Court Opinion

ID: 9942612
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-02-21 17:01:00.289962+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:48:20.650864
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        FEB 21 2024
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

CITIZENS FOR CLEAN ENERGY;        No. 22-35789
ECOCHEYENNE; MONTANA
ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION         D.C. Nos. 4:17-cv-00030-BMM
CENTER; CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL               4:17-cv-00042-BMM
DIVERSITY; DEFENDERS OF
WILDLIFE; SIERRA CLUB; WILDEARTH
GUARDIANS; NORTHERN CHEYENNE MEMORANDUM*
TRIBE; STATE OF CALIFORNIA; STATE
OF NEW MEXICO; STATE OF NEW
YORK; STATE OF WASHINGTON,

                Plaintiffs-Appellees,

 v.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR;
DEB HAALAND, Secretary of the Interior;
BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT,

                Defendants,

STATE OF WYOMING; STATE OF
MONTANA,

                Intervenor-Defendants,

and

NATIONAL MINING ASSOCIATION,

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      Intervenor-Defendant-
      Appellant.

CITIZENS FOR CLEAN ENERGY;        No. 22-35790
ECOCHEYENNE; MONTANA
ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION         D.C. Nos. 4:17-cv-00030-BMM
CENTER; CENTER FOR BIOLOGICAL               4:17-cv-00042-BMM
DIVERSITY; DEFENDERS OF
WILDLIFE; SIERRA CLUB; WILDEARTH
GUARDIANS; NORTHERN CHEYENNE
TRIBE; STATE OF CALIFORNIA; STATE
OF NEW MEXICO; STATE OF NEW
YORK; STATE OF WASHINGTON,

               Plaintiffs-Appellees,

 v.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR;
DEB HAALAND, Secretary of the Interior;
BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT,

               Defendants,

NATIONAL MINING ASSOCIATION,

               Intervenor-Defendant,

and

STATE OF WYOMING; STATE OF
MONTANA,

      Intervenor-Defendants-
      Appellants.

                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                          for the District of Montana

                                       2
                  Brian M. Morris, Chief District Judge, Presiding

                      Argued and Submitted February 6, 2024
                                Portland, Oregon

Before: GOULD, BYBEE, and BRESS, Circuit Judges.

      In 2016, then-Secretary of the Interior Sally Jewell ordered a moratorium on

most new federal coal leases in connection with a broader review of the federal coal

leasing program. The following year, then-Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke

rescinded the Jewell Order and ordered the resumption of federal coal leasing.

Appellees then filed this lawsuit alleging, as relevant here, that Secretary Zinke’s

rescission of the moratorium violated the National Environmental Protection Act of

1969 (NEPA).       The National Mining Association, Wyoming, and Montana

intervened as defendants.

      Intervenors now appeal the district court’s 2019 decision that the government

violated NEPA by failing to conduct an environmental review in connection with

the Zinke Order’s rescission of the moratorium. Intervenors also challenge the

district court’s 2022 decision finding arbitrary and capricious the NEPA analysis

that the government prepared in response to the district court’s earlier order, as well

as the district court’s determination that this case is not moot. Appellants argue,

among other things, that this case is moot because in April 2021, Secretary of the

Interior Deb Haaland “revoked” the Zinke Order. We review the district court’s

mootness determination de novo. Native Vill. of Nuiqsut v. Bureau of Land Mgmt.,

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9 F.4th 1201, 1208 (9th Cir. 2021). We agree with appellants that this case is moot.

      We have “no authority ‘to give opinions upon moot questions or abstract

propositions, or to declare principles or rules of law which cannot affect the matter

in issue in the case before [us].’” Church of Scientology of Cal. v. United States,

506 U.S. 9, 12 (1992) (quoting Mills v. Green, 159 U.S. 651, 653 (1895)). “A case

becomes moot—and therefore no longer a ‘Case’ or ‘Controversy’ for purposes of

Article III—‘when the issues presented are no longer “live” or the parties lack a

legally cognizable interest in the outcome.’” Already, LLC v. Nike, Inc., 568 U.S.

85, 91 (2013) (quoting Murphy v. Hunt, 455 U.S. 478, 481 (1982) (per curiam)).

When we conclude that a case is moot, we “have jurisdiction to correct the

jurisdictional error, but not to entertain the merits of an appeal.” Matheson v.

Progressive Specialty Ins., Co., 319 F.3d 1089, 1090 (9th Cir. 2003) (per curiam).

      This lawsuit only concerns the Zinke Order’s recission of the Jewell Order’s

moratorium on federal coal leasing. But the Zinke Order was “revoked” in April

2021. Nothing about the Zinke Order can be changed through further NEPA analysis

when the Zinke Order is legally non-existent. Under these circumstances, “it is

impossible for a court to grant any effectual relief whatever to the prevailing party.”

Native Vill. of Nuiqsut, 9 F.4th at 1208 (alterations in original) (quoting Knox v. Serv.

Emps. Int’l Union, Loc. 1000, 567 U.S. 298, 307 (2012)); cf. Donovan v. Vance, 70

F.4th 1167, 1171–72 (9th Cir. 2023) (holding that challenges to executive orders

                                           4
mandating COVID-19 vaccination were mooted when a subsequent executive order

“revoked” the challenged orders); Trump v. Hawaii, 583 U.S. 941 (2017) (holding

that a challenge to provisions of an executive order that “‘expired by [their] own

terms’” was moot (alteration in original) (quoting Burke v. Barnes, 479 U.S. 361,

363 (1987))).

      The district court reasoned that the Haaland Order’s failure to reinstate the

coal leasing moratorium from the Jewell Order meant that “the Zinke Order still

remains in partial effect.” That is incorrect. The Haaland Order definitively

“revoked” the Zinke Order.        While appellees may be dissatisfied with the

government’s position that the Haaland Order did not revive the Jewell Order’s

moratorium, this does not provide a basis for concluding that a challenge to the

defunct Zinke Order is live. To the extent appellees argue they are injured by the

present lack of a moratorium on federal coal leasing—notwithstanding what appears

to be the government’s present adherence to a de facto moratorium—any such

challenge relates to the Haaland Order and the Bureau of Land Management’s

interpretations of it, matters that are not part of this lawsuit. Any injury that

appellees claim to suffer relating to the lack of a formal coal leasing moratorium is

not fairly traceable to the defunct Zinke Order and cannot be remedied through relief

relating to that Order, which has been revoked. See Protectmarriage.com-Yes on

8 v. Bowen, 752 F.3d 827, 834 (9th Cir. 2014).

                                         5
      Nor does the voluntary cessation exception to mootness apply here. See

Friends of the Earth, Inc v. Laidlaw Env’t Servs. (TOC), Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 189

(2000). “[W]e treat the voluntary cessation of challenged conduct by government

officials ‘with more solicitude . . . than similar action by private parties.’” Bd. of

Trs. of Glazing Health & Welfare Tr. v. Chambers, 941 F.3d 1195, 1198 (9th Cir.

2019) (en banc) (quoting Am. Cargo Transp., Inc. v. United States, 625 F.3d 1176,

1180 (9th Cir. 2010)). Here, “it is ‘absolutely clear that the allegedly wrongful

behavior could not reasonably be expected to recur.’” West Virginia v. EPA, 597

U.S. 697, 720 (2022) (quoting Parents Involved in Cmty. Schs. v. Seattle Sch. Dist.

No. 1, 551 U.S. 701, 719 (2007)). The Haaland Order “revoked” the Zinke Order in

its entirety, and that repeal is “enough to render [the] case moot and appropriate for

dismissal.” Bd. of Trs. of Glazing Health & Welfare Tr., 941 F.3d at 1198.

      For the foregoing reasons, we vacate the district court’s judgment and remand

with instructions to dismiss the case as moot. The parties shall bear their own costs

on appeal.

      VACATED AND REMANDED.

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