Court Opinion

ID: 4620503
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-21 02:42:47.246827+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:55:50.276701
License: Public Domain

Michael Flynn Manufacturing Company, Petitioner, v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, RespondentMichael Flynn Mfg. Co. v. CommissionerDocket No. 77United States Tax Court3 T.C. 932; 1944 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 112; June 1, 1944, Promulgated *112 Decision will be entered under Rule 50.  Petitioner, a corporation on an accrual basis, accrued salaries to the credit of its two principal officers, who were also indirectly its controlling stockholders. The officers did not draw their salaries in the taxable years, although ample funds were available for their payment.  Held, that section 24 (c) of the Internal Revenue Code may not be interposed to disallow to petitioner the deduction of the accrued expenses for salaries, since the salaries were includible in the gross income of the officers in the taxable years under the doctrine of constructive receipt and the condition to disallowance set forth by section 24 (c) (2) of the Internal Revenue Code accordingly does not exist.  Arthur B. Hyman, Esq., and Morris Katz, Esq., for the petitioner.Francis X. Gallagher, Esq., for the respondent.  Hill, Judge.  Disney, J., dissents.  Smith, J., concurring.  Opper, J., agrees with the concurring opinion.  HILL *933  Respondent determined deficiencies in petitioner's taxes for the calendar years 1939 and 1940 as follows:Declared valueYearIncome taxexcess profitsExcess profitstaxtax1939$ 2,975.59$ 193.66None19404,184.43394.55$ 4,286.65*113  By amended answer respondent claimed that the amounts so determined should be increased.Two questions are posed by the petition and original answer, namely, (1) Are salaries accrued on petitioner's books in 1939 and 1940 to the credit of two officers not deductible by reason of section 24 (c) of the Internal Revenue Code? and, (2) Is petitioner entitled to a deduction of $ 672.50 in 1940 for loss on the retirement of assets?  Petitioner now concedes that the second question should be answered in the negative.  Other adjustments made by respondent were not controverted.Issues raised by the amended answer are (1) whether $ 15,000 in salaries accrued on petitioner's books in 1939 to the credit of three officers should be disallowed as expense deductions as not bona fide indebtedness and, (2) whether $ 32,000 in compensation accrued on petitioner's books in 1940 to the credit of its officers should be disallowed as expense deductions as being excessive and unreasonable.FINDINGS OF FACT.The petitioner is a Pennsylvania corporation engaged in the manufacture and sale of metal windows and doors and having its principal place of business in Philadelphia.  It keeps its accounts and makes*114  its income tax returns on the calendar year and accrual basis.During the taxable years in question Frank F. Flynn was president; Charles M. Flynn, first vice president; Abraham Starr, second vice president; Leonard Starr, secretary; and Thomas M. Forscht, treasurer, of petitioner.  They were all active in the business and constituted also petitioner's board of directors.  Frank and Charles Flynn are brothers.*934  As of the close of 1939 and 1940 petitioner had outstanding 1,155 shares of preferred and 2,740 shares of common stock. All the preferred and 1,835 shares of common stock were owned by Michael Flynn, Inc., a corporation, 96 percent of whose stock was owned equally by Frank and Charles Flynn.  The balance of petitioner's stock was owned by the five officers-directors as follows: Frank Flynn, 150 shares; Charles Flynn, 200; Abraham Starr, 150; Leonard Starr, 187; and Thomas M. Forscht, 218.At a directors' meeting held during mid-December 1939 each officer was voted a salary of $ 5,000 for services rendered in 1939.  This sum was accrued on the books of the corporation to the credit of each officer as of December 31, 1939, none of the officers having drawn any part *115  of his salary prior to the end of the year.  On March 12, 1940, petitioner executed promissory notes in the sum of $ 5,000 to the order of each officer.  Coincident therewith entries were made upon petitioner's books eliminating the liability "due officers" and establishing an equal liability for "notes payable." The notes matured on June 10, 1940.  On that date they were not paid, but were returned to petitioner and canceled, and petitioner's surplus account was increased accordingly.On December 27, 1940, all of petitioner's officers-directors attended a directors' meeting at which the president reported that petitioner's net income for the year would substantially exceed $ 91,000.  Thereupon the directors unanimously adopted resolutions as follows:Resolved that a bonus of $ 10,000 to Thomas M. Forscht and a bonus of $ 10,000 to Leonard Starr, be and same hereby are granted and awarded to them respectively, said bonuses to be placed to the credit of each, as of December 31, 1940, and thereupon to become payable to them on demand.* * * *Resolved that compensation for their services for the year 1940, be and the same is hereby granted and awarded to Frank F. Flynn, $ 10,000, to *116  Charles M. Flynn, $ 10,000 and to Abe Starr, $ 10,000, said amounts to be placed to the credit of the said persons, respectively, as of December 31, 1940, and thereupon to become payable to them on demand.Pursuant to the resolutions the stated amounts were accrued on petitioner's books.  No demand for payment was made and the salaries and bonuses remained unpaid at the end of 1940.Late in 1940 the officers-directors discussed the proposition of the issuance by petitioner of second preferred stock. On March 13, 1941, the directors and stockholders favorably acted upon a proposed amendment to petitioner's articles of incorporation to authorize the issuance of 500 shares of second preferred nonvoting stock having a par value of $ 100 each.  Frank and Charles Flynn the previous day had signed subscription agreements for 90 shares of such stock "about to be created." The amendment was approved by the Department of State of Pennsylvania on March 28, 1941.*935  On March 14, 1941, petitioner drew a check in the sum of $ 9,000 and a check in the sum of $ 1,000 to the order of Frank Flynn and like checks to the order of Charles Flynn.  The salary accruals in their favor on the books *117  of petitioner were thereupon eliminated.  The Flynns had requested that the checks be so drawn.  They immediately endorsed the $ 9,000 checks back to petitioner in payment of their subscriptions for the second preferred stock, which was thereafter issued to them.  These checks passed through the clearing house on March 18, 1941.  The $ 1,000 checks were deposited for collection in August 1941.At the close of 1939 and 1940 petitioner's net worth was $ 210,034.50 and $ 316,314, respectively.  In round figures its bank accounts showed a balance of $ 48,000 on December 30, 1939, and $ 83,000 on December 31, 1940.  During all times here material it was solvent and had a line of credit of from $ 100,000 to $ 150,000.  Its working capital at the end of 1939 was about $ 150,000 and at the end of 1940 about $ 250,000.Neither Frank nor Charles Flynn reported any amount as compensation received from petitioner in his 1939 individual income tax return.  They each reported $ 5,000 in 1940.  In 1941 Frank reported $ 25,000 and Charles reported $ 20,000.  These amounts included the checks referred to above, plus salaries declared and paid in the year 1941.  The Flynn brothers made their income *118  tax returns upon the cash receipts and disbursements basis.OPINION.The first issue for decision, and the only one on which the burden of proof rests with petitioner, is whether petitioner is entitled to deduct salaries awarded and accrued in the years 1939 and 1940 to the credit of Frank F. Flynn and Charles M. Flynn, its principal officers and controlling stockholders. The Flynns both rendered active service to petitioner and petitioner properly may deduct the obligations incurred for their salaries under section 23 (a) (1) of the Internal Revenue Code unless prevented from so doing by section 24 (c).  Thus, we must determine whether the circumstances here do or do not call for the application of the latter section.  Such a determination will resolve automatically the ultimate issue.Section 24 (c) of the Internal Revenue Code provides as follows:SEC. 24. ITEMS NOT DEDUCTIBLE.* * * *(c) Unpaid Expenses and Interest.  -- In computing net income no deduction shall be allowed under section 23 (a), relating to expenses incurred, or under section 23 (b), relating to interest accrued --(1) If such expenses or interest are not paid within the taxable year or within two and one-half*119  months after the close thereof; and(2) If, by reason of the method of accounting of the person to whom the payment is to be made, the amount thereof is not, unless paid, includible in *936  the gross income of such person for the taxable year in which or with which the taxable year of the taxpayer ends; and(3) If, at the close of the taxable year of the taxpayer or at any time within two and one-half months thereafter, both the taxpayer and the person to whom the payment is to be made are persons between whom losses would be disallowed under section 24 (b).It is to be noted that the section contains three subdivisions, each of which sets forth a condition to the application of the deduction disallowance provision.  The three conditions must coexist.  Fincher Motors, Inc., 43 B. T. A. 673; Celina Manufacturing Co., 47 B. T. A. 967; reversed on other grounds, 142 Fed. (2d) 449. Otherwise petitioner's right to the deductions must be upheld.We direct our attention to subdivision (2) of section 24 (c).  It sets forth as a condition to the disallowance of an expense or interest deduction that*120  the amount be not includible in the gross income for the year of the person to whom payment of the amount is to be made.  Conversely, if the item claimed as a deduction is includible in the current income of the one in whose favor it is accrued, then section 24 (c) may not be interposed to disallow it.  The Income Tax Unit of the Bureau of Internal Revenue itself has so interpreted the statute and we think rightly.  In I. T. 3242, C. B. 1939-I, p. 172, after quoting from the report of the Ways and Means Committee of the House of Representatives regarding section 24 (c), it is stated:* * * it is the opinion of this office that where it is conclusively shown that amounts deducted for accrued expenses (and interest) by a debtor taxpayer have been credited to the account of the person to whom such amounts are due under circumstances which would require the reporting of the sums credited as income constructively received under the provisions of article 42-2 of Regulations 94, the deduction for such amounts is allowable since factor (2) of section 24 (c), supra, is absent in such a case and there is no basis for the disallowance of the deduction.Article 42-2 of Regulations 94, identical*121  in all respects with Regulations 103, section 19.42-2, provides in part:Income which is credited to the account of or set apart for a taxpayer and which may be drawn upon by him at any time is subject to tax for the year during which so credited or set apart, although not then actually reduced to possession.  To constitute receipt in such a case the income must be credited or set apart to the taxpayer without any substantial limitation or restriction as to the time or manner of payment or condition upon which payment is to be made, and must be made available to him so that it may be drawn at any time, and its receipt brought within his own control and disposition.  A book entry, if made, should indicate an absolute transfer from one account to another. * * *The Circuit Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit attributed a like meaning to section 24 (c), as is demonstrated by the following language taken from Musselman Hub-Brake Co. v. Commissioner, 139 Fed. (2d) 65:*937  In other words, if the debtor credited to the account of the creditor sums under circumstances which would require reporting income constructively received, * * * the deduction*122  would be allowable under the statute, because the creditor would be required to include these sums in his gross income.Hence, in the instant case, petitioner is entitled to the deductions claimed in respect of the salaries of the Flynn brothers if such salaries were includible in the gross income of the latter under the doctrine of constructive receipt. Were the salaries so includible? We think the facts presented conclusively prove that they were.The typical situation calling for the application of the constructive receipt principle is one wherein an officer in control of a corporation financially able to pay fails to withdraw part or all of the salary accrued to his credit on the corporation's books.  In such cases the accrued salaries are deemed to have been received by the officer despite his election to leave them in the company and, accordingly, they are to be included in his income for the taxable period in which they are made available to him.  See John A. Brander, 3 B. T. A. 231; John I. Chipey, 25 B. T. A. 1103; Schoenheit v. Lucas, 44 Fed. (2d) 476. The circumstances here*123  mark this as another such typical situation.  The salaries in question are those accrued in favor of the two brothers, respectively, petitioner's president and first vice president, who together owned directly or indirectly 79.7 percent of petitioner's common stock and all its preferred stock. It must be assumed that their influence over corporate activities and business practices at least was commensurate with their interest in petitioner and their position as its principal officers.  In 1940 petitioner's net profits were reported as having been substantial -- in excess of $ 91,000.  At a directors' meeting held December 27, 1940, at which Frank Flynn presided and in which Charles Flynn took part, a resolution was passed awarding them salaries of $ 10,000 each for the year 1940.  Such amounts were to be placed to their credit as of December 31, 1940, and thereupon to become payable to them on demand.  At the same meeting, $ 30,000 in bonuses and salaries was voted to the other officers of petitioner.  On December 31, 1940, petitioner had bank balances of $ 83,000.  In addition it had a substantial line of credit and had enjoyed a most successful year, its net worth having increased*124  in that period by about 50 percent.  It is obvious that the Flynns in 1940 had merely to ask for their salaries and they would have been forthcoming.  Such was their control, such was the financial position of the company, and such were the express terms of the resolution by which the salaries were granted.  That the salaries were not in fact demanded and received then was strictly a matter of their own choosing.  We conclude that the salaries were includible in the gross incomes of the Flynns for the year 1940 under the doctrine of constructive receipt. John A. Brander, supra;*938 John I. Chipey, supra;Kenneth Drummond, 43 B. T. A. 529; Schoenheit v. Lucas, supra.The facts supporting the same conclusion as to the 1939 salaries are not quite so unequivocal, since the resolution by which the $ 5,000 salaries were voted to the Flynns and the other officers was not reduced to writing.  However, we have the uncontradicted testimony that formal action with reference to the salaries was taken in mid-December 1939, and that such salaries were accrued on petitioner's*125  books without restriction or limitation is evidenced by the entry itself.  At this time the Flynns occupied the same positions in the company and owned the same substantial interests as they did in December 1940.  Again we find petitioner to have been in a sound financial condition and with cash on hand as of December 31, 1939, far in excess of that required to pay all salaries awarded.  We think the evidence amply justifies the conclusion that the Flynn's failure to actually draw their 1939 salaries in 1939 also was due purely to their untrammeled discretion.  Hence the $ 5,000 credited to each in this year was includible in his income for the year.Respondent disallowed the deduction of the entire $ 5,000 salary accrued to the credit of each of the Flynns in 1939 and $ 9,000 of the $ 10,000 accrued to the credit of each in 1940.  Since these sums were includible in their respective gross incomes in the same years, it follows that the condition set forth in section 24 (c) (2) does not exist.  We therefore hold that respondent erred in disallowing such deductions.  It is immaterial that the Flynns failed to report their 1939 salaries in 1939 or their 1940 salaries in 1940.  (They *126  did report them in the year following their accrual on the theory that payment was received in the subsequent years.) Moreover, it is also unnecessary to determine whether the condition stated in subdivisions (1) and (3) here exist, for the nonexistence of any one of the conditions prevents the application of section 24 (c).The remaining issues arise by way of respondent's amended answer. He there alleged that he erred in allowing petitioner in 1939 the deduction of $ 15,000 representing salaries accrued to the officers other than the Flynn brothers.  In support of this he averred that such salaries were not a bona fide indebtedness, since it was understood that they should never be paid.  The burden of proving that respondent erred in making his determination is upon himself.  He has failed to sustain his burden.  The fact that the accrued salaries liability was extinguished upon the issuance of notes payable to the officers and that the notes were turned back to petitioner upon maturity with a corresponding credit to surplus is not, in our opinion, sufficient to prove a prior agreement that the salaries were never to be paid.  And this is the only material evidence bearing upon*127  the issue.  Consequently, the deduction must stand as originally allowed.*939  Respondent also alleged in his amended answer that he erred in allowing the deduction of $ 32,000 in salaries and bonuses accrued by petitioner in 1940.  This sum represents all amounts awarded by the resolutions passed at the directors' meeting of December 27, 1940, save $ 18,000 of the $ 20,000 in salaries granted the Flynns.  The $ 18,000 was disallowed under section 24 (c) as heretofore explained.  Respondent averred the $ 32,000 so awarded was excessive and unreasonable and, hence, was not deductible by petitioner.  This contention is not pressed in respondent's brief and we assume the issue to have been abandoned.  In any event, no proof whatever was offered respecting it.  This issue is also decided in petitioner's favor.  The claims for increased deficiencies for 1939 and 1940 are disallowed.Decision will be entered under Rule 50.  SMITH Smith, J., concurring: I concur in the result reached by the Tax Court in this case upon the authority of Musselman Hub-Brake Co. v. Commissioner, 139 Fed. (2d) 65, and Celina Mfg. Co. v. Commissioner (C. C. A., 6th Cir.), 142 Fed. (2d) 142*128  Fed. (2d) 449.In the opinion of the Court it is held that the two Flynn brothers are taxable in 1939 and 1940 upon the salaries accrued upon the petitioner's books of account for those years which were not actually paid to them during those years.  This is upon the doctrine of constructive receipt, which, I think, has no application to this case.  The accrued salaries were paid to the Flynn brothers in the form of notes and checks which the Flynn brothers treated as the equivalent of cash and reported the same as a part of their taxable income for the years 1940 and 1941, respectively.  The payments by note and by check within two and one-half months after the close of the calendar years 1939 and 1940 were payments, upon the authority of the above cited cases, under section 24 (c) (1) of the Internal Revenue Code.  In my opinion the Court is in error in saying that section 24 (c) (2) may not be interposed to disallow to petitioner the deduction of the accrued salaries. I think it is not to be doubted that section 24 (c) (1) was intended to apply to cases such as this.