Court Opinion

ID: 4594630
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-20 19:13:21.870573+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:51:17.110687
License: Public Domain

Appeal of THE GEO. B. RICABY CO.Geo. B. Ricaby Co. v. CommissionerDocket No. 582.United States Board of Tax Appeals1 B.T.A. 512; 1925 BTA LEXIS 2901; January 31, 1925, decided Submitted January 12, 1925.  *2901  The taxpayer was not a personal service corporation within the meaning of section 200 of the Revenue Act of 1918.  Ray E. Zachman, Esq., for the taxpayer.  J. A. Adams, Esq. (Nelson T. Hartson, Solicitor of Internal Revenue) for the Commissioner.  *512  Before GRAUPNER, LANSDON, LITTLETON, and SMITH.  This appeal is from an asserted deficiency in the amount of $9,000.96 for income and profits taxes for the years 1919 and 1920.  The sole issue involved is whether the taxpayer is entitled to classification as a personal service corporation.  From the testimony and documentary evidence introduced at the hearing, the Board makes the following FINDINGS OF FACT.  1.  The taxpayer is incorporated under the laws of the State of Ohio, with its principal place of business in the city of Toledo.  It was organized September 30, 1918, with an authorized capital stock of $75,000 and has since been engaged in business as a general realestate agent or broker.  Its activities have been distributed among four departments, viz: (a) subdivision; (b) brokerage; (c) rental and management; and (d) loans.  Eighty-four and one-half shares of capital stock were subscribed*2902  and paid for, issued, and owned, as follows: George B. Ricaby50 shares$5,000S. W. Wood25 shares2,500Arnold J. Machen7 1/2 shares750K. C. Rowland1 share100Charles F. Chapman1 share 100Total84 1/2 sharesfor 8,450The total of $8,450 represents all of the money invested by the incorporators in the business.  *513  2.  All of the stockholders named have devoted their entire time and attention to the business of the corporation, except Charles F. Chapman.  He is an attorney at law and counsel for the corporation, devoting such time as may be required to perform the necessary legal services for the taxpayer.  Ricaby, the president and treasurer of the corporation, had 14 years general experience in the real-estate business, while Wood, Machen, and Rowland were experienced in various branches of the business.  These four men had been employed by an old established real-estate firm in Toledo, and left that employment to form the appellant corporation.  Their activities in the business consisted of advising customers as to making investments in or selling real estate, appraising lands, planning and supervising the plotting, development, *2903  and marketing of subdivision tracts, purchasing and selling properties for customers, renting and managing improved property, placing loans, and caring for the details of operation of the offices and salesmen.  3.  The services performed in each of the four departments or subdivisions of the corporation during the years 1919 and 1920 were as follows: (a) The subdivision department. - At the solicitation of customers, the taxpayer selected lands suitable for subdivision purposes, arranged the terms of purchase, and acquired the properties for their customers, on their customer's account and credit, the taxpayer making no investment of its own funds.  These duties, to be satisfactory to the customers and profitable to the taxpayer, required expert knowledge of municipal advancement, real-estate conditions, and public demand for classes of subdivision contemplated.  The process of dealing in subdivision properties was as follows: When a customer signified his desire to acquire land for sale on subdivision, a survey of desirable properties was made.  This survey contemplated the cost of the property and its development, its desirableness and salableness, the terms on which it*2904  could be acquired, the likelihood of profit on sales of lots therein, and the probability of demand for lots therein.  Such a survey was made by one of the stockholders, perhaps aided by an employee, but the conclusion as to what advice to give the client desiring to make such a purchase was reached by Ricaby and Machen, both stockholders.  If the recommendation to the customer was favorable to the acquisition of a particular site, one of the stockholders would conclude the purchase and arrange for the financing of the project for the customer.  After purchase, the details of the development work would be considered by Ricaby with one or more of the stockholders.  An engineering firm would then be called into consultation and directed to prepare plans in accordance with general directions given by Ricaby or Machen.  When such plans were prepared, they were carefully inspected by Ricaby and Machen and alterations made in accordance with their suggestions.  The engineers, while employed by the taxpayer as the customer's agent, were paid by the customer.  After the acceptance of the plans by the taxpayer and its customer, their approval by the city planning commission was obtained. *2905  The taxpayer, through its stockholders, then obtained bids and let contracts for such improvement and development work as had been decided upon, such as grading, paving, sewers, etc., the cost of which was charged to and paid by the owner.  The development work was *514  supervised by Wood.  After the improvements were completed, the property was ready to be marketed.  The sales period for subdivisions was a limited one - from April 1 to October 1.  The taxpayer organized separate sales forces for the marketing of its subdivision tracts.  As a matter of policy and expediency, it selected its sales personnel from persons who had no previous experience in selling real estate.  This sales force was required to attend a training course, which was carried on at the taxpayer's office every morning for a period of one hour.  Mr. Ricaby, assisted by one or two of the other stockholders, conducted the course of instruction, which was intended to give the salesmen a knowledge of the particular property, its value and desirability, the reasonableness of the prices asked when compared with prices of surrounding property, and the general real-estate condition in Toledo.  The sales force*2906  thus employed and trained varied in numbers from 25 to 75 at one time, the number fluctuating according to season, opportunities for better employment, and quantity of property on sale.  The turnover in this sales force was about 300 per cent each year.  These salesmen were paid no salaries or advances, but received a commission, payable partly when a sale was closed and partly from installments, when received, from such sale.  The commission varied from 3 to 5 per cent, dependent upon the class and value of the property sold.  All sales negotiated by this sales force were required to be approved by one of the stockholders, and the actual closing of each sale was performed by a stockholder.  In event of financial difficulties arising over the carrying out of a subdivision project, Ricaby arranged and concluded all of the details of refinancing as agent for the customer.  Refinancing was necessary in the cases of a majority of the subdivisions handled by the taxpayer and was an important factor in maintaining the business.  The necessary funds were in no way contributed from the assets or resources of the taxpayer.  The contracts under which the taxpayer acted as agent for owners*2907  of subdivided tracts were similar in their essential provisions and the epitome of one will suffice to show the character of employment of the taxpayer in all cases.  The contract employs the taxpayer, as agent, to sell the lots in the described tracts for the owner at prices stipulated in an attached schedule.  The taxpayer is granted the exclusive sales right to such lots and engages "to use its best endeavors in the sale of the same, doing the necessary advertising and using a sufficient sales force at its own expense in marketing said property." The owner agrees to pay the taxpayer a commission, which varies in the different contracts before us from 10 to 20 per cent of the sales price, on all lots sold, this commission to cover all charges for the sale of said lots, such as selling, handling, managing and advertising expenses.  The commission provided was intended, though not specified in the contract, to cover the preliminary services of the taxpayer in preparing the subdivision for marketing.  (b) Brokerage department. - This department bought and sold properties, other than subdivision tracts and lots, for customers of the taxpayer.  It was operated on a commission basis*2908  and neither sold nor bought properties for the account of the taxpayer.  It also made appraisements and valuations, for which fees were charged as allowed by the Code of Regulations of the Toledo Real Estate Board.  *515  Properties for sale in this department were advertised to the public.  This department maintained a staff of salesmen consisting of 7 or 8 men in 1919 and 12 or 15 in 1920.  This staff did not change in personnel as frequently as did the subdivision department.  The salesmen received no salaries but were paid one-half of the commission received by the taxpayer on sales or exchanges made by them.  The rate or commission charged by the taxpayer was in accordance with the standard fixed by the Toledo Real Estate Board.  Some sales or exchanges of property listed with the taxpayer were made through or by other real estate firms.  In these cases commissions were shared with the selling firm, instead of with a salesman.  All sales and exchanges were concluded by one of the stockholders and not by any of the salesmen.  The taxpayer depended on its salesmen to sell the properties listed with it, provided them with names of prospective purchasers, furnished office facilities, *2909  and contributed a sum to each for purchase of gasoline to operate their own cars while engaged in company business.  (c) Rental and management department. - This department had in charge the rental and management of properties intrusted to the care of the taxpayer.  Renting and leasing were done upon a commission basis in accordance with the schedule of rates fixed by the Toledo Real Estate Board.  Properties for rental were advertised to the public.  Collections of rents were made by the collection branch of the general office and the taxpayer received a commission for such service.  This department was under the actual control and supervision of the stockholders.  (d) Loan department. - This department was created in 1920.  It received applications for loans from persons desiring to borrow on the security of real estate.  The taxpayer represented the Prudential Life Insurance Co. for the purpose of making loans.  Upon receiving an application a survey was made of the property offered as security and an appraisement made thereon, a report was then made up, an abstract of title obtained, and all of these were forwarded to the Prudential Life Insurance Co.  If the loan was*2910  approved, the insurance company forwarded the money to the taxpayer and the loan was concluded with the applicant.  For this service a fee was charged the borrower.  This department was under the immediate charge of Rowland, though some of the incident services were performed by employees.  4.  The taxpayer maintained one branch office in 1919 and three in 1920.  These offices were under supervision of branch managers, who were not stockholders.  These branch managers received no salary but were compensated by receiving a portion of the commission earned on all sales passing through the branches.  There was also a sales manager who was not a stockholder, but received no salary and shared in commissions.  The branch managers and the sales manager had no authority to close sales or to hire or discharge salesmen.  These functions were performed by the stockholders.  Ricaby and Machen participated actively in controlling and supervising the transactions of the brokerage department and gave much of their personal attention to its activities.  5.  The activities of the four departments described above are interwoven with those of the main office.  The main office carried the accounts, *2911  performed the accounting services, made the collections, *516  and disbursed the expenses, commissions, and salaries for all the departments.  The staff of this office was composed of about 12 persons in 1919 and about 17 in 1920, and consisted of cashier, bookkeepers, secretaries, stenographers, rent collectors, and clerical help.  This staff was paid on a salary basis.  The office activities were under the immediate direction and supervision of Mr. Rowland, though the other stockholders participated in direction as the matters under their immediate attention required.  6.  The balance sheets showing the assets and liabilities of the taxpayer on December 31, 1919, and December 31, 1920, were as follows: AS AT DECEMBER 31, 1919.ASSETS.Current assets:Cash on hand and in banks$2,544.37Revenue stamps94.65Notes receivable217.63Accounts receivable - Brokerage accountsSchedule 1$11,782.73Rent accountsSchedule 25,576.21Subdivision accountsSchedule 38,109.55Salesmen's accounts983.63Sundry debtorsSchedule 422,592.3349,044.45Total current assets52,001.10Deferred assets:Unrealized commissions receivable from subdivisions (gross)34,759.08Fixed assets:Office furniture and fixtures$2,012.19Less reserve for depreciation101.621,910.57Total assets88,670.75LIABILITIES.Current liabilities:Bank overdraft - The Ohio Savings Bank & Trust Co5,412.78Accounts payable - Brokerage accountsSchedule 6$9,748.39Rent accountsSchedule 72,095.98Subdivision accountsSchedule 89,519.47Salesmen's accounts - Current commissions3,947.53Purchase creditorsSchedule 91,113.09Sundry creditorsSchedule 105,681.0932,105.55Total current liabilities37,518.33Deferred liabilities: Commissions payable to salesmen upon realization of commissions from subdivisions9,041.31Deferred income: Contingent upon realization of commissions from subdivisions25,717.77CAPITAL.Capital stock - authorized$75,000.00Less capital stock - unissued66,550.008,450.00Subscriptions to capital stock8,250.00Less unpaid subscriptions8,250.00Surplus7,943.34Total liabilities and net worth88,670.75*2912 AS AT DECEMBER 31, 1920.ASSETSCurrent assets:Cash on hand and in banks$9,620.62Liberty bonds12,200.00Revenue stamps180.64Accounts receivable - Brokerage accounts - Schedule 1$808.60Rent accounts - Schedule 211,633.57Subdivision accounts - Schedule 314,538.75Loan accounts145.65Salesmen's accounts8,201.18Sundry debtors - Schedule 434,795.1870,122.93Total current assets92,124.19Deferred assets: Unrealized commissions receivable from subdivisions (gross)139,760.70Fixed assets:Office furniture and fixtures$9,438.48Less reserve for depreciation821.698,616.79Total assets240,501.68LIABILITIESCurrent liabilities:Notes payable - Schedule 5$10,800.00Accounts payable - Brokerage accounts - Schedule 6$10,852.70Rent accounts - Schedule 711,012.54Subdivision accounts - Schedule 87,890.55Loan accounts838.77Salesmen's accounts - Current commissions14.703,64Purchase creditors - Schedule 95,207.56Sundry creditors - Schedule 10238.0550,743,81Total current liabilities61,543,81Deferred liabilities:Commissions payable to salesmen upon realization of commissions from subdivisions24,246.51Deferred income:Contingent upon realization of commissions from subdivisions115,514.19CAPITALCapital stock - Authorized$75,000.00Less capital stock - unissued66,550.00$8,450.00Subscriptions to capital stock8,250.00Less unpaid subscriptions8,250.00Surplus30,747.17Total liabilities and net worth240,501.68*2913 *517  7.  The income of the taxpayer and the deductions taken for the years 1919 and 1920 were as follows: INCOME.1919.1920.Brokerage (purchases and sales)$28,406.05$41,379.94Rent6,426.0416,293.46Subdivision (sales)37,296.66139.642.71Loans612.85Total72,128.75197,928.96DEDUCTIONS.1919.1920.Salary, officers$8,900.00$19,050.00Salary, office employees6,385.3714,325.07Commission to salesmen21,830.3178,016.50Advertising13,147.4930,502.10Stationery, printing, etc1,300.753,699.23Telephone, postage, etc472.551,773.72Auto expense4,020.5410,298.93Rent, janitor, and supplies1,424.665,413.34Bad debts31.0453.50Depreciation101.62720.07Entertaining and traveling872.243,701.61Miscellaneous and other expenses1,146.667,370.19Total59,633.03174,924.26Total income72,128.75197,928.96Total deductions59,633.03174,924.26Net taxable income12,495.7223,004.70*518  8.  As shown by the balance sheet set forth above, money was borrowed from banks in 1920, in the amount of $10,800 to carry Liberty*2914  bonds subscribed for by the taxpayer.  This is reflected in the liabilities under heading of notes payable.  Sums of considerable size and comparatively large proportions were advanced to the stockholders, amounting to $22,411.46 as of December 31, 1919, and $34,041.76 as of December 31, 1920.  These amounts are included in the balance sheets under the subheading of "Sundry debtors" as a part of "Current assets." Advances were made to salesmen, in a few instances, in anticipation of commissions earned.  In some instances advances were made for clients, but in small amounts and for short terms.  The taxpayer always had in its possession large sums of money belonging to clients and awaiting payment on taxes, purchases, etc., or distribution to the customers.  This was an unavoidable incident to the business.  9.  The taxpayer did not trade as a principal during the years involved, but acted solely as agent or broker for its customers.  It engaged in no contracts with the Government, nor did it indirectly receive any income from any Government contracts.  10.  The Commissioner has denied the taxpayer a classification as a personal-service corporation and determined a deficiency in*2915  income and profits taxes against it in the amount of $2,758.80 for the year 1919 and $6,242.16 for the year 1920.  DECISION.  The determination of the Commissioner is approved.