Court Opinion

ID: 9890026
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-10-11 22:04:50.469618+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:48:58.521916
License: Public Domain

Filed 10/11/23

                     CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

       IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                        FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                              DIVISION THREE

 ELIZABETH KARNAZES,
        Plaintiff and Appellant,
                                              A167888
 v.
 THE LAURIEDALE HOMEOWNERS                    (San Francisco City &
 ASSOCIATION,                                 County Super. Ct. No.
                                              CGC-17-557900)
        Defendant and Respondent.

       Since July 2016, disbarred California attorney Elizabeth M. Barnson
Karnazes has, while self-represented, “commenced, prosecuted, or
maintained” nine appeals in this court that have been “finally determined
adversely” to her — that is, matters not subject to further appellate review —
within the meaning of Code of Civil Procedure section 391, subdivision
(b)(1)(i).1 During the pendency of these appeals, she engaged in a pattern of
delay that has burdened this court and the litigants she has sued. On our

       1 Undesignated statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure.

On our own motion, we take judicial notice of a 2014 California State Bar
opinion and order disbarring Karnazes, and of the dockets in the appeals she
has filed in this court, including in case No. A168422 wherein she filed a
notice of appeal under the name “Betsy Barnson.” (See Garcia v. Lacey
(2014) 231 Cal.App.4th 402, 409, fn. 7 (Garcia); Evid. Code, §§ 452, subd. (d),
459.)
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own motion, we conclude Karnazes is a vexatious litigant, and we impose a
prefiling order prohibiting her from filing new litigation in the courts of this
state without first obtaining permission from the presiding judge or justice
where the litigation is proposed to be filed. (§§ 391, subd. (b)(1)(i), 391.7,
subd. (a).)
                                 BACKGROUND
      Since 2006, Karnazes has filed 31 appeals in this court. She has
represented herself in all but one. She achieved partial success in two
appeals and lost 23. Six appeals, including this one, remain pending. Since
July 2016, Karnazes has — while self-represented — maintained the
following nine appeals in this court that have been determined adversely to
her and that are now final:
      (1)     In Karnazes v. CitiMortgage, Inc., et al., case No. A144813, she
              appealed from a judgment of dismissal entered after the trial
              court sustained defendants’ demurrer to her fourth amended
              complaint without leave to amend. We affirmed by written
              opinion on October 25, 2016.
      (2)     In Karnazes v. PetSmart, Inc., case No. A147512, she appealed
              from a default judgment issued in her favor. We dismissed the
              appeal as moot on February 7, 2017.
      (3)     In Karnazes v. Ferry, et al., case No. A149779, she appealed from
              an order denying her renewed motion to strike and/or dismiss a
              cross-complaint. We dismissed the appeal on March 1, 2017,
              after she failed to procure the record.
      (4)     In Hartford v. Karnazes, case No. A143423, she appealed from
              orders striking her memorandum of costs and granting

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            defendant’s motions for attorney fees and costs. We affirmed by
            written opinion on April 28, 2017.
      (5)   In Karnazes v. PetSmart, Inc., case No. A149137, she appealed
            from an order setting aside a default and default judgment. We
            dismissed the appeal on May 14, 2019, after she failed to timely
            file an opening brief.
      (6)   In Karnazes v. Outback, et al., case No. A147505, she appealed
            from a default judgment entered in her favor. She failed to
            timely file an opening brief, and we dismissed the appeal on May
            14, 2019.
      (7)   In Karnazes v. St. Paul Surplus Lines Insurance Co., et al., case
            No. A139785, she appealed from a judgment entered after the
            trial court granted one defendant’s motion for judgment on the
            pleadings and sustained another defendant’s demurrer to her
            third amended complaint without leave to amend. We affirmed
            by written opinion on May 30, 2019.
      (8)   In Karnazes v. Sheehy, et al., case No. A151764, she appealed
            from an order dismissing her complaint for failure to prosecute.
            On January 29, 2021, we dismissed the appeal as abandoned.
      (9)   In Karnazes v. Lee, et al., case No. A146950, she appealed from
            orders granting defendants’ motion to quash service of summons
            and denying her motion for leave to file an amended complaint.
            We affirmed by written opinion on January 27, 2022.2

      2 This court recently dismissed one of Karnazes’s appeals, Karnazes v.

Mollie Stone’s et al. (Oct. 3, 2023, case No. A167775); approximately two
months earlier, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the district
court’s dismissal of Karnazes’s operative complaint in Karnazes v. Am.

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      On the same date in April 2023, Karnazes filed three notices of appeal,
including the notice of appeal in this case. In light of her persistent pattern
of filing meritless appeals, we issued an order to show cause (OSC) why she
should not be declared a vexatious litigant pursuant to section 391,
subdivision (b)(1)(i) and why we should not impose a prefiling order pursuant
to section 391.7, subdivision (a). We ordered her to file a written response
addressing, among other things, whether the appeals in the nine enumerated
cases summarized ante (collectively, the nine appeals) satisfy the
requirements of section 391, subdivision (b)(1)(i). After requesting and
receiving additional time to respond, she filed a written response to the OSC.
Respondent The Lauriedale Homeowners Association also responded to the
OSC; its response drew our attention to final adverse determinations in
appeals Karnazes filed, while self-represented, in other appellate districts of
this state.
      After granting Karnazes’s request for a continuance, we set the matter
to be heard at an October 9, 2023 hearing. She appeared at the hearing and
offered argument.
                                DISCUSSION
      We begin by summarizing the relevant aspects of the statutory scheme.
The vexatious litigant statutes — sections 391 to 391.8 — are “designed . . . to
protect opposing parties harassed by meritless lawsuits, [and] to conserve
court time and resources and protect the interests of other litigants who are
waiting for their legal cases to be processed through the courts.” (Marriage of

Airlines, Inc. (9th Cir., Aug. 1, 2023, No. 21-15284) 2023 U.S.App. Lexis
19762. While we do not include these appeals in our section 391 analysis,
they demonstrate she “continues to subject litigation opponents and [courts]
to groundless claims.” (In re Marriage of Falcone & Fyke (2012)
203 Cal.App.4th 964, 1006 (Marriage of Falcone).)
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Falcone, supra, 203 Cal.App.4th at p. 1005.) “California’s vexatious litigant
statutes are constitutional.” (Kobayashi v. Superior Court (2009) 175
Cal.App.4th 536, 541.)
      Section 391, subdivision (b) defines several categories of vexatious
litigants. Under the first category, a litigant is vexatious if they have filed,
while self-represented, at least five qualifying litigations within the past
seven years that were “finally decided adversely” to them. (§ 391,
subd. (b)(1)(i) [excluding actions in small claims court].) Litigation is defined
as any “civil action or proceeding, commenced, maintained or pending in any
state or federal court” (id., subd. (a)), including “an appeal.” (Garcia, supra,
231 Cal.App.4th at p. 406.) An action is “within the ‘ “immediately preceding
seven-year period” ’ so long as it was filed or maintained during that period.”
(Id., fn. 4.) The seven-year period is measured from the date the motion or
OSC is filed. (Ibid.; Stolz v. Bank of America (1993) 15 Cal.App.4th 217, 224–
225.) An action is “finally determined adversely” to the litigant under section
391 if they do not win the action or proceeding they began — including
appeals they have voluntarily dismissed and those involuntarily dismissed
for procedural defects — and the “avenues for direct review (appeal) have
been exhausted or the time for appeal has expired.” (Garcia, at pp. 406–407
& fn. 5; Fink v. Shemtov (2010) 180 Cal.App.4th 1160, 1173–1174 [appeal
dismissed as untimely]; Marriage of Falcone, supra, 203 Cal.App.4th
at p. 1006 [appeal dismissed for failure to file opening brief].)
      If a self-represented litigant qualifies as vexatious under section 391,
subdivision (b), a court may impose one of two remedies. (Shalant v. Girardi
(2011) 51 Cal.4th 1164, 1170–1171.) As relevant here, a court may enter a
prefiling order preventing the self-represented vexatious litigant from filing
new litigation without first obtaining permission from the presiding judge or

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justice where the litigation is to be filed. (§ 391.7, subd. (a); In re Marriage of
Deal (2022) 80 Cal.App.5th 71, 77.) Permission to file will be granted “only if
it appears that the litigation has merit and has not been filed for the
purposes of harassment or delay.” (§ 391.7, subd. (b).) “The ‘prefiling
requirement “does not deny the vexatious litigant access to the courts, but
operates solely to preclude the initiation of meritless lawsuits and their
attendant expenditures of time and costs.” ’ ” (Deal, at p. 77.)
      We now turn to the arguments Karnazes presents in opposition to the
OSC. First, she observes it is unusual for a court to issue an OSC rather
than wait for an opposing party to move to declare a person vexatious. Even
if true, the circumstances of this matter demonstrate the need for the
issuance of an OSC. Where a litigant like Karnazes has initiated and
maintained litigation in numerous jurisdictions — including state and federal
courts — and against different parties, vexatious conduct may go
unaddressed absent a court’s action in the first instance. Second, she seems
to contend an appellate court cannot declare her vexatious. Not so.
Appellate courts have the power to declare litigants vexatious and to impose
prefiling orders — and they have done so on several occasions. (See, e.g.,
Marriage of Falcone, supra, 203 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1005–1006; In re R.H.
(2009) 170 Cal.App.4th 678, 683, disapproved on another point as stated in
John v. Superior Court (2016) 63 Cal.4th 91, 99, fn. 2; In re Whitaker (1992)
6 Cal.App.4th 54, 55; In re Luckett (1991) 232 Cal.App.3d 107, 110.) Indeed,
our high court has held an appellate court may declare a litigant vexatious
“in the first instance.” (John, at p. 99.)
      Next, Karnazes asserts she is not vexatious because some of the
appeals were resolved on terms satisfactory to her. Having reviewed the
records of the nine appeals, we find no evidence to support this self-serving

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statement. (Tokerud v. Capitolbank Sacramento (1995) 38 Cal.App.4th 775,
779–780.) Even assuming this is true, for purposes of section 391, a
dismissal — voluntary or not — constitutes an adverse determination; it is
the loss that matters, not whether a litigant is satisfied with the result.
(Garcia, supra, 231 Cal.App.4th at p. 406 [“litigation is finally determined
adversely to a plaintiff” if they do “not win the action or proceeding,”
including voluntary dismissal of an action].) Applying this definition, the
nine appeals were determined adversely to her. (See In re Kinney (2011)
201 Cal.App.4th 951, 960.) She also insists “some” of the nine appeals aren’t
“final” within the meaning of section 391, subdivision (b)(1)(i). Not so. Each
of the nine appeals “represents a final determination of a litigation in a
manner that was adverse to [her]” under the statute. (Fink v. Shemtov,
supra, 180 Cal.App.4th at p. 1174.)
      Karnazes’s other arguments fare no better. Her insistence that the
nine appeals are not frivolous is misguided. A finding that she engaged in
tactics that were frivolous or intended to cause unnecessary delay is not
required under section 391, subdivision (b)(1)(i); we make no such finding,
nor need we. (Compare with § 391, subd. (b)(3); see Wolfgram v. Wells Fargo
Bank (1997) 53 Cal.App.4th 43, 49.) The statute requires only that five
qualifying litigations were finally determined adversely to her within a
specific time period. That standard is satisfied here. That a trial court
declined to find her vexatious when applying an alternative definition of
“vexatious litigant” (§ 391, subds. (b)(1)(ii), (b)(2)) has no relevance when, as
here, the statutory definition at section 391, subdivision (b)(1)(i) is applicable.
      Finally, we are unpersuaded by Karnazes’s attempt to cast herself as a
litigant with “multiple meritorious cases” who deserves a “chance for justice.”
(Wolfgram v. Wells Fargo Bank, supra, 53 Cal.App.4th at p. 49 [rationale

                                        7
behind § 391 subd. (b)(1) “is that there is a limit to how many causes of action
an individual is likely to accrue”].) Our review of the dockets in the 31
appeals Karnazes has filed since 2006 — including the nine appeals at issue
here — demonstrates she has wasted “ ‘this court’s time and resources.’ ” (In
re Whitaker, supra, 6 Cal.App.4th at p. 57.) Adding up the time each matter
was pending, the nine appeals cumulatively were pending for more than 28
years. In addition to the uncertainty that length of time has caused opposing
parties — to say nothing of counsel and parties in other pending matters
waiting for this court’s attention — her conduct has imposed substantial costs
on court staff in the form of responding to innumerable communications and
addressing her repeated violations of the California Rules of Court.
(Whitaker, at p. 57 [“ ‘the appellate system and the taxpayers of this state are
damaged by what amounts to a waste of this court’s time and resources’ ”].)
Declaring Karnazes vexatious and imposing a prefiling order is “one small
step to eliminate an obvious waste of judicial resources.” (Id. at p. 55.)
                                DISPOSITION
      Elizabeth M. Barnson Karnazes — also known as Betsy Barnson — is
hereby declared a vexatious litigant. (§ 391, subd. (b)(1)(i).) Henceforth, she
may not file any new litigation in the courts of this state without first
obtaining leave of the presiding judge or justice of the court where the
litigation is proposed to be filed. (§ 391.7, subd. (a).) Disobedience of this
order may be punished as a contempt of court. (Ibid.) The clerk of this court
must provide a copy of this opinion and order to the Judicial Council (id.,
subd. (f)), and to the presiding judge and clerk of the Superior Court for the
City and County of San Francisco. No costs are awarded. (Cal. Rules of
Court, rule 8.278(a)(5).) The appeal remains pending.

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                                _________________________
                                Rodríguez, J.

WE CONCUR:

_________________________
Fujisaki, Acting P. J.

_________________________
Petrou, J.

A167888

                            9
Superior Court of San Francisco City and County, Hon. Anne-Christine
Massullo.

Elizabeth Karnazes, in pro. per. for Plaintiff and Appellant.

Lewis Brisbois Bisgaard & Smith, Lann G. McIntyre; Law Offices of Scott C.
Stratman, Wallace H. Sweet; Pedersen-Lauderdale, Jerome P. Bellotti for
Defendant and Respondent.

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