Court Opinion

ID: 4674537
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-04-05 14:00:25.274825+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:03:21.006716
License: Public Domain

20-3235-cv
Chechele v. Dundon

                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                    SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY
FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1.
WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST
CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION
“SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT
ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

        At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the
Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the
5th day of April, two thousand twenty-one.

Present:
            DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON,
                  Chief Judge,
            ROSEMARY S. POOLER,
            WILLIAM J. NARDINI,
                  Circuit Judges.
_____________________________________

DONNA ANN GABRIELE CHECHELE,

                      Plaintiff-Appellant,

               v.                                                    20-3235-cv

THOMAS G. DUNDON,

                      Defendant-Appellee,

SANTANDER CONSUMER HOLDINGS U.S.A. INC.,

                  Nominal Defendant-Appellee.
_____________________________________

For Plaintiff-Appellant:                     MIRIAM TAUBER, Miriam Tauber Law PLLC, New
                                             York, NY; James A. Hunter, on the brief, Hunter &
                                             Kmiec, Pipersville, PA; David Lopez, on the brief, Law
                                             Office of David Lopez, Southampton, NY.

                                                  1
For Defendant-Appellee:                       COLIN A. UNDERWOOD, Reed Smith LLP, New York,
                                              NY.

For Nominal Defendant-Appellee:               Michael V. Rella, Murphy & McGonigle, P.C., New
                                              York, NY.

       Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of

New York (Daniels, J.).

       UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND

DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

       Plaintiff-Appellant Donna Ann Gabriele Chechele appeals from an August 18, 2020

judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Daniels, J.)

granting a motion to dismiss in favor of Defendant-Appellee Thomas G. Dundon.               Chechele

commenced this action against Dundon on November 13, 2019, seeking disgorgement of short-

swing profits under Section 16(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”),

as amended, 15 U.S.C. § 78p(b).     Broadly, Chechele alleges that Dundon—the former Chairman

and Chief Executive Officer of Nominal Defendant-Appellee Santander Consumer Holdings

U.S.A. Inc. (“SCUSA”)—violated Section 16(b) by purchasing 759,773 shares of SCUSA stock

at $24.00 per share pursuant to a call option and selling 34,598,506 shares of SCUSA stock at

$27.225 per share within a six-month period.           We assume the parties’ familiarity with the

underlying facts, the procedural history of the case, and the issues on appeal.

                                          *        *       *

       We review de novo the district court’s judgment granting Dundon’s motion to dismiss.

Stratte-McClure v. Morgan Stanley, 776 F.3d 94, 99–100 (2d Cir. 2015). “To survive a motion

to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to

relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl.

                                                   2
Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff

pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is

liable for the misconduct alleged.”     Id.     For purposes of a motion to dismiss, the complaint

includes “any written instrument attached to it as an exhibit or any statements or documents

incorporated in it by reference.”    Rothman v. Gregor, 220 F.3d 81, 88 (2d Cir. 2000).

                                          *        *      *

       The district court dismissed Chechele’s sole claim because it found that Chechele failed

plausibly to allege a “purchase” within six months of a “sale” for purposes of Section 16(b).

According to the district court, the allegations in the complaint fail to state a claim under Section

16(b) because they indicate that Dundon: (1) “purchased” the 759,773 SCUSA shares at issue in

this action when he acquired a call option to purchase the shares in January 2014; and (2) “sold”

shares on November 15, 2017.        We agree.

       Section 16(b) of the Exchange Act “compels statutory insiders to disgorge profits earned

on any purchase and sale (or sale and purchase) made within six months of each other.”        Magma

Power Co. v. Dow Chem. Co., 136 F.3d 316, 320 (2d Cir. 1998).        We have explained that to state

a claim under Section 16(b), “a plaintiff must plausibly allege that ‘there was (1) a purchase and

(2) a sale of securities (3) by an officer or director of the issuer or by a shareholder who owns more

than ten percent of any one class of the issuer’s securities (4) within a six-month period.’”

Olagues v. Perceptive Advisors LLC, 902 F.3d 121, 125 (2d Cir. 2018) (quoting Gwozdzinsky v.

Zell/Chilmark Fund, L.P., 156 F.3d 305, 308 (2d Cir. 1998)).

       The Securities and Exchange Commission has promulgated regulations applying Section

16(b) to derivative securities such as call options. Rule 16b–6 provides that “[t]he establishment

of or increase in a call equivalent position . . . shall be deemed a purchase of the underlying

                                                   3
security for purposes of [S]ection 16(b) of the [Exchange] Act.”       17 C.F.R. § 240.16b–6(a).      By

contrast, “[t]he closing of a derivative security position as a result of its exercise or conversion

shall be exempt from the operation of [S]ection 16(b).”      Id. § 240.16b–6(b).     This rule regarding

the exercise of a derivative security is subject to one exception: “[T]he acquisition of underlying

securities from the exercise of an out-of-the-money option . . . shall not be exempt.” 1      Id.   Thus,

as a general matter, “the acquisition of a fixed-price option—rather than its exercise—is the

triggering event for Section 16(b) purposes.” Magma Power, 136 F.3d at 321–22 (emphasis in

original). “By the same token, the exercise of a fixed-price option is a non-event for [Section]

16(b) purposes,” id. at 322 (emphasis added), unless the option holder exercises the option “out of

the money,” 17 C.F.R. § 240.16b–6(b).

        Here, Chechele fails plausibly to allege a Section 16(b) “purchase” within six months of

Dundon’s November 15, 2017 “sale” of SCUSA stock.                The call option Dundon acquired in

January 2014 was a “derivative security” subject to the terms of Rule 16b–6: As the complaint

alleges and as the attachments thereto make clear, Dundon’s call option afforded him the right to

purchase 759,773 SCUSA shares at a fixed price of $24.00 per share. See id. § 240.16a–1(c)

(“The term derivative securities shall mean any option . . . with an exercise or conversion privilege

at a price related to an equity security . . . .”). Therefore, when Dundon acquired the call option

in January 2014, he “purchase[d] . . . the underlying security for purposes of [S]ection 16(b).”       Id.

§ 240.16b–6(a).

        1
          A transaction is “out of the money” when the strike price of the option exceeds the stock price.
See Perceptive Advisors, 902 F.3d at 123–24. A transaction is “in the money” when the stock price
exceeds the strike price. See id. at 124.

                                                    4
        Nevertheless, Chechele argues that Dundon effectuated a Section 16(b) “purchase” on

November 15, 2017 by cash settling the 759,773 SCUSA shares underlying the call option “out of

the money” on that date. But Chechele’s complaint belies her argument. Per the allegations in

the complaint, Dundon exercised the call option “in the money” on July 2, 2015—at which time

SCUSA’s stock price exceeded the strike price of the option—by delivering to SCUSA an exercise

notice electing cash settlement of the shares underlying the call option. Dundon’s exercise of the

option is accordingly “exempt from the operation of [S]ection 16(b).”         Id. § 240.16b–6(b).

        Because the allegations in the complaint indicate that Dundon’s only “purchase” of stock

occurred in January 2014, there was no purchase of stock within six months of the November 2017

settlement date. Chechele thus fails plausibly to allege a “purchase” within six months of a “sale”

for purposes of Section 16(b).      Consequently, the district court did not err in concluding that

Chechele fails to state a claim under Section 16(b). 2

                                            *       *       *

        We have considered Chechele’s remaining arguments and find them to be without merit.

Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

                                                         FOR THE COURT:
                                                         Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk

        2
          Because we conclude that Chechele fails to allege a “purchase” within six months of a “sale” for
purposes of Section 16(b), we need not reach Dundon’s alternative arguments that Rule 16b–3, 17 C.F.R.
§ 240.16b-3, and the “unorthodox transaction” rule of Kern County Land Co. v. Occidental Petroleum
Corp., 411 U.S. 582 (1973), each exempt him from liability.

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