Court Opinion

ID: 9901806
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-22 16:04:21.999502+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:21:39.800482
License: Public Domain

2023 IL App (1st) 221703
                                           No. 1-22-1703
                                   Opinion filed November 22, 2023
                                                                                      Third Division
 ______________________________________________________________________________

                                              IN THE
                                  APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
                                         FIRST DISTRICT
 ______________________________________________________________________________
 SHANTON MATHIS,                                               )   Appeal from the
                                                               )   Circuit Court of
           Plaintiff-Appellant,                                )   Cook County.
                                                               )
     v.                                                        )   No. 20 L 11914
                                                               )
 HELIN YILDIZ, DDS; D2 DENTAL OF ILLINOIS,                     )
 P.C., d/b/a Destiny Dental; and D2 DENTAL OF                  )
 LANSING, P.C., d/b/a Destiny Dental                           )   Honorable
                                                               )   Kathy M. Flanagan and
           Defendants-Appellees.                               )   Thomas More Donnelly,
                                                               )   Judges, presiding.

           JUSTICE R. VAN TINE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
           Presiding Justice Reyes and Justice Lampkin concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                                            OPINION

¶1        Plaintiff Shanton Mathis appeals from the dismissal of her claims under the Illinois

Consumer Fraud and Deceptive Business Practices Act (Consumer Fraud Act) (815 ILCS 505/1

et seq. (West 2018)) against her dentist, Dr. Helin Yildiz, and the dental practice that employed

Yildiz, Destiny Dental. The circuit court dismissed Mathis’s claims on the basis that the Consumer

Fraud Act does not allow causes of action arising from the provision of dental services. On appeal,

Mathis argues that Illinois caselaw barring Consumer Fraud Act claims arising out of the provision
No. 1-22-1703

of dental services is wrongly decided. For the following reasons, we affirm in part, reverse in part,

and remand this matter for further proceedings.

¶2                                          I. BACKGROUND

¶3        Mathis sued her dentist, Yildiz, and Yildiz’s employer, D2 of Lansing, which does business

as Destiny Dental. 1 The circuit court dismissed Mathis’s initial complaint but granted her leave to

amend. This appeal challenges only the dismissal of counts I, II, and III of the first amended

complaint and count IX of the second amended complaint, all of which were Consumer Fraud Act

claims.

¶4                                    A. First Amended Complaint

¶5        Mathis’s first amended complaint alleged that her dental insurance was a Medicaid

replacement plan that did not cover the repair or replacement of crowns or fillings. On November

14, 2018, Mathis visited Yildiz, complaining of a filling in tooth 19 that another dentist installed

earlier that year. 2 Yildiz recommended that Mathis receive a replacement filling, despite knowing

that Mathis’s insurance would not cover such a procedure. 3 On January 7, 2019, Yildiz falsely told

Mathis that she was going to place a filling in tooth 19 and that Mathis’s insurance would cover it.

Instead, Yildiz used a drill to create enough damage to tooth 19 such that repairs to the tooth might

qualify for coverage under Mathis’s insurance. Yildiz then required Mathis to sign a treatment plan

          1
           Mathis’s initial complaint also named D2 of Illinois as a defendant, but her first and second
amended complaints contained no allegations against D2 of Illinois. One of Mathis’s later filings stated
that written discovery revealed that D2 of Illinois did not employ Yildiz and was not involved in this
matter.
         2
           Tooth 19 is the first molar on the lower left jaw. Kalola v. Eisenberg, 781 A.2d 77, 79(N.J.
Super. 2001).
         3
           Mathis’s complaints are not clear about whether Yildiz recommended installation of a crown or a
filling. We set out the allegations as they appear in the complaints but, ultimately, this distinction does not
affect our resolution of this appeal.

                                                     -2-
No. 1-22-1703

that mandated Mathis to pay $600 out-of-pocket to complete work on tooth 19 if her insurance did

not cover it. Destiny Dental submitted post-drilling X-rays of tooth 19 to Mathis’s insurer, falsely

claiming that the X-rays showed the condition of the tooth when Mathis arrived. According to

Mathis, “[t]he sole purpose of drilling into tooth #19 was to create the evidence necessary to

defraud [her] insurer,” and Yildiz intended Mathis’s insurer to rely on the X-rays to provide

coverage that was not actually warranted. Yildiz never installed a crown or a filling, and Mathis

suffered pain for several months until she paid another dentist to repair the damage that Yildiz

caused.

¶6        Mathis structured the counts of her first amended complaint in pairs on each theory of

liability, one against Yildiz individually and one against Destiny Dental as her employer. Counts

I and II alleged violation of the Consumer Fraud Act by “balance billing,” i.e., requiring Mathis to

pay out-of-pocket to complete work on tooth 19 if her insurance did not cover it. Mathis alleged

that “Yildiz was prohibited from balance billing a Medicaid recipient for non-approved work that

began prior to authorization.” Specifically, the Dental Office Reference Manual provided that, by

working on tooth 19 without authorization from Mathis’s insurer, Yildiz assumed financial

responsibility for the procedure and could not balance bill Mathis. 4

¶7        Mathis mislabeled two counts of her first amended complaint as count III, one against

Yildiz and one against Destiny Dental. Both versions of count III alleged violation of the Consumer

Fraud Act for “drilling,” i.e., that Yildiz drilled into tooth 19 without a legitimate medical purpose

and to defraud Mathis’s insurer into covering dental work that would not otherwise qualify for

        Mathis alleged that the Dental Office Reference Manual is an Illinois Department of Healthcare
          4

and Family Services document that governs the provision of services to and billing of patients with
Medicaid replacement dental insurance plans, such as her.

                                                 -3-
No. 1-22-1703

coverage. Mathis alleged that “Yildiz’[s] deceptive conduct occurred in the conduct of a trade or

commerce because the people of the State of Illinois are directly and indirectly affected by

insurance fraud through increased premiums and squandering of scarce public resources” and

because “Yildiz was providing a service to [Mathis].”

¶8     Defendants moved to dismiss the first amended complaint. They argued that the court

should dismiss counts I, II, and III, pursuant to section 2-619(a)(9) of the Code of Civil Procedure

(735 ILCS 5/2-619(a)(9) (West 2018)), because “trade and commerce” under the Consumer Fraud

Act excludes dental practice. Defendants also contended that the court should dismiss those counts,

pursuant to section 2-615 (id. § 2-615), as Mathis failed to meet the heightened pleading standard

for fraud claims. Mathis argued that the Consumer Fraud Act applied because she alleged

fraudulent billing regardless of the quality of treatment.

¶9     The court granted defendants’ motion to dismiss the first amended complaint pursuant to

section 2-619(a)(9). The court explained that, although Mathis “set forth allegations which fall

within the general scope of the elements required under the [Consumer Fraud] Act, she continue[d]

to allege a claim which involves the provision of dentistry services and, therefore, there can be no

recovery for her claims under the [Consumer Fraud] Act.” That is, any business-related fraud arose

from Yildiz’s “professional negligence in treating [Mathis’s] tooth problem and providing

improper dental treatment.” The court cited Tkacz v. Weiner, 368 Ill. App. 3d 610 (2006), and

Ripes v. Schlechter, 2017 IL App (1st) 161026, in support of this conclusion. However, the court

rejected defendants’ section 2-615 argument and granted Mathis leave to amend her complaint.

                                                -4-
No. 1-22-1703

¶ 10                                 B. Second Amended Complaint

¶ 11    Mathis’s second amended complaint realleged the counts of the first amended complaint. 5

It also added count IX, which alleged violation of the Consumer Fraud Act against Yildiz for

presenting Mathis with a “treatment plan that stated [Mathis] was required to pay $600 to complete

work on tooth #19 despite actual knowledge that requiring [her] to pay $600 for the work violated

the billing agreement entered into with [her] insurance company.” According to Mathis, this

“deceptive conduct caused [her] to suffer pecuniary damage because she incurred bills from

subsequent treating dentists because she did not know she was entitled to the crown free of charge.”

Count IX made the same allegations as the first amended complaint regarding Yildiz’s conduct

occurring in “trade and commerce.”

¶ 12    Yildiz moved to dismiss count IX on the same grounds she raised earlier, i.e., that count

IX was a dental malpractice claim that was not cognizable under the Consumer Fraud Act and was

insufficiently pled. The court dismissed count IX pursuant to section 2-615. An email from the

court to the parties, in which the court explained its ruling so that the parties could prepare an

appropriate order, and which is included in the record on appeal, states that

        “[c]ount IX of the second amended complaint fails to state a cause of action under the

        Consumer Fraud Act. The plaintiff has been given clear guidance and this is the last attempt

        5
           The other counts common to the first and second amended complaints were battery and
fraudulent misrepresentation against both Yildiz and Destiny Dental. The circuit court dismissed the
battery and fraudulent misrepresentation counts because they were essentially claims of dental
malpractice that plaintiff failed to support with a health professional’s affidavit, as required by section 2-
622(a) of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-622(a) (West 2018)). The dismissal of those counts
is not at issue in this appeal.

                                                     -5-
No. 1-22-1703

        to try and circumvent the provisions of the [Consumer Fraud] Act which state that the

        practice of medicine, dentistry and law do not constitute trade or commerce.” 6

¶ 13    Mathis voluntarily withdrew the remaining counts, the court entered judgment in

defendants’ favor, and Mathis timely appealed.

¶ 14                                       II. ANALYSIS

¶ 15    On appeal, Mathis argues that the circuit court erred in dismissing her Consumer Fraud Act

claims pursuant to sections 2-615 and 2-619(a)(9).

¶ 16    A section 2-615 motion to dismiss challenges the legal sufficiency of a complaint by

alleging defects that are apparent on the face of the complaint. Rehfield v. Diocese of Joliet, 2021

IL 125656, ¶ 20; 735 ILCS 5/2-615(a) (West 2018). In ruling on such a motion, a court must take

all well-pled facts as true and determine whether the facts alleged, viewed in the light most

favorable to the plaintiff, state a cause of action upon which relief may be granted. Rehfield, 2021

IL 125656, ¶ 20. A court should not dismiss a complaint pursuant to section 2-615 unless no set

of facts can be proved that would entitle the plaintiff to recovery. Id.

¶ 17    A section 2-619(a)(9) motion to dismiss admits the legal sufficiency of the complaint but

raises an affirmative defense or other matter that defeats the plaintiff’s claims. Rehfield, 2021 IL

125656, ¶ 21; 735 ILCS 5/2-619(a)(9) (West 2018). The affirmative matter “ ‘must be apparent on

the face of the complaint’ or ‘be supported by affidavits or certain other evidentiary materials.’ ”

Rehfield, 2021 IL 125656, ¶ 21 (quoting Van Meter v. Darien Park District, 207 Ill. 2d 359, 377

(2003)). A court deciding a section 2-619(a)(9) motion must interpret all pleadings and supporting

        6
          As we explain below, no provision of the Consumer Fraud Act states that the practices of
medicine, dentistry, and law do not constitute trade or commerce. However, some Illinois caselaw has
held this.

                                                 -6-
No. 1-22-1703

documents in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Id. On review, we consider whether the

dismissal was proper as a matter of law. Id. ¶ 23. Our standard of review for a dismissal under

either section 2-615 or 2-619 is de novo (id.), meaning that we perform the same analysis as the

circuit court (Kapotas v. Better Government Ass’n, 2015 IL App (1st) 140534, ¶ 26).

¶ 18            A. The Consumer Fraud Act’s Applicability to the Dental Industry

¶ 19   The circuit court dismissed Mathis’s Consumer Fraud Act claims because First District

caselaw does not allow a plaintiff to bring a Consumer Fraud Act claim that arises out of the

provision of dental services. See Tkacz, 368 Ill. App. 3d at 613. Mathis argues that the caselaw

establishing this rule was wrongly decided because it was not based on the language of the statute.

¶ 20   The Consumer Fraud Act provides that

       “unfair or deceptive acts or practices, including but not limited to the use or employment

       of any deception, fraud, false pretense, false promise, misrepresentation or the

       concealment, suppression or omission of any material act, with the intent that others rely

       on the concealment, suppression or omission of such material fact *** in the conduct of

       any trade or commerce are hereby declared unlawful whether any person has in fact been

       misled, deceived or damaged thereby.” 815 ILCS 505/2 (West 2018).

The Consumer Fraud Act defines “trade” and “commerce” as “the advertising, offering for sale,

sale, or distribution of any services and any property, tangible or intangible, real, personal or

mixed, and any other article, commodity, or thing of value wherever situated, and shall include

any trade or commerce directly or indirectly affecting the people of this State.” Id. § 1(f). The

elements of a claim under the Consumer Fraud Act are (1) a deceptive act or practice by the

defendant, (2) the defendant’s intent that the plaintiff rely on the deceptive act or practice, and

                                               -7-
No. 1-22-1703

(3) the occurrence of the deception during a course of conduct involving trade or commerce.

Sheffler v. Commonwealth Edison Co., 2011 IL 110166, ¶ 62.

¶ 21      In interpreting a statute, our primary objective is to ascertain and give effect to the

legislature’s intent. Corbett v. County of Lake, 2017 IL 121536, ¶ 30. The best indicator of the

legislature’s intent is the statutory language itself, given its plain and ordinary meaning. Id. If the

language is unambiguous, the statute should be applied as written. Dynak v. Board of Education

of Wood Dale School District 7, 2020 IL 125062, ¶ 16. A statute is ambiguous if it is subject to

more than one reasonable interpretation. Id.

¶ 22      The Consumer Fraud Act applies to the “distribution of any services” by “any natural

person or *** company [or] business entity.” (Emphases added.) 815 ILCS 505/1(c), (f) (West

2018). Yildiz is a natural person, and Destiny Dental is a business entity. They both provide dental

services. Furthermore, the Act provides that “[a]ny person who suffers actual damage as a result

of violation of this Act committed by any other person may bring an action against such person.”

(Emphasis added.) Id. § 10a. That language includes patients and dentists, both of whom are

“persons.” The Act’s only mention of dentists or dental practice is a section that defines an

“insurance card” as “a card that a person or entity provides to an individual so that the individual

may present the card to establish the eligibility of the individual *** to receive health [or] dental

*** insurance benefits.” Id. § 2QQ. The Act contains no provision that excludes dentists or their

practices. Therefore, we find that the unambiguous language of the Consumer Fraud Act includes

claims against dentists and their practices, such as Mathis’s claims against Yildiz and Destiny

Dental.

                                                 -8-
No. 1-22-1703

¶ 23    Despite this statutory language, Illinois state courts have established a rule that “trade or

commerce” excludes medicine, dentistry, and law and that plaintiffs cannot bring Consumer Fraud

Act claims arising out of the provision of medical, dental, or legal services. Ripes, 2017 IL App

(1st) 161026, ¶ 20. State courts have used this “rule” differently from the federal courts. For

example, this court has held that the Consumer Fraud Act does not apply to the practices of

medicine or law. Feldstein v. Guinan, 148 Ill. App. 3d 610, 615 (1986) (medicine); Frahm v.

Urkovich, 113 Ill. App. 3d 580, 585 (1983) (law). But, according to federal courts, it does apply

to medical billing and contracts for medical services. 7 Gadson v. Newman, 807 F. Supp. 1412,

1417-18 (C.D. Ill. 1992); Allstate Insurance Co. v. Spine Centers Institute, Inc., No. 09 C 1703,

2010 WL 11651389, at *4 (N.D. Ill. Mar. 23, 2010). Similarly, this court has held that the

Consumer Fraud Act does not apply to dentistry. Tkacz, 368 Ill. App. 3d at 613. However, federal

authority holds that the Act does apply to claims of fraud related to dental billing. Dent-a-Med,

Inc. v. Lifetime Smiles, P.C., No. 04 C 4780, 2007 WL 9815947, at *2 (N.D. Ill. June 4, 2007). As

these cases show, federal courts allow Consumer Fraud Act claims premised on the business of

medicine and dentistry, such as misleading billing, as opposed to the practice of medicine and

dentistry, such as substandard treatment. This court has acknowledged this distinction but has

barred Consumer Fraud Act claims arising out of the provision of dental and medical services even

if those claims focus on billing practices. See, e.g., Ripes, 2017 IL App (1st) 161026, ¶ 21; Tkacz,

368 Ill. App. 3d at 614. However, the Third District has allowed a Consumer Fraud Act claim

against a hospital for balance billing, which we discuss further below. Falls v. Silver Cross

Hospital & Medical Centers, 2016 IL App (3d) 150319, ¶¶ 38-40. For now, we must decide

        7
         Federal courts’ interpretation of state law can be persuasive authority, but we are not bound by it.
Firebirds International, LLC v. Zurich American Insurance Co., 2022 IL App (1st) 210558, ¶ 21.

                                                    -9-
No. 1-22-1703

whether to follow First District caselaw—namely, Frahm, Feldstein, Tkacz, and Ripes—that

completely bars Consumer Fraud Act claims that arise out of the provision of medical, dental, and

legal services.

¶ 24    We are persuaded that, even if the Consumer Fraud Act does not apply to the actual practice

of dentistry, it does apply to the business aspects of the dental industry. As explained above, the

plain language of the Consumer Fraud Act includes the dental industry and expresses no intent to

exclude dentists or their businesses. 8 The Consumer Fraud Act also states that it “shall be liberally

construed” (815 ILCS 505/11a (West 2018)), which “provides a clear mandate to Illinois courts to

utilize the [Consumer Fraud] Act to the greatest extent possible to eliminate all forms of deceptive

or unfair business practices and [to] provide appropriate relief to consumers” (Totz v. Continental

Du Page Acura, 236 Ill. App. 3d 891, 901 (1992)). Reasonable construction “to the greatest extent

possible” (id.) requires including, not excluding, the dental industry. Moreover, the Illinois Dental

Practice Act (225 ILCS 25/1 et seq. (West 2018)) allows dentists to advertise, and “advertising” is

one of the forms of “trade” and “commerce” to which the Consumer Fraud Act applies (815 ILCS

505/1(f) (West 2018)). It would be illogical for Illinois law to allow dentists to advertise while

exempting them from a statute that applies to advertising.

¶ 25    Tkacz’s exclusion of the dental industry from the Consumer Fraud Act is an extension of

earlier cases holding that the Act applies only to “ordinary commercial enterprises.” (Internal

quotation marks omitted.) Tkacz, 368 Ill. App. 3d at 614. Tkacz relied on Frahm, which held that

the practice of law is not an “ordinary commercial enterprise” to which the Consumer Fraud Act

        8
         Justice Greiman agreed with this view in his special concurrence in Tkacz: “[T]he plain language
of the [Consumer Fraud] Act provides that it applies to those involved in trade or commerce and does not
specifically exempt from its ambit the medical, dental and legal professions.” Tkacz, 368 Ill. App. 3d at
615 (Greiman, J., specially concurring).

                                                 - 10 -
No. 1-22-1703

applies, and Feldstein, which held that the practice of medicine also is not an “ordinary commercial

enterprise” to which the Consumer Fraud Act applies. Frahm, 113 Ill. App. 3d at 584; Feldstein,

148 Ill. App. 3d at 615. However, the term “ordinary commercial enterprise” does not appear in

the Consumer Fraud Act. 815 ILCS 505/1 et seq. (West 2018). Frahm erroneously created that

limitation.

¶ 26   Furthermore, Frahm, Feldstein, and Ripes are premised on the now-defunct requirement

that a Consumer Fraud Act claim must “reach practices of the type which affect consumers

generally and is not available as an additional remedy to redress a purely private wrong.” Frahm,

113 Ill. App. 3d at 586; Feldstein, 148 Ill. App. 3d at 615 (Consumer Fraud Act claim was properly

dismissed where “the wrong alleged is purely private and does not affect the public generally”);

Ripes, 2017 IL App (1st) 161026, ¶ 21 (“the wrong alleged by [the plaintiff] is a purely private

wrong and does not affect the public generally”). However, the legislature abolished this “public

injury requirement” in 1990 by amending the Consumer Fraud Act to provide that “[p]roof of a

public injury, a pattern, or an effect on consumers generally shall not be required.” Pub. Act 86-

801 (eff. Jan. 1, 1990) (amending Ill. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 121½ , ¶ 270a(a)); see also Royal

Imperial Group, Inc. v. Joseph Blumberg & Associates, Inc., 240 Ill. App. 3d 360, 363 (1992). The

legislature amended the Act again in 1996 to require that a plaintiff must show a public injury only

in cases against new or used vehicle dealers. Pub. Act 89-144 (eff. Jan. 1, 1996) (amending 815

ILCS 505/10a(a)); Benzakry v. Patel, 2017 IL App (3d) 160162, ¶ 76. The “public injury

requirement” remains abolished for all Consumer Fraud Act cases not involving vehicle dealers.

Benzakry, 2017 IL App (3d) 160162, ¶ 77; see also Grimaldi v. Webb, 282 Ill. App. 3d 174, 182

                                               - 11 -
No. 1-22-1703

(1996). Post-1990 cases such as Ripes continue to repeat the “public injury requirement” as though

it still exists in Consumer Fraud Act cases, but it does not due to the action of the legislature.

¶ 27    Excluding the dental industry from the Consumer Fraud Act is contrary to the will of the

legislature and the wording of the statute. In reality, dental practices are for-profit businesses and

have paying customers. As Justice Greiman explained, “dentists *** are no different from other

business people. They are part of the stream of commerce and are engaged in the sale of

services.” Tkacz, 368 Ill. App. 3d at 615 (Greiman, J., specially concurring). Dentists themselves

recognize that they must maintain a “balance between the roles of doctor and businessperson.”

Bruce S. Graham, Is Dentistry a Business or a Profession? (Sept. 1, 2005),

www.https://oralhealthgroup.org/features/is-dentistry-a-business-or-a-profession

[https://perma.cc/XD4C-5243]. 9 The idea that the dental industry is somehow outside the stream

of trade and commerce is archaic and not based in reality. This concept appears to be premised

on the belief that the business of dentistry is not like plumbing or carpentry. In truth, dentists,

plumbers, and carpenters all exercise judgment in their work, and they all bill their customers.

¶ 28    We hold that the Consumer Fraud Act applies to the business aspects of dentistry. 10 We

limit this holding to the business aspects of dentistry out of respect for the doctrine of stare decisis,

        9
          This article was originally an address that Dr. Bruce S. Graham gave to the American College of
Dentists on September 30, 2004. Dr. Graham is a founder of the American Dental Educational
Association Leadership Institute, has been a dental educator for 42 years, and served as the dean of the
University of Illinois Chicago College of Dentistry from 2000 to 2013 and the dean of the University of
Detroit Mercy School of Dentistry from 1992 to 2000. Bruce S. Graham, DDS, MS, Med, University of
Illinois Chicago College of Dentistry, www.https://dentistry.uic.edu/profiles/bruce-s-graham/ (last visited
Nov. 14, 2023) [https://perma.cc/3P8U-WLU2].
         10
            To be clear, we do not overrule Tkacz or any of the other cases discussed in this opinion because
only our supreme court has that authority. See Gillen v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co.,
215 Ill. 2d 381, 392 n. 2 (2005). We simply choose not to follow the majority in Tkacz or its predecessors,
which we have authority to do. See id.

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No. 1-22-1703

which provides that the law should not change suddenly and erratically but should develop in a

principled and intelligible fashion. Coleman v. East Joliet Fire Protection District, 2016 IL

117952, ¶ 53. We question whether the Consumer Fraud Act’s inclusion of “any services” (815

ILCS 505/1(f) (West 2018)) does, in fact, exclude claims of dental malpractice, but we do not go

so far as to say that the Consumer Fraud Act is a means to hold dentists liable for malpractice.

Rather, we follow the Third District and federal courts’ approach. The Consumer Fraud Act

includes claims premised on the business aspects of dentistry, but not claims based on the practice

of dentistry itself. Falls, 2016 IL App (3d) 150319, ¶ 40; Dent-a-Med, 2007 WL 9815947, at *2.11

¶ 29    Destiny Dental argues that Cripe v. Leiter, 184 Ill. 2d 185 (1998), exempts from the

Consumer Fraud Act all claims involving “professional services.” However, Cripe addressed only

the Consumer Fraud Act’s application to the legal profession. Cripe, 184 Ill. 2d at 198.

Furthermore, Cripe’s exclusion of the legal profession from the Consumer Fraud Act is based on

characteristics that are unique to lawyers. For example, Cripe explained that the Illinois Supreme

Court has the exclusive authority to regulate lawyers and, to that end, has adopted the Rules of

Professional Conduct, which regulate the fees that lawyers charge their clients. Id. at 195-96. That

reasoning does not apply to dentists because the Illinois Supreme Court does not regulate dentists.

Nevertheless, Tkacz erroneously extended that rationale to dentists, finding that dentistry is not

“trade or commerce” because it is regulated by the Illinois Department of Financial and

Professional Regulation. Tkacz, 368 Ill. App. 3d at 615. Just because an industry is subject to

regulation does not automatically render it exempt from the Consumer Fraud Act. Id. (Greiman,

        11
           We recognize that the facts of Falls are not identical to this case. However, as explained below,
Falls illustrates how a plaintiff can assert a Consumer Fraud Act claim against a health provider without
alleging that the provider committed malpractice. It is at least possible that Mathis can replead her
Consumer Fraud Act claim in an analogous manner.

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No. 1-22-1703

J., specially concurring) (explaining that both plumbers and dentists are regulated by the State yet

can still defraud customers to increase their own profits). The Department of Financial and

Professional Regulation regulates more than 120 professions. Professions and Industries Regulated

by IDFPR, www.https://idfpr.illinois.gov/profs/proflist.html (last visited Nov. 14, 2023)

[https://perma.cc/8453-SXRD]. Many of those professions have long been subject to the Consumer

Fraud Act, such as pharmacists and drug distributors. See, e.g., Sullivan’s Wholesale Drug Co. v.

Faryl’s Pharmacy, Inc., 214 Ill. App. 3d 1073, 1082-84 (1991).

¶ 30   Destiny Dental also argues that the legislature knows that Illinois courts exempt dentists

from the Consumer Fraud Act, but still has not amended the Act to specifically include the dental

industry. Our view is that the Consumer Fraud Act requires no amendment to include dentists and

their practices. The Act’s broad language and its admonition that we are to read it liberally already

includes the dental industry. We are unpersuaded that the legislature has expressed tacit approval

for excluding Consumer Fraud Act claims arising out of the business aspects of dentistry. By

Destiny Dental’s own logic, the legislature also knows that the Third District and federal courts

applying Illinois’s Consumer Fraud Act allow such claims but has not acted to exclude them and

bring the Consumer Fraud Act in line with existing First District case law. We do not believe the

legislature’s lack of action one way or the other has any particular significance given the clear

language of the statute.

¶ 31   Yildiz argues that the Consumer Fraud Act protects “consumers not patients.” That is

incorrect. “The protections of the [Consumer Fraud Act] are not limited to consumers.” Id. at 1082.

“Any person who suffers damage as a result of the violation of this Act committed by any other

person may bring an action against such person.” (Emphasis added.) 815 ILCS 505/10a (West

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No. 1-22-1703

2018). Accordingly, we hold that a plaintiff may bring a Consumer Fraud Act claim premised on

the business aspects of dentistry as opposed to a claim alleging dental malpractice.

¶ 32                             B. Dismissal of Mathis’s Claims

¶ 33   We now turn to the dismissal of counts I, II, III, and IX in this case. The circuit court

dismissed these Consumer Fraud Act claims based on Tkacz and Ripes, which, as explained above,

rely on earlier cases that run contrary to the plain language of the Act and that were decided based

on the now-defunct “public injury” requirement, such as in Frahm and Feldstein. We certainly do

not criticize the circuit court for following First District authority. But, having held that the

Consumer Fraud Act applies to the business aspects of dentistry, we must determine whether the

dismissal of Mathis’s Consumer Fraud Act claims can stand. As noted above, to establish a claim

under the Consumer Fraud Act, a plaintiff must prove (1) a deceptive act or practice by the

defendant, (2) the defendant’s intent that the plaintiff rely on the deceptive act or practice, and

(3) the occurrence of the deception in the course of conduct involving trade or commerce. Sheffler,

2011 IL 110166, ¶ 62.

¶ 34   Counts I, II, and IX alleged that Yildiz and Destiny Dental engaged in balance billing, a

practice in which a health provider improperly converts an insured patient into a self-paying patient

by requiring a promise of full, out-of-pocket payment for treatment to proceed. See Falls, 2016 IL

App (3d) 150319, ¶ 38. Health providers engage in balance billing to collect larger payments than

they would receive under agreements with insurance companies that pay reduced rates. See id. For

example, in Falls, the plaintiff received emergency treatment at Silver Cross Hospital following

an automobile accident. Id. ¶ 7. He signed a consent form agreeing to pay for billed services

totaling $18,129.50 if his insurance did not cover them. Id. ¶¶ 7-8. However, the agreement

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No. 1-22-1703

between the hospital and the plaintiff’s insurer prohibited the hospital from balance billing the

plaintiff to collect more than it would under the reduced rate it agreed to with his insurance

company. Id. ¶ 6. Nevertheless, the hospital asserted a lien for $18,129.50 against the plaintiff. Id.

¶ 9. The hospital eventually accepted payment of $5,957.15 from the plaintiff’s insurer, but still

pursued a lien for $1,264.23 against the plaintiff. Id. ¶¶ 10-13. It appears that the hospital hoped

to recover a portion of the plaintiff’s personal injury settlement related to the automobile accident.

Id. ¶¶ 12-13. The plaintiff sued the hospital, alleging a violation of the Consumer Fraud Act for

balance billing him through the lien. Id. ¶ 16. The Third District reversed the dismissal of the

plaintiff’s Consumer Fraud Act claim, holding that his “complaint contained sufficient allegations

to establish Silver Cross intended for the [plaintiff] to rely on incomplete information in order to

secure [his] permission for a hospital lien that was not limited to the amount of PPO discounted

services.” (Emphasis in original.) Id. ¶¶ 40-41. The court explained that the hospital used a consent

form to secure the plaintiff’s permission to allow the hospital to “pursue balance billing by hospital

lien with the patient’s uninformed blessing,” in violation of the hospital’s agreement with the

plaintiff’s insurance company. Id. ¶ 38.

¶ 35   Mathis’s balance billing allegations are similar. Mathis alleged that Yildiz recommended

installing a crown or filling on tooth 19, knowing that Mathis’s insurance had not authorized it and

almost certainly would not cover it. Yildiz then drilled into tooth 19 and had Mathis sign a

treatment plan charging her $600 to complete work on the tooth, despite knowing that Mathis’s

insurance plan prohibited charging Mathis for the procedure. Like the hospital in Falls, Yildiz and

Destiny Dental sought to circumvent Mathis’s Medicaid-based insurance and instead charge her

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No. 1-22-1703

the full price of the procedure. Charging and collecting out-of-pocket payments from patients is

part of a dental clinic’s business, not the practice of dentistry.

¶ 36    However, as pled, counts I, II, and IX incorporated Mathis’s allegations that “[d]rilling into

[her] tooth did not have a medical purpose” and that “[t]he sole purpose of drilling into tooth #19

was to create the evidence necessary to defraud [her] insurer.” These are allegations of dental

malpractice, i.e., the performance of an unnecessary and harmful dental procedure. The question

is whether Mathis can separate her allegations of fraudulent balance billing from her claim that

Yildiz drilling into tooth 19 was dental malpractice. For example, in Falls, the plaintiff did not

allege that the emergency treatment he received after the automobile accident was improper; his

claims focused only on the hospital’s billing and collection practices. Id. ¶¶ 7-16. We reverse the

dismissal of these counts and remand with instructions that Mathis be allowed to amend her

complaint to determine whether she can plead Consumer Fraud Act violations independent of

dental malpractice. Mathis could arguably allege that balance billing her was improper, even if

Yildiz drilling on tooth 19 was not dental malpractice.

¶ 37    Falls and the instant case reflect a practical and common problem. Health insurance is

complex and difficult for patients to understand, particularly when they are suffering and in need

of immediate treatment. See Wendy Netter Epstein, Private Law Alternatives to the Individual

Mandate, 104 Minn. L. Rev. 1429, 1487-88 (2020). Under the Consumer Fraud Act, dentists are

precluded from taking advantage of vulnerable patients by conditioning treatment on a promise of

full, out-of-pocket payment that the patients’ insurance does not permit. We believe that our

holding is consistent with the legislative intent of the Consumer Fraud Act, as well as the language

contained in it.

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No. 1-22-1703

¶ 38   Finally, we affirm the dismissal of count III. That count alleged deceptive acts by Yildiz:

drilling into tooth 19 to make it appear damaged enough to qualify for insurance coverage, then

submitting X-rays to Mathis’s insurer with the false suggestion that the tooth appeared that way

when Mathis first arrived. However, Count III alleged that Yildiz did so “with the intent that

[Mathis’s] insurer rely upon its appearance in approving unnecessary [dental] work.” (Emphasis

added.). That is not sufficient for Mathis to state a Consumer Fraud Act claim because there is no

allegation that Yildiz intended Mathis to rely on the X-rays of her damaged tooth. See Sheffler,

2011 IL 110166, ¶ 62. While the circuit court should have dismissed count III pursuant to section

2-615 instead of section 2-619(a)(9), we can affirm the dismissal on any basis in the record. See

Mazal v. Arias, 2019 IL App (1st) 190660, ¶ 17. Accordingly, we reverse and remand the dismissal

of counts I, II, and IX, and affirm the dismissal of count III.

¶ 39                                    III. CONCLUSION

¶ 40   For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the dismissal of counts I, II, and IX, and we remand

with directions that plaintiff be allowed to file a third amended complaint. We affirm the dismissal

of both versions of count III.

¶ 41   Affirmed in part and reversed in part.
¶ 42   Cause remanded.

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No. 1-22-1703

                     Mathis v. Yildiz, 2023 IL App (1st) 221703

Decision Under Review:    Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 20-L-
                          11914; the Hon. Kathy M. Flanagan and the Hon. Thomas More
                          Donnelly, Judges, presiding.

Attorneys                 Nicholas Nepustil, of Benjamin & Shapiro, Ltd., of Chicago, for
for                       appellant.
Appellant:

Attorneys                 Michael Vittori and Susan B. Frischer, of Quintairos, Prieto,
for                       Wood & Boyer, PA, of Chicago, for appellee Helin Yildiz.
Appellee:
                          Robert E. Elworth and Timothy P. Collins, of HeplerBroom,
                          LLC, of Chicago, for other appellees.

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