Court Opinion

ID: 3160155
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-12-04 20:02:35.963411+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:01:51.425428
License: Public Domain

Filed 12/4/15 In re D.C. CA4/1
                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

                    COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION ONE

                                           STATE OF CALIFORNIA

In re D.C., a Person Coming Under the
Juvenile Court Law.
                                                                 D068146
SAN DIEGO COUNTY HEALTH AND
HUMAN SERVICES AGENCY,
                                                                 (Super. Ct. No. J519166A-C)
         Plaintiff and Respondent,

         v.

M.J. et al.,

         Defendants and Appellants.

         APPEAL from orders of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Sharon L.

Kalemkiarian, Judge. Affirmed in part; vacated in part; remanded with directions.

         Julie E. Braden, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and

Appellant M.J.

         Rosemary Bishop, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and

Appellant C.C.
       Thomas E. Montgomery, County Counsel, John E. Philips, Chief Deputy County

Counsel, and Erica R. Cortez, Deputy County Counsel, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

       Dependency Legal Group of San Diego, Tilisha Martin, Carolyn Levenberg and

Beth Ploesch for Minors.

       M.J. and C.C. appeal the orders entered following the jurisdiction and disposition

hearing in the juvenile dependency case of their minor children, D.C., Ce.C., and F.C.

M.J. contends the evidence was insufficient to support the court's dispositional order

removing the minors from her custody under Welfare and Institutions Code 1 section 361,

subdivision (c)(1), and the court erred by not complying with the notice provisions of the

Indian Child Welfare Act (25 U.S.C. § 1901 et seq.) (ICWA). C.C. contends the

evidence was insufficient to support the court's jurisdictional findings under section 300,

subdivisions (d) and (j); the court erred by approving provisions in his case plan requiring

him to admit to sexual abuse of D.C.; and the court erred by limiting his educational

rights over Ce.C. and F.C. C.C. also joins in M.J.'s contentions.

       We conclude the juvenile court erred by finding ICWA inapplicable to this case

without providing notice to the tribes in which C.C. claimed potential membership. We

therefore vacate the court's ICWA finding and remand with directions to provide such

notice. In all other respects, we disagree with M.J. and C.C.'s contentions and affirm.

1     Further statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code unless
otherwise specified.
                                             2
                  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       "In accord with the usual rules on appeal, we state the facts in the manner most

favorable to the dependency court's order." (In re Janee W. (2006) 140 Cal.App.4th

1444, 1448, fn. 1.)

       On March 24, 2015, the San Diego County Health and Human Services Agency

(the Agency) petitioned the juvenile court under section 300, subdivision (d), on behalf of

13-year-old D.C. and under section 300, subdivision (j), on behalf of 10-year-old Ce.C.

and nine-year-old F.C. The minors lived with M.J. and C.C., an unmarried couple who

had adopted them after a previous dependency case involving the minors. The Agency

alleged C.C. had sexually abused D.C., including by having sexual intercourse with her

and forcing her to orally copulate him. The Agency further alleged M.J. had allowed

C.C. back into the family home following D.C.'s disclosure of abuse, despite Agency

intervention and an Agency safety plan. The Agency concluded D.C. had been sexually

abused, or there was a substantial risk D.C. would be sexually abused, and there was a

substantial risk that Ce.C. and F.C. would be abused or neglected.

       A month earlier, the Agency had received a referral that D.C. had been sexually

abused by C.C. The Agency and law enforcement initiated investigations. D.C.

disclosed the abuse to a school counselor, who reported that D.C. first said C.C. was

"sexually harassing" her. D.C. then said she had had intercourse with C.C.; the last time

was three months prior to the conversation. D.C. told the counselor C.C. touched her

breasts, her vagina, and her buttocks, as well as forced her to orally copulate him. In a

forensic interview, D.C. disclosed multiple acts of penile-vaginal penetration, digital-

                                             3
vaginal penetration, and digital-anal penetration by C.C., often accompanied by violence.

D.C. said C.C. also placed his penis in her mouth and ejaculated. The most recent abuse

occurred the day before the interview. During that incident, C.C. tried to pull down

D.C.'s pants, but she fled and locked herself in the bathroom. C.C. started banging on the

bathroom door, which prompted Ce.C. to come out of her room. C.C. then went to the

garage.

       C.C. was served with an emergency protective order and left the family home.

M.J. agreed to a voluntary safety plan prohibiting any contact between C.C. and the

minors pending the Agency's investigation. The minors remained in M.J.'s care.

       The Agency continued its investigation. An Agency social worker spoke with the

minors' maternal aunt, to whom D.C. had also disclosed sexual abuse. The maternal aunt

reported that D.C. said she had vaginal intercourse with C.C. three times. D.C. told the

maternal aunt C.C.'s abuse was violent, with C.C. hitting D.C. on the head, twisting her

neck and wrists, and picking her up. D.C. said she tried to tell M.J. about the abuse a

year ago, when C.C. asked M.J. to pull her skirt down or pull it up. D.C. said C.C.

responded by "twisting the story around." The maternal aunt said she believed D.C. and

could not see her making up the allegations. The maternal aunt told the Agency she had

seen C.C. angry before and witnessed him hitting a car dashboard at a social softball

game. D.C. had told the maternal aunt that C.C. kicked in her bedroom door when she

took too long to get dressed; the maternal aunt confirmed the door was "jiggly" as a

result. The Agency also uncovered text messages D.C. sent to a friend prior to the

referral consistent with her disclosures of abuse. In interviews, Ce.C. and F.C. denied

                                             4
any abuse. Ce.C. also denied hearing C.C. banging on the bathroom door, as D.C.

alleged.

       M.J. told an Agency social worker she was concerned D.C. was not telling the

truth. M.J. said D.C. had lied about having a boyfriend and may have wanted to get C.C.

out of the house because he was more strict with her. M.J. thought some of D.C.'s

disclosures were reminiscent of themes from a movie, "50 Shades of Gray," which D.C.

may have seen. C.C. declined to make a statement and did not discuss the substance of

the allegations with the Agency. He said he did not want to have contact with D.C. until

" 'she gets her head straight.' " He wanted to see Ce.C. and F.C. and expressed concern

for their well-being.

       Several weeks later, the Agency learned that M.J. violated the safety plan by

allowing C.C. to stay overnight at the family home, with Ce.C. and F.C., while D.C. was

away. M.J. told the Agency she "could not remember the fine print of the safety plan"

and said it was voluntary. M.J. said Ce.C. and F.C. miss C.C. and " 'it's not fair they're

going through this because [D.C.] is doing this. They are safe.' " M.J. said D.C. was

" 'totally fine. She's doing what she wants . . . boys call at 2 a.m. . . . she's wearing

makeup even though she's not supposed to.' "

       The Agency filed the instant petitions. At the detention hearing, the court found

the Agency had made a prima facie showing under section 300, subdivisions (d) and (j).

The court ordered the minors detained in out-of-home care. The court ordered supervised

visitation with the minors for M.J. and supervised visitation with Ce.C. and F.C. for C.C.

The minors were placed at Polinsky Children's Center.

                                               5
       In conversations with an Agency social worker, D.C. said she would like to live

with M.J., Ce.C., and F.C. She did not want to have any future contact with C.C. D.C.

said she was concerned that M.J. did not believe her and was looking for proof that D.C.

was lying. D.C. said she and M.J. do not trust each other. On a scale of one to 10 (with

10 being completely truthful), D.C. said the truth of what she said in her interviews was

about a 9.5. D.C. explained that everything she said was true but she might not have

gotten the order exactly correct.

       At Polinsky, Ce.C. told an Agency social worker C.C. had physically abused her,

including by hitting Ce.C. in the face twice with an open hand. Ce.C. also said C.C. hit

and kicked F.C. and once slapped D.C. Ce.C. disclosed that C.C. throws and breaks

things when angry, including a glass vase. On a scale of one to 10 (with 10 being

completely safe), Ce.C. said she feels like "one" when C.C. is mad. When C.C. is not

mad, Ce.C. said she feels like "four" because C.C. is "still grumpy and yells a lot." When

Ce.C. is with only M.J., Ce.C. said she feels like a "10." Ce.C. smiled when she was

asked about M.J.

       Ce.C. denied any sexual abuse. However, when the Agency social worker asked

Ce.C. what M.J. would say if she were sexually abused, Ce.C. said, " 'She would get my

dad and yell at him a lot or at someone else who's doing it.' " Ce.C. then became

concerned that the social worker had written down the word "dad" and asked the social

worker to erase it. Without prompting, Ce.C. said, " 'Sometimes when I come home and

it's just my dad and my sister [D.C.] alone, my sister is crying, and I don't know why.' "

Ce.C. gave several examples, including one incident in which she came home, D.C. and

                                             6
C.C. were in D.C.'s room, and D.C. came out crying. Ce.C. said C.C. went " 'away with a

mad face' " after that. Ce.C. described another incident in which she heard D.C. scream

and C.C. said, " 'Don't push me.' " Regarding another incident, Ce.C. said, " 'One time

my dad was on top of my sister, and my sister was crying, and my dad was smacking

her.' " D.C was on the ground, and C.C. was on his knees straddling her. D.C. kept

saying " 'stop' " to C.C. In all of the incidents, Ce.C. had just arrived home from a

friend's house.

       F.C. did not disclose any physical or sexual abuse. At Polinsky, he told an

Agency social worker that he missed his parents. During an exercise called the "Three

Houses," F.C. listed C.C., M.J., his sisters, and his dog in his "House of Good Things."

In his "House of Worries," F.C. wrote that he did not think he would see C.C. or M.J. for

a while. He told the Agency social worker he did not know why the Agency did not

think it was safe for him to live with C.C. and M.J.

       C.C. told the Agency he did not want to take sexual abuse classes because he

would be required to admit abusing D.C. C.C. said D.C.'s allegations were " 'flat out

lies' " and he had " 'no idea' " why D.C. would make them. On the day of the last

reported incident, C.C. said D.C. had gotten in trouble because she was throwing food

and having a lot of " 'physical contact' " with a boy. C.C. said D.C. is " 'boy crazy' " and

is difficult and defiant. C.C. said he was strict with D.C. but not abusive. C.C. said he

did not want to have any visitation with D.C. and did not want any further relationship

with her.

                                              7
       In conversations with the Agency, M.J. would not say whether she believed D.C.'s

allegations. However, M.J. said, " '[D.C.] lies all the time. She won't tell us anything.' "

For example, M.J. said D.C. lied about what "bae" meant. M.J. said D.C. had never lied

about sexual abuse before. M.J. told the Agency D.C. was " 'living a whole different life

we didn't know about,' " including receiving a sexually explicit text message, receiving

calls late at night from boys, and skipping her after school program. M.J. said she asked

D.C. about the allegations, but she treated it like a joke. M.J. said D.C. denied ever being

forced to orally copulate C.C.

       D.C.'s school counselor was not aware of any history of D.C. lying, making up

stories, or causing trouble at school. The counselor was also not aware of any mental

health or developmental issues. The counselor said M.J.'s apparent disbelief of D.C.'s

disclosures "hurts" her.

       In its assessment, the Agency characterized D.C.'s allegations as consistent across

her various disclosures and at least partially corroborated by Ce.C.'s statements. The

Agency concluded " 'the evidence weighs far more heavily that the allegations are true

than that they are not.' " The Agency believed F.C. and Ce.C. were at risk of sexual and

physical abuse by C.C., given D.C.'s disclosures of sexual abuse and Ce.C.'s disclosures

of physical abuse. The Agency also believed placement with M.J. would be inadequate

to protect them, based primarily on M.J.'s failure to follow the safety plan prohibiting

C.C. from seeing the minors. The Agency was troubled that M.J. encouraged Ce.C. and

F.C. to keep C.C.'s visit a secret and concerned M.J. might lead Ce.C. and F.C. to

withhold further information regarding threats to their safety.

                                              8
       The Agency recommended that the juvenile court sustain the allegations of the

petition and remove the minors from the care and custody of their parents. M.J. and C.C.

requested a trial on jurisdiction and disposition.

       Prior to trial, the Agency scheduled a team decision-making meeting (TDM) to

discuss supervised visitation for the minors. M.J., C.C., the minors' paternal

grandparents, and a family friend attended. M.J. and C.C. declined to discuss the details

of D.C.'s allegations. During the TDM, C.C. disclosed that D.C. made some sort of

accusation against him a year ago, and they agreed he and D.C. would not be alone

together. However, C.C. said D.C. still wanted to spend time with him. After that

disclosure, an Agency social worker said he wanted to respect C.C.'s wish not to discuss

the allegations during the TDM, and M.J. told C.C. he should not talk about it.

       Later, in another conversation with the Agency, C.C. provided further details

about the accusation. C.C. said D.C. had told M.J. that C.C. told D.C. to take off her

skirt. C.C. denied making the statement; he said he only told D.C. to flip down her skirt

to avoid showing her underwear. Regarding Ce.C.'s comments about abuse, C.C. said,

" 'I don't want to say Ce.C. is making it up, but she could be saying what you want to

hear.' " C.C. claimed D.C. had punched him, pushed him, and slammed the door in his

face. C.C. did not say anything about these incidents because he was embarrassed.

       The minors had mixed experiences at Polinsky. D.C. left Polinsky at night

without permission multiple times. On one occasion, she smelled like alcohol when she

returned. On other occasion, she had been smoking marijuana. D.C. told the Agency she

                                              9
had consensual sexual contact with a boy while at Polinsky. The boy denied any sexual

contact to Polinsky staff. Polinsky staff claimed D.C. had not been left unattended.

       F.C. refused to go to sleep, kicked and hit Polinsky staff, and tried to grab the

" 'private body areas' " of Polinsky staff. F.C. threatened suicide and was placed on a

psychiatric hold. He was not hospitalized. F.C.'s psychiatrist recommended additional

psychotropic medication. (He was already taking Adderrall.) F.C.'s schoolteacher

reported his behavior had been difficult but similar to the time before he was placed in

Polinsky. Prior to the case, F.C. had been diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity

disorder and oppositional defiance disorder. D.C. also reported F.C. acted about the same

as at home.

       The Agency reported that C.C. had called D.C.'s school several times. School

officials felt C.C. was harassing them and were concerned D.C. might become aware of

C.C.'s calls. The Agency therefore recommended limiting C.C.'s educational rights to the

minors and vesting educational rights solely with M.J. The Agency also reported that

M.J. did not start any services until two months after the minors were detained.

       At the contested jurisdiction and disposition hearing, the juvenile court received

several Agency reports into evidence and heard testimony from an Agency social worker.

Among other things, the social worker explained that D.C.'s defiant behaviors were not

surprising, given the sexual abuse she suffered. The social worker believed M.J. had not

demonstrated any progress addressing the protective issues in the case, including because

she had delayed accessing services. Although it was not formally entered into evidence,

the court also reviewed a video recording of D.C.'s forensic interview.

                                             10
       The juvenile court sustained the allegations of the petitions. Although the court

noted some inconsistencies and improbabilities in specific portions of D.C.'s disclosures,

the court concluded that the Agency had proven the allegations of sexual abuse true by a

preponderance of the evidence. The court found persuasive the substance of D.C.'s

disclosure, its substantial consistency across her various statements, and Ce.C.'s partial

corroboration. The court stated, "I think there are gaps in the picture, but certainly the

Agency has met its burden by a preponderance of the evidence." The court removed the

minors from C.C. and M.J.'s custody, ordered reunification services for both parents, and

vested educational rights solely with M.J. M.J. and C.C. appeal.

                                         DISCUSSION

                                                 I

       C.C. challenges the juvenile court's jurisdictional findings under section 300,

subdivision (d), as to D.C. and section 300, subdivision (j), as to F.C.2 Section 300

provides, in relevant part, as follows: "Any child who comes within any of the following

descriptions is within the jurisdiction of the juvenile court which may adjudge that person

to be a dependent of the court: [¶] . . . [¶] (d) The child has been sexually abused, or

there is a substantial risk that the child will be sexually abused, as defined in Section

11165.1 of the Penal Code, by his or her parent or guardian or a member of his or her

household . . . . [¶] . . . [¶] (j) The child's sibling has been abused or neglected, as

defined in subdivision (a), (b), (d), (e), or (i), and there is a substantial risk that the child

2      C.C. does not directly challenge the court's jurisdictional finding as to Ce.C.,
except as it may be affected by a reversal of the finding as to D.C.
                                                11
will be abused or neglected, as defined in those subdivisions. The court shall consider

the circumstances surrounding the abuse or neglect of the sibling, the age and gender of

each child, the nature of the abuse or neglect of the sibling, the mental condition of the

parent or guardian, and any other factors the court considers probative in determining

whether there is a substantial risk to the child."

       We review the court's jurisdictional findings for substantial evidence. " 'In

reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the jurisdictional

findings and disposition, we determine if substantial evidence, contradicted or

uncontradicted, supports them. "In making this determination, we draw all reasonable

inferences from the evidence to support the findings and orders of the dependency court;

we review the record in the light most favorable to the court's determinations; and we

note that issues of fact and credibility are the province of the trial court." [Citation.] "We

do not reweigh the evidence or exercise independent judgment, but merely determine if

there are sufficient facts to support the findings of the trial court. [Citations] ' "[T]he

[appellate] court must review the whole record in the light most favorable to the

judgment below to determine whether it discloses substantial evidence . . . such that a

reasonable trier of fact could find [that the order is appropriate]." ' [Citation.]"

[Citation.]' " (In re I.J. (2013) 56 Cal.4th 766, 773 (I.J.).) " 'Substantial evidence is

evidence that is "reasonable, credible, and of solid value"; such that a reasonable trier of

fact could make such findings.' " (In re S.A. (2010) 182 Cal.App.4th 1128, 1140; see In

re Savannah M. (2005) 131 Cal.App.4th 1387, 1393-1394.) "The appellant has the

                                              12
burden of showing there is no evidence of a sufficiently substantial nature to support the

findings or order." (In re R.V. (2012) 208 Cal.App.4th 837, 843 (R.V.).)

       As to D.C., it cannot reasonably be questioned that her disclosures, if believed,

reveal sexual abuse under section 300, subdivision (d). (See Pen. Code, § 11165.1,

subds. (b)(1) [including penile penetration of the vagina]; (b)(2) [including sexual contact

between mouth and penis]; (b)(3) [including digital penetration of the vagina or anus];

and (b)(4) [including intentional touching of genitals or other intimate parts for sexual

purposes].) Based on our review of the whole record, the juvenile court was entitled to

find D.C.'s disclosures credible.3 The minor inconsistencies C.C. identifies, which the

juvenile court largely considered as well, do not make D.C.'s disclosures unreliable or

incredible. Her disclosures are therefore substantial evidence of sexual abuse and

sufficient to support the juvenile court's jurisdictional finding. (See In re Alexis E. (2009)

171 Cal.App.4th 438, 451 ["Evidence from a single witness, even a party, can be

sufficient to support the trial court's findings."].)

       C.C. argues the juvenile court could have avoided a true finding on the Agency's

petition based on sexual abuse by making a true finding based on C.C. and M.J.'s failure

3       Our review includes summaries of D.C.'s disclosures during her forensic interview
that the Agency included in its reports. It does not include the video of the interview,
viewed by the juvenile court but not formally offered into evidence or included in the
record on appeal. The Agency filed a motion to augment and correct the record to
include this video and a transcript of the interview, arguing this evidence further
supported the juvenile court's jurisdictional findings. C.C. opposed. Because we
conclude the evidence supports the juvenile court's findings even without the video and
transcript of the forensic interview, we deny the Agency's motion.

                                               13
to protect. C.C. claims that procedure would have been beneficial because it would have

allowed the Agency more time to investigate D.C.'s disclosures.4 Our standard of review

prohibits second-guessing the juvenile court in the manner C.C. suggests. We review the

finding the juvenile court actually made, not whether other findings could have been

made that would accomplish a similar result. C.C. has not shown the evidence did not

support the juvenile court's finding of sexual abuse.

       As to F.C., we likewise conclude the evidence supported the juvenile court's

jurisdictional finding under section 300, subdivision (j). "Subdivision (j) applies if (1)

the child's sibling has been abused or neglected as defined in specified other subdivisions

and (2) there is a substantial risk that the child will be abused or neglected as defined in

those subdivisions." (I.J., supra, 56 Cal.4th at p. 774.) " '[S]ubdivision (j) was intended

to expand the grounds for the exercise of jurisdiction as to children whose sibling has

been abused or neglected as defined in section 300, subdivision (a), (b), (d), (e), or (i).

Subdivision (j) does not state that its application is limited to the risk that the child will

be abused or neglected as defined in the same subdivision that describes the abuse or

neglect of the sibling. Rather, subdivision (j) directs the trial court to consider whether

4       C.C. focuses on the alleged need for the Agency to investigate D.C.'s disclosure of
sexual contact with a boy at Polinsky. C.C. characterizes this disclosure as "the key fact
the minor [D.C.] made apparently false allegations of sexual behavior against another
minor at the Polinsky center." D.C.'s disclosure was not proven false, however. The boy
and Polinsky staff merely disputed D.C.'s statement. The juvenile court could have
reasonably believed D.C. was telling the truth. Moreover, even if it were false, a false
statement regarding consensual sexual contact by D.C. would not make the juvenile
court's true finding on her disclosure of sexual abuse against C.C. unreasonable. It is for
the juvenile court, not this court, to assess the questions of credibility and evidentiary
weight C.C. raises.
                                               14
there is a substantial risk that the child will be harmed under subdivision (a), (b), (d), (e)

or (i) of section 300, notwithstanding which of those subdivisions describes the child's

sibling.' " (Ibid.) Because the assessment of risk to a sibling depends in part on the

circumstances of an abused or neglected child, "subdivision (j) implies that the more

egregious the abuse, the more appropriate for the juvenile court to assume jurisdiction

over the siblings." (Id. at p. 778.)

       In I.J., the Supreme Court considered dependency petitions filed on behalf of a

sexually abused 14-year-old girl and her four siblings, twin 12-year-old boys, a nine-

year-old girl, and a boy about to turn eight years old. (I.J., supra, 56 Cal.4th at p. 771.)

The girl's father forcibly raped the older daughter, fondled and digitally penetrated her

vagina, and forced her to watch pornographic videos with him. (Ibid.) Jurisdiction over

the daughters had been affirmed by the Court of Appeal and was not at issue in the

Supreme Court. (Id. at p. 772.) As to the sons, although there was no evidence the father

had abused them or even that they were aware of their father's behavior, the Supreme

Court affirmed the juvenile court's finding that the sons were placed in substantial risk of

abuse or neglect by the father's actions. (Id. at pp. 771, 778.) " 'Although the danger of

sexual abuse of a female sibling in such a situation may be greater than the danger of

sexual abuse of a male sibling, the danger of sexual abuse to the male sibling is

nonetheless still substantial.' " (Id. at p. 780.)

       The reasoning and conclusion of I.J. applies equally to this case. Here, as in I.J.,

C.C.'s behavior was " 'aberrant in the extreme[.]' " (I.J., supra, 56 Cal.4th at p. 778.)

C.C. had sexual intercourse with his own daughter, digitally penetrated her anus and

                                               15
vagina, and demanded she orally copulate him, often accompanied by physical violence

or threats of violence. As in I.J., "Also relevant to the totality of the circumstances

surrounding the sibling abuse is the violation of trust shown by sexually abusing one

child while the other children were living in the same home and could easily have learned

of or even interrupted the abuse." (Ibid.) In addition, Ce.C. made credible disclosures of

physical abuse perpetrated by C.C. against her and F.C. Under these circumstances, the

evidence supports the juvenile court's finding that F.C. (as well as Ce.C.) was at

substantial risk of abuse or neglect. (See id. at p. 778; see also In re Karen R. (2001) 95

Cal.App.4th 84, 90-91.)

       C.C. points out that the abused child in I.J. was slightly younger than D.C. when

the abuse started (11 years old versus 12) and the child in I.J. was abused for a longer

time period (three years versus one). These factual differences provide no basis to

distinguish I.J. and do not undermine the juvenile court's jurisdictional findings. C.C.

also points to evidence that F.C. felt safe with him, missed him, and cried because he

would not see C.C. or M.J. for a while. F.C.'s subjective feelings, however, do not dictate

the juvenile court's assessment of the risk to him. As in I.J., the record amply supports

the juvenile court's findings of substantial risk of abuse based on C.C.'s prolonged and

severe sexual abuse of D.C. (See I.J., supra, 56 Cal.4th at p. 778.)

                                              II

       M.J. challenges the court's dispositional order removing Ce.C. and F.C. from her

custody. M.J. does not contend the court erred in removing D.C. C.C. joins in M.J.'s

challenge.

                                             16
       "A dependent child shall not be taken from the physical custody of his or her

parents . . . with whom the child resides at the time the petition was initiated, unless the

juvenile court finds clear and convincing evidence" that "[t]here is or would be a

substantial danger to the physical health, safety, protection, or physical or emotional

well-being of the minor if the minor were returned home, and there are no reasonable

means by which the minor's physical health can be protected without removing the minor

from the minor's parent's . . . physical custody." (§ 361, subd. (c)(1).)

       "By requiring clear and convincing evidence of the risk of substantial harm to the

child if returned home and the lack of reasonable means short of removal to protect the

child's safety, section 361, subdivision (c) demonstrates the 'bias of the controlling statute

is on family preservation, not removal.' " (In re Hailey T. (2012) 212 Cal.App.4th 139,

146 (Hailey T.).) However, " ' "[t]he parent need not be dangerous and the minor need

not have been actually harmed before removal is appropriate. The focus of the statute is

on averting harm to the child." [Citation.] The court may consider a parent's past

conduct as well as present circumstances. [Citation.]' " (In re John M. (2012) 212

Cal.App.4th 1117, 1126.)

       We review the juvenile court's dispositional order under the same standard of

review as the court's jurisdictional findings, which we have already explained. (Hailey

T., supra, 212 Cal.App.4th at p. 146 ["The standard of review of a dispositional order on

appeal is the substantial evidence test."]; see I.J., supra, 56 Cal.4th at p. 773.) The

burden remains on the appellant to show "there is no evidence of a sufficiently substantial

nature to support the court's findings or orders." (Hailey T., at p. 147.)

                                              17
       The evidence here supports the juvenile court's removal order. The record shows

M.J. did not protect D.C. from C.C.'s year-long course of sexual abuse, minimized and

denied D.C.'s attempt to disclose that abuse when it began, violated the Agency's

voluntary safety plan by allowing C.C. to stay overnight with Ce.C. and F.C. after D.C.

disclosed the full extent of her abuse, was skeptical (at best) of the truth of D.C.'s

disclosure at the time of the disposition hearing, and unreasonably delayed beginning

reunification services.5 The record further shows that M.J. wanted to shield the details of

D.C.'s disclosure from family members and friends, thereby preventing them (in the

opinion of an Agency social worker) from supporting the minors' safety. The juvenile

court was entitled to credit this evidence and conclude removal was the only reasonable

means to protect the minors' safety. (See R.V., supra, 208 Cal.App.4th at p. 841.)

       M.J. contends her conduct was not as egregious as the conduct of the parent in

R.V., who violated a court order and had ongoing mental health and substance abuse

issues. (See R.V., supra, 208 Cal.App.4th at p. 842.) R.V. did not imply, however, that

its facts constituted the minimum showing required for removal. The facts here are also

sufficient to support removal for the reasons we have discussed.

       M.J. also emphasizes contrary evidence, including her separation from C.C. and

her participation in services. Under the applicable standard of review, however, "we do

5       Unlike In re Henry V. (2004) 119 Cal.App.4th 522, 530, the minors' removal was
not intended as an incentive to encourage M.J.'s participation in reunification services.
The juvenile court here could properly view M.J.'s delay in seeking services as evidence
of a lack of commitment to resolve the protective issues involved in the case, among
other things.
                                              18
not pass on the credibility of witnesses, resolve conflicts in the evidence or weigh the

evidence." (Hailey T., supra, 212 Cal.App.4th at p. 146.) Weighing the evidence M.J.

cites against contrary evidence is exclusively the province of the juvenile court; we may

not substitute our judgment for that of the juvenile court in this regard. (In re Cole C.

(2009) 174 Cal.App.4th 900, 918.) Similarly, although M.J. points to other measures

short of removal she contends would have protected the minors, she has not shown the

court's removal order was not supported by substantial evidence given the facts we have

discussed. The evidence supports the finding that the measures M.J. suggests, including

"in-home services, unannounced visits, and therapy for the parties," would not have

addressed the substantial risk evident in leaving the minors with M.J. unsupervised.

Substantial evidence supports the court's dispositional order.

                                             III

       C.C. contends the court erred by requiring him to admit sexual abuse of D.C. in

various forms as part of his case plan. The service objectives of his case plan included

the following: "[C.C.] will write a list of triggers that led him to sexually touch [D.C.]"

and "[C.C.] will write a letter of apology to each of his children explaining his role in the

sexual abuse and what exactly he is doing to commit to ensure that none of the children

are ever sexually abused in the future." C.C.'s case plan also required him to participate

in group therapy for "perpetrators of sexual abuse" with an approved therapist. C.C. told

the Agency he was required to sign a form "basically admitting that he had abused a

child" to participate in group therapy.

                                             19
       "With some limited exceptions not relevant here, section 361.5 requires the

juvenile court to order child welfare services for both parent and child when a minor is

removed from parental custody." (In re Nolan W. (2009) 45 Cal.4th 1217, 1228.) "Of

course, the juvenile court's discretion in fashioning reunification orders is not unfettered.

Its orders must be 'reasonable' and 'designed to eliminate those conditions that led to the

court's finding that the child is a person described by Section 300.' (§ 362, subd. (c).)

'The reunification plan " 'must be appropriate for each family and be based on the unique

facts relating to that family.' " [Citation.]' " (Nolan W., at p. 1229; see In re Basilio T.

(1992) 4 Cal.App.4th 155, 172-173.) We review the propriety of court-ordered

reunification services at this stage for abuse of discretion. (In re Briana V. (2015) 236

Cal.App.4th 297, 311; see Nolan W, at p. 1229.)

       The provisions of C.C.'s case plan requiring him to admit sexually abusing D.C.

are reasonable. These provisions were recommended by the Agency social worker

responsible for the minors. The juvenile court was well within its discretion to determine

that the case plan, including the disputed provisions, was designed to eliminate the

protective issues surrounding the minors—including C.C.'s repeated and violent sexual

abuse of D.C. C.C. argues that the disputed provisions are "therapeutic exercises" that

the Agency and juvenile court are unqualified to administer. His argument provides no

basis for us to find an abuse of discretion in this case, however, where the Agency

specifically recommended the disputed provisions. The Agency has both institutional

experience (in itself) and individual experience (in its supervising social worker) with

sexual abuse cases. Given the Agency's recommendation, and on the current record, we

                                              20
cannot say the court's decision to include these provisions in C.C.'s case plan was

unreasonable or an abuse of discretion.6 (See In re Briana V., supra, 236 Cal.App.4th at

pp. 311-312.)

       C.C. also contends the disputed provisions violate his constitutional rights against

compelled self-incrimination. It is well-settled, however, that C.C. automatically

receives use immunity for statements made in court-ordered therapy: "The California

Constitution requires that a person proceeding simultaneously in the criminal courts for

child abuse and the juvenile court regarding a dependency of the abused minor should not

only be granted use immunity for his or her testimony at dependency proceedings that

constitutes an admission to the acts at issue in the criminal case against him or her but

also for such statements made during court-ordered therapy." (In re Jessica B. (1989)

207 Cal.App.3d 504, 521; see In re Lamonica H. (1990) 220 Cal.App.3d 634, 650 ["[W]e

find any admissions [father] makes during the course of treatment ordered as part of the

reunification plan would be immune from use in criminal proceedings which might be

brought against him."]; In re Candida S. (1992) 7 Cal.App.4th 1240, 1250.) Based on

this use immunity, a dispositional order requiring participation in therapy does not

6      In briefing this issue, both the Agency (in its respondent's brief) and C.C. (on
reply) cite and rely on publications from the Center for Sex Offender Management, which
the Agency contends is a project of the U.S. Department of Justice. These publications
appear to be cited for the first time on appeal, and their citation is unaccompanied by any
request for judicial notice. We are reluctant to find either that the Agency's opinion
should be bolstered or impeached based on documents not considered by the juvenile
court or tested at trial. The proper venue for factual development on the reasonableness
of the provisions of C.C.'s case plan, which might have included testimony and evidence
surrounding the cited publications, was the juvenile court.
                                             21
infringe a parent's right against compelled self-incrimination. (Candida S., at p. 1250;

Lamonica H., at p. 650; Jessica B., at p. 521.)

       C.C. questions whether this immunity would apply to the list of triggers and letters

of apology identified in the case objectives portion of his case plan. We conclude it does.

As the Agency points out, C.C.'s case plan includes a single recommended service:

sexual abuse therapy. The case objectives are to be completed as part of that therapy.

Because use immunity applies to his "course of treatment ordered as part of the

reunification plan" (In re Lamonica H., supra, 220 Cal.App.3d at p. 650), the immunity

would apply to the identified case objectives as well. The juvenile court was not required

to make an order specifically conferring use immunity in connection with C.C.'s case

plan. (Ibid.; In re Jessica B., supra, 207 Cal.App.3d at p. 521; see In re Candida S.,

supra, 7 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1250-1251 [holding that the juvenile court is not required to

inform parents of use immunity].) The court did not err by including the disputed

provisions in C.C.'s case plan.

                                              IV

       C.C. also contends the court erred by limiting his educational rights to Ce.C. and

F.C. "Parents have a constitutionally protected liberty interest in directing their children's

education. [Citations.] However, when a child is a dependent child, a court may limit a

parent's ability to make educational decisions on the child's behalf . . . ." (In re R.W.

(2009) 172 Cal.App.4th 1268, 1276.) "In all cases in which a minor is adjudged a

dependent child of the court on the ground that the minor is a person described by Section

300, the court may limit the control to be exercised over the dependent child by any

                                              22
parent or guardian and shall by its order clearly and specifically set forth all those

limitations. Any limitation on the right of the parent or guardian to make educational or

developmental services decisions for the child shall be specifically addressed in the court

order. The limitations may not exceed those necessary to protect the child." (§ 361,

subd. (a)(1).) "We review the juvenile court's order limiting parents' educational rights

under an abuse of discretion standard [citation], bearing in mind '[t]he focus of

dependency proceedings is on the child, not the parent' [citation]." (R.W., at p. 1277.)

       Here, the evidence showed that C.C. called D.C.'s school multiple times and

harassed school officials. The juvenile court was entitled to find C.C.'s behavior

especially troubling given his statement he did not want a relationship with D.C. The

juvenile court could reasonably have determined that an order limiting C.C.'s educational

rights was necessary before he began to harass officials at Ce.C. and F.C.'s school as

well. Just as in other areas of dependency law, the juvenile court need not wait until

harm occurs before making orders to protect the minors. (Cf. In re Cole C., supra, 174

Cal.App.4th at p. 917.)

       C.C. claims Ce.C. and F.C. will be harmed by his inability to participate in their

educational decisions. The Agency counters that the juvenile court specifically ordered

M.J. to share educational information with C.C. and ordered the Agency to determine

whether C.C. could participate in some school activities. We do not reweigh this

evidence bearing on the minors' best interests, however, and will not substitute our

judgment for that of the juvenile court in this regard. On the evidence presented, the

juvenile court was entitled to find that an order limiting C.C.'s educational rights was

                                              23
necessary to protect the minors. C.C. has not shown the court abused its discretion in

doing so.

                                               V

         M.J. challenges the court's finding that ICWA does not apply. She contends the

court erred by not providing notice of the proceedings to the Indian tribes in which C.C.

claimed potential membership or eligibility for membership. C.C. joins in this challenge

as well.

         As we have noted, M.J. and C.C. adopted the children following a prior

dependency case with the Agency. The Agency informed the juvenile court that ICWA

did not apply based on a finding to that effect in the minors' prior dependency case. The

juvenile court found that ICWA did not apply in this dependency case as well, but it

required C.C. to submit a "Parental Notification of Indian Status" form (ICWA-020)

disclosing any Indian heritage. (M.J. had already submitted an ICWA-020 form claiming

no Indian heritage.) C.C.'s form contained the following statement: "I am or may be a

member of, or eligible for membership in, a federally recognized Indian tribe." His form

listed the Cherokee Nation and an unspecified "Apache" tribe as the tribes in which C.C.

claimed potential membership or eligibility for membership. C.C.'s form does not appear

to have prompted any discussion or reconsideration of the ICWA finding in the juvenile

court.

         The policy statement underlying ICWA reads as follows: "The Congress hereby

declares that it is the policy of this Nation to protect the best interests of Indian children

and to promote the stability and security of Indian tribes and families by the

                                              24
establishment of minimum Federal standards for the removal of Indian children from

their families and the placement of such children in foster or adoptive homes which will

reflect the unique values of Indian culture, and by providing for assistance to Indian

tribes in the operation of child and family service programs." (25 U.S.C. § 1902; see In

re Junious M. (1983) 144 Cal.App.3d 786, 789-790 [describing the background and goals

of ICWA]; see also § 224, subd. (a).)

       ICWA defines an "Indian child" as "any unmarried person who is under age

eighteen and is either (a) a member of an Indian tribe or (b) is eligible for membership in

an Indian tribe and is the biological child of a member of an Indian tribe[.]" (25 U.S.C.

§ 1903(4); see § 224.1, subd. (a).) "Tribal membership is treated under the ICWA as a

matter of political affiliation rather than racial origin: 'The ICWA recognizes the political

affiliation that follows from tribal membership in a federally recognized tribe, rather than

a racial or ancestral Indian origin . . . .' " (In re B.R. (2009) 176 Cal.App.4th 773, 783

(B.R.).) Thus, "[t]he definition of 'Indian child' . . . does not by its own literal language

require either that the child's biological parents be members of a tribe or that one of the

child's biological parents have tribal ancestry." (Ibid.)

       In proceedings that potentially involve an Indian child, ICWA requires notice on

any affected Indian tribe: "In any involuntary proceeding in a State court, where the

court knows or has reason to know that an Indian child is involved, the party seeking the

foster care placement of, or termination of parental rights to, an Indian child shall notify

the parent or Indian custodian and the Indian child's tribe . . . of the pending proceedings

and of their right of intervention. . . ." (25 U.S.C. § 1912(a); see In re Gerardo A. (2004)

                                              25
119 Cal.App.4th 988, 994; see also § 224.2, subds. (a), (b).) ICWA's notice requirement

is a " 'key component of the congressional goal to protect and preserve Indian tribes and

Indian families.' " (In re Desiree F. (2000) 83 Cal.App.4th 460, 469.) "[T]he tribe's right

to assert jurisdiction over the proceeding or to intervene in it is meaningless if the tribe

has no notice that the action is pending." (In re Junious M., supra, 144 Cal.App.3d at

pp. 790-791.)

       " 'The determination of a child's Indian status is up to the tribe; therefore, the

juvenile court needs only a suggestion of Indian ancestry to trigger the notice

requirement.' (In re Nikki R. (2003) 106 Cal.App.4th 844, 848 . . . ; [citation]; Dwayne P.

v. Superior Court (2002) 103 Cal.App.4th 247, 258 . . . [providing exhaustive analysis of

the issue and concluding the 'minimal showing' required to trigger notice under the

ICWA is merely evidence 'suggest[ing]' the minor 'may' be an Indian].) 'Given the

interests protected by the [ICWA], the recommendations of the [federal] guidelines, and

the requirements of our court rules, the bar is indeed very low to trigger ICWA notice.' "

(In re Gabriel G. (2012) 206 Cal.App.4th 1160, 1165.)

       The issue here is whether C.C.'s statement that he is or may be a member of an

Indian tribe, or eligible for membership in an Indian tribe, was sufficient information to

trigger the notice requirements of ICWA, i.e., whether it provided "reason to know that

an Indian child is involved" under ICWA. (See 25 U.S.C. § 1912(a).) If C.C. were the

minors' biological father, it is reasonably apparent ICWA notice would be required. (See

§ 224.3, subd. (b)(1); see also In re Antoinette S. (2002) 104 Cal.App.4th 1401, 1406

[holding "father's claim that his grandparents had Native American ancestry, and that

                                              26
Antoinette therefore does as well, was sufficient to trigger the notice requirements of the

Act"].) It appears no California case has directly considered whether such information

provided by an adoptive father triggers the notice requirements of ICWA.

       The Court of Appeal in B.R. considered whether a biological father's statement

that his adoptive father (the dependent minors' parental grandfather) was one-fourth

Apache Indian was sufficient to require ICWA notice. (B.R., supra, 176 Cal.App.4th at

pp. 777, 778.) The trial court indicated that the social services agency would notify the

Apache tribes "if required by law," but the agency did not do so. (Id. at pp. 778-779.)

Other tribes were notified, but none appeared in the proceedings. (Ibid.) The trial court

subsequently found ICWA did not apply. (Id. at p. 779.)

       The Court of Appeal found error: "The trial court left it to the [social services

agency] to determine whether the minors were Indian children for purposes of the ICWA,

rather than letting the Apache tribes make that determination by ordering that notice be

sent to the tribes. It is true that in this case the minors were not the biological children of

a parent with Indian blood. They are the grandchildren by adoption of an ancestor with

Indian blood. But the definition of 'Indian child' under the ICWA does not by its terms

automatically exclude such children. To the contrary, the ICWA focuses on

'membership' rather than racial origins. It protects children who are 'members of or

eligible for membership in' federally recognized Indian tribes. ([25 U.S.C.] § 1901(3).)"

(B.R., supra, 176 Cal.App.4th at p. 783.) A child without biological Indian ancestry

"could still be an 'Indian child' for purposes of the ICWA so long as either (1) the child is

a member of an Indian tribe or (2) one of the child's biological parents is a member of the

                                              27
tribe and the child is eligible for membership." (Ibid. [italics omitted].) Because the

father was "potentially a member of an Apache tribe via his adoptive relationship with

the minor's grandfather," the minors may have been Indian children and therefore ICWA

notice was required. (Id. at p. 785.)

       B.R. relied heavily on In re M.C.P. (Vt. 1989) 571 A.2d 627 (M.C.P.). In M.C.P.,

the Supreme Court of Vermont considered whether ICWA notice was required under

facts similar in relevant respects to those presented here: "[T]he juvenile's [adoptive]

father, R.P., testified that he is Mohawk Indian and that his people were from the St.

Regis Reservation in New York. With respect to the juvenile, the father testified that

while she is not currently a member of the Mohawk Tribe, she could be eligible for

membership in the tribe." (Id. at p. 632.) The court agreed, on this evidence, the

dependent child did not appear to be an Indian child because the child was neither (1) a

member of an Indian tribe nor (2) eligible for membership in an Indian tribe and the

biological child of a member of an Indian tribe. (Id. at pp. 632-633; see 25 U.S.C.

§ 1903(4).)

       The court explained, however, that this determination did not end the inquiry:

"The notice provision, 25 U.S.C. § 1912(a), applies not only when the trial court finds the

juvenile is an Indian child but also when the court 'has reason to know that an Indian

child is involved.' This language reflects the fact that Indian tribes have an interest in

Indian child welfare proceedings apart from the parties and that the information provided

by the parties bearing on whether the juvenile is an Indian child may be incomplete. It

also reflects the fact that Indian tribes are in a better position to determine the

                                              28
membership of individuals who have some relationship to the tribe and the court should

defer to this expertise." (M.C.P., supra, 571 A.2d at p. 633, fn. omitted.)

       The court determined the adoptive father's statement that he was a member of an

Indian tribe was sufficient to trigger ICWA's notice provisions: "[W]e believe that the

statute as interpreted in the Guidelines[7] requires that the trial court give notice to the

Saint Regis Mohawk Indian Tribe. The father's membership in this tribe alone gives the

trial court reason to know that the juvenile could be a member of the tribe and thus be an

Indian child. Cf. Trentadue & DeMontigny, The Indian Child Welfare Act of 1978: A

Practitioner's Perspective, 62 N.D.L.Rev. 487, 505 (1986) (some tribes 'extend

membership to any descendent of a member regardless of Indian blood quantum').

Although the father testified that the juvenile was eligible for membership, but not a

member, we cannot find that evidence to be conclusive. The tribe, not the father, is the

arbiter of its membership and as the commentary to the guidelines states is the best

source of information on whether the juvenile is a member. The father is not necessarily

knowledgeable about tribal membership, and his interests may diverge from those of the

tribe." (M.C.P., supra, 571 A.2d at p. 634.)

       We find B.R. and M.C.P. persuasive and instructive on the facts here. As in those

cases, we conclude ICWA notice was required even though the minors in this case have

7       Guidelines for State Courts; Indian Child Custody Proceedings (44 Fed.Reg.
67584 et seq. (Nov. 26, 1979) (Guidelines)). Among the circumstances under which a
court has reason to believe a dependent minor is an Indian child is that "[a]ny public or
state-licensed agency involved in child protection services or family support has
discovered information which suggests that the child is an Indian child." (Id. at
p. 67586.)
                                               29
no biological Indian ancestry. C.C. informed the Agency that he is or may be a member

of an Indian tribe, specifically the Cherokee Nation and an unspecified Apache tribe. On

this record, C.C.'s disclosure was sufficient to trigger ICWA's notice requirement because

it suggested that the minors may be members of an Indian tribe as well. (See 25 U.S.C.

§§ 1903(4), 1912(a); see also In re Gabriel G., supra, 206 Cal.App.4th at p. 1165; B.R.,

supra, 176 Cal.App.4th at p. 783.) "The notice requirement applies even if the Indian

status of the child is uncertain. [Citation.] The showing required to trigger the statutory

notice provisions is minimal . . . . [Citation.] A hint may suffice for this minimal

showing." (In re Miguel E. (2004) 120 Cal.App.4th 521, 549.) C.C.'s status as an

adoptive father is not determinative. Nothing in the record or the parties' briefing

indicates that these tribes categorically exclude adoptive children from membership.

Indeed, according to the authority cited by the Supreme Court of Vermont, tribes may

extend membership to children regardless of Indian blood quantum. (M.C.P., supra, 571

A.2d at p. 634; see B.R., supra, 176 Cal.App.4th at p. 785 [minor's father was "potentially

a member of an Apache tribe via his adoptive relationship with the minor's grandfather"];

see also Guidelines, supra, 44 Fed.Reg. at p. 67586 ["It is the tribe's prerogative to

determine membership criteria and to decide who meets those criteria."].)

       Like B.R. and the Vermont Supreme Court in M.C.P., we are mindful that failure

to give notice renders the dependency proceedings (including any future termination of

parental rights) vulnerable to collateral attack if the minors are in fact Indian children.

(See 25 U.S.C. § 1914; B.R., supra, 176 Cal.App.4th at p. 784; M.C.P., supra, 571 A.2d

at pp. 634-635.) "To maintain stability in placements of children in juvenile proceedings,

                                              30
it is preferable to err on the side of giving notice and examining thoroughly whether the

juvenile is an Indian child." (M.C.P., supra, 571 A.2d at pp. 634-635; see B.R., supra,

176 Cal.App.4th at p. 784.)

       The Agency contends "the evidence reveals that [the minors] are not members of

an Indian tribe, nor are they the biological children of a member of a tribe." But the

Agency's position "fails to 'distinguish between a showing that may establish a child is an

Indian child within the meaning of the ICWA and the minimal showing required to

trigger the statutory notice provisions.' " (In re Antoinette S., supra, 104 Cal.App.4th at

p. 1407.) "The conclusion, based on the evidence available, that the juvenile is not an

Indian child does not . . . end the inquiry." (M.C.P., supra, 571 A.2d at p. 633.) The

potential for ICWA notice must still be considered. The relevant question is not whether

the evidence currently supports a finding that the minors are Indian children; it is whether

the evidence triggers the notice requirement of ICWA so that the tribes themselves may

make that determination. The Agency does not persuasively address that question.

       The Agency primarily relies on In re Francisco D. (2014) 230 Cal.App.4th 73. In

that case, the Court of Appeal affirmed the juvenile court's finding that ICWA did not

apply. (Id. at p. 84.) Francisco D. focused on the ultimate question of whether ICWA

applied, rather than whether notice was required: "[T]he evidence indicates that

Francisco is not a member of an Indian tribe, nor is he the biological child of a member

of a tribe. Thus, Francisco cannot satisfy the definition of an Indian child. Based on the

plain language of the statute, ICWA is inapplicable to his dependency case, regardless of

adoptive Mother's own Indian tribal membership." (Id. at pp. 83-84.) The court

                                             31
addressed notice only in passing: "Mother asserts that investigation into Francisco's

Indian heritage and an ICWA-compliant notice were required because 'it appears from the

record that [Mother] may have a biological relationship with Francisco.' Yet, Mother

fails to direct us to anywhere in the record indicating that she is biologically related to

Francisco. [Citations.] Moreover, based on our review of the record, there is no

evidence to support this contention." (Id. at p. 84.) Here, the notice requirement is not

based on any purported biological relationship between C.C. and the minors; it is based

on C.C.'s adoptive relationship. Francisco D. did not consider whether notice would be

required under such a circumstance. "[I]t is axiomatic that cases are not authority for

propositions not considered." (People v. Alvarez (2002) 27 Cal.4th 1161, 1176.) The

Agency's reliance on Francisco D. is unavailing.

       The other cases cited by the Agency are similarly inapplicable. In re Jose C.

(2007) 155 Cal.App.4th 844 explicitly did not consider notice: "The question here does

not involve notice because the [Indian tribe] was properly noticed and responded." (Id. at

p. 849.) In re E.G. (2009) 170 Cal.App.4th 1530, 1533 considered notice based on a

claim of Indian ancestry by an alleged father later excluded as the dependent minor's

biological father. In re E.G. found notice unnecessary based on that exclusion. (Ibid.)

Here, C.C. was not a mere alleged father; he was the minors' adoptive father. And, "[t]o

the extent E.G. suggests in dictum that no ICWA notice is ever required unless the minor

is shown to potentially have Indian blood, we respectfully disagree with it." (B.R., supra,

176 Cal.App.4th at p. 785, fn. omitted; see In re Hunter W. (2011) 200 Cal.App.4th 1454,

                                              32
1469 ["[T]he court erred by stating that ICWA did not apply to this case because [the

minor] may not be biologically related to his maternal grandfather of Indian ancestry."].)

       Because the juvenile court did not provide ICWA notice, we vacate the juvenile

court's ICWA findings and remand for proper notice. We decline to reverse the

jurisdictional and dispositional orders because there is not yet a sufficient showing that

the minors are Indian children. (See In re Hunter W., supra, 200 Cal.App.4th at p. 1467.)

If the minors are determined to be Indian children, an interested party may petition the

court to invalidate any orders shown to have violated ICWA. (25 U.S.C. § 1914; In re

Damian C. (2009) 178 Cal.App.4th 192, 199-200.)

                                      DISPOSITION

       The juvenile court's orders finding ICWA inapplicable to these dependency

proceedings are vacated. In all other respects, the challenged orders are affirmed. The

matter is remanded to the juvenile court with directions to require the Agency to provide

proper ICWA notice, to determine the applicability of ICWA based on that notice and

any further inquiry, and for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                                                           McDONALD, J.
WE CONCUR:

McCONNELL, P. J.

PRAGER, J.*

*       Judge of the San Diego Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to
article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.
                                             33