Court Opinion

ID: 4128754
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-02-18 00:42:20.464139+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:29:43.724853
License: Public Domain

ATTORNEY GENERAL OF TEXAS
                                           GREG        ABBOTT

                                                 July 2 1,2005

The Honorable Jana Duty                                  Opinion No. GA-0341
Williamson County Attorney
405 Martin Luther King, Suite 240                        Re: Whether a nonprofit corporation may offer a
Georgetown, Texas 78626                                  savings bond or prepaid bank credit card as a prize
                                                         in a charitable raffle under the Charitable Raffle
                                                         Enabling Act, Occupations Code chapter 2002
                                                         (RQ-0303-GA)

Dear Ms. Duty:

        Your predecessor in office asked whether a nonprofit corporation may offer a savings bond
or prepaid bank credit card as a prize in a charitable raffle under the Charitable Raffle Enabling Act
(the Act), Occupations Code chapter 2002.’ See TEX. Oct. CODE ANN. $5 2002.001-.058 (Vernon
2004).

        We understand that the Johns Community Hospital in Taylor annually conducts a raffle to
benefit the hospital. See Request Letter, supra note 1, at 1. “This year one or more savings bonds
and one or more prepaid bank credit cards may be” offered as prizes. Id. On behalf of the hospital,
your predecessor asked whether the Act forbids these prizes. See id. at l-2.

         The Act became effective in 1990 following the voters’ approval of Texas Constitution
article III, section 47(d). See Act of May 29, 1989,71st Leg., R.S., ch. 957, 9 4, 1989 Tex. Gen.
Laws 4022, 4025 (“This Act takes effect January 1, 1990, unless the constitutional amendment
proposed by the 71st Legislature, Regular Session, 1989, authorizing the legislature to permit and
regulate raffles conducted by certain nonprofit organizations, is not approved by the voters . . . .“);
see also TEX. CONST.art. III, 0 47(d). Article III, section 47(a) generally prohibits “lotteries and gifi
enterprises,” which include raffles, except those that the constitution expressly authorizes. TEX.
CONST. art. III, 5 47(a); see Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. JC-0111 (1999) at 2 (discussing the Act’s
genesis). Section 47(d) expressly authorizes the legislature to “permit charitable raffles conducted
by a qualified religious society, qualified volunteer fire department, qualified volunteer emergency
medical service, or qualified nonprofit organizations under the terms and conditions imposed by

         ‘See Letter and attached Brief from Honorable Eugene D. Taylor, Williamson County Attorney, to Honorable
Greg Abbott, Texas Attorney General (Dec. 16, 2004) (on file with Opinion Committee, also available at
http://www.oag.state.tx.us) [hereinafter Request Letter and Brief].
 The Honorable Jana Duty - Page 2               (GA-0341)

 general law.” TEX. CONST. art. III, $47(d). The Act “is the general law authorizing     and regulating
 charitable raffles.” Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. JC-0111 (1999) at 2.

        Thus, a qualified nonprofit organization may conduct a raffle subject to conditions set out
in the Act. See TEX. Oct. CODE ANN. $2002.051 (Vernon 2004); see also id. $9 2002.003, .052-
.057 (defining a qualified nonprofit organization and restricting the conduct of raffles by qualified
nonprofit organizations). The Act defines the term “raffle” as “the award of one or more prizes by
chance at a single occasion among a single pool or group of persons who have paid or promised
a thing of value for a ticket that represents a chance to win a prize.” Id. 6 2002.002(6). Section
2002.056(a) restricts the kind of prizes that may be offered: “A prize offered or awarded at a raffle
may not be money.” Id. $2002.056(a).

         The issue here is whether savings bonds or prepaid bank credit cards are “money” for
purposes of section 2002.056(a). Because you do not ask whether the Johns Community Hospital
is a qualified organization under the Act, we do not opine on the matter. See Request Letter, supru
note 1, at 1. We assume in this opinion that the prizes are donated or that the value of each prize is
less than $50,000. See id. $2002.056(b) (p roviding that, in general, “the value of a prize offered or
awarded at a raffle that is purchased by the organization or for which the organization provides any
consideration may not exceed $50,000”); see aho Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. JC-0046 (1999) at 2
(stating that a qualified organization may raffle a prize valued in excess of $50,000 only if the
organization neither purchased the prize nor gave consideration for it).

        In its 79th regular session, the legislature amended the Act by adding a definition of the
term “money” to section 2002.002, Occupations Code. See Act of May 27,2005,79th          Leg., R.S.,
H.B. 541,§ 1 (to be codified at TEX. Oct. CODE ANN. 6 2002.002( 1-a)). Under the new definition,
codified at section 2002.002(1-a), “‘[mloney’ means coins, paper currency, or a negotiable
instrument that represents and is readily convertible to coins or paper currency.” See id. This bill
became effective June 18,2005 and applies “to a raffle conducted under Chapter 2002, Occupations
Code,. . . if the prizes are awarded on or after the effective date . . . .” Id. 0 6.

         Section 2002.002(1-a) is consistent with the conclusion of Attorney General Opinion
JC-0111, a 1999 decision that considered whether a certificate of deposit constitutes money for
purposes of section 2002.056(a). See Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. JC-0111 (1999) at 2. Noting that the
Act did not, at that time, define the term “money,” the opinion defines the term to include negotiable
instruments that function as money-equivalents.      See id. at 4. Because a certificate of deposit is a
negotiable instrument that represents money and is readily convertible to money, the opinion
determines that it is a money-equivalent and is prohibited as a prize under the Act. See Tex. Att’y
Gen. Op. No. JC-0111 (1999) at 4; see also Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. GA-0097 (2003) at 3 (citing
Attorney General Opinion JC-0111 to conclude that an organization that awards a cash refund of
all or part of a ticket’s purchase price as a raffle prize violates the Act). Section 2002.002(1-a)
supersedes the definition of money in Opinion JC-0 111.

       Applying section 2002.002(1-a) to the issue you present, we note first that neither savings
bonds nor prepaid credit cards are coins or paper currency. Thus, if either are within the Act’s new
The Honorable Jana Duty - Page 3                (GA-0341)

definition of “money,” it is because they are negotiable instruments that represent and are readily
convertible to cash. We initially consider whether either is a negotiable instrument. The Act does
not define the phrase; the only statutory definition is found in Business and Commerce Code section
3.104:

                (a) Except as provided in Subsections (c) and (d), “negotiable instrument”
        means an unconditional promise or order to pay a fixed amount of money, with or
        without interest or other charges described in the promise or order, if it:

                       (1) is payable to bearer or to order at the time it is issued or first
                comes into possession of a holder;

                        (2) is payable on demand or at a definite time; and

                        (3) does not state any other undertaking or instruction by the person
                promising or ordering payment to do any act in addition to the payment of
                money. . . .

TEX. Bus. & COMM. CODE ANN. 0 3.104(a) (Vernon                2002); see also id. $9 3.106, .108, .109
(describing “unconditional promise or order,” “payable on demand or at definite time,” and “payable
to bearer or to order”); TEX. GOV’T CODEANN. 0 3 11 .Ol 1(b) (Vernon 2005) (directing that phrases
that have acquired a technical meaning, including by legislative definition, must be construed
consistently with that meaning); State v. Kaiser, 822 S. W.2d 697,700 (Tex. App.-Fort Worth 1991,
pet. ref d) (stating that a court will look to a particular profession to ascertain a phrase’s technical
meaning).      “Words making a promise or order payable to bearer or to order are the most
distinguishing feature of a negotiable instrument . . . .” U.C.C. § 3-104 cmt. Though it is not
apparent from the definition, a negotiable instrument must be capable of being transferred from one
holder to another. See TEX. Bus. & COMM. CODEANN. $9 3.201, -203 (Vernon 2002). Negotiability
is a question of law. See Cartwright v. MBank Corpus Christi, 865 S.W.2d 546, 549 (Tex.
App.-Corpus Christi 1993, writ denied).

         Although we find little case law considering the negotiability of either savings bonds or
prepaid credit cards, several federal appellate courts have referred to savings bonds as nonnegotiable.
See United States v. Car-r, 706 F.2d 1108,1112 (11 th Cir. 1983) (recognizing that savings bonds are
“nonnegotiable instruments”); United States v. Cyphers, 604 F.2d 635,637 (9th Cir. 1979) (noting
that savings bonds are nonnegotiable); Lee v. United States, 363 F.2d 469, 475 (8th Cir.) (“We are
here concerned with non-negotiable United States Series E Savings Bonds, which require the
signature of the owner for cashing . . . and which cannot be legally transferred or negotiated in any
manner”), cert. denied, 385 U.S. 947 (1966). The federal Securities and Exchange Commission and
the Internal Revenue Service similarly have stated that savings bonds are not negotiable. See SEC.
& EXCH. COMM’N, 41 S.E.C. Docket 1114, Release No. 34-36096, 1988 WL 999988, *15 n.51
(1988) (citing a statement of the Department of the Treasury, Bureau of Public Debt, which issues
savings bonds, that savings bonds “are not negotiable and cannot be assigned”); INTERNALREV.
SERV.,TECHNICALADVICE MEMORANDUM 64093097 1OA, 1964 WL 13948 (1964) (stating that a
The Honorable Jana Duty - Page 4                         (GA-034 1)

growth savings certificate, unlike a series E United States savings bond, “is negotiable”).2
Accordingly, savings bonds are not money for purposes of 2002.056(a) of the Occupations Code.
See TEX. Oct. CODE ANN. Q2002.056(a) (Vernon 2004). Section 2002.0056(a) of the Occupations
Code does not prohibit a corporation from offering or awarding savings bonds as prizes in a
charitable raffle held under the Act.

          Similarly, a prepaid, or “stored value,” credit card is not a negotiable instrument. FEDERAL
DEPOSITINS. COW., General Counsel’s           Op. No. 8, Stored Value Cards, 61 Fed. Reg. 40490-01,
40493 & n. 13 (Aug. 2, 1996). In an opinion considering “whether and to what extent the f&ds
. . . underlying stored value cards constitute ‘deposits”’ and therefore qualify for deposit insurance,
the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation examined the nature of stored value cards. Id. at 40491.
Concluding that stored value cards are not negotiable instruments, the Corporation reasoned, “A
stored value card is not in writing, not signed by the maker, and does not contain ‘an unconditional
promise to pay a sum certain in money and no other promise, order, obligation or power.“’ Id. at
40493 n.13 (quoting U.C.C. 0 3-104(l)); CT TEX. BUS. & COMM. CODE ANN. 4 3.104(a) (Vernon
2002). Because a prepaid credit card is not a negotiable instrument, and hence not money for
purposes of the Act, section 2002.056(a) does not prohibit a nonprofit corporation from offering or
awarding prepaid credit cards as prizes in a charitable raffle held under the Act.

        *Seealso THEINVESTMENTFAQ,         SUBJECT:BONDS-U.S. SAVINGSBONDS,         http://www.invest-faq.com/articles/
bonds-us-savings.htrnl (on file with Opinion Committee) (last revised 1l/29/04); cf 3 1 C.F.R. Q3 15.15 (stating that, with
narrow exceptions, savings bonds are “not transferable and are payable only to the owners named on the bonds”).
The Honorable Jana Duty - Page 5              (GA-0341)

                                       SUMMARY

                        Section 2002.002( 1-a) of the Occupations Code, adopted by
               the 79th Texas Legislature, supersedes the definition of “money”
               articulated in Attorney General Opinion JC-0111. Compare Act of
               May 27,2005,79th      Leg., R.S., H.B. 541, $ 1 (to be codified at TEX.
               Oct. CODE ANN. 5 2002.002( 1-a)) with Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. JC-
               0111 (1999) at 4. Under the statutory definition, the term “money”
               means “coins, paper currency, or a negotiable instrument that
               represents and is readily convertible to coins or paper currency.” Act
               of May 27,2005,79th       Leg., RS., H.B. 541, 9 1 (to be codified at
               TEX. Oct. CODE ANN. 5 2002.002(1-a)).

                       United States savings bonds and prepaid, or “stored-value,”
               credit cards are not negotiable instruments. Accordingly, they are not
               “money” for purposes of section 2002.056(a) of the Occupations
               Code and may be offered and awarded as prizes in a charitable raffle.

                                              Very truly yours,

BARRY R. MCBEE
First Assistant Attorney General

DON R. WILLETT
Deputy Attorney General for Legal Counsel

NANCY S. FULLER
Chair, Opinion Committee

Kymberly K. Oltrogge
Assistant Attorney General, Opinion Committee