Court Opinion

ID: 4671962
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-03-26 19:00:58.841319+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:02:51.522849
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                    United States Court of Appeals
                                        PUBLISH                             Tenth Circuit

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                  March 26, 2021

                                                                       Christopher M. Wolpert
                                FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                      Clerk of Court
                            _________________________________

 BRETT HENDRICKSON,

        Plaintiff - Appellant,

 v.                                                            No. 20-2018

 AFSCME COUNCIL 18; MICHELLE
 LUJAN GRISHAM, in her official
 capacity as Governor of New Mexico;
 HECTOR BALDERAS, in his official
 capacity as Attorney General of New
 Mexico,

        Defendants - Appellees.

 ------------------------------

 NATIONAL RIGHT TO WORK LEGAL
 DEFENSE FOUNDATION, INC.,

        Amicus Curiae.
                            _________________________________

                        Appeal from the United States District Court
                              for the District of New Mexico
                            (D.C. No. 1:18-CV-01119-RB-LF)
                          _________________________________

Brian K. Kelsey (Reilly Stephens, with him on the briefs), Liberty Justice Center,
Chicago, Illinois, for the Plaintiff - Appellant.

Eileen B. Goldsmith, Altshuler Berzon LLP, San Francisco, California (Scott A.
Kronland, and Stefanie L. Wilson, Altshuler Berzon LLP, San Francisco, California;
Shane C. Youtz, and Stephen Curtice, Youtz & Valdez, P.C., with her on the brief),
Albuquerque, New Mexico, for the Defendant - Appellee AFSCME Council 18.
Lawrence M. Marcus (Alfred A. Park, with him on the brief), Park & Associates, L.L.C.,
Albuquerque, New Mexico, for the Defendants – Appellees Michelle Lujan Grisham and
Hector Balderas.

Raymond J. LaJeunesse, Jr., National Right to Work Legal Defense Foundation, Inc.,
Springfield, Virginia, filed an amicus brief in support of Defendants – Appellees.
                          _________________________________

Before MATHESON, Circuit Judge, LUCERO, Senior Circuit Judge, and McHUGH,
Circuit Judge.
                  _________________________________

MATHESON, Circuit Judge.
                   _________________________________

       Brett Hendrickson worked for the New Mexico Human Services Department

(“HSD”) and was a dues-paying member of the American Federation of State County and

Municipal Employees Council 18 (“AFSCME” or “Union”). He resigned his

membership in 2018 after the Supreme Court decided Janus v. American Federation of

State, County, and Municipal Employees, Council 31, 138 S. Ct. 2448 (2018).

       In Janus, the Court said the First Amendment right against compelled speech

protects non-members of public sector unions from having to pay “agency” or “fair

share” fees—fees that compensate the union for collective bargaining but not for partisan

activity. Mr. Hendrickson contends that, under Janus, the Union cannot (1) retain dues

that had been deducted from his paycheck, or (2) serve as his exclusive bargaining

representative. The district court dismissed these claims.

       Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm these dismissals but

remand for amendment of the judgment.

                                             2
                                  I. BACKGROUND

                                 A. Factual Background1

       Mr. Hendrickson signed membership agreements that permitted union dues to be

deducted from his paycheck. After Janus, he terminated his membership. His dues

deductions stopped shortly thereafter.

   Union Membership and Dues-Deduction Authorizations

       This timeline lists Mr. Hendrickson’s actions regarding union membership and

dues-deduction authorizations:

        2001 - Began working for the HSD. HSD employees are part of the bargaining
         unit represented by the Union.

        2004 - Signed an agreement to join the Union and authorized the deduction of
         union dues from his paycheck.

        2006 - Took a position outside the bargaining unit. As a result, his union
         membership and dues payments ended.

        2007 - Returned to the bargaining unit. He signed another membership
         agreement and dues-deduction authorization.

        2017 - Signed a membership agreement and dues-deduction authorization for
         the third time.

       1
          The facts come largely from the Union’s statement of undisputed facts in support
of its motion for summary judgment. The district court noted that “Mr. Hendrickson
fail[ed] to respond to or specifically dispute the material facts” provided by the Union,
despite local rules setting such a requirement. See App. at 51. But as “Mr.
Hendrickson’s material facts [in his motion for summary judgment] [we]re largely
consistent with the Union’s,” the district court “accept[ed] as true the facts as presented
in the Union’s” motion for summary judgment. See id. at 51-52.

                                             3
   Dues-Deduction Authorization - 2017

       The 2017 member agreement stated:

                 Effective 4/7/17, I authorize AFSCME Council 18 as my
                 exclusive bargaining representative, and I accept membership
                 in AFSCME Council 18. I request and authorize the State of
                 New Mexico to deduct union dues from my pay and transmit
                 them to AFSCME Council 18. The amount of dues deduction
                 shall be the amount approved by AFSCME’s membership as
                 set forth in the AFSCME constitution and certified in writing
                 to my employer.

Suppl. App. at 18-19, 50.2

       The agreement also created an “opt-out window.” It limited the time period

during which Mr. Hendrickson could terminate his dues deductions:

                 This authorization shall be revocable only during the first two
                 weeks of every December, or such other time as provided in
                 the applicable collective-bargaining agreement.

Id. at 19, 50.

   Membership and Dues-Deduction Termination - 2018

       On June 27, 2018, the Supreme Court decided Janus. On August 9, Mr.

Hendrickson emailed the State Personnel Office (“SPO”), asking, “Are we able to

withdraw as full members now or do we have to wait for a certain amount of time?” Id.

at 110; see also id. at 20.3 The SPO responded that “to cease payroll deductions for

       2
           The 2004 and 2007 agreements contained materially similar terms.
       3
        Mr. Hendrickson began his message by stating: “I seemed to have lost your
response regarding full union members.” Suppl. App. at 110. The record does not
contain any such earlier correspondence.

                                                4
Membership dues, you must refer to the [collective bargaining agreement] regarding the

request to cease payroll deductions.” Id. at 110; see also id. at 20.4

       On November 30, Mr. Hendrickson filed this suit. On December 6, the Union

wrote to Mr. Hendrickson:

              It has come to our attention through the filing of a lawsuit that
              you wish to resign your union membership and cancel your
              authorization for the deduction of membership dues. We
              have no prior record that you made any such request to the
              union. Nevertheless, we have processed your resignation
              from membership. Additionally, your dues authorization
              provides that it is revocable during the first two weeks of
              December each year. Accordingly, we are notifying your
              employer to stop further membership dues deductions.

Id. at 20-21, 58.

       On December 8, the Union received a faxed letter from Mr. Hendrickson stating

he would like to “opt out of being a member.” Id. at 61; see also id. at 21.

   Refund - 2019

       Despite this correspondence, dues continued to be deducted from Mr.

Hendrickson’s paycheck. On January 7, 2019, he emailed the SPO to request the

deductions be stopped, attaching the Union’s December 6 letter. The SPO responded that

because it had not received his request during the opt-out window in the first two weeks

of December, it would not stop deductions. Mr. Hendrickson then sent a request to the

HSD to cease dues deductions.

       4
       The collective bargaining agreement here did not create a different opt-out
window.

                                              5
       On January 9, the SPO notified the Union that it had no record of Mr.

Hendrickson’s requesting termination of his dues deductions during the opt-out window.

The Union responded, “requesting that [the SPO] cease dues deductions for Hendrickson

immediately.” Id. at 68; see also id. at 22.

       Mr. Hendrickson’s deductions stopped starting “with the second pay period in

January.” See id. at 22. In February, the Union refunded Mr. Hendrickson the dues

deducted from his paychecks following the closure of the 2018 cancellation window.5

                               B. Procedural Background

       In addition to suing the Union, Mr. Hendrickson also named as defendants, in their

official capacities, New Mexico Governor Michelle Lujan Grisham and New Mexico

Attorney General Hector Balderas (the “New Mexico Defendants”).

       On March 15, 2019, Mr. Hendrickson filed a First Amended Complaint. He

alleged two counts:

        “By refusing to allow [him] to withdraw from the Union and continuing to
         deduct his dues, Defendants violated his First Amendment rights to free speech
         and freedom of association” (Count 1); and

        “The state law forcing [him] to continue to associate with the Union without
         his affirmative consent violates [his] First Amendment rights to free speech
         and freedom of association and 42 U.S.C. § 1983” (Count 2).

Suppl. App. at 8, 11 (emphasis omitted).

       5
       The refund covered a total of $33.96 in dues deducted from his paycheck for the
second December pay period and the first January pay period.

                                               6
       On Count 1, Mr. Hendrickson sought a declaration stating that “the Union and [the

Governor] cannot force public employees to wait for an opt-out window to resign their

union membership and to stop the deduction of dues from their paychecks.” Id. at 10.

He also sought a declaration that the New Mexico statute authorizing deductions and

allowing an opt-out window “constitutes an unconstitutional violation of his First

Amendment rights to free speech and freedom of association.” See id.6 He further

sought “damages in the amount of all dues deducted and remitted to the Union since he

became a member [in 2004],” id., or in the alternative, “since the Janus ruling [in 2018],”

id. at 11.7

       6
           The statute at issue, then N.M. Stat. § 10-7E-17(C) (2003), stated in part:

                The public employer shall honor payroll deductions [of
                membership dues] until the authorization is revoked in
                writing by the public employee in accordance with the
                negotiated agreement and for so long as the labor
                organization is certified as the exclusive representative.

N.M. Stat. § 10-7E-17(C) (2003). Since Mr. Hendrickson filed suit, this provision has
been updated and relocated. See N.M. Stat. § 10-7E-17(D). The updated version does
not change our analysis.
       7
        Mr. Hendrickson also sought a declaration that the New Mexico statute
permitting fair share fees was unconstitutional. The district court found this request moot
given “that the Union and SPO are no longer deducting fair share fees from nonunion
employees.” See App. at 55-56. Mr. Hendrickson’s briefs before us do not contest this
ruling.

                                               7
       On Count 2, Mr. Hendrickson sought a declaration that the New Mexico statute

providing for exclusive representation “constitute[s] an unconstitutional violation of his

First Amendment rights to free speech and freedom of association.” See id. at 12.8

       The Union and Mr. Hendrickson each filed motions for summary judgment. The

New Mexico Defendants filed a motion to dismiss.

       The district court granted the Union’s motion for summary judgment and the New

Mexico Defendants’ motion to dismiss. It denied Mr. Hendrickson’s motion for

summary judgment. The court dismissed the suit in its entirety. Mr. Hendrickson

appeals.

                                       II. DISCUSSION

       We affirm the district court’s dismissal of Count 1 because Mr. Hendrickson’s

request for prospective relief is moot, and his request for retrospective damages relief

       8
           The statute at issue is N.M. Stat. § 10-7E-15(A). It states, in relevant part:

                A labor organization that has been certified by the board or
                local board as representing the public employees in the
                appropriate bargaining unit shall be the exclusive
                representative of all public employees in the appropriate
                bargaining unit. The exclusive representative shall act for all
                public employees in the appropriate bargaining unit and
                negotiate a collective bargaining agreement covering all
                public employees in the appropriate bargaining unit. The
                exclusive representative shall represent the interests of all
                public employees in the appropriate bargaining unit without
                discrimination or regard to membership in the labor
                organization.

N.M. Stat. § 10-7E-15(A).
                                                8
fails on the merits. We affirm the district court’s dismissal of Count 2 because the

Eleventh Amendment bars his claim against the New Mexico Defendants, and the claim

against the Union fails on the merits.

       “We review de novo the district court’s Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal.” Bixler v. Foster,

596 F.3d 751, 756 (10th Cir. 2010). “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must

contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is

plausible on its face.” Doe v. City of Albuquerque, 667 F.3d 1111, 1118 (10th Cir. 2012)

(quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009)).

       “We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the

same standard as the district court.” Helm v. Kansas, 656 F.3d 1277, 1284 (10th Cir.

2011). “The court shall grant summary judgment if the movant shows that there is no

genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter

of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). “In conducting the analysis, we view all facts and

evidence in the light most favorable to the party opposing summary judgment.” Morris v.

City of Colo. Springs, 666 F.3d 654, 660 (10th Cir. 2012) (alterations and quotation

omitted).

                                  A. Count 1 – Union Dues

       Mr. Hendrickson objects to the deduction of union dues from his paycheck. We

address below his requests for prospective and retrospective relief.

                                               9
   Prospective Relief

       Mr. Hendrickson’s request for prospective relief declaring that the opt-out window

in the membership agreement violates the First Amendment is moot.

       a. Mootness

       “We have no subject-matter jurisdiction if a case is moot.” Rio Grande Silvery

Minnow v. Bureau of Reclamation, 601 F.3d 1096, 1109 (10th Cir. 2010). Mootness is

“standing set in a time frame: The requisite personal interest that must exist at the

commencement of the litigation (standing) must continue throughout its existence

(mootness).” Brown v. Buhman, 822 F.3d 1151, 1164 (10th Cir. 2016) (quotation

omitted).

       An action becomes moot “[i]f an intervening circumstance deprives the plaintiff of

a personal stake . . . at any point.” Id. at 1165 (quotation omitted). An action is not moot

if a plaintiff has “a concrete interest, however small, in the outcome.” Knox v. Serv.

Emps. Int’l Union, Local 1000, 567 U.S. 298, 307-08 (2012) (quotation omitted). “The

crucial question is whether granting a present determination of the issues offered will

have some effect in the real world.” Brown, 822 F.3d at 1165-66 (quotation omitted).

       A court must decide mootness as to “each form of relief sought.” See Collins v.

Daniels, 916 F.3d 1302, 1314 (10th Cir. 2019) (quotation omitted). A request for

declaratory relief is moot when it fails to “seek[] more than a retrospective opinion that

[the plaintiff] was wrongly harmed by the defendant,” Jordan v. Sosa, 654 F.3d 1012,

1025 (10th Cir. 2011), and thus does not “settl[e] . . . some dispute which affects the

                                             10
behavior of the defendant toward the plaintiff,” Rio Grande Silvery Minnow, 601 F.3d

at 1110 (quotation omitted).

       b. Analysis

       When Mr. Hendrickson filed his initial complaint, he was a union member and

dues were being deducted from his paycheck. Shortly thereafter, he resigned from the

Union, and dues deductions stopped.9 Thus, he no longer has a personal stake in

receiving a declaration addressing the constitutionality of the Union’s opt-out window as

applied to him. See Brown, 822 F.3d at 1165.

       A declaration regarding the opt-out window would not affect the defendants’

behavior toward Mr. Hendrickson. See id. at 1165-66; Rio Grande Silvery Minnow, 601

F.3d at 1110. It would serve only to announce that the defendants had harmed him, see

Jordan, 654 F.3d at 1025, but would have no real-world effect. We thus hold that Mr.

Hendrickson’s request for prospective relief on Count 1 is moot.10

       9
        Mr. Hendrickson was a union member when he filed his initial complaint in
November 2018, but not when he filed his amended complaint in March 2019. Because
we look to the date of the plaintiff’s original complaint when determining standing, see S.
Utah Wilderness All. v. Palma, 707 F.3d 1143, 1152-53 (10th Cir. 2013), we consider
Mr. Hendrickson’s prospective relief request in his non-member capacity as an issue of
mootness rather than standing.
       10
          No exception to mootness, including those considered by the district court—
conduct capable of repetition yet evading review, FCC v. Wis. Right to Life, Inc., 551
U.S. 449, 462 (2007); voluntary cessation, Already, LLC v. Nike, Inc., 568 U.S. 85, 91
(2013); O’Connor v. Washburn Univ., 416 F.3d 1216, 1222 (10th Cir. 2005); and
transitory claims, Cnty. of Riverside v. McLaughlin, 500 U.S. 44, 51-52 (1991); Clark v.
State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 590 F.3d 1134, 1138 (10th Cir. 2009)—applies here.
Insofar as Mr. Hendrickson generally suggests that a declaration would not be moot
because “[t]here are countless similarly situated existing employees” a declaration would
                                            11
   Retrospective Relief

       Mr. Hendrickson’s request for retrospective damages relief for his back dues fails

on the merits under basic contract principles. This part of Count 1 was brought against

the Union only.

       a. New Mexico law and basic contract principles11

       “It is well settled that the relationship existing between a trade union and its

members is contractual and that the constitution . . . and regulations, if any, constitute a

binding contract between the union and its members . . . , which the courts will enforce, if

the contract is free from illegality or invalidity.” Adams v. Int’l Brotherhood of

Boilermakers, Iron Ship Builders, Blacksmiths, Forgers & Helpers, 262 F.2d 835, 838

(10th Cir. 1958). Under New Mexico contract law, “to be legally enforceable, a contract

must be factually supported by an offer, an acceptance, consideration, and mutual

assent.” Garcia v. Middle Rio Grande Conservancy Dist., 918 P.2d 7, 10 (N.M. 1996)

(quotation omitted).

benefit, see Aplt. Reply Br. at 13, “our cases prevent us from applying the mootness
exception based on a risk to others,” Marks v. Colo. Dep’t of Corr., 976 F.3d 1087, 1095
(10th Cir. 2020). Because we resolve this issue on mootness grounds, we need not
address whether Eleventh Amendment immunity bars this claim against the New Mexico
Defendants. See Sinochem Int’l Co. v. Malay. Int’l Shipping Corp., 549 U.S. 422, 431
(2007) (“[A] federal court has leeway to choose among threshold grounds for denying
audience to a case on the merits.” (quotation omitted)).
       11
            The parties apply New Mexico law to the membership agreements.

                                              12
       “A contract which contravenes a rule of law is unenforceable.” State v. Bankert,

875 P.2d 370, 376 (N.M. 1994). But “the rights of the parties must necessarily be

determined by the law as it was when the contract was made.” Town of Koshkonong v.

Burton, 104 U.S. 668, 679 (1881) (emphasis added); see also Memphis & L. R. R. Co. v.

Berry, 112 U.S. 609, 623 (1884) (“It is, of course, the law in force at the time the

transaction is consummated and made effectual, that must be looked to as determining its

validity and effect.”). This is so because “a contract incorporates the relevant law in

force at the time of its creation.” Townsend v. State ex rel. State Highway Dep’t, 871

P.2d 958, 960 (N.M. 1994); see Crow v. Capitol Bankers Life Ins. Co., 891 P.2d 1206,

1211 (N.M. 1995) (“Under traditional contract theory, state laws are incorporated into

and form a part of every contract whether or not they are specifically mentioned in the

instrument.”).12

       12
          See also Norfolk & W. Ry. Co. v. Am. Train Dispatchers’ Ass’n, 499 U.S. 117,
130 (1991) (“Laws which subsist at the time and place of the making of a contract . . .
form a part of it, as fully as if they had been expressly referred to or incorporated in its
terms.” (quotation omitted)); Von Hoffman v. City of Quincy, 71 U.S. (4 Wall.) 535, 550
(1866) (“It is also settled that the laws which subsist at the time and place of the making
of a contract, and where it is to be performed, enter into and form a part of it, as if they
were expressly referred to or incorporated in its terms.”); Dillard & Sons Constr., Inc. v.
Burnup & Sims Comtec, Inc., 51 F.3d 910, 915 (10th Cir. 1995) (collecting cases for the
proposition that “[i]t is well settled that the existing applicable law is a part of every
contract, the same as if expressly referred to or incorporated in its terms” (quotation
omitted)); 5 Corbin on Contracts § 24.26 (2020) (“Words and other symbols must always
be interpreted in the light of the surrounding circumstances, and the existing statutes and
rules of law are always among these circumstances.”).

                                             13
       Thus, “a subsequent change in the law cannot retrospectively alter the parties’

agreement.” Fla. E. Coast Ry. Co. v. CSX Transp., Inc., 42 F.3d 1125, 1130 (7th Cir.

1994); see also id. (“Whereas the law in effect at the time of execution sheds light on the

parties[’] intent, subsequent changes in the law that are not anticipated in the contract

generally have no bearing on the terms of their agreement.”); 5 Corbin on Contracts

§ 24.26 (2020) (“[S]tatutes enacted subsequent to the making of a contract are not

incorporated in the contract[,] and . . . when a statute is amended subsequent to formation

of the contract, the amended version is not incorporated.”).

       As a result, “[c]hanges in decisional law, even constitutional law, do not relieve

parties from their pre-existing contractual obligations.” Fischer v. Governor of N.J., ---

F. App’x ----, 2021 WL 141609, at *7 (3d Cir. 2021) (unpublished); see also Jones v.

Ferguson Pontiac Buick GMC, Inc., 374 F. App’x 787, 788 (10th Cir. 2010)

(unpublished) (holding that a “change in the law was not grounds for relief” from a

settlement agreement (citing Collins v. City of Wichita, 254 F.2d 837, 839 (10th Cir.

1958))).13 These basic principles doom Mr. Hendrickson’s claim.14

       13
          Although not precedential, we find the reasoning of the unpublished decisions
cited in this opinion to be instructive. See 10th Cir. R. 32.1 (“Unpublished decisions are
not precedential, but may be cited for their persuasive value.”); see also Fed. R. App.
P. 32.1.
       14
         A “change of law” may “excuse . . . nonperformance of a contractual
obligation” when, “[a]fter a contract is made, . . . a party’s performance is made
impracticable by” such a change of law, “the nonoccurrence of which was a basic
assumption upon which the contract was made.” Cent. Kan. Credit Union v. Mut. Guar.
Corp., 102 F.3d 1097, 1102 (10th Cir. 1996) (citing Restatement (Second) of Contracts
§§ 261, 264 (Am. L. Inst. 1981)). But the doctrine of impracticability of performance is
                                             14
       b. Analysis

       Mr. Hendrickson requested recovery of all dues paid since 2004, or at least since

Janus was decided in June 2018. His arguments that Janus retroactively voids his

membership agreements have no merit because he entered valid contracts when he joined

the Union.15

               i. Valid contracts

       Mr. Hendrickson entered valid contracts with the Union in 2004, 2007, and 2017.

They contained clear language and were the product of an offer, an acceptance,

consideration, and mutual assent. See Garcia, 918 P.2d at 10.16

       Mr. Hendrickson does not allege the membership agreements contravened the law

in effect when the contracts were created. See Bankert, 875 P.2d at 376. When he signed

his agreements, Abood v. Detroit Board of Education, 431 U.S. 209 (1977), was the

“inapposite” when the party seeking to invoke the doctrine is “under no . . . obligation to
perform any act in the future.” See id. at 1103. Thus, impracticability provides no relief
when, for instance, a party “seeks . . . to reclaim funds it has already paid and from which
it has derived a benefit,” see id., as Mr. Hendrickson does here.
       15
         Mr. Hendrickson argues that Janus renders his membership agreements
“voidable,” “void[],” and “unenforceable.” See Aplt. Br. at 12, 13, 17. In contract law,
these terms have different meanings. See 1 Corbin on Contracts §§ 1.6, 1.7, 1.8 (2020).
Mr. Hendrickson does not explain which term should apply here. Our decision is the
same under any of these terms.
       16
           Indeed, by entering these agreements, not only did Mr. Hendrickson “obtain
rights and benefits that are not enjoyed by nonmembers, such as the right to vote on
ratification of a [collective bargaining agreement],” Suppl. App. at 19, but he also availed
himself of these benefits, see id. at 35-36, 46, 116.

                                            15
governing law. And in Abood, the Supreme Court upheld a requirement for public-sector

non-union members to pay agency fees for non-partisan union activity. See id. at 211,

215, 232, 235-36. Mr. Hendrickson does not allege that his contracts with the Union

violated Abood or any other law in force when he signed them.

       In June 2018, Janus overruled Abood. The Supreme Court held that requiring

non-members to pay agency fees to public-sector unions violated the First Amendment.

See 138 S. Ct. at 2459-60. Doing so “violates the free speech rights of nonmembers by

compelling them to subsidize private speech on matters of substantial public concern.”

138 S. Ct. at 2460.

       Janus thus changed the choices a public employee faces in deciding whether to

join a union. Under Abood, the decision was between (1) joining a union and paying

union dues or (2) not joining a union and paying agency fees. Under Janus, the decision

is between (1) joining a union and paying union dues or (2) not joining a union and

paying nothing. Had Janus been in force when Mr. Hendrickson signed his union

contracts, he therefore would have faced a different calculus.

       But Janus does not support his request for back dues. A change in law that alters

the original considerations for entering an agreement does not allow retroactive

invalidation of that agreement. See Town of Koshkonong, 104 U.S. at 679; Townsend,

871 P.2d at 960; Fla. E. Coast Ry. Co., 42 F.3d at 1130; Jones, 374 F. App’x at 788.

Indeed, in Fischer, the Third Circuit considered this exact question—whether Janus

“abrogat[ed] the commitments set forth in the [plaintiffs’ union] agreements.” See

                                            16
Fischer, 2021 WL 141609, at *7. The court noted that the “[p]laintiffs chose to enter into

membership agreements with [the union] . . . in exchange for valuable consideration.” Id.

at *8. And “[b]y signing the agreements, [p]laintiffs assumed the risk that subsequent

changes in the law could alter the cost-benefit balance of their bargain.” Id. Janus thus

did not permit the plaintiffs to renege on their contractual obligations. See id. We agree

with this reasoning.

       Mr. Hendrickson thrice signed agreements to become a union member and to have

dues deducted from his paycheck. Each agreement was a valid, enforceable contract. A

change in the law does not retroactively render the agreements void or voidable. Janus

thus provides no basis for Mr. Hendrickson to recover the dues he previously paid.17

       In reaching this conclusion, “[w]e join the swelling chorus of courts recognizing

that Janus does not extend a First Amendment right to avoid paying union dues.” Belgau

v. Inslee, 975 F.3d 940, 951 (9th Cir. 2020), petition for cert. filed, No. 20-1120 (U.S.

Feb. 11, 2021); see id. at 951 n.5 (collecting cases); see also Oliver v. Serv. Emps. Int’l

Union Local 668, 830 F. App’x 76, 80 (3d Cir. 2020) (unpublished) (“By choosing to

become a Union member, [the plaintiff] affirmatively consented to paying union dues,”

and thus “was not entitled to a refund based on Janus.”); Bennett v. Council 31 of the

       17
          Because we find that Mr. Hendrickson’s underlying claim for back dues against
the Union fails, we do not additionally consider whether the Union meets the “state
actor” element for this § 1983 claim. See Lugar v. Edmondson Oil Co., 457 U.S. 922,
937 (1982).

                                             17
AFSCME, AFL-CIO, No. 20-1621, --- F.3d ----, 2021 WL 939194, at *4-6 (7th Cir.

2021).

               ii. Mr. Hendrickson’s arguments

         Mr. Hendrickson’s arguments are all variations on his contention that he can apply

Janus retroactively to void his membership agreements. Each argument fails because

Janus does not change that he entered valid contracts.

                       1) Affirmative consent
         Mr. Hendrickson argues his agreements should now be invalid under Janus

because he did not provide “affirmative consent . . . to deduct union dues.” See Aplt. Br.

at 10 (emphasis omitted). But he did provide affirmative consent by agreeing to the dues-

authorization provision. And Janus concerned the consent of non-members, not union

members like Mr. Hendrickson. His argument thus lacks a factual or legal basis.

         The Janus Court concluded its opinion with the following direction regarding

affirmative consent:

               Neither an agency fee nor any other payment to the union
               may be deducted from a nonmember’s wages, nor may any
               other attempt be made to collect such a payment, unless the
               employee affirmatively consents to pay. By agreeing to pay,
               nonmembers are waiving their First Amendment rights, and
               such a waiver cannot be presumed. Rather, to be effective,
               the waiver must be freely given and shown by “clear and
               compelling” evidence. Unless employees clearly and
               affirmatively consent before any money is taken from them,
               this standard cannot be met.

138 S. Ct. at 2486 (citations omitted).

                                             18
       This passage shows that Janus addressed only whether non-union members could

be required to pay agency fees. See Belgau, 975 F.3d at 952. Applying its holding to

members like Mr. Hendrickson “misconstrues Janus.” See id. Janus “in no way created

a new First Amendment waiver requirement for union members before dues are deducted

pursuant to a voluntary agreement.” Id.18 Mr. Hendrickson, a union member, had signed

agreements with the Union authorizing the deduction of dues. Unlike non-union

members, who had not signed any agreement to pay agency fees, he affirmatively

consented to pay dues. Janus’s affirmative consent analysis provides no basis for Mr.

Hendrickson to recover damages.

                     2) Compulsion
       Similarly, Mr. Hendrickson contends that in light of Janus, he was “compelled” to

join the Union because he faced a “false dichotomy” of paying union dues or agency fees.

See Suppl. App. at 9. This repackaged version of his “affirmative consent” argument

fares no better. Mr. Hendrickson was not compelled. He was free to join the Union or

not. See N.M. Stat. §§10-7E-19(B); 10-7E-20(B). “[R]egret[ting] [a] prior decision to

join the Union . . . does not render [a] knowing and voluntary choice to join

nonconsensual.” Oliver, 830 F. App’x at 79. And his having “had the option of paying

       18
         Because Janus did not create such a new waiver requirement, Mr.
Hendrickson’s argument that “he could not have voluntarily, knowingly, or intelligently
waived his right not to join or pay a union” before the Supreme Court decided Janus has
no merit. See Aplt. Br. at 11.

                                            19
less as agency fees pre-Janus, or that Janus made that lesser amount zero by invalidating

agency fees, does not establish coercion.” Belgau, 975 F.3d at 950.

                     3) Mutual mistake

       Mr. Hendrickson relatedly argues his membership agreements should be void

because they were based on “mutual mistake.” See Aplt. Br. at 12. He asserts that he

“discovered the mistake that agency fees were constitutional when the Supreme Court

ruled otherwise in Janus,” id. at 13, and that his agreement should be voided as a result of

this mutual mistake. This argument again relies on a retroactive application of Janus.

But Janus does not support mutual mistake.

       Under New Mexico law, a party can challenge a contract “on the basis of mistake”

when “there is a mutual mistake; that is, where there has been a meeting of minds, an

agreement actually entered into, but the contract . . . , in its written form, does not express

what was really intended by the parties thereto.” See Morris v. Merch., 423 P.2d 606,

608 (N.M. 1967) (quotation omitted). A party can also contest a contract when “there has

been a mistake of one party, accompanied by fraud or other inequitable conduct of the

remaining parties.” See id. (quotation omitted). But “[i]t is not a proper function of the

courts to relieve either party to a contract from its binding effect where it has been

entered into without fraud or imposition and is not due to a mistake against which equity

will afford relief.” In re Tocci, 112 P.2d 515, 521 (N.M. 1941).

       Mutual mistake thus does not apply when “subsequent events” show an agreement

“to have been unwise or unfortunate.” See id.; see also State ex rel. State Highway &

                                              20
Transp. Dep’t v. Garley, 806 P.2d 32, 36 (N.M. 1991) (“[T]he erroneous belief must

relate to the facts as they exist at the time of the making of the contract.” (quoting

Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 151 (Am. L. Inst. 1979))); Restatement (Second) of

Contracts § 151 (Am. L. Inst. 1981, Oct. 2020 update) (“The word ‘mistake’ is not used

[in the Restatement], as it is sometimes used in common speech, to refer to an

improvident act . . . .”).

       Mr. Hendrickson does not suggest the membership agreements failed to express

his intent when he signed. See Morris, 423 P.2d at 608. Nor does he suggest that the

Union deceived him as to the Supreme Court’s holding in Abood. See In re Tocci, 112

P.2d at 521. Rather, he argues that if had he known when he entered the contract that the

Supreme Court was going to overrule Abood in Janus, his intent would have been

different. But what he describes is buyer’s remorse, not mutual mistake. See id. The

doctrine of mutual mistake does not apply here.

                       4) Plea bargaining case law
       In discussing mutual mistake, Mr. Hendrickson argues that Janus supports voiding

his contract under plea bargaining case law. His reliance on United States v. Bunner, 134

F.3d 1000 (10th Cir. 1998), is misplaced.

       Bunner addressed whether the obligations under a plea agreement should be

dischargeable following a Supreme Court decision holding that the conduct underlying

the defendant’s offense was no longer a crime. See 134 F.3d at 1002-05. The opinion

explained that “[s]ubsequent to entering the agreement, an intervening change in the law

                                              21
destroyed the factual basis supporting Defendant’s conviction.” Id. at 1005. This court

applied the “doctrine of frustration of purpose,” which allows a party to a contract to be

“discharged from performing” when a “supervening event does not render performance

impossible” but makes “one party’s performance . . . virtually worthless to the other.” Id.

at 1004. We held that “the plea agreement no longer bound the parties.” Id. at 1005.

       Bunner does not help Mr. Hendrickson. There, after the change in law, the

defendant could no longer be guilty, and thus the plea agreement had no purpose. By

contrast, even after Janus changed the law, Mr. Hendrickson could still be a member of

the Union, and his membership agreement continued to have a purpose. Again, Janus

concerned non-member agency fees and has nothing to do with Mr. Hendrickson’s

agreeing to pay dues for his union membership.

       Brady v. United States, 397 U.S. 742 (1970), is a more pertinent plea bargaining

case. In Brady, the Supreme Court asked whether its recent decision changing the law to

eliminate the death penalty from an offense also “invalidat[ed] . . . every plea of guilty

entered [for that offense], at least when the fear of death is shown to have been a factor in

the plea.” Id. at 746. “Although [the defendant’s] plea of guilty may well have been

motivated in part by a desire to avoid a possible death penalty,” the Court found that the

change in law did not invalidate the defendant’s plea agreement. See id. at 758. “A

defendant is not entitled to withdraw his plea merely because he discovers long after the

plea has been accepted that his calculus misapprehended . . . the likely penalties attached

to alternative courses of action.” Id. at 757. “[A] voluntary plea of guilty intelligently

                                             22
made in the light of the then applicable law does not become vulnerable because later

judicial decisions indicate that the plea rested on a faulty premise.” Id.

       Brady dealt with a change in law that altered a defendant’s incentives to enter an

agreement. If the change had been known at the time of the plea, the deal may have been

less attractive, which is the scenario we have here. Had Mr. Hendrickson known that

Janus would overturn Abood, his decision to join the Union may have been less

appealing because the alternative would not have required him to pay agency fees.

       But Brady shows that even when a “later judicial decision[]” changes the

“calculus” motivating an agreement, the agreement does not become void or voidable.

See id. Indeed, we have stated that “Supreme Court precedent is quite explicit that as part

of a plea agreement, criminal defendants may waive both rights in existence and those

that result from unanticipated later judicial determinations.” United States v. Porter, 405

F.3d 1136, 1144 (10th Cir. 2005); see also Bailey v. Cowley, 914 F.2d 1438, 1441 (10th

Cir. 1990) (“One of the risks a defendant assumes when he pleads guilty is that the

consequences he seeks to avoid will not be later nullified by a change in the law.”). The

cases on plea bargaining thus fail to provide a basis for Mr. Hendrickson to recover

damages.

                     5) Opt-out window
       Finally, Mr. Hendrickson suggests that Janus should retroactively invalidate the

membership opt-out window because limiting his ability to terminate his dues payments

                                             23
to two weeks a year violates the First Amendment right of association. We reject this

argument based on Supreme Court precedent.

       In Cohen v. Cowles Media Co., 501 U.S. 663 (1991), the Supreme Court held that

when “[t]he parties themselves . . . determine[d] the scope of their legal obligations, and

any restrictions that” the parties placed on their constitutional rights were “self-imposed,”

then “requir[ing] those making promises to keep them” does not offend the First

Amendment. See id. at 671. As another court put it, “the First Amendment does not

preclude the enforcement of ‘legal obligations’ that are bargained-for and ‘self-imposed’

under state contract law.” Fisk v. Inslee, 759 F. App’x 632, 633 (9th Cir. 2019)

(unpublished) (quoting Cohen, 501 U.S. at 668-71). Janus therefore does not provide a

basis for Mr. Hendrickson to challenge the opt-out window to recover back dues.

                                       *   *        *   *

       We hold Mr. Hendrickson’s claim against the Union for retrospective relief on

Count 1 fails on the merits because his dues were deducted under valid contractual

agreements. His claim for prospective relief is moot. We therefore affirm the district

court’s decision on Count 1.

                         B. Count 2 - Exclusive Representation

       Mr. Hendrickson objects to the Union’s serving as his exclusive representative.

This claim fails against (1) the New Mexico Defendants because they have Eleventh

Amendment immunity and (2) the Union on the merits.

                                               24
   New Mexico Defendants

       The New Mexico Defendants are not proper parties under Ex parte Young, 209

U.S. 123 (1908), and thus have Eleventh Amendment immunity.

       a. Eleventh Amendment and Ex parte Young

       The Eleventh Amendment constitutionalizes the doctrine of state sovereign

immunity. It provides that “[t]he Judicial power of the United States shall not be

construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of

the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign

State.” U.S. Const. amend. XI. Under this provision, states enjoy sovereign immunity

from suit. See Va. Off. for Prot. & Advocacy v. Stewart, 563 U.S. 247, 253 (2011); P.R.

Aqueduct & Sewer Auth. v. Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., 506 U.S. 139, 144 (1993). This

immunity extends to suits brought by citizens against their own state. See Hans v.

Louisiana, 134 U.S. 1, 10-11 (1890); Amisub (PSL), Inc. v. State of Colo. Dep’t of Soc.

Servs., 879 F.2d 789, 792 (10th Cir. 1989). It also extends to “suit[s] against a state

official in his or her official capacity” because such suits are “no different from a suit

against the State itself.” Will v. Mich. Dep’t of State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 71 (1989).

       Eleventh Amendment immunity “is not absolute.” See Port Auth. Trans-Hudson

Corp. v. Feeney, 495 U.S. 299, 304 (1990). Under the Ex parte Young exception, a

plaintiff may sue individual state officers acting in their official capacities if the

complaint alleges an ongoing violation of federal law and the plaintiff seeks only

                                               25
prospective relief. See Ex parte Young, 209 U.S. 159-60; Verizon Md. Inc. v. Pub. Serv.

Comm’n of Md., 535 U.S. 635, 645 (2002).

       To satisfy this exception, the named state official “must have some connection

with the enforcement” of the challenged statute. Ex parte Young, 209 U.S. at 157.

Otherwise, the suit is “merely making [the official] a party as a representative of the

state” and therefore impermissibly “attempting to make the state a party.” Id.

       “The fact that the state officer, by virtue of his office, has some connection with

the enforcement of the act, is the important and material fact.” Id. Ex parte Young does

not require that the state official “have a ‘special connection’ to the unconstitutional act

or conduct.” Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation v. Wagnon, 476 F.3d 818, 828 (10th Cir.

2007). But it does require that the state official “have a particular duty to ‘enforce’ the

statute in question and a demonstrated willingness to exercise that duty.” Id. (quoting Ex

parte Young, 209 U.S. at 157); see also 13 Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller,

Federal Practice and Procedure § 3524.3 (3d ed., Oct. 2020 update) (“[T]he duty must

be more than a mere general duty to enforce the law.”).

       b. Analysis

       Mr. Hendrickson sued the Governor and Attorney General of New Mexico in their

official capacities. But these officeholders do not enforce the exclusive representation

statute. Rather, members of the Public Employee Labor Relations Board (“PELRB”) do.

The Governor and Attorney General therefore do not fall within the Ex parte Young

exception and thus have Eleventh Amendment immunity to this suit.

                                             26
              i. PEBA and PELRB

       The Public Employee Bargaining Act (“PEBA”) provides for a union to serve as

the exclusive representative for the employees in a bargaining unit. See N.M. Stat.

§ 10-7E-14. The PELRB “has the power to enforce provisions of the [PEBA].” See id.

§ 10-7E-9(F).19 For example, the PELRB “shall promulgate rules . . . for . . . the

selection, certification and decertification of exclusive representatives.” Id.

§ 10-7E-9(A), (A)(2).

       The PELRB “consists of three members appointed by the governor.” See N.M.

Stat. § 10-7E-8(A). “The governor shall appoint one member recommended by

organized labor representatives actively involved in representing public employees, one

member recommended by public employers actively involved in collective bargaining

and one member jointly recommended by the other two appointees.” Id.

       The New Mexico Supreme Court has held the governor cannot remove these

PELRB members at will. See AFSCME v. Martinez, 257 P.3d 952, 953 (N.M. 2011).

The court observed that “[b]ecause the PELRB is empowered to make decisions that may

adversely affect the executive branch, the PELRB must remain free from the executive’s

control . . . or coercive influence.” Id. at 956.

       19
          If necessary, the PELRB may request that a court enforce its orders. See N.M.
Stat. § 10-7E-23(A).

                                              27
              ii. Application of Ex parte Young

       The PEBA empowers the PELRB—not the Governor or the Attorney General—to

enforce New Mexico’s exclusive representation law. See N.M. Stat. § 10-7E-9.

Moreover, the New Mexico Supreme Court has insulated the PELRB from other

executive branch officials. See Martinez, 257 P.3d at 956. Thus, PELRB members

enforce the statute for the purposes of Ex parte Young. The Governor and Attorney

General do not, and they therefore have Eleventh Amendment immunity to Mr.

Hendrickson’s exclusive representation claim.

       Our decision in Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America v.

Edmondson, 594 F.3d 742 (10th Cir. 2010), supports this conclusion. There, we

considered whether the attorney general of Oklahoma had Eleventh Amendment

immunity to a suit challenging a statute “regulat[ing] illegal immigration and verification

of employment eligibility.” See id. at 750, 759-60. We concluded that he did not insofar

as “[a]n injunction would prevent him from filing lawsuits or defending against suits on

the basis of” violations of one part of the statute. See id. at 758, 760. But the plaintiffs

had “not shown us that the Attorney General ha[d] a particular duty to enforce” another

part of the statute. Id. at 760. Their claims based on this latter part, therefore, “f[ell]

outside the scope of the Ex parte Young exception,” and “[t]he Attorney General [wa]s

thus entitled to immunity as to that challenge.” Id.; see also Day v. Sebelius, 376 F.

Supp. 2d 1022, 1025, 1031 (D. Kan. 2005) (finding that the Kansas governor’s “general

enforcement power . . . [wa]s not sufficient to establish the connection to [a challenged]

                                              28
statute required to meet the Ex parte Young exception to Eleventh Amendment

immunity”), aff’d sub nom. Day v. Bond, 500 F.3d 1127 (10th Cir. 2007).

       Similarly, in Cressman v. Thompson, 719 F.3d 1139 (10th Cir. 2013), we

considered whether a motor vehicle clerk, who allegedly had responsibility for

interpreting the policies of the Oklahoma Department of Public Safety, had immunity to a

suit that challenged a statute regulating license-plate images. See id. at 1143, 1146.

Because the clerk did not “have a particular duty to enforce the challenged statute,” she

was not a “proper state official[] for suit under Ex parte Young.” See id. at 1146 & n.8.

       Here, as in Edmondson and Cressman, neither the Governor nor the Attorney

General has a particular duty to enforce the challenged statute. Rather, their connection

to the exclusive representation statute stems from their general enforcement power. But

this does not suffice for Ex parte Young. They therefore are not proper parties, and they

have Eleventh Amendment immunity.

       Bishop v. Oklahoma, 333 F. App’x 361 (10th Cir. 2009) (unpublished), which the

parties discuss at length, also supports immunity. There, we considered whether “the

Governor and Attorney General of the State of Oklahoma . . . [we]re sufficiently

connected to the enforcement of the Oklahoma Constitution’s marriage provisions” to

permit suit. Id. at 362.20 We concluded that the “officials’ generalized duty to enforce

       20
          We ultimately resolved Bishop as a matter of standing rather than Eleventh
Amendment immunity because “the unique procedural stance of th[e] appeal ha[d]
deprived th[e] Court of a full briefing of the [Ex parte Young] issues.” See Bishop, 333 F.
App’x at 363-64. But as we noted in Cressman, “there is a common thread between
Article III standing analysis and Ex parte Young analysis.” Cressman, 719 F.3d at 1146
                                             29
state law, alone, [wa]s insufficient to subject them to a suit challenging a constitutional

amendment they have no specific duty to enforce.” Id. at 365. Because the judiciary was

responsible for administration of marriage licenses, the “claims [we]re simply not

connected to the duties of the Attorney General or the Governor.” See id. Likewise,

here, the PELRB bears responsibility for the provision at issue, and Mr. Hendrickson’s

claims thus are not connected to the New Mexico Defendants.

       Mr. Hendrickson relies on Kitchen v. Herbert, 755 F.3d 1193 (10th Cir. 2014), and

Petrella v. Brownback, 697 F.3d 1285 (10th Cir. 2012),21 but they do not support the

contrary conclusion. In Kitchen, we held the governor and attorney general of Utah were

proper parties to a suit challenging Utah’s laws banning same-sex marriage because in

Utah, unlike in Oklahoma, “marriage licenses are issued not by court clerks but by county

clerks.” See 755 F.3d at 1199-202, 1204. The defendants’ “actual exercise of

supervisory power and their authority to compel compliance from county clerks and other

officials provide[d] the requisite nexus” between the defendants and the provision at

n.8; see also Bishop, 333 F. App’x at 364 n.5 (observing that “[t]he ‘necessary
connection’ language in [Ex parte] Young” is the “common denominator” of both a
standing inquiry and “whether our jurisdiction over the defendants is proper under the
doctrine of Ex parte Young” (quoting Planned Parenthood of Idaho, Inc. v. Wasden, 376
F.3d 908, 919 (9th Cir. 2004))).
       21
          Mr. Hendrickson also points to Safe Streets Alliance v. Hickenlooper, 859 F.3d
865 (10th Cir. 2017), and Harris v. Quinn, 573 U.S. 616 (2014). Safe Streets did not
discuss the Ex parte Young requirement at issue here. See id. at 896, 901-02, 906 n.19,
912. And Harris did not discuss Ex parte Young at all.

                                             30
issue. See id. at 1204. Here though, this inquiry fails to show the requisite nexus

between the New Mexico Defendants and the PELRB members.

       Similarly, in Petrella we determined the governor and attorney general of Kansas

to be proper parties to a suit challenging the constitutionality of Kansas’s school-funding

laws. See 697 F.3d at 1289, 1293-94. We found it cannot “be disputed that the Governor

and Attorney General of [a] state . . . have responsibility for the enforcement of the laws

of the state,” they had general law enforcement powers, and there was no indication the

statutory provisions at issue fell outside the scope of these general enforcement powers.

See id. at 1289-91, 1294. But here, the statutory scheme vests enforcement power in the

PELRB, a body independent of the Governor and the Attorney General. We thus do not

find Mr. Hendrickson’s arguments availing.

                                        *    *    *   *

       We hold that Mr. Hendrickson’s claim against the New Mexico Defendants on

Count 2 must be dismissed because they are not proper parties to this suit under Ex parte

Young and thus have Eleventh Amendment immunity.

   Union

       The Supreme Court’s treatment of exclusive bargaining representation—including

in Janus itself—forecloses Mr. Hendrickson’s exclusive representation claim against the

Union.22

       22
         Our affirmance of the district court’s dismissal of the New Mexico Defendants
based on Eleventh Amendment immunity leaves only the Union as a defendant on the
exclusive representation claim. As with Count 1, see supra n.17, because we find that
                                             31
       a. Additional legal background

       The Supreme Court has discussed exclusive representation at length in Minnesota

State Board for Community Colleges v. Knight, 465 U.S. 271 (1984), and in Janus.

              i. Knight

       In Knight, the Supreme Court considered the constitutionality of exclusive

representation. See 465 U.S. at 273. State law provided for bargaining units to select an

exclusive representative based on majority vote. See id. at 273-74. Several college

faculty who were not members of the union designated as the exclusive representative

objected. See id. at 278. They claimed that limiting participation in meetings to the

exclusive representative violated their First Amendment rights of speech and association.

See id. at 288.

       The Court found that, although exclusive representation might “amplif[y] [the

representative’s] voice,” this did not mean the challengers’ right to speak had been

infringed. See id. at 288-89. Similarly, the Court found that although individuals may

“feel some pressure to join the exclusive representative,” such pressure did not impair

their freedom of association. See id. at 289-90; see also id. at 290 (“[T]he pressure is no

different from the pressure to join a majority party that persons in the minority always

Mr. Hendrickson’s underlying claim regarding exclusive representation fails, we do not
additionally consider whether the Union meets the “state actor” element for this § 1983
claim. See Lugar v. Edmondson Oil Co., 457 U.S. 922, 937 (1982).

                                             32
feel. Such pressure is inherent in our system of government; it does not create an

unconstitutional inhibition on associational freedom.”).

        Thus, “restriction of participation . . . to the faculty’s exclusive representative” did

not infringe “speech and associational rights.” See id. at 288. “The state has in no way

restrained [the faculty’s] freedom to speak on any education-related issue or their

freedom to associate or not to associate with whom they please, including the exclusive

representative.” Id. (emphasis added). The Court therefore held that “restriction on

participation . . . of professional employees within the bargaining unit who are not

members of the exclusive representative and who may disagree with its views” does not

“violate[] the[ir] constitutional rights.” Id. at 273.

               ii. Janus

        Janus explained that the union in that case was an exclusive representative. See

Janus, 138 S. Ct. at 2460. And the Court indicated its ruling on agency fees would not

prevent such exclusive representation: “[I]t is simply not true that unions will refuse to

serve as the exclusive representative of all employees in the unit if they are not given

agency fees.” Id. at 2467. The Court acknowledged that “[i]t is . . . not disputed that the

State may require that a union serve as exclusive bargaining agent for its employees.” Id.

at 2478. It further said, “States can keep their labor-relations systems exactly as they

are—only they cannot force nonmembers to subsidize public-sector unions.” Id. at 2485

n.27.

                                               33
       b. Analysis

       Mr. Hendrickson argues exclusive representation requires him to “allow the Union

to speak on his behalf,” and this “compelled association” violates his First Amendment

rights. See Aplt. Br. at 45. He contends that “as a condition of his employment, [he]

must allow the Union to speak” for him regarding “the sort of policy decisions that Janus

recognized are necessarily matters of public concern,” including his salary. See id.

Although Mr. Hendrickson acknowledges that he “retains the right to speak for himself,”

he contends this “does not resolve the fact that the Union organizes and negotiates as his

representative in his employment relations.” Id. at 46. He concludes that “[l]egally

compelling [him] to associate with the Union demeans his First Amendment rights.” Id.

But Knight and Janus foreclose his claim.

       Knight found exclusive representation constitutionally permissible. Exclusive

representation does not violate a nonmember’s “freedom to speak” or “freedom to

associate,” and it also does not violate one’s freedom “not to associate.” See 465 U.S.

at 288. Knight thus belies Mr. Hendrickson’s claim that exclusive representation imposes

compulsion in violation of the First Amendment.

       Janus reinforces this reading. As noted, the Janus Court stated that “[i]t is . . . not

disputed that the State may require that a union serve as exclusive bargaining agent for its

employees.” Janus, 138 S. Ct. at 2478. And exclusive representatives have a “duty of

providing fair representation for nonmembers.” See id. at 2467-68. Even though

exclusive representatives speak on behalf of nonmembers, the Court stated that, with the

                                             34
exception of agency fees, “[s]tates can keep their labor-relations systems exactly as they

are.” Id. at 2485 n.27.

       Finally, “[a]ll Circuits that have addressed this issue subsequent to the Janus

decision have concluded that exclusive representation remains constitutional.” Oliver v.

Serv. Emps. Int’l Union Local 668, 830 F. App’x 76, 80 n.4 (3d Cir. 2020) (unpublished);

see also Reisman v. Associated Facs. of Univ. of Me., 939 F.3d 409, 414 (1st Cir. 2019),

cert. denied, 141 S. Ct. 445 (2020); Jarvis v. Cuomo, 660 F. App’x 72, 74 (2d Cir. 2016)

(unpublished); Akers v. Md. State Educ. Ass’n, No. 19-1524, --- F.3d ----, 2021 WL

852086, at *5 n.3 (4th Cir. 2021); Thompson v. Marietta Educ. Ass’n, 972 F.3d 809,

813-14 (6th Cir. 2020), petition for cert. filed, No. 20-1019 (U.S. Jan. 22, 2021); Ocol v.

Chi. Tchrs. Union, 982 F.3d 529, 532-33 (7th Cir. 2020); Bierman v. Dayton, 900 F.3d

570, 574 (8th Cir. 2018); Mentele v. Inslee, 916 F.3d 783, 786-90 (9th Cir. 2019), cert.

denied sub nom. Miller v. Inslee, 140 S. Ct. 114 (2019).

                                   III. CONCLUSION

       We affirm the district court’s decisions to grant the Union’s motion for summary

judgment and the New Mexico Defendants’ motion to dismiss. We remand to the district

court with instructions to amend its judgment to reflect that (1) the dismissal of Mr.

Hendrickson’s request for prospective relief on Count 1 as moot and (2) the dismissal of

Count 2 against the New Mexico Defendants based on Eleventh Amendment sovereign

immunity, are both “without prejudice.” See N.M. Health Connections v. U.S. Dep’t of

                                             35
Health & Human Servs., 946 F.3d 1138, 1167 (10th Cir. 2019); Williams v. Utah Dep’t of

Corr., 928 F.3d 1209, 1214 (10th Cir. 2019).23

      23
          Also pending before us is a motion from the Union to take judicial notice of
(1) portions of the practice manual for the PELRB, and (2) a decision and order from the
PELRB. No party opposes the motion. We may take judicial notice of these documents.
See Fed. R. Evid. 201(b), (b)(2); Renewable Fuels Ass’n v. EPA, 948 F.3d 1206, 1258
(10th Cir. 2020); New Mexico ex rel. Richardson v. Bureau of Land Mgmt., 565 F.3d 683,
702 n.22 (10th Cir. 2009). We grant the motion, though we have not relied on these
documents in reaching our decision.

                                           36