Court Opinion

ID: 2774538
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-01-29 17:49:36.064407+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:26:33.723023
License: Public Domain

FILED 

                                                                         JAN 29,2015 

                                                                 In the Office of the Clerk of Court 

                                                               W A State Court of Appeals, Division III 

         IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 

                            DIVISION THREE 

In the Matter of the Estate of:                )
                                               )       No. 31757-9-III
Margaret Wimberley,                            )
                                               )
                     Deceased                  )
                                               )
                                               )       UNPUBLISHED OPINION
                                               )
                                               )

       FEARINO,1.      Two brothers, James and Wesley Wimberley, quarrel over assets in

their parents' trusts. The trial court removed James Wimberley as the successor trustee

of the trusts and personal representative of the estate of the mother, Margaret Wimberley.

James Wimberley's successor trustee, Stephen Trefts, performed an accounting and

concluded that James over-distributed to himself the amount of $254,437.91 in trust

assets. Trefts petitioned the trial court for approval of the accounting. James appeals the

trial court's approval and order directing him to reinstate $254,437.91 to the mother's

trust and estate. We affirm all trial court orders.
No 3 I757-9-III
Estate of Wimberley

                                          FACTS

       C.W. and Margaret Wimberley married on July 7, 1945. They bore and raised two

children, Carroll Wesley Wimberley (Wesley) and James Keith Wimberley (James).

C.W. and Margaret Wimberleys' estate planning process spanned the course of many

years. This statement of facts follows the creation and administration of a family trust

and changes to the trust, after the death of husband C.W. Wimberley, with Wesley or

James lurking in the background.

       On August 17, 1967, C.W. and Margaret executed a community property

agreement designating all property owned or later acquired by the couple as community

property. On January 15,1999, the couple created a revocable living trust: "The

Wimberley Family Trust, C.W. Wimberley and Margaret Wimberley, Trustor and/or

Trustees" (Trust). The Trust identified C.W. and Margaret as trustors, one of them as

survivor trustee upon the death of the first spouse, and beneficiaries while living. The

Trust named James and Wesley Wimberley as heirs and primary beneficiaries. The trust

designated James as successor trustee, upon the deaths ofC.W. and Margaret. As

trustors, C.W. and Margaret Wimberley retained the power to make amendments to the

Trust or change its beneficiaries, but only as long as both remained alive.

       The Wimberley Family Trust, like many family trusts, contained A-B-C trust

provisions. The instrument directed the surviving trustee of C. W. and Margaret

Wimberley to divide the Trust equally into two shares: Survivor's Trust A (Survivor's

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Trust) and Decedent's Marital Share ("Decedent's Trust B" and "Decedent's Trust C"),

upon the death of the first spouse. The purpose behind this division was to avoid or limit

estate taxes.

       The Wimberley Family Trust instrument read:

               Survivor's Trust A
               Survivor's Trust A shall consist of the Survivor's one-half (1/2)
       interest in the commonly owned property or community property, quasi­
       community property and all other property included in the Trust Estate as
       the separate property of the Surviving Trustor. Upon division into shares at
       the death of a Trustor, Survivor's Trust A shall remain revocable by the
       Surviving Trustor during the life ofthe Surviving Trustor. Upon the death
       ofthe Surviving Trustor this share shall become irrevocable.
              Any property not allocated to the Decedent's Marital Share, or
       otherwise allocated by the provisions of this Trust at the death of the first of
       the Trustors to die, shall be allocated to this Survivor's Trust A.

               Decedent's Marital Share
               Decedent's Marital Share shall consist of the Decedent's one-half
       (1/2) interest in the commonly owned property or community property of
       the Trust Estate, one-half (1/2) interest in the quasi-community property
       and all other property included in the Trust Estate as the Separate Property
       of the Decedent Trustor. Decedent's Marital Share shall be divided and
       allocated into Decedent's Trust Band C. Upon creation ofsuch Trust
       shares, Decedent's Trust B and Trust C are irrevocable.
               The Surviving Trustee shall have the sole discretion to select the
       commonly owned, community and quasi-community assets or the
       proportionate share of any such assets which shall be included in the
       Decedent's Trust B and Trust C. In no event, however, shall there be
       included in Trust C any assets or the proceeds of any asset which will not
       qualify for the federal estate tax marital deduction, and Trust C shall be
       reduced to the extent that it cannot be created with such qualifying assets.
       The Trustee shall value any asset selected by the Trustee for distribution in
       kind to the Decedent's share at the value of such asset at the date of
       distribution to the Decedent's share.

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Clerk's Papers (CP) at 138-39 (emphasis added).

       Under the Trust document, Decedent's Trusts Band C would pay their net income

to the surviving spouse, while the principal of Trusts Band C could pay for the survivor's

health care, education, support, and maintenance. Decedent Trust B also allowed, at the

surviving spouse's request, a year-end principal payment of$5,000 or 5 percent of the

trust's aggregate value.

       C.W. and Margaret desired to place all their assets in the Trust. The Wimberley

Family Trust instrument read:

              The Trustors intend this Trust to be the recipient of all their assets,
       including without limitation assets whether commonly owned, jointly
       owned, marital, deferred marital, community, quasi community or separate.
       The Trustors intend this trust to be the named beneficiary of all interests of
       which either or both Trustors are, or may become, Beneficiaries.

               Property held by the Trustees of this Trust, which is held in trust for
       the benefit of the beneficiaries subject to the provisions of this Trust
       Agreement, is and shall be property owned by the Trust.
               The Trustors have paid over, assigned, granted, conveyed,
       transferred and delivered, and by this Trust Agreement do hereby pay over,
       assign, grant, convey, transfer and deliver unto the Trustees their property
        ... any other property that may be received or which has been received by
       the Trustees hereunder, as invested and reinvested (hereinafter referred to
       as the "Trust Estate"), shall be held, administered and distributed by the
       Trustees as hereinafter set forth.

CP at 114. A 1999 deed placed title to real property in the Wimberley Family Trust.

Numerous financial account statements designated the trust as the account holder.

       The Wimberley Family Trust instrument mentioned the possibility of loans from

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the parents to James and Wesley and directed that such loans be forgiven upon the death

of the parents, but reduce the debtor son's distribution of trust assets. The instrument

read:

              Gifts or Loans
              The Trustee shall reduce a Beneficiary's share by any gifts or loans
        as shown in Schedule A.

CP at 158. No gifts or loans were ever recorded in Schedule A.

        At the time of executing the trust instrument, C.W. and Margaret signed wills.

Both wills contain   ~~pour-over"   provisions that:

               give, devise and bequeath all the rest, residue and remainder of my
        property of every kind and description (including lapsed legacies and
        devises), wherever situated and whether acquired before or after the
        execution of this Will, to the Trustee under that certain Trust executed by
        me, which is known as "The Wimberley Family Trust."

CP at 359. A pour-over will is a testamentary device wherein the writer of a will creates

a trust and decrees in the will that the property in his or her estate, at the time of his or her

death, shall be distributed to the trustee of the trust.

        The Wimberleys also articulated their wishes in a Letter of Intent and Declaration

of Gift, executed as part of the Family Trust:

                As part of our estate plan, we have established a Revocable Living
        Trust. We have transferred property into the Trust and in the future we will
        take property out and put it into the Trust as we desire. It is our intent that
        all property held in the Trust be our commonly owned or community
        property, subject to the laws governing joint ownership. In confirmation of
        this intent, we make the following declaration:

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Estate of Wimberley

              1.       All property held by the undersigned in the Trust ... is the
       commonly owned or community property of the said Trustors unless
       otherwise designated by writing in the Trust documents, or in the manner in
       which title is held in the Trust.
               2.     All property which is the separate property of either Trustor
       has been and will be so designated in writing and signed by the Trustors.
               3.     Any property in the said Trust which had its origin as separate
       property, or which cannot be traced as to its origin, is the commonly owned
       or community property of the Trustors. If any question should arise, it is
       the intent of each of the Trustors to gift, in consideration of their mutual
       love and affection, so much of any disputed property to the other as is
       necessary to create joint ownership in both Trustors. This gift is intended
       and made as and when any asset is placed into the Trust.
               4.      Any previous community property agreement entered into
       between the undersigned shall no longer be applicable to, and is thereby
       revoked with respect to, all property held by the undersigned in the Trust
       known as: The Wimberley Family Trust.

CP at 175.

       C.W. Wimberley died on January 20, 2002, rendering Margaret Wimberley, at the

age of85, the Trust's survivor trustee. The Trust instrument directed her to divide the

trust in half, with one-half becoming Trusts Band C. Margaret never divided the Trust

into the Survivor and Decedent's trusts.

       On July 18,2007, five years after the death ofC.W., Margaret Wimberley

amended the Wimberley Family Trust "so as to fully comply with the Trust Laws of the

State of Washington." CP at 178. Richard C. Greiner, a Yakima estate planning

attorney, drafted the amendment. The 2007 amendment contained provisions that

contradict key provisions of the original Trust.

       The 2007 amendment stated in part: "Given the changes to the Federal Estate Tax

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Estate of Wimberley

laws, the Surviving Trustor/Trustee elects to not fund trust assets into what would be a

'decedent's trust' .... The Surviving Trustor shall have full use and control over all trust

assets." CP at 178. The amendment did not specifY which changes to the federal estate

tax laws necessitated this substantial revision from the original Trust instrument. To the

contrary, the amendment may have created more tax liability for the Wimberley family.

Stephen Fry, an attorney with whom Margaret later consulted, testified:

               [T]he federal estate tax will reset to $1 million in 2011 and by her
       failure to fund the irrevocable trust, and instead fund the revocable
       Survivor's Trust A that is for her sole benefit, she has subjected the value
       of her estate, including the Survivor's Trust A, which exceeds $1 million,
       to federal estate tax. As a consequence of failing to fund the irrevocable
       trust, Margaret's estate could pay approximately $200,000 in federal estate
       tax!!

CP at 325.

       The 2007 amendment also changed the distribution proportions of the Trust's

assets. Under the original terms of the Trust, James Wimberley, as successor trustee,

upon Margaret's death, would divide all trust assets into equal separate shares and

distribute them to Wesley and himself. The 2007 amendment further added a provision

to the distribution instructions:

              Primary Residence: The Trustor's primary residence located at 386
       Fromherz Road, Yakima Wa. and all of the surrounding property,
       buildings, improvements and fixtures and supporting equipment used on
       that property shall be distributed unto James K. Wimberley as
       compensation time, labor and other resources in improving the property.
       This distribution shall not be subject [toJ offset against his share [oj] the
       residual trust.

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Estate of Wimberley

              Further, the entire balance of the building fund account held with
      Yakima Federal Savings and Loan Association shall be set aside from all of
      the Trustor's other accounts and investments and be distributed to Jim for
      the purpose of finishing the ongoing work on the property. Jim shall use
      this fund at his sole discretion toward finishing the property and the fund
      shall not be offset against his share of the residual trust.
              Residual Distribution: The rest, residue and remainder of the trust
      assets shall be divided in equal shares between Jim and Wes as forth in the
      trust document and shall be subject to the specific distribution set forth
      above.

CP at 179-80 (emphasis added).

      Margaret Wimberley had earlier expressed a desire to leave the Fromherz Road

residence to James. In a handwritten letter to Richard Greiner, dated August 31, 2006,

Margaret stated:

              With respect to the Family Trust (WFT) my wishes are as follows:
              1. 386 Fromherz Road property, improvements, and equipage to
      transfer to Jim (son). This is not meant to be an inheritance. It is in
      consideration for his help and responsibility from beginning to completion
      of the improvements. It is my home and residence so long as I live and
      capable on my own or with assistance.

CP at 221. According to attorney Greiner:

              7. During the 2007 conversations, Margaret wanted to ensure that
      James would have the house, free from any interest by Wesley. She
      explained that James and CW built the house and James continued to work
      on the house after CW's passing. She wanted James to have the house as
      repayment for the time and labor that he put into the house.
              8. Margaret also explained that there was much work to be done to
      finish the house so she had established an account that she named the
      "building fund" account at Yakima Federal. The "building fund" actually
      consisted of two accounts, a checking account No. 5734, and a savings
      account No. 5370. Margaret wanted those funds to be James' fund to finish

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       the house and to be James' inheritance, free from Wesley's share of the
       trust.
                9. Therefore at Margaret's direction I prepared the 2007 amendment
       to the trust which Margaret edited multiple times and signed on July 18,
       2007.
                10. James transported Margaret to my office; but on each of our
       visits, I requested that James leave the room so that I could talk to Margaret
       candidly. I am certain that she was not being manipulated by James.

CP at 195.

       Richard Greiner maintains that Margaret "knew exactly how she wanted to leave

her bounty and she was clear in expressing the same to me." CP at 195. According to

Greiner, Margaret worried about the relationship between her sons. She characterized

Wesley as "the one who went out and made his way in the world" and she characterized

James as "the one who stayed with us to help and protect us." CP at 195.

       On April 3, 2008, Margaret Wimberley amended the Wimberley Family Trust

again. The amendment contained three significant changes. The Trust became

irrevocable with "no further changes to the trust, or the identity of the trustee, or the

distributive provisions." James Wimberley became trustee, with the added condition that

he "not be removed as trustee except for a finding by the trust protector that he has

violated a fiduciary duty owed to Margaret V. Wimberley." The 2008 amendment

anointed Richard Greiner as Trust Protector "to amend the trust where necessary to effect

[sic] the initial intent of the Trustor and to appoint Trustees of the Trust, when

necessary." CP at 187-88.

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         Richard Greiner drafted the 2008 amendment. Greiner later recounted Margaret 

I

i
     Wimberley's reasons for drafting the second amendment: 

                   11. In February of2008, Margaret again made an appointment to
           amend the trust. When we spoke, she was more deeply concerned about
           the relationship between James and Wesley and was very concerned that
           Wesley would try to do something to manipulate her.
                   12. Margaret did not want to be in the position that she could be
           manipulated by Wesley and therefore directed me to prepare a document
           for her resignation as Trustee and to appoint James as the Trustee. She also
           asked me to be the Trust Protector of the Trust, to ensure that the Trust plan
           could not be altered.
                   13. After numerous edits by Margaret, she signed the 2008
           amendment.
                   14. Again, Margaret met with me in my office alone when we talked
           about these goals and changes.

     CP at 195-96.

           In September 2009, Margaret Wimberley asked Richard Greiner's office to

     prepare a deed for the Fromherz house, for the purpose of conveying the home

     immediately to James Wimberley:

                   While I occasionally saw Margaret after April of 2008 our next
           purposeful meeting was September of 2009 when she asked me to prepare a
           deed of the house on Fromherz to James. At that time I became concerned
           that Margaret was not thinking as clearly as I had witnessed in our past
           meetings. However, Margaret was very clear and determined that she
           wanted to sign over the entire house to James at that time. Upon
           Margaret's insistence, I prepared a Quit Claim Deed to effect the transfer,
           but I did not record said deed. I specifically talked to Margaret about
           whether James had put pressure on her to transfer the house and I was
           convinced that he had not. At Margaret's request, I held the deed and it
           was not filed but remained in my files.

     CP at 196.

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Estate of Wimberley

       In December 2009, Wesley Wimberley thrice accompanied his mother, Margaret

Wimberley, to Yakima Federal Savings and Loan, where the Wimberley Family Trust

maintained its principal bank account. During the first visit, Wesley Wimberley obtained

copies of account withdrawals made by James Wimberley from the trust's checking and

savings accounts. On the second visit, Margaret withdrew $26,000 from the trust savings

account, which Wesley maintains went to him as part of the 2009 annual estate gifting.

During the final visit, Margaret withdrew $280,000 in the form ofa cashier's check,

which she and Wesley took to Yakima Valley Credit Union, where they met with Suzie

Williams, an investment advisor. The money, however, was later deposited at Umpqua

Bank into a nontrust account. By the terms of the 2008 amendment, Margaret no longer

served as trustee when she made these withdrawals from the trust's bank accounts. We

are not told if Wesley Wimberley then knew of the 2008 amendment to the Wimberley

Family Trust.

       On January 11,2010, Richard Greiner learned of the withdrawals from Yakima

Federal Savings and Loan. Greiner later declared:

               James brought Margaret into my office. He explained that he had
       discovered that Margaret had removed some $306,000 of Trust money from
       the Irrevocable Trust account at Yakima Federal Savings and had
       transferred $26,000 to Wes, and deposited the remaining $280,000 into her
       personal name. I discovered that Margaret and Wesley had met with Ms.
       Suzie Williams at Members Financial, located at then Yakima Valley
       Credit Union.

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Estate of Wimberley

                Margaret's demeanor on January 11, 2010, struck me as very frail.
        While she recognized me and called me by name, she had remarkably aged
        and was very frail physically and mentally.
                She did not remember going to either Yakima Federal or going to
        Yakima Valley Credit Union.
                She did not remember moving any money from the trust.
                She did know that James was the Trustee of the trust.
                When I talked to Margaret alone, she was very confused about her
        finances and did not know where any of her money was located.
                Margaret was so mentally frail that she would have signed anything
        that I asked her to sign or do anything that I asked her to do.

CP at 197. On February 8,2010, Greiner wrote a letter to Wesley Wimberley

"demanding to know what the purpose of the transfer was." CP at 197. He received a

response from attorney Carter Fjeld, with whom he corresponded by mail through March

2010.

        On April 9, 2010, Wesley Wimberley and his wife took Margaret Wimberley to

attorney Marcus 1. Fry. Fry later declared:

                As is my practice, when family is present, I first cover background
        information. This is helpful, particularly if the elderly person is having
        some memory issues. There was also a discussion about issues between
        Jim and Wes and the lack of access Wes' family had to Margaret, including
        an incident while Margaret was at the hospital.
                4. I then discussed the purpose of the visit, which was to review her
        estate planning and explain to Margaret her estate plan, which consisted of
        a large binder of documents. In the large binder was a trust document
        entitled, the Wimberley Family Revocable Living Trust, dated January 15,
        1999.

CP at 321.

        In April 2010, Marcus Fry reviewed the Wimberley Family Trust documents:

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Estate of Wimberley

              ... 1 noticed that upon the passing of Margaret's husband, the trust
      created two trusts, an irrevocable trust and a revocable "Survivor's Trust."
      This is common estate planning as is generally referenced as "A-B estate
      planning." 1 inquired as to what was placed into each of these trusts and
      she was unsure what had [been] placed into each of them. 1 then reviewed
      two trust amendments to the trust and she was unaware of the effect of
      these. 1 then asked her to tell me what she thought her estate plan did. She
      stated that it divided everything equally between her two sons, but that her
      son Jim received the house that she was living in and that he was helping to
      build. I explained to her that in my opinion her trust as written did not
      carry out this plan and that the house and funds in a designated account
      came off ofthe top before being divided. She stated that this is not what
      she wanted.
              6. About that time, I then requested that both Mr. Wes Wimberley
      and his wife excuse themselves from the meeting so that I could meet with
      Margaret alone. This is standard procedure when 1 have family who are
      part of the initial meeting. 1 then questioned Margaret alone about her
      estate plan more specifically.

CP at 321-22.

      Attorney Marcus Fry discussed with Margaret Wimberley differences between her

intentions and the language of the Wimberley Family Trust amendments:

              First, she was unaware of the potential estate tax liability she may
      have exposed her estate to by not funding the irrevocable trusts created
      upon the passing of her husband, C.W. I advised her that as of right now,
      the federal estate tax will reset to $1 million in 2011 and by her failure to
      fund the irrevocable trust, and instead fund the revocable Survivor's Trust
      A that is for her sole benefit, she has subjected the value of her estate,
      including the Survivor's Trust A, which exceeds $1 million, to federal
      estate tax. As a consequence of failing to fund the irrevocable trust,
      Margaret's estate could pay approximately $200,000 in federal estate tax!!
      This is something she certainly wants to avoid and desires to correct.
              Second, I advised her that by electing not to fund the irrevocable
      trusts, she has likely breached her fiduciary duty and may be confronted
      with a lawsuit from either of her two sons, Jim Wimberley and Wesley
      Wimberley, or their children (Margaret's grandchildren) for her failure to

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I
I          properly fund C.W.'s irrevocable trusts. Again, she indicated this is
           something she wants to avoid and obviously can be by properly funding the
           irrevocable trust.

I                  Third, I discussed the fact pursuant to the terms of the amendment
           she has no control of her own assets. She was rather surprised by this as
           well as. [sic] I explained to her that unless there is a tax avoidance benefit,

I          usually a person does not change a revocable trust to irrevocable and
           eliminate one's authority to handle and dispose of his/her assets as he/she
           sees fit. In fact she was under the impression that she had the authority to

I
           handle and dispose of her assets and Jim was only assisting her, not
           controlling her affairs. I corrected her misunderstanding informing her that
           the amendment stated that she only had the right to use her property, but
           retained no decision-making authority over her own assets. Margaret
I          desires that the trust be changed to revocable and that we eliminate the sole
           condition for removal of Jim as trustee as she believes that an independent
           professional trustee should be appointed to avoid future disputes between
           her two sons regarding her assets.

    CP at 325-26.

           After speaking with Marcus Fry, Margaret Wimberley terminated Richard Greiner

    as her attorney; revoked the general durable power of attorney she previously granted to

    James Wimberley; and contracted Kristyan Calhoun, a geriatric care manager, to assess

    her living situation and relationships with her children. Fry characterized the situation as

    a "tug-o-war" between James and Wesley, but insisted:

                  At no time during my meeting with her did I feel or sense that she
           was being unduly influenced or manipulated. Rather it was clear to me that
           she had been involved in unusual estate planning that was not clearly
           explained to her and that did not reflect her wishes.

    CP at 322.

           Attorney Marcus Fry memorialized events in a letter that he sent to Richard

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Estate of Wimberley

Greiner and James Wimberley, on April 13,2010. Three days after Fry mailed the letter,

James delivered a handwritten note to Fry, from Margaret Wimberley:

                ... 1 had not thought through all things at the time of our meeting; so
       at this time 1 insist that all be returned to where we started and that you put
       Jim back in the position of Power of Attorney. He is to be the only Power
       of Attorney. I insist today.
               So, please prepare the required letter or documents for that Power of
       Attorney for Jim's reinstatement and send myself, Jim, and Rich Greiner a
       copy. Also send a copy to Rich G. by fax.
               1 want everything reinstated as to before we talked. 1 insist
       immediately-today. Thank you.
               Margaret Wimberley
               April 16, 20W-2pm
               No, I will not discuss this matter further at this time.
               The above written 1 left message on Marcus Fry's voicemail­
       2:15pm 16 April MPW

CP at 333. Fry stated that Margaret's voice on the voicemail "was shaky and sounded

fearful," and that he "became very concerned about manipulation that may be occurring

with Margaret by her son Jim." CP at 322.

       On April 29, 2010, Kristyan Calhoun began her evaluation of Margaret

Wimberley, then age 93, for the purpose of producing a professional care plan at the

request of Margaret and attorney Marcus Fry. Calhoun visited with Margaret five times,

three times privately.

       Kristyan Calhoun assessed Margaret Wimberley's cognitive functioning:

               I find that Mrs. Wimberley is able to make limited decisions when
       presented with factual information. She is not able to consistently recall
       events from the past 5 plus years. Mrs. Wimberley is not aware of her
       estate value. She does not know whether or not she has a professional who

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Estate of Wimberley

      assists her with financial matters. She does not know where her accounts
      are located. She relies on her son, Jim Wimberley to ensure that bills are
      paid in a timely manner. She does not believe that she has a lot of money
      but enough to meet her financial obligations and to be comfortable. She
      was not able to recall names of her grandchildren during two visits and was
      not able to tell me the name ofWes['] wife on one occasion. She does not
      know how long she has lived in her home. She was not aware of how long
      ago her husband passed away.
              I believe that Mrs. Wimberley will believe whatever she is told by
      her family, friends or professionals. The way that information is presented
      to her in conversation is very important as to how she will make a decision.
      It is unfair to discuss issues related to her finances, estate planning and
      living arrangements with her. This only causes anxiety and continued
      conflict within the family.

CP at 202-04.

      When speaking with Kristyan Calhoun, Margaret Wimberley did not remember

meeting with either Marcus Fry or Richard Greiner. Margaret consistently expressed a

wish that her sons receive equal shares of her estate, and that James Wimberley receive

the Fromherz residence:

              Mrs. Wimberley was able to understand that she had met with two
      attorneys and had made changes that appeared to be opposite of each other.
      She stated that she does not remember meeting with attorneys. I asked her
      on three separate occasions to help me clarify what her wishes in regards to
      her estate were. The first time she stated that she wanted things split 50150
      with the boys .... She stated that the home was to [be] Jim's when she
      passed away but it was hers for now. I asked her about the possessions in
      the home. She stated that those needed to be split between the boys. I
      asked her if this was consistent with documents that she signed and she
      stated that she hoped that it was.
              The second occasion ... she told me that C.W. took care of all of
      that before he died. I explained again that she had met with two attorneys
      and had made different plans. She did not recall the attorneys and stated
      that she did not want to hurt the boys and did not want them fighting. I

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       asked her if she would be willing to meet with the two attorneys and myself
       at her home so that she could discuss this. She stated that she would rather
       not. I asked her if she remembered talking to me about her estate in the
       past: She did not.
               The third time ... she told me that she did not want to choose
       between her sons and that she should be able to just leave a note for them
       and not have to talk about this. . . . I asked her who the house belonged to.
       She stated that it was hers until she dies and then Jim's. I asked her where
       she would like her furniture, bank accounts and things to go. She stated
       that she would like them to be split between the boys.

CP at 203.

       Kristyan Calhoun found Margaret Wimberley "highly susceptible to undue

influence: "

              Mrs. Wimberley does not believe that either of her children has been
       able to access her accounts other than her son Jim, who pays monthly bills.
       She does not believe that she has given either son permission to take money
       from her accounts for their own use. I asked her if she had any concerns
       with her sons making investments for her. She did express concern that
       Wes not have access to her accounts. She stated that he has struggled with
       managing his finances. She does not believe that she has loaned money to
       either of her sons since her husband passed away.

              I recommend that Wes Wimberley not contact financial institutions
       to access information either with or without his mother. Mrs. Wimberley's
       forensic accounting should provide all information that is requested by Wes
       Wimberley. I do not feel that Mrs. Wimberley would say no to either of
       her sons to avoid a conflict. She has stated her concerns regarding Wes
       accessing her accounts and that neither of her sons discuss her estate or
       finances as it relates to inheritance.

CP at 203-09.

       Wesley Wimberley told Kristyan Calhoun that he was concerned about the

Fromherz home needing substantial repairs. Margaret Wimberley was not concerned and

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No 31757-9-II1
Estate of Wimberley

felt that "Jim will get to the projects as he has time." CP at 204. James Wimberley told

Calhoun that the funds for completing the house had been transferred out of the account

by Wesley in the December 2009 visits to Yakima Federal Savings and Loan. Calhoun

recommended that a local accounting firm complete a forensic accounting, retroactive to

2002, to address bank account withdrawals and outstanding loans that both brothers

claimed the other received from Margaret.

        Finally, Kristyan Calhoun recommended that Margaret Wimberley hire a caregiver

to assist with her daily care and to address the conflict between Wesley and James

Wimberley. Calhoun recommended that Wesley and his wife only visit and call Margaret

during the caregiver's shifts, in order to avoid the past friction and allegations between

James and Wesley regarding their mother's care. Calhoun finished her report on May 13,

2010.

        On May 27,2010, Richard Greiner sent a letter to Carter Fjeld and Marcus Fry.

Greiner stated that, in light of Calhoun's report, he would "not step away as Trust

Protector and will not bow to the demands of Marcus' letter of April 13th." CP at 335.

Greiner stated that he believed Margaret Wimberley was not capable of understanding

her estate when she met with Fry at the beginning of April and that the information "must

have come from Wesley." CP at 335. Greiner also demanded that Wesley return the

$26,000 he received from his mother in December 2009.

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No 31757-9-111
Estate of Wimberley

        Marcus Fry responded to Richard Greiner's letter on June 7, 2010. He clarified

that Margaret Wimberley had terminated Greiner's position as her attorney, not as Trust

Protector. He also reiterated his concerns regarding Margaret's failure to fund the

irrevocable Decedent's Trusts in accordance with the terms of the trust and that

attempting to do so now or upon Margaret's death would incur "the wrath of the Internal

Revenue Service." CP at 338.

        Before the implementation ofKristyan Calhoun's recommendations, Margaret

Wimberley died on August 2,2010. On August 11, James Wimberley was appointed

personal representative of Margaret Wimberley's estate. Under the terms of the 2008

amendment, James had served as trustee of the Wimberley Family Trust since April

2008.

        On June 28, 2011, James deeded the Fromherz home to himself. After Margaret's

death and while James served as trustee of the Family Trust, James used trust funds to

pay for groceries, tires, car insurance, and his personal phone bill.

                                       PROCEDURE

        On November 1,2011, Wesley Wimberley petitioned the court to remove James

Wimberley as personal representative of Margaret Wimberley's estate and trustee of the

Wimberley Family Trust. On January 20,2012, Wesley moved to disqualifY Richard

Greiner as Trust Protector, and from acting as James Wimberley's attorney. Wesley

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No 3 1757-9-II1
Estate of Wimberley

argued that Richard Greiner cannot fulfill his duties as Trust Protector while filing

motions and petitions against one of the beneficiaries.

       On March 2, 2012, the trial court issued an order removing James Wimberley as

trustee of the Wimberley Family Trust and appointing Stephen Trefts, dba Northwest

Trustee & Management Services, as successor trustee. The order also removed Richard

Greiner as Trust Protector. On March 2, the trial court directed Trefts to complete an

accounting of the Wimberley Family Trust from C.W. Wimberley's death, on January 20,

2002, to the present. The court directed James Wimberley to turn over all family trust

account records to the successor trustee. The court found that James Wimberley

breached his fiduciary duty to the trust and to Margaret Wimberley's estate by failing to

pay rent while he lived in the Fromherz home and by using trust money to pay for

utilities and incidentals for the home.

       In a letter opinion on December 20, 2011, the trial court addressed other payments

that James Wimberley made with family trust funds that Wesley alleged amounted to a

breach of fiduciary duty, including payment of James' Costco membership and food

purchases. Wesley also questioned James' deeding the Fromherz house to himself

without making a distribution in kind to Wesley. The trial court determined that the

payments did not amount to breaches, but were "instances of disagreement between the

Trustee and the Beneficiary," and that the 2007 amendment "seemed to authorize" James

to deed the house to himself.

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No 31757-9-III
Estate of Wimberley

       On September 28,2012, Stephen Trefts sent an initial accounting of the

Wimberley Family Trust to Wesley and James Wimberley. Trefts stated that completing

an accounting from the date of C.W. Wimberley's death would be problematic because:

              ... we do not know what assets were held by Margaret and C.W.
      when C.W. died and ... research could be very costly. Further, while there
      could be a case made that Jim, as Margaret's attorney-in-fact and trustee,
      was overreaching he in fact could have been following Margaret's
      instructions for distributions from the survivor's trust. Additionally it is
      now impossible to prove Margaret's incapacity. To further complicate
      matters, it is my understanding that toward the end of Margaret's life, there
      was a court finding that Wes was exploiting his mother financially and that
      he was only allowed supervised visitation. So, it may be an exercise in
      futility to try and recapture funds that were allegedly misused.

CP at 59-60.

      In his accounting, Stephen Trefts concluded that James Wimberley should receive

a 75 percent interest in the Fromherz home and Wesley the remaining 25 percent interest:

              Margaret attempted to amend the Wimberley Family Trust to leave a
      100% interest in the home to Jim. However, since a 50% interest in the
      home should have been placed in the [sic] C.W.'s irrevocable trust,
      Margaret could only leave her 50% interest in the home to Jim. Jim is also
      entitled to 50% ofC.W.'s interest in the home (25%), for a total of75%
      interest in the home. Wes is entitled to the remaining 25% interest in the
      home.

CP at 62. Finally, Trefts asked both brothers for additional information, including

documentation for any loans made by Margaret to Wesley, James, or others; evidence

that any contested expenses paid by James should be imposed on the estate; and tax

information for the family trust and Margaret's estate. Trefts requested a response within

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No 31757-9-III
Estate of Wimberley

60 days of the receipt of his letter.

       Wesley Wimberley responded to Stephen Trefts' requests by November 9, 2012,

but James Wimberley has yet to respond. On November 27,2012, Richard Greiner

responded on behalf of James. Greiner questioned Trefts' accounting of loans Margaret

made to Wesley and his children. Greiner contended that money taken by Wesley from

the home completion account at Yakima Federal Savings and Loan in December 2009

should be distributed to J ames, without setoff. Attorney Greiner asked why Trefts did not

deduct, from Wesley's share of the assets, the $26,000 gift to Wesley in 2009.

       On December 12, 2012, Stephen Trefts responded to Richard Greiner:

               1) Templeton [Yakima Credit Union] Account - You have
       questioned whether $98,622.65 should have been moved into the Building
       Fund Account (YFS 45734) because Jim asserts that in the year prior to her
       death, Margaret moved funds from the Building Fund Account into the
       Templeton account.
               As you are aware, our stated position is that since there was no
       evidence that Margaret was incapacitated prior to her death, we should
       begin the accounting with the assets that were in Margaret's trust and estate
        from the time of her death forward. At the time of Margaret's death the
       Building Fund had cash in the amount of$2,488.77. Prior to Margaret's
       death, there were transfers between the various accounts and checks were
       written on the accounts for construction costs and also personal expenses.
       It is our contention that Margaret was aware of and approved of the
       transfers and balances, and that Jim as Trustee was also aware of the
       account values. Therefore, we have concluded that the balances in the
       accounts at Margaret's date of death are the appropriate starting balances.
               As a point ofinterest, we have reviewed the records provided by Jim
       andfind no evidence to support his assertion that there was a transfer of
       funds from the Building Fund to the Templeton Funds in 2009 in the
       records provided.
               2) Loans and Gifts - Regarding the $50,252.52 balance of the

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No 31757-9-III
Estate of Wimberley

      outstanding loans which you questioned in your letter, the amount is an
      estimate of loans to grandchildren which would require further
      documentation as requested in the report accompanying our accounting. If
      documented, the loans to grandchildren would be assets of the estate, not
      liabilities to a Primary Beneficiary's share of the estate.
               Regarding loans and gifts to the Primary Beneficiaries (Wes and
      Jim), page 48, paragraph 5 of the document states: "The Trustee shall
      reduce a Beneficiary's share by any gifts or loans as shown in Schedule A."
      There is no Schedule A, so it appears that loans and gifts made by Margaret
      to the Primary Beneficiaries are not chargeable against the share of either
      Wes or Jim.
               However, we have a copy ofa November 23, 1994 Court order as
      part of Jim's divorce settlement which assigns to Jim a total of $67,000 in
      debt owed to C. W. and Margaret Wimberley [See CP 72-77]. Since the
      Order predates the January 15, 1999 Wimberley Family Trust, it would not
      need to be added to the Schedule A and is therefore an asset of the estate
      and trust. We need documentation of payment of this loan.
              Another point ofinterest: an attempt to set aside the Schedule A
      required to document loans for the Primary Beneficiaries would be a
      daunting task. We would need to document and track loans, payments and
      interest. As far as gifts are concerned, the document includes as gifts "the
      care and maintenance, medical needs and education ofany Primary
      Beneficiary" (page 47, paragraph 5). This would mean we would need to
      go back and capture not only large cash gifts such as the $26,000 gift to
      Wes from Yakima Federal, but also medical and other insurance payments,
      room and board, etc. As stated in our prior correspondence, this is not
      practical and would not make a difference, because while Margaret was
      alive she hadfull authority to make gifts and transfers.

CP at 68-69.

       Successor trustee Stephen Trefts set January 31, 2013, as the new deadline for

James Wimberley's response to his request for information. Trefts informed James that

he would file a preliminary accounting and petition for instructions if James did not

timely respond. James Wimberley provided information in a January 23,2013, response,

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No 3 I 757-9-III
Estate of Wimberley

but Trefts found the information lacking and replete with meritless contentions.

       On February 1,2013, successor trustee Stephen Trefts filed a preliminary

accounting and petition for instructions in Yakima County Superior Court. The trial

court set a hearing for the petition on April 19,2013. Richard Greiner withdrew as James

Wimberley's attorney on March 19,2013, and the court rescheduled the petition hearing

for May 24,2013. On May 21, 2013, James Wimberley filed a 225-page response to the

preliminary accounting and petition for instructions. The response contained 200 pages

of the Wimberley Family Trust's financial account history, assets, loans, and other

documentation originally requested by Trefts. In a section of his response, James

Wimberley asked the court to disinherit Wesley Wimberley for financially exploiting his

mother, a vulnerable adult. The response asked that the trial court schedule a trial on this

claim of James Wimberley.

       In his February 1, 2013, petition, Stephen Trefts listed eleven instructions that he

recommended the superior court deliver to him as successor trustee. The trial court

agreed with the recommendations, lettered A to K, in a June 4, 2013, order approving

preliminary accounting and petition for instructions. The June 4 order is the subject of

this appeal. The body of the order read:

              A) That the start date for the accounting period is August 2, 2010,
       the date of Margaret Wimberley'S death;
              B) Northwest Trustee & Management Services' accounting dated
       August 24,2012 is accepted;
              C) James Wimberley shall reimburse the Wimberley Family Trust

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No 31757·9-III
Estate of Wimberley

       (the "Trust") a sum of money in the amount of$254,437.91;
              D) James Wimberley shall reimburse the Trust interest accruing
       from the date of the entry of this Order atthe rate of 12% per annum;
              E) James Wimberley shall allow Stephen Trefts and/or his agents
       and/or Wesley Wimberley to enter and remain on the premises located at
       386 Fromherz Drive, Yakima, and/or any other real property where Mr.
       Trefts believes property which belonged to Margaret Wimberley may be
       stored. Said meetings are to be coordinated with Wes Wimberley and must
       be concluded no later than August 1, 2013;
              F) James Wimberley shall reimburse the Trust for the fees and costs
       associated with bringing this petition, including reasonable attorney fees
       and costs;
              G) James Wimberley shall pay fees accrued by Northwest Trustee
       & Management Services' related to its forensic accounting;
              H) The deed executed by James Wimberley quitclaiming the home
       located at 386 Fromherz Dr., Yakima, WA to himselfis hereby null and
       void;
              I) James Wimberly [sic] shall pay the Trust rent in the amount of
       $800 per month for the period commencing August 2, 2010, the date of
       Margaret Wimberley's death;
              J) This court shall issue Letters of Administration with Will
       Annexed to Stephen W. Trefts d/b/a Northwest Trustee & Management
       Services; and,
              K) Petitioner has the right to amend his accounting to include newly
       discovered evidence, including without limitation the $67,000 debt from
       James Wimberley to C.W. and Margaret Wimberley as indicated on James'
       dissolution decree.

CP at 345.

       The trial court sent the signed June 4,2013, order, along with a letter. In its

transmittal letter, the court noted:

               Mrs. Wimberley's intentions appear to have ebbed and flowed over
       the years, and at times were contrary to or at least in conflict with the terms
       of the trust she and her late husband, CW, entered into in 1999. Without
       delving deeply into the intricacies of the Dead Man Statute, RCW 5.60.030,
       it is sufficient to say the trust documents manifest Mr. and Mrs.

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No 31757-9-111
Estate of Wimberley

       Wimberley's intention clearly and inexplicably and it is those intentions
       which govern this proceeding.
              Consequently, James' objections to the accounting are rejected and
       the successor Trustee's recommendations are accepted.

CP at 347. Neither the formal order nor the letter addressed James Wimberley's request

for disinheritance of Wesley Wimberley.

                                  LAW AND ANALYSIS

                          The Start Date ofthe Trust Accounting

       We now begin our review of the many objections raised by James Wimberley to

the accounting submitted by successor trustee Stephen Trefts. James Wimberley first

contends that Trefts erred in using August 2, 2010, Margaret Wimberley's date of death,

for his accounting's start date, rather than C.W. Wimberley's date of death. The trial

court, on March 2, 2012, directed successor trustee Trefts to perform an accounting

beginning on January 20, 2002, C.W.'s date of death.

       Although he assigned error to the accounting's start date, James failed to deliver

any analysis, case law, or statute that supports his contention that the trial court could not

change the accounting's beginning date upon the recommendation of the successor

trustee. RAP 10.3( a)( 6) provides that an appellate brief should contain "argument in

support of the issues presented for review, together with citations to legal authority and

references to relevant parts of the record." Assignments of error not argued or further

referred to in a brief are treated as abandoned by an appellant. Talps v. Arreola, 83

                                             26 

No 31757-9-II1
Estate of Wimberley

Wn.2d 655,657,521 P.2d 206 (1974); Anderson v. Dep't ofLabor & Indus., 174 Wash.

702,705-06,26 P.2d 77 (1933); State v. Wilson, 16 Wash. App. 434, 439,557 P.2d 18

(1976). Therefore, we will not address this assignment of error.

       We observe that trustee Stephen Trefts recommended the new commencement

date because of the expense of reconstructing the finances of Margaret Wimberley and

Wimberley Family Trust transactions. James Wimberley, in part, caused this difficulty

by his refusal to furnish records to Trefts. James is thus complaining about a problem he

helped to create. As successor trustee and personal representative of the Wimberley

estate, Stephen Trefts had the duty to settle the estate as quickly and efficiently as

possible. RCW 11.18.200; RCW 11.48.010. The trial court, under Washington's Trust

and Estate Dispute Resolution Act (TEDRA), ch. 11.96A RCW possessed "full and

ample power and authority ... to administer and settle ... all trusts and trust matters,"

RCW 11.96A.020, by issuing orders it deems necessary or proper in resolving a dispute.

RCW 11.96A.060.

                              Community Property Agreement

       James Wimberley next contends that the successor trustee erred in his accounting

because the 1967 community property agreement executed by C.W. and Margaret

Wimberley superseded the Wimberleys' subsequently executed wills and the initial trust

instrument. Stephen Trefts based his recommendations primarily upon the Wimberley

Family Trust instrument signed in 1999. According to James, if the successor trustee and

                                             27 

No 31757-9-111
Estate of Wimberley

the trial court understood that the community property agreement remained in effect

throughout Margaret Wimberley's life, the accounting and distribution of assets would

change. Under James' theory, all assets not in trust at the time ofC.W. Wimberley's

death passed free of the trust such that Margaret could distribute those assets differently

than demanded in the trust instrument. James Wimberley does not identify the assets in

trust or outside of the trust at the date ofC.W.'s death, but under our ruling, this

identification is unimportant.

       The Wimberley Family Trust instrument recognized the intention of transferring

all assets owned by C.W. and Margaret Wimberley into the trust. Records show real

property and financial accounts to be placed in the Trust. When the trustor is also the

trustee, no formal transfer of assets from the trustor to the Trust is needed. Samuel v.

King, 186 Or. App. 684, 64 P.3d 1206, review denied, 335 Or. 443, 70 P.3d 893 (2003);

Sutter v. Sutter, 345 Ark. 12,43 S.W.3d 736 (2001); Taliaferro v. Taliaferro, 260 Kan.

573,921 P.2d 803 (1996); Brevard County v. Ramsey, 658 So. 2d 1190 (Fla. Dist. Ct.

App. 1995). Thus, we assume that all property of the couple entered the trust in 1999,

when the Wimberleys signed the trust instrument. This assumption alone terminates the

effectiveness of the community property agreement upon the couple's assets.

       A second document disassembles James Wimberley's argument. At the time of

creating the Family Trust, C.W. and Margaret Wimberley declared their intent in a Letter

of Intent and Declaration of Gift. The Letter of Intention confirmed the desire to revoke

                                             28 

No 31757-9-III
Estate of Wimberley

the community property agreement for property held in the trust. Therefore, regardless of

the language of the trust instrument, the community property agreement ended.

         James advocates for a narrow interpretation of this statement to mean that C.W.'s

share of any community property not held in the Wimberley Family Trust devised to

Margaret upon his death.       James~   construction of the community property agreement,

wills~   and trust, is counter to the testamentary intentions ofC.W. and Margaret

Wimberley~     and existing case law. "Community property agreements are treated as

contracts, and the general rules of contract rescission apply." Higgins v. Stafford, 123
Wash. 2d 160,     165~    866 P .2d 31 (1994). Parties to a community property agreement can

therefore rescind the agreement by mutually manifested intention clearly shown.

Higgins, 123 Wash. 2d at 165; In re Estate ofLyman, 7 Wash. App. 945~   948, 503 P.2d 1127

(1972). In finding intent of rescission, Washington courts look to the language of written

agreements, the subject matter of the agreement, and the subsequent actions of the

parties. Higgins, 123 Wash. 2d at 165.        Generally~   the legal effect of a subsequent contract

made by the same parties and covering the same subject matter, but containing

inconsistent terms, rescinds the earlier contract.      Higgins~ 123 Wash. 2d at 165-66; Bader v.

Moore Bldg.     Co.~   94 Wash. 221, 224,162 P. 8 (1917).

         James Wimberley emphasizes the phrase "held by the undersigned in the Trust,"

in the Letter of Intention, CP at 175, as evidence that C. W. and Margaret did not have a

mutually manifested intention to abandon or rescind the community property agreement.

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No 31757-9·III
Estate of Wimberley

We disagree for several reasons. First, this argument conflicts with the Supreme Court's

analysis in Higgins. In that case, the Supreme Court found that a couple's mutually

executed wills and will agreement rescinded a prior community property agreement, even

though the couple did not explicitly state in their wills that they were rescinding it.

Higgins, 123 Wash. 2d at 169-71. It was enough that the disposition directed by the wills

and community property agreement were "squarely in conflict:"

               If the community property agreement controlled, Odous took Lois'
       property in fee simple, immediately upon Lois' death. Taking the property
       in fee simple, Odous could make any testamentary disposition he desired.
       In contrast, if the 1977 agreement controlled, Odous was limited to the
       testamentary disposition identified in the wills. Because the conflicting
       agreements controlled the disposition of all of the Staffords' property, these
       agreements could not coexist. Passing the property under one agreement
       necessarily rendered the other agreement a nullity.

Higgins v. Stafford, 123 Wash. 2d at 170-71.

       The Wimberleys' wills and trust instrument directly conflicted with the 1967

community property agreement. We would do violence to the terms of the trust, and the

intentions ofC.W. and Margaret Wimberley, to hold otherwise. Also, per the terms of

C.W. 's "pour over" will, his entire share of the Wimberleys' community property devised

to the Wimberley Family Trust, and not to Margaret.

       Second, James Wimberley's position that assets placed by Margaret Wimberley

into the Wimberley Family Trust after C.Wo's death somehow remained her "separate

property" is both unsubstantiated and illogical. James overlooks another provision of the

                                             30

                                                                                            I
No 31757-9-III
Estate of Wimberley

Letter of Intention that clarifies the intentions of C.W. and Margaret regarding property

placed in the Trust:

               Any property in the said Trust which had its origin as separate
       property, or which cannot be traced as to its origin, is the commonly owned
       or community property of the Trustors. If any questions should arise, it is
       the intent ofeach ofthe Trustors to gift, in consideration oftheir mutual
       love and affection, so much ofany disputed property to the other as is
       necessary to create joint ownership in both Trustors. This gift is intended
       and made as and when any asset is placed into the Trust.

CP at 175 (emphasis added). The trust instruments are clear: all property placed into the

Trust became the community property of C. W. and Margaret, to be divided and

distributed pursuant to the terms of the Trust. The trial court did not err in disregarding

the community property agreement and holding that the terms of the trust control.

                       The Fromherz Property and the "Building Fund"

       James Wimberley asserts that the approved trust accounting is incorrect because

(1) the accounting does not honor Margaret's wish to leave the Fromherz house entirely

to him without any offset of assets to Wesley, and (2) the accounting does not recognize

the unauthorized withdrawal from the "building fund" trust account, in Yakima Federal

Savings and Loan, by Margaret when Wesley exploited her. In so arguing, James relies

on the 2007 amendment to the trust. He also references the handwritten letter Margaret

sent to Richard Greiner, expressing her intent to leave James the house and building fund.

       The relevant provisions of the 2007 amendment provided:

              Primary Residence: The Trustor's primary residence located at 386

                                             31
No 31757-9-II1
Estate of Wimberley

       Fromherz Road, Yakima Wa. and all of the surrounding property,
       buildings, improvements and fixtures and supporting equipment used on
       that property shall be distributed unto James K. Wimberley as
       compensation time, labor and other resources in improving the property.
       This distribution shall not be subject [to] offset against his share [of] the
       residual trust.
               Further, the entire balance of the building fund account held with
       Yakima Federal Savings and Loan Association shall be set aside from all of
       the Trustor's other accounts and investments and be distributed to Jim for
       the purpose of finishing the ongoing work on the property. Jim shall use
       this fund at his sole discretion toward finishing the property and the fund
       shall not be offset against his share of the residual trust.
               Residual Distribution: The rest, residue and remainder of the trust
       assets shall be divided in equal shares between Jim and Wes as forth in the
       trust document and shall be subject to the specific distribution set forth
       above.

CP at 179-80. Stephen Trefts' accounting delineated a 75-25 split of the Fromherz home

and building fund between James and Wesley Wimberley respectively. Trefts arrived at

this division by interpreting Margaret's 2007 amendment as devising her 50 percent

interest in the two assets to James, in addition to the 25 percent interest James received

under the terms of the 1999 trust instrument through his father. Under this delineation,

the 1999 trust document remained binding and thus Margaret Wimberley did not control

the half interest in the home previously owned by C.W. that should have been placed in

one of the Decedent's Trusts upon C.W.'s death. We agree with this division.

       As Stephen Trefts correctly determined, the terms of the Wimberley Family Trust

did not permit Margaret Wimberley to adjust James and Wesley Wimberley's inheritance

after C.W.'s death. The instrument read:

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No 31757-9-III
Estate of Wimberley

             The Trustors may, during the joint lives ofthe Trustors, by signed
      instruments delivered to the Trustee: change the beneficiaries, their
      respective shares and the plan of distribution; amend this Trust in any other
      respect; or, revoke this Trust in its entirety or any provision therein, except
      as to any share or Trust created herein which has become irrevocable by
      the terms hereofor by operation oflaw.

CP at 122 (emphasis added). The trust instrument prevented changes to the beneficiaries

and distributions from the Wimberley Family Trust, unless effectuated while C.W. and

Margaret both lived. Changes are prohibited when the trust, or a share of the trust,

became irrevocable. 50 percent of the Wimberleys' community property held in the trust,

and all of C.W.' s separate property held in trust, became unalterable upon C.W.' s

passing. Margaret could not give Wesley's 25 percent interest in the Fromherz home and

building fund to James, since C.W. was not alive to consent to the trust amendments.

The trial court correctly approved the successor trustee's 75-25 split of the Fromherz

home and building fund between the brothers.

       In the alternative, James Wimberley argues that Margaret could have given a full

interest in the home to him, as long as Wesley was given an equivalent value of assets

from other property. James claims Margaret placed the home under the ledger of the

Survivor's Trust, rather than the Decedent's Trusts. Nevertheless, James presents no

evidence Margaret divided the assets of the trust upon C.W. Wimberley's death, let alone

that she assigned the entire value of the home to the Survivor's Trust. The evidence

                                            33 

No 31757-9-II1
Estate of Wimberley

showed that Margaret violated the terms of the trust and considered all property to be

under her full ownership.

                    Loans Made to Wesley Wimberley and His Family

       James Wimberley argues that the successor trustee's accounting should have, but

failed to, offset, from Wesley Wimberley's inheritance, loans made to Wesley and his

family from Margaret or the Wimberley Family Trust. James submitted his handwritten

accounting of loans made by Margaret and cancelled checks evidencing the loans with

his response to the trustee's initial accounting. James contends that the Yakima Federal

Savings and Loan withdrawal of $26,000 received by Wesley should be considered a loan

to be deducted from Wesley's distribution of assets.

       Stephen Trefts requested that James Wimberley provide documentation of loans

multiple times while he prepared the initial accounting of the Trust. James submitted

insufficient information. James instead bickered and dickered with Trefts about the

amount of the loans, the transfer from the building fund Margaret made prior to her

death, and Trefts' refusal to allocate trustee fees to James during his time as Trustee.

       Under the terms of the Wimberley Family Trust instrument, all gifts and loans to

be taken from either beneficiary's inheritance needed to be recorded in Schedule A.

Schedule A was blank at the time of Margaret's death. Therefore, Trefts determined that

loans and gifts made by Margaret to her sons were not chargeable against the share of

either Wesley or James. We agree with the successor trustee's handling of the loans and

                                             34 

No 3 I 757-9-III
Estate of Wimberley

therefore affinn the trial court's approval of this handling. We note, as did Stephen

Trefts, that James' contention may be self-defeating since he likely received more gifts

and loans than his brother.

       Stephen Trefts also correctly determined that a loan to Wesley's son Aaron for

$37,802.52 at three percent interest is a trust asset, and not an offset against Wesley's

inheritance. The Wimberley Family Trust provided that the trustee could give money for

support and education to be charged against the receiving beneficiary's inheritance, and

that the provision "shall also apply to the issue of a deceased Primary Beneficiary." CP

at 158. This language indicated that loans or gifts made to grandchildren will not count

against the beneficiary-parent's share of the trust distribution, unless the beneficiary

predeceases their issue. Wesley cosigned on the loan to Aaron and will be responsible

for repaying the loan if Aaron does not.

              James Wimberley's Reimbursement ofthe Trust with Interest

       James Wimberley contends that the trial court erred in ordering him to repay the

Trust $254,437.91. When ordering the reimbursement, the trial court ascertained

Margaret Wimberley's intent regarding which withdrawals from the trust accounts should

be characterized as James' personal expenses rather than trust expenses. In this context,

we apply the substantial evidence standard of review. Detennining the parties' intent in

regard to a trust is a factual question. Niemann v. Vaughn Cmty. Church, 154 Wash. 2d 365,

374-75, 113 P.3d 463 (2005). We review factual questions under a substantial evidence

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standard, determining whether the evidence was sufficient to persuade a rational fair-

minded person the premise is true. Wenatchee Sportsmen Ass 'n v. Chelan County, 141
Wash. 2d 169, 176,4 P.3d 123 (2000); In re Riddell Testamentary Trust, 138 Wash. App. 485,

491-92, 157 P.3d 888 (2007).

       Successor trustee Stephen Trefts identified $254,437.91 of personal expenses that

James charged to the Wimberley Family Trust account. Some of the expenses result

from James Wimberley, while trustee, failing to pay Wesley Wimberley his 25 percent

interest in the Fromherz house. While trustee, James paid for groceries, tires, car

insurance, and his personal phone bill from trust funds. The trial court agreed with

Trefts' accounting, noting that "the trust documents manifest Mr. and Mrs. Wimberley's

intention clearly and inexplicably and it is these intentions which govern this

proceeding." CP at 347.

       Substantial evidence supports the trial court's findings. The estate planning

documents and testimony from most witnesses established that Margaret Wimberley did

not intend for James Wimberley to take such a large portion of the Trust's assets or to

charge personal expenses to the family trust. The trust assets were to be divided 50-50.

Charging personal expenses to the trust contradicts this division.

       James Wimberley had ample opportunity to supplement Stephen Trefts'

accounting with his own documentation of trust versus personal expenses. James chose

to wait until three days before the trial court hearing on the accounting to produce

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incomplete, self-serving evidence that omitted benefits he received from Margaret while

living in her house. Wesley Wimberley aptly stated: "The preliminary accounting is as

accurate as Jim allowed it to be." Br. of Resp't Wimberley at 25. The trial court did not

err in ordering James Wimberley to reimburse the Trust $254,437.91.

       The trial court correctly ordered James Wimberley pay twelve percent interest on

the money he must reimburse the Trust. RCW 4.56.110(4) provides that judgments shall

bear interest from the date of entry, at the maximum rate permissible under RCW

19.52.020. Under RCW 19.52.010, interest accrues on debts at twelve percent interest

per annum when the parties fail to reach an agreement as to the amount of interest. James

provides no argument on appeal as to why twelve percent per annum is improper.

                       Allocation ofAttorney and Accounting Fees

       J ames Wimberley contends that he should not be ordered to reimburse the

Wimberley Family Trust for attorney fees and costs associated with bringing the petition

for approval of the preliminary accounting and instructions, or the fees incurred by

Stephen Trefts in preparing a forensic accounting of family trust activity. He argues: (1)

Wesley Wimberley is responsible for the present action as he has complicated the

administration and distribution of the Trust, and (2) James incurred fees acting as trustee

and personal representative and is entitled to receive compensation for his services.

       Washington's Trust and Estate Dispute Resolution Act (TEDRA) allows superior

or appellate courts in Washington to order:

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               costs, including reasonable attorneys' fees: .. to any party: (a) From any
       party to the proceedings. . .. The court may order the costs, including reasonable
       attorneys' fees, to be paid in such amount and in such manner as the court
       determines to be equitable. In exercising its discretion under this section, the court
       may consider any and all factors that it deems to be relevant and appropriate,
       which factors may but need not include whether the litigation benefits the estate or
       trust involved.

RCW 11.96A.150(1). This court reviews a trial court's decision to award fees under

TEDRA for abuse of discretion. Bale v. Allison, 173 Wash. App. 435, 461, 294 P.3d 789

(2013); In re Estate ofBlack, 153 Wash. 2d 152, 173, 102 PJd 796 (2004). In determining

whether an award of attorney fees is appropriate, the trial court must consider whether the

litigation and the participation of the party seeking attorney fees caused a benefit to the

trust. Allardv. Pac. Nat 'I Bank, 99 Wash. 2d 394, 407, 663 P.2d 104 (1983).

       Successor Trustee Stephen Trefts sought reimbursement from James Wimberley

for attorney fees the family trust incurred as a result of petitioning the trial court for

approval of the accounting and for instructions. Trefts wished to avoid the petition and

consistently informed James that his failure to respond with needed information would

result in litigation. Trefts' petition benefitted the trust because it expedited the

administration of a trust prolonged for three years by James' mismanagement and self-

dealing with trust funds, and his unwillingness to cooperate with Trefts' subsequent

management of the trust. Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in ordering

James to pay the trust the monies it spent in petitioning the court.

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       The trial court also did not exceed its discretion when ordering James Wimberley

to pay Stephen Trefts' accountant fees in preparing the forensic accounting for the

Wimberley Family Trust because the court found the accounting accurate. In re Estate of

Cooper, 81 Wash. App. 79, 93, 913 P.2d 393 (1996). In Cooper, this court affirmed a trial

court's proportional award of attorney and accountant's fees to a trustee-father and his

beneficiary-children. 81 Wash. App. at 97. The court determined that the award was

justified as a benefit to the estate because the trial court found that the accounting

accurately traced the estate's assets. Cooper, 81 Wash. App. at 93.

               James Wimberley's Self-Deeding ofthe Fromherz Residence

       James Wimberley contends that the trial court erred in voiding the June 28,2011,

deed, by which he conveyed the Fromherz home to himself. Although he assigns error to

this aspect of the court's June 4, 2013 order, he presents no argument in his brief. Rather,

he requests that this court order the successor trustee to effectuate the intent of Margaret

Wimberley by transferring to him his 100 percent interest in the Fromherz Road property.

We already affirmed the trial court's ruling that James holds only a 75 percent interest.

       A court of equity has jurisdiction to reach the property either in the hands of the

original wrong-doer, or in the hands of a subsequent holder, until a purchaser of it in

good faith and without notice acquires a higher right, and takes the property relieved

from the trust. Rennebohm v. Rennebohm, 153 Wash. 102,108,279 P. 402 (1929). The

2007 amendment of the Trust was ineffective in conveying James 100 percent of the

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Fromherz home. When James deeded the property to himself in 2011, he withheld from

Wesley the 25 percent interest he owned. Wesley's interest is worth $75,000 or one-

fourth of the home's value of $300,000. The trial court wisely voided the quitclaim deed

and returned the house to the trust, so that successor trustee Stephen Trefts could effect a

fair and proper distribution.

      Payment ofRentfor Residing in the Fromherz Home after Margaret's Death

       James Wimberley next contends that the trial court erred in ordering him to pay

the Trust $800 rent per month from the date of Margaret's death. As with some other

assignments of error, James omits substantive argument that the $800 rental amount is

inaccurate or improper. Instead, he relies on the ineffective provisions of the 2007

amendment as support for his contention that he received 100 percent interest in the

Fromherz home. We already ruled to the contrary.

       As the trial court found in its order removing James Wimberley as trustee, In re

Estate ofJones, 152 Wn.2d 1,93 P.3d 147 (2004), controls here. In that case, a personal

representative resided in his deceased mother's home, deeding the property to himself

after living there for a year without distributing the shares to his three brothers. 152
Wash. 2d at 12. The Supreme Court found that the personal representative breached his

fiduciary duty by "possessing the house in an individual capacity before the estate was

closed." Jones, 152 Wash. 2d at 12. An executor may possess and control property while

administering an estate, ifhe posts bond. RCW 11.48.020. However, when a person's

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right to possession of the property arises from his status as executor, he does not have a

right to use the property when there are other reasonable alternatives open, such as

renting the property. Jones, 152 Wash. 2d at 14. [fthe personal representative resides in

the house and uses it for his own benefit, he must pay rent. Jones, 152 Wash. 2d at 14.

       Until distribution of each brother's share in the home, the Fromherz home

remained the property of the Wimberley Family Trust. James should have paid the trust

rent while the estate was in the process of settling.

    Consideration ofa $67,000 Debt from James Wimberley that Pre-Dates the Trust

       James Wimberley contends that the trial court erred in allowing the successor

trustee to amend his accounting to include newly-discovered information, including a

$67,000 debt owed by James to C.W. and Margaret, mentioned in an exhibit attached to

James' divorce decree, filed November 23, 1994. James raises the defenses of laches and

the statute of limitations against the trustee's enforcement of the debt against him. Under

RCW 4.16.040, the limitation period for a debt in writing is six years.

       An action to collect an unpaid debt is barred once the statute of limitations has run.

In re Receivership ofTragopan Props.} LLC, 164 Wash. App. 268, 270, 263 P.3d 613

(2011). However, the clock resets once the promisor executes a new writing expressly

acknowledging the debt or promising to pay it. Fetty v. Wenger, 110 Wash. App. 598, 602,

36 P.3d 1123 (2001). If this acknowledgement occurs after the statute of limitations has

run, then it must be strictly construed, and any subsequent action must be brought on the

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newly executed instrument. Tragopan, 164 Wash. App. at 274. Also, a partial payment

extends the limitation period another six years. Wickwire v. Reard, 37 Wash. 2d 748, 759,

226 P.2d 192 (1951).

       The statute of limitations likely bars an action against James Wimberley to recover

the $67,000 debt mentioned in his 1994 divorce decree. Assuming the debt accrued in

1994, James is correct that any action to enforce the debt, absent evidence of a clear

acknowledgement of it after November 23,2000 or partial payment, is barred by the

statute of limitations. RCW 4.16.040. Nevertheless, James is inconsistent. He argues

that his debt is barred by the statute of limitations or laches, but he seeks to enforce a debt

owed by Aaron Wimberley and received on October 6,2006.

       The statute of limitations likely bars the Wimberley Family Trust from enforcing

either James Wimberley's or Aaron Wimberley's debts. Nevertheless, Stephen Trefts, as

successor trustee, holds authority to explore whether either debtor paid a portion of the

debt or confirmed the debt in a new writing and thereby prolonged the limitation period.

We affirm the trial court's ruling with the caveat that, if the successor trustee finds no

evidence of the extension of the statute of limitations or payment within the limitation

period, he take no action to collect the debt.

             Assigning/or Trial the Claim that Wesley Wimberley Should be 

                                 Disinherited as an Abuser 

       Finally, James Wimberley asserts that the trial court erred in refusing to assign for

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trial the claim that Wesley Wimberley should be disinherited as an abuser under

Washington's slayer and abuser statute, chapter 11.84 RCW. Wesley contends that this

reviewing court should ignore the assignment of error, because the claim was not

properly pled before the trial court. We agree with Wesley.

       RCW 11.96A.lOO(5), a section ofTEDRA, provides that in a trust dispute:

              The answer to the petition and any counterclaims or cross-claims
       must be served on the parties or the parties' virtual representatives and filed
       with the court at least five days before the date of the hearing.

RAP 2.5(a) provides that this court may refuse to review any claim of error that was not

properly raised before the trial court.

       James Wimberley filed a 225-page response to the trustee's petition on May 21,

2013, two days before the scheduled hearing on Stephen Trefts' petition to approve the

accounting and for instructions. The response raised for the first time a claim that

Wesley Wimberley abused his mother by accompanying her to the bank while she

transferred funds to different accounts. The trial court was correct in ignoring this late

request.

                                      CONCLUSIONS

       We affirm all rulings of the trial court in its June 4,2013, order, with one caveat.

Unless the successor trustee discovers any partial payment or written promise to pay by

James Wimberley on the loan owed to his parents within the last six years, the trustee

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 should not pursue collection of the debt. The same caveat applies to the debt owed by

 Aaron Wimberley.

       A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to RCW

2.06.040.

 WE CONCUR: 

       Siddoway, C.

(..    Brow~

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