Court Opinion

ID: 2978684
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 18:29:41.637194+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:41:46.962310
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 09a0805n.06

                                            No. 08-4615                                   FILED
                                                                                       Dec 17, 2009
                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

LUAI NAJEEB HANNA HELAL;                          )
AMANI NASEEM MICHAI HELAL;                        )
IZIS LUAI NAJEEB HELAL; MAJID                     )
LUAI NAJEEB HELAL; ZEID LUAI                      )
NAJEEB HELAL,                                     )    ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                                  )    STATES BOARD OF IMMIGRATION
       Petitioners-Appellants,                    )    APPEALS
                                                  )
v.                                                )
                                                  )
ERIC HOLDER, Jr., United States                   )
Attorney General,                                 )

       Respondent-Appellee.

Before: MERRITT, GIBBONS, and McKEAGUE, Circuit Judges.

       JULIA SMITH GIBBONS, Circuit Judge. Luai Najeeb Hanna Helal (“Luai”), his wife,

Amani Naseem Michai Helal (“Amani”), and their three minor children (together, “the Helals”)

petition for review of a final order of removal issued by the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”)

affirming the Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) denial of their petitions for asylum, withholding of removal,

and protection under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”).

       For the reasons that follow, we DISMISS the Helals’ petition for review insofar as it seeks

review of the denial of their application for asylum and DENY the petition for review and AFFIRM

the decision of the BIA in all other respects.

                                                 -1-
                                                   I.

       Luai, the lead petitioner, was born in Kuwait to parents of Palestinian Christian origin, is a

Jordanian citizen, and lived in Jordan from 1976 until he departed for the United States in 2002.

Amani was born and lived in Bayt Shahur, Israel, in the occupied West Bank, until she married Luai

in Jordan in 1993. She has Jordanian citizenship by marriage. The three children—Izis, Majid, and

Zeid—were born in Amman and are Jordanian citizens. Although Jordan issues passports of varying

degrees of citizenship to Palestinians living in Jordan, the Helals have unrestricted, full Jordanian

citizenship because Luai’s parents obtained Jordanian citizenship shortly after the 1948 Arab-Israeli

conflict. The Helals are practicing Christians and seek refuge in the United States allegedly because

they fear persecution due to their Palestinian Christian origin.

       Luai arrived in the United States on April 22, 2002, and Amani and the children joined him

on June 22 of that year. On August 4, 2003, nearly one year and four months after arriving in the

United States, Luai applied for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the CAT on

behalf of himself and his family. In the application, Luai conceded that he had missed the statutory

one-year deadline for filing an asylum application, stating that when he arrived in the United States,

he “had just [come] to visit our friends and family and [he] waited for a while, hoping that the

situation in the homeland w[ould] change for the better.” He also justified his untimely filing by

citing his inability to afford an attorney. In his supplementary application, submitted on December

5, 2003, Luai said that he failed to file on time “for many reasons,” including that the situation had

not improved in Jordan. In testimony before the IJ, Luai also, for the first time, stated that he failed

                                                  -2-
to timely file because he was unaware of the one-year deadline and because his wife had been ill in

April and May 2003.

       On December 5, 2003, Amani submitted her own application for asylum, listing Luai and the

children as derivative applicants. Her application focused on her fear of persecution in the West

Bank by Muslim extremists and the Israeli government because of her Christian faith, although she

noted that she also feared returning to Jordan. On March 15, 2006—two weeks before the Helals’

first merit hearing—Amani amended her application to incorporate the claims made in her husband’s

application with respect to Jordan. In both of her applications, Amani conceded that her application

was filed after the one-year deadline and explained that the delay was because “[she] was waiting

for [her] husband’s application but [] decided to file [her] own after consulting with [her] attorney.”

Although she did not cite her illness in May 2003 as justification for untimely filing until testifying

at the merits hearing, she did include documentation of that illness in her amended application in

March 2003.

       In their applications and testimony before the IJ, the Helals allege that they fear that they

would be imprisoned or killed by Jordanian officials and their children kidnapped to be raised as

Muslims if returned to Jordan. Luai admitted that he could practice his faith in Jordan, but

maintained that it was dangerous to go to church and that the Jordanian officials prohibited

proselytizing to Muslims, which impeded the free exercise of their religion. Amani testified that she

also went to church but was afraid to do so. The Helals conceded that the Jordanian government

protected Christian worshippers by placing armed guards at the church. Despite the discrimination

                                                 -3-
and harassment, Amani and Luai admitted that no one in their family had been physically harmed

in Jordan.

       In addition to describing general discrimination, the Helals alleged four specific incidents that

they argue demonstrate past persecution. First, they cite the economic discrimination that Luai and

his father had encountered in their marble business, such as Muslim clients and contractors canceling

orders and deals when they discovered that the Helals were Christian or that they had done business

with Israelis. The second allegation involved two traffic stops. Luai stated that on June 18, 2001,

he had been stopped by police while driving his car with a cross hanging on the rearview mirror. A

policeman asked him if he was a Christian, and, when he answered yes, the policeman searched his

vehicle, arrested him, and kept him in jail for two days without charge. Luai conceded that he was

never beaten or physically harmed during his detention, but stated that he was harassed and made

to clean the prison. In a March 21, 2001, traffic stop, police asked Luai to remove the cross from

the rearview mirror, purportedly because it obstructed the view. He did so and was not arrested on

that occasion, although he did receive a ticket. In the third event, on October 7, 2000, Amani and

the two oldest children returned from shopping to find their car vandalized. The windshield and

windows had been broken and Islamic phrases written on the car. The cross had been ripped off and

discarded on the floor. When Luai later returned to the car and questioned some of the neighbors

about the vandalism, they responded that Muslims had done it. According to the Helals, the police

refused to investigate because there were no witnesses. Finally, the fourth instance was the

treatment of the Helals’ oldest child, Izis, at school. Unable to afford to send Izis to Christian

schools, the Helals sent her to public school, where she was taught the Koran, required to say Islamic

                                                 -4-
prayers, and taught to hate Jews. She was told to wear hijab to school, and when Amani inquired

about the requirement, school officials said that if Izis did not wear it, they could not ensure her

safety.

          Because of these incidents, and especially Izis’s unhappiness at school, Amani took the

children to her parents’ home in Bayt Shahur on July 8, 2001. This turned out to be a worse situation

for the children because of renewed fighting in the West Bank. The children became depressed and

despondent and saw counselors at the Red Crescent and East Jerusalem YMCA, both of which

concluded that the children suffered from acute stress and post-traumatic stress disorder due to the

violence. Amani claims that she decided to take the children to the United States when, in February

2002, the Red Crescent recommended that the children leave the region to recover. Amani and the

children returned to Jordan and departed for the United States shortly thereafter.

          On September 12, 2003, the Helals received notices to appear for removal proceedings. In

preliminary hearings, the Helals conceded removability. After some confusion regarding Amani’s

appropriate designated country of removability, the IJ directed Jordan as the state of removal for the

Helals. The IJ held two merits hearings, during which both Luai and Amani testified. Although the

IJ noted some inconsistencies in the testimony and applications and a lack of corroborating evidence,

the IJ found the Helals to be credible.

          The IJ determined that the Helals’ asylum applications were time-barred because all of the

applications were filed more than one year after the Helals arrived in the United States and were not

otherwise excepted from the limitation. The IJ found that Amani’s illness could not constitute an

extraordinary circumstance with respect to Luai’s application because it occurred more than one year

                                                 -5-
after Luai arrived in the United States, and that otherwise “Luai failed to present a single piece of

objective evidence demonstrating that there was a fundamental or any change in conditions in the

country of Jordan to constitute a sufficient or significant amount of change to support changed

circumstances.” The IJ also noted that Amani’s reasons for untimely filing in her application

differed from those presented in testimony and that her illness did not constitute extraordinary

circumstances because she had not filed within a reasonable time after surgery. Despite finding the

applications time-barred, the IJ went on to address the merits of their claim, finding that the incidents

alleged by the Helals did not rise to the level of persecution contemplated by the Immigration and

Nationality Act (“INA”), 8 U.S.C. § 1101 et seq. On September 24, 2007, the IJ found the Helals

ineligible for asylum, denied their petitions for withholding of removal and protection under the

CAT, and ordered their removal.

        The Helals timely appealed to the BIA, which affirmed the IJ’s order of removal on

November 7, 2008. The BIA rejected the Helals’ challenge to the IJ’s findings regarding untimely

filing. Examining the documentation of Amani’s illness, including medical records, the BIA found

that the evidence supported the IJ’s determination that there was no evidence that Amani’s illness

began in April 2003 nor that the duration of Amani’s recovery was so great as to make a seven-

month delay in filing her application reasonable.

        With respect to the IJ’s denial of withholding of removal, the BIA found that two nights’

confinement, one incident of vandalism, the school’s requirements that Izis wear hijab at school, and

a lack of any purported physical harm to the Helals supported a finding that the discrimination that

the Helals suffered did not rise to the level of persecution contemplated by the INA. The BIA also

                                                  -6-
considered a 2006 country report published by the United States Department of State on which the

Helals rely heavily in an attempt to provide sufficient evidence of routine persecution of Christians

and Palestinians in Jordan to warrant a fear of future persecution. See U.S. Dep’t of State,

Jordan—Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2006 (2007). Considering the country report

and the record as a whole, the BIA agreed with the IJ’s determination that the Helals had not

demonstrated that it was more likely than not that upon return to Jordan they would be persecuted

because of their religion. The BIA also affirmed the IJ’s denial of protection under the CAT, stating

that the Helals had not alleged past physical harm by Jordanian government officials and failed to

meet their burden of establishing that it is more likely than not that they would be tortured upon their

return to Jordan. The BIA therefore dismissed the Helals’ appeal, and the Helals timely petitioned

for review.

                                                  II.

       Where, as here, the BIA has adopted the IJ’s decision with additional commentary, we review

the decision of the IJ, as supplemented by the BIA, as the final administrative order. Zhao v. Holder,

569 F.3d 238, 246 (6th Cir. 2009). Questions of law are reviewed de novo, but we defer to the BIA’s

reasonable interpretations of the INA. Singh v. Gonzales, 451 F.3d 400, 403 (6th Cir. 2006). Thus,

we must “uphold the BIA’s determination against withholding the removal of an alien, unless it is

‘manifestly contrary to the law.’” Castellano-Chacon v. INS, 341 F.3d 533, 545 (6th Cir. 2003)

(quoting Ali v. Reno, 237 F.3d 591, 596 (6th Cir. 2001) (citing 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B)–(C))). This

same standard controls our review of administrative determinations regarding claims for protection

under the CAT. Almuhtaseb v. Gonzales, 453 F.3d 743, 749 (6th Cir. 2006).

                                                  -7-
       We review administrative factual findings by the IJ and BIA under the deferential

“substantial evidence” standard. Id. Under this standard, findings of fact are “conclusive” unless

“any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” 8 U.S.C.

§ 1252(b)(4)(B). “Facts relevant to . . . [the] denial of asylum applications, withholding of removal,

and the CAT are all reviewed under this same standard.” see also Koulibaly v. Mukasey, 541 F.3d
613, 619 (6th Cir. 2008).

                                                 III.

                                                  A.

       Generally, we have jurisdiction to review a final order of removal of the BIA pursuant to 8

U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1). However, our jurisdiction to review a BIA determination that an asylum

application is time-barred is statutorily limited. “No court shall have jurisdiction to review any

determination of the Attorney General under [8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)](2)” regarding whether

extraordinary or changed circumstances excuse untimely filing.             8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(3).1

Consequently, we have held that we may only review the denial of an asylum application for

untimeliness “when the appeal seeks review of constitutional claims or matters of statutory

construction” but not “when the appeal seeks review of discretionary or factual questions.”

       1
        To be eligible for asylum in the United States, an applicant must file an asylum application
within one year of arriving in the United States. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(B); 8 C.F.R. § 1208.4(a)(2).
An applicant may nonetheless be eligible for asylum after filing an untimely application if he
demonstrates either “changed circumstances which materially affect the applicant’s eligibility for
asylum or extraordinary circumstances relating to the delay in filing an application” occurring within
the one-year time limit. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(D); see also 8 C.F.R. § 1208.4(a)(2)(i)(B), (a)(4)–(5).
“Extraordinary circumstances . . . may include but are not limited to . . . [s]erious illness or mental
or physical disability” or “serious illness or incapacity of the applicant’s legal representative or a
member of the applicant’s immediate family.” 8 C.F.R. 1208.4(a)(5)(i), (vi).

                                                 -8-
Almuhtaseb, 453 F.3d at 748; see also Castellano-Chacon, 341 F.3d at 544 (“We join our sister

circuits on this point and hold that we are barred from reviewing the BIA’s decision denying

Castellano’s application on the basis that it was untimely . . . .”). This jurisdictional bar applies to

BIA and IJ determinations regarding both whether “extraordinary circumstances” exist and whether

an application is filed within a reasonable period after extraordinary or changed circumstances arise

as required by 8 C.F.R. § 1208.4(a)(4)(ii), (a)(5). See Fang Huang v. Mukasey, 523 F.3d 640, 651

(6th Cir. 2008) (finding that whether an application was submitted within a reasonable period is a

“predominantly factual” question that an appellate court lacks jurisdiction to review); Shkulaku-

Purballori v. Mukasey, 514 F.3d 499, 502 (6th Cir. 2007) (recognizing a jurisdictional bar to review

of “extraordinary circumstances” under Almuhtaseb and 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D) because this is a

predominantly factual determination).

       The Helals continue to argue on appeal that lack of knowledge of the deadline and Amani’s

illness constitute extraordinary circumstances excusing their untimely filing. However, the Helals

merely challenge the IJ’s and BIA’s factual determinations, argue that the merits of their claim

excuse their untimeliness, and fail to raise any colorable constitutional or legal claim. Because

Congress has mandated that we do not have jurisdiction to review such discretionary and factual

determinations by the BIA or IJ, we dismiss for lack of jurisdiction the Helal’s petition to review the

BIA’s denial of their asylum applications as time-barred.

                                                  B.

       “[T]he Attorney General may not remove an alien to a country if the Attorney General

decides that the alien’s life or freedom would be threatened in that country because of the alien’s

                                                  -9-
race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” 8 U.S.C.

§ 1231(b)(3)(A). In order to qualify for withholding of removal, a petitioner “must demonstrate that

there is a clear probability that he would be subject to persecution.” Mikhailevitch v. INS, 146 F.3d
384, 391 (6th Cir. 1998); see also Castellano-Chacon, 341 F.3d at 545. A “clear probability of

persecution . . . is a stricter standard than the ‘well-founded fear’ standard that applies with respect

to applications for asylum,” Ali v. Ashcroft, 366 F.3d 407, 411 (6th Cir. 2004) (citing 8 U.S.C. §

1231(b)(3)(A) and INS v. Stevic, 467 U.S. 407, 430 (1984)). The petitioner must demonstrate either

past persecution, resulting in a rebuttable presumption of future persecution, or demonstrate that

future persecution is “more likely than not.” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(b)(1).

        In their challenge to the BIA’s determination on their withholding of removal claim, the

Helals argue that the IJ and BIA “trivialized” the discrimination of Palestinians and Christians

reported by the 2006 State Department report and ignored the trauma suffered by the Helals as a

result of the vandalized car, Luai’s traffic incidents, and the discriminatory curriculum and

harassment of Izis at school. However, the record indicates that both the IJ and the BIA addressed

these incidents and the 2006 country report in detail. The BIA ultimately determined that,

cumulatively, the incidents did not rise to the level of persecution necessary to warrant withholding

of removal. We find that the record as a whole provides “substantial evidence” supporting the BIA’s

determination, and a reasonable factfinder would not be compelled to find to the contrary.

                                                   1.

        Although the Helals demonstrate that they experienced harassment and discrimination in

Jordan because of their Christian faith, this showing, without more, is insufficient to rise to the level

                                                  -10-
of persecution contemplated by § 1231(b)(3)(A). See Mikhailevitch, 146 F.3d at 390 (reasoning that

even if the evidence presented “compel[s] a determination that [they were] ‘harassed’ . . . because

of [their] religious activities[, h]arassment alone . . . does not rise to the level of persecution under

the [INA]”); Ghaly v. INS, 58 F.3d 1425, 1431 (9th Cir. 1995) (“Discrimination on the basis of race

or religion, as morally reprehensible as it may be, does not ordinarily amount to ‘persecution’ within

the meaning of the Act.”). “[P]ersecution is an extreme concept that does not include every sort of

treatment our society regards as offensive.” Ali, 366 F.3d at 410 (quoting Ghaly, 58 F.3d at 1431);

see also Lumaj v. Gonzales, 462 F.3d 574, 577 (6th Cir. 2006) (adopting the Third Circuit’s finding

that “persecution does not encompass all treatment that our society regards as unfair, unjust, or even

unlawful or unconstitutional” (quoting Fatin v. INS, 12 F.3d 1233, 1240 (3d Cir. 1993)) (internal

quotation marks and alterations omitted)). Thus, a petitioner “must demonstrate more than the

existence of a generalized or random possibility of persecution in his native country on account of

the [protected status], in order to succeed in his application for withholding.” Castellano-Chacon,
341 F.3d at 550 (citing Singh v. INS, 134 F.3d 962, 967 (9th Cir. 1998)); see also Ali, 366 F.3d at

410 (agreeing with the Seventh Circuit that “[c]onditions of political upheaval which affect the

populace as a whole or in large part are generally insufficient to establish eligibility for asylum”

(citing Meghani v. INS, 236 F.3d 843, 847 (7th Cir. 2001))); Almuhtaseb, 453 F.3d at 750

(“Almuhtaseb’s fears of returning to the West Bank—shootings, shellings, bombings, settlers’

attacks, lack of infrastructure, and lack of access to medical care—are based on ‘the existence of a

generalized or random possibility of persecution in [her] native country,’ which is generally

                                                  -11-
insufficient to establish persecution” (citing Castellano-Chacon, 341 F.3d at 550) (alteration in

original)).

        The Helals’ economic discrimination and Izis’s unfortunate experience at public schools in

Jordan amount to no more than religious discrimination, and the isolated incidents of traffic stops,

a two-day detention, and vandalism do not amount to harassment of the sort that we have found to

constitute persecution.

        The Helals have also failed to present evidence that would compel us to find that they will

more likely than not suffer future persecution if they return to Jordan. Because their “fear of future

persecution is primarily based upon events that have occurred in the past that the [IJ] concluded,

based on substantial evidence, do not rise to the level of persecution[, t]here is simply no evidence

in the record to substantiate [their] testimony that [they] fear[] future persecution.” See Ali, 366 F.3d

at 411. Because the Helals admit that they suffered no physical harm and allege only general

religious discrimination with four isolated incidents of more severe discrimination, it is less likely

than not that they will be persecuted in the future.

                                                   2.

        The Helals also fail to demonstrate a likelihood of future persecution based on a pattern or

practice of persecution of a protected group to which they belong.                      See 8 C.F.R.

§ 1208.13(b)(2)(iii)(A); Akhtar v. Gonzales, 406 F.3d 399, 404 (6th Cir. 2005) (noting that future

persecution may be demonstrated by evidence of targeted persecution of the individual applicant or

a “pattern or practice of persecution of an identifiable group, to which the alien demonstrates he

belongs, such that the alien’s fear is reasonable” (citing Capric v. Ashcroft, 355 F.3d 1075, 1085 (7th

                                                  -12-
Cir. 2004))). Because the Helals belong to a protected religious group, we need only determine

whether they have “presented sufficient evidence to compel a finding that [they] would, more likely

than not, be persecuted on the basis of that membership.” See Castellano-Chacon, 341 F.3d at 545

(citing Stevic, 467 U.S. at 424). The BIA found that they did not do so, and we find no evidence

compelling a contrary conclusion.

       We recently addressed an asylum application similar to the Helals’ in which we affirmed a

BIA determination denying asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the CAT to a

Jordanian Christian family raising similar allegations of harassment and discrimination. See Haddad

v. Holder, No. 08-3559, 2009 WL 1391524, at *1–2 (6th Cir. May 15, 2009) (recounting the alleged

“problems” the petitioner and his family encountered in Jordan because of their Christian faith,

including name-calling, inability to wear a crucifix, rock-throwing, attempts by neighbors to convert

them to Islam, and ostracism and Islamic teaching of the children in school). Although we affirmed

the BIA’s denial in that case based upon an adverse credibility determination, the IJ and the BIA had

found persuasively in the alternative that “[Haddad] would nonetheless fail to prevail on the merits,

as the incidents he alleged happened to him in Jordan because of his religion did not rise to the level

of persecution, and did not establish that it is more likely than not that he will suffer persecution or

torture if he returned to Jordan.” Id. at *2. The Ninth Circuit has reviewed and denied a similar

claim for asylum and withholding of removal by a Jordanian Christian family. See Khoury v.

Gonzales, 180 F. App’x 681, 684 (9th Cir. 2006) (finding that “minor acts of vandalism and

intimidation, such as throwing rocks, making threatening phone calls, and ransacking a dorm room,

do not constitute persecution”).

                                                 -13-
        Additionally, although the 2006 State Department country report cited by the Helals does

indicate that there is discrimination against Palestinians in Jordan and that non-Muslims may not

proselytize Muslims, it also states that the Jordanian Constitution provides for free exercise of

religion, that Christianity is a formally recognized—and thus protected—religion in Jordan, and that

“[r]elations between Muslims and Christians generally [a]re amicable.” While there is arguably a

pattern and practice of persecuting Christians who converted from Islam, there is no evidence that

the same persecution is inflicted on Christians born into the faith. Furthermore, the Helals’ claim

of a pattern of persecution is further undercut because much of Luai’s family has continued to live

in Jordan since the mid-1970s, and the Helals have offered no evidence to demonstrate that any of

them have been physically harmed because of their religion. See In re A-E-M, 21 I. & N. Dec. 1157,

1161 (B.I.A. 1998).

        Finally, federal appellate courts, including this one, have repeatedly addressed and rejected

claims that Christians residing in the Middle East, without more individualized allegations of

persecution, experience sufficient harassment and discrimination to make it more likely than not that

they will suffer persecution if returned to the Middle East. See, e.g., Hanna v. Holder, No. 08-4287,

2009 WL 1853460, at *2 (6th Cir. June 30, 2009) (collecting cases regarding the treatment of Iraqi

Christians and concluding that “[w]e have repeatedly held that substantial evidence supports the

conclusion that one’s status as a Christian, without more, does not create a sufficiently particularized

risk of persecution in Iraq”); Gulezian v. Mukasey, 290 F. App’x 888, 895–96 (6th Cir. 2008)

(affirming a BIA determination that Christian residents of Egypt who alleged harassment and

economic discrimination did not suffer past persecution and were not more likely than not to do so

                                                 -14-
in the future if returned); Abusada, 212 F. App’x 488, 493 (6th Cir. 2007) (holding that a Palestinian

Christian petitioner’s allegation of harassment and threats, the burning of his vehicle, and a beating

by Hamas members “did not rise to the level of severity that courts have recognized as sufficient to

establish past persecution” in Israel).

        For these reasons, the scant evidence presented by the Helals in their applications and

testimony does not compel us to conclude that the Helals would more likely than not be persecuted

if removed to Jordan. Instead, the record presents substantial evidence to support the BIA’s findings,

and we therefore deny the Helals’ petition to review this claim and affirm the BIA’s determination

that the Helals are ineligible for withholding of removal.

                                                   C.

        To be eligible for protection under the CAT, an applicant must establish that “it is more likely

than not that he or she would be tortured if removed to the proposed country of removal.” 8 C.F.R.

§ 1208.16(c)(2). The applicant must establish a “particularized threat of torture, rather than any

other form of persecution.” Castellano-Chacon, 341 F.3d at 551–52. That threat of torture must be

“inflicted, instigated, consented to, or acquiesced in, by state actors.” Id. at 552. Unlike withholding

of removal, however, the torture need not be on account of any protected ground. Berri v. Gonzales,

468 F.3d 390, 397 (6th Cir. 2006). “In deciding whether torture is more likely than not to occur . . .

we ‘consider the possibility of future torture, including any evidence of past torture inflicted upon

the applicant and evidence that the applicant is not likely to be tortured in another area of the country

of removal.’” Id. at 398 (citing Ali, 237 F.3d at 596–97).

                                                  -15-
       The Helals’ CAT claims were based upon the same grounds as their withholding of removal

claims, namely that they fear torture because they are Palestinian Christians. Accordingly, for the

same reasons that the Helals cannot establish that they would more likely than not be subjected to

persecution upon removal to Jordan, the evidence does not compel the conclusion that they would

more likely than not be subjected to torture. See Berri, 468 F.3d at 397 (explaining that because the

petitioners based their CAT claim on the same grounds as their request for withholding of removal

and such grounds failed to demonstrate that persecution is more likely than not, “they likewise fail

to demonstrate that torture is more likely than not”). We therefore deny the Helals’ petition to

review the BIA’s denial of their claim for protection under the CAT.

                                                IV.

       For the foregoing reasons, we DISMISS the Helals’ petition for review insofar as it seeks

review of the denial of their application for asylum, DENY the petition for review of the Helals’

petitions for withholding of removal and protection under the CAT, and AFFIRM the decision of

the BIA.

                                                -16-