Court Opinion

ID: 5648715
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-11 18:03:06.600716+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:38:28.290939
License: Public Domain

SECOND DIVISION
                                MILLER, P. J.,
                            HODGES and PIPKIN, JJ.

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                                                                   January 11, 2022

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A21A1280. CITY OF ALBANY v. DOUGHERTY COUNTY,
     GEORGIA.

      MILLER, Presiding Judge.

      This is the second appearance of this case before the Court, in which

Dougherty County seeks contractual indemnification from the City of Albany

concerning a traffic accident allegedly caused by a code enforcement officer. See City

of Albany v. Dougherty County, 352 Ga. App. 664 (835 SE2d 681) (2019) (City of

Albany I). The City of Albany appeals from the trial court’s order denying its motion

for summary judgment, arguing that (1) an exculpatory clause in the

intergovernmental agreement between the parties is not an indemnity provision; and

(2) the City’s potential indemnity liability should be capped at $500,000. We

determine that the City’s preliminary argument is barred by the law of the case
doctrine, and we do not address the City’s second argument because it seeks an

improper advisory opinion from this Court. Accordingly, we affirm.

      “On appeal, we review the trial court’s summary judgment ruling de novo and

construe the evidence and all reasonable inferences therefrom in the light most

favorable to the County as the nonmovant. Summary judgment is appropriate only if

no genuine issues of material fact remain concerning the County’s claim.” (Citation

omitted.) City of Albany, supra, 352 Ga. App. at 665.

      As this Court summarized previously,

      the City and the County entered into an [i]ntergovernmental [a]greement
      . . . on June 25, 2014, pursuant to the Service Delivery Strategy Act,
      OCGA § 36-70-20 et seq. As relevant to this appeal, the
      [intergovernmental agreement] was intended “to formalize their
      agreement for the City to furnish Code Enforcement Services within the
      confines of the unincorporated area of [the County].”

      The terms of the [intergovernmental agreement] provided in pertinent
      part: The City shall use and employ one (1) individual who will be
      100% dedicated to provide code enforcement services within the
      unincorporated area of [the County] in the same manner as provided to
      persons and properties within [the City]. County will not be liable for
      any acts or omissions of such individual. . . . [Emphasis supplied.]

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On April 18, 2017, Daryl Driskell (the “Plaintiff”) filed suit against the
County, the City, and Melinda Gray, seeking damages for injuries he
sustained in a July 2015 automobile collision when his vehicle was
struck from behind by a County-owned vehicle driven by Gray. At the
time of the accident, Gray, a code enforcement officer, was employed by
the City, but operating a vehicle owned and maintained by the County.
The City and Gray filed a joint motion to dismiss. The County filed an
answer to the Plaintiff’s complaint in which it also filed a cross-claim
seeking contractual indemnification against the City based on the terms
of the [intergovernmental agreement] between the City and the County.
The City then moved to dismiss the County’s cross-claim for contractual
indemnification based on its assertion of sovereign immunity.

Following a hearing, the trial court granted Gray’s motion to dismiss
without prejudice after the Plaintiff’s counsel conceded that Gray was
not subject to a suit for damages stemming from the motor vehicle
accident based on statutory immunity. The trial court found from the
evidence presented that Gray was acting in her capacity as an employee
of the City at the time of the accident, and that the City, therefore,
should be substituted as the proper party defendant.

The trial court also found that the ante litem notice served on the City
did not meet the requirements of OCGA § 36-33-5 (e) because the notice
failed to include the specific amount of monetary damages being
demanded against the City in the suit. As such, the trial court granted the
City’s motion to dismiss with prejudice the Plaintiff’s claims against it,

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      concluding that the Plaintiff’s claims against the City were time-barred
      due to his failure to give timely and proper ante litem notice.

      The trial court then converted the City’s motion to dismiss the County’s
      cross-claim for contractual indemnification against it to a motion for
      summary judgment because the City had introduced evidence, including
      portions of deposition transcripts and a copy of the [intergovernmental
      agreement]. The trial court, in turn, denied the City’s motion for
      summary judgment, finding that a genuine issue of material fact
      remained as to whether a viable indemnification clause exists within the
      [intergovernmental agreement] such that the City could be found liable
      over the County should the Plaintiff obtain a judgment against the
      County. . . . The trial court certified its order for immediate review, and
      this Court granted the City’s application for interlocutory appeal.

(Citations and punctuation omitted.) City of Albany, supra, 352 Ga. App. at 665-666.

      In City of Albany I, this Court first determined that the doctrine of sovereign

immunity did not bar the current litigation between the City and the County. City of

Albany, supra, 352 Ga. App. at 668 (1). Next, the Court addressed the exculpatory

clause in the intergovernmental agreement, i.e., “County will not be liable for any acts

or omissions of such individual.” In addressing the City’s argument that this

provision was ultra vires and void, the Court held as follows:

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      It is not readily apparent based on the language of the
      [intergovernmental agreement] as to the extent to which the City is
      required to indemnify the County for the alleged negligent acts of the
      City employee in the operation of the county owned and maintained
      vehicle. Moreover, applying the rules of construction to this language
      does not bring us to a resolution of this matter. Thus, the issue of what
      the ambiguous exculpatory language means and what the parties
      intended must be resolved by a trier of fact.

Id. at 668 (2). Accordingly, the Court affirmed the trial court’s denial of the City’s

motion for summary judgment as to the County’s cross-claim for contractual

indemnification. Id. at 669 (3).

      Thereafter, the parties continued with discovery, and the former County

administrator, Richard Crowdis, testified that he participated in the drafting of the

intergovernmental agreement. When questioned about the meaning of the exculpatory

language, he testified as follows:

      Well, that the County wouldn’t be held liable for any acts or omissions
      of an individual, which . . . is the City employee who is performing these
      services . . . was not hired by the County, was not evaluated by the
      County, was not – had any control over it. We wanted to make sure that
      the County was protected by any acts of this individual if it was . . .
      through negligence or incompetence or something of that nature. The
      City filed another motion for summary judgment, claiming that it sought

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      to “challenge the assumption that the so-called indemnity provision in
      the agreement actually is an indemnity provision.” The City argued that
      the language would be more appropriately characterized as an
      exculpatory clause or a limitation-of-liability clause. The City also
      contended that its potential indemnity liability should be capped at
      $500,000. After a hearing, the trial court denied the City’s motion for
      summary judgment, reasoning that this Court had previously rejected the
      City’s argument in City of Albany I. The trial court further ruled that,
      based on Crowdis’ deposition testimony, there remained a fact issue
      regarding whether the City would be required to indemnify the County
      based on the subject provision.1 The City now appeals from that
      decision.

      1. First, the City argues that the trial court erred in denying its motion for

summary judgment because the exculpatory clause lacks “various hallmarks” of an

indemnity clause. The City claims that (1) the clause states that the County will not

be held liable, but indemnity necessarily means that the County would incur liability

and be due repayment from the City; (2) the clause lacks any mention of an intent by

      1
         The trial court first ruled that the County’s action for contractual
indemnification against the City was moot because it had granted summary judgment
to the County as to Driskell’s complaint. Driskell’s appeal from the grant of summary
judgment to the County is encapsulated in Case No. A21A1279, and this Court
vacated the trial court’s judgment in an unpublished opinion and remanded the case.
Accordingly, the County’s action for contractual indemnification against the City has
not been rendered moot.

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the City to protect the County from any loss; and (3) the clause does not mention third

parties. We determine that these arguments are precluded by the law of the case

doctrine.

      The ‘law of the case’ rule, though formally abolished, still applies to
      rulings by one of our appellate courts in a particular case; such rulings
      are binding in all subsequent proceedings in the same matter[.] An
      exception to this rule exists where the evidentiary posture of the case
      changes after remand by the appellate court. The evidentiary posture
      may change when a new issue not previously addressed by an appellate
      court is properly raised, or when the original evidence is insufficient but
      is later supplemented.

(Citation omitted.) Ovrevik v. Ovrevik, 254 Ga. App. 756, 759-760 (2) (a) (564 SE2d

8) (2002). As it pertains to summary judgment,

      [n]othing in OCGA § 9-11-56 limits the right of a party to move again
      for summary judgment after denial of such a motion. When the denial is
      affirmed on appeal, however, it establishes as the law of the case that the
      movant is not entitled, on the basis of the record as it then existed, to
      summary judgment. It is well established that when a ruling is appealed,
      the appealing party must raise all available grounds.

(Citations omitted.) William Goldberg & Co. v. Cohen, 219 Ga. App. 628, 635-636

(5) (466 SE2d 872) (1995). See also Smith v. Lockridge, 288 Ga. 180, 186 (4) (702

                                          7
SE2d 858) (2010) (“[N]o party, plaintiff or defendant, is permitted to stand his case

before the court on some of its legs, and if it falls, set it up again on the rest in a

subsequent proceeding, and thus evade the bar of the former judgment.”) (citation

omitted); Kent v. White, 266 Ga. App. 822, 824 (598 SE2d 113) (2004) (applying the

same principle in the context of the law of the case doctrine).

      In City of Albany I, we noted that the intergovernmental agreement lacks any

provision requiring the City to reimburse the County for damages incurred due to the

negligence of the employee who serves as the code enforcement officer in the parts

of the County covered by the agreement. City of Albany, supra, 352 Ga. App. at 669

(2). This Court then expressly held that “the issue of what the ambiguous exculpatory

language means and what the parties intended must be resolved by a trier of fact.” Id.

In the present appeal, the City is identifying purported deficiencies in the same clause

that this Court considered in City of Albany I when we determined that genuine issues

of material fact precluded a grant of summary judgment to the City. In essence, “[t]he

[exculpatory] language in issue was part of the record in [City of Albany I], and it is

now raised in support of a contention made both in the trial court and on appeal in

[City of Albany I]: that no enforceable [indemnification provision] was created.

Consequently, the trial court was not authorized to consider it.” Cohen, supra, 219

                                           8
Ga. App. at 636 (5); Kent, supra, 266 Ga. App. at 824 (under the law of the case

doctrine, appellant was precluded from raising an issue which could have been raised

in the prior appeal).

      Insofar as the City relies on Crowdis’ deposition testimony, which became a

part of the record after this Court’s decision in City of Albany I, Crowdis’ testimony

on the clause does not change the evidentiary posture of the case such that the law of

the case doctrine is inapplicable. Crowdis’ testimony does not “supplement[] the

original record in such a way that resolves any of the aforementioned material factual

disputes in [the City’s] favor.” Choate Constr. Co. v. Auto-Owners Ins. Co., 335 Ga.

App. 331, 338 (1) (779 SE2d 465) (2015). In Crowdis’ view, the clause means that

“the County wouldn’t be held liable for any acts or omissions of . . . the City

employee.” This assertion merely mirrors the verbiage of the clause itself and

necessarily contains the same ambiguity discussed in City of Albany I. Moreover,

Crowdis further explained, “[w]e wanted to make sure that the County was protected

by any acts of this individual if it was . . . through negligence or incompetence or

something of that nature.” Based on Crowdis’ testimony, we surely cannot say as a

matter of law that the intergovernmental agreement fails to provide for indemnity for

the County. As a result, our prior holding in City of Albany I — that a trier of fact

                                          9
must resolve the issue of what the ambiguous exculpatory language means and what

the parties intended — remains the law of the case. Choate Constr. Co., supra, 335

Ga. App. at 338 (1). Accordingly, the trial court properly denied the City’s motion for

summary judgment as to the County’s claim for contractual indemnification.2

      2. Next, the City claims that its “potential indemnity liability” should be capped

at $500,000 — an argument which the trial court did not address. The City argues that

(1) its sovereign immunity has not been waived above the statutory minimum of

$500,000; (2) the County exposed itself to liability for $2,000,000 by choosing to

purchase insurance above the statutory minimum; and (3) the County quadrupled the

City’s potential liability without its knowledge or consent. We do not address this

enumeration because the City seeks an improper advisory opinion from this Court.

      “Georgia appellate courts are not authorized to render advisory opinions as to

potential error.” (Citation omitted.) Huff v. Harpagon Co., LLC, 286 Ga. 809, 811 (2)

(692 SE2d 336) (2010). As mentioned above, Driskell’s tort action against the County

remains pending (Case No. A21A1279). There has been no determination that the

      2
        To the extent that the trial court’s ruling was not premised on the law of the
case doctrine, the County raised the doctrine in the trial court, and we affirm the trial
court’s order under the right-for-any-reason rule. Cohen, supra, 219 Ga. App. at 636
(5).

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County has incurred any liability for the traffic accident such that the City currently

faces any indemnity liability. Thus, by asking this Court to declare the limits of its

potential indemnity liability, the City seeks an answer to a legal question that has not

yet arisen. See Bd. of Regents of the Univ. Sys. of Ga. v. One Sixty Over Ninety, LLC,

351 Ga. App. 133, 139 (1) n.11 (830 SE2d 503) (2019) (holding that this Court had

addressed the only relevant issue presented in the appeal and that any discussion

regarding an issue on which the trial court did not rule would be advisory); Cheeks

v. Miller, 262 Ga. 687, 688 (425 SE2d 278) (1993) (appellate court cannot render an

advisory opinion on hypothetical and legal questions that have not arisen but which

the appellant fears may arise at a future date). Because this enumeration of error seeks

an improper advisory opinion, we do not address it further.

      Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s order denying the City’s motion for

summary judgment.

      Judgment affirmed. Hodges and Pipkin, JJ., concur.

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