Court Opinion

ID: 9724482
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-26 10:58:13.696417+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:25:00.890189
License: Public Domain

G.B. Smith, J.
(dissenting). The issue in this case is whether an individual nonspouse who was falsely told he was the biological father of a child and who DNA tests show could not be the biological father can be equitably estopped from denying paternity. A man or woman is and should be responsible for the financial support of his or her own offspring. In some instances, this responsibility may be placed upon a nonbiological parent. The facts in this case do not justify such a result. Because the “best interests of the child” require more than financial support, and equitable estoppel should be applicable only to someone who engages in false conduct, I dissent.
In 1995, while on a trip to Georgetown, Guyana, respondent Mark D. met and engaged in sexual intercourse with the petitioner, Shondel J. Following his return to the United States, Shondel J. told respondent she was pregnant and he began financially supporting petitioner. In 1996, respondent signed documents submitted to the Guyanese Consul that declared him to be the father of the child. He claims that he did this in order for petitioner to travel to the United States and submit to a paternity test. Between 1996 and 2000, when petitioner moved to New York, Mark D. saw the child multiple times during two visits to Guyana and a visit to Chicago. In 1997, he named the child as a beneficiary on his life insurance policy.
In 2000, Shondel J. commenced a Family Court proceeding in New York to declare Mark D. the child’s father and to obtain an order of support. Family Court ordered DNA tests at Mark D.’s request and the DNA saliva swab test excluded paternity. In 2001, Family Court dismissed Shondel J.’s petition and she filed objections to the order of dismissal, alleging that the DNA test was erroneous. In November 2001, the results of a new blood test showed respondent was not the biological father. On August 8, 2002, in Family Court, Kings County, respondent was declared the child’s father on the verified petition originally filed by petitioner. The court stated:
*333“The essence of the paternity trial was really one of equitable estoppel, should [Mark D.] be estopped from denying paternity. . . . I do find the Petitioner to have been entirely credible, and with all due respect, except in one regard, [Mark D.] entirely incredible.
“I do believe that he had doubts, however, he didn’t act on them in the appropriate fashion, and as a result he held himself out as this child’s father, and behaved in every way as if he was the father, albeit a father who didn’t reside for a good part of the child’s life, in the same country.
“However, it’s clear to me that these families were involved with each other, involved with this child, that his parents and probably other friends and relatives and church members were aware of this relationship, were aware of this child ....
“I would assume that for the best — and hope that for the best interests of the child, that he could pick up where he left off, and accept this child wholeheartedly into his life, because the child certainly wants that, and really, what’s paramount here is what the child needs.”
On April 5, 2004, the Appellate Division, Second Department affirmed the Family Court’s order of filiation. On May 9, 2005, the Second Department dismissed respondent’s appeal from a Family Court order of retroactive child support, and affirmed an order of support against him.
The question here is not, as the majority suggests, whether equitable estoppel “has a rightful place in New York law” (majority op at 326) or in paternity proceedings. The statute makes clear that it does. The question is whether the elements of estoppel are present in this case. Equitable estoppel is a “defensive doctrine preventing one party from taking unfair advantage of another when, through false language or conduct, the person to be estopped had induced another person to act in a certain way, with the result that the other person has been injured in some way” (Black’s Law Dictionary 571 [7th ed 1999]; see also Simcuski v Saeli, 44 NY2d 442, 449 [1978] [stating defendant may be equitably estopped “where plaintiff was induced by fraud, misrepresentations or deception to refrain from filing a timely action” and plaintiff demonstrates reasonable reliance on *334defendant’s misrepresentations]). Once a party makes a prima facie showing of facts sufficient to support equitable estoppel in the paternity context, the opponent of equitable estoppel must demonstrate why estoppel should not be applied in the best interests of the child (see Matter of Sharon GG. v Duane HH., 95 AD2d 466 [3d Dept 1983], affd 63 NY2d 859 [1984]).
According to Family Court Act § 532 (a), which is substantially similar in language to Family Court Act § 418 (a):
“The court shall advise the parties of their right to one or more genetic marker tests or DNA tests and, on the court’s own motion or the motion of any party, shall order the mother, her child and the alleged father to submit to one or more genetic marker or DNA tests of a type generally acknowledged as reliable by an accreditation body designated by the secretary of the federal department of health and human services and performed by a laboratory approved by such an accreditation body and by the commissioner of health or by a duly qualified physician to aid in the determination of whether the alleged father is or is not the father of the child. No such test shall be ordered, however, upon a written finding by the court that it is not in the best interests of the child on the basis of res judicata, equitable estoppel, or the presumption of legitimacy of a child born to a married woman. The record or report of the results of any such genetic marker or DNA test ordered pursuant to this section or pursuant to section one hundred eleven-k of the social services law shall be received in evidence by the court pursuant to subdivision (e) of rule forty-five hundred eighteen of the civil practice law and rules where no timely objection in writing has been made thereto and that if such timely objections are not made, they shall be deemed waived and shall not be heard by the court. If the record or report of the results of any such genetic marker or DNA test or tests indicate at least a ninety-five percent probability of paternity, the admission of such record or report shall create a rebuttable presumption of paternity, and shall establish, if unrebutted, the paternity of and liability for *335the support of a child pursuant to this article and article four of this act” (emphasis added).1
The majority posits that once Shondel J. claimed Mark D. was the father and made a showing (visits, support, sworn statements), it was respondent’s burden to show equitable estoppel should not be applied since it would not be in the best interests of the child. The facts are not sufficient to support equitable estoppel. While Mark D. financially supported the child and made time to visit her, he has not (in the language of Black’s Law Dictionary) “tak[e]n unfair advantage” or been guilty of “false language or conduct”; he has not (in the language of our decision in Simcuski) committed any “fraud, misrepresentations or deception.” Thus an essential element of equitable estoppel does not exist.
The record is clear that Shondel J. misrepresented the paternity of the child for years and Mark D. relied on this information in good faith. There is no evidence that Mark D. gained any advantage from holding himself out as the child’s father. Thus the majority’s decision applies estoppel against a completely innocent litigant who gained no benefit from the conduct on which the estoppel is based — a holding without precedent, in the research undertaken here, in this Court’s decisions. Mark D. is being required to support this child through payments of $12,858 in arrearage (as of October 2003) and $78 per week, in lieu of providing that support to his own children and his wife.
Moreover, this is a poor case for abandoning the traditional elements of estoppel. The balance of equities is in Mark D.’s favor. Contrary to the majority’s view (majority op at 330), there is strong evidence of “fraud or willful misrepresentation” by Shondel J. She not only told Mark D. that the child was his, she swore in Family Court that she had sexual relations with no other man during the relevant time period — testimony proven by DNA tests to be false. Perhaps more important, this is not a case where a child lived for years with, and was brought up by, a man she had always thought was her father (cf. Matter of Diana E. v Angel M., 20 AD3d 370 [2005]). At the time of the paternity proceeding, the child had lived most of her life in a different country from Mark D., and their relationship was primarily on the telephone. This is a case in which this Court *336should remember “the rightful reluctance of courts in a society valuing freedom of association to impose a personal relationship upon an unwilling party,” a consideration that applies with special force to “the power of the State to force a parent-child relationship” (Matter of Baby Boy C., 84 NY2d 91, 101, 102 [1994]).
The majority’s ruling allows disestablishment of paternity if a presumed father acts promptly but does not allow for an exception for those who have acted in reliance on a misrepresentation or a fraud. The balance of equities should rarely favor continuing such misrepresentation or fraud. To hold as the majority does would reward a presumed father who takes no role in a child’s life until a DNA test makes it official or a mother who obtains paternal obligations through fraud. As the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court wrote in A.R. v C.R.:
“We would proceed with caution, as other courts have, in imposing a duty of support on a person who has not adopted a child, is not the child’s natural parent, but has undertaken voluntarily to support the child and to act as a parent. In most instances, such conduct should be encouraged as a matter of public policy. The obligation to support a child primarily rests with the natural parents, and one who undertakes that task without any duty to do so generally should not be punished if he or she should abandon it. On the other hand, a husband who for years acts as a father to a child born to the wife, supports that child, and holds himself out as the father to the child and to the world, may be obliged to continue to support the child when he, for the first time, renounces his apparent paternity in an attempt to avoid court-imposed support obligations. It may be relevant, in deciding whether reliance was detrimental, to know whether there once was an opportunity to pursue the natural father that is now lost” (411 Mass 570, 575, 583 NE2d 840, 843-844 [1992] [citations omitted and emphasis added]).
With this decision, this Court supports a public policy that says a man should never take on a parental role unless he wants to be unconditionally responsible for the child’s financial support.
Finally, it is not in the best interests of the child in this matter that the order of filiation and order of support be affirmed. *337The Law Guardian concedes that Mark D.’s contributions to this child’s life will only be financial. He has had no contact with the child since March 2000. Unlike Matter of Sharon GG., where an estranged husband fought to keep his parental rights, in this matter we have a man fighting to divorce his financial interests from petitioner and her child. While it was in the best interests of the child in Sharon GG. to maintain a relationship with an estranged husband who had filled the role of father in every way, it should not be said here that it is in the best interests of a child to have an order of filiation declare respondent to be her father, a man, who in addition to having no biological tie, has no interest in continuing a relationship with her or her mother.2
Accordingly, I dissent.
Chief Judge Kaye and Judges Cipakick, Gkaffeo and Read concur with Judge Rosenblatt; Judge G.B. Smith dissents in a separate opinion in which Judge R.S. Smith concurs.
Order affirmed, without costs.

. It is arguable that because DNA and other tests were ordered prior to any decision on equitable estoppel, the said doctrine should not apply here at all.

. Respondent argues that his constitutional rights are being violated since he is being deprived of his property in violation of the due process clauses of the federal and state constitutions. We do not address this argument because of the view taken with respect to equitable estoppel.