Court Opinion

ID: 4562355
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-09-02 18:00:34.029151+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:27:48.246326
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                _______________

                                      No. 19-2991
                                    _______________

                      RAMONA DIXON; ROMELLE THOMPSON;
                      CAROLYN JEFFERS; VALERIE WEAVER;
                         JOHN TWYMAN; JANINE HOWIE,
                 all as Members of the First Baptist Church of Fairview,
                                                                      Appellants
                                            v.

       ERIC WASHINGTON, Individually and in his Official Fiduciary Capacity
                    as Trustee of the First Baptist Church of Fairview;
      REV. KOREY V. GRICE, Individually and in his Official Fiduciary Capacity
        as Pastor and Executive Officer of the First Baptist Church of Fairview;
       JOSEPH HOLLMAN, Individually and in his Official Fiduciary Capacity
                   as a Deacon of the First Baptist Church of Fairview
                                    _______________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
                                (D.C. No. 2:18-cv-02838)
                     District Judge: Honorable Michael M. Baylson
                                   _______________

                      Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                   on July 7, 2020

                Before: McKEE, BIBAS, and FUENTES, Circuit Judges

                                (Filed: September 2, 2020)
                                    _______________

                                       OPINION*
                                    _______________

*
  This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and, under I.O.P. 5.7, is not binding
precedent.
BIBAS, Circuit Judge.

   Just because a church plans to give out benefits does not mean it has a church benefit

plan under ERISA. In any event, First Baptist Church’s congregants are not its employees

and lack standing to bring these ERISA claims. So we will affirm.

   On this appeal from the District Court’s dismissal, we take the complaint’s allegations

as true: Members of the church’s congregation sued its former pastor Rev. Korey Grice,

trustee Eric Washington, and deacon Joseph Hollman. After the church got a government

grant to repair flood damage, these church officials took some of the money or let it be

taken. Rev. Grice also stole money from a church scholarship fund set up for its high-

school seniors and used a church ATM card for his own expenses, and Washington and

Hollman let him do so.

   The congregants sued the church officials in federal court. At first, they brought many

claims, including breaches of fiduciary duty under ERISA, 29 U.S.C. § 1109. The District

Court dismissed all of them, but let the congregants amend their ERISA claims. Dixon v.

Washington, No. 18-2838, 2018 WL 5046033, at *4 (E.D. Pa. Oct. 17, 2018). They tried

twice to fix their deficient claims, but at last the District Court dismissed the remaining

ERISA claims with prejudice for failure to state a claim. Id. The congregants now appeal.

We review de novo. Leuthner v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Ne. Pa., 454 F.3d 120, 124

(3d Cir. 2006).

   ERISA governs only “employee benefit plan[s].” 29 U.S.C. § 1003(a). Plan participants

or beneficiaries may bring civil actions to enforce an ERISA plan or to get relief for any

violations. Id. § 1132(a)(1), (a)(3). The District Court rightly found that (1) there was no

                                             2
employee benefit plan, and (2) the church members were neither plan participants nor ben-

eficiaries and so lacked statutory standing. Either ground suffices to hold that the congre-

gants cannot bring ERISA claims for breach of fiduciary duty.

   Though scholarship funds can qualify as ERISA plans, this one does not. ERISA is

short for the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, Pub. L. No. 93-406, 88

Stat. 829. As the name implies, it imposes safeguards on employers’ plans to protect their

employees and their families. Under ERISA, an employee benefit plan must be set up or

maintained by an employer (or employee organization) for its employees or former em-

ployees (and their beneficiaries). 29 U.S.C. § 1002(1)–(3), (7), (8). But the high-school

seniors who were to get scholarships are none of those things.

   For the same reasons, the church’s charitable programs for its members and the wider

community are not ERISA church plans. A church plan is simply an employee benefit plan

that is set up or maintained by a church for its employees. 29 U.S.C. § 1002(33). A church’s

members and the wider community are not employees of the church. Because there is no

employee benefit plan, there is no church plan to give rise to duties under ERISA.

   What is more, only “a participant or beneficiary” or a fiduciary (or the Secretary of

Labor) has statutory standing under ERISA to sue to recover benefits or enforce rights

under a plan. 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)–(3). But as noted, congregants are not employees,

former employees, or their beneficiaries. And no one claims that they are plan fiduciaries.

So they lack statutory standing to bring ERISA claims.

   The congregants try to create standing by noting that they choose the church’s pastor

and so count as employers of Rev. Grice. Employers, they note, can also be participants or

                                             3
beneficiaries with ERISA standing. True, a working owner of a business can be both the

employer and an ERISA plan participant, but only if the plan covers an employee too.

Raymond B. Yates, M.D., P.C. Profit Sharing Plan v. Hendon, 541 U.S. 1, 6, 16 (2004).

Here, however, the only possible plan (the scholarship program) is not for employees, but

for church members. Since there is no benefit plan for employees, the congregants cannot

have standing as employers.

                                       * * * * *

   The church officials allegedly misused church funds for their own benefit. That may be

a crime or tort under state law. But any alleged wrongdoing had nothing to do with an

ERISA employee benefit plan. Even if there were such a plan, the congregants would be

the wrong people to sue. So we will affirm the District Court’s dismissal.

                                            4