Court Opinion

ID: 9392315
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-05-04 17:00:33.791528+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:44.765785
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                             FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                  _____________

                                       No: 22-1547
                                      _____________

                                GLENN ARTERBRIDGE,
                                       Appellant

                                             v.

                                      WAYFAIR LLC
                                     _______________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                               For the District of New Jersey
                                 (D.C. No. 1-21-cv-13306)
                     District Judge: Honorable Christine P. O’Hearn
                                     _______________

                      Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                    April 27, 2023

                Before: JORDAN, KRAUSE and BIBAS, Circuit Judges

                                    (Filed May 4, 2023)
                                     _______________

                                        OPINION
                                     _______________

       
        This disposition is not an opinion of the full court and, pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7,
does not constitute binding precedent.
JORDAN, Circuit Judge.

      Glenn Arterbridge contends that his termination for coming to work while

awaiting the results of a COVID-19 test flouted the public policy embodied in

recommendations by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (“CDC”) and the

New Jersey Governor and, so, violated New Jersey’s Conscientious Employee Protection

Act and New Jersey common law. The District Court dismissed his claims, concluding

that the recommendations cited by Arterbridge did not have the requisite clarity as public

policy to support his claims. We agree and will affirm.

I.    BACKGROUND1

      Arterbridge worked as a Desktop Support Engineer in one of Wayfair’s New

Jersey warehouse locations from February 2019 until his termination in July 2020. In

March 2020, the New Jersey Governor declared a Public Health Emergency and State of

Emergency due to the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in, among other things, the closure

of many businesses and the cessation of in-person learning in schools.2 As a result of the

      1
         We draw the factual background from Arterbridge’s complaint, as we must. See
infra at note 7. Wayfair says that Arterbridge’s allegations quote text from the CDC
website as it was updated months after his termination. Wayfair proffers a different
version of the CDC website that it contends was in place when Arterbridge was
terminated in July 2020. Arterbridge ignores that charge in his reply. In any event,
Wayfair argues that Arterbridge’s claims fail even under his preferred version of the
guidance. We agree, and, accordingly, proceed with the version quoted in Arterbridge’s
complaint.
      2
         Although the complaint does not cite the specific orders to which it alludes, the
New Jersey Governor’s Executive Orders 103, 104, and 107 did, indeed, impose such
limitations. See N.J. Exec. Order 103 (Mar. 9, 2020),
https://nj.gov/infobank/eo/056murphy/pdf/EO-103.pdf (declaring such emergencies) (last
visited Apr. 7, 2023); N.J. Exec. Order 104 (Mar. 16, 2020),

                                            2
pandemic-related school closures, Arterbridge took a leave of absence from work to care

for his children. Afterward, he resumed working at the warehouse, as he was deemed an

“essential worker.”

       During the course of the pandemic, both the CDC and Governor Murphy provided

guidance, generally seeking to curb the pandemic’s spread. The guidance included

suggestions on the use of both diagnostic and screening testing for COVID-19.3 As

relevant here, the CDC suggested that screening testing be implemented on a weekly

basis by businesses in places with high rates of community transmission.4 The rationale

for that was that persons with COVID-19 who were either asymptomatic or

presymptomatic were “significant contributors” to the spread of the virus. (App. at 004.)

https://nj.gov/infobank/eo/056murphy/pdf/EO-104.pdf (imposing various limitations,
including on businesses and in-person learning) (last visited Apr. 7, 2023); N.J. Exec.
Order 107 (Mar. 21, 2020), https://nj.gov/infobank/eo/056murphy/pdf/EO-107.pdf
(superseding Exec. Order No. 104 and imposing various limitations, including on
businesses and in-person learning) (last visited Apr. 7, 2023). We take judicial notice of
such executive orders under Rule 201 of the Federal Rules of Evidence. See Clark v.
Governor of N.J., 53 F.4th 769, 772 n.5 (3d Cir. 2022) (taking judicial notice of such
orders).
       3
         According to the CDC, “Diagnostic testing” seeks to “identify current infection
in individuals and is performed when the person has signs or symptoms consistent with
COVID-19, or when a person is asymptomatic, but has recent known or suspected
exposure.” (App. at 19-20 ¶ 14.) “Screening tests,” on the other hand, seeks to “identify
infected people who are asymptomatic and do not have known, suspected, or reported
exposure” to the virus. (Id.)

       In the month of his termination, July 2020, both the location of Arterbridge’s
       4

workplace, and New Jersey as a whole, were experiencing high rates of transmission.

                                             3
Similarly, in two public briefings in July 2020, Governor Murphy echoed the

recommendations for testing, including for those who were asymptomatic.

       Wayfair did not implement mandatory screening testing. Instead, if a Wayfair

employee chose to take a COVID-19 test, that employee was barred from coming to work

until the test results came back, regardless of whether the employee was experiencing

symptoms. Arterbridge alleges that, at the time of his termination, Wayfair did not

provide paid leave for employees awaiting test results.5

       In mid-July 2020, Arterbridge chose to get a screening test for COVID-19 but

continued going to work while awaiting his results. Ultimately, Arterbridge learned that

he had tested positive, and he so informed Wayfair. Wayfair subsequently fired

Arterbridge for violating its policy.

       In May 2021, Arterbridge filed this lawsuit in the Superior Court of New Jersey,

Camden County challenging his termination. The complaint contained two counts:

violation of New Jersey’s Conscientious Employee Protection Act (“CEPA”) and a

wrongful termination claim under Pierce v. Ortho Pharm. Corp., 417 A.2d 505 (N.J.

       5
        Wayfair submitted two exhibits to support its contention that employees, like
Arterbridge, were provided paid leave while they awaited their COVID-19 test results.
The District Court declined to consider those exhibits, concluding they were not
necessary to decide the motion to dismiss. For purposes of this appeal, we likewise do
not consider them.

                                             4
1980).6 Wayfair removed the case to the District Court and then moved to dismiss both

counts.

          The District Court granted Wayfair’s motion to dismiss and closed the case. It

concluded that the CDC’s recommendations regarding screening testing and Governor

Murphy’s encouragement of the same did not constitute the “clear mandate of public

policy” required for CEPA and Pierce claims. See N.J. Stat. Ann. § 34:19-3(c)(3)

(prohibiting, in pertinent part, an employer from retaliating “against an employee” for

“[o]bject[ing] to, or refus[ing] to participate in any … policy … the employee reasonably

believes … is incompatible with a clear mandate of public policy concerning the public

health, safety or welfare”); see also Pierce, 417 A.2d at 512 (recognizing “an employee

has a cause of action for wrongful discharge when the discharge is contrary to a clear

mandate of public policy”). Thus, even assuming Arterbridge would not have received

paid leave while his results were pending, the District Court determined that both claims

failed.

          This timely appeal followed.

II.       DISCUSSION7

          “[F]or purposes of both Pierce and CEPA claims, the determination whether the

plaintiff adequately has established the existence of a clear mandate of public policy is an

          6
         Though not called by this name in the complaint, this claim is commonly
referred to as a Pierce claim, and the parties and District Court either refer to it as such or
identify its origin.
          7
       The District Court had diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1332 and 1441.
We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review de novo the District

                                               5
issue of law” that is to be decided by a court. Mehlman v. Mobil Oil Corp., 707 A.2d

1000, 1012 (N.J. 1998). Arterbridge contends that the District Court erred in concluding

that the recommendations by the CDC and Governor Murphy encouraging screening

testing were insufficient to constitute a “clear mandate of public policy” for the purposes

of his CEPA and Pierce claims. We disagree and will address each claim in turn.

       A.     Conscientious Employee Protection Act Claim

       As relevant here, CEPA bars an employer from retaliating “against an employee”

for “[o]bject[ing] to, or refus[ing] to” abide by a “policy” of his employer, “which the

employee reasonably believes ... is incompatible with a clear mandate of public policy

concerning the public health, safety or welfare[.]” N.J. Stat. Ann. § 34:19-3(c)(3). The

first element of such a claim is whether the employee “reasonably believed that his or her

employer’s conduct was violating either a law, rule, or regulation promulgated pursuant

to law, or a clear mandate of public policy.” 8 Dzwonar v. McDevitt, 828 A.2d 893, 900

(N.J. 2003). “Accordingly, it is not the [employee]’s burden to show that the [employer]

Court’s dismissal for failure to state a claim. LabMD Inc. v. Boback, 47 F.4th 164, 178
n.7 (3d Cir. 2022). In doing so, “we accept the factual allegations in the complaint as
true, draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff, and assess whether the
complaint and the exhibits attached to it ‘contain enough facts to state a claim to relief
that is plausible on its face.’” Watters v. Bd. of Sch. Directors of City of Scranton, 975
F.3d 406, 412 (3d Cir. 2020) (quoting Vorchheimer v. Philadelphian Owners Ass’n, 903
F.3d 100, 105 (3d Cir. 2018)).
       8
         The remaining elements are: second, whether the employee “performed a
‘whistle-blowing’ activity ….; [third, whether] an adverse employment action was taken
against [the employee]; and[,] [fourth, whether] a causal connection exists between the
whistle-blowing activity and the adverse employment action.” Dzwonar v. McDevitt, 828
A.2d 893, 900 (N.J. 2003).

                                             6
actually violated the law, rule, regulation, or other authority cited, but only to

demonstrate that [the employee] held a reasonable belief that such a violation occurred.”

Hitesman v. Bridgeway, Inc., 93 A.3d 306, 318 (N.J. 2014). That showing requires that

the employee demonstrate “a substantial nexus between the [employer’s] complained-of

conduct and a ‘clear mandate of public policy[.]’” Id. at 319.

       Thus, it is incumbent upon the employee to demonstrate the existence of a “clear

mandate of public policy” that bears on the employer’s challenged conduct. See id. at

322 (holding that such a claim fails as a matter of law without such a showing). “A ‘clear

mandate’ of public policy suggests an analog to a constitutional provision, statute, and

rule or regulation promulgated pursuant to law such that … there should be a high degree

of public certitude in respect of acceptable versus unacceptable conduct.” Maw v.

Advanced Clinical Commc’ns, Inc., 846 A.2d 604, 607 (N.J. 2004) (emphasis in original).

New Jersey “courts have recognized various sources of authority bearing the required

substantial nexus to the plaintiff’s claim[,] [but] [i]n each case, the law, regulation, or

other authority held to support a CEPA claim, not only expressed a ‘clear mandate of

public policy,’ but identified acceptable and unacceptable practices in the defendant

employer’s business.” Hitesman, 93 A.3d at 321. Arterbridge has not identified any

“statute, regulation or rule that closely relates to the complained-of conduct” (App. at

009), so he must demonstrate the existence of a “clear mandate of public policy” under

the foregoing standard.

       Like the District Court, we assume that recommendations from the CDC and

Governor Murphy may, in some cases, embody a “clear mandate of public policy.” But

                                               7
the recommendations cited by Arterbridge simply do not fill the bill. As the District

Court correctly observed, “nothing in the guidance documents cited by Plaintiff requires

businesses to adopt any particular testing protocol or to pay employees who are required

to stay at home pending test results.” 9 (App. at 009-10.) “[T]he CDC provided

employers with ‘strategies to consider for incorporating testing … into workplace

preparedness, response, and control plans in non-healthcare workplaces.’” (App. at 010

(quoting CDC, Testing in Non-Healthcare Workplaces (2021) (emphasis added)).) This

does not satisfy the textual “requirement of a ‘mandate’ as opposed to a less rigorous

standard for the type of public policy that is implicated.” Maw, 846 A.2d at 607. And it

does not “provide a definite standard by which the employer’s conduct may be gauged[,]”

demarcating “unacceptable practices in the defendant employer’s business.” Hitesman,

93 A.3d at 320-21.

       Further, the requirement of “a ‘clear’ mandate of public policy bespeaks a desire

not to have CEPA actions devolve into arguments between employees and employers

over what is, and is not, correct public policy.” Maw, 846 A.2d at 607. As the District

Court correctly observed, the CDC guidance did not purport to require business to have

their “asymptomatic workers to get tested,” let alone “speak at all” to the question of

“paid leave [to encourage workers] to do so.” (App. at 010.) It is not our role to convert

       9
          The website cited by the District Court is no longer available. As mentioned
earlier, supra note 1, Wayfair has proffered the version of the guidance it contends that
Arterbridge cited in his complaint. Arterbridge does not dispute that Wayfair correctly
identified the version upon which he relied.

                                             8
Arterbridge’s policy preferences into a legally enforceable obligation after the fact – even

if arguably consistent with non-mandatory suggestions of public officials – or to express

an opinion on whether those preferences are superior to the policy Wayfair chose.

       B.     Pierce Claim

       Turning to Arterbridge’s Pierce claim, the New Jersey Supreme Court has held

“that an employee has a cause of action for wrongful discharge when the discharge is

contrary to a clear mandate of public policy.” Pierce v. Ortho Pharm. Corp., 417 A.2d

505, 512 (N.J. 1980). “In large measure, the [CEPA] and [Pierce] causes of action are

similar,” Tartaglia v. UBS PaineWebber Inc., 961 A.2d 1167, 1181 (N.J. 2008), because

“CEPA elaborates on and derives from the common law cause of action for wrongful

discharge this Court first recognized in [Pierce],” Mehlman, 707 A.2d at 1008. One key

difference is that Pierce claims require an actual violation of the “clear mandate of public

policy,” while CEPA requires a reasonable belief of such a violation. Id. at 1008, 1015.

But the existence of a “clear mandate of public policy” is essential to both claims. See

Leang v. Jersey City Bd. of Educ., 969 A.2d 1097, 1108 n.7 (N.J. 2009) (discussing the

requirement for a Pierce claim); Hitesman, 93 A.3d at 318 (discussing the requirement

for the analogous CEPA claim).

       CEPA takes the phrase “clear mandate of public policy” verbatim from Pierce.

See Tartaglia, 961 A.2d at 1181 (comparing the text of CEPA, N.J. Stat. Ann. § 34:19-

3(c), with Pierce). Thus, we agree with the District Court that Arterbridge’s Pierce claim

fails for the same reason as does his CEPA claim: failure to demonstrate the existence of

a “clear mandate of public policy.”

                                             9
III.   CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s dismissal of both of

Arterbridge’s claims.

                                            10