Court Opinion

ID: 6220934
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-02-11 15:02:28.372193+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:57:19.383087
License: Public Domain

THIRD DIVISION
                                   DOYLE, P. J.,
                               REESE and BROWN, JJ.

                      NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                      physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                      days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                                 https://www.gaappeals.us/rules

                                                                     February 11, 2022

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A21A1483. SMITH v. THE STATE.

       REESE, Judge.

       A jury found Bristol Smith guilty of two counts of aggravated assault and one

count of aggravated battery.1 On appeal, Smith argues that: (1) the trial court plainly

erred in failing to instruct the jury on self-defense or justification; (2) the trial court

plainly erred in giving an incomplete jury instruction on aggravated assault with a

deadly weapon; and (3) trial counsel provided ineffective assistance. For the reasons

set forth infra, we affirm.

       Viewed in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict,2 the record shows the

following. Smith, Abby Shetter, and M. M. lived in the same neighborhood and went

       1
           See OCGA § 16-5-21 (a) (2); 16-5-24 (a).
       2
           See Rankin v. State, 278 Ga. 704, 705 (606 SE2d 269) (2004).
to the same high school. M. M. had been friends with Smith, but ended that friendship

after an incident involving all three individuals in the high school parking lot. M. M.

testified that Smith had pulled up next to M. M.’s car with Shetter in the passenger

seat. M. M. and Shetter started yelling at each other, and Shetter punched M. M. in

the face. M. M. felt humiliated by this incident and ultimately changed high schools.

Smith texted M. M. to apologize for his role in the incident, and M. M. responded that

she no longer wanted him to message her and wanted him out of her life. M. M.

testified that Smith was interested in her romantically, but when she did not return

those feelings, Smith became aggressive and mean.

      In July 2018, M. M. received text messages from an unknown number that she

thought was Shetter. Shetter wanted to fight M. M. M. M. consulted her parents, Mr.

and Mrs. Minter, and they recommended that M. M. come home, and for Shetter to

meet her at their house. M. M. waited for Shetter at the Minter residence. Smith

dropped off Shetter about two houses down, and Smith drove off.

      Mrs. Minter called the police when she saw Smith’s car to try and stop the

situation before it escalated any further. Meanwhile, Shetter walked toward the

Minter’s yard while yelling at M. M. Shetter then hit M. M., and a fight ensued. Mrs.

Minter tried to break up the fight after getting off the phone with the police.

                                          2
      At that point, Smith returned in his vehicle, and Mrs. Minter stepped into the

road and yelled at Smith to leave. Mr. Minter told his wife to get out of the road and

moved toward her. Smith then sped up, swerved into the opposing lane, and hit Mr.

Minter with the car. Mrs. Minter managed to avoid the vehicle. As Smith passed Mr.

Minter, Smith said “[y]ou stupid mother[fucker,]” and drove away. Mr. Minter

suffered a “fairly large rotator cuff tear[,]” which required surgery, and was not able

to recover full use of his arm for seven months.

      After Smith struck Mr. Minter with the vehicle, Smith returned to the Minter

residence, this time with his father, Shawn Smith. Shawn Smith started yelling at Mr.

Minter. The Minters showed Shawn Smith the text messages Smith had sent M. M.

following the parking lot incident. Shawn Smith calmed down, chastised Smith, then

got in the car and left.

      Smith testified to a different version of events at trial. According to Smith, he

was giving Shetter a ride home and was unaware that she had been texting M. M.

Smith let Shetter out of the car a few houses down from the Minter residence because

she said she wanted to walk the rest of the way home. On his way back to his house,

Smith noticed that Shetter had left her pocketbook in the car, and returned to give it

to her. Upon arriving at the Minter residence, he noticed a conflict, and Mrs. Minter

                                          3
started yelling at him from the middle of the road. He then heard Mrs. Minter tell her

husband, “Tim, no,” as Mr. Minter jumped in the car and punched Smith in the face.

Smith testified that he sped off, “fearing for [his] life.” At the time, he did not notice

the damage to his car, or that Mr. Minter had made contact with it. He denied cursing

at the Minters as he drove off. On cross-examination, Smith acknowledged that he

had told the police officers at the scene that Shetter was never in his car, because he

was scared of being arrested. He did tell the officers, however, that Mr. Minter had

punched him.

      The jury found Smith guilty of all counts. The trial court denied his motion for

new trial after a hearing, and this appeal followed.

      Because Smith did not object to the complained-of jury instructions at trial, we

review only for plain error.3 “[U]nless clearly erroneous, this Court will uphold a trial

court’s factual determinations with respect to claims of ineffective assistance of

counsel; however, a trial court’s legal conclusions in this regard are reviewed de

      3
        See State v. Williams, 308 Ga. 228, 231 (1) (838 SE2d 764) (2020). “To show
plain error, [a defendant] must point to an error that was not affirmatively waived, the
error must have been clear and not open to reasonable dispute, the error must have
affected his substantial rights, and the error must have seriously affected the fairness,
integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” Id. at 231 (2) (citation and
punctuation omitted).

                                            4
novo.”4 With these guiding principles in mind, we now turn to Smith’s claims of

error.

         1. Smith argues that the trial court erred in failing to instruct the jury on self-

defense or justification.

         At trial, defense counsel requested “standard” jury charges. The court asked

whether defense counsel wanted a jury charge for self-defense, and defense counsel

responded, “I would, if the Court’s requesting it.” The trial court declined to issue this

jury charge because it “really didn’t hear any evidence of self-defense[.]” At the end

of the jury charge, defense counsel stated that he had no objections.

         “A person is justified in threatening or using force against another when and

to the extent that he or she reasonably believes that such threat or force is necessary

to defend himself or herself or a third person against such other’s imminent use of

unlawful force[.]”5 “[I]n asserting an affirmative defense, a defendant may accept

certain facts as true for the sake of argument, and the defendant may do so for the

         4
       Johnson v. State, 361 Ga. App. 43, 54 (4) (861 SE2d 660) (2021) (punctuation
and footnote omitted).
         5
             OCGA § 16-3-21 (a).

                                              5
limited purpose of raising the specific affirmative defense at issue.”6 “To authorize

a requested jury instruction, there need only be slight evidence supporting the theory

of the charge.”7 However, “[i]t is not error to refuse a justification charge where there

is no evidence to support it.”8

      At trial, Smith testified that “[a]ll of [a] sudden I get hit in my face, and I take

off, because my glasses were in the passenger’s seat, and I was just fearing for my

life. I didn’t know what he was going to do.” The defense’s theory of the case was

that Mr. Minter caused his own injuries and the damage to the car (which was on the

driver’s side door) by “diving” into the vehicle and punching Smith. Smith did not

testify that he intentionally threatened or used force in an attempt to defend himself,

and there was no other evidence supporting a theory of self-defense.9 Accordingly,

      6
          McClure v. State, 306 Ga. 856, 863-864 (1) (834 SE2d 96) (2019).
      7
       Green v. State, 302 Ga. 816, 818 (2) (a) (809 SE2d 738) (2018) (citation and
punctuation omitted).
      8
          Id.
      9
        At best, Smith’s testimony that Mr. Minter punched him and then injured
himself when Smith drove away might give rise to the defense of accident. See
OCGA § 16-2-2 (“A person shall not be found guilty of any crime committed by
misfortune or accident where it satisfactorily appears there was no criminal scheme
or undertaking, intention, or criminal negligence.”). While the trial court did not give
an accident jury instruction, it did require the jury to find that Smith acted with

                                           6
the trial court did not err, plainly or otherwise, in declining to give this jury

instruction.10

      2. Smith argues that the trial court erred in giving an incomplete jury

instruction regarding the aggravated assault with a deadly weapon charge.

Specifically, he contends that the trial court omitted the instruction for simple assault,

and failed to include a complete instruction as to whether the vehicle was a deadly

weapon.

      A trial court’s instruction for aggravated assault must include the essential

elements of assault as well.11 Under OCGA § 16-5-20 (a), a person commits assault

when he “[a]ttempts to commit a violent injury to the person of another[ ]” or

“[c]ommits an act which places another in reasonable apprehension of immediately

receiving a violent injury.” Here, the trial court’s jury instruction included this

definition, instructing the jury:

criminal intent, that he attempted to cause a violent injury or acted with the intent to
cause a violent injury for the aggravated assault charges, and that he had an actual
intent to cause the harm for the aggravated battery charge.
      10
          See Floyd v. State, 307 Ga. 789, 799 (3) (837 SE2d 790) (2020) (holding that
the trial court did not err in declining to give an instruction on self-defense); Garner
v. State, 303 Ga. 788, 790-791 (2) (815 SE2d 36) (2018) (same).
      11
           See Coney v. State, 290 Ga. App. 364, 369 (1) (659 SE2d 768) (2008).

                                            7
      A person commits the offense of aggravated assault when that person
      assaults another person with any object, device, or instrument that, when
      used offensively against a person, is likely to or actually does result in
      serious bodily injury.

      To constitute such an assault, actual injury to the alleged victim need not
      be shown. It is only necessary that the evidence show beyond a
      reasonable doubt that the defendant attempted to cause a violent injury
      to the alleged victim or intentionally committed an act that placed the
      alleged victim in reasonable fear of immediately receiving a violent
      injury.12

We have held that a similar jury instruction included the essential elements of simple

assault.13 Accordingly, the trial did not err, plainly or otherwise, in giving this

instruction.

      With respect to whether Smith’s car was a deadly weapon, he contends that the

trial court should have included the following instruction: “automobiles, if and when

used in an assault upon another person, are not deadly weapons per se but may or may

not be deadly weapons, depending upon the manner in which they are used and the

circumstances of the case.” At trial, the court instructed:

      12
           (Emphasis supplied.)
      13
           See Fullwood v. State, 304 Ga. App. 341, 342 (2) (696 SE2d 367) (2010).

                                          8
      The State must also prove as a material element of aggravated assault as
      alleged in this case that the assault was made with an object, device, or
      instrument that, when used offensively against a person, is likely to or
      actually does result in serious bodily injury.

      Whether or not, under all of the facts and circumstances of this case, the
      motor vehicle alleged in this Bill of Indictment to have been used in
      making an assault upon the alleged victim did, in fact, constitute an
      object likely to cause serious bodily injury, is a matter to be decided by
      the jury from all of the evidence in the case.

      You may or may not infer the serious injury-producing character of the
      instrument in question from the nature and extent of the injury, if any,
      inflicted upon the person allegedly attacked.14

      Under OCGA § 16-5-21 (a) (2), a person commits aggravated assault when he

assaults “[w]ith a deadly weapon or with any object, device, or instrument which,

when used offensively against a person, is likely to or actually does result in serious

bodily injury[.]” Here, the trial court’s instruction “substantially covered the principle

that the jury should consider the manner and means of the object’s use.”15 Moreover,

“when considered as a whole, the trial court’s charge covered the principle of law

      14
           (Emphasis supplied.)
      15
           Griggs v. State, 303 Ga. App. 442, 445 (2) (693 SE2d 615) (2010).

                                            9
involved in [Smith’s] request[ed instruction in his appellate brief], and the failure to

charge in the exact language requested does not constitute reversible error.”16

      3. Smith argues that his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance.

      To evaluate [Smith’s] claim[s] of ineffective assistance of counsel, we
      apply the two-pronged test established in Strickland v. Washington,17
      which requires him to show that his trial counsel’s performance was
      deficient and that the deficient performance so prejudiced him that there
      is a reasonable likelihood that, but for counsel’s errors, the outcome of
      the trial would have been different. Importantly, should a defendant fail
      to meet his burden on one prong of this two-prong test, we need not
      review the other prong. In addition, there is a strong presumption that
      trial counsel’s conduct falls within the broad range of reasonable
      professional conduct, and a criminal defendant must overcome this
      presumption. In fact, the reasonableness of counsel’s conduct is
      examined from counsel’s perspective at the time of trial and under the
      particular circumstances of the case. And decisions regarding trial
      tactics and strategy may form the basis for an ineffectiveness claim only
      if they were so patently unreasonable that no competent attorney would
      have followed such a course.18

      16
       Hamilton v. State, 297 Ga. App. 47, 50 (3) (676 SE2d 773) (2009) (citation
and punctuation omitted).
      17
           466 U. S. 668, 687 (III) (104 SCt 2052, 80 LE2d 674) (1984).
      18
        Hall v. State, 361 Ga. App. 568, 573-574 (3) (865 SE2d 183) (2021)
(punctuation and additional footnote omitted).

                                          10
      (a) Smith contends that his counsel provided ineffective assistance in failing

to object to bad character and bolstering evidence, specifically with respect to

testimony from Mr. Minter and Shawn Smith regarding the parking lot incident.

            The limitations and prohibition on “other acts” evidence set out
      in [OCGA § 24-4-404 (b)] do not apply to “intrinsic evidence.”
      Evidence is intrinsic when it is (1) an uncharged offense arising from the
      same transaction or series of transactions as the charged offense; (2)
      necessary to complete the story of the crime; or (3) inextricably
      intertwined with the evidence regarding the charged offense. Evidence
      that explains the context of the crime is admissible if it forms an integral
      and natural part of an account of the crime, or is necessary to complete
      the story of the crime for the jury.19

      Here, evidence regarding the parking lot incident was intrinsic to the offense:

it explained the prior difficulties between M. M. and Shetter, why M. M. and her

parents were upset with Smith, and the context surrounding the fight at the Minter

residence.20 Thus, trial counsel was not deficient for failing to object to this

      19
        Clark v. State, 306 Ga. 367, 374 (4) (829 SE2d 306) (2019) (citation and
punctuation omitted).
      20
         See Clark, 306 Ga. at 374 (4) (holding that evidence of a prior bad act was
intrinsic where it explained why the victims did not want the defendant at their
residence, why the victims continually asked the defendant to leave, and “was
necessary to complete the story of the crime for the jury.”).

                                          11
testimony. Additionally, Smith cannot show prejudice, as testimony regarding the

parking lot incident from Mr. Minter and Shawn Smith was cumulative of already

admitted testimony from M. M., and when Smith testified in his own defense, he

testified to the parking lot incident as well.21

      (b) Smith contends that trial counsel provided ineffective assistance for failing

to object to testimony where Mr. Minter called Smith “psychotic.”

      At trial, Mr. Minter testified, “As soon as we saw [Smith’s] car, we called 9-1-

1.” Mr. Minter then added, unprompted, “My personal opinion, the boy’s psychotic.

He’s got issues, and he is a danger to my daughter.” Defense counsel explained at the

motion for new trial hearing that he did not object to this testimony because it fit into

his theory of the defense that Mr. Minter punched Smith and showed that Mr. Minter

“was unfairly coming after Smith” and was “hotheaded[.]”

             Trial strategy and tactics do not equate with ineffective assistance
      of counsel. Effectiveness is not judged by hindsight or by the result.

      21
         See Cane v. State, 285 Ga. 19, 21 (2) (a) (673 SE2d 218) (2009) (holding that
the admission of purportedly improper bad character evidence was harmless because
it was cumulative of other evidence admitted without objection); Hambrick v. State,
353 Ga. App. 666, 674 (2) (b) (839 SE2d 664) (2020) (holding that the defendant did
not demonstrate prejudice when the complained-of evidence was cumulative of
already admitted evidence).

                                           12
      Although another lawyer may have conducted the defense in a different
      manner and taken another course of action, the fact that [Smith] and his
      present counsel disagree with the decisions made by trial counsel does
      not require a finding that [Smith’s] original representation was
      inadequate.22

Given trial counsel’s explanation of his strategy, we cannot say his failure to object

to Mr. Minter’s testimony amounted to ineffective assistance.23

      (c) Smith contends that trial counsel provided ineffective assistance for failing

to object to testimony from a police officer who testified that he had questioned

whether Smith was truthful during questioning soon after the offense.

      At trial, body cameras consisting of sound and video from two officers were

played for the jury. Defense counsel testified at the motion for new trial hearing that

he did not object to the officer’s testimony regarding Smith’s truthfulness because he

thought it would bolster his theory of the defense that the police were biased against

his client, as Mr. Minter was a former police officer, and because he knew that the

inconsistencies in the story Smith originally gave to the police would be revealed

      22
        Carmichael v. State, 353 Ga. App. 64, 74 (3) (b) (836 SE2d 184) (2019)
(punctuation and footnote omitted).
      23
           See id.

                                          13
during Smith’s testimony and through the body cameras. Given trial counsel’s

explanation of his strategy, we cannot say his failure to object to the officer’s

testimony amounted to ineffective assistance.24

      (d) Smith briefly argues that trial counsel provided ineffective assistance by

failing to object to the jury instructions for the issues enumerated in Divisions 1 and

2 above.

      As explained in Divisions 1 and 2, the trial court did not err in giving those jury

instructions. Thus, trial counsel’s failure to object to the jury instructions did not

amount to ineffective assistance.25

      Judgment affirmed. Doyle, P. J., and Brown, J., concur.

      24
           See Carmichael, 353 Ga. App. at 74 (3) (b).
      25
           See Green, 302 Ga. at 818-819 (2) (a).

                                          14