Court Opinion

ID: 2959571
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-17 07:06:32.075727+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:01:31.891704
License: Public Domain

STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                     UNPUBLISHED
                                                                     September 15, 2015
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                    No. 311543
                                                                     Livingston Circuit Court
TYRONZA RAY BUSH,                                                    LC No. 11-020053-FH

               Defendant-Appellant.

Before: BORRELLO, P.J., and HOEKSTRA and O’CONNELL, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

       Following a bench trial, defendant was convicted of assault with a dangerous weapon (2
counts), MCL 750.82, domestic violence, MCL 750.81(2), inciting or procuring perjury in a
court proceeding, MCL 750.425, and intimidating a witness, MCL 750.122(7)(a). He was
sentenced as a fourth-offense habitual offender, MCL 769.12, to concurrent prison terms of 4 to
15 years for the assault convictions, and 3 years and 9 months to 15 years for the procuring
perjury and witness intimidation convictions. The court also sentenced defendant to 93 days for
the domestic violence conviction. Defendant appeals as of right. For the reasons set forth in this
opinion, we affirm.

                             I. BASIC FACTUAL BACKGROUND

        On February 26, 2011, during an argument with Lindsay Bristol, defendant placed a pair
of scissors to Bristol’s neck and threatened to kill her. He then chased her into her bedroom with
a knife, took away her phone, and choked her. Defendant then left the apartment, apparently
because he was concerned that Bristol’s screams would cause someone to call the police. After
defendant left, Bristol called 911.

         At the preliminary examination, Bristol testified inconsistently with her prior statements.
Afterwards, she informed the police that the reason she testified inconsistently was because of
pressure and threats from defendant and defendant’s attorney. At trial, Bristol testified that after
the assault, defendant told her over the phone unless she did as told by defendant, he would have
people go to her house and hurt her or her property. She also testified that defendant called her
numerous times from jail, telling her to send a letter to his parole officer and the prosecutor
stating that the incident did not happen. Recordings of these calls, which were played during the
trial, established that defendant repeatedly told Bristol to contact her therapist and have him sign

                                                -1-
a letter. He also repeatedly told her to write a letter indicating that she was on a new prescription
and had been drinking alcohol on the night of the incident, and that as a result she was delusional
and had a mental breakdown. He also instructed Bristol to say that he did not touch her that
night. In addition, defendant told her not to come to court and to dodge her subpoena. He
instructed that if she did come to court that she should testify consistently with the letter he had
instructed her to write and that she should not testify that she did not know or remember what
happened. In particular, defendant told her that she better “get with the program.” He also
indicated that he was going to send out texts to people and that he was going to send someone
over to Bristol’s home. Bristol testified that she felt threatened by the calls.

         Defendant was convicted and sentenced as indicated above. This appeal then ensued.

                                       II. COMPETENCY

        On appeal, defendant first argues that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to
investigate and pursue a challenge to defendant’s competency. As an offer of proof, appellate
counsel asserts (1) that defendant suffered a serious head injury after falling from a third-story
window when he was in the 10th or 11th grade, (2) that defendant had difficulty communicating
with and interacting with his four or five trial attorneys, and (3) that defendant lacks a pre-injury
criminal history. Appellate counsel added that he discovered information about defendant’s
serious head injury within minutes during a conversation with defendant’s cousin, who was
defendant’s first trial attorney.

                     A. PRESERVATION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

        This issue was never raised before the trial court, so it is unpreserved for appeal. See
People v Metamora Water Serv, Inc, 276 Mich. App. 376, 382; 741 NW2d 61 (2007). Although
defendant filed a motion in the trial court for a new trial and an evidentiary hearing on his claim
of ineffective assistance of counsel, he did not raise an issue of ineffective assistance of counsel
claim based on competency or request a Ginther1 hearing on this issue in the trial court.
Accordingly, this Court’s review is “limited to mistakes apparent from the record.” People v
Kevorkian, 248 Mich. App. 373, 389; 639 NW2d 291 (2001).2

       Whether a defendant received effective assistance of counsel is a mixed question of fact
and law. People v Matuszak, 263 Mich. App. 42, 48; 687 NW2d 342 (2004). “The trial court

1
    People v Ginther, 390 Mich. 436; 212 NW2d 922 (1973).
2
  In the motion for new trial, defendant argued that defense counsel was ineffective because he
failed to call and investigate witnesses and to introduce information from the cell phone of
defendant’s sister. He also argued that his trial counsel was ineffective because she had a
conflict of interest based on her pursuit of a position as the Livingston County Prosecuting
Attorney. Finally, defendant also argued that the prosecutor committed misconduct in listing his
first attorney on its witness list. He did not raise any issues pertaining to his competency at trial
or to trial counsel’s alleged ineffectiveness for failing to investigate his competency.

                                                -2-
must first find the facts and then decide whether those facts constitute a violation of the
defendant’s constitutional right to effective assistance of counsel. The trial court’s factual
findings are reviewed for clear error, while its constitutional determinations are reviewed de
novo.” Id. (citations omitted).

                                         B. ANALYSIS

         The right to counsel guaranteed by the United States and Michigan Constitutions, US
Const, Am VI; Const 1963, art 1, § 20, is the right to the effective assistance of counsel. United
States v Cronic, 466 U.S. 648, 654; 104 S. Ct. 2039; 80 L. Ed. 2d 657 (1984); People v Pubrat, 451
Mich. 589, 594; 548 NW2d 595 (1996). “Effective assistance of counsel is presumed, and the
defendant bears a heavy burden of proving otherwise.” People v Solmonson, 261 Mich. App. 657,
663; 683 NW2d 761 (2004). In order to establish a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel,
“the defendant must show that (1) defense counsel’s performance was so deficient that it fell
below an objective standard of reasonableness and (2) there is a reasonable probability that
defense counsel’s deficient performance prejudiced the defendant.” People v Heft, 299 Mich
App 69, 80-81; 829 NW2d 266 (2012). “The defendant was prejudiced if, but for defense
counsel’s errors, the result of the proceedings would have been different.” Id. “The failure to
make an adequate investigation is ineffective assistance of counsel if it undermines confidence in
the trial’s outcome.” People v Grant, 470 Mich. 477, 493; 684 NW2d 686 (2004).

        Criminal defendants are presumed competent to stand trial. People v Abraham, 256 Mich
App 265, 283; 662 NW2d 836 (2003); MCL 330.2020(1). Challenges to competency can “be
raised by the defense, court, or prosecution.” MCL 300.2024. The challenges can “be raised at
any time during the proceedings against the defendant.” MCR 6.125(B). However, in order to
raise a competency issue there must be evidence of incompetence. People v Blocker, 393 Mich.
501, 508; 227 NW2d 767 (1975).3 A defendant is not competent to stand trial if “his mental
condition prevents him from understanding the nature and object of the proceedings against him
or the court determines he is unable to assist the defense.” People v Mette, 243 Mich. App. 318,
331; 621 NW2d 713 (2000). Thus, unless there is evidence that the defendant’s mental condition
prevents him from understanding the nature and object of the proceedings or the court
determines that the defendant is unable to assist the defense, the issue of competence may not be
raised. See Blocker, 393 Mich. at 508; Mette, 243 Mich. App. at 331. The trial court only has an
obligation to sua sponte raise the issue of competency if “facts are brought to its attention which
raise a ‘bona fide doubt’ as to the defendant’s competence.” People v Kammeraad, 307 Mich
App 98, 138; 858 NW2d 490 (2014), quoting People v Harris, 185 Mich. App. 100, 102; 460
NW2d 239 (1990). “Evidence of a defendant’s irrational behavior, a defendant’s demeanor, and

3
  If there is a showing that a defendant may be incompetent, the trial court “must order the
defendant to undergo an examination by a certified or licensed examiner of the center for
forensic psychiatry or other facility officially certified by the department of mental health to
perform examinations relating to the issue of competence to stand trial.” MCR 6.125(C)(1);
MCL 330.2026. Further, upon a showing of good cause, “the court may order an independent
examination of the defendant relating to the issue of competence to stand trial.” MCR 6.125(D).

                                                -3-
a defendant’s prior medical record relative to competence are all relevant in determining whether
further inquiry in regard to competency is required.” Id. at 139.

        There is no evidence on the record in this case that defendant was unable to understand
the nature and object of the proceedings against him. In fact, the record is replete with examples
indicating the opposite. First, defendant’s testimony clearly shows that he was aware of the
factual circumstances surrounding the alleged incidents. He was able to testify coherently about
the sequence of events, including when things happened, where they happened, and who was
around during the incidents. Further, the jail conversations between defendant and Bristol
demonstrate that defendant was aware of the consequences of the actions against him. He knew,
for instance, that the preliminary examination was a probable cause hearing and that if the case
was not dismissed at that stage it would be bound over to circuit court for proceedings before a
different judge. He also knew that if it was bound over he would be facing a trial. Moreover,
defendant made several decisions throughout his trial indicating that he understood the object
and nature of the proceedings against him, including when he waived his right to a jury trial and
decided to testify on his own behalf.

        The record also shows that defendant was able to significantly assist the defense. The
record is replete with references to defendant actively providing assistance to his counsel. For
instance, trial counsel indicated on the first day of trial that defendant was very involved in
submitting notes to her, highlighting portions of police reports, and assisting the defense. On the
second day of trial, after Bristol’s direct examination, counsel requested a break to review notes
from defendant and organize things. Then, during an argument to the court relating to
defendant’s cell phone, defendant was observed on the record whispering in his attorney’s ear.
Counsel then argued that the information in defendant’s phone was important to show Bristol’s
bias and motive to lie and that it was what defendant was requesting his defense to be. In
addition, on the third day of trial, after some of the recordings of the conversations with Bristol
were played, defendant apparently communicated concerns about the volume of the recordings to
his attorney, who placed his concerns on the record. Then, on the fourth day of the trial, counsel
told the court that, after conversation with defendant, the defense had no objection to the court
not listening to the shorter conversations that were two minutes or less in length. Counsel also
indicated that, after speaking with defendant, the defense had no objection to the trial being
adjourned because Bristol was sick or it being adjourned to address the issues pertaining to his
cell phone. On the fifth day of the trial, counsel indicated during her cross-examination of
Bristol that she was asking questions based on defendant’s questions and written notes. She also
asked for a break after the prosecution rested so she could confer with defendant. In addition,
she stated that she had shared with defendant copies of the jury instructions, the law, and case
law provided to her by the prosecution. On the sixth day of trial, she asked to confer with
defendant about the evidence on the record. Finally, on the eight day of trial, counsel asked for
the proofs to be reopened to admit evidence that defendant thought was important to his defense.
Although the request was denied, it shows that she was in contact with defendant between the
conclusion of proceedings on the seventh day of trial and the start of proceedings on the eighth
day of trial.

       Ultimately, what the record evidence establishes is that defendant actively assisted with
his defense. Further, it establishes that there was nothing on the record that would raise a

                                                -4-
question as to defendant’s competence. Without some indication of incompetence on the record,
there was nothing that would have supported a request for a competency hearing.

         We are mindful that defendant is asserting that the question of his competency should
have been investigated by his attorney. However, that defendant sustained allegedly serious
head trauma when he was a teenager, has limited bearing on whether he was incompetent to
stand trial in 2012 when he was in his early 30s. Further, although defendant asserts that his lack
of a pre-injury criminal record should support his incompetence argument, we believe that the
opposite is true. That defendant had numerous convictions after his head injury indicates that he
apparently did not have any mental health issues or competency concerns that barred those
proceedings. Finally, that defendant has had multiple trial attorneys representing him does not
appear to be the result of incompetence on defendant’s part. Instead, the record shows that his
first attorney withdrew because she was listed as a possible witness on the prosecution’s witness
list. His second attorney withdrew because of a breakdown in the attorney-client relationship.
Finally, his third attorney proceeded to represent him throughout the duration of the trial.
Although defendant later expressed dissatisfaction with counsel appointed for sentencing and
other post-trial motions and appellate proceedings in this case, that does not alter the analysis as
to whether defendant was competent at the time of trial. Nor does it undermine confidence in the
outcome of the trial. See Grant, 470 Mich. at 493. There is, quite simply, nothing on the record
to indicate that defendant was incompetent at the time of trial. Accordingly, defendant is not
entitled to relief on this issue.

                                   III. STANDARD 4 BRIEF

       Defendant raises several issues in a rambling, disjointed, pro se supplemental brief filed
pursuant to Supreme Court Administrative Order No. 2004-6, Standard 4. All of defendant’s
arguments were reviewed and found to lack merit.

                 A. EFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF APPELLATE COUNSEL

        Defendant argues that his appellate counsel was ineffective because he failed to provide
defendant with requested evidence and because the only issue raised in his appellate brief was
frivolous. This issue is preserved because it was raised in defendant’s Standard 4 brief. People v
Lopez, 305 Mich. App. 686, 693; 854 NW2d 205 (2014).

               Whether a person has been denied effective assistance of counsel is a
       mixed question of fact and constitutional law. The trial court must first find the
       facts and then decide whether those facts constitute a violation of the defendant’s
       constitutional right to effective assistance of counsel. The trial court’s factual
       findings are reviewed for clear error, while its constitutional determinations are
       reviewed de novo. [People v Matuszak, 263 Mich. App. 42, 48; 687 NW2d 342
       (2004) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).]

“The Court uses the same legal standard for ineffective assistance of counsel when scrutinizing
the performance of trial counsel and appellate counsel.” Lopez, 305 Mich. App. at 693.

                                                -5-
       To establish the claim, “a defendant must show that (1) counsel’s performance fell below
an objective standard of reasonableness and (2) but for counsel’s deficient performance, there is
a reasonable probability that the outcome would have been different.” People v Trakhtenberg,
493 Mich. 38, 51; 826 NW2d 136 (2012). Although defendant complains about appellate
counsel’s failure to raise additional issues, “[a]ppellate counsel may legitimately winnow out
weaker arguments in order to focus on those arguments that are more likely to prevail.” People v
Uphaus (On Remand), 278 Mich. App. 174, 186-187; 748 NW2d 899 (2008). Appellate counsel’s
decision is presumed to constitute sound strategy. Id. at 186. “Effective assistance of counsel is
presumed, and the defendant bears a heavy burden of proving otherwise.” People v Solmonson,
261 Mich. App. 657, 663; 683 NW2d 761 (2004).

        Defendant argues that his current appellate counsel was ineffective because he failed to
obtain and provide defendant with evidence that defendant requested. Defendant does not
identify what evidence appellate counsel failed to obtain. “An appellant may not merely
announce his position and leave it to this Court to discover and rationalize the basis for his
claims, nor may he give only cursory treatment [of an issue] with little or no citation of
supporting authority.” People v Kelly, 231 Mich. App. 627, 640-641; 588 NW2d 480 (1998).
Moreover, “[t]he defendant has the burden of establishing the factual predicate of his ineffective
assistance claim.” People v Douglas, 496 Mich. 557, 592; 852 NW2d 587 (2014). Here, given
that defendant has failed to identify what evidence his appellate counsel was supposed to obtain,
it is impossible for this Court to determine whether an appellate counsel’s performance fell
below an objective standard of reasonableness. Trakhtenberg, 493 Mich. at 51. It is also
impossible to determine whether the outcome would have been different without appellate
counsel’s alleged incompetence. Id. Accordingly, we conclude that defendant has failed to
establish that his appellate defense counsel was ineffective for failing to bring defendant’s
requested evidence to the jail when he met with defendant.

        Defendant also alleges that appellate counsel was ineffective because he only raised a
frivolous issue on appeal. Defendant asserts that appellate counsel knew the issue was frivolous
because his motion to remand for a competency hearing was denied by this Court. However, this
Court’s order denying the remand motion was denied “for failure to persuade the Court of the
necessity of a remand at this time.”4 Thus, we did not make a decision on the merits of the issue.

        Further, the record does not indicate that the argument raised on appeal was frivolous.
Although this Court ultimately concluded that the issue raised by appellate counsel was without
merit, we note that appellate counsel directed this Court to facts that he believed supported his
issue on appeal, including the fact that defendant had allegedly sustained a serious head injury
while he was in the 10th or 11th grade and that the fact that defendant had gone through
numerous court-appointed attorneys during the lower court and appellate proceedings. He also
indicated that defendant’s demeanor was another indication that defendant was incompetent, as
was his lack of a pre-injury criminal history. He also directed this Court to pertinent legal

4
 People v Bush, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered March 27, 2015 (Docket No.
311543).

                                               -6-
authority in support of his issue. We therefore conclude that although defendant’s argument was
meritless it was not frivolous.

       Additionally, there is nothing on the record to suggest that appellate counsel was
representing the prosecution’s interest when he filed defendant’s brief on appeal. Defendant
claims that appellate counsel objected to defendant’s motion to represent himself on appeal.
However, at the hearing on defendant’s motion to represent himself pro per on appeal, appellate
counsel indicated that he was trying to protect defendant’s interests. He also indicated that he
was willing to continue to represent defendant and that there would be no harm if he did because
defendant would be able to file a Standard 4 brief to raise any issues he desired. Nothing on the
record indicates that he was, in fact, trying to protect the prosecutor’s interest. Because
defendant cannot point to any evidence in support of his allegation, he has failed to meet his
burden of establishing the factual predicate for his claim of ineffective assistance. Douglas, 496
Mich. at 592.

        Moreover, defendant cannot show that he was prejudiced because he has been afforded
an opportunity to raise additional issues in a Standard 4 brief. Accordingly, defendant cannot
establish that he was prejudiced by appellate counsel’s failure to raise additional issues. Lopez,
305 Mich. App. at 694.

                         B. SELECTION OF APPELLATE COUNSEL

     Defendant next argues that his current appellate counsel was appointed in violation of
MCL 780.712(6).

        Questions of statutory interpretation are reviewed de novo. People v Gardner, 482 Mich.
41, 46; 753 NW2d 78 (2008). This Court reviews an unpreserved error for plain error that
affected defendant’s substantial rights. People v Carines, 460 Mich. 750, 763; 597 NW2d 130
(1999). “To avoid forfeiture under the plain error rule, three requirements must be met: 1) error
must have occurred, 2) the error was plain, i.e., clear or obvious, 3) and the plain error affected
substantial rights.” Id. “The third requirement generally requires a showing of prejudice, i.e.,
that the error affected the outcome of the lower court proceedings.” Id. Reversal is not
warranted unless the plain error resulted in the conviction of an innocent person, or seriously
affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the proceedings. Id.

       MCL 780.712(6) provides:

               The commission shall compile and keep current a statewide roster of
       attorneys eligible for and willing to accept appointment by an appropriate court to
       serve as criminal appellate defense counsel for indigents. The appointment of
       criminal appellate defense services for indigents shall be made by the trial court
       from the roster provided by the commission or shall be referred to the office of the
       state appellate defender. [Emphasis added.]

Our Supreme Court set forth standards for the appointment of appellate attorneys in
Administrative Order No. 1989-3, 432 Mich. cxx (1989). Pertinent to this appeal, AO 1989-3
provides that the appointment of an appellate attorney must be made by the chief judge or the

                                                -7-
local designating authority. Further, regardless of who is responsible for appointing appellate
counsel, except in circumstances not applicable in this case, the appointment must be made to an
attorney on the local list. In this case, the trial court admitted that it had selected defendant’s
current appellate counsel because he was from another jurisdiction. Assuming arguendo that the
appointment was, therefore, a violation of MCL 780.712(6), we nevertheless conclude that
defendant cannot show that the alleged error affected his substantial rights. Carines, 460 Mich. at
763. Counsel is presumed competent. Solmonson, 261 Mich. App. at 663. Accordingly,
defendant cannot show that the appointment of one appellate attorney over another appellate
attorney affected the outcome of the proceedings. Carines, 460 Mich. at 763.

                            C. PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT

       Defendant next raises numerous allegations of prosecutorial misconduct, none of which
we find meritorious.

        “In order to preserve an issue of prosecutorial misconduct, a defendant must
contemporaneously object and request a curative instruction.” People v Bennett, 290 Mich. App.
465, 475; 802 NW2d 627 (2010). There were no objections during the trial to any of the
allegations of prosecutorial misconduct. We review de novo issues of prosecutorial misconduct
to determine whether the defendant was denied a fair and impartial trial. Id. However,
unpreserved prosecutorial misconduct claims are reviewed for plain error affecting the
defendant’s substantial rights. People v Thomas, 260 Mich. App. 450, 454; 678 NW2d 631
(2004). “Reversal is warranted only when plain error resulted in the conviction of an actually
innocent defendant or seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial
proceedings.” Bennett, 290 Mich. App. at 475-476. Moreover, we “cannot find error requiring
reversal where a curative instruction could have alleviated any prejudicial effect.” Id. at 476.

         Defendant first argues that the prosecutor failed to disclose exculpatory text messages.
He also argues that, in collusion with defendant’s court-appointed attorney, the prosecutor
suppressed the text messages from his phone in violation of Brady v Maryland, 373 U.S. 83; 83 S
Ct 1194; 10 L. Ed. 2d 215 (1963). Under Brady, the prosecutor must turn over all evidence within
its possession that is favorable to the accused and material to guilt or punishment. Brady, 373
U.S. at 87. A Brady violation occurs if “(1) the prosecution has suppressed evidence; (2) that is
favorable to the accused; and (3) that is material.” People v Chenault, 495 Mich. 142, 150; 845
NW2d 731 (2014). Pertinent to this case, “[t]he government is held responsible for evidence
within its control, even evidence unknown to the prosecution.” Id., citing Kyles v Whitley, 514
U.S. 419, 437; 115 S. Ct. 1555; 131 L. Ed. 2d 490 (1995). There was no Brady violation in this
case. The record establishes that before trial the defense had possession of the text messages and
the prosecution did not. Further, the record also shows that both the prosecutor and defendant’s
trial attorney were able to view the text messages. Accordingly, defendant cannot establish the
first element of a Brady violation, i.e., that the prosecution has suppressed evidence.

       Defendant also argues that the prosecution should have located and turned over the text
messages based on Bristol’s comments during a second interview. However, neither the police,
nor the prosecution, are “required to seek and find exculpatory evidence.” People v Miller, 211
Mich. App. 30, 43; 535 NW2d 518 (1995); see also People v Coy, 258 Mich. App. 1, 21; 669
NW2d 831 (2003). Accordingly, this claim is also without merit.

                                                -8-
       Defendant next argues that it was prosecutorial misconduct for the prosecutor to object to
defendant’s phone being admitted into evidence. However, on October 7, 2011, pursuant to
MCR 6.201 and MCL 767.94a, the prosecutor sent a request for discovery to defendant.
Pertinent to this appeal, the prosecutor requested “[a] description of and an opportunity to inspect
any tangible physical evidence that Defendant may introduce at trial, including copies of any
document, photograph, or other paper.” MCL 767.94a provides:

               (1) A defendant or his or her attorney shall disclose to the prosecuting
       attorney upon request the following material or information within the possession
       or control of the defendant or his or her attorney:

                                              * * *

               (d) Any book, paper, document, photograph, or tangible object that the
       defendant intends to offer in evidence or that relates to the testimony of a witness,
       other than the defendant, whom the defendant intends to call. [Emphasis added.]

Further, MCR 6.201(A)(6) provides that upon request a party must disclose “a description of and
an opportunity to inspect any tangible physical evidence that the party may introduce at trial,
including any document, photograph, or other paper, with copies to be provided on request.”
Accordingly, given that the prosecutor made a request for discovery that arguably covered the
disclosure of defendant’s cell phone, the prosecutor did not commit misconduct by then
objecting to the proposed admission of the undisclosed evidence.

       Next, defendant argues that his trial counsel and the prosecutor colluded to suppress the
text messages and that they lied about the State Police Crime Lab’s ability to retrieve the text
messages. However, he only offers unsworn speculation in support of his allegations.
Accordingly, he has abandoned this argument on appeal. Kelly, 231 Mich. App. at 640-641.
Moreover, because both trial counsel and the prosecutor were able to view the text messages on
defendant’s cell phone in the jury room, defendant cannot show that the error affected his
substantial rights. See Carines, 460 Mich. at 763.

        Defendant also alleges that the prosecutor and trial counsel colluded on questions,
objections, which evidence and witnesses to present, and the content of the closing arguments.
Again, he provides no factual support for these allegations. Accordingly, we deem this issue
abandoned on appeal. Kelly, 231 Mich. App. at 640-641.

        Defendant also alleges without factual support that some of the transcripts in the lower
court proceedings were altered. However, he does not clearly identify all the allegedly altered
transcripts and does not indicate what information in the transcripts was altered. Accordingly,
we deem this issue abandoned on appeal. Id.

        Next, defendant alleged that his court-appointed attorney was appointed as a result of
lawyer shopping and that the prosecutor had the judge remove Kiana Franulic, defendant’s first
attorney, from the case in order to protect the prosecutor’s interests. There is nothing to support
the first assertion, so we need not address it further. Id. Further, the record belies his second
assertion. On June 21, 2011, the prosecution listed Franulic on its witness list. The evidence
presented at trial demonstrated that, at that time, the prosecution had reason to believe that
                                                -9-
Franulic was potentially a witness to some of the charges. Moreover, on October 12, 2011 at an
evidentiary hearing schedule to determine if Franulic could represent defendant, Racine Miller,
an attorney for defendant, indicated that “Franulic has scholastic and medical issues that will
prohibit her from trying this case.” More importantly, Franulic stated:

       as of last Thursday I learned that I will be in need of some surgery and
       unfortunately will not be able to carry on that. So I will concede—well withdraw
       the motion to strike me from the witness list that was already in place, and I will
       conceded that I may have knowledge about these two cases. [Emphasis added.]

Thus, although defendant asserts that the prosecutor forced the judge to remove Franulic, the
record clearly shows that she chose to stop representing defendant before anyone ordered her to
stop representing him. Thus, defendant’s claim is again devoid of merit.

        Defendant also argues that the prosecutor committed misconduct by granting Bristol
immunity from perjury and filing a false police report charges. During the prosecutor’s direct
examination, Bristol testified that the prosecutor had told her that she would not be prosecuted
with perjury in conjunction with the preliminary examination. The prosecutor then stated to the
court that she had represented to Bristol that her office would not prosecute her for perjury from
the preliminary examination date. There is nothing on the record to suggest that Bristol was
offered immunity from charges of filing a false police report. However, in any event, it is
axiomatic that the incentives a prosecutor may offer in order to secure a witness’s testimony may
include offers of immunity. Given that the prosecutor in this case limited the immunity grant to
the date of the preliminary examination, there is no indication that there was any misconduct.
We conclude that defendant’s claim is again, devoid of merit.

        Similarly, to the extent that defendant seemingly argues the prosecutor committed
misconduct by telling Bristol to cooperate even though there was no case, we conclude that the
claim is also without merit. First, defendant does not provide any factual support for his
allegations, so we conclude that the issue was abandoned. Kelly, 231 Mich. App. at 640-641.
Second, the record as a whole belies defendant’s claim that there was no case. Bristol’s
testimony, the jail recordings, and the testimony from Officer Parks all clearly indicate that there
was a case against defendant. Accordingly, defendant’s argument is again, devoid of merit.

        Defendant next argues that the prosecutor mischaracterized some of his comments.
During cross-examination, the prosecutor asked defendant if he told his sister that if he got out
he was going to put Bristol “through some shit,” but defendant said that he did not recall making
that statement. The prosecutor asked for permission to refresh defendant’s memory with a
recording of the call where defendant allegedly made the statements. The call was played
outside the court’s presence. The prosecutor then asked:

               Q. On January 24th of 2012, after this trial had started, did you tell your
       sister Robin that if you get out you’re gonna put [Bristol] through some bullshit?

               A. Yes. Some shit.

Then, on redirect examination, he clarified that he “would hate to have to put her through some
shit when I got out.” He explained that what he meant was that he was going to bring false
                                               -10-
police report charges against her, sue her for wrongful imprisonment, and maybe do something
about a racial intimidation. He said that he did not mean to harm her, touch her, or ask anyone
else to go after her. Thus, defendant was able to fully explain what he meant by his “some shit”
comment, so he cannot show on appeal that the alleged mischaracterization affected his
substantial rights. See Carines, 460 Mich. at 763.

        Defendant also argues that “in the prosecutor’s summary she stated that the reason
complainant did not inform the 911 dispatcher of appellant attacking her with scissors and a
knife was because of recency, as to which complainant did not state on record.” Although
defendant does not direct this Court to the appropriate page in the lower court record, it appears
that the complained of statement was made during the prosecutor’s rebuttal, when she argued:

               [Defendant’s attorney] says to you that the felonious assault didn’t happen
       because she didn’t—it wasn’t the first thing out of her mouth when she called
       911. I would submit to the Court that the first thing out of her mouth when she’s
       calling 911 is the last thing that happened to her, and that was the choking. It was
       what was most recent, what he had just done to her. She’s crying on the phone
       my son’s dad is choking me. She’s coughing on the 911 call he’s squeezing so
       hard it just happened. He’s being violent. And then she said he took my purse—
       he took my phone and I just found it. And she’s coughing. He squeezed so hard.
       And then she goes into the remainder of her statements to 911. Recency is what
       common sense would dictate that she would say to 911. Just because she didn’t
       start off her 911 call that he chased her with a knife and held scissors to her neck
       doesn’t meant that it didn’t happen.

“Generally, prosecutors are accorded great latitude regarding their arguments, and are free to
argue the evidence and all reasonable inferences from the evidence as they relate to their theory
of the case.” People v Seals, 285 Mich. App. 1, 22; 776 NW2d 314 (2009). However, “[a]
prosecutor may not make a statement of fact to the jury that is not supported by evidence
presented at trial . . . .” People v Unger, 278 Mich. App. 210, 236, 241; 749 NW2d 272 (2008).
Here, Bristol testified that defendant put scissors to her neck, then he chased her down the hall
with a knife, and then he choked her. She also testified on cross-examination that she was
“hysterical” and “couldn’t barely talk.” She said that she might not have told the 911 operator
about the scissors and the knife. However, she did recall telling the operator that defendant
chocked her. Accordingly, we conclude that the prosecutor’s statements during rebuttal
argument were a reasonable inference that could be drawn from the evidence actually admitted at
trial. Seals, 285 Mich. App. at 22. There was no error.

        Next, defendant argues that the prosecutor presented fabricated evidence. He argues this
occurred when the prosecution introduced photographs of Bristol’s right leg and right arm that
were not taken at the scene on the night of the injury and were not described in the hospital
reports. He argues that at the preliminary examination, the trial court admitted a defense exhibit
that included photographs of self-inflicted scratches on Bristol’s left wrist. He argues that, then,
even though there was absolutely no reason to do so, the trial court forced Franulic to surrender
defendant’s copy of the exhibits to the prosecution. The preliminary examination transcript
shows that Franulic did introduce a photo array that included photographs of Bristol’s injuries.
The record also shows that at the conclusion of the preliminary examination, the prosecutor

                                               -11-
requested permission to retain the exhibits, which the trial court permitted over defense
objection. However, the preliminary examination transcript does not indicate whether the injury
was to Bristol’s right or left arm, and there were no allegations that the injuries were self-
inflicted scratches. Moreover, at trial a nurse testified that Bristol had received treatment on
February 27, 2011 and he said that she had a contusion on her left forearm and muscle spasms
along the left side of her neck. Further, the record shows that both the prosecution and the
defense admitted photographs of Bristol having a right arm injury. However, nothing on this
record appears to suggest that the prosecutor actually fabricated evidence or even had a reason to
fabricate evidence. Further, defendant has not directed this Court to any support in the record to
show that there was an attempted fabrication of evidence, so this Court should consider the issue
abandoned on appeal. See Kelly, 231 Mich. App. at 640-641. Moreover, during its findings the
court indicated that regardless of whether the injuries were to her right arm or left arm, the court
was satisfied by the testimony from the nurse that Bristol had been injured. Thus, given the
limited weight the trial court assigned to whether Bristol was injured on the right or left side of
her body, defendant cannot show plain error affecting his substantial rights. Carines, 460 Mich.
at 763.

        Defendant next argues that the prosecutor committed misconduct by presenting false and
fabricated evidence. A prosecutor may not knowingly use false testimony to obtain a conviction.
People v Aceval, 282 Mich. App. 379, 389; 764 NW2d 285 (2010). Here, defendant argues that
the prosecutor monitored all calls between defendant and Bristol. He asserts that in the
recordings, Bristol admitted that she lied to have defendant imprisoned and that she was helping
defendant with the letter because she lied. He argues that, as a result, the prosecutor presented
false testimony in order to secure a conviction. However, the recordings admitted into the record
do not support defendant’s claim. Thus, this claim is again, devoid of merit.

        Defendant also argues that the prosecutor and trial counsel worked together to suppress
the jail calls between defendant and Bristol on Bristol’s mother’s phone. He does not provide
any factual support for this assertion, nor does he direct the court to pertinent areas of the record.
Accordingly, we consider this issue abandoned on appeal. See Kelly, 231 Mich. App. at 640-641.

        Finally, defendant argues that the prosecutor committed misconduct by fabricating a
search warrant in order to gain possession of defendant’s cell phone. In support, he attaches a
copy of the search warrant as an exhibit on appeal. However, the search warrant pertains to new
charges against defendant, was entered after defendant was sentenced in the current case, and
does not pertain to any issues on appeal. Moreover, defendant does not explain why he believes
the search warrant was fabricated. Nor does he explain how it is properly considered part of this
record on appeal. Defendant may not expand the record on appeal. People v Nix, 301 Mich. App.
195, 203; 836 NW2d 224 (2013). Accordingly, we will not consider this issue further.

                                   D. COUNSEL OF CHOICE

       Defendant next argues that he was deprived his constitutional right to counsel of choice
because the prosecutor listed Franulic on her witness list and caused her to withdraw from the
case.

                                                -12-
        However, the record shows that Franulic voluntarily withdrew from the case for medical
reasons and because she conceded that she possibly had knowledge about defendant’s cases.
Defendant did not object to the removal of Franulic as his counsel. Instead, he agreed on the
record that she should no longer be his attorney, that he had no objection to the court permitting
Franulic to withdraw as his counsel, and that he wanted a court-appointed attorney.
Accordingly, this issue is waived. Waiver is defined as “‘the intentional relinquishment or
abandonment of a known right.’” People v Carter, 462 Mich. 206, 215; 612 NW2d 144 (2000),
quoting Carines, 460 Mich. at 762-762 n 7. “It differs from forfeiture, which has been explained
as ‘the failure to make the timely assertion of a right.’” Carter, 462 Mich. at 215. Because a
waived error is extinguished, there is nothing for this Court to review. Id. at 216.

                    E. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF TRIAL COUNSEL

        Defendant next argues that his trial counsel was ineffective for a variety of reasons.
“Generally, a motion for a new trial or for an evidentiary hearing is a prerequisite to appellate
review of a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel.” People v Johnson, 144 Mich. App. 125,
129; 373 NW2d 263 (1985). Defendant preserved some of his allegations in a post-judgment
motion for a new trial where he alleged his trial counsel was ineffective because she failed to call
and investigate witnesses that defendant told her about and because she failed to introduce
evidence from defendant’s phone and defendant’s sister’s phone. However, the trial court denied
defendant’s motion for a Ginther5 hearing on the ineffective assistance of counsel claim. “When
no Ginther hearing has been conducted, our review of the defendant’s claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel is limited to mistakes that are apparent on the record.” People v Mack, 265
Mich. App. 122, 125; 695 NW2d 342 (2005).

        The right to counsel guaranteed by the United States and Michigan Constitutions, US
Const, Am VI; Const 1963, art 1, § 20, is the right to the effective assistance of counsel. United
States v Cronic, 466 U.S. 648, 654; 104 S. Ct. 2039; 80 L. Ed. 2d 657 (1984); People v Pubrat, 451
Mich. 589, 594; 548 NW2d 595 (1996). To establish the claim, “a defendant must show that (1)
counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and (2) but for
counsel’s deficient performance, there is a reasonable probability that the outcome would have
been different.” Trakhtenberg, 493 Mich. at 51. “Effective assistance of counsel is presumed,
and the defendant bears a heavy burden of proving otherwise.” Solmonson, 261 Mich. App. at
663.

       Defendant argues that trial counsel was ineffective because she refused to contact
defendant’s sister to obtain evidence of what defendant wanted presented at his trial. However,
the record shows that trial counsel contacted defendant’s sister during the trial and told her that
she was going to testify. Further, defendant’s sister testified that she sent defendant’s cell phone
to Franulic in around March of 2011 and Franulic testified that she received the cell phone from
defendant’s sister in the early summer of 2011. Defense trial counsel was not appointed to
represent defendant until October of 2011. Accordingly, given that defendant’s sister did not

5
    People v Ginther, 390 Mich. 436; 212 NW2d 922 (1973).

                                               -13-
have possession of the cell phone at the time that trial counsel was supposed to be contacting
defendant’s sister to obtain the cell phone, there is nothing to suggest that trial counsel was
ineffective for failing to contact trial counsel to obtain defendant’s cell phone. Further, Franulic
testified that she mailed defendant’s cell phone to trial counsel in January of 2012. Accordingly,
defendant cannot show that he was prejudiced by trial counsel’s failure to contact defendant’s
sister to obtain the phone because (1) defendant’s sister did not have the phone at the time that
trial counsel was defendant’s attorney and (2) trial counsel actually had the phone before
defendant’s trial started. See Trakhtenberg, 493 Mich. at 51.

        Next, defendant argues that trial counsel was ineffective because she failed to enter
defendant’s sister’s text messages into evidence because she told him that they were hearsay.
MRE 801(c) defines hearsay as “a statement, other than the one made by the declarant while
testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.”
Trial counsel determined that the text messages were hearsay. On this record, we cannot say that
she was incorrect. Although defendant asserts that the texts would have been admissible
pursuant to MRE 803(1) (present sense impression), (2) (excited utterance), and (3) (then
existing mental, emotional, or physical condition). Defendant does not explain how the hearsay
exemptions would apply. Nor does he identify when the texts were made or what was said in
them that would have been helpful to his case.6 We are not obligated to support defendant’s

6
  The following exchange occurred between the prosecutor and defendant’s sister on cross
examination:
             Q. And she never told you that the incident from February 26th never
       happened, did she?

               A. She told me she don’t remember.

               Q. Did she ever tell you it didn’t happen?

               A. No, she said I don’t remember.

               Q. And she never told you that she made it up, did she?

               A. She in so many words—I have some messages on my phone that kind
       of got deleted, but—

               Q. Kind of got deleted?

               A. —in some may words I know they didn’t happen with her. She has a
       history of—

               Q. I’m not asking you about her history. I’m asking—

               A. Okay.

                                               -14-
arguments. Kelly, 231 Mich. App. at 640-641. Further, defendant is expected to provide the
factual basis for his ineffective assistance of counsel claims, which he has failed to do in this
case. Douglas, 496 Mich. at 592. Accordingly, we conclude defense counsel made a strategic
decision not to present the evidence in the text messages because she believed it to be
objectionable. “[T]his Court will not second-guess counsel regarding matters of trial strategy,
and even if defense counsel was ultimately mistaken, this Court will not assess counsel’s
competence with the benefit of hindsight.” People v Rice (On Remand), 235 Mich. App. 429,
445; 597 NW2d 843 (1999).

         Next, defendant argues that trial counsel was ineffective because she waited until the
second day of trial to enter defendant’s phone into evidence. The record shows that trial counsel
first attempted to introduce defendant’s cell phone as evidence on the second day of trial;
however, it also shows that the trial court arranged for trial counsel and the prosecutor to view
the contents of the phone in the jury room. Further, although the trial court did not admit the text
messages as substantive evidence, the court ruled that they were admissible for impeachment
purposes. Accordingly, defendant cannot establish that he was prejudiced by any possible
deficiency because he cannot show the outcome would have been different if the text messages
had been disclosed earlier in the trial. Moreover, trial counsel indicated that she only intended to
use the text messages for impeachment purposes. Thus, defendant cannot show that the absence
of an earlier disclosure would have affected the outcome of the trial. See Trakhtenberg, 493
Mich. at 51.

         Defendant argues that trial counsel was ineffective because she acted like she could not
connect the courtroom’s video and audio cards to her laptop. However, the record shows that the
jail call recordings were picked up by the courtroom’s audio. Moreover, the record shows that
trial counsel was actively attempting to ensure that all of the jail calls were audible. Defense trial
counsel even brought speakers to try and boost the volume of the recordings. Moreover, the jail
recordings were admitted as exhibit 1, so defendant cannot show that he was prejudiced by the
allegedly improperly connected video and audio cards. The entirety of the jail recordings
between defendant and Bristol were part of the record, independent of the transcript that was
prepared. Thus, defendant cannot meet his burden of showing that the outcome of the trial was
prejudiced by trial counsel’s allegedly deficient performance. See id.

       Next, defendant argues that trial counsel was ineffective because she fabricated a story
about how the text messages could not be retrieved. However, defendant has presented no
evidence in support of this allegation, so we will not consider it further on appeal. Kelly, 231
Mich. App. at 640-641. Moreover, defendant has failed to establish that he was prejudiced by the
alleged fabrication of the story. The record shows that both the prosecutor and trial counsel were

               Q. —you did she ever tell you that she made this up?

               A. No.

Thus, it is clear that the text messages from defendant’s sister did not directly refute Bristol’s
allegations about the assault.

                                                -15-
able to view the text messages in the jury room before the conclusion of Bristol’s testimony.
Accordingly, defendant cannot show prejudice.

         Defendant next argues that trial counsel was ineffective because she did not subpoena
any of defendant’s witnesses. He does not identify the witnesses that trial counsel was supposed
to subpoena, provide affidavits about what they would have testified about, or explained how the
outcome of his trial would have been different had the witnesses been subpoenaed to testify at
his trial. Accordingly, he has not established the factual predicate for his claim. Douglas, 496
Mich. at 592.

        Defendant next argues that trial counsel was ineffective because she did not address
every inconsistency in Bristol’s testimony during her cross examination and her closing
argument. Decisions as to what evidence to present, whether to call or question witnesses, and
what evidence to highlight in closing argument are presumed to be matters of trial strategy.
People v Horn, 279 Mich. App. 31, 39; 755 NW2d 212 (2008). This Court does not second-guess
counsel on matters of trial strategy. Rice (On Remand), 235 Mich. App. at 445. Here, defendant
does not identify which inconsistencies trial counsel failed to address. Accordingly, he has failed
to overcome the presumption that trial counsel was acting pursuant to a trial strategy. That a
strategy does not succeed does not render its use ineffective assistance of counsel. People v
Petri, 279 Mich. App. 407, 412; 760 NW2d 882 (2008). Moreover, defendant cannot show that
he was prejudiced by the allegedly deficient performance. tTial counsel’s cross-examination of
Bristol was thorough. She asked questions about: (1) Bristol’s contact with the police, the
prosecutor’s office, and the LACASA; (2) the events leading up to the incident, including
whether Bristol was intoxicated on the night of the incident; (3) Bristol’s relationship with
defendant and whether Bristol was jealous of defendant being with other girls; (4)
inconsistencies between Bristol’s story and the placement of physical evidence at the scene; (5)
her failure to tell the 911 operator about the knife and scissors; (6) her injuries; (7) her text
messages to defendant after the incident; (8) her conversations with defendant while defendant
was in jail; (9) Bristol’s therapist; (10) the letter Bristol wrote to defendant’s parole officer; (11)
the statements Bristol gave to the police; (12) prior inconsistent statements she had made; (13)
contact between Bristol and defendant’s family; (14) the fact that Bristol admitted to lying under
oath at the preliminary examination; and (15) her immunity agreement. Without pointing out
specifically what more Bristol should have been cross-examined on, we cannot say that
defendant met his burden in showing that but for counsel’s alleged deficiency in questioning
Bristol, the outcome of his trial would have been different. See Trakhtenberg, 493 Mich. at 51.

        Defendant also argues that trial counsel was ineffective because she had a conflict of
interest because she announced that she was running for prosecutor in Livingston County. A
defendant is denied effective assistance if counsel had an actual conflict of interest that affected
counsel’s performance. People v Smith, 456 Mich. 543, 556; 581 NW2d 654 (1998). In People v
Davenport, 483 Mich. 906, 906; 762 NW2d 163 (2008), our Supreme Court stated:

       A presumption of prejudice exists when a defendant’s former defense counsel
       joins the prosecutor’s office that is pursuing the case against the defendant.
       MRPC 1.9(b), 1.10(b). Such a presumption may be overcome, however, if the
       prosecutor shows that the attorney who has a conflict of interest was properly
       screened out from “any participation in the matter.” MRPC 1.10(b). . . . [Id.]

                                                 -16-
In this case, trial counsel apparently announced she was running for office after defendant was
convicted. However, nothing on this record indicates that she joined the prosecutor’s officer
while the office was pursuing the case against defendant. Accordingly, we conclude that the
mere fact that trial counsel announced her candidacy for the position of prosecuting attorney did
not create an actual conflict of interest, so defendant cannot establish that he was prejudiced. See
Trakhtenberg, 493 Mich. at 51.

                             F. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

       Defendant next argues that there is insufficient evidence to support his convictions.
Challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence are reviewed de novo. People v Ericksen, 288
Mich. App. 192, 195; 793 NW2d 120 (2010). Due process requires, that when the evidence is
viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution, a reasonable trier of fact could find each
element of the crime established beyond a reasonable doubt. People v Lundy, 467 Mich. 254,
257; 650 NW2d 332 (2002). It is the trier of fact’s role to judge credibility and weigh the
evidence. People v Jackson, 292 Mich. App. 583, 587; 808 NW2d 541 (2011).

        Defendant was convicted of two counts of felonious assault. The elements of felonious
assault are: “(1) an assault, (2) with a dangerous weapon, and (3) with the intent to injure or
place the victim in reasonable apprehension of an immediate battery.” People v Chambers, 277
Mich. App. 1, 8; 742 NW2d 610 (2007) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
Dangerous weapons include “a gun, revolver, pistol, knife, iron bar, club, brass knuckles, or
other dangerous weapon.” MCL 750.82(1). Here, Bristol did not mention the scissors or the fact
that defendant chased her with a knife during the 911 call; however, she testified that defendant
placed scissors against her neck and threatened to kill her and that he chased her with a knife.
Thus, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, there was sufficient
evidence to convict her defendant of felonious assault. Lundy, 467 Mich. at 257.

        Defendant was also convicted of domestic assault. MCL 750.81(2) provides in pertinent
part that an individual is guilty of domestic assault if he or she “assaults or assaults and batters . .
. an individual with whom he or she has had a child in common . . . .” An “assault” refers to “an
attempt to commit a battery or an unlawful act that places another in reasonable apprehension of
receiving an immediate battery.” People v Cameron, 291 Mich. App. 599, 614; 806 NW2d 371
(2011). Bristol testified that defendant was her son’s father and that defendant choked her.
Accordingly, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, there was
sufficient evidence to convict defendant of domestic assault. Lundy, 467 Mich. at 257.

        Defendant was also convicted of inciting or procuring perjury in a court proceeding.
MCL 750.425 provides that an individual is guilty of inciting or procuring perjury if he or she
endeavors “to incite or procure any person to commit the crime of perjury . . . .” Perjury is
defined “as a willfully false statement regarding any matter or thing, if an oath is authorized or
required.” People v Lively, 470 Mich. 248, 253; 680 NW2d 878 (2004) (emphasis in original).
Here, Bristol’s testimony and the jail calls between defendant and Bristol show that defendant
was instructing Bristol how to testify at the preliminary examination. Bristol testified that he
threatened to have her beaten up or her property damaged. She said that because of the pressure,
she testified untruthfully at the preliminary examination. Thus, viewing the evidence in the light

                                                 -17-
most favorable to the prosecution, there was sufficient evidence to support defendant’s
conviction of inciting or procuring perjury. Lundy, 467 Mich. at 257.

       Finally, defendant was also convicted of witness intimidation.              MCL 750.122(3)
provides:

               A person shall not do any of the following by threat or intimidation:

               (a) Discourage or attempt to discourage any individual from attending a
       present or future official proceeding as a witness, testifying at a present or future
       official proceeding, or giving information at a present or future official
       proceeding.

               (b) Influence or attempt to influence testimony at a present or future
       official proceeding.

              (c) Encourage or attempt to encourage any individual to avoid legal
       process, to withhold testimony, or to testify falsely in a present or future official
       proceeding.

Here, defendant’s testimony, Bristol’s testimony, and the jail calls show that defendant told
Bristol not to come to court. The evidence also shows that he encouraged Bristol not to open the
door after he learned that she might have not been served with a subpoena. Finally, given the
substantial evidence in the jail calls that defendant was trying to tell Bristol what to testify about,
should she testify, there was more than sufficient evidence to convict defendant of witness
intimidation.

                                        G. JUDICIAL BIAS

       Defendant next argues that the trial judge exhibited judicial bias. This issue is
unpreserved because it was not raised in the trial court. Jackson, 292 Mich. App. at 597.
Unpreserved claims of judicial bias are reviewed for plain error. Id.

        Defendant argues that the trial court judge was biased against him because he made a
series of rulings against defendant, such as when he declined to grant defendant’s motion for a
continuance to retrieve the text messages from defendant’s cell phone and when he declined to
grant defendant’s motion for a mistrial after defendant alleged trial counsel had a conflict of
interest. He also argues that the trial court was working in collusion with the prosecutor and trial
counsel to suppress evidence, such as the text messages from defendant’s phone and the text
messages between defendant’s sister and Bristol. “A party that challenges a judge for bias must
overcome a heavy presumption of judicial impartiality.” People v Wells, 238 Mich. App. 383,
391; 605 NW2d 374 (1999). A judge’s opinions or judicial rulings are not valid grounds for
alleging bias “unless there is a deep-seated favoritism or antagonism such that the exercise of fair
judgment is impossible.” Jackson, 292 Mich. App. at 598 (citations and quotation omitted).
Here, nothing in the record even suggests that the trial court’s actions in denying the challenged
motions were based on “deep-seated favoritism or antagonism.” See id. Nor is there any
indication that the trial court’s evidentiary decisions implicated any basis for a finding of judicial

                                                 -18-
bias. Finally, although the record shows that the trial court’s appointment of defendant’s current
appellate counsel may have been in violation of MCL 780.712(6) and AO 1989-3, the record
also clearly shows that the reason for the trial court’s decision was because the trial court was
trying to alleviate defendant’s concerns that local attorneys were conspiring against him. Thus,
even when the trial court attempted to accommodate defendant, defendant claims the
accommodation was made out of bias. Simply put, there is no evidence that the trial court
conducted itself in anything other than in strict compliance with its duty to remain impartial.
Accordingly, we find defendant’s assertion of judicial bias completely lacking any indicia of fact
and accordingly this Court finds that defendant has failed to overcome the heavy presumption of
judicial impartiality. See Wells, 238 Mich. App. at 391.

                          H. CONTINUANCE OR ADJOURNMENT

       Defendant next argues that the trial court abused its discretion in denying his motion for a
continuance so that the State Police Crime Lab could retrieve text messages from his phone.
This Court reviews for an abuse of discretion a trial court’s ruling on a defendant’s request for an
adjournment or a continuance. Coy, 258 Mich. App. at 18-19. MCR 2.503(C)(2) provides that an
adjournment based on the unavailability of evidence may only be granted “if the court finds that
the evidence is material and that diligent efforts have been made to produce the . . . evidence.”
In Coy, 258 Mich. App. at 18-19, this Court stated:

       Thus, to invoke the trial court’s discretion to grant a continuance or adjournment,
       a defendant must show both good cause and diligence. Good cause factors
       include whether defendant (1) asserted a constitutional right, (2) had a legitimate
       reason for asserting the right, (3) had been negligent, and (4) had requested
       previous adjournments. Even with good cause and due diligence, the trial court’s
       denial of a request for an adjournment or continuance is not grounds for reversal
       unless the defendant demonstrates prejudice as a result of the abuse of discretion.
       [Internal quotation marks and citations omitted.]

Here, assuming that defendant could establish good cause and diligence, he cannot show that he
was prejudiced by the court’s denial of his motion for a continuance. First, defendant had access
to the text messages before the trial because the phone with the text messages on it was in
possession of defendant’s trial attorney for about a month before trial. Second, after the phone
was secured in the trial court’s possession, the trial court made the contents of the phone
available for inspection by both the prosecution and the defense. Accordingly, based on this
record defendant cannot demonstrate he was prejudiced. He was allowed to review the
information and was allowed to use it for impeachment purposes during his cross-examination of
Bristol.

                             I. RIGHT TO PRESENT A DEFENSE

        Defendant next argues that he was deprived his constitutional right to present a defense
because evidence was excluded from his trial or was admitted during his trial and ignored. He
asserts that if the evidence had been presented no reasonable juror could have found him guilty
beyond a reasonable doubt. In order to preserve a claim that a defendant was deprived of his or

                                               -19-
her constitutional right to present a defense, the defendant must present his or her claims to the
trial court. People v King, 297 Mich. App. 465, 472; 824 NW2d 258 (2012). Here, defendant did
not argue that he was denied to his constitutional right to present a defense. Unpreserved claims
of constitutional error are reviewed for plain error affecting substantial rights. Coy, 258 Mich
App at 12.

        Defendant argues that if the evidence been presented, Bristol’s testimony would have
been impeached by statements that she had lied about the incident, that she was the one going
crazy the night of the incident, and that she lied when she said defendant was harassing her
(because she was actually harassing defendant). It would have also shown that defendant did not
intend to put Bristol through “some shit” as was characterized by the prosecutor. However,
given the overwhelming evidence against defendant, it is unlikely that additional impeachment
evidence would have affected the outcome of the trial. Bristol testified that defendant pressed
scissors to her neck, chased her with a knife, and choked her. She testified that she lied at the
preliminary examination because she was pressured by defendant. The jail recordings clearly
indicate that defendant was instructing Bristol on what she should say in her testimony. They
also clearly demonstrated that defendant was instructing Bristol not to go to court and to try and
avoid her subpoena by not opening the door.

        Moreover, a defendant is not deprived of the right to present a defense if the defendant is
otherwise able to present his theory to the jury with other evidence. People v Herndon, 246
Mich. App. 371, 411-412; 633 NW2d 376 (2001). In this case, defendant denied assaulting
Bristol with scissors, a knife, or physical contact. He testified that Bristol texted him about 100
times between the night of the incident and the date he turned himself in. He said that she “came
straight” with him on March 4, 2011 and told him that she was on depression medication, had
been drinking, blacked out, and had a nervous breakdown. Accordingly, given that the allegedly
excluded or ignored evidence was presented via defendant’s testimony, we conclude that
defendant was not deprived of his right to present a defense. Id.7

                           J. MISTRIAL OR NEW TRIAL MOTION

       Finally, defendant argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it denied his
motion for a mistrial or a new trial. A trial court’s decision on a motion for a mistrial is
reviewed for an abuse of discretion. People v Schaw, 288 Mich. App. 231, 236; 791 NW2d 743
(2010). An abuse of discretion exists if the trial court selects an outcome that falls outside the
range of reasonable and principled outcomes. Id. Further, this Court reviews “the denial of a
motion for a new trial for an abuse of discretion.” People v Cress, 468 Mich. 678, 691; 664
NW2d 174 (2003).

7
  In addition, a trial court may exclude evidence if its probative value is substantially outweighed
by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay,
waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence. MRE 403. Because defendant
testified that Bristol lied about the incident, the presentation of other evidence indicating that
Bristol had lied could be considered cumulative to his testimony.

                                               -20-
        Here, the record shows that defendant’s arguments that Henry was ineffective because
she announced her candidacy for county prosecutor were without merit. Nothing on the record
indicated that trial counsel had an actual conflict of interest. Accordingly, the trial court did not
abuse its discretion in denying the motions for mistrial and new trial based on defendant’s
allegations that trial counsel had a conflict of interest. Moreover, to the extent that defendant
raised other allegations regarding the fabrication of evidence by the prosecutor, collusion
between trial counsel and the prosecutor, and the suppression of defendant’s evidence, the issues
have all been considered at various points in this opinion. They are all devoid of merit.
Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying the motions.

       Affirmed.

                                                              /s/ Stephen L. Borrello
                                                              /s/ Joel P. Hoekstra
                                                              /s/ Peter D. O’Connell

                                                -21-