Court Opinion

ID: 9378729
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-03-13 12:00:58.781965+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:15:53.006519
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                          No. 14-924L
                                    (Filed: March 10, 2023)
                                    FOR PUBLICATION
***************************************
YURIY PRAKHIN,                        *
                                      *
                  Plaintiff,          *
                                      *
v.                                    *
                                      *
THE UNITED STATES,                    *
                                      *
                  Defendant.          *
                                      *
***************************************
       Anna C. Broxmeyer, Law Office of Yuriy Prakhin, P.C., Brooklyn, NY, for
Plaintiff. With her on briefs was Gil Zohar, Law Office of Yuriy Prakhin, P.C.,
Brooklyn, NY.
      Dustin J. Weisman, Trial Attorney, Natural Resources Section, United States
Department of Justice, Denver, CO, for Defendant, United States. With him on briefs
were Matthew P. Rand, Trial Attorney, Natural Resources Section, United States
Department of Justice, Denver, CO, Todd Kim, Assistant Attorney General,
Environment & Natural Resources Division, as well as Charles W. Johnson, Counsel,
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, New York District.
                                   OPINION AND ORDER
      The parties have filed two motions in anticipation of trial in this matter.
Plaintiff Yuriy Prakhin filed a motion in limine to preclude expert testimony by
Charles Caramanna,1 and the government filed a motion in limine to exclude certain
exhibits and fact witnesses.2 I have heard oral argument.3 For the reasons discussed
below, Plaintiff’s motion is DENIED and Defendant’s motion is GRANTED IN
PART and DENIED IN PART.

1 Pl.’s Mot. in Lim. to Preclude Testimony by Charles Caramanna (“Pl.’s Mot.”) (ECF 113); see also
Def.’s Resp. (ECF 119); Pl.’s Reply (ECF 121).
2 Def.’s Mot. in Lim. to Preclude Undisclosed Exhibits & Fact Witnesses (“Def.’s Mot.”) (ECF 114); see

also Pl.’s Resp. (ECF 118); Def.’s Reply (ECF 123).
3 Tr. of Oral Arg. (“Tr.”) (ECF 128).
                                         DISCUSSION
I.   Plaintiff’s Motion to Exclude Expert Testimony
       Plaintiff has title to a parcel of property, Lot 5, in Brooklyn, New York, and he
may have title to another parcel of property, Lot 105, adjacent to the northern
boundary line of Lot 5. See Joint Stipulation of Facts at 1 ¶ 2–3, 4 ¶ 13, 5 ¶ 17 (ECF
112); Expert Report of Charles Caramanna, Pl.’s Ex. A (“Expert Report”) at 4 (ECF
113-1).4 Lot 105 lies along the beach. Lot 5, where his house is located, is immediately
inland from Lot 105. The two parcels are separated by a barrier intended to prevent
sand from reaching Lot 5. See Expert Report at 5. Sand collects on the beach adjoining
Plaintiff’s property because of construction by the Army Corps of Engineers, then
accumulates on Lot 5 and Lot 105. Plaintiff alleges that the sand accumulation
constitutes a taking of property that must be compensated under the Fifth
Amendment. Compl. at 1–2.
       The parties have informed the Court that because they agree the sand
intrusion on Plaintiff’s property constitutes a Fifth Amendment taking, see
Stipulation Regarding Taking/Liability (ECF 71), trial is likely to center on
computing the compensation to which Plaintiff is entitled. The government has
offered Mr. Caramanna as an expert on the cost to cure the sand intrusion, one
measure of damages that might apply. See, e.g., Vaizburd v. United States, 384 F.3d
1278, 1285–86 (Fed. Cir. 2004). Plaintiff takes issue with Mr. Caramanna’s expertise,
data, and methods.
     A. Mr. Caramanna’s opinions
      Mr. Caramanna is a licensed engineer. His academic training emphasized both
structural engineering and geotechnical engineering, an engineering field covering
“the behavior of soils.” Depo. at 8 (ECF 113-2). He also testified to experience in
coastal construction, including jetties, seawalls, bulkheads, bridges, and beach
restoration. Id. at 55. Mr. Caramanna was hired to estimate three costs: (1) annual
removal of sand from Lot 5 and Lot 105, (2) construction of measures necessary to
remediate or reduce sand accumulation, and (3) one-time removal of sand and other
remediation on Lot 5. Id. at 48–49.
      To reach those estimates, Mr. Caramanna first considered what makes sand
encroach on Plaintiff’s property. Id. at 96 (explaining that he needed to determine the
cause before developing a cure). The sand accumulation is seasonal in the winter and

4 Plaintiff’s evidence is contained in seven exhibits (Exhibits A–G) attached to his motion. Since
Plaintiff combined Mr. Caramanna’s expert report and rebuttal report as Exhibit A, this Order relies
on the electronic filing system’s pagination.

                                               -2-
spring. Id. at 104. Mr. Caramanna visited Plaintiff’s property in February and
determined that because of the length of the beach separating Plaintiff’s property
from the water, the sand must reach the property by wind. Id. at 36, 54; Expert Report
at 8. Because wind-driven sand accumulation is proportional to the size of the beach,
Expert Report at 8, Mr. Caramanna estimated how much the size of the beach varies.
He did not enter the water and he acknowledged that his estimate had some inherent
uncertainty, but he did not think the margin of error cast doubt on his conclusions.
He found the overall size of the beach was consistent in aerial photographs, even over
a period when hurricanes passed over the beach. Depo. at 58–59, 66–67, 102–03; see
also id. at 62 (describing his experience interpreting aerial photography).
      His next step was to estimate the accumulated sand’s volume. Mr. Caramanna
discounted several pictures of sand accumulation because he concluded the pictures
showed water-driven sand that accumulated after major storms, not wind-driven
sand attributable to excess sand on Plaintiff’s beach. Id. at 76–78, 86, 114–17.
Instead, he aimed to estimate sand volume from his personal observations.
       The sand collects in a dune that grows higher over Lot 105, forming a ridge in
front of the barrier between Lot 5 and Lot 105. See Expert Report at 11–12. The dune
is irregular in shape, and it varies in its exact size and position. See id. at 9. Mr.
Caramanna determined the approximate length of the dune from the beach to the
barrier, then the approximate height of the dune in front of the barrier. Id. at 11–12.
He did not use any measuring devices. Depo. at 41–42. He measured horizontal
distances by pacing, id. at 59, a method he testified is commonly used in his
profession, and which he claims to use within the profession’s accepted margin of
error. Id. at 59–62. Mr. Caramanna converted those estimates of the dune’s
dimensions into a rough two-dimensional cross-section composed of straight lines and
angles, and then into a three-dimensional volume by incorporating the width of
Plaintiff’s property line along the beach. See Expert Report at 12.
       Mr. Caramanna then used that volume to estimate the fixed and recurring
costs of mitigating the accumulation. He has personal experience with cost
estimation, Depo. at 27–28, a subject the parties agree is within his expertise, Tr. at
5. In this case, he relied on two assistants who are familiar with RSMeans, Depo. at
27, 29, which he describes as a nationally recognized source for construction cost
estimation, see Expert Report at 11. One assistant’s specialty is RSMeans software;
the other’s is the hard copy version of RSMeans data. Depo. at 30. Mr. Caramanna
provided his assistants with his estimate of sand volume and the requirements for
equipment and labor, and they used RSMeans to generate a cost estimate.

                                         -3-
      Mr. Caramanna and his assistants used RSMeans to estimate the cost of two
proposed mitigation solutions. First, Mr. Caramanna proposed building a new
tempered-glass barrier to prevent sand accumulation on Lot 5. Expert Report at 10.
He provided his assistants with the proposed new barrier’s specifications, and they
used RSMeans to develop a cost estimate. Depo. at 30. Second, Mr. Caramanna used
RSMeans to estimate the annual cost of removing the accumulated sand. Expert
Report at 13.
      Mr. Caramanna opined that his proposal would prevent sand from
accumulating in Lot 5. Depo. at 75–76. Nonetheless, in response to a contention from
Plaintiff’s expert that sand on Lot 5 would need to be removed one way or another,
Mr. Caramanna determined the equipment and labor requirements for vacuum truck
removal, then had one of his assistants use RSMeans to estimate the cost. Expert
Report at 48; Depo. at 72–73, 132–34.
   B. Analysis
      The government intends for Mr. Caramanna to offer opinions as an expert. For
Mr. Caramanna to do so, he must satisfy the requirements of Federal Rule of
Evidence 702:
      A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience,
      training, or education may testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise
      if:
      (a) the expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will
      help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact
      in issue;
      (b) the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data;
      (c) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods; and
      (d) the expert has reliably applied the principles and methods to the
      facts of the case.
The burden is on the party proffering expert opinion to show that those requirements
are met by a preponderance of evidence. Spectre Corp. v. United States, 160 Fed. Cl.
486, 492 (2022) (citing Bourjaily v. United States, 483 U.S. 171, 175 (1987)); GASA,
Inc. v. United States, 88 Fed. Cl. 752, 755 (2009); Dairyland Power Co-op v. United
States, No. 04-106C, 2008 WL 5122339, at *11 (Fed. Cl. June 20, 2008). Plaintiff
objects, first, that Mr. Caramanna does not have the necessary expertise to testify to

                                         -4-
his opinions, and second, that his opinions are not based on sufficient data or reliable
methods. On the present record, those objections are meritless.5
      As to Mr. Caramanna’s expertise, the parties have stipulated that Mr.
Caramanna is an expert engineer and cost estimator. Tr. at 5. Plaintiff contends that
Mr. Caramanna has gone beyond that expertise in testifying about sand movement.
Contrary to Plaintiff’s argument, Mr. Caramanna’s opinions appear to be well within
the expertise of an engineer familiar with coastal construction.
       To the extent expertise in the causes, mechanisms, and dynamics of sand
movement might have been relevant to Mr. Caramanna’s opinions,6 the key seems to
have been Mr. Caramanna’s ability to distinguish between wind- and water-
transported sand. As he explained, he needed to determine the cause of sand
accumulation before he could propose a solution. Depo. at 96. Doing so meant making
his own observations as well as interpreting photographs of sand on Plaintiff’s
property. Mr. Caramanna believed the sand he observed was wind-driven, Expert
Report at 9, and discounted evidence of what he believed to be storm-driven sand, id.
at 8; 37–38. Mr. Caramanna described the sand characteristics that led him to his
opinions, id. at 8–9, testifying that he was able to distinguish between sand driven in
different ways because of his experience in coastal engineering. Depo. at 86–87, 89–
90.
       Experience is a valid basis for expert opinion. Kumho Tire Co. Ltd. v.
Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137, 152 (1999); see also, e.g., Banks v. United States, 75 Fed.
Cl. 294, 297, 300 (2007); Fed. R. Evid. 702, advisory committee’s note to the 2000
Amendments (“Nothing in this amendment is intended to suggest that experience
alone … may not provide a sufficient foundation for expert testimony. To the contrary,
the text of Rule 702 expressly contemplates that an expert may be qualified on the
basis of experience.”). Although Mr. Caramanna does not have any specialized
training in how wind moves sand, Depo. at 31–32, such training seems unnecessary

5 Mr. Caramanna will have to establish the admissibility of his testimony on the record at trial. See
Cummins v. Lyle Ind., 93 F.3d 362 (7th Cir. 1996) (holding that the district court properly excluded
expert testimony at trial even though it denied a pretrial motion to exclude the expert testimony); see
also Fed. R. Evid. 103, advisory committee’s note to 2000 Amendment (“Even where the court’s ruling
is definitive, nothing in the amendment prohibits the court from revisiting its decision when the
evidence is to be offered.”); Highland Capital Mgmt. L.P. v. Schneider, 551 F. Supp. 2d 173, 176
(S.D.N.Y. 2008) (quoting Commerce Funding Corp. v. Comprehensive Habilitation Servs., Inc., No. 01
Civ. 3796, 2005 WL 1026515, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. May 2, 2005) (itself citing Luce v. United States, 469 U.S.
38, 41–42 (1984))).
6 The parties agreed on the seasonality of sand accumulation, and Plaintiff does not contest that Mr.

Caramanna inspected at a time of year when accumulation was at its peak. Given that, it is not clear
what else Plaintiff thinks Mr. Caramanna needed to know about the mechanics of sand movement in
the first place.

                                                 -5-
in light of Mr. Caramanna’s experience building on the coast. At a minimum, Plaintiff
has failed to explain why Mr. Caramanna’s experience is inadequate for him to reach
his opinion about how sand reaches Plaintiff’s property.
       Plaintiff objects that Mr. Caramanna lacks expertise in various academic fields
such as meteorology, climatology, and oceanology. Pl.’s Mot. at 8. But the question is
simply whether Mr. Caramanna is qualified to offer his opinions under Rule 702, not
whether he has maximized his formal training. See Dairyland Power, 2008 WL
5122339, at *10; United States v. Roach, 644 F.3d 763, 764 (8th Cir. 2011) (“Rule 702
does not rank academic training over demonstrated practical experience.”); Waldorf
v. Shuta, 142 F.3d 601, 626 (3d Cir. 1988) (“[I]n considering the qualification of
witnesses as experts, we stress that ordinarily an otherwise qualified witness is not
disqualified merely because of a lack of academic training.”). Plaintiff does not explain
how the supposedly missing areas of expertise bear on the helpfulness of Mr.
Caramanna’s knowledge or his ability to identify and measure wind-driven sand. See
Fed. R. Evid. 702(a). The supposedly omitted subjects are therefore irrelevant to his
qualifications.
      Plaintiff similarly lists a series of factual areas on which Mr. Caramanna lacks
expertise: “calculating future movement of sand,” “calculat[ing] the movement of sand
within the water,” “estimat[ing] … the movement of sand … within the water,” “the
natural steady state of the beach,” “the daily current movement and tide change,”
“the energy of the wind,” and “transportation of significant volumes of sand[.]” Pl.’s
Mot. at 14. But those too are only distractions and red herrings, for (except as to wind
transportation of sand, discussed above) Mr. Caramanna does not purport to opine
on any of those matters in the first place: He predicted annual accumulation of the
sand he observed, then opined on how to mitigate it. Plaintiff again fails to explain
why any of those subjects is a necessary predicate for the opinions Mr. Caramanna
has actually reached, given Mr. Caramanna’s methods. See, e.g., Murfam Farms, LLC
v. United States, Nos. 06-245T, 06-246T, 06-247T, 2008 WL 4725468, at *3 (Fed. Cl.
Sept. 19, 2008) (rejecting a party’s objection to an expert witness’s qualifications
regarding audit procedures because such expertise was not relevant to the expert’s
reported opinion).
      Plaintiff also objects to Mr. Caramanna’s data and methods. As explained
above, Mr. Caramanna’s methods were fairly straightforward. He determined that
the sand was wind-driven, and that because the beach size was stable the annual
sand accumulation likely would be as well. He then estimated the width, length, and
height of the dune, which generated a volume of sand. That in turn led to a
recommendation about the labor needed to remove it and a barrier sufficient to

                                          -6-
control it. His assistants then used that recommendation to prepare pricing. Plaintiff
argues that several aspects of Mr. Caramanna’s process were defective.
      First, Plaintiff objects to Mr. Caramanna’s methods for measuring the sand
dune. Plaintiff claims that “no actual measurement or survey was conducted,” Pl.’s
Mot. at 6, but that is inaccurate hyperbole. Mr. Caramanna did conduct a survey that
measured the dimensions of the sand dune; Plaintiff just does not like the way he did
it.
       And what exactly was wrong with Mr. Caramanna’s measurement method?
The width of the dune is the same as Plaintiff’s property line. Its length, Mr.
Caramanna measured by pacing. Plaintiff objects about possible errors in pacing, but
Mr. Caramanna testified to his own error rate and to the industry standard of care,
Depo. at 60–61, and Plaintiff has presented no evidence to the contrary. See Fed. R.
Evid. 703 (expert may base his opinion on facts and data “[i]f experts in the particular
field would reasonably rely on those kinds of facts or data in forming an opinion on
the subject”). The dune’s overall height would presumably be within the “rational[]
… perception” of even a lay witness. Fed. R. Evid. 701; see also Asplundh Mfg. Div. v.
Benton Harbor Eng’g, 57 F.3d 1190, 1196 (3d Cir. 1995). Given that those three
dimensions mathematically combine into a volume — and that Plaintiff has not
contradicted Mr. Caramanna’s volume calculation, given his dimension estimates —
the method of determining volume seems to be reliable and based on sufficient facts
or data. See Fed. R. Evid. 702(b)–(c).
       Mr. Caramanna conceded that his volume calculation was an estimate, Depo.
at 60; Expert Report at 12, but Plaintiff exaggerates the significance of the admission.
Mr. Caramanna seems to have meant that it is impossible to do more than estimate
sand volume — an intuitively plausible point that Plaintiff has not seriously tried to
contradict. Facts and data can be “sufficient” for purposes of Rule 702(b) even if they
are estimates not susceptible to precise measurement. See Aviva Sports, Inc. v.
Fingerhut Direct Mktg., Inc., 829 F. Supp. 2d 802, 830 (D. Minn. 2011).
       To the extent Plaintiff believes Mr. Caramanna should have used instruments
or other methods to take measurements, Plaintiff generally does not explain exactly
what Mr. Caramanna should have done or what tools he should have used, let alone
how omitting those methods rendered Mr. Caramanna’s data insufficient or his
methods unreliable. Fed. R. Evid. 702(b)–(c). Plaintiff’s sole specific objection is that
Mr. Caramanna’s aerial photographs of the beach did not include scale markings.
Pl.’s Mot. at 9. But of course Plaintiff’s property has known dimensions, and Mr.
Caramanna seems to have derived his scale from that. Depo. at 69. Even as to the

                                          -7-
photographs, the exact distances were less important to Mr. Caramanna than the
overall shape and size of the beach, making more precise measurement unnecessary.
       Second, Plaintiff objects to Mr. Caramanna’s methods for estimating
remediation costs. Plaintiff does not argue that RSMeans is an unreliable source for
pricing, nor that Mr. Caramanna or his assistants used it incorrectly. Instead,
Plaintiff seems to object that Mr. Caramanna relied on his assistants to use RSMeans
in the first place. Plaintiff cites no authority supporting an objection under
circumstances like these. That objection, in fact, is squarely foreclosed by precedent.
See Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm. Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 592 (1993); Monsanto Co. v.
David, 516 F.3d 1009, 1015 (Fed. Cir. 2008); Gussack Realty Co. v. Xerox Corp., 224
F.3d 85, 94–95 (2d Cir. 2000); City of Wilmington v. United States, 152 Fed. Cl. 373,
382–83 (2021); Okerlund v. United States, 53 Fed. Cl. 341, 346–47 (2002); Chen-Oster
v. Goldman, Sachs & Co., No. 10-Civ-6950, 2022 WL 814074, at *15 (S.D.N.Y. 2022).
       Plaintiff similarly objects to Mr. Caramanna’s estimate for the price of vacuum
truck sand removal because it is much lower than an estimate Plaintiff obtained from
a local company. Pl.’s Mot. at 12–13. Mr. Caramanna reached that estimate, though,
in the same way he reached his other estimates, i.e., by having an assistant use
RSMeans to calculate the price of a job that Mr. Caramanna described. See
Handwritten Notes of Charles Caramanna, Pl.’s Ex. F (ECF 113-6). The difference
between RSMeans and the estimate Plaintiff obtained cannot be enough by itself to
show that Mr. Caramanna’s methods or data are unreliable. See Daubert, 509 U.S. at
595 (“The focus ... must be solely on principles and methodology, not on the
conclusions that they generate.”); Kenney v. Watts Regulator Co., 512 F. Supp. 3d 565,
582 (E.D. Pa. 2021). Plaintiff’s estimate could just as easily be too high. Which
estimate is more accurate can be determined at trial.
       Plaintiff raises a flurry of additional objections, none of which has any merit.
Plaintiff objects that Mr. Caramanna does not know enough about movement of sand
in water or about whether sand will accumulate on Plaintiff’s property in perpetuity,
Pl.’s Mot. at 9, but that does not appear relevant to the analysis. Mr. Caramanna’s
cost estimation could be interpreted to assume that Plaintiff and his experts are
correct in anticipating future sand accumulation. If Mr. Caramanna is right that
Plaintiff’s beach is stable and the sand on Plaintiff’s property is wind-driven, analysis
of how sand reaches the beach by water would have had no purpose.
      Plaintiff argues that Mr. Caramanna should not have used Wikipedia (an
open-source web-based encyclopedia) as a reference for storms affecting New York
beaches, arguing that more authoritative lists are available elsewhere. Pl.’s Mot. at
10. “Wikipedia is a suspect authority, unreliable, and has been treated as such by

                                          -8-
numerous courts.” Specter v. Texas Turbine Conversions, Inc., 505 F. Supp. 3d 936,
954 (D. Alaska 2020) (collecting cases). But Plaintiff seems mistaken to characterize
Mr. Caramanna’s opinions as relying on the details of the Wikipedia list in any
significant way.
      Mr. Caramanna’s opinions may have rested on the fact that large storms had
occurred. He noted, for example, that the beach at Plaintiff’s property was stable
despite the storms. Expert Report at 7–8. He also discounted certain undated pictures
as depicting storm-driven sand, id. at 38, which would have been implausible if no
storms large enough to drive large amounts of sand had taken place. But none of that
depends on the particulars of any given storm.7 Even if the Wikipedia list contains
inaccuracies as to the exact number, date, and intensity of the storms — though
Plaintiff points to none — those details seem irrelevant to Mr. Caramanna’s opinions.
        Plaintiff criticizes Mr. Caramanna for discounting Plaintiff’s own claims about
the frequency and extent of his sand removal efforts. Pl.’s Mot. at 11. Mr. Caramanna
explained that Plaintiff lacked documentation for sand removal expenses, and he
seems to suspect that Plaintiff is exaggerating his expenses in litigation. Expert
Report at 42. Plaintiff argues that is improper. But although witness credibility is
solely the province of the trier of fact, Inwood Laboratories, Inc. v. Ives Laboratories,
Inc., 456 U.S. 844, 856 (1982), there is nothing impermissible — or even unusual —
about experts sorting through masses of contradictory materials and choosing to rely
on some but not others. See Micro Chem., Inc. v. Lextron, Inc., 317 F.3d 1387, 1392
(Fed. Cir. 2003). That is part of how all experts form opinions; it does not exceed Mr.
Caramanna’s role or interfere with the Court’s. Whether Mr. Caramanna was
justified in his skepticism about Plaintiff’s assertions can be resolved at trial.
       Plaintiff objects that Mr. Caramanna’s conclusion does not include sand
removal on Lot 5. Pl.’s Mot. at 12. But that omission, if it can even be called that, is
a function of his conclusion that the remedial measures he proposes would prevent
sand from accumulating on Lot 5 at all. Expert Report at 11–13. Plaintiff can cross
examine Mr. Caramanna on that conclusion at trial. At any rate Mr. Caramanna has
also provided an estimate for vacuum removal.
      Finally, Plaintiff takes issue with certain alleged errors in assumptions
underlying Mr. Caramanna’s opinions: for example, that Mr. Caramanna mistook
tempered glass in Plaintiff’s sand barrier for plexiglass, and that he did not know

7Contrary to Plaintiff’s claims, no part of Mr. Caramanna’s opinions seems to rest on attributing any
given picture to the effects of any particular storm. Quite the opposite; Mr. Caramanna noted that the
pictures were undated and therefore could not be lined up with any storms. Expert Report at 38 n.1.
He relied, rather, on his interpretation of the images themselves.

                                                -9-
enough about Plaintiff’s lawn-care regimen when he noted limited evidence of sand
damage on Plaintiff’s grass. Pl.’s Mot. at 10–11. Those objections might go to Mr.
Caramanna’s credibility and the weight his opinions deserve,8 but they do not show
that Mr. Caramanna’s data were insufficient for him to reach his opinions or that his
methods were unreliable. See Smith v. Ford Motor Co., 215 F.3d 713, 718 (7th Cir.
2000); Arkwright Mut. Ins. Co. v. Gwinner Oil, Inc., 125 F.3d 1176, 1183 (8th Cir.
1997); Cook v. Rockwell Intern. Corp., 580 F. Supp. 2d 1071, 1092 (D. Colo. 2006).
     Plaintiff’s arguments for exclusion of Mr. Caramanna are, in short,
unsupported by authority or the record. The motion is therefore denied.
II. The Government’s Motion to Exclude Exhibits and Witnesses
        Fact discovery closed in July 2020, see Order (ECF 68), and expert discovery
closed in August 2021, see Order (ECF 84). Yet when the parties exchanged pretrial
lists of exhibits and witnesses on May 16, 2022, Plaintiff included several documents
and witnesses that he had not previously disclosed. The government argues that
those exhibits and witnesses should be excluded.
    A. Plaintiff’s disclosure obligations
      The parties’ arguments center on Plaintiff’s duty to disclose certain
information, to respond to discovery requests, and — of most relevance — to
supplement disclosures after they are made.
       This Court’s Rule 26(a) obligates parties to make initial disclosures “without
awaiting a discovery request.” RCFC 26(a)(1)(A). A party must disclose “the name
and, if known, the address and telephone number of each individual likely to have
discoverable information — along with the subjects of that information — that the
disclosing party may use to support its claims or defenses, unless the use would be
solely for impeachment[.]” RCFC 26(a)(1)(A)(i). In addition, a party must disclose “a
copy — or a description by category and location — of all documents, electronically
stored information, and tangible things that [it] has in its possession, custody, or
control and may use to support its claims or defenses, unless the use would be solely
for impeachment[.]” RCFC 26(a)(1)(A)(ii). Separate from initial disclosures, parties
must also respond to discovery requests, including requests for production of
documents. See RCFC 34.
      Parties have a continuing duty to supplement their disclosures and discovery
responses. See RCFC 26(e). That duty applies even after discovery closes. See, e.g.,

8Mr. Caramanna seems to have referred to a receipt for plexiglass in his file. Depo. at 130–32. Plaintiff
does not bring any evidence contradicting Mr. Caramanna’s evaluation of the lawn. Mr. Caramanna
seems to have found little evidence of sand removal or yard work. Id. at 118–19. Those are matters for
examination on the merits.

                                                 - 10 -
Dooley v. United States, 577 F. Supp. 3d 229, 234 (S.D.N.Y. 2021); Star Direct
Telecom, Inc. v. Global Crossing Bandwidth, Inc., 272 F.R.D. 350, 358 (W.D.N.Y.
2011); Wye Oak Technology, Inc. v. Republic of Iraq, No. 1:10-cv-01182-RCL, 2018 WL
4623564, at *1 (D.D.C. Sep. 26, 2018); Woods v. Google, Inc., No. C-11-01263-EJD,
2014 WL 1321007, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 28, 2014); F.T.C. v. AMG Services, Inc., No.
2:12-cv-00536-GMN-VCF, 2014 WL 317781, at *6 (D. Nev. Jan. 28, 2014); Cory v.
Whisman, Grygiel & Giordano, P.A., No. WMN-06-2694, 2012 WL 1632729, at *6 (D.
Md. May 8. 2012); Episcopo v. General Motor Corp., No. 02-C-8675, 2004 WL 628243,
at *7 (N.D. Ill. Mar. 29, 2004); see also Widdoss v. Secretary of the Dep’t of Health &
Human Servs., 989 F.2d 1170, 1178 n.7 (Fed. Cir. 1993) (“[This Court] examine[s]
general federal law interpreting the scope of the corresponding Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure as persuasive.”). If a party fails to make a timely disclosure, production, or
supplement of additional documents or witnesses, “the party is not allowed to use
that information or witness to supply evidence on a motion, at a hearing, or at a trial,
unless the failure was substantially justified or is harmless[.]” RCFC 37(c)(1).
        To complicate matters in this case, Appendix A to this Court’s Rules
contemplates that some disclosures of exhibits and witnesses might happen for the
first time in pretrial lists. As to exhibits, the Rules provide that “[u]nless previously
exchanged, counsel for the parties shall exchange a copy of each exhibit listed” in a
pretrial exhibit list. RCFC App. A, R. 13(a) (emphasis added). As to witnesses, the
Rules say that “[a]ny witness whose identity has not been previously disclosed shall
be subject to discovery” when disclosed on a pretrial witness list. RCFC App. A, R.
13(b) (emphasis added).
       Plaintiff argues that Appendix A effectively substitutes for the duty to disclose,
produce, or supplement under Rules 26, 34, and 37(c)(1). That is, even if a party has
not made a disclosure or production, the party fully meets its obligations by including
the document or witness in its pretrial lists. See Pl.’s Resp. at 3. Instead of the Rule
37(c)(1) obligation to establish justification or harmlessness for lateness, the party
would be subject only to the Appendix A obligation to produce new documents and
offer new witnesses for discovery.
       Some of this Court’s cases could be read in that way. See Univ. of South
Florida, Bd. of Trustees v. United States, 153 Fed. Cl. 383, 386 (2021); Scott Timber
Inc. v. United States, 93 Fed. Cl. 221, 223 (2010); Globe Savings Bank, F.S.B. v.
United States, 61 Fed. Cl. 91, 101 (2004). But that reading excises requirements for
timely disclosure — and the consequences of untimely disclosure — from this Court’s
Rules. See Orient Overseas Container Line (UK) Ltd. v. United States, 52 Fed. Cl. 805,
808 (2002) (rejecting an interpretation of the RCFC that would “violat[e] a basic
canon of statutory construction that a statute is to be interpreted to give effect to all
                                         - 11 -
of its parts”); see also Republic of Ecuador v. Mackay, 742 F.3d 860, 864 (9th Cir.
2014) (explaining that as with interpretation of statutes, “[a]n interpretation [of the
Federal Rules of Civil Procedure] that gives effect to every clause is generally
preferable to one that does not”). It would also lead to some of the worst imaginable
incentives for litigation: Parties that fail to make timely disclosures, productions, and
supplementations could avoid Rule 37(c)(1) by delaying even more, until the time
comes to exchange pretrial lists.
       Discovery would devolve into an exercise in sandbagging if parties really could
withhold their exhibits and witnesses until pretrial preparations. This Court’s Rules
should be interpreted to discourage such strategies. See RCFC 1 (“[The RCFC] should
be construed, administered, and employed by the court and the parties to secure the
just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action and proceeding.”).
       The better interpretation of the Rules is that while disclosure of a document or
witness for the first time in a pretrial list is not categorically forbidden, parties
remain obligated to make disclosures and productions under Rules 26 and 34,
consistent with Rule 37(c)(1). A party might choose to avail itself of the opportunity
to disclose documents or witnesses under Appendix A’s pretrial list procedures, but
whether they should be allowed to present new material at trial must still be
evaluated under Rule 37(c)(1).9
    B. Plaintiff’s undisclosed documents and witnesses
        1. Exhibits
      There are four exhibits at issue, numbered 72, 73, 85, and 86. See Pl.’s Trial
Exhibit List, Def.’s Ex. 3 (“Pl.’s Ex. List”) at 5–6 (ECF 114-3).10
       Exhibit 72 is a check for sand removal dated in summer 2021. Pl.’s Ex. List at
5. Plaintiff mentioned checks in its initial disclosures, Pl.’s Initial Disclosures, Def.’s
Ex. 1 at 2 (ECF 114-1), thus satisfying RCFC 26(a). But the government also

9 Rule 37(c)(1) mirrors Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37(c)(1), and this Court examines the related
federal law interpreting the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure as persuasive. Widdoss, 989 F.2d at 1178
n.7. Circuits apply different factors to assess whether a failure to disclose or supplement is
“substantially justified or is harmless” under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37(c)(1). See Science
Applications International Corp. v. United States, 163 Fed. Cl. 257, 272–73 (2022) (summarizing the
various multi-factor tests); Banks v. United States, 75 Fed. Cl. 294, 298–99 (2007); see also, e.g.,
MicroStrategy Inc., v. Bus. Objects, S.A., 429 F.3d 1344, 1357 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (quoting Southern States
Rack & Fixture, Inc. v. Sherwin-Williams Co., 318 F.3d 592, 596 (4th Cir. 2003)) (assessing the
harmlessness of a nondisclosure by considering surprise, ability to cure, disruption of trial, importance
of the testimony, and the party's explanation).
10 One other exhibit — the transcript of the deposition of a newly identified witness — will be discussed

below. The government mistakenly sought to exclude Plaintiff’s proposed Exhibits 70 and 71, Def.’s
Mot. at 6, even though these documents were provided to the government during discovery. The
government withdrew its initial objections to these documents. Def.’s Reply at 1 n.1.

                                                 - 12 -
requested under RCFC 34 that Plaintiff produce checks. Def.’s First Set of Requests
for Production, Def.’s Ex. 6 (“Def.’s Requests”) at 8 (ECF 114-6). Plaintiff did not
produce it until exhibit lists were exchanged in May 2022, approximately two years
after fact discovery closed and approximately one year after expert discovery closed.
The production is untimely.
       Given — as explained above — that Plaintiff cannot justify late disclosure
under Appendix A alone, the question is whether his failure to produce the check
earlier was “substantially justified or is harmless[.]” RCFC 37(c)(1). Plaintiff has
presented no justification other than meritless legal argument. Besides relying on
Appendix A, Plaintiff seeks to excuse the delay on the theory that he was not obligated
to supplement his disclosures or discovery responses between the close of discovery
and the exchange of pretrial lists. Pl.’s Resp. at 3–6. As mentioned above, that
argument contradicts all known authority on the subject.
       Nor is the untimely disclosure harmless. Because fact and expert discovery
closed before Plaintiff produced Exhibit 72, the government was not able to address
it during depositions. Furthermore, given that trial is likely to focus on expert
valuations of the taking, potential trial evidence has to be considered not just in
isolation, but as factual grounding for expert opinions. The government had no way
to cure the potential harm without re-opening fact or expert discovery. Courts
regularly conclude that untimely productions after the close of discovery are not
harmless. See O2 Micro Int’l Ltd. v. Monolithic Power Sys., Inc., 467 F.3d 1355, 1369
(Fed. Cir. 2006); see also Ingenco Holdings, LLC v. Ace American Ins. Co., 921 F.3d
803, 821 (9th Cir. 2019); CQ, Inc. v. TXU Min. Co., L.P., 565 F.3d 268, 280 (5th Cir.
2009); Hoffman v. Constr. Protective Servs., Inc., 541 F.3d 1175, 1180 (9th Cir. 2008);
Wong v. Regents of Univ. of California, 410 F.3d 1052, 1062 (9th Cir. 2005).
      Exhibit 73 is an estimate, dated in April 2022, of the cost of sand removal using
a vacuum truck. Pl.’s Ex. List at 5. The relevance of the estimate is to contradict Mr.
Caramanna’s RSMeans estimate for the cost of sand removal. See Pl.’s Mot. at 13.
Plaintiff’s production — almost a year after the close of expert discovery — was
untimely.11
       Although the document was not dated until more than half a year after the
close of expert discovery, Plaintiff has provided no justification for failing to obtain it
so late. If Plaintiff had been diligent, it presumably could have been obtained and
produced in time for the parties to address it in expert reports or depose the company
that prepared it. As with Exhibit 72, the late production is not harmless because the

11The government had requested that Plaintiff produce “all documents you intend to rely upon to
support the claims alleged in the Complaint.” Def.’s Requests at 8.

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government had no way to cure the potential harm without re-opening discovery. See,
e.g., Ingenco, 921 F.3d at 821; Hoffman, 541 F.3d at 1180.
       Exhibits 85 and 86 are composites of photographs of Plaintiff’s property that
were taken in 2021 and 2022. Pl.’s Ex. List at 6. Even if some of the documents depict
the property as it existed after the close of discovery — and thus could not have been
produced during the regular deadlines — the case’s record needs to settle at some
point. Def.’s Mot. at 5.
       Plaintiff responds that late production is justified because trial should account
for the property’s ongoing condition. Pl.’s Resp. at 10. But the taking in this case is a
one-time event that occurred when the property’s condition stabilized. Prakhin v.
United States, 122 Fed. Cl. 483, 488–89 (2015); Boling v. United States, 220 F.3d
1365, 1370 (Fed. Cir. 2000); United States v. Dickinson, 331 U.S. 745, 749 (1947). The
parties’ experts appear to assume that the property’s condition is stable, enabling
them to perform their damages valuations. Because valuation of property includes
the property’s future value, new photographs should not matter to Plaintiff on the
merits. That leaves no justification for adding new photographs.
      But even assuming the photographs are relevant to expert opinions, the
opinions would then need to be revised if the photographs are to be used at trial. The
only way to cure the potential harm would be to re-open discovery, which would be
harmful. See Ingenco, 921 F.3d at 821; Hoffman, 541 F.3d at 1180.
      Plaintiff remains entitled to use the proposed exhibits for any other purpose
permitted by the Federal Rules of Evidence.
      2. Witnesses
       Plaintiff also disclosed four fact witnesses for the first time when the parties
exchanged pretrial lists: two of Plaintiff’s neighbors (Anna Shteynberg and Avital
Linder), a person Plaintiff claims he paid to do work on his property (Hal Greenberg),
and an official of the United States Army Corps of Engineers (Anthony Ciorra) who
was previously deposed in jurisdictional discovery but who had not been identified
before as a merits witness. See Pl.’s Witness List, Def.’s Ex. 2 (ECF 114-2); Pl.’s
Rebuttal Witness List, Def.’s Ex. 4 (ECF 114-4); Def.’s Mot. at 7–8. The identification
of those witnesses was untimely.
       Plaintiff observes that Mr. Greenberg was mentioned in Plaintiff’s
interrogatory response. Pl.’s Resp. at 7. But that does not satisfy Rule 26 disclosure
obligations because it does not give the government any notice that the witness was
one Plaintiff “may use to support its claims” at trial. RCFC 26(a)(1)(A)(i); see Ollier v.
Sweetwater Union High School Dist., 768 F.3d 843, 861–63 (9th Cir. 2014); Hinkel v.

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Colling, 341 F.R.D. 694, 697–98 (D. Wyo. 2022); Poitra v. School District No. 1 in the
County of Denver, 311 F.R.D. 659, 663–68 (D. Colo. 2015); L-3 Commc’ns Corp. v.
Jaxon Eng’g & Maint., Inc., 125 F. Supp. 3d 1155, 1168–69 (D. Colo. 2015) (“To satisfy
the ‘made known’ requirement, a party’s collateral disclosure of the information that
would normally be contained in a supplemental discovery response must [be] in such
a form and of such specificity as to be the functional equivalent of a supplemental
discovery response; merely pointing to places in the discovery where the information
was mentioned in passing is not sufficient.”); Auraria Student Housing at the
Regency, LLC v. Campus Village Apartments, LLC, No. 10-cv-02516-WLM-KLM,
2014 WL 2933189, at *2 (D. Colo. June 30, 2014) (“[K]nowledge of the existence of a
person is distinctly different from knowledge that the person will be relied on as a
fact witness.”).
      Plaintiff also tries to excuse his late disclosure of Mr. Ciorra, and the
accompanying transcript of his deposition, Pl.’s Rebuttal Trial Exhibit List, Def.’s Ex.
5 (ECF 114-5), by arguing that Mr. Ciorra was previously deposed. Pl.’s Resp. at 8.
But Mr. Ciorra was previously deposed about a jurisdictional issue related to the
statute of limitations. Tr. at 71. The government was not provided with any notice
that Plaintiff intended to use Mr. Ciorra to testify about valuation, so the earlier
deposition again does not satisfy Rule 26 disclosure obligations. Id. at 73–74; Def.’s
Reply at 6.
       There is no justification for the late disclosure of fact witnesses, for Plaintiff
could have decided at any point to rely on those individuals’ testimony. His only
explanation for delay relates to his neighbors, Ms. Shteynberg and Mr. Linder.
Plaintiff’s counsel explained at argument that Plaintiff did not know until later that
his neighbors were willing and available to serve as witnesses. Tr. at 86. But Plaintiff
could have compelled his neighbors to testify. See RCFC 45. Although wanting to
preserve neighborly peace might have been a reasonable decision in Plaintiff’s
community, it does not justify surprising the government with new witnesses at the
last minute.
        The late disclosure of three of the fact witnesses, Ms. Shteynberg, Mr. Linder,
and Mr. Greenberg, is also not harmless. If Plaintiff were permitted to include those
fact witnesses at trial, this Court would have to allow for additional discovery. RCFC
App. A, R. 13(b). That opportunity is not enough to make it harmless, for the
government would have to scramble to depose more people at this late stage and
possibly reopen expert discovery. See Ollier, 768 F.3d at 861–63; Markson v. CRST
Int’l, Inc., No. 5:17-cv-1261-SB, 2021 WL 5969519, at *3 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 23, 2021).

                                         - 15 -
       However, Plaintiff’s counsel reports that Mr. Ciorra’s previous deposition
covers some of the merits issues on which he would testify at trial. Tr. at 99–101. It
appears that it would be harmless to allow Plaintiff to elicit from Mr. Ciorra the
specific pieces of information to which he testified at his deposition. His deposition
may be used for any evidentiary purpose consistent with that limitation.
                                  CONCLUSION
      For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiff’s motion is DENIED and Defendant’s
motion is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART.

      IT IS SO ORDERED.
                                                 s/ Stephen S. Schwartz
                                                 STEPHEN S. SCHWARTZ
                                                 Judge

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