Court Opinion

ID: 5508859
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-10 03:27:56.729681+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:34:07.034198
License: Public Domain

BRADLEY, J.
Upon the production by the plaintiff of the notes at the trial, the presumption was that the plaintiff became the owner of them by due course, before maturity, and that it was a bona fide holder of the notes, for value. But, if it had appeared that they were obtained by Cushman from Grover by fraud, the burden would have been shifted to the plaintiff to prove that it was a holder of the notes in good faith, and for a valuable consideration. Case v. Banking Ass’n, 4 N. Y. 166; Bank v. Green, 43 N. Y. 298; Vosburgh v. Diefendorf, 119 N. Y. 357, 23 N. E. 801. No fraud is alleged in the defendants’ answer, nor did it appear on the trial that the notes were obtained by fraud, on the part of Cushman, from Grover. Mrs. Cushman had with the Yost Writing-Machine Company the agreement as-represented. It was exhibited to Grover at the time of the negotiation, and was delivered to him, at the time his agreement with Cushman was made, and he proceeded for a time in performance of the business contemplated. He afterwards called at the office of the company, and, by one of its officers, was there advised that permission for him to proceed under the Cushman contract was refused. If, from the nature of the contract, Cushman had no right to substitute the agency of another for the company, by transfer of the contract, Grover, upon inspection of the contract, was, equally with Cushman, advised of the fact. The allegation in the answer is that Cushman’s right to proceed in performance of the contract was forfeited. It may be assumed, for the purpose of the question, that by reason of some default on the part of Cushman th% company had the right to put an end to the further performance of it by him. It does not appear that the company had taken any action with that view, or advised Cushman that it was so treated. And although the right to declare it forfeited may have existed after the transfer to Grover, by reason of some default on the part of Cushman, she was not chargeable with knowledge that the company would avail itself of the power to forfeit it, and may have supposed, from the non-action of the company in that respect, that it would not, without which her right to proceed in its performance would remain operative, and therefore she was not chargeable with fraud in that respect. But by the existence of such right, and its subsequent exercise by the company, there was a failure of consideration, to that extent, for the notes, available to Grover, as for breach of the contract, in not receiving what Cushman undertook he should have by means of the transfer to him of the agency contract of the company. The main inducement to Grover in making the purchase was in the company’s contract, and his supposed right acquired to proceed under and pursuant to it. At some time after Grover had proceeded’ under the contract, but how long after does not appear, he learned that the company had asserted that it had no agency in the territory in question. He testifies that he then called upon Mr. Cushman, who, it seems, conducted the business for Mrs. Cushman, and told him what he had so learned, and that Cushman said “there was some mistake about it; that the company had written him, as he told me before, that the contract could be turned over to me; they would allow it to be turned over to me, and give me the same terms he *498had.” If it had appeared that Cushman had. said to Grover, before the agreement with him was perfected, that the company had written him that the contract could be turned over to him, there would, in view of the evidence that no such consent was given, have been some proof to permit the jury to determine that Cushman was chargeable with fraud in obtaining the notes, and therefore the burden of showing that the plaintiff was a bona fide holder of the notes, for value, would be cast upon it. But the evidence fails to show that such statement was made by Cushman before the transfer and notes were made. And if they had, by the evidence, been permitted to do so, and had found that the notes were obtained by fraud, the question whether the plaintiff was a bona fi.de holder, for value, would have been one of fact, for the jury, since the relation of the cashier to the plaintiff was such as to present the question of his credibility for consideration. Joy v. Diefendorf, 130 N. Y. 6, 28 N. E. 602. The burden, however, was with the defendants to prove that the notes were fraudulently obtained by Cushman. In an action at law, fraud must be clearly proved. It will not be presumed, nor, on mere probabilities, be assumed. The defendant E. D. Grover, when he made the agreement with Cushman, undoubtedly understood and believed that he would be permitted to proceed under the contract, which was transferred to him. It may be assumed that he was so advised by Cushman, and the latter may have supposed that he could and would have the benefit of it. And his promise or statement that»he would be allowed to go forward with it was not fraudulent, unless he had been advised to the contrary, which does not appear. It was a mere promise or undertaking about a matter executory in character, and not the misrepresentation as to an existing fact.
As nothing appears in the evidence of the transaction between Cushman and Grover to repel the presumption that the plaintiff was a bona fide holder and owner of the notes, for value, the question arises whether any other reason appears in the evidence tending to impeach such relation of the plaintiff to them. The defendant E. D. Grover testified that after this action was commenced he called upon Mr. Hathaway, the president of the plaintiff, and in the conversation had, among other things, said to him that Mr..Cushman had told him that the bank did not own the notes, and that Hathaway did not deny the statement. It is urged that this want of denial is some evidence of an admission on the part of the plaintiff that it was not the owner of the notes. That rule is applicable against a party to an action, in whose presence and hearing something pertinent to the matters in question is stated, and which it is for his interest to controvert. Then the fact that he does not do so is evidence for the consideration of the jury, and they may treat his silence as an implied admission of the fact as stated. Hathaway was not a party to the action. And, although he was president of the- plaintiff, his declarations cannot bind the bank, nor are they admissible as evidence against it, unless they are made in regard to, at the time of, and as part of, a transaction within the scope of his agency. Packet Co. v. Clough, 20 Wall. 528; First Baptist Church v. Brooklyn Fire *499Ins. Co., 28 N. Y. 153; Luby v. Railroad Co., 17 N. Y. 131. It does not appear that Hathaway was then engaged in the performance of any official duty, of which the conversation referred to was a part. His declarations, therefore, if any had been made, about the title of the bank to the notes, would not have been admissible. It was a mere conversation between Grover and him on the subject of the suit upon the notes, and whether the bank had taken title to them was dependent upon a past transaction, of which Hathaway may or may not have been advised. The cashier testified that he was discount officer of the bank; that the notes passed through his hands as such, and were discounted. The circumstances of the interview between Grover and Hathaway were not such as to render the failure of the latter to speak on the subject referred to any evidence of an implied admission on the part of the bank that it did not own the notes.
It seems that the bank held some bonds and mortgages as general collateral security for the liabilities of Cushman to it, which liabilities arose mainly upon paper discounted by it. Whether or not the security thus taken was adequate, does not appear. The evidence upon that subject does not deny to the plaintiff the character of bona fide holder, for value, of the notes.
The letter of date January 16, 1893, from Cushman to Mayo, who by it was treated as in some way representing the company, offered in evidence and excluded, could have been of no benefit to the defendants, if it had been received in evidence. The main feature of the letter was that Mrs. Cushman desired to transfer the business to a person not named in it, to do which consent was requested that such person take the agency. There is nothing in the letter importing that the contract had been forfeited, or that Cushman apprehended that it would be; but, on the contrary, it is there treated by Cushman as operative. Without some answer from the company, which there was no offer to prove, the letter had no materiality for any legitimate purpose. There was no error to the prejudice of the defendants in any of the rulings at the trial. The conclusion, upon the evidence, was required that the plaintiff, by transfer before their maturity, became and was the bona fide owner and holder of the notes, for value.
The judgment should therefore be affirmed. All concur.