Court Opinion

ID: 9353861
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-01-12 22:06:55.819421+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:12:08.965088
License: Public Domain

[Cite as In re J.S., 2023-Ohio-82.]

                                COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                              EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                 COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

IN RE J.S., ET AL.                           :
                                             :
Minor Children                               :           Nos. 111256 and 111258
                                             :
[Appeal by S.S., Mother]                     :

                                 JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION

                 JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
                 RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: January 12, 2023

             Civil Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
                                    Juvenile Division
                       Case Nos. AD20904448 and AD21902244

                                       Appearances:

                 Valore and Gordillo, LLP, and Michael Gordillo, for
                 appellant.

                 Michael C. O’Malley, Cuyahoga County Prosecuting
                 Attorney, and Joseph C. Young, Assistant Prosecuting
                 Attorney, for appellee.

EMANUELLA D. GROVES, J.:

                 Appellant-mother (“Mother”) appeals from the judgment of the

Cuyahoga County Common Pleas Court, Juvenile Division, granting permanent

custody of her minor children, J.S. and M.S., to appellee, the Cuyahoga County
Division of Children and Family Services (“CCDCFS” or the “Agency”). 1 For the

reasons that follow, we affirm the juvenile court’s judgment.

                           Procedural and Factual History

                On April 29, 2020, CCDCFS filed a complaint alleging that J.S., born

April 11, 2020, was an abused and dependent child as defined by R.C. 2151.031(D)

and 2151.04(B). The complaint averred, in part, the following particulars:

       1. Mother has a substance use disorder related to marijuana. The child
       tested positive for marijuana at birth. This is mother’s second child
       who tested positive for marijuana.

       2. Mother lacks the necessary income to provide basic needs for the
       child.

       3. Mother has three other children who were previously adjudicated
       and are no longer in her custody due in part to mother’s substance use
       disorder, financial instability, untreated mental health issues, and lack
       of housing. Two children were committed to the legal custody of their
       paternal grandmother. The other child was committed to a step
       grandfather. See Case Nos. AD17903644, AD17907121, and
       AD17908415.

       4. Mother has prior convictions for forgery and theft, for which she
       served a period of incarceration. See Cuyahoga County Case No.: CR-
       15-600885-E.

       5. Alleged father, [D.S.], lacks the necessary income to provide basic
       needs for the child. 2

       6. Alleged father, [D.S.], has failed to establish paternity.

       7. Alleged father, John Doe, has failed to establish paternity and has
       failed to support, visit, or communicate with the child since birth.

       1   The juvenile court issued two judgment entries: one for each child.

       2 The alleged father, D.S. (“Alleged Father”), is not a party to this appeal, but will
be referenced in the discussion to provide context.
            Along with the complaint, CCDCFS also filed a motion for

predispositional temporary custody of J.S. to the agency. Following a hearing held

on May 26, 2020, the juvenile court granted the motion and J.S. was placed in the

predispositional temporary custody of CCDCFS.

             The agency developed a case plan to assist Mother in remedying the

issues that led to J.S.’s removal. Specifically, the case plan was geared towards

addressing Mother’s challenges with substance abuse, mental health, parenting,

housing, and providing for the child’s basic needs.       On September 10, 2020,

following a hearing where Mother stipulated to an amended complaint, the juvenile

court adjudicated J.S. abused and dependent and placed the child in the Agency’s

temporary custody.

            On March 24, 2021, while Mother’s case involving J.S. was pending,

CCDCFS filed a separate complaint, for abuse and dependency, relating to another

child of Mother. That child, M.S., was born prematurely, on February 17, 2021, at

approximately 26 weeks gestation, with significant medical challenges.

             That complaint averred, in part, the following particulars:

      1. Mother has a substance abuse issue related to marijuana that
      interferes with her ability to care for the child. M.S.’s meconium tested
      positive for marijuana at birth. This is mother’s third child who tested
      positive for marijuana at birth.

      2. Mother lacks the necessary income and the ability to meet the basic
      needs of the infant.

      3. Mother has mental health diagnoses of depression and anxiety that
      interfere with her ability to care for the child.
      4. Mother has four other children who were previously adjudicated and
      are not in her custody due in part to mother’s issue with substance
      abuse and mental health. Three of the children were committed to the
      legal custody of relatives. See Case Nos. AD17903644, AD17907121,
      and AD17908415. The fourth child is in the temporary custody of
      CCDCFS and a motion for permanent custody is pending. See Case No.
      AD20904448.

      5. Alleged father, [D.S.], has not yet established paternity.

      6. [D.S.] lacks the necessary income and the ability to meet the basic
      needs of an infant.

      7. [D.S.] has another child who was adjudicated and committed to the
      temporary custody of CCDCFS. A motion for permanent custody is
      pending. See Case No. AD20904448.

      8. Alleged father, John Doe, has failed to establish paternity and has
      failed to support, visit, or communicate with the child since birth.

             CCDCFS filed a contemporaneous motion for permanent custody of

M.S. In the affidavit filed in support of CCDCFS’s motion, caseworker Deja Arthur

(“Arthur”) averred in pertinent part, as follows:

      1. M.S. was born premature on February 17, 2021 and is medically
      fragile due to being born premature.

      2. Mother has mental health diagnoses of depression and anxiety that
      interfere with her ability to care for the child.

      3. Mother has four other children who were previously adjudicated and
      are not in her custody due in part to mother’s issues with substance
      abuse and mental health. Three of the children were committed to the
      legal custody of relatives. See Case Nos. AD17903644, AD17907121,
      and AD17908415. The fourth child is in the temporary custody of
      CCDCFS and a motion for permanent custody is pending. See Case No.
      AD20904448.

      4. Alleged father, [D.S.], has not yet established paternity.

      5. [D.S.] is currently unemployed.
      6. [D.S.] has another child who was adjudicated and committed to the
      temporary custody of CCDCFS. A motion for permanent custody is
      pending. See Case No. AD20904448.

      7. Alleged father [D.S.], has pending charges of gross sexual imposition,
      importuning, public indecency, and endangering children. A sibling of
      M.S. was the alleged victim while on a visit with mother at the home
      she shares with [D.S.]. See Case No. CR-21-661303-A.

      8. Alleged father, John Doe, has failed to establish paternity and has
      failed to support, visit, or communicate with the child since birth.

             As was done with J.S., the juvenile court also placed M.S. in the

predispositional temporary custody of CCDCFS.

             On the same day that the complaint for abuse and dependency

concerning M.S. was filed, CCDCFS also filed a motion to modify temporary custody

of J.S. to permanent custody. In support of that motion, CCDCFS asserted that the

conditions listed in R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a) existed and that one or more of the factors

listed in R.C. 2151.414(E) applied to the parents at issue. Additionally, CCDCFS

asserted that after considering all relevant factors, including those listed at R.C.

2151.414(D)(1)(a)-(e), the evidence to be presented would establish clearly and

convincingly that an award of permanent custody was in J.S.’s best interest.

               In the affidavit filed in support of CCDCFS’s motion, caseworker Halli

Martin (“Martin”) averred in pertinent part, as follows:

      1. I was assigned the case on or about March 5, 2021.

      2. The child was committed to the emergency custody of CCDCFS
      pursuant to an order journalized on May 5, 2020.

       3. The child was adjudicated dependent, pursuant to an order
      journalized on September 10, 2020.
      4. The child was committed to the temporary custody of CCDCFS
      pursuant to an order journalized on September 10, 2020.

      5. A case plan was filed with Juvenile Court and approved which
      required that mother was to complete a psychological assessment and
      follow all recommendations, engage in substance abuse services,
      complete parenting classes, obtain and maintain stable housing and
      provide for the basic needs of the child.

      6. Mother is not compliant with case plan services.

      7. Mother has three other children who were previously adjudicated
      and are no longer in her custody due in part to mother’s substance use
      disorder, financial instability, untreated mental health issues, and lack
      of housing. Two children were committed to the legal custody of their
      paternal grandmother. The other child was committed to the legal
      custody of a step grandmother.            See case nos. AD17903644,
      AD17907121, and AD17908415.

      8. A case plan was filed with Juvenile Court and approved which
      required that alleged father, [D.S.] was to engage in substance abuse
      services, complete parenting classes, obtain and maintain stable
      housing and provide for the basic needs of the child.

      9. Alleged father, [D.S.] has not established paternity and is not
      compliant with case plan services.

      10. Alleged father, John Doe, has failed to establish paternity and has
      failed to support, visit, or communicate with the child since birth.

              On January 3, 2022, the scheduled date for the dispositional hearing

concerning J.S., both Mother and Father stipulated to the Agency’s amended

complaint for abuse and dependency concerning M.S. Among the stipulations were

that “Mother has mental health diagnoses of depression and anxiety that interfere

with her ability to care for the child.” Both also stipulated that “[a]lleged father,

[D.S.] has pending charges of gross sexual imposition, importuning, public

indecency, and endangering children. A sibling of M.S. was the alleged victim while
on a visit with mother at the home she shares with [D.S.].” See Case No. CR-

21661303-A.

              Following the stipulations, the juvenile court adjudicated M.S. a

dependent child.    Thereafter, by agreement of the parties, both matters were

consolidated for disposition. The dispositional hearing commenced the same day.

                             Dispositional Hearing

              At the hearing, CCDCFS presented the testimony of Sara Massey

(“Massey”), a Private Practice Clinician at New Leaf Counseling, LLC. Massey

testified that she was formerly employed as a Court Clinician with Cuyahoga County,

and CCDCFS referred Mother for a mental-health evaluation. Massey testified that

the Agency requested the evaluation because of their concerns about Mother’s

cognitive functions, mental health, and trauma history. As part of the evaluation,

Massey requested medical records from University Hospitals and the Centers for

Family and Children (the “Centers”).         Massey also interviewed Mother and

conducted a number of psychological tests.

              Massey noted that although the medical records indicated that the

children tested positive for marijuana at birth, Mother was adamant that she was

not using marijuana and insisted the test was a false-positive. During the evaluation,

Mother admitted to ongoing depression, trouble with moodiness, and sadness.

During the evaluation, Mother alluded to wishing that she had died during the birth

of M.S. Mother reported a prior diagnosis of bipolar disorder, was prescribed Zoloft,

and that she had previously engaged in mental-health services.
               Massey testified that, based on the contents of the medical records,

she discussed the negative genetic impact on the children because of the familial

connection with Alleged Father. Mother did not seem to appreciate that the family

connection was a possible cause of some of the children’s medical challenges.

Massey noted that Mother indicated that due to separation during childhood, she

did not know that the Alleged Father was her first cousin until after they had begun

a romantic relationship. Mother admitted that she was aware they were first cousins

prior to the birth of their second child.

               Massey testified that Mother completed the Wechsler Abbreviated

Scale of Intelligence Test, which looks at verbal comprehension and perceptual

reasoning. Mother overall score was 78, which would be considered within the

borderline range of intellectual functioning. Mother scored much lower on verbal

comprehension, when compared to her perceptual reasoning, and acknowledged

challenges reading and understanding written words. Massey also conducted the

Wide Range Achievement Test to gauge Mother’s level of reading. That test revealed

that Mother read at a seventh-grade level.

               Massey testified that she conducted the Substance Abuse Subtle

Screening Inventory test, designed to evaluate whether Mother was likely to meet

the criteria for substance use diagnoses. At the time Massey did not make a referral

for substance abuse, because the medical records received indicated that Mother

was compliant with her substance-abuse treatment.
                Massey testified that based on her evaluation, she diagnosed Mother

with bipolar disorder and major depression. Massey recommended that Mother

meet with a psychiatrist to evaluate whether her current medication was appropriate

and if additional medication was needed to manage Mother’s symptoms. Massey

also recommended that Mother participate in individual counseling to better

understand her symptoms, so that she could be able to respond more appropriately

to life’s stressors.

                Massey also recommended parenting classes so that Mother could

better understand the needs of the children, specifically their medical needs, if they

were reunited.         Given Mother’s verbal comprehension challenges, Massey

recommended that Mother utilized a case manager or community resource, if

reunited with the children. Massey deemed the parenting component to be very

crucial because of the children’s severe medical condition.

                 Massey testified that parenting classes were necessary because, at the

time of the evaluation, there was an active allegation that the Alleged Father had

engaged in inappropriate sexual conduct with one of Mother’s older children.

Massey noted that Mother adamantly denied that this occurred and did not

appreciate the need to provide any additional safety precautions, given the

allegation.

                CCDCFS also presented the testimony of Arthur, an Extended Service

Worker, whose testimony conformed to the affidavits provided in support of the

respective motions for permanent custody. Arthur testified about the case plan
developed to assist Mother and Alleged Father to remedy the issues that prompted

the Agency’s involvement. Arthur noted that Mother’s case plan objectives were

designed to address issues of mental health, substance abuse, parenting skills, stable

housing, and employment.

               Arthur testified the Agency referred Mother to the Centers to address

issues with substance abuse.      Arthur noted that Mother completed intensive

outpatient treatment (“IOP”) in September 2021. As part of the referral, Mother was

required to submit random weekly drug screens. Arthur noted that Mother did not

submit consecutive drug screens. Instead, Mother routinely missed weeks or failed

to comply within the requested 24-hour window. Arthur testified that Mother tested

positive for alcohol in October 2021, submitted a drug screen in November 2021,

which was negative, and submitted another drug screen in December 2021, but that

result was still pending.

               Arthur testified that the Agency also referred Mother to the Centers

for mental-health services. Arthur noted that based on correspondence from the

Centers, Mother had only completed the mental-health assessment. There was no

indication that Mother had availed herself of any additional mental-health services.

               Arthur testified that Mother was referred to the Ohio Guidestone

Nurturing Parenting Program (“Guidestone”). Arthur noted that Guidestone’s

counselor reported that Mother was not compliant. The counselor also noted that

due to routinely missing appointments, Mother had not completed Guidestone’s

three-month program.
               Arthur testified that the Agency referred the Alleged Father to the

Centers for mental health and substance-abuse services. Arthur noted that the

Alleged Father had not engaged in any case-plan services. Arthur noted that Mother

and the Alleged Father were still in a relationship with each other, that they had

visited the children minimally, and that the visits were primarily virtually.

               Arthur testified that because both children were born prematurely,

there were attendant severe medical challenges. M.S.’s situation was even more

complicated, given cardiac, pulmonary, and optical challenges.         M.S. required

abundant physical and occupational therapies, as well as the care of an

ophthalmologist. Arthur testified that both were in the care of very attentive and

engaged foster parents. Arthur noted that although the foster parents have invited

Mother to attend M.S.’s many appointments, Mother failed to attend any.

              Based on the foregoing, Arthur recommended that the juvenile court

grant the Agency’s respective motions for permanent custody.

               The children’s guardian ad litem, Harvey E. Tessler (the “GAL”), who

previously filed written reports, likewise recommending that permanent custody be

granted to the agency, verbally indicated that his sentiments favoring a grant of

permanent custody to the agency had not changed. The GAL noted that M.S.’s

intense medical needs were hard to imagine. A review of the filed report provides

illumination as follows:

      M.S. was a premature baby, having a massive Grade 4 bleeding on the
      brain * * * weighing less than two pounds at birth. * * * [A]s a result of
      the severe brain bleed, part of her brain is dead and * * * she has
      between 70 to 80% chance of having cerebral palsy. * * * [M.S.]
      receives regular treatment from her pediatrician, ophthalmologist,
      cardiologist, geneticist, neonatologist, pulmonologist, and neurologist.
      She is also involved in early childhood intervention/Help Me Grow and
      has in home services for physical therapy and is on the wait list for
      speech and occupational therapy. She is immuno-compromised * * *
      has conditions with her lungs, heart, and may have dwarfism.

              The GAL further noted that M.S. had been with the same foster family

since her release from the hospital. The foster parents have had 60 hours of

specialized training and during M.S.’s three-month hospital stay, were taught by the

healthcare professionals how to specifically care for M.S.

               Pertinent to J.S., the GAL’s written report noted that J.S. was also

born premature, with bleeding on the brain and with a slow heart rate. J.S. was in

foster care, with the same foster family for more than a year and was thriving.

              On January 6, 2022, the juvenile court journalized entries

terminating all parental rights and ordered the children placed in the permanent

custody of CCDCFS.

              Mother now appeals and raises the following sole assignment of error

for our review:

                              Assignment of Error

      The trial court’s award of permanent custody and termination of
      appellant’s parental rights is against the manifest weight of the
      evidence.
                                Law and Analysis

              In her sole assignment of error, Mother argues the juvenile court

erred in granting permanent custody to the agency because the decision is against

the manifest weight of the evidence.

               At the outset, we note, it is well established that a parent has a

fundamental right to raise and care for his or her child. In re L.M., 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 106072, 2018-Ohio-963, citing In re C.F., 113 Ohio St.3d 73, 2007-

Ohio-1104, 862 N.E.2d 816, ¶ 28; In re K.H., 119 Ohio St.3d 538, 2008-Ohio-4825,

895 N.E.2d 809, ¶ 40. We recognize that termination of parental rights is “the

family law equivalent of the death penalty in a criminal case.” In re V.C., 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga Nos. 102903, 103061, and 103367, 2015-Ohio-4991, citing In re J.B., 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98546, 2013-Ohio-1704, ¶ 66, quoting In re Hoffman, 97 Ohio

St.3d 92, 2002-Ohio-5368, 776 N.E.2d 485, ¶ 14.

              An appellate court will not reverse a juvenile court’s decision awarding

permanent custody to an agency if the judgment is supported by clear and

convincing evidence. In re J.M-R., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98902, 2013-Ohio-1560,

¶ 28. “Clear and convincing evidence” is that measure or degree of proof that is more

than a “preponderance of the evidence,” but does not rise to the level of certainty

required by the “beyond a reasonable doubt” standard in criminal cases. In re K.S.,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 109928, 2021-Ohio-694, ¶ 15, citing In re M.S., 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga Nos. 101693 and 101694, 2015-Ohio-1028, ¶ 8, citing In re Awkal, 95

Ohio App.3d 309, 315, 642 N.E.2d 424 (8th Dist.1994), citing Lansdowne v. Beacon
Journal Publishing Co., 32 Ohio St.3d 176, 180-181, 512 N.E.2d 979 (1987). It

“produces in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the facts

sought to be established.” In re K.S. at ¶ 15, citing In re M.S. at ¶ 18.

               The termination of parental rights is governed by R.C. 2151.414. In

re M.H., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 80620, 2002-Ohio-2968, ¶ 22. R.C. 2151.414 sets

forth a two-part test courts must apply when deciding whether to award permanent

custody to a public services agency.

                    First Prong: R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a)-(e)

               Under the first prong, the juvenile court must find by clear and

convincing evidence one of the following five factors:

      (a) The child is not abandoned or orphaned, has not been in the
      temporary custody of one or more public children services agencies or
      private child placing agencies for twelve or more months of a
      consecutive twenty-two-month period, or has not been in the
      temporary custody of one or more public children services agencies or
      private child placing agencies for twelve or more months of a
      consecutive twenty-two-month period if, as described in division (D)(1)
      of section 2151.413 of the Revised Code, the child was previously in the
      temporary custody of an equivalent agency in another state, and the
      child cannot be placed with either of the child’s parents within a
      reasonable time or should not be placed with the child’s parents.

      (b) The child is abandoned.

      (c) The child is orphaned, and there are no relatives of the child who
      are able to take permanent custody.

      (d) The child has been in the temporary custody of one or more public
      children services agencies or private child placing agencies for twelve
      or more months of a consecutive twenty-two-month period, or the child
      has been in the temporary custody of one or more public children
      services agencies or private child placing agencies for twelve or more
      months of a consecutive twenty-two-month period and, as described in
      division (D)(1) of section 2151.413 of the Revised Code, the child was
         previously in the temporary custody of an equivalent agency in another
         state.

         (e) The child or another child in the custody of the parent or parents
         from whose custody the child has been removed has been adjudicated
         an abused, neglected, or dependent child on three separate occasions
         by any court in this state or another state.

R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a)-(e).

                    Only one of the factors must be present for the first prong of the

permanent custody analysis to be satisfied. In re S.S., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

109356, 2020-Ohio-3039, ¶ 28, citing In re L.W., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 104881,

2017-Ohio-657, ¶ 28.

                    In this matter, the juvenile court found, pursuant to R.C.

2151.414(B)(1)(a), that the children could not be placed with either parent within a

reasonable time or should not be placed with either parent.3

                    In assessing whether a child cannot be placed with either of the

child’s parents within a reasonable time or should not be placed with the child’s

parents under R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a), a juvenile court must consider the factors

outlined in R.C. 2151.414(E). In re A.V., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101391, 2014-Ohio-

5348, ¶ 58; In re R.M., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 98065 and 98066, 2012-Ohio-4290,

¶ 14; In re B.P., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 107732 and 107735, 2019-Ohio-2919, ¶ 13.

                   A juvenile court is only required to find that one of these factors is met

in order to properly find that a child cannot or should not be placed with a parent.

         3   The findings set forth in this decision refers to both children, unless specifically
noted.
In re Ca.T., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 108969, 2020-Ohio-579, ¶ 27, citing In re V.C.,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 102903, 103061, and 103367, 2015-Ohio-4991, ¶ 42.

              Pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(E)(1), the juvenile court found that

      following the placement of the child outside the child’s home and
      notwithstanding reasonable case planning and diligent efforts by the
      agency to assist and remedy the problems that initially caused the child
      to be placed outside the home, [Mother and Alleged Father] have failed
      continuously and repeatedly to substantially remedy the conditions
      causing the child to be placed outside the child’s home

              Pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(E)(4), the juvenile court found that

      [Mother and Alleged Father] have demonstrated a lack of commitment
      toward the [children] by failing to regularly support, visit, or
      communicate with the [children] when able to do so, or by other actions
      showing an unwillingness to provide an adequate permanent home for
      the child.

              Pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(E)(16), regarding any other factor the

Court finds relevant, the juvenile court found that

      Mother has four other children who are not in her custody. Alleged
      Father has another child who was adjudicated on today’s date and this
      Court placed that child in the permanent custody of CCDCFS following
      the joint dispositional hearing with this child.

              Pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(E)(16), and specifically regarding M.S., the

juvenile court found that

      Mother and Alleged Father have failed to receive any training to care
      for the child’s extensive medical needs. Mother and Alleged Father
      have failed to attend the child’s medical appointments and they have
      only visited with the child three times since she has come into Agency
      custody * * *.

              Notably, and specifically regarding J.S., the juvenile court found that

       Mother and Alleged Father have not made significant progress on the
      case plan, as required by ORC 2151.415(D)(1) and therefore a first
      extension of temporary custody cannot be ordered and would not be in
      the best interest of the child[ren]. Additionally, time has elapsed for a
      first extension and the Court finds that the Mother and Alleged Father
      have not made substantial additional progress on the case plan, as
      required by ORC 2151.415(D)(2) and therefore a second extension
      cannot be ordered and would not be in the best interest of the
      child[ren].

              Indeed, the juvenile court’s finding above is supported by clear and

convincing evidence.    Arthur provided exhaustive testimony that the agency

developed a case plan designed to remedy the issues that led to their involvement

with the children. Yet, the overwhelming evidence established that Mother failed to

commit to the case plan’s objectives geared to addressing substance abuse, mental

health, and parenting concerns. It is undisputed, despite Mother’s contentions to

the contrary, that she did not consistently engage in and therefore could not benefit

from the very services designed to achieve reunification of Mother and children.

              Additionally, although Mother completed the IOP, she did not follow

through with aftercare. Mother compounded the situation by failing to consistently

submit to the agency’s random drug screens. Further, Mother failed to fully embrace

the importance of addressing her mental health. Again, although Mother completed

the mental-health assessment, she never followed through with the recommended

services.

              The above sampling clearly demonstrates that the children could not

be placed with Mother within a reasonable time or should not be placed with

Mother. As such, there is no dispute that the juvenile court’s finding pursuant to

R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a), is supported by the record.
               Our review of the record reveals that the juvenile court’s findings

under the first prong are supported by competent and credible evidence. Finding

no error with the juvenile court’s findings under the first prong, we consider the

court’s finding under the second prong.

                        Second Prong: R.C. 2151.414(D)

              The second prong also requires the juvenile court to find by clear and

convincing evidence that granting permanent custody to the agency is in the best

interest of the child. We review a trial court’s best-interest determination under R.C.

2151.414(D) for an abuse of discretion. In re D.A., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 95188,

2010-Ohio-5618, ¶ 47. In this regard, ‘“[a] trial court’s failure to base its decision

on a consideration of the best interests of the child constitutes an abuse of

discretion.”’ In re N.B., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101390, 2015-Ohio-314, ¶ 60.

               R.C. 2151.414(D)(1) sets forth best-interest factors that the court must

consider when making the best-interest determination under R.C. 2151.414(D)(1),

including

      (a) The interaction and interrelationship of the child with the child’s
      parents, siblings, relatives, foster caregivers and out-of-home
      providers, and any other person who may significantly affect the child;

      (b) The wishes of the child * * *;

      (c) The custodial history of the child, including whether the child has
      been in the temporary custody of one or more public children services
      agencies or private child placing agencies for twelve or more months of
      a consecutive twenty-two-month period * * *;

      (d) The child’s need for a legally secure permanent placement and
      whether that type of placement can be achieved without a grant of
      permanent custody to the agency;
      (e) Whether any of the factors in divisions (E)(7) to (11) of this section
      apply in relation to the parents and child.

               The juvenile court has considerable discretion in weighing these

factors. In re D.A. at ¶ 47. Although a trial court is required to consider each relevant

factor under R.C. 2151.414(D)(1) in making a determination regarding permanent

custody, “there is not one element that is given greater weight than the others

pursuant to the statute.” In re Schaefer, 111 Ohio St.3d 498, 2006-Ohio-5513, 857

N.E.2d 532, ¶ 56. Moreover, “[R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)] requires a weighing of all the

relevant factors * * * [and] requires the court to find the best option for the child

* * *.” Id. at ¶ 64.

               Further, the Ohio Supreme Court, in In re A.M., 166 Ohio St.3d 127,

2020-Ohio-5102, 184 N.E.3d 1, held that R.C. 2151.414(D)(1) does not require a

juvenile court to expressly discuss each of the best-interest factors in R.C.

2151.414(D)(1)(a) through (e). Id. at ¶ 31. Consideration is all the statute requires.

Although a reviewing court must be able to discern from the magistrate’s or juvenile

court’s decision, and the court’s judgment entry, that the court satisfied the statutory

requirement that it consider the enumerated factors, we may not graft onto the

statute a requirement that the court include in its decision a written discussion of or

express findings regarding each of the best-interest factors. Id.

               We begin our inquiry into the second prong by noting the juvenile

court articulated that it considered the relevant factors set forth under R.C.
2151.414(D)(1) when assessing the child’s best interests. The record before us

indicates that the juvenile court satisfied the statutory requirements herein.

              Specifically, under subsection (a), the juvenile court found that

      [J.S.] has been residing with current caregiver since release from the
      hospital after birth. [J.S.] has a significant bond with foster mother,
      foster brother and foster mother’s mother.

      ***

      [M.S.] is bonded with caregivers and other children in the caregiver’s
      home.

              Under subsection (b), the juvenile court found that the children are

“too young to express [their] wishes. GAL recommends permanent custody.”

               Under subsection (c), the juvenile court found that

      [J.S.] has never resided with mother or alleged father. [J.S.] came into
      Agency custody shortly after birth and has been raised by the current
      caregiver.

      ***

      [M.S.] came into Agency custody shortly after birth. Upon release from
      NICU, [M.S.] has been residing with current caregivers.

              Under subsection(d), the juvenile court found that

      [J.S.] deserves a safe and stable environment where his basic needs can
      be met, and he can thrive. This cannot be achieved with either parent
      as Alleged Father has failed to participate in any case plan services.
      Mother has participated in some services but has failed to complete
      services and/or show a benefit from services. Mother and Alleged
      Father only visited with [J.S.] approximately three times, virtually,
      during [J.S.’s] first year of life.

      ***

      [M.S.] deserves a safe and stable environment where her basic needs
      and extensive medical needs can be met. This cannot be achieved with
      either parent as they have not received any training as it relates to the
      care of [M.S.], as Alleged Father has failed to participate in any case
      plan services. Mother has participated in some but has failed to
      complete services and/or show a benefit from services. Mother and
      Alleged Father have only visited with [M.S.], virtually, three times in
      approximately 9 months.

               Under subsection (e), the juvenile court found, which we noted

earlier, that Mother had four other children who were not in her custody. In

addition, Alleged Father had another child who had been adjudicated dependent

and had been placed in the permanent custody of CCDCFS.

              Undeniably,      the   trial   court’s   best-interest   determination

encapsulated above, was supported by competent and credible evidence. Our review

reflects that the best-interest factors that the juvenile court must consider under the

second prong was contained in the record. As such, we conclude that the juvenile

court’s termination of parental rights and award of permanent custody was

supported by clear and convincing evidence. Therefore, contrary to Mother’s

assertion, the juvenile court’s decision was not against the manifest weight of the

evidence.

               Moreover, as recognized, all children have “‘the right, if possible, to

parenting from either natural or adoptive parents which provides support, care,

discipline, protection and motivation.’” In re S.B., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 110016

and 110017, 2021-Ohio-1091, ¶ 35, citing In re J.B. at ¶ 66, quoting In re Hitchcock,

120 Ohio App.3d 88, 102, 696 N.E.2d 1090 (8th Dist.1996). Where parental rights

are terminated, the goal is to create “a more stable life” for dependent children and
to “facilitate adoption to foster permanency for children.” Id., citing In re N.B. at

¶ 67, citing In re Howard, 5th Dist. Tuscarawas No. 85 A10-077, 1986 Ohio App.

LEXIS 7860, 5 (Aug. 1, 1986). The record here demonstrates that the trial court

sought to fulfill that goal.

                Accordingly, we overrule the sole assignment of error.

                Judgment affirmed.

       It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.

       The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

       It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the

common pleas court, juvenile division, to carry this judgment into execution.

       A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27

of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

_________________________
EMANUELLA D. GROVES, JUDGE

ANITA LASTER MAYS, A.J., and
MARY J. BOYLE, J., CONCUR