Court Opinion

ID: 4667776
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-03-15 20:00:34.501696+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:02:59.173902
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       MAR 15 2021
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

JESSICKA JANETH GONZALEZ-PONCE; No. 17-72440
LESTER ALEXIS VENTURA-
GONZALEZ,                       Agency Nos. A208-750-629
                                             A208-750-630
            Petitioners,

 v.                                             MEMORANDUM*

MERRICK GARLAND, Attorney General,

                Respondent.

                     On Petition for Review of an Order of the
                         Board of Immigration Appeals

                    Argued and Submitted November 17, 2020
                            San Francisco, California

Before: THOMAS, Chief Judge, and SCHROEDER and BERZON, Circuit
Judges.
Concurrence by Judge BERZON

      Jessicka Janeth Gonzalez-Ponce and her young son Lester (collectively,

“Gonzalez-Ponce”) petition for review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’

(“BIA’s”) dismissal of their appeal contending that the immigration judge (“IJ”)

should have granted their motions to suppress evidence and to terminate

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
proceedings. We deny the petition for review.

      1.     The BIA did not err in denying Gonzalez-Ponce’s motion to suppress

the Forms I-213 introduced by the Department of Homeland Security. Although

the Fourth Amendment’s “exclusionary rule generally does not apply to removal

proceedings,” one of “two critical exceptions to this rule”—and the only one

Gonzalez-Ponce raised before the BIA—is “when the agency egregiously violates

a petitioner’s Fourth Amendment rights.” Sanchez v. Sessions, 904 F.3d 643, 649

(9th Cir. 2018) (citation omitted). Gonzalez-Ponce has not made a prima facie

showing, even if Border Patrol agents failed to question her about alienage or

illegal entry, that her arrest near the border was an egregious violation of her

Fourth Amendment rights. Cf. Lopez-Rodriguez v. Mukasey, 536 F.3d 1012, 1018

(9th Cir. 2008) (holding that entering a home without a warrant, consent, or

exigent circumstances was an egregious Fourth Amendment violation).

      2.     Gonzalez-Ponce also has not made a prima facie showing that the

statements she made while in detention should have been excluded as involuntary.

The conditions of detention and the circumstances of the interview described by

Gonzalez-Ponce do not suggest that her will was overborne, triggering application

of the Fifth Amendment’s exclusionary rule. See Mincey v. Arizona, 437 U.S. 385,

401–02 (1978). Additionally, Gonzalez-Ponce has not shown she was prejudiced

by the government’s alleged failure to comply with two regulations applicable to

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expedited removal proceedings. Gonzalez-Ponce ultimately was not processed for

expedited removal but instead was placed in standard removal proceedings and

released.

      3.    Finally, Gonzalez-Ponce’s contention that the notice to appear was not

properly filed because it lacked “a certificate showing service on the opposing

party . . . which indicates the Immigration Court in which the charging document is

filed,” 8 C.F.R. § 1003.14(a), is foreclosed by Aguilar Fermin v. Barr, 958 F.3d

887, 895 n.4 (9th Cir. 2020).

      PETITION DENIED.

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Gonzalez-Ponce v. Garland, No. 17-72440                                     FILED
BERZON, Circuit Judge, concurring:                                           MAR 15 2021
                                                                         MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                          U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
      I concur in the memorandum disposition.

      With respect to the Fourth Amendment issue, I agree that Gonzalez-Ponce

has not made a prima facie showing of an egregious Fourth Amendment violation.

But, in my view, she has made a prima facie showing that the Border Patrol agents

lacked probable cause to arrest her. That lack of probable cause likely amounted to

a regulatory violation. See 8 C.F.R. § 287.8(c)(2)(i) (“An arrest shall be made only

when the designated immigration officer has reason to believe that the person to be

arrested has committed an offense against the United States or is an alien illegally

in the United States.” (emphasis added)); Tejeda-Mata v. INS, 626 F.2d 721, 725

(9th Cir. 1980) (equating the phrase “reason to believe” with the constitutional

requirement of probable cause). “A successful prima facie showing of a regulatory

violation for evidentiary suppression purposes . . . entitle[s] the petitioner to a

remand for the government to rebut the petitioner’s showing.” Sanchez v. Sessions,

904 F.3d 643, 653 (9th Cir. 2018); see Matter of Barcenas, 19 I. & N. Dec. 609,

611 (BIA 1988).

      But Gonzalez-Ponce did not adequately raise the issue of a regulatory

violation before the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”). And the BIA, unlike

the immigration judge, did not allude to the regulation in its opinion. Because our

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panel cannot grant relief on an issue not exhausted before or considered by the

BIA, I concur in the denial of the petition.

      I note that, although Gonzalez-Ponce apparently accepts that she bears the

burden to establish a prima facie violation of the Fourth Amendment, placing the

burden on petitioners to make a prima facie showing that probable cause was

lacking is problematic. In the criminal context, if a defendant brings a motion to

suppress challenging a warrantless search or seizure, “the government carries the

burden to bring the case within one of the exceptions to the warrant requirement.”

3A Charles Alan Wright & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice & Procedure § 689

(West 4th ed. 2020 Update); see United States v. Hawkins, 249 F.3d 867, 872 (9th

Cir. 2001). If there is any initial burden on the defendant, it is slight: “once [the

defendant] demonstrates that a warrantless search or seizure occurred, the burden

shifts to the government to demonstrate a justification or exception to the warrant

requirement.” United States v. Guevara, 745 F. Supp. 2d 1039, 1043 (N.D. Cal.

2010) (Alsup, J.).

      Here, the BIA places the burden on petitioners to establish a prima facie case

that probable cause was lacking, before requiring the government to state the

reasons underlying its probable cause determinations. See Matter of Barcenas, 19

I. & N. Dec. at 611. That is backwards, and saddles petitioners with guessing at the

government’s reasons for arresting them, and attempting to rebut those reasons,

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before the government has even revealed them. In the regulatory context, Sanchez

avoided this anomaly by holding that the petitioner met his burden with regard to

the weaker “reasonable suspicion” standard by establishing not that reasonable

suspicion was in fact lacking, but that the government had “yet to offer specific and

articulable facts that would support the Coast Guard officers’ decision to detain

Sanchez on the basis of reasonable suspicion that he was unlawfully present in this

country or otherwise engaged in illegal activity.” 904 F.3d at 650–51 (emphasis

added).

      But again, the validity of the BIA’s burden-shifting approach was not raised

before the agency, nor was it challenged before us. So I concur in denying the

petition.

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