Court Opinion

ID: 4685046
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-05-07 19:01:03.712325+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:04:25.860732
License: Public Domain

USCA11 Case: 19-14267      Date Filed: 05/07/2021   Page: 1 of 65

                                                                        [PUBLISH]

               IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                        FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                          ________________________

                                No. 19-14267
                          ________________________

                  D.C. Docket No. 4:97-cr-00182-JRH-BKE-1

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                                  Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                      versus

THOMAS BRYANT, JR.,

                                                             Defendant-Appellant.
                          ________________________

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Southern District of Georgia
                         ________________________

                                  (May 7, 2021)

Before MARTIN, LUCK, and BRASHER, Circuit Judges.

BRASHER, Circuit Judge:

      Thomas Bryant is a corrupt former police officer who was sentenced to prison

for running drugs and guns. He filed a motion seeking a reduction in his sentence

under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A), and the district court denied that motion based on
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the Sentencing Commission’s policy statement found at U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13. In

resolving Bryant’s appeal, we must answer two questions about the relationship

between Section 3582(c)(1)(A) and 1B1.13.

      First, we must decide whether district courts reviewing defendant-filed

motions under Section 3582(c)(1)(A) are bound by the Sentencing Commission’s

policy statement. Under Section 3582(c)(1)(A), a court can reduce an otherwise final

sentence for “extraordinary and compelling reasons,” as long as the reduction is

“consistent with applicable policy statements issued by the Sentencing

Commission.” The statute commands the Commission to publish a policy statement

that defines “extraordinary and compelling reasons,” 28 U.S.C. § 994(t), and the

Commission did: 1B1.13, which is entitled “Reduction in Term of Imprisonment

under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A).” At the time, the statute required all motions to be

filed by the BOP. The policy statement repeats that then-existing statutory language

and, in its application notes, lists several circumstances that are “extraordinary and

compelling reasons” that justify a sentence reduction.

      So far, so good. But after Congress changed the statute to allow defendants to

file motions in addition to the BOP, several of our sister circuits have held that

1B1.13 is not an “applicable policy statement[]” for those defendant-filed motions.

This is so, they say, because the policy statement, quoting the pre-existing statute’s

language, begins with the following phrase: “Upon motion of the Director of the

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Bureau of Prisons.” Based mostly on that language, our sister circuits have held that

this policy statement is not an “applicable policy statement” that binds judicial

discretion as to defendant-filed motions.

      We disagree with that reasoning. The statute’s procedural change does not

affect the statute’s or 1B1.13’s substantive standards, specifically the definition of

“extraordinary and compelling reasons.” The Commission’s standards are still

capable of being applied and relevant to all Section 3582(c)(1)(A) motions, whether

filed by the BOP or a defendant. And the structure of the Guidelines, our caselaw’s

interpretation of “applicable policy statement,” and general canons of statutory

interpretation all confirm that 1B1.13 is still an applicable policy statement for a

Section 3582(c)(1)(A) motion, no matter who files it.

      Second, because we conclude that 1B1.13 is an applicable policy statement,

we must determine how district courts should apply that statement to motions filed

under Section 3582(c)(1)(A). Bryant argues that Application Note 1(D) of 1B1.13

conflicts with the statute’s recent amendment. As a catch-all provision, Application

Note 1(D) says that a court may grant a motion if, “[a]s determined by the Director

of the Bureau of Prisons, there exists in the defendant’s case an extraordinary and

compelling reason other than, or in combination with, the reasons described in

subdivisions (A) through (C).” Bryant argues that, because the statute now allows

for defendant-filed motions, we should replace “as determined by the [BOP]” with

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“as determined by the [court].” This alteration to the policy statement would give

courts effectively unlimited discretion to grant or deny motions under Application

Note 1(D).

      But we cannot do that. Application Note 1(D) is not inconsistent with the

procedural change in the statute that allows defendants to file motions. Because we

can apply both the amended Section 3582(c)(1)(A) and Application Note 1(D), we

must apply both.

      In short, 1B1.13 is an applicable policy statement for all Section

3582(c)(1)(A) motions, and Application Note 1(D) does not grant discretion to

courts to develop “other reasons” that might justify a reduction in a defendant’s

sentence. Accordingly, we affirm.

                               I. BACKGROUND

                              A. Factual Background

      Thomas Bryant used to be a cop. But he abused that position, flouting the law

that he had vowed to uphold. For years, Bryant worked with other officers to help

traffic cocaine. Armed and in uniform—often in police vehicles—they acted as the

cocaine couriers’ personal security detail. Bryant also sold cocaine and stolen guns

himself. And he passed along confidential police information to the cocaine gang.

      But duplicity begets duplicity. Soon enough, one of the informed became an

informant and turned on his fellow criminals. A jury convicted Bryant of multiple

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drug and gun offenses. The district court eventually sentenced him to 292 months

imprisonment to be followed by a mandatory, consecutive 300 months.

                              B. Statutory Background

      In 2018, Congress passed and the President signed the First Step Act. Bryant

brought his motion to reduce his sentence under that Act. To understand the FSA,

we look first to the history of federal sentencing.

      For a long time, sentencing judges had nearly unbridled discretion, bound only

by statutory minimums or maximums. United States v. Irey, 612 F.3d 1160, 1180–

81 (11th Cir. 2010) (en banc); see also Dorszynski v. United States, 418 U.S. 424,

431 (1974) (“[O]nce it is determined that a sentence is within the limitations set forth

in the statute under which it is imposed, appellate review is at an end.”). Parole

boards also had discretion to release a prisoner after he had served as little as one

third of his sentence, see, e.g., Barber v. Thomas, 560 U.S. 474, 482 (2010),

obscuring at sentencing the actual amount of time that the defendant would serve.

Cf. Setser v. United States, 566 U.S. 231, 248 (2012) (Breyer, J., dissenting)

(explaining the system as involving “a parole commission and a judge trying to

second-guess each other about the time an offender will actually serve in prison”).

That system spawned drastic disparities and uncertainty in sentencing, which drove

Congress to pass the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984. See Irey, 612 F.3d at 1180–

81.

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      The SRA sought uniformity and honesty in sentencing. To achieve

uniformity, it created the U.S. Sentencing Commission and delegated to it the power

to create a comprehensive system of sentencing guidelines. See Peugh v. United

States, 569 U.S. 530, 535 (2013). To achieve honesty, it abolished the parole system

and prohibited courts from “modify[ing] a term of imprisonment once it ha[d] been

imposed,” 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c). See Barber, 560 U.S. at 481–82.

      Nonetheless, the SRA provided three narrow exceptions to that general

prohibition on sentence modification, one of which is relevant here. See United

States v. Denson, 963 F.3d 1080, 1086 (11th Cir. 2020). Section 3582(c)(1)(A)

allows a court to reduce a term of imprisonment for extraordinary and compelling

reasons. But the SRA did not put district courts in charge of determining what would

qualify as extraordinary and compelling reasons that might justify reducing a

prisoner’s sentence. Instead, it directed the Commission to define “what should be

considered extraordinary and compelling reasons for a sentence reduction, including

the criteria to be applied and a list of specific examples” and to do so through

“general policy statements regarding the sentencing modification provisions in

section 3582(c)(1)(A).” 28 U.S.C. § 994(t); see also 28 U.S.C. § 994(a)(2)(C).

      The only boundary the SRA placed on the Commission’s definition was that

“[r]ehabilitation … alone shall not be considered an extraordinary and compelling

reason.” 28 U.S.C. § 994(t). And it required district courts to follow that definition.

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18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A); see Dillon v. United States, 560 U.S. 817, 826–27

(2010); United States v. Colon, 707 F.3d 1255, 1262 (11th Cir. 2013). Put another

way, the SRA made clear that a district court cannot grant a motion for reduction if

it would be inconsistent with the Commission’s policy statement defining

“extraordinary and compelling reasons.” 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A).

      It took the Commission over twenty years to publish its substantive definition

of “extraordinary and compelling reasons.” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13 (U.S. Sent’g Comm’n

2007). That definition listed four reasons as extraordinary and compelling: (i) a

“terminal illness”; (ii) a “permanent physical or medical condition” or “deteriorating

physical or mental health because of the aging process,” which “substantially

diminishes the ability of the defendant to provide self-care” in prison; (iii) “death or

incapacitation of the defendant’s only family member capable of caring for” a minor

child; and (iv) “[a]s determined by the Director of the Bureau of Prisons, … an

extraordinary and compelling reason other than, or in combination with, the reasons

described in subdivisions (i), (ii), and (iii).” Id. at § 1B1.13 cmt. n.1(A). In addition

to that definition, the policy statement—found at U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13—required that

a defendant not be a danger to society. Id. at § 1B1.13(2).

      But the Commission’s twenty-year delay mattered little because Section

3582(c)(1)(A) allowed only the BOP to file those motions, and the BOP rarely did

so. In fact, the BOP failed to file reduction motions even if a defendant’s reasons

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were extraordinary and compelling. The BOP’s reticence sparked criticism. For

example, a DOJ report found that the “BOP [did] not properly manage the

compassionate-release program, resulting in inmates who may be eligible candidates

for release not being considered.” U.S. Dep’t of Justice: The Federal Bureau of

Prisons’ Compassionate Release Program 11 (Apr. 2013).

      In response to the criticism, the Commission conducted an “in-depth review,”

held a public hearing, and revised 1B1.13. U.S.S.G. App. C, Amend. 799 at 135

(effective Nov. 1, 2016). It expanded, reorganized, and clarified the four categories

of extraordinary and compelling reasons. See id. at 132–33. Now, the first

category—“medical condition of the defendant”—no longer requires “a specific

prognosis of life expectancy” to grant relief for a terminal illness. U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13

cmt. n.1(A)(i) (U.S. Sent’g Comm’n 2016). The medical-condition category also

subsumed the previous inability-for-self-care category and allows relief for “serious

functional or cognitive impairment” that “substantially diminished” the ability for

self-care. Id. at § 1B1.13 cmt. n.1(A)(ii). The new second category—“age of the

defendant”—explains that deterioration due to age is extraordinary and compelling

even if it does not diminish the ability for self-care as long as the defendant is at least

65 years old and has served the lesser of 10 years or 75 percent of his sentence. Id.

at § 1B1.13 cmt. n.1(B). The third category—“family circumstances”—is broader,

now allowing relief if a defendant becomes the only potential caregiver for a minor

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child or for a spouse. Id. at § 1B1.13 cmt. n.1(C). And the catch-all “other reasons”

category remained the same. Id. at § 1B1.13 cmt. n.1(D).

      The 2016 amendment also added a clause making explicit that 1B1.13

“implements 28 U.S.C. § 994(a)(2) and (t),” which required it “to develop general

policy statements regarding … the appropriate use of the sentence modification

provisions set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)” and mandated that it “describe what

should be considered extraordinary and compelling reasons for sentence reduction.”

U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13 cmt. (backg’d). It changed the title from “Reduction in Term of

Imprisonment as a Result of Motion by Director of Bureau of Prisons (Policy

Statement)” to “Reduction in Term of Imprisonment Under 18 U.S.C. §

3582(c)(1)(A) (Policy Statement).” U.S.S.G. App. C, Amend. 799 at 132 (effective

Nov. 1, 2016).

      It even made a direct plea to the BOP, encouraging it to file Section

3582(c)(1)(A) motions “if the defendant meets any of the circumstances set forth in

[1B1.13].” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13 cmt. n.4 (2016). In explaining its reasons for that plea,

the Commission pointed to testimony and public comment that described the

“inefficiencies” in the BOP review of Section 3582(c)(1)(A) applications, which

could “delay or deny [relief], even in cases where the applicant appear[ed] to meet

the criteria for eligibility.” U.S.S.G. App. C, Amend. 799 at 136 (Reason for

Amendment) (effective Nov. 1, 2016). It acknowledged that “the Commission’s

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policy statement is not legally binding on the [BOP]” and explained that “the new

commentary [was] intended to encourage the [BOP Director] … to file a motion

under section 3582(c)(1)(A) when the criteria in this policy statement are met.” Id.

at 136–37.

      Most recently, the FSA expanded who could file a motion for a reduction of

sentence. The statute initially read “the court, upon motion of the Director of the

Bureau of Prisons, may reduce the term of imprisonment.”              18 U.S.C. §

3582(c)(1)(A) (1984) (amended 2018). The First Step Act added the italicized

language: “the court, upon motion of the Director of the Bureau of Prisons, or upon

motion of the defendant after the defendant has fully exhausted all administrative

rights to appeal a failure of the Bureau of Prisons to bring a motion on the

defendant’s behalf or the lapse of 30 days from the receipt of such a request by the

warden of the defendant’s facility, whichever is earlier, may reduce the term of

imprisonment.” Pub. L. No. 115-391, § 603(b), 132 Stat. 5194, 5239 (2018)

(amending 18 U.S.C. § 3582). In addition to allowing defendant-filed Section

3582(c)(1)(A) motions, the FSA also required the BOP to notify prisoners when they

may be eligible and to help them craft and file their motions. See Pub. L. No. 115-

391, § 603(b), 132 Stat. 5194, 5239–41 (2018) (amending 18 U.S.C. § 3582).

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                             C. Procedural Background

      Post-FSA, Bryant filed a Section 3582(c)(1)(A) motion, arguing that his

situation presented extraordinary and compelling reasons warranting a reduction. In

support, he pointed to several facts: (1) he would not be subject to a 25-year

mandatory minimum if he were sentenced today; (2) he received a higher sentence

than some of his coconspirators because he chose to go to trial; and (3) he has a good

record of rehabilitation in prison. He asked that the district court reduce his sentence

to time-served—releasing him over 25 years early. The government responded that

none of those reasons, alone or in combination, meet the Sentencing Commission’s

binding definition of extraordinary and compelling in 1B1.13. The district court

agreed and denied Bryant’s motion “for the reasons stated in the Government’s

response.”

                           II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

      We review de novo both determinations about a defendant’s eligibility for a

Section 3582(c) sentence reduction and questions of statutory interpretation. United

States v. St. Amour, 886 F.3d 1009, 1013 (11th Cir. 2018); United States v. Jones,

962 F.3d 1290, 1296 (11th Cir. 2020); see also Dillon v. United States, 560 U.S.

817, 826–27 (2010) (treating the eligibility determination as one of statutory

interpretation). We also “review de novo the interpretation of a sentencing

guideline.” United States v. Warren, 820 F.3d 406, 407 (11th Cir. 2016). Because

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Section 3582(c)(1)(A) permissively states that a district court “may” reduce a

sentence after eligibility is established, we review for abuse of discretion a district

court’s grant or denial of an eligible defendant’s reduction request. 18 U.S.C. §

3582(c)(1)(A) (stating that, “if [a court] finds” that a defendant meets both eligibility

criteria, it “may reduce” the sentence after considering the 3553(a) factors); see

Dillon, 560 U.S. at 826–27 (holding in an analogous Section 3582(c)(2) analysis that

after a court establishes eligibility, it determines “in its discretion” whether “the

authorized reduction is warranted, either in whole or in part, according to the factors

set forth in § 3553(a)”).

                                  III. DISCUSSION

      Finality is “essential to the operation of our criminal justice system.” Teague

v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 309 (1989). “Deterrence depends upon [it.] … Rehabilitation

demands [it.] … [And it] benefits the victim by helping [her] put the trauma of the

crime and prosecution behind [her].” Patterson v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 849

F.3d 1321, 1325 (11th Cir. 2017) (cleaned up). That is why courts are generally

forbidden from altering a sentence once it becomes final. United States v. Jones, 962

F.3d 1290, 1297 (11th Cir. 2020). But as a “congressional act of lenity,” Section

3582(c) authorizes three narrow sentence-modification proceedings. United States

v. Maiello, 805 F.3d 992, 1000 (11h Cir. 2015) (quoting Dillon v. United States, 560

U.S. 817, 828 (2010)).

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      One of those—Section 3582(c)(1)(A)—allows a court to reduce a sentence

for extraordinary and compelling reasons. But Section 3582(c)(1)(A) allows a

sentence reduction only if “such a reduction is consistent with applicable policy

statements issued by the Sentencing Commission,” one of which must define

“extraordinary and compelling reasons,” 28 U.S.C. § 994(t). See also 28 U.S.C. §

994(a)(2). The Commission published its definition at U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13 in its

policy statement titled “Reduction in Term of Imprisonment Under 18 U.S.C. §

3582(c)(1)(A).” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13.

      The answer to whether the Commission’s definition of “extraordinary and

compelling reasons” binds district courts is clear. Indeed, both the Supreme Court

and this Court have held that Congress’s consistent-with requirement makes the

relevant policy statements binding on district courts. See Dillon v. United States, 560

U.S. 817, 826–27 (2010); United States v. Colon, 707 F.3d 1255, 1262 (11th Cir.

2013). But parts of the current policy statement are in tension with the FSA. For

example, the policy statement still opens with the prefatory clause “[u]pon motion

of the Director of the Bureau of Prisons under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A)” and later

states that “[a] reduction under this policy statement may be granted only upon

motion by the Director of the Bureau of Prisons pursuant to 18 U.S.C. §

3582(c)(1)(A).” U.S.S.G § 1B1.13 & cmt. n.4. Some argue that other parts of 1B1.13

are also in tension with the FSA—mainly, Application Note 1(D), which describes

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the fourth category of extraordinary and compelling reasons as any unlisted reason

that the BOP puts forward. This debate has spawned two questions: (1) Is 1B1.13 an

applicable policy statement for defendant-filed Section 3582(c)(1)(A) motions? (2)

If it is, how does a court apply Application Note 1(D) to a motion like Bryant’s?

      Bryant’s main argument is about Application Note 1(D). But several of our

sister circuits have concluded that 1B1.13 is not an “applicable policy statement[]”

at all for defendant-filed motions. United States v. Brooker, 976 F.3d 228 (2d Cir.

2020); United States v. McCoy, 981 F.3d 271 (4th Cir. 2020); United States v.

Shkambi, No. 20-40543 (5th Cir. April 7, 2021); United States v. Jones, 980 F.3d

1098 (6th Cir. 2020); United States v. Gunn, 980 F.3d 1178 (7th Cir. 2020); United

States v. Aruda, No. 20-10245 (9th Cir. April 8, 2021); United States v. Maumau,

No. 20-4056 (10th Cir. April 1, 2021). Until now, we have expressly reserved

judgment on this question. United States v. Harris, 989 F.3d 908, 912 & n.2 (11th

Cir. 2021). Given the importance of this threshold question, we turn to it first.

        A. “Applicable Policy Statement” Under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A)

      We interpret a statute based on the ordinary meaning of its text when it was

enacted. Wis. Cent. Ltd. v. United States, 138 S.Ct. 2067, 2074 (2018) (“[I]t’s a

‘fundamental canon of statutory construction’ that words generally should be

‘interpreted as taking their ordinary, contemporary, common meaning ... at the time

Congress enacted the statute.’”). In other words, “for hard cases as well as easy ones,

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the commonsense reading of the relevant statutory text is the anchor for statutory

interpretation.” Bostock v. Clayton Cnty., 140 S.Ct. 1731, 1825 (2020) (Kavanaugh,

J., dissenting) (cleaned up) (quoting W. Eskridge, Interpreting Law 33, 34–35

(2016)). As guidance for a word’s ordinary meaning, we look to many sources—

dictionaries, context, cannons of interpretation, and others. See PETA v. Miami

Seaquarium, 879 F.3d 1142, 1146–47 (11th Cir. 2018); FCC v. AT&T Inc., 562 U.S.

397, 404–09 (2011). Here, those sources universally establish that the commonsense

reading of “applicable policy statements” includes U.S.S.G § 1B1.13, no matter who

files the motion.

                    1. The dictionary definition of “applicable”

      We will start with the dictionary. AT&T, 562 U.S. at 404 (discussing use of

dictionaries in determining meaning). “Applicable” has two main dictionary

definitions. One definition is “capable of being applied.” Applicable, Black’s Law

Dictionary (11th ed. 2019); Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 105

(1986). The other definition is “relating to” or “relevant.” Jones, 980 F.3d at 1109

(defining “applicable” as “‘relevant’ or ‘appropriate’” (quoting United States v.

Ruffin, 978 F.3d 1000, 1007 (6th Cir. 2020))); applicable, Black’s Law Dictionary

(11th ed. 2019) (“2. (Of a rule, regulation, law, etc.) affecting or relating to a

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particular person, group, or situation; having direct relevance”); Webster’s Third

New International Dictionary 105 (1986).

       As to the first definition: the substantive standards in 1B1.13 are clearly

capable of being applied to defendant-filed reduction motions. Indeed, since the FSA

was enacted, district courts have consistently applied the Commission’s definition

of “extraordinary and compelling reasons” to Section 3582(c)(1)(A) motions,

regardless of who filed them. And of the circuit courts that have addressed Section

3582(c)(1)(A) motions, all but one have applied 1B1.13’s standards to defendant-

filed reduction motions in individual cases. 1 In fact, even though several of our sister

circuits have held that 1B1.13 is not an applicable policy statement, some of those

same courts have continued to apply its substantive standards in particular cases. See

United States v. Adamson, 831 F. App’x 82, 83 (4th Cir. 2020); United States v.

Carter, 830 F. App’x 783, 784–85 (7th Cir. 2020); cf. United States v. Hood, No.

20-6243, slip op. at 2–6 (6th Cir. April 15, 2021). Because courts have consistently

applied the substantive standards in 1B1.13 to defendant-filed motions, it is

impossible to say that 1B1.13 cannot be applied.

1
  See, e.g., United States v. Doe, 833 F. App’x 366, 367 & n.2 (3d Cir. 2020); United States v.
Taylor, 820 F. App’x 229, 230 (4th Cir. 2020) (applying 1B1.13 criteria and explaining that “[t]he
Sentencing Commission’s policy statements … control the disposition of Taylor’s motion”);
United States v. Thompson, 984 F.3d 431, 433–34 (5th Cir. 2021); United States v. Kincaid, 802
F. App’x 187, 188 (6th Cir. 2020); United States v. Cochran, 833 F. App’x 5, 8–9 (7th Cir. 2020);
United States v. Vangh, 990 F.3d 1138, 1141 & n.3 (8th Cir. 2021); United States v. Carpenter,
816 F. App’x 159, 159–160 (9th Cir. 2020); United States v. Pinson, 835 F. App’x 390, 394–95
(10th Cir. 2020); United States v. Wedgeworth, 837 F. App’x 738, 739–40 (11th Cir. 2020).

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       The second definition of “applicable” produces similar results: 1B1.13 is a

relevant or related policy statement for defendant-filed Section 3582(c)(1)(A)

motions. Several circuits have explicitly called 1B1.13 the “relevant policy

statement” for defendant-filed Section 3582(c)(1)(A) motions.2 And other circuits

have also treated it as relevant to defendant-filed Section 3582(c)(1)(A) motions. 3 In

fact, in opinions asserting that 1B1.13 is not an applicable policy statement, five of

our sister circuits have also found that 1B1.13 is “relevant” to or “helpful” for

defendant-filed Section 3582(c)(1)(A) motions. 4 Of course, that does not make

2
  See, e.g., United States v. Ruffin, 978 F.3d 1000, 1001, 1003, 1004–05 (6th Cir. 2020); United
States v. Loggins, 966 F.3d 891, 892 (8th Cir. 2020); cf. Gunn, 980 F.3d at 1180 (“The most recent
Guidelines Manual has a policy statement, U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13, implementing [Section
3582(c)(1)(A)].”); Aruda, No. 20-10245, slip op. at *8 (“The Sentencing Commission’s policy
statement regarding ‘Reduction in Term of Imprisonment Under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A)’ is
found at U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13.”).
3
  United States v. Lugo, 832 F. App’x 799, 800 (3d Cir. 2021); United States v. Thompson, 984
F.3d 431, 433 (5th Cir. 2021); United States v. Pinson, 835 F. App’x 390, 394–95 & n.5 (10th Cir.
2020) (“We recognize that some courts have concluded that passage of the First Step Act has
reduced—or even eliminated—the relevance of the Sentencing Commission’s policy statement. …
[But] we have continued to refer to it in deciding challenges related to § 3582(c)(1).”).
4
  See United States v. McCoy, 981 F.3d 271, 282 n.7 (4th Cir. 2020) (“That does not leave
Guideline § 1B1.13 without practical import. …. [I]t remains helpful guidance even when motions
are filed by defendants.”); United States v. Tomes, 990 F.3d 500, 503 n.1 (6th Cir. 2021) (“That is
not to say a district court cannot permissively consider those four categories as part of its
discretionary inquiry into whether a case presents extraordinary and compelling reasons for
release. … [B]ecause district courts are free to define ‘extraordinary and compelling’ on their own
initiative, they may look to § 1B1.13 as relevant, even if no longer binding.” (internal quotation
marks and citations omitted); Gunn, 980 F.3d at 1180 (“The substantive aspects of the Sentencing
Commission’s analysis in § 1B1.13 and its Application Notes provide a working definition of
‘extraordinary and compelling reasons’; a judge who strikes off on a different path risks an
appellate holding that judicial discretion has been abused.”); Aruda, No. 20-10245, slip op. at *11;
United States v. McGee, No. 20-5047, slip op. at *24 (10th Cir. March 29, 2021).
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sense: if the policy statement is relevant to the motion and helpful for adjudicating

the motion, then it must be an “applicable” statement under the statute.

      As these authorities recognize, nothing about 1B1.13 make it less “capable of

application,” “relevant,” or “helpful” to defendant-filed motions than to BOP-filed

motions. The policy statement itself is mostly a quotation of the statute and adds

only one additional requirement: the defendant must not be dangerous. U.S.S.G. §

1B1.13(2). The commentary identifies four categories of extraordinary and

compelling reasons, one of which the defendant must fit to be eligible for relief.

U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13 cmt. n.1. It does not matter that these categories are found in the

commentary instead of the text because a policy statement and its commentary are

“legal equivalent[s]” that should be treated the same. Stinson v. United States, 508

U.S. 36, 43 (1993); United States v. Irey, 612 F.3d 1160, 1219 n.38 (11th Cir. 2010)

(en banc). So to apply 1B1.13, a court simply considers a defendant’s specific

circumstances, decides if he is dangerous, and determines if his circumstances meet

any of the four reasons that could make him eligible for a reduction. If he is

dangerous or if his circumstances do not match any of the four categories, then he is

ineligible for a reduction. If he is not dangerous and his circumstances fit into an

approved category, then he is eligible, and the court moves on to consider the Section

3553(a) factors in evaluating whether a reduction should be granted.

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      The process is the same for defendant-filed motions and BOP-filed motions.

As an example, the Eighth Circuit recently affirmed a district court’s application of

1B1.13 to a defendant-filed motion. United States v. Vangh, 990 F.3d 1138, 1141

(8th Cir. 2021). To apply 1B1.13, the district court considered the defendant’s

medical conditions and, relying on the text of the “medical condition” category in

Application Note 1(A), found that his medical condition did not fall into that

category because he had not shown that it “substantially diminished his ability to

provide self-care.” Id. Accordingly, it denied relief. Id. And the Eighth Circuit,

assuming that 1B1.13 applied, affirmed. Id. at 1141 & n.3. It’s as simple as that.

                                     2. Context

      The context further supports our conclusion that 1B1.13 is applicable. That

context is vital to understanding what Congress meant by “applicable policy

statements issued by the Sentencing Commission,” because although a statutory

phrase, “considered in isolation, may be open to competing interpretations,” when it

is considered “in conjunction with the purpose and context,” often “only one

interpretation is permissible.” Kasten v. Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Corp.,

563 U.S. 1, 7–8 (2011). So we look now to the “structure of the law itself,” Food

Mktg. Inst. v. Argus Leader Media, 139 S.Ct. 2356, 2364 (2019), including “how the

Guidelines interact with federal statutes.” See Dorsey v. United States, 567 U.S. 260,

264–65 (2012); cf. United States v. LaBonte, 520 U.S. 751, 763 (1997) (Breyer, J.,

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dissenting) (“To understand the legal issue before us, one must keep in mind both

what the Guidelines are and how they work.”).

      There are two important contextual factors here: the Commission’s statutory

role in defining “extraordinary and compelling reasons” and the way courts use the

Guidelines every day.

      First, to curtail judicial discretion, the statute specifically directs the

Commission to adopt a policy statement that defines “extraordinary and compelling

reasons.” As we have previously explained, “[t]he Act not only gives the

Commission authority to issue policy statements governing sentence reductions, it

actually requires the Commission to issue them.” United States v. Colon, 707 F.3d

1255, 1259 (11th Cir. 2013). The reason Congress requires them is that it “made [the

policy statement] binding on courts by providing that a sentence may be reduced …

only where doing so is consistent with the Commission’s policy statements.” Id. at

1262. Importantly, this is not a task that the statute allocates to courts. Although the

statute charges courts with making the discretionary call about whether a sentence

should ultimately be reduced, the Commission is tasked with defining the universe

of “extraordinary and compelling circumstances” that can justify a reduction.

      There is no question that 1B1.13 is the policy statement the Commission

adopted to comply with this statutory mandate. See, e.g., Gunn, 980 F.3d at 1180

(“The most recent Guidelines Manual has a policy statement, U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13,

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implementing [Section 3582(c)(1)(A)].”); Maumau, No. 20-4056, slip op. at *25

(“The Commentary to [Section] 1B1.13 [was] in obvious response to Congress’s

mandate to the Sentencing Commission in [Section] 994(t) to ‘describe what should

be considered extraordinary and compelling reasons for a sentence reduction’ … .”).

The policy statement is explicit that it “implements 28 U.S.C. § 994(a)(2) and (t),”

which require the Commission “to develop general policy statements regarding …

the appropriate use of the sentence modification provisions set forth in 18 U.S.C. §

3582(c).” The title of 1B1.13—“Reduction in Term of Imprisonment Under 18

U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A) (Policy Statement)”—also makes that clear. See Aruda, No.

20-10245, slip op. at *8 (“The Sentencing Commission’s policy statement regarding

“Reduction in Term of Imprisonment Under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A)” is found at

U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13.”). As does the Sentencing Guidelines’ index entry for “reduction

in term of imprisonment,” which lists “under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A)[:] 1B1.13.”

In other words, the statutory context shows us that the Commission had an obligation

to define “extraordinary and compelling reasons” for all motions under the statute,

and that the Commission did so in 1B1.13.

      Second, 1B1.13 is “applicable” in the same way anything else in the

sentencing guidelines is “applicable”—it implements the relevant statute. At each

sentencing, a sentencing court must first determine the “applicable guideline.”

U.S.S.G. § 1B1.2. To do so, a court notes the statute of conviction and then turns to

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Appendix A to see which guideline corresponds with that statute. United States v.

Baldwin, 774 F.3d 711, 732 (11th Cir. 2014). A sentencing court must ask only what

guideline the Commission has tied to the relevant statute; it is prohibited from

looking at the “circumstances of a particular case” to determine the “applicable

guideline.” United States v. Irey, 612 F.3d 1160, 1242 (11th Cir. 2010) (en banc).

After a court determines the applicable guideline, it uses that guideline to determine

the “applicable guideline range.” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.2(b). The “applicable guideline”

and the “applicable guideline range” are still “applicable” even if they do not

ultimately control the defendant’s case. See U.S.S.G. § 5G1.1; Koons v. United

States, 138 S.Ct. 1783, 1790 (2018); Neal v. United States, 516 U.S. 284, 293–96

(1996). In other words, determining whether something is an “applicable guideline”

under the Sentencing Guidelines is resolved based on the statutory provision at issue

and nothing else.

      So, consistent with the structure of the Guidelines as a whole and with the

Commission’s choices about how to structure its policy statements, an applicable

policy statement for a sentence reduction is the one that corresponds with the

reduction motion’s authorizing statute. For this reason, this Court has described the

applicable policy statement when evaluating a sentence reduction as “[t]he

Commission’s policy statement on” the relevant statute. United States v. Glover, 686

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F.3d 1203, 1206 (11th Cir. 2012), abrogated on other grounds by Amendment 780.5

An “applicable policy statement” has also been characterized as a policy statement

“related” to, Dillon, 560 U.S. at 834 (Stevens, J., dissenting), “concerning,” United

States v. Melton, 861 F.3d 1320, 1326 (11th Cir. 2017), “corresponding” with,

United States v. Hamilton, 715 F.3d 328, 337 (11th Cir. 2013), or “governing,”

Freeman v. United States, 564 U.S. 522, 530 (2011) (plurality opinion); Dillon, 560

U.S. at 819; United States v. Colon, 707 F.3d 1255, 1258 (11th Cir. 2013), the

relevant statutory provision. And in all of the Supreme Court’s and this Court’s

applicable-policy-statement determinations, the statutory provision authorizing the

reduction motion has always been the only consideration. Cf. McCoy, 981 F.3d at

282 (“The only policy statement that possibly could be ‘applicable’ to the

defendants’ motions is … Guideline § 1B1.13.”). In other words, a court should find

the “applicable” policy statement by looking at the statute it implements. For Section

5
   These precedents interpret “applicable policy statement” in the parallel provision, Section
3582(c)(2). But that is of no moment because this Court has already concluded that precedents
about Section 3582(c)(2) are instructive when interpreting Section 3582(c)(1)(A), Harris, 989 F.3d
at 911, as have our sister circuits, United States v. Pawlowski, 967 F.3d 327, 330 (3d Cir. 2020);
United States v. Kibble, No. 20-7009, slip op. at *4–5 (4th Cir. April 1, 2021); United States v.
Chambliss, 948 F.3d 691, 693 (5th Cir. 2020); Jones, 980 F.3d at 1106–07 & nn.10, 11; United
States v. Rodd, 966 F.3d 740, 747–48 (8th Cir. 2020). That makes sense because “Section
3582(c)(2)’s language mirrors [Section] 3582(c)(1)’s in relevant respects.” Kibble, No. 20-7009,
slip op. at *2. Additionally, the exact same phrase—“applicable policy statement”—is used in both
of these parallel provisions.

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3582(c)(1)(A) motions the applicable policy statement is 1B1.13; for Section

3582(c)(2) motions, it is 1B1.10. That is the way the Guidelines operate.

                                  3. Statutory purpose

      The statute’s purpose also supports our reading. As between two competing

interpretations, we must favor the “textually permissible interpretation that furthers

rather than obstructs” the statute’s purposes. Antonin Scalia & Bryan A. Garner,

Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts § 4, at 63 (2012)). Interpreting

1B1.13 as an applicable policy statement for all Section 3582(c)(1)(A) motions is

not only a textually permissible interpretation, it is the better one. It both furthers the

SRA’s purposes and effectuates other congressional sentencing decisions, such as

mandatory minimums and retroactivity.

      The SRA’s purpose was to limit discretion and to bring certainty and

uniformity to sentencing. See, e.g., United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 264

(2005); see also United States v. Irey, 612 F.3d 1160, 1181 (11th Cir. 2010) (en

banc) (“[L]imiting discretion according to legal standards helps promote the basic

principle of justice that like cases should be decided alike.” (quoting Martin v.

Franklin Capital Corp., 546 U.S. 132, 139 (2005))). To achieve that aim, Congress

created the Sentencing Commission and delegated to it the authority to create the

Sentencing Guidelines. United States v. Harris, 876 F.2d 1502, 1505 (11th Cir.

1989) (“Congress’[s] aim in creating the Sentencing Commission was to reduce the

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sentencing disparities and ‘establish sentencing policies and practices for the Federal

criminal justice system that ... provide certainty and fairness in meeting the purposes

of sentencing.’”). The Guidelines, in turn, “provide uniformity, predictability, and a

degree of detachment lacking in our earlier system.” Koon v. United States, 518 U.S.

81, 113 (1996). Congress also gave the Commission a “substantial role” in sentence-

modification proceedings by directing it to define the circumstances that justify a

reduced sentence. See Dillon, 560 U.S. at 826.

      Interpreting 1B1.13 as inapplicable to defendant-filed Section 3582(c)(1)(A)

motions would return us to the pre-SRA world of disparity and uncertainty. Except

worse. Unlike a parole board—which could not reduce an imposed sentence until a

defendant had served at least a third of that sentence, see, e.g., United States v. Berry,

839 F.2d 1487, 1488 & n.1 (11th Cir. 1988)—sentencing courts need wait only 30

days after imposing a sentence before granting a Section 3582(c)(1)(A) reduction,

see 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A). More concerning, sentencing courts are not bound

by even the statutory minimums when granting Section 3582(c)(1)(A) motions.

      Bryant’s motion here proves our point. His main argument is that his sentence

is now unjust because of a recent, non-retroactive sentencing change. In essence, he

argues that a congressional decision to make a sentencing change prospective-only

creates an extraordinary and compelling reason that allows district courts to apply

that change retroactively. The Fourth Circuit accepts that argument, McCoy, 981

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F.3d at 285–87; the Sixth Circuit does not, United States v. Tomes, 990 F.3d 500,

504–05 (6th Cir. 2021); the Tenth Circuit attempts a middle way, McGee, No. 20-

5047, slip op. at *19–24. Some district courts might grant relief on that basis; surely,

others would not. Disparity and uncertainty follow from adopting an interpretation

of “applicable” that rejects 1B1.13 as an applicable policy statement.

       Of course, “purpose … cannot be used to contradict the text or to supplement

it.” Bellitto v. Snipes, 935 F.3d 1192, 1201 (11th Cir. 2019) (quoting Scalia &

Garner, Reading Law §2, at 57). We must not “engage in purpose-driven statutory

interpretation,” Arcia v. Fla. Sec’y of State, 772 F.3d 1335, 1347 (11th Cir. 2014)

(internal quotation marks and citation omitted), or “the familiar tactic of substituting

the purpose of the statute for its text, freeing the Court to write a different [guideline]

that achieves the same purpose,” Rapanos v. United States, 547 U.S. 715, 755

(2006). But a statute’s purpose, which itself must be derived from the text, is a

constituent of meaning and can be helpful in understanding the “ordinary,

contemporary, common meaning” of the statute’s language. United States v. Haun,

494 F.3d 1006, 1009 (11th Cir. 2007) (quoting Perrin v. United States, 444 U.S. 37,

42 (1979)). If the text could be read more than one way when considered in a

vacuum, a statute’s purpose may reveal which reading is correct. And a textually

permissible interpretation that does not frustrate a statute’s purpose is preferred over

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one that does. Here, the statute’s purpose supports our reading, even though it could

not alone justify it.

                               4. Other considerations

       Last, other general canons of statutory interpretation also bolster the

understanding of 1B1.13 as an applicable policy statement for all Section

3582(c)(1)(A) motions, regardless of who files them. We discuss three here.

       First and most obviously, 1B1.13’s title is “Reduction in Term of

Imprisonment Under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A) (Policy Statement).” Titles are

“permissible indicators of meaning.” United States v. Henry, 968 F.3d 1276, 1283

(11th Cir. 2020) (quoting Scalia & Garner, Reading Law § 35, at 221); see also

Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523 U.S. 224, 234 (1998). And 1B1.13’s title

indicates that it is the policy statement for all Section 3582(c)(1)(A) motions.

       Second, we presume that the same words will be interpreted the same way in

the same statute. Even if a particular case makes “a bifurcated construction of [a]

word [tempting], in the long run, experience teaches that strict adherence to the …

requirements specified by the legislature is the best guarantee of evenhanded

administration of the law.” Mohasco Corp. v. Silver, 447 U.S. 807, 826 (1980).

Resisting the temptation to interpret the same word differently makes sense because

we presume that Congress’s “inclusion … of [that] language is intentional and

purposeful.” United States v. Perez, 366 F.3d 1178, 1182 (11th Cir. 2004). And

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“[w]e have even stronger cause to construe a single” use of a phrase “the same way

each time it is called into play.” Ratzlaf v. United States, 510 U.S. 135, 143 (1994).

We must “refuse to adopt a construction that would attribute different meanings to

the same phrase in the same sentence, depending on which object it is modifying.”

Reno v. Bossier Parish Sch. Bd., 528 U.S. 320, 329 (2000).

      Applying these principles, we should not interpret “applicable policy

statement” in a way that gives “extraordinary and compelling”—which is only used

in the statute once—different meanings depending on who files a motion. Cf.

Shkambi, No. 20-40543, slip op. at *8–9 (“It’s true that application note 1 defines

‘extraordinary and compelling reasons’ by articulating four categories of reasons

that could warrant a sentence reduction.”). “In all but the most unusual situations, a

single use of a statutory phrase must have a fixed meaning.” Cochise Consultancy,

Inc. v. United States ex rel. Hunt, 139 S.Ct. 1507, 1512 (2019). And this case does

not present one of those “most unusual situations.” On the contrary, nothing in the

statute, policy statement, or common sense suggests that “what should be considered

extraordinary and compelling reasons for [a] sentence reduction,” 28 U.S.C. §

994(t), might vary depending on whether a defendant files a reduction motion for

himself or whether the BOP files a motion on his behalf.

      Third, when interpreting statutes, what Congress chose not to change can be

as important as what it chose to change. We recognize that a statute’s text often

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“reflect[s] hard-fought compromises.” Bd. of Governors of Fed. Rsrv. Sys. v.

Dimension Fin. Corp., 474 U.S. 361, 374 (1986). Here, in the FSA, Congress chose

to expand who can file a Section 3582(c)(1)(A) motion, but it chose not to lift its

stricture that courts must follow the Commission’s applicable policy statements

when ruling on those motions. It also chose not to amend its mandate that the

Commission publish policy statements defining “what should be considered

extraordinary and compelling reasons for [a] sentence reduction” under Section

3582(c)(1)(A). 28 U.S.C. § 994(t); see also 28 U.S.C. § 994(a)(2)(C). It even chose

not to grant the Commission emergency authority to amend 1B1.13. Compare Pub.

L. No. 115-391, 132 Stat. 5194 (2018) (granting no emergency amendment

authority), with Fair Sentencing Act of 2010, Pub. L. No. 111-220, § 8, 124 Stat.

2372, 2374 (2010) (ordering the Commission to amend the Guidelines to “achieve

consistency” with the new law within 90 days and granting the Commission

“emergency authority” to do so). We presume that congressional inaction is

intentional, Gross v. FBL Fin. Servs., Inc., 557 U.S. 167, 174 (2009), and that

Congress made a “determined choice,” United States v. Jordan, 915 F.2d 622, 628

(11th Cir. 1990), that the Commission, not courts, would continue to establish what

reasons were extraordinary and compelling for Section 3582(c)(1)(A) motions.

      Congress also made these limited amendments in the knowledge that 1B1.13

was the “applicable” policy statement. See United States v. Phillips, 19 F.3d 1565,

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1581 (1994) (“Congress is presumed to be knowledgeable about existing case law

pertinent to any legislation it enacts.”). Before the FSA, the Commission had said

that the policy statement was its effort to comply with its statutory obligation to

define the circumstances that could warrant a sentence reduction under Section

3582(c)(1)(A). See U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13 (U.S. Sent’g Comm’n 2018) (Title:

“Reduction in Term of Imprisonment Under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A)”). And, by

the time of the FSA, this Court had specifically described 1B1.13 as the “policy

statement explaining [when] ‘extraordinary and compelling reasons’ exist.”

Orlansky v. FCI Mia. Warden, 754 F. App’x 862, 865 (11th Cir. 2018). Other courts

had also described 1B1.13 as the Commission’s “policy statement on §

3582(c)(1)(A) sentence reductions,” Totaro v. Warden Fort Dix FCI, 742 F. App’x

596, 597 (3d Cir. 2018), and “the policy statement that governs [Section

3582(c)(1)(A)] reductions [and] lists circumstances that qualify as extraordinary and

compelling under § 3582(c)(1)(A).” United States v. Berberena, 694 F.3d 514, 521–

22 n.10 (3d Cir. 2012). Knowing all this, Congress chose not to redefine that phrase,

change the substantive standard for granting a motion, or modify a district court’s

obligation to follow the policy statement. If Congress had meant to free district

courts from following the Commission’s guidance for defendant-filed motions, “we

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would expect the text … to say so.” Puerto Rico v. Franklin Cal. Tax-Free Trust,

136 S.Ct. 1938, 1947 (2016).

                           5. Our Sister Circuits’ Errors

      Despite the ordinary meaning of the word “applicable,” the normal way in

which courts identify applicable sentencing guidelines, and the drumbeat of

authority that 1B1.13 controls all motions under Section 3582(c)(1)(A), many of our

sister circuits have held to the contrary. They have done so, we believe, because of

two errors.

      First, our sister circuits have misinterpreted the prefatory phrase of 1B1.13,

which begins with “[u]pon motion of the Director of the Bureau of Prisons,” and the

repetition of that clause in Application Note 4. Brooker, 976 F.3d at 235–36; McCoy,

981 F.3d at 282; Shkambi, No. 20-40543, slip op. at *8–9; Jones, 980 F.3d at 1109–

10; Gunn, 980 F.3d at 1180; Aruda, No. 20-10245, slip op. at *11. “[O]ur

interpretation of the Sentencing Guidelines is governed by traditional rules of

statutory construction.” United States v. Lange, 862 F.3d 1290, 1294 (11th Cir.

2017). And, as a general matter, “a prefatory clause does not limit or expand the

scope of the operative clause.” District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570, 578

(2008). Instead, “operative provisions should be given effect as operative provisions,

and prologues as prologues.” Id. at 579 n.3.

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      Here, these provisions are prologue. The prefatory part of the policy statement

orients the reader by paraphrasing the statute as it existed at the time the policy

statement was enacted. But the important operative provisions of the policy

statement are found in the application notes. See Stinson v. United States, 508 U.S.

36, 43 (1993) (commentary and a policy statement are “legal equivalent[s]”). Those

notes define “extraordinary and compelling reasons” as being medical, age, family,

or “other reasons.” And they operate independently of the prefatory clause that has

caused so much confusion in our sister circuits.

      Similarly, the repetition of this phrase in Application Note 4 performs a

prefatory, not operative function. Indeed, none of Application Note 4 has an

operative effect; it is merely the Commission’s suggestion to the BOP to file more

motions. U.S.S.G. App. C, Amend. 799 at 136-37 (Reason for Amendment)

(effective Nov. 1, 2016). That note “encourages the Director of the Bureau of Prisons

to file” a motion “if the defendant meets any of the circumstances set forth in

Application Note 1.” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13 cmt. n.4. As the Commission has said, this

“commentary [was] intended to encourage the [BOP Director] … to file a motion

under section 3582(c)(1)(A) when the criteria in this policy statement are met”

U.S.S.G. App. C, Amend. 799 at 136-37 (Reason for Amendment) (effective Nov.

1, 2016). When the application note was published, the Commission reasoned that

“[w]hile only the Director of the Bureau of Prisons has the statutory authority to file

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a motion for compassionate release, … ‘the court is in a unique position to assess

whether … the criteria set forth in this policy statement’” have been met. Id. To that

end, Application Note 4 begins with the then-existing statutory limitations: “[a]

reduction under this policy statement may be granted only upon motion by the

Director of the Bureau of Prisons pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A).” Read in

context, that language explains why it was (and still is) important for the BOP to file

more motions; it does not limit the operative provisions of the policy statement to

motions filed by the BOP.

      It is telling that our sister circuits can give these clauses an operative meaning

only by retconning them. It is “a fundamental canon of statutory construction that

words generally should be interpreted as taking their ordinary meaning at the time”

of enactment. Oliveira, 139 S.Ct. at 539 (cleaned up). But our sister circuits

expressly interpret 1B1.13’s language anachronistically instead of consistently with

its ordinary meaning when the Commission published it. See, e.g., Brooker, 976 F.3d

at 236; Shkambi, No. 20-40543, slip op. at *8. When the Commission published

1B1.13, there was no such thing as a defendant-filed motion under Section

3582(c)(1)(A). As a procedural matter, only the BOP could file that reduction

motion. It therefore makes very little sense to say that the policy statement

distinguishes between a BOP-filed motion and some other kind of motion that did

not exist when the policy statement was adopted. Cf. Maumau, No. 20-4056, slip op.

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at 26 n.5 (conceding that when the policy statement said that “[a] reduction under

this policy statement may be granted only upon motion by the Director of the Bureau

of Prisons pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A),” it was “address[ing] the

procedural aspects of the compassionate release statute as they existed prior to the

First Step Act”).

      Second, our sister circuits make several purposivist points. They note that the

Commission lacks a quorum and expect it to change the policy statement when it

can. Brooker, 976 F.3d at 234; McCoy, 981 F.3d at 282–84 & n.6; Jones, 980 F.3d

at 1111 n.20; Gunn, 980 F.3d at 1180–81; Aruda, No. 20-10245, slip op. at *8 &

n.1; Maumau, No. 20-4056, slip op. at *26 (premising its refusal to recognize 1B1.13

as an applicable policy statement on “the Sentencing Commission’s [failure] to fulfil

its statutory duty to issue a post-First Step Act policy statement”). They also note

that Congress amended the statute to expand the use of Section 3582(c)(1)(A) and

lament that the unamended 1B1.13 does not allow enough expansion. Brooker, 976

F.3d at 233, 235; McCoy, 981 F.3d at 276; Jones, 980 F.3d at 1104–05, 1110; Aruda,

No. 20-10245, slip op. at *11; Maumau, No. 20-4056, slip op. at *15–16. We

recognize the intuitive pull of these concerns. But it is not our role to predict what

the Sentencing Commission will do or what Congress wants it to do. Our role is to

interpret the relevant legal texts and apply them as they exist. See Wis. Cent. Ltd. v.

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United States, 138 S.Ct. 2067, 2074 (2018) (“[I]t’s a judge’s job only to apply, not

revise or update, the terms.”).

      There is always a lag time between a statutory change and guideline

amendments. Amendments cannot take effect until six months after they are

submitted to Congress. Dorsey v. United States, 567 U.S. 260, 293 n.2 (2012)

(Scalia, J., dissenting) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 994(p)). And they can only be submitted

between “the beginning of a regular session of Congress” and the first day of May.

Id. But, as a general rule, we do not throw out an entire guideline after a statutory

change—we continue to apply it except to the extent that specific parts have been

preempted by the new statute. See United States v. Moriarty, 429 F.3d 1012, 1024

& nn.10, 11 (11th Cir. 2005); cf. United States v. LaBonte, 520 U.S. 751, 753, 755–

57 (1997) (requiring only that the inconsistent commentary be read consistently with

the statute, not that the entire career-offender guideline have no effect until revised).

      We are also not convinced that our interpretation frustrates Congress’s goal

of broadening the reach of Section 3582(c)(1)(A). In enacting the FSA,

congressional critics of the existing law did not argue that 1B1.13’s criteria were too

narrow or that courts should be able to identify “extraordinary and compelling

reasons” for themselves. Instead, the critics’ concern was that the “BOP [was] not

fulfilling its role” because it was not filing Section 3582(c)(1)(A) motions “based on

the recently revised guidance issued by the U.S. Sentencing Commission.” Letter

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from 12 U.S. Senators to Deputy Attorney General J. Rod Rosenstein and Acting

Bureau of Prisons Director Dr. Thomas R. Kane (Aug. 3, 2017). By allowing

defendants to file reduction motions, Congress has significantly increased the

statute’s use. Pub. L. No. 115-391, § 603(b), 132 Stat. 5194, 5239 (2018) (titling the

Section    3582(c)(1)(A)     amendments        “INCREASING       THE      USE     AND

TRANSPARENCY OF COMPASSIONATE RELEASE”). According to a recent

Sentencing Commission report, the number of Section 3582(c)(1)(A) motions

granted consistent with the 1B1.13 criteria increased fivefold in the year following

the FSA’s enactment. U.S. Sent’g Comm’n, The First Step Act of 2018: One Year

of Implementation 47–49 (August 2020). And defendants filed two-thirds of those

motions. Id. at 47.

                      6. Our Dissenting Colleague’s Arguments

      Our dissenting colleague sees things differently for reasons that we find

unconvincing. We have addressed most of these points already. But there are three

that warrant emphasis.

      First, although our dissenting colleague quibbles with our definition of

“applicable,” she offers no alternative definition of her own. Instead, our dissenting

colleague says that the policy statement tells us when it is applicable. The circularity

of that position notwithstanding, we do not read the policy statement the same way.

As explained above, we do not understand the policy statement to have limited its

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own applicability or, more specifically, to have limited the applicability of its

operative provisions, which define the universe of extraordinary and compelling

reasons that can justify a sentence reduction. To the extent the policy statement

addresses its application, it says that sentencing reductions under Section

3582(c)(1)(A) must be “consistent with this policy statement.” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13(3)

(emphasis added). And, of course, the policy statement does not define “applicable”

in the context of Section 3582(c)(1)(A), which would not be something the

Commission would have authority to do anyway.

      Second, as already addressed above, our dissenting colleague’s reading of the

policy statement ignores the mandate that we must interpret the statement based on

the ordinary meaning of its text when it was enacted. Wis. Cent. Ltd., 138 S.Ct. at

2074. Specifically, our dissenting colleague argues that the prefatory phrases can no

longer be interpreted as prefatory phrases because they could, now, be interpreted as

operative in light of the FSA’s changes. But if they were prefatory when 1B1.13 was

published, they are still prefatory today. It is “a fundamental canon of statutory

construction” that we must derive the meaning of the guideline from the time that it

was adopted, not from an anachronistic interpretation of the text. See New Prime Inc.

v. Oliveira, 139 S.Ct. 532, 539 (2019). There is nothing purposivist about

understanding the policy statement based on what it meant when the Commission

adopted it.

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      Third, our dissenting colleague argues that we are “blue-pencil[ing]” the

policy statement by holding that it is “applicable” to defendant-filed motions. We

disagree. We not severing anything from, or adding anything to, the policy

statement. Instead, we are recognizing that district courts are bound by the

Commission’s definition of “extraordinary and compelling reasons” found in

1B1.13 because, under our understanding of the statute, Congress said they are. That

means that courts may grant defendant-filed motions that the BOP refuses to bring,

but they must apply 1B1.13’s definition of “extraordinary and compelling reasons”

in doing so.

                            *            *            *

      In short, we hold that 1B1.13 is an applicable policy statement that governs

all motions under Section 3582(c)(1)(A). Accordingly, district courts may not reduce

a sentence under Section 3582(c)(1)(A) unless a reduction would be consistent with

1B1.13.

                     B. Section 1B1.13, Application Note 1(D)

      Because we conclude that 1B1.13 is an applicable, binding policy statement

for all Section 3582(c)(1)(A) motions, we must reach the second question: How does

the policy statement apply to Bryant’s request for a sentence reduction? There is no

dispute that Bryant does not fit within the circumstances established by Application

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Notes 1(A), (B), or (C), which concern medical, age, and family circumstances.

Because he argues that he fits within Application Note 1(D), that is where we turn.

      Application Note 1(D) states, “Other Reasons.—As determined by the

Director of the [BOP], there exists in the defendant’s case an extraordinary and

compelling reason other than, or in combination with, the reasons described in

subdivisions (A) through (C).” Bryant’s main argument is that the FSA preempts

this application note because it conditions the “other reasons” that can be

extraordinary and compelling on a BOP determination. That conflict, according to

Bryant, should be resolved by striking the first clause of the sentence, allowing

district courts to define the “other reasons” mentioned in Application Note 1(D).

Accordingly, he argues that we should remand for the district court to consider

whether his reasons—primarily, the purported unfairness of his sentence—are

extraordinary and compelling.

      Policy statements and commentary in the Guidelines are not binding on

federal courts if they “violate[] … a federal statute.” Stinson v. United States, 508

U.S. 36, 38, 45 (1993). If a policy statement “is at odds” with a federal statute, it

must “bow to the specific directives of Congress,” and the conflicting portion “must

give way” to the statutory directive. United States v. LaBonte, 520 U.S. 751, 757

(1997). When Congress amended Section 3582(c)(1)(A) to allow defendants to file

those motions, it rendered some of 1B1.13 inoperative. For instance, the first

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sentence of Application Note 4 says “A reduction under this policy statement may

be granted only upon motion by the Director of the Bureau of Prisons pursuant to 18

U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A).” That provision and the amended Section 3582(c)(1)(A) are

mutually exclusive: They cannot possibly coexist. When that happens, we simply

apply the statute, which trumps the policy statement.

      The parties disagree about whether Application Note 1(D) “violates” or “is at

odds” with Section 3582(c)(1)(A), and if so, what portion “must give way.” LaBonte,

520 U.S. at 757; Stinson, 508 U.S. at 38. Bryant argues that Application Note 1(D)

conflicts with the amended statute because the purpose of the amendment was to

expand the use of Section 3582(c)(1)(A) by removing the BOP from its gatekeeper

role and by allowing federal courts to grant relief even if the BOP disagreed. His

solution is to strike only the phrase “[a]s determined by the Director of the [BOP],”

ultimately granting courts the ability to determine “other reasons.”

      The government agrees that the FSA removed the BOP’s exclusive authority

over filing Section 3582(c)(1)(A) motions. But there the agreement ends. The

government responds that the FSA did not change the Commission’s definition of

extraordinary and compelling nor did it shift authority from the Commission to the

courts to define that phrase. In the government’s view, by changing only who could

file a reduction motion, the FSA simply expanded defendants’ access to the courts.

The government concludes that there is no inherent incompatibility between a

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defendant-filed reduction motion and BOP input on what reasons not expressly listed

in 1B1.13 can be extraordinary and compelling.

      We agree with the government. Application Note 1(D) is not at odds with the

amended Section 3582(c)(1)(A). We cannot replace the phrase “[a]s determined by

the Director of the [BOP]” with “as determined by a district court.”

      Application Note 1(D) does not conflict with Section 3582(c)(1)(A). The

FSA’s only change was to allow for defendant-filed reduction motions. Nothing in

Application Note 1(D) stops a defendant from filing a Section 3582(c)(1)(A) motion.

The BOP may still file motions, and Application Note 1(D) can apply to those

motions. The BOP can also take a position on a defendant-filed motion, so

Application Note 1(D) has a field of application there as well. Cf. Gunn, 980 F.3d at

1180 (“It is true that a judge acting on a prisoner’s motion may lack the advice of

the Director, contemplated by Application Note 1(D), about whether some novel

‘extraordinary and compelling reason’ exists. Yet the First Step Act does not muzzle

the Director … .”). Because this Court can give effect to the amended Section

3582(c)(1)(A) and the unamended Application Note 1(D) at the same time, the Court

must do so. See McCarthan v. Dir. of Goodwill Industries-Suncoast, Inc., 851 F.3d

1076, 1090 (11th Cir. 2017) (en banc) (“[T]here can be no justification for needlessly

rendering provisions in conflict if they can be interpreted harmoniously.” (alteration

in original) (quoting Antonin Scalia & Bryan A. Garner, Reading Law: An

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Interpretation of Legal Texts 180 (2012)); cf. Helvering v. Credit All. Co., 316 U.S.

107, 112 (1942) (“We should, of course, read the two sections as consistent rather

than conflicting, if that be possible.”).

      Additionally, Application Note 1(D) is consistent with Congress’s purpose in

passing the FSA. As in all cases of statutory interpretation, “the purpose must be

derived from the text.” Scalia & Garner, Reading Law § 2, at 56; see United States

v. Tigua, 963 F.3d 1138, 1142 (11th Cir. 2020). As we have already explained, the

FSA did not give courts the freedom to define “extraordinary and compelling

reasons.” It expanded access to the courts for adjudicating motions under existing

criteria. In other words, the policy problem that the FSA aimed to solve was not the

courts’ inability to identify new grounds for relief; rather, the problem was that the

BOP was not filing reduction motions for defendants who qualified under the already

existing grounds for relief—the Commission’s criteria set forth in 1B1.13. Allowing

defendants to file Section 3582(c)(1)(A) motions ensures that courts can grant

reductions to defendants who fall within the Commission’s criteria. And, as

previously demonstrated, that change has accomplished Congress’s goal of

increased use.

      It is true that Application Note 1(D) allows the BOP some input in Section

3582(c)(1)(A) motions. But nothing in the FSA suggests that Congress stripped the

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BOP of any role in Section 3582(c)(1)(A) proceedings. Two considerations make

that clear.

       First, in adding a clause allowing defendants to file Section 3582(c)(1)(A)

motions, Congress also continued to allow the BOP to file those motions. 18 U.S.C.

§ 3582(c)(1)(A). Indeed, Congress required that defendants first submit their

requests to the BOP and allow it the initial opportunity to file the Section

3582(c)(1)(A) motion. Id.

       Second, Section 603(b) of the FSA actually expands the BOP’s role in Section

3582(c)(1)(A) proceedings. It requires the BOP to notify prisoners who may qualify

for a reduction under Section 3582(c)(1)(A) of its availability. 18 U.S.C. § 3582(d).

It even requires the BOP to “assist the defendant in the preparation, drafting, and

submission of a request for a sentence reduction pursuant to subsection (c)(1)(A).”

Id.

       This Court can and should give effect to the amended Section 3582(c)(1)(A)

and the unamended Application Note 1(D). 6 There is no inherent incompatibility

6
  Some, including our dissenting colleague, have argued that a sub-delegation of the Commission’s
power to define extraordinary and compelling reasons to the BOP may be a problem as a matter
of administrative law. See also Ruffin, 978 F.3d at 1007–08. If this position were correct, it seems
to us that the entire application note would fall as an improper sub-delegation, which would not
help Bryant here. But we do not address this question because no party has sufficiently raised that
argument. Although Bryant’s brief mentioned that an agency cannot delegate a power that it does
not have, that comment was in the context of his argument that the FSA altered the BOP’s role
such that courts should now define “other reasons.” That is not enough to place the sub-delegation
issue before this Court. Singh v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 561 F.3d 1275, 1278 (11th Cir. 2018) (“[A]n

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between a defendant filing a Section 3582(c)(1)(A) motion and the BOP determining

which reasons outside of those explicitly delineated by the Commission are

extraordinary and compelling. Because Bryant’s motion does not fall within any of

the reasons that 1B1.13 identifies as “extraordinary and compelling,” the district

court correctly denied his motion for a reduction of his sentence.

                                    IV.     CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

appellant[] simply stating that an issue exists, without further argument or discussion, constitutes
abandonment of that issue and precludes our considering the issue on appeal.”). Because no party
has “plainly and prominently raised” the sub-delegation issue, “for instance by devoting a discrete
section of his argument to that claim,” it has not been adequately briefed. Sapuppo v. Allstate
Floridian Ins. Co., 739 F.3d 678, 681 (11th Cir. 2014) (cleaned up). We cannot evaluate the merits
of that administrative law issue in this appeal. Access Now, Inc. v. Sw. Airlines Co., 385 F.3d 1324,
1330 (11th Cir. 2004) (“If an argument is not fully briefed … to the Circuit Court, evaluating its
merits would be improper.”); see also Sapuppo, 739 F.3d at 682 (“Abandonment of an issue can
also occur when passing references appear in the argument section of an opening brief, particularly
when the references are mere ‘background’ to the appellant’s main arguments or when they are
‘buried’ within those arguments.”).

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MARTIN, Circuit Judge, dissenting:

       Today’s majority opinion establishes the Eleventh Circuit as the only circuit

to limit an inmate’s ability to get compassionate release from incarceration solely

to those “extraordinary and compelling” reasons that are pre-approved by the

Bureau of Prisons (“BOP”). Our precedent now allows no independent or

individualized consideration by a federal judge as plainly intended by the First

Step Act. And this limitation on compassionate release is based on an outdated

policy statement from a Sentencing Commission that has lacked a quorum since

the First Step Act became law.1 The problems that arise from the majority’s

reliance on the outdated policy statement are compounded by the majority’s

express decision to strike (or ignore) language from the policy statement. Sadly,

this result reinstates the exact problem the First Step Act was intended to remedy:

compassionate release decisions had been left under the control of a government

agency that showed no interest in properly administering it. With all respect due, I

dissent.

1
  The First Step Act was signed into law on December 21, 2018. The last meeting of the U.S.
Sentencing Commission to convene with a quorum was held on December 13, 2018. This means
the Commission has not met with a quorum since the enactment of the First Step Act. During the
entire life of the First Step Act, the Commission has therefore been without authority to make
revisions to the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines, the commentary to those guidelines, or the policy
statements related to those guidelines to effectuate the First Step Act.
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                              I.     FACTUAL BACKGROUND

       Thomas Bryant is currently serving a 49-year sentence for offenses that

netted him $21,600 over three years, with no identifiable victims associated.2 Mr.

Bryant, who still has more than a quarter of a century to serve on this sentence,

would be in his eighties by the time he is released. Meanwhile, those of his co-

defendants who pled guilty all re-entered society by 2008. Also of note, Mr.

Bryant’s lengthy sentence is the result of the government’s decision to “stack” his

firearm offenses. By this I mean, it charged two 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1) offenses in

the same indictment, which resulted in required consecutive sentences for those

charges. Specifically, it is as a result of this charging decision that Mr. Bryant was

subject to what was then a mandatory consecutive 20-year penalty. Today, the law

does not permit the type of “stacked” sentence Mr. Bryant received when there are

two firearm charges in the same criminal proceeding. See First Step Act of 2018

(“First Step Act”), Pub. L. No. 115-391, § 403, 132 Stat. 5194, 5221–22 (codified

at 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)). Consecutively imposed sentences for firearm violations are

now only allowed for defendants who have a separate conviction for firearm use,

i.e., from an earlier event.

2
  The crimes for which Mr. Bryant was convicted are not at all relevant to the straightforward
interpretive question before us. But I understand the majority opinion to comment on Mr. Bryant’s
moral character. See Maj. Op. at 1, 4 (stating that Mr. Bryant is “corrupt,” that he “flout[ed]” the
law, and that his “duplicity begets duplicity”). In the face of those statements, I provide details of
Mr. Bryant’s offenses and penalties not found in the majority opinion.

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      Despite the fact that Mr. Bryant may well die in prison given the length of

his sentence, he has devoted significant effort to rehabilitating himself during the

22 years he already spent behind bars. He completed over 19 years of education

courses, worked in UNICOR Industries for 15 years, and teaches other prisoners

music theory and creative writing. A number of people support his release,

including his family, his pastor, and several BOP staff members.

                       II.    STATUTORY BACKGROUND

      In 2018, Congress enacted the First Step Act which, among other things,

transformed the process of moving for and adjudicating compassionate release

motions. Before passage of the Act, it was only the BOP Director who had

authority to file a motion seeking reduction of a prisoner’s sentence, and only

“extraordinary and compelling reasons” could “warrant such a reduction.” 18

U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A)(i) (2012). Upon passage of the Act, federal district judges

now have authority to reduce a sentence that is no longer dependent on BOP’s

decision to ask for it. The Act now allows courts to consider motions filed by

defendants themselves, once that defendant has exhausted his administrative

remedies or after “the lapse of 30 days from the receipt of such a request by the

warden of the defendant’s facility, whichever is earlier.” First Step Act, Pub. L.

No. 115-391, § 603, 132 Stat. 5194, 5239 (codified at 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A)).

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       Congress enacted this reform following two damning Department of Justice

Inspector General (“DOJ IG”) reports that documented BOP’s utter failure to

administer a meaningful compassionate release program. See U.S. Dep’t of Justice

Office of the Inspector Gen., The Federal Bureau of Prisons’ Compassionate

Release Program (2013), https://oig.justice.gov/reports/2013/e1306.pdf; U.S. Dep’t

of Justice Office of the Inspector Gen., The Impact of an Aging Inmate Population

on the Federal Bureau of Prisons (2016),

https://oig.justice.gov/reports/2015/e1505.pdf. The DOJ IG found that BOP did

not set consistent criteria, did not inform prisoners about the program, and did not

track requests. The Federal Bureau of Prisons’ Compassionate Release Program at

i–iv. The DOJ IG found that from the nation’s entire federal inmate population,

only 24 people per year were released on BOP’s motion. Id. at 1. Of the people

whose release requests were approved by both a warden and a BOP Regional

Director, 13% died while waiting for final approval from the BOP Director. Id. at

11. Moreover, the second report spelled out that BOP failed to implement

Congress’s command on compassionate release, even at significant financial cost

to itself. The Impact of an Aging Inmate Population on the Federal Bureau of

Prisons at iii.

       The First Step Act took away BOP’s solitary control over this gatekeeping

function but left the Sentencing Commission with the authority to describe what

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“extraordinary and compelling” reasons might warrant a sentence reduction. See

28 U.S.C. § 994(t). The Commission has been unable to update its commentary on

what constitutes “extraordinary and compelling” reasons since 2018 because, as I

mentioned, it has lacked a quorum since that time. The Commission currently has

only one voting member and it would need seven to act.3

                    III.        PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       In August 2019, Mr. Bryant first filed an administrative remedy with the

warden of his prison seeking compassionate release. When the warden did not

respond within 30 days, Mr. Bryant filed a motion for compassionate release. He

argued that three grounds, in combination, constituted “extraordinary and

compelling reasons” for a reduction of his sentence. First, Mr. Bryant argued that

if he were sentenced today, his sentence would be considerably shorter because the

First Step Act did away with the long consecutive sentence for stacked § 924(c)

charges and specified that “stacking” would not be allowed in cases like his.

3
  See U.S. Sentencing Comm’n, 2018 Annual Report 2–3 (2019) (“[A]s of the second quarter of
fiscal year 2019, Judge Breyer and Judge Reeves are the only voting members of the
Commission.”), https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/research-and-publications/annual-
reports-and-sourcebooks/2018/2018-Annual-Report-and-Sourcebook.pdf;           U.S.    Sentencing
Comm’n, 2019 Annual Report 3 (2020) (“Throughout much of fiscal year 2019 and into fiscal
year 2020, the Commission has operated with only two voting commissioners . . . .”),
https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/research-and-publications/annual-reports-and-
sourcebooks/2019/2019-Annual-Report.pdf; U.S. Sentencing Comm’n, 2020 Annual Report 2–3
(2021) (“Throughout much of FY 2020 and into FY 2021, the Commission operated with only two
voting commissioners . . . . Judge Reeves’s term, however, has since expired,” leaving the
Commission with a sole voting member), https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/research-
and-publications/annual-reports-and-sourcebooks/2020/2020-Annual-Report.pdf.

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Second, he argued that his long sentence was at least partially a form of

punishment for asserting his Sixth Amendment right to trial, noting that he was

subject to a sentencing enhancement as a result, and that his co-defendants who

pled guilty have long been released from prison. Finally Mr. Bryant pointed to his

glowing record of rehabilitation during his 22 years in prison.

       The government opposed Mr. Bryant’s motion, saying his stated reasons did

not qualify him for compassionate release. Under the government’s reading of

United States Sentencing Guidelines § 1B1.13 Application Note 1(D)

(“Application Note 1(D)”), the District Court was only allowed to entertain a

defendant-filed compassionate release motion based on those extraordinary and

compelling reasons enumerated in the policy statement of the Guidelines. But the

government made no argument on the merits of whether Mr. Bryant’s reasons were

“extraordinary and compelling.” In a one-page order, the District Court denied Mr.

Bryant’s motion “for the reasons stated in the Government’s response in

opposition” to the motion. Mr. Bryant timely appealed.

                                   IV.      DISCUSSION

       Each of the seven circuits that has considered the issue4 has held that the

policy statement we consider here applies only to compassionate release motions

4
  I have not found even a dissenting or concurring opinion among any of the circuit opinions
deciding this issue that advocates for what the majority does here. As I understand it, that means

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filed by the BOP, as opposed to those filed by defendants on their own behalf. See

United States v. Brooker, 976 F.3d 228, 235–36 (2d Cir. 2020); United States v.

McCoy, 981 F.3d 271, 275–77, 280–84 (4th Cir. 2020); United States v. Shkambi,

993 F.3d 388, 392–93 (5th Cir. 2021); United States v. Jones, 980 F.3d 1098,

1109–11 (6th Cir. 2020); United States v. Gunn, 980 F.3d 1178, 1180 (7th Cir.

2020); United States v. Aruda, 993 F.3d 797, 799–802 (9th Cir. 2021) (per

curiam); United States v. McGee, 992 F.3d 1035, 1048–51 (10th Cir. 2021).5 I

agree. Here, I will set out why I believe this reading given by the majority of

courts is the only plausible reading of the policy statement and why the majority’s

interpretation is mistaken. Then I will turn to why the majority opinion’s

purposivist analysis misses the mark.

    A. The Policy Statement Plainly Applies Only to Compassionate Release
       Motions Filed by the BOP Director

       The First Step Act changed the provisions governing compassionate release

of prisoners, as relevant to this appeal, to say the following:

               [T]he court, upon motion of the Director of the Bureau of
               Prisons, or upon motion of the defendant after the
               defendant has fully exhausted all administrative rights to

my two colleagues in the majority are the only federal appellate court judges in the country to
interpret the policy statement in the way they do here.
5
  Although the majority points to a recent Eighth Circuit decision as support for its conclusion,
that Circuit expressly declined to reach the question relevant here, of whether § 1B1.13 continues
to apply to compassionate-release motions filed after the passage of the First Step Act. See United
States v. Vangh, 990 F.3d 1138, 1141 n.3 (8th Cir. 2021); Maj. Op. at 19. The decision today
therefore remains alone among courts of appeals in the conclusion it reaches.

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             appeal a failure of the Bureau of Prisons to bring a motion
             on the defendant’s behalf or the lapse of 30 days from the
             receipt of such a request by the warden of the defendant’s
             facility, whichever is earlier, may reduce the term of
             imprisonment . . . if it finds that . . . extraordinary and
             compelling reasons warrant such a reduction.

18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A)(i).

      Congress specified that “[r]ehabilitation of the defendant alone shall not be

considered an extraordinary and compelling reason,” but it otherwise asked the

Sentencing Commission to “describe what should be considered extraordinary and

compelling reasons for sentence reduction.” 28 U.S.C. § 994(t). And, when

adjudicating compassionate release motions, the district court must ensure that any

sentence reduction is “consistent with applicable policy statements issued by the

Sentencing Commission.” 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A).

      The only policy statement the Sentencing Commission has issued that

describes “extraordinary and compelling” states, in relevant part:

             Upon motion of the Director of the Bureau of Prisons
             under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A), the court may reduce a
             term of imprisonment . . . if, after considering the factors
             set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), to the extent that they are
             applicable, the court determines that—
             (1)(A) Extraordinary and compelling reasons warrant the
             reduction.

USSG § 1B1.13(1)(A) (emphasis added). Then there is an application note

following this policy statement that specifies “extraordinary and compelling

reasons” exist when a defendant presents one of a set of medical, age-related, or
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family circumstances, or: “[a]s determined by the Director of the Bureau of

Prisons, there exists in the defendant’s case an extraordinary and compelling

reason other than, or in combination with,” the specific reasons outlined in the

application note. USSG § 1B1.13 app. n.1(D) (emphasis added).

      By its express terms, the policy statement applies only to motions brought

by the Director of the BOP. See Brooker, 976 F.3d at 235 (“Turning to the text of

Guideline § 1B1.13, it is manifest that its language is clearly outdated and cannot

be fully applicable.” (emphasis added)); Jones, 980 F.3d at 1109 (“Examining the

four corners of § 1B1.13 alone, it becomes immediately apparent that the policy

statement does not wholly survive the First Step Act’s promulgation.” (emphasis

added)). Under the First Step Act defendants can now bring compassionate release

motions on their own behalf, but it did not take away the BOP Director’s

longstanding ability to file these motions as well. 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A). I

say this means the policy statement at issue here survives insofar as it applies to

those motions brought by BOP. But BOP filed no motion here. Mr. Bryant filed

his own motion for compassionate release, so this policy statement, and

accompanying application note, simply are not “applicable” to his motion. See

Gunn, 980 F.3d at 1180 (“[T]he Sentencing Commission has not yet issued a

policy statement ‘applicable’ to” a motion brought by a defendant on his own

behalf).

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      And here is what I think the majority gets wrong. The majority says that,

even though the policy statement expressly cabins itself to motions brought by the

BOP Director, it is still an “applicable” policy statement. And this has the effect of

limiting federal judges from considering anything other than what the BOP

considers an “extraordinary and compelling reason” justifying compassionate

release. Thus, the courts are confined to the footprint made by BOP. And again,

the First Step Act was meant to address BOP’s poor record on allowing

compassionate release.

      In arriving at its ruling that the policy statement is “applicable” to even

defendant-filed motions for compassionate release the majority relies primarily on

dictionary definitions of the word “applicable.” The majority says the policy

statement is “applicable” because that means it is “capable of being applied” and

“relevant” to Mr. Bryant’s motion. Maj. Op. at 15–18. And because the majority

believes the § 1B1.13 policy statement applies to defendant-filed motions like Mr.

Bryant’s, courts are not allowed to decide, independent of the criteria set forth by

BOP, whether extraordinary and compelling reasons exist.

      This interpretation fails to persuade for several reasons. First, the majority’s

dictionary-based theory about when a policy statement may be “applicable” flies in

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the face of the statement’s plain text that tells us when it is actually “applicable.” 6

See Shkambi, 993 F.3d at 392 ([T]he text of the commentary confirms the limited

applicability of § 1B1.13 . . . . That note expressly limits the policy statement’s

applicability to motions filed by the BOP.” (emphasis added)). There is simply no

need to rattle off dictionary definitions of “applicable,” see Maj. Op. at 15–18

(listing several different definitions of “applicable”), when the policy statement

itself tell us when it applies.

        Second, the majority’s definitional argument proves too much, and at the

same time, too little. Under the majority’s theory, any policy statement (on any

subject) that is “capable of being applied” would be “applicable,” without regard to

the Sentencing Commission’s purpose in promulgating the policy to begin with.

For example, assume the Commission issues a policy statement tomorrow, saying

it “applied only to motions filed by the BOP director,” and also explicitly saying

that courts are to adjudicate what counts as “extraordinary and compelling” for

defendant-filed motions independently of the views of the BOP director. Under

the majority’s theory, because even this policy statement is still “capable of being

applied” to motions filed by defendants, judges would still be confined to the BOP

criteria. Also, the fact that a policy statement may offer “relevant” guidance does

6
 For the same reason, the majority’s argument based on the title of the statement is of no moment.
Maj. Op. at 21. The general title does not override the specific language of the policy statement.

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not make the statement binding. For example, it is quite common for courts to

look to other provisions in a statute to determine whether a word or phrase can be

interpreted to have a consistent meaning throughout and to give meaning to

varying language within a statute. See In re Failla, 838 F.3d 1170, 1176–77 (11th

Cir. 2016) (“The presumption of consistent usage instructs that a word or phrase is

presumed to bear the same meaning throughout a text and that a material variation

in terms suggests a variation in meaning.” (quotation marks omitted and alteration

adopted)). Although other provisions may be “relevant,” they would not

necessarily be “applicable.”

       Third, in advancing its definitional argument, the majority asserts that

“[t]here is no question that 1B1.13 is the policy statement the Commission adopted

to comply with th[e] statutory mandate.” Maj. Op. at 20. But again, the fact that

the policy statement applies to some compassionate release motions doesn’t mean

it applies to them all.7 And it is worth remembering that, even absent a policy

statement, federal judges have authority to adjudicate whether a defendant has

offered “extraordinary and compelling” reasons warranting a sentence reduction.

7
  The majority’s attempted textualist analysis of the language in other courts’ opinions also fails.
Maj. Op. at 20–21. First, the opinions the majority cites did not interpret whether the policy
statement was “applicable” for the purposes of 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A). And second, the fact
that some courts find that the statement’s substantive criteria offers guidance in interpreting
“extraordinary and compelling” in some cases does not tell us whether the policy statement is
binding as to motions filed by defendants.

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The statute merely requires that courts’ decisions on compassionate release

motions be “consistent with” any applicable policy statement. 18 U.S.C.

§ 3582(c)(1)(A). As the Seventh Circuit put it, “‘Consistent with’ differs from

‘authorized by.’” Gunn, 980 F.3d at 1180.

      There is also the matter of fidelity to the text. I find it noteworthy that in

insisting the policy statement is “applicable” to Mr. Bryant’s motion, the majority

has to blue-pencil the statement and application note to get around phrases that

explicitly address the scope of the statement’s applicability. Most obviously, there

is the phrase “[u]pon motion of the Director of the Bureau of Prisons.” USSG §

1B1.13. And the application note also specifies that “[a] reduction under this

policy statement may be granted only upon motion by the Director of the Bureau

of Prisons.” USSG § 1B1.13 app. n.4 (emphasis added). Yet even in the face of

these phrases, the majority tells us the limitations of the policy statement also

apply to motions filed not by the BOP, but by the inmates.

      The majority says its application of the policy statement to motions other

than those filed by the Bureau of Prisons is okay because the phrases confining it

to BOP motions are merely non-operative “prefatory phrases.” Maj. Op. at 31–34.

There are at least two errors with this analysis. First, turnabout is fair play. If

these two phrases that conflict with the majority’s interpretation can be dismissed

as non-operative, prefatory phrases, then why isn’t the same true of the phrase

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“[a]s determined by the Director of the Bureau of Prisons” in Application Note

1(D)? After all, if this language is merely non-operative and prefatory, then

federal judges could just as easily make the determination. As the majority

recognizes, at the time the Sentencing Commission promulgated that note, the only

entity empowered to bring motions was the Director of the BOP. Id. at 34. That

being the case, saying that the BOP Director can determine what “other reasons”

are “extraordinary and compelling” puts no limit on what those reasons may be.

And this characteristic is shared by the other phrases the majority finds non-

operative. The language only reflected the procedure provided for by “the statute

as it existed at the time the policy statement was enacted.” Id. at 32. If we are

striking any prefatory language from the policy statement and application note,

shouldn’t we strike it all?

      Second, even if these phrases could have been characterized as prefatory

before enactment of the First Step Act, that characterization doesn’t work now that

the First Step Act is law. These phrases no longer “paraphras[e] the statute.” Id.

At least, not the whole statute. Instead, the phrases still parallel the language in the

provision that empowers BOP to file compassionate release motions. And it is to

that version of the statute that this statement applies. The majority opinion turns a

blind eye to the impact of the First Step Act on the language of the policy

statement. It says that Congress changed the language of the compassionate

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release statement “in the knowledge that 1B1.13 was the ‘applicable’ policy

statement.” Id. at 30. But Congress also knew that the policy statement explicitly

limited itself to motions filed by the BOP Director. The majority offers no reason

to think that Congress intended for that policy statement to apply to the entirely

new category of compassionate release motions allowed by the First Step Act.

       In saying that the Commission could not possibly have intended to

“distinguish[] between a BOP-filed motion and some other kind of motion that did

not exist when the policy statement was adopted,” the majority engages in the

same type of “purposivist” analysis it criticizes our sister circuits for engaging in.

See id. at 35–36. While of course the “purpose and context” of a statute or

regulation remain relevant to our interpretive task, purpose and context cannot

override the plain text of the statement. See id. at 26–27, 19. 8 See Bostock v.

Clayton County, 590 U.S. __, 140 S. Ct. 1731, 1737 (2020) (“When the express

terms of a statute give us one answer and extratextual considerations suggest

another, it’s no contest. Only the written word is the law, and all persons are

entitled to its benefit.”).

8
  It is perfectly plausible that the Sentencing Commission saw the need to give specific instructions
to BOP about any motions for compassionate release it might file, since BOP has demonstrated
neither the capacity nor the apparent willingness to recognize when extraordinary and compelling
reasons warrant a sentence reduction. See generally The Federal Bureau of Prisons’
Compassionate Release Program; The Impact of an Aging Inmate Population on the Federal
Bureau of Prisons.

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      The majority’s interpretation requires us to strike at least two phrases from

the policy statement and accompanying application note. In contrast, the

interpretation adopted by the Second, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Ninth and

Tenth Circuits “preserv[es] as much of § 1B1.13 that can be saved.” Jones, 980

F.3d at 1111. The compassionate release statute plainly offers two vehicles for

compassionate release: (1) motions brought by the BOP Director and (2) motions

brought by defendants. The policy statement applies only to those brought by the

BOP Director, which was the only vehicle in existence when it was written. Our

interpretation ought to end there.

   B. The Majority’s Interpretation Results in an Unlawful Sub-Delegation of
      Authority to BOP

      The majority’s interpretation also turns a lawful application note into an

unlawful one. Congress delegated the authority to determine the meaning of

“extraordinary and compelling reasons” to the Sentencing Commission, not BOP.

See 18 U.S.C. § 994(t). An agency cannot delegate to another agency powers that

Congress did not give that second agency. Bayou Lawn & Landscape Servs. v.

Sec’y of Labor, 713 F.3d 1080, 1084–85 (11th Cir. 2013) (“Even if it were not

axiomatic that an agency’s power to promulgate legislative regulations is limited to

the authority delegate[d] to it by Congress, we would be hard-pressed to locate that

power in one agency where it had been specifically and expressly delegated by

Congress to a different agency.” (citation omitted)).
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       Before the First Step Act, Application Note 1(D) effected no illegal sub-

delegation because only BOP could file a compassionate release motion. The

Application Note merely gave BOP discretion over its own motions. But now,

reading the Application Note in line with the majority’s interpretation, BOP is

suddenly empowered to significantly restrain the universe of available “other

reasons” for defendants seeking compassionate release on their own behalf. And

Congress never gave BOP this authority. The Sentencing Commission is the only

agency that can “describe what should be considered extraordinary and compelling

reasons for sentence reduction.” 28 U.S.C. § 994(t).9 The Commission cannot

lend this authority to the BOP Director any more than it can to the Administrator of

the Environmental Protection Agency. Therefore, even if the majority’s

interpretation were correct, it would render Application Note 1(D) invalid. It

would still not be binding as to Mr. Bryant’s motion.

       The majority says that “no party has raised” the issue of illegal sub-

delegation in this case. Maj. Op. at 43–44 n.6. In so saying, the majority ignores

Mr. Bryant’s initial brief, which explicitly raised this argument. Appellant’s Br. at

39–41. The majority’s failure to address this issue cannot properly be blamed on

Mr. Bryant.

9
 Of course, the courts can still adjudicate what constitutes “extraordinary and compelling reasons”
absent guidance from the Sentencing Commission because the courts’ decisions must be merely
“consistent with” any applicable policy statement. 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A).

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   C. The Majority’s Purposivist Argument Is Misplaced

      The majority goes to great lengths to explain why its interpretation squares

with the 1984 Sentencing Reform Act. See Maj. Op. at 24–27. But it does not

explain the large regard it gives the purpose of this 1984 statute, in contrast with

the little regard it gives to the purpose of the much more recent First Step Act.

After all, it is the First Step Act that gave rise to the interpretive questions Mr.

Bryant’s case presents to us today. And even though we face questions brought on

by enactment of the First Step Act, the majority explicitly criticizes our sister

circuits for supporting their textualist analysis with a discussion of its purpose. Id.

at 34. Nevertheless, the majority does the exact same thing, except it supports its

analysis with a discussion of the purpose of the 1984 Act.

      The majority characterizes the changes that the First Step Act brought to the

compassionate release system as a rather minor procedural amendment. Id. at 3–4.

But that ignores the transformational intent and purpose of the First Step Act, the

“most meaningful criminal-justice reform at the federal level in decades.” Brief of

the American Conservative Union Foundation Nolan Center for Justice; the Cato

Institute; Arthur Rizer; R Street Institute; and Brett Tolman as Amici Curiae

Supporting Appellant and Reversal at 4.

      First, the majority ignores that the Sentencing Reform Act, in abolishing the

federal parole system, and the First Step Act, in eliminating BOP’s gatekeeping

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function over compassionate release, in fact advanced a common goal: keeping

sentencing “within the province of the judiciary.” S. Rep. No. 98-225, at 54 (1983)

(emphasis added). And it is hardly surprising that the First Step Act would prefer

that the courts make compassionate release determinations without unnecessary

intervention by BOP, given that agency’s failure to “properly manage the

compassionate release program.” The Federal Bureau of Prisons’ Compassionate

Release Program at 11.

      Second, the First Step Act empowers defendants to seek compassionate

release not only when BOP does not act quickly enough on the defendant’s

request, but also when BOP altogether refuses to act. See 18 U.S.C.

§ 3582(c)(1)(A). That tells us that Congress was concerned not only with BOP’s

ability to timely review compassionate release requests, but also with its

substantive judgment about what circumstances warrant compassionate release.

Reading the policy statement as the majority does re-inserts BOP into the process

of establishing substantive criteria for compassionate release, thus undermining

Congress’s intent.

      To the extent the majority shares the government’s policy concerns about

granting district courts “unfettered discretion” and fears about inconsistent

sentence reduction outcomes, those concerns are vastly overstated. Judges are not

given “unfettered” discretion. To the contrary, they are charged with finding

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whether there are “extraordinary and compelling” reasons warranting sentence

reduction. See 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A). And not just any reason will do. As

the Seventh Circuit points out, “extraordinary and compelling” is hardly the type of

standard that invites “a sort of Wild West in court.” Gunn, 980 F.3d at 1180. And,

of course, this Court routinely uses its appellate jurisdiction to reverse district

courts it perceives to have exceeded statutory bounds. The Sentencing

Commission is also empowered to provide more detailed guidance to courts about

what circumstances warrant compassionate release, but it has not done so.

      The majority opinion is also noteworthy in that it expresses concerns about

disparities in sentencing only as to sentences being reduced too much. When a

court becomes too “compassionate” toward criminal defendants the issue of

disparity then warrants attention. As Mr. Bryant rightfully points out, the

government, and today, the majority opinion, express no concerns “about arbitrary

outcomes and unwarranted sentencing disparities created by federal prosecutors.”

And Mr. Bryant’s case presents a powerful example of how the amended

compassionate release statute could be applied to correct patent disparities among

defendants who engaged in the same conduct. Mr. Bryant was sentenced to a term

just shy of five decades—a term that far exceeded those of his co-conspirators who

pled guilty—in part because he exercised his Sixth Amendment right to trial and

because he was subject to a mandatory penalty for “stacked” firearm offenses that

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Congress has since drastically lowered.10 A number of his co-defendants, involved

in the exact same scheme, re-entered society more than a decade ago. I view this

disparity as worthy of concern—and a second look under the compassionate

release statute.

       Mr. Bryant has already served decades in prison. Even with the knowledge

that he may never be allowed to re-enter society, he has devoted significant efforts

to rehabilitate himself. The majority opinion defies the text of the First Step Act

and the policy statement and undermines the monumental efforts Congress

undertook to transform compassionate release. I fear the majority opinion today

sets our Court on a path, alone among Courts of Appeal, that will deprive Mr.

Bryant and thousands like him in the states of Georgia, Florida, and Alabama of

access to compassionate release.

       For these reasons, I dissent.

10
  And the fact that Congress did not decide to make every defendant sentenced to stacked § 924(c)
offenses categorically eligible for retroactive sentencing relief does not mean that the change to §
924(c) cannot, in combination with other factors, give rise to extraordinary and compelling reasons
warranting a sentence reduction.

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