Court Opinion

ID: 4423573
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-08-07 20:00:33.882982+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:23:32.648075
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        AUG 7 2019
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

SWAN VIEW COALITION; FRIENDS OF                 No.    19-35004
THE WILD SWAN, INC.; NATIVE
ECOSYSTEMS COUNCIL; ALLIANCE                    D.C. No. 9:13-cv-00129-DWM
FOR THE WILD ROCKIES,

                Plaintiffs-Appellants,          MEMORANDUM*

 v.

CHIP WEBER, Flathead National Forest
Supervisor; FAYE KRUEGER, Regional
Forester of Region One of the U.S. Forest
Service; UNITED STATES FOREST
SERVICE, an agency of the U.S.
Department of Agriculture; UNITED
STATES FISH AND WILDLIFE
SERVICE, an agency of the U.S.
Department of the Interior,

                Defendants-Appellees.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                           for the District of Montana
                   Donald W. Molloy, District Judge, Presiding

                       Argued and Submitted July 10, 2019
                              Seattle, Washington

Before: BERZON and WATFORD, Circuit Judges, and ROTHSTEIN,** District

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
Judge.

      Plaintiffs-appellants (collectively, “Swan View”) appeal the district court’s

rulings rejecting various challenges to the U.S. Forest Service’s Glacier Loon

Project (the “project”). For the reasons below, we affirm in part but remand to the

district court for further proceedings concerning whether the Forest Service plans

to abide by certain restrictions imposed by the Swan Valley Grizzly Bear

Conservation Agreement (the “Swan Valley Agreement”) beyond 2020.

      1.     Biological assessment for wolverines:

      Because wolverines are proposed to be listed under the Endangered Species

Act and are present in the project area, the Forest Service had to determine whether

the project is “likely to jeopardize the continued existence” of the wolverine; if so,

the Forest Service was required to “confer” with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife

Service. 16 U.S.C. § 1536(a)(4). The Forest Service also had to “conduct a

biological assessment for the purpose of identifying any endangered species or

threatened species which is likely to be affected by” the project. Id. § 1536(c)(1).

      Assuming that the statute’s “biological assessment” requirement applies to

species that are proposed to be listed, the Forest Service satisfied that requirement

      **
            The Honorable Barbara Jacobs Rothstein, United States District Judge
for the Western District of Washington, sitting by designation.

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here.1 Pursuant to its obligations under the National Environmental Policy Act

(“NEPA”), 42 U.S.C. § 4332, the Forest Service analyzed the effects of the project

on wolverines, including effects on natal denning security, prey base, and overall

habitat security, as well as cumulative effects. The Forest Service concluded that

the project would “not likely contribute to a trend towards Federal listing or loss of

viability to the population or species,” and “would not result in a jeopardy

determination for the wolverine.” The NEPA documentation thus fulfilled the

purpose of the Act’s “biological assessment” requirement with respect to the

wolverine, a “proposed” species: It helped the Forest Service determine whether

the project was “likely to jeopardize the [wolverine’s] continued existence,” and

thus whether the agency had to confer with the Fish and Wildlife Service. 16

U.S.C. § 1536(a)(4); see id. § 1536(c)(1) (permitting agencies to undertake a

biological assessment “as part of [their] compliance with [NEPA]”).

1
  The parties disagree about whether the Fish and Wildlife Service’s regulation, 50
C.F.R. § 402.12, which sets forth procedures for conducting a biological
assessment, applies here, given that the project is not a “major construction
activit[y],” id. § 402.12(b)(1). It may well be that the “major construction
activities” language is not a broad limitation on the applicability of the regulation
but an explanation of how the regulation applies to such activities in particular. If
so, then the regulation does not relieve agencies of the obligation to conduct a
biological assessment for actions other than “major construction activities.” See
Sierra Club v. U.S. Army Corps of Eng’rs, 295 F.3d 1209, 1213 (11th Cir. 2002);
Ctr. for Food Safety v. Johanns, No. Civ. 03-00621 JMS/BMK, 2006 WL
2927121, at *5 (D. Haw. Oct. 11, 2006). The issue was not extensively briefed,
however, and, given our conclusion that the Forest Service complied with the
regulation if it applies, we need not decide the question.

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      Swan View argues that the regulation required the Forest Service to obtain

the Fish and Wildlife Service’s concurrence in the findings of the biological

assessment. See 50 C.F.R. § 402.12(j), (k)(1). In addition to the NEPA

documentation discussed above, the Forest Service prepared a programmatic

biological assessment that discussed the effects on wolverines of “projects

routinely conducted on National Forest System lands,” such as “Timber Harvest.”

The programmatic assessment cited the Fish and Wildlife Service’s proposed rule

to list wolverines as threatened under the Endangered Species Act, which

identified three threats to the species: climate change, trapping, and small

population size. 78 Fed. Reg. 7864, 7886 (Feb. 4, 2013). The proposed rule

concluded that there was no “evidence to suggest that land management

activities”—such as “timber harvest”—“are a threat to the conservation of the

species.” Id. at 7879. Based in part on that conclusion, the Forest Service

determined, in its programmatic assessment, that routine Forest Service activities,

including timber harvest, “(individually and/or cumulatively) are not considered a

threat to [the wolverine population] and are not likely to jeopardize the continued

existence” of the species. The Fish and Wildlife Service concurred in that

determination.

      The Fish and Wildlife Service’s concurrence in the programmatic biological

assessment was sufficient in these circumstances to satisfy any concurrence

                                          4
requirement prescribed by the regulation, assuming there is such a requirement.

See 50 C.F.R. § 402.12(j), (k)(1). Unlike a biological assessment for listed

species—which ultimately must indicate whether those species “are likely to be

adversely affected by the action,” in which case the Fish and Wildlife Service must

prepare a biological opinion, id. § 402.12(k)(1); see id. § 402.14(a), (b), (g)—a

biological assessment for proposed species results in a determination whether the

action is “likely to jeopardize the continued existence” of the species, id.

§ 402.12(k)(1). In light of that distinct purpose, it is enough here that the Fish and

Wildlife Service concurred in the Forest Service’s determination that the types of

activities that comprise the project do not, individually or cumulatively, threaten

the wolverine population, and are therefore not likely to jeopardize its existence.

      2.     Effects on grizzly bears:

      Under Endangered Species Act regulations, the Forest Service was required

to enter into formal consultation with the Fish and Wildlife Service unless it

determined that the project was “not likely to adversely affect” the grizzly bear, a

listed species. 50 C.F.R. § 402.14(a), (b)(1). Here, the Forest Service determined

that the project itself was not likely to adversely affect grizzly bears, but that the

baseline road density in the project area was adversely affecting bears. The Forest

Service therefore issued an overall determination that the project, when added to

the baseline, was “likely to adversely affect” the grizzly bear. As a result, the two

                                            5
agencies entered into formal consultation, and the Fish and Wildlife Service

produced a “biological opinion” concluding that the project was “not likely to

jeopardize the continued existence of grizzly bears.” As the agencies have engaged

in formal consultation, Swan View’s challenge to the Forest Service’s “adverse

effects” determination cannot succeed.

      Swan View also challenges the Fish and Wildlife Service’s finding of no

adverse effects, which we construe as a challenge to that agency’s determination,

in its biological opinion, that the project would not cause incidental take of grizzly

bears beyond the level of take caused by the baseline conditions. Swan View has

not shown that that determination was arbitrary and capricious. Although road

density will increase temporarily during the project, the figures cited by Swan

View are “worst case scenario” estimates that represent what would happen if all

the project activities occurred at the same time. The Forest Service concluded that

that possibility was “eliminat[ed]” by the project’s compliance with timing

restrictions on logging imposed by the Swan Valley Agreement. As a result of

those restrictions, the “majority of the activities would occur during the denning

period for bears,” reducing the likelihood of displacing bears during their active

period.

      Swan View has not established that the Tenmile Project or the Beaver Creek

Project is comparable to the project here at issue with regard to the impact on

                                          6
grizzly bears, and so has not shown why it was unreasonable for the Fish and

Wildlife Service to conclude that those projects would result in additional

incidental take but this one would not.

      We therefore conclude that the agencies have satisfied their Endangered

Species Act obligations with respect to the grizzly bear, so long as the project

parameters remain consistent with those analyzed in the biological opinion.

      3.     Timing of project:

      Most of the harvest activity will occur in the Glacier Loon subunit, and the

Fish and Wildlife Service assumed in its biological opinion that the restrictions

imposed by the Swan Valley Agreement on “inactive” subunits would apply to that

harvest activity. The biological opinion was issued in 2015, the project is expected

to last approximately five years (with most of the harvest activity occurring in the

first two years), and the Glacier Loon subunit is designated as inactive from 2015

through 2020.

      Given the passage of time, however, it is possible that not all harvest activity

in the Glacier Loon subunit will have been completed by the end of 2020. If the

Forest Service were to conduct harvest activity in that subunit after 2020 without

abiding by the restrictions applicable to an inactive unit, the biological opinion

would no longer be an adequate evaluation of the “effects of the action,” 50 C.F.R.

§ 402.14(g)(3), as it relies on the assumption that the restrictions will be in place.

                                           7
      We therefore remand for further proceedings concerning whether the Forest

Service plans to conduct harvest activity in the Glacier Loon subunit inconsistent

with the restrictions applicable to an inactive unit under the Swan Valley

Agreement, and, if so, for consideration whether to issue an injunction requiring

the Forest Service to reinitiate Endangered Species Act consultation with the Fish

and Wildlife Service with respect to grizzly bears.

      4.     Amendment 19 contentions:

      We agree with the Forest Service that under Amendment 19 the agency need

not achieve the objectives in a single project. It is reasonable for the agency to

achieve them through a combination of projects. The project complies with the

Amendment’s road-density standards applicable to each Forest Service action

because the project will “result in a net gain towards meeting” the objectives.

      5.     Canada lynx:

      We grant Swan View’s request that we vacate the portions of the district

court’s rulings addressing reinitiation of Endangered Species Act section 7

consultation on critical habitat for Canada lynx. See All. for the Wild Rockies v.

Savage, 897 F.3d 1025, 1032 (9th Cir. 2018). We therefore vacate the discussion

of that issue at the following citations: Swan View Coal. v. Weber, No. CV 13-129-

M-DWM, 2016 WL 160654, at *7 (D. Mont. Jan. 13, 2016); Swan View Coal. v.

Weber, 52 F. Supp. 3d 1133, 1152-53 (D. Mont. 2014).

                                           8
     AFFIRMED in part; VACATED in part; and REMANDED for further

proceedings consistent with part 3 of this memorandum.

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