Court Opinion

ID: 4031777
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-07 17:01:25.292808+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:36:01.904448
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                               United States Court of Appeals
                UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS         Tenth Circuit

                       FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                      September 7, 2016
                       _________________________________
                                                                  Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                      Clerk of Court
YUDI HERNANDEZ,

       Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.                                                   No. 15-3317
                                            (D.C. No. 6:15-CV-01170-JTM-
ELECTRIC INSURANCE                                       JPO)
COMPANY,                                               (D. Kan.)

       Defendant-Appellee.
                     _________________________________

                        ORDER AND JUDGMENT *
                        _________________________________

Before TYMKOVICH, Chief Judge, BACHARACH and MORITZ, Circuit
Judges.
                 _________________________________

      This appeal involves interpretation of a liability insurance policy’s

limit. The policy limits the insured’s liability to $100,000 “for all

damages, including damages for care, loss of services or death, arising out

of ‘bodily injury’ sustained by any one person in any one auto accident.”

*
      The parties have not asked for oral argument, and we conclude that
oral argument would not materially aid our consideration of the appeal. See
Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). Thus, we have decided the
appeal based on the briefs.

      Our order and judgment does not constitute binding precedent, except
under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel.
It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value under Fed. R. App. P.
32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
Appellant’s App’x at 54. We must decide whether the $100,000 limit

applies separately to multiple claimants incurring damages because of the

same person’s injuries. We answer “no.”

1.    Yudi Hernandez is injured in a car accident, and she and her
      father incur damages.

      Ms. Yudi Hernandez, a minor, was injured in a car accident. Because

Yudi was a minor, her father was responsible for paying her medical

expenses, which exceeded $350,000. Yudi and her father settled with the

driver’s insurer, Electric Insurance Company. Electric agreed to pay

Mr. Hernandez $100,000 and allow Yudi to file a declaratory judgment

action to determine whether Electric was liable for another $100,000 “per

person” limit to Yudi. Electric agreed to pay Yudi $100,000 if she

prevailed in the declaratory judgment action.

      In light of this agreement, Yudi filed a declaratory judgment action,

claiming that the per-person limit separately applies to each person who

incurs damage. Electric disagrees, stating that the liability limit covers all

claims growing out of injuries to one person in the auto. The district court

granted summary judgment to Electric, and Yudi appeals.

2.    We engage in de novo review and interpret the policy under
      Kansas law.

      We review de novo the district court’s ruling on summary judgment,

using the same standard applicable in district court. Red Panther Chem.

Co. v. Ins. Co. of Pa., 43 F.3d 514, 517 (10th Cir. 1994). Applying this

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standard, we determine whether a genuine issue exists on any material fact,

viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Yudi. Id. Through this

view of the evidence, we engage in de novo review of the district court’s

interpretation of the insurance policy. See Houston Gen. Ins. Co. v. Am.

Fence Co., 115 F.3d 805, 806 (10th Cir. 1997) (“When the relevant facts

are undisputed, we review the district court’s interpretation of an insurance

contract de novo.”).

      To interpret the policy, we apply state law. Pub. Serv. Co. of Okla. v.

Burlington N. R.R. Co., 53 F.3d 1090, 1096 (10th Cir. 1995). The parties

agree that Kansas law governs. Thus, we follow Kansas law when

interpreting the policy. See Carolina Cas. Ins. Co. v. Nanodetex Corp.,

733 F.3d 1018, 1022 (10th Cir. 2013) (applying the state law that both

parties agreed was applicable). Kansas law requires us to ascertain the

parties’ intent. Liggatt v. Emp’rs Mut. Cas. Co., 46 P.3d 1120, 1125 (Kan.

2002). “If the terms of the contract are clear, there is no room for rules of

construction, and the intent of the parties is determined from the contract

itself.” Id.

      We interpret the insurance policy from the perspective of a

“reasonably prudent insured.” Am. Family Mut. Ins. Co. v. Wilkins,

179 P.3d 1104, 1110 (Kan. 2008) (internal quotation marks omitted). The

policy is ambiguous only if reasonably prudent insureds could interpret the

language in different ways. Id. at 1109-10. If the policy language is

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ambiguous, we adopt the construction most favorable to the insured. Id. at

1110.

3.      The policy unambiguously limits Electric’s liability to $100,000
        for the damages Ms. Hernandez and her father sustained.

        The insurance policy provides:

        The limit of liability shown in the Declarations for each person
        for Bodily Injury Liability is our maximum limit of liability for
        all damages, including damages for care, loss of services or
        death, arising out of “bodily injury” sustained by any one
        person in any one auto accident.
Appellant’s App’x at 54. The declarations page of the policy shows a

liability limit of $100,000 per person. Thus, the policy caps coverage at

$100,000 for all damages sustained by any one person in a car accident.

The policy limit on damages is broad: It covers all damages, including

damages arising out of bodily injury to a single person. So, on its face, the

policy caps the payout to $100,000 for everyone incurring damages arising

out of a single person’s bodily injury. Yudi and her father both sustained

damages arising out of Yudi’s bodily injuries. As a result, the claims by

Yudi and her father must come out of the $100,000 limit.

        Two aspects of the policy would lead any reasonably prudent insured

to conclude that the $100,000 limit applies to everyone asserting a claim

arising out of Yudi’s injuries:

     1.      The liability limit expressly includes damages relating to the
             care for someone injured in an accident.

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     2.      The policy acknowledges that the limit applies even if there are
             multiple claims.

      First, the policy states that the liability limit applies to all damages

for each person. The policy does not define damages, but makes clear that

they can be sustained by persons not involved in the auto accident. For

example, the policy states that the damages include those incurred in

caring for another and the loss of services for those involved in the

accident. Thus, the per-person limit applies to damages sustained by the

father, as well as Yudi; the damages to both individuals are included in the

per-person limit.

      Second, the policy acknowledges the possibility of multiple claims,

but states that the per-person limit is the most that Electric will pay

“regardless of the number of [c]laims made.” Id. In this way, the policy

clarifies that the $100,000 limit applies even when more than one person

submits a claim arising from bodily injuries sustained by someone involved

in the accident. 1

      The Kansas Court of Appeals addressed a similar issue in Farmers

Insurance Co. v. Rosen ex rel. Rosen, 839 P.2d 71 (Kan. App. 1992).

There, the insured’s liability limit was $100,000 per person. 839 P.2d at

72. The issue—like ours—was whether a separate liability limit applied for

1
      We need not address Ms. Hernandez’s assertion that the district court
erred in characterizing her father’s claim as a derivative claim akin to one
for lack of consortium. That characterization has no bearing on our
disposition.
                                       5
parents who incurred damages (loss of consortium and medical expenses)

because of their relationship to someone involved in an auto accident. Id.

at 72, 74.

      In addressing that issue, the Kansas Court of Appeals turned to the

policy: “‘The bodily injury liability limit . . . for “each person” is the

maximum for bodily injury sustained by one person in any occurrence.’”

Id. at 74 (quoting policy).

      There is little difference between that policy language and the policy

language here. Perhaps the only difference is that

            Electric’s per-person limit broadly covers all damages arising
             out of bodily injury, while

            the Rosen policy was narrower, covering “bodily injury” rather
             than all damages “arising out of” bodily injury.

                                       6
Thus, Electric’s per-person limit casts a broader net than the policy

language in Rosen. Electric’s per-person limit includes the father’s

damages as long as they arise out of Yudi’s bodily injury; the Rosen

language covered the parents’ claims only if they were for their child’s

bodily injury. In Rosen, the Kansas Court of Appeals concluded that this
                                      7
narrower language unambiguously covered the parents’ claims. It stands to

reason that Electric’s more inclusive per-person limit is also broad enough

to cover the father’s claims.

      Yudi tries to distinguish Rosen on the ground that the Rosen policy

narrowly defined “damages” as “the cost of compensating those who suffer

bodily injury from an accident.” Id. at 73 (ellipsis omitted). According to

Yudi, the Rosen policy’s narrow definition shows that individuals enjoyed

coverage only if they suffered bodily injuries from the accident, whereas

Electric’s policy did not include any definition of “damages.” This is a

distinction without a difference. Though Electric’s policy does not define

“damages,” the policy effectively restricts coverage to the bodily harm

suffered by someone in an auto accident. Appellant’s App’x at 52. In turn,

“[b]odily injury” is defined as “bodily harm, sickness or disease.” Id. at

51. As a result, the Electric policy restricts damages to Yudi’s bodily

harm. That is precisely how Yudi describes the effect of the policy

language in Rosen.

      Rosen is persuasive as to how the Kansas Supreme Court would

interpret this policy. See State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Boellstorff, 540

F.3d 1223, 1228 (10th Cir. 2008) (noting that a decision of the state’s

intermediate appellate court is persuasive, but is not dispositive of how the

state supreme court would decide the issue). Together with Rosen, our own

reading of the policy convinces us that under Kansas law, the policy

                                      8
provided a $100,000 limit for all claims submitted by Yudi and her father.

As a result, we affirm the district court’s award of summary judgment to

Electric.

                                  Entered for the Court

                                  Robert E. Bacharach
                                  Circuit Judge

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