Court Opinion

ID: 865890
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-04-27 00:35:28.499246+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:18:29.418618
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI

                               NO. 2010-IA-00343-SCT

COPIAH COUNTY SCHOOL DISTRICT AND
KENNETH FUNCHES

v.

CHARLES BUCKNER

DATE OF JUDGMENT:                        02/05/2010
TRIAL JUDGE:                             HON. LAMAR PICKARD
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:               COPIAH COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANTS:                JOSEPH WALTER GILL
                                         REBECCA B. COWAN
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:                   RAMEL LEMAR COTTON
NATURE OF THE CASE:                      CIVIL - PERSONAL INJURY
DISPOSITION:                             REVERSED AND RENDERED - 05/19/2011
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:

      BEFORE CARLSON, P.J., LAMAR AND CHANDLER, JJ.

      CHANDLER, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:

¶1.   Charles Buckner filed a personal-injury action against the Copiah County School

District and Kenneth Funches.1 Buckner failed to serve process on either defendant within

the 120-day period provided by Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 4(h). After the running

of the statute of limitations, Buckner moved for an extension of time to effect service of

process. The trial court granted the motion, allowing Buckner an additional 120 days to

      1
       Funches’s name appears in the record with two different spellings, “Funches” and
“Funchess.” For consistency, we use “Funches,” which is the name that appears on the
complaint.
effect service. However, Buckner failed to serve either defendant until after the additional

120-day period had expired. The trial court denied the defendants’ motion to set aside the

order granting the extension of time and for summary judgment.

¶2.     This Court granted the defendants’ petition for an interlocutory appeal. We find that,

because Buckner failed to show good cause or excusable neglect for the failure to effect

service within the time provided by Rule 4(h), the trial court abused its discretion by denying

the defendants’ motion to set aside the order granting an extension of time. Because the

limitations period had expired prior to the order granting the extension of time, summary

judgment was appropriate. We reverse and render.

                                           FACTS

¶3.    On October 30, 2007, Buckner filed a complaint against the Copiah County School

District, Funches, and John and Jane Does 1-10. Buckner alleged that, on December 15,

2006, Funches, a school-bus driver, had failed to stop the bus at an intersection, and it had

collided with Buckner’s vehicle, causing damages. Buckner had summonses issued for each

defendant on October 30, 2007. However, within 120 days after the complaint had been filed,

Buckner had neither served process on the defendants, nor had he requested additional time

to effect service.

¶4.    More than one year after the complaint had been filed, on November 19, 2008, the trial

court issued a notice of status hearing requiring Buckner’s counsel to appear on January 12,

2009. Prior to the status hearing, Buckner filed an application for a clerk’s entry of default

against the defendants, along with an affidavit of counsel attesting that the defendants had

                                              2
been served with the summonses and complaint on October 30, 2007. However, in fact, the

defendants had not been served.

¶5.    The record does not include a transcript of the status hearing. But at the later hearing

on the defendants’ dispositive motion, Buckner’s counsel reminded the court of what had

occurred at the status hearing. Buckner’s counsel stated that service had not occurred during

the initial, 120-day period, because the process server erroneously had informed counsel the

defendants had been served. However, when counsel checked his case file prior to the status

hearing, he discovered that no answer had been filed. Then, he checked the court file and

realized that the defendants had not been served. He immediately filed a motion to withdraw

the application for default. Buckner’s counsel stated that, at the status hearing, the trial court

orally had granted his motion for an extension of time to serve the defendants.

¶6.    Two letters submitted with the defendants’ dispositive motion shed further light on

how Buckner discovered the failure of service. A letter dated January 15, 2009, from defense

counsel to Buckner’s counsel communicated that, on the same day, defense counsel had

discovered the existence of the lawsuit and that the court file reflected the defendants had not

been served. In a January 20, 2009, response letter, Buckner’s counsel acknowledged that,

when he had filed the application for entry of default, he had believed the defendants had been

served.

¶7.    The record reflects that, on February 3, 2009, the trial court entered an order granting

Buckner’s ore tenus motion for an extension of time to serve the defendants, and giving

Buckner an additional 120 days to effect service of process, or until June 2, 2009. The order

                                                3
did not state whether Buckner had shown good cause for the failure to effect service. A

notation on the docket on February 3, 2009, states “Order/Copy Ramel L. Cotton (Additional

120 days to serve the defendants).” However, Buckner did not serve the school district with

process until June 4, 2009. He served Funches on June 5, 2009.

¶8.    Copiah County School District answered on June 17, 2009, and Funches answered on

July 2, 2009. In their answers, the defendants asserted that, because Buckner had served them

after the expiration of the time provided by Rule 4(h), the complaint was subject to dismissal

with prejudice under Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(4),(5), or (6). Copiah County

School District also filed a motion to set aside the order granting extension of time and for

summary judgment. It argued that the trial court had abused its discretion by granting

Buckner an extension of time, because Buckner had failed to show good cause for his failure

to effect service within the initial, 120-day period. Copiah County School District further

asserted that summary judgment was appropriate because the statute of limitations applicable

to Buckner’s claims had expired in November 2008. See Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-11(3)

(Rev. 2002). Funches filed a joinder in the school district’s motion.

¶9.    Buckner filed a response to the motion to set aside the extension of time and for

summary judgment on July 31, 2009. Buckner asserted that, at the direction of the court, his

counsel had prepared and delivered to the court an order granting the extension of time. He

stated that, despite due diligence, the date his counsel first had received a copy of the signed

order by facsimile was June 4, 2009. In support of this argument, he submitted the affidavit

of his counsel’s legal assistant, Brenda Jordan. Jordan stated that she had called the clerk’s

                                               4
office on numerous occasions regarding the order. Buckner stated that the defendants were

served immediately after counsel had received the order.

¶10.   At the hearing on November 1, 2009, Jordan testified that, soon after she began calling

the clerk’s office, someone at the clerk’s office had informed her that the order had been

signed and entered on the docket, and had promised to fax a copy to Jordan. However, Jordan

never received the faxed copy. Jordan admitted that she had informed her employer that the

order had been signed, but he did not ask her to find out the date it had been signed. Over the

next few months, she made several requests for a copy of the order, and finally received a

faxed copy on June 4, 2009, two days after the extension of time granted in the order had

expired.

¶11.   On February 8, 2010, the trial court entered an order denying the motion for summary

judgment. The order stated, “after conducting a hearing and accepting live testimony [the

court] finds that the evidence satisfies the standards required for a finding of excusable neglect

and good cause and Plaintiff’s service of process under the circumstances should be accepted

as proper.” On March 1, 2010, Funches and Copiah County School District filed a petition

for interlocutory appeal and for stay of trial court proceedings. This Court granted the

petition.

                                 STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶12.   We review a trial court’s decision on whether to set aside an order granting an

extension of time for abuse of discretion. Johnson v. Thomas, 982 So. 2d 405, 409 (Miss.

2008). “This Court leaves to the discretion of the trial court the finding of fact on the

                                                5
existence of good cause or excusable neglect for delay in serving process under Rule 4(h).”

Long v. Mem’l Hosp. at Gulfport, 969 So. 2d 35, 38 (Miss. 2007). We will reverse if the trial

court’s discretion was abused or its decision was not supported by substantial evidence. Id.

We apply de novo review to the grant or denial of a motion to dismiss or a motion for

summary judgment. Price v. Clark, 21 So. 3d 509, 517 (Miss. 2009).

                                       DISCUSSION

       WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION BY
       DENYING THE MOTION TO SET ASIDE ITS ORDER THAT GRANTED
       BUCKNER AN ADDITIONAL 120 DAYS TO SERVE THE DEFENDANTS
       WITH PROCESS AND FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT.

¶13.   Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 4(h) states:

       Summons: Time Limit for Service. If a service of the summons and complaint
       is not made upon a defendant within 120 days after the filing of the complaint
       and the party on whose behalf such service was required cannot show good
       cause why such service was not made within that period, the action shall be
       dismissed as to that defendant without prejudice upon the court’s own initiative
       with notice to such party or upon motion.

M.R.C.P. 4(h). Pursuant to Rule 4(h), the trial court was required to dismiss Buckner’s

complaint unless he showed good cause why service was not made within 120 days. See

Long, 969 So. 2d at 39. “The rule has also been interpreted to require that, if the defendant

is not served within 120 days, the plaintiff must either refile the complaint before the statute

of limitations ends or show good cause; otherwise, dismissal is proper.” Webster v. Webster,

834 So. 2d 26, 28 (Miss. 2002) (citing Watters v. Stripling, 675 So. 2d 1242, 1244 (Miss.

1996)).

¶14.   The plaintiff bears the burden to demonstrate good cause for a failure to serve process

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in a timely manner. Montgomery v. Smithkline Beecham Corp., 910 So. 2d 541, 547 (Miss.

2005) (citing Holmes v. Coast Transit Auth., 815 So. 2d 1183, 1184 (Miss. 2002)). “To

establish ‘good cause’ the plaintiff must demonstrate at least as much as would be required

to show excusable neglect, ‘as to which simple inadvertence or mistake of counsel or

ignorance of the rules usually does not suffice.’” Webster, 834 So. 2d at 28 (citing Peters v.

United States, 9 F.3d 344, 345 (5th Cir. 1993)). To meet the burden of proof of good cause,

the plaintiff must demonstrate that a diligent effort was made to effect timely service. Foss

v. Williams, 993 So. 2d 378, 379 (Miss. 2008). The plaintiff must show more than that

service failed due to “simple inadvertence or mistake of counsel or ignorance of the rules.”

Watters, 675 So. 2d at 1243.

¶15.   This Court has held that

       good cause is likely (but not always) to be found when the plaintiff’s failure to
       complete service in timely fashion is a result of the conduct of a third person,
       typically the process server, the defendant has evaded service of process or
       engaged in misleading conduct, the plaintiff has acted diligently in trying to
       effect service, or there are understandable mitigating circumstances, or the
       plaintiff is proceeding pro se or in forma pauperis.

Holmes, 815 So. 2d at 1186 (quoting 4B Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal

Practice and Procedure § 1137, at 342 (3d ed. 2000)). For example, in Foss, the defendant

was served one day after the 120-day period had expired. Foss, 993 So. 2d at 379. The

plaintiff’s counsel argued that, although he had associated local counsel who had been

responsible for effecting service, local counsel had neglected to serve the defendants, and

counsel did not discover the omission until 118 days after the complaint had been filed. Id.

                                              7
Counsel immediately sought to have the defendants served, and local counsel later withdrew

from the case. Id. The trial court found that the plaintiff had demonstrated good cause. Id.

This Court held the ruling was within the trial court’s discretion, because the failure of service

was caused by the inaction of another attorney who later had withdrawn from the case, and

counsel had taken immediate action to effect service upon discovering the problem. Id. at

379-80.

¶16.   However, placing blame upon a process server, without more, is insufficient to

demonstrate good cause. The plaintiff must make a showing of diligence in seeking to effect

service. Id. at 379. In Heard v. Remy, 937 So. 2d 939, 940 (Miss. 2006), the plaintiff, after

the expiration of the 120-day period, moved for an extension of time to serve process. As in

this case, the trial court granted the plaintiff’s request, but without making a finding of good

cause. Id. The plaintiff achieved service within the additional sixty days granted by the trial

court. Id. The defendant answered and raised the defense of untimely service. Id. at 941.

After a hearing, the trial court found that the plaintiff had not shown good cause for the failure

to serve process within the original 120-day period. Id.

¶17.   On appeal, this Court reviewed the evidence concerning the reason for the failure to

effect service. Id. at 943-44. The plaintiff had given no explanation other than that the

process server, an employee of her counsel’s law firm, had neglected to follow instructions.

Id. at 943. The record showed that service was not attempted within the 120-day period. Id.

at 944. The Court attributed the failure of service to a possible “lack of communication and

follow-up within the offices of [the plaintiff’s] counsel.” Id. We held that the trial court, in

                                                8
finding the plaintiff had not shown good cause, was within its discretion, because “[t]he

continuing failure to attempt service for four months, without adequate explanation, shows

a lack of diligence beyond excusable neglect.” Id.

¶18.   In In re Holtzman, 823 So. 2d 1180, 1181 (Miss. 2002), approximately five months

after the plaintiff had missed the 120-day deadline, she filed a motion for an extension of time.

At the hearing, the plaintiff’s counsel asserted that the reason for the failure of service was

that a newly hired file clerk had misfiled the complaint and summons, and the mistake had not

been discovered until a routine file check. Id. at 1181-82. This Court affirmed the trial

court’s finding that the plaintiff had not shown good cause. The Court stated that, under the

facts presented, “[t]here was not even a colorable argument that failure to timely serve process

was anything other than inadvertence or mistake.” Id. at 1184. And “ordinary attention to

[counsel’s] caseload would have led [him] to notice that he had received no answer . . . and

to check his case file.” Id. at 1183.

¶19.   Buckner argues that, because the status hearing was not transcribed, this Court cannot

know the grounds upon which the trial court granted the extension of time. We disagree,

because at the hearing on the defendants’ dispositive motion, Buckner’s counsel repeated the

grounds, and they were accepted by the trial court as an accurate description of what had

occurred at the status hearing. Further, it is manifest from the affidavit of Buckner’s counsel

and the application for entry of default that Buckner’s counsel believed the defendants had

been served with process and they had been brought under the jurisdiction of the trial court.

¶20.   We find that the evidence concerning Buckner’s failure to serve the defendants within

                                               9
the 120-day period is comparable to that in Heard and Holtzman. Buckner’s counsel asserted

that he had relied upon the process server’s assertion that the defendants had been served.

Counsel’s belief that service had been achieved was evidenced by his filing of an affidavit to

that effect with an application for entry of default when the defendants had failed to answer.

However, a more attentive review of the file would have informed counsel that, because there

was no return of service for the defendants, the reason they had failed to answer was that they

had not been served with process. Evidently, Buckner’s counsel did not check for a return of

service until after the statute of limitations had expired, after the trial court had set a date for

a status hearing, after he had filed an application for entry of default, and after opposing

counsel, upon discovering the lawsuit, had notified him that their clients never had been

served. In Heard, the Court found that counsel’s lack of communication and follow-up

concerning service constituted mistake or inadvertence. Heard, 937 So. 2d at 944. The

conduct at issue here likewise manifested a lack of diligence and amounts to mistake or

inadvertence. We find that the trial court abused its discretion in refusing to set aside the

extension of time, because Buckner did not present substantial evidence to support a finding

of good cause for the failure to serve the defendants within the 120-day period.

¶21.   Additionally, we note that Buckner did not file a motion for extension of time before

the 120-day period had elapsed. While there is no actual requirement that a motion for

additional time be filed, “a plaintiff who – prior to expiration of the service period – files a

motion representing that he or she has been unable to serve process, will more likely succeed

in demonstrating diligence than a plaintiff who does nothing.” Montgomery, 910 So. 2d at

                                                10
546. Having found that the trial court abused its discretion by refusing to set aside the order

granting an extension of time, we do not address the trial court’s finding of excusable neglect

and good cause for Buckner’s failure to serve the defendants within the 120-day extension

period.

¶22.   “Filing a complaint tolls the applicable statute of limitations 120 days, but if the

plaintiff fails to serve process on the defendant within that 120-day period, the statute of

limitations automatically begins to run again when that period expires.” Holmes, 815 So. 2d

at 1185 (citing Watters, 675 So. 2d at 1244). Because Buckner did not serve the defendants

within the 120-day period and he was not entitled to an extension of time, his complaint was

subject to dismissal. M.R.C.P. 4(h). Normally, as provided in Rule 4(h), the dismissal is to

be without prejudice. In re Holtzman, 823 So. 2d at 1182 n.1. However, if the statute of

limitations has run, then dismissal with prejudice is appropriate. Id.

¶23.   Under the Mississippi Tort Claims Act (MTCA), a one-year statute of limitations,

along with tolling provisions, applied to Buckner’s claim against Copiah County School

District and its employee, Funches. Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-11(3) (Rev. 2002). A few years

ago, this Court acknowledged that it had been inconsistent in interpreting Mississippi Code

Section 11-46-11, and that our decisions had been ambiguous. Page v. Univ. of S. Miss., 878
So. 2d 1003, 1005 (Miss. 2004).

¶24.   The MTCA’s one-year statute of limitations applies to claims against the State, a state

agency, county, municipality, or other political subdivision. Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-11(3)

(Rev. 2002). Section 11-46-11 requires a plaintiff to file a notice of claim with the State or

                                              11
a political subdivision and allows for the statute of limitations to be tolled for a certain amount

of time, depending on the facts of the case. Notice of claim must be filed ninety days prior

to filing suit. Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-11(1) (Rev. 2002). But if the plaintiff receives a

denial of notice of claim, the plaintiff may file suit without waiting the full ninety days. Lee

v. Mem’l Hosp. at Gulfport, 999 So. 2d 1263, 1268 (Miss. 2008). The purpose of the notice

requirement in the MTCA is to inform the governmental entity of the existence of a claim that

may give rise to a lawsuit in the future. Thornburg v. Magnolia Reg’l Health Ctr., 741 So.
2d 220, 224 (Miss. 1999).

¶25.   Likewise, this Court recently reconciled the apparent conflict between the language of

Section 11-46-11(1) and that of Section 11-46-11(3). Section 11-46-11(1) provides, inter

alia, that a claimant must file a notice of claim with the chief executive officer of the

designated governmental entity at least ninety days prior to maintaining a cause of action in

court. Section 11-46-11(3) provides, inter alia, that the one-year limitations period therein set

out would be tolled for a period of time 2 upon the filing of the notice required under Section

11-46-11(1). In Delta Regional Medical Center v. Green, 43 So. 3d 1099 (Miss. 2010), this

Court stated:

       It is well established that, once the claimant has met the notice requirements of
       Section 11-46-11(1), the claimant may file suit. The problem, however, lies
       within Section 11-46-11(3). As written, the phrase in Subsection (3) sits in
       direct conflict with the ninety-day notice requirement found in Section 11-46-

        2
        The statute of limitations is tolled for a 95-day period if a state governmental entity
is involved. But the statute of limitations is tolled for a 120-day period if a municipal or
county governmental entity “or other political subdivision” is involved.

                                                12
       11(1). Today we clarify Subsection (3) and hold the phrase “during which no
       action may be maintained by the claimant unless the claimant has received a
       notice of denial of claim” to be unenforceable. From this day forward, Section
       11-46-11(3) serves only to toll the statute of limitations. To hold otherwise
       would work an illogical burden on the claimant.

Id. at 1103-04.

¶26.   Thus, once a notice of claim is properly filed (received by the statutorily designated

official of the governmental entity), the 365-day statute of limitations applicable to MTCA

cases may be tolled for either 95 or 120 days. Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-11(3) (Rev. 2002).

After the tolling period has passed, the running of the 365-day statute of limitations resumes.

Page, 878 So. 2d at 1005.

¶27.   “After the tolling period has expired, the claimant shall then have an additional ninety

(90) days to file any action . . . .” Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-11(3) (Rev. 2002). “This 90 days

is in addition to the balance of the 365 days not used as of the date when notice was given.”

Page, 878 So. 2d at 1005. If the governmental entity denies the claim, the 95- or 120-day

tolling period ends immediately, and “the additional 90 days is added to the remaining time

left in the original one year period not used at the time notice was received.” Page, 878 So.
2d at 1005. The plaintiff does not receive the full benefit of the 95- or 120-day tolling period

if the governmental entity denies the claim prior to the expiration of the tolling period. Id.

¶28.   In addition to the procedural requirements outlined in the MTCA, plaintiffs also are

bound by our Rules of Civil Procedure. As previously discussed, of significant import in

today’s case is Rule 4(h), which requires plaintiffs to serve process on the defendants within

120 days of filing a complaint, or “the action shall be dismissed as to that defendant without

                                              13
prejudice upon the court’s own initiative with notice to such party or upon motion.” M.R.C.P.

4(h). This Court has held that “filing of the complaint even without service of process tolls

the . . . statute of limitations for the 120-day period allowed in M.R.C.P. 4(h).” Owens v. Mai,

891 So. 2d 220, 223 (Miss. 2005). Unless process is served within the 120-day period as

provided by Rule 4(h), the running of the statute of limitations resumes.” Id.

¶29.   Turning to the facts before us, the defendants’ allegedly tortious conduct occurred on

December 15, 2006. It is undisputed that Buckner timely filed the notice of claim required

by Mississippi Code Section 11-46-11(1). Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-11(1) (Rev. 2002).

However, we are never told, and the record does not reveal, when the required notice was

received by the governmental entity, Copiah County School District, in order to trigger the

tolling provisions of the MTCA. Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-11(3) (Rev. 2002). Nor does the

record reveal that Copiah County School District denied the claim.

¶30.   On review of the trial court’s summary judgment ruling, we consider evidentiary

matters in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Guidant Mut. Ins. Co. v. Indem.

Ins. Co., 13 So. 3d 1270, 1275 (Miss. 2009). In calculating the limitations period applicable

to Buckner’s claim, we consider facts in the light most favorable to Buckner, and give

Buckner the benefit of all available tolling provisions under the MTCA. Section 11-46-11(1)

required Buckner to file the notice of claim ninety days prior to filing the lawsuit on October

30, 2007. But due to the operation of Section 11-46-11(3), Buckner was not required to file

suit on the ninetieth day after filing the notice of claim. After the notice of claim is received,

Section 11-46-11(3) gives a plaintiff either 95 or 120 days in which to file suit, depending on

                                               14
the type of governmental entity involved. Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-11(3) (Rev. 2002).

Because, under Section 11-46-1(i), Copiah County School District is a political subdivision,

the receipt of a notice of claim by Copiah County School District tolled the statute of

limitations for 120 days. Miss. Code Ann. § 11-46-11(3) (Rev. 2002). After that 120-day

tolling period expired, Buckner had an additional 90 days in which to file suit. Miss. Code

Ann. 11-46-11(3) (Rev. 2002). Therefore, to give Buckner the benefit of all the available

tolling provisions under the MTCA, we presume that Copiah County School District received

Buckner’s notice of claim 210 (120 + 90) days prior to filing suit. Thus, because Buckner

filed suit on October 30, 2007, we presume that he filed the notice of claim 210 days earlier,

on April 3, 2007.

¶31.   On April 3, 2007, 109 days had run on the limitations period. As stated in the previous

paragraph, the receipt of the notice of claim by Copiah County School District tolled the

limitations period for 210 days under the provisions of Section 11-46-11(3), from April 3,

2007 to October 30, 2007. When Buckner filed the complaint on October 30, 2007, the

provisions of Rule 4(h) tolled the running of the limitations period for 120 days.3 M.R.C.P.

4(h); Owens, 891 So. 2d at 223. Because Buckner did not effect service of process, the statute

of limitations resumed running on February 27, 2008, after the expiration of the 120-day

period provided by Rule 4(h). See M.R.C.P. 4(h); Owens, 891 So. 2d at 223. On that day,

        3
        To avoid fostering confusion, we note that the 120-day period for service of process
under Rule 4(h) of the Mississippi Rules of Civil Procedure is entirely separate and distinct
from the 120-day tolling period under Section 11-46-11(3).

                                             15
256 days remained of the one-year limitations period. Applying the rules for computation of

time under Mississippi Rule of Civil Procedure 6(a), the limitations period expired on

November 10, 2008. Considering the facts in the light most favorable to Buckner, because

the statute of limitations had run before the defendants were served, dismissal with prejudice

was proper. Therefore, we reverse the trial court’s order denying the motion to set aside and

for summary judgment, and render a judgment in favor of the defendants.

                                      CONCLUSION

¶32.   We find that, because substantial evidence did not support a finding of good cause for

Buckner’s failure to serve the defendants within the 120-day period, Buckner was not entitled

to an extension of time to effect service. Therefore, the trial court abused its discretion by

denying the defendants’ motion to set aside the order granting the extension of time. Because

the statute of limitations had expired, the complaint was subject to dismissal with prejudice.

We reverse the trial court’s decision and render a judgment in favor of the defendants.

¶33.   REVERSED AND RENDERED.

     WALLER, C.J., CARLSON AND DICKINSON, P.JJ., RANDOLPH, LAMAR,
PIERCE AND KING, JJ., CONCUR. KITCHENS, J., NOT PARTICIPATING.

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