Court Opinion

ID: 4673970
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-04-01 23:02:34.757979+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:34:10.058913
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MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT                                          Reporter of Decisions
 Decision: 2018 ME 41
 Docket:   Pen-17-35
 Argued: November 15, 2017
 Decided: March 22, 2018
 Revised: January 8, 2019

 Panel:     SAUFLEY, C.J.,   and   ALEXANDER,    MEAD,   GORMAN,    JABAR,   HJELM,   and
            HUMPHREY, JJ.

                                   STATE OF MAINE

                                            v.

                                   KEITH COLEMAN

 MEAD, J.

       [¶1] Keith Coleman appeals from a judgment of conviction for three

counts of murder, 17-A M.R.S. § 201(1)(A) (2017), and one of gross sexual

assault (Class A), 17-A M.R.S. § 253(1)(C) (2017), entered by the trial court

(Penobscot County, A. Murray, J.) following a jury trial; he also appeals his

sentences of life imprisonment on each of the murder counts. See 15 M.R.S.

§§ 2151, 2152 (2017); M.R. App. P. 20 (Tower 2016).1 Coleman argues that

the court (1) abused its discretion by limiting his cross-examination of the

State’s Chief Medical Examiner, (2) clearly erred by finding that the State had

  1 This appeal was filed before September 1, 2017; therefore, the restyled Maine Rules of
Appellate Procedure do not apply. See M.R. App. P. 1.
2

sufficiently established the chain of custody of the sexual assault kit used

during the autopsy of one of the victims, and (3) applied an incorrect

standard of proof and abused its discretion in determining the facts

considered at sentencing. Coleman also asserts that there was insufficient

evidence to support the jury’s guilty verdict on the gross sexual assault

charge and that the State committed prosecutorial misconduct in its opening

statement. Although we conclude that the court abused its discretion by

foreclosing Coleman’s cross-examination of the Chief Medical Examiner

concerning his termination from his position as Chief Medical Examiner in

Massachusetts, the error was harmless in the face of the overwhelming

evidence of Coleman’s guilt. We are unpersuaded by the remainder of his

arguments and affirm the judgment and sentences.

                                     I. FACTS

        [¶2] “When viewed in the light most favorable to the jury's verdict,

    the record supports the following facts.” State v. Diana, 2014 ME 45, ¶ 2,

    89 A.3d 132 (alteration omitted) (quotation marks omitted). The bodies of

    an eight-year-old girl, her ten-year-old brother, and the children’s mother

    were found in their home in Garland on the evening of December 20, 2014.

    Keith Coleman, the mother’s on-and-off boyfriend of a few years, had been
                                                                          3

living with the victims in their home for about a year prior to their deaths

but was absent from the home when their bodies were discovered.

    [¶3] By all reports, Coleman’s and the mother’s relationship was a

tumultuous one, plagued by incidents of Coleman’s physical abuse of the

mother.   Shortly before the deaths, the mother told Coleman that he

needed to deal with his drinking or move out; she was also considering

reconciling with her daughter’s father. Coleman was very upset by this

situation and told a coworker, on three different occasions, that he

“wouldn’t have a problem with killing them all.”

    [¶4] The children were last seen on December 19, 2014, as they left

school on the final day of classes before Christmas vacation. On the same

day, the mother made her last known communication in a text message to

her aunt concerning a fight she and Coleman had that day. On the morning

of December 20, shortly after 7:00 a.m., Coleman drove away from the

home, then returned about five to ten minutes later, and left by 10:00 or

11:00 a.m. in the family’s tan minivan. Coleman stopped at a local store for

beer and cigarette rolling papers before driving to Bangor to return a

remote-control car at a store, a gift he had intended to give to the son.

Coleman later arranged, via direct messaging from one of his Facebook
4

    accounts, to meet up with friends in Bucksport. While messaging with his

    friends in Bucksport, he sent another set of Facebook messages, telling

    another friend that he was “[o]n the run for capital murder” and asking

    “[c]ould you send me anything to get me to the hood.”

        [¶5]   During the afternoon of December 20, after repeated failed

    attempts to reach the mother, the aunt whom the mother had texted the

    previous day asked another niece to go to the home and check on the

    mother and the children. At around 9:00 p.m., the niece and a number of

    other family members arrived at the home, broke through the locked front

    door, and discovered the mother’s body in one bedroom and the daughter’s

    body in another; the daughter was found gagged and on her back, each leg

    dangling off the end of the bed on either side of one of its corners. The

    family members called 9-1-1 and awaited the first responders’ arrival

    outside of the home. The first to arrive was a deputy from the Penobscot

    County Sheriff’s Office who located the son’s body in the third bedroom,

    underneath a pile of bedding.

        [¶6]   The next morning in Bucksport, law enforcement officers

responded to an apartment where Coleman reportedly had spent the

previous night and took Coleman, who was cooperative, into custody. At the
                                                                             5

time of his arrest, Coleman was in possession of the family’s tan minivan, the

mother’s EBT card, and her purse. Coleman was interrogated that evening

for five hours by two detectives; slightly over four hours into questioning, he

admitted to “killing [the mother] and the kids.”

      [¶7] On December 21 and 22, 2014, the Medical Examiner’s Office

performed the victims’ autopsies and concluded that the cause of death for

all three was asphyxiation by ligature strangulation. During the daughter’s

autopsy, the Chief Medical Examiner, Doctor Mark Flomenbaum, detected no

trauma to her genitals and found that her hymen was intact, but he observed

blunt force trauma to her face; two superficial abrasions on her buttocks,

each slightly less than an inch long; and what he suspected was dried blood

in her vaginal area and on the crotch of the pink shorts she was wearing.

The daughter also had a plastic shopping bag stuffed tightly into her mouth

and throat, which, Dr. Flomenbaum opined, occluded the passage of all air

and sound. These observations prompted either Dr. Flomenbaum or the

assisting nurse, acting under his supervision, to collect four swabs from the

daughter’s vaginal area using a sexual assault kit. During the afternoon of

December 22, the four swabs were dried and placed together in an envelope

inside the kit, which was sealed and left in the Medical Examiner’s Office.
6

The sealed kit remained there until December 24 at 10:00 a.m., when the

same state police detective who had been present at the autopsy retrieved

the kit and brought it to a temporary evidence locker and, later, to the Maine

State Police Crime Laboratory for testing.

      [¶8] On December 31, 2014, a crime laboratory technician confirmed

that the items of evidence delivered by the state police detective from the

autopsy were contained in sealed bags, with the seals unbroken, and

processed the individual items. Two of the four swabs in the envelope

labeled “vaginal swabs” as well as the stained cutting from the shorts tested

positive for, and were verified as containing, blood and semen. Samples of

the vaginal swab with the highest concentration of forensic material and of

the stained shorts were sent for DNA analysis.

      [¶9] Mixtures of DNA were found on the ligatures associated with the

victims. The mixture on the ligature found on the mother was consistent

with the DNA profiles of Coleman, the mother, and at least one unknown

donor; a ligature found on the daughter revealed DNA consistent with

Coleman, the daughter, and at least one other unknown donor; on another

ligature found on the daughter, there was DNA matching her and at least one

unknown donor; a ligature found on the son contained DNA that was
                                                                             7

consistent with the son, the daughter, and at least one unknown donor. A

forensic DNA analyst found that a sample from the daughter’s stained shorts

had too little material for DNA analysis of the sperm or blood. The vaginal

swabs contained two DNA profiles—one obtained from skin cells, which was

consistent with the daughter, and the other from sperm cells, which was

consistent with Coleman. The DNA analyst calculated that there was a

statistical possibility of less than 1 in 300 billion that the sperm fraction

profile came from someone other than Coleman.

                           II. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

      [¶10] Coleman was initially charged by complaint with three counts of

murder and later with one count of gross sexual assault and was

subsequently indicted by the Penobscot County Grand Jury for those

charges. 17-A M.R.S. §§ 201(1)(A); 253(1)(c). At his arraignment, Coleman

entered pleas of not guilty.

      [¶11] On September 13, 2015, the State moved in limine to bar

Coleman    from    cross-examining    the   medical    examiner,   Dr.    Mark

Flomenbaum,       concerning   a     Connecticut      judge’s   finding   that

Dr. Flomenbaum’s testimony as an expert witness for a defendant in a child

death case was not credible; and, Dr. Flomenbaum’s removal from his
8

previous position as the Massachusetts Chief Medical Examiner. The court

reserved ruling on the motion until hearing Dr. Flomenbaum’s testimony

and later granted the State’s motion over Coleman’s repeated objection.2

The court found that the Connecticut court’s credibility determination was

not a specific instance of conduct probative of a character for truthfulness.

See M.R. Evid. 608(b). The court additionally found that Dr. Flomenbaum’s

removal from an administrative position in Massachusetts was not only

irrelevant to his medical findings in an individual autopsy but also was likely

to confuse, and needlessly add to, the issues more properly before the jury;

the court therefore foreclosed any cross-examination on this issue pursuant

to M.R. Evid. 403.

        [¶12] On November 10, 2016, after an eleven-day trial, the jury found

Coleman guilty on all charges and the court continued the matter for

sentencing. On January 19, 2017, the court imposed concurrent sentences of

life imprisonment on each of the murder counts and a concurrent

twenty-year term of imprisonment for the gross sexual assault. Coleman

    2The court referenced with approval two trial court decisions in unrelated cases that had
similarly limited impeachment of Dr. Flomenbaum. State v. Davis, No. AROCD-CR-2013-137
Unified Criminal Docket (Aroostook Cty., August 29, 2016) (order granting motion in limine);
State v. Haji-Hassan, CUMCD-CR-2014-7716 Unified Criminal Docket (Cumberland Cty.,
August 10, 2016) (order on motion for in camera review), appeal docketed, No. Cum-17-149
(Apr. 7, 2017).
                                                                         9

appealed directly from his conviction, pursuant to M.R. App. P. 20 and

15 M.R.S. § 2151. Upon his application, the Sentence Review Panel granted

him leave to appeal from his sentence. State v. Coleman, No. SRP-17-60

(Mar. 13, 2017). We consolidated our review of his sentence with his direct

appeal. M.R. App. P. 20(h).

                              III. DISCUSSION

A.    Limitation on Coleman’s Impeachment of Dr. Flomenbaum

      [¶13] Prior to trial and again at trial, Coleman sought, pursuant to

M.R. Evid. 608(b), to impeach Dr. Flomenbaum’s character for truthfulness

by inquiring on cross-examination into (1) his expert testimony in a

May 2016 child death case that a Connecticut judge found was not credible

and (2) his termination as Massachusetts’s Chief Medical Examiner due to

his administrative shortcomings and lack of candor with his superiors.

Coleman made an offer of proof consisting of a letter from a Connecticut

State’s Attorney regarding a judge’s finding that Dr. Flomenbaum’s

testimony was not credible; the transcript of that testimony; a newspaper

story about Dr. Flomenbaum’s termination in Massachusetts; and the

Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court’s opinion affirming Dr. Flomenbaum’s

for-cause termination. See Flomenbaum v. Commonwealth, 889 N.E.2d 423
10

(Mass. 2008).    On appeal, Coleman asserts that the court committed an

abuse of discretion and violated his constitutional right to effectively

cross-examine a witness when it denied him the opportunity to further

impeach Dr. Flomenbaum with evidence of these circumstances.                See

U.S. Const. amends. VI, XIV; Me. Const. art. I, § 6; M.R. Evid. 608(b).

      [¶14] We afford a trial court wide discretion in its evidentiary rulings

pursuant to M.R. Evid. 403 and 608(b) and review such rulings for an abuse

of discretion. State v. Maderios, 2016 ME 155, ¶¶ 10-11, 149 A.3d 1145;

State v. Williams, 2012 ME 63, ¶ 42, 52 A.3d 911. Rule 608(b) prohibits use

of extrinsic evidence of specific instances of a witness’s conduct, other than a

criminal conviction pursuant to M.R. Evid. 609, to attack or support that

witness’s character for truthfulness but allows a court to permit “a witness’s

credibility [to] be attacked through cross-examination on specific instances

of the witness’s prior conduct that are probative of truthfulness or

untruthfulness.” Williams, 2012 ME 63, ¶ 42, 52 A.3d 911 (emphasis added)

(citation omitted) (quotation marks omitted).

      [¶15]     In determining whether specific instances of a witness’s

conduct are sufficiently probative of the witness's character for truthfulness

or untruthfulness, a court may consider (1) “the importance of the witness
                                                                                                  11

to the case”; (2) “how probative of truthfulness or untruthfulness the bad

acts are”; and (3) “[t]he reliability of the information that the bad acts in fact

occurred . . . .” State v. Almurshidy, 1999 ME 97, ¶ 30, 732 A.2d 280; see Field

& Murray, Maine Evidence § 608.2 at 299 (6th ed. 2007).                             The limited

opportunity to inquire, on cross-examination, into specific acts by the

witness      relating     to    the     witness's      character       for    truthfulness        or

untruthfulness, however, does not open the door to the admission of

extrinsic evidence relating to those acts.3 Almurshidy, 1999 ME 97, ¶ 25 n.4,

732 A.2d 280 (“[P]ursuant to Rule 608(b)(1), extrinsic evidence . . . is not

admissible.”). Nor does the limited opportunity to inquire into specific acts

on cross-examination override our well-established rule that opinion

testimony on a particular witness’s credibility is inadmissible. See State v.

Woodburn, 559 A.2d 343, 346 (Me. 1989); State v. Caulk, 543 A.2d 1366,

1372 (Me. 1988). We now analyze each of the proffered specific instances of

Dr. Flomenbaum’s conduct in turn.

       1) Connecticut Testimony and Judge’s Credibility Determination

       [¶16]       We have not dealt with the admissibility pursuant to

   3 If a cross-examiner asks a question regarding a specific act, after satisfying the court that he

has a good faith basis to ask the question, and the witness denies the act, the questioner is left
with the answer and cannot offer extrinsic evidence to rebut the witness’s answer. See Field &
Murray, Maine Evidence § 608.2 at 299 (6th ed. 2007).
12

Rule 608(b) of past judicial credibility determinations concerning an expert

witness.     We have, however, done so in the context of expert opinions

regarding another witness’s credibility. See Woodburn, 559 A.2d at 346

(affirming the exclusion of a psychologist’s expert testimony that the child

victim     was   unable   to   distinguish   truth   from    falsehood)   (citing

M.R. Evid. 608(a),    (b)).      Coleman     contends       that   evidence   of

Dr. Flomenbaum’s responses to a Connecticut prosecutor’s questions about

his termination from Massachusetts and a Connecticut judge’s finding that

Dr. Flomenbaum’s “testimony [was] not credible” are proper subjects for

impeaching Dr. Flomenbaum’s credibility as a witness pursuant to

Rule 608(b).

      [¶17]      In May 2016, Dr. Flomenbaum appeared in his personal

capacity as a forensic expert at a trial in the Connecticut Superior Court on

behalf of the defendant in a criminal case. Coleman asserts that if the court

had allowed him, he would have asked Dr. Flomenbaum about this exchange

during the State’s Attorney’s cross-examination in that case:

      [State’s Attorney]: And you were [working for Massachusetts]
      for—I can’t recall from your direct—how many years?

      [Dr. Flomenbaum]: Two years.

      ....
                                                                            13

      [State’s Attorney]: Two years before they fired you?

      [Dr. Flomenbaum]: No. Two years before I left.

      [State’s Attorney]: Well, didn’t the [S]tate of Massachusetts
      terminate you, Doctor?

      [Dr. Flomenbaum]: The governor did. Yes, he did.

State v. Bumgarner-Ramos, No. WMM-CR13-0151026-T (Conn. Super. Ct.

May 11, 2016).

      [¶18] Although we have said that “falsifying testimony is . . . probative

of whether someone has a truthful or untruthful character,” the above

exchange cannot be construed in any sense as falsification of testimony.

See Almurshidy, 1999 ME 97, ¶ 30 n.6, 732 A.2d 280. Dr. Flomenbaum

appears to have simply disagreed with the characterization that he was fired

but, more importantly, he also acknowledged—in his very next answer—

that his employment was indeed terminated.                   Bumgarner-Ramos,

No. WMM-CR13-0151026-T.           Even    considering    Dr.    Flomenbaum’s

importance to the State’s case, this instance of his conduct completely lacks

any relevance or probative value regarding his character for truthfulness.

See State v. Ericson, 2011 ME 28, ¶ 20, 13 A.3d 777; Almurshidy, 1999 ME 97,

¶ 30 n.6, 732 A.2d 280.
14

         [¶19]    Coleman next points to the judge’s finding, in the same

Connecticut case, that Dr. Flomenbaum’s “testimony [was] not credible and

[that the court] rejects Dr. Flomenbaum’s conclusions [concerning the cause

of death].” Bumgarner-Ramos, No. WMM-CR13-0151026-T (Conn. Super. Ct.

May 17, 2016). Coleman contends that this instance of Dr. Flomenbaum’s

conduct is admissible impeachment evidence on the authority of

United States v. Cedeño, where the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit

held that the defendant should have been allowed to cross-examine a

government witness about a judge’s finding in a prior case that the witness

had lied while testifying under oath, but ultimately concluded that this error

was harmless. 644 F.3d 79, 81, 82-83 (2d Cir. 2011); see Fed. R. Evid. 608(b).

         [¶20] It is not clear that the Connecticut court’s finding regarding

Dr. Flomenbaum’s testimony would be admissible in this case according to

Cedeño,4 which is distinguished from these facts by the judicial finding at

issue there, i.e., a determination that the witness had lied under oath in a

previous case. 644 F.3d at 81, 83. Furthermore, several of the cases cited in

     The Second Circuit’s approach contrasts with others that allow impeachment by inquiry into
     4

the underlying facts of a past judicial or executive branch proceeding but disallow questions
about the proceeding’s conclusions or consequences, which are extrinsic evidence. See
Fed. R. Evid. 608(b), Advisory Committee’s Note to 2003 amend.; United States v. Whitmore,
384 F.3d 836, 836-37 (D.C. Cir. 2004); United States v. Davis, 183 F.3d 231, 256, 257 n.12
(3d Cir. 1999); Deary v. City of Gloucester, 9 F.3d 191, 196-97 (1st Cir. 1993); United States v.
Lopez, 944 F.2d 33, 37-38 (1st Cir. 1991); Waymire v. Miami Cty. Sheriff’s Office,
2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 160918, at *6-7 (S.D. Ohio Sept. 29, 2017).
                                                                           15

Cedeño specifically differentiate between a finding that a witness had lied or

was not credible and a court finding the “defense witnesses more credible

than the government’s witness.” United States v. Whitmore, 359 F.3d 609,

620 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (quotation marks omitted); see also United States v.

Dawson, 434 F.3d 956, 959 (7th Cir. 2006) (approving of the exclusion of

questions about past judicial credibility findings “when the witness . . . had

been disbelieved in only one case or where it was unclear whether and why

the witness’s testimony had been rejected.”). We need not decide whether

the Second Circuit’s approach should be applied in Maine in cases where the

court is left with an inescapable conclusion that the witness has previously

lied under oath because in Dr. Flomenbaum’s case no such conclusion is

possible on the facts presented here. See Cedeño, 644 F.3d at 81-83. The

obvious conclusion to be drawn from reading the transcript of the

Connecticut trial is that the judge was presented with conflicting expert

opinions and elected, as typically happens, to find one credible and the other

not—a far cry from finding that a witness lied.

      [¶21]    We note also that the overarching, bright-line rule of

M.R. Evid. 608(a) prevents the admission of personal opinions regarding a

witness’s credibility or truthfulness. See Woodburn, 559 A.2d at 346. The
16

Connecticut judge’s opinion of Dr. Flomenbaum’s testimony is just the sort of

opinion evidence prohibited by Rule 608(a). The court acted well within its

discretion to preclude Coleman’s inquiry on cross-examination into

Dr. Flomenbaum’s testimony and the judge's finding on the credibility issue

in the Connecticut case. See id.; Caulk, 543 A.2d at 1372.

         2) Dr. Flomenbaum’s Prior Employment Termination

         [¶22] Coleman next argues that the reasons for Dr. Flomenbaum’s

removal as Massachusetts Chief Medical Examiner—that according to the

Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court decision included his administrative

shortcomings and lack of candor with his superiors 5 —are also specific

instances of Dr. Flomenbaum’s conduct that are probative of his character

for truthfulness. Coleman postulates that Dr. Flomenbaum’s termination

from his prior employment may provide a motive or bias on

Dr. Flomenbaum’s part to please the Attorney General’s Office and thereby

secure his continued employment in Maine’s Office of the Chief Medical

Examiner, which is a division within the Office of the Attorney General.

Coleman contends that, “[g]iven the importance of Dr. Flomenbaum, his

testimony, and his credibility,” this bias was another proper avenue for

     5The Massachusetts decision cited actions by Dr. Flomenbaum including his delayed
reporting of a missing body and underestimation of the backlog of bodies awaiting autopsies.
Flomenbaum v. Commonwealth, 889 N.E.2d 423, 430-31 (Mass. 2008).
                                                                           17

cross-examination and that the court abused its discretion by excluding this

impeachment evidence pursuant to M.R. Evid. 401 and 403.

      [¶23] If Dr. Flomenbaum’s administrative capabilities are relevant to

his collection and supervision of the sexual assault kit evidence, then it was

error for the court to exclude this impeachment evidence unless its

probative value was substantially outweighed by the risks of unfair

prejudice or confusion of the jury and the issues before it. M.R. Evid. 401,

403. The State sought to qualify Dr. Flomenbaum as an expert when it

inquired about his education, experience, and the number of autopsies he

had performed. In response, Dr. Flomenbaum provided a summary of his

medical training and employment history, including his time as

Massachusetts Chief Medical Examiner, and an estimate that he had

conducted 3,000 to 4,000 autopsies. At the time Dr. Flomenbaum conducted

the daughter’s autopsy, he was Maine’s Chief Medical Examiner and he

supervised or personally undertook the collection of the sexual assault kit

and the other evidence from the daughter’s autopsy.

      [¶24] Evidence of Dr. Flomenbaum’s administrative shortcomings and

lack of candor with his superiors when he was the Chief Medical Examiner in

another state are relevant to his performance of his administrative duties as
18

the State of Maine’s Chief Medical Examiner, contrary to the trial court’s

findings. See United States v. York, 933 F.2d 1343, 1365-66 (7th Cir. 1991)

(affirming expert medical doctor’s impeachment with questioning about his

allegedly unprofessional conduct at his previous position as Chief Medical

Examiner), overruled on other grounds by Wilson v. Williams, 182 F.3d 562

(7th Cir. 1999).    Additionally, the circumstances of Dr. Flomenbaum’s

termination are directly relevant to an aspect of his professional credentials

that the State used to qualify Dr. Flomenbaum as an expert in this case.

See id.; Maderios, 2016 ME 155, ¶¶ 10-11, 149 A.3d 1145; State v. Filler,

2010 ME 90, ¶¶ 17-20, 3 A.3d 365 (“[E]vidence tending to impeach [the

State’s primary witness’s] credibility has greatly enhanced probative value.”

(quotation marks omitted)).      In establishing Dr. Flomenbaum's expert

credentials, the State included the fact that he had previously held a

prestigious position—a fact that may be properly tempered by the fact of his

involuntary removal from that position.

      [¶25] We must next decide whether the court’s error in limiting

cross-examination of a state’s witness was harmless based upon “‘the

importance of the witness’[s] testimony in the prosecution’s case, whether

the testimony was cumulative, the presence or absence of evidence
                                                                          19

corroborating or contradicting the testimony of the witness on material

points, the extent of cross-examination otherwise permitted, and, of course,

the overall strength of the prosecution’s case.’”         State v. Johnson,

2009 ME 103, ¶ 18, 982 A.2d 320 (quoting Delaware v. Van Arsdall,

475 U.S. 673, 684 (1986)). In this case, Dr. Flomenbaum’s testimony was

just one of many pieces of evidence presented at trial. In addition to that

evidence, the court heard testimony from the detectives who recounted

Coleman’s confession to the murders; the family members and first

responders who established that, of the three victims, only the daughter was

found gagged and straddling the end corner of a bed, thus supporting in part

a finding that she was sexually assaulted; and two forensic analysts from the

crime laboratory who corroborated Dr. Flomenbaum’s testimony by

positively identifying blood and semen on the sexual assault kit samples, as

well as matching Coleman’s DNA with that in the sperm found on the

daughter and with the DNA found on one of the ligatures. We conclude that

the court’s error was harmless, in part, because despite Dr. Flomenbaum’s

importance to the State’s case on the gross sexual assault charge, the State

presented significant circumstantial evidence to corroborate that the blood

and semen evidence Dr. Flomenbaum collected was as he characterized it in
20

his testimony.           In addition, Coleman was able to cross-examine

Dr. Flomenbaum generally as to his credibility and alleged bias in favor of

the State, which decreased any prejudice resulting from the lack of

cross-examination regarding the Massachusetts termination. 6 The above

factors along with the other circumstantial evidence and “the record as a

whole demonstrate[ ] beyond a reasonable doubt that the error did not

affect the substantial rights of the defendant or contribute to the verdict

obtained.”       State v. Norwood, 2014 ME 97, ¶ 14, 97 A.3d 613; Johnson,

2009 ME 103, ¶ 18, 982 A.2d 320.

         [¶26]    In sum, we conclude that the circumstances surrounding

Dr. Flomenbaum’s termination from his employment in Massachusetts due

to his administrative shortcomings and lack of candor are arguably

probative of his ability to supervise and process the taking of forensic

samples and could have tempered the jury’s view of his administrative skill

and candor in his work in Maine. See York, 933 F.2d at 1365-66; Filler,

2010 ME 90, ¶¶ 17-20, 3 A.3d 365. Although the court erred by finding that

this impeachment evidence was not at all relevant in this case and by

     6Coleman’s cross-examination of Dr. Flomenbaum, while not as extensive as he wished,
satisfied his right to confront an adverse witness. The Confrontation Clause guarantees an
adequate and effective, but not unlimited, cross-examination, and the court’s error in limiting this
questioning did not rise to a deprivation of Coleman’s constitutional right. See State v. Johnson,
2009 ME 103, ¶ 15, 982 A.2d 320; State v. Brown, 321 A.2d 478, 485 (Me. 1974).
                                                                                                21

precluding any related questioning, those errors were harmless in the face of

the overwhelming evidence of Coleman’s guilt.7

B.     Prosecutorial Misconduct

       [¶27] We review preserved claims of prosecutorial misconduct for

harmless error. State v. Pillsbury, 2017 ME 92, ¶ 18, 161 A.3d 690; State v.

Dolloff, 2012 ME 130, ¶¶ 31-34, 58 A.3d 1032. According to this standard,

we disregard “[a]ny error, defect, irregularity, or variance that does not

affect substantial rights.” M.R.U. Crim. P. 52(a). Coleman complains about

the State’s opening statement that evidence from “vaginal swabs” would

show “sperm found on a young girl’s vagina” because he claims that the

swabs should have been referred to as “external genitalia” swabs, in keeping

with the sexual assault kit’s protocol.                Several witnesses for the State

testified that sexual assault kits indeed have separate envelopes and

instructions for “vaginal swabs,” used for internal vaginal collections, and for

collections from “external genitalia.”              Dr. Flomenbaum testified that he

   7 Coleman correctly notes that he did not confess to the sexual assault charge, on which it was

the State’s burden to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that genital-to-genital contact occurred.
See infra ¶¶ 29-30. Dr. Flomenbaum’s testimony provided support for such a finding.
Specifically, Dr. Flomenbaum testified that the daughter was gagged; that she had blunt force
trauma to her face; that the abrasions on her buttocks and blood around her vagina and in the
crotch of her shorts suggested that she was alive when the abrasions occurred; and he concluded
that her intact hymen ruled out penetrative sex but not necessarily direct genital contact. Neither
Coleman nor the Massachusetts termination proceedings challenged Dr. Flomenbaum’s forensic
abilities in performing autopsies and reporting his findings.
22

labeled the sexual assault kit swabs, taken from the daughter’s “vaginal area”

between the labia majora and minora, as vaginal swabs.

         [¶28] The State used these terms in its opening statement, as the Chief

Medical Examiner did, to accurately describe where the evidence of a sexual

act was found—inside the labia majora and external to the hymen, not from

deeper within the victim’s vagina, as Coleman claims the prosecutor said.8

The State’s opening statement, which was preceded and followed by the

court’s admonitions that the opening statements were not evidence, was

free of any misconduct and was “fairly based on the facts [anticipated] in

evidence.” State v. Cote, 2017 ME 73, ¶ 27, 159 A.3d 831 (quotation marks

omitted); State v. Lockhart, 2003 ME 108, ¶¶ 47-49, 830 A.2d 433.

C.       Sufficiency of the Evidence of Gross Sexual Assault

         [¶29] Next, Coleman contends that there was insufficient evidence

supporting his conviction for gross sexual assault, namely that there was not

proof beyond a reasonable doubt of direct genital-to-genital contact or proof

that the victim was alive at the time that such contact occurred.

See 17-A M.R.S. §§ 251(1)(C), 253(1)(C), 508 (2017). We review a challenge

that there is insufficient evidence to support the jury’s verdict by viewing all

    The forensic evidence indicated that the semen was found between the labia majora and
     8

minora, external to the intact hymen.
                                                                            23

the evidence and reasonable inferences drawn therefrom in the light most

favorable to the State. See State v. Diana, 2014 ME 45, ¶ 2, 89 A.3d 132; State

v. Skarbinski, 2011 ME 65, ¶ 6, 21 A.3d 86.

      [¶30] Section 253(1)(C) requires, in this case, proof of a sexual act, in

the form of direct genital-to-genital contact, with a person who was not

Coleman’s spouse and who had not reached twelve years of age. Coleman

concedes that the daughter was unmarried and under twelve years old. We

have repeatedly said that “[a] criminal conviction may be based solely on

circumstantial evidence . . . as long as the evidence supports a finding that

each element of the crime is proved beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v.

Moores, 2009 ME 102, ¶ 10, 982 A.2d 318; see also State v. Cheney,

2012 ME 119, ¶ 42, 55 A.3d 473. Despite the lack of direct evidence of how

Coleman’s semen was deposited on the victim’s genitalia, the jury could have

rationally inferred, beyond a reasonable doubt, that a sexual act

(i.e., genital-to-genital contact) had occurred while the victim was alive

based on the circumstantial evidence presented at trial. See 17-A M.R.S.

§ 251(1)(C); State v. Poblete, 2010 ME 37, ¶ 30, 993 A.2d 1104; State v.

Chad B., 1998 ME 150, ¶¶ 7-8, 715 A.2d 144.
24

D.    Chain of Custody of the Sexual Assault Kit

      [¶31] Coleman next asserts that the court erred by finding that the

State had established a proper chain of custody of the sexual assault kit,

which was stored under unknown conditions at the Medical Examiner’s

Office from the afternoon of December 22 until 10:00 a.m. on

December 24, 2014. We review for clear error a finding that an item of

physical evidence has been authenticated by a sufficient chain of custody.

Diana, 2014 ME 45, ¶¶ 26-27, 89 A.3d 132; see M.R. Evid. 901(a). A chain of

custody “need [not] be ironclad,” and “a minor break goes to the weight of

the evidence rather than its admissibility.”       Diana, 2014 ME 45, ¶ 26,

89 A.3d 132 (alteration in original) (quotation marks omitted) (quoting

Field & Murray, Maine Evidence § 901.3 at 543). The sexual assault kit

samples were sealed and consistently in the custody of the Maine State

Police, the Medical Examiner’s Office, and then the crime laboratory, before

finally returning to the Maine State Police’s evidence locker. The court did

not clearly err or otherwise abuse its discretion in admitting the sexual

assault kit in evidence because the State accounted for the kit’s location and

sealed condition at all relevant times. See id.
                                                                            25

E.    Sentencing

      [¶32] Coleman finally argues for the first time on appeal that we

should adopt a clear and convincing standard of proof for aggravating

factors considered at sentencing. He contends that the sentencing court

abused its discretion in considering as aggravating factors, upon a less than

clear and convincing quantum of proof, his prior domestic violence against

the mother and the victims’ conscious fear and suffering. Where a challenge

to the court’s application of a standard of proof at sentencing is unpreserved,

we review the court’s actions for obvious error.         See State v. Butsitsi,

2015 ME 74, ¶¶ 19, 22, 118 A.3d 222; State v. Schofield, 2005 ME 82, ¶ 28,

895 A.2d 927. As Coleman acknowledged in his brief, we have instructed

sentencing courts to consider any “reliable and relevant” evidence of

mitigating or aggravating factors. State v. Waterman, 2010 ME 45, ¶ 48,

995 A.2d 243. This is precisely what the court did in Coleman’s case, and we

decline to announce a new standard.

      [¶33] Considering the sentence that the court imposed, we review the

court’s application of the first step of the sentencing analysis—the

determination of a basic sentence—de novo and we review the court’s
26

second step of the analysis—the determination of the final sentence—for an

abuse of discretion. 17-A M.R.S. §§ 1201(1)(A), 1252-C (2017); Waterman,

2010 ME 45, ¶ 42, 995 A.2d 243; State v. Cookson, 2003 ME 136, ¶ 38,

837 A.2d 101. Here the court found the existence of several aggravating

factors justifying a life sentence: (1) multiple deaths, (2) a murder

committed in the presence of a child, (3) a murder accompanied by sexual

assault, and (4) the domestic violence nature of the murders. 9                             See

Waterman, 2010 ME 45, ¶ 45, 995 A.2d 243; State v. Shortsleeves,

580 A.2d 145, 149-50 (Me. 1990). On balance, the court determined that the

mitigating circumstances10 were greatly outweighed by those and additional

aggravating factors, including Coleman’s clear mind, free from the influence

of any substances, at the time of the crimes; the impact of the victims’ deaths

on their family and community; Coleman’s prior acts of domestic violence;

the victims’ conscious suffering and fear; and Coleman’s lack of remorse and

consciousness of guilt in his confession. See State v. Hamel, 2013 ME 16, ¶ 6,

   9 The court also found that the cause of the deaths by strangulation was an aggravating factor

for sentencing purposes. Although not specifically listed among the Shortsleeves factors,
strangulation has been cited in other life sentence cases. See State v. Dwyer, 2009 ME 127, ¶ 38,
985 A.2d 469; State v. Wilson, 669 A.2d 766, 767-69 (Me. 1996).

   10 The sentencing court found the following mitigating factors: Coleman’s age at the time of

the crime, his history of substance abuse and mental health issues, his lack of a significant
criminal record, the absence of premeditation, the evidence that he has family and friends that
love him, and the terrible circumstances of his childhood.
                                                                           27

60 A.3d 783; State v. Schofield, 2006 ME 101, ¶ 14, 904 A.2d 409; Cookson,

2003 ME 136, ¶¶ 39-41, 837 A.2d 101; Shortsleeves, 580 A.2d at 150-51.

Coleman’s challenge to his final sentence, attacking just two of the several

aggravating factors, is unpersuasive, and the court acted well within its

discretion in arriving at a maximum sentence of life imprisonment on the

murder counts.

        The entry is:

                           Judgment and sentences affirmed.

Jeremy Pratt, Esq. (orally), and Ellen Simmons, Esq., Camden, and Logan E.
Perkins, Esq., Perkins Law Office, Belfast, for appellant Keith Coleman

Janet T. Mills, Attorney General, and Donald W. Macomber, Asst. Atty. Gen.
(orally), Office of the Attorney General, Augusta, for appellee State of Maine

Penobscot County Unified Criminal Docket docket number CR-2014-4662
FOR CLERK REFERENCE ONLY