Court Opinion

ID: 6215893
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-02-08 14:06:00.92461+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:57:06.440709
License: Public Domain

Westfield Insurance Company v. Michael Gilliam
Misc. No. 4, September 2021 Term

Motor Vehicle Insurance – Uninsured Motorist Benefits – Statutory Offset for
Benefits Recovered Under Workers’ Compensation Claim. When a person injured in
an automobile accident during the course of employment is eligible for benefits under both
the workers’ compensation law and the uninsured motorist coverage of a motor vehicle
insurance policy, Maryland law seeks to avoid a duplication of benefits by means of an
offset provision in the statute governing motor vehicle insurance. Under Maryland Code,
Insurance Article, §19-513(e), a motor vehicle insurer that pays uninsured motorist benefits
to an injured person may deduct from those benefits any benefits recovered by the injured
person as a result of a workers’ compensation claim for which the workers’ compensation
insurer has not been reimbursed.

Motor Vehicle Insurance – Uninsured Motorist Benefits – Statutory Offset for
Benefits Recovered Under Workers’ Compensation Claim – Medical Benefits. As part
of benefits provided under the workers’ compensation law, a workers’ compensation
insurer is to pay medical benefits on behalf of a claimant “in the amount that prevails in
the same community for similar treatment of an injured individual with a standard of living
that is comparable to that of the covered employee.” Providers must accept those amounts,
set by the Fee Guide of the Workers’ Compensation Commission, in satisfaction of the full
cost of treatment. An injured person who has received such medical benefits under the
workers’ compensation law may also seek benefits under the uninsured motorist coverage
of an appropriate motor vehicle insurance policy. Assuming that the fair and reasonable
value of the medical treatment exceeds the payments made by the workers’ compensation
insurer according to the Fee Guide, that difference is not part of the offset against uninsured
motorist benefits under IN §19-513(e), because that amount was not recovered by the
claimant and is not capable of reimbursement to the workers’ compensation insurer.
 United States District Court
 for the District of Maryland
 Case No. 1:19-cv-03550-SAG
 Argued: October 8, 2021

                                                                                      IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                           OF MARYLAND

                                                                                               Misc. No. 4

                                                                                         September 2021 Term

                                                                                   WESTFIELD INSURANCE COMPANY

                                                                                                    v.

                                                                                         MICHAEL GILLIAM

                                                                                                Getty, C.J.,
                                                                                                McDonald
                                                                                                Watts
                                                                                                Hotten
                                                                                                Booth
                                                                                                Biran
                                                                                                Gould,

                                                                                                         JJ.

                                                                                        Opinion by McDonald, J.

                                                                                      Filed: February 8, 2022

 Pursuant to Maryland Uniform Electronic Legal
Materials Act
(§§ 10-1601 et seq. of the State Government Article) this document is authentic.

                        2022-02-08
                        08:54-05:00

Suzanne C. Johnson, Clerk
       The United States District Court for the District of Maryland has certified to this

Court, pursuant to statute and rule,1 a question of law regarding the calculation of the

damages payable to an injured person under the underinsured motorist provision of a motor

vehicle insurance policy (“auto policy”) when a workers’ compensation insurer has paid

the injured person’s medical expenses at rates set by the State Workers’ Compensation

Commission. Maryland law permits the auto policy insurer to reduce its payment of

benefits under the underinsured motorist coverage to the extent that the injured person has

“recovered benefits under the workers’ compensation laws … for which the provider of the

workers’ compensation benefits has not been reimbursed.”2

       The case before the federal district court arose after Michael Gilliam was injured in

an automobile accident while driving in the course of his employment. He received

payments from his employer’s workers’ compensation insurer and the other driver’s

liability insurer, and now seeks to recover, from the insurance policy covering the vehicle

he was driving (issued by Westfield Insurance Co.), the amounts by which the other driver

was underinsured. The health care providers who treated his injuries had generated bills

in face amounts greater than the amounts set by the Workers’ Compensation Commission,

but (as required by Maryland law) accepted payments at those lower amounts in full

satisfaction for their services. The question asked of this Court is whether the difference

between the amount of those bills – or perhaps more precisely, the fair and reasonable value

       1
        Maryland Uniform Certification of Questions of Law Act, Maryland Code, Courts
& Judicial Proceedings Article (“CJ”), §12-601 et seq; Maryland Rule 8-305.
       2
           Maryland Code, Insurance Article (“IN”), §19-513(e).
of those providers’ services – and the payments made by the workers’ compensation insurer

constitutes a “benefit” that the injured person has “recovered” under the Workers’

Compensation Act that is to be offset against any recovery the person would obtain from

the underinsured motorist coverage of the auto policy.

       For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we hold that only the amount that the

workers’ compensation insurer actually paid for medical expenses is part of the statutory

offset against underinsured motorist benefits. Thus, a difference between a higher face

amount billed by a health care provider and the amount actually paid by the workers’

compensation insurer is not part of that offset.

                                              I

                                     Legal Landscape

       The question of law certified by the federal district court arises from litigation over

insurance coverage for a motor vehicle tort. It concerns damages related to the plaintiff’s

resulting medical treatment and involves the interplay between the State workers’

compensation law and motor vehicle insurance law as they provide compensation for the

victim of an automobile accident. It thus arises against the backdrop of tort and contract

law. To set the stage for that question – and our answer – we first review its legal context.

A.     Damages for Health Care Treatment Occasioned by a Tort

       An individual who is the victim of a tort may recover compensatory damages from

the person responsible for that tort – commonly referred to as the tortfeasor. Anne Arundel

County v. Reeves, 474 Md. 46, 66 (2021); Restatement (Second) of Torts §903. Such

damages include, among other things, compensation for medical treatment that the victim

                                              2
obtained – or will obtain – as a result of the tort. Restatement (Second) of Torts §924(c)

& comment f. As a general rule, it does not matter if those health care services were

initially financed by someone other than the victim – for example, the victim’s health care

insurance, other insurance, or a relative. Plank v. Summers, 203 Md. 552, 562 (1954). The

tortfeasor remains responsible for paying the victim the “fair and reasonable” value of the

health care services that the victim needed as a result of the tort. Shpigel v. White, 357 Md.

117, 128-29 (1999).

       1.       The Fair and Reasonable Value of Health Care Services

       Determining the fair and reasonable value of health care services is not easy. There

are often two readily available benchmarks: (1) the amount billed by health care providers

and (2) the amount actually paid – whether by the patient or by some other payor.3 But

those two benchmarks seldom align. And neither figure alone may represent the actual

value of the services. Higgs v. Costa Crociere S.P.A. Co., 969 F.3d 1295, 1311-14 (11th

Cir. 2020). The fair and reasonable value of health care services can be quite distinct from

the amounts billed by health care providers or the amounts actually paid to the providers

by the tort victim or other payor. Shpigel, 357 Md. at 128-29.

       In many instances the nominal list price generated by a health care provider billing

service may be a less meaningful indicator of market value than the MSRP4 sticker on a

       3
          To reduce the expense of litigating cases in which smaller amounts are in
controversy, a statute provides an evidentiary shortcut for admitting provider bills to
establish the fair and reasonable value of medical treatment in those cases. CJ §10-104(e);
see James v. Butler, 378 Md. 683 (2003). That statute does not apply to this case.
       4
           “Manufacturer’s suggested retail price.”

                                              3
new car in an auto showroom.5 See George A. Nation III, The Valuation of Medical

Expense Damages in Tort: Debunking the Myth That Chargemaster-Based “Billed

Charges” Are Relevant to Determining the Reasonable Value of Medical Care, 95 Tul. L.

Rev. 937 (2021). That is because, among other things, health care billing involves nominal

prices seldom actually paid, alternative charges negotiated between providers and insurers,

and rates set by government entities. “The complexities of health care pricing structures

make it difficult to determine whether the amount paid, the amount billed, or an amount in

between represents the reasonable value of medical services.” Stanley v. Walker, 906

N.E.2d 852, 857 (Ind. 2009). And, “[b]ecause this market structure may obscure the real

value of medical services, courts have struggled to square tort law with the realities of

modern healthcare finance.” Higgs, 969 F.3d at 1309.

       Under Maryland law, the amount of a bill or an actual payment is inadmissible

without evidence to prove that the bills or payments actually reflect the “fair and

reasonable” value of the services. See Shpigel, 357 Md. at 128; see also Brethren Mut. Ins.

Co. v. Suchoza, 212 Md. App. 43, 57 (2013) (holding that trial court properly excluded

evidence of actual payments when record contained no expert or other evidence that they

reflected the fair and reasonable value of providers’ services).

       5
         Perhaps in recognition of this, a statute governing medical malpractice cases limits
a judgment against a health care provider for the plaintiff’s medical expenses incurred as a
result of malpractice to what was paid, or is obligated to be paid, by or on behalf of the
plaintiff rather than what the plaintiff was billed. CJ §3-2A-09(d).

                                             4
       2.     Collateral Source Rule

       As a general rule, whatever value can be determined for health care treatment

required as a result of a tort, “a plaintiff is entitled to but one compensation” for the loss,

regardless of whether there are multiple causes of action or multiple tortfeasors. That

principle is sometimes called the “one recovery rule.” Beall v. Holloway-Johnson, 446

Md. 48, 70 (2016); Reeves, 474 Md. at 67.6             And, generally, under a sometimes

countervailing principle known as the “collateral source rule,” the tortfeasor should be

responsible for that recovery, regardless of whether the victim has another source of

compensation. Haischer v. CSX Transp., Inc., 381 Md. 119, 132 (2004).7

       The label “collateral source rule” actually denotes two related common law “rules”:

one is a substantive principle of damages; the other is an evidentiary rule. The substantive

principle of damages provides that an injured person is ordinarily entitled to full

compensation from the tortfeasor, regardless of any compensation the person has received

from sources unrelated to the tortfeasor with respect to the same injury. Haischer, 381 Md.

at 132. Such collateral benefits may include insurance payments, negotiated lower rates,

statutory benefits, or simply an affluent family member’s goodwill. See Restatement

(Second) of Torts §920A, comment c (providing examples of collateral benefits not

subtracted from the plaintiff’s recovery from the tortfeasor).

       6
        The one recovery rule originated in English common law. Gunther v. Lee, 45 Md.
60, 66-67 (1876).
       7
        See also St. Louis v. Beckles, 81 Md. App. 41, 52 (1989) (describing the collateral
source rule as an exception to the one recovery rule).

                                              5
       The primary purpose of the collateral source rule, as substantive law, is to ensure

that a tortfeasor does not escape liability by enjoying a benefit accruing to the injured party.

Haischer, 381 Md. at 132; see also Restatement (Second) of Torts §920A, comment b.

Thus, a plaintiff may recover damages for a harm for which the plaintiff has already been

compensated and, as a result, in some instances be made “more than whole.” Higgs, 969

F.3d at 1310. Given a choice between a windfall for the tortfeasor and a windfall for the

tort victim, the law favors the victim. In addition, to the extent that the collateral source is

an insurance policy, the rule favors the maintenance of insurance. Haischer, 381 Md. at

132. In that sense, the rule ensures that a plaintiff is not penalized for prudence.

       In support of that substantive principle of damages, the evidentiary aspect of the

collateral source rule ordinarily renders inadmissible evidence that a plaintiff received

compensation from a third party. See Eastern Shore Title Co. v. Ochse, 453 Md. 303, 341-

43 (2017) (discussing application of collateral source rule and exceptions to the rule).

       The matter becomes more complicated when the tort is an automobile accident to

which motor vehicle insurance applies – particularly when the tortfeasor’s liability

coverage is inadequate and the tort victim must look to the underinsured motorist coverage

under the policy applicable to the victim’s vehicle.         The matter becomes yet more

complicated if the accident occurs in the course of the victim’s employment and a workers’

compensation insurance policy comes into play. In such a case, the victim will typically

first seek benefits under the workers’ compensation policy. We turn to that law next.

                                               6
B.     Medical Benefits Paid by Workers’ Compensation Insurance

       1.     Generally

       The Maryland Workers’ Compensation Act is intended to ensure that employees

receive sufficient and timely compensation for work-related injuries and occupational

diseases regardless of fault. As amended and recodified since its initial enactment more

than a century ago,8 the law is now codified in Maryland Code, Labor & Employment

Article (“LE”), §9-101 et seq. The statute is to be construed liberally to achieve its remedial

purpose. Reger v. Washington Co. Board of Education, 455 Md. 68, 96 (2017); see also

LE §9-102.

       The Workers’ Compensation Commission (“Commission”) administers the law.

Benefits under the Act are generally paid by an insurer with whom an employer contracts

or by a self-insured employer.9 For simplicity, in this opinion, we shall refer to a payor of

workers’ compensation benefits as the “WC insurer.”

       2.     Medical Benefits

       As part of the compensation provided by the law, the WC insurer may be required

to provide and pay for health care services for the injured employee occasioned by the

work-related injury or occupational disease.        LE §9-660.      The Act authorizes the

       8
       The predecessor of the current statute was enacted in 1914. Chapter 800, Laws of
Maryland 1914.
       9
        In certain circumstances, the Subsequent Injury Fund or the Uninsured Employers’
Fund may pay benefits under the Act. See LE §9-801 et seq.; §9-1001 et seq.; §10-201 et
seq.; §10-301 et seq. Based on the facts presented to us in the certified question, those
circumstances do not pertain to this case.

                                              7
Commission to oversee and adopt regulations concerning the provision of health care

services and the payment for those services. LE §§9-662, 9-663.

       The fees and other charges for medical services approved by the Commission are to

be limited to “the amount that prevails in the same community for similar treatment of an

injured individual with a standard of living that is comparable to that of the covered

employee.” LE §9-663(b)(2). The Commission has adopted regulations concerning

compensation for health care services since the inception of the workers’ compensation

statute. See COMAR 14.09.08.10 The allowable fees and charges are regularly updated

and published in the Commission’s Guide of Medical and Surgical Fees, commonly

referred to as the “Fee Guide.” Falik v. Prince George’s Hosp. & Med. Ctr., 322 Md. 409,

414-17 (1991). Those fees and charges may not always equal the rates prevailing in a

particular locality, but are not to exceed them. Id. at 415.

       A health care provider that treats an injured individual as part of the individual’s

benefits under the Act may not charge more than the amounts set by the Commission in

the Fee Guide without the Commission’s approval. LE §9-731(a)(1)(ii). This provision is

intended to “protect[] the economic integrity of injured employees by preventing

unreasonable or excessive charges for health care services.” Queen v. Agger, 287 Md. 342,

346 (1980).

       10
         Those regulations derive the specified fees from a number of sources, including
the federal Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services and the State Health Services Cost
Review Commission.

                                              8
      3.     Coordination of Workers’ Compensation Benefits with Other Benefits

      When an employee covered by the law incurs a work-related injury, the WC insurer

is to pay benefits under that law to the covered employee. However, the workers’

compensation law “neither excuses third-parties from their own negligence nor limits their

liability.” Great Atl. & Pac. Tea Co. v. Imbraguglio, 346 Md. 573, 583 (1997).

      If an injured employee brings an action against a tortfeasor related to the incident

underlying the employee’s workers’ compensation claim, the collateral source rule

excludes evidence that the plaintiff previously received workers’ compensation benefits.11

Restatement (Second) of Torts §920A, comment c; Ochse, 453 Md. at 341-42. However,

the WC insurer is subrogated to the employee’s claim against the tortfeasor and has a

statutory lien on any recovery with respect to that claim in an amount equivalent to the

workers’ compensation benefits paid. LE §9-902(e)-(f).12 The employee must reimburse

the WC insurer out of the monetary damages awarded from the tortfeasor (minus court and

attorney’s fees). Id. The employee may keep the balance of the damages awarded. LE

      11
         Typically, a person injured during the course of employment pursues a workers’
compensation claim before resolving a tort claim against a third party or, as in this case,
before seeking recovery under the underinsured motorist coverage of a motor vehicle
insurance policy. See Clifford Sobin, 2 Maryland Workers’ Compensation (Sept. 2021
update) §25:21.
       Some types of damages that may be recoverable in a tort action are not included in
the benefits that may be recovered through a workers’ compensation claim – for example,
pain and suffering and loss of consortium. See, e.g., LE §§9-101(e)(1), 9-601 et seq.
      12
         Under LE §9-902, a WC insurer that pays benefits to an employee may bring an
action against the tortfeasor. If the WC insurer does not do so within two months of an
award under the workers’ compensation law, the employee or the employee’s dependents
may pursue an action against the tortfeasor. LE §9-902(c); see Erie Ins. Co. v. Curtis, 330
Md. 160, 164 (1993).

                                            9
§9-902(e). This subrogation right serves the legislative goal of “protect[ing] both the

employee and the employer by ensuring that a third party tort-feasor will not escape

liability by having another pay its debt.” Podgurski v. OneBeacon Ins. Co., 374 Md. 133,

148 (2003) (emphasis in original). The statutory lien also avoids a situation where an

injured employee receives “a windfall recovery from both sources for the same damages.”

Parry v. Allstate Ins. Co., 408 Md. 130, 136 (2009).

       It is sometimes in the WC insurer’s interest to accept less than the full amount of a

lien in satisfaction of the lien as part of the employee’s settlement of a claim against a

culpable tortfeasor.   See Richard Gilbert, et al., Maryland Workers’ Compensation

Handbook, §15.07[7]; Clifford Sobin, 2 Maryland Workers’ Compensation (Sept. 2021

update) §25:21 (“Many employer/insurers will agree to reduce their lien to less than the

statutory lien if there is a significant issue which may impair the ability to successfully

prosecute the third party claim.”); cf. 5 U.S.C. §8132 (providing, in federal workers’

compensation scheme, for federal government lien on any third-party recovery by claimant

beneficiary, but allowing beneficiary to retain at least one-fifth of that recovery after

deduction of legal fees).

       The WC insurer’s statutory lien does not apply, however, to a particular source of

recovery of the tortfeasor’s liability pertinent to this case – uninsured or underinsured

motorist coverage under a motor vehicle insurance policy. Erie Ins. Co. v. Curtis, 330 Md.

160, 169 (1993). Instead, the benefits provided pursuant to the workers’ compensation law

and those provided pursuant to compulsory motor insurance law are coordinated

differently, as we explain in the next section of this opinion.

                                             10
C.     Underinsured Motorist Coverage

       1.     Generally

       In Maryland, an owner of a registered motor vehicle must carry prescribed minimum

levels of liability and other types of auto insurance. Maryland Code, Transportation Article

(“TR”), §§17-103, 17-104; IN §19-501 et seq. Among the types of insurance included in

a motor vehicle policy is uninsured motorist (“UM”) coverage. TR §17-103(b)(4); IN

§19-509. It is well-settled that UM coverage includes coverage for accidents caused by

underinsured motorists – what we shall refer to as “UIM” coverage – and the phrases

“uninsured motorist” and “underinsured motorist” are often used interchangeably.

Connors v. Gov’t Emps. Ins. Co., 442 Md. 466, 474 n.4 (2015); Swartzbaugh v. Encompass

Ins. Co., 425 Md. 614, 617 (2012).13 This Court has frequently observed that this coverage

is to be “liberally construed to ensure that innocent victims of motor vehicle collisions are

compensated for their injuries.” E.g., Connors, 442 Md. at 475 (quoting Brethren Mut.

Ins. Co. v. Buckley, 437 Md. 332, 347 (2014)) (internal quotation marks omitted).

       UM/UIM coverage aims to “provide an injured insured with resources equal to those

which would have been available had the tortfeasor carried liability coverage equal to the

amount of uninsured motorist coverage which the injured insured purchased from his own

insurance company.” Connors, 442 Md. at 475 (quoting Waters v. U.S. Fidelity & Guar.

       13
          In 2017, after the incident giving rise to this case, the General Assembly provided
an option for a vehicle owner to purchase “enhanced underinsured motorist coverage.”
Chapters 20, 815, Laws of Maryland 2017, codified at IN §19-509.1. That provision does
not pertain to this case.

                                             11
Co., 328 Md. 700, 714 (1992).14 It is often referred to as a form of “first-party coverage,”

based on the insurance contract under which the UM/UIM insurer directly covers the

injured insured person when “third-party coverage” is inadequate – i.e., “the at-fault

tortfeasor has no liability insurance or insufficient insurance funds.” TravCo Ins. Co. v.

Williams, 430 Md. 396, 403 (2013). However, this coverage also has aspects of third-party

coverage, as it is based not only on the insurance contract, but also on a showing of fault

of the alleged tortfeasor. See Andrew Janquitto, Maryland Motor Vehicle Insurance §8.5

at 323-24 (3d ed. 2011).

       2.     Coordinating Workers’ Compensation Benefits and UM/UIM Benefits

       An employee who receives workers’ compensation benefits as a result of an

automobile accident during the course of employment may also have a claim against the

alleged tortfeasor and, if the tortfeasor’s liability coverage is inadequate, a claim for

UM/UIM coverage under the relevant motor vehicle insurance policy. In that case, the

benefits provided by the WC insurer may overlap those provided by the tortfeasor’s

liability policy and the UM/UIM coverage.

       As noted above, the WC insurer has a statutory lien against any recovery from the

tortfeasor or the tortfeasor’s liability insurer. However, as also noted earlier, the statutory

lien under the workers’ compensation law does not extend to a recovery based on UM/UIM

coverage. Instead, the State insurance law provides that UM/UIM benefits are reduced as

       14
          To the extent that the injured person is able to obtain compensation from the
tortfeasor, or the tortfeasor’s insurer, UM/UIM benefits are reduced. IN §19-509(g).

                                              12
a result of the claimant’s receipt of worker’s compensation benefits. The statute provides

for an offset against UM/UIM benefits as follows:

              Benefits payable under the coverages described in … [IN §]
              19-509 [uninsured motorist coverage] of this subtitle shall be
              reduced to the extent that the recipient has recovered benefits
              under the workers’ compensation laws of a state or the federal
              government for which the provider of the workers’
              compensation benefits has not been reimbursed.

IN §19-513(e).15 As is evident, this statute offsets UIM coverage benefits by the amount

of workers’ compensation benefits recovered by the employee for which the WC insurer

has not been reimbursed.16 Like the WC insurer’s statutory lien on compensation received

from a tortfeasor or the tortfeasor’s liability policy, IN §19-513(e) serves to avoid “the

duplication of benefits” provided to the employee. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Ins.

Comm’r, 283 Md. 663, 675 (1978).

D.     Some Principles to Apply

       The discussion above yields the following principles, some in tension with each

other, pertinent to our decision in this case:

       15
          IN §19-513(e) also provides for an offset against other coverage under a motor
vehicle insurance policy, known as personal injury protection (“PIP”) coverage, under IN
§19-505. The offset against PIP benefits is not part of the question before us.
       16
         This provision applies with respect to the entire UM/UIM coverage benefits and
can thus offset elements of a UM/UIM recovery that are not compensable under the
workers’ compensation law, such as damages for pain and suffering. Parry v. Allstate Ins.
Co., 408 Md. 130, 142-43 (2009) (quoting Hines v. Potomac Electric Power Co., 305 Md.
369, 376-77 (1986)).

                                                 13
       1 – Although the victim of a tort is entitled to only one recovery for the injuries

incurred, a wrongdoer – i.e., a tortfeasor – should be responsible for the damages caused

by the tortfeasor’s conduct and should not benefit from the victim’s prudence.

       2 – The workers’ compensation and UM/UIM laws are to be liberally construed to

compensate an injured person, but any construction of those laws must be consistent with

the statutory language and legislative purpose.

       3 – Under UM/UIM coverage in a motor vehicle insurance contract, the insurer steps

into the shoes of the tortfeasor and, subject to policy limits, is to provide the remedy that

would otherwise be provided by a similarly-insured tortfeasor.

       4 – Consistent with the one recovery rule, duplication of benefits is avoided through

subrogation, liens, and offsets.

       The certified question in this case concerns the application of the offset provided by

IN §19-513(e) with respect to medical benefits recovered under the Maryland Workers’

Compensation Act. The next section of this opinion outlines the circumstances in which

that question arises.

                                             14
                                             II

                                       Background

A.     The Accident and Insurance Claims

       On January 6, 2017, while driving a vehicle provided by his employer, Mr. Gilliam

was rear-ended by another vehicle. The driver of the other vehicle had a motor vehicle

insurance policy with a liability coverage limit of $30,000.17

       As the driver of a company vehicle, Mr. Gilliam was covered by his employer’s

motor vehicle insurance policy with Westfield. The Westfield policy included UM/UIM

coverage with a policy limit of $1,000,000. Mr. Gilliam’s employer also carried workers’

compensation insurance.18

       Mr. Gilliam filed a workers’ compensation claim with his employer’s WC insurer.

Mr. Gilliam’s health care providers billed Mr. Gilliam a total of $243,399.33 for services

related to his care following the January 6 incident. In accordance with the Fee Guide of

the Workers’ Compensation Commission, the WC insurer paid $118,369.15 to the health

care providers for the health care services provided to Mr. Gilliam.19 As indicated earlier,

       17
          The driver of the other car, Nicholas Tinsley, had a motor vehicle insurance policy
with USAA Auto Insurance Company. To minimize the number of proper names in the
text, we refer to Mr. Tinsley and USAA as the tortfeasor and the tortfeasor’s motor vehicle
insurer, respectively.
       18
         Mr. Gilliam’s employer was Ecomize USA, LLC, which had obtained workers’
compensation insurance from Chesapeake Employers’ Insurance Company. Again, for
simplicity, we refer to them in the text as Mr. Gilliam’s employer and the WC insurer.
       19
          A cursory review of a spreadsheet of bills and payments that was filed in federal
district court and that is appended to Westfield’s brief in this Court reveals that, in most

                                             15
the health care providers were required to accept those amounts as full compensation for

their services unless they sought an exception to the Fee Guide; apparently, none of the

providers did so. Thus, neither Mr. Gilliam, nor his employer, nor the WC insurer was

responsible for paying any additional sums to the health care providers.

       In addition to the medical benefits, the WC insurer paid Mr. Gilliam $510,316.47 in

other benefits related to the accident.20 In sum, the WC insurer paid a total of $628,685.62

($118,369.15 medical payments + $510,316.47 other benefits). The WC insurer asserted

a statutory lien under the workers’ compensation law in that amount against any

compensation related to the accident that Mr. Gilliam might recover from a third-party

tortfeasor.

       In fact, Mr. Gilliam did recover some compensation from the tortfeasor. The

tortfeasor’s motor vehicle insurer paid Mr. Gilliam a settlement award of $30,000.00 – the

policy limits.21 The WC insurer accepted one-third of that amount – $10,000.00 – in

satisfaction of its statutory lien.22

instances, there is a substantial difference between the amount billed and the amount paid
to a particular provider.
       20
        Among other benefits, Mr. Gilliam received temporary total disability benefits in
the amount of $117,621.47 and permanent disability benefits in the amount of $375,000.
       21
         Westfield consented to that settlement with the tortfeasor’s insurer. See IN §§19-
511(f)-(g), 19-511.1(f)-(g) (requiring consent of UIM insurer for injured person’s
settlement with tortfeasor’s liability insurer in order to preserve UIM claim).
       22
           As noted earlier, a WC insurer in some instances may consider it to be in its
interest to compromise its lien as part of the employee’s settlement with a tortfeasor. See
Part I.B.3 of this opinion.

                                            16
       Mr. Gilliam also made a claim against Westfield under the UIM portion of his

employer’s motor vehicle insurance policy with Westfield. As indicated earlier, any

recovery Mr. Gilliam might obtain from Westfield would not be subject to a statutory lien

by the WC insurer. However, under IN §19-513(e), any recovery from Westfield would

be offset by any benefits that Mr. Gilliam received from the WC insurer for which the WC

insurer had not been reimbursed.

       Mr. Gilliam and Westfield were apparently unable to resolve his UIM claim

informally. Litigation ensued.

B.     The Lawsuit

       On October 29, 2019, Mr. Gilliam filed a one-count complaint in the Circuit Court

for Baltimore City asserting a breach of contract claim against Westfield. Westfield

removed the case to the federal district court on the basis of the parties’ diversity of

citizenship. Although Mr. Gilliam’s complaint is not in the record before us, we understand

that he seeks, as one element of damages in the case, the fair and reasonable value of the

medical treatment necessitated by the accident.23

       Mr. Gilliam’s counsel has indicated that he intends to argue at trial that the health

care providers’ bills represent the fair and reasonable value of the health care services Mr.

Gilliam received. Westfield’s counsel in turn indicates that Westfield intends to challenge

       23
         We take judicial notice of the copy of the complaint available on the federal
court’s PACER system. Paragraph 2 of that complaint alleges that Mr. Gilliam suffered
“permanent physical injuries, conscious pain and suffering, medical expenses, lost wages
and other damages.”

                                             17
“as appropriate” whether those amounts represent the fair and reasonable value of

necessary and appropriate treatment resulting from the accident.

       In federal court, the parties filed cross-motions for partial summary judgment

concerning the offset based on workers’ compensation benefits. The parties agree that the

terms of the Westfield policy and the UM/UIM statute allow Westfield to deduct the

amount paid by the tortfeasor’s insurer ($30,000.00) from the policy limits of UIM

coverage provided by the Westfield policy. See IN §19-509(g). The parties also agree

that, pursuant to IN §19-513(e), Westfield may deduct $618,685.62 in unreimbursed

benefits paid by the WC insurer.24

       What the parties do not agree on – and the matter at issue in the cross-motions for

summary judgment – is whether the statute permits Westfield to deduct the difference

between the face amount of the bills submitted by the health care providers ($243,399.33)

and the amount paid by the WC insurer ($118,369.15) to the providers – that is,

$125,030.18. In Westfield’s view, that amount is a “recovered benefit” for purposes of IN

§19-513(e) and therefore is also deductible from the UIM benefits. In Mr. Gilliam’s view,

it is not a “recovered benefit” and therefore is not deductible.

       24
         As noted above, the WC insurer paid a total of $628,685.62 in benefits with respect
to the accident and was previously reimbursed $10,000 as a result of its statutory lien
relating to third-party recoveries. The unreimbursed payments thus equal $618,685.62.

                                             18
       The resolution of this dispute turns on the proper interpretation of IN §19-513(e).

For that purpose, the federal district court has certified a question of law concerning the

interpretation of the statute that we rephrase as follows:25

                For purposes of determining the reduction of a plaintiff’s
                underinsured motorist benefits required by IN §19-513(e),
                does Maryland law treat a difference between the amount of
                medical bills submitted by a workers’ compensation claimant’s
                health care providers and a lower amount actually paid to the
                providers by a workers’ compensation insurer to satisfy those
                bills, pursuant to the Fee Guide, as a benefit recovered by the
                plaintiff under the Maryland Workers’ Compensation Act?

The certification order designated Westfield as the appellant in this Court and, accordingly,

Mr. Gilliam is to be treated as appellee. Maryland Rule 8-305(b).

       25
            The federal district court worded the certified question as follows:

                For purposes of determining the reduction of a plaintiff’s
                underinsured motorist benefits required by Maryland
                Insurance Code §19-513(e), does Maryland law treat the
                “write-down,” or the difference between medical bills
                submitted by a workers’ compensation claimant’s health care
                provider and the lower amount actually paid by a workers’
                compensation insurer to satisfy those bills, pursuant to the
                Maryland Guide of Medical and Surgical Fees, as “recovered
                benefits” to the plaintiff under the Maryland Workers’
                Compensation Act?

Neither the Maryland workers’ compensation law nor the UM/UIM statute includes the
phrase “write down.” Nor does the workers’ compensation law necessarily contemplate
that medical bills that exceed payments under the Fee Guide represent the fair and
reasonable value of medical services. Accordingly, we have rephrased the question as
indicated in the text, as permitted by the statute governing certified questions.

                                               19
                                              III

                                          Discussion

A.     Certified Questions of Law

       Under the Maryland Uniform Certification of Questions of Law Act, Maryland

Code, Courts & Judicial Proceedings Article (“CJ”), §12-601 et seq., this Court may

“answer a question of law certified to it by a court of the United States or by an appellate

court of another state or of a tribe, if the answer may be determinative of an issue in pending

litigation in the certifying court and there is no controlling appellate decision, constitutional

provision, or statute of this State.” CJ §12-603; see also Maryland Rule 8-305. For that

purpose, we may reformulate the question certified to us, as we have done in this case. CJ

§12-604. In responding to a certification from another court, this Court resolves only issues

of Maryland law, not questions of fact. Parler & Wobber v. Miles & Stockbridge, 359 Md.

671, 681 (2000).

       We note that the premise of the question before us is that the fair and reasonable

value of the medical services, as ultimately determined in the action by Mr. Gilliam against

Westfield in federal court, will exceed the amount actually paid by the WC insurer to Mr.

Gilliam’s health care providers. Perhaps that is a reasonable assumption; perhaps it is not.

It is not our role to resolve that factual question in answering a certified question of law.

But we will accept that premise in answering the legal question.26

       26
         In any event, it appears that, even if it were determined that the fair and reasonable
value of the medical services provided to Mr. Gilliam is less than the amount paid by the
WC insurer to his health care providers, the parties agree that any recovery by Mr. Gilliam

                                               20
B.     The TravCo Case

       Nearly a decade ago, in a case that also arose from an automobile accident and that

also resulted in a workers’ compensation claim by the injured person,27 the federal district

court certified a somewhat similar question to this Court. TravCo Ins. Co. v. Williams, 430

Md. 396 (2013). In TravCo, the federal court asked three questions concerning the

operation of IN §19-513(e). The third of those questions was “whether, assuming that the

law applicable to the underlying automobile accident and to the [workers’ compensation]

claim treats ‘write-downs’ of medical bills as [workers’ compensation] benefits, such

‘write-downs’ would reduce benefits payable under §19-513(e) of the Insurance Article.”

430 Md. at 412.

in the UIM action will be offset by the full amount paid by the WC insurer in unreimbursed
medical benefits.
       27
          In TravCo, the facts were essentially identical to this case except that the injured
person was an employee of the District of Columbia government and the applicable
workers’ compensation benefits were determined by the law of the District of Columbia.
In that case, the employee was riding in a car on a work assignment when the car was rear-
ended by an unknown driver. She suffered various injuries and recovered workers’
compensation benefits from her employer, including the payment of medical expenses.
According to the facts certified by the federal district court, her health care providers had
applied “write-downs” with respect to those medical expenses.

        The injured employee was covered by a Maryland motor vehicle insurance policy
issued by TravCo and made a claim under that policy for UM benefits. The administrator
of workers’ compensation benefits for the District of Columbia asserted a subrogation right
– presumably under the workers’ compensation law of the District – against any UM
benefits recovered by the employee. TravCo conceded that the injured employee was
entitled to UM benefits under the policy, but the parties disagreed as to whether the “write-
downs” should be included as part of the offset against UM benefits under IN §19-513(e).

                                             21
       In answering that question, this Court assumed that the applicable workers’

compensation law treated “write-downs” as “benefits,” that the claimant received such

benefits, and that the WC insurer had not been reimbursed for those benefits. 430 Md. at

412. In those circumstances, the Court concluded that the offset under IN §19-513(e)

would include the amount of the “write-downs.” Id.

       Because the workers’ compensation claim in TravCo was governed by the law of

the District of Columbia, not the law of Maryland, this Court essentially answered the

certified question of law with another question of law – are “write-downs” benefits under

the workers’ compensation law of the District of Columbia? And that was a question that

this Court could not answer in the context of a certified question of Maryland law.

       The question posed in TravCo thus differs from the question in this case in two

respects. First, the question posed in TravCo assumed that the difference between a

medical bill and the amount paid under a workers’ compensation law – what was referred

to as a “write-down” – could be a benefit under the applicable workers’ compensation law.

By contrast, that is the essence of the question in this case. Second, the issue in that case

ultimately turned on whether the law of the District of Columbia recognized a “write-

down” as a benefit under its workers’ compensation law. By contrast, in this case,

Maryland law governs Mr. Gilliam’s workers’ compensation claim and we do not assume

that a “write down” – however defined – necessarily has any standing as a benefit under

that law. The question posed by the federal district court in this case is resolved solely by

reference to Maryland law – in particular, IN §19-513(e).

                                             22
C.     Statutory Construction of IN §19-513(e)

       Longstanding principles of statutory construction guide the interpretation of IN

§19-513(e). The goal of statutory interpretation is to “ascertain and effectuate the real and

actual intent of the Legislature.” Gardner v. State, 420 Md. 1, 8 (2011). One begins with

the text of the statute and the statutory scheme of which it is part. Nationstar Mortg. LLC

v. Kemp, 476 Md. 149, 169 (2021). An examination of the legislative history helps “to

confirm conclusions drawn from the text or to resolve ambiguities.” Id. at 170. Finally,

consideration is given to the consequences of alternative interpretations of the statute in

order to avoid constructions that are absurd or unreasonable and to “ground[] the court’s

interpretation in reality.” Blue v. Prince George’s County, 434 Md. 681, 689 (2013)

(citation omitted).

       1.     Text in Context

       Under IN §19-513(e), UIM benefits “shall be reduced to the extent that the recipient

has recovered benefits under the workers’ compensation laws of a state or the federal

government for which the provider of the workers’ compensation benefits has not been

reimbursed.” The key phrase in the statute for our purposes is, of course, “workers’

compensation benefits.” In Mr. Gilliam’s view, the phrase is limited to money paid to a

workers’ compensation claimant or on the claimant’s behalf. In Westfield’s view, the

phrase can include a discount of an expense when the claimant enjoys the discount as a

result of the workers’ compensation law.

       The statutes governing UM/UIM coverage – of which §19-513(e) is part – do not

define that phrase. See IN §19-501 et seq. More broadly, the State insurance law does not

                                             23
define “workers’ compensation benefit” specifically or the term “benefit” generally,

although the latter word is used throughout the Insurance Article. Nor does the workers’

compensation law itself have an applicable general definition of “benefit,” although that

term appears frequently in that statute. See LE §9-101 et seq.

       In ordinary parlance, the word “benefit” could mean any number of things besides

a monetary payment.28 However, statutory interpretation does not occur in the silo of a

single word; the context of a word or phrase in a statute, and other language that relates to

the word or phrase, is critical to understanding its meaning. Nationstar, 476 Md. at 169.

In the context of IN §19-513(e) the offset provided by that statute is against “benefits

payable” under UIM coverage (and certain other coverages) – i.e., a sum of money. The

“workers’ compensation benefit” that comprises the offset thus must be expressible as a

monetary amount for the offset to make sense.

       Related language in IN §19-513(e) further clarifies the meaning of “workers’

compensation benefit” in two ways. First, the offset applies to “the extent that the recipient

has recovered benefits.” IN §19-513(e) (emphasis added). This qualifying language

supports a more tangible understanding of the word “benefit” – one that denotes the amount

of money already actually paid on behalf of or directly to an injured employee rather than

       28
          The American Heritage College Dictionary, for example, offers “something that
promotes or enhances well-being; an advantage” as a common meaning of “benefit.” See
American Heritage College Dictionary (3d ed. 1993) at 127. In terms of law-related uses
of the word, a recent edition of Black’s Law Dictionary contains similarly expansive
alternative meanings; it includes a definition of “benefit” as an “advantage” or “privilege”
as well as “profit or gain” and defines separately almost two dozen phrases including the
word. Black’s Law Dictionary (9th ed. 2009) at 178-79.

                                             24
an amount never owed by anyone. See State Farm, 283 Md. at 671-72 (stating that “has

recovered” generally refers to something obtained); Parry, 408 Md. at 145 (statute requires

UM/UIM insurers to reduce such benefits “by the amount of workers’ compensation

benefits paid…”) (emphasis added).

       Second, the statute refers to benefits “for which the provider of the workers’

compensation benefits has not been reimbursed.” IN §19-513(e) (emphasis added). This

clause indicates that the “workers’ compensation benefits” received by the claimant are

capable of being reimbursed; reimbursement is accomplished by a repayment of a sum

previously received. See TravCo, 430 Md. at 408-11 (a reimbursement affects amount of

offset under IN §19-513(e) only after repayment is made).

       While the Workers’ Compensation Act also does not define “benefit,” the use of the

term in that statute supports the same reading. Subtitle 6 of the Act (entitled “Benefits”)

identifies the different types of workers’ compensation benefits available to a claimant

(e.g., temporary partial disability, temporary total disability, wage reimbursement, death

benefits, vocational rehabilitation benefits). See LE §9-601 et seq. Part IX of that subtitle,

entitled “Medical Benefits,” protects against unreasonable medical fees charged to WC

insurers and employers.        As indicated earlier, the Workers’ Compensation Act

contemplates that fees paid under that Act are intended to reflect “prevail[ing]” charges in

the community for such services and to protect claimants from “unreasonable and

excessive charges for health care services.” LE §9-663(b); Queen, 287 Md. at 346.

       There is no reference in the workers’ compensation law to “write-downs” or

discounts of medical bills – much less any characterization of such a thing as a “benefit”

                                             25
under that law. Moreover, it is impossible for Mr. Gilliam to “reimburse” the WC insurer

for an amount it never paid – i.e., the $125,030.18 difference between what the health care

providers billed and what they accepted as full payment for their services. The face amount

of a bill generated by a provider simply has no role under the workers’ compensation law

governing medical benefits. The fact that a “reimbursement” cannot occur – even if Mr.

Gilliam for some reason decided to make a voluntary payment of that amount to the WC

insurer – indicates that it is not a “workers’ compensation benefit” for purposes of IN §19-

513(e).     Westfield’s interpretation of “workers’ compensation benefit” to include a

discounted portion of a health care provider’s fee thus does not comport with the statutory

scheme.

       2.      Legislative History

       The legislative history of the statute confirms that the phrase “workers’

compensation benefit” does not include the amount by which the face amount of a health

care provider’s bill may differ from the charge allowed by the Fee Guide. For our purposes,

there are three key episodes in the legislative history of IN §19-513(e): the original

enactment of the offset provision in 1972, its recodification in the Insurance Article in

1996, and its amendment in 2001 to include the non-reimbursement condition.

       1972 – Enactment of compulsory insurance law including benefits coordination.

The predecessor of IN §19-513 was first enacted as part of the UM/UIM provisions of the

compulsory motor vehicle insurance law in 1972. Chapter 73, Laws of Maryland 1972.

As this Court has previously noted, both the purpose section of that bill’s title and a heading

in the bill (“Duplication of benefits; coordination of policies”) indicated that the

                                              26
coordination of benefits provision was designed to preclude injured persons from receiving

duplicate recoveries. State Farm, 283 Md. at 674-75 & nn.3-4.29 The provision relating

to coordination with workers’ compensation benefits was codified in former Article 48A,

§543(d).    At that time, the statute provided that the offset of recovered workers’

compensation benefits applied against UM/UIM and PIP benefits without any distinction

between a situation where the WC insurer had been reimbursed and one where it had not

been reimbursed.

       1996 – Recodifying coordination provision as IN §19-513. In 1996, the offset

provision was incorporated in the new Insurance Article and codified as IN §19-513(e).

Headings in that bill similarly indicated a legislative intent to avoid duplication of benefits.

Chapter 11, Laws of Maryland 1996 at pp. 516-17.30 The revisor’s note states that the

provision was recodified without substantive change. Id. at p. 518 (Revisor’s Note).

       2001 – Amendment of IN §19-513(e) to include reimbursement condition. Five

years later, subsection (e) of the statute, concerning coordination of UM/UIM and PIP

benefits with workers’ compensation benefits, was amended to add the reimbursement

condition that currently appears in the statute. Chapter 392, Laws of Maryland 2001. The

purpose paragraph of the title of the bill that became Chapter 392 stated that the bill was

       29
         The Court noted in State Farm that the statutory heading was created by the
Legislature itself and was not, as is often the case, simply a caption added by a legal
publisher. 283 Md. at 675 n.4.
       30
          The general heading given by the General Assembly to IN §19-513 was
“Limitations on Recovery of Benefits”; the heading given to subsection (e) was “Reduction
due to Workers’ Compensation Benefits.”

                                              27
intended to limit the offset under IN §19-513(e) “to the extent that the workers’

compensation insurer is able to recover benefits paid under workers’ compensation laws

….” Senate Bill 509 (2001) (emphasis added). The offset thus was to apply only to the

extent that the WC insurer has not been reimbursed for benefits paid to or on behalf of the

claimant. As a result, if the WC insurer, via its lien, recovered some of the proceeds of

injured person’s recovery from the tortfeasor, the UM/UIM insurer did not reap a windfall

from the coordination provision in IN §19-513(e). According to materials submitted by

proponents of the amendment, it was intended to equalize the total compensation received

by persons injured in work-related automobile accidents – who, as a result of the receipt of

workers’ compensation benefits, were subject to the coordination provision – with the total

compensation received by persons whose claim for UM/UIM benefits did not result from

a work-related accident. See Bill File for Senate Bill 509 (2001).

       The legislative history of the compulsory insurance law, and of IN §19-513(e) in

particular, confirms that the purpose of the UM/UIM coverage mandate was to help ensure

both that an injured person is compensated for injuries suffered in an automobile accident

and that such benefits would not result in a windfall to that party or to the UM/UIM insurer.

To the extent possible, an injured employee covered by both workers’ compensation

insurance and UM/UIM coverage is to be in the same place at the end of the day as an

employee who could recover compensation from a tortfeasor covered by liability insurance

with similar limits. We have not been directed to anything in the legislative history of IN

§19-513(e) – nor have we found anything – that indicates that the General Assembly

                                             28
understood that a “write-down” or discount of some sort was an element of the benefits

that were being coordinated by that statute.

         3.       Consequences of Alternative Constructions

         To compare the alternative interpretations proposed by Westfield and Mr. Gilliam,

we consider three simplified scenarios in which a person injured in an automobile accident

in the course of the person’s employment seeks compensation for those injuries. For that

purpose, a little math is helpful. To make the computations easier, we use round numbers.

         For each scenario, we assume that the injured person’s total damages equal

$1,000,000. The WC insurer pays $150,000 under the Fee Guide to compensate health

care providers for services provided to the injured person. Consistent with the assumption

we are making to answer the certified question, we assume that the “fair and reasonable

value” of those health care services is something greater than $150,000 – i.e., $150,000 +

x. The WC insurer pays $600,000 to the injured person for other benefits. The WC insurer

thus pays a total of $750,000 in benefits for which it has a statutory lien as to any liability

recovery from the tortfeasor.31

         The three scenarios are:

         (1) an accident involving a fully insured tortfeasor against whom the injured person

obtains a judgment of $1,000,000 (i.e., no UIM claim);

         (2) an accident involving an underinsured tortfeasor whose insurance covers only

$100,000 of the injured person’s damages. The injured person makes a UIM claim against

         31
              For purposes of these scenarios, we disregard allowances for attorney’s fees and
costs.

                                                29
a policy with a $1,000,000 policy limit. In this scenario, the offset under IN §19-513(e)

includes the difference between the fair and reasonable value of the medical services and

what the WC insurer paid the providers – i.e., the offset includes x (Westfield’s position);

       (3) the same facts as scenario 2, except that, in this scenario, the offset under IN

§19-513(e) does not include x (Mr. Gilliam’s position).

       (1)    WC claim and fully insured tortfeasor (no UIM claim).

       The injured person obtains a judgment against the tortfeasor for $1,000,000. The

WC insurer has a statutory lien against that judgment in the amount of $750,000. Assuming

the WC insurer obtains the full amount of its lien, the injured person nets $250,000 from

the judgment against the tortfeasor. This can be represented as follows:

             Net Recovery From Fully Insured Tortfeasor (no UIM Claim)
              Damages Award                                     $1,000,000
              WC Insurer Statutory Lien                         ($750,000)
              Net Recovery                                        $250,000

       (2)    WC claim and UIM claim; x part of offset (Westfield’s position).

       The injured person recovers $100,000 from the tortfeasor’s liability insurer. The

injured person also makes a claim against the applicable UIM coverage. Pursuant to IN

§19-509(g), the UIM policy limits are reduced by the $100,000 recovered from the

tortfeasor’s insurer. The WC insurer also recovers its statutory lien in that amount.

Assuming that x is considered an unreimbursed workers’ compensation benefit recovered

by the injured person (as Westfield argues), the UIM insurer offsets $150,000 + x with

respect to workers’ compensation medical benefits and $600,000 with respect to other

                                             30
workers’ compensation benefits, for a total offset of $750,000 + x. Because the WC insurer

has been reimbursed, via the statutory lien, for $100,000 of its payments, the offset is

reduced by that amount and therefore equals $650,000 + x. The injured person nets

$250,000 - x from the liability judgment and the claim against the UIM coverage. This can

be represented as follows:

            Net Recovery From Tortfeasor and UIM Claim After WC Offset
              Tortfeasor Liability Coverage                          $100,000
              UIM Policy Limits                                    $1,000,000
              Reduction of UIM Limits by Liability Recovery        ($100,000)
              WC Insurer’s Statutory Lien                          ($100,000)
              Offset for WC Benefits:                               ($650,000 + x)
                    WC Non-Medical Payments                   ($600,000)
                    WC Medical Payments and Discount          ($150,000 + x)
                    Reimbursed WC Benefits (Lien)              $100,000
              Net Recovery                                           $250,000 – x

      (3)     WC claim and UIM claim; x not part of offset (Mr. Gilliam’s position).

      The injured person recovers $100,000 from the tortfeasor’s liability insurer. The

injured person also makes a claim against the applicable UIM coverage. Pursuant to IN

§19-509(g), the UIM policy limits are reduced by the $100,000 recovered from the

tortfeasor’s insurer. The WC insurer also recovers its statutory lien in that amount.

Assuming that the offset for workers’ compensation medical benefits is limited to the

$150,000 actually paid by the WC insurer (as Mr. Gilliam argues), the UIM insurer is to

offset $150,000 with respect to workers’ compensation medical benefits and $600,000 with

respect to other workers’ compensation benefits, for a total offset of $750,000. Because

                                              31
the WC insurer has been reimbursed, via the statutory lien, for $100,000 of its payments,

the offset amount equals $650,000. The injured person nets $250,000 from the liability

judgment and the claim against UIM coverage. This can be represented as follows:

           Net Recovery From Tortfeasor and UIM Claim After WC Offset
              Tortfeasor Liability Coverage                              $100,000
              UIM Policy Limits                                        $1,000,000
              Reduction of UIM Limits by Liability Recovery            ($100,000)
              WC Insurer’s Statutory Lien                              ($100,000)
              Offset for WC Benefits:                                  ($650,000)
                     WC Non-Medical Payments                     ($600,000)
                     WC Medical Payments                         ($150,000)
                     Reimbursed WC Benefits (Lien)                 $100,000
              Net Recovery                                               $250,000

       These examples illustrate that, in the situation where the responsible tortfeasor is

fully insured (scenario 1), the injured person obtains a net recovery of $250,000, after

application of the WC insurer’s statutory lien. If the tortfeasor was underinsured and the

incremental value of the health care services above what was paid by the WC insurer (i.e.,

x) is part of the offset of UIM benefits (scenario 2 – Westfield’s position), the injured

person has a net recovery from UIM coverage of $250,000 - x after application of the offset.

On the other hand, if the offset does not include x (scenario 3 – Mr. Gilliam’s position),

then the injured person’s net recovery from UIM coverage after application of the offset is

the same as when the tortfeasor is similarly insured.

       As explained above, the goal of the UM/UIM coverage is to place the injured person

in the same position as if the person had been injured by a tortfeasor with liability insurance

                                              32
equivalent to the UIM coverage. Including x as part of the offset under IN §19-513(e) is

not consistent with that purpose.32 This analysis confirms our construction of the text of

the statute and is consistent with the legislative history.

       4.     Summary

       In this case, we do not know what the fact finder in the trial in federal court will

determine to be the fair and reasonable value of the health care services Mr. Gilliam

received as a result of the accident and therefore to what extent, if at all, that value exceeds

the $118,369.15 paid by the WC insurer. In short, we do not know the value of x in this

case.33 Mr. Gilliam will apparently argue that it equals $125,030.18 – the difference

between the face amount of the provider bills ($243,399.33) and the amount paid by the

WC insurer ($118,369.15); Westfield may argue otherwise. For purposes of answering the

question of law presented to us, the value of x does not matter. Whatever it is, it is not part

of the offset under IN §19-513(e).

       This result places Mr. Gilliam in the same position as if he had been injured by a

tortfeasor with insurance coverage equivalent to that of the UIM coverage of his

employer’s motor vehicle insurance policy. This outcome not only interprets “workers’

compensation benefit” consistently with its usage in the UM/UIM statutory scheme, but

        Under Westfield’s interpretation, even if Mr. Gilliam had fully reimbursed the
       32

WC insurer for the amounts paid by that insurer, Westfield could still use the offset under
IN §19-513(e) to reduce his recovery of UIM benefits by the “written-down” amount.
       33
         Similarly, we do not know, and the record does not indicate, what Mr. Gilliam, or
someone on his behalf (e.g., health insurance, Medicare, Medicaid) would have paid the
health care providers in the absence of a workers’ compensation claim.

                                              33
also serves the legislative purposes of both the workers’ compensation law and the

UM/UIM law: compensating the employee, see Podgurski, 374 Md. at 148; placing the

claimant of UIM coverage in the same position as if the tortfeasor had been sufficiently

insured, see Curtis, 330 Md. at 174; and avoiding double recovery by the employee from

both the WC insurer and the UIM insurer, see State Farm, 283 Md. at 675. We hold that

the difference between the amount nominally billed for Mr. Gilliam’s health care and the

amount the WC insurer actually paid is not a “recovered benefit” under IN §19-513(e).

                                            IV

                                       Conclusion

      The federal district court has asked whether a positive difference between (1) the

fair and reasonable value of health care services made necessary by an automobile accident

and (2) the amount paid by a workers’ compensation insurer in full satisfaction for those

services (for which the workers’ compensation insurer has not been reimbursed) is, for

purposes of the offset against underinsured motorist benefits under IN §19-513(e), a

“benefit” recovered by the injured person under the workers’ compensation law.

      For the reasons set forth in this opinion, the answer to that question is “no.”

                           CERTIFIED QUESTION OF LAW ANSWERED AS SET FORTH
                           ABOVE. COSTS TO BE DIVIDED EQUALLY BETWEEN THE
                           PARTIES.

                                            34