Court Opinion

ID: 3045043
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-13 23:15:25.693367+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:49:06.073857
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                          FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
                                   ___________

                                   No. 07-2463
                                   ___________

Mikki M. Murray; Christopher J.          *
Dennis,                                  *
                                         *
            Plaintiffs - Appellees,      *
                                         * Appeal from the United States
      v.                                 * District Court for the District of
                                         * Minnesota.
Greenwich Insurance Company,             *
a Delaware corporation,                  *
                                         *
            Defendants - Appellants. *
                                    ___________

                             Submitted: March 10, 2008
                                Filed: July 7, 2008
                                 ___________

Before BYE, SMITH, and COLLOTON, Circuit Judges.
                            ___________

BYE, Circuit Judge.

       Mikki M. Murray and Christopher J. Dennis allege Greenwich Insurance
Company improperly refused to defend them under an insurance policy covering
professional real estate services. The district court concluded Greenwich had a duty
to defend and granted summary judgment in favor of Murray and Dennis. Greenwich
appeals and we reverse.
                                           I

       Murray and Dennis were real estate agents employed by IPM Realty, Inc. IPM
is a Minnesota realty firm and was insured under a real estate professionals errors and
omissions policy issued by Greenwich. In June 2006, Murray and Dennis were sued
by two former clients who alleged Murray and Dennis solicited them for a real estate
venture in Florida and wrongfully withheld $175,000 in deposits made in connection
with the venture. The clients allege they responded to IPM advertisements soliciting
investors to buy real estate in Florida. They further allege they met with, among
others, Murray and Dennis and, after receiving repeated misrepresentations about the
profitability of the real estate scheme, entered into two Condominium Escrow
Reservation Agreements. Under the agreements, the clients deposited a total of
$175,000 with IPM, to be held in trust until they decided to purchase property in a
Florida real estate development. The clients contend they were repeatedly assured the
deposits were fully refundable upon demand.

       Several months after depositing the money with IPM, the clients decided to
withdraw from the agreements and demanded the return of the funds. Over the next
several months, the clients made repeated demands for IPM to return the funds and
were assured the money would be returned. After numerous unsuccessful attempts
to retrieve their deposits, the clients filed suit alleging 1) breach of implied duty of
good faith and fair dealing, 2) consumer fraud, 3) rescission based on fraud in the
inducement/intentional misrepresentation, 4) negligent misrepresentation, 5) deceptive
trade practices, 6) breach of fiduciary duty, 7) promissory estoppel, and 8) false
advertising.

      Murray and Dennis tendered defense of the lawsuit to Greenwich. After
reviewing the complaint, Greenwich refused to defend claiming coverage was
excluded under Exclusions D(1) and D(3). Exclusion D excludes coverage for claims:

                                          -2-
      D.     based on or arising out of:

             1.     the conversion, commingling, defalcation,
                    misappropriation or improper use of funds or
                    other property; [or]
...

             3.     the inability or failure to pay, collect or
                    safeguard funds held for others.

      Greenwich also denied coverage claiming the policy only provided coverage
for acts taken in Murray's and Dennis's capacities as real estate agents, not as
promoters of a Florida real estate investment scheme.

       Murray and Dennis filed this declaratory judgment action asking the court to
determine the rights and obligations of the parties under the insurance contract. The
parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment and the district court determined
the claim for negligent misrepresentation fell within the terms of the policy's coverage,
thereby triggering Greenwich's duty to defend. According to the district court, the
negligent misrepresentation claim alleged wrongful conduct separate and distinct from
the failure to return or safeguard the deposits, and therefore, Exclusion D did not
obviate coverage. The court further concluded Murray and Dennis were acting within
their capacities as real estate agents when they solicited the clients' investments.

       Greenwich appeals the grant of summary judgment arguing coverage is
excluded under Exclusion D because, irrespective of how the funds were obtained, all
of the claims asserted are "based on or aris[e] out of" the improper use of funds or the
inability or failure to pay safeguarded funds held for others. Greenwich further argues
there is no coverage because Murray and Dennis were not acting as real estate agents
when they solicited the clients.

                                           -3-
                                           II

       We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the same standard
as the district court. Jaurequi v. Carter Mfg. Co., 173 F.3d 1076, 1085 (8th Cir. 1999).
Summary judgment is proper if there exists no genuine issue as to any material fact
and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c).
When ruling on a summary judgment motion, a court must view the evidence "in the
light most favorable to the nonmoving party." Dush v. Appleton Elec. Co., 124 F.3d
957, 962-63 (8th Cir. 1997). However, a "nonmovant must present more than a
scintilla of evidence and must advance specific facts to create a genuine issue of
material fact for trial." F.D.I.C. v. Bell, 106 F.3d 258, 263 (8th Cir. 1997). This is a
diversity action and is governed by state substantive law. Erie R.R. v. Tompkins, 304
U.S. 64, 78 (1938).1

       Absent statutory laws to the contrary, an insurance contract is subject to general
principles of contract law. Waseca Mut. Ins. Co. v. Noska, 331 N.W.2d 917, 926
(Minn. 1983). Coverage issues and the construction and interpretation of a policy are
questions of law. Jenoff, Inc. v. N.H. Ins. Co., 558 N.W.2d 260, 262 (Minn. 1997).
If there is no dispute of material fact, we independently review the district court's
interpretation of the insurance contract. Nat'l City Bank v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins.
Co., 447 N.W.2d 171, 175 (Minn. 1989). When examining an insurance policy, a
court's function is to "determine what the agreement was and enforce it." Fillmore
v. Iowa Nat'l Mut. Ins. Co., 344 N.W.2d 875, 877 (Minn. Ct. App. 1984).

       "An insurer's duty to defend an insured is contractual." Meadowbrook, Inc. v.
Tower Ins. Co., 559 N.W.2d 411, 415 (Minn. 1997) (citation omitted). The duty to
defend is different from and broader than an insurer's duty to indemnify. SCSC Corp.
v. Allied Mut. Ins. Co., 536 N.W.2d 305, 316 (Minn. 1995). "If any claim is arguably

      1
       The parties agree Minnesota law controls this dispute.

                                          -4-
covered under a policy, the insurer must defend and reserve any arguments regarding
coverage." Id. (citation omitted). A court must compare the allegations in the
complaint of the underlying cause of action with the terms of the insurance policy to
determine the existence of a duty to defend. Meadowbrook, 559 N.W.2d at 415.

       Whether an insurer has a duty to defend is a question of law. Auto-Owners Ins.
Co. v. Todd, 547 N.W.2d 696, 698 (Minn. 1996). An insurer has a duty to defend
claims "arguably" covered by a policy. Jostens, Inc. v. Mission Ins. Co., 387 N.W.2d
161, 165 (Minn. 1986) (quotation omitted). The insurer claiming it has no duty to
defend has the burden of showing each claim asserted in the lawsuit clearly falls
outside the policy. Id. at 165-66. If the complaint alleges several causes of action,
and one of the claims, if established, would require the insurer to indemnify, the
insurer must provide a defense against all claims. Lanoue v. Fireman's Fund Am. Ins.
Cos., 278 N.W.2d 49, 53 (Minn. 1979), overruled on other grounds by Am. Standard
Ins. Co. v. Le, 551 N.W.2d 923, 927 (Minn. 1996). Doubts as to coverage must be
resolved against the insurer issuing the policy in favor of coverage, and the burden
rests with the insurer to prove the claim is not covered. Prahm v. Rupp Constr. Co.,
277 N.W.2d 389, 390 (Minn. 1979).

       The obligation to defend is generally determined by comparing the allegations
in the complaint to the coverage afforded by the policy. Meadowbrook, 559 N.W.2d
at 415. Once the insured presents facts that arguably demonstrate coverage or the
insurer becomes aware of such facts, the insurer has the "heavy burden" of proving
no duty to defend exists. In re Liquidation of Excalibur Ins. Co., 519 N.W.2d 494,
497 (Minn. Ct. App. 1994) (citation omitted).

       In the district court, Greenwich argued Exclusion D applied because all of the
claims alleged against Murray and Dennis were based on or arose from their failure
to return the clients' deposit. According to Greenwich, irrespective of how the various
claims were characterized, each was contingent upon the failure of Murray and Dennis

                                         -5-
to return the deposited funds. The district court determined all of the claims, with the
exception of the negligent misrepresentation claim, were based on or arose out of the
improper use or failure to safeguard the deposits. It concluded the negligent
misrepresentation claim alleged conduct separate from the improper use or failure to
safeguard funds, i.e., the clients were wrongfully induced to deposit funds which were
then mishandled. Thus, according to the district court, the negligent misrepresentation
claim was based on and arose out of conduct separate from the conduct anticipated by
Exclusion D. We disagree.

       The phrase "arising out of" has been given broad meaning by Minnesota courts.
In Faber v. Roelofs, 250 N.W.2d 817 (Minn. 1977), a school bus owned by Roelofs
and hired by the school district struck a student. Id. at 819. The school district was
listed as an additional insured under Roelofs's auto-liability policy. Id. at 819. The
pertinent language of the insurance contract stated the policy covered damages
"arising out of the ownership, maintenance or use of the [school bus]." Id. at 822. In
the underlying negligence action, the driver and Roelofs were both absolved of
negligence, but the school district was found negligent based on its established bus
routes and bus-loading procedures. Id. The insurer argued that since neither the
driver nor Roelofs were negligent, and since the school district was found
independently negligent, the student's injuries did not "arise out of the use" of the
school bus. Id. The Minnesota Supreme Court disagreed, holding a "'[b]ut for'
causation, i.e., a cause and result relationship, is enough to satisfy the provision of the
policy." Id. (quotation omitted). The court construed the phrase "arising out of" as
"comprehensive and broad in service," extending to a causal connection with the use
or maintenance of the insured vehicle. Id. (quotation omitted). Consequently, even
though the complaint alleged acts of negligence against the school district which were
independent from the use of the bus, the school was covered because the claim arose
out of the use of the bus. Id. at 823.

                                           -6-
       In Hormel Foods Corporation v. Northbrook Property & Casualty Insurance
Company, 938 F. Supp. 555, 556 (D. Minn. 1996), aff'd, 131 F.3d 143 (8th Cir. 1997),
Hormel leased a hog-processing facility to Quality Pork Products (QPP). The lease
required QPP to include Hormel as an additional insured on QPP's liability policy with
Northbrook. Id. QPP's liability policy covered losses "'arising out of the ownership,
maintenance or use' of the leased premises." Id. A QPP employee was fatally injured
by a machine on the leased premises and a wrongful-death action was brought against
Hormel alleging the machine was negligently designed. Id. Northbrook argued the
underlying suit did not arise out of Hormel's ownership, maintenance, or use of the
premises, and the additional-insured provision only protected Hormel from the
negligence of QPP, an issue not contemplated in the products liability action. Id. The
court, however, held Northbrook's policy covered Hormel's liability for negligent
design. Id. at 558.

      This standard is not one of proximate causation. Rather, "but for"
      causation satisfies the requirements of an insurance policy which
      specifies that only liabilities "arising out of the use" are covered.
      Therefore, if there is a causal relationship between the place covered by
      insurance and the acts giving rise to legal liability, the liability is covered
      also.

Id. at 557 (citations omitted).

      The phrase "arising out of" has also been held to mean originating from, or
having its origin in, growing out of, or flowing from, see, e.g., Associated Indep.
Dealers, Inc. v. Mut. Serv. Ins. Cos., 229 N.W.2d 516, 518 (Minn. 1975) (citation
omitted) (dicta), and has been accorded an equally broad reading when used in an
exclusion to limit coverage.

    In Kabanuk Diversified Investments Incorporated v. Credit General Insurance
Company, 553 N.W.2d 65 (Minn. Ct. App. 1996), an insured argued its insurance

                                           -7-
carrier had a duty to defend against a personal injury suit brought by a patron who had
been assaulted at its nightclub. Id. at 68. The carrier argued the policy excluded any
coverage for injuries arising out of an assault and battery. Id. The court of appeals
held the policy's assault and battery exclusion unambiguously excluded coverage for
the injuries. Id. at 72. Nonetheless, the insured argued the insurer had a duty to
defend because one of the claims alleged the insured had been negligent in connection
with the assault. Id. The court rejected the argument, noting: "The term 'arising out
of' requires only a causal connection; it does not require proximate cause. Had
[plaintiff] not been assaulted by [the tortfeasor], he would have no claim for negligent
infliction of emotional distress. [Plaintiff's] claim for negligent infliction of emotional
distress arises out of [the tortfeasor's] assault." Id. (internal quotations and citation
omitted).

       Each of the claims asserted within the underlying complaint, either directly or
by incorporation, allege an injury originating from, or having its origin in, growing
out of, or flowing from the failure to return the deposited funds. See Associated
Indep. Dealers, Inc., 229 N.W.2d at 518. "But for" the failure to refund those deposits
as promised, there would have been no claims. In other words, had the funds not been
mishandled the claims alleged in the complaint would not have arisen. Thus, each of
the claims is causally connected to and arose out of the failure to return the entrusted
deposits. Accordingly, we conclude the exclusion applies and Greenwich has no duty
to defend.

                                            III

      The judgment of the district court is reversed and we remand for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.2
                      ______________________________

      2
      Because Exclusion D applies to defeat the duty to defend claim, Greenwich's
remaining issues need not be addressed.

                                           -8-