Court Opinion

ID: 4691137
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-05-28 15:07:41.238104+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:05:06.038219
License: Public Domain

NOT DESIGNATED FOR PUBLICATION

                                               No. 121,377

              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

                                   JEANNINE WILLIAMS, LLC,
                               d/b/a Route 92 Bait & Quick Shop,
                                              and
                                      JEANNINE WILLIAMS,
                                           Appellants,

                                                   v.

                       ICE MASTERS, INC., COMMERCIAL CLAIMS, INC.,
                      BUTLER & ASSOCIATES, P.A., and ZACHARY KING,
                                        Appellees.

                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Appeal from Johnson District Court; DAVID W. HAUBER, judge. Opinion filed May 28, 2021.
Affirmed.

       Donna L. Huffman, of The Law Office of Donna L. Huffman, of Oskaloosa, for appellants.

       Daniel F. Church, of Morrow Willnauer Church, L.L.C., of Kansas City, Missouri, for appellees
Butler & Associates, P.A., and Zachary King.

       Merle E. Parks, of Evans & Mullinix, P.A., of Shawnee, for appellee Commercial Claims, Inc.

Before ARNOLD-BURGER, C.J., POWELL and CLINE, JJ.

       POWELL, J.: Jeannine Williams and Jeannine Williams, LLC, d/b/a Route 92 Bait
& Quick Shop filed this suit alleging several claims, including violations of the Kansas
Consumer Protection Act (KCPA), K.S.A. 50-642 et seq.; abuse of process; and civil

                                                   1
conspiracy. The district court granted a motion to dismiss Williams' KCPA claim. Later,
the district court also granted summary judgment on Route 92's remaining abuse of
process and civil conspiracy claims. Williams and Route 92 appeal the dismissal of the
KCPA claim, abuse of process, civil conspiracy, and the denial of discovery sanctions.
We find no error and affirm the district court.

                       FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       This Johnson County case finds its genesis in a different case filed in Jefferson
County. There, an ice machine owned by Ice Masters, Inc. was destroyed in a fire at
Route 92's store on December 26, 2012. Route 92 denied responsibility for the damages.
Ice Masters hired Commercial Claims, Inc. (CCI) to collect the money for the destroyed
ice machine. After an unsuccessful effort to collect, CCI retained the law firm of Butler
& Associates, P.A., to represent Ice Masters in the debt collection effort.

       Zachary King, a lawyer at Butler, sent Route 92 a presuit demand letter on March
28, 2014. Route 92 disputed the debt. King advised CCI of Route 92's defenses.

       On July 1, 2014, Butler filed a lawsuit on Ice Masters' behalf in Jefferson County
District Court, seeking recovery for the value of the destroyed ice machine. CCI
questioned whether the lawsuit was filed with Ice Masters' authorization. Butler
determined the lawsuit was filed prior to receiving authorization due to a clerical error.
CCI contacted Renae Blackwell, its Ice Masters contact, and asked if Ice Masters wished
to continue with the suit. Blackwell advised CCI to proceed, and CCI sent a letter to Ice
Masters informing it the suit would proceed unless Ice Masters said otherwise.

       Eventually, the Jefferson County District Court dismissed Ice Masters' breach of
written contract and bailment claims but allowed Ice Masters to proceed on its breach of
implied contract claim. Route 92 filed counterclaims, and Williams sought to join the

                                             2
lawsuit in her individual capacity. The district court denied Route 92's effort to add
Williams and dismissed Route 92's counterclaims. The Jefferson County District Court
then granted Ice Masters' motion to dismiss its own claim with prejudice.

       On April 7, 2017, Williams and Route 92 (plaintiffs) filed suit against Ice Masters,
Butler, King, and CCI (defendants) in Johnson County District Court. Plaintiffs filed a
second amended petition alleging: (1) malicious prosecution and abuse of process
against all defendants; (2) negligence, misrepresentation, and constructive fraud against
all defendants; (3) negligence per se against Butler and CCI; (4) civil conspiracy against
all defendants; (5) conversion against Ice Masters; (6) KCPA violations against all
defendants; and (7) breach of contract against Ice Masters. Only Williams brought the
KCPA and breach of contract claims; all other claims were brought by both plaintiffs.

       The defendants filed motions to dismiss. The district court heard oral arguments
on the motions and found Williams lacked standing to bring any individual cause of
action because Williams was not named in the original suit and, as a result, could not
show a cognizable injury. The district court also dismissed all of Route 92's claims except
for abuse of process and civil conspiracy.

       Ice Masters settled with Route 92, and the claims were dismissed with prejudice.

       The defendants then filed motions for summary judgment on the remaining claims.
Route 92 opposed summary judgment and sought discovery sanctions against the
defendants. At the summary judgment hearing, the district court denied Route 92's
request for discovery sanctions but took the summary judgment matter under advisement.

       The district court issued a written summary judgment order finding Route 92 did
not comply with Kansas Supreme Court Rule 141 (2021 Kan. S. Ct. R. 220) because
Route 92 did not compose its facts in the required form. The district court found the

                                             3
response was "not in a form from which the Court can discern a cohesive narrative which
would controvert defendants' statement of fact and preclude summary judgment." As a
result, the district court found the defendants' facts were uncontroverted. The district
court found Route 92 could not allege the filing of the original lawsuit was illegal or
improper because the defendants were pursuing a valid claim for the value of the lost ice
machine. Because the defendants showed they did not make an unauthorized use of
process and Route 92 did not provide competent evidence to the contrary, the district
court granted summary judgment in the defendants' favor on Route 92's abuse of process
claim. The district court also granted summary judgment on Route 92's civil conspiracy
claim because an independent claim to support civil conspiracy no longer existed.

       Williams and Route 92 timely appeal.

                                         ANALYSIS

       Before the arguments are discussed, a brief point to provide clarity will be helpful.
There are two plaintiffs/appellants in this case: Jeannine Williams, an individual, and
Jeannine Williams, LLC d/b/a Route 92 Bait & Quick Shop. The appellants' brief refers
to Williams throughout without distinguishing between the parties. But the two parties
are separate entities. See K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 17-7688. This distinction is important
because the two plaintiffs are involved in different issues of the appeal. The KCPA
appeal is brought by Williams individually. The summary judgment and sanctions
arguments arose after the district court dismissed Williams' claims and are being
appealed by the LLC. To eliminate confusion, this opinion will refer to Williams in her
individual capacity as Williams and refer to the LLC as Route 92.

       Somewhat similarly, there are multiple defendants/appellees and multiple briefs.
Butler & Associates and Zachary King, an attorney for Butler, are referred to as Butler,

                                              4
and Commercial Claims, Inc. is referred to as CCI. Collectively, these parties are referred
to as the defendants.

I.     DID THE DISTRICT COURT ERR WHEN IT DISMISSED WILLIAMS' KCPA CLAIM FOR
       LACK OF STANDING?

       Williams argues her KCPA claim should be reinstated because the KCPA allows
an individual to sue and Williams sued as an individual, not a corporation. Butler asserts
Williams blended her individual capacity with her LLC. Butler argues Williams cannot
bring a KCPA claim because she cannot allege an injury as only Route 92 was liable in
the first suit. CCI agrees with Butler and notes that the Jefferson County District Court
did not allow Williams to enter the first lawsuit when Route 92 attempted to join her.

Standard of Review

       The existence of standing is a legal question reviewed de novo. "When a district
court grants a motion to dismiss based on a lack of standing, the appellate court accepts
the facts alleged in the petition as true, and if those facts demonstrate that the appellants
have standing to sue, the decision of the district court must be reversed." Kansas Building
Industry Workers Compensation Fund v. State, 302 Kan. 656, 676, 359 P.3d 33 (2015).

Analysis

       In its order to dismiss, the district court dismissed all claims brought by Williams
individually. Williams only appeals her KCPA claim's dismissal. The district court found
Williams lacked standing because she could not show a cognizable injury, as any
damages in the first suit would have been attributed to Route 92, not Williams
individually.

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       Standing in Kansas is rooted in the separation of powers doctrine implicit in the
Kansas Constitution. Kansas Building Industry Workers Compensation Fund, 302 Kan. at
678. To show standing, a person must demonstrate that "'[1] he or she suffered a
cognizable injury and [2] that there is a causal connection between the injury and the
challenged conduct.'" 302 Kan. at 678. The injury must be fairly traceable to the
defendant's actions and not the result of a third party's independent action. 302 Kan. at
681. Standing generally requires a party to assert its own legal rights and does not allow a
party to base its claim for relief on the legal rights or interests of third parties. Peterson v.
Ferrell, 302 Kan. 99, 103, 349 P.3d 1269 (2015). If a party lacks standing to challenge a
particular action, there is no justiciable case or controversy and the claim must be
dismissed. Lightner v. Lightner, 46 Kan. App. 2d 540, 546, 266 P.3d 539 (2011).

       Williams claims she had standing to bring her KCPA claim as an individual
because she meets the definition of a consumer under the KCPA. The KCPA defines
"'[c]onsumer'" as "an individual, husband and wife, sole proprietor, or family partnership
who seeks or acquires property or services for personal, family, household, business or
agricultural purposes." K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 50-624(b). The KCPA instructs courts to
construe the KCPA liberally to protect consumers. K.S.A. 50-623.

       The district court ruled that Williams could not bring an individual claim because
she did not suffer a cognizable injury, but Williams argues her personal guarantee to Ice
Masters made her personally liable in the underlying collection lawsuit. Wayman v.
Amoco Oil Co., 923 F. Supp. 1322 (D. Kan. 1996), a federal district court case, provides
a good analysis of this issue and has been cited by several panels of our court.

       In Wayman, the federal district court noted K.S.A. 50-624(b) required an
individual or sole proprietor to raise a claim, not a corporation or similar entity, because
the KCPA limits consumers to individuals. Each plaintiff signed the contracts as
individuals, and the contracts made no mention of the plaintiffs doing business as

                                                6
corporations. Thus, the federal district court determined the agreements were between
Amoco and an individual, not Amoco and another corporation. The federal district court
found Amoco could enforce the agreements against the plaintiffs personally because,
regardless of the corporation's existence, the plaintiffs assumed individual liability,
making their KCPA claims individual too. The federal district court reasoned "the nature
of the liability undertaken, not who 'picked up the tab,' should determine the nature of
plaintiffs' KCPA claims." 923 F. Supp. at 1363-64.

       Williams' KCPA claim is based on the defendants and Ice Masters bringing the
first suit in Jefferson County to collect a debt for the ice machine's destruction.
Defendants filed suit only against Route 92. Defendants and Ice Masters did not allege
Williams would be personally liable. Therefore, unlike in Wayman, the basis for this
KCPA claim is a lawsuit and agreement between Ice Masters—a corporation—and Route
92—an LLC. Williams was not personally liable.

       Despite the first lawsuit being filed only against Route 92, Williams argues she
still would have been personally liable because she made payments for Route 92 with her
personal credit card and because Ice Masters required a personal guarantee to enter into a
contract.

       An LLC is a limited liability company formed under the laws of the State of
Kansas and having one or more members. K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 17-7663(f). The debts,
obligations, and liabilities of an LLC belong solely to the LLC, and no LLC member is
personally obligated for any debt, obligation, or liability of the LLC, unless that member
agrees to be so obligated. K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 17-7688. Moreover, while Williams may
have acted as the guarantor for Route 96, "[t]he KCPA's protection is limited to
individuals and sole proprietors who directly contract with suppliers for goods or
services, and is not extended to individuals who promise performance of a corporation

                                              7
contracting with a supplier." CIT Group/Sales Financing, Inc. v. E-Z Pay Used Cars,
Inc., 29 Kan. App. 2d 676, 685, 32 P.3d 1197 (2001).

       Ice Masters' requirement of a personal guarantee to lease one of its ice machines
does not give Williams a KCPA claim. When the defendants and Ice Masters filed suit to
collect damages for the destroyed ice machine, they only sought to hold Route 92 liable.
Williams was never at risk of being personally liable. Any potential injury was Route 92's
alone. Because Williams cannot allege a cognizable injury resulting from the first suit,
she lacks standing as an individual to file a KCPA claim against the defendants.

       Finally, even if Williams had standing, it is likely that, under the KCPA, she
would not meet the definition of a consumer because the ice machine was leased solely
for use by Route 92. "When an asset is acquired to be used solely by a limited liability
company, the 'business purposes' are those of the entity, and not those of a consumer."
Griffitts & Coder Custom Chopping, LLC v. CNH Industrial America LLC, 438 F. Supp.
3d 1206, 1234 (D. Kan. 2020).

       Williams did not allege a cognizable injury suffered by her as an individual. She
therefore lacked standing to bring a claim under the KCPA, and the district court did not
err in dismissing her claim.

II.    DID THE DISTRICT COURT ERR IN GRANTING SUMMARY JUDGMENT IN FAVOR OF
       THE DEFENDANTS AGAINST ROUTE 92?

       Route 92 presents several arguments in its appeal of the summary judgment order.
First, Route 92 claims the defendants did not meet the threshold standard for summary
judgment. For its second and third points, Route 92 asserts the district court erroneously
concluded Route 92's evidence was inadmissible and did not resolve all evidence and
inferences in Route 92's favor. Next, Route 92 alleges the district court erred in finding

                                             8
Ice Masters was a willing participant because no evidence supported that finding. Last,
Route 92 argues the district court ignored the evidence in finding that Route 92 did not
allege facts to support an abuse of process claim.

       Butler argues that because Route 92 did not comply with Kansas Supreme Court
Rule 141 in its response to the summary judgment motion, the district court was correct
to find the defendants' facts as uncontroverted. Given the uncontroverted facts, Butler
asserts Route 92 failed to allege any facts to support the elements of its abuse of process
claim, specifically that the original lawsuit was unauthorized by law. CCI concurs with
Butler and points out that much of Route 92's argument lacks legal citation.

Standard of Review

               "'Summary judgment is appropriate when the pleadings, depositions, answers to
       interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, show that there is no
       genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as
       a matter of law. The trial court is required to resolve all facts and inferences which may
       reasonable be drawn from the evidence in favor of the party against whom the ruling is
       sought. When opposing a motion for summary judgment, an adverse party must come
       forward with evidence to establish a dispute as to a material fact. In order to preclude
       summary judgment, the facts subject to the dispute must be material to the conclusive
       issues in the case. On appeal, we apply the same rules and when we find reasonable
       minds could differ as to the conclusions drawn from the evidence, summary judgment
       must be denied.' [Citation omitted.]" Patterson v. Cowley County, Kansas, 307 Kan. 616,
       621, 413 P.3d 432 (2018).

       "If the moving party shows the absence of facts to support an essential element of
the nonmoving party's claim, that nonmoving party '"has the affirmative duty to come
forward with facts to support its claim, although it is not required to prove its case."'
[Citations omitted.]" Drouhard-Nordhus v. Rosenquist, 301 Kan. 618, 623, 345 P.3d 281
(2015). Summary judgment should be denied if a genuine issue of material fact exists.

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Siruta v. Siruta, 301 Kan. 757, 766, 348 P.3d 549 (2015). Direct evidence is not required
to survive summary judgment; circumstantial evidence is enough. 301 Kan. at 768. But
speculation is insufficient to avoid summary judgment. Chesbro v. Board of Douglas
County Comm'rs, 39 Kan. App. 2d 954, 960, 186 P.3d 829 (2008).

Analysis

       A.     Threshold standard for summary judgment

       Route 92 first argues the defendants failed to meet the threshold standard for
summary judgment. Route 92 does not cite to any controlling authority, but its chief
complaint appears to be that neither Butler nor CCI provided any affidavits with their
motions. In contrast, Route 92 points out that it provided 51 exhibits which included
affidavits, deposition testimony, and documents from discovery in its opposition.
Overlooking Route 92's incongruent comparison, the inclusion of affidavits is not the
standard to determine if the threshold standard for summary judgment was met. K.S.A.
2020 Supp. 60-256(c)(2) states summary judgment may be granted "if the pleadings, the
discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits or declarations show that
there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law." The defendants included ample documentation for the
district court to consider. Whether the district court was correct in granting summary
judgment we will discuss later.

       B.     Kansas Supreme Court Rule 141/Admissibility of Route 92's evidence

       Route 92's next issue is with the district court's statement: "'Plaintiff is unable to
point to any admissible statements of fact or contraventions of defendants' statements of
fact that demonstrate the same.'" This statement is near the end of the summary judgment
ruling. Route 92 ignores the district court's earlier finding that Route 92's "response is not

                                              10
in a form from which the Court can discern a cohesive narrative which would controvert
defendants' statements of fact and preclude summary judgment." As a result, the district
court found Butler and CCI's facts to be uncontroverted per Kansas Supreme Court Rule
141. Only after finding the defendants' facts were uncontroverted did the district court
find Route 92 could not point to facts that contradicted the defendants' factual statements.

       Kansas Supreme Court Rule 141(b)(1) requires a party opposing summary
judgment to list, in separately numbered paragraphs that correspond with the movant's
memorandum, whether each of the movant's factual contentions are uncontroverted,
uncontroverted for the purposes of the motion, or controverted. If the fact is controverted,
the opposing party must "concisely summarize the conflicting testimony or evidence and
any additional genuine issues of material fact" and provide precise references. Kansas
Supreme Court Rule 141(b)(1)(C) (2021 Kan. S. Ct. R. 221). This rule flows from the
summary judgment statute:

               "Opposing party's obligation to respond. When a motion for summary judgment
       is properly made and supported, an opposing party may not rely merely on allegations or
       denials in its own pleading; rather, its response must, by affidavits or by declarations
       pursuant to K.S.A. 53-601, and amendments thereto, or as otherwise provided in this
       section, set out specific fats showing a genuine issue for trial. If the opposing party does
       not so respond, summary judgment should, if appropriate, be entered against that party."
       K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 60-256(e)(2).

       A district court is only required to consider the facts and parts of the record
properly cited by the parties in compliance with Rule 141. The district court may, in its
discretion, consider other materials in the record, but it is not required to do so. Acord v.
Porter, 58 Kan. App. 2d 747, 757, 475 P.3d 665 (2020). Rule 141(b) is not satisfied by
merely stating that facts are controverted. State ex rel. Stephan v. Commemorative
Services Corp., 16 Kan. App. 2d 389, 401, 823 P.2d 831 (1991). Rule 141 grants the
district court the discretion to deem the party opposing summary judgment as having

                                                    11
admitted the uncontroverted facts in the movant's statement, which "will not be disturbed
on appeal without a clear showing of abuse." Ruebke v. Globe Communications Corp.,
241 Kan. 595, 604, 738 P.2d 1246 (1987).

       Route 92 did not organize its response into corresponding factual statements,
resulting in the district court's finding that it could not discern a cohesive narrative. "Rule
141 is not just fluff—it means what it says and serves a necessary purpose." McCullough
v. Bethany Medical Center, 235 Kan. 732, 736, 683 P.2d 1258 (1984), superseded by
statute on other grounds as stated in Roy v. Young, 278 Kan. 244, 93 P.3d 712 (2004).
Route 92 did not comply with Rule 141; therefore, the district court acted within its
discretion to find the defendants' facts were uncontroverted. Route 92 does not address
the district court's finding on appeal, instead choosing to take issue with the district
court's statement that Route 92 did not point to "admissible statements of fact." Failing to
brief an issue results in that issue's waiver or abandonment. Plummer Development, Inc.
v. Prairie State Bank, 248 Kan. 664, 666, 809 P.2d 1216 (1991). On appeal, Route 92
cannot controvert facts which were already deemed uncontroverted; it is bound by those
uncontroverted facts. See 248 Kan. at 666.

       C.     The summary judgment ruling

       Although a party opposing summary judgment does not need to prove its case, it
does have an "'affirmative duty to come forward with facts to support its claim.'" Acord,
58 Kan. App. 2d at 757. Disputed facts do not present a genuine issue of fact and
preclude summary judgment unless they have legal controlling force and affect the
outcome of the case. 58 Kan. App. 2d at 757.

       Butler alleges Route 92 did not allege sufficient facts to support each element of
its abuse of process claim. The party opposing summary judgment must establish each

                                              12
element of the cause of action to avoid summary judgment. Dozier v. Dozier, 252 Kan.
1035, 1041, 850 P.2d 789 (1993).

       The elements of abuse of process are:

       "'"(1) [T]hat the defendant made an illegal, improper, perverted use of the process, (a use
       neither warranted nor authorized by the process), and (2) that the defendant had an
       ulterior motive or purpose in exercising such illegal, perverted, or improper use of
       process, and (3) that the damage resulted to the plaintiff from the irregularity. . . .'" 1 Am.
       Jur. 2d 252, Abuse of Process, s 4." Porter v. Stormont-Vail Hospital, 228 Kan. 641, 646,
       621 P.2d 411 (1980).

See Wellsville Bank v. Sutterby, 12 Kan. App. 2d 585, 589, 752 P.2d 700 (1988). If the
process used is regular, the motive, ulterior or otherwise, of the alleged abuser is
immaterial. Porter, 228 Kan. at 646. A party is protected when the process is valid and
used for a legitimate purpose—even with a bad intention, it is not abuse of process.
McClenny v. Inverarity, 80 Kan. 569, 573, 103 P. 82 (1909). The pattern jury instruction
(PIK) offers a similar list of elements, based on Porter, substituting "unauthorized use of
process" for "perverted use of process." PIK Civ. 4th 127.80. The PIK explains it is to be
used "when the plaintiff is claiming that the defendant used the process of the court . . . in
an improper or illegal manner." PIK Civ. 4th 127.80, Notes on Use.

               1.       Unauthorized use of the process

       The district court found the uncontroverted facts showed Route 92 could not prove
the first element—that the defendants made an unauthorized use of the process. The
district court could not find any Kansas caselaw defining what unauthorized use of the
process meant, but it found several out-of-state cases that it relied on. Our review of
Kansas law did not find any cases either, but several out-of-state cases and secondary
sources provide consistent definitions.

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       The Iowa Supreme Court adopted the definition from the Restatement (Second) of
Torts that an abuse of process is "[o]ne who uses a legal process, whether criminal or
civil, against another primarily to accomplish a purpose for which it is not designed, is
subject to liability to the other for harm caused by the abuse of process." Grell v. Poulsen,
389 N.W.2d 661, 663 (Iowa 1986). The Iowa Supreme Court noted the use of "primarily"
was significant because no action for abuse of process exists where the process is used
for its intended purpose but where there "is an incidental motive of spite or an ulterior
purpose or benefit." 389 N.W.2d at 663. As an example of abuse of process, the Iowa
Supreme Court provided some form of extortion where the process is used to pressure the
other party to pay a different debt or to take or refrain from some other action. Finally,
the Iowa Supreme Court held a defendant is not liable for abuse of process if the
defendant "has done no more than carry the process to its authorized conclusion, even
with bad intentions." 389 N.W.2d at 663.

       The other out-of-state cases cited by the district court agree with Grell. The
Kentucky Supreme Court also adopted the definition from the Restatement (Second) of
Torts in Sprint Communications Co., L.P. v. Leggett, 307 S.W.3d 109, 113 (Ky. 2010).
The Kentucky Supreme Court held abuse of process has two essential elements: (1) an
ulterior purpose; and (2) "a willful act in the use of the process not proper in the regular
conduct of the proceeding." 307 S.W.3d at 114. A definite act or threat not authorized by
the process or aimed at the objective is required for abuse of process. 307 S.W.3d at 114.
The Kentucky Supreme Court found an abuse of process in Sprint when the plaintiff
claimed the defendant was trying to pressure the plaintiff into selling land beyond what
the defendant could claim in a condemnation action. 307 S.W.3d at 114-15.

       The Missouri Court of Appeals held: "If the action is confined to its regular and
legitimate function in relation to the cause of action stated in the complaint there is no
abuse even if the plaintiff had an ulterior motive in bringing the action, or if he
knowingly brought suit upon an unfounded claim." Wells v. Orthwein, 670 S.W.2d 529,

                                              14
532 (Mo. Ct. App. 1984). Only when the suit is brought for a collateral purpose does an
abuse of process occur. 670 S.W.2d at 532. The Texas Court of Appeals used the same
three-element test as the Kansas courts in RRR Farms, Ltd. v. American Horse Protection
Association, Inc., 957 S.W.2d 121, 133 (Tex. App. 1997). The Texas Court of Appeals
held abuse of process requires the defendant to use the process to accomplish an end
beyond the purview of the process which compels a party to do a collateral action. 957
S.W.2d at 133. Compulsion is something more than just answering a lawsuit; filing a
complaint is not an improper or illegal use of process. 957 S.W.2d at 134.

       Other out-of-state cases agree with the cases relied on by the district court. See
Land Baron Inv. v. Bonnie Springs Family LP, 131 Nev. 686, 668, 356 P.3d 511 (2015)
("We agree with the majority rule that filing a complaint does not constitute abuse of
process. The tort requires a 'willful act' that would not be 'proper in the regular conduct of
the proceeding,' . . . and filing a complaint does not meet this requirement."); The Tavern,
LLC v. Town of Alpine, 395 P.3d 167, 179 (Wyo. 2017) (holding abuse of process arises
from misuse of power of the court and "must be an act intended to perpetrate injustice,
veiled in conduct claiming to be in the name of the court and under its authority").

       Secondary sources also support the out-of-state cases. As noted by several out-of-
state cases, the Restatement (Third) of Torts defines abuse of process as: "An actor is
subject to liability for the abuse of judicially issued process to achieve an objective that is
outside the purpose for which the process is intended." Restatement (Third) of Torts § 26
(2020). In comment b, the Restatement explains that process refers to the orders issued by
the court on behalf of one of the parties or that are backed by judicial authority.
Restatement (Third) of Torts § 26, comment b (2020).

       Similarly, American Jurisprudence, Second Edition, explains that "abuse of
process is the misuse of legal process to accomplish some purpose outside the scope of
the process itself, and that abuse of process occurs where someone attempts to achieve

                                              15
through use of the court that which the court is itself powerless to order." 1 Am. Jur. 2d,
Abuse of Process § 1. The abuse of process tort is intended to prevent parties from using
litigation to pursue alternative objectives and using the court's process to compel another
party to act. 1 Am. Jur. 2d, Abuse of Process § 1. There is no liability where the
defendant has only pursued a lawsuit to its authorized conclusion, no matter how "evil"
the defendant's motives may be. 1 Am. Jur. 2d, Abuse of Process § 5. Abuse of process
requires some overt act done in addition to commencing a lawsuit; filing or maintaining a
lawsuit, even for improper purposes, is not enough. 1 Am. Jur. 2d, Abuse of Process § 11.

       The out-of-state cases agree that the first element of abuse of process requires the
plaintiff to prove the defendant's use of the process was unauthorized by law. This
explanation is consistent with Porter, 228 Kan. at 646, that "'an illegal, improper,
perverted use of the process'" is one unauthorized by law. In opposing summary
judgment, Route 92 was required to show a genuine dispute of material facts that the
defendants' use of the process was unauthorized by law.

       Route 92 does not address the elements of abuse of process in its brief. Instead,
Route 92 argues the district court made erroneous conclusory statements in finding there
were not facts to support the abuse of process claim. Route 92's argument centers on its
allegation that a written contract did not exist and the defendants knew it. Because the
defendants knew there was no written contract, they knew there was no claim and Butler
and CCI only maintained the claim to collect their fees.

       Route 92's argument runs into two roadblocks. First, the initiation of a suit is not
abuse of process, nor is maintaining the suit. See Grell, 389 N.W.2d at 663; RRR Farms,
957 S.W.2d at 134; 1 Am. Jur. 2d, Abuse of Process § 11. Second, Route 92 focuses on
the written contract throughout its summary judgment argument and ignores the fact that
the Jefferson County District Court allowed the defendants to maintain an action for
breach of an implied contract in the original lawsuit. Moreover, the Johnson County

                                             16
District Court found the defendants had probable cause in the original lawsuit. Route 92
does not challenge the finding of probable cause for breach of a written contract.

       Route 92 makes several claims about the original suit, such as the defendants
knew there was no written contract; the defendants knew Route 92's defense was an
absolute bar to recovery; the defendants were seeking to collect their fees; and the
defendants kept the suit going to force Route 92 to give up because of the expense. Route
92 does not explain how the defendants used the process to achieve an alternative,
improper objective. Ice Master's ice machine was destroyed at Route 92's store. Ice
Masters employed CCI to recover the cost of the destroyed machine. When they could
not resolve the issue, CCI employed Butler to pursue legal avenues to recover the
damages. Eventually, this led to the original lawsuit. Route 92 did not allege any facts to
support a finding that the defendants' lawsuit was unauthorized by law. Summary
judgment was proper.

              2.     Ratification

       Route 92 claimed the original lawsuit was unauthorized because Butler and CCI
initiated the lawsuit before getting approval from Ice Masters and then forced Ice Masters
to maintain the lawsuit when it wanted to settle. In anticipation of an appeal, the district
court also found, in the alternative, that the original lawsuit was authorized by Ice
Masters because Ice Masters ratified the lawsuit.

       Defendants claimed a clerical mistake resulted in the lawsuit being filed before Ice
Masters authorized it, but they reached out to their contact at Ice Masters and received
authorization to continue the lawsuit. In her affidavit, Linda Shriver, Ice Masters' CFO,
stated only she had the authority to authorize the lawsuit and she did not do so, and
Blackwell had no authority to authorize the lawsuit.

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       While Blackwell lacked the authority to approve the original lawsuit, Ice Masters
actively participated in it, including sending documents, assisting in preparing responses
to discovery requests, and participating in depositions. "'Ratification is the adoption or
confirmation by a principal of an act performed on its behalf by an agent that has acted
without authority. . . . Once the principal discovers the agent's unauthorized act, the
principal must promptly repudiate the act.' [Citations omitted.]" Bunge Milling, Inc. v.
City of Atchison, 49 Kan. App. 2d 325, 333-34, 310 P.3d 1064 (2013).

       Route 92 does not dispute Ice Masters' participation in the original suit. In fact,
Route 92's second amended petition alleges Ice Masters was an active participant in the
original lawsuit. Route 92 alleges in its brief that the defendants coerced Ice Masters'
participation. But this ignores the counterclaims filed by Route 92. Ice Masters could not
exit a lawsuit when there were active claims against it.

       Route 92 cannot prove an essential element of its abuse of process claim—the
original lawsuit was unauthorized by law. Because Route 92 cannot prove an essential
element of its claim, summary judgment was proper. See Mortgage Electronic
Registration Systems, Inc. v. Graham, 44 Kan. App. 2d 547, 555, 247 P.3d 223 (2010)
("[W]hen a plaintiff presents no evidence of an essential element of his or her claim,
'"there can be 'no genuine issue as to any material fact,' since a complete failure of proof
concerning an essential element of the nonmoving party's case necessarily renders all
other facts immaterial."' [Citations omitted.]"). The district court correctly granted
summary judgment on Route 92's abuse of process claim.

       D.     Civil Conspiracy

       Route 92's fourth argument is that its civil conspiracy claim should be restored
because summary judgment on its abuse of process claim was improper. Civil conspiracy
is a parasitic claim; it requires the commission of some other wrong that gives rise to a

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cause of action independent of the conspiracy. Stoldt v. City of Toronto, 234 Kan. 957,
967, 678 P.2d 153 (1984).

       Here, that independent cause of action was Route 92's abuse of process claim.
Because summary judgment was proper, there was no independent cause of action to also
maintain the civil conspiracy claim. Summary judgment on civil conspiracy was proper.

III.   DID THE DISTRICT COURT ABUSE ITS DISCRETION IN DENYING DISCOVERY
       SANCTIONS?

       Route 92 argues the district court should have awarded it sanctions against the
defendants for their failure to fully participate in discovery and for withholding
information. Defendants argue they fully answered the discovery requests and the district
court found Route 92's claims were not relevant to the case.

Standard of Review

       Route 92 provides the incorrect standard of review, arguing this is a statutory
interpretation question reviewed de novo. The award of sanctions for discovery violations
is reviewed for abuse of discretion. Schoenholz v. Hinzman, 295 Kan. 786, 798, 289 P.3d
1155 (2012). A district court abuses its discretion if its act is (1) one no reasonable person
would take; (2) an error of law; or (3) an error of fact. City of Neodesha v. BP Corp.
North America, Inc., 50 Kan. App. 731, 775-76, 334 P.3d 830 (2014). The party asserting
an abuse of discretion bears the burden of establishing its existence. Gannon v. State, 305
Kan. 850, 868, 390 P.3d 461 (2017).

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Analysis

       In addition to citing the wrong standard of review, Route 92 does not provide a
citation to the record on appeal where the district court denied sanctions. Kansas Supreme
Court Rule 6.02(a)(5) (2021 Kan. S. Ct. R. 35) requires an appellant to begin with a
citation to the appropriate standard of review and to provide a pinpoint reference to the
location in the record where the issue was raised and ruled on. Route 92 does neither. Its
twin failures to follow our Supreme Court's rules is sufficient to deem this issue waived.
See State v. Arnett, 307 Kan. 648, 650, 413 P.3d 787 (2018).

       Even if we considered the merits of this claim, we find it difficult to determine a
coherent argument from Route 92, primarily because of its failure to reference the district
court's findings. Route 92 filed motions for sanctions against Butler and CCI. In its brief,
Route 92 cites portions of depositions as evidence that the defendants did not provide all
discovery requested. But Route 92 does not explain how the district court's denial was an
abuse of discretion, only stating K.S.A. 60-237 required the district court to order
payment of expenses.

       An evasive or incomplete disclosure, answer, or response is treated as a failure to
disclose, answer, or respond. K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 60-237(a)(4). If a party disobeys a
discovery order, the district court may issue several sanctions to address the
disobedience. K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 60-237(b)(2)(A). If the district court orders sanctions, it
must order the disobedient party to pay reasonable expenses, including attorney fees,
unless the failure to obey was "substantially justified or other circumstances make an
award of expenses unjust." K.S.A. 2020 Supp. 60-237(b)(2)(C).

       Route 92's argument is an incorrect reading of the law. Route 92 wants payment of
its expenses, but payment of expenses is only required when the district court orders

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another sanction. No sanctions were ordered here because the district court found Route
92's argument was irrelevant.

       Route 92 waived its argument by failing to cite the appropriate standard of review
or pinpoint the location in the record where the district court ruled on this issue. Even if
we were to decide this issue, Route 92 merely reasserts its claims before the district court
without explaining how the district court erred. Nothing in the record shows the district
court abused its discretion in not ordering sanctions.

       Affirmed.

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