Court Opinion

ID: 2980104
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 19:04:42.117729+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:44:19.482069
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 11a0596n.06

                                            No. 09-6115

                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

LESTER EUGENE SILER; JENNY SILER,                  )                              FILED
next friends D.S. (a minor),                       )
                                                   )                         Aug 22, 2011
       Plaintiffs-Appellants,                      )                   LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
                                                   )
v.                                                 )
                                                   )
GERALD DAVID WEBBER; SAMUEL R.                     )   ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
FRANKLIN; JOSHUA MONDAY; SHAYNE                    )   STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
GREEN; WILLIAM CARROLL; CHARLES                    )   EASTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
SCOTT, Individually and in their official          )
capacities as Campbell Co. Sheriffs’ Deputies;     )
RON MCCLELLAN, Individually and in his             )
official capacity as Sheriff of Campbell           )
County; CAMPBELL COUNTY, TN,                       )
                                                   )
       Defendants-Appellees.                       )

       Before: GUY, COOK, and STRANCH, Circuit Judges.

       COOK, Circuit Judge. After five police officers physically assaulted Lester Siler, Plaintiffs

brought state- and federal-law claims against the officers, two of their supervisors (the Supervisors),

and Campbell County, Tennessee (the County). The Supervisors and the County moved for

summary judgment. The district court declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the state-

law claims, granted summary judgment to the County on the remaining federal-law claims, and

denied as moot summary judgment to the Supervisors, finding that Plaintiffs alleged only state-law

claims against them. Plaintiffs now challenge the district court’s grant of summary judgment, denial
No. 09-6115
Siler v. Campbell Cnty.

of certain discovery motions, and failure to consider their complaint constructively amended to

allege federal-law claims against the Supervisors. We affirm on all fronts.

                                                    I.

        On July 8, 2004, five County law-enforcement officers—Gerald Webber, Samuel Franklin,

Joshua Monday, Shayne Green, and William Carroll—went to Lester Siler’s residence to investigate

drug-related complaints. Upon arrival, the five officers took Siler’s wife and son outside, handcuffed

Siler to a chair, and gave him an ultimatum: either he sign a form allowing them to search his home,

or they would obtain his consent by force.

        Brutal acts of abuse soon followed. The officers threatened to break Siler’s fingers; to beat

him; to burn him; and to kill him. One of the officers attached wires from a battery charger to Siler

and threatened to electrocute him. Another placed a handgun in his mouth and threatened to shoot

him. When threats alone failed to succeed, the officers proceeded to inflict pain. They slapped him,

punched him, and kicked him; they beat him with a number of objects, including a gun, a slapjack,

and a plastic bat. All of this occurred in the general presence of Siler’s family. And, unbeknownst

to the officers, Siler’s wife recorded part of it on tape.

        The incident at the Siler residence sent each of the five officers to prison and spawned civil

litigation in state and federal court. In the instant action, Siler brought § 1983 claims against the five

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officers and the County, see 42 U.S.C. § 1983; and state-law claims against the officers, the County,

and two of the officers’ supervisors, Sheriff Ron McClellan and Chief Deputy Charles Scott.

       The County and the Supervisors moved for summary judgment, arguing that liability for the

incident fell solely on the five offending officers. The Supervisors further argued that they were

entitled to various immunities on the state-law claims. And, though the Supervisors contended that

Plaintiffs failed to allege § 1983 claims against them, they claimed that they would also enjoy

qualified immunity under § 1983 in any event.

       Discovery issues plagued Plaintiffs’ response. Plaintiffs requested, and received, four

extensions of time to respond to the motion. Nearly one month after they did respond, Plaintiffs

moved under Rule 56(f) to obtain additional discovery to supplement the response. See Fed. R. Civ.

P. 56(f) (2008). The magistrate denied this motion and stayed further discovery, finding that

Plaintiffs had ample time to oppose summary judgment. Plaintiffs then filed a Rule 56(e) motion

to supplement their response with evidence from a parallel state-court action, see Fed. R. Civ. P.

56(e) (2008), which the magistrate also denied. The district court denied objections to both

magistrate orders.

       With the trial date for their parallel state-court action looming, Plaintiffs moved the district

court to decide whether it would accept supplemental jurisdiction over their state-law claims, or

whether they should instead proceed in state court. The district court declined to exercise

supplemental jurisdiction and dismissed the state-law claims without prejudice.

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        Tackling the merits of Defendants’ summary-judgment motion on the remaining federal

claims, the district court issued a thorough fifty-six-page order. It denied as moot the portion of the

motion addressing the Supervisors’ liability, as the complaint alleged only state-law claims against

them. And it granted summary judgment to the County. The court held that the County was not

vicariously liable for its officers’ actions under § 1983, and that Plaintiffs failed to provide evidence

on which a jury could reasonably find that a County policy caused their injuries.

                                                   II.

        Plaintiffs now challenge the district court’s (A) grant of summary judgment to the County;

(B) denial of their Rule 56 motions; and (C) failure to consider their complaint constructively

amended to include § 1983 claims against the Supervisors.

A.      Grant of Summary Judgment to the County

        Plaintiffs first contend that the district court improperly granted summary judgment to the

County on their § 1983 claim. They argue that (1) the County bears vicarious liability for its

officers’ actions, and (2) various County policies nonetheless caused their injuries.

        We review a grant of summary judgment anew, “view[ing] the factual evidence and

draw[ing] all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party.” Napier v. Madison Cnty., 238
F.3d 739, 741–42 (6th Cir. 2001). Summary judgment is appropriate “if the movant shows that there

is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of

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law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). To withstand summary judgment, the nonmovant must point to

“evidence on which the jury could reasonably find for the [nonmovant].” Napier, 238 F.3d at 742

(alteration in original) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

        1.      Vicarious Liability

        Section 1983 creates a federal cause of action against “[e]very person who, under color of

[law,] . . . subjects . . . any citizen . . . to the deprivation of any rights . . . secured by the

Constitution.” 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Though municipalities are “persons” within the meaning of §

1983, they “may not be sued . . . for an injury inflicted solely by [their] employees or agents,” Monell

v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 694 (1978); they bear responsibility only for “their own illegal

acts,” Pembaur v. City of Cincinnati, 475 U.S. 469, 478–79 (1986).

        Notwithstanding Monell’s clear prohibition against vicarious liability, Plaintiffs contend that

Tennessee law overrides it. They point to Tenn. Code Ann. § 8-8-302, which creates a state-law

cause of action against a county for “any . . . injury . . . resulting from any act or failure to act on the

part of [a] deputy.” And, noting that 42 U.S.C. § 1988 requires courts to apply state law in federal

civil-rights actions, they argue that we must apply Tennessee’s vicarious-liability statute here.

        Yet Plaintiffs tell only half of § 1988’s story: it applies state law to federal actions to the

extent that doing so “is not inconsistent with the . . . laws of the United States.” 42 U.S.C. § 1988.

On one side, Monell and its progeny hold that § 1983 prohibits vicarious municipal liability; on the

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other side, Tenn. Code Ann. § 8-8-302 allows it. Tennessee law thus conflicts with § 1983 and may

not be used to maintain a federal action in this instance. See, e.g., Palmer v. Sanderson, 9 F.3d 1433,

1438 (9th Cir. 1993) (holding that, after Monell, “a state statute imposing vicarious liability on a

sheriff for the conduct of his or her deputies is ‘inconsistent with the . . . laws of the United States,’”

and thus may not be applied in a § 1983 action (alteration in original) (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 1988));

Henderson v. Reyda, No. 3:03CV703, 2005 WL 1397030, at *7 (E.D. Tenn. June 13, 2005)

(construing Tenn. Code Ann. § 8-8-302), aff’d, 192 F. App’x 392 (6th Cir. 2006); see also Wilson

v. Morgan, 477 F.3d 326, 332–33 (6th Cir. 2007) (rejecting similar argument that § 1988(a) required

application of Tennessee law in a federal civil rights case).

        2.      County Policies

        Plaintiffs next argue that, even if the County bears no vicarious liability for its officers’

actions, a number of its own policies caused their injuries. They allege that the incident at the Siler

residence arose from the County’s policies of failing to (a) reprimand officers’ use of excessive force

against suspects, (b) train officers before placing them on duty, and (c) screen officers before

employing them.

        Municipalities face policy-based liability under § 1983 only if a plaintiff demonstrates “that,

through its deliberate conduct, the municipality was the ‘moving force’ behind the injury alleged.”

Bd. of Cnty. Comm’rs v. Brown, 520 U.S. 397, 404 (1997). Where, as here, a plaintiff points to a

municipal policy of inaction as the municipality’s “deliberate conduct,” the plaintiff must show that

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the municipality’s failure to act constitutes “deliberate indifference” to the plaintiff’s constitutional

rights, see id. at 407, and “directly caused” the plaintiff’s injury, see id. at 415. With limited

exceptions, deliberate indifference must be established with evidence that the municipality ignored

a pattern of similar constitutional violations. See id. at 409.

        Because Plaintiffs offer no evidence establishing a pattern of constitutional violations under

any of their municipal-policy theories, and fail to argue that their case falls into an exception to the

pattern rule, we hold that no reasonable jury could find the County deliberately indifferent to

Plaintiffs’ constitutional rights. See Napier, 238 F.3d at 742.

                a.      Failure to Reprimand

        Plaintiffs first contend that the County had “a custom or policy of allowing its officers to

abuse individuals,” and support their claim with an affidavit from Officer Jackie Miracle. Miracle

attests that, “on or about 2004,” a number of unspecified officers abused a suspect they pulled over

for a traffic stop. Miracle further attests that “Chief Deputy Charles Scott stood by and watched the

passenger of the vehicle being abused” without “reprimand[ing] any of the [o]fficers involved.”

        In Thomas v. City of Chattanooga, a case involving similar allegations of officer abuse, we

explained that to prove a municipality’s deliberate indifference in this context, a plaintiff must show,

among other things, that the municipality ignored “the existence of a clear and persistent pattern of

[illegal activity]” by officers. 398 F.3d 426, 429 (6th Cir. 2005) (alteration in original) (internal

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quotation marks and citation omitted). Though those plaintiffs submitted affidavits establishing that

forty-five excessive-force suits had been filed against the city in the eight years before the relevant

incident, id. at 430, we found that these complaints did not constitute a “clear and persistent” pattern

of illegal conduct in the absence of “data showing what a ‘normal’ number of excessive force

complaints would be,” id. at 431.

          Like the Thomas plaintiffs, Plaintiffs here fail to support their claim regarding “the existence

of a clear and persistent pattern” of illegal activity by County officers. See id. at 429. Indeed,

Plaintiffs offer even less than their Thomas counterparts: they do not point to any complaint of

excessive force, nor do they produce any lawsuit on the matter. Rather, they put forth a lone affidavit

from an officer who claims that he witnessed a single instance of abuse. Even if we assume the truth

of the affidavit, the isolated incident described therein falls short of Thomas’s pattern requirement.

See id.

                 b.      Failure to Train

          Plaintiffs next argue that the County should face liability for its “policy of not training and

supervising the deputies it hired.” In support of their claim, they point to a number of exhibits

demonstrating that, at the time of the incident, Monday, Green, and Carroll had not yet attended the

academy for training or achieved academy certification.

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       Because “[a] municipality’s culpability for a deprivation of rights is at its most tenuous where

a claim turns on a failure to train,” “[a] pattern of similar constitutional violations by untrained

employees is ordinarily necessary to demonstrate deliberate indifference.” Connick v. Thompson, 131
S. Ct. 1350, 1359–60 (2011) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see also Fisher v.

Harden, 398 F.3d 837, 849 (6th Cir. 2005).

       In arguing for failure-to-train liability, Plaintiffs misconstrue this pattern requirement. They

hinge their claim on the premise that, “on many occasions,” the County inadequately trained its

officers. But even if widespread training inadequacies exist, this is not the relevant pattern for

deliberate indifference: a plaintiff must offer evidence of a pattern of constitutional violations

attributable to training shortcomings. As already discussed, the Miracle affidavit is the only evidence

suggesting prior officer misconduct. Plaintiffs thus present no evidence of “[a] pattern of similar

constitutional violations by untrained employees,” which “is ordinarily necessary” to demonstrate the

County’s deliberate indifference. Connick, 131 S. Ct. at 1360 (internal quotation marks and citation

omitted).

       There is, however, a potential exception to this general rule. In City of Canton v. Harris, 489
U.S. 378 (1989), “the Court left open the possibility that, in a narrow range of circumstances, a

pattern of similar violations might not be necessary to show deliberate indifference” in the failure-to-

train context. Connick, 131 S. Ct. at 1361 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Such a

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circumstance could occur if the injury alleged were a “patently obvious” consequence of the

deficiency in the training program. Id.; see also Brown, 520 U.S. at 409–10.

       Plaintiffs do not, and cannot, argue that theirs is one of the “narrow range of circumstances”

hypothesized by Canton, as the officers’ shocking conduct was not a “patently obvious” consequence

of any training deficiency. Our precedent confirms that “[t]he intentional, violent act that a [police

officer] performed far outside the scope of his duties cannot be something that was ‘obvious’ to

occur.” Mize v. Tedford, 375 F. App’x 497, 501 (6th Cir. 2010) (second alteration in original)

(quoting Doe v. Magoffin Cnty. Fiscal Court, 174 F. App’x 962, 970 (6th Cir. 2006)); see also

Stemler v. City of Florence, 126 F.3d 856, 866 (6th Cir. 1997).

               c.      Failure to Screen

       Plaintiffs go on to contend that the County “had a policy of not checking the criminal

backgrounds of the individuals it hired.” They highlight the records of two officers: Daniel Pedrin,

who had a citation for operating a motor vehicle without a valid driver’s license, and Green, who was

charged with—but not convicted of—one count of domestic violence, and who had two civil orders

of protection against him.

       “Cases involving constitutional injuries allegedly traceable to an ill-considered hiring decision

pose the greatest risk that a municipality will be held liable for an injury that it did not cause.”

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Brown, 520 U.S. at 415. Like failure-to-train claims, a “pattern of injuries” caused by failures to

screen is thus “ordinarily necessary to establish” deliberate indifference. Id. at 409–10.

        Again, Plaintiffs offer no relevant pattern; but again, there exists a potential pattern exception.

The Brown Court “assum[ed] without deciding” that it could import Canton into the failure-to-screen

context, making a municipality liable if “a full review of [the offender’s] record reveals that . . . [the

offender’s] use of excessive force would be a plainly obvious consequence of the hiring decision.”

Id. at 412–13 (emphasis added). The Court noted that “a finding of culpability simply cannot depend

on the mere probability that any officer inadequately screened will inflict any constitutional injury,”

but “must depend on a finding that this officer was highly likely to inflict the particular injury

suffered by the plaintiff.” Id. at 412. Though the officer in Brown had convictions for assault and

resisting arrest, the Court held that his use of excessive force—pulling a suspect from a vehicle and

injuring her knees—was not a “plainly obvious consequence of the hiring decision.” Id. at 414.

        Plaintiffs pose no argument that their screening claim falls within Brown’s pattern exception.

Nor can they: here, the officers had milder backgrounds, and performed more brutal acts, than the

officer in Brown. Though, like the Brown officer, Officer Green’s domestic violence charges and

protection orders “may well have made him an extremely poor candidate for . . . deputy,” id.,

Plaintiffs cannot show that these shortcomings made it “highly likely” that he would “inflict the

particular injury suffered by [them],” id. at 412.

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B.      Rule 56 Motions

        Plaintiffs next contend that the blame for any deficiency in their response falls squarely on the

district court, as it denied them “a meaningful opportunity to investigate, discover[,] and present

evidence in opposition to [the] County’s motion for summary judgment.” They challenge the court’s

denial of their Rule 56(f) and (e) motions to supplement their response, which we review for an abuse

of discretion. See Jackson v. Int’l Fiber Corp, 395 F. App’x 275, 279 (6th Cir. 2010); Stipkala v. Am.

Red Cross, No. 99-3099, 2000 WL 712378, at *6 (6th Cir. May 23, 2000) (per curiam).

        1.      Rule 56(f)

        Plaintiffs had six months, including four separate extensions of time, to prepare their

summary-judgment response; but this, according to them, was not enough. In their Rule 56(f) motion,

filed nearly one month after their response was finally filed, Plaintiffs argued that they needed yet

more time, and additional discovery, to supplement their response due to many reasons, including the

neglect of prior co-counsel, the entrance of new co-counsel, and the deficiency of discovery

exchanges. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(f) (2008) (“If a [non-movant] shows . . . it cannot present facts

essential to justify its opposition, the court may . . . order a continuance to enable . . . discovery to be

undertaken . . . .”).

        We find no abuse of discretion in the district court’s conclusion that none of Plaintiffs’

complaints justified re-opening the already drawn-out summary-judgment process. As to the issues

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with Plaintiffs’ counsel, the magistrate rightly noted that “clients must be held accountable for the acts

and omissions of their attorneys.” See Jackson, 395 F. App’x at 280 (explaining that plaintiffs

“whose counsel failed to pursue appropriate discovery [cannot] simply switch counsel and seek to

reopen discovery pursuant to Rule 56(f)” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). And as

to Plaintiffs’ resulting discovery complaints, the magistrate reasonably explained that their four

extensions of time provided them with ample opportunity to resolve any disputes. The district court

properly evaluated the magistrate’s order, agreed with its reasoning, and denied the objections. See

28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(a).

        Challenging this conclusion, Plaintiffs first offer a procedural argument. They interpret the

magistrate’s order not as denying their Rule 56(f) motion, but as staying it pending a ruling on

qualified immunity. Based on this interpretation, they contend that, after the court decided not to

reach the § 1983 claims against the Supervisors, it should have granted the Rule 56(f) motion with

respect to the County. Its failure to do so, Plaintiffs argue, resulted in them being unfairly “denied

discovery to oppose [the] County’s motion for summary judgment.”

        But Plaintiffs misunderstand the nature of the magistrate’s order. In opposing Plaintiffs’ Rule

56(f) motion, Defendants argued that the court should deny the motion, noted that Plaintiffs filed this

and other motions in a “blitz of discovery,” and requested a stay of all discovery pending a ruling on

qualified immunity. The magistrate agreed with Defendants, unambiguously denied—not stayed—the

Rule 56(f) motion, and stayed further discovery. The district court’s decision not to resolve the

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qualified-immunity issue thus had no bearing on the already-denied Rule 56(f) motion, and Plaintiffs

had no entitlement to further summary-judgment discovery against the County.

       Plaintiffs next point to various discovery issues as reasons why the district court should have

granted their Rule 56(f) motion. The crux of their argument appears to be that neither party had fully

complied with its disclosure requirements at the time that Plaintiffs filed their response, which made

it impossible for them to adequately oppose summary judgment.

       Plaintiffs raised these issues in their original motion, and we have little to add beyond the

magistrate’s reasoning: Plaintiffs had plenty of time and leeway to resolve discovery issues, and they

must suffer the consequences of their attorneys’ failure to do so. See Jackson, 395 F. App’x at 280

(noting that “[a] request for relief under Rule 56(f) is extremely unlikely to succeed when the party

seeking the delay has failed to take advantage of discovery,” and that the motion “will not be applied

to aid a party who has been lazy or dilatory” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). We

specifically note that Plaintiffs had a simple remedy for any disclosure issues, one that they failed to

implement at any point prior to their response: the filing of a motion to compel.

       In any event, Plaintiffs offer no citation to authority in their Rule 56(f) discussion, and do not

even attempt to tie any of their bases for relief to the abuse-of-discretion standard. Accordingly, we

find that the court acted within its discretion in deciding that, after four extensions and six months

of preparation, Plaintiffs’ efforts to bolster their response must end.

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        2.      Rule 56(e)

        Plaintiffs next attempted to do through Rule 56(e) what they could not do through Rule 56(f).

Six weeks after the court denied their Rule 56(f) motion, Plaintiffs filed a Rule 56(e) motion seeking

to supplement their response with discovery they obtained from their companion state-court action

and from recent Rule 26(a) disclosures in the instant case. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e)(1) (2008) (“The

court may permit an affidavit to be supplemented or opposed by depositions, answers to

interrogatories, or additional affidavits.”).

        This understandably did not sit well with the magistrate, who denied the motion, or with the

district court, which denied Plaintiffs’ objections and noted that the motion attempted to “circumvent”

the magistrate’s prior Rule 56(f) ruling. As the court explained, it had already decided that Plaintiffs

may not supplement their response, and Plaintiffs could not achieve a different result through a

similar vehicle.

        Plaintiffs now ask us to find this denial improper, contending that the evidence they intended

to introduce could properly be admitted under Rule 804(a)(5) because of its unavailability at the time

they filed their response. See Fed. R. Evid. 804(a)(5) (2008). This contention is misguided: the court

denied the motion not because of admissibility concerns, but because it attempted to override the

court’s prior ruling. And, without more, it is inapposite: Plaintiffs again cite no authority to support

treating this denial as an abuse of discretion.

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C.      Rule 15(b)

        Plaintiffs finally argue that the district court mistakenly failed to consider federal claims

against the Supervisors when ruling on summary judgment. Though Plaintiffs acknowledge that they

pleaded no § 1983 claims against the Supervisors, they contend that the court should have deemed

their complaint constructively amended under Rule 15(b) because the issue was “tried by the parties’

express or implied consent,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(b)(2) (2008), as evidenced by the Supervisors

including a section on qualified immunity in their answer and motion. The court, they persist, “failed

to apply [Rule] 15(b)” to the issue of the Supervisors’ § 1983 liability.

        But the court did not “fail to apply” Rule 15(b)—Plaintiffs never asked it to. At no point did

Plaintiffs move for leave to amend their complaint; nor did they argue, in opposing summary

judgment, that the court should resolve claims against the Supervisors because the parties had already

constructively amended the complaint under Rule 15(b). Indeed, Plaintiffs declined to request

amendment, or raise a Rule 15(b) argument, even after the Supervisors twice noted that Plaintiffs

failed to plead § 1983 claims against them.

        These circumstances amount to a forfeiture. See Scottsdale Ins. Co. v. Flowers, 513 F.3d 546,

552 (6th Cir. 2008) (“[A]n argument not raised before the district court is [forfeited] on appeal to this

Court.”). District courts read motions, not minds, and nothing requires them “to distill any possible

argument which could be made based on the materials before [them].” Blue Cross & Blue Shield of

Ala. v. Weitz, 913 F.2d 1544, 1550 (11th Cir. 1990). Presenting Rule 15(b) arguments “is the

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responsibility of the non-moving party, not the court, and Rule 15(b) provides no basis for [a] court

to consider [them] for the first time on appeal.” Id.

        Moreover, even if Plaintiffs had properly raised their Rule 15(b) argument, it would fail on

its merits: Plaintiffs have not shown that the § 1983 issue was “tried by the parties’ . . . consent,” for

the Supervisors opposed such trial. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(b)(2). In moving for summary judgment,

the Supervisors argued that “Plaintiffs’ Complaint does not assert a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983

against them,” and they proceeded with a § 1983 argument only “out of an abundance of caution.”

And, when Plaintiffs failed to address this issue in their response, the Supervisors noted that

“Plaintiffs do not argue that [the] Motion . . . misconstrues their complaint, which asserts [only] state

law causes of action” against them.

                                                   III.

        For these reasons, we affirm.

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