Court Opinion

ID: 9407986
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-07-11 06:05:54.998512+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:41.070472
License: Public Domain

Michigan Supreme Court
                                                                                            Lansing, Michigan

Syllabus
                                                             Chief Justice:               Justices:
                                                               Elizabeth T. Clement       Brian K. Zahra
                                                                                          David F. Viviano
                                                                                          Richard H. Bernstein
                                                                                          Megan K. Cavanagh
                                                                                          Elizabeth M. Welch
                                                                                          Kyra H. Bolden

This syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been                Reporter of Decisions:
prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader.                  Kathryn L. Loomis

                                    KOSTADINOVSKI v HARRINGTON

              Docket No. 162909. Argued on application for leave to appeal December 7, 2022. Decided
      July 6, 2023.

              Drago and Blaga Kostadinovski brought a medical malpractice action in the Macomb Circuit
      Court against Steven D. Harrington (the doctor) and Advanced Cardiothoracic Surgeons, PLLC,
      asserting six specific theories with respect to how the doctor breached the standard of care throughout
      the course of Drago’s mitral-valve-repair surgery in December 2011, during which Drago suffered
      a stroke. Plaintiffs timely served defendants with a notice of intent (NOI) to file suit in accordance
      with MCL 600.2912b, timely served the complaint, and timely served the affidavit of merit; the same
      six negligence theories outlined in the NOI regarding the alleged breaches of the standard of care
      were asserted by plaintiffs in the complaint and by plaintiffs’ expert in the affidavit of merit.
      Following the close of discovery, defendants moved for summary disposition, arguing that plaintiffs’
      experts were unable to validate or support the six negligence theories asserted by plaintiffs in the
      NOI, affidavit of merit, and complaint. Plaintiffs agreed to the dismissal of their existing,
      unsupported negligence allegations and complaint but moved to amend the complaint to assert a new
      theory: that the doctor breached the standard of care by failing to adequately monitor Drago’s
      hypotension and to transfuse him to maintain Drago’s blood pressure. The court, Kathryn A.
      Viviano, J., denied the motion to amend the complaint, reasoning that amendment would be futile
      given that the existing NOI would be rendered obsolete because it did not include the new
      malpractice theory. Plaintiffs appealed and defendants cross-appealed. The Court of Appeals,
      BORRELLO, P.J., MURPHY and RONAYNE KRAUSE, JJ., reversed and remanded to the trial court for it
      to apply MCL 600.2301, which concerns amendment of pleadings, in considering whether plaintiffs
      should be allowed to amend the NOI. 321 Mich App 736 (2017) (Kostadinovski I). In footnote 6 of
      the opinion, the Court of Appeals rejected plaintiffs’ argument that MCL 600.2912b simply requires
      the service of an NOI before suit is filed and that once a compliant and timely NOI is served, as
      judged at the time suit is filed and by the language in the original complaint, the requirements of the
      statute have been satisfied. Defendants sought leave to appeal and plaintiffs cross-appealed. After
      hearing oral argument on the applications, the Supreme Court denied the applications, leaving in
      place the Court of Appeals opinion in Kostadinovski I. 503 Mich 1009 (2019). On remand, the trial
      court denied plaintiffs’ motion to amend, concluding that amendment would be futile and that
      amending the complaint would contravene the MCL 600.2912b requirement that written notice be
      given to a health professional or health facility before a complaint is filed. Plaintiffs appealed. In
      an unpublished per curiam opinion issued March 11, 2021 (Docket No. 351773) (Kostadinovski II),
the Court of Appeals, SWARTZLE, P.J., and MARKEY and TUKEL, JJ., affirmed, reasoning that it was
bound to follow the previous panel’s conclusion in footnote 6 in Kostadinvoski I. Plaintiffs appealed,
and the Supreme Court ordered and heard oral argument on whether to grants plaintiffs’ application
for leave to appeal or take other action. 508 Mich 982 (2021).

     In an opinion by Justice BERNSTEIN, joined by Chief Justice CLEMENT and Justices
CAVANAGH and WELCH, in lieu of granting leave to appeal, the Supreme Court held:

         The NOI requirement of MCL 600.2912b—that written notice be given to a health
professional or health facility before a complaint is filed—does not apply to an already-existing
defendant after a medical malpractice action has commenced. Thus, a plaintiff does not have to
serve a new NOI on an already-existing defendant if a new, separate theory of causation comes to
light during the discovery process. Because the trial court concluded otherwise, it necessarily abused
its discretion when it denied plaintiffs’ motion to amend their complaint on the basis that amendment
would be futile and that amending the complaint would contravene the MCL 600.2912b NOI
requirement. The Court of Appeals’ judgment affirming the trial court order was reversed, and
footnote 6 of Kostadinovski I was vacated to the extent the Court of Appeals’ holding in
Kostadinovski II relied on it.

        1. MCL 600.2912b(1) provides that, except as otherwise provided in MCL 600.2912b, a
person shall not commence an action alleging medical malpractice against a health professional or
health facility unless the person has given the health professional or health facility written notice not
less than 182 days before the action is commenced. The purpose of the notice requirement—to
promote settlement without the need for formal litigation—cannot be realized when the litigation
has already been commenced. Thus, under the statute, the NOI requirement only applies before the
action is commenced; the purpose of the notice requirement would not be furthered after an action
has been commenced with already-existing defendants who have previously benefited from a pre-
suit waiting period. Therefore, there is no NOI requirement for an already-existing defendant after
a medical malpractice action has been commenced. This conclusion is strongly supported by the
language of MCL 600.2912b(3), which sets forth one situation in which an NOI is required after suit
has been commenced: when a plaintiff seeks to add a new defendant. The explicit carveout in
Subsection (3) strongly supports the conclusion that there are no other instances in which an NOI is
required mid-suit. MCL 600.2912b(6) provides further support for that conclusion. Specifically,
Subsection (6) refers to the tacking or addition of successive 182-day waiting periods for additional
NOIs; there is nothing in the language of the provision that suggests that this applies to mid-suit
NOIs as opposed to pre-suit NOIs, whereas the NOI requirement of Subsection (1) explicitly only
applies before the action is commenced. Had the Legislature intended otherwise with regard to
Subsection (1), it would have spelled out a similarly specific procedure for the NOI requirement to
apply to already-existing defendants mid-suit.

        2. In this case, plaintiffs served defendants with a compliant NOI and waited the statutorily
designated 182 days before filing their complaint. Caselaw involving defective NOIs, like Bush v
Shabahang, 484 Mich 156 (2009), did not apply because plaintiffs’ NOI was not defective at the
time the complaint was filed, and the analysis did not change even though MCR 2.112(L)(2) might
allow a defendant to challenge an NOI for good cause. Because plaintiffs had already commenced
the action when they sought to amend their complaint, MCL 600.2912b did not require plaintiffs to
seek to amend their NOI. Because the trial court concluded otherwise, it necessarily abused its
discretion when it denied plaintiffs’ motion to amend their complaint on the basis that amendment
would be futile and that amending the complaint would contravene the MCL 600.2912b NOI
requirement.

        Court of Appeals judgment reversed; trial court order denying plaintiffs’ motion to amend
their complaint vacated; and case remanded for reconsideration of plaintiffs’ motion to amend.

          Justice ZAHRA, dissenting, disagreed with the majority’s conclusion that MCL 600.2912b
does not apply when a plaintiff seeks to amend their complaint against an already-named defendant
after suit has commenced. MCL 600.2912b does not expressly address amendments to an NOI.
However, MCL 600.2912b(6)’s reference to “additional notices [that] are subsequently filed for that
claim” refers to additional NOIs relating to a particular claim that has been filed and not a separate
NOI that must be sent to new parties. In this way, MCL 600.2912b contemplates that an existing
party is entitled to additional NOIs after the action commenced, while nonexisting defendants are
entitled to separate and independent NOIs before being summoned to litigate an existing action.
Previous Michigan appellate opinions, beginning with Bush, have recognized that MCL
600.2912b(6) specifically contemplates that additional NOIs may be filed. Further, MCR
2.112(L)(2)(a) plainly allows for NOIs to be challenged for good cause after a defendant has filed
its first response to the complaint; thus, it is not relevant that a NOI is not defective at the time a
complaint was filed because it may later be challenged for good cause. Bush, caselaw applying Bush,
and MCR 2.112(L) undermine the majority’s conclusion that the NOI requirement only applies
before the action is commenced. MCL 600.2912b(3), which provides that a separate NOI is
expressly required after a new, separate defendant is added to an action, was not dispositive because
defendants never received any notice of the new theory of negligence. Indeed, the Court’s reliance
on MCL 600.2912b(3) was a red herring given that defendants never had a waiting notice period to
evaluate plaintiffs’ new theory of causation. Further, the provision was not applicable to whether
the trial court abused its discretion by denying plaintiffs’ motion to amend their complaint. Instead,
MCL 600.2301 allows a plaintiff to amend the NOI and preserve tolling unless the plaintiff failed to
make a good-faith effort to comply with MCL 600.2912b(4). Because the statutory language does
not compel the majority’s interpretation and MCL 600.2912b(6) specifically contemplates that
additional notices of intent may be filed, as reflected by precedent, the NOI requirement does not
only apply before the action is commenced. Rather, MCL 600.2912b entitles a defendant to formal
notice when a brand-new claim comes to light during discovery; it does not require an additional
NOI to be filed each time a plaintiff seeks to amend a complaint. Relevant here, plaintiffs had in
their possession the document that purportedly supported their new causation theory even before the
NOI was mailed, and defendants were prejudiced by having to litigate plaintiffs’ original baseless
claims for two years. Accordingly, the Court’s opinion denies plaintiffs all rights provided by MCL
600.2912b, unwisely abrogates Supreme Court precedent without discussion, and renders MCL
600.2912b a dead letter, thereby thwarting any purpose the Legislature intended when enacting the
statute. Justice ZAHRA would have affirmed the judgment of the Court of Appeals and the order of
the trial court.

        Justice VIVIANO did not participate in the disposition of this case because of a familial
relationship with the presiding circuit court judge in this case.

       Justice BOLDEN did not participate in the disposition of this case because the Court
considered it before she assumed office.
                                                                         Michigan Supreme Court
                                                                               Lansing, Michigan

OPINION
                                                Chief Justice:                Justices:
                                                 Elizabeth T. Clement         Brian K. Zahra
                                                                              David F. Viviano
                                                                              Richard H. Bernstein
                                                                              Megan K. Cavanagh
                                                                              Elizabeth M. Welch
                                                                              Kyra H. Bolden

                                                        FILED July 6, 2023

                              STATE OF MICHIGAN

                                     SUPREME COURT

 DRAGO KOSTADINOVSKI and BLAGA
 KOSTADINOVSKI,

                 Plaintiffs-Appellants,

 v                                                               No. 162909

 STEVEN D. HARRINGTON, M.D., and
 ADVANCED CARDIOTHORACIC
 SURGEONS, PLLC,

                 Defendants-Appellees.

 BEFORE THE ENTIRE BENCH (except VIVIANO and BOLDEN, JJ.)

 BERNSTEIN, J.
       This is the second time this case has come before us. Previously, we considered

 whether, “consistent with MCL 600.2912b, a plaintiff in a medical malpractice case may

 amend the complaint to include newly discovered claims against an existing defendant.”
Kostadinovski v Harrington, 503 Mich 869 (2018). We subsequently denied leave, 1 which

left in place the published Court of Appeals opinion, Kostadinovski v Harrington, 321 Mich

App 736; 909 NW2d 907 (2017) (Kostadinovski I).

         MCL 600.2912b concerns the requirement to file a notice of intent (NOI) to file suit

in medical malpractice cases. We now consider a related, but more specific question: what

application does MCL 600.2912b have when a plaintiff in a medical malpractice case seeks

to amend a complaint to add new theories against an existing defendant? We hold that

MCL 600.2912b does not apply where a plaintiff seeks to amend their complaint against

an already-named defendant after suit has already been commenced. Accordingly, we

reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals 2 and remand this case to the trial court for

further proceedings that are consistent with this opinion.

             I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

         While the procedural history of this case is somewhat long and complex, the

underlying facts have remained unchanged since this case was first before the Court of

Appeals.     In that opinion, the Court of Appeals set forth the following facts and

background:

                On December 9, 2013, plaintiffs [Drago and Blaga Kostadinovski]
         served defendants [Dr. Steven D. Harrington and Advanced Cardiothoracic
         Surgeons, PLLC] with the NOI, asserting that on December 14, 2011, the
         doctor [defendant Dr. Steven D. Harrington] had performed robotic-assisted
         [mitral-valve-repair] surgery on Mr. Kostadinovski and that, as subsequently

1
    Kostadinovski v Harrington, 503 Mich 1009 (2019).
2
  Kostadinovksi v Harrington, unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals,
issued March 11, 2021 (Docket No. 351773).

                                              2
      determined, Mr. Kostadinovski suffered a stroke during the course of the
      procedure. The NOI listed six specific theories with respect to the manner
      in which the doctor allegedly breached the applicable standard of care
      relative to the surgery and preparation for the surgery, along with identifying
      related causation claims. On June 4, 2014, an expert for plaintiffs executed
      an affidavit of merit that listed the same six negligence theories outlined in
      the NOI in regard to the alleged breaches of the standard of care. On June 5,
      2014, plaintiffs filed their medical malpractice complaint against defendants,
      along with the affidavit of merit, alleging that the doctor breached the
      standard of care in the six ways identified in the NOI and affidavit of merit.
      The causation claims were also identical in all three legal documents. . . .

              On March 21, 2016, defendants filed a motion for summary
      disposition, arguing that, as revealed during discovery, plaintiffs’ expert
      witnesses could not validate or support the six negligence theories set forth
      in the NOI, affidavit of merit, and complaint. On that same date, March 21,
      2016, plaintiffs filed a motion to amend their complaint. Plaintiffs asserted
      that discovery had recently been completed and that discovery showed that
      Mr. Kostadinovski “was in a hypotensive state during the operation and was
      not adequately transfused.” According to plaintiffs, this evidence was
      previously unknown and only came to light following the deposition of the
      perfusionist, the continuing deposition of the doctor, and the depositions of
      plaintiffs’ retained experts. Plaintiffs sought to amend the complaint to
      allege negligence against the doctor “for failing to adequately monitor Mr.
      Kostadinovski’s hypotension during the operation and failing to transfuse the
      patient so as to maintain the patient’s blood pressure.” On March 28, 2016,
      a hearing was held on plaintiffs’ motion to amend the complaint, and the trial
      court decided to take the matter under advisement. On April 25, 2016, a
      hearing was conducted on defendants’ motion for summary disposition, at
      which time plaintiffs agreed to the dismissal of their original complaint,
      given that their theories of negligence now lacked expert support, as did the
      causation claims that had been linked to the defunct negligence theories.
      Plaintiffs’ motion to amend the complaint remained pending.

            On April 29, 2016, the trial court issued a written opinion and order
      denying plaintiffs’ motion to amend the complaint. [Kostadinovski I, 321
      Mich App at 740-742.]

To summarize, after filing their medical malpractice complaint, plaintiffs subsequently

filed a motion to amend their complaint, but did not file either a new NOI or a motion to

amend their original NOI.

                                            3
       Plaintiffs appealed, and defendants cross-appealed. The Court of Appeals issued a

published opinion that largely discussed only the application of MCL 600.2301, which

concerns amendments. The Court of Appeals reversed and remanded to the trial court for

that court to apply MCL 600.2301 in considering whether amendment of the NOI would

be appropriate. To the extent that the Court of Appeals addressed MCL 600.2912b at all,

the Court touched upon it only briefly in a footnote:

               Plaintiffs argue that MCL 600.2912b simply requires the service of an
       NOI before suit is filed and that once this is accomplished through the service
       of a proper and compliant NOI, as judged at the time suit is filed and by the
       language in the original complaint, the requirements of the statute have been
       satisfied, absent the need to revisit the NOI even if a new theory of
       negligence or causation is later developed that was not included in the NOI
       and that forms the basis of an amended complaint. If this were the law, the
       entire analysis in [Decker v Rochowiak, 287 Mich App 666; 791 NW2d 507
       (2010),] would have been completely unnecessary because a proper and
       compliant NOI had been served on the defendants, as judged on the date the
       original complaint was filed and by the language in that complaint.
       Moreover, the approach suggested by plaintiffs would undermine the
       legislative intent and purpose behind MCL 600.2912b. [Kostadinovski I, 321
       Mich App at 751 n 6.]

       Defendants then sought leave to appeal in this Court, with plaintiffs filing a cross-

appeal. Following oral argument, we denied leave, which left in place the Court of

Appeals’ opinion in Kostadinovski I. See Kostadinovski v Harrington, 503 Mich 1009

(2019).   On remand, the trial court once again denied plaintiffs’ motion to amend,

concluding that amendment would be futile and that amending the complaint would run

afoul of the requirement in MCL 600.2912b that written notice be given to a health

professional or health facility before a complaint is filed. On appeal, the Court of Appeals

relied on the footnote in Kostadinovski I to determine that the law-of-the-case doctrine

prevented them from arriving at a different conclusion. Kostadinovski v Harrington,

                                             4
unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued March 11, 2021 (Docket

No. 351773) (Kostadinovski II), p 8.

       Plaintiffs sought leave to appeal in this Court, continuing to argue that MCL

600.2912b does not apply under these circumstances. On November 23, 2021, we ordered

oral argument on the application. Kostadinovski v Harrington, 508 Mich 982 (2021).

                             II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       A decision to deny a motion to amend pleadings is within the discretion of the trial

court, and reversal is only appropriate when the trial court abuses that discretion. Weymers

v Khera, 454 Mich 639, 654; 563 NW2d 647 (1997). “An abuse of discretion occurs when

a trial court’s decision falls outside the range of reasonable and principled outcomes.”

People v Franklin, 500 Mich 92, 100; 894 NW2d 561 (2017) (quotation marks and citation

omitted). “A trial court necessarily abuses its discretion when it makes an error of law.”

People v Duncan, 494 Mich 713, 723; 835 NW2d 399 (2013).

       This Court reviews questions of statutory interpretation de novo.         Wyandotte

Electric Supply Co v Electrical Technology Sys, Inc, 499 Mich 127, 137; 881 NW2d 95

(2016).   “When interpreting a statute, we follow the established rules of statutory

construction, the foremost of which is to discern and give effect to the intent of the

Legislature.” Whitman v City of Burton, 493 Mich 303, 311; 831 NW2d 223 (2013), citing

Sun Valley Foods Co v Ward, 460 Mich 230, 236; 596 NW2d 119 (1999). “If the language

of the statute is unambiguous, the Legislature must have intended the meaning clearly

expressed, and the statute must be enforced as written. No further judicial construction is

required or permitted.” Sun Valley Foods, 460 Mich at 236.

                                             5
      III. MCL 600.2912b AND THE NOTICE-OF-INTENT REQUIREMENT

      In relevant part, MCL 600.2912b states:

             (1) Except as otherwise provided in this section, a person shall not
      commence an action alleging medical malpractice against a health
      professional or health facility unless the person has given the health
      professional or health facility written notice under this section not less than
      182 days before the action is commenced.

                                          * * *

             (3) The 182-day notice period required in subsection (1) is shortened
      to 91 days if all of the following conditions exist:

              (a) The claimant has previously filed the 182-day notice required in
      subsection (1) against other health professionals or health facilities involved
      in the claim.

             (b) The 182-day notice period has expired as to the health
      professionals or health facilities described in subdivision (a).

             (c) The claimant has filed a complaint and commenced an action
      alleging medical malpractice against 1 or more of the health professionals or
      health facilities described in subdivision (a).

              (d) The claimant did not identify, and could not reasonably have
      identified a health professional or health facility to which notice must be sent
      under subsection (1) as a potential party to the action before filing the
      complaint. [Emphasis added.]

The plain language of the statute clearly states that the NOI requirement only applies

“before the action is commenced.” MCL 600.2912b(1) (emphasis added).

      Plaintiffs in this case appropriately served defendants with their NOI and waited the

statutorily designated 182 days before filing their complaint. 3 The action had already

3
  The NOI was not defective at the time the complaint was filed, and thus, caselaw
involving defective NOIs, such as Bush v Shabahang, 484 Mich 156; 772 NW2d 272
(2009), is inapposite. The dissent points out that Bush notes, “[W]hether a medical
malpractice action is commenced for purposes of [MCL 600.5856(a)] does not depend on

                                             6
commenced when plaintiffs sought to amend their complaint; accordingly, MCL

600.2912b did not require plaintiffs to also seek to amend their NOI. As the Court of

Appeals has previously stated, “The purpose of the notice requirement—to promote

settlement without the need for formal litigation—cannot be realized when the litigation

has already been commenced.” Decker, 287 Mich App at 681 (emphasis added). See Neal

v Oakwood Hosp Corp, 226 Mich App 701, 705; 575 NW2d 68 (1997), citing Senate

Legislative Analysis, SB 270 (August 11, 1993), and House Legislative Analysis, HB

4403-4406 (March 22, 1993). It is clear that the purpose of the notice requirement would

not be furthered after an action has been commenced with already-existing defendants who

have previously benefited from a pre-suit waiting period.

       Both the plain language of MCL 600.2912b(1) and the purpose of the statute support

the finding that there is no NOI requirement for an already-existing defendant after a

medical malpractice action has been commenced. It is significant to note that MCL

600.2912b explicitly refers to one situation in which an NOI is required after suit has been

commenced—i.e., when a plaintiff seeks to add a new defendant. See MCL 600.2912b(3).

Such defendants are essentially in a pre-suit posture, as they have not yet been involved in

the action, and the purpose of the notice requirement would not be frustrated. This explicit

carveout in the statute for new defendants is strong support for the argument that there are

the presence or absence of defects within the NOI.” Bush, 484 Mich at 171 n 26 (emphasis
added). We are not concerned here with the application of MCL 600.5856(a) but, instead,
with the application of MCL 600.2912b. The fact remains that this Court determined in
Bush that the NOI was defective, which factually distinguishes Bush from this case. That
MCR 2.112(L)(2) might allow a defendant to challenge an NOI for good cause does not
change our analysis.

                                             7
no other instances in which an NOI is required mid-suit. If the Legislature had intended

for an NOI requirement to be imposed for both already-existing defendants as well as new

defendants, it could have written MCL 600.2912b to state as much. That it did not is fatal

to defendants’ argument.

       A review of the different waiting periods explicitly set out in the statute bears out

this conclusion.   Although MCL 600.2912b(6) refers to the tacking or addition of

successive 182-day waiting periods for additional NOIs, there is nothing in the language

of the provision that suggests that this applies to mid-suit NOIs as opposed to pre-suit

NOIs. 4 In contrast, the language of MCL 600.2912b(1) is clear that the NOI requirement

only applies “before the action is commenced.” (Emphasis added.) It also bears noting

that a shortened 91-day waiting period applies when new defendants are added mid-suit.

See MCL 600.2912b(3). Given the specificity of this requirement, we are hard-pressed to

explain why the Legislature would not have also spelled out a similarly specific procedure

4
  The dissent complains that we give consideration of MCL 600.2912b(6) short shrift
because the provision refers to both an “initial notice” and “additional notices,” which he
takes to mean that the Legislature specifically contemplated the mid-suit filing of
additional notices. Specifically, MCL 600.2912b(6) states that, after the initial notice is
given, “the tacking or addition of successive 182-day periods is not allowed, irrespective
of how many additional notices are subsequently filed for that claim and irrespective of the
number of health professionals or health facilities notified.” However, there is nothing in
the language of MCL 600.2912b(6) that clearly suggests that the additional notices are
necessarily against the same defendants, given the language in the provision that the
prohibition against the tacking of successive 182-day periods is “irrespective of the number
of health professionals or health facilities notified.” More importantly, the “tacking or
addition of successive 182-day periods,” MCL 600.2912b(6), suggests that these additional
periods also take place at the same time as the initial notice, which is “before the action is
commenced,” MCL 600.2912b(1) (emphasis added). There is simply no indication in the
text of MCL 600.2912b(6) that any additional notices necessarily happen mid-suit, as the
dissent suggests.

                                              8
for the situation at issue here if the Legislature had intended for the NOI requirement to

apply to already-existing defendants mid-suit. It is also hard to imagine why newly added

defendants would only get the benefit of a shortened 91-day notice period, but already-

existing defendants who had previously received the benefit of the initial notice period

might once again receive the benefit of another 182-day notice period, as defendants argue.

       We hold that the NOI requirement of MCL 600.2912b does not apply to an already-

existing defendant after a medical malpractice action has commenced. 5 This is also

consistent with the caselaw governing affidavits of merit (AOMs). In King v Reed, 278

Mich App 504; 751 NW2d 525 (2008), the Court of Appeals addressed the AOM

requirement of MCL 600.2912d. “Once an action has been commenced and an affidavit

of merit in compliance with the statute has been filed with the complaint, the purpose of

the statute has been fulfilled.” King, 278 Mich App at 516. The Court of Appeals explained

that the plain language of MCL 600.2912d made it clear that an AOM need only be filed

with the original complaint and that the plaintiff did not need to file an amended AOM

with his amended complaint. Id. at 519.

5
  The dissent accuses us of rendering MCL 600.2912b a “dead letter” because we read the
statutory text as it was plainly written by the Legislature. The dissent would require new
NOIs to be filed each time a plaintiff seeks to amend a complaint, regardless of whether a
plaintiff had already fulfilled the obligations of MCL 600.2912b(1) to file written notice
“before the action is commenced.” If our interpretation of MCL 600.2912b would create
a dead letter, the dissent’s interpretation would create a zombie, resurrecting the pre-suit
NOI requirement every time the realities of litigation require alterations to the claim
already presented. The dissent’s suggestion that defendants in this case were caught totally
unaware of the new theory of malpractice ignores the practical realities of the lengthy
discovery process.

                                             9
         Accordingly, the trial court’s order holding otherwise was necessarily an abuse of

discretion because it depended on an error of law. We similarly find that the Court of

Appeals’ holding in Kostadinovski I was erroneous. To the extent that footnote 6 of

Kostadinovski I would suggest that our holding today is inconsistent with Decker, 6 we note

that Decker stated:

         The amended complaint did not name new defendant parties, MCL
         600.2912b(3), and it did not set forth any new potential causes of injury.
         Thus, plaintiff was only required under MCL 600.2912b(1) to provide the
         statutory notice before he commenced his lawsuit against these same
         defendants, and it is undisputed that the requisite notice was provided.
         Plaintiff was not required to file a second NOI with regard to these
         defendants after he was granted leave to file his amended complaint, a
         complaint that merely clarified plaintiff’s claims against the . . . defendants.
         [Decker, 287 Mich App at 681.]

Decker involved an amended complaint to clarify theories included in the original NOI.

Here, we are concerned with how a plaintiff may raise a new theory that was not included

in the original NOI. It is thus difficult to see what tension exists between our holding today

and the Court of Appeals’ holding in Decker.

                                     IV. CONCLUSION

         Because we hold that MCL 600.2912b does not apply under these circumstances,

we reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals. To the extent that the Court of Appeals’

holding in Kostadinovski II relied on footnote 6 in Kostadinovski I, we vacate that portion

of Kostadinovski I. We also vacate the trial court’s order denying plaintiffs’ motion to

amend their complaint and remand this case to the trial court to reconsider whether

6
    Kostadinovski I, 321 Mich App at 752 n 6.

                                               10
plaintiffs’ motion to amend the complaint should be granted. See MCR 2.118(A)(2);

Weymers, 454 Mich at 658-659. We do not retain jurisdiction.

                                                     Richard H. Bernstein
                                                     Elizabeth T. Clement
                                                     Megan K. Cavanagh
                                                     Elizabeth M. Welch

                                         11
                            STATE OF MICHIGAN

                                   SUPREME COURT

    DRAGO KOSTADINOVSKI and BLAGA
    KOSTADINOVSKI,

               Plaintiffs-Appellants,

    v                                             No. 162909

    STEVEN D. HARRINGTON, M.D., and
    ADVANCED CARDIOTHORACIC
    SURGEONS, PLLC,

               Defendants-Appellees.

ZAHRA, J. (dissenting).
        Some 30 years ago, Michigan enacted comprehensive tort-reform legislation to

ensure that medical malpractice claims are thoroughly investigated for legal merit and

factual support before an action is commenced. Among the various prerequisites to

commencing an action is the duty to provide a putative defendant with a written “notice of

intent to file a claim” pursuant to MCL 600.2912b. A lawsuit cannot commence until after

the 182-day notice period 1 passes following the mailing of notice of the intent to file a

claim. The 182-day notice period affords a defendant the opportunity to investigate a claim

and pursue settlement negotiations. If no settlement is reached and a plaintiff ultimately

determines that an action should be pursued, a complaint must be filed along with an

affidavit of merit, executed by a qualified healthcare provider, attesting that the provider

1
 The pertinent period may be shortened to 154 or 91 days under circumstances not relevant
here. See MCL 600.2912b(3) and (8).
reviewed the pertinent medical records, that there is factual support that the defendant

breached the applicable standard of care, and that this breach caused plaintiff harm. 2

        In this case, plaintiff served notice of intent to sue defendant, obtained an affidavit

of merit, and later filed a complaint, all of which only alleged that defendant surgeon used

an improper catheter during the surgery and that its use resulted in plaintiff’s suffering a

stroke. Some two years later, plaintiff abandoned the legal theory for which the notice of

intent and the affidavit of merit were provided and agreed to dismiss these claims with

prejudice.

        Plaintiff then sought to amend his complaint to allege that defendant’s failure to

monitor plaintiff’s low blood pressure during the surgery was the cause of the stroke. None

of the above-mentioned documents remotely supported this entirely new theory. And, in

fact, plaintiff’s new theory assumes the truth of defendant’s defense to plaintiff’s original

claim: the surgeon made the right call to use this catheter, and the device worked properly.

Further, plaintiff possessed the surgical records that supported this new claim even before

the notice of intent was mailed. For these reasons, the trial court declined plaintiff’s motion

for leave to amend the complaint. In my view, the trial court did not abuse its discretion

by denying plaintiff leave to amend the complaint, first on the basis of MCR 2.118, the

amendment-of-pleading court rule, and again after remand under MCL 600.2301, the

amendment-of-pleadings-before-judgment statute.

2
    MCL 600.2912d.

                                               2
       The majority opinion holds that MCL 600.2912b does not apply when a plaintiff

seeks to amend their complaint against an already-named defendant after suit has

commenced. I disagree.

       The language of MCL 600.2912b contemplates that a plaintiff may file additional

notices of intent in support of a claim. Additional notices refer to notices in addition to an

existing claim, and not separate initial notices that must be sent to then unnamed

defendants. This Court has previously addressed the consequences of filing a defective

notice of intent, which may be challenged at any time for good cause shown, and outlined

a workable rule that allows for defective notices of intent to be excused under MCL

600.2301.

       Today, the Court abrogates that caselaw without discussion and interprets MCL

600.2912b in a manner that completely deprives a defendant of any right to notice of a

newly asserted claim, so long as the original notice of intent was timely filed, regardless of

whether and the extent to which the newly asserted claim relates to the claim for which

notice was provided. This, for all intents and purposes, renders MCL 600.2912b a dead

letter. For these reasons, as more fully developed in this opinion, I dissent.

                        I. BASIC FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS

       In December 2011, Dr. Steven D. Harrington performed a minimally invasive

surgery on the mitral valve of Drago Kostadinovski’s heart. Dr. Harrington used an

EndoClamp catheter during the surgery. Kostadinovski suffered a stroke after the surgery.

       In December 2013, Drago and Blaga Kostadinovski (collectively referred to in the

singular as “plaintiff” for ease of reference because Blaga’s sole claim is for loss of

                                              3
consortium) served defendants Dr. Steven D. Harrington and Advanced Cardiothoracic

Surgeons, PLLC (collectively referred to in the singular as “defendant” for ease of

reference) with a notice of intent (NOI), faulting Dr. Harrington for not discovering a clot

in Kostadinovski’s arterial tree before the surgery, which, plaintiff alleged, should have led

Dr. Harrington to determine that he could not use an EndoClamp catheter during the

surgery. The causation theory was that the EndoClamp “broke[] loose” a clot that moved

to Kostadinovski’s brain, causing the stroke. After waiting the applicable statutory notice

period, plaintiff filed a complaint with an affidavit of merit from a cardiothoracic surgeon

in June 2014. The claim alleged in the complaint and the affidavit of merit were identical

with the claim described in the NOI.

       In July 2015, which was after Dr. Harrington’s first deposition, plaintiff’s attorney

informed defense counsel of a new theory based on Kostadinovski’s blood pressure during

the surgery.   This theory was that Dr. Harrington failed to recognize and address

Kostadinovski’s low blood pressure (hypotension) during the surgery, which led to his

stroke. This theory does not in any way relate to Dr. Harrington’s decision to use an

EndoClamp. In fact, this theory suggests that Dr. Harrington properly used the EndoClamp

and that the EndoClamp worked as intended.

       When plaintiff’s experts, including the affiant of the affidavit of merit, were deposed

in early 2016, they each acknowledged that Dr. Harrington did not violate the standard of

care by deciding to use an EndoClamp. Plaintiff stipulated to dismiss his pleaded claims

and moved to amend his complaint to add claims relating to Dr. Harrington’s alleged failure

to recognize and address Kostadinovski’s hypotension during the surgery, which

purportedly led to his stroke. The trial court denied plaintiff’s motion to amend the

                                              4
complaint, noting that plaintiff should and could have served defendant with an amended

NOI long before July 2015 because plaintiff’s counsel had access to the surgical records

pertaining to hypotension before the now-dismissed claim was filed. The court highlighted

that plaintiff’s failure to take any affirmative action on this new theory caused defendant

to suffer unnecessary delay and expense and violated defendant’s statutory right to receive

an NOI for each medical malpractice claim asserted against defendant. Under these

circumstances, with trial looming and the prospect of litigating a claim that should have

been developed and brought much earlier, the trial court concluded that allowing plaintiff

to amend the complaint was not in the furtherance of justice.

         Plaintiff appealed, primarily arguing that

         MCL 600.2912b simply requires the service of an NOI before suit is filed
         and that once this is accomplished through the service of a proper and
         compliant NOI, as judged at the time suit is filed and by the language in the
         original complaint, the requirements of the statute have been satisfied, absent
         the need to revisit the NOI even if a new theory of negligence or causation is
         later developed that was not included in the NOI and that forms the basis of
         an amended complaint.[3]

The Court of Appeals rejected plaintiff’s argument, explaining that it was not supported by

Michigan caselaw and conflicted with the purpose of the notice requirement. 4

         Plaintiff alternatively argued that if MCL 600.2912b applied and required an

amended NOI, the trial court erred because it should have allowed plaintiff to amend the

3
  Kostadinovski v Harrington, 321 Mich App 736, 751 n 6; 909 NW2d 907 (2017)
(Kostadinovski I).
4
    Id. at 752 n 6.

                                               5
NOI under MCL 600.2301 and Bush v Shabahang. 5 Although plaintiff had not presented

this argument to the trial court, the Court of Appeals agreed that “Bush controls our

analysis” and, consequently, that MCL 600.2301 was “potentially applicable[.]” 6 As a

result, the panel remanded the matter to the trial court to determine whether to excuse

plaintiff’s failure to file an amended NOI under MCL 600.2301. 7

         Both parties filed applications for leave to appeal in this Court. We ordered oral

argument on the application and the cross-application, requesting that the parties address

“the issues raised in the primary appeal and the cross-appeal, including how, consistent

with MCL 600.2912b, a plaintiff in a medical malpractice case may amend the complaint

to include newly discovered claims against an existing defendant.” 8 After oral argument,

5
 Bush v Shabahang, 484 Mich 156; 772 NW2d 272 (2009). Bush held, among other things,
“that the mandates of § 2301 are met when a party makes a good-faith attempt to comply
with the content requirements of § 2912b.” Id. at 161.
6
    Id. at 750. The Court of Appeals further stated:

         If MCL 600.2301 is implicated and potentially applicable to save a medical
         malpractice action when an NOI is defective because of a failure to include
         negligence or causation theories required by MCL 600.2912b(4), then, by
         analogy, MCL 600.2301 must likewise be implicated and potentially
         applicable when an NOI is deemed defective because it no longer includes
         the negligence or causation theories required by MCL 600.2912b(4) and
         alleged in the complaint, due to a postcomplaint change in the theories being
         advanced by a plaintiff as a result of information gleaned from discovery.
         [Kostadinovski I, 321 Mich App at 750.]
7
    Id. at 753 & n 7.
8
    Kostadinovski v Harrington, 503 Mich 869 (2018).

                                               6
this Court unanimously denied the application and cross-application, 9 leaving in place the

Court of Appeals’ opinion and judgment.

         On remand in the trial court, the parties submitted supplemental briefs on the

question whether plaintiff should be afforded relief under MCL 600.2301. The trial court

noted that “the Michigan Supreme Court has recognized that the Legislature’s enactment

of [MCL 600.2912b] granted healthcare providers ‘substantial rights’ . . . .” 10 The trial

court also highlighted that, “[u]nlike Bush, where the plaintiff’s defective NOI included

enough information to give the defendants notice of the asserted claims, it is undisputed

that [p]laintiffs’ NOI did not include any information about this newly asserted theor[y] of

medical malpractice liability.” So, the trial court held, Bush was not dispositive and

“[d]efendants’ substantial rights are implicated.”

         The trial court also concluded that relief under MCL 600.2301 would not be in the

furtherance of justice. Plaintiff argued that his original notice showed good faith. The trial

court rejected that argument for the same reasons the Court of Appeals rejected plaintiff’s

argument based on the NOI, stating:

         Plaintiff makes the same argument but now in the context of the “good faith”
         prong of the Bush test. This Court similarly finds that such an approach,
         especially where [d]efendants[’] substantial rights have been implicated as
         in this case, would undermine the legislative intent and purpose behind MCL
         600.2912b.

9
    Kostadinovski v Harrington, 503 Mich 1009 (2019).
10
  Citing Driver v Naini, 490 Mich 239; 802 NW2d 311 (2011), and Tyra v Organ
Procurement Agency of Mich, 498 Mich 68; 869 NW2d 213 (2015).

                                              7
       In addition, the trial court rejected plaintiff’s argument that the proposed

amendment was based on information obtained during discovery. Rather, it held, the

proposed amendment was based on Kostadinovski’s surgical records; the trial court

specifically found that “the record demonstrates that the relevant medical records were in

[Kostadinovski’s] possession before the NOI and complaint were drafted.”

       Plaintiff’s counsel also claimed that the perfusion record was not legible. Below is

a copy:

       The relevant entries are in the bottom right corner of the record, which reflects the

relevant reading during the surgery. The trial court was “able to read and consider” it.

Moreover, said the trial court, “it was legible enough for [plaintiff’s] counsel to ask Dr.

Harrington questions about Mr. Kostadinovski’s HGB/HCT levels at his deposition[.]”

The court also mentioned that plaintiff’s counsel used this medical record during the

perfusionist’s deposition. Lastly, plaintiff did not cite any specific evidence gleaned from

discovery that would have been needed before sending an NOI raising the new theory.

Thus, the trial court concluded that “amendment of the NOI or disregard of the prospective

                                             8
NOI defect is not ‘in the furtherance of justice.’ ” 11 Applying Bush’s two-prong test, the

trial court declined to exercise its discretion afforded under MCL 600.2301 to excuse the

lack of notice for the proposed amended claims. Accordingly, the court denied plaintiff

leave to amend his complaint.

         Plaintiff again appealed. The Court of Appeals affirmed in an unpublished per

curiam opinion. 12 The panel agreed with the trial court that plaintiff never attempted to

cure the deficiencies in the NOI by sending an amended notice of intent to defendant;

plaintiff was not entitled to relief under MCL 600.2301 because the amendment would

impair a substantial right of defendant.

         Plaintiff again filed an application for leave in this Court. The Court ordered oral

argument on the application, directing the parties to address, in part, “whether MCL

600.2912b applies where the plaintiff seeks to add new theories of recovery against an

already-named defendant[.]” 13 The Court also directed the parties to address “when and

11
     Quoting Bush, 484 Mich at 177.
12
   Kostadinovski v Harrington, unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals,
issued March 11, 2021 (Docket No. 351773) (Kostadinovski II).
13
   Kostadinovski v Harrington, 508 Mich 982 (2021). This is the very issue that the Court
asked the parties to consider the previous time this Court heard the case and unanimously
denied the parties’ applications. Taking up this issue again in the same case is indeed
curious. After all, the Court previously allowed plaintiff to present an unpreserved
argument based on MCL 600.2301 that ought to have been raised before the trial court and
should have been subject to forfeiture on appeal. And in previously denying leave, this
Court obviously was aware that on remand in the trial court the litigants would only
consider whether MCL 600.2301, as explained in Bush, provides plaintiff some manner of
relief. The trial court denied plaintiff relief under MCL 600.2301, and the Court of Appeals
affirmed its decision. Now, the majority revisits MCL 600.2912b and, for all intents and
purposes, ignores all of the proceedings that the Court requested on remand. It is striking
that this Court, so soon after a full complement of Justices could not muster four votes in

                                              9
how a plaintiff seeking to add such new theories may satisfy the requirements of MCL

600.2912b, see Bush v Shabahang, 484 Mich 156 (2009), and MCL 600.2301.” 14

                        II. INTERPRETATION OF MCL 600.2912b

                               A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

         This Court reviews de novo questions of law, like we also review questions of

statutory interpretation. 15

                                       B. ANALYSIS

         MCL 600.2912b states, in pertinent part:

                (1) Except as otherwise provided in this section, a person shall not
         commence an action alleging medical malpractice against a health
         professional or health facility unless the person has given the health
         professional or health facility written notice under this section not less than
         182 days before the action is commenced.

                 (2) The notice of intent to file a claim required under subsection (1)
         shall be mailed to the last known professional business address or residential
         address of the health professional or health facility who is the subject of the
         claim. Proof of the mailing constitutes prima facie evidence of compliance
         with this section. If no last known professional business or residential
         address can reasonably be ascertained, notice may be mailed to the health
         facility where the care that is the basis for the claim was rendered.

support of the instant majority’s interpretation of MCL 600.2912b, now decides that MCL
600.2912b is so clear that the proceedings ordered on remand were a frivolous waste of
judicial resources.
14
   Kostadinovski, 508 Mich 982. The Court’s holding in this case conveniently obviates
consideration of this issue, seemingly narrowing Bush’s holding to only those cases in
which a so-called “defective” NOI was initially filed, notwithstanding that the NOI, the
affidavit of merit, and the complaint never supported the medical malpractice
Kostadinovski now intends to litigate.
15
     Wickens v Oakwood Healthcare Sys, 465 Mich 53, 59; 631 NW2d 686 (2001).

                                               10
       (3) The 182-day notice period required in subsection (1) is shortened
to 91 days if all of the following conditions exist:

        (a) The claimant has previously filed the 182-day notice required in
subsection (1) against other health professionals or health facilities involved
in the claim.

       (b) The 182-day notice period has expired as to the health
professionals or health facilities described in subdivision (a).

       (c) The claimant has filed a complaint and commenced an action
alleging medical malpractice against 1 or more of the health professionals or
health facilities described in subdivision (a).

        (d) The claimant did not identify, and could not reasonably have
identified a health professional or health facility to which notice must be sent
under subsection (1) as a potential party to the action before filing the
complaint.

        (4) The notice given to a health professional or health facility under
this section shall contain a statement of at least all of the following:

       (a) The factual basis for the claim.

       (b) The applicable standard of practice or care alleged by the claimant.

       (c) The manner in which it is claimed that the applicable standard of
practice or care was breached by the health professional or health facility.

      (d) The alleged action that should have been taken to achieve
compliance with the alleged standard of practice or care.

       (e) The manner in which it is alleged the breach of the standard of
practice or care was the proximate cause of the injury claimed in the notice.

      (f) The names of all health professionals and health facilities the
claimant is notifying under this section in relation to the claim.

                                    * * *

        (6) After the initial notice is given to a health professional or health
facility under this section, the tacking or addition of successive 182-day
periods is not allowed, irrespective of how many additional notices are
subsequently filed for that claim and irrespective of the number of health
professionals or health facilities notified.

                                      11
         MCL 600.2912b does not expressly address amendments to an NOI. But this Court

and the Court of Appeals have recognized on numerous occasions that MCL 600.2912b(6)

specifically “contemplates that additional notices of intent may be filed[.]” 16 Indeed, we

recognized in Driver v Naini 17 that this Court expressly held in Bush v Shabahang 18 that

“MCL 600.2301 allows a plaintiff to amend the NOI and preserve tolling unless the

plaintiff failed to make a good-faith effort to comply with MCL 600.2912b(4).” 19

         Despite an abundance of caselaw clearly holding to the contrary, 20 the majority

opinion holds that “[t]he plain language of the statute clearly states that the NOI

requirement only applies ‘before the action is commenced.’ ” 21 I disagree with the

majority’s conclusion that the NOI requirement only applies “before the action is

commenced” because the statutory languages does not compel this interpretation and MCL

16
  Gulley-Reaves v Baciewicz, 260 Mich App 478, 486; 679 NW 2d 98 (2004), citing MCL
600.2912b(6).
17
     Driver, 490 Mich at 252-253.
18
     Bush, 484 Mich 156.
19
  Driver, 490 Mich at 252-253, citing Bush, 484 Mich at 176-178. See also Ligons v
Crittenton Hosp, 490 Mich 61, 67-68; 803 NW2d 271 (2011).
20
  See Ligons, 490 Mich at 67-68; Ligons v Crittenton Hosp, 285 Mich App 337, 343-349;
776 NW2d 361 (2009); Mayberry v Gen Orthopedics, PC, 474 Mich 1, 7-8; 704 NW2d 69
(2005); Decker v Rochowiak, 287 Mich App 666, 679-681; 791 NW2d 507 (2010)
(contrasting the NOI-related facts in the case with those in Gulley-Reaves, 260 Mich 478);
Korpal v Shaheen, unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued
December 28, 2006 (Docket No. 266418), pp 5-6.
21
     Quoting MCL 600.2912b(1) (some emphasis added).

                                            12
600.2912b(6) specifically contemplates that additional notices of intent may be filed, as

reflected by our precedent.

         The majority opinion gives short shrift to MCL 600.2912b(6), which provides that

“[a]fter the initial notice is given to a health professional or health facility under this

section, the tacking or addition of successive 182-day periods is not allowed, irrespective

of how many additional notices are subsequently filed for that claim and irrespective of

the number of health professionals or health facilities notified.” 22 Filing against a separate

defendant requires that a new and separate complaint be filed, which cannot be “that claim”

for which the “initial notice” was sent. Clearly, the reference to “additional notices [that]

are subsequently filed for that claim” refers to additional NOIs relating to a particular claim

that has been filed and not a separate NOI that must be sent to new parties. It makes good

sense that MCL 600.2912b contemplates that an existing party is entitled to additional

NOIs after the action is commenced while non-existing defendants are entitled to separate

and independent NOIs before being summoned to litigate an existing action. 23

22
     Emphasis added.
23
   Contrary to the majority’s assertion, nowhere do I suggest that an additional NOI must
be filed each time a plaintiff seeks to amend a complaint. Rather, I say that MCL
600.2912b entitles a defendant to formal notice when a brand-new claim is unearthed
during discovery. Relevant here, plaintiff’s new theory was not even the product of
discovery, let alone “a lengthy discovery process.” Instead, plaintiff had the document that
he argues supports his new theory in his possession well before the NOI had even been
filed. He could have timely served plaintiff an NOI asserting this theory but failed to do
so. Also, I am not suggesting “that defendants in this case were caught totally unaware of
the new theory of malpractice . . . .” I am saying that defendants cannot be required to
consider a claim that has not been filed. I’ll leave it to the majority to explain its assertion
that “the practical realities of the lengthy discovery process” obligate a defendant to

                                              13
         The majority opinion holds that “[t]he NOI was not defective at the time the

complaint was filed, and thus, caselaw involving defective NOIs, such as Bush . . . , is

inapposite.” The only basis the majority opinion cites in support of this proposition is an

argument presented by plaintiff’s counsel that the Court of Appeals rejected; the majority

here states:

                “Plaintiffs argue that MCL 600.2912b simply requires the service of
         an NOI before suit is filed and that once this is accomplished through the
         service of a proper and compliant NOI, as judged at the time suit is filed and
         by the language in the original complaint, the requirements of the statute
         have been satisfied, absent the need to revisit the NOI even if a new theory
         of negligence or causation is later developed that was not included in the NOI
         and that forms the basis of an amended complaint.”[24]

The majority opinion highlights this unsupported argument as though it were law.

MCR 2.112(L) says otherwise, providing:

                (2) In a medical malpractice action, unless the court allows a later
         challenge for good cause:

                 (a) all challenges to a notice of intent to sue must be made by motion,
         filed pursuant to MCR 2.119, at the time the defendant files its first response
         to the complaint, whether by answer or motion[.]

         MCR 2.112(L)(2)(a) plainly allows for challenges to the NOI for “good cause” after

a defendant has filed its first response to the complaint. Contrary to the majority opinion,

it is irrelevant that the NOI was “not defective at the time the complaint was filed” because

it later may be challenged for good cause. MCR 2.112(L), as well as the above-mentioned

consider claims that have not yet been filed and may never be filed. In my experience, that
is simply not how litigation works.
24
     Quoting Kostadinovski I, 321 Mich App at 751 n 6.

                                               14
abundance of caselaw from this Court, such as Bush and the Court of Appeals caselaw

applying Bush, undermines the majority opinion’s conclusion that the NOI requirement

only applies “before the action is commenced.” 25

         The majority opinion relies heavily on MCL 600.2912b(3), which refers to a

situation in which a separate NOI is expressly required after a complaint has been filed.

Again, this statutory provision is directed toward notice for a separate defendant and is not

dispositive in this case. This case involves an additional NOI that is required because the

NOI has not provided any notice to any defending party of the claims that plaintiff intended

to pursue when mailing the NOI. Even less persuasive is the majority opinion’s assertion

that “[i]f the Legislature had intended for an NOI requirement to be imposed for both

already-existing defendants as well as new defendants, it could have written MCL

600.2912b to state as much.” This is not a legitimate tool of statutory interpretation

because it fails to interpret text. Rather, it is a speculative endeavor, based on the

unrealistic expectation that our Legislature is able to enact a statute that expressly

contemplates all possible applications. 26 Lastly, the majority opinion’s reliance on MCL

600.2912b(3) is a red herring given defendant has never had a “waiting notice period,”

whether it be 91-days or 182-days, to evaluate plaintiff’s new theory of causation. Also,

25
     Quotation marks and citation omitted.
26
   Indeed, plaintiff’s reply brief notes “that the circumstances of this case - in which
plaintiffs seek to amend their complaint to add all new theories - is most unusual. The
writer of [plaintiff’s reply] brief has never encountered this circumstance before. Rather,
amendments in malpractice cases almost universally seek to add additional theories of
liability to those already pleaded.”

                                             15
MCL 600.2912b(3) is not relevant to determining the overriding question, which is whether

the trial court abused its discretion by denying plaintiff’s motion to amend his complaint.

         In regard to the purpose of MCL 600.2912b, the majority is correct that it

“promote[s] settlement without the need for formal litigation[.]” The majority posits that

this purpose is served by its interpretation because an already-named defendant is not in a

“pre-suit posture” because they have been involved in the action. This proposition strikes

me as highly disingenuous. Sure enough, defendant was involved in an action litigating

baseless claims for two years that plaintiff ultimately agreed to dismiss with prejudice. At

this point, plaintiff had no case and sought to amend the complaint to add a claim that was

not contemplated by the NOI, the affidavit of merit, or by any of plaintiff’s now-dismissed

claims. In other words, defendant is essentially now in a pre-suit posture yet without any

of the rights provided under MCL 600.2912b.           The Court’s holding renders MCL

600.2912b a dead letter, which is obviously antithetical to the purpose of MCL 600.2912b.

         Further, the majority opinion’s attempt to distinguish “caselaw involving defective

NOIs, such as Bush,” is inapt because it simply does not matter whether the NOI was

defective at the time the complaint was filed. The NOI can be challenged at any time for

“good cause.” 27 The majority opinion’s interpretation of MCL 600.2912b judicially

abrogates Bush and its progeny. Prior to this Court’s holding in Bush, a complaint premised

on an NOI later found defective would require that the defective complaint be dismissed

without prejudice. 28

27
     MCR 2.112(L)(2)(a).
28
  See Boodt v Borgess Med Ctr, 481 Mich 558, 562-563; 751 NW2d 44 (2008), called into
doubt by Bush, 484 Mich 156. See also Tyra, 498 Mich at 81 n 9 (explaining that,

                                             16
           Bush highlighted a statutory amendment that reflected the Legislature’s intent to

mitigate mandatory dismissal of a complaint without prejudice based on the failure to

comply with MCL 600.2912b because it “would complicate, prolong, and significantly

increase the expense of litigation. Dismissal with prejudice would be inconsistent with

these stated purposes.” 29 Having found that the Legislature had not intended dismissal

with prejudice as the proper remedy for filing a defective NOI, 30 the Bush Court turned to

“the Revised Judicature Act (RJA)[31] to see if other appropriate remedies exist that are

consistent with the intended purpose of [MCL 600.]2912b.” 32 The Court also recognized

that “the RJA does provide a mechanism to cure certain defects within pleadings in MCL

600.2301.” 33

           In doing so, Bush did not parse whether the NOI was defective at the time the

complaint was filed or whether it was later challenged and found defective. 34 Rather, it

stated that because “a defective NOI does not bar tolling of the statute of limitations under

“[a]lthough Bush reached a different result than Boodt, Bush did not overrule Boodt”
because the cases addressed different amended versions of the same statute).
29
     Bush, 484 Mich 174-175.
30
     Id. at 173-175.
31
     MCL 600.101 et seq.
32
     Id. at 176.
33
     Id.
34
   Indeed, the same Court in 2010 promulgated MCR 2.112(L) to provide trial courts
flexibility to re-examine an NOI. Clearly, the Bush Court would not agree with this
majority’s new interpretation of MCL 600.2912b.

                                              17
[MCL 600.]5856(c), we must now consider what a court must do when presented with a

defective NOI.” 35       The Court noted that “whether a medical malpractice action is

commenced for purposes of [MCL 600.]5856(a) does not depend on the presence or

absence of defects within the NOI.” 36 The Court in Bush explained that MCL 600.2301

“allows for amendment of errors or defects, whether the defect is in form or in substance,

but only when the amendment would be ‘for the furtherance of justice.’ ” 37 In no sense is

this holding limited to whether the NOI was defective when the complaint was filed.

Rather, Bush unequivocally stated:

          Thus, the applicability of [MCL 600.]2301 rests on a two-pronged test: first,
          whether a substantial right of a party is implicated and, second, whether a
          cure is in the furtherance of justice. If both of these prongs are satisfied, a
          cure will be allowed “on such terms as are just.”39 Given that NOIs are
          served at such an early stage in the proceedings, so-called “defects” are to be
          expected. The statute contemplates that medical records may not have been
          turned over before the NOI is mailed to the defendant.40 Defendants who
          receive these notices are sophisticated health professionals with extensive
          medical background and training. Indeed, these same defendants are allowed
          to act as their own reviewing experts. A defendant who has enough medical
          expertise to opine in his or her own defense certainly has the ability to
          understand the nature of claims being asserted against him or her even in the
          presence of defects in the NOI. Accordingly, we conclude that no substantial
          right of a health care provider is implicated. Further, we hold that the second
          prong of the test, which requires that the cure be in the furtherance of justice,
          is satisfied when a party makes a good-faith attempt to comply with the
          content requirements of [MCL 600.]2912b. Thus, only when a plaintiff has

35
     Bush, 484 Mich at 170.
36
     Id. at 171 n 26 (emphasis added).
37
     Id. at 177.

                                                 18
         not made a good-faith attempt to comply with [MLC 600.]2912b(4) should
         a trial court consider dismissal of an action without prejudice.[38]

         39
              MCL 600.2301.
         40
              MCL 600.2912b(5) provides for the exchange of medical records.

         And the trial court in this case applied the above test just as this Court intended

when previously denying leave and leaving in place the Court of Appeals’ judgment that

expressly required the trial court to determine whether MCL 600.2301 provides plaintiff

with relief to amend the NOI. Simply because the majority disagrees with the trial court’s

conclusion that plaintiff’s failure to comply with MCL 600.2912b denied defendant a

substantial right and that excusing plaintiff’s failure to comply with MCL 600.2912b would

not be in the furtherance of justice does not provide the Court license to willfully ignore

our precedent by adopting plaintiff’s self-serving interpretation of MCL 600.2912b.

         The lower courts reached the right result for generally the right reasons. The trial

court correctly concluded that defendant suffered prejudice in litigating a baseless claim

for two years that plaintiff ultimately agreed to dismiss with prejudice. While I do not

believe plaintiff acted in bad faith, I likewise cannot conclude plaintiff acted in good faith.

The bottom line is that plaintiff did not act at all, even though he should have done so given

that plaintiff had access from the onset of litigation to the medical records relied on to

support a completely new theory of causation. The majority opinion denies defendant all

rights provided under MCL 600.2912b, unwisely abrogates this Court’s precedent without

38
     Bush, 484 Mich at 177-178.

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discussion, and renders MCL 600.2912b a dead letter, which thwarts any purpose that the

Legislature possibly intended when enacting the statute. 39 For these reasons, I dissent.

                                                            Brian K. Zahra

       VIVIANO, J., did not participate in the disposition of this case because of a familial
relationship with the presiding circuit court judge in this case.

      BOLDEN, J., did not participate in the disposition of this case because the Court
considered it before she assumed office.

39
  Further, the majority opinion’s holding is not necessary given that plaintiff is attempting
to appeal an error that plaintiff created. The Court of Appeals explained:

       But plaintiffs’ procedural predicament is a quandary of their own making.
       When it became clear that their original theories of liability were not
       supported by the testimony of their own experts, plaintiffs responded to
       defendants’ motion for summary disposition regarding those theories,
       stating: “With regard to Plaintiffs’ remaining theories of liability, Plaintiff
       [sic] will not be going forward with those theories of liability.” At the
       hearing on defendants’ summary disposition motion, plaintiffs agreed with
       the trial court’s statement that “there is a stipulation as it relates to” dismissal
       of plaintiffs’ original claims. Thus, by the time the trial court ruled on
       plaintiffs’ motion to amend, it already had dismissed plaintiffs’ initial claims
       with prejudice. In other words, if plaintiffs believed in the soundness of their
       original claims, plaintiffs could have conditioned their stipulation on the trial
       court’s decision on their motion to amend. Despite now having seller’s
       remorse over stipulating unconditionally to the dismissal of their original
       claims, plaintiffs cannot now change their minds and resurrect those claims.
       See In re Koch Estate, 322 Mich App 383, 402-403; 912 NW2d 205 (2017)
       (“A party may not appeal an error that the party created.”). [Kostadinovski
       II, unpub op at 7 (alteration in original).]

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