Court Opinion

ID: 993872
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-07-04 00:14:14.335907+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:35:37.134015
License: Public Domain

UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.                                                                    No. 96-4515

SAMUEL H. MCMAHON, III,
Defendant-Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of North Carolina, at Charlotte.
Robert D. Potter, Senior District Judge.
(CR-95-73-P)

Argued: December 5, 1997

Decided: December 30, 1997

Before LUTTIG and MOTZ, Circuit Judges, and JONES,
United States District Judge for the
Western District of Virginia, sitting by designation.

_________________________________________________________________

Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.

_________________________________________________________________

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Claire J. Rauscher, Charlotte, North Carolina, for Appel-
lant. Kenneth Michel Smith, Assistant United States Attorney, Char-
lotte, North Carolina, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Mark T. Calloway,
United States Attorney, David A. Brown, Assistant United States
Attorney, Charlotte, North Carolina, for Appellee.

_________________________________________________________________
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).

_________________________________________________________________

OPINION

PER CURIAM:

Samuel H. McMahon, III, convicted of multiple offenses, chal-
lenges only his sentence. He maintains that the district court misap-
plied the grouping guideline, or in the alternative, miscalculated his
sentence under the money laundering guideline. We affirm.

I.

The facts essential to this appeal are not disputed. In 1985, Samuel
H. McMahon became president and one-third owner of Commercial
Management Corporation (CMC), a company formed by McMahon's
father to manage a group of Days Inn hotels owned by the McMahon
family. McMahon's father then formed two limited partnerships, Flor-
ida Hotel Properties (FHP) in 1985 and Southeast Hotel Properties
(SHP) in 1987, and solicited investments in return for partnership
interests. The partnership interests sold for $100,000 each, with a
minimum investment of one-half an interest (i.e., $50,000). Loans
were also secured on behalf of the partnerships, including $65 million
from General Electric Capital Corporation and $35 million from
Chrysler Financial. FHP and SHP used the funds to purchase numer-
ous hotels, including some of the hotels owned by McMahon's father.
The partnerships then hired CMC to manage the hotel properties.

The partnerships lost significant amounts of money, and by 1989
had lost over $14 million. Thereafter, McMahon began, in the words
of the district court, "a pattern of unlawful diversion of partnership
funds for his personal benefit and business interests unrelated to the
limited partnerships." Between 1990 and 1992, McMahon illegally
diverted partnership funds for personal investment, purchase of land,
homes and condominiums, an effort to start a NASCAR racing team,
purchase of vehicles (including a boat, an airplane and a helicopter),
and miscellaneous other expenditures. In connection with these diver-

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sions, McMahon engaged in a massive strategy of fraud and conceal-
ment, including wire transfers, interstate transportation of funds,
falsification of records, use of cashier's checks for laundering money,
and failure to report income for taxation purposes.

In July 1991, FHP filed for bankruptcy protection, and a month
later August SHP was involuntarily placed in bankruptcy. McMahon
continued his illegal activities after the institution of the bankruptcy
proceedings, and offered false testimony under oath in connection
with those proceedings.

On July 11, 1995, a grand jury returned a two-count indictment
against McMahon. A superseding indictment was filed on November
17, 1995, charging McMahon with multiple counts of wire fraud in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1343, interstate transportation of stolen prop-
erty in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2314, money laundering in violation
of 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(1)(B), bankruptcy fraud in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 152, false statements under oath in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 152, engaging in monetary transactions with criminally derived
property in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1957, tax evasion in violation of
26 U.S.C. § 7201, filing a false tax return in violation of 26 U.S.C.
§ 7206(1), and aiding and abetting the above crimes in violation of 18
U.S.C. § 2. A jury convicted McMahon on all counts.

The United States Probation Office prepared a presentence investi-
gation report (PSR) prior to McMahon's sentencing. The PSR deter-
mined that the conduct should be separated into four distinct groups
under United States Sentencing Guidelines § 3D1.2 (1997): (1) wire
fraud and interstate transportation of stolen monies (pursuant to
§ 3D1.2(d)); (2) concealment of bankruptcy assets and the offering of
false statements under oath (pursuant to § 3D1.2(c)); (3) money laun-
dering and engaging in monetary transactions with criminally derived
property (pursuant to § 3D1.2(c)); and (4) tax evasion and the filing
of a false tax return. See U. S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 3D1.2
(1997) (U.S.S.G.).

The PSR determined that the highest adjusted offense level under
the Guidelines was 27, attributable to the third grouping (a base level
offense of 20 under U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1(a), plus enhancement of 5 under
U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1(b)(2)(F) because the laundered funds exceeded $1

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million, plus enhancement of 2 under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.3 for abuse of
a position of trust in a manner that significantly facilitated commis-
sion or concealment). Four additional units were then added to reflect
the four offense groups, making the total offense level 31. The PSR
concluded that the applicable sentence range was 108 to 135 months
imprisonment plus supervised release of two to three years.

McMahon objected to portions of the PSR including the failure to
group all counts together. The probation agent then filed an adden-
dum to the PSR, to respond to these objections. The Addendum stated
that the designated four separate groups could not be further grouped
together because the groups "represent distinctly different harms and
victims." On June 26, 1996, the district court held a sentencing hear-
ing, at which the court overruled the objections to the PSR, adopted
its findings, and imposed a sentence of 135 months imprisonment,
three years supervised release, a mandatory special assessment pursu-
ant to 18 U.S.C. § 3013, and the costs of prosecuting the tax counts.

McMahon appeals his sentence, asserting that it violated the Sen-
tencing Guidelines. We review "a question involving the legal inter-
pretation of Guidelines terminology and the application of that
terminology to a particular set of facts de novo ." United States v.
Wessells, 936 F.2d 165, 168 (4th Cir. 1991). Factual determinations
that underlie the application of the Guidelines are reviewed for clear
error. United States v. Daughtrey, 874 F.2d 213, 217-18 (4th Cir.
1989).

II.

Initially, McMahon contends that his criminal conduct constituted
a continuous and integrated scheme to defraud the partnerships, and
thus the grouping guideline, U.S.S.G. § 3D1.2(d), requires grouping
of the conduct into one group rather than four.

As we have previously noted, the policy goals of the grouping
guideline are two-fold: first, to "ensure incremental punishment for
significant additional criminal conduct"; and second, somewhat in
tension with the first, "to limit the significance of the formal charging
decision . . . to prevent multiple punishment for substantially identical
offense conduct." United States v. Toler, 901 F.2d 399, 402 (4th Cir.

                     4
1990) (internal quotation marks omitted). Thus, the grouping guide-
line seeks to assure that "[c]onvictions on multiple counts do not
result in a sentence enhancement unless [the multiple counts] repre-
sent additional conduct that is not otherwise accounted for by the
guidelines." Id. (internal quotation marks omitted; first alteration in
the original). We turn, therefore, to examine the provisions of this
guideline.

Section 3D1.2 states:

           All counts involving substantially the same harm shall be
          grouped together into a single Group. Counts involve sub-
          stantially the same harm within the meaning of this rule:

          (a) When counts involve the same victim and the same act
          or transaction.

          (b) When counts involve the same victim and two or more
          acts or transactions connected by a common criminal objec-
          tive or constituting part of a common scheme or plan.

          (c) When one of the counts embodies conduct that is treated
          as a specific offense characteristic in, or other adjustment to,
          the guideline applicable to another of the counts.

          (d) When the offense level is determined largely on the
          basis of the total amount of harm or loss, the quantity of a
          substance involved, or some other measure of aggregate
          harm, or if the offense behavior is ongoing or continuous in
          nature and the offense guideline is written to cover such
          behavior.

           Offenses covered by the following guidelines are to be
          grouped under this subsection: §§ 2B1.1, ... 2F1.1, ... 2S1.1,
          2S1.2, ... 2T1.1 ....

U.S.S.G. § 3D1.2 (emphasis added).* Several interpretive points
_________________________________________________________________
*The guideline applicable to false statements under oath (Counts 14
and 15) is § 2J1.3. Although this guideline is not specifically listed
within § 3D1.2, that section states that in such instances "a case-by-case
determination must be made" for grouping purposes. U.S.S.G. § 3D1.2.

                     5
about this guideline merit mention. First, its purpose "as stated in the
lead paragraph [is] to identify and group`counts involving substan-
tially the same harm.'" U.S.S.G. § 3D1.2, comment. (n.2). Under sub-
section (d), counts involve substantially the same harm when they
involve offense behavior that "is ongoing or continuous in nature."
Second, the guideline directs that offenses "shall be grouped" when
the provisions apply. Grouping, therefore, is not discretionary. Third,
the subsections of the guideline provide alternative bases for the
grouping of offenses. Thus, "[c]ounts are to be grouped together into
a single Group if any one or more of the subsections provide for such
grouping." U.S.S.G. § 3D1.2, comment. (n.1) (emphasis added).
Fourth, "[s]ubsection (d) will likely be used with the greatest fre-
quency. It provides that most property crimes . . . and other crimes
where the guidelines are based primarily on quantity or contemplate
continuing behavior are to be grouped together." U.S.S.G. § 3D1.2,
comment. (n.6) (emphasis added).

Recently, we have twice considered the possible grouping of
money laundering counts with counts involving other offenses. In
United States v. Porter, 909 F.2d 789, 792 (4th Cir. 1990), the defen-
dant argued that his money laundering count was"inextricably tied to
[his illegal] gambling counts because the money laundered was illegal
gambling proceeds," and thus the district court should have grouped
the counts for sentencing. In Porter, the defendant had taken his ille-
gal gambling proceeds and purchased a home, which he subsequently
sold two years later. That transaction provided the basis for the money
laundering count. In rejecting the grouping of the offenses under sub-
sections (a), (b) or (d) of § 3D1.2, we reasoned that

          [o]ne could envision an illegal enterprise which generated
          monies through illegal gambling activities and simulta-
          neously laundered those monies as part of the same continu-
          ing transaction or common scheme. Such is certainly not the
          case here, however. But for the fact that the home Porter
          sold was originally purchased with gambling proceeds, this
          money laundering offense was completely unrelated to the
          gambling operation. There is no evidence whatsoever that
          this sale was in any way integrated with the gambling opera-
          tion or connected to any particular gambling transactions.
          The single connection offered by [Porter] is thus insufficient

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          to support a finding that the laundering of the funds used to
          purchase the house was "closely related" to the gambling
          operation which generated them. To hold otherwise would
          mean that every act of money laundering would be closely
          related to the underlying crime which produced the laun-
          dered money.

Id. at 793. Thus, we concluded that § 3D1.2(d) neither categorically
required nor categorically prohibited grouping the offenses. Instead,
grouping is a case-by-case determination dependent upon whether the
offenses involved were part of an ongoing or continuous scheme.

Earlier this year, a panel of this court picked up where Porter left
off, finding that a district court properly grouped a defendant's money
laundering and mail fraud convictions under § 3D1.2(d). See United
States v. Walker, 112 F.3d 163, 167 (4th Cir. 1997). In that case an
insurance agent received large sums of money from customers to pur-
chase annuities. Instead of purchasing the annuities, the agent
diverted the funds into his own bank accounts. To perpetuate his
fraud, the agent sent his customers false documents and used some of
the defrauded funds to make false interest payments. He was indicted
and pled guilty to mail fraud and money laundering. We reasoned that
the agent had "conceded" that the "money laundering was part of his
fraudulent scheme," id., by pleading guilty under the portion of the
laundering statute which forbids laundering "with the intent to pro-
mote the carrying on of [the] specified unlawful activity," 18
U.S.C.A. § 1956(a)(1)(A)(i) (West Supp. 1997).

We find this case closer to Porter than to Walker. Unlike the activi-
ties involved in Walker, McMahon's money laundering, tax evasion,
false statements, and other offenses, although effective at concealing
his fraud, did not serve to perpetuate the fraud. For example, the laun-
dered monies were not plowed back to facilitate additional fraudulent
transactions. Like the defendant in Porter, McMahon simply used the
fraudulent, laundered funds to indulge his personal whims. The boat
purchased with this ill-gotten gain may have kept McMahon afloat,
but it did little or nothing to sustain his fraudulent activities.

We cannot conclude that McMahon's offenses constituted an ongo-
ing scheme for purposes of U.S.S.G. § 3D1.2(d). We therefore hold

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that McMahon's offenses do not involve substantially the same harm
as contemplated by § 3D1.2 and that the district court properly
refused to consolidate McMahon's offenses into one group rather than
four.

III.

Alternatively, MacMahon contends that the district court erred by
including certain transactions as "relevant conduct" pursuant to
U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3 in order to calculate the amount of funds laundered
under the money laundering guideline, U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1.

The district court found, based on schedules prepared by the proba-
tion agent from evidence admitted at McMahon's trial, that McMahon
illegally laundered over $1.2 million, although he was only charged
with laundering approximately $128,000. The district court's factual
determination of the value of the funds involved in a money launder-
ing offense is reviewed for clear error. See United States v. Tansley,
986 F.2d 880, 884 (5th Cir. 1993).

McMahon asserts that the charged money laundering offenses only
included conduct surrounding his bankruptcy fraud, and thus "[t]he
money laundering amounts should be reduced to reflect only that con-
duct." Brief of Appellant at 23. Moreover, McMahon contends that by
considering dollar amounts also included in other offense groups the
district court engaged in impermissible double-counting. We find no
merit to McMahon's argument.

The value of the funds laundered is a specific offense characteristic
of the money laundering offense. See U.S.S.G. § 2S1.1(b). Specific
offense characteristics are determined by reference to all "relevant
conduct" not just the offenses for which a defendant is convicted.
Thus, in determining what conduct is relevant for sentencing pur-
poses, a sentencing court need not confine itself to conduct or quanti-
ties specified in the counts of conviction. See United States v. Mark,
943 F.2d 444, 450 (4th Cir. 1991). Section 1B1.3 of the guidelines
defines relevant conduct as

          all acts and omissions committed, aided, abetted, counseled,
          commanded, induced, procured, or willfully caused by the

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          defendant . . . that occurred during the commission of the
          offense of conviction, in preparation for that offense, or in
          the course of attempting to avoid detection or responsibility
          for that offense . . . [and] all harm that resulted from the acts
          and omissions . . . and all harm that was the object of such
          acts and omissions.

U.S.S.G. § 1B1.3(a)(1) and (3). Thus, "relevant conduct" includes all
conduct related to the charge that occurred before, during, or after the
offense, and even criminal conduct not charged.

We note that the commentary to the section indicates that when, as
here, § 3D1.2(d), the grouping guideline,"does not apply, so that con-
victions on multiple counts are considered separately in determining
the guideline sentencing range, the guidelines prohibit aggregation of
quantities from other counts in order to prevent`double counting' of
the conduct and harm from each count of conviction." U.S.S.G.
§ 1B1.3, comment. (backg'd). However, this simply means that funds
solely involved in one group of counts in a multi-count indictment
cannot be included as relevant conduct with regard to another group
of counts in that indictment. This comment does not prohibit funds
involved in several groups of counts from being regarded as relevant
conduct as to each of those groups of counts. See United States v.
Johnson, 971 F.2d 562, 576 n.10 (10th Cir. 1992) (noting that, while
funds attributable to only wire fraud could not simply be aggregated
with money laundering funds, funds associated with uncharged
instances of money laundering may be included as relevant conduct
in determining the money laundering offense level).

The district court did not err in determining McMahon's offense
level under § 2S1.1.

IV.

For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is

AFFIRMED.

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