Court Opinion

ID: 8373980
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-10-18 17:01:32.675175+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:46:11.433263
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                          No. 22-659
                                  Filed: September 27, 2022
                                Re-issued: October 18, 20221
    ________________________________________
                                                        )
    HOMELAND SECURITY SOLUTIONS, INC.,                  )
                                                        )
                         Plaintiff,                     )
                                                        )
       v.                                               )
                                                        )
    THE UNITED STATES,                                  )
                                                        )
                         Defendant.                     )
    ________________________________________            )

Shomari B. Wade, Greenberg Traurig, LLP, Washington, D.C., for Plaintiff. Michael J.
Gardner, Timothy M. McLister, and Christopher M. O’Brien, of counsel.

Sean K. Griffin, Trial Attorney, United States Department of Justice, Civil Division, Washington,
D.C., with whom was Douglas K. Mickle, Assistant Director, Patricia M. McCarthy, Director,
and Brian M. Boynton, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General, for Defendant. Amanda
Belanger, Associate Counsel, Office of Counsel for the Commandant, United States Marine
Corps, of counsel.

                                    OPINION AND ORDER

MEYERS, Judge.

        In this pre-award bid protest, Homeland Security Solutions, Inc. (“HSSI”), a long-term
incumbent contractor, challenges the Marine Corps’ decision to procure a follow-on contract as a
set-aside for service-disabled veteran owned small businesses, which excludes HSSI from
competing for the follow-on contract. The regulatory framework governing set-asides for small
businesses imposes a purposely low threshold, and the Marine Corps met these minimum
requirements to lawfully set aside the challenged procurement. Therefore, the Court denies
HSSI’s motion for judgment on the administrative record, motion to complete the administrative
record, and for permanent injunctive relief. And the grants the United States’ cross-motion for
judgment on the administrative record.

1
  The Court initially filed this opinion under seal to allow the Parties to propose redactions. The
Court has incorporated the proposed redactions and makes them with bracketed ellipses
(“[ . . . ]”) below.
I.     Background

       A.      The Marine Corps Civilian Law Enforcement Program

        In the 2000’s, the U.S. Marine Corps (“USMC”) launched the Marine Corps Civilian
Law Enforcement Program (“MCLEP”), which “provides oversight, establishes policy and
doctrine requirements and manages manpower resources for civilian and military personnel in
support of Marine Corps Law Enforcement.” AR 150. “MCLEP’s primary mission requirement
is to centrally-manage civilian hiring, provide entry level training and initial uniform and
equipment issue for law enforcement and security personnel to various locations.” Id.

       Since 2009, the USMC has contracted with HSSI to support MCLEP. AR 212-13.
Through a series of contracts HSSI is the only contractor that has supported MCLEP, although
the scope of these contracts has decreased over the years. AR 212-13. The current MCLEP
contract is set to expire in March 2023. AR 213.

       B.      The procurement

       The USMC conducted market research for MCLEP requirements in 2016 when procuring
a predecessor contract. AR 139. As part of this research, the USMC hosted an industry day and
requested capability statements from interested parties. AR 147. The USMC received ten
capability statements in response. Id. Because the program manager determined that the small
business respondents were unlikely to be capable of satisfying the program requirements, the
USMC did not set-aside any of the prior contract for small businesses. Id.

        On January 28, 2022, the USMC issued Sources Sought Notice No. M95494-MR22-009
(the “SSN”), “seeking information from interested organizations on capabilities in the
marketplace for the performance of Program Management, Training and Support Services for the
HQMC Law Enforcement Program (MCLEP).” AR 154. The SSN contained a draft
Performance Work Statement (the “Draft PWS”) and a draft personnel requirements matrix. Id.
The SSN lists the NAICS code as 541611 and a size standard of $16.5 million of annual receipts.
Id. For this procurement, the Draft PWS identifies 17 required tasks, which are: (1) Program
Management; (2) MCLE Law Enforcement Subject Matter Expert (SME) Support (Program
Analyst, Manpower, Human Resources and Recruiting); (3) MCLE Policy/Doctrine Support; (4)
MCLE Background Investigation Support; (5) MCLE Logistics and Supply Support; (6)
Credentialing and Badge Support; (7) Law Enforcement Information Systems and Information
Communications Support; (8) Shareable Content Object Reference Model (SCORM); (9) Law
Enforcement SME Support (Training, Assessment and Compliance); (10) PSL Administration
and Staffing Support; (11) PSL Policy/Doctrine Support; (12) PSL Corrections Support; (13)
MCPA Instructor and Training Support; (14) MCLE/MCPA Senior Curriculum Manager; (15)
MCPA Administration Support; (16) MCPA RFI/Logistics Support; and (17) MCPA Lead
Instructor Support. AR 158-78.

           The USMC received five responses to the SSN. These responses came from HSSI,
[ . . . ], and two small businesses participating in the Small Business Administration’s Section

                                                 2
8(a) program. AR 328. At the time, HSSI was a large business.2 Id. Both [ . . . ] and [ . . . ] are
Service-Disabled Veteran Owned Small Businesses (“SDVOSBs”). Id. A third SDVOSB
sought information from the USMC after the deadline for responding to the SSN, and the USMC
sent the Draft PWS to this third SDVOSB. AR 326-27.

       The contracting officer’s representative (“COR”) reviewed the five responses that the
USMC received. The contracting officer requested the COR review the responses and assess
each “Respondent’s potential to fulfill 50% of the tasking of the PWS.” AR 322. The
contracting officer explained that the 50% requirement was due to a prime contractor’s ability to
subcontract up to 50% of the work. Id. The COR provided his assessment a few days later, and
there was a limited back-and-forth between him and the contracting officer. AR 321-25. The
COR found that both [ . . . ] and [ . . . ] appeared capable of meeting the 50% threshold. AR 324-
25, 328-29.

         The contracting officer concurred with the COR’s assessment. AR 324-25. She found
that four of the five respondents, including HSSI, [ . . . ], and [ . . . ], were capable of performing
the contract requirements. AR 328-29. She, therefore, concluded that there were at least two
SDVOSBs ([ . . . ] and [ . . . ]) that she deemed capable of performing the contract requirements
and likely to submit competitive proposals, leading to award at a fair market price. Id. As a
result, the contracting officer recommended setting aside the procurement for SDVOSBs. The
Director of the USMC’s Headquarters Office of Small Business Programs concurred with the
set-aside recommendation. AR 330. The Director of Contracts approved the acquisition
strategy, including the SDVOSB set-aside. AR 338-61.

        The USMC also prepared an Independent Government Cost Estimate (“IGCE”) for the
expected scope of work. AR 344. The IGCE was [ . . . ], with an average yearly estimate of
between [ . . . ]. AR 344. The IGCE consisted of hourly rates for various labor categories using
the General Services Administration’s Contract Awarded Labor Categories Tool, travel and per
diem costs, material and uniform costs, and other direct costs. These amounts were based on
historical data and included escalation rates during the option years. AR 344-45.

        On May 11, 2022, the USMC issued Solicitation No. M95494-22-R-0006 as a SDVOSB
set-aside. AR 453. The “core components of this contract” are “program management support
to ensure comprehensive, consistent, effective, and efficient law enforcement skills and
readiness, the procurement of associated police equipment and uniforms, program management
oversight, policy and doctrine support, and law enforcement training support (initial, in-service,
sustainment, and advanced).” AR 646. The required tasks in the Draft PWS remained largely
the same in the Solicitation. Compare AR 158-78, with AR 648-69.

        C.      The FY2022 National Defense Authorization Act

        Section 874 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022, Pub. L.
117-81, 135 Stat. 1541 (2021) (“FY22 NDAA”) authorizes the Secretary of Defense to authorize
a pilot program through which the Department of Defense (“DoD”) could award successor

2
 HSSI contends that if the competition is reopened, it would now qualify as a small business
under the size standards of this procurement. ECF No. 20 at 2.

                                                   3
contracts to contractors wholly owned by an Employee Stock Ownership Plan (“ESOP”) without
competition, if the ESOP had performed at least satisfactorily throughout the prior contract term.
FY22 NDAA § 874(b). While the FY22 NDAA authorized the ESOP pilot program, it did not
mandate it. The statute provides that “the Secretary of Defense may establish a pilot program to
carry out the requirements of this section.” Id. § 874(b)(1) (emphasis added). And “[i]f the
Secretary of Defense establishes a pilot program under this section, the Secretary shall establish
mechanisms to collect and analyze data on the pilot program . . . .” Id. § 874(d)(1) (emphasis
added).

        Shortly before the USMC released the Solicitation, in April 2022, HSSI requested the
USMC utilize Section 874 to award a successor contract without competition. AR 408-09. In a
series of communications, the USMC explained that Section 874 was not available because
certain prerequisites had not been met, including the completion of a data collection and
reporting strategy plan. AR 407.

II.    Jurisdiction and Standard of Review

        This Court has jurisdiction to review a pre-award bid protest under 28 U.S.C.
§ 1491(b)(1). In reviewing a bid protest, the Court applies the Administrative Procedure Act’s
(“APA”) standards. Id. § 1491(b)(4). Under the APA review, “[t]he Court reviews the
contracting officer’s analysis to determine whether it was arbitrary or capricious, a standard
requiring only that the action be supported by a rational basis.” Mgmt. & Training Corp. v.
United States, 118 Fed. Cl. 155, 168 (2013) (citing 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(4)) (additional citations
omitted). It is not for this Court to determine whether the USMC’s set-aside decision was one
the Court would have made. Instead, there is a “zone of acceptable results in a particular case”
and arbitrary and capricious review “requires only that the final decision reached by an agency
be the result of a process which ‘consider[s] the relevant factors’ and is ‘within the bounds of
reasoned decision-making.’” JWK Int’l Corp. v. United States, 52 Fed. Cl. 650, 654 n.8 (2002),
aff’d, 56 Fed. Appx. 474 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (citing Baltimore Gas & Elec. Co. v. Natural Res. Def.
Council, Inc., 462 U.S. 87, 105 (1983)) (additional citations omitted). “This standard requires us
to sustain [the agency’s] set-aside if it evinces rational reasoning and consideration of relevant
factors.” Res-Care, Inc. v. United States, 735 F.3d 1384, 1390 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (citing Advanced
Data Concepts, Inc. v. United States, 216 F.3d 1054, 1057-58 (Fed. Cir. 2000)). Finally, “[a]
contracting officer’s decision to set aside a contract for small businesses invokes ‘highly
deferential rational basis review.’” Id. (quoting Weeks Marine, Inc. v. United States, 575 F.3d
1352, 1368-69 (Fed. Cir. 2009).

III.   Discussion

       A.      The Rule of Two

        Pursuant to the “Rule of Two,” a “contracting officer shall set aside any acquisition over
the simplified acquisition threshold for small business participation when there is a reasonable
expectation that: (1) Offers will be obtained from at least two responsible small business
concerns . . . and (2) Award will be made at fair market prices.” 48 C.F.R. § 19.502–2(b). When
the Rule of Two is satisfied, the Government creates “restricted competition market” for the
qualifying small businesses. Veteran Shredding, LLC v. United States, 146 Fed. Cl. 543, 574

                                                4
(2019). A “contracting officer’s determination under [48 C.F.R.] § 19.502–2 ‘concerns a matter
of business judgment within the contracting officer’s discretion that . . . will not be disturbed
absent a showing that it was unreasonable.’” Glob. Comput. Enters., Inc. v. United States, 88
Fed. Cl. 350, 445 (2009) (quoting Quality Hotel Westshore; Quality Inn Busch Gardens, B-
290046, 2002 WL 1162918, at *2 (Comp. Gen. May 31, 2002)). An agency’s decision is
reasonable if there is a “‘rational connection between the facts and the decision made.’” MCS
Mgmt., Inc. v. United States, 48 Fed. Cl. 506, 516 (2000) (quoting Crux Computer Corp. v.
United States, 24 Cl. Ct. 223, 226 (1991)). Finally, “[t]he Rule of Two is part of a larger
framework in the FAR established to benefit small businesses. All that is required is a
reasonable expectation.” Adams & Assocs., Inc. v. United States, 109 Fed. Cl. 340, 357 (2013),
aff’d, 741 F.3d 102 (Fed. Cir. 2014). Indeed, “[t]he threshold for meeting the criteria of the Rule
of Two is purposefully low and is counterbalanced by FAR provisions that provide direction in
the event of a failed set-aside.” Id.

               1.      The contracting officer’s reasonable expectation that two responsible
               offerors will submit offers

          The first prong of the Rule of Two analysis is whether there “is a reasonable expectation
that . . . [o]ffers will be obtained from at least two responsible small business concerns . . . .” 48
C.F.R. § 19.502-2(b). HSSI acknowledges that to satisfy this prong, the contracting officer need
not engage in a full responsibility determination but argues that “‘the contracting officer must
have a reasonable expectation that likely small business offerors will survive a future
responsibility determination.’” ECF No. 20 at 5 (quoting Adams & Assocs., 741 F.3d at 111).

         HSSI takes issue with the contracting officer’s reliance on past market research and the
review of capability statements. According to HSSI, there could be no reasonable expectation
that at least two responsible SDVOSBs would submit offers based on the information before the
contracting officer. HSSI argues that in making the SDVOSB set-aside decision, the contracting
officer erroneously considered only outdated market research from 2016 and the responses to the
SSN. ECF No. 18 at 14 (quoting AR 329).

                       a)      2016 Market Research

        According to a 2016 market research report, the USMC held an Industry Day in August
2016 where it requested capability statements from interested parties. ECF No. 18 at 14. HSSI
argues that a review of that report demonstrates that “only one capable SDVOSB responded . . .
and that entity was capable only if it partnered with the incumbent, HSSI.” Id. at 15. HSSI
further argues that “[t]his research does not support the Agency’s decision to set-aside the
present requirement.” Id. The record, however, does not support the conclusion that the
contracting officer relied on the 2016 market research at any point in reaching her conclusion
about whether two SDVOSBs would likely submit proposals in response to this procurement.

        During the deliberations between the contracting officer and the COR, who was the
program manager for the services the USMC was procuring, they discussed only the responses to
the SSN and their capability assessment based on those responses. AR 321-27. There is not a
single reference to the 2016 market research. In fact, the Small Business Coordination Record
memorializing the contracting officer’s decision to set aside the procurement for SDVOSBs lists

                                                  5
only the SSN and the USMC’s capability determination as “market research” for this
procurement. AR 328-29 (Box 11A). There is no mention of anything from 2016. Not one. To
the extent any doubt remains, the contracting officer provided a declaration regarding the harms
to the Government from an injunction. In an introductory paragraph, she explains that the
market research she conducted and relied upon consisted of the SSN, the capability statements,
and the USMC’s evaluation of the capability statements. ECF No. 19-1 ¶ 3. Again, there is not
a single mention of 2016 market research. The Court will not presume the contracting officer
relied on something that she neither listed as market research in her written coordination record,
nor discussed with the COR when deciding whether to set aside the procurement for small
business concerns, nor mentioned in her declaration to this Court.

       The Small Business Coordination Record does not refer to the 2016 market research as
being market research for this procurement. Instead, the coordination record only mentions the
2016 market research in response to a requirement to provide the history of prior contract
awards. Specifically, the coordination record requires a brief history of predecessor contracts
and whether “orders could be set aside for small business.” AR 329. Every statement HSSI
contends shows reliance on the 2016 market research appears in response to this requirement.
The entirety of the requirement and response makes this clear:

               14C. LIST NAME, CONTRACT NUMBER(S), CAGE
               CODE(S), AND DUNS OF CONTRACTOR(S) THAT
               RECEIVED PREVIOUS AWARD(S). INCLUDE TYPE(S) OF
               BUSINESSES FOR EACH CONTRACTOR (e.g., SB,
               HUBZone SB, SDB, SDVOSB, EDWOSB, WOSB, other than
               small business), AND TYPE(S) OF CONTRACT. INCLUDE
               PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE WITH OPTIONS, AND
               TOTAL CONTRACT VALUE INCLUDING ALL
               MODIFICATIONS AND EXERCISED OPTIONS. If previous
               contract was consolidated or bundled, list all contractors that
               received previous awards for any portion of this work; if previous
               contract was a MAC, list all previous contractors and indicate if
               reserves were used and if orders could be set aside for small
               business. Attach additional pages as necessary.

               Homeland Security Solutions, Inc. (HSSI), a Large Business,
               (CAGE 3MCT8) is the incumbent, currently performing on
               M00264-19-C-0007; and has been providing these services since
               2006. Where this current effort is being administered out of the
               Quantico Regional Contracting Office; access to documentation
               and market research is somewhat limited. However, the
               Contracting Officer was able to access the most recent Market
               Research performed by the RCO from 2016. An Industry Day was
               held August 2016, to which 22 different organizations attended;
               [sic] including the incumbent. Further, the OSBP released a
               Request for Information from Small Businesses interested in
               fulfilling the requirement; 10 Small Businesses responded with
               interest. Of these 10, only four (4) were deemed capable of

                                                6
               fulfilling the requirement; but due to the estimated value (~$85M),
               the OSBP recommended a Full and Open Competition, whereby it
               appeared too risky for a SB to have the financial capability to
               perform the requirement. HSSI was subsequently awarded the
               contract on 8 February 2019 with Option periods to support
               performance through 10 March 2023.

AR 329 (bold emphasis in original, italic emphasis added). It is abundantly clear that the USMC
was not using the 2016 market research to justify a SDVOSB set-aside in this procurement.
Instead, the discussion is clearly explaining why the prior contract was not set aside for small
business concerns.

        To the extent the USMC had relied on 2016 market research, that reliance would have
been misplaced. While there is no specific methodology required for a set aside determination,
market research is necessary to determine whether at least two qualifying businesses are likely to
submit proposals because “Agencies shall . . . [u]se the results of market research to . . .
[d]etermine whether the acquisition should utilize any of the small business programs in
accordance with part 19.” 48 C.F.R. § 10.001(a)(3)(viii). But market research goes stale. Thus,
“[t]he contracting officer may use market research conducted within 18 months before the award
of any task or delivery order if the information is still current, accurate, and relevant.” Id.
§ 10.002(b)(1). Suffice it to say, 2016 market research would not be probative for a procurement
taking place six years later. But this does not mean that the USMC did anything improper; it
means that the reasonableness of the Rule of Two determination will rest solely on the 2022
market research.

                      b)      2022 Market Research

        It is not clear from its briefing, but HSSI appears to assert that the 2016 market research
was the most recent market research conducted for this procurement. ECF No. 18 at 14. But this
assertion relies upon the language in the Small Business Coordination Report that, as explained
above, explains why prior contracts were not set aside for small business concerns based on 2016
market research. The USMC did conduct market research in 2022—it posted the SSN and Draft
PWS on the SAM.gov website and received five capability statements in response, which it
analyzed. This fits squarely within the FAR’s definition: “Market research means collecting and
analyzing information about capabilities within the market to satisfy agency needs.” 48 C.F.R.
§ 2.101. This Court has often found that posting an SSN and analyzing the responses constitutes
market research when making a small business set-aside determination. E.g., Dynamic
Educational Systems, Inc. v. United States, 109 Fed. Cl. 306, 312 (2013) (“The purpose of a
sources sought notice is to conduct market research regarding the businesses, specifically small
businesses, that operate in a particular industry and that might be willing subsequently to
compete for the work.”); Assessment & Training Solutions Consulting Corp. v. United States, 92
Fed. Cl. 722, 730-31 (2010) (recognizing an SSN and responses to it as market research).

        The question is whether the market research was sufficient. HSSI argues that it was not
for several reasons, mostly targeting one of the SDOVSBs that submitted a capability statement
in response to the SSN. Before turning to HSSI’s challenges to the USMC’s evaluation of [ . . . ]
capability statement, it bears recognizing that the analysis here is not whether two specific

                                                7
SDVOSBs are reasonably likely to submit offers but whether any two responsible SDVOSBs are
reasonably likely to submit offers. Mgmt. & Training Corp., 118 Fed. Cl. at 168-69 (recognizing
that although the agency “identified two particular small businesses which [it] believed to be
responsible and likely to submit offers, the Rule of Two only requires the agency to have a
‘reasonable expectation’ that it will receive at least two offers from some responsible small
businesses, not necessarily any two specific small businesses.”) (citing Adams & Assocs., 109
Fed. Cl. at 355) (additional citations omitted). Thus, even if the USMC’s conclusion that [ . . . ]
and [ . . . ] were reasonably likely to submit proposals was flawed, the USMC could still have
had a reasonable expectation that at least two responsible offerors would submit offers. And
“whether to set aside a solicitation for small businesses is a matter of business judgment within
the contracting officer’s discretion.” Adams & Assocs., 109 Fed. Cl. at 356. One should not
“conflate[] a set-aside determination with a responsibility determination . . . the former
determines whether there is a reasonable expectation that at least two responsible small
businesses will make an offer at fair market prices, while the latter determines whether an
individual contractor is responsible in the context of awarding a contract.” Adams & Assocs.,
741 F.3d at 111. Finally, the determination is not the final word. If the USMC does not get at
least two offers from responsible offerors, it is free to open the procurement to greater
competition. Adams & Assocs., 109 Fed. Cl. at 357 (“If there are no acceptable offers from
responsible small businesses in response to a set-aside, then FAR part 19.502–2(a) states that
‘the set-aside shall be withdrawn and . . . be resolicited on an unrestricted basis.’”) (alteration in
original). In other words, there is not a high bar to justify a small business set-aside, and the
contracting officer enjoys significant discretion in making such a determination. With this
framework, the Court turns to HSSI’s challenges to the USMC’s evaluation of capability
statements.

                       c)      The USMC’s analysis of prong one

        HSSI contends that the contracting officer did not analyze the capability statements to
determine whether they showed the respondents could perform the tasks set forth in the Draft
PWS. ECF No. 18 at 15. According to HSSI, the COR, who was the MCLEP program manager,
spent less than one working day analyzing the capability statements and questions how the
contracting officer concluded [ . . . ] would be capable of performing based on “experience that is
directly tied to some specific tasks in the PWS” when [ . . . ] did not list any “specific experience
in law enforcement.” ECF No. 18 at 16 (quoting AR 325). HSSI contends that the limited
analysis here is insufficient, as shown by the detailed mapping of capability statements to
specific tasks that the USMC conducted for the 2016 MCLEP procurement. Compare AR 6-7
with AR 324-25. But this argument fails because the USMC is not required to conduct the
detailed analysis that it did in 2016. There is no specific method required at all, so the fact that
the USMC did more analysis for a prior procurement does not make the analysis here inadequate.
E.g., Analytical Graphics, Inc. v. United States, 135 Fed. Cl. 378, 414 (2017) (“‘The law does
not require any particular method’” when performing a Rule of Two analysis.) (quoting Dynamic
Educational Sys., 109 Fed. Cl. at 326) (additional citation omitted).

       There are certainly several PWS tasks that have little (if anything) to do with “law
enforcement”—e.g., “program management,” “MCLE Background Investigation Support,”
“MCLE Logistics and Supply Support,” “Credentialing and Badge Support,” “Law Enforcement
Information Systems and Information Communications Support,” “MCPA Administration

                                                  8
Support,” and “MCPA RFI/Logistics Support.” AR 158-78. [ . . . ] explains its history of
compliant recruiting, management, and training support services for the U.S. Government,
including the USMC. AR 317. [ . . . ] also has history training personnel for the U.S.
Government, including combat elements of the USMC. AR 319-20. Recognizing that [ . . . ]
could perform some PWS tasks is wholly rational.3 And here, the USMC chose to analyze
capability to perform 50% of the tasks because the awardee could subcontract up to 50% of the
work. AR322.

         HSSI also argues that USMC could not have a reasonable expectation that [ . . . ] would
submit an offer as a prime contractor because [ . . . ] capability statement shows that it responded
in the context of a subcontractor. ECF No. 18 at 17. Thus, HSSI contends there could be no
reasonable expectation that two SDVOSBs would submit proposals. According to HSSI, “[ . . . ]
devotes considerable discussion to ways the solicitation should be structured to ensure that small
business subcontractors are provided meaningful engagement . . . [and] unambiguously identifies
itself as a small business. Thus, [ . . . ] is clearly submitting its capabilities as a proposed small
business subcontractor.” Id. at 17-18 (internal citation omitted). The USMC did not read [ . . . ]
capability statement as proposing to perform as a subcontractor. AR 325. The USMC’s
understanding is reasonable based on the entirety of [ . . . ] capability statement.

        The only support for HSSI’s argument is that [ . . . ] stated that the USMC should
structure the MCLEP contract to require at least 40% small business subcontracting. AR 316.
This statement could be read to mean that [ . . . ] sought to perform as a subcontractor and
wanted to ensure meaningful small business participation. It would be unusual for a small
business prime contractor to seek such a large small business subcontracting plan. But [ . . . ]
also made several representations that are incompatible with its seeking to perform as a
subcontractor. [ . . . ] stated that it intended to perform all contract requirements: “[ . . . ]” AR
315. And [ . . . ] stated that “[ . . . ]” AR 317. [ . . . ] also explained that it [ . . . ]. AR 318.
Given that it would be incompatible with being a subcontractor to rely on experience of large
business partners coupled with statements that [ . . . ] intended to perform all tasks make the
USMC’s reading of [ . . . ] capability statement as explaining capabilities to perform as a prime
contractor.

         The context in which parties responded to the SSN further supports the USMC’s
understanding. When the USMC posted the SSN, there was no small business set-aside included
or indicated. AR 150. Nor had the USMC set aside the MCLEP contracts in the past.
Therefore, it was not clear whether the USMC intended to set aside any or all of the MCLEP
contract for small business concerns. The plain reading of [ . . . ] capability statement, therefore,
is that it sought to explain its capabilities to be a prime contractor but wanted to make clear that
the USMC should include a significant small business contracting requirement if the MCLEP
contract was not set aside for small businesses. The USMC’s clear understanding that [ . . . ]

3
 The Government argues that [ . . . ] capability statement clearly shows its ability to perform
specific PWS Tasks. ECF No. 19 at 18. The USMC did not attempt to map capabilities with
PWS Tasks, so this Court does not consider mapping to PWS tasks. What is important for the
Court is what the USMC did contemporaneously, not what the Government argues to this Court.
Analytical Graphics, 135 Fed. Cl. at 418-19.

                                                   9
intended to submit a proposal as a prime contractor was rational based on the capability
statement and the context in which it was received.

        Finally, HSSI belatedly challenges the USMC’s reasonable expectation that [ . . . ] would
submit a proposal for the MCLEP contract. HSSI never argues in its motion that [ . . . ] lacked
the ability to perform or that the USMC could reasonably expect [ . . . ] to submit a proposal for
the MCLEP contract. In fact, HSSI mentions [ . . . ] only three times in its motion—twice in the
background section and once in passing when arguing for completing the administrative record.
ECF No. 18 at 5, 29. After the Government recognized this fact and stated that HSSI waived any
challenge regarding [ . . . ], HSSI raised several arguments in its reply in support of its motion for
judgment and response to the Government’s cross-motion. ECF No. 20 at 9-13. But it is “well
established that arguments not raised in the opening brief are waived.” SmithKline Beecham
Corp. v. Apotex Corp., 439 F.3d 1312, 1319 (Fed. Cir. 2006); see also Novosteel SA v. United
States, 284 F.3d 1261, 1273-74 (Fed. Cir. 2002); Tetra Tech Amt v. Dell Servs. Fed. Gov’t, Inc.,
128 Fed. Cl. 169, 184 (2016). During argument, HSSI argued that the Government “opened the
door” for these arguments when it stated in its cross-motion that HSSI conceded that there was
no error relating to [ . . . ]. Not so. If it were so easy to revive an abandoned argument, there
would be no case in which a party could waive an argument. HSSI waived any challenge to the
USMC’s expectations based on [ . . . ] capability statement and cannot use the Government’s
recognition of that fact to shoehorn waived arguments into this case.

        Having received two capability statements from SDVOSBs that the contracting officer
rationally found to be capable of performing, the USMC reasonably concluded that the first
prong of the Rule of Two was satisfied.

                       d)      The USMC’s expectation that award would be at fair market price

        The second prong of the Rule of Two requires that the USMC to have a reasonable
expectation that an “[a]ward will be made at fair market prices.” 48 C.F.R. § 19.502-2(b). As
HSSI acknowledges, “[t]his Court has explained that ‘[t]he most natural method of forming a
reasonable expectation that an award will be made at a fair market price is to rely on the
contracting officer’s expectation of competitive bidding.’” ECF No. 18 at 21 (quoting Mgmt. &
Training Corp., 118 Fed. Cl. at 171). If competition is two or more independent entities seeking
the same contract, and prong one requires a reasonable expectation that two or more responsible
small businesses are likely to submit proposals, it is hard to see what prong two adds to the
analysis. Here, 48 C.F.R. § 19.502-2(b)(2) provides that “past acquisition history and market
research” also inform this analysis. While a price analysis is not required, the Court has found
that looking to potential offerors’ experience and successes in the past to inform the decision
adds support to the second prong analysis. E.g., Analytical Graphics, 135 Fed. Cl. at 420.

        According to the record, the COR did recognize both [ . . . ] and [ . . . ] success in the
marketplace over the years. AR 324-25. Both [ . . . ] and [ . . . ] had been successful in the
marketplace for years. And this history of success in the marketplace bolsters the expectation
that prices will be fair and reasonable when proposals are received and analyzed. Analytical
Graphics, Inc. v United States, 135 Fed.378, 419 (2017). The USMC’s assessment of the
responses to the SSN from [ . . . ] and [ . . . ] provides sufficient support that the USMC had a
reasonable expectation that at least two responsible small business concerns would submit offers

                                                 10
and that an award would be made at fair market value based upon competitive bidding, satisfying
the Rule of Two. Therefore, the USMC’s decision to set aside the solicitation solely for
SDVOSBs was not arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance
with law.

        HSSI argues that the government couldn’t have had reasonable expectation of
competitive bidding because [ . . . ] submitted its capabilities as a subcontractor rather than a
prime contractor. As explained above, the USMC reasonably interpreted [ . . . ] response as
expressing an intent to submit a proposal as a prime contractor. HSSI’s argument fairs no better
here than it did for prong one.

        HSSI next argues that past acquisition history and market research cannot support a
reasonable expectation of an award at a fair market value because “HSSI has been the sole prime
contractor supporting the MCLEP program since its inception” and USMC “had no comparable
prior procurement history upon which to rely because it had not requested pricing information
from other offerors and the previous acquisition was not of a similar magnitude to the present
acquisition.” ECF No. 18 at 21-22. But the USMC was not required to conduct a price
evaluation at the Rule of Two stage. E.g., Adams & Assoc., 741 F.3d at 111. In fact, HSSI did
not request any price information as part of the SSN, so it could not assess pricing at this stage.

           Similarly unavailing are HSSI’s challenges to the Independent Government Cost
Estimate (“IGCE”). ECF No. 18 at 21-23. Again, price analysis is not necessary at the Rule of
Two stage. Nor did the USMC appear to rely on the IGCE in making its Rule of Two
determination. If it did, it is not clearly reflected in the record. Finally, HSSI’s challenge
focuses on its contention that the IGCE underestimates the likely price. For example, HSSI
faults the IGCE for budgeting [ . . . ] to perform background investigations, when HSSI argues
“[ . . . ] simply cannot accomplish this task.” ECF No. 18 at 22. Similarly, HSSI faults the IGCE
for planning [ . . . ] to perform work that HSSI contends the PWS requires 62.5 hours. ECF No.
18 at 23. And HSSI challenges the IGCE for not escalating certain costs in accord with the
PWS. Id. Even if any of this were relevant, it is hard to imagine how it could undermine the
Rule of Two analysis. The net result of HSSI’s argument, if correct, is that the IGCE is too low.
If fixing these errors, some of which the USMC has corrected, increases the IGCE, it would also
increase the probability that the USMC will find SDVOSB prices fair and reasonable when the
USMC performs the price analysis of proposals during the procurement. But these are not
questions for the Rule of Two, they are for the price competition.

       B.      The record lacks indicia of any lack of advance planning

        HSSI challenges the USMC’s setting aside the MCLEP procurement for SDVOSBs
because it purportedly failed to adequately plan the procurement. ECF No. 18 at 24-26. It is
beyond dispute that the Government may not award a contract other than through full and open
competition because the Government failed to adequately plan for a competitive procurement.
Here, the regulation is clear: “Contracting without providing for full and open competition shall
not be justified on the basis of – (1) A lack of advance planning by the requiring agency.” 48
C.F.R. § 6.301(c)(1). HSSI attempts to show that the USMC’s set-aside is the result of
inadequate planning by arguing that the USMC improperly waited until the same fiscal year as
the award to begin the research for the procurement in violation of 48 C.F.R. § 7.104(a).

                                                11
Second, HSSI complains that the rushed timeline forced the USMC to change certain fixed price
items to cost reimbursable, purportedly showing a rushed and unplanned procurement.

         At the outset, the Court recognizes that no part of the USMC’s set-aside decision is based
on a lack of time to conduct a full and open procurement. More importantly, the very provision
that HSSI relies upon precludes its argument. Specifically, it is “[c]ontracting without providing
for full and open competition or full and open competition after exclusion of sources” that is
prohibited unless there is an exception allowing noncompetitive contract award. 48 C.F.R.
§ 6.301(a) (emphasis added). The regulations governing full and open competition after
exclusion of sources are in 48 C.F.R. Subpart 6.2. Among these are the provisions governing
set-asides for SDVOSBs. 48 C.F.R. § 6.206. Under the plain terms of the regulations, a
procurement set aside for SDVOSBs is not a noncompetitive procurement, it is a “full and open
competition after exclusion of sources.” And competition must be used. 48 C.F.R. § 6.201
(“Acquisitions made under this subpart require use of the competitive procedures prescribed in
[48 C.F.R. §] 6.102.”). Thus, 48 C.F.R. § 6.301(c) is irrelevant to this procurement because the
USMC is providing full and open competition after exclusion of sources.

        Even if § 6.301(c) did apply, HSSI’s argument about changing certain line items from
fixed price to cost reimbursable would fair no better. As an initial matter, the USMC may
procure service however it chooses so long as it complies with the law and follows whatever
solicitation it publishes. HSSI does not get to impose its preferences on the USMC. Here, the
contracting officer chose to change certain travel-related line items to cost reimbursable to save
the USMC money because of the impact of COVID-19. Specifically, the contracting officer
recognized that COVID-19 caused the amount of travel to fall significantly, meaning that a fixed
price for travel items would not be advantageous to the USMC. Instead, she concluded that “the
best approach to funding Travel for this requirement would be to issue it on a Cost
Reimbursement basis” and to require pre-approval of all travel. AR 367. There is nothing in the
record indicating that this conclusion was anything other than rational, and it has nothing at all to
do with the timing of the procurement.

       C.      No Section 874 pilot program is available for this procurement

        HSSI argues that it was unlawful for the USMC to refuse to award this contract as a sole-
source, follow-on to a qualified employee stock-owned corporation (“ESOP”) in accordance with
Section 874 of the FY22 NDAA. ECF No. 18 at 26. According to HSSI, the FY22 NDAA
required the DoD to comply with Section 874 by completing its data collection and reporting
strategy regarding ESOPs and to submit this plan and strategy to the congressional defense
committees in accordance with Section 874(d). Id. at 27. HSSI insists that although the plain
text of Section 874 did not require DoD to implement Section 874, the record shows that DoD
likely exercised its discretion by choosing to implement Section 874. Therefore, the USMC
unreasonably delayed the implementation of Section 874 in the instant procurement. ECF No.
20 at 18-19.

       Section 874 does not mandate that the DoD implement the pilot program. “The Secretary
of Defense may establish a pilot program to carry out the requirements of this section.” FY22
NDAA § 874(b)(1) (emphasis added). It is only “if the Secretary of Defense establishes a pilot
program under this section, the Secretary shall establish mechanisms to collect and analyze data

                                                 12
on the pilot program . . . .” Id. § 874(d)(1) (emphasis added). It is not clear from the record if
the Secretary of Defense has elected to implement the ESOP pilot program, but if he has not, the
decision not to do so does not violate the statute.

         Even if Section 874 was mandatory or the Secretary of Defense has chosen to establish
the pilot program, the statute explicitly prohibits using the pilot program in this case because
DoD has not completed the statutory pre-requisites to the pilot program’s implementation.
Section 874(d)(2) provides that “[t]he Secretary of Defense may not carry out the pilot program
under this section before (A) completing a data collection and reporting strategy and plan to meet
the requirements of this subsection; and (B) submitting the strategy and plan to the congressional
defense committees.” Id. § 874(d)(2) (emphasis added). It is undisputed that DoD has not
completed these requirements. Relying on Telecommunications Research and Action Center v.
Federal Communications Commission, 750 F.2d 70 (D.C. Cir. 1984) (“TRAC”), HSSI contends
that the DoD has unreasonably delayed its implementation of Section 874 because it had not
implemented the ESOP pilot program “[r]oughly six months after it was enacted.” ECF No. 20
at 19. The Court does not agree that the fact DoD (not the USMC) had not implemented the
(optional) pilot program within six months amounts to unreasonable delay. Indeed, TRAC is
readily distinguishable because there the claim was for overpayment by consumers that the FCC
had not acted on in nearly five years. TRAC, 750 F.2d at 73 (stating the petition at issue was
filed in 1979, and the case was before the D.C. Circuit in 1984). Assuming DoD has chosen to
implement the pilot program, a fact not clearly established in the record, the Court cannot agree
that the fact that DoD has not fully implemented the pilot program in six months is unreasonable.

        Because a noncompetitive award under Section 874 is not available in this case, the
USMC’s refusing to award such a contract is not arbitrary, capricious, or otherwise not in
compliance with the law. To the contrary, the USMC complied with the law, which is
antithetical to arbitrary and capricious decision-making. Section 874 provides no basis to disturb
the procurement.

       D.      Injunctive Relief

        When considering whether to grant injunctive relief under 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(2), the
Court must consider whether “(1) the plaintiff has succeeded on the merits, (2) the plaintiff will
suffer irreparable harm if the court withholds injunctive relief, (3) the balance of hardships to the
respective parties favors the grant of injunctive relief, and (4) the public interest is served by a
grant of injunctive relief.” Centech Grp., Inc. v. United States, 554 F.3d 1029, 1037 (Fed. Cir.
2009) (citation omitted). But “[a]bsent success on the merits, the other factors are irrelevant.”
Info. Tech. & Applications Corp. v. United States, 51 Fed. Cl. 340, 357 n.32 (2001), aff’d, 316
F.3d 1312 (Fed. Cir. 2003). Because HSSI fails on the merits, the Court declines to award
injunctive relief.

IV.    HSSI’s Motion to complete the administrative record

                                                 13
        As part of its MJAR,4 HSSI moves to complete the record with documents it claims are
missing. ECF No. 18 at 28-31. A motion to complete the record “seeks to add ‘information that
was generated and considered by the agency’ during the procurement but was omitted from the
record filed with this Court.” Insight Pub. Sector, Inc. v. United States, 157 Fed. Cl. 398, 406
(2021) (quoting Smith v. United States, 114 Fed. Cl. 691, 695 (2014), aff’d, 611 F. App’x 1000
(Fed. Cir. 2015)). HSSI argues that the record filed in this Court does not include certain
documents sent as email attachments that the contracting officer and the COR considered when
they were assessing the responses to the SSN.

        On February 7, 2022, the COR sent the contracting officer the sources sought matrix
assessing each of the responses to the SSN. AR 322. The contracting officer sent a revision
back to the COR on February 8, 2022, with some questions included. AR 321-22. Also on
February 8, 2022, the COR sent a revision of the sources sought matrix to the contracting officer.
Id. None of these documents are in the record, although the transmitting emails are. And the
final matrix is in the record as well.

       HSSI and the Government argue competing doctrines. According to HSSI, because these
documents were considered, they must be in the record under cases like Poplar Point RBBR,
LLC v. United States, 145 Fed. Cl. 489 (2019), and Arkray USA, Inc. v. United States, No. 14-
233C, 2014 WL 2905127 (Fed. Cl. Apr. 28, 2014). The Government contends that the
documents that HSSI seeks are drafts of the sources sought matrix, the final version of which
appears in the record at AR 324-25. ECF No. 19 at 26. Therefore, the Government relies on the
numerous cases that hold that drafts of a document are properly omitted from the record,
including Gulf Group, Inc. v. United States, 61 Fed. Cl. 338 (2004), and Lyon Shipyard, Inc. v.
United States, 113 Fed. Cl. 347 (2013).

        Because the omitted documents here are drafts of the final sources sought matrix, the
Court agrees with the Government that the record here is complete with the final version of the
matrix. When the final version of a document is in the record, the Court generally does not
require the inclusion in the record of drafts of that document. E.g., Gulf Group, 61 Fed. Cl. at
347 (explaining denial of discovery into draft documents). None of the cases HSSI relies upon
deal with draft documents or compel the inclusion of them when the final version of the
documents sought are in the record. And to the extent there were questions submitted to the
COR about the matrix and his responses to the contracting officer, such communications are
similarly properly excluded from the record in this case. See, e.g., Poplar Point, 145 Fed. Cl. at
495 (denying motion to complete the administrative record because the draft documents added
nothing to what was in the record); Oracle America, Inc. v. United States, 146 Fed. Cl. 606, 607
(2019) (denying motion to complete the record with drafts of a final decision or contracting
officer’s notes).

        This Court has called for additional documentation to be included in the record when the
protest alleges bias by the government decisionmakers. E.g., Pitney Bowes Gov’t Sols., Inc. v.
United States, 93 Fed. Cl. 327 (2010). Here, the only thing that HSSI points to is a statement
from the contracting officer to the COR that “I’m going to move out with a recommendation that
4
  The record in this case is not large; it is only 785 pages. HSSI does not explain why it waited
three weeks after getting the record to raise this issue for the first time in its MJAR briefing.

                                                14
we work this acquisition as a set-aside for SDVOSBs. As such, HSSI will be ineligible to
compete for the follow-on.” AR 321. HSSI seizes on this statement to show bias because there
were other non-SDVOSBs that the contracting officer did not mention. Thus, HSSI concludes
that the contracting officer was seeking to exclude HSSI from competition. The contracting
officer’s statement, however, does not reflect bias on this record. While it is true that there were
other non-SDVOSBs that could not compete, none of them were the incumbent. Simply
recognizing that the incumbent would not be allowed to compete under a set-aside it does not
qualify for does not reflect a bias.

                                          CONCLUSION

       For the reasons stated above, the Court:

       1. Denies HSSI’s motion for judgment on the administrative record, to complete the
administrative record, and for permanent injunctive relief, ECF No. 18;

       2. Grants the United States’ cross-motion for judgment on the administrative record, ECF
No. 19; and

       3. Directs the Clerk to enter judgment accordingly.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                                              s/ Edward H. Meyers
                                                              Edward H. Meyers
                                                              Judge

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