Court Opinion

ID: 4305343
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-08-20 16:00:31.220873+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:36:23.301299
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                            United States Court of Appeals
                                                                    Tenth Circuit

                                                                  August 20, 2018
                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                               Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                               TENTH CIRCUIT                       Clerk of Court

 ERICSSON, INC.,

              Plaintiff - Appellant,

 v.                                                    No. 17-3181
                                              (D.C. No. 2:15-CV-09301-CM)
 COREFIRST BANK & TRUST,                                 (D. Kan.)

              Defendant - Appellee.

                          ORDER AND JUDGMENT *

Before TYMKOVICH, Chief Judge, and BALDOCK & HOLMES, Circuit
Judges.

      This case arises from a mistaken overpayment that the plaintiff-appellant,

Ericsson, Inc. (“Ericsson”), deposited into the bank account of non-party Stutler

Technologies (“Stutler”). Stutler maintained its bank account with defendant-

appellee CoreFirst Bank & Trust (“CoreFirst”), to whom Stutler owed a number

of debts. Without knowing that the deposited money represented an overpayment,

      *
              After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has
determined unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). This case
is therefore submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not
binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and
collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent
with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
CoreFirst took the money from Stutler’s bank account in partial repayment for the

debts. Ericsson eventually discovered that it had overpaid Stutler and now wants

the overpayment back from CoreFirst. The district court denied Ericsson relief,

finding that CoreFirst was protected by the bona fide payee defense set forth in

§ 67 of the Restatement (Third) of Restitution and Unjust Enrichment (“Third

Restatement”). We agree with the district court and, exercising jurisdiction under

28 U.S.C. § 1291, affirm both the district court’s grant of summary judgment in

favor of CoreFirst and its denial of Ericsson’s own related motion for summary

judgment.

                                           I

      The facts in this case are largely undisputed. Ericsson is a Delaware

corporation with its principal place of business in Plano, Texas. 1 Ericsson had a

business relationship with Stutler, under which Stutler sold Ericsson’s products

and services in return for commissions. Ericsson would remit Stutler’s

commissions to Stutler’s bank account with CoreFirst. CoreFirst is a bank

incorporated in Kansas, with its principal place of business in Topeka, Kansas.

      In December 2013, Ericsson remitted an electronic payment to Stutler

worth $217,028.29, depositing this sum of money into Stutler’s CoreFirst bank

      1
              Before the district court, the parties stipulated to the salient facts at
issue in this case. See Aplt.’s App. at 16–19 (Pretrial Order, dated Jan. 4, 2017).
We rely upon these stipulated facts for purposes of the present appeal.

                                           2
account. A day after this deposit was made, CoreFirst deducted $191,623.49 from

Stutler’s bank account and applied this amount against Stutler’s outstanding debts

to CoreFirst. CoreFirst did not know that the funds it had just taken from

Stutler’s account were the product of an overpayment; indeed, it would not

discover this fact until March 2014, when notified by Ericsson. Specifically,

when Ericsson learned that it had overpaid Stutler, it informed Stutler and

CoreFirst of this fact. And in May 2014, Ericsson sent a formal demand to

CoreFirst requesting return of the overpayment.

      Ericsson also sent a demand for payment to Stutler, and when Stutler did

not reimburse Ericsson for the overpayment, Ericsson filed suit against it in Texas

state court. In July 2015, Ericsson prevailed in this litigation, winning a

judgment of $122,801.97, plus attorneys’ fees, against Stutler. But Stutler has not

made any payments to Ericsson based on this judgment.

      Separately, Ericsson filed suit against CoreFirst on October 1, 2015, in

federal court pursuant to diversity jurisdiction. Ericsson’s complaint alleged

three claims: conversion, money had and received, and unjust enrichment. The

district court granted in part CoreFirst’s motion to dismiss, dismissing Ericsson’s

conversion claim. Subsequently, CoreFirst moved for summary judgment against

the remaining claims, and in July 2017, the district court granted CoreFirst’s

motion, denied Ericsson’s own motion requesting summary judgment in its favor,

and entered judgment in CoreFirst’s favor. Ericsson now appeals from the district

                                          3
court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of CoreFirst and that court’s denial of

Ericsson’s motion for summary judgment.

                                         II

      We review the district court’s summary-judgment orders de novo and use

the same standards as the district court. See Water Pik, Inc. v. Med-Systems, Inc.,

726 F.3d 1136, 1143 (10th Cir. 2013). Summary judgment is appropriate when

there are no genuine disputes of material fact and the movant is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law. F ED R. C IV . P. 56(a). A fact is material if it “might

affect the outcome of the suit,” and a dispute is genuine “if the evidence is such

that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson

v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986).

      We consider the facts in the light most favorable to the nonmovant and

draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party. See Keith v.

Koerner, 843 F.3d 833, 852 (10th Cir. 2016). However, “[t]he mere existence of

a scintilla of evidence in support of the plaintiff’s position will be insufficient;

there must be evidence on which the [trier of fact] could reasonably find for the

plaintiff.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 252.

                                          III

      The district court granted summary judgment to CoreFirst after finding that

the bona fide payee defense applied to shield that company. The parties

stipulated that Kansas law governed the resolution of the substantive issues in the

                                              4
case. The district court acknowledged that Kansas courts have “not expressly

adopted” the Third Restatement’s bona fide payee defense but predicted that they

would do so in light of Kansas courts’ reliance on “various provisions of the

Restatement (First) of Restitution” and their having cited to the Third

Restatement. 2 Aplt.’s App. at 324 (Mem. & Order, dated July 19, 2017). On

appeal, Ericsson does not contest that Kansas courts would apply the Third

Restatement.

      Under § 67 of the Third Restatement:

             (1)   A payee without notice takes payment free of a restitution
             claim to which it would otherwise be subject, but only to the

      2
               We note that, quite apart from the Restatement, arguably a seminal
Kansas Supreme Court ruling in an analogous setting also provided an
independent ground for CoreFirst to contest Ericsson’s claim to restitution.
See Kimmel v. Bean, 75 P. 1118, 1121 (Kan. 1904) (holding that “a bank which
receives from an agent for deposit in his own name the money of his principal,
without notice of the agency, is protected in applying it to a past-due debt of the
depositor”). More specifically, Kimmel arguably recognizes the principle
underlying the bona fide payee defense: that a creditor who takes payment
without knowledge that a third party has claims to the funds underlying that
payment is not liable to the third party in restitution or unjust enrichment.
Though Kimmel dates back to the early 1900s, Kansas courts have continued to
cite it favorably and rely on it, even in recent decades. See, e.g., Sprague v. Farm
Credit Servs. of Cent. Kan. PCA, 22 P.3d 608, 611–12 (Kan. Ct. App. 2001)
(citing to and quoting from Kimmel); Hubbard v. Home Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass’n,
704 P.2d 399, 405 (Kan. Ct. App. 1985) (same). However, in the district court,
neither the parties nor the court cited to Kimmel, and the parties have elected to
litigate their dispute on appeal solely with reference to the Restatement and, in
particular, under the Third Restatement’s § 67. Accordingly, we are content to
resolve their dispute with the same focal point. With that said, at the very least,
Kimmel would seemingly provide further support for the district court’s
prediction that the Kansas courts would follow the rule of § 67.

                                             5
             extent that

             (a)   the payee accepts the funds in satisfaction or reduction of
             the payee’s valid claim as creditor of the payor or of another
             person;
                   ....
             (2)   A payee is entitled to the defense described in this section
             only if payment becomes final, and the payee learns of the
             payment and its ostensible application, before the payee has
             notice of the facts underlying the restitution claim the defense
             would cut off. For purposes of this subsection, a payment
             becomes final when the payor is no longer entitled to
             countermand or recover it without the aid of legal process.

R ESTATEMENT (T HIRD ) OF R ESTITUTION AND U NJUST E NRICHMENT § 67 (Am. Law

Inst. 2011) [hereinafter T HIRD R ESTATEMENT ]. As one court explained, § 67’s

bona fide payee defense furnishes “protection . . . for creditors who mistakenly

receive payments without knowledge of the error”—specifically, § 67 “recognizes

a creditor’s defense to a restitution claim ‘to which it would otherwise be subject’

. . . provided that the creditor did not have knowledge of the mistake.” Bank of

Am., N.A. v. P.T.A. Realty, LLC, 132 A.3d 689, 693 (R.I. 2016) (quoting T HIRD

R ESTATEMENT § 67). The underlying rationale of this rule is that the “[c]osts of

errors should be borne by those who make errors . . . rather than by innocent

beneficiaries.” Nat’l Bank v. FCC Equip. Fin., Inc., 801 N.W.2d 17, 21 (Iowa Ct.

App. 2011) (quoting Gen. Elec. Capital Corp. v. Cent. Bank, 49 F.3d 280, 284

(7th Cir. 1995)).

      By its plain terms, the bona fide payee defense applies to the facts of this

case. CoreFirst accepted funds from Stutler, in partial satisfaction of Stutler’s

                                          6
debts owed to CoreFirst, and did so without knowledge of the fact that the funds

it was taking were the result of an overpayment on the part of Ericsson. As such,

CoreFirst is entitled to those funds “free of a restitution claim.” T HIRD

R ESTATEMENT § 67; accord id. cmt. d (“The rule of § 67 cuts off what would

otherwise be a valid restitution claim that is typically based on fraud, mistake,

misappropriation of financial assets, or breach of fiduciary obligation.”).

      Ericsson makes several arguments for why the bona fide payee defense

does not apply to this case. However, none are availing.

                                          A

      Ericsson’s first argument is that because CoreFirst “never acquired rights to

the overpayment,” it cannot assert a § 67 defense. Aplt.’s Opening Br. at 11. In

support of this contention, Ericsson offers a single, unpublished case from a

different jurisdiction, General Motors, L.L.C. v. Comerica Bank, 2010 WL

5174515 (Mich. App. 2010) (unpublished). However, Comerica Bank fails to

vindicate Ericsson’s position.

      The facts of Comerica Bank do bear a resemblance to the instant case. The

plaintiff, General Motors (“GM”), overpaid a supplier by making deposits to the

supplier’s Comerica Bank account. Comerica applied those payments to the

supplier’s revolving credit loan with Comerica. The supplier declared

bankruptcy, and GM sued Comerica for unjust enrichment to recover the amount

of the overpayments. In defense, Comerica did not rely upon a bona fide payee

                                          7
defense or invoke any provision of the Restatement of Restitution and Unjust

Enrichment (i.e., Comerica did not assert a defense under either the First or the

Third Restatement).

      Instead, Comerica argued that the Uniform Commercial Code (“UCC”)

shielded it from liability for unjust enrichment. The Michigan Court of Appeals

was unpersuaded, holding that Comerica failed to point to “anything in [the UCC]

that could be said to have displaced GM’s unjust enrichment claim.” 2010 WL

5174515, at *4. That holding is of no value to Ericsson, however, for several

reasons. In the first place, an unpublished, out-of-state ruling is not, as Ericsson

would have it, “factually and legally dispositive of Ericsson’s claims,” Aplt.’s

Opening Br. at 10–11, because Kansas law, not the law of Michigan, applies to

the present suit. Moreover, Comerica is inapposite because that case did not

involve § 67 or the bona fide payee defense; instead, the court’s resolution turned

on the application of the UCC. Thus, Ericsson’s reliance on Comerica is

misplaced.

                                          B

      Ericsson next argues that even if CoreFirst had rights to the overpayment,

§ 67 still would not apply because of CoreFirst’s status as a “transferee” of the

overpayment. In other words, Ericsson claims that because “[t]here were two

transfers of money here”—the first being the overpayment from Ericsson to

Stutler, and the second being CoreFirst’s deduction from Stutler’s bank account—

                                          8
§ 67 does not apply. Aplt.’s Opening Br. at 13.

        Ericsson rests its argument on the original discharge for value rule, found

in § 14 of the Restatement (First) of Restitution. That rule states, in relevant part,

that:

              A creditor of another or one having a lien on another’s property
              who has received from a third person any benefit in discharge of
              the debt or lien, is under no duty to make restitution therefor,
              although the discharge was given by mistake of the transferor as
              to his interests or duties, if the transferee made no
              misrepresentation and did not have notice of the transferor’s
              mistake.

R ESTATEMENT (F IRST ) OF R ESTITUTION § 14 (Am. Law Inst. 1937). Ericsson

argues that this language requires a “third person,” (i.e., Ericsson) to have

directly paid the “creditor of another,” i.e., CoreFirst, and that it does not

contemplate a scenario in which a third person pays the debtor, who then in turn

transfers payment to the creditor. Aplt.’s Opening Br. at 15. As a consequence,

Ericsson insists that, under the terms of the discharge for value rule, “the [only]

proper transaction to consider is Ericsson’s payment to Stutler” because Ericsson

only directly paid Stutler, and CoreFirst never gave value to Ericsson. Aplt.’s

Reply Br. at 8.

        This argument misses the point. CoreFirst did not assert the First

Restatement’s discharge for value rule as an affirmative defense; it chose the

modern-day bona fide payee defense of § 67. And Ericsson has not quarreled

with the district court’s prediction that the Kansas courts would embrace § 67 as

                                           9
the governing law on these facts. Nothing in § 67’s text, which embodies the

bona fide payee defense, evinces the limitations inherent in the text of the

discharge for value rule under § 14. In other words, nothing in § 67 suggests that

the bona fide payee defense does not operate in situations where there has been

more than one payment. The Rhode Island Supreme Court’s P.T.A. Realty case

aptly underscores this point.

      In P.T.A. Realty, at the bank’s request, a state court placed the bank’s

borrower in receivership. See 132 A.3d at 691. The receiver took possession of

the borrower’s property and put it up for sale. The eventual buyer agreed to pay

all municipal taxes stemming from the purchase price, and the bank was to

receive the net proceeds of what remained from the sale. The buyer hired an

agent to calculate the outstanding taxes, to pay such taxes on its behalf, and then

to disburse funds from the closing. The agent performed its calculations, made

the requested deductions, and sent the remainder to the receiver. The receiver

sent the net proceeds to the bank, and the bank promptly applied the proceeds to

offset its secured claim on the borrower’s property. After the bank did so, the

buyer’s agent realized it had miscalculated the taxes and that the bank had

received an additional $80,000 in proceeds that should have gone to pay taxes.

See id. at 692.

      The buyer sought restitution of the $80,000 overpayment under a theory of

unjust enrichment. The bank asserted that it was a third-party creditor who took

                                         10
payment without any notice of an error in tax calculations. Id. Invoking the

rationale of § 67, the Rhode Island Supreme Court found for the bank. Id. at 693.

Critically, the facts of P.T.A. Realty involved no direct payment. The claimant

(buyer) never directly paid the transferee (bank); the buyer sent payment to the

receiver, who then deposited the net proceeds with the bank. Just as here, the fact

that the bank was a transferee of the payment to the receiver was of no moment.

      Beyond P.T.A. Realty, § 67’s commentary supports the inference that

transferees receive protection under the bona fide payee defense. Illustration 2

under comment d highlights this point: “Thief robs Bank to obtain the money to

pay his taxes. The taxes are paid partly in stolen cash, partly in instruments

obtained with stolen cash. Taxing Authority is not liable in restitution if it

received payment without notice of Bank’s claim.” T HIRD R ESTATEMENT § 67

cmt. d. Similarly, Illustration 3 describes a scenario under which a trustee

illicitly pays a creditor with money from the trust account. If the creditor takes

this money without notice of where the money came from, the creditor will not be

liable in restitution to the trust’s beneficiary. Id. In neither of these illustrations

was there a direct payment from the party ultimately seeking restitution to the

party asserting a bona fide payee defense; yet, the commentary makes clear that

the defense still operates to protect the party that took payment without notice.

      Thus, we agree with CoreFirst that the protections of the bona fide payee

rule are not obviated for want of a direct payment from the claimant to the payee

                                           11
or a direct transfer of value from the payee to the claimant. As relevant here,

whatever limitations § 14 imposes on a transferee’s ability to assert the discharge

for value defense do not extend to the context of § 67. In other words, nothing in

the text of § 67 suggests a similar limitation, and in light of the logic of P.T.A.

Realty and the commentary to the Third Restatement, we hold that CoreFirst is

not disqualified from asserting the bona fide payee defense as a transferee.

                                           C

      Ericsson’s third argument for why the bona fide payee defense does not

protect CoreFirst is that § 67 requires a voluntary payment between the payor and

the payee in order to be effective. More specifically, Ericsson points to § 67’s

language that shields a payee from a restitution claim where the “payee without

notice takes payment free of a restitution claim to which it would otherwise be

subject.” T HIRD R ESTATEMENT § 67(1). Ericsson highlights the word “payment”

and interprets this word to mean “the performance ‘of an obligation by the

delivery of money.’” Aplt.’s Opening Br. at 18 (quoting Payment, B LACK ’ S L AW

D ICTIONARY (10th ed. 2014)). The word “delivery,” in turn, “means the ‘formal

act of voluntarily transferring something.’” Id. (emphasis in original) (quoting

Delivery, B LACK ’ S L AW D ICTIONARY (10th ed. 2014)). Based on this alchemic

exercise with § 67’s language, Ericsson arrives at the conclusion that § 67

requires a voluntary payment between the payee and the party owing money to the

payee. We are unpersuaded.

                                           12
      First of all, Ericsson fails to call our attention to any case holding that the

bona fide payee defense requires a voluntary payment between the payor and the

payee, and we are aware of no such case. Moreover, even if such a voluntary

payment were required, we would conclude that one was present here. The

security agreements underlying the loans from CoreFirst to Stutler allowed

CoreFirst “a right of setoff in all [Stutler’s] accounts with [CoreFirst] (whether

checking, savings, or some other account).” Aplt.’s App. at 109 (Promissory

Note, filed Jan. 27, 2017). In the agreements, Stutler also authorized CoreFirst

“to charge or setoff all sums owing on the indebtedness against any and all such

accounts.” Id. In light of this agreement, in which Stutler authorized CoreFirst to

deduct money from Stutler’s bank account to satisfy Stutler’s debts with

CoreFirst, we would be hard-pressed—absent any evidence to the contrary—to

conclude that the transfer of money from Stutler’s account to CoreFirst was not

voluntary. Accordingly, Ericsson’s argument that CoreFirst’s § 67 defense fails

for want of a voluntary payment has no merit.

                                          D

      Ericsson’s final argument as to why the district court wrongly granted

summary judgment to CoreFirst is that the court incorrectly concluded that

CoreFirst “setoff” the funds in Stutler’s bank account, even though the law of

setoff was not at issue in this case. In essence, Ericsson points to a single line

from the district court’s decision, where that court stated: “Regardless of whether

                                          13
a Stutler representative authorized that particular payment, [CoreFirst] exercised

its setoff rights to apply funds from Stutler’s account toward its indebtedness.”

Aplt.’s App. at 327. Ericsson reasons from the district court’s use of the term

“setoff” that the court was erroneously invoking the affirmative defense of setoff

to CoreFirst’s benefit, even though CoreFirst had never pleaded such a defense.

      Ericsson misunderstands the district court’s use of the term “setoff,”

however. The court was simply referring to “setoff” as that word was used in the

security agreement between CoreFirst and Stutler. Id. at 109 (referring, in the

security agreement, to CoreFirst’s right “of setoff in all [Stutler’s] accounts”).

The district court did this to make the point that CoreFirst exercised its rights

under its agreement with Stutler, to deduct money from Stutler’s account in order

to pay down Stutler’s debts to CoreFirst, and did so without knowledge that this

deducted money was the product of an overpayment. Whether CoreFirst could

have asserted an affirmative defense of setoff or whether “CoreFirst’s seizure of

funds from [Stutler’s] Bank Account” was or “was not a setoff,” as that defense

might be defined in Kansas law, is beside the point. Aplt.’s Opening Br. at 22.

The district court’s reference to the term “setoff” was merely a recapitulation of

the agreement between Stutler and CoreFirst, and does not carry the legal

significance Ericsson imputes to it.

                                       *   *    *

      In sum, we conclude that the bona fide payee defense applies to the facts of

                                           14
this case, insulating CoreFirst from Ericsson’s demand for restitution. And

Ericsson’s arguments in opposition to such an outcome are unavailing.

                                          IV

      Before the district court, Ericsson moved for summary judgment in its own

favor for unjust enrichment and money had and received. See Aplt.’s App. at 27

(Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J., dated Jan. 27, 2017). Ericsson also requested

prejudgment interest and the attorneys’ fees it incurred in its suit against Stutler.

Id. at 39. The district court denied Ericsson’s motion, and Ericsson now appeals

from that determination. We have no difficulty concluding that the district court

properly refused to grant summary judgment in favor of Ericsson on Ericsson’s

unjust enrichment, money had and received, and prejudgment interest

claims—because, as we explained supra, it is CoreFirst that is entitled to

summary judgment against these very claims.

      We also conclude that Ericsson is not entitled to the attorneys’ fees it

incurred during its lawsuit against Stutler. Kansas follows the so-called

“American Rule” in the award of attorneys’ fees. Robinson v. City of Wichita

Emps. Ret. Bd. of Trs., 241 P.3d 15, 24 (Kan. 2010) (holding that “[t]he

‘American Rule’ is well established in Kansas”). Under this Rule, “in the

absence of statutory or contractual authorization, each party to litigation is

responsible for his or her own attorney fees.” Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Co. v.

Kurtenbach By and Through Kurtenbach, 961 P.2d 53, 63 (Kan. 1998) (citing

                                          15
T.S.I. Holdings, Inc. v. Jenkins, 924 P.2d 1239 (Kan. 1996)). As Ericsson points

out, the Kansas Supreme Court has recognized an exception to this general rule;

attorneys’ fees are recoverable “where the plaintiff has been forced to litigate

against a third party because of some tortious conduct of the defendant.”

Hawkinson v. Bennett, 962 P.2d 445, 456 (Kan. 1998) (quoting Duggan v.

Rooney, 749 F. Supp. 234, 241 (D. Kan. 1990)). The Hawkinson Court

elaborated:

              If one’s property is taken, injured or put in jeopardy by another’s
              neglect of duty imposed by contract, or by his wrongful act, any
              necessary expense incurred for its recovery, repair or protection
              is an element of the injury. It is often the legal duty of the
              injured party to incur such expense to prevent or limit the
              damages; and if it is judicious and made in good faith, it is
              recoverable, though abortive.

Id. (quoting Duggan, 749 F. Supp. at 241); accord McOsker v. Fed. Ins. Co., 224

P. 53, 55 (Kan. 1924).

      Recently, the Kansas Court of Appeals established a four-part test to

determine whether the third-party litigation exception applies. Under this test:

              In order for the exception to apply, a plaintiff must show that (1)
              the defendant committed a tort or violated a contractual duty; (2)
              third-party litigation is the natural and proximate consequence of
              the defendant’s wrongdoing; (3) it was necessary for the claimant
              to engage in the third-party litigation; and (4) the claimant
              exercised good faith in the third-party litigation.

Harder v. Foster, 401 P.3d 1032, 1051 (Kan. Ct. App. 2017).

      Ericsson’s bid for attorneys’ fees from the Stutler litigation fails under the

                                          16
first prong of this test—that is, Ericsson cannot show that CoreFirst “committed a

tort or violated a contractual duty.” Id. CoreFirst was well within its rights to

keep the money it had deducted from Stutler’s account. Thus, Ericsson is not

entitled to recover from CoreFirst the attorneys’ fees Ericsson incurred in its suit

against Stutler.

                                          V

      In conclusion, we hold that the bona fide payee defense shields CoreFirst

from liability in this case, and that Ericsson, and not CoreFirst, must bear the

burden of Ericsson’s mistaken overpayment to Stutler. Accordingly, we

AFFIRM the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of CoreFirst

and AFFIRM that court’s denial of summary judgment to Ericsson.

                                               ENTERED FOR THE COURT

                                               Jerome A. Holmes
                                               Circuit Judge

                                          17