Court Opinion

ID: 4995042
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-09-27 22:04:55.967169+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:16:49.127373
License: Public Domain

Filed 9/27/21
                              CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                               THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                             (Nevada)
                                               ----

 THE PEOPLE,                                                         C088566

                  Plaintiff and Appellant,                   (Super. Ct. No. F16256B)

          v.

 FINLEY FULTZ,

                  Defendant and Respondent.

      APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Nevada County, Thomas M.
Anderson, Judge. Reversed with directions.

       Xavier Becerra and Matthew Rodriquez, Attorneys General, Lance E. Winters,
Chief Assistant Attorney General, Michael P. Farrell, Senior Assistant Attorney General,
Eric L. Christoffersen and Christopher J. Rench, Assistant Attorneys General for Plaintiff
and Appellant.

      Diane Nichols, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Respondent.

        Isaac Zafft was brutally shot to death for nothing more than being in the wrong
place at the wrong time. The extent of defendant Finley Fultz’s involvement is unknown

                                                1
because the only people who can provide evidence in that regard are defendant’s alleged
accomplices. The story the accomplices tell is as follows: Throughout the first half of
2014, Nathan Philbrook and Daniel Devencenzi stole marijuana from multiple marijuana
farms and greenhouses Philbrook’s wife, Amber N., helped locate on Google Earth,
which provides aerial views of land throughout the world. In July 2014, Philbrook
invited defendant to a marijuana theft with him and Devencenzi. Philbrook and
defendant drove to California from Nevada in defendant’s truck and Devencenzi
followed in his truck. Philbrook and Devencenzi used their cell phones at various times
along the journey, defendant did not. Just after midnight, the group approached a
greenhouse in Penn Valley; a greenhouse Philbrook and Devencenzi stole marijuana from
a week or so before. The group intended to steal marijuana they thought may still be
there. Philbrook entered the greenhouse’s back door, while Devencenzi stayed outside
the back door and, according to Philbrook, defendant walked to the front of the
greenhouse. Zafft was asleep on the greenhouse’s floor. Zafft awoke to the sound of
Philbrook’s presence and saw the laser sight attached to Philbrook’s AR-15 style
handgun. Zafft ran out the front door of the greenhouse where defendant was located.
Defendant shot the AR-15 rifle he possessed five times. Zafft was hit multiple times and
died. The group then fled back to Nevada, all the while Philbrook and Devencenzi used
their cell phones and defendant did not. Upon their return to Nevada, defendant admitted
to Amber he delivered the fatal shots, and Philbrook made statements inculpating
defendant as the shooter.
      The investigation that commenced took several years and continued during trial.
The Nevada County Sheriff’s Department became aware of defendant’s, Philbrook’s, and
Devencenzi’s involvement in Zafft’s murder because of an anonymous tip Amber
supplied several months after the murder. Deputies subsequently conducted three
interviews with her; the recording of the second interview was lost, as were photographs
of Amber’s shoes. After defendant’s arrest and the filing of a complaint, the Nevada

                                            2
County District Attorney’s Office placed an undercover officer in defendant’s jail cell for
the purpose of eliciting incriminating statements from him concerning the murder,
violating his Sixth Amendment right to counsel. Then during a police interview,
defendant’s invocation of his Fifth Amendment right to counsel was ignored.
       During the pendency of defendant’s, Devencenzi’s, and Philbrook’s joint criminal
prosecution, Devencenzi and Philbrook pled guilty in exchange for reduced sentences.
The prosecution failed to inform defendant that those bargains were offered as package
deals, contingent on both Devencenzi and Philbrook accepting the plea bargains and
fulfilling the bargains’ terms for either to benefit. The prosecution also failed to inform
defendant the offers were contingent upon Philbrook and Devencenzi including in a
written factual statement that they and defendant participated in a robbery and defendant
killed Zafft. When making those bargains, Devencenzi and Philbrook agreed to be
interviewed by the prosecution, which the prosecution failed to audio record. Finally, the
prosecution continued its investigation of the case against defendant during trial and did
not disclose material it intended to use against him until shortly before it was to be
offered into evidence.
       Based on the government’s conduct throughout the investigation and trial, the trial
court made several credibility findings rejecting the prosecution’s innocent explanations
for the constitutional violations. The trial court then dismissed the case against defendant
finding there was no possibility he could receive a fair trial considering the nature of the
evidence against him and the violations surrounding his accomplices’ pleas and
interviews.
       At its core, this People’s appeal concerns the level of gamesmanship the
prosecutor can engage in during a criminal prosecution before that gamesmanship is so
unconstitutional the pending murder charge against a defendant must be dismissed
because no fair trial could possibly be held. The standard for dismissal is high. (United
States v. Morrison (1981) 449 U.S. 361, 365 [66 L.Ed.2d 564, 568-569] [“Our approach

                                              3
has thus been to identify and then neutralize the taint by tailoring relief appropriate in the
circumstances to assure the defendant the effective assistance of counsel and a fair trial.
The premise of our prior cases is that the constitutional infringement identified has had or
threatens some adverse effect upon the effectiveness of counsel’s representation or has
produced some other prejudice to the defense. Absent such impact on the criminal
proceeding, however, there is no basis for imposing a remedy [of dismissal] in that
proceeding, which can go forward with full recognition of the defendant’s right to
counsel and to a fair trial”].)
       In this case, the trial court believed no fair trial could be had because the
prosecution placed Devencenzi and Philbrook under a strong compulsion to testify to
specific facts, thereby tainting their testimony beyond redemption. (People v. Medina
(1974) 41 Cal.App.3d 438, 449-456.) We conclude that finding was made in error.
Because the record demonstrates the trial court believed a fair trial could be had in the
absence of the Medina error, we believe it appropriate to reverse the judgment and
remand the matter to the trial court to again tailor relief to neutralize the taint resulting
from the prosecutor’s other misconduct.
                    FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
                                               I
                                       The Investigation
       On July 7, 2014, at approximately 3:00 a.m., Zafft’s body was found with four
gunshot wounds delivered from a distance of at least two feet away. The shell casings
and bullet fragments found at the crime scene belonged to .223-caliber bullets, which
typically are fired from a low-caliber but high-powered gun. Several shoe prints were
found in and around the greenhouse, and a fingerprint was found on the back door of the
greenhouse.
       In November 2014, an anonymous tip was called into the Washoe County
Sheriff’s Department in the state of Nevada regarding Zafft’s murder. As a result of that

                                               4
tip, Nevada County Deputy Sheriff Russell Greene interviewed Amber twice in
November and once in December 2014. During those interviews, Amber told Deputy
Greene that Philbrook, Devencenzi, and defendant were responsible for Zafft’s murder,
while also minimizing her own involvement in the events leading to Zafft’s death.
Deputy Greene’s report from one of the interviews indicates he may have taken
photographs of Amber’s shoeprint. 1 Deputy Greene also interviewed Jeff Sorce in
December 2014, who relayed statements Philbrook had made to him about Zafft’s
murder.
       Deputy Greene received recordings of each of Amber’s interviews from the
Washoe County Sheriff’s Department and wrote reports regarding those interviews. Two
of the videos were booked into evidence, one was not. Deputy Greene could not explain
why the recording of Amber’s second interview was not booked into evidence or capable
of being located. He claimed to have not known the recording was missing until June
2017 when the prosecution was preparing for the preliminary hearing. At that time, he
looked through his own records for the misplaced recording. Initially, Deputy Greene
testified he contacted the Washoe County Sheriff’s Department when he noticed the
recording was missing, only to later testify he contacted them when asked to do so by the
prosecution in November 2018. When explaining his typical process of booking
evidence, Deputy Greene initially said he booked the recordings after writing the reports
concerning those recordings, he then said it was typical for him to book all of the
evidence at once.

1      The report indicated Deputy Greene and his partner asked to take pictures of
Amber’s shoes. The report does not indicate whether those pictures were ever taken. At
a hearing, the prosecution acknowledged defendant alleged photographs of Amber’s
shoeprints were lost, but the prosecution never addressed that concern and no evidence
was ever admitted as to whether a photograph was actually taken or the location of that
photograph.

                                             5
       Amber gave Deputy Greene the phone numbers for Philbrook, Devencenzi, and
defendant during her interviews. Deputy Greene then wrote a search warrant for a data
dump 2 of the cell phone tower nearest to the greenhouse where Zafft was murdered.
Both Devencenzi’s and Philbrook’s cell phones were shown to have used that tower
around the time of Zafft’s murder. Defendant’s cell phone did not use that tower.
Deputy Greene wrote a report conveying that information in March 2015.
       Based on the phone numbers Amber gave him, Deputy Greene also wrote a search
warrant for Devencenzi’s, Philbrook’s, and defendant’s cell phones. Information was
returned on that warrant in February 2015. No substantive information was returned on
the search of defendant’s cell phone because he owned a cell phone through Cricket
Wireless, which retained usage records for only 180 days. Philbrook’s and Devencenzi’s
records showed they called each other near the time of the murder. Deputy Greene wrote
a report conveying this information. Deputy Greene did not recall looking for calls
between defendant and Philbrook at the time he discovered calls between Philbrook and
Devencenzi.
       Thereafter, the investigation stalled until June 2015 when Nevada County Sheriff
Sergeant Robert Jakobs was assigned to the major crimes unit. At that time, he was
asked to analyze Philbrook’s and Devencenzi’s phone records to determine the cell
phones’ locations around the time of Zafft’s murder. Based on Sergeant Jakobs’s
analysis, he concluded Philbrook’s and Devencenzi’s phone records showed they traveled
from Philbrook’s house in Nevada to various locations in Butte and Nevada Counties in
California the day before the murder, were near the site of the murder when the murder
occurred, and traveled back to Philbrook’s house in Nevada after the murder.

2      A data dump warrant is a warrant issued to collect data; in this case, a warrant to
collect data from certain cell towers.

                                             6
                                              II
                                    Pretrial Proceedings
       On July 12, 2016, the Nevada County District Attorney filed a felony complaint
alleging Devencenzi, Philbrook, and defendant murdered Zafft during a robbery. The
information further contained an allegation that defendant personally used a firearm,
causing Zafft’s death. Defendant was arrested on July 13, 2016, in Butte County. He
was thereafter transported to the Wayne Brown Correctional Facility, where he was
housed until July 18, 2016, when he appeared in Nevada County Superior Court. While
housed at the Wayne Brown Correctional Facility, defendant was placed in a jail cell with
a government agent from an out-of-county agency who attempted to elicit incriminating
statements from defendant related to Zafft’s murder. After being transferred to the
Nevada County Jail for booking, Nevada County Sheriff’s deputies interviewed
defendant. A portion of that interview occurred before the deputies informed defendant
of his right to counsel, a portion was held after defendant waived his right to counsel, and
a third portion was held after defendant invoked his right to counsel.
       Upon a later motion, the trial court granted defendant’s request to suppress all his
statements made to any government agent. Specifically, the trial court found defendant’s
Sixth Amendment right to counsel attached when the complaint against him was filed.
Thus, the government agent placed in defendant’s cell at Wayne Brown Correctional
Facility for the purpose of eliciting incriminating statements resulted in a violation of
defendant’s right to counsel because defendant did not waive his right to counsel under
the Sixth Amendment before those statements were elicited. The trial court further found
statements defendant made to deputies once transported to the Nevada County Jail should
be suppressed. As for the initial part of his interview, the trial court suppressed all

                                              7
statements made before defendant was advised of his Miranda 3 rights. Further,
defendant invoked his right to counsel under the Fifth Amendment during his
interrogation at the Nevada County Jail, making all statements elicited after that
invocation a violation of his Fifth Amendment right. The trial court found all of
defendant’s statements made between his Miranda waiver and his invocation were fruits
of that Sixth Amendment violation and also suppressed them. 4
       Before defendant’s trial began, Devencenzi and Philbrook accepted plea bargains.
Devencenzi pled guilty to voluntary manslaughter in exchange for 11 years in prison.
Philbrook pled guilty to voluntary manslaughter and robbery, and admitted a prior strike
offense in exchange for 23 years in prison. Both Devencenzi and Philbrook agreed to
testify truthfully against defendant as a term of their written pleas.
       Not disclosed to defendant were emails containing the contents of plea
negotiations between the prosecution and Devencenzi and Philbrook concerning
conditions of their plea bargains not included in the written plea forms. In an email,
Assistant District Attorney Christopher Walsh offered the plea bargains as package deals.
Devencenzi’s attorney later testified that his client understood and accepted the bargain
as a package deal, contingent upon both men fulfilling the terms of their bargains to
benefit therefrom. Walsh testified he did not believe the offers remained open as package
deals when they were accepted. First, he would have put on the record at the plea
hearings that the deals were package deals if that is what the prosecution had agreed to.
Also, after the offers were made as package deals, the prosecution team did not believe
Devencenzi, based on his jail calls, intended to accept the offer and the prosecution
would have been willing to accept Philbrook’s plea in isolation. Walsh, however,

3      Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436 [16 L.Ed.2d 694].
4      The People do not challenge the suppression of these statements on appeal.

                                              8
understood how Devencenzi would think his plea bargain was a package deal with
Philbrook’s plea bargain because that had been discussed leading up to the April 2018
plea hearing. Walsh testified that in hindsight, he should have done more to correct the
misunderstanding.
       Also in the emails sent to Philbrook’s and Devencenzi’s attorneys, Walsh stated as
a condition of their plea bargains that each man would have to stipulate to a factual basis
that included they and defendant participated in a robbery and that defendant was the
person who shot and killed Zafft. Philbrook’s statement, which was attached to his
written plea bargain, contained these facts. Devencenzi’s statement, which was also
attached to his written plea bargain, provided that when Philbrook and defendant walked
separately around the greenhouse, Devencenzi heard multiple gunshots, then he ran away.
He did not specify who delivered the shots.
       As part of Philbrook’s and Devencenzi’s plea agreements, they each sat for an
hour to an hour and one-half interview with the prosecution team. When district attorney
investigator Dominic La Fountain retrieved the video recordings of those interviews, he
discovered that no audio had been recorded with the visual recording. Investigator La
Fountain testified that multiple people had access to the video recording equipment for
the interview room in which Philbrook and Devencenzi were interviewed. The visual
recording is always activated and continuously records. When an interview takes place,
the interviewer switches on the audio component to the recording, which Investigator La
Fountain did in this case. During the interviews, members of the sheriff’s department and
district attorney’s office were present in the viewing room, where the recording
equipment is kept, to watch the interviews. Investigator La Fountain discovered after the
interviews that somebody had altered the recording equipment and muted the audio
recording feature. Thus, even though Investigator La Fountain turned on the audio
recording switch, the equipment was muted and could not record any of the audio.
Investigator La Fountain did not know about this feature nor did he know who muted the

                                              9
audio or when the audio was muted. After discovering the muted audio, Investigator La
Fountain wrote a summary of each interview and highlighted any inconsistencies he
thought existed between Philbrook’s and Devencenzi’s written statements and their
interviews.
                                              III
                                     Trial Proceedings
                                              A
                                 Evidence Elicited At Trial
       David B. testified he grew marijuana in a greenhouse in Penn Valley. In early
July 2014, most of the marijuana in the greenhouse was stolen while David was sleeping
in his house on the same property. A week after the theft, David hired Zafft to work in
the greenhouse. Zafft slept in the greenhouse at night. Just before 1:00 a.m. on July 7,
2014, David heard three gunshots close to his house. He called the Nevada County
Sheriff’s Department because he could not reach Zafft on his cell phone. Several hours
later, a sheriff’s deputy arrived and instructed David to inspect the greenhouse. David
found Zafft’s body just outside the front door to the greenhouse. Zafft had been shot
once in the face, once in the shoulder, once in the chest, and once in the buttocks.
       Investigator La Fountain testified that the weapon used to murder Zafft was never
located. Five shell casing for .223-caliber bullets, however, were found. Those type of
bullets are typically fired from a rifle but could also be fired from a pistol. It appeared
the weapon was fired from the driveway outside the front of the greenhouse. Philbrook’s
fingerprint was discovered on the back door to the greenhouse.
       Philbrook testified that in July 2014, he lived in Nevada with his then-wife Amber.
He was best friends with Devencenzi and had known defendant for two years, but they
were not good friends. In early July, he and Devencenzi stole 75 pounds of marijuana
from the greenhouse where the murder occurred. Amber found the greenhouse for them
and knew their purpose was to steal marijuana from it. According to Philbrook, Amber

                                              10
helped him find multiple locations to steal marijuana from and helped process the
marijuana he stole.
       Philbrook testified that a week or so after the first theft, defendant called him
saying he needed money. Philbrook told defendant he knew of a place they could steal
marijuana and the two agreed to do so. The place Philbrook had in mind was the
greenhouse Amber had previously found for him, and he and Devencenzi had already
stolen from. Defendant and Philbrook agreed to drive to California together with
Devencenzi following them. Defendant and Philbrook planned to carry weapons and
Devencenzi would act as a decoy to elicit the attention of any following police officer.
       Philbrook testified that after hitting the road, the group got gas and then drove
straight to the greenhouse without stopping. Defendant was in possession of an AR-15
rifle Philbrook stored for defendant at Philbrook’s house and Philbrook possessed an AR-
15 style pistol. Philbrook’s pistol held .223-caliber bullets, as did defendant’s rifle.
Devencenzi did not possess any weapons.
       Philbrook testified that the group arrived at the greenhouse property after dark and
they walked together to the greenhouse. Philbrook took his pistol, defendant took his
rifle, and Devencenzi took nothing. Philbrook walked through the back door of the
greenhouse while defendant and Devencenzi waited outside the back door. Philbrook
saw that all the mature plants were gone and all that was left were small plants not worth
stealing. Philbrook left the way he came and spoke to defendant about what to do next.
They decided they were going to look around the greenhouse before leaving. Philbrook
went into the greenhouse again through the back door and defendant walked around to
the front.
       Philbrook testified that while inside the greenhouse, he heard rustling. He looked
to where the sound came from and saw a person stand up. At first, the person walked
toward Philbrook, but once the person saw the laser sight on Philbrook’s gun, the person
turned and ran out the front door of the greenhouse. Philbrook heard a shot and saw a

                                              11
muzzle flash from outside the greenhouse. He then heard loud screaming and two to four
more shots.
       Philbrook testified that he ran back to the truck, as did Devencenzi and defendant.
Philbrook and defendant got into defendant’s truck and Devencenzi got into his own
truck, and they all drove away. Philbrook did not see Devencenzi following them, so
Philbrook called Devencenzi to tell him he was going the wrong way and to turn around.
The group headed back to Nevada, stopping once for gas in Cisco Grove.
       Philbrook testified that when they got back to Nevada, all three went inside
Philbrook’s house. Devencenzi took off his clothes, as did Philbrook who also took a
shower. When Philbrook got out of the shower, Devencenzi was gone and defendant told
him all their clothes were in a burn pile. Defendant was wearing different clothes than he
had been wearing previously. Before leaving Philbrook’s house, defendant expressed
concern that Devencenzi would say something about what happened and said they
“[m]ight have to get rid of him.” Before defendant left, Philbrook told him to come back
to get rid of the rifle used to murder Zafft.
       Philbrook testified that defendant returned to his house later that day. He took the
rifle, a sledgehammer, and a grinder into Philbrook’s garage and Philbrook heard
pounding. Defendant then borrowed a backpack and Philbrook’s four-wheel, all-terrain
vehicle and was gone for two hours. Defendant then returned with the backpack and
Philbrook never saw the rifle again. Amber was there when defendant returned and
asked them what had happened during the marijuana theft. Defendant told her he fired a
warning shot at the person running out of the greenhouse and the guy started screaming,
so defendant fired a few more times to shut him up.
       Philbrook testified his plea bargain was made in exchange for his truthful
testimony and that he was telling the truth. Defendant cross-examined Philbrook
extensively about his relationship with Devencenzi, drug use, criminal history,
inconsistent statements, and the plea he entered as revealed in the written plea agreement.

                                                12
       Amber testified under a grant of immunity. She admitted to being the person who
reported the anonymous tip. She testified that the day the group left for California, she
saw defendant at the house she shared with Philbrook. After they left, she fell asleep, but
was awakened by defendant, Philbrook, and Devencenzi knocking on the door in the
early morning hours. She went back to bed, and when she later awoke, Philbrook was the
only person at the house. She asked him multiple times what happened during the
marijuana theft and he eventually told her shots were fired and he thought somebody got
hurt. Upon further questioning, Philbrook told her he did not know if someone died but
that he, defendant, and Devencenzi burned all their clothes and shoes. Philbrook told her
he went to the greenhouse he and Devencenzi had stolen from a couple of weeks before,
but this time someone approached him with a machete but then ran away and shots were
fired. He said they left the greenhouse but he had to call Devencenzi because Devencenzi
drove the wrong direction when leaving. Amber searched online and found that the
person shot had died.
       Amber testified that later that day she saw defendant come back to her and
Philbrook’s house. Defendant said he took his truck to a car wash to make sure there was
no dirt left on it. Defendant told her the person in the greenhouse was approaching
Philbrook before he turned to face defendant. Defendant fired a shot but the person
continued to approach defendant, so defendant shot the person. The person then started
screaming, so defendant had to shoot him again to shut him up. She told defendant he
had killed somebody and he said “well, he was coming at me with a machete.” That
same day defendant left the house with a small backpack on a four-wheel, all-terrain
vehicle and was gone for a few hours.
       Amber testified she helped Philbrook find outdoor marijuana farms to steal from
on Google Earth in Butte and Nevada Counties. She would trim the marijuana he
brought back. She, however, did not help Philbrook find the location of the site where
the murder happened. Philbrook and Devencenzi told her they stumbled upon it and they

                                            13
would be lying if they said otherwise. Amber knew Philbrook armed himself when
stealing marijuana. According to Amber, Philbrook told people about the murder and his
role in it. Sorce testified about one of those times, which occurred when Sorce tried to
buy an AR-15 rifle from Philbrook. At that time Philbrook told Sorce he no longer had
the rifle because defendant had used it to kill somebody when he and defendant robbed a
marijuana greenhouse. A criminalist testified the bullets found at the greenhouse were
not fired from the AR-15 style handgun owned by Philbrook.
       Devencenzi’s conditional examination was played for the jury. At the time his
testimony was taken, he was dying of terminal cancer. 5 Devencenzi testified he met
Philbrook in prison in 2005 or 2006 and had known him since. They became good
friends and in 2009 Devencenzi was Philbrook’s best man at his wedding to Amber.
Devencenzi met defendant through mutual friends, but had only met him a few times
before the murder.
       Devencenzi testified that he and Philbrook had stolen from multiple marijuana
farms in 2014. They looked for marijuana farms to steal from by looking at Google Earth
in the general area of Highway 49 and Highway 20. Amber often helped Philbrook look
up sites to steal from and knew Philbrook went to California to steal marijuana. In early
July 2014, Philbrook called Devencenzi and invited him to steal marijuana from a
marijuana farm. Philbrook told Devencenzi later that day that defendant was going to go
with them to California for the marijuana theft. When defendant arrived, they talked
generally but not regarding the planned theft. An hour or two after defendant arrived, the
group left. Amber knew the group was going to California to steal marijuana.
Devencenzi did not see any weapons but knew Philbrook owned various types of guns
and had armed himself during other marijuana thefts.

5      Devencenzi died during the briefing stage of this appeal.

                                            14
       Devencenzi testified he drove in his truck and Philbrook drove with defendant.
On the way, they stopped to get gas and eat at a Jack in the Box. The men then returned
to the trucks they were previously occupying. Devencenzi followed defendant and
Philbrook because he did not know where he was going. Over the next few hours, the
men drove around Butte County looking for potential marijuana sites and stopping on the
side of the road occasionally to talk. The group then drove to Highway 49 and the Grass
Valley area looking for potential marijuana sites. They made several stops, but
ultimately waited for nightfall to steal marijuana.
       Devencenzi testified that once it got dark, the group pulled over to the side of the
highway to check a greenhouse nearby. Devencenzi was not comfortable with the plan
because he realized this was the property he and Philbrook had stolen marijuana from a
week before. Devencenzi expressed his concern but Philbrook said they were going to
check anyway and started walking toward the greenhouse. As the group climbed over a
cattle gate, Devencenzi saw defendant holding what appeared to be a long rifle.
       Devencenzi testified that defendant walked to the front of the greenhouse while
Philbrook walked to the back door and entered the greenhouse. Devencenzi could not see
either man. As Devencenzi walked closer to the greenhouse, he heard a gunshot
sounding as if it came from a long rifle. Devencenzi dove to the ground and stayed there
for 10 to 15 seconds before he heard three more shots. He had no idea who fired the
weapon. Devencenzi then got up and ran toward his truck. On the way, he heard one
more gunshot.
       Devencenzi testified he got to the trucks first, and was soon followed by defendant
and Philbrook. Philbrook told them they were leaving. Defendant did not say anything.
Devencenzi was starting his truck but by the time he started it, defendant and Philbrook
had left in an unknown direction. Devencenzi then drove away in the wrong direction.
After a call between Devencenzi and Philbrook, Devencenzi turned around and caught up
to Philbrook and defendant. They stopped for gas before going back to Philbrook’s

                                             15
house in Nevada. When they got back to Philbrook’s house, Amber was there. All three
of them went inside and agreed they were going to burn their clothes. They did not talk
about what had happened. Devencenzi left his clothes and drove to his father’s house.
       Devencenzi testified he agreed to pled guilty to a manslaughter charge in exchange
for his truthful testimony. His understanding was that he would testify to the best of his
knowledge and there would be a possibility of him getting an 11-year sentence.
Defendant cross-examined Devencenzi extensively regarding his drug use, criminal
history, inconsistent statements, and the plea he entered with the prosecution as revealed
in the written plea agreement.
       The last prosecution witness to testify was Sergeant Jakobs. He testified about
Philbrook’s and Devencenzi’s phone records, which he reviewed during the investigation.
The phone records establish the men traveled from Philbrook’s house in Nevada to
various locations in Butte and Nevada Counties in California the day before the murder,
were near the site of the murder when the murder occurred, and traveled back to
Philbrook’s house in Nevada after the murder.
                                             B
                                      Mistrial Ruling
       Following the above testimony by Sergeant Jakobs, the prosecution attempted to
elicit evidence pertaining to an extended search of defendant’s cell phone records.
During an Evidence Code section 402 hearing, the following facts were revealed: On the
first day of trial, the prosecution requested a search warrant from a different judge than
the one assigned to defendant’s case for defendant’s cell phone records. Unlike the prior
search of defendant’s cell phone records, this search revealed defendant and Philbrook
made calls to one another when Philbrook claimed he and defendant spoke before and
after traveling to California for the marijuana theft. Sergeant Jakobs prepared a report
reflecting the fact of the phone calls and the prosecution disclosed it to defendant the
morning of Sergeant Jakobs’s testimony. The information revealed by the search of

                                             16
defendant’s phone records caused the prosecutor to look again at Philbrook’s phone
records that were already disclosed to defendant. In Philbrook’s phone records, the
prosecution also saw evidence of the calls between defendant and Philbrook, although
that fact had not been previously disclosed to defendant in the report prepared with the
disclosure of Philbrook’s phone records.
       Based on this discovery violation, the prosecution’s failure to disclose the package
nature of Philbrook’s and Devencenzi’s plea bargains, the unavailability of recordings of
significant interviews, and in light of the government’s violations of defendant’s right to
counsel, the trial court declared a mistrial. The trial court found the discovery violations
resulted in defendant’s inability to cross-examine witnesses and rejected the
prosecution’s assertions the errors occurred without purpose. Explaining the discovery
violation regarding defendant’s cell phone records, the trial court reasoned the delayed
investigation and discovery of defendant’s phone records led to the detection of
incriminating calls. While those calls were also detectible in Philbrook’s phone records,
the prosecution never investigated that avenue nor informed defendant it would rely on
that evidence from Philbrook’s phone records, even though it highlighted other equally
ascertainable evidence from Philbrook’s phone records as underpinning its case.
                                               IV
                                    Posttrial Proceedings
       Defendant filed a motion for reconsideration of his motion to dismiss the case
against him based on emails detailing the plea negotiations between the prosecution and
Devencenzi and the prosecution and Philbrook given to him following the trial court’s
mistrial ruling. In defendant’s motion for reconsideration, he argued the prosecution
denied him a fair trial by placing defendant’s accomplices under a strong compulsion to
testify in a particular fashion by requiring them to state as part of their factual basis that
they were “ part of a robbery with the other two charged co-defendants, and . . . that
defendant Fultz shot and killed the victim.”

                                               17
       In its written opposition to the motion for reconsideration, the prosecution stated
the plea bargains between itself and defendant’s codefendants were the product of months
of informal and written negotiations. During several in-person meetings, codefendants’
attorneys represented to the prosecution how the robbery and murder of the victim
occurred, which the prosecution then summarized in the emails. The proposed plea
bargains were expressly conditioned upon “ ‘truthful testimony’ ” and providing a
“ ‘truthful account,’ ” which would be left to the judge hearing their testimony to
determine. “The prosecutor felt it was important the record was clear as to what the co-
defendants said took place, and that it come directly from them, so that at a later time a
judge would have a starting point to decide if they were truthful or not in their testimony.
Importantly, the offer was not conditioned on their testimony being consistent or the
same as a police report, a particular statement or even the stipulation -- only that they
testify truthfully. [¶] It is important to note these e-mails, and the discussions that took
place were at that point only informal negotiations. These were not intended to be, and
were not, the written plea agreements entered into in court that finalized the complete
terms of the plea agreement. . . . The prosecutor listed what it [sic] considered to be key
points that should be included in the factual basis for the plea based upon what defense
counsel represented their clients said took place.”
       The trial court granted defendant’s motion to dismiss. In its order, the trial court
noted it had previously granted defendant a mistrial based on several discovery violations
and violations of defendant’s fundamental rights. It was now considering defendant’s
motion for reconsideration of his motion to dismiss because, since the mistrial ruling,
newly discovered evidence revealed an additional discovery violation and Medina error.
       In total, the court made nine findings summarizing the government’s constitutional
and discovery violations. First, “[t]he government placed an undercover officer in a jail
cell with the Defendant, after the Complaint had been filed against him, to try to elicit
incriminating information in violation of law. [Citations.] This is established law and it

                                             18
was purposefully violated by the government.” Second, “there was an unequivocal
violation of the Fifth Amendment, where the government refused to acknowledge the
Defendant’s assertions of his right to counsel by continuing to question him after he
requested the questioning stop and he be allowed to talk to a lawyer.”
       Third, “[d]uring the course of the government’s investigation and trial preparation,
they failed to preserve or provide critical evidence related to the accomplices.
Specifically, the CD, which provided an audio recording of the interrogation of the
accomplice, Amber . . . , was ‘lost.’ Amber . . . testified that, in addition to other acts in
furtherance of crimes, she helped plan the thefts from marijuana greenhouses. Officer
Green[e] testified at the hearing on this matter and offered no explanation as to how or
why this CD ‘disappeared.’ ” Fourth, “[t]he government also reported ‘losing’ the
photograph(s) taken of accomplice [Amber’s] shoes in November of 2014. Presumably,
this evidence was to be used to compare to footprints from the crime scene. However, it
was not retained by the investigator and [was] unavailable for discovery to the defense.
No explanation was offered for this loss of evidence.” Fifth, “the audio portion of the
interviews with co-defendants Philbrook and Devencenzi, conducted after their change of
plea and before their trial testimony, somehow was ‘muted’ so that no part of the
discussion could be relayed. The government’s explanation for the loss was essentially
that ‘an unknown person changed the “settings” on the recording device.’ ” The trial
court found the excuses offered by the prosecution for the third through fifth violations
“unpersuasive and not credible under all the circumstances of this case.”
       Sixth, “[t]he mistrial was ordered after it was discovered that the prosecution had
failed to inform the defense that the plea bargains offered to the co-defendants Philbrook
and Devencenzi were offered as a ‘package deal,’ a violation [pursuant to Brady v.
Maryland (1963) 373 U.S. 83 [10 L.Ed.2d 215] (Brady)]. . . . It includes, as a
prosecutor’s duty, disclosure of evidence that would impeach the testimony of a material
witness.” Seventh, “[p]rior to the Brady violation, the prosecution was determined to

                                              19
have violated discovery rules by offering late discovery of evidence they intended to use
at trial.” Eighth, “[t]he email from [Walsh] to the two co-defendants placed the
accomplice witnesses under a strong compulsion to testify in a particular fashion. This
results in tainted testimony.” And ninth, “[t]he failure to provide the actual email
document that set-out the terms of the plea bargain proffered by the prosecution was an
additional Brady violation. That document was significant and critical to cross-
examination.”
       When deciding the proper sanction, the trial court acknowledged “[e]ach of the
errors described above may be treated individually. Nonetheless, the Brady errors and
the [compulsive plea bargain] errors are of such stature that they may be grounds for
dismissal independent of the other grounds. However, the cumulative effect of the series
of fundamental Constitutional violations by the government in this case also must be
evaluated.” The trial court concluded that because the nature of the prosecution’s case
rested on uncorroborated accomplice testimony, the “extraordinary incidents of
misconduct by the government in this case direct the [trial] Court to the only reasonable
sanction” of dismissal. Quoting Barber v. Municipal Court (1979) 24 Cal.3d 742 and
People v. Velasco-Palacios (2015) 235 Cal.App.4th 439, the trial court found anything
short of dismissal would fail to deter the government from engaging in future
misconduct. “Therefore, under all the circumstances of this case, after a review of the
entire record, the many arguments of counsel, and the testimony presented at the hearings
and the trial, the Court finds that the individual and cumulative effect of the
government’s repeated misconduct requires that the case be dismissed.”
       The People appeal. We stayed the trial court’s order pending resolution of the
matter in this court.
                                       DISCUSSION
       The People’s contentions can be broken into two parts: First, the People argue
many of the trial court’s findings in its dismissal order are legally inaccurate or

                                             20
unsupported by the evidence. The People assert that if we conclude even one of those
findings was made in error, we must reverse the trial court’s decision because its order
dismissing defendant’s case was based on a cumulative prejudice analysis of the
prosecutions’ violations. Second, the People argue that, even if all the trial court’s
findings of constitutional and discovery violations are upheld or we conclude the trial
court’s finding of dismissal can be analyzed in the absence of some supportive findings,
the dismissal sanction was excessive and inappropriate.
       We conclude the trial court’s findings are supported, except for its finding
pursuant to Medina, regarding Philbrook’s and Devencenzi’s plea bargains. In light of
this conclusion, we further conclude remand is appropriate.
                                              I
                           Review Of The Trial Court’s Findings
       The People do not challenge the trial court’s findings that defendant’s Fifth and
Sixth Amendment rights to counsel were violated when deputies placed an undercover
officer in defendant’s jail cell for the purposes of eliciting incriminating statements after
a complaint was filed against him, and thereafter ignored his requests for counsel during
an interrogation. The People attack the trial court’s other findings arguing they were
either unsupported by substantial evidence or contrary to law. We disagree in most
respects.
                                              A
                      The Prosecution Violated Its Brady Obligations
       The trial court found the prosecution violated its Brady obligations by failing to
disclose to defendant the full extent of the plea bargains it struck with Philbrook and
Devencenzi. This included that the plea bargains were offered as package deals and that
the emails sent from the prosecution to Philbrook and Devencenzi included terms not
disclosed in the written plea form. The People argue the trial court erred because

                                              21
Philbrook’s and Devencenzi’s plea bargains were not package deals, and, even if they
were, the information included in the emails was not material under Brady. We disagree.
       Under Brady, “ ‘[t]he prosecution has a duty under the Fourteenth Amendment’s
due process clause to disclose evidence to a criminal defendant when the evidence is both
favorable to the defendant and material on either guilt or punishment.’ ” (People v.
Stewart (2020) 55 Cal.App.5th 755, 769.) Brady held that “the suppression by the
prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon request violates due process where
the evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment, irrespective of the good faith or
bad faith of the prosecution.” (Brady, supra, 373 U.S. at p. 87 [10 L.Ed.2d at p. 218].)
“The [United States Supreme Court] has since held that the duty to disclose such
evidence exists even though there has been no request by the accused [citation], that the
duty encompasses impeachment evidence as well as exculpatory evidence [citation], and
that the duty extends even to evidence known only to police investigators and not to the
prosecutor [citation]. Such evidence is material ‘ “if there is a reasonable probability
that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding would
have been different.” ’ [Citation.] In order to comply with Brady, therefore, ‘the
individual prosecutor has a duty to learn of any favorable evidence known to the others
acting on the government’s behalf in this case, including the police.’ ” (People v. Salazar
(2005) 35 Cal.4th 1031, 1042.) We review a Brady claim de novo but give great weight
to the trial court’s factual findings when supported by substantial evidence. (Ibid.)
                                              1
          Substantial Evidence Supports The Trial Court’s Factual Finding The
                Offers To Philbrook And Devencenzi Were Package Offers
       The People urge us to reweigh the evidence pertaining to the nature of Philbrook’s
and Devencenzi’s plea bargains and conclude their bargains were not package deals. But
the People do not analyze the relevant question for a Brady analysis. The question is not
whether Devencenzi’s and Philbrook’s plea bargains were package deals for the purpose

                                             22
of their future rights under those bargains. Thus, the People’s citations to People v.
Shelton (2006) 37 Cal.4th 759 and In re Ibarra (1983) 34 Cal.3d 277 are inapplicable.
The relevant question is what defendant’s codefendants believed the prosecution’s offers
were when they accepted them and when Philbrook and Devencenzi testified such that it
influenced Philbrook’s and Devencenzi’s testimony in a way that provided impeachment
evidence to defendant. We review that factual question, and the trial court’s
determination of it, for substantial evidence. (People v. Salazar, supra, 35 Cal.4th at
p. 1042.)
       Under the substantial evidence standard of review our role does not involve a
reevaluation of the evidence. Rather, we presume the existence of every fact the court
could reasonably have deduced from the evidence. (People v. Brooks (2017) 3 Cal.5th 1,
58; People v. Sandoval (2015) 62 Cal.4th 394, 423.) “The standard is deferential: ‘When
a trial court’s factual determination is attacked on the ground that there is no substantial
evidence to sustain it, the power of an appellate court begins and ends with the
determination as to whether, on the entire record, there is substantial evidence,
contradicted or uncontradicted, which will support the determination . . . .’ ” (People v.
Superior Court (Jones) (1998) 18 Cal.4th 667, 681, italics omitted.) We do not consider
the credibility of witnesses or reweigh the evidence, and we draw all reasonable
inferences, and resolve all conflicts, in favor of the order. (People v. Miller (1994) 25
Cal.App.4th 913, 919-920.)
       It is true, as the People argue, the written plea bargain forms filled out and signed
by Philbrook and Devencenzi do not contain the term that the bargains were package
deals with one another. It is also true that neither of Devencenzi’s or Philbrook’s
attorneys or the prosecution stated on the record at the plea hearing that their plea
bargains were package deals. However, the evidence shows Devencenzi’s counsel
believed and told Devencenzi his plea bargain was a package deal with Philbrook’s plea
bargain. Walsh also testified that he could understand why Devencenzi’s counsel

                                             23
believed the bargains were package deals. According to Walsh, the bargains were
offered as package deals leading up to their acceptances in April 2018. While the
prosecution did not believe Devencenzi was going to accept the offer based on jail calls
the prosecution listened to, that was the only fact cited by Walsh as his basis for believing
the offers were not package offers. From Walsh’s testimony, the prosecution never
actually communicated to Philbrook or Devencenzi its “view” that “at least a month or
several weeks prior to April 5th, 2018, that package deal requirement was not a part of
the plea or our offer.” Through Walsh’s testimony, the prosecution’s last communication
with Philbrook and Devencenzi before the offers were accepted was that the offers were
package offers. While the prosecution was willing to offer a non-package offer to
Philbrook if Devencenzi rejected the package offer, Devencenzi never rejected the
package offer and the accepted offers were the package offers.
       This is true regardless of what was contained in the January 2018 email to
Devencenzi’s defense counsel. The People spend much time arguing this email, and the
September 2017 email to Philbrook, were preliminary negotiations that did not constitute
the terms of Philbrook’s and Devencenzi’s plea bargains. Regardless, the testimony of
Devencenzi’s defense attorney and the prosecution demonstrate the package nature of the
offer communicated in the January 2018 email survived what may be a preliminary
negotiation and was understood to be part of the bargains entered. Thus, substantial
evidence supports the trial court’s determination that Philbrook’s and Devencenzi’s plea
bargains were understood to be package deals.
       The People’s reliance on Badgett and Homick is misplaced. (People v. Homick
(2012) 55 Cal.4th 816; People v. Badgett (1995) 10 Cal.4th 330.) In Badgett, the court
reviewed multiple discussions between the parties to determine whether a witness’s
immunity agreement at trial included a term that she would testify to specific facts.
(Badgett, at pp. 358-364.) Importantly, the discussion where the specific facts were
referenced as the basis for the witness’s testimony occurred in relation to discussing a

                                             24
future immunity agreement to be worked out later. (Id. at pp. 358-359, fn. 7.) Every
communication following that initial discussion required the witness to tell only the truth
and the witness testified she was required to tell only the truth as part of her grant of
immunity. (Id. at pp. 359-361.) Thus, the court concluded the initial discussion where
the prosecutor referenced specific facts was merely a preliminary negotiation and did not
constitute the actual immunity agreement. (Id. at pp. 361-362.)
       Similarly, in Homick, the witness’s attorney stated on the record that the parties
understood the witness would testify he was not the shooter, but that understanding “is
not a binding agreement, that is just an understanding we have.” (People v. Homick,
supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 863.) In response to the defendant arguing this statement showed
an additional term to a witness’s plea agreement, our Supreme Court concluded “[t]his
[was a] preliminary understanding, nonbinding even at the time it was expressed, [and
did] not supplant or supplement the actual terms of the later agreement.” (Ibid.)
       Here, in contrast, Walsh testified the last offers communicated to Devencenzi and
Philbrook were package offers, which they accepted. Further, Walsh understood why
Devencenzi believed his plea bargain was a package deal and recognized he could have
done more to clarify the prosecution’s position. Thus, unlike Badgett and Homick, the
prosecution’s offer of package deals was more than preliminary negotiations and was the
substance of the bargains offered by the prosecution.
                                              2
                          Failure To Disclose The Nature Of The
                Prosecution’s Plea Offers And The Emails Violated Brady
       The People do not argue the package offers were unfavorable to defendant or that
their suppression occurred through a nongovernment action. Instead, the People argue
only that the package nature of the plea offers was not material under Brady because the
package offers had little impeachment value in light of the extensive cross-examination

                                              25
of Devencenzi and Philbrook, and because their testimony was corroborated by Amber’s
testimony and independent evidence. We disagree.
       As described, evidence is material under Brady “ ‘ “if there is a reasonable
probability that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of the
proceeding would have been different.” ’ ” (People v. Salazar, supra, 35 Cal.4th at
p. 1042.) While the favorability of undisclosed evidence is evaluated item by item, its
cumulative effect for purposes of materiality must be considered collectively and
evaluated in the context of the entire record. (In re Brown (1998) 17 Cal.4th 873, 887.)
The mere possibility that the suppressed evidence might have helped the defense or might
have affected the outcome of the trial does not establish materiality. (People v. Hoyos
(2007) 41 Cal.4th 872, 922.) “ ‘ “In general, impeachment evidence has been found to be
material where the witness at issue ‘supplied the only evidence linking the defendant(s)
to the crime,’ [citations], or where the likely impact on the witness’s credibility would
have undermined a critical element of the prosecution’s case. . . .” ’ ” (People v. Letner
and Tobin (2010) 50 Cal.4th 99, 177.) A new trial is generally not required when other
evidence corroborates the witness’s testimony. (Salazar, at p. 1050.)
       As the trial court noted, the prosecution’s case was built on the testimony of
defendant’s codefendants and an alleged accomplice, all of whom testified in exchange
for a reduced sentence or a grant of immunity. Thus, we reject the People’s argument
that Amber’s testimony served to corroborate Philbrook’s and Devencenzi’s testimony
that defendant accompanied them to the marijuana theft and was the person who shot
Zafft. First, Amber’s testimony also suffers from credibility concerns given the leniency
she received in exchange for it. (CALCRIM No. 226.) Second, and most importantly,
Amber could reasonably be found to be an accomplice to the crimes charged. Evidence
established Amber was involved in the marijuana theft conspiracy by finding marijuana
farms and greenhouses for Philbrook to steal from, including the one at which Zafft
worked. She also knew Philbrook armed himself when stealing marijuana and knew

                                             26
Philbrook and Devencenzi were going to California at the time of the crime to steal from
a marijuana farm. Given Amber’s likely status as an accomplice, her testimony cannot
serve to corroborate Philbrook’s and Devencenzi’s testimony. (People v. Rangel (2016)
62 Cal.4th 1192, 1222 [the testimony of an accomplice cannot corroborate that of another
accomplice].)
       The objective testimony cited by the People also cannot render the Brady violation
immaterial. The People point to Philbrook’s fingerprint on the back door to the
greenhouse, the phone records demonstrating Philbrook and Devencenzi traveled from
Nevada to California and were in the area of the murder at the time of the murder, and the
ballistic evidence demonstrating the bullets at the greenhouse were not fired from the
AR-15 style handgun owned by Philbrook. This objective evidence does not corroborate
Philbrook’s and Devencenzi’s testimony that defendant accompanied them to the
marijuana theft in California or was the person who shot Zafft. Philbrook’s fingerprints
corroborate that he was in the greenhouse, the cell phone location evidence corroborates
that Devencenzi and Philbrook traveled the course Devencenzi testified to and they both
were at the greenhouse at the time of Zafft’s murder. The ballistic evidence corroborates
the handgun did not cause Zafft’s death.
       But Devencenzi and Philbrook were the only people to testify that defendant was
the one who possessed the AR-15 style rifle during the murder. No evidence outside of
Philbrook’s testimony established that defendant owned an AR-15 style rifle. Even then,
Philbrook testified that it was Philbrook who stored the rifle for defendant and gave this
AR-15 rifle to defendant for the marijuana theft and murder. All other evidence pointed
to Philbrook as the owner of the AR-15 rifle. Thus, contrary to the People’s argument,
no independent evidence corroborated Philbrook’s and Devencenzi’s testimony that
defendant possessed the AR-15 rifle that shot and killed Zafft or that defendant was even
at the greenhouse when Zafft was murdered.

                                            27
       This leaves the People’s contention that the package nature of the plea deals did
not add impeachment value beyond that explored by defendant at trial. Indeed, the
People argue the package nature of the plea bargains did not provide Philbrook and
Devencenzi with a motive to concoct a story apart from that already derived from their
own desires to avoid a murder conviction. Not so. The package nature of the plea deals
served to link Philbrook’s future to Devencenzi’s future. (In re Ibarra, supra, 34 Cal.3d
at pp. 287-289 [a package plea offer is a conditional plea offer made to multiple
defendants that becomes unconditional only if all of those defendants accept it].)
Devencenzi’s attorney testified it was his and Devencenzi’s understanding the plea deals
could be unwound if either he or Philbrook failed to live up to the terms. By accepting
the plea deals as a package, the trier of fact could reasonably infer that Philbrook’s and
Devencenzi’s longstanding and close relationship before the theft and murder continued
through defendant’s trial. The additional impeachment value, in light of the
uncorroborated testimony of Devencenzi and Philbrook, make it reasonable that a
different outcome would have resulted had the jury known of it.
       For these same reasons, the People’s failure to disclose the emails demonstrating
the package nature of the plea bargains was a Brady violation. Further, the withholding
of the emails was made even more material because of the other information contained in
them. The parties do not analyze the materiality of the emails, except as far as they
reveal the plea bargains were package offers. But as the trial court noted, the emails also
include the prosecution’s dictation of facts required to be part of Devencenzi’s and
Philbrook’s factual recitation of the crime. Regardless of whether this dictation rose to
the level of a Medina violation, it unquestionably served as impeachment evidence.
Accordingly, the prosecution’s failure to disclose the package nature of the plea bargains
and the emails of plea negotiations violated Brady.

                                             28
                                              B
                     The Prosecution Did Not Commit Medina Error
       Under Medina, the use of coerced testimony results in “a denial of the
fundamental right to a fair trial in violation of federal constitutional principles.” (People
v. Medina, supra, 41 Cal.App.3d at p. 456.) But, unlike our analysis of the Brady errors
in the preceding section, our focus here is on the actual agreement entered into by the
parties, not what a witness presumed the agreement to be. While a witness presuming an
agreement requires testimony to specific facts would impeach that witness’s testimony, it
would not violate due process and require exclusion of the witness’s testimony unless the
agreement itself required testimony to those specific facts. Thus, under the relevant law,
to offend due process, “ ‘the bargain [must be] expressly contingent on the witness
sticking to a particular version [of her story].’ ” (People v. Reyes (2008) 165 Cal.App.4th
426, 434, quoting People v. Garrison (1989) 47 Cal.3d 746, 771.)
       A witness who testifies pursuant to a plea agreement does not give coerced
testimony if the agreement requires only that the witness testify truthfully and completely
and does not require that the witness testify in a particular fashion. (People v. Medina,
supra, 41 Cal.App.3d at pp. 454-456; People v. Pinholster (1992) 1 Cal.4th 865, 939,
overruled on another ground in People v. Williams (2010) 49 Cal.4th 405, 459.)
“[A]lthough there is a certain degree of compulsion inherent in any plea agreement or
grant of immunity, it is clear that an agreement requiring only that the witness testify
fully and truthfully is [constitutional].” (People v. Allen (1986) 42 Cal.3d 1222, 1252.)
“[W]hen the accomplice is granted immunity subject to the condition that his testimony
substantially conform to an earlier statement given to police [citation], or that his
testimony result in the defendant’s conviction [citation], the accomplice’s testimony is
‘tainted beyond redemption’ [citation] and its admission denies the defendant a fair trial.”
(Id. at pp. 1251-1252.)

                                             29
        We independently review the record in its entirety to determine whether a third
party’s plea agreement was coercive, thus depriving defendant of a fair trial. (People v.
Badgett, supra, 10 Cal.4th at p. 350.) “In doing so, however, we defer to the trial court’s
credibility determinations, and to its findings of physical and chronological fact, insofar
as they are supported by substantial evidence.” (People v. Boyer (2006) 38 Cal.4th 412,
444.)
        The People contend the trial court erroneously determined the prosecution
committed Medina error by expressly conditioning Philbrook’s and Devencenzi’s pleas
on their testimony to specific facts. We agree.
        Initially, we note the factual findings of the trial court are well taken. In the trial
court’s view, the prosecution’s emails conditioned a plea agreement on Devencenzi and
Philbrook relating specific facts, thus placing them under a strong compulsion to testify
in a specific way. Those facts were that they were involved in a robbery with each other
and defendant and that defendant was the person who shot and killed Zafft. The record
also supports the conclusion the prosecution intended these statements to be the truth
Philbrook’s and Devencenzi’s future testimony would be judged against -- the
prosecution said as much in its opposition to defendant’s motion to dismiss. Further, the
prosecution insisted Devencenzi and Philbrook not be sentenced until after their
testimony in defendant’s trial in case “for some reason, a condition of the plea, testifying
truthfully, was not followed up with, that then the prosecution could make a motion to
withdraw the plea.” The judge sitting at defendant’s trial, however, would preside over
Philbrook and Devencenzi’s sentencing hearings and determine whether Philbrook and
Devencenzi testified to the truth.
        At the end of the day, however, the plea bargains did not expressly require
Philbrook and Devencenzi to testify consistent with the facts given to them by the
prosecution or to the statements they attached to their plea bargains. The written plea
bargains and emails required Devencenzi and Philbrook to testify only to the truth. In the

                                               30
event they testified inconsistent with the statements attached to their bargains or with the
prosecution’s expectation, an inevitable hearing on the prosecution’s motion to withdraw
the pleas would produce the communications between the parties and demonstrate to the
judge determining Philbrook’s and Devencenzi’s truthfulness at trial the full scope of
their credibility. In that event, Philbrook and Devencenzi could be found to have
complied with the terms of their plea bargains, i.e. they testified truthfully at trial, even
though they did not testify consistent with the statements attached to their bargains or the
prosecution’s expectations. Further, Philbrook and Devencenzi both testified their plea
bargains required them to testify to the truth and nothing else.
       “ ‘The California Supreme Court has refused to extend Medina beyond the
instance in which a plea agreement expressly requires consistency between accomplice
testimony and a prior statement.’ ” (People v. Reyes, supra, 165 Cal.App.4th at p. 434.)
In Garrison, the court held that “unless the bargain is expressly contingent on the witness
sticking to a particular version, the principles of Medina . . . are not violated.” (People v.
Garrison, supra, 47 Cal.3d at p. 771.) “The court reiterated this language -- with
emphasis on the words ‘expressly contingent’ -- in its most recent decision on the subject.
(People v. Boyer (2006) 38 Cal.4th 412, 456.)” (Reyes, at pp. 434-435.)
       This case is hard to compare to case law, including the cases cited by the People.
Typically, a defendant alleges error because the prosecution conditioned the testifying
witness’s plea agreement on the witness’s truthful testimony at trial and consistency with
prior statements it understood to be the truth. For instance, in People v. Fields (1983) 35
Cal.3d 329, defense counsel elicited from a prosecution witness that her immunity was
conditioned on testimony consistent with her prior statement. On redirect, however, the
witness made clear her prior statement was the truth, the prosecutor had asked her to
testify to the truth, and she was never asked to testify to specific facts. (Id. at pp. 359-
360.) Our Supreme Court explained, the record suggested, at most, the witness
understood she was obliged to recount her prior statement because it was the truth. Our

                                              31
Supreme Court found the evidence insufficient to conclude that the grant of immunity
required the witness to testify in accord with a prior statement regardless of its truth. (Id.
at pp. 360-361.)
       Similarly, in Boyer, two witnesses were granted immunity on condition and
agreement that they testify truthfully (or be subject to perjury prosecution). (People v.
Boyer, supra, 38 Cal.4th at p. 455.) The agreements also recited the witnesses had
represented their testimony would be consistent with specific recorded statements made
to the police. (Id. at pp. 455, 457.) Rejecting the contention the witnesses’ testimony had
been coerced to follow the prior statements, the court stressed that the witnesses were
expressly obligated only to testify in accordance with the truth. The portions of the
immunity agreements reciting expectations the witnesses’ testimony would accord with
their prior statements reflected the witnesses’ and the prosecution’s understanding that
those statements had been truthful. But there was no agreement requiring the witnesses
to reiterate the statements regardless of their truth, and therefore the testimony had been
proper. (Id. at pp. 456-457.)
       Here, in contrast, the emails show the prosecution conditioned the plea itself on
defendant’s accomplices relating specific facts, while also requiring they tell the truth at
trial. To the trial court, Walsh’s assertion he understood the facts included in the emails
to be the truth was irrelevant. It clearly believed, conditioning the existence of a plea
bargain on an accomplice’s relation of specific facts placed the accomplice under a strong
compulsion to testify in a specific way.
       Even so, the prosecution’s conduct does not rise to constitutional error. The plea
bargains, the emails, and Philbrook’s and Devencenzi’s testimony all confirm the plea
deal expressly required them to testify at trial to the truth. There was no explicit mention
their testimony would be consistent with the statements attached to their plea agreements,
even if those statements were the parties’ understanding of the truth. We are unable to
find a case analogous to that presented here and defendant fails to point us to one. Thus,

                                              32
we must fall back on the rule announced in Garrison and Boyer: “[U]nless the bargain is
expressly contingent on the witness sticking to a particular version [of events], the
principles of Medina . . . are not violated.” (People v. Garrison, supra, 47 Cal.3d at
p. 771.) Of course, this does not preclude defendant from using the circumstances
surrounding Philbrook’s and Devencenzi’s plea negotiations for impeachment purposes.
                                             C
                Substantial Evidence Supports The Trial Court’s Findings
       Potentially Exculpatory Evidence Was Lost Or Never Retained In Bad Faith
       The People argue the trial court’s findings the government unconstitutionally
muted interviews with Philbrook and Devencenzi, lost the recording of Amber’s second
interview, and lost photographs of Amber’s shoes were erroneous because none of the
lost evidence was exculpatory, defendant had reasonable means of obtaining comparable
evidence, and none of the evidence was lost in bad faith. The People, however, fail to
apply our standard of review. We review the trial court’s decision on a
Trombetta/Youngblood motion under the substantial evidence standard. (People v. Duff
(2014) 58 Cal.4th 527, 549, citing California v. Trombetta (1984) 467 U.S. 479 [81
L.Ed.2d 413] & Arizona v. Youngblood (1988) 488 U.S. 51 [102 L.Ed.2d 281].) Under
this standard, we conclude the trial court’s findings were not erroneous.
                                              1
                                      Applicable Law
       “ ‘Due process does not impose upon law enforcement “an undifferentiated and
absolute duty to retain and to preserve all material that might be of conceivable
evidentiary significance in a particular prosecution.” ’ [Citation.] At most, the state’s
obligation to preserve evidence extends to ‘evidence that might be expected to play a
significant role in the suspect’s defense.’ ” (People v. Duff, supra, 58 Cal.4th at p. 549.)
Whether the loss of evidence rises to the level of a due process violation is governed by
the principles set forth by the United States Supreme Court in Trombetta and

                                             33
Youngblood. (People v. Alvarez (2014) 229 Cal.App.4th 761, 771.) Under Trombetta,
law enforcement agencies must preserve evidence only if the evidence possesses
exculpatory value that was apparent before it was destroyed and if the evidence is of a
type not obtainable by other reasonably available means. (People v. Velasco (2011) 194
Cal.App.4th 1258, 1262; California v. Trombetta, supra, 467 U.S. at pp. 488-489 [81
L.Ed.2d at p. 422].) As an alternative to establishing the apparent exculpatory value of
the lost evidence, Youngblood provides that a defendant may show that “ ‘potentially
useful’ ” evidence was destroyed as a result of bad faith. 6 (Velasco, at p. 1262; see
Arizona v. Youngblood, supra, 488 U.S. at p. 58 [102 L.Ed.2d at p. 289].)
       Although law enforcement officers have a duty to preserve exculpatory or
potentially exculpatory evidence in their possession, “due process does not require the
police to collect particular items of evidence. [Citation.] ‘The police cannot be expected
to “gather up everything which might eventually prove useful to the defense.” ’ ”
(People v. Montes (2014) 58 Cal.4th 809, 837 [no duty to collect blood samples]; People
v. Mills (1985) 164 Cal.App.3d 652, 656 [no duty to collect breath samples]; see also
People v. Harris (1985) 165 Cal.App.3d 324, 329 [“To date there is no authority for the
proposition that sanctions should be imposed for a failure to gather evidence as opposed
to a failure to preserve evidence”]; People v. Bradley (1984) 159 Cal.App.3d 399, 406
[“[W]e have found no cases of precedential value which squarely hold that the
prosecution’s duty to preserve material evidence encompasses an initial duty to

6       The People argue that because the trial court cited only Trombetta in its ruling,
“the trial court’s findings arose solely from Trombetta.” We disagree. While the trial
court may have cited only Trombetta, it found the excuses provided by the government as
reasons for losing the evidence were “unpersuasive and not credible,” thus making a bad
faith finding on the part of the government. This finding demonstrates that while the trial
court may not have cited Youngblood, it utilized the rule announced therein.

                                             34
affirmatively collect or gather or seize potentially material evidence in the course of an
investigation for defendant’s use”].)
       “It is axiomatic that the constitutional due process guaranty is a bulwark against
improper state action. ‘[T]he core purpose of procedural due process [is] ensuring that a
citizen’s reasonable reliance is not frustrated by arbitrary government action.’ [Citation.]
If the state took no action, due process is not a consideration, because there is no ‘loss of
evidence attributable to the Government.’ ” (People v. Velasco, supra, 194 Cal.App.4th
at p. 1263.) Nevertheless, the California Supreme Court and United States Court of
Appeals, Ninth Circuit, have at times suggested that there may be an appropriate case
where the failure to collect evidence might warrant due process considerations. (People
v. Montes, supra, 58 Cal.4th at p. 838 [“we have suggested that cases may arise in which
the failure to collect evidence could justify sanctions against the prosecution at trial”];
Miller v. Vasquez (1989) 868 F.2d 1116, 1119 [sanctions for bad faith failure to collect
evidence].)
                                              2
                         Philbrook’s And Devencenzi’s Interviews
       The People contend the prosecution’s failure to audio record Philbrook’s and
Devencenzi’s interviews is not a due process violation because the prosecution did not
lose or destroy existing evidence as Trombetta and Youngblood prohibit. To the People,
because there is no duty to compile evidence in a certain fashion, due process is not
implicated as a matter of law. We disagree. The most important aspect to a due process
claim is not the label placed on the government’s failure, but the government’s good or
bad faith intent when the failure was made. The trial court’s finding of bad faith when
considered with the facts of this case provide substantial evidence to support the trial
court’s determination the prosecution violated due process by failing to audio record
Philbrook’s and Devencenzi’s interviews.

                                              35
       The People cite Wimberly and Von Villas for the proposition that recording an
interview is the act of creating evidence, as opposed to preserving or collecting existing
evidence, and the failure to create evidence does not implicate due process concerns.
(People v. Von Villas (1992) 10 Cal.App.4th 201; People v. Wimberly (1992) 5
Cal.App.4th 773.) The problem, however, with the People’s reliance on Wimberly and
Von Villas is that those courts cite to pre-Trombetta and/or Youngblood cases for the
broad proposition that the government is under no duty to record interviews. (Wimberly,
at p. 791, citing People v. Murtishaw (1981) 29 Cal.3d 733, 755, fn. 17; People v. Kelley
(1984) 158 Cal.App.3d 1085, 1101-1102; People v. Bradley, supra, 159 Cal.App.3d at p.
403; People v. Harris, supra, 165 Cal.App.3d at p. 328 & Von Villas, at pp. 248-249,
citing People v. Dickerson (1969) 270 Cal.App.2d 352, 360; In re Gary (1981) 15
Cal.App.3d 629, 640.)
       A review of Trombetta and Youngblood demonstrate the intent of the government
balanced with the harm to a defendant’s ability to present a defense is key to whether a
due process violation can be found, and a blanket rule protecting the government from
failing to collect evidence is inappropriate. As explained in Trombetta, “[u]nder the Due
Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, criminal prosecutions must comport with
prevailing notions of fundamental fairness. We have long interpreted this standard of
fairness to require that criminal defendants be afforded a meaningful opportunity to
present a complete defense. To safeguard that right, the Court has developed ‘what might
loosely be called the area of constitutionally guaranteed access to evidence.’ [Citation.]
Taken together, this group of constitutional privileges delivers exculpatory evidence into
the hands of the accused, thereby protecting the innocent from erroneous conviction and
ensuring the integrity of our criminal justice system.
       “The most rudimentary of the access-to-evidence cases impose upon the
prosecution a constitutional obligation to report to the defendant and to the trial court
whenever government witnesses lie under oath. [Citing Napue v. Illinois (1959) 360 U.S.

                                             36
264, 269-272 [3 L.Ed.2d 1217, 1220-1223].] But criminal defendants are entitled to
much more than protection against perjury. A defendant has a constitutionally protected
privilege to request and obtain from the prosecution evidence that is either material to the
guilt of the defendant or relevant to the punishment to be imposed. [Citation.] Even in
the absence of a specific request, the prosecution has a constitutional duty to turn over
exculpatory evidence that would raise a reasonable doubt about the defendant’s guilt.
[Citation.] The prosecution must also reveal the contents of plea agreements with key
government witnesses . . . and under some circumstances may be required to disclose the
identity of undercover informants who possess evidence critical to the defense . . . .
       “Less clear from our access-to-evidence cases is the extent to which the Due
Process Clause imposes on the government the additional responsibility of guaranteeing
criminal defendants access to exculpatory evidence beyond the government’s possession.
On a few occasions, we have suggested that the Federal Government might transgress
constitutional limitations if it exercised its sovereign powers so as to hamper a criminal
defendant’s preparation for trial. For instance, in United States v. Marion 404 U.S. 307,
324 (1971), and in United States v. Lovasco 431 U.S. 783, 795, n. 17 (1977), we
intimated that a due process violation might occur if the Government delayed an
indictment for so long that the defendant’s ability to mount an effective defense was
impaired. Similarly, in United States v. Valenzuela-Bernal [(1982) 458 U.S. 858], we
acknowledged that the Government could offend the Due Process Clause of the Fifth
Amendment if, by deporting potential witnesses, it diminished a defendant’s opportunity
to put on an effective defense.” (California v. Trombetta, supra, 467 U.S. at p. 485-486
[81 L.Ed.2d at p. 420].)
       We take from Trombetta that the constitutional mandate of due process promises
more than the government’s preservation or collection of evidence, it also promises not to
unjustly hamper the defendant’s preparation for trial and presentation of a defense. Thus,
Youngblood refined the bounds of just government action. “The Due Process Clause of

                                             37
the Fourteenth Amendment, as interpreted in Brady, makes the good or bad faith of the
State irrelevant when the State fails to disclose to the defendant material exculpatory
evidence. But we think the Due Process Clause requires a different result when we deal
with the failure of the State to preserve evidentiary material of which no more can be said
than that it could have been subjected to tests, the results of which might have exonerated
the defendant. Part of the reason for the difference in treatment is found in the
observation made by the Court in Trombetta, supra, at 486, that ‘[w]henever potentially
exculpatory evidence is permanently lost, courts face the treacherous task of divining the
import of materials whose contents are unknown and, very often, disputed.’ Part of it
stems from our unwillingness to read the ‘fundamental fairness’ requirement of the Due
Process Clause . . . as imposing on the police an undifferentiated and absolute duty to
retain and to preserve all material that might be of conceivable evidentiary significance in
a particular prosecution. We think that requiring a defendant to show bad faith on the
part of the police both limits the extent of the police’s obligation to preserve evidence to
reasonable bounds and confines it to that class of cases where the interests of justice most
clearly require it, i.e., those cases in which the police themselves by their conduct
indicate that the evidence could form a basis for exonerating the defendant.” (Arizona v.
Youngblood, supra, 488 U.S. at pp. 57-58 [102 L.Ed.2d at p. 289].)
       Here, as the trial court observed, the suppression of the audio of Devencenzi’s and
Philbrook’s interviews greatly hampered defendant’s ability to present a defense. The
case against defendant predominantly consisted of the testimony of his accomplices.
Indeed, the only evidence tying defendant to the marijuana theft and murder was the
testimony of Philbrook and Devencenzi relating the events of the crimes, Amber
testifying to defendant’s prior statement, and Sorce testifying to a prior statement of
Philbrook. No physical evidence tied defendant to the scene of the crime, nor did the
testimony of anybody independent of the conspiracy. Thus, any statements from
Philbrook, Devencenzi, or Amber were highly relevant as impeachment evidence.

                                             38
Indeed, here, the jury’s estimate of the truthfulness and reliability of Philbrook,
Devencenzi, and Amber was determinative of defendant’s guilt or innocence.
Philbrook’s and Devencenzi’s interviews occurred in anticipation of defendant’s trial, it
was not part of the initial investigation where the statements of witnesses and suspects
may occur more informally or in haste. These interviews occurred for the government’s
purpose of prosecuting defendant at this trial and the practice was to record such
interviews. The government’s failure to audio record the interviews of Devencenzi and
Philbrook served to paint the credibility picture of defendant’s accomplices the
government wanted the jury to accept. The impeachment potential of the audio of the
interviews was clear at the time the interviews occurred and the audio was muted.
       The People disagree and argue Investigator La Fountain’s report of the interviews
was reasonably comparable to the audio recordings, as was the opportunity to cross-
examine those involved in the interviews. Given the trial court’s bad faith finding, we
disagree with the People. The trial court found the prosecution conditioned Devencenzi’s
and Philbrook’s plea bargains on them relating specific facts that defendant was involved
in the marijuana theft and was the person who murdered Zafft. After entering these
pleas, the prosecution held an hour-and-one-half-long interview with each accomplice
going over the story about the theft and murder without audio recording the interaction.
The trial court found the prosecution “not credible” when offering excuses for muting the
recording of Devencenzi’s and Philbrook’s interviews, thereby impliedly finding the
government intentionally muted the audio of those interviews.
       Given these acts of bad faith, not just in limiting the potential impeachment
evidence of the interviews but also in suppressing the impeachment evidence in the
emails regarding plea negotiations, a reasonably comparable source to the audio
recording of the interviews must be left out of the government’s narration. Similarly,
Philbrook and Devencenzi suffer from credibility concerns ensuring an objective telling

                                             39
of what occurred during the interviews cannot be reasonably entrusted to their testimony
either.
          In sum, Devencenzi’s and Philbrook’s credibility was significant to both the
prosecution’s and defendant’s cases. The government knew this at the time it conducted
interviews with Devencenzi and Philbrook and intentionally failed to audio record them.
Combined with the prosecution’s previous act of bad faith, the government’s conduct of
muting the audio to Philbrook’s and Devencenzi’s interviews rose to a due process
violation. It is the level of bad faith that convinces us a violation occurred, i.e., this is a
case the police themselves by their conduct indicate that the evidence could form a basis
for exonerating the defendant. Thus, we conclude failing to make an audio recording
under the facts of this case is within “reasonable bounds and confine[d] . . . to that class
of cases where the interests of justice most clearly require it . . . .” (Arizona v.
Youngblood, supra, 488 U.S. at pp. 58 [102 L.Ed.2d at p. 289].) Accordingly, substantial
evidence supports the trial court’s finding the government unconstitutionally muted the
interviews with Philbrook and Devencenzi.
                                                3
                    Amber’s Lost Interview And Photographs Of Her Shoes
          The trial court also made bad faith findings related to the loss of the recording of
Amber’s second interview and a picture of her shoe. The bad faith findings concerned
Deputy Greene’s inconsistent testimony regarding his handling of evidence practices and
the prosecution’s failure to address the alleged lost photo of Amber’s shoe. We defer to
these credibility findings.
          As to the interview of Amber, we conclude substantial evidence supports the trial
court’s decision. Amber’s credibility, as an accomplice to the marijuana theft, was
significant to both the prosecution’s and defendant’s case. While Deputy Greene testified
he lost the recording shortly after it was made, the trial court found him not credible.
Thus, we cannot say the recording was lost shortly after it was made. It may have been

                                                40
lost sooner to the preliminary hearing in June 2017 when Deputy Greene testified he
discovered it was lost. At that time, Amber was the only witness who could provide
information to the prosecution. Devencenzi and Philbrook had not pled guilty yet and the
entire case rested on Amber’s testimony and credibility, as well as the then-known
evidence revealed from Philbrook’s and Devencenzi’s cell phone records. At that time,
the potential evidentiary and impeachment value of Amber’s interview was apparent to
the government. And again, given the trial court’s bad faith finding, we cannot look to
the government to supply reasonably comparable evidence in the form of Deputy
Greene’s notes or report. Thus, substantial evidence supports the trial court’s finding
under Youngblood that the government unconstitutionally lost a recording of Amber’s
second interview.
       As to the picture of Amber’s shoe print, we conclude defendant carried his burden
in demonstrating a photo was taken and then lost by pointing to indications in a police
report the photo was taken and by the photo’s absence from disclosed evidence. The
government failed to address the issue, even though the trial court instructed it to do so,
and the trial court interpreted that failure as a showing of bad faith. Given Amber’s
alleged accomplice status, the trial court found her shoe print could have been useful to
compare to shoe prints taken from the scene of the murder. While the potential
exculpatory nature of Amber’s shoe print may seem low in light of the evidence elicited
at trial, it is the bad faith finding that compels us to conclude substantial evidence
supports the trial court’s determination -- the government’s conduct indicates the
evidence could form a basis for exonerating defendant. (Arizona v. Youngblood, supra,
488 U.S. at p. 58 [102 L.Ed.2d at p. 289].) These findings entitle the trial court to select
from a plethora of remedial measures designed to cure the constitutional defect of the
government’s conduct.

                                              41
                                              D
     The Trial Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion By Finding A Discovery Violation
       The People contend the trial court erroneously found the prosecution violated
discovery rules by reviewing Philbrook’s cell phone records during trial and discovering
defendant’s phone had connected with Philbrook’s phone before and after the trip to
California for the marijuana theft. As an initial matter, the People mischaracterize the
trial court’s findings as they relate to the discovery violation compared to the trial court’s
remedy. As the court stated when making its ruling on the discovery violation, the
discovery violation was not the prosecution’s late review of Philbrook’s cell phone
records but the search of defendant’s cell phone records during trial and disclosure of the
fruits of that search the morning it was to be testified to. The prosecution conceded this
was a discovery violation and stipulated to exclusion of defendant’s cell phone records.
The trial court, however, further excluded the related evidence in Philbrook’s phone
records on the theory the discovery violation led to the further investigation of
Philbrook’s cell phone records and the incriminating evidence.
       The trial court further found defendant would be significantly prejudiced by the
surprise evidence given that reports completed by the prosecution gave the impression
nothing of interest concerning defendant had been revealed in the 700 pages of cell phone
records already disclosed. The trial court also found the prosecution was seeking a
tactical advantage given that this type of search should have occurred long before it was
presented as evidence or the prosecution should have told defendant what it had
discovered instead of letting obvious misunderstandings flourish. Indeed, as the trial
court noted, defendant stated in his opening statement there had been no communication
between defendant and Philbrook and the prosecution never told the court or defendant
the specific cell phone records it intended to focus on during testimony, even when asked.
We see no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s findings and chosen remedy. (People v.
Jordan (2003) 108 Cal.App.4th 349, 358 [the exclusion of evidence is not an appropriate

                                              42
remedy in the absence of “a showing of significant prejudice and willful conduct
motivated by a desire to obtain a tactical advantage at trial”].)
                                              II
                                   Remand Is Appropriate
       Because we have concluded one of the trial court’s findings was made in error, the
People argue we must reverse the trial court’s dismissal determination for lacking a
supportive finding. We do not believe the issue so simple given the factual findings cited
as supporting the trial court’s dismissal order. The trial court pointed to multiple
examples of the prosecution’s conduct as articulated in its summary of violations to show
its outrageous character. California Courts of Appeal occasionally have concluded that
outrageous government conduct merited dismissal of criminal charges. (See People v.
Velasco-Palacios, supra, 235 Cal.App.4th at p. 439 [affirming dismissal of criminal
charges as sanction for outrageous government misconduct where prosecutor deliberately
altered an interrogation transcript to include a confession and that misconduct prejudiced
defendant’s constitutional right to counsel]; Morrow v. Superior Court (1994) 30
Cal.App.4th 1252, 1261 [“the court’s conscience is shocked and dismissal is the
appropriate remedy” where “the prosecutor orchestrates an eavesdropping upon a
privileged attorney-client communication in the courtroom and acquires confidential
information”]; People v. Guillen (2014) 227 Cal.App.4th 934, 1007.) Where defendant’s
right to counsel is not implicated, however, dismissal for outrageous government conduct
is warranted only where the conduct impairs a defendant’s constitutional right to a fair
retrial. (People v. Uribe (2011) 199 Cal.App.4th 836, 841, 884-885 [holding that
prosecutor’s false testimony at hearing on motions to disqualify the district attorney and
to dismiss did not constitute outrageous governmental conduct in violation of due process
where there was no showing that the misconduct prevented defendant from receiving a
fair trial]; see United States v. Morrison, supra, 449 U.S. at p. 365 [66 L.Ed.2d at
pp. 568-569] [“Our approach has thus been to identify and then neutralize the taint by

                                              43
tailoring relief appropriate in the circumstances to assure the defendant the effective
assistance of counsel and a fair trial . . . . [T]here is no basis for imposing a remedy [of
dismissal] in [a] proceeding, which can go forward with full recognition of the
defendant’s right to counsel and to a fair trial”].)
       Here, the trial court believed a fair retrial impossible because the government
conditioned defendant’s accomplices’ plea deals on them relating specific facts and then
it intentionally inhibited a fact finder’s ability to determine those accomplices’ credibility
by failing to disclose or properly document evidence a fact finder would rely on when
performing its truth-finding function. The problem with the trial court’s reasoning,
however, is that the prosecution’s interference with Philbrook’s and Devencenzi’s
testimony is not of constitutional magnitude as the trial court believed. Thus, the
credibility of Philbrook’s and Devencenzi’s testimony was not tainted beyond redemption
but is reasonably left to the jury to determine. (People v. Garrison, supra, 47 Cal.3d at
p. 771; People v. Medina, supra, 41 Cal.App.3d at pp. 454-456.) The question remains,
however, as to whether defendant’s accomplices’ credibility can adequately be
determined given the government’s other constitutional violations.
       It appears the trial court believed, as do we, that a fair retrial is possible since it
did not order dismissal based on the other violations, but instead granted a mistrial. Thus,
we shall remand the matter to the trial court because it is in the best position to fashion a
remedy adequate to ensure defendant’s fair trial in light of the upheld findings. (People
v. Jenkins (2000) 22 Cal.4th 900, 951.) We note the Supreme Court’s guidepost in this
regard is that the trial court “identify and then neutralize the taint by tailoring relief
appropriate in the circumstances to assure the defendant . . . a fair trial.” (United States v.
Morrison, supra, 449 U.S. at p. 365 [66 L.Ed.2d at pp. 568-569].) To that end, the trial
court must also deter future misconduct. (Barber v. Municipal Court, supra, 24 Cal.3d at
p. 749; People v. Velasco-Palacios, supra, 235 Cal.App.4th at pp. 451-452.) Thus, the
prosecuting agency or attorney assigned to defendant’s case upon retrial may be of

                                               44
relevant concern. (See People v. Uribe, supra, 199 Cal.App.4th at p. 881 [concluding
there was no likelihood of future misconduct because a new prosecutor was assigned to
the case and there was no showing of office-wide misconduct].)
                                      DISPOSITION
       The order of dismissal is reversed and the matter remanded to the trial court for
further proceedings. The stay previously issued by this court, having served its purpose,
will be vacated upon finality of this opinion.

                                                  /s/
                                                  Robie, J.

We concur:

/s/
Blease, Acting P. J.

/s/
Hull, J.

                                             45