Court Opinion

ID: 4577726
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-10-16 07:00:23.284495+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:37:30.796199
License: Public Domain

NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
                 To be cited only in accordance with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1

                United States Court of Appeals
                                 For the Seventh Circuit
                                 Chicago, Illinois 60604

                               Submitted October 15, 2020*
                                Decided October 15, 2020

                                         Before

                       JOEL M. FLAUM, Circuit Judge

                       ILANA DIAMOND ROVNER, Circuit Judge

                       MICHAEL Y. SCUDDER, Circuit Judge

No. 20-1387

LISA M. HARMON,                                 Appeal from the United States District
      Plaintiff-Appellant,                      Court for the Eastern District of
                                                Wisconsin.
       v.
                                                No. 2:17-CV-1762
WISCONSIN REGIONAL TRAINING
PARTNERSHIP,                                    Nancy Joseph,
     Defendant-Appellee.                        Magistrate Judge.

                                       ORDER

      Lisa Harmon filed an employment-discrimination claim against her former
employer. Not long after the parties negotiated an oral settlement agreement, Harmon
changed course. She refused to sign a written agreement formalizing the terms and
moved to revoke the oral settlement. The district court denied Harmon’s motion,

       * We have agreed to decide the case without oral argument because the briefs and
record adequately present the facts and legal arguments, and oral argument would not
significantly aid the court. FED. R. APP. P. 34(a)(2)(C).
No. 20-1387                                                                         Page 2

granted the employer’s motion to enforce, and terminated the case. Because the district
court did not abuse its discretion in enforcing the oral settlement, we affirm.

        Harmon’s operative pleading—her third amended complaint—alleged that her
former employer, the Wisconsin Regional Training Partnership (“WRTP”), violated her
rights under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.1 She claimed that WRTP
discriminated against her based on her race and terminated her employment in
retaliation for filing an internal complaint. The parties consented under 28 U.S.C.
§ 636(c) to the jurisdiction of the assigned magistrate judge, David E. Jones, who in turn
referred the case to Magistrate Judge William E. Callahan for a settlement conference.

       At the conference, Harmon was represented by her retained attorney, and the
parties agreed to settle. On the record, Magistrate Judge Callahan recited the terms of
the agreement, including: (1) WRTP’s promise to pay Harmon a sum of money;
(2) Harmon’s promise to release all claims against WRTP; and (3) WRTP’s promise to
modify Harmon’s employment records to reflect that she had resigned. Magistrate
Judge Callahan also acknowledged that Harmon’s siblings, who attended the
conference, agreed to sign a “side agreement” with Harmon that they would not reveal
the terms of the settlement. Magistrate Judge Callahan then asked both parties if he had
recited the terms accurately and, after clarifying that the settlement would not affect her
lawsuit against her former union, Harmon responded, “yes.” A minute entry reflects
that the mediation resulted in settlement and the case would be referred back to
Magistrate Judge Jones for dismissal.

        A few days later, Harmon discharged her attorney, so WRTP emailed a proposed
written settlement directly to her. The document incorporated the terms of the oral
agreement and a few additional terms. One was a standard provision under the Age
Discrimination in Employment Act (“ADEA”), giving Harmon twenty-one days to
review the offer and seven days after acceptance to revoke. See 29 U.S.C. § 626(f)(1)(F)(i),
(f)(1)(G). Harmon refused to sign and emailed the district court to explain that “after
further consideration” she “decided not to accept.” Harmon argued that the agreement
should be revoked because she did not sign anything at the mediation, her siblings did
not sign the side agreement, and her attorney had pressured her to settle. The court
construed Harmon’s letter as a motion to revoke the oral settlement agreement.

       1 Harmon also sued her former union. See Harmon v. Int’l Ass’n of Machinists &
Aerospace Workers Dist. 10 AFL-CIO Union Lodge No. 66, No. 18-CV-74 (E.D. Wis. Feb. 27,
2020), appeal dismissed, No. 20-1474 (7th Cir. 2020).
No. 20-1387                                                                           Page 3

       Magistrate Judge Jones held a hearing and, after considering the settlement
transcript and the parties’ arguments, ruled that the agreement was enforceable. He
found that the record showed that Harmon unequivocally confirmed that Magistrate
Judge Callahan set forth the terms accurately and agreed to the deal. And the record, he
noted, did not support Harmon’s allegations about her attorney. Concluding that a
change of heart cannot nullify a valid settlement agreement, the magistrate judge
denied Harmon’s motion. She filed an interlocutory appeal, which we dismissed for
lack of jurisdiction.

       Back in the district court, the parties consented to the jurisdiction of Magistrate
Judge Nancy Joseph, who took over after Magistrate Judge Jones left the court. At a
scheduling conference, the court heard and denied Harmon’s oral motion to reconsider
the denial of her motion to revoke. WRTP then filed a motion to enforce the oral
agreement. After briefing, the court granted the motion. It explained that Harmon and
her attorney had confirmed on the record that the terms were accurate, and the minute
order stated that a settlement was reached and the case would be dismissed once the
appropriate documents were filed. Moreover, Harmon had not made her acceptance
contingent on approval of a written agreement. Therefore, the court explained,
Harmon’s issues with the proposed written agreement—that its terms differed from the
oral agreement—were immaterial to the oral agreement’s enforceability. Finally, the
court rejected Harmon’s attempt to rely on the ADEA revocation provision because she
never signed the agreement. Satisfied that the parties had a meeting of the minds and
that Harmon knowingly and voluntarily entered into the agreement, the court granted
WRTP’s motion and terminated the case.

       On appeal, Harmon, now proceeding pro se, does not contest the existence of an
oral settlement agreement under Wisconsin law, see WIS. STAT. § 807.05, but she argues
that the district court should not have enforced it. We therefore review the court’s
decision for abuse of discretion. Beverly v. Abbott Labs., 817 F.3d 328, 332 (7th Cir. 2016).

       Harmon first argues that she did not knowingly and voluntarily enter into the
contract because she felt pressure from her attorney to stay at the settlement conference.
“An employee’s settlement of a Title VII claim must be knowing and voluntary,” and
we review the district court’s factual finding on this point for clear error. Baptist v. City
of Kankakee, 481 F.3d 485, 490 (7th Cir. 2007). When a plaintiff is represented by chosen
counsel during negotiations and settlement, we presume that the settlement was
knowing and voluntary. Id. at 490–91. Arguments based on the attorney’s conduct or
No. 20-1387                                                                         Page 4

competence are “an improper factor in evaluating whether [the] settlement is knowing
and voluntary,” and they “neither negate the presumption created by the
representation of counsel nor demonstrate the kind of fraud or duress capable of
rebutting the presumption.” Id. Here, Harmon expressed no reservations when she
agreed to the settlement. And as Magistrate Judge Jones pointed out, when she sought
to revoke the agreement, Harmon failed to provide evidence that her attorney
pressured her, let alone evidence of fraud or duress. Thus, the district court did not
clearly err in finding that she knowingly and voluntarily agreed to the settlement.

       Harmon next contends that the district court should not have enforced the oral
agreement because one of its terms—WRTP’s promise to modify her employment
records from “terminated” to “resigned”—is unlawful. Because Harmon applied for
and collected unemployment insurance on the basis that she was fired, she explains, the
modification will subject her to liability for fraud. See WIS. STAT. § 108.24. We agree with
the district court that it is unlikely Harmon’s representation that she was fired, which
was true when she made it, could subject her to liability for knowingly making a false
statement to obtain benefits. Further, Harmon does not explain how this provision
could void the entire contract. A court will not enforce a contractual provision when
“performance is forbidden by civil or criminal statute or where a penalty is imposed for
the action agreed to,” Abbott v. Marker, 722 N.W.2d 162, 164–65 (Wis. Ct. App. 2006), but
Harmon does not contend that modifying her personnel file—in her favor—is itself
unlawful. In any case, Wisconsin law allows for the severance of unlawful provisions.
See Baierl v. McTaggart, 629 N.W.2d 277, 282 (Wis. 2001).

       Harmon also argues that the district court should not have enforced the
agreement because she has not signed anything and her siblings never signed the
confidentiality agreement. Although a mediated settlement agreement is not
enforceable if a party’s acceptance was expressly contingent on something that never
happened, Affordable Erecting, Inc. v. Neosho Trompler, Inc., 715 N.W.2d 620, 626–27, 631
(Wis. 2006), neither Harmon nor WRTP attached any conditions precedent to their
agreement. Instead, when Magistrate Judge Callahan stated that the parties reached a
settlement and asked if he set forth the terms correctly, both parties responded, “yes.”
The parties’ mere anticipation of a written document did not nullify their otherwise
binding oral agreement. See Beverly, 817 F.3d at 334. Harmon further maintains that her
attorney privately told her the settlement was contingent on her siblings signing the
confidentiality agreement. Yet when Judge Callahan described it as a “side agreement”
with Harmon, neither party objected. Moreover, Harmon’s siblings were not parties to
the settlement. Harmon’s mistaken belief about the effect of her siblings’ promise of
No. 20-1387                                                                       Page 5

confidentiality is not a basis for voiding her agreement with WRTP. See Admiral Ins. Co.
v. Paper Converting Mach. Co., 811 N.W.2d 351, 362 (Wis. 2012).

       Harmon next argues that she had a right to revoke her oral acceptance under the
ADEA, as the written settlement proposal provided. WRTP contends that Harmon
cannot rely on the provision because she did not execute the agreement. But the right to
revoke derives from the statute, not the parties’ contract: a former employee over the
age of forty has the right to review any agreement releasing an age discrimination claim
for twenty-one days and a right to revoke acceptance within seven days. See 29 U.S.C.
§ 626(f)(1)(F)(i), (f)(1)(G). The ADEA, however, does not support Harmon’s attempt to
revoke her acceptance here. First, Harmon has never claimed (in this lawsuit or in an
administrative charge) discrimination based on age, and at the time the settlement was
reached, any prospective charge or lawsuit would have been untimely. See 29 U.S.C.
§ 626(d), (e). She therefore had no claim under the ADEA to release, notwithstanding
the boilerplate provision in WRTP’s written proposal. In any event, that provision could
not vitiate Harmon’s oral agreement. She accepted the oral settlement within the review
period, and she did not notify WRTP or the court within seven days that she intended
to revoke; instead, she sent her email eighteen days after the settlement conference.

       Lastly, Harmon argues that the written agreement is invalid because its terms are
different from the oral agreement. But she is not bound by—nor can she enforce—terms
of a written agreement that she never executed. Only the terms put on the record after
the settlement conference are enforceable (unless the parties sign an agreement later).

        We have considered Harmon’s remaining arguments, and none has merit.

                                                                             AFFIRMED