Court Opinion

ID: 2669359
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-04-09 20:21:38.820024+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:03:13.260334
License: Public Domain

Filed 4/9/14 Sage v. Kosoff CA3
                                           NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                      THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                                         (Butte)

PAMELA SAGE,                                                                                 C072162

                   Plaintiff and Appellant,                                        (Super. Ct. No. 150935)

         v.

BOB KOSOFF et al.,

                   Defendants and Respondents.

         Pamela Sage appeals from the adverse judgment entered following a jury trial.
She contends primarily that the trial court erred in making certain in limine rulings
concerning the presentation of evidence of insurance, evidence of her use of medical
marijuana, and the testimony of witnesses not disclosed during discovery. We find,
however, that Sage has forfeited her claims of error because she failed to comply with the
rules of appellate procedure, including the rules requiring her to provide an adequate
record for review and to show exactly how the trial court committed prejudicial error.

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                                      BACKGROUND
       In this medical malpractice action, Sage sued Bob Kosoff and Kosoff’s employer,
Enloe Medical Center (Enloe), alleging that Kosoff failed to properly apply a cast to her
broken wrist, which caused her injury.1
       The matter was tried to a jury. Prior to trial, Kosoff and Enloe moved in limine to
exclude any evidence of their having professional liability insurance and to exclude the
testimony of witnesses not disclosed during discovery. Plaintiff moved to exclude
evidence of her use of medical marijuana. The record on appeal contains neither the
minute order nor the reporter’s transcript of proceedings reflecting the trial court’s ruling
on these motions.2
       The jury found that Kosoff was not negligent in his care of Sage, and judgment
was entered in defendants’ favor.
                                       DISCUSSION
                             I. Applicable Standard of Review
       Before discussing Sage’s appellate contentions, we set forth various rules
applicable to our review.
       On appeal, we must presume the trial court’s judgment is correct. In service of
that rule, we adopt all intendments and inferences to affirm the judgment or order unless
the record expressly contradicts them. (See Denham v. Superior Court (1970) 2 Cal.3d
557, 564; Nielsen v. Gibson (2009) 178 Cal.App.4th 318, 324 (Nielsen).)

1 Sage also initially named a treating physician as a defendant, but he ultimately was
dismissed from the action.
2 The only portion of the reporter’s transcript of a four-day jury trial in the appellate
record is a 10-page excerpt that includes a portion of Sage’s cross-examination by
defense counsel and a discussion of whether defendants’ motion in limine excluding
evidence regarding insurance coverage was intended to exclude evidence of Sage’s
coverage by Medi-Cal.

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       It is the burden of the party challenging a judgment on appeal to provide an
adequate record to assess error. (Ketchum v. Moses (2001) 24 Cal.4th 1122, 1140-1141.)
Thus, an appellant must not only present an analysis of the facts and legal authority on
each point made, but must also support arguments with appropriate citations to the
material facts in the record. If she fails to do so, the argument is forfeited. (Nielsen,
supra, 178 Cal.App.4th at p. 324; Duarte v. Chino Community Hospital (1999)
72 Cal.App.4th 849, 856.)
       We appreciate the difficulty that appellants may have in bearing the expense of a
reporter’s transcript. But the California Rules of Court provide an appellant with a
choice of several types of records upon which to take an appeal. The choices include a
reporter’s transcript, a clerk’s transcript, an agreed statement, and a settled statement.
(Cal. Rules of Court, rules 8.120, 8.122, 8.130, 8.134, 8.137.) Sage has elected to
proceed with the clerk’s transcript, with the exception of one 10-page segment of the
reporter’s transcript. Because Sage chiefly proceeds with a clerk’s transcript only, we
must conclusively presume that the evidence is otherwise ample to sustain the trial
court’s findings. (Ehrler v. Ehrler (1981) 126 Cal.App.3d 147, 154 (Ehrler).) A settled
statement would have avoided the expense of a reporter’s transcript. However, our
review is limited to determining whether any error “appears on the face of the record.”
(National Secretarial Service, Inc. v. Froehlich (1989) 210 Cal.App.3d 510, 521; Cal.
Rules of Court, rule 8.163.)
       II. Sage’s Opening Brief Fails to Comply with the California Rules of Court
       Pursuant to rule 8.204(a)(1)(C) of the California Rules of Court, a party must
provide a citation to evidence in the record supporting any matter asserted in a brief. In
her “Combined Statement of Fact & Statement of Case,” Sage provides not a single
evidentiary reference to the trial court’s ruling.
       Her failure to identify evidence in the record is doubtless due in large part to her
decision, lacking a reporter’s transcript of the trial, to proceed on appeal by the clerk’s

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transcript. Whatever the reason for her failures, to the extent that her conclusory
assertions regarding the facts of her injury and her assertions of defendants’ liability lack
evidentiary support and proper citation to the record, we are compelled to disregard them.
(Paiva v. Nichols (2008) 168 Cal.App.4th 1007, 1037; In re S.C. (2006) 138 Cal.App.4th
396, 406 [“When an appellant’s brief makes no reference to the pages of the record where
a point can be found, an appellate court need not search through the record in an effort to
discover the point purportedly made.”]; Regents of University of California v. Sheily
(2004) 122 Cal.App.4th 824, 826-827, fn. 1 [“It is not the task of the reviewing court to
search the record for evidence that supports the party’s statement; it is for the party to cite
the court to those references. Upon the party’s failure to do so, the appellate court need
not consider or may disregard the matter.”].)
                         III. Sage Fails to Show Reversible Error
       Although her claims of error are somewhat difficult to discern, it appears Sage is
challenging various evidentiary rulings by the trial court. She contends the trial court:
(1) erred in denying her motion in limine to exclude evidence of her use of medical
marijuana; (2) erred in excluding evidence concerning her insurance coverage or lack
thereof; and (3) erred in granting defendants’ motion to exclude witnesses whose identity
was not disclosed during discovery.
       “ ‘A motion in limine is made to exclude evidence before the evidence is offered
at trial, on grounds that would be sufficient to object to or move to strike the evidence.
. . .’ [Citation.] Generally, a trial court’s ruling on an in limine motion is reviewed for
abuse of discretion. [Citation.] However, when the issue is one of law, we exercise de
novo review.” (Condon-Johnson & Associates, Inc. v. Sacramento Municipal Utility
Dist. (2007) 149 Cal.App.4th 1384, 1392.)
       Sage has not carried her burden to show an abuse of discretion. In a judgment roll
appeal such as this one, we must conclusively presume evidence was presented that is
sufficient to support the court’s findings (Ehrler, supra, 126 Cal.App.3d at p. 154), and

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the trial court’s conclusions of law are binding upon us unless error appears on the face of
the record. (Bond v. Pulsar Video Productions (1996) 50 Cal.App.4th 918, 924.) In
addition, we must conclusively defer to the finder of fact on issues of credibility. (See
Lenk v. Total-Western, Inc. (2001) 89 Cal.App.4th 959, 968.) Applying those principles,
we presume the evidence and argument justified the trial court’s in limine rulings and,
without any means of evaluating these matters for ourselves, we must assume the trial
court acted properly when it admitted evidence and/or ruled on evidentiary motions. We
must presume on appeal that official duties have been regularly performed (Evid. Code,
§ 664), and this presumption extends to the actions of trial judges. (People v. Duran
(2002) 97 Cal.App.4th 1448, 1461, fn. 5; Olivia v. Suglio (1956) 139 Cal.App.2d 7, 8-9
[“If the invalidity does not appear on the face of the record, it will be presumed that what
ought to have been done was not only done but rightly done.”].) In sum, we cannot
entertain arguments the trial court abused its discretion in ruling on motions in limine
because, on this record, we presume it correctly ruled on all evidentiary questions
presented.
       To support her argument that the trial court erred in disallowing her testimony
about her own lack of insurance coverage, Sage provides the sole brief excerpt of the
reporter’s transcript of the trial showing the trial court acknowledged that such testimony
was not precluded by defendants’ motion in limine to exclude testimony concerning their
professional liability coverage. This excerpt, however, does not show the trial court erred
in limiting Sage’s testimony about her own insurance. Rather, the transcript shows the
trial court instructed the jury to consider “no reference to insurance,” because “[t]here
was later discussion” on the topic of Sage’s insurance coverage after defendants’ motion
in limine was heard. Because the record does not contain the parties’ “later discussion”
on the question of Sage’s insurance coverage, we presume it supports the trial court’s
decision to exclude evidence of Sage’s insurance coverage and its decision to instruct the
jury to disregard any evidence of insurance coverage.

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       Finally, we note that Sage complains in passing that her case was negatively
affected by her attorney’s becoming ill on the first day of trial, and by the trial court’s
demonstrated bias against her i.e., by making “facial expressions” during some portions
of the testimony and showing “clear and blatant abuse of power and discretion” against
Sage’s case. (Underscoring omitted.) But, because Sage has not supported these
assertions with any citations to the record, we cannot entertain them. (Cal. Rules of
Court, rule 8.204(a)(1)(C).)
       In sum, Sage has not demonstrated error “on the face of the record” sufficient to
warrant reversing the judgment. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.163.)
                                       DISPOSITION
       The judgment is affirmed. Defendants are awarded costs on appeal. (Cal. Rules
of Court, rule 8.278(a)(2).)

                                              BLEASE                     , Acting P. J.

We concur:

         ROBIE                      , J.

         BUTZ                       , J.

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