Court Opinion

ID: 9841337
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-09-22 00:00:36.607932+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:48:59.789509
License: Public Domain

Case: 21-40565     Document: 00516904262         Page: 1    Date Filed: 09/21/2023

           United States Court of Appeals
                for the Fifth Circuit                          United States Court of Appeals
                                                                        Fifth Circuit

                                                                      FILED
                                                              September 21, 2023
                                  No. 21-40565                   Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                      Clerk

   United States of America,

                                                            Plaintiff—Appellee,

                                      versus

   Ivis Orestes Irias-Romero,

                                                         Defendant—Appellant.

                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Southern District of Texas
                          USDC No. 2:20-CR-1348-1

   Before Jolly, Dennis, and Higginson, Circuit Judges.
   Stephen A. Higginson, Circuit Judge:
          A jury found Ivis Orestes Irias-Romero guilty of transporting within
   the United States an alien who “has come to, entered, or remains in the
   United States in violation of law.” 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(1)(A)(ii). On appeal,
   Irias-Romero challenges his conviction as based on insufficient evidence. For
   the following reasons, we affirm.
                                        I.
          On the evening of November 14, 2020, a white pickup truck entered a
   primary inspection lane at the Border Patrol checkpoint near Sarita, Texas.
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   Border Patrol Agent Derek Brickan was conducting inspections that night
   and noticed two people in the truck.
          At trial, Agent Brickan testified that he first asked the driver, Irias-
   Romero, whether he was a United States citizen. Irias-Romero responded
   that he was a lawful permanent resident of the United States. Agent Brickan
   then posed the same question to Irias-Romero’s passenger, Nidia Alfaro-
   Calero. She did not reply. Irias-Romero answered that the passenger was his
   wife and a United States citizen, and he gave Agent Brickan a marriage
   certificate. That certificate said that Irias-Romero was married to a woman
   named Cinthia Zarahi Corea-Gamez.
          After looking at the marriage certificate, Agent Brickan asked Alfaro-
   Calero in Spanish about her citizenship.        She said that she was from
   Honduras and lived in Houston. Agent Brickan asked Alfaro-Calero if she
   was legally present in the United States, and she said that she was not. Based
   on those statements, Agent Brickan arrested Irias-Romero and Alfaro-
   Calero.
          Border Patrol Agent Luis Alfaro interviewed Irias-Romero after his
   arrest. The government entered an English translation of the transcribed
   interview into evidence, and Agent Alfaro testified about it. During the
   interview, Irias-Romero confirmed that his passenger’s name was Nidia
   Alfaro-Calero. Irias-Romero explained that he had met Alfaro-Calero on
   Facebook and had known her for four years.
          On November 13, 2020, Alfaro-Calero contacted Irias-Romero to ask
   for a favor. She wanted a ride from Brownsville to Houston and gave Irias-
   Romero the address of a house where he could pick her up. Irias-Romero
   agreed. He planned to help Alfaro-Calero find a place to stay when they got
   to Houston.

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          During the post-arrest interview, the agent asked Irias-Romero if he
   had known that Alfaro-Calero was “illegal,” and he replied that he had. He
   said that Alfaro-Calero had told him that she was “illegal.” Irias-Romero
   further explained that if he had known about the checkpoint, he would have
   refused to give Alfaro-Calero a ride. He said that he was married to the
   woman listed on the marriage certificate, Cinthia Zarahi Corea-Gamez, and
   that he gave Agent Brickan the certificate because of an “involuntary,”
   “nervous reaction.” But Irias-Romero also admitted that he told Alfaro-
   Calero, “if a police officer stops us, tell them that you are my wife.”
          Alfaro-Calero testified as a Government witness. Speaking through
   an interpreter, she stated that in June or July of 2020, she decided to move
   from Honduras to the United States “[b]ecause of death threats from the
   maras.” She left Honduras on foot with a caravan of people, and eventually
   arrived in Mexico, where she was given a permit that allowed her to stay in
   the country for 90 days. Alfaro-Calero planned to use those 90 days to apply
   for a humanitarian visa from Mexico. However, she was kidnapped and sold
   to a man named “El Burro.”
          At trial, Alfaro-Calero testified that her captors forced her to cross
   into the United States three times. On the first two occasions, immigration
   officials apprehended her, and she was taken back to Mexico. But on her
   third crossing, immigration officials did not apprehend her. After entering
   the United States, she spent two days and nights in the brush with one of her
   captors, who sexually abused and beat her. Her captor eventually took her to
   a house, where she learned that El Burro was demanding a $10,000 ransom.
   Alfaro-Calero was able to get $1,000 from her mother and cousin, and El
   Burro let her go. She then contacted Irias-Romero to ask for his help. Irias-
   Romero said “[t]hat he didn’t have money, but that he could come to get
   [her].” She told him to come to the house by 9 P.M. because she was worried
   that her kidnappers would harm her if she wasn’t gone by then. Alfaro-

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   Calero testified that the kidnappers showed her a video depicting the torture
   and murder of a girl. Yet she did not ask Irias-Romero to call the police.
          After Irias-Romero picked up Alfaro-Calero, she told him about her
   kidnapping and that she wanted him to take her “[w]herever [she] could be
   far away from [those] people.” He said that he would take her to a hotel in
   Houston for several days and then “rent a place for [her] to live and that he
   was going to look for a job for [her].” Alfaro-Calero also testified that Irias-
   Romero knew that she was in the United States illegally when he went to pick
   her up at the house.
          A grand jury charged Irias-Romero with violating 8 U.S.C.
   §§ 1324(a)(1)(A)(ii), 1324(a)(1)(A)(v)(II), and 1324(a)(1)(B)(ii). The one-
   count indictment alleged that Alfaro-Calero “was an alien who had come to,
   entered, and remained in the United States in violation of law,” and that
   Irias-Romero used a motor vehicle to “transport, move, attempt to transport,
   and attempt to move” her in furtherance of that violation of law.
          At the close of the Government’s case, Irias-Romero moved for a
   judgment of acquittal under Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 29. Irias-
   Romero argued that there was insufficient evidence that Alfaro-Calero had
   entered or remained in the United States in violation of law. The district
   court denied his motion. Irias-Romero did not testify or call any other
   witnesses in his defense. The jury then returned its verdict finding him guilty
   as charged in the indictment.
          The district court sentenced Irias-Romero to four months in prison,
   followed by two years of supervised release.
          Irias-Romero filed a timely notice of appeal.
                                         II.

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          Irias-Romero raises a single issue on appeal: that the evidence is
   insufficient to sustain his conviction. Irias-Romero moved for a judgment of
   acquittal on that basis.
          “Where, as here, a defendant has timely moved for a judgment of
   acquittal, this court reviews challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence de
   novo.” United States v. Nicholson, 961 F.3d 328, 338 (5th Cir. 2020). When
   assessing the sufficiency of the evidence, “we review the record to determine
   whether, considering the evidence and all reasonable inferences in the light
   most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found
   the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” United
   States v. Gibson, 875 F.3d 179, 185 (5th Cir. 2017) (cleaned up). “This is a
   ‘highly deferential’ task, one requiring us to accept all credibility choices and
   reasonable inferences the jury made to support its verdict.” United States v.
   Spalding, 894 F.3d 173, 181 (5th Cir. 2018) (citation omitted).
          Irias-Romero was convicted under 8 U.S.C. § 1324(a)(1)(A)(ii), which
   provides that any person who “knowing or in reckless disregard of the fact
   that an alien has come to, entered, or remains in the United States in violation
   of law, transports, or moves or attempts to transport or move such alien
   within the United States by means of transportation or otherwise, in
   furtherance of such violation of law . . . shall be punished.” To convict Irias-
   Romero of violating this statute, “the jury had to find beyond a reasonable
   doubt that (1) an alien illegally entered or remained in the United States; (2)
   [Irias-Romero] transported the alien within the United States intending to
   further that unlawful purpose; and (3) [Irias-Romero] knew or recklessly
   disregarded the fact that the alien was illegally in the United States.” United
   States v. Gaspar-Felipe, 4 F.4th 330, 341 (5th Cir. 2021) (citing 8 U.S.C.
   § 1324(a)(1)(A)(ii)); United States v. Nolasco-Rosas, 286 F.3d 762, 765 (5th
   Cir. 2002)). Irias-Romero does not dispute the sufficiency of the jury
   instructions pertaining to those offense elements or available defenses.

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           Irias-Romero argues that the Government failed to prove the first
   element of this offense because there was insufficient evidence from which a
   rational jury could find that Alfaro-Calero entered or remained in the country
   in violation of law. We disagree.
           A rational jury could infer that Alfaro-Calero illegally entered or
   remained in the United States from the testimony confirming that she was
   illegally present in the country. When Agent Brickan asked Alfaro-Calero if
   she was illegally present, she answered yes. During Irias-Romero’s post-
   arrest interview, Irias-Romero said that he heard from Alfaro-Calero that she
   was “illegal.” And Alfaro-Calero corroborated at trial that Irias-Romero
   knew that she was in the United States illegally when he went to pick her up.
   Drawing all inferences in favor of the Government, Gibson, 875 F.3d at 185, a
   jury could conclude that Alfaro-Calero had entered or remained in the
   country in violation of law, see 8 U.S.C. § 1325(a)(1) (prohibiting aliens from
   “enter[ing] or attempt[ing] to enter the United States at any time or place
   other than as designated by immigration officers”); id. § 1326(a) (prohibiting,
   inter alia, an alien who has been “removed” from “[being] at any time found
   in[] the United States”); cf. United States v. Anderton, 901 F.3d 278, 285 (5th
   Cir. 2018) (holding that because “it is a civil offense” “for a removable alien
   to remain present in the United States,” “[a]liens who reside here without
   authorization are ‘in violation of law’ for purposes of Section
   1324(a)(1)(A)(iv) and (v)” (citation omitted)).1

           1
               The immigration statute designates certain judicial or administrative records,
   other official records, and immigration officer testimony as “prima facie evidence that an
   alien . . . had come to, entered, or remained in the United States in violation of law” for
   purposes of Section 1324(a). 8 U.S.C. § 1324(b)(3). Irias-Romero argues that the
   Government failed to present such prima facie evidence at trial. But the statute does not
   limit the kinds of evidence admissible to prove that an alien illegally entered or remained in
   the United States. See 8 U.S.C. § 1324(b)(3). A rational jury could infer a relevant violation
   of law from other types of evidence, including the testimony of a criminal defendant or

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           Irias-Romero contends that because Alfaro-Calero testified that she
   entered the United States against her will, she either did not violate the law
   in entering the United States or would have a meritorious duress defense to
   an illegal entry charge. But even if Alfaro-Calero’s kidnappers forced her to
   cross the border and held her captive, the jury heard sufficient evidence to
   find that Alfaro-Calero illegally entered or remained in the country. As we
   explained, Alfaro-Calero acknowledged that she was breaking the law by
   being in the United States. The jury was entitled to credit that evidence and
   give it greater weight than her testimony about her kidnapping. See United
   States v. Jordan, 945 F.3d 245, 256 (5th Cir. 2019). And notwithstanding
   Alfaro-Calero’s testimony that she did not intend to be in the United States,
   evidence exists to support a contrary inference. Irias-Romero was driving
   Alfaro-Calero to Houston to get a job instead of to a hospital or the police.
   Indeed, despite the abuse that Alfaro-Calero suffered, she never asked Irias-
   Romero to contact law enforcement. Those circumstances surrounding
   Alfaro-Calero’s escape permit the inference that she intended to stay in the
   United States instead of returning to Mexico or Honduras. See also Anderton,
   901 F.3d at 285. Viewed in the light most favorable to the Government,
   United States v. Green, 47 F.4th 279, 290 (5th Cir. 2022), that evidence would
   permit a rational jury to find that Alfaro-Calero had violated the law within
   the meaning of Section 1324(a)(1)(A)(ii).

   victim. Ordinarily, such a witness does not have to be an immigration expert or lawyer for
   her testimony to permit the inference that an alien’s conduct violated the law under Section
   1324(a)(1)(A)(ii). See also United States v. Lopez-Moreno, 420 F.3d 420, 438 (5th Cir. 2005)
   (finding evidence of transported aliens’ violation of law sufficient where, among other
   evidence, police officer testified that defendant tentatively agreed with officer’s statement
   that some transported aliens “probably ain’t legal”); United States v. Hernandez, 913 F.2d
   568, 570 (8th Cir. 1990) (finding evidence of transported aliens’ violation of law sufficient
   where aliens told defendant that they were undocumented and defendant helped aliens
   navigate around a checkpoint).

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            Ultimately, Irias-Romero presented his theory of the case to the jury,
   and the jury rejected it. In closing, defense counsel argued that Alfaro-Calero
   was kidnapped and that Irias-Romero’s “only plan was to get her out of
   harm’s way.”2 Yet the jury returned a guilty verdict. Because that verdict
   was based on sufficient evidence, we will not disturb it on appeal.
                                               III.
            For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the district
   court.

            2
             A true Good Samaritan may be able to argue that scienter is lacking if that person
   acts out of necessity to save an alien from death or serious bodily injury rather than to
   further the alien’s unlawful presence in the United States. Cf. United States v. Khalil, 857
   F.3d 137, 140 (2d Cir. 2017) (finding evidence insufficient to support conviction for
   transporting alien where defendant’s conduct was intended to terminate alien’s presence
   in United States); United States v. Dominguez, 661 F.3d 1051, 1061–62 (11th Cir. 2011)
   (finding evidence insufficient to support conviction for transporting aliens where defendant
   took aliens to immigration attorney); United States v. Stonefish, 402 F.3d 691, 697 (6th Cir.
   2005) (rejecting defendant’s argument that he transported aliens “as a humanitarian
   gesture”).

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