Court Opinion

ID: 3151221
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-11-02 13:01:46.448242+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:05:41.655089
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                       No. 08-415C
                                 Filed: October 31, 2015

  * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *                *
  HORN & ASSOCIATES, INC.,                     *
                                               *
                        Plaintiff,             *
                v.                             *      Counterclaim; Fraud; False Claims
                                               *      Act; Special Plea in Fraud;
  UNITED STATES,                               *      Contract Disputes Act; Recovery
                                               *      Audit; NASA; Trial.
                       Defendant.              *
                                               *
  * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *                *

        Robert H. Brunson, Nelson Mullins Riley & Scarborough LLP, Charleston, S.C.,
for the plaintiff. With him was Stephen D. Martin and Patrick C. Wooten, Nelson Mullins
Riley & Scarborough LLP, Charleston, S.C.

       Anna Bondurant Eley, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil
Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for the defendant. With
her were David S. Silverbrand, Commercial Litigation Branch, Patryk J. Drescher, Trial
Attorney, Kenneth Woodrow, Trial Attorney, Zachary Sullivan, Trial Attorney, Robert
E. Kirschman, Jr., Director, Commercial Litigation Branch and Benjamin C. Mizer,
Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Civil Division.

                                       OPINION

HORN, J.

                                     FINDINGS OF FACT

       Plaintiff, Horn & Associates, Inc. (Horn & Associates), is a recovery audit firm which
performed a recovery audit for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA). Recovery audit firms, like Horn & Associates, identify payment errors and
provide assistance in the recovery of erroneous payments from the suppliers or
contractors which received the erroneous payments.

      Horn & Associates was founded in February 2003 with the intention of performing
recovery auditing work for federal, state and local government entities, in addition to
recovery auditing work for the private sector.1 The principals of Horn & Associates were
Tom Horn, Larry Farrar, and Michael Lowery.2 Tom Horn was the President of Horn &
Associates. At the time of the NASA recovery audit, Mr. Lowery was the Chief Executive
Officer of Horn & Associates and was responsible for marketing and finding clients,3 and
Mr. Farrar served as Vice President of Marketing and Operations for Horn & Associates.
At trial, Mr. Farrar testified that “[w]e’ve done some county, cities, states, some other
federal agencies as well as NASA. Probably 10 or 12 audits at this point.” Among the
federal agency recovery audits preformed, Horn & Associates worked for the United
States Department of Transportation, the United States Department of Homeland
Security, the United States Patent and Trademark Office, and the United States Census
Bureau.4

       Horn & Associates’ focus on recovery audits for the federal government stemmed
from the passage of Section 831 of the Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2002.

1As indicated in the complaint, Horn & Associates was incorporated as a “veteran-owned
small business, organized and existing under the laws of Utah, with its principal place of
business in Salt Lake City, Utah.”
2 Tom Horn testified that he started his first accounting firm in 1980. Mr. Farrar testified
he worked for private companies for twenty years, most recently as Vice
President/Controller for Montgomery Ward, until 1993 when he joined the largest recovery
audit firm in the country. Another Horn & Associates employee, Jennifer Harris, testified
that Mr. Lowery was involved in auditing for over thirty years, and he “was an incredibly
innovative pioneer in the accounts payable recovery business.”
3 The court noted during the trial that Mr. Lowery was unable to testify at trial for medical
reasons, and, with the court’s permission, the parties designated his earlier taken
deposition as his testimony.
4 Horn & Associates also employed a number of auditors as subcontractors during
contract performance. The subcontractors typically had agreements with plaintiff that
stated: “During the term of this agreement Contractor shall earn a commission equal to
40% of revenue generated by claims identified by Contractor and collected for the client
by H&A [Horn & Associates]. The commission is calculated as 40% of actual net revenues
received from the client for the life of the audit.” Per its contract with NASA, Horn &
Associates was entitled to a contingency fee of 13.5% for any recovery by NASA that
plaintiff identified. Specifically, the contract provided:

       The amount of the Contingency Fee for this order is 13.5%. Payments to
       the contractor for services under this order will be based on a Contingency
       Fee Basis after NASA has recovered and received funds for the basic
       requirements as set forth in the Statement of Work (SOW). There will be no
       out-of-pocket expenses, costs or other financial obligations or liabilities
       incurred by NASA, other than the fees identified in this order.

                                             2
See Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2002, Pub. L. 107-107, 115 Stat. 1012
(2001). As indicated in the certified claim, described in detail below:

         Congress recognized the need for such recovery audits by passing Section
         831 of the Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2002. This section
         added a new subchapter to the U.S. Code (31 U.S.C. §§ 3561-3567) that
         requires federal agencies that enter into contracts exceeding $500,000,000
         in a fiscal year to carry out a “cost-effective program for identifying any
         errors made in paying the contractors and for recovering any amounts
         erroneously paid to the contractors.” Thus, recovery audits became
         mandated for certain federal agencies like NASA.5

The joint stipulations of fact submitted to the court state that “[o]n January 16, 2003, the
White House Office of Management and Budget issued Memorandum M-03-07, titled,
“Programs to Identify and Recover Erroneous Payments to Contractors.” (internal citation
omitted) (OMB Memorandum M-03-07). OMB Memorandum M-03-07 indicated the
Memorandum was “intended to assist agencies to successfully implement recovery
auditing and recovery.” OMB Memorandum M-03-07 also stated that “[a]ll classes of
contracts and contract payments should be considered for recovery audits.” As also jointly
stipulated to by the parties, OMB Memorandum M-03-07 indicated that “[a]gency heads
may exclude classes of contracts and contract payments from recovery audit activities if
the agency head determines that recovery audits are inappropriate or are not a cost-
effective method for identifying and recovering erroneous payments.”

        The General Services Administration (GSA) had awarded Contract No. GS-23F-
0258N (the GSA Contract) to Horn & Associates on June 12, 2003. The GSA Contract
was a blanket purchase agreement, pursuant to which various executive agencies could
solicit offers to contract for recovery auditing services. To comply with the Defense
Authorization Act of 2002 and the Improper Payment Information Act of 2002,6 NASA
issued Request for Quote NNH04068239Q (the RFQ) for Audit Recovery Services, and

5   As further indicated by Tom Horn at trial:

         We were beginning to do research and we discovered that in 2002 the
         Defense Authorization Act was -- there was a piece in there, Section 831
         on recovery auditing that was passed that mandated recovery auditing on
         the federal government, and also that there was an Improper Payments
         Information Act that was passed as well that mandated some testing on
         improper payments at government agencies.
6As noted in its post-trial briefing, defendant states that “[p]ursuant to an Act of Congress,
NASA hired Horn and Associates to conduct a recovery audit to return to the Government
hundreds of millions of dollars overpaid to vendors.” (internal reference omitted).

                                                 3
the Contracting Officer issued the RFQ to four companies, including Horn & Associates.
As indicated in the Contracting Officer’s cover letter7 to the four companies:

      National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is requesting offers
      under Request for Quote (RFQ) NNH04068239Q for Audit Recovery
      services described in the attached Statement of Work (SOW). NASA
      intends to acquire these services by competing this requirement among
      several sources on the GSA Federal Supply Schedule Contract, Schedule
      Number 520 SIN 9, entitled “Financial and Business Solutions (FABS).”
      Your company is being solicited since it appears on the GSA FABS
      Schedule’s list of eligible contractors.

A Statement of Work was attached to the RFQ, which stated: “The contractor shall
perform recovery-auditing services at all 10 NASA Centers for the period beginning
October 1, 1997 through September 30, 2003.” The Statement of Work attached to the
RFQ indicated that: “The audits will be conducted on payments made from all fixed price
contracts.”

      NASA received two proposals in response to the RFQ, one from Horn & Associates
and one from Connolly Consulting, Inc. (Connolly Consulting). In the Memorandum for
the Record, for the “Award of Contract NNH05CC28D to Horn and Associates, Inc.,” the
Contracting Officer stated that:

      It was determined by both the Office of Chief Counsel and the Contracting
      Officer that the proposal received from Connolly Consulting was considered
      to be non-compliant with the requirements of the RFQ. Connolly Consulting
      did not provide a contingency fee with a fixed percentage [of recovery], but
      instead proposed an estimated contingency fee range conditioned upon
      additional information.

As a result, Horn & Associates was the only responsive offeror. In its proposal, Horn &
Associates stated that, in its opinion, NASA needed “a 100% look at the Department’s
data to gain the full benefit of the recovery audit” and that Horn & Associates “would like
to have access to all contracts, agreements and documents that would reflect pricing,
terms, allowances, rebate programs, etc.”8

7The Contracting Officer who sent the cover letter to the four companies was Janet
Langweil. Dean Patterson replaced Ms. Langweil as the contracting officer during
performance of the contract in July 2006.
8The Contracting Officer noticed a discrepancy in the option periods, specifically option
year one, in Horn & Associates’ proposal, and requested that Horn & Associates
acknowledge the option years as stated in the RFQ. By email, Horn & Associates
acknowledged, and agreed to, the option years as stated in the RFQ.

                                            4
       On December 23, 2004, NASA awarded the Order for Supplies or Services, Order
No. NNH05CC28D (the NASA Contract) to Horn & Associates for the furnishing of
“Recovery Audits,” pursuant to the GSA Contract. The NASA Contract indicated that it
was “subject to all the terms and conditions of the contractor’s GSA Schedule Contract
GS-23F-0258N and as amended by the clauses contained herein.” Included as an
attachment to the NASA Contract was a Statement of Work. The NASA Contract’s
Statement of Work indicated: “The contractor shall perform a primary audit recovery on
all contract payments for the period beginning October 1, 1997 through September 30,
2003, identifying overpayments and/or underpayments.”9 The NASA Contract also
included a unilateral option for NASA which stated:

       (a)    The Government may extend the term of this contract by written
       notice to the Contractor within 30 days; provided that the Government gives
       the Contractor a preliminary written notice of its intent to extend at least 60
       days before the contract expires. The preliminary notice does not commit
       the Government to an extension.

       (b)   If the Government exercises this option, the extended contract shall
       be considered to include this option clause.

       (c)    The total duration of this contract, including the exercise of any
       options under this clause, shall not exceed 5 years.

The NASA Contract further stated, “[t]he Contracting Officer may exercise the option by
written notice to the Contractor within the period specified in the schedule.”

       The NASA Contract included four option years to extend the term of the audit
recovery period.10 Each option year extended the period of performance by one year and
expanded the audit recovery period. For option year 1, the period of performance would
be October 1, 200511 to September 30, 2006, and the corresponding audit recovery period
was 2004-2005. For option year 2, the period of performance was October 1, 2006 to
September 30, 2007, and the corresponding audit recovery period was 2006, option year
3 contemplated the period of performance would be October 1, 2007 to September 30,
2008, and the corresponding audit recovery period would be 2007. Finally, for option
year 4, the period of performance would be October 1, 2008 to September 30, 2009, and
the corresponding audit recovery period would be 2008. For all option years, the
9 As noted above and explained below, the Statement of Work attached to the RFQ
differed from the NASA Contract and stated: “The audit will be conducted on payments
from all fixed price contracts.” (emphasis added).
10 The original period of performance of the NASA Contract was December 23, 2004
(the date the NASA Contract was awarded) to December 22, 2005.
11Despite the original period of performance of the NASA Contract ending December 22,
2005, the first option period began on October 1, 2005. Neither party raised this
discrepancy as an issue at trial, and it does not impact the court’s decision in the opinion.
                                             5
contingency fee remained 13.5%.

        The NASA Contract only indicated that “the contractor shall perform a primary audit
recovery on all contract payments for the period beginning October 1, 1997 through
September 30, 2003,[12] identifying overpayments and/or underpayments,” and did not
identify the types or categories of contract payments Horn should review and present for
recovery to NASA. In its certified claim, Horn & Associates indicated that

       Horn presented NASA over 400 claims for recovery in 15 different classes
       on September 30, 2006. The claims fell into the following classes:
       Obligations over paid; Prompt Pay Interest Calculation Errors; Statement
       Claims; Payment Errors; Cash Discounts; Regular Duplicate Payments;
       Award Fees Overpaid; Interest on Overpayments; Prepayment Discounts;
       Pricing Claims; Miscellaneous Charges; Obligation Overpaid; and Tax
       Charged in Error.

The Contracting Officer’s denial of the certified claim did not address the recovery classes
identified by Horn & Associates.

       Performance of the NASA Contract

          Payment Centers

       Horn & Associates attempted to preform a recovery audit at nine of NASA’s
payment centers. The centers were: Goddard Space Flight Center (Goddard), Lyndon B.
Johnson Space Center (Johnson), John F. Kennedy Space Center (Kennedy), Stennis
Space Center (Stennis), George C. Marshall Space Flight Center (Marshall), John C.
Glenn Research Center (Glenn), Langley Research Center (Langley), Hugh L. Dryden
Flight Research Center (Dryden), and the Ames Research Center (Ames) (collectively,
the NASA Centers). After award of the NASA Contract, Horn & Associates held planning
meetings with the NASA Centers to discuss the audit.13 During performance of the NASA
Contract, according to defendant, Horn & Associates submitted a total of 444 claims to
NASA for collection and payment. NASA approved and paid 45 of them.

12 As indicated in the defendant’s responses to plaintiff’s interrogatories and in the parties’
joint stipulations of fact, the total amount of contract payments made by NASA during
fiscal year 2004 was estimated at $10,872,558,720.53, and the total amount of contract
payments made by NASA during fiscal year 2005 was estimated at $10,806,837,873.44.
13Horn & Associates held planning meetings in April of 2005 at the following NASA
Centers: at Stennis on April 1, 2005, at Kennedy on April 19, 2005, at Glenn on April 20,
2005, at Marshall on April 21, 2005, at Goddard and at NASA Headquarters on April 22,
2005, at Langley on April 26, 2005, at Johnson on April 27, 2005. In May of 2005, Horn
& Associates held planning meetings at Dryden on May 16, 2005, and at Ames on May
17, 2005.

                                              6
       Prior to the planning meetings at the NASA Centers, on February 8, 2005, Horn &
Associates participated in a pre-audit planning meeting at NASA headquarters. On March
4, 2005, after the pre-audit planning meeting, an internal NASA memorandum was issued
by Gwendolyn Sykes, NASA’s Chief Financial Officer, to all NASA Centers, which
indicated that Horn & Associates was to audit “payment records of fixed price contracts.”
The contracting officer technical representative at the time, Melvin DenWiddie, issued an
email to all NASA Centers on May 18, 2005, stating the contract for Horn & Associates’
recovery audit was for the audit of “all contract payments.” NASA, therefore, provided
Horn & Associates with payment data for all contracts, not just payment data for fixed
price contracts. As acknowledged by defendant, “[t]he data itself, however, was
admittedly not perfect.”

        Mr. DenWiddie testified that “at the various NASA centers, we had what was known
as the Legacy accounting systems. And most of those systems were manual systems
that were not automated and of course, they were not integrated,” and, that, further, each
center had its own accounting system. NASA, therefore, switched to a SAP system. Mr.
DenWiddie, indicated, however, that “[i]t was somewhat of an unfortunate event actually,
because the Legacy systems that we had throughout the centers, at the time of the
implementation of the SAP system, those systems were disconnected and the SAP
system was installed to become the official integrated system of record.” As Mr.
DenWiddie explained when asked what happened to the financial data that had been with
the Legacy system after the transition to the SAP system, he indicated that “information
was virtually lost because typically what should normally happen, there should be a
parallel running of the two systems together so that you could make sure that there was
some compliance. In this case, that did not take place so the information from the Legacy
systems just disappeared.” As a result, in its post-trial briefs, defendant now concedes
that, although NASA produced the SAP data to Horn & Associates, that “[t]he production
of NASA’s SAP data was more problematic.” The parties, especially, the defendant, were
unable to identify the total amount of contract payments for fiscal years 1998-2003, at
issue in the NASA Contract, which called for Horn to “perform a primary audit recovery
on all contract payments for the period beginning October 1, 1997 through September 30,
2003, identifying overpayments and/or underpayments.” The parties have stipulated that:

      NASA’s financial system no longer contains data for contract payments
      made by NASA during FY1998 through FY2003, and therefore NASA was
      unable to identify the total amount of money it expended on contract
      payments during those fiscal years, or during the FY1998-2005 period of
      the Horn Recovery Audit, in response to requests for that information from
      Horn during discovery. NASA did not reconstruct an estimate of the amount
      of total contract payments for FY 1998-2005 in response to discovery
      requests seeking this information.

      On June 30, 2006, Mr. DenWiddie wrote a letter to Horn & Associates, indicating:

      Your work on this project has been very impressive. Because our payment
      files were in several locations on multisystems, some in a manual format, I

                                            7
         wondered how you would overcome that challenge and conduct an effective
         Agency-wide recovery audit of our payments.

         It soon became apparent that your technical capability was centered on your
         highly-experienced staff. The extensive financial management and recovery
         auditing experience allowed each challenge to be broken into small
         components that were easier to resolve. The customizable audit
         methodology was beneficial in addressing specific unique needs of each
         NASA Center.

During his testimony, Mr. DenWiddie explained,

         I wrote this letter because as I’ve testified before [14] during this testimony,
         I thought that Horn was doing an outstanding job. I thought that they were
         working under very adverse conditions, namely the accounting systems that
         they had to audit, the people who they had to work with who were opposed
         to them doing their work, and the fact that they had somehow managed to
         do an outstanding job, in my view, I thought that somebody, somebody
         needed to say thank you. And I decided that I would be the one and I did.

Mr. DenWiddie testified that the letter was “my last written communication as a
government employee,” as he retired on the same day, June 30, 2005.

       On September 8, 2005,15 the NASA Contract was extended for one year through
September 30, 2006 by an “Amendment of Solicitation/Modification of Contract,” with all
terms remaining the same, except the period of performance. The description of the
Modification stated in its entirety:

         The purpose of this modification exercises Option 1 to conduct Audit
         Recovery for the period of 2004-2005 as identified in Item 13 of the basic
         order [the option to extend the term of the contract].

14   Mr. DenWiddie had previously testified:

         The recovery audit was a low priority. It was a low priority because the
         overall audit of the overall financial statements was so very important that
         the recovery audit activity was something that we had to do because it was
         a mandate from the presidential level down through OMB. We had to do it.
         But it was not nearly as important as getting a clean, unqualified opinion on
         the overall financial statements.
15 Although the “Amendment of Solicitation/Modification of Contract” was signed by Horn
& Associates on September 1, 2005, the “Amendment of Solicitation/Modification of
Contract” was not signed by the Contracting Officer until September 8, 2005. The
“Amendment of Solicitation/Modification of Contract” stated: the effective date is the date
signed by the United States.
                                                8
       1.      Clause 7, PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE, shall commence on the
       effective date of this contract through September 30, 2006.

       2.     The total value of this order remains unchanged.

       All other terms and conditions remain the same.

(emphasis in original).

      Below is an overview of the number of claims identified and submitted to NASA by
Horn & Associates and illustrative examples of the Horn & Associates’ interactions with
NASA personnel at the centers.16
16Unfortunately, after discovery, trial, and even post-trial briefing, the parties still do not
agree on the number of claims submitted by plaintiff to NASA. As the court first considers
the defendant’s counterclaims, the court uses the defendant’s numbers for the claims,
without, at this time, concluding whether the numbers submitted by either party is correct.
When there is a discrepancy, the court has footnoted the plaintiff’s numbers of claims.

       After the court identified the discrepancies relating to the calculation of the number
of claims by the parties, as instructed by the court, the parties filed a joint status report.
The parties discussed the differences, as follows:

       the cause of the discrepancy is explained by the parties’ different
       characterization of those claims. When they were prepared and submitted,
       Horn submitted single Statement Claims aggregating outstanding credits
       owed to the Government by a vendor as reflected on the vendor’s books.
       However, when the Government’s expert, Wiley Wright, prepared his expert
       report, he broke up many of these Statement Claims and treated them as
       separate claims based on each outstanding credit, because it is the
       Government’s position that such aggregation was inconsistent with the
       terms of Horn’s contract with NASA, and that each outstanding credit should
       instead have been presented as a separate claim

(internal citation omitted). The parties claimed, “[a]s a result, where Horn’s spreadsheet
reflects a single Statement Claim, the Government’s spreadsheet treats that as several
separate claims, all under the same claim number. . . . This different treatment of
Statement Claims by the parties on their respective post-trial spreadsheets is responsible
for the following apparent discrepancies.”

       The parties further explained two unique discrepancies, first:

       Horn’s spreadsheet listed Claim No. 2232, which was a Statement Claim,
       as having been submitted at Glenn Research Center. However, in the
       months following the end of the Recovery Audit in 2006, Claim No. 2232
       was identified on various spreadsheets as having been submitted to
                                              9
         a. Goddard

       According to defendant, regarding activity at Goddard, Horn & Associates
submitted a total of 231 claims.17 This was by far highest portion of the claims identified
by Horn & Associates and submitted to NASA.18 Prior to the audit, Mr. Farrar testified that
he believed “Goddard was designated as one of the biggest centers and certainly one of
the bigger opportunities that we had.”19 Despite this, the sole claim for Goddard approved

         Johnson Space Center, rather than to Glenn. On the parties’ spreadsheets,
         Horn listed Claim No. 2232 as a single entry submitted to Glenn, whereas
         the Government listed Claim No. 2232 as two entries submitted to Johnson.

(internal citations omitted). Second, regarding Claim No. 2053, the parties explained:

         As noted in the Court’s May 19, 2015 Order, Claim No. 2053 was included
         on Horn’s spreadsheet, but was not listed on the Government’s
         spreadsheet. While the actual claim file for Claim No. 2053 was not
         introduced as an exhibit at trial, Claim No. 2053 was included on the
         spreadsheet submitted by Sam Lenck, the CFO at Kennedy Space Center,
         to NASA HQ following the end of the Recovery Audit reporting on the status
         of the Kennedy claims. On its post-trial claims spreadsheet, the
         Government inadvertently omitted Claim No. 2053 at Kennedy.
17   Plaintiff identified and submitted 223 claims for Goddard on its chart of claims.
18In its certified claim, Horn & Associates explained the difference in the number of claims
generated by the different NASA locations:

         The differences in claim potentials found at each of the above payment
         centers can be explained in a couple of ways. It is partially a reflection of
         the size of the payment center but more likely the amount of contract
         payments administered by the center. But, the more important reason for
         this claim's purposes is the fact that it is a reflection of the level of
         cooperation, or lack thereof, by that payment center with Horn staff [sic] The
         level of cooperation in many instances was so bad (i.e. it was a breach of
         the duty of cooperation imposed by the contract on NASA), that Horn had
         to reassign some of its audit teams on one or more occasions at some of
         the centers to other locales.
19   Mr. Farrar also indicated:

         When we did our initial look at the centers and we also discussed them in
         our meeting with Melvin [DenWiddie] the first of February, we were trying to
         identify which centers were bigger than others, where the biggest
         opportunity might have been. So we identified, with Melvin, basically in that
         meeting the four centers that were the largest and had the biggest
         opportunity would be Goddard, Kennedy, Johnson and Marshall.
                                               10
and processed by NASA was an SGT Inc. claim, for $1,163.44 dollars.20

       Maggie Baumbach was the primary subcontractor for Horn & Associates to work
at Goddard.21 Ms. Baumbach begin work at Goddard in September 2005. Mr. Farrar
offered testimony that three months after arriving at Goddard, Ms. Baumbach “was
becoming very frustrated because she was having an extremely hard time getting her
claims presented. And at that point, she -- I don’t believe she had any claims processed,
and certainly none collected,” and that “nobody would meet with her.”

       After eight months of working on the Goddard recovery audit, Ms. Baumbach left
the Goddard recovery audit, claiming that “I couldn’t afford to continue with no income. I
had been months and months at this and we had, nobody had a claim that was in the
channel to be paid, to be collected from the vendor, and so that was a big factor.” In an
email dated April 17, 2006, to Mr. Lowery, Mr. Farrar, and Jennifer Harris, another Horn
& Associates employee, Tom Horn explained that he spoke with Ms. Baumbach and she
indicated that it was “just too hard and doesn’t want to be the front person. I told her we
were staffing the place with more people and that we would have a good person to handle
the communications . . . and give guidance if she wants to continue to help us, but she
pretty much declined.” The email indicated, however, “[t]his actually may not be all bad
as she seems to be willing to help us with the outstanding items (so she can get paid)
and help with a smooth transition to the new guys.” The email from Tom Horn to Mr.
Lowery, Mr. Farrar, and Jennifer Harris continued, “It does not sound like she has really
audited that much at Goddard. She said she did a few contract reconciliations, looking
mainly for dups [duplicate payments] and believes she has only skimmed the surface.
She hasn’t looked at possible interest claims, or for that matter, a lot of other claim types
which may or may not be there.”

      Subsequently, in May of 2006, three auditors replaced Ms. Baumbach: Dan
Lizana,22 Steven Smith and Marie Beckey. Mr. Lizana indicated that once he arrived at

20 Defendant now believes that 15 claims identified and submitted by Horn & Associates
at Goddard were valid, and another claim, an Aerospace Corp. claim was partially valid.
At the time NASA approved two claims, but only processed the one claim for SGT Inc.
claim. The other claim, a different Aerospace Corp. claim, was approved for payment, but
not processed by NASA.
21Ivan Sherman worked at Goddard with Ms. Baumbach. Mr. Sherman, however, only
worked part-time.
22 Regarding his position with Horn & Associates, Mr. Lizana testified at trial that he “first
heard about the position through Craigslist.” Mr. Lizana described his philosophy of
recovery auditing as follows: “I think recovering auditing, it's not a quantitative assessment
of your skills, meaning it's not having done it for 30 years, in my opinion, whether you
have a CPA and so forth. I think recovering auditing is about the type of skills that you
have.”

                                             11
Goddard, “the two individuals that I recall and we were introduced to, the points of contact
was [sic] Yvette Blackwell -- she was the Supervisor for the examiners and she was our
point of contact -- and that week we were introduced to Sandra Brown, who was her
superior, who was going to be responsible for denying and accepting the claims.” Like
Ms. Baumbach, Mr. Lizana felt frustrated at NASA’s handling of Horn & Associates’
claims. For example, according to Mr. Lizana, one claim “was not outright rejected. But
our explanation was NASA was not interested really in pursuing this claim because this
was a cost type contract and DCAA [Defense Contract Audit Agency] will check it at close-
out.” As indicated in an email from Ms. Brown to Mr. Lizana:

         My position remains that until either Procurement and/or DCAA determines
         that Swales [& Associates23] has violated their contractual agreement with
         NASA Goddard, I am at no liberty to act upon your claim. Validation of your
         claim has to be supported in conjuction [sic] with the audit/findings of
         Procurement and/or DCAA. [24]

Mr. Lizana worked on the Goddard recovery audit until the end of contract performance.

         b. Johnson

       According to defendant, Horn & Associates identified and submitted to NASA a
total of 14525 claims related to the Johnson recovery audit, only 19 of which were
approved and processed by NASA.26 Johnson was the center that generated the second
23The Swales & Associates claims were the largest identified by Horn & Associates
during performance of the NASA Contract.
24The role that the Defense Contract Audit Agency (DCAA) played in the NASA audit by
Horn & Associates was a source of ongoing tension between the parties. Ms. Brown, in
explaining the above quoted email testified:

         They [DCAA] are our periodic auditors for these type contracts, cost types.
         They perform periodic audits and sometimes not in the contractual
         agreement that goes back and they look at where they’ve not adjusted a
         rate or use the wrong rate, and all those things. They do that performance
         audit that we look to happen that will take care of that 40 million [in the
         Swales & Associates claim identified by Mr. Lizana] if in fact that was a valid
         adjustment that had not happened.
25   Plaintiff identified and submitted 120 claims for Johnson on its chart of claims.
26In its chart of claims, defendant states, however, that although one of the claims, the
West Group Payment Center claim, was approved and processed, it was not a valid claim
because “it is for an amount of less than $100, and was submitted by Horn in
contravention of the plain terms of Horn’s scope of work in its contract.” Defendant does
not seek recovery for the West Group Payment Center claim.

                                               12
most claims in Horn’s recovery audit, and the 146 claims from Johnson are more than
were generated at every other center combined, excluding Goddard.

        Tom Hott was the primary subcontractor who worked for Horn & Associates at
Johnson.27 Michael Colby also worked on the Johnson recovery audit. The Johnson
recovery audit was the first recovery audit for Mr. Colby. Mr. Hott’s wife, Beth Hott, worked
off-site supporting the Johnson recovery audit. Tom Hott testified that neither he nor his
wife had ever performed a recovery audit of a federal government agency before the
Johnson recovery audit.

        Regarding the Johnson recovery audit, Mr. Hott indicated that initially the audit
“went fine. We had access to their records and we had a nice place to work in front of the
vault where the records were kept, and it was easy for us to come up with a program to
start the audit effectively and efficiently.” Mr. Hott, explained, however, “[t]hen when we
began turning in claims, they were, the claims were immediately denied.” Regarding the
process for presenting claims, Mr. Hott testified:

         On a regular basis, the first person was Pat Bright. Pat was the supervisor
         of the accounts payable department. She reported to June Boeckel who
         was, as I understand it, the director of accounting at the time. And June
         reported to Marilyn Sampay who was the deputy CFO responsible for the
         conduct of the audit, according to our contract. And then I had a few
         occasions with John Beall, the CFO of the Johnson Space Center.

When asked on cross-examination why he did not he did not hire more people to work on
the audit with him, Mr. Hott testified that “[i]t didn’t make a lot of sense to spend a
tremendous amount more money to bring in additional resources. We were already
getting screwed to the hilt.”28

27 As indicated at trial, after the Johnson recovery audit, Mr. Hott indicated that he
“decided to start a tree farm, Hott Tree Farm. And I grow container-grown trees for the
landscaping and nursery industry now. So I’m semi-retired. I decided to quit accounting
and dig in the dirt.”
28   Mr. Hott explained his frustration at working on the Johnson recovery audit:

         June Boeckel, who was Pat's supervisor, was very reluctant to accept or
         approve claims and would create argumentation on the claims that had
         nothing to do with the merits of the claims themselves, again causing
         unusual time delays, especially when you consider the fact that we would
         turn in a claim and it would be weeks or months before we would get the
         information back. This caused a severe time problem because we continued
         to try to work under one scenario and knowing full well that we would have
         to go back and go through all of the claims, all of the contracts again and all
         of the payments again.

                                               13
         c. Kennedy

         According to defendant, Horn & Associates identified and submitted to NASA a
total of eighteen29 claims related to the Kennedy recovery audit, only two of which were
approved and processed by NASA. Brock Young was the primary subcontractor for Horn
& Associates to work at Kennedy. Mr. Young had not performed a federal government
agency audit before the Kennedy recovery audit. He indicated that he would recover forty
percent “of what was collected by Horn & Associates” for the recovery audit claims that
he identified.30 Mr. Young took part in the pre-audit meeting at Kennedy on April 15, 2005,
and he testified that Mr. Farrar and Jennifer Harris, from Horn & Associates attended the
meeting along with Sam Lenck, Deputy Chief Financial Officer for Kennedy and Brenda
Brooks, the Kennedy supervisor over accounts payable from Kennedy.

        Mr. Young expressed frustration with the lack of action by NASA with respect to
the claims he submitted to NASA. Mr. Young also was frustrated by the role of Mr. Lenck,
who viewed his role as “to act as the middleman between Mr. Young and the contracting
officer, Ms. Solum.”31 Mr. Young indicated that he first talked to Mr. Lenck and he would
take the documents, “which would be the contract file, the mods [modifications], and the
invoices in question, and we'd go through it in that form. And that's what I'd review with
NASA is all the data with them so they would have everything they needed to look at the
claim.” After that, Mr. Young testified,

         I would typically never hear back from them. So what I thought was
         happening was Sam was going to approve it and send it where it needed to
         be sent, like to the vendor, things of that nature. Later on I found out what
         he was really doing was he was facilitating the process, but he was leaving
         it up to the contracting officers to approve. So then at that point, I was
         assuming they were going to the contracting officers. The thing is I was
         never getting anything back, so I don’t know what actually happened.32
29   Plaintiff identified and submitted nineteen claims for Kennedy on its chart of claims.
30As noted above, forty percent was a typical percentage among Horn & Associates’
subcontractors, although Jennifer Harris testified that her agreement with Horn &
Associates called for a fifty percent payout. In May of 2006, Ms. Harris became an
employee of Horn & Associates.
31Ms. Solum was a contracting officer for the contracts awarded and audited at issue at
Kennedy, and not the contracting officer for the Horn & Associates recovery audit for the
NASA Contract.
32   Mr. Young also testified:

         [W]e called a meeting. In that meeting, we had Leslie Solum, we had
         Leslie's boss, we had a legal representative as well there. Steve Chance
         was the COTR, that's the Contract Officer Technical Representative is what
         a COTR is, COTR. And then we had myself, Sam Lenck, Brenda Knox, or
                                               14
Mr. Young continued to work on the Kennedy recovery audit until the end of contract
performance.

         d. Ames

       According to defendant, Horn & Associates submitted a total of six claims related
to the Ames recovery audit, but only two of the six claims were approved and processed
by NASA.33 According to John Lee, Deputy Chief in Financial Management Division for
NASA at Ames, Bob Schuler was the only subcontractor for Horn & Associates to work
at Ames. He began working in November 2005, and stayed at Ames for three weeks.

         e. Dryden

        According to defendant, Horn & Associates identified and submitted to NASA a
total of three34 claims related to the Dryden recovery audit, two of which were approved
and processed by NASA.35 Valerie Zellmer, NASA’s Chief Financial Officer at Dryden

         Brenda Brooks was there, and I think one or two other people as well. So it
         was a pretty big meeting. There's [sic] roughly 10 people in this meeting.
         We went through everything, decided that yes, there's definitely something
         there and we were to pursue it.
                                            ...

         When I left that meeting, what was supposed to take place next was Leslie
         Solum should have had it reviewed and sent out a letter to the vendor to try
         to collect the money. The agreement was that yes, it looks like something
         was there, so what was supposed to happen was she was supposed to
         send the information to the vendor saying either explain to us why it is not
         valid or remit the money.

Mr. Young testified, however, that “[n]othing happened actually,” and “that was the last
anything ever happened to it.”
33In its chart of claims, defendant states, however, that although one of the claims, the
Physical Sciences Inc. claim, was approved and processed, it was not a valid claim
“because it falls below the $100 threshold established by Horn's contract.” As with the
previously identified West Group Payment Center claim, defendant does not seek
recovery for the Physical Sciences Inc. claim.
34   Plaintiff identified and submitted two claims for Dryden on its chart of claims.
35 In its chart of claims, defendant noted that the remaining claim, the Infinity Tech claim
was partially valid, but “Dryden did not collect the discount amount because of its small
size, and the fact that it had occurred so far in the past.”

                                               15
testified that two auditors, Penny Parker and Jim Cudlip, worked on the Dryden audit.36
Ms. Zellmer testified the auditors arrived at the end of July 2005 and “left before Labor
Day of 2005.” Ms. Zellmer indicated that she expected the auditors to return after Labor
Day, but neither Ms. Parker nor Mr. Cudlip returned to Dryden.

         f. Glenn

        According to defendant, Horn & Associates identified and submitted to NASA a
total of six claims37 related to the Glenn recovery audit, five of which were approved and
processed by NASA According to Vickie Hagerman, Supervisor of NASA Accounting
Reports Branch, and the point of contact for the recovery audit at Glenn, Tom Reese was
the only subcontractor for Horn & Associates to work at Glenn, and began working in
November 2005, and worked for “about six months, onsite, offsite.” Jennifer Harris
submitted claims related to Glenn as well on behalf of plaintiff.

         g. Langley

       According to defendant, Horn & Associates identified and submitted to NASA a
total of fourteen38 claims related to the Langley recovery audit, four of which were
approved and processed by NASA. According to James Michael, Deputy Chief Financial
Officer for Finance at Langley, Ken Respess worked on the Langley recovery audit for
Horn & Associates, arriving in October of 2005.39 He worked for approximately two weeks.
Jennifer Harris submitted claims related to Langley as well.40

36Ms. Zellmer also indicated that, “I can remember two. I thought there were three, but I
definitely remember two,” which she identified as Penny Parker and Jim Cudlip.
37   Plaintiff identified and submitted seven claims for Glenn on its chart of claims.
38   Plaintiff identified and submitted seven claims for Langley on its chart of claims
39According to Mr. Michael, auditors had originally arrived in July 2005, but he could not
remember how many, only testifying that “I think it was about three or four, but I don’t
know exactly how many. It was more than one, less than five, but I don’t remember exactly
how many.”
40 In particular, Ms. Harris had sent out letters for collection with the signature of Deputy
Chief Financial Officer Kerry Christian. Langley did not approve of Ms. Harris’ actions, as
Mr. Michael testified, after discovery of Mr. Harris’ actions, “at that point I know that we
expressed our dissatisfaction. I don't recall in what way we did. I know that Kerry Christian
was very upset at that time that that letter had gone out with his name at the bottom of it.”
Further Langley did not believe the claims were valid, as Mr. Michael testified that Langley
“did not believe they were overpayments at all,” she also testified that NASA “actually
received checks from the vendor.”

                                               16
         h. Marshall

        According to defendant, Horn & Associates identified and submitted to NASA a
total of twenty-one41 claims related to the Marshall Recovery audit, eleven of which were
approved and processed by NASA.42 James “Chip” Edgerton, was the primary
subcontractor for Horn & Associates to work at Marshall. He employed two additional
auditors to work with him, John Crochet and Michael Mescher, with whom he had worked
on pervious recovery audits. Consistent with other subcontractors, Mr. Edgerton indicated
that he would recover 40 percent of whatever Horn & Associates was able to recovery for
its audit claims that he identified. Mr. Edgerton attended the April 21, 2005 pre-audit
meeting at Marshall with Mr. Mescher, Mr. Farrar, and Jennifer Harris from Horn &
Associates, and John Alexander and Becky Black from Marshall.

        Mr. Edgerton indicated that he began the recovery audit in June 2005 with Mr.
Crochet and Mr. Mescher, but after a week, Mr. Crochet did not return because “[t]here
was never enough work for three people,” and Mr. Masker worked for two or three weeks
a month for the rest of 2005, but did not return in 2006 because “[w]e didn’t have enough
complete files to audit.” Mr. Edgerton also indicated that he frequently had to request
documents again and again. Mr. Edgerton left Marshall at the end of May 2006, with the
intention of returning once

         it was worked out of how to get the complete files, then we could ramp it
         back up, bring in either Mike [Mescher], Jack [Crochet] and myself or bring
         in some, if we had other audits going on right then we couldn’t drop those,
         so we would find other associates that we could use to bring in to help work
         on the audit.

Mr. Edgerton, however, did not return to Marshall. When asked to summarize his
experience at Marshall, Mr. Edgerton indicated that “[t]hey were nice people, but . . . you
know, that they had their work to do and their work came first. And so our files came
second. So it was, you know, it was a -- it wasn’t a combative relationship, it's just that
their jobs came first and ours came second.”

         i.   Stennis

       The parties agree that Horn & Associates did not submit any claims regarding its
recovery audit for Stennis. Mr. Edgerton testified that he was expected to handle the
recovery audit at Stennis, but he decided not to go, believing he would encounter the
same problems with NASA that he had at Marshall. Mr. Edgerton testified that he did not
go to Stennis because
41   Plaintiff identified and submitted nineteen claims for Marshall on its chart of claims.
42In its chart of claims, defendant states, however, that although the SAP Public Services
Inc. claim was approved and processed, the claim was only a partially valid claim. The
court also notes that one claim at Marshall, which was approved and processed by NASA
was for Bulk Gas Helium for Stennis.
                                               17
       [w]e were working at Marshall. We were trying, that was one of the big
       centers that had a lot of accounts payable. It had a lot of records. If we
       weren’t getting the records from Marshall why would, you know, why take
       the time and money to go down to Stennis and have the same problem and
       just, you know, create another problem?

       End of the Contract

        On July 17, 2006, Terry Bowie, Deputy Chief Financial Officer of NASA, indicated
to NASA personnel at Johnson that “I have asked the legal people to look into suspending
the contract until we have settled out on the issues raised by Horn in terms of what the
contract calls for and what they are entiltle [sic] too [sic] for payment.” According to the
parties’ joint stipulations, on July 24, 2006, NASA Centers were informed that they were
to limit Horn & Associates’ recovery audit to fixed price contracts only. Dean Patterson,
who had become the Contracting Officer in July 2006,43 informed Horn & Associates on
July 31, 2006, that:

       In light of performance concerns that NASA has regarding Contract
       NNH05CC28D, you are advised to restrict your current audit recovery
       reviews to fixed priced contracts. A meeting will be held, with your
       participation, to address performance concerns, contract interpretations
       and whether or not it is in the government's best interest to exercise the
       option.

On August 15, 2006, Terry Bowie, the NASA Deputy Chief Financial Officer issued a
memorandum to all NASA Centers regarding the March 4, 2005 internal memorandum
from Gwendolyn Sykes, the NASA Chief Financial Officer and stated:

       A previous message regarding the program and contract with Horn and
       Associates, Inc[.] (Horn) indicated the company would be working with each
       Center to conduct an examination of payment records of only fixed price
       contracts. This limitation is not consistent with language in the NASA-Horn
       contract. Therefore, Centers please work with Horn to conduct an
       examination of all contracts. This direction is valid until September 30, 2006,
       when the current performance period on the Horn contract will expire.

       Ten days after Mr. Bowie’s memorandum to the NASA Centers, on August 24,
2006, Contracting Officer Patterson, informed Horn & Associates, that NASA would not
exercise a second option year on the NASA Contract, and, on September 30, 2006, the
period of performance under the contract would end. On August 28, 2006, Contracting
Officer Patterson sent an e-mail to all NASA Centers informing them “that a decision has
43As indicated above, Janet Langweil was contracting officer for the NASA Contract
before Dean Patterson becoming the contracting officer for the NASA Contract in July
2006.

                                             18
been made not to exercise the option under [the NASA Contract] and to let the current
period of performance end September 30, 2006. Until that time, the contract permits Horn
& Assoc. to review all contractual documents and associated financial records in the
performance of their audit recovery activities.”

      Thereafter, on August 31, 2006, Charles McIntosh, a NASA branch manager and
the assistant to Terry Bowie, the NASA Deputy Chief Financial Officer, sent an email to
each of the offices of the deputy chief financial officers for each of the payment centers
and asked them to identify all the claims related to the Horn & Associates audit. Mr.
McIntosh wrote:

         As you know, there has been quite a bit of discussion over work that has
         been done by Horn & Associates, Inc. regarding recovery audits and claims
         that resulted from their work. In order for the agency to collect monies that
         they claim are due, a thorough review of the claims in the attached
         document, including contract and any other document as necessary to
         support or deny the claim.[44]
44   The email also instructed the centers to determine:

         1) If the claim is a valid claim that represents an amount that can/should be
         recovered (note: Horn receives payment on amounts that have actually
         been collected)
         2) If the amount should be recovered, please establish an accounts
         receivable in SAP and request a refund
         3) If the amount of the claim is not a valid amount that is deemed
         recoverable, please provide information that explains/supports why we do
         not consider the amount to be valid
         Keep in mind that we normally do not request refunds on the following, (but
         not limited to) types of contracts:

                (A) Open contracts that are subject to final review at close-out
                (B) Contracts with provisional rates that are pending audit by
                DCAA
                (C) Contracts with provisions for advanced payments for
                nonprofit organizations that conduct experimental or research
                and development work
                (D) Contracts which authorize progress payments.

Although not necessarily critical to consideration of defendant’s counterclaim, Mr.
McIntosh’s email takes on a greater importance when considering if NASA breached the
contract. NASA personnel used the above A-D framework, quoted immediately above in
this footnote, to decline to process Horn & Associates’ claims after the end of contract
performance. For example, on February 8, 2007, NASA produced a document entitled
“Goddard Space Flight Center/Regional Finance Office Determination of the Validity/Non-
validity of Horn Claims.” The document indicated: “We have reviewed this spreadsheet
we received from headquarters OCFO on January 31, 2007 . . . . We used the criteria
                                              19
        As indicated above, according to defendant’s numbers, Horn & Associates
identified and submitted a total of 444 claims45 to NASA, and NASA approved and paid
45 claims. In its amended complaint, Horn & Associates noted that “[i]n spite of the
improper impediments raised by NASA, Horn identified approximately $121 million of
claims for various classifications of improper payments. Each claim was submitted to
NASA with supporting documentation proving the improper payment. Yet to date, only
$197,285.47 dollars [sic] of claims have been processed by the Payment Centers.”]
Despite having only been compensated in the amount of $197,285.47, Horn & Associates
claims in the amended complaint that “Horn found the following recovery audit claim
potentials at each NASA Payment Center included in the recovery audit process: Ames -
$138,536.17; Dryden - $12,443.76; Glen - $17,318.44; Goddard - $97,799,329.39;
Johnson - $20,183,307.33; Kennedy - $2,915,935.08; Langley - $40,451.99; and Marshall
- $272,041.50. The total recovery audit claim potentials for all Payment Centers were
$121,379,363.66.”46

       As noted above, the NASA Contract ended on September 30, 2006. After the end
of the recovery audit, NASA declined Horn & Associates’ offer of a “formal review” of all
claims, ostensibly to try and demonstrate entitlement to the $121,379,363.66 in potential
claims. NASA, however, did meet with Horn & Associates personnel to discuss the
various remaining claims. In the meeting at the end of January 2007, Mr. Lowery, Mr.
Lizana, and Marie Beckey, another subcontractor, from Horn & Associates, met with
Bruce Ward, the chief assistant in NASA’s Chief Financial Officer’s office, Andrea Davis,
a contract specialist, Jon Wolz,47 the Goddard Deputy Chief Financial Officer, Sandra

received below from headquarters OCFO to make our determinations.” The document
indicated, among other criteria:

         Generally, NASA will consider claims for contract payment errors under the
         following circumstances to be inappropriate:

         a. Resulting from cost-type contacts subject to final contract audit that have
         not been completed.

         b. Resulting from cost-type contacts subject to final contract audit that were
         completed and prior to final payment of the contractor's final voucher, all
         prior interim payments made under the contract were accounted for and
         reconciled.
45   As reflected above, plaintiff identified and submitted a total of 403 claims.
46Plaintiff does not seek a 13.5% contingency fee of the $121,379,363.66 in damages,
but in its post-trial brief, plaintiff identified “$54,730,976 in estimated contingency fees
Horn would have received in the non-breach world.” According to plaintiff, subtracting the
$26,634.00 in contingency fees that Horn & Associates actually received, “results in lost
profits damages of $54,704,343.”
47   Mr. Wolz is incorrectly identified incorrectly as “John Walls” in the trial transcript.
                                                 20
Brown, and Contracting Officer Patterson, from NASA in which Horn & Associates
presented information showing it had identified claims with approximately $81 million in
improper, erroneous overpayments, as well as an additional $40 million of interest and
penalty claims. Mr. Lizana indicated, however, that as soon as Horn & Associates began
their presentation of claims, both Mr. Ward and Ms. Davis said “that they could not
approve this [Swales & Associates] claim because it was in the purview of DCAA, and it
was a cost type contract.”48 Mr. Lizana emphasized that for each claim NASA’s “response
was more of the same. It was, okay this is DCAA involved matters, and it’s a cost type
contract. Move on there's nothing to see here, and so forth. And so it was -- Frankly, it
was frustrating.” Mr. Lizana testified that the meeting

         got to a point where, at one point in the meeting Mike [Lowery] leaned over
         and said, listen, I’ve been in a recovery auditing bill [sic] for a long time.
         Every client that I’ve ever worked for, they wanted the money back. They
         were helpful and cooperative. Can you tell me why NASA doesn’t want the
         money?

Horn & Associates’ final meeting with NASA took place on February 9, 2007, again
attended by Mr. Lowery, Ms. Beckey, Mr. Lizana on behalf of Horn & Associates, and Mr.
Ward, Ms. Davis, Mr. Wolz, Ms. Brown, and Contracting Officer Patterson, on behalf of
NASA. Horn & Associates represented in the certified claim that, “[t]he only thing
accomplished during this meeting was the commitment from NASA that someone from
the CFO’s [Chief Financial Officer’s] Office would supply Horn with a list of all our claims
with comments on whether the claim was approved or denied and why the claim was
being denied. Such a complete report has never been received.”

        NASA subsequently internally reviewed the Horn & Associates claims that were
presented to NASA. An example of the review is the February 8, 2007, “Goddard Space
Flight Center/Regional Finance Office Determination of the Validity/Non-validity of Horn
Claims.”49 After review, Contracting Officer Patterson sent a March 13, 2007 letter to
Horn & Associates, regarding the agency position with respect to issues between Horn &
Associates and NASA. Contracting Officer Patterson stated, “[w]hile the contract
document (citation to SOW [statement of work]) gave Horn the right to review all contracts,
at this time it is inappropriate to determine if in fact overpayments have taken place on
cost-type contracts that have not been completed.” (emphasis in original). Contracting
Officer Patterson explained, “[t]his is due to the fact that open contracts are still in the
administrative phase of open payment cycles.” Regarding interest on overpayments,
Contracting Officer Patterson indicated:

48 In discussing the Swales & Associates claim at issue in the meeting with Mr. Ward and
Ms. Davis, Mr. Lizana testified, “[t]his claim, it's big. It's a big claim . . . it could be 20
million dollars, it could be 15 million dollars, depending on what rate, a formal rate
information we get.”
49   The document was generated one day before the final meeting with Horn & Associates.
                                              21
       The $40,619,548.71 identified by Horn as “interest on overpayments” can
       not [sic] be accepted as valid claims. This is because they are from open
       cost contracts or in accordance with the Federal Acquisition Regulation
       32.614, “the responsible official shall apply interest charges to any contract
       debt unpaid after 30 days from the issuance of a demand.”

(internal citation omitted). In addition, Contracting Officer Patterson tried to explain that,
“[w]ith further respect to those claims that were identified as overpayments, but the
CFO/DCFO [Chief Financial Officer/Deputy Chief Financial Officer] determined that the
overpayment had been satisfied by a setoff against another invoice in accordance with
FAR 32.611, the Debt Collection and Offset Act and the authority granted by the treasury
to setoff debts due the government, that such payments are not in fact debts due to the
government.”50 Contracting Officer Patterson concluded that:

       At this time NASA has determined that $221,310.39 has been approved for
       debt collection under the contract. The fee on this amount will be remitted
       to Horn once collection has been made. An amount of $7,862.71 has been
       remitted to Horn & Associates to date.”[51]

Additionally, Contracting Officer Patterson informed Horn & Associates that “[t]his is the
final agency position with respect to of [sic] the issues between the parties. NASA is
committed to an equitable closeout of the subject contract.”

        On November 20, 2007, Horn & Associates filed a certified claim with NASA. The
certified claim was addressed to “Dean S. Patterson, Procurement Manager, Janet S.
Langweil, Contracting/Ordering Officer, Carrie Causey, Procurement Manager,
NASA/Headquarters Procurement Office,” and was signed by Tom Horn as president of
Horn & Associates. Tom Horn signed the certified claim which indicated:

       I certify that the claim is made in good faith; that the supporting data are
       accurate and complete to the best of my knowledge and belief; that the
       amount requested accurately reflects the contract adjustment for which the
       contractor believes the Government is liable; and that I am duly authorized
       to certify the claim on behalf of the contractor.

50 Citingthe NASA Contract, Contracting Officer Patterson indicated that NASA would not
accept claims for payments outside the scope of period of performance, or for claims less
than $100.00. Contracting Officer Patterson also indicated that, “[w]ith respect to Prompt
Payment Interest calculation, the cited Prompt Payment Act Provision applies only to
interest on progress payments under construction contracts, when the performance for
which the payment was made is deficient and thus the payment has not been earned.
This provision does not apply by analogy to other contract payment adjustments.”
51At trial, defendant’s expert witness indicated that the amount of claims recovered by
NASA was $208,954.91, and Horn & Associates was paid $28,209.00.
                                             22
At trial, Tom Horn indicated that he understood a certified claim to be an opportunity for
“really submitting our facts and circumstances regarding what we felt was a breach of our
contract, and then a certified claim would have some remedies for the damages.” Tom
Horn acknowledged at that point in time that he had no experience submitting certified
claims to the federal government and he did not draft the claim, but did review it before
filing it. Nonetheless, Tom Horn testified that the claim was made in good faith and that
Horn & Associates “submitted data that supports our claim and to the best of my
knowledge and belief it was complete data for the certified claim.”

      In its summary of the certified claim, Horn & Associates stated:

      Horn is entitled to recover $279,000,000.00 representing its damages
      resulting from the breach of the contract by NASA. A different measure of
      those damages limited only to the overpayments that Horn found (despite
      the breaches described above) is $14,700,000. Alternatively and also as
      certified herein, Horn is entitled to recover at a minimum $7,028,200.96,
      representing the costs incurred by Horn including a reasonable overhead
      and profit thereon.

      Under the heading, “Remedies for NASA’s Breaches,” the certified claim stated:

      The remedy available to Horn for NASA's material breaches of the Purchase
      Order is that Horn should be put in the same economic position it would
      have been in but for NASA’s improper breaches. Such a remedy is not
      unlike the remedy available to Horn should the breach be considered a
      constructive change to the Purchase Order. While the law requires Horn to
      establish not only that NASA has breached the Purchase Order, Horn must
      also establish the existence of some amount of damages. It is important to
      note that Horn is not required to establish its damages with a finite degree
      of accuracy; rather, Horn may establish its approximate damages so long
      as there is a reasonable basis for Horn’s computation.

      For the first calculation of damages, identified as “Traditional Breach Damages,”
Horn & Associates stated: “The appropriate remedy is to put Horn in the same position it
would have been but for the NASA material breach.” (emphasis in original).” Horn &
Associates claimed that “Horn will prove that NASA would have recovered
$2,068,000,000 of payments erroneously made by NASA, if NASA had not breached the
contract with Horn,” and “[i]t is only a simple mathematical operation to then determine
what Horn’s percentage of recovery would be as compensation for its work on the NASA
contract. Horn's contingent fee was 13.5% of that recovered sum which would have been
$279,000,000.00.”52
52 Horn & Associates appears to have reached this number by taking the total amount of
all contract payments on all types of contracts for Fiscal Years 1997-2005
($57,439,000,000.00), multiplied by the “OMB’s pronouncement above that the
Government's error rate for making erroneous payments is 4%,” and assuming a 90%
collection rate for all improper payments = $2,068,000,000.00. Multiplying Horn &
                                           23
       For the second calculation of damages in the certified claim, labeled as an
“Alternative Remedy,” Horn & Associates claimed that:

       Horn should, at a minimum, be entitled to recover a considerable sum based
       solely on the limited number of contract payments that Horn was allowed to
       review despite the material breaches by NASA. Horn's work uncovered in
       excess of $121,000,000 in erroneous payments. Application of the 90%
       recovery factor indicates that NASA would have recovered $109,000,000
       by following through on these erroneous payments as NASA was required
       to do under its contract with Horn. Assuming such recovery, then Horn
       would be entitled to be paid 13.5% of the recovered funds or $14,700,000.
       Thus, that amount would be the sum to which Horn is entitled to put it in the
       same position it would have been in, but for the NASA breaches, with the
       further proviso that it only addresses the limited contract payments that
       Horn actually could review despite the significant and material breaches by
       NASA.

For the third calculation of damages in the certified claim, labeled as a “Further Alternative
Remedy,” Horn & Associates claimed that:

       Even should NASA determine, improperly Horn believes, that the sums
       above are not an appropriate measure of Horn's damages, Horn is entitled
       to recover its actual costs and expenses incurred by Horn and its
       independent subcontractors. Horn has contacted each of its independent
       subcontractors and had them review the time they devoted and the costs
       they incurred. Likewise, Horn has reviewed its own records to determine
       time and expenses devoted on this contract by Horn staff. The sum of all
       such time and expenses plus an overhead and profit factor of 18% is
       $7,028,200.96. The information is presented on an individual basis for each
       Horn member, employee or subcontractor. Further, the information is
       broken out on a monthly basis. Supporting all this information are expense
       records and time diaries that were used to construct the documents.

(internal citation omitted). Horn & Associates also indicated:

       Horn should be entitled to receive at a bare minimum, compensation for its
       actual costs incurred. Such damages are often called “reliance damages.”
       Such damages, while not placing Horn in the same position it would have
       been, but for the breaches by NASA, would at least compensate Horn for
       its out-of-pocket expenses and for the time devoted to the performance of
       the Purchase Order.

Associates’ 13.5% contingency fee times $2,068,000,000.00 results in an amount of
$279,000,000.00.
                                             24
Exhibit 42 to the certified claim53 was the “Audit Cost Index,” and included an “Audit Cost
Summary, which listed all the expenses of Horn & Associates employees and
subcontractors, as well as “Auditor Expenses Paid by Horn.” The summary indicated the
total expenses for 2005 were $3,265,402.04, for 2006 the expenses were $3,753,731.31,
and the auditor expenses were $9,067.61, for a total of $7,028,200.96. The
$7,028,200.96 is the same amount listed in the “Further Alternative Remedy,” which
stated: “Horn has contacted each of its independent subcontractors and had them review
the time they devoted and the costs they incurred. Likewise, Horn has reviewed its own
records to determine time and expenses devoted on this contract by Horn staff. The sum
of all such time and expenses plus an overhead and profit factor of 18% is $7,028,200.96.”

        After the summary, the Audit Cost Index was divided into three sections: “Horn &
Associates, Inc., Recap of Expenses Reimbursed to Auditors,” “2005 Expense Summary
for each Horn Member, Employee or Subcontractor,” and “2006 Expense Summary for
each Horn Member, Employee or Subcontractor.” The first section “Horn & Associates,
Inc., Recap of Expenses Reimbursed to Auditors,” identified $9,067.61 of expenses, and
included items such as “NASA Postage,” “Ames Expenses,” and “Dryden Expenses.” 54
For the expense summary of each Horn employee or subcontractor, the form identified
the following categories: “Date, Days, Hours, Hourly Rate, $ for Hours, Trans, Meals,
Lodging, Per Diem, Travel Miles, Miles @ Eff Rate, Supplies/Equip., Total.” The expense
summary for each year also listed the “Avg time spent on NASA per week in addition to
above time,” and “Overhead at 18%.” The summaries included all twelve months from
each employee or subcontractor. The individual months for each employee were further
broken down to include: “Mgmt, Auditor Position, Date, Days, Hours, Activity, Location,
Hourly Rate, $ for Hours, Trans, Meals, Lodging, Per Diem, Travel Miles, Miles @ Eff
Rate, Supplies/Equip.”

        With regard to the language: “Horn should be entitled to receive at a bare minimum
compensation for its actual costs incurred,” at trial, Tom Horn acknowledged that he did
not give any significance to the term “actual costs incurred,” explaining it “really didn’t
register with me when I read this, reviewed the certified claim.” Tom Horn also indicated
regarding the “Further Alternative Remedy,” which stated “Horn is entitled to recover its
actual costs and expenses incurred by Horn and its independent subcontractors,” that the
term “actual costs and expenses,” “really didn’t have any significance because it really
didn’t register with me when I reviewed the document.” Mustapha Wai, who worked for
the Office of Inspector General (OIG) for NASA indicated when he first heard of Horn &
Associates’ certified claim:

53There were 42 exhibits to the certified claim. Specifically regarding exhibit 42, the Audit
Cost Index, the exhibit included the forms for 26 Horn & Associates employees and
subcontractors, and totaled 607 pages.
54 At closing argument, defendant’s counsel indicated that, “I don’t think we have a huge
problem with the nominal expenses of $9,067.61 that are reported on page 7896 of the
claim.”

                                             25
       As an auditor and my understanding of Horn being a professional audit firm
       as well, my expectation going forward when I read that was that actual cost
       incurred and expenses -- actual costs and expenses incurred are actually
       based -- in accounting terms and audit terms are based on costs actually
       incurred, whether expensed, which means money going out, or an
       obligation, which means you’ve indebted to pay at a later time. But our
       professional understanding was that there is evidence to substantiate such,
       whether it is invoice, whether there is billing statements, whether it is
       timesheets or canceled checks for payments that are being made out, or
       receiving reports to show supplies purchased, just whatever substantiating
       evidence that actually substantiates that these are costs that have been
       incurred in accounting terms, things that we were looking at to see if they
       support the $7 million.[55]

Tom Horn also testified that he was unaware that the term “actual costs incurred” was a
defined term in the Federal Acquisition Regulation.56

        Tom Horn offered his explanation of the certified claim during his trial testimony
and indicated that because the contract with NASA was “a contingency-based contract,”
“it didn’t require us in any part of the contract to maintain our time and expense records.”
Tom Horn also testified that Mr. Gammon, the previous counsel of record, in a July 2007
letter to Horn & Associates, indicated that:

       Horn is otherwise entitled to recover for the actual services and
       costs/expenses devoted to the NASA-breached contract. And these
       services/costs/expenses are a combination of the actual Horn
       services/costs     and    the      services/costs  of     the   independent
       auditor/contractors who worked on the NASA project for Horn. The legal
       term for this theory of damages is quantum meruit.
                                              ...
       We must impress upon our independent auditors/contractors the need for
       their immediate and close attention to this project. It is essential that they
       review the records that they have and that they make a detailed estimate of
       their time devoted to the NASA project on a daily basis. In that regard, they
       should preserve what records they have that will buttress their estimate of
       their actual time. Additionally, they should be cautioned that they may be
       examined, either in depositions or at trial, on their estimates so that they
55 Mr. Wai, on cross-examination, however, in discussing Horn & Associates’ damage
theories, indicated that “I don’t know the definition of -- the legal definition of reliance. I’m
not a lawyer. But out-of-pocket, I can understand that as an accountant. . . . I don’t
understand what the reliance damages are. I do understand out-of-pocket expenses.”
56The court notes, however, counsel for plaintiff asked Tom Horn: “Did you know that the
term ‘actual costs’ is used in some documents as defined in the Federal Acquisition
Register?” To which Tom Horn replied: “No.”

                                               26
          should only claim time that they actually spent. By the same token, it is
          essential that they recall and save proof of their actually incurred expenses.

(emphasis in original). As reflected in the July 2007 letter, Mr. Gammon had advised Horn
& Associates about its certified claim. After his death, and up to, and including trial,
defendant’s counsel repeatedly questioned whether plaintiff would raise an advice of
counsel defense related to Mr. Gammon’s assistance with the certified claim.57 As Mr.
Brunson repeatedly stated before and during trial, plaintiff has no intention of raising an
advice of counsel defense and has not done so in this case.

       In order to obtain a record of time and expenses, Tom Horn sent to Horn &
Associates employees and subcontractors affiliated with the NASA recovery audit a
“NASA Recovery Audit Expense Summary” which was “a summary of the time devoted
to our project and the expenses on our contract that I sent out to them.” Each of the
subcontractors, as well as the Horn & Associates employees, who worked on the NASA
audit completed the forms, or Horn & Associates filled it out on their behalf. For the
subcontractors, the individuals did not select the hourly rate that appears in the expense
summary. Mr. Young indicated on cross-examination, “I did not provide the hourly rate.”
Furthermore, Mr. Farrar indicated that regarding the forms, the subcontractors “were
instructed not to” fill out the hourly rate. Tom Horn testified that Horn & Associates had
decided to assign rates to the subcontractors “[b]ecause we just felt like we -- Larry Farrar,
Mike Lowry and myself -- could determine those rates better than anybody else,” and
placed that hourly rate on the form plaintiff provided.

        On direct examination, one of the subcontractors, Mr. Edgerton, testified he
selected an hourly rate of $155.00, “[b]ecause that's the one that I found in the contract
for Pricewaterhouse. And it's time and expenses so, you know, why pull a figure . . . out
of the air, have something with a basis for it, go back and look at a government contract.
That gives you a minimum.” 58 Mr. Edgerton indicated that he identified an hourly rate “out
of curiosity to see what the time was coming, so since we weren’t getting paid from NASA,
what it would have been if we hadn’t gotten a contract that wasn’t a contingency contract.”
Mr. Edgerton indicated on cross-examination that he was unaware that Horn & Associates
used a different hourly rate in submitting the certified claim. The subcontractors also
acknowledged not being paid the total amounts listed on expense summaries attached to
the certified claim. For example, when asked on cross-examination if he had been
“actually paid $682,900.96,” that was included in the certified claim, Mr. Hott replied: “Sure
wish I had been.”

57After
      the court’s earlier opinion granting plaintiff’s motion for partial summary judgment,
Mr. Gammon unexpectedly passed away. Mr. Brunson ably replaced Mr. Gammon and
zealously represented plaintiff at trial.
58  On cross-examination, Mr. Edgerton also indicated he selected an hourly rate of
$155.00 “based on a 2000 rate that the government was allowing for senior auditors,
different classifications in the year 2000.”

                                               27
       On cross-examination, Tom Horn testified that in trying to determine an hourly rate,
because “recovery auditors didn’t post hours because we all worked on a contingency
audit basis,” “[w]e went out just to the GSA schedule and pulled down just a number of
them.”59 Mr. Farrar testified that “we had no basis for hourly rates. We had never billed
anybody on an hourly rate. We didn’t know what our hourly -- what our work was worth
on an hourly basis because it was just then kind of put in as free to operate that way.” Mr.
Young testified that he had never charged an hourly rate and during the recovery audit at
Kennedy, “[w]e didn’t track our time, so we did our best to recreate an estimation.” Mr.
Hott indicated that the expense summary was “intended to be an estimate of with [sic]
what we would’ve normally expected to make under the circumstances.”

       Mr. Farrar indicated that “[o]ur expectation was that after we filed the claim, and
maybe naively on our part, that there would be a lot of conversation once NASA received
the claim, and there would be a lot of give and-take back and forth trying to resolve the
issue of the breach, and we would come to some solution to resolve it.”

       On January 25, 2008, Contracting Officer Patterson issued a four page final
decision.60 Contracting Officer Patterson stated that: “This letter is in response to Horn
and Associates, Incorporated, hereafter referred to as Horn, claims for $279,000,000.00,
$14,700,000.00 and $7,028,200.96 for alleged material breach of NASA Delivery Order
NNH05CC28D for Recovery Audit services. The claim is denied in its entirety.”61
Contracting Officer Patterson stated that “Horn asserts that it received no compensation
due to a material breach of the order by NASA. To the contrary, Horn received
compensation in accordance with the payment terms of the order that was awarded on a
contingency fee basis.” Contracting Officer Patterson continued:

         The ultimate decision as to what constitutes a debt lies not with Horn, but
         with the responsible NASA official at each Center in accordance with the
59   Tom Horn explained regarding the GSA schedules:

         Well, the three of us, the three principals, we had a discussion about this,
         and I went out to the GSA schedule and we first looked at the 520-9, which
         was the recovery audit schedule of people that were able to do recovery
         auditing, and we looked at the list and there was only a couple firms at that
         particular point in time that we noticed on there that did governmental
         recovery auditing, and those firms did not have an hourly rate on them. They
         were all contingency-based like us, and we didn’t have an hourly rate on
         our GSA schedule either.
60The court cites to the March 13, 2007 letter and the January 25, 2008 final decision,
extensively in this opinion. Neither party, however, called the author, Contracting Officer
Patterson, to testify at trial.
61Prior to the issuance of the final decision, Mr. Ward, the chief assistant in NASA’s Chief
Financial Officer’s office indicated, on December 19, 2007 that “he believed the Horn
Certified Claim should be investigated as a ‘false claim’ to the Government.”
                                              28
       SOW and FAR Part 32. Horn did not comply with the delivery order terms
       and audit as stated under the basic years as awarded, 1998-2003 or fiscal
       years 1997-2002, and failed to submit the required management report at
       the end of the initial basic period to allow NASA to evaluate the progression
       of the audit and make any necessary adjustment to the audit project plan
       as stated in Task 3 of the order.

Turning to Horn & Associates’ remedies, Contracting Officer Patterson addressed Horn
& Associates’ first remedy for breach:

       The first is a recovery of some $279,000 000.00. This amount sought in
       quantum, is based on a calculation of 13.5 percent of the $2,068,000,000
       amount that Horn contends that NASA could have recovered in erroneous
       payments. The $2,068,000,000 equates to 4 percent of $57,439,999,999 in
       NASA payments during the years 1997-2005, with an adjustment for a 90
       percent recovery rate. Horn cites to a pronouncement by the Office of
       Management & Budget (OMB) that “4 percent of all federal payments made
       are improper or erroneous/overpayments.” The amounts claimed have no
       supportive basis in fact.

(internal citation omitted). For Horn & Associates’ second remedy for breach, and the first
alternative theory proposed by plaintiff in the certified claim, Contracting Officer Patterson
indicated:

       The first “alternative breach remedy” is a calculation based on the “limited
       number of contract payments that Horn was allowed to review.” Horn claims
       its work uncovered a supposed potential recovery amount of some
       $109,000 000; applying the 13.5 percent contingency fee provision in the
       delivery order equates to an amount of $14,700,000 to put [Horn] in the
       same position it would have been [but for the alleged NASA breaches].
       Again, the amount claimed has no basis in fact.

(brackets in original and internal citation omitted).

       Finally, for the third remedy of breach and the second alternative theory proposed
by plaintiff in the certified claim, the “Further Alternative Remedy,” Contracting Officer
Patterson indicated:

       Horn seeks a further “alternative remedy” based on entitlement to recover
       from NASA “actual costs and expenses incurred” by Horn in its performance
       of the delivery order. Horn claims the actual expense incurred by its staff,
       “plus an overhead and profit factor of 18 percent,” is $7,028,200.96. Horn
       knowingly and willingly accepted at award a contingency fee payment
       arrangement for the performance of recovery audit services. Therefore,
       Horn is not entitled to reimbursement of actual costs incurred.

                                              29
Contracting Officer Patterson finally determined, “[b]ased on the conclusion that Horn has
failed to demonstrate entitlement for an adjustment to the delivery order, and has also
materially misrepresented in its claim the facts and circumstances of the performance
issues it alleges in its claim under the delivery order, the claim is denied in its entirety.”

         Ultimately, prior to trial, NASA identified several claims which had been denied
during or shortly after the recovery audit, but which NASA subsequently concluded were
valid claims that should have been approved for collection, rather than denied. In its post-
trial briefing, defendant acknowledged that there were $992,557.38 in valid overpayments
that NASA had failed to pursue and process on which Horn & Associates was owed a
contingency fee. The court notes, however, that plaintiff takes issue with defendant’s
characterization of “valid,” arguing that:

          Nearly all of the recommended debts submitted by Horn to NASA were
          valid, meaning that based on the information available to Horn during the
          audit, the individual claim should have been pursued. As numerous
          witnesses testified, Horn had no incentive (and, because of the contingent
          fee nature of the Contract, actually had a disincentive) to spend time
          working on and submitting recommended debts that Horn’s auditors knew
          to not be valid. Each individual claim submitted by Horn was based on the
          information available to the Horn auditors at the time, and Horn believed
          each of those individual claims to have been valid.[62]

       After Contracting Officer Patterson issued his final decision, on June 6, 2008, Horn
& Associates timely filed a complaint in this court. Like the certified claim, Horn &
Associates raised three alternative causes of action, and sought the same amounts:
$279,000,000.00 for breach of contract, $17,599,550.00 for constructive partial
termination for convenience, and $7,028,200.96 for equitable relief. In an opinion issued
by the court prior to trial, the court granted plaintiff’s motion for partial summary judgment
regarding contract interpretation. Plaintiff claimed that the contract’s Statement of Work
directed Horn & Associates to perform a primary audit recovery on all contract payments

62   Plaintiff also argues that:

         Horn contends that the present collectability of any of the individual claims,
         now 7 or 8 years after Horn’s auditors submitted them to the NASA Centers
         and lacking the complete documentation that was available during the
         period of performance, is irrelevant to the question of whether NASA
         materially breached the Contract in 2005-07, and what Horn’s damages
         should be as a result of NASA’s breaches. Horn has proved breach by
         demonstrating NASA’s gross misconduct during the period of performance
         and it has proved damages by establishing what would have happened in
         the “but for world” if NASA had performed as agreed. The claims files today
         are a very extensively proved, but marginally relevant side show.

                                              30
between October 1, 1997 through September 30, 2003,63 whereas defendant argued that
“the purchase order was for the auditing of fixed price contracts,” for that same time period
because the RFQ was limited to audits “on payments made from all fixed price contracts.”
(emphasis in original). The court concluded that the Statement of Work attached to NASA
Contract signed by Horn & Associates and the Contracting Officer determined the scope
of the agreement between the parties and required the plaintiff to perform a primary audit
recovery on all contract payments for the time period specified. See Horn & Assocs., Inc.
v. United States, 104 Fed. Cl. 121, 136 (2012).

        After the court’s decision, plaintiff filed an amended complaint, albeit without
specific mention of the three claims and their specific dollar amounts. Instead, plaintiff
listed a single cause of action, breach of contract, and in the prayer for relief requested
that “the Court enter judgment for Horn and against NASA on the breach of contract cause
of action and award Horn expectation damages, reliance damages, and/or any other type
of damages which the Court deems appropriate, in an amount to be proven at trial.” In
response, defendant filed an answer to the amended complaint and a counterclaim.64
Defendant asserts a counterclaim in this court against plaintiff under the False Claims
Act, 31 U.S.C. § 3729 (2012), as well as an affirmative defense65 under the Special Plea
in Fraud statute, 28 U.S.C. § 2514 (2012) and the anti-fraud provision of the Contract
Disputes Act, 41 U.S.C. § 7103(b)(1) (2012). In count one of its counterclaim, regarding
the Special Plea in Fraud statute, defendant argues that “Horn knowingly and deliberately
overstated its incurred costs with the intent to cause the United States to pay Horn more
than the amount to which Horn knew it was entitled under the contract and pursuant to
applicable laws and regulations,” and, therefore, “Horn is liable for the forfeiture of its
certified claim, in its entirety, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2514.” Defendant argues in count
two of its counterclaim, regarding the anti-fraud provision of the Contract Disputes Act,
that “Horn is unable to support portions of its actual costs claim, as alleged above, due to
misrepresentations of fact or fraud,” and, therefore, “Horn is liable to the United States
pursuant to 41 U.S.C. § 604 for the unsupported portions of its claims, the exact amount
to be proven at trial, as well as the United States’ costs attributable to reviewing such
63 As noted above, although the NASA Contract had originally called for Horn &
Associates to conduct the recovery audit for contract payments made during October 1,
1997 through September 30, 2003, the NASA Contract subsequently was modified to
cover contract payments from October 1, 1997 through September 30, 2005.

64Defendant had initially filed a counterclaim along with an amended answer to plaintiff’s
complaint, but subsequently, defendant filed a corrected amended answer and
counterclaim, because, despite prior assertions to the contrary, the statements in the
answer to the amended complaint were not identical to statements in defendant’s original
answer.
65Although the defendant frames the Special Plea in Fraud statute and the anti-fraud
provision of the Contract Disputes Act as affirmative defenses, defendant lists both the
Special Plea in Fraud statute and the anti-fraud provision of the Contract Disputes Act as
counts to its counterclaim.
                                             31
parts of its claims.” Regarding the False Claims Act, in count three of its counterclaim,
defendant claims, “Horn knowingly presented, or caused to be presented, a false or
fraudulent claim to officers or employees of the United States for payment or approval,”
and, therefore, “Horn is liable pursuant to the False Claims Act.” In count four of its
counterclaim, also regarding the False Claims Act, defendant alleges that “[f]or the
purpose of getting false or fraudulent claims paid or approved by the Government, Horn
knowingly made, used, or caused to be made or used, false records or statements
material to a false or fraudulent claim,” and, therefore, “Horn is liable pursuant to the False
Claims Act.”

       In its post-trial briefing the defendant stated:

       The Government does not pretend that its own performance in connection
       with the recovery audit was perfect. Indeed, for reasons that we
       acknowledge fully below, it was not, with the result that, at the conclusion
       of the audit, Horn was owed an additional contingency fee based upon
       $992,557.38 in valid overpayments that NASA failed to pursue and process.
       Horn’s own subsequent conduct, however, has wiped out its entitlement to
       even that amount, and renders it liable to the Government for substantial
       damages in fraud.

       Due to the potential forfeiture of plaintiff’s claims under the Special Plea in Fraud
statute, or the potential forfeiture of the unsupported portions of plaintiff’s claims under
the anti-fraud provision of the Contract Disputes Act, the court addresses defendant’s
counterclaim and affirmative defenses before addressing plaintiff’s claims. This opinion
is issued following a lengthy trial, and after review of all the information now in the
record.66

                                        DISCUSSION

       Defendant argues that:

       [H]aving failed to make the profit that it expected on the NASA recovery
       audit, Horn submitted a certified claim that alleged various contractual
       breaches and demanded $7,028,200.96 in ‘actual costs incurred’ in
       performing the NASA recovery audit. Although presented as a figure that
       was exact to the penny and ostensibly supported by backup documentation,
       this amount was, in truth, neither actual nor incurred, but rather represented
       an arbitrary, inflated amount that Horn thought NASA might pay.

According to defendant, this decision to submit the certified claim, in the view of the
government was “quintessential fraud under the FCA [False Claims Act], Special Plea in
Fraud, and the CDA’s antifraud provision, and it mandates the forfeiture of Horn’s breach
66As indicated above, also before the court are the post-trial filings by the parties, which
even today, do not agree on the number of claims submitted by plaintiff or how to
characterize the claims.
                                              32
claims, and renders Horn liable for statutory fines, and payment to the Government of the
unsupported $7 million amount, plus the costs of review.” The government summarizes
its argument by claiming:

       The overarching reality is simply that, when Horn represented in its certified
       claim that its claimed hours, rates and overheads were “actual,” when in
       truth, aside for a nominal amount of claimed expenses, those costs did not
       exist, were not real, were never paid and were not liabilities, it made a false
       statement for purposes of the FCA, Special Plea in Fraud, and the CDA’s
       Anti-Fraud provision. In other words, Horn’s representations to the
       Government regarding the nature of these purported expenses were false
       under any reasonable interpretation.

(emphasis in original).

       In response, plaintiff claims that:

       Each of these counterclaims is based on the inclusion of the phrase “actual
       costs incurred” in the third measure of damages in Horn’s Certified Claim
       and the Government’s erroneous contention that the mere inclusion of those
       words irrespective of the context automatically transforms the Certified
       Claim into a submission for payment on a cost-type contract. Horn’s
       Certified Claim, however, was not a request for payment on a cost-type
       contract. Rather, it was effectively a complaint asserting liability of NASA
       for breach of a contingency fee contract.

Plaintiff, therefore, argues that “NASA fails to meet the elements of the counterclaims
asserted and its fraud claims could only have merit if one suspends common sense,
ignores context, and relies on unproved assumptions instead of reality.”

I.     Special Plea in Fraud

         As noted above, in its counterclaim, defendant argues that “Horn knowingly and
deliberately overstated its incurred costs with the intent to cause the United States to pay
Horn more than the amount to which Horn knew it was entitled under the contract and
pursuant to applicable laws and Regulations,” and, therefore, “Horn is liable for the
forfeiture of its certified claim, in its entirety, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2514.” In its post-trial
brief, defendant argues that evidence at trial proved, by the use of the phrase “actual
costs incurred,” plaintiff made multiple false statements with actual knowledge of their
falsity. Defendant also claims that “[a]lthough engineered to appear as a claim for actual
costs incurred, Horn’s claim sought significant dollar amounts beyond any costs incurred
and was in fact a ‘negotiating ploy’ and submitted to get NASA to ‘pay attention.’”

      Plaintiff responds that “[a]lthough the Government asserts that the third measure
of damages in Horn’s Certified Claim was ‘engineered to appear as a claim for actual

                                                33
costs incurred,’ it failed to prove this claim. Rather, the evidence showed that the Certified
Claim was not misleading and was not intended to mislead.” (internal citation omitted).

       The Special Plea in Fraud statute provides:

       A claim against the United States shall be forfeited to the United States by
       any person who corruptly practices or attempts to practice any fraud against
       the United States in the proof, statement, establishment, or allowance
       thereof.

       In such cases the United States Court of Federal Claims shall specifically
       find such fraud or attempt and render judgment of forfeiture.

28 U.S.C. § 2514; see also Kellogg Brown & Root Servs., Inc. v. United States, 728 F.3d
1348, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2013), reh’g denied, 563 F. App’x 769 (Fed. Cir.), cert. denied, 135
S. Ct. 167 (2014). In Kellogg Brown & Root, the United States Court of Appeals for the
Federal Circuit unequivocally held that “[o]n its face, the statute is limited to those
circumstances where the Government proves fraud ‘in the proof, statement,
establishment or allowance’ of a claim not in the execution of a contract.” Id. at 1366
(footnote omitted).

         Previous decisions by Judges of the United States Court of Federal Claims have
indicated that “[t]he statutory forfeiture contemplated by 28 U.S.C. § 2514 is broad.
Earlier, the Court of Claims held that, upon a finding that claims are based on ‘a contract
under which [a contractor] practiced fraud against the Government,’ as defined by this
statute, ‘all of his claims under that contract will be forfeited pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2514.’
Little v. United States, 138 Ct. Cl. 773, [778,] 152 F. Supp. 84, 88 (1957).” Veridyne Corp.
v. United States, 83 Fed. Cl. 575, 586 (2008); see also Kellogg Brown & Root Servs., Inc.
v. United States, 99 Fed. Cl. 488, 496 (2011), aff’d, 728 F.3d 1348 (Fed. Cir. 2013), reh’g
denied, 563 F. App’x 769 (Fed. Cir.), cert. denied, 135 S. Ct. 167 (2014). In AEY, Inc. v.
United States, the court noted that Little has served as the basis for decisions in this court
holding that fraud in the performance of a contract leads to forfeiture of all claims arising
out of the contract.” AEY, Inc. v. United States, 114 Fed. Cl. 619, 628 (2014).

       As articulated by a Judge of the United States Court of Federal Claims:

       In order to satisfy § 2514, however, the fraud alleged must be related to the
       contract at issue. Little v. United States, 138 Ct. Cl. 773, 152 F. Supp. 84,
       87-88 (1957). Fraud in an unrelated transaction will not lead to forfeiture
       under this statute. However, when fraud is committed in regard to the very
       contract upon which the suit is brought, the court will not divide the contract
       and allow recovery on part of it. Id.; UMC Electronics v. United States, 43
Fed. Cl. 776, 791 (1999), aff’d, 249 F.3d at 1340 ([Fed. Cir.] 2001).

       In order to prevail in its defense of fraud under 28 U.S.C. § 2514, the
       “burden is on the government to establish by clear and convincing evidence

                                              34
      that the claimant has committed the fraud alleged.” Glendale [Federal Bank,
      FBS v. United States], 239 F.3d at 1379; UMC Electronics, 43 Fed. Cl. at
      791 (internal citation omitted). This requirement has more specifically been
      rendered in the following way: “in order that a misrepresentation be
      fraudulent . . .it must be both consciously false and intended to mislead.” E.
      Allan Farnsworth, Farnsworth on Contracts, § 4.12 (2d Ed.1998). Thus, for
      the purposes of § 2514, the government must show: 1) that the plaintiff
      made a false statement to the government knowing that it was false; and 2)
      that this statement was intended to deceive the government. Glendale, 239
F.3d at 1379.

Am. Heritage Bancorp v. United States, 61 Fed. Cl. 376, 385-86 (2004). In Brown
Construction Trades, Inc. v. United States, 23 Cl. Ct. 214 (1991), the court explained the
breadth of the statutory intent in 28 U.S.C. § 2514:

      This statute has been held to require the forfeiture of any claim affected by
      fraud, whether intrinsic to the claim or in the presentment of the claim.
      Kamen Soap Prods. Co. v. United States, 129 Ct. Cl. 619, 641, 124 F. Supp.
608, 620 (1954) (“this statute goes further than merely banning fraudulent
      claims. It provides for a forfeiture of the claim if any fraud is practiced or
      attempted to be practiced in proving, establishing or allowing a claim.”).

      The Court of Claims has ruled that where fraud is committed in the course
      of a contract to which the suit pertains, it may not isolate the affected part
      and allow suit to proceed on the remainder. The practice of a fraud on part
      of a contract condemns the whole. The rule is set out in Little v. United
      States, 138 Ct. Cl. 773, 778, 152 F. Supp. 84, 87-88 (1957):

             It is true that the forfeiture statute [28 U.S.C. § 2514] was not
             intended to forfeit an otherwise valid claim of a claimant
             merely because, in some other unrelated transaction, he had
             defrauded the Government. But where, as in the present
             case, fraud was committed in regard to the very contract upon
             which the suit is brought, this court does not have the right to
             divide the contract and allow recovery on part of it. Since
             plaintiff’s claims are based entirely upon contract V3020V-
             241, a contract under which he practiced fraud against the
             Government, all of his claims under that contract will be
             forfeited pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2514.

      Thus, 28 U.S.C. § 2514 requires the forfeiture of all claims arising under a
      contract tainted by fraud against the Government. See also New York Mkt.
      Gardeners’ Ass’n v. United States, 43 Ct. Cl. 114, 136, 1907 WL 832 (1908).

                                            35
Brown Constr. Trades, Inc. v. United States, 23 Cl. Ct. at 216; see also Ab-Tech Constr.,
Inc. v. United States, 31 Fed. Cl. 429, 435-36 (1994), aff’d, 57 F.3d 1084 (Fed. Cir. 1995).
But see Kellogg Brown & Root Servs., Inc. v. United States, 99 Fed. Cl. at 499.67

        As noted above, in an appeal from the trial court, in Kellogg Brown & Root, the
United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit noted the government had argued
for “a finding of fraud, supporting forfeiture, ‘when fraud in the contract performance
undermined the legitimacy of the contract upon which the plaintiff sought compensation.’”
Kellogg Brown & Root Servs., Inc. v. United States, 728 F.3d at 1365-66. The Federal
Circuit, quoting from the trial court decision regarding the Brown Construction decision,
indicated that:

       This is an impermissibly broad reading of the law. The Court of Federal
       Claims correctly limited the statute:

               A valid cause of action under [the Forfeiture Statute] must be
               tied to the submission of a claim, whether in producing false
               proof to support a claim, see, e.g., [Kamen Soap Prods. Co.
               v. United States, 124 F. Supp. 608, 622 (Ct. Cl. 1954)]
67In Kellogg Brown & Root Services, Inc. v. United States, the Court of Federal Claims
questioned Brown’s holding:

       Several decisions have seized upon this language as justification that all
       claims must be forfeited by a contract that is “tainted” by fraud, without
       regard to the alleged fraud's connection to a submitted claim. See, e.g.,
       Brown Constr. Trades, Inc. v. United States, 23 Cl. Ct. 214, 216 (1991). In
       doing so, these cases overlook Little's predicate factual finding that false
       proof had been submitted in a related claim under the contract.
                                           ...
       In analyzing the applicability of the forfeiture statute, the Brown Construction
       court expanded the scope of the targeted conduct under the statute, while
       somehow relying on Little, 152 F. Supp. at 87–88, Kamen Soap, 124 F.
       Supp. at 620, and New York Market, 43 Ct. Cl. at 114, by stating that “28
       U.S.C. § 2514 requires the forfeiture of all claims arising under a contract
       tainted by fraud against the Government.” Id. (emphasis added). As a
       consequence, the court effectively read out of the law the requirement that
       the fraud relate to the “proof, statement, establishment, or allowance” of
       claim, a hallmark of every precedential Court of Claims case analyzing
       claims under the forfeiture statute. See also Ab–Tech Constr., Inc. v. United
       States, 31 Fed. Cl. 429, 435–36 (1994) (repeating that forfeiture statute
       requires forfeiture of all claims tainted by fraud without requiring such fraud
       relate to “proof, statement, establishment, or allowance” of a claim), aff'd,
       57 F.3d 1084 (Fed. Cir. 1995) (unpublished table decision) (per curiam).

Kellogg Brown & Root Servs., Inc. v. United States, 99 Fed. Cl. at 500.

                                             36
               (forfeiting claim because falsified documentation was
               submitted in presentation of claim), or in falsely establishing
               the claim, see, e.g., [N.Y. Mkt. Gardeners' Ass'n v. United
               States, 43 Ct. Cl. 114, 136 (1908)] (Government's objection to
               claim based on contractor's not fulfilling contract specification,
               i.e., “establishment” of a false claim).

Kellogg Brown & Root Servs., Inc. v. United States, 728 F.3d at 1366 (quoting Kellogg
Brown & Root Servs., Inc. v. United States, 99 Fed. Cl. at 501) (alterations in original);
see also Liquidating Trustee Ester Du Val of KI Liquidation, Inc. v. United States, 116
Fed. Cl. 338, 379 (2014); AEY, Inc. v. United States, 114 Fed. Cl. at 628-29;68 Ulysses,
Inc. v. United States, 110 Fed. Cl. 618, 649 (2013) (“[S]uch an expansive reading of the
FFCA [Forfeiture of Fraudulent Claims Act] is not warranted by the language of the
statute.”).

       Under the Special Plea in Fraud statute, “the government must ‘establish by clear
and convincing evidence that the contractor knew that its submitted claims were false,
and that it intended to defraud the government by submitting those claims.’” Daewoo
Eng’g & Constr. Co. v. United States, 557 F.3d 1332, 1341 (Fed. Cir.) (quoting Comm.
Contractors, Inc. v. United States, 154 F.3d 1357, 1362 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g denied (Fed.
Cir. 1998)), reh’g and reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir.), cert. denied, 558 U.S. 990 (2009);
see also Veridyne Corp. v. United States, 758 F.3d 1371, 1376-77 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g and
reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2014); Kellogg Brown & Root Servs., Inc. v. United States,
728 F.3d at 1365 (“To prevail, the Government must prove its allegations by clear and
convincing evidence.”); Railway Logistics Int’l v. United States, 103 Fed. Cl. 252, 257-58
(2012). In Glendale Federal Bank, FSB v. United States, the United States Court of
Appeals for the Federal Circuit “explained that ‘[t]o prevail under [28 U.S.C. § 2514] the
government is required to establish by clear and convincing evidence that the contractor
knew that its submitted claims were false, and that it intended to defraud the government
by submitting those claims.’”69 Glendale Fed. Bank, FSB v. United States, 239 F.3d 1374,
1379 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (brackets in original) (quoting Comm. Contractors, Inc. v. United
States, 154 F.3d at 1362); see also Young-Montenay, Inc. v. United States, 15 F.3d 1040,
68As noted in AEY, “[i]n upholding the trial court's decision in KBR I, the Federal Circuit
did not address that court's interpretation of the continuing validity of Little. The Federal
Circuit only confirmed the invalidity of much of its progeny.” AEY, Inc. v. United States,
114 Fed. Cl. at 629.
69 The “clear and convincing” standard applies to proof under the Special Plea in Fraud
statute, 28 U.S.C. § 2514, as opposed to the preponderance of the evidence standard
applicable to the False Claims Act, 31 U.S.C. § 3729, and the Contract Disputes Act, 41
U.S.C. § 604. See UMC Elecs. Co. v. United States, 249 F.3d 1337, 1338-39 (Fed. Cir.
2001) (“The government must prove a violation of the Contract Disputes Act and False
Claims Act by a preponderance of the evidence. Under the Special Plea in Fraud, the
government must prove its allegations by clear and convincing evidence.” (citing Comm.
Contractors, Inc. v. United States, 154 F.3d at 1362)).

                                             37
1042 (Fed. Cir. 1994) (“Under 28 U.S.C. § 2514, the government bears the burden of
proving that the claimant (1) knew the claim was false and (2) intended to deceive the
government by submitting it.” (citing McCarthy v. United States, 670 F.2d 996, 1004, 229
Ct. Cl. 361, 373 (1982), abrogated on other grounds by Slattery v. United States, 635
F.3d 1298 (Fed. Cir. 2011))); Veridyne Corp. v. United States, Veridyne Corp. v. United
States, 105 Fed. Cl. 769, 808, modified, 107 Fed. Cl. 762 (2012), aff’d in part, rev’d in
part, 758 F.3d 1371 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g and reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2014);70
Daewoo Eng’g & Constr. Co. v. United States, 73 Fed. Cl. 547, 584 (2006) (“The
contractor must knowingly present the false claim with the intention of being paid for it.”),
aff’d, 557 F.3d 1332 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g and reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir.), cert. denied,
558 U.S. 990 (2009); O’Brien Gear & Mach. Co. v. United States, 219 Ct. Cl. 187, 199,
591 F.2d 666, 672 (1979); Miller v. United States, 213 Ct. Cl. 59, 68, 550 F.2d 17, 22
(1977); Kamen Soap Prods. Co. v. United States, 129 Ct. Cl. 619, 641, 124 F. Supp. 608,
620 (1954).

        Mere negligence, inconsistency, or discrepancies are not actionable under the
Special Plea in Fraud statute. See Daewoo Eng’g & Constr. Co. v. United States, 73 Fed.
Cl. at 584; Veridyne Corp. v. United States, 105 Fed. Cl. at 801; Grand Acadian, Inc. v.
United States, 105 Fed. Cl. 447, 458 (“‘Proof of negligence or ineptitude does not meet
the standard of clear and convincing evidence; rather, “[a]n intent to deceive the
Government must be proved.”’” (bracket in original) (quoting Alcatec, LLC v. United
States, 100 Fed. Cl. 502, 517 (2011) (quoting Miller v. United States, 213 Ct. Cl. at 68,
550 F.2d at 22), aff’d, 471 F. App’x 899 (Fed. Cir. 2012))), appeal dismissed (Fed. Cir.
2012). The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has described the clear
and convincing evidence standard as follows:

       “A requirement of proof by clear and convincing evidence imposes a heavier
       burden upon a litigant than that imposed by requiring proof by preponderant
       evidence but a somewhat lighter burden than that imposed by requiring
       proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Clear and convincing evidence has been
       described as evidence which produces in the mind of the trier of fact an
       abiding conviction that the truth of a factual contention is ‘highly probable.’”

Am-Pro Prot. Agency, Inc. v. United States, 281 F.3d 1234, 1240 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (quoting
Price v. Symsek, 988 F.2d 1187, 1191 (Fed. Cir. 1993)) (emphasis in original); see also
Hernandez, Kroone & Assocs., Inc. v. United States, 110 Fed. Cl. 496, 525 (2013) (citing
Am-Pro Prot. Agency, Inc. v. United States, 281 F.3d at 1239–40 (other citation omitted)),
recons. denied, 2013 WL 3199299 (Fed. Cl. Mar. 29, 2013).

      “The court may . . . consider circumstantial evidence in making its determination.”
Alcatec, LLC v. United States, 100 Fed. Cl. at 517 (citing Kamen Soap Prods. Co. v.
United States, 129 Ct. Cl. at 642, 124 F. Supp. at 620). With respect to the court’s
70The court in Veridyne also has indicated that, regarding 28 U.S.C. § 2514, “[a] predicate
for forfeiture under this statute is the establishment of fraud, although the statute itself
does not articulate the elements of fraud.” Veridyne Corp. v. United States, 105 Fed. Cl.
at 801.
                                             38
analysis of circumstantial evidence to demonstrate clear and convincing evidence of
fraud, the United States Court of Claims explained:

       About the only way a just conclusion can be reached is by placing the
       questioned documents and statements alongside well-known and
       established facts Every event in the universe is linked to every other event.
       One cause produces an effect, and that effect in turn becomes a cause thus
       all events from the beginning of time are woven into one complete pattern.
       It is difficult, therefore, to make up a story that is not part of this one
       continuous design It is like a patch on a suit of clothes—it may be made out
       of the same cloth, may look the same in the middle, but will show around
       the edges, because it is not a part of the original garment. Likewise made-
       up story will not fit into the scheme of events, because it is not a part of it.
       It will not, therefore, stand close examination. One made-up story calls for
       another and the last fabrication will not tally with the next fact.

Kamen Soap Prods. Co. v. United States, 129 Ct. Cl. at 642, 124 F. Supp. at 620.

        Once fraud is established, “[t]he use of the word ‘shall’ [in 28 U.S.C. § 2514] makes
the judgment of forfeiture obligatory on the court; the court has no discretion to turn a
blind eye to an attempt, whether successful or not, to commit fraud in the statement of a
claim against the United States.” Am. Heritage Bancorp v. United States, 61 Fed. Cl. at
385; see also Farkas v. United States, 57 Fed. Cl. 134, 146 (2003) (quoting Miller v.
United States, 213 Ct. Cl. at 68, 550 F.2d at 22), aff’d, 95 F. App’x 355 (Fed. Cir. 2004)
(“Section 2514 amounts to a ‘silver bullet’ which, in the present case, would require that
[plaintiff’s] claim be forfeited if it is shown by clear and convincing evidence that [plaintiff]
acted or made false or misleading statements with the ‘intent to deceive the
Government.’”). Forfeiture under the Special Plea in Fraud statute “carries no monetary
penalties other than the forfeiture itself.” Daewoo Eng’g & Constr. Co. v. United States,
73 Fed. Cl. at 584. “The forfeiture counterclaim carries no monetary penalties other than
the forfeiture itself.” Id.; see also Barren Island Marina, Inc. v. United States, 44 Fed. Cl.
252, 257 (1999) (“The plain meaning of the statute [28 U.S.C. § 2514] is that the value of
the forfeiture is not restricted or even linked to the value of the loss sustained by the
government. For this reason, the forfeiture is not, strictly speaking, a remedy. Additionally,
because forfeiture under § 2514 requires demonstration of fraud-intentional conduct-the
forfeiture is more akin to punishment.”), appeal dismissed, 54 F. App’x 329 (Fed. Cir.),
vacated by 57 F. App’x 427 (Fed. Cir.), and appeal dismissed, 66 F. App’x 878 (Fed. Cir.
2003).

        Although the Special Plea in Fraud Statute does not require the court to render a
judgment of forfeiture when a contractor practices fraud against the government “in some
other unrelated transaction,” when a contractor commits fraud “in regard to the very
contract upon which the suit is brought, this court does not have the right to divide the
contract and allow recovery on part of it.” Little v. United States, 138 Ct. Cl. 773, 778, 152
F. Supp. 84, 88 (1957). The claims that a contractor asserts in court, therefore, may be
forfeited as long as the fraudulent conduct that serves as the basis for the forfeiture is

                                               39
related to the contract from which the claims are derived. See Daff v. United States, 31
Fed. Cl. 682, 697 (1994) (“Although . . . fraud does not have to occur in the court
proceeding itself, it plainly has to be relevant to the present assertion of a claim in court,
arising out of the same transaction or contract.” (citing Little v. United States, 138 Ct. Cl.
at 778, 152 F. Supp. at 87–88), aff’d, 78 F.3d 1566 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g denied, reh’g en
banc suggestion declined (Fed. Cir. 1996); see also Veridyne Corp. v. United States, 105
Fed. Cl. at 806 (“A plaintiff’s claim will be forfeited under 28 U.S.C. § 2514 even if only
part of its claims is [sic] false.” (citing Daewoo Eng’g & Constr. Co. v. United States, 557
F.3d at 1341)); Barren Island Marina, Inc. v. United States, 44 Fed. Cl. at 256 (“Based on
the Little case, there is no question that all claims arising under the contract are subject
to forfeiture.”). A fraudulent invoice submitted to a contracting officer during the
performance of the same contract that is the subject of a contractor’s claims, therefore,
may result in the forfeiture of the contractor’s claims under the Special Plea in Fraud
statute. See Tyger Constr. Co. v. United States, 28 Fed. Cl. 35, 61 (1993) (“The statute
does not specify where such claims must be presented in order to invoke the
statute. Claims for payment before a contracting officer are as subject to ‘proof,
statement, establishment, or allowance’ as are claims before the Court of Federal
Claims.”); see also Jerman v. United States, 96 Ct. Cl. 540, 552 (1942).

        As a starting point, for defendant’s counterclaim to be successful, defendant must
demonstrate that the counterclaim is “tied to the submission of a claim, whether in
producing false proof to support a claim, . . . or in falsely establishing the claim.” Kellogg
Brown & Root Servs., Inc. v. United States, 728 F.3d at 1366 (citations omitted). For the
third measure of damages, titled “Further Alternative Remedy,” Horn & Associates’ claim
certified:

       Even should NASA determine, improperly Horn believes, that the sums
       above are not an appropriate measure of Horn's damages, Horn is entitled
       to recover its actual costs and expenses incurred by Horn and its
       independent subcontractors. Horn has contacted each of its independent
       subcontractors and had them review the time they devoted and the costs
       they incurred. Likewise, Horn has reviewed its own records to determine
       time and expenses devoted on this contract by Horn staff. The sum of all
       such time and expenses plus an overhead and profit factor of 18% is
       $7,028,200.96. The information is presented on an individual basis for each
       Horn member, employee or subcontractor. Further, the information is
       broken out on a monthly basis. Supporting all this information are expense
       records and time diaries that were used to construct the documents.

(internal citation omitted). Defendant argues the key phrase, and the one that
demonstrates plaintiff’s fraud, is: “Horn is entitled to recover its actual costs and expenses
incurred by Horn and its independent subcontractors.”71 (emphasis added). Plaintiff
71In its post-trial briefs, defendant claims that “Horn made multiple four false statements
with actual knowledge of their falsity,” but then only identifies one category of false
statements: “Horn Knowingly Made False Statements Concerning Documentary Support
For Its ‘Actual Costs Incurred.’”
                                             40
argues that defendant has constructed a “disingenuous premise” on which to base its
counterclaim argument. Plaintiff also responds that “the Horn witnesses testified credibly
and consistently that they did not intend to state a claim for actual costs incurred,” and
point to the fact that “the Government chose not to present testimony from any witness
who received the Certified Claim to say they were misled by it.”

       Mr. Farrar offered testimony that the certified claim was not meant to reflect the
actual costs incurred, and despite that phrase, Mr. Farrer indicated that “quite frankly, I
don’t know how much clearer we could make it than this.” Mr. Farrar pointed to the
language of the certified claim stating: “It is important to note that Horn is not required to
establish as damages with a finite degree of accuracy. Rather Horn may establish
approximate damages so long as there is a reasonable basis for Horn's computation.” Mr.
Farrar also noted that for the third measure of damages, the “Further Alternative
Remedy:”

       We clearly state in the last sentence of paragraph two, “According to all of
       this information, our expenses records and time diaries that were used to
       construct the documents.” If we had actual expenditure documents, we
       wouldn’t have had to construct the documents. So I think that clearly again
       demonstrates that we’re approximating or constructing the documents to
       support our claim -- our remedy.

(quoting the certified claim). On direct examination, plaintiff’s counsel asked Mr. Farrar,
“[a]t the time that you reviewed the certified claim before it was submitted, what was your
understanding of the term ‘actual cost incurred?’” Mr. Farrar responded that “[m]y
understanding of that term -- first of all, that term simply meant to me that you’re talking
about actual time and expenses incurred.” When the government asked if “it's true that
Horn did not pay its subcontractors the amount of $1,889,306 as set forth in this
spreadsheet, correct?” Mr. Farrar reiterated that “[w]ell again, we can’t pay our
subcontractors if we haven’t been paid. So, I mean, technically speaking we had not paid
this at that point in time because we hadn't been paid for [sic] NASA.”

        With regard to the language, “Horn should be entitled to receive at a bare minimum
compensation for its actual costs incurred," at trial, Tom Horn acknowledged that he did
not give any significance to the term “actual costs incurred,” explaining “it really didn't
register with me when I read this, reviewed the certified claim.” Tom Horn further indicated
regarding the “Further Alternative Remedy,” which stated, “Horn is entitled to recover its
actual costs and expenses incurred by Horn and its independent subcontractors,” that the
term “actual costs and expenses,” “really didn't have any significance because it really
didn't register with me when I reviewed the document.”

        The “Further Alternative Remedy” language of the certified claim also indicated
that “[s]uch damages while not placing Horn in the same position it would have been but
for the breaches by NASA would at least compensate Horn for its out-of-pocket expenses
and for the time devoted to the performance of the purchase order.” Tom Horn testified
that the time devoted was the same as costs to him, because “we didn't actually pay out

                                             41
anything to our subcontractors or to ourselves. The only thing we had was the value of
our time.” On cross-examination, Tom Horn had the following exchange with defendant’s
counsel:

      And that's a document that at the top says Horn and Associates, Inc., NASA
      Audit Cost Summary. Do you see where I’m reading?

      A: Yes.

      Q: And there is a column for personnel, correct?

      A: Yes.

      Q: There is a column for the year 2005?

      A: Yes.

      Q: There's a column for the year 2006.

      A: Yes.

      Q: There is a column that states auditor expenses paid by Horn.

      A: Correct.

      Q: And there is a total column.

      A: Correct.

      Q: Is that correct? Now speaking specifically of the total column, these
      amounts total to $7,028,200.96. Is that correct?

      A: Yes.

      Q: And that is the same amount that you are seeking as your third measure
      of relief in the certified claim, correct?

      A: Yes.

      Q: Okay. Now in this total column there are a number of values. And my
      question to you is this, is there a single amount in this total column that was
      actually invoiced by Horn and paid to its subcontractors? Let me break it
      out. Is there a single amount in this total column that was actually paid by
      Horn to its subcontractors?

                                            42
       A: There may have been an instance where we’ve paid some expenses
       possibly. I don't remember right offhand.

       Q: But other than expenses, there are no amounts that appear in this NASA
       audit cost summary that were paid by Horn to any of the individuals listed
       in the personnel column. Isn't that the case?

       A: There may have been some salaries paid to some of the three principals,
       but for the most part these were not paid out.

       Q: Okay. Now, just to be clear, you believe that the principals received, I
       believe you indicated that the principals of Horn that appear in the personnel
       column may have received some salary. Did I understand it correctly?

       A: Yeah, but it would be, I’m telling you, it would be really minute because
       we didn't have any money.

       Q: But these exact figures, which are down to the penny, do not represent
       exact amounts that were paid to Horn principals or any of its subcontractors.
       Is that the case?

       A: The expenses in there were exact amounts.[72] I mean that we paid
       ourselves.

       Q: Were any other amounts, other than the expenses, amounts that were
       made to Horn's subcontractors and principals?

       A: No.

In its post-trial briefs, counsel for Horn & Associates includes the following question and
answer:

       Did Horn not actually pay any of its members, employees, or subcontractor
       the billing rates shown in the third measure of damages? Of course Horn
       did not pay those rates, as everyone was working on a contingency basis
       and the rates were obviously billing rates, not cost rates. These were not
       revelations; they were facts that were never in dispute. That the
       Government presented this “proof” as if it were making some important
       revelation reveals its case as an exercise in legal pretense and nothing
       more.

       In addition to identifying that plaintiff did not pay the actual costs incurred,
defendant argues further evidence of fraud is that Horn & Associates also did not conform
to the FAR’s definition of actual costs incurred. Defendant correctly notes that FAR §
72The “Audit Cost Summary” reflected the “expenses reimbursed to Auditors” in the
amount of $9,067.61.
                                            43
31.001 defines “actual costs” as “amounts determined on the basis of costs incurred, as
distinguished from forecasted costs,” 48 C.F.R. § 31.001 (2015), and argues that “[t]he
term ‘actual costs incurred’ is one that is common in the accounting industry, and its
meaning is no different from that provided in the FAR.” On direct examination, in response
to the question: what was your understanding how the term actual costs incurred was
defined in the FAR, Mr. Farrar states that “I did not know it was in the FAR,” and that “I
just had no reason to think that I needed to -- I don't -- the way I think I don't think I have
to look in FAR to see if every term that's used is defined in FAR. I would have never
thought of that.” Tom Horn also was unaware that the term “actual costs incurred” was a
defined term in the FAR. Defendant argues that “[a]lthough Mr. Horn professed ignorance
of the specific FAR definition of ‘actual costs incurred,’ Mr. Horn is a CPA and former
auditor who dealt with invoices and payments every day.” (internal citation omitted). As
noted above, Horn & Associates argues that “NASA presented no testimony that, upon
receiving the Certified Claim, anyone with responsibility for reviewing and acting upon it
received it in the way the Government now argues, as a statement of Horn’s actual costs
and expenses incurred as defined by the FAR.”73 Moreover, regarding the defendant’s
argument about the FAR, plaintiff states:

       In keeping with its façade of outrage, the Government devotes the majority
       of the counterclaim portion of its Response to arguing the undisputed point
       that Horn’s third measure of damages was not based on “actual costs
       incurred” as defined by the FAR. Horn agrees, as it always has told NASA
       from the beginning, that the claim was not based on “actual costs incurred”
       as defined by the FAR.

        The court believes defendant established that although the certified claim stated
the claim was based on “actual costs incurred,” plaintiff did not incur the costs identified
in the claim. Nor did plaintiff pay the amounts to its subcontractors, except expenses,
listed in the certified claim. The court, however, does not agree with defendant that the
use of the words “actual costs incurred” by themselves meets the definition of fraud. Nor
73 In a footnote, Horn & Associates argues that “[b]ecause the Government chose not to
call any witness who actually reviewed the Certified Claim when it was submitted
(although they were available), there is no evidence that NASA actually understood the
third measure of damages differently than Horn intended it, or as the Government’s own
expert testified was evident to him upon first reading.” Plaintiff claimed, therefore, that
the court should apply the principle “‘that where a party fails to call a witness available to
him and who has knowledge of material facts, the court may draw the inference that the
testimony of the witness concerning those facts would have been unfavorable to the
party.’” (quoting Day & Zimmerman Servs. v. United States, 38 Fed. Cl. 591, 603, appeal
dismissed, 12 F.3d 49 (Fed. Cir. 1997)). Plaintiff argues, therefore, that “the Court can
presume that the witnesses’ testimony would have been unfavorable to the Government
on this issue, which further supports the conclusion that the Government’s counterclaims
are entirely manufactured.” The court notes that although Mustapha Wai, who testified at
trial, worked for the OIG during the NASA audit and reviewed the certified claim after it
was submitted, defendant did not call either contracting officer involved in the NASA
Contract to address Horn & Associates’ certified claim.
                                              44
does the use of the phrase “actual costs incurred” evidence per se fraud on the plaintiff’s
part. The court does not believe the words by themselves, however wrongly chosen by
plaintiff, automatically demonstrates the intent to defraud the government. Here, Horn &
Associates did not bill the government for its time, it was performing the contract as a
recovery audit firm, and the contract with NASA was “a contingency-based contract,”
which only contemplated payment to Horn & Associates for any successful recovery by
NASA. The 13.5 percent contingency fee provision in the NASA Contract did not require
Horn & Associates to document its hours, expenses or billing rates. As Tom Horn
explained, “it didn't require us in any part of the contract to maintain our time and expense
records.” The court believes Tom Horn, as a CPA, should have been more aware of the
meaning of the phrase “actual costs incurred.”

        As reflected repeatedly in this opinion, plaintiff’s contract was a contingency
contract, and plaintiff was placed in a difficult position to try and recover monies it believed
it was entitled to as a result of the work plaintiff had completed under the NASA Contract.
Horn & Associates was convinced that NASA had breached the NASA Contract, making
complete performance impossible, including the roadblocks NASA employees put in the
way of contract performance, first by reading the NASA Contract to include only fixed
price contracts, and then the failure to make files available, and the failure to cooperate
with Horn & Associates personnel by failing to pursue collection of the overpayments
owed the government which were identified and submitted by plaintiff. Absent pursuit and
collection of the claims by NASA, monies due plaintiff, as a contingency fee under the
NASA Contract, would remain unavailable to plaintiff. As noted above, under the NASA
Contract, plaintiff would only be paid if NASA collected on an overpayment discovered
and identified to NASA by Horn & Associates, which had to be invoiced and collected by
NASA.

        Plaintiff’s certified claim was submitted following the end of contract performance
of this contingency fee contract, and after the relationship between the plaintiff and the
government broke down and plaintiff considered the government to have breached the
NASA Contract. The records in this case, therefore, were generated after the NASA
Contract was ended. In order to arrive at a damages figure for the certified claim that
represented what Horn & Associates believed it had expended on the recovery audit,
Horn & Associates inartfully described its potential costs as “actual costs and expenses”
in its certified claim. There is no evidence in the record, however, that Horn & Associates
or its principals intended to defraud the government or to submit a false claim. The court
believes plaintiff’s choice of words, “[s]upporting all this information are expense records
and time diaries that were used to construct the documents,” as well as that plaintiff
provided the government with the reconstructed expense records and time diaries, led to
confusion and, consequently, suspicion of the plaintiff on the part of the government.
Moreover, from the start of contract performance, the relationship between the parties
was poor at best. By claiming records were a reconstructed submission as the certified
claim against the government, Horn & Associates left itself vulnerable to a suspicion of
fraud and submitting false statements. After listening to, and observing, the Horn &
Associate witnesses and reviewing Mr. Lowery’s deposition, despite poor drafting choices
by Horn & Associates, the court does not believe Horn & Associates ever intended to

                                              45
defraud the government. The court believes, as supported by testimony at trial, that Horn
& Associates was unsure how collect from the government for their efforts expended on
the contract awarded to it. The government did not process the overpayments Horn &
Associates believed it had discovered and properly submitted to NASA, and, therefore,
Horn & Associates was not being paid.74 Only after the termination of the NASA Contract,
did Horn & Associates suggest an actual costs method of payment. As a recovery audit
firm, Horn & Associates was not well versed in how to select an hourly rate, or calculate
its time. The court believes Horn & Associates made numerous mistakes in formulating
the certified claim, but does not believe the mistakes rises to the level of fraud. Moreover,
the submission of alternative theories and dollar values in the alterative remedies
submitted to the government is further indication that the claims submitted by the plaintiff
involved reconstructed numbers based on the best information available not on precise
records.

       The court notes the difference between this case and a more typical fraudulent
records case is striking. For example, in Alcatec, LLC v. United States, the court found
that the plaintiff had committed fraud in performing an indefinite-delivery, indefinite
quantity, fixed-rate contract, which compensated the plaintiff for performing services that
included a monthly inspection of mobile homes. See generally Alcatec, LLC v. United
States, 100 Fed. Cl. 502. Like Horn & Associates, the plaintiff in Alcatec was a small
business contractor that had no experience providing similar services to the government.
See id. at 505. The Alcatec plaintiff admitted that it invoiced for “duplicate inspections,”
but asserted that its over-billing of defendant “was a product of mistake and confusion
and not the result of a scheme to intentionally defraud the Government.” Id. at 517. Noting
that the “routine nature” of the monthly inspections “was at the heart of the performance
that FEMA contracted for,” id. at 521, the Alcatec court concluded that the plaintiff
committed fraud by intentionally falsifying the dates that appeared on inspection reports.
See id. at 518. There is no suggestion of anything like that type of intentional fraud in this
case.

        This case is also vastly different from Chapman Law Firm LPA v. United States,
113 Fed. Cl. 555 (2013), aff’d, 583 F. App’x 915 (Fed. Cir. 2014). In Chapman, “plaintiff
falsified inspection reports for the East Dale Avenue, Trenton Street, Mount Elliott
Avenue, and Chester Street properties, which served as supporting documentation for its
claim to the management fee provided for conducting routine inspections under the
parties’ contract.” Id. at 601. The plaintiff in that case, Chapman Law Firm LPA,

       represented that routine inspections had occurred on the East Dale Avenue
       property on dates that lawn care services were provided, by creating routine
       inspection reports for the Trenton Street property which represented that an
       inspector had visited the property, which was contradicted by the post-hoc
       creation of the reports, the failure of the post-hoc reports to recognize that
       a fire had destroyed the property, and Frank Chapman’s direction to use
       any interaction with the Trenton Street property as evidence of a routine
74As noted above, for the 44 claims recovered by NASA, the total value was $208,954.91
and the fee paid to Horn & Associates was $28,209.00.
                                             46
           inspection, and by uploading questionable routine inspection reports for the
           Mount Elliott Avenue and Chester Street properties.

Id. In both Alcatec and Chapman, the court found intentional fraud under the Special Plea
in Fraud statute. The court does not believe the facts in the above captioned case warrant
the same conclusion.

        The court does not find the phrase, “actual costs incurred” alone to be proof
positive of fraud for Horn & Associates’ certified claim, nor does the court find the plaintiff’s
conduct demonstrates fraud in the context of the specific facts of the case currently under
review. Although defendant points to plaintiff’s failure to understand how the term “actual
cost incurred” was a term of art in the FAR, defendant is unable to demonstrate how this
failure to understand demonstrates intentional fraud. In its post-trial brief, Horn &
Associates argues that “Horn’s claims should not be forfeited under the Special Plea in
Fraud Statute,” because “NASA has failed to prove the elements of knowledge and intent.
Because the burden necessary to prove a Special Plea in Fraud is much higher [than for
the False Claims Act and the Contract Disputes Act], the claim fails.” The court concludes
that, although plaintiff should have been more precise in its choice of language, defendant
has failed to prove the requisite intent to establish fraud. Therefore, Horn & Associates is
not found to have practiced, or attempted to practice, a fraud against the United States
under the defendant’s claims with respect to the Special Plea in Fraud statute. Plaintiff’s
claims are not forfeited as a result.

     II.      False Claims Act

        In its counterclaim, defendant also argues that “Horn is liable pursuant to the False
Claims Act” because “Horn knowingly presented, or caused to be presented, a false or
fraudulent claim to officers or employees of the United States for payment or approval.”
Defendant claims “[f]or the purpose of getting false or fraudulent claims paid or approved
by the Government, Horn knowingly made, used, or caused to be made or used, false
records or statements material to a false or fraudulent claim,” and, therefore, “Horn is
liable pursuant to the False Claims Act.” In its post-trial brief, defendant contends that
Horn & Associates, in advancing its claim, “made multiple false statements concerning
documentary support for its ‘actual costs incurred.’” Horn & Associates responds that
“NASA must prove the following elements: (1) the claim presented was false; and (2) the
presenter knew that the claim was false or fraudulent,” and Horn & Associates argues
that “[h]ere, the Government has not established either element of its FCA counterclaim.”

        As indicated by the United States Supreme Court, “‘[t]he False Claims Act was
adopted in 1863 and signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln in order to combat
rampant fraud in Civil War defense contracts.’” Kellogg Brown & Root Servs., Inc. v. U.S.,
ex rel. Carter, 135 S. Ct. 1970, 1973 (2015) (quoting S. Rep. No. 99–345, at 8 (1986),
1986 U.S.C.C.A.N. 5266, 5273). The False Claims Act, 31 U.S.C. § 3729,75 provides that
any person who –
75The False Claims Act was amended in 2009. See Fraud Enforcement and Recovery
Act of 2009, Pub. L. No. 111–21, § 4(a), 123 Stat. 1617, 1621. The amendments are
                                               47
              (1) knowingly presents, or causes to be presented, to an
              officer or employee of the United States Government or a
              member of the Armed Forces of the United States a false or
              fraudulent claim for payment or approval;

              (2) knowingly makes, uses, or causes to be made or used, a
              false record or statement to get a false or fraudulent claim paid
              or approved by the Government;

              (3) conspires to defraud the Government by getting a false or
              fraudulent claim allowed or paid;

              (4) has possession, custody, or control of property or money
              used, or to be used, by the Government and, intending to
              defraud the Government or willfully to conceal the property,
              delivers, or causes to be delivered, less property than the
              amount for which the person receives a certificate or receipt;

              (5) authorized to make or deliver a document certifying receipt
              of property used, or to be used, by the Government and,
              intending to defraud the Government, makes or delivers the
              receipt without completely knowing that the information on the
              receipt is true;

              (6) knowingly buys, or receives as a pledge of an obligation or
              debt, public property from an officer or employee of the
              Government, or a member of the Armed Forces, who lawfully
              may not sell or pledge the property; or

              (7) knowingly makes, uses, or causes to be made or used, a
              false record or statement to conceal, avoid, or decrease an
              obligation to pay or transmit money or property to the
              Government,

treated “as if enacted on June 7, 2008, and apply to all claims under the False Claims Act
(31 U.S.C. 3729 et seq.) that are pending on or after that date.” § 4(f), 123 Stat. at 1625.
See AEY, Inc. v. United States, 114 Fed. Cl. at 633 (“The amended provision, 31 U.S.C.
§ 3729(a)(1)(B), took effect as if enacted on June 7, 2008 and applies to all claims under
the False Claims Act that were pending on or after that date.”). As noted above, Horn &
Associates submitted its certified claim on November 20, 2007, and NASA denied Horn
& Associates’ certified claim in its entirety on January 25, 2008.

                                             48
       is liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty of not less than
       $5,000 and not more than $10,00076 plus 3 times the amount of damages
       which the Government sustains because of the act of that person . . . .

31 U.S.C. § 3729(a) (emphasis in original); see also Kellogg Brown & Root Servs., Inc. v.
U.S., ex rel. Carter, 135 S. Ct. at 1973;77 U.S. ex rel. Heath v. AT & T, Inc., 791 F.3d 112,
115 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (“The False Claims Act, 31 U.S.C. §§ 3729 et seq., broadly
proscribes the knowing or reckless submission of false claims for payment to the federal
government or within a federally funded program.”).

76 “The Department of Justice, by regulation, has increased the penalties for FCA [False
Claims Act] violations to a minimum of $5,500.00 and a maximum of $11,000.00.”
Alcatec, LLC v. United States, 100 Fed. Cl. at 526 n.13 (citing 28 C.F.R. § 85.3(a)(9));
see also Veridyne Corp. v. United States, 105 Fed. Cl. at 808 n.30; Federal Civil Penalties
Inflation Adjustment Act of 1990, Pub. L. No. 101-410, 104 Stat. 890; Civil Monetary
Penalties Inflation Adjustment, 64 Fed. Reg. 47,099–01, 47,104 (Aug. 30, 1999). The
regulation at 28 C.F.R. § 85.3 states:

       The civil monetary penalties provided by law within the jurisdiction of the
       respective components of the Department, as set forth in paragraphs (a)
       through (d) of this section, are adjusted in accordance with the inflation
       adjustment procedures prescribed in section 5 of the Federal Civil Monetary
       Penalties Inflation Adjustment Act of 1990, Pub. L. 101–410, effective on or
       after September 29, 1999, as follows:

       (a) Civil Division.
                                             …

              (9) 31 U.S.C. 3729(a), False Claims Act, violations: minimum from
              $5,000 to $5,500; maximum from $10,000 to $11,000.

28 C.F.R. § 85.3 (2015). The court has the discretion to impose penalties within the
statutory range. See Morse Diesel Int’l, Inc. v. United States, 79 Fed. Cl. 116, 125 (2007),
recons. denied, 81 Fed. Cl. 311 (2008). Although in its post-trial briefing defendant seeks
$11,000.00 in False Claims Act penalties, defendant’s counterclaim has two separate
counts for False Claims Act penalties. Therefore, if the court were to find two separate
violations of False Claims Act, the court could impose penalties in an amount up to
$22,000.00
77 Although the United States Supreme Court in Kellogg Brown & Root addressed the
False Claims Act, because the case was brought as a civil qui tam action, “filed by private
parties, called relators, ‘in the name of the Government,’” Kellogg Brown & Root Servs.,
Inc. v. U.S., ex rel. Carter, 135 S. Ct. at 1973, the holding by the Supreme Court does not
impact this case. In addition, the Supreme Court also addressed the Wartime Suspension
of Limitations Act which is not at issue in the above captioned case.

                                             49
       The term “claim” is defined in the False Claims Act as:

       Includ[ing] any request or demand, whether under a contract or otherwise,
       for money or property which is made to a contractor, grantee, or other
       recipient if the United States Government provides any portion of the money
       or property which is requested or demanded, or if the Government will
       reimburse such contractor, grantee, or other recipient for any portion of the
       money or property which is requested or demanded.

31 U.S.C. § 3729(c) (2006). 78 The False Claims Act also states:

78 The revised, and current, version of the False Claims Act is substantively similar to the
prior version, but is organized slightly differently. The current version states:

       (a) Liability for certain acts.--

       (1) In general.--Subject to paragraph (2), any person who--

       (A) knowingly presents, or causes to be presented, a false or fraudulent
       claim for payment or approval;

       (B) knowingly makes, uses, or causes to be made or used, a false record
       or statement material to a false or fraudulent claim;

       (C) conspires to commit a violation of subparagraph (A), (B), (D), (E), (F),
       or (G);

       (D) has possession, custody, or control of property or money used, or to be
       used, by the Government and knowingly delivers, or causes to be delivered,
       less than all of that money or property;

       (E) is authorized to make or deliver a document certifying receipt of property
       used, or to be used, by the Government and, intending to defraud the
       Government, makes or delivers the receipt without completely knowing that
       the information on the receipt is true;

       (F) knowingly buys, or receives as a pledge of an obligation or debt, public
       property from an officer or employee of the Government, or a member of
       the Armed Forces, who lawfully may not sell or pledge property; or

       (G) knowingly makes, uses, or causes to be made or used, a false record
       or statement material to an obligation to pay or transmit money or property
       to the Government, or knowingly conceals or knowingly and improperly
       avoids or decreases an obligation to pay or transmit money or property to
       the Government,

                                            50
      the terms “knowing” and “knowingly” mean that a person, with respect to
      information –

      (1) has actual knowledge of the information;

      is liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty of not less than
      $5,000 and not more than $10,000, as adjusted by the Federal Civil
      Penalties Inflation Adjustment Act of 1990 (28 U.S.C. 2461 note; Public Law
      104-410), plus 3 times the amount of damages which the Government
      sustains because of the act of that person.
                                           ...
       (b) Definitions.--For purposes of this section--

      (1) the terms “knowing” and “knowingly” --

      (A) mean that a person, with respect to information--

      (i) has actual knowledge of the information;

      (ii) acts in deliberate ignorance of the truth or falsity of the information; or

      (iii) acts in reckless disregard of the truth or falsity of the information; and

      (B) require no proof of specific intent to defraud;

      (2) the term “claim”--

      (A) means any request or demand, whether under a contract or otherwise,
      for money or property and whether or not the United States has title to the
      money or property, that--

      (i) is presented to an officer, employee, or agent of the United States; or

      (ii) is made to a contractor, grantee, or other recipient, if the money or
      property is to be spent or used on the Government's behalf or to advance a
      Government program or interest, and if the United States Government--

      (I) provides or has provided any portion of the money or property requested
      or demanded; or

      (II) will reimburse such contractor, grantee, or other recipient for any portion
      of the money or property which is requested or demanded . . . .

31 U.S.C. § 3729 (2012).
                                             51
       (2) acts in deliberate ignorance of the truth or falsity of the information; or

       (3) acts in reckless disregard of the truth or falsity of the information,

       and no proof of specific intent to defraud is required.

31 U.S.C. § 3729(b) (2006).

        Congress rejected requiring a specific intent to defraud under the False Claims
Act. See 31 U.S.C. § 3729(b). Instead, Congress adopted a knowing standard, defined
as “actual knowledge of the falsity,” acting in “deliberate ignorance of the truth or falsity,”
or “acting in reckless disregard of the truth or falsity.” Id.; see also Ulysses, Inc. v. United
States, 110 Fed. Cl. at 642. The standard was designed to address “the problem of the
‘ostrich-like’ refusal to learn of information which an individual, in the exercise of prudent
judgment, had reason to know.” See S. Rep. No. 99-345, at 21 (1986), reprinted in 1986
U.S.C.C.A.N. 5266, 5286. Thus, the False Claims Act covers not just those who set out
to defraud the government, but also those who ignore obvious deficiencies in a claim.

        Therefore, the critical issue before the court is whether plaintiff had “knowledge,”
as defined by the False Claims Act, to include reckless disregard, that the claims plaintiff
submitted to the government were false or fraudulent. To prove a violation of the False
Claims Act, the government can, but need not, prove that a party intended to deceive the
government. See United States v. TDC Mgmt. Corp., 24 F.3d 292, 298 (D.C. Cir. 1994);
see also Daewoo Eng’g & Constr. Co. v. United States, 557 F.3d at 1340 (“no proof of
specific intent to defraud is required.” (quoting 31 U.S.C. § 3729(b))); Hernandez, Kroone
& Assocs., Inc. v. United States, 110 Fed. Cl. at 524. The False Claims Act requires only
that the government prove that a party knowingly, as defined under the False Claims Act,
submitted a claim with reckless disregard to the truth or falsity of the information. See 31
U.S.C. § 3729(b); United States v. TDC Mgmt. Corp., 24 F.3d at 298; see also Ulysses
Inc. v. United States, 117 Fed. Cl. 772, 781 (2014); Liquidating Trustee Ester Du Val of
KI Liquidation, Inc. v. United States, 116 Fed. Cl. at 379 (quoting 31 U.S.C. § 3729(b))
(“while the FCA does not require proof of specific intent to defraud, it does require that
the person or entity acted with knowledge. The statute defines “knowing” or “knowingly”
to “mean that a person” “with actual knowledge of the information” either “acts in
deliberate ignorance of the truth or falsity of the information” or “acts in reckless disregard
of the truth or falsity of the information.”); Allison Engine Co. v. United States ex rel.
Sanders, 553 U.S. 662, 672 n.2 (2008) (“Section 3729(b) provides that the terms
‘knowing’ and ‘knowingly’ ‘mean that a person, with respect to information-1) has actual
knowledge of the information; (2) acts in deliberate ignorance of the truth or falsity of the
information; or (3) acts in reckless disregard of the truth or falsity of the information, and
no proof of specific intent to defraud is required.’”), superseded in unrelated part by
statute, Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act of 2009, Pub. L. No. 111–21, § 4, 123 Stat.
1617, 1621. The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has noted that,
“[f]or purposes of the FCA [False Claims Act], a contractor is deemed to have known that
a claim it submitted was false if it had actual knowledge of the falsity of the claim or if it

                                              52
acted in deliberate ignorance or reckless disregard of the truth or falsity of the claim.”
Comm. Contractors, Inc. v. United States, 154 F.3d at 1362.

       Reckless disregard has been characterized as “‘an extreme version of ordinary
negligence,’” United States ex rel. K & R Ltd. P’ship v. Mass. Hous. Fin. Agency, 530 F.3d
980, 983 (D.C. Cir.) (quoting United States v. Krizek, 111 F.3d 934, 942 (D.C. Cir. 1997)),
reh’g en banc denied (D.C. Cir. 2008), or “aggravated gross negligence” such as when
the party “deliberately avoided learning the truth.” United States v. Sci. Applications Int’l
Corp., 626 F.3d 1257, 1274-75 (D.C. Cir. 2010); see also United States ex rel. Burlbaw
v. Orenduff, 548 F.3d 931, 945 n.12 (10th Cir. 2008); Trafalgar House Constr., Inc. v.
United States, 77 Fed. Cl. 48, 53 (2007) (“‘Reckless disregard’ has been defined as an
‘“aggravated form of gross negligence.”’ (quoting UMC Elecs. Co. v. United States, 43
Fed. Cl. 776, 792 n.15 (1999) (quoting United States ex rel. Aakhus v. Dyncorp, Inc., 136
F.3d 676, 682 (10th Cir. 1998)), aff’d, 249 F.3d 1337 (Fed. Cir. 2001))), aff’d, 274 F. App’x
898 (Fed. Cir. 2008); Riley Constr. Co. v. United States, 65 Fed. Cl. 264, 270 (2005) (“The
legal standard that may apply is ‘reckless disregard.’ This has been defined in the case
law as something more than gross negligence, or ‘gross negligence plus.’”).79

       A failure to make a minimal examination of records can constitute deliberate
ignorance or reckless disregard, and a contractor that deliberately ignores false
information submitted as part of a claim can be found liable under the False Claims Act.
See United States v. TDC Mgmt. Corp., 24 F.3d at 298; see also Miller v. United States,
213 Ct. Cl. at 70, 550 F.2d at 23 (An applicant who submitted estimates of the quantities
of the materials billed to the government prepared by his workmen, but substantially
overbilled due to misrepresentation, resulted in a finding of “extreme negligence” for
which he was found liable under the False Claims Act.). The court in Miller v. United
States noted that a contractor cannot be saved by relying on local government officials in
preparing its claims. See Miller v. United States, 213 Ct. Cl. at 70, 550 F.2d at 23. The
79   Black’s Law Dictionary defines gross negligence as:

         A lack of even slight diligence or care. The difference between gross
         negligence and ordinary negligence is traditionally said to be the omission
         of even such diligence as habitually careless and inattentive people do
         actually exercise in avoiding danger to their own person or property. . . . A
         conscious, voluntary act or omission in reckless disregard of a legal duty
         and of the consequences to another party, who may typically recover
         exemplary damages. — Also termed reckless negligence; wanton
         negligence; willful negligence; willful and wanton negligence; hazardous
         negligence; magna neglegentia. . . . . “Negligence is gross if the
         precautions to be taken against harm are very simple, such as persons who
         are but poorly endowed with physical and mental capacities can easily take.
         . . . As it originally appeared, this was very great negligence, or the want of
         even slight or scant care. It has been described as a failure to exercise
         even that care which a careless person would use.”

Black’s Law Dictionary 1197 (10th ed. 2014) (emphasis in original) (citations omitted).
                                               53
court found the applicant in Miller had the responsibility to ensure the claims were
accurate, and the contractor had in fact signed the claims, “evidencing his agreement to
the figures it contained.” Id.; see also Riley Constr. Co. v. United States, 65 Fed. Cl. at
268-69 (The Senate Committee Report on the False Claims Act states that “‘those doing
business with the Government have an obligation to make a limited inquiry to ensure that
the claims they submit are accurate.’” (citation omitted)). When the claims are prepared
in a “sloppy or unsupervised fashion” and it results in overcharging the government, there
is reckless disregard. See 132 Cong. Rec. H9, 382-03 (1986) (statement of Rep. Berman,
as sponsor of the 1986 amendment to the False Claims Act). Although a person must
make at least a minimal examination of the records, the examination need be only
“reasonable and prudent under the circumstances.” United States v. Bourseau, 531 F.3d
1159, 1168 (9th Cir. 2008) (quoting S. Rep. No. 99-345, at 21), cert. denied, 555 U.S.
1212 (2009). Courts have found reckless disregard when a plaintiff failed to review claims
that either he or another person prepared before submitting them. See Miller v. United
States, 213 Ct. Cl. at 70, 550 F.2d at 23; United States v. Krizek, 111 F.3d at 942. In
Krizek, the United States Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit upheld the district court’s
conclusion that plaintiff acted with reckless disregard in failing “utterly” to review the false
submissions made on his behalf in violation of the False Claims Act when, plaintiff doctor
let his wife complete the submission of claims to the local Medicare carrier; the wife did
not attempt to establish how much time was actually spent with each patient; and the
doctor did not review the submission. See United States v. Krizek, 111 F.3d at 942.
Indeed, a person generally cannot escape liability by claiming to have relied on others in
preparing the claim. See id.; see also Miller v. United States, 213 Ct. Cl. at 70, 550 F.2d
at 23. But see Riley Constr. Co. v. United States, 65 Fed. Cl. at 270 (“Mr. Riley would
have had reason to rely on Douglas, the former Navy ROIC, as an expert in submitting
claims. Such reliance, if it exists, may be relevant in considering the various
counterclaims.”).

         In Daewoo, the Federal Circuit rejected the plaintiff’s argument that a claim can
only be fraudulent it if rests upon false facts, not if it rests upon a baseless calculation,
stating: “It is well established that a baseless certified claim is a fraudulent claim.”
Daewoo Eng’g & Constr. Co. v. United States, 557 F.3d at 1339. “‘[T]he statute attaches
liability, not to the underlying fraudulent activity or to the government’s wrongful payment,
but to the “claim for payment.”’” See Ulysses, Inc. v. United States, 110 Fed. Cl. at 642
(quoting United States v. Rivera, 55 F.3d 703, 709 (1st Cir. 1995)) (alteration in original).
“[I]n deciding whether a given false statement is a claim or demand for payment, a court
should look to see if, within the payment scheme, the statement has the practical purpose
and effect, and poses the attendant risk, of inducing wrongful payment.” United States v.
Rivera, 55 F.3d at 709. In order to determine the number of false claims a contractor
submitted to the government, the United States Supreme Court has stated: “A correct
application of the statutory language requires . . . that the focus in each case be upon the
specific conduct of the person from whom the Government seeks to collect the statutory
forfeitures.” United States v. Bornstein, 423 U.S. 303, 312 (1976).80 The Supreme Court’s

80United States v. Bornstein analyzed an earlier version of the False Claims Act, but the
guidance of the United State Supreme Court remains relevant to the court’s interpretation
                                              54
guidance in United States v. Bornstein has been interpreted to require courts to ask: “‘With
what act did the defendant submit his demand or request and how many such acts were
there?’” United States v. Krizek, 111 F.3d at 939. When a fraudulent claim consists of
multiple components, the submission of an aggregate claim, rather than its individual
components, is the act that creates liability under the False Claims Act. See Miller v.
United States, 213 Ct. Cl. at 71–72, 550 F.2d at 23–24 (rejecting an argument that a
contractor had asserted sixteen false claims under an earlier version of the False Claims
Act, “eleven based on invoices used in calculating the monthly billings plus five, one for
each of the monthly consolidated billings,” because “the invoices are like tally sheets used
in calculating a final figure to present to the Government; they are not the claim itself”);
see also United States v. Woodbury, 359 F.2d 370, 378 (9th Cir. 1966) (rejecting the
argument that a penalty could be assessed under an earlier version of the False Claims
Act for each document that was attached to fraudulent applications for payment).

        An innocent mistake or mere negligence, such as a math error or flawed reasoning,
may be excused. See United States v. Sci. Applications Int’l Corp., 626 F.3d at 1274
(citing S. Rep. No. 99-345, at 7); United States ex rel. Fowler v. Caremark RX, L.L.C., 496
F.3d 730, 742 (7th Cir.) (citations omitted), reh’g and suggestion for reh’g en banc denied
(7th Cir. 2007), cert. denied, 552 U.S. 1183 (2008), overruled on other grounds by Glaser
v. Wound Care Consultants, Inc., 570 F.3d 907 (7th Cir. 2009); Riley Constr. Co. v. United
States, 65 Fed. Cl. at 269 (noting that the False Claims Act was not intended to punish
honest mistakes and mere negligence (citing S. Rep. No. 99-345 at 7)); see also United
States ex rel. Lamers v. City of Green Bay, 168 F.3d 1013, 1018 (7th Cir. 1999).

       Thus, under the False Claims Act, there must be a showing of more than an
innocent mistake or mere negligence. See Ulysses, Inc. v. United States, 117 Fed. Cl. at
780 (quoting UMC Elec. Co. v. United States, 43 Fed. Cl. at 795 (“‘Under the False Claims
Act there must be a showing by the government of more than innocent mistake or mere
negligence.’”)); Liquidating Trustee Ester Du Val of KI Liquidation, Inc. v. United States,
116 Fed. Cl. at 379; Riley Constr. Co. v. United States, 65 Fed. Cl. at 269. The
government is required to show the knowing presentation by the contractor of information
known to be “false or fraudulent.” See Young-Montenay, Inc. v. United States, 15 F.3d at
1043. The government has “the burden to allege and prove that the statements were
false under any reasonable interpretation.” United States v. Adler, 623 F.2d 1287, 1289
(8th Cir. 1980). The burden of proof on the government in this regard is by a
preponderance of the evidence. See Daewoo Eng’g & Constr. Co. v. United States, 557
F.3d at 1340 (citing 31 U.S.C. § 3731(c); Comm. Contractors, Inc. v. United States, 154
F.3d at 1362).81

of amended versions of the False Claims Act. See United States v. Krizek, 111 F.3d 942,
939 n.1 (D.C. Cir. 1997).
81 As noted above, the preponderance of the evidence standard which applies to proof
under the False Claims Act is a less rigorous standard than the clear and convincing
standard of proof applied under the Special Plea in Fraud statute. See UMC Elecs. Co.
v. United States, 249 F.3d at 1338-39.
                                            55
       As indicated in Liquidating Trustee Ester Du Val of KI Liquidation, Inc. v. United
States:

       To establish [plaintiff’s] liability under the FCA, the government must prove
       by a preponderance of the evidence, Daewoo, 557 F.3d at 1340, that “(1)
       the contractor presented or caused to be presented to an agent of the
       United States a claim for payment; (2) the claim was false or fraudulent;
       [and] (3) the contractor knew the claim was false or fraudulent.” Young–
       Montenay, Inc. v. United States, 15 F.3d 1040, 1043 (Fed. Cir. 1994). The
       government has “the burden to allege and prove that the statements were
       false under any reasonable interpretation.” United States v. Adler, 623 F.2d
1287, 1289 (8th Cir. 1980).

Liquidating Trustee Ester Du Val of KI Liquidation, Inc. v. United States, 116 Fed. Cl. at
379 (footnote omitted); see also Ulysses, Inc. v. United States, 110 Fed. Cl. at 641 (“The
Government must prove the elements of an FCA claim by a preponderance of the
evidence.”).

        “To bring [a] FCA [False Claims Act] claim, the Government is not tasked to show
that it incurred damages, although a showing of damages as a result of the fraudulent
claim is required if the Government seeks to recover damages.” Veridyne Corp. v. United
States, 105 Fed. Cl. at 808; see also Daewoo Eng’g & Constr. Co. v. United States, 557
F.3d at 1341 (“The Court of Federal Claims did not err in concluding that Daewoo violated
the False Claims Act. Because the court did not find that the government incurred
damages from Daewoo’s false claim, the court properly assessed only the statutory
penalty.”); see also Comm. Contractors, Inc. v. United States, 154 F.3d at 1371-72 (“[A]
contractor can be held liable for submitting a false claim even if the goods it delivered are
of the same quality as the goods specified in the contract, provided that the contractor
acted with the requisite knowledge that the corresponding claim was false. But while the
contractor may be liable in that situation, it is liable only for FCA penalties, not damages.
. . . In order to recover FCA damages, the government must prove that it sustained an
actual loss as a result of the contractor’s false or fraudulent claim.” (citations omitted));
Alcatec, LLC v. United States, 100 Fed. Cl. at 526 (“To bring an FCA claim, the
Government does not have to show that it incurred damages, although a showing of
damages as a result of the fraudulent claim is required if the Government seeks to recover
damages.” (citing Daewoo Eng’g & Constr. Co. v. United States, 557 F.3d at 1341;
Young–Montenay, Inc. v. United States, 15 F.3d at 1043 (absent proof of harm, the
government can recover penalties, but not damages))); AEY, Inc. v. United States, 114
Fed. Cl. at 633 n.17 (“In essence, Section 3729 imposes a penalty on a person who
knowingly presents a false claim wholly apart from proof of any specific damages.”).

        In Rex Trailer Co. v. United States, the United States Supreme Court stated, “there
is no requirement, statutory or judicial, that specific damages be shown, and this was
recognized by the Court in Marcus.” Rex Trailer Co. v. United States, 350 U.S. 148, 152-
53 (1956). In Rex Trailer, the United States Supreme Court summarized United States
ex. rel. Marcus v. Hess, 41 F. Supp. 197, 218 (W.D. Pa. 1941), rev’d on other grounds,

                                             56
127 F.2d 233 (3d Cir.), cert. granted, 317 U.S. 613 (1942), and rev’d on other grounds,
317 U.S. 537, and reh’g denied, 318 U.S. 799 (1943), superseded by statute on other
grounds as recognized in Graham Cnty. Soil & Water Conservation Dist. v. United States
ex rel. Wilson, 559 U.S. 280, reh’g denied, 130 S. Ct. 3351 (2010), by noting that, in the
1940s, the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania concluded
that plaintiff was liable for the statutory penalty for submission of a false claim, but not
damages, as damages were not proven. See Rex Trailer Co. v. United States, 350 U.S.
at 152-53. Although the Supreme Court’s discussion in Rex Trailer focused on the
Surplus Property Act, the Supreme Court referred to Marcus, which involved the False
Claims Act, in determining that proof of damages was not necessarily required in the
assessment of a civil remedy or statutory penalty. See id. at 153 n.5 (“On several of the
projects involved in the Marcus case, fraud was discovered by the Government in time
for payments to be withheld. At trial [on the False Claims Act] in the District Court
defendants urged that there could be no recovery of a penalty or forfeiture in these
instances in which no actual damages could be shown. The District Court held that failure
to show actual damages in these instances would not preclude recovery under the
statute. United States ex rel. Marcus v. Hess, 41 F. Supp. 197, 218. The judgment of the
District Court [in Marcus] was affirmed here. See United States v. Rohleder, 157 F.2d
126, 129 [(3d Cir. 1946)].”).

       Defendant initially argues:

       [W]e established at trial that the entirety of Horn’s certified claim should be
       forfeited under the Special Plea in Fraud. In so doing, we established that,
       for the same reasons, Horn is liable to the Government for damages under
       the CDA’s Anti-Fraud provision, 41 U.S.C. §7103(c)(2), and the FCA, 31
       U.S.C. § 3729. The evidence at trial is more than sufficient to prove, by a
       preponderance of the evidence, that Horn, with actual knowledge, falsely
       depicted its fabricated numbers as “actual costs,” made false statements
       concerning its hourly rate, overhead, and level of supporting
       documentation, and did so with the intent to deceive or mislead the
       Government. Commercial Contractors, 154 F.3d at 1362. Moreover, it is
       clear, by far more than a preponderance of the evidence, id., that Horn
       acting again with actual knowledge of the falsity of the misstatements
       contained in its certified claim, presented a false or fraudulent certified claim
       for payment or approval, within the meaning of the FCA. See 31 U.S.C. §§
       3729, 3731. As such, in addition to forfeiting its claim under the Special Plea
       in Fraud, Horn is liable to the Government for penalties under the FCA, and
       for the unsupported part of its certified claim and the costs of review under
       the CDA.

       As determined above, the court concluded that plaintiff has not violated the Special
Plea in Fraud statute, nor has defendant demonstrated fraud by a clear and convincing
standard, nor that the use of the phrase “actual costs incurred” in and of itself did not
evidence fraud. Nor does the court believe the phrase “actual costs incurred”
demonstrates fraud under the preponderance of the evidence standard of the False

                                              57
Claims Act, which as noted by the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
in Am-Pro, is a lower standard of proof than the clear and convincing one. See Am-Pro
Prot. Agency, Inc. v. United States, 281 F.3d at 1240. The court shares plaintiff’s concern
that, “[a]lthough NASA’s brief states legal principles for each counterclaim in a separate
‘law’ section, it does not apply the facts of this case to each separate claim and each
element of the claims. Instead, NASA conflates the three claims into a one-size-fits-all
analysis.”

         Alternatively, defendant argues that “should the Court not credit the Government’s
evidence of the company’s specific intent and attempt to defraud, Horn is still liable at a
minimum for a violation of the FCA based upon a finding that it certified the claim in
reckless disregard for the document’s truth or falsity.” Defendant alleges that “there is no
serious question that Horn’s use of the phrase ‘actual cost’ to describe costs that were
nothing of the kind, constitutes a statement that is, at a minimum, made with reckless
disregard under the FCA.” (emphasis in original). In response, plaintiff states that “Horn
did not violate the False Claims Act,” and argues that “[t]he Government relies on the
false assumption that the Certified Claim should be judged as if it was a submission for
payment pursuant to a cost-type contract. To do so would simply ignore reality. In reality,
Horn’s Certified Claim intentionally reads like a complaint in a civil action for breach of
contract that asserts three alternative damages theories.” The court is persuaded that
given the multiple damage theories Horn & Associates included in the certified claim,
NASA should have been aware of the challenges in submitting a breach claim in a
contingency contract for recovery audit services in which NASA allegedly failed to process
the overpayments identified. NASA should have been able to understand the plaintiff’s
difficultly or the inability to assert or document supporting information with certainty. In
fact the evidence in the record and statements by the defendant demonstrate NASA could
not do so either. Moreover, with the benefit of the alternative methodology in plaintiff’s
complaint, the Department of Justice should have been aware of the challenges facing
the plaintiff in crafting its damages, and should have taken that into account before filing
its fraud counterclaims.

         Plaintiff believes that “[t]he Government’s FCA counterclaims are an attempt to
expand dangerously the FCA from its regular and intended context to apply also to good-
faith statements of legal theories by parties aggrieved by the Government’s breach of its
contractual obligations.” Plaintiff asserts, “NASA has not proved, by a preponderance of
the evidence, under any reasonable interpretation, that Horn knowingly made false or
fraudulent statements in its Certified Claim.” The government responds that “Horn’s claim
that its demand for $7,028,200.96 should be considered a ‘legal theory of damages’ that
cannot give rise to liability for fraud is absurd.” Defendant argues:

       Horn was not asserting a “legal theory of damages” when it attached
       hundreds of pages to its certified claim that purported to document hours
       allegedly worked by its subcontractors, represented those hours as “time
       devoted” to the project, and stated that “[s]upporting all this information are
       expense records and time diaries.”

                                             58
                                              ...

       In a similar vein, Horn was not asserting a “legal theory of damages” when
       it fabricated an hourly rate structure that it as a company did not have, and
       that was either inexplicable or completely contrary to existing source
       documentation. Finally, Horn was also not asserting a “legal theory of
       damages” when it placed an overhead charge on the amounts claimed in
       the certified claim although it had no overhead expenses associated with its
       subcontractors, the surcharge was duplicative of other amounts in the claim,
       and there was no basis in any source for the percentage claimed.

(emphasis in original).

       Plaintiff is correct that statements of legal theories do not constitute “false claims.”
As noted by the court in Tyger Construction Co. v. United States, 28 Fed. Cl. 34, 56
(1993), “[a]ttaching FCA liability to expressions of legal opinion would have an
impermissibly stifling effect on the legitimate presentation of claims. Indication is absent
that Congress intended to penalize good faith disputes over contract liability.” Id.
Moreover, as the Court of Federal Claims noted in Ulysses, Inc. v. United States, 110
Fed. Cl. 618, the government’s False Claims Act counterclaim failed because the
defendant failed to prove that plaintiff's underlying CDA claim was factually false. See id.
at 645. The Ulysses court explained: “Rather, Plaintiff asserted a different interpretation
of the requirements of the First Purchase Order than the Government. So too, Ulysses
argued in its claim that by accepting its 112 Parts as components of its 100 Parts, the
Government had waived the approved source requirement in the past—a legal position
not a factual representation,” with the Ulysses court determining that “Plaintiff’s
interpretation was in essence a legal call about what would meet the requirements of the
Purchase Orders Plaintiff informed the Government of its legal position in writing several
times.” Id.

        Despite the foregoing, and even though the undersigned stated in UMC Electronics
Co. v. United States, 43 Fed. Cl. at 794, “[a] contractor, upon submission of a claim, who
is aware of and takes advantage of a disputed legal issue does not knowingly commit
fraud,” the undersigned recognized in UMC Electronics that “’[c]ontractors in a False
Claims Act case, such as UMC in the instant action, not infrequently contend that their
claims were not false because an interpretation of relevant regulations permits their
claims,” and it “is a matter of law for the court to interpret a relevant statutory or regulatory
requirement.” Id. Therefore, it is insufficient for plaintiff merely to suggest that its entire
claim is a legal theory and, therefore, impossible to be a false claim. Indeed, although as
noted above, plaintiff believes that the “Government’s FCA counterclaims are an attempt
to expand dangerously the FCA from its regular and intended context to apply also to
good-faith statements of legal theories by parties aggrieved by the Government’s breach
of its contractual obligations,” it would be a dangerous precedent to allow a contractor to
present its certified claim under the guise of a “legal theory,” and, thereafter, not to be
subject to a False Claims Act counterclaim by the government in all circumstances. It
would have been absurd, for example, for the project manager in Daweoo, Mr. Kim, who

                                               59
had specifically disavowed the truth of the claim during his trial testimony to have been
able to argue that the baseless claim was, instead, a legal theory his company was
pursing. See Daewoo Eng'g & Constr. Co. v. United States, 73 Fed. Cl. at 585. Therefore,
although recognizing plaintiff’s argument that the claim was a legal theory, the court looks
to the substance of plaintiff’s certified claim to see if plaintiff violated the False Claims Act.

       The government argues that Horn & Associates acted with “reckless disregard” in
the preparation and submission of its certified claim in violation of the False Claims Act.
Defendant points to three specific areas which the government believes supports its
counterclaim: the hourly rates assigned by Horn & Associates, the records of Horn &
Associates’ employees and subcontractors referred to in the certified claim, and the
overhead rate chosen by Horn & Associates and included in its certified claim.

        In its certified claim, Horn & Associates stated that “Horn has reviewed its own
records to determine time and expenses devoted on this contract by Horn staff. The sum
of all such time and expenses plus an overhead and profit factor of 18% is $7,028,200.96.”
For support, in the certified claim, Horn provided summaries and records for Horn &
Associates’ personnel for both years of the audit, 2005 and 2006 which were included as
exhibit 42 to the certified claim, titled: “Audit Cost Index,”82 which listed hourly rates for
both Horn & Associates employees and the subcontractor personnel. For example, for
the relevant employees and subcontractors involved in the NASA contract for 2006, the
certified claim provides the following hourly rates:

     Employee/Subcontractor                                 2006 Hourly Rate
 Tom Horn                                        $300.00

 Larry Farrar                                    $300.00

 Mike Lowery                                     $300.00

 James “Chip” Edgerton (subcontractor)           $275.00
 Dan Lizana (subcontractor)                      $175.00

 Steve Smith (subcontractor)                     $175.00

 Tom Hott (subcontractor)                        $250.00

 Beth Hott (subcontractor)                       $175.00

 Ivan Sherman (subcontractor)                    $200.00

82Although the NASA Contract was awarded on December 23, 2004, and the period of
performance began on December 23, 2004, there is no evidence of any work being done
pursuant to the NASA Contract until 2005.
                                               60
 Maggie Baumbach (subcontractor)               $200.00

 Marie Beckey (subcontractor)                  $200.00

 Scott Beckey (subcontractor)                  $200.00

        Defendant claims that “[n]one of the ‘hourly rates’ that appear in the certified claim
represent actual hourly rates charged either by Horn or its subcontractors during the
NASA recovery audit,” and argues, “[i]nstead, these ‘hourly rates’ are wholly contrived by
Horn, yet presented by Horn in the certified claim without any suggestion of their true
origin.”83 Defendant stresses that

       in addition to intentionally neglecting to evaluate the rate information in its
       possession, Horn demonstrated aggravated negligence in formulating
       hourly rates in a manner it simply did not, and could not explain, even if one
       puts to one side the fact that the ostensible source documentation that Horn
       used these hourly rates are the rates of sophisticated accounting firms, not
       small auditing firms or recovery auditors.

        Defendant also argues that “Horn crafted the certified claim to create the
impression that the claim was based on Horn’s books and records by detailing costs to
the penny, using a wide variety of hourly rates, and spelling out time to the hour.” Plaintiff
responds that defendant’s statement of spelling out time to the hour, “is nothing more than
an attempt by Horn to be transparent and provide NASA with the bases for its third
measure of damages.” Plaintiff also responds that “Horn never suggested that the third
measure of damages was based on Horn’s books and records. Indeed, the term ‘books
and records’ does not appear in the Certified Claim. Rather, the Certified Claim expressly
states that the documents used to ‘construct’ the third measure of damages were
‘expense records and time diaries.’” Plaintiff’s protests to the contrary, the court believes
the difference between “books and records” and “expense records and time diaries,” is a
semantical one. If the only question before this court was could plaintiff be found liable
under the False Claims Act for the using the phrase “expense records and time diaries,”
instead of “books and records” the court would conclude plaintiff could. The court also
notes, within the same paragraph in the certified claim of the phrase “expense records
and time diaries,” plaintiff indicated that: “Horn has reviewed its own records to determine

83As noted in the Special Plea in Fraud section of this opinion, plaintiff responds in its
post-trial brief to defendant’s claim in this regard as a question and answer:

       Did Horn not actually pay any of its members, employees, or subcontractor
       the billing rates shown in the third measure of damages? Of course Horn
       did not pay those rates, as everyone was working on a contingency basis
       and the rates were obviously billing rates, not cost rates. These were not
       revelations; they were facts that were never in dispute.

                                             61
time and expenses devoted on this contract by Horn staff.” Moreover, although plaintiff
claims the submission was an attempt to be transparent, the court understands why
NASA was skeptical of records that appears to be precise to the penny, but were also
labeled as reconstructions.

       Plaintiff further claims that:

       A cursory review of the third measure of damages shows that the value of
       the hours was generally a whole number, reflecting the estimate of the
       number of hours worked multiplied by a specific billing rate, the rates being
       set in increments of $25/hr. The odd numbers that give rise to the
       Government’s “detailed costs to the penny” argument come from out-of-
       pocket expenses that Horn actually did spend.

The court notes, however, the “Audit Cost Summary,” attached as an exhibit to the
certified claim, included the expenses of Horn & Associates employees and
subcontractors. For example, the expense summary lists the expenses of subcontractor
Brock Young for 2005 as $633,490.47, and lists the expenses of subcontractor James
“Chip” Edgerton for 2005 as $286,626.05. The summary included expenses for supplies,
and travel costs in addition to the hourly rate. Therefore, the court agrees with defendant
that it is not obvious from the certified claim that plaintiff intended to offer an “estimate of
the number of hours worked multiplied by a specific billing rate.”

       As noted above, Tom Horn sent out a “NASA Recovery Audit Expense Summary”
to everyone associated with the NASA recovery audit, from the Horn & Associate
principals, to Horn & Associate employees, to subcontractors to get the “summary of the
time devoted to our project and the expenses on our contract,” but Mr. Farrar testified,
the subcontractors “were instructed not to” fill out the hourly rate. Tom Horn testified that
Horn & Associates had decided to assign rates “[b]ecause we just felt like we -- Larry
Farrar, Mike Lowry and myself -- could determine those rates better than anybody else,”
and that “[w]e were going to assign the hours, not them.”

        Mr. Farrar, however, admitted during his testimony that, “we had no basis for hourly
rates. We had never billed anybody on an hourly rate. We didn't know what our hourly --
what our work was worth on an hourly basis because it was just then kind of put in as free
to operate that way.” Mr. Farrar, indicated that “our subcontractors worked on a
contingency basis, so they had no idea what an appropriate [sic] should or would be. So
we [the three principals of Horn & Associates] did a lot of debating when we put the
certified claim together about how would we -- how do we come up with a rate that makes
sense to use in our third remedy?” Mr. Farrar indicated that:

       [W]e decided that well, the best way to try to determine a reasonable rate
       would be to go out and look at the government's own website, where they
       actually have bids from other audit firms, and they publish that on their
       website. And we could actually go out and see what kid [sic] of rates audit
       firms were charging to perform audit work.

                                              62
Mr. Farrar continued, stating, “we went out to the GSA website. We pulled examples of
audit firms that provided hourly rates for services. We analyzed that and we assigned our
own rates to our certified claim based on what we thought should be -- would be about
right, based on what our research showed.”84

       Tom Horn’s testimony was consistent with the testimony offered by Mr. Farrar. For
example, on cross-examination, Tom Horn stated that in trying to determine an hourly
rate, because “recovery auditors didn't post hours because we all worked on a
contingency audit basis,” “[w]e went out just to the GSA schedule and pulled down just a
number of them.” Tom Horn continued:

      Well, the three of us, the three principals, we had a discussion about this,
      and I went out to the GSA schedule and we first looked at the 520-9, which
      was the recovery audit schedule of people that were able to do recovery
      auditing, and we looked at the list and there was only a couple firms at that
      particular point in time that we noticed on there that did governmental
      recovery auditing, and those firms did not have an hourly rate on them. They
      were all contingency-based like us, and we didn't have an hourly rate on our
      GSA schedule either.

        Notably, Mr. Edgerton, one of the Horn & Associates subcontractors who worked
on the recovery audit at Marshall, also reviewed the GSA scale and, despite instructions
not to, selected an hourly rate of $155.00 “based on a 2000 rate that the government was
allowing for senior auditors, different classifications in the year 2000.” Mr. Edgerton
indicated that he placed an hourly rate “out of curiosity to see what the time was coming,
so since we weren't getting paid from NASA, what it would have been if we hadn't gotten
a contract that wasn't a contingency contract.” Mr. Edgerton’s rate of $155.00 was
significantly less than the rate of $275.00 submitted by Horn & Associates. Defendant
also identified Mr. Lizana, a Horn & Associates subcontractor, who identified an hourly
rate of $62.84, but was listed at $175.00 by Horn & Associates.

         Defendant observes that Horn & Associates “never proposed an hourly rate that
was less than real world information would suggest, belying any claim by the contractor
that its baseless hourly rates were truly the product of happenstance or innocent mistake.”
(emphasis in original). Defendant also claims that “the trial record is clear that, as it
formulated its ‘hourly rates,’ Horn intentionally ignored, obvious datapoints that undercut
its own notion of what those rates should be.” (emphasis in original).

      Plaintiff notes that “[w]hile the Government makes much of the fact that certain
subcontractors, unprompted by Horn, suggested hourly rates and the Horn principals
used rates higher than those suggested, Horn was under no obligation to use the rates
suggested by its subcontractors, and Horn never claimed to the Government that it did
84 The government, citing to Mr. Wai’s testimony in its post-trial brief, suggests, without
any other basis, that Horn & Associates had selected the comparable firms’ rates because
“that’s what NASA is used to paying.”
                                            63
use rates suggested by its subcontractors.” Moreover, plaintiff argues that “[t]o the extent
the Government believes that Horn, if it were billing the Government on an hourly basis,
would have charged lower rates than those used in the Certified Claim, this argument
would be relevant only if the Government was disputing its liability for those amounts; it
is not relevant for purposes of the counterclaims.” Although plaintiff believes the hourly
rate plaintiff chose is irrelevant to any claim of fraud by the government, the court must
review the hourly rate chosen to ensure that plaintiff did not include it without any basis,
or chose a higher rate, without support, in order to negotiate a more favorable settlement
with the government.

       Defendant also argues that, in addition to not having support for the hourly rates
chosen, plaintiff did not have the records for their subcontractors they claimed to have in
the certified claim. Defendant contends

       it was, at a minimum, extreme recklessness on Horn’s part to make an
       affirmative representation in its certified claim that “[s]upporting all this
       information are expense records and time diaries that were used to
       construct the documents,” when the company principals knew that the
       company had not, in fact, collected expense records and time diaries from
       its subcontractors, let alone examined them, and further knew that such
       documentation was unlikely to exist in the first place.

(quoting the certified claim; emphasis added by defendant; internal citation omitted).

     In its certified claim, for the third measure of damages, the “Further Alternative
Remedy,” Horn & Associates claimed that:

       Even should NASA determine, improperly Horn believes, that the sums
       above are not an appropriate measure of Horn's damages, Horn is entitled
       to recover its actual costs and expenses incurred by Horn and its
       independent subcontractors. Horn has contacted each of its independent
       subcontractors and had them review the time they devoted and the costs
       they incurred. . . . The information is presented on an individual basis for
       each Horn member, employee or subcontractor. Further, the information is
       broken out on a monthly basis. Supporting all this information are expense
       records and time diaries that were used to construct the documents.

(internal citation omitted). Plaintiff argues that “[t]he sentence, ‘Supporting all this
information are expense records and time diaries that were used to construct the
documents,’ does not support—and actually undermines—the Government’s
counterclaims,” claiming that “to the extent the Government attacks Horn for not having
collected and reviewed all of its subcontractors’ time records—and instead relying on the
subcontractors to use their time records to fill in the template provided to them—such an
attack cannot be the basis for liability under the counterclaims. Horn never claimed that it
collected and reviewed the materials that its subcontractors used to fill out the time sheets
submitted with the Certified Claim.” Plaintiff is correct that the plaintiff specifically noted

                                              64
in the certified claim that “Horn has contacted each of its independent subcontractors and
had them review the time they devoted and the costs they incurred.” The court notes,
however, when the subcontractors entered an hourly rate, Horn & Associates review but
chose a different amount because the principals of Horn & Associates felt they “could
determine those rates better than anybody else.”

        Defendant, at closing argument, pointed out that in response to a question, “the
documents that the subcontractors submitted to Horn and Associates, as Horn and
Associates prepared the certified claim, did not include supporting documentation,
correct?” Mr. Farrar testified, “[w]ell, I guess that depends on your definition of supporting
documentation. We sent the templates in, which have detailed schedules attached to
them to support the total ticket.” Defendant also points to Tom Horn’s characterization of
calculating his time records, in which he indicated in an email, “I’m not sure what other
time I spent on NASA as like everybody else I did not track it. I definitely need to add
more time. I guess I will wing it by adding more hours in each month for all our conference
calls, etc.” (emphasis added by defendant). On cross-examination, Tom Horn explained
that “the winging it was just kind of a flippant comment, but we actually did some [sic] we
tried to do the best due diligence that we could with that by looking at various emails and
telephone calls.” Tom Horn elaborated that because it was a recovery audit for which
Horn & Associates would receive a percentage of the recovery,

       we didn't track it, we tried to estimate our time, the three of us, for as I
       believe I stated yesterday, for emails and other calls to the NASA center,
       other calls to our auditors. We tried to coordinate where anybody may have
       had some information on their calendars that we could tie it down. And we
       knew that, you know, that because we were moving around and talking to
       all the different centers, there was no way that we tracked it other than try
       to estimate by emails and by phone calls.[85]

      The subcontractors also acknowledged not being paid the total amounts listed on
expense summaries attached to the certified claim. At trial, on cross-examination Mr.
Lizana had the following exchange with government counsel:

85Indeed, the reconstruction for the Horn & Associates principals was not much more
sophisticated than that of the subcontractors. Tom Horn testified that:

       [T]his particular amount pertained to us three principals where we spent
       time on the telephone and emails to everybody within the company or
       emails to NASA personnel. And we got together once we each looked at
       our calendars and everything and tried to determine the best we could of
       what our average time spent on this project was. Then we kind of got
       together as a group, tried to compare the three of us and come up with an
       amount for each week that we were spending on NASA that we didn’t
       actually have [sic] diary for.

                                             65
         Q: Is it fair to say in the left hand corner of the page underneath that table
         there’s the notation “Recovery auditor GSA schedule?”

         A: Yes, I see that.

         Q: And in the hourly rate column, there’s an hourly rate reported for you of
         $175. Did you supply the hourly rate information that appears in that
         column?

         A: No.

         Q: And you’ll notice that there's a total for you of $255,556.54, correct?
                                       ...
         So just to clarify, you did not receive $255,556.8486 then, right?

         A: I can assure you I have not.

As noted above, when Mr. Hott was asked on cross-examination if he was “actually paid
$682,900.96,” by Horn & Associates, Mr. Hott replied: “Sure wish I had been.”87

        Defendant further takes issue with the overhead rate included in the certified claim.
In the certified claim, Horn & Associates identified an amount of overhead at $912,948.00,
with an overhead rate of eighteen percent. Defendant argues that:

         [I]t is clear that Horn had no overhead that could be claimed, and no
         consistent methodology for making such a calculation. To make a claim for
         almost a million dollars of overhead under those circumstances is patently
         unreasonable, and, in combination with Horn’s other lapses of professional
86Defendant’s counsel misspoke in identifying the amount as $255,556.84, the summary
reflects an amount of $255,556.54.
87   Mr. Edgerton had a similar exchange on cross-examination:

         Q: And this is a similar expense summary to the one we just looked at, but
         this is for the year 2006.

         A: Correct.

         Q: And you see a total at the bottom of $141,396.45? Do you see that?
         A: Yes, I do.

         Q: You were not paid that amount for your work on the NASA audit in 2006,
         were you?

         A: I was not.

                                              66
       judgment, clearly meets, at a minimum, the reckless disregard standard of
       the FCA.

Defendant claims: “To add insult to injury, Horn then augmented amounts claimed for
hours and rates by a charge of ‘Overhead at 18%’ in a total amount of $912,948. At trial,
Mr. Horn and Mr. Farrar were unable to offer a consistent explanation as to what this
amount represented, how it was derived, and how it might be justified.” 88

       As noted above, in its certified claim, Horn & Associates stated that “Horn has
reviewed its own records to determine time and expenses devoted on this contract by
Horn staff. The sum of all such time and expenses plus an overhead and profit factor of
18% is $7,028,200.96.” At trial, Tom Horn and Mr. Farrar had differing recollections as to
what constituted the overhead rate with Tom Horn indicating the overheard rate referred
to “payroll taxes and benefits.” Mr. Farrar, on the other hand, agreed with the government
that Horn & Associates did not use the information in its own accounting system to
develop its overhead rate of 18 percent. Mr. Farrar stated:

       Again, remember that we’re a contingency audit firm so we wouldn’t have
       the normal benefits and so forth that add to an hourly billing rate of a
       company that bills on an hourly basis would have that in their records. So
       in Horn’s case we would not typically have that in our records because we're
       paying our auditors contingencies fees, we’re not providing them with
       benefits and so forth. So again, we’re trying to recapture something here
       that is very outside the normal way we do business.

        Defendant contends that, because Mr. Farrar could not identify what precisely went
into the overate rate, “[t]he 18-percent “overhead rate” is effectively a surcharge for
services that artificially inflates the amount sought in the claim because, if the hourly rates
in the certified claim are billing rates, as Horn & Associates claimed at trial, such rates
already have an overhead component built in,” citing Tom Horn’s testimony that “[a] billing
rate is something greater than cost. It would recover cost as well as overhead and profit.”

       At trial, Tom Horn admitted that the hourly rates prepared for the certified claim
“included not only the rate but a [sic] overhead factor and a profit margin factor as well.”
Tom Horn, however, did not elaborate on the necessity of an overhead rate for plaintiff’s

61 Defendant also claims that “[t]he Government’s expert examined Horn’s books and
records and could not develop an 18-percent overhead rate based on the books and
records, leading to the unavoidable conclusion that, contrary to Mr. Horn’s assertions,
that amount was unsubstantiated.” The defendant’s reliance on Mr. Wright is misplaced
as the court indicated at the closing of testimony, although more relevant to breach issues,
“Mr. Wright's testimony was all over the place,” and the court was troubled by the “lack of
clarity” in his testimony.

                                              67
subcontractors.89 When discussing the pro forma90 he prepared, Tom Horn, clarified that
“what we were submitting in the certified claim was the value of our time and expenses,
benefits, and profit. So that had some profit built into it back at that point in preparing the
certified claim.” Tom Horn went to explain that “[t]his, we were just really, it was just a
ballpark estimate maybe of what we would have paid out. We never paid this out so it
was nothing more than coming up with a pro forma to see if the profit was, you know,
whether we would have a profit that would be excessive or not.” Plaintiff defends the
amount for overhead, even if inconsistent among its management team, as a result of
trying to capture a figure for damages when Horn & Associates had been expecting
payment on a contingency basis. As plaintiff notes, “Horn had not made any actual
payments to individuals, but that the amount sought included overhead, representing
what Horn would have been paid if the Contract had been on an hourly rate, based on
Horn’s best estimates,” (emphasis in original) and no breach had occurred as alleged by
plaintiff. Plaintiff argues, as testified to by Mr. Farrar, the identification of the amount of
overhead in the claim was to assist the government in evaluating the claim. Mr. Farrar
emphasized that Horn & Associates

       attempted to come up with rates that we could use in our documentation
       that would, as closely as possible, reflect a reasonable hourly rate for our
       services that we were providing, had we provided those services on an
       hourly basis. And if, as you look at the schedule, you will notice that we put
       in the schedule, we broke out the overhead, which included benefits -- the
       things that you just listed, benefits and so forth. Again, we were trying to be
       transparent, trying to break that out so we could show it separately and
       there wouldn't be any question about it.

      Defendant also argues that “Horn’s overhead rate, which was based upon no
source documentation. . . was recognized even by Horn’s own expert [Ms. Wills] to be
89 When asked about the overhead rate for subcontractors on cross-examination, Tom
Horn indicated, “this was our understanding the way we were to do it for the third measure
of damages.” In response to the question: why did you conclude that you should be
assessing overhead on top of the labor of independent subcontractors? Tom Horn replied:
“Well, we had various discussions among ourselves. And we were presenting what the
value of our debt. . . .”
90 As discussed in more detail below, Tom Horn generated a pro forma in March 2008,
after the certified claim was filed on November 20, 2007, and the Contracting Officer’s
decision was issued on January 25, 2008, and in response to OIG initiating an
investigation on February 8, 2008 regarding Horn & Associates’ certified claim. Mr. Farrar
testified that the pro forma was “to see if they made sense, to see if there was something
that we misstated, something that was just grossly wrong. We just started, you know,
doing internal investigations of our own just to try to figure out, you know, what the heck
all the discussion was about.” On cross-examination, Mr. Farrar agreed with defendant’s
counsel that the pro forma was “a projection of billable revenue on an hourly basis to
cover expense and profit.”

                                              68
duplicative of other amounts claimed in Horn’s certified claim.” Defendant further argues
that “Horn’s own expert recognized — and corrected for – this duplication in her expert
report when she calculated Horn’s avoided costs.”91

         Defendant makes an additional argument in its post-trial brief, arguing “what is at
issue here is not merely the company’s use of the wrong label to describe its damages,
but a scheme to induce the Government to pay the company approximately $7 million
that had no relationship at all to any damages that may have been sustained by the
company in connection with its performance of the NASA recovery audit.” (emphasis in
original). In response, plaintiff argues that “[w]hile the Government might have been able
to attack Horn based on the quality of its time records if the Government was disputing
liability for the $7 million under some tort or contract theory, the Government cannot
establish liability under the fraud counterclaims based on this issue.” These two
sentences crystalize the differences between the parties in contesting the False Claims
Act counterclaims, and the fraud counterclaims more generally. The two parties view the
certified claim from diametrically different positions, not only as to how the claim was
prepared and presented, but also regarding the intention of the plaintiff in filing the claim
in the first place. Ultimately, as the court concluded regarding the Special Plea in Fraud
counterclaim, the court understands plaintiff to not be attempting to perpetrate a fraud on
the government.

        With regard to the False Claims Act counterclaims, the defendant has not met its
burden of proving a false statement or a reckless one. As emphasized throughout this
opinion the NASA Contract was “a contingency-based contract,” which only contemplated
payment to Horn & Associates following any successful recovery by NASA after Horn &
Associates had completed its work to identify the overpayments to the agency for
collection. The 13.5 percent contingency fee provision in the contract did not require Horn
& Associates to document its hours, expenses or billing rates, nor was there such a
requirement in the NASA Contract. Tom Horn explained, the NASA Contract “didn't
require us in any part of the contract to maintain our time and expense records.” As the
drafter of the NASA Contract, NASA was, or should have been, aware that there was no
such requirement in the NASA Contract. Moreover, in its certified claim, Horn &
Associates indicated to NASA that the records were reconstructions. Plaintiff’s counsel’s
argument that “Horn never claimed to the Government that it did use rates suggested by
its subcontractors,” could be difficult to understand when plaintiff provided hourly rates
and documentation, as well as calculation of the hours worked times the hourly rate to
arrive at the expenses for a subcontractor. Exhibit 42 to the certified claim, the “Audit Cost
Index,” which included all the billing records, was over 600 pages and gave detailed
information about the Horn & Associates employee or subcontractor, broken down by
91 Although not clearly stated in the plaintiff’s expert report prepared by Ms. Wills,
defendant points to the following language from Ms. Wills’ expert report as evidence of
duplication, “because the hourly bill rates underlying the calculation of the $7,028,200.96
per Exhibit 2 are not hourly cost rates, I developed an estimate of the hourly cost rate for
each individual which excluded the other direct costs and applied overhead of 18% to
those costs. These costs rates reflect a reduction for the 18% overhead included in the
calculated hourly rate, as well as a reduction for profit included in the hourly rates.”
                                             69
hours, tasks, travel, and expenses, among other information. It is understandable how
the government believed when first reviewing the information presented that actual
expenses and costs of Horn & Associates personnel were being presented in the certified
claim. Although the fault for offering potentially confusing information lies with plaintiff, as
does inconsistent testimony at trial regarding the overhead rate, the court notes that
plaintiff’s previous counsel of record did no favors to Horn & Associates by suggesting,
“[w]e must impress upon our independent auditors/contractors the need for their
immediate and close attention to this project. It is essential that they review the records
that they have and that they make a detailed estimate of their time devoted to the NASA
project on a daily basis. In that regard, they should preserve what records they have that
will buttress their estimate of their actual time.” Plaintiff’s prior counsel should have been
more aware of the confusion that could be created by identifying a total of expenses as a
precise figure of $7,028,200.96, and the use of the phrase “actual costs.” Likewise,
referring to the subcontractors’ review of the time and “costs they incurred,” was a poor
choice of words, as the testimony demonstrated that the subcontractors had not actually
billed those costs to plaintiff or kept complete records for Horn & Associates and its
subcontractors, given the contingency nature of the NASA Contract.

        The language in the certified claim, “[s]upporting all this information are expense
records and time diaries that were used to construct the documents,” does not constitute
recklessness on the part of Horn & Associates or deliberate ignorance of the truth. Even
if the wrong choice of words was included by Horn & Associates, the court does not
conclude that the reference to the information supporting the certified claim is sufficient
to trigger liability under the False Claims Act. Nor can the court determine that Horn &
Associates knowingly submitted false information as part of its claims in the context of the
contract at issue. The government knew the NASA Contract was a contingency contract
and that payment to Horn & Associates and its subcontractors had been relativity minimal.
Although, plaintiff’s attempts to use the GSA schedule or other models may not have been
supported, NASA officials knew the context in which the models and calculations were
offered by Horn in furtherance of the alternative claims. The use of the alternative theories
by plaintiff suggests uncertainty existed during the plaintiff’s preparation of the certified
claim, and its calculation of costs. Although typically in breach allegation cases expenses
and hourly rates and overhead are submitted in support, the nature of the contingency
contract in a recovery audit context added a level of difficult for plaintiff as to how to submit
a claim.

       Nor should it be said that the choice of rates chosen by Horn & Associates
represents a false claim. Although the testimony by Tom Horn and Mr. Farrar did not offer
much clarification, as the Horn & Associates principals testified that they “went out just to
the GSA schedule and pulled down just a number of them,” the court is sympathetic to
challenges faced by plaintiff to try to establish its breach of contract claim and figure out
how to create an hourly basis for compensation for its principals and its subcontractors in
a case in which the plaintiff had had exclusively worked on a contingency basis.
Unfortunately, the certified claim includes limited explanation for how Horn & Associates
arrived at the hourly rates chosen. Perhaps if Horn & Associates had included more
information about the process for calculating its certified claim, as well as better

                                               70
distinguishing any amounts that had not actually been paid, instead of submitting 600+
pages of reconstructed records, the confusion as to the sincerity of the approach taken
by Horn & Associates would have been questioned less by NASA officials in this
contingency contract situation.

        Least supported, and most concerning to the court, is the inconsistent explanation
for the overhead rate. The testimony of Tom Horn and Mr. Farrar demonstrates the
inconsistency of calculating an overhead rate, and whether or not overhead was part of
the already determined hourly rate for its employees. Nonetheless, as with the billing
rates, the court recognizes the challenges to plaintiff when attempting to calculate an
overheard rate based on what the company would have been paid, if paid on an hourly
rate, instead of the contingency rate contemplated by both parties and the contract.
Although defendant has not demonstrated from the testimony at trial or the records before
the court that the overhead rate submitted was clearly false or duplicative, and certainly
not intentionally or recklessly so, what amount might be compensable in the event a
breach by the defendant can be demonstrated remains an open question. As previously
indicated by a Judge of this court, “[t]he government has ‘the burden to allege and prove
that the statements were false under any reasonable interpretation.’” Liquidating Trustee
Ester Du Val of KI Liquidation, Inc. v. United States, 116 Fed. Cl. at 379 (quoting United
States v. Adler, 623 F.2d at 1289). As plaintiff asserts, “[a]lthough arguing that the
numbers in Horn’s certified claim were ‘inflated,’ the Government failed to present any
evidence to show what it considered to be reasonable rates, hours, expenses, and
overhead.” (emphasis in original). The government has not met its burden to demonstrate
that plaintiff submitted the, hourly rates, subcontractor information, or overhead rate with
reckless disregard under the False Claims Act.

        In addition to arguing that Tom Horn, on behalf of plaintiff did not act recklessly,
plaintiff contends that “the facts of the case do not support a finding that Mr. Horn acted
with ordinary negligence,”92 in trying to support its breach of contract claim under
circumstances involving payment through a contingency mechanism. For support, plaintiff
points to the fact that “[p]rior to the Contract with NASA, Horn had only worked on two
federal government recovery audits,” and “[b]efore the NASA Contract, Horn’s principals
had no experience with government contract disputes, either substantively or
procedurally.” (footnote omitted). Horn & Associates also indicates that, “when its own
efforts to resolve the dispute with NASA were rebuffed and finally rejected, Horn sought
out and retained legal counsel with government contracts experience, William H.
Gammon, to advise and assist Horn in filing its Certified Claim and pursuing litigation to
remedy NASA’s breach.” Plaintiff also attempts to argue that:
92The court notes that ordinary negligence is generally insufficient to demonstrate liability
under the False Claims Act. See Riley Constr. Co. v. United States, 65 Fed. Cl. 269. As
discussed below, defendant agrees. Moreover, before addressing ordinary negligence,
plaintiff states: “Here, the Court does not need to determine whether Mr. Horn’s actions
with respect to the preparation and review of the Further Alternate Remedy portion of
Horn’s Certified Claim, and his subsequent certification of the Claim on behalf of Horn,
constitute ordinary negligence. Such a finding, even if made, is insufficient to give rise to
FCA liability.”
                                             71
       Having no prior experience with drafting certified claims, or being engaged
       in contract disputes with the Government, it was reasonable for Mr. Horn to
       rely on his experienced government contracts attorney to draft the Certified
       Claim using the appropriate terminology and phrasing, and to document the
       Certified Claim, in accordance with government contracting practice.

At trial, however, Tom Horn did indicate that although he did not draft the certified claim,
he did review it before signing it.

       In post-trial briefs plaintiff repeatedly cites to the undersigned’s opinion in Gulf
Group to demonstrate that Tom Horn was not negligent. See generally Gulf Grp.
Enterprises Co., W.L.L. v. United States, 114 Fed. Cl. 258 (2013), appeal dismissed (Fed.
Cir. Mar. 2, 2015). Plaintiff argues, for example:

       Mr. Horn’s retention of an experienced government contacting attorney, and
       his reliance on that attorney’s knowledge, skill, training and experience in
       preparing and drafting certified claims, was prudent and reasonable. It did
       not demonstrate ordinary negligence, and it certainly did not demonstrate
       “a failure to exercise even that care which a careless person would use,”
       which would be required to make a finding of gross negligence.

(quoting Gulf Grp. Enterprises Co., W.L.L. v. United States, 114 Fed. Cl. at 315 n.87).
Despite citation to, and reliance on, the undersigned’s opinion in Gulf Group, Gulf Group
does not provide much support for the plaintiff’s argument that Tom Horn could not be
negligent. As noted in Gulf Group:

       the fact that Saud Al Tawash testified that he and Gulf Group did not know
       how to compile a claim to be submitted to the United States government
       does not obviate Gulf Group’s responsibilities, or Saud Al Tawash’s
       responsibilities as the General Manager of Gulf Group, nor does plaintiff’s
       and Saud Al Tawash’s reliance on the attorneys absolve the plaintiff of its
       responsibilities for submitting inflated and deficient claims. See Link v.
       Wabash R.R., 370 U.S. at 633-34. Saud Al Tawash signed the cover letter
       for the 2005 camp package BPA claim, as well the settlement offer form.
       He testified at trial, however, that he did not look at the claim in detail until
       his deposition, despite acknowledging that it was the responsibility of
       everyone involved with the claims to make sure they were accurate. Plaintiff
       is bound by the actions of its attorneys and its General Manager, Saud Al
       Tawash. Plaintiff chose to rely on its attorneys to prepare and submit its
       claims. By giving its attorneys the authority to certify the claims on Gulf
       Group’s behalf, and failing to review the submissions, plaintiff cannot now
       hide behind the mistakes of its attorneys to avoid liability under the False
       Claims Act.

                                              72
Gulf Grp. Enterprises Co,. W.L.L. v. United States, 114 Fed. Cl. at 328.93 In the above
captioned case, Tom Horn chose to rely on Mr. Gammon’s framework for the certified
claim and present the “further alternative remedy” to “recover its actual costs and
expenses incurred by Horn and its independent subcontractors.” Additionally, as noted
above, with regard to the language, “Horn should be entitled to receive at a bare minimum
compensation for its actual costs incurred,” at trial, Tom Horn acknowledged that he did
not give any significance to the term “actual costs incurred,” explaining “it really didn't
register with me when I read this, reviewed the certified claim.” Tom Horn testified at trial
about his lengthy experience as a CPA and as an auditor, but his limited experience with
a federal contingency fee recovery audit contract.

       Not surprisingly, defendant claims that “Horn’s efforts to shoehorn this case into
the mold of ordinary negligence are fundamentally flawed,” correctly recognizing that
“ordinary negligence does not give rise to liability under any of the three fraud statutes at

93 The court notes that Horn & Associates’ certified claim differs significantly from the one
in Gulf Group, which was not a contingency contract, but rather a standard government
contract for fees for services. Unlike Horn & Associates and Tom Horn, individuals in the
Gulf Group case,

       in the personages of Attorney Peters, Attorney Hands, and Saud Al Tawash,
       did not conduct even a minimal inquiry into the accuracy of the claims
       submitted. Had they done so, they would have seen the inconsistency of
       the claims and the expense table. They also should have seen the lack of
       foundation for the information included in the table. Moreover, had any one
       of them carefully reviewed the various claims, they should have noticed that
       the claims were for more than the BPA call amount. In addition, the
       attorneys should have been more conversant with government contract law,
       including the legal status of options, BPAs, and calls. According to his
       testimony, Saud Al Tawash was a business major and graduate of Tulane
       University, who has multiple business holdings and experience running
       companies, including performance of other United States government
       contracts. It is hard for this court to imagine that, had Saud Al Tawash
       appropriately reviewed the 2005 Claim and Settlement Offer, he would not
       have realized that plaintiff stood to recoup more money from its 2005 Claim
       and Settlement Offer than it would have made, even had the master dollar
       limit of the BPA been reached and had BPA call 0001 not been terminated.
       Plaintiff cannot escape the fact that it sought the BPA call dollar limit of
       $7,000,000.00 in its 2007 claim on a terminated call that was worth only
       $1,447,457.22.

Id. at 328. Tom Horn indicated at trial that he reviewed the claim, that plaintiff was
attempting to assess the damages in a contingency contract situation, and that there was
no inconsistency with the amounts in the certified claim.

                                             73
issue in this case.”94 Defendant is correct, Tom Horn, and therefore, Horn & Associates’
mistakes and inartful approach to claim presentation, are not sufficient to trigger liability
under the False Claims Act. See Ulysses, Inc. v. United States, 117 Fed. Cl. at 780
(quoting UMC Elec. Co. v. United States, 43 Fed. Cl. at 795) (“‘Under the False Claims
Act there must be a showing by the government of more than innocent mistake or mere
negligence.’”).

         Therefore, although Horn & Associates, and Tom Horn, in assembling, reviewing
and certifying the claim, made mistakes in how information was characterized and
presented to the government in the certified claim, none of those mistakes rose to the
level of “false statements.” Because the court finds that defendant has not demonstrated
that plaintiff had knowledge that its claims were false or fraudulent, and had no intention
to induce “wrongful payment,” United States v. Rivera, 55 F.3d at 709, Horn & Associates
is not liable under the False Claims Act. The testimony of the Horn & Associates principals
was sincere and forthcoming. There was no indication in their testimony at trial of any
intention to defraud the government. The Horn & Associates principals testified, as did
numerous subcontractors of Horn & Associates, that plaintiff attempted to recover for the
work they had actually performed. Moreover, the subcontractors genially testified that the
work was hindered by with a significant lack of cooperation from NASA employees in the
various locations and at NASA headquarters, and under conditions in which NASA
employees appeared to intentionally create barriers or delays to plaintiff’s performance
and only a few of the NASA witnesses appeared to have supported the work to be
performed under the NASA Contract. At trial, the weight of the sincerity was with the Horn
& Associates principals. Defendant’s counterclaims for the False Claims Act are
dismissed.

     III.   Contract Disputes Act

       Finally, defendant argues in its counterclaim, regarding the anti-fraud provision of
the Contract Disputes Act, “Horn is liable to the United States pursuant to 41 U.S.C. §
604 for the unsupported portions of its claims, the exact amount to be proven at trial, as
94 Although as the certifying official, Tom Horn’s actions are inextricably linked with the
plaintiff, defendant emphasizes that “liability under the fraud statutes inures to Horn the
Corporation, not Tom Horn the individual,” and “Mr. Horn, as an individual, is not the
subject of the Government’s fraud counterclaims. Rather, it is the corporation whose
actions and scienter are at issue in this case, because it is the corporation, and not Tom
Horn personally, that would be called upon to pay any fraud judgment.” (all emphasis in
original). To the extent plaintiff argues otherwise, the court agrees that it is the plaintiff’s
actions which are at issue. The court does not see the malevolence that defendant does,
arguing that “Horn the corporation cannot shield itself from liability for fraud merely upon
showing, for example, that Tom Horn personally was careless, ignorant of his
responsibilities to assemble a truthful and accurate certified claim, or innocently
misplaced trust in his lawyer and others to assemble such a claim on the company’s
behalf. To suggest otherwise invites legal error into this case.” Because the court does
not find a false claim, the distinction is not relevant to the resolution of the False Claim
Act counts of the defendant’s counterclaim.
                                              74
well as the United States’ costs attributable to reviewing such parts of its claims” because
“Horn is unable to support portions of its actual costs claim, as alleged above, due to
misrepresentations of fact or fraud.”

      The anti-fraud provision of the Contract Disputes Act, 41 U.S.C. § 604 (now 41
U.S.C. § 7103(c)(2)) provides:

       If a contractor is unable to support any part of his claim and it is determined
       that such inability is attributable to misrepresentation of fact or fraud on the
       part of the contractor, he shall be liable to the Government for an amount
       equal to such unsupported part of the claim in addition to all costs to the
       Government attributable to the cost of reviewing said part of his claim.

41 U.S.C. § 604.95 The Contract Disputes Act at 41 U.S.C. § 605(c)(1) (2006) (now 41
U.S.C. § 7103(b)(1) (2012)), requires for a certification of a claim in excess of
$100,000.00,

95 The language of the anti-fraud provision of the Contract Disputes Act was slightly
altered when it was recodified in 2011 at 41 U.S.C. § 7103(c)(2). See Veridyne Corp. v.
United States, 758 F.3d at 1380. The current language of the provision now states:

       If a contractor is unable to support any part of the contractor’s claim and it
       is determined that the inability is attributable to a misrepresentation of fact
       or fraud by the contractor, then the contractor is liable to the Federal
       Government for an amount equal to the unsupported part of the claim plus
       all of the Federal Government’s costs attributable to reviewing the
       unsupported part of the claim.

41 U.S.C. § 7103(c)(2); see also Hernandez, Kroone & Assocs., Inc. v. United States,
110 Fed. Cl. at 525 (“By the Act of January 4, 2011, Pub. L. No. 111–350, 124 Stat. 3677,
the CDA was amended and enacted into positive law. The CDA provisions were relocated
from 41 U.S.C. §§ 601–13 (2006) to 41 U.S.C. §§ 7101–09. Comparing 41 U.S.C. §
7103(c)(2) with its source, 41 U.S.C. § 604 (2006), confirms the absence of any
substantive change.”). Although the minor differences in the revisions to the current
versions do not change the court’s analysis, the court refers to the anti-fraud provision of
the Contract Disputes Act in effect at the time of the events in the above-captioned case.
The court notes that in AEY, Inc. v. United States, the plaintiff argued that under the
current version of the anti-fraud provision of the Contract Disputes Act, “the antifraud
provisions of the CDA supersede the Forfeiture Statute [28 U.S.C. § 2514],” AEY, Inc. v.
United States, 114 Fed. Cl. at 627. Plaintiff has not raised a similar argument in the above
captioned case. In AEY, Inc. v. United States, the court declined to address the AEY
plaintiff’s contention that the 28 U.S.C. § 2514 is superseded by the anti-fraud provision
of the Contract Disputes Act, because the court concluded the government had waived
its rights under 28 U.S.C. § 2514. See AEY, Inc. v. United States, 114 Fed. Cl. at 632.
                                             75
       the contractor shall certify that--

       (A) the claim is made in good faith;

       (B) the supporting data are accurate and complete to the best of the
       contractor's knowledge and belief;

       (C) the amount requested accurately reflects the contract adjustment for
       which the contractor believes the Federal Government is liable; and

       (D) the certifier is authorized to certify the claim on behalf of the contractor.

 41 U.S.C. § 605(c)(1); see Trafalgar House Constr., Inc. v. United States, 73 Fed. Cl.
675, 693 (2006) (“The primary purpose of this certification is to prevent the submission of
fraudulent claims.”), aff’d, 274 F. App’x 898 (Fed. Cir. 2008).

       As noted by the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, “[t]he
Contract Disputes Act requires that an authorized corporate official certify that ‘the claim
is made in good faith, that the supporting data are accurate and complete to the best of
his knowledge and belief, [and] that the amount requested accurately reflects the contract
adjustment for which the contractor believes the government is liable.’” Veridyne Corp. v.
United States, 758 F.3d at 1380 (quoting 41 U.S.C. § 605(c)(1) (recodified at 41 U.S.C.
§ 7103(b)(1)(A)-(D) (2012)). As noted by the trial court in Veridyne, “[a]lthough the anti-
fraud provision contains no express requirement that the costs must be ‘reasonable,’ it
presumes that defendant actually has incurred the claimed costs of review.” Veridyne
Corp. v. United States, 107 Fed. Cl. at 767 (citing 41 U.S.C. § 7103(c)(2)).

       “Congress enacted the fraud provision of the CDA ‘out of concern that the
submission of baseless claims contributes to the so-called horsetrading theory where an
amount beyond that which can be legitimately claimed is submitted merely as a
negotiating tactic.’” Veridyne Corp. v. United States, 758 F.3d at 1381 (quoting Daewoo
Eng'g & Constr. Co. v. United States, 557 F.3d at 1340); see also Daewoo Eng'g & Constr.
Co. v. United States, 73 Fed. Cl. at 584 (quoting Sen. Report No. 95–1118, 1978
U.S.C.C.A.N. 5235, 5254) (“This subsection [41 U.S.C. § 604] is included out of concern
that the submission of baseless claims contribute to the so-called horsetrading theory
where an amount beyond that which can be legitimately claimed is submitted merely as
a negotiating tactic. Hence, payment of such a claim by the Government would constitute
a windfall to the contractor.”). As the trial court in Daewoo indicated, “[u]sing a claim to
gain leverage against the United States violates the principle on which Congress enacted
the Contract Disputes Act, including its effort to prevent contractors from using the claims
process to obtain higher profits. Congress called it ‘horse trading.’” Daewoo Eng'g &
Constr. Co. v. United States, 73 Fed. Cl. at 570.

        “A contractor is liable under the antifraud provision of the CDA when the
‘“contractor is unable to support any part of his claim and it is determined that such
inability is attributable to misrepresentation of fact or fraud on the part of the contractor.

                                              76
. . .”’” Ulysses, Inc. v. United States, 110 Fed. Cl. at 647 (quoting Daewoo Eng'g & Constr.
Co. v. United States, 557 F.3d at 1335 (quoting 41 U.S.C. § 604)). A “misrepresentation
of fact” is defined as “‘a false statement of substantive fact, or any conduct which leads
to a belief of a substantive fact material to proper understanding of the matter in hand,
made with intent to deceive or mislead.’” Veridyne Corp. v. United States, 758 F.3d at
1381; see also Daewoo Eng’g & Constr. Co. v. United States, 557 F.3d at 1335 (quoting
41 U.S.C. § 601(9) (now 41 U.S.C. § 7101(9) (2012))); Hernandez, Kroone & Assocs.,
Inc. v. United States, 110 Fed. Cl. at 524.

        “The government must establish this falsity and intent by a preponderance of the
evidence.” Daewoo Eng’g & Constr. Co. v. United States, 557 F.3d at 1335; see also
Veridyne Corp. v. United States, 758 F.3d at 1381; UMC Elecs. Co. v. United States, 249
F.3d at 1338 (citing Comm. Contractors, Inc. v. United States, 154 F.3d at 1362) (“The
government must prove a violation of the Contract Disputes Act and False Claims Act by
a preponderance of the evidence.”); Ulysses, Inc. v. United States, 110 Fed. Cl. at 647
(citing Comm. Contractors, Inc. v. United States, 154 F.3d at 1362) (“While the CDA does
not provide a standard of proof, the Federal Circuit has applied the ‘preponderance of the
evidence’ standard to claims brought under the CDA's fraud provision.”); Hernandez,
Kroone & Assocs., Inc. v. United States, 110 Fed. Cl. at 524 (“The government must
establish this falsity and intent by a preponderance of the evidence.”).96

       “To recover under the CDA, the government is required to establish that the
contractor made false or fraudulent statements in its submitted claim with an intent to
deceive or mislead the government.” Comm. Contractors, Inc. v. United States, 154 F.3d
at 1362 (citing 41 U.S.C. § 601(7) (now 41 U.S.C. § 7101(7) (2012))); see also Daewoo
Eng’g & Constr. Co. v. United States, 73 Fed. Cl. at 584; Chemray Coatings Corp. v.
United States, 29 Fed. Cl. 278, 285 (1993) (“In order to obtain reimbursement for a paid
claim, defendant must prove that a part of plaintiff's claim is unsupported and that this
lack of support is due to fraud or misrepresentation intended by plaintiff to deceive the
government.” (citing Tyger Constr. Co. v. United States, 28 Fed. Cl. at 58)).

        Defendant makes similar arguments for the Contract Disputes Act counterclaims
as it did regarding the False Claims Act. As noted above, according to defendant:

       [W]e established at trial that the entirety of Horn’s certified claim should be
       forfeited under the Special Plea in Fraud. In so doing, we established that,
       for the same reasons, Horn is liable to the Government for damages under
       the CDA’s Anti-Fraud provision, 41 U.S.C. §7103(c)(2), and the FCA, 31
       U.S.C. § 3729. The evidence at trial is more than sufficient to prove, by a
96 As discussed above in the False Claims Act analysis, the preponderance of the
evidence standard applied to proof under the Contract Disputes Act and the False Claims
Act is a less rigorous standard than the clear and convincing standard of proof applied
under the Special Plea in Fraud statute. See UMC Elecs. Co. v. United States, 249 F.3d
at 1338-39 (“Under the Special Plea in Fraud, the government must prove its allegations
by clear and convincing evidence.” (citing Comm. Contractors, Inc. v. United States, 154
F.3d at 1362)).
                                             77
         preponderance of the evidence, that Horn, with actual knowledge, falsely
         depicted its fabricated numbers as “actual costs,” made false statements
         concerning its hourly rate, overhead, and level of supporting
         documentation, and did so with the intent to deceive or mislead the
         Government. Moreover, it is clear, by far more than a preponderance of the
         evidence, that Horn, acting again with actual knowledge of the falsity of the
         misstatements contained in its certified claim, presented a false or
         fraudulent certified claim for payment or approval, within the meaning of the
         FCA. See 31 U.S.C. §§ 3729, 3731. As such, in addition to forfeiting its
         claim under the Special Plea in Fraud, Horn is liable to the Government for
         penalties under the FCA, and for the unsupported part of its certified claim
         and the costs of review under the CDA.

(citations omitted). In its post-trial brief, defendant also claims that “we established at trial
that the entirety of Horn’s certified claim should be forfeited under the Special Plea in
Fraud. In so doing, we established that, for the same reasons, Horn is liable to the
Government for damages under the CDA’s Anti-Fraud provision.”

         Plaintiff contends that “Horn did not violate the Contract Disputes Act,” and argues
that

         the Government’s entire counterclaim depends on its unsupported premise
         that the third measure of damages was “engineered to appear as a claim
         for actual costs incurred.” In fact, the full language of the Certified Claim
         reflected that in the third measure of damages, as an alternative, Horn was
         seeking “reliance damages” that would enable Horn to recover “at least . . .
         for its out-of-pocket expense and for the time devoted to the performance
         of the [Contract].” As noted above, the Government presented no evidence
         that any of the intended audience at NASA was confused or mistaken about
         the meaning of the Certified Claim, and called no witness to testify that
         anyone at NASA actually read the third measure of damages as “a claim for
         actual costs incurred.”

(emphasis in original; bracket in original; citation omitted). Moreover, plaintiff claims that
“the Government has not shown that the estimated numbers for hours and expenses were
false or fraudulent. Therefore, NASA has not proven, by a preponderance of the evidence,
that Horn made misrepresentations of fact.”97
97   The “Further Alternative Remedy” section of the certified claim states:

         Horn is entitled to recover its actual costs and expenses incurred by Horn
         and its independent subcontractors. Horn has contacted each of its
         independent subcontractors and had them review the time they devoted and
         the costs they incurred. Likewise, Horn has reviewed its own records to
         determine time and expenses devoted on this contract by Horn staff. The
         sum of all such time and expenses plus an overhead and profit factor of
         18% is $7,028,200.96. The information is presented on an individual basis
                                               78
       As the court determined above, the defendant has not met its burden to prove that
Horn & Associates’ certified claim violated the Special Plea in Fraud statute or the False
Claims Act. As further noted in the False Claims Act analysis above, the court does not
believe the phrase “actual costs incurred” automatically demonstrates fraud under the
preponderance of the evidence standard. Therefore, as the anti-fraud provision of the
Contract Disputes Act applies the preponderance of the evidence standard, defendant’s
counterclaim for the anti-fraud provision of the Contract Disputes Act must stand on its
own and demonstrate Horn & Associates’ certified claim contained “a false statement of
substantive fact,” or demonstrated “conduct which leads to a belief of a substantive fact
material to proper understanding of the matter in hand, made with intent to deceive or
mislead.”

        Addressing arguments specific to the anti-fraud provision of the Contract Disputes
Act, defendant, citing to Daewoo v. United States, 73 Fed. Cl. at 570, claims that “[t]he
testimony of Horn’s principals illustrates that Horn intended to use the ‘third alternative
remedy’ as a means of gaining leverage in its negotiations with NASA. Such a tactic is
precisely what the CDA is intended to prevent.” Defendant cites to Mr. Farrar testimony
that “[o]ur expectation was that after we filed the claim, and maybe naively on our part,
that there would be a lot of conversation once NASA received the claim, and there would
be a lot of give and take back and forth trying to resolve the issue of the breach, and we
would come to some solution to resolve it.” Defendant also points to Mr. Lowery’s
deposition testimony that “our request for damages will be the time and money expended
while being completely stonewalled by NASA. It won’t be a windfall, but after attorneys
fees, it might be enough to marginally recover most of our losses,” as evidence, according
to defendant, that Horn & Associates “[p]resented as alternative remedies were intended
to start a negotiation that would end in settlement.” Plaintiff argues that “[t]he first evidence
put forward by the Government in support of this theory is the innocuous testimony from
Horn’s principals that they expected, perhaps naively, that the Certified Claim would start
a conversation that would result in negotiations and would eventfully resolve the dispute
between the parties.”

        The unusual breach claim in a contingency fee contract for the recovery audit
resulted in the challenges the plaintiff faced to calculate its claim, and the guessimates
plaintiff offered, which were not submitted as a negotiating tactic. See Veridyne Corp. v.
United States, 758 F.3d at 1381 (quoting Daewoo Eng'g & Constr. Co. v. United States,

       for each Horn member, employee or subcontractor. Further, the information
       is broken out on a monthly basis. Supporting all this information are
       expense records and time diaries that were used to construct the
       documents.

(internal citation omitted). As noted above, as the beginning of the section “Remedies for
NASA’s Breaches,” in the certified claim, plaintiff stated that: “It is important to note that
Horn is not required to establish its damages with a finite degree of accuracy; rather, Horn
may establish its approximate damages so long as there is a reasonable basis for Horn's
computation.”
                                               79
557 F.3d at 1340) (“Congress enacted the fraud provision of the CDA ‘out of concern that
the submission of baseless claims contributes to the so-called horsetrading theory where
an amount beyond that which can be legitimately claimed is submitted merely as a
negotiating tactic.’”). Plaintiff was attempting to structure a claim for the somewhat
unusual contingency contract in a field, recovery auditing, which was not a typical
government contract. Plaintiff did its best to try to establish its breach damages using
alterative damages calculations in a situation with which Horn & Associates had not
previously dealt. Moreover, as discussed above, plaintiff had not kept detailed records,
nor was it required to do so, as it had not anticipated seeking reimbursement for costs
expended, as opposed to collecting its contingency fees.

        In Daewoo, the Court of Federal Claims noted that Daewoo had submitted an
inflated claim to get the government to “pay attention.” See Daewoo Eng’g & Constr. Co.
v. United States, 73 Fed. Cl. at 585. The Judge in the Court of Federal Claims stated:

       The Project Manager testified at one point that Daewoo filed at least $50
       million of the claim to indicate “the seriousness of the situation” and to get
       the Government to “pay attention” so it would agree to a cheaper method of
       constructing embankments. If so, this is further evidence of bad faith. It
       means that Daewoo submitted a certified claim as a negotiating ploy; that
       is, for a reason other than an attempt to recover money for which Daewoo
       believed the Government is liable.

Id.98 (citations and footnote omitted). As noted above, the Daewoo trial court indicated,
“[u]sing a claim to gain leverage against the United States violates the principle on which
Congress enacted the Contract Disputes Act, including its effort to prevent contractors
from using the claims process to obtain higher profits. Congress called it ‘horse trading.’”
Id. at 570. Horn & Associates correctly points out that, unlike in Daewoo, its certified claim
was submitted after the end of the contract. In the above captioned case, plaintiff notes
that the “Recovery Audit was over, the GSA Contract, having been terminated by NASA
effective September 30, 2006, more than a year before Horn submitted its Certified Claim.
At that point, Horn was not seeking to modify the terms of the Contract, but rather to seek
damages for NASA’s material breaches of the Contract.” Plaintiff, therefore, argues that
“[i]ntent cannot be shown by Horn’s expectations that the parties would discuss, and
possibly settle, the claim after it was submitted.” Plaintiff also argues that

       unlike in Daewoo, the allegedly fraudulent claim for $7,028,200.96 in
       reliance damages was the lowest of the three damages numbers set forth
       in the Certified Claim. Particularly in light of its reliance on Daewoo, it is
       bizarre that the Government argues that Horn’s third measure of damages
       of $7,028,200.96 is somehow an attempt to shake-down the Government,
       but does not make such a claim as to the substantially higher figures of
98  As noted above by the Federal Circuit in affirming the trial court’s decision in Daewoo,
“[i]t is well established that a baseless certified claim is a fraudulent claim.” Daewoo Eng’g
& Constr. Co. v. United States, 557 F.3d at 1339.

                                             80
       $269 million and $14.7 million on the primary and secondary measures of
       damages in Horn’s Certified Claim.[99]

(emphasis in original). The court agrees with plaintiff that the plaintiff’s claims are factually
and temporally different than the one in Daewoo.

        The court also recognizes a difference between Tom Horn, as the certifying official
in the above captioned case and Mr. Kim, the project manager and the certifying official
in Daewoo. As noted by the trial court in Daewoo, “Kim certified the claim for $64 million,
and he testified that he expected the Government to pay the entire amount. Later the
same day, he recanted that testimony, stating that the claim was for only $13 million.”
Daewoo Eng’g & Constr. Co. v. United States, 73 Fed. Cl. at 585. At trial, Mr. Kim
specifically disavowed the truth of the claim at trial, whereas Tom Horn has not. Tom
Horn has continued to maintain the validity of the claim methodologies submitted to NASA
in the unusual contingency fee contract at issue.100 Therefore, despite testimony by
plaintiff’s witnesses that the third measure of damages was offered, anticipating the start
of a conversation, the certified claim and conduct of Horn & Associates is substantially
99 The court notes plaintiff’s repeated frustration at the government’s focus on only the
third measure of damages, which was, by far, the lowest measure of damages. As
plaintiff’s counsel noted during closing arguments, “the first measure of damages was
$279 million; the second was for $14.7 million; and this one was sort of a throw-in $7
million damages claim which we’re not even pursuing now because, as our witnesses
have testified, that's just not enough to compensate us for our losses on this contract.”
The court notes, at trial Mr. Wai, who worked in the OIG, stated he did not look at the
$279 million claim or the $14.7 million claim, and indicated that

       I didn’t look at the $270 million because it was obvious that that was a
       number that came out of the air, but the $7 million was specifically referred
       to as actual cost incurred. If Horn had told me that that was not actual cost
       incurred and that particular portion is going to change or would reflect that,
       that would have changed, I probably will [sic] have ended my audit or my
       bosses would have told me to drop the audit.

As noted above, however, Mr. Wai, in discussing Horn & Associates’ damages theories,
indicated that “I don’t know the definition of -- the legal definition of reliance. I’m not a
lawyer. But out-of-pocket, I can understand that as an accountant. . . . I don’t understand
what the reliance damages are.” Also as noted above, the court found Mr. Wai to be ‘a
very troublesome witness,” indicating to the parties at the close of testimony, that he had
selective memory.
100 The court also notes a difference between Tom Horn, as the certifying official and the
ones in two previous cases before the undersigned. In Gulf Group Enterprises Co.,
W.L.L. v. United States, 114 Fed. Cl. at 329, the certifying official admitted at trial that the
information in the certified claim was incorrect. In Chapman Law Firm, LPA v. United
States, 113 Fed. Cl. at 606, the undersigned determined after trial that the certifying
official was aware the certified claim was factually false when he certified the claim.
                                               81
different than that of the plaintiff in Daewoo, and does not demonstrate a violation of the
anti-fraud provision of the Contract Disputes Act. Each case must be evaluated on the
specific facts of the case presented.

        At trial, defendant also attempted to demonstrate that Horn & Associates’ conduct
after the OIG investigation was initiated demonstrates an intent by Horn & Associates to
deceive or mislead. Defendant cites to the fact that “[a]fter the OIG initiated its
investigation, Horn attempted to justify its hourly rates. Mr. Horn wrote to Lowery and
Farrar in March 2008: ‘I think the attached justifies how we came up with our total billing
rate for the $7 million number. We can massage the numbers around any way we want.
Also, I think the profit % is very reasonable under the risk, reward circumstances of our
business.’” Defendant argues that “Mr. Horn had created to show, retroactively, that
Horn’s selection of the rates presented in its certified claim had been reasonable.”

        As noted above, after Horn & Associates submitted its certified claim, but before
Contracting Officer Patterson issued a final decision, on January 4, 2008, NASA
contacted NASA’s OIG, alleging that Horn & Associates’ certified claim for $7,028,200.96
was questionable and could warrant an investigation as a false claim. The OIG initiated
an investigation on February 8, 2008, which lasted for months. In its post-trial briefing,
plaintiff noted that “Horn’s President, Tom Horn, sent the March 7, 2008 e-mail that the
Government argues is a ‘smoking gun’[101] and ‘an indicia of fraud.’ The single sentence
pulled out of that email by the Government stated, ‘We can massage the numbers around
any way we want.’” Plaintiff argues that “Mr. Horn wrote the e-mail after the OIG contacted
Horn about its investigation of fraud, a move that shocked and surprised the principals at
Horn, particularly because they believed that they had done the best they could do in
putting together the claim.” On cross-examination, Mr. Farrar explained that:

         At this point in time, if you looked at the dates which is March, after the IG
         [OIG] contacted us, obviously we were again very shocked and surprised
         that somebody would think we were doing something in -- you know, totally
         fraudulent at this -- in this case. And so we were really surprised that the IG
         contacted us. And so we began to scratch our head and say, you know, we
         thought we did the best we could to put together the claim, so what's the
         problem here? So we began, Tom specifically began to run, just run what
         we would call a pro forma to see if they made sense, to see if there was
         something that we misstated, something that was just grossly wrong. We

101   In its post-trial briefing, defendant argues that:

         Horn still faced the dilemma of how to make its “estimate” appear
         reasonable to the auditors. The record contains one smoking gun email,
         which the Horn witnesses repeatedly attempted to explain away at trial,
         which indicates, by its plain terms, an attempt by Mr. Horn to get the
         company’s story straight in response to demands by the OIG for
         substantiation and justification for the company’s $7 million demand.

                                                 82
         just started, you know, doing internal investigations of our own just to try to
         figure out, you know, what the heck all the discussion was about.

In response to the question, “[i]t's true then that this spreadsheet is an after the fact
attempt to justify the overhead and profit figures set forth in Horn's certified claim,” Mr.
Farrar testified:

         No, it's not an attempt to justify anything. What it's -- what it is is it's the
         Horn principals setting [sic] around, talking about why the IG is filing an
         investigation on us. And we're trying to determine, did we do something
         entirely wrong? Did we really overstate something that was just grossly, we
         just couldn't imagine why there could have possibly been a fraud case
         started against us at this point. So we were just trying to check everything
         that we did.

Likewise in response to the question, “when you said, ‘We can massage the numbers any
way we want,’ in conjunction with your pro forma analysis, what did you mean?” Tom
Horn explained: “Well, that you could put down there, we didn’t know what our expenses
and things were going to be at that time. So it was difficult to really put down what a true
picture may be at this point in time.” Therefore, plaintiff claims that “[c]lear from his
testimony is that Mr. Horn, in his email, was not referring to the numbers in the Certified
Claim.” (emphasis in original).

        Plaintiff also states that, “the pro forma was never sent to the Inspector General or
anyone else at NASA.”102 (emphasis in original). Therefore, according to plaintiff, the
alleged “smoking gun” sentence “cannot be a basis for Horn’s knowledge at the time the
Certified Claim was submitted because it was written months after the Claim’s submission
and complete denial.” (emphasis in original). Tom Horn testified the pro forma was
created in March 2008, after the certified claim was filed on November 20, 2007, after the
Contracting Officer’s decision was issued on January 25, 2008, and only in response to
the OIG initiating an investigation on February 8, 2008 regarding Horn & Associates’
certified claim. As noted above, the Federal Circuit has held that “[t]o recover under the
102   As Tom Horn explained on redirect:

         Q: So this pro forma that you did, that you testified about, did you give that
         to NASA?

         A: No, that was just internal use only. I mean –

         Q: Did you give it to the Inspector General?

         A: I don’t -- no.

         Q: Okay. Did you do anything with it?

         A: Nothing. I mean we disregarded it . . . .
                                               83
CDA, the government is required to establish that the contractor made false or fraudulent
statements in its submitted claim with an intent to deceive or mislead the government.”
Comm. Contractors, Inc. v. United States, 154 F.3d at 1362. Therefore, although
defendant’s expert witness, Mr. Wright, at trial agreed with defendant’s counsel that,
based on his experience with fraud investigations, a post-submission justification could
be an indicator of a fraud, plaintiff’s creation of a pro forma “to massage the numbers,” to
review what had occurred, created after the certified claim was submitted and denied by
the Contracting Officer, and not shared with the agency, would not demonstrate fraud and
does not sustain a claim under the anti-fraud provision of the Contract Disputes Act in this
particular case. The court concludes, therefore, that the statements by Tom Horn,
although potentially confusing, does not evidence an intent to mislead the government in
Horn & Associates’ certified claim because the pro forma was created after the
Contracting Officer’s decision and was not submitted to Contracting Officer Patterson, the
OIG, or any other part of the government.

        Furthermore, the court does not believe the pro forma was a false statement. The
court found Tom Horn’s and Mr. Farrar’s testimony about the pro forma to be truthful. The
Horn & Associates principals appeared to be surprised about the OIG investigation and,
because they were unaccustomed to providing hourly rates for a contingency fee recovery
audit, they ran the pro forma to try determine if the rates submitted were reasonable.
Within the “massage the numbers” email, in the prior sentence, Tom Horn indicated to
Mr. Farrar and Mr. Lowery, “I think the attached justifies how we came up with the total
billing rate for the $7 million.” Even accepting defendant’s premise that Tom Horn had
created pro forma “to show, retroactively, that Horn’s selection of the rates presented in
its certified claim had been reasonable,” this would demonstrate that Tom Horn was using
the pro forma to review the claim after the fact, and not to provide false statements to the
government. Tom Horn testified on cross-examination that “[a]ll we were trying to do was
to see if, in fact, NASA had paid us the 7 million in the third measure of damages, just
what would our financials look like?” Although the choice of was words, “[w]e can
massage the numbers any way we want,” was unfortunate, similar to a number of
statements by plaintiff, it was intended only for internal verification purposes. The court
finds that Tom Horn’s statement regarding “massaging the numbers” after the OIG
investigation began does not in and of itself, given all the facts presented in the trial
record, evidence an intent to deceive NASA. Furthermore, the rates provided in the
certified claim submitted by Horn & Associates stand or fall on their own, regardless of
the actions of Horn & Associates after the OIG investigation was initiated. As determined
above, the presentation of the rates was not ideal, but neither was it fraudulent or a false
statement. Likewise, the court has addressed in depth the phrase “actual costs incurred”
and determined it was not a fraudulent or false statement and does not support the
allegation of a violation of the anti-fraud provision of the Contract Disputes Act.

       As with defendant’s counterclaims for the Special Plea in Fraud and the False
Claims Act, the court does not believe the certified claim is evidence of “‘a false statement
of substantive fact, or any conduct which leads to a belief of a substantive fact material
to proper understanding of the matter in hand, made with intent to deceive or mislead.’”
Veridyne Corp. v. United States, 758 F.3d at 1381. Therefore, the court concludes that

                                             84
defendant has failed to demonstrate a violation of the anti-fraud provision of the Contract
Disputes Act.103

                                       CONCLUSION

        Horn & Associates prepared and presented its certified claim in an unorthodox and
unfamiliar manner, which led to choosing words in the certified claim which raised the
government’s suspicions. Nonetheless, after review of the trial testimony, exhibits and
post-trial briefings and trying to reconcile fact and numerical calculations which emerged,
the court concludes that the defendant has not established Horn & Associates intended
to deceive the government, which is required to establish liability under the False Claims
Act or to warrant forfeiture under the Special Plea in Fraud statute or the antifraud
provision of the Contract Disputes Act. Each allegation of fraud, false claim, or Contract
Disputes Act violation must be carefully analyzed based on the specific facts presented
in the case and very few cases are factually alike. Breach of contract allegations against
the government, in a contingency contract for recovery auditing services, is at best, an
unusual situation, with little, if any, useful relevant precedent. The potentially serious
consequences for a plaintiff, such as Horn & Associates, suggests caution. Although
naïve about government contracts, and less than direct in their presentation, the court
does not believe Horn & Associates submitted its certified claims with a reckless disregard
for the claims truth or falsity. The court does not find that Horn & Associates violated the
False Claims Act with its certified claim identifying a potential breach of the contingency
fee contract in which quantification of damages is difficult and imprecise at best,
especially when trying to prove that a contingency contract has been breached.
Nonetheless, with the requirement to submit a certified claim for a sum certain,104 to the
contracting officer before filing a breach of contract claim at the court, plaintiff attempted,
as best it could, with sincerity and without malicious intent or deviousness, to meet the
requirement.

        Plaintiff would have been faced with a different dilemma of how to present its
breach claim for the “Further Alternative Remedy” if it did not include the required sum
certain boilerplate language, in which case the government could have argued for
dismissal of plaintiff’s claim for lack of jurisdiction. Given all the obstacles NASA
employees put in plaintiff’s path during contract performance, including the failures to
cooperate and to collect overpayments identified by plaintiff which were documented in
the trial record, there must be a way to review plaintiff’s breach allegations. Plaintiff’s
103 As a result of finding that the anti-fraud provision of the Contract Disputes Act was not
triggered, the court does not reach the potential statute of limitations issue of 41 U.S.C.
§ 7103(c)(2).
104 See Meridian Eng’g Co. v. United States, 122 Fed. Cl. 381, 398 (2015) (quoting
England v. Swanson Grp., Inc., 353 F.3d 1375, 1379 (Fed. Cir. 2004)) (“Although the
CDA does not define the term ‘claim,’ the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal
Circuit has defined a ‘claim’ as a ‘written demand or written assertion by one of the
contracting parties seeking, as a matter of right, the payment of money in a sum
certain[.]’”).
                                              85
presentation of multiple, alternative calculations theories of how to quantify damages for
monies plaintiff had identified in the recovery audit as owed to the government, but which
the government had not pursued or collected, was the plaintiff’s best effort to raise the
breach issues in this contingency contract. Precision would have been almost impossible
for plaintiff’s breach claim for the “Further Alternative Remedy.” The government has
admitted that for at least $992,557.38 in valid overpayments that Horn & Associates
identified, NASA failed to pursue and process, and, therefore, failed to pay plaintiff the
contingency feed owed. Contract breach by the defendant, therefore, may well have
occurred. Plaintiff did not have an interest to defraud the government or file false claims,
rather it tried to establish its entitlement by offering various alternative calculations to
establish its breach damages. Defendant’s counterclaims are DENIED.

       IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                                           s/Marian Blank Horn
                                                           MARIAN BLANK HORN
                                                                    Judge

                                            86