Court Opinion

ID: 4116636
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-01-18 21:06:59.542958+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:18:20.444892
License: Public Domain

Digitally signed by
                                                                            Reporter of Decisions
                             Illinois Official Reports                      Reason: I attest to the
                                                                            accuracy and integrity
                                                                            of this document
                                     Appellate Court                        Date: 2017.01.18
                                                                            13:56:48 -06'00'

             Philadelphia Indemnity Insurance Co. v. Pace Suburban Bus Service,
                                 2016 IL App (1st) 151659

Appellate Court         PHILADELPHIA INDEMNITY INSURANCE COMPANY,
Caption                 Individually and a/s/o Countryside Association for People with
                        Disabilities, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. PACE SUBURBAN BUS
                        SERVICE, a Division of the Regional Transportation Authority,
                        Defendant-Appellee.

District & No.          First District, Fourth Division
                        Docket No. 1-15-1659

Filed                   November 17, 2016

Decision Under          Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 14-CH-9166; the
Review                  Hon. Diane J. Larsen, Judge, presiding.

Judgment                Affirmed.

Counsel on              Stephen R. Swofford, Kent J. Cummings, and Frank M. Ward III, of
Appeal                  Hinshaw & Culbertson LLP, of Chicago, for appellant.

                        William K. McVisk and Jennifer M. Theodore, of Johnson & Bell,
                        Ltd., of Chicago, for appellee.
     Panel                    JUSTICE McBRIDE delivered the judgment of the court, with
                              opinion.
                              Presiding Justice Ellis and Justice Howse concurred in the judgment
                              and opinion.

                                               OPINION

¶1         Plaintiff, Philadelphia Indemnity Insurance Company (Philadelphia), filed a four count
       declaratory judgment complaint against defendant, Pace Suburban Bus Service (Pace), in the
       circuit court with claims of equitable subrogation, equitable contribution, unjust enrichment,
       and “Assignment from Countryside of all rights against Pace” relating to a $1.5 million
       settlement it paid on behalf of Countryside Association for People with Disabilities
       (Countryside) to Lisa Gomez, who had been injured while in Countryside’s care. Philadelphia
       claimed that it should be reimbursed by Pace, in whole or in part, for that settlement, which it
       had paid after Gomez had communicated a presuit settlement demand to Philadelphia. Pace
       moved to dismiss Philadelphia’s complaint pursuant to section 2-619 of the Code of Civil
       Procedure (Code). 735 ILCS 5/2-619 (West 2012). The circuit court granted that motion, and
       Philadelphia now appeals.
¶2         The record shows that Pace, a division of the Regional Transportation Authority, entered
       into an agreement with Countryside, entitled “Pace Advantage Vehicle Program Agreement”
       (the leasing agreement) in 2010. Under the leasing agreement, Pace agreed to furnish a vehicle
       to Countryside to transport individuals with disabilities to and from the Countryside facility in
       exchange for $365 per month per vehicle. The leasing agreement further specified that Pace
       would provide the vehicle and Countryside was responsible for providing its own drivers. Pace
       vehicles utilized pursuant to the leasing agreement would be included in Pace’s “Risk
       Financing Program,” which:
               “shall provide commercial auto liability coverage to [Countryside] for any claims of
               bodily injury, death, or property damage arising directly out of the provision of
               Transportation Services provided with Pace vehicles as described in this agreement,
               within the scope of Pace’s Self-Insured Retention and up to the liability limits of such
               excess insurance that Pace may purchase, subject to the following terms, conditions,
               and exclusions:
                       (a) Pace specifically excludes from insurance coverage afforded to
                   [Countryside] herein any claims, actions, damages arising as the result of willful
                   and wanton, reckless, or intentional conduct of [Countryside], its officers, agents,
                   employees, contractors, sub-contractors, agents, or volunteers.” (Emphasis in
                   original.)
¶3         The leasing agreement further provided that:
               “The policies of excess insurance purchased by Pace and Pace’s Self-Insured Retention
               shall be primary over insurance carried by [Countryside] for claims within the scope of
               Pace’s Risk Financing Program. Any insurance or self-insurance maintained by
               [Countryside] shall be in excess of Pace’s Self-Insured Retention and the policies of

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             excess insurance purchased by Pace, without right of contribution, for claims within
             the scope of Pace’s Risk Financing Program.”
¶4       Countryside obtained additional automobile liability coverage from Philadelphia, which
     provided that it would:
             “pay all sums an ‘insured’ legally must pay as damages because of ‘bodily injury’ or
             ‘property damage’ to which this insurance applies, caused by an ‘accident’ and
             resulting from the ownership, maintenance or use of a covered ‘auto.’ ”
¶5       Philadelphia described the following descriptions of “Covered Auto[s]” in its policy.
     “Owned ‘Autos’ Only” were described as, “Only those ‘autos’ you own *** includ[ing] those
     ‘autos’ you acquire ownership of after the policy begins.” “Hired ‘Autos’ Only” were
     described as, “Only those ‘autos’ you lease, hire, rent or borrow.” Finally, “Non-owned
     ‘Autos’ Only” were described as, “Only those ‘autos’ you do not own, lease, hire, rent or
     borrow that are used in connection with your business.”
¶6       The Philadelphia policy further provided that:
             “For any covered ‘auto’ you own, this coverage form provides primary insurance. For
             any covered ‘auto’ you don’t own, the insurance provided by this coverage form is
             excess over any other collectible insurance.”
¶7       The following facts regarding the underlying incident come from the September 6, 2013,
     presuit settlement demand letter of Lisa Gomez and her draft complaint, which were attached
     to Philadelphia’s complaint. On the morning of July 10, 2013, Robert Gottardo, a Countryside
     employee, drove a Pace van to pick up and transport Countryside clients to the facility for daily
     services. Lisa Gomez, a 42-year-old woman who suffers from an intellectual disability and
     who “functions at the level of a five year-old child,” was picked up from her home in
     Schaumburg around 7:30 a.m. Upon arriving at the Countryside facility at approximately 8:30
     a.m., Gottardo rolled up the windows, exited the vehicle, and placed a sign in the van window
     reading “Vehicle Checked, Vehicle Empty,” while Gomez remained strapped into her seat
     inside. Gottardo entered the facility and informed other Countryside employees that Gomez
     was a “no-show” that day. Gottardo then left the Countryside lot in his personal vehicle.
     Gomez was left unattended in the vehicle for more than five hours, during that time the
     temperature outside the van reached 90 degrees.
¶8       At approximately 1:50 p.m., Gottardo returned to the van. He later admitted to another
     Countryside employee that he saw Gomez in the back of the van at that time, but he decided
     not to tell anyone at Countryside that he had abandoned her in the van all day. Gottardo did not
     check on Gomez at that time and instead began to drive his normal route. Gottardo arrived at
     Gomez’s home at approximately 2:45 p.m., at which time Gomez was having a heat-induced
     seizure. Gomez’s mother recognized that Gomez was having a seizure and yelled to Gottardo
     to call 9-1-1. Gottardo left the scene before emergency personnel arrived. Gomez was
     unconscious when the Schaumburg fire department and paramedics arrived. It was determined
     that she had suffered numerous medical conditions, including a heart attack, septic shock,
     gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and infections caused in part by exposure to urine and feces
     soaked clothing.
¶9       The record further contains an incident report and account from Kim Nygaard, a
     Countryside employee. In the incident report, Nygaard described the “Type of Incident” as one
     of “egregious neglect.” In her account, Nygaard explained that around 3:55 p.m., she was

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       contacted by a case worker, “Lori,” who told her that a parent had called to express concern
       that an ambulance “had to come to the bus because a girl was having a seizure.” Nygaard stated
       that, at that point, Countryside was unaware of any issue involving Gomez. About 10 minutes
       later, Gottardo returned to Countryside and was asked by staff member Maggie Kukielka about
       the parent’s complaint. Gottardo admitted that he had abandoned Gomez in the van and that he
       did not inspect the van that morning. He further admitted that when he realized Gomez had
       been abandoned in the van, he did not tell anyone at Countryside, call for emergency medical
       treatment, or check on her well-being. Nygaard further stated that “effective immediately”
       Countryside would be implementing a new safety protocol, requiring all vans to be searched by
       both the driver and another Countryside employee.
¶ 10       That evening, the Lake County sheriff’s office arrested Gottardo and charged him with a
       Class 4 felony of reckless conduct under section 12-5(a)(2) of the Criminal Code of 2012
       (Criminal Code) (720 ILCS 5/12-5(a)(2) (West 2012)), which provides that “A person
       commits reckless conduct when he or she, by any means, lawful or unlawful, recklessly
       performs an act or acts that *** cause great bodily harm or permanent disability or
       disfigurement to another person.” Gottardo was indicted of two counts of reckless conduct,
       which specifically provided that he did the following:
                    “Count 1 *** committed the offense of RECKLESS CONDUCT, in that the said
                defendant, while acting in a reckless manner, caused great bodily harm to Lisa Gomez
                in that the said defendant, the bus driver of Lisa Gomez, left Lisa Gomez, who was
                unresponsive, in a secured vehicle in hot weather conditions[.]
                    ***
                    Count 2 *** committed the offense of RECKLESS CONDUCT, in that the said
                defendant, while acting in a reckless manner, caused great bodily harm to Lisa Gomez
                in that the said defendant, the bus driver of Lisa Gomez, located Lisa Gomez, who was
                unresponsive, in his assigned vehicle and failed to contact emergency services[.]”
¶ 11       On February 11, 2014, Gottardo entered a negotiated guilty plea to Class 4 felony reckless
       conduct in exchange for a sentence of 24 months probation.
¶ 12       Meanwhile, on September 6, 2013, counsel for Gomez sent a presuit settlement demand
       letter to Philadelphia, which included the facts of the underlying incident as set out above, and
       indicated that counsel was “authorized to accept a settlement from Countryside and Robert
       Gottardo in the amount of six million dollars.” Counsel for Gomez also indicated that they
       would “initiate ligation against Countryside and Robert Gottardo” if they did not receive a
       response within seven days.
¶ 13       At some point thereafter, Pace became aware of Gomez’s claim against Countryside. On
       September 20, 2013, general counsel for Pace sent a letter to Countryside indicating that Pace
       was “excluding this claim from coverage because we consider the conduct of Countryside’s
       employee, Robert Gottardo, both willful and wanton, and reckless.” In the months that
       followed, counsels for Philadelphia and Pace exchanged a number of letters in which
       Philadelphia asserted that Pace had a duty to cover the claims, and Pace maintained that it did
       not.
¶ 14       On November 15, 2013, counsel for Gomez sent a letter to counsels for Philadelphia and
       Countryside, agreeing to presuit mediation so long as, among other things, “Principals from
       Countryside and PACE and/or their insurers with full authority to settle this case must attend

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       the mediation in person.” Counsel for Gomez also attached a draft complaint against
       Countryside and Pace to the letter, but indicated that he would “hold off filing suit until we
       exhaust our efforts to settle.”
¶ 15       Counsel for Countryside forwarded that letter and draft complaint to Pace on November
       22, 2013. Counsel for Countryside noted that the draft complaint contained a number of
       “allegations of negligence” including that Countryside “fail[ed] to check the van to confirm
       Gomez was removed from the van; fail[ed] to operate, inspect, supervise and manage the van
       and the unloading of disabled clients from the van; and failed to properly train its employees,
       including Gottardo.” Counsel for Countryside maintained that these claims were covered by
       “the Agreement” and therefore, “Pace has a duty to defend Countryside in any lawsuit filed by
       Gomez.”
¶ 16       Although Pace continued to maintain that Gomez’s claims were excluded from coverage, it
       attended the first mediation session, but without authority to negotiate a settlement. Pace
       apparently did not attend further mediation sessions.
¶ 17       On January 9, 2014, counsel for Philadelphia emailed counsel for Pace. Counsel for
       Philadelphia stated that it had been participating in settlement negotiations and was
       considering accepting the mediator’s proposed settlement of $1.5 million. Counsel for
       Philadelphia asked Pace to “accept its responsibility and agree to settle this matter on behalf of
       Countryside and Mr. Gottardo.” In apparent anticipation that Pace would continue to deny the
       claim, counsel further stated that Philadelphia “fully intends to proceed against Pace to recover
       any judgment or settlement amount, defense costs incurred, and any other amounts that may be
       recoverable.”
¶ 18       At some point thereafter, Philadelphia paid $1.5 million to Gomez on behalf of
       Countryside in settlement of her claims. Pace did not contribute to that settlement amount.
¶ 19       On May 30, 2014, Philadelphia filed a four count complaint against Pace seeking recovery
       from Pace on the grounds of equitable subrogation, equitable contribution, unjust enrichment,
       and “Assignment from Countryside of all rights against Pace.” Pace moved to dismiss
       Philadelphia’s complaint pursuant to section 2-619 of the Code, arguing that Pace is a
       self-insured municipality—not an insurance carrier—and as a result, the doctrines of equitable
       subrogation and equitable contribution did not apply to it. Pace contended that its Risk
       Financing Program is publicly funded, and public policy does not support the use of public
       funds for tort liability. Pace further argued that even if it was considered an “insurer,” it had no
       obligation to contribute anything to settle Gomez’s claim, because “the loss was excluded
       under the Pace agreement.” Pace specifically maintained that her damages were “the direct
       result of Gottardo’s reckless conduct, and the Pace/Countryside agreement specified that Pace
       would not pay for damages due to the reckless conduct of Countryside employees.”
¶ 20       Pace twice amended its motion to dismiss, and in its second amended motion, it attached an
       affidavit from Craig Kalck, the insurance manager for Pace. Kalck averred that Pace is
       “self-insured for commercial automobile coverage up to $3,000,000 through its Risk
       Financing Program,” that “[a]pproximately 70% of the funding for Pace’s Risk Financing
       Program is through RTA sales tax funding,” and that “Pace’s Risk Financing Program is not
       reinsured.” Kalck further stated that if Pace was required to pay for a portion of the settlement,
       “the money will be paid entirely from Pace’s Risk Financing Program. Pace has no insurance
       coverage of any kind that will indemnify Pace for payments within the self-insured retention of
       $3,000,000.” After briefing and a hearing on Pace’s motion, the circuit court dismissed the

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       complaint against Pace, finding that under the Supreme Court’s decision in Antiporek v.
       Village of Hillside, 114 Ill. 2d 246 (1986), it was against public policy to require Pace to pay
       from public funds, since it is a self-insured governmental entity.
¶ 21        In this appeal, Philadelphia challenges the circuit court’s dismissal of its complaint
       pursuant to section 2-619 of the Code. Under section 2-619(a)(9) of the Code, a defendant may
       file a motion for dismissal on the grounds “the claim asserted against defendant is barred by
       other affirmative matter avoiding the legal effect of or defeating the claim.” 735 ILCS
       5/2-619(a)(9) (West 2010). “[A] motion to dismiss under section 2-619(a) of the Code
       [citation] admits the legal sufficiency of the complaint ***.” Kean v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.,
       235 Ill. 2d 351, 361 (2009). When ruling on the section 2-619 motion to dismiss, the trial court
       should construe the pleadings “in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party” and “must
       accept as true all well-pleaded facts in plaintiff’s complaint and all inferences that may
       reasonably be drawn in plaintiff’s favor.” Sandholm v. Kuecker, 2012 IL 111443, ¶ 55.
       Exhibits attached to the complaint become part of the complaint and will also be
       considered. Abbott v. Amoco Oil Co., 249 Ill. App. 3d 774, 778-79 (1993). Thus, “the trial
       court may consider pleadings, depositions, and affidavits.” Zedella v. Gibson, 165 Ill. 2d 181,
       185 (1995). “We review an order granting a section 2-619(a)(9) motion de novo, considering
       whether the existence of a genuine issue of material fact should have precluded the dismissal
       or, absent such an issue of fact, whether dismissal is proper as a matter of law.” Bainter v.
       Village of Algonquin, 285 Ill. App. 3d 745, 750 (1996) (citing Kedzie & 103rd Currency
       Exchange, Inc. v. Hodge, 156 Ill. 2d 112, 116-17 (1993)). Additionally, because we review the
       trial court’s judgment, not its rationale, we may affirm for any reason supported by the record
       regardless of the basis cited by the trial court. D’Attomo v. Baumbeck, 2015 IL App (2d)
140865, ¶ 30.
¶ 22        On a motion to dismiss pursuant to section 2-619(a)(9) of the Code, the defendant, as the
       movant, “has the burden of proof on the motion, and the concomitant burden of going
       forward.” 4 Richard A. Michael, Illinois Practice § 41:8, at 481 (2d ed. 2011). “When a motion
       to dismiss is based on facts not apparent from the face of the complaint, the movant must
       support its motion with affidavits or other evidence.” City of Springfield v. West Koke Mill
       Development Corp., 312 Ill. App. 3d 900, 908 (2000); Kedzie & 103rd Currency Exchange,
       Inc. v. Hodge, 156 Ill. 2d 112, 116 (1993); see also Hollingshead v. A.G. Edwards & Sons, Inc.,
       396 Ill. App. 3d 1095, 1101-02 (2009) (“By presenting an affidavit supporting the basis for the
       motion, the defendant satisfies the initial burden of going forward ***.”). If the defendant can
       carry this burden of going forward, “the burden then shifts to the plaintiff, who must establish
       that the affirmative defense asserted either is ‘unfounded or requires the resolution of an
       essential element of material fact before it is proven.’ ” Epstein v. Chicago Board of
       Education, 178 Ill. 2d 370, 383 (1997) (quoting Kedzie & 103rd Currency Exchange, Inc., 156
Ill. 2d at 116). The plaintiff may establish this by presenting “affidavits or other proof.” 735
       ILCS 5/2-619(c) (West 2010). The plaintiff’s failure to properly contest the defendant’s
       affidavit by submitting a counteraffidavit may be fatal to his cause of action, as the failure to
       challenge or contradict supporting affidavits filed with a section 2-619 motion results in an
       admission of the fact stated therein. Fayezi v. Illinois Casualty Co., 2016 IL App (1st) 150873,
       ¶ 44.
¶ 23        In this case, Pace brought its motion to dismiss pursuant to section 2-619 of the Code,
       arguing, among other things, that its status as a self-insured municipality prevented

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       Philadelphia from bringing its claims. See Smith v. Waukegan Park District, 231 Ill. 2d 111,
       121 (2008) (holding that tort immunity is a proper affirmative matter because it completely
       negates the plaintiff’s ability to bring the claim). In support of its motion, Pace filed an
       affidavit from its insurance manager, which established that Pace was self-insured up to $3
       million and did not have any insurance coverage which would indemnify it for payments
       within the self-insured retention of $3 million. The trial court agreed that public policy
       prevented Philadelphia from bringing its claims and dismissed Philadelphia’s complaint
       against Pace.
¶ 24        In this court, Philadelphia does not challenge Pace’s status as a self-insured municipality,
       but claims that the court erred in finding that “public policy allows Pace to avoid its contractual
       obligations” and dismissing its claim for equitable subrogation. Pace responds that equitable
       subrogation cannot be sought from a municipality’s self-insured retention. Pace contends that
       it is not an “insurance carrier” that issues a “policy of insurance,” and therefore, equitable
       subrogation does not apply. Pace additionally argues that even if the leasing agreement with
       Countryside could be considered an insurance policy, it would have no obligation to cover the
       claim because the leasing agreement contained an exclusion for reckless conduct.
¶ 25        Equitable subrogation is a remedial device that prevents unjust enrichment. American
       Family Mutual Insurance Co. v. Northern Heritage Builders, L.L.C., 404 Ill. App. 3d 584, 588
       (2010). An insurer who indemnifies its insured for a loss may be subrogated to the rights of the
       insured against the party at fault under the equitable doctrine that the economic burden
       “ ‘should be shifted to the party responsible for the loss.’ ” State Farm General Insurance Co.
       v. Stewart, 288 Ill. App. 3d 678, 686 (1997) (quoting In re Estate of Ito, 50 Ill. App. 3d 817,
       823 (1977)). The purpose of equitable subrogation is grounded in equity to work out an
       adjustment between the parties “by securing the ultimate discharge of a debt by the person who
       in equity and good conscience ought to pay it.” 16 Steven Plitt, Daniel Maldonado & Joshua D.
       Rogers, Couch on Insurance 3d § 222:8, at 222-30 (2005). Subrogation is allowed to prevent
       injustice and unjust enrichment but will not be allowed where it would be inequitable to do so.
       Dix Mutual Insurance Co. v. LaFramboise, 149 Ill. 2d 314, 319 (1992).
¶ 26        As our supreme court has explained, equitable subrogation and equitable contribution are
       distinctly different. Home Insurance Co. v. Cincinnati Insurance Co., 213 Ill. 2d 307, 315-16
       (2004). Equitable contribution arising among coinsurers permits one insurer who has paid the
       entire loss, or greater than its share of the loss, to be reimbursed from other insurers who are
       also liable for the same loss. Id. at 316. Subrogation, by contrast, places the entire burden for a
       loss on the party ultimately liable or responsible for it and by whom it should have been
       discharged. Id.
¶ 27        To establish a right to equitable subrogation, Philadelphia bears the burden to establish the
       following: (1) that the defendant is primarily liable to the insured for a loss under a policy of
       insurance; (2) that the plaintiff is secondarily liable to the insured for the same loss under its
       policy; and (3) the plaintiff discharged its liability to the insured and at the same time
       extinguished the liability of the defendant. Chicago Hospital Risk Pooling Program v. Illinois
       State Medical Inter-Insurance Exchange, 397 Ill. App. 3d 512, 525 (2010) (citing Home
       Insurance Co., 213 Ill. 2d at 316-17).
¶ 28        Pace relies on the following cases to argue that equitable subrogation cannot be sought
       from a municipality’s self-insured retention and that public policy dictates that self-insured
       municipalities should not be “treated like commercial insurers”: Antiporek v. Village of

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       Hillside, 114 Ill. 2d 246, 250 (1986); State Farm Automobile Insurance Co. v. Du Page
       County, 2011 IL App (2d) 100580, ¶ 49; Aetna Casualty & Surety Co. of Illinois v. James J.
       Benes & Associates, Inc., 229 Ill. App. 3d 413 (1992); and Yaccino v. State Farm Mutual
       Automobile Insurance Co., 346 Ill. App. 3d 431, 440 (2004).
¶ 29        In Antiporek, 114 Ill. 2d at 248, our supreme court considered a case in which a child was
       injured while sledding on the Village of Hillside’s property, and the child’s mother brought
       suit against the village for the child’s injuries. When the plaintiff filed her complaint, the Local
       Governmental and Governmental Employees Tort Immunity Act granted certain immunities to
       local public entities but such immunities were waived if an entity was protected by a “policy of
       insurance” issued by an insurance “company” (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1983, ch. 85, ¶ 9-103(c)).
       Antiporek, 114 Ill. 2d at 247. The village participated in a risk pooling association, and the
       plaintiff argued that such participation operated to waive those immunities. The trial court
       entered judgment for the plaintiff, rejecting the village’s immunity defense. The appellate
       court reversed, and the supreme court affirmed the appellate court, finding that the Village’s
       pooled self-insurance was “tantamount” to self-insurance, not commercial insurance, and thus,
       did not waive the Village’s tort immunity. Id. at 250-52.
¶ 30        The court, explaining the purpose behind the immunity waiver rule, stated that, in the case
       of commercial insurance, “the immunity is waived since government funds are no longer in
       jeopardy and immunity would inure to the benefit of private investors who have assumed the
       risk of insurers.” Id. at 250. However, “when a municipality self-insures, it bears all risks itself,
       and settlements or awards are paid directly from government coffers.” Id.
¶ 31        Likewise, in State Farm Automobile Insurance Co., 2011 IL App (2d) 100580, ¶¶ 4-8, a
       Du Page County employee was involved in a car accident while driving a county-owned
       vehicle. The employee was killed, and the other driver sued the county and the employee’s
       estate for her injuries. Id. ¶ 6. State Farm, who insured the employee settled with the other
       driver for $400,000, then sought subrogation from the county. Id. ¶¶ 17-20. The court found
       that State Farm was not entitled to equitable subrogation because the county was a self-insured
       municipality and not an insurer or insurance company that provided insurance coverage. Id.
       ¶ 40. It thus found the first requirement of equitable subrogation to be lacking, specifically that
       “the defendant must be a carrier that is primarily liable to the insured for a loss under a policy
       of insurance.” (Emphasis in original.) Id. See also Aetna Casualty & Surety Co. of Illinois, 229
Ill. App. 3d at 421-22 (holding that the Village of Clarendon Hill’s pooled self-insurance “is
       not and ought not to be treated as a private insurance carrier,” and thus had no obligation to
       contribute to a claim paid by Aetna); Yaccino, 346 Ill. App. 3d at 440 (holding that the City of
       West Chicago’s self-insurance was not an “insurer,” and, accordingly, a clause in a State Farm
       insurance policy which provided that its coverage was excess where there was “other
       coverage” available from “any other insurer” did not apply).
¶ 32        The cases described above represent the common understanding of what constitutes
       “insurance” versus “self-insurance.” The term “insurance,” or an “insurance contract,”
       generally refers to a policy issued by an authorized and licensed insurance company whose
       primary business is to assume certain risks of loss of its insureds, in exchange for the payment
       of a “premium.” “Self-insurance,” by contrast, is defined as “ ‘the retention of the risk of loss
       by the one upon whom it is directly imposed by law or contract.’ ” Fellhauer v. Alhorn, 361 Ill.
       App. 3d 792, 796 (2005) (quoting American Nurses Ass’n v. Passaic General Hospital, 471
A.2d 66, 69 (N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. 1984)). Unlike an insurance policy holder, a

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       self-insuring municipality “ ‘bears all risks itself, and settlements or awards are paid directly
       from government coffers.’ ” State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co., 2011 IL App (2d)
100580, ¶ 37 (quoting Antiporek, 114 Ill. 2d at 250).
¶ 33       Although we agree with the public policy outlined in the cases cited by Pace and would be
       hesitant to characterize Pace as an insurance company, we ultimately conclude that we need
       not reach the issue of whether public policy overrides the contractual promises to insure that
       Pace made in the lease agreement or whether Pace can be treated as an insurer issuing a policy
       of insurance. As stated above, this court can affirm the trial court’s judgment for any reason
       supported by the record. Because we find the Pace provision excluding reckless conduct
       dispositive of this appeal, we will turn to an analysis of that issue. In so holding, we note that
       Philadelphia relies solely on Illinois Municipal League Risk Management Ass’n v. State Farm
       Fire & Casualty Co., 2016 IL App (1st) 143336, to support its position that the public policy
       outlined in the above cases does not apply. However, because we are not deciding this case on
       that basis and because that case contains no exclusion similar to the one found here, we need
       not discuss it further.
¶ 34       Assuming that the leasing agreement between Pace and Countryside provides insurance
       coverage, that leasing agreement provides that Pace shall provide coverage for claims of
       “bodily injury, death, or property damage arising directly out of the provision of
       Transportation Services provided with Pace vehicles as described in this agreement” except
       that “ any claims, actions, damages arising as the result of *** reckless *** conduct of
       [Countryside], [or] its *** employees” are excluded from coverage.
¶ 35       The facts of the underlying claim against Countryside, which can be found in the record
       and which were never disputed by Philadelphia, indicate that Gottardo transported Gomez to
       the Countryside facility in a Pace vehicle and left her in the vehicle for five hours on a
       90-degree day. Before leaving, Gottardo indicated that he had checked the van and that it was
       empty and informed other Countryside employees that Gomez was a “no-show.” When
       Gottardo came back later that afternoon, he saw Gomez in the back of the van but did not check
       on her, call for medical assistance, or tell anyone that he had abandoned her in the van all day.
       Based on the above facts, Gottardo was charged with, and pleaded guilty to, reckless conduct.
¶ 36       Pace contends that because Gottardo pleaded guilty to felony reckless conduct,
       Philadelphia should be collaterally estopped from arguing that his conduct was anything less
       than reckless. Philadelphia disagrees and argues that because Gottardo entered a negotiated
       plea of guilty, collateral estoppel should not apply. See Talarico v. Dunlap, 177 Ill. 2d 185, 195
       (1997) (“Ordinarily, when a fact has been admitted by a litigant, it is reasonable to presume
       that the fact is established and that the fact should not be subject to relitigation. We do not
       believe, however, that the same may be said in every case of a negotiated guilty plea.”).
¶ 37       However, even without resorting to the doctrine of collateral estoppel, we find no question
       of material fact regarding whether Gomez’s injuries were caused by the reckless actions of
       Gottardo, a Countryside employee. The term “reckless” has a particular legal meaning, and is
       defined in our Criminal Code as follows:
               “A person is reckless or acts recklessly when that person consciously disregards a
               substantial and unjustifiable risk that circumstances exist or that a result will follow,
               described by the statute defining the offense, and that disregard constitutes a gross
               deviation from the standard of care that a reasonable person would exercise in the
               situation. An act performed recklessly is performed wantonly, within the meaning of a

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                statute using the term ‘wantonly’, unless the statute clearly requires another meaning.”
                720 ILCS 5/4-6 (West 2012).
¶ 38        Similarly, in the civil context, both the legislature and the supreme court have defined
       reckless/willful and wanton conduct as conduct committed with “utter indifference” to or
       “conscious disregard” for the safety of others. Kirwan v. Lincolnshire-Riverwoods Fire
       Protection District, 349 Ill. App. 3d 150, 155 (2004) (citing 745 ILCS 10/1-210 (West 2002),
       and Pfister v. Shusta, 167 Ill. 2d 417, 421 (1995)).
¶ 39        The facts of the underlying incident described above can lead only to the conclusion that
       Gottardo behaved with “utter indifference” to or “conscious disregard” for “a substantial and
       unjustifiable risk” of harm to Gomez, when he left her in a van for five hours on a 90-degree
       day, and failed to check on her well-being or seek medical care upon later discovering her in
       the van. There is no question that such conduct constituted a “gross deviation from the standard
       of care that a reasonable person would exercise in the situation.” Accordingly, Gottardo acted
       recklessly, which excludes the resulting claims from coverage under the leasing agreement.
       Philadelphia never challenged the account provided in the record or provided any facts
       contradicting that account or that would otherwise tend to show that Gottardo’s conduct could
       be found to be anything less than reckless.
¶ 40        Because the claim at issue would be excluded under the agreement, equitable subrogation
       could not apply. Thus, even assuming Pace was providing an insurance policy, we could not
       say that Pace would be the insurance carrier who was “primarily liable to the insured for [the]
       loss,” since it was explicitly excluded under the leasing agreement. Chicago Hospital Risk
       Pooling Program, 397 Ill. App. 3d at 525.
¶ 41        Philadelphia disagrees and contends that the reckless conduct exclusion in the Pace leasing
       agreement does not apply. It initially “submits” that an exclusion based on reckless conduct is
       “void and unenforceable as a matter of Illinois public policy” because “the public policy of
       Illinois for automobile liability coverage has always been focused toward protecting people.”
       Philadelphia cites no authority in support of this “public policy” argument, and we find that
       Philadelphia has waived consideration of it in this appeal. Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff. Feb. 6,
       2013); Pepper Construction Co. v. Palmolive Tower Condominiums, LLC, 2016 IL App (1st)
142754, ¶ 98.
¶ 42        Philadelphia additionally argues that Gomez’s draft complaint contains allegations of
       negligence, which Philadelphia claims causes the loss at issue to be covered under the leasing
       agreement. In support, Philadelphia cites case law regarding an insurer’s “duty to
       defend”—that “if several theories of recovery are alleged in the underlying complaint against
       the insured, the insurer’s duty to defend arises even if only one of several theories is within the
       potential coverage of the policy.” General Agents Insurance Co. of America, Inc. v. Midwest
       Sporting Goods Co., 215 Ill. 2d 146, 155 (2005). However, even assuming that the leasing
       agreement provided insurance coverage, an insurer’s duty to defend only arises when a lawsuit
       is filed. The question of whether an insurer has a duty to defend its insured against a lawsuit is
       answered by comparing the allegations of that suit, liberally construed in favor of the insured,
       with the language of the insurance policy. Fremont Casualty Insurance Co. v. Ace-Chicago
       Great Dane Corp., 317 Ill. App. 3d 67, 73 (2000) (citing Outboard Marine Corp. v. Liberty
       Mutual Insurance Co., 154 Ill. 2d 90, 125 (1992)). Here, Philadelphia chose to settle Gomez’s
       claim before a complaint was ever filed. In such circumstances, the duty to defend was never
       triggered. Id.

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¶ 43       Moreover, Philadelphia’s argument regarding claims of negligence also fails for another
       reason. As described previously, equitable subrogation is a device used to place the entire
       burden for a loss on the party ultimately liable or responsible for it and by whom it should have
       been discharged. Home Insurance Co., 213 Ill. 2d at 316. Because we have found that Gomez’s
       claims arose out of the reckless conduct of Gottardo, Philadelphia cannot simply point to
       various other claims of negligence to contend that Pace should be responsible for paying for
       those claims under equitable subrogation. Equitable subrogation is different from equitable
       contribution, under which a court may apportion a loss between multiple insurers so that each
       pays their equitable share. Id. We thus conclude that the circuit court properly dismissed
       Philadelphia’s equitable subrogation claim.
¶ 44       Philadelphia next argues that the circuit court erred in finding that it is not entitled to
       equitable contribution from Pace. Philadelphia pleaded this claim as an alternative to its
       equitable subrogation claim, in the event that the trial court found that Pace and Philadelphia
       shared responsibility for the claims equally. “The doctrine of equitable contribution permits an
       insurer that has paid the entire loss to be reimbursed by other insurers that are also liable for the
       loss.” Liberty Mutual Insurance Co. v. Westfield Insurance Co., 301 Ill. App. 3d 49, 52 (1998).
       The doctrine of equitable contribution “arises from a right which is independent from the rights
       of the insured, to recover from a co-obligor who shares the same liability as the party seeking
       contribution.” Argonaut Insurance Co. v. Safway Steel Products, Inc., 355 Ill. App. 3d 1, 10-11
       (2004). The doctrine may arise where the insurance policies at issue “cover a risk on the same
       basis and there is an identity between the policies as to parties and insurable interests and
       risks.” Home Indemnity Co. v. General Accident Insurance Co. of America, 213 Ill. App. 3d
319, 321 (1991). In order for an insurer to recover under a theory of equitable contribution, the
       insurer seeking contribution must prove (1) all facts necessary to the claimant’s recovery
       against the insured, (2) the reasonableness of the amount paid to the insured, and (3) an identity
       between the policies as to parties and insurable interests and risks. Schal Bovis, Inc. v. Casualty
       Insurance Co., 315 Ill. App. 3d 353, 362 (2000) (citing Royal Globe Insurance Co. v. Aetna
       Insurance Co., 82 Ill. App. 3d 1003, 1005 (1980)).
¶ 45       Philadelphia relies on essentially the same reasoning to argue that the trial court erred in
       concluding that equitable contribution did not apply to Pace, as a self-insured municipality.
       However, as we have previously found that the loss at issue was not covered under the leasing
       agreement, Philadelphia is unable to succeed on a claim of equitable contribution.
¶ 46       Moreover, Philadelphia’s equitable contribution claim also fails because the leasing
       agreement does not cover the same risks as the Philadelphia policy. Equitable contribution
       applies to multiple, concurrent insurance situations and is only available where the concurrent
       policies insure the same entities, the same interests, and the same risks. Home Insurance Co.,
213 Ill. 2d at 316. These elements must be met before the insurance can be considered
       concurrent or double; accordingly, there can be no claim of equitable contribution when two
       insurers cover separate and distinct risks. Id.
¶ 47       In this case, even if we were to consider the leasing agreement a policy of insurance, the
       leasing agreement applies only to claims “arising directly out of the provision of
       Transportation Services provided with Pace vehicles” and specifically excludes damages
       “arising” from the “reckless *** conduct *** of” Countryside or its employees. The
       Philadelphia policy, by contrast, provides coverage for “covered autos”—including owned,
       hired, and non-owned autos—and does not contain an equivalent exclusion. Accordingly, the

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       policies are not “concurrent” because they do not insure the same risks, and Philadelphia’s
       claim of equitable contribution must fail.
¶ 48        Philadelphia next argues that the court erred in dismissing its unjust enrichment claim.
       Pace responds that Philadelphia’s claim fails because its payment of the Gomez settlement was
       “not a benefit to Pace” since Pace, as a self-insured municipality, “had no duty to pay the
       settlement from public funds.”
¶ 49        To state an action for unjust enrichment, “a plaintiff must allege that the defendant has
       unjustly retained a benefit to the plaintiff’s detriment, and that defendant’s retention of the
       benefit violates the fundamental principles of justice, equity, and good conscience.” HPI
       Health Care Services, Inc. v. Mt. Vernon Hospital, Inc., 131 Ill. 2d 145, 160 (1989). For a
       cause of action based on a theory of unjust enrichment to exist, there must be an independent
       basis that establishes a duty on the part of the defendant to act and the defendant must have
       failed to abide by that duty. Martis v. Grinnell Mutual Reinsurance Co., 388 Ill. App. 3d 1017,
       1025 (2009) (citing Lewis v. Lead Industries Ass’n, 342 Ill. App. 3d 95, 105 (2003)).
¶ 50        As we have previously found that Pace had no obligation to contribute to the Gomez
       settlement, Philadelphia cannot establish that Pace has unjustly retained a benefit. Similarly,
       there is no question that the claim was covered under the Philadelphia policy or that its
       insureds (Countryside, and specifically, Gottardo as a Countryside employee) were
       responsible for the acts that caused Gomez’s injuries. As a result, Philadelphia cannot prove
       that paying the Gomez claim was a detriment to it. Finally, Philadelphia cannot establish that
       not requiring Pace to contribute to the claim violates the fundamental principles of justice,
       equity, and good conscience, in light of the public policy considerations described above.
       Accordingly, Philadelphia’s unjust enrichment claim necessarily fails.
¶ 51        Finally, Philadelphia claims that it is entitled to reimbursement for Pace pursuant to an
       assignment of Countryside’s rights. We initially note that Philadelphia’s argument on this
       point is one sentence long, contains no citation of authority, and merely states that Pace
       challenged this claim based on the use of public funds and that the claim was excluded under
       their policy. Accordingly, we find that Philadelphia has waived consideration of this argument.
       Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7) (eff. Feb. 6, 2013); Pepper Construction Co., 2016 IL App (1st) 142754,
       ¶ 98.
¶ 52        Nonetheless, even if we were to address Philadelphia’s claim, we would conclude that it
       fails. Assuming a valid assignment, Philadelphia can only have the rights, claims, and causes
       of action that Countryside may have against Pace related to the Gomez settlement. See
       Cameron v. Illinois Steel Co., 162 Ill. App. 461, 465 (1911) (“Of course, if there was no cause
       of action, Cameron could acquire nothing by the assignment to him.”). Because the previously
       discussed claims are not meritorious and because the leasing agreement excludes the Gomez
       settlement, Countryside would not be able to recover against Pace. Accordingly, Philadelphia
       cannot maintain an action pursuant to an assignment from Countryside.
¶ 53        For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County is affirmed.

¶ 54      Affirmed.

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