Court Opinion

ID: 807319
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2012-08-23 16:40:49+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:49:27.902733
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                 ___________

                                      No. 12-1109
                                      ___________

                                     YUPING XU,
                                            Petitioner

                                            v.

                          ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE
                          UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                           Respondent
                      ____________________________________

                       On Petition for Review of an Order of the
                            Board of Immigration Appeals
                             (Agency No. A098-868-065)
                    Immigration Judge: Honorable Eugene Pugliese
                      ____________________________________

                    Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                                   August 22, 2012

        Before: FUENTES, JORDAN and VAN ANTWERPEN Circuit Judges

                            (Opinion filed: August 23, 2012)
                                     ___________

                                       OPINION
                                      ___________

PER CURIAM

      YuPing Xu petitions for review of the Board of Immigration Appeals‟ (“BIA”)

final order of removal. We will deny the petition.

                                            I.
        Xu is a citizen of China who entered the United States in 2001 on a visitor‟s visa,

which she overstayed. In 2010, the Government charged her as removable for being

present without having been admitted or paroled. See 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(A)(i). Xu

conceded the charge but applied for asylum, withholding of removal and relief under the

Convention Against Torture (“CAT”) on two grounds. First, Xu claims to have suffered

past persecution under China‟s coercive family planning policies. Xu gave birth to two

children in China, where they remain. She claims that she lost her job after having her

second child and that Chinese authorities thereafter required her to wear an intrauterine

device (“IUD”). Second, Xu claims to fear persecution on account of her membership in

and activities on behalf of the Chinese Democratic Party (“CDP”), which she first joined

in 2009 while in the United States. She claims that the Chinese government monitors

CDP activities in the United States and will identify her as a CDP member and arrest her

if she returns.

       Xu testified to these events and offered evidence before the Immigration Judge

(“IJ”). Regarding her family-planning claim, she testified that she had her IUD removed

after entering the United States, and she submitted what purports to be a copy of a

sonogram showing the presence of the IUD and a receipt purporting to document her

payment for its removal. Regarding her political claim, she testified that she has been an

active member of the CDP in the United States and has attended many protests, including

protests before the Chinese embassy and consulate. She further testified that she has

written two articles in opposition to China‟s policies that were posted on the CDP‟s

website along with her name and picture. In addition, she testified that Chinese

                                             2
authorities warned her father in China about her activities and told him that she would be

arrested in China if she did not leave the CDP. She supported her testimony with

photographs of her attending demonstrations and copies of her articles, though not with

an affidavit or letter from her father. She also supported her testimony with the live

testimony of Jian Qiang Li, a fellow CDP member, who testified about Xu‟s activities on

behalf of the party and his belief that the Chinese government would identify and arrest

her on return.

       The IJ assumed that Xu‟s testimony was credible but denied her claims and

ordered her removal to China. With regard to Xu‟s family-planning claim, the IJ

concluded that her asylum application was untimely because she had not submitted it

within one year of entering the United States. See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(B). The IJ also

concluded that she would not be entitled to relief on that claim in any event because she

failed to adequately corroborate it and because her claimed mistreatment—insertion of an

IUD and the loss of her job—did not rise to the level of persecution. The IJ did not apply

the one-year bar to Xu‟s political claim. Instead, the IJ denied that claim because he

concluded that Xu had not adequately corroborated it and thus had not met her burden of

proof. In particular, the IJ concluded that Xu had not submitted any evidence that the

Chinese government is aware of her activities in the United States or would identify and

harm her on return. In that regard, the IJ noted that Xu had not submitted a letter or

affidavit from her father. The IJ also rejected Li‟s testimony because the factual basis of

his opinions was not clear and was not supported by objective evidence such as a

Department of State Country Report, of which there was none in the record. In sum, the

                                             3
IJ concluded that Xu had not met her burden of proving eligibility for asylum, the higher

burden of proving entitlement to withholding of removal, or that she faces torture if

returned to China.

       Xu appealed to the BIA and submitted various items of evidence for the first time

on appeal, including a statement from her father and the 2009 Country Report. On

December 23, 2011, the BIA dismissed her appeal. The BIA declined to consider Xu‟s

new evidence for the first time on appeal and declined to remand in light of that new

evidence because Xu did not show that it was previously unavailable. The BIA also

summarized the IJ‟s reasons for denying Xu‟s claims and essentially agreed. Xu petitions

for review.1

                                            II.

       Xu challenges three of the BIA‟s rulings on review. First, she challenges the

denial of asylum on her political claim based on her membership in and activities on

behalf of the CDP. The BIA rejected this claim for lack of corroboration that the Chinese

government is aware of those activities and intends to harm her if she is returned to

China. The BIA properly required proof of those circumstances, see Leng v. Mukasey,

528 F.3d 135, 143 (2d Cir. 2008), and Xu does not argue otherwise. The only argument

she raises on this point is that her testimony was deemed credible and that credible

1
  We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1). We review the BIA‟s ruling but look
to that of the IJ to the extent that the BIA affirmed and reiterated the IJ‟s conclusions.
See Sandie v. Att‟y Gen., 562 F.3d 246, 250 (3d Cir. 2009). We review factual findings
for substantial evidence and must treat them as “„conclusive unless any reasonable
adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.‟” Id. at 251 (quoting 8
U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B)). We review legal issues de novo. See id.
                                             4
testimony alone is sufficient to carry her burden of proof. See 8 U.S.C. §

1158(b)(1)(B)(ii). It was well-settled even before the REAL ID Act (which applies here),

however, that IJs may require even credible applicants to provide reasonable

corroborating evidence. See Sandie, 562 F.3d at 252. That principle is now codified at 8

U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(ii). Xu neither acknowledges this principle nor raises any

argument on review that the IJ erred in demanding corroboration or in analyzing that

issue. See Sandie, 562 F.3d at 252-53. She also raised no such argument before the BIA,

as the BIA noted. Thus, Xu has both waived and failed to exhaust any argument in this

regard. See 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1).2

       Second, Xu challenges the denial of relief on her family-planning claim. The IJ

denied asylum on this claim because Xu did not file her asylum application within one

year of entering the United States, and the BIA agreed. We lack jurisdiction to review

that ruling. See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(3). Thus, Xu appropriately limits her argument on

this claim to the denial of withholding of removal (she raises no separate argument as to

her claims under CAT). Xu argues that she is entitled to withholding because the

insertion of the IUD and loss of her employment in China constitute past persecution,

which raises a presumption that she more likely than not will be persecuted in the future.

2
  We nevertheless note that the IJ identified the testimony for which he sought
corroboration and that Xu had an opportunity to explain its absence. See Sandie, 562
F.3d at 253. Xu testified that she had not submitted a statement from her father because
“I didn‟t think of it at the time, to ask my father for written documents, because at that
time my father was just strongly requesting me to withdraw from the organization to stop
participating.” (A.R. 202). The IJ acknowledged that explanation and, though he did not
specify why, must implicitly have rejected it.

                                             5
See Garcia v. Att‟y Gen., 665 F.3d 496, 505 (3d Cir. 2011). The BIA affirmed the denial

of this claim both because Xu failed to corroborate it and because her allegations do not

rise to the level of persecution in any event. Xu does not challenge or even acknowledge

the second of these independent reasons for denying her claim and instead raises an

argument addressed solely to the first. We need not consider that argument because the

BIA‟s ruling would stand even if it were persuasive. We note, however, both that Xu‟s

argument is not persuasive and that the BIA‟s unchallenged second conclusion is sound

in any event.3

       Finally, Xu argues that the BIA erred and denied her due process in refusing to

consider the new evidence she submitted on appeal, which is summarized in the margin.4

3
  The BIA properly determined that the insertion of an IUD and loss of employment,
without more, do not rise to the level of persecution. See Cheng v. Att‟y Gen., 623 F.3d
175, 188, 192-94 (3d Cir. 2010). Xu did not testify to any aggravating circumstances
regarding the insertion of her IUD or to any extreme financial hardship caused by her
violation of China‟s family planning policies that might have caused her IUD insertion
and loss of employment, considered together, to rise to that level. See id. at 193-94. She
does not claim otherwise on review. Instead, she argues only that the IJ erred in rejecting
her evidence regarding the IUD, which was a copy of a sonogram purporting to show its
presence and copies of receipts purporting to document her payment for its removal. The
IJ rejected this proof as “meager” because neither the receipts nor the apparent sonogram
contain any details that would permit him to determine what they are. We cannot say that
that assessment was erroneous. (A.R. 349-50.) Xu argues that the IJ had a duty to raise
those concerns and question her about them at the hearing, but Xu addressed both the
underlying events and her evidence in her testimony (A.R. 204-05), and we perceive no
error in this regard.
4
  Xu submitted: (1) a letter from her father corroborating her testimony about threats
from the Chinese government; (2) a letter from a former co-worker in China
corroborating Xu‟s testimony that she was fired for violating China‟s family-planning
policies; (3) a letter from a physician stating that Xu had an IUD removed in 2004; (4) a
letter from the self-professed “person in charge” of the CDP regarding China‟s repression
of the CDP generally; (5) a letter from another CDP member asserting that she suffered
                                             6
We disagree. The BIA explained that, as an appellate body, it “cannot” consider

evidence first offered on appeal. Xu argues that the BIA‟s own precedent allows it to do

so under certain circumstances. See In re Godfrey, 13 I. & N. Dec. 790, 791 n.1 (BIA

1971); In re SS. Captain Demosthenes, 13 I. & N. Dec. 345, 346 n.1 (BIA 1969); In re

N—, 9 I. & N. Dec. 506, 511-12 (BIA 1961). As another court has recognized, however,

this line of authority has been superseded by subsequent regulations. See Ramirez-

Alejandre v. Ashcroft, 320 F.3d 858, 865, 868-69 (9th Cir. 2003). The current

regulations prohibit the BIA from engaging in fact-finding on review. See 8 C.F.R. §

1003.1(d)(3)(iv). We thus perceive no reversible error in this regard.5

unspecified “personal persecution and detains [sic]” after returning to China from the
United States; and (6) the 2009 Country Report. (A.R. 58-154.) Aside from the Country
Report, which was issued over three months before the IJ‟s decision, all of this evidence
is dated within days thereafter.
5
  We note that the regulation permits the BIA to take administrative notice on appeal of
“„the contents of official documents,‟” including Country Reports. Sheriff v. Att‟y Gen.,
587 F.3d 584, 592 (3d Cir. 2009) (quoting 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(d)(3)(iv)). In concluding
that it “cannot” consider Xu‟s new evidence, which included the 2009 Country Report,
the BIA appears to have been unaware of this discretion. Ordinarily, we might remand
for the BIA to consider and exercise that discretion in the first instance. In this case,
however, there is no need to do so. The BIA rejected Xu‟s political claim because she
did not submit any evidence that the Chinese government (1) is aware of her political
activity in the United States and intends to harm her on return, or (2) has a pattern or
practice of so treating those similarly situated. Xu relies on a portion of the 2009
Country Report stating that “the CDP remained banned, and the government continued to
monitor, detain and imprison current and former CDP members.” (A.R. 105.) (Xu
purports to quote additional statements from this report, Petr.‟s Br. at 9-10, but those
statements are not actually contained in the report or anything else of record. We trust
that the misquotation was inadvertent.) Neither this statement nor anything else in the
2009 Country Report, however, speaks to the Chinese government‟s awareness of
political activities in the United States or its identification and treatment of those who
engage in them. The BIA also declined to consider the 2009 Country Report for the
independent reason that it was previously available, which it indisputably was. Thus, it is
                                             7
       We also perceive no error in the BIA‟s refusal to reopen and remand Xu‟s case to

the IJ on the basis of this new evidence. The BIA explained that Xu did not satisfy the

standard for reopening because she did not show that her new evidence was previously

unavailable. See 8 U.S.C. § 1003.2(c)(1). On review, Xu argues that “[t]he Petitioner

was unable to get a letter from her father [before the hearing] because her home and her

father were both monitored by the Chinese government, so her father was not able to send

any letter to her.” (Petr.‟s Br. at 9.) Xu did not present this argument (which conflicts

with the explanation she gave at her hearing) to the BIA. Nor has she explained how

those alleged circumstances changed in order to permit her father to send her a letter just

four days after the IJ‟s decision.

       For these reasons, we will deny the petition for review.

“highly probable” that neither the BIA‟s consideration of this report nor its recognition of
its discretion to consider it would have had any bearing on the BIA‟s ruling. Yuan v.
Att‟y Gen., 642 F.3d 420, 427 (3d Cir. 2011) (adopting harmless error on immigration
review).
                                             8