Court Opinion

ID: 9906268
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-12-01 16:01:29.907128+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:24:12.823931
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 22-3662
                         ___________________________

                             United States of America

                                       Plaintiff - Appellee

                                         v.

                             Reginald Creshawn Doss

                                    Defendant - Appellant
                                  ____________

                     Appeal from United States District Court
                    for the Southern District of Iowa - Central
                                 ____________

                           Submitted: October 19, 2023
                            Filed: December 1, 2023
                                  [Unpublished]
                                 ____________

Before GRUENDER, STRAS, and KOBES, Circuit Judges.
                          ____________

PER CURIAM.

      A jury found Reginald Doss guilty of being a felon in possession of a firearm.
See 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). On appeal, Doss argues that his conviction violates the
Second Amendment, there was insufficient evidence to convict him, and the district
court 1 should have excluded prior-bad-acts evidence. We affirm.

                                           I.

       We begin with the Second Amendment challenge. In Doss’s view, the federal
statute criminalizing possession of firearms by felons, 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), is
unconstitutional after New York State Rifle & Pistol Ass’n v. Bruen, 142 S. Ct. 2111
(2022), both on its face and as applied to him. Although the law in this area is still
in flux, we have already rejected this argument in two recent cases. See United States
v. Cunningham, 70 F.4th 502, 506 (8th Cir. 2023) (concluding that 18 U.S.C.
§ 922(g)(1) is facially constitutional); United States v. Jackson, 69 F.4th 495, 502
(8th Cir. 2023) (cutting off as-applied challenges to the statute). Together, they spell
the end for Doss’s constitutional challenge. 2

                                          II.

       Doss’s sufficiency challenge fares no better. “We review the sufficiency of
the evidence de novo, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
government and drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of the verdict.” United
States v. Streb, 36 F.4th 782, 790 (8th Cir. 2022).

       The main problem, according to Doss, is that the key witness against him, a
police officer in pursuit, was in no position to see whether he threw a gun. The flaw

      1
       The Honorable Rebecca Goodgame Ebinger, United States District Judge for
the Southern District of Iowa.
      2
        Even if he could bring an as-applied challenge, he would not succeed. His
lengthy criminal record includes over 20 convictions, many of them violent. It is
safe to say that Doss is dangerous. See United States v. Jackson, 85 F.4th 468, 470–
72 (8th Cir. 2023) (Stras, J., dissenting from denial of reh’g en banc) (explaining
that, based on Founding-era history, the government can strip “dangerous”
individuals of their firearms).
                                         -2-
in this theory is that the jury fully considered this line of argument and rejected it,
presumably because it believed that the other evidence did not rule out the officer’s
account. We have long held that these types of “credibility determinations are well-
nigh unreviewable because the jury is in the best position to assess the credibility of
witnesses.” United States v. Trotter, 837 F.3d 864, 868 (8th Cir. 2016) (citation
omitted).

       Besides, there was plenty of additional evidence establishing Doss’s guilt.
First, Doss reached into his fanny pack for what could have been a gun before he
took off running. Second, the surveillance footage shows Doss running by the
dumpster where officers later located the gun. Third, body-camera audio included a
contemporaneous statement from the pursuing officer that Doss had thrown a gun.
And fourth, the magazine’s baseplate was found broken, consistent with someone
having thrown it. The point is that the jury had enough evidence to find Doss guilty
without directly relying on the officer’s testimony at trial.

                                         III.

       Doss’s challenge to the admission of prior-bad-acts evidence also runs up
against the mountain of evidence we just discussed. We review the “decision to
admit” it for an abuse of discretion. United States v. Henderson, 613 F.3d 1177,
1182 (8th Cir. 2010) (citation omitted). Even if the evidence was inadmissible, we
“will not reverse a conviction if [the] error was harmless.” United States v. Aldridge,
664 F.3d 705, 714 (8th Cir. 2011) (citation omitted).

      Any error in admitting Doss’s prior firearms conviction and two social-media
videos of him holding a gun was harmless. There was, as we mention above,
overwhelming evidence of Doss’s guilt, so the prior-bad-acts evidence could not
have had a “substantial influence on the jury’s verdict.” Id. (citation omitted).

                                         -3-
                                 IV.

We accordingly affirm the judgment of the district court.
               ______________________________

                                 -4-