Court Opinion

ID: 4578315
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-10-19 19:00:08.050753+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:28:11.796887
License: Public Domain

ARMED SERVICES BOARD OF CONTRACT APPEALS

Appeal of -                         )
                                    )
Trade West Construction, Inc.       ) ASBCA No.                      61068
                                    )
Under Contract No. W912PM-15-C-0024 )

APPEARANCES FOR THE APPELLANT:                      Karl Dix, Jr., Esq.
                                                    Lochlin B. Samples, Esq.
                                                     Smith, Currie & Hancock LLP
                                                     Atlanta, GA

APPEARANCES FOR THE GOVERNMENT:                     Michael P. Goodman, Esq.
                                                     Engineer Chief Trial Attorney
                                                    David C. Brasfield, Jr., Esq.
                                                    Carl E. Pruitt, Jr., Esq.
                                                     Engineer Trial Attorneys
                                                     U.S. Army Engineer District, Mobile

                  OPINION BY ADMINISTRATIVE JUDGE STINSON

       Appellant Trade West Construction, Inc., (Trade West), appeals a contracting
officer’s denial of its October 21, 2016, claim, in the amount of $304,062, for shaping
armor stone prior to placing it on top of an existing jetty. Trade West argues that the
government wrongfully rejected the armor stone it wished to use, thereby forcing it to
spend time and money shaping the armor stone to make it acceptable to the
government. (R4, tab 3) We have jurisdiction pursuant to the Contract Disputes Act
of 1978 (CDA), 41 U.S.C. §§ 7101-7109. The parties submitted cross-motions for
summary judgment, reply briefs, and exhibits to be considered in deciding this appeal. 1
Appellant also submitted two affidavits. For the reasons stated below, the parties’
cross-motions for summary judgment are denied.

1   The government’s motion for summary judgment and appellant’s cross-motion for
         summary judgment/response to the government’s motion are referred to herein
         as “gov’t mot.” and “app. mot.” The government’s response to appellant’s
         cross-motion/reply in support of its own motion is referred to as “gov’t resp.”
         Appellant’s reply in support of its motion for summary judgment is referred to
         as “app. reply.”
            STATEMENT OF FACTS (SOF) FOR PURPOSES OF THE
           PARTIES’ CROSS-MOTIONS FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT

        1. On September 25, 2015, the United States Army Corp of Engineers (USACE),
Wilmington District, awarded Trade West Contract No. W912PM-15-C-0024 (the
Contract), in the amount of $3,294,362.00, for South Jetty repairs to the Masonboro,
Inlet located in New Hanover County, North Carolina (R4, tab 4.1 at 126, 132-33). The
Contract required placement of armor stone weighing of 14 to 22 tons on an existing
jetty, insuring that the armor stone “form a compact mass and interlock with each other
and the existing stones” (R4, tab 4.1 at 134, 298).

       2. The Contract included specifications for “Exterior Improvements,”
Section 32 05 00.38, entitled “Stone.” Contained within that section was Part 1,
“General,” Part 2, “Products,” and Part 3, “Execution.” (R4, tab 4.1 at 293)

       3. Part 1.1, entitled “Scope,” provided, “[t]he work under this section shall
include all plant, labor, materials, work surface, and equipment required for the
furnishing, transportation, storage, and placing of stone as shown on the drawings”
(R4, tab 4.1 at 294).

       4. Part 2.1, entitled “Materials,” provided, in part:

              2.1.2 Armor Stone

              Stone shall consist of fresh, sound, hard, dense, durable,
              crystalline igneous or metamorphic rock which shall be
              separated from bedrock by quarrying. The stone shall be
              of such quality that the individual stone integrity and
              permanence within the jetty is assured under all conditions
              to which it is subjected.

                     ....

              The stone shall be free from open or incipient cracks,
              joints, seams, fissures and structural planes of weakness
              which might contribute to spalling or breakdown from;
              handling and placing, freeze-thaw cycles, wet-dry cycles,
              or from wave action. The stone shall be furnished in
              blocky and angular shapes. Flat stones, tabular stones,
              slabs, boulders and parts of boulders will be rejected. No

                                            2
               stone will be permitted which has a longest dimension that
               is three times (3X) or greater, than its least dimension.

(R4, tab 4.1 at 296)

       5. Part 2.1.3, entitled “Stone Size and Gradations,” provided “[f]or the
granite/granite gneiss armor stone, the specified weight range shall be 14.0 tons to
22.0 tons with 75% weighing more than 18.0 tons” (R4, tab 4.1 at 297).

        6. Part 2.1.4, entitled “Stone Sources,” provided:

               The source(s) from which the Contractor proposes to
               obtain stone materials as required for these specifications
               shall be selected and identified to the Contracting Officer
               or his/her designated representative within 15 days of
               receipt of Notice to Proceed. This source(s) shall be
               inspected by a Corps of Engineers Geologist. The stone
               source(s) shall provide test results of ASTM
               D5312/D5312M and ASTM D5313/D5313M and records
               of successful use on similar projects. The stone sampled
               by the Contractor shall be no less than 5 inches per side,
               excluding the thickness, and shall be tested by a Corps of
               Engineers validated commercial testing laboratory, or a
               Corps of Engineers laboratory. The tests shall include;
               bulk specific gravity, saturated surface dry (SSD) unit
               weight, absorption (all three tests as per ASTM C127),
               abrasion, wetting and drying (ASTM D5313/D5313M),
               and freeze-thaw (ASTM D5312/D5312M). The results of
               the testing shall be submitted to the Contracting Officer or
               his/her designated representative for review and approval
               at least 30 days prior to being shipped to the construction
               site.

(R4, tab 4.1 at 297)

        7. Part 2.1.5, entitled “Stone Not Meeting The Specifications,” provided, in
part:

               If, during the progress of the work, it is found that the
               stone being furnished and/or placed by the Contractor does
               not meet all the requirements of the specifications, the
               Contractor shall furnish other stone of a quality acceptable
               to the Contracting Officer or his/her designated

                                            3
              representative. Any stone rejected at the site of work as
              not meeting the requirements of these specifications for
              quality, condition, size, or otherwise, shall be removed
              from the site by and at the expense of the Contractor. All
              stones which are broken during shipment to the work site
              or during placement shall be rejected. The Contractor shall
              dispose of all rejected stone in a manner that is approved
              by the Contracting Officer or his/her designated
              representative.

(R4, tab 4.1 at 297)

       8. Part 3.2, entitled “Placement of Stone,” provided, in part:

              3.2.1 General

              Care shall be taken to place the stone so that they will form
              a compact mass, and form as nearly as practicable a cross-
              section of the height, width, and slopes as shown on the
              contract drawings. All stones shall be carefully placed so
              as to form a compact mass and to minimize the voids
              between them. Special care shall be taken during
              placement of stone to avoid damaging the existing
              sheetpile wall.

(R4, tab 4.1 at 298)

       9. Part 3.2.4, entitled “Armor Stone Placement,” provided:

              Armor stone shall be placed in a single layer to achieve the
              design cross sections and top elevation, as shown on the
              drawings. Begin placement of the stone at the toe of the
              placement limits and work upslope to reduce the risk of
              stone rolling and launching. Dropping of stones onto the
              structure is strictly prohibited. Each armor stone shall be
              lowered to rest before being released and shall be placed to
              the satisfaction of the Contracting Officer or his/her
              representative. All stones shall be carefully placed so as to
              minimize the size of voids between them. The armor
              stones of various sizes and shapes shall be distributed such

                                            4
                that they form a compact mass and interlock with each
                other and the existing stones.

(R4, tab 4.1 at 298)

         10. Part 3.3, entitled “Quality Control,” provided, in part:

                3.3.1 General

                The Contractor shall establish and maintain quality control
                for the armor stone and all other operations in connection
                therewith to assure compliance with contract requirements.
                The Contractor shall inspect for compliance with contract
                requirement and record the inspection of all operations,
                including but not limited to the following:

                a. Armor stone complies with the specifications for quality
                and weight and is placed to the lines and grades shown in
                the drawings within allowable tolerances.

                b. All stone placed in a dense compact mass.

(R4, tab 4.1 at 298-99)

        11. Note 2 on Contract drawing CN101 stated, “[t]he intent of the project is to
provide one new layer of armor stone within the approximate armor stone placement
limits area shown. The cross hatched areas shown are a general guide for stone
placement.” (Ex. A-8) 2

         12. Note 4 on Contract drawing CN301 stated, in part:

                Armor stone shall be placed to achieve the design cross
                sections and top elevation, as shown on plates CN301 thru

2   Appellant included a total of eight exhibits with its filings. The five exhibits
        included with its initial motion were labeled “TWC Exhibit A,” through “TWC
        Exhibit E.” The three exhibits included with its responsive motion were labeled
        “EXA,” through “EXC.” Where referenced in this decision, we refer to
        appellant’s eight exhibits sequentially as “ex. A-1” through, “ex. A-8”
        beginning with the five exhibits included with its initial motion (which were
        labeled TWC Exhibit A through E) and concluding with the three exhibits
        included with its responsive motion (which were labeled EXA through EXC).

                                              5
            CN308. Stone shall be placed in a single layer within the
            horizontal and vertical limits shown . . . . Please note, the
            stones depicted on the typical cross sections, as well as the
            cross sections themselves, are merely general
            representations, and do not mandate the size of the stone to
            be utilized. They are only intended to be a general
            example of proper stone placement.

(Ex. A-8)

        13. The Contract incorporated FAR 52.243-4, CHANGES (JUN 2007), stating,
in part:

            (b) Any other written or oral order (which, as used in this
            paragraph (b), includes direction, instruction,
            interpretation, or determination) from the Contracting
            Officer that causes a change shall be treated as a change
            order under this clause; provided, that the Contractor gives
            the Contracting Officer written notice stating

            (1) the date, circumstances, and source of the order and

            (2) that the Contractor regards the order as a change order.

            (c) Except as provided in this clause, no order, statement,
            or conduct of the Contracting Officer shall be treated as a
            change under this clause or entitle the Contractor to an
            equitable adjustment.

            (d) If any change under this clause causes an increase or
            decrease in the Contractor’s cost of, or the time required
            for, the performance of any part of the work under this
            contract, whether or not changed by any such order, the
            Contracting Officer shall make an equitable adjustment
            and modify the contract in writing. However, except for
            an adjustment based on defective specifications, no
            adjustment for any change under paragraph (b) of this
            clause shall be made for any costs incurred more than
            20 days before the Contractor gives written notice as
            required. In the case of defective specifications for which
            the Government is responsible, the equitable adjustment
            shall include any increased cost reasonably incurred by the

                                          6
              Contractor in attempting to comply with the defective
              specifications.

              (e) The Contractor must assert its right to an adjustment
              under this clause within 30 days after

              (1) receipt of a written change order under paragraph (a) of
              this clause or

              (2) the furnishing of a written notice under paragraph (b)
              of this clause, by submitting to the Contracting Officer a
              written statement describing the general nature and amount
              of proposal, unless this period is extended by the
              Government. The statement of proposal for adjustment
              may be included in the notice under paragraph (b) above.

48 C.F.R. § 52.243-4; (R4, tab 4.1 at 218-19).

      14. The September 25, 2015, cover letter congratulating Trade West on the
award of the Contract, stated, in part:

              It is emphasized that only a warranted Contracting Officer
              (either a Procuring Contracting Officer (PCO), or an
              Administrative Contracting Officer (ACO)), acting within
              their delegated limits, has the authority to issue
              modifications or otherwise change the terms and
              conditions of this contract. If an individual other than the
              Contracting Officer attempts to make changes to the terms
              and conditions of this contract you shall not proceed with
              the change and shall immediately notify the Contracting
              Officer.

(R4, tab 4.1 at 127)

       15. Modification No. P00001 issued the Notice to Proceed, effective
November 24, 2015, and established a Contract completion date of May 22, 2016 (R4,
tabs 4.2 at 440-43).

      16. On November 24, 2015, Andy Leavitt, Trade West’s Project
Superintendent, requested a site meeting with USACE geotechnical personnel at the
Martin Marietta Fountain Quarry (Fountain Quarry) to view armor stone proposed for

                                           7
use on the project (exs. G-1, A-1). 3 The parties met at Fountain Quarry, and,
subsequently, on December 28, 2015, the government notified the contractor “that the
rock submitted and inspected at the quarry is acceptable for use on the subject project”
(ex. G-2). Appellant proposed no other supplier of armor stones other than Fountain
Quarry, although appellant had communicated with other quarries about providing
armor stone for the project (exs. G-18 to -22).

      17. In February 2016, appellant made additional inquiries from quarries about
supplying armor stone for the project (exs. G-23 to -24).

       18. Appellant experienced a slow rate of production at Fountain Quarry, and,
by email dated February 24, 2016, Trade West requested an on-site meeting with the
government to consider armor stone from a second source. Trade West stated it would
deliver stone samples to its staging area for the government to review and was
gathering test reports for review, which would be forwarded to the government “once
they have been found to meet all the specifications of the contract.” (Ex. G-3) The
parties held a telephone conference that same day, discussing Trade West’s request
(ex. G-4).

       19. The parties met at the project site on February 26, 2016, to discuss the use of
stone from Salisbury Quarry. In an email dated February 29, 2016, Rolando Serrano,
the contracting officer’s representative, expressed concerns arising from what was
witnessed at that meeting:

                On Friday February 26, 2016 during our meeting between
                TWC and members of the Corps of Engineers at TWC’s
                Stock Yard; it was observed that a rather large quantity of
                rock (flat faced) from the Salisbury quarry had been
                delivered to your yard for which our representatives have
                strong concerns about. I strongly suggest that TWC not
                continue delivery of rock from an un-approved source.

(Exs. G-4 to -5)

       20. By Serial Letter TWC-0001, dated February 29, 2016, and addressed to
Contracting Officer Charlene Figgins, Trade West’s Quality Control Manager,
Steven Potter, sought “to clarify Trade West Construction’s interpretation of the
contract specification pertaining to Armor Stone, and why we believe that the blocky
and angular stone we are proposing to use meets the specification requirements as

3   Where referenced in this decision, we refer to the 26 consecutively-numbered
        exhibits submitted by the government with its initial and responsive motion as
        “ex. G-1” through “ex. G-26.”

                                             8
outlined in the contract” (ex. G-7 at TWC004086). As support, Mr. Potter cited
Contract specifications relating to both “Materials” (Part 2.1) and “Placement”
(Part 3.2):

             Specification Section 32 05 00.38 STONE, paragraph 2.1.2
             Armor Stone, states that “The stone shall be furnished in
             blocky and angular shapes.” After extensive digging into
             what defines a stone as “blocky and angular” we found
             several credible sources, all of which have similar
             definitions. You can see all of the definitions we
             uncovered attached to this letter. We find that “blocky” is
             best defined as “resembling a block in form,” and
             “angular” is best defined as “having one or more angles.”
             Additionally, the USGS interprets “angular” at the granular
             level as being the “opposite of round.” Further search into
             a definition where “blocky and angular” were used in
             conjunction with one another, typically turned up
             landscaping stones which closely resembled the blocky
             stones we are proposing to use, but on a much smaller
             scale.

             Specification Section 32 05 00.38 STONE, paragraph 3.2.4
             Armor Stone Placement, states that “The armor stones of
             various sizes and shapes shall be distributed such that they
             form a compact mass and interlock with each other and the
             existing stones.” I reference this segment of the
             specifications due to the verbiage pertaining to various size
             and shapes. The stone we are proposing to use consistently
             produces various sizes and shapes with no two stones
             holding the same dimensions, angles or shapes. On
             February 26, 2016, while the COE had representatives
             on-site, we measured several blocks and found that every
             sample produced its own unique dimensions.

(Id.) Trade West also cited a mockup presentation allegedly demonstrating the
proposed Salisbury Quarry armor stone could be placed to minimize voids and
increase surface contact (id. at TWC004087). A copy of the mockup presentation was
provided to the government on March 3, 2016 (exs. G-8 to -9).

       21. More than 60 Salisbury Quarry stones were delivered to, and stockpiled at,
the contractor’s staging area prior to appellant’s submitting to the government
information required by paragraph 2.1.4 of the specifications and prior to the

                                          9
government’s approval of stone from that quarry (ex. A-4 at TWC000456-457, ex. A-7
at 5; R4, tab 5.3 at 493-94).

        22. By Serial Letter C-0001, dated March 7, 2016, the contracting officer
responded to appellant’s Serial Letter TWC-0001, rejecting the stones delivered to the
site from Salisbury Quarry as not meeting specification requirements and being
unacceptable for placement (R4, tab 5.3). The contracting officer stated that “[t]he
specifications and contract documents presented in their entirety clearly indicate the
intent of the Corps to have random, irregularly shaped stone that will provide the
maximum potential for interlocking of various shaped stones” (id. at 493). The
government made an “[e]ngineering determination that rectangular stones will not
sufficiently interlock with the existing stones, as mandated by the specifications, and
therefore will not provide the requisite stability over the functional life of this
structure” (id. at 492). The contracting officer also stated that the “non-interlocking
stones if placed on the existing structure would act as individual structures and not as a
system of stones to resist wave and current forces that occur in the ocean environment
as the design intended” (id.). The contracting officer relied upon paragraph 3.2.4 of
the Contract, which requires “[t]he armor stones of various sizes and shapes . . . be
distributed such that they form a compact mass and interlock with each other and the
existing stones,” stating “[b]ecause the existing stones in the jetty are of varying sizes
and shapes, it is unlikely that a significant number of rectangular stones can be placed
in a manner to be satisfactorily interlocked with the existing stones” (id.).

        As to the issue of “blocky stone,” the contracting officer stated that “the surface
area contact of rectangular stones with relatively flat sides does not equate to the
specifications’ intent of interlocking, and does not provide sufficient stability during
settling of the structure” (id. at 493). The contracting officer also stated:

              In your correspondence, you focus your justification on
              two words in the specification – “blocky” and “angular”.
              However, that sentence must be read in the context of the
              surrounding sentences and the specification as a whole.
              Per specification section 32 05 00.38, paragraph 2.1.2,
              “...stone shall be furnished in blocky and angular shapes.
              Flat stones, tabular stones, slabs, boulders and parts of
              boulders will be rejected.” The samples presented in your
              documentation are rectangular, and are considered to be
              unacceptable, as they share the seminal characteristic of
              several of the specified types of stones that will be rejected
              – flat surfaces. Stones that are flat, tabular and slabs, with

                                            10
             their flat sides, are not able to satisfy the interlocking
             requirement.

(Id.)

       23. By Serial Letter TWC-0002, dated March 8, 2016, Mr. Potter responded to
the contracting officer’s letter, acknowledging the government’s position that it “does
not like the shape of the stone” and informing the government that it had ceased
hauling materials from the Salisbury Quarry (R4, tab 5.4). Appellant requested a
meeting “to inspect materials available at the quarry that are of more various shapes
and not so rectangular” and stated it had “discovered on [the] ground at the quarry
there are multiple various stone shapes we would like, as a team effort, to get
approved” (id.).

       24. The parties visited Salisbury Quarry on March 11, 2016. In a March 16,
2016, government “Memorandum For: Contracting,” Shannon Geoly, Resident
Engineer, documented the trip, stating, in part:

             4. Mr. Leavitt proposed cutting the stone to shape it to
             meet the satisfaction of the Government. It was
             determined the sample available was not a final product.
             When questioned why the product was not finalized for
             review, he indicated he requested we visit the quarry to
             show us the color of the stone once it had weathered. It
             was noted the color of the stone was not an issue and that
             none of the documentation thus far had referenced the
             color of the stone but the shape of the stone.

             5. Mr. Leavitt continued discussions regarding cutting the
             stone to alter the shape and stated multiple times that he,
             “was bending over backwards,” offering this course of
             action because the Government had no choice but to
             approve this stone. I responded that was the opinion of
             Trade West Construction and not the Government.

             6. Mr. Leavitt stated he wanted to know what the
             Government wanted. I responded that we already indicated
             our desired stone based upon the original stone that was
             submitted for acceptance and that had already been
             delivered to the storage area from Fountain Quarry . . . .

                    ....

                                            11
              7. During discussions, Mr. Leavitt repeatedly voiced his
              opinion the stone he was offering to use from Salisbury
              Quarry was a superior stone to that offered from Fountain
              Quarry. He maintained the stone was of better quality and
              would better interlock with the existing stone and with
              each other. He indicated that purchasing the stone from
              Salisbury Quarry would be 30-35% more expensive than
              purchasing from Fountain Quarry but that he could
              transport it to the storage yard much faster and mitigated
              concerns regarding obtaining stones of the proper tonnage.

                     ....

              9. Mr. Leavitt spoke adamantly that he felt the
              Government had no choice but to accept the rectangular
              stone from the Salisbury Quarry because it fully met the
              project specifications. However, he offered to shape the
              rectangular stones to keep things moving forward. He
              stated that he would shape one of the already delivered
              stones and request the Government inspect the shaped
              stone upon completion at the Wilmington area storage
              yard. The Government agreed to inspect the proposed
              shaped stone upon completion but cautioned him that
              agreeing to inspect the stone did not guarantee approval of
              the process or the resultant shaped stone.

(Ex. G-10)

       25. On March 11, 2016, following the site visit at the Salisbury Quarry,
Mr. Leavitt emailed the contracting officer a copy of a letter authored by appellant’s
counsel, Karl Dix, Jr., stating his opinion that stone from Salisbury Quarry met the
specification requirements (exs. G-11 to -12). Mr. Dix stated, in part:

              Based upon the review of these submissions and our
              understanding of the nature and character of the stone
              proposed for use on the contract, we believe that the stone
              complies with the requirements of the specification both
              according to its plain terms as well as its intent. According
              to Corps of Engineers Board of Contract Appeals
              decisional law, rejection of specification compliant Armor

                                           12
             Stone entitles the contractor to recover its extra costs for
             complying with the additional Armor Stone requirements.

                    ....

             Obviously, cut block stone is “blocky”, much more so than
             stone which is quarried by blasting. It is angular in that the
             cut block stone has flat surfaces which converge to form
             angles rather than rounded surfaces which could be
             produced by blasting. The specification does not prohibit
             flat surfaces in the stone but does contain requirements
             relating to the proportion of dimensions to ensure that
             slabs, rather than blocks, are not used. The stone offered
             by Trade West, we understand, meets this dimensional
             requirement. We understand that cut block stone is
             generally not used for these applications since it is far
             more expensive than stone quarried by blasting. As the cut
             stone is safer (less susceptible to rolling or shifting), it will
             provide a much more stable armor for the jetty and better
             protect the jetty structure beneath it.

(Ex. G-12 at TWC008398, TWC008401) Mr. Dix also stated that the Contract did not
define the term “interlocking” (ex. G-12 at TWC008399). Mr. Dix concluded that
appellant was entitled “to its additional costs of performance” in the event the
government did not accept the Salisbury Quarry stone (ex. G-12 at TWC008401).

        26. Appellant submitted with its responsive motion a draft inspection report
prepared by government Geologist Kelley Kaltenbach summarizing “the pertinent
facts regarding the quarry inspection that took place on Friday, March 11, 2016 at the
Rock of Ages, Salisbury Quarry” (ex. A-7 ¶ 1). Mr. Kaltenbach’s report states, in part:

                  The quarry produces high grade granite dimension
             stone and cut block for high-end countertops. The stone
             proposed to supply the project is dimension stone that was
             rejected for high end commercial use. While the stone
             appears to be of high strength and quality, the smooth, saw
             cut faces are considered by USACE to be a cause for
             concern due to the possibility of stone slippage and
             movement within high energy coastal environment. The
             smooth-cut dimension stone was inspected at the quarry
             and found to be [sic] not to be acceptable for use on
             project, primarily due to the presence of the smooth cut
             face surfaces. The Contractor proffered to roughen the

                                            13
             faces by use of a hoe ram in order to utilize the stone at the
             quarry, primarily due to the quantities available to him
             USACE agreed to the demonstration, which was scheduled
             for the week of 14 MAR16.

(Id.)

       27. By Serial Letter TWC-0003, dated March 20, 2016, and addressed to the
USACE Wilmington District, Trade West stated that Fountain Quarry was depleted,
and the rate of production could not provide the needed quantity of stones to
successfully complete the Contract. Regarding the shaping of stone from Salisbury
Quarry, Trade West stated:

             At this time we understand that the stone and source are
             still under review by the government and that the
             government would like the following concerns to be
             addressed. Of the samples that were provided on the
             morning of March 17, 2016 COE saw 3 that were close to
             the desired shapes. The main concerns with the best stones
             were related to the amount of smooth surfaces still present
             along the saw cut of each stone. The remaining
             unsatisfactory shaped stone samples had both excessive
             smooth surfaces and were still too blocky in form. Just
             over 1 hour after the conclusion of the onsite meeting four
             more pictures were provided of stone via email that are
             still on ground at the Salisbury Quarry. These were
             provided for COE comments and further analysis to ensure
             the next set of samples meet all the physical properties
             desired. These stones, while closer to the desired shape,
             still had qualities that were found to be blocky in form.
             One stone had two sides opposite one another that
             appeared mostly flat with one of the sides being of a
             smooth surface. We have taken all of these concerns into
             consideration and are working to develop an adequate
             sample to satisfy the governments [sic] directed
             requirements. Once we have developed a satisfactory
             shape we will keep the initially accepted samples on-site to
             be used as reference guides when inspecting new shaped
             stones that are delivered to the staging area. These
             reference stones will be left on ground until the end of the
             job and will be the last to be placed on the jetty structure.

                    ....

                                          14
             The benefit of the Salisbury Quarry is the [sic] that the
             quantity already exists. We need only retrieve it from the
             near limitless stockpiles. Using the Salisbury stone
             provides a guarantee that the required amount can be
             harvested in time for an on-time completion. Shaping of
             the stone takes approximately 15-20 minutes per stone and
             we are capable of shaping and shipping upwards of
             14 stones per day with a certain level of control to the
             weight of the stones. The quality of the stone is also
             greatly increased as there are little to no concerns with the
             fracturing that can occur during blasting.

(R4, tab 5.6 at 515-16)

      28. By email to the contracting officer dated March 21, 2016, Mr. Leavitt
provided a copy of appellant’s March 20, 2016, letter referenced in SOF ¶ 27.
Mr. Leavitt’s email stated, in part:

             The reason that I am shaping the rock coming from
             Salisbury to meet the direction of the USACE is that the
             current stockpile of rock meeting the COE requirements is
             over 4000 stones. I need approximately 350 to finish this
             project. It is my intention to produce a rock shape that the
             COE will approve and then shape each rock that will be
             hauled from Salisbury and use the Salisbury quarry for the
             balance of the needed rock to complete the Masonboro
             project.

(Ex. A-3)

      29. Mr. Leavitt stated in his affidavit:

             20. Trade West had strongly advocated for the use of the
             Salisbury Quarry rock without shaping as not only
             acceptable under the contract, but also a better product.
             The Corps refused to accept the stone by requiring Trade
             West to shape the rock. Since we had 475 stones left to
             place from the Salisbury Quarry rock, we were forced to
             perform as directed by the Corps. However, we repeatedly
             advocated to the Corps that the shaping of the rock was
             additional work. Even presuming that the shaping

                                           15
             operation would last 20 minutes per stone, that could
             equate to one month of extra work.

                    ....

             22. Thereafter, on March 22, 2016, the Corps approved
             the large stone from the Salisbury Quarry to be used on the
             project provided that each individual stone was shaped
             consistent with the three examples that Trade West had
             shown the Corps of this stone that Trade West had
             mechanically shaped. This shaping made the stones jagged
             and less blocky and angular.

(Ex. A-1 at 6-7)

       30. On March 22, 2016, the government issued a Quality Assurance Report
(QAR) regarding approval of stone from the Salisbury Quarry, stating “[a]ll submittals
now in and approved...stone to be shaped will follow 3 examples in the yard...ok to
start work” (ex. G-13) (ellipses in original).

       31. By email dated March 24, 2016, Mr. Potter contacted Jack Cox, an
engineer and adjunct professor at the University of Wisconsin, concerning the
interlock capability of Salisbury Quarry stone. Mr. Potter’s email stated:

                     My name is Steven Potter and I am the Quality
             Control Manager for Trade West Construction. I am
             seeking information on the feasibility of stones
             interlocking along a jetty structure that is primarily
             comprised of jagged angular boulders weighing between
             14 and 22 tons. The stones we are looking to place on top
             of this structure are of a blocky granite also weighing
             between 14 and 22 tons. The question in a nutshell is will
             blocky stones interlock with jagged boulders? It is our
             belief that the blocky stone will work, but I’d like to obtain
             your council [sic] and discuss whether or not the stone we
             want to use will work. You can reach me anytime at the
             number below here [or] at this email. I can provide you
             with pictures and any other information you may need.
             Please let me know if your services are available and if this
             is something you can help us with.

(Ex. G-25 at TWC005332-5333)

                                          16
       32. In an email also dated March 24, 2016, Mr. Cox responded:

                       I will call you Monday to discuss, but that is a tough
              question. If you are placing the blocks on top of the
              existing armor of the jetty, I would say no, not a good idea.
              There will be a slip plane between them. You did not say
              how thick or how many layers you plan so I’m assuming
              this is placing a repair veneer over the old so likely just
              one layer. Likely you will not get much interlock. Square
              cubes of concrete have been used for armor, but they are
              still placed randomly at least two units thick, and care is
              taken so that they don't just stack on another giving a flat
              surface.

                     I only know of one example where Bedford cut
              stone was used to cap some breakwaters. In that case they
              were more square log shaped so that the long axis spanned
              across the crest. It did seem to work but was so ugly that
              the owner ultimately rejected it[.]

                      If you can send me a picture showing how blocky
              these are, maybe I can make a better call and get it
              approved for you. In the end, it will be how skilled your
              crane operator is that will matter, and that may require
              onsite inspection and control to assure a satisfactory
              product.

(Ex. G-25 at TWC005331-5332)

      33. In an email from Mr. Potter to Mr. Leavitt, also dated March 24, 2016,
Mr. Potter stated:

                     Here is a response from one Engineer I reached out
              to. My email was short with little detail trying simply to
              open a dialogue. His response sounds great, but not in our
              favor. I’ll put a packet of all we know together along with
              some photographs and see what he thinks.

(Ex. G-25 at TWC005331)

      34. Although Mr. Potter indicated that he would provide Mr. Cox additional
information regarding the interlock issue, Mr. Cox stated in an affidavit that he “did

                                            17
not have any other email exchanges with Trade West until [he] was contacted by their
counsel on July 17, 2019” (ex. A-6 at 2). Mr. Cox also stated:

                     6. My email did not advise Trade West that the
             “Salisbury Quarry stone would not provide better
             interlocking capability”. What my email did state was that
             if the stone was installed as a veneer over the current stone,
             that the interlocking between the veneer and the current
             structure may not provide for proper interlocking. In my
             original email to Trade West, I was concerned about “slip
             planes” which could occur if two flat sides of a stone came
             in contact and then was infiltrated by liquid to cause the
             planes to slide in opposite directions. Some stone
             movement is acceptable if the slip or slide causes the stone
             to wedge itself into the slope to fill a void. A slip or slide
             of a stone is not favored if it causes the stone, and/or
             adjacent stones to fracture, slump or simply displace from
             its intended location, thus compromising the integrity of
             the slope. A veneer of stone could produce unfavorable
             sliding between the veneer and original structure.

                      7. I have since learned that each stone for this
             Project was individually selected and placed into the jetty
             to fill voids then existing in the jetty and to build the jetty
             to a specified elevation. The interlocking is achieved by
             the skillful placement of the stone in the jetty. Maximizing
             surface contact between the stones to nestle the majority of
             the stone weight between the other stones when filling the
             voids and, thereby reducing the size of the voids, would
             provide for better interlocking especially since the stone is
             quite heavy weighing 14 to 22 tons.

                    8. Interlocking of stone in a jetty and other coastal
             structures does not involve simply filling voids in the
             armor face with appropriately sized rocks. Interlocking is
             required and achieved by the use of heavy stone and
             placing it to fill voids in such a way so as to provide a
             compact, i.e. tightly bound and restrained mass or
             structure. Effective interlocking is not a characteristic of
             purely the stone geometry, but rather primarily a result of
             proper placement of angular and blocky stone (not rounded
             stone) such that multiple contacts between adjacent rocks
             is achieved. That is why “interlocking” is required under

                                           18
             the specification section (3.2.4) entitled “Armor Stone
             Placement” and not the section (2.1.2) generally titled
             “Armor Stone” which provides the characteristics of
             acceptable stone.

(Ex. A-6 at 2-3)

        35. A total of 702 armor stones were placed at the project, 277 from Fountain
Quarry and 425 from Salisbury Quarry stones (ex. G-14). Contract work was
completed on or about April 29, 2016, and Trade West began to demobilize from the
site on April 30, 2016 (R4, tab 2 at 31; ex. G-15).

         36. The record contains a letter from appellant dated September 28, 2016,
requesting an equitable adjustment based upon appellant’s “belief that this direction
was in direct conflict with the specifications and is subject to a change of conditions”
(ex. A-4 at TWC000440). In its responsive brief, the government states, regarding that
letter, “[t]here is nothing in the record showing the REA was submitted to USACE on
that date. Regardless, this does not constitute a genuine issue of fact because it was
still submitted several months after the project had been completed.” (Gov’t resp. at 3)

       37. In October 2016, the government sent appellant the final modification to
close out the Contract. On October 19, 2016, appellant indicated it would not sign the
final modification, stating:

                    Sorry it has taken me so long to reply to you I have
             been working at a remote site. On the final mod for the
             Masonboro project, I cannot sign and return the
             modification because it will close out the contract. During
             the course of performing the Masonboro project I was
             directed and required to shape some of the armor stones
             which I believe was not required by the specifications. As
             such I will be submitting a cost claim to recover the
             amounts required to complete the rock shaping as per
             USACE personnel direction. I will be contacting Charlene
             Figgins Contracting Officer shortly in regards to my claim.

(Ex. G-16)

        38. By letter dated October 21, 2016, appellant submitted a certified claim to
the contracting officer in the amount of $304,062, and requested a final decision (R4,
tab 3).

                                          19
       39. By letter dated November 29, 2016, the contracting officer requested
appellant submit certified cost or pricing data (R4, tab 5.9 at 546). Trade West
responded by email dated December 23, 2016 (R4, tab 5.10).

        40. By letter dated January 20, 2017, the contracting officer issued a final
decision denying appellant’s claim. The contracting officer’s final decision did not
raise lack of notice pursuant to the Changes clause as a defense to appellant’s claim.
(R4, tab 2; app. mot. at 11; gov’t resp. at 7)

       41. Appellant filed a notice of appeal on February 21, 2017.

       42. The parties agree that the government’ answer did not raise lack of notice
as an affirmative defense (app. mot. at 11; gov’t resp. at 7).

       43. On April 23, 2018, appellant submitted a revised claim to the contracting
officer in the amount of $275,266.38 (ex. G-17).

                                      DECISION

        “Summary judgment is appropriate when there is no genuine issue as to any
material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”
Immunocept, LLC v. Fulbright & Jaworski LLP, 504 F.3d 1281, 1286 (Fed. Cir. 2007)
(citation omitted). “The moving party bears the burden of establishing the absence of
any genuine issue of material fact and all significant doubt over factual issues must be
resolved in favor of the party opposing summary judgment.” Mingus Constructors v.
United States, 812 F.2d 1387, 1390 (Fed. Cir. 1987). To defeat summary judgment, a
responding party “must set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for
trial.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986) (quoting First Nat’l
Bank of Ariz. v. Cities Serv. Co., 391 U.S. 253, 288 (1968)).

The Parties’ Areas of Agreement

       The parties agree that their respective motions present questions of Contract
interpretation (gov’t mot. at 1; app. mot. at 2). “When resolving a question of contract
interpretation, our primary purpose is to ascertain the intention of the contracting
parties.” Southbridge Assocs., LLC, ASBCA No. 54628, 05-1 BCA ¶ 32,855
at 162,799 (citing Beta Sys., Inc. v. United States, 838 F.2d 1179, 1185 (Fed. Cir.
1988)). “Under basic principles of the law, a contract is interpreted ‘in terms of the
parties’ intent, as revealed by language and circumstance.” Watts Constructors, LLC,
ASBCA No. 61493, 20-1 BCA ¶ 37,563 at 182,385 (quoting United States v. Winstar
Corp., 518 U.S. 839, 911 (1996) (citations omitted)). Indeed, “the cardinal rule of
contract construction [is] that the joint intent of the parties is dominant if it can be

                                           20
ascertained.” Edward R. Marden Corp. v. United States, 803 F.2d 701, 705 (Fed. Cir.
1986) (citing United States v. Bethlehem Steel Co., 205 U.S. 105, 119 (1907)).

        It is significant here, that in their respective motions, neither party argues that
the armor stone Contract specifications are ambiguous. Contract specification 2.1.2
required that armor stone “be furnished in blocky and angular shapes” (SOF ¶ 4).
Specification 3.2.4 required that “armor stones of various sizes and shapes shall be
distributed such that they form a compact mass and interlock with each other and the
existing stones” (SOF ¶ 9). The parties agree that the Contract required “blocky and
angular” stones, as well as stones of varying sizes and shapes (app. mot. at 4 (intent of
the specifications was “to provide blocky and angular stones of various sizes and
shapes”); gov’t mot. at 1 (“scope of work included providing armor stone of varying
sizes of blocky and angular shapes.”)). 4 Reading the Contract as a whole, we agree
that the Contract specifications, taken together, required “blocky and angular” stones,
as well as stones of varying sizes and shapes.

Between a Rock and a Hard Place - the Parties’ Divergent Views

        The parties disagree whether Salisbury Quarry stone, without shaping, met the
Contract specifications, including the “compact mass and interlock” requirement (see
SOF ¶¶ 1, 8-9). Trade West argues that Salisbury Quarry stone, without shaping, was
blocky and angular, as required by Contract specification 2.1.2, and was even “more
blocky and angular than the previously approved stone” (app. mot. at 1). The
government asserts that “[t]he Salisbury Quarry stone as initially presented failed to meet
Contract requirements because all the stones furnished were the same shape - rectangular
cubes of relatively uniform size” (gov’t mot. at 9). The government argues that “whether
the rectangular stone block from the Salisbury Quarry met the definition of ‘blocky and
angular shapes’ is not dispositive,” because “in addition to being ‘blocky and angular
shapes,’ the armor stone was to be ‘of various sizes and shapes . . . distributed such that
they form a compact mass and interlock with each other and the existing stone’” (gov’t
resp. at 8).

       Appellant denies the government’s contention, stating “the proposed Salisbury
Quarry blocky and angular blocks of stone interlock better than the Fountain Quarry
jagged stone produced by blasting” (app. mot. at 4). Appellant admits that “[t]he
specifications required the Armor Stones to also consist of various shapes and sizes.”
Appellant alleges it met this requirement, however, arguing that “[v]arious shapes and
sizes were provided since the [Salisbury Quarry stone] blocks had different rectangular

4   The government notes that, as recognized in appellant’s own documents, “Fountain
         Stone, in addition to being blocky and angular shapes, was also provided in
         various sizes and shapes” (gov’t resp. at 10 (citing ex. A-1 at 50-73; R4,
         tab 5.2)).

                                            21
dimensions.” (App. mot. at 12) In its reply brief, appellant states that “[t]he quarry
stone proposed by Trade West was not ‘uniformly shaped’ and the size difference was
not relatively minor.” As support, appellant provides the dimensions and weight of
several Salisbury Quarry stone, noting that “[s]ince the angles are different for each
blocky stone (and for many of planes on the blocky stone), the shapes are not
uniform.” (App. reply at 3, discussing ex. A-1 at TWC000629)

       Although the government is entitled to strict compliance with the specifications,
“rejection of a contractually permissible method of performance can constitute a
constructive change to the contract and entitle appellant to an equitable adjustment.”
W.M. Schlosser Co., Inc., ASBCA No. 44778, 96-2 BCA ¶ 28,297 at 141,288.
Resolution of the issue presented is not amenable to summary judgment as both parties
have proffered conflicting evidence concerning the “compact mass and interlock”
requirement, specifically whether Salisbury Quarry stones, without shaping, would
have met the requirement that they be distributed such that they formed a compact
mass and interlock with other stones and existing stones (SOF ¶¶ 20-22, 24, 34). A
material issue of fact exists also as to whether the Salisbury Quarry stone met the
requirement that stones be of varying sizes and shapes (SOF ¶¶ 20-22).

        For example, the government characterizes appellant’s argument as being
“intended to demonstrate that as a factual matter the Salisbury Quarry provides for
better interlocking, based on that particular stone’s qualities. What Trade West does
not do, is even attempt to demonstrate how that stone met the contractual requirement
to interlock via the use of stones of varying sizes and shapes to form a compact mass.”
(Gov’t resp. at 10) The record reflects, however, that appellant provided
documentation, including a mockup of the Salisbury Quarry stone, purportedly
addressing the interlocking capability of that stone (SOF ¶ 20). Determining the
sufficiency of this evidence as to the interlocking capability of Salisbury Quarry stone
likewise requires the Board make factual findings it is unable to make in the context of
summary judgment.

       Also, according to the government, Salisbury Quarry stone was noncompliant
based upon an “[e]ngineering determination that the rectangular shaped stones would
‘not sufficiently interlock with the existing stones, as mandated by the specifications,
and therefore [would] not provide the requisite stability over the functional life of the
structure’” (gov’t mot. at 4 (Statement of Undisputed Material Facts No. 6) (bracketed
word in original)). Whether this determination was correct is an issue of fact which
requires the Board to make findings assessing the correctness of that determination. 5

5   The parties likewise disagree about the import of statements made by an engineer in
         a March 2016 email about the interlocking capability of the Salisbury Quarry
         stone (SOF ¶¶ 31-32). Appellant included with its response an affidavit from

                                            22
        Simply stated, appellant alleges that the stones met the compact mass and
interlock requirements, and the government alleges the stones did not. Resolution of
that issue is not possible at this point in the proceedings as it presents a triable issue.
Alderman Building Co., Inc., ASBCA No. 58082, 15-1 BCA ¶ 35,841 at 175,272 (on
summary judgment, “[o]ur task is not to resolve factual disputes, but to ascertain
whether material disputes of fact-triable issues-are present.” (quoting Conner Bros.
Construction Co., ASBCA No. 54109, 04-2 BCA ¶ 32,784 at 162,143, aff’d, Conner
Bros. Construction Co. v. Geren, 550 F.3d 1368 (Fed. Cir. 2008))). It does not matter
that the parties have cross-moved for summary judgment, both claiming that there
exists no material issue of fact. Osborne Constr. Co., ASBCA No. 55030, 09-1 BCA
¶ 34,083 at 168,513 (“[e]ach cross-motion is evaluated separately on its merits, and all
reasonable inferences are drawn in favor of the defending party; the Board is not
bound to ‘grant judgment as a matter of law for one side or the other’” (quoting
Mingus Constructors, Inc. v. United States, 812 F.2d 1387, 1391 (Fed. Cir. 1987)).

The Parties Pre-Dispute Contract Interpretation

       The government argues that “Trade West’s initial choice of armor stone
demonstrates that it understood the correct interpretation of the contract requirement”
(gov’t mot. at 9), and that “[b]oth parties interpreting the contract consistently prior to
a dispute is entitled to ‘great, if not controlling, weight’” (gov’t resp. at 10 (quoting
Ver-Val Enters., ASBCA No. 43766, 95-1 BCA ¶ 27,334 at 136,232)). As a general
matter, although “extrinsic evidence may not be used to interpret an unambiguous
contract provision,” tribunals “have looked to it to confirm that the parties intended for
the term to have its plain and ordinary meaning.” TEG-Paradigm Envtl., Inc. v.
United States, 465 F.3d 1329, 1338 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (citing Coast Fed. Bank, FSB v.
United States, 323 F.3d 1035, 1040 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (en banc) (examining
contemporaneous evidence of parties’ understanding to determine whether it was
consistent with contract’s plain meaning)).

        It is undisputed that soon after award, pursuant to Contract specification 2.1.4,
appellant selected and identified to the government the source from which “the
Contractor proposes to obtain stone materials as required for these specifications”
(SOF ¶ 6), and the government accepted Fountain Quarry stone, as selected and
identified by appellant (SOF ¶ 16). “Where the parties have attached the same
meaning to a promise or agreement or a term thereof, it is interpreted in accordance
with that meaning.” Optic-Elec. Corp., ASBCA No. 24962, 83-2 BCA ¶ 16,677
at 83,004 (citation omitted), amended on reconsid., 84-3 BCA ¶ 17,565. “The parties’
contemporaneous construction of an agreement, before it has become the subject of

       the engineer explaining his March 2016 email and the alleged ability of various
       armor stone to interlock (SOF ¶ 34).

                                            23
dispute, is of course entitled to great weight in its interpretation.” Ariz. Dep’t of Trans.
v. United States, 216 Ct. Cl. 221, 236, 575 F.2d 855, 863 (1978).

        Appellant argues that its “prior performance did not demonstrate ‘the same
interpretation and understanding of the contract’, but rather reflected that various
shapes and sizes of stone, to include both the Fountain Quarry stone and the Salisbury
Quarry stone, were acceptable under the contract” (app. mot. at 4 (citing ex. A-1 at 6
(Leavitt aff. ¶¶ 19-20))).6 Notwithstanding appellant’s contrary assertion, its “prior
performance” did not reflect its belief or demonstrate whether Salisbury Quarry stone
was “acceptable under the contract.” Rather, Trade West’s prior performance
reflected its belief (and confirmation) that Fountain Quarry stone met Contract
requirements.

       It also is undisputed that Fountain Quarry and Salisbury Quarry produced
different types of armor stone. Appellant admits that Salisbury Quarry stones “were
rectangular blocks” (app. mot. at 15) and “were more blocky and angular than the
previously approved stone” (app. mot. at 1).7 According to appellant, this difference
in shape largely was a function of the manner in which the stones were quarried, i.e., a
more jagged stone is obtained through blasting, while a more smoothed-edged stone is
obtained through cutting (SOF ¶ 25; see also app. mot. at 7 n.2). As stated by
appellant, “[t]he initial Fountain Quarry had used a different extraction method for the
stone resulting in stone acceptable to the Corps, but which while blocky and angular,
was not as blocky and angular as the stone rejected by the Corps” (app. mot. at 4).8

       According to the government, “Fountain Quarry stone was produced in varying
sizes and shapes with angular surface features, and closely resembled the stone in the
existing jetty structure” (gov’t mot. at 10). After a site visit to inspect Salisbury
Quarry, a government geologist noted that Salisbury Quarry:

6 Appellant states that “the Fountain stone complied with the contract requirements as
      approved by the Government while the Salisbury stone blocks was likewise
      compliant with the specification in a superior product” (app. mot. at 15 (citing
      Proposed Findings of Fact Nos. 23-24 and ex. A-1 at 4 (Leavitt aff. ¶ 13))).
7 Appellant included with its motion its March 1, 2016, “Mockup of Jetty Conditions,”

      which demonstrates, in stark contrast, the difference in shape between the
      “jagged” stone extracted from Fountain Quarry and the “more blocky and
      angular” stone offered by appellant from Salisbury Quarry (compare ex. A-1
      at TWC000606-608, with TWC000613-614).
8 Appellant likewise admits that “cut block stone is generally not used for these

      applications since it is far more expensive than stone quarried by blasting”
      (SOF ¶ 25).

                                            24
                [P]roduces high grade granite dimension stone and cut
                block for high-end countertops. The stone proposed to
                supply the project is dimension stone that was rejected for
                high end commercial use. While the stone appears to be of
                high strength and quality, the smooth, saw cut faces are
                considered by USACE to be a cause for concern due to the
                possibility of stone slippage and movement within high
                energy coastal environment.

(SOF ¶ 26)

       That appellant recognized the difference between the stone it supplied from
Fountain Quarry and the stone it proposed to supply from Salisbury Quarry, is evident
in Mr. Potter’s inquiry to Mr. Cox, stating “[t]he question in a nutshell is will blocky
stones interlock with jagged boulders” (SOF ¶ 31). One reason this is important is the
Contract required Trade West to place a single layer of armor stone that interlocked
with the existing stones, which Mr. Potter recognized were “primarily comprised of
jagged angular boulders.” (SOF ¶¶ 9, 11-12, 31)9

        Although this pre-dispute extrinsic evidence of the parties’ intent and contract
interpretation ultimately may be entitled to “great weight,” the factual dispute
regarding whether Salisbury Quarry stone met the contract requirements first must be
addressed. The difference between the two types of stone, as noted above, is one
factor to consider in determining whether the Salisbury Quarry stone met the contract
requirements. However, the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment do not
provide a proper vehicle by which to resolve that dispute.

Government Alleged Direction to Shape Salisbury Quarry Stone

       According to appellant, “[t]he issue in this appeal is whether the Corps’
requirement for Trade West to mechanically reshape stone blocks was a change to the
contract” (app. mot. at 12). Appellant argues that the government “directed Trade
West to hammer and fracture the stone so that they were less ‘blocky’ and ‘angular’”
(app. mot. at 1-2). The government argues that it “never directed the contractor to
shape the Salisbury Quarry stone. Instead, USACE allowed Trade West to perform
the shaping effort in order to use that particular source of stone.” (Gov’t mot. at 10)

9   Mr. Potter noted the difference between the two types of stone, stating “I am seeking
         information on the feasibility of stones interlocking along a jetty structure that is
         primarily comprised of jagged angular boulders weighing between 14 and 22 tons.
         The stones we are looking to place on top of this structure are of a blocky granite
         also weighing between 14 and 22 tons.” (SOF ¶ 31)

                                             25
       It is well established that “[t]o recover under a constructive change theory, a
contractor has the burden of showing that the work performed was not ‘volunteered,’
but was performed pursuant to Government direction.” S-TRON, ASBCA Nos. 45893,
46466, 96- 2 BCA ¶ 28,319 at 141,397 (citing Len Co. and Assocs. v. United States,
181 Ct. Cl. 29, 38 , 385 F.2d 438, 443 (1967)). “In the absence of a direction by the
Government, there can be no reliance by appellant even though it incurred increased
costs.” Dan G. Trawik III, ASBCA No. 36260, 90-3 BCA ¶ 23,222 at 116,541.

       The arguments as stated by the parties suggest the existence of a disputed
factual dispute, i.e., whether the government directed appellant to shape Salisbury
Quarry stone. As discussed above, in considering the parties’ summary judgment
motions, our function is not “to weigh the evidence and determine the truth of the
matter but to determine whether there is a genuine issue for trial.” Anderson, 477 U.S.
at 249. Here, we must consider whether there is any genuine issue for trial, i.e., has
appellant proffered specific evidence of any direction by the government requiring
appellant to shape Salisbury Quarry stone. The Boeing Co., ASBCA No. 54853, 12-1
BCA ¶ 35,054 at 172,196 (“[o]ur task is not to resolve factual disputes, but to ascertain
whether material disputes of fact–triable issues–are present” (citations omitted)).

        The nature of the government’s alleged direction is, in the words of appellant,
that “the Corps would only approve the Salisbury stone blocks if the blocks were
shaped as approved by the Corps” (app. mot. at 10). Although this does not equate to
an affirmative direction by the government to shape the stone, and perhaps is more
properly cast as a decision by appellant to shape the stone to meet the government’s
concerns, it raises the factual issue whether the government’s rejection of the Salisbury
Quarry stone implicitly required some change on the part of the contractor.

        As support for its argument that it was directed to shape the stone, appellant
cites Mr. Leavitt’s email dated March 21, 2016, to the contracting officer which states,
in part, “[t]he reason that I am shaping the rock coming from Salisbury to meet the
direction of the USACE is that the current stockpile of rock meeting the COE
requirements is over 4000 stones” (app. mot. at 9 (citing ex. A-3); SOF ¶ 28).10 The
factual issue requiring resolution also is evident in the parties’ discussion of
appellant’s Statement of Additional Undisputed Material Facts (Undisputed Material
Facts) No. 27, which states: “The Corps directed Trade West as the Corps would only
approve the Salisbury stone blocks if the blocks were shaped as approved by the
Corps” (app. mot. at 10 (citing ex. A-1 at 7 (Leavitt aff. ¶ 22))). In response to
Undisputed Material Facts No. 27, the government “admits that it would only approve
the Salisbury Quarry stone if it was shaped to meet the specification requirements, but

10   Mr. Leavitt’s email identifies neither a specific, affirmative direction from the
         government to shape the stone, nor the government employee who allegedly
         directed appellant to shape the stone.

                                             26
further states it did not direct Trade West to shape the Salisbury Quarry stone and that
other potential sources were available” (gov’t resp. at 6). Appellant replies to the
government’s response, stating that “Trade West proposed stone that was compliant
with the specifications and was required to reshape it to cause its acceptance by the
Corps which constituted a change to the Contract. Trade West is claiming its
increased costs to perform work not required by the specifications.” (App. reply at 7)

        As we noted recently, “[a] constructive change occurs when a contractor
performs work beyond the contract requirements, without a formal order under the
Changes clause, due either to an express or implied informal order from an authorized
government official or to government fault.” Optimization Consulting, Inc., ASBCA
No. 58752, 19-1 BCA ¶ 37,426 at 181,905 (quoting Parwan Group Co., ASBCA
No. 60657, 18-1 BCA ¶ 37,082 at 180,498). Although the record suggests that the
contractor volunteered to shape the stone in the first instance (SOF ¶ 24), to resolve the
issue ultimately we must determine whether the government’s refusal to accept
Salisbury Quarry stone without shaping amounted to an informal order to shape the
stone. As noted above, the contracting officer was well aware of the contractor’s
efforts to shape the stone (SOF ¶¶ 27-28).

       The government notes that quarries other than Salisbury Quarry were available,
stating “Trade West received multiple expressions of interest and quotations both prior
to receiving [the] Notice to Proceed and after when it became clear the Fountain Quarry
could not meet production requirements” (gov’t resp. at 4 (citing ex. G-18 to -24)).
Whether these quarries had stone that met Contract requirements, and were a viable
alternative, is an issue of fact that likewise cannot be resolved here.

        Appellant argues that:

              As the government agency in charge of the Project, it could
              have suspended Trade West’s performance and directed
              Trade West to identify a preferable alternative to the
              Fountain Quarry armor stone or analyzed other, perhaps
              more cost efficient options to complete the Project.
              Instead, the Corps did none of these things.

(App. reply. at 13) However, appellant, not the government, was responsible for
performing the work on this project (SOF ¶ 3). Appellant was responsible for
identifying the stone source and the government was responsible for approving
appellant’s source, based upon testing of the stone sampled by appellant (SOF ¶ 6).
The Contract did not provide the government the right to direct appellant to use a
specific stone source or quarry.

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Government Notice of Contractor’s Claim

       The government seeks denial of this appeal based upon appellant’s alleged lack
of notice pursuant to the Changes clause, stating, “when a directive by the government
may be construed as a change order, the contractor must give written notice to the
contracting officer within 20 days after any costs are incurred as a result of the change,
and the contractor must request an equitable adjustment within 30 days of the
submission of written notice” (gov’t mot. at 10 (citing FAR 52.253-4 (2007) and
AAB Joint Venture v. United States, 75 Fed. Cl. 414, 423-424 (Fed. Cl. 2007))).

       The government argues that “[a]t the time shaping was being discussed, Trade
West did not indicate verbally or in writing that it considered the shaping effort to be a
change or that it intended to seek monetary damages for the shaping effort” (gov’t mot.
at 10-11). In response, appellant does not allege that it specifically notified the
government that it considered reshaping the Salisbury Quarry stone to be a Contract
change (app. mot. at 16-17; app. reply at 10). Instead, appellant argues that it complied
with the notice requirements, citing to documents wherein appellant informed the
government of its “interpretation of the specification to permit use of the Salisbury
Quarry blocks of stone . . . .” (app. mot. at 16 (citing ex. A-4 at TWC000441-53)).
Although the letter cited by appellant as support does discuss appellant’s Contract
interpretation, it does not mention shaping Salisbury Quarry stone.

        Appellant likewise cites to an “opinion letter” wherein appellant’s counsel
allegedly “asserted that the refusal to accept the blocks of stone was a change to the
contract for which the contractor would be entitled to compensation” (app. mot. at 16
(citing ex. A-4 at TWC000459-63)). Contrary to appellant’s assertion, the “opinion
letter” does not state that the government’s “refusal to accept the blocks of stone was a
change to the contract.” Rather, the letter states “we believe that the stone complies
with the requirements of the specification both according to its plain terms as well as
its intent. According to Corps of Engineers Board of Contract Appeals decisional law,
rejection of specification compliant Armor Stone entitles the contractor to recover its
extra costs for complying with the additional Armor Stone requirements.” (SOF ¶ 25)
The opinion letter does not detail appellant’s “extra costs” or mention shaping
Salisbury Quarry stone. 11

11   Appellant also cites the affidavit of Mr. Leavitt, who states that he offered to waive
        the costs of shaping Salisbury Quarry stone if the government would accept,
        without shaping, Salisbury Quarry stone already delivered to the project site
        (app. mot. at 17 (citing ex. A-1 at 7-8)). The government denies this allegation,
        stating instead that appellant “assumed the risk of delivering the Salisbury
        Quarry stone prior to USACE approval” (gov’t resp. at 6-7).

                                             28
        In its reply brief, appellant argues that “to satisfy the contract’s notice
requirement, Trade West need only have ‘reasonably manifest[ed] its intention to seek
recovery of money based on a claim of legal right under the contract’” (app. reply. at 9
(quoting Gulf & Western Indus., Inc. v. United States, 6 Cl. Ct. 742, 750 (1984))).
Appellant likewise argues that the government had constructive notice of its claim,
stating “[a] contractor’s failure to provide the government with notice of a potential
claim arising out of additional work does not bar to the contractor’s claim where (1) the
government was ‘aware of the operative facts’ underlying the claim such that (2) the
failure to provide notice did not prejudice the government” (app. reply at 11 (citing Dan
Rice Constr. Co., Inc., ASBCA No. 52160, 04-1 BCA ¶ 32,595 at 161,263)).

       The government argues that “Trade West only raised the issue of a potential
claim six months after the project was completed” (gov’t mot. at 11). The Contract
was completed at the end of April 2016 (SOF ¶ 35). By letter dated September 28,
2016, appellant requested an equitable adjustment for shaping the Salisbury Quarry
stone (SOF ¶ 36). By email dated October 19, 2016, appellant informed the
government that it would not sign the modification closing out the Contract because it
was “directed and required to shape some of the armor stones” and would “be
submitting a cost claim to recover the amounts required to complete the rock shaping
as per USACE personnel direction” (SOF ¶ 37). On October 21, 2016, appellant
submitted to the contracting officer a certified claim in the amount of $304,062, and
requested a final decision (SOF ¶ 38).

       On the issue of whether the government was on constructive notice of
appellant’s potential claim, it is undisputed that during a meeting between the parties
on March 11, 2106, appellant notified the government of its intent to shape Salisbury
Quarry stone (SOF ¶¶ 24, 26). That same day, appellant emailed to the government
Mr. Dix’s letter stating that Trade West was entitled “to recover its extra costs for
complying with the additional Armor Stone requirements” (SOF ¶ 25). It likewise is
undisputed that, by letter to the government dated March 20, 2016, and email dated
March 21, 2016, appellant notified the contracting officer of its plan to shape Salisbury
Quarry stone, and stated the amount of time it would take to shape each stone
(approximately 15-20 minutes per stone) and the number of stones the contractor could
shape and ship per day (14 stones) (SOF ¶¶ 27-28). The government’s March 22,
2016, QAR, confirms the government’s understanding that appellant would shape the
Salisbury Quarry stone, and approved appellant “to start work” (SOF ¶ 30).

       The record establishes that the government was on notice of the facts
underlying appellant’s claim in March 2016. The contracting officer was aware of the
contractor’s decision to shape Salisbury Quarry stone, as well as appellant’s labor
estimate per stone, per day, for that shaping work (SOF ¶¶ 27-28). The government’s
burden “to establish that it was prejudiced by the absence of the required notice . . .
cannot be satisfied simply by allegation, but must be supported by evidence in the

                                           29
record.” Grumman Aerospace Corp., ASBCA Nos. 48006 et al., 03-1 BCA ¶ 32,203
at 159,185.

       The government notes that “[t]he purpose of the notice provision is to enable
the Government to collect data on increased costs of having a contractor continue
performing an activity it considers a change to the contract to determine whether to
allow the activity to continue” (gov’t resp. at 11 (also citing Dan Rice Constr., 04-1
BCA ¶ 32,595)). The government claims that because of the alleged lack of notice, it
“was precluded from evaluating the additional cost associated with that effort,
track[ing] any additional time or effort to perform the shaping, or issue[ing] an upfront
modification to cover those costs” (gov’t resp. at 11). Other than argument of counsel,
the government offers no record evidence in support of its claim of prejudice.

        The government notes also that this “Board has found prejudice to the
Government in situation[s] where the passage of time between the alleged change and
notice of the [change] results in the loss of project documentation, made locating project
personnel more difficult or resulted in less memory of the project” (gov’t resp. at 11
(citing Hunt Building Corp., ASBCA No. 31775, 89-1 BCA ¶ 21,196 at 106,969-70)).
However, the government does not offer any evidence that this passage of time
prejudiced it here.

        Furthermore, it is undisputed that the contracting officer did not raise in the
final decision lack of notice under the Changes clause as a basis for denying
appellant’s claim (SOF ¶ 40). Harper Dev. & Assocs., ASBCA No. 34719, 90-1 BCA
¶ 22,534 at 113,085 (declining to bar claim on technical ground of lack of written
notice where “the contracting officer’s final decision under the Disputes clause
considered the claim on its merits and did not raise the lack of written notice issue.”).
It likewise is undisputed that the government did not plead lack of notice as an
affirmative defense (SOF ¶ 42). Michael, Inc., ASBCA No. 35653, 92-1 BCA
¶ 24,412 at 121,863 (government waived affirmative defense of lack of notice by not
raising it until post-hearing brief); Northrop Worldwide Aircraft Servs., Inc., ASBCA
Nos. 45216, 45877, 96-2 BCA ¶ 28,574 at 142,630-31 (failure to timely raise
affirmative defense may waive it); see Board Rule 6(b) (requiring government to
include in its answer any affirmative defense). Even assuming appellant failed to
provide the requisite Changes clause notice, the government waived any objection it
may have had to appellant’s claim based upon that lack of notice.

                                           30
                                       CONCLUSION

         The parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment are denied. The parties are
  ordered to confer and file a joint report with the Board setting forth the status of this
  appeal, including further proceedings, within 30 days of their receipt of this decision.

           Dated: October 8, 2020

                                                    DAVID B. STINSON
                                                    Administrative Judge
                                                    Armed Services Board
                                                    of Contract Appeals

I concur                                              I concur

RICHARD SHACKLEFORD                                   J. REID PROUTY
Administrative Judge                                  Administrative Judge
Acting Chairman                                       Vice Chairman
Armed Services Board                                  Armed Services Board
of Contract Appeals                                   of Contract Appeals

      I certify that the foregoing is a true copy of the Opinion and Decision of the
Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals in ASBCA No. 61068, Appeal of Trade West
Construction, Inc., rendered in conformance with the Board’s Charter.

      Dated: October 13, 2020

                                                   PAULLA K. GATES-LEWIS
                                                   Recorder, Armed Services
                                                   Board of Contract Appeals

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