Court Opinion

ID: 4673864
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-04-01 21:00:54.878077+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:03:16.606131
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

LUIS MARTINEZ,                                   :
                                                 :
       Plaintiff,                                :       Civil Action No.:      20-153 (RC)
                                                 :
       v.                                        :       Re Document No.:       18
                                                 :
CONSTELLIS/TRIPLE CANOPY,                        :
                                                 :
       Defendant.                                :

                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

     GRANTING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS PLAINTIFF’S AMENDED COMPLAINT

                                      I. INTRODUCTION

       Plaintiff Luis Martinez alleges that his employer, Constellis/Triple Canopy, Inc.,

subjected him to a hostile work environment in violation of the D.C. Human Rights Act

(“DCHRA”), D.C. Code § 2-1402.11, and falsely imprisoned him. Mr. Martinez first brought

his hostile work environment claim in December 2019, and Constellis moved to dismiss. This

Court granted the motion with leave for Mr. Martinez to amend his complaint. In response to

Mr. Martinez’s amended complaint, Constellis again moves under Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 12(b)(6) to dismiss Mr. Martinez’s claims. For the reasons explained below, the

Court will grant Constellis’s latest motion.

                             II. PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       The Court previously granted Constellis’s motion to dismiss but granted Mr. Martinez

leave to file an amended complaint. See Martinez v. Constellis/Triple Canopy (Martinez I), No.

20-cv-153, 2020 WL 5253851, at *6 (D.D.C. 2020). The Court highlighted that Mr. Martinez

was acting pro se in granting leave to file an amended complaint, stating that “an added measure

of leniency is extended to pro se litigants with regard to procedural requirements.” Id. (quoting
Plummer v. Safeway, Inc., 934 F. Supp. 2d 191, 197 (D.D.C. 2013)). Mr. Martinez obtained an

attorney, see Notice of Appearance, ECF No. 16, and filed his amended complaint, see Am.

Compl., ECF No. 17. Constellis subsequently filed a second motion to dismiss. Def.’s Mot.

Dismiss Pl.’s Am. Compl. (“Def.’s Mot”), ECF No. 18-1. 1

                               III. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

       The Court presumes familiarity with its prior opinion in the case. See Martinez I, 2020

WL 5253851. Accordingly, this opinion will describe only the facts and allegations relevant to

the pending motion.

       Mr. Martinez is an armed security guard employed by Constellis at the Ronald Reagan

International Trade Center in Washington, D.C. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 5–6. Mr. Martinez wears a

trimmed beard to cover a raised surgical scar on his face. Id. ¶ 9. He also suffers from chronic

folliculitis, a condition aggravated by shaving. Id. ¶ 10. Because of his scar and folliculitis, Mr.

Martinez was granted an “Indefinite Term Waiver” allowing him to maintain his beard at a

length of no more than one-fourth inch while employed by Constellis. Id. ¶¶ 11–12.

       Mr. Martinez alleges that since the start of his employment with Constellis, he has been

subject to questioning and statements about his beard by Mr. Williams, Constellis’ Contract

Manager for Mr. Martinez’s contract. Id. ¶¶ 13–14. He states that Mr. Williams made repeated

“beard-related comments” comparing Mr. Martinez’s face to other employees’ faces and

“requesting the length and shape of his beard.” Id. ¶ 14.

       1
         Constellis argues that the Court should treat its motion to dismiss as conceded because
Mr. Martinez did not file his opposition within fourteen days as required by Local Rule 7(b).
Def.’s Reply at 1–2, ECF No. 20. The Court will excuse Mr. Martinez’s week-late filing
because the delay was brief and did not prejudice Constellis or delay resolution of this motion.
See Local Civ. R. 7(b) (“If such a memorandum is not filed within the prescribed time, the Court
may treat the motion as conceded.” (emphasis added)). But the Court notes counsel’s cavalier
disregard of this Court’s rules.

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        Mr. Martinez also alleges unlawful detention by one of his supervisors, Major Rouse.

Am. Compl. ¶¶ 16–35. Specifically, he alleges that Mr. Williams told him that he needed to see

Major Rouse to complete a survey. Id. ¶¶ 18–20. Major Rouse subsequently detained him in a

car for twenty to twenty-five minutes and drove him to an office building for a urinalysis. Id.

¶¶ 23–24. Mr. Martinez alleges that he was not told the reason for the drive or the intended

location until he and Major Rouse arrived at the office building, when Major Rouse said, “[B]y

the way, we are here for a random urinalysis.” Id. ¶ 24. After the urinalysis, Mr. Martinez

reentered Major Rouse’s car to return to the Ronald Reagan International Trade Center. Id. ¶ 26.

                                     IV. LEGAL STANDARD

        The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure require a complaint to contain a “short and plain

statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). To

survive a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6), “a complaint must

contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its

face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S

544, 570 (2007)). A complaint is insufficient if it offers mere “naked assertion[s]” without

“further factual enhancement.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557. A court considering a motion to

dismiss for failure to state a claim presumes the complaint’s factual allegations are true, id. at

555–56, but need not accept a complainant’s legal conclusions as true, Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678.

                                           V. ANALYSIS

                               A. Hostile Work Environment Claim

        This Court has previously analyzed, and found unsupported, Mr. Martinez’s hostile work

environment claim under the D.C. Human Rights Act. See Martinez I, 2020 WL 5253851, at

*4–5. “The law is clear that to establish a claim of discrimination based on a hostile work

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environment under the DCHRA, a plaintiff must show: ‘(1) that he is a member of a protected

class, (2) that he has been subjected to unwelcome harassment, (3) that the harassment was based

on membership in a protected class, and (4) that the harassment is severe [or] pervasive enough

to affect a term, condition, or privilege of employment.’” Campbell-Crane & Assocs., Inc. v.

Stamenkovic, 44 A.3d 924, 933 (D.C. 2012) (quoting Daka, Inc. v. Breiner, 711 A.2d 86, 92

(D.C. 1998)). 2 Severity and pervasiveness are appropriately analyzed objectively and from the

victim’s subjective perception. Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 21–22 (1993).

       This Court previously found that Mr. Martinez alleged facts sufficient to raise a

“plausible connection” between the alleged harassment and Mr. Martinez’s membership in

protected classes—having a beard and disability. Martinez I, 2020 WL 5253851, at *4–5. That

remains true. However, to state a plausible claim, Mr. Martinez must also show that the alleged

harassment was pervasive or severe enough to “affect a term, condition, or privilege of

employment.” Campbell-Crane, 44 A.3d at 933 (emphasis omitted). He has not done so.

       Courts assessing a hostile work environment claim consider “the totality of the

circumstances, including the frequency of the discriminatory conduct, its severity, its

offensiveness, and whether it interferes with an employee’s work performance.” Brooks v.

Grundmann, 748 F.3d 1273, 1276 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (quoting Baloch v. Kempthorne, 550 F.3d

1191, 1201 (D.C. Cir. 2008)). To rise to the level of affecting a term or condition of

employment, the alleged conduct “must be extreme.” Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 524 U.S.

775, 788 (1998). “[P]etty insults, vindictive behavior, and angry recriminations” reflective of the

       2
         As stated in the prior opinion, any “passing reference to ‘severe and pervasive’ (as
opposed to Title VII’s ‘severe or pervasive’ standard, see Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S.
17, 21 (1993)) is likely inadvertent.” Martinez I, 2020 WL 5253851, at *6 n.4. The severe or
pervasive standard is the appropriate standard under the DCHRA. See Lively v. Flexible
Packaging Ass’n, 830 A.2d 874, 888–89 (D.C. 2003).

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“ordinary tribulations of the workplace” are not enough. Brooks, 748 F.3d at 1277–78 (citations

omitted). This requirement that the challenged conduct affect a term or condition of employment

ensures that employment law “does not become a general civility code” for the American

workplace. Briscoe v. Costco Wholesale Corp., 61 F. Supp. 3d 78, 86 (D.D.C. 2014) (quoting

Faragher, 524 U.S. at 788).

       Mr. Martinez still alleges only three specific incidents related to his beard over the course

of his employment, with nonspecific references to an additional “three beard-related comments

per week” by Mr. Williams beginning “in the months leading up to the October 9, 2019

urinalysis/drug test.” Am. Compl. ¶ 14. The Court again holds that the comments constitute the

“ordinary tribulations of the workplace” that do not give rise to hostile work environment

liability. See Brooks, 748 F.3d at 1277–78 (citation omitted). Although Mr. Martinez has

attempted to color in the relative frequency of the additional comments that this Court found

lacking in the original complaint, see Martinez I, 2020 WL 5253851, at *5, he does not explain

how the comments were any different from the three specific instances he points to, see Am.

Compl. ¶ 14, nor does he suggest that the regularity of the comments in any way “interfere[d]

with [his] work performance,” see Baloch, 550 F.3d at 1201. The Court thus assumes that the

weekly beard-related comments were like the three incidents Mr. Martinez described in detail,

which themselves were not so extreme to “alter a term, condition, or privilege of his

employment.” Martinez I, 2020 WL 5253851, at *5.

       Without more, “simple teasing, offhand comments, and isolated incidents” of the type

Mr. Martinez alleges in the three detailed instances “will not amount to discriminatory changes

in the terms and conditions of employment.” Faragher, 524 U.S. at 788 (internal quotation

marks and citation omitted). Mr. Martinez describes only irritating commentary about uniform

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compliance that neither impacted his job performance nor posed “tangible workplace

consequences, whether financial, physical, or professional.” See Baloch, 550 F.3d at 1201; see

also Brooks, 748 F.3d at 1277–78 (finding that repeated insults did not impact conditions of

employment when plaintiff “ha[d] not been shut out from her work” and was “continually

assigned discrete tasks”); Dieng v. Am. Insts. for Rsch. in Behav. Scis., 412 F. Supp. 3d 1, 14–15

(D.D.C. 2019) (finding that plaintiff failed to plead severity or pervasiveness when she alleged

that supervisors repeatedly yelled at her, questioned her work, and denied her teleworking

privileges). Accordingly, the Court holds that Mr. Martinez’s amended complaint, like his

original one, has not sufficiently alleged facts to support a finding that the alleged harassment

was objectively severe or pervasive.

       Mr. Martinez also alleges that the events of “October 9, 2019 [were] so severe that this

incident alone rises to the level of a hostile work environment” because Major Rouse’s driving

was “reckless” and because Mr. Martinez was not told where he was being driven. Am. Compl.

¶ 43. Mr. Martinez added detail to his description of the incident on October 9, 2019, but the

detail provided still does not demonstrate a hostile work environment. Again, “there is little to

suggest that either the questionings or the urinalysis was objectively offensive or severe (e.g.,

physically threatening or humiliating).” Martinez I, 2020 WL 5253851, at *5. Mr. Martinez

does not provide additional facts to change the Court’s previous analysis. Consequently, the

Court again holds that the described incidents are the sort of “‘ordinary tribulations of the

workplace’ that the Supreme Court has held cannot form the basis of a hostile work environment

claim.” Id. (quoting Rattigan v. Gonzales, 503 F. Supp. 2d 56, 73 (D.D.C. 2007)).

                                                 6
                                       B. False Imprisonment

          Mr. Martinez next raises a common-law false imprisonment claim, alleging that he was

falsely imprisoned when Major Rouse took him by car to obtain a urinalysis. Am. Compl.

¶¶ 47–51. False imprisonment is “the restraint by one person of the physical liberty of another

without consent or legal justification.” Faniel v. Chesapeake & Potomac Tel. Co. of Md., 404

A.2d 147, 150 (D.C. 1979). The elements of the common-law tort are “(1) the detention or

restraint of one against his will within boundaries fixed by the defendant, and (2) the

unlawfulness of the restraint.” Edwards v. Okie Dokie, Inc., 473 F. Supp. 2d 31, 44 (D.D.C.

2007). To show unlawful detention or restraint, a plaintiff must demonstrate that his movements

were totally restrained through “threats of force, or by exert[ion of] legal authority.” Faniel, 404

A.2d at 151 (quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 36, cmt. c). Mental restraint alone is

insufficient, and importantly, “[s]ubmission to the mere verbal direction of another,

unaccompanied by force or threats of any character does not constitute false imprisonment.” Id.

at 152.

          Mr. Martinez alleges insufficient facts to state a plausible claim of false imprisonment.

He has not alleged facts demonstrating detention or restraint against his will. Instead, Mr.

Martinez describes only the “[s]ubmission to mere verbal direction of another,” found

insufficient in Faniel, 404 A.2d at 152, when he says that “Major Rouse informed [him] that they

had to leave the building” without demonstrating any corresponding coercive tactics, Am.

Compl. ¶ 23. Not only does Mr. Martinez fail to describe any actual threats, but his own factual

description suggests that he was able to walk away from the situation. In fact, Mr. Martinez

states that Major Rouse allowed him to step away to speak with his supervisor, Mr. Williams,

before getting in the car. Id. ¶ 20. And then, after the urinalysis, he voluntarily got back in the

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car with Major Rouse. See id. ¶ 26. Mr. Martinez attempts to distinguish his case from Faniel,

arguing that unlike the plaintiff in Faniel, he was unaware of the intended location when entering

Major Rouse’s car. Pl.’s Opp’n at 9, ECF No. 19. However, his lack of knowledge about the

intended destination, while possibly uncomfortable, 3 is insufficient on its own without a showing

of force or restraint. That Mr. Martinez was able to walk away from the car before getting in it

and that he willingly reentered the car after the urinalysis show a lack of the requisite “detention

or restraint of one against his will.” See Edwards, 473 F. Supp. 2d at 44. For those reasons, Mr.

Martinez has not alleged facts necessary to support a false imprisonment claim.

                                       VI. CONCLUSION

       Because Mr. Martinez fails to allege facts sufficient to state either a hostile work

environment or false imprisonment claim, Defendant’s motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s amended

complaint (ECF No. 18) is GRANTED. An order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion is

separately and contemporaneously issued.

Dated: April 1, 2021                                                RUDOLPH CONTRERAS
                                                                    United States District Judge

       3
          Mr. Martinez’s dramatic characterization of his alleged subjective fear notwithstanding,
the allegations make clear that he was escorted by another workplace employee, with his
supervisor’s authorization, during daylight work hours, for a short distance from one point in the
city’s central business district to another within the business district. In Faniel, “concern . . .
about [an] unfamiliar route” without objection or a manifest desire to leave the vehicle, was
insufficient to demonstrate restraint against the plaintiff’s will. 404 A.2d at 151–53. Mr.
Martinez’s assertion that he lacked knowledge of the intended destination, on its own, is
similarly insufficient.

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