Court Opinion

ID: 4183526
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-07-05 17:15:01.6809+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:47:19.245025
License: Public Domain

Filed
                                                                                      Washington State
                                                                                      Court of Appeals
                                                                                       Division Two

                                                                                        July 5, 2017

    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

                                       DIVISION II
 CORY JESPERSEN and MELISSA                                       No. 48653-9-II
 JESPERSEN, husband and wife,

                       Appellants,

        v.

 CLARK COUNTY, a political subdivision of                     PUBLISHED OPINION
 the State of Washington; and DOUGLAS
 LASHER, Clark County Treasurer,

                       Respondents.

       SUTTON, J. — This appeal arises after Cory and Melissa Jespersen purchased property at a

tax foreclosure auction without any warranty of title by Clark County. After the sale, the

Jespersens discovered that the property had been illegally subdivided years earlier.       They

demanded that the County rescind the sale and sued the County when the County refused.

       We hold that (1) the plain language of chapter 84.64 RCW does not provide the right of

rescission for a purchase at a tax foreclosure sale of an “as is” lot, and RCW 58.17.210 does not

control, (2) because the County expressly disclaimed any warranty of title and the Jespersens

bought the lot “as is,” the doctrine of caveat emptor applies, (3) there was no failure of

consideration due to a frustration of purpose and, thus, the Jespersens do not have a common law

right of rescission, and (4) the Jespersens’ constitutional claims fail. Therefore, we affirm the

superior court’s orders denying the Jespersens’ summary judgment and granting summary

judgment in favor of the County.
No. 48653-9-II

                                                FACTS

                                           I. BACKGROUND

A. PARCEL HISTORY

         In 1998, Michael and Mickey Anderson, owners of tax lots 26 and 27,1 requested a legal

lot determination from the County. In response, the County published a development review

decision that stated that lots 26 and 27 were created on May 9, 1978, in violation of the County

short plat ordinance. The decision concluded that “the County cannot recognize tax lots 26 and

27 as separate lots, but the parcel containing both tax lots 26 and 27 is recognized as one legal lot

of record.” Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 44. A year later, the Andersons requested a public interest

exception from the County, asking the County to recognize lot 26 and lot 27 as separate legal lots

of record. The County published a development review decision and approved the request subject

to conditions, including a wetland delineation for lot 27 and a possible boundary line adjustment

if a home site could not be found on lot 27.2

1
 Lot 26 is a 6.8 acre parcel with an existing residence. Lot 27 is a 2.89 acre hillside vacant lot
with a tributary running through the western portion. Lot 27 is located in a ten-acre minimum
zone area and is bordered by a creek along the north and wetlands on the north and south.
2
    Clark County Code (CCC) 40.530.010(C)(1)(b) provides:
         Any lot, use, or structure which, in whole or part, is not in conformance with current
         zoning requirements shall be considered as follows:
         ....
                 b. Illegal Nonconforming. Lots, uses and structures which were not in
         conformance with applicable zoning and/or platting regulations at the time of
         creation or establishment. Illegal nonconforming lots, uses and structures shall be
         discontinued, terminated or brought into compliance with current standards.

CP at 78.

                                                   2
No. 48653-9-II

       In 1999, instead of meeting or appealing the conditions, the Andersons sold lot 26, illegally

subdividing it from lot 27. In 2010, the County initiated foreclosure proceedings under chapter

84.64 RCW against the Andersons for delinquent property taxes for lot 27. Christian Amae

purchased lot 27 in a County tax foreclosure auction in 2010.

B. TAX FORECLOSURE AUCTION AND PURCHASE

       In 2013, the County again initiated foreclosure proceedings for delinquent property taxes

for lot 27. In 2014, the County conducted a tax foreclosure auction for lot 27 that is the subject of

this appeal.

       The County used an automated system to register bidders and track bidding during the

auction. The County required each prospective online bidder to accept the County’s terms of sale,

as posted on the auction site, before bidding on properties in the auction. The terms provided in

relevant part:

       Bidders are required to conduct any research of due diligence they wish to conduct
       prior to bid submittal. A bid is an irrevocable offer to purchase property and
       once made, is a binding contract.
        ....
       The County does not guarantee that all properties are buildable lots. All properties
       are offered for sale on a “where is” and “as is” basis without any representation or
       warranty, expressed or implied. It is the responsibility of the purchaser to do their
       own research as to the use of the properties for their intended purpose and to inspect
       the property personally to determine if it will be suitable for the purposes for which
       it is purchased.
       ....
       Research and Inspect Thoroughly Before You Bid
       Prospective purchasers are urged to examine the title, location and desirability of
       the properties available to their own satisfaction prior to the sale. The County
       Treasurer makes no warranty, either expressed or implied, relative to the usability,
       location, property lines, or topography.

                                                 3
No. 48653-9-II

       Properties are sold “AS IS”
       ALL PROPERTIES ARE SOLD AS IS. The sale of these properties should not, in
       anyway, be equated to real estate sales by licensed sales people, brokers or realtors.
       The Treasurer’s Office makes no guarantee, expressed or implied, relative to the
       title, location or condition of the properties for sale.
       ....
       BY SUBMITTING A BID, YOU AGREE TO THE TERMS OF THE SALE
       AS POSTED AT THE TIME BID IS SUBMITTED.

       ALL SALES ARE FINAL. THERE ARE ABSOLUTELY NO REFUNDS.

CP at 146-48. Additionally, on its property tax sales webpage, the County posted the following in

large typeface:

       ALL PROPERTIES ARE SOLD “AS IS.” Prospective bidders should exercise due
       diligence when considering bidding on a property. The sale of these properties
       should not, in anyway, be equated to real estate sales by a (sic) licensed salespeople,
       brokers or realtors. The County of Clark makes no guarantee or warranty of any
       kind, expressed or implied, relative to the title, legal lot determination, zoning
       classification, building permit eligibility, location or condition of the properties for
       sale. Property taxes delinquent and currently due will be paid from the proceeds of
       the sale.

CP at 362 (boldface omitted). In regular size typeface within the property tax sales webpages, the

County also posted the following relevant information:

       All parcels are sold “as is” and all sales are final. The sale of these properties should
       not, in anyway, be equated to real estate sales by licensed salespeople, brokers or
       realtors. The County of Clark makes no guarantee or warranty of any kind,
       expressed or implied, relative to the title, legal lot determination, zoning
       classification, building permit eligibility, location or condition of the properties for
       sale. Potential purchasers should seek the advice of a real estate attorney if
       additional information is needed.

CP at 364. Prior to and during the auction at bar, the County maintained a property information

website that provided detailed property history for all parcels located in the County. In addition,

all lot review determinations were available to the public on request.

                                                  4
No. 48653-9-II

       The Jespersens accepted the County’s terms of sale and bid 26 times on lot 27 during the

two-day auction. The Jespersens were the winning bidders for lot 27, having bid $28,600.

Following the auction, the Jespersens paid the County the purchase price and received a tax deed

for lot 27. The County paid $8,755.25 from the sale of lot 27 to County tax collection accounts

for delinquent taxes, fees, interest and foreclosure costs related to the lot. The County paid Amae,

the legal lot owner at time of sale, the balance of $19,844.75, as required under RCW 84.64.080.3

       After acquiring lot 27, the Jespersens began researching the property.4 They contacted the

County and received the County’s decisions in 1998 and 1999 that determined that lots 26 and 27

were one legal lot, and the Jespersens realized that lot 27 had been illegally subdivided.5 The

Jespersens then contacted their real estate agent and a real estate attorney. The Jespersens also

contacted the county health department and confirmed that it denied an application in 2000 to

install a septic system on lot 27. The Jespersens demanded the County rescind the sale of lot 27.

The County refused.      The Jespersens did not pursue any alternative remedies to the lot

determination.6

3
 RCW 84.64.080(10) requires that if the highest bid exceeds the tax debt and costs, the County
must refund any surplus to the owner of the property who held title at the time of tax delinquency.
4
 The Jespersens dispute this fact, but provide no evidence to support their position. Reply Br. of
Appellant at 4. Moreover, even if they had researched lot 27 prior to their winning bid, they still
chose to bid on the property.
5
 An email from County staff to the Jespersens on February 13, 2014, incorrectly states that the
County’s decision in 1998 recognized lot 27 “as a legal lot of record.” CP at 223.
6
  The County’s code also allows for property owners to apply for a public interest exemption to
the legal lot determination, a variance of the zoning requirements, or zoning change for lots that
do not meet the legal lot requirements. CP at 75-77, CCC 40.520.010(F)(2), .010(H).

                                                 5
No. 48653-9-II

                                          II. PROCEDURE

       The Jespersens sued the County alleging common law and statutory rescission under RCW

58.17.210, a taking without just compensation, procedural and substantive due process violations

under the federal and state constitutions, and deprivation of their constitutional rights under 42

U.S.C. section 1983. The Jespersens filed a motion for summary judgment on their rescission

claims. The County responded and filed a cross motion for summary judgment arguing that a tax

foreclosure sale under chapter 84.64 RCW is not subject to rescission, the County is immune

because they were statutorily required to conduct the tax foreclosure sale, and the Jespersens’

claims are barred by the doctrine of caveat emptor.

       The superior court denied the Jespersens’ motion for summary judgment and granted the

County’s cross motion for summary judgment. The court subsequently entered a corrected order

clarifying that the Jespersens’ constitutional claims were preserved.

       The Jespersens filed a second motion for summary judgment on their remaining

constitutional claims.7 The County responded and filed a second cross-motion for summary

judgment. The County argued that the Jespersens were voluntary participants in the online

property auction, and the County did not violate their procedural or substantive due process rights

or deprive them of their property interests.

       The superior court denied the Jespersens’ second motion for summary judgment and

granted the County’s second cross motion for summary judgment. The superior court also awarded

statutory attorney fees to the County. The Jespersens appeal both summary judgment orders.

7
 The Jespersens’ second motion for summary judgment did not argue their takings claim; counsel
formally abandoned the takings claim during the second summary judgment hearing.

                                                 6
No. 48653-9-II

                                           ANALYSIS

                                    I. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

       We review a summary judgment order de novo and engage in the same inquiry as the

superior court. Club Envy of Spokane, LLC v. Ridpath Tower Condo. Ass’n, 184 Wash. App. 593,

599, 337 P.3d 1131 (2014). Summary judgment is proper if there is “no genuine issue as to any

material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” CR 56(c).

We view the facts and reasonable inferences from those facts in the light most favorable to the

nonmoving party. Club Envy, 184 Wash. App. at 599.

       We review questions of law and statutory construction de novo. Amunrud v. Bd. of

Appeals, 158 Wash. 2d 208, 215, 143 P.3d 571 (2006) (“Constitutional challenges are questions of

law subject to de novo review.”).

                                         II. RESCISSION

A. STATUTORY RESCISSION

       The Jespersens argue that, under RCW 58.17.210, they have a right to rescission as a

remedy when a parcel of land is illegally subdivided. They also argue that the legislature intended

to selectively abrogate the doctrine of caveat emptor that would otherwise apply to tax foreclosure

sales under chapter 84.64 RCW. We disagree.

1. Statutory Interpretation of RCW 58.17.210

       a. Standards of Review

       The primary goal of statutory interpretation is to determine and give effect to the

legislature’s intent. Jametsky v. Olsen, 179 Wash. 2d 756, 762, 317 P.3d 1003 (2014). To determine

legislative intent, we first look to the plain language of the statute. Jametsky, 179 Wash. 2d at 762.

                                                7
No. 48653-9-II

“We consider the language of the provision in question, the context of the statute in which the

provision is found, and related statutes.” In re the Adoption of T.A.W., 188 Wash. App. 799, 809,

354 P.3d 46 (2015), aff’d 186 Wash. 2d 828 (2016). A specific statute will supersede a general one

when both apply, even when the general statute was enacted after the specific statute. Kustura v.

Dep’t of Labor and Indus., 169 Wash. 2d 81, 88, 233 P.3d 853 (2010); Residents Opposed to Kittitas

Turbines v. State Energy Facility Site Evaluation Council, 165 Wash. 2d 275, 309, 197 P.3d 1153

(2008) (“[T]his court will construe the original specific statute as an exception to the general

statute, unless expressly repealed.”).

       If the plain meaning of a statute is unambiguous, we must apply that plain meaning as an

expression of legislative intent. Jametsky, 179 Wash. 2d at 762. We do not rewrite unambiguous

statutory language under the guise of interpretation. Cerrillo v. Esparza, 158 Wash. 2d 194, 201, 142
P.3d 155 (2006). And we construe a statute to avoid absurd results. Five Corners Family Farmers

v. State, 173 Wash. 2d 296, 311, 268 P.3d 892 (2011). We will “‘not add words where the legislature

has chosen not to include them.’” Lake v. Woodcreek Homeowners Ass’n, 169 Wash. 2d 516, 526,

243 P.3d 1283 (2010) (quoting Rest. Dev. Inc., v. Cananwill, Inc., 150 Wash. 2d 674, 682, 80 P.3d
598 (2003)).

       b. Chapter 58.17 RCW

       Chapter 58.17 RCW provides the statutory framework for the division of land. RCW

58.17.010-.920. RCW 58.17.210 provides for a right of rescission to a purchaser of land under the

following circumstances:

               No building permit, septic tank permit, or other development permit, shall
       be issued for any lot, tract, or parcel of land divided in violation of this chapter or
       local regulations adopted pursuant thereto unless the authority authorized to issue

                                                 8
No. 48653-9-II

        such permit finds that the public interest will not be adversely affected thereby. The
        prohibition contained in this section shall not apply to an innocent purchaser for
        value without actual notice. All purchasers’ or transferees’ property shall comply
        with provisions of this chapter and each purchaser or transferee may recover his or
        her damages from any person, firm, corporation, or agent selling or transferring
        land in violation of this chapter or local regulations adopted pursuant thereto,
        including any amount reasonably spent as a result of inability to obtain any
        development permit and spent to conform to the requirements of this chapter as
        well as cost of investigation, suit, and reasonable attorneys’ fees occasioned
        thereby. Such purchaser or transferee may as an alternative to conforming his or
        her property to these requirements, rescind the sale or transfer and recover costs of
        investigation, suit, and reasonable attorneys’ fees occasioned thereby.

RCW 58.17.300 provides a criminal penalty for violations of any provision of the subdivision

chapter.

        c. Chapter 84.64 RCW

        Chapter 84.64 RCW provides the statutory requirements for foreclosing tax liens on real

property. The legislature mandates that counties conduct tax foreclosure sales by following the

statutory procedures.

        Under RCW 84.64.050(1), a county is required to initiate foreclosure proceedings when

any property has been in tax delinquency for three years. After receiving the order and judgment

of the court on foreclosure, a county is required to immediately proceed to sell the property. RCW

84.64.080(4). “[P]rior to the sale of the property, the treasurer must order or conduct a title search

of the property to be sold to determine the legal description of the property to be sold and the

record title holder” and any liens on the property. RCW 84.64.050(4).

        Under chapter 84.64 RCW a county is not required to research the legal lot determination

of each property prior to foreclosure or provide an exception to foreclosure sale if the lot contains

a defect in title. The act is silent on both.

                                                  9
No. 48653-9-II

       Chapter 58.17 RCW regulates the division of land. RCW 58.17.210 provides a remedy of

rescission to purchasers who buy land from a seller who illegally divided the land. Because RCW

84.64.050 and .080 governs tax foreclosure sales, these specific land sale provisions control over

the general land sale provisions of RCW 58.17.210. See Kustura, 169 Wash. 2d at 88. The plain

language of RCW 84.64.080 does not authorize a right of rescission to a purchaser of an illegally

divided, foreclosed lot. Because we do not add words to a statute that the legislature did not intend

to include, we cannot read the right of rescission into the statutory provisions under RCW

84.64.080 when the plain language of the tax foreclosure statute does not authorize a right of

rescission.

       Further, under the Jespersens’ interpretation, the county treasurer would be required to

refund the purchase price to the purchaser of an illegally divided foreclosed lot. But their

interpretation would led to absurd results. Counties do not own the property being auctioned and

do not retain the surplus proceeds of the sale. RCW 84.64.080(10). Under RCW 84.64.080(10),

the County is required to transfer the proceeds of all sales to the foreclosed upon landowner.

Refunding the purchase price to the purchaser would result in a net loss of revenue to the County

and would constitute an expenditure of new taxpayer funds. The County would not be put back

into the position it was in prior to the tax foreclosure sale as required by the remedy of rescission.

See Busch v. Nervik, 38 Wash. App. 541, 547-48, 687 P.2d 827 (1984).

       Moreover, under the Jespersens’ interpretation, the county treasurer would be liable for

criminal penalties under RCW 58.17.300 by exercising its mandatory duty under RCW 84.64.050

and .080 to conduct tax foreclosure sales. Because this result cannot be what the legislature

intended, we interpret the tax foreclosure statute to avoid such absurd results. Thus, we hold that

                                                 10
No. 48653-9-II

the plain language of RCW 84.64.080 does not provide a right of rescission, RCW 58.17.210 does

not control, and the Jespersens’ claim of a statutory right of rescission fails.

2. Application of the Doctrine of Caveat Emptor

       The Jespersens argue that the doctrine of caveat emptor does not apply. We disagree.

       “Caveat emptor” is Latin for “let the buyer beware.” WEBSTER’S THIRD NEW INTER-

NATIONAL   DICTIONARY 357 (2002). The Supreme Court has long held that, in the absence of a

statute to the contrary, the doctrine of caveat emptor applies to tax foreclosure sales to bar claims

of purchase price refunds in the case of an invalid title. See Shelton v. Klickitat County, 152 Wash.

193, 197, 277 P. 839 (1929);8 Anderson v. King County, 200 Wash. 354, 361 93 P.2d 284 (1939);

see also Pioneer Nat. Title Ins. Co. v. County of Spokane, 52 Wash. App. 869, 874, 765 P.2d 36

(1988) (“The County owes no duty to transfer clear title to the seller at a tax sale.”). At the time

of the Shelton decision, no statute governed tax foreclosures. After Shelton, the legislature enacted

mandatory tax foreclosure procedures in chapter 84.64 RCW.

       Here, the County expressly disclaimed any warranty in its terms and conditions of sale for

the online auction and on its tax foreclosure sale webpages. All bidders were told to exercise due

diligence to research the properties prior to bidding and that the County did not guarantee or

warrant a legal lot determination. The instruction to prospective bidders implied that some

properties may hold illegal lot status. The Jespersens accepted the County’s terms of sale and bid

8
  The Supreme Court in Shelton explained that because no statute suggested that the county must
warranty the title it conveys at a tax foreclosure, nor was there a statute that imposed a duty on the
county to refund the purchase price due to failure of title, “the rule of caveat emptor stands
insurmountably in the way of Shelton recovering from the county the purchase price.” Shelton,
152 Wash. at 197.

                                                  11
No. 48653-9-II

26 times on lot 27 during the two-day auction. Here, like in Shelton and Anderson, no statute

expressly requires the County to warrant the title it conveys at a tax foreclosure sale, nor is there a

statute that requires the County to refund the purchase price due to a failure of title. Thus, we hold

that the rule of caveat emptor applies to bar the Jespersens’ claim of a statutory right of rescission.

B. COMMON LAW RESCISSION

        The Jespersens also assert a common law claim of rescission based on a failure of

consideration due to a frustration of purpose. We disagree.

        “Rescission means to abrogate or annul and requires [a] court to fashion a remedy to restore

the parties to the relative positions they would have [been in] if no contract had ever been made.

Rescission is an equitable remedy and requires the court to fashion an equitable solution.” Busch,
38 Wash. App. at 547. The court’s equitable powers include the power to prevent the enforcement

of a legal right that would otherwise result in an inequity under the circumstances. Mendez v. Palm

Harbor Homes, Inc., 111 Wash. App. 446, 460, 45 P.3d 594 (2002) (equity’s goal is substantial

justice).

        To support their claim of a common law right of rescission based on a failure of

consideration, the Jespersens presume a remedy for the purchase of an “as is” illegally divided and

foreclosed lot under RCW 58.17.210, when no right of rescission exists under the controlling law,

RCW 84.64.080, as discussed above. Because the doctrine of caveat emptor applies and the

Jespersens bought the lot without the County granting a warranty of title, they have not shown a

failure of consideration.

        To further support their claim of common law rescission the Jespersens also argue failure

of consideration due to a frustration of purpose. They claim a $28,600 loss because lot 27 is not

                                                  12
No. 48653-9-II

buildable and cannot be brought into compliance under the zoning laws. They argue that this

frustrates their protected property interests to use and enjoy their property.

        The Jespersens cite the County’s code, CCC 40.530.010(C)(1)(b), that states that illegally

divided lots which cannot be brought into compliance, must be discontinued or terminated. Br. of

Appellant at 23-24, CP at 78. But the County’s code also allows for property owners to apply for

a public interest exemption to the legal lot determination, a variance of the zoning requirements,

or zoning change for lots that do not meet the legal lot requirements.                    CP at 75, 76;

CCC 40.520.010(F)(2), .010(H)).

        As the County noted, lot 27 also has many remaining uses including farming, forestry

conservation, and recreation. Lot 27 also may be used when combined with an adjacent property

to create a larger lot, and the Jespersens could request a public interest exemption and/or a rezone.

        The Jespersens acknowledge that they chose not to pursue any of these remedies. Verbatim

Report of Proceedings (5/1/15) at 35-36. Because the Jespersens fail to provide any evidence that

it is not feasible to alter the uses of lot 27, their property interests in lot 27 have not been frustrated.

See Scott v. Petett, 63 Wash. App. 50, 61, 816 P.2d 1229 (1991). Like Scott, the Jespersens never

applied for a rezone or pursued other available administrative remedies. See Scott, 63 Wash. App.

at 61. “Until those possible administrative remedies are pursued to a logical conclusion without

success, frustration of purpose has not been established.” Scott, 63 Wash. App. at 61. Thus, we hold

that the Jespersens have not shown a failure of consideration due to a frustration of purpose and

their claim for common law rescission fails.

                                                    13
No. 48653-9-II

                                        III. DUE PROCESS

A. LEGAL PRINCIPLES

        The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits states from

“depriv[ing] any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.” U.S. CONST.

amend. XIV, § 1. Both substantive and procedural due process protections are conferred under

the Fourteenth Amendment. Amunrud, 158 Wash. 2d at 216.

B. SUBSTANTIVE DUE PROCESS

        The Jespersens argue that they were denied substantive due process because the County

acted in an enforcement capacity under RCW 84.64.080 when it sold lot 27 without disclosing the

lot’s illegally divided lot status. They also argue that their participation in the tax foreclosure

auction was unduly oppressive.9 We disagree.

        The Jespersens’ substantive due process claim fails because they were not subject to any

enforcement by the County. Rather, the prior owner, Amae, lost the property in the tax foreclosure

sale. Because the Jespersens were not regulated by the County, their substantive due process claim

fails on this basis.

        Second, even assuming the Jespersens state a cognizable substantive due process claim,

the County’s action does not violate substantive due process. To determine the standard of review

to be applied in a substantive due process challenge to government action, we begin with the nature

of the right involved. Amunrud, 158 Wash. 2d at 219. When government action does not affect a

9
 The Jespersens cite the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution and article 1,
section 3 of the Washington Constitution. Br. of Appellants at 19.

                                                14
No. 48653-9-II

fundamental right, the proper standard of review is rational basis to evaluate whether the action

violates substantive due process.10 Amunrud, 158 Wash. 2d at 222. Because the right to own property

is a protected right but not a fundamental right, we apply a rational basis standard of review here.

See Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Cent. Puget Sound Growth Mgmt. Hearings Bd., 156 Wash. 2d 131, 138,

124 P.3d 640 (2005); see also Amunrud, 158 Wash. 2d at 222. Under that review,

       the challenged law must be rationally related to a legitimate state interest. In
       determining whether a rational relationship exists, a court may assume the existence
       of any necessary state of facts which it can reasonably conceive in determining
       whether a rational relationship exists between the challenged law and a legitimate
       state interest.

Amunrud, 158 Wash. 2d at 222 (citations omitted).

       Here, the legislature addressed the public problem of tax delinquency by enacting RCW

84.64.050 and .080. The tax foreclosure statute requires counties to follow mandated procedures

to conduct mandatory tax foreclosure sales. These procedures do not require a county to warrant

title or provide a purchaser with a right of rescission, as discussed above.

       The Jespersens concede that the tax foreclosure statute, chapter 84.64 RCW, supports the

legitimate public purpose of collecting delinquent taxes. Br. of Appellants at 21. Although the

Jespersens suggest that a public index of illegal lot determinations should be required, this

information is already available to the public upon request of County staff. And all bidders were

instructed to research and inspect lots before bidding.

10
   We acknowledge that prior to Amunrud, our Supreme Court applied a three-part balancing test
to determine whether government action constitutes a violation of a landowner’s substantive due
process right under the U.S. Constitution. Presbytery of Seattle v. King County, 114 Wash. 2d 320,
330, 787 P.2d 907 (1990).

                                                 15
No. 48653-9-II

         Further, there is a rational relationship between the tax foreclosure statute and the

legitimate public purpose of collecting delinquent taxes. The County is not required to warrant

title or provide for a right of rescission for a foreclosed, illegally divided lot—precisely as the

legislature intended by the plain language of RCW 84.64.050 and .080. We hold that the

Jespersens cannot establish a violation of their substantive due process rights. Thus, their claim

fails.

C. PROCEDURAL DUE PROCESS

         The Jespersens argue that if there is no remedy of rescission under RCW 58.17.210, they

have been denied procedural due process because chapter 84.64 RCW does not provide a

mechanism to challenge the sale of foreclosed, illegally divided lots. We disagree that the

Jespersens have been denied procedural due process.

         When a state seeks to deprive a person of a protected interest, procedural due process

requires that the state provide proper notice and the opportunity to be heard. Mathews v. Eldridge,

424 U.S. 319, 333, 96 S. Ct. 893, 47 L. Ed. 2d 18 (1976). We consider the following factors to

determine what procedural due process is required: (1) the private interest affected, (2) the risk

that the relevant procedures will erroneously deprive a party of that interest, and (3) any

countervailing governmental interests involved. Mathews, 424 U.S. at 335.

         As discussed above, the plain language of RCW 84.64.080 does not provide a mechanism

to challenge the sale of foreclosed, illegally divided lots. The procedural protections afforded to a

purchaser in a tax foreclosure sale include the notice of the sale; disclosure of the terms and

conditions of the sale, including the County’s express disclaimer of any warranty of title; an

opportunity to bid on “as is/where is” lots; and a County issued deed to the highest bidder. The

                                                 16
No. 48653-9-II

procedures gave ample notice to all purchasers of the risks involved in bidding on lots in the online

auction. CP at 146, 158. Any purchaser who did not want to assume the risk could choose not to

participate. The Jespersens do not allege any defects in the foreclosure procedures, and there are

no other procedural protections afforded that the Jespersens were not provided under chapter 84.64

RCW. Thus, we hold that the County did not violate the Jespersens’ procedural due process rights,

and their claim fails.

                               IV. 42 U.S.C. SECTION 1983 CLAIM

        The Jespersens also argue that they have a substantive due process right to enjoy their

property which the County interfered with and, thus, the County is liable under 42 U.S.C. section

1983 for damages for the purchase price, plus pre-judgment interest. They assert that the County

acted under color of law when it denied them their right to use lot 27 for residential purposes by

enforcing the tax foreclosure statutes without disclosing the lot’s illegal status before the sale. We

disagree.

        42 U.S.C. section 1983 mandates liability against every person who “subjects, or causes to

be subjected” any person “to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by

the Constitution and laws.” A municipality may qualify as a “person” for purposes of 42 U.S.C.

section 1983. Robinson v. City of Seattle, 119 Wash. 2d 34, 58, 830 P.2d 318 (1992). To state a

claim for relief under 42 U.S.C. section 1983, the plaintiff must allege that defendant (1) acted

under color of state law and (2) his conduct deprived the plaintiff of rights, privileges and

immunities protected by the Constitution of the United States. Brower v. Wells, 103 Wash. 2d 96,

104–05, 690 P.2d 1144 (1984). In order for a plaintiff to challenge a government action or

regulation under 42 U.S.C. section 1983 on substantive due process grounds, a plaintiff “must

                                                 17
No. 48653-9-II

plead and prove that the challenged government action is wholly arbitrary and capricious or

irrational, or utterly fails to serve a legitimate purpose.” Robinson, 119 Wash. 2d at 61.

       Here, the Jespersens fail to plead a cognizable claim for relief under 42 U.S.C. section

1983. In their complaint, the Jespersens merely allege that the County “deprived the plaintiffs of

their constitutional rights under color of statute, ordinance, regulation, custom or usage of the State

of Washington, as mentioned above.” CP at 10. The Jespersens have not identified a federal

constitutional right or privilege protected by the Constitution as required by Brower. Nor can the

Jespersens show that the County’s mandatory tax foreclosure sales are arbitrary and capricious,

irrational, or utterly fail to serve their intended public purpose to collect delinquent taxes. On the

contrary, the Jespersens concede that the tax foreclosure sales serve a public purpose. Br. of

Appellants at 21. Thus, because the Jespersens fail to identify a federal constitutional right and

fail to plead a cognizable claim, we hold that the Jespersens’ 42 U.S.C. section 1983 claim fails.

                                                  18
No. 48653-9-II

                                       CONCLUSION

       We affirm the superior court’s orders denying the Jespersens’ summary judgment motions

and granting summary judgment in favor of the County.11

                                                   SUTTON, J.
 We concur:

 WORSWICK, J.

 MAXA, A.C.J.

11
   The Jespersens request an award of appellate attorney fees and costs under RCW 58.17.210,
42 U.S.C section 1988, and under RAP 18.1. Because the Jespersens do not prevail, we deny their
request for an award of appellate attorney fees and costs. The County does not request attorney
fees or costs.

                                              19