Court Opinion

ID: 1033413
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-07-10 18:44:48.522115+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:44:22.151387
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                          No. 13-145 C

                             (E-Filed Under Seal: June 26, 2013)
                           (Reissued for Publication: July 9, 2013)1

                                                )
THE McVEY COMPANY, INC.,                        )
                                                )
                   Plaintiff,                   )
                                                )   Post-Award Bid Protest; Judgment on
        v.                                      )   the Administrative Record; RCFC
                                                )   52.1(c); Best Value Evaluation;
THE UNITED STATES,                              )   Organizational Conflict of Interest;
                                                )   Corrective Action
                   Defendant,                   )
                                                )
       &                                        )
                                                )
FORGENTUM, INC.,                                )
                                                )
                   Defendant-Intervenor.        )
                                                )

William K. Walker, Washington, DC, for plaintiff.

Melissa M. Devine, Trial Attorney, with whom were Stuart F. Delery, Acting Assistant
Attorney General, Jeanne E. Davidson, Director, and Patricia M. McCarthy, Assistant

       1
         The unredacted version of this Opinion was filed under seal on June 26, 2013, Docket
Number (Dkt. No.) 40. Defendant-intervenor Forgentum, Inc. (Forgentum) filed Intervenor
Defendant’s Motion to Redact Protected Information from the Public Opinion of the Court
(Forgentum’s Redaction Motion or Forgentum’s Redaction Mot.), Dkt. No. 42, on July 8, 2013.
See generally Forgentum’s Redaction Mot. Forgentum represents in its Redaction Motion that
“[t]he Plaintiff and Defendant concurred with the proposed redactions” attached to Forgentum’s
Redaction Motion as Exhibit A. Id. at 1; see also id. at Ex. A (proposed redactions). Because
the court finds the requested redactions to be for good cause to protect information within the
scope of the protective order issued in this case, see Protective Order, Dkt. No. 10, at 1 (defining
“Protected information” to include “information that must be protected to safeguard the
competitive process, including source selection information, proprietary information, and
confidential information”), Forgentum’s Redaction Motion is GRANTED. Redactions in this
version of the Opinion, reissued for publication, are indicated by three consecutive asterisks
within brackets ([***]).
Director, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, United States Department of
Justice, Washington, DC, for defendant. Kathleen K. Barksdale, Assistant Regional
Counsel, General Services Administration, of counsel.

Matthew R. Keller, Reston, VA, for defendant-intervenor.

                                            OPINION

HEWITT, Chief Judge

       This is a post-award bid protest brought by The McVey Company, Inc. (plaintiff
or McVey), the incumbent contractor heretofore responsible for providing program-level
help desk support for the Tier III triage and resolution functions for the TRICARE
Management Activity (TRICARE), Defense Health Information Management System.
See Compl. for Declaratory & Injunctive Relief (Complaint or Compl.), Docket Number
(Dkt. No.) 1, ¶¶ 1, 5.2

       The Defense Health Information Management System is a comprehensive health
information management system for support of military service members and their
families. Id. ¶ 6. The Tier III triage and resolution functions entail receiving problem

       2
         Plaintiff’s Complaint for Declaratory and Injunctive Relief (Complaint or Compl.), Dkt.
No. 1, consists of twenty-six pages containing numbered paragraphs and, on pages twenty-six
and twenty-seven, a Prayer for Relief. See generally Compl. The court cites to the numbered
paragraphs by paragraph number and to the Prayer for Relief by page number.

         The Complaint also includes eight exhibits. See generally id. With respect to Exhibit 3,
a press release announcing the award to [***] of a government contract for sustainment support
related to the Armed Forces Health Longitudinal Technology Application and Composite Health
Care System, see id. at Ex. 3 (press release), the United States (defendant or the government) has
filed Defendant’s Motion to Strike (defendant’s Strike Motion or Def.’s Strike Mot.), Dkt. No.
20. Defendant “requests that the Court strike Exhibit 3 to [the Complaint] . . . as well as those
portions of [plaintiff’s] brief that rely upon it, and refuse to consider such information.” Def.’s
Strike Mot. 1. Defendant argues that Exhibit 3 “is not part of the administrative record,” id., and
that it is therefore not properly before the court, id. at 2 (citing Axiom Res. Mgmt., Inc. v. United
States (Axiom), 564 F.3d 1374, 1379 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (stating that this court’s review of agency
contracting decisions is limited to “the administrative record already in existence” (internal
quotation marks omitted))). Defendant also states that Exhibit 3 “is duplicative of facts already
in the record.” Id. at 3 (citing AR 323 (General Services Administration (GSA) corrective action
memorandum) (describing [***]’s role as the Armed Forces Health Longitudinal Technology
Application sustainment contractor)). Because plaintiff’s Exhibit 3 is not part of the
Administrative Record (AR), cf. Axiom, 564 F.3d at 1379, and because the court need not--and
does not--rely on Exhibit 3 in this Opinion, defendant’s Strike Motion is GRANTED.

                                                 2
reports related to the use and operation of the Defense Health Information Management
System, assessing their criticality and identifying appropriate remedies. Id. ¶¶ 2, 8.

       Plaintiff protests the decision of the United States (defendant or the government),
acting through the General Services Administration (GSA), to award to Forgentum, Inc.
(defendant-intervenor or Forgentum) a contract for Tier III triage and resolution
functions. See id. ¶ 1. Plaintiff contends that defendant’s award to defendant-intervenor
was “tainted by an organizational conflict of interest, by violations of federal
procurement laws and regulations, . . . and by GSA’s failure to take adequate corrective
action to resolve Forgentum’s disqualifying Organizational Conflict of Interest, . . .
notwithstanding the [Government] Accountability Office [(GAO)] recommendation that
corrective action was warranted.” Id.

        The parties have filed cross-motions for judgment on the administrative record.
Before the court are: plaintiff’s Complaint, filed February 26, 2013; Plaintiff, The
McVey Company, Inc.’s Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record under Rule
52.1 (plaintiff’s Motion or Pl.’s Mot.), Dkt. No. 16, filed March 29, 2013 with Plaintiff’s
Memorandum in Support of Its Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record
(plaintiff’s Memorandum or Pl.’s Mem.), Dkt. No. 17; Defendant’s Opposition to
Plaintiff’s Motion for Judgment upon the Administrative Record and Cross-Motion for
Judgment upon the Administrative Record (defendant’s Motion or Def.’s Mot.), Dkt. No.
23, filed April 15, 2013; Intervenor Defendant’s Cross-Motion for Judgment on the
Administrative Record (Forgentum’s Motion or Forgentum’s Mot.), Dkt. No. 21, filed
April 15, 2013 with Intervenor Defendant’s Memorandum in Support of Its Cross-Motion
for Judgment on the Administrative Record, Dkt. No. 22; Plaintiff’s Reply to Defendants’
Opposition to Motion for Judgment upon the Administrative Record and Opposition to
Defendants’ Motion[s] for Judgment on the Administrative Record (plaintiff’s Reply or
Pl.’s Reply), Dkt. No. 26, filed April 26, 2013; Defendant’s Reply in Support of the
Motion for Judgment upon the Administrative Record and Response in Opposition to
Plaintiff’s Motion to Strike (defendant’s Reply or Def.’s Reply), Dkt. No. 30, filed May
8, 2013; and Intervenor Defendant’s Reply Brief in Support of Its Motion for Judgment
on the Administrative Record (Forgentum’s Reply), Dkt. No. 31, filed May 8, 2013.

       The Administrative Record (AR) was filed by defendant on March, 12, 2013.3 See
Def.’s Notice of Filing AR, Dkt. No. 15, at 1 (stating that the Administrative Record was
       3
          The McVey Company, Inc. (plaintiff or McVey) has filed Plaintiff’s Motion to Strike
(plaintiff’s Strike Motion or Pl.’s Strike Mot.), Dkt. No. 27, requesting that the court strike
certain parts of the Administrative Record. See Pl.’s Strike Mot. 1. Plaintiff argues that the
documents it wishes to strike “relate to facts that were not before the GSA contracting officer at
the time she awarded the contract to Forgentum, Inc.; or at the time that the [Government
Accountability Office (GAO)] considered [plaintiff’s] protest of the award.” Id. at 2; see also
Pl.’s Reply to Defs.’ Opp’n to Mot. for J. upon the AR & Opp’n to Defs.’ Mot[s]. for J. on the
AR (plaintiff’s Reply or Pl.’s Reply), Dkt. No. 26, at 13 (characterizing documents that plaintiff
                                                 3
wishes to strike as “post hoc rationalization[s]”). In support of its request, plaintiff cites Axiom
for the proposition that the court’s review of a contracting agency’s decision is limited “to ‘the
administrative record already in existence, not some new record made initially in the reviewing
court.’” Pl.’s Strike Mot. 2 (quoting Axiom, 564 F.3d at 1379). Plaintiff also objects to the
court’s consideration of the GSA corrective action memorandum and of certain e-mails and other
communications regarding the contracting officer’s pre-award conflict of interest evaluation on
the basis that these documents are “hearsay.” See Pl.’s Reply 12-13. Defendant responds that
the documents at issue are not, as plaintiff claims, “post hoc and are, instead, properly part of the
administrative record.” Def.’s Reply in Supp. of the Mot. for J. upon the AR & Resp. in Opp’n
to Pl.’s Mot. to Strike (Def.’s Reply), Dkt. No. 30, at 18 (citing, inter alia, Turner Constr. Co. v.
United States, 645 F.3d 1377, 1386 (Fed. Cir. 2011), PlanetSpace Inc. v. United States, 96 Fed.
Cl. 119, 126-27 (2010)). Defendant is correct.

        The documents that plaintiff wishes to strike are all related to the corrective action taken
by GSA in response to plaintiff’s GAO protest: internal GSA e-mails and notes discussing the
contracting officer’s pre-award conflict of interest analysis, a statement from Forgentum
discussing its conflict of interest analysis prior to the submission of its quote (and related e-mail
correspondence), past performance reviews for Forgentum and its proposed subcontractor, [***],
a memorandum from GSA’s information technology (IT) specialist analyzing potential conflicts
of interest (collectively, the other documents), and the GSA corrective action memorandum
documenting the GSA’s corrective action and referencing the other documents. See Pl.’s Strike
Mot. 1 (listing parts of the AR plaintiff wishes to strike); AR 317-28 (GSA corrective action
memorandum) (documenting GSA’s corrective action and noting how the information contained
in the other documents was related to GSA’s corrective action, for example, stating that the
government reviewed past performance reviews for Forgentum and [***] and concluding that
they contained nothing that would indicate a risk of bad faith conduct).

        As defendant correctly states, see Def.’s Reply 4, the court may consider evidence that
was developed during corrective action in response to prior bid protest proceedings and that
reflects previously undocumented pre-award analysis, see Turner Constr. Co., 645 F.3d at 1386
(“Courts reviewing bid protests routinely consider post-award [organizational conflict of interest]
analyses and consider evidence developed in response to a bid protest.”); see, e.g., PlanetSpace
Inc., 96 Fed. Cl. 126-27 (considering a statement from the contracting agency that further
explained the agency’s best value tradeoff analysis--filed pursuant to the court’s remand order,
which found the agency’s original analysis ambiguous--and finding that the statement adequately
supported the agency’s award); Masai Techs. Corp. v. United States, 79 Fed. Cl. 433, 449-50
(2007) (finding “that the contracting officer performed two thorough and comprehensive
investigations and carefully documented his conclusion that no [organizational conflict of
interest] existed,” based on “determinations and findings made in response to [two prior] bid
protests brought before the GAO”).

        Here, the documents that plaintiff wishes to strike were developed during corrective
action taken by GSA in response to plaintiff’s GAO protest and are properly included in the
Administrative Record. Cf. Turner Constr. Co., 645 F.3d at 1386 (stating that courts “routinely
consider post-award [organizational conflict of interest] analyses and consider evidence
developed in response to a bid protest”). Moreover, plaintiff’s objections to the documents on
                                                 4
filed on CD-ROM). The parties completed their initial briefing on May 8, 2013, and the
court held oral argument on Monday, May 13, 2013 at 10:00 a.m. Eastern Daylight
Time.4 See Order of Feb. 27, 2013, Dkt. No. 9, at 2 (scheduling briefing and oral
argument). See generally Dkt. (showing entry for oral argument). Further to the oral
argument, the parties were ordered to file supplemental briefing. Order of May 13, 2013,
Dkt. No. 33, at 1. Accordingly, also before the court are: plaintiff’s Supplemental
Memorandum: Page Limitation, Dkt. No. 35, filed May 15, 2013; Defendant’s Response
to Plaintiff’s Supplemental Brief (defendant’s Response Brief or Def.’s Resp. Br.), Dkt.
No. 36, filed May 17, 2013; and Plaintiff’s Reply to Defendant’s Response to
Supplemental Brief (plaintiff’s Reply Brief or Pl.’s Reply Br.), Dkt. No. 38, filed May
21, 2013.5

    For the reasons stated below, plaintiff’s Motion is DENIED, defendant’s Motion is
GRANTED and Forgentum’s Motion is GRANTED.

I.     Background

       A.      The Solicitation

the basis that they constitute hearsay is misplaced. A “judgment on [the] administrative record is
properly understood as intending to provide for an expedited trial on the record,” in which
evidence is restricted to the agency record, as may be supplemented in limited circumstances.
See Bannum, Inc. v. United States, 404 F.3d 1346, 1356 (Fed. Cir. 2005); Axiom, 564 F.3d at
1379-80 (discussing limited supplementation). Therefore, documents that are properly included
in the administrative record may be considered by the court regardless of whether they would
meet other evidentiary standards. Cf. Bannum, Inc., 404 F.3d at 1356 (describing the scope of
judgment on the administrative record); New Dynamics Found. v. United States, 70 Fed. Cl. 782,
796-97 (2006) (finding the plaintiff’s objections to portions of the administrative record on the
basis that they constituted “hearsay” to be without merit and stating that “courts generally have
refused to consider collateral attacks upon the materials in administrative records based upon the
post hoc application of evidence rules”). Because the documents at issue were properly
included in the Administrative Record, plaintiff’s Strike Motion is DENIED.
       4
          The oral argument held on Monday, May 13, 2013 was recorded by the court’s
Electronic Digital Recording (EDR) system. The times noted in citations to the oral argument
refer to the EDR record of the oral argument.
       5
          Plaintiff also filed a document docketed as a response to defendant’s supplemental brief.
See generally Dkt. No. 37. This document, an e-mail to plaintiff’s counsel, appears to have been
filed in error. See generally id. The court disregards this document and instead considers
Plaintiff’s Reply to Defendant’s Response to Supplemental Brief, Dkt. No. 38, which appears to
be the document that plaintiff intended to file in the first instance.

                                                5
       On August 10, 2010 GSA issued a Request for Quote associated with ITSS Order
ID ID03120073 (the RFQ),6 soliciting quotes for program-level Help Desk support for
the TRICARE Defense Health Information Management System Tier III triage and
resolution functions. See AR 46 (RFQ); AR 198 (GSA award memorandum) (containing
summary of the acquisition). The RFQ stated that quotes would be evaluated for “best
value that [met] the requirement[s], considering price and other factors” and that
“technical factors [would be] considered significantly more important than price.” AR 46
(RFQ); cf. id. at 48 (“Contractors are reminded that award will be made on the basis of a
best value quote at a fair and reasonable price.”). The two technical factors to be
evaluated were “Task Understanding and Past Performance.” Id. at 47. The RFQ
provided that “Task Understanding [would be] more important than Past Performance,
and both technical factors combined [would be] significantly more important than price.”
Id. Nevertheless, the RFQ explained that “price is always evaluated and price rises in
importance when technical merit among the quotes becomes more equal.” Id. Quotes
were to be submitted in two separate documents: Volume 1, Technical Quote, and
Volume 2, Price Quote. Id.

        Regarding task understanding, the first technical factor, each Volume 1 Technical
Quote submission was to contain a narrative (the task understanding narrative) describing
the contractor’s “knowledge and understanding of the requirements outlined in the
[Performance Work Statement].” Id. at 48; see also AR 63-99 (Performance Work
Statement) (describing required tasks, which were divided into task management and
direct support categories). The RFQ stated that the government would “evaluate how
well [each] contractor’s response . . . demonstrate[d] an understanding of the technical
support required and . . . the degree to which [its] approach satisfie[d] the core task
requirements in the [Performance Work Statement].” AR 48 (RFQ).

       Regarding past performance, the second technical factor, each contractor was to
describe one project that was “similar in size and scope to the current requirements” and
that was performed by the contractor (as a prime contractor or subcontractor) within the
past three years. Id.; see also id. at 49 (describing specific information to include in
addition to narrative, such as period of performance, dollar value and contract number).
The RFQ defined “Similar Technical Scope” as “demonstrated past performance that
encompasses a majority of the core competencies and support services set forth in the
       6
         The Request for Quote associated with ITSS Order ID ID0312007 (RFQ) was amended
on August 14, 2012 to add the Performance Work Statement, see AR 63-99 (Performance Work
Statement), as Appendix 1 and again on August 22, 2012 in response to requests for clarification,
see AR 198 (GSA award memorandum) (noting amendments); see also AR 46 (amended RFQ,
noting date of amendment); cf. Compl. Ex. 1 (original RFQ). The amendments in response to
requests for clarification included expanding the page limit for the Technical Quote from ten
pages to fourteen pages, among other changes. Compare Compl. Ex. 1 (original RFQ) 3 with
AR 48 (amended RFQ). Unless otherwise noted, the court’s citations to the RFQ refer to the
amended RFQ provided in the Administrative Record.
                                               6
[Performance Work Statement],” and stated that the government would “place greater
value on demonstrated past performance that encompasses a greater range of the support
services directly related to the [Performance Work Statement].” Id. The RFQ stated that
the government would “evaluate the degree of satisfaction with the overall quality,
timeliness, and success of [each] contractor’s past performance,” based on the
information contained in the quote as well as on additional information obtained by the
government from other sources and that “[p]ast performance more relevant to the task
requirements . . . [would] receive higher value.” Id. Each Volume 1 Technical Quote
submission was not to exceed fourteen double-spaced, letter-sized pages. Id. at 48.

       With respect to Volume 2 Price Quote submissions, the RFQ stated that each
contractor would “submit a Firm Fixed Priced type quote,” breaking out task
management and direct support tasks (as described in the Performance Work Statement)
and pricing each separately for a twelve-month base period and all potential option
periods. Id. at 50; see also id. at 46 (providing for a twelve-month base period, two
twelve-month option periods and one two-month transition option period). Further, each
contractor was required to include in its pricing for direct support tasks for each period a
sliding scale chart, adjusting prices based on the total quantity of tickets resolved. Id. at
50. Each contractor was also required to provide a price summary sheet totaling all
components of its price quote. Id. In support of its pricing, each contractor was to
provide a narrative describing “the basis for [its] monthly fixed price to include the level
of effort and type of labor planned for program management and ticket resolution,” as
well as “any other explanatory information [each contractor] deem[ed] necessary.” Id.

        The Performance Work Statement issued as Appendix 1 to the RFQ included a
section addressing organizational conflicts of interest, which stated that TRICARE
“indicat[ed] and advis[ed] awareness that ‘actual’ and ‘potential’ organizational conflicts
of interests . . . may exist with [TRICARE] Contractors that currently perform logistical,
program, operational, [and] data management support” for TRICARE in Aurora,
Colorado, Falls Church, Virginia and the Pacific Joint Information Technology Center.
AR 65 (Performance Work Statement). The Performance Work Statement provided that
a contractor submitting a quote that might give rise to an actual or potential
organizational conflict of interest--because the contractor intended to use a person under
a subcontract or in an advisory capacity who, at the time of the submission, supported
TRICARE in the specified locations--would “provide a mitigation plan to the
Government that effectively demonstrate[d] how the [contractor would] mitigate any
potential or actual [organizational conflict of interest] in its business arrangement for
supporting this contract and any other [TRICARE] contract.” Id. at 66. When asked
whether a mitigation plan, among other items, was to be included in the page limit for the
technical quote, GSA responded that “[a]ll information submitted as a part of Volume I is
subject to the page limitation.” AR 106 (Questions and Answers (Q&A)); cf. AR 48-49
(RFQ) (describing Volume 1 requirements but not listing the mitigation plan).

                                              7
       B.     GSA’s Quote Evaluation and Contract Award

       Four contractors submitted quotes in response to the RFQ: Forgentum (with [***]
as subcontractor), McVey, MSGI Corporation (with [***] as subcontractor) and
TechFlow, Inc. (with [***] and [***] as subcontractors). See AR 185 (technical
evaluation summary); AR 198-204 (GSA award memorandum) (noting subcontractors).

       Only two of the four contractors, Forgentum (with [***]) and McVey, were
determined by GSA to meet both the task understanding and past performance
requirements. See AR 185 (technical evaluation summary); AR 199 (GSA award
memorandum). Forgentum was rated “High Meets” overall; McVey was rated “Meets”
overall. AR 185 (technical evaluation summary); AR 199 (GSA award memorandum).
Forgentum submitted a substantially lower fixed price quote than McVey. See AR 205-
06 (comparing Forgentum’s base level base period price of $4,575,570 with McVey’s of
$6,537,116 and comparing Forgentum’s evaluated total price (inclusive of task
management and all levels of ticket processing quoted on the sliding scales) of
$80,285,145 with McVey’s of $126,467,7027).

       Based on its evaluation, GSA concluded that awarding the contract to Forgentum
“represent[ed] the best value[] and result[ed] in the lowest overall cost alternative to meet
the Government’s requirement for [TRICARE] Tier III Help Desk Support.” AR 208
(GSA award memorandum). GSA explained that the emphasis on price was appropriate
given that “both submissions highly [met] the requirements of the Government” and that
“[t]here is no higher merit in the [McVey] quote that would warrant payment of a higher
price.” Id. at 209.

       During the evaluation process, GSA’s technical team identified and considered
three potential organizational conflicts of interest related to Forgentum’s use of [***] as a
subcontractor. See AR 318-21 (GSA corrective action memorandum); see also AR 310-
14 (memorandum from GSA information technology (IT) specialist) (describing
technical review of potential conflicts of interest). These three potential conflicts of
interest were based on: (1) [***]’s role as provider of sustainment support (as the
external software development organization) to the Armed Forces Health Longitudinal
Technology Application8 and Composite Health Care System9 components of the
       7
           The GSA award memorandum states that McVey failed to include a sliding scale with
its transition period estimate. AR 208 (GSA award memorandum). GSA therefore added
McVey’s “transition price of $1,044,948 x 5 for levels 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,” or $5,224,740.90, “to
[McVey’s] total of $121,242,960.83 for an evaluated total of $126,467,701.72.” Id.
       8
         The Armed Forces Health Longitudinal Technology Application is a clinical
information system that “provid[es] secure, 24/7 access to TRICARE beneficiaries’ medical
records worldwide.” AR 64 (Performance Work Statement).

                                              8
Defense Health Information Management System under a separate contract (the
sustainment contract), (2) [***]’s experience as the developer of the Composite Health
Care System, and (3) [***]’s role as the prime contractor on the Armed Forces Health
Longitudinal Technology Application “Critical Fixes” contract (the critical fixes
contract). See AR 318, 320 (GSA corrective action memorandum).

        As to the first potential conflict of interest, the technical team identified the risk
that, under the contract at issue, [***] “could potentially initialize tickets and then
classify them as [one of three categories] . . . [that] would require the involvement of”
[***] as a sustainment support provider under the sustainment contract--that is, that [***]
could “essentially triage tickets to itself” by incorrectly categorizing them. Id. at 318.
However, the technical team determined that this risk was “minimal” given that in 2011
only 48 of 78,000 tickets issued (or less than one half of one percent) were escalated to
[***] for resolution under the sustainment contract instead of being resolved directly by
the Tier III triage contractor. Id.; see also id. at 320 (noting that, of the “small number”
of tickets escalated for sustainment support, most did not “result in a great expenditure of
efforts or costs,” and that those that “might involve more extensive efforts” were required
to “be reviewed by . . . government personnel prior to escalation”). Further, the technical
team concluded that the risk was mitigated by existing internal government controls,
including: the government’s “routine review” of ticket classifications against historical
data (making any deviations or significant variations “readily apparent”); monthly status
reports to be provided by Forgentum under the Tier III triage contract (showing trouble
ticket tracking data and a subcontractor expenditure report); the TRICARE incident
management tool, Remedy (providing real time visibility into ticket statuses and issues);
and earned value management data required of [***] under the sustainment contract
(which would show an “increased burn rate” if “vast numbers of tickets were
inappropriately triaged from the Tier III task order to the sustainment contract”). Id. at
319-20.

       With respect to the second potential conflict of interest, the technical team noted
that [***]’s access to Composite Health Care System development information “did not
create an unfair competitive advantage” because it did not “automatically equate to the
opportunity for a superior tier III triage process or approach.” Id. at 320. According to
the evaluators, “[j]ust because [***] was involved in development in no way ensured the
Forgentum team would be able to submit a successful proposal to address how tickets
relative to that system should be managed, classified, and resolved.” Id.

        With respect to the third potential conflict of interest, GSA concluded that the
critical fixes contract (on which [***] was the prime contractor) did not include “ongoing

       9
         The Composite Health Care System “enables [Department of Defense] providers to
electronically order laboratory tests, retrieve test results, authorize radiology procedures and
prescribe medications.” Id.
                                                 9
sustainment or re-engineering support” and, therefore, that “work issued as a result of a
trouble ticket classification through the Tier III task order would not be within the scope”
of [***]’s critical fixes contract. Id. at 320-21.

       The technical team’s analysis was discussed with the contracting officer, Debra
Stuart (Ms. Stuart), on September 21, 2012. Id. at 321-22; see also AR 288-89 (January
28, 2013 GSA e-mail chain) (confirming date of discussion). On September 24, 2012
C. Michelle Carney, the contract specialist for the procurement, confirmed that, under the
Performance Work Statement, it was the contractor’s responsibility to provide a
mitigation plan with its quote if an actual or potential conflict of interest existed and that
Forgentum had not submitted a mitigation plan. See AR 313 (memorandum from GSA
IT specialist); AR 209 (GSA award memorandum) (identifying C. Michelle Carney as the
contract specialist for the procurement). Nevertheless, the contracting officer and
contract specialist determined that, based on the technical team’s analysis, “there was no
evidence that a significant [organizational conflict of interest] existed and thus a
mitigation plan was not needed.” AR 321 (GSA corrective action memorandum); see
also AR 236-37 (contracting officer’s statement) (describing contracting officer’s
consideration of potential conflicts of interest and stating that the contracting officer,
“through the exercise of common sense, good judgment, and sound discretion made a
decision that no significant potential conflict of interest existed regarding [***] as a
subcontractor to Forgentum”).

      Accordingly, on October 11, 2012 GSA awarded the contract to Forgentum. See
AR 197 (October 15, 2012 e-mail from GSA to McVey) (providing notice of award); AR
198 (GSA award memorandum).

       C.     Protest History and GSA Corrective Action

       After receiving notice of the contract award, McVey requested a debriefing on the
evaluation of its proposal. See AR 212 (October 15, 2012 e-mail from McVey to GSA).
Ms. Stuart, the contracting officer, replied by e-mail, “[C]onsistent with [48 C.F.R.
(FAR)] 8.405-2(d), a brief explanation of the basis for award follows, as debriefings are
not conducted.” AR 213 (October 15, 2012 e-mail from Ms. Stuart to McVey); see also
FAR 8.405-2(d) (2012) (“If an unsuccessful offeror requests information on an award
that was based on factors other than price alone, a brief explanation of the basis for the
award decision shall be provided.”). Ms. Stuart provided the following “brief
explanation”: “[McVey’s] quote was evaluated in accordance with the criteria identified
in the RFQ and determined to meet the Government’s requirements under each
evaluation factor but did not merit the payment of a higher price.” AR 213 (October 15,
2012 e-mail from Ms. Stuart to McVey).

      On October 19, 2012 McVey filed a post-award bid protest with GAO. See AR
214-30 (first GAO protest and cover e-mail). The GAO protest alleged that “the

                                             10
evaluations GSA performed were flawed and in violation of the disclosed evaluation
criteria” and that Forgentum was “tainted by a disqualifying organizational conflict of
interest.” AR 216 (first GAO protest). More specifically, McVey alleged that “GSA
advertised a best value type source selection method” under which “technical factors are
considered significantly more important than price” but “awarded the contract to
Forgentum because it submitted a lower price.” Id. at 226 (emphasis omitted). In
addition, McVey alleged that Forgentum’s use of [***] as a subcontractor gave
Forgentum “access to non-public information . . . from which it obtained a competitive
advantage,”10 id. at 224-25; and that “GSA afforded unequal treatment” because it
“overlooked the obvious and disqualifying conflict of interest that [***] has,” giving
Forgentum “access to programs and other information the government paid [***] for . . .
that only Forgentum was allowed access to,” id. at 227.

        GAO held a conference call with the parties on January 14, 2013, see AR 273
(January 14, 2013 e-mail from GAO to the parties), during which it stated that the record
before GAO was inadequate to assess GSA’s consideration of whether Forgentum had an
impermissible organizational conflict of interest, see AR 307 (second GAO decision)
(stating that during the first GAO protest, GAO “was not provided copies of the
quotations [GSA] received . . . [or] any documentation of how the contracting officer
analyzed the potential for an [organizational conflict of interest] in this circumstance, or
any indication that an investigation had been conducted or that the client agency,
TRICARE Management Activity, had been consulted”). Following the conference call,
on January 16, 2013, GSA submitted a memorandum to GAO stating that it planned “to
take corrective action” to include “conduct[ing] an [organizational conflict of interest]
investigation” and “request[ing] . . . a Mitigation Plan if deemed necessary, in order to
address the areas of concern identified” in McVey’s GAO protest. AR 274
(memorandum from GSA to GAO). Accordingly, GAO “dismiss[ed] the protest as
academic.” AR 275 (first GAO decision).

       On January 18, 2013 McVey filed a second GAO protest, this time complaining
that GSA’s determination to take corrective action “afford[ed] Forgentum two bites at the
apple” and “ignore[d] McVey’s other stated grounds for protest.” AR 278 (second GAO
protest); see also AR 307 (second GAO decision) (describing the circumstances of
McVey’s second GAO protest). GAO dismissed this protest on February 1, 2013. See
AR 307 (second GAO decision). GAO stated that it would not substitute its judgment for
GSA’s absent clear evidence that GSA’s determination was unreasonable. Id. at 308.
GAO further stated that “the crux of McVey’s argument is that our Office should accept
       10
           Although plaintiff raised the issue of access to non-public information in its GAO
protest, plaintiff has not made such an allegation in the Complaint. As defendant correctly
observes, see Def.’s Mot. 32, plaintiff has therefore waived any claim in this action based on
access to non-public information, cf. Casa de Cambio Comdiv S.A., de C.V. v. United States,
291 F.3d 1356, 1366 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (concluding that the plaintiff waived any claim based on a
theory not mentioned in the complaint).
                                              11
the protester’s allegations as fact and--based on a record that we deemed inadequate--find
that Forgentum’s team was ineligible to receive the task order because it had an
[organizational conflict of interest] that could not be mitigated.” Id. GAO dismissed this
argument as “unsupported” and stated that it “fail[ed] to state a valid basis for protest.”
Id. With respect to McVey’s allegation that Forgentum’s quote was unacceptable
because it failed to include a mitigation plan as required by the RFQ, GAO stated that
“Forgentum’s quotation was not provided for the record, . . . and McVey does not
represent that it has seen Forgentum’s quotation.” Id. GAO also noted that the
mitigation plan requirement was included in the Performance Work Statement and was
not a factor for evaluation under the RFQ. Id. at 309. GAO described McVey’s
additional arguments as dependent on the same argument that Forgentum had a
disqualifying conflict of interest and found them to be adequately addressed by GSA’s
corrective action. See id.

       Because Ms. Stuart, the contracting officer at the time the contract was awarded,
left GSA prior to GSA’s decision to take corrective action, the corrective action was
conducted by the new contracting officer, Nancy Ballay (Ms. Ballay). See AR 332
(February 12, 2013 e-mail from GSA to McVey) (stating that Ms. Ballay was the new
contracting officer); AR 317-28 (GSA corrective action memorandum) (signed by Ms.
Ballay as the contracting officer and stating that Ms. Stuart had since left GSA). In
taking corrective action, Ms. Ballay confirmed that an organizational conflict of interest
analysis was conducted by GSA’s technical team and discussed with Ms. Stuart and with
agency counsel prior to the award to Forgentum. See AR 288-89 (January 28, 2013 GSA
e-mail chain). Ms. Ballay also requested additional details from Ms. Stuart about her
conflict of interest analysis at the time of the award. See AR 322 (GSA corrective action
memorandum); AR 282 (January 24, 2013 GSA e-mail chain) (discussing Ms. Stuart’s
conflict of interest analysis), and obtained a statement from Forgentum regarding its
organizational conflict of interest analysis at the time its quote was submitted, see AR
292-93 (January 2013 e-mail chain between Forgentum and GSA); AR 295 (Forgentum
organizational conflict of interest statement).

        Ms. Ballay documented her independent organizational conflict of interest
investigation in a memorandum dated February 6, 2013, in which she concluded that the
risk of a conflict was “so insignificant that there [was] no need to obtain a mitigation plan
from Forgentum.” AR 328 (GSA corrective action memorandum); cf. Telephonic Status
Conference (TSC) of Feb. 26, 2013, at 5:54:04-0711 (Kathleen Barksdale, GSA counsel)
(stating that the GSA conflict of interest investigation concluded that a mitigation plan
was unnecessary). In support of this position, Ms. Ballay also stated in the GSA

       11
          The Telephonic Status Conference (TSC) held by the court on February 26, 2013 was
recorded by the court’s EDR system. The times noted in citations to the TSC refer to the EDR
record of the TSC.

                                             12
corrective action memorandum: (1) that there “are sufficient controls in place to protect
against the trivial potential risk” of [***] triaging tickets to itself under the sustainment
contract and that, because [***]’s sustainment contract expires and “will be re-competed
within the next 1.5 years[,] . . . [a]ny record of poor development support . . . or any
record of performing in a biased manner[] would be detrimental” to [***]; (2) that [***]
did not have an unfair competitive advantage because its Composite Health Care System
development experience was “not directly relevant to the Forgentum[] team[’s] ability to
submit a successful proposal for Tier III support” and that, if any contractor had a
competitive advantage, it was McVey as the incumbent; and (3) that “[t]here is absolutely
no factual or reasonable basis to assume an [organizational conflict of interest] exists
because of a theoretical possibility that Forgentum and [***] will collude to perform in
bad faith.” AR 325-27 (GSA corrective action memorandum).

       Thereafter, on February 7, 2013, GSA lifted the stay that had been place during
the GAO protests. AR 329 (February 7, 2013 e-mail from GSA to Forgentum)
(“Forgentum shall now resume performance on the task order in accordance with existing
task order terms and conditions.”). On February 12, 2013 McVey was informed that
“GSA took action in accordance with the GAO order” and that “[p]erformance under the
Forgentum task order resumed on February 7, 2013.” AR 332 (February 12, 2013 e-mail
from GSA to McVey). McVey filed this suit on February 26, 2013. See generally
Compl. McVey seeks: (1) a declaration that the government’s evaluation of quotes and
the resulting contract award to Forgentum were unlawful; (2) an order requiring GSA to
award the contract to McVey; (3) a permanent injunction12 preventing any contractor
other than McVey from performing the services specified in the contract at issue; (4)
attorney’s fees, costs and interest; and (5) any further relief the court deems just and
appropriate. Compl. 26-27; accord Pl.’s Mem. 32-33.

II.    Legal Standards

       A.     Bid Protest Jurisdiction

       The United States Court of Federal Claims (Court of Federal Claims) has
“jurisdiction to render judgment on an action by an interested party objecting to . . . the
award of a contract [by a federal agency] or any alleged violation of statute or regulation
in connection with a procurement or a proposed procurement.” 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(1)
(2006). As a threshold matter, a protestor must show that it has standing by meeting the
       12
          McVey also requested a temporary restraining order and a preliminary injunction in its
Complaint. Compl. ¶¶ 146-54; see also id. at 26 (requesting “a temporary, preliminary and
permanent injunction”). McVey subsequently filed a separate motion seeking immediate
declaratory relief, a temporary restraining order and a preliminary injunction, see Pl.’s
Emergency Mot. for Declaratory Relief, TRO, & Prelim. Inj., Dkt. No. 3, which the court denied
on February 27, 2013, see Order of Feb. 27, 2013, Dkt. No. 8.

                                               13
“interested party” standard, that is, by showing that it (1) is an actual or prospective
bidder or offeror, and (2) has a direct economic interest in the outcome of the
procurement. Rex Serv. Corp. v. United States, 448 F.3d 1305, 1307 (Fed. Cir. 2006);
see also Am. Fed’n of Gov’t Emps. Local 1482 v. United States, 258 F.3d 1294, 1302
(Fed. Cir. 2001) (defining an “interested party” as an “actual or prospective bidder[] or
offeror[] whose direct economic interest would be affected by the award of the contract
or by failure to award the contract”). To establish that a plaintiff’s “direct economic
interest” is affected in the post-award bid protest context, a plaintiff “must show it would
have been ‘a qualified bidder,’ i.e., that it had a ‘substantial chance’ of being awarded the
contract.” Microdyne Outsourcing, Inc. v. United States (Microdyne), 72 Fed. Cl. 230,
232 (2006) (quoting Myers Investigative & Sec. Servs., Inc. v. United States, 275 F.3d
1366, 1370-71 (Fed. Cir. 2002)); see also Brooks Range Contract Servs., Inc. v. United
States (Brooks Range), 101 Fed. Cl. 699, 713 (2011) (“A finding of standing in a post-
award bid-protest case requires that the protestor have a ‘substantial chance’ to obtain the
cont[r]act if the alleged errors are found to exist.”). Stated differently, a plaintiff must
show that it has been prejudiced by the alleged error in the government procurement
process--that “but for the error, it would have had a substantial chance of securing the
contract.” Labatt Food Serv., Inc. v. United States (Labatt Food), 577 F.3d 1375, 1378
(Fed. Cir. 2009); see also Brooks Range, 101 Fed. Cl. at 706 (“[A] protestor must
demonstrate how an alleged error by the government would result in ‘particularized
harm’ to the protestor.” (quoting Labatt Food, 577 F.3d at 1380)). Because “standing is a
jurisdictional requirement, a protestor’s failure to establish standing precludes a ruling on
the merits.” Sci. Applications Int’l Corp. v. United States, 102 Fed. Cl. 644, 650 (2012)
(internal quotation marks omitted); see also Labatt Food, 577 F.3d at 1378 (“[B]ecause
the question of prejudice goes directly to the question of standing, the prejudice issue
must be reached before addressing the merits.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

       B.     Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record

       Rule 52.1(c) of the Rules of the United States Court of Federal Claims (RCFC)
provides for motions for judgment on the administrative record. See RCFC 52.1(c)(1)
(providing that “a party may move for partial or other judgment on the administrative
record”). A motion for judgment on the administrative record is “distinguish[able]” from
a motion for summary judgment in that there is no requirement that all material facts be
undisputed. Bannum, Inc. v. United States, 404 F.3d 1346, 1355 (Fed. Cir. 2005); see
also RCFC 52.1 rules committee note (2006) (“Summary judgment standards are not
pertinent to judicial review upon an administrative record.”). “The standards and criteria
governing the court’s review of agency decisions [on a Rule 52.1(c) motion] vary
depending upon the specific law to be applied in particular cases.” RCFC 52.1 rules
committee note (2006).

      In the context of bid protests, the court “shall review the agency’s decision
pursuant to the standards set forth in section 706 of title 5” of the United States Code, that

                                             14
is, under the Administrative Procedure Act standard. 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(4); Impresa
Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi v. United States (Impresa), 238 F.3d 1324, 1332
(Fed. Cir. 2001); Advanced Data Concepts, Inc. v. United States (Adv. Data Concepts),
216 F.3d 1054, 1057-58 (Fed. Cir. 2000). “A bid protest proceeds in two steps.”
Bannum, Inc., 404 F.3d at 1351. The first step is to demonstrate error, that is, to show
that the agency acted in an arbitrary and capricious manner, without a rational basis or
contrary to law. Id.; accord PAI Corp. v. United States, 614 F.3d 1347, 1351 (Fed. Cir.
2010); cf. 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A) (2006) (stating that the reviewing court shall set aside an
agency decision that is “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in
accordance with law”). The second step is to determine whether the error was
prejudicial. Bannum, Inc., 404 F.3d at 1351.

       1.     The Plaintiff Must Establish Error

        A government contract award may be set aside as erroneous under the arbitrary
and capricious standard if “(1) the procurement official’s decision lacked a rational basis;
or (2) the procurement procedure involved a violation of regulation or procedure.”
Weeks Marine, Inc. v. United States, 575 F.3d 1352, 1358 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (internal
quotation marks omitted); Banknote Corp. of Am. v. United States (Banknote), 365 F.3d
1345, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2004).

       The “arbitrary or capricious standard . . . is highly deferential” and “requires a
reviewing court to sustain an agency action evincing rational reasoning and consideration
of relevant factors.” Adv. Data Concepts, 216 F.3d at 1058; see also PAI Corp., 614 F.3d
at 1351 (“[P]rocurement decisions are subject to a ‘highly deferential rational basis
review.’” (quoting CHE Consulting, Inc. v. United States, 552 F.3d 1351, 1354 (Fed. Cir.
2008)). “[T]he test for reviewing courts is to determine whether the contracting agency
provided a coherent and reasonable explanation for of its exercise of discretion.”
Impresa, 238 F.3d at 1332-33 (internal quotation marks omitted); accord Sys. Application
& Techs, Inc. v. United States (Sys. Application), 100 Fed. Cl. 687, 711 (2011), aff’d,
691 F.3d 1374 (Fed. Cir. 2012). The contracting officer’s decision may be found to lack
a rational basis, for example, if the agency “fail[ed] to follow the terms of its own
Solicitation and select[ed] an offeror based upon different requirements than those
imposed upon [another] offeror.” Hunt Bldg. Co. v. United States, 61 Fed. Cl. 243, 273
(2004). Nevertheless, “a court will only overturn an agency’s determination that an
offeror’s bid satisfied the material requirements of the solicitation if such a finding was
arbitrary or capricious.” Blackwater Lodge & Training Ctr., Inc. v. United States
(Blackwater), 86 Fed. Cl. 488, 505 (2009) (citing E.W. Bliss Co. v. United States, 77
F.3d 445, 448 (Fed. Cir. 1996)).

       “If the court finds a reasonable basis for the agency’s action, the court should stay
its hand even though it might . . . have reached a different conclusion as to the proper
administration and application of the procurement regulations.” Honeywell, Inc. v.

                                             15
United States, 870 F.2d 644, 648 (Fed. Cir. 1989); see also L-3 Commc’ns Corp. v.
United States (L-3 Corp.), 99 Fed. Cl. 283, 289 (2011) (stating that the “reviewing court
is not permitted to substitute its own judgment for that of the agency, even if it would
have come to a different decision than the agency”). A “disappointed bidder bears a
heavy burden of showing that the award decision had no rational basis.” Impresa, 238
F.3d at 1333 (internal quotation marks omitted); accord Banknote, 365 F.3d at 1351.

        A plaintiff’s burden is “elevated where the solicitation contemplates award on a
‘best value’ basis,” Blackwater, 86 Fed. Cl. at 503 (citing Galen Med. Assocs., Inc. v.
United States, 369 F.3d 1324, 1330 (Fed. Cir. 2004)); see also Banknote, 365 F.3d at
1355 (discussing the particularly high level of discretion afforded a contracting officer
under the best value evaluation standard), making it more difficult for a protestor of a
best value award to prove that the contracting officer’s decision was arbitrary and
capricious, see Burroughs Corp. v. United States, 223 Ct. Cl. 53, 64, 617 F.2d 590, 597
(1980) (stating that “the greater the discretion granted to a contracting officer, the more
difficult it will be to prove the decision was arbitrary and capricious”). If a protestor
challenges a best value evaluation, the reviewing court “will examine the agency’s
evaluation to ensure that it was reasonable and consistent with the evaluation criteria and
applicable statutes and regulations, since the relative merit of competing proposals is
primarily a matter of administrative discretion.” E.W. Bliss Co., 77 F.3d at 449 (internal
quotation marks omitted); accord Galen Med. Assocs., Inc., 369 F.3d at 1330. The court
is particularly deferential to the agency’s technical evaluation. L-3 Commc’ns EOTech,
Inc. v. United States (L-3 EOTech), 87 Fed. Cl. 656, 664 (2009); see also Fort Carson
Support Servs. v. United States (Fort Carson), 71 Fed. Cl. 571, 586 (2006) (“In particular,
the evaluation of proposals for their technical excellence or quality is a process that often
requires the special expertise of procurement officials, and thus reviewing courts give the
greatest deference possible to these determinations.”). Nevertheless, in evaluating
offerors’ past performance in a best value consideration, “the contracting agency must
treat all offerors equally,” meaning that “it must evaluate offers evenhandedly against
common requirements and evaluation criteria.” Seattle Sec. Servs., Inc. v. United States,
45 Fed. Cl. 560, 569 (1999) (internal quotation marks omitted); cf. FAR 1.602-2
(requiring a contracting officer to “[e]nsure that contractors receive impartial, fair, and
equitable treatment”).

       “Contracting officers are not obligated by the [Administrative Procedure Act] to
provide written explanations for their actions.” Impresa, 238 F.3d at 1337. Moreover,
agency decisions are “entitled to a presumption of regularity.” Id. at 1338. There is a
“strong presumption that government officials act correctly, honestly, and in good faith
when considering bids.” Savantage Fin. Servs., Inc. v. United States (Savantage), 86
Fed. Cl. 700, 703 (2009), aff’d, 595 F.3d 1282 (Fed. Cir. 2010). Moreover, “[g]iven the
presumption of regularity and good faith, a heavy burden rests upon [the plaintiff] to
demonstrate that [an] absence of documentation reflects a failure to perform the

                                             16
organizational conflict of interest review.” Beta Analytics Int’l, Inc. v. United States
(Beta Analytics), 61 Fed. Cl. 223, 228 (2004) (citing Impresa, 238 F.3d at 1338).

       2.     The Plaintiff Must Establish Prejudice

        To prevail in a bid protest, the plaintiff must demonstrate both that an error
occurred and that such error was prejudicial. Data Gen. Corp. v. Johnson, 78 F.3d 1556,
1562 (Fed. Cir. 1996); see Alfa Laval Separation, Inc. v. United States (Alfa Laval), 175
F.3d 1365, 1367 (Fed. Cir. 1999); see also Labatt Food, 577 F.3d at 1380 (stating that
“non-prejudicial errors in a bid process do not automatically invalidate a procurement”).
In a post-award bid protest, this means that the protestor “must establish . . . that there
was a substantial chance it would have received the contract award but for that error.”
Statistica, Inc. v. Christopher, 102 F.3d 1577, 1582 (Fed. Cir. 1996); accord Bannum, 404
F.3d at 1353. Accordingly, there is no prejudice without error. See Alfa Laval, 175 F.3d
at 1367.

        Although the test for demonstrating prejudice at the merits stage of a protest is the
same as the test for demonstrating prejudice at the standing stage, a separate prejudice
determination at each stage is required. See Sys. Application & Techs., Inc. v. United
States, 100 Fed. Cl. 687, 707 n.15 (2011), aff’d, 691 F.3d 1374 (Fed. Cir. 2012); cf. supra
Part II.A (discussing the standard for determining prejudice at the standing stage). This is
because, at the standing stage, the prejudice determination “is more properly considered
as a question of potential rather than actual prejudice,” to be “assessed based on the
cumulative impact of the well-pled allegations of agency error (which are assumed true at
this juncture of proceedings).” Tech Sys., Inc. v. United States, 98 Fed. Cl. 228, 244
(2011) (emphasis omitted); see also L-3 Corp., 99 Fed. Cl. at 289 (stating that the
prejudice determination for purposes of standing “assumes all non-frivolous allegations
to be true”). In contrast, at the merits stage, the court’s “prejudice determination is based
only on those allegations which have been proven true.” L-3 Corp., 99 Fed. Cl. at 289.

       C.     Organizational Conflicts of Interest

       Pursuant to the Federal Acquisition Regulation, “contracting officers shall analyze
planned acquisitions in order to . . . [i]dentify and evaluate potential organizational
conflicts of interest as early in the acquisition process as possible.” FAR 9.504(a)(1). In
determining whether a significant potential conflict exists, a contracting officer must
“exercise . . . common sense, good judgment, and sound discretion.” FAR 9.505.
Further, “[c]ontracting officers should obtain the advice of counsel and the assistance of
appropriate technical specialists in evaluating potential conflicts.” FAR 9.504(b). A
contracting officer is required to “[a]void, neutralize, or mitigate significant potential
conflicts before contract award.” FAR 9.504(a)(2). The contracting officer shall not
award a contract to an “apparent successful offeror” if “a conflict of interest is
determined to exist that cannot be avoided or mitigated.” FAR 9.504(e). “The

                                             17
contracting officer’s judgment need be formally documented only when a substantive
issue concerning potential organizational conflict of interest exists.” FAR 9.504(d); see
also PAI Corp., 614 F.3d at 1353 (“[T]he contracting officer is not required to document
in writing or submit for approval a plan to neutralize apparent or potential conflicts,
which in her discretion and judgment are deemed not to be significant.”).

        The court reviews a contracting officer’s organizational conflict of interest
determinations under the Administrative Procedure Act arbitrary and capricious standard.
Axiom Res. Mgmt., Inc. v. United States (Axiom), 564 F.3d 1374, 1381 (Fed. Cir. 2009);
see supra Part II.B.1 (describing arbitrary and capricious standard). “Hard facts” and
“concreteness” are necessary to show that a contracting officer’s organizational conflict
of interest determination lacked a rational basis under the arbitrary and capricious
standard; “sufficient alignment of interests,” “vague allegations,” “mere suspicion and
innuendo” are not enough. Turner Constr. Co. v. United States, 645 F.3d 1377, 1385
(Fed. Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted).

III.   Discussion

       McVey alleges seven claims for relief. McVey’s first four claims allege an error
by the government in awarding the contract at issue to Forgentum: (1) improper
evaluation of organizational conflict of interest with respect to Forgentum by both the
contracting officer in making the award and by GSA in conjunction with the GAO protest
(claim one), see Compl. ¶¶ 82-93 (citing FAR 9.504); (2) improper evaluation by GSA of
Forgentum’s mitigation plan (claim two), id. ¶¶ 94-103; (3) failure by GSA to treat
offerors equally (claim three), id. ¶¶ 104-17; and (4) failure by GSA to follow the best
value evaluation criteria stated in the RFQ (claim four), id. ¶¶ 118-43. McVey’s
remaining claims relate to particular relief sought by McVey. See id. ¶¶ 144-54 (seeking,
respectively, declaratory judgment, a temporary restraining order and a preliminary
injunction in claims five, six and seven); id. at 26-27 (requesting declaratory and
injunctive relief, as well as attorney’s fees, costs and interest). Because the court has
already denied McVey’s claim six for a temporary restraining order and claim seven for a
preliminary injunction, see supra note 12, this Opinion considers only McVey’s claims
one through four and related requests for relief.

       A.     Jurisdiction

       Subject matter jurisdiction is a threshold matter that a court must determine at the
outset of a case. See Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Env’t, 523 U.S. 83, 94-95 (1998);
PODS, Inc. v. Porta Stor, Inc., 484 F.3d 1359, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2007). The court finds that
McVey’s claims one through four, Compl. ¶¶ 82-143 (claims one through four) (based on
the award of a GSA contract to Forgentum instead of to McVey, the incumbent
contractor), and related requests for relief, id. ¶¶ 144-54 (claims five through seven)
(seeking, respectively, declaratory judgment, a temporary restraining order and a

                                            18
preliminary injunction); id. at 26-27 (requesting declaratory and injunctive relief, as well
as attorney’s fees, costs and interest), are within the scope of the court’s bid protest
jurisdiction because they are brought in objection to the award of a federal contract and
seek relief of the type that the court is authorized to grant, cf. 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(1)-(2)
(granting the Court of Federal Claims “jurisdiction to render judgment on an action by an
interested party objecting to a solicitation by a Federal agency for bids or proposals for a
proposed contract or to a proposed award or the award of a contract or any alleged
violation of statute or regulation in connection with a procurement or a proposed
procurement” and authority to “award any relief that the court considers proper, including
declaratory and injunctive relief”). The court also finds that McVey is an interested party
with standing to bring these claims because (1) McVey was an actual offeror, and (2)
McVey, as the only other offeror in addition to Forgentum determined by the
government’s evaluators to meet the technical requirements of the solicitation, had a
substantial chance of being awarded the contract, see supra Part I.B (discussing GSA’s
evaluation of quotes submitted in response to the RFQ); cf. Rex Serv. Corp., 448 F.3d at
1307 (requiring that a party be an actual or potential offeror and have a direct economic
interest in the outcome of the procurement to have standing); Microdyne, 72 Fed. Cl. at
232 (stating that, to have a “direct economic interest,” a plaintiff “must show it would
have . . . had a substantial chance of being awarded the contract” (internal quotation
marks omitted)). For the foregoing reasons, the court’s jurisdiction over this case is
proper.

       B.     Cross-Motions for Judgment on the Administrative Record

       Plaintiff argues that the Administrative Record “demonstrates that [GSA’s] award
decision under . . . GSA Contract No. ITSS Order ID: 1D03120073, was arbitrary,
capricious, an abuse of discretion, and otherwise not in accordance with law,” Pl.’s Mot.
1, because it “lacked a rational basis and violated applicable regulations,” Pl.’s Mem. 32,
and that, accordingly, it should be set aside, id. at 1. The government counters that “[t]he
administrative record clearly supports [GSA’s] decision to award the contract to
Forgentum” and that “McVey’s challenges to the award . . . consist primarily of
unsupported and completely speculative organizational conflict of interest . . . and other
allegations that should be rejected by this Court in their entirety.” Def.’s Mot. 1-2.
Forgentum adds that plaintiff “has not met . . . the burden of proof necessary to overturn
the [government’s] decision to award the contract that is the subject of this litigation to
Forgentum.” Forgentum’s Mot. 1. The court considers each of plaintiff’s four claims of
government error in turn. Cf. PAI Corp., 614 F.3d at 1351 (stating that a plaintiff’s first
step toward prevailing in a bid protest is to demonstrate error); Bannum, Inc., 404 F.3d at
1351 (same).

       1.     Claim One: Improper Conflict of Interest Evaluation

       a.     Pre-Award Conflict of Interest Evaluation

                                             19
        Plaintiff contends that Forgentum’s use of [***] as a subcontractor presents an
organizational conflict of interest because of [***]’s “long history of providing . . .
engineering support services and software development in support of [TRICARE].” Pl.’s
Mem. 22. Plaintiff suggests that Forgentum may have quoted an artificially low fixed
price by colluding with [***] to “divert the trouble tickets” to [***]’s other contracts with
the government, including the critical fixes and sustainment contracts. See id.; see also
Compl. ¶ 111 (alleging that Forgentum was permitted “to base its price proposal on its
performance of less than the ceiling number of trouble tickets specified in the RFQ”).
Because the critical fixes and sustainment contracts are cost reimbursable contracts,
plaintiff maintains, this would have allowed Forgentum to quote a lower fixed price,
“albeit at government expense.” Pl.’s Mem. 22; see also id. at 30 (stating that, “[b]y
virtue of Forgentum/[***]’s performance of the cost reimbursable contracts, the
government effectively [would] subsidize[] [Forgentum and [***]’s] performance” of the
contract at issue and that, therefore, “Forgentum/[***]’s proposed price is unreliable to
reflect the actual cost of the requirements specified” for the contract).

        Plaintiff states that, “when the circumstances [of an organizational conflict of
interest] are known to the agency early on in the acquisition process, the FAR mandates
that the [organizational conflict of interest] risk be investigated and documented at that
time.” Pl.’s Reply 10 (citing FAR 9.504(d)). Plaintiff contends that Ms. Stuart’s lack of
contemporaneous written documentation at the time of the award violated the FAR
because “GSA admit[ted] to its knowledge of substantive issues concerning potential
organizational conflicts of interest early on in the acquisition process.” Id. Specifically,
plaintiff contends that the organizational conflict of interest provision in the Performance
Work Statement evidences that “GSA acknowledged . . . the ‘significant potential
conflicts’ that exist,” see Pl.’s Mem. 23; Oral Argument of May 13, 2013, Argument of
William K. Walker (Mr. Walker) at 10:15:00-03 (stating that it is plaintiff’s position that
the conflict of interest provision, “by itself demonstrates a finding of significance”),
thereby triggering documentation requirements under the FAR, see Pl.’s Mem. 20
(alleging that, “as a matter of law,” the contracting officer was required “to submit for
approval . . . a written analysis of the [potential] conflict, including a recommended
course of action” (citing FAR 9.506(b)). Plaintiff also contends that the GSA “technical
panel recognized that [***]’s partnership with Forgentum represented some
[organizational conflict of interest] risk to the government,” triggering the documentation
requirements. Pl.’s Reply 3 (internal quotation marks omitted) (citing, inter alia, AR
310-11 (memorandum from GSA IT specialist)). Plaintiff argues that, at the latest, “the
contracting officer should have investigated the [organizational conflict of interest] risk
and documented her judgment in relation to it . . . upon reviewing Forgentum’s
quotation.” Id. at 9; see also id. at 23 (“[A] contracting officer may not simply ‘ignore
and not evaluate known potential [organizational conflicts of interest] prior to award.’”
(citing NetStar-1 Gov’t Consulting, Inc. v. United States (NetStar-1), 101 Fed. Cl. 511,
521 (2011), aff’d per curiam, 473 F. App’x 902 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (unpublished))).

                                             20
        Plaintiff asserts that the “Administrative Record is devoid of any documentation of
a ‘written analysis’ . . . by the Contracting Officer” and of a “written recommendation . . .
of a course of action GSA should take to avoid, neutralize, or mitigate the potential for
conflicts of interest that GSA warned about in its RFQ.” Pl.’s Mem. 7; see also Compl. ¶
88 (stating that during the GAO protest, “GSA failed to produce any documentation . . .
to establish that GSA considered whether an [organizational conflict of interest]
existed”). Plaintiff therefore concludes that Ms. Stuart, as contracting officer, “failed to
take reasonable steps to learn of the Organizational Conflict of Interest . . . and failed to
[]adequately analyze the circumstances surrounding the conflicting roles and
responsibilities [of Forgentum and [***]].” Pl.’s Mot. 1-2; see also Compl. ¶ 85 (“[T]he
Contracting Officer . . . failed to assess the extent of the [organizational conflict of
interest] that existed, or evaluate whether the [organizational conflict of interest] was
capable of being mitigated.”). Alternatively, plaintiff argues that, “[a]ssuming the
Contracting Officer did evaluate whether Forgentum had an [organizational conflict of
interest],” her conclusions were arbitrary and capricious because, without a mitigation
plan, they were “unsupported by any credible evidence.” Pl.’s Mem. 20; see also id. at
26 (“Considering that GSA failed to obtain an [organizational conflict of interest]
mitigation plan from Forgentum, . . . GSA could not have acted to ensure adequate
safeguards were in place to prevent . . . potential bias and [an] unfair competitive
advantage . . . .”).

        Defendant responds that “McVey merely emphasizes the absence of any
documentation developed pre-award” and argues that the absence of such documentation
fails to establish a violation because FAR 9.504 “does not require the contracting officer
to document her findings if she determines that no signification [organizational conflict
of interest] exists.” Def.’s Mot. 31; see Oral Argument of May 13, 2013, Argument of
Melissa M. Devine (Ms. Devine) at 10:20:20-48 (arguing that the lack of
contemporaneous documentation “was not error . . . [because] the contracting officer is
only required to formally document her [organizational conflict of interest] analysis and
put that formal documentation in the record when a . . . significant issue of potential or
actual [organizational conflict of interest] [exists]”). Defendant states that “GSA’s run of
the mill inclusion of [the conflict of interest provision in the Performance Work
Statement] does not amount to a tacit admission of the existence of significant potential
or actual [organizational conflicts of interest] under the FAR, nor does it amount to
admission that significant potential or actual [organizational conflicts of interest] are
created by Forgentum’s quote . . . .” Def.’s Reply 8; see also Forgentum’s Reply 7-8
(discussing same). Instead, according to defendant, Ms. Stuart (and the GSA IT
specialist who conducted a technical organizational conflict of interest analysis that he
discussed with Ms. Stuart prior to the award) determined that no significant conflict of
interest existed based on consideration of “the history of contract performance, the
substantial Government oversight, and the motivations that would keep [***] and
Forgentum from colluding in bad faith,” Def.’s Mot. 36, and this “contemporaneous
analysis was memorialized by Ms. Ballay in corrective action,” Def.’s Reply 9.

                                             21
       The FAR requires that, “[b]efore issuing a solicitation for a contract that may
involve a significant potential conflict, the contracting officer shall recommend to the
head of the contracting activity a course of action for resolving the conflict.” FAR
9.504(c). This recommendation is to include a “written analysis.” FAR 9.506. However,
“the contracting officer is not required to document in writing or submit for approval a
plan to neutralize apparent or potential conflicts, which in her discretion and judgment
are deemed not to be significant.” PAI Corp., 614 F.3d at 1353. Therefore, to the extent
that Ms. Stuart acted within her discretion in determining that no significant conflict of
interest existed, no documentation was required. Cf. id.

        The court agrees with defendant that the government has not acknowledged a
significant conflict of interest--and, therefore, that the documentation requirements of the
FAR have not been triggered on this basis. First, with respect to the conflict of interest
provision in the Performance Work Statement, the court notes that the provision states
only that “‘actual’ and ‘potential’ organizational conflicts of interests . . . may exist” with
respect to certain TRICARE contractors and former Department of Defense officials and
employees. AR 65 (Performance Work Statement) (emphasis added). The Performance
Work Statement further states that “[i]t is important to use sound business judgment and
determine the significance of any conflict of interest.” Id. The court finds, based on the
plain language of the Performance Work Statement, that the Performance Work
Statement does not evidence a determination by the contracting officer that a significant
conflict of interest existed with respect to Forgentum and [***]. Instead, it points to
sources that may pose actual or potential conflicts of interest and advises that “sound
business judgment” is important to “determine the significance of any conflict of
interest”--a determination that the plain language indicates is to be made outside of the
Performance Work Statement itself. Cf. id.

       Second, with respect to plaintiff’s contention that the contracting officer should
have conducted a conflict of interest analysis on review of Forgentum’s quote, see Pl.’s
Reply 9, the record supports a finding that the analysis occurred upon review of
Forgentum’s quote, exactly as plaintiff contends it should have, cf. AR 310
(memorandum from GSA IT specialist) (stating that Forgentum “submitted a technical
quote which included . . . [***] as a subcontractor” and that, because “[***] . . .
support[ed] two contracts for [TRICARE,] . . . considerations involving [***]
involvement in the classification of tickets were discussed and evaluated to ensure that a
potential conflict of interest did not exist”). Specifically, during its review of
Forgentum’s quote, “[t]he technical panel recognized that [***]’s partnership with
Forgentum represented some risk to the government” because “[***] could possibly
benefit from the incorrect categorization of tier III issues for resolution under [the
sustainment] contract.” Id. at 310-11. Accordingly, this potential “conflict was
examined by the technical team to assess . . . whether or not it presented a risk for a
significant [organizational conflict of interest].” Id. at 311; cf. NetStar-1, 101 Fed. Cl. at
521 (stating that a contracting officer “may not ignore and not evaluate known potential

                                              22
[organizational conflicts of interest] prior to award” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
However, this examination did not, as plaintiff contends, see Pl.’s Reply 3, trigger the
documentation requirements under the FAR because the contracting officer concluded,
based in part on the technical team’s evaluation, “that there was no evidence that a
significant [organizational conflict of interest] existed,”13 AR 321 (GSA corrective action
memorandum); see also AR 311 (memorandum from GSA IT specialist) (stating that “the
technical team concluded the risk for a potential [organizational conflict of interest] was
minimal”); cf. PAI Corp., 614 F.3d at 1353 (stating that documentation is not required
when the contracting officer determines that a conflict of interest is not significant).

        Further, the record does not support plaintiff’s contention that Ms. Stuart, as
contracting officer, “failed to assess the extent of the [organizational conflict of interest]
that existed, or evaluate whether the [organizational conflict of interest] was capable of
being mitigated,” Compl. ¶ 85; see also Pl.’s Mot. 2 (similar), because the record contains
numerous sources documenting Ms. Stuart’s conflict of interest analysis in great detail,
see, e.g., AR 317-21 (GSA corrective action memorandum) (summarizing Ms. Stuart’s
pre-award conflict of interest analysis); AR 312-13 (memorandum from GSA IT
specialist) (summarizing discussions of the technical team’s conflict of interest analysis
with Ms. Stuart); AR 282 (January 24, 2013 GSA e-mail chain) (discussing the basis for
Ms. Stuart’s determination that no significant conflict of interest existed); AR 236
(contracting officer’s statement) (summarizing Ms. Stuart’s pre-award conflict of interest
analysis). In addition, the record shows that Ms. Stuart consulted with the contract
specialist and the GSA IT specialist assigned to the procurement in making her
determination that no significant conflict of interest existed, see AR 312-13
(memorandum from GSA IT specialist); that this analysis was discussed with agency
counsel prior to the award to Forgentum, see AR 288-89 (January 28, 2013 GSA e-mail
chain); and that Ms. Stuart’s determination was based, in part, on the technical team’s
conclusion that “any potential risk from an [organizational conflict of interest] tied to the
ability of [***] to . . . triage tickets to itself . . . was minimal,” AR 318 (GSA corrective

       13
           Plaintiff also contends that the GSA has “admit[ted] the fact of the [organizational
conflict of interest] that taints Forgentum, and thereby the necessity under FAR []9.504 that the
Contracting Officer ‘formally document’ her judgment, Pl.’s Reply 13, based on defendant’s
statement that the technical team concluded that no significant conflict of interest existed, in part,
on the basis that routine government controls would mitigate the risk of any conflict of interest
issues post-award, see Def.’s Mot. 13; AR 311 (memorandum from GSA IT specialist)
(summarizing the technical team’s evaluation). Plaintiff’s contention is unsupported. The fact
that the technical team concluded that any risk of post-award conflicts could be mitigated by
existing controls does not evidence a determination that a significant organizational conflict of
interest existed. Cf. PAI Corp. v. United States, 614 F.3d 1347, 1353 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (“[T]he
contracting officer is not required to document in writing or submit for approval a plan to
neutralize apparent or potential conflicts, which in her discretion and judgment are deemed not to
be significant.”). Further, it is not the technical team but the contracting officer to whose
discretion the determination is committed. Cf. id.
                                                 23
action memorandum); cf. FAR 9.504(b) (“Contracting officers should obtain the advice
of counsel and the assistance of appropriate technical specialists in evaluating potential
conflicts.”). Moreover, the record shows that Ms. Stuart was briefed on the technical
team’s identification of existing government controls that would allow for the recognition
and mitigation of any future activities suggesting an actual organizational conflict of
interest. See AR 319-20 (GSA corrective action memorandum); cf. FAR 9.504(a)(2)
(requiring a contracting officer to “[a]void, neutralize, or mitigate significant potential
conflicts before contract award”).

        Plaintiff is correct that the documentation of Ms. Stuart’s conflict of interest
analysis in the record was created during bid protest proceedings after the award. See,
e.g., Pl.’s Mem. 6; Pl.’s Reply 4 (characterizing the documentation as “post hoc
rationalization”). However, far from ignoring post-award analyses, “[c]ourts reviewing
bid protests routinely consider post-award [organizational conflict of interest] analyses
and consider evidence developed in response to a bid protest.” Turner Constr. Co., 645
F.3d at 1386; see, e.g., Masai Techs. Corp. v. United States, 79 Fed. Cl. 433, 449-50
(2007) (finding “that the contracting officer performed two thorough and comprehensive
investigations and carefully documented his conclusion that no [organizational conflict of
interest] existed,” based on “determinations and findings made in response to [two prior]
bid protests brought before the GAO”). Plaintiff’s reliance on NetStar-1 in support of the
proposition that documentation must be contemporaneous is misplaced. See Oral
Argument of May 13, 2013, Argument of Mr. Walker at 10:07:31-:08:11 (identifying
NetStar-1 as authority for the proposition and referencing notes 17-18, in particular14);
Pl.’s Mot. 23-24 (discussing NetStar-1 and GAO decisions as supporting its assertion that
the contracting officer did not perform the organizational conflict of interest evaluation
tasks required by the FAR).

       NetStar-1 recognizes “that an agency’s failure to adhere to the FAR’s
requirements regarding [organizational conflicts of interest] may [not] be remedied by the
expediency of obtaining post hoc declarations from the winning contractor denying any
wrongdoing.” NetStar-1, 101 Fed. Cl. at 526. Here, however, there is no evidence that
GSA failed to adhere to the FAR documentation requirements. The fact that the
corrective action taken by Ms. Ballay included obtaining a statement from Forgentum,
see AR 295 (Forgentum organizational conflict of interest statement), should not obscure
the fact that the documentation of Ms. Stuart’s pre-award conflict of interest analysis
consists not of “post hoc declarations from the winning contractor denying any
       14
          Plaintiff appears to refer to the portion of NetStar-1 Government Consulting, Inc. v.
United States (NetStar-1), 101 Fed. Cl. 511 (2011), aff’d per curiam, 473 F. App’x 902 (Fed. Cir.
2012) (unpublished)), associated with West headnotes 17-18, as distinguished from footnotes 17-
18. Compare Oral Argument of May 13, 2013, Argument of William K. Walker at 10:10:14-:56
(quoting the relevant portions of NetStar-1), with NetStar-1, 101 Fed. Cl. at 526 (matching the
language quoted by plaintiff and linked to West headnotes 17-18).

                                               24
wrongdoing,” but of statements--made by Ms. Stuart and others involved in Ms. Stuart’s
pre-award analysis--documenting that analysis in response to bid protest proceedings, see
id.; cf. Turner Constr. Co., 645 F.3d at 1386; Masai Techs. Corp., 79 Fed. Cl. at 449-50.
This documentation directly refutes plaintiff’s argument that “[d]efendant offers no facts
provided by GSA officials with first-hand knowledge who contemporaneously
considered whether or not Forgentum is tainted by an organizational conflict of interest.”
Cf. Pl.’s Reply 17. And even if this documentation had not been created, plaintiff has
failed to introduce any evidence sufficient to overcome “the presumption of regularity
and good faith” respecting the contracting officer’s organizational conflict of interest
review. Cf. Beta Analytics, 61 Fed. Cl. at 228.

        Additionally, plaintiff’s argument that any conflict of interest evaluation
conducted by Ms. Stuart was necessarily arbitrary and capricious in the absence of a
mitigation plan from Forgentum, see Pl.’s Mem. 20, 26, is without merit. To the
contrary, the record supports a finding that, notwithstanding the lack of a mitigation plan,
Ms. Stuart was able to conduct a meaningful conflict of interest evaluation based on
available information. See AR 321 (GSA corrective action memorandum) (stating that
Ms. Stuart was briefed on the detailed technical evaluation of potential conflicts of
interest regarding Forgentum and [***]); AR 282 (January 24, 2013 GSA e-mail chain)
(discussing the basis for Ms. Stuart’s determination that no significant conflict of interest
existed); AR 236 (contracting officer’s statement) (summarizing Ms. Stuart’s pre-award
conflict of interest analysis); see also AR 310-14 (memorandum from GSA IT specialist)
(in response to the GAO protests, summarizing the technical team’s pre-award conflict of
interest analysis and the potential for mitigation of future conflicts by existing
government controls); cf. Impresa, 238 F.3d at 1332-33 (requiring under the arbitrary and
capricious standard that a contracting officer’s exercise of discretion have only “a
coherent and reasonable explanation” (internal quotation marks omitted)); Sys.
Application, 100 Fed. Cl. at 711 (same). The court considers GSA’s mitigation plan
evaluation below in Part III.B.2.

       Based on the foregoing, the court concludes that the record provides “a coherent
and reasonable explanation” for Ms. Stuart’s exercise of discretion in determining that no
significant conflict of interest existed, cf. Impresa, 238 F.3d at 1332-33 (internal
quotation marks omitted); Sys. Application, 100 Fed. Cl. at 711 (same), and that,
therefore, no documentation was required, cf. PAI Corp., 614 F.3d at 1353.

       b.     GSA Corrective Action: No Prejudice to Plaintiff

        Even if Ms. Stuart had erred in her conflict of interest evaluation, to prevail,
plaintiff “must establish [prejudice, that is,] . . . that there was a substantial chance it
would have received the contract award but for that error.” See Statistica, Inc., 102 F.3d
at 1582; see also Bannum, Inc., 404 F.3d at 1353 (stating that a plaintiff’s second step
toward prevailing in a bid protest is to demonstrate prejudice). In making its prejudice

                                             25
determination, the court will only consider “those allegations which have been proven
true.” L-3 Corp., 99 Fed. Cl. at 289. “Hard facts” and “concreteness” are necessary to
show that a contracting officer’s organizational conflict of interest determination lacked a
rational basis under the arbitrary and capricious standard; “sufficient alignment of
interests,” “vague allegations,” “mere suspicion and innuendo” are not enough. Turner
Constr. Co., 645 F.3d at 1385 (internal quotation marks omitted).

        Defendant argues that plaintiff suffered no prejudice: “Ms. Ballay’s independent
[organizational conflict of interest] investigation [following the GAO protest] ‘cleared the
air of any alleged [organizational conflict of interest] taint by showing that no significant
[organizational conflict of interest] existed.’” Def.’s Mot. 27 (quoting Turner Constr.
Co., 645 F.3d at 1386 (alterations in original omitted)). In support of this position,
defendant states that, in the GSA corrective action memorandum, Ms. Ballay “more than
adequately documented her [organizational conflict of interest] analysis.” Id. at 3.
Specifically, according to defendant, Ms. Ballay recorded her finding that any potential
conflicts of interest were minimal and extremely unlikely to occur given government
control mechanisms and surveillance routines, which she described in detail. Id. at 33-34
(citing AR 326-28 (GSA corrective action memorandum)). Further, defendant asserts
that Ms. Ballay did not defer to Forgentum in its organizational conflict of interest
analysis, as plaintiff alleges, see Pl.’s Mem. 24 (alleging that Ms. Ballay “deferred to
Forgentum” and “readily accepted Forgentum’s explanation,” which plaintiff contends
was “unacceptable” under NetStar-1), because she, like Ms. Stuart, “considered the
history of contract performance, the substantial Government oversight, and the
motivations that would keep [***] and Forgentum from colluding in bad faith,” Def.’s
Mot. 35-36; see also Forgentum’s Reply 13 (observing that FAR 9.504(e) requires a
contracting officer, “[b]efore determining to withhold award based on conflict of interest
considerations, . . . [to] notify the contractor, provide the reasons therefor, and allow the
contractor a reasonable opportunity to respond”). Plaintiff characterizes GSA’s
corrective action memorandum, documenting Ms. Ballay’s independent organizational
conflict of interest investigation, as a “post hoc rationalization of a second Contracting
Officer who had nothing to do with the acquisition.” Pl.’s Mem. 6; see also Pl.’s Reply 4
(similar).

        The court agrees with defendant that, even if Ms. Stuart had erred in her conflict
of interest evaluation, plaintiff has failed to prove--based on “[h]ard facts” and
“concreteness,” cf. Turner Constr. Co., 645 F.3d at 1385 (internal quotation marks
omitted); see also L-3 Corp., 99 Fed. Cl. at 289 (stating that, in making its prejudice
determination on the merits, the court will only consider “those allegations which have
been proven true”)--that it had a “substantial chance” of receiving the contract but for
such an error, Statistica, Inc., 102 F.3d at 1582.

       The independent conflict of interest investigation conducted by Ms. Ballay
consisted of: asking members of the acquisition team to recount their pre-award

                                             26
organizational conflict of interest analysis; obtaining and reviewing documentation of the
technical team’s pre-award organizational conflict of interest analysis; reviewing Ms.
Stuart’s contracting officer’s statement in response to the first GAO protest; gaining
understanding of Ms. Stuart’s pre-award analysis based on e-mail correspondence and
conversations; and considering additional information requested from TRICARE and
Forgentum. See AR 321-22 (GSA corrective action memorandum) (describing scope of
Ms. Ballay’s independent conflict of interest investigation). The GSA corrective action
memorandum discusses the information considered by Ms. Ballay as a result of her
investigation in great detail, as well as the bases for her conclusions, see id. at 322-28,
and makes clear that Ms. Ballay’s consideration of an organizational conflict of interest
statement from Forgentum was not the only basis for her conclusions, see, e.g., id. at 326-
27 (concluding, on the basis of information obtained from Forgentum, GSA and
TRICARE, that “significant controls” and “Government surveillance practices” were
built into the contract to protect against conflicts of interest and citing both the
Forgentum organizational conflict of interest statement and positive past performance
reviews in support of her determination that there was no factual support for a finding
that “Forgentum and [***] will collude to perform in bad faith”). Therefore, plaintiff’s
assertion that Ms. Ballay “readily accepted Forgentum’s explanation” and “deferred to
Forgentum” is without support. Cf. Turner Constr. Co., 645 F.3d at 1385 (stating that
“sufficient alignment of interests,” “vague allegations,” “mere suspicion and innuendo”
are not enough to show that a contracting officer’s organizational conflict of interest
determination lacked a rational basis (internal quotation marks omitted)). In addition,
NetStar-1 does not prohibit Ms. Ballay from taking the Forgentum organizational conflict
of interest statement into consideration; instead NetStar-1 simply instructs that a winning
contractor’s post hoc declarations alone do not remedy a failure to comply with the FAR.
Cf. NetStar-1, 101 Fed. Cl. at 526 (recognizing “that an agency’s failure to adhere to the
FAR’s requirements regarding [organizational conflicts of interest] may [not] be
remedied by the expediency of obtaining post hoc declarations from the winning
contractor denying any wrongdoing”). Here, there is no evidence that GSA failed to
comply with FAR requirements, see supra Part III.B.1.a, and even if Ms. Stuart had erred,
Ms. Ballay’s independent conflict of interest investigation, based on a number of sources,
“clear[ed] the air of any [organizational conflict of interest] taint by showing that no
significant [organizational conflict of interest] existed,” cf. Turner Constr. Co., 645 F.3d
at 1386.

       The court therefore concludes that the record provides “a coherent and reasonable
explanation” for Ms. Ballay’s exercise of discretion in determining that no significant
conflict of interest existed. Cf. Impresa, 238 F.3d at 1332-33 (internal quotation marks
omitted); Sys. Application, 100 Fed. Cl. at 711 (same). The court further concludes that,
because Ms. Ballay’s independent conflict of interest investigation left undisturbed the
award to Forgentum, see AR at 325 (GSA corrective action memorandum) (recording
Ms. Ballay’s determination that Forgentum did not have a “significant” conflict of
interest “that would render it ineligible for . . . award”), plaintiff cannot establish that

                                             27
“there was a substantial chance it would have received the contract award but for [any
alleged] error” by Ms. Stuart, cf. Statistica, Inc., 102 F.3d at 1582.

        2.     Claim Two: Improper Mitigation Plan Evaluation

       Plaintiff asserts that “GSA’s requirement that Forgentum submit [a mitigation]
plan was absolute by virtue of the support it and [***] provide to [TRICARE] under
other contracts.” Pl.’s Mem. 26; see also Pl.’s Reply 1 (similar). Plaintiff contends that,
therefore, “Forgentum’s [quote] was nonresponsive and the Contracting Officer should
have eliminated it from award consideration.”15 Pl.’s Mem. 5; see also Pl.’s Reply 3
(similar); Compl. ¶ 100 (“Despite Forgentum’s failure to comply with GSA’s proposal
instructions, and its submission of a nonresponsive proposal for its failure to provide a
mitigation plan, GSA unlawfully evaluated Forgentum’s proposal and selected it for
contract award.”).

       Defendant responds that “McVey’s assertions . . . would require the Court to
interpret the RFQ in a nonsensical way, that is, to require a mitigation plan to be

       15
           Plaintiff also argued in its Complaint that the contracting officer “permit[ted]
Forgentum to submit a mitigation plan after the time for receipt of proposals.” Compl. ¶ 91; see
also id. ¶¶ 90, 92, 101-02, 109 (referencing a late-submitted mitigation plan from Forgentum).
But see TSC of Feb. 26, 2013, at 5:54:04-07 (Kathleen Barksdale, GSA counsel) (stating that no
mitigation plan was ever deemed necessary). Plaintiff appears to revise this argument in its
Reply, characterizing the organizational conflict of interest statement provided by Forgentum in
response to Ms. Ballay’s independent conflict of interest evaluation as a late-submitted
mitigation plan. See Pl.’s Reply 11-12 (“Ms. Ballay did request and receive documentation from
Forgentum regarding the analysis with respect to Organizational Conflict of Interest,” and GSA’s
decision to “characterize the documentation requested as something other than a mitigation
plan[] does not change the fact that the documentation GSA requested and received is exactly the
type of information Forgentum was required to submit with its quotation in a document labeled
‘mitigation plan.’” (some internal quotation marks omitted)). Plaintiff argues that, therefore,
“GSA did in fact afford Forgentum ‘two bites at the apple’ to submit a responsive proposal.” Id.
at 12. Defendant responds that “Forgentum’s submission to the GSA could hardly be described
as a ‘mitigation plan,’ [because] it does not explain how it will ‘mitigate’ any [organizational
conflict of interest].” Def.’s Reply 10.

         Notably, GSA did not treat Forgentum’s statement as a mitigation plan and did not
consider the statement necessary to Forgentum’s quote being responsive. See AR 313
(memorandum from GSA IT specialist) (“[C]onversations between the Contract specialist and
GSA legal counsel on 9/24/12 confirmed that the Mitigation plan was not needed pre-award);
AR 328 (GSA corrective action memorandum) (“[T]he risk of an [organizational conflict of
interest] under this [contract] is so insignificant that there is no need to obtain a mitigation plan
from Forgentum.”). Accordingly, plaintiff’s argument that “GSA . . . afford[ed] Forgentum ‘two
bites at the apple’ to submit a responsive proposal,” Pl.’s Reply 12, is addressed to a non-existent
“requirement.”
                                                 28
submitted by Forgentum when there is no [organizational conflict of interest] to
mitigate.” Def.’s Mot. 2; see also Def.’s Reply 6 (similar); Oral Argument of May 13,
2013, Argument of Ms. Devine at 10:26:02-39 (stating that Forgentum did not provide a
mitigation plan because to do so would “pose[] a sort of metaphysical problem, that if . . .
a quote would perhaps fall under [the requirement for a mitigation plan contained in the]
performance work statement and there is no [organizational conflict of interest] that was
presented by the . . . quote, to present a mitigation plan without any [conflict] to mitigate,
. . . it’s a difficult . . . requirement to comply with”).

       Defendant further contends that, because there is no conflict of interest to mitigate,
the mitigation plan was not a material requirement. Def.’s Reply 6; see also Oral
Argument of May 13, 2013, Argument of Ms. Devine at 10:26:40-55 (arguing that a
mitigation plan that did not mitigate any conflict of interest would not have any effect on
the technical evaluation or price quote and would therefore not be material). Forgentum
adds, without elaboration, that no mitigation plan was required because it “did not
propose to use any ‘[TRICARE] Contractors that currently perform logistical, program,
operational, [or] data management support for’” the TRICARE locations listed in the
Performance Work Statement conflict of interest provision. Forgentum’s Reply 10
(quoting AR 65 (Performance Work Statement)). Forgentum also argues that there is no
requirement for a mitigation plan in the RFQ and that, if there were, “[McVey] would be
ineligible itself because it proposed personnel who support [TRICARE] but it did not
submit [a] . . . mitigation plan.” Id. at 9.

       The Performance Work Statement provided that TRICARE “indicat[ed] and
advis[ed] awareness that ‘actual’ and ‘potential’ organizational conflicts of interests . . .
may exist with [TRICARE] Contractors that currently perform logistical, program,
operational, [and] data management support” for TRICARE in Aurora, Colorado, Falls
Church, Virginia and the Pacific Joint Information Technology Center. AR 65
(Performance Work Statement). The Performance Work Statement further provided that
a contractor submitting a quote that might give rise to an actual or potential
organizational conflict of interest--because the contractor intended to use a person under
a subcontract or in an advisory capacity who, at the time of the submission, supported
TRICARE --“shall provide a mitigation plan to the Government that effectively
demonstrate[d] how the [contractor would] mitigate any potential or actual
[organizational conflict of interest] in its business arrangement for supporting this
contract and any other [TRICARE] contract.” Id. at 66 (emphasis added).

       In its technical quote, Forgentum listed the sustainment contract as an example of
past performance. See AR 160-61 (Forgentum Vol. 1 Technical Quote). The
information provided by Forgentum in its Volume 1 Technical Quote identifies the
sustainment contract as a TRICARE maintenance and sustainment support contract that
appears to be based in Falls Church, VA. See id. (listing TRICARE references located in
Falls Church, VA). Further, Forgentum describes its TRICARE experience, along with

                                             29
that of [***], as including work “to design, build, modify, enhance, operate, train,
maintain, and sustain” the Composite Health Care System and Armed Forces Health
Longitudinal Technology Application. Id. at 160. The court understands this to bring
Forgentum’s quote within the scope of the “actual” or “potential” conflicts of interest
described in the Performance Work Statement. Cf. AR 65 (Performance Work
Statement). Accordingly, it appears to the court that Forgentum was required to submit a
mitigation plan. Cf. id. at 66 (stating that any offeror that “intends to use any Contractor
employee that currently supports [TRICARE] . . . as a subcontractor or any any advisory
capacity . . . shall provide a mitigation plan”); AR 46 (RFQ) (stating that all offerors
should “be certain to present . . . [their] most advantageous price quote that clearly meets
all technical requirements of the [Performance Work Statement] and complies completely
with all quote submittal requirements” (emphasis added)).

       However, the RFQ makes no mention of the mitigation plan requirement. See AR
47 (RFQ) (stating only that quotes would be evaluated “on the basis of two technical
factors, Task Understanding and Past Performance, as well as price”). It appears,
therefore, that the mitigation plan requirement was not part of the evaluation under the
RFQ but was instead intended to aid the contracting officer in determining whether an
impermissible organizational conflict of interest existed. Cf. Pl.’s Reply 19 (“To permit
the contracting officer to assess the [organizational conflict of interest] risk anticipated by
[the conflict of interest provision in the Performance Work Statement], GSA instructed
prospective bidders to submit a mitigation plan with their quotations . . . if they intended”
to use certain subcontractors that supported TRICARE.). Therefore, the question for the
court in determining whether Forgentum’s proposal should have been rejected from
consideration is whether the mitigation plan was a material requirement. Cf. Centech
Grp., Inc. v. United States, 554 F.3d 1029, 1037 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (“To be acceptable, a
proposal must represent an offer to provide the exact thing called for in the request for
proposals, so that acceptance of the proposal will bind the contractor in accordance with
the material terms and conditions of the request for proposals.”). Defendant argues that
the inclusion of a mitigation plan was not a material requirement because, when
“Forgentum’s quote posed no [organizational conflict of interest], . . . there was nothing
in a mitigation plan that would otherwise alter that quote.” Def.’s Reply 6.

        “A solicitation term is material where it has more than a negligible impact on the
price, quantity, quality, or delivery of the subject of the bid.” Blackwater, 86 Fed. Cl. at
505 (citing Centech Grp., Inc., 554 F.3d at 1038). The court will not overturn an
agency’s determination that an offeror “satisfied the material requirements of the
solicitation” unless it concludes that the determination was arbitrary and capricious. Cf.
id.

       Here, despite the lack of a mitigation plan, GSA’s technical evaluation team was
able to identify and analyze potential conflicts of interest related to (1) [***]’s role under
the sustainment contract; (2) [***]’s role as the developer of the Composite Health Care

                                              30
System; and (3) [***]’s role under the critical fixes contract. See supra Part I.B. The
contracting officer, Ms. Stuart, was briefed on the detailed technical evaluation of
potential conflicts of interest regarding Forgentum and [***], see AR 321 (GSA
corrective action memorandum), and, during the corrective action, this technical
evaluation was summarized in writing by the GSA IT specialist assigned to the
procurement, see AR 310-14 (memorandum from GSA IT specialist), and relied upon by
the new contracting officer, Ms. Ballay, during her post-award organizational conflict of
interest investigation, see AR 318-21 (GSA corrective action memorandum). The record,
therefore, supports a finding that GSA was able to conduct a meaningful conflict of
interest evaluation without a mitigation plan from Forgentum. Further, because the
conflict of interest investigations conducted by Ms. Stuart and Ms. Ballay rationally
concluded that any potential organizational conflict of interest involving [***] was not
significant and was effectively mitigated by existing government controls, see supra Part
III.B.1, the omitted mitigation plan cannot be said to have “ha[d] more than a negligible
impact on the price, quantity, quality, or delivery of the subject of the bid,” cf.
Blackwater, 86 Fed. Cl. at 505, when no further mitigating action was required. The
court therefore concludes that GSA did not act arbitrarily or capriciously by considering
Forgentum’s bid. Cf. Centech Grp., Inc., 554 F.3d at 1037; Blackwater, 86 Fed. Cl. at
505.

       3.     Claim Three: Failure to Treat All Offerors Equally

       a.     With Respect to the Mitigation Plan Requirement

        Plaintiff contends that “GSA waived its requirement for a mitigation plan; but only
for the benefit of Forgentum,” Pl.’s Mem. 7, and asserts that this “establishes the unequal
treatment . . . that McVey complains about,” id. at 27; see also Pl.’s Reply 5, 21 (similar).
Defendant argues that, “to the extent a mitigation plan would otherwise be required”
under the Performance Work Statement, “GSA reasonably waived the mitigation plan
requirement as to Forgentum, because that requirement was not material to Forgentum’s
quote.” Def.’s Mot. 24.

       The court agrees with defendant. The FAR requires a contracting officer to
“[e]nsure that contractors receive impartial, fair, and equitable treatment.” FAR 1.602-
2(b); see, e.g., Seattle Sec. Servs., Inc., 45 Fed. Cl. at 569 (stating that, with respect to
evaluation of offerors’ past performance in a best value procurement, “the contracting
agency must treat all offerors equally,” meaning that “it must evaluate offers
evenhandedly against common requirements and evaluation criteria” (internal quotation
marks omitted)). However, the FAR also allows contracting officers “wide latitude to
exercise business judgment.” FAR 1.602-2. The court has found that both Ms. Stuart
and Ms. Ballay acted within their discretion in determining that a mitigation plan was not
a material requirement with respect to Forgentum’s quote, see supra Part III.B.2
(discussing materiality of the mitigation plan requirement with respect to Forgentum’s

                                             31
quote); cf. FAR 1.602-2. Further, the court cannot conclude that either Ms. Stuart or Ms.
Ballay treated the offerors partially, unfairly or inequitably by waiving this requirement
when each contracting officer rationally concluded that Forgentum did not present a
conflict requiring mitigating action, see supra Part III.B.1 (discussing the contracting
officers’ conflict of interest analyses), and the mitigation plan was not a factor for
evaluation under the RFQ, see supra Part III.B.2 (discussing evaluation factors); cf.
Blackwater, 86 Fed. Cl. at 505 (stating that the court will not overturn an agency’s
determination of materiality unless it concludes that the determination was arbitrary and
capricious).

        Plaintiff further contends that, by waiving the mitigation plan requirement for
Forgentum, “GSA unfairly increased the number of pages Forgentum was . . . allowed for
its technical quote,” so that “only Forgentum/[***] was allowed to effectively exceed the
14[-]page limit.” Pl.’s Mem. 27; see also id. at 16 (alleging that, “[b]y virtue of
[Forgentum’s] noncompliance with the RFQ requirement to submit . . . [a] mitigation
plan, Forgentum actually increased the number of pages it had available to enhance its
technical quotation”). Plaintiff appears to base its argument that the mitigation plan was
subject to the page limit on the Volume 1 Technical Quote on language in the RFQ, see
Pl.’s Reply Br. 2 (quoting RFQ language), which provided that, with respect to the task
understanding portion of the Volume 1 Technical Quote, the offeror was to “[d]escribe
[its] knowledge and understanding of the requirements outlined in the [Performance
Work Statement],” AR 48 (RFQ). Plaintiff argues that, because the mitigation plan
requirement was contained in the Performance Work Statement, it was therefore required
to be included in the Volume 1 Technical Quote. Pl.’s Reply Br. 2.

        Defendant responds that “[t]he mitigation plan was not subject to the 14-page limit
and, instead, was to be submitted separately in conjunction with its technical and price
quotes.” Def.’s Resp. Br. 2; see also Def.’s Mot. 26 (stating that “nothing in the record
demonstrates that the mitigation plan was to be included as part of the technical quote”).
In particular, defendant points to the statement in the Performance Work Statement “that
‘[t]he mitigation plan shall be forwarded to the Contracting Officer with the Offeror’s
proposal[,]’ not as a part of the offeror’s proposal.” Def.’s Resp. Br. 3 (quoting AR 66
(Performance Work Statement)). Further, defendant argues that, even if the mitigation
plan were subject to the page limit, because “GSA did not in fact ask Forgentum to
supplement or otherwise alter its quote after the fact,” McVey has not shown unequal
treatment by GSA. Def.’s Mot. 26; see also Def.’s Resp. Br. 5 (stating that, “[e]ven
assuming . . . that the mitigation plan were required to be included in the technical quote,
this fact is irrelevant because McVey has not suffered cognizable prejudice” when there
was room in Forgentum’s quote for “a short ‘mitigation plan’ sentence”).

       In addition, both parties invoke Q&A exchange eight in support of their respective
positions. Exchange eight appears in full below:

                                            32
       Q8. Are the [organizational conflict of interest] mitigation plan (if
       needed), the Past Performance and References, [quality control plan], and
       [program management plan] to be included in the [fourteen] page limit of
       the Technical Quote? Please clarify.

       A8. All information submitted as a part of Volume I is subject to the
       page limitation. Also see revised RFQ document.

AR 106 (Q&A). Plaintiff characterizes the Q&A exchange as follows: “GSA responded
to [Forgentum’s] Q&A and expressly told Forgentum that offerors’ mitigation plans were
to be submitted as part of their technical quotations subject to the 14[-]page limit.” Pl.’s
Reply Br. 3-4; see also id. at 3 (“Obviously, if GSA intended to permit offerors to submit
. . . Mitigation Plans separate from their technical quotations, and outside of the 14-page
limit, it would have stated this in the RFQ, and in the response it provided to Forgentum’s
Q&A.”). Defendant characterizes GSA’s response in the Q&A exchange as an
“expla[nation] that only the requirements outlined in the RFQ technical quote were
subject to the 14-page limit.16 Def.’s Resp. Br. 3 (citing AR 106 (Q&A)); see also id. at 4
(asserting that defendant’s interpretation “makes sense” because a requirement that the
mitigation plan be included in the page limit “would create a significant unfair advantage
for [offerors] whose proposals do not create” a conflict). The court agrees with defendant
that the plain language of GSA’s response in the Q&A exchange indicates only that
information required to be included as part of the Volume 1 Technical Quote would be
subject to the page limitation, without commenting on whether that included the
mitigation plan. Cf. AR 106 (Q&A). Moreover, the court notes that plaintiff’s assertion
that “GSA . . . expressly told Forgentum that offerors’ mitigation plans were to be
submitted as part of their technical quotations subject to the 14[-]page limit,” Pl.’s Reply
Br. 3-4, is a misrepresentation. GSA simply stated that “[a]ll information submitted as a
part of Volume I is subject to the page limitation.” AR 106 (Q&A). The issue, therefore,
is whether the mitigation plan was to be included in the Volume 1 Technical Quote. For
the following reasons, the court concludes that it was not.

       First, as defendant correctly notes, the plain language of the mitigation plan
requirement in the Performance Work Statement indicates that the mitigation plan was to
       16
           Defendant also asserts that, “[t]o the extent McVey had further questions [about the
page limit as a result of the Q&A], it was required to raise them before the award.” Def.’s Resp.
to Pl.’s Supplemental Br., Dkt. No. 36, at 4 (citing Blue & Gold Fleet, L.P. v. United States
(Blue & Gold), 492 F.3d 1308, 1313 (Fed. Cir. 2007)). Indeed, if plaintiff considered the terms
of the RFQ to be an issue, plaintiff should have raised any such objections prior to the close of
bidding. Cf. Blue & Gold, 492 F.3d at 1313 (“[A] party who has the opportunity to object to the
terms of a government solicitation containing a patent error and fails to do so prior to the close of
the bidding process waives its ability to raise the same objection subsequently in a bid protest
action in the [United States] Court of Federal Claims.”).

                                                 33
be submitted in addition to an offeror’s proposal, as distinguished from being submitted
in either the Volume 1 Technical Quote or Volume 2 Price Quote. Cf. AR 66
(Performance Work Statement) (“The mitigation plan shall be forwarded to the
Contracting Officer with the Offeror’s proposal.” (emphasis added)); AR 47 (RFQ)
(stating that each “quote submission shall be broken into two separate documents:
Volume 1 - Technical Quote and Volume 2 - Price Quote” (emphasis omitted)).

       Next, as defendant also notes, the language cited by plaintiff in the RFQ, requiring
an offeror to “describe [its] knowledge and understanding of the requirements outlined in
the [Performance Work Statement],” appears, in context, to be limited only to those
specific requirements in the Performance Work Statement related to task understanding.
Cf. AR 48 (RFQ). Significantly, the language cited by plaintiff appears in the RFQ’s
description of Volume 1 Technical Quote Requirements under the heading “Task
Understanding” and relates to the requirements each offeror is instructed to address in its
“narrative for Task Understanding.” See id. The Performance Work Statement contains
a “description of required tasks,” see AR 67 (Performance Work Statement)
(capitalization and emphasis omitted), broken down into task management and direct
support categories, see id. at 67-73. It follows that the directive cited by plaintiff in the
RFQ--under the heading “Task Understanding,” see AR 48 (RFQ), should be interpreted
to mean that the offeror should describe its knowledge and understanding of the “required
tasks,” specifically, in its task understanding narrative, cf. AR 67-73 (Performance Work
Statement) (listing “required tasks”), as distinguished from describing in its task
understanding narrative its knowledge and understanding of any and all requirements
contained in the Performance Work Statement, cf. AR 48 (RFQ) (stating under the “Task
Understanding” heading that an offeror’s task understanding narrative “shall be evidence
of the quoter’s understanding of the technical support tasks required to meet the
[Performance Work Statement] requirements” and that the task understanding narrative
will be assessed to determine “the degree to which [the quoter’s] approach satisfies the
core task requirements in the [Performance Work Statement]”). Because the mitigation
plan requirement appears in the Performance Work Statement under the “background”
heading--not in the “description of required tasks,” see AR 63, 65-67 (Performance Work
Statement) (capitalization and emphasis omitted)--the court concludes that the RFQ did
not require an offeror to include its mitigation plan, if one were required, in its task
understanding narrative, cf. AR 48 (RFQ).

        The court therefore finds that plaintiff’s contention--that any mitigation plan was
to be included in an offeror’s Volume 1 Technical Quote--is not supported by the record.
Because the court finds that the mitigation plan was not to be submitted as part of
Volume 1, the court concludes that the mitigation plan was not subject to the Volume 1
page limitation. Cf. AR 106 (Q&A) (“All information submitted as a part of Volume I is
subject to the page limitation.”) Plaintiff’s allegation that GSA unfairly increased the
number of pages available to Forgentum for its technical quote is, therefore, without
merit.

                                             34
       b.     With Respect to the Technical Evaluation

         Plaintiff also contends that the GSA evaluators afforded Forgentum special
treatment in their evaluation of Forgentum’s technical quote. Specifically, plaintiff
claims that Forgentum’s quote was improperly credited because Forgentum “did not
disclose any knowledge or understanding of [Performance Work Statement] requirements
. . . or experience independent of [***].” Pl.’s Mem. 27; see also Compl. ¶¶ 123-24
(similar). Plaintiff also claims that Forgentum was given “extra credit” for its
understanding of the Remedy Management Tool but that, despite McVey’s “extensive
experience with the tool,” McVey received “no credit at all for its understanding.” Pl.’s
Mem. 28; see also Compl. ¶¶ 126, 129 (similar). Similarly, McVey further claims that
Forgentum was credited with “an in-depth knowledge of the [clinical data repository]
Synchronization Server # 2, and issues surrounding it,” but that McVey’s “extensive
experience using and understanding of the [server] . . . received no positive mention.”
Pl.’s Mem. 28 (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Compl. ¶¶ 127-29 (similar).

        Defendant responds that “GSA made a determination as to McVey’s and
Forgentum’s task understanding that reflected [GSA’s] reasonable consideration of the
thorough documentation provided.” Def.’s Mot. 41. Specifically, defendant states that
McVey was credited “with an incumbent’s knowledge” and was acknowledged as having
an understanding of the Remedy tool, but was criticized for its failure to provide specific
details related to task management and for its failure to offer new solutions. Id. at 41-42.
Defendant asserts that, “[a]lthough McVey ultimately disagrees with GSA’s evaluations
of McVey’s and Forgentum’s task understandings, there is nothing arbitrary or capricious
about the evaluation process and results.” Id. at 40 (internal citation omitted).

        The test for the court in reviewing a challenge to a best value evaluation is
whether the evaluation “was reasonable and consistent with the evaluation criteria and
applicable statutes and regulations, since the relative merit of competing proposals is
primarily a matter of administrative discretion.” E.W. Bliss Co., 77 F.3d at 449 (internal
quotation marks omitted); accord Galen Med. Assocs., Inc., 369 F.3d at 1330. The court
is particularly deferential to an agency’s technical evaluation, L-3 EOTech, 87 Fed. Cl. at
664; Fort Carson, 71 Fed. Cl. at 586, and the plaintiff’s burden is elevated in a best value
procurement, Blackwater, 86 Fed. Cl. at 503; see also Banknote, 365 F.3d at 1355
(discussing the particularly high level of discretion afforded a contracting officer under
the best value evaluation standard).

        With respect to plaintiff’s allegations that Forgentum’s quote received improper
credit, and in particular, plaintiff’s allegation that Forgentum was improperly credited
because it “did not disclose any knowledge or understanding of [Performance Work
Statement] requirements . . . or experience independent of [***],” Pl.’s Mem. 27; see also
Compl. ¶¶ 123-24 (similar), the court notes that the government recognized as a negative
aspect of Forgentum’s Volume 1 Technical Quote that “the experience between the

                                            35
[Forgentum and [***]] team is indistinguishable and introduces risk where the
Government cannot determine experience of Forgentum as the prime,” AR 200 (GSA
award memorandum); accord AR 187 (technical evaluation summary). However, the
evaluators determined that the risk was mitigated by the benefits afforded by the quality
of the experience. AR 200 (GSA award memorandum). Given the court’s high degree of
deference to an agency’s technical evaluation, see L-3 EOTech, 87 Fed. Cl. at 664; Fort
Carson, 71 Fed. Cl. at 586, the court cannot conclude that GSA’s willingness to accept
the risk of the “indistinguishable” experience was unreasonable or inconsistent with the
evaluation criteria or applicable law, cf. Galen Med. Assocs., Inc., 369 F.3d at 1330;
E.W. Bliss Co., 77 F.3d at 449.

       With respect to plaintiff’s allegation that Forgentum was improperly credited for
its understanding and experience with the Remedy tool and the clinical data repository
synchronization server #2, while McVey was not credited for similar experience, see Pl.’s
Mem. 28; see also Compl. ¶¶ 126-29 (similar), the court again finds plaintiff’s allegation
without merit. First, with respect to Remedy, both Forgentum and McVey discussed their
experience with Remedy in their Volume 1 Technical Quotes. See AR 121, 126-27
(McVey Vol. 1 Technical Quote) (describing Remedy experience); AR 154 (Forgentum
Vol. 1 Technical Quote) (same). GSA technical evaluators specifically recognized
Forgentum’s Remedy experience in their evaluation. See AR 188 (technical evaluation
summary) (“Forgentum has knowledge and experience with the Remedy tool, which is
the core tool to support this task.”). The technical evaluators did not specifically
reference Remedy in praising McVey for its “deep level of understanding of the support
required,” id. at 194, but the support praised by the technical evaluators would
necessarily include Remedy, cf. id. at 188 (describing Remedy as “the core tool to
support this task”). Further, the evaluators recognized that McVey proposed to “[s]hare
Remedy knowledge by providing training.” Id. at 195. Therefore, it appears that each
offeror was credited for understanding and experience related to Remedy.

       With respect to the clinical data repository synchronization server #2, although
McVey’s Volume 1 Technical Quote references the clinical data repository throughout,
nowhere does it mention the synchronization server #2, specifically. See AR 115-29
(McVey Vol. 1 Technical Quote). Forgentum, in comparison, specifically described in
its Volume 1 Technical Quote how transactions sent to the clinical data repository
synchronization server #2 are typically processed and posted to the clinical data
repository. See AR 158 (Forgentum Vol. 1 Technical Quote). Further, Forgentum
explained how, [***]. Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). The difference in the
information provided by the offerors is accurately reflected in the GSA technical
evaluation summary. With respect to McVey, the technical evaluation summary notes
that McVey “states that they have knowledge and understanding of the current processes
but does not communicate any specific details.” AR 194 (technical evaluation summary).
Regarding Forgentum, the evaluators praised Forgentum’s “in-depth understanding” of
the server and related issues and stated that “[t]his demonstrated knowledge and

                                           36
understanding is a benefit because the . . . server acts as the external interface to the
clinical data repository . . . and knowledge of the [server] to facilitate execution of data
reconciliation activities” was a required task under the Performance Work Statement. Id.
at 186 (emphasis omitted).

        Given the court’s high degree of deference to an agency’s technical evaluation, see
L-3 EOTech, 87 Fed. Cl. at 664; Fort Carson, 71 Fed. Cl. at 586, the court cannot
conclude that GSA’s evaluation with respect to the Remedy tool or the clinical data
repository synchronization server #2 was unreasonable or inconsistent with the evaluation
criteria and applicable statutes and regulations, cf. Galen Med. Assocs., Inc., 369 F.3d at
1330; E.W. Bliss Co., 77 F.3d at 449. Even if plaintiff were correct that it should have
received more credit for its experience with Remedy and the server, it likely could not
establish prejudice on this point because--even if plaintiff should have been ranked
slightly higher than Forgentum on the technical evaluation--both contractors were
determined by GSA evaluators to meet the requirements, see AR 185 (technical
evaluation summary), and the contracting officer would still be within her discretion to
determine that McVey’s technical merits did not warrant the higher price premium, cf.
E.W. Bliss Co., 77 F.3d at 449 (stating that the “relative merit of competing proposals is
primarily a matter of administrative discretion” (internal quotation marks omitted)); AR
47 (RFQ) (“[P]rice rises in importance when technical merit among the quotes becomes
more equal.”).

       For the foregoing reasons, the court concludes that GSA did not fail to treat
offerors impartially, fairly and equitably. Cf. FAR 1.602-2(b) (requiring a contracting
officer to “[e]nsure that contractors receive impartial, fair, and equitable treatment”).

       4.     Claim Four: Failure to Follow Proper Evaluation Criteria

        Plaintiff alleges that GSA “failed to conduct a proper best value determination in
accordance with Solicitation requirements.” Pl.’s Mot. 1. In support of this allegation,
plaintiff states that “GSA disclosed to McVey that it awarded the contract to Forgentum
on the basis of price,” and argues that “GSA therefore arbitrarily elevated the importance
of price over the technical.” Pl.’s Mem. 29; see also Compl. ¶ 121 (similar). Defendant
responds that Ms. Stuart’s determination that McVey’s quote did not merit a higher price
was “completely within GSA’s discretion” in a best value solicitation. Def.’s Mot. 40;
see also id. at 3 (stating that GSA “had the discretion to weigh price and technical
merit”). Defendant further states that, with respect to technical merit, because Forgentum
was rated nearly the same as but slightly higher than McVey, “[i]t was . . . entirely
consistent with the RFQ for GSA to . . . evaluate price.” Id. at 39-40.

      Plaintiff’s statement that “GSA disclosed to McVey that it awarded the contract to
McVey on the basis of price,” Pl.’s Mem. 29, is inaccurate. Instead, Ms. Stuart explained
to McVey that its quote was “determined to meet the Government’s requirements under

                                             37
each evaluation factor but did not merit the payment of a higher price.” AR 213 (October
15, 2012 e-mail from Ms. Stuart to McVey).

       The RFQ described the weight of the evaluation factors as follows: “both
technical factors combined are significantly more important than price” and “price rises
in importance when technical merit among the quotes becomes more equal.” AR 47
(RFQ). Forgentum was rated slightly higher than McVey with respect to technical merit,
AR 185 (technical evaluation summary), and Forgentum provided a price quote that was
significantly lower than McVey’s, see AR 205-06 (GSA award memorandum)
(describing GSA’s price evaluation). Ms. Stuart’s decision that McVey’s lower-rated
technical merit did not warrant payment of a higher price was entirely consistent with
these evaluation factors. Cf. AR 47 (RFQ). Further, even if McVey had not been lower-
rated with respect to its technical merit, the contracting officer would still be within her
discretion to determine that McVey’s technical merit did not warrant the higher price
premium, cf. E.W. Bliss Co., 77 F.3d at 449 (stating that the “relative merit of competing
proposals is primarily a matter of administrative discretion” (internal quotation marks
omitted)); AR 47 (RFQ) (“[P]rice rises in importance when technical merit among the
quotes becomes more equal.”).

        Plaintiff also alleges that GSA improperly evaluated Forgentum’s past
performance because, according to plaintiff, “[n]owhere in its evaluation criteria . . . did
GSA disclose that it would accept a subcontractor’s experience, exclusive of any
consideration of the experience possessed by the prime contractor candidate.” Pl.’s
Mem. 30; see also Compl. ¶ 136 (similar). Plaintiff further alleges that “GSA’s
evaluators never assessed whether the subcontract Forgentum has with [***],” which it
submitted as its past performance, “is ‘similar in size and scope to the current
requirement.’” Pl.’s Mem. 31; accord Pl.’s Reply 26; see also Compl. ¶¶ 139-41
(similar). Plaintiff bases this argument on the fact that the technical evaluation summary
“says nothing about the quality of Forgentum’s past performance or its similarity to the
current contract work.” Pl.’s Reply 26; accord Pl.’s Mem. 31. Instead, plaintiff claims,
GSA evaluators merely contacted one of the references for the past performance project--
that is, the sustainment contract--and “confirmed that Forgentum was a subcontractor on
[the sustainment contract].” Pl.’s Mem. 31(internal quotation marks and emphasis
omitted); see also Pl.’s Reply 26 (same).

        Defendant responds that “the terms of the RFQ allowed GSA to consider
Forgentum’s performance as a subcontractor,” Def.’s Mot. 4, and argues that GSA’s
inability to “completely separate out Forgentum’s work [from [***]’s] does not make
irrelevant or unusable Forgentum’s success as part of a team,” id. at 42; see also id.
(arguing that plaintiff’s assertion that Forgentum has little or no experience of its own
apart from [***] is “unsupported by any record facts). In addition, defendant alleges that
McVey’s allegations about GSA’s past performance evaluation “misconstrue[] the
record.” Def.’s Reply 10. Specifically, defendant asserts that GSA’s technical evaluation

                                             38
summary “clearly stated that the contract, upon which Forgentum works as a
subcontractor, is similar in size and scope to the current requirements and that overall
performance upon the contract was noted as more than satisfactory.” Id. at 10-11
(alteration and internal quotation marks omitted).

       The RFQ stated that, with respect to past performance, each offeror was required
to provide one project “that is similar in size and scope to the current requirements” and
that “shall have been performed by the quoter within the past 3 years.” AR 48 (RFQ)
(emphasis added). The RFQ explained that the past performance project “may have been
performed [by the quoter] []as either a prime contractor or subcontractor[].” Id.
(emphasis added). Therefore, the RFQ allowed Forgentum to submit as its past
performance example a project on which it was a subcontractor. Cf. id. The record
shows that Forgentum was, in fact, a subcontractor on the project it submitted as its past
performance example, the sustainment contract. See AR 188 (technical evaluation
summary) (stating that a reference “confirmed . . . that Forgentum was a subcontractor on
the current [sustainment contract]”); see also AR 160-61 (Forgentum Vol. 1 Technical
Quote) (describing past performance). Forgentum’s past performance submission
therefore complied with the requirements of the RFQ. Cf. AR 48 (RFQ).

       However, plaintiff does not appear to contest Forgentum’s past performance
submission on the basis that Forgentum was a subcontractor on the project submitted;
instead, plaintiff appears to contest Forgentum’s past performance submission on the
basis that Forgentum’s particular experience with respect to the project could not be
separated from that of [***], the prime contractor on the project submitted. Cf. Pl.’s
Mem. 30 (“Nowhere in its evaluation criteria . . . did GSA disclose that it would accept a
subcontractor’s experience, exclusive of any consideration of the experience possessed
by the prime contractor candidate.”); Compl. ¶ 136 (similar). Plaintiff is correct that the
past performance section of the technical evaluation summary credits Forgentum for the
experience described--without attempting to separate Forgentum’s particular performance
from that of [***], see AR 188-89 (technical evaluation summary) (describing past
performance evaluation)--even though Forgentum’s past performance submission
described the experience of the “Forgentum Team with their [***] partner,” AR 160-61
(Forgentum Vol. 1 Technical Quote). However, the RFQ contains no requirement that
the performance of the quoter, if a subcontractor, must be entirely distinguishable from
the performance of the prime contractor. Cf. AR 48 (RFQ) (stating only that the past
performance example “shall have been performed by the quoter [as either a prime
contractor or subcontractor] within the past 3 years”).

       Further, the contracting officer determined that any risk of being unable to
distinguish Forgentum’s particular performance was mitigated by the benefits afforded by
the quality of the Forgentum and [***]’s collective experience. AR 200 (GSA award
memorandum) (“[T]he collective experience gained aligns with the support requirements
and provides expertise in relevant areas of the [Performance Work Statement sections

                                             39
regarding task management and direct support tasks]. In addition, [Forgentum and [***]]
have experience supporting the current Tier III contractor with scripts used for patient
merge and unmerge. This is considered a benefit to the Government in reducing
performance risk, as Forgentum has a full understanding of the current environment in
[its] role [with [***]] as a developer of the current applications.”). The record shows that
GSA was fully aware that Forgentum’s particular experience was “indistinguishable”
from that of [***], AR 187 (technical evaluation summary); accord AR 200 (GSA award
memorandum), and GSA evaluators specifically noted in the technical evaluation
summary that Forgentum’s “quote reference[d] all experience under “Forgentum Team[,]
which includes the larger company, [***].” AR 187 (technical evaluation summary).
Given the court’s high degree of deference to an agency’s technical evaluation, see L-3
EOTech, 87 Fed. Cl. at 664; Fort Carson, 71 Fed. Cl. at 586, the court cannot conclude
that GSA’s willingness to accept the risk of the “indistinguishable” experience with
respect to Forgentum’s past performance was unreasonable or inconsistent with the
evaluation criteria or applicable law, cf. Galen Med. Assocs., Inc., 369 F.3d at 1330;
E.W. Bliss Co., 77 F.3d at 449.

        Plaintiff’s allegation is also unfounded that, with respect to Forgentum’s past
performance submission, GSA never assessed the quality of Forgentum’s experience or
its similarity to the current requirements. Pl.’s Mem. 31; Pl.’s Reply 26; Compl. ¶¶ 139-
41. The record shows that the technical evaluators concluded that the scope of the
sustainment contract submitted by Forgentum as its past performance example was
“similar in size and scope” to the contract at issue. See AR 188 (technical evaluation
summary). Specifically, the evaluators noted that the sustainment contract required
“[s]oftware development, help[]desk support, engineering recommendations, tiger teams
to sort site issues, protection of [Department of Defense] Health Beneficiaries[’]
electronic information privacy, and a multitude of concurrent ongoing project/programs
management.” Id. The evaluators concluded that “[t]he submitted past performance is
directly relevant as it involves help desk and software fixes of those systems identified in
the current [Performance Work Statement].” Id. at 189.

        Similarly, the record shows that GSA specifically evaluated the quality of
Forgentum’s past performance submission. According to the technical evaluation
summary, the past performance reference “provided excellent performance ratings for
Forgentum/[***][,] giving them a 4.5 out of 5 on quality performance.” Id. at 188. The
evaluators also stated that the reference described Forgentum as “provid[ing] quality
deliverables well within the government[’]s required timelines with rare need for redos.”
Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). However, the technical summary evaluation also
reports that the reference noted two weaknesses in Forgentum’s performance: that
Forgentum “at times was delayed in updating the integrated master schedule” and that
Forgentum “made a decision to combine high priority fixes with low priority fixes, which
resulted in [a] complicated and lengthened [government] testing process.” Id. at 188-89.

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Nevertheless, the reference described the “overall performance . . . as more than
satisfactory.” Id. at 189.

        Based on the Administrative Record, the court cannot conclude that GSA’s
evaluation of Forgentum’s past performance was unreasonable or inconsistent with the
evaluation criteria or applicable law. Cf. Galen Med. Assocs., Inc., 369 F.3d at 1330
(stating that the court will review an agency’s best value evaluation to ensure that it was
reasonable and in compliance with the evaluation criteria and applicable law); E.W. Bliss
Co., 77 F.3d at 449 (same).

IV.    Conclusion

        Plaintiff has failed to demonstrate that the government erred in awarding the
contract at issue to Forgentum. See supra Parts III.B.1.a (finding lack of error with
respect to organizational conflict of interest evaluation), III.B.2 (finding lack of error
with respect to mitigation plan evaluation), III.B.3 (finding lack of error with respect to
equal treatment of offerors), III.B.4 (finding lack of error with respect to adherence to
evaluation criteria); cf. Bannum, Inc., 404 F.3d at 1351 (stating that, to prevail in a bid
protest, a plaintiff must first demonstrate error by showing that the agency acted in an
arbitrary and capricious manner, without a rational basis or contrary to law). Therefore,
plaintiff cannot establish prejudice. Cf. Alfa Laval, 175 F.3d at 1367 (stating that to
prevail in a bid protest, a plaintiff must demonstrate both that an error occurred and that
the error was prejudicial); Data Gen. Corp., 78 F.3d at 1562 (same); supra Parts III.B.1.b
(finding that, even if plaintiff could establish error with respect to GSA’s pre-award
conflict of interest evaluation, plaintiff could not establish prejudice because the GSA
corrective action remedied any defects), III.B.3.b (stating that, even if GSA should have
given McVey more credit for its technical merits, plaintiff would be unlikely to establish
prejudice given the contracting officer’s discretion in a best value determination).
Accordingly, plaintiff is not entitled to relief.

      For the foregoing reasons, defendant’s Motion and Forgentum’s Motion are
GRANTED. Plaintiff’s Motion is DENIED. The Clerk of Court shall enter judgment for
defendant. No costs.

       IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                                 s/ Emily C. Hewitt
                                                 EMILY C. HEWITT
                                                 Chief Judge

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