Court Opinion

ID: 2787373
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-03-19 07:04:21.862824+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:28:42.463406
License: Public Domain

STATE OF MICHIGAN

                          COURT OF APPEALS

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                  UNPUBLISHED
                                                                  March 17, 2015
              Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                 Nos. 319152; 320852
                                                                  Wayne Circuit Court
TYRONE JOHNSON,                                                   LC No. 13-001635-FC

              Defendant-Appellant.

Before: GLEICHER, P.J., and CAVANAGH and FORT HOOD, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Defendant appeals as of right his jury trial convictions of two counts of first-degree
criminal sexual conduct (CSC) (victim under 13 years of age), MCL 750.520b(1)(a), production
of child sexually abusive material, MCL 750.145c(2), and second-degree CSC (member of the
same household and position of authority), MCL 750.520c(1)(b). He was sentenced, as a fourth
habitual offender, MCL 769.12, to 17 ½ to 40 years’ imprisonment for each first-degree CSC
conviction, 3 to 20 years’ imprisonment for the production of child sexually abusive material
conviction, and 3 to 15 years’ imprisonment for the second-degree CSC conviction, to be served
concurrently. We affirm.

       First, defendant claims that his trial counsel was ineffective for “opening the door” to
testimony that he had a prior felony conviction. We disagree.

        To preserve a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must make a motion
for a new trial or an evidentiary hearing with the trial court. People v Heft, 299 Mich. App. 69,
80; 829 NW2d 266 (2012). Defendant did not file a motion for a new trial or an evidentiary
hearing in the trial court. Although defendant filed a motion to remand in this Court, it was
denied. See People v Johnson, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered October 14,
2014 (Docket Nos. 319152; 320852). Therefore, “this Court’s review is limited to mistakes
apparent from the record.” Heft, 299 Mich. App. at 80.

       Both the United States Constitution and the Michigan Constitution guarantee criminal
defendants the right to effective assistance of counsel. US Const, Am VI; Const 1963, art 1, §
20. “To demonstrate ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must show that his or her
attorney’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness under prevailing
professional norms and that this performance caused him or her prejudice.” People v Nix, 301

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Mich App 195, 207; 836 NW2d 224 (2013), citing People v Armstrong, 490 Mich. 281, 289-290;
806 NW2d 676 (2011). “To demonstrate prejudice, a defendant must show the probability that,
but for counsel’s errors, the result of the proceedings would have been different.” Nix, 301 Mich
App at 207.

         First, defense counsel’s performance did not fall below an objective standard of
reasonableness. See id. It is presumed that trial counsel used effective trial strategy, and a
defendant has a heavy burden to overcome this presumption. People v Payne, 285 Mich. App.
181, 190; 774 NW2d 714 (2009). Defendant argues that even if counsel’s actions were strategic,
his strategy was not reasonable. However, this Court “will not substitute [its own] judgment for
that of counsel on matters of trial strategy,” nor will it “use the benefit of hindsight when
assessing counsel’s competence.” Id. Rosalynd Moore’s credibility was a significant issue at
trial, and it was reasonable strategy for trial counsel to impeach her. Moore’s testimony was
important to identifying a key piece of evidence: a photograph from defendant’s phone depicting
defendant’s hand touching the victim’s vagina. Moore explained that she recognized the chair
and cushion in the photograph from the house where she lived with defendant and the victim,
along with other family members, located on Freeland Street in Detroit. She also knew it was
the victim’s nightgown in the picture and defendant’s hand. Moore further testified that
defendant essentially acknowledged guilt when she confronted him and that defendant said no
one would believe her. Moore’s testimony was significant because it corroborated the victim’s
testimony, which was sometimes inconsistent and unclear.

       In addition, there is no evidence that defense counsel knew his questioning about
Moore’s misrepresentation to the state would lead to her testimony that defendant had a felony
conviction. Defendant claims that counsel was warned by the court of the consequences of
asking such questions. This warning allegedly occurred during a sidebar conference after the
prosecutor objected to defense counsel’s line of questioning. Indeed, in response to defendant’s
motion for a mistrial, the trial court said, “I told you when you were here at side bar, that you
would bring it—if you opened the door, the Prosecutor got to walk through it.” However,
counsel had already asked Moore about the misrepresentations before the sidebar conference
occurred. Consequently, he was not “warned” before asking Moore the questions. Moreover,
defense counsel objected to the admission of testimony that defendant had a prior felony
conviction. He argued that this information was irrelevant and more prejudicial than probative.
Counsel also moved for a mistrial based on the testimony that defendant had a prior felony
conviction. Only now, with the benefit of hindsight, is it evident that defense counsel’s line of
questioning led to Moore’s testimony that defendant had a prior felony conviction.

       Second, defendant has not shown he was prejudiced by his counsel’s purported errors.
The jurors heard that defendant had a prior felony conviction. They were not told what
defendant’s conviction was, so there was little risk that they convicted defendant because they
believed he had a propensity to commit CSC. It is far more probable that the jury relied on the
other evidence presented at trial. In particular, the photograph of a hand touching a vagina was
shown to the jury and admitted into evidence. The victim testified that it was her vagina and
defendant’s hand in the photograph. She explained how the photograph came to be taken.
Moore testified that she recognized the victim’s nightgown and defendant’s hand in the picture.
The photograph was found on defendant’s phone. The victim also testified that defendant had
sex with her, put his finger in her vagina, and put his mouth on her vagina, beginning when she

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was about 10 years old. Given the photograph, the victim’s testimony, and Moore’s testimony,
defendant cannot show the probability that he was convicted because the jury knew he had a
prior felony conviction.

        Defendant next argues that he was denied a fair trial because the trial court did not allow
the attorneys to participate in voir dire. Defendant further claims that his trial counsel was
ineffective for failing to object to the trial court’s error. We disagree.

        “Generally, an issue is not properly preserved unless a party raises the issue before the
trial court and the trial court addresses and decides the issue.” People v Cameron, 291 Mich. App.
599, 617; 806 NW2d 371 (2011). Defendant did not raise this issue before the trial court.
Therefore, it is unpreserved. Defendant also did not move for a new trial or an evidentiary
hearing in the trial court, so his claim that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object
during voir dire is also unpreserved. See Heft, 299 Mich. App. at 80.

        This Court reviews for an abuse of discretion whether a trial court has conducted a voir
dire sufficient to uncover potential juror bias. People v Tyburski, 445 Mich. 606, 619; 518 NW2d
441 (1994). However, “[a]ppellate review of unpreserved constitutional claims is for plain error
affecting the defendant’s substantial rights.” People v King, 297 Mich. App. 465, 472; 824 NW2d
258 (2012). Defendant must show that the plain error was outcome-determinative. Id. at 473.
“Moreover, reversal is warranted only if the error resulted in the conviction of an innocent
defendant or seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of the judicial
proceedings regardless of the guilt or innocence of the accused.” Id. When an ineffective
assistance of counsel claim is unpreserved, “this Court’s review is limited to mistakes apparent
from the record.” Heft, 299 Mich. App. at 80.

        “A defendant who chooses a jury trial has an absolute right to a fair and impartial jury.
The purpose of voir dire is to elicit enough information for development of a rational basis for
excluding those who are not impartial from the jury.” Tyburski, 445 Mich. at 618 (internal
citations omitted). Voir dire is a defendant’s only safeguard for ensuring an impartial jury. Id.
However, a defendant does not have the right to individual, sequestered voir dire. Id. at 619. A
defendant does not have the right to have his attorney conduct voir dire, nor the right to have the
court ask questions submitted by his attorney. Id. Rather, “[t]he trial court has discretion in both
the scope and conduct of voir dire.” Id.; see also MCR 6.412(C).

        “However, this Court has determined that where the trial court, rather than the attorneys,
conducts voir dire, the court abuses its discretion if it does not adequately question jurors
regarding potential bias so that challenges for cause, or even peremptory challenges, can be
intelligently exercised.” Tyburski, 445 Mich. at 619, citing Fedorinchik v Stewart, 289 Mich. 436,
438-439; 286 N.W. 673 (1939). “It is imperative, in securing the rights of the parties to an
impartial jury, for the court to allow the elicitation of enough information so that the court itself
can make an independent determination of a juror’s ability to be impartial.” Tyburski, 445 Mich.
at 620. Voir dire is important in soliciting information to allow the court and the parties to
“discover hidden bias that would render a potential juror incompetent.” Id. at 619.

       First, the trial court did not plainly err in not allowing the attorneys to participate in voir
dire. The primary focus of defendant’s argument on this issue is that defendant was denied a fair

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trial because the trial court conducted the voir dire itself and did not allow the attorneys to
participate. Defendant asserts that “[o]nly the attorneys can make voir dire accomplish its
intended purpose of revealing grounds for meaningful juror challenge” because “only the
attorneys know the case that is about to be tried.” He also argues that, by conducting the voir
dire entirely by itself, the court “is eliminating any real opportunity for voir dire.” However, it is
well-settled that a defendant does not have the right to have his attorney conduct voir dire. See
MCR 6.412(C)(2) (“[t]he court may conduct the examination of prospective jurors or permit the
lawyers to do so”) (emphasis added); Tyburski, 445 Mich. at 619 (“[d]efendant does not have a
right to have counsel conduct the voir dire”).

        Furthermore, the trial court’s voir dire was adequate. Defendant contends that the
questions asked by the court during voir dire “often elicited either a yes or a no, and very little, if
any, explanation was ever allowed by the prospective jurors.” However, defendant does not
articulate what questions the trial court should have asked in addition to the questions it did ask.
Defendant also does not point to the questioning of any specific juror that was inadequate and
resulted in a potentially biased juror deciding his case. The trial court asked about the jurors’
prior experiences and opinions, along with their ability to decide the case impartially and
according to the law. When a potential juror said that a past experience or relationship might
prevent him or her from deciding the case fairly, the court excused the individual.

        Second, even if the court did err in not allowing the attorneys to participate in voir dire,
or by not asking more specific questions during voir dire, defendant cannot show that this failure
affected his substantial rights. Defense counsel did not object to the trial court’s handling of voir
dire. Counsel still exercised his peremptory challenges. It does not appear that he struggled
because he lacked the information necessary to intelligently exercise his challenges. “Perhaps
the most important criteria in selecting a jury include a potential juror’s facial expressions, body
language, and manner of answering questions.” People v Unger, 278 Mich. App. 210, 258; 749
NW2d 272 (2008). Defense counsel still had the opportunity to view the potential jurors’ facial
expressions, body language, and general manner when they answered the questions posed by the
trial court. There is no evidence that any of the jurors who decided defendant’s case were
biased. If they were, there is no evidence that such a bias would have been discovered through a
more thorough voir dire.

        Finally, defense counsel was not ineffective for failing to object to the way the trial court
conducted voir dire. As discussed above, it is well-settled that a defendant does not have the
right to have his attorney conduct voir dire. See MCR 6.412(C)(2); Tyburski, 445 Mich. at 619.
Trial counsel is not ineffective for failing to make a futile objection or advocate a meritless
position. People v Crews, 299 Mich. App. 381, 401; 829 NW2d 898 (2013); Payne, 285 Mich
App at 191. In addition, defendant cannot show that he was prejudiced by counsel’s failure to
object. See Nix, 301 Mich. App. at 207. There is no evidence that any of the jurors who decided
defendant’s case were biased.

      Defendant next argues that there was insufficient evidence to support his convictions.
We disagree.

       “When reviewing challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence, this Court must view the
evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution and determine whether a rational trier of

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fact could conclude that the prosecution proved all the essential elements of the crime beyond a
reasonable doubt.” People v Johnson-El, 299 Mich. App. 648, 651; 831 NW2d 478 (2013). This
Court “must draw all reasonable inferences and examine credibility issues in support of the jury
verdict” and “must not interfere with the jury’s role as the sole judge of the facts.” People v
Malone, 287 Mich. App. 648, 654; 792 NW2d 7 (2010). “[T]he elements of an offense may be
established on the basis of circumstantial evidence and reasonable inferences from the
evidence[.]” People v Dunigan, 299 Mich. App. 579, 582; 831 NW2d 243 (2013). This Court
will not “interfere with the jury’s determinations regarding the weight of the evidence and the
credibility of the witnesses.” Unger, 278 Mich. App. at 222.

        “The elements of CSC-1 under MCL 750.520b(1)(a) are that (1) the defendant engaged in
sexual penetration with another person and (2) the other person was under 13 years of age.”
People v Lockett, 295 Mich. App. 165, 187; 814 NW2d 295 (2012). “Sexual penetration means
sexual intercourse, cunnilingus, fellatio, anal intercourse, or any other intrusion, however slight,
of any part of a person’s body or of any object into the genital or anal openings of another
person’s body.” Id., quoting MCL 750.520a(r) (quotation marks omitted). “The elements of
CSC–II are: (1) the defendant engaged in sexual contact, (2) with a person under 13 years of
age.” People v Duenaz, 306 Mich. App. 85, 106; 854 NW2d 531 (2014); see also MCL
750.520c(1)(a). Sexual contact includes “the intentional touching of the victim’s or actor’s
intimate parts . . . for the purpose of sexual arousal or gratification, done for a sexual purpose, or
in a sexual manner . . . .” MCL 750.520a(q).

        First, defendant argues that “beyond the allegations made by the complaining witnesses,”
there was no direct or circumstantial evidence that defendant ever touched the victim in an
“inappropriate manner, let alone . . . had sexual intercourse with her.” However, a complaining
witness’s testimony alone is sufficient to support a defendant’s conviction for CSC; there was no
need for other evidence. See People v Brantley, 296 Mich. App. 546, 551; 823 NW2d 290 (2012).
The victim testified that when she was 10 or 11 years old, defendant began having sexual
intercourse with her, digitally penetrating her, and performing cunnilingus on her. She
specifically testified that when she lived on Freeland, she and defendant had sexual intercourse
and oral sex.

        In addition, contrary to defendant’s assertion, there was other evidence that defendant
touched the victim inappropriately. The jury was shown a photograph of a hand touching a
vagina; the photograph was admitted into evidence. The victim testified that it was her vagina
and defendant’s hand in the photograph. She explained how the photograph came to be taken.
Moore testified that she recognized the victim’s nightgown and defendant’s hand in the picture.
The photograph was found on defendant’s phone. The photograph, along with the victim’s and
Moore’s testimony, supports defendant’s convictions of production of child sexually abusive
material and second-degree CSC. It also bolsters the victim’s credibility because it is evidence
that defendant had touched her inappropriately.

        Second, defendant argues there was insufficient evidence to convict him of first-degree
and second-degree CSC because the victim did not testify to any specific dates that the sexual
acts allegedly occurred. Generally, “[t]ime is not of the essence, nor is it a material element, in
criminal sexual conduct cases involving a child victim.” People v Dobek, 274 Mich. App. 58, 83;
732 NW2d 546 (2007); see also People v Taylor, 185 Mich. App. 1, 8; 460 NW2d 582 (1990). In

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addition, “an imprecise time allegation [is] acceptable for sexual offenses involving children,
given their difficulty in recalling precise dates.” People v Gaines, 306 Mich. App. 289, 298-299;
856 NW2d 222 (2014), citing People v Naugle, 152 Mich. App. 227, 234 n 1; 393 NW2d 592
(1986).

        In this case, “time was somewhat of the essence” because the charges against defendant
were based on the victim being under 13 years old. See Dobek, 274 Mich. App. at 84. However,
the trial court clearly instructed the jury that to establish the charge of first-degree CSC, the
prosecution had to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant engaged in a sexual act
involving entry of his penis into the victim’s genital opening when the victim was less than 13
years old. The victim testified that defendant began having sex with her, or putting his “private
part” in her vagina, when she was 10 or 11 years old. She said this occurred more than once.
Based on this testimony, a rational trier of fact could conclude that the prosecution proved
defendant committed first-degree CSC two times. See Johnson-El, 299 Mich. App. at 651.

       Third, defendant claims that there was no medical evidence of sexual activity between
defendant and the victim. This is untrue. Dr. Dena Nazer, who conducted a physical
examination of the victim, testified that the victim had a deep cleft in her hymen. Such a finding
supports a child’s disclosure that she has been sexually abused. In addition, the victim had a
sexually transmitted disease (STD)—trichomonas vaginalis. Defendant claims that the victim
could not have contracted this STD from defendant because it can only be transferred by sexual
contact, and the victim testified that defendant always used a condom when they had sexual
intercourse. Dr. Nazer did testify that trichomonas vaginalis is transferred by genital to genital
contact. However, defendant misrepresents the record. The victim was never asked whether
defendant used a condom each and every time defendant had sexual contact with her.

        Finally, defendant contends that the victim’s trial testimony was incredible and
contradicted by her previous statements and preliminary examination testimony. Defendant also
argues that Moore had a reason to be biased because she found evidence of defendant’s “sexual
tryst[s] with other woman [sic].” However, when this Court decides a challenge to the
sufficiency of the evidence, this Court will not “interfere with the jury’s determinations
regarding the weight of the evidence and the credibility of witnesses.” Unger, 278 Mich. App. at
222. Moore testified that she saw pictures of other women in defendant’s cell phone, so the jury
was aware of this fact and could consider it when deciding if she was a credible witness.

       Affirmed.

                                                            /s/ Elizabeth L. Gleicher
                                                            /s/ Mark J. Cavanagh
                                                            /s/ Karen M. Fort Hood

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