Court Opinion

ID: 4609102
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-20 19:44:01.97474+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:53:49.643456
License: Public Domain

Estate of Charles J. Rosebault, Laura D. Rosebault, Executrix, Petitioner, v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, RespondentRosebault v. CommissionerDocket No. 15393United States Tax Court12 T.C. 1; 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 302; January 5, 1949, Promulgated 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 302">*302 Decision will be entered under Rule 50.  On the facts, held, that the transfer of certain securities by decedent to his wife on June 18, 1941, was not made in contemplation of death.  Mark G. Holstein, Esq., for the petitioner.Rigmor O. Carlsen, Esq., for the respondent.  Hill, Judge.  HILL 12 T.C. 1">*1  This proceeding involves a deficiency in estate tax determined by respondent in the amount of $ 13,319.72.  The sole issue is whether the gift by decedent to his wife, Laura D. Rosebault, of certain securities from their joint account on June 18, 1941, was a transfer in contemplation of death within the meaning of section 811 (c) of the Internal Revenue Code.At the trial respondent conceded that upon proof of payment of New York State estate taxes by petitioner the latter would1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 302">*303  be entitled to a credit of the amount of such payment in computing its Federal estate tax liability.  A certificate of payment of such state estate tax in the amount of $ 826.34 has been filed with this Court since the hearing and has been made a part of the record.  Therefore, petitioner is entitled to a credit of $ 826.34 in recomputing its liability under Rule 50.The estate tax return was filed with the collector of internal revenue for the third district of New York.The facts are in part stipulated and such facts are so found.FINDINGS OF FACT.This proceeding is brought by Laura D. Rosebault, the widow of the decedent, Charles J. Rosebault, as the duly constituted executrix of his estate.Decedent was born August 16, 1864.  He died suddenly of a coronary occlusion on March 19, 1944, at the age of 79.12 T.C. 1">*2  Decedent and his wife were married on April 12, 1897.  There was no issue of this marriage.  Decedent's profession was that of a newspaper writer most of his life, but in later years he confined himself to freelance writing.On March 20, 1939, decedent executed his last will, whereby he devised and bequeathed all of his property to his wife should she survive him.For many1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 302">*304  years decedent and Laura Rosebault were joint owners of certain securities held in an account with Hemphill, Noyes & Co., a New York Stock Exchange firm.  She contributed no assets to the joint account. On June 18, 1941, the value of this account was somewhat in excess of $ 120,000.Over the same period Laura Rosebault had an individual account with the same firm which was worth approximately $ 40,000 on June 18, 1941.  The securities in this account resulted largely from various gifts received from her husband, but were also purchased with a few thousand dollars she had earned by giving piano lessons.The financial management of both of the above accounts was always handled exclusively by the decedent. His wife never withdrew funds from the joint account for her personal use, but relied on her individual account for such purposes.On June 18, 1941, decedent withdrew securities from the joint account worth approximately $ 40,000 and transferred them to his wife as an absolute gift. Though he was 76 years old at the time of the transfer, decedent was in normal good health and had no apprehension of death.  The donor had never previously made a transfer to the donee out of this account. 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 302">*305  Two principal desires motivated decedent at the time he turned these securities over to his wife.  First, he was worried over the reduction of their resources and desired to reduce his income taxes by equalizing the value of securities in the joint account and in his wife's individual account.  Secondly, he felt a moral obligation to make up losses in Mrs. Rosebault's own securities which occurred in the crash of 1929-30, due to poor advice he had given her in the purchase of securities.  Laura D. Rosebault's holdings had been thereby reduced between $ 35,000 and $ 40,000 and she had never recouped this loss.At all times prior to his death decedent was in good health and carried on his normal business and social pursuits. Until the very end decedent was actively engaged in writing articles and books.  During the war years he attended first aid classes regularly. He was a member of several writers' clubs and participated in their meetings at all times.  Until the day he died, decedent had no presentiment of impending death.On the evening of March 19, 1944, decedent and his wife invited friends to dinner and played cards with them that evening. As decedent 12 T.C. 1">*3  prepared to retire1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 302">*306  for the night, he was suddenly stricken with a coronary occlusion and died.The securities transferred to his wife by decedent on June 18, 1941, were valued at $ 47,214.05 at the time of decedent's death.  Respondent in his deficiency notice, under "Explanation of Adjustments," stated as follows:ReturnedDeterminedTransfers:Transfer of securities from the decedent to his wifeon June 18, 1941$ 0.00$ 47,214.05It is held that under the Federal estate tax laws and regulations pertaining thereto, that the transfer to the wife is subject to Federal estate tax.Other corrections made by the Commissioner increased the net value of the decedent's estate by $ 341.89.  As a result of these adjustments the Commissioner determined a deficiency of $ 13,319.72 in the estate tax of the decedent.The transfer of securities by decedent to his wife on June 18, 1941, was not in contemplation of death.OPINION.The sole issue in this case is whether the transfer by decedent to his wife of approximately $ 40,000 worth of securities on June 18, 1941, was made in contemplation of death.It is well established that the words "in contemplation of death" mean that the thought1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 302">*307  of death is the impelling cause of the transfer and, furthermore, that the estate tax does not cover a gift inter vivos which springs from a different motive. United States v. Wells, 283 U.S. 102">283 U.S. 102. Hence, in the instant case we must detect the donor's dominant motive in the light of his bodily and mental condition at the time of the transfer and determine whether it was associated with life or with death.We have found as a fact that up until the time of his sudden death, including the period when the transfer was made, decedent was in normal good health, regularly engaged in his business and social pursuits, and had no reason to apprehend death.  It is true that decedent was 76 years old at the time of the gift, yet age in itself can not be regarded as a decisive test of the motive behind the transfer.  283 U.S. 102">United States v. Wells, supra, and Estate of Oliver Johnson, 10 T.C. 680. Thus, the preponderance of evidence relating to the donor's physical condition leads to the conclusion that the gift was not motivated by any premonition of death.It is noteworthy that decedent transferred1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 302">*308  these securities to his wife more than two years after he had written his last will and almost three years before his death.  Therefore, there is no such propinquity 12 T.C. 1">*4  between these three events that we can infer therefrom that decedent was in a testamentary frame of mind at the time he made the transfer.Turning to the evidence bearing on decedent's motives at the time of the gift, we find that his first avowed reason for the transfer was a desire to save income taxes.  Surrounding facts support a conclusion that the gift did accomplish this purpose.  We may assume that decedent paid the tax on all income arising from the joint account, for his wife never contributed assets thereto.  It is obvious that by reducing the value of securities in the joint account from over $ 120,000 to approximately $ 80,000, decedent would reduce his taxable income and the tax reduction thus accomplished would more than offset the increased income tax liability of Laura Rosebault caused by raising the value of her securities to approximately $ 80,000.  It is well settled that a desire to save income taxes is a motive associated with life.  Becker v. St. Louis Trust Co., 296 U.S. 48">296 U.S. 48;1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 302">*309 City Bank Farmers' Trust Co. v. McGowan, 142 Fed. (2d) 599.The second reason for the transfer given by decedent was his wish to compensate his wife for losses suffered by her in the crash of 1929-1930 due to poor advice he had given her in the purchase of securities.  The facts also give credence to this purpose.  Mrs. Rosebault always followed decedent's advice in making investments and had lost between $ 35,000 and $ 40,000 in the crash, a sum roughly equal to the amount of decedent's gift. The responsibility decedent felt for these losses is reasonable, because his wife relied exclusively on his judgment in financial matters.  The gift restored the income from her individual account to approximately its prior level and enabled her to meet her present personal needs therefrom.  If he had not made this transfer she would have had to postpone satisfaction of these wants out of the joint account until after his death, for she did not consider that she was entitled to draw on this account during his life.  The mere fact that the discharge of this moral obligation was postponed until 1941 in no way detracts from its validity.  The satisfaction of 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 302">*310  a moral obligation has been recognized by the courts as a motive associated with life.  283 U.S. 102">United States v. Wells, supra;Allen v. Trust Co. of Georgia, 326 U.S. 630">326 U.S. 630.Respondent argues that the sole motive behind decedent's gift was the desire to reduce his estate taxes, a motive concededly associated with death, and that therefore decedent's transfer was made in contemplation of death.  There is no question that all securities in the joint account at the time of decedent's death were a part of his gross estate.  It is true the transfer enabled decedent to reduce the value of this account by $ 47,214.05.  Yet the fatal weakness in respondent's contention is that any gift inter vivos by a decedent will necessarily reduce his estate tax. There is no basis in the law for the conclusion that such a consequence alone causes the transfer to be in contemplation 12 T.C. 1">*5  of death.  As the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit said in the recent case of Allen v. Trust Co. of Georgia, 149 Fed. (2d) 120, this argument:* * * ignores the fact that a man has a right to take any lawful steps, * 1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 302">*311  * * in order to save taxes.  Gregory v. Helvering, 293 U.S. 465">293 U.S. 465. * * * But an irrevocable or absolute gift not made in contemplation of death, is not taxable despite the fact that incidental benefit in the avoidance of estate taxes will result on the death of the donor. Every gift has that incidence.The mere fact that decedent was conscious of the estate tax consequences of his act does not mean that this was the primary aim of the transfer, and all the evidence rebuts such a conclusion.  Such a purpose was not even mentioned by decedent in discussing the transfer with his wife.  Had this been the compelling motive, certainly he would have disposed of more than $ 40,000, for the resulting reduction in his estate tax would have more than compensated for any gift tax liability.  As it was, the transfer still left $ 117,379.17 in the estate at his death, upon which a tax of over $ 8,000 was paid.  The estate escaped neither the basic tax nor the surtax by virtue of the gift. We hold that the compelling causes of the gift were to save income taxes and to fulfill a moral obligation to his wife.Our examination of the donor's bodily and mental condition1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 302">*312  at the time of the transfer convinces us his dominant motive was one associated with life, even assuming that he considered the possibility of saving estate taxes.  The Supreme Court was faced with a similar fact situation in Allen v. Trust Co. of Georgia, 326 U.S. 630">326 U.S. 630. The following statement, at page 635, is peculiarly germane to the instant case:* * * On the other hand, every man making a gift knows that what he gives away today will not be included in his estate when he dies.  All such gifts plainly are not made in contemplation of death in the statutory sense.  Many gifts, even to those who are the natural and appropriate objects of the donor's bounty, are motivated by "purposes associated with life, rather than with the distribution of property in anticipation of death." * * *In holding that the transfer was not in contemplation of death the Court relied on the test set forth in 283 U.S. 102">United States v. Wells, supra, and found the impelling cause of the transfer was associated with life.  In accordance with this decision, we hold that the transfer in the instant case was not in contemplation of death.Decision1949 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 302">*313  will be entered under Rule 50.