Court Opinion

ID: 4686380
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-05-12 21:00:34.490808+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:02:05.957141
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                     For the First Circuit

No. 20-1595

                   ATLAS GLASS & MIRROR, INC.,

                      Plaintiff, Appellant,

                               v.

                    TRI-NORTH BUILDERS, INC.,

                      Defendant, Appellee.

          APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
               FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS

       [Hon. George A. O'Toole, Jr., U.S. District Judge]

                             Before

                   Lynch, Lipez, and Kayatta,
                        Circuit Judges.

     Jeffrey A. Novins, with whom Howd & Ludorf, LLC was on brief,
for appellant.
     Michael R. Stanley, with whom Michael J. Lambert and Sheehan
Phinney Bass & Green, PA were on brief, for appellee.

                          May 12, 2021
            KAYATTA,       Circuit    Judge.         This    appeal     concerns      the

applicability and enforcement of a forum selection clause in an

agreement between a construction contractor and its subcontractor.

Relying     on    that    clause,     the        district    court     dismissed      the

subcontractor's suit against the contractor.                   We affirm.

                                            I.

            Tri-North Builders, Inc., served as general contractor

on a renovation project at the Sheraton Hotel in Framingham,

Massachusetts.           After   preliminary        discussions,       Atlas      Glass   &

Mirror,   Inc.,     a     Massachusetts      company,       submitted        a    one-page

proposal to supply and install Lockheed windows on the project.

The proposal identified the window types, estimated prices, and

specified the work, which called for the supply and installation

of over 250 windows.         It contained very few other terms.

            Tri-North       neither    signed       nor     returned    the      contract

proposal.    Instead, it solicited and obtained Atlas's agreement to

supply and install a sample Lockheed window so that Tri-North could

ensure that the owner approved of the proposed choice.                           Tri-North

sent        Atlas          an        eight-page              contract             entitled

"Subcontract 121210024667"             (hereinafter            "Subcontract 667"),

governing the installation of the sample window.                     Dated August 28,

2012, Subcontract 667 identified the window to be installed, the

work to be done, and the price.                     It also included thirty-one

additional       "Terms    and    Conditions,"        one     of     which       specified

                                       - 2 -
Wisconsin as the forum and venue for any litigation or arbitration.

Atlas accepted this contract by signing and returning an original

to Tri-North.

            After Atlas installed the sample Lockheed window, it

supplied and installed a sample of another manufacturer's window

at   Tri-North's    request.     Atlas   then    simultaneously       sent    two

invoices    to   Tri-North   corresponding      to   the    two   sample-window

installations.     Each invoice specified "Terms" as "Per Contract"

and identified Subcontract 667 as the pertinent contract.

            After the owner decided to use Lockheed windows for the

project, Tri-North wrote to Atlas as follows:

            I will be sending a contract your way with the
            anticipated cost for all windows.     I would
            imagine that we might have a few windows that
            we made error on during initial measure and
            estimate.    We will correct this when you
            complete your field measurements to make you
            whole.

The parties never exchanged any new contract proposals.               Instead,

Atlas proceeded with the work, using the window specifications in

its Lockheed proposal.       As it did so, it invoiced Tri-North.            Each

invoice (except for      one) used the pricing from the Lockheed

proposal,    and   specified    that   the   work     was    "Per   Contract,"

identified as Subcontract 667.1        Atlas also sent Tri-North a copy

      1 The single invoice that does not reference Subcontract 667
appears to relate to work involving the replacement of some mirrors
rather than the installation of windows.

                                   - 3 -
of a lien waiver for work on the project, which Atlas identified

as corresponding to Subcontract 667.              Atlas's president thereafter

executed a sworn statement regarding a balance owed stating that

Atlas    "is    a   subcontractor       to    Tri-North . . .        pursuant    to   a

Subcontract dated 8/28/2012."

               The parties eventually fell into disagreement over the

amount and pace of payments due to Atlas.                 After efforts to settle

failed, Atlas sued in Massachusetts Superior Court for an amount

just over $88,000, which Atlas claimed was due and owing for

services       "performed      in     accordance        with   the    Subcontract,"

identified by Atlas in its complaint as Subcontract 667.                           The

complaint also sought recovery under a theory of quantum meruit

and alleged a violation of Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 93A, § 11.

               In short order, Tri-North removed the action to the

United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts and

sought to dismiss Atlas's complaint pursuant to the forum selection

clause in Subcontract 667.             The provision containing the clause

stated     that     in   the    event        of   any     dispute     arising    from

Subcontract 667, Tri-North could choose whether the parties would

resolve    the      dispute    through       (1) litigation,        (2) the    dispute

resolution clause of the agreement between Tri-North and the

project owner, or (3) binding arbitration in accordance with (at

Tri-North's option) either Wisconsin Statutes Chapter 788 or the

Construction        Industry        Arbitration     Rules      of     the     American

                                         - 4 -
Arbitration Association then currently in effect.                    The provision

then   stated     that   "[f]orum     and   venue      for   any   arbitration    or

litigation    shall      be   Dane   County,     Wisconsin,"       and   that   Atlas

"consents    to    the    jurisdiction      of   the    courts     of    Wisconsin."

Finally, the provision stated that the Subcontract and "any dispute

arising under" it "shall be governed and interpreted with the Laws

of the State of Wisconsin."

            Atlas opposed the motion by attempting to execute a

complete about-face.          It argued that the forum selection clause in

the Subcontract was not applicable because the Subcontract had "no

relationship to the work performed by Atlas . . . for which it is

seeking to be paid."            The district court denied the motion to

dismiss without prejudice, directing the parties to engage in

limited discovery on "the formation and terms of any contract(s)

governing their relationship," which the district court deemed

necessary to resolve the "factual dispute between the parties as

to whether a forum selection clause was . . . a part of the

parties' governing contract terms."

            After discovery was completed without either side filing

a motion to compel further discovery, Tri-North renewed its attempt

to   have   the   case    dismissed    based     on    Subcontract 667's        forum

selection clause.         Rather than moving pursuant to Rule 56, Tri-

North pressed a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), filing

with its motion a copy of Subcontract 667 and the invoices and

                                       - 5 -
lien    waivers   exchanged      by    the    parties   in   discovery.    After

reviewing those documents, the district court found the forum

selection clause both applicable and binding, so it dismissed the

lawsuit.

            Atlas then filed a motion to amend the judgment under

Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e) or, in the alternative, for relief from the

order under Fed. R. Civ. P. 60.               In that motion, Atlas asked the

district court to transfer the case to the United States District

Court for the Western District of Wisconsin in lieu of dismissal.

While the motion was pending, Atlas timely appealed the order

dismissing its suit.          The district court subsequently denied

Atlas's motion to alter the judgment.             Atlas did not file a notice

of appeal as to that ruling.

                                        II.

                                         A.

            Atlas begins with a point of procedure.             It reasons that

once the district court determined (properly, says Atlas) that

discovery was required to resolve the factual question of whether

the    claims   brought   here    arose       under   Subcontract 667,    Rule 12

became inapt and the matter should have been addressed under

Rule 56.        Compare   Fed.    R.    Civ.    P. 12(d)     (requiring   that   a

Rule 12(b)(6) motion "be treated as one for summary judgment under

Rule 56" if "matters outside the pleadings are presented to and

not excluded by the court"), with Watterson v. Page, 987 F.2d 1,

                                       - 6 -
3 (1st Cir. 1993) (noting that "courts have made narrow exceptions

[to Rule 12(d)] for documents the authenticity of which [is] not

disputed by the parties; for official public records; for documents

central   to   plaintiffs'   claim;    or   for   documents       sufficiently

referred to in the complaint").

           Even   assuming   that     the   district   court      should    have

converted Tri-North's motion to dismiss to a motion for summary

judgment, we see no prejudicial error warranting remand.                   Atlas

makes no challenge to the authenticity of the pertinent records

(all from its files).     In fact, it was Atlas -- not Tri-North --

which submitted the vast majority of the documents to the district

court.    Nor was Atlas deprived of the opportunity to conduct

discovery.     Contra Foley v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 772 F.3d 63,

74 (1st Cir. 2014) (finding improper conversion to Rule 56 motion

where district court considered a document the plaintiff had no

opportunity to challenge). Even now Atlas points to no other facts

that it would have offered that might have changed the result.

           "[M]otions   under   Rules 12(b)(6)         and   56    present     a

plaintiff with different hurdles, the latter of which looms larger

than the former."    Martínez v. Novo Nordisk Inc., 992 F.3d 12, 19

(1st Cir. 2021). The Rule 12(b)(6) standard is "intended to screen

out claims in which the factual allegations of the complaint are

too scanty or too vague to render the claims plausible," Ríos-

Campbell v. U.S. Dep't of Com., 927 F.3d 21, 25 (1st Cir. 2019),

                                    - 7 -
whereas    the   Rule 56     standard    is    "intended     to   'pierce    the

boilerplate of the pleadings and assay the parties' proof in order

to determine whether trial is actually required,'" id. (quoting

Tobin v. Fed. Express Corp., 775 F.3d 448, 450 (1st Cir. 2014)).

Here,    "[b]y   eschewing   conversion       [to   a   Rule 56   motion],   the

district court ensured" a more favorable standard for Atlas.

Beddall v. State St. Bank & Tr. Co., 137 F.3d 12, 17 n.2 (1st Cir.

1998); see Rivera v. Centro Médico de Turabo, Inc., 575 F.3d 10,

15–16 (1st Cir. 2009) (finding dubious but harmless the district

court's use of Rule 12(b)(6) to decide a forum selection issue

while also considering factual submissions outside the complaint).

So if there was any procedural error -- an issue we do not decide

-- it could not have prejudiced Atlas.2

                                        B.

            Turning to the merits, we must first determine whether

Subcontract 667 applies to the work that gave rise to this dispute.

As we noted earlier, Atlas's complaint alleged that Tri-North had

yet to pay Atlas for "all of the outstanding invoices which

Atlas . . . had previously submitted for work contained in the

     2  Atlas briefly hints in a footnote that it was prejudiced
because it was deprived of further discovery. But the district
court expressly allowed discovery on the contract formation
issues, and never denied any motion by Atlas concerning that
discovery. In other footnotes, Atlas hints that it was prejudiced
because it lacked the opportunity to reply to Tri-North's
contentions. We address that second argument in more depth later.
See infra note 3.

                                   - 8 -
scope of work in the Subcontract."               Such an "assertion of fact in

a pleading is a judicial admission by which [the pleader] normally

is bound throughout the course of the proceeding," so long as the

pleader made that assertion "clearly and unambiguously."                      Schott

Motorcycle Supply, Inc. v. Am. Honda Motor Co., 976 F.2d 58, 61

(1st Cir. 1992) (quoting Bellefonte Re Ins. Co. v. Argonaut Ins.

Co.,   757    F.2d   523,    528   (2d    Cir.    1985)).        "Unlike    ordinary

admissions, which are admissible but can be rebutted by other

evidence, judicial admissions are conclusive on the party making

them."    United States v. Belculfine, 527 F.2d 941, 944 (1st Cir.

1975).

              That   being   said,   district          courts   do   retain   "broad

discretion to relieve parties from the consequences of judicial

admission in appropriate cases."                 Id.     But even assuming that

Atlas's spot-on admission left room for such relief, the remaining

documents authored by Atlas itself eliminate that room with equally

spot-on admissions.          The very invoices for which Atlas seeks

payment      expressly   identify    Subcontract 667            as   the   applicable

                                         - 9 -
agreement, and in a sworn statement, Atlas's own president affirmed

that the subject work was "pursuant to" Subcontract 667.3

            Atlas nevertheless says that a plausible reading of its

complaint (along with the appropriately considered documents) is

that different contract terms governed.           Atlas points out that

before Tri-North and Atlas entered into the Subcontract, Atlas had

sent Tri-North a proposal to install the 288 Lockheed windows for

the project at a total cost of $215,400.00.          Atlas further notes

that after the installation of the two sample windows, Tri-North's

project manager sent Atlas an email stating that he would "be

sending a contract your way with the anticipated cost for all

windows" and that the project manager "would imagine that we might

have a few windows that we made error on during initial measure

and estimate."     Although Atlas never received any contract like

the   one   Tri-North's   project    manager   promised   to   send,   Atlas

continued to do work on the project.            Atlas then submitted a

billing statement using the same pricing estimate for the total

      3 Atlas suggests that, by making it to the summary-judgment
stage, it may have escaped certain admissions used against it at
the motion-to-dismiss stage. If considered judicial admissions,
they would bind Atlas either way. See Schott Motorcycle Supply,
Inc., 976 F.2d at 61 (citing Mo. Hous. Dev. Comm'n v. Brice, 919
F.2d 1306, 1315 (8th Cir. 1990)). Even if not, the sole piece of
evidence Atlas points to -- an affidavit from its president
submitted in opposition to Tri-North's motion to dismiss -- would
not change the outcome. The president's affidavit makes no attempt
to controvert his own sworn statement or the key admissions in
Atlas's complaint.

                                    - 10 -
cost that it had included in its earlier, unsigned proposal (i.e.,

$215,400.00 plus the cost of the sample window).              Atlas says a

reasonable inference drawn in its favor from these facts is that

the terms of Atlas's proposal, and not the Subcontract's terms,

applied to all the work Atlas performed beyond the sample Lockheed

window.

            Certainly the record would support a finding that the

window specifications and pricing were as stated in the proposal,

given that Subcontract 667 contains no such details and given that

Atlas did work and charged prices matching those in its proposal

without any pushback from Tri-North.           But that begs the question

whether the terms of the subsequently exchanged and agreed-to

Subcontract 667 also applied.            And as we have just described,

Atlas's own statements and documents repeatedly made crystal clear

that its work was "pursuant to" that subcontract.

                                      C.

            Having determined that the only plausible reading of the

complaint    and   the     record   to     which   Atlas   points   is    that

Subcontract 667's terms apply, we now turn specifically to the

forum selection clause within Subcontract 667.              When a federal

court sits in diversity, it faces a threshold question as to how

to decide whether a forum selection clause is enforceable.               Rafael

Rodríguez Barril, Inc. v. Conbraco Indus., Inc., 619 F.3d 90, 92

(1st Cir. 2010).         Do we treat the issue of enforceability "as

                                    - 11 -
'procedural' and look to a federal test of validity" or do we

instead "treat it as 'substantive' and look to pertinent state

law"?    Id.   The Supreme Court and our court have each reserved

that question.      See id. (citing Stewart Org., Inc. v. Ricoh Corp.,

487 U.S. 22, 25–26, 32 & n.11 (1988)); Lambert v. Kysar, 983 F.2d

1110, 1116-17, 1116 n.10 (1st Cir. 1993).        We see no need to answer

it today, because, in determining enforceability, both Wisconsin

and Massachusetts follow the federal common-law standard.              See

Huffington v. T.C. Grp., LLC, 637 F.3d 18, 23 (1st Cir. 2011);

Cambridge Biotech Corp. v. Pasteur Sanofi Diagnostics, 740 N.E.2d

195, 201 (Mass. 2000); Beilfuss v. Huffy Corp., 685 N.W.2d 373,

378 (Wis. Ct. App. 2005).4

           Under that standard, we first ask whether the forum

selection clause is mandatory or permissive (i.e., whether the

clause requires or merely authorizes jurisdiction and venue in a

designated forum).     Rivera, 575 F.3d at 17.     Atlas does not contest

that the clause, which provides that "[f]orum and venue for any

arbitration    or    litigation   shall    be   Dane   County,   Wisconsin"

(emphasis added), is mandatory.      Next, we look at the scope of the

clause to see whether the claims at issue fall within it.          Claudio-

     4  See also Tuminaro v. Garland Co., No. 11-CV-203-BBC, 2011
WL 10501186, at *1 (W.D. Wis. May 6, 2011) ("[The federal common-
law standard] is little different from the standards under state
law, including Wisconsin." (citing Converting/Biophile Laby's,
Inc. v. Ludlow Composites Corp., 722 N.W.2d 633, 639–40 (Wis. Ct.
App. 2006))).

                                  - 12 -
de León v. Sistema Universitario Ana G. Méndez, 775 F.3d 41, 47

(1st Cir. 2014).   The clause here covers "[a]ny dispute arising

from"   Subcontract 667,     and   Atlas,     besides     arguing    that

Subcontract 667 is altogether inapplicable, does not otherwise

contest that its claims arise from Subcontract 667.         Finally, we

consider whether the clause should be enforced.         In so doing, we

presume that the forum selection clause is "prima facie valid" and

should not be set aside absent a "strong showing" of "some reason

the presumption of enforceability should not apply."            Id. at 48

(first quoting M/S Bremen v. Zapata Off–Shore Co., 407 U.S. 1, 10

(1972); then quoting id. at 15; and then quoting Rafael Rodríguez

Barril, 619 F.3d at 93).     We review this issue de novo.       Silva v.

Encyc. Britannica Inc., 239 F.3d 385, 387 (1st Cir. 2001).

          The Supreme Court has identified four possible grounds

for finding a forum selection clause unenforceable:

          (1) the clause was the product of "fraud or
          overreaching";

          (2) "enforcement    would   be   unreasonable   and
          unjust";

          (3) proceedings "in the contractual forum will
          be so gravely difficult and inconvenient that
          [the party challenging the clause] will for
          all practical purposes be deprived of his day
          in court"; or

          (4) "enforcement would contravene a strong
          public policy of the forum in which suit is
          brought, whether declared by statute or by
          judicial decision."

                                - 13 -
Claudio-de   León,   775    F.3d      at   48–49   (alteration    in   original)

(quoting Rafael Rodríguez Barril, 619 F.3d at 93).               Although Atlas

does not strictly categorize its arguments under specific grounds,

they can fairly be said to focus on all four.

           As to the first ground, although the term "overreaching"

seems quite nebulous, we understand it to refer to "one party's

unfair   exploitation      of   its    overwhelming    bargaining      power   or

influence over the other party."            Rivera, 575 F.3d at 21.        Atlas

tells us that the difference in bargaining power between Tri-North

and Atlas provides reason to hold the forum selection clause

unenforceable here.        Atlas stresses that it is a small company

with only ten employees while Tri-North is a large contractor with

revenues estimated by Atlas to be in the hundreds of millions.

Such a difference in size could certainly create opportunities for

leveraging unfair concessions once the parties become committed to

a project.   For example, the larger company likely could weather

the cost of disputes much more easily.

           But "the mere fact of th[e] inequality is not enough to

render an agreement unenforceable."                Rivera, 575 F.3d at 21.

Rather, "[t]here must be some evidence that the party has exploited

this bargaining power in a way that the courts will not tolerate."

Id. (explaining that there must be "overweening bargaining power"

(emphasis in original) (quoting Bremen, 407 U.S. 1 at 13)).

                                      - 14 -
            To demonstrate exploitation, Atlas points to several

provisions of Subcontract 667 to suggest that Atlas was getting

the   raw   end   of   the    deal.    For   example,   it   notes   that

Subcontract 667 provides that Tri-North alone gets to choose which

type of dispute resolution the parties will undergo; that Atlas

was required to present all claims to Tri-North in writing within

seven days of the event giving rise to them or else have the claims

"deemed time barred"; and that Atlas is responsible for Tri-North's

attorneys' fees in Tri-North's "defense or settlement of any claim

or demand of" Atlas.5 We certainly agree that much of this language

appears one-sided.     But none of it bears on the specific inquiry

at hand, which requires a "focused showing" that the inclusion in

the contract of the forum selection clause itself was "the product

of fraud or coercion."       Huffington, 637 F.3d at 24 (quoting Scherk

v. Alberto–Culver Co., 417 U.S. 506, 519 n.14 (1974)). The absence

of any indication that Atlas sought to alter or negotiate the forum

selection clause does not, in and of itself, show exploitation.

See Rivera, 575 F.3d at 21 (noting that "overreaching" means

something more than that a contract term was not negotiated).        And

Atlas was not forced to sign a contract foisted upon it without

time or an opportunity to obtain advice.        See id. at 21–22.     As

the district court noted, Atlas spent nearly two weeks with

      5 Save the forum selection clause, we make no comment or
suggestion on the validity of the Subcontract's provisions.

                                   - 15 -
Subcontract 667 before signing it.       See Atlas Glass & Mirror v.

Tri-North Builders, Inc., No. 18-10930, 2020 WL 1323073, at *3 (D.

Mass. Mar. 20, 2020).    Nor is there any indication that Tri-North

forced Atlas to apply Subcontract 667's terms to the work beyond

the sample window installation.      Thus, we do not see exploitation

of bargaining power that would render the clause unenforceable.

          Atlas   next    suggests    that   enforcement   would   be

unreasonable and unjust because Tri-North waived its right to

enforce the forum selection clause by failing to take immediate

action (i.e., by initiating litigation, arbitration, or a formal

dispute resolution process) in a proper forum after Atlas asked

for the money it alleges Tri-North owes it.      See, e.g., Claudio-

de León, 775 F.3d at 49.      Certainly, though, no law or reason

requires a party to invoke a forum selection clause before the

opposing party first seeks a forum contrary to that required by

such a clause.6

          Atlas next tells us that it might not be able to afford

continuing the case if it were forced to litigate in Wisconsin.

It points to an affidavit of its president stating that litigating

this case in Wisconsin would require obtaining and educating new

     6  We also do not find waiver in Tri-North's decision to
remove the case to federal court before invoking the forum
selection clause. "It is well settled that the filing of a removal
petition in a diversity action, without more, does not waive the
right to object in federal court to the state court venue."
Lambert, 983 F.2d at 1113 n.2.

                               - 16 -
counsel.   But that need arises only because Atlas did not follow

the forum requirement in the very contract upon which it filed

this lawsuit.    Atlas also points out that litigation in Wisconsin

would be more expensive, take up more management time, and cause

additional stress.    But such cost differentials are present in

almost any venue dispute, and we see no "grave" difficulty so

substantial here as to warrant rendering the forum selection clause

unenforceable.   See Furness v. Wright Med. Tech. (In re Mercurio),

402 F.3d 62, 66 (1st Cir. 2005)         (explaining that "something

considerably more than the mere inconvenience of traveling to

litigate in a different, even faraway foreign jurisdiction, is

required to overcome a contractual agreement to do so" and that

the "cost of litigation alone" will not suffice).        Indeed, by

contesting the terms of the contract on which it sued, Atlas has

likely already spent more time and money than it would have had it

filed suit initially in Wisconsin.      Simply put, we are loath to

find the forum selection clause unenforceable merely because Atlas

chose to ignore it when filing suit.     See id. (seeking "specific

evidence regarding the extraordinary additional costs involved in

litigating in [the designated forum] that were not foreseen by the

contracting parties when they entered into the [a]greement").

           Atlas finally argues that "enforcement would contravene

a strong public policy of the forum in which suit is brought," the

Commonwealth of Massachusetts.     Bremen, 407 U.S. at 15.    Atlas

                               - 17 -
notes that one of its claims, based on allegations that Tri-North

engaged in "fraudulent acts and [made] material misrepresentations

relative to the payment of invoices and execution of various

releases and waivers," alleges unfair trade practices in violation

of Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 93A, § 11.          As best we can imagine, Atlas

suggests that Massachusetts has a strong public policy in hearing

93A claims by virtue of having the law on its books.            We do not

think that alone evidences a "strong public policy" against hearing

the case elsewhere. See, e.g., Cambridge Biotech Corp., 740 N.E.2d

at 201–03, 201 n.7 (stating that the plaintiffs' 93A claims "should

be heard in the forum selected by the parties").

           To the extent Atlas suggests that a Wisconsin court may

not recognize a 93A claim, that could well violate a policy

declared by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court. See Jacobson

v. Mailboxes Etc. U.S.A., Inc., 646 N.E.2d 741, 746 (Mass. 1995)

("[I]f [another state] will not enforce violations of G.L. c. 93A

and if G.L. c. 93A claims appear to have substantiality, any

justification for directing the entire dispute to [that other

state] is weakened."); cf. id. at 746 n.9 (leaving open whether

Massachusetts courts should decline to enforce a choice-of-law

provision which "purport[s] to contract away any claims under G.L.

c. 93A"); Rueli v. Baystate Health, Inc., 835 F.3d 53, 61 (1st

Cir. 2016) ("A forum selection clause that, in operation, would

deprive   an   employee   of   substantive    rights   guaranteed   by   the

                                  - 18 -
[Massachusetts]     Wage    Act     violates     public   policy     and    is

unenforceable." (quoting Melia v. Zenhire, Inc., 967 N.E.2d 580,

590 (Mass. 2012))).    But Atlas makes no attempt at showing that to

be the case.    See Carter's of New Bedford, Inc. v. Nike, Inc., 790

F.3d 289, 291 n.1, 294 n.5 (1st Cir. 2015) (dismissing, among other

claims, a 93A claim pursuant to a valid forum selection clause

where there was "no suggestion . . . that the claim would not be

honored in [the other state]").              "It is not enough merely to

mention a possible argument in the most skeletal way, leaving the

court to do counsel's work, create the ossature for the argument,

and put flesh on its bones."         United States v. Zannino, 895 F.2d

1, 17 (1st Cir. 1990).       As such, Atlas has failed to show that

Massachusetts    public    policy    favors     setting   aside    the   forum

selection clause.

          Having rejected Atlas's arguments to the contrary, we

uphold the validity and enforceability of the clause.

                                      D.

          Finally, Atlas argues that the district court erred in

dismissing the case instead of transferring it to the Western

District of Wisconsin.       Tri-North sought dismissal rather than

transfer, which our circuit precedent allows. See Claudio-de León,

775 F.3d at 46 n.3.       For its part, Atlas raised its request that

the district court transfer the case for the first and only time

in its motion to alter the judgment.           The district court's order

                                    - 19 -
denying that motion came after Atlas filed its appeal, and Atlas

did not amend its notice of appeal or file a second one.    See Fed.

R. App. P. 4(a)(4)(B)(ii).   We are barred from reviewing on appeal

"any judgment, order or decree" in a civil case "unless notice of

appeal is filed . . . after the entry of such judgment, order or

decree."    28 U.S.C. § 2107(a).   Accordingly, we lack jurisdiction

over the district court's denial of the motion to alter the

judgment.    See Rio Grande Cmty. Health Ctr., Inc. v. Rullan, 397

F.3d 56, 67 (1st Cir. 2005).

            To the extent Atlas maintains that the district court

should have considered transfer of its own accord, "[i]t is rare

in a civil action to afford relief not requested in the trial

court," and we discern no error in the course the district court

took.   United States ex rel. Pittsburgh Tank & Tower, Inc. v. G &

C Enters., Inc., 62 F.3d 35, 37 (1st Cir. 1995) (per curiam).     We

note that in G & C Enterprises, a case involving "the validity of

a forum selection clause in a construction subcontract," we briefly

considered "whether the [district court's] dismissal should be

affirmed or the case should be remanded for transfer to [another]

district court, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1406(a)," even though no

party had requested such relief.     Id. at 35-36.   Section 1406(a)

states that a court "shall dismiss, or if it be in the interest of

justice, transfer such case to any district or division in which

it could have been brought." 28 U.S.C. § 1406(a) (emphasis added).

                               - 20 -
The   Supreme   Court      has    since     explained,       however,   that

section 1406(a) does not apply in cases where, as here, venue is

proper under another statutory section, and that "[w]hether the

parties   entered   into   a   contract    containing    a   forum-selection

clause has no bearing on" that question.         Atl. Marine Constr. Co.

v. U.S. Dist. Ct., 571 U.S. 49, 56 (2013).

                                   III.

           For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.

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