Court Opinion

ID: 9953688
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-03-22 17:00:44.226531+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:02:47.847903
License: Public Domain

FILED
                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                            MAR 22 2024
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                          U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                        No.   22-10024

              Plaintiff-Appellee,                D.C. No.
                                                 3:18-cr-00290-WHA-7
 v.

ARMANDO DANIEL CALDERON,                         MEMORANDUM*

              Defendant-Appellant.

                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Northern District of California
                     William Alsup, District Judge, Presiding

                     Argued and Submitted February 21, 2024
                  University of Pacific, McGeorge School of Law.
                              Sacramento, California

Before: RAWLINSON and CALLAHAN, Circuit Judges, and ENGLAND,**
        District Judge.

      Armando Calderon (Calderon) appeals his conviction for conspiracy to

distribute and possess with intent to distribute 500 grams or more of a mixture or

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The Honorable Morrison C. England, Jr., Senior United States District
Judge for the Eastern District of California, sitting by designation.
substance containing methamphetamine (Count 8) in violation of 21 U.S.C.

§§ 846, 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(A)(viii), possession with intent to distribute 50 grams

or more of methamphetamine (Count 10) in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1)

and (b)(1)(A)(viii), possession with intent to distribute 500 grams or more of a

mixture or substance containing methamphetamine (Count 13) in violation of 21

U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(A)(viii), and carrying a firearm during and in

relation to and possession in furtherance of a drug crime (Count 14) in violation of

18 U.S.C. § 924(c). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and affirm.

      We review denial of a motion to suppress de novo. See United States v.

Hylton, 30 F.4th 842, 846 (9th Cir. 2022). “The district court’s application of the

inevitable discovery doctrine is reviewed for clear error . . .” Id. (citation and

alteration omitted). We review for plain error when an appellant “failed to

preserve his sufficiency-of-evidence challenge.” United States v. King, 735 F.3d

1098, 1106 (9th Cir. 2013). We also review for plain error when a defendant fails

to object to jury instructions at trial. See United States v. Fuchs, 218 F.3d 957, 961

(9th Cir. 2000).

      1. The district court did not clearly err in finding that the seized evidence

would have inevitably been discovered. See Nix v. Williams, 467 U.S. 431, 444

(1984) (footnote reference omitted). Calderon does not dispute the government’s

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representation that only two minutes elapsed between the arrival of Calderon’s

cousin to retrieve the vehicle and the discovery of bullets on Calderon, giving

probable cause to search the vehicle. See United States v. Williams, 846 F.3d 303,

313 (9th Cir. 2016), as amended (explaining that contraband found on the

defendant’s person gave probable cause to conduct a warrantless search of the

defendant’s vehicle). Nor does Calderon cite any precedent holding that two

minutes constitutes unlawful prolonging of a traffic stop. See United States v.

Taylor, 60 F.4th 1233, 1241 (9th Cir. 2023) (observing that an officer did not

“improperly prolong the stop when he spent a few minutes consulting

computerized databases”).

      2. Sufficient evidence supports the jury’s guilty verdict on the conspiracy

charge. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, a rational

juror could have found the existence of a conspiracy between Jimenez and

Calderon. See United States v. Pepe, 81 F.4th 961, 968 (9th Cir. 2023). At a

minimum, Jimenez’s interactions with the informant to coordinate the drug deal,

Jimenez’s knowledge of and vouching for the quality of Calderon’s product,

Calderon leaving methamphetamine in a vehicle located at Jimenez’s stash house,

and the discovery of documents belonging to Calderon inside Jimenez’s stash

house support the jury’s verdict on the conspiracy charge.

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      3. The district court did not plainly err in failing to give Ninth Circuit

Model Jury Instruction 12.6 in conjunction with the conspiracy instruction. The

Model Instructions themselves do not require giving Instruction 12.5 in

conjunction with Instruction 12.6.1

      4. The district court did not plainly err in failing to give a buyer-seller

instruction. The instructions given by the district court are sufficiently similar to

those approved in United States v. Moe, 781 F.3d 1120, 1128-29 (9th Cir. 2015).

Further, Calderon neither relied on a buyer-seller theory of defense nor specifically

requested such an instruction at trial. See United States v. Montgomery, 150 F.3d

983, 996 (9th Cir. 1998).

      5. The district court did not plainly err in failing to give a specific unanimity

instruction. Unlike the indictment in United States v. Lapier, 796 F.3d 1090, 1096

(9th Cir. 2015), which only mentioned a conspiracy with unnamed “others,” the

indictment in this case specified a conspiracy between Calderon and Jimenez. Also

the prosecutor in Lapier conceded that the evidence supported the existence of two

      1
       See Ninth Circuit Model Jury Instruction 12.6 (Buyer-Seller Relationship)
(providing that Instruction 12.6 should be used “with Instruction 12.5 . . . if
applicable”) (emphasis added); see also Ninth Circuit Model Jury Instruction 12.5
(Controlled Substance-Conspiracy to Distribute or Manufacture) (not including
Instruction 12.6 among the list of Instructions to be used with Instruction 12.5).
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conspiracies, see id. at 1097, while the prosecutor in this case relied solely on the

conspiracy between Calderon and Jimenez.

      6. There was no plain error in the verdict forms. The amounts of

methamphetamine the jury selected on the verdict forms were consistent with the

statutes of conviction, so Calderon’s substantial rights could not have been affected

by the inclusion of lesser amounts as options. See United States v. Kirst, 54 F.4th

610, 620 (9th Cir. 2022). The verdict forms did not permit the jury to convict

Calderon of Count 10 based on a conspiracy rather than based on possession with

intent to distribute because the form instructed the jury to specify the amount of

methamphetamine only if it first found Calderon guilty of Count 10. Although the

verdict form would have been clearer without inclusion of the word “conspired” in

its second section, the record does not reflect that the jury was confused.

      7. Because the record is not sufficiently developed, we decline direct review

of Calderon’s ineffective assistance of counsel claims. See United States v.

Lillard, 354 F.3d 850, 856 (9th Cir. 2003).

      AFFIRMED.

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