Court Opinion

ID: 9554651
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-09 17:03:57.647233+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:35:53.605183
License: Public Domain

Filed 8/9/23 P. v. Stafford CA5

                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                       FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

 THE PEOPLE,
                                                                                             F083132
           Plaintiff and Respondent,
                                                                               (Super. Ct. No. BF181543A)
                    v.

 KELLY DEAN STAFFORD,                                                                     OPINION
           Defendant and Appellant.

         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Kern County. John R.
Brownlee, Judge.
         Sylvia W. Beckham, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant
and Appellant.
         Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney General, Julie A. Hokans and Robert
Gezi, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
                                                        -ooOoo-
                                    INTRODUCTION
       In 2021, a jury convicted appellant Kelly Dean Stafford of first degree murder
(Pen. Code, § 187, subd. (a);1 count 1) for the 2020 shooting death of Jesse Abarca. The
jury found true both a gang enhancement (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)) and a gang-murder
special-circumstance enhancement (§ 190.2, subd. (a)(22)). The jury also found true two
firearm enhancements, including that appellant had personally and intentionally
discharged the firearm that caused Abarca’s death (§ 12022.53, subd. (d)). Appellant
received a prison sentence of life without the possibility of parole (LWOP), plus an
additional 25 years to life for the personal use of the firearm.
       In addition to Abarca’s special-circumstance murder, the jury also convicted
appellant of the following seven crimes, including a jail assault that appellant committed
while in custody after he fatally shot Abarca:
       1.     Possession of a firearm by a felon (§ 29800, subd. (a)(1); count 2). The
jury found true a gang enhancement allegation;
       2.     Possession of ammunition by a felon (§ 30305, subd. (a); count 3). The
jury found true a gang enhancement allegation;
       3.     Actively participating in a criminal street gang (§ 186.22, subd. (a);
count 4). The jury found true that appellant used a firearm when this crime was
committed (§ 12022.5, subd. (a)), and he personally inflicted great bodily injury upon
Abarca (§ 12022.7, subds. (a) & (b));
       4.     Misdemeanor obstructing and/or resisting a peace officer (§ 148, subd.
(a)(1); count 5);
       5.     Assault on a person with force intended to cause great bodily injury (§ 245,
subd. (a)(4); count 7). The jury found true a gang enhancement allegation;
       6.     Misdemeanor battery on a person (§ 243, subd. (a); count 8); and

1      All future statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise noted.

                                              2.
       7.      Misdemeanor obstructing and/or resisting a peace officer (§ 148, subd.
(a)(1); count 9).
       For the jail assault (count 7), the court sentenced appellant to prison for a
consecutive aggravated term of four years, plus another consecutive four years for the
gang enhancement. Appellant received a total prison sentence of LWOP, plus 25 years to
life, plus eight years.2
       Appellant raises numerous issues in the present appeal, and some of his claims
have merit. In light of Assembly Bill No. 333 (2021-2022 Reg. Sess.) (Stats. 2021,
ch. 699, §§ 1-5), and the California Supreme Court’s recent opinion in People v. Cooper
(2023) 14 Cal.5th 735 (Cooper), we agree that we must reverse all of the gang
enhancements and the conviction in count 4 for active gang participation. Based on
changes in the law, we also agree that we must reverse the gang-murder special-
circumstance enhancement. We will vacate appellant’s sentence and remand this matter
for further proceedings. The prosecution shall have the opportunity to retry the gang-
related charge and enhancements. In all other respects, we affirm appellant’s judgment,
including his conviction for first degree murder.
                                      BACKGROUND
       Appellant did not testify in this matter. We summarize the material facts
supporting the judgment. We provide additional details later in this opinion when
relevant to the specific issues raised.

2     Appellant also received a consecutive prison sentence of one year (one-third the
midterm of three years) in a trailing companion case. In that companion matter, he
pleaded guilty to possessing a knife while in jail custody in violation of section 4502,
subdivision (a).

                                              3.
I.     The Fatal Shooting.
       On June 8, 2020, at about 7:44 a.m., Jesse Abarca was shot once in his head while
he was in a public intersection in Wasco, California. No eyewitnesses identified the
shooter. Before the shot was fired, witnesses did not hear any yelling or a confrontation.
       After the shot was fired, two males were seen fleeing from the scene. According
to a witness, one suspect wore a black hoodie and the other suspect wore a white T-shirt.
A responding deputy was informed that the male wearing black was facing Abarca after
the shot was fired. The eyewitness reported to the deputy that he thought that male in
black had just shot Abarca. At trial, this same witness told the jury that a male in black
was within 12 to 15 feet of Abarca right after the shooting.
       Immediately after he was shot, Abarca was found lying in the road clutching a
small pocketknife in his hand. Law enforcement recovered this knife, which could fold.
The total knife was about six or seven inches long.
       Abarca received medical treatment, but he never recovered from the gunshot
wound. As a result of this shooting, he died a little over one month later.
       Although no surveillance cameras recorded the shooting, law enforcement was
able to identify appellant as a suspect in this homicide from recordings taken from
surveillance cameras in the area. Law enforcement also identified the second suspect as a
17-year-old juvenile, B.M.
II.    The Surveillance Recordings Showing Appellant’s Actions Leading up to the
       Fatal Shooting.
       Mere minutes before Abarca was fatally shot, recordings from surveillance
cameras show him encountering appellant and B.M. at a convenience store about two
blocks from the site of the fatal encounter. Inside the store, appellant and Abarca had eye
contact and they nodded at each other. No words were apparently exchanged, and
nothing violent occurred at that time. Appellant and B.M. went outside and waited near
the store’s entrance. Less than a minute later, Abarca left the store and he walked alone

                                             4.
in the direction where the fatal shooting was about to occur mere minutes later.
Appellant and B.M. lingered in front of the store for about 15 seconds. B.M. started to
walk after Abarca but he turned back apparently at appellant’s direction, who is seen
speaking to him. Appellant and B.M. looped around the back of the convenience store
before walking after Abarca. While behind the convenience store, appellant pulled up a
hoodie to cover his face, and he is seen directing B.M. to do the same. B.M. also covers
his face with his hoodie. The fatal shooting occurred about four minutes later and about
two blocks away.
       After Abarca was shot, a surveillance camera captured appellant and B.M. fleeing
nearby through an alley. It appears that appellant is holding something in his right hand
as he runs.3 It does not appear that B.M. has anything in his hands as he flees the scene.
B.M.’s deoxyribonucleic acid was matched to a freshly smoked cigarette found in the
area where appellant and B.M. were recorded fleeing from the scene of the shooting.
III.   Appellant Commits a Jail Assault.
       About 15 days after Abarca was shot, appellant was arrested in Wasco, California.
Despite being told to stop by a uniformed deputy, appellant briefly fled on foot before he
was taken into custody.
       While in jail custody on July 12, 2020, appellant attacked another inmate, Ryan
Thatcher. Appellant punched the back of Thatcher’s head and they fought. Appellant did
not comply with commands to stop fighting, and a deputy sprayed him with pepper spray.
After this fight, Thatcher had a small amount of blood on his upper lip.

3       Law enforcement did not locate any shell casings at the shooting scene. At least
part of a bullet was removed from Abarca’s head. It was in the .38-caliber “family” and
consistent with being fired from a .38- or .357-caliber revolver. Law enforcement never
recovered the firearm used to shoot Abarca.

                                            5.
IV.    The Prosecution Established that both Appellant and B.M. were Active Gang
       Members.
       At trial, the prosecution’s gang expert opined that both appellant and B.M. were
active gang members when Abarca was fatally shot. They belonged to the Varrio Wasco
Rifas (VWR), a Sureño gang in Wasco.4 Appellant had numerous gang-related tattoos on
his body, including some on his face. He had numerous prior contacts with law
enforcement while in the presence of other gang members. He had a prior felony
conviction in 2018 for illegal possession of a firearm and that jury had convicted him of
actively participating in a criminal street gang (§ 186.22, subd. (a)).
V.     The Gang-Related Motive for Appellant’s Crimes.
       The prosecution established a gang-related motive for why appellant attacked both
Abarca and Thatcher. Appellant had previously directed a VWR associate, Israel
Esquivel, to attack other jail inmates who were on protected custody (PC) status.
Esquivel and appellant were housed in the same jail facility when appellant directed
Esquivel to attack inmates on PC status. This directive was discovered in a recorded jail
call Esquivel made to his father in which he complained that appellant had wanted him to
assault PC inmates.
       The prosecution’s gang expert explained that appellant’s gang looks down on
those in PC status. This term originated in a custodial setting and it referred to sex
offenders, gang dropouts and homosexuals. The expert told the jury that PCs who are not
in jail but still living in Wasco are a target within the city by active VWR gang members.
According to the expert, “VWR gang members will look for [PCs], try to locate them,
and when they do, they assault them or could kill them, and if they come across them,
they are expected to do something about it.”

4       The gang expert also opined that appellant was an active VWR member when his
jail assault occurred on July 12, 2020.

                                              6.
          When he was fatally shot, Abarca was a registered sex offender. The jury learned
that Abarca had been previously booked in jail about 14 times. When he was in custody,
Abarca had been placed on PC status because of his prior sex offense with a minor.
Likewise, Thatcher was on PC status when appellant subsequently assaulted him in jail
following Abarca’s fatal shooting. The jury learned that, after appellant assaulted
Thatcher in jail, he indicated to officials that he knew Thatcher was on PC status, and
appellant was concerned that Thatcher could have been a child molester.
          During trial cross-examination, the gang expert confirmed that gang members will
look for PCs and try to kill them if they can. The expert, however, did not know if that
was an order coming from someone within the Mexican Mafia.5 The expert explained
that, if a VWR gang member is seen within close proximity of a PC and the gang member
does not act upon it, the gang member could face retaliation from other members of his
gang.
          Based on hypotheticals that mirrored the facts of this fatal shooting, the gang
expert opined that appellant and B.M. committed this homicide to further the interests of
their gang. Likewise, based on a hypothetical that mirrored appellant’s jail assault, the
expert opined that appellant had assaulted Thatcher to benefit and further the VWR gang.
The expert explained that active gang members inside custodial settings—“just like
outside on the streets”—are expected to assault PC inmates whenever the opportunity
arises.

5     The jury learned that, in general, Sureños take orders from the Mexican Mafia,
which is a prison gang.

                                                7.
                                       DISCUSSION
I.     Appellant’s Constitutional Rights were not Violated from the Prosecution’s
       Gang Expert’s Testimony; This Claim is Forfeited; It also Fails on its Merits
       and any Presumed Error is Harmless.
       Prior to trial the parties alerted the court that B.M. had been arrested for his
alleged role in this matter and, while in police custody, B.M. had allegedly informed
authorities that appellant had shot Abarca.6 B.M. had allegedly stated during his
custodial interrogation that, as they watched Abarca exit the convenience store, appellant
had asked B.M. if Abarca was “good” and whether Abarca was “PC.” Appellant then
directed B.M. to accompany him to follow and attack Abarca. B.M. allegedly told
authorities that appellant was “an evil person.”
       The trial court precluded all witnesses from discussing or alluding to B.M.’s
alleged custodial statements.7 The court also precluded the prosecution’s gang expert
from relying on testimonial hearsay to establish appellant’s status as a gang member in
violation of Crawford v. Washington (2004) 541 U.S. 36 (Crawford) and People v.
Sanchez (2016) 63 Cal.4th 665 (Sanchez).
       In general, Crawford holds that admission of testimonial hearsay8 against a
criminal defendant violates the confrontation clause of the Sixth Amendment of the
United States Constitution unless (1) the declarant is unavailable to testify and (2) the

6      B.M. was arrested about eight days after Abarca was shot.
7      B.M. did not testify in this matter.
8       Testimonial statements under Crawford “are those made primarily to memorialize
facts relating to past criminal activity, which could be used like trial testimony.
Nontestimonial statements are those whose primary purpose is to deal with an ongoing
emergency or some other purpose unrelated to preserving facts for later use at trial.”
(Sanchez, supra, 63 Cal.4th at p. 689.) The California Supreme Court has clarified a
testimonial statement has two requirements. First, the hearsay statement must have been
made with some degree of solemnity or formality. Second, the primary purpose of the
statement must pertain in some fashion to a criminal prosecution. (People v. Gomez
(2018) 6 Cal.5th 243, 297.)

                                              8.
defendant had a previous opportunity to cross-examine the witness. (Crawford, supra,
541 U.S. at p. 68.) In Sanchez, the California Supreme Court held that “case-specific”
statements related by a gang expert concerning a defendant’s gang membership are
inadmissible under California law if those statements are based on hearsay. (Sanchez,
supra, 63 Cal.4th at p. 684.) Such evidence must be independently established in court.
(Ibid.)
          At trial in this matter, the prosecution’s gang expert opined that members of
appellant’s gang actively look to assault or attempt to kill people who have a PC status.
The gang expert told the jury that VWR gang members look to attack persons classified
as PC both in and out of jail custody. In the present claim, appellant contends that this
portion of the gang expert’s testimony violated his constitutional rights under Crawford.
Specifically, appellant questions the evidentiary support for the gang expert’s opinion
that VWR members are expected to assault or kill persons labeled PC while they are out
in public (versus while in custody). According to appellant, the gang expert must have
relied on B.M.’s alleged custodial statements to render this opinion. As such, appellant
argues that the gang expert relied on testimonial hearsay in violation of Crawford.
Appellant asserts he was deprived of his rights to due process and a fair trial. He seeks
reversal of his murder conviction.
          This claim lacks merit. We agree with respondent that appellant has failed to
preserve this issue for appellate review. In any event, we reject this claim on its merits
and any presumed error is harmless.
          A.     Appellant has forfeited this claim.
          The parties agree that appellant did not object at trial when the prosecution’s gang
expert opined that VWR gang members are expected to attack persons of PC status even
outside a custodial setting. Respondent argues that this claim is forfeited. In contrast,

                                               9.
appellant asserts that, following his successful motion in limine regarding Crawford, he
was not required to do anything further to preserve this issue for appeal.
       We agree with respondent that this claim is forfeited, and we reject appellant’s
arguments. In certain circumstances, a motion in limine can preserve an issue for appeal
“so long as the party objected to the specific evidence on the specific ground urged on
appeal at a time when the court could determine the evidentiary question in the proper
context.” (People v. Solomon (2010) 49 Cal.4th 792, 821.) When properly directed, a
motion in limine may satisfy the requirements of Evidence Code section 3539 and
preserve objections for appeal, but “the proponent must secure an express ruling from the
court. [Citation.]” (People v. Ramos (1997) 15 Cal.4th 1133, 1171.)
       Here, the trial court granted various defense motions in limine before the jury
heard testimony in this matter. Contrary to appellant’s assertion, however, those motions
did not preserve the present issue for appeal.
       From defense motion in limine No. 11, the court precluded all trial witnesses from
discussing or alluding to B.M.’s alleged custodial statements. From defense motion in
limine No. 15, the court precluded the prosecution’s gang expert from relying on
testimonial hearsay to establish appellant’s status as a gang member in violation of
Crawford and Sanchez. Lastly, from defense motion in limine No. 18, the court
impliedly agreed that, as to any motion in limine, the defense was not required to lodge
any further objection to preserve the issue for appeal.
       These general motions in limine did not address the specific issue that appellant
now raises. As such, appellant’s cited authority—People v. Scott (1978) 21 Cal.3d 284—

9       Evidence Code section 353 states, in relevant part, that a judgment shall not be
reversed due to the erroneous admission of evidence unless (a) an objection or motion to
exclude was timely made with clear specific grounds and (b) the error in failing to
exclude the evidence resulted in a miscarriage of justice. (Evid. Code, § 353, subds. (a)
& (b).)

                                            10.
does not assist him, and we reject appellant’s position that he was not required to make a
specific objection at trial regarding the gang expert’s disputed testimony. Unlike what
occurred in People v. Scott, the record here does not demonstrate or even reasonably
suggest that the trial court would have “fully understood and considered the nature of the
constitutional challenges” which appellant now raises. (Id. at p. 290.) Thus, we reject
appellant’s position that there was “nothing to gain” from raising an objection at trial
when the disputed expert opinion was given.
       Based on this record, appellant has forfeited his claim that his constitutional rights
were violated when the prosecution’s gang expert testified that VWR gang members are
expected to attack persons of PC status even outside a custodial setting. At no time,
either before or during trial, did the defense ask the court to resolve a specific dispute
regarding that testimony. Thus, appellant cannot argue that the court erred in failing to
conduct an analysis it was not asked to conduct. (See People v. Tully (2012) 54 Cal.4th
952, 980.) Consequently, appellant has not preserved this issue for appeal, and it is
deemed forfeited. In any event, we also reject this claim on its merits.
       B.     This claim fails on its merits.
       Appellant argues that no evidence was introduced at trial establishing that a “gang-
wide directive” existed for members of his gang to attack people classified as PC.10
Appellant maintains that the prosecution’s gang expert must have derived his disputed
opinion from B.M.’s custodial statements, and appellant notes he was unable to cross-
examine B.M. at trial. As such, appellant contends that the gang expert’s opinion was
provided in violation of Crawford and Sanchez. He takes the position that the gang

10      The prosecution’s gang expert opined that the primary activities of VWR gang
members are burglary, robbery, carjacking, weapon and firearm possession, sales of
narcotics, attempted murder and murder. Appellant notes that the gang expert never
stated that assaults on people classified as PC, either in or out of custody, was a primary
offense. Appellant also notes that none of the predicate offenses discussed at trial
involved murder or attempted murder of PC victims.

                                             11.
expert’s disputed testimony did not involve background facts regarding the VWR gang
but, instead, was offered to show appellant’s motive and intent to prove he acted with
premeditation. Appellant maintains that his murder conviction must be reversed.
       Appellant’s various assertions are unpersuasive. This record does not establish or
even reasonably suggest that the prosecution’s gang expert relied on testimonial hearsay
to render his disputed opinion. Moreover, the expert’s opinion was not a case-specific
fact. As such, neither Crawford nor Sanchez were violated.
       At trial, the gang expert never suggested he derived his disputed opinion from
B.M.’s custodial statements. To the contrary, trial evidence showed how appellant
reacted to persons on PC status. After appellant assaulted Thatcher in jail, he indicated to
officials that he knew Thatcher was on PC status, and appellant was concerned that
Thatcher could have been a child molester. The expert confirmed at trial that he had been
present in court when testimony had been received about people in PC status. The gang
expert confirmed that he had heard the jail call from Esquivel, which had been played in
court. The expert found it significant that appellant had pressured Esquivel to “take off
on PCs.” The expert had prior contact with Esquivel, and the expert opined that Esquivel
was an associate of the VWR gang. According to the expert, Esquivel’s recorded phone
call showed an active gang member (appellant) telling Esquivel to assault a person on PC
status, “which is something that they are expected to do whenever they are confronted.”
Still later when responding to a hypothetical mirroring appellant’s jail assault, the gang
expert opined that the assault was committed to benefit and further the VWR gang. The
expert explained that active gang members inside custodial settings—“just like outside on
the streets”—are expected to assault PC inmates whenever the opportunity arises.
       The gang expert was permitted to use his special knowledge and experience to
explain to the jury the significance of the trial evidence. (Evid. Code, § 801, subd. (b).)
The expert’s opinion did not involve testimonial hearsay and no Crawford violation is
present. Likewise, we reject appellant’s assertion that no evidence supported the gang

                                             12.
expert’s opinion, or that the expert’s testimony was derived from an unsubstantiated
“rumor.” It was the jury’s exclusive role to determine what weight, if any, to give this
testimony. (People v. Veamatahau (2020) 9 Cal.5th 16, 34–35, fn. 6.)
       Moreover, we agree with respondent that the gang expert’s disputed testimony
involved permissible background facts. Our high court in Sanchez recognized the
distinction between lay opinions and those given by an expert. Unlike lay witnesses, an
expert has greater latitude and may express an opinion on a subject that is sufficiently
beyond common experience so that it may assist the jury. (Sanchez, supra, 63 Cal.4th at
p. 675; see also Evid. Code, § 801, subd. (a).) In addition to matters within their own
personal knowledge, experts may relate information acquired through their training and
experience, even though that information may have been derived from other sources.
(Sanchez, supra, at p. 675.) “An expert’s testimony as to information generally accepted
in the expert’s area, or supported by his own experience, may usually be admitted to
provide specialized context the jury will need to resolve an issue. When giving such
testimony, the expert often relates relevant principles or generalized information rather
than reciting specific statements made by others.” (Ibid.)
       The Sanchez court recognized a distinction between general background
information in an expert’s field of expertise versus case-specific facts about which the
expert has no independent knowledge. (Sanchez, supra, 63 Cal.4th at p. 676.) “Case-
specific facts are those relating to the particular events and participants alleged to have
been involved in the case being tried.” (Ibid.) Case-specific facts should be introduced
into evidence through a witness who has personal knowledge about them. (Ibid.) An
expert may then testify about more generalized information to help jurors understand the
significance of case-specific facts, and an expert is permitted to give an opinion about
what those facts might mean. (Ibid.)
       Through Esquivel’s jail recording, the jury learned that appellant wanted Esquivel
to attack inmates classified as PC. The jury also learned that appellant had assaulted

                                             13.
Thatcher in jail because appellant knew Thatcher was on PC status. The prosecution’s
gang expert was permitted to explain the significance of those case-specific facts. The
gang expert’s disputed testimony provided background information about how VWR
members conduct themselves in general and how they are expected to act in certain
situations. The prosecution’s gang expert was permitted to provide his general
knowledge and expertise about this gang. (See Sanchez, supra, 63 Cal.4th at p. 685.) As
such, the gang expert’s disputed opinion testimony did not violate Sanchez.
       Finally, appellant’s cited authority—People v. Killebrew (2002) 103 Cal.App.4th
644 (Killebrew), disapproved on another ground in People v. Vang (2011) 52 Cal.4th
1038, 1047–1048, fn. 3—does not assist him. Unlike what occurred in Killebrew, the
prosecution’s gang expert in this matter did not testify about appellant’s specific
knowledge and subjective intent. (See Killebrew, supra, at p. 658.) Instead, the gang
expert here explained how a member of appellant’s gang would be expected to act when
encountering a person classified as PC. Killebrew is distinguishable.
       Based on this record, neither a Crawford nor a Sanchez error is present.
Consequently, appellant’s constitutional rights were not violated and this claim is without
merit. In any event, we also conclude that any presumed error is harmless.
       C.     Any presumed error is harmless.
       Appellant contends that the prosecutor’s closing argument effectively urged the
jury to use the gang expert’s disputed opinion as evidence of an intent to kill. According
to appellant, this disputed opinion testimony was “critical” to the prosecution’s case to
show that appellant was guilty of premeditated murder. Appellant asserts that this
alleged constitutional error reduced the prosecution’s burden of proof, and his murder
conviction must be reversed. We disagree.
       The parties dispute the appropriate standard of review. According to appellant, his
federal constitutional rights were violated so we must analyze prejudice under Chapman

                                            14.
v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18 (Chapman). Under Chapman, the party who benefitted
from the error must establish beyond a reasonable doubt that the constitutional error did
not contribute to the verdict. (Id. at p. 24.) In contrast, respondent asserts that no federal
constitutional error occurred, so we must analyze prejudice under People v. Watson
(1956) 46 Cal.2d 818 (Watson). Under Watson, the question is whether it is reasonably
probable the verdict would have been more favorable to appellant absent the error. (Id. at
p. 836.)
       We need not resolve the appropriate standard of review. Instead, we can declare
under either standard that any presumed error was harmless. The surveillance recordings
overwhelmingly establish that appellant held an intent to kill, and that this murder was
premeditated and deliberate. Appellant directed B.M. throughout the moments leading
up to the shooting, and it was appellant who initiated the fatal attack. Appellant and B.M.
followed Abarca, and appellant tried to hide his actions by taking B.M. in a circuitous
route behind the convenience store before setting out. Appellant covered his head with
his hoodie, and he directed B.M. to do the same. Abarca was shot in his head, and
appellant fled while positioning his right hand in a way that reasonably suggests he was
holding the handgun that fatally wounded Abarca. In contrast, B.M. ran away with both
hands free.
       Just after this shooting, an eyewitness reported to a responding deputy that a male
was facing Abarca after the witness heard the shot fired. This male had worn all black
and the eyewitness reported to the deputy that he thought that male had just shot Abarca.
At trial, this same witness told the jury that a male in black was within 12 to 15 feet of
Abarca right after the shooting. Based on the surveillance video, it is abundantly
apparent that appellant was the male wearing all black clothing who was spotted closer to
Abarca after the fatal shot was heard. On the day in question, appellant was wearing all
black, with black pants, a black hat, and a black hooded sweatshirt. In contrast, B.M. was
wearing tan khaki shorts, and a dark blue sweatshirt and hat.

                                             15.
       During closing argument, the prosecutor did not rely on the gang expert’s disputed
testimony to establish appellant’s intent to kill. Instead, the prosecutor focused on the
video surveillance footage, asserting that appellant was the shooter, and he had
intentionally killed Abarca. The prosecutor asserted that the facts established first degree
murder.
       Although the prosecutor discussed appellant’s possible motive for these crimes,
those arguments were relatively brief and limited in scope. The prosecutor asserted that
appellant’s jail assault involved the same motive as the murder of Abarca. The
prosecutor argued that appellant was “required and expected” to assault people classified
as PC. The prosecutor stated that appellant recognized Abarca in the market, and Abarca
was a sex offender who had been previously booked as a PC.
       The prosecutor informed the jury that the People were not required to prove a
motive. However, a motive could be a factor in showing appellant’s guilt. According to
the prosecutor, appellant had a motive to assault a person like Abarca because appellant
was a member of VWR. The prosecutor referenced the gang expert’s testimony to
emphasize that VWR gang members are known to assault persons labeled as PC. The
prosecutor reminded the jury that they could listen to the recording of Esquivel’s jail call
on that issue.
       During rebuttal, the prosecutor again emphasized that all of the evidence showed
that appellant had been the actual shooter, and he had intended to kill. Although it was
undisputed that Abarca had been shot while holding a knife, the prosecutor argued that
Abarca had done so for his own reasonable protection. No injuries were seen on
appellant when he had been arrested, and there was no indication of a fight. According to
the prosecutor, nothing reasonably showed that appellant had acted in his own lawful
self-defense. The prosecutor concluded his remarks by again emphasizing that appellant
was the shooter, and this was first degree murder.

                                            16.
       While the prosecutor discussed how and why appellant might be motivated to
attack Abarca, we reject appellant’s position that the prosecutor used the expert’s
disputed testimony to establish an intent to kill. Based on this record, we can declare
beyond a reasonable doubt that any presumed constitutional error was harmless. The
gang expert’s opinion testimony regarding how VWR gang members react to persons
labeled PC was unimportant in relation to everything else the jury considered regarding
appellant’s liability for first degree murder. (See Yates v. Evatt (1991) 500 U.S. 391,
403, disapproved on other grounds in Estelle v. McGuire (1991) 502 U.S. 62, 72–73,
fn. 4.) Appellant’s own recorded conduct on the fatal day clearly and unmistakably
demonstrated his premeditated intent to kill. Thus, we can declare that the guilty verdict
actually rendered in this trial was surely unattributable to this assumed error. (See
Sullivan v. Louisiana (1993) 508 U.S. 275, 279.) Consequently, prejudice is not present
under the federal standard. (See Chapman, supra, 386 U.S. at p. 24.) Likewise, it is not
reasonably probable the verdict would have been more favorable to appellant absent this
presumed error. Accordingly, prejudice is also not present under the state standard. (See
Watson, supra, 46 Cal.2d at p. 836.) Therefore, this claim is without merit, and the
murder conviction will not be reversed.
II.    The Admission of Appellant’s Recorded Rap Lyrics was Harmless.
       On or about June 23, 2020, appellant was taken into custody for his involvement
in Abarca’s shooting. On November 7, 2020, appellant was in jail custody when he
participated in a telephone call, which was recorded. Appellant performed the following
rap over the telephone:

              “. . . I’m the beast in the streets, man. I leave ‘em deceased. Yeah,
       my boy the Grim Reaper. Yeah, he playin’ for keeps. Talkin’ shit through
       the heat; wants the bullets released. Now, I’m all up in the news and all the
       TV screens from the Golden State with the murderer rate just watch it
       escalate ‘cause Kelly highly active and you know we don’t play. You
       should get two hundred once they crack the gate but now, I’m here to stay
       strapped up (inaudible words). We thuggin’ in the summer (inaudible

                                            17.
       words) because if you ain’t active, boy, you ain’t getting’ no love.
       (Inaudible words) bitches (inaudible words) unless they givin’ up the pussy
       (inaudible words) real love so fuck all that fake shit. The heart breaks.
       (Inaudible words) The City of Roses where everyone knows this but mind
       your fuckin’ business because we ditching the witness. The sickest of the
       sick, boy (inaudible word) and I ain’t gotta lie, boy. You know that I live
       this.”
       Prior to trial, the prosecution filed a motion in limine seeking permission to
introduce this recording into evidence. The written motion asserted that the rap showed
appellant’s motive for Abarca’s murder, and it demonstrated his continued active
participation in his gang.
       At oral argument, the defense opposed admission of this evidence under Evidence
Code section 352, arguing the rap lyrics were highly prejudicial. The court stated that it
appreciated the defense’s position that the rap could be deemed a form of art, but the
court also believed the rap showed appellant’s knowledge of the gang’s lifestyle and
motives. According to the court, the rap alluded to specific acts which could be
connected to Abarca’s murder. The lyrics said “strapped,” which meant carrying a
firearm. Abarca’s fatal shooting occurred in June and the lyrics said they were “thuggin’
in the summer.” Finally, the rap referenced the “City of Roses,” which referred to the
City of Wasco.11 The court granted the prosecution permission to introduce the recorded
rap into evidence, and it was eventually played for the jury.
       In the present claim, appellant asserts that the trial court abused its discretion in
permitting introduction of the recorded rap lyrics. According to appellant, this evidence
was more prejudicial than probative and it should have been excluded under Evidence
Code section 352. He contends his conviction for first degree murder must be reversed.

11      At trial, the prosecution’s gang expert explained that the City of Wasco is known
as the “City of Roses” because roses are cultivated there.

                                              18.
       After appellant filed his opening brief in this matter, the Governor approved
Assembly Bill No. 2799 (2021-2022 Reg. Sess.). Effective January 1, 2023, this bill
added Evidence Code section 352.2, which states:

              “(a) In any criminal proceeding where a party seeks to admit as
       evidence a form of creative expression, the court, while balancing the
       probative value of that evidence against the substantial danger of undue
       prejudice under Section 352, shall consider, in addition to the factors listed
       in Section 352, that: (1) the probative value of such expression for its literal
       truth or as a truthful narrative is minimal unless that expression is created
       near in time to the charged crime or crimes, bears a sufficient level of
       similarity to the charged crime or crimes, or includes factual detail not
       otherwise publicly available; and (2) undue prejudice includes, but is not
       limited to, the possibility that the trier of fact will, in violation of Section
       1101, treat the expression as evidence of the defendant’s propensity for
       violence or general criminal disposition as well as the possibility that the
       evidence will explicitly or implicitly inject racial bias into the
       proceedings.”
       Evidence Code section 352.2, subdivision (d), provides that the admissibility of a
form of creative expression shall be heard in limine and determined by the court outside
the jury’s presence, and the court “shall state on the record its ruling and its reasons
therefor.” (Evid. Code, § 352.2, subd. (d).) There is currently a split of authority
regarding whether Assembly Bill No. 2799 should be deemed retroactive to criminal
matters not yet final on appeal. (See People v. Venable (2023) 88 Cal.App.5th 445, 456–
457 [Evidence Code section 352.2 should be deemed retroactive], review granted May
17, 2023, S279081; cf. People v. Ramos (2023) 90 Cal.App.5th 578, 596 [Evidence Code
section 352.2 does not apply retroactively].) Our high court is currently deciding how to
resolve this issue.
       The parties filed supplemental briefing regarding Assembly Bill No. 2799.
According to appellant, this bill should be deemed retroactive, and his judgment must be
reversed. He argues that we should remand this matter for a new trial with directions for
the trial court to exclude the rap lyrics if the prosecution elects to retry him. In contrast,

                                              19.
respondent contends that Assembly Bill No. 2799 should not apply retroactively. In any
event, respondent asserts that appellant did not suffer prejudice.
       We agree with respondent that, even if Evidence Code section 352.2 retroactively
applies to appellant, remand is not appropriate because appellant did not suffer prejudice.
Consequently, we need not resolve whether Assembly Bill No. 2799 is retroactive.
Likewise, we need not address whether the court abused its evidentiary discretion or
whether it would have admitted this evidence under the heightened standards required in
Evidence Code section 352.2. Any presumed evidentiary error is harmless.
       Appellant claims that the evidence was not overwhelming regarding his
premeditated intent to kill Abarca. He notes that Abarca drew out a knife and, as such,
appellant contends that the evidence shows, at most, only his implied malice12 to kill.
Appellant argues that his rap was “vital” to the prosecution’s theory that he premeditated
this fatal shooting. Appellant contends that the amount of gang evidence introduced
against him at trial was “overkill.” He asserts that his rap lyrics were cumulative to the
other gang evidence and this evidence was so prejudicial—and had such little
relevance—that it raised a potential the jury would convict him regardless of his actual
guilt. He maintains that introduction of his rap lyrics violated his federal constitutional
rights to due process and a fair trial.
       We reject appellant’s various contentions. The rap evidence was not crucial in
demonstrating that this was a gang-related murder. The trial evidence overwhelmingly
established that appellant was an active gang member when he shot Abarca. Appellant

12      In contrast to express malice, implied malice requires an intent to do some act, and
the natural consequences of that act are dangerous to human life. (People v. Swain
(1996) 12 Cal.4th 593, 602.) Under CALCRIM No. 520, implied malice exists if a
defendant (1) intentionally commits an act; (2) the natural and probable consequences of
the act were dangerous to human life; (3) at the time the defendant acted, he knew his act
was dangerous to human life; and (4) the defendant deliberately acted with a conscious
disregard for human life.

                                             20.
previously admitted his active gang membership to different law enforcement personnel,
and he had numerous gang tattoos on his body—including two on his face. Appellant
fatally wounded Abarca while another active gang member, B.M., was with him. It is
abundantly apparent that the rap lyrics had no bearing on establishing either appellant’s
gang membership or that this was a gang-related shooting. Indeed, before the
prosecution’s gang expert explained the significance of appellant’s recorded rap, the
expert had already opined that appellant was an active member of VWR when he shot
Abarca. Although the expert stated that the rap contributed to his opinion that appellant
was an active member of VWR, it is clear that, even without the admission of appellant’s
rap, the prosecution’s gang expert would have nevertheless reached the same conclusion.
       The surveillance videos overwhelmingly demonstrate appellant’s intent to kill and
that this murder was premeditated and deliberate. Appellant followed Abarca before
shooting him. Appellant used a circuitous route and he attempted to hide his face.
Appellant directed B.M., a fellow VWR gang member, to accompany him. After
shooting Abarca, appellant and B.M. fled. Appellant ran away holding an object in his
right hand. A reasonable inference may be drawn that appellant is holding the handgun
used to fatally wound Abarca. Excluding the rap lyrics, the record conclusively
establishes that appellant held a premeditated intent to kill.
       During opening statements, the prosecutor informed the jury that they would hear
about a jail call that appellant made in November 2020 “where he raps about gang
membership and talks about killing people and [makes a] reference to the summer.”
Later during opening statements, the prosecutor again stated that the jury would hear
about appellant rapping in jail about being an active gang member, leaving someone
deceased, and talking about the City of Roses.
       At the conclusion of trial and during closing argument, the prosecutor only
mentioned the rap lyrics once. The prosecutor invited the jury to evaluate the lyrics. The
prosecutor stated that he was “not going to suggest to you that every single thing that

                                             21.
[appellant] said is true, but I want to point out a few things.” The prosecutor noted that
appellant was not trying to sell this song commercially but, instead, this was done during
a jail call. According to the prosecutor, the rap demonstrated appellant’s continued
participation in his gang, and it incorporated some of the things that had happened during
Abarca’s shooting. During rebuttal argument, the prosecutor did not once mention the
rap evidence.
       Contrary to appellant’s assertions, his recorded rap lyrics were neither crucial to
establish his premeditated intent to kill nor his active gang participation. Instead, it is
overwhelmingly apparent that appellant was an active gang member when these crimes
occurred, and the surveillance footage conclusively and overwhelmingly demonstrated
that he committed first degree murder. Thus, we can declare that the guilty verdicts
actually rendered in this trial were surely unattributable to this error. (See Sullivan v.
Louisiana, supra, 508 U.S. at p. 279.) Consequently, prejudice is not present under the
federal standard. (See Chapman, supra, 386 U.S. at p. 24.) Likewise, it is not reasonably
probable the verdicts would have been more favorable to appellant absent this error.
Accordingly, prejudice is also not present under the state standard. (See Watson, supra,
46 Cal.2d at p. 836.) We reject appellant’s assertion that his judgment must be reversed.
III.   Appellant has Forfeited his Claim of Instructional Error with CALCRIM
       No. 1403 and this Claim Fails on its Merits.
       With CALCRIM No. 1403, the trial court instructed the jurors to only consider the
gang evidence for limited purposes, including appellant’s intent and motive regarding the
charged crimes and enhancements. The jurors were also told that they could consider the
gang evidence to decide whether appellant “actually believed in the need to defend
himself.” The jurors were instructed that they could not consider the gang evidence for
any other purpose, and they could not conclude from this evidence that appellant was a
person of bad character or that he had a disposition to commit crimes.

                                              22.
       Appellant asserts that a portion of CALCRIM No. 1403 is legally erroneous. He
argues it was improper to instruct the jurors that they could consider the gang evidence to
decide if he actually believed in the need to defend himself. According to appellant, this
disputed language suggested that jurors could reject a claim of self-defense or imperfect
self-defense13 simply because gang members are prone to violence. He also contends
that this language is ambiguous because it does not explain how the jury should consider
the gang evidence in relationship to self-defense or imperfect self-defense. Appellant
contends that his murder conviction should be reversed.
       Appellant’s arguments are unpersuasive. We agree with respondent that this claim
is forfeited. In any event, we also reject it on the merits.
       A.     This claim is forfeited.
       Prior to trial, the defense requested a limiting instruction regarding the gang
evidence. At no time, did the defense request any modification of CALCRIM No. 1403.
Because the defense did not seek any clarifying language, respondent asserts that this
claim is forfeited. In contrast, appellant contends that—even though his trial counsel
requested this instruction—this claim cannot be deemed forfeited because his substantial
rights are impacted.
       Under section 1259, an appellate court may review any jury instruction given—
even though no objection was made below—“if the substantial rights of the defendant
were affected thereby.” (§ 1259.) We agree with respondent that this claim is forfeited.
       Because CALCRIM No. 1403 is a limiting instruction, the trial court had no sua
sponte duty to give it. (People v. Hernandez (2004) 33 Cal.4th 1040, 1051–1052.) A
defendant may raise for the first time on appeal a claim of instructional error that impacts
his substantial rights. However, the defendant may not argue on appeal that a correct

13     Associated with Abarca’s murder charged in count 1, the trial court instructed the
jury with CALCRIM Nos. 505 and 571 regarding the doctrines of self-defense and
imperfect self-defense (including the right to defend another).

                                              23.
instruction was too general or incomplete, and thus needed clarification, without first
requesting the clarification at trial. (People v. Buenrostro (2018) 6 Cal.5th 367, 428;
People v. Hardy (2018) 5 Cal.5th 56, 91; see also People v. Samaniego (2009) 172
Cal.App.4th 1148, 1163 [aiding and abetting instruction].) When an instruction as given
is legally correct, the defendant must request clarifying language, and his failure to do so
forfeits that issue. (People v. Covarrubias (2016) 1 Cal.5th 838, 877; People v.
Kaihea (2021) 70 Cal.App.5th 257, 265 (Kaihea); Samaniego, at p. 1163.)
         As we explain below, CALCRIM No. 1403 correctly states the law. Accordingly,
appellant’s failure to raise these issues below results in the forfeiture of this claim. We
also conclude that this claim fails on its merits.
         B.     Instructional error did not occur.
         The language from CALCRIM No. 1403 which appellant now disputes appears in
an optional bracket for a trial court to use. At least one published opinion has already
held that this bracketed language correctly states the law.
         In Kaihea, the appellate court rejected a similar claim to the one advanced here.
The Kaihea court held that the optional language in CALCRIM No. 1403—that a jury
could consider gang evidence to decide if the defendant actually believed in the need to
defend himself—correctly stated the law. (Kaihea, supra, 70 Cal.App.5th at p. 265.)
Kaihea noted that “motive, self-defense, and heat of passion are similar in that they all
relate to the reason why a defendant engaged in the alleged conduct.” (Ibid.) Gang
evidence can demonstrate that a defendant killed because of a gang-related motive and
not from self-defense or the defense of another. (Id. at pp. 265–266.) A defendant who
desires to kill a gang rival is not entitled to claim self-defense even if he also acts on the
basis of fear. (Kaihea, supra, at p. 266, citing People v. Nguyen (2015) 61 Cal.4th 1015,
1044.)

                                              24.
       During closing argument in this matter, appellant did not assert that he had acted
in self-defense or in the defense of another. Instead, he argued it was B.M. who had shot
Abarca. According to the defense, B.M. had fired at Abarca in an effort to defend
appellant because Abarca had pulled out his knife. Appellant’s trial counsel asked the
jurors to find appellant not guilty of murder.
       We agree with Kaihea’s reasoning, and we reject appellant’s assertion that Kaihea
was wrongly decided. The disputed language from CALCRIM No. 1403 is legally
correct. The jury was entitled to consider appellant’s and B.M.’s gang membership when
determining whether self-defense or defense of another applied. (See Kaihea, supra, 70
Cal.App.5th at p. 265.) Instructional error did not occur and this claim fails.14
IV.    Appellant has Forfeited his Claim of Instructional Errors Regarding
       Premeditated Murder; this Claim also fails on its Merits.
       Appellant contends that instructional errors occurred regarding premeditated
murder. He raises two separate but overlapping issues.
       First, appellant concedes that, based on the verdicts rendered in count 1, the jury
necessarily found that he was the actual and direct perpetrator of Abarca’s death, and the
jury rejected the prosecutor’s alternative theory that appellant was guilty of murder as an
aider and abettor. However, appellant argues that the jurors could have impermissibly
believed they could find him guilty of premediated murder even if he did not have a
premeditated intent to kill. According to appellant, the jury could have believed that
B.M. had held a premeditated intent to kill and appellant had only exhibited implied
malice, i.e., he assaulted Abarca with a firearm but without expressly intending Abarca’s
death. Appellant asserts that it is reasonably probable the jury found him guilty of first
degree murder by imputing the premeditation from B.M. Appellant maintains that

14     Because instructional error did not occur, we do not address appellant’s arguments
regarding alleged prejudice.

                                             25.
reversal is required unless his first degree murder conviction is based on a valid legal
theory.
       Second, appellant contends that the trial court erroneously told the jurors that both
perpetrators and those who aid and abet are “equally guilty” of any crime.15 According
to appellant, the court failed to inform the jurors that a direct perpetrator may be guilty of
a less serious offense. According to appellant, the jury could have found him guilty of
first degree murder because he acted with implied malice as the perpetrator while B.M.
harbored a premeditated intent to kill as an aider and abettor, but the jurors were told that
they were both “equally guilty.” Appellant claims that his conviction for first degree
murder must be reversed.
       We reject appellant’s arguments. This claim is forfeited. In any event, it is not
reasonably likely the jury misunderstood the law. Instructional error did not occur.
       A.     Appellant has forfeited this claim.
       Appellant concedes that he failed to object when the trial court gave the
instructions that he now contends were erroneous. To overcome forfeiture, appellant
argues that this claim impacts his substantial rights and should be reviewed under section
1259. We disagree.
       Our Supreme Court makes it clear that the forfeiture doctrine applies to a
defendant who fails to object to a jury instruction. (People v. Virgil (2011) 51 Cal.4th
1210, 1260.) As we explain below, it is not reasonably likely the jury was confused in
the manner appellant now claims. As such, we reject appellant’s assertion that the
alleged instructional errors impacted his substantial rights. This claim is forfeited based
on appellant’s failure to object. In any event, we also reject this claim on its merits.

15     This was given as “Special” instruction number 1.

                                             26.
        B.    This claim fails on its merits.
        Appellant must demonstrate a reasonable likelihood the jury applied the
instructions in an impermissible manner. (People v. Houston (2012) 54 Cal.4th 1186,
1229; People v. Cross (2008) 45 Cal.4th 58, 67–68.) We take into account the trial
record and the arguments from counsel. (People v. Nem (2003) 114 Cal.App.4th 160,
165.)
        This record amply demonstrates that it is not reasonably likely the jury would have
believed it could impute premeditation from B.M. to appellant. The jury was told that, to
be guilty of murder, the prosecution had to prove that appellant acted with malice
aforethought. The jury was informed that malice could be either express or implied, and
those concepts were explained. The jurors were instructed that, if appellant committed
murder, it was murder in the second degree unless the People had proven beyond a
reasonable doubt that it was murder in the first degree.
        With CALCRIM No. 521, the jury was told that appellant was being prosecuted
under a theory that the murder was willful, deliberate, and premeditated. According to
the trial court, appellant was guilty of first degree murder if the People had proven that he
acted willfully, deliberately and with premeditation. He acted willfully if he intended to
kill. He acted deliberately if he carefully weighed the considerations for and against his
choice and decided to kill knowing the consequences. He acted with premeditation if he
decided to kill before completing the act that caused death.
        The court stated that the length of time “the person” spends considering whether to
kill does not alone determine whether the killing is deliberate and premeditated. Instead,
the amount of time required for deliberation and premeditation may vary “from person to
person” and according to the circumstances.
        Appellant focuses on the court’s use of the word “person” in attempting to
demonstrate instructional error. According to appellant, the jury could have understood
that if B.M. (another “person” involved in this shooting) aided and abetted while holding

                                             27.
a premeditated intent for Abarca to die, then appellant could be guilty of first degree
murder even if he had only intended to assault Abarca with a firearm. Appellant’s
position lacks merit.
       During closing argument, the prosecutor never argued or suggested that the jurors
could find appellant guilty of first degree murder based on a theory that appellant had
only exhibited implied malice and premeditation could be imputed to appellant through
B.M. Instead, the prosecutor repeatedly asserted that appellant was the person who had
shot Abarca, and appellant had held an intent to kill. The prosecutor argued that this
killing was premeditated because appellant had directed B.M., and appellant took a
circuitous route to follow Abarca. Appellant and B.M. traveled “a great distance” on foot
before shooting Abarca in the head and fleeing.
       Although the prosecutor raised an alternative theory that appellant was guilty as an
aider and abettor, it is not reasonably likely the jurors would have understood the legal
instructions in the manner appellant now advances in this claim. In fact, the prosecutor
argued that, if the jurors decided appellant was guilty of first degree murder as an aider
and abettor, they were required to find that appellant had intended to kill in order to find
true the gang-murder special-circumstance allegation.
       The jury found appellant guilty of first degree murder. The jury found true that
appellant had personally shot Abarca. The jury also found true the gang-murder special-
circumstance allegation. The surveillance footage before and after this fatal shooting
overwhelmingly demonstrates that appellant was not an aider and abettor but, rather, he
was the direct perpetrator of Abarca’s death. The totality of this record does not support
appellant’s claim of instructional error. We reject appellant’s assertion it is reasonably
likely the jurors would have believed it was appropriate to impute B.M.’s premeditation
(if any) to find appellant guilty of first degree murder. It is abundantly clear that
appellant was convicted on a legally valid theory.

                                             28.
       Finally, we reject appellant’s assertion that instructional error occurred when the
trial court told the jury that an aider and abettor is “equally guilty” as a perpetrator. The
California Supreme Court has recognized that all principals in a crime, including aiders
and abettors, are “ ‘equally guilty’ ” in the sense that they are all “criminally liable.”
(People v. Bryant, Smith and Wheeler (2014) 60 Cal.4th 335, 433.) Our high court,
however, has also recognized that, in some cases, an instruction characterizing all
principals as “equally guilty” may be misleading because aiders and abettors are not
always guilty of the same crime as the actual perpetrator.16 (People v. Bryant, Smith and
Wheeler, supra, 60 Cal.4th at p. 433.)
       In the present matter, the trial court instructed the jury with CALCRIM No. 400.
The jurors were told that a person may be guilty of a crime in two ways, either as a
perpetrator or as an aider and abettor. The jurors were instructed that a person is guilty of
a crime whether he committed it personally, or he aided and abetted the perpetrator. The
“equally guilty” language came later when the court provided its own special instruction
to the jury.17 That disputed term was neither repeated nor emphasized.
       During closing argument, the defense asserted it was B.M. who had shot Abarca.
According to the defense, B.M. had fired at Abarca in an effort to defend appellant
because Abarca had pulled out his knife. The defense asked the jurors to find appellant
not guilty of murder.

16     CALCRIM No. 400, which instructs on the general principles of aiding and
abetting, does not contain the “equally guilty” language. In contrast, CALJIC No. 3.00,
which is its counterpart, does contain this language.
17     With its special instruction, the court informed the jurors that they did not need to
unanimously agree or individually determine whether appellant was an aider and abettor
or the direct perpetrator for his murder liability in count 1. This was a correct statement
of law. Unanimity is not required regarding the theory that supports a murder conviction
so long as the jury is convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant is guilty.
(People v. Jenkins (2000) 22 Cal.4th 900, 1024–1025.)

                                              29.
        During its closing remarks to the jury, the prosecutor never asserted or even
reasonably suggested that the jury could find appellant guilty of first degree premeditated
murder just because B.M. was involved. To the contrary, the prosecutor repeatedly
asserted that appellant was the direct perpetrator who had intended Abarca’s death. The
prosecutor argued that the surveillance footage established that it was appellant who had
directed B.M.
        Based on the totality of this record, appellant does not demonstrate a reasonable
likelihood the jury misunderstood the court’s legal instructions or misapplied the law.
This record overwhelmingly establishes that the jury found appellant guilty of
premeditated murder stemming from his own intent to kill. Accordingly, appellant’s
claim of instructional error is without merit.
V.      Cumulative Error did not Occur.
        Appellant raises a claim of cumulative error. He contends that, even if we reject
his arguments above, reversal of his judgment is still required because he suffered a
fundamentally unfair trial. He argues that a series of errors devastated his right to a fair
trial regarding his premeditated intent to kill. We disagree.
        “Under the ‘cumulative error’ doctrine, errors that are individually harmless may
nevertheless have a cumulative effect that is prejudicial.” (In re Avena (1996) 12 Cal.4th
694, 772, fn. 32.) A claim of cumulative error is essentially a due process claim. (People
v. Rivas (2013) 214 Cal.App.4th 1410, 1436.) The test is whether the defendant received
a fair trial. (Ibid.)
        We reject appellant’s claim of cumulative error because we have denied all of his
individual claims. (People v. Bradford (1997) 14 Cal.4th 1005, 1057 [cumulative
prejudice argument rejected because each individual contention lacked merit or did not
result in prejudice].) Taking all of appellant’s claims into account, we are satisfied that
he received a fair adjudication regarding his guilt for first degree murder, along with the

                                             30.
other charges. As we explain below, however, the gang-related charge and enhancements
must be reversed due to retroactive changes in the law.
VI.    We Reverse all Gang Enhancements, the Gang Conviction in Count 4, and
       the Special Circumstance Finding that Triggered LWOP. We Vacate
       Appellant’s Sentence and Remand this Matter for Further Proceedings.
       On January 1, 2022, Assembly Bill No. 333 went into effect. This bill added new
elements in section 186.22 regarding both the substantive gang offense and gang
enhancements. (People v. Tran (2022) 13 Cal.5th 1169, 1207 (Tran).)
       First, Assembly Bill No. 333 narrowed the definition of a “criminal street gang” to
require that any gang be an “ongoing, organized association or group of three or more
persons.” (§ 186.22, subd. (f), italics added.)
       Second, section 186.22, former subdivision (f), only required that a gang’s
members “individually or collectively engage in” a pattern of criminal activity in order to
constitute a “criminal street gang.” In contrast, Assembly Bill No. 333 requires that any
such pattern have been “collectively” engaged in by members of the gang. (§ 186.22,
subd. (f).)
       Third, Assembly Bill No. 333 narrowed the definition of a “pattern of criminal
gang activity” by requiring that (1) the last offense used to show a pattern of criminal
gang activity occurred within three years of the date that the currently charged offense is
alleged to have been committed; (2) the offenses were committed by two or more gang
“members,” as opposed to just “persons”; (3) the offenses commonly benefitted a
criminal street gang; and (4) the offenses establishing a pattern of gang activity must be
ones other than the currently charged offense. (§ 186.22, subd. (e)(1), (2).)
       Lastly, Assembly Bill No. 333 narrowed what it means for an offense to have
commonly benefitted a street gang, requiring that any “common benefit” be “more than
reputational.” (§ 186.22, subd. (g).) Our Supreme Court has endorsed the requirement
that, for a gang enhancement to be imposed, both the predicate and currently charged

                                             31.
offenses must provide more than a reputational benefit to the gang. (Tran, supra, 13
Cal.5th at p. 1207.)
       The parties agree, as do we, that appellant benefits from Assembly Bill No. 333.
It is undisputed that this bill applies retroactively to any criminal matter that is not yet
final on appeal. (Tran, supra, 13 Cal.5th at pp. 1206–1207, citing In re Estrada (1965)
63 Cal.2d 740.) In light of these retroactive amendments, respondent concedes that the
jury’s true findings regarding the gang enhancements in count 1 (Abarca’s murder) and in
count 7 (the subsequent jail assault on Thatcher) must be vacated, and this matter
remanded to afford the People an opportunity to retry those enhancement allegations.
Respondent notes that the evidence does not demonstrate beyond a reasonable doubt that
either Abarca’s murder or the subsequent jail assault provided a benefit to appellant’s
gang that was more than reputational. We agree.
       When discussing both Abarca’s murder and the subsequent jail assault on
Thatcher, the prosecution’s gang expert only provided possible reputational benefits as to
why these crimes might have occurred. Nothing in this record demonstrates or even
reasonably suggests that either of these two crimes was committed for “financial gain or
motivation, retaliation, targeting a perceived or actual gang rival, or intimidation or
silencing of a potential current or previous witness or informant.” (§ 186.22, subd. (g).)
As such, respondent’s concession is appropriate and we will vacate the jury’s true
findings in counts 1 and 7 regarding the gang enhancements (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)).
Accordingly, we also vacate appellant’s sentence and remand this matter for further
proceedings.18 As appellant concedes, the People may retry these gang enhancements

18      We agree with the parties that, when resentencing occurs, appellant benefits from
the retroactive application of three bills: (1) Senate Bill No. 567 (2021-2022 Reg. Sess.);
(2) Assembly Bill No. 518 (2021-2022 Reg. Sess.); and (3) Assembly Bill No. 124
(2021-2022 Reg. Sess.). Our disposition directs the trial court to consider these bills
when appellant is resentenced.

                                              32.
under the new requirements of amended section 186.22. (See People v. Ramos (2022) 77
Cal.App.5th 1116, 1128; People v. Lopez (2021) 73 Cal.App.5th 327, 346.)
       The parties dispute whether or not the four remaining gang-related findings by the
jury must be vacated in light of Assembly Bill No. 333. At issue are the following:
       (1)    Appellant’s conviction in count 4 as an active gang participant (§ 186.22,
subd. (a));
       (2)    The gang enhancements (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)) in counts 2 and 3 (illegal
possession of a firearm and ammunition, respectively); and
       (3)    The gang-murder special-circumstance enhancement that triggered LWOP
(§ 190.2, subd. (a)(22)).
       For the reasons explained below, we agree with appellant that the gang conviction
and other gang-related enhancements must also be reversed.19
       A.     In light of Cooper, the gang conviction and all of the gang
              enhancements must be reversed.
       Our high court’s recent opinion in Cooper is instructive. The defendant was
convicted of first degree murder, and he received gang and firearm enhancements.
(Cooper, supra, 14 Cal.5th at p. 738.) At trial, the prosecution introduced into evidence
two predicate offenses; both involved a single gang member belonging to the defendant’s
gang. One predicate offense involved a robbery and the other involved the sale of
narcotics. In response to a hypothetical, the prosecution’s gang expert explained how the
underlying murder had benefited the gang, but the expert did not testify as to how the
alleged predicate offenses had benefited the gang. (Cooper, supra, at pp. 740–741.) The
gang expert stated that a murder like the one in that case would benefit the gang by
eliminating a rival and by maintaining respect, but money was “ ‘number one’ ” for the

19     In his reply brief, appellant erroneously contends that a gang enhancement in
count 6 should be reversed. However, the charge in count 6 did not go to the jury. It
appears that this count was dismissed prior to the evidentiary phase of trial.

                                           33.
gang. (Id. at p. 741.) The jury was not instructed on the new elements required under
Assembly Bill No. 333. Specifically, the jury was never told that the predicate offenses
must have commonly benefited the criminal street gang in a way that was more than
reputational. (Cooper, supra, at p. 743.) Our high court agreed with the defendant that
the absence of the jury instruction on this new requirement was not harmless beyond a
reasonable doubt under Chapman. (Cooper, at p. 746.) The Cooper court rejected the
Attorney General’s position that it was appropriate to ask in this situation whether the
jury could draw “a reasonable inference” that the alleged predicate offenses had
“commonly benefited the gang.” (Id. at p. 743, fn. 7.) To the contrary, the high court
clarified that when a jury instruction has omitted an element of an offense, the issue on
appeal is whether the record contains evidence that could rationally lead to a contrary
finding regarding the omitted element. (Id. at pp. 742–743, citing People v. Mil (2012)
53 Cal.4th 400, 417.)
       The Cooper court concluded that the record before it did not disclose the
circumstances surrounding the two predicate offenses introduced at the defendant’s trial,
and the prosecution never introduced any evidence regarding how the gang commonly
benefited from them. The high court noted that, although robbery and the sale of
narcotics could typically provide a financial benefit to the offender, evidence existed that
could “rationally lead to a contrary finding regarding whether the fruits of the offenses
were intended to or did benefit the gang as a whole.” (Cooper, supra, 14 Cal.5th at
p. 743.) The high court stated that the financially based predicate crimes could have been
committed by the individual gang members for their own personal gain, and not every
crime committed by a gang member is related to the gang. In this way, whether an
offense is within a gang’s primary activities is distinct from whether a particular offense
has commonly benefited the gang. (Ibid.)
       Finally, our Supreme Court explained that a jury determination about a gang’s
primary activities only constitutes a conclusion about the types of activities in which a

                                            34.
gang typically engages. On the other hand, the question about a common benefit asks
about how the specific predicate offenses actually benefited the gang. In the defendant’s
trial, the jury had been instructed in accordance with the former law that the predicate
offenses need not be gang related. That instruction, however, directly contradicted
Assembly Bill No. 333, which requires that the predicate offenses commonly benefit the
criminal street gang, and the common benefit from the offenses is more than reputational.
(Cooper, supra, 14 Cal.5th at pp. 743–744.) Based on its record, the Cooper court held
that the jury could have reasonably concluded that the predicate offenses at issue were
committed only for personal gain. (Id. at p. 744.)
       We asked the parties to provide supplemental briefing regarding Cooper.
Appellant asserts that we must follow Cooper and reverse all of the gang enhancements
and the gang conviction. In contrast, respondent contends that Cooper is distinguishable.
Respondent maintains that only the gang enhancements in counts 1 and 7 should be
reversed.
       We agree with appellant and reject respondent’s position. Cooper establishes that
the gang enhancements and the gang conviction must be reversed in light of Assembly
Bill No. 333. At the trial in this matter, the prosecution introduced the following three
predicate crimes20 to establish a pattern of criminal gang activity:
       (1)    A member of appellant’s gang, Joel Arrazate, was arrested in 2018
following a traffic stop. Arrazate was eventually convicted of carrying a loaded firearm
in a vehicle on a public street in violation of section 25850, subdivision (c)(6). He was
also convicted of a misdemeanor for actively participating in a criminal street gang in

20     We note that these three predicate offenses occurred in 2018 and 2019, which
complies with the timing requirements of section 186.22. (See § 186.22, subd. (e)(1).)
We also observe that these predicate offenses all involved various firearm-related
convictions that are statutorily acceptable to prove a pattern of criminal gang activity.
(See § 186.22, subd. (e)(1)(X), (Y) & (Z).)

                                             35.
violation of section 186.22, subdivision (a). At trial in this matter, the prosecution’s gang
expert, who was personally familiar with Arrazate, opined that Arrazate was an active
VWR member when this traffic stop had occurred. The expert confirmed at trial that
possession of a firearm is a primary activity of the VWR.
        (2)   Two members of appellant’s gang—Oscar Zuniga and Raul (Carrillo)
Alvarez—were arrested in 2019 following a traffic stop in which they were together in
the vehicle. A single firearm was found inside a backpack in the vehicle. Its serial
number had been altered to prevent a records check. Zuniga and Alvarez were eventually
convicted of carrying a concealed firearm in violation of section 25400, subdivision
(c)(6). At trial in this matter, the prosecution’s gang expert opined that both Zuniga and
Alvarez were active members of the VWR when this traffic stop had occurred. The
expert was personally familiar with Zuniga. The expert confirmed that Zuniga’s and
Alvarez’s possession of the unregistered firearm was a primary activity of the VWR
gang.
        (3)   Appellant was arrested in 2018 following a traffic stop. He fled on foot
before being apprehended. During his flight, he discarded a backpack which law
enforcement recovered. A loaded .22-caliber revolver was located inside the backpack,
along with about 200 grams of marijuana. Appellant was eventually convicted of being a
felon in possession of a firearm in violation of section 29800, subdivision (a)(1). He also
was convicted of a misdemeanor for being an active gang member in violation of section
186.22, subdivision (a). In the present trial, the prosecution’s gang expert confirmed to
the jury that appellant’s possession of the firearm was a primary activity of the VWR
gang.
        To demonstrate that Cooper is distinguishable, respondent focuses on testimony
from the prosecution’s gang expert introduced in appellant’s trial. After discussing the
predicate offenses, the prosecution’s gang expert later generally and very briefly
explained the importance of firearms for a gang. The expert stated that appellant’s gang

                                             36.
benefits when active gang members possess a firearm. According to the gang expert,
those gang members could commit other crimes, and use the firearms for “offensive and
defensive purposes.”
       We reject respondent’s position that it is appropriate to affirm the gang conviction
and the remaining gang enhancements. We acknowledge that the predicate offenses in
Cooper were financial in nature, whereas the predicate offenses here involved the illegal
possession of firearms. We also acknowledge that, in general, the prosecution’s gang
expert commented that firearms do benefit the gang. Nevertheless, enough of the
deficiencies articulated in Cooper exist in this record to mandate reversal.
       Appellant’s jurors were instructed with CALCRIM No. 736. They were told that
they need not agree which crimes established a pattern of criminal gang activity so long
as they all agreed that two or more crimes satisfied the requirements. Two of the
predicate offenses introduced in this matter involved a single gang member who was
armed but not otherwise using the respective firearm to commit crimes. The third
predicate offense involved two gang members who each illegally possessed the same
firearm, but that firearm was not being used to commit crimes. It is apparent that these
individual gang members personally benefitted from possessing a firearm. However,
analogous to Cooper, we cannot simply extrapolate “a reasonable inference” that these
alleged predicate offenses must have commonly benefited the entire gang. (See Cooper,
supra, 14 Cal.5th at p. 743, fn. 7.) To the contrary, one or more jurors could have
rationally concluded that some, if not all, of these gang members possessed their firearms
for personal gain and not to benefit the gang as a whole. (See Cooper, supra, at pp. 742–
743; see also People v. Mil, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 417.) Consequently, no evidence
demonstrates that these predicate offenses “actually benefited the gang.” (Cooper, supra,
at pp. 743–744, citing People v. E.H. (2022) 75 Cal.App.5th 467, 473.)
       Moreover, and similar to Cooper, appellant’s jury was never instructed that the
predicate offenses must have commonly benefited the gang in a way that was more than

                                            37.
reputational. (§ 186.22, subd. (e)(1).) Appellant’s jury was instructed under the old law
and told that the predicate offenses need not be gang related to establish a pattern of
criminal gang activity. The jurors were even told that they could consider the current
charged crimes in deciding whether or not a pattern of criminal gang activity had been
established. Under Assembly Bill No. 333, these instructions are no longer permitted.
(§ 186.22, subd. (e)(1) & (2).) The Legislature has not declared that mere firearm
possession provides a common benefit to a gang that is more than reputational.
(§ 186.22, subd. (g).)
       We cannot declare that the failure to instruct the jury on the new requirements
under Assembly Bill No. 333 was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. This record
contains evidence from which jurors could rationally conclude the predicate offenses do
not meet the new requirements. Accordingly, Cooper mandates that we reverse all of the
gang enhancements and the conviction in count 4 for appellant’s active gang
participation.21 We will remand this matter to afford the prosecution an opportunity to

21      Because reversal is required under Cooper, we do not resolve the parties’ other
disputes, including whether the predicate offenses show a collective pattern of criminal
gang activity. Following the passage of Assembly Bill No. 333, the Courts of Appeal are
split on what the term “collectively” means in establishing the predicate offenses
necessary to prove a gang enhancement. Some courts hold that “collectively” requires
proof that each predicate offense was committed by two or more gang members. (People
v. Delgado (2022) 74 Cal.App.5th 1067, 1088–1089; People v. Lopez, supra, 73
Cal.App.5th at pp. 344–345.) In contrast, at least one published opinion holds that
collective action may be shown by two gang members who separately committed crimes
on different occasions. (People v. Clark (2022) 81 Cal.App.5th 133, 145–146, review
granted Oct. 19, 2022, S275746.) This issue is currently before the California Supreme
Court, which is going to decide whether the People can meet their burden of establishing
a pattern of criminal gang activity under section 186.22 by presenting evidence of
individual gang members committing separate predicate offenses, or whether the People
must provide evidence of two or more gang members working in concert with each other
during each predicate offense. (People v. Clark (2022) 81 Cal.App.5th 133 [299
Cal.Rptr.3d 569, 518 P.3d 278, 279], review granted Oct. 19, 2022, S275746.)

                                             38.
retry the gang charge and the gang enhancements. We turn to the gang-murder special-
circumstance finding that triggered LWOP.
       B.     The gang-murder special-circumstance finding will be reversed.
       The parties dispute whether Assembly Bill No. 333 constitutionally amended the
elements necessary for the jury to find true the gang-murder special-circumstance
allegation under section 190.2, subdivision (a)(22). There is currently a split of authority
on this issue. Respondent asks us to follow the majority opinion from People v. Rojas
(2022) 80 Cal.App.5th 542, review granted October 19, 2022, S275835 (Rojas), which
was issued by a different panel of this district. In contrast, appellant contends that this
panel should “reconsider” Rojas and follow People v. Lee (2022) 81 Cal.App.5th 232,
review granted Oct. 19, 2022, S275449 (Lee). We summarize these and two other
applicable opinions.
       First, in People v. Lopez, supra, 73 Cal.App.5th 327, the Second Appellate
District, Division Eight, concluded that Assembly Bill No. 333 impacted not only the
gang enhancement allegations under section 186.22, but other statutes that expressly
incorporate provisions of that statute, including section 190.2, subdivision (a)(22).
(People v. Lopez, supra, 73 Cal.App.5th at p. 346.) Section 190.2, subdivision (a)(22),
was enacted as part of Proposition 21, an initiative measure approved by the electorate in
the March 2000 primary election. (People v. Shabazz (2006) 38 Cal.4th 55, 64–65.)
Section 190.2, subdivision (a)(22), makes first degree murder a capital crime if “[t]he
defendant intentionally killed the victim while the defendant was an active participant in
a criminal street gang, as defined in subdivision (f) of Section 186.22, and the murder was
carried out to further the activities of the criminal street gang.” (Italics added.) People v.
Lopez held that Assembly Bill No. 333 must be construed as altering the elements
necessary for a jury to find true a gang-murder special-circumstance allegation. (People
v. Lopez, supra, 73 Cal.App.5th at p. 347.)

                                              39.
       In Rojas, a divided panel in our district reached the opposite conclusion. The
Rojas majority held that Assembly Bill No. 333 is unconstitutional to the extent it would
reduce the scope of conduct that Proposition 21 made punishable under section 190.2.
(Rojas, supra, 80 Cal.App.5th at p. 557.) The Rojas majority concluded that Proposition
21 had required a two-thirds vote in each house for the Legislature to amend its
provisions. However, Assembly Bill No. 333 had not complied with that requirement.
(Rojas, supra, 80 Cal.App.5th at p. 555.) Thus, Rojas holds that Assembly Bill No. 333
cannot amend Proposition 21. (Rojas, at p. 555.)
       In Lee, supra, Division Four of the Second District determined that Assembly Bill
No. 333 does not unconstitutionally amend section 190.2, subdivision (a)(22). Focusing
on the question of voter intent, the Lee court opined there is “nothing to suggest that the
electorate intended to impose a time-specific incorporation of the term ‘criminal street
gang’ in the gang-murder special-circumstance statute.” (Lee, supra, 81 Cal.App.5th at
p. 245.) Accordingly, Lee holds “that the term ‘criminal street gang’ as incorporated in
the gang-murder special-circumstance statute was ‘intended to conform at all times’ and
‘remain permanently parallel’ to section 186.22.” (Ibid., citing In re Jovan B. (1993) 6
Cal.4th 801, 816 & fn. 10.)
       Finally, in People v. Lopez (2022) 82 Cal.App.5th 1, another panel from this
district held that Assembly Bill No. 333 did not unconstitutionally amend the crime of
gang conspiracy proscribed by section 182.5, which was enacted as part of Proposition
21. (People v. Lopez, supra, 82 Cal.App.5th at p. 21.) That panel observed that, in
practical effect, “Rojas holds that a special circumstance murder allegation under section
190.2(a)(22) may be proven based on a different, less restrictive definition of a ‘criminal
street gang’ than is found in the current version of section 186.22. [Citation.]” (People v.
Lopez, supra, 82 Cal.App.5th at p. 15.)
       The California Supreme Court is currently considering how to resolve this split of
authority. (See People v. Rojas (2022) 80 Cal.App.5th 542 [299 Cal.Rptr.3d 568, 518

                                             40.
P.3d 278], review granted Oct. 19, 2022, S275835.) We decline to follow Rojas and we
agree with Lee. (See People v. Lopez, supra, 82 Cal.App.5th at p. 21.) Accordingly, we
conclude that the changes imposed by Assembly Bill No. 333 apply to section 190.2,
subdivision (a)(22). Thus, the jury’s true finding regarding the gang-murder special-
circumstance finding must be vacated in light of the new elements necessary to establish
“a criminal street gang.” We will remand this matter for further proceedings.22 The
prosecution shall have the opportunity to retry this special circumstance allegation under
the requirements of Assembly Bill No. 333. (See Lee, supra, 81 Cal.App.5th at p. 245.)
VII.   The Judgment will not be Reversed due to the Failure to Bifurcate the Gang
       Evidence.
       Assembly Bill No. 333 added section 1109, which permits a defendant to request
bifurcation of alleged gang enhancements, and it requires bifurcation of any charge that a
defendant is actively participating in a criminal street gang. (§ 1109, subds. (a) & (b),
added by Stats. 2021, ch. 699, § 5.) Bifurcation did not occur in appellant’s trial. As
such, appellant filed a supplemental brief in this court asserting that his entire judgment
must be reversed per se. In the alternative, he contends that his entire judgment must be
reversed due to prejudice. We reject those arguments.
       Another panel from this district has held that section 1109 does not apply to gang-
murder special-circumstance allegations under section 190.2, subdivision (a)(22).
(People v. Montano (2022) 80 Cal.App.5th 82, 114.) Our high court denied review of
that opinion, and we reject appellant’s position that it was wrongly decided. The express

22     Because we reverse the jury’s true finding regarding the special-circumstance
gang-murder allegation, we do not address appellant’s alternative argument that this
finding must be reversed due to alleged instructional error. In addition, we do not
address appellant’s claim that his rights to equal protection were violated under the state
and federal Constitutions because he is statutorily ineligible to obtain a youth offender
parole hearing under section 3051 while other persons sentenced to LWOP qualify for
such a hearing. Because it is not “absolutely required,” we will not address this
constitutional question. (People v. Hopson (2017) 3 Cal.5th 424, 466.)

                                             41.
terms of section 1109 do not state that bifurcation is required for an allegation under
section 190.2. (See § 1109, subds. (a) & (b).) It is for the Legislature, and not an
appellate court, to rewrite section 1109. (People v. Montano, supra, 80 Cal.App.5th at
p. 114.) Consequently appellant is incorrect that bifurcation was required in light of the
special-circumstance allegation that was at issue in this trial. In any event, any assumed
error was harmless.
       Our Supreme Court holds that the failure to bifurcate gang evidence does not
constitute “structural error” requiring automatic reversal. (Tran, supra, 13 Cal.5th at
p. 1208.) It is also not appropriate to rely on the federal standard under Chapman to
analyze prejudice in this situation. (Tran, supra, at p. 1209.) Instead, the erroneous
admission of evidence under state law results in a due process violation only if the trial
was fundamentally unfair. (Ibid.) Here, the gang evidence provided a possible motive
for why appellant might have committed the charged crimes. The surveillance footage
amply demonstrated that appellant held a premeditated intent to kill Abarca. It was
undisputed that appellant committed the subsequent jail assault. Accordingly, a due
process violation did not occur when the gang evidence was introduced at trial because
appellant’s trial was not rendered fundamentally unfair. (See Tran, supra, 13 Cal.5th at
p. 1209.)
       Applying the Watson standard for state law error, any presumed error is harmless.
The evidence of appellant’s premeditated murder conviction was overwhelming, as was
the evidence of his subsequent jail assault. Appellant does not explain “how the
exclusion of gang evidence in this case would have been reasonably likely to change the
jury’s verdict of guilt as to the underlying murder.” (Tran, supra, 13 Cal.5th at p. 1209.)
Given the overwhelming evidence of his guilt, it is not reasonably likely a bifurcated trial

                                            42.
would have changed the jury’s verdict. (Id. at p. 1210.) Consequently, this claim is
without merit.23
VIII. The abstracts of judgment have clerical errors.
       The parties agree, as do we, that the indeterminate abstract of judgment contains a
clerical error. In count 1, the trial court sentenced appellant to LWOP, plus an additional
consecutive 25 years to life for the personal use of a firearm (§ 12022.53, subd. (d)). The
indeterminate abstract of judgment, however, erroneously lists both LWOP and a
sentence of 25 years to life for Abarca’s murder, plus a firearm enhancement of 25 years.
       We have vacated appellant’s sentence and remanded this matter for further
proceedings, including resentencing. Following remand, and if appellant again receives
the same sentence in count 1—i.e., LWOP, plus a firearm enhancement of 25 years to
life—we direct the trial court to ensure that this same clerical mistake is not repeated. To
assist the clerk, we note that the firearm enhancement of 25 years to life should only be
memorialized in box 2. The firearm enhancement should not be memorialized in box 6.b.
       In addition to that clerical error, the determinate abstract of judgment fails to list
the sentence imposed in count 3, which was stayed.24 Following resentencing we direct
the court to ensure that all convictions and sentences, even if stayed, are reflected in the
abstract of judgment. (See People v. Mitchell (2001) 26 Cal.4th 181, 185 [an abstract of
judgment may not add to or modify the judgment it summarizes].)

23     The question of whether section 1109 applies retroactively is the subject of a split
of authority among the Courts of Appeal. (See, e.g., People v. Burgos (2022) 77
Cal.App.5th 550, 566–567, review granted July 13, 2022, S274743; People v. Ramos,
supra, 77 Cal.App.5th 1116, 1131; People v. Ramirez (2022) 79 Cal.App.5th 48, 65,
review granted Aug. 17, 2022, S275341.) We need not resolve that issue. Instead, any
asserted error in failing to bifurcate was harmless. (See Tran, supra, 13 Cal.5th at
p. 1208 [declining to resolve question of retroactivity due to harmless error].)
24    In count 3, appellant was convicted of possession of ammunition by a felon
(§ 30305, subd. (a)), and the jury found true a gang enhancement. The court imposed an
aggravated prison term of three years, plus four years for the gang enhancement.

                                              43.
                                      DISPOSITION
       The jury’s true findings regarding all gang enhancements (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)),
the gang conviction in count 4 (§ 186.22, subd. (a)), and the gang-murder special-
circumstance allegation in count 1 (§ 190.2, subd. (a)(22)) are vacated. Appellant’s
sentence is vacated and this matter is remanded for further proceedings. The prosecution
shall have the opportunity to retry the gang-related charge and enhancements. Absent a
waiver of time, if the People do not bring appellant to retrial within the time limits of
section 1382, subdivision (a)(2), the trial court shall proceed to resentence appellant in
conformity with this opinion. When resentencing occurs, appellant shall benefit from the
retroactive application of (1) Senate Bill No. 567 (2021-2022 Reg. Sess.); (2) Assembly
Bill No. 518 (2021-2022 Reg. Sess.); and (3) Assembly Bill No. 124 (2021-2022 Reg.
Sess.). Following resentencing, the trial court shall cause new abstracts of judgment to
be forwarded to the appropriate authorities. We direct the trial court to ensure that the
new abstracts of judgment are free of the clerical mistakes that are addressed in this
opinion. In all other respects, appellant’s judgment is affirmed.

                                                                                    LEVY, J.
WE CONCUR:

HILL, P. J.

FRANSON, J.

                                             44.