Court Opinion

ID: 8206618
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-15 15:00:15.173375+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:41:17.469409
License: Public Domain

20-3476
Martinez Roman v. Garland

                                            In the
                    United States Court of Appeals
                                For the Second Circuit
                                        ______________

                                       August Term, 2021

              (Argued: January 14, 2022              Decided: September 15, 2022)

                                      Docket No. 20-3476
                                       ______________

                              MARCO ANTONIO MARTINEZ ROMAN,

                                                                   Petitioner,

                                              –v.–

                 MERRICK B. GARLAND, UNITED STATES ATTORNEY GENERAL,

                                                                   Respondent.
                                        ______________

B e f o r e:

                            POOLER, CHIN, and CARNEY, Circuit Judges.
                                        ______________

       Petitioner Marco Antonio Martinez Roman, a native and citizen of Mexico, seeks
review of a Board of Immigration Appeals decision affirming an Immigration Judge’s
denial of Martinez’s application for cancellation of removal. In re Marco Antonio
Martinez Roman, No. A201-347-082 (B.I.A. Sept. 30, 2020), aff’g No. A201-347-082 (Immig.
Ct. N.Y. City Apr. 13, 2020). Martinez’s cancellation application rested on his assertion
that his removal would cause exceptional and extremely unusual hardship to his three
young, U.S.-citizen children, whose mother, Martinez testified, was unable to care for
them. Martinez sought a brief continuance of his merits hearing to enable him to
present live testimony from an expert and others with first-hand knowledge regarding
his children’s health, the family’s circumstances, and the nature and severity of the
hardship that his removal would cause. The IJ denied a continuance and then found
Martinez ineligible for cancellation on the ground that he failed to establish the
necessary hardship. The Board of Immigration Appeals affirmed. On review, we
conclude that the agency abused its discretion in denying Martinez the requested
continuance because the denial prevented him from presenting relevant and material
testimony in support of his application and there was no finding that adjournment
would be unreasonable, onerous, or prejudicial. We therefore grant his petition and
remand the case for further proceedings.

      PETITION GRANTED.
                                    ______________

                           ZOE LEVINE (Ryan Brewer, on the brief), for The Bronx
                                 Defenders, Bronx, NY, for Petitioner.

                           SHEREASE PRATT, Senior Litigation Counsel, (Brian M.
                                 Boynton, Acting Assistant Attorney General, Civil
                                 Division; Jonathan Robbins, Senior Litigation
                                 Counsel, on the brief), United States Department of
                                 Justice, Civil Division, Office of Immigration
                                 Litigation, Washington, DC, for Respondent.

                           John Harland Giammatteo, Lutheran Social Services of New
                                 York Immigration Legal Program, New York, NY, for
                                 Amici Curiae Former Immigration Judges and Members
                                 of the Board of Immigration Appeals.
                                    ______________

CARNEY, Circuit Judge:

      Petitioner Marco Antonio Martinez Roman (“Martinez”), a native and citizen of

Mexico, seeks review of a Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) decision affirming the

decision of an Immigration Judge (“IJ”) denying Martinez’s application for cancellation

of removal. In re Marco Antonio Martinez Roman, No. A201-347-082 (B.I.A. Sept. 30, 2020),

aff’g No. A201-347-082 (Immig. Ct. N.Y. City Apr. 13, 2020). Martinez’s application

                                           2
rested on his assertion that removing him from the United States would cause

“exceptional and extremely unusual hardship” to his three young, U.S.-citizen children,

whose mother, Martinez testified, was unable to care for them. 8 U.S.C.

§ 1229b(b)(1)(D). Martinez sought a brief continuance of the merits proceeding to enable

him to present live testimony from an expert and three others regarding his children’s

health, the family’s circumstances, and the nature and severity of the hardship that his

removal would cause. The IJ denied the requested continuance as well as an alternative

request to permit the expert to testify by telephone and then found Martinez ineligible

for cancellation on the ground that he failed to establish the necessary hardship. The

Board of Immigration Appeals affirmed.

       On review, we conclude that the agency abused its discretion in denying the

brief continuance that Martinez sought. The IJ’s denial fell outside the range of

permissible decisions because it prevented Martinez from presenting relevant and

material testimony in support of his application with regard to the precise ground on

which the BIA ruling turned. We therefore GRANT his petition and REMAND the case

to the agency for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                    BACKGROUND 1

       On September 23, 2019, the Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”) initiated

removal proceedings against Martinez, who had entered the United States without

inspection. DHS served him with a Notice to Appear (“NTA”) that charged him with

removability under section 212(a)(6)(A)(i) of the Immigration and Nationality Act.

8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(A)(i). That section provides that a noncitizen “present in the United

States without being admitted or paroled, or who arrives in the United States at any

1We draw this factual statement from the Certified Administrative Record (“CAR”), noting any
relevant disputes.

                                             3
time or place other than as designated by the Attorney General, is inadmissible.” Id. The

NTA did not include the date or time of Martinez’s removal hearing. Immigration and

Customs Enforcement (“ICE”) immediately took Martinez into custody and he remains

detained.

       On January 16, 2020, about four months after he was placed in ICE custody,

Martinez applied for cancellation of removal under 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b), contending that

he satisfies the several conditions for relief that are imposed by the statute. 2 The

condition at issue here is that removal would cause “exceptional and extremely unusual

hardship” to qualifying U.S.-citizen relatives. 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b)(1)(D). Martinez

asserted then, as he does now, that his removal would cause such extreme hardship to

his three children: Emely, then age 13; Jaden, then age 8; and Jaliyah, then age 6.

I.     Martinez’s February 14 Request for a Continuance

       On January 16, 2020, the day that Martinez applied for cancellation, IJ Lisa Ling

scheduled Martinez’s individual merits hearing for March 9, 2020. On February 14,

Martinez moved for a continuance, explaining that he had not yet been able to identify

a psychologist who could complete an evaluation of his children and prepare an

appropriate written report before the call-up date of March 4, 3 and who was also

2Section 1229b(b)(1) authorizes the Attorney General to cancel removal and adjust the status of
a noncitizen who is a nonpermanent resident and who: (1) has been physically present in the
United States for a continuous period of not less than 10 years immediately preceding the date
of the application; (2) has been a person of good moral character during such period; (3) has not
been convicted of certain serious offenses; and (4) establishes that removal would result in
“exceptional and extremely unusual hardship” to a U.S. citizen or lawful permanent resident
spouse, parent, or child. 8 U.S.C. § 1229b(b)(1).

3A call-up date is the deadline set by the IJ for the applicant to file all documents in connection
with the application for relief. See CAR at 248; see also El-Gazawy v. Holder, 690 F.3d 852, 854 (7th
Cir. 2012).

                                                  4
available to testify at the merits hearing scheduled for March 9. In his motion, Martinez

advised that Dr. Joseph Giardino, a psychologist whom he had asked to evaluate his

children, was prepared to do so but was unavailable to testify in person or by telephone

on March 9. Martinez’s counsel advised that she reached out to two additional

psychologists to inquire if either could perform the evaluations and testify on March 9,

but she did not receive confirmation. 4 Because Dr. Giardino was unable to appear at his

hearing, Martinez requested “a continuance of two weeks or more in order to be able to

fully present [Martinez’s] case” and to “avoid further unnecessary delay.” CAR at 652.

In the alternative, Martinez asked for “a proactive adjournment of the hearing on March

9, 2020 for another date two weeks or . . . later, in order to present [medical evidence],

and in order to have a full and fair opportunity [to] be heard on the merits of his

application.” Id.

       On February 18, IJ Lauren Farber denied Martinez’s motion. She ruled, however,

that the denial was without prejudice, expressly leaving Martinez free to “renew the

request at the conclusion of [his] and any fact witness’[s] testimony.” Id. at 648. 5

4According to the motion, Martinez’s counsel “reached out” to Dr. Giardino on February 6,
2020, one full month before the hearing, to ask whether he would perform a psychological
evaluation and testify at the hearing. CAR at 651. Dr. Giardino advised that he was available to
assist, but three days later informed counsel that he was unavailable to testify on March 9. On
February 13, Martinez’s counsel reached out to two other psychologists, Dr. Maria Lariño and
Dr. Andrew Rasmussen, to inquire about their availability to evaluate Martinez’s three children
and testify at the hearing. Martinez’s counsel reported that Dr. Lariño indicated that she was
unable to complete the evaluations before March 9. Counsel had not heard back from Dr.
Rasmussen when she filed Martinez’s motion to continue.

5Several other brief continuances had been entered between mid-October 2019 and Martinez’s
January 2020 application for cancellation of renewal. But the government opposed none of them
and none reflected dilatory tactics, so far as the record before us reflects. Two continuances in
October 2019 were required in part by the failure of the Orange County Jail video feed,
preventing counsel from speaking with Martinez. Martinez’s counsel sought a further
continuance of “one-to-two additional weeks” to allow time to prepare and file the motion to

                                                5
       On March 4, five days before the scheduled hearing, Martinez sought leave to

have Dr. Giardino—who had by then completed his assessment of Martinez’s

children—testify by telephone. Martinez advised the agency that Dr. Giardino had

recently evaluated the children and concluded (in Dr. Giardino’s words) that they each

“experienced a severe decline in their mental health” in Martinez’s absence. Id. at 357.

Martinez’s counsel represented to the IJ that Dr. Giardino’s busy patient schedule did

not allow the doctor to testify in person on March 9 but that he could testify

telephonically that day about his observations and expert opinions.

       No action was taken on the March 4 request until the hearing was convened.

II.    The March 9 Hearing

       Martinez’s individual hearing was convened on March 9 before IJ Charles

Conroy, one of the four IJs assigned to Martinez’s case over the course of the

proceedings. 6 In anticipation of the hearing, Martinez’s counsel had submitted to the IJ

and to the government a copy of Dr. Giardino’s twelve-page long affidavit

summarizing his evaluation of the children. The hearing began with IJ Conroy

announcing that he denied Martinez’s motion to allow Dr. Giardino to testify

telephonically, explaining that he did so because Martinez presented “no evidence to

terminate removal proceedings and the application for cancellation of removal, and the IJ
ultimately entered a longer continuance because there were “already too many cases on [the]
docket for” the existing hearing date. CAR at 756, 758. At the rescheduled hearing, the IJ sua
sponte announced a final continuance to allow the government time to reply to Martinez’s
request for reconsideration of his motion to terminate. Martinez was incarcerated throughout
these proceedings.

6Martinez first appeared before IJ Margaret Kolbe on October 17, 2019. IJ Conroy denied
Martinez’s motion to terminate proceedings, and IJ Lauren Farber denied Martinez’s motion for
consideration. On January 16, 2020, Martinez submitted his cancellation application to IJ Lisa
Ling, who scheduled Martinez’s merits hearing for March 9. On February 16, Martinez filed his
motion to continue, and IJ Farber denied the motion without prejudice. Finally, on March 9,
Martinez appeared for his individual merits hearing before IJ Conroy.

                                               6
support [Dr. Giardino’s] inability to appear” in person. Id. at 254. Martinez’s counsel

pointed out that her motion seeking a continuance advised that Dr. Giardino’s prior

patient commitments prevented him from traveling to appear in person at the hearing

on March 9. The IJ then remarked that Dr. Giardino’s live testimony, whether

telephonic or in person, was unnecessary in any event because Martinez’s counsel had

filed Dr. Giardino’s written report and the government had expressed a willingness to

stipulate to the report’s findings. He explained, “[Y]ou have a detailed affidavit from

[Dr. Giardino] that I can review and that I assume would cover all the issues.” Id. at 256.

He informed the parties that he would give the written report “full weight as if [Dr.

Giardino] had testified consistent with it on direct examination.” Id. When Martinez’s

counsel began to explain that Dr. Giardino could also offer relevant testimony that was

not set forth in his twelve-page written report, both expanding on and explaining what

he had written, the IJ ended the colloquy, repeating that Dr. Giardino’s testimony

would only “regurgitate” his written report and so would not be of use. 7 Id. at 257.

7   The colloquy was reported as follows:

          Counsel: Your Honor, I would like to present [Dr. Giardino] as a witness . . . . I
          believe there may be some things that he would testify about that . . .

          IJ: Okay. Well, here’s what I’m going to do counsel. Look, the Government’s going
          to stipulate, all right? . . . I don’t see why I would continue the case when the
          Government’s going to stipulate we have a detailed evaluation from [Dr.
          Giardino] . . . . So unless something pops up that’s unusual, I’m going to accept
          the stipulation . . . .

          Counsel: Just for the record, I would like to put my witness on . . . .

          IJ: Okay. And I understand you want to put the witness on but . . . there’s really
          no need . . . for the witness to regurgitate what’s in here.

CAR at 256–57.

                                                    7
       After the IJ refused to allow Dr. Giardino to testify by telephone, Martinez’s

counsel orally renewed her motion for a continuance, citing—in addition to Dr.

Giardino’s unavailability to appear in person and the denial of his request for a

telephonic appearance —the unavailability that day of three fact witnesses whom

counsel planned to call to testify about the hardship that Martinez’s removal would

cause for his young children. 8 Counsel advised that, first, Martinez’s close family friend

Stephanie Nava Ramirez was prepared to testify about the incapacity of the children’s

mother and to describe Martinez’s role as the primary caregiver for the three children.

Second, Martinez’s 13-year-old daughter, Emely, would testify as to the hardship that

she and her younger siblings had experienced since their father’s arrest. Third,

Martinez’s sister-in-law, Yamilet Silva Cadena, would testify that the children’s mother,

Yazmin Ochoa Cadena (“Ochoa”), is not able—either financially or emotionally—to

care for them in their father’s absence. Martinez’s counsel explained that Nava Ramirez

was unavailable to testify on March 9 because her own child with special needs had a

conflicting appointment that day with a specialist, and that Emely and Silva Cadena

planned to rely on Nava Ramirez for transportation to the proceedings and therefore

were likewise unable to attend the hearing.

       After conferring with the parties, the IJ denied the motion, explaining that he

preferred to review and rely on the witnesses’ written statements, which the IJ

characterized as “very detailed”:

       IJ: You have detailed statements from the lay witnesses, counsel, is there
       any reason we need to continue further testimony?

8Although Martinez did not list these three fact witnesses in his February 16 motion to
continue, he did list them on his March 4 witness list. Both the IJ and the government thus had
notice of Martinez’s desire to have them testify in support of his application.

                                               8
       Counsel: Yes, Your Honor, I would like to present . . . witnesses. [If] Your
       Honor would not want to hear them, that’s up to Your Honor but –
       IJ: It’s not that I don’t want to hear them.

       Counsel: Yes.

       IJ: It’s that I’m hearing them when I look at these very detailed statements.
       Okay?
Id. at 261.

       The hearing then proceeded.

       Martinez appeared by video teleconference from the Orange County Jail, where

he was being held by ICE. He testified that he was raised in Atelandio Solio, Puebla,

Mexico, where he lived until he was 18 years of age. He stated that he was sexually

abused as a young child, an experience that left him traumatized and depressed and

made him “very protective” of his own children. Id. at 276. He told the IJ about the

deterioration of his children’s physical and mental health that had occurred since his

detention began. He explained that in his absence, Emely, Jaden, and Jaliyah had

moved to live in a cramped two-bedroom apartment shared by ten family members

(including their mother, Ochoa). 9 He described how Emely, then age 13, was at risk of

falling behind in school because “she is struggling with depression.” Id. at 279. He

described the oral pain that she suffered from her “deformed” braces, which the family

lacked the funds or insurance to repair, especially in Martinez’s absence. Id. at 280.

       His 8-year-old son, Jaden, was then doing “very, very poorly” because he too

suffered from depression and received “bad reports from school.” Id. at 281. Martinez

recounted that his 6-year-old daughter, Jaliyah, had “suffered a lot” without him and

9Martinez testified that, before he was detained, Jaden and Jaliyah lived with him because
Ochoa “did not want to take them with her” when the two ended their relationship. CAR at 282.
Emely lived with her mother until Martinez’s arrest.

                                              9
that she “can’t be alone . . . she hides to cry . . . . [and] looks for me.” Id. Finally,

Martinez testified that Ochoa, the children’s mother, “doesn’t have the capacity or the

patience to take care of [the children],” did not have health insurance, and could not

“economically support the three children.” Id. Martinez expanded on each of these

themes in his direct testimony.

       At the hearing, the IJ also questioned Martinez. He asked, among other things,

where Martinez’s children would reside if he were removed. Martinez stated that his

children “would stay here in the United States” because “it’s their country and it’s very

dangerous” in Mexico. Id. at 288. The IJ also asked about Martinez’s employment

history in Mexico as well as his criminal record, drug use, and whether he paid taxes

while residing in the United States.

       Near the conclusion of the hearing, Martinez’s counsel requested additional time

to ask Martinez how his removal would affect his children’s behavior, to which the IJ

responded, “I’ll allow a couple questions on that. I’m not going to go another 10

minutes on that.” Id. at 320. Martinez’s counsel asked several follow-up questions

before the IJ ended questioning. 10 The government did not request any additional cross-

examination and the hearing concluded. 11

10Shortly after Martinez’s counsel resumed questioning him after her request, the IJ stated, “All
right counsel. Do you have one more question? One more question. I think, you know, the effect
on the children’s pretty well covered, especially with the psychological evaluation so —.” CAR
at 321.

 As Martinez highlights, the IJ insisted on completing Martinez’s merits hearing within an
11

hour, despite Martinez’s counsel’s request for 50 percent more:

       IJ: Okay. All right, counsel, what are we looking at for direct examination, how
       much time?

       Counsel: Your Honor . . . I would say at least and [sic] hour and a half . . . .

                                                 10
       Dr. Giardino’s written report was entered into the record. In it, Dr. Giardino

described Emely as “clearly in a vulnerable state,” “suffering from severe symptoms of

depression,” and “meet[ing] full diagnostic criteria for Major Depressive Disorder.” Id.

at 349. Dr. Giardino reported that Jaden “presented with severe anxiety symptoms,

hyperactivity, and attention problems” and “currently meets full diagnostic criteria for

Separation Anxiety Disorder . . . and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.” Id. at

351. Jaliyah, too, “presented with severe anxiety symptoms and met full diagnostic

criteria for Separation Anxiety Disorder.” Id. at 354. Dr. Giardino wrote in summary

that Martinez’s children “depend immensely on their father for emotional and

economic support.” Id. at 357.

       He identified what he saw as the available treatment options for the three

children—again, ages 13, 8, and 6—if their father were removed. These included

measures such as “keep[ing] a journal,” “weekly [counseling] sessions,” and “deep

breathing exercises.” Id. at 350, 355. Dr. Giardino’s “strongest recommendation,”

however, was “that [Martinez] be permitted to remain in the United States . . . to

continue to provide this crucial support to his three children.” Id. at 357.

       IJ: That’s – let’s shoot for an hour. I think that’s plenty of time to establish the
       record, then we’ll see where we are at that point.

       Counsel: Respectfully, Your Honor, [Martinez] has a right to a full . . . hearing --

       IJ: Yes, he does and I have a right to regulate the conduct of these proceedings if I
       think there’s sufficient testimony after an hour, that’ll be it. If not, we can continue.
       Please start.

CAR at 272.

                                                  11
III.   The IJ’s Decision

       On April 13, IJ Conroy issued his written decision. The IJ found that Martinez

testified credibly at the merits hearing but ruled that he was ineligible based on his

failure to satisfy two of the four applicable statutory conditions. See n.2, supra. First, in

light of his past failure to pay taxes and his prior arrests, he did not establish the good

moral character necessary to qualify for cancellation. 12 Second, Martinez failed to

provide sufficient evidence that his removal would cause the requisite “exceptional and

extremely unusual hardship” to his three children. Special Appendix (“SA”) at 22.

       As to the latter, the IJ acknowledged that all three of Martinez’s children suffer

from “symptoms and impairments related to their current and/or possible future

separation from [Martinez],” including “a severe decline in their mental health.” Id. 13

Accepting Dr. Giardino’s report, the IJ further determined that “Emely meets the full

diagnostic criteria for ‘Major Depressive Disorder, Severe, Single Episode’ [], Jaden

meets the full diagnostic criteria for ‘Separation Anxiety Disorder’ [] and ‘Attention

Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Combined Presentation,’[] and Jaliyah, who presented

with severe anxiety symptoms, met the full diagnostic criteria for [Separation Anxiety

Disorder].” Id. The IJ also acknowledged the children’s medical conditions requiring

12Martinez testified that he paid taxes in the United States “once,” about eight years earlier.
CAR at 292. Martinez also advised that he was paid in cash, “off the books” for years, and did
not know whether or not he owed taxes to the U.S. government. Id. at 295. Further, Martinez
was convicted of grand larceny in 1999, driving while impaired by alcohol in 2006, and criminal
possession of a controlled substance in 2007 and 2008. In 2019, he was found guilty of
aggravated driving while impaired with a child passenger.

13In addition, the IJ recognized, “Emely is ‘at risk for long-term personality disturbance in
adulthood,’ . . . Jaden ‘is at risk for the development of more severe behavioral problems in
school,’ and . . . ‘Jaliyah is at risk for the development of a mood disorder.’” SA at 22 (quoting
CAR at 357, Psychological Evaluation by Dr. Giardino).

                                                 12
attention, namely, that “Emely has dental needs and has not been able to get her braces

fixed,” and Jaden “suffers from a ‘perforated tympanic membrane’ of the left ear.” Id.

       The IJ commented that he “sympathizes with the children’s mental health

diagnoses and related symptoms”; nonetheless, he found, Martinez did not “sufficiently

show that their quality of life would be negatively affected as a result of [his] removal in

a way that would rise to the level of exceptional and extremely unusual hardship.” Id.

Pointing to the psychological evaluation by Dr. Giardino, the IJ ruled that “[t]he record .

. . does not suggest, much less establish, that the children would be wholly unable to

access or receive the mental health services/treatments recommended by Dr. Giardino

should [Martinez] be removed to Mexico.” Id. at 23 (emphasis supplied). The IJ

recognized that Martinez was the sole financial provider for the three children but

concluded further that the record did not establish that family or community members,

such as Silva Cadena, who also resides at the two-bedroom apartment, or Nava

Ramirez, who visits the children “once every two weeks or so,” would be sufficiently

unable to support his children in his absence. Id. at 24. In the IJ’s view, “[e]ven

accounting for the financial difficulties [Ochoa] has experienced, or may experience

should [Martinez] be removed to Mexico, the record does not sufficiently show that

other family and/or community members cannot, or would not be able to, provide

support for the children or [their mother] should they require it.” Id. 14

       The IJ then denied Martinez’s application for cancellation of removal and

ordered his removal to Mexico.

14The IJ also rejected Martinez’s argument that the agency lacked jurisdiction over his removal
proceedings because of deficiencies in the NTA, determining that the court’s jurisdiction was
unimpaired because “the NTA was perfected by the issuance of a subsequent Notice of Hearing
[that provided] the missing information.” SA at 6 n.2. As described infra, we agree, and we deny
Martinez’s petition insofar as it presses the jurisdictional argument.

                                              13
IV.    The BIA’s Decision

       Martinez sought review by the BIA, arguing, among other grounds for reversal,

that the IJ erred by denying him a continuance that would have allowed Dr. Giardino

and his three fact witnesses to testify. The BIA affirmed the IJ’s decision and order of

removal, endorsing the IJ’s view that Martinez did not establish exceptional or

extremely unusual hardship to a qualifying relative. It did not address any other

statutory ground for denying cancellation.

       In its analysis of the merits of the IJ’s decision, the BIA first found no clear error

with respect to the IJ’s finding that Martinez’s “children’s medical conditions are not so

serious in nature to rise to the level of exceptional and extremely unusual hardship.” SA

at 2. It agreed with the IJ’s conclusion that “the children can address their mental health

diagnoses with psychological treatment and daily habits, which were recommended by

the children’s psychologist, especially considering that the children will remain in the

United States where this care is available to them.” Id. In addition, it concurred that

Emely’s painful braces “can be addressed with treatment that, although it may not be

immediately financially available to them, may eventually be pursued,” and Jaden’s

“perforate[d] tympanic membrane does not necessitate any medical care at this time.”

Id. Addressing the family’s financial difficulties, the BIA determined in line with the IJ’s

similar findings that Martinez “did not meet his burden, through documentary or

country conditions evidence, to show that he will be unable to find work in Mexico in

order to continue to provide some financial support [to] his family.” Id.

       Turning to the children’s living situation should Martinez be removed, the BIA

also found no clear error in the IJ’s finding that “the children will have familial and

financial support in the United States,” although it acknowledged at the same time that

“[t]he entire family, ten people in total, currently reside in a two-bedroom apartment.”

Id. In particular, the BIA adopted the assessment that “the children’s mother is currently

                                              14
a present part of their lives, and will likely continue to be a constant parental figure.” Id.

It dismissed Martinez’s plea for an opportunity to provide additional live testimony on

the adversity his children would face in his absence—for example, on the incapacity of

their mother and their emotional vulnerability—and proceeded to rule on the record as

it stood that Martinez “ha[d] not established that a qualifying relative would suffer

hardship that is substantially different from, or beyond, that which would normally be

expected from the removal of a parent from the United States.” Id. at 3. 15 With respect to

Martinez’s challenge to the IJ’s denial of a continuance, the BIA determined that

Martinez “has not otherwise identified any additional information his four witnesses

would have provided [that] would have affected the outcome of this case.” Id. at 4.

       Martinez timely petitioned for review. In this Court, he argues that the IJ erred

by ruling on the merits of his exceptional and extremely unusual hardship claim

without allowing a continuance such that his four proffered witnesses could testify in

person. 16 Because we conclude that the agency abused its discretion by denying

15The BIA did not address the IJ’s treatment of other conditions for obtaining cancellation of
removal; for example, the moral character determination or the question whether Martinez
adequately corroborated his request for relief. The BIA also rejected two additional arguments
that Martinez made before the BIA. In its decision, the BIA identified “no judicial misconduct or
prejudice toward [Martinez] that would call into question the fundamental fairness of his
proceedings.” SA at 4. The BIA also concluded that Martinez had not specifically alleged how
he “was prejudiced in such a way that but for the [IJ’s] behavior and alleged due process
violations, there would have been a different outcome.” Id. at 5.

16Martinez also presses his jurisdictional argument, described above, see n.14, supra, regarding
the effect of his deficient NTA. Intervening case law establishes, however, that the IJ had
jurisdiction over Martinez’s removal proceedings. In Pereira v. Sessions, 138 S. Ct. 2105 (2018),
the Supreme Court held that an NTA must include a removal hearing time and place to trigger
the “stop-time rule,” which cuts off a noncitizen’s accrual of continuous physical presence for
purposes of cancellation of removal. See id. at 2110. Less than a year later, we ruled that Pereira’s
holding is limited to the stop-time rule and does not “void jurisdiction in cases in which an NTA
omits a hearing time or place.” Banegas Gomez v. Barr, 922 F.3d 101, 110 (2d Cir. 2019) (emphasis
in original). Two years later, the Supreme Court held in Niz-Chavez v. Garland, 141 S. Ct. 1474

                                                 15
Martinez’s request for a continuance to present this directly relevant and material

testimony, we grant his petition and remand the case for further proceedings.

                                        DISCUSSION

       An IJ may grant a motion for continuance “for good cause shown.” 8 C.F.R.

§ 1003.29. We review the BIA’s decision affirming an IJ’s refusal to grant a continuance

for abuse of discretion. See Sanusi v. Gonzales, 445 F.3d 193, 199 (2d Cir. 2006).

       Martinez invites us to rule that, by refusing to allow his expert and three fact-

witnesses to testify in person, the IJ violated Martinez’s constitutional due process,

statutory, and regulatory rights to present material and relevant testimony. See Lopez-

Umanzor v. Gonzales, 405 F.3d 1049, 1056 (9th Cir. 2005) (“Due process principles

prohibit an IJ from declining to hear relevant testimony because of a prejudgment about

. . . ‘the probative value of [the] testimony.’” (quoting Kaur v. Ashcroft, 388 F.3d 734, 737

(9th Cir. 2004))). We need not go so far, however, to conclude that a remand is

required. 17

(2021), on which Martinez relies, that for stop-time rule purposes a notice that subsequently
provides the time and place of a removal hearing does not cure an NTA that is defective under
Pereira because the applicable statutory provisions require the time and place to appear to be set
forth in a “single document.” 141 S. Ct. at 1480. Last year, however, we ruled that “Banegas
Gomez remains good law even after . . . Niz-Chavez” because “Niz-Chavez did not question
whether jurisdiction had attached, even though the petitioner had not received a single notice
containing the [removal] hearing time and place.” Chery v. Garland, 16 F.4th 980, 987 (2d Cir.
2021). Although Martinez’s September 2019 NTA did not specify the time and date of his initial
hearing, he subsequently received hearing notices providing that information, and he attended
his hearing on the date and at the place specified. Thus, Martinez’s jurisdictional challenge is
now foreclosed.

17On appeal, Martinez also argues that remand is necessary because the IJ misapplied the legal
standard for cancellation of removal and mischaracterized relevant evidence. For the reasons
discussed below, we need not reach these arguments because we conclude that remand is
required for the IJ to consider Martinez’s witnesses’ live testimony in order to have a more
complete record before ruling on the merits of Martinez’s application.

                                               16
       Ordinarily, “IJs are accorded wide latitude in calendar management,” and such

decisions are reviewed “under a highly deferential standard of abuse of discretion.”

Morgan v. Gonzales, 445 F.3d 549, 551 (2d Cir. 2006). Under this standard, “[a]n IJ would

[] abuse his discretion in denying a continuance if (1) [his] decision rests on an error of

law (such as application of the wrong legal principle) or a clearly erroneous factual

finding or (2) [his] decision—though not necessarily the product of a legal error or a

clearly erroneous factual finding—cannot be located within the range of permissible

decisions.” Rajah v. Mukasey, 544 F.3d 449, 453 (2d Cir. 2008) (quoting Morgan, 445 F.3d

at 551–52).

       Here, the IJ rested his denial of the continuance on an assumption that witness

testimony would be unnecessary and then faulted Martinez for perceived gaps in the

record that those witnesses likely would have been able to fill. In the circumstances

presented, we conclude that Martinez has demonstrated that the IJ’s decision fell

outside the range of permissible decisions, as did the BIA’s decision endorsing that

decision. Accordingly, the petition must be granted.

       Despite Martinez’s multiple, well-reasoned attempts to obtain a brief

continuance that would allow him to provide live testimony directly related to one of

the ultimate issues in his application—whether his children would suffer exceptional

and extremely unusual hardship as a result of his removal—the IJ chose to rely on

written statements of those witnesses alone, written statements that the IJ appears to

have not fully read when he denied the requested continuance. Among those

statements that the IJ considered “very detailed” was a one-page handwritten note from

thirteen-year-old Emely. CAR at 261. She wrote that “[t]he past year that I have been

without my dad has been horrible. My dad always used to help me with my homework

. . . and now that he isn’t with us[,] I have been failing most of my classes this year.” Id.

at 376. Her one-page statement did not mention her “deformed” braces or explain the

                                              17
burdens of her newfound responsibility of caring for her younger siblings in her

father’s absence, circumstances that Dr. Giardino’s report referred to, as did Martinez’s

testimony. Yet, the IJ concluded that “the record does not sufficiently show that

[Martinez’s children’s] quality of life would be negatively affected as a result of

[Martinez’s] removal in a way that would rise to the level of exceptional and extremely

unusual hardship[,]”even while denying Emely an opportunity to answer questions

concerning facts omitted from her single-page letter. SA at 22. It strikes us that the IJ

had a duty to inquire of Emely further, as she was willing, and the record provides no

reason to suggest she could not testify. See Yang v. McElroy, 277 F.3d 158, 162 (2d Cir.

2002) (“[T]he IJ whose decision the Board reviews, unlike an Article III judge, is not

merely the fact finder and adjudicator but also has an obligation to establish the

record.”); see also 8 C.F.R. § 1240.1(c) (“The immigration judge shall receive and consider

material and relevant evidence”) (emphasis supplied). 18

       In addition, the IJ placed weight on his observation that the record lacked “a

written statement from [the children’s mother, Ochoa] discussing her financial or other

difficulties” at the same time concluding that “the record does not sufficiently show that

other family and/or community members cannot . . . provide support for the children or

[Ochoa] should they require it.” SA at 24. Silva Cadena’s and Nava Ramirez’s three-

page written statements suggest strongly that both could have provided relevant

additional first-hand testimony concerning the “financial or other difficulties” of Ochoa

and the children that the IJ found lacking in the record and answered the IJ’s questions

in this regard. See, e.g., CAR at 334, Silva Cadena Aff. (“[Ochoa] is very overwhelmed

18Further, consistent with the view of the IJ as an active participant in immigration hearings, the
Immigration Court Practice Manual (a Department of Justice publication) empowers IJs to “ask
questions of the respondent and all witnesses at any time during the hearing.” Immigration
Court Practice Manual § 4.16(e) (2020).

                                                18
taking care of the three kids on her own. I know [she] relies on Emely to look out for her

brother and sister a lot too but she’s only 13 [years old].”); id. at 368, Nava Ramirez Aff.

(“Emely has mentioned she is depressed. [Ochoa] says she doesn’t have time to take her

to therapy[,] but I think [Emely] needs it.”).

       Similarly, the twelve-page report provided by Dr. Giardino offered ample

support for Martinez’s claim that his children would suffer exceptional and extremely

unusual hardship if he were removed. Although the IJ purported to give Dr. Giardino’s

psychological evaluation “full weight,” he identified apparent inconsistences or

omissions in the report. CAR at 256. For instance, the IJ found that Dr. Giardino “did

not indicate” that the children’s mental health symptoms could not be improved

through treatment, despite Dr. Giardino’s clinical prediction that Martinez’s removal

would put the children, already vulnerable, at special risk of developing severe long-

term psychological problems. SA at 22. The record suggests that Dr. Giardino was in a

position to address and elaborate on the issues that the IJ found inadequately

developed in the record and important to his decision to deny relief. The extent to

which Dr. Giardino’s treatment recommendations, such as deep breathing exercises,

would alleviate the risk of severe psychological damage, should have been inquired

into before reaching a conclusion on “exceptional and extremely unusual hardship”—a

determination that we have called “subtle” and described as necessitating careful

factfinding. Mendez v. Holder, 566 F.3d 316, 323 (2d Cir. 2009).

       Our view that the IJ abused his discretion by denying the requested continuance

finds further support in the views of a group of former IJs and former members of the

BIA, who submitted a brief as amicus curiae in support of Martinez. See generally Amicus

Br. of Former Immigration Judges and Members of the Board of Immigration Appeals.

Amici explain persuasively that “live testimony is the primary method of factfinding” in

immigration court and that it is particularly important when it “clarif[ies] expert

                                             19
opinions, and . . . [involves] children who may not be able to prepare thorough written

submissions.” Id. at 4, 8–9. 19

       We are troubled by the IJ’s refusal to hear live testimony especially because, as

described, Martinez sought to present live testimony of certain witnesses who may have

been able to provide the very evidence of hardship that both the IJ and BIA considered

lacking from his application for cancellation. See SA at 3 (“[W]e agree with the [IJ] that

[Martinez] has not established that a qualifying relative would suffer hardship that is

substantially different from, or beyond, that which would normally be expected from

the removal of a parent from the United States.”). Had they been permitted to testify,

Martinez’s expert and fact witnesses would have had an opportunity to clarify whether

unnamed family members who also lived at the two-bedroom apartment could or could

not care for the children in Martinez’s absence. Id. at 26. In addition, Dr. Giardino could

have elaborated on his statement that “[i]t is [] my strongest recommendation that []

Martinez be permitted to remain in the United States in order to continue to provide

this crucial support to his three children[,]” CAR at 357, possibly distinguishing the case

of these three children from that of others. Emely could have described the hardship she

and her siblings have experienced, beyond the one-page letter that she submitted to the

19We reject the government’s argument that we lack jurisdiction to consider the issues raised in
this brief. The government submits that in the agency proceedings, Martinez did not sufficiently
raise before the BIA the argument “that live testimony is necessary to determine hardship,” as
amici assert and as we consider here. Respondent’s Br. at 27 n.5. “[W]e have never held that a
petitioner is limited to the exact contours of his argument below.” Gill v. I.N.S., 420 F.3d 82, 86
(2d Cir. 2005). Rather, we have explained, “§ 1252(d)(1) bars the consideration of bases for relief
that were not raised below, and of general issues that were not raised below, but not of specific,
subsidiary legal arguments, or arguments by extension, that were not made below.” Id.; see 8
U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1). Here, the arguments raised in the brief amicus curiae are legal and
procedural arguments supporting Martinez’s contention that the IJ erroneously denied his
request for a continuance, a contention that Martinez did raise before the BIA. The government
has had an ample chance to respond to the arguments and we reject the effort to foreclose our
consideration of them.

                                                20
IJ. All could potentially have testified to the critical issue of the ability or inability of

Ochoa, the children’s mother, to provide for their basic needs. We see no valid reason to

have denied them the opportunity, after Martinez’s request for a brief continuance.

       The IJ’s comments that the witnesses’ live testimony was unnecessary concern us

particularly in light of his apparent failure to read their statements before presiding over

Martinez’s removal hearing and ruling on his motion to permit live testimony. As

Martinez points out in his petition for review, the record suggests that the IJ had not

read Dr. Giardino’s report before deeming his live testimony duplicative of his written

report. In rejecting Martinez’ request to allow Dr. Giardino to testify by telephone, the IJ

commented, “[Y]ou have a detailed affidavit from him that I can review and that I

assume would cover all the issues.” Id. at 256 (emphasis supplied). We have admonished

that an IJ should not engage in “speculation” or “prejudgment” about a petitioner’s case

and then “refuse[] to hear testimony that would have challenged those assumptions.”

Ali v. Mukasey, 529 F.3d 478, 492 (2d Cir. 2008) (quoting Lopez-Umanzor, 405 F.3d at

1059); see also Rodriguez Galicia v. Gonzales, 422 F.3d 529, 540 (7th Cir. 2005) (holding that

petitioner was denied her right to meaningful opportunity to be heard where expert

witnesses were not permitted to testify, and observing that “[t]he opportunity for the IJ

to ask questions and for the experts to answer . . . could only have been accomplished

with live testimony.”). Here, the IJ appears to have precluded potentially relevant live

testimony after only a cursory review of the witnesses’ written statements. That

restrictive decision runs counter to the IJ’s obligation to build the record before him. See

Yang, 277 F.3d at 162 (“[T]he IJ whose decision the Board reviews, unlike an Article III

judge, is not merely the fact finder and adjudicator but also has an obligation to

establish the record.”).

       This is not to say that an IJ must always permit live testimony or that denying a

continuance to allow for live testimony necessarily constitutes an abuse of discretion.

                                               21
But denials of such requests must be carefully considered and testimonial proffers

reviewed closely before disallowing an opportunity for live testimony, particularly

where an adverse ruling on the very topic of the proposed testimony seems likely. Here,

we observe, the IJ offered no reason for denying the continuance beyond his statement

that the testimony was unnecessary. He did not rule that an adjournment would be

unreasonable, onerous, or prejudicial. Having found the sole basis for this denial to be

erroneous, we readily decide, then, that the IJ exceeded the permissible bounds of his

discretion in the circumstances of this case.

       It is true that the March 4 request for a continuance was not the first made in the

agency proceedings. It is also true that, even if Martinez is able to establish that his

children will experience exceptional and extremely unusual hardship should he be

removed, the agency may still be entitled to deny his application for cancellation based

on a failure to satisfy the statutory good moral character requirement, see n.2, supra, an

alternative ground on which the IJ based his decision. Even so, remand for failure to

provide this single continuance is warranted here. A decision on Martinez’s application

for cancellation will be more properly made on a complete record in which Martinez

has had a full and fair opportunity to address, with live testimony, all of the factors

relevant to his application, and particularly those regarding the emotional and personal

welfare of his three children, the apparent incapacity of their mother, and other

circumstances that could be addressed by Dr. Giardino as well as Emely, Nava Ramirez,

and Silva Cadena. Where the agency relied on the absence of evidence to support its

conclusion and yet denied the petitioner a reasonable opportunity to present relevant

evidence, the ruling cannot stand.

       We therefore conclude that the IJ’s denial of Martinez’s request for a continuance

“cannot be located within the range of permissible decisions” and that the Board erred

when it affirmed that denial. Rajah, 544 F.3d at 453 (internal quotation marks omitted).

                                                22
                                  CONCLUSION

      For the foregoing reasons, the petition for review is GRANTED. The case is

REMANDED to the agency for further consideration of Martinez’s application.

                                         23