Court Opinion

ID: 6316563
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-02-22 23:00:21.739605+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:01:44.531857
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                       For the First Circuit

No. 19-1815

                      UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                              Appellee,

                                 v.

                     ALEJANDRO CARRIÓN-MELÉNDEZ,

                        Defendant, Appellant.

          APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                FOR THE DISTRICT OF PUERTO RICO

        [Hon. Jay A. García-Gregory, U.S. District Judge]

                               Before

              Barron, Selya, and Lipez, Circuit Judges.

     Samuel P. Carrión, Assistant Federal Public Defender, with
whom Eric Alexander Vos, Federal Public Defender, Franco L. Pérez-
Redondo, Assistant Federal Public Defender, Supervisor, Appeals
Division, and Alejandra Bird López, Research & Writing Specialist,
were on brief, for appellant.
     Gregory B. Conner, Assistant United States Attorney, with
whom W. Stephen Muldrow, United States Attorney, Mariana E. Bauzá-
Almonte, Assistant United States Attorney, Chief, Appellate
Division, and Julia M. Meconiates, Assistant United States
Attorney, were on brief, for appellee.

                          February 22, 2022
           BARRON,       Circuit    Judge.        Alejandro     Carrión-Meléndez

("Carrión")      challenges       his     sentence      of   ninety   months     of

imprisonment     and     three    years    of    supervised     release   for   his

conviction on a firearms offense charge under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g).

He   contends    that    the     sentence      cannot   stand   because   it    was

predicated on the application of a four-level enhancement under

the United States Sentencing Guidelines ("U.S.S.G.") that the

record does not support.           We vacate the sentence and remand for

resentencing.

                                          I.

           We draw the following facts from the portions of the

presentence report to which neither party objected.                   See United

States v. Rogers, 17 F.4th 229, 232 (1st Cir. 2021) (citing United

States v. Benoit, 975 F.3d 20, 21 (1st Cir. 2020)).                A confidential

informant told the Puerto Rico Police Department ("PRPD") on May

3, 2018, that a probationer was illegally armed.                   The informant

also told the PRPD at that time that the probationer visited a

certain gas station in Manatí, Puerto Rico every day and that the

probationer had been seen at the Villa Evangelina Public Housing

Project ("PHP") in the same city.              The informant also provided the

police with the license plate number, make, model, and color of

the car that the probationer drove.

           The    PRPD    subsequently         both   discovered   that   the   car

described by the informant had been reported stolen six months

                                        - 2 -
prior and corroborated that the driver of the car, Carrión, was on

probation for a state narcotics conviction. Then, on May 16, 2018,

PRPD officers observed Carrión, a lifelong resident of Villa

Evangelina, driving the car that the informant had described at

the gas station that the informant had mentioned.

           The officers observed Carrión exit the car carrying a

sports bag. They also observed him enter the gas station, followed

by another man who had arrived ten minutes prior and who had waited

outside the gas station with a fanny pack in hand.      The officers

had previously observed that man place what appeared to be a

firearm in the fanny pack.   The officers immediately arrested both

that man and Carrión and, incident to Carrión's arrest, conducted

a search of the sports bag that Carrión had been carrying.

          The officers seized from the sports bag a Glock pistol

that was fully loaded with eight rounds of ammunition, four small

plastic containers holding marijuana, and two magazines fully

charged with twenty-two rounds each.       The officers also seized

from Carrión's pants   pockets $2,177 in cash.        Moreover, the

officers seized from inside the car that Carrión was driving a

revolver, a fully loaded pistol, and six additional magazines,

five of which were fully loaded.       Carrión later admitted to law

enforcement that he owned the three firearms and that he was under

local probation.

                               - 3 -
            The same day, Carrión was charged in a criminal complaint

with one count of possession of a firearm by a prohibited person

in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1).       A week later, a grand jury

indicted him on that charge.           The indictment also contained a

firearms forfeiture allegation.        Carrión pleaded guilty to the §

922(g)(1) count on December 18, 2018.

            The    U.S.   Probation     Officer    filed   a    Presentence

Investigation Report ("PSR") on March 11, 2019.                The parties

subsequently      filed   sentencing    memoranda.      The    government's

memorandum objected to the PSR because it "fail[ed] to take into

account Defendant's possession of extended magazines, as well as

Defendant's possession of the firearms in connection with a felony

offense."    The government contended that, as a result, Carrión's

"Base Offense Level" ("BOL") should be calculated as 22 instead of

20, and that "an additional 4 points should be added for possessing

the firearms in connection with drug trafficking -- a felony

offense."    After other adjustments already included in the PSR,

that would bring Carrión's "Total Offense Level" ("TOL") to 27.

            The government's memorandum also argued for a sentence

at the high end of the guidelines range.          The government relied on

the PSR to argue that Carrión "was working as an armed enforcer

for the drug trade organization at the Villa Evangelina PHP in

Manatí, Puerto Rico" while he was "on probation" for previous drug

trafficking offenses.      The government included with its memorandum

                                  - 4 -
nearly fifty pictures that it alleged showed Carrión "packaging

mari[j]uana, and what appears to be cocaine, for distribution,"

and   his    "disturbing     penchant   for    high-capacity     firearms      and

drugs."

             The only context given for the pictures was that they

were "images extracted from . . . cellphones" that Carrión had in

his possession when he was arrested.              The government argued that

the pictures, together with the other evidence seized left "no

doubt that Defendant is engaged in drug trafficking."

             Carrión also objected to the PSR.           As relevant here, he

asked for "copies of supporting documents" regarding the "armed

enforcer" allegations.         His counsel stated that he "believe[d]

there was no finding of fact on behalf of the local judge as to a

revocation based on the events mentioned by [the U.S. Probation

Officer] in her motion rather than a revocation for the new federal

case."      The U.S. Probation Officer claimed that the "information

regarding the defendant's revocation of probation at the local

level was verified with the local probation officer who attended

said final revocation hearing on December 20, 2018."

             Thereafter, on May 3, 2019, the U.S. Probation Officer

disclosed an amended PSR and filed an addendum to the PSR.                     The

amended     PSR   included    the    heightened    BOL   and   the   four-level

enhancement       pursuant   to     U.S.S.G.   § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B)       based     on

Carrión's     possession     of     firearms   "in   connection      with     drug

                                      - 5 -
trafficking, a felony offense."       Carrión's recalculated TOL was,

as the government requested, placed at 27.                 The amended PSR

restated the allegations regarding Carrión's work as an "armed

enforcer for [a] drug trade organization."             It stated that state

law enforcement officers had reported this activity, and that

Carrión's    "P.R.   Probation   Officer   (PRPO)    . . .   confirmed    the

allegations with neighbors from said PHP."          It further stated that

Carrión's probation on prior drug trafficking charges had been

revoked on December 20, 2018, and that he had been sentenced to a

term of imprisonment of five years, after "PRPO submitted a motion

notifying violation of conditions of probation."

            Based on the recalculated TOL and Carrión's uncontested

criminal history category of III, the PSR calculated the guideline

imprisonment range as 87 to 108 months.          Without the enhancement,

the TOL would have been 23 and the guideline imprisonment range

would have been 57 to 71 months.      See U.S.S.G. ch. 5, pt. A.

            Carrión filed four objections to the amended PSR.             Two

are relevant to this appeal.

            The first concerns Carrión's objection to the inclusion

in the PSR of claims regarding his status as an "armed enforcer

for   [a]   drug   trade   organization"   and   the    revocation   of   his

probation.    He argued that "there is no basis in fact to determine

that the facts alleged by the PRPO occurred nor that the reason

                                  - 6 -
for the revocation was anything other than the conviction [in] the

present case."

             Carrión also objected to the inclusion of the four-level

enhancement.          He did so on the ground that there was "no evidence

that he 'used or possessed any firearm or ammunition in connection

with any other felony offense.'"

             The District Court issued a minute order overruling

Carrión's objections.              It explained that "the record contains

sufficient supporting evidence justifying the inclusion of [the

armed enforcer] language in the PSR," and that "the government has

shown,     by     a    preponderance          of   the    evidence,       that    U.S.S.G.

§ 2K2.1(b)(6)([B]) is applicable."

             At       Carrión's    sentencing          hearing,     he    reiterated         the

objections that he had made to the amended PSR.                           In response to

his arguments, the District Court expressed "doubts concerning the

four-point        enhancement."           The         government     argued      that    the

photographs that it had submitted with its sentencing memorandum

supported application of the enhancement.                     Carrión then objected

to   the    consideration         of    the     photographs        the    government     had

submitted       because     they       were    not     "presented        correctly      in    a

sufficient manner for the Court to determine the reliability" of

them.      The District Court again overruled Carrión's objection to

the enhancement.

                                              - 7 -
            The government thereafter "request[ed] a sentence at the

high end of the guideline range."         In doing so, the government, in

addition to restating the allegations already discussed, played

for the District Court a video that it said was taken on May 11,

2018, at the Villa Evangelina PHP.            The government argued that the

video showed that Carrión "associates with individuals carrying

the same type of weaponry that were [sic] found on his phone in"

that housing project.

            The defense objected to this video and the government's

narrative description of what it contained.             Before the video was

played, the District Court responded to Carrión's objection by

saying "I'm not going to take [the video] into consideration," yet

it later stated that it would allow the government to show the

video but "I may not take it into consideration" (emphasis added).

The District Court did not mention the video again after it was

played.

            The District Court, without substantial explanation of

its reasoning, applied the four-level enhancement for possessing

firearms in connection with drug trafficking and imposed a sentence

of ninety months of imprisonment and three years of supervised

release.1       In   imposing   its   sentence,    it   stated   that   Carrión

            The District Court applied the four-level enhancement
            1

based on Carrión's purported drug trafficking, and not based on
his possession of marijuana. The government does not contend on

                                      - 8 -
"decided to continue working as an armed enforcer for the drug

trafficking organization at the Villa Evangelina PHP."

           Carrión timely appealed.

                                     II.

           Carrión argues that the District Court erred in applying

the enhancement in question because it improperly relied on the

allegation in the PSR that Carrión "was working as an armed

enforcer for the drug trade organization at the Villa Evangelina

PHP," which the PSR claimed had been confirmed by Carrión's PRPO

"with neighbors from said PHP."           The District Court's reliance on

the   allegation   was   improper,    Carrión    argues,    because   it   was

unsupported by a preponderance of the evidence.              He contends in

that regard that the allegation was conclusory, unsworn, and

multiple-level     hearsay   from    an    unidentified    source   that   was

lacking in any details to support it.         Cf. United States v. Torres-

Landrúa, 783 F.3d 58, 64 (1st Cir. 2015) (holding that a district

court "did not abuse its discretion in concluding that" statements

that were "basically rumors . . . were unreliable and excluding

them").   In reviewing this properly preserved challenge to the

procedural reasonableness of the sentence, "we afford de novo

review to the sentencing court's interpretation and application of

the sentencing guidelines, assay the court's factfinding for clear

appeal that the enhancement is supportable on the ground of mere
possession.

                                    - 9 -
error, and evaluate its judgment calls for abuse of discretion."

United States v. Stinson, 978 F.3d 824, 826 (1st Cir. 2020)

(quoting United States v. Ruiz-Huertas, 792 F.3d 223, 226 (1st

Cir. 2015)).

             We recognize that a PSR generally "bears sufficient

indicia of reliability to permit the district court to rely on it

at sentencing."        United States v. Miranda-Díaz, 942 F.3d 33, 40

(1st Cir. 2019) (quoting United States v. González-Rodríguez, 859

F.3d 134, 137 (1st Cir. 2017)).          But, where an objection has been

raised, the "mere inclusion in the PSR" of factual allegations

"does not convert facts lacking an adequate evidentiary basis with

sufficient indicia of reliability into facts a district court may

rely upon at sentencing."          United States v. Harris, 702 F.3d 226,

230 n.2 (5th Cir. 2012).           And, the objected-to allegation in the

PSR   that   Carrión    was   an   "armed   enforcer   for   [a]   drug   trade

organization" does lack the indicia of reliability that we have

found sufficient in prior cases.         See, e.g., United States v. Lee,

892 F.3d 488, 492 (1st Cir. 2018); United States v. Mills, 710

F.3d 5, 16 (1st Cir. 2013); United States v. Green, 426 F.3d 64,

67 (1st Cir. 2005). Instead, as Carrión contends, the armed-

enforcer allegation is multiple-level hearsay that does not fall

into a recognized exception, is made by an unnamed source, is not

detailed, and is uncorroborated. Thus, we agree with Carrión that,

insofar as the District Court did rely on this allegation in the

                                     - 10 -
PSR in applying the enhancement, it abused its discretion in doing

so.

            Notably, the government does not contend in its briefing

to us -- though it switched course at oral argument -- that the

allegation in question in the PSR does bear sufficient indicia of

reliability to provide a supportable basis for finding Carrión to

be an "armed enforcer for [a] drug trade organization."                        It

contends instead only that the District Court did not rely on the

allegation when applying the four-level enhancement.                  As to that

contention, however, we cannot agree.

            The government does not dispute that the District Court

cited to and stated the "armed enforcer" allegation as if it were

a   fact   in    setting     forth   the   reasons   for   choosing    Carrión's

sentence.       It instead contends that the District Court did so only

in reference to the balancing of the sentencing factors set out in

18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) and not to support the application of the four-

level enhancement to which Carrión objects.

            To be sure, at the sentencing hearing, most immediately

before denying Carrión's objection to the four-level enhancement,

the District Court noted Carrión's unexplained possession of a

large amount of cash, and not the "armed enforcer" allegation.

The   record      reveals,    however,     that   the   allegation     was   made

persistently at each stage of the sentencing proceedings, starting

when the original PSR was filed.            It further reveals that by the

                                      - 11 -
end of the sentencing proceedings the District Court had the

allegation in mind and found it sufficiently reliable to use in

crafting the sentence.    And, while the government may have tried

to maintain a wall between the evidence that it used in addressing

the § 3553(a) factors and the evidence on which it relied to argue

for   application   of   the   four-level   enhancement   under   the

Guidelines, the District Court denied Carrión's objections to the

application of the four-level enhancement, first in a minute order

and then in a short statement from the bench, without clearly

stating in either that the allegation played no role in its

determination that the enhancement applied.

          We thus conclude that it is prudent to give the District

Court the opportunity to clarify and, if appropriate, reconsider

the precise basis for applying the enhancement.    See United States

v. Gilman, 478 F.3d 440, 446-47 (1st Cir. 2007) ("[I]f we are in

fact unable to discern from the record the reasoning behind the

district court's sentence, appellate review is frustrated and 'it

is incumbent upon us to vacate, though not necessarily to reverse'

the decision below to provide the district court an opportunity to

explain its reasoning at resentencing." (quoting United States v.

Feliz, 453 F.3d 33, 36 (1st Cir. 2006)) (citing United States v.

McDowell, 918 F.2d 1004, 1012 (1st Cir. 1990))).    A review of the

evidence in the record that is independent of the challenged

allegation supports our following this course.

                               - 12 -
            There is a surfeit of support in the record for a finding

regarding    Carrión's   involvement     with   firearms.     But,   the

enhancement as applied here, see supra note 1, also requires that

the possession of firearms be in connection with drug trafficking.

            There is evidence in the record that supportably shows

that at least one of the people depicted in the video is involved

in the drug trade, but the District Court appears to have indicated

that it was inclined not to rely on the video, in part due to

questions about the video's probative value with respect to Carrión

himself.    Moreover, the record does not show that the person who

was found with Carrión and arrested at the gas station is involved

in drug trafficking.

            Carrión was found with more than $2,000 in cash along

with drugs, and he had a prior drug conviction.       But, the quantity

of those drugs was relatively small and arguably consistent with

personal use, and the conviction was from 2010, which was eight

years before his arrest in this case.           In addition, the record

does not show when the photographs that the government included in

its sentencing memorandum and that appear to show Carrión with

large quantities of drugs were taken.

            The government emphasizes that a firearm was found with

the small amount of drugs in Carrión's sports bag and that "in a

situation in which the additional felony [underlying the four-

point enhancement] is drug trafficking, the guideline means that

                                - 13 -
the enhancement is appropriate whenever the firearm is in close

proximity to drugs."   United States v. Paneto, 661 F.3d 709, 717

(1st Cir. 2011).   And, we recognize that we have upheld on clear

error review the express application of the four-level enhancement

at issue here based on certain inferences made from factual

predicates that bear some similarities to this one.     See United

States v. Reyes-Torres, 979 F.3d 1, 8-9 (1st Cir. 2020); United

States v. Matthews, 749 F.3d 99, 105-06 (1st Cir. 2014); United

States v. Cannon, 589 F.3d 514, 515, 518-19 (1st Cir. 2009).

          But, the District Court here, as we have explained, made

no clear factual finding that the evidence independent of the armed

enforcer allegation supported the conclusion that Carrión was

involved with drug trafficking such that his possession of the

firearms was in connection with such trafficking and thus that

that evidence supported the sentencing enhancement's application.

We thus have no finding here to scrutinize that is akin to those

that had been made in the cases that the government invokes in

asking us to affirm the application of the enhancement here.

                               III.

          We vacate the sentence and remand for resentencing.

                              - 14 -