Court Opinion

ID: 3169140
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-01-13 14:05:15.263811+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:58:57.967801
License: Public Domain

1       IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
 2 Opinion Number:_______

 3 Filing Date: January 6, 2016

 4 NO. 34,320

 5 STATE OF NEW MEXICO, ex rel.
 6 CHILDREN, YOUTH AND FAMILIES
 7 DEPARTMENT,

 8         Petitioner-Appellee,

 9 v.

10 NATHAN H.,

11         Respondent-Appellant,

12 KATEESHA L.,

13 and

14 IN THE MATTER OF NYREE H., ADRIAN H., and DESHAUN H.,

15         Children.

16 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF SAN JUAN COUNTY
17 Sandra A. Price, District Judge

18   New Mexico Children, Youth & Families Department
19   Charles E. Neelley, Chief Children’s Court Attorney
20   Rebecca J. Liggett, Children’s Court Attorney
21   Kelly P. O’Neill, Children’s Court Attorney
22   Santa Fe, NM

23 for Appellee
1 Law Offices of Nancy L. Simmons, PC
2 Nancy L. Simmons
3 Albuquerque, NM

4 for Appellant

5 Native American Disability Law Center, Inc.
6 Therese E. Yanan
7 Farmington, NM

8 Guardian ad Litem
 1                                        OPINION

 2 VIGIL, Chief Judge.

 3   {1}   Father appeals from the district court’s judgment terminating his parental rights

 4 due to neglect. NMSA 1978, § 32A-4-28(B)(2) (2005). On appeal, Father argues that:

 5 (1) the Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA), 25 U.S. C. §§ 1901 to 1963 (2013) applies

 6 and therefore its substantive and procedure standards apply; (2) efforts of the

 7 Children, Youth, & Families Department (CYFD) to determine whether the ICWA

 8 applies were inadequate; and (3) CYFD did not satisfy its burden of proof to

 9 terminate Father’s parental rights. Based on our review of the record, we conclude

10 that Father’s arguments are unpersuasive and affirm the district court’s judgment.

11 I.      BACKGROUND

12   {2}   Mother and Father have three children who were born September 6, 2006,

13 January 8, 2008, and March 9, 2009. On April 2, 2012, Father was incarcerated due

14 to a probation violation resulting from a child abuse charge and failure to fulfill other

15 conditions. Children remained with Mother. At one point, she asked neighbors to

16 watch Children when she went to work. When Mother did not return for Children,

17 Child Protective Services and law enforcement were called and Children were taken

18 into protective custody. One of the neighbors reported that Children were filthy and

19 often complained about not being fed.
 1   {3}   CYFD filed a petition alleging that Children were abused and that the ICWA

 2 applied because Children were eligible for enrollment or enrolled in an Indian tribe.

 3 CYFD filed an ICWA Notice and sent it to the ICWA unit of the Navajo Children and

 4 Family Services. The district court filed an ex parte custody order granting CYFD

 5 legal and physical custody until otherwise ordered by the court.

 6   {4}   At the custody hearing on April 16, 2012, the district court ordered legal

 7 custody over Children continue with CYFD. Parents were ordered to undergo

 8 psychological and psychiatric evaluations, and drug and alcohol screening, including

 9 possible random urine analysis. Father was released from incarceration in July 2012.

10   {5}   On June 4, 2012, Father pled no contest that he neglected Children, under

11 NMSA 1978, Section 32A-4-2(E)(4) (2009), in that he was unable to discharge his

12 parental responsibilities due to his incarceration. The district court found that the

13 children were subject to the ICWA and made requisite findings pursuant to

14 25 U.S. C. Section 1912 (d), (e) (2012). The district court also adopted a treatment

15 plan for Father.

16   {6}   An initial review occurred on August 13, 2012. The district court found that

17 Father had made reasonable efforts to follow the treatment plan. Specifically, the

18 district court found that Father had regular contact with CYFD, completed a mental

19 health evaluation and hair follicle test, visited Children weekly and engaged in

                                             2
 1 frequent telephone conversations with Children. Father had contacted Children’s

 2 therapist and saved money to obtain housing. The district court ordered that the

 3 permanency plan be reunification. Prior to the first permanency hearing, Father was

 4 incarcerated from October 2012 to February 2013.

 5   {7}   At the first permanency hearing on March 25, 2013, the district court found

 6 that Father consistently visited Children prior to his incarceration and maintained

 7 scheduled phone calls with Children during incarceration. After Father was released,

 8 Father did not maintain the same consistency with calling Children, and failed to

 9 attend a visit with Children without any communication to CYFD. Father was

10 preparing a trailer as a home for Children prior to his incarceration, but maintained

11 slow progress in repairs after his release. Cottonwood Services assessed Father for

12 his substance abuse in which it recommended that Father engage in outpatient

13 substance abuse counseling at least once a week for twenty-four weeks for his

14 dependence on cannabis and alcohol and individual therapy twice a month with two

15 random urine analysis per month. Prior to incarceration, Father attended two

16 parenting classes and three group and individual sessions, but he was not able to

17 maintain counseling during his incarceration. Father consistently maintained contact

18 with CYFD and remained on probation subject to random urine analysis. The district

19 court ordered that the permanency plan remain reunification.

                                             3
 1   {8}   Father was again incarcerated shortly after the first permanency hearing and

 2 was still in custody when the second permanency hearing was held on July 22, 2013.

 3 At the hearing, the district court changed the permanency plan from reunification to

 4 adoption. The district court found that Father’s repeated incarcerations partially

 5 prevented his progress in the treatment plan. Father had not completed a parenting

 6 program or produced a viable home for Children, and was unable to demonstrate that

 7 he had the financial ability to keep Children at home. Father had, however,

 8 maintained visits with Children and participated in a treatment team meeting. The

 9 district court ordered Children to remain in the legal custody of CYFD.

10   {9}   On July 29, 2013, CYFD filed a motion to terminate Father’s parental rights,

11 and the termination of parental rights trial (TPR) was held on March 17, 2014,

12 concurrent with an additional permanency hearing. The district court found Father

13 had not obtained secure housing, completed the aftercare treatment program, or

14 participated in random drug or alcohol testing during his non-incarceration. Father

15 had also missed several visits with Children when he was not incarcerated and had

16 completed only a minimum number of therapy sessions. Father had, however,

17 completed a thirty-day rehabilitation program at Four Winds, maintained contact with

18 CYFD, and engaged in regular visits with Children during his incarceration. The

                                             4
 1 district court ordered that the permanency plan remain adoption. The district court,

 2 however, could not determine whether Children were subject to the ICWA.

 3   {10}   The TPR hearing took place on March 17, 2014, and May 5, 2014. Also on

 4 May 5, 2014, the district court examined evidence to determine whether the ICWA

 5 applied. After hearing testimony on this issue, the district court concluded that the

 6 ICWA did not apply because Children are neither enrolled nor eligible to be enrolled

 7 in an Indian tribe. The district court further concluded that, based on clear and

 8 convincing evidence, termination of Father’s parental rights was in the best interest

 9 of Children. Father appeals.

10 II.      DISCUSSION

11   {11}   We first address whether the ICWA applies. Secondly, we determine whether

12 CYFD complied with its statutory duty under NMSA 1978, Section 32A-4-22(I)

13 (2009), to investigate whether the ICWA applies. Finally, we address whether there

14 was clear and convincing evidence to terminate Father’s parental rights, pursuant to

15 Section 32A-4-28(B)(2).

16 A.       Applicability of The ICWA

17   {12}   We review the applicability of the ICWA de novo. Cherino v. Cherino, 2008-

18 NMCA-024, ¶ 7, 143 N.M. 452, 176 P.3d 1184 (stating that “the applicability of

19 ICWA requires us to interpret statutory language, which is also subject to de novo

                                             5
 1 review”); see State ex rel. Children, Youth & Families Dep’t v. Marsalee P., 2013-

 2 NMCA-062, ¶ 12, 302 P.3d 761 (stating that “interpretation of ICWA and its

 3 relationship to the Abuse and Neglect Act present questions of law that we review de

 4 novo” (alterations, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted)).

 5   {13}   We begin with the understanding that when we construe the ICWA, “we must

 6 resolve all ambiguities liberally in favor of the Indian parent and the tribe in order to

 7 effectuate the purpose of the Act, which is to prevent the unnecessary removal of

 8 Indian children.” In re Esther V., 2011-NMSC-005, ¶ 19, 149 N.M. 315, 248 P.3d
9 863. Under its statutory scheme, the “ICWA applies to Indian children regardless of

10 whether they are registered with a tribe.” In re Guardianship of Ashley Elizabeth R.,

11 1993-NMCA-129, ¶ 18, 116 N.M. 416, 863 P.2d 451; see 25 U.S.C. § 1911

12 (describing the jurisdiction of Indian tribes over state custody proceedings with

13 Indian children).

14   {14}   An Indian child is defined as “any unmarried person who is under age eighteen

15 and is either (a) a member of an Indian tribe or (b) is eligible for membership in an

16 Indian tribe and is the biological child of a member of an Indian tribe[.]” 25 U.S.C.

17 § 1903(4). Father relies on the second prong because Children are not members of

18 any Indian tribe. The only relevant tribes are the Navajo Nation and the Ute tribe. We

19 will begin with the examination of whether Children are eligible for membership in

                                               6
 1 the Navajo Nation because neither party disputes that Father is a member of the

 2 Navajo Nation. Mother is not an enrolled member in any tribe.

 3   {15}   To be eligible for membership in the Navajo Nation, Children must possess

 4 one-fourth degree Navajo blood. Navajo Nation Code tit. 1, § 701(C) (2010)

 5 (“Children born to any enrolled member of the Navajo Nation shall automatically

 6 become members of the Navajo Nation and shall be enrolled, provided they are at

 7 least one-fourth degree Navajo blood.” (emphasis added)). The parties do not dispute

 8 that Father has one-fourth degree Navajo blood. Mother’s blood contribution to

 9 Children is therefore significant in determining whether Children are eligible for

10 membership in the Navajo Nation.

11   {16}   Susan Frybeck, the permanency planning worker for Children, testified about

12 her investigation of Mother’s blood. Frybeck had various conversations with Mother

13 in which Frybeck attempted to obtain information on the maternal grandmother’s

14 name, birth date, enrollment status, and the hospital where she was delivered. Mother

15 opposed enrollment for Children. Frybeck, however, received the grandmother’s

16 name but obtained an incorrect phone number from Mother. Mother did not provide

17 her birth certificate to CYFD, even though she was asked to do so on at least five

18 different occasions. Frybeck communicated with Mother’s adopted great grandmother

19 and received another phone number for the biological maternal grandmother. Frybeck

                                             7
 1 did not receive any response when she called the number. Mother’s adopted great

 2 grandmother did not have any information concerning the biological maternal great-

 3 grandmother.

 4   {17}   Deborah Yost, a CYFD adoption consultant who collaborates with the ICWA

 5 unit of the Navajo Children and Family Services, testified that the maternal

 6 grandmother must be enrolled in order for Mother to be eligible, to then make

 7 Children eligible for membership in the Navajo Nation. The Navajo Nation does not

 8 have any record of the maternal grandmother. Yost attempted to call the maternal

 9 grandmother, who purportedly lived in Oregon, but no one answered. The great

10 grandmother, who raised Mother, was deceased.

11   {18}   Yost received a letter from the ICWA unit of the Navajo Children and Family

12 Services on April 30, 2014, stating that Children are not eligible based on its research.

13 Yost testified that this correspondence was in response to a letter on March 12, 2014,

14 coinciding with Yost’s phone calls to the Navajo Nation of Vital Records.

15   {19}   Based on the difficulties CYFD experienced in receiving evidence on Mother’s

16 lineage and the Navajo Nation’s determination that Children are ineligible, we hold

17 that Children are not eligible for enrollment with the Navajo Nation. Nevertheless,

18 Father asserts that the status of Children does not need to be certain to implement the

19 ICWA and the district court must only examine whether the ICWA possibly applies,

                                               8
 1 relying on In re Desiree F., 99 Cal. Rptr. 2d 688 (Ct. App. 2000). We conclude that

 2 Desiree F. does not assist Father. In Desiree F., Picayune Rancheria of the

 3 Chukchanski Indians filed a notice of tribal intervention pursuant to 25 U.S.C.

 4 § 1911(c) prior to a scheduled permanent plan meeting, but after an order terminating

 5 parental rights. Desiree F., 99 Cal. Rptr. 2d at 693. The tribe’s moving papers

 6 contended that the child was eligible for enrollment; that the tribe was not notified of

 7 the dependency proceedings; that the state agency had not complied with the ICWA

 8 with respect to the mother and the tribe’s rights; and that the tribe sought intervention

 9 and placement of the child with her grandmother. Id. The tribe enrolled the child as

10 a member once it became aware of her existence and obtained notice of the

11 proceedings, and the court concluded that the tribe’s decision on membership and

12 eligibility was determinative and the lack of formal enrollment of the child was the

13 agency’s fault, due to its failure to give notice. Id. at 695-96. In this case, on the other

14 hand, the Navajo Nation has determined that Children are not eligible for enrollment.

15 See Montana v. United States, 450 U.S. 544, 564 (1981) (“[T]he Indian tribes retain

16 their inherent power to determine tribal membership[.]”).

17   {20}   Father further asserts that the Navajo Nation has a second method of

18 enrollment, applications to the Enrollment Screening Committee, which is based on

19 criteria other than vital statistics. According to Yost, Children could be enrolled

                                                9
 1 through this process, even if the biological parent is not an enrolled member.

 2 However, this committee also follows the one-fourth blood quantum requirement. For

 3 all the cases where:

 4          the records of the Navajo Agency do not show that the applicant is of at
 5          least one-fourth degree Navajo blood or the applicant does not establish
 6          such fact by documentary evidence independent of his own statement,
 7          consisting of the affidavits of disinterested persons, certified copies of
 8          public or church records, or the like, the Screening Committee shall
 9          reject the application.

10 Navajo Nation Code tit. 1, § 752(B) (2010). Again the evidence fails to satisfy this

11 requirement.

12   {21}   Finally, Father contends that the Children are eligible for membership in the

13 Ute tribe through Mother. It is undisputed that Mother is not an enrolled member of

14 the Ute tribe. Based on the language of 25 U.S.C. § 1903(4), an Indian child must be

15 a member of an Indian tribe or eligible for membership in an Indian tribe and the

16 biological child of a member. See Marsalee P., 2013-NMCA-062, ¶ 21 (construing

17 Indian child as defined in 25 U.S.C. § 1903(4) as “when the child is a member of an

18 Indian tribe or the child is eligible to be a member and is the biological child of a

19 member”). Father does not make any arguments that Mother satisfies the

20 requirements for being a member of the Ute tribe.

                                               10
 1   {22}   Moreover, the evidence on Mother’s lineage to the Ute tribe is lacking.

 2 According to Yost, CYFD does not have any information on how the Mother has any

 3 lineage to the Ute tribe or the name of a family member enrolled in the Ute tribe.

 4 Frybeck further contacted the Southern Ute tribe with the information she possessed

 5 and the tribe stated in its response to this information that the children are not

 6 eligible. Father only relies on his testimony that Mother possesses Ute blood and

 7 Yost’s belief that Mother might be one-eighth Ute. There is no evidence,

 8 notwithstanding Father and Yost’s belief, to establish Children’s lineage to the Ute

 9 tribe.

10   {23}   Based on the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the ICWA does not apply to

11 Children, because they are not eligible for membership into either the Navajo Nation

12 or the Ute tribe and therefore do not satisfy the definition of an Indian child as set

13 forth in 25 U.S.C. Section 1903(4).

14 B.       Compliance by CYFD with Section 32A-4-22(I)

15   {24}   Father argues that CYFD’s purported efforts did not satisfy the requirements

16 in Marsalee P. regarding Section 32A-4-22(I), much less determine the applicability

17 of the ICWA. We therefore must examine whether CYFD’s actions met the statutory

18 mandate in Section 32A-4-22(I). In doing so, we review “[t]he interpretation of the

                                             11
 1 ICWA and its relationship to our state statute on abuse and neglect” de novo. In re

 2 Esther V., 2011-NMSC-005, ¶ 14.

 3   {25}   Section 32A-4-22(I) states “[w]hen a child is placed in the custody of [CYFD],

 4 [CYFD] shall investigate whether the child is eligible for enrollment as a member of

 5 an Indian tribe and, if so, [CYFD] shall pursue the enrollment on the child’s behalf.”

 6 Father contends CYFD failed to comply with this statutory mandate.

 7   {26}   In Marsalee P., we examined whether CYFD complied with Section 32A-4-

 8 22(I). Marsalee P., 2013-NMCA-062, ¶ 25. Neither party disputed that the children

 9 were eligible for enrollment in the Navajo Nation. Id. ¶ 18. The record contained no

10 evidence that CYFD made any attempts to enroll the children before the trial, and at

11 the time of the trial, CYFD knew the children were eligible. Id. ¶ 25. We were unable

12 to determine the extent of CYFD’s compliance with Section 32A-4-22(I) prior to the

13 trial. Marsalee P., 2013-NMCA-062, ¶ 25. We therefore held that the district court

14 erred when it terminated the mother’s parental rights without requiring CYFD to

15 comply with the statute.

16   {27}   Unlike Marsalee P., the record in this case demonstrates that CYFD conducted

17 an investigation in compliance with Section 32A-4-22(I). CYFD focused on

18 retrieving evidence on Mother’s genealogy. CYFD had many conversations with

19 Mother to receive information on her lineage in which Mother was not cooperative.

                                              12
 1 Specifically, Frybeck requested Mother’s birth certificate on at least five different

 2 occasions, but Mother did not produce the document. Yost testified that she attempted

 3 to retrieve Mother’s birth certificate from the income support division. Yost contacted

 4 the Navajo Nation of Vital Records where it assisted in the investigation on CYFD’s

 5 behalf. CYFD was informed that the Navajo Nation does not have any record of the

 6 maternal grandmother. Yost also made phone calls prior to the ICWA unit of the

 7 Navajo Children and Family Services, to determine if Children were eligible. CYFD

 8 attempted to reach the grandmother over the phone where it received no response.

 9 According to Frybeck, she interviewed the Mother’s adopted great grandmother in

10 her home to obtain information on the biological great grandmother, but she did not

11 possess any information.

12   {28}   CYFD conducted further steps in its investigation. Frybeck attempted to

13 retrieve Father’s birth certificate and certificate of Indian blood from Father and the

14 paternal grandmother, but Frybeck did not receive these documents. Frybeck

15 contacted the Southern Ute tribe and described all of the information CYFD had and

16 the tribe responded that based on this information Children are ineligible.

17   {29}   We hold that under these circumstances, CYFD complied with Section 32A-4-

18 22(I) to investigate whether Children were eligible for enrollment. Father asserts that

19 CYFD should have deposed Mother, subpoenaed the birth records, or conducted other

                                             13
 1 avenues for its investigation; however, the statute does not require CYFD to

 2 implement all possible methods in its investigation. Rather, the language of Section

 3 32A-4-22(I) requires an investigation by CYFD. Marsalee P., 2013-NMCA-062, ¶

 4 25. Each case must be determined on its own facts. Here, CYFD conducted an

 5 adequate investigation based on the evidence which it had.

 6 C.       The Evidence was Clear and Convincing

 7   {30}   Finally, we next address whether the district court erred when it concluded that

 8 there was clear and convincing evidence to terminate Father’s parental rights,

 9 pursuant to Section 32A-4-28(B)(2). We review the district court’s decision for

10 substantial evidence. State ex rel. Children, Youth & Families Dep’t v. Patricia H.,

11 2002-NMCA-061, ¶ 22, 132 N.M. 299, 47 P.3d 859 (“Substantial evidence is relevant

12 evidence that a reasonable mind would accept as adequate to support a conclusion.”

13 (internal quotation marks, and citation omitted)).

14   {31}   In TPRs, the standard of proof is clear and convincing evidence. State ex rel.

15 Children, Youth & Families Dep’t v. Lance K., 2009-NMCA-054, ¶ 16, 146 N.M.
16 286, 209 P.3d 778. Clear and convincing evidence means “evidence that instantly tilts

17 the scales in the affirmative when weighed against the evidence in opposition and the

18 fact finder’s mind is left with an abiding conviction that the evidence is true.” Lance

19 K., 2009-NMCA-054, ¶ 16 (alteration, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted).

                                               14
 1 We examine the evidence in the light most favorable to whether the district court, as

 2 the trier of fact, could appropriately conclude that the clear and convincing evidence

 3 standard was satisfied. In re Termination of Parental Rights of Eventyr J., 1995-

 4 NMCA-087, ¶ 3, 120 N.M. 463, 902 P.2d 1066.

 5   {32}   Under Section 32A-4-28(B)(2), the district court was required to find that:

 6          the child has been a neglected or abused child as defined in the Abuse
 7          and Neglect Act and . . . that the conditions and causes of the neglect
 8          and abuse are unlikely to change in the foreseeable future despite
 9          reasonable efforts by [CYFD] or other appropriate agency to assist the
10          parent in adjusting the conditions that render the parent unable to
11          properly care for the child.

12 The district court therefore had to make three separate findings: (1) Children were

13 neglected or abused; (2) the conditions and causes of neglect and abuse were unlikely

14 to change in the foreseeable future; and (3) CYFD made reasonable efforts to assist

15 Father in adjusting the conditions that rendered Father unable to properly care for

16 Children. See Eventyr J., 1995-NMCA-087, ¶ 12. On appeal, Father only challenges

17 the district court’s conclusion that the conditions and causes were unlikely to change

18 in the foreseeable future.

19   {33}   The district court’s treatment plan ordered Father to engage in certain

20 requirements, including treatment for his substance abuse. The treatment plan

21 required Father to participate in parenting classes, retain stable housing, follow the

                                              15
 1 recommendations from his substance abuse and mental health assessments, and

 2 participate in scheduled visits with Children. Father did not comply with these

 3 requirements due to his repeated incarcerations.

 4   {34}   Father was incarcerated from April 2012 to July 2012 when this case began.

 5 Father was again incarcerated from October 2012 to February 2013, because he

 6 pleaded guilty to battery upon a police officer. Father also received an unsatisfactory

 7 discharge from probation involving his child abandonment conviction prior to this

 8 case. Father was again incarcerated from May 11, 2013, to April 22, 2014. Father

 9 received new criminal charges in May and he pleaded guilty to auto burglary and

10 receiving stolen property in September 2013. Father’s probation involving battery

11 upon a police officer was also revoked in September 2013. At the time of the TPR

12 hearing, Father still had nine months of probation remaining.

13   {35}   The evidence demonstrated that Father’s repeated incarcerations affected his

14 treatment plan. Kim DuTremaine, a licensed independent social worker, substance

15 abuse counselor, and an expert witness in substance abuse assessments, psycho-social

16 assessments, recommendations and diagnosis, performed a psycho-social assessment

17 on Father. Because Father had problems with substance dependency and self-

18 medicating behavior, DuTremaine recommended that Father participate in outpatient

19 co-occurring therapy—a substance abuse group session, once a week for six months,

                                             16
 1 and individual sessions twice a month to focus on his anxiety disorder in conjunction

 2 with his substance abuse issues. Father only attended three group sessions out of the

 3 twenty-four recommended sessions. Father did not meet the recommendations for the

 4 group sessions in September 2012 and Father was again incarcerated by October

 5 2012.

 6   {36}   In October 2013, Father’s addiction severity was re-assessed through

 7 DuTremaine’s agency as Father had been incarcerated and had failed the treatment

 8 plan at a lower level of care. However, DuTremaine’s agency determined Father was

 9 appropriate for residential treatment. The agency recommended the residential

10 treatment program, followed by intensive outpatient program, and then additional

11 aftercare program. According to DuTremaine, this recommendation would encompass

12 a ten-month period where the intensive outpatient program included individual,

13 family, and group therapy, as well as urine analysis and contingency management.

14 The intensive outpatient program involved at least nine hours per week for a

15 minimum of twelve weeks, and the aftercare program included one day per week for

16 a total of six months. Freybeck testified that Father was released from incarceration

17 to participate in the treatment program at Four Winds on October 8, 2013, and that

18 Father was to return to the detention center after completion. Father completed his

19 inpatient program, but did not complete the intensive outpatient program.

                                            17
 1   {37}   In regard to Father’s attempts to obtain and maintain secure housing, Dianne

 2 Grieser testified that Father had lived in her house and that she had offered Father a

 3 trailer, which needed significant repair, for Children to live in. According to Grieser,

 4 the trailer needed new plumbing, wiring, flooring, and a new furnace. Frybeck

 5 testified that the trailer was not appropriate for Children when she last saw it. Father’s

 6 most current residence did not have the space to allow Children to stay the night.

 7   {38}   Father also did not maintain telephone calls and scheduled visits with Children.

 8 Ione Randleman, who was a foster parent for Children from November 2012 to June

 9 2013, testified that when Father was released from incarceration in approximately

10 March 2013, Father, at first, regularly called Children. Father then began to reduce

11 his telephone calls with Children until he stopped calling entirely. Randleman did not

12 know if the decline in phone calls started when Father was once again incarcerated.

13 Randleman also stated that Father missed scheduled visits with Children during his

14 release from incarceration and when Father missed visits, Children would exhibit

15 severe behavior.

16   {39}   Frybeck also testified that Father did not complete any parenting classes and

17 his repeated incarcerations impeded their completion. Because Father has not

18 accomplished certain requirements—completed parenting classes, maintained a stable

19 home, followed the substance abuse treatment plan, and participated in the scheduled

                                               18
 1 visits with Children—and was repeatedly incarcerated, we hold that there is clear and

 2 convincing evidence that the conditions and causes of the neglect and abuse are

 3 unlikely to change in the foreseeable future.

 4   {40}   Father nevertheless contends that his situation is similar to State ex rel.

 5 Children, Youth and Families Department v. Hector C., 2008-NMCA-079, 144 N.M.
6 222, 185 P.3d 1072, asserting that past conduct was stale evidence and, therefore, was

 7 insufficient to terminate Father’s parental rights. In Hector C., the father was

 8 incarcerated at the inception of the case in which a motion for termination of parental

 9 rights was filed prior to his release. Id. ¶¶ 3-9. After the father was released, he

10 attended classes on parenting and substance abuse, worked in a local supermarket,

11 attended more than the required number of counseling sessions, and never tested

12 positive for drug use. Id. ¶ 17. The father also did not have non-compliance issues

13 with his parole. Id. The father’s incarceration for receiving stolen property and

14 tampering with evidence had “played an overwhelming and singular role in the

15 termination proceedings,” bypassing the father’s current situation. Id. ¶ 21. We found

16 Hector C. to be analogous with State ex rel. Department of Human Services v.

17 Natural Mother, 1981-NMCA-103, 96 N.M. 677, 634 P.2d 699 where we held that

18 the amount of time and considerable changes in the mother’s circumstances caused

19 the evidence to be stale concerning whether the conditions would persist in the future.

                                             19
 1 Hector C., 2008-NMCA-078, ¶ 15 (citing Natural Mother, 1981-NMCA-103, ¶ 9).

 2 We concluded that the trial court did not have clear and convincing evidence for its

 3 finding that the causes and conditions of neglect were unlikely to change in the

 4 foreseeable future. Hector C., 2008-NMCA-078, ¶ 23.

 5   {41}   However, in this case Father’s past conduct is still relevant to his current

 6 parental abilities, and to foreseeable events. Unlike Hector C. and Natural Mother,

 7 Father has not changed his situation in any meaningful way. Father has not retained

 8 a stable and secure home for Children, completed any parenting classes, or followed

 9 the recommendations for treatment on his substance dependency and anxiety disorder.

10 Although Father’s repeated incarceration hindered the treatment plan, incarceration

11 does not release Father from following treatment that affects his parental duties to

12 Children. See Hector C., 2008-NMCA-078, ¶ 23 (“Father fails to recognize his

13 continuing duty to care for the children, regardless of his incarceration.”). While we

14 recognize that incarceration is not a dispositive legal ground to terminate Father’s

15 parental rights, Father’s significant substance abuse and criminal issues—for which

16 he was repeatedly incarcerated, provided sufficient evidence that he was unable to

17 care for his children now, and in the foreseeable future. State ex rel. Children, Youth

18 & Families Dep’t v. Joe R., 1997-NMSC-038, ¶ 11, 123 N.M. 711, 945 P.2d 76.

19 “Parents do not have an unlimited time to rehabilitate and reunite with their children.”

                                              20
1 State ex rel. Children, Youth & Families Dep’t v. Browind C., 2007-NMCA-023,

2 ¶ 40, 141 N.M. 166, 152 P.3d 153. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

3 III.     CONCLUSION

4   {42}   For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is affirmed.

5   {43}   IT IS SO ORDERED.

6                                                 ______________________________
7                                                 MICHAEL E. VIGIL, Chief Judge
8

9 WE CONCUR:

10 ___________________________________
11 MICHAEL D. BUSTAMANTE, Judge

12 ___________________________________
13 M. MONICA ZAMORA, Judge

                                             21