Court Opinion

ID: 373662
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2011-08-23 09:12:27+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:27:01.528881
License: Public Domain

612 F.2d 1353
66 A.L.R.Fed. 165, 204 U.S.P.Q. 881
TRIO PROCESS CORPORATION and Franklin Smelting & RefiningCo., a partnership,v.L. GOLDSTEIN'S SONS, INC. and Metal Bank, Inc., Appellants.
No. 78-2566.
United States Court of Appeals,Third Circuit.
Argued Sept. 6, 1979.Decided Jan. 2, 1980.

Thomas M. Kittredge, Morgan, Lewis & Bockius, Philadelphia, Pa., for appellants; Arthur M. Lieberman, Hopgood, Calimafde, Kalil, Blaustein & Lieberman, New York City, of counsel.
Thomas M. Ferrill, Jr., Fort Washington, Pa., for appellee; John W. Logan, Jr., Ferrill & Logan, Fort Washington, Pa., of counsel.
Before ALDISERT, ROSENN and GARTH, Circuit Judges.
OPINION OF THE COURT
ROSENN, Circuit Judge.

1
After a history of fourteen years of litigation in the district court and several appeals to this court, we are confronted again with an appeal in this patent infringement proceeding.  The infringement has been established and is no longer at issue.1 We are, however, revisited with the troublesome issue of damages.  When this case was last before us on appeal from the original determination of damages, we vacated the judgment and remanded to the district court with instructions to recalculate the damages.2  We are now asked to decide whether the district court's action is consistent with our holding in that earlier appeal.  We hold that it is not and, therefore, again vacate the district court's judgment.

I.

2
At the heart of this controversy is a patented process for removing insulation from copper wire in order to allow the copper to be salvaged.3  This process is covered by United States Patent No. 3,076,421, owned by Trio Process Corporation ("Trio").  In 1972 we upheld the validity of the patent and determined that it had been willfully infringed by L. Goldstein's Sons, Incorporated ("Goldstein").  Trio Process Corp. v. L. Goldstein's Sons, Inc., 461 F.2d 66 (3d Cir.), Cert. denied, 409 U.S. 997, 93 S.Ct. 319, 34 L.Ed.2d 262 (1972).  The case was remanded to the district court for a determination of damages.

3
On remand the district court appointed a master to assist in the determination of damages.  When we last reviewed the proceedings, we observed:

4
The master approached the damage issue by comparing Goldstein's costs of operating the patented process with the costs of a similar, unpatented process.  He found that use of the Trio process saved Goldstein $52,791 per furnace year in labor costs alone, and that other, smaller savings accrued to Goldstein from use of the patented method as well.

5
In order to reach a "reasonable royalty" for use of the patent by the infringer, the master halved Goldstein's savings in labor costs, and concluded that $26,390 was a reasonable royalty for each furnace year.  Multiplying this figure by the number of furnace years of infringement and making slight modifications, the master found damages of $1,564,804.  The master recommended trebling this amount, as allowed by 35 U.S.C. § 284 (1970).  After trebling and the addition of interest, the total damage figure proposed by the master was $5,062,954.

6
The district court viewed the damage computation not with regard to the money saved by the defendant as a result of the infringement, as the master had, but in terms of what Trio had lost.  It looked first to the initial sum of $2,600 per furnace year the amount actually charged by Trio for licenses in the 1960-1970 era.  The district court then increased the $2,600 figure on the assumption that the open infringement had reduced the market price of the license, and proceeded to set damages at $7,800 per furnace year for the years prior to the decision by this Court on validity, a figure three times the rate charged by Trio during the 1960's.  Damages were set at $15,000 per furnace year for the period following the 1972 adjudication.  The employment of these two figures resulted in total primary damages of $653,839.  The trial judge then proceeded to use a double multiplier in contrast to the master's trebling figure and denied attorneys' fees.  With interest, the total damages computed by the district court were $1,726,525.

7
Trio Process Corp. v. L. Goldstein's Sons, Inc., 533 F.2d 126, 128 (3d Cir., 1976) (footnotes and citations omitted) ("Trio Process III ").

8
On appeal we affirmed in part and reversed in part.  Trio Process III, supra.  We held that there was "no error in the first step of the district court's damage calculation, namely, focusing upon the losses suffered by the patent holder rather than upon the profits illegally made by the patent infringer."  Id. at 129.  See Aro Manufacturing Co. v. Convertible Top Replacement Co., 377 U.S. 476, 84 S.Ct. 1526, 12 L.Ed.2d 457 (1964).  We also affirmed the district court in its finding "that the license rate established by Trio in the 1960's May have been artificially depressed by Goldstein's ongoing infringement, and that the reasonable royalty should therefore be set at a level above the actual license rate."4 Trio Process III, supra, 533 F.2d at 129 (emphasis added).

9
We held, however, that the district court had erred in two respects.  First, it had calculated not one royalty rate but two: one for the period before our decision upholding the patent's validity and the second for the period after.5  We held that a single reasonable royalty rate should be calculated for the entire period of infringement.  The district court has done that and the point is no longer at issue.  Second, and most importantly for purposes of deciding this appeal, there was a failure to articulate the reasons underlying the determination of the royalty rate.  Thus, the cause was remanded to the trial court for reconsideration of the damages issue.  We noted specifically that

10
(O)n remand, the district court should give proper regard to the rule that the extent of the deviation of existing license fees from a reasonable royalty must be determined solely on the basis of the submitted evidence and upon an evaluation of the factors that could affect the reasonable royalty rate, not upon mere conjecture.

11
Trio Process III, supra, 533 F.2d at 130 (footnote omitted).  This has not been done, however, and we therefore vacate the determination of damages.6

II.

12
In calculating damages for patent infringement, a patent holder is entitled to receive compensation for the infringement but in no event less than a reasonable royalty.  35 U.S.C. § 284 (1976).  An exhaustive list of factors relevant to the determination of a reasonable royalty can be found in Georgia-Pacific Corp. v. United States Plywood Corp., 318 F.Supp. 1116, 1120 (S.D.N.Y.1970), Modified, 446 F.2d 295 (2d Cir.), Cert. denied, 404 U.S. 870, 92 S.Ct. 105, 30 L.Ed.2d 114 (1971).  The district court in this case found a number of those factors to be relevant in its own calculation of damages:

13
(1) (T)he existing value of the (patented) process to the licensor as a generator of sales of his non-patented items; and the extent of such derivative or convoyed sales.

14
(2) The duration of the patent and the term of the license.

15
(3) The established profitability of the product made under the patent; its commercial success; and its current popularity.

16
(4) The utility and advantages of the patent property over old modes or devices, if any, that had been used for working out similar results.

17
(5) The nature of the patent (process) . . .  and the benefits to those who have used the (process).

18
(6) The extent to which the infringer has made use of the (patented process); and any evidence probative of the value of that use.

19
(7) The portion of the realizable profit that should be credited to the invention as distinguished from nonpatented elements, the manufacturing process, business risks, or significant features or improvements added by the infringer.

20
(8) The opinion testimony of qualified experts.

21
Applying the "willing buyer and willing seller" rule, the district court considered these factors in the context of hypothetical negotiations between the parties conducted in the absence of the infringing activity.  See Horvath v. McCord Radiator & Manufacturing Co., 100 F.2d 326, 335 (6th Cir.), Cert. denied sub nom., Carrier Engineering Corp. v. Horvath, 308 U.S. 581, 60 S.Ct. 101, 84 L.Ed. 486 (1938).  The court found that the first two of the above factors would have had only a "minimal effect" in the determination of a reasonable royalty.  As to the remaining factors, the court noted that "(they) all touch upon the benefits obtained by defendant through its infringing use of plaintiff's patented process."  Thus, the court found that "the license fee the parties would have agreed upon absent defendant's infringement would to a large extent have been determined by the economic benefits that were obtained through the use of plaintiff's patented process."

22
The court found that Goldstein had obtained four distinct benefits from its use of the Trio process: (1) a reduction in labor costs; (2) an increased recovery of copper from the scrap wire; (3) lower fuel consumption per ton of processed material; and (4) the ability to attract more electrical scrap for processing by advertising the advantages of the Trio process.  The court, however, was unable to assign a dollar value to each of these benefits but indicated that "the only dollar figure available is the value of the direct and indirect labor savings achieved by defendant."The court began its calculation of the labor savings with expert testimony, credited by the master, which indicated that Goldstein had realized labor savings of $52,791 per furnace year by virtue of its infringing use of the Trio process.7  Because Goldstein operated a number of infringing furnaces over an eight and one-half year period, the court reduced this figure to $41,652 per furnace year, reflecting the wages prevailing in 1969, the mid-point in the infringing period.  The court then found that "(i)n voluntary royalty negotiations untainted by defendant's infringing practices, defendant might well have been willing to split this saving with plaintiff and paid plaintiff a royalty of approximately $20,000 for each furnace year."  For two reasons, however, the court further reduced this to $15,000 per furnace year.  First, the court held that, as a seller of furnaces, "(Trio) would have been willing to accept somewhat less than the maximum royalty negotiable in order to promote its sales."  Second, prior to the lawsuit, "plaintiff was unaware . . .  of the exact extent of the labor savings that were obtainable through the use of its process."  After multiplying $15,000 by the number of infringing furnaces, the court then doubled the primary damages and added interest of 6% Per annum.  The total damage award was $2,901,336 plus costs.

23
Georgia-Pacific lists First among the factors relevant to the determination of a reasonable royalty "(t)he royalties received by the patentee for the licensing of the patent in suit, proving or tending to prove an established royalty."  Georgia-Pacific Corp. v. United States, supra, 318 F.Supp. at 1120.  In this case, the district court chose to disregard the license fees received by Trio because "they did not show that there was an established royalty and since the fees received were artificially depressed by defendant's ongoing infringement."  The court noted its belief that "a royalty negotiated in the absence of defendant's infringement would have been several times higher than the license fees actually received by the plaintiff."  We have not, however, been able to discover any evidence in this record to support this conclusion.

24
It is true that the actual license rate does not necessarily constitute a reasonable royalty.  See General Motors Corp. v. Blackmore, 53 F.2d 725 (6th Cir. 1939).  Thus, when the actual license rate is artificially low, a reasonable royalty may be set above that rate.  Trio Process III, supra.  Nevertheless, the actual license rate is an important factor in the determination of a reasonable royalty, at least when those royalties prove or Tend to prove an established royalty.  See Georgia-Pacific Corp. v. United States Plywood Corp., supra, 318 F.Supp. at 1120.

25
We are mindful that the district court concluded that the royalties trio received under the license agreements did not constitute an established royalty.  Nevertheless, the existing license rate does Tend to show an established license rate.  The evidence indicates little, if any, variation in the rate charged Before or after the infringement.8  Further, the district court, in its first consideration of the damage issue, apparently found the actual license rate to be probative, although not conclusive, evidence of a reasonable royalty.9  Thus, the reasonable royalty rate determined by the district court in its first consideration of the damage issue was related to the actual license rate charged.  That approach was correct.  As we indicated in our earlier opinion, however, the district court erred in failing to demonstrate, on the basis of the evidence, the extent of the deviation of existing license fees from a reasonable royalty.  That same void continues to exist in the district court's most recent damage calculation.

26
We are again unable to discover any support for the district court's conclusion that the existing license rate was depressed by Goldstein's infringement.  Thus, its reliance on the rationale of Tights, Inc. v. Kayser-Roth Corp., 442 F.Supp. 159 (M.D.N.C.1977), is misplaced.10  In Tights the court disregarded the standard royalty rate, finding it had been artificially depressed "because it was established in an atmosphere of industry-wide infringement of and disrespect for the . . .  patent."  Id. at 165.  The court thereupon calculated a reasonable royalty based on hypothetical negotiations between a "willing licensee" and a "willing licensor."11 Unlike the instant case, the depressing effect in Tights was evident.  There, the low license rate had been negotiated against a background of open industry-wide infringement.  Further, there was evidence that the existing license rate had dramatically declined because of that infringement.12 Thus, there was a substantial factual basis which justified the court's decision to disregard the existing license rate.  In the case before us, however, such factors are not present.  The license rate agreed upon between Trio and Goldstein was arrived at in free and open negotiations conducted Prior to any infringing activity by Goldstein.13  Furthermore, there are no allegations in this case of industry-wide infringement.  Unlike Tights, there is no indication that the license rates here declined after Goldstein's infringement.  Indeed, even after Trio learned of the infringement, it offered Goldstein a license at the same rate as had been earlier agreed upon.14  Further, in the years following our decision upholding the validity of the patent, there were apparently no new licenses granted.  See Trio Process III, supra, 533 F.2d at 127.  Thus, the thrust of the evidence in this case indicates the absence of a depressing effect caused by Goldstein's infringement.  Nor have we been referred to any permissible evidentiary basis to the contrary.  Thus, we are compelled to vacate the court's assessment of damages.

III.

27
Having done so we must now decide whether to once again remand to the district court for a determination of damages or whether, as Goldstein urges, to set the level of damages ourselves.  The time and expense already consumed by this litigation strongly argue against remand.  Furthermore, the record appears complete and sufficient for such a determination.  In briefs and oral argument before this court on their last appeal, both parties agreed that no additional evidence was necessary for the calculation of damages.  Trio Process III, supra, 533 F.2d at 131 n.24.  Nor did the district court find it necessary on remand to receive additional evidence.

28
This court was presented with a similar situation in Randolph Laboratories, Inc. v. Specialties Development Corp., 213 F.2d 873 (3d Cir.), Cert. denied, 348 U.S. 861, 75 S.Ct. 91, 99 L.Ed. 678 (1954).  There this court set aside the district court's determination of damages on the ground that it was "grossly excessive."  213 F.2d at 875.  The court, however, declined to send it back to the district court but set the damages itself.  There, as here, the controversy had been pending for a number of years.15 Writing for the court, Judge Maris noted that "(t)he record . . . contains all the evidence and other materials necessary to a proper judgment."  Id.  We believe it is appropriate that, in view of the protracted litigation and having vacated for the second time the district court's determination of damages, we should now determine the appropriate level of damages ourselves.  However, we will not perform the mathematical calculations as was done in Randolph but will leave that task to the district court.

IV.

29
We begin with the rule that we noted in our last opinion, that the extent of the deviation of the actual licensing rate from a reasonable royalty must be explained solely on the basis of the submitted evidence.  Trio Process III, supra, 533 F.2d at 130.  In the absence of such an explanation, we must examine the record ourselves to determine whether it contains such evidence.

30
Trio itself did not utilize the patented process.  Instead, its only use of the patent was to license it for use by others.  The licenses sold were for five year periods.  The first license was sold for $20,000.  This amount covered the license and the furnace necessary to utilize the process; $7,000 represented the cost of the furnace and $13,000 the cost of the license, I. e., $2,600 per furnace year.  In 1960, Goldstein purchased two sets of licenses and furnaces, one for $20,000 and the other for $15,000.  Between 1962 and 1969 four more buyers purchased licenses and furnaces at the $20,000 rate.  In 1967, another company bought the package with a modified furnace for $25,000.  Later that year the package was purchased by another buyer for $19,500.  After a decision by Trio to raise the price, two more were sold in 1972 to purchasers other than Goldstein, for a price of $25,000.16  Thus, throughout this period, the license rate of $2,600 per furnace year appears to have remained relatively constant.

31
Goldstein's infringing activities began in 1965.  However, Trio and Goldstein had in free and open negotiations previously agreed to a license rate of $2,600 per furnace year.  The license rate Trio charged other licensees did not decline after Goldstein's infringement began.  Consequently, if the infringing activity did have a depressing effect on the license rate it could only have been in deterring Trio from charging the rate it otherwise would have negotiated in the open market.  The district court, however, disregarded the license fees received by Trio, because it believed they did not reveal an established royalty, and they were artificially depressed by the ongoing infringement.  The court found that Trio was a seller of furnaces and thus in negotiating a royalty rate (prior to the infringement) "would have been willing to accept somewhat less than the maximum royalty negotiable in order to promote its sales."  It further observed that prior to this lawsuit, Trio was unaware of the exact extent of the labor savings effected by the patented process.  But the record indicates that even after learning of the infringement, Trio offered Goldstein a license for the infringing furnace "Under the same terms and conditions as the previous two incinerators."  (Emphasis added.)17

32
It is true that "(a) patentee who has attempted to avoid costly and time-consuming litigation by settling for less than a reasonable royalty should not be penalized when an infringer forces full litigation."  Tights, Inc. v. Kayser-Roth Corp., supra, 442 F.Supp. at 165.  Here, however, there is no reason to believe that the license rate negotiated by the parties was anything other than a balanced consideration by both Goldstein and Trio of those competing concerns that normally enter into the determination of price in an open marketplace economy.  Trio consistently offered licenses at the rate of $2,600 per furnace year.  Thus, the possibility that Trio, had it chosen to do so, might have obtained a higher license rate than that actually charged, is irrelevant.  We believe the rate fixed by the parties prior to any infringement is pertinent and highly persuasive.  Further, our examination of the record has not disclosed any reason to distrust the existing license rate as a measure of actual damages.18  Thus, we hold that the $2600 per furnace year rate negotiated between Trio and Goldstein prior to the infringement, constitutes a reasonable royalty.

V.

33
35 U.S.C. § 284 provides that the court may increase damages up to three times the amount found or assessed.  We agree with the district court that the multiplication of damages depends on the degree of bad faith exhibited by the defendant.  Although the master recommended trebling the damages the district court, in its first consideration of damages, determined that "the facts of this case do not warrant trebling the full amount of the primary damages."  Thus, the court used a double multiplier.  In Trio Process III we affirmed that decision as being "within the sound discretion of the district court."  533 F.2d at 131.  In its next consideration, the court again used a double multiplier and we find no reason to disturb that decision.

34
On remand, the district court should calculate damages based on a reasonable royalty of $2,600 per furnace year of infringement.  Primary damages should then be multiplied by a factor of two with 6% Interest from the date of the infringement, plus costs.19 Accordingly, the judgment of the district court will be vacated and the case remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.  Each party to bear its costs of this appeal.

35
ALDISERT, Circuit Judge, dissenting.

36
Over twenty years ago, Professor Charles Alan Wright published an incisive article entitled The Doubtful Omniscience of Appellate Courts,1 in which, quoting Dean Leon Green,2 he observed that appellate courts have drawn unto themselves practically all the power of the judicial system.  Professor Wright explained:

37
Subtle rules about presumptions and burden of proof, elaborate concepts of causation and consideration and the rest, have been devised in such a way that unless the appellate judge handling the case is a dullard, some doctrine is always at hand to achieve the ends of justice, as they appear to an appellate court.

38
. . .  Within the last decade the appellate judges have become bolder.  No longer do they hide their assumption of power beneath an elaborate doctrinal superstructure.  Instead today's appellate courts are inventing new procedural devices by which their mastery of the litigation process can be made direct rather than devious.

39
(One such device is) review by the appellate court of the size of verdicts.  . . .

40
Wright, supra note 1, at 751.

41
The present appeal, like Trio Process Corp. v. L. Goldstein's Sons, Inc., 533 F.2d 126 (3d Cir. 1979) (Trio Process III ), is a review of the size of a verdict, albeit an award made by a judge, and verdicts have traditionally been the sole responsibility of a fact-finder.3 In Trio Process III, this court, in my view, improperly trespassed upon the fact-finding authority of District Judge John P. Fullam by vacating his award and employing what Professor Wright labeled an "elaborate concept of causation."  This was done solely for the purpose of inducing the fact-finder to award what my colleagues would have awarded had they been the fact-finders in the district court.4

42
Upon remand, Judge Fullam, one of the most able and experienced trial judges in the federal system, evaluated the factors set forth in Georgia-Pacific Corp. v. United States Plywood Corp., 318 F.Supp. 1116 (S.D.N.Y.1970), Modified, 446 F.2d 295 (2d Cir.), Cert. denied, 404 U.S. 870, 92 S.Ct. 105, 30 L.Ed.2d 114 (1971), made new findings of fact, and fashioned a new award, which he explained with a statement of reasons.5  In short, he conscientiously respected the letter and spirit of this court's 1976 mandate.  But upon this appeal the fourth in a dreary history of unnecessarily protracted litigation this court, speaking through the present majority, has again disagreed with his factual findings.  But this time, instead of snipping at the facts by contriving artificial legal precepts, we have invaded the district courtroom and set ourselves up as a rump fact-finding authority.  Because there is neither reason nor empowerment for this action, I dissent.

43
My colleagues in the majority, I regret to say, have now tossed the Anglo-American tradition of appellate review to the four winds.  They claim a new prerogative as an appellate court that goes beyond even Professor Wright's concerns in 1957; they have simply found the facts that are to their liking.  Whatever legitimacy this procedure might have in the French Cour d'appel, the Italian Corte d'appello, or the German Oberlandesgerichte, all courts of the second instance that have the right to find facts anew, the practice is foreign and inappropriate to our common law tradition of appellate review.

44
My disagreement with the majority in this case, and with the panel in Trio Process III, arises from a fundamental philosophical difference about the role of the United States Court of Appeals Vis a vis the United States District Court.  I do not believe that we circuit judges are ministers of justice armed with warrants of authority permitting us to substitute our notions of fact for those of district judges.  Our commissions authorize us to sit in a court that is "higher" only because our judicial system is arranged as a hierarchy.  The commissions do not endow us with a more sophisticated understanding of economics, a more profound exposure to the tensions and circumstances of the marketplace, or a superior ability to find facts.

45
In a transparent effort to substitute their view of a just Factual result for that of Judge Fullam and to dress a purely factual issue in the tinsel and glitter of a legal precept, the majority state that "(w)e are again unable to discover any support for the district court's conclusion that the existing license rate was depressed by Goldstein's infringement."  Maj.Op., at 1359.  But in the law, the term "conclusion" is a word of art; it is the inferred result of a syllogism, or other form of argument, indicating the logical relationship of legal precepts to the facts found by the fact finder.  A court does not Conclude as to facts, it Finds the facts.  On the question whether the existing license rate was depressed, the district court did not reach a Legal conclusion, which would raise a question of law duly subject to review.  Rather, it made a finding of fact:

46
(T)he Court finds that the license fee the parties would have agreed upon absent defendant's infringement would to a large extent have been determined by the economic benefits that were obtained through the use of plaintiff's patented process.  See Tights, Inc. v. Kayser-Roth Corp., (442 F.Supp. 159, 163 (M.D.N.C.1977)).

47
Defendant obtained the following benefits from using plaintiff's process to remove insulation from scrap wire; (a) a reduction in labor costs; (b) an increased recovery of copper from the scrap wire; (c) lower fuel consumption per ton of processed material; and (d) the ability to attract more electrical scrap for processing by advertising the advantages of plaintiff's process.  It should be noted that defendant was clearly aware of these benefits when it commenced infringement of plaintiff's patent since it had previously used plaintiff's process under two properly purchased licenses.  Thus, if defendant had negotiated for additional licenses instead of infringing plaintiff's patent, defendant would have been willing to pay substantially more than it had paid for the initial licenses since the process had proven its worth and the defendant would have assumed little or no risk in purchasing the additional licenses.

48
Appendix, Infra, at 1366.

49
The district court found that the significant economic benefits to the infringer from use of the patented process would have been reflected in the license fee the parties would have negotiated but for the infringement.  The basis for the finding of economic benefit is in the record and I cannot say that the trial court was clearly wrong in finding that that benefit would have been reflected in the license fee.  Therefore, the majority's statement that "the thrust of the evidence . . .  indicates the absence of a depressing effect" on the value of a license and its statement that there is no "permissible evidentiary basis to the contrary," Maj.Op. at 1359, flies in the face of Judge Fullam's meticulous discussion of the economic benefits obtained by the appellant.  I believe that a fair reading would show that Judge Fullam's opinion illustrates the "permissible evidentiary basis" of his findings.  I am satisfied that given the record evidence of benefits derived by the infringer, it was permissible for the fact finder to draw the inference that these benefits are relevant to a determination of lost royalties.  The majority utilize an interesting technique to avoid the significance of the record facts.  They would sweep the findings of benefits to the infringer under a rug, for the trial court found that Goldstein had realized labor savings of $52,791 per furnace per year, yet the majority avoids this critical fact with "we need not address this issue in view of our disposition of the case."  Maj.Op. at 1358, note 7.  Yet their "view of . . .  the case" is that there is no evidence to support the trial court's findings.

50
Although today's decision of the court and the previous decision in Trio Process III involve only one case, they reflect a point of view in this court, with which I am in strong disagreement.  It is a point of view reflecting a belief that an appellate court has the right to encroach upon the prerogatives of a fact finder.  Today's decision, in particular, constitutes a dangerous extension of a line of cases that I believe were wrongly decided because they tampered with fact-finding orthodoxy.  See, e. g., Harganreder v. Califano, 575 F.2d 434 (3d Cir. 1978); N. L. R. B. v. Armcor Industries, Inc., 535 F.2d 239 (3d Cir. 1976).  My view is reflected in the following passage:

51
The entire responsibility for deciding doubtful fact questions in a nonjury case should be, and we think it is, that of the district court.  The existence of any doubt as to whether the trial court or this Court is the ultimate trier of fact issues in nonjury cases is, we think, detrimental to the orderly administration of justice, impairs the confidence of litigants and the public in the decisions of the district courts, and multiplies the number of appeals in such cases.

52
Pendergrass v. New York Life Insurance Co., 181 F.2d 136, 138 (8th Cir. 1950).

53
To the extent an appellate court strays from its traditional role of reviewing the choice, interpretation, and application of legal precepts, and unnecessarily intrudes upon the rights and privileges of the trial courts, there is a corresponding impairment in the confidence of litigants and the public in the decisions of the trial courts, and a broadcast of an unwarranted belief that appellate courts are better qualified than trial judges to decide what justice requires.  I believe the court's decision today does precisely that.

54
Accordingly, I would affirm the judgment of the district court in all respects, for the reasons more specifically set forth by Judge Fullam in the appendix to this opinion.

APPENDIX

55
Trio Process Corp. v. L. Goldstein's Sons, Inc., Civil No. 38,166 (E.D.Pa. Sept. 22, 1978) (memorandum opinion):

56
FULLAM, District Judge.

57
The history of this patent case is long and complicated.  It has been fully discussed in Opinions issued by the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit,1 and, therefore, it will be mentioned here only when it is relevant to the issue with which this Opinion is concerned, the determination of damages.

58
Once before, on April 18, 1975, this Court issued an Order awarding plaintiff damages for infringement of United States Patent No. 3,076,421.  The sum awarded was based, in part, on the conclusion that the reasonable royalty to which plaintiff was entitled increased after the Third Circuit held in 1972 that plaintiff's patent was valid.  That conclusion was in error.  When the Order of April 18, 1975, was appealed, the Third Circuit held that a patent holder is entitled to a single reasonable royalty for infringement whether that infringement occurs before or after judicial approval of the patent.  533 F.2d at 129-30.  The Third Circuit, therefore, remanded this case for a redetermination of damages with instructions that this Court should (a) determine the single reasonable royalty applicable throughout the infringement period; and (b) explain how the figure chosen is related to the submitted evidence analyzed in terms of the factors that can affect the reasonable royalty rate.

59
A reasonable royalty is the license rate that plaintiff and defendant would have agreed upon at the time infringement began had they been reasonably and voluntarily negotiating the license agreement.  Tights, Inc. v. Kayser-Roth Corp., 442 F.Supp. 159, 162 (M.D.N.C.1977); Georgia-Pacific Corp. v. United States Plywood Corp., 318 F.Supp. 1116, 1120 (S.D.N.Y.1970), Modified, 446 F.2d 295 (2d Cir.), Cert. denied, 404 U.S. 870, 92 S.Ct. 105, 30 L.Ed.2d 114 (1971).  In a frequently cited Opinion, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York lists several factors to be considered in establishing a reasonable royalty.  Of those factors, the following have significance in the instant case:

60
(1) (T)he existing value of the (patented process) to the licensor as a generator of sales of his non-patented items; and the extent of such derivative or convoyed sales.

61
(2) The duration of the patent and the term of the license.

62
(3) The established profitability of the product made under the patent; its commercial success; and its current popularity.

63
(4) The utility and advantages of the patent property over the old modes or devices, if any, that had been used for working out similar results.

64
(5) The nature of the patented (process) . . .  and the benefits to those who have used the (process).

65
(6) The extent to which the infringer has made use of the (patented process); and any evidence probative of the value of that use.

66
(7) The portion of the realizable profit that should be credited to the invention as distinguished from non-patented elements, the manufacturing process, business risks, or significant features or improvements added by the infringer.

67
(8) The opinion testimony of qualified experts.

68
Georgia-Pacific Corp. v. United States Plywood Corp., supra, at 1120.2  I have analyzed the evidence in light of these factors and have concluded, for the reasons outlined below, that plaintiff is entitled to a reasonable royalty of $15,000 for each furnace year that defendant wrongfully used plaintiff's patented process for the removal of insulation from scrap wire.  The damages evidence in this case was presented to a Special Master.3  Although I have not adopted the Master's conclusions of law, I have determined that his findings of fact are not clearly erroneous and, therefore, I have accepted them as I did in my earlier Opinion of April 18, 1975.

69
The first two of the above factors can be disposed of quickly since they have had only a minimal effect on my decision concerning the appropriate reasonable royalty.  Plaintiff's ownership of the patent involved in this case did generate furnace sales for plaintiff since plaintiff's practice was to sell to a furnace purchaser a license to use the process for the life of the furnace, approximately five years.  Since the patent could generate furnace sales, it can be assumed that plaintiff might have been willing to negotiate a somewhat lower price for a license than the maximum obtainable.  However, the second factor, the term of the patent, had the opposite effect.  Plaintiff's patent ran from February 5, 1963, to February 5, 1980.  Defendant's infringement of that patent began by early 1965 and continued for over eight years.  Since a reasonable royalty is the license fee that would have been freely negotiated at the time infringement began, it can be assumed that defendant would have been willing to pay more for a license purchased, as this one hypothetically was, near the beginning of the patent period than for a license sought at a later time.

70
The remaining factors, including the opinion testimony of the experts in this case, all touch upon the benefits obtained by defendant through its infringing use of plaintiff's patented process.  At first glance, this may seem strange since damages in a patent infringement case are measured by the patent holder's loss, not the infringer's gain.4  However, the Court finds that the license fee the parties would have agreed upon absent defendant's infringement would to a large extent have been determined by the economic benefits that were obtained through the use of plaintiff's patented process.  See Tights, Inc. v. Kayser-Roth Corp., supra, at 163.

71
Defendant obtained the following benefits from using plaintiff's process to remove insulation from scrap wire; (a) a reduction in labor costs; (b) an increased recovery of copper from scrap wire; (c) lower fuel consumption per ton of processed material; and (d) the ability to attract more electrical scrap for processing by advertising the advantages of plaintiff's process.  It should be noted that defendant was clearly aware of these benefits when it commenced infringement of plaintiff's patent since it had previously used plaintiff's process under two properly purchased licenses.  Thus, if defendant had negotiated for additional licenses instead of infringing plaintiff's patent, defendant would have been willing to pay substantially more than it had paid for the initial licenses since the process had proven its worth and the defendant would have assumed little or no risk in purchasing the additional licenses.

72
Unfortunately, the available evidence does not permit the Court to assign a dollar value to each of the benefits defendant obtained.  In fact, largely because of the condition of defendant's records, the only dollar figure available is the value of the direct and indirect labor savings achieved by defendant.  An expert, whose opinion was credited by the master who heard the damages evidence, testified that defendant had labor savings of $52,791 per furnace per year in 1973 dollars.5  Since the defendant operated a varying number of infringing furnaces over an 81/2-year period, I have reduced this figure to $41,652 to reflect the wages prevailing in 1969, the mid-point in defendant's period of infringement.6 In voluntary royalty negotiations untainted by defendant's infringing practices, defendant might well have been willing to split this saving with plaintiff and paid plaintiff a royalty of approximately $20,000 for each furnace year, but two factors lead me to conclude that the reasonable royalty should be further reduced to $15,000 per furnace year.  First, as noted earlier, plaintiff was a seller of furnaces and thus would have been willing to accept somewhat less than the maximum royalty negotiable in order to promote its sales.  And second, plaintiff was unaware before this lawsuit of the exact extent of the labor savings that were obtainable through the use of its process.

73
The following table details the damages to which plaintiff is entitled.  The number of infringing furnaces is based on the findings of the Master.  As I did in my earlier Opinion of April 18, 1975, I have awarded plaintiff interest of 6 percent from the end of each infringing year to the present.  I have also doubled the primary damages for the reasons given in that Opinion which were found by the Third Circuit not to be erroneous.  533 F.2d at 131.

74
                            CALCULATION OF DAMAGES
                       $15,000 x                                     Multiplied
          Number of    Number of     Years                Primary     Damages
          Infringing   Infringing    at 6%    Interest    Damages       Plus
Year       Furnaces     Furnaces    Intere-     Due      Multiplied   Interest
                                      st
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1965        3          $   45,000    11 3/4  $ 44,268    $   90,000  $  134,268
1966        7             105,000    10 3/4    91,502       210,000     301,502
1967        7             105,000     9 3/4    80,379       210,000     290,379
1968        9 1/2         142,500     8 3/4    94,844       285,000     379,844
1969       11             165,000     7 3/4    94,263       330,000     424,263
1970       10             150,000     6 3/4    72,352       300,000     372,352
1971       10             150,000     5 3/4    59,766       300,000     359,766
1/1/72
to
5/22/72    3.889           58,335     4 1/2     70,084      466,680    536,764
                                               *
5/22/72
to
7/20/73   11,667          175,005
          ----------  ------------           ----------  ----------  ----------
Totals    73,056       $1,095,840            $608,458    $2,191,680  $2,799,138

75
* For purposes of calculating interest, the amount for the period January 1,

76
1972-July 20, 1973, totaling $233,340, is considered to have been due on

77
April 1, 1973.

1
 Trio Process Corp. v. L. Goldstein's Sons, Inc., 461 F.2d 66 (3d Cir.), Cert. denied, 409 U.S. 997, 93 S.Ct. 319, 34 L.Ed.2d 262 (1972)

2
 Trio Process Corp. v. L. Goldstein's Sons, Inc., 533 F.2d 126 (3d Cir. 1976)

3
 For a more detailed discussion of the patented process and the factual background of this case, See Trio Process Corp. v. L. Goldstein's Sons, Inc., 461 F.2d 66, 68-70 (3d Cir.), Cert. denied, 409 U.S. 997, 93 S.Ct. 319, 34 L.Ed.2d 262 (1972)

4
 Contrary to Trio's assertion, however, we did not hold that the reasonable royalty rate was, as a matter of law, higher than the actual license rate.  We held only that it Might be higher if the actual license rate had, In fact, been artificially depressed by Goldstein's infringement.  Thus, we held in Trio Process III that the reasonable royalty should be set at a level above the actual license rate if it was demonstrated, on the basis of the submitted evidence, that Goldstein's infringing activities had artificially depressed the actual license rate established by Trio

5
 The district court had set damages based on a reasonable royalty of $7,800 per furnace year for the period prior to our adjudication of the patent's validity and $15,000 per furnace year for the period thereafter

6
 The dissent asserts that this court in Trio Process III trespassed upon the fact-finding authority of the district court and that the majority here has once again arrogated that function to itself.  Our perception of the court's role in this case, however, differs from that of the dissent.  In Trio Process III the court remanded, not because of its desire to induce the fact-finder to award a particular amount of damages but because of its concern with a legal precept in patent law, that the extent of the deviation of license fees from a reasonable royalty be determined solely on the basis of the evidence and not conjecture.  Here, we vacate the determination of damages because it does not comply with the rule of law set forth in Trio Process III and not, as the dissent asserts, because we have set ourselves up as a fact-finding authority

7
 This figure was arrived at by comparing the cost of operating a similar, noninfringing furnace.  Goldstein disputes the basis for this comparison but we need not address this issue in view of our disposition of the case

8
 See section IV Infra

9
 The court recognized that "a prevailing royalty rate may be probative of what constitutes a reasonable royalty."  However, as we have previously indicated it fixed a rate of $7,800 per furnace year as a reasonable royalty

10
 Hartford Nat'l Bank & Trust Co. v. E. F. Drew & Co., 188 F.Supp. 353, Modified, 188 F.Supp. 347 (D.Del.1960), Aff'd per curiam, 290 F.2d 589 (3d Cir.), Cert. denied, 368 U.S. 825, 82 S.Ct. 45, 7 L.Ed.2d 29 (1961), which Trio argues supports the district court's opinion, is also distinguishable.  There the court stated: "It is a fact of economic life that an open infringement tends to reduce a patentee's fees from its subsequent licensees who must meet the infringer's competition, and such infringement deters potential licensees from taking a license." 188 F.Supp. at 362 n.50.  Here there is no indication that the negotiated fees were adversely affected by subsequent infringement or that potential licensees were deterred from seeking license agreements

11
 In Georgia-Pacific, supra, the court also determined damages on the basis of the "willing buyer and willing seller" rule.  This was used, however, only after the parties agreed there was no established royalty for the patented item.  Indeed, the apparent policy of the patent holder was not to enter into licensing agreements but rather, to maintain its patent monopoly.  See id. at 1123

12
 The royalty rate in Tights had declined from a nominal rate of $.50 per dozen garments to $.02 per dozen.  Tights, Inc. v. Kayser-Roth Corp., supra, 442 F.Supp. at 162

13
 Goldstein and Trio entered into two license agreements in 1960.  There is no indication in the record that Goldstein's infringing activities began any earlier than 1964 when it contracted with a metal fabricator for the construction of a copy of a furnace Goldstein had purchased from Trio

14
 The record indicates that, on March 8, 1965, Trio's counsel wrote to Goldstein requesting that it cease its infringing activities.  That letter stated, Inter alia :
(T)his will formally charge you with infringement of Pat.  No. 3,076,421.  Further, your activities in this matter appear to directly violate the license agreement between L. Goldstein's Sons, Inc. and Trio Process Corporation dated January 2, 1960.
This letter is written in the interest of having you license the additional incinerator under the same terms and conditions as the previous two incinerators.
Exhibit DM-15 (emphasis added).

15
 Trio brought its original action for patent infringement in May 1965.  The present appeal marks the fourth time the case has been before this court.  See Trio Process Corp. v. L. Goldstein's Sons, Inc., 533 F.2d 126 (3d Cir. 1976); Trio Process Corp. v. L. Goldstein's Sons, Inc., 493 F.2d 1401 (3d Cir. 1974); Trio Process Corp. v. L. Goldstein's Sons, Inc., 461 F.2d 66 (3d Cir.), Cert. denied, 409 U.S. 997, 93 S.Ct. 319, 34 L.Ed.2d 262 (1972)

16
 In its first consideration of damages the district court found that this increase in price included an increase in the royalty rate charged by Trio to about $3,600 per furnace year.  At oral argument on this appeal, Goldstein disputed this, asserting that the increase in price was attributable, instead, to an increase in the cost of the furnace.  Assuming that the rate was increased, however, only two licenses were granted at this figure.  Further, no licenses were granted after our decision upholding the validity of the patent.  Even after learning of Goldstein's infringement.  Trio indicated, in a letter of March 8, 1965, its willingness to continue licensing Goldstein at the rate of $2,600 per furnace year.  See note 13 Supra.  Thus, it appears that the license rate charged by Trio over the span of years commencing in 1960, up to and including the last consideration by the district court in September 1978, reflects little change

17
 See note 13 Supra

18
 "Actual damages must be calculated, not imagined, and an arithmetical calculation cannot be made without certain data on which to make it."  Mayor of New York v. Ransom, 64 U.S.  (23 How.) 487, 488, 16 L.Ed. 515.  See Trio Process III, supra, 533 F.2d at 130

19
 Trio argues that, as a penalty for having brought a frivolous appeal, we should require Goldstein to pay substantial additional interest on the judgment and double costs on this appeal.  See 28 U.S.C. § 1912 (1976).  Given our disposition of this case, however, Goldstein's appeal is clearly not frivolous.  Thus, Trio's argument is without merit

1
 Wright, The Doubtful Omniscience of Appellate Courts, 41 Minn.L.Rev. 751 (1957)

2
 L. Green, Judge and Jury 380 (1930)

3
 The traditional view was expressed by Judge Goodrich in Scott v. Baltimore & Ohio R. Co., 151 F.2d 61, 64-65 (3d Cir. 1945) (footnotes omitted):
The members of the Court think the verdict is too high.  But they also feel very clear that there is nothing the Court can do about it.
. . .  A long list of cases in the federal courts demonstrates clearly that the federal appellate courts, including the Supreme Court, will not review a judgment for excessiveness of damages even in cases where the amount of damage is capable of much more precise ascertainment than it is in a personal injury case.

4
 The specific directive in Trio Process III was:
On remand, the district court should give proper regard to the rule that the extent of the deviation of existing license fees from a reasonable royalty must be determined solely on the basis of the submitted evidence and upon an evaluation of the factors that could affect the reasonable royalty rate, not upon mere conjecture.
533 F.2d at 130 (footnote omitted).

5
 The full text of the district court opinion upon which this appeal is based is set forth as an appendix to this opinion

1
 See Trio Process Corp. v. L. Goldstein's Sons, Inc., 533 F.2d 126 (3d Cir. 1976); Trio Process Corp. v. L. Goldstein's Sons, Inc., 493 F.2d 1401 (3d Cir. 1974); Trio Process Corp. v. L. Goldstein's Sons, Inc., 461 F.2d 66 (3d Cir.), Cert. denied 409 U.S. 997, 93 S.Ct. 319, 34 L.Ed.2d 262 (1972)

2
 I have not included the first factor mentioned in the Georgia-Pacific Opinion, the license fees received by the patentee, since they did not show that there was an established royalty and since the fees received were artificially depressed by defendant's ongoing infringement.  533 F.2d at 129.  I have, however, been mindful of the Third Circuit's admonition that deviation of the reasonable royalty from existing license fees must be based on the evidence. Id. at 130.  I think that the evidence discussed in this Opinion demonstrates that a royalty negotiated in the absence of defendant's infringement would have been several times higher than the license fees actually received by plaintiff

3
 Although there was a hearing on the issues, no new evidence concerning damages was submitted after the Third Circuit's remand of this case

4
 533 F.2d at 129

5
 Since defendant made no improvements in plaintiff's process, these savings are completely attributable to the use of that process

6
 This reduction was accomplished by applying the Master's factual finding as to the extent that the prevailing 1969 wage rates differed from the wage rates prevailing in 1973