Court Opinion

ID: 6328603
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-03-31 15:08:49.384419+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:22:42.940353
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                            IN THE OFFICE OF THE
                                                                         CLERK OF SUPREME COURT
                                                                                MARCH 31, 2022
                                                                          STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA

                 IN THE SUPREME COURT
                 STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA

                                2022 ND 67

Donald George Burris,                                Plaintiff and Appellant
     v.
Luann Burris,                                       Defendant and Appellee

                               No. 20210178

Appeal from the District Court of Grand Forks County, Northeast Central
Judicial District, the Honorable Donald Hager, Judge.

AFFIRMED.

Opinion of the Court by Jensen, Chief Justice, in which Justices VandeWalle,
Crothers, McEvers, and Tufte joined. Justice Crothers filed an opinion
concurring specially.

DeWayne A. Johnston, Grand Forks, ND, for plaintiff and appellant.

Scott D. Jensen, Grand Forks, ND, for defendant and appellee.
                              Burris v. Burris
                               No. 20210178

Jensen, Chief Justice.

[¶1] Donald Burris appeals from a district court order denying his motion to
eliminate or reduce spousal support paid to Luann Burris. Donald Burris
asserts the court erred in determining there had not been a material change in
circumstances, erred as a matter of law in not applying a 2015 statutory
change, erred in not considering his future retirement, and erred awarding
Luann Burris attorney’s fees. We affirm.

                                       I

[¶2] Donald Burris and Luann Burris were divorced in 2006. The judgment
entered at that time ordered Donald Burris to pay Luann Burris permanent
spousal support “continuing until further order of the Court.”

[¶3] In 2020, Donald Burris moved to eliminate or reduce his spousal support
obligation. The district court denied the motion. Citing misconduct during the
course of litigation on the motion, the court ordered Donald Burris to pay
Luann Burris’s attorney’s fees. The district court did not enter a new judgment
or amend the prior judgment. Donald Burris paid the attorney’s fees as ordered
and initiated this appeal.

                                      II

[¶4] “The right to appeal is a jurisdictional matter and, even if the parties do
not raise the issue of appealability, we must dismiss the appeal on our own
motion if we conclude we do not have jurisdiction.” Brummund v. Brummund,
2008 ND 224, ¶ 4, 758 N.W.2d 735 (citing references omitted). Though neither
party raised the issue of appealability of the order, we must first consider
whether this appeal is properly before the Court. Luann Burris asserts Donald
Burris’s appeal related to attorney’s fees is moot because he already paid the
fees.

                                       1
                                      A

[¶5] The district court denied Donald Burris’s motion to modify or reduce his
spousal support obligation. The court issued an order without entering a new
judgment or amending the existing judgment.

[¶6] An appeal may be properly before this Court if the order was intended to
be final. See Sanderson v. Walsh County, 2006 ND 83, ¶ 4, 712 N.W.2d 842
(collecting cases). The right to appeal an order is statutory and governed by
N.D.C.C. § 28-27-02. Section 28-27-02(1), N.D.C.C., provides that “[a]n order
affecting a substantial right made in any action, when such order in effect
determines the action and prevents a judgment from which an appeal might
be taken” is appealable. An order denying the elimination or modification of a
spousal support obligation affects a substantial right, was the final action
required to resolve the pending controversy, and did not require a new or
amended judgment. The appeal is properly before this Court.

                                      B

[¶7] Donald Burris paid the attorney’s fees awarded to Luann Burris without
seeking a stay or posting a bond pending appeal. Luann Burris argues the
payment of the attorney’s fees renders the issue moot.

[¶8] This Court has held the following regarding mootness created by
voluntary compliance with a judgment:

      “We will dismiss an appeal if the issues become moot or academic
      and no actual controversy is left to be determined.” Ramsey Fin.
      Corp. v. Haugland, 2006 ND 167, ¶ 8, 719 N.W.2d 346. “An actual
      controversy no longer exists when the issue has been rendered
      moot by a lapse of time, or the occurrence of related events which
      make it impossible for a court to grant effective relief.” Id. “[A]
      party who voluntarily pays a judgment against him waives the
      right to appeal from the judgment.” Id. at ¶ 9. “[V]oluntary
      acquiescence in a judgment also constitutes a waiver of the right
      to appeal.” Id. “[P]ayment or acquiescence under coercion or duress
      does not constitute a waiver.” Id. at ¶ 10. “[W]hether a judgment
      has been voluntarily paid depends upon the facts and

                                      2
      circumstances of each particular case, and the party seeking
      dismissal of the appeal bears the burden of showing the judgment
      was paid voluntarily.” Mr. G’s Turtle Mountain Lodge, Inc. v.
      Roland Twp., 2002 ND 140, ¶ 13, 651 N.W.2d 625. “A showing that
      the judgment has been paid, however, creates a presumption that
      the payment was voluntary.” Id.

Schwab v. Zajac, 2012 ND 239, ¶ 8, 823 N.W.2d 737. See also Hoverson v.
Hoverson, 2015 ND 38, ¶¶ 23-25, 859 N.W.2d 390.

[¶9] Donald Burris paid the attorney’s fees as directed in the final appealable
order of the district court. The payment itself created a presumption it was
made voluntarily and Donald Burris has not directed us to any part of the
record which would suggest the payment was involuntary. We conclude Donald
Burris’s voluntary payment of the award of attorney’s fees rendered the issue
moot and was a waiver of his right to appeal.

                                      III

[¶10] Donald Burris challenges the district court’s factual finding there has
not been a material change in circumstances warranting modification or
elimination of the spousal support obligation. Our review of a court’s decision
on a motion to modify spousal support is well-established:

      When the original divorce judgment includes an award of spousal
      support, the district court retains jurisdiction to modify the award.
      The party seeking modification of spousal support bears the
      burden of proving there has been a material change in the financial
      circumstances of the parties warranting a change in the amount of
      support. The district court’s determination whether there has been
      a material change in circumstances warranting modification of
      spousal support is a finding of fact and will be set aside on appeal
      only if it is clearly erroneous.

      A material change is a change that substantially affects the
      financial abilities or needs of the parties and that was not
      contemplated by the parties at the time of the original decree. In
      assessing whether a material change has occurred, the reasons for
      changes in the parties’ income or needs must be examined, as well

                                       3
      as the extent to which the changes were contemplated by the
      parties at the time of the initial decree. Not every change in the
      parties’ financial circumstances justifies modification of spousal
      support, and no modification is warranted when the change is self-
      induced.

Schulte v. Kramer, 2012 ND 163, ¶ 10, 820 N.W.2d 318 (quoting Rothberg v.
Rothberg, 2007 ND 24, ¶ 6, 727 N.W.2d 771). This Court does not reweigh
evidence or make credibility determinations. Green v. Swiers, 2018 ND 258, ¶
4, 920 N.W.2d 471 (quoting reference omitted). “A finding of fact is clearly
erroneous if it is induced by an erroneous view of the law, if there is no evidence
to support it, or if, after review of the entire record, we are left with a definite
and firm conviction a mistake has been made.” Schulte, at ¶ 15 (citing reference
omitted).

[¶11] Donald Burris asserts the district court erred in failing to find a material
change in circumstances as a result of Luann Burris’s retirement, his assertion
Luann Burris could invest or spend money from the sale of two condominiums
to decrease her debt and minimize her need for support, and his assertion
Luann Burris’s multiple sclerosis symptoms have decreased. He also argues
the court erred in its findings regarding his income and net worth, and its
finding related to Luann Burris’s rental payment made to her son. The court
provided a comprehensive order, provided detailed findings, and compared its
current factual findings to the factual findings in the original spousal support
determination. Donald Burris’s challenge to the factual findings amounts to a
request this Court reweigh the evidence on appeal. We conclude the court’s
findings of fact are not clearly erroneous, there is evidence in the record to
support the findings, and we are not left with a definite and firm conviction a
mistake has been made. We affirm the factual finding that Donald Burris failed
to prove a material change in circumstances warranting modification of his
spousal support obligation.

                                         4
                                      IV

[¶12] Donald Burris testified he intends to retire. He urges this Court to adopt
a standard allowing an anticipated retirement to constitute a material change
in circumstances.

[¶13] It is not necessary to determine whether an anticipated retirement can
ever be sufficient to support a material change in circumstances. Here, Donald
Burris testified he has made no effort to sell his business or set a date for
retirement. The district court found Donald Burris had made no efforts to
retire and also found that any determination of his post-retirement income
would be speculative. We conclude the court’s findings of fact are not clearly
erroneous, there is evidence in the record to support the findings, and we are
not left with a definite and firm conviction a mistake has been made. We affirm
the factual finding that Donald Burris’s undefined future retirement was
insufficient to prove a material change in circumstances.

                                       V

[¶14] The judgment provides Donald Burris’s spousal support obligation will
continue “until further order of the Court.” The district court’s authority to
award spousal support is provided by N.D.C.C. § 14-05-24.1(1), which provides:

      Taking into consideration the circumstances of the parties, the
      court may require one party to pay spousal support to the other
      party for a limited period of time in accordance with this section.
      The court may modify its spousal support orders.

The current version of this statute, quoted above, became effective on August
1, 2015. The prior version of the statute allowed the district court to order
spousal support for “any period of time” rather than “a limited period of time.”
See 2015 N.D. Sess. Laws ch. 124, § 1.

[¶15] Section 1-02-10, N.D.C.C., provides that, “[n]o part of this code is
retroactive unless it is expressly declared to be so.” Section 14-05-24.1,
N.D.C.C., does not provide for retroactive effect. See e.g., Klein v. Klein, 2016
ND 153, ¶¶ 4-12, 882 N.W.2d 296 (discussing in detail that section 14-05-

                                       5
24.1(3), N.D.C.C., dealing with spousal support where the supported spouse
cohabitates with another, does not apply retroactively).

[¶16] Despite our clear law prohibiting the retroactive application of changes
to N.D.C.C. § 14-05-24.1(1), Donald Burris argues our decision in Kaspari v.
Kaspari, 2021 ND 63, 958 N.W.2d 139, provides for the retroactive application
of changes limiting the duration of spousal support. Our decision in Kaspari
did not consider modification of an existing spousal support award entered
prior to 2015. In Kaspari we interpreted the changes to N.D.C.C. § 14-05-
24.1(1) in the application of the statute to an original spousal support award
entered in 2020, after the statutory amendments. Our decision in Kaspari is
inapplicable to determining whether the change in law is applicable to this
case and does not provide any discussion regarding retroactive application of
the statute.

[¶17] Following the denial of Donald Burris’s motion, no changes were made
to the 2006 judgment and the district court did not enter a new award of
spousal support. The statute cannot be applied retroactively to modify an
existing spousal support obligation, and as such, the change itself is not a
material change in circumstances. Because the obligation in this case was not
modified, we need not address whether the changes to the statute apply to
modifications of obligations existing before the 2015 amendments.

                                     VI

[¶18] The district court’s finding there had not been a material change of
circumstances was not clearly erroneous, the district court did not err as a
matter of law in not applying the 2015 statutory change, the district court’s
finding regarding future retirement was not clearly erroneous, and the
challenge to the award of Luann Burris’s attorney’s fees was rendered moot by
the voluntary payment. We affirm the order of the district court.

                                      6
[¶19] Jon J. Jensen, C.J.
      Gerald W. VandeWalle
      Daniel J. Crothers
      Lisa Fair McEvers
      Jerod E. Tufte

Crothers, Justice, specially concurring.

[¶20] I agree with the result reached by the majority and, based on our
precedent and the arguments in this case, with the majority opinion’s reasons
for the holdings. I write separately because great uncertainty is inflicted on
both the obligor and the obligee by the ad hoc application of the need for proof
that retirement will cause a material change of circumstances, and if a hearing
is granted, proof of a revised need or ability to pay. I also write to note that the
underpinnings for our current law on modification of a retiree’s spousal support
have changed, which in turn should cause us to question whether our rule also
should change. Sack v. Sack, 2006 ND 57, ¶ 12, 711 N.W.2d 157 (“When
precedent and precedent alone is all the argument that can be made to support
a court-fashioned rule, it is time for the rule’s creator to destroy it.” (quoting
Francis v. Southern Pac. Co., 333 U.S. 445, 471, 68 S.Ct. 611, 92 L.Ed. 798
(1948) (Black, J., dissenting)).

[¶21] Here, Donald Burris moved to reduce his spousal support obligation
because he wanted to retire. He testified he intends to retire but has not sold
his business or set a date for retirement. Majority opinion, ¶¶ 12-13. He argued
this Court should expand its precedent regarding planned retirement, but did
not provide citation to other law that could or should guide us. The majority
opinion does not directly address Donald Burris’s invitation to modify the law,
and instead follows existing law to conclude, “Donald Burris testified he has
made no effort to sell his business or set a date for retirement. The district
court found Donald Burris had made no efforts to retire and also found that
any determination of his post-retirement income would be speculative.” Id. at
¶ 13. Following precedent, we affirm “the factual finding that Donald Burris’s
undefined future retirement was insufficient to prove a material change in
circumstances.” Id.

                                         7
[¶22] Under current law, an obligor who is contemplating retirement must
come back to the district court to modify spousal support. As was explained in
Sommer v. Sommer:

             Should [the obligor spouse] wish to decrease the amount of
      his spousal support payments upon his retirement, he may bring
      a motion for modification at that time. In order to modify an award
      of spousal support, the obligor spouse has the burden of showing a
      material change in circumstances justifying the modification. A
      material change is something substantially affecting the financial
      abilities or needs of a party.

2001 ND 191, ¶ 18, 636 N.W.2d 423 (cleaned up).

[¶23] When an obligor requests reduction of spousal support due to voluntary
retirement, a North Dakota district court’s answer usually is to provide no
predictable avenue for either the obligor or the obligee. Again, this Court’s
holding in Sommer was clear:

             In contrast [to stipulated spousal support], when a
      supporting spouse has been ordered to pay spousal support based
      on the trial court’s findings, a voluntary change in employment by
      the supporting spouse that results in lower income may be a valid
      basis for a modification of spousal support if the change in
      employment was reasonable and made in good faith. See Mahoney
      v. Mahoney, 538 N.W.2d 189, 192-93 (N.D. 1995) (affirming the
      trial court’s finding of a change in circumstances based on the
      supporting spouse’s decrease in income that occurred when he
      voluntarily changed employment). Likewise, voluntary retirement
      by a supporting spouse that results in a material change in
      circumstances may, under some circumstances, be a valid basis for
      modification of spousal support. Cf. id.; see also Pimm v. Pimm,
      601 So.2d 534, 537 (Fla. 1992); In re Marriage of Smith, 396 N.E.2d
      859, 863-64 (Ill. Ct. App. 1979); Smith v. Smith, 419 A.2d 1035,
      1038 (Me. 1980); Silvan v. Sylvan, 632 A.2d 528, 530 (N.J. Super.
      Ct. App. Div. 1993); Deegan v. Deegan, 603 A.2d 542, 545-46 (N.J.
      Super. Ct. App. Div. 1992). Thus, our prior holdings . . . would not
      bar Donald from bringing a motion for modification of spousal
      support based upon his voluntary retirement.

                                       8
2001 ND 191, ¶ 20.

[¶24] The Sommer Court acknowledged the uncertainty created by this process
by making clear that showing a material change of circumstances was a
different question than whether the existing support order would be modified:

      While we find that our prior case law would not bar [the obligor
      spouse] from bringing a motion for modification at his retirement,
      we leave open the secondary question of what a supporting spouse
      must show to actually succeed on a motion for modification based
      on the supporting spouse’s voluntary retirement until this issue is
      presented to us. Courts have relied on a number of different tests
      to determine when such a motion should be granted. See Lewis
      Becker, Spousal and Child Support and the “Voluntary Reduction
      of Income” Doctrine, 29 Conn. L. Rev. 647, 685-87 (1997); Colleen
      Marie Halloran, Comment, Petitioning a Court to Modify Alimony
      When a Client Retires, 28 U. Balt. L. Rev. 193, 212-29 (1998).

2001 ND 191, ¶ 20 n.2.

[¶25] North Dakota’s legal test for modification of spousal support due to
voluntary retirement traces its origins to Sommer and Ebach v. Ebach, 2005
ND 123, 700 N.W.2d 684. Both Sommer and Ebach relied on cases from Florida,
Illinois, Maine and New Jersey. As discussed below, the New Jersey cases have
been superseded by a statute providing comprehensive guidelines for
prospective and actual retirement and spousal support awards.
Massachusetts, Virginia and Oregon also address retirement in their spousal
support statutes.

[¶26] In Ebach this Court adopted a multifactor “totality of the circumstances”
test for determining whether voluntary retirement of the supporting spouse
constitutes a material change of circumstances. 2005 ND 123, ¶ 12 (setting
forth “non-exclusive factors”). Deciding whether to award spousal support
based on multifactor analysis has been subject to separate criticism:

            The law of spousal support under the multifactored
      statutory approach has been criticized for its arbitrary nature and
      lack of predictability. See Robert Kirkman Collins, The Theory of

                                      9
     Marital Residuals: Applying an Income Adjustment Calculus to the
     Enigma of Alimony, 24 Harv. Women’s L.J. 23, 24-25 (2001).
     According to the critics, the terms of the statutes embracing
     multifactored tests for spousal support are not well defined and
     the standards are so vague that just about any outcome, including
     those based on the personal preference of an individual judge, may
     be justified by citation to pliable statutory factors. See id.; David
     A. Hardy, Nevada Alimony: An Important Policy in Need of a
     Coherent Policy Purpose, 9 Nev. L.J. 325, 326 (2009)
     (characterizing spousal support as “judge-specific, idiosyncratic,
     inconsistent, and unpredictable”). Some courts have joined the
     fray. See, e.g., Bacon v. Bacon, 819 So.2d 950, 954 (Fla. Dist. Ct.
     App. 2002) (Farmer, J., concurring specially) (“Broad discretion in
     the award of alimony is no longer justifiable and should be
     discarded in favor of guidelines, if not an outright rule.”); Melzer v.
     Witsberger, 505 Pa. 462, 480 A.2d 991, 994 (1984) (noting under
     Pennsylvania law “a total lack of organization with respect to how
     these principles interact and how they should be applied in order
     to arrive at an appropriate award of support”). The criticisms are
     not entirely off the mark, as a multifactored legal test in which all
     factors are relevant and none are dispositive can be
     extraordinarily difficult to consistently apply.

In re Marriage of Gust, 858 N.W.2d 402, 408 (Iowa 2015).

[¶27] Setting aside for the remainder of this discussion the advisability of
using a multifactor approach, the framework adopted in Ebach was taken from
Silvan v. Sylvan, 632 A.2d 528, 530 and Deegan v. Deegan, 603 A.2d 542, 545-
46. See Ebach, 2005 ND 123, ¶ 12. Both New Jersey cases, and the exact test
we adopted in Ebach, were superseded by statute in 2014. See Landers v.
Landers, 133 A.3d 637, 640-42, (N.J. Super. App. Div. 2016). The 2014 change
made by the New Jersey Legislature reversed course, and no longer required
the supporting spouse to try establishing a material change of circumstances
due to retirement. New Jersey instead created a rebuttable presumption that
spousal support terminates when the supporting spouse attains full retirement
age. Id. at 640. The Court in Landers explained:

           The 2014 amendments added a new subsection (j) [to N.J.
     Stat. Ann. § 2A:34-23], which lists objective considerations a judge

                                       10
must examine and weigh when reviewing an obligor’s request to
modify or terminate alimony when an obligor retires. L. 2014, c.
42, § 1. The newly enacted provisions state, in pertinent part:

Alimony may be modified or terminated upon the prospective or
actual retirement of the obligor.

(1) There shall be a rebuttable presumption that alimony shall
terminate upon the obligor spouse or partner attaining full
retirement age, except that any arrearages that have accrued prior
to the termination date shall not be vacated or annulled. The court
may set a different alimony termination date for good cause shown
based on specific written findings of fact and conclusions of law.

The rebuttable presumption may be overcome if, upon
consideration of the following factors and for good cause shown,
the court determines that alimony should continue:

      (a)   The ages of the parties at the time of the
      application for retirement;
      (b)   The ages of the parties at the time of the
      marriage or civil union and their ages at the time of
      entry of the alimony award;
      (c)   The degree and duration of the economic
      dependency of the recipient upon the payor during the
      marriage or civil union;
      (d)   Whether the recipient has foregone or
      relinquished or otherwise sacrificed claims, rights or
      property in exchange for a more substantial or longer
      alimony award;
      (e)   The duration or amount of alimony already paid;
      (f)   The health of the parties at the time of the
      retirement application;
      (g)   Assets of the parties at the time of the
      retirement application;
      (h) Whether the recipient has reached full
      retirement age as defined in this section;
      (i)   Sources of income, both earned and unearned, of
      the parties;
      (j)   The ability of the recipient to have saved
      adequately for retirement; and

                                11
            (k)   Any other factors that the court may deem
            relevant.

Id. at 640-41.

[¶28] Through application of the 2014 law, the New Jersey Superior Court has
held the phrase “prospective retirement” means one that will take place in the
near future as opposed to many years after the application. Mueller v. Mueller,
144 A.3d 916, 922 (N.J. Super. Ct. Ch. Div. 2016). The court also held the
prospective retiree should provide a detailed plan for retirement that includes
dates and details regarding economic support following retirement. Id. To date,
this Court only has relied on the 1992 and 1993 New Jersey cases, and has not
adopted subsequent interpretations of that State’s changed (and changing) law.

[¶29] Because the reason for our rule announced in Ebach has changed, either
by action of the North Dakota Legislature or upon full briefing in an
appropriate case, the time has arrived for us to consider whether the basis for
our approach to a support-paying former spouse’s retirement also should
change. If the Court rather than the legislature ultimately makes that inquiry,
consideration should be paid to legal developments in New Jersey and several
other states regarding spousal support when the obligor voluntarily retires.

[¶30] The In re Marriage of Gust decision from Iowa reviewed then-new
legislation in Massachusetts as follows:

             A major impetus to the legislation in Massachusetts was the
      question of the impact of retirement on spousal support (referred
      to as alimony in Massachusetts). Rachel Biscardi, Dispelling
      Alimony Myths: The Continuing Need for Alimony and the Alimony
      Reform Act of 2011, 36 W. New Eng. L.Rev. 1, 30-31 (2014); see also
      Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 208, § 49(f) (“General term alimony orders
      shall terminate upon the payor attaining the full retirement age.”).
      In 2009, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court declined to
      create a presumption in favor of the payor’s request to be relieved
      of alimony obligations upon retirement. See Pierce v. Pierce, 455
      Mass. 286, 916 N.E.2d 330, 344-45 (2009). In response, the
      Massachusetts legislature amended its alimony statute to provide,
      among other things, that general (or traditional) alimony should

                                      12
      not presumptively continue beyond the payor reaching full
      retirement age, absent a showing of good cause. See Mass. Gen.
      Laws ch. 208, §§ 49(f), 53(e). The Alimony Reform Act of 2011 also
      provides that a court may consider alimony for an indefinite period
      only for marriages of twenty years or more and generally limits
      support payments to between thirty and thirty-five percent of the
      difference between the parties’ gross incomes at the time of the
      alimony order, unless there are circumstances warranting
      deviation. See 2011 Mass. Legis. Serv. ch. 124, § 3 (West) (codified
      at Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 208, §§ 49(c), 53(b), 53(d)); see also Biscardi,
      36 W. New Eng. L.Rev. at 17-37; Charles P. Kindregan, Reforming
      Alimony: Massachusetts Reconsiders Postdivorce Spousal Support,
      46 Suffolk U.L.Rev. 13, 24-41 (2013) (same).

858 N.W.2d at 409-10.

[¶31] Virginia law provides that an obligor’s attainment of full retirement age
constitutes a material change in circumstances. Va. Code Ann. § 20-109(E).
When a court is considering a modification of spousal support based on
retirement, it must consider the following factors:

      1. Whether retirement was contemplated by the court and
         specifically considered by the court when the spousal support
         was awarded;
      2. Whether the retirement is mandatory or voluntary, and the
         terms and conditions related to such retirement;
      3. Whether the retirement would result in a change in the income
         of either the payor or the payee spouse;
      4. The age and health of the parties;
      5. The duration and amount of spousal support already paid; and
      6. The assets or property interest of each of the parties during the
         period from the date of the support order and up to the date of
         the hearing on modification or termination.

Va. Code Ann. § 20-109(F).

[¶32] In Oregon, courts are limited to finding a change in circumstances
warranting modification of spousal support if the supporting spouse’s
retirement was made in “good faith.” Or. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 107.135(4)(c). The

                                        13
court considers the following factors when resolving whether retirement was
taken in good faith:

      (A) Timing of the voluntary retirement or other reduction in
      financial status to coincide with court action in which the obligee
      seeks or is granted an increase in spousal support.
      (B) Whether all or most of the income producing assets and
      property were awarded to the obligor, and spousal support in lieu
      of such property was awarded to the obligee.
      (C) Extent of the obligor’s dissipation of funds and assets prior to
      the voluntary retirement or soon after filing for the change of
      circumstances based on retirement.
      (D) If earned income is reduced and absent dissipation of funds or
      large gifts, whether the obligor has funds and assets from which
      the spousal support could have been paid.
      (E) Whether the obligor has given gifts of substantial value to
      others, including a current spouse, to the detriment of the obligor’s
      ability to meet the preexisting obligation of spousal support.

Or. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 107.135(4)(d).

[¶33] I believe the current North Dakota framework for considering whether
voluntary retirement constitutes a material change of circumstances, and
whether it thereafter allows for modification of spousal support, unfairly leaves
both obligors and obligees guessing about the likely result at the end of a
hearing. Conversely, the foregoing statutes and cases provide samples of how
other jurisdictions have sought to reduce the expense, and increase the
predictability, of retirement-related modification proceedings. I urge legislative
consideration of these legal developments and, in the absence of legislative
consideration, I encourage litigants to squarely present this issue to the Court
and allow us to revisit the Ebach line of cases.

[¶34] Daniel J. Crothers

                                       14