Court Opinion

ID: 6330227
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-04-12 23:00:54.009635+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:25:07.016290
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                File Name: 22a0143n.06

                                           No. 21-3467

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                  FILED
                                                         )                   Apr 05, 2022
ALISHA DEPASQUALE, et al.,                                              DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                                                         )
                                                         )
       Plaintiffs-Appellants,
                                                         )   ON APPEAL FROM UNITED
                                                         )   STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
v.
                                                         )   THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF
                                                         )   OHIO
NATIONWIDE MUTUAL INSURANCE
                                                         )
COMPANY,
                                                         )
                                                         )
       Defendant-Appellee.
                                                         )

Before: SILER, COLE, and NALBANDIAN, Circuit Judges.

       SILER, Circuit Judge. Plaintiffs Alisha DePasquale and Trayton Cox appeal the district

court’s order granting Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company’s (“Nationwide”) Rule 12(b)(6)

motion to dismiss. For the following reasons we AFFIRM.

                                                I.

       In January 2020, Plaintiffs purchased a trip to Los Cabos, Mexico and insured the vacation

with Nationwide (the “Policy”). Plaintiffs were scheduled to fly from their residence in Portland,

Oregon on April 3, 2020, and return on April 7, 2020. But in late January, the first case of COVID-

19 was confirmed in the United States, and by late February, Oregon reported its first case. By

early March, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a worldwide pandemic, and the

President of the United States declared the pandemic a national emergency. The federal Centers

for Disease Control recommended Americans stay home and avoid gatherings of more than ten

people, warning that congregate environments increased exposure to COVID-19, and the President
                                            No. 21-3467

recommended Americans avoid all discretionary travel (collectively the “Federal Advisories”).

At the same time, the Governor of Oregon declared a state of emergency. In late March, the

Governor issued an executive order to address the pandemic, colloquially called a “stay-at-home

order.” The stay-at-home order directed residents to, among other things, stay home to the

“maximum extent possible,” and incorporated Or. Rev. Stat. § 401.990, which imposed criminal

fines and imprisonment for failing to comply. See O. Rev. Stat. §§ 401.990, 161.615, 161.635.

       In response to this changing landscape, Plaintiffs contacted their travel agency to cancel

their vacation and requested Nationwide process their claim for reimbursement. Nationwide is

obligated under the Policy to extend coverage if Plaintiffs were “prevented” from taking the trip

for several reasons; pertinent here are the following perils:

       You or a Traveling Companion being hijacked, quarantined, required to serve on a
       jury, subpoenaed, the victim of felonious assault within 10 days of departure; or
       having Your principal place of residence made uninhabitable by fire, flood or other
       natural disaster; or burglary of Your principal place of residence within 30 days of
       departure . . . .

Plaintiffs claimed they were prevented from taking their vacation because they were “quarantined”

under both the Federal Advisories and stay-at-home order. The Policy, however, does not define

quarantine. Nonetheless, Nationwide requested Plaintiffs provide proof that they were quarantined

and advised: “[p]lease note that stay at home orders [are] not considered a quarantine under this

plan.” The claims administrator requested documentation that showed a “physician or other

government agency asked you specifically to quarantine[,]” and explained that “a stay at home

order issued from a governor is not a quarantine as it is not specific to you or your Traveling

Companion.” Plaintiffs maintained the Federal Advisories and stay-at-home order prevented them

from taking their trip, but Nationwide eventually denied their claim.

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                                           No. 21-3467

       Plaintiffs sued Nationwide, individually and on behalf of a purported class, requesting a

declaratory judgment and damages for breach of contract. Plaintiffs argued the term quarantine

was ambiguous and should be construed in their favor. Nationwide moved to dismiss and strike

the class allegations. After considering numerous dictionary definitions of “quarantine,” and

Oregon’s public-health statutes, the district court rejected Plaintiffs’ argument and held the term

unambiguously required “imposed isolation,” which it held was lacking in the Federal Advisories

and stay-at-home order. The district court dismissed with prejudice Plaintiffs’ breach of contract

claim and denied as moot Nationwide’s motion to strike class allegations.

                                                II.

       We review the grant of a motion to dismiss de novo and may “affirm the district court’s

dismissal of a plaintiff’s claims on any grounds, including grounds not relied upon by the district

court.” Hensley Mfg., Inc. v. ProPride, Inc., 579 F.3d 603, 609 (6th Cir. 2009). We review the

district court’s interpretation of an insurance policy de novo in accordance with state law. Bondex

Int’l, Inc. v. Hartford Acc. & Indem. Co., 667 F.3d 669, 676 (6th Cir. 2011).

                                               III.

       On appeal, Plaintiffs argue the district court should have found the term “quarantine”

ambiguous, because the word is susceptible to a “narrow” reading and a “broad” reading. Under

the “narrow” reading, proposed by Nationwide, quarantine is “imposed isolation.” Under the

“broad” reading, proposed by Plaintiffs, quarantine is also “any government-imposed restriction

intended to prevent the spread of disease.” Plaintiffs claim that although both readings were

plausible, the district court merely accepted Nationwide’s as the most persuasive and failed to

construe the term in their favor. Under their “broad” reading, Plaintiffs maintain that because the

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                                            No. 21-3467

Federal Advisories and stay-at-home order restrained them from flying to Mexico to limit the

spread of COVID-19, they were prevented from taking their trip by “being . . . quarantined.”

       To begin, we must choose which state law to apply. “In a diversity action involving an

insurance contract, a federal court applies the substantive law of the forum state”—here, Ohio.

Talley v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 223 F.3d 323, 326 (6th Cir. 2000) (citing Erie R.R. Co. v.

Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64 (1938)). The parties agree the outcome is the same under both Oregon and

Ohio law, and, therefore, we will apply Ohio law. See Glidden Co. v. Lumbermens Mut. Cas. Co.,

861 N.E.2d 109, 115 (Ohio 2006).

       Under Ohio law, insurance contracts are treated like any other written contract. See Hybud

Equip. Corp. v. Sphere Drake Ins. Co., 597 N.E.2d 1096, 1102 (Ohio 1992). “[T]he interpretation

of an insurance contract is a question of law.” Fortney & Weygandt, Inc. v. Am. Mfrs. Mut. Ins.

Co., 595 F.3d 308, 310 (6th Cir. 2010) (citing Leber v. Smith, 639 N.E.2d 1159, 1163 (1994)).

The court’s role is to “give effect to the intent of the parties to the agreement.” Westfield Ins. Co.

v. Galatis, 797 N.E.2d 1256, 1256 (Ohio 2003) (citations omitted). A court must “examine the

insurance contract as a whole and presume that the intent of the parties is reflected in the language

used in the policy” and rely on “the plain and ordinary meaning of the language used in the policy

unless another meaning is clearly apparent from the contents of the policy.” Id. (citations omitted).

The court may only abandon the ordinary meaning of a word when absurdity would ensue or when

the parties clearly intended some other meaning. See Sunoco, Inc. (R & M) v. Toledo Edison Co.,

953 N.E.2d 285, 292–93 (Ohio 2011) (citation omitted).

       When the language of a contract is unambiguous, “a court may look no further than the

writing itself to find the intent of the parties.” Westfield Ins. Co., 797 N.E.2d at 1261. “[L]anguage

is unambiguous if, from reading only the four corners of the instrument, the language is clear,

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                                             No. 21-3467

definite, and subject to only one interpretation.” Beverly v. Parilla, 848 N.E.2d 881, 886 (Ohio

Ct. App. 7th Dist. 2006). Conversely, “[t]he language is ambiguous if it is unclear, indefinite, and

reasonably subject to dual interpretations or is of such doubtful meaning that reasonable minds

could disagree as to its meaning.” Id. We declare a term ambiguous “only after our interpretive

tools reveal no ‘definite legal meaning.’” Dakota Girls, LLC v. Phila. Indem. Ins. Co., 17 F.4th

645, 652 (6th Cir. 2021) (citation omitted) (applying Ohio law).

        To establish an ambiguity, “the insured must provide a reasonable alternative

understanding of the relevant policy language[.]” Bondex Int’l, Inc., 667 F.3d at 677. “[I]n order

to defeat coverage, the insurer must establish not merely that the policy is capable of the

construction it favors, but rather that such an interpretation is the only one that can fairly be placed

on the language in question.” Andersen v. Highland House Co., 757 N.E.2d 329, 332 (Ohio 2001)

(quotation marks and citation omitted).         “If the policy is ambiguous, and the insured’s

interpretation is reasonable, the insured prevails.” Perry v. Allstate Indem. Co., 953 F.3d 417, 421

(6th Cir. 2020). But if we find that the contract’s language has one unambiguous meaning, we

may “properly grant a motion to dismiss a breach-of-contract claim.” Wilkerson v. Am. Fam. Ins.

Co., 997 F.3d 666, 672 (6th Cir. 2021).

        Plaintiffs initially attempt to establish an ambiguity by faulting Nationwide for not defining

quarantine within the Policy. But failure to define a term does not, alone, create an ambiguity.

See Nationwide Mut. Fire Ins. Co. v. Guman Bros. Farm, 652 N.E.2d 684, 687 (Ohio 1995). And

while Plaintiffs may be able to diagram “quarantine” into two “readings,” a term is not ambiguous

simply because there are “multiple readings.” See State v. Porterfield, 829 N.E.2d 690, 692 (Ohio

2005). In this same vein, Plaintiffs note that Nationwide could have included an exclusion for

“epidemics,” “pandemics,” or “public travel restrictions imposed to combat the spread of disease.”

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                                            No. 21-3467

But Plaintiffs put the cart before the horse. Cf. Ohio Valley Livestock Corp. v. Val Decker Packing

Co., No. 81CA63, 1982 WL 3763, at *6 (Ohio Ct. App. 2nd Dist. July 21, 1982) (“Exclusions do

not create coverage; they exclude coverage.” (citation omitted)). The lack of an exclusion merely

indicates that Plaintiffs would remain covered if they were quarantined—however that term is

defined—even if the “quarantine” was ordered for any of those reasons.

       Plaintiffs also argue the district court’s reliance on Oregon’s public health definition of

quarantine as “physical separation and confinement of a person,” Or. Rev. Stat. § 433.001, was

unreasonable because statutory definitions control only statutes and do not reveal the ordinary

meaning of a policy term. The district court merely noted that Oregon’s public-health statute

“supported” its decision, and the holding stands without this authority. Nationwide, however, still

believes statutory and regulatory definitions are “the most obvious and natural place to look . . . .”

But “absent some special circumstance,” like a “commercial or technical meaning acquired by

usage and intended to be used by the parties,” we must construe the Policy “in a fashion which

accords words and phrases . . . their natural and usual meaning.” Gomolka v. State Auto. Mut. Ins.

Co., 436 N.E.2d 1347, 1351 (Ohio 1982).            As a point of reference, the Oxford English

Dictionary’s frequency measure characterizes “quarantine” as “distinctively educated, while not

being abstruse, technical, or jargon . . . .” quarantine, n., OED, https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/

155959?rskey=ZmA9R1&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid               (last   visited   Dec.   13,   2021)

(characterizing quarantine’s frequency of use within society as a “Band 5”); see also Key to

frequency, OED, https://public.oed.com/how-to-use-the-oed/key-to-frequency/ (last visited Dec.

13, 2021) (defining “Band 5” as “distinctively educated, while not being abstruse, technical, or

jargon . . . .”). Similarly, Dictionary.com considers the word’s complexity to be at a “Middle

School Level.” quarantine, DICTIONARY.COM, https://www.dictionary.com/browse/quarantine

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                                           No. 21-3467

(last visited Dec. 13, 2021). It is unlikely that an ordinary person would have developed his

understanding of quarantine based on the vicissitudes of statutory and regulatory definitions.

Contrary to Nationwide’s argument, whether government authorities intended their orders or

advisories to impose a quarantine—as they defined it—tells us little about the meaning of the word

in this policy.

        Instead, “[t]o ascertain the common meanings of terms or phrases not defined in the

language of contracts, Ohio courts routinely turn to dictionaries.” Textileather Corp. v. GenCorp

Inc., 697 F.3d 378, 382 (6th Cir. 2012).

        Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary (“Webster’s”) definition of “quarantine” includes:

        1: a period of 40 days
        2 a: a term during which a ship arriving in port and suspected of carrying contagious
        disease is held in isolation from the shore . . .
        3a: a restraint upon the activities or communication of persons or the transport of
        goods designed to prevent the spread of disease or pests . . .
        4: a state of enforced isolation

quarantine,           MERRIAM-WEBSTER,                https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/

quarantine?utm_campaign=sd&utm_medium=serp&utm_source=jsonld (last visited Dec. 13,

2021). Webster’s also defines the transitive verb “quarantined” as “1: to detain in or exclude by

quarantine 2: to isolate from normal relations or communication.” Id.

        Black’s Law Dictionary defines “quarantine” as: “The isolation of a person . . . afflicted

with a communicable disease or the prevention of such a person . . . from coming into a particular

area, the purpose being to prevent the spread of disease. The period of time when a person . . . is

isolated from others.” Quarantine, BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY (11th ed. 2019). The historical

understanding of the term is a “regulation by which all communication with individuals, ships, or

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                                             No. 21-3467

goods, arriving from places infected with the plague, or other contagious disease, or supposed to

be peculiarly liable to such infection, is interdicted for a certain definite period.” Id.

        Quarantine, as it is defined above, consistently connotes “isolation.” The verb “isolate”

means, among other things, “to set apart from others[.]”               isolate, MERRIAM-WEBSTER,

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/isolate (last visited Dec. 13, 2021). The adjective

“isolate” means “being alone.” Id. Cherry-picking definitions does not create an ambiguity. See

Retail Ventures, Inc. v. Nat'l Union Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, 691 F.3d 821, 832 (6th Cir. 2012)

(“[T]he existence of more than one dictionary definition does not make a term ambiguous.”). In

the face of these sources that define “quarantine” as isolation, Plaintiffs pivot to fault the district

court for requiring “absolute” isolation. But the gist is not that a quarantine must impose so-called

“absolute” isolation, rather that it should impose isolation, specifically, from others.

        Plaintiffs’ “broad” reading also contravenes common sense. Cf. Toledo-Lucas Cty. Port

Auth. v. Axa Marine & Aviation Ins. (UK), Ltd., 368 F.3d 524, 531 (6th Cir. 2004) (“This reading

of the policy not only accords with its terms and the pertinent rules of construction but it also

accords with common sense.”). By Plaintiffs’ logic, simply being excluded from an activity to

prevent the spread of disease is an equally plausible interpretation of quarantine as isolation from

others. But this interpretation would encompass a run-of-the-mill mask mandate; social-distancing

requirement; or an order that closed, for example, stadiums due to the potential spread of COVID-

19—all the while allowing persons to go about their daily lives unaffected. This is implausible

considering the common understanding of quarantine.

        We are further obligated to consider the “the term[’s] ordinary meaning from other indicia,

like the context of the broader policy.” Dakota Girls, LLC, 17 F.4th at 652 (citing Cincinnati Ins.

Co. v. CPS Holdings Inc., 875 N.E.2d 31, 34 (Ohio 2007)). Reviewing the policy reveals the same

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problems with Plaintiffs’ “broad” reading. For example, the Policy provides coverage if “[y]ou

are prevented” from going on vacation due to “[y]our or a Traveling Companion being . . .

quarantined . . . .” Among some of the reasons listed alongside being “quarantined” is being

“hijacked,” “required to serve on a jury,” and “subpoenaed.” These events are directed specifically

at the insured. Accordingly, any definition of “quarantine” that includes restraints that merely

exclude persons from an area without also isolating the insured is implausible. Cf. In re United

Specialty Ins. Co. Ski Pass Ins. Litig., No. 20-md-02975-YGR, 2021 WL 4974981 at, *5 (N.D.

Cal. Oct. 26, 2021) (“An individual subject to any one of these conditions is compelled to stay

near or within a particular area and therefore is tethered to some location.”). Plaintiffs’ “broad”

reading, which would include a mask-mandate, also makes little sense in a policy that envisions a

quarantine as something that could “prevent” the insured from taking a trip.

        Rejecting Plaintiffs’ interpretation does not end the story, however, as they still may have

adequately pled they were “quarantined,” as the term is ordinarily understood. On this front,

Plaintiffs primarily allege the Federal Advisories and stay-at-home order required them to cancel

their flight to Mexico. But assuming Plaintiffs were “prevented” from taking their vacation, this

does not necessarily mean they were “quarantined”—even if failure to comply with the stay-at-

home order were to result in criminal punishment. The issue is not whether Plaintiffs were

prevented from traveling, but how. And at most, this allegation merely shows that the Federal

Advisories and stay-at-home order excluded Plaintiffs from a single area, but not that Plaintiffs

were isolated.

        Plaintiffs arguably contend the Federal Advisories and stay-at-home order also had the

cumulative effect of quarantining them, which then caused them to cancel their flights. Other than

their flight-cancellation, however, Plaintiffs fail to allege how their daily lives were affected during

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                                           No. 21-3467

this period. Accordingly, to address this contention, we can only consider whether the stay-at-

home order and Federal Advisories cumulatively imposed a “quarantine” on anyone subject to

them.

        The   stay-at-home    order    began   by   requiring   individuals    to   stay   home   to

the “maximum extent possible.”        Or. Exec. Order No. 20-12, https://www.oregon.gov/gov/

Documents/executive_orders/eo_20-12.pdf.         To that end, the stay-at-home order closed

campgrounds, skate parks, playgrounds, public schools, colleges, prisons, nursing homes, and

specific business in which the Governor found it impossible to remain six feet apart. Id. Some of

these businesses included amusement parks, arcades, barber shops, gyms, hair salons, museums

and art galleries, ski resorts, and theatres. Id. At the same time, the stay-at-home order prohibited

residents from patronizing these businesses. Id. Yet these businesses could still operate—and

residents could patronize them—if they provided take-out or delivery food services and could

implement social distancing requirements. Id. For the remaining businesses not singled out, each

could remain open if remote work was infeasible and if each implemented social distancing

policies. Id. Similarly, businesses that provided grocery, health care, pharmacy, or pet services

could remain open regardless, and for grocery, health care, and pharmacy services, social

distancing requirements were not required. Id. The stay-at-home order also provided that when

people leave their homes, they should remain six feet apart, and for outdoor recreation, individuals

should not engage in contact activities. Id. Parties and celebrations of more than twenty-five

people were prohibited, and for those of fewer than twenty-five, parties and celebrations were

prohibited only if attendees could not remain six feet apart. Id. Finally, travel was to be

minimized, except for traveling from home to work, buying food and consumer goods, education

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                                            No. 21-3467

and health care, essential business and government services, and caring for family members and

animals. Id.

       Although this set of measures restrained Oregon residents from a broad range of activities

and travel, the degree of restraint could not plausibly be considered an isolation from others. An

ordinary person would not consider himself to be isolated from others if he could travel from home

to work, clock-in for a shift at an open business, shop at an open store while remaining six feet

from others, grocery-shop with impunity, pick up toilet paper at Wal-Mart, visit grandma to bring

her supplies, go to the park, and surely not if he could attend a socially distanced barbeque of fewer

than twenty-five people. Furthermore, the Federal Advisories only recommended Americans

avoid foreign travel and social gatherings where people could not remain six feet apart; this did

not even “restrain” Plaintiffs.

       While Plaintiffs note that words evolve, we must remember that “courts are required to

interpret the contract in such a way as to give effect to the intention of the parties at the time the

agreement was entered into[.]” United Nat. Ins. Co. v. SST Fitness Corp., 182 F.3d 447, 450 (6th

Cir. 1999) (cleaned up). Although our discourse around public health measures has evolved since

the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, we are constrained to the meaning of quarantine as it was

commonly understood when Plaintiffs purchased the Policy, i.e., before the pandemic. The term

had not yet evolved into Plaintiffs’ “broad” reading by this time.1 Frankly, how could an ordinary

1
  Plaintiffs claim that even prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, their reading was predominate. As
proof, Plaintiffs cite Webster’s “Guide to Coronavirus Words,” which explains that “Quarantine
is currently most often found with the meaning of ‘a restraint upon the activities or communication
of persons or the transport of goods designed to prevent the spread of disease or pests.’” A Guide
to Coronavirus-Related Words, MERRIAM-WEBSTER, https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-
at-play/coronavirus-words-guide/covid-19). But surely this guide captures the common
understanding of “quarantine” as it was “currently” being used during the pandemic, not prior.
Most importantly, this guide merely recites the same cherry-picked definition but does not
illuminate the type of “restraint” needed to impose a quarantine.

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                                           No. 21-3467

person have envisioned these actions to be a “quarantine,” when such measures were relatively

unheard of before the pandemic? Regardless, Plaintiffs’ “broad” reading of “quarantine” as

essentially a collection of compulsory and advisory governmental measures that allowed for

“essential” work, “consumer” shopping, socially distanced celebrations, and only required

“minimization” of travel, is simply implausible and does not create an ambiguity in an otherwise

clear policy. Quarantine means, at a minimum, imposed isolation from others, and by this

definition, Plaintiffs were not “quarantined” under the Policy.2

       Plaintiffs lastly fault the district court for dismissing their breach of contract claim with

prejudice. They argue the court failed to explain how an amendment would be futile or prejudicial

to Nationwide. But Plaintiffs only made passing requests to amend their complaint in response to

Nationwide’s motion. Plaintiffs never filed a proper motion to amend, and a request for leave to

amend “almost as an aside[] to the district court in a memorandum in opposition to the defendant's

motion to dismiss is . . . not a motion to amend.” Begala v. PNC Bank, Ohio, Nat’l Ass’n, 214 F.3d

776, 784 (6th Cir. 2000). Despite this, Plaintiffs rely on Newberry v. Silverman, 789 F.3d 636 (6th

Cir. 2015), where, notwithstanding a plaintiff’s failure to seek leave to amend, we held “dismissal

with prejudice and without leave to amend is not appropriate unless it is clear on de novo review

that the complaint could not be saved by amendment.” Id. at 646 (cleaned up). We have addressed

this misreading of Newberry before:

       This broad statement . . . was appropriate due to the particular facts of that case.
       The plaintiff in Newberry attached a ten-page affidavit in support of his opposition
       to a motion to dismiss, which contained “significantly greater detail” demonstrating
       a “reasonable probability” that the complaint, if amended, could withstand scrutiny

2
  Nationwide expends equal effort arguing that “quarantine” also must include measures directed
at persons “who were or may have been exposed” to COVID-19, as opposed to the public at large.
Ultimately, we need not decide this issue because the term unambiguously requires isolation from
others, and Plaintiffs failed to allege they were isolated.

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       under Rule 9(b). The district court therefore had before it all that was needed to
       determine whether leave to amend was warranted.

United States ex rel. Roycroft v. Geo Grp., Inc., 722 F. App’x 404, 409 (6th Cir. 2018) (internal

citation omitted). Unlike the plaintiff in Newberry, Plaintiffs never identified below, or here for

that matter, what might be pleaded to save their Complaint. We have consistently admonished

litigants that “a bare request in an opposition to a motion to dismiss—without any indication of

the particular grounds on which amendment is sought does not constitute a motion within the

contemplation of Rule 15(a).” La. Sch. Emps.’ Ret. Sys. v. Ernst & Young, LLP, 622 F.3d 471,

486 (6th Cir. 2010) (cleaned up). “Such a request is insufficient when made before a district court

and it is insufficient here.” Roycroft, 722 F. App'x at 409 (citing La. Sch. Emps.’ Ret. Sys., 622

F.3d at 486). As Nationwide points out, it moved to dismiss Plaintiffs’ complaint on multiple

grounds, so Plaintiffs’ passing request was at best ambiguous.

       AFFIRMED.

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