Court Opinion

ID: 3153638
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-11-10 20:19:39.339697+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:15:04.030278
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                       November 10, 2015
No. 14-0642–Buffey v. Ballard                                              released at 3:00 p.m.
                                                                           RORY L. PERRY II, CLERK

                                                                         SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

                                                                             OF WEST VIRGINIA

LOUGHRY, J., concurring:

              “The State’s obligation is not to convict, but to see that, so far as possible, truth

emerges.” Giles v. Maryland, 386 U.S. 66, 98 (1967) (Fortas, J., concurring). Nearly forty

years ago this appellate body addressed the role of the prosecutor with regard to this same

critical tenet of criminal law:

                     The prosecuting attorney occupies a quasi-judicial
              position in the trial of a criminal case. In keeping with this
              position, he is required to avoid the role of a partisan, eager to
              convict, and must deal fairly with the accused as well as the
              other participants in the trial. It is the prosecutor’s duty to set a
              tone of fairness and impartiality, and while he may and should
              vigorously pursue the State’s case, in so doing he must not
              abandon the quasi-judicial role with which he is cloaked under
              the law.

Syl. Pt. 3, State v. Boyd, 160 W. Va. 234, 233 S.E.2d 710 (1977). It is plain that the State’s

overwhelming desire to obtain a conviction for this unspeakable crime of violence fueled a

legally untenable series of events which culminated in the petitioner’s thirteen-year period

of incarceration. My agreement with the grant of habeas relief is grounded solely on this

Court’s interpretation of Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83 (1963), and our related conclusion

that Brady’s disclosure requirements extend to evidence in the State’s control that is

favorable to the defendant regardless of whether a plea agreement or trial ensues. It is upon

that basis which I concur in the majority’s decision that the petitioner may withdraw his plea

of guilty and proceed to trial. Our system of justice demands nothing less.

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              My agreement with the majority’s procedural-based resolution should not be

read to suggest that the relief being granted in this case is driven by evidentiary proof of the

petitioner’s guilt or innocence. As the United States Supreme Court long ago made clear,

“the suppression by the prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon request

violates due process where the evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment,

irrespective of the good faith or bad faith of the prosecution.” Id. at 87 (emphasis added).

The Supreme Court explained further that this holding is applicable to evidence “which, if

made available, would tend to exculpate him or reduce the penalty[.]” Id. at 87-88 (emphasis

added). In the case at bar, there can be little question that the suppressed DNA evidence,

identifying someone other than the petitioner as the perpetrator is both “favorable” to the

petitioner and “tends” to exculpate him.1 Furthermore, the parties’ protestations concerning

what this DNA evidence proves is simply irrelevant to the issue before us given the State’s

       1
       There is no merit to the State’s contention that any disclosure requirement was
obviated by the prosecutor’s personal lack of awareness of the DNA evidence. As the
Supreme Court has made clear,

              the individual prosecutor has a duty to learn of any favorable
              evidence known to the others acting on the government’s behalf
              in the case, including the police. But whether the prosecutor
              succeeds or fails in meeting this obligation (whether, that is, a
              failure to disclose is in good faith or bad faith, see Brady, 373
U.S. at 87, 83 S. Ct. at 1196-1197), the prosecution’s
              responsibility for failing to disclose known, favorable evidence
              rising to a material level of importance is inescapable.

Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 437-38 (1995) (emphasis added).

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failure to meet the requirements of Brady.

              The State has posited several explanations for why the suppressed DNA

evidence does not fully exonerate the petitioner. Of critical import, however, is the fact that

Brady does not require evidence to establish complete and unequivocal exoneration before

the duty of disclosure arises. A Brady violation results if material evidence, favorable to the

accused, is suppressed by the prosecution. United States v. Ohiri, 133 F. App’x 555 (10th

Cir. 2005). Moreover, the

              touchstone of materiality is a “reasonable probability” of a
              different result, and the adjective is important. The question is
              not whether the defendant would more likely than not have
              received a different verdict with the evidence, but whether in its
              absence he received a fair trial, understood as a trial resulting in
              a verdict worthy of confidence.

Kyles, 514 U.S. at 434. Whether Brady evidence creates a reasonable doubt sufficient to

preclude conviction is a matter left to the sound discretion of a jury. In this case, the

extraordinarily conflicting nature of the underlying witness testimony only serves to

underscore the critical role of the factfinder. When the DNA evidence and resulting

conviction of Adam Bowers as a perpetrator of the instant crime is coupled with the State’s

failure to produce the exculpatory DNA evidence, there can only be doubt regarding whether

due process was afforded to the petitioner.

              I write separately to emphasize the role of the prosecutor and the potentially

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devastating effects when the prosecutor fails to act in the interests of justice. As the United

States Supreme Court eloquently explained long ago, a prosecutor is

              the representative not of an ordinary party to a controversy, but
              of a sovereignty whose obligation to govern impartially is as
              compelling as its obligation to govern at all; and whose interest,
              therefore, in a criminal prosecution is not that it shall win a case,
              but that justice shall be done.

Berger v. United States, 295 U.S. 78, 88 (1935). When the State fails in this obligation, it

is not only the rights of the individual defendant that are compromised, but the public’s

confidence in our system of justice as well. This is not merely a high-minded academic

proposition. The public’s ever-eroding confidence in our system of justice is well-

documented as the images of the good, honest, hard-working police officers, prosecutors, and

judges are often tarnished as a result of the improper actions of a few unscrupulous public

servants. An unfortunate example leading to the public’s distrust of its governmental

officials is readily found in the Fred Zain controversy involving the West Virginia State

Police Crime Laboratory.2

       2
        In 1993, this Court appointed a special judge to conduct an investigation into
allegations that Fred Zain, a forensic serologist with the West Virginia State Police Crime
Laboratory, had systematically falsified his reports and had given false testimony in
numerous criminal prosecutions. The investigation revealed that Trooper Zain had
intentionally and systematically given inaccurate, invalid, and false testimony and reports in
as many as 134 criminal cases between 1979 and 1989. This resulted in several individuals
being sent to prison for crimes they did not commit. Consequently, in In the Matter of the
West Virginia State Police Crime Laboratory, Serology Division (“Zain I”), 190 W.Va. 321,
340, 438 S.E.2d 501, 520 (1993), this Court adopted the finding of the special judge that

              as a matter of law, any testimonial or documentary evidence

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              Moreover, this Court’s decision to remand for a trial is in keeping with the

laudable objective of our judicial system: to properly employ the rule of law to enable this

State’s citizenry to resolve matters of controversy or disputes in a fair and impartial manner.

Considering the other potentially inculpatory evidence in this matter, a blithe declaration of

the petitioner’s innocence based on the DNA evidence alone would not serve to further the

ends of justice. As the United States Supreme Court observed, “[a reversal] reflects a

difference in outlook normally found between personnel comprising different courts.

However, reversal by a higher court is not proof that justice is thereby better done.” Brown

v. Allen, 344 U.S. 443, 540 (1953) (Jackson, J., concurring), overruled on other grounds by

Townsend v. Sain, 372 U.S. 293 (1963). As the Supreme Court noted in Berger, the

              offered by Zain at any time in any criminal prosecution should
              be deemed invalid, unreliable, and inadmissible in determining
              whether to award a new trial in any subsequent habeas corpus
              proceeding. The only issue in any habeas corpus proceeding
              would be whether the evidence presented at or prior to trial or
              prior to the entry of a guilty plea, independent of the forensic
              evidence presented by Zain, would have been sufficient to
              support the verdict or plea.

Unfortunately, the inquiry did not end with Zain I. In 1994, this Court was confronted with
another question surrounding the State’s Crime Lab. This time, another investigation ensued
following the concern of whether serologists, other than Trooper Zain, had also falsified
evidence in criminal prosecutions. See In the Matter of the West Virginia State Police Crime
Laboratory, Serology Division (“Zain II”), 191 W.Va. 224, 445 S.E.2d 165 (1994). In 1999,
a third investigation of the Serology Division of the Crime Lab occurred. The issue once
again was whether State serologists, other than Fred Zain, falsified evidence in criminal
prosecutions. See In the Matter of: Renewed Investigation of the State Police Crime
Laboratory, Serology Division (“Zain III”), 219 W.Va. 408, 633 S.E.2d 762 (2006).

                                              5

fundamental purpose of a state’s powers is that “guilt shall not escape or innocence suffer.”
295 U.S. at 88. An affirmance of the lower court or an outright reversal and release of the

petitioner would merely beg the question either way: would this Court be causing the guilty

to escape or allowing the innocent to suffer? As such, the only just resolution to this matter

is to allow the petitioner to withdraw his plea and proceed to trial.

              My concern regarding the State’s conduct in this case is rooted in the following

observation: “It is as much [the prosecutor’s] duty to refrain from improper methods

calculated to produce a wrongful conviction as it is to use every legitimate means to bring

about a just one.” Id. at 88. There is simply no room in our judicial system for unethical

evidentiary gamesmanship. The critical need to prevent the prosecution from employing

ethically dubious methods to achieve a conviction is proven where, as here, the suppressed

evidence, under any reasonable construction, qualifies as exculpatory in nature. Accordingly,

I respectfully concur.

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