Court Opinion

ID: 4057826
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-29 08:50:49.486599+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:32:14.963235
License: Public Domain

PD-1373&1374&1375-15

                       PD-1373 & 1374 & 1375-15
            _____________________________________________

                IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                           AUSTIN, TEXAS
            _____________________________________________

                        EX PARTE: KERRY G. JONES

                          Petitioner /Appellant.
______________________________________________________________________

     FROM THE 230TH DISTRICT COURT OF HARRIS COUNTY, TEXAS
        TRIAL COURT NO. 1283328-A & 1283329-A & 1283330-A

COURT OF APPEALS NO. 14-14-00488-CR & 14-14-00489-CR & 14-14-00490-CR
______________________________________________________________________

              PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW
           _______________________________________________

                                 JAMES D. LUCAS
                                 2316 Montana Avenue
                                 El Paso, Texas 79903
                                 Tel: (915) 532-8811
                                 Fax: (915) 532-8807
                                 SBN 12658300
                                 jlucas2@elp.rr.com

                                 Attorney for Petitioner/Appellant
                                 KERRY G. JONES

     December 1, 2015
                                             TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................................................i, ii

IDENTITY OF THE PARTIES...........................................................................................iii

INDEX OF AUTHORITIES...............................................................................................iv

STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT...........................................................1

STATEMENT OF THE CASE.............................................................................................2

STATEMENT OF PROCEDURAL HISTORY...................................................................2

GROUNDS PRESENTED....................................................................................................3

ARGUMENT.........................................................................................................................4

1.        By failing to address whether the content-based facts alleged in a search
          warrant affidavit were illegally obtained from electronic transaction logs
          maintained by PayPal so as to warrant a suppression remedy, the court of
          appeals has so far departed from the accepted and usual course of judicial
          proceeding as to call for an exercise of the Court of Criminal Appeals’ power
          of supervision....................................................................................................4

          A.        The Relevant Facts.................................................................................4

          B.        Legal Analysis........................................................................................9

2.        The issue of whether content-based electronic information maintained by a
          third party intermediary’s transaction logs is protected from warrantless search
          under the Fourth Amendment and by Article 1, Section 9 of the Texas
          Constitution is an issue of both state and federal law which has not, but should
          be, settled by the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals........................................13

3.        The court of appeals’ determination that probable cause can exist to issue a
          search warrant where a specific offense is not identified and that the facts
          alleged in the search warrant affidavit can almost never become stale where the

                                                                i
          objective of the search warrant is to locate child pornography has resulted in
          the decision of an important question of state law in a way which conflicts with
          applicable decisions of the United States Supreme Court...............................16

PRAYER.............................................................................................................................20

CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE..................................................................................20

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE............................................................................................21

APPENDIX.........................................................................................................................23

                                                                 ii
                          IDENTITY OF THE PARTIES

For Petitioner Kerry G. Jones:

James D. Lucas
Writ and Appellate Attorney
2316 Montana Avenue
El Paso, Texas 79903

Sergio A. Saldivar
Writ Co-counsel
2301 Montana Avenue
El Paso, Texas 79903

For the State of Texas:

Alan Curry, Trial Counsel
Assistant District Attorney
1201 Franklin, Suite 600
Houston, Texas 77002

Devon Anderson
District Attorney
Appellate Counsel
1201 Franklin, Suite 600
Houston, Texas 77002

Lisa McMinn
Appellate Counsel

JUDGE:

Hon. Brad Hart
230th District Court of
Harris County, Texas

                                    iii
                                     INDEX OF AUTHORITIES

FEDERAL CASES                                                                                        PAGES

Crispin v. Christian Audigier, Inc., 717 F. Supp. 2d 965, 991 (C.D.Cal.2010).........15

Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 696 (1996)................................................17

Sgro v. United States, 287 U.S. 206, 211 (1932)......................................................17

United States v. D'Andrea, 497 F. Supp. 2d 117, 120 (D.Mass.2007).......................11

United States v. Forrester, 512 F.3d 500, at 511 (9th Cir. 2007)................................15

United States v. Hambrick, 225 F.3d 656 (4th Cir.2000) (unpublished)..................11

United States v. Hamilton, 701 F.3d 404 (4th Cir. 2012)........................................14

United States v. Perrine, 518 F.3d 1196, 1204 (10th Cir.2008)......................9, 10, 11

United States v. Perez, 247 F. Supp. 2d 459, 483-484(S.D.N.Y. 2003)..................19

United States v. Warshak, 631 F.3d 266, 288 (6th Cir. 2010)......................................14

United States v. Zavala, 541 F.3d 562, 577 (5th Cir.2008)..................................15, 16

CASE
Russo v. State, 228 S.W3d 779, 802 (Tex.App.–Austin 2007, pet. ref’d)...............11

STATUTE
TEX . CODE CRIM . PROC . art. 11.072....................................................................2, 7, 12

CONSTITUTIONS

U.S. CONST. amend. IV..............................................................................13, 14, 16

TEX. CONST. art. I, § 9.....................................................................................13, 16

                                                       iv
              STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT

      Petitioner requests oral argument in this case and believes oral argument would

be helpful. The application of the Fourth Amendment law in the area of electronically

stored and transmitted information is relatively novel and its contours have not been

directly addressed by the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals. This case offers this Court

a meaningful opportunity to address the manner in which the Fourth Amendment and

Texas law are to be applied to computer searches and searches of electronic media.

                                       Page -1-
                     STATEMENT OF THE CASE
             AND STATEMENT OF PROCEDURAL HISTORY

      This petition for discretionary review concerns the decision of the trial court to

deny the Petitioner, Kerry Jones, relief on the article 11.072 writ application he filed.

CR 2. Jones filed his writ application on July 9, 2012. Id. On May 1, 2014, an

evidentiary hearing was held on Jones’ writ application. RR 1,1. At the conclusion

of the hearing, the trial court denied Jones’ relief on his writ application. RR 1, 209.

After the evidentiary hearing, the trial court made written findings of fact and

conclusions of law, which were filed on May 12, 2014. CR 85-89. Jones filed his

notice of appeal as to all three causes of action on May 30, 2014. CR 91.

       Jones thereafter filed his appellate briefs with the Fourteenth Court of Appeals.

The State did not file any response briefs. On August 18, 2015, the Fourteenth Court

of Appeals handed down a written opinion affirming the trial court’s denial of writ

relief. On September 17, 2015, Jones filed a motion for rehearing and a motion to

extend time to file this motion for rehearing with the Fourteenth Court of Appeals.

The motion to extend time to file motion for rehearing was granted on September 24,

2015. However, the motion for rehearing was overruled on September 29, 2015.

                                         Page -2-
                         GROUNDS FOR REVIEW

1.   The court of appeals erred by failing to consider whether content-based facts

     alleged in a search warrant affidavit were illegally derived from electronic

     transaction logs maintained by PayPal so as to warrant a suppression remedy.

2.   The court of appeals erred by not recognizing that content-based electronic

     data maintained in a third party intermediary’s transaction logs is protected

     from warrantless search under the Fourth Amendment and by Article 1, Section

     9 of the Texas Constitution.

3.   The court of appeals erred in determining that probable cause existed to issue

     a search warrant when a specific criminal offense has not been identified and

     in ruling that the facts alleged in the search warrant affidavit can almost never

     become stale where the objective of the search warrant is to locate child

     pornography.

                                      Page -3-
                                    ARGUMENT

1.      By failing to address whether the content-based facts alleged in a search
        warrant affidavit were illegally obtained from electronic transaction logs
        maintained by PayPal so as to warrant a suppression remedy, the court of
        appeals has so far departed from the accepted and usual course of judicial
        proceeding as to call for an exercise of the Court of Criminal Appeals’
        power of supervision

A. The Relevant Facts

        Petitioner, Kerry Jones, was convicted of unlawful possession of child

pornography after a search of his residence took place on February 19, 2009 pursuant

to a state search warrant resulted in the finding of child pornography on a computer.

The search warrant was issued based on an affidavit signed by Juanae S. Thompson,

a law enforcement officer of the Department of Homeland Security, Immigration and

Customs Enforcement. CR 1,9. Pages 14 through 20 of Juanae Thompson’s affidavit

stated in relevant part:

     Your Affiant received this case for investigation as a result of a joint
     investigation between the ICE RAC/Birmingham office, the ICE Cyber-Crimes
     Center (C3) Child Exploitation Section (CES), the U.S. Postal Inspection
     Service (USPIS), the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) Child Exploitation and
     Obscenity Section (CEOS), and the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Northern
     District of Alabama into a criminal organization operating a commercial child
     pornography web sites [sic] on the internet identified as “Home Collection.”
     ICE agents determined that the organization was operating in excess of 18
     commercial child pornography web sites and in addition, the organization was
     determined to be utilizing multiple PayPal accounts to process the payments
     made by individuals purchasing memberships to the child pornography web
     sites. Approximately 5000 United States targets have been identified as being

                                       Page -4-
members of these child pornography sites. RR 1, Defendant’s Exh. 2, pp. 14-
15.

Reports indicate that on October 12, 2006 at approximately 21:37:06 PDT an
individual using the e-mail address of kgj01@hotmail.com purchased a
membership to “Lust Collections” (aka Angel Collection 1007) for $79.95
payable, via PayPal, to Belfastltd@juno.com. Belfastltd@juno.com was
determined by ICE/C#/CES to be associated with one of the multiple PayPal
accounts operated by the criminal organization to facilitate the processing of
membership payments to the commercial child pornography web sites. Id., at
15....

ICE agents were able to purchase undercover memberships to “Angel
Collection 1007" (aka Lust Collection) and were able to verify the web site as
a commercial child pornography site Id. ....

In addition, ICE agents were able to obtain screen captures of “Lust
Collections” advertising web page. The screen captures also verify the web
site as a commercial child pornography site Id. at 16. ....

Reports indicate that on November 1, 2006 at approximately 20:58:52 PST an
individual using the e-mail address of kgj01@hotmail.com purchased a
membership to “Hot Girls Photos” (aka Angel Collection 1010) for $79.95
payable, via PayPal, to Belfstltd@juno.com was determined by ICE/C3/CE3
to be associated with one of the multiple PayPal accounts operated by the
criminal organization to facilitate the processing of membership payments to
the commercial child pornography web sites Id., at 17....

Reports indicate that on January 21, 2007 at approximately 20:41:35 PST an
individual using the e-mail address of kgj01@hotmail.com purchased a
membership to “Real Lola Issue #2" for $79.95 payable, via PayPal, to
Bsofteawh@yahoo.com. Bsofteawh@yahoo.com was determined by
ICE/C3/CES to be associated with one of the multiple PayPal accounts
operated by the criminal organization to facilitate the processing of
membership payments to the commercial child pornography web sites. ICE
agents were able to obtain screen captures of “Real Lolas #2" advertising web
page. The screen captures verify the web site as a commercial child

                                   Page -5-
   pornography web site Id., at 19. ....
   Reports indicate that on January 25, 2007 at approximately 20:51:12 PST an
   individual using the e-mail address of kgj01@hotmail.com purchased a
   membership to “Plazma Girls” for $79.95 payable, via PayPal, to
   Bsofteawh@yahoo.com. Bsofteawh@yahoo.com was determined by
   ICE/C3/CES to be associated with one of the multiple PayPal accounts
   operated by the criminal organization to facilitate the processing of
   membership payments to the commercial child pornography web sites. ICE
   agents were unable to obtain membership to the “Plazma Girls” website nor
   were they able to obtain screen captures of the advertising web page. Id, at 19-
   20.

   ICE Special Agents were able to obtain all PayPal buyer and seller
   transactional logs for all transactions associated with the criminal organization
   and the commercial child pornography web sites and the subscribers. ICE
   agents obtained buyer contact information by extracting every buyer e-mail
   address from the seller’ PayPal transactional logs and submitting those e-mail
   addresses to PayPal. PayPal then pulled buyer contact information for each
   buyer and provided said information to ICE Agents. Id., at 20.

      In addition to e-mail transactional logs, PayPal also provided ICE agents with

buyer-contact information which identified kgj01@hotmail.com as Kerry Jones, 901

Country Place Dr #192, Houston, Texas 77079; listed Jones’ associated day phone

number as 281-293-5018 and listed his night phone number as 281-493-9826. PayPal

also linked 8 other incomplete purchase attempts to this same e-mail address and,

with regard to these purchase attempts, listed an associated mailing address of 800

Country Place Dr #1001, Houston, Texas 77079. CR 18-19. None of the child

pornography seized during the search of Jones’ residence came from any of the

websites identified in the search warrant affidavit. CR 20.

                                       Page -6-
      Prior to the date Jones pled guilty to all three child pornography possession

charges, his trial counsel failed to file and pursue a motion to suppress illegally-

seized evidence as to these charges based on: (a) the theory that the facts alleged in

the search warrant affidavit were insufficient to establish probable cause that an

offense had been committed; or (b) that the facts alleged in the search warrant

affidavit were themselves a product of illegally-seized evidence. RR 1, 52. Jones

argued that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance of counsel in an article

11.072 post-conviction writ application Jones filed. However, the trial court rejected

this argument and determined that Jones had failed to meet his burden of proving that

his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance.

      On appeal, Jones asserted as his first point for review of his principal brief that

the trial court erred in denying his claim that his trial counsel rendered ineffective

assistance by not filing and pursuing a motion to suppress the child pornography

seized from his apartment under the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine. Specifically,

Jones asserted on page 18 of his brief the factual basis for his claim that his trial

counsel rendered a deficient performance by failing to move to suppress the digital

images of child pornography taken from a computer in Jones’ residence:

   The inability of Jones’ trial counsel to recognize during Jones’ article 11.072
   evidentiary hearing that the email transactional logs and other confidential
   information PayPal voluntarily turned over to ICE agents without being forced

                                        Page -7-
   by a search warrant to turn over demonstrates the deficient performance Jones’
   trial counsel rendered. PayPal was no more than an intermediary between
   Jones and the owners of the “Home Collection” website operating from a
   location in Europe. Jones’ trial counsel should have recognized that PayPal
   was not even a party. PayPal did nothing more than facilitate Jones’ purchase
   of three one-month subscriptions between Jones and this commercial website.
   The information PayPal voluntarily turned over to these ICE agents thus went
   beyond any non-content information Jones divulged. PayPal divulged
   information protected by the Fourth Amendment. Through its transactional
   email logs and records, PayPal identified for these ICE agents Jones’ online
   activities, his purchasing activities, and his personal contact information–
   information in which Jones possessed a reasonable expectation of privacy.

In rejecting this argument made by Jones and denying relief on point for review one,

the court of appeals ruled:

   Here, ICE agents obtained appellant's subscription information from PayPal,
   which allowed them to discover appellant's name and address. Appellant did
   not have a reasonable expectation of privacy in this information. See United
   States v. Perrine, 518 F.3d 1196, 1204 (10th Cir.2008) (“Every federal court
   to address this issue has held that subscriber information provided to an
   internet provider is not protected by the Fourth Amendment's privacy
   expectation.”); see also United States v. Hambrick, 225 F.3d 656 (4th
   Cir.2000) (per curiam) (unpublished), affirming United States v. Hambrick, 55
F. Supp. 2d 504, 508–09 (W.D.Va.1999) (holding that there was no legitimate
   expectation of privacy in noncontent customer information provided to an
   internet service provider by one of its customers); Russo v. State, 228 S.W.3d
779, 802 (Tex.App.–Austin 2007, pet. ref d) (stating that there is no Fourth
   Amendment protection against the disclosure of subscriber information by
   internet service providers). This is because “[i]ndividuals generally lose a
   reasonable expectation of privacy in their information once they reveal it to
   third parties.” Guest v. Leis, 255 F.3d 325, 335 (6th Cir.2001); see also
   Barfield v. State, 416 S.W.3d 743, 748–49 (Tex.App.–Houston [14th Dist.]
   2013, no pet.) (holding that defendant does not have a reasonable expectation
   of privacy in cell-site location data because defendant voluntarily conveys
   information to third-party provider).

                                      Page -8-
B.     Legal analysis

       The court of appeals failed to address the primary argument asserted by Jones’

in his first point for review.1 It confined its analysis to the issue of whether the

Government was entitled to retrieve subscriber information from an internet provider

without first obtaining a warrant. Although this was the situation in United States v.

Perrine, 518 F.3d 1196, 1204 (10th Cir.2008), it was not the primary contention made

by Jones in asserting that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance of counsel

in failing to pursue a suppression remedy.

       Jones’ primary contention on appeal was that the Government did not have the

right to obtain from PayPal all transaction logs for transactions associated with the

criminal organization and the commercial child pornography web sites and

subscribers such as Jones without first obtaining a search warrant. It was the

information the Government obtained from these transaction logs which enabled ICE

Agent Juanae Thompson to prepare a search warrant affidavit which connected Jones

to child pornography and to the child pornography websites.                        Without this

information, Agent Thompson would have had not possessed sufficient facts in her

       1
         For purposes of this review point, Petitioner will assume that the court of appeals’
correctly determined that Pay-Pal is an internet provider even though it appears that Pay-Pal is
not an “internet provider” or “internet service provider” within the context given to these terms
by the courts. See e.g. United States v. Perrine, 518 F.3d 1196, 1204 (10th Cir.2008).

                                             Page -9-
search warrant affidavit which could have possibly enabled a neutral and detached

magistrate to make a probable cause determination that Jones possessed child

pornography on a home computers or at his residence.

     Even if the court of appeals correctly cites to Perrine as authority that the

Government was authorized to obtain Jones’ name, address and phone number and

internet provider subscriber-related information without a search warrant, it still

failed to address Jones’ primary Fourth Amendment argument that the Government

had violated Jones’ Fourth Amendment to be free from unreasonable searches by

obtaining from PayPal without a search warrant all transaction logs between Jones

and the criminal organization and the commercial child pornography web sites to

which Jones subscribed. All of this information was content-based and not mere

subscriber information. Thus, Jones asserts that the Government’s decision to rely

upon detailed transaction logs relating to electronic material Jones purchased for its

search warrant went well beyond obtaining mere internet provider subscriber

information. It was therefore error for the court of appeals to address only whether

subscriber information was illegally obtained.

      All of the cases cited in United States v. Perrine, supra, basically draw a

distinction between the Government’s right to obtain internet provider non-content

subscriber information and its right to obtain content-related subscriber information.

                                      Page -10-
The case United States v. Hambrick, 225 F.3d 656 (4th Cir.2000) (unpublished),

affirming United States v. Hambrick, 55 F. Supp. 2d 504, 508-09 (W.D.Va.1999), cited

both in United States v. Perrine and the court of appeals in Jones’ case illustrates this

point. There, the Fourth Circuit held that there was no legitimate expectation of

privacy in noncontent customer information provided to an internet service provider

by one of its customers. Similarly, in United States v. D'Andrea, 497 F. Supp. 2d 117,

120 (D.Mass.2007) -- also cited in United States v. Perrine and the court of appeals

in this case, the federal court addressing the search and seizure issue presented ruled:

“The Smith line of cases has led federal courts to uniformly conclude that internet

users have no reasonable expectation of privacy in their subscriber information, the

length of their stored files, and other noncontent data to which service providers

must have access.”) (emph. added). See also Russo v. State, 228 S.W3d 779, 802

(Tex.App.–Austin 2007, pet. ref’d) (recognizing that there is not Fourth Amendment

protection against the disclosure of subscriber information by internet service

providers). This ruling expressly excludes content-based data from the Fourth

Amendment.

      In Jones’ case, the primary evidence the Government relied on to obtain the

issuance of a search warrant against Jones consisted of content data extracted from

transaction logs Pay-Pal voluntarily turned over to the Government. It was Jones’

                                        Page -11-
contention in his article 11.072 writ application and on appeal that these transaction

logs should have been obtained through a search warrant before they could be relied

upon and used by the Government to obtain a search warrant for Jones’ residence and

computers and the hard drives located at his residence. Jones demonstrated that the

link to child pornography contained on these transaction logs was illegally obtained

by the Government, in violation of Jones’ Fourth Amendment right to be free from

illegal searches and seizures.

      Thus, the court of appeals erred in failing to address Jones’ contention that ICE

Agent Thompson violated his right to be free from unreasonable searches and

seizures under the Fourth Amendment and Texas law by securing a search warrant

for his residence and the computers contained therein based on a search warrant

affidavit which was itself based on illegally obtained evidence, i.e. the content-based

transaction logs the Government voluntarily obtained from PayPal without a search

warrant. In addressing only whether the Government was authorized to obtain from

Pay-Pal subscriber information relating to Jones, the court of appeals failed to grant

Petitioner Jones a meaningful review of the first point for review of his brief.

      The court of appeals should have addressed whether the search warrant issued

for the search of Jones’ apartment was obtained from illegally obtained evidence

since the transaction logs PayPal voluntarily turned over to the Government by

                                       Page -12-
PayPal without a search warrant consisted of content-related information and not

mere subscriber account information. Even if Jones’ name, address, and phone

number does qualify as “subscriber information”, this non-content information is not

the primary argument on which Jones’ suppression argument was based. Jones’

primary suppression argument was the link drawn to Jones and child pornography in

the search warrant affidavit based on the content of transaction logs PayPal

maintained. It was this content-based information that Jones primarily relied on in

arguing that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance in failing to file and

pursue a suppression motion to suppress the child pornography found on a computer

and/or on hard drives taken from his residence.

       Given the court of appeals’ failure to even address whether the content-based

transaction logs the Government relied on to obtain its search warrant was lawful,

this Court should grant Jones’ petition and order briefing of this point for review.

2.    The issue of whether content-based electronic information maintained by
      a third party intermediary’s transaction logs is protected from
      warrantless search under the Fourth Amendment and by Article 1, Section
      9 of the Texas Constitution is an issue of both state and federal law which
      has not, but should be, settled by the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals

      The United States Supreme Court has not squarely addressed the issue of

whether content-based electronic information which one person provides to another

through a third party intermediary is protected under the Fourth Amendment to the

                                      Page -13-
United States Constitution. To-date, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals has not

addressed this issue, either. In contrast, several courts of appeals have written

opinions which at least partially address the issue. With the exception of subscriber

information a person voluntarily provides to an internet service provider, several

federa; court have recognized that a Fourth Amendment privacy interest is generally

implicated in electronic communications between two persons which is not intended

to be viewed by the public at large. In United States v. Warshak, 631 F.3d 266, 288

(6th Cir. 2010), for example, the Sixth Circuit observed that the content of “email

requires strong protection under the Fourth Amendment; otherwise, the Fourth

Amendment would prove an ineffective guardian of private communication, an

essential purpose it had long been recognized to serve.” Id., 286. It further held that

a subscriber enjoys a reasonable expectation of privacy in the contents of emails "that

are stored with, or sent or received through, a commercial [Internet service provider

(ISP)] and further held that “to the extent that [the Stored Communications Act

(SCA), 18 USC section 2703] purports to permit the government to obtain such

emails warrantlessly, the SCA is unconstitutional. Warshak, at 288. This

     In United States v. Hamilton, 701 F.3d 404 (4th Cir. 2012), the Fourth Circuit

reached a similar conclusion by stating: "[E]mail has become the modern

stenographer. . . . [E]mails today, `in common experience,' are confidential." Id. at

                                       Page -14-
408 (citation omitted). The Fifth and Ninth Circuits have similarly recognized that a

defendant has a reasonable expectation of privacy with respect to "private

information, including emails." See United States v. Zavala, 541 F.3d 562, 577 (5th

Cir.2008); and United States v. Forrester, 512 F.3d 500, at 511 (9th Cir. 2007)

(holding that "The privacy interests in these two forms of communication [email and

traditional mail] are identical."). One court, comparing private facebook messages

to email, has stated that both are "inherently private" because such messages "are not

readily accessible to the general public." Crispin v. Christian Audigier, Inc., 717
F. Supp. 2d 965, 991 (C.D.Cal.2010). Moreover, where the service provider is no more

than a conduit or intermediary which “passively convey[s]” that information to an

end-user, the Ninth Circuit has concluded that the material is generally not subject to

any claim that the information constitutes business records of the internet service

provider. Forrester, supra at 510.

     The transaction logs in the present case involved content-based confidential

communications between Jones and the internet websites through which he had

ordered the three one month subscriptions from internet websites. PayPal’s only role

in its dealings with Jones was to serve as a third party intermediary by facilitating the

buy-sell transaction initiated between Jones and websites through which he was

purchasing digital images. Consequently, Jones would assert that he had a reasonable

                                        Page -15-
expectation that the content of his communications with these websites would be

protected by PayPal, much like the federal courts have recognized the privacy of

email communications are protected. See e.g. United States v. Zavala, 541 F.3d 562,

577 (5th Cir.2008). The issue of whether content-based information such as the

transaction logs in this case should have been obtained by the Government through

a search warrant pursuant to the Fourth Amendment or pursuant to Article 1, Section

9 of the Texas Constitution is an issue which has not been, but should be settled by

the Court of Criminal Appeals. For this reason, review should be granted.

3.    The court of appeals’ determination that probable cause can exist to issue
      a search warrant where a specific offense is not identified and that the
      facts alleged in the search warrant affidavit can almost never become stale
      where the objective of the search warrant is to locate child pornography
      has resulted in the decision of an important question of state law in a way
      which conflicts with applicable decisions of the United States Supreme
      Court

      The ICE agents executing the search warrant did not examine or search the

content of the computers and storage devices (hard drives) they seized. CR 13.

Instead, they took these items to a forensic expert to be examined. CR 13; RR 1, 168.

The three computers and two disc drives seized from Jones’ residence were not

returned to Jones until approximately 18 months after they were seized by these ICE

agents. CR 14. The delay in returning these items occurred even though the forensics

expert who examined them purportedly completed his forensic analysis in August of

                                      Page -16-
2009. CR 14. Jones was not arrested until on or about October 28, 2010 and was not

indicted until December 16, 2010. CR 14. The subscriptions Jones purchased from

the Home Collection web sites in connection with this case were of a one month

duration only. CR 14. Further, there was no allegation in the search warrant affidavit

that Jones or any one else accessed these websites or downloaded any of the images

from the pornographic websites referenced in Juana Thompson’s search warrant

affidavit. RR 1, Defendant’s Exh. 2, pp. 14-20. There was also no link drawn

between any specific computer or address where child pornography might be found.

In fact, the information set forth in Thompson’s search warrant affidavit requested the

issuance of a search warrant for a residence address which was different than the

address listed in Pay-Pal’s customer account records. Id.

        The United States Supreme Court has held that probable cause to search

“exist[s] where the known facts and circumstances are sufficient to warrant a man of

reasonable prudence in the belief that contraband or evidence of a crime will be

found” in the location to be searched. Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 696

(1996). The Supreme Court also recognized in Sgro v. United States, 287 U.S. 206,

211 (1932) that in order for a search warrant to be valid, “the time within which proof

of probable cause must be taken by the judge or commissioner...must be of facts so

                                       Page -17-
closely related to the time of the issuance of the warrant as to justify a finding of

probable cause at that time.”

         In Jones’ case, the facts alleged in the search warrant affidavit Juanae

Thompson executed did not set forth sufficient facts to establish probable cause that

a specific offense had been committed. The only evidence the State had in its

possession was evidence that on November 1, 2006 an individual using the e-mail

address of kgj01@hotmail.com purchased a membership to “Hot Girls Photos” (aka

Angel Collection 1010) for $79.95 payable, via PayPal; that on January 21, 2007 an

individual using the e-mail address of kgj01@hotmail.com had purchased a one-

month on-line membership to “Real Lola Issue #2" for $79.95 payable, via PayPal;

and that on January 25, 2007 an individual using the e-mail address of

kgj01@hotmail.com purchased a membership to “Plazma Girls” for $79.95 payable,

via PayPal. The search warrant affidavit thus revealed that these one-month

subscription purchases occurred more than two years before the February 19, 2009

affidavit Juanae Thompson executed for a search warrant. However, it failed to

allege facts which established whether Jones had downloaded images of child

pornography from these websites or that the specific offense of child pornography or

some other specific offense had been committed.

                                      Page -18-
      Without evidence that there had been a transmission of digital images onto a

computer belonging to Jones from any of the Home Collection websites Jones had

subscribed to, there was no basis for making a probable cause finding that the felony

offense of child pornography or some other specific offense had been committed by

Jones. See United States v. Perez, 247 F. Supp. 2d 459, 483-484(S.D.N.Y. 2003)

(holding that subscription to known child pornography website created a “chance,

but not a fair probability that child pornography would be found.”). Moreover, the

fact that Jones’ last Home Collection subscription had been made roughly 24 months

prior to the date the search warrant affidavit was executed rendered the information

contained in the affidavit stale.

       Despite the Supreme Court holding that for probable cause to be established

the facts alleged in a search warrant affidavit must be so closely related to the time

of the issuance of the warrant, the court of appeals rejected the staleness doctrine

because this was a child pornography case. In doing so, it gave undue consideration

to the affiant’s statement that “[p]eople who have a sexual interest in children or

minors rarely, if ever, dispose of their sexually explicit materials.” In effect, it

erroneously rejected the staleness doctrine mandated by the United States Supreme

Court by finding that the very old facts alleged in the affidavit for the search warrant

prepared in Jones’ case established probable cause for the search of his residence.

                                       Page -19-
                                     PRAYER

     Wherefore, premises considered, Petitioner Kerry Jones prays the Texas Court

of Criminal Appeals will grant his petition for discretionary review on all three points

for review presented, order briefing, and remand this case to the court of appeals

below for reconsideration of the merits of his appeal.

                                        Respectfully Submitted,

                                             /s/ James D. Lucas
                                        JAMES D. LUCAS
                                        Counsel for Kerry Jones
                                        2316 Montana Avenue
                                        El Paso, Texas 79903
                                        Tel. (915) 532-8811
                                        Fax (915) 532-8807
                                        SBN 12658300
                                        jlucas2@elp.rr.com

             CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE WITH RULE 9.4

      This brief filed in support of thereof comply with the type-volume limitations

of 9.4. The brief contain 4,668 words, excluding the parts of the brief exempted by

9.4(1); and this brief complies with the typeface requirements of 9.4(e) because this

brief has been prepared in a proportionally spaced typeface using Corel Word Perfect

in Times New Roman, 14-point.

                                           /s/ James D. Lucas
                                        JAMES D. LUCAS

                                       Page -20-
                        CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

       I, James D. Lucas, hereby certify that on the 30th day of November, 2015, a
true and correct copy of the foregoing petition for discretionary review filed by
Petitioner, Kerry G. Jones, was served on the Office of the District Attorney for
Harris County, Texas and the State Prosecuting Attorney, by electronic means.

                                         /s/ James D. Lucas
                                        JAMES D. LUCAS

                                    Page -21-
                       APPENDIX

EXHIBIT A.   COA OPINION

EXHIBIT B.   COA JUDGMENT

                           Page -22-
EXHIBIT A.   COA OPINION
Affirmed and Opinion filed August 18, 2015.

                                       In The

                     Fourteenth Court of Appeals

                               NO. 14-14-00488-CR
                               NO. 14-14-00489-CR
                               NO. 14-14-00490-CR

                         EX PARTE KERRY G. JONES

                  On Appeal from the 230th District Court
                           Harris County, Texas
         Trial Court Cause Nos. 1283328-A, 1283329-A & 1283330-A

                                  OPINION

      Appellant Kerry G. Jones appeals the denial of his post-conviction
application for writ of habeas corpus, arguing that he was denied effective
assistance of counsel on the grounds that his trial counsel failed to file a motion to
suppress. We affirm.
                                  BACKGROUND

      In April 2006, the child exploitation section of the United States
Immigration and Customs Enforcement Agency (ICE) initiated an investigation
into a criminal organization operating a commercial child pornography website
known as “The Home Collection.” The investigation lasted three years and
subscribers to the website were identified through purchaser transactions obtained
from bank account records. The bank records revealed that a person using a PayPal
account registered to appellant purchased subscriptions to the website. Using the
bank records, the police were able to obtain appellant’s name and physical address.

      On February 19, 2009, the police executed a search warrant to seize three
computers and two hard drives from appellant’s home. A forensic analysis of the
computers and hard drives disclosed over 433 digital images of child pornography
on appellant’s computer.

      Appellant was indicted for three counts of the third degree felony offense of
possession of child pornography. Appellant pleaded guilty to all three counts. The
trial court deferred an adjudication of appellant’s guilt and placed him on
community supervision for five years.

      On July 9, 2012, appellant filed an application for post-conviction writ of
habeas corpus pursuant to Article 11.072 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure.
He alleged that he was denied his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, among
several other claims. The trial court conducted a hearing and entered an order
denying relief.

                             STANDARD OF REVIEW

      We review a trial court’s determination on an application for writ of habeas
corpus for abuse of discretion. Ex parte Fassi, 388 S.W.3d 881, 886 (Tex. App.—

                                         2
Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, no pet.). An applicant seeking post-conviction habeas
corpus relief bears the burden of establishing by a preponderance of the evidence
that the facts entitle him to relief. Id. The trial court is the sole finder of fact in a
habeas proceeding. Ex parte Harrington, 310 S.W.3d 452, 457 (Tex. Crim. App.
2010). In reviewing the trial court’s decision to grant or deny relief, we view the
facts in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling. Ex parte Fassi, 388
S.W.3d at 886. We afford almost total deference to the trial court’s findings,
especially when those findings are based on an evaluation of credibility and
demeanor. Ex parte Amezquita, 223 S.W.3d 363, 367 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). We
will uphold the trial court’s judgment as long as it is correct on any theory of law
applicable to the case. Ex parte Taylor, 36 S.W.3d 883, 886 (Tex. Crim. App.
2001) (per curiam).

                          ANALYSIS OF APPELLANT’S ISSUE

      Appellant contends that the trial court erred by denying him relief on his
claim of ineffective assistance of counsel because his trial counsel failed to file a
motion to suppress the child pornography seized from the computers and hard
drives at his apartment. Appellant argues that his trial counsel should have filed a
motion to suppress because (1) the information set forth in the search warrant
affidavit was obtained from PayPal without a warrant; and (2) the search warrant
affidavit failed to set forth sufficient facts to establish probable cause.

      To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, appellant must
satisfy the two-prong test by a preponderance of the evidence showing that: (1) his
attorney’s performance was deficient; and (2) his attorney’s deficient performance
deprived him of a fair trial. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 694
(1984); Ex parte Chandler, 182 S.W.3d 350, 353 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). Under
the first prong, appellant must show that counsel’s performance was deficient to

                                            3
the extent that counsel failed to function as the “counsel” guaranteed by the Sixth
Amendment. Jackson v. State, 877 S.W.2d 768, 771 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994).
Under the second prong, appellant must establish that counsel’s deficient
performance prejudiced the defense. Id. Prejudice is established by a showing that
there is a reasonable probability that but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the
result of the proceeding would have been different. Id.

      A trial counsel’s failure to file a motion to suppress is not per se ineffective
assistance of counsel. Wert v. State, 383 S.W.3d 747, 753 (Tex. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] 2012, no pet.) (citing Kimmelman v. Morrison, 447 U.S. 365, 384
(1986)). Counsel is not required to engage in the filing of futile motions. Id. (citing
Mooney v. State, 817 S.W.2d 693, 698 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991)). To prevail on an
ineffective assistance claim based on counsel’s failure to file a motion to suppress,
appellant must show by a preponderance of the evidence that the result of the
proceeding would have been different—i.e., that the motion to suppress would
have been granted and that the remaining evidence would have been insufficient to
support his conviction. See Jackson v. State, 973 S.W.2d 954, 957 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1998) (holding that appellant is required to prove motion to suppress would
have been granted to prove ineffective assistance of counsel).

      No Expectation of Privacy in Subscription Information

      Appellant first complains that a motion to suppress should have been filed
because the information contained in the search warrant affidavit was obtained
without a warrant. Appellant argues that a warrant was required to obtain his
subscription information from PayPal.

      The purpose of the Fourth Amendment is to safeguard an individual’s
legitimate expectation of privacy from unreasonable government intrusions.
Villarreal v. State, 935 S.W.2d 134, 138 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). A defendant has
                                          4
standing to challenge the admission of evidence obtained by an intrusion by the
government only if he had a legitimate expectation of privacy in the place invaded.
Id. The accused, as the party asserting the privacy expectation, has the burden of
proving facts to establish that such an expectation exists. Id. To establish a
constitutionally protected privacy interest in a possession, an accused must show
that (1) he had an actual, subjective expectation of privacy in the invaded
possession, and (2) his expectation of privacy was one that society accepts as
objectively reasonable. Id.; see Smith v. Maryland, 442 U.S. 735, 740 (1979).

      Here, ICE agents obtained appellant’s subscription information from PayPal,
which allowed them to discover appellant’s name and address. Appellant did not
have a reasonable expectation of privacy in this information. See United States v.
Perrine, 518 F.3d 1196, 1204 (10th Cir. 2008) (“Every federal court to address this
issue has held that subscriber information provided to an internet provider is not
protected by the Fourth Amendment’s privacy expectation.”); see also United
States v. Hambrick, 225 F.3d 656 (4th Cir. 2000) (per curiam) (unpublished),
affirming United States v. Hambrick, 55 F. Supp. 2d 504, 508−09 (W.D. Va. 1999)
(holding that there was no legitimate expectation of privacy in noncontent
customer information provided to an internet service provider by one of its
customers); Russo v. State, 228 S.W.3d 779, 802 (Tex. App.—Austin 2007, pet.
ref’d) (stating that there is no Fourth Amendment protection against the disclosure
of subscriber information by internet service providers). This is because
“[i]ndividuals generally lose a reasonable expectation of privacy in their
information once they reveal it to third parties.” Guest v. Leis, 255 F.3d 325, 335
(6th Cir. 2001); see also Barfield v. State, 416 S.W.3d 743, 748−49 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, no pet.) (holding that defendant does not have a
reasonable expectation of privacy in cell-site location data because defendant

                                         5
voluntarily conveys information to third-party provider). “What a person
knowingly exposes to the public . . . is not a subject of Fourth Amendment
protection.” Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967). Accordingly, the
Supreme Court has consistently held that a “person has no legitimate expectation
of privacy in information he voluntarily turns over to third parties.” Smith, 442
U.S. at 743−44.

      Because appellant did not have a reasonable expectation of privacy in his
subscription information, ICE agents were not required to secure a warrant in order
to obtain it. Appellant has failed to show that a motion to suppress would have
been granted on this ground. See Jackson, 973 S.W.2d at 957.

      Search Warrant Affidavit

      Appellant also asserts that a motion to suppress should have been filed
because the search warrant affidavit failed to set forth sufficient facts which could
establish probable cause for possession of child pornography. Specifically,
appellant contends that (1) his subscriptions to the websites did not establish
probable cause for possession of child pornography, and (2) the information in the
search warrant affidavit was stale.

      When reviewing the magistrate’s decision to issue a warrant, the court
applies a highly deferential standard because of the constitutional preference for
searches to be conducted pursuant to a warrant as opposed to a warrantless search.
State v. McLain, 337 S.W.3d 268, 271 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). A court does not
analyze the affidavit in a hyper-technical manner. Rodriguez v. State, 232 S.W.3d
55, 59 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). Instead, it interprets the affidavit in a
commonsensical and realistic manner, recognizing that the magistrate may draw
reasonable inferences. Id. at 61. When in doubt, we defer to all reasonable
inferences that the magistrate could have made. Id. If the magistrate had a
                                         6
substantial basis for concluding that probable cause existed, a court will uphold the
magistrate’s probable cause determination. McLain, 337 S.W.3d at 271.

      A search warrant must be accompanied by a sworn affidavit that sets forth
substantial facts establishing probable cause. See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art.
18.01(b). In addition, the affidavit must set forth sufficient facts to establish
probable cause, showing that (1) a specific offense has been committed; (2) the
specifically described item to be seized constitutes evidence of the offense or
evidence that a particular person committed the offense; and (3) the item is located
at or on the person, place, or thing to be searched. Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art.
18.01(c). An affidavit supporting a search warrant is sufficient if, from the totality
of the circumstances reflected in the affidavit, the magistrate was provided with a
substantial basis for concluding that probable cause existed. See State v. Duarte,
389 S.W.3d 349, 354 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). We look at the four corners of the
affidavit in determining whether there is probable cause to search the identified
locations. Massey v. State, 933 S.W.2d 141, 148 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996).

      Appellant contends that the mere fact that he made four one-month
purchases for child pornography websites fails to establish probable cause that he
committed the offense of possession of child pornography. The affidavit alleged
that a child pornography website known as “Home Collection” offered individuals
monthly access to websites that provided images of child pornography for a
specific fee. The affidavit provided that an individual using the email address of
kgj01@hotmail.com purchased several one-month memberships to “Lust
Collections,” “Hot Girl Photos,” “Real Lola Issue #2,” and “Plazmas Girls.” The
memberships were $79.95 each, payable, via PayPal, to email addresses
determined to be associated with a criminal organization that facilitated the
processing of membership payments to commercial child pornography websites.

                                          7
The affidavit further stated that PayPal provided the ICE agents with buyer contact
information, which identified kgj01@hotmail.com as appellant. Considering the
totality of the circumstances, the magistrate could have reasonably inferred from
the facts set forth in the affidavit that appellant possessed child pornography. The
magistrate could have reasonably concluded a probability existed that child
pornography would be found at appellant’s residence. See State v. Cotter, 360
S.W.3d 647, 653 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2012, no pet.)

      Appellant also argues that the information in the affidavit is stale because
the affidavit was made two years after he purchased the subscriptions to the
websites. To justify a magistrate’s finding that an affidavit is sufficient to establish
probable cause to issue a search warrant, the facts set out in the affidavit must not
have become stale when a magistrate issues the search warrant. State v. Dugas, 296
S.W.3d 112, 116 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, pet. ref’d). Probable
cause ceases to exist when, at the time the search warrant is issued, it would be
unreasonable to presume the items remain at the suspected place. Id. However,
where the affidavit properly recites facts indicating activity of a protracted and
continuous nature, a course of conduct, the passage of time becomes less
significant. Jones v. State, 364 S.W.3d 854, 861 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). The
proper method to determine whether the facts supporting a search warrant have
become stale is to examine, in light of the type of criminal activity involved, the
time elapsing between the occurrence of the events set out in the affidavit and the
time the search warrant is issued. Dugas, 296 S.W.3d at 116.

      The challenged affidavit was created on February 19, 2009. The affiant
stated that she received the case as a result of a joint investigation into a criminal
organization operating over eighteen commercial child pornography websites. The
organization utilized PayPal accounts to process payments made by individuals

                                           8
purchasing memberships to the child pornography websites. The affiant stated that
records indicated that a PayPal account registered to appellant purchased four one-
month memberships to the websites. The purchases were made on October 12,
2006, November 1, 2006, January 21, 2007, and January 25, 2007.

      The magistrate could have reasonably concluded that the pornographic
images were still on appellant’s computer at his apartment at the time the warrant
was issued. Federal courts have repeatedly recognized that in child pornography
cases, collectors of child pornography tend to retain this material. See United
States v. Cox, 190 F. Supp. 2d 330, 333 (N.D. N.Y. 2002); see also United States v.
Ricciardelli, 998 F.2d 8, 12 n.4 (1st Cir. 1993) (noting that “[h]istory teaches that
collectors [of child pornography] prefer not to dispose of their dross, typically
retaining obscene materials for years”). Here, the affiant stated that “[p]eople who
have a sexual interest in children or minors rarely, if ever, dispose of their sexually
explicit materials.” See Steele v. State, 355 S.W.3d 746, 751 (Tex. App.—Houston
[1st Dist.] 2011, pet. ref’d) (concluding that magistrate could have reasonably
concluded defendant continued to be in possession of child pornography because
affidavit proved “expert testimony that persons sexually attracted to children tend
to collect sexually explicit photographs of children, treating the photographs as
prized possessions, of which they rarely dispose”); see also Morris v. State, 62
S.W.3d 817, 823−24 (Tex. App.—Waco 2001, no pet.) (providing that where
affidavit indicates activity of continuous nature, magistrate could have reasonably
inferred that defendant had possession of pornography for substantial period of
time, i.e., one-and-a-half years).

      Thus, the affidavit contained sufficient information from which the
magistrate had a substantial basis under the totality of the circumstances for
concluding that probable cause existed that the computer and hard drives at

                                          9
appellant’s apartment contained child pornography. See Sanders v. State, 191
S.W.3d 272, 279−80 (Tex. App.—Waco 2006, pet. ref’d) (holding that information
obtained two years before warrant executed was not stale); Burke v. State, 27
S.W.3d 651, 655 (Tex. App.—Waco 2000, pet. ref’d) (providing that information
obtained one year before warrant executed was not stale).

          We conclude that the facts and circumstances submitted to the magistrate
within the “four corners” of the affidavit provide a substantial basis for the
magistrate’s conclusion that child pornography would probably be found at
appellant’s apartment at the time the warrant was issued. Thus, the affidavit was
sufficient to establish probable cause. Because appellant cannot show that a motion
to suppress alleging these grounds would have been granted, appellant has failed to
show that he received ineffective assistance of counsel. See Jackson, 973 S.W.2d
at 957. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying
appellant’s post-conviction writ of habeas corpus.

                                      CONCLUSION

          We overrule appellant’s issues and affirm the trial court’s judgment denying
relief.

                                         /s/      Ken Wise
                                                  Justice

Panel consists of Justices Christopher, Donovan, and Wise.
Publish — TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).

                                           10
EXHIBIT B.   COA JUDGMENT
                                                                 August 18, 2015

                                JUDGMENT

                The Fourteenth Court of Appeals
                  EX PARTE KERRY G. JONES, Appellant

NO. 14-14-00488-CR
NO. 14-14-00489-CR
NO. 14-14-00490-CR
                  ________________________________

     This cause was heard on the transcript of the record of the court below.
Having considered the record, this Court holds that there was no error in the
judgment. The Court orders the judgment AFFIRMED.

     We further order this decision certified below for observance.
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