Court Opinion

ID: 2671702
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-04-30 00:02:08.838334+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:36:16.487740
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                United States Court of Appeals
                                      PUBLISH                           Tenth Circuit

                     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                    April 29, 2014

                                                                   Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                    TENTH CIRCUIT                      Clerk of Court

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

              Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.                                                       No. 13-3046

TERRY ALLEN THOMAS,

              Defendant-Appellant.

                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                   For the District of Kansas, Topeka, Kansas
                        (D.C. No. 5:12-CR-40044-JAR-2)

James A. Brown, Assistant United States Attorney (Barry R. Grissom, United
States Attorney, on the brief), District of Kansas, Topeka, Kansas, for Plaintiff-
Appellee.

Thomas D. Haney, Stevens & Brand, L.L.P., Topeka, Kansas, for Defendant-
Appellant.

Before HARTZ, BALDOCK, and BACHARACH, Circuit Judges.

BACHARACH, Circuit Judge.
       Mr. Terry Thomas was charged in federal court with selling crack cocaine and

maintaining a place to manufacture, distribute, or use a controlled substance. He went to

trial 146 days after his arraignment. At the trial, an informant (“L.H.”) testified that she

had bought crack cocaine three times from Mr. Thomas. The jury apparently believed

L.H. and found Mr. Thomas guilty on: (1) three counts of possession of crack cocaine

with intent to distribute, and (2) two counts of using or maintaining a place for the

manufacture or distribution of crack cocaine. With this finding, the court convicted Mr.

Thomas and sentenced him to five concurrent prison terms of 130 months. In deciding

on the sentence, the court attributed 26.91 grams of cocaine base to Mr. Thomas,

assigned him a criminal-history score of 12, and enhanced the sentences for each drug

offense based on the possession of a firearm.

       In this appeal, we address nine issues:

    Speedy Trial. The first issue is whether the pretrial delay violated the Speedy
     Trial Act, 18 U.S.C. §§ 3161-3174 (2012). This statute would ordinarily require
     the court to begin the trial within 70 days of the filing of the indictment, and here
     the trial started 146 days later. But the Speedy Trial Act excludes time when
     pretrial motions were pending. With these exclusions, the delay was less than 70
     days; thus, no statutory violation took place.

    Admissibility of L.H.’s Testimony. The second issue is whether the district court
     committed plain error by allowing L.H. to testify without corroboration. L.H. was
     impeached, but her testimony was relevant and no obvious grounds existed for
     exclusion; thus, the district court did not commit plain error in allowing L.H. to
     testify.

    Admissibility of Drug Evidence. The third issue is whether the district court erred
     in allowing introduction into evidence of cocaine base that L.H. said she had
     bought from Mr. Thomas. For introduction of the evidence, the government had
     to establish a chain of custody that rendered tampering improbable. Though L.H.
     was impeached, as stated above, the district court could reasonably determine that
     tampering was improbable for the cocaine base ultimately presented in court.
                                              2
   Thus, the district court acted within its discretion in admitting the cocaine base
   into evidence.

 Jury Instructions. The fourth issue is whether the district court erred in instructing
  the jury. The indictment alleged that Mr. Thomas had used and maintained a
  place to manufacture or distribute cocaine base. But the district court told the jury
  that Mr. Thomas could be convicted if he used or maintained a place to
  manufacture or distribute cocaine base. Mr. Thomas challenges the instructions
  based on their use of the word “or” and failure to define the word “used.” Use of
  the word “or” was permissible even though the word “and” had been used in the
  indictment. And, the judge did not need to define “used,” as it is an easily
  understood term. Thus, the court did not err in instructing the jury.

 Sufficiency of the Evidence. The fifth issue is whether the evidence would have
  been insufficient to support the guilty verdict if the disputed evidence had been
  excluded. Because we uphold the district court’s evidentiary rulings, we conclude
  that Mr. Thomas’s sufficiency argument rests on a false premise. The district
  court did not err in allowing L.H. to testify and overruling Mr. Thomas’s
  objections to the drug exhibits. This evidence, combined with the other trial
  evidence, was sufficient for a finding of guilt.

 Cumulative Error. The sixth issue is whether two or more of the alleged errors
  require reversal of the conviction based on cumulative error. As discussed
  elsewhere, however, the district court did not commit two or more errors related to
  the conviction; thus, the court did not commit cumulative error.

 Sentencing Based on Unproven Convictions. The seventh issue is whether the
  district court erred in sentencing Mr. Thomas based on convictions that the
  government had failed to prove. On this issue, we agree with Mr. Thomas that the
  court erred. This error stems from the sentencing guidelines, which require
  consideration of criminal history. Reviewing this history, the probation officer
  relied on convictions in 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2010, and 2012. Only one of
  these convictions was addressed in the government’s evidence. Nonetheless, the
  district court applied a harsher guideline range based on six of the convictions.
  The government concedes error, and we agree that the district court erred by
  relying on convictions that had not been proven.

 Sentencing Based on Conduct that Was Not Involved in the Conviction. The
  eighth issue is whether the district court erred in sentencing Mr. Thomas based on
  drug quantities and a firearm that did not factor into the conviction. In sentencing,
  however, the district court can rely on conduct that did not result in a conviction.
  Thus, the sentencing was not tainted.

                                         3
      Minor Participant. The ninth issue is whether the district court should have
       calculated a lower guideline range based on status as a minor participant. But, this
       issue was inadequately briefed. Thus, we decline to address the issue.

Based on these conclusions, we uphold the conviction, but reverse and remand for

resentencing.

I.      Speedy Trial

        In part, Mr. Thomas challenges his conviction under the Speedy Trial Act.

Appellant’s Opening Br. at 21-23. This statute ordinarily requires a defendant’s trial to

begin within 70 days of the arraignment. 18 U.S.C. § 3161(c)(1) (2012). Though Mr.

Thomas’s trial started 146 days after his arraignment, the district court denied his motion

to dismiss. In reviewing this decision, we engage in:

        ●       de novo review regarding compliance with the Speedy Trial Act and

        ●       review for abuse of discretion over denial of the motion to dismiss.

United States v. Vogl, 374 F.3d 976, 983-84 (10th Cir. 2004).

        Without any exclusions, the 146-day period between Mr. Thomas’s arraignment

and the beginning of trial would violate the Speedy Trial Act. But the Act excludes

certain blocks of time from the 70-day period, and four time periods are excludable here:1

        ●       June 12, 2012, to June 21, 2012 (9 days);

        ●       August 21, 2012, to October 30, 2012 (70 days);

        ●       October 30, 2012, to November 1, 2012 (2 days); and

        ●       November 1, 2012, to November 5, 2012 (4 days).

1
       The government also contends that another day is excluded because of a one-day
continuance given to a codefendant. We need not decide if that day is excludable
because it would not materially affect the issue under the Speedy Trial Act.
                                              4
Thus, the Speedy Trial Act excludes 85 of the 146 days between Mr. Thomas’s

arraignment and the beginning of his trial, leaving 61 days. Because the 61-day period

did not exceed 70 days, the delay did not violate the Speedy Trial Act.

       First, the 9-day period of June 12, 2012, to June 21, 2012, was excludable. During

this period, the last of Mr. Thomas’s codefendants had not yet been arraigned. Though

Mr. Thomas had been arraigned on June 12, 2012, the Speedy Trial Act excludes

reasonable periods of delay when defendants are joined for trial and does not start until

the last defendant is arraigned. See id. § 3161(h)(6); United States v. Young, 45 F.3d

1405, 1410 n.5 (10th Cir. 1995). In Mr. Thomas’s case, the last codefendant (Ms. Janaya

Stewart) was arraigned on June 21, 2012, so the 70-day period began on June 21 rather

than June 12.

       Second, the statutory period does not include the 70 days from August 21, 2012, to

October 30, 2012. This period is excluded under 18 U.S.C. § 3161(h)(6) (2012), which

allows “[a] reasonable period of delay when the defendant is joined for trial with a

codefendant as to whom the time for trial has not run and no motion for severance has

been granted.” When the delay is reasonable, “[a]n exclusion for delay ‘attributable to

one defendant is applicable to all co-defendants.’” United States v. Vogl, 374 F.3d 976,

983-84 (10th Cir. 2004)2 (quoting United States v. Mobile Materials, Inc., 871 F.2d 902,

915 (10th Cir. 1993)).

2
       Mr. Thomas argues that Vogl misapplied the statute. See Appellant’s Opening Br.
at 22 (“The Court in Vogl read matters into the Speedy Trial Act which do not exist . . . .).
But we are bound by Vogl, as it constitutes precedent and we cannot overrule the decision
of another panel. See United States v. Morris, 247 F.3d 1080, 1085 (10th Cir. 2001).
                                             5
       The 70-day delay was reasonable here. We require courts applying the

reasonableness standard to examine “all relevant circumstances.” Id. at 984. Three

factors are pertinent: “(1) whether the defendant is free on bond, (2) whether the

defendant zealously pursued a speedy trial, and (3) whether the circumstances further the

purpose behind the exclusion to ‘accommodate the efficient use of prosecutorial and

judicial resources in trying multiple defendants in a single trial.’” Id. (quoting United

States v. Olivo, 69 F.3d 1057, 1061-62 (10th Cir. 1995)).

       The district court examined all relevant circumstances and correctly applied the

three factors. I R. at 87. The first factor weighed against tolling the speedy trial clock

because Mr. Thomas was not free on bond, but the other two factors supported tolling.

Id. Mr. Thomas did not zealously pursue a speedy trial and trying the defendants

separately would have required the government to prove the same facts in different trials.

Id. We agree with the district court that the delay was reasonable and conclude that this

70-day period was excludable from Mr. Thomas’s speedy trial calculation.

       Third, the 2-day period from October 30, 2012, to November 1, 2012, is

excludable under 18 U.S.C. § 3161(h)(1)(D) (2012). This provision excludes the period

in which any pretrial motion is pending. 18 U.S.C. § 3161(h)(1)(D) (2012). The

exclusion applies because Mr. Thomas filed a motion to dismiss that was pending on

October 31 and November 1. I R. at 58-59, 85-90.

       Fourth, the 4-day period from November 1, 2012, to November 5, 2012, is

excluded under 18 U.S.C. § 3161(h)(1)(D) (2012). This section excludes the days in

which a pretrial motion is pending. 18 U.S.C. § 3161(h)(1)(D) (2012). Under this

                                              6
section, 4 days are excluded because Mr. Thomas filed a motion in limine and it

remained pending on November 2, 3, 4, and 5. I R. at 868-69.

       With exclusion of these four blocks of time, encompassing 85 days, the pretrial

delay spanned only 61 days. Because this delay did not exceed 70 days, the district court

did not abuse its discretion in denying Mr. Thomas’s motion to dismiss.

II.    Admissibility of L.H.’s Testimony

       Before serving as an informant against Mr. Thomas, L.H. obtained felony

convictions for forgery, theft, obstruction of justice, and drug possession. III R. at 14,

145-46. Following these convictions, police arrested L.H. on an unrelated charge and she

agreed to cooperate by purchasing drugs from Mr. Thomas under the supervision of law

enforcement. Id. at 14-16. L.H. made three purchases of crack, which involved

quantities of 1.03 grams, 0.28 grams, and 0.18 grams.3 Id. at 17-18, 22, 26, 31-32, 40,

47-51, 81, 134-35, 138-40; see id. at 199.

       Mr. Thomas argues that the district court should have excluded L.H.’s testimony.

Appellant’s Opening Br. at 23-27. We would ordinarily review the trial court’s decision

to admit testimony for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Poole, 929 F.2d 1476,

1479 (10th Cir. 1991). But the government contends we should review for plain error

and argues that Mr. Thomas did not adequately raise the issue below. Appellee’s Br. at

16. Mr. Thomas disagrees. Appellant’s Reply Br. at 1-2. We need not decide whether

3
       Mr. Thomas argues that these purchases were not “controlled.” Appellant’s
Opening Br. at 2, 27. But this argument does not affect the substance of our inquiry or
the district court’s. Admissibility turns on the rules of evidence, not whether police
officers would consider the buy a “controlled” one.
                                              7
to confine our review to the plain-error standard because we would uphold the

evidentiary ruling even under the less deferential abuse-of-discretion standard. United

States v. Caldwell, 585 F.3d 1347, 1355 (10th Cir. 2009).

       The testimony was relevant and would generally be considered admissible. Fed.

R. Evid. 401-02. But the district court had discretion to exclude L.H.’s testimony if its

probative value had been “substantially outweighed by a danger of . . . unfair prejudice.”

Fed. R. Evid. 403.

       Mr. Thomas challenges L.H.’s testimony as uncorroborated. Appellant’s Opening

Br. at 23-27. But corroboration is not required for introduction of the evidence. See

United States v. Cox, 934 F.2d 1114, 1120-21 (10th Cir. 1991) (uncorroborated testimony

of a co-conspirator is sufficient for a finding of guilt). Thus, the district court did not

abuse its discretion by allowing L.H. to testify even if her account had been

uncorroborated.

III.   Admissibility of Drug Evidence

       According to Mr. Thomas, the drug evidence was inadmissible because the

government failed to establish an adequate chain of custody. Appellant’s Opening Br. at

27-29. He argues in his opening brief that the government did not establish a chain of

custody to and from the laboratory (Kansas Bureau of Investigation). Id. at 28. In his

reply brief, he argues that L.H. had stolen some of the cocaine base. Appellant’s Reply

Br. at 3.

       We review the district court’s admission of evidence for abuse of discretion.

United States v. Cardenas, 864 F.2d 1528, 1530 (10th Cir. 1989). “A chain of custody

                                               8
indirectly establishes the identity and integrity of the evidence by tracing its continuous

whereabouts.” United States v. Gay, 774 F.2d 368, 374 (10th Cir. 1985). When the

evidence is not readily identifiable and is susceptible to tampering or contamination—

which is the case with cocaine—the government must show a “‘‘chain of custody’ of the

item with sufficient completeness to render it improbable that the original item has been

exchanged with another or been contaminated or tampered with.’” Cardenas, 864 F.2d at

1531 (quoting Edward Cleary, McCormick on Evidence § 212, at 668 (3d ed. 1984)).

The trial court may admit the evidence if it “is substantially in the same condition as

when the crime was committed.” Id.

       Admissibility does not require a perfect chain of custody. United States v. Smith,

534 F.3d 1211, 1225 (10th Cir. 2008). When the chain is imperfect, deficiencies bear on

the weight of the evidence rather than its admissibility. Id.

       The district court did not abuse its discretion by admitting the drug exhibits into

evidence. Officer Kim Hanika testified that she had received the crack cocaine from L.H.

immediately after each buy, packaged it, put on a label and badge number, and checked

the item into the property room. III R. at 27-29, 33-35, 47-51. The officer added that she

later took or caused the drugs to be taken to the Kansas Bureau of Investigation for

analysis. Id. at 29, 35, 50. When the Bureau finished its analysis, the drugs were

returned to Officer Hanika or her agent. Id. She then had the drugs taken to the property

room. Id. at 35. From there, Officer Hanika brought the drugs to court. Id. at 50. These

actions entail a nine-step chain of custody:

                                               9
   1                               2                                3
   • Thomas to L.H.                • L.H. to Hanika                 • Hanika to 
                                                                      Property Room

   6                               5                                4
   • KBI to Hanika                 • Hanika to KBI                  • Property Room 
                                                                      to Hanika

   7                               8                                9
   • Hanika to                     • Property Room                  • Hanika to 
     Property Room                   to Hanika                        Courthouse

       Of the nine steps in the chain, Mr. Thomas focuses on the first, second, fifth, sixth,

and ninth steps. The first two steps involve L.H.’s role in obtaining the drugs and handing

them to Officer Hanika. The fifth and sixth steps involve Officer Hanika’s role in

causing the drugs to be sent to and from the Kansas Bureau of Investigation. The ninth

step involved taking the drugs to the courthouse.

       The first two steps were adequately supported for purposes of admissibility. L.H.

testified that she had obtained the drugs from Mr. Thomas and given them to Officer

Hanika. Id. at 137-38. This testimony was corroborated by Officer Hanika. Id. at 26, 29,

34, 48-49. From this evidence, the district judge could reasonably conclude that L.H.

probably had not tampered with the drugs that she turned over to Officer Hanika.

                                             10
       Mr. Thomas questions this conclusion based on L.H.’s admission that she had kept

some of the cocaine base. We disagree. Though L.H. admitted that she had taken some

of the drugs, those drugs were never given to Officer Hanika or introduced into evidence.

As a result, the district judge could reasonably discount the possibility that L.H. had

tampered with the drugs that were ultimately given to Officer Hanika.

       In addition, Mr. Thomas challenges the sufficiency of the evidence at the fifth and

sixth steps. These challenges are rejected.

       Officer Hanika testified that she had taken the drugs from the Kansas Bureau of

Investigation or had them taken there. Id. at 33. The officer added that when the testing

was finished, she sent the drugs back to the property room. Id. Mr. Thomas argues that

Officer Hanika did not provide an “explanation . . . for such transportation.” Appellant’s

Opening Br. at 28. But Mr. Thomas has not suggested any possibility for tampering with

the drug exhibits, for they remained identifiable based on Officer Hanika’s labeling. See

United States v. Johnson, 977 F.2d 1360, 1368 (10th Cir. 1992) (holding that a chain of

custody was sufficient when an officer testified that he “either gave [the physical

evidence] to an OSBI chemist or to another agent who relayed them to the chemist”).

       Finally, Mr. Thomas states, without any explanation or support, that the

government did not present a chain of custody “from the lab [Kansas Bureau of

Investigation] to court.” Appellant’s Opening Br. at 28. Officer Hanika testified that she

had personally checked the drug exhibits out of the property room and brought them to

the courtroom. III R. at 33. Mr. Thomas does not suggest any deficiencies in this

evidence regarding the ninth step.

                                              11
       Mr. Thomas gives little reason to suspect tampering with the drugs that were

ultimately given to Officer Hanika, tested, and introduced into evidence. Without more,

we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion admitting the drugs into

evidence. See United States v. Washington, 11 F.3d 1510, 1512, 1514 (10th Cir. 1993)

(holding that the district court did not err in allowing introduction of drugs, which were

obtained by a confidential informant, even though the informant had an opportunity to

tamper with the drugs “because of the absence of or breaks in visual surveillance”);

United States v. Irving, 665 F.3d 1184, 1194 (10th Cir. 2011) (holding that the chain of

custody was sufficient even though investigators breached their protocol by failing to

search the confidential informant and failing to employ continuous surveillance of the

buy). At most, the perceived deficiencies in the chain of custody would affect the

“weight of the evidence, not its admissibility.” United States v. Cardenas, 864 F.2d

1528, 1531 (10th Cir. 1989).

IV.    Jury Instructions

       Mr. Thomas raises three objections to the jury instruction on the use or

maintenance of a place to distribute cocaine base. Appellant’s Opening Br. at 14-17.

       First, the district court instructed the jury that it could convict Mr. Thomas if he

had “used or maintained a place for the purpose of manufacturing or distributing a

controlled substance.” I R. at 126 (emphasis added). But the indictment charged that he

had “use[d] and maintain[ed] places . . . for the purpose of manufacturing and

distributing a controlled substance.” Id. at 17 (emphasis added). Mr. Thomas contends

                                             12
the instruction should have matched the indictment by using the conjunctive “and” rather

than the disjunctive “or.” Appellant’s Opening Br. at 29-38.

        Second, Mr. Thomas implies that the district court should have defined the word

“used.” Id. at 30-31.4

        Third, he argues that the instructions would have allowed a conviction on the

premises charge if he had sold drugs in any place. Id. at 38. This interpretation would

stretch the criminal statute to an absurdity.

        We review the jury instructions de novo and “view them in the context of the

entire trial to determine if they ‘accurately state the governing law and provide the jury

with an accurate understanding of the relevant legal standards and factual issues in the

case.’” United States v. Bedford, 536 F.3d 1148, 1152 (10th Cir. 2008) (quoting United

States v. Crockett, 435 F.3d 1305, 1314 (10th Cir. 2006)). In doing so, we consider

whether the district court abused its discretion in “shaping or phrasing . . . a particular

jury instruction” and deciding to give or refuse a particular instruction. Id.

        Mr. Thomas’s first argument fails. The statute, like the challenged instruction, is

phrased in the disjunctive. See 21 U.S.C. § 856(a)(1) (2012) (it shall be unlawful to

“use[] or maintain any place . . . for the purpose of manufacturing, distributing, or using

any controlled substance”). When the statute is phrased in the disjunctive, we have held

that:

4
        Mr. Thomas does not expressly challenge the instruction based on the omission of
a definition for “use.” See Appellant’s Opening Br. at 30-31. But Mr. Thomas implicitly
raises the issue by criticizing the absence of a definition. Thus, we construe his argument
as seeking reversal based in part on the district court’s failure to define the term “use.”
                                                13
       ●         the government may phrase the indictment to allege that the
                 defendant did both things and

       ●         the district court can allow the government to prove that the
                 defendant violated the law by performing either of the two
                 prohibited acts.

United States v. Gunther, 546 F.2d 861, 868-69 (10th Cir. 1976); see United States v.

Powell, 226 F.3d 1181, 1192 n.4 (10th Cir. 2000) (stating that an instruction was correct

when it identified the elements in the disjunctive (or) even though the indictment was

stated in the conjunctive (and)); see also United States v. Pauldino, 443 F.2d 1108, 1112

(10th Cir. 1971) (“It is settled that where a crime denounced disjunctively in the statute is

charged in the conjunctive, proof of any one of the allegation [sic] will sustain a

conviction.”).

       We addressed a similar issue in an unpublished opinion: United States v.

McGehee, 177 F. App’x 815 (10th Cir. 2006). Like Mr. Thomas, Mr. McGehee was

indicted under 21 U.S.C. § 856(a)(1). See McGehee, 177 F. App’x at 822. The

indictment charged him with maintaining a place to manufacture, distribute, and use

drugs. See id. (emphasis added). Though the indictment used the word “and,” the jury

instruction used the word “or.” See id. We held that the instruction was correct,

reasoning that the court properly instructs in the disjunctive even when the indictment is

phrased in the conjunctive. Id.

       Though McGehee is unpublished, we regard it as persuasive because it presents a

classic application of settled precedents to § 856(a)(1), which is phrased in the

                                               14
disjunctive. Under the reasoning employed in McGehee, we conclude that the jury

instruction was proper.

       We also reject Mr. Thomas’s second argument because the district court did not

err by omitting a definition for the word “used.” Because the word is commonplace, the

district court could reasonably conclude that a definition was unnecessary. See United

States v. Bryant, 892 F.2d 1466, 1468 (10th Cir. 1989) (holding that the district court did

not err by omitting a definition of the phrase “wanton and reckless disregard for human

life” because this phrase was commonplace); see also United States v. Robinson, 435

F.3d 1244, 1249-50 (10th Cir. 2006) (holding that the district court did not err in the jury

instructions by not defining “in furtherance of” when the statutory term comported with

the phrase’s ordinary meaning).

       Third, we reject Mr. Thomas’s argument that the instructions would have

permitted a conviction on the premises charge if the jury found a drug sale in any place.

See Appellant’s Opening Br. at 38. This argument is untenable based on the instructions

as a whole, for the judge elsewhere told the jury that it could find guilt on the premises

charge only if drug activity was a “significant reason” for Mr. Thomas’s maintenance of

a place. I R. at 127. Accordingly, Mr. Thomas’s third argument is invalid.

V.     Sufficiency of the Evidence

       Mr. Thomas challenges the sufficiency of the evidence on both the distribution

and premises counts. Appellant’s Opening Br. at 38-40. In addressing this challenge, we

view the evidence in the light most favorable to the government and review the record de

novo to determine whether “any rational trier of fact could have found the defendant

                                             15
guilty of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Irvin, 682 F.3d 1254,

1266 (10th Cir. 2012). In making this determination, we consider all the evidence that

was introduced, even if the district court had erred in allowing use of the evidence. See

Davis v. Workman, 695 F.3d 1060, 1078-79 (10th Cir. 2012) (“[W]hen considering a

challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we consider all evidence admitted at trial,

even if admitted improperly.”).

       On the distribution counts, Mr. Thomas’s sufficiency challenge turns on his earlier

challenges to the admissibility of L.H.’s testimony and the drug evidence. See

Appellant’s Opening Br. at 39-40 (incorporating arguments about admissibility of

evidence in the challenge to sufficiency of the evidence on the distribution charges).

Earlier, we held that L.H.’s testimony and the drug evidence were admissible. Based on

this evidence, we also reject Mr. Thomas’s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence

on the distribution charges. As we have held, “[i]t is the right of the jury to determine the

credibility of each witness, and a jury may convict based on the uncorroborated testimony

of a co-conspirator.” See United States v. Cox, 934 F.2d 1114, 1120-21 (10th Cir. 1991)

(internal citation omitted). Although Mr. Thomas presented numerous grounds to

impeach L.H., the jury could determine whether she was credible. The jury decided she

was, and we will not second-guess that decision.

       Mr. Thomas also contends that the evidence was insufficient to convict on the

premises charge because the apartments had been maintained by a codefendant.

Appellant’s Opening Br. at 38-40. This contention overlooks the ability of the court to

convict if Mr. Thomas had used (rather than maintained) the apartments for an illicit

                                             16
purpose. We have already held that the jury could have found Mr. Thomas guilty of

violating 21 U.S.C. § 856(a)(1) if he had used the apartments to distribute drugs.

Because Mr. Thomas does not challenge the ability of the court to convict on a “use”

theory, the evidence sufficed on the premises charge.

VI.       Cumulative Error

          Mr. Thomas’s cumulative-error challenge does not raise any new errors and relies

on his earlier theories. Appellant’s Opening Br. at 40-41. Because Mr. Thomas has not

identified two or more errors on the conviction, we reject his cumulative-error challenge.

VII.      Sentencing Based on Unproven Convictions

          The district court adopted the findings in Mr. Thomas’s presentence investigation

report. II R. at 53. Consistent with the federal sentencing guidelines, the district court

sentenced Mr. Thomas to concurrent 130-month sentences on each count based on a

criminal history score of 12 (category V) and an offense level of 28. Id. at 21, 53; III R.

at 323.

          The author of the presentence investigation report (and the district court)

calculated Mr. Thomas’s criminal-history score as 12. II R. at 19-21. This score was

based in part on 10 criminal-history points for convictions in 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,

2010, and 2012. Id. at 19-20. Because Mr. Thomas was still under probation for his

2010 conviction, 2 points were added to his criminal-history score under the U.S.

Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 4A1.1(d) (2012). Id. at 21. With this score, the offense

level was calculated at 28 based in part on a 2-level firearm enhancement. Id. at 13-15.

                                               17
       Mr. Thomas challenges his criminal history score, arguing that the government

failed to prove his prior convictions by a preponderance of evidence. Appellant’s

Opening Br. at 45-46. We agree and reverse and remand on this issue.

       A.     Standard of Review

       We review Mr. Thomas’s sentence for procedural reasonableness under an abuse

of discretion standard. United States v. Gordon, 710 F.3d 1124, 1160 (10th Cir. 2013).

In considering procedural reasonableness, we engage in de novo review over the district

court’s legal conclusions and apply the clear-error standard to factual conclusions. Id. A

sentence is procedurally unreasonable if the district court miscalculates the guideline

range or “relies on clearly erroneous facts.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

       B.     Mr. Thomas’s Criminal History

       In the presentence investigation report, the probation department calculated Mr.

Thomas’s criminal-history score based on convictions in 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2010,

and 2012. II R. at 19-20. Mr. Thomas demanded proof of the convictions. Id. at 34; III

R. at 302-03. Thus, the government had to show the convictions by a preponderance of

the evidence. See United States v. Watts, 519 U.S. 148, 156 (1997) (per curiam).

       In response, the government presented documentation of convictions in 1995,

1996, 2001, and 2002. Gov’t Sentencing Ex. 1; see III R. at 304. Of these convictions,

only the one in 2002 resulted in criminal-history points. See II R. at 17-19. But the

documentation did not address the conviction in 2003, 2004, 2005, 2010, or 2012.

Without these convictions, Mr. Thomas’s criminal-history score would have been less

                                            18
than 12. See II R. at 19; U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual, Sentencing Table, Ch. 5,

Pt. A (2012).5

       The government conceded the error in oral argument, but argued that it had

provided Mr. Thomas with documents relating to his 2001, 2002, and 2003 convictions.

Appellee’s Br. at 54. The argument is immaterial because Mr. Thomas challenges the

sufficiency of the evidence, not the notice.

       Because the government did not prove the 2003, 2004, 2005, 2010, or 2012

convictions, they should not have been used to increase Mr. Thomas’s criminal-history

score. By relying on these convictions, the district court abused its discretion. Thus, we

reverse and remand for resentencing.

       With the remand, we must decide whether to give the government a second

opportunity to present evidence of the prior convictions. “Although a remand for

resentencing generally allows the district court to conduct de novo review, we exercise

our discretion” and direct the district court to resentence Mr. Thomas based on the

existing record. United States v. Forsythe, 437 F.3d 960, 963 (10th Cir. 2005).

       We are guided by three considerations:

       ●      The government bore the burden to prove the prior convictions;

5
       The district court added two points based on commission of the offense while
under a sentence issued in 2010. See II R. at 20-21. Because the 2010 conviction was
not proven, a further addition of two points may have been erroneous. But this issue has
not been briefed.

                                               19
       ●         Mr. Thomas alerted the government to the deficiency in its proof;6
                 and

       ●         the government made no effort to cure the deficiency in its proof.

Appellant’s App., vol. 3 at 309-12.

       In United States v. Forsythe, these considerations led us to confine the district

court on remand to the existing record. Forsythe, 437 F.3d at 963-64. There we reversed

the sentence because the government had failed to prove that a prior burglary conviction

involved a dwelling. Id. at 962-63. The government asked us to remand for de novo

resentencing so that it could present new evidence regarding the burglary. See id. at 963.

We declined this request, concluding that the government should not have a second

opportunity to make the record that it failed to make earlier. Id. at 963-64. For this

conclusion, we relied on the government’s burden of proof, the defendant’s effort to alert

the government to the deficiency in its evidence, and the government’s failure to cure the

6
      The government presented an exhibit, stating that it “illustrate[s] the defendant’s
criminal history.” Appellant’s App., vol. 3 at 304. Defense counsel then argued:

       [Government’s Exhibit 1] provides further confusion because those offenses
       that are listed there are not the ones in the presentence report that count.
       The 10 points don’t come from these offenses. One of them -- two of them
       are timed out. Three of them. An ’01 conviction, a ’94 conviction, a ’96
       conviction. They’re timed out to begin with. And the last two that are
       mentioned, ’99 and 2000, they’re not in the presentence report. So there
       isn’t any correlation between what’s in the presentence report and the
       defendant’s criminal history in proving the defendant committed any of
       those offenses.

Id. at 309-10.

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deficiency. Id.; see also United States v. Campbell, 372 F.3d 1179, 1183 (10th Cir. 2004)

(reversing and remanding for resentencing based on the existing record).

       The same factors apply here, and we too decline to give the government a second

opportunity to make the record that it failed to make the first time. Thus, on remand, the

district court must recalculate the criminal-history score based on the existing record.

VIII. Sentencing Based on Conduct Not Involved in the Conviction

       Mr. Thomas raises three challenges to his sentencing based on conduct that was

not involved in his convictions. Appellant’s Opening Br. at 41-45. He contends that: (1)

the district court should have attributed only 1.49 grams of cocaine base to him (the total

amount of cocaine base underlying the 3 sales involved in the present conviction); (2) the

government failed to support the 2-level firearm enhancement; and (3) he was entitled to

a 2-level deduction as a “minor participant.” Id. We reject these challenges.

       A.     Drug Quantity Evidence

       The district court attributed 26.91 grams of crack cocaine to Mr. Thomas from

three sources: (1) 22.18 grams found in an apartment; (2) 0.18 grams located in a nearby

baggie; and (3) 4.55 grams charged in the indictment. II R. at 13. Mr. Thomas

challenges the district court’s attribution of all but the 1.49 grams underlying his

conviction. Appellant’s Opening Br. at 41-43. We review this contention for clear error.

See United States v. Caldwell, 589 F.3d 1323, 1333 (10th Cir. 2009).

       Mr. Thomas argues that he was convicted of distributing only 1.49 grams of

cocaine base and could not have been sentenced based on additional quantities because:

(1) he was not charged with conspiracy or aiding and abetting and the jury made no such

                                             21
findings, and (2) the district court impermissibly relied on Government Sentencing

Exhibit 2 and unreliable hearsay. Appellant’s Opening Br. at 41-43. We reject both

arguments.

       First, the district court could sentence Mr. Thomas based on uncharged conduct.

Under the federal sentencing guidelines, Mr. Thomas bears responsibility for: (1) “all

acts and omissions [he] committed, aided, abetted, counseled, commanded, induced,

procured, or willfully caused,” and (2) “all reasonably foreseeable acts and omissions of

others in furtherance of [a] jointly undertaken criminal activity.” U.S. Sentencing

Guidelines Manual §§ 1B1.3(a)(1)(A), 1B1.3(a)(1)(B) (2012). For use in sentencing, the

government need not charge the conduct or present it to a jury. See United States v.

Rodriguez-Felix, 450 F.3d 1117, 1131 (10th Cir. 2006).

       Second, the district court did not impermissibly rely on Government Sentencing

Exhibit 2 or unreliable hearsay. Instead, the district court relied on trial evidence to

attribute 26.91 grams of cocaine base to Mr. Thomas. See III R. at 316-17. Based on that

evidence, the district court found that:

       ●      Mr. Thomas “was a lieutenant” in the overall drug operation,

       ●      “he and Mr. Hayes were acting in concert in using a lot of [the] same
              people to sell from residences around Topeka,” and

       ●      the additional sales were “reasonably foreseeable to [Mr. Thomas] in view
              of his joint operation with Mr. Hayes and others.”

Id. at 317-18. Because the district court could include the quantities established by the

trial evidence, we uphold the district court’s attribution of 26.91 grams to Mr. Thomas.

                                             22
       B.     The Firearm Enhancement

       The federal sentencing guidelines require the district court to apply a two-level

sentencing enhancement if the defendant possessed a firearm in connection with a drug

offense. U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 2D1.1(b)(1) (2012). The district court

applied this enhancement because police had found a gun under a couch and drugs in the

apartment when they arrested Mr. Thomas. III R. at 314; see id. at 307. Mr. Thomas

contends that the government has not shown that a firearm was connected to the offense.

Appellant’s Opening Br. at 43-45.

       “The government bears the burden of proving possession [of a firearm] by a

preponderance of the evidence.” United States v. Roberts, 980 F.2d 645, 647 (10th Cir.

1992). Initially, the government need only show that the firearm was found in “physical

proximity to the offense.” Id. If the government meets its initial burden, the defendant

must show that it was “clearly improbable” that the weapon was connected to the offense.

United States v. Heckard, 238 F.3d 1222, 1233 (10th Cir. 2001).

       The government met its initial burden. A gun was found in a residence with

drugs, scales, plastic bags, and other drug paraphernalia. Gov’t Ex. 2 at 155; II R. at 13;

III R. at 92, 313. The proximity of the gun and drug evidence sufficed for the

government’s threshold burden. See United States v. Roederer, 11 F.3d 973, 982-83

(10th Cir. 1993). Because Mr. Thomas has not shown a “clear improbability” that the

weapon was connected to the offense, we uphold the firearm enhancement.

                                             23
IX.    Minor Participant

       Mr. Thomas asserts, without any elaboration or citation, that he was entitled to a

minor-participant reduction. Appellant’s Opening Br. at 45. Because this assertion is not

adequately explained, we decline to consider it. See Adler v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 144

F.3d 664, 679 (10th Cir. 1998) (“Arguments inadequately briefed in the opening brief are

waived.”).

X.     Conclusion

       We affirm the conviction. But we reverse and remand for resentencing based on

the existing record.

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