Court Opinion

ID: 2648259
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-01-06 21:30:11.161441+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:57:50.003523
License: Public Domain

FILED
                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION                              JAN 06 2014

                                                                        MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

IN RE SONY PS3 “OTHER OS”                        No. 11-18066
LITIGATION
                                                 D.C. No. 3:10-cv-01811-RS
ANTHONY VENTURA , JONATHAN
HUBER, JASON BAKER AND ELTON
STOVELL, on behalf of themselves and             MEMORANDUM*
all those similarly situated,

              Plaintiffs - Appellants,

  v.

SONY COMPUTER ENTERTAINMENT
AMERICA, INC. and SONY
COMPUTER ENTERTAINMENT
AMERICA LLC,

              Defendants - Appellees.

                        Appeal from the U.S. District Court
                      for Northern California, San Francisco
                     Richard Seeborg, District Judge, Presiding

                      Argued and Submitted October 11, 2013
                            San Francisco, California

Before: HAWKINS, N.R. SMITH and NGUYEN, Circuit Judges.

        *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
      Plaintiffs (Anthony Ventura and other individuals) appeal the dismissal of

their First Amended Consolidated Class Action Complaint (“FAC”). We have

jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Reviewing a dismissal for failure to

state a claim de novo, Zixiang Li v. Kerry, 710 F.3d 995, 998 (9th Cir. 2013)

(citation omitted), we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand.

                    First Claim (Breach of Express Warranty)

      The district court properly dismissed the first claim for breach of an express

warranty. “An express warranty is a contractual term relating to the title, character,

quality, identity, or condition of the sold goods.” Blennis v. Hewlett-Packard Co.,

No. C 07-00333 JF, 2008 WL 818526, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 25, 2008) (citing

Fogo v. Cutter Labs., Inc., 137 Cal. Rptr. 417 (Ct. App. 1977)). “A manufacturer’s

liability for breach of an express warranty derives from, and is measured by, the

terms of that warranty.” Cipollone v. Liggett Group, Inc., 505 U.S. 504, 525

(1992). A plaintiff must allege “the exact terms of the warranty.” Williams v.

Beechnut Nutrition Corp., 229 Cal. Rptr. 605, 608 (Ct. App. 1986).

      Plaintiffs allege that Defendants Sony Computer Entertainment America Inc.

and Sony Computer Entertainment America LLC (“Sony”) gave Plaintiffs an

express warranty—through various statements made mostly in promotional

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materials—that the other operating software (“Other OS”) and PlayStation

Network (“PSN”) features both would be available for the advertised ten-year

lifespan of the PlayStation 3 (“PS3”). However, these disparate statements, even

when read together, do not include all the “exact terms” that would create an

express warranty that such dual functionality would be available for the ten-year

lifespan of the PS3. Moreover, Sony’s System Software License Agreement

(“SSLA”) and Terms of Service (“TOS”) expressly informed consumers that

updates and services “may cause some loss of functionality.”

      Alternatively, even if Plaintiffs sufficiently have alleged that Sony gave

them an express warranty that the PS3 would operate as a computer through its

ability to run the Other OS, Plaintiffs do not adequately plead a breach of that

warranty. While Plaintiffs claim that they have pleaded a warranty that the Other

OS function would last for ten years, Sony’s statements only promise a ten-year

lifespan for the PS3 itself.

      In addition, Sony’s written Limited Hardware Warranty curtailed

“WARRANTIES REQUIRED AS A MATTER OF LAW” to one year from the

original date of purchase. This limitation was valid, because it is “reasonable” to

construe a one-year limit together with the alleged Other OS warranty, which had

no temporal limit. See Cal. Com. Code § 2316(1). Thus, Plaintiffs’ alleged Other

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OS warranty would have expired by the time Sony released Update 3.21.

Accordingly, we affirm the dismissal of this claim.

            Second and Third Claims (Breach of Implied Warranties
            of Merchantability and Fitness for a Particular Purpose)

      The district court properly dismissed the second and third claims for breach

of the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose.

An implied warranty of merchantability arises when a product is not “fit for the

ordinary purposes for which such goods are used.” In re Ferrero Litig., 794 F.

Supp. 2d 1107, 1118 (S.D. Cal. 2011) (citing Hauter v. Zogarts, 534 P.2d 377 (Cal.

1975)) (internal quotation marks omitted); see Cal. Com. Code § 2314(2)(c).

“‘[T]he implied warranty of fitness for a particular purpose is a warranty implied

by law when a seller has reason to know that a buyer wishes goods for a particular

purpose and is relying on the seller’s skill and judgment to furnish those goods.’”

Cardinal Health 301, Inc. v. Tyco Elecs. Corp., 87 Cal. Rptr. 3d 5, 23 (Ct. App.

2008) (citation omitted); see Cal. Com. Code § 2315.

      Plaintiffs nowhere allege that dual functionality is one of the “ordinary

purposes for which such goods are used.” Indeed, the FAC alleges that Sony

sought to distinguish the PS3 from the Wii and Xbox based on this supposed dual

functionality. Likewise, Plaintiffs fail to allege that Sony “ha[d] reason to know”

                                          4
that Plaintiffs purchased the PS3 for any “particular purpose,” whether dual

functionality or otherwise. Accordingly, we affirm the dismissal of these claims.

                 Fourth Claim (Violation of Magnuson-Moss
              Warranty Act (“MMWA”), 15 U.S.C. § 2301 et seq.)

      The district court properly dismissed Plaintiffs’ fourth claim for violation of

the MMWA. “[The] disposition of the state law warranty claims determines the

disposition of the Magnuson-Moss Act claims.” Clemens v. DaimlerChrysler

Corp., 534 F.3d 1017, 1022 (9th Cir. 2008). Further, the MMWA requires a

written warranty guaranteeing a product’s “specified level of performance” to state

a “period of time” over which performance is guaranteed. 15 U.S.C. § 2301(6);

see In re ConAgra Foods Inc., 908 F. Supp. 2d 1090, 1102 (C.D. Cal. 2012).

      Because Plaintiffs fail to adequately allege a state warranty claim, the

MMWA claim fails. Further, the MMWA claim fails because there was no written

statement that warrants dual functionality for the ten-year lifespan of the PS3 or

any other specific time period. Accordingly, we affirm the dismissal of this claim.

           Fifth and Sixth Claims (Violation of the Consumer Legal
           Remedies Act (“CLRA”), Cal. Civ Code § 1770(a)(5), (7))

      The district court erred in dismissing the fifth and sixth claims under Section

1770(a)(5) and (7) of the CLRA. To state a claim under these two subsections, a

plaintiff must allege: (1) a misrepresentation; (2) reliance on that

                                           5
misrepresentation; and (3) damages caused by that misrepresentation. Marolda v.

Symantec Corp., 672 F. Supp. 2d 992, 1002-03 (N.D. Cal. 2009) (citations

omitted). CLRA claims are governed by the “reasonable consumer” test, under

which a plaintiff must allege that “members of the public are likely to be

deceived.” Williams v. Gerber Prods. Co., 552 F.3d 934, 938 (9th Cir. 2008)

(citation and internal quotation marks omitted). However, “a plaintiff need not

plead fraud.” Marolda, 672 F. Supp. 2d at 1003 (citation omitted). “Section

1770(a)(5) concerns representations that the product had a characteristic that it did

not actually have,” while “Section 1770(a)(7) focuses on the product being of a

different quality or grade than represented.” Id.

      Plaintiffs have alleged sufficient facts as to each element of these claims.

First, they allege that Sony’s representations at the time of sale mischaracterized

the dual functionality of the PS3—and were likely to deceive members of the

public—because Sony later restricted users to using either the Other OS feature or

accessing the PSN feature, but not both. Second, Plaintiffs allege that they

reviewed Sony’s website, relevant articles on the internet, and the PS3 box label

before making their purchases, and that they relied on Sony’s representations about

the PS3’s features. Finally, Plaintiffs allege that they suffered damages because

they paid more for the PS3 than they would have otherwise because of the

                                          6
supposed dual functionality. Plaintiffs’ damages were in the form of lost

“premium” payments. Accordingly, we reverse the dismissal of these claims.

      Seventh Claim (Violation of CLRA, Cal. Civ Code § 1770(a)(9))

      The district court properly dismissed the seventh claim under Section

1770(a)(9) of the CLRA. “Section 1770(a)(9) is the only subsection that requires

pleading fraud, since it specifically requires intent to defraud, which, in turn,

implies knowledge of the falsity.” Marolda, 672 F. Supp. 2d at 1003.

      Here, Plaintiffs allege that at the time of sale Sony believed that it retained

the right to disable, and therefore could terminate, the PS3’s dual functionality.

Plaintiffs allege only that Sony could terminate the PS3’s dual functionality rather

than alleging that Sony would terminate the dual functionality. Plaintiffs thus fail

to allege the requisite “intent” required to state a claim under Section 1170(a)(9).

Accordingly, we affirm the dismissal of this claim.

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          Eighth Claim (Violation of CLRA, Cal. Civ Code § 1770(a)(19))

      Plaintiffs’ brief only summarily states in a footnote that Plaintiffs plead

sufficient facts to show procedural and substantive unconscionability. Thus,

Plaintiffs waived their unconscionability claim under Section 1770(a)(19) of the

CLRA. See City of Emeryville v. Robinson, 621 F.3d 1251, 1262 n.10 (9th Cir.

2010) (Appellant waived claim “[b]y failing to address the issue in its opening

brief except in a footnote.”). Accordingly, we affirm the dismissal of this claim.1

                Ninth Claim (Violation of False Advertising Law
              (“FAL”), Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17500 et seq.) and
           Tenth Claim for Relief (Violation of Unfair Competition Law
           (“UCL”), Bus. & Prof. Code § 17200 et seq., “Fraud” Prong)

      The district court erred in dismissing the ninth claim under the FAL and

tenth claim under the fraud prong of the UCL. “[T]o state a claim under either the

UCL or the false advertising law, based on false advertising or promotional

practices, it is necessary only to show that members of the public are likely to be

deceived.” Kasky v. Nike, Inc., 45 P.3d 243, 250 (Cal. 2002) (citation and internal

quotation marks omitted); id. (“This court has recognized that [a]ny violation of

      1
         This claim fails even if considered on the merits. While Plaintiffs allege
that the SSLA and TOS contain unconscionable provisions, they fail to allege any
underlying “agreement” that promised them dual functionality for the lifespan of
the PS3. Indeed, the agreements (the SSLA and TOS) informed consumers that
updates “may cause some loss of functionality.” Thus, the premise of Plaintiffs’
unconscionability claim—i.e., a contract for dual functionality—is missing.

                                          8
the false advertising law . . . necessarily violates the UCL.” (citation and internal

quotation marks omitted)); see also Daugherty v. Am. Honda Motor Co., 51 Cal.

Rptr. 3d 118, 128 (Ct. App. 2006) (“Historically, the term ‘fraudulent,’ as used in

the UCL, has required only a showing that members of the public are likely to be

deceived.” (citation omitted)). In addition, “[t]o have standing to bring such a

claim, a plaintiff must show that he or she has ‘suffered injury in fact and has lost

money or property as a result of the unfair competition.’” Stewart v. Rolling Stone

LLC, 105 Cal. Rptr. 3d 98, 111 (Ct. App. 2010) (quoting Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code §

17204).

      Plaintiffs adequately have alleged that members of the public were likely to

be deceived by Sony’s advertising and promotional statements about the PS3’s

dual functionality and ten-year lifespan. In addition, as discussed above, Plaintiffs

suffered injury in fact in the form of lost “premium” payments. See, e.g., Kwikset

                                           9
Corp. v. Superior Court, 246 P.3d 877, 885-87 (Cal. 2011). Accordingly, we

reverse the dismissal of these claims.2

               Twelfth Claim (Violation of UCL, “Unfair” Prong)

      The district court erred in dismissing the twelfth claim under the unfair

prong of the UCL. “The California Supreme Court has not established a definitive

test to determine whether a business practice is ‘unfair’ in consumer cases.” Bias

v. Wells Fargo & Co., 942 F. Supp. 2d 915, 933 (N.D. Cal. 2013) (citations

omitted). Under one of California’s three existing tests for unfairness, “‘unfair’

conduct requires that: ‘(1) the consumer injury must be substantial; (2) the injury

must not be outweighed by any countervailing benefits to consumers or

competition; and (3) it must be an injury that consumers themselves could not

reasonably have avoided.’” Id. (citations omitted); see also Davis v. Ford Motor

Credit Co., 101 Cal. Rptr. 3d 697, 706-10 (Ct. App. 2009) (discussing three tests).

      2
        Likewise, the district court erred in dismissing the eleventh claim under the
unlawful prong of the UCL. “Section 17200’s ‘unlawful’ prong borrows violations
of other laws . . . and makes those unlawful practices actionable under the UCL.”
Klein v. Chevron U.S.A., Inc., 137 Cal. Rptr. 3d 293, 326 (Ct. App. 2012) (citation
and internal quotation marks omitted). “[A] violation of the CLRA, which declares
numerous practices in the sale of goods or services to consumers to be unlawful
may form the predicate ‘unlawful act’ for the purposes of a UCL claim.” Id. at 327
(citations and internal quotation marks omitted). Because Plaintiffs adequately
allege claims under the CLRA, they necessarily allege a claim under the unlawful
prong of the UCL. Accordingly, we reverse the dismissal of this claim.

                                          10
      Plaintiffs sufficiently allege that Sony caused them substantial injury by

charging a premium for the PS3’s dual functionality and then discontinuing access

to both the Other OS and PSN features. Specifically, Plaintiffs allege that (1) they

lost money because they would not have purchased or would have paid less for the

PS3 if they had known that Sony would disable or remove one or both of these

advertised features; (2) they could not have reasonably avoided this injury because

they would have lost access to the PSN if they chose not to download the update

which disabled the Other OS feature; and (3) there are no countervailing benefits to

consumers or competition that outweigh the substantial injury to consumers.

Accordingly, we reverse the dismissal of this claim.

                Thirteenth Claim (Violation of Computer Fraud
               and Abuse Act (“CFAA”), 18 U.S.C. § 1030 et seq.)

      The district court properly dismissed the thirteenth claim under the CFAA.

The CFAA requires that a defendant “access[]” a protected computer without

authorization or “exceed[] authorized access.” See 18 U.S.C. § 1030(a)(4). As

lower courts have reasoned, users who had “voluntarily installed” software that

allegedly caused harm cannot plead unauthorized “access” under the CFAA. See,

e.g., In re iPhone Application Litig., 844 F. Supp. 2d 1040, 1066 (N.D. Cal. 2012)

(citing cases). Because Plaintiffs voluntarily installed the relevant software update,

                                          11
Plaintiffs cannot allege actionable “access” under the CFAA. Accordingly, we

affirm the dismissal of this claim.3

                       Fifteenth Claim (Unjust Enrichment)

      The district court properly dismissed the fifteenth claim for unjust

enrichment. “The phrase ‘Unjust Enrichment’ does not describe a theory of

recovery, but an effect: the result of a failure to make restitution under

circumstances where it is equitable to do so.” Melchior v. New Line Prods., Inc.,

131 Cal. Rptr. 2d 347, 357 (Ct. App. 2003) (citation and internal quotation marks

omitted). “It is synonymous with restitution.” Id. (citations and internal quotation

marks omitted). Restitution “will not be given when the plaintiff’s remedies at law

are adequate.” Collins v. eMachs., Inc., 134 Cal. Rptr. 3d 588, 596-97 (Ct. App.

2011) (citations omitted).

      In light of the adequate legal remedies available, Plaintiffs cannot state a

claim for unjust enrichment. To the extent Plaintiffs seek to recover money that

they may have prepaid to Sony for use in connection with the PSN, and which they

“lost” when they could no longer access the PSN, we agree with the district court

      3
        We “will not ordinarily consider matters on appeal that are not specifically
and distinctly argued in appellant’s opening brief.” Clark v. Time Warner Cable,
523 F.3d 1110, 1116 (9th Cir. 2008) (citation and internal quotation marks
omitted). We affirm the dismissal of the fourteenth claim for conversion because
Plaintiffs’ opening brief does not discuss the dismissal of this claim.

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that “Plaintiffs have failed to state a claim for restitution or damages because,

among other things, they have not alleged sufficient facts as to the terms and

conditions on which they paid monies to Sony.” Accordingly, we affirm the

dismissal of this claim.

      The parties shall bear their own costs on appeal.

      AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part, and REMANDED.

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