Court Opinion

ID: 2664396
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-04-04 03:53:55.40816+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:27:18.071535
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                      FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
_________________________________________
                                           )
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                  )
ex rel. DIGITAL HEALTHCARE, INC.,          )
                                           )
                        Plaintiff/Relator, )
                                           )
        v.                                 ) Civil Action No. 06-1299 (RBW)
                                           )
AFFILIATED COMPUTER SERVICES, INC.,        )
                                           )
                        Defendant.         )
_________________________________________ )

                                     Memorandum Opinion

       The plaintiff/relator, Digital Healthcare, Inc. (“Digital”), brings this qui tam action

against defendant Affiliated Computer Services, Inc. (“Affiliated”) under the False Claims Act,

31 U.S.C. §§ 3729-3732 (2006), as well as the false claims act statutes of several states and the

District of Columbia. See First Amended Complaint (“Am. Compl.”) ¶¶ 45-138. Digital alleges

that by not implementing certain technology, Affiliated is failing to take reasonable measures to

determine whether Medicaid claimants have third-party insurance, and is therefore facilitating

the submission of false claims to the federal government for Medicaid payments. See id. ¶¶ 11-

44. Currently before the Court is Affiliated’s Motion to Dismiss under Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6), asserting that the Court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction over

this case and that the plaintiff/relator has failed to plead fraud with the particularity required by

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b). Upon reviewing the Amended Complaint, the defendant’s

motion, the plaintiff/relator’s opposition, and the legal memoranda submitted in support of those

                                                 1
filings, 1 the Court concludes for the reasons below that it has subject-matter jurisdiction over the

plaintiff/relator’s claims, but that the plaintiff/relator has failed to plead fraud with the required

particularity. Affiliated’s motion to dismiss will therefore be granted in part and denied in part.

                                            I. INTRODUCTION

A.      Statutory Background

        A brief overview of the Medicaid program will help elucidate the plaintiff/relator’s

allegations in this case. Medicaid is a joint federal-and-state-funded program that provides

medical assistance to individuals whose income and financial resources are insufficient to pay

the cost of necessary medical services. See Ark. Dep’t of Health & Human Servs. v. Ahlborn,

547 U.S. 268, 275 (2006). All states and the District of Columbia have elected to participate in

the Medicaid program, id.; see D.C. Hosp. Ass’n v. District of Columbia, 224 F.3d 776, 778

(D.C. Cir. 2000) (noting the District of Columbia’s Medicaid plan), and pay qualified health

providers for a broad range of covered services provided to eligible beneficiaries. “The federal

government then reimburses states for a share of their expenditures. The federal share of each

state’s program expenditures ranges from 50 to 83 percent.” Def.’s Mem., Declaration of

Douglas W. Baruch (“Baruch Decl.”), Exhibit (“Ex.”) 1 (United States Government

Accountability Office, GAO 06-862, Medicaid Third-Party Liability, Federal Guidance Needed

to Help States Address Continuing Problems (2006)) (“2006 GAO Report”) at 7.

        “States have considerable flexibility in designing and operating their Medicaid programs,

although they must comply with [certain] federal requirements.” Id. at 2. Operating a state

1
  In addition to the defendant’s motion, the Court also considered the following documents in reaching its decision:
(1) Defendant Affiliated Computer Services, Inc.’s Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Support of its Motion
to Dismiss (“Def.’s Mem.”); (2) Plaintiff Digital Healthcare, Inc.’s Memorandum of Points and Authorities in
Opposition to Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss (“Pl.’s Opp’n”); and (3) Defendant Affiliated Computer Services,
Inc.’s Reply Memorandum in Further Support of its Motion to Dismiss the First Amended Complaint (“Def.’s
Reply”). The Court also considered, where appropriate, the exhibits submitted with the various filings.

                                                         2
Medicaid program requires the states to engage in a number of activities such as determining the

eligibility of individuals who apply for Medicaid assistance, determining what benefits Medicaid

will cover, determining which providers are qualified to furnish benefits, processing claims, and

maintaining control mechanisms to minimize improper payments and fraud.            Def.’s Mem.,

Baruch Decl., Ex. 2 (Congressional Research Service, State Medicaid Program Administration:

A Brief Overview (2005)) (“CRS Overview”) at 2. To help fund these programs, state Medicaid

agencies receive a quarterly advance from the federal government based on certain estimates, 42

U.S.C. § 1396b(d)(1) (2006), 42 C.F.R. § 430.30(a) (2010), and at the close of each quarter a

state submits an accounting of its actual Medicaid expenditures, 42 C.F.R. § 430.30(c). The

states submit this information on a Form CMS-64, entitled Quarterly Medicaid Statement of

Expenditures for the Medical Assistance Program. Id.

       Federal law requires each state to designate a single state agency to administer or

supervise the administration of its Medicaid program. Def.’s Mem., Baruch Decl., Ex. 2 (CRS

Overview) at 1. This agency, in turn, will often contract with other public or private entities to

perform various Medicaid program functions. Id. For example, some states contract with

private companies to operate Medicaid Management Information Systems, which are programs

used for claims and other data processing purposes. Id.

        Medicaid is intended be a “payer of last resort.” Ahlborn, 547 U.S. at 291. Thus, “if a

Medicaid beneficiary also has another source of payment for health services, that source is to pay

instead of Medicaid.” Def.’s Mem., Baruch Decl., Ex. 1 (2006 GAO Report) at 1. In general,

state Medicaid agencies are required whenever possible to avoid paying for services for which

the state agency has reason to believe another party is legally liable. Id. at 13; see 42 C.F.R. §

433.139(b). Therefore, a state Medicaid agency must “take reasonable measures to determine

                                                3
the legal liability of the third parties who are liable to pay for services furnished under the” state

Medicaid plan. 42 C.F.R. § 433.138(a).

B.      Factual and Procedural Background

        The following information is alleged in the plaintiff/relator’s Amended Complaint. The

plaintiff/relator is an “information technology provider and a licensee of intellectual property

involving the automated coordination of insurance information between payers and health care

providers.” Am. Compl. ¶ 1. The defendant is a corporation that “operates as a Medicaid fiscal

agent in thirteen states . . . and offers [a] myriad [of] services to the government, including

managed care enrollment, eligibility administration, Medicaid claims processing, provider

relations[,] and third-party liability.” Id. ¶ 9.          The defendant processes “over 475 million

Medicaid healthcare claims annually” and is “the nation’s largest Medicaid pharmacy benefits

manager.” 2 Id. “Since December 17, 2002, [the] defendant has operated as a Medicaid fiscal

agency and/or Medicaid pharmacy benefits manager in the District of Columbia, the

Commonwealth of Massachusetts, and the states of Florida, Montana, Tennessee, Louisiana[,]

and Texas, as well as other states.” Id. ¶ 16.

        At some point between September 2000 and December 2002, Digital conducted a

national cost analysis to measure the magnitude of problems associated with “coordination of

benefits,” a term in the Medicaid context that refers to “determining which payer among multiple

available payers is liable for a claim for health care services” or “whether a claimant has any

other third[-]party insurance.” Id. ¶¶ 22(a)-(b). Several health care organizations, including

Affiliated, voluntarily participated in the study. Id. ¶ 22(b). Affiliated provided data for Digital

2
   Among other responsibilities, pharmacy benefits managers process and pay prescription drug claims submitted on
behalf of Medicaid recipients. Def.’s Mem. at 6; see also Def.’s Mem., Baruch Decl., Ex. 1 (2006 GAO Report) at
8.

                                                       4
to use in the study, which included Affiliated’s Medicaid eligible patients from March, June, and

September 2000, from six of the twenty-six states in which Affiliated processes pharmacy

claims.     Id. ¶¶ 22(b), (j).   In conducting the study, Digital “compared the eligibility data

submitted by [Affiliated] with a database containing over twenty million individuals that had

private third[-]party insurance.” Id. ¶ 22(c). A match between the two data sets “indicated a

[coordination of benefits] error, i.e., the individual in [Affiliated’s] Medicaid database had

alternative third[-]party coverage.”      Id.   Although some health plans do not cover all

prescriptions, the study did “not account for the nuances of the insured patients’ health plans,”

and therefore “assumed that no insured individuals should have submitted health care claims to

Medicaid.” Id. ¶ 22(d).

          The results of the study “indicated that a large portion of the patients for whom

[Affiliated] had processed payments, over one-third of all patients in some states, had private

third[-]party insurance.” Id. ¶ 22(e). The percentages differed across the states examined,

ranging from 21.47% to 35.99% of Affiliated’s patient population in each state. See id. ¶¶ 22(f)-

(h). The study made assumptions regarding the number of claims each patient would submit

each month as well as the average cost of each claim, id. ¶¶ 22(i)-(j), and the results of the study

“provide[] an extremely conservative estimate of [Affiliated’s] improper billing,” id. ¶ 22(j).

Based on these assumptions, Digital estimated that Affiliated “improperly submitted at least [$20

million] in claims to state Medicaid programs in the six states analyzed in the National

[Coordination of Benefits] Cost Analysis, each month.” Id. ¶ 22(l). Accounting for the average

federal share of these costs, Digital alleges that “over half of the funds that were used to pay the

claims that [Affiliated] improperly submitted to state Medicaid programs each month were

provided by the federal government.” Id. ¶ 22(m).

                                                 5
       On December 17, 2002, Patrick Lawlor, W.K. Smith, and Tom Sharpley, representatives

of Digital, presented the National Cost Analysis results to officers from Affiliated. Id. ¶ 23. The

representatives from Digital explained the results of the study, “informed [Affiliated’s officers]

of the magnitude of their [coordination-of-benefits] problem,” and “explained that [Affiliated]

was not complying with applicable Medicaid laws and that it was submitting millions of dollars

in Medicaid claims each month that were properly billable to private third[-]party insurers.” Id.

At this same meeting, Digital’s representatives informed Affiliated “of available software that

would remedy their [coordination-of-benefits] problem, prevent submission of illegal Medicaid

claims, and bring [Affiliated] into compliance with the law.”            Id. ¶ 24.     The Digital

representatives stated that this automated coordination-of-benefits software would “completely

eradicate[] [Affiliated’s] improper Medicaid billing by identifying liable third[-]party insurers at

the moment that claims were paid.” Id. ¶ 27. Affiliated refused to implement the software. Id. ¶

29.

       On January 16, 2004, Joe Glorioso, a Digital representative, met with Affiliated

representatives again and “offered to solve [Affiliated’s coordination-of-benefits] problem and to

bring [Affiliated] into compliance with Medicaid laws and regulations.” Id. ¶ 31. Affiliated

“again refused to resolve its [coordination-of-benefits] problem and become compliant with

applicable Medicaid law.” Id. Thereafter, Digital filed a Complaint in this Court on July 21,

2006, and filed an Amended Complaint on June 29, 2007. Both were filed under seal pursuant to

31 U.S.C. § 3730(b)(2).

       There are eight counts set forth in the Amended Complaint, all based on the events

outlined above. See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 45-138. In general, the Amended Complaint alleges that

“[s]ince December 17, 2002, [Affiliated] has caused tens of thousands of improper claims to be

                                                 6
submitted to Medicaid each month in its capacity as a Medicaid pharmacy benefits manager . . .

and as a Medicaid fiscal agent.” Id. ¶ 37. Count One asserts violations of the federal False

Claims Act, id. ¶¶ 45-58, and alleges that Affiliated

       knowingly presented or caused to be presented false or fraudulent claims for
       payment or approval to an officer or employee of the United States, including
       claims for reimbursement for medication and services rendered to Medicaid
       patients whose third party insurance covered the medication and services, and
       which should have been presented to those third party insurers pursuant to
       applicable Medicaid laws,

id. ¶ 51. Count One also alleges that Affiliated “conspired to defraud the United States by

getting a false or fraudulent claim allowed or paid.” Id. ¶ 53. Counts Two through Eight assert

violations of the state false claims act laws of Florida, id. ¶¶ 59-69, Massachusetts, id. ¶¶ 70-81,

Montana, id. ¶¶ 82-92, Tennessee, id. ¶¶ 93-104, Texas, id. ¶¶ 105-115, the District of Columbia,

id. ¶¶ 116-126, and Louisiana, id. ¶¶ 127-138.

       On April 14, 2009, the United States filed an Election to Decline Intervention in this case,

ECF No. 35, and on April 21, 2009, the Court ordered that the case be unsealed, and that the

plaintiff/relator serve a copy of the complaint on the defendant, ECF No. 36. On June 19, 2009,

the defendant filed its motion to dismiss.

                                II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

A.     Motion To Dismiss Under Rule 12(b)(1)

       A motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) “presents a threshold

challenge to the Court’s jurisdiction,” and thus “the Court is obligated to determine whether it

has subject-matter jurisdiction in the first instance.” Curran v. Holder, 626 F. Supp. 2d 30, 32

(D.D.C. 2009) (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). When reviewing a motion to

dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1), the Court must accept as true all of the factual allegations

contained in the complaint. Leatherman v. Tarrant Cnty. Narcotics Intelligence & Coordination

                                                 7
Unit, 507 U.S. 163, 164 (1993). Under Rule 12(b)(1), “it is presumed that a cause lies outside

[the federal courts’] limited jurisdiction,” Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S.

375, 377 (1994), unless the plaintiff establishes by a preponderance of the evidence that the

Court possesses jurisdiction, see, e.g., Hollingsworth v. Duff, 444 F. Supp. 2d 61, 63 (D.D.C.

2006). Therefore, the “plaintiff’s factual allegations in the complaint . . . will bear closer

scrutiny in resolving a 12(b)(1) motion than in resolving a 12(b)(6) motion for failure to state a

claim.” Grand Lodge of Fraternal Order of Police v. Ashcroft, 185 F. Supp. 2d 9, 13-14 (D.D.C.

2001) (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). Furthermore, in determining whether it

has jurisdiction over the case, the Court “may consider materials outside of the pleadings.”

Jerome Stevens Pharm., Inc. v. FDA, 402 F.3d 1249, 1253 (D.C. Cir. 2005).

B.      Motion To Dismiss Under Rule 12(b)(6)

        A motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) tests whether the

plaintiff has properly stated a claim upon which relief may be granted. Woodruff v. DiMario,

197 F.R.D. 191, 193 (D.D.C. 2000). For a complaint to survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, it need

only provide “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to

relief,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2), in order to “give the defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is

and the grounds on which it rests,” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)

(citation omitted). “Although detailed factual allegations are not necessary to withstand a Rule

12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, to provide the grounds of entitlement to relief, a plaintiff must

furnish more than labels and conclusions or a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of

action.” Hinson ex rel. N.H. v. Merritt Educ. Ctr., 521 F. Supp. 2d 22, 27 (D.D.C. 2007)

(quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555) (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted). As the

Supreme Court recently stated, “[t]o survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain

                                                   8
sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’”

Ashcroft v. Iqbal, __ U.S. __, __, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1949 (2009) (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at

570).

        A claim is facially plausible “when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the

court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.”

Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556).           A complaint alleging facts which are “‘merely

consistent with’ a defendant’s liability . . . ‘stops short of the line between possibility and

plausibility of ‘entitlement to relief.’”     Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557) (brackets

omitted). In evaluating a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, “[t]he complaint must be liberally construed in

favor of the plaintiff, who must be granted the benefit of all inferences that can be derived from

the facts alleged,” Schuler v. United States, 617 F.2d 605, 608 (D.C. Cir. 1979) (internal

quotation marks and citations omitted), and the Court “may consider only the facts alleged in the

complaint, any documents either attached to or incorporated in the complaint, and matters of

which [the Court] may take judicial notice,” E.E.O.C. v. St. Francis Xavier Parochial Sch., 117

F.3d 621, 624 (D.C. Cir. 1997) (footnote omitted).

        In addition, “because the False Claims Act is self-evidently an anti-fraud statute,

complaints brought under it must comply with Rule 9(b)” of the Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure. United States ex rel. Totten v. Bombardier Corp., 286 F.3d 542, 551-52 (D.C. Cir.

2002). That rule requires a plaintiff to “state with particularity the circumstances constituting

fraud or mistake.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b). Rule 9(b) is not an antithesis of Rule 8(a)’s “short and

plain statement” requirement, but rather a supplement to it. Baker v. Gurfein, __ F. Supp. 2d __,

No. 09-1480, 2010 WL 4021382, at *3 (D.D.C. Oct. 13, 2010) (Walton, J.) (citing United States

ex rel. Williams v. Martin-Baker Aircraft Co., 389 F.3d 1251, 1256 (D.C. Cir. 2004)).

                                                   9
Accordingly, to survive a motion to dismiss for failure to plead a False Claims Act claim with

the degree of particularity required by Rule 9(b), a plaintiff must “state the time, place[,] and

content of the false misrepresentations, the fact misrepresented[,] and what was retained or given

up as a consequence of the fraud.” Williams, 389 F.3d at 1256 (citations omitted). A plaintiff

must also “identify individuals allegedly involved in the fraud.” Id.

                                    III. LEGAL ANALYSIS

       As noted at the outset of this opinion, the defendant moves to dismiss this case under

Rule 12(b)(1), claiming that the Court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction, and under Rule 12(b)(6),

claiming that the plaintiff/relator has failed to plead fraud with the requisite particularity. See

Def.’s Mem. at 1-5. The District of Columbia Circuit has stated that courts should consider Rule

12(b)(1) jurisdictional challenges before addressing Rule 12(b)(6) challenges. United States ex

rel. Settlemire v. District of Columbia, 198 F.3d 913, 920-21 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (citing United

States ex. rel. Kreindler & Kriendler v. United Techs. Corp., 985 F.2d 1148, 1155-56 (2d Cir.

1993)). The Court therefore begins its analysis by first addressing the Rule 12(b)(1) challenge.

A.    The Challenge to the Court’s Subject-Matter Jurisdiction Over Count I

      The False Claims Act imposes civil liability on any person who knowingly submits false

claims to the government.       See 31 U.S.C. §§ 3729-3733; Graham Cnty. Soil & Water

Conservation Dist. v. United States ex rel. Wilson, __ U.S. __, __, 130 S. Ct. 1396, 1400 (2010).

To encourage the disclosure of fraud that might otherwise escape detection, the False Claims Act

permits private individuals to file qui tam actions on the federal government’s behalf against

perpetrators of the fraud and to share in the proceeds recovered as a result of successful claims.

31 U.S.C. § 3730(b)(1), (d). However, not every claim of fraud by a relator qualifies under the

False Claims Act; instead, the Act bars federal courts from exercising subject-matter jurisdiction

                                                10
over certain qui tam actions. See id. § 3730(e). Relevant here is what is referred to as the

“public disclosure” provision, which provides:

       (A) No court shall have jurisdiction over an action under this section based
           upon the public disclosure of allegations or transactions in a criminal, civil,
           or administrative hearing, in a congressional, administrative, or Government
           Accounting Office Report, hearing, audit, or investigation, or from the news
           media, unless the action is brought by the Attorney General or the person
           bringing the action is an original source of the information.

       (B) For the purposes of this paragraph, “original source” means an individual
           who has direct and independent knowledge of the information on which the
           allegations are based and has voluntarily provided the information to the
           Government before filing an action under this section which is based on the
           information.

Id. § 3730(e)(4), amended by Pub. L. No. 111-148, § 10104(j)(2), 124 Stat. 119, 901-902

(2010). 3 “Under this regime, jurisdiction is lacking ‘whenever the relator files a complaint

describing allegations or transactions substantially similar to those in the public domain,

regardless of the actual source for the information in the particular complaint.’” Settlemire, 198

F.3d at 918 (quoting United States ex rel. Findley v. FPC-Boron Employees’ Club, 105 F.3d 675,

682 (D.C. Cir. 1997)). This jurisdictional scheme represents Congressional attempts to find “the

golden mean between adequate incentives for whistle-blowing insiders with genuinely valuable

information and discouragement of opportunistic plaintiffs who have no significant information

to contribute of their own.” United States ex rel. Springfield Terminal Ry. Co. v. Quinn, 14 F.3d

645, 649 (D.C. Cir. 1994).

       Invoking the public disclosure provision, the defendant argues that the Court lacks

subject-matter jurisdiction in this case because “there have been multiple disclosures of the

3
 This provision was amended on March 23, 2010; however, the amendment is not retroactive. Graham Cnty., __
U.S. at __, 130 S. Ct. at 1400 n.1. The Court, therefore, must apply the version of the statute in force when the
Amended Complaint was filed, which the Court has quoted above.

                                                       11
general notion that Medicaid sometimes pays claims for healthcare services for which third-party

carriers should have been charged.” Def.’s Mem. at 19. As support, the defendant points to

several sources, including three Government Accountability Office (“GAO”) reports and a

Senate subcommittee hearing. See id. at 22-24. For its part, the plaintiff/relator does not dispute

that any of the items offered by the defendant can be properly considered by the Court in its

jurisdictional inquiry, see Pl.’s Opp’n at 19-30, but represents that “[t]he disclosure of a ‘general

notion’ is insufficient to constitute a public disclosure under the False Claims Act,” id. at 20.

       “The public disclosure prong of [31 U.S.C.] § 3730(e)[(4)(A)] has two discrete criteria:

there must be a public disclosure of allegations or transactions[,] and the qui tam suit must be

based upon the public disclosure.” United States ex rel. Hockett v. Columbia/HCA Healthcare

Corp., 498 F. Supp. 2d 25, 45 (D.D.C. 2007) (internal quotation marks omitted); see Findley, 105

F.3d at 686-87 (“The Act triggers the jurisdictional bar only when there has been a public

disclosure of ‘allegations or transactions,’ which it explicitly refers to in the disjunctive.” (citing

United States ex rel. Precision Co. v. Koch Indus., Inc., 971 F.2d 548, 552 n.2 (10th Cir. 1992))).

The District of Columbia Circuit explained the significance of the terms “allegation” and

“transaction” with an algebraic equation: X (the misrepresented facts) + Y (the true facts) = Z

(the fraud). United States ex rel. J. Cooper & Assocs., Inc. v. Bernard Hodes Grp., Inc., 422 F.

Supp. 2d 225, 234 (D.D.C. 2006) (citing Springfield, 14 F.3d at 654). Qui tam actions are

therefore barred only when enough information exists in the public domain to expose the

fraudulent transaction (the combination of X and Y), or the allegation of fraud (Z).                See

Springfield, 14 F.3d at 654. Where only one element of the fraudulent transaction is in the

public domain (X), the qui tam plaintiff may mount a case by coming forward with either the

additional element necessary to state a case of fraud (Y) or the allegations of fraud itself (Z).

                                                  12
Cooper, 422 F. Supp. 2d at 234 (citing Springfield, 14 F.3d at 655); see also Settlemire, 198 F.3d

at 918 (“[W]e inquire only as to whether the publicly disclosed information ‘could have formed

the basis for a governmental decision on prosecution, or could at least have alerted law-

enforcement authorities to the likelihood of wrongdoing.’” (quoting United States ex. rel. Joseph

v. Cannon, 642 F.2d 1373, 1377 (D.C. Cir. 1981))). With the scope of these limitations on the

Court’s jurisdiction in mind, the Court now turns to the sources relied upon by the defendant as

grounds for invoking the public disclosure provision. 4

         First, the defendant cites a 1992 GAO report which concluded that “Medicaid could save

millions of dollars if states ensured that liable third parties paid Medicaid recipients’ medical

bills,” and outlined two measures that states could employ to “realize these savings.” ECF No.

44-5 at 3. These measures concerned improving compliance with federal requirements that

States identify and recover payments from liable health insurers, and improving child support

enforcement techniques for the purpose of assuring that noncustodial parents of Medicaid

children provide health insurance for their children when it is available through their employers.

Id. This document also references a 1990 survey from the Bureau of the Census showing “that

13.2 percent of Medicaid recipients had private or employer-provided health insurance.” Id. at 2.

         Second, the defendant points to a May 1994 GAO report, entitled “Medicare/Medicaid

Data Bank Unlikely to Increase Collections From Other Insurers.” ECF No. 44-6 at 2. That

report discussed particular aspects of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, which

directed the establishment of a data bank to “contain information on all workers, spouses, and

4
  As with the two reports cited in Part I of this opinion, most of the sources cited by the defendant are attached as
exhibits to the Declaration of Douglas W. Baruch, which was submitted with the Defendant’s Memorandum of
Points and Authorities in Support of its Motion to Dismiss. For ease of reference, the Court will cite to these
sources by listing their Electronic Case File number and corresponding page number as assigned by the electronic
system and indicated on the top right portion of the document.

                                                        13
dependents that are covered by employer group health plans.” Id. at 3. The GAO stated that the

purpose of the data bank was “to help (1) identify Medicare and Medicaid beneficiaries who

have other health insurance coverage that should pay medical bills ahead of the Medicare and

Medicaid programs[,] and (2) ensure that this insurance is appropriately applied to reduce

Medicare and Medicaid costs.” Id. The report concluded, however, that the data bank “may not

measurably strengthen the existing processes for ensuring that beneficiaries’ health insurers pay

ahead of Medicare and Medicaid.” Id.

       Third, the defendant offers a March 2005 Congressional Research Service report entitled

“State Medicaid Program Administration: A Brief Overview.” ECF No. 44-4 at 2. According to

this document, “[f]ederal law requires each state to designate a single state agency to administer

or supervise the administration of its Medicaid program,” and that state agency “will often

contract with other public or private entities to perform various [Medicaid] program functions.”

Id. The report referenced an August 2000 survey that assessed the “operational responsibility for

16 key [Medicaid] functions [and] found that only five states had Medicaid agencies that

administered (or shared in the administration of) all 16.” Id. However, the survey found that

“most functions not directly administered by the Medicaid agency were handled by another state

agency or department.” Id. That same survey also revealed that “29 states contracted with the

private sector to administer” the operation of Medicaid Management Information Systems,

“which are [systems] used for claims and other data processing purposes.” Id. Several pages

later, the report references a July 2004 GAO report which indicated the following:

       Medicaid’s size and diversity make[] it vulnerable to improper payments that can
       result from fraud, abuse, and inadvertent errors. States have taken various
       approaches to preventing and detecting improper payments to providers, such as
       tightening provider enrollment controls . . . and using advanced technologies to
       integrate provider, beneficiary, and claims information to conduct more efficient
       eligibility, utilization, and billing reviews.

                                               14
Id. at 6.

        Fourth, the defendant points to a 2005 statement delivered by Senator Charles Grassley

on the floor of the United States Senate regarding a provision of the Deficit Omnibus Reduction

Act of 2005. 5 ECF No. 44-7 at 3-5. Senator Grassley declared that the Medicaid provisions

within this legislation would “achieve[] savings by helping State Medicaid Programs obtain

millions in payments owed by third-party payers each year.” Id. at 4. He also indicated that the

legislation “cracks down on Medicaid fraud and abuse by encouraging States to aggressively

pursue Medicaid fraud by implementing . . . State false claims acts.” Id.

        Fifth, the defendant cites a transcript of a March 2006 hearing before a subcommittee of

the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Government Affairs titled “Bolstering The

Safety Net: Eliminating Medicaid Fraud.” ECF 44-8 at 2. Senator Tom Coburn’s opening

statement noted that the “unchecked [Medicaid] spending growth would be troublesome enough.

However, that’s not the end of the story. Unfortunately, fraud and improper payments is [sic] a

huge problem in this program. We don’t know how huge because nobody is measuring the

problem in any sort of systematic way.” Id. at 5. In that hearing, Dennis Smith, the Director of

the Center for Medicaid and State Operations, testified that “I think that part of the message that

I want to carry today is that we are on the right path.” Id. at 6. Mr. Smith noted that state

collections from liable third-party payers were up from $900 million in 2002 to $1.1 billion in

2005, and he stated that “[i]n terms of cost avoidance, putting edits in your system so you’re not

paying in the first place, . . . [t]hat is up substantially.” Id. He also indicated that determining a

5
   Senator Grassley’s speech appears in the Congressional Record, which the Court accepts as a type of
congressional report as contemplated by 31 U.S.C. § 3730(e)(4)(A). See supra at 11.

                                                 15
payment error rate in the Medicaid program was difficult because the “error rate can come from

so many different sources.” Id. at 7.

        Finally, the defendant cites a September 2006 GAO Report, entitled “Medicaid Third-

Party Liability[:] Federal Guidance Needed to Help States Address Continuing Problems.” ECF

No. 44-3 at 2. 6 This report identified “[p]roblems verifying Medicaid beneficiaries’ private

health coverage” as one of the top three problems states face in ensuring that Medicaid is the

payer or last resort, see id. at 11, 18-20, and found that an estimated thirteen percent of people

“who reported having Medicaid coverage for the entire year also reported having private health

[insurance] coverage at some time during the same year,” id. at 10. In a section describing the

verification problems, the report stated the following:

        Verification of available private health coverage for Medicaid beneficiaries is key
        to ensuring that states are able to appropriately avoid paying claims or to collect
        from those that are liable. Nevertheless, state officials often told us, one of the
        top three problems they faced in ensuring that Medicaid was the payer of last
        resort was related to verifying beneficiaries’ other coverage. Some state officials
        reported their problem broadly, stating, for example, that third parties would not
        cooperate in providing eligibility or coverage information. Others cited specific
        problems related to the verification process, stating, for example, that third parties
        would not assist with the state’s verification process by sharing coverage files
        electronically. . . .

        . . . State officials reported a range of problems they experienced in verifying
        coverage information. For example, officials in 12 states indicated that certain
        third parties or their contractors, such as self-insured plans, pharmacy benefit
        managers, or plan administrators, ignored the state’s requests for verification
        information about Medicaid beneficiaries or declined to verify coverage. Four
        states reported that third parties cited privacy provisions in the Health Insurance
        Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 as one reason they could not share
        coverage information with state Medicaid offices. Additionally, an official in
        [one] state reported that some third parties would not verify coverage for seasonal

6
  Although this report was published in September 2006, approximately two months after the original complaint
was filed, it was made public before the Amended Complaint was filed in June 2007. The Court will therefore
consider this document in its jurisdictional assessment. See Rockwell Int’l Corp. v. United States, 549 U.S. 457,
473-74 (2007) (“[W]hen a plaintiff files a complaint in federal court and then voluntarily amends the complaint,
courts look to the amended complaint to determine jurisdiction.”).

                                                       16
         workers[,] and that some insurance companies limited the number of verifications
         they were willing to provide during a single phone call.

Id. at 18-20 (footnote omitted). In discussing how states could better comply with provisions of

the 2006 Deficit Reduction Act, the GAO noted that

         there is also some disagreement in the industry as to whether the statutory
         provisions regarding the requirement to provide states with coverage and other
         information apply to certain entities. According to CMS and officials from the
         private consulting firm, some entities, such as certain pharmacy benefit managers
         and plan administrators, have indicated that the requirement that states have laws
         in effect to require reporting of coverage and related information does not apply
         to them. For example, private insurers and health plans may hire pharmacy
         benefit managers and plan administrators to process the claims – that is, to pay the
         claims on their behalf – and the pharmacy benefit managers and plan
         administrators may not view themselves as “legally responsible for payment of a
         claim for a health care item or service.” Without cooperation from these
         contracted entities in sharing coverage information and in paying claims, states
         may continue to have many of the problems they reported. CMS officials said
         that they had met with trade associations representing pharmacy benefit managers
         and plan administrators to discuss and obtain input about these entities’
         responsibilities under the Deficit Reduction Act.

Id. at 27. 7

         After carefully considering the impact of these sources, the Court concludes that while

they do reveal some important background information, such as the problem of verifying

whether a Medicaid beneficiary has third-party coverage and the difficulties states have in

obtaining payment from third-party payers, this information does not rise to the level of

“allegations or transactions” as contemplated by § 3730(e)(4)(A). To begin with, none of the

7
   As another type of public disclosure, the defendant refers the Court to contracts that Affiliated has “with multiple
states to assist in the administration of state Medicaid programs through its [pharmacy benefits management] and
[Medicaid Management Information Systems] services.” Def.’s Mem. at 24. The defendant represents that these
“contracts are publicly bid, and the awards are published.” Id. In conducting its assessment of the public
disclosures, however, 31 U.S.C. § 3730(e)(4)(A) expressly limits the Court to disclosures in “a criminal, civil, or
administrative hearing, in a congressional, administrative, or Government Accounting Office report, hearing, audit,
or investigation, or from the news media.” Unlike the Senate floor speech, supra note 5, the Court does not see how
anything on this statutory list of sources would encompass a contract to perform services between a private entity
and a state Medicaid agency. Nor has any supporting documentation (such as a story about these contracts in the
news media) been provided. As such, the Court will not consider the impact of these contracts in its jurisdictional
inquiry.

                                                         17
disclosures mention Affiliated, let alone any other specific entity. The fact that twenty-nine

states contract in some fashion with “private entities” to administer one particular aspect of their

Medicaid programs, as noted in the Congressional Research Service Report, ECF No. 44-4 at 2,

may limit the field to a relatively narrow range of actors, but the more relevant inquiry is whether

the documents disclose any “allegations or transactions” that trigger the False Claims Act’s

“jurisdictional bar.” See Findley, 105 F.3d at 686-87. On that front, the Congressional Research

Service’s discussion about reducing improper payments to providers does not elaborate on how,

or how many, pharmacy benefits managers or fiscal agents might be responsible for the fraud or

abuse in the Medicaid system. See ECF No. 44-4 at 6. Indeed, the report suggested that

improper payments could be the result of “inadvertent errors” and not necessarily fraud and

abuse. Id. Thus, there is nothing in this report from which the Court can infer an allegation that

Affiliated engaged in fraud.

       The three GAO reports are also devoid of any allegations of fraud or wrongdoing by

anyone. The 1992 and 1994 GAO reports indicate that states have difficulty identifying and

recovering payments from third-party insurers, which is attributable in part to the limited

authority states have over out-of-state insurance companies and the short deadlines in the

Medicaid recovery process. See ECF No. 44-5 at 4; ECF No. 44-6 at 10-11. However, these

reports do not discuss the role of Medicaid fiscal agents or pharmacy benefits managers, much

less any particulars regarding how claims are processed and submitted to state Medicaid

agencies.

       As for the 2006 GAO report, at most it expresses some dissatisfaction with the entities

that were apparently uncooperative with state Medicaid officials’ requests for coverage

information, see ECF No. 44-3 at 18-20, but it stops short of making an allegation of fraud or

                                                18
improper conduct. In fact, the report discusses how pharmacy benefits managers and plan

administrators may have acted in good-faith because they believed that a specific law did not

apply to them, and they provided input to federal government officials about their responsibilities

under the statute. Id. at 27. See United States ex rel. Davis v. Prince, __ F. Supp. 2d __, __, No.

08-1244, 2011 WL 63899, at *11 (E.D. Va. Jan. 5, 2011) (“To be sure, the audit report clearly

expresses dissatisfaction with the fact that Blackwater does not require its employees to fill out

time sheets in which they certify the number of hours worked each day, but there is no allegation

of fraud or wrongdoing by anyone.”); United States ex rel. Ven-A-Care v. Actavis Mid Atl. LLC,

659 F. Supp. 2d 262, 267 (D. Mass. 2009) (finding that even though government reports

established that Medicaid was paying too much for drugs, the reports did not “broadcast” an

allegation of fraud because there was no discussion of the reasons for the overcharge or any

suggestion of wrongdoing by the defendants); United States ex rel. Mikes v. Straus, 931 F. Supp.

248, 254-55 (S.D.N.Y. 1996) (determining that the public disclosure provision did not apply

when the disclosures contained no allegation of fraud and referred to a different type of

transaction). The GAO reports, therefore, do not reveal any allegations against Affiliated that

would place this case outside the Court’s jurisdiction.

       The statements from Senators Grassley and Coburn, as well as the testimony from Dennis

Smith, certainly speak to problems concerning the Medicaid program obtaining payments from

third-party payers and the federal government’s concern and efforts to address the problem. See

ECF No. 44-7 at 3-5; ECF No. 44-8 at 5-8. Yet, they do not identify any particular forms of

fraud that may have been contributing to the Medicaid third-party payer problem or allege

wrongdoing on the part of pharmacy benefits managers or Medicaid fiscal agents. At most,

Senator Coburn recognized that “nobody is measuring the problem [of Medicaid fraud and

                                                19
improper payments] in any sort of systematic way,” ECF No. 44-8 at 5, and Senator Grassley

even encouraged states to adopt their own version of the federal False Claims Act to pursue

Medicaid fraud, which on the federal level he said is “the single most important tool that U.S.

taxpayers have to recover the billions of dollars stolen through fraud every year,” ECF No. 44-7

at 4. Moreover, on the issue of determining an accurate number of payment error rates in the

Medicaid program, Dennis Smith testified that this was

       [n]ot an easy thing to do, as you can imagine, as States – I mean, your error rate
       can come from so many different sources. It can be a provider issue. It can be an
       eligibility issue. It can come from a variety of different angles. And that will be a
       challenge, quite frankly, to work through all of those issues to get to a reliable and
       verifiable payment error rate.

ECF No. 44-8 at 7-8.      Thus, while the government may be aware of fraud and improper

payments being made by participants in the Medicaid program on a general level, it was not

“squarely on the trail” of the defendant. United States ex rel. Fine v. Sandia Corp., 70 F.3d 568,

571 (10th Cir. 1995).

       In the context of what is alleged in this case, the plaintiff/relator’s theory is that the

defendant, in its role as a Medicaid fiscal agent and pharmacy benefits manager, failed to

implement proper technology to screen Medicaid claimants for third-party coverage despite

knowing that as many as one-third of these claimants may have such coverage. According to

this theory, the defendant is therefore facilitating the submission of fraudulent Medicaid claims

when the state Medicaid agencies submit accounting information to the federal government. See

Am. Compl. ¶¶ 38-40, 51; Pl’s Opp’n at 30. In the lexicon of Springfield, none of the sources

relied upon by the defendant reveal an allegation of fraud (the Z result), or any transaction of

fraud (the combination of X and Y factors), as they fail to identify any schemes, the existence of

both a misrepresented state of facts and a true state of facts, or otherwise suggest an exchange

                                                20
between two parties. See Springfield, 14 F.3d at 654 (explaining that “[t]he term ‘transaction’

suggests an exchange between two parties or things that reciprocally affect or influence one

another”).

       The Court also finds guidance in other cases that have considered when public

disclosures have triggered the jurisdictional bar. In Sandia, for example, the relator claimed that

the defendant was misappropriating nuclear waste funds. 70 F.3d at 571. A prior GAO report

and congressional hearing had disclosed that contractors operating at two of the Department of

Energy’s nine multi-program laboratories were engaging in this practice. See id. at 569-70.

While Sandia was not named in these public disclosures, the Tenth Circuit reasoned that the

public disclosure bar had been triggered “[b]ecause these disclosures detailed the mechanics of

the practice, revealed that at least two of Sandia’s eight sister laboratories were engaged in it, and

indicated the [Department of Energy’s] acquiescence.” Id. at 571; accord In re Natural Gas

Royalties, 562 F.3d 1032, 1042 & n.4 (10th Cir. 2009) (finding a public disclosure of allegations

where the public disclosures at issue “named a significant percentage of industry participants as

wrongdoers and indicated that others in the industry were very likely engaged in the same

practices”).

       Similarly, in Findley, the District of Columbia Circuit affirmed a district court decision

which found that “the practice of government employees’ clubs retaining vending machine

income was widely known at the time [the suit] was brought” and was therefore barred by the

public disclosure provision. 105 F.3d at 678. The public disclosures in that case, which did not

name the defendant, consisted of a 1952 Comptroller General Opinion, the legislative history of

the Randolph-Sheppard Act, and an opinion from the United States Court of Appeals for the

Federal Circuit. Id. at 685. After reviewing those items, the circuit court remarked that “[e]ach

                                                 21
of the public disclosures that we rely on raises the specter of ‘foul play’ by acknowledging the

questionable legality of permitting federal employees to use federal facilities for the provision of

vending services and retaining revenue from such services.” Id. at 687 (emphasis added). The

court added that these sources “specifically identify the nature of the fraud . . . as well as the

federal employee actors engaged in the allegedly fraudulent activity.” Id.

       Finally, in Settlemire, the relator claimed that the District of Columbia had “spent funds

appropriated by the United States for purposes other than those intended by Congress.” 198 F.3d

at 915. Congress had appropriated approximately $17 million for certain specified activities

related to the Metropolitan Police Department. Id. at 916. During testimony before a Senate

subcommittee, however, the Chief of Police testified as to his belief that these funds were

“virtually unencumbered in the way that the Congress intended us to use it, as long as it was used

specifically for law enforcement purposes.” Id. at 919. The District of Columbia Circuit

determined that because “District officials disclosed in public Congressional hearings that they

were using the funds for purposes beyond those listed in the Expansion Act,” that testimony

“enable[d] the government to adequately investigate the case and to make a decision whether to

prosecute.” Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted). The court noted that “[c]ases may arise

where disclosures of a practice are insufficient to be considered public disclosures of later

instances of fraud,” but found that “where we have before us publicly disclosed information

showing how this same defendant intended to spend monies appropriated under this same statute,

it is clear that public disclosure under § 3730(e)(4)(A) has occurred.” Id.

       In this case, unlike Sandia, Findley, and Settlemire, the public disclosures did not suggest

where the fraud was occurring, what percent of actors within the industry were purportedly

engaged in it, the nature of any schemes used to facilitate the payment of false Medicaid claims,

                                                22
or any specific entities that allegedly engaged in such activity. As recently observed by the

Seventh Circuit, “[a]s far as we can tell, no court of appeals supports the view that a report

documenting widespread false claims, but not attributing them to anyone in particular, blocks qui

tam litigation against every member of the entire industry.” United States ex rel. Baltazar v.

Warden, __ F.3d. __, __, No. 09-2167, 2011 WL 559393, at *3 (7th Cir. Feb. 18, 2011); see

Cooper v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Fla. Inc., 19 F.3d 562, 566 (11th Cir. 1994) (indicating

that a GAO report discussing widespread Medicare Secondary Payer fraud, which names other

insurance companies but did not mention Blue Cross Blue Shield, was insufficient to trigger the

public disclosure bar). While “determining whether ‘allegations or transactions’ have been

‘public[ly] disclos[ed]’ will never be cut-and-dried,” Springfield, 14 F.3d at 656, the Court

concludes that the public disclosures here did not reveal any “allegations or transactions” for the

purposes of § 3730(e)(4)(A). 8 Accordingly, the defendant’s motion to dismiss for lack of

subject-matter jurisdiction will be denied.

B.      The Amended Complaint Fails To Plead Fraud With Particularity

        The defendant also argues that the Amended Complaint fails to satisfy Rule 9(b) of the

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. See Def.’s Mem. at 1-4, 8-18. Among other inadequacies, the

defendant contends that the Amended Complaint “fails to specify (1) any specific claim for

payment submitted to the government, (2) the time and place of any of the purportedly fraudulent

claims, or (3) which representatives of [Affiliated] allegedly committed the wrongful acts.” Id.

at 13. The plaintiff/relator argues that it is not required to plead evidence supporting its claim at

this stage and that the Amended Complaint is sufficiently specific. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 10-19.

8
  Having made this determination, the Court need not consider whether the plaintiff/relator was an “original source”
of the information. 31 U.S.C. § 3730(e)(4)(A); Springfield, 14 F.3d at 651.

                                                        23
       Upon reviewing the Amended Complaint, the Court agrees with the defendant that it fails

to satisfy the particularity requirement imposed by Rule 9(b). Notably, the Amended Complaint

fails to identify any individual associated with Affiliated who was involved in the purported

fraudulent activity. See generally Am. Compl. This is not in keeping with the law in this circuit,

which “require[s] pleaders to identify individuals allegedly involved in the fraud.” Williams,

389 F.3d at 1256; see also id. at 1257 (finding a lack of specificity when the complaint

“repeatedly refers generally to ‘management’ and provides a long list of names without ever

explaining the role these individuals played in the alleged fraud”); United States ex rel. Bender v.

N. Am. Telecomms., Inc., 686 F. Supp. 2d 46, 53-54 (D.D.C. 2010) (“[False Claims Act] cases

in this circuit reveal that specificity regarding the identities of individual actors is required.”

(citation omitted)); Martin v. Arc of D.C., 541 F. Supp. 2d 77, 83 (D.D.C. 2008) (“[P]laintiff

fails to plead with particularity a viable claim under the [False Claims Act] because the

complaint fails to identify who, if anyone, made a false representation to the government and

fails to provide any of the purported details such as the time, place, and contents of the alleged

false representation.”).   The failure to identify anyone allegedly engaged in the fraud is

especially troubling because the plaintiff/relator is claiming that the defendant is involved in a

conspiracy that is responsible for the submission of “tens of thousands” of false Medicaid claims

to the United States since 2002. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 37, 53. Such imprecise pleading not only fails

to give Affiliated sufficient information to respond to the conspiracy accusation, but also subjects

it “to vague, potentially damaging accusations of fraud,” which is precisely what Rule 9(b) seeks

to avoid. Williams, 389 F.3d at 1257.

       Another shortcoming of the Amended Complaint is that it does not identify a single false

claim submitted to the federal government for Medicaid reimbursement or any claim improperly

                                                24
paid by Medicaid. For example, the plaintiff/relator alleges that “[s]ince at least December 17,

2002, [Affiliated] has caused tens of thousands of improper claims to be submitted to Medicaid

each month in its capacity as a Medicaid pharmacy benefits manager . . . and as a Medicaid fiscal

agent.” Am. Compl. ¶ 37. Yet, these broad allegations do not specify any representative claims

from among these “tens of thousands,” which would obviously be critical in providing Affiliated

“sufficient information to allow for preparation of a response.” Joseph, 642 F.2d at 1385; see

United States ex rel. Brown v. Aramark Corp., 591 F. Supp. 2d 68, 74 (D.D.C. 2008) (“[A]

relator must provide details that identify particular false claims for payment that were submitted

to the government.” (quoting United States ex rel. Karvelas v. Melrose-Wakefield Hosp., 360

F.3d 220, 232 (1st Cir. 2004))); United States ex rel. Barrett v. Columbia/HCA Healthcare Corp.,

251 F. Supp. 2d 28, 35 (D.D.C. 2003) (“While a complaint that covers a multi-year period may

not be required by Rule 9(b) to contain a detailed allegation of all facts supporting each and

every instance of submission of a false claim, some information on the false claims must be

included.” (emphasis added)). The plaintiff/relator’s complaint, therefore, lacks the specificity

that Rule 9(b) requires.

       The plaintiff/relator quotes at length from United States ex rel. Harris v. Bernad, 275 F.

Supp. 2d 1 (D.D.C. 2003), as support for its position. Pl.’s Opp’n at 12-13. However, the

Court’s reasoning in Harris does not provide a lifeline for the plaintiff/relator. There, in a case

concerning an alleged Medicare “upcoding” scheme, Judge Urbina denied a Rule 9(b) challenge

in part because the government pointed to information in twelve patient files which “provide[d]

the specificity required in complex fraud cases, even if these patients’ cases are only exemplary.”

275 F. Supp. 2d at 8. In this case, while the plaintiff/relator asserts that the Amended Complaint

“alleges examples of the thousands of claims for which third-party insurance existed,” Pl.’s

                                                25
Opp’n at 13, that is simply not correct. No examples, even exemplary ones, are provided in the

Amended Complaint.

         The plaintiff/relator points out that Affiliated is in exclusive possession of certain

information that prevents it from itemizing its claims or otherwise showing that the claims were

falsely processed. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 11, 16. If that is the case, “this circuit provides an avenue

for plaintiffs unable to meet the particularity standard because defendants control the relevant

documents–plaintiffs in such straits may allege lack of access in the complaint.” Williams, 389

F.3d at 1258. The same concept applies to pleadings based upon “information and belief,” which

generally do not satisfy Rule 9(b)’s particularity requirement. See United States ex rel. Davis v.

District of Columbia, 591 F. Supp. 2d 30, 37 (D.D.C. 2008) (“A relator invoking this exception

must plead a lack of access to necessary information in the complaint.” (citing Williams, 389

F.3d at 1258)). In its current iteration, however, the Amended Complaint fails to allege anything

about a lack of access. Accordingly, the Court concludes that the plaintiff/relator has failed to

plead fraud with particularity as required by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b).                                The

defendant’s motion to dismiss will be granted and Count One will be dismissed without

prejudice. 9

9
   31 U.S.C. § 3730(b)(1) provides that private actions under the False Claims Act may be dismissed “only if the
court and the Attorney General give written consent to the dismissal and their reasons for consenting.” The Court
previously noted that “should the relator or the defendant propose that this action be dismissed, settled, or otherwise
discontinued, the Court will solicit the written consent of the United States before ruling or granting its approval.”
Order, ECF No. 36 ¶ 7. This provision, however, pertains “only to voluntary dismissals, and does not prevent a
court from dismissing an action, without prejudice, without obtaining the consent of the Attorney General.” United
States ex rel. Baggan v. DME Corp., No. 96-1983, 1997 WL 600569, at *3 n.6 (D.D.C. Sept. 22, 1997) (citing
Minotti v. Lensink, 895 F.2d 100, 103-04 (2d Cir. 1990); see also United States ex rel. Mergent Services v. Flaherty,
540 F.3d 89, 91 (2d Cir. 2008) (“[W]e have previously construed this provision to apply ‘only in cases where a
plaintiff seeks voluntary dismissal of a claim or action brought under the False Claims Act, and not where the court
orders dismissal.’”) (quoting Minotti, 895 F.2d at 103). Because the plaintiff/relator is not seeking a voluntary
dismissal, and as explained infra, the plaintiff/relator will be granted leave to further amend its complaint, the Court
did not solicit the written consent of the United States before issuing this Memorandum Opinion, the Order issued
on March 31, 2011, and the Final Order that will be issued contemporaneously with this Opinion.

                                                          26
C.     The Remaining State Law Claims Will Be Dismissed

       The remaining seven counts of the Complaint allege violations of the analagous False

Claims Act statutes of several states and the District of Columbia. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 59-139.

While these claims are not based on federal law, a court with original federal jurisdiction over

certain claims has supplemental jurisdiction over state law claims “that are so related . . . that

they form part of the same case or controversy under Article III of the United States

Constitution.” 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a) (2006). “In order for a federal claim and a state-law claim to

form part of the ‘same case or controversy,’ the claims must derive from a ‘common nucleus of

operative fact.’” Taylor v. District of Columbia, 626 F. Supp. 2d 25, 28 (D.D.C. 2009) (quoting

United Mine Workers v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715, 725 (1966)).

       While the Amended Complaint requests that the Court exercise pendent jurisdiction over

the non-federal claims because they allegedly arise from the same factual conduct as the federal

claim, see, e.g., Am. Compl. ¶¶ 68, 103, “[p]endent jurisdiction is a doctrine of discretion, not a

plaintiff’s right.” Shekoyan v. Sibley Int’l, 409 F.3d 414, 423 (D.C. Cir. 2005) (quoting Gibbs,

383 U.S. at 726). “[I]n the usual case in which all federal-law claims are dismissed before trial,

the balance of factors to be considered under the pendent jurisdiction doctrine – judicial

economy, convenience, fairness, and comity – will point toward declining to exercise jurisdiction

over the remaining state-law claims.” Id. at 424 (quoting Carnegie-Mellon Univ. v. Cohill, 484

U.S. 343, 350 n.7 (1988)). Here, having dismissed the lone federal claim, the Court declines to

exercise jurisdiction over the remaining state law claims.      Counts Two through Eight will

therefore be dismissed without prejudice.

                                                27
D.     Leave To Amend Is Granted

       In lieu of dismissal, the plaintiff/relator requests that the Court either treat its opposition

as an amendment to the complaint or, in the alternative, grant it leave to amend. See Pl.’s Opp’n

at 34-36. The defendant counters that the opposition merely repeats the allegations already

contained in the Amended Complaint, and asserts that granting leave would be futile because the

plaintiff/relator has already revealed the contents of a second amended complaint through the

information in its opposition. See Def.’s Reply at 3-4, 20-21.

       It is true that for Rule 9(b) purposes courts may allow a party to supplement its complaint

through legal memoranda for the sake of judicial economy. Shekoyan v. Sibley Int’l Corp., 217

F. Supp. 2d 59, 73-74 (D.D.C. 2002) (Walton, J.), aff’d, 409 F.3d 414. Even if the Court did so

here, however, the material in the opposition would not salvage the plaintiff/relator’s federal

claim in the face of the Rule 9(b) challenge. So far as the Court can discern, the only new

information in the opposition is the affidavit provided by Nathan Hodgen, “an information

technology specialist.” Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. A (Affidavit of Nathan Hodgen) ¶ 1. The information

in this affidavit, however, pertains only to Mr. Hodgen’s efforts to evaluate studies regarding the

coordination of Medicaid benefits, see id. ¶¶ 1-10, and added nothing concerning the alleged

perpetrators of any acts of fraud or any information regarding specific false claims. Thus, the

plaintiff/relator would acquire no benefit from the Court incorporating its opposition into the

Complaint.

       Nevertheless, the Court is not convinced that allowing the plaintiff/relator to amend the

complaint would be futile. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a) provides that leave to amend

“shall be freely given when justice so requires,” and this Court has previously recognized that

leave to amend is “almost always” permitted to cure deficient pleadings concerning claims of

                                                 28
fraud. Shekoyan, 217 F. Supp. 2d at 74 (quoting Firestone v. Firestone, 76 F.3d 1205, 1209

(D.C. Cir. 1996)). Despite the age of this case, it is still in a relatively early procedural status

and the Court is reluctant at this point to draw any conclusions about the futility of a hypothetical

second amended complaint. See Rumber v. District of Columbia, 598 F. Supp. 2d 97, 102

(D.D.C. 2009) (noting that “[a]n amended complaint is futile if it merely restates the same facts

as the original complaint in different terms, reasserts a claim on which the court previously ruled,

fails to state a legal theory[,] or could not withstand a motion to dismiss.” (citations omitted)).

Accordingly, the Court will grant the plaintiff/relator leave to amend its complaint in order to

cure the deficiencies outlined above, if it is possible to do so.

                                              IV. CONCLUSION

         For the reasons set forth above, the Court concludes that it has subject-matter jurisdiction

over the plaintiff/relator’s federal False Claims Act claim, but that the plaintiff/relator has failed

to plead fraud with the particularity required by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The Court

further concludes that it will not exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the state law counts if

the plaintiff/relator cannot bring its Complaint into compliance with Rule 9(b).                                   The

plaintiff/relator therefore will be granted leave to amend its complaint, and is instructed to file

one, if it intends to do so, by May 16, 2011. 10

         SO ORDERED this 20th day of April, 2011.

                                                                         REGGIE B. WALTON
                                                                         United States District Judge

10
   A final order will be issued contemporaneously with this memorandum opinion (1) denying the defendant’s
motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, (2) granting the defendant’s motion to dismiss for failure to
plead fraud with particularity, (3) dismissing the state law claims without prejudice, and (4) granting the
plaintiff/relator leave to amend its complaint.

                                                          29