Court Opinion

ID: 5562514
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-11 00:53:27.200064+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:35:30.966705
License: Public Domain

Bleckley, Chief Justice.
1. A motion to suppress the interrogatories of a witness was overruled. It was based oh three grounds : (1) The lack of anything to identify the witness examined with the witness referred to in the commission. (2) The lack of a preamble to the answers. (3) Failure to show the place of execution. ' As to the first ground, we have no means of deciding. The name of the witness examined is subscribed to the answers, and if the same name was inserted in the commission, as seems to be conceded, there is a fair presumption that the person referred to in the commission was the one examined. It is not likely that the commissioners examined the wrong witness. But the commission is not in the recoi’d, and therefore we cannot be sure of any mistake if one was made. Neither are the interrogatories in the record. If they gave the name and place of' residence of a witness, and the witness examined bore that name and was examined at that place, that would be identification enough, in the absence of any circumstance to cause distrust of the fairness or accuracy of the commissioners. That they examined a different person from the one whom the commission authorized them to examine, is surely not to be presumed. Their failure to certify expressly to the identity, is no substantial omission, for it is no less their duty to examine the right person, and no other, when they do not certify, than when they do. And if they were faithless enough, or reckless enough, to examine one *227man in place of another, they would not be apt to hesitate about certifying. There is no statute, or rule of court, which requires any certificate of identity, though such a statement in the returns is usual and very proper.
2. The same observation applies to caption or preamble. It is usual to have something of the sort prefixed to the answer, but this is not amongst the essentials of execution. Code, §3888.
3. It is requisite that the place of execution appear; and so, we think, it does in this instance. Immediately under the words, “ State of Indiana, Clark county,” the commissioners declare that the interrogatories and cross-interrogatories were answered, subscribed and sworn to before them. The proper construction is,- that all this occurred in Clark county, Indiana. 73 Ga. 386.
The heading of “ Georgia, Muscogee county ” is coupled with a statement of the case, and means simply to give the State and county in which the action was pending. When the whole document is construed together, there is not a trace of ambiguity.
4. The action was upon a bill of exchange, and was by the payee against the acceptors. The pleas were, not indebted, set-off and recoupment. The pleas of set-off and recoupment went upon the theory that the bill was the property of the drawers, and that the payee was their agent, seeking to collect for their benefit; or, at all events, that the payee was affected by the equities subsisting between the drawers and the acceptors in regard to the consideration of the acceptance. That consideration was the final instalment of the price of certain machinery which the drawers had sold and shipped to the acceptors prior to the date of acceptance, and which, save as to the amount of the bill, had been paid for. The pleas, taken together, alleged a breach of contract as to this machinery in two particulars: First, it was imperfect and incomplete, and not suitable to the purpose for which it was sold and warranted; secondly, it was delivered two months later than *228the time stipulated in the contract. From the former of these causes, the acceptors incurred certain specified expenses which would have been saved to them if the contract had been complied with. These expenses, amounting to something more than half the face of the bill, were pleaded as a set-off. The delay to deliver resulted in deferring the completion of a certain steamboat on which the machinery was to be used, and in preventing the defendants and the steamboat company, in which they were interested, from engaging in business for a period of eight months, to their damage nearly twice the face of the bill. This damage they offered and prayed to recoup.
It appeared from the evidence that the bill was drawn at Jeffersonville, Indiana, and sent by the payee — a bank there situated — to Columbus, Ga.,for acceptance, and after acceptance, was returned to the bank, and by it discounted, the drawers endorsing in blank and receiving credit in their account with the bank for the amount of the bill, less the discount. The acceptance matured thirty days after October 14th, and was discounted on the 16th of October.
The effect of accepting a bill is to acknowledge that the drawer has funds in the hands of the acceptor applicable to its payment, and the payee is entitled to repose with absolute trust and confidence upon that admission, and is under no duty to inquire further. If the admission proves injurious, he who made it must take the consequences. What has the payee to do, after parting with his money on the faith of the acceptance, with the state of the accounts between drawer and acceptor ? Nothing whatever. The acceptor is the party primarily liable, and his dealings about consideration for acceptance are with the acceptor; the payee’s dealings are with the drawer. If the payee gives value to the drawer, and acquires the bill in due course of' trade before maturity, he is entitled to all the protection which commercial law can afford to the most favored class of creditors.
*2295. The evidence before the jury did not raise the slightest presumption of agency on the part of the bank for the acceptors in the ownership of the bill. The evidence was all the other way, and that offered and excluded was altogether inadmissible for any purpose whatever. The drawer can neither talk nor act away the title of the payee after the bill has become a valid subsisting debt between the payee and the acceptor. 56 Ga. 559. Text of opinion near top of the page. The bank never indorsed the bill in blank or otherwise, and never parted with the possession to anybody after discounting it.
6. The theory apparently suggested in argument, that the bank, if it had funds of the drawers on general deposit, was bound to apply them to the payment of this bill, is wholly untenable. There is no such duty devolving upon the payee of a dishonored paper. It is the drawer that is surety for the acceptor, not the acceptor for the drawer. Nothing in the accounts between,the drawers and the bank, set out in the record, casts the slightest shade of suspicion over the bona fide title of the bank to this bill; and with such title, the bank can sue either the drawers or the acceptors, or both, at its option.
7. Nor is the alleged usury either established by evidence or known to £his court judicially. The plaintiff is alleged in the declaration to be a corporation created by the State of Indiana, and this allegation is denied neither by plea nor proof. The act of discounting this bill took place in that State, and what the laws of Indiana are in reference to discounts and usury was not shown to the court and jury below nor to this court. ’ 57 Ga. 371. The case cited from 50 Ga. 70, was ruled upon the code, and related both to a Georgia corporation and a Georgia transaction.
Judgment affirmed.