Court Opinion

ID: 4253956
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-03-13 15:10:10.687303+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:44:08.684455
License: Public Domain

MEMORANDUM DECISION
      Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
                                                                                  FILED
      this Memorandum Decision shall not be                                  Mar 13 2018, 8:30 am

      regarded as precedent or cited before any                                   CLERK
                                                                              Indiana Supreme Court
      court except for the purpose of establishing                               Court of Appeals
                                                                                   and Tax Court
      the defense of res judicata, collateral
      estoppel, or the law of the case.

      ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                  ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
      John M. Haecker                                         Patrick L. Jessup
      Squiller & Hamilton, LLP                                Michael M. Yoder
      Auburn, Indiana                                         Yoder & Kraus, P.C.
                                                              Kendallville, Indiana

                                                IN THE
          COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

      T.M.,                                                   March 13, 2018
      Appellant-Respondent,                                   Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                              57A05-1709-AD-2194
              v.                                              Appeal from the Noble Circuit
                                                              Court
      L.D. and J.D.,                                          The Honorable Michael, J.
      Appellees-Petitioners.                                  Kramer, Judge
                                                              Trial Court Cause No.
                                                              57C01-1403-AD-5

      Najam, Judge.

                                       Statement of the Case
[1]   T.M. (“Father”) appeals the adoption court’s judgment and decree of adoption

      in which it granted a petition to adopt Father’s minor daughter, I.J. (“Child”),

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 57A05-1709-AD-2194 | March 13, 2018           Page 1 of 14
      filed by L.D. and J.D. (collectively, “Adoptive Parents”). Father raises two

      issues for our review, which we restate as follows:

               1.       Whether the adoption court erred when it concluded that
                        Father’s consent to the adoption was not required.

               2.       Whether the adoption court erred when it granted the
                        adoption in violation of several statutory provisions
                        regarding adoptions.

[2]   We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand with instructions.

                                   Facts and Procedural History
[3]   Child was born on March 21, 2014, to K.J. (“Mother”). When Child was born,

      Mother was incarcerated, and doctors found opiates in Child’s system and

      treated her for withdrawal and jaundice. On March 24, the Adoptive Parents

      (Mother’s sister, L.D., and L.D.’s husband, J.D.) filed a petition to adopt Child

      in the Noble Circuit Court (“adoption court”). Along with the petition, the

      Adoptive Parents filed Mother’s consent to the adoption.1 Also on March 24,

      the Adoptive Parents filed a motion to waive the home study, and the Adoptive

      Parents filed a petition in which they requested temporary custody and a waiver

      of the requirement for prior written approval of a child placing agency. That

      same day, the adoption court granted the Adoptive Parents’ motion and waived

      1
        When Child was born, Mother was married to Ke.J. As Mother’s husband, Ke.J. was originally presumed
      to be Child’s father. See Ind. Code § 31-14-7-1 (2017). As such, the Adoptive Parents also filed his consent to
      the adoption with their petition.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 57A05-1709-AD-2194 | March 13, 2018             Page 2 of 14
      the home study, and it entered an order granting custody of Child to the

      Adoptive Parents.

[4]   At the time of Child’s birth, Father was serving an eight-year sentence for

      dealing in methamphetamine, as a Level B felony. On June 17, Father filed a

      motion to contest the adoption and requested a hearing.2 On July 29, Father

      filed a motion for genetic testing, which the adoption court ultimately granted.

      Thereafter, Father filed with the adoption court the results of the genetic test,

      which showed that there is a 99.99% chance that Father is the father of Child.

      On August 17, 2016, Father filed a paternity action in the Noble Superior Court

      (“paternity court”). The paternity court appointed a guardian ad litem

      (“GAL”) for Child.

[5]   On January 30, Father was arrested for possession of methamphetamine, but he

      pleaded not guilty to that charge. In the adoption court, the Adoptive Parents

      filed a motion to consolidate the paternity action with the adoption petition, but

      the court denied their request. On March 22, the GAL submitted a report to

      the paternity court, which included her recommendations regarding the

      adoption based on interviews and home studies she had conducted with

      Mother, Father, and the Adoptive Parents. The GAL recommended that the

      2
         The adoption court originally determined that Father was not able to challenge the adoption of Child
      because he did not timely register with the putative father registry. But, on appeal, this court held that Father
      filed with the registry before Child was thirty days old and, as such, his registration was timely and he should
      have been permitted to contest the adoption. T.M. v. L.D. (In re I.J.), 39 N.E.3d 1184, 1187 (Ind. Ct. App.
      2015).

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 57A05-1709-AD-2194 | March 13, 2018               Page 3 of 14
      best physical placement for the Child was with the Adoptive Parents and that

      Father should not have any contact with Child until he could resolve his

      pending criminal charges. On April 17, the paternity court: issued its order in

      which it determined that Father was the father of Child; deferred the issues of

      custody, parenting time, and related issues to be scheduled for a hearing upon

      the request of either party; and released the GAL from her appointment.

[6]   On May 26, 2017, Father was arrested for driving while intoxicated. He later

      admitted to his probation officer that he had consumed alcohol on May 26 and

      that he had used methamphetamine on May 20 and May 27. On July 13,

      Father admitted to a probation violation and was sentenced to one year

      executed.

[7]   In the adoption court, the Adoptive Parents deposed the GAL, who testified

      about her investigation and her recommendation regarding the adoption. On

      July 27, the adoption court held an evidentiary hearing on the adoption

      petition. Father was present and represented by counsel. During the hearing,

      the Adoptive Parents moved to admit the GAL’s deposition and report as

      evidence, and the court agreed. On August 17, the adoption court issued its

      judgment and decree of adoption in which it concluded that Father’s consent to

      the adoption was not required because he is unfit to be a parent and because it

      is in the best interests of Child for the court to dispense with Father’s consent to

      the adoption. The adoption court then approved the Adoptive Parent’s

      adoption petition. This appeal ensued.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 57A05-1709-AD-2194 | March 13, 2018   Page 4 of 14
                                      Discussion and Decision3
                             Issue One: Father’s Consent to the Adoption

[8]   Father first contends that the adoption court erred when it concluded that his

      consent to the adoption was not required. The Indiana Supreme Court has set

      forth our standard of review for adoption proceedings as follows:

              When reviewing adoption proceedings, we presume that the trial
              court’s decision is correct, and the appellant bears the burden of
              rebutting this presumption. We generally give considerable
              deference to the trial court’s decision in family law matters,
              because we recognize that the trial judge is in the best position to
              judge the facts, determine witness credibility, get a feel for the
              family dynamics, and get a sense of the parents and their
              relationship with their children. We will not disturb the trial
              court’s ruling unless the evidence leads to but one conclusion and
              the trial judge reached an opposite conclusion. The trial court’s
              findings and judgment will be set aside only if they are clearly
              erroneous. A judgment is clearly erroneous when there is no
              evidence supporting the findings or the findings fail to support
              the judgment. We will neither reweigh the evidence nor assess
              the credibility of witnesses, and we will examine only the
              evidence most favorable to the trial court's decision.

      3
        Father acknowledges that his notice of appeal was “technically untimely” because it was filed more than
      thirty days after the adoption court entered its judgment and decree of adoption on August 17. Appellant’s
      Br. at 7. However, Father filed a letter with the adoption court on September 14 in which he requested the
      appointment of appellate counsel in order to appeal the judgment. On September 20, the adoption court
      appointed an attorney to represent Father, and his attorney filed the notice of appeal on September 21. Based
      on Father’s attempt to perfect a timely appeal, we conclude that Father’s appeal deserves a determination on
      the merits. See N.R. v. K.G. (In re O.R.), 16 N.E.3d 965, 972 (Ind. 2014).

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 57A05-1709-AD-2194 | March 13, 2018           Page 5 of 14
      N.R. v. K.G. (In re O.R.), 16 N.E.3d 965, 972-73 (Ind. 2014) (internal quotation

      marks and citations omitted).

[9]   Father contends that the adoption court erred when it found that his consent to

      the adoption was not required because he is unfit to be a parent and because it

      was in the best interests of the Child to dispense with Father’s consent.

      “Generally, a trial court may only grant a petition to adopt a child born out of

      wedlock who is less than eighteen years of age if both ‘[t]he mother of [the]

      child’ and ‘the father of [the] child whose paternity has been established’

      consent to the adoption.” Id. at 973 (quoting Indiana Code § 31-19-9-1(a)(2))

      (alterations original to In re O.R.). However, there are exceptions to that

      general rule. One such exception states that consent to the adoption is not

      required from:

                      (11) A parent if:

                               (A) a petitioner for adoption proves by clear and
                               convincing evidence that the parent is unfit to be a
                               parent; and

                               (B) the best interests of the child sought to be
                               adopted would be served if the court dispensed with
                               the parent’s consent.

      Ind. Code § 31-19-9-8(a)(11) (2017). Here, the Adoptive Parents, as the

      petitioners, had the burden of proving by clear and convincing evidence in the

      adoption court that Father’s consent was not required.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 57A05-1709-AD-2194 | March 13, 2018   Page 6 of 14
[10]   The adoption court first concluded that Father’s consent to the adoption was

       not required because he is unfit to be a parent. The statute does not provide a

       definition of “unfit,” but in J.H. v. J.L. (In re M.L.), this court determined that

               termination cases provide useful guidance as to what makes a
               parent ‘unfit[’ in the context of an adoption case]. In these cases,
               we have considered such factors as a parent’s substance abuse,
               mental health, willingness to follow recommended treatment,
               lack of insight, instability in housing and employment, and
               ability to care for a child’s special needs.

       973 N.E.2d 1216, 1223 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012).

[11]   Here, Father has a history of substance abuse. He was convicted of dealing in

       methamphetamine, a Level B felony, and, as a result, he was incarcerated at the

       time of Child’s birth. After Father’s release, he violated his probation and was

       again incarcerated after he was arrested for driving while intoxicated. Father

       admitted to his probation officer that, on May 26, 2017, he drank a pint of rum

       and a few shots of tequila, and he then attempted to drive home. Father further

       admitted to his probation officer that he had used methamphetamine on May

       20 and May 27, less than two months before the final hearing on the adoption

       petition. Father admitted that he is an addict. Father also has a history of

       unstable employment and housing, and he has not contributed to Child’s

       support since her birth.

[12]   Still, Father contends that “[t]here is no evidence as to whether the activity

       which resulted in the conviction [for dealing in methamphetamine] occurred

       before or after the child was conceived” and that that is a factor for a court to
       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 57A05-1709-AD-2194 | March 13, 2018   Page 7 of 14
       consider in order to determine if Father is unfit to be a parent. Appellant’s Br.

       at 16. Father further contends that there is no evidence that Father “ever acted

       inappropriately with or harmed a child” or that Father’s “struggles with

       controlled substances has had any effect on the child.” Id. Father’s assertions

       are merely requests that we reweigh the evidence, which we cannot do. In re

       O.R., 16 N.E.3d at 973. There is sufficient evidence to support the adoption

       court’s finding that Father is unfit to be a parent.

[13]   The adoption court next found that it is in the best interests of Child to dispense

       with Father’s consent to the adoption because the Adoptive Parents have had

       care and custody of Child since her birth; they have provided for Child

       emotionally, physically, and financially; and they have developed a stable,

       supportive, and nurturing environment in which to raise Child. The evidence

       presented at the final adoption hearing also supports those findings. J.D.

       testified that he and L.D. have had custody of Child since birth. He further

       testified that Father has not provided any support or had any contact with Child

       since her birth. L.D. testified that she and Child do everything together, that

       Child will occasionally go to work with J.D. or L.D., and that they spend time

       as a family at the church where J.D. is employed.

[14]   The evidence most favorable to the court’s decision supports its findings, and

       the findings support the court’s judgment that Father’s consent to the adoption

       is not required pursuant to Indiana Code Section 31-19-9-8(a)(11) because

       Father is unfit to be a parent and because it is in the best interest of Child to

       dispense with Father’s consent. Thus, we cannot say that the evidence leads to

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 57A05-1709-AD-2194 | March 13, 2018   Page 8 of 14
       but one conclusion and the adoption court reached the opposite conclusion.

       Therefore, we affirm the adoption court’s conclusion that Father’s consent to

       the adoption is not required.

                                   Issue Two: Statutory Requirements

[15]   Father next asserts that the adoption court erred when it granted the adoption

       because it failed to meet several statutory provisions regarding adoptions. “It

       has long been the case that the adoption statutes are ‘in derogation of the

       common law, which make[s] no provision for the adoption of children . . . [,]

       and [they] must be strictly followed in all essential particulars.’” P.P. v. A.O. (In

       re S.O.), 56 N.E.3d 77, 82-83 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016) (quoting Glansman v.

       Ledbetter, 130 N.E. 230, 234 (Ind. 1921)) (omission and second alteration

       original to In re S.O.). However, they “should not be so strictly construed as to

       defeat their purposes.” Id. at 83. Father specifically contends that the adoption

       court erred when it: (1) granted the adoption without a hearing on Father’s

       motion to contest the adoption; (2) granted the adoption without the

       involvement of a child placing agency, the required period of supervision, the

       required written report of investigation, or a finding that such a report had been

       filed; and (3) failed to consolidate the paternity action with the adoption case.

       We address each argument in turn.

                          Hearing on Father’s Motion to Contest Adoption

[16]   Father maintains that the adoption court erred when it granted the adoption

       without having held a hearing on his motion to contest the adoption. Father

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 57A05-1709-AD-2194 | March 13, 2018   Page 9 of 14
       contends that, in his motion to contest the adoption, he “specifically requested”

       a hearing pursuant to Indiana Code Section 31-19-10-5, but the adoption court

       “took no action upon it.” Appellant’s Br. at 13. We cannot agree.

[17]   Indiana Code Section 31-19-10-5 provides that, “[w]henever a motion to

       contest an adoption is filed, the court shall, before entering a decree under

       I[.]C[. Chapter] 31-19-11, set the matter for a hearing to contest the adoption.”

       Here, while the record is not clear whether the adoption court had explicitly

       consolidated the hearing on the adoption petition with Father’s petition to

       contest the adoption, our review of the transcript of the July 27, 2017, hearing

       satisfies us that the hearing addressed both petitions. Moreover, Father was

       present at the hearing; he was represented by counsel; he was able to cross-

       examine witnesses; he had the opportunity to present witnesses and evidence,

       including his own testimony; and he had the opportunity to object to the

       admission of evidence. And Father makes no contention that he was deprived

       of any opportunity at that hearing to argue or present evidence relevant to his

       motion to contest the adoption.

[18]   At the hearing, Father testified about his employment and criminal histories,

       his addiction problems, his attendance at Alcoholics Anonymous meetings, and

       his desire to be a part of Child’s life. Based on the record, it is clear that the

       adoption court considered Father’s fitness and his motion to contest the

       adoption at the July 27, 2017, hearing. And the adoption court complied with

       Indiana Code Section 31-19-10-5 when it held the hearing on Father’s motion

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 57A05-1709-AD-2194 | March 13, 2018   Page 10 of 14
       to contest the adoption before it issued the adoption decree. We reject Father’s

       contention on this issue.

                           Period of Supervision and Report of Investigation4

[19]   Father next contends that the adoption court erred when it granted the adoption

       petition without having complied with several statutory provisions. First, he

       contends that the adoption court did not comply with Indiana Code Section 31-

       19-8-1(a), which provides that an adoption may be granted only after the court

       has heard evidence and after a period of supervision by a licensed child placing

       agency or the Department of Child Services (“DCS”). Second, he asserts that

       the adoption court did not comply with Indiana Code Section 31-19-8-5(a),

       which requires each child placing agency or the DCS to submit a written report

       of the investigation and recommendation as to the advisability of an adoption

       to the court.5 And, third, Father asserts that the adoption court did not comply

       with Indiana Code Section 31-19-11-1(a)(3), which provides that “[w]henever

       the court has heard the evidence and finds that: . . . the report of the

       4
         The Adoptive Parents contend that Father has waived these procedural issues because he failed to raise
       them in the adoption court. Adoptive Parents are correct that Father did not raise the issues in the adoption
       court but, “given our preference to resolve cases on their merits,” we will address the merits of Father’s
       claims. R.K.H. v. Morgan Cty. Off. of Fam. And Child. (In re W.), 845 N.E.2d 229, 239 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006).
       5
         Father contends that the adoption court erred when it waived the requirement for a period of supervision
       and report of the investigation. We agree. The adoption court can waive those requirements if one of the
       petitioners is a stepparent or grandparent. I.C. §§ 31-19-8-2(c) and -5(c). But that is not the case here.
       Nonetheless, the Adoptive Parents assert that the adoption court did not err when it waived those
       requirements because the length of the period of supervision is within the sole discretion of the trial court and
       because the report is not binding. But the Adoptive Parents do not support that contention with citation to
       any authority, and we reject their assertions. In the alternative, the Adoptive Parents assert that the GAL’s
       report substantially complied with the report requirement. We disagree. The plain language of Indiana Code
       Section 31-19-8-5 requires a report from a child placing agency or the DCS.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 57A05-1709-AD-2194 | March 13, 2018              Page 11 of 14
       investigation and recommendation under I[.]C[.] [§] 31-19-8-5 has been filed; . .

       . the court shall grant the petition for adoption and enter an adoption decree.”

       We must agree with Father.

[20]   As the three statutory provisions relied on by Father demonstrate, “[o]ur

       General Assembly has required that every adoption case—whether done by

       stepparent, blood relative, or a nonrelative—involve either a licensed child

       placing agency or DCS.” In re S.O., 56 N.E.3d at 81. And “the absence of any

       child placing agency or DCS in this case means an error has occurred.” Id.

       There is no dispute that neither a licensed child placing agency nor a DCS

       office was ever involved with the adoption of Child. As such, there is no

       dispute that neither a child placing agency nor the DCS conducted a period of

       supervision or filed a report of the investigation and recommendation. And, in

       the absence of the required participation of a licensed child placing agency or

       the DCS, the adoption court could not find that such a report had been filed. 6

       Accordingly, the adoption court erred when it granted the adoption petition.

       6
         The Adoptive Parents contend that, even if a report and recommendation had been filed, it would not have
       been admissible over an objection. To support their contention, they rely on Attkisson v. Ursey, 65 N.E.2d
489, 491 (Ind. 1946), which held that the agency reports are not admissible over an objection in contested
       cases. However, this court has since held that Attkisson does not apply where, as here, Father’s consent to the
       adoption is not required. Evans v. Murray (In re M.A.S.), 815 N.E.2d 216, 223 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004).

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 57A05-1709-AD-2194 | March 13, 2018            Page 12 of 14
                                           Failure to Consolidate

[21]   Finally, Father asserts that the adoption court erred when it failed to

       consolidate the paternity action with the adoption proceeding. Indiana Code

       Section 31-19-2-14(a) states:

               If a petition for adoption and a paternity action are pending at
               the same time for a child sought to be adopted, the court in
               which the petition for adoption has been filed has exclusive
               jurisdiction over the child, and the paternity proceeding must be
               consolidated with the adoption proceeding.

       (Emphasis added.) Here, the Adoptive Parents filed a motion to consolidate

       the paternity action with the adoption proceedings, but the adoption court

       denied that motion. But, pursuant to Indiana Code Section 31-19-2-14(a), the

       court in which the petition for adoption has been filed—here, the adoption

       court—was required to consolidate the two pending actions. As such, the

       adoption court erred when it failed to consolidate the paternity action with the

       adoption proceeding.

                                                   Conclusion

[22]   We affirm the adoption court’s conclusion that Father’s consent to the adoption

       of the Child is not required. However, we reverse the adoption court’s grant of

       the adoption petition and we remand for proceedings not inconsistent with this

       opinion. On remand, we instruct the adoption court to set aside the adoption

       decree, order the period of supervision and report of the investigation and

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 57A05-1709-AD-2194 | March 13, 2018   Page 13 of 14
       recommendation by a licensed child placing agency as required by statute, and

       consolidate the paternity action with the adoption.

[23]   Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded with instructions.

       Mathias, J., and Barnes, J., concur.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 57A05-1709-AD-2194 | March 13, 2018   Page 14 of 14