Court Opinion

ID: 3158065
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-11-25 18:03:45.987216+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:01:30.444275
License: Public Domain

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    303 K Street, Anchorage, Alaska 99501, phone (907) 264-0608, fax (907) 264-0878, email
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             THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ALASKA

MICHAEL D. BRANDNER,                             )
                                                 )    Supreme Court No. S-15633
                    Appellant,                   )
                                                 )    Superior Court No. 3AN-11-10914 CI
    v.                                           )
                                                 )    OPINION
ROBERT J. PEASE, M.D.,                           )
PROVIDENCE ALASKA                                )    No. 7066 – November 25, 2015
ANESTHESIA GROUP, and                            )
PROVIDENCE ALASKA MEDICAL                        )
CENTER,                                          )
                                                 )
                    Appellees.                   )
                                                 )

            Appeal from the Superior Court of the State of Alaska, Third
            Judicial District, Anchorage, Patrick J. McKay, Judge.

            Appearances: Charles W. Coe, Law Office of Charles W.
            Coe, Anchorage, for Appellant. Roger F. Holmes, Biss &
            Holmes, Anchorage, for Appellees Robert J. Pease, M.D. and
            Providence Alaska Anesthesia Group. Robert J. Dickson and
            Christopher J. Slottee, Atkinson, Conway & Gagnon,
            Anchorage, for Appellee Providence Alaska Medical Center.

            Before: Fabe, Winfree, and Bolger, Justices. [Stowers, Chief
            Justice, and Maassen, Justice, not participating.]

            BOLGER, Justice.
I.       INTRODUCTION
               A cardiac patient who underwent open heart surgery sued the
anesthesiologist and medical providers involved in the surgery. The superior court
dismissed the patient’s claims on summary judgment, concluding that the patient had
offered no admissible evidence that the defendants breached the standard of care or
caused the patient any injury. On appeal the patient relies on his expert witness’s
testimony that certain surgical procedures were suboptimal and that patients generally
tend to have better outcomes when other procedures are followed. But we agree with the
court’s conclusion that this testimony was insufficient to raise any issue of material fact
regarding whether the defendants had violated the standard of care in a way that caused
injury to the patient. We also affirm the court’s orders involving attorney’s fees and
costs.
II.      FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
         A.    Heart Surgery
               Dr. Michael Brandner suffered a heart attack in September 2009 and was
admitted to Providence Alaska Medical Center (the Medical Center) for emergency
bypass surgery. Dr. Kenton Stephens was the cardiac surgeon who performed the
operation; Dr. Robert J. Pease administered anesthesia. Dr. Brandner is also a medical
doctor, licensed to practice plastic and reconstructive surgery.
               The surgery lasted six hours.       At the outset Dr. Pease intubated
Dr. Brandner on his second attempt and used the drug propofol to induce anesthesia.
Shortly thereafter Dr. Brandner’s blood pressure precipitously dropped, but according
to Dr. Stephens, Dr. Brandner did not suffer complete cardiac arrest. Dr. Stephens
performed CPR while additional drugs were administered to counteract the drop in blood
pressure.     Dr. Brandner’s blood pressure ultimately stabilized, and the operation
continued.

                                           -2-                                       7066

             Dr. Pease then placed a transesophageal echo (TEE) probe in
Dr. Brandner’s esophagus to take ultrasonographic pictures of his heart and obtain
diagnostic information about its condition. The TEE probe soon failed, and Dr. Pease
then notified Dr. Stephens of this failure. According to Dr. Stephens’s deposition
testimony, he responded by saying, “Okay, well, I’m pressing on with the operation, do
what you can.” The TEE probe was not replaced.
             Dr. Stephens performed a six-vessel bypass. Dr. Brandner survived the
operation and was discharged 12 days later. In his notes from a follow-up appointment
about a week after discharge, Dr. Stephens indicated that “[Dr. Brandner] has been
progressing quite well.” Dr. Stephens also indicated that Dr. Brandner could return to
full activity within six weeks of surgery and authorized him to return to his plastic
surgery practice. In March 2011 Dr. Stephens wrote a letter on Dr. Brandner’s behalf
indicating that “[h]is recovery has been quite exemplary” and that “he had steadily
returned to practice.”
      B.     Proceedings
             In September 2011 Dr. Brandner filed a complaint against Dr. Pease,
Providence Anchorage Anesthesia Group (the Anesthesia Group), and the Medical
Center.1 Dr. Brandner alleged that “[t]he administration of anesthesia performed by
Dr. Robert J. Pease was below the standard of care, . . . was negligently and recklessly
performed[,]” and “cause[ed] [Dr. Brandner] to sustain permanent injuries.” He also
alleged that the Anesthesia Group and the Medical Center were vicariously liable for
Dr. Pease’s actions. Dr. Brandner alleged that he “suffered severe and permanent

      1
             Dr. Pease and the Anesthesia Group are jointly represented by the same
firm; the Medical Center has separate representation and has filed independent briefing.
But because these three parties’ interests, arguments, and evidence are generally aligned,
we usually refer to them together as “the providers” throughout.

                                           -3-                                      7066

injuries, loss of past and future wages, . . . [and] loss of enjoyment of life[,]” and that he
“incurred past and future medical expenses[.]”            In response to interrogatories,
Dr. Brandner specifically alleged “[i]njury to and loss of myocardium with severely
compromised cardiac function and reserve”; “[i]njury to brain with noticeable loss of
short term memory function as demonstrated on testing”; and “[s]evere de-conditioning,
loss of calcium, with associated muscoloskeletal problems, displaced sternal
incision/wound with prolonged healing and continued pain, as well as hemorrhoids
requiring surgery and with ongoing problems.”
              In February 2012 the providers jointly moved for summary judgment,
arguing that the “lawsuit must be dismissed with prejudice unless [Dr. Brandner] can
produce an affidavit from a qualified expert claiming Dr. Pease failed to meet the
standard of care, [and] this failure caused or contributed to his injuries.” The motion was
supported by the affidavit of a board-certified anesthesiologist specializing in
cardiovascular anesthesia who attested that “[t]he medical care provided by Dr. Pease to
[Dr. Brandner] was appropriate in all respects and met the [s]tandard of [c]are.”
              In July 2012 Dr. Brandner submitted the affidavit of Dr. Steven Yun, a
board-certified anesthesiologist, in connection with his opposition to the providers’
motion for summary judgment. Dr. Yun attested that the “treatment, care[,] and services
provided by . . . Dr. Robert Pease[] were suboptimal and contributed to [Dr. Brandner’s]
prolonged and delayed recovery.” Specifically, Dr. Yun stated that “in all medical
probability,” (1) “[p]ropofol was not the optimal choice” of induction agent and its use
“led directly to . . . [Dr.] Brandner’s cardiac arrest,”2 (2) the “difficulty in securing
[Dr.] Brandner’s airway . . . directly contributed to [his] cardiac arrest,” and (3) the

       2
              As noted above, Dr. Stephens denied that Dr. Brandner suffered complete
cardiac arrest.

                                             -4-                                        7066
“amount of damage to [Dr. Brandner’s] heart, [the] time to hook up the by-pass machine,
[and] the extent of surgery performed would have been reduced by the use of a TEE
[probe] throughout his surgery.”       Following the submission of this affidavit, the
providers withdrew their summary judgment motions.
              In September 2013 Dr. Brandner was indicted in federal court on seven
counts of wire fraud.3 The grand jury charged him with attempting to conceal millions
of dollars in assets from his wife during divorce proceedings.
              In January 2014 the parties deposed Dr. Yun. During the deposition
Dr. Yun admitted that although he was a practicing anesthesiologist, he had not practiced
cardiovascular anesthesia or used a TEE probe since about 2001. He also stated that he
was not qualified under the current standard of care to practice cardiovascular anesthesia
because he lacked certification in the use of TEE probes.
              With regard to Dr. Brandner’s surgery, Dr. Yun reiterated his opinion that
the use of propofol and the failure to intubate Dr. Brandner on the first attempt were
“suboptimal,” but he refused to say that either fell below the standard of care. Dr. Yun
did state that the failure to replace the TEE probe fell below the standard of care and that
cardiac patients generally tend to have better outcomes when a TEE probe is used during
surgery. But he repeatedly declined to draw any conclusions about whether the lack of
a TEE probe caused harm to Dr. Brandner specifically, explaining, “I think that goes a
little beyond my area of expertise.” Dr. Yun also confirmed that his affidavit, which
stated that Dr. Brandner’s outcome would have been improved by the use of a TEE probe
throughout surgery, was based on his “generalized understanding” of the utility of TEE
probes — not his specific understanding of Dr. Brandner’s situation.

       3
              See 18 U.S.C. § 1343 (2012).

                                            -5-                                       7066
              In February 2014 the providers jointly moved to exclude Dr. Yun’s
testimony, arguing that Dr. Yun was not a qualified expert in the field of cardiovascular
anesthesia. While this motion was still pending, and less than a month before trial was
set to begin, Dr. Brandner requested a continuance. Citing the ongoing criminal
proceedings against him, Dr. Brandner argued that “he [would not be able to] testify []or
explain his circumstances” and that “exercising his right to remain silent is prejudicial
even in a civil case” because “[i]f he is acquitted and/or the charges are dismissed, his
current criminal charges become irrelevant and . . . [in]admissible under Evid[ence] Rule
404(b).” He also acknowledged the providers’ motion to exclude Dr. Yun and stated that
“[i]f [Dr. Yun] is struck from being a witness, the trial cannot proceed.”
              The providers opposed Dr. Brandner’s request for a continuance. The
Medical Center argued that postponing the trial was unnecessary because Dr. Brandner’s
“substantial rights” would not be violated:4 “The [criminal proceedings] . . . do not
prevent [Dr. Brandner] from putting on his evidence concerning his . . . surgery, the
results from the surgery, his expert’s opinions (to the extent that [the] trial court allows
that testimony), and his testimony on damages” — the essential elements of his case.
The Medical Center also argued that Dr. Brandner’s request was dilatory because his
indictment had been issued five months before and he could have moved to continue trial
at any time during the intervening months. The Anesthesia Group noted that it had hired
an additional physician “at great expense . . . to cover the two weeks Dr. Pease is
expected to be in trial” and that two out-of-state expert witnesses had already rearranged
their schedules and purchased tickets to attend trial in Anchorage.

       4
              See Wagner v. Wagner, 299 P.3d 170, 175 (Alaska 2013) (“A refusal to
grant a continuance constitutes an abuse of discretion ‘when a party has been deprived
of a substantial right or seriously prejudiced.’ ” (quoting Siggelkow v. Siggelkow, 643
P.2d 985, 987 (Alaska 1982))).

                                            -6-                                       7066

              Although the superior court called Dr. Brandner’s motion to continue
“dilatory,” “inexplicable,” and “inconvenien[t] [to] opposing litigants, opposing
attorneys, and the [c]ourt,” the court “reluctantly” granted his request. But the court
ordered Dr. Brandner to pay the actual out-of-pocket costs the Anesthesia Group
incurred as a result of postponing trial. The court later reconsidered this costs award on
Dr. Brandner’s motion and confirmed its decision to award costs. But the court reduced
the award after learning that the Anesthesia Group’s billings included costs that were
avoidable since Dr. Pease was still available to work, including “travel, hotels, car
rentals, per diem, overtime,” and other costs associated with the substitute
anesthesiologist.   In addition the court granted the providers’ motion to exclude
Dr. Yun’s testimony after finding that Dr. Yun was not a practicing, board-certified
cardiovascular anesthesiologist. Dr. Brandner then asked the court to reconsider its
exclusion of Dr. Yun’s testimony, contending that “there is no such thing as board
certification in cardiovascular anesthesia and use of the TEE probe is allowed by
anesthesiologists without any certification.”
              In March the providers again moved for summary judgment, supporting
their motions with four affidavits. Two of these affidavits were from board-certified
anesthesiologists who asserted that Dr. Pease’s actions met the standard of care. In their
motions the providers argued that, because the court had excluded Dr. Yun’s testimony,
Dr. Brandner had no expert to testify about the appropriate standard of care. In the
alternative they argued that Dr. Yun’s deposition testimony, even if admitted in its
entirety, did not raise any genuine issues of material fact, because there was “no
admissible evidence that any of [Dr. Pease’s] actions [including the failure to replace the
faulty TEE probe] caused injury to Dr. Brandner.”
              The superior court granted the providers’ summary judgment motions.
Although acknowledging that its previous order excluding Dr. Yun was based on the

                                           -7-                                       7066

erroneous premise that Alaska recognizes board certification for the subfield of
cardiovascular anesthesia, the court nonetheless excluded Dr. Yun’s testimony. The
court also ruled that even if Dr. Yun were qualified as an expert witness, summary
judgment would still be warranted because Dr. Yun did not causally connect any of
Dr. Pease’s allegedly negligent acts to any of Dr. Brandner’s claimed injuries.
             The providers moved for Alaska Civil Rule 82 attorney’s fees and costs.
The superior court granted their requests but reduced the awards slightly from the
requested amount.
             Dr. Brandner appeals.
III.   STANDARD OF REVIEW
             “We review rulings on motions for summary judgment de novo, ‘reading
the record in the light most favorable to the non-moving party and making all reasonable
inferences in its favor.’ ”5 “We ‘will affirm a grant of summary judgment when there are
no genuine issues of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a
matter of law.’ ”6 “We may affirm the superior court on any basis supported by the
record, even if that basis was not considered by the court below or advanced by any
party.”7 “We review a trial court’s fact-based determinations regarding whether

       5
            ConocoPhillips Alaska, Inc. v. Williams Alaska Petroleum, Inc., 322 P.3d
114, 122 (Alaska 2014) (quoting Witt v. State, Dep’t of Corr., 75 P.3d 1030, 1033
(Alaska 2003)).
       6
              Maness v. Daily, 307 P.3d 894, 900 (Alaska 2013) (quoting Russell ex rel.
J.N. v. Virg-In, 258 P.3d 795, 801-02 (Alaska 2011)).
       7
              Smith v. Stafford, 189 P.3d 1065, 1070 (Alaska 2008) (quoting Gilbert M.
v. State, 139 P.3d 581, 586 (Alaska 2006)).

                                          -8-                                     7066

attorney’s fees are reasonable for an abuse of discretion.”8 However, “[w]e review
de novo whether the superior court correctly applied the law in awarding attorney’s
fees.”9
IV.	      DISCUSSION
          A.	   The Superior Court Did Not Err By Granting The Providers’
                Summary Judgment Motions.
                In a suit alleging negligence or willful misconduct by a health care
provider, AS 09.55.540(a) requires a plaintiff to prove by a preponderance of the
evidence:
                        (1) the degree of knowledge or skill possessed or the
                degree of care ordinarily exercised under the circumstances,
                at the time of the act complained of, by health care providers
                in the field or specialty in which the defendant is practicing;
                     (2) that the defendant either lacked this degree of
                knowledge or skill or failed to exercise this degree of care;
                and
                       (3) that as a proximate result of this lack of knowledge
                or skill or the failure to exercise this degree of care the
                plaintiff suffered injuries that would not otherwise have been
                incurred.
“In medical malpractice actions . . . the jury ordinarily may find a breach of professional
duty only on the basis of expert testimony.”10

          8
             Froines v. Valdez Fisheries Dev. Ass’n, 175 P.3d 1234, 1236 (Alaska
2008) (citing Marron v. Stromstad, 123 P.3d 992, 998 (Alaska 2005)).
          9
              Dearlove v. Campbell, 301 P.3d 1230, 1233 (Alaska 2013) (citing Glamann
v. Kirk, 29 P.3d 255, 259 (Alaska 2001)).
          10
              Trombley v. Starr-Wood Cardiac Grp., PC, 3 P.3d 916, 919 (Alaska 2000)

(omission in original) (quoting Kendall v. State, Div. of Corr., 692 P.2d 953, 955 (Alaska

                                                                             (continued...)

                                             -9-	                                     7066

              The superior court granted summary judgment in favor of the providers
under two independent rationales. First, the court concluded that Dr. Brandner’s only
expert, Dr. Yun, was not qualified to testify as an expert in cardiovascular anesthesia.
Second, the court concluded that, even if Dr. Yun were qualified to testify as an expert
in cardiovascular anesthesia, his testimony “did not make a clear causal connection
between the alleged malpractice and Dr. Brandner’s injuries under [any] of the stated
theories of liability.”
              Dr. Brandner contests both of these conclusions. With respect to the court’s
second conclusion, Dr. Brandner argues that if Dr. Yun had been found qualified to
testify as an expert in cardiovascular anesthesia, then there would have been genuine
issues of material fact regarding all three alleged instances of malpractice: the use of
propofol, the two intubation attempts, and the failure to use a working TEE probe
throughout the surgery.
              1.	     Dr. Brandner produced no expert testimony demonstrating that
                      the standard of care had been breached with regard to his
                      propofol and intubation malpractice claims.
              Dr. Brandner contends that“[t]here is a genuine dispute of fact as to whether
the use of the drug propofol and the second intubation attempt were suboptimal; taken
together these [support] Dr. Yun’s conclusion that [Dr.] Pease’s actions fell below the
standard of care.” (Emphasis added.) But Dr. Brandner mischaracterizes Dr. Yun’s
testimony. In his affidavit Dr. Yun stated only that Dr. Pease’s failure to use a working
TEE probe during surgery fell below the standard of care; he did not make the same
claim about Dr. Brandner’s propofol and intubation theories or about Dr. Pease’s actions
generally. And in his deposition testimony Dr. Yun explicitly stated that he “[could not]

       10
              (...continued)
1984)).

                                           -10-	                                     7066
make the argument that [the use of propofol] was below the standard of care” and that
taking more than one attempt to intubate a patient was “suboptimal and . . . not ideal, but
not necessarily below the standard of care.” Under AS 09.55.540(a) the providers could
not have been held liable for either of these alleged acts of malpractice on the basis of
Dr. Yun’s testimony.
              2.	    Dr. Brandner produced no evidence to support his claim that
                     the failure to use a working TEE probe throughout the surgery
                     caused his specific injuries.
              Dr. Yun did testify that Dr. Pease’s failure to use a working TEE probe —
and the Medical Center’s alleged failure to have a working backup probe on hand — fell
below the standard of care. But the superior court concluded that “Dr. Yun failed to
causally connect the TEE shutdown and the physician’s decision to proceed without a
spare with any injury suffered by [Dr.] Brandner.” We agree.
              Dr. Brandner argues that Dr. Yun, in his deposition, “describe[d] the effects
[that] the [defendants’] negligence caused to [Dr.] Brandner.” Dr. Brandner cites several
instances in Dr. Yun’s deposition testimony where Dr. Yun suggested that Dr. Brandner
probably would have had a better outcome if a TEE probe had been used. But when
these statements are read in the context of Dr. Yun’s full testimony, it becomes clear that
Dr. Yun was opining only that patients in general tend to have better outcomes when a
TEE probe is used — not that the failure to use a working TEE probe throughout the
surgery harmed Dr. Brandner specifically. Dr. Yun testified elsewhere in the deposition:
“I can’t make any specific conclusions. I can only say, in general, that patients who have
a TEE probe used in their cardiac surgery tend to do better than those who do not.” And
when asked whether it was “outside the scope of [his] training and expertise to be able
to testify about the impact the surgery had on [Dr.] Brandner in his particular case,”
Dr. Yun simply replied, “Yes.”

                                           -11-	                                     7066

             As a matter of statistical probability, evidence that patients generally do
better with a given treatment does not necessarily provide causal support that a specific
patient will do better. The United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit recently
examined the logical pitfall inherent in attempting to prove causation with regard to a
specific patient based on studies demonstrating correlation among patients in general.
An expert witness testified that the chances of a patient’s recovery increased by over
50% when given a drug, and concluded that therefore, “the plaintiff more likely than not
would have recovered had he received the drug.” But as that court explained,
             this reasoning is structurally unsound . . . . When a person’s
             chances of a better outcome are 50% greater with treatment
             (relative to the chances of those who were not treated), that
             is not the same as a person having a greater than 50% chance
             of experiencing the better outcome with treatment. The latter
             meets the required standard for causation; the former does
             not.[11]
             In the present case, Dr. Yun stated that “patients who have a TEE probe
used in their cardiac surgery tend to do better than those who do not” — in other words,
the chances of a better outcome increase when a TEE probe is used. But Dr. Yun
provided no specific figures about what percentage of patients do better, in which ways,
and by how much. Without this information, Dr. Yun’s statements about general patient
outcomes provides no support for Dr. Brandner’s specific claim that his recovery would
have been better had a working TEE probe been used throughout his surgery.
             Here the Anesthesia Group presented an expert who stated that the failure
to use a working TEE probe had no effect on the surgery, and Dr. Yun declined to offer
testimony to the contrary. The uncontested evidence that the lack of a working TEE

      11
             Samaan v. St. Joseph Hosp., 670 F.3d 21, 33 (1st Cir. 2012) (emphasis
added).

                                          -12-                                     7066
probe had no impact on Dr. Brandner’s specific surgery overrides any marginal
relevance of Dr. Yun’s testimony about patient outcomes in general.
              For these reasons the superior court was correct to conclude that Dr. Yun’s
testimony provided no evidence that the failure to use a working TEE probe was the
likely cause of Dr. Brandner’s alleged injuries. Dr. Brandner pointed to no other
evidence of causation in his opposition to summary judgment, nor does he cite any such
evidence on appeal. We therefore affirm the grant of summary judgment in the
providers’ favor.12
      B.	     The Superior Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion By Denying
              Dr. Brandner’s Request For Additional Time To Depose The
              Providers’ Experts.
              Prior to the superior court’s summary judgment ruling, Dr. Brandner moved
to depose Dr. T. Andrew Bowdle, Thomas Vasquez, and Dr. Pease, whose affidavits
supported the providers’ summary judgment motions. The providers opposed the
motion, pointing out that Dr. Brandner had ample time to depose all three witnesses
before the discovery deadline. The superior court denied Dr. Brandner’s motion as moot
because “[his] only expert cannot testify that . . . the lack of a TEE [probe] caused any
injury to [Dr.] Brandner.” Dr. Brandner contends that this order was an abuse of
discretion.
              The superior court did not abuse its discretion. Dr. Brandner had produced
no evidence of causation, while, in contrast, the providers submitted four affidavits to
support their summary judgment motion. Dr. Brandner asked to depose three of the four
witnesses, but he did not attempt to depose or strike the testimony of Dr. Beerle, who
stated that “[t]he medical care provided by Dr. Pease to [Dr. Brandner] was appropriate

      12
             Because we affirm the superior court on this basis, we do not reach the issue
of Dr. Yun’s qualifications as an expert witness.

                                          -13-	                                     7066
in all respects and met the [s]tandard of [c]are,” and that a working TEE “would not have
changed the surgeon’s plans to bypass the vessels chosen.” Accordingly, even if the
superior court had struck the affidavits of Dr. Bowdle, Vasquez, and Dr. Pease in their
entirety, the providers would have remained entitled to judgment as a matter of law
because Dr. Brandner produced no evidence of causation to counter Dr. Beerle’s expert
testimony.
       C.	    The Superior Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion By Ordering
              Dr. Brandner To Reimburse Costs The Anesthesia Group Incurred As
              A Result Of His Motion To Continue.
              Dr. Brandner moved for a continuance less than one month before trial was
set to begin, largely based on criminal charges that were filed five months prior. The
superior court reluctantly granted the continuance, but specifically found “that
[Dr.] Brandner . . . violated the pre-trial order deadlines by failing to timely file this
motion to continue and such violation . . . directly caused . . . costs [to the providers].”
The court ordered Dr. Brandner to pay the costs that the Anesthesia Group incurred as
a result of the continuance within 30 days. The Anesthesia Group submitted an affidavit
stating that its total costs from the continuance were $27,559.38 — $22,559.38 for a
temporary anesthesiologist who was hired to cover for Dr. Pease during the originally
scheduled trial period and whose contract could not be cancelled, and $5,000 for the
cancellation fee for one of its expert witnesses. The court initially ordered Dr. Brandner
to pay the Anesthesia Group the entire sum, though the court subsequently reduced the
cost award to $24,878 because the Anesthesia Group’s billings revealed that the original
sum included “travel, hotels, car rentals, per diem, overtime[,] and other avoidable costs”
for the temporary anesthesiologist that “[t]he [c]ourt did not intend to award.” Despite
this reduction, Dr. Brandner contends that the superior court abused its discretion by
awarding these costs.

                                           -14-	                                      7066

              Dr. Brandner argues that it was unfair for him to pay for a temporary
anesthesiologist who was “[n]ever needed.”             He points out that the temporary
anesthesiologist was hired to allow Dr. Pease to attend trial, and he claims “revenue or
wage loss due to a party attending a trial is not recoverable under any rule, and there was
nothing to show that a [temporary anesthesiologist] was needed to replace Dr. Pease,
who was available [to work] when the trial was continued.” Dr. Brandner further argues
that the cost award “opens the doors for parties to claim loss of income to attend trial as
a component of damages or as a component of litigation costs.” He argues that the court
“penalized him for exercising his Fifth Amendment rights.” And he contends that the
requirement that he pay the Anesthesia Group for their costs within 30 days was
“inconsistent with the civil rules” and “amount[ed] to a[n] [unreasonable] sanction.”
These arguments are unpersuasive.
              Alaska Civil Rule 40(e)(2) grants the superior court “significant discretion”
in requiring a party moving for a continuance to pay the costs resulting from the delay
of trial.13 Rule 40(e)(2) provides:
              Unless otherwise permitted by the court, application for the

              continuance of the trial . . . shall be made to the court at least

              five days before the date set for trial . . . . If such case is not

              tried upon the day set, the court in its discretion may impose

              such terms as it sees fit, and in addition may require the

              payment of jury fees and other costs by the party at whose

              request the continuance has been made. (Emphasis added.)

Recently, in Cooper v. Thompson, we affirmed a costs award for “travel, lodging, and . . .

attorney’s hours of trial preparation that would have to be duplicated” as a result of a

       13
              Cooper v. Thompson, 353 P.3d 782, 796 (Alaska 2015).

                                             -15-                                    7066
party’s request to continue trial.14 The purpose of awarding such costs is not to punish
the party requesting a continuance but to “require [that] party to pay for these financial
costs when it was responsible for the need to continue the trial so close to the date it was
scheduled to begin.”15
              It is uncontested that the Anesthesia Group committed to paying these costs
under the assumption that the trial would commence on the scheduled date. The
postponement of that trial, which Dr. Brandner requested and the Anesthesia Group
opposed, made the costs unnecessary but did not absolve the Anesthesia Group’s
contractual duty to pay them. And the Anesthesia Group could have avoided committing
to these costs in the first place if Dr. Brandner had moved for a continuance earlier.
              For this reason Dr. Brandner is incorrect that the award “opens the doors
for parties to claim loss of income to attend trial as a component of damages or as a
component of litigation costs.” Affirming the costs award here merely recognizes that
when a party’s delay in filing a motion to continue causes another party to incur
nonrefundable costs that could have been avoided had the motion been filed earlier, the
superior court has discretion to assign those costs to the moving party. It in no way
affects the general rule that such costs are normally each party’s respective
responsibility.16

       14
              353 P.3d at 796. As with the Anesthesia Group’s costs in the present case,
the travel and lodging costs in Cooper were not costs an opposing party would normally
be required to bear under Rule 79. See Alaska R. Civ. P. 79(f) (listing costs that may be
awarded to a prevailing party).
       15
              Id.
       16
              Cf. Alaska R. Civ. P. 79(f) (list of costs that may be awarded to prevailing
party does not include costs associated with grant of continuance, such as fees incurred
for cancellation of expert witnesses).

                                           -16-                                       7066

              Dr. Brandner is also incorrect that the imposition of these costs was
intended to “penalize[] him for exercising his Fifth Amendment rights.” The superior
court’s order explicitly stated: “The delay in filing the motion — not the fact that
[Dr.] Brandner had decided to exercise his [Fifth] Amendment rights . . . — is the direct
cause of the . . . cost[s] unnecessarily [in]curred . . . .” And when the superior court
reduced the costs award on reconsideration, the court reiterated that “[i]t was the
[c]ourt’s intention to award only costs that could not be avoided because of the dilatory
filing of the motion to continue.” (Emphasis added.) There is simply no evidence in the
record that the superior court intended to punish Dr. Brandner for exercising a
constitutional right.
              Dr. Brandner also argues the requirement that he pay the Anesthesia
Group’s costs within 30 days was intended to “sanction” him and was “inconsistent with
the civil rules.” But Rule 40(e)(2) grants the superior court significant discretion to
“impose such terms as it sees fit” and to “require the payment of . . . costs by the party
at whose request the continuance has been made.” Setting a 30-day deadline was within
the court’s discretion in this matter.
              Dr. Brandner finally argues that “[i]f this cost is to be imposed, [he] should
at least be allowed to depose the billing department of [the providers’] expert and [the]
Anesthesia Group to find out what, if anything, was paid and what income was earned
as a result of using a [temporary anesthesiologist] and Dr. Pease [simultaneously] once
trial was continued.” Dr. Brandner made this argument before the superior court, which
rejected it while noting that “[Dr. Brandner] is entitled to a copy of [the] documentary
proof of payment, which defendants shall timely provide.” The court’s order was
reasonable. There is little reason to think the demand for anesthesia necessarily increases
with the supply of anesthesiologists. And the Anesthesia Group did provide proof of
payment, which already resulted in the reduction of the costs award. The court could

                                           -17-                                       7066

reasonably conclude that Dr. Brandner’s request for depositions on this matter was
excessive and unreasonable.
             For these reasons, we affirm the imposition of costs to Dr. Brandner under
Rule 40(e)(2).
      D.	    The Superior Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion In Awarding
             Attorney’s Fees.
             The superior court awarded attorney’s fees to the providers pursuant to
Rule 82, which provides in part that “[i]n cases [resolved without trial] in which the
prevailing party recovers no money judgment, the court shall award the prevailing
party . . . 20 percent of its actual attorney’s fees which were necessarily incurred.”17
Dr. Brandner argues that the awards were excessive and that the court failed to provide
explanation for the reasoning behind its awards. These arguments are without merit.
             As an initial matter, Dr. Brandner argues that the providers’ attorney’s fees
were facially excessive given that the “case involved [only] six depositions and a limited
motion for summary judgment.” But this argument ignores the fact that the case nearly
went to trial, and that Dr. Brandner claimed damages of approximately $1,681,065 plus
$466,905 yearly in future lost earning capacity. Thus the superior court could reasonably
conclude that the providers’ attorneys’ total billings, $240,456, were not facially
unreasonable.
             Dr. Brandner also raises four specific criticisms regarding Dr. Pease and the
Anesthesia Group’s billings. We reject these arguments as well.
             First, Dr. Brandner criticizes Dr. Pease and the Anesthesia Group’s
attorneys for “reviewing the same chart notes and medical records . . . on multiple
occasions.” But these documents were the critical evidence in this case, upon which both

      17
             Alaska R. Civ. P. 82(b)(2).

                                           -18-	                                    7066
sides’ expert testimony relied. But Dr. Brandner has not demonstrated that it was
unreasonable for the providers’ attorneys to review in depth critical documents upon
which both sides’ experts relied.
              Second, Dr. Brandner criticizes the attorneys’ billings for “joint meetings
with counsel for [the Medical Center], and work with experts not used in this case.” But
because the providers’ interests and legal defenses were largely aligned, it seems
reasonable that they would want their attorneys to meet to coordinate legal strategy. As
for the experts, Dr. Pease and the Anesthesia Group explained to the court that “[h]ad the
case progressed to trial, each [expert] would have testified.” Dr. Brandner does not
explain why obtaining the opinions of experts not ultimately called to testify at trial was
in any way unreasonable in a case that was resolved before trial and turned on expert
testimony.
              Third, Dr. Brandner criticizes the attorneys for time spent investigating his
criminal case, which he claims had “nothing to do with this case.” But Dr. Pease and the
Anesthesia Group told the superior court that “[t]he defendants were trying to untangle
Dr. Brandner’s complicated financial picture as a part of defending [against] his
multimillion dollar loss of earnings claim,” and that “[Dr.] Brandner . . . used his
criminal issues as a basis for a last minute continuance[,] which also required the court
and the defendants to delve into those issues.” Given the relevance of Dr. Brandner’s
criminal indictment to the case, Dr. Brandner has not demonstrated that it was
unreasonable for the attorneys to bill time spent investigating the issue.
              Finally, Dr. Brandner criticizes the attorneys for billing time spent
preparing the 2012 motion for summary judgment, which was later withdrawn. But
Dr. Pease and the Anesthesia Group pointed out that summary judgment was eventually
granted for the same reasons advanced in the original summary judgment motion, and
they maintained that “[a]ll the work which went into the original motion was utilized

                                           -19-                                      7066

when filing the second, successful summary judgment motion.” Dr. Brandner has not
demonstrated that the superior court erred in awarding fees for time spent preparing the
original summary judgment motion.
             In addition to disputing Dr. Pease and the Anesthesia Group’s legal billings,
Dr. Brandner argues that the attorney’s fees awards should be remanded because the
superior court provided “no explanation of the reasoning behind [the Medical Center’s]
award” and granted Dr. Pease and the Anesthesia Group’s attorney’s fees request
“without ruling on [his] objections.”
             The court was not obliged to provide reasons for rejecting — or accepting18
— Dr. Brandner’s specific billing objections.19 It is true that “[i]f the [superior] court
deviates from [the Rule 82(b) percent award] formula, it must provide a written
explanation for doing so.”20 But there is no indication here that the superior court
deviated from that formula. Instead, it appears that the superior court determined the
“actual attorney’s fees which were necessarily incurred,”21 accepting some of
Dr. Brandner’s objections in the process, and applied the proper formula to that sum.

      18
              It appears that the superior court did accept some of Dr. Brandner’s
objections. The Medical Center reported that it had incurred $110,355.50 in attorney’s
fees and was entitled to an award of $22,071.10; the court awarded $20,616.10.
Dr. Pease and the Anesthesia Group reported that they had incurred $130,100 in
attorney’s fees and were entitled to an award of $26,020; the court awarded $25,380.
      19
             Alaska R. Civ. P. 52(a) (“Findings of fact and conclusions of law are
unnecessary on decisions of motions under Rules 12 or 56 or any other motion except
as provided in Rule 41(b).”).
      20
             Nichols v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 6 P.3d 300, 305 (Alaska 2000)
(citing Alaska R. Civ. P. 82(b)(3)).
      21
             Alaska R. Civ. P. 82(b)(2).

                                           -20-                                     7066

“[T]he [superior] court is under no obligation to give reasons for an award that complies
with the percentages expressed in Rule 82(b)(2).”22
V.    CONCLUSION
             The superior court did not err in granting summary judgment to the
defendants because Dr. Brandner did not produce any evidence that the defendants’
actions caused his injuries. Nor did the superior court abuse its discretion in ordering
Dr. Brandner to pay attorney’s fees and costs associated with his motion to continue. We
therefore AFFIRM the superior court’s judgment.

      22
             Nichols, 6 P.3d at 305.

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