Court Opinion

ID: 3195889
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-04-20 15:01:13.396859+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:09:26.008267
License: Public Domain

Case: 15-14124   Date Filed: 04/20/2016      Page: 1 of 8

                                                         [DO NOT PUBLISH]

             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                     FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                       ________________________

                             No. 15-14124
                         Non-Argument Calendar
                       ________________________

                 D.C. Docket No. 3:01-cr-00082-LC-MD-1

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                 Plaintiff - Appellee,

                                  versus

DANIEL JUAREZ,

                                                 Defendant - Appellant.

                       ________________________

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Northern District of Florida
                      ________________________

                              (April 20, 2016)

Before JORDAN, JULIE CARNES and JILL PRYOR, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
                   Case: 15-14124       Date Filed: 04/20/2016      Page: 2 of 8

       Daniel Juarez, a federal prisoner proceeding pro se, appeals following the

district court’s disposition of his 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) motion to reduce his

sentence pursuant to Amendment 782 to the Sentencing Guidelines 1 and denial of

his motion for reconsideration. We conclude that we lack jurisdiction over his

appeal from the district court’s partial denial of the motion to reduce sentence and

affirm the denial of the motion for reconsideration.

                                                 I.

       A jury convicted Juarez in 2003 on one count of conspiracy to distribute 500

grams or more of cocaine, 50 grams or more of cocaine base, and marijuana, all in

violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841 and 846. Before sentencing, the probation office

prepared a presentence investigation report (“PSI”). The PSI converted the

quantities of cocaine and cocaine base attributable to Juarez to quantities of

marijuana in accordance with U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1, yielding a total of 48,013

kilograms of marijuana. Based on that amount, the PSI assigned Juarez a base

offense level of 38 pursuant to the drug quantity table in § 2D1.1. With a two-

level enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 3B1.1(c) for being an organizer, leader,

manager, or supervisor in a criminal activity, Juarez’s total offense level was 40.

The PSI calculated Juarez’s criminal history category as a V, which yielded a

       1
            Amendment 782 lowered the base offense levels for certain offenses, including
Juarez’s.
              Case: 15-14124     Date Filed: 04/20/2016    Page: 3 of 8

guidelines range of 360 months’ to life imprisonment. The PSI also noted that

Juarez was subject to a mandatory minimum term of 240 months’ imprisonment.

      At his sentencing hearing, the district court sustained Juarez’s objection to

the leadership role enhancement. The court found Juarez accountable for 2

kilograms of powder cocaine, which converted to 400 kilograms of marijuana; 1

kilogram of cocaine base, which converted to 16,000 grams of marijuana; and 13

kilograms of marijuana, for a total of 16,413 grams of marijuana under § 2D1.1.

Thus, the court concluded, Juarez’s base offense level was 36 rather than 38, and

his guideline range was 292 to 365 months’ imprisonment. The district court

adopted the remainder of the PSI and sentenced Juarez to 328 months’

imprisonment.

      Juarez appealed, and this Court affirmed his conviction and sentence. See

United States v. Juarez, 90 F. App’x 387 (11th Cir. 2004) (unpublished table

decision). Several years later, Juarez filed a motion to reduce his sentence

pursuant to § 3582(c)(2) based on Amendment 706 of the Sentencing Guidelines.

The district court granted Juarez’s motion, recalculated his total offense level as

34, and reduced his sentence to 266 months’ imprisonment. Juarez then filed a

second § 3582(c)(2) motion, this time based on Amendment 750 of the Sentencing

Guidelines. The district court denied Juarez’s motion, concluding that the

amendment did not lower his applicable guidelines range.
                Case: 15-14124       Date Filed: 04/20/2016      Page: 4 of 8

       In January 2015, Juarez filed the instant § 3582(c)(2) motion, his third.

Juarez based his motion on Amendment 782 to the Sentencing Guidelines, arguing

that his new guidelines range was 188 to 235 months’ imprisonment. He requested

a sentence at the low end of that range. Without a response from the government,

the district court resentenced Juarez in an order entered on June 25, 2015. In that

order, the court determined that Juarez was eligible for the reduction and, based on

the policy statement in U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10 and the sentencing factors delineated in

18 U.S.C. § 3553(a), it reduced Juarez’s sentence from 266 months’ imprisonment

to 240 months’ imprisonment. The district court entered no separate judgment.

       Instead of appealing from that order, on August 3, 2015, Juarez filed a

motion for reconsideration. 2 In that motion, Juarez contended that the court erred

in failing to reduce his sentence to a term within the new guidelines range of 188 to

235 months’ imprisonment. He requested a sentence of 211 months’

imprisonment.

       The district court denied Juarez’s motion for reconsideration on September

2, 2015, reasoning that it lacked the authority to impose a sentence below the

statutory mandatory minimum of 240 months’ imprisonment and that, even if it

had the authority, a further reduction was unwarranted given Juarez’s numerous

       2
         Under the “prison mailbox rule,” we deem a pro se inmate’s pleading filed on the date
he delivers it to prison authorities for mailing. United States v. Glover, 686 F.3d 1203, 1205
(11th Cir. 2012).
                 Case: 15-14124       Date Filed: 04/20/2016        Page: 5 of 8

infractions during his incarceration.3 Five days later, Juarez filed a notice of

appeal. He designated both the order disposing of his third § 3582(c)(2) motion

and the order denying his motion for reconsideration as the orders he intended to

appeal.

                                                II.

       We are obligated to review our jurisdiction sua sponte. United States v.

Cartwright, 413 F.3d 1295, 1299 (11th Cir. 2005). We review questions of

jurisdiction de novo. Id. Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 4 requires a

criminal litigant taking an appeal as of right to file a notice of appeal “within 14

days after the later of . . . the entry of the judgment or the order being appealed.”

Fed. R. App. 4(b)(1)(A)(i). This deadline is not jurisdictional; the government

may forfeit its objection to timeliness. United States v. Lopez, 562 F.3d 1309,

1311-14 (11th Cir. 2009). But when the government raises an objection, whether

in the district court or on appeal, “we must apply the time limits of Rule 4(b).” Id.

       The district court issued its order on Juarez’s third § 3582(c)(2) motion on

June 15, 2015. Because § 3582(c)(2) proceedings are criminal in nature, the court

was not required to enter a separate judgment. See United States v. Fair, 326 F.3d
1317, 1318 (11th Cir. 2003). Thus, Juarez’s notice of appeal from that order was

       3
          Just as the district court did, we treat Juarez’s motion for reconsideration as properly
filed, even though he filed it more than 14 days after the disposition of his § 3582(c)(2) motion,
and address the motion on the merits.
              Case: 15-14124     Date Filed: 04/20/2016    Page: 6 of 8

due no later than June 29. Rule 4(b)(4) permitted the district court, upon a finding

of excusable neglect or good cause, to extend the time for Juarez to file a notice of

appeal by no more than 30 days from that deadline, but the 30-day period ended on

July 29. Juarez failed to file his notice of appeal until September 7, 2015.

Although a motion for reconsideration ordinarily tolls the time to file a notice of

appeal, Juarez’s August 3, 2015 motion for reconsideration could not toll the time

because by that date there was no time remaining to toll. See United States v.

Vicaria, 963 F.2d 1412, 1413-14 (11th Cir. 1992). Because Juarez filed his notice

of appeal out of time, and the government objected to its untimeliness, we must

apply the time limits of Rule 4, which preclude us from reviewing the district

court’s June 15, 2015 order. That portion of Juarez’s appeal is dismissed.

                                         III.

      Juarez’s notice of appeal from the district court’s denial of his motion for

reconsideration, however, was timely filed. We review the district court’s denial

of a motion for reconsideration for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Simms,

385 F.3d 1347, 1356 (11th Cir. 2004). Juarez argues that the district court abused

its discretion in denying his motion for reconsideration because the court failed to

make a factual finding to support the applicability of a statutory mandatory
                Case: 15-14124       Date Filed: 04/20/2016       Page: 7 of 8

minimum sentence of 240 months’ imprisonment to his case.4 Relatedly, he argues

that the district court’s consideration of the mandatory minimum for the first time

in his § 3582(c)(2) proceedings violated his constitutional right to due process.

Juarez also asserts that the district court should have exercised its discretion to

resentence him to a term below the mandatory minimum and should have

considered that he had incurred no infraction for misconduct in prison for some

time.

        As to Juarez’s first argument, the PSI stated that, based on the quantity of

drugs for which he should be held accountable, calculated in the PSI as 48,013

kilograms of marijuana, he was subject to a mandatory minimum of 240 months’

imprisonment under 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A). Although the district court found

that the quantity was only 16,413 kilograms of marijuana, that finding was still

sufficient to trigger the mandatory minimum sentence in § 841(b)(1)(A). Thus,

assuming arguendo that the district court was required to make fact findings to

support its imposition of a sentence at or above the mandatory minimum, it did just

that in determining the amount of drugs for which Juarez was responsible. Put

differently, the district court made the very finding Juarez claims was lacking.

        Second, “[s]ection 3582(c)(2) . . . does not grant to the court jurisdiction to

consider extraneous resentencing issues” such as independent constitutional

        4
          Juarez makes no assertion that the mandatory minimum is inapplicable, only that the
court failed to make the requisite findings.
               Case: 15-14124     Date Filed: 04/20/2016    Page: 8 of 8

challenges; those challenges are appropriate for collateral attack under 28 U.S.C.

§ 2255. United States v. Bravo, 203 F.3d 778, 782 (11th Cir. 2013). We therefore

do not address Juarez’s due process argument here.

      Third, “where a guidelines range falls entirely below a mandatory minimum

sentence, the court must follow the mandatory statutory minimum sentence.”

United States v. Clark, 274 F.3d 1325, 1328 (11th Cir. 2001). This is no less true

when a district court reduces a sentence under Amendment 782 and § 3582(c)(2).

U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10 cmt. n.1(A). The court resentenced Juarez to the lowest

sentence it possibly could impose. Thus, we need not consider the effect Juarez’s

prison infractions had on the district court’s decision, if any.

                                          IV.

      For the foregoing reasons, we dismiss Juarez’s appeal from the district

court’s resentencing order and affirm the court’s denial of his motion for

reconsideration.

      DISMISSED IN PART, AFFIRMED IN PART.