Court Opinion

ID: 8127438
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-09 16:00:26.698881+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:16:31.841701
License: Public Domain

FILED
Appellate Case: 21-4005   Document: 010110736374           United  States CourtPage:
                                                     Date Filed: 09/09/2022    of Appeals
                                                                                     1
                                                                    Tenth Circuit

                                                                September 9, 2022
                                        PUBLISH               Christopher M. Wolpert
                                                                  Clerk of Court
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                                 TENTH CIRCUIT

  UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ex
  rel. KELLY E. SORENSON,

               Plaintiff - Appellant,
        v.                                              No. 21-4005
  WADSWORTH BROTHERS
  CONSTRUCTION COMPANY, INC.,

               Defendant - Appellee.

                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                            for the District of Utah
                        (D.C. No. 2:16-CV-00875-CW)

 Russell T. Monahan, Cook & Monahan, LLC, Salt Lake City, Utah, for Plaintiff-
 Appellant.

 Wilford A. Beesley, III (Jonathan T. Tichy with him on the brief), Wilford
 Beesley, P.C., Salt Lake City, Utah, for Defendant-Appellee.

 Before BACHARACH, BRISCOE, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.

 MURPHY, Circuit Judge.
Appellate Case: 21-4005   Document: 010110736374       Date Filed: 09/09/2022    Page: 2

                                I. INTRODUCTION

       Kelly Sorenson, acting as a qui tam relator, brought suit on behalf of the

 United States against his former employer, Wadsworth Brothers Construction

 Company (“Wadsworth”), under the provisions of the False Claims Act (“FCA”),

 31 U.S.C. §§ 3729-33. Sorenson alleged Wadsworth, a contractor working on a

 federally funded transportation project, falsely certified its compliance with the

 prevailing-wage requirements of the Davis-Bacon Act, 40 U.S.C. §§ 3141-48.

 The district court granted Wadsworth’s Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) motion as to the

 following claims in Sorenson’s complaint: (1) Claim 1, alleging Wadsworth

 presented to the government a false claim, see 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(1)(A);

 (2) Claim 2, alleging the use or making of a false record to obtain payment on a

 false claim, see id. § 3729(a)(1)(B); and (3) Claim 3, alleging a conspiracy to

 defraud, see id. § 3729(a)(1)(C). 1 The district court concluded Sorenson’s

 complaint failed to satisfy the demanding materiality standard set out by the

 Supreme Court in Universal Health Services, Inc. v. United States ex rel.

 Escobar, 579 U.S. 176, 192–96 (2016). Thereafter, the district court granted

 summary judgment to Wadsworth on Sorenson’s Claim 5, a retaliation claim

 based on the whistleblower provisions of 31 U.S.C. § 3730(h). The district court

       1
         The complaint also included a Claim 4, alleging Wadsworth made a false
 receipt with the intent to defraud the government. See 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(1)(E).
 Sorenson conceded Wadsworth’s motion to dismiss Claim 4, and the validity of
 that claim is not before this court on appeal.

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 concluded Sorenson failed to put Wadsworth on notice his protected activities

 were related to purported violations of the FCA and, in addition, failed to

 demonstrate Wadsworth’s actions were retaliatory.

       Sorenson appeals the dismissal of Claims 1, 2, and 3 and the grant of

 summary judgment to Wadsworth on Claim 5. This court exercises jurisdiction

 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and affirms the orders of the district court. 2

                                  II. DISCUSSION

 A. The Rule 12(b)(6) Issues

       1. Background

              a. Statutory Background

                    I. The FCA

       The FCA imposes liability for “fraudulent attempts to cause the government

 to pay out sums of money.” United States ex rel. Reed v. KeyPoint Gov’t Sols.,

 923 F.3d 729, 736 (10th Cir. 2019) (quotation omitted). It permits the recovery

 of civil penalties and treble damages from anyone who, inter alia, (1) “knowingly

       2
         Sorenson also challenged a district court order awarding Wadsworth its
 attorney’s fees. This court ordered Sorenson to show cause why this aspect of his
 appeal should not be dismissed for lack of jurisdiction because he failed to file a
 separate notice of appeal after the district court entered a final order setting the
 amount of fees. See Art Janpol Volkswagen, Inc. v. Fiat Motors of N. Am., Inc.,
 767 F.2d 690, 697 (10th Cir. 1985). Sorenson conceded this court “lacks
 jurisdiction with regard to the issue of attorney’s fees.” Given this well-taken
 concession, we dismiss for lack of jurisdiction Sorenson’s challenge to the
 district court’s award of attorney’s fees in Wadsworth’s favor.

                                          -3-
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 presents . . . a false or fraudulent claim for payment or approval,” 31 U.S.C.

 § 3729(a)(1)(A), or (2) “knowingly makes, uses, or causes to be made or used, a

 false record or statement material to a false or fraudulent claim,” id.

 § 3729(a)(1)(B). The FCA also imposes liability on anyone who “conspires to

 commit a violation” of the provisions of § 3729(a)(1). Id. § 3729(a)(1)(C).

 Falling within the umbrella of liability created by § 3729(a)(1) are “false

 certifications.” Universal Health, 579 U.S. at 180–81, 186–87. A false claim

 within the meaning of § 3729(a)(1) can be either factually false or legally false.

 United States ex rel. Polukoff v. St. Mark’s Hosp., 895 F.3d 730, 741 (10th Cir.

 2018). This case involves allegations of legal falsity. Legally false requests for

 reimbursement “generally require knowingly false certification of compliance

 with a regulation or contractual provision as a condition of payment.” Id.

       The FCA’s provisions can be enforced in two ways. “[T]he [g]overnment

 itself may sue the alleged false claimant to remedy the fraud.” Reed, 923 F.3d at

 736 (quotation omitted); see also 31 U.S.C. § 3730(a). Alternatively, “a private

 person (the relator) may bring a qui tam suit on behalf of the government and also

 for herself alleging that a third party made fraudulent claims for payment to the

 government. As a bounty for identifying and prosecuting fraud, relators get to

 keep a portion of any recovery they obtain.” Reed, 923 F.3d at 736 (quotations

 omitted); see also 31 U.S.C. § 3730(b), (d).

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       Importantly, the liability imposed by § 3729(a)(1) is predicated on a

 “rigorous” materiality requirement. Universal Health Servs. 579 U.S. at 192. “A

 misrepresentation about compliance with a statutory, regulatory, or contractual

 requirement must be material to the Government’s payment decision in order to

 be actionable under the [FCA].” Id. And, the mere fact “the Government

 designates compliance with a particular statutory, regulatory, or contractual

 requirement as a condition of payment” is not enough, standing alone, to render a

 misrepresentation material. Id. at 194. Likewise, the mere fact the government

 could opt not to pay if it knew about a defendant’s noncompliance does not, in

 itself, establish materiality. Id. And, “minor or insubstantial” noncompliance

 with statutory, regulatory, or contractual requirements is immaterial. Id.

              In sum, when evaluating materiality under the [FCA], the
       Government’s decision to expressly identify a provision as a
       condition of payment is relevant, but not automatically dispositive.
       Likewise, proof of materiality can include, but is not necessarily
       limited to, evidence that the defendant knows that the Government
       consistently refuses to pay claims in the mine run of cases based on
       noncompliance with the particular statutory, regulatory, or
       contractual requirement. Conversely, if the Government pays a
       particular claim in full despite its actual knowledge that certain
       requirements were violated, that is very strong evidence that those
       requirements are not material. Or, if the Government regularly pays
       a particular type of claim in full despite actual knowledge that
       certain requirements were violated, and has signaled no change in
       position, that is strong evidence that the requirements are not
       material.

 Id. at 194–95 (footnote omitted).

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                    ii. The Davis-Bacon Act

       The Davis-Bacon Act governs federally funded construction contracts.

 Int’l Bhd. of Elec. Workers, Local 113 v. T & H Servs., 8 F.4th 950, 953 (10th

 Cir. 2021). It is “a minimum wage law designed for the benefit of construction

 workers.” United States v. Binghamton Constr. Co., 347 U.S. 171, 178 (1954).

 The Act protects “local wage standards by preventing contractors from basing

 their bids on wages lower than those prevailing in the area” where the work is to

 be done. Univs. Research Ass’n, Inc. v. Coutu, 450 U.S. 754, 773–74 (1981)

 (quotation omitted); see T & H Servs., 8 F.4th at 953 (citing 40 U.S.C. § 3142). It

 requires contractors on most federally funded building projects to pay employees

 minimum wages based on the Department of Labor’s (“DOL”) determination of

 prevailing wages “for the corresponding classes of laborers and mechanics

 employed on projects of a character similar to the contract work in the civil

 subdivision of the State in which the work is to be performed.” 40 U.S.C.

 § 3142(b). 3 Notably, payment of Davis-Bacon wages is jobsite and task specific,

 not project related. The Act mandates payment of Davis-Bacon wages only to

 “mechanics and laborers employed directly on the site of the work.” Id. at

       3
         The DOL “has a robust system authorized by the Davis-Bacon Act and
 DOL regulations promulgated thereunder for determining job classifications for
 Davis-Bacon work and resolving disputes over classifications.” T & H Servs.,
 8 F.4th at 953 (citing, inter alia, 29 C.F.R. Parts 1, 5–7). The entire process of
 establishing Davis-Bacon minimum wages is described in detail in T & H Servs.,
 8 F.4th at 953–56.

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 § 3142(c)(1). The applicable regulation defines the term “site of work” as “the

 physical place or places where the building or work called for in the contract will

 remain; and any other site where a significant portion of the building or work is

 constructed, provided that such site is established specifically for the performance

 of the contract or project.” 29 C.F.R. § 5.2(1)(l). Because the applicable

 statutory and regulatory provisions focus on the jobsite, work that is only

 tangentially related to the site is not covered by the prevailing-wage requirement.

 See, e.g., 29 C.F.R. § 5.2(j)(2) (“[T]he transportation of materials or supplies to

 or from the site of the work by employees of the . . . contractor . . . is not”

 covered by the statutory requirement to pay Davis-Bacon wages).

       This court has noted the “elaborate administrative scheme” created by the

 Davis-Bacon Act and its implementing regulations “is meant to provide

 consistency and uniformity” in “the administration and enforcement of the . . .

 Act, and balances the interests of contractors and their employees.” T & H Servs.,

 8 F.4th at 957 (quotation omitted). 4

       4
        As explained in T & H Servs., DOL calculates Davis-Bacon wages based
 on two components: prevailing-wage determinations made by the DOL and
 worker-category determinations made by a contracting officer. 8 F.4th at 953–54.
 To balance the interest of contractors and employees, category determinations
 must generally be challenged in administrative proceedings before the contract is
 awarded. See id. at 954. At least two courts have concluded that FCA claims
 involving alleged Davis-Bacon misclassifications, as opposed to other kinds of
 alleged Davis-Bacon misrepresentations, might implicate the primary jurisdiction
 doctrine. See United States ex rel. Sheet Metal Workers Int’l Assoc. v. Horning
                                                                      (continued...)

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              Enforcement of the Davis-Bacon Act is the responsibility of
       both the contracting agency and the DOL. Employees can submit
       complaints regarding alleged violations of the Davis-Bacon Act to
       the contracting officer, who can investigate and take action against
       an offending contractor, and refer disputes to the DOL. . . . The
       procedures by which the DOL resolves such disputes, which are set
       forth in 29 C.F.R. § 5.11, include notification of the affected parties
       by the Administrator of the DOL Wage and Hour Division, potential
       referral to an administrative law judge for factfinding, and eventual
       appeal of Administrator decisions to the [administrative review
       board].

 Id. at 956-57 (citations and footnotes omitted). 5 Enforcement and transparency

 are also furthered by requirements that (1) DOL promulgate regulations

 mandating “that each contractor and subcontractor each week must furnish a

 statement on the wages paid each employee during the prior week,” 40 U.S.C.

 § 3145; and (2) contractors submit to the contracting agency weekly payrolls

       4
         (...continued)
 Invs., LLC, 828 F.3d 587, 592 (7th Cir. 2016) (noting doctrine of primary
 jurisdiction might come into play when a Davis-Bacon claim is based on
 misclassification); United States ex rel. Wall v. Circle C Constr., LLC, 697 F.3d
 345, 354 (6th Cir. 2012) (same). But cf. United States ex rel. Int’l Bhd. of Elec.
 Workers v. Farfield Co., 5 F.4th 315, 322 (3d Cir. 2021) (considering a Davis-
 Bacon misclassification claim without considering the issue of primary
 jurisdiction).
       5
        Although not determinative of the issues on appeal, Sorenson used this
 very administrative scheme. He sought payment of additional wages in
 administrative proceedings before the Utah Labor Commission. The Commission
 determined Wadsworth underpaid Sorenson $2581.62 in Davis-Bacon wages. On
 Wadsworth’s appeal, however, a Utah state court set aside the Labor
 Commission’s conclusions and found that Wadsworth’s “timecards and timecard
 coding” accurately reflected the amount of work Sorenson undertook on Davis-
 Bacon jobsites.

                                          -8-
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 along with a certification that those payrolls comply with the requirements of the

 Act, 29 C.F.R. § 5.5(a)(3)(ii).

       Violations of the Act “can result in withheld payments, contract

 termination, and debarment.” T & H Servs., 8 F.4th at 956 (citing 40 U.S.C.

 §§ 3142–44; 29 C.F.R. §§ 5.9, 5.12; 48 C.F.R. §§ 22.406–9, 22.406–11). “If

 withheld sums are insufficient to adequately compensate employees who have

 been underpaid, the Act also creates a limited right of action for employees to sue

 on the ‘payment bond’ that government contractors must post for ‘the protection’

 of workers.” Id. (citing, inter alia, 40 U.S.C. § 3144(a)(2)).

              b. Factual Background

       The following factual allegations (as opposed to “legal conclusions,”

 “naked assertions,” or “conclusory statements”) set out in Sorenson’s complaint

 are taken as true for purposes of analyzing the propriety of the district court’s

 grant of Wadsworth’s Rule 12(b)(6) motion. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662,

 678 (2009); Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555–57 (2007).

                     I. Factual Allegations re violations of Davis-Bacon

       In 2012, Salt Lake International Airport (the “Airport”) received a nine

 million dollar federal grant for improvements. Using those federal funds, the

 Airport solicited bids for construction of a deicing pad. Consistent with a

 condition of the grant, the Airport required that contractors awarded the contract

 certify employees were paid in compliance with the Davis-Bacon Act. This

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  information was contained in the bid-solicitation documents. Wadsworth was the

  low bidder on the project, and it and the Airport entered into a contract.

        Wadsworth began construction work on the deicing project in early 2013

  and employed Sorenson as a truck driver from September 1, 2014 until November

  14, 2014. On each day Sorenson “worked on the [d]eicing project, [he] was

  required to swipe his work identity badge into the security system of the Airport

  to obtain access to the Airport property.” In addition to his regular rate of pay,

  Sorenson was entitled to an additional $10.53 per regular hour worked on the

  Davis-Bacon jobsite. Almost immediately after being employed by Wadsworth,

  Sorenson noticed discrepancies in his pay. He spent approximately three days

  working on another “federally funded” highway project during this time frame.

  Although employed exclusively on the “federally funded” projects, Sorenson’s

  pay reflected substantial work on non-Davis-Bacon jobsites. Wadsworth

  employees, on and off of the deicing project, told Sorenson it was a standard

  practice for Wadsworth to shave Davis-Bacon time off of “federal projects” and

  that it did so to undercut other bidders on such projects.

        Sorenson learned Wadsworth created time sheets showing he worked jobs

  outside of the deicing and federal highway projects. Several time sheets

  contained Sorenson’s forged signature. Wadsworth also had Sorenson sign time

  sheets and, after he had done so, would enter jobsite codes that were not

  previously on the time sheets. This would make it appear as though Sorenson was

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  working off the deicing project site. Indeed, Sorenson’s time sheets and pay stubs

  include entries indicating he was not working at the deicing project; records

  obtained from the Airport, however, show he swiped into the Airport security

  system to work.

        When Wadsworth paid Sorenson some additional wages due under the Act,

  the wages were paid as a “Union Benefit.” The Union Benefits were then sent by

  Wadsworth to its “Profit Sharing” plan. The amounts sent to the Profit Sharing

  plan did not equal the Davis-Bacon wages Sorenson was due. Moreover, the

  account used by Wadsworth for the Profit Sharing plan is commingled with

  Wadsworth’s general funds. Wadsworth uses Alliance Benefit Group

  (“Alliance”) to administer its Profit Sharing plan. The purpose of using Alliance

  is to obscure the Davis-Bacon wages actually due Wadsworth’s employees to

  cause confusion amongst those employees.

                     ii. Allegations as to Materiality

        Certification to the United States of compliance with the Davis-Bacon Act

  is a prerequisite to Wadsworth’s payment under the construction contract.

  “Wadsworth performed work at the deicing project since the project’s inception

  and, therefore, has submitted invoices to include certified payrolls up the supply

  chain and, inevitably, to the federal government for expenses including

  Sorenson’s wages, and have been paid in relation to those invoices as a result of

  the governments reliance on their certifications of Davis-Bacon Act compliance.”

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  To increase its profits, Wadsworth represented to the federal government on each

  of its invoices involving Sorenson that the wages Wadsworth paid Sorenson

  complied with the Davis-Bacon Act, and it “possibly” made the same

  representations regarding other employees’ wages as well. Wadsworth did so

  despite actually knowing it did not pay Sorenson in accord with applicable

  Davis-Bacon requirements. As a result of these misrepresentations, the federal

  government has been damaged by paying Wadsworth monies Wadsworth was not

  entitled to receive.

               c. Procedural Background

        The district court dismissed Sorenson’s Claims 1, 2, and 3 in a brief order.

  It determined that Universal Health Services directly controlled the disposition of

  Wadsworth’s motion to dismiss. That was so, the district court concluded,

  because Sorenson’s complaint advanced no basis for a finding of materiality other

  than “that certification of compliance with the Davis-Bacon Act is a prerequisite

  to the payment” of Wadsworth’s invoices. Universal Health Services specifically

  held that such an allegation was insufficient to establish materiality. 579 U.S. at

  194. The district court further determined Sorenson’s allegations as to

  Wadsworth’s claimed violations of the Davis-Bacon Act were so conclusory that

  they failed to allege a false or fraudulent act. See Dist. Court Rule 12(b)(6) Order

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  at 9 (“[Sorenson’s] complaint fails to establish that [Wadsworth] made fraudulent

  misrepresentations under the FCA.”). 6

        2. Analysis

               a. Standard of Review

        This court reviews de novo a district court’s Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal in a

  qui tam proceeding. United States ex rel. Lemmon v. Envirocare of Utah, Inc.,

  614 F.3d 1163, 1167 (10th Cir. 2010). The relevant question is “whether enough

  facts have been pled to state a plausible claim.” Id. “While a complaint attacked

  by a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss does not need detailed factual allegations, a

  plaintiff’s obligation to provide the grounds of his entitlement to relief requires

  more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a

  cause of action will not do. Factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to

  relief above the speculative level.” Bell Atl. Corp., 550 U.S. at 555 (quotations,

  alterations, and citation omitted); see also Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679 (“Determining

        6
          Sorenson appears to suggest the import of the district court’s language is
  unclear. See Sorenson’s Opening Brief at 24 (“The District Court did not
  expound upon its conclusion about how the Plaintiff’s Complaint failed to
  establish a fraudulent misrepresentation, nor did the District Court determine how
  the allegations raised in the Plaintiff’s Complaint failed to establish the necessary
  elements under the FCA.”). This court disagrees. The meaning of this language
  is clear on its face. In any event, in an order granting Wadsworth its attorney’s
  fees, the correctness of which is not before this court on appeal, see supra n.2, the
  district court interpreted its own Rule 12(b)(6) order as standing for the
  proposition that Claims 1, 2, 3, and 4 set out in Sorenson’s complaint were so
  “conclusory” and “unsupported” as to be implausible.

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  whether a complaint states a plausible claim for relief will . . . be a

  context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial

  experience and common sense. But where the well-pleaded facts do not permit

  the court to infer more than the mere possibility of misconduct, the complaint has

  alleged—but it has not shown—that the pleader is entitled to relief.” (quotations,

  alterations, and citation omitted).

               b. Discussion

        This court need not make any grand pronouncements about the general

  materiality of Davis-Bacon violations to resolve Sorenson’s appeal. Instead, it is

  enough to note that this particular complaint—bereft of critical facts as to the

  alleged Davis-Bacon violation and limited to nothing more than a naked assertion

  that truthful certification of Davis-Bacon compliance is a precondition to

  payment—fails to state a material misrepresentation for purposes of the FCA.

        As should be clear from the recitations set out above, the factual

  underpinning of the complaint’s overarching allegations of Davis-Bacon false

  certifications could hardly be more limited. As explained above, payment of

  Davis-Bacon wages is jobsite and task specific, not project related. Nevertheless,

  Sorenson’s complaint does not identify the relevant Davis-Bacon jobsite for the

  deicing project or, for that matter, any other Wadsworth construction project. He

  alleges he worked on Airport property and swiped into the Airport security system

  to work, but the complaint does not identify where at the Airport the deicing pad

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  was being constructed, nor does it allege that Sorenson’s work was performed at

  that location. Sorenson’s allegation that he worked on the deicing project does

  not establish that his work occurred at the jobsite for that project. Furthermore,

  the complaint does not indicate what tasks Sorenson performed for his work,

  whether at the jobsite or otherwise. The complaint’s only allegation regarding the

  nature of Sorenson’s work is the allegation that he worked as a truck driver. Far

  from establishing Sorenson’s entitlement to Davis-Bacon wages, however, this

  allegation only raises the question whether Sorenson fell within a class of workers

  outside the coverage of the Act. See 29 C.F.R. § 5.2(j)(2) (providing that truck

  drivers who transport “supplies to or from the site of the work” are generally not

  covered by the Act). Sorenson’s allegations regarding his other work are even

  more limited. He alleges he worked on a highway project and repeatedly refers to

  his work, and the work of others, as occurring on “federally funded” projects, but

  these allegations do not establish either that this work occurred on a Davis-Bacon

  jobsite or that it involved the type of labor covered by the Davis-Bacon Act, 7 and

  the complaint is otherwise silent on this point. 8

        7
          Indeed, given the record in this case, one could easily surmise, as did the
  district court when it ordered Sorenson to pay Wadsworth’s attorney’s fees, that
  the language used in Sorenson’s complaint amounted to an attempt to obscure,
  rather that elucidate, the underlying facts of the case.
        8
         “[FCA] plaintiffs must . . . plead their claims with plausibility and
  particularity under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 8 and 9(b).” Universal
                                                                          (continued...)

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        At most, Sorenson’s complaint arguably supports the inference that

  Wadsworth failed to pay Sorenson (and some unnamed quantity of other

  Wadsworth employees whose jobsites and tasks are unclear) an undisclosed

  quantum of Davis-Bacon wages, then fraudulently certified its compliance with

  the Act. See Dist. Ct. 12(b)(6) Order at 7 (recognizing that, at most, Sorenson’s

  complaint asserted a naked violation of the Davis-Bacon Act by asserting

  Wadsworth violated § 3729(a)(1)(A) and (B)). The FCA, however, is not simply

  some “all-purpose antifraud statute or a vehicle for punishing garden-variety

        8
          (...continued)
  Health, 579 U.S. at 195 n.6. As it relates to claims for fraud under the FCA, Rule
  9(b) requires a plaintiff to “show the specifics of a fraudulent scheme and provide
  an adequate basis for a reasonable inference that false claims were submitted as
  part of that scheme.” Lemmon, 614 F.3d at 1172. “Practically speaking, FCA
  claims comply with Rule 9(b) when they provide factual allegations regarding the
  who, what, when, where and how of the alleged claims.” Polukoff, 895 F.3d at
  745(quotation and alteration omitted). The district court excused Sorenson from
  pleading with particularity some technical information exclusively in the control
  of Wadsworth. See Dist. Ct. Rule 12(b)(6) Order at 12 (citing Polukoff, 895 F.3d
  at 745 (“[W]e excuse deficiencies that result from the plaintiff’s inability to
  obtain information within the defendant’s exclusive control.”)). There is strong
  reason to doubt the application of the Polukoff exception here given that Sorenson
  extensively litigated the very issues at play in this case in administrative
  proceedings before the Utah Labor Commission. Even setting aside the question
  of whether he was excused from pleading certain technical information
  exclusively in Wadsworth’s control, Sorenson identifies no excuse for his failure
  to set out even minimal details about the tasks he (and unnamed others) undertook
  while employed by Wadsworth and the location where he (and unnamed others)
  performed those tasks. Cf. Lemmon, 614 F.3d at 1172 (holding that a false
  certification claim satisfied the requirements of Rules 8(a) and 9(b) based on the
  complaint’s extensive allegations as to the who, what, when, where, and how of
  the alleged false certifications, including details about each specific violation).

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  breaches of contract or regulatory violations.” Universal Health Servs., 579 U.S.

  at 194 (quotation and citation omitted). Instead, it was enacted for the purpose of

  stemming “massive frauds perpetrated by large contractors.” United States v.

  Bornstein, 423 U.S. 303, 309 (1976). To be clear, the “FCA does not impose

  liability for any and all falsehoods,” United States ex rel. Janssen v. Lawrence

  Mem’l Hosp., 949 F.3d 533, 540 (10th Cir. 2020), and is “not an appropriate

  vehicle for policing technical compliance with administrative regulations,” United

  States ex rel. Burlbaw v. Orenduff, 548 F.3d 931, 959 (10th Cir. 2008). And this

  court has made clear that whether an alleged instance of noncompliance with

  statutory, regulatory, or contractual requirements “goes to the very essence of the

  bargain or is only minor or insubstantial” is a relevant consideration in the

  “holistic” inquiry into the FCA’s materiality requirement. Janssen, 949 F.3d at

  541 (quotations omitted).

        This consideration is particularly meaningful here in light of the paucity of

  information provided by Sorenson’s complaint. The complaint is bereft of details

  from which any estimate of the quantum of alleged underpayments could be made,

  and thus there is no indication as to whether the amount involved is minor or

  significant. 9 Furthermore, there are absolutely no allegations in Sorenson’s

        9
        Although the complaint alleges that, in addition to his regular rate of pay,
  Sorenson was entitled to an additional $10.53 per regular hour worked on the
  Davis-Bacon jobsite, the court cannot begin to estimate the quantum of alleged
                                                                        (continued...)

                                           -17-
Appellate Case: 21-4005   Document: 010110736374       Date Filed: 09/09/2022    Page: 18

  complaint indicating how DOL handles false certifications of Davis-Bacon wages,

  whether with regard to Wadsworth specifically or contractors generally. See

  Universal Health Servs., 579 U.S. at 194–95 (noting that such information is

  relevant to the question of materiality). Nor is there any indication in Sorenson’s

  complaint whether DOL was aware of Wadsworth’s alleged Davis-Bacon

  violations and, if so, whether it continued to enter into contractual arrangements

  with Wadsworth. See id.; see also United States ex. rel. Thomas v. Black &

  Veatch Special Projects Corp., 820 F.3d 1162, 1174 (10th Cir. 2016) (holding

  that when the government learns of alleged noncompliance with contractual

  requirements but continues to award the contractor work on federally funded

  projects, the government’s inaction is strong evidence of immateriality).

        Sorenson’s complaint asserts nothing more than a naked Davis-Bacon

  violation and that Davis-Bacon compliance is a condition to Wadsworth’s right to

  payment under the deicing contract. To hold that such a complaint satisfies the

  FCA’s rigorous materiality requirement would make a mockery of Universal

  Health Services. The district court did not err in concluding Sorenson’s

        9
          (...continued)
  underpayments without additional details regarding the specific jobsites and tasks
  at issue. As noted previously, the complaint fails to establish that Sorenson’s
  work occurred on a Davis-Bacon jobsite or that it involved the type of labor
  covered by the Davis-Bacon Act.

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  complaint fails to satisfy the FCA’s “demanding” materiality standard. See

  Universal Health Servs., 579 U.S. at 194–95. 10

        10
           Sorenson’s reliance on the Third Circuit’s decision in United States ex
  rel. International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers v. Farfield Co., 5 F.4th 315
  (3d Cir. 2021), is entirely misplaced. That case involved a full-blown trial before
  a special master. Id. at 328. Thus, evidence as to the issue of materiality was
  extensively developed. Id. at 342–48. Importantly, the Third Circuit referred to
  specific trial evidence in concluding that the Davis-Bacon violation there, valued
  at $150,000, was neither minor nor insubstantial. Id. at 346–48. Here, as noted
  above, Sorenson’s allegations relating to the magnitude of the violation are so
  limited and opaque that they do not plausibly indicate something more than a
  minor or insubstantial violation. Furthermore, the record evidence in Farfield
  Company specifically demonstrated that the defendant construction company’s
  leadership believed DOL would put it out of business if it learned of the
  company’s actions because of the company’s history of Davis-Bacon violations.
  Id. at 345. Here, Sorenson simply alleged accurate certification was a
  prerequisite to payment, without any allegations suggesting that DOL would have
  even refused payment if it learned of the alleged violations here, much less taken
  more drastic action.

          It is certainly true that Farfield Company contains an extensive discussion
  and analysis of the Davis-Bacon regulatory scheme and, following that analysis,
  concludes the entirety of the scheme supports the conclusion that false Davis-
  Bacon certifications are material. Id. at 343–45. There are, however, two
  significant problems with Sorenson’s reliance on this aspect of Farfield
  Company’s analysis. First, none of this analysis is hinted at in his complaint, nor
  is it set out in his response to Wadsworth’s motion to dismiss. Instead, in the
  district court proceeding he stood on the allegation that materiality was
  established simply because accurate certification was a precondition to payment.
  “Absent compelling reasons, we do not consider arguments that were not
  presented to the district court.” Crow v. Shalala, 40 F.3d 323, 324 (10th Cir.
  1994). Second, as already discussed above, Farfield Company’s analysis of the
  issue of materiality did not begin and end with an analysis of the statutory
  scheme. 5 F.4th at 342–48. Instead, it was merely one consideration that was
  part of a holistic analysis of the existence of materiality. As explained
  extensively above, there is simply nothing else in Sorenson’s complaint that could
  be considered as part of the necessary holistic analysis.
                                                                          (continued...)

                                           -19-
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  B. The Grant of Summary Judgment

        Sorenson brought a claim of FCA retaliation under the provisions of

  31 U.S.C. § 3730(h). Section 3730(h)(1) allows an employee to recover from his

  employer if he “is discharged . . . or in any other manner discriminated against in

  the terms and conditions of employment because of [his] lawful acts done . . . in

  furtherance of an action under this section or other efforts to stop 1 or more

  violations of [the FCA].” To prevail on a § 3730(h)(1)-based claim of retaliation,

  Sorenson must show: (1) he engaged in protected activity, (2) Wadsworth was put

  on notice of that protected activity, and (3) Wadsworth retaliated against him

  because of that activity. Reed, 923 F.3d at 764. The district court granted

  summary judgment in Wadsworth’s favor on both the second and third showing

  required by Reed. We agree no reasonable jury could find Sorenson connected

  his Davis-Bacon complaints to the FCA, and thus a jury could not find that

  Wadsworth was put on notice of the protected activity. This court affirms the

  district court’s grant of summary judgment entirely on that basis and does not

        10
          (...continued)
         Thus, in contrast to Sorenson’s assertions, Farfield Company does not
  advance his cause at all. Instead, it points to the utter shortcomings of the factual
  allegations in Sorenson’s complaint. It also serves to delimit the extent of our
  decision today. We do not hold that a false certification of Davis-Bacon
  compliance can never constitute a violation of the FCA. We hold simply that the
  exceedingly threadbare complaint before this court is insufficient to satisfy the
  FCA’s materiality requirement.

                                          -20-
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  consider the district court’s alternative basis for granting Wadsworth summary

  judgment on Sorenson’s FCA retaliation claim.

        1. Summary Judgment Standard

        This court “review[s] the grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the

  same legal standard used by the district court and examining the record to

  determine if any genuine issue of material fact was in dispute; if not, we

  determine if the substantive law was correctly applied.” Thomas, 820 F.3d at

  1168 (quotation and alterations omitted) In so doing, “we view the factual record

  and draw all reasonable inferences therefrom most favorably to [Sorenson] as the

  nonmoving party.” Id. (quotation omitted).

        2. Relevant Factual Background

        Viewing the record in Sorenson’s favor, the relevant facts—those relating

  to whether Wadsworth was put on notice that Sorenson was engaging in conduct

  protected by the FCA—are as follows. Shortly after he began working as a

  Wadsworth truck driver, Sorenson began speaking with “several people” about his

  suspicion Wadsworth was not paying him in accordance with the Davis-Bacon

  Act. He spoke with his supervisor, Steven Hall, approximately two weeks after

  he received his first paycheck and questioned Hall as to why he was not receiving

  his full wages under the Act. Hall replied “that this was the way it was” and told

  Sorenson “to let it go or they will fire you.” Sorenson had a similar conversation

  with Hall two weeks later. Sorenson indicated he had talked to his co-workers

                                          -21-
Appellate Case: 21-4005    Document: 010110736374       Date Filed: 09/09/2022    Page: 22

  and found out Wadsworth “was shorting Davis-Bacon wages on all of their

  federal contracts.” Hall responded as follows: “I understand that it is what it is,

  and it’s not right, but just shut up and stop making waves.” Approximately one

  week later, Sorenson met with Hall’s supervisor, Frank Barney, and again asked

  why he was not receiving his full wages under the Act. Barney told Sorenson he

  “was getting all the Davis-Bacon wages that he was going to get.” Barney also

  told Sorenson to stop discussing the issue with his co-workers.

        Following these meetings, Sorenson was told not to come in to work for

  three days. He returned to work on October 30, 2014, and worked without

  incident until November 8, 2014, when he became “very ill.” Sorenson left the

  jobsite early and was told he could not return to work until he received two

  doctors’ notes. Sorenson obtained the required releases on November 11, 2014,

  and returned to work on November 14, 2014. When he arrived, he was informed

  that everyone was laid off and was sent home.

        3. Analysis

        Sorenson asserts the district court misconstrued this court’s decision in

  Reed and that, properly read, Reed supports his argument that the evidence

  summarized above would allow a reasonable jury to conclude Wadsworth was on

  notice he was engaging in activity protected by the FCA. For those reasons set

  out below, Sorenson’s arguments in this regard are entirely unconvincing.

                                           -22-
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        Reed began its analysis of the notice requirements of FCA retaliation

  claims by noting that prior to 2009 a circuit split existed over “what conduct

  qualified as ‘in furtherance of’ a qui tam action.” 923 F.3d at 764. Our court,

  like several others, “interpreted that language to mean that protected activity

  encompassed conduct preparing for a private qui tam action or assisting in an

  action brought by the government.” Id. at 764–65 (quotation omitted). Under

  that reading of § 3730(h), “an employee who . . . reported a False Claims Act

  violation to her supervisor but did not pursue a qui tam action had not engaged in

  protected activity.” Id. at 765. Other circuits had a more expansive catalog of

  activities that were protected under § 3730(h). Id. Congress resolved this split in

  2009 and 2010 by amending the FCA to protect “‘lawful’ acts ‘in furtherance of’

  either ‘an action’ under the Act ‘or other efforts to stop 1 or more violations of’

  the Act.” Id. (quoting 31 U.S.C. § 3730(h)(1)) (emphasis omitted). Reed makes

  clear that in analyzing whether any defendant is put on notice an employee was

  engaging in activity protected by the FCA, courts must keep in mind the expanded

  universe of protected activities. See id. at 765–66. With that in mind, Reed

  moved on to begin the process of “defining the boundaries of what constitutes

  protected efforts to stop a violation of the [FCA].” Id. at 766–67. And,

  determinative of the issue on appeal, Reed held that, to satisfy the notice

  requirement, “a relator’s actions still must convey a connection to the [FCA].”

  Id. at 767 (citing United States ex rel. Grant v. United Airlines Inc., 912 F.3d

                                           -23-
Appellate Case: 21-4005    Document: 010110736374        Date Filed: 09/09/2022    Page: 24

  190, 202 (4th Cir. 2018) (noting that “plaintiff’s actions need not lead to a viable”

  qui tam action, but “they must still have a nexus to an FCA violation”); United

  States ex rel. Booker v. Pfizer, Inc., 847 F.3d 52, 59 n.8 (1st Cir. 2017)

  (explaining that a relator’s “activities must pertain to violations” of the Act)).

  “After all, the text of [§ 3730(h)(1)] says the ‘other efforts’ must be ‘to stop 1 or

  more violations of [the False Claims Act].’” Id. (alteration in original).

        Reed is directly on point and demonstrates Sorenson failed to produce

  sufficient evidence from which a jury could conclude Wadsworth was on notice

  Sorenson’s activities were part of an effort to stop violations of the FCA.

  Sorenson’s inquiries to both Hall and Barney were specifically and distinctly

  related to his wages. He certainly stated to Hall and Barney that Wadsworth was

  not paying its employees consistently with the Davis-Bacon Act. But non-

  compliance with the wage requirements of the Act does not, standing alone, relate

  to potential violations of the FCA. Importantly, Sorenson has not identified a

  single case standing for the proposition that merely informing an employer it is

  not complying with a statutory, regulatory, or contractual requirement—whether

  through ignorance, by accident, or with intent—is enough to establish a nexus to

  the FCA. Under the rule posited by Sorenson, the anti-retaliation provisions of

  the FCA would be, in effect, incorporated into the entire body of the federal

  statutory and regulatory code. Reed clearly, and quite properly, rejects such an

  approach as unhinged from the FCA’s requirement that protected activity must be

                                            -24-
Appellate Case: 21-4005   Document: 010110736374      Date Filed: 09/09/2022     Page: 25

  to prevent “violations of the False Claims Act.” 923 F.3d at 767 (quotation and

  alterations omitted).

                                III. CONCLUSION

        For those reasons set out above, the orders of the United States District

  Court for the District of Utah dismissing Sorenson’s Claims 1, 2, and 3, and

  granting summary judgment to Wadsworth on Sorenson’s Claim 5 are hereby

  AFFIRMED.

                                         -25-