Court Opinion

ID: 1038669
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-08-28 22:06:36.293728+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:27:39.660305
License: Public Domain

Filed 8/12/13
                          CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                           SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                    DIVISION FOUR

PROGRESSIVE CHOICE                            B242429
INSURANCE COMPANY,
                                              (Los Angeles County
        Plaintiff and Respondent,             Super. Ct. No. BC472603)

        v.

CALIFORNIA STATE AUTOMOBILE
ASSOCIATION INTER-INSURANCE
BUREAU,

        Defendant and Appellant.

        APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County,
Maureen Duffy-Lewis, Judge. Affirmed.
        Morton & Lulofs and William R. Morton for Defendant and Appellant.
        Yocis & Cox and Stephen M. Smith for Plaintiff and Respondent.

                         __________________________________
                                INTRODUCTION
      This case concerns the allocation of an Underinsured Motorist (UIM) loss
between two automobile insurance companies. The insured was covered by
automobile insurance policies issued by Progressive Choice Insurance Company
(Progressive) and California State Automobile Association Inter-Insurance Bureau
(CSAA). He was injured in an automobile accident caused by an underinsured
motorist. After settling with the underinsured motorist, the insured claimed a
$62,500 loss under the UIM provisions of both policies. Progressive paid the
entire claim, and sought contribution from CSAA. Progressive contended that
                                                         1
under Insurance Code section 11580.2, subdivision (d), the UIM loss should be
allocated on a pro-rata basis between the two companies. The trial court agreed,
and granted summary judgment in favor of Progressive. CSAA contends the trial
court erred, as under section 11580.2, subdivision (c)(2), its policy does not apply
because the insured was covered by the Progressive policy; thus, the entire loss
should be borne by Progressive. On appeal, Progressive contends CSAA may not
rely on section 11580.2, subdivision (c)(2) because the CSAA policy lacked the
necessary language to invoke that statutory exclusion. We agree. Absent such
statutory exclusion, both insurance policies are implicated, and the mandatory pro-
rata allocation of section 11580.2, subdivision (d) applies. Accordingly, we affirm
the grant of summary judgment in favor of Progressive.

                         STATEMENT OF THE FACTS
      The parties stipulated to the following facts.

1
       All further statutory citations are to the Insurance Code, unless otherwise
stated.

                                          2
      A.     Underlying Claims
      On March 27, 2006, Benjamin White was injured in a traffic collision, while
riding as a passenger in a vehicle being operated by Scott A. Tortora. The party
who caused the collision was underinsured. White was insured under two
automobile insurance policies. The first policy, issued by Progressive to Tortora,
insured the vehicle. It provided underinsured motorist bodily injury coverage with
limits of $100,000 for each person. The second policy, issued by CSAA to
Benjamin White as the named insured, provided underinsured motorist bodily
injury coverage with limits of $50,000 for each person.
      White settled with the at-fault driver‟s automobile insurance company for
the policy limit of $25,000. White then made a claim for Underinsured Motorist
benefits under the Progressive and CSAA policies. CSAA denied coverage.
Progressive paid the sum of $62,500 to White. Progressive demanded that CSAA
reimburse Progressive $20,833.33, the pro-rata share of the payment made to
White based upon the applicable policy limits of the two policies. CSAA denied
any obligation to contribute and reimburse Progressive, arguing that the
Progressive policy constituted the sole source of underinsured motorist coverage to
White.
      B.     Progressive Insurance Policy
      The Progressive insurance policy provided underinsured motorist coverage
under Part III (A) of the policy. It provided: “Subject to the Limits of Liability, if
you pay a premium for Uninsured/Underinsured Motorist Bodily Injury Coverage,
we will pay for damages, other than punitive or exemplary damages, which an
insured person is entitled to recover from the owner or operator of an uninsured
motor vehicle or underinsured motor vehicle because of bodily injury: [¶]
1. sustained by an insured person; [¶] 2. caused by accident; and [¶] 3. arising

                                           3
out of the ownership, maintenance, or use of an uninsured motor vehicle or
underinsured motor vehicle.”
      Under “Exclusions,” the policy stated that “Coverage under this Part III(A)
is not provided for bodily injury sustained by any person while using or
occupying: . . . [¶] . . . [¶] 6. a motor vehicle, other than a covered vehicle, if the
owner has insurance similar to that provided under this Part III(A).”
      Part III(A) also included an “Other Insurance” provision. That provision
stated: “If there is other applicable uninsured or underinsured motorist coverage,
the damages which an insured person is entitled to recover under this Part III(A)
shall be deemed not to exceed the highest limit of any applicable coverage. We
will pay only our share of the damages. Our share is the proportion that our Limit
of Liability bears to the total of all available coverage limits. Any insurance we
provide shall be excess over any other uninsured or underinsured motorist
coverage, except for bodily injury to you or a relative when occupying a covered
vehicle.”
      C.     CSAA Insurance Policy
      The CSAA insurance policy provided underinsured motorist coverage under
                      2
Part IV of the policy. Under “Coverage,” the policy provided: “We will pay
damages, other than punitive or exemplary damages, for bodily injury which an
insured person is legally entitled to recover from the owner or operator of an
uninsured motor vehicle. The bodily injury must be caused by accident and arise
out of the ownership, maintenance or use of the uninsured motor vehicle.”
      The policy enumerated several exclusions from coverage. It provided:
“This coverage does not apply to bodily injury sustained by an injured person:

2
       Although Part IV mentions only “uninsured motor vehicle,” CSAA
stipulated it also covered underinsured motorist claims.

                                            4
      “(1) while occupying a motor vehicle, other than an insured motor vehicle,
      owned by any insured person, or leased to any insured person, under a
      written contract for a period of six months or longer, or through being struck
      by such a motor vehicle;

      “(2) if that person or the representative of that person, without our written
      consent, makes any settlement or prosecutes to judgment any action against
      any person who may be legally liable therefor;

      “(3) while occupying your auto when used to carry persons or property for a
      charge. . . .

      “Uninsured Motorist Coverage shall not apply to the benefit of any insurer
      or self-insurer under any workers‟ compensation or disability benefits law or
      any similar law or to the direct benefit of the United States, any state or any
      political subdivision thereof.”

      The policy further provided that the coverage limit was “[t]he limits of
liability shown in the Declarations.” However, “[i]f a claim is made for bodily
injury caused by an underinsured motor vehicle, we will pay only after the limits of
bodily injury liability policies applicable to all insured motor vehicles causing the
injury have been exhausted by payment of judgments and settlements, and proof of
such payment is submitted to us.”
      Finally, the policy had an “Other Insurance” provision, which provided:
      “With respect to bodily injury to an insured person occupying a motor
      vehicle not owned by you, the coverage under this Part applies only as
      excess insurance over any similar insurance available to such insured person
      and covering such automobile as primary insurance. In this situation this
      coverage will apply only in the amount by which the limits of liability for
      this coverage exceeds the limits of liability of such other insurance.

      “If there is other similar insurance on a loss covered by this Part, we will pay
      our proportionate share as our limit of liability bears to the total limits of all
      applicable similar insurance. But, any insurance for a vehicle you do not
      own is excess over any applicable similar insurance.”

                                           5
                            PROCEEDINGS BELOW
      On November 9, 2010, Progressive filed an action for contribution in
superior court. In the complaint, Progressive sought reimbursement from CSAA
on a pro-rata basis. CSAA filed an answer, generally denying the allegations and
asserting that the Progressive policy provided the sole coverage for the insured‟s
UIM claim.
      Progressive and CSAA filed competing motions for summary judgment.
CSAA contended that under section 11580.2, subdivision (c)(2), its policy
provided no UIM coverage to White because the Progressive policy already
provided “similar” UIM coverage. Progressive contended it did not provide
“similar” UIM coverage because the amount of coverage was different; it provided
$100,000 per person, whereas CSAA provided only $50,000 per person. The trial
court granted Progressive‟s motion for summary judgment. On May 29, 2012,
judgment was entered in the amount of $20,833.33. CSAA timely appealed.
                                   DISCUSSION
      On appeal, Progressive affirmatively disavows the argument that prevailed
below -- that section 11580.2, subdivision (c)(2) was inapplicable because the
Progressive policy was not “similar” to the CSAA policy. Rather, Progressive now
contends section 11580.2, subdivision (c)(2) is inapplicable because CSAA failed
to include the necessary language to invoke that statutory exclusion in its policy.
CSAA concedes that Progressive may change its argument on appeal to assert an
issue of law based on undisputed facts. Accordingly, we address only the issue
presented to us: whether section 11580.2, subdivision (c)(2) operates to exclude
coverage as a matter of law.

                                          6
      A.     Statutory UIM Coverage Scheme
      Section 11580.2, the uninsured motorist law, creates a statutory scheme to
protect “innocent drivers against losses caused by negligent and financially
irresponsible motorists.” (State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Yang (1995)
35 Cal. App. 4th 563, 567-568.)
      Section 11580.2, subdivision (a)(1) provides in pertinent part: “No policy of
bodily injury liability insurance covering liability arising out of the ownership,
maintenance, or use of any motor vehicle . . . shall be issued . . . in this state to the
owner or operator of a motor vehicle . . . unless the policy contains, or has added to
it by endorsement, a provision with coverage limits at least equal to the limits
specified in subdivision (m) and in no case less than the financial responsibility
requirements specified in Section 16056 of the Vehicle Code insuring the insured,
the insured‟s heirs or legal representative for all sums within the limits that he, she,
or they, as the case may be, shall be legally entitled to recover as damages for
bodily injury or wrongful death from the owner or operator of an uninsured motor
vehicle.”
      Section 11580.2, subdivision (m) provides that the minimum UIM bodily
injury coverage limit is $30,000 per person. Vehicle Code section 16056 provides
that the minimum liability coverage is $15,000 per person. Section 11580.2,
subdivision (b) defines “uninsured motor vehicle” to include “an „underinsured
motor vehicle‟ as that term is defined in [section 11580.2,] subdivision (p).” That
subdivision defines an “[u]nderinsured motor vehicle” as “a motor vehicle that is
an insured motor vehicle but insured for an amount that is less than the uninsured
motorist limits carried on the motor vehicle of the injured person.” (§ 11580.2,

                                            7
              3
subd. (p)(2).) Thus, section 11580.2, subdivision (a)(1) requires that all policies
for automobile insurance issued in this state provide underinsured motorist
coverage with limits of at least $30,000 per person.
       Section 11580.2, subdivision (c) limits the UIM coverage provided in
section 11580.2, subdivision (a)(1). It provides in pertinent part: “The insurance
coverage provided for in this section does not apply either as primary or as excess
coverage: [¶] . . . [¶]
       “(2) To bodily injury of the insured while in or upon or while entering into
       or alighting from a motor vehicle other than the described motor vehicle if
       the owner thereof has insurance similar to that provided in this section.

       “(3) To bodily injury of the insured with respect to which the insured or his
       or her representative shall, without the written consent of the insurer, make
       any settlement with or prosecute to judgment any action against any person
       who may be legally liable therefor.

       “(4) In any instance where it would inure directly or indirectly to the benefit
       of any workers‟ compensation carrier . . . . [¶] . . . [¶]

       “(6) To bodily injury of the insured while occupying a motor vehicle owned
       by an insured or leased to an insured under a written contract for a period of
       six months or longer, unless the occupied vehicle is an insured motor
       vehicle. . . .

       “(7) To bodily injury of the insured when struck by a vehicle owned by an
       insured . . . .

       “(8) To bodily injury of the insured while occupying a motor vehicle rented
       or leased to the insured for public or livery purposes.” (§ 11580.2,
       subd. (c).)

3
      CSAA included a similar definition for “underinsured motor vehicle” in its
policy.

                                           8
      The statutory exclusion at issue is section 11580.2, subdivision (c)(2). That
statutory exclusion is “commonly known as the „excess insurance clause,‟ and is
partially designed to prevent double recovery in situations where more than one
policy‟s uninsured motorist protection is involved. It also attempts to [e]nsure the
carriers that no company will have to pay more than its fair share of the loss.”
(California State Auto. Assn. Inter-Ins. Bureau v. Huddleston (1977)
68 Cal. App. 3d 1061, 1068 [where victims have not been made whole by an
insurance policy covering the vehicle involved in the accident, they may avail
themselves of the UIM coverage in their own insurance policy].)
      The fair allocation of UIM losses was further addressed by the Legislature
when it enacted section 11580.2, subdivision (d). That statutory provision states:
“Subject to paragraph (2) of subdivision (c), the policy or endorsement may
provide that if the insured has insurance available to the insured under more than
one uninsured motorist coverage provision, any damages shall not be deemed to
exceed the higher of the applicable limits of the respective coverages, and the
damages shall be prorated between the applicable coverages as the limits of each
coverage bear to the total of the limits.” (§ 11580.2, subd. (d).)
      “Section 11580.2, subdivision (d), is commonly referred to as an
„antistacking clause.‟” (Allstate Ins. Co. v. Mercury Ins. Co. (2007)
154 Cal. App. 4th 1253, 1259 (Allstate).) In Prieto v. State Farm Mut. Automobile
Ins. Co. (1969) 268 Cal. App. 2d 891 (Prieto), the appellate court held that where
multiple automobile insurance policies are applicable, an insurance policy
containing the pro-rata provision permitted by section 11580.2, subdivision (d)
takes precedence over an insurance policy providing that it is excess coverage. (Id.
at pp. 893-894; Allstate, supra, at p. 1260 [“Where the proration provision is
included in a [UIM] insurance policy, it must be given effect.”]; Planet Ins. Co. v.

                                          9
United Services Automobile Assn. (1994) 23 Cal. App. 4th 1256, 1262 (Planet)
[where two automobile insurance policies provide uninsured motorist coverage,
and one policy contains an excess coverage clause in its “other insurance”
provisions while the other contains a statutory proration clause, the proration
clause takes precedence].)
      B.     CSAA UIM Coverage
      It is well established that the rights of an insured under the uninsured
motorist provisions of an automobile liability policy are to be determined by the
terms of the policy, provided it grants benefits at least equal to those required by
the terms of section 11580.2. (Darrah v. California State Automobile Assn. (1968)
259 Cal. App. 2d 243, 246 (Darrah).) Here, as stipulated by the parties, the CSAA
policy provided UIM coverage with limits of $50,000 per person. This is in excess
of the default UIM coverage required by section 11580.2, subdivision (a)(1).
      The CSAA policy expressly excludes UIM coverage in several situations.
Under “EXCLUSIONS,” the policy provides that there will be no UIM coverage:
(1) where the insured occupies a motor vehicle owned by an insured person or
leased by an insured person under a written contract for a period of six months or
longer; (2) where the insured is struck by such a vehicle; (3) where the insured
settled with the negligent party without the consent of the insurer; (4) where the
insured occupies a vehicle used to carry person or property for a charge; and
(5) where any insurer or self-insurer would benefit under worker‟s compensation
or disability benefits laws. These contractual exclusions are substantially similar
to several statutory exclusions set forth in section 11580.2, subdivision (c). (See
§§ 11580.2, subd. (c)(3) [unconsented settlement or judgment], (4) [worker‟s
compensation], (6) [motor vehicle owned or leased under a written contract for a

                                          10
period of six months or longer], (7) [struck by such a vehicle], (8) [motor vehicle
rented or leased for public or livery purposes].)
      Notably, the statutory exclusion of section 11580.2, subdivision (c)(2) is not
among those listed in the CSAA policy‟s exclusions. The CSAA policy does not
exclude UIM coverage where an insured suffers bodily injury “while in or upon or
while entering into or alighting from a motor vehicle other than the . . . motor
vehicle [described as covered under this section] if the owner thereof has insurance
similar to that provided in this section.” (§ 11580.2, subd. (c)(2).)
      CSAA contends the “Other Insurance” provision of its policy expressly
incorporates section 11580.2, subdivision (c)(2). That provision provides: “With
respect to bodily injury to an insured person occupying a motor vehicle not owned
by you, the coverage under this Part applies only as excess insurance over any
similar insurance available to such insured person and covering such automobile as
primary insurance. . . . [¶] If there is other similar insurance on a loss covered by
this Part, we will pay our proportionate share as our limit of liability bears to the
total limits of all applicable similar insurance. But, any insurance for a vehicle you
do not own is excess over any applicable similar insurance.”
      The “Other Insurance” provision, however, does not contain language
substantially similar to that set forth in section 11580.2, subdivision (c)(2). The
contractual provision states that where an insured is injured while occupying a
vehicle belonging to a third party, the policy will provide UIM coverage, although
it will be as excess insurance. In contrast, the statutory exclusion of section
11580.2, subdivision (c)(2) states that there will be no UIM coverage at all. We
note that when CSAA has wished to include the statutory exclusion provided by
section 11580.2, subdivision (c)(2), it has done so. In the 1968 case of Darrah, the
appellate court noted that CSAA had issued an automobile policy containing the

                                          11
following exclusionary language: “„With respect to bodily injury sustained by any
insured occupying any automobile, other than one owned by the named insured,
the insurance hereunder shall not apply if the owner of such automobile has
insurance similar to that provided for herein.‟” (Darrah, supra, 259 Cal.App.2d at
p. 246 [holding UIM coverage in CSAA policy did not apply because of
exclusionary language in policy].) Thus, the “Other Insurance” clause is
insufficient to invoke the statutory exclusion of section 11580.2, subdivision (c)(2).
      CSAA contends it need not expressly incorporate the language of section
11580.2, subdivision (c)(2) in order to exclude the UIM coverage that it provided
to the insured. This argument was rejected in Utah Property & Casualty Ins. etc.
Assn. v. United Services Auto. Assn. (1991) 230 Cal. App. 3d 1010 (Utah Property)
and Lumberman’s Mut. Cas. Co. v. Wyman (1976) 64 Cal. App. 3d 252. Those
cases held that where an insurer provides greater coverage than required under the
law, the insurer may not rely on statutory restrictions on coverage that were not
expressly incorporated into the insurance policy.
      In Utah Property, the insurer provided UIM coverage where the at-fault
driver‟s motor vehicle was insured at the time of the accident, but the at-fault
driver‟s insurer became insolvent. (Utah Property, supra, 230 Cal.App.3d at
p. 1015.) Section 11580.2, subdivision (b)(2) stated that if the insurer became
insolvent within one year of the accident, the UIM coverage provided by section
11580.2 would apply. The insurer contended that this one-year limitation was
incorporated into its policy as a matter of law. The court disagreed. (Id. at
p. 1016.) The court noted the well-settled legal principle that an insurance policy
should be read as a layperson would read it. (Id. at p. 1015.) It determined that
“[b]ecause no time limitation is placed upon insolvency, a layperson reading the
policy would have no reason to suspect that the insolvency would have to occur

                                          12
within a year of the accident.” (Ibid.) Accordingly, “the one-year limitation in
subdivision (b)(2) was not incorporated in the subject insurance policy so as to
limit coverage otherwise afforded by the policy.” (Id. at p. 1021.)
      In Lumberman’s Mut. Cas. Co. v. Wyman, the insurer provided the
uninsured motorist coverage required under section 11580.2. (Lumberman’s Mut.
Cas. Co. v. Wyman, supra, 64 Cal.App.3d at p. 256.) Under “Exclusions,” the
insurer listed three, including where the “insured, his legal representative or any
person entitled to payment under this coverage shall, without written consent of the
company, make any settlement with any person or organization who may be
legally liable therefor.” (Id. at p. 257.) The court noted that this contractual
exclusion essentially repeated the statutory language in section 11580.2, subd.
(c)(3), except that the words “„or prosecute to judgment any action‟” were omitted
from the policy language. (Ibid.) The insured entered into an unconsented
judgment, and then made a claim under the UIM policy. (Id. at p. 254.) The
insurer denied coverage, arguing that “subdivision (c)(3) of section
11580.2 . . . should be read into the contract as a matter of law and that it controls
the present case.” (Id. at p. 257.) The court disagreed. It held that “the plain
language of the limitation in question here refers only to an exclusion in the event
of unconsented settlement; there is no mention of a consent condition to obtaining
judgment, although it is clear that such a limitation is permissible under paragraph
(3) of subdivision (c) of section 11580.2 . . . . [¶] To the extent that there may be
any ambiguity in the terms of the policy, that ambiguity must be resolved against
respondent insurer. [Citation.] In the absence of a specific provision in the policy
prohibiting the insured from prosecuting to judgment any action without the
written consent of the insurer, respondent is not entitled to rely on subdivision
(c)(3) of section 11580.2 of the Insurance Code.” (Id. at pp. 259-260.)

                                          13
      Here, CSAA expressly provided UIM coverage in an amount in excess of
the default coverage limits required by section 11580.2. Thus, it cannot rely upon
the statutory exclusions that would apply to that default coverage. (Cf. Samson v.
Transamerica Ins. Co. (1981) 30 Cal. 3d 220, 231 [where insurance contract does
not have mandated coverage, the statutory provisions governing the mandated
coverage are incorporated into the insurance contract by law].)
      As noted, CSAA‟s policy set forth several exclusions that were substantially
similar to the statutory exclusions provided in section 11580.2, subdivision (c).
None, however, mirrored the language of subdivision (c)(2). Despite having
previously drafted policies with language sufficient to invoke the statutory
exclusion of subdivision (c)(2), see Darrah, supra, 259 Cal.App.2d at p. 246,
CSAA neither included such language nor referred to the statutory exclusions in
section 11580.2, subdivision (c). Thus, a layperson reading the policy would have
no reason to suspect that any exclusion other than those listed in the CSAA policy
would apply. (See Utah Property, supra, 230 Cal.App.3d at p. 1021 [“Laypersons
cannot be expected to know of statutory limitations or exclusions on coverage not
contained in their insurance policies.”].)
      Finally, we find no reason to infer the Legislature intended section 11580.2,
subdivision (c)(2) to apply in this situation. (Interinsurance Exchange v. Marquez
(1981) 116 Cal. App. 3d 652, 656 [“In interpreting the statute then it must be given
a reasonable construction according to the Legislature‟s real or apparent intention.
[Citation.]”].) As previously noted, section 11580.2, subdivision (c)(2) was
partially designed to prevent double recovery. (California State Auto. Assn. Inter-
Ins. Bureau v. Huddleston, supra, 68 Cal.App.3d at p. 1068.) Here, there is no
double recovery. In addition, although section 11580.2, subdivision (c)(2) does not
expressly require that it be included in an automobile insurance policy in order to

                                             14
apply, neither does it prohibit an insurer from forfeiting the statutory exclusion.
(See Utah Property, supra, 230 Cal.App.3d at p. 1019 [“We have been cited no
California case, nor are we aware of any, holding that statutory provisions may be
incorporated in an insurance policy so as to limit coverage otherwise provided by
the policy.”].) CSAA provided more than the minimally required UIM coverage.
It elected to incorporate certain statutory exclusions, but not the one set forth in
section 11580.2, subdivision (c)(2). Having chosen not to include such
exclusionary language, it cannot now invoke the statutory exclusion.
      Absent the statutory exclusion set forth in section 11580.2, subdivision
(c)(2), both the CSAA and Progressive policies are implicated. Although the
CSAA policy‟s “Other Insurance” clause contains an excess coverage provision,
CSAA may not rely on that provision because the Progressive policy has a pro-rata
provision. As explained above, under section 11580.2, subdivision (d), the pro-
rata provision in the Progressive policy takes precedence over the excess coverage
provision in the CSAA policy. (See Prieto, supra, 268 Cal.App.4th at pp. 893-894
[insurance policy containing the pro-rata provision permitted by section 11580.2,
subdivision (d) takes precedence over an insurance policy providing that it is
excess coverage]; Planet, supra, 23 Cal.App.4th at p. 1262 [same].) Thus, the
UIM loss must be allocated on a pro-rata basis between Progressive and CSAA.

                                           15
                                  DISPOSITION
     The judgment is affirmed. Costs are awarded to respondent.

     CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION.

                                                MANELLA, J.

We concur:

EPSTEIN, P. J.

WILLHITE, J.

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