Court Opinion

ID: 9517619
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-07 00:23:46.627113+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:38:18.260184
License: Public Domain

DON WITTIG, Senior Justice
(Assigned), concurring and dissenting.
Entombed within the midland of the majority opinion, two important legal issues are concealed. The first is procedural; the second is substantive. The majority opinion issued today is the first published Texas case decided after adoption of comparative negligence to hold warning an invitee of dangerous conditions may discharge premises liability as a matter of law.
I. Standard of Review For “Matter of Law” Challenges
As the Supreme Court explained in Dow Chemical v. Francis, 46 S.W.3d 237, 241 (Tex.2001), reviewing a “matter of law” challenge is a two-step process. First, we view all the evidence in a light most favorable to the party in whose favor the verdict has been rendered, and every reasonable inference deducible from the evidence is to be indulged in the party’s favor. Formosa Plastics Corp. USA v. Presidio Eng’rs and Contractors, Inc., 960 S.W.2d 41, 48 (Tex.1998) (citing Harbin v. Seale, 461 S.W.2d 591, 592 (Tex.1970)). Anything more than a scintilla of evidence is legally sufficient to support the finding. Id. Only if no evidence supports the finding will the reviewing court then, as a second step, examine the entire record to determine whether the contrary proposition is established as a matter of law. Dow Chemical v. Francis, 46 S.W.3d at 242.
The first step of review under Dow Chemical obliges the majority to wrestle separately with trial testimony presented by appellee’s expert (demonstrating the inadequacy of the warning given) unmixed with other facts tending to show appellee’s comparative fault. Most importantly, it requires that all evidence be viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict. Not only does the majority opinion fail to view the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, it conjures a hypothetical boundary between that part of a warning which advises of a dangerous “condition” and that which advises of a “method of avoidance.” Most warnings implicitly advise of a method of avoidance. Many, if not most, do so explicitly. It is criticism enough to note that the majority makes new law, not just in our state, but nationally, in countenancing this distinction.1 In any event, to the extent the distinction is meritorious, its ramifications are manifest in the apportionment of liability under our comparative negligence scheme, which I discuss next.
II. Absolute Discharge of Duty by Warning is Inconsistent with Comparative Negligence
I agree with appellee that the Supreme Court’s adoption of comparative negligence scheme in Parker v. Highland Park, Inc. is inconsistent with Restatement (Second) of Torts § 343 to the extent that section may be read to allow a warning to completely discharge liability for dangerous conditions on land. See also Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. § 33.001 (comparative negligence statute). Under these facts, a warning to an invitee should release a landowner from liability for premises defects only to the extent landowner liability is rejected *372by the jury through a comparative negligence submission.2
Legal History
Knowledge of obvious, dangerous conditions was once a complete bar to recovery. This was known as the “no-duty” rule. See, e.g., Halepeska v. Callihan Interests, Inc., 371 S.W.2d 368, 378 (Tex.1963) (explaining the rule). In 1978, the supreme court did away with the no-duty rule. See Parker v. Highland Park, Inc., 565 S.W.2d 512, 517 (Tex.1978) (comprehensive review). The no-duty rule is a variant of assumption of the risk. It is inconsistent with our comparative negligence scheme. It is found, with a twist, in Restatement (Second) of Torts § 343A(1), which provides:
A possessor of land is not liable to his invitees for physical harm caused to them by any activity or condition on the land whose danger is known or obvious to them, unless the possessor should anticipate the harm despite such knowledge or obviousness, (italics added).
Section 343A and 343 are to be read together.3 See Restatement (Second) of Torts § 343 cmt. a. Some of the difficulty in determining the effect of comparative negligence on application of Sections 343 and 343A stems from the manner in which the Restatement comments blend analysis of invitee and licensee scenarios.
Federal Courts have been unable to agree about the effect of comparative negligence schemes on the validity of these sections. See generally Koutoufaris v. Dick, 604 A.2d 390, 396 (Del.1992) (Delaware supreme court case conducting detailed review of law across the nation). According to Koutoufaris, the Second, Fourth, Fifth, and Seventh Circuits hold the caveat (italicized above) continues to make Section 343A viable under comparative negligence. The Seventh Circuit writes:
[W]e read Section 343 together with Section 343A not as providing defenses but as defining when it is negligent to allow the existence of a dangerous condition. Under the Restatement, when the danger is open and obvious and in addition is avoidable in the exercise of ordinary care and therefore the harm is not foreseeable, it is not negligent to allow the danger to exist. Clemons v. Mitsui O.S.K. Lines, Ltd., 7th Cir., 596 F.2d 746, 750 n. 17 (1979).
Among those states that have addressed the issue, Koutoufaris indicates that only one has held Section 343A valid under comparative negligence. See 604 A.2d at 396-97. Delaware, with many other states, rejects it, reasoning:
In our view, adoption of a comparative negligence standard in 1984 manifests a legislative intention from that date to retreat from a system of inflexible and unforgiving rules in favor of evaluation of the plaintiffs conduct on a case-by-case basis. If § 343A is interpreted as a *373duty limiting provision, it retains its character as an inflexible legal rule the sole focus of which is upon whether the plaintiff was in any way culpable in not appreciating the hazard created or permitted by the defendant. Id. at 398 (internal citations omitted).
In other words, plaintiffs knowledge of danger should be, under a comparative negligence scheme, an inquiry into proximate cause, not duty. Under the old, inflexible scheme, holding that defendant had no duty was a de facto determination that the causal relationship between defendant’s act and the injury was too attenuated. Today, this causal nexus is resolved by the jury, which weighs the degree of causation associated with both plaintiffs and defendant’s concurrent acts.
Comment b to Section 343 should be resolved similarly, ie., disinterpreted as absolving a defendant of all duty. Comment b states:
To the invitee the possessor owes not only [to disclose dangerous conditions not likely to be discovered], but also the additional duty to exercise reasonable affirmative care to see that the premises are safe for the reception of the visitor, or at least to ascertain the condition of the land, and to give such warning that the visitor may decide intelligently whether or not to accept the invitation, or may protect himself against the danger if he does accept it. (italics added).
Support for this (dis)interpretation is found in a subsequent paragraph of comment b:
On the other hand, as stated in § 343A, there are some situations in which there is a duty to protect an invitee against even known dangers, where the possessor should anticipate harm to the invitee notwithstanding [the invitee’s] knowledge.
A close reading of the Restatement plainly indicates it is immaterial whether the invitee’s knowledge derives from his own experience or from a warning delivered by the possessor.
Conflicting Texas Precedent
Parker v. Highland Park is a first-principle review of premises liability law in Texas. State v. Williams, upon which the majority opinion relies is, by contrast, an single-page denial of writ relating to charge error. Viewed in this light, reliance on State v. Williams is remarkable. If the majority correctly interprets State v. Williams, then Parker and State v. Williams are irreconcilable, and Parker is correct. As appellee diligently notes, Parker states:
There are many instances in which a person of ordinary prudence may prudently take a risk about which he knows, or has been warned about, or that is open and obvious to him. His conduct under those circumstances is a matter which bears upon his own contributory negligence ...
A plaintiffs knowledge, whether it is derived from a warning or from the facts, even if the facts display the danger openly and obviously, is a matter that bears upon his own negligence; it should not affect the defendant’s duty ... In a case that is controlled by the comparative negligence statute, a plaintiffs contributory negligence that is established as a matter of fact or as a matter of law must then be compared with the negligence of the other parties, (italics added).
Parker, 565 S.W.2d at 520, 521. This italicized language is a distinction between Restatement Section 343 (which addresses knowledge gained from warning) from Section 343A (which addresses no-duty because danger is open and obvious). The *374law set out in Parker is consistent with application of the Restatement in the majority of our United States. It represents sound public policy and, as I observe in concluding below, achieves internal consistency in this complicated and occasionally counterintuitive area of law.
Conclusion
Here, a store cashier mopped a floor, leaving it wet. Two negligent activities are presented: (1) mopping; and (2) walking across a floor known to be wet. On appeal, the majority allows the defendant to escape liability based upon warning, whilst receipt of the same warning was used to assign 40% responsibility to the plaintiff at trial under our comparative negligence scheme. This process is clearly wrong. Allowing a warning to totally discharge duty is predicated, under the Restatement provisions adopted in Parker, upon the assumption that any subsequent mishap is caused solely by plaintiffs negligence. However, where a jury simultaneously considers plaintiffs (comparative) negligence, they must reject the assumption, at least in part, if fault is assigned to defendant. For this compelling and fundamental reason, I would affirm that part of the judgment relating to ordinary negligence.4
I concur in the result reached by the majority regarding the lower court’s gross negligence finding.

. The majority opinion is devoid of supportive case law on this matter.

. A limited exception to this rule should be preserved for independent contractors called to repair premises defects. See, e.g., Delhi-Taylor Oil Corp. v. Henry, 416 S.W.2d 390 (Tex.1967) (decided under the now defunct "no-duty” rule).

. Section 343 provides:
A possessor of land is subject to liability for physical harm caused to his invitees by a condition on the land if, but only if, he:
(a) knows or by the exercise of reasonable care would discover the condition, and should realize that it involves an unreasonable risk of harm to such invitees, and
(b) should expect that they will not discover or realize the danger, or will fail to protect themselves against it, and
(c) fails to exercise reasonable care to protect them against the danger.

. Due to the clarity of the warning given appellee, this is an ideal opportunity for determination of the legal effect of warning under comparative negligence, unsullied by procedural or factual limitation.