Court Opinion

ID: 6603757
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-20 20:10:15.591455+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:58:06.778953
License: Public Domain

Cassoday, J.
I cheerfully concur in the liberal rule of construction so often given by this court to the laws of this state exempting property of those within its jurisdiction; but it does not follow that the same liberality should extend those laws so as to exempt the property of persons who are not in this state, but are citizens and residents of other states. It would seem that exemption laws, as well as all other laws of a state granting special benefits, are presumptively for those within the state, and not those who are citizens and permanent residents of other states.
In Cope v. Doherty, 4 Kay & Johns., 367, it was held that “ prima facie, and unless the contrary be expressed, or be implied from the absolute necessity of the case, every legislature must be presumed to have intended by its enactments to regulate the rights which should subsist between its own subjects and not to affect the rights of foreigners, whether by way of restricting or augmenting their natural rights.” 1 To the same effect is The Zollverein, 1 Swab. Adm., 96; Jefferys v. Boosey, 4 H. L. Cas., 815. “It is conceded,” said Maesi-iall, C. J., “ that the legislation of every country is territorial; that beyond its own territory it can only affect its own subjects as citizens.” Rose v. Himely, 4 Cranch, 279. Mr. Story states the same rule thus: “ It is plain that the laws of one country can have no intrinsic force, pjroprio vigore, except within the territorial limits and jurisdiction of that country. They can *586bind only its own subjects, and others who are within its jurisdictional limits, and the latter only while they remain therein.” Story’s Confl. Laws, § 7. See also sections 20, 98, 278.
In Finley v. Sly, 44 Ind., 267, it was held that, “ when an execution defendant ceases to be a resident householder of this state, his right to exempt any of his property from execution ceases, and property that may have been set off to him as exempt while such resident householder, may be seized and sold on execution.” See Norton v. Lum, 18 La. Ann., 39; Trawick v. Harris, 8 Tex., 317.
Assuming that our exemption laws were enacted with reference to our own citizens and those within our own jurisdiction, and not those who are citizens and residents of other states, it would seem that the defendant Allen, being a resident and citizen of Minnesota, is not entitled to the note in question as exempt under our statute, unless the legislature have expressly or by necessary implication manifested, an intent to exempt such property to citizens and residents of other states. Under our statute, a “homestead” is exempt by reason of its being “ owned and occupied by ” one who is a “ resident of this state.” Section 2983, R. S. True, the same section interposes an exception to the extent that “ such exemption shall not be impaired bj temporary removal with the’ intention to reoccupy the same as a homestead, nor by a sale thereof, but shall extend- to the proceeds derived from such sale, while held with the intention to procure another homestead therewith, for a period not exceeding two years.” Certainly a removal from the state, not only with the intention of becoming a resident and citizen of another state, but actually becoming such resident and citizen, is entirely inconsistent with “ temporary removal with the intention to reoccupy the same as a homestead.” Besides, the express language of the statue is, “ such exemption shall not be impaired,” “ but shall extend to the proceeds,” etc. But' “ such exemption,” *587which is thus prevented from being “impaired,” and thus extended, is confined by the express language of the section to a “resident of this state,” and has no application, and, by the rule of construction above given, can have no application, to residents and citizens of other states. It is only “ such exemption ” as is thus given to a “ resident of this state,” which is extended to the proceeds derived from the sale of the ■homestead for the period of two years, provided they are held for that length of time, “with the intention of procuring another homestead therewith.” The sole purpose of this exemption is to secure homesteads in this state, and not to secure homesteads in other states, to persons who are. citizens and residents of such states. Alien, having become a resident and citizen of Minnesota, became entitled to the benefits of the exemption laws of that state. As such resident of Minnesota he could hold as exempt a homestead of not exceeding eighty acres of land in the country, or a lot iri’a city or village, and the dwelling-house thereon and its appurtenances. Section 1, ch. 68, E. S. of Minn. He could also hold as exempt, under the statute of that state, a very liberal supply of personal property. Sec. 810, ch. 66, id. It is true, the court found that he had not in fact secured another homestead, nor fully decided where he would permanently reside; but, as he had Voted in that state, it would seem that he should be regarded as a citizen and necessarily a resident of that state. 'To test the question, suppose he had sold a considerable amount of land and other property in Wisconsin which was not exempt, and with the proceeds purchased eighty acres of land and other property in Minnesota, which he occupied and held as exempt under the laws of that state: would it still be held that he might, in addition, hold the proceeds of his Wisconsin homestead exempt for the period of two years, arid until he should fully decide where he would permanently reside? If not, then why not, if the decision of this case is correct? Is the question of the exemption of the note here involved .de*588pendent upon the investment or non-investment of the avails of other property, instead of the fact as to whether the debtor had or had not actually changed his residence and citizenship? If it is, then it would seem to be entirely immaterial whether the debtor ever had been a resident of this state or not. If, however, it is dependent upon the fact of residence and citizenship at the time the suit was commenced, then, as the debtor was, upon the admitted facts, entitled to the benefit of the exemption laws of Minnesota, it follows that he could not at the same time be entitled to the benefit of the exemption laws of Wisconsin, unless it be held that a person with a fixed residence and citizenship is not only entitled to benefits of the exemption laws of the state in which he resides, but also of the state in which he has ceased to reside. It would seem that a construction should not be indulged which would give to a migrating individual the benefit of the exemption laws of two different states 'at the same time, while permanent residents could only have the benefit of one. The fact of the debtor not being a resident of this state (subd. 5, sec. 2731, R. S.)of itself entitled the plaintiff to an attachment against his property here; and yet it could be of no avail in this case, if a non-resident debtor may invoke the benefit of our exemption laws for two years after he has ceased to be a resident of this state and become a citizen of another state.
In Yelverton v. Burton, 26 Pa. St., 354, Woodward, J., giving the opinion of the court, said: “ But debtors subject to foreign attachment are no more within the spirit of the exemption law . . . than they are within its letter. We do not legislate for men 'beyond our jurisdiction, and certainly not for absconding debtors; but the act . . . was designed for our own citizens — for the families of the poor who are with us,— that the rapacity of creditors might not strip them of every comfort and convenience. The primary object of the process of foreign attachment is to compel the appearance of j;lie debtor; and if it fail of this purpose — if he will not come within our *589jurisdiction to answer to Ms liabilities, — let him not come to appropriate onr bounties.” This language is quoted with approval in Orr v. Bow, 22 Minn., 485, where it was held that “ an absconding debtor who has departed the state without any intention of returning, and becomes a resident of another jurisdiction, cannot avail himself of the benefits of our exemption laws in respect to personal property left behind him, and subsequently seized and sold upon execution.”
I am not aware of any case where this court has heretofore held that a resident and citizen of another state is entitled to the benefit of the exemption laws of this state.
In Lowe v. Stringham, 14 "Wis., 222, the claimant of the wheat was a “ temporary resident,” and it was held that the statute makes no discrimination “between temporary and permanent residents.” What was said in that case by Mr. Justice Paine about “the temporary sojourner, or even the stranger within our gates,” was clearly obiter; but even that, as I think, does not authorize the inference of a willingness on his part to give residents and citizens of other states the benefit of the exemption laws of this state. But, however that may be, one of the first acts passed at the next session of the legislature after that decision, was chapter 11, Laws of 1862, limiting the exemption of the class of personal property referred to in Lowe v. Stringham, and all other personal property (except such as pertained to the household, wearing apparel, a place of worship, and burial of the dead), “ to debtors having an actual residence in this state.” That limitation has not only been preserved, but extended from four subdivisions of the section to ten subdivisions. See last part of section 2982, R. S., p. 783. Prior tq. the act of 1862, as intimated by Mr. Justice Paine, the statute exempting personal property was silent as to residence, but the implication arising from the rules of construction indicated by the above authorities made it applicable only to those who were within the jurisdiction of the state. Of course, when the legislature expressly limited cer*590tain classes of personal property to actual residents of the state, it thereby raised a counter implication that the other classes of personal property not so limited were exempt, without reference to the question of residence. But in the statute exempting homesteads it was never left to implication; for there it has always been expressly confined to lands owned and occupied by a “ resident of the state” and it was only “ such exemption ” that was “extended” to the “proceeds” derived from the sale of the homestead. While the statute protects a “ resident of the state” in the ownership of such proceeds “for a period of not exceeding two years,” yet, in my judgment, it does not continue such protection after such owner has ceased to be such a resident of this state, and actually becomes a resident and citizen of another state; and to give to the statute that effect by construction, is to interpolate into it words of such import. The inequality of exempting large sums of money, even to residents of the state, for a period of two years, merely because they were once so fortunate as to own a homestead, and yet affording no protection of an equal amount to those who are desirous of buying one, is apparent; but to extend such protection to residents and citizens of other states seems to be unjust, not only to resident creditors, but to that large class of citizens who, from the rapacity of creditors or otherwise, have never been able to accumulate and hold as exempt a sufficient amount of money with which to buy a homestead in the first instance.
For the reasons given, I prefer to have my associates take the responsibility of the decision of the court in this case.
By the Gourt.— Judgment affirmed.