Court Opinion

ID: 4697728
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-06-23 06:14:48.01384+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:05:48.353172
License: Public Domain

Affirmed and Opinion Filed June 21, 2021

                                              In The
                                Court of Appeals
                         Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                     No. 05-20-00238-CV

                            DEISY UMANA, Appellant
                                     V.
                      JOSE O. RODRIGUEZ-RAMOS, Appellee

                   On Appeal from the 301st Judicial District Court
                                Dallas County, Texas
                        Trial Court Cause No. DF-19-05828

                            MEMORANDUM OPINION
                      Before Justices Molberg, Reichek, and Nowell
                               Opinion by Justice Molberg

       Appellant Deisy Umana appeals the trial court’s final order dismissing her

claims after appellee Jose O. Rodriguez-Ramos filed a plea to the jurisdiction and

motion to dismiss in response to her original petition, a pleading in which she sought

a division of property and a divorce based on an alleged informal, common law

marriage.1 As we explain below, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand

certain claims in this memorandum opinion. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.4.

   1
     “Informal” marriage is the statutory term for what many refer to as “common law” marriage. We use
the words interchangeably here, as others have done. See, e.g., Hinojosa v. LaFredo, No. 05-18-01543-
CV, 2021 WL 2217165, at *5 (Tex. App.—Dallas June 2, 2021, no pet. h.) (mem. op.); Wilson ex. rel.
C.M.W. v. Estate of Williams, 99 S.W.3d 640, 642 n.1 (Tex. App.—Waco 2003, no pet.).
                                              I. BACKGROUND2

          Appellant Umana sued appellee Rodriguez-Ramos for divorce and division of

property based on a common law marriage she alleges began in June 2016. She also

asked the court to quiet title to certain real property located on Falcon Drive in

Irving, Texas, to declare that property as community property, and to declare her as

being entitled to a share of it.

          In response to appellant’s lawsuit, appellee filed a pleading that included a

plea to the jurisdiction,3 motion to dismiss,4 general denial, and motion to expunge

a lis pendens appellant had recorded on the Falcon Drive property. That pleading

also challenged appellant’s standing;5 denied the parties were informally married;

and claimed a common law marriage between them was legally impossible as

alleged in appellant’s petition because, in June 2016, appellee was married to another

woman, Bonnie Rodriguez. Attached to appellee’s pleading was a docket sheet from

    2
        We recount only those facts necessary to our disposition of this case.
    3
        In the plea to the jurisdiction portion of his pleading, appellee stated, in part:
          In this case, the Court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction to consider any of the claims
          [appellant] asserts. The Petition fails to state that [appellee] even had the requisite legal
          capacity to enter any other marriage, whether it be formal or informal, due to the fact that
          [he] was legally married during the time period as set forth in the Petition. The Petition is
          entirely devoid of any fact(s) demonstrating a causal [sic] relationship between the
          parties[,] and the only person [appellant] lists as those to whom the parties allegedly held
          themselves out to be married are the [appellant’s] own siblings.
    4
      The motion to dismiss section stated, in its entirety, “If the relevant evidence is undisputed or fails to
raise a fact question on the jurisdictional issue, the trial court must rule on the plea to the jurisdiction as a
matter of law. . . . If a trial court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction, it has no discretion and must dismiss the
case. . . . A court must determine at its earliest opportunity whether it has authority to allow the litigation
to proceed.” (internal citations omitted).
    5
     Appellee stated, “Standing requires that [appellant] show she is a wife that is seeking a divorce from
a husband” and that “[w]ithout standing, the court lacks jurisdiction to consider [her] claim for divorce.”
                                                        –2–
a divorce proceeding with Mrs. Rodriguez.6 Appellee asked that appellant’s claims

be dismissed and that the court award all relief requested in his pleading.

       Appellant opposed appellee’s requests, and with her response she submitted

her own evidence, including an affidavit and various attachments concerning the

Falcon Drive property, among other things. As to the property, her affidavit states,

in pertinent part:

       [Appellee] and I moved in together in June of 2016. We moved in, at
       that time, to the house located at 1118 Falcon Drive, Irving, Texas
       75060. My brother, Juan Maunel Umana, originally purchased the
       house from Paloma Libertad Markez Soto (“Paloma”) for me because
       I was still in Guatemala. The house was always meant to be my house.
       My brother, Juan, purchased it for me from Paloma. I sent $37,400
       from Guatemala to my brother, Juan, to use to purchase the house for
       me. I acquired the money by selling land in Guatemala and using the
       proceeds from the sale of the land to convert to U.S. Dollars and send
       to my brother for the purpose of purchasing the house for me.

       Her affidavit also provides certain details regarding a foreclosure on the

property and an agreement she and her brother tried to work out with the investor

who foreclosed on it, as well as problems she and her brother had in securing the

financing needed as part of that agreement.

       Her affidavit also discussed appellee’s purchase of the property and stated, in

pertinent part:

       Accordingly, Jose O. Rodriguez-Ramos got the bank loan and acquired
       the house from the private investor without any downpayment. All
       parties agreed, at all times, that the house was Deisy Umana’s house
       because she is the one who sold her property in Guatemala in order to

   6
     The docket sheet is from a divorce proceeding in the 303rd district court between Jose Orlando
Rodriguez and Bonnie Rodriguez, cause number DF-16-12298.
                                               –3–
        come up with the $37,400 needed to purchase the house. All parties
        knew that the house was always intended to be Deisy Umana’s house.
        Additionally, Deisy Umana and Jose O. Rodriguez-Ramos were living
        in the house as husband and wife. The house was purchased during the
        common law marriage.
        On the same day she filed her response, appellant also amended her pleading,

repeating the same content as included before, but adding a new paragraph stating:

        Plaintiff asks that this Court find that the parties entered into a common
        law marriage. Then, Petitioner asks this Court to dissolve that marriage
        and divide the house located at 1118 Falcon Drive, Irving, Texas 75060
        (hereinafter the “Property”) amongst the parties in a just and right and
        equitable division. In the alternative, the Petitioner asks the Court to
        find that the parties entered into a joint venture with respect to the house
        located at 1118 Falcon Drive, Irving, Texas 75060 and to conduct a
        judicially supervised [w]ind-up of that joint venture pursuant to the
        Texas Business Organizations Code, and to partition the Property
        amongst the parties in kind or by sale. In the further alternative, the
        Petitioner asks the Court to grant equitable relief in the form of placing
        the Property into a constructive trust for the Petitioner’s benefit, and
        awarding to the Petitioner the Petitioner’s equitable interests in the
        Property by [v]irtue of unjust enrichment, quantum meruit, quantum
        valebant,[7] and equitable turnover of 50% of the Property to the
        Petitioner. The factual bases for equitable relief are substantiated by
        the Petitioner’s affidavit, which is attached hereto and incorporated
        herein by reference.

        On November 18, 2019—five months after appellant filed her response—the

court conducted an evidentiary hearing. According to a notice of hearing in the

record, the hearing was originally set for August 2, 2019. The hearing notice stated

    7
      “‘Quantum valebant is a common law action of assumpsit for goods sold and delivered, founded on
the implied promise to pay what the goods are worth” and is “‘[s]imilar to quantum meruit [and] concerns
an implied promise to pay for the reasonable market value of goods delivered to the buyer.’” United States
Catastrophic Re-Constructors, Inc. v. Spencer, No. 05-14-01150-CV, 2015 WL 7075163, at *1 n.2 (Tex.
App.—Dallas Nov. 13, 2015, no pet.) (mem. op.) (quoting State Pipe & Supply, Inc. v. Trident Steel Corp.,
No. 14-99-00536-CV, 2000 WL 1591057, at *6 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Oct. 26, 2000, pet.
denied) (not designated for publication)).
                                                  –4–
that appellee’s “Pleas[] to the Jurisdiction and Motion to Expunge Lis Pendens

. . . are [both set] for a hearing” on that date in order “to determine whether the relief

requested in [those] Motions should be granted.” The record does not reveal what,

if anything, occurred on August 2, 2019, but the record does includes the transcript

from a November 18, 2019 evidentiary hearing.

        When the hearing began, the parties’ counsel and two interpreters8 identified

themselves, and the court swore in the interpreters and witnesses. Appellee’s

counsel then asked that the rule be invoked; the trial court announced that it was and

explained what that meant. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 276; TEX. R. EVID. 614. The court

and counsel then discussed why they were there and how they would proceed:

        [THE COURT]: We are actually here on whose motion?
        [APPELLEE’S COUNSEL]: Your Honor, [appellant] filed an original
        petition for divorce, and in response to that [appellee] filed a plea to the
        jurisdiction and a motion to dismiss. So I believe that that would
        probably need to be taken up first.
        There is also a motion that we filed . . . to expunge the lis pendens. They
        put a lis pendens on the property as well.
        THE COURT: But that’s – you guys are claiming – you filed the
        motion? All I asked was whose motion it was.

        [APPELLEE’S COUNSEL]: I believe it’s our motion, Your Honor.
        THE COURT: That would have been the right answer. So it’s your
        motion, but – so you want to go first?

    8
      One interpreter indicated he would be interpreting for appellant; the other indicated she would be
interpreting for appellee.
                                                 –5–
[APPELLEE’S COUNSEL]: Sure. Judge, can I give you a nutshell
version?
THE COURT:         Is it because they have alleged a common-law
marriage?

[APPELLEE’S COUNSEL]: Right.
THE COURT: So do we need to have – are we having the hearing on
that issue as well, initially, to find out where we are going because one
is the flip side of the other?

[APPELLEE’S COUNSEL]: I agree, Your Honor, because our
position is there is no marriage, so there is nothing to divide. Their
position is there is a marriage and they want to divide property.
THE COURT: So, [referring by name to appellant’s counsel,]
generally, in this kind of a situation, it seems like I would let you go
forward with your proof about a common-law marriage.

[APPELLANT’S COUNSEL]: Yes, Your Honor.
THE COURT: And then – is that the way you were thinking that we
would proceed or are you prepared to do that?

[APPELLANT’S COUNSEL]: I am happy to go first. I think typically
the movant does, but it makes no difference to me. We are happy to go
first.
THE COURT: It doesn’t matter to me either. It’s just that it’s weird to
go forward with something when I haven’t heard – I mean, with their
response when I don’t even know if you have made a prima facie case
of common-law marriage. Sometimes we bifurcate the whole trial
issue, because it does change things in a divorce if there are no kids, for
sure, and I find there is no common-law marriage, then we don’t ever
get to the case, right?
[APPELLEE’S COUNSEL]: Yes.

THE COURT: Either way we go, you are prepared to do that, right?

[APPELLANT’S COUNSEL]: Yes, Your Honor.

THE COURT: It seems to make sense that we let you start.

                                   –6–
      [APPELLEE’S COUNSEL]: Judge, we are not opposed to it. We
      understand, either way, that their position is they have to prove a
      common-law marriage.

      THE COURT: Okay. If you guys are ready to go first, then I will let
      you go first. I just wanted to make sure I understood and we all
      understood the issue.

      [APPELLEE’S COUNSEL]: It’s okay. They can go first.

      THE COURT: Do you guys care?

      [APPELLANT’S COUNSEL]: Let’s go ahead and go. I will call my
      first witness. We will call [appellant].

      Appellant then testified through an interpreter. She was the only witness to

testify. On direct-examination, she testified appellee moved into the house on

Falcon Drive with her in June 2016, and the two started living together. When asked

whether she knew he was married at the time, she answered, “They were in the

middle of their plans for getting divorced.” The following exchange also occurred:

      [APPELLANT’S COUNSEL]:            Okay. Did you talk to him about
      getting married?

      [APPELLANT]: Yes.

      [APPELLANT’S COUNSEL]: And did you come to any agreements
      about whether you were going to do that or not?

      [APPELLANT]: We had planned it after his divorce.

      [APPELLANT’S COUNSEL]: Okay. So was that an agreement or a
      plan?

      [APPELLANT]: Well, agreement, plan, I don’t know what the
      difference is of a plan.

      Appellant’s counsel also asked her questions about the house on Falcon Drive

where she and appellee lived together, and in some of those questions, counsel
                                       –7–
phrased the question in a way suggesting that appellant bought the house. At one

point in the hearing, appellant stated she bought the property using funds she had

from property she sold in Guatemala, where she moved from before arriving in the

United States, but at another point in the hearing, she stated that her brother

purchased the property using funds she provided.

      However, the court admitted, without objection, various documents offered

by both sides’ counsel regarding the house, and none of those documents list

appellant as a buyer or borrower in connection with the property. In fact, the

documents list others as a buyer or borrower in connection with the property—

namely appellant’s brother and appellee—who apparently purchased the house at

different times, through different transactions.

      Though we need not detail all of the evidence here, at least five things

regarding the Falcon Drive property appear to be undisputed based on this record.

First, using money from the sale of another property, appellant gave her brother

money for a down payment on the Falcon Drive property, and her brother purchased

that property before the parties began living together in 2016. Second, after

appellant’s brother purchased the property, a foreclosure on the property occurred,

through no fault of appellant’s brother or the parties. Third, due to certain deceptive

practices by the prior seller, appellant’s brother sued the prior seller and obtained a

judgment for more than $150,000 in appellant’s brother’s favor. Fourth, as a result

of the foreclosure process, appellee purchased the home in 2018 while the parties

                                         –8–
lived together. Fifth, an excerpt from a deed of trust identifies appellee as the only

borrower and describes him as “JOSE O. RODRIGUEZ-RAMOS, AN

UNMARRIED MAN.”

      On cross-examination, appellant testified that she and appellee lived together

until December 2018, when they separated, and that, although appellee told her they

needed a lawyer to be married, they never got a lawyer. Also during cross-

examination, appellant testified, in part:

      [APPELLEE’S COUNSEL]: Ms. Deisy, are you currently married?

      [APPELLANT]: No.
      [APPELLEE’S COUNSEL]: So you are not married at this time?

      [APPELLANT]: No.
      [APPELLEE’S COUNSEL]: Correct?

      [APPELLANT]: Correct.
      [APPELLEE’S COUNSEL]: So you are a single woman at this time?
      Yes or no?

      [APPELLANT]: No.

      [APPELLEE’S COUNSEL]: Well, if you are not married, then you are
      single, correct? You can look at me, not your attorney.

      [APPELLANT]: (No response).

      [APPELLEE’S COUNSEL]: Ma’am, you said you were married in
      June of 2016, correct?

      [APPELLANT]: Yes.

      [APPELLEE’S COUNSEL]: And you admit that Jose was still married
      to his wife, Bonnie Rodriguez, in June of 2016, correct?
      [APPELLANT]: Yes.
                                             –9–
       [APPELLEE’S COUNSEL]: Yet you still believe you are married to
       Jose even though he was married to someone else, correct?
       [APPELLANT]: Uh-huh, yes.

       [APPELLEE’S COUNSEL]: Your Honor, may I approach? I have a
       certified copy of an Agreed Final Decree of Divorce dated July 25,
       2017.[9]

       THE COURT: You may.

       [APPELLEE’S COUNSEL]: I will ask that be admitted, Respondent's
       Exhibit 1.

       [APPELLANT’S COUNSEL]: No objection.

       THE COURT: Admitted.
       ....

       [APPELLEE’S COUNSEL]: Also, you were planning a ceremony
       because you wanted to be married to [appellee] correct?

       [APPELLANT]: Correct.
       [APPELLEE’S COUNSEL]: So you were planning a ceremony so that
       you could be married to [appellee] correct?

       [APPELLANT]: Yes.

       Both sides offered exhibits during appellant’s testimony, including some that

had already been provided to the court as attachments to the parties’ court filings.

The trial court admitted seven exhibits in the hearing.

       After appellant finished testifying, her counsel called appellant’s brother, Juan

Umana, as a witness. Appellee objected and argued appellant had not disclosed

witnesses in her discovery responses. Appellant disputed this, but the trial court

   9
      This was the decree affecting Rodriguez-Ramos and Bonnie Rodriguez in cause number DF-16-12298
in the 303rd district court.
                                               –10–
sustained the objection. Appellant’s counsel then stated, “For purposes of the record

. . . Mr. Umana would have confirmed [appellant’s] testimony earlier that he was

one of the people that the marriage was represented to and that the rest of what she

testified to is accurate.” The judge asked whether counsel was “offering that like a

bill of exception or something?” to which counsel responded, “Yes, your Honor.”

      Appellee then moved for directed verdict, and counsel presented arguments.

The trial court then granted appellee’s motion to dismiss and stated, near the end of

the hearing, “As far as the prima facie case for a common-law marriage, [Umana

has] not met that burden as we sit here today. I don’t find that there is enough – or

any evidence that evidences the agreement by the parties to be married.”

      During the hearing, the parties did not mention appellant’s amended pleading

or the alternative claims she referred to in its new paragraph.

      The judge signed a memorandum ruling on the day of the hearing. It stated,

in pertinent part, “RENDERED ON November 18, 2019 . . . Motion to dismiss

granted. No prima facie case made for informal marriage.” Three days later, the

judge signed the final order that is the subject of this appeal. The final order stated:

      On this Day, November 18, 2019, came to be heard Jose Rodriguez-
      Ramos’ Motion to Dismiss Deisy Umana’s Original Petition for
      Divorce. The Court FINDS that no Prima Facie case was made for an
      informal marriage.

      Jose Rodriguez-Ramos’ Motion to Dismiss Deisy Umana’s Original
      Petition for Divorce is hereby GRANTED.

      This Order hereby disposes of all claims contained in Deisy Umana’s
      Original Petition for Divorce. This Final Order is appealable.
                                         –11–
      Appellant then filed a motion for new trial that was overruled by operation of

law. She appeals and raises three issues, all three of which we address in section III

below.   Generally, she argues the trial court erred in conducting the evidentiary

hearing, in concluding she made no prima facie case of common law marriage, and

in excluding witnesses from testifying at the hearing.

                               II. LEGAL STANDARDS

      Before addressing appellant’s specific issues, we include pertinent

information regarding the legal standards we apply.

A.    Standard of Review

      Whether a court has subject matter jurisdiction and whether a plaintiff has

standing or has alleged facts that affirmatively demonstrate a trial court’s subject

matter jurisdiction are questions of law we review de novo. See Farmers Tex. Cty.

Mut. Ins. Co. v. Beasley, 598 S.W.3d 237, 240 (Tex. 2020) (de novo review on

determinations regarding standing and pleas to the jurisdiction) (citations omitted);

Tex. Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 228 (Tex. 2004)

(“Appellate courts reviewing a challenge to a trial court’s subject matter jurisdiction

review the trial court’s ruling de novo.”)

      A motion to dismiss based on a lack of jurisdiction is the “functional

equivalent of a plea to the jurisdiction; both challenge the trial court’s power to

determine the subject matter of a claim.” Richardson Hosp. Auth. v. Duru, 387

                                        –12–
S.W.3d 109, 112 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2012, no pet.) (citing Patton v. Jones, 212

S.W.3d 541, 545 (Tex. App.—Austin 2006, pet. denied)).

      A plea to the jurisdiction “may challenge the pleadings, the existence of

jurisdictional facts, or both.” Alamo Heights Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Clark, 544 S.W.3d

755, 770 (Tex. 2018). When a plea to the jurisdiction challenges the pleadings, we

look to whether the plaintiff has alleged facts that affirmatively demonstrate the trial

court’s jurisdiction to hear the case. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 226. We liberally

construe a plaintiff’s pleadings in favor of jurisdiction, and we look to the plaintiff’s

intent, accepting as true the facts alleged. Id. at 226, 228.

      When a plea challenges the existence of jurisdictional facts, we must consider

relevant evidence submitted by the parties to resolve the jurisdictional issues. Id. at

227. In reviewing such a plea, we take as true all evidence favorable to the

nonmovant, indulging every reasonable inference and resolving any doubts in the

nonmovant’s favor. Alamo Heights, 544 S.W.3d at 771; Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at

227–28. However, we cannot disregard evidence necessary to show context or

evidence and inferences unfavorable to the nonmovant if reasonable jurors could not

do so. See Alamo Heights, 544 S.W.3d at 771.

      This standard mirrors our summary judgment standard under Texas Rule of

Civil Procedure 166a(c) and places the burden on the movant to meet the standard

of proof to support its contention the trial court lacks subject matter jurisdiction. See

Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 228. Once the movant asserts and provides evidentiary

                                         –13–
support for its plea, the plaintiff is then required to show only that a disputed fact

issue exists on the jurisdictional issue. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 228.

      If the evidence creates a fact question on the jurisdictional issue, the trial court

cannot grant the plea, and the fact issue is for the fact finder to resolve. See Alamo

Heights, 544 S.W.3d at 771; Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 227–28. If the evidence is

undisputed or fails to raise a fact question on the jurisdictional issue, the trial court

rules on the plea as a matter of law. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 228.

B.    Standing

      Standing is a threshold requirement to maintaining a lawsuit. Farmers Tex.

Cty. Mut. Ins. Co., 598 S.W.3d at 240 (citing Heckman v. Williamson Cty., 369

S.W.3d 137, 150 (Tex. 2012)). In Texas, to establish standing, “a plaintiff must

allege ‘a concrete injury . . . and a real controversy between the parties that will be

resolved by the court.” Id. (quoting Heckman, 369 S.W.3d at 154). The injury

alleged by a plaintiff must be threatened or actual—not hypothetical. Id. (citations

omitted). Courts look to a plaintiff’s pleadings to determine whether a plaintiff has

alleged a concrete injury sufficient to meet the standing requirement. Id. (citation

omitted). “Because the standing determination is made by looking to the plaintiff's

pleadings, the mere fact that a plaintiff may ultimately not prevail on the merits of

the lawsuit does not deprive the plaintiff of standing.” Id. (citing DaimlerChrysler

Corp. v. Inman, 252 S.W.3d 299, 305 (Tex. 2008)).

                                         –14–
C.    Exclusion of Evidence

      In an appeal of a plea to the jurisdiction, we review a trial court’s decision to

admit or exclude evidence for an abuse of discretion. See Sloan Creek II, L.L.C. v.

N. Tex. Tollway Auth., 472 S.W.3d 906, 918 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2015, pet. denied)

(citing In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d 570, 575 (Tex. 2005)). A trial court abuses its

discretion when it acts without reference to any guiding rules or principles. Id.

(citing Carpenter v. Cimarron Hydrocarbons Corp., 98 S.W.3d 682, 687 (Tex.

2002); Garcia v. Martinez, 988 S.W.2d 219, 222 (Tex. 1999)).

      We will not reach an issue regarding error in the exclusion of evidence unless

the party complaining about the exclusion has preserved error. See Sink v. Sink, 364

S.W.3d 340, 346–47 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2012, no pet.) (citing In re Estate of Miller,

243 S.W.3d 831, 837 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008, no pet.)). “A party may claim error

in a ruling to . . . exclude evidence only if the error affects a substantial right of the

party and . . . a party informs the court of its substance by an offer of proof, unless

the substance was apparent from the context.” TEX. R. EVID. 103(a)(2); see Sink,

364 S.W.3d at 347 (citations omitted) (complaining party must offer the evidence

and secure adverse ruling from the trial court). Without an offer of proof or a formal

bill of exception, we cannot determine whether the exclusion of evidence was

harmful. Sink, 364 S.W.3d at 347 (citations omitted); see TEX. R. APP. P. 44.1(a)

(standards for reversible error).

                                          –15–
D.    Informal Marriage

      Texas law provides two ways to enter into a valid marriage: through a

ceremonial marriage, or through an informal one. Hinojosa, 2021 WL 2217165, at

*5 (citations omitted); see TEX. FAM. CODE §§ 2.001, 2.202, 2.401.

      An informal, or common law marriage can be established in one of two ways.

First, a party may present evidence that the parties filed a declaration of informal

marriage with the county clerk. Hinojosa, 2021 WL 2217165, at *5 (citing TEX.

FAM. CODE § 2.401(a)(1)). While such a declaration constitutes prima facie proof

of the parties’ informal marriage, parties may have a valid common law marriage

without filing one. See In Russell v. Russell, 865 S.W.2d 929, 931 (Tex. 1993)

(declaration constitutes prima facie proof but “parties need not make the declaration

to have a valid common law marriage.”)

      Second, a couple may establish an informal marriage by demonstrating that:

(1) they “agreed to be married”; (2) “after the agreement they lived together in

[Texas] as husband and wife”; and (3) “there represented to others that they were

married.” TEX. FAM. CODE § 2.401(a)(2); Hinojosa, 2021 WL 2217165, at *5;

Estate of Pandozy, No. 05-19-00755-CV, 2021 WL 711500, at *3 (Tex. App.—

Dallas Feb. 22, 2021, no pet.) (mem. op.). The first element—an agreement to be

married—cannot be established with proof of an intention to be married at some

point in the future. See Aguilar v. State, 715 S.W.2d 645, 648 (Tex. Crim. App.

1986) (“A present intention to be married in the future is not enough. The parties

                                       –16–
must intend to be husband and wife from the moment of the agreement onward.”);

Winegardner v. Hughes, No. 07-18-00434-CV, No. 07-19-00283-CV, 2020 WL

1966283, at *3 (Tex. App.—Amarillo Apr. 23, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op.) (“evidence

of future plans [to marry] negates an essential element of [an] informal marriage

claim as it demonstrates the lack of a present intent to be married”).

      The existence of an informal marriage is a fact question. In re O.R.M., 559

S.W.3d 738, 744 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2018, no pet.) (citations omitted); Joplin v.

Borusheski, 244 S.W.3d 607, 610–11 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008, no pet.) (citations

omitted). The party seeking to establish the existence of an informal marriage bears

the burden of demonstrating the three elements by a preponderance of the evidence.

Hinojosa, 2021 WL 2217165, at *5 (citations omitted); Pandozy, 2021 WL 711500,

at *3 (citation omitted); In re O.R.M., 559 S.W.3d at 744 (citations omitted); Joplin,

244 S.W.3d at 610–11 (citation omitted).

      An informal marriage does not exist until the concurrence of all three

elements. Winegardner, 2020 WL 1966283, at *3 (citing Eris v. Phares, 39 S.W.3d

708, 713 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, pet denied)); In re O.R.M., 559

S.W.3d at 744.

                                   III. ANALYSIS

A.    Hearing and Dismissal of Family Code Claim

      In her first issue, appellant argues the trial court erred “in dismissing the case

on a plea to the jurisdiction by conducting an evidentiary hearing, like a trial,” and

                                        –17–
“making fact findings on the merits of the case instead of merely determining

whether the Court [did] or did not have jurisdiction over the case[.]” Because the

trial court’s finding related to whether or not a prima facie case of common law

marriage had been made, a matter relating directly to her claim for divorce and

property division under the family code, we limit our discussion in this section to

the family code claim and address the dismissal of her alternative claims in section

III.B. below.

         In arguing this issue, appellant makes three main assertions. First, she asserts

the trial court could not have ruled on the motion to dismiss because, according to

her, the motion was not set for hearing.                   Second, she asserts that appellee’s

arguments regarding jurisdiction and standing10 were meritless. Third, she asserts

that neither the plea to the jurisdiction nor the motion to dismiss were proper vehicles

for disposing of the case, citing as support Almeida v. Estrada, No. 04-05-00255-

CV, 2006 WL 2818067, at *2 (Tex. App.—San Antonio Oct. 4, 2006, no pet.).

         Appellee ignores the first of these three assertions but disputes the other two.

Generally, appellee argues the trial court correctly ruled and characterizes the ruling

as a decision to grant his motion for directed verdict. We disagree with appellee’s

    10
       She also makes arguments regarding standing, which we need not address here, because it is not clear
that the trial court made any rulings regarding standing. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1).
                                                  –18–
mischaracterization because there is no indication in either the hearing transcript11

or final order12 that the trial court ruled on that motion.13

          We also disagree with appellant’s assertions, however.                           As to her first

assertion that appellee’s motion to dismiss was not set for hearing, we note that

appellee’s plea to the jurisdiction and motion to dismiss were both included together

in the same pleading, as was appellee’s motion to expunge the lis pendens, which

was also set for hearing on the same day and mentioned in the notice of hearing. We

are unpersuaded by appellant’s argument that the hearing notice was insufficient to

put her on notice that the motion to dismiss would be heard because, as appellant

acknowledges, both the plea to the jurisdiction and motion to dismiss were based on

a lack of jurisdiction, and in such circumstances, the motion served as a “functional

equivalent of a plea to the jurisdiction.” See Richardson Hosp. Auth., 387 S.W.3d

at 112. Moreover, appellant failed to preserve error regarding any problems with

the hearing notice when, at the beginning of the hearing, the motion to dismiss was

specifically mentioned as a matter that was being heard, and appellant failed to

object or take any other step at that point to preserve error. See TEX. R. APP. P.

    11
       When announcing its ruling, the trial judge referred to the plea to the jurisdiction, motion to dismiss,
and to appellee’s argument that jurisdiction was lacking without a prima facie case of common law
marriage. The court then stated, “I am saying that you did not do that, so that follows, that we just grant
their motion to dismiss.”
    12
         The final order states the court is granting a motion to dismiss, not a motion for directed verdict.
    13
      We express no opinion on appellee’s motion for directed verdict under the circumstances presented,
but we do note that if a motion for directed verdict been made in the context of a bench trial, we would
consider it not as a motion for directed verdict but as a motion a motion for judgment instead. See, e.g.,
Pandozy, 2021 WL 711500, at *3 (citations omitted).
                                                      –19–
33.1(a)(1); In re Estate of Miller, 243 S.W.3d at 837 (to preserve error on appeal,

party must present to the trial court a timely request, motion, or objection, state the

specific grounds therefore, and obtain a ruling that appears in the record).

      Finally, we disagree with appellant’s second and third assertions, in which she

claims the trial court erred in conducting an evidentiary hearing and concluding

appellant had not made a prima facie case of informal marriage. We are unpersuaded

by and decline to follow our sister court’s opinion in Almeida v. Estrada, which

appellant relies on, as it is distinguishable and is not binding on us here. In Almeida,

unlike in this case, the nonmovant’s counsel made process-related objections as the

dismissal hearing began, and in light of the record there, the appellate court

concluded that “[a] dismissal [was] an inappropriate means of deciding the merits of

a case” and that “the trial court reversibly erred in entering a dismissal order that

adjudicated the merits of the case.” Almeida, 2006 WL 2818067, at *2. Also, in the

trial court’s rendition of judgment, the trial court in Almeida stated: “Based on the

totality of the evidence provided to the Court from testimony and affidavit, this Court

is of the opinion that there was no marriage between Cindy Almeida and Antonio

Estrada.” Almeida, 2006 WL 2818067, at *1. In contrast, in the trial court’s

rendition in this case, the trial court spoke of the lack of a prima facie case, a

seemingly slight, but important distinction, at least in the context of the specific

circumstances before us, where the judge stated she “[did not] find . . . any evidence

that evidences the agreement by the parties to be married.”

                                         –20–
      As we have already noted, a plea to the jurisdiction can be based on the

pleadings or on evidence. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 226. When, as here, a plea

challenges the existence of jurisdictional facts, the trial court was to consider

relevant evidence submitted by the parties to resolve the jurisdictional issues. See

id. at 227. The evidentiary standards the court was to follow mirror the summary

judgment standard under civil procedure rule 166a(c). See Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at

228. This placed the burden on appellee, as the movant, to meet the standard of

proof to support his contention the trial court lacked subject matter jurisdiction. See

id. Once appellee asserted and provided evidentiary support for his plea, appellant

was then required to show only that a disputed fact issue exists on the jurisdictional

issue. See id. If the evidence is undisputed or fails to raise a fact question on the

jurisdictional issue, the trial court could rule on the plea as a matter of law. See

Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 228. If the evidence creates a fact question on the

jurisdictional issue, the trial court cannot grant the plea, and the fact issue is for the

fact finder to resolve. See Alamo Heights, 544 S.W.3d at 771; Miranda, 133 S.W.3d

at 227–28.

      Here, appellee submitted evidence with his plea and motion showing that he

was not yet divorced from Bonnie Rodriguez in June 2016, when appellant claims

that she and appellee began their alleged common law marriage. Appellant then

submitted evidence with her response, and she amended her pleading, again stating

in the hearing and in her amended pleading that she and appellee began a common

                                          –21–
law marriage in June 2016. However, appellant also agreed that in June 2016, when

the parties began living together, appellee was still married to Bonnie Rodriguez and

said “[t]hey were in the middle of their plans for getting divorced,” and she testified

that she (appellant) was not currently married.

         Based on the record before us, we conclude the trial court did not err in

dismissing appellant’s claims for divorce and property division after the evidentiary

hearing because, as the trial court suggested—albeit with different language14—the

evidence did not raise a fact issue on the parties’ agreement to be married, a

necessary element of establishing the existence of a common law marriage. See

Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 228 (describing general review standards on plea to

jurisdiction); Estate of Pandozy, 2021 WL 711500, at *3 (listing common law

marriage elements and affirming dismissal on jurisdictional grounds of case

involving common law marriage); Winegardner, 2020 WL 1966283, at *3 (same).15

         We overrule appellant’s first issue.

    14
       In rendering judgment, the court stated that appellant had not met her burden of establishing a prima
facie case and explained, “I don’t find that there is enough – or any evidence that evidences the agreement
by the parties to be married.”
    15
      Cf. Farjardo No. 14-15-00653-CV, 2016 WL 4206009, at *2–4 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
Aug. 9, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.) (in case involving presumptions and burdens that do not apply here,
appellate court assumed a plea to the jurisdiction was a proper vehicle for dismissal but reversed a trial
court’s order dismissing a common law marriage claim, where appellate court concluded that appellant
presented more than a scintilla of evidence on each element of common law marriage).
                                                  –22–
B.    Dismissal of Alternative Claims

      In her second issue, appellant argues the trial court erred in dismissing her

alternative claims for breach of contract, unjust enrichment, quantum meruit,

quantum valebant, constructive trust, and equitable turnover for fifty percent of the

property because appellee did not include them in his plea to the jurisdiction, did not

submit any proof negating them at the hearing, and because those claims were

included in her amended petition and were still pending at the time of the final order.

      Appellee responds with two arguments but cites no authorities in support.

First, appellee argues appellant failed to preserve error on this issue. Second,

appellee argues that, because appellant presented no evidence on her alternative

claims in the hearing, the trial court properly dismissed appellant’s alternative claims

by granting his motion for directed verdict.

      We disagree with appellee’s first argument because appellant raised this issue

in the trial court by including it in her motion for new trial, which was overruled by

operation of law. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1).

      We also disagree with appellee’s second argument, as we did with the same

argument in analyzing appellant’s first issue. As we previously discussed, there is

nothing in the record to indicate the court ruled on any motion for directed verdict.

      In her reply brief, appellant argues, in essence, that by dismissing her

alternative claims on this record—where appellee made no prior challenge to them

                                         –23–
based on either the pleadings or the evidence—the trial court effectively reversed

the parties’ respective burdens under Miranda and therefore erred as a matter of law.

      We agree and conclude the trial court erred as a matter of law by dismissing

appellant’s alternative claims in its final order because appellee did not challenge

appellant’s alternative claims in his plea to the jurisdiction or motion to dismiss and

thus did not satisfy his initial burden under Miranda. See Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at

226–28 (discussing burdens).

      We sustain appellant’s second issue.

C.    Exclusion of Witnesses

      In her third issue, appellant argues that the trial court abused its discretion by

excluding testimony by witnesses who would have corroborated her assertions that

the parties had agreed to be married and held themselves out to the public as such.

In her briefing, appellant discusses the witnesses generally, not by name, and when

describing their anticipated testimony, she cites only to her own testimony

identifying unnamed “[w]itnesses” as “all” of the proof she had, besides the parties’

living together, that appellee agreed to be married to her.

      Appellee does not address the substance of appellant’s arguments and argues

appellant failed to preserve error on this issue.

      We need not reach this issue with regard to any witnesses other than

appellant’s brother, Juan Umana, because as to all other witnesses besides him, there

is no indication in the record that appellant called, or that the trial court excluded,

                                         –24–
any other witness, and she made no offer of proof or bill of exception regarding any

other witness’s testimony. Because of this, we conclude appellant failed to preserve

error on this issue for any witness other than Mr. Umana. See Sink, 364 S.W.3d at

346–47; TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1.

         As to Mr. Umana, however, appellant at least attempted to preserve error, and

although we do not decide whether her attempt was sufficient, we presume for

purposes of this appeal that it was.16 However, there is nothing in the record

demonstrating the trial court abused its discretion in excluding Mr. Umana’s

testimony on the basis of a failure to disclose him as a witness.17

         In addition, the case appellant relies on, In re Toyota Motor Corporation, 191

S.W.3d 498, 501 (Tex. App.—Waco 2006, no pet.) (orig. proceeding) is

distinguishable. In Toyota, the court considered whether it was error to allow an

undisclosed expert to testify in a hearing on a motion to quash deposition notices for

minor children claimants. Id. The court held that it was not error to allow the

    16
       Appellant called Mr. Umana as a witness; the trial court sustained appellee’s objection to his
testimony on the grounds that appellant had not disclosed him as a witness; and after the court’s ruling,
appellant’s counsel stated, “For purposes of the record . . . Mr. Umana would have confirmed [appellant’s]
testimony earlier that he was one of the people that the marriage was represented to and that the rest of what
she testified to is accurate.”
    17
        While appellant attached to her reply brief a disclosure response that was purportedly “[d]iscussed at
[t]rial as to Juan Umana,” we may not consider this document in our review because it is not part of the
appellate record. See TEX. R. APP. P. 34.1; Burke v. Ins. Auto Auctions Corp., 169 S.W.3d 771, 775 (Tex.
App.—Dallas 2005, pet. denied) (citing Green v. Kaposta, 152 S.W.3d 839, 841 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2005,
no pet.); Elwell v. State, 872 S.W.2d 797, 799 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1994, pet. ref’d) (“we cannot take judicial
notice of the records of any court not properly admitted into evidence before the trial court, even though
the records might be attached to a [party’s] brief”) (citing Penix v. State, 748 S.W.2d 629, 630–31 (Tex.
App.—Fort Worth 1988, no pet.)).
                                                   –25–
testimony because rule of civil procedure 193.6 “does not operate to exclude an

undisclosed expert’s testimony from a preliminary hearing not on the merits.” Id.

(citing Monsanto Co. v. Davis, 25 S.W.3d 773, 785 (Tex. App.—Waco 2000, pet.

dism’d w.o.j.). That reasoning does not apply to the circumstances here. Unlike the

motion to quash context in Toyota, the evidentiary dispute in this case arose in a

context requiring the application of the same review standards as a traditional motion

for summary judgment, which certainly involves the merits. See Miranda, 133

S.W.3d at 228 (when a plea to the jurisdiction challenges existence of jurisdictional

facts, not the pleadings, review standard is the same as a traditional motion for

summary judgment); Lawson v. Collins, No. 03-17-00003-CV, 2017 WL 4228728,

at *7 (Tex. App.—Austin Sept. 20, 2017, no pet.) (mem. op.) (implicitly refusing to

apply In re Toyota in a summary judgment context, which court viewed as plainly

testing the merits of a claim).

      Finally, even though we assume appellant preserved error, and even if we

concluded an abuse of discretion occurred, we may not reverse unless the error was

harmful. See TEX. R. APP. P. 44.1(a) (standards for reversible error); Sink, 364

S.W.3d at 347. Despite appellant’s conclusory arguments that she was harmed by

the court’s alleged error in excluding Mr. Umana’s testimony, neither party mentions

rule 44.1 or the standards we are required to follow in applying it. Based on the

record here, we cannot conclude that the exclusion of Mr. Umana’s testimony

                                        –26–
“probably caused the rendition of an improper judgment” or “probably prevented

the appellant from properly presenting the case” to us. See TEX. R. APP. P. 44.1(a).

      We overrule appellant’s third issue.

                                  IV. CONCLUSION

      For the reasons explained herein, we overrule appellant’s first and third issues

and sustain her second. As a result, we affirm the trial court’s final order with regard

to Umana’s claim for divorce and property division under the family code but reverse

the final order with regard to her alternative claims for breach of contract, unjust

enrichment, quantum meruit, quantum valebant, constructive trust, and equitable

turnover for fifty percent of the property and remand those alternative claims to the

trial court for additional proceedings. However, we express no opinion on the

viability of those alternative claims, the sufficiency of appellant’s pleadings in

asserting them, or the sufficiency of appellant’s evidence in proving them, if any, as

none of those issues are properly before us in this appeal.

                                             /Ken Molberg/
200238f.p05                                  KEN MOLBERG
                                             JUSTICE

                                         –27–
                             Court of Appeals
                      Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                    JUDGMENT

 DEISY UMANA, Appellant                          On Appeal from the 301st Judicial
                                                 District Court, Dallas County, Texas
 No. 05-20-00238-CV           V.                 Trial Court Cause No. DF-19-05828.
                                                 Opinion delivered by Justice
 JOSE O. RODRIGUEZ-RAMOS,                        Molberg. Justices Reichek and
 Appellee                                        Nowell participating.

       In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the trial court’s final order
is AFFIRMED with regard to Umana’s claim for divorce and property division
under the family code and is REVERSED and REMANDED to the trial court for
additional proceedings with regard to Umana’s alternative claims for breach of
contract, unjust enrichment, quantum meruit, quantum valebant, constructive trust,
and equitable turnover for fifty percent of the property.

Judgment entered this 21st day of June, 2021.

                                          –28–