Court Opinion

ID: 9925632
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-01-22 16:00:50.872005+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:21:20.254821
License: Public Domain

21-885-cr (L)
United States v. Hernandez

                             UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                 FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                         SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED
BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1.
WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY
MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE
NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A
COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

      At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit,
held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the
City of New York, on the 22nd day of January, two thousand twenty-four.

PRESENT:
           GUIDO CALABRESI,
           ALISON J. NATHAN,
                 Circuit Judges.
           SARALA V. NAGALA,
                 District Judge.
_____________________________________

United States of America

                             Appellee,

                  v.                                            No. 21-885-cr (L),
                                                                22-334 (Con)

Victor Hugo Diaz Morales, AKA Victor
Hugo Villegas Castillo, AKA Rojo, Mario
Jose Calix Hernandez, Mauricio
Hernandez Pineda, Amado Beltran
Beltran, AKA Don Amado, Otto Rene
Salguero Morales, AKA Otto Salguero,
Ronald Enrique Salguero Portillo, AKA
Ronald Salguero, Fernando Felix
Rodriguez, AKA Don Fernando,

                 Defendants,

Juan Antonio Hernandez Alvarado, AKA
Tony Hernandez, Geovanny Fuentes
Ramirez, AKA Sealed Defendant 1,

                 Defendants-Appellants.
_____________________________________

FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT
JUAN ANTONIO HERNANDEZ
ALVARADO:
                                          JESSE M. SIEGEL, Law Office of Jesse
                                          Siegel, New York, NY.

FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT
GEOVANNY FUENTES RAMIREZ:
                                          JAY S. OVSIOVITCH, Federal Public
                                          Defender’s Office, Western District of
                                          New York, Rochester, NY.

FOR APPELLEE:
                                          JACOB H. GUTWILLIG (Jason Richman,
                                          Hagan Scotten, on the briefs), Assistant
                                          United States Attorneys, for Damian
                                          Williams, United States Attorney for
                                          the Southern District of New York,
                                          New York, NY.

                                    2
      Appeal from judgments of the United States District Court for the Southern

District of New York (Castel, J.).

      UPON      DUE     CONSIDERATION,          IT    IS   HEREBY      ORDERED,

ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgments of the district court are

AFFIRMED.

      In these consolidated appeals, Defendants-Appellants Juan Antonio

Hernandez Alvarado (Hernandez) and Geovanny Fuentes Ramirez (Fuentes

Ramirez) appeal from judgments of the United States District Court for the

Southern District of New York (Castel, J.) convicting them following separate jury

trials for their roles in a large-scale conspiracy to traffic cocaine from Honduras

into the United States.      On March 31, 2021, Hernandez was convicted of

conspiring to import cocaine into the United States in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 963,

using and conspiring to use machineguns in furtherance of that conspiracy in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) and (o), and making false statements to law

enforcement in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1001.        On February 8, 2022, Fuentes

Ramirez was similarly convicted of conspiring to import cocaine into the United

States and using and conspiring to use machineguns in furtherance of the

                                         3
conspiracy, in violation of 21 U.S.C § 963 and 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) and (o). Both were

sentenced principally to life imprisonment followed by a mandatory consecutive

term of 30 years’ imprisonment.

        Hernandez and Fuentes Ramirez raise a variety of claims arising from their

separate trials.   We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts,

procedural history, and issues on appeal, to which we refer only as necessary to

explain our decision.

I.   Hernandez’s Trial

        Hernandez advances three claims on appeal that he argues warrant vacating

his conviction. First, he argues that statements he made without counsel during

a post-arrest interview were wrongly admitted at trial because the interview

violated professional ethical rules applying to government attorneys, the Fifth

Amendment, and the Sixth Amendment.            Second, he argues that improper

prosecutorial comments during summation deprived him of a fair trial in violation

of due process. And third, he argues that the district court failed to adequately

investigate potential juror misconduct or bias after an alternate juror raised

concerns about his safety in a note to the court. We consider each argument in

turn.

                                         4
    A. The Post-Arrest Statement

      Hernandez was arrested by Customs and Border Patrol agents in 2018 at the

Miami International Airport, having already been indicted. Shortly thereafter, he

gave a recorded interview without counsel to agents from the Drug Enforcement

Administration (DEA), in which he admitted to knowing various drug traffickers

in Honduras and receiving offers to work with them but denied involvement in

any drug trafficking with them. Hernandez unsuccessfully moved to suppress

the interview.

      On appeal, Hernandez advances the same arguments for suppression that

the district court rejected. He argues that government attorneys directed the DEA

agents to interview him without counsel present despite knowing he was

represented by counsel, in violation of applicable ethics rules for attorneys, and

that the agents interviewed him without counsel despite his invocation of his right

to counsel under the Fifth and Sixth Amendments. In an appeal challenging the

denial of a suppression motion, we review the district court’s factual findings for

clear error and its legal holdings de novo. United States v. Stewart, 551 F.3d 187,

190-91 (2d Cir. 2009).

      The no-contact rule generally prohibits an attorney from directly contacting

                                        5
a party regarding a matter when the attorney knows the party is represented by a

lawyer in that matter. See United States v. Hammad, 858 F.2d 834, 837 (2d Cir.

1988). In Hammad, we held that suppression can be warranted for statements

obtained by prosecutors in violation of the no-contact rule. See id. at 840.

      In addition, the Fifth Amendment provides a right to counsel in custodial

interrogations and the Sixth Amendment provides a right to counsel in critical

proceedings    (including   interrogations)    after   criminal   proceedings    have

commenced.      See Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477, 481-82 (1981); Montejo v.

Louisiana, 556 U.S. 778, 786 (2009). An individual can waive the right to counsel

under both amendments, if that waiver is knowing, voluntary, and intelligent.

See United States v. Gonzalez, 764 F.3d 159, 166 (2d Cir. 2014); Montejo, 556 U.S. at

786. Moreover, even after invoking the right to counsel under either amendment,

an individual may reinitiate interrogation and then validly waive the right. See

Montejo, 556 U.S. at 798; Gonzalez, 764 F.3d at 166 (citing Edwards, 451 U.S. at 485).

      Here, after Hernandez told the DEA agents who arrested him that he wished

to cooperate, the agents asked him, in Spanish, if he currently had a lawyer.

Hernandez replied that he had not spoken in over a year to Manuel Retureta, an

attorney who represented him in connection with a proffer to the government that

                                          6
occurred approximately two years prior, but that he “would like to call him first.”

Hernandez App’x at 116. After getting permission from two Assistant United

States Attorneys (AUSAs), the agents then attempted to call Retureta but were

unable to reach him. The agents consulted with the AUSAs again, who advised

them not to interview Hernandez at that time.         In addition to knowing of

Retureta’s representation of Hernandez at the earlier proffer, one of the AUSAs

had also received an email from Retureta about Hernandez roughly a year and a

half before the arrest.

      However, after the agents informed Hernandez that they were going to

process him and take him to jail without an interview, Hernandez “stated that he

wanted to speak with Agents at this moment and start cooperating.” Id. At that

point, the agents again tried unsuccessfully to reach Retureta. They again asked

if Hernandez currently had a lawyer, to which he responded that he did not know.

With this information, the AUSAs then told the agents to proceed with an

interview. The agents advised Hernandez of his rights, Hernandez stated that he

understood his rights, and Hernandez read and signed a form waiving his Miranda

rights before proceeding with the interview.

      When the videotaped interview began, the agents confirmed, on the record,

                                        7
the bottom line of their earlier exchange with Hernandez. One stated, “I just want

. . . to repeat here what you told me earlier. That you wish to proceed and make

a statement and talk with us.” Hernandez App’x at 55. The agent continued:

“You do not have legal representation today . . . now. . . . You will be talking to a

lawyer in the future, but you wish to start this process now.” Id. Hernandez

then replied: “That’s right. I want to start.” Id. On this record, we agree with

the district court that the post-arrest interview should not have been suppressed.

      First, admitting statements from the interview did not run afoul of Hammad.

The relevant rule governing the AUSAs’ conduct prohibits a lawyer from

communicating about a matter “with a party the lawyer knows to be represented

by another lawyer in the matter.” N.Y. R. Prof’l Conduct 4.2(a). A comment to

the rule clarifies that “know” here means actual knowledge: “This means that the

lawyer has actual knowledge of the fact of the representation; but such knowledge

may be inferred from the circumstances.”        Id. cmt. 8; see also N.Y. R. Prof’l

Conduct 1.0(k) (“‘Knowingly,’ ‘known,’ ‘know,’ or ‘knows’ denotes actual

knowledge of the fact in question.”).     Based on the record of the interactions

between the AUSAs, the DEA agents, and Hernandez, as well as statements made

by the AUSAs on the record in the suppression hearing, the district court

                                         8
concluded that the attorneys did not have actual knowledge that Hernandez had

legal counsel at the time—a finding with which we see no clear error.

      Hernandez cites one case from an intermediate New York appellate court

suggesting that, notwithstanding the text of the rule, it can be violated when

attorneys merely should have known that a witness was represented by counsel.

See In Re Izzo, 155 A.D.3d 109, 111-12 (N.Y. App. Div. 2017); but see Grievance Comm.

for S. Dist. Of N.Y. v. Simels, 48 F.3d 640, 645-46 (2d Cir. 1995) (concluding that the

interpretation of New York’s no-contact rule “as it applies to federal criminal law

practice should be and is a matter of federal law”). We do not need to resolve this

issue, because there is insufficient evidence in the record to support even that form

of constructive knowledge here. The government attorneys knew that Retureta

had represented Hernandez in a proffer having to do with events underlying the

present indictment, but they had not heard from Retureta regarding Hernandez in

roughly a year and a half. And according to Hernandez, he had lost touch with

Retureta and did not know if he had any legal representation. Based on these

facts, we cannot conclude that the AUSAs should have known better than

Hernandez himself whether he was represented by Retureta.

      Second, the interview did not violate Hernandez’s right to counsel under

                                          9
the Fifth and Sixth Amendments.        Assuming for the sake of argument that

Hernandez’s statement that he would like to call Retureta—in response to the

question of whether he had a lawyer—was a clear and unequivocal invocation of

his right to counsel, he then voluntarily reinitiated conversation with the DEA

agents.   As the district court found, after the agents told him he would be

processed without an interview, he told the agents—without being asked any

further questions—that he wanted to speak to them “at th[at] moment and start

cooperating.” Hernandez App’x at 116. It was thus Hernandez, not the DEA

agents, who initiated the questioning. The record shows that Hernandez then

voluntarily and knowingly waived his right to counsel when he signed a waiver

of his Miranda rights.   See Montejo, 556 U.S. at 786-87 (noting that waiver of

Miranda rights is typically sufficient to waive Sixth Amendment right to counsel).

Statements from the interview were therefore properly admitted at trial.         Cf.

United States v. Gonzalez, 764 F.3d at 166-67 (finding that previously invoked right

to counsel was subsequently waived when defendant reinitiated conversation

with law enforcement).

    B. Prosecutorial Misconduct

      Hernandez takes issue with some of the remarks made by the prosecution

                                        10
during summation, claiming that the prosecution improperly attacked the

integrity and motives of defense counsel before the jury. In seeking a new trial

on this alleged prosecutorial misconduct, Hernandez faces a “heavy burden,

because the misconduct alleged must be so severe and significant as to result in

the denial of his right to a fair trial.” United States v. Banki, 685 F.3d 99, 120 (2d

Cir. 2012) (cleaned up). He fails to carry that burden in this case.

      “The prosecution and the defense are generally entitled to wide latitude

during closing arguments, so long as they do not misstate the evidence.” United

States v. Tocco, 135 F.3d 116, 130 (2d Cir. 1998). Even if the prosecution makes

improper comments, we will reverse only when the comments resulted in

substantial prejudice, which we evaluate based on “the severity of the alleged

misconduct, the measures adopted to cure it, and the certainty of conviction absent

the misconduct.” Id. “[R]arely will an improper summation meet the requisite

level of prejudice.” United States v. Daugerdas, 837 F.3d 212, 227 (2d Cir. 2016)

(quotation marks omitted). Finally, where, as here, a party fails to object to the

remarks, we review for plain error—which in this context means that we will

reverse only if we find “flagrant abuse” that “seriously affects the fairness,

integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” United States v. Carr, 424

                                         11
F.3d 213, 227 (2d Cir. 2005) (quotation marks omitted).

      On this standard, the prosecution’s comments identified by Hernandez do

not warrant reversal.     The prosecution’s comments to the jury that certain

arguments advanced by defense counsel were “[w]rong,” “just wrong,” and

“[a]bsolutely false,” as well as its comment that “[n]othing that the defense counsel

argues now can change the facts that are in evidence,” reflect permissible advocacy

and argument. Nor did the prosecution overstep by characterizing the defense’s

attacks on witness credibility and chains of custody for physical evidence as

distractions. See United States v. Williams, 690 F.3d 70, 75 (2d Cir. 2012) (“[W]e do

not think it improper or excessive, without more, for a prosecutor to criticize

defense arguments as merely being attempts to ‘grasp at straws’ or ‘focus on

distractions.’”); Carr, 424 F.3d at 227 (“[T]he government is allowed to respond to

an argument that impugns its integrity or the integrity of the case . . . .”); United

States v. Rivera, 971 F.2d 876, 883 (2d Cir. 1992) (allowing remarks in prosecution’s

initial and rebuttal summations that defense arguments were “‘smoke screens,’

game-playing, distractions, and distortions”).

      This was certainly not “flagrant abuse.” Carr, 424 F.3d at 227. We thus

find no violation of Hernandez’s right to a fair trial based on the prosecution’s

                                         12
remarks.

    C. Investigation of Juror Note

      During the trial, an alternate juror transmitted a note to Judge Castel in

which he expressed concerns about the safety of the jury and whether “it would

be in the interests of several parties to interfere with the jury either in the form of

persuasion or worse,” since “the traffickers have the means, money, and motive to

try something nefarious.” Hernandez App’x at 768. The note added, “This in

no way affects my impartiality, nor have I mentioned it to the other jury

members.” Id. Finally, it contained an additional message on the reverse side

apparently added a day later: “Since writing this note yesterday, myself and at

least one other juror noticed we were photographed at close range just outside the

courthouse by what appeared to be an individual with no media logo or

identification.   The photo was taken on a cellphone.”        Id.   The district court

dismissed the alternate juror with the parties’ agreement, but, reasoning that the

juror had not communicated these concerns to any others and “loathe [sic] to

conduct an inquiry which plants the seeds of concern where they may not exist,”

the court did not pursue further investigation into potential jury intimidation or

bias as requested by defense counsel. Id. at 775-78.

                                          13
      On appeal, Hernandez argues that failure to investigate this matter further

deprived him of his rights to due process and a trial by an impartial jury. “A

district court’s investigation of juror misconduct or bias is a delicate and complex

task.” United States v. Cox, 324 F.3d 77, 86 (2d Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks

omitted). We review the court’s handling of such matters for abuse of discretion,

aware that the district court “has broad flexibility in such matters . . . .”     Id.

(quotation marks omitted). In particular, the court must balance its obligation to

“investigate and, if necessary, correct a problem” with the need to “avoid tainting

a jury unnecessarily.” Id. at 88. Accordingly, “[i]n this endeavor, sometimes less

is more.”   Id. We hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion in

handling this matter.

      Here, the note did not evidence any jury problems beyond the alternate

juror’s own individual concerns about “nefarious” traffickers. The alternate juror

adhered to the instructions of the court, which informed jurors at the outset as

follows: “[I]f it becomes necessary to send the Court a note about something you

saw or heard or about any other matter, do not share the content of the note with

your fellow jurors.”     Hernandez App’x at 233.        The alternate juror’s note

explicitly stated that he had not discussed his safety concerns with anyone else.

                                         14
       Nor does the note’s additional mention of “at least one other juror

notic[ing]” being photographed suggest that any discussion took place among the

jury or evidence any other improper jury communications. Hernandez App’x at

768.   And questioning jurors about the incident could have unnecessarily

magnified the event, causing more harm than good.

       Hernandez suggests that the court should have questioned the alternate

juror outside the presence of the rest of the jury as to whether he discussed his

concerns with others, before dismissing him. This approach could have provided

additional assurance that the jury had not been tainted in any way without sowing

unnecessary concerns. But it was not an abuse of discretion to decline to adopt

that approach, and instead to accept the juror’s representation that he had not

spoken with anyone about his safety concerns—which the note's mention of the

photography incident does not contradict. See Cox, 324 F.3d at 87 (“[A] court

should generally presume that jurors are being honest.”).         In dismissing the

alternate juror without conducting a further investigation into the rest of the jury,

the district court did not exceed the bounds of the “broad flexibility” it is afforded

in managing such matters. Id. at 86 (quotation marks omitted); cf. United States v.

Abrams, 137 F.3d 704, 708 (2d Cir. 1998) (finding no abuse of discretion when

                                         15
district court declined further investigation of juror note that “did not explain the

nature of any discussions [among jurors] or even indicate whether such

discussions had taken place”). We therefore reject Hernandez’s argument and,

having rejected all of his arguments on appeal, will affirm his conviction.

II. Fuentes Ramirez’s Trial and Sentence

      Fuentes Ramirez also advances three claims on appeal, broadly speaking.

First, he makes several related arguments about the statute of limitations for his

charges.     He claims that the charges against him were time-barred, that the

district court should have instructed the jury on the statute of limitations, and that

his trial counsel was constitutionally ineffective for not requesting a specific jury

instruction on the issue. Second, Fuentes Ramirez argues that the district court

abused its discretion in admitting various pieces of evidence and portions of

testimony.     And third, he argues that his sentence of life imprisonment is

substantively unreasonable. As with Hernandez, we consider each of Fuentes

Ramirez’s arguments but conclude that none is availing.

    A. Statute of Limitations Arguments

      Fuentes Ramirez makes several related arguments concerning the statute of

limitations for the charges against him. First, he raises a sufficiency challenge,

                                         16
claiming that there was not enough evidence at trial for a reasonable jury to

conclude that the cocaine trafficking conspiracy he was accused of participating in

continued into the limitations period. He argues that the government presented

no evidence of acts in furtherance of the conspiracy after 2015, five years before he

was indicted. See 18 U.S.C. § 3282(a) (providing five-year statute of limitations).

He further argues that the conspiracy was abandoned in 2013 after he and co-

conspirator Leonel Rivera ceased working together and Rivera began cooperating

with the DEA. We review de novo a challenge to the sufficiency of evidence and

“affirm if the evidence, when viewed in its totality and in the light most favorable

to the government, would permit any rational jury to find the essential elements

of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v. Yanotti, 541 F.3d 112,

120 (2d Cir. 2008) (quotation marks omitted). We conclude that is the case here.

      As Fuentes Ramirez acknowledges, conspiracy is a continuing offense, for

which the statute of limitations does not begin to run until the conspiracy is

completed or abandoned. See United States v. Eppolito, 543 F.3d 25, 46-47 (2d Cir.

2008). Moreover, Fuentes Ramirez concedes that the government did not need to

prove any overt acts for the specific drug conspiracy offense under which he was

charged, let alone overt acts within the limitations period. See United States v.

                                         17
Grammatikos, 633 F.2d 1013, 1023 (2d Cir. 1980); United States v. Salmonese, 352 F.3d

608, 620 (2d Cir. 2003) (“In such cases, once the government proves the

conspiracy’s existence, the scheme’s continued operation into the limitations

period is presumed . . . .”). Thus, whether or not the government proved overt

acts in furtherance of the conspiracy after 2015 is of no moment.

      As for Fuentes Ramirez’s abandonment argument, the conspiracy the

government charged and presented evidence to prove was far broader than a

simple partnership between Fuentes Ramirez and Rivera.            There was ample

evidence, such as testimony from cooperating witnesses regarding Fuentes

Ramirez’s activities with an array of traffickers, politicians, and Honduran

officials, from which the jury could reasonably conclude that he was a part of a

broader cocaine trafficking conspiracy, which would not end simply because

Rivera and Fuentes Ramirez ceased working together.

      Fuentes Ramirez also argues that the district court erred by failing to

instruct the jury on the statute of limitations, as he requested. “A conviction will

not be overturned for refusal to give a requested charge unless that requested

instruction is legally correct, represents a theory of [the] defense with [a] basis in

the record that would lead to acquittal, and the theory is not effectively presented

                                         18
elsewhere in the charge.” United States v. Holland, 381 F.3d 80, 84 (2d Cir. 2004)

(cleaned up). The defendant must also carry the “heavy burden of showing that

the charge given was prejudicial.” United States v. Kukushkin, 61 F.4th 327, 332 (2d

Cir. 2023) (internal quotation marks omitted).

       After the close of evidence, Fuentes Ramirez’s counsel moved for a

judgment of acquittal, arguing that no evidence demonstrated “any illegal activity

by Mr. Fuentes in the statute of limitations period.” Fuentes Ramirez App’x at

280.   After the district court denied the motion, Fuentes Ramirez’s counsel

requested that the court instruct the jury on the statute of limitations based on this

earlier argument. Counsel suggested that there was an appropriate instruction

in Sand’s Modern Federal Jury Instructions but never provided more detail on a

specific instruction. In fact, as the district court discovered, the only instructions

in Sand were for a different conspiracy offense, which requires proof of an overt

act, and for the affirmative defense of withdrawal. See Leonard B. Sand et al., 1

Modern Federal Jury Instructions: Criminal § 19.01.          As mentioned earlier,

however, the drug conspiracy with which Fuentes Ramirez was charged does not

require proof of an overt act during the limitations period.        And he had not

requested any withdrawal or abandonment instruction. Fuentes Ramirez thus

                                         19
failed to request a legally correct instruction regarding the statute of limitations in

this case.

      To the extent that Fuentes Ramirez now argues that the district court erred

by failing to instruct the jury on a different theory of the defense—that Fuentes

Ramirez conspired only with Rivera and that the conspiracy was abandoned

before the limitations period when Rivera began cooperating with the DEA—he

did not request any such instruction. In his brief request he did not mention

Rivera or abandonment at all and only referred to his earlier argument regarding

a lack of acts in furtherance of the conspiracy during the limitations period.

      Importantly, when the court instructed the jury, Fuentes Ramirez did not

object.   We therefore review any challenge to the instructions given for plain

error. See United States v. Crowley, 318 F.3d 401, 412-414 (2d Cir. 2003). And it

was not plain error for the district court to decline to provide, sua sponte, a jury

instruction regarding an unpresented defense theory. See United States v. Newton,

677 F.2d 16, 17 (2d Cir. 1982) (holding that where defendant made only “a passing

reference to the possibility of [a defense instruction] . . . the trial court was not

under an obligation sua sponte to instruct the jury about the availability of such

an affirmative defense”); United States v. Brettholz, 485 F.2d 483, 490 (2d Cir. 1973)

                                          20
(concluding “it was not error, and certainly not ‘plain error’” for court not to give

unrequested instruction concerning an affirmative defense theory).

      Lastly, Fuentes Ramirez argues that his trial counsel was constitutionally

ineffective for failing to request a more specific instruction regarding the statute of

limitations based on an abandonment argument. Lacking an appropriate record

to evaluate counsel’s strategic decisions, we deny this claim without prejudice to

its being raised in a 28 U.S.C. § 2255 proceeding—the preferable avenue for raising

this claim in the first instance. See Massaro v. United States, 538 U.S. 500, 504-05

(2003); United States v. Khedr, 343 F.3d 96, 99-100 (2d Cir. 2003).

    B. Evidentiary Challenges

      Fuentes-Ramirez also raises a variety of evidentiary challenges on appeal.

“We review evidentiary rulings for abuse of the district court’s broad discretion,

reversing only when the court has acted arbitrarily or irrationally.” United States

v. Nektalov, 461 F.3d 309, 318 (2d Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks omitted).

Our “highly deferential” review is particularly sensitive to “the district court’s

superior position to assess relevancy and to weigh the probative value of evidence

against its potential for unfair prejudice.” United States v. Gabinskaya, 829 F.3d

127, 134 (2d Cir. 2016) (internal quotation marks omitted). As explained below,

                                          21
we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in admitting any of

the evidence in dispute.

      The district court did not abuse its discretion when it admitted evidence

from the Instagram and iCloud accounts of Fuentes Ramirez’s son, Geovanny

Daniel Fuentes Gutierrez. Specifically, the court admitted photographs of large

amounts of cash and of ammunition and various weapons, some of which were

overlaid with text or a symbol referencing a slang word for “snitch.” In addition

to the statements in some of the photographs, the court also admitted statements

from two online chats. The court held that all of the statements were admissible

pursuant to the hearsay exclusion for statements of coconspirators. See Fed. R.

Evid. 801(d)(2)(E). On appeal, Fuentes Ramirez claims in a single conclusory

sentence that the photographs were substantially more prejudicial than probative.

But he provides no reason to second-guess the district court’s decision to admit

the photographs, which together served as evidence probative of an ongoing

conspiracy.

      As for the statements, the court reasonably concluded that a preponderance

of the evidence could show that Gutierrez was a coconspirator with Fuentes

Ramirez and that the statements were made in furtherance of the conspiracy. See

                                        22
id.   The photographs support the conclusion that Gutierrez conspired with

Fuentes Ramirez, as do emails between Fuentes Ramirez and Gutierrez discussing

Fuentes Ramirez’s cocaine laboratory. The disputed statements themselves also

support the finding that the two conspired together. See United States v. Gigante,

166 F.3d 75, 82 (2d Cir. 1999) (noting that the challenged hearsay statement itself

can be considered, alongside other evidence, in establishing the existence of a

conspiracy for the purpose of the hearsay exclusion).           In them, Gutierrez

discusses looking into the murder of Fuentes Ramirez’s bodyguards and the

identity of coconspirators discovered by the government investigation that would

eventually lead to Fuentes Ramirez’s trial and conviction. And there is no clear

error in the district court’s determination that these statements concerning events

related to the conspiracy were made in furtherance of it.       See United States v.

Maldonado-Rivera, 922 F.2d 934, 958-59 (2d Cir. 1990) (noting the applicable clear

error standard of review and that “statements between coconspirators that may be

found to be in furtherance of the conspiracy include statements that provide

reassurance, or seek to induce a coconspirator's assistance, or serve to foster trust

and cohesiveness, or inform each other as to the progress or status of the

conspiracy”).

                                         23
      Fuentes Ramirez principally argues that there was nothing dating this

evidence to after 2013, when he argues the conspiracy terminated.           But as

summarized above, there was ample evidence from which to find a conspiracy

continuing past that date—and so to find by a preponderance of the evidence that

Gutierrez’s statements were made in furtherance of an existing conspiracy

including Fuentes Ramirez.

      Fuentes Ramirez’s second evidentiary claim regards the testimony of Leonel

Rivera about statements that Fuentes Ramirez made to him while they were both

in prison. Fuentes Ramirez argues that because Rivera was cooperating with the

government, these statements should have been suppressed under Massiah v.

United States, 377 U.S. 201, 204-06 (1964), which prohibits the government from

circumventing the right to counsel by directing an agent to interrogate a defendant

without counsel present.     But, as the district court held, there was simply no

evidence that the government ever instructed Rivera to approach Fuentes Ramirez

in prison.   Fuentes Ramirez devotes his efforts on appeal to arguing that the

prison encounter was deliberate on the part of Rivera, but he never contests, let

alone refutes, the district court’s reasoning. Because there was no evidence that

the government directed Rivera to approach and elicit information from Fuentes

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Ramirez, the motion to suppress was properly denied.              See United States v.

Whitten, 610 F.3d 168, 193 (2d Cir. 2010).

         Lastly, Fuentes Ramirez argues that testimony from Jorge Medina, an

agricultural engineer who had business dealings with Fuentes Ramirez, was

irrelevant and that the probative value of the testimony was substantially

outweighed by its unfair prejudice and tendency to mislead the jury. See Fed. R.

Evid. 403. We disagree. Medina testified that Fuentes Ramirez had police seize

a shipment of agricultural cargo from one of his trucks after a dispute.            The

government presented this testimony to show Fuentes Ramirez’s ability to exercise

control over Honduran police for his own ends, which it alleged he did in other

circumstances in furtherance of his drug trafficking activities. This tendency to

make the government’s case more likely to be true is sufficient to clear the “very

low standard for relevance.” United States v. Al-Moayad, 545 F.3d 139, 176 (2d Cir.

2008).

         As for unfair prejudice and the risk of misleading the jury (i.e. to think that

the events Medina testified to could themselves prove the charged cocaine

trafficking conspiracy), the district court gave the jury a limiting instruction. It

told the jury that Medina’s testimony did not “relate to activities of the defendant

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that are charged in the indictment as part of a crime” and was instead “being

offered to show the relationships between the defendant and other groups, other

people.” Fuentes Ramirez App’x at 230. It further instructed that it was “the

government’s position, which the defendant vigorously disagrees with, that this

will show, or help shed some light, on those relationships,” and again emphasized

that Medina’s testimony was “not evidence of the crime charged in this case.” Id.

In light of that limiting instruction and given the seriousness of the charges against

Fuentes Ramirez compared to the conduct Medina testified to, we cannot say that

any unfair prejudice or risk of confusing the jury substantially outweighed the

probative value of Medina’s testimony. Cf. United States v. Williams, 205 F.3d 23,

34 (2d Cir. 2000) (finding “no undue prejudice” when disputed evidence “did not

involve conduct more serious than the charged crime and the district court gave a

proper limiting instruction”). The district court did not abuse its discretion in

admitting Medina’s testimony.

    C. Sentencing Challenge

      Fuentes Ramirez’s final argument on appeal is that his sentence is

substantively unreasonable.       “[O]ur review of a sentence for substantive

reasonableness is particularly deferential,” and we do not “substitut[e] our own

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judgment for that of district courts . . . .” United States v. Broxmeyer, 699 F.3d 265,

289 (2d Cir. 2012). Sentences are only substantively unreasonable if they are “so

shockingly high, shockingly low, or otherwise unsupportable as a matter of law

that allowing them to stand would damage the administration of justice.” Id.

(internal quotation marks omitted).            Moreover, we note that “[i]n the

overwhelming majority of cases, a Guidelines sentence will fall comfortably within

the broad range of sentences that would be reasonable in the particular

circumstances.” United States v. Perez-Frias, 636 F.3d 39, 43 (2d Cir. 2011).

      Applying our deferential standard of review, we conclude that Fuentes

Ramirez’s Guidelines life sentence followed by a mandatory consecutive sentence

of thirty years is not so shockingly high or unsupportable as a matter of law as to

be substantively unreasonable. As the district court observed, Fuentes Ramirez

participated in a massive and violent drug trafficking conspiracy, controlled a

cocaine laboratory that he protected with individuals armed with machineguns,

and took part in five murders—all over the course of eleven years. As Fuentes

Ramirez had committed some of “the most serious types of crimes that one can

commit,” the court determined that the need for the sentence to provide just

punishment, to adequately deter criminal conduct, and to protect the public from

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further crimes of Fuentes Ramirez was sufficient to warrant the sentence imposed.

Fuentes Ramirez App’x at 366-67; see 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a).       Those sentencing

factors “can bear the weight assigned to [them]” in this case and we will not

reweigh the factors ourselves. United States v. Cavera, 550 F.3d 180, 191 (2d Cir.

2008).      We therefore decline to disturb the sentence as substantively

unreasonable.

                                  *     *     *

         Having reviewed the records in these trials and the numerous arguments

raised on appeal, we find no errors that would warrant vacating the judgments of

conviction. Nor do we find that the sentence imposed on Fuentes Ramirez is

substantively unreasonable.     Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgments of the

district court.

                                      FOR THE COURT:
                                      Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court

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