Court Opinion

ID: 4879456
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-08-27 14:07:13.005185+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:12:41.134970
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: AUGUST 20, 2021; 10:00 A.M.
                    TO BE PUBLISHED

           Commonwealth of Kentucky
                  Court of Appeals

                    NO. 2020-CA-0435-MR

CHRIS ARMSTRONG                                     APPELLANT

           APPEAL FROM FAYETTE CIRCUIT COURT
v.        HONORABLE KIMBERLY N. BUNNELL, JUDGE
                  ACTION NO. 17-CI-04343

THE ESTATE OF STAR IFEACHO,
BY AND THROUGH THE ADMINISTRATOR
OF HIS ESTATE, PEACE IFEACHO; AND
PEACE IFEACHO INDIVIDUALLY                           APPELLEES

                            AND

                    NO. 2020-CA-0436-MR

PEACE IFEACHO, INDIVIDUALLY AND
AS ADMINISTRATRIX OF THE ESTATE
OF STAR IFEACHO                                     APPELLANTS

           APPEAL FROM FAYETTE CIRCUIT COURT
v.        HONORABLE KIMBERLY N. BUNNELL, JUDGE
                  ACTION NO. 17-CI-04343
CODY BEGLEY, IN HIS
INDIVIDUAL CAPACITY                                                     APPELLEE

                                OPINION
                 AFFIRMING IN PART, REVERSING IN PART,
                           AND REMANDING

                                   ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: CLAYTON, CHIEF JUDGE; K. THOMPSON AND L. THOMPSON,
JUDGES.

CLAYTON, CHIEF JUDGE: Chris Armstrong (“Armstrong”) appeals from the

Fayette Circuit Court’s order denying his motion for summary judgment on the

grounds that he was not entitled to either qualified official immunity or statutory

immunity under Kentucky Revised Statutes (“KRS”) 411.148 or KRS 311.668

from the negligence claims asserted against him by the Estate of Star Ifeacho (the

“Estate”) and Peace Ifeacho (“Peace”).

             Additionally, the Estate and Peace appeal from the Fayette Circuit

Court’s order granting Cody Begley’s (“Begley”) motion for summary judgment

on the grounds that he was entitled to both qualified official immunity and

statutory immunity under KRS 411.148 and KRS 311.668 from the negligence

claims asserted against him by the Estate and Peace.

             Upon review of the applicable facts and case law, we affirm the trial

court’s opinion and order as to Begley’s entitlement to qualified official immunity

                                         -2-
but agree with Armstrong that he was also entitled to summary judgment based on

qualified official immunity. Accordingly, we reverse the Fayette Circuit Court’s

opinion and order insofar as it denies Armstrong’s motion for summary judgment

and remand this matter with instructions to enter judgment in favor of Armstrong

based upon qualified official immunity.

              FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

             On April 26, 2017, Star Ifeacho (“Star”), a sophomore enrolled at Paul

Laurence Dunbar High School (“Dunbar”), attended an after school basketball

“open gym.” Armstrong, a teacher and assistant boys’ basketball coach, was

present at the open gym to supervise the participating students and to provide

instruction and feedback.

             During the open gym, Star complained to other students that he was

having trouble breathing, describing it as feeling as though he had asthma.

Thereafter, Star went to the athletic trainers’ office to speak with Begley, an

athletic trainer who worked at Dunbar pursuant to a contract with Fayette County

Public Schools (“FCPS”) through the University of Kentucky’s Department of

Orthopedic Surgery & Sports Medicine (the “Contract”). The Contract provided

athletic trainer coverage for athletic activities sanctioned by the Kentucky High

School Athletic Association (“KHSAA”), as well as athletic training services to all

athletes of any interscholastic sport offered at each high school.

                                          -3-
             Specifically, Star complained to Begley that his heart was racing. As

Star turned to leave the trainers’ office, he turned back to Begley, stated, “it’s

doing it,” and then collapsed. Begley went to Star’s side, rolled him onto his back,

and checked his breathing and pulse. Thereafter, Begley instructed a football

player who had been in Begley’s office receiving shoulder treatment to call 911.

Begley also began applying cardiopulmonary resuscitation (“CPR”) to Star and

instructed another student to find a coach. Armstrong entered the trainers’ office,

knelt down to assist Begley, and grabbed Star’s hand. Begley asked Armstrong to

remain with him to assist, if necessary.

             Begley instructed one of those students to call another athletic trainer,

Gabrielle Sombelon, who had taken the only portable automated external

defibrillator (“AED”) with her to an in-season baseball practice. An AED is a

medical device used to help those experiencing sudden cardiac arrest by analyzing

the heart’s rhythm and, if necessary, delivering an electrical shock – or

defibrillation – to help the heart re-establish an effective rhythm. According to the

FCPS policy concerning the placement of AEDs in a building, “[t]he optimal

response time is three (3) minutes or less . . . . Survival rates decrease by 7-10%

for every minute defibrillation is delayed.”

             When Sombelon did not initially answer her phone, Begley instructed

two other students to retrieve another AED located in the school’s foyer,

                                           -4-
approximately 325 feet from the trainers’ office. Once the students arrived with

the AED, Begley applied the AED’s leads to Star and delivered a shock when

prompted by the AED. The AED then prompted Begley to resume providing CPR.

Before Begley could deliver a second shock, the Lexington Fire Department

arrived and assumed resuscitation efforts. Star was transported to the University of

Kentucky Emergency Department but was unfortunately unable to be revived and

passed away.

             The Estate and Star’s mother Peace, in her individual capacity,

brought an action in Fayette Circuit Court against several of Dunbar’s and FCPS’s

coaches and administrators, including Armstrong and Begley, in both their

individual and official capacities. The trial court ultimately dismissed all official

capacity claims against both Armstrong and Begley, leaving only the individual

claims.

             Specifically, the Estate and Peace claimed that Armstrong was

required under FCPS policies to immediately retrieve an AED. Similarly, the

Estate and Peace claimed that Begley was negligent in having a student attempt to

contact Sombelon to bring the portable AED to the training room rather than

immediately sending a student to obtain the other AED in the foyer.

             After a hearing, the Fayette Circuit Court denied Armstrong’s motion

for summary judgment, finding that the Estate’s claims against Armstrong were

                                          -5-
based on ministerial acts and therefore that qualified immunity was not applicable.

Additionally, the trial court found that Armstrong was not immune under either

KRS 311.668 or KRS 411.148 – Kentucky’s AED and Good Samaritan statutes –

because he was not engaged in Star’s medical treatment.

             The trial court granted Begley’s summary judgment motion, finding

both that the Estate’s claims against him were based on discretionary acts and that

he was immune under Kentucky’s AED and Good Samaritan statutes. Both

Armstrong and the Estate filed timely appeals, and the two appeals were

consolidated.

             Further facts will be discussed as they become relevant to the issues

discussed in this Opinion.

                                      ISSUES

             On appeal, Armstrong argues that (1) the trial court erred in denying

qualified immunity to Armstrong based on its determination that the acts involved

were ministerial in nature and (2) the trial court erred in denying Armstrong

statutory immunity under either or both KRS 311.668 or KRS 411.148. The Estate

and Peace argue on appeal that (1) the trial court erred in granting Begley qualified

immunity and (2) the trial court erred in granting Begley statutory immunity under

KRS 311.668 and KRS 411.148.

                                         -6-
                                     ANALYSIS

             a. Standard of Review

             These matters are properly before this Court as interlocutory appeals

on a question of qualified and statutory immunities. Summary judgment is

generally appropriate where “the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories,

stipulations, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that

there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is

entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Kentucky Rule of Civil Procedure

(“CR”) 56.03. The Kentucky Supreme Court has also held that summary judgment

is proper “where the movant shows that the adverse party cannot prevail under any

circumstances.” Steelvest, Inc. v. Scansteel Service Center, Inc., 807 S.W.2d 476,

479 (Ky. 1991).

             In either case, “a party opposing a properly supported summary

judgment motion cannot defeat that motion without presenting at least some

affirmative evidence demonstrating that there is a genuine issue of material fact

requiring trial.” Hubble v. Johnson, 841 S.W.2d 169, 171 (Ky. 1992) (citation

omitted). A “trial court must then view the record ‘in a light most favorable to the

party opposing the motion for summary judgment and all doubts are to be resolved

in his favor.’” Rowan County v. Sloas, 201 S.W.3d 469, 474 (Ky. 2006) (quoting

Steelvest, 807 S.W.2d at 480).

                                          -7-
             In the context of qualified official immunity, “[s]ummary judgments

play an especially important role as the defense renders one immune not just from

liability, but also from suit itself.” Ritchie v. Turner, 559 S.W.3d 822, 830 (Ky.

2018) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). An appeals court reviews

the issue of whether a school official is entitled to qualified official immunity de

novo. Id. (citation omitted).

             b. Discussion

                    1. Qualified Official Immunity as to Armstrong

             Armstrong first argues that the trial court erred in denying him

qualified immunity based on its determination that the acts involved were

ministerial in nature. As the Kentucky Supreme Court explained in Yanero v.

Davis, when an officer or employee of the state or county is sued in his or her

individual capacity, that officer or employee is often entitled to qualified official

immunity, “which affords protection from damages liability for good faith

judgment calls made in a legally uncertain environment.” 65 S.W.3d 510, 522

(Ky. 2001) (citation omitted). The application of qualified immunity “rests not on

the status or title of the officer or employee, but on the function performed.” Id. at

521 (citation omitted). Specifically, “the analysis depends upon classifying the

particular acts or functions in question in one of two ways: discretionary or

ministerial.” Haney v. Monsky, 311 S.W.3d 235, 240 (Ky. 2010).

                                          -8-
             As explained in Haney:

             Discretionary acts are, generally speaking, those
             involving the exercise of discretion and judgment, or
             personal deliberation, decision, and judgment. It may
             also be added that discretionary acts or functions are
             those that necessarily require the exercise of reason in the
             adaptation of means to an end, and discretion in
             determining how or whether the act shall be done or the
             course pursued. Discretion in the manner of the
             performance of an act arises when the act may be
             performed in one or two or more ways, either of which
             would be lawful, and where it is left to the will or
             judgment of the performer to determine in which way it
             shall be performed.

Id. (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

             On the other hand, qualified immunity does not protect one who

negligently performs, or fails to perform, a ministerial duty. “A ministerial duty is

one that requires only obedience to the orders of others.” Patton v. Bickford, 529

S.W.3d 717, 724 (Ky. 2016), reh’g denied (Aug. 24, 2017) (internal quotation

marks and citation omitted). “The act of ‘governing cannot be a tort, but failing to

carry out the government’s commands properly when the acts [to be performed]

are known and certain can be.’” Id. (quoting Marson v. Thomason, 438 S.W.3d

292, 296 (Ky. 2014) (brackets as per Patton)). Put another way, “a duty is

ministerial when the officer’s duty is absolute, certain, and imperative, involving

merely execution of a specific act arising from fixed and designated facts.” Id.

(internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

                                         -9-
             Here, the Estate argues that the FCPS’s Protocol For Using Medtronic

LifePak CR Plus Automated External Defibrillator (the “Protocol”) imposed a

ministerial duty on Armstrong to retrieve an AED. The Protocol states, in

applicable part:

             After School Hours:

             Neither the Fayette County Board of Education nor any
             of its members, agents, or employees assume liability for
             the rendering of care or use of an AED after normal
             business/school hours.

             1. Athletic trainer-covered events:

                   a) Confirm unresponsiveness of victim.

                   b) Activate system:

                         - At any school, public, or cellular phone,
                         DIAL 9-1-1 or other local emergency
                         number.

                         - Alert athletic staff of emergency by
                         sending a runner to inform athletic trainer,
                         athletic director or field/gym manager.

                   c) If present, the athletic trainer or a designee will
                   retrieve the AED.

                   d) If a CPR and/or AED trained individual is
                   available, CPR and AED procedures should be
                   initiated until EMS arrives.

                   e) Follow procedures outlined above in the section
                   titled During School Hours, starting with
                   Paragraph 4a.

                                         -10-
             2. Other school events (if an AED is available):

                    a) Confirm unresponsiveness of victim.

                    b) Activate system:

                          - At any school, public, or cellular phone,
                          DIAL 9-1-1 or other local emergency
                          number.

                          - Alert the supervising staff member of the
                          emergency.

                    c) If CPR + AED trained, supervising staff will
                    retrieve the AED. CPR and AED procedures
                    should be initiated until EMS arrives.

                    d) Follow procedures outlined above in the section
                    titled During School Hours, starting with
                    Paragraph 4a. [CPR-trained individual(s) will
                    assess the emergency and, if needed, begin CPR
                    until the AED arrives: [gives procedure for CPR].

             Thus, the issue before us is whether the language contained in the

Protocol imposed a ministerial duty on Armstrong to retrieve the AED, or whether

his decision was a “good faith judgment call[] made in a legally uncertain

environment.” Haney, 311 S.W.3d at 240 (quoting Yanero, 65 S.W.3d at 522)

(emphasis per Haney) (other citation omitted).

             As set out above, the Protocol instructs that certain actions must be

taken when presented with an unresponsive victim: confirm the unresponsiveness

of the victim, call 911, alert athletic and/or supervising staff, retrieve an AED, and

follow CPR and AED procedures until EMS arrives. We conclude that it was

                                          -11-
mandatory and ministerial that the foregoing basic tasks be completed. However,

the exact manner or timeline for how these tasks were to be completed was

discretionary. So long as these tasks were being undertaken by someone with the

appropriate training to perform them, duplicative efforts were not required. The

most important thing under the Protocol was that the AED be retrieved and used,

which is what was done in this case.

             In particular, a review of the Protocol indicates that whomever is

required to retrieve the AED during a particular event depends upon whether such

event is considered an “athletic trainer-covered event” or an “other school event.”

While the trial court ultimately – and correctly – concluded that the open gym was

an “other school event,” Armstrong could justifiably have believed at the time that

it was an “athletic trainer-covered event” simply because Begley was present and

was already in the process of rendering the mandated aid. Indeed, Armstrong

entered the training room after Star had collapsed and Begley had already taken

charge of Star’s emergency care. Moreover, it is undisputed that Begley had far

more medical training than Armstrong, as Begley was both an athletic trainer and a

certified EMT, while Armstrong only had CPR and AED training. There is no

doubt that Armstrong was aware that Begley had more expertise in rendering aid

than did Armstrong. Under these circumstances, Armstrong was justified in

                                        -12-
believing that Begley or his “designee” would both retrieve the AED and utilize

the AED, which is in fact what ultimately occurred.

             Here, Armstrong responded to an in-progress situation already being

managed in which appropriate care was being rendered (as the Estate concedes in

every respect but for the prompt retrieval of the AED) and students were being

designated to perform other tasks. There is no doubt that Armstrong was prepared

to render aid and was in a position to render aid by remaining by Star’s side.

Therefore, so long as Begley’s aid was appropriate, Armstrong cannot be faulted

for using his discretion in declining to wrest control from an individual with

superior training and experience.

             Further, we disagree with the Estate that the language stating “[i]f

CPR + AED trained, supervising staff will retrieve the AED” means that

Armstrong was required to retrieve the AED himself. It strains logic for the Estate

to maintain that Armstrong had to retrieve the AED from outside the office itself,

rather than allow Begley to assign the task of obtaining an AED to a student.

Additionally, under the Estate’s reasoning, Armstrong was mandated to retrieve an

AED device even if Begley had already obtained one. Considering that the

guidance for whether Begley or Armstrong was in charge of this particular setting

was likely confusing at that moment, Armstrong acted appropriately in deferring to

Begley in this in-progress emergency given their relevant training and experience.

                                        -13-
It would be exceedingly unproductive in managing an emergency situation for

Begley and Armstrong to be debating who should be in charge and who should

perform which action.

             Furthermore, we disagree with the Estate that a specific ministerial

duty existed to obtain the AED device within a set period of time. While the Estate

references guidance regarding the placement of AED devices which suggests each

area of the school should have a unit available within a three-minute distance and

provides authority as to the diminishing effectiveness of an AED if applied beyond

a three to four-minute window, this guidance and authority does not graft onto the

Protocol a mandatory duty to retrieve a device within three minutes. We do not

believe Armstrong had the mandatory ministerial duty to obtain the AED within an

exact time frame. Rather, Armstrong made a judgment call “in a legally uncertain

environment” when determining that it was more appropriate for him to remain

nearby and prepared to assist Begley in any manner requested – including

potentially taking over the performance of CPR, a duty mandated under the

Protocol if Begley became too tired to continue – rather than seeking out an AED

when a student at Begley’s direction was already attempting to obtain it. Yanero,

65 S.W.3d at 522. Certainly, while at some point the failure to seek out or obtain

an AED could potentially violate the Protocol, we do not believe that a factual

issue was raised in this regard given the timeline of events.

                                         -14-
             Thus, we reverse the trial court’s order denying Armstrong’s motion

for summary judgment and instruct the court to enter a new order granting

Armstrong summary judgment on the basis of qualified immunity.

             Additionally, because we have determined that Armstrong is entitled

to qualified immunity, we decline to address whether Armstrong had statutory

immunity under either KRS 311.668 or KRS 411.148.

             2. Qualified Immunity as to Begley

             The Estate and Peace argue on appeal that the trial court erred when it

found that Begley was immune to their claims based on qualified immunity.

Specifically, the Estate and Peace first argue that because the case of Gould v.

O’Bannon, 770 S.W.2d 220, 222 (Ky. 1989), states that “[t]he administration of

medical care is a ministerial function by employees, including doctors[,]” Begley’s

functions that day were purely ministerial. This situation, however, is

distinguishable. The Estate and Peace conceded that there was no allegation that

Begley negligently administered the AED or that he was negligent in performing

CPR on Star. Therefore, it was not Begley’s rendering of medical care that was the

basis of the claim, but rather Begley’s decision-making process in determining

how to retrieve the AED in this emergency situation. Such process included

instructing others present on how to proceed, assigning the responsibility for

retrieving the AED by designating other individuals to carry out that task, and how

                                        -15-
long to wait before designating different individuals to retrieve a different AED.

We agree with the trial court that the foregoing actions were clearly discretionary

in nature. As a result, Gould is inapplicable.

             Additionally, the Estate argues that Begley’s actions were ministerial

based on a 2015 Emergency Action Plan (“EAP”), which provided that “[t]he

person in charge will designate someone to gather any emergency equipment

necessary for the situation.” In this case, however, the EAP is not applicable to an

open gym, but only to KHSAA-sanctioned games and practices. Additionally,

although the EAP made it mandatory for Begley to designate someone to retrieve

the AED, his exercise of that discretion in who to designate, which AED to instruct

that designee to retrieve, and how long to wait prior to designating someone else to

retrieve an alternate AED were not specified by the EAP and instead remained in

Begley’s discretion. Moreover, Begley did, in fact, comply with his duty by

instructing the two high school students to retrieve the AED from the foyer, an

instruction with which they ultimately complied. We see Begley’s actions to be

discretionary in this case, and we therefore affirm the trial court’s determination

that he is entitled to qualified immunity.

             Because we have determined that the trial court did not err in granting

Begley qualified immunity and properly dismissed the claims against Begley, we

                                         -16-
decline to address whether Begley had statutory immunity under either KRS

311.668 or KRS 411.148.

                                 CONCLUSION

            For the foregoing reasons, we affirm in part and reverse and remand

in part with instructions to enter judgment in favor of Armstrong based upon

qualified official immunity.

            ALL CONCUR.

BRIEFS FOR CHRIS ARMSTRONG:               BRIEF FOR PEACE IFEACHO,
                                          INDIVIDUALLY AND AS
John G. McNeill                           ADMINISTRATRIX OF THE
Elizabeth A. Deener                       ESTATE OF STAR IFEACHO:
Lexington, Kentucky
                                          Sheila P. Hiestand
ORAL ARGUMENT FOR CHRIS                   Louisville, Kentucky
ARMSTRONG:
                                          ORAL ARGUMENT FOR PEACE
Elizabeth A. Deener                       IFEACHO, INDIVIDUALLY AND
Lexington, Kentucky                       AS ADMINISTRATRIX OF THE
BRIEF FOR CODY BEGLEY:                    ESTATE OF STAR IFEACHO:
Donald P. Maloney, II                     Sheila P. Hiestand
Andrew D. DeSimone                        Jarret Smith
Donald C. Morgan                          Louisville, Kentucky
William E. Thro
Margaret M. Pisacano
Lexington, Kentucky
ORAL ARGUMENT FOR CODY
BEGLEY:
Donald P. Maloney, II
Andrew D. DeSimone
Donald C. Morgan
Lexington, Kentucky

                                       -17-