury is defined as a bodily injury that
             creates a substantial risk of death or that causes serious
             permanent disfigurement, coma, a permanent or protracted
             condition that causes extreme pain, or permanent or
             protracted loss or impairment of the function of any bodily
             member or organ, or that results in prolonged
             hospitalization.

             If you find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt
             that    on      or    about     the     alleged    date     the
             defendant . . . intentionally inflicted a serious bodily injury
             to the child, and/or intentionally assaulted the child which

                                          - 24 -
                                   STATE V. DEMICK

                                  Opinion of the Court

             proximately resulted in serious bodily injury to the child, it
             would be your duty to return a verdict of guilty. If you do
             not so find or have a reasonable doubt as to one or more of
             these things, it would be your duty to return a verdict of not
             guilty.

(Emphasis added). Nothing else appearing, “[w]e assume the jury followed the

court’s instructions,” State v. Best, 342 N.C. 502, 516, 467 S.E.2d 45, 54 (1996), and

it is clear from the indictment and evidence that the ICAISBI charge involved the

injuries to Margot’s legs and buttocks. In claiming that the jury would probably have

reached a different result “had [it] been correctly instructed that it must determine

whether the buttocks scars met the definition of serious bodily injury,” Mr. Demick

overlooks that the trial court did just that. Mr. Demick cannot show plain error

because “the verdict can be properly understood by reference to the indictment,

evidence and jury instructions.” State v. Connard, 81 N.C. App. 327, 336, 344 S.E.2d

568, 574 (1986) (citations omitted).

      We distinguish our holding from State v. Floyd, where we held that there was

error—albeit non-prejudicial—in verdict sheets that allowed the jury to find a

defendant guilty of attaining violent habitual felon status on a finding of a single

recent underlying felony rather than the requisite two prior violent felony

convictions. 148 N.C. App. 290, 296, 558 S.E.2d 237, 241 (2002). There, the verdict

sheets themselves allowed for a conviction on facts that were inadequate to establish

the crime. Id. The verdict sheet here, however, is different; as explained above, and

consistent with the indictments, evidence, and instructions, Mr. Demick could be

                                         - 25 -
                                    STATE V. DEMICK

                                   Opinion of the Court

found guilty of ICAISBI for the injuries inflicted on Margot’s legs and backside if the

jury determined they rose to the level of serious bodily injury. And, as in Floyd, Mr.

Demick has not shown the requisite prejudice—that the jury probably would have

reached a different result, State v. Juarez, 369 N.C. 351, 358, 794 S.E.2d 293, 300

(2016)—given the extensive and uncontradicted photographic and testimonial

evidence detailing the severity of Margot’s injuries.

   3. ICAISPI Instruction as a Lesser-Included Offense

      The trial court did not submit ICAISPI as a lesser-included offense of ICAISBI

to the jury, an omission Mr. Demick asserts also amounts to plain error. Assuming,

arguendo, that this was error, we hold that Mr. Demick cannot show the requisite

prejudice because the substantial and uncontradicted evidence in the record

concerning Margot’s injuries does not suggest it “probable, not just possible, that

absent the instructional error the jury would have returned a different verdict.” Id.

(citation omitted).

      In the present case, and as explained supra, the State’s evidence established

that Margot’s injuries rose to the level of “serious bodily injury.” None of this evidence

as to severity was contradicted; while Mr. Demick’s counsel cross-examined Margot,

his questioning focused on disproving the sexual assault allegation and suggesting

that something other than Mr. Demick’s acts caused her injuries. Further, Margot’s

testimony was corroborated for the jury through photographs and additional

testimony from other witnesses. Having established the existence of every element

                                          - 26 -
                                      STATE V. DEMICK

                                      Opinion of the Court

of the greater crime, and without contradicting evidence that Margot’s injuries were

collectively anything less than “a serious permanent disfigurement” or “a permanent

or protracted condition that cause[d] extreme pain,” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-318.4(d)(1),

we do not believe it probable that the jury would have convicted Mr. Demick of

ICAISPI had it been given a lesser-included instruction.

E. Absence of Lesser-Included Offense Instruction on Misdemeanor Child
   Abuse

      Mr. Demick next asserts that the trial court committed plain error in failing to

instruct the jury on misdemeanor child abuse as a lesser-included offense of ICAISPI.

The State offers no counterargument on the merits but asserts instead that

misdemeanor child abuse is not a lesser-included offense under our precedents. We

disagree with the State, but ultimately hold that Mr. Demick has not shown sufficient

prejudice to establish plain error.

   1. Misdemeanor Child Abuse Is a Lesser-Included Offense of ICAISPI

      Generally, “the test [to determine if a crime is a lesser-included offense] is

whether the essential elements of the lesser crime are essential elements of the

greater crime.” State v. Nickerson, 365 N.C. 279, 282, 715 S.E.2d 845, 847 (2011).

Both parties agree that misdemeanor child abuse would ordinarily be a lesser-

included offense of ICAISPI based on this test. But N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-318.2(b)

(2021) provides that misdemeanor child abuse is “an offense additional to other civil

and criminal provisions and is not intended to repeal or preclude any other sanctions

                                             - 27 -
                                   STATE V. DEMICK

                                   Opinion of the Court

or remedies.” The State relies on this language to assert that misdemeanor child

abuse cannot be considered a lesser-included offense of ICAISPI despite our trial and

appellate courts’ repeated treatment of the crime as such. See, e.g., State v. Phillips,

328 N.C. 1, 19-20, 399 S.E.2d 293, 302 (1991) (holding no instruction on misdemeanor

child abuse was warranted during trial for felony child abuse because the instruction

was unsupported by the evidence); State v. Chapman, 154 N.C. App. 441, 446, 572

S.E.2d 243, 247 (2002) (observing on appeal from an ICAISPI conviction that “[t]he

trial court did instruct on the State’s burden of proving defendant’s identity as the

perpetrator of the crime, circumstantial evidence, accident, and the lesser included

offense of misdemeanor child abuse. We find that the trial court’s instructions, taken

as a whole, were correct.”).

      As the State rightly notes, this Court has stated that N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-

318.2(b) exempts misdemeanor child abuse from consideration as a lesser-included

offense of other crimes, but only in dicta or in an unpublished decision. See State v.

Mapp, 45 N.C. App. 574, 585, 264 S.E.2d 348, 356 (1980) (noting that “[t]he General

Assembly apparently did not intend child abuse to be a lesser included offense or to

merge with any other offense” before holding that double jeopardy did not require

misdemeanor child abuse be merged with second-degree murder); State v. Martin,

268 N.C. App. 153, 833 S.E.2d 263, 2019 WL 5219970, at *4 (unpublished) (relying

on Mapp for this proposition). Neither Mapp nor Martin is binding. See Kanipe v.

Lane Upholstery, 151 N.C. App. 478, 485, 566 S.E.2d 167, 171 (2002) (“[M]ere

                                          - 28 -
                                    STATE V. DEMICK

                                   Opinion of the Court

dicta . . . [is] not binding on this Court.”); Long v. Harris, 137 N.C. App. 461, 470, 528

S.E.2d 633, 639 (2000) (“An unpublished opinion establishes no precedent and is not

binding authority.” (cleaned up) (citations and quotation marks omitted)).

      Unlike in Mapp and Martin, this Court did directly address the question of

whether misdemeanor child abuse under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-318.2 is a lesser-

included offense of ICAISPI in a published decision in State v. Young, 67 N.C. App.

139, 312 S.E.2d 665 (1984), overruled on separate grounds by State v. Campbell, 316

N.C. 168, 340 S.E.2d 474 (1986). There, in determining whether the trial court erred

in denying the defendant’s request to submit misdemeanor child abuse as a lesser-

included offense of felony child abuse, we reviewed “[t]he parts of [N.C. Gen. Stat. §]

14-318.4 that are pertinent to this case” before expressly holding that misdemeanor

child abuse is a lesser-included offense under the statute. Id. at 141-42, 312 S.E.2d

at 668. Misdemeanor child abuse has since been treated and analyzed as a lesser-

included offense of ICAISPI at every level of the judiciary since Young. See Phillips,

328 N.C. at 19-20, 399 S.E.2d at 302; State v. Plemmons, 149 N.C. App. 974, 563

S.E.2d 99, 2002 WL 553811, at *4 (2002) (unpublished) (holding the trial court did

not err in instructing on misdemeanor child abuse as a lesser-included offense of

felony child abuse where instruction on the lesser-included offense was warranted by

the evidence).

      We are bound by Young because its holding as to misdemeanor child abuse as

a lesser-included offense has not been overruled; neither Mapp’s earlier dicta nor

                                          - 29 -
                                    STATE V. DEMICK

                                    Opinion of the Court

Martin’s unpublished decision to the contrary are binding, and we are not free to

disregard binding precedent even in an unpublished opinion. See In re Civil Penalty,

324 N.C. 373, 378, 384, 379 S.E.2d 30, 33, 37 (1989) (recognizing that dicta is not

binding before holding that “a panel of the Court of Appeals is bound by a prior

decision of another panel of the same court addressing the same question, but in a

different case, unless overturned by an intervening decision from a higher court”).

   2. Mr. Demick Cannot Show Prejudice

       Mr. Demick argues that the trial court plainly erred in failing to give

misdemeanor child abuse instructions for the ICAISPI charges related to: (1)

Margot’s head injury; (2) Margot’s stomach scars; and (3) both of Scott’s beatings. As

to each, he asserts that the evidence was equivocal on whether those injuries were

“serious physical injuries” or simply “physical injuries.” The former is defined as

“[p]hysical injury that causes great pain and suffering. The term includes serious

mental injury.”    N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-318.4(d)(2) (2021).         Factors establishing

“whether an injury is serious . . . include, but are not limited to: hospitalization, pain,

loss of blood, and time lost from work.” State v. Romero, 164 N.C. App. 169, 172, 595

S.E.2d 208, 210 (2004) (citation omitted).

       These arguments fail for the same reasons as Mr. Demick’s earlier plain error

claims. Here, Margot testified that her head injury: (1) was incurred during a beating

that was so painful she “blacked out;” (2) included bleeding from an inch-long incision

on the back of her head; (3) necessitated medical treatment and staples to close; and

                                           - 30 -
                                   STATE V. DEMICK

                                   Opinion of the Court

(4) caused her to miss extracurricular activities. Margot further testified that her

stomach injuries bled, caused her “lots of pain about all the time,” scarred, and that

her visible injuries would cause her to be kept home from school. The scarring and

bleeding caused by the stomach wounds was further corroborated by Dr. Monahan-

Estes and photographic evidence.       Mr. Demick’s counsel did not cross-examine

Margot on the severity of these injuries, and instead elicited testimony suggesting

Mr. Demick did not cause the head wound. And while Dr. Monahan-Estes testified

on cross-examination that Margot’s bruises and scars had faded in months after

removal from Mr. Demick’s custody, that evidence does not substantially undercut

both the immediate and lasting severity of the pain incurred over the years of abuse

testified to by Margot.

      Scott likewise testified that his first beating: (1) “hurt greatly,” to the point he

could not think of anything else; (2) caused bruising for several weeks; and (3) left

him unable to run or participate fully in physical education classes. As for his second

beating, Scott told the jury that: (1) his “legs were black and blue [for two weeks], and

my hips hurt severely for the next week or so[;]” and (2) it hurt so much that it was

“mind-numbing” and he couldn’t “think about anything besides it happening.” He

further testified that the injuries left scars. Again, Mr. Demick did not elicit any

evidence on cross-examination that brought the severity of the injuries into question.

Because the State’s evidence showed that each incident caused “serious physical

injury,” and Mr. Demick failed to introduce any conflicting evidence as to severity, we

                                          - 31 -
                                    STATE V. DEMICK

                                    Opinion of the Court

do not believe it probable that the jury would have reached a different result had it

received instruction on misdemeanor child abuse as a lesser-included offense.

F. Corporal Punishment Instruction

       Mr. Demick also asserts plain error in the trial court’s failure to give an

instruction on lawful corporal punishment for two counts of ICAISPI involving Scott.

Again assuming error, we hold that Mr. Demick cannot show the requisite prejudice

amounting to plain error.

       Parents have a constitutional right to raise their children as they see fit,

including, in this State, using corporal punishment within certain limits. Thus, “as

a general rule, a parent (or one acting in loco parentis) is not criminally liable for

inflicting physical injury on a child in the course of lawfully administering corporal

punishment.” Varner, 252 N.C. App. at 228, 796 S.E.2d at 836 (citation omitted). As

for the rule’s limitations, it does not apply:

              (1) where the parent administers punishment which may
              seriously endanger life, limb or health, or shall disfigure
              the child, or cause any other permanent injury; (2) where
              the parent does not administer the punishment honestly
              but rather to gratify his own evil passions, irrespective of
              the physical injury inflicted; or (3) where the parent uses
              cruel or grossly inappropriate procedures or devices to
              modify a child’s behavior.

Id. (cleaned up) (citations and quotation marks omitted).

       Here, there was overwhelming, uncontradicted evidence that Mr. Demick

inflicted the injuries on Scott with malice. On each occasion, Mr. Demick beat Scott

                                           - 32 -
                                  STATE V. DEMICK

                                  Opinion of the Court

for a lengthy period of time, stopping only when Mr. Demick grew exhausted. Mr.

Demick cursed at Scott while he beat him, threatened to beat him if he disclosed the

abuse, and would actively try to goad Scott into physical conflict by cursing, hitting,

and shoving him on a daily basis. Every day, Mr. Demick told Scott that he did not

care if he failed school and starved, that he hated Scott, and that he wanted Scott

gone. The State introduced overwhelming evidence that Mr. Demick’s acts were not

within the bounds of lawful corporal punishment because he “did not act honestly in

the performance of duty, according to a sense of right, but rather under the pretext

of duty, for the purpose of gratifying malice,” id. at 229 796 S.E.2d at 836 (cleaned

up) (citation and quotation marks omitted), and Mr. Demick therefore cannot show

the requisite prejudice on plain error review. See, e.g., State v. Jones, 280 N.C. App.

241, 262, 869 S.E.2d 509, 524 (2021) (“Overwhelming evidence of guilt can defeat a

plain error claim on prejudice grounds.” (citation omitted)).

G. IAC Claim

      By alternative argument, Mr. Demick contends that all the errors alleged

above, if not prejudicial, amounted to IAC.       We dismiss this argument without

prejudice to Mr. Demick filing an MAR in the trial court.

   1. Standard of Review

      We review IAC claims de novo. State v. Graham, 200 N.C. App. 204, 214, 683

S.E.2d 437, 444 (2009). They are addressable on the merits only if the claim can be

resolved on the cold record. State v. McNeil, 371 N.C. 198, 216-17, 813 S.E.2d 797,

                                         - 33 -
                                   STATE V. DEMICK

                                  Opinion of the Court

811 (2018). Under a valid IAC claim:

             First, the defendant must show that counsel's performance
             was deficient. This requires showing that counsel made
             errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the
             “counsel” guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth
             Amendment. Second, the defendant must show that the
             deficient performance prejudiced the defense. This
             requires showing that counsel's errors were so serious as to
             deprive the defendant of a fair trial, a trial whose result is
             reliable. Unless a defendant makes both showings, it
             cannot be said that the conviction or death sentence
             resulted from a breakdown in the adversary process that
             renders the result unreliable.

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674, 693 (1984). There is

a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct amounted to sound trial strategy and

did not fall under an objective standard of reasonableness. Id. at 689, 80 L. Ed. 2d at

694. When the IAC claim cannot be resolved on the appellate record, the proper

disposition is to dismiss the IAC claim without prejudice to the defendant filing an

MAR. McNeil, 371 N.C. at 216-17, 813 S.E.2d at 811.

   2. Dismissal is Required

      Having afforded Mr. Demick relief on his sentencing arguments, and in light

of our holdings that his motion to dismiss and verdict sheet arguments fail to

demonstrate error, any IAC claim must rise or fall on the alleged instructional errors

related to lesser-included offenses and corporal punishment. However, this Court

has observed that:

             strategic and tactical decisions such as whether to request
             an instruction or submit a defense are “within the exclusive

                                         - 34 -
                                  STATE V. DEMICK

                                  Opinion of the Court

             province of the attorney.” State v. Rhue, 150 N.C. App. 280,
             290, 563 S.E.2d 72, 79 (2002), appeal dismissed and disc.
             review denied, 356 N.C. 689, 578 S.E.2d 589 (2003). Trial
             counsel are thereby given wide latitude in their decisions
             to develop a defense, and “[s]uch decisions are generally
             not second-guessed by our courts.” State v. Lesnane, 137
             N.C. App. 234, 246, 528 S.E.2d 37, 45, appeal dismissed
             and disc. review denied, 352 N.C. 154, 544 S.E.2d 236
             (2000).

State v. Phifer, 165 N.C. App. 123, 130, 598 S.E.2d 172, 177 (2004).

      “[T]he determination of whether a defendant’s . . . counsel made a particular

strategic decision remains a question of fact, and is not something which can be

hypothesized.” State v. Todd, 369 N.C. 707, 712, 799 S.E.2d 834, 838 (2017). When

the record is silent on that question of fact—as in this case—the appropriate action

is to allow an evidentiary hearing by MAR. Id. We therefore dismiss Mr. Demick’s

IAC claim without prejudice to filing an MAR with the trial court.

H. In Camera Review of Juvenile Records

      In his final argument, Mr. Demick requests we review Margot’s sealed juvenile

records to determine whether the trial court erred in precluding their disclosure to

Mr. Demick. A defendant accused of the sexual abuse of a minor may appeal a trial

court’s decision not to produce sealed juvenile or social services records after in

camera review on constitutional grounds. State v. Tadeja, 191 N.C. App. 439, 449-

50, 664 S.E.2d 402, 410-11 (2008). We review the trial court’s decision to withhold

and seal the records under the de novo standard. Id.

      Release of such documents are required after de novo review if they are “both

                                         - 35 -
                                     STATE V. DEMICK

                                     Opinion of the Court

favorable to the accused and material to either his guilt or punishment.” Id. (citations

omitted). Having examined the sealed documents, we conclude that none of them

have any relevance to or bearing on Margot’s testimony specifically or Mr. Demick’s

case generally; as such, they contain nothing “favorable to the accused and material

to either his guilt or punishment.”        Id.   We therefore hold that the trial court

appropriately withheld and sealed the documents in question.

                              III.     CONCLUSION

      For the foregoing reasons, we: (1) remand the judgments for resentencing

without consideration of the aggravating factor found by the jury and at the lower

classification levels for the offenses contained in file nos. 14CRS000736 and

14CRS051293; (2) hold no error, no prejudicial error, or no plain error as to Mr.

Demick’s remaining arguments; and (3) dismiss his IAC claim without prejudice to

filing an MAR with the trial court.

      REMANDED         FOR    RESENTENCING;                 NO   ERROR   IN   PART;   NO

PREJUDICIAL ERROR IN PART; NO PLAIN ERROR IN PART; IAC CLAIM

DISMISSED WITHOUT PREJUDICE.

      Chief Judge STROUD and Judge CARPENTER concur.

                                            - 36 -