Court Opinion

ID: 4572280
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-10-02 13:01:39.988455+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:28:02.805665
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                     No. 20-449C
                              Filed: September 12, 2020
             Redacted Version Issued for Publication: October 1, 20201

    * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * **      *
                                            *
    ASSET PROTECTION & SECURITY             *
    SERVICES, L.P.,                         *
                                            *
                    Protestor,
                                            *
    v.                                      *
                                            * Post-Award Bid Protest; Motion to
    UNITED STATES,                          * Dismiss; Standing; Trade-Off
                    Defendant,              * Analysis.
                                            *
    v.                                      *
                                            *
                                            *
    AKIMA GLOBAL SERVICES, LLC,             *
                  Defendant-Intervenor.     *
                                            *
    * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * **      *

      David T. Ralston, Jr. Foley & Lardner LLP, Washington, DC for protestor. With
him were Julia Di Vito and Frank Murray, Foley & Lardner LLP, Washington, DC.

       Daniel B. Volk, Senior Trial Counsel, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division,
Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for defendant. With him were Douglas K.
Mickle, Assistant Director, Commercial Litigation Branch, Robert E. Kirschman, Jr.,
Director, Commercial Litigation Branch, and Ethan P. Davis, Acting Assistant Attorney
General, Civil Division. Of counsel was Javier A. Farfan, Associate Legal Advisor, United
States Immigration and Customs Enforcement.

       C. Peter Dungan, Miles & Stockbridge P.C., Washington, DC for defendant-
intervenor. With him were Alfred M. Wurglitz and Annie M. McGuire, Miles &
Stockbridge P.C.

1 This Opinion was issued under seal on September 12, 2020. The parties were asked to
propose redactions prior to public release of the Opinion. This Opinion is issued with the
redactions that the parties proposed in response to the court’s request. Words which are
redacted are reflected with the notation: “[redacted].”
                                       OPINION

HORN, J.

       In the above-captioned, post-award bid protest, protestor Asset Protection &
Security Services, L.P. (Asset, also referred to as APSS) challenges the decision by the
Department of Homeland Security, United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement
(ICE) to award a contract to intervenor Akima Global Services, LLC (Akima, also referred
to as AGS), arguing that the award was unreasonable, irrational, and arbitrary and
capricious.

                                  FINDINGS OF FACT

      On August 22, 2016, ICE issued a request for proposals for services, Solicitation
No. HSCEDM-16-R-00001 (the Solicitation), to operate a detention center in Florence,
Arizona. The Solicitation begins:

       SOLICITATION         FOR GUARD, FOOD            AND TRANSPORTATION
       SERVICES –           FLORENCE SERVICE           PROCESSING CENTER,
       FLORENCE AZ

       *Offerors must propose price/cost in order to be considered for award.
       Offerors who fail to propose price/cost will be eliminated from competition
       and will not be considered for award.

(capitalization in original).

       The August 22, 2016 Solicitation indicated that “[t]he price/cost will consist of one
(1) Two-month transition period and one (1) Ten-month base period with seven (7) one-
year option periods, followed by a six (6) months extension in accordance with FAR
52.217-8.” The Solicitation, as evaluated, had four evaluation factors: (1) Demonstrated
Technical/Management Capability, (2) Past Performance, (3) Administration, and (4)
Price.2 The December 19, 2019 Source Selection Award Decision Memorandum, as
issued by the agency and signed by contracting officer serving as the source selection
authority, explained:

       The four evaluation factors for this procurement are in descending order of
       importance.

       1) Demonstrated Technical/Management Capability
       2) Past Performance,

2 The August 22, 2016 Solicitation indicated that “[t]here are three evaluation factors for
this procurement: 1) Demonstrated Technical/Management Capability, 2) Past
Performance, and 3) Price.” Although the Solicitation, as amended, included four
evaluation factors, with the addition of the evaluation factor of Administration, price was
always an evaluation factor.

                                             2
       3) Administration, and
       4) Price[.]

For Evaluation Factor 1 - Demonstrated Technical/Management Capability, offerors’
proposals were to be evaluated on the “ability to fulfill the technical requirements while
meeting quality requirements and the Offeror’s business approach.” Evaluation
Factor 1 - Demonstrated Technical/Management Capability had four sub-factors: Sub-
factor 1: Performance Work Statement; Sub-factor 2: Quality Control Plan; Sub-factor 3:
Transition Plan; and Sub-factor 4: Staffing Plan. Evaluation Factor 1 and the Sub-factors
for Evaluation Factor 1 were to be evaluated as: Outstanding, Good, Acceptable,
Marginal, and Unsatisfactory. For Evaluation Factor 2 – Past Performance, offerors were
required to submit three past performance contracts. Past Performance was to be
evaluated as: Substantial Confidence, Satisfactory Confidence, Limited Confidence, No
Confidence, or Unknown Confidence. Evaluation Factor 3 – Administration had four sub-
factors: Sub-factor 1: Offer Letter; Sub-factor 2: Signed Solicitation Documents; Sub-
factor 3: Small Business Subcontracting Plan; and Sub-factor 4: Key
Personnel/Resumes. For Evaluation Factor 3 – Administration the offerors’ proposals
were evaluated for compliance with the four Sub-factors. Evaluation Factor 3 was to be
rated as Pass, Fail, or Not Applicable. The final Evaluation Factor was Evaluation Factor
4 – Price, which “was not adjectively rated but considered a factor in the best value
determination,” and according to the Solicitation, “[o]fferors who failed to propose pricing
were eliminated from competition and were not considered for award.”

      Consistent with the above, the Solicitation, as amended by Amendment 17, which
was issued on May 28, 2019, indicated:

       Pricing

       The government is requesting a pricing quote from Offerors. Offerors are
       encouraged to provide reasonable, but competitive prices and submit
       pricing structures in accordance with the PWS [Performance Work
       Statement].

       The pricing structure consists of one (1) sixty (60) day transition, One (1)
       ten (10) month base period and seven (7) one year options, followed by a
       six (6) month extension in accordance with FAR 52.217-8. If an award
       results from this solicitation, the Government intends to fund any Task
       Orders through annually appropriated funds.

       Note: Pricing shall be submitted in the following two (2) areas:

       1.) Section B of the solicitation (Standard Form 33/Optional Form 336);
       2.) Attachment 5 CLIN [Contract Line Item Number] Summary

       The Government expects that adequate price competition will result from
       this solicitation thereby negating the need for Offerors to submit certified

                                             3
      cost and pricing data (See FAR 15.403-1). A price analysis will be
      performed to assess the reasonableness of the proposed prices under the
      firm fixed price contract. The Government will conduct its price analysis
      using one or more of the techniques specified in FAR 15.404-1(b). However,
      in order to determine a fair and reasonable price in accordance with FAR
      15.403-3(a)(1)(ii) and 15.403-5(b)(2), the Government shall require other
      than certified cost and pricing data in responses to this RFP.

                                           ....

      Contingency Pricing:
      All proposed pricing must be accordance with [FAR] 52.222-43. Any form
      of contingency pricing is unacceptable and your proposal will be removed
      from competition as unresponsive.

(emphasis in original) (brackets added).

      As indicated in the Source Selection Award Decision Memorandum:

      All Sub-factors under Factor 1 were rated with equal importance. The
      Demonstrated Technical/Management Capability (Factor 1) is more
      important overall than Past Performance (Factor 2). Evaluation Factors 1
      and 2 are more important that Evaluation Factor 3 (Administration). When
      combined, Demonstrated Technical/Management Capability, Past
      Performance, and Administration, are significantly more important than
      Price (Factor 4).

        On December 5, 2016, the agency issued Amendment No. 5 to the Solicitation,
which answered questions raised by prospective offerors. Question 246 asked: “Arizona
charges 4.5% ‘business tax’; will the Federal Government issue a tax exemption
certificate to the successful offeror?” to which the agency responded: “Yes.”

       There were six offerors to the Solicitation, including protestor Asset, intervenor
Akima, and AKHI, LLC (AKHI). The initial award was made to Akima on September 26,
2018. As indicated in the December 19, 2019 Source Selection Award Decision
Memorandum for the award currently being protested, “[t]he Government received two
GAO [Government Accountability Office] protests of award; one from APSS and one
from AKHI respectively. AKHI submitted a Supplemental Protest to GAO as well. All
protests were dismissed by GAO due to the Government’s willingness to take corrective
action.” The GAO dismissed those protests on November 9, 2018.

       After the agency agreed to take corrective action, on May 21, 2019, the agency
issued Amendment 16 to allow discussions with the offerors, and four offerors, including
protestor Asset, intervenor Akima, and AKHI, submitted timely, revised proposals by May
30, 2019. After review of the offerors’ proposals, on May 31, 2019 the agency issued
Amendment 19 to clarify the agency’s answers to Question 236 and Question 246, the

                                            4
questions and answers the agency had previously provided. Regarding Question 246,
Amendment 19 stated:

      Question#246: Arizona charges 4.5% “business tax”; will the Federal
      Government issue a tax exemption certificate to the successful offeror?

      Initial Government Response: Yes

      Corrected Government Response: The Government CANNOT delegate its
      tax exempt status to contractors for the performance of government
      services.

(capitalization in original). Also on May 31, 2019, the agency sent an email to Asset which
stated: “Attached is Amendment 0019 concerning HSCEDM-16-R-00001. Please review
the documentation and respond accordingly.” The same day, May 31, 2019, [redacted],
the Vice President of Contract Administration & Business Development for Asset emailed
the agency and stated: “I have reviewed, signed and attached Amendment 19 hereto.
Asset’s proposal does not require further revision.” On June 4, 2019, the agency issued
Amendment 20, to provide further “clarification to the pricing proposed by Offerors and to
Question 236 and Question 246 of the Questions and Answers.” Amendment 20
reiterated the language of Amendment 19, and stated, with regards to Question 246:

      2. Provide clarification to question and answer.

      Question#246: Arizona charges 4.5% “business tax”; will the Federal
      Government issue a tax exemption certificate to the successful offeror?

      Initial Government Response: Yes

      Corrected Government Response: No, the Government CANNOT delegate
      its tax exempt status to contractors for the performance of government
      services.

(capitalization in original). Also on June 4, 2019, the agency sent an email to Asset which
stated: “Attached is Amendment 0020 concerning HSCEDM-16-R-00001. Please review
the documentation and respond accordingly. Required documents are due by
Wednesday June 5, 2019 at 1100 EST.” The same day, June 4, 2019, [redacted] emailed
the agency and stated: “Asset has reviewed it [sic] price proposal in response to
Amendment 20. No changes are deemed necessary.” Asset’s price proposal, therefore,
continued to remain unchanged, and Asset’s price proposal stated:

      Other Direct Costs have been included in the development of the fully-
      loaded CLIN rates included in Section B. These costs represent the total
      cost of providing office equipment, training, medical testing, transportation
      vehicles and equipment, uniforms, duty gear, weapons, ammunition,
      communications equipment, detainee tracking and accountability system,

                                            5
       administrative supplies, detention services, food service, certifications and
       licenses, and management to the labor force, inclusive of all shipping fees,
       & handling or processing fees. Sales taxes were not charged due to the
       government’s expressed intent to provide Team Asset with a tax-exempt
       certificate, where applicable.

        On August 21, 2019, the agency again issued the award to the intervenor Akima.
The agency notified protestor Asset of the award on the same day and subsequently
provided Asset with an August 28, 2019 debriefing letter. The August 28, 2019 debriefing
letter informed Asset it was not eligible to receive the award because of defective pricing
in its proposal, and stated:

       APSS was ineligible to receive award due to defective pricing. In
       accordance with the solicitation “All proposed pricing must be in accordance
       with 52.222-43. Any form of contingency pricing is unacceptable and your
       proposal will be removed from competition as unresponsive.” APSS offered
       contingency pricing on pg. 57 of their Volume IV proposal. APSS stated
       “sales taxes were not charged due to the Government’s expressed intent to
       provide Team Asset with a tax-exempt certificate, where applicable.” The
       Government provided two amendments, 0019 and 0020, informing all
       Offerors that the Government will not provide the tax-exempt number and
       APSS failed to make the correction.

      On September 3, 2019, Asset timely filed a second GAO bid protest.3
Subsequently, the agency again indicated its intent to take corrective action, and on
October 1, 2019, the GAO dismissed Asset’s September 3, 2019 protest. Thereafter, on
November 21, 2019, the agency issued Amendment 21. Amendment 21 stated:

       The purpose of Amendment 0021 to HSCEDM-16-R-00001 is to
       incorporate WD 2015-5469, Rev.-10, dated August 2, 2019 into the
       solicitation.

       1.    Offerors are only allowed to provide updates to their pricing in
       Volume IV. Offerors shall not alter any narratives. Updates to the pricing in
       Volume IV are due November 25, 2019 at 0900 EST.
       2.    Offerors need to confirm that their proposals are valid through April
       2020.

(capitalization in original). On November 21, 2019, [redacted] responded to the agency:
“Asset confirms that its proposal is valid through April 30, 2020,” and confirmed that “[n]o

3As with the previous protest at GAO, another unsuccessful offeror also filed a bid protest
with GAO.

                                             6
changes to pricing that were not caused by the new Wage Determination were made.” 4
Asset’s final proposal, stated, in language that was unchanged from its earlier May 2019
proposal, “Asset is submitting this proposal as a Firm Fixed Price Proposal, inclusive of
the Transition Period, Base Period, all Option Periods, and the potential 6 month
Extension. We provided pricing for each Cost Line Item Number in this Price Proposal in
Section B and Attachment 5.” Also unchanged from its May 2019 proposal, Asset’s pricing
proposal, stated: “Sales taxes were not charged due to the government's expressed intent
to provide Team Asset with a tax-exempt certificate, where applicable.”

       Three offerors submitted timely responses after the corrective action: protestor
Asset, intervenor Akima, and AKHI, and the agency evaluated the three offerors. The
Source Selection Award Decision Memorandum provides the following evaluation
summary for the three offerors:
    Evaluation Factor 1: Demonstrated Technical/Management Capability FPR[5]

                                              Quality             Transition                            Overall
         Offeror             PWS                                                   Staffing Plan
                                            Control Plan             Plan                               Rating
          AGS             Outstanding        Outstanding          Outstanding       Outstanding        Outstanding
          APSS            Outstanding        Outstanding          Outstanding       Outstanding        Outstanding
          AKHI            Outstanding        Outstanding          Outstanding       Outstanding        Outstanding

    Evaluation Factor 2: Past Performance FPR – Offerors were not required to submit a new Past Performance
    Volume if no weaknesses or deficiencies were identified. No Offeror submitted a new Past Performance Volume.

                           Offeror                                          Past Performance Rating
                            AGS                                              Satisfactory Confidence
                           AKHI                                              Satisfactory Confidence
                            APSS                                             Satisfactory Confidence

    Evaluation Factor 3: Administration FPR

                                                     Signed
                                                                       Small Business              Key
          Offeror            Cover Letter          Solicitation
                                                                            Plan           Personnel/Resumes
                                                   Documents
           AGS                       P                  P                    P                         P
           AKHI                      P                  P                   N/A                        P
           APSS                      P                  P                    P                         P

(emphasis in original). The December 19, 2019 Source Selection Award Decision
Memorandum indicated:

4 Protestor stated in the complaint, “Asset complied with Amendment 21, and on
November 21, 2019, timely submitted a revised price proposal revising only its pricing
and not its price narrative (as specifically instructed by ICE).”
5   The Solicitation states that FPR stands for “Final Proposal Revision.”

                                                            7
                 Period of Performance                                 Period of Performance Dates
               Transition Period (60 Days)                              09/26/2018 - 11/26/2018
                Base Period (10 months)                                 11/27/2018 - 09/25/2019
                    Option Period 1                                     09/26/2019 - 09/25/2020
                    Option Period 2                                     09/26/2020 - 09/25/2021
                    Option Period 3                                     09/26/2021 - 09/25/2022
                    Option Period 4                                     09/26/2022 - 09/25/2023
                    Option Period 5                                     09/26/2023 - 09/25/2024
                    Option Period 6                                     09/26/2024 - 09/25/2025
                    Option Period 7                                     09/26/2025 - 09/25/2026
                    Option Period 8                                     09/26/2026 - 03/25/2027

      After identifying the periods of performance, the December 19, 2019 Source
 Selection Award Decision Memorandum noted “[t]he IGCE [Independent Government
 Cost Estimate] was calculated from historical contract analysis, the current contract, and
 an escalation based on prevailing wage determinations and CBAs [Collective Bargaining
 Agreements].” The Source Selection Award Decision Memorandum continued:

        The Total IGCE is as follows:

               Period of Performance                                              IGCE
            Transition Period (60 Days)                                       $4,250,126.03
              Base Period (10 months)                                        $21,250,630.20
                  Option Period 1                                            $31,363,431.07
                  Option Period 2                                            $32,145,016.78
                  Option Period 3                                            $32,946,142.20
                  Option Period 4                                            $33,767,295.35
                  Option Period 5                                            $34,608,977.36
                  Option Period 6                                            $35,471,701.74
                  Option Period 7                                            $36,355,994.74
           Option Period 8: FAR 52.217-8                                     $18,631,197.00

Extended Services: The contract will include FAR 52.217-8 “Option to Extend Services” for an additional six (6)
months of services; if necessary. The total estimated value of the effort is $280,790,512.47.

(emphasis in original). The Source Selection Award Decision Memorandum provides the
following evaluation summary regarding pricing:
 Evaluation Factor 4: Price Analysis FPR

                Offeror                         Proposed Price                  Price Percentage Differential
                AKHI                            $263,413,870.66                         Lowest Offer
                 APSS                           $273,697,209.72                            3.903%
                 AGS                            $276,950,519.31                            5.138%

(emphasis in original). In addition, the agency performed a best value trade-off analysis,
and as explained in the December 19, 2019 Source Selection Award Decision
Memorandum:

                                                       8
      Award was made through a trade-off evaluation in accordance to the
      evaluation process used to select the proposal that represents the best
      value to the Government as described above and based on these four
      categories:

      1)   Demonstrated Technical/ Management Capability (Factor 1),
      2)   Past Performance (Factor 2),
      3)   Administration (Factor 3), and
      4)   Cost/Price (Factor 4).

   The Source Selection Award Decision Memorandum further explained:

      The Government intends to award to the Contractor’s proposal that
      represents the overall best value to ICE in accordance with the Solicitation’s
      award selection process. The best value determination was made by
      comparing the differences in the factor ratings and price and conducting a
      trade-off analysis of benefits of superior abilities and probability of
      successfully performing the contract versus the added cost. The best value
      determination is determining when a superior technical capability is offered
      that outweighed significantly higher overall costs.

      AGS, APSS, and AKHI were evaluated and received the highest technical
      rating “Outstanding”; AKHI’s proposal offered the lowest price. APSS’
      offered the second lowest price. AGS’s proposal offered the highest price.

      A trade-off analysis of the difference in the ratings between AGS and APSS
      and AGS and AKHI was conducted in accordance with the Solicitation’s
      Evaluation to determine the best value.

Before comparing the proposals, however, the agency concluded that:

      APSS is ineligible to receive award due to defective pricing. APSS offered
      contingency pricing on pg. 57 of their Volume IV proposal. APSS stated
      “sales taxes were not charged due to the Government’s expressed intent to
      provide Team Asset with a tax-exempt certificate, where applicable.” The
      Government provided two amendments, 0019 and 0020, informing all
      Offerors that the Government will not provide the tax-exempt number and
      APSS failed to make a correction to their price proposal. Nevertheless, the
      Government performed a tradeoff analysis in accordance with the
      solicitation.

       The December 19, 2019 Source Selection Award Decision Memorandum has a
detailed breakdown in the trade-off section regarding each element of the proposals. For
the Evaluation Factor 1: Demonstrated Technical/Management Capability, the Source
Selection Award Decision Memorandum indicated: “AGS ‘Outstanding’ proposal offers
overall best value above APSS’ Outstanding proposal. AGS provides a superior technical

                                            9
capability over APSS.” For Evaluation Factor 2 – Past Performance, the Source Selection
Award Decision Memorandum stated: “Past Performance Determination Both AGS and
APSS received a Satisfactory Confidence level. The Government has an equal
reasonable expectation that the both Offerors will successfully perform.” (capitalization
and emphasis in original). For Evaluation Factor 3 – Administration, the Source Selection
Award Decision Memorandum stated: “Both AGS and APSS were rated overall ‘Pass.’”
For Evaluation Factor 4 – Price, the Source Selection Award Decision Memorandum
stated:

      Factor 4 – Price

      The Government conducted its price analysis using one or more of the
      techniques specified in FAR 15.404-1(b) as per the solicitation. The
      Government utilized FAR 15.404-1(b)(2)(i) and determined that the prices
      offered by both AGS and APSS are fair and reasonable based on adequate
      competition. The Government outlines this analysis below:

           Offeror                  FPR Price                Price Percentage Differential
           APSS                     $273,697,209.72          N/A
           AGS                      $276,950,519.31          1.119%

(capitalization and emphasis in original).6 The Source Selection Award Decision
Memorandum explained:

      Additionally, the evaluated price will be based upon the provision of a
      monthly rate for guaranteed minimum of 392 detainee beds each day
      (i.e., FPC[7] capacity of 392) and a bed day rate for detention services
      for the housing and care of up to an additional 320 detainees above the
      guaranteed minimum (i.e. Florence Staging Facility capacity of 320).
      Offerors shall propose a monthly rate for CLINs X002A which assumes
      full capacity at FPC and a bed day rate for detainees in custody above
      the guaranteed minimum for CLINs X002B.

      In accordance with the solicitation, The [sic] Government has generated
      a bed day rate comparison based on the 392 GM [Guaranteed Minimum]
      bed CLIN for AGS and APSS based on their proposed 392 GM pricing.
      [redacted]

The trade-off analysis between protestor Asset and intervenor Akima concluded: “Trade-
Off Determination: The Government has determined that AGS offered superior

6 The court notes that the Akima’s price as listed in the trade-off analysis with Asset is
different than the one listed in the trade off analysis with AKHI or in the final Source
Selection decision.
7“FPC” is not defined in the record before the court. “FDC,” however, is defined in the
Solicitation as the Florence Detention Facility.

                                            10
solutions/approach to APSS, as determined though the evaluation factors, merits a higher
price, and therefore represents the best value to the Government.” (capitalization and
emphasis in original).

      The trade-off analysis in the Source Selection Award Decision Memorandum
concluded:8

                               PART IV: SOURCE SELECTION

                  Demonstrated
    Offeror   Technical/Management   Past Performance          Administration    Price
              Capability FPR
    AGS            Outstanding       Satisfactory Confidence   Pass              $276,950,519.31
    APSS           Outstanding       Satisfactory Confidence   Pass              $273,697,209.72
    AKHI           Outstanding       Satisfactory Confidence   Pass              $263,413,870.66

        The results of the above consensus ratings revealed the following:

        1. AGS, APSS, and AKHI all received an overall rating of ‘Outstanding’ in
        the most important evaluation factor, Factor 1, Demonstrated
        Technical/Management Capability. However, upon further analysis the
        Outstanding ratings are not equal. AGS provides the best value to the
        Government      in   terms    of    their  proposed        Demonstrated
        Technical/Management Capability, Quality Control Plan, Transition Plan,
        and Staffing Plan.

        2. Based on the evaluation of Factor 2, Past Performance, all vendors
        received a Satisfactory Confidence rating. Based on the submitted
        contracts from vendors, the Government has a reasonable expectation that
        the Offerors will successfully perform.

8 The Source Selection Award Decision Memorandum also provided a comparison
between AKHI and intervenor Akima, in a similar format to the comparison between Asset
and Akima. The price evaluation in the trade-off analysis between AKHI and Akima stated:

              Offeror                 FPR Price                   Price Percentage Differential
              AGS                     $276,656,452.43             N/A
              AKHI                    $263,168,313.44             5.138%

(capitalization and emphasis in original). The trade-off analysis between AKHI and Akima
concluded: “Trade-Off Determination: The Government has determined that AGS
offered superior solutions/approach to AKHI, as determined though the evaluation factors,
merits a higher price, and therefore represents the best value to the Government,”
(capitalization and emphasis in original). The trade-off analysis between AKHI and Akima,
however, is not an issue before the court.

                                              11
3. All Offerors were rated “Pass” for all subfactors in Evaluation Factor 3.
AKHI was the only vendor that received a “N/A” for the “Utilization of Small
Business” due to the Offeror being a Small Business.

4. For Factor 4, Price, AKHI offered the lowest Total Evaluated Price at
$263,413,870.66 but offered the second highest bed day rate; [redacted],
and the lowest above GM bed day rate, [redacted]. The second lowest
Offeror, APSS, offered pricing that was $10,283,339.06 (3.903%) higher
than the lowest price but offered the highest bed day rate; [redacted], and
highest above GM [redacted]. However, APSS’ pricing was determined to
be noncompliant with the solicitation requirements. APSS offered
contingency pricing on the belief that the Government would provide their
tax-exempt certification number. The Government provided two
amendments, 0019 and 0020, informing all Offerors that the Government
will not provide the tax-exempt number and APSS failed to make a
correction to their final pricing after amendments 0019 and 0020 were
issued. AGS offered pricing that was $13,536,648.65 (5.138%) higher than
the lowest price; but offered the lowest bed day rate; [redacted], second
highest above GM bed day, [redacted]. All proposed prices, to include
options, were evaluated and determined fair, balanced and reasonable.

5. Based on my review of the specific individual strengths and the evaluated
factors, AGS offers the best value to the Government. This determination
was reached in accordance with the “Award Selection” criteria and based
on the evaluation process established in the solicitation. All Offeror’s [sic]
received an overall “Outstanding” rating. However, AGS provides the best
value to the Government in terms of their proposed Demonstrated
Technical/Management Capability, Quality Control Plan, Transition Plan,
and Staffing Plan. All Offeror’s [sic] were rated with a ‘Satisfactory
Confidence’ level in Past Performance. All Offerors were rated ‘Pass’ or N/A
in all subfactors in Administration. Given the ‘Outstanding’ rating in Factor
1, coupled with the specific strengths found within Factor 1, [sic] -
Demonstrated Technical /Management Capability, the ‘Satisfactory
Confidence’ in Factor 2 - Past Performance, , [sic] Factor 3 - Administration,
‘Pass’ ratings for all subfactors, and fair and reasonable price for
Factor 4 - Price, AGS represents the best value to the Government. I
reviewed all Technical proposals and conducted trade-off for a price
premium with two Offerors who were technically acceptable that had a lower
price than AGS (APSS and AKHI). Based on my review and in accordance
with the Solicitation’s requirements, after conducting the required trade-off
and based on the demonstrated strengths, AGS’s technical offer warrants
a price premium.

6. In summary, based on my integrated assessment of all proposals in
accordance with the specified evaluation factors, sub-factors and award

                                     12
       selection process, it is my decision that Akima Global Services’ proposal
       offers the best overall value to the Government.

(capitalization in original). The Source Selection Award Decision Memorandum
concluded with the following recommendation: “Based upon the above findings, in
accordance with FAR Part 15, the Contracting Officer recommends to the Source
Selection Authority (SSA) that award be made to Akima Global Services in the amount of
$276,950,519.31.”

       The same day as the December 19, 2019 Source Selection Award Decision
Memorandum was issued, the agency awarded the contract, for a third time, to intervenor
Akima. Protestor Asset filed a third GAO protest, and argued to the GAO that the agency
unreasonably had determined that protestor’s proposal was ineligible due to a price
contingency. Additionally, Asset argued that the agency’s evaluation and trade-off
analysis for Evaluation Factor 1: Demonstrated Technical/Management Capability, and
specifically Sub-factors 1, 3, and 4 were unreasonable. Asset claimed that they were
assessed a weakness under Sub-factor 1: Performance Work Statement that intervenor
was not assessed a weakness for despite being identical to protestor. Asset claimed it
has superior past performance, although it was given the same rating as intervenor.
Finally, Asset alleged the best value trade-off “was based on arbitrarily determined
benefits without the required consideration of the qualitative value of the individual
benefits found in each offeror’s proposal, and that the best value tradeoff lacked a specific
explanation of why Akima’s allegedly technically superior proposal merited the price
premium over Asset’s proposal.”

       On April 6, 2020, the GAO issued a decision denying Asset’s protest. See
generally Asset Prot. & Sec. Servs., L.P., B-417024.6, 2020 WL 1847740 (Comp. Gen.
Apr. 6, 2020). Regarding the Asset’s price proposal, the GAO concluded:

       On this record, we do not find reasonable the agency’s conclusion that the
       above-quoted statement in Asset’s price proposal created a contingency, or
       took exception to the solicitation’s requirements to propose a fixed price.
       While we agree that Asset’s price proposal may have relied on an incorrect
       pricing assumption, on this record, we do not find that Asset’s price proposal
       conditioned its fixed price on future negotiations. Further, to the extent that
       the solicitation expressly required the inclusion of state sales taxes, Asset’s
       proposal might reasonably be viewed as incomplete, however, nothing in
       the proposal supports the agency’s conclusion that Asset’s pricing was
       contingent on future negotiations. Nonetheless, we conclude that the
       protester was not prejudiced by the agency’s error.
Id. at *5 (footnote omitted).9
9 Asset’s bid protest complaint notes that the GAO also found that the agency’s evaluation
and trade-off analysis between Asset and Akima with respect to Sub-factors 1, 3, and 4
for Evaluation Factor 1: Demonstrated Technical/Management Capability, and Evaluation
Factor 2: Past Performance, were reasonable.

                                             13
        Thereafter, Asset filed a bid protest complaint in this court. In Count 1, Asset states
Amendments 19 and 20 “subsequently stated ICE would not provide tax-exempt
certificates to the successful contractor. In response to these Solicitation amendments,
Asset signed the amendments (acknowledging that ICE would not provide tax-exempt
certificates) and stated that it did not deem any changes necessary to its previously
provided fixed prices.” Asset claims:

       The SSA [Source Selection Authority], nonetheless, repeatedly seized on
       Asset’s statement that it had not charged sales taxes, based on the
       government’s previously expressed intent to provide a tax-exempt
       certificate, to unreasonably conclude that Asset offered contingency pricing.
       The SSA further repeatedly concluded that this alleged contingency pricing
       rendered Asset’s price noncompliant with the Solicitation requirements and
       ineligible for award.
       The SSA’s evaluation and conclusion that Asset’s proposal was ineligible
       for award were unreasonable because Asset’s proposed price did not
       contain a pricing contingency, but instead contained only a pricing
       assumption. Asset’s proposal contained no indication that its firm-fixed-
       price would change if its pricing assumption proved incorrect, and Asset did
       not reserve a right to receive, or even request, an adjustment to its pricing
       based on the stated pricing assumption about tax-exempt certificates.

      In its complaint, Asset also argues that the agency’s evaluation of the price
proposals was arbitrary and capricious, alleging

       Asset was prejudiced by the SSA’s unreasonable determination that Asset’s
       proposal contained a pricing contingency, as the SSA expressly found,
       based on the erroneous pricing contingency conclusion, that Asset’s
       proposal was noncompliant with the Solicitation and ineligible for award.
       While the SSA then nominally included Asset’s proposal in the best value
       tradeoff, and referred therein in passing to Asset’s proposal as “technically
       acceptable,” the SSA conducted the price/technical best value tradeoff
       analysis: (1) simultaneously with expressly determining that ICE could not
       award to Asset because its proposal was ineligible for award, (2) in the wake
       an August 2019 determination to the same effect, and (3) without providing
       a record or explanation that the SSA’s unreasonable determination had
       changed. Based on ICE’s own record, then, the SSA performed, without
       explanation, a purported “best value tradeoff” in which one proposal
       deemed eligible for award was considered against another that the SSA
       simultaneously (and previously) deemed ineligible for award. Absent an
       explanation in the record as to how or why the SSA changed the finding as
       to Asset’s ineligibility, conducting such tradeoff between Asset’s and
       Akima’s proposals when the SSA had already determined Asset’s proposal
       to be ineligible for award is facially unreasonable.

                                              14
       In addition, regarding the best value trade-off analysis, protestor claims that the
Source Selection Award Decision Memorandum did “not even state the price difference
between Asset’s and Akima’s grand total price proposals, and does not evidence any
comparison of Asset’s grand total price against Akima’s grand total price, other than
noting that Akima’s price was the highest of the three offerors included in the best value
tradeoff,”10 and the agency “gave little or no consideration to the fact that Asset offered a
lower grand total price as compared to Akima, as that price advantage was not specifically
considered at all during the best value tradeoff.” Therefore, “[t]he best value tradeoff,
which was impermissibly premised on a finding that Asset’s proposal was ineligible for
award and a pricing evaluation that included unit pricing, was flawed and not determined
in accordance with the Solicitation.”

        Count 2 of Asset’s complaint claims that the agency’s evaluation of the technical
proposals was arbitrary and capricious. In Count 3, Asset argues that the past
performance evaluations were flawed, because the agency “failed to substantively
compare Asset and Akima’s proposals under the Past Performance factor, and instead
concluded that the proposals were equivalent merely because each was assigned an
adjectival rating of Satisfactory Confidence under the Past Performance factor.” In Count
4, Asset alleges that “ICE’s overall decision to award the contract to Akima was
unreasonable, arbitrary, and capricious,” and argues that “ICE failed to follow the
Solicitation’s prescribed method of determining the best value offeror, and its conclusion
that Akima’s proposal presents the best value to the government was not reasonable or
adequately documented.”

        In addition, to the above four counts in the complaint, Asset stresses it has standing
“because it was an actual bidder whose direct economic interest is affected by the award
of the contract to Akima.” Asset claims that it’s proposal “was highly rated and lower priced
as compared to Akima’s proposal, and Asset’s proposal was considered as one of just
three proposals in the best value tradeoff conducted by ICE.” Therefore, according to
protestor, “[b]ut for the errors in ICE’s evaluation and best value tradeoff, there is a
substantial chance that Asset would have received the contract award under the
Solicitation.”

10 The court notes that the December 19, 2019 Source Selection Award Decision
Memorandum calculated the price percentage difference between Asset and Akima’s
price proposals, as well as listed the three offerors’ grand total price proposals in the
trade-off analysis. As indicated above:

                                PART IV: SOURCE SELECTION

                   Demonstrated
     Offeror   Technical/Management   Past Performance          Administration   Price
               Capability FPR
     AGS            Outstanding       Satisfactory Confidence   Pass             $276,950,519.31
     APSS           Outstanding       Satisfactory Confidence   Pass             $273,697,209.72
     AKHI           Outstanding       Satisfactory Confidence   Pass             $263,413,870.66

                                               15
        After Asset filed its bid protest, the court held an initial hearing. At the hearing, the
defendant and intervenor Akima argued that protestor Asset lacked standing to bring this
protest. After discussions with the parties, the court ordered the parties to brief the
jurisdictional issue of standing. Defendant argues that “Asset failed to submit a proposal
that conformed to the Solicitation’s terms.” Akima also contends “Asset’s Proposal was
noncompliant because it contained a contingency that took exception to the RFP’s
requirement for a firm-fixed price,” and “[o]fferors that submit noncompliant bids lack
standing because they do not have a substantial chance of being awarded the Contract.”
(capitalization in original). Asset responds that both motions to dismiss should be denied
because Asset has standing to bring its bid protest in this court.

                                        DISCUSSION

        It is well established that “‘subject-matter jurisdiction, because it involves a court’s
power to hear a case, can never be forfeited or waived.’” Arbaugh v. Y & H Corp., 546
U.S. 500, 514 (2006) (quoting United States v. Cotton, 535 U.S. 625, 630 (2002)).
“[F]ederal courts have an independent obligation to ensure that they do not exceed the
scope of their jurisdiction, and therefore they must raise and decide jurisdictional
questions that the parties either overlook or elect not to press.” Henderson ex rel.
Henderson v. Shinseki, 562 U.S. 428 (2011); see also Hertz Corp. v. Friend, 559 U.S. 77,
94 (2010) (“Courts have an independent obligation to determine whether subject-matter
jurisdiction exists, even when no party challenges it.” (citing Arbaugh v. Y & H Corp., 546
U.S. at 514)); Special Devices, Inc. v. OEA, Inc., 269 F.3d 1340, 1342 (Fed. Cir. 2001)
(“[A] court has a duty to inquire into its jurisdiction to hear and decide a case.” (citing
Johannsen v. Pay Less Drug Stores N.W., Inc., 918 F.2d 160, 161 (Fed. Cir. 1990)));
View Eng’g, Inc. v. Robotic Vision Sys., Inc., 115 F.3d 962, 963 (Fed. Cir. 1997) (“[C]ourts
must always look to their jurisdiction, whether the parties raise the issue or not.”). “The
objection that a federal court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction . . . may be raised by a party,
or by a court on its own initiative, at any stage in the litigation, even after trial and the
entry of judgment.” Arbaugh v. Y & H Corp., 546 U.S. at 506; see also Hymas v. United
States, 810 F.3d 1312, 1317 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (explaining that a federal court must satisfy
itself of its jurisdiction over the subject matter before it considers the merits of a case);
Cent. Pines Land Co., L.L.C. v. United States, 697 F.3d 1360, 1364 n.1 (Fed. Cir. 2012)
(“An objection to a court's subject matter jurisdiction can be raised by any party or the
court at any stage of litigation, including after trial and the entry of judgment.” (citing
Arbaugh v. Y & H Corp., 546 U.S. at 506)); Rick’s Mushroom Serv., Inc. v. United States,
521 F.3d 1338, 1346 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (“[A]ny party may challenge, or the court may raise
sua sponte, subject matter jurisdiction at any time.” (citing Arbaugh v. Y & H Corp., 546
U.S. at 506; Folden v. United States, 379 F.3d 1344, 1354 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g and reh’g en
banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2004), cert. denied, 545 U.S. 1127 (2005); and Fanning, Phillips
& Molnar v. West, 160 F.3d 717, 720 (Fed. Cir. 1998))); Pikulin v. United States, 97 F.
Cl. 71, 76, appeal dismissed, 425 F. App’x 902 (Fed. Cir. 2011). In fact, “[s]ubject matter
jurisdiction is an inquiry that this court must raise sua sponte, even where . . . neither
party has raised this issue.” Metabolite Labs., Inc. v. Lab. Corp. of Am. Holdings, 370
F.3d 1354, 1369 (Fed. Cir.) (citing Textile Prods., Inc. v. Mead Corp., 134 F.3d 1481,

                                               16
1485 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g denied and en banc suggestion declined (Fed. Cir.), cert. denied,
525 U.S. 826 (1998)), reh’g and reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2004), cert. granted in
part sub. nom Lab. Corp. of Am. Holdings v. Metabolite Labs., Inc., 546 U.S. 975 (2005),
cert. dismissed as improvidently granted, 548 U.S. 124 (2006).

      This court has jurisdiction to hear bid protests pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(1)
(2018) of the Tucker Act, which provides that this court has

       jurisdiction to render judgment on an action by an interested party objecting
       to a solicitation by a Federal agency for bids or proposals for a proposed
       contract or to a proposed award or the award of a contract or any alleged
       violation of statute or regulation in connection with a procurement or a
       proposed procurement.

28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(1); see also Weeks Marine, Inc. v. United States, 575 F.3d 1352,
1359 (Fed. Cir. 2009). The Administrative Dispute Resolution Act of 1996, codified at 28
U.S.C. § 1491(b)(1)–(4), amended the Tucker Act to establish a statutory basis for bid
protests in the United States Court of Federal Claims. See Impresa Construzioni Geom.
Domenico Garufi v. United States, 238 F.3d 1324, 1330–32 (Fed. Cir. 2001).

        The Tucker Act grants the United States Court of Federal Claims “jurisdiction to
render judgment on an action by an interested party objecting to a solicitation by a Federal
agency for bids or proposals for a proposed contract or to a proposed award or the award
of a contract or any alleged violation of statute or regulation in connection with a
procurement or a proposed procurement.” 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(1). In order to have
standing to sue as an “interested party” under this provision, a disappointed bidder must
show that it suffered competitive injury or was “prejudiced” by the alleged error in the
procurement process. See Todd Constr., L.P. v. United States, 656 F.3d 1306, 1315 (Fed.
Cir. 2011) (To prevail, a bid protester must first “‘show that it was prejudiced by a
significant error’ (i.e., ‘that but for the error, it would have had a substantial chance of
securing the contract).’” (quoting Labatt Food Serv., Inc. v. United States, 577 F.3d 1375,
1378, 1380 (Fed. Cir. 2009)); see also Eskridge & Assocs. v. United States, 955 F.3d
1339, 1345 (Fed. Cir. 2020) (“In a post-award bid protest, the relevant inquiry is whether
the bidder had a ‘substantial chance’ of winning the award—specifically, whether a
protestor ‘establish[ed] not only some significant error in the procurement process, but
also that there was a substantial chance it would have received the contract award but
for that error.’” (quoting Statistica, Inc. v. Christopher, 102 F.3d 1577, 1582 (Fed. Cir.
1996))) (alteration in original); Blue & Gold Fleet, L.P. v. United States, 492 F.3d at 1317;
AECOM Mgmt. Servs., Inc. v. United States, 147 Fed. Cl. 285, 290 (2020); Sci.
Applications Int’l Corp. v. United States, 108 Fed. Cl. 235, 281 (2012); Linc Gov’t Servs.,
LLC v. United States, 96 Fed. Cl. 672, 693 (2010) (“In order to establish standing to sue,
the plaintiff in a bid protest has always needed to demonstrate that it suffered competitive
injury, or ‘prejudice,’ as a result of the allegedly unlawful agency decisions.” (citing Rex
Serv. Corp. v. United States, 448 F.3d at 1308; Statistica, Inc. v. Christopher, 102 F.3d
1577, 1580–81 (Fed. Cir. 1996); Vulcan Eng’g Co. v. United States, 16 Cl. Ct. 84, 88
(1988); Morgan Bus. Assocs., Inc. v. United States, 223 Ct. Cl. 325, 332 (1980))). In order

                                             17
to establish what one Judge on this court has called “allegational prejudice” for the
purposes of standing, the bidder must show that there was a “substantial chance” it would
have received the contract award, but for the alleged procurement error. See Linc Gov’t
Servs., LLC v. United States, 96 Fed. Cl. at 675; Hyperion, Inc. v. United States, 115 F.
Cl. 541, 550 (2014) (“The government acknowledges that proving prejudice for purposes
of standing merely requires “allegational prejudice,” as contrasted to prejudice on the
merits . . . .”); Bannum, Inc. v. United States, 115 Fed. Cl. 148, 153 (2014); see also
Bannum, Inc. v. United States, 404 F.3d 1346, 1358 (Fed. Cir. 2005); Galen Med.
Assocs., Inc. v. United States, 369 F.3d 1324, 1331 (Fed. Cir.), reh’g denied (Fed. Cir.
2004); Info. Tech. & Applications Corp. v. United States, 316 F.3d 1312, 1319 (Fed. Cir.),
reh’g and reh’g en banc denied (Fed. Cir. 2003); Statistica, Inc. v. Christopher, 102 F.3d
at 1581; Archura LLC v. United States, 112 Fed. Cl. 487, 497 (2013); Lab. Corp. of Am.
v. United States, 108 Fed. Cl. 549, 557 (2012). Because standing is a jurisdictional issue,
this showing of prejudice is a threshold issue. See Corus Grp. PLC. v. Int’l Trade Comm'n,
352 F.3d 1351, 1357 (Fed. Cir. 2003); Myers Investigative & Sec. Servs., Inc. v. United
States, 275 F.3d 1366, 1370 (Fed. Cir. 2002).

       In a post-award bid protest, such as the above-captioned bid protest, the “protestor
must ‘establish that it (1) is an actual or prospective bidder, and (2) possesses the
requisite direct economic interest.’” Mgmt. & Training Corp. v. United States, 137 Fed. Cl.
780, 783-84 (2018) (quoting Rex Serv. Corp. v. United States, 448 F.3d 1305, 1307 (Fed.
Cir. 2006)); see also Digitalis Educ. Sols., Inc. v. United States, 664 F.3d 1380, 1384
(Fed. Cir. 2012) (“An interested party is an actual or prospective bidder whose direct
economic interest would be affected by the award of the contract. Thus, a party must
show that it is 1) an actual or prospective bidder and 2) that it has a direct economic
interest.”); AECOM Mgmt. Servs., Inc. v. United States, 147 Fed. Cl. at 290; PAE-Parsons
Global Logistics Servs,. LLC v. United States, 145 Fed. Cl. 194, 198 (2019); Timberline
Helicopters, Inc. v. United States, 140 Fed. Cl. 117, 120 (2018); Contract Servs., Inc. v.
United States, 104 Fed. Cl. 261, 269 (2012).

       As noted above, in response to defendant’s and intervenor’s motions to dismiss,
Asset argues that Asset has standing “because it was an actual bidder whose direct
economic interest is affected by the award of the contract to Akima.” Asset claims its
proposal “was highly rated and lower priced as compared to Akima’s proposal, and
Asset’s proposal was considered as one of just three proposals in the best value tradeoff
conducted by ICE,” which “[b]ut for the errors in ICE’s evaluation and best value tradeoff,
there is a substantial chance that Asset would have received the contract award under
the Solicitation.” Asset also argues that defendant’s and intervenor’s claims that Asset
submitted a non-responsive bid, and, therefore, lacks standing to bring the above
captioned protest, are flawed. Asset’s pricing proposal, states, in part:

      Other Direct Costs have been included in the development of the fully-
      loaded CLIN rates included in Section B. These costs represent the total
      cost of providing office equipment, training, medical testing, transportation
      vehicles and equipment, uniforms, duty gear, weapons, ammunition,
      communications equipment, detainee tracking and accountability system,

                                            18
       administrative supplies, detention services, food service, certifications and
       licenses, and management to the labor force, inclusive of all shipping fees,
       & handling or processing fees. Sales taxes were not charged due to the
       government’s expressed intent to provide Team Asset with a tax-exempt
       certificate, where applicable.

       Defendant argues:

       The solicitation, as amended, asked for proposals to provide the stated
       services on the condition that ICE would not grant a tax exemption
       certificate. Asset submitted a proposal in which it directly contradicted that
       condition. Instead of submitting pricing that would be valid without a tax
       exemption certificate, Asset expressly premised its pricing proposal on
       receiving the tax exemption that the solicitation ultimately said would not be
       provided. Asset’s proposal was therefore not in a form that ICE could have
       accepted for award of this contract.

Similarly, intervenor Akima contends “[p]laintiff’s proposal contains a pricing assumption
that contradicts the RFP’s plain direction that the Agency will not issue tax exemptions,”
and “[a]s this makes Plaintiff’s proposal ineligible for award, Plaintiff has no standing to
protest the Agency’s source selection decision.”

        The Federal Circuit has stated that “‘a proposal that fails to conform to the material
terms and conditions of the solicitation should be considered unacceptable and a contract
award based on such an unacceptable proposal violates the procurement statutes and
regulations.’” Allied Tech. Grp., Inc. v. United States, 649 F.3d 1320, 1329 (Fed. Cir.
2011) (quoting E.W. Bliss Co. v. United States, 77 F.3d 445, 448 (Fed. Cir. 1996)); see
also Centech Grp., Inc. v. United States, 554 F.3d 1029, 1039 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (holding
that a proposal that did not offer to provide what the request for proposals requests was
not responsive to the request for proposals); Gen. Dynamics Mission Sys., Inc. v. United
States, 137 Fed. Cl. 493, 521-22 (2018); Prescient, Inc. v. United States, 125 Fed. Cl.
475, 491 (2016). In Centech, the Federal Circuit further explained,“[t]o be acceptable, a
proposal must represent an offer to provide the exact thing called for in the request for
proposals, so that acceptance of the proposal will bind the contractor in accordance with
the material terms and conditions of the request for proposals.” Centech Grp., Inc. v.
United States, 554 F.3d at 1037. “‘A solicitation term is material where it has more than a
negligible impact on the price, quantity, quality, or delivery of the subject of the
[proposal].’” Transatlantic Lines, LLC v. United States, 122 Fed. Cl. 624, 632 (2015)
(quoting Blackwater Lodge & Training Ctr., Inc. v. United States, 86 Fed. Cl. 488, 505
(2009)) (brackets in original). As explained in ManTech Advanced Systems International,
Inc. v. United States, 141 Fed. Cl. 493 (2019):

       Material requirements are those necessary in order for a proposal to
       “provide the exact thing called for in the request for proposals[.]” Bus.

                                             19
       Integra, Inc. v. United States, 116 Fed. Cl. 328, 333 (2014) (quoting
       Centech Grp., 554 F.3d at 1037). Thus errors are considered to be material
       when they (1) violate an express provision in the RFP and (2) the provision
       served a substantive purpose. Id. at 333-36. A substantive purpose is
       something important to the government’s evaluation of the offer, is binding
       on the offeror, or has a more than negligible impact on the price, quantity,
       or quality of the bid. . . . So long as the requirement serves a substantive
       purpose, it is material. See Strategic Bus. Sol’n, Inc. v. United States, 129
Fed. Cl. 621, 629-30 (2016) (holding that the requirement to redact parts of
       a proposal was material because it “served a substantive purpose”), aff’d,
       711 Fed. Appx. 651 (2018).

ManTech Advanced Sys. Int’l, Inc. v. United States, 141 Fed. Cl. at 507.

       Moreover, “[w]aiver of a mandatory requirement of the solicitation for the benefit of
only one offeror invalidates a procurement decision.” L-3 Commc’ns EO Tech., Inc. v.
United States, 83 Fed. Cl. 643, 653 (2008). Although, “[w]here a defect in a bid is trivial
or a mere formality, not material, the bid is not required to be rejected out of hand.” M.W.
Kellogg Co./Siciliana Appalti Costruzioni S.p.A. v. United States, 10 Cl. Ct. 17, 26 (1986);
see also E.W. Bliss Co. v. United States, 77 F.3d at 449.

       As described above, on December 5, 2016, the agency issued Amendment No. 5
to the Solicitation, which answered questions raised by prospective offerors. Question
246 asked: “Arizona charges 4.5% ‘business tax’; will the Federal Government issue a
tax exemption certificate to the successful offeror?” The agency responded: “Yes.” In
Asset’s pricing proposal, regarding “Development of Other Direct Costs,” the proposal
stated:

       Other Direct Costs have been included in the development of the fully-
       loaded CLIN rates included in Section B. These costs represent the total
       cost of providing office equipment, training, medical testing, transportation
       vehicles and equipment, uniforms, duty gear, weapons, ammunition,
       communications equipment, detainee tracking and accountability system,
       administrative supplies, detention services, food service, certifications and
       licenses, and management to the labor force, inclusive of all shipping fees,
       & handling or processing fees. Sales taxes were not charged due to the
       government's expressed intent to provide Team Asset with a tax-exempt
       certificate, where applicable.

       As indicated in the December 19, 2019 Source Selection Award Decision
Memorandum, after taking corrective action and “[a]fter a full review of the Offeror’s [sic]
proposals, the Government issued Amendment 0019 to the solicitation on May 31, 2019,
to provide clarification to the pricing proposed by Offerors and to Question 236 and
Question 246 of the Questions and Answers.” As described above, Amendment 19
stated, in part:

                                            20
      Question#246: Arizona charges 4.5% “business tax”; will the Federal
      Government issue a tax exemption certificate to the successful offeror?

      Initial Government Response: Yes

      Corrected Government Response: The Government CANNOT delegate its
      tax exempt status to contractors for the performance of government
      services.

(capitalization in original). Subsequently, on June 4, 2019, the agency issued Amendment
20, to provide further “clarification to the pricing proposed by Offerors and to Question
236 and Question 246 of the Questions and Answers.” Amendment 20 stated, in part:

      2. Provide clarification to question and answer.

      Question#246: Arizona charges 4.5% “business tax”; will the Federal
      Government issue a tax exemption certificate to the successful offeror?

      Initial Government Response: Yes

      Corrected Government Response: No, the Government CANNOT delegate
      its tax exempt status to contractors for the performance of government
      services.

(capitalization in original). Both Amendment 19 and Amendment 20 clearly stated that
“the Government CANNOT delegate its tax exempt status to contractors.” (capitalization
in original). Asset, however, chose not make any changes to its pricing proposal after the
issuance of Amendment 19 or Amendment 20. Moreover, on May 31, 2019, after the
issuance of Amendment 19, Asset’s Vice President of Contract Administration & Business
Development, [redacted], emailed the agency and stated: “I have reviewed, signed and
attached Amendment 19 hereto. Asset’s proposal does not require further revision.”
Similarly, on June 4, 2019, after the issuance of Amendment 20, [redacted] emailed the
agency and stated: “Asset has reviewed it [sic] price proposal in response to Amendment
20. No changes are deemed necessary.” As noted above, after the agency issued
Amendment 19 and Amendment 20, the agency issued Amendment 21 on November 21,
2019, which stated:

      1. Offerors are only allowed to provide updates to their pricing in
      2. IV. Offerors shall not alter any narratives. Updates to the pricing in
         Volume IV are due November 25, 2019 at 0900 EST.
      3. Offerors need to confirm that their proposals are valid through April
         2020.

On November 21, 2019, in response to Amendment 21, [redacted] responded: “Asset
confirms that its proposal is valid through April 30, 2020,” and confirmed that “[n]o
changes to pricing that were not caused by the new Wage Determination were made.”

                                           21
Therefore, Asset’s price proposal retained the language that “[s]ales taxes were not
charged due to the government's expressed intent to provide Team Asset with a tax-
exempt certificate, where applicable.”

       On multiple occasions the agency attempted to make the operative tax-exemption
issue clear after including the opposite information in the Solicitation as originally issued
and in an early question and answer supplied to the offerors. The agency gave the
offerors multiple opportunities to revise language related to their price proposals in light
of the change to the availability of the offerors’ ability to claim the government’s tax-
exempt certificates by issuing Amendment 19 and Amendment 20. Even with the
issuance of Amendment 21, offerors were given another chance to update their pricing,
albeit not in their narratives. After the agency issued Amendment 21, protestor did not
raise any concerns to the agency, and as before in response to Amendment 19 and 20
simply sent the agency a brief message from [redacted] which did not change the
language regarding the tax-exempt certification, and which confirmed “[n]o changes to
pricing that were not caused by the new Wage Determination were made.”

        As noted above, in Allied Technology Group, Inc. v. United States, the Federal
Circuit indicated that “‘a proposal that fails to conform to the material terms and conditions
of the solicitation should be considered unacceptable and a contract award based on
such an unacceptable proposal violates the procurement statutes and regulations.’” Allied
Tech. Grp., Inc. v. United States, 649 F.3d at 1329 (quoting E.W. Bliss Co. v. United
States, 77 F.3d at 448). The Federal Circuit in Centech Group, Inc. v. United States,
explained that “[t]o be acceptable, a proposal must represent an offer to provide the exact
thing called for in the request for proposals, so that acceptance of the proposal will bind
the contractor in accordance with the material terms and conditions of the request for
proposals.” Centech Grp., Inc. v. United States, 554 F.3d at 1037 (citing E.W. Bliss Co.
v. United States, 77 F.3d at 448). A Judge of the United States Court of Federal Claims,
citing to Centech Group, held that “[i]t is blackletter law that a procuring agency may only
accept an offer that conforms to the material terms of the solicitation.” Furniture by
Thurston v. United States, 103 Fed. Cl. 505, 518 (2012). Therefore, if the tax-exempt
issue was material to the Solicitation, Asset’s proposal was on its face unacceptable and
could not be chosen for award.

         As also noted above, “‘[a] solicitation term is material where it has more than a
negligible impact on the price, quantity, quality, or delivery of the subject of the
[proposal].’” Transatlantic Lines, LLC v. United States, 122 Fed. Cl. at 632 (quoting
Blackwater Lodge & Training Ctr., Inc. v. United States, 86 Fed. Cl. at 505) (brackets in
original); see also Allied Tech. Grp., Inc. v. United States, 94 Fed. Cl. 16, 40 (2010), aff’d,
649 F.3d 1320 (Fed. Cir. 2011). As indicated by the Judge in ManTech Advanced
Systems International, Inc., “errors are considered to be material when they (1) violate an
express provision in the RFP and (2) the provision served a substantive purpose,” and
“[a] substantive purpose is something important to the government's evaluation of the
offer, is binding on the offeror, or has a more than negligible impact on the price, quantity,
or quality of the bid.” ManTech Advanced Sys. Int’l, Inc. v. United States, 141 Fed. Cl. at
507 (citing Bus. Integra, Inc. v. United States, 116 Fed. Cl. 328, 333-36 (2014)).

                                              22
Defendant cites to Business Integra, Inc. v. United States, for the proposition that the
Business Integra protestor’s omission in its price proposal was not eligible for award even
though the “omitted prices would have amounted to only 0.0041% of the projected Total
Value of its proposal.” Bus. Integra, Inc. v. United States, 116 Fed. Cl. at 334. The court
notes that the solicitation in Business Integra, Inc. v. United States explicitly stated that
“the omission of even a single labor rate, no matter its significance, ‘will result in a material
non-conformity.’” Id. at 331.

       Intervenor Akima states that for “Asset’s failure to include the 4.5% sales tax in its
proposal, the exclusion has to be far ‘more than a negligible impact on price.’” (quoting
Allied Tech. Grp., Inc. v. United States, 94 Fed. Cl. at 40). Defendant also cites to the
undersigned’s decision in Constellation West, Inc. v. United States, 125 Fed. Cl. 505
(2015), which concluded that the Defense Intelligence Agency could properly exclude an
offeror whose mistake in filing in the cells in its pricing proposal would have increased the
offeror’s total price by only “‘8/1,000ths of one percent.’” See id. at 548.

      Asset argues that defendant’s motion to dismiss “repeatedly omits the crucial
caveat at the end of Asset’s cost estimating assumption—that ICE would be providing a
tax-exempt certificate ‘where applicable.’” (emphasis in original). Protestor claims

       [t]he revised answer to Question #246 communicated that a tax-exempt
       certificate would not be applicable anywhere. Thus, read on its face and in
       its entire, unedited form, Asset’s cost-estimating assumption is not at odds
       with the revised answer, because Asset never claimed to be basing its ODC
       calculation on the receipt of a tax-exempt certificate where one was not
       applicable.

(emphasis in original). Defendant responds that “[t]he construction Asset now espouses,
in an effort to read the non-conforming statement out of its proposal, does not make sense
under the facts of the case. At no relevant time was the question of whether ICE would
provide a tax exemption certificate left indeterminate.” Defendant notes that “[w]hen
proposals were originally due, the solicitation indicated that the exemption certificate
would be provided. Later, the solicitation was changed to unequivocally state that the
certificate would not be issued, and the Government would not delegate its tax exempt
status.” (internal refence omitted). Intervenor Akima similarly states: “Plaintiff’s Response
attempts to argue that two words – ‘where applicable’– render its pricing assumption
challenging the Agency’s stated intention not to issue tax exemption certificates a legal
nullity. However, Plaintiff’s argument would read two words [where applicable] to the
exclusion of the balance of its proposal.” (brackets added). Akima emphasizes that “Asset
cannot demonstrate how the phrase ‘where applicable’ qualifying Asset’s statement that
‘Sales taxes were not charged due to the government’s expressed intent to provide a tax-
exempt certificate’ would have any meaning when a tax-exempt certificate would never
be applicable.” (emphasis in original).

       Notably, the language at issue is not just the “where applicable” statement, as the
entire sentence in Asset’s price proposal states: “Sales taxes were not charged due to

                                               23
the government’s expressed intent to provide Team Asset with a tax-exempt certificate,
where applicable.” Asset’s price proposal, after the issuance of Amendment 19 and
Amendment 20, and Amendment 21, still assumed that the government had the
“expressed intent to provide Team Asset with a tax-exempt certificate, where applicable,”
and, therefore, Asset’s price appeared to continue to anticipate tax-exemption certificate
opportunities. The agency had originally given the offerors the impression that the
Solicitation as issued would allow for a tax-exemption certificate. Question 246 asked:
“Arizona charges 4.5% ‘business tax’; will the Federal Government issue a tax exemption
certificate to the successful offeror?” to which the agency responded: “Yes.” Asset did not
change its proposal even after the government made clear that there would be no tax-
exemption certificates available to the offerors. Amendment 19 and Amendment 20 are
explicit and do not leave open the possibility of any tax-exemption certificate, as the
amendments emphasize: “the Government CANNOT delegate its tax exempt status to
contractors for the performance of government services.” (capitalization in original). Here,
it was an error for Asset to continue to include the tax-exemption language in its pricing
proposal after the government clarified multiple times that an offeror could not include any
tax-exempt opportunities regarding pricing in its proposal. As defendant argues, “[i]n this
case, the requirement that proposals acknowledge that a state tax exemption certificate
would not be issued was material because it was a substantive part of the contract to be
awarded, necessarily affecting contract pricing.” By way of analogy, in ManTech
Advanced Systems International, Inc. v. United States, 141 Fed. Cl. 493, cited above, the
Judge noted that “there can be no question that proposing an additional labor category
would affect DOJ’s [Department of Justice’s] price evaluation. Section 1.3.5 in ManTech’s
proposal is reasonably read to mean that DOJ would be liable for management and labor
costs not included on ManTech's price tables.” Id. at 509. The Judge in ManTech
Advanced Systems International, Inc. continued,

       because ManTech was an incumbent DOJ may have just as reasonably
       concluded that the additional labor category and associated costs proposed
       in Section 1.3.5 are necessary for program performance. In short, DOJ
       rationally concluded that ManTech was proposing to add costs to any
       contract it received that were outside the requirements of the RFP and thus
       ManTech had made a material error in its proposal.
Id. (internal reference omitted). The failure to take into consideration that there absolutely
would be no tax-exemption certificate, necessarily had an impact on Asset’s proposed
firm-fixed price bid. The tax-exemption issue, therefore, had a material impact on the price
of Asset’s bid, with the protestor still contemplating opportunities to seek future tax
exemptions.

       Asset argues that “[a]s this Court has held, an offeror’s price assumptions that do
‘not reserve, explicitly or implicitly, a right on [the offeror’s] part to alter its pricing’ do not
require rejection of the offer or render it ineligible for award.” (quoting Harmonia Holdings
Grp., LLC v. United States, 136 Fed. Cl. 298, 312 (2018)) (emphasis and brackets in
original). Asset continues, “[r]ather, such ‘assumptions serve no function other than to
provide a more complete picture of how [the offeror] came up with its pricing.’” (quoting
Harmonia Holdings Grp., LLC v. United States, 136 Fed. Cl. at 312) (brackets in original).

                                                24
The decision in Harmonia by another Judge of the United States Court of Federal Claims
is the only case that protestor cites for this argument. In Harmonia, protestor Harmonia
Holdings Group, LLC (Harmonia) challenged the Federal Transit Administration’s (FTA’s)
conclusion that Optimal Solutions and Technologies, Inc. (OST) offered the best value to
agency, and that OST’s proposal was superior to that of Harmonia. See id. at 302. As
explained by the Judge in Harmonia:

      Harmonia and OST were among five bidders for an information technology
      service contract; the bidders were evaluated on their technical proposals
      and price quotations to determine which provided the best value to FTA. Of
      the two, Harmonia submitted the less expensive quotation but OST's
      proposal received a higher technical rating. The Agency determined that
      OST, despite its relatively higher price, provided the best value and
      awarded OST the contract in July 2016.
Id. One of Harmonia’s arguments was that the FTA improperly failed to reject OST's price
quotation as ineligible for award. The Judge in Harmonia explained:

      OST's price quotation included various assumptions, such as, “[t]he
      [g]overnment will provide OST timely access to facilities required for the
      completion of the work aligned with this contract,” and “[t]he [g]overnment
      will provide OST timely access to staff and [s]ubject [m]atter [e]xperts . . .
      required for the completion of the work assigned during this contract.”
      Harmonia argues that such assumptions “take exception to the firm-fixed-
      price nature of the [proposal],” which “places the risk . . . [of work]
      exceed[ing] the estimated level of effort” on the contractor. Although the
      assumptions were not included in the terms of the awarded contract,
      Harmonia claims that they still reserve to OST “the right to a price
      adjustment any time it encounters [anything] . . . not specifically identified in
      the [statement of work].”
Id. at 312 (internal references omitted; brackets in original). The Judge in Harmonia
concluded:

      Here, there is nothing in the record to support the assertion that OST’s
      assumptions are anything more than an “illustrat[ion] that OST understood
      the [s]olicitation’s requirements and the scope of the work.” Despite
      Harmonia's assertions to the contrary, none of OST’s assumptions reserve,
      explicitly or implicitly, a right on OST's part to alter its pricing. . . . OST’s
      assumptions serve no function other than to provide a more complete
      picture of “how OST came up with its pricing.”
Id. (internal references omitted). As intervenor Akima notes, “[t]he court found it
unremarkable that the awardee expected the government to provide required resources
and facilities,” assumptions unrelated to a potential price change, and as such the
assumptions in Harmonia did not change the nature of its price proposal. The reservation
in Asset’s price proposal, “[s]ales taxes were not charged due to the government’s

                                             25
expressed intent to provide Team Asset with a tax-exempt certificate, where applicable,”
however, was part of Asset’s price proposal and did not align with the requirements of the
amended Solicitation and demonstrates a misunderstanding of the pricing requirements
of the amended Solicitation by Asset.

        Asset further suggests that if the agency believed the tax-exemption language in
Asset’s price proposal was inconsistent with the Solicitation, as amended, “‘[t]he way to
deal with that problem is to seek clarification of those prices, not to punish the bidder by
disqualifying it.’” (quoting Data Gen. Corp. v. Johnson, 78 F.3d 1556, 1564 (Fed. Cir.
1996)). The court notes that the Data General decision is the only decision that protestor
cites for this argument.11 The facts in the protest currently under review, however, are
different than those in Data General. The protestor in Data General argued that “GSA
[General Services Administration] could and should have disqualified IBM because of the
discrepancies in its pricing tables.” Data Gen. Corp. v. Johnson, 78 F.3d at 1564. The
Data General protestor was challenging the decision of the GSA’s Board of Contract
Appeals denying its protest of GSA's award of a contract to International Business
Machines Corporation (IBM). As noted by the Federal Circuit, “[t]he principal issue is
whether the Board correctly held that Data General was not entitled to relief because it
did not show that it had suffered prejudice as a result of any alleged improprieties in the
procurement process.” Id. at 1558. The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal
Circuit explained:

       [i]n 1992, GSA solicited proposals to provide extensive automatic data
       processing equipment and related supplies and services for the United
       States Forest Service. The solicitation stated that the proposals would be
       separately evaluated with respect to technical and cost factors. The
       technical evaluation would be based upon four items, each of which was
       further subdivided. The solicitation stated that the agency's source selection
       authority “‘will determine the proposal which provides the best overall value
       to satisfy Government needs’” and that the technical assessment would be
       “significantly more important” than cost.
Id. (internal refences omitted). The GSA indicated five offerors were in the competitive
range, including IBM and Data General. See id. The GSA had discussions with the five
offerors and allowed the offerors to submit best and final offers. See id. The Federal
Circuit indicated,

       [u]pon review of the companies’ submissions, a GSA contracting officer
       noted several pricing discrepancies in IBM’s BAFO [best and final offer].
       Specifically, the tables showing special pricing provisions (B tables)
       provided for beginning dates for two discounts that differed from the dates
       indicated in another table that showed expected contract life cycle cost (L
       table) and in the automated files IBM submitted with its BAFO. The

11 Akima points out in a footnote that “Data General Corp. also was decided a year before
the effective date of the FAR Part 15 Rewrite, which gave agencies greater discretion and
flexibility over the conduct of discussions. 62 Fed. Reg. 51,224, 51,228 (Sep. 30, 1997).”

                                            26
       beginning dates of these discounts had a substantial effect on the overall
       cost of the proposal.
Id. (internal references omitted). According to the Federal Circuit, “[t]he contracting officer
by telephone requested IBM to give two yes-or-no answers about what the dates should
be,” and IBM’s “answers resulted in a substantially lower overall contract cost than would
have resulted under the dates stated in the B tables.” Id. at 1558-59. The Federal Circuit
explained:

       Applying the revised beginning-discount dates to IBM’s proposal, GSA then
       compared the BAFOs of the five companies with respect to both the cost
       and the technical areas. Data General’s BAFO was substantially higher than
       IBM’s. Data General’s technical score was slightly higher than IBM’s.
       Although the GSA source selection authority deemed the technical area
       “significantly more important than the Cost Area,” it concluded that “IBM
       provides the best overall value to satisfy the Government's needs.” GSA
       awarded the contract to IBM in June 1994.
Id. (internal refences omitted). As the defendant in the above captioned protest observed,
in Data General, “[t]he contracting officer elected to exercise the discretion afforded to
contracting officers to clarify the matter, and the Federal Circuit rejected a challenge to
the contracting officer’s election to proceed in that manner.”

         Unlike the situation in Data General in which IBM’s price proposal was internally
inconsistent, Asset’s price proposal was unchanged with regard to the tax-exemption,
even in the face of multiple amendments by the agency to clarify the tax-exemption issue
and even after the agency gave the offerors an opportunity to adjust their pricing if
necessary. Asset’s final proposal did not conform with the requirements of the Solicitation,
as amended because Asset’s proposal before and after Amendment 19 and Amendment
20 still was based on receiving a tax exemption, “where applicable,” and the Amendments
to the Solicitation explicitly stated in capital letters “the Government CANNOT delegate
its tax exempt status to contractors for the performance of government services.”
(capitalization in original). The language included by protestor, “where applicable,” cannot
save Asset from a price proposal that remained unchanged even when a correction to the
Solicitation via Amendment 19 and Amendment 20 to the Solicitation clarified that an
offeror could not rely on a tax-exemption in its pricing proposal, and after the agency even
gave the offerors yet another opportunity to update their pricing information by
Amendment 21. As defendant notes:

       Perhaps if Asset had elected to revise its prices in response to Amendment
       No. 19 or 20, one might have had cause to wonder if the narrative statement
       was simply left in by mistake. But the manner in which Asset both left its
       pricing unchanged and left its narrative unchanged indicated-at least to any
       objective reader-that Asset had simply failed to do what the amended
       solicitation requested-namely, provide pricing that was not based on the
       expectation of receiving a tax exemption certificate.

                                              27
(footnote omitted).

        Although the agency could have contacted Asset like the contracting officer
contacted IBM in Data General, ICE did not do so. It is the obligation of the offeror to
provide a complete proposal to the agency that allows the agency to evaluate the proposal
as written. The government does not have an obligation to contact an offeror for further
clarification after receipt of a proposal. See Structural Assocs., Inc./Comfort Sys. USA
(Syracuse) Joint Venture v. United States, 89 Fed. Cl. 735, 744 (2009) (“Plaintiff’s failure
to provide more detailed information is chargeable to it alone.”). As noted by a Judge of
the United States Court of Federal Claims, “‘[a]n offeror has the responsibility to submit a
well-written proposal with adequately detailed information that allows for a meaningful
review by the procuring agency.’” KSC Boss All., LLC v. United States, 142 Fed. Cl. 368,
382 (2019) (quoting Structural Assocs., Inc./Comfort Sys. USA (Syracuse) Joint Venture
v. United States, 89 Fed. Cl. at 744); see also Mission1st Grp., Inc. v. United States, 144
Fed. Cl. 200, 213 (2019) (quoting Structural Assocs., Inc./Comfort Sys. USA (Syracuse)
Joint Venture v. United States, 89 Fed. Cl. at 744) (“It is axiomatic that the burden is on
the offeror ‘to submit a well-written proposal with adequately detailed information that
allows for a meaningful review by the procuring agency.’”); Mercom, Inc. v. United States,
131 Fed. Cl. 32, 40 (2017). As explained by the Judge in Mission1st Group,

       the bottom line is that the agency had no way of knowing for sure why the
       cost narrative and cost proposal were inconsistent with one another. It was
       not irrational or unreasonable for the agency to decline to choose which of
       the two cost proposals (or perhaps some third alternative) reflected
       Mission1st's actual intent.

Mission1st Grp., Inc. v. United States, 144 Fed. Cl. at 213; see also Structural Assocs.,
Inc./Comfort Sys. USA (Syracuse) Joint Venture v. United States, 89 Fed. Cl. at 744.
Therefore, after giving all the offerors, including Asset, multiple chances to change their
price proposals, the agency was not obligated to reach out to Asset again to give Asset
another opportunity to clarify its price proposal, especially when the agency did not give
the other offerors another opportunity.

        Asset also argues in its complaint that “Asset’s proposal contained no indication
that its firm-fixed-price would change if its pricing assumption proved incorrect, and Asset
did not reserve a right to receive, or even request, an adjustment to its pricing based on
the stated pricing assumption about tax-exempt certificates.” By contrast, defendant
argues that “[i]n our view, the suggestion that ICE should have-or even could have-
ignored a blatant inconsistency between what Asset said in its proposal and what the
solicitation said is out of step with any reasonable view of sound procurement practices.”
It would not have been proper for the agency to overlook Asset’s inclusion of the tax-
exemption in its price proposal. As noted by a Judge of the United States Court of Federal
Claims, “[w]aiver of a mandatory requirement of the solicitation for the benefit of only one
offeror invalidates a procurement decision.” L-3 Commc’ns EO Tech., Inc. v. United
States, 83 Fed. Cl. at 653. Moreover, as the Judge in the United States Court of Federal

                                            28
Claims in Business Integra explained because protestor Business Integra’s “error was
material, the government was under no obligation to waive the error or allow Business
Integra to correct the error. As the government points out, requiring the agency to waive
Business Integra’s error could result in disparate treatment among offerors and thus
constitute an abuse of discretion.” Bus. Integra, Inc. v. United States, 116 Fed. Cl. at 337
(citing ST Net, Inc. v. United States, 112 Fed. Cl. 99, 110 (2013) (internal reference
omitted). [redacted], on behalf of Asset, repeatedly, and deliberately, conveyed to the
agency protestor’s intention to leave its price proposal unchanged, which resulted in
protestor submitting a bid not compliant with the Solicitation as amended.

       Additionally, intervenor Akima argues that “Asset’s proposal contained a
contingency that took exception to the RFP’s requirement for a firm-fixed price, and was
therefore noncompliant.” As indicated above, the Solicitation stated: “Any form of
contingency pricing is unacceptable and your proposal will be removed from competition
as unresponsive.” Intervenor Akima argues that “Asset’s proposal offered a pricing
contingency on the erroneous assumption that the Government would provide the
successful offeror with a tax-exempt certificate.”12 Akima claims that Asset

       failed three times to revise its proposal to (1) remove any price
       contingencies and (2) remove any assumptions based on the Government’s
       payment of Arizona’s sales tax. Asset cannot now argue that the Agency’s
       determination that it was ineligible for award was unreasonable.
       Accordingly, this Court should dismiss Plaintiff’s Complaint for lack of
       jurisdiction because Asset does not have standing.

Asset responds that “[a] description of a pricing assumption is not an exception to the
Solicitation’s requirement for a firm fixed price,” and “Asset does not state that the prices
it proposed in the separate Pricing section of its price proposal are in any way conditional
or contingent upon the receipt of a tax-exempt certificate.” (emphasis in original). The
court has determined that Asset submitted a bid to the agency that did not acknowledge
the agency’s repeated change regarding the unavailability of any tax exemption benefits.
Asset retained its language in its price proposal that “[s]ales taxes were not charged due
to the government's expressed intent to provide Team Asset with a tax-exempt certificate,
where applicable,” even after the agency issued Amendment 19, Amendment 20, and
Amendment 21, to the Solicitation which required a firm fixed price proposal, and provided
no reliance on a possible tax-exemption certificates. The Solicitation, as amended, was
clear: “All proposed pricing must be accordance with [FAR] 52.222-43. Any form of
contingency pricing is unacceptable and your proposal will be removed from competition
as unresponsive.” (brackets added). Asset’s price proposal, therefore, was unresponsive.

       In addition to contesting the tax-exemption issue, protestor argues that

12 In its reply brief, defendant states “[o]ur motion does not ask the Court to rule that ICE
was correct to decide that Asset’s proposal included a pricing contingency,” and
continues, “our motion argues that, even if Asset’s price was firm and not contingent, that
price was simply not what was requested in the solicitation.”

                                             29
       [b]oth Motions [to dismiss brought by defendant and intervenor], although
       brought as jurisdictional challenges to Asset’s standing, are improper
       jurisdictional/standing motions, as they fail to accept the Complaint’s
       allegations of agency error as true for purposes of the motions, and are not
       directed to the issue pertinent to standing at this point in the protest, namely,
       allegational prejudice, which turns on the prejudicial impact of the agency’s
       error as alleged in the Complaint.

(emphasis in original). Protestor states, “[a]s this Court specifically held in Safeguard
Base Operations, LLC, demonstrating prejudice for standing purposes at this point in a
protest requires only a showing of ‘allegational prejudice,’ not prejudice on the merits. 144
Fed. Cl. at 354.” (emphasis in original). Protestor also cites to the language of the
undersigned’s bid protest decision in Caddell Construction Co., Inc. v. United States, 111
Fed. Cl. 49 (2013), that “[i]n order to establish what one Judge on this court has called
‘allegational prejudice’ for the purposes of standing, the bidder must show that there was
a ‘substantial chance’ it would have received the contract award, but for the alleged
procurement error,” id. at 72 and “‘[a]llegational prejudice’ is to be judged before the court
analyzes the lawfulness of the agency's allegedly improper action and ‘turns entirely on
the impact that the alleged procurement errors had on a plaintiff's prospects for award,
taking the allegations as true.’” Id. at 111 (citations omitted). Intervenor responds that “the
cases cited by Plaintiff are inapposite and should not control the outcome of this Motion.”
Asset overlooks the facts of the Caddell protest, as the undersigned in Caddell noted,
“[i]n the above captioned protest, defendant and intervenor do not challenge plaintiff's
standing.” Id. Moreover, in the protest before the court, this court is not considering the
“lawfulness of the agency’s allegedly improper action,” like the undersigned addressed in
Caddell. Were the court to have found protestor’s bid to be compliant with the Solicitation,
the court would have taken the allegations that the technical evaluations, past
performance evaluations, and price evaluations were arbitrary and capricious as with
merit to determine if protestor could demonstrate allegational prejudice. Because the
court did not conclude that protestor’s proposal in the case currently before this court was
in compliance with the terms of the Solicitation, the court did not reach the issue of
allegational prejudice.

        Regarding the Safeguard decision, the undersigned’s bid protest decision in
Safeguard did not involve the issue of allegational prejudice. See generally Safeguard
Base Operations, LLC v. United States, 144 Fed. Cl. 304 (2019), appeal filed (Fed. Cir.
Aug. 9, 2019). Instead, the undersigned examined the issue of whether or not Safeguard’s
joint venture agreement was in violation of the Small Business Administration’s (SBA’s)
8(a) joint venture requirements. See id. at 354. In order to determine standing, the
undersigned carefully examined the record, and determined:

       Based on the record before the court, including the inconsistencies between
       the three Safeguard 8(a) joint venture agreements and that the court does
       not have all of the records submitted to the SBA in connection with
       Safeguard’s request to be approved as an 8(a) joint venture, the court is
       unable to evaluate B & O’s [intervenor’s] argument that the SBA erroneously

                                              30
       approved Safeguard's 8(a) joint venture agreement. As of the date on which
       Safeguard submitted its proposal in response to the Solicitation, however,
       Safeguard appears to have been approved by the SBA as an eligible 8(a)
       joint venture and appears to have been eligible to be selected as the
       apparent successful offeror under the Solicitation, if Safeguard had not
       been properly disqualified as a result of the Agency’s alleged errors.
       Because the SBA approved Safeguard as an eligible 8(a) joint venture and
       because there is not sufficient evidence in the record to find that the SBA
       erred when approving Safeguard's 8(a) joint venture agreement, the court
       denies defendant-intervenor's motion to dismiss for lack of standing.
Id. at 363. Just as in the decision in Safeguard, the court does not reach the issue of
allegational prejudice in this protest. In sum, protestor Asset does not have standing to
challenge the agency’s award to intervenor Akima.

        Protestor also alleges that because the agency included Asset in its trade-off
analysis, the agency “waived its unreasonable finding that Asset’s proposal was ineligible
for award.” (emphasis in original). Asset argues that because “ICE included Asset’s
proposal in the best value tradeoff establishes ICE waived the finding of ineligibility and
retained Asset’s proposal among those eligible for award; therefore, Asset has standing
to challenge the substance of the best value tradeoff and award determination.” Protestor
cites a single case for the statement of law that “[w]hen the agency's best value trade-off
includes the protestor, even when it was not notionally the second-rated offeror, the
protestor has established that it would have had a substantial chance of receiving the
award but for the alleged error.” Advanced Mgmt. Strategies Grp., Inc./Reefpoint Grp.,
LLC v. United States, 139 Fed. Cl. 404, 411 (2018) (footnote omitted). The court first
notes that this statement does not demonstrate that an agency waived a finding that a
proposal was ineligible for award by including a proposal in a trade-off analysis. The
Judge in Advanced Management Strategies only indicated “the law will not assume it a
fait accompli that the next highest rated proposal would receive the award. Plaintiff has
established that there is a substantial chance that it might be awarded the contract if ERPi
[the awardee] is not selected and it thus has standing to maintain the protest.” Id. Indeed
in Advanced Management Strategies, the protestor was determined to have a proposal
that was compliant with the solicitation at issue. That is not the case in the above
captioned bid protest. The December 19, 2019 Source Selection Award Decision
Memorandum stated:

       APSS is ineligible to receive award due to defective pricing. APSS offered
       contingency pricing on pg. 57 of their Volume IV proposal. APSS stated
       “sales taxes were not charged due to the Government’s expressed intent to
       provide Team Asset with a tax-exempt certificate, where applicable.” The
       Government provided two amendments, 0019 and 0020, informing all
       Offerors that the Government will not provide the tax-exempt number and
       APSS failed to make a correction to their price proposal. Nevertheless, the
       Government performed a tradeoff analysis in accordance with the
       solicitation.

                                            31
In addition, the December 19, 2019 Source Selection Award Decision Memorandum
indicated regarding the price analysis, “the APSS’ pricing was determined to be
noncompliant with the solicitation requirements. APSS offered contingency pricing on the
belief that the Government would provide their tax-exempt certification number.”

        The court does not agree with protestor’s contention that because Asset was
included in the best value trade-off analysis, the agency waived any claim that Asset’s
proposal was ineligible for award. Regardless of the allegation, this court still would have
the authority, and obligation, to determine if this court has jurisdiction to proceed and
whether a protestor has standing to proceed after a protestor submitted a nonconforming
bid. The United States Supreme Court has held that “‘subject-matter jurisdiction, because
it involves a court’s power to hear a case, can never be forfeited or waived.’” Arbaugh v.
Y & H Corp., 546 U.S. at 514 (quoting United States v. Cotton, 535 U.S. at 630). As the
United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has explained, “any party may
challenge, or the court may raise sua sponte, subject matter jurisdiction at any time.”
Rick’s Mushroom Serv., Inc. v. United States, 521 F.3d at 1346 (citing Arbaugh v. Y & H
Corp., 546 U.S. at 506, Folden v. United States, 379 F.3d at 1354, and Fanning, Phillips
& Molnar v. West, 160 F.3d at 720). As determined by this court, protestor does not have
standing to bring this protest, and, therefore, this court does not have jurisdiction to hear
this protest.

        Finally, the court notes that protestor argues in its complaint the GAO determined
“that the SSA’s conclusion that Asset’s proposal contained a price contingency, and was
therefore ineligible for award, was unreasonable.” The GAO decision discussed the
positions urged by the parties and concluded:

       Asset contends that the agency erred in concluding that Asset’s proposal
       was ineligible for award because the firm proposed “contingency pricing.”
       The agency states that the solicitation expressly prohibited contingency
       pricing of any form. Further, the agency contends that it reasonably found
       Asset’s proposal ineligible for award because Asset's price proposal
       included language that rendered its pricing contingent on an assumption
       that was no longer valid. Moreover, ICE asserts that Asset was not
       competitively prejudiced by any potential error related to the pricing issue
       because the SSA, nonetheless performed a best-value tradeoff analysis
       between Asset and Akima.

       In support of its conclusion that Asset’s proposal contained contingent
       pricing, the agency explains that Asset’s failure to remove language in its
       price proposal-that ICE informed offerors in two solicitation amendments
       was incorrect-rendered its price proposal contingent. Specifically, prior to
       the initial solicitation closing date, the agency originally advised offerors that
       the agency would issue a state sales tax exemption certificate to the
       successful offeror. During the course of the reevaluation performed in
       response to the earlier protests, ICE conducted discussions with offerors

                                              32
and requested the submission of FPRs by May 30, 2019. Subsequent to the
receipt of FPRs, the agency informed offerors, through the issuance of
solicitation amendments 19 and 20, that ICE would not, in fact, issue the
tax exemption certificate. Both amendments 19 and 20 permitted offerors
to provide revisions to their price proposal submission based on the
changes to the solicitation. The FPR, submitted on May 30, 2019 by Asset,
explained that its fixed rates for each CLIN included other direct costs
(ODC). Asset’s FPR also stated that it did not apply sales taxes to the ODCs
because it relied on “the government's expressed intent to provide Team
Asset with a tax-exempt certificate, where applicable.” In response to
amendment 19 and 20, Asset stated that its proposal did not require further
revision.

With regards to contingency pricing, the RFP, as amended, simply stated:
“All proposed pricing must be in accordance with [FAR] 52.222–43. Any
form of contingency pricing is unacceptable and your proposal will be
removed from the competition as unresponsive.” Relevant here, the SSA
concluded that Asset’s proposal was ineligible for award because the firm
had failed to revise the statement in its FPR regarding the inclusion of state
sales tax in its ODCs. The SSA found that the statement in Asset's price
proposal was in violation of the solicitation's express prohibition about
including of any form of contingency pricing.

In this regard, the agency maintains that Asset’s failure to remove a pricing
assumption in its proposal-an assumption that was no longer valid as a
result of amendments to the solicitation-created a pricing contingency in
Asset’s proposal. In support of this argument, the agency relies on our
decision in Solers, Inc., B–404032.3, B–404302.4, Apr. 6, 2011, 2011 CPD
¶83, where our Office found that the awardee made multiple statements in
its proposal which amounted to the awardee conditioning its offered price
on a greater use of government facilities than contemplated or authorized
by the solicitation, such that the offered price was conditional, not firm. Id.
at 6-7. According to the agency, Asset’s proposal took exception to the
solicitation’s requirement to propose a fixed price because the solicitation,
as amended, required offerors to include state taxes. By not including state
taxes, the agency argues that Asset’s price proposal took exception to the
requirement to propose a fixed price because Asset conditioned its price on
future negotiations.

Generally, the requirement to propose fixed prices is a material term or
condition of a solicitation requiring such pricing. Marine Pollution Control
Corp., B–270172, Feb. 13, 1996, 96–1 CPD ¶73 at 2–3. Where a solicitation
requests proposals on a fixed-price basis, a price offer that is conditional
and not firm cannot be considered for award. Id.; SunEdison, LLC, B–
298583, B–298583.2, Oct. 30, 2006, 2006 CPD ¶168 at 5.

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       On this record, we do not find reasonable the agency’s conclusion that the
       above-quoted statement in Asset’s price proposal created a contingency, or
       took exception to the solicitation’s requirements to propose a fixed price.
       While we agree that Asset’s price proposal may have relied on an incorrect
       pricing assumption, on this record, we do not find that Asset’s price proposal
       conditioned its fixed price on future negotiations. Further, to the extent that
       the solicitation expressly required the inclusion of state sales taxes, Asset’s
       proposal might reasonably be viewed as incomplete, however, nothing in
       the proposal supports the agency’s conclusion that Asset’s pricing was
       contingent on future negotiations. Nonetheless, we conclude that the
       protester was not prejudiced by the agency’s error.

Asset Prot. & Sec. Servs., L.P., 2020 WL 1847740, at *3-5 (internal references and
footnote omitted).

       The court first notes that while Judges of the United States Court of Federal
Claims, including the undersigned, have high respect for the expertise of the GAO, and
often consider the reasoning included in GAO decisions when reaching their own
opinions, GAO decisions are not binding on the United States Court of Federal Claims.
See Cleveland Assets, LLC v. United States, 132 Fed. Cl. 264, 280 n.15 (2017); see also
Centech Grp., Inc. v. United States, 554 F.3d at 1038. Additionally, as defendant notes,
“[e]valuating the tax-exemption issue as one of contingency pricing, which admittedly is
how it was framed before GAO, overlooks the more basic problem: Asset’s proposal failed
to conform to a material term of the of the solicitation.” Indeed, a focus of the GAO’s
conclusion was that Asset’s pricing was not contingent, even as the GAO indicated that
Asset’s price proposal may be incomplete. As noted multiple times during this Opinion,
this court has determined that Asset’s price proposal itself was non-responsive to the
requirements of the Solicitation, as explicitly amended more than once, and, therefore,
the Asset’s price proposal was non-complaint. The GAO failed to perform this first step of
the analysis, and did not address if Asset’s price proposal was responsive to the
requirements of the Solicitation. The December 19, 2019 Source Selection Award
Decision Memorandum stated:

       APSS’ pricing was determined to be noncompliant with the solicitation
       requirements. APSS offered contingency pricing on the belief that the
       Government would provide their tax-exempt certification number. The
       Government provided two amendments, 0019 and 0020, informing all
       Offerors that the Government will not provide the tax-exempt number and
       APSS failed to make a correction to their final pricing after amendments
       0019 and 0020 were issued.

The agency, on multiple occasions, alerted the offerors to the change in the agency’s
earlier statement of the availability of a tax-exemption certificate, and tried repeatedly to
ensure that the offerors’ proposals did not reflect a reliance on the possibility of an
available tax-exemption in their proposals. The GAO, in its focus on whether or not
Asset’s pricing was contingent on future negotiations, failed to fully consider if the price

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proposal as submitted by Asset was sufficient on its face. As discussed above, the pricing
requirements of the Solicitation made clear, “[a]ny form of contingency pricing is
unacceptable and your proposal will be removed from competition as unresponsive.” By
keeping the language “sales taxes were not charged due to the Government’s expressed
intent to provide Team Asset with a tax-exempt certificate, where applicable,” Asset
conveyed to the agency that Asset’s firm fixed price in its pricing proposal was subject to
the condition that Asset would still be eligible to receive a tax exemption.

      Additionally, as indicated above, regarding future negotiations, the GAO
concluded:

       On this record, we do not find reasonable the agency’s conclusion that the
       above-quoted statement in Asset’s price proposal created a contingency, or
       took exception to the solicitation’s requirements to propose a fixed price.
       While we agree that Asset’s price proposal may have relied on an incorrect
       pricing assumption, on this record, we do not find that Asset’s price proposal
       conditioned its fixed price on future negotiations. Further, to the extent that
       the solicitation expressly required the inclusion of state sales taxes, Asset’s
       proposal might reasonably be viewed as incomplete, however, nothing in
       the proposal supports the agency’s conclusion that Asset’s pricing was
       contingent on future negotiations.

It is unclear why the GAO was focused on the issue of future negotiations, given that the
agency’s rejection of Asset’s bid, as explained in the December 19, 2019 Source
Selection Award Decision Memorandum, did not mention future negotiations, nor was the
agency obligated to engage in future negotiations. See Structural Assocs., Inc./Comfort
Sys. USA (Syracuse) Joint Venture v. United States, 89 Fed. Cl. at 744. The December
19, 2019 Source Selection Award Decision Memorandum, instead focused on the fact
that Asset continued to include as a part of its price proposal for the fixed price contract
an assumption that it could benefit from a tax-exemption certificate, and continued to do
so although the agency had made clear that no such exemption would ever be available.
In the court’s view, the GAO was distracted by this future negotiations issue, and missed
the larger issue of whether or not Asset’s proposal, as submitted to the agency, was
compliant with the stated requirements of the Solicitation, which was did not.

                                      CONCLUSION
       As discussed above, protestor Asset submitted a non-responsive bid, and,
therefore, lacks standing to bring the above captioned protest. The defendant’s and
intervenor’s motions to dismiss are GRANTED. Protestor’s protest is DISMISSED. The
Clerk of the Court shall enter JUDGMENT consistent with this Opinion.

       IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                                      s/Marian Blank Horn
                                                      MARIAN BLANK HORN
                                                               Judge

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