Court Opinion

ID: 2765593
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-12-31 01:02:14.78354+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:30:47.263776
License: Public Domain

Filed 12/30/14 P. v. Moore CA4/2

                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
 California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
                                     or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

           IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                   FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION TWO

THE PEOPLE,

         Plaintiff and Respondent,                                       E058742

v.                                                                       (Super.Ct.No. SWF1102738)

CHARLES AUGUSTUS MOORE,                                                  OPINION

         Defendant and Appellant.

         APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Mark Mandio, Judge.

Affirmed with directions.

         Richard Schwartzberg, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant

and Appellant.

         Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Dane R. Gillette, Chief Assistant Attorney

General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, and Natasha Cortina and Kelley

Johnson, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

                                                             1
       A jury convicted defendant and appellant Charles Augustus Moore of assault with

intent to commit rape (Pen. Code, § 220, count 1),1 assault with intent to commit sodomy

(§ 220, count 2), oral copulation by force (§ 288a, subd. (c)(2), count 3), criminal threats

(§ 422, count 4), and assault by means of force likely to produce great bodily injury

(§ 245, subd. (a)(1), count 5). The trial court sentenced defendant to an aggregate term of

10 years 8 months.

       In this appeal, defendant contends the trial court erred in admitting evidence of his

statements to police because the statements were involuntarily obtained through the use

of express or implied promises and improper influence. Defendant also maintains the

court should have stayed his sentence on count 4 because the sexual assault crimes in

counts 1 through 3 and the criminal threats in count 4 were committed simultaneously.

Finally, defendant contends we must correct the abstract of judgment to accurately reflect

that he was convicted of assault by means of force likely to produce great bodily injury in

count 5.

       The People concede the latter contention, and we will order the abstract of

judgment to be corrected. In all other respects, we reject defendant’s contentions and

conclude no error occurred. Accordingly, the judgment will be affirmed.

                              I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

       Jane Doe met defendant when she was a freshman in high school and defendant

was a senior. Doe thought defendant was a “nice guy,” and she and defendant quickly

       1   All further statutory references will be to the Penal Code unless otherwise noted.

                                              2
became friends because they “got along great.” Doe was not attracted to defendant in any

romantic way, and the two never had a girlfriend/boyfriend relationship. Doe’s

friendship with defendant continued through high school and past their respective

graduations. By 2011, Doe considered defendant to be her best friend. Doe trusted

defendant, and thought of him as a big brother.

       In October 2011, Doe was 20 years old and living with her family in Moreno

Valley. Defendant lived near Doe’s home, and the two socialized on an almost daily

basis. On the evening of October 27, 2011, Doe called defendant to see if he wanted to

“hang out” after he got off work. Defendant agreed, and arrived at Doe’s home about

11:00 or 11:30 p.m.

       Defendant brought two 24-ounce cans of “Four Loko”2 with him, and he and Doe

each drank one of them. About an hour later, defendant and Doe decided to go to the

store and purchase more “Four Loko.” Defendant drove Doe in his car to a nearby

convenience store and purchased two smaller cans of “Four Loko.” Afterwards, Doe and

defendant went to Walmart, where they spent several minutes looking at clothes. As they

were leaving Walmart, defendant suggested they drive out to Jack Rabbit Trail, a narrow

dirt road along the cliffs where their friends often rode dirt bikes. Doe, now driving

defendant’s car, agreed, and they drove out to Jack Rabbit Trail, which was about 15

minutes away off Interstate 60 in an easterly direction.

       2“Four Loko” is an alcoholic beverage which contains a mixture of beer, liquor,
and energy drink.

                                             3
       While they were on Jack Rabbit Trail, defendant said he wanted to drive. Doe told

defendant they should wait to switch drivers until they got back to the main road, which

was less treacherous. By this time, defendant had consumed his own “Four Loko” drink,

and half of Doe’s, so Doe believed it would be safer for her to continue to drive until the

roadway straightened out at Gilman Springs Road.

       As they approached Gilman Springs Road, Doe stopped the car and turned the

motor off in order to switch positions with defendant so he could drive. Defendant got

out and walked around the vehicle to the driver’s seat, while Doe moved to the passenger

seat. After smoking a cigarette, Doe reached over to the car key, which was still in the

ignition, in order to start the vehicle so they could drive home.

       Suddenly, defendant grabbed Doe around the neck in a kind of chokehold, and

yanked Doe’s head down towards his waist. Doe thought defendant was “messing

around” and making some kind of joke at first, but as defendant tightened his grip and

failed to release her, Doe became frightened. Doe told defendant to let her go and she

tried to remove his hand from her neck, but defendant would not budge. Doe, who was

having difficulty breathing by this point, got really scared and started to panic.

       Doe leaned against the passenger door, trying to push her body away from

defendant, and began to kick him in the stomach. Doe managed to unlatch the door and

push herself out of the car, landing on her back. Defendant jumped out of the passenger

door on top of Doe, and began attacking her. Doe kicked defendant in the stomach and

groin area, but she was not strong enough to overpower him. During the struggle, Doe

                                              4
asked defendant: “Why? Why are you doing this?” Defendant responded, “It’s because

I love you,” which was shocking to Doe since defendant had never mentioned this before.

Doe told defendant this was not the proper way to go about making such a

pronouncement, and the struggle continued.

       Defendant regained his hold on Doe’s neck while she continued to try and fight.

Defendant ordered Doe to remove her pants, and threatened to kill her if she did not

comply. Doe, who was scared and afraid for her life, eventually complied. Doe pulled

her pants down to her ankles, and defendant yanked the pants the rest of the way off Doe

and threw them in the car.

       By this time, the momentum of the struggle had moved Doe around to the driver’s

side of the vehicle. Defendant grabbed Doe’s head by the hair and pushed her down into

the driver’s seat on her stomach, with Doe’s feet still outside the car. Defendant pulled

his pants down, and tried to penetrate Doe’s vagina with his penis. When defendant

failed to achieve an erection, he spit on his fingers, rubbed Doe’s vagina, and again tried

to penetrate her. Doe felt defendant’s penis pushing against her vagina, causing pain.

Defendant again failed to sustain an erection. Defendant next tried to penetrate Doe’s

anus with his penis, though he still did not have an erection.

       Defendant then ordered Doe to “get on [her] knees” and “suck his penis.” Doe

complied with defendant’s command because she was scared. Defendant told Doe he

was dissatisfied with the way she was orally copulating him. Defendant tried to bend

Doe over, but Doe resisted and defendant’s effort failed. Defendant then ordered Doe to

                                             5
orally copulate him again. Doe pretended to get on her knees, but managed to push

defendant backwards instead. As defendant fell back, Doe jumped in the car and

slammed the door.

       Doe started the car, and began to roll up the driver’s side window. Before she

could close it all the way, defendant jumped up, reached in through the window, and

grabbed Doe’s hair. Doe managed to continue rolling up the window, trapping

defendant’s arm inside the car. Doe started driving away while defendant continued to

hang onto her hair and tried to open the car door. At some point, defendant asked Doe to

stop, telling her he was sorry. Doe told defendant she would slow the vehicle if he would

let go of her hair. As Doe slowed down, defendant finally released her hair and fell away

from the car. Doe immediately stepped on the gas and drove towards her home.

       As she drove, Doe called her parents. She was upset, crying, and frightened. Doe

told her father that defendant had raped her. Doe’s father told her to come home, and he

stayed on the telephone with her until she arrived 15 minutes later. Doe’s parents were

waiting outside the house when they saw their daughter approaching, driving defendant’s

vehicle. Doe got out of the car wearing only her shirt, without any pants or underwear.

She was crying and upset. Doe’s father grabbed her and hugged his daughter. He

noticed that Doe had red marks around her neck and her feet were all scraped up. Doe’s

mother took Doe inside the house to get her some clothes while Doe’s father called the

police. When the police arrived, they took a statement from Doe and told her she needed

to go to the hospital.

                                            6
       Doe’s mother drove her to the Riverside County Regional Medical Center where

Doe was examined by a SART (Sexual Assault Response Team) nurse. Doe told the

nurse that her friend, defendant, assaulted her. Doe stated that defendant choked her,

dragged her by her hair, and threatened to kill her if she did not have sex with him. The

nurse examined Doe and found multiple abrasions on her hands, forearms, upper arms,

chest, knees, and feet. The right side of Doe’s head was swollen and had a raised bump

on the skin. Some of Doe’s hair had been pulled out by the root. Doe suffered injuries to

her genitalia consistent with her report of a forcible sexual assault.

       In the interim, California Highway Patrol officers detained defendant on Gilman

Springs Road near Jack Rabbit Trail. Defendant, who was evaluated by paramedics and

determined to be alert, oriented, and cognitively sound, was transported to the hospital,

treated for minor injuries, and released. Defendant was subsequently taken into custody

by Riverside County deputy sheriffs, who interviewed him at the Hemet police station.

Defendant initially denied any knowledge of the assault on Doe, and claimed to have

blacked out after playing dice at Doe’s house the evening before. Following additional

questioning, defendant admitted having choked and hit Doe, before forcing her to orally

copulate him.

       Defendant did not testify at trial. A friend of both Doe and defendant testified that

she believed Doe has a tendency to “spin the truth.”

                                              7
                                      II. DISCUSSION

A. Applicable Law

       A criminal conviction which is the product of coercive police activity is

involuntary, and therefore inadmissible at trial as violative of federal and state due

process requirements. (Colorado v. Connelly (1986) 479 U.S. 157, 163-167 [93 L. Ed. 2d
473, 107 S. Ct. 515]; Lego v. Twomey (1972) 404 U.S. 477, 483 [30 L. Ed. 2d 618, 92
S. Ct. 619]; People v. Benson (1990) 52 Cal. 3d 754, 778.) When a defendant claims his

or her confession was involuntary, the People bear the burden to demonstrate the

statements were voluntary by a preponderance of the evidence. (People v. Jones (1998)

17 Cal. 4th 279, 296.)

       “In evaluating the voluntariness of a statement, no single factor is dispositive.”

(People v. Williams (2010) 49 Cal. 4th 405, 436, citing People v. Williams (1997) 16
Cal. 4th 635, 661.) The court considers the totality of the circumstances, including factors

relating to the interrogation itself as well as the personal characteristics of the accused.

(People v. Carrington (2009) 47 Cal. 4th 145, 169, citing Withrow v. Williams (1993) 507
U.S. 680, 693 [123 L. Ed. 2d 407, 113 S. Ct. 1745]; see also People v. Massie (1998) 19
Cal. 4th 550, 576.) Relevant considerations include: “‘[T]he crucial element of police

coercion [citation]; the length of the interrogation [citation]; its location [citation]; its

continuity’ as well as ‘the defendant’s maturity [citation]; education [citation]; physical

condition [citation]; and mental health.’” (People v. Williams, supra, 16 Cal.4th at p.

660, citing Withrow v. Williams, supra, at p. 693.) “The test for determining whether a

                                                8
confession is voluntary is whether the [witness’s] ‘will was overborne at the time he

confessed.’” (People v. Maury (2003) 30 Cal. 4th 342, 404; see also People v.

Carrington, supra, at p. 169.)

       A statement may be coerced by either physical intimidation or psychological

pressure. In cases of psychological coercion, the question is “‘“whether the influences

brought to bear upon the accused were ‘such as to overbear [the accused]’s will to resist

and bring about confessions not freely self-determined.’”’” (People v. Maury, supra, 30

Cal.4th at p. 404.) “‘“[T]he courts have prohibited only those psychological ploys which,

under all the circumstances, are so coercive that they tend to produce a statement that is

both involuntary and unreliable.”’” (People v. Williams, supra, 49 Cal.4th at p. 436; see

also People v. Ray (1996) 13 Cal. 4th 313, 340.)

       It is well established that “mere advice or exhortation by the police that it would

be better for the accused to tell the truth when unaccompanied by either a threat or a

promise does not render a subsequent confession involuntary. [Citation.]” (People v.

Jimenez (1978) 21 Cal. 3d 595, 611, overruled on other grounds in People v. Cahill

(1993) 5 Cal. 4th 478, 509-510, fn. 17.) The police “are not precluded from discussing

any ‘advantage’ or other consequence that will ‘naturally accrue’ in the event the accused

speaks truthfully about the crime.” (People v. Ray, supra, 13 Cal.4th at p. 340.)

However, the “line between a threat (or a promise) and a statement of fact or intention

can be a fine one.” (People v. Thompson (1990) 50 Cal. 3d 134, 169.) When evaluating a

claim of psychological coercion, “we must exercise great care not to become confused:

                                             9
intellectual persuasion is not the equivalent of coercion.” (People v. Ditson (1962) 57
Cal. 2d 415, 433.)

       In reviewing the trial court’s ruling regarding whether a statement was coerced,

we examine the entire record, deferring to the trial court’s credibility determinations and

findings of fact where supported by substantial evidence. (People v. Boyer (2006) 38
Cal. 4th 412, 444.) We may independently review the trial court’s determination where,

as here, the interview was recorded. (People v. Guerra (2006) 37 Cal. 4th 1067, 1093; see

also People v. Vasila (1995) 38 Cal. App. 4th 865, 873.)

B. The Admission of Defendant’s Statements

       Before trial, defendant sought to suppress evidence of his videotaped statements to

police on the ground that these statements were involuntarily obtained. The trial court

conducted an Evidence Code section 402 hearing concerning the admissibility of

defendant’s statements.

       At the hearing, Riverside County Deputy Sheriff Jose Ambriz testified that he

interviewed defendant at approximately 8:00 a.m. on October 28, 2011. Defendant was

advised of his constitutional rights, and agreed to speak to Deputy Ambriz and his

partner, Corporal Carroll. There was no indication defendant did not feel well during the

interview, and defendant did not appear to be under the influence of any substance.

Defendant seemed to understand the officers’ questions, and responded in an appropriate

manner.

                                            10
       During the interview, Corporal Carroll told defendant that he needed to be

“completely honest with [them] right now” before the charges against him could be

determined. Corporal Carroll told defendant the victim was making “some pretty serious

allegations” against him, and that defendant had this opportunity to “clear [his] name.”

The corporal added: “The things that happened last night could be legit things that are

totally fine.” Deputy Ambriz told defendant: “I mean, we’re not gonna make you talk,

but at the same time, you know, it’s up to you.” Corporal Carroll told defendant: “We’re

here to help you out.”

       The officers emphasized that defendant needed to be “completely honest.” At one

point, Corporal Carroll told defendant: “I’ve been 22, man, all right? I’ve been 22 years

old, drinkin’ beers with women.” “I been in your shoes. I know how things can get

started with . . . the ladies out there, all right.” The corporal added: “Friendships turn

into other things, okay. She could have been leadin’ you on, I don’t know. I wasn’t

there. But we’re all human. We’re all guys. I’ve been in your shoes, trust me. Like I

said, we’re here to help you out, but we can’t help you out unless you help us out, tell us

what happened.” Following additional questioning, defendant admitted having choked

and hit Doe, before forcing her to orally copulate him.

       Deputy Ambriz videotaped defendant’s interview, which lasted about an hour.

Before ruling on defendant’s motion to suppress evidence of his statements, the trial court

                                             11
watched the first 22 minutes of the videotaped interview.3 The trial court determined

evidence of defendant’s statements to be admissible, stating:

       “[W]hat I’m seeing here, he’s [defendant’s] administered his—he’s explained his

Miranda[4] rights and he proceeds to speak to the officers. And I’m watching his

behaviors, his body language, the rapidity of his response to questions, and he seems to

understand what’s being asked of him. He gives answers that are logical based on the

questions. He interjects with information that’s logical based on the context of the

conversation. I don’t see what’s involuntarily [sic] about this.”

C. Defendant’s Statements Were Voluntary

       Defendant claims the trial court incorrectly found defendant’s statements to have

been voluntarily given because the statements resulted from the officers’ direct or implied

promises and exertion of improper influence. We disagree.

       Initially, we reject the People’s contention that defendant has forfeited any issue

on appeal relating to the alleged involuntariness of his statements. According to the

People, defendant argued his statements were involuntary in the trial court, while in this

       3  Defense counsel informed the court that no significant changes or events
transpired during the remaining minutes of the videotaped interview. The court stated
that it would review the videotape in its entirety later that morning, and reopen the
hearing if anything took place that would cause a change in the court’s ruling. No further
hearing concerning admissibility of defendant’s statements is evidenced in the record.
The jury watched the entirety of the videotaped interview.

       4   Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436 [16 L. Ed. 2d 684, 86 S. Ct. 1602].

                                             12
appeal defendant maintains his statements were coerced. We find any such semantic

variance to be a distinction without significant difference, and accordingly reject the

People’s waiver argument.

        We consider defendant’s interview with the police officers in its totality,

evaluating what defendant reasonably understood from the officers’ statements. (People

v. Ramos (2004) 121 Cal. App. 4th 1194, 1203.) “‘“The question posed . . . in cases of

claimed psychological coercion is whether the influences brought to bear upon the

accused were ‘such as to overbear petitioner’s will to resist and bring about confessions

not freely self-determined.’ [Citation.]” [Citation.]’ [Citation.]” (People v. Vance

(2010) 188 Cal. App. 4th 1182, 1212, citing People v. Thompson, supra, 50 Cal.3d at p.

166.)

        During defendant’s interview, much of the officers’ conversation focused on

whether defendant had any explanation for Doe’s accusations. According to defendant,

the officers’ statements that they had experienced similar situations with women, and

were there to help defendant, were designed to overcome defendant’s will to resist, and

lead him into making incriminatory statements. While defendant’s assessment of the

officers’ underlying motivations may be true, it does not mean any impropriety occurred

during defendant’s interview. The officers were permitted to express a sympathetic,

personal view of defendant’s crimes, real or feigned, in order to encourage a confession,

without rendering it involuntary. (See People v. Holloway (2004) 33 Cal. 4th 96, 116

[officer’s suggestion that killings might have been accidental or the product of a drunken

                                              13
rage did not invalidate a confession]; People v. Bradford (1997) 14 Cal. 4th 1005, 1043

[officer’s efforts to establish rapport with the defendant do not constitute coercion];

People v. Vance, supra, 188 Cal.App.4th at p. 1212 [no “implied promise of leniency” in

statement that “‘[w]e are here to listen and then to help you out’”].)

       Defendant’s reliance on other circumstances surrounding his interview to support

a finding of involuntariness are equally unavailing. Defendant states he was exhausted

and medicated at the time of his interview. However, Deputy Ambriz testified that

defendant never fell asleep or complained of feeling unwell during the interview.

Defendant did not appear to be under the influence of any substance at the time.5 The

trial court’s review of the videotape revealed defendant to be alert and appropriately

responsive to the officers’ questions.

       Defendant claims he was young and unsophisticated. However, defendant was 22

years old at the time of the interview and a high school graduate who appeared to be of

normal intelligence. Defendant had a job at the Panda Express restaurant. Significantly,

defendant was not a stranger to the criminal justice system. Defendant told the deputies

he was arrested three years before for selling marijuana and possessing a gun. He was

interviewed by the police and went to jail at that time. (People v. Vasila, supra, 38

Cal.App.4th at p. 876 [the defendant’s prior experience with criminal justice system is a

relevant factor in determining voluntariness of confession].) Additional circumstances

       5 Defense counsel attempted to convince the trial court that defendant had been
given morphine a few hours before being interviewed, but the trial court determined there
was an inadequate evidentiary foundation to support this assertion.

                                             14
important to our determination are the fact that the officers never deceived defendant or

misrepresented the law. Defendant’s interview was not long, lasting only a little over an

hour.

        Defendant claims the fact that the officers did not seek or obtain an express

Miranda waiver additionally supports a finding of involuntariness. This argument lacks

merit. When Deputy Ambriz asked defendant if he understood the advisement of his

constitutional rights, defendant nodded his head affirmatively. Defendant immediately

began speaking to the deputy and responding to questions. “[A]n express waiver [of

Miranda rights] is not required where a defendant’s actions make clear that a waiver is

intended.” (People v. Whitson (1998) 17 Cal. 4th 229, 250; see also North Carolina v.

Butler (1979) 441 U.S. 369, 373 [60 L. Ed. 2d 286, 99 S. Ct. 1755].)

        Defendant’s reliance on People v. Gonzalez (2012) 210 Cal. App. 4th 875, 883 is

unavailing. In Gonzalez, a parole agent told the defendant that unless he cooperated with

police, the agent would be forced to recommend the maximum time in custody. This

statement was found to constitute an implied promise that if the defendant cooperated, his

parole agent would recommend a shorter sentence. (Id. at pp. 883-884.) Unlike the

situation in Gonzalez, neither of the officers in this case ever said or implied that

defendant would receive a shorter sentence if he cooperated with them during his

interview.

        Finally, even if the trial court erred by admitting evidence of defendant’s

statements, any such error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt in this case because

                                              15
other evidence amply supported a finding of defendant’s guilt. (People v. Sims (1993) 5
Cal. 4th 405, 447, citing Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18 [17 L. Ed. 2d 705, 87
S. Ct. 824].) The victim’s testimony was credible, and corroborated by the testimony of

the SART nurse who examined Doe soon after defendant’s attack. The nurse

documented numerous and significant medical injuries consistent with Doe’s description

of defendant’s assaults. Moreover, the testimony of Doe’s father that his daughter had

called him, crying and scared, to report that defendant had just raped her while she was

driving home, injured and half-naked, was compelling corroborative evidence. We note

that before sentencing, the trial court observed: “This is one of the strongest cases I’ve

ever seen.”

       Considering the totality of the circumstances, we conclude defendant’s statements

were the product of his own free will, and were not motivated by any express or implied

promises or the exertion of improper influence. As such, the trial court’s ruling admitting

evidence of defendant’s statements was correct.

D. A Separate Term Was Properly Imposed on Count 4

       Defendant was sentenced to an aggregate prison term of 10 years 8 months,

calculated as follows: the middle term of six years on count 3 (oral copulation by force);

a consecutive middle term of four years on count 1 (assault with intent to commit rape); a

concurrent term of four years on count 2 (assault with intent to commit sodomy); and an

eight-month consecutive term on count 4 (criminal threats). Imposition of sentence was

stayed for defendant’s conviction in count 5. Defendant claims the trial court should

                                             16
have also stayed the sentence in count 4 pursuant to section 654 because the sexual

assault crimes in counts 1 through 3 and the criminal threats in count 4 were committed

simultaneously with identical intents and objectives.

       1. Section 654

       Section 654, subdivision (a) provides, in pertinent part: “An act or omission that

is punishable in different ways by different provisions of law shall be punished under the

provision that provides for the longest potential term of imprisonment, but in no case

shall the act or omission be punished under more than one provision. . . .”

       “Section 654 precludes multiple punishments for a single act or indivisible course

of conduct. [Citation.]” (People v. Hester (2000) 22 Cal. 4th 290, 294.) “The purpose of

section 654 is to prevent multiple punishment for a single act or omission [or indivisible

course of conduct], even though that act or omission [or indivisible act of conduct]

violates more than one statute and thus constitutes more than one crime . . . .” (People v.

Liu (1996) 46 Cal. App. 4th 1119, 1135; People v. Harrison (1989) 48 Cal. 3d 321, 335.)

Section 654 is intended to ensure that a defendant’s punishment is “commensurate with

his culpability.” (People v. Perez (1979) 23 Cal. 3d 545, 551.)

       “It is defendant’s intent and objective, not the temporal proximity of his offenses,

which determine whether the transaction is indivisible.” (People v. Harrison, supra, 48

Cal.3d at p. 335.) If the defendant’s crimes “were merely incidental to, or were the

means of accomplishing or facilitating one objective, [the] defendant may be found to

have harbored a single intent and therefore may be punished only once.” (Ibid., citing

                                            17
Neal v. State of California (1960) 55 Cal. 2d 11, 19.) Separate punishment is proper,

however, where the defendant entertained multiple criminal objectives which were

independent of each other. (People v. Harrison, supra, at p. 335, citing People v.

Beamon (1973) 8 Cal. 3d 625, 639.) Where a defendant entertains multiple criminal

objectives independent of each other, he may be punished for more than one crime even

though the violations share common acts, or are parts of an otherwise indivisible course

of conduct. (People v. Beamon, supra, at p. 639.)

       Whether a defendant harbored a single intent and objective is generally a factual

question. (People v. Harrison, supra, 48 Cal.3d at p. 335, citing People v. Perez, supra,

23 Cal.3d at p. 552, fn. 5.) One relevant factor is whether there was an opportunity for

defendant to reflect between the criminal acts. (People v. Trotter (1992) 7 Cal. App. 4th
363, 368.) An implied finding that the crimes were divisible must be upheld on appeal if

substantial evidence supports it. (People v. Hutchins (2001) 90 Cal. App. 4th 1308, 1312;

People v. Blake (1998) 68 Cal. App. 4th 509, 512.)

       2. Analysis

       In sentencing defendant to a separate term on count 4, the trial court implicitly

found that defendant harbored a different objective in threatening to kill Doe than the

intent he maintained during the sexual assaults in the other counts. Substantial evidence

supports the trial court’s finding.

       Doe testified that defendant threatened to kill her if she did not take off her pants

during the early stages of his assault. At the time defendant threatened Doe, she was on

                                             18
the ground just outside the passenger door. Although she was frightened, Doe refused to

remove her pants at that time while she struggled to get away from defendant. Defendant

grabbed Doe’s neck in a chokehold and dragged her to the driver’s side of the car. Doe

continued to fight against defendant until she grew too tired to continue, eventually

pulling her pants down to her ankles. During the ensuing sexual assaults, Doe complied

with defendant’s command that she orally copulate him because she was scared.

       Defendant claims he threatened Doe in order to make her fear that he would carry

out his threat to kill her if she refused to submit to his sexual demands. The People agree,

and note that this supports the court’s finding of two separate objectives. Defendant

threatened to kill Doe some time before he began sexually assaulting her. From this

evidence, it is reasonable to infer that defendant intended to terrorize Doe so that she

would submit to his ensuing sexual demands. This was a different intent than the one

defendant harbored during his eventual attempts to achieve sexual gratification.

       Moreover, the evidence supports a finding that defendant had the opportunity to

reflect on his actions after he threatened to kill Doe during the early stages of his attack,

well before he began to sexually assault her. Defendant could have ceased assaulting

Doe after he threatened to kill her. The victim refused to comply with defendant’s

command that she remove her pants at that time, and continued to struggle. Defendant

had a clear opportunity to stop attacking Doe at this juncture. Any delusional hope

defendant may have harbored that his violent attempt to have sex with Doe would go

                                              19
smoothly was plainly not going to materialize. Instead, defendant chose to continue his

attack, eventually violently sexually assaulting Doe.

       Based on these facts, defendant’s crimes were not indivisible for purposes of

section 654 analysis. The trial court’s imposition of sentence on count 4 was proper.

E. Abstract of Judgment

       Defendant contends the abstract of judgment filed in this case incorrectly

represents his conviction in count 5 as “assault with deadly,” when the conviction should

be accurately described as “assault by means of force likely to produce great bodily

injury.” The People concede the abstract should be corrected, and we agree. We will,

therefore, order the abstract of judgment to be amended in order to accurately reflect that

defendant was convicted of assault by means of force likely to produce great bodily

injury in count 5.

                                   III. DISPOSITION

       The trial court is directed to modify the abstract of judgment to reflect that

defendant was convicted in count 5 of assault by means of force likely to produce great

bodily injury. A copy of the corrected abstract of judgment shall be forwarded to the

Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. In all other respects, the judgment is

affirmed.

       NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

                                             20
                        RAMIREZ
                                  P. J.

We concur:

HOLLENHORST
              J.

KING
              J.

                   21