Court Opinion

ID: 9964582
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-04-30 14:14:52.737719+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:25:35.946825
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

            Present: Judges AtLee, Ortiz and Lorish
PUBLISHED

            Argued at Richmond, Virginia

            DAWN LEWIS WILLIAMS                                                 OPINION BY
                                                                            JUDGE LISA M. LORISH
            v.     Record No. 1201-22-2                                        APRIL 30, 2024

            COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

                       FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF CHARLOTTESVILLE
                                         Richard E. Moore, Judge

                           Seth R. Carroll (Melisa Azak; Commonwealth Law Group, PLLC,
                           on briefs), for appellant.
                           Laura H. Cahill, Assistant Attorney General (Jason S. Miyares,
                           Attorney General; Charles H. Slemp III, Chief Deputy Attorney
                           General; Maria N. Wittmann, Deputy Attorney General; Richard
                           C. Vorhis, Senior Assistant Attorney General, on briefs), for
                           appellee.

                   While in the custody of the Virginia Department of Corrections (“VDOC”), Dawn

            Williams was injured and sent a notice of tort claim to the Office of the Attorney General. She

            then filed an initial complaint seeking relief under the Virginia Tort Claims Act (“VTCA”), but

            after she was released from prison, she nonsuited her first action and filed a new complaint. The

            VTCA waives the Commonwealth’s sovereign immunity under certain circumstances, permitting

            plaintiffs to bring tort suits against the Commonwealth. But the VTCA specifically excludes

            from recovery “[a]ny claim by an inmate of a state correctional facility” unless the “claimant

            verifies under oath, by affidavit, that he has exhausted his remedies” under the VDOC grievance

            process. Code § 8.01-195.3. We hold that the VTCA requires a reviewing court to assess

            whether a claimant is an inmate when the complaint was filed. If so, the claimant must have

            exhausted her remedies. Because the operative complaint here was filed when Williams was no
longer an inmate, the VTCA’s exclusion does not apply. We also find that Williams’s notices of

claim were sufficient under the VTCA. We therefore reverse the circuit court’s order sustaining

the Commonwealth’s plea in bar and dismissing Williams’s complaint.

                                        BACKGROUND1

       On October 11, 2018, while incarcerated at Fluvanna Correctional Center (“Fluvanna”),

Williams was scheduled to attend a medical appointment at UVA Health University Hospital

(“UVA Hospital”). Williams required handicap-equipped transportation to take her from

Fluvanna to the appointment. The VDOC officers assigned to transport Williams informed her

that a handicap-equipped van was unavailable and that they would instead use a standard

transport van. Because Williams had difficulty safely loading herself into the van while

shackled, the officers overseeing her transportation requested, and received, authorization to

unshackle her so that she could help pull herself inside. When the van arrived at the hospital,

one officer called again to request permission to unshackle Williams so she could help herself

out of the van. But because they were running late for the appointment, another officer did not

wait. Instead, this officer tried to pull Williams out of the van while she was still shackled. The

officer lost her balance, fell down, and pulled Williams down with her. As a result, Williams

injured several joints.

       In August 2019, Williams filed, pro se, a handwritten notice of claim with the Office of

the Attorney General indicating that she intended to sue VDOC for causing her injuries. She

subsequently retained an attorney, who filed “further notice” of her claim with the Attorney

General on October 8, 2019.

       1
        We recite the facts as pleaded in the complaint. See Massenburg v. City of Petersburg,
298 Va. 212, 216 (2019).
                                               -2-
       While still incarcerated, Williams filed her first complaint in the Fluvanna Circuit Court a

few months later. She alleged that the Commonwealth was liable for the injuries she sustained

while being transported to the hospital and sought relief under the VTCA. She did not file an

affidavit stating that she had exhausted her remedies under the VDOC’s inmate grievance

procedures. In response, the Commonwealth filed a plea in bar asserting sovereign immunity.

       Before the court ruled on the pending plea in bar, Williams was released from prison. In

July 2020, she nonsuited her original action, and refiled her complaint in the Charlottesville

Circuit Court a month later, again seeking recovery under the VTCA. The Commonwealth filed

another plea in bar asserting that the VTCA did not waive the Commonwealth’s sovereign

immunity because Williams asserted a “claim by an inmate” under Code § 8.01-195.3(7) and she

had not attached an affidavit stating that she exhausted administrative remedies through the

VDOC grievance process. The Commonwealth also argued that her notices of claim failed to

meet the statutory requirements of Code § 8.01-195.6(A). The circuit court agreed on both

fronts, sustaining the Commonwealth’s plea in bar and dismissing the complaint.

       Williams timely appeals.

                                            ANALYSIS

       Williams asks us to reverse the circuit court’s decision to sustain the Commonwealth’s

plea in bar based on its claim of sovereign immunity. Where, as here, “no evidence is taken in

support of a plea in bar, the trial court, and the appellate court upon review, consider solely the

pleadings in resolving the issue presented.” Massenburg v. City of Petersburg, 298 Va. 212, 216

(2019). “The facts as stated in the pleadings by the plaintiff are taken as true for the purpose of

resolving the special plea.” Gray v. Va. Sec’y of Transp., 276 Va. 93, 97 (2008) (quoting Niese

v. City of Alexandria, 264 Va. 230, 233 (2002)). To determine whether the Commonwealth

                                                -3-
waived sovereign immunity here, we must interpret several sections of the VTCA, a task we take

up de novo. Wright v. Commonwealth, 278 Va. 754, 759 (2009).

                      I. The exhaustion requirement of Code § 8.01-195.3(7)

       “The Commonwealth and its agencies are immune from liability for the tortious acts or

omissions of their agents and employees in the absence of an express constitutional or statutory

waiver of sovereign immunity.” Billups v. Carter, 268 Va. 701, 707 (2004). The VTCA

generally waives the Commonwealth’s sovereign immunity for claims for money “on account of

damage to or loss of property or personal injury or death caused by the negligent or wrongful act

or omission of any employee while acting within the scope of his employment.” Code

§ 8.01-195.3. But the VTCA excludes recovery for certain claims, including “claim[s] by an

inmate of a state correctional facility, as defined in § 53.1-1, unless the claimant verifies under

oath, by affidavit, that he has exhausted his remedies under the adult institutional inmate

grievance procedures promulgated by the Department of Corrections.” Code § 8.01-195.3(7).

Initiating the institutional inmate grievance procedure tolls “the time for filing the notice of tort

claim . . . during the pendency of the grievance procedure.” Id. Thus, the VTCA “partially

waives sovereign immunity” for “state prisoners” who comply with the exhaustion requirements

of Code § 8.01-195.3(7), but it does not waive immunity for claims by inmates who do not.

AlBritton v. Commonwealth, 299 Va. 392, 399 (2021).

       Along with excluding certain claims, the statute imposes procedural requirements on

claimants. To assert a “claim cognizable against the Commonwealth,” a plaintiff must first file a

“notice of claim” with the Director of the Division of Risk Management or the Attorney General;

otherwise, her claim “shall be forever barred.” Code § 8.01-195.6(A)-(B). The notice of claim

must be “a written statement of the nature of the claim” that both describes the “time and place at

which the injury occurred” and designates the agency or agencies the plaintiff seeks to hold

                                                 -4-
liable for the injury. Code § 8.01-195.6(A). The VTCA also requires that the notice of claim be

filed “within one year after such cause of action accrued.” Id.

       The specific language that we must interpret today excludes from recovery: “Any claim

by an inmate of a state correctional facility, as defined in § 53.1-1, unless the claimant verifies

under oath, by affidavit, that he has exhausted his remedies.” Code § 8.01-195.3(7). No party

has suggested that we interpret the word “inmate” to mean anything other than what common

sense would dictate—that an inmate is someone presently imprisoned in a detention center or in

the custody of the VDOC. See also Inmate, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019) (defining

inmate as “[a] person confined in a prison, hospital, or similar institution”). But the tougher

question is this: when does it matter whether a claimant is an inmate in evaluating the

Commonwealth’s sovereign immunity defense?

       To understand when claims are barred for failure to exhaust administrative remedies, we

look to the text and structure of the VTCA. “The ‘primary objective of statutory construction is

to ascertain and give effect to legislative intent.’” Grethen v. Robinson, 294 Va. 392, 397 (2017)

(quoting Turner v. Commonwealth, 226 Va. 456, 459 (1983)). An appellate court must

determine the legislative intent “from the plain meaning of the language used.” Street v.

Commonwealth, 75 Va. App. 298, 306 (2022) (quoting Hillman v. Commonwealth, 68 Va. App.

585, 592-93 (2018)). “Where bound by the plain meaning of the language used, we are not

permitted ‘to add or to subtract from the words used in the statute.’” Coles v. Commonwealth, 44

Va. App. 549, 557 (2004) (quoting Posey v. Commonwealth, 123 Va. 551, 553 (1918)). We also

evaluate the language in the context “of the entire statute” because “it is our duty to interpret the

several parts of a statute as a consistent and harmonious whole.” Cuccinelli v. Rector & Visitors

of the Univ. of Va., 283 Va. 420, 425 (2012) (quoting Eberhardt v. Fairfax Cnty. Emps.’ Ret. Sys.

Bd. of Trs., 283 Va. 190, 194-95 (2012)).

                                                -5-
       Williams asserts that she was not an inmate at the time she filed her most recent

complaint and so was not subject to the VTCA’s requirement that a “claimant” asserting a “claim

by an inmate” must exhaust administrative remedies. Code § 8.01-195.3(7). The

Commonwealth urges us to adopt a different interpretation of a “claim by an inmate.” In the

Commonwealth’s view, the claimant’s status at the time of injury, rather than at the time of filing

a complaint, controls under the statute. Thus, because Williams sustained her injuries when she

was an inmate, the Commonwealth argues that her present complaint asserts “a claim by an

inmate” even though she filed it after she was released. On this basis, the Commonwealth argues

that her complaint was properly dismissed. Because a cause of action in tort “does not arise until

an injury to a plaintiff can be shown,” Kiser v. A.W. Chesterton Co., 285 Va. 12, 20 (2013), the

Commonwealth’s position equates the existence of a claim with the accrual of a cause of action.

       Along with Williams’s complaint theory and the Commonwealth’s accrual theory, our

dissenting colleague places a third possibility on the table. Black’s Law Dictionary defines a

“claim” as “[a] demand for money, property, or a legal remedy to which one asserts a right; esp.,

the part of a complaint in a civil action specifying what relief the plaintiff asks for.” Claim,

Black’s Law Dictionary, supra. As the definition suggests, a “demand for money” may be

asserted through a complaint. But a demand for payment could also encompass the written

notice of claim that the VTCA requires a claimant provide to the Office of the Attorney General

before filing a complaint. Indeed, once a claimant has filed a notice of a claim with the Attorney

General or the Division of Risk Management, the Attorney General has the authority to settle

those demands before they reach the litigation stage. Code § 8.01-195.5.

       Thus, we consider here whether the VTCA’s exclusion barring an unexhausted “claim by

an inmate” is based on the status of being an “inmate” (1) when a cause of action accrues,

(2) when a notice of claim is provided, or (3) when a complaint is filed. Our task is to interpret

                                                -6-
what “claim by an inmate” means in the specific context of the exclusion set out in Code

§ 8.01-195.3(7).

    A. The text and context of “claim by an inmate” in Code § 8.01-195.3(7) show that this
       section focuses on when litigation formally begins through the filing of a complaint.

        We note from the start that the main effect of the sovereign’s waiver of immunity is to

allow an ordinary citizen to do what is normally prohibited—sue the Commonwealth in a state

court. “[A]s a general rule, the sovereign is immune not only from actions at law for damages

but also from suits in equity to restrain the government from acting or to compel it to act.”

Hinchey v. Ogden, 226 Va. 234, 239 (1983). As addressed above, the VTCA waives the

Commonwealth’s immunity for “claims . . . of damage to or loss of property or personal injury or

death caused by the negligent or wrongful act or omission of any employee while acting within

the scope of his employment.” Code § 8.01-195.3. This waiver applies to suits filed in the

Commonwealth’s own courts.2 The “amount of the claim” determines which court has

jurisdiction over a plaintiff’s claim. For example, general district courts have “exclusive original

jurisdiction to hear, determine, and render judgment on any claim against the Commonwealth . . .

when the amount of the claim does not exceed $4,500.” Code § 8.01-195.4. When the “amount

of [a] claim” increases, circuit courts obtain concurrent or exclusive jurisdiction to hear the

claim. Id. Thus, the waiver of sovereign immunity allows an individual to initiate a civil suit

against the Commonwealth, and the amount of money the plaintiff demands determines where

the suit is filed.

        2
         Federal courts that have addressed the issue have concluded that the VTCA does not
waive the Commonwealth’s Eleventh Amendment immunity from suits filed in federal court.
See McConnell v. Adams, 829 F.2d 1319 (4th Cir. 1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1006 (1988);
Creed v. Virginia, 596 F. Supp .2d 930, 934 (E.D. Va. 2009); Reynolds v. Sheriff, City of
Richmond, 574 F. Supp. 90 (E.D. Va. 1983).
                                               -7-
       Turning back to Code § 8.01-195.3, this portion of the VTCA describes the claims for

which sovereign immunity is waived so that “the Commonwealth shall be liable for claims for

money.” Then, the statute excludes from its waiver of “liab[ility] for claims for money,” “any

recovery” based on several types of claims, including “any claim by an inmate” unless the

inmate has verified under oath that she has fulfilled certain exhaustion requirements. Code

§ 8.01-195.3(7). The effect of this exclusion, and the other exclusions in the statute, is to prevent

the claimant from holding the Commonwealth “liable” through a lawsuit in the Commonwealth’s

courts. In other words, in this context, the “claims” excluded from the waiver of immunity refer

to claims viable in litigation. The web of provisions defining the scope of the Commonwealth’s

waiver of sovereign immunity, including the notice of claim requirement in Code

§ 8.01-195.6(A) and the statute of limitations in Code § 8.01-195.7, confirm that when Code

§ 8.01-195.3 refers to “claims for money” it looks to those claims actually asserted in court

during litigation and not during any pre-litigation discussion of potential claims. Each of the

exclusions listed in Code § 8.01-195.3, then, should be understood as setting out the

circumstances under which the Commonwealth does not waive its sovereign immunity, with the

effect of preventing certain lawsuits from going forward.

       That Code § 8.01-195.3 deals with the viability of claims appearing during litigation is

supported by the specific language of section (7), which bars “any recovery” based on “[a]ny

claim by an inmate of a state correctional facility . . . unless the claimant verifies under oath, by

affidavit, that he has exhausted his remedies.” The natural reading is that an affidavit is filed by

the “claimant” with the complaint, which initiates litigation against the Commonwealth. While

an inmate may have a right to make a claim for recovery before the complaint is ever filed, the

exclusion in Code § 8.01-195.3(7) focuses on when an inmate brings that claim to a court. It is

only once the complaint is filed that a court evaluates whether the claimant is an inmate, and thus

                                                 -8-
whether an affidavit is needed to waive the Commonwealth’s sovereign immunity and allow the

claimant a “recovery” at law. Cf. Massenburg, 298 Va. at 221 (noting that a court may grant a

plea in bar and dismiss an action based on sovereign immunity when underlying facts are

uncontested). It is also telling that Code § 8.01-195.3(7) does not state that the affidavit must be

filed at the point the cause of action accrues, or when a notice of claim is filed. The language of

this particular statute plainly affixes the temporal focus of “claim by an inmate” to the time the

complaint is filed.

       Beyond the exclusions listed in Code § 8.01-195.3, there are several other sections of the

VTCA that bar “claim[s]” against the Commonwealth unless the claimant has fulfilled certain

requirements. Under Code § 8.01-195.7, “[e]very claim cognizable against the Commonwealth

. . . shall be forever barred, unless within one year after the cause of action accrues to the

claimant the notice of claim required by § 8.01-195.6 is properly filed.” Further, “[a]ll claims

against the Commonwealth . . . shall be forever barred unless such action is commenced within

18 months of the filing of the notice of claim, or within two years after the cause of action

accrues.” Code § 8.01-195.7. Finally, an otherwise cognizable claim shall also “be forever

barred unless the claimant or his agent, attorney or representative has filed a written statement of

the nature of the claim,” including details about the injury. Code § 8.01-195.6(A). A claimant’s

failure to comply with these requirements bars litigation against the Commonwealth. A

reviewing court determines whether a claimant has complied with this requirement only when a

claim reaches that court, which happens to be the point at which the complaint is filed. The bar

to recovery in Code § 8.01-195.3 based on the failure of an inmate to attach an affidavit

verifying that she has exhausted her administrative remedies is no different from the other

hurdles to litigation in the VTCA—it too is a prerequisite to the Commonwealth’s waiver of

                                                 -9-
sovereign immunity. It follows that a court must evaluate the status of incarceration, which, in

turn, affects whether a claimant must file the affidavit, at the time the complaint is filed.

       Taking a step back, before concluding, we find that interpreting “claims by an inmate” to

focus on the status of the claimant at the time the complaint is filed is the only way to make

sense of the way the sovereign immunity provisions of the VTCA repeatedly differentiate

between when a “cause of action accrues,” the filing of a “notice of claim,” and the “claim”

itself. See Code § 8.01-195.6 (barring “claims” unless the claimant “has filed” a notice of the

claim “within one year after such cause of action accrued”); Code § 8.01-195.7 (“All claims

against the Commonwealth . . . shall be forever barred unless such action is commenced within

18 months of the filing of the notice of claim, or within two years after the cause of action

accrues.” (emphases added)). For a claim to survive the Commonwealth’s sovereign immunity

defense, the VTCA requires a series of events to occur in a particular order: a cause of action

accrues, a notice of claim is filed, and then a claim is made in court. Without following the first

two steps of this process, all claims “shall be forever barred” in the future. When it comes to

sovereign immunity, the VTCA targets the time an action is filed, and so it is then that a court

must evaluate a claimant’s compliance with all these provisions. And if that claimant is an

inmate at the time of filing, that includes complying with the grievance procedure.

   B. The Commonwealth’s suggestion that “claim by an inmate” focuses on when the cause of
      action accrued clashes with the text of the VTCA.

       The Commonwealth argues that a “claim” is “the occurrence of an aggregate set of facts

giving rise to a potential right to recover recognized by law,” which is essentially the accrual of

the cause of action. While this is a theoretically plausible definition of claim, it is not how the

General Assembly used the term in Code § 8.01-195.3(7). First, as we have said, the VTCA

repeatedly distinguishes between the accrual of the cause of action and when a “claimant”

initiates a claim by filing a lawsuit. This suggests that the accrual of the cause of action is
                                                - 10 -
distinct from the “claim” itself. Additionally, the exclusion applies to “claim[s]” made “by” an

inmate, which suggests that a claim is a demand or request of some sort rather than a set of facts

that “occur[s].” In plain speech, the “occurrence of a set of facts” or the occurrence of a

particular injury, cannot be made “by” someone. Instead, the complaint is the demand for relief

that is filed “by” the inmate along with the affidavit verifying that the inmate has exhausted her

administrative remedies. See AlBritton, 299 Va. at 398 (“[The inmate’s] complaint included an

affidavit stating that he had ‘exhausted the administrative remedies of the adult institutional

inmate grievance procedure to the extent required . . . .’”).

       The Commonwealth’s primary argument to the contrary is not based in text, but policy.

The Commonwealth argues that the exhaustion requirement is not intended to create a barrier to

filing a claim in court, and relies on the premise that exhaustion requirements “protect[]

‘administrative agency authority’ and ‘promote[] efficiency’ by encouraging disputes to be

resolved ‘quickly and economically’ during the prelitigation administrative process.” Id. at

399-400 (quoting Woodford v. Ngo, 548 U.S. 81, 89 (2006)). While our Supreme Court has

explained that these policy rationales support the General Assembly’s decision to include an

exhaustion requirement, those policy rationales do not permit us to impose that requirement

where the General Assembly has not manifested an intention to do so. When public policy

arguments “contravene clear statutory language,” they “should be addressed to the legislature,

not the courts.” Hartford Underwriters Ins. Co. v. Allstate Ins. Co., 301 Va. 460, 474 n.12

(2022). The clear language carries the day here.

       Rewriting the statute to require a former inmate—someone who is no longer in the

custody of VDOC—to have exhausted administrative remedies before suing under the VTCA

would lead to the odd result that the word “inmate” would apply to any individual who had ever

                                                - 11 -
been detained in the VDOC, rather than just those who are currently detained.3 That would

include individuals released from custody before the grievance process can be started, or

completed.4 But “an individual would necessarily need to be confined in order to take advantage

of administrative remedies offered by a state or local correctional facility.” Lucas v. Woody, 287

Va. 354, 361 (2014). Interpreting Code § 8.01-243.2, a statute outside the VTCA that imposes

limitations on personal actions relating to conditions of confinement in local correctional

facilities, the Supreme Court explained that someone cannot exhaust her administrative remedies

unless she is incarcerated and that it matters whether she has exhausted her remedies before the

“filing [of] a personal action” in court, not at the time the cause of action accrues. Id. at 361,

363. Thus, consistent with the Supreme Court’s interpretation of Code § 8.01-243.2, exhaustion

       3
         See Page v. Torrey, 201 F.3d 1136, 1139-40, 1139 n.5 (9th Cir. 2000) (holding that
“only individuals who, at the time they seek to file their civil actions, are detained as a result of
being accused of, convicted of, or sentenced for criminal offenses are ‘prisoners’ within the
definition of 28 U.S.C. § 1915 and 42 U.S.C. § 1997e,” and noting that reading the statute to
include individuals who are “currently detained and who have in the past been accused of,
convicted of, or sentenced for a criminal offense,” rather than merely those who are currently
detained, “produces an absurd result”).
       4
          The length of time to complete the grievance procedure is significant enough that the
General Assembly included a provision tolling the one-year period of time to file a written notice
of claim during the pendency of the grievance procedure. The Virginia Department of
Corrections Operating Procedure 866.1 outlines the Offender Grievance Procedure that applies to
all units operated by the Virginia Department of Corrections. See Virginia Department of
Corrections Operating Procedure 866.1: Offender Grievance Procedure (Jan. 1, 2021),
https://perma.cc/V9H9-YDDS. There are many phases of the grievance process, including the
informal verbal complaint process, the submission of a written complaint, and the filing of a
“regular grievance.” Id. § I(D), at 4-5. Considering all the relevant time periods for submission
and staff response, as well as allowable continuances, “[t]he total time allowed from initiation of
a complaint to resolution through the regular grievance process is 180 days including authorized
continuances.” Id. § III(F)(2)(a), at 10. We do not think the General Assembly intended to
exclude anyone serving a shorter sentence from being able to sue the Commonwealth for
mistreatment during a period of incarceration.
                                               - 12 -
requirements do not apply to former inmates, and we evaluate whether an inmate has satisfied

such requirements at the time of filing the complaint.5

       Finally, the Commonwealth’s interpretation would require us to rewrite “claim by an

inmate” to instead state, “claim arising out of a period of confinement” or “claim based on an

occurrence during a period of confinement.” The General Assembly knew how to cast a wider

net of exclusions and did so in the surrounding subsections of Code § 8.01-195.3. For example,

the VTCA excludes “[a]ny claim arising out of the institution or prosecution of any judicial or

administrative proceeding,” Code § 8.01-195.3(6) (emphasis added), and claims “based upon an

act or omission of an officer, agent or employee of any agency of government in the execution of

a lawful order of any court,” Code § 8.01-195.3(4) (emphasis added). The language in Code

§ 8.01-195.3(7) is conspicuously narrow by comparison. What is more, as discussed above, the

General Assembly did address claims “relating to” a current, or former, period of incarceration in

       5
          While Lucas aids our understanding of when a court evaluates exhaustion requirements,
we acknowledge that Lucas came to a much different conclusion in finding that the statute of
limitations set out in Code § 8.01-243.2 applies even to those who have been released from
incarceration. This statute, however, is distinguishable from Code § 8.01-195.3(7). For one, the
statute lacks the “claim by an inmate” language. For another, the Lucas Court reached its
conclusion in part because the Court was concerned about applying two different statutes of
limitations to the same cause of action, 387 Va. at 362, something that is not an issue for the
VTCA because the VTCA is “self-contained, incorporating its own statute of limitations, which
likewise is self-contained,” Bing v. Haywood, 283 Va. 381, 386 (2012) (quoting Ogunde v.
Commonwealth, 271 Va. 639, 643-44 (2006)). When an inmate brings an action pursuant to the
VTCA, even when that action is related to her conditions of confinement, the VTCA’s statute of
limitations applies. Bing, 283 Va. at 386 (citing Ogunde, 271 Va. at 643-44). This makes sense,
as statutes of limitations ordinarily run from the date of injury, and do not fluctuate depending on
the status of a claimant. Lucas, 387 Va. at 362. In contrast, procedural prerequisites to filing a
lawsuit, such as a claimant’s “verifi[cation] under oath, by affidavit, that he has exhausted his
remedies under the adult institutional inmate grievance procedures promulgated by the
Department of Corrections” are logically and temporally focused on the circumstances that exist
at the time of the filing of the lawsuit, including the status of the claimant. Finally, we note that
the Supreme Court considered Code § 8.01-243.2’s reference to “such person” to be ambiguous
in terms of whether it referred merely to the person bringing a lawsuit relating to conditions of
confinement or whether it also incorporated the condition that the person be incarcerated. Id. at
361-62. This case presents no such textual ambiguity and does not involve an issue of
incorporation by reference.
                                                  - 13 -
Code § 8.01-243.2, which sets out the statute of limitations that applies to prisoners bringing

cases that accrued for “any personal action relating to the conditions of [their] confinement.”

While the General Assembly knew how to exclude claims by inmates relating to the conditions

of incarceration, it chose not to do so in Code § 8.01-195.3(7). See Chenevert v. Commonwealth,

72 Va. App. 47, 57 (2020) (The examining court “assume[s] . . . the legislature chose, with care,

the words it used when it enacted the relevant statute.” (second alteration in original) (quoting

Coles v. Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 549, 557-58 (2004))).

       To wrap up, we cannot read into the statute words that are not supported by the full

context of the statute, or legislative intent, and so we cannot accept the Commonwealth’s

position.

   C. The dissent’s argument that a “claim by an inmate” occurs when a notice of claim is filed
      is unworkable given the text of Code § 8.01-195.3(7) and the rest of the VTCA’s
      sovereign immunity provisions.

       The dissent argues that we should interpret “claim” using its ordinary meaning and that

under that meaning, a claim exists well before a complaint is filed. We agree that the word

“claim” can generally mean a demand for money that exists, or is made, before litigation—and

we also recognize that some parts of the VTCA arguably use the word that way.6 But we must

give the undefined phrase, “claim by an inmate” its “ordinary meaning, given the context in

which it is used.” Taylor v. Commonwealth, 298 Va. 336, 342 (2020) (emphasis added). That

       6
          The dissent primarily points to Code § 8.01-195.5 which sets out the Attorney General’s
“authority . . . to compromise and settle claims,” and the fact that Code § 8.01-195.7 states that a
lawsuit may only proceed “upon the denial of the claim by the Attorney General,” or the
expiration of “six months from the date of filing the notice of claim.” We agree that the
Attorney General has the authority to settle a claim before it is asserted in litigation and that the
purpose of the notice requirement is to allow the Commonwealth to “investigate and evaluate
that claim.” Bates v. Commonwealth, 267 Va. 387, 394 (2004). But there are no questions about
sovereign immunity in this pre-litigation stage. The point at which it matters whether the
Commonwealth has waived sovereign immunity is at the litigation stage.
                                               - 14 -
context is Code § 8.01-195.3(7), which outlines the parameters for when the Commonwealth

waives its sovereign immunity to allow claims to proceed in court.

       Our interpretation of “claim by an inmate” in this portion of the VTCA tracks with the

other sections of the VTCA relevant to the Commonwealth’s sovereign immunity, as discussed

above. See, e.g., Code § 8.01-195.7 (“Every claim cognizable against the Commonwealth . . .

shall be forever barred, unless within one year after the cause of action accrues to the claimant

the notice of claim required by § 8.01-195.6 is properly filed.”); Code § 8.01-195.6(A) (An

otherwise cognizable “claim” shall also “be forever barred unless the claimant or his agent,

attorney or representative has filed a written statement of the nature of the claim,” including

details about the injury.). In contrast, the dissent’s proposed interpretation of “claim by an

inmate” is unworkable given the three distinct stages the VTCA requires for a suit to fall within

the Commonwealth’s waiver of sovereign immunity: (1) a cause of action accrues, (2) a notice of

claim is filed, and (3) a claim may be cognizable in litigation against the Commonwealth.

       Under the dissent’s proposed interpretation of “claim by an inmate,” a court would have

to evaluate whether a purported claimant possessed a viable “claim” prior to, or at the same time

as, the filing of the notice of claim. The “claim” would then exist simultaneously with the

“notice of claim” in which case the VTCA would not need to state that a qualifying “claim” shall

“be forever barred” without the filing of a written statement of the nature of the claim. Code

§ 8.01-195.6(A). Instead, the claim would simply not exist until notice was filed with the

appropriate office. But the statute does not read this way—indeed, it distinguishes clearly

between the claim itself, which is barred if no prior notice of claim is filed, and the filing of the

notice of claim. See Chaffins v. Atl. Coast Pipeline, LLC, 293 Va. 564, 570 (2017) (noting that

courts must avoid interpreting a statute in a way that leads to “absurd results,” or “situations in

which the law would be internally inconsistent or otherwise incapable of operation”).

                                                - 15 -
        Finally, the dissent’s proposed interpretation is unmanageable textually. We recognize

that the notice of claim is a “written statement of the nature of the claim.” And we must give

effect to the phrase “nature of,” which the text tells us describes the features of the claim,

including “the time and place at which the injury is alleged to have occurred and the agency or

agencies alleged to be liable,” not a “demand” for money or an “assert[ion] of a right” to a

particular remedy. Code § 8.01-195.6(A). The dissent would read “nature of” out of the statute

altogether, something we are discouraged from doing. See City of Richmond v. Va. Elec. &

Power Co., 292 Va. 70, 75 (2016) (“[E]very act of the legislature should be read so as to give

reasonable effect to every word.” (quoting Lynchburg Div. of Soc. Servs. v. Cook, 276 Va. 465,

483 (2008))).

        This interpretation also runs into trouble because the full text of Code § 8.01-195.3(7)

excludes any “claim by an inmate . . . unless the claimant verifies under oath, by affidavit, that

he has exhausted his remedies . . . .” (Emphases added). If a claimant is the person making the

claim, the dissent’s reading seems to require the claimant to verify under oath, by affidavit, that

he has exhausted his remedies at the time the written statement of the nature of the claim is filed.

But under the VTCA, the affidavit is filed with the complaint. See AlBritton, 299 Va. at 398

(“[The inmate’s] complaint included an affidavit stating that he had ‘exhausted the

administrative remedies of the adult institutional inmate grievance procedure to the extent

required . . . .’”).

        In conclusion, we hold that a “claim by an inmate” under the VTCA is a complaint, or the

initiation of a lawsuit, asserted by someone who is currently under the custody and control of a

state correctional facility. When Williams filed her most recent complaint in Charlottesville

Circuit Court, she was no longer incarcerated. Thus, she did not assert “a claim by an inmate,”

and was not required to “verif[y] under oath, by affidavit that that [s]he has exhausted [her]

                                                - 16 -
remedies under the adult institutional inmate grievance procedures promulgated by the

Department of Corrections.” Code § 8.01-195.3(7).7

       Before moving on, we briefly note that the effect of our holding today on the applicability

of the exhaustion requirement is only marginally greater than the effect of the dissent’s

alternative interpretation. Under the dissent’s reading of Code § 8.01-195.3(7), any person who

is injured while incarcerated and has less than one year remaining to serve on their sentence no

longer needs to exhaust their administrative remedies. Consistent with Code § 8.01-195.6(A),

that person has one year to submit a notice of claim to the Attorney General, and may do so after

they are released. At this point, the person is no longer an inmate, and, as the dissent sees it, is

not subject to the exhaustion requirement. The most recent publicly available data from the

Virginia Criminal Sentencing Commission reveals that over half of the defendants sentenced to

any period of incarceration in Virginia receive a sentence of one year or less of incarceration.8

Under the dissent’s interpretation, unless these individuals are serving for one year exactly, and

are injured on day one, they may forgo filing their notice of claim until they are released, and in

so doing, avoid the VTCA requirement that “inmates” exhaust their administrative remedies. As

       7
         We are reminded that “the nonsuit privilege cannot be denied because a claimant has
surmised the probable outcome of the litigation and has avoided an unfavorable judgment by
taking a nonsuit.” Clark v. Clark, 11 Va. App. 286, 294 (1990). Similarly, we do not change our
construction of the statute simply because a claimant may use pleading rules for their own
benefit. Id. at 293-94 (refusing to broaden the scope of Code § 8.01-243.2 to include nonsuits in
foreign jurisdictions merely because plaintiff exercised his right to a nonsuit in a foreign country
and again in Virginia, even though such a construction permits “strategic forum shopping”).
       8
          See Virginia Criminal Sentencing Commission Dashboard Data FY18-FY20 (Apr. 16,
2024), https://perma.cc/8JJF-489H. The disposition summary section of the Dashboard states
that for Fiscal Years 2018 through 2020, 30.2% of defendants were sentenced to no period of
incarceration, 33.8% were sentenced to prison, and 36% were sentenced to jail. As the first
ReadMe tab of the file explains, a sentence to jail is “up to 12 months,” whereas a sentence to
prison is “greater than 12 months.”
                                               - 17 -
can anyone who received a longer sentence but was injured with less than a year remaining to

serve.9

          Compared to the dissent’s interpretation, our conclusion that a “claim by an inmate”

refers to when a complaint is filed only marginally increases the group of inmates who are

effectively exempted from the VTCA’s exhaustion requirement to include those who sustain

injuries during their last 12 to 24 months in prison. This is because all claims under the VTCA

must be filed within two years of the day the cause of action accrues, subject to tolling not

relevant here. Code § 8.01-195.7. In other words, an inmate who is injured while having at least

two years and one day left to serve would still be an inmate at the time the complaint was filed,

and would be required under Code § 8.01-195.3(7) to file an affidavit verifying that they have

exhausted their remedies.

          Our primary duty is to interpret the meaning of the statute based on its text. “[W]e ask

‘not what the legislature intended to enact, but what is the meaning of that which it did enact. We

must determine the legislative intent by what the statute says and not by what we think it should

have said.’” Vasquez v. Dotson, ___ Va ___, ___ (Apr. 18, 2024) (quoting Carter v. Nelms, 204

Va. 338, 346 (1963)). Because the statute says that former inmates who file a complaint under

the VTCA are not subject to the VTCA’s exhaustion requirement, that is what the statute means.

Interpreting the statute this way does not create an unworkable system—nor is it absurd.10 Cf.

          9
         We also observe that earned sentence credit under Code § 53.1-202.3 means that many
inmates with sentences of up to 18 months will actually also serve less than 1 year, and thus be
similarly able to forgo the exhaustion requirement.
          10
          In fact, the Federal Circuits are uniform in interpreting the exhaustion requirement of
the Federal Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA) the same way. The PLRA states that “[n]o
action shall be brought with respect to prison conditions under section 1983 of this title, or any
other Federal law, by a prisoner confined in any jail, prison, or other correctional facility until
such administrative remedies as are available are exhausted.” 42 U.S.C. § 1997(e)(a). “In light
of the PLRA’s plain language . . . a plaintiff who seeks to bring suit about prison life after he has

                                                 - 18 -
Commonwealth v. Doe, 278 Va. 223, 230 (2009) (“[A] court must avoid any literal interpretation

of a statute that would lead to absurd results.”). “[G]iven our commitment to ‘neutral principles

of interpretation,’ we are not ‘free to pave over bumpy statutory texts in the name of more

expeditiously advancing a policy goal.’” Vasquez, ___ Va. at ___ (quoting Appalachian Power

Co. v. State Corp. Comm’n, 301 Va. 257, 279 (2022)). If the General Assembly prefers a

different system, then it is for the General Assembly, and not this Court, to amend the statute

accordingly.11

                            II. The sufficiency of the notice of claim

       As discussed above, all litigants asserting claims under the VTCA must clear the

procedural hurdle of filing a “notice of claim.” Code § 8.01-195.6. Even though Williams was

been released and is no longer a prisoner does not have to satisfy the PLRA’s exhaustion
requirements before bringing suit.” Norton v. City of Marietta, 432 F.3d 1145, 1150 (10th Cir.
2005). See also, e.g., Bargher v. White, 928 F.3d 439, 447-48 (5th Cir. 2019) (explaining that
the PLRA’s “plain language” would require a court to dismiss the action of a current inmate who
fails to comply with such requirements, but would not bind someone who files or “refiles” their
complaint upon release from prison); Cofield v. Bowser, 247 Fed. Appx. 413, 414 (4th Cir. 2007)
(per curiam) (same); Nerness v. Johnson, 401 F.3d 874, 876 (8th Cir. 2005) (en banc)
(“[Plaintiff] was not subject to the PLRA’s exhaustion requirement because he was not a prisoner
or otherwise incarcerated when he filed his complaint.”); Witzke v. Female, 376 F.3d 744, 750
(7th Cir. 2004) (same); Cox v. Mayer, 332 F.3d 422, 424-25 (6th Cir. 2003); Ahmed v.
Dragovich, 297 F.3d 201, 210 (3d Cir. 2002) (same); Medina-Claudio v. Rodriguez-Mateo, 292
F.3d 31, 35 (1st Cir. 2002) (same); Page, 201 F.3d at 1140 (same); Greig v. Goord, 169 F.3d 167
(2d Cir. 1999) (per curiam). The Federal Circuit courts are split, however, on the PLRA’s use of
the word “brought” and the question of “whether a prisoner who fails to comply with that
exhaustion requirement may cure the defect by filing an amended or supplemental complaint
after his release.” Wexford Health v. Garrett, 140 S. Ct. 1611, 1611-12 (2020) (Thomas, J.,
dissenting from denial of certiorari) (identifying circuit split).
       11
          As discussed above, the General Assembly did require exhaustion for any individual
bringing actions related to the conditions of their confinement in Code § 8.01-243.2, but our
Supreme Court has held that this statute does not apply to the VTCA, which is self-contained.
See Ogunde, 271 Va. 639. In the more than 15 years following the decision in Ogunde, the
General Assembly has not amended the relevant statutes to indicate that these same requirements
should in fact apply to claims brought under the VTCA.
                                                - 19 -
not required to exhaust her administrative remedies under the grievance procedures of VDOC,

she needed to file a notice of claim that complies with Code § 8.01-195.6.

       The notice of claim requirement is a condition precedent to maintaining a cause of action

against the Commonwealth. Relevant here, the notice must include two things: “(1) the time and

place at which the injury allegedly occurred and (2) the agency or agencies allegedly liable.”

Halberstam v. Commonwealth, 251 Va. 248, 251 (1996). The Commonwealth will not be held to

have waived sovereign immunity unless each element is stated with specificity. Id. That is

because, without “explicit notice in writing of the time and place of an accident,” “the likelihood

of prompt attention to the matter to protect the interests of the [Commonwealth] and the public is

materially diminished.” Bates v. Commonwealth, 267 Va. 387, 392 (2004) (alteration in

original) (quoting Halberstam, 251 Va. at 252).

       Our Supreme Court has explained that a notice is sufficient under the VTCA if it allows

for the “reasonable identification” of the place of injury such that the Commonwealth “is in a

position to investigate and evaluate that claim.” Id. at 394. Reasonableness is not a bright-line

test; it depends on the allegations specific to the case. Id. In Halberstam, for example, the

plaintiff who fell in a parking lot at George Mason University (GMU) sent a letter to the Director

of the Division of Risk Management stating that “a pothole or eroded area in the asphalt of the

[GMU] parking lot” caused her to “fall and injure herself.” Halberstam, 251 Va. at 250.

Because her notice “[did] not specify the location of the injury” beyond noting that it occurred in

the “school parking lot” of GMU, and because GMU has several parking lots, id. at 251, she

failed to describe a location “reasonably calculated” to give the Commonwealth adequate notice

under the VTCA, Bates, 267 Va. at 394.

       Unlike the plaintiff in Halberstam, the plaintiff in Bates was held to have provided a

notice of claim that was sufficient to waive the Commonwealth’s sovereign immunity under the

                                               - 20 -
VTCA. Bates mailed a notice of claim to the Attorney General of Virginia that designated the

place of injury as the “University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, Virginia.”

Bates, 267 Va. at 390. The Court held that because there was “only one University of Virginia

Medical Center in Charlottesville,” her notice of claim reasonably identified the location of

injury, and did not need to include the precise “floor or room.” Id. at 394-95. Thus, in Bates,

“reasonable compliance with the requirements of the [VTCA], not perfect compliance, was

sufficient to invoke [the Commonwealth’s] statutory waiver of sovereign immunity.” Billups,

268 Va. at 710.

       Williams sent two notices of claim to the Office of the Attorney General. She sent a

handwritten letter on August 20, 2019, which stated that she intended to file a claim “regarding

an incident where [she] was hurt during transportation to UVA hospital by corrections officers at

Fluvanna Correctional Center.” She stated that the “Department of Corrections [we]re at fault”

because “upon arriving at the hosp[ital], [she] was dropped backwards while still handcuffed and

shackled.” According to that notice, the incident occurred on October 10, 2018. The second

notice of claim submitted by Williams’ counsel on October 8, 2019 served as “further notice”

that Williams was pursuing a claim for “injuries sustained by [] Williams while incarcerated at

the Fluvanna Correctional Center” and that “on or about” October 10, 2018, “Williams, while at

the Fluvanna Correctional Center, was pulled backwards out of a transport van in handcuffs and

was dropped to the ground.” The notice alleges that the personnel were reckless in causing her

to fall and states the intention to seek compensation for her injuries.

       The Commonwealth argues that the notices fail to sufficiently identify both the time and

place of the injury. Interpreting “time” to require an hour and minute, the Commonwealth says

neither notice states the time. As for “place,” the Commonwealth relies on an alleged

discrepancy between the two notices. While the first notice stated that the incident occurred

                                                - 21 -
during “transportation to UVA hospital by corrections officers” and “upon arriving” at the UVA

Hospital, the Commonwealth reads the second notice to state that the injury occurred when

Williams was “pulled backwards out of a transport van” at the Fluvanna Correctional Center.

       The Commonwealth has cited no precedent to support its interpretation of “time” as

requiring an hour and minute, versus a date. While “time” could mean the precise second

something occurred, it can also refer more generally to when something took place. In keeping

with our Supreme Court’s determination that “reasonable compliance” with the VTCA’s notice

provision is enough to invoke the waiver of the Commonwealth’s immunity, we find that

identifying a date was sufficient here to meet this requirement and allow the agency to

investigate the underlying incident and respond to the notice of claim. Billups, 268 Va. at 710.12

       We also find that Williams described the place of the injury with enough specificity to

pass muster under Code § 8.01-195.6. Both notices state that the place of injury was a VDOC

transport van. Williams’s notices described the type of vehicle (a transport van that was not

handicap-equipped), the owner of the vehicle (VDOC), the operators of the vehicle (VDOC

officers), and the location of the vehicle before transporting Williams (Fluvanna). The first

notice specifies that the injury occurred when officers tried to remove her from the vehicle upon

arriving at UVA Hospital. While it is possible to read the second notice to say the injury

occurred at Fluvanna, as the Commonwealth does, it is just as possible to read that notice as

       12
          Other courts have reached the same conclusion. See, e.g., Fort Wayne v. Bender, 105
N.E. 949, 950-51 (Ind. Ct. App. 1914) (explaining that the “time of injury” does not “require a
particular statement as to whether the accident occurred in the forenoon, or in the afternoon, or
in the evening of a given day,” or “any statement as to the hour or the minute of the day upon
which the injury occurred,” but “reasonable certainty requires . . . the date of the injury”); Lilly
v. Woodstock, 22 A. 40, 42 (Conn. 1890) (“As to the time when the injury was sustained, we see
no basis for the claim that naming the correct day is not a sufficient compliance with the letter
and the spirit of the statute, though the hour of the day is not named.”); Nova v. Town of
Hamden, No. CV-XX-XXXXXXX-S, 2023 Conn. Super. LEXIS 723, at *5 n.5 (May 23, 2023)
(collecting Connecticut Superior Court cases finding that a failure to include the time of day in a
notice of claim is not a fatal defect).
                                                 - 22 -
simply stating that Williams was an inmate at Fluvanna at the time the injury occurred, not that

the fall from the transport van took place while the van was at Fluvanna.

       Unlike the notice in Halberstam, designating the “place” of injury as an unidentified

parking lot among many possible parking lots, the notices here were specific—the injury

occurred while Williams was being removed from a transport van that went between Fluvanna

and UVA Hospital. Furthermore, the injury here occurred in a vehicle, a means of conveyance.

If Williams had fallen while the van was still moving, the VTCA would not require her to

identify the mile marker of where that fall took place. Only one transport van took Williams

from Fluvanna to UVA Hospital “on or about October 10.” Williams provided enough detail to

“reasonably identify” the location of her injury as the non-handicap-equipped transport van into

which she was loaded such that the Commonwealth could respond to and investigate her

allegations of negligence. Bates, 267 Va. at 394.

       We hold that circuit court erred in sustaining the Commonwealth’s plea in bar of

sovereign immunity on the ground that Williams’s notices of claims were defective.13

                                         CONCLUSION

       Because Williams was not an inmate when she filed the complaint, she was not required

to file an affidavit stating that she had exhausted her administrative remedies. And her notices of

claim complied with the VTCA. Thus, we reverse the decision of the circuit court dismissing her

complaint and remand for further proceedings.

                                                                            Reversed and remanded.

       13
      Because we find that her notices are sufficient, we need not consider whether the
Commonwealth had actual knowledge of the incident and injury under Code § 8.01-195.6(A).
                                          - 23 -
AtLee, J., dissenting.

       Code § 8.01-195.3(7) excludes from the VTCA’s waiver of sovereign immunity “[a]ny

claim by an inmate of a state correctional facility . . . unless the claimant verifies under oath, by

affidavit, that he has exhausted his remedies under the adult institutional inmate grievance

procedures promulgated by the Department of Corrections.” Because I would find that the claim

is made when the claimant files the notice of claim, I would affirm the decision of the circuit

court.14 Therefore, I respectfully dissent.

       The Supreme Court has repeatedly held that “the doctrine of sovereign immunity is alive

and well in Virginia.” Phelan v. Commonwealth, 291 Va. 192, 195 (2016) (quoting Niese v. City

of Alexandria, 264 Va. 230, 238 (2002)). Unless there is an express statutory or constitutional

provision waiving sovereign immunity, “the Commonwealth and its agencies are immune from

liability for the tortious acts or omissions of their agents and employees.” Id. (quoting Melanson

v. Commonwealth, 261 Va. 178, 181 (2001)). Through the VTCA, “the General Assembly has

provided an ‘express but limited waiver of the Commonwealth’s immunity from tort claims.’”

Id. (quoting Melanson, 261 Va. at 181). The VTCA is “in derogation of common law, and,

therefore, its limited waiver of immunity must be strictly construed.” Melanson, 261 Va. at 181.

       The VTCA waives the Commonwealth’s immunity for claims of money “on account of

damage to or loss of property or personal injury or death caused by the negligent or wrongful act

or omission of any employee while acting within the scope of his employment.” Code

§ 8.01-195.3. But it excludes recovery for “claim[s] by an inmate of a state correctional facility,

as defined in § 53.1-1, unless the claimant verifies under oath, by affidavit, that he has exhausted

his remedies under the adult institutional inmate grievance procedures promulgated by the

       14
          Because I would find that Williams did not fulfill the exhaustion requirement, I would
not reach the issue of whether Williams’s notices of claim were legally sufficient.
                                              - 24 -
Department of Corrections.”15 Code § 8.01-195.3(7). The majority finds that the relevant time

for evaluating a claimant’s status is at the time the complaint is filed. I would find that the plain

language of the VTCA and the ordinary meaning of the word “claim” require us to find that the

claim is made at the time the claimant provides the notice of claim to the Commonwealth.

        “When construing a statute, our primary objective is to ascertain and give effect to the

legislative intent, which ‘is initially found in the words of the statute itself.’” Chaffins v. Atl.

Coast Pipeline, LLC, 293 Va. 564, 568 (2017) (quoting Crown Cent. Petroleum Corp. v. Hill,

254 Va. 88, 91 (1997)). “When, as here, a statute contains no express definition of a term, the

general rule of statutory construction is to infer the legislature’s intent from the plain meaning of

the language used.” Matzuk v. Price, 70 Va. App. 474, 483 (2019) (quoting Jones v.

Commonwealth ex rel. Moll, 295 Va. 497, 504 (2018)); see also Dietz v. Commonwealth, 294

Va. 123, 133 (2017) (applying the “ordinary and plain meaning” of words not defined in a statute

(quoting Hilton v. Commonwealth, 293 Va. 293, 299 (2017))). To find the ordinary and plain

meaning of a word, “courts can look to dictionary definitions,” Davenport v. Util. Trailer Mfg.,

74 Va. App. 181, 196 (2022), or “pertinent analysis in prior case[s],” Eley v. Commonwealth, 70

Va. App. 158, 165 (2019).

        Black’s Law Dictionary defines “claim” as “[t]he assertion of an existing right; any right

to payment or to an equitable remedy, even if contingent or provisional,” “[a] demand for

money, property, or a legal remedy to which one asserts a right; esp., the part of a complaint in a

civil action specifying what relief the plaintiff asks for,” or “[a]n interest or remedy recognized at

law; the means by which a person can obtain a privilege, possession, or enjoyment of a right or

thing.” Claim, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019). Relying on Websters Third New

        15
           Exhaustion is required so long as the claimant had the temporal opportunity to exhaust
his or her administrative remedies.
                                               - 25 -
International Dictionary, the Supreme Court has defined “claim” as “‘an authoritative or

challenging request,’ ‘a demand of a right or supposed right,’ or ‘a calling on another for

something due or supposed to be due.’” Stamie E. Lyttle Co. v. Cnty. of Hanover, 231 Va. 21, 26

n.4 (1986) (quoting Claim, Webster’s Third New International Dictionary (1981)). These

definitions suggest that “claim” requires some sort of action, such as making a demand or

asserting a right, which suggests that it is more than the occurrence of an injury as argued by the

Commonwealth.16 And, as noted by the majority, this is also consistent with the language of

Code § 8.01-195.3(7), which describes a claim “by” an inmate. Although a claim can be asserted

through a complaint, definitionally, it also encompasses the written notice of claim that the

VTCA requires a claimant to provide to the Commonwealth before filing a complaint.17

       Beyond the ordinary meaning of the word, the general process for pursuing a claim

against the Commonwealth also indicates that the claim exists and is made well before a

complaint is filed. See Geico Advantage Ins. Co. v. Miles, 301 Va. 448, 455 (2022) (“[W]ords in

       16
           The Commonwealth makes a strong argument that the appropriate time to evaluate the
status of the claimant is at the time of the injury. Practically speaking, the Commonwealth’s
position is perhaps the most consistent with the purpose of the exhaustion requirement. See
AlBritton v. Commonwealth, 299 Va. 392, 399-400 (2021) (“The exhaustion requirement
‘protects “administrative agency authority”’ and ‘promotes efficiency’ by encouraging disputes
to be resolved ‘quickly and economically’ during the prelitigation administrative process.”
(quoting Woodford v. Ngo, 548 U.S. 81, 93-94 (2006))). The Commonwealth’s position is also
consistent with the distinction between when a claim is created (i.e., when a cause of action
accrues, here when the allegedly tortious conduct causing personal injury occurred) versus when
a claim is asserted such as by making a demand or request of some kind. The VTCA appears to
refer to when the claim is asserted because Code § 8.01-195.3(7) describes claims “by” an
inmate, which, consistent with the dictionary definition of claim, suggests that a demand or
request of some sort must be made.
       17
           The majority contends that my interpretation of the statute would read “nature of” out
of the statute. I disagree. The majority points out that the “nature of” the claim “describes the
features of the claim, including ‘the time and place at which the injury is alleged to have
occurred and the agency or agencies alleged to be liable,’ not a ‘demand’ for money or an
‘assert[ion] of a right’ to a particular remedy.” I agree that the notice of claim does not include
an express demand for money. I would find, however, that describing an injury and the liable
agency is, by its very nature, an assertion of a right to recovery against the Commonwealth.
                                                 - 26 -
a statute are to be construed according to their ordinary meaning, given the context in which they

are used.” (alteration in original) (quoting City of Va. Beach v. Bd. of Supervisors, 246 Va. 233,

236 (1993))). Code § 8.01-195.6 requires a claimant to file a notice of claim. A notice of claim

is “a written statement of the nature of the claim, which includes the time and place at which the

injury is alleged to have occurred and the agency or agencies alleged to be liable.” Code

§ 8.01-195.6(A); see also Code § 8.01-196.7 (“Every claim cognizable against the

Commonwealth or a transportation district under this article shall be forever barred, unless

within one year after the cause of action accrues to the claimant the notice of claim required

by § 8.01-195.6 is properly filed.”). The purpose of the notice requirement is to “provide notice

to the Commonwealth of a facially cognizable claim so that the Commonwealth is in a position

to investigate and evaluate that claim.” Bates v. Commonwealth, 267 Va. 387, 394 (2004)

(emphasis added). Once it has investigated the claim, the Commonwealth can then determine

whether it wants to settle the claim prior to litigation or deny the claim. Code § 8.01-195.5. This

is often referred to as the claim stage. For the Commonwealth to investigate and make a decision

about the claim, logically, a claim must already have been made.

       Even the statutory language setting out the authority of the Attorney General and the

Director of the Division of Risk Management to settle a claim supports this interpretation. While

the Attorney General has the authority to settle a claim at any point, the Director of the Division

of Risk Management may only “adjust, compromise and settle claims against the

Commonwealth cognizable under this article prior to the commencement of suit unless otherwise

directed by the Attorney General.” Code § 8.01-195.5 (emphasis added). That the Director of

the Division of Risk Management can only settle a claim prior to the “commencement of suit,”

i.e., the filing of a complaint, necessarily means that a claim has been made against the

Commonwealth prior to that point.

                                               - 27 -
       Further, Code § 8.01-195.7 establishes that a claimant may only proceed with a lawsuit

(1) “upon the denial of the claim by the Attorney General or the Director of the Division of Risk

Management” or (2) “after the expiration of six months from the date of filing the notice of claim

unless, within that period, the claim has been compromised and discharged pursuant to

§ 8.01-195.5.” This language again indicates that the “claim” exists and is made prior to the

filing of the complaint. Finding that a “claim by an inmate” is not made until the complaint is

filed directly contradicts the way claim is used in these provisions. See Eberhardt v. Fairfax

Cnty. Emp.’s Ret. Sys. Bd. of Tr., 283 Va. 190, 195 (2012) (“[W]hen a term is used in different

sections of a statute, we give it the same meaning in each instance unless there is a clear

indication the General Assembly intended a different meaning.”).

       I recognize that there are provisions in the VTCA that seem to suggest a different

interpretation. Indeed, the majority has done an excellent job analyzing the statutory language

and crafting a persuasive argument concluding that “claim by an inmate” refers to the time the

complaint is filed.18 But in those provisions, the General Assembly uses both “claim” and

“action” or “suit.” 19 See, e.g., Code § 8.01-195.7 (An “action,” which is initiated by filing a

complaint, “may be commenced . . . upon denial of the claim by the Attorney General or the

Director of the Division of Risk Management.”); Code § 8.01-195.5 (The Director of the

Division of Risk Management has authority to “settle claims against the Commonwealth . . .

       18
          Other provisions seem to support the Commonwealth’s position that a claim exists
when the injury occurred. Indeed, that the claimant has remedies to exhaust through the
Department of Corrections before he or she even turns to the VTCA suggests that a claim exists
during that process. The exhaustion requirement is not simply a “gratuitous roadblock to
prisoner litigation.” AlBritton, 299 Va. at 399. “[E]xhaustion statutes in the prison-litigation
context are intended to ‘reduce the quantity and improve the quality of prisoner suits.’” Id.
(quoting Woodford, 548 U.S. at 94).
       19
           Code § 8.01-2(1) provides that “‘Action’ and ‘suit’ may be used interchangeably and
shall include all civil proceedings whether upon claims at law, in equity, or statutory in nature
and whether in circuit courts or district courts.”
                                                 - 28 -
prior to the commencement of suit.”). Switching between these terms shows two things. First,

by referring to the commencement of an action or suit, the General Assembly demonstrated that

it can, if it chooses, specifically place the temporal focus on the proceedings in court. It did not

use similar language when drafting the exclusion in Code § 8.01-195.3(7). We assume that the

“General Assembly chose, with care, the words it used in enacting the statute . . . .” PKO

Ventures, LLC v. Norfolk Redevelopment & Hous. Auth., 286 Va. 174, 183 (2013) (quoting Kiser

v. A.W. Chesterton Co., 285 Va. 12, 19 n.2 (2013)). Second, by switching between “claim” and

the commencement of the action or suit, it demonstrates that they mean different things.

       The majority contends that my interpretation of “claim by an inmate,” and my focus on

the notice of claim, is unworkable given what it views as the three distinct stages the VTCA

requires for a suit to fall within the Commonwealth’s waiver of sovereign immunity.20 To the

contrary, I believe that my interpretation gives proper effect to all provisions in the VTCA while

the majority position undercuts the entire purpose of the notice of claim, which is to notify the

Commonwealth of the claim so that it may investigate and evaluate the claim with an eye

towards settling or denying the claim. See Bates, 267 Va. at 394; Code § 8.01-195.5. At best,

the majority position treats the notice of claim and the provisions relating to the Attorney

General and the Director of the Division of Risk Management as mere procedural hurdles

necessary to file a complaint. At worst, it reads these provisions entirely out of the VTCA; if no

       20
           The majority also contends that my interpretation “runs into trouble” with the full text
of Code § 8.01-195.3(7), which excludes any “claim by an inmate . . . unless the claimant
verifies under oath, by affidavit, that he has exhausted his remedies . . . .” The majority suggests
that my interpretation of “claim by an inmate” seems to require the claimant to file the affidavit
at the time the notice of claim is filed, while the VTCA requires the affidavit to be filed with the
complaint. But nothing in the statute states when the affidavit must be filed or that it must be
filed simultaneously with the making of the claim. Further, that same provision also provides
that “[t]he time for filing the notice of tort claim shall be tolled during the pendency of the
grievance procedure.” Code § 8.01-195.3(7). This seems to recognize that the claim is made
when the notice of claim is filed, as the claimant must exhaust these remedies prior to making a
claim.
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claim has been made, then there is nothing for the Attorney General and the Director of the

Division of Risk Management to settle or deny, rendering those provisions meaningless form

without substance. See Spratley v. Commonwealth, 298 Va. 187, 195 (2019) (“discourag[ing]

any interpretation of a statute that would render any part of it useless, redundant or absurd” and

instead “seek[ing] to read statutory language so as to give effect to every word” (quoting Owens

v. DRS Auto. FantomWorks, Inc., 288 Va. 489, 497 (2014))).

       A claim cannot be described, investigated, and settled or denied unless that claim has

already been made. The VTCA provides that all of this happens prior to a complaint ever being

filed. Stepping back and taking a broad view of the statutory process set out in the VTCA, the

provisions suggest the following: a cause of action accrues; a claim is made via a notice of claim;

the Commonwealth evaluates the claim and either settles, denies, or ignores the claim; and then,

if the Commonwealth denies or ignores the claim, or otherwise fails to make a settlement offer

acceptable to the claimant, the claimant can proceed to the litigation stage and pursue its claim

through litigation. The VTCA is not a model of clarity. But this interpretation gives effect to

both the provisions that refer to a claim made prior to the commencement of litigation and those

that refer to a claim pursued through litigation. It is also the interpretation that is most consistent

with the requirement that we strictly construe the VTCA and any waiver of sovereign immunity.

See Doud v. Commonwealth, 282 Va. 317, 320 (2011) (“In the VTCA, the Commonwealth has

waived its sovereign immunity for tort claims in the circumstances to which the statute applies,

but the waiver is a limited one and the VTCA, being an enactment in derogation of the common

law, is strictly construed.”). Therefore, I would find that the “claim by an inmate” is made at the

time the written notice of claim is filed with the Commonwealth, and the claimant’s status should

be determined at that point in time. Accordingly, I would find that the circuit court did not err in

sustaining the Commonwealth’s plea in bar, and thus, I respectfully dissent.

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