Court Opinion

ID: 6495254
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-06-27 07:12:24.506171+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:45:16.437687
License: Public Domain

In the
                   Court of Appeals
           Second Appellate District of Texas
                    at Fort Worth
                 ___________________________
                      No. 02-20-00384-CV
                 ___________________________

       RKI EXPLORATION & PRODUCTION, LLC, Appellant

                                 V.

AMERIFLOW ENERGY SERVICES, LLC AND CRESCENT SERVICES, LLC,
                       Appellees

              On Appeal from the 352nd District Court
                      Tarrant County, Texas
                  Trial Court No. 352-285144-16

              Before Birdwell, Bassel, and Wallach, JJ.
              Memorandum Opinion by Justice Bassel
                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

                                  I. Introduction

      This appeal involves an indemnity dispute between the operator of a wellsite—

Appellant RKI Exploration & Production, LLC—and two of its contractors—

Appellees Ameriflow Energy Services, LLC and Crescent Services, LLC.              The

relationship of the parties was governed by two Master Service Agreements (MSAs)—

the RKI/Ameriflow MSA and the RKI/Crescent MSA. The provisions of those

MSAs form the centerpiece of this opinion.

      A piece of equipment—a sand separator—exploded at the wellsite.            That

accident produced multiple lawsuits filed in New Mexico by those who were injured

or killed in the explosion. As will be discussed below, the lawsuits produced a maze-

like series of indemnity demands, settlements, and judgments, including the settlement

of one of the death cases for more than $9,000,000.

      RKI challenged Ameriflow’s right to indemnity by claiming that it was free

from the indemnity obligation in the RKI/Ameriflow MSA because of breaches of

that agreement by Ameriflow. RKI teed up that dispute in the lawsuit that resulted in

the judgment underlying this appeal.      Ameriflow responded by counterclaiming

against RKI, and Crescent intervened to assert its right to indemnity. In general

terms, RKI challenged Crescent’s right to indemnity by claiming that the actions that

Crescent was sued for in New Mexico were outside the scope of the performance of

                                          2
the RKI/Crescent MSA and thus outside the scope of that agreement’s indemnity

provision.

       The lawsuit below eventually generated a 10,000-page clerk’s record and a

series of interlocutory summary judgments, most of which were incorporated into the

trial court’s final judgment—a judgment awarding Ameriflow and Crescent

approximately $11,000,000. An overview of the summary-judgment rulings is that the

trial court ruled that (1) RKI’s claims—that Ameriflow had breached the MSA

between it and Ameriflow—did not free RKI from an obligation to indemnify

Ameriflow and (2) Crescent is entitled to indemnity because the RKI/Crescent MSA’s

indemnity provision, construed broadly, reaches beyond performance of work done

under the MSA to also include matters such as “activities reasonably incident [to] or

anticipated” in the activity of oil-well operations.

       In three issues, RKI attacks the trial court’s ruling on a broad range of fronts—

the primary one of which is that the trial court erred in its construction of the

indemnity provision in the RKI/Crescent MSA. But RKI leaves unchallenged the

trial court’s ruling that it owed indemnity to Ameriflow, no matter the claim that

Ameriflow breached its MSA. Instead, RKI’s other primary attack focuses on the

damages that Ameriflow and Crescent recovered and argues that because RKI owed

no indemnity to Crescent and because Ameriflow and Crescent’s proof of damages

was unsegregated between the two, their proof of damages fails.

                                             3
      We agree with the core argument raised by RKI—that the trial court

interpreted the RKI/Crescent MSA too broadly. With respect to Ameriflow and

Crescent’s effort to prove their damages jointly, they do not challenge the basic

principle that they should have segregated their damages but make a host of

arguments why, even if a duty to segregate exists, they are still entitled to judgment.

We will examine and reject the arguments made to support that position.

      Ultimately, we reverse the trial court’s judgment, including various attorneys’

fee awards, and remand this matter to the trial court.

                      II. Factual and Procedural Background

      A.       We set forth the underlying relationship of the parties.

      RKI operated an oil well in Loving County, Texas. For the operation of the oil

well, RKI engaged various contractors, including Ameriflow, Crescent, and others.

      The relationships between RKI and those it engaged were defined by their

MSAs.1     The MSAs defined the scope of the parties’ work and, central to this

controversy, contained indemnity provisions. Though this description hardly captures

the parties’ clashing contentions on how we should interpret the MSAs, the MSAs

provided for indemnity for illness, bodily injury, death, and property-damage claims

with the parties owing indemnity for claims made by indemnitor’s employees and

contractors.    The primary bone of contention is the phrase within each MSAs’

      1
        There were MSAs other than the two that are at issue here, but we need not
detail those because they involve other contractors that are not involved in this
appeal.

                                           4
indemnity provision delimiting its scope to matters “arising in connection herewith.”

For reasons that we will explore in detail below, RKI argues that the MSA provides

that the scope of the work envisioned by the MSA is defined by work orders issued

pursuant to its terms and that the scope of the indemnity the MSA provides goes no

further than that scope of work.       Crescent argues for a broader interpretation,

requiring indemnity that “encompass[es] all activities reasonably incident [to] or

anticipated by the principal activity of the MSA, which is oil well operation.”

      No one disputes that under the terms of the RKI/Ameriflow MSA, Ameriflow

provided to the wellsite a sand separator that caused the accident, which spawned the

indemnity claims that are at the heart of the parties’ litigation. But relying on its

narrower construction of the indemnity provision in the RKI/Crescent MSA, RKI

asserts that it owed no indemnity to Crescent because the only work orders issued

under the RKI/Crescent MSA required Crescent to provide a boom lift and light

tower to the wellsite, and those pieces of equipment were not involved in the

accident.

      B.     An explosion occurs at the wellsite that prompts the filing of
             various lawsuits in New Mexico.

      In 2014, the explosion of the sand separator killed Amos Ortega Sr. and

Roberto Magdaleno. Three other individuals—Jesus De La Hoya, Humberto Medina,

and Arturo Ruiz—were injured in the explosion.

                                            5
      Three lawsuits were filed in New Mexico as a result of the explosion.

Mr. Magdaleno’s survivors filed a suit that alleged acts of negligence against RKI,

Crescent, Ameriflow, and others. It was alleged that Crescent had committed acts of

negligence that were a cause of the explosion; such negligent acts generally included

the provision of safety training and management to Ameriflow. The boom lift and

light tower provided by Crescent were not implicated in the explosion. The same was

generally true of the allegations in the wrongful-death suit filed by Mr. Ortega’s

survivors and the injury suit filed by Messrs. De La Hoya, Medina, and Ruiz.

      The Ortega wrongful-death suit was settled, and the claims against RKI,

Crescent, and Ameriflow were included in the settlement.

      The De La Hoya suit was settled and the claims against RKI, Crescent, and

Ameriflow were dismissed.2

      Ameriflow and Crescent jointly settled the claims in the Magdaleno suit. But

that settlement did not include RKI. RKI tried the case, and the trial resulted in a

verdict that RKI was negligent but that its negligence was not the proximate cause of

Mr. Magdaleno’s death. The New Mexico trial court entered a take-nothing judgment

with respect to RKI.3

      2
        Messrs. Magadaleno and De La Hoya worked for another subcontractor on
the site—Maverick Services.
      3
       A later arbitration award in a legal-malpractice claim against the counsel
representing the Magdaleno family estimated that a verdict of $10 million should have
been returned absent the malpractice and attributed 50% of the fault to RKI.

                                          6
      C.     The New Mexico suits prompt indemnity demands between the
             parties.

      The suits filed in New Mexico prompted the parties to make demands for

indemnity. One of those demands resolved itself: Mr. Ortega had been an employee

of Ameriflow at the time of the explosion, and relying on the provisions of the

RKI/Ameriflow MSA, RKI’s carrier tendered the complete defense and indemnity of

the Ortega suit to Ameriflow. Ameriflow apparently accepted the tender. As noted

above, the suit was settled, and the order dismissed any claims in the Ortega

wrongful-death suit against RKI. As noted below, RKI sued in the present suit

seeking damages relating to the Ortega suit, but no claim for indemnity between RKI

and Ameriflow arising from the Ortega suit is part of this appeal.

      With respect to the De La Hoya suit, when it was filed, Ameriflow made a

demand on RKI for defense and indemnity. Later, when the three plaintiffs in that

suit made a collective settlement demand to Ameriflow and Crescent for $12,000, a

second demand for indemnity was made on RKI by Ameriflow and Crescent. RKI

accepted the tender with respect to Ameriflow but not Crescent and indicated that it

would move forward with settlement negotiations on Ameriflow’s behalf. However,

the tender reserved the right to seek monies expended on Ameriflow’s behalf by RKI

as a measure of damages in the litigation between the two. The De La Hoya suit was

eventually dismissed as to all defendants, with RKI’s obtaining releases of the claims

against Ameriflow and Crescent in that suit. As explained below, a small portion of

                                           7
the damage award against RKI in this suit represents attorneys’ fees and expenses that

Ameriflow and Crescent claim were related to the De La Hoya suit and were not paid

by RKI.

      The indemnity claims arising from the Magdaleno suit were not resolved while

that litigation was in process, and the indemnity issues spawned by that suit form the

lion’s share of the issues in this appeal. Ameriflow sought indemnity from RKI by

tendering its defense of the claims in that suit to RKI. RKI responded by asserting

that Ameriflow had breached the RKI/Ameriflow MSA and requested that

Ameriflow “release its claims for defense, indemnity, and additional insured status in

return for RKI’s agreement to release its claims based upon the foregoing breaches.”

      Later, RKI’s carrier tendered a defense and indemnity to Ameriflow but

reserved “all rights under its insurance policies and at law[] to pursue Ameriflow for

breach of contract, breach of express and implied warranties[,] and other similar

violations of the terms of the MSA to recover amounts paid out, whether on behalf of

RKI or Ameriflow, in any of the lawsuits that were generated because of the

explosion incident.” Ameriflow challenged the carrier’s attempt to reserve those

rights and then reserved its rights to pursue the carrier and RKI for various claims. In

turn, RKI responded that Ameriflow had rejected the carrier’s offer, and RKI rejected

what it viewed as a counteroffer by Ameriflow. The response also challenged what

the carrier viewed as Ameriflow’s unilateral efforts to settle the Magdaleno suit.

                                            8
      Crescent also demanded indemnification from RKI for the claims made against

it in the Magdaleno suit and re-urged that demand when it did not receive a response

to its initial demand. RKI’s carrier’s initial response to Crescent’s demand raised the

issue that Crescent had not been performing work pursuant to the terms of the

RKI/Crescent MSA at the time of the explosion:

      My understanding from our investigation is that while RKI had done
      some work with Crescent Services, LLC prior to the loss, there were no
      work orders issued by RKI to Crescent to perform any tasks for them
      on the date of the accident and at the subject well[]site. It appears that
      Crescent’s presence in the lawsuit is due to allegations beyond any duties
      it was hired by RKI to perform.

In later correspondence, the carrier reiterated its position: “Regarding the tender of

Crescent Services, LLC, we do not see any evidence that RKI owes contractual

defense/indemnity for the reasons previously explained to their defense counsel . . . .”

      As noted, a settlement of the Magdaleno suit was eventually reached that

resulted in the dismissal of the claims against Ameriflow and Crescent but not RKI;

however, RKI prevailed at trial against the Magdaleno claims.

      D.     RKI sues Ameriflow claiming that Ameriflow had breached the
             RKI/Ameriflow MSA; Ameriflow and Crescent countersue,
             claiming that RKI owed them indemnity.

      Within days after RKI’s carrier made its conditional tender of defense and

indemnity to Ameriflow, RKI sued Ameriflow in the suit below. RKI claimed that

the allegations made in the Magdaleno, Ortega, and De La Hoya suits established that

Ameriflow had breached its obligations created by the RKI/Ameriflow MSA and by

                                           9
the various express and implied warranties contained in it.          RKI later sought

declaratory relief that

       all monies paid out in defense costs, indemnity, and/or settlement in the
       Magdaleno and De La Hoya [s]uits[,] as well as all unpaid defense costs
       incurred in the Ortega [s]uit, are proper measures of damages that may
       be recoverable in the present suit if RKI establishes there was a breach
       of contract and/or warranty.

In its petition seeking declaratory relief, RKI continued to allege causes of action for

breach of contract and breach of express and implied warranties.

       In turn, Ameriflow countersued alleging that RKI had failed to fulfill its

indemnity obligations under the RKI/Ameriflow MSA and sought various

declarations, including “a declaration that the MSA does not provide for conditional

tenders of defense and indemnification.” Ameriflow later expanded on its claims,

alleging that breaches of the MSA by RKI had caused the explosion that produced the

Magdaleno, Ortega, and De La Hoya suits and also asserting equitable claims for

equitable subrogation, unjust enrichment, and promissory estoppel, as well as

attorneys’ fees.

       Crescent joined the suit by intervening.          Crescent claimed that the

RKI/Crescent MSA entitled it to indemnity, alleged the various equitable claims that

Ameriflow had alleged in its counterclaim, and sought relief with respect to RKI’s

failure to defend and indemnify Crescent in the Magdaleno and De La Hoya suits.

Crescent later supplemented its petition, alleging that RKI had breached the

                                          10
RKI/Crescent MSA by failing to defend and indemnify Crescent for the claims in the

Ortega suit.

      E.       The trial court resolves the parties’ various claims by summary
               judgments.

      The record contains a host of motions for summary judgment and

amendments to those motions. Numerous interlocutory summary-judgment orders

were entered, and the trial court’s final judgment referenced six of those interlocutory

orders.

      To chart the issues resolved by the interlocutory orders and how the parties’

contentions have been winnowed down on appeal, and thus our understanding of

which rulings are in play, we will quote the recitals of the final judgment listing the

various interlocutory orders. We will then describe what issues were raised in the

summary-judgment motions resolved by those orders and whether the issues raised in

those motions are in play in this appeal:

      1.       “On August 28, 2018[,] and May 22, 2019, respectively, this [c]ourt

      entered     summary[-]judgment        orders   granting   AMERIFLOW’s         and

      CRESCENT’s motions for summary judgment on all their liability claims

      against RKI.”

               -Ameriflow’s motion for summary judgment contended that it was

               entitled to a declaratory judgment that RKI had breached the

               RKI/Ameriflow MSA by not providing indemnity to Ameriflow in the

                                            11
Magdaleno and De La Hoya suits in accordance with the MSA, by

imposing impermissible conditions on its indemnification offer, by suing

Ameriflow with respect to the Ortega lawsuit, and by virtue of various

equitable theories.

      -On the question of whether RKI owed Ameriflow indemnity for

      the Magdaleno and De La Hoya lawsuits, RKI raises no appellate

      issue challenging that determination.

-With respect to Crescent, the quoted recital from the final judgment

references Crescent’s second traditional motion for summary judgment.

That motion asserted that based on the trial court’s prior construction of

the MSA to the facts, Crescent had a right to indemnity from RKI for

the claims made in the Magdaleno and De La Hoya suits. The prior

construction was included in an earlier ruling on a summary-judgment

motion filed by RKI; as we have noted, the trial court broadly construed

the “arising in connection herewith” language of the indemnity provision

in the RKI/Crescent MSA to mean that it “encompasse[d] all activities

reasonably incident [to] or anticipated by the principal activity of the

MSA, which is oil well operation.”

      -Whether the trial court properly construed the RKI/Crescent

      MSA to create the indemnity right that Crescent claims is hotly

      contested and is the pivotal issue in this appeal.

                             12
2.   “On July 27, 2017[,] and August 28, 2018, this [c]ourt entered [o]rders

[d]enying [s]ummary [j]udgment on all RKI’s requested relief against

AMERIFLOW.”

     -The issues raised by the summary-judgment orders referenced in this

     paragraph involve (1) RKI’s summary-judgment motion that various

     monies that RKI had paid out in defense of the Magdaleno, Ortega, and

     De La Hoya lawsuits were proper measures of damages in its claims

     against Ameriflow and (2) Ameriflow’s summary-judgment motion

     asserting that the various legal theories alleged by RKI did not invalidate

     Ameriflow’s indemnity right.

           -In essence, these summary-judgment orders decreed that RKI

           could not recover on its suit against Ameriflow, and RKI raises no

           issue on appeal challenging said orders.

3.   “On May 22, 2019, this [c]ourt entered an [o]rder [d]enying RKI’s

[m]otion for [s]ummary [j]udgment against CRESCENT on indemnity.”

     -This paragraph references RKI’s second motion for summary judgment

     that contended that Crescent’s indemnity claim fell outside of the

     RKI/Crescent MSA because RKI had no control over work done by

     Crescent for Ameriflow and was not covered by the language of the

     indemnity provision in the RKI/Crescent MSA.

                                  13
            -Again, whether the RKI/Crescent MSA creates an indemnity

            right to Crescent is hotly contested and is the pivotal issue in this

            appeal.

4.    “On July 22, 2020, this [c]ourt entered a summary[-]judgment order

granting AMERIFLOW’s and CRESCENT’s [t]hird [a]mended [m]otion for

[s]ummary [j]udgment on all their claimed damages.”

      -Ameriflow and Crescent’s third amended motion for summary

      judgment on damages was predicated on the trial court’s prior judgment

      establishing that RKI was liable to both Ameriflow and Crescent. The

      motion contended that Ameriflow and Crescent had the right to recover

      the damages under the terms of the MSAs, as mitigation damages, and

      under equitable principles. The motion sought—and the trial court’s

      final judgment incorporating the ruling on the third amended summary-

      judgment motion awarded—the following types of damages:

                • Awards made to Ameriflow and Crescent jointly:

                      • $9,100,000 plus prejudgment interest for the

                      Magdaleno settlement payment;

                      • $209,669.30      plus    prejudgment      interest   for

                      Ameriflow’s and Crescent’s attorneys’ fees and expenses

                      incurred in the Magdaleno lawsuit;

                                  14
                          • $7,400 plus prejudgment interest for storage costs in

                          the Magdaleno lawsuit;

                          • $20,041.58       plus     prejudgment   interest   for

                          Ameriflow’s and Crescent’s attorneys’ fees and expenses

                          in the De La Hoya lawsuit;

                          • Conditional attorneys’ fees of $50,000 for an appeal,

                          $25,000 for a petition for review, and $50,000 for

                          briefing and argument in the Texas Supreme Court; and

                          • $336 in court costs;

                    • A fee award to Ameriflow of $254,311.62 for its attorneys’

                       fees in the suit below (styled in the final judgment as the

                       “RKI v. Ameriflow (Ft. Worth lawsuit)”);

                    • A fee award to Crescent of $131,623.48 for its attorneys’

                       fees in the suit below (styled in the final judgment as the

                       “Crescent v. RKI (Ft. Worth lawsuit)”). 4

                       -RKI raises various issues on appeal challenging the grant

                       of the joint third amended motion for summary judgment

                       on damages and the quantification of damages in the final

                       judgment:

     4
       The fee awards in the Magdaleno and De La Hoya suits included pre- and
post-judgment interest.

                                       15
-RKI argues that any award to Crescent for amounts

paid in settlement or attorneys’ fees are invalid

because RKI has no indemnity obligation to

Crescent;

-Though the issue of whether Ameriflow is entitled

to indemnity has now dropped out of the case, RKI

challenges the proof relied on by Ameriflow and

Crescent because there is no segregation between a

party to whom it owes indemnity—Ameriflow—and

a party to whom it does not owe indemnity—

Crescent—of the amount paid by Ameriflow and

Crescent to jointly settle the Magdaleno suit or for

the fees claimed jointly that were paid in defense of

the Magdaleno and De La Hoya suits;

-RKI further contends that Ameriflow offered only

conclusory summary-judgment proof that the

settlement amount paid in the Magdaleno suit was

made in good faith and was reasonable and prudent;

-RKI next challenges what it contends are

deficiencies in the proof underlying the attorneys’

fee awards made to Ameriflow and Crescent for

        16
                                 defense of the Magdaleno and De La Hoya claims

                                 and for those incurred in the present suit because

                                 Ameriflow’s fee claim for defense of the Magdaleno

                                 suit included fees charged for defense of the separate

                                 Ortega suit; and

                                 -RKI finally claims that there is legally insufficient

                                 proof of appellate attorneys’ fees.

                                    III. Analysis

      A.     We set forth a summary of our ultimate resolution of the appeal.

      To chart what follows, our resolution of this appeal concludes that (1) the trial

court erred in its construction of the indemnity provision of the RKI/Crescent MSA;

(2) though we disagree with the trial court’s construction, the record does not permit

us to resolve the question of whether Crescent is entitled to indemnity as a matter of

law; (3) the arguments made by Ameriflow and Crescent—that no matter the

construction placed on the RKI/Crescent indemnity provision, they may recover the

damages awarded in the judgment—are not persuasive; and (4) because of our

resolution of the issues that precede the question of the validity of the fee awards, we

reverse and remand those fee awards for reconsideration in light of our holdings.

      B.     We set forth the standard of review.

      In a summary-judgment case, the issue on appeal is whether the movant met

the summary-judgment burden by establishing that no genuine issue of material fact

                                          17
exists and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Tex. R. Civ. P.

166a(c); Mann Frankfort Stein & Lipp Advisors, Inc. v. Fielding, 289 S.W.3d 844, 848 (Tex.

2009). We review a summary judgment de novo. Travelers Ins. v. Joachim, 315 S.W.3d

860, 862 (Tex. 2010).

      We take as true all evidence favorable to the nonmovant, and we indulge every

reasonable inference and resolve any doubts in the nonmovant’s favor. 20801, Inc. v.

Parker, 249 S.W.3d 392, 399 (Tex. 2008); Provident Life & Accident Ins. v. Knott, 128

S.W.3d 211, 215 (Tex. 2003). We also consider the evidence presented in the light

most favorable to the nonmovant, crediting evidence favorable to the nonmovant if

reasonable jurors could and disregarding evidence contrary to the nonmovant unless

reasonable jurors could not. Mann Frankfort, 289 S.W.3d at 848. We must consider

whether reasonable and fair-minded jurors could differ in their conclusions in light of

all the evidence presented. See Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Spates, 186 S.W.3d 566, 568 (Tex.

2006); City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 822–24 (Tex. 2005).

      We will affirm a summary judgment only if the record establishes that the

movant has conclusively proved all essential elements of the movant’s cause of action

(or defense, as the case may be) as a matter of law. City of Houston v. Clear Creek Basin

Auth., 589 S.W.2d 671, 678 (Tex. 1979).

      When both parties move for summary judgment, “each party bears the burden

of establishing that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Tarr v. Timberwood

Park Owners Ass’n, 556 S.W.3d 274, 278 (Tex. 2018). If “the trial court grants one

                                           18
motion and denies the other, the reviewing court should determine all questions

presented” and “render the judgment that the trial court should have rendered.” Id.

In making this determination, we consider the evidence presented by both parties.

Barbara Techs. Corp. v. State Farm Lloyds, 589 S.W.3d 806, 811 (Tex. 2019). Of course, if

neither party moving for summary judgment presents evidence establishing that they

are entitled to judgment as a matter of law, we must remand. Grynberg v. Grey Wolf

Drilling Co., 296 S.W.3d 132, 136 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, no pet.)

(“We may affirm the judgment, reverse and render a judgment for the other side if

appropriate, or reverse and remand if neither party has met its summary-judgment

burden.”).

      C.     We explain why we disagree with the trial court’s conclusion on
             the question of the scope of indemnity owed by RKI to Crescent.

      The central question that we face in this appeal is the one raised by RKI’s first

issue, which is whether the RKI/Crescent MSA provides for indemnity to Crescent.

That question involves the specific task of interpreting the MSA’s indemnity provision

found in its Section 8.3 and the more general task of interpreting the entire MSA to

determine the scope of the work called for by it and how the overall terms of the

MSA impact the scope of indemnity owed to Crescent by RKI. We resolve this

question with three holdings: (1) the trial court’s interpretation of Section 8.3 was too

broad because it failed to limit the scope of Section 8.3 to work performed under the

MSA’s terms; (2) the MSA delimits the scope of work that Crescent was to perform;

                                           19
and (3) the overall terms of the MSA are in harmony with placing a limited scope on

RKI’s indemnity obligation.

              1.     The indemnity obligation in general and the typical
                     indemnity scheme in the oil-and-gas industry

       “An indemnity agreement is a promise to safeguard or hold the indemnitee

harmless against either existing and/or future loss liability.” Dresser Indus. v. Page

Petroleum, Inc., 853 S.W.2d 505, 508 (Tex. 1993).        In the oil-and-gas industry, a

frequently used risk-allocation device is a “knock-for-knock” indemnity scheme,

which “require[s] each party to contractually assume responsibility for injuries to its

own employees and damage to its own property[] without regard to who caused the

injury or how such damage occurred.” In re Deepwater Horizon, 470 S.W.3d 452, 456

n.5 (Tex. 2015) (quoting Daniel B. Shilliday, et al., Contractual Risk-Shifting in Offshore

Energy Operations, 81 Tul. L. Rev. 1579, 1599 (2007)); see also Nabors Drilling USA, L.P.

v. Encana Oil & Gas (USA) Inc., No. 02-12-00166-CV, 2013 WL 3488152, at *5 (Tex.

App.—Fort Worth July 11, 2013, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (stating that “at drilling

sites, employers are generally responsible for their own employees”); Chesapeake

Operating, Inc. v. Nabors Drilling USA, Inc., 94 S.W.3d 163, 168 (Tex. App.—Houston

[14th Dist.] 2002, no pet.) (en banc op. on reh’g) (“In the standard drilling contract,

[indemnity provisions] allocate costs and liability according to who hired the injured

party, not who caused the accident.”).

                                            20
      When properly drafted, indemnity provisions used in the oil-and-gas industry

provide for pass-through indemnity. Pass-through indemnity ensures that a claim

made against an indemnitee passes through to the indemnitor, such as when an

employer has agreed to provide indemnity for a claim by one of its employees. As

two commentators have explained,

      In order for the oil patch knock[-]for[-]knock indemnity to achieve the
      desired result - i.e. to make every party at the well[]site take sole
      responsibility for claims for injury to its people and damages to its
      property regardless of fault - the indemnity provisions of all of the
      contracts of every company present at the drill site must effectively
      “pass-through” indemnification obligations to the applicable indemnitor.
      A pass-through occurs when the indemnitee to an agreement is
      presented with a third[-]party claim, which the indemnitee is then able to
      extend to the indemnitor. In other words, the third[-]party claim flows
      through the indemnitee, often the operator, to the indemnitor, often a
      contractor that owns the damaged property or employs the injured
      person.

C. Randall King & G. Vincent Schuster, Deconstructing the Indemnification Provision, 2013

No. 3 Rocky Mtn. Min. L. Inst. Paper No. 3, at *3-8 (2013).

      The parties may contract that a variety of claims will pass through; for example,

a “method of obtaining pass-through protection is to expand the categories of

persons or companies entitled to indemnity protection such that the indemnitor

agrees to indemnify the indemnitee ‘and its contractors and subcontractors (excluding

Contractor and its subcontractors).’” Nabors Drilling, 2013 WL 3488152, at *5 n.5.

(quoting William W. Pugh, A Strategic Look at the Bigger Picture—Risk Allocation in Oil

and Gas Operational Agreements, 45 Rocky Mtn. Min. L. Found. J. 349, 354 (2008)).

                                           21
Obviously, an indemnity clause must be properly drafted to accomplish a pass-

through. For example, our court has previously scrutinized an indemnity provision

and held that a party could not pass through an indemnity claim by one of its

subcontractors to the injured plaintiff’s employer when the indemnity agreement did

not provide for a pass-through of that contractual claim. Id. at *5.

             2.     The text of the indemnity provision found in Section 8.3 of
                    the RKI/Crescent MSA and the clashing interpretations of it

      Broadly, the interpretative question at issue is whether the claims made against

Crescent passed through it to RKI.          The central indemnity provision of the

RKI/Crescent MSA found in Section 8.3 reads as follows:

      [RKI] agrees to protect, defend, indemnify[,] and hold harmless
      [Crescent], its subcontractors, their respective officers, directors and
      employees or their invitees, from and against all claims, demands, and
      causes of action of every kind and character without limit and without
      regard to the cause or causes thereof or the negligence or fault (active or
      passive) of any party or parties INCLUDING THE SOLE, JOINT,
      CONCURRENT, OR GROSS NEGLIGENCE OF [CRESCENT], any
      theory of strict liability, and defect of premises, or the unseaworthiness
      of any vessel (whether or not preexisting the date of this Agreement),
      arising in connection herewith in favor of [RKI]’s employees, [RKI]’s
      contractors (other than [Crescent] herein) or their employees, or [RKI]’s
      invitees on account of illness, bodily injury, death[,] or damage to
      property.

      Stripping out the verbiage of Section 8.3 that is not germane to the parties’

differing interpretations leaves us with a provision that RKI shall

      protect, defend, indemnify[,] and hold harmless [Crescent] . . . from and
      against all claims, demands, and causes of action of every kind and
      character without limit and without regard to the cause or causes thereof
      . . . arising in connection herewith in favor of [RKI’s] employees[ or]

                                           22
      contractors . . . on account of illness, bodily injury, death[,] or damage to
      property.

      The pivot point of the parties’ contentions is the phrase “arising in connection

herewith.” Crescent predicates its argument—that RKI owed it indemnity for the

claims that arose from the wellsite explosion of the sand separator—on the claim that

Crescent provided safety training and management services to the company that

provided the separator, Ameriflow. This position relies on the interpretation that

Crescent advocated for and which the trial court adopted—that the “arising in

connection herewith” phrase “encompasses all activities reasonably incident [to] or

anticipated by the principal activity of the MSA, which is oil well operation.”

Countering, RKI contends that the work that Crescent did involving the sand

separator was not done in performance of the RKI/Crescent MSA. Thus, RKI

argues that “read properly, the word ‘herewith’ limits the operation of indemnity only

to claims that ‘aris[e] in connection’ with the RKI/Crescent MSA.”            From this

interpretation flows RKI’s argument that “correctly interpreted, the phrase requires a

causal connection between the RKI/Crescent MSA and the claims for which Crescent

seeks indemnity.” Looking to the plain meaning of the “herewith” phrase and other

courts’ interpretations, we adopt the narrower interpretation advocated for by RKI.

                                           23
              3.    Crescent’s burden to establish its indemnity claim and the
                    principles we rely on to determine whether the indemnity
                    provision at issue covers that claim

       Crescent sought contractual indemnity and bore the burden to establish its

right to indemnity. See Sam Rayburn Mun. Power Agency v. Gillis, No. 09-16-00339-CV,

2018 WL 3580159, at *18 (Tex. App.—Beaumont July 26, 2018, pet. denied) (mem.

op.).5 Thus, we must construe the indemnity provision at issue. To do this, “[w]e

construe indemnity agreements under normal rules of contract construction” in an

effort to “ascertain and give effect to the parties’ intent as expressed in the contract.”

       5
        Crescent bore the burden to prove that the indemnity agreement covered the
claims that it made against RKI. Crescent brought a contractual indemnity claim.
Thus, Crescent bore the burden to establish that it was entitled to indemnification
under the terms of the MSA. See Gillis, 2018 WL 3580159, at *18 (stating that “[f]or
the Trust to make the claim that it is entitled to indemnification, the Trust bears the
burden to prove that the indemnity provision is applicable,” meaning that “a third
party has filed a claim against the Trust[] or [that] the indemnity clause expressly
includes language indicating that it also applies to direct claims between the
indemnitor and indemnitee”). Crescent tries to argue that this matter actually involves
an exclusion from indemnity coverage—an exclusion that RKI failed to plead and
thus waived. We disagree. In support of its argument, Crescent cites a case involving
an indemnity agreement that provided indemnity coverage for negligence but then
excluded coverage for gross negligence and willful misconduct. See Tesoro Petroleum
Corp. v. Nabors Drilling USA, Inc., 106 S.W.3d 118, 126 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] 2002, pet. denied). In that circumstance, the indemnitee was put in the ticklish
situation of proving that it was negligent but not so negligent as to be excluded from
indemnity protection. To avoid the indemnitee’s having to take contradictory
positions, courts place the burden on the indemnitor to assert the exclusion as an
affirmative defense. XL Specialty Ins. Co. v. Kiewit Offshore Servs., Ltd., 426 F. Supp. 2d
565, 575 (S.D. Tex. 2006) (mem. op. & order), aff’d, 513 F.3d 146 (5th Cir. 2008).
That is not the situation faced by Crescent in this case; Crescent is relying on
inapposite precedent to argue that RKI waived its right to challenge whether the
RKI/Crescent MSA provided indemnity to Crescent.

                                            24
Gulf Ins. Co. v. Burns Motors, Inc., 22 S.W.3d 417, 423 (Tex. 2000). The basic tools that

we use to accomplish this task are well known:

      • “[W]e must examine and consider the entire writing in an effort to

          harmonize and give effect to all the provisions of the contract so that none

          will be rendered meaningless.” Italian Cowboy Partners, Ltd. v. Prudential Ins.

          Co. of Am., 341 S.W.3d 323, 333 (Tex. 2011).

      • “We begin this analysis with the contract’s express language.” Id.

      • “We . . . ‘presume parties intend what the words of their contract say’ and

          interpret contract language according to its ‘plain, ordinary, and generally

          accepted meaning’ unless the instrument directs otherwise.” URI, Inc. v.

          Kleberg Cnty., 543 S.W.3d 755, 764 (Tex. 2018) (footnote omitted).

      • We construe contracts “from a utilitarian standpoint bearing in mind the

          particular business activity sought to be served,” and we “will avoid[,] when

          possible and proper[,] a construction [that] is unreasonable, inequitable, and

          oppressive.” Frost Nat’l Bank v. L & F Distribs., Ltd., 165 S.W.3d 310, 312

          (Tex. 2005) (quoting Reilly v. Rangers Mgmt., Inc., 727 S.W.2d 527, 530 (Tex.

          1987)).

      • Specific indemnity provisions control over general ones. Sonerra Res. Corp. v.

          Helmerich & Payne Int’l Drilling Co., No. 01-11-00459-CV, 2012 WL 3776428,

          at *3, *7 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Aug. 30, 2012, pet. denied) (mem.

                                           25
          op.) (applying principle to construction of indemnity obligations in a drilling

          contract).

      • “If, after the pertinent rules of construction are applied, the contract can be

          given a definite or certain legal meaning, it is unambiguous[,] and we

          construe it as a matter of law.” Frost Nat’l Bank, 165 S.W.3d at 312.

      In carrying out the goal of ascertaining the parties’ intent in construing an

indemnity provision, the supreme court instructs that we must not “expand the

parties’ rights or responsibilities beyond the limits agreed upon by them in the

contract.” Yowell v. Granite Operating Co., 620 S.W.3d 335, 353 (Tex. 2020) (quoting

Ideal Lease Serv., Inc. v. Amoco Prod. Co., 662 S.W.2d 951, 953 (Tex. 1983)). “Instead,

courts are to construe indemnity agreements strictly in order to give effect to the

parties’ intent as expressed in the agreement.” Id.

      Thus, in this appeal, our primary task is to ascertain the scope of an indemnity

provision. A federal court provides the following overview of what we should strive

for in accomplishing that goal:

      A contract of indemnity should be construed to cover all losses,
      damages, or liabilities [that] reasonably appear to have been within the
      contemplation of the parties, but it should not be read to impose liability
      for those losses or liabilities [that] are neither expressly within its terms
      nor [are] of such a character that it can be reasonably inferred that the
      parties intended to include them within the indemnity coverage.

Corbitt v. Diamond M. Drilling Co., 654 F.2d 329, 333 (5th Cir. 1981).

                                           26
              4.     Breaking down and interpreting the indemnity provision’s
                     operative phrase—“arising in connection herewith”

       As we have noted, our primary task is to construe the phrase “arising in

connection herewith” in the indemnity provision at issue—Section 8.3 of the

RKI/Crescent MSA. First, we break down the phrase by looking at the plain and

ordinary meaning of its component words, and then we examine federal cases that

construe the term as a whole.

                     a.    Texas precedent that deals with variations on the
                           theme of the word “arise”

       The Texas Supreme Court has noted that the word “arise” has the following

dictionary definitions:

       The term “arise” has broad meaning and includes “to originate; to stem
       (from)[; and] . . . [t]o result (from),” Black’s Law Dictionary 129 (10th
       ed. 2014), and “to originate from a specified source[;] . . . to come into
       being[;] . . . to become operative[;] . . . to come about[;] come up[;] take
       place[; and] . . . to become apparent in such a way as to demand
       attention,” Webster’s Third New Int’l Dictionary 117 (2002).

Plains Expl. & Prod. Co. v. Torch Energy Advisors Inc., 473 S.W.3d 296, 308 (Tex. 2015).

Though the word “arise” has a broad meaning, it still “connote[s] some causal nexus.”

Id. As the supreme court later noted, “We have held that the phrase ‘arise out of’

simply requires showing a causal connection or relation, which is a standard on the

spectrum for establishing causation.” Yowell, 620 S.W.3d at 353.

                                           27
       The cases cited in the preceding paragraph carry forward the supreme court’s

earlier interpretation of phrases that contain the word “arise” and catalog both the

court’s holdings and those of other jurisdictions:

       This Court has held that “arise out of” means that there is simply a
       “causal connection or relation,” Mid-Century Ins[.] Co. [of Tex. v. Lindsey],
       997 S.W.2d [153,] 156 (Tex. 1999), which is interpreted to mean that
       there is but[-]for causation, though not necessarily direct or proximate
       causation. See McCarthy Bros. Co. v. Cont’l Lloyds Ins. Co., 7 S.W.3d 725,
       730 (Tex. App.—Austin 1999, no pet.); see also Admiral Ins. Co. v. Trident
       NGL, Inc., 988 S.W.2d 451, 454 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1999,
       pet. denied). Other jurisdictions also interpret “arising out of” to
       exclude a proximate[-]cause requirement. See McCarthy Bros., 7 S.W.3d at
       729–30; see also 1 Rowland H. Long, The Law Of Liability Insurance
       § 1.24 (1991) (“The phrase ‘arising out of’ is not equivalent to
       ‘proximately caused by.’ . . .              [‘]But for[’] causation, i.e., a
       cause[-]and[-]result relationship, is enough to satisfy the provision of the
       policy. . . .”) (quoting Mfrs. Cas. Ins. Co. v. Goodville Cas. Co., 403 Pa. 603,
       170 A.2d 571 (1961)). Likewise, the United States Court of Appeals for
       the Fifth Circuit has concluded that “‘[a]rising out of’ are words of much
       broader significance than ‘caused by.’” Red Ball Motor Freight, Inc. v.
       [Emps.] Mut. Liab. Ins. Co., 189 F.2d 374, 378 (5th Cir. 1951); see also Am.
       States Ins. Co. v. Bailey, 133 F.3d 363, 370 (5th Cir. 1998).

Utica Nat’l Ins. Co. of Tex. v. Am. Indem. Co., 141 S.W.3d 198, 203 (Tex. 2004) (op. on

reh’g); see also Dillon Gage Inc. of Dall. v. Certain Underwriters at Lloyds Subscribing to Policy

No. EE1701590, 636 S.W.3d 640, 644 (Tex. 2021) (“In Utica . . . , the [c]ourt

contrasted the policy’s use of ‘due to’ with ‘arising out of’ to conclude that the former

must invoke ‘a more direct type of causation.’” (footnote omitted)).

       Opinions of the intermediate courts of appeals analyzing indemnity agreements

hold that the word “arise” connotes a connection between a contract’s obligations

and the indemnity obligation:

                                               28
      [T]he plain meaning of “arising from or connected with” is that [the
      indemnitee] must establish some nexus between [the indemnitor’s]
      obligations under the contract and the detriment for which indemnity is
      sought. The nexus need not necessarily amount to direct or proximate
      causation. See Utica Nat’l Ins. Co. . . . , 141 S.W.3d [at] 203 . . . (“‘[A]rising
      out of’ are words of much broader significance than ‘caused by.’”). In
      fact, the Texas Supreme Court has held that “arise out of” simply means
      that there is “a ca[us]al connection or relation.” See id.

Coastal Mart, Inc. v. Sw. Bell Tel. Co., 154 S.W.3d 839, 845 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–

Edinburg 2005, pet. granted, judgm’t vacated w.r.m.); see also Hensel Phelps Constr. Co. v.

Royal Am. Servs., Inc., No. 01-16-00045-CV, 2017 WL 4682181, at *5 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] Oct. 19, 2017, no pet.) (mem. op.) (rejecting argument that third-

party’s actions could produce indemnity obligation as “[t]hat contention is

incompatible with the agreement’s ‘arising from’ language because it would oblige

[appellee] to provide indemnity even if its performance was not a cause or an alleged

cause of the loss”); Banner Sign & Barricade, Inc. v. Berry GP, Inc., No. 13-07-00596-CV,

2008 WL 4352634, at *5 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg Sept. 25, 2008, pet.

denied) (stating that the terms “arising out of” and “in connection with” “require only

that a ‘general nexus’ be established between the subcontractor’s obligations and the

detriment for which indemnity is sought”).

       Thus, the term “arising” connotes a but-for causal connection between the

indemnity claim provided for in the provision and something else.                   What the

“something else” turns on is the meaning of the words “in connection herewith.”

                                             29
                    b.     The limitation created by the words “in connection
                           herewith” and how we interpret those words

      The breadth of the connection created by the use of the word “arise” or

“arising” may be limited by additional phrases that narrow the scope of the

connection created by the word “arise.” Yowell, 620 S.W.3d at 353. “[W]hen parties

narrow the scope of their rights and obligations purposefully, the [c]ourt must enforce

the terms as expressed within the four corners of the contract.” Id. Stated differently,

we go in search of contextual clues to ascertain the scope of the connection; “while

the phrases ‘arising from,’ ‘with respect to,’ and ‘attributable to’ may seem expansive

out of context, the temporal limitations to which they are tied and other contextual

clues necessarily narrow their scope and require no less than a substantial-factor

relationship.” Plains Expl., 473 S.W.3d at 309.

      Here, the limiting phrase is “in connection herewith.” “In” is a preposition

that in this context is “used as a function word to indicate limitation, qualification, or

circumstance.”             In,      Merriam-Webster.com,          http://www.merriam-

webster.com/dictionary/in (last visited June 9, 2022). “Connection” is a noun that

denotes a “causal or logical relation or sequence” or a “contextual relation or

association.”         Connection,    Merriam-Webster.com,         http://www.merriam-

webster.com/dictionary/connection (last visited June 9, 2022).          The phrase “in

connection” ties to Plains Exploration’s definition of “arise” as originating from a

particular source, i.e., “in connection” is a phrase pointing to the source of

                                           30
origination. 473 S.W.3d at 308 (citing Black’s Law Dictionary 129 (10th ed. 2014)).

Or if looked at in terms of causal nexus, “in connection” signals that what comes next

is the triggering event that causes something to originate.

      The source of the matter arising in this case is “herewith.” Black’s Law

Dictionary defines “herewith” as an adverb meaning “[w]ith or in this letter or

document.” Herewith, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019). Texas case law states

that “the adverb ‘herewith’ means in part ‘with this communication’ or ‘accompanying

this writing or document.’” Parhms v. B & B Ventures, Inc., 938 S.W.2d 199, 204 (Tex.

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1997, writ denied) (op. on reh’g) (citing Webster’s Third

New Int’l Dictionary 1059 (1993)).

      Thus, we interpret the phrase “arising in connection herewith” to mean

originating from the document or writing in which the phrase is contained.

             5.     How federal cases interpret indemnity provisions using the
                    phrase “arising in connection herewith” or similar phrases

      A body of Fifth Circuit precedent deals with the interpretation of the very

phrase defining the scope of indemnity that we deal with—“arising in connection

herewith” or similar phrases. We look to those cases as construction guides for the

phrase at the core of this appeal.

      As a preliminary matter, we discuss the parties’ efforts to shy away from these

precedents and why we are not timid to follow their guidance. Crescent claims that

RKI raises a red herring by even discussing a central case in the area—Fontenot v. Mesa

                                           31
Petroleum Co.—because Crescent did not rely on the case in its trial-court briefing. 791

F.2d 1207, 1214 (5th Cir. 1986). As RKI points out in its reply brief, Crescent did rely

on Fontenot in its summary-judgment briefing. More importantly, the construction of

the “arising in connection herewith” phrase adopted by the trial court in one of its

summary judgments was plucked almost verbatim from the precedent that Crescent

condemns RKI for addressing. Thus, the precedent played a pivotal role in the trial

court’s analysis and, for that reason alone, is one that we must examine.

       RKI also tries to divert us from relying too heavily on Fontenot because of its

maritime law context, explaining that “[t]he Fifth Circuit also noted that the ‘realities

of maritime life, particularly life aboard drilling vessels’ informed its maritime

indemnity jurisprudence—concerns that do not apply here. Fontenot, 791 F.2d at

1215[] n.8.” RKI’s statement is true, but it ignores that even in maritime cases, the

federal courts are applying the same template for construction that we are. Fontenot,

the case that the parties shy away from, applied the construction principle of reading

the contract as a whole and not looking “beyond the written language of the contract

to determine the intent of the parties unless the disputed language is ambiguous.” Id.

at 1214. Another Fifth Circuit opinion notes that “in a maritime contract, words of

indemnification are given their plain meaning unless the provision is ambiguous.”

Lirette v. Popich Bros. Water Transp., Inc., 669 F.2d 725, 728 n.11 (5th Cir. 1983) (citing

Corbitt, 654 F.2d at 332–33). Thus, the maritime cases are performing the same task

that we are—searching for the plain-language meaning of a contract’s words. See

                                            32
Gemini Ins. Co. v. Trident Roofing Co., No. 3:09-CV-704-M, 2010 WL 335314, at *3

(N.D. Tex. Jan. 22, 2010) (mem. op. & order) (relying on maritime precedent to

construe exclusion in Texas insurance policy).

      As described above, the phrase “arising in connection herewith” is a

description of the relationship that a purported indemnity claim must bear to the

underlying obligations between the parties. Several decades ago, the Fifth Circuit

decided two cases that provided a short-hand construction of the phrase and

contrasted why certain claims did or did not fall within the phrase’s ambit.

      The first case, Fontenot, involved an indemnity provision that contained the very

“arising in connection herewith” phrase that we examine. 791 F.2d at 1213. Fontenot

involved the claim of a drunken oil field worker who injured himself when he got off

a helicopter onto an oil rig that was an intermediate fueling stop on the way to the rig

where the worker was employed. Id. at 1210. The worker sued, and an internecine

battle erupted between various contractors involved in the controversy over who was

obliged to pay the worker’s injury claim. Id. at 1209–10. One aspect of the battle was

whether the oil company—which chartered the rig where the refueling occurred (and

where the worker was injured) and which also contracted for drilling work with the

company that employed the worker—owed indemnity to the refueling rig owner. Id.

at 1213.

      Synthesizing a long line of its authority dealing with the language of the

indemnity agreement between the rig owner and the oil company, the Fifth Circuit set

                                           33
out what relationship must exist between the parties’ contract and the claim for which

indemnity is sought as follows: “[W]e have broadly construed language identical or

similar to the ‘arising in connection herewith’ language in the . . . indemnity agreement

to unambiguously encompass all activities reasonably incident [to] or anticipated by

the principal activity of the contract.”        Id. at 1214.   The implication of this

construction for claims of employees was that

      where the presence of the injured person at the scene of the injury is
      attributable to or might reasonably be anticipated by his employment
      responsibilities, then his injuries occur “in connection with” those
      responsibilities. It is irrelevant that the person is not at that moment
      performing services or that the injury results from an activity not
      encompassed by the employer’s contractual undertakings.

Id. at 1215. Applying this test to the claims of the injured worker, the Fifth Circuit

concluded that the necessary relationship existed to bring the claim within the ambit

of the indemnity agreement because the parties’ contract contemplated that the rig

where the employee was injured would be used as a heliport. Id. at 1216.

      Though not using the term “knock-for-knock indemnity,” the court went on to

describe the purpose of knock-for-knock indemnity as dividing

      the responsibility for personal injury/death among the many employers
      and contractors according to the identity of the injured employee rather
      than according to which party’s fault or negligence caused the injury. In
      effect, each party assumes the risk of the other’s negligence and agrees to
      be responsible for injuries to its own employees no matter how, or by
      whom, caused.

                                           34
Id. Because the worker’s presence on the refueling rig was attributed to a relationship

created by the oil company, it bore the responsibility for the claim under the

indemnity provision. Id.

       The same year that it decided Fontenot, the Fifth Circuit examined the scope of

an indemnity provision with broad language providing for indemnity “occurring in

connection with, arising out of, or in any wise incident or related to Contractor’s performing services

and operations under this contract.” Marathon Pipe Line Co. v. M/V Sea Level II, 806 F.2d

585, 590–91 (5th Cir. 1986). Marathon Pipe Line examined a claim from a different

perspective than Fontenot; Marathon Pipe Line involved the question of whether a

party’s acts were so divorced from its contractual performance that it did not owe

indemnity. Id. at 591. In Marathon Pipe Line, the owner of an undersea pipeline

contracted with a company to do work on the pipeline. Id. at 587–88. That company

in turn subcontracted with other companies to provide a vessel to transport materials

to the site of the work and function as a work platform. Id. at 587. The pipeline

owner also contracted with a different company to locate other pipelines in the area

where work was being done. Id. at 588–89.

       During a discussion with the captain of the platform vessel about where to

drop its anchors, an employee of the company that was contracted to locate the

pipelines advised against placing an anchor in the location that the captain wanted to

place it. Id. at 587. Ignoring the concern raised, the captain placed the anchor in the

location that he had selected, and a pipeline owned by another entity was damaged.

                                                  35
Id. at 587–88. When the entity owning the other pipeline sued to recover for damage

to its pipeline, the companies owning the platform vessel claimed indemnity from the

company locating the pipeline, relying on an indemnity provision in the contract

between the pipeline owner and the locating company. Id. at 588.

       In discussing the indemnity issue, the Fifth Circuit discussed the parties’

various roles as defined by their contracts:

       [The owners of the platform vessel] cite language in the contract
       obligating [the locating company] to “perform all work requested by”
       [the owner of the pipeline being worked on]. To define requested work,
       they refer to a provision of the contract obligating [the locating
       company] to furnish labor and supplies among other items “for offshore
       pipeline location survey services, as required for” the overall
       construction project on the pipeline. These services further include “the
       correct placement of the marker buoys and maintenance of such buoys.”
       The contract, however, makes no mention of a duty to assist the primary
       contractor or subcontractors in positioning the anchors of vessels. In
       the absence of any express or implied undertaking, we refuse to read [the
       locating company’s] obligations as including a duty to assist in placing
       the [platform vessel’s] anchors. The court did not err in characterizing
       [the locating company’s employee’s] advice as gratuitous.

Id. at 590.

       No matter that the acts of the locating company’s employees fell outside its

contractual obligations, the platform vessel’s owners argued that the locating company

owed them indemnity as subcontractors of the owner of the pipeline being repaired.

Id. They based this argument on the fact that the contract between the locating

company and the pipeline owner had a provision obliging the locating company to

indemnify the pipeline company and its subcontractors for claims “occurring in connection

                                           36
with, arising out of, or in any wise incident or related to Contractor’s performing services and

operations under this Contract.” Id. at 590–91. The platform vessel owners argued that

“the damage to [the] pipeline [damaged by the misplaced anchor] occurred in

connection with, arose out of, or was related or incident to services performed by [the

locating company] under its contract with [the pipeline owner].” Id. at 591.

       The Fifth Circuit held that the locating company did not owe indemnity. Id.

When the platform vessel’s owners tried to predicate an argument for indemnity on

the holding of Fontenot, the Fifth Circuit found this effort to be a bridge too far:

       [The owners of the platform vessel] urge that precedents in this Circuit
       support a broad construction of “occurring in connection with”
       language in indemnity provisions. See[,] e.g.[,] Fontenot, 791 F.2d at 1214.
       They compare the facts of this case with facts of other cases [that]
       typically have obligated the indemnifying party to pay an indemnitee for
       its liability arising from an incident not caused by the indemnitor. This
       view of the contract, however, would have us read the “occurring in
       connection with” language to cover a limitless number of unforeseeable
       casualties that might have occurred during the pendency of the
       construction work on [the] pipeline [being repaired]. The contract
       language in question, while broad, cannot be read in a vacuum to apply
       to any situation for which a colorable argument could be made that loss
       of property was somehow related to [the locating company’s] services
       under the contract.

              We decline to characterize the damage to [the pipeline] as
       “occurring in connection with, arising out of, or in anywise incident or
       related to [the locating company’s] performing services under” the
       [pipeline owner/locating company] contract in the absence of any
       indication that [the pipeline owner] sought and [locating company]
       agreed to such an unusual undertaking. This court has refused to extend
       the reach of an indemnity provision beyond the intent of the parties to
       the agreement where the undertaking urged would create “an unusual
       and su[r]prising obligation.” Corbitt . . . , 654 F.2d [at] 333 . . . .

                                              37
                The language used makes it plain that [the pipeline owner]
       intended to draft the indemnity provision to cover all conceivable
       situations in which it might incur liability. The limit of that potential
       liability, however, was accidents that might occur during [the locating
       company’s] performance of contract services. [The pipeline owner]
       could have no interest in requiring [the locating company] to protect
       other subcontractors from their own negligence when that negligence
       was independent of the performance of [the locating company’s]
       contract.

Id. (footnote omitted).

       A district court case seeking a common rationale for the holdings of Fontenot

and Marathon Pipe Line found it in whether the performance of the contract containing

the indemnity provision creates foreseeability of the type of claim for which

indemnity is sought. See Gisclair v. Galliano Marine Serv., 484 F. Supp. 2d 518, 523

(E.D. La. 2007). Specifically,

       [i]n both Fontenot and Marathon Pipe Line, the Fifth Circuit was concerned
       with the foreseeability of the incident giving rise to the claim for
       indemnity. See Fontenot, 791 F.2d at 1214 (“all activities reasonably
       incident or anticipated by the principal activity of the contract”);
       Marathon Pipe Line, 806 F.2d at 591 (expressing concern that giving full
       effect to catch-all provisions “would have us read the ‘occurring in
       connection with’ language to cover a limitless number of unforeseeable
       casualties that might have occurred during the pendency of the
       construction work on [the pipeline being repaired]”).

Id.

       The Fifth Circuit’s latest pronouncement on its view on the scope of broad

indemnity agreements for acts falling outside the performance called for by a contract

is International Marine, L.L.C. v. Integrity Fisheries, Inc., 860 F.3d 754, 759 (5th Cir. 2017).

The facts in International Marine involved a company hired to do an underwater survey.

                                              38
Id. at 757. That company hired two other companies to provide vessels to perform

the survey: one provided a vessel that towed the sonar device gathering the survey

data, and the other provided a chase vessel that picked up the signals emitted by the

sonar device. Id.

      An employee of the company performing the survey was on the chase vessel

and operated the equipment receiving the sonar signal; the only responsibilities of the

company operating the chase vessel were to drive the vessel and to stay within a

certain radius of the towed sonar device. Id. During the operation, the captain of the

chase vessel informed the employee of the survey company on his vessel that the tow

vessel was coming close to an underwater structure. Id. The employee passed the

information to the captain of the tow vessel, who ignored the information and towed

the underwater equipment into the structure, damaging it. Id. The company using the

damaged structure sued the company conducting the survey and the owner of the tow

vessel. Id. They, in turn, filed an indemnity claim against the owner of the chase

vessel, relying on the indemnity provisions of an MSA that provided indemnity for

claims “arising out of or related in any way to the operation of any vessel owned . . .

by [the chase vessel’s owner] . . . to perform work under this agreement except to the

extent such loss, harm, infringement, destruction, or damages is caused by [the survey

company or its contractor’s] gross negligence or willful misconduct.” Id. at 758.

      International Marine examined the holdings of Fontenot and Marathon Pipe Line and

set the interpretive boundary for contracts calling for indemnity arising out of a

                                          39
contract’s performance as being “[w]hen one party’s negligent contractual

performance causes third[-]party property damage independent of the alleged

indemnitor’s contractual performance, indemnity is usually not required absent a clear

indication that the parties agreed to such an unusual undertaking.”          Id. at 759

(emphasis added).      Applying this principle, the Fifth Circuit concluded that no

indemnity     claim   lay    against   the   chase   vessel’s   owner   “[b]ecause   the

summary[-]judgment evidence supports only the conclusion that the [chase vessel’s]

operation made no contribution to the negligent act causing the [damage to the

underwater structure], indemnity is not owed under the MSAs.”            Id. at 760–61.

International Marine concluded that Fontenot’s principle remained the law but noted that

its rule went only so far:

       To be clear, we continue to subscribe to the general rule articulated in
       Fontenot that indemnity agreements containing language such as “arising
       out of” should be read broadly. See . . . 791 F.2d at 1214. It is only
       when the alleged indemnitor’s contractual performance is completely
       independent of another party’s negligent act that caused damage that we
       apply a limitation to this general rule. See Marathon [Pipe Line], 806 F.2d
       at 591.

Id. at 761.

              6.      Looking to the plain language of the provision and the
                      holdings of the federal courts, we conclude that the trial
                      court’s interpretation of Section 8.3 is too broad.

       As we have noted, the trial court signed a summary-judgment order that

concluded, “The phrase ‘arising in connection herewith’ found in Section 8.3 of the

MSA encompasses all activities reasonably incident [to] or anticipated by the principal

                                             40
activity of the MSA, which is oil well operation.” Obviously, this phraseology is lifted

from Fontenot. See 791 F.2d at 1214. We conclude that the interpretation is too broad

because it untethers the indemnity obligation from the contract containing the

provision and brings activities independent of the contract within the scope of the

indemnity provision simply because they relate to the general subject of the contract.

Basically, the interpretation places RKI on the line to indemnify a party with whom it

has an MSA for that party’s activities no matter whether RKI sought those services or

not. This construction requires RKI to indemnify a contractor for services that the

contractor performs for anyone it chooses and deprives RKI of the autonomy to

decide if the contactor was suited to perform the services and of the ability to monitor

and control the delivery of those services.

      As noted, in essence, we interpret the plain meaning of the words in the phrase

“arising in connection herewith” to mean originating from the document or writing in

which the phrase is contained. The obvious subject of the writing is the contractual

performance called for by it. Instead of looking to that scope, the trial court’s

interpretation looks to what the contract involved in the most general sense. In our

view, that does violence to the very purpose of the limiting language and practically

makes the indemnitor the insurer of anything that one of its contractors does while on

the wellsite. That is not a reasonable interpretation because it imposes “liability for

those losses or liabilities [that] are neither expressly within its terms nor of such a

                                              41
character that it can be reasonably inferred that the parties intended to include them

within the indemnity coverage.” See Corbitt, 654 F.2d at 333.

       The trial court’s construction thus imposes an obligation to indemnify for

activities that are independent of the parties’ contractual obligations, which appear to

be the hinge pin of the federal courts’ decisions as to the elasticity of phrases similar

to those used in Section 8.3. We adopt a rationale limiting the scope of the language

that is akin to that stated in Marathon Pipe Line:

       The limit of that potential liability, however, was accidents that might
       occur during [the locating company’s] performance of contract services.
       [The pipeline owner] could have no interest in requiring [the locating
       company] to protect other subcontractors from their own negligence
       when that negligence was independent of the performance of [the
       locating company’s] contract.

806 F.2d at 591. The language used in Section 8.3 does not have the clear indication

that the parties agreed to such an unusual undertaking as RKI’s agreeing to indemnify

Crescent for work it undertakes for another party when that work is not performed

under the RKI/Crescent MSA.

       At bottom, the trial court’s construction would give Crescent the keys to the

indemnity kingdom. It could do work for anyone at the wellsite, in as slipshod a

manner as it wished, and still claim that RKI owed it indemnity. And RKI would

have none of the protections that the RKI/Crescent MSA affords it by being able to

request work from Crescent that it considered Crescent competent to do and then

                                             42
have the protections of the other provisions of the MSA to ensure that the work RKI

retained Crescent to do was performed safely and properly.6

             7.     The scope of the MSA

      But interpreting the limiting language of Section 8.3 to performance under the

RKI/Crescent MSA does not end the task of determining the scope of the indemnity

that RKI owed Crescent. We must also answer the question of what the scope of

      6
       For example, the RKI/Crescent MSA provides the following:

      2.2 [Crescent] warrants its services, workmanship, materials[,] and
      equipment provided to [RKI] . . . .

             2.3 All work or services rendered or performed by [Crescent]
      shall be done with due diligence, in a good and workmanlike manner,
      using skilled, competent[,] and experienced workmen and
      supervisors. . . .

             ....

            5.1 When requested by [RKI], or if otherwise applicable,
      [Crescent] will furnish regular reports (either daily, weekly, bi-weekly[,]
      or monthly as requested by [RKI]) covering work, services, and/or
      materials furnished by [Crescent] for which [RKI] is obligated to pay. . . .

             ....

              5.3 [Crescent] agrees to and shall be solely responsible for the
      safety of its employees, subcontractors, consultants[,] and agents, as well
      as its subcontractors’ employees and agents and their respective invitees
      and guests. . . .

             ....

              7.1 At any and all times during the term of this Agreement, [Crescent]
      shall, at [Crescent]’s sole expense, carry insurance . . . .

                                          43
performance was under the RKI/Crescent MSA. Again, the parties offer clashing

interpretations.

       RKI argues that the RKI/Crescent MSA created a scope delimited by the

provisions of the specific scope provision of the MSA, which provides,

       1.0 SCOPE AND TERM OF AGREEMENT

             1.1 This Agreement shall control and govern all activities of
       [Crescent] in connection with the performance of services and/or supply
       of materials and equipment by [Crescent] for [RKI] under subsequent
       verbal or written purchase orders, work orders, supplemental
       agreements, delivery tickets[,] or other similar agreements, hereinafter
       each called a “Work Order[.”]

RKI then highlights the fact that it is undisputed that the only equipment provided by

Crescent pursuant to the terms of the MSA was a boom lift and a light tower and that

such equipment was not involved in the sand-separator explosion.

       Crescent does not claim that the boom lift and light tower were involved in the

accident but argues for an interpretation of the MSA that does not limit its scope to

that defined by work orders and instead argues that RKI “created comprehensive

indemnity provisions in its MSA to allocate risks at its work site.” In its post-

submission letter brief, Crescent touches on this rationale as follows:

       The other issue raised by the panel in connection with the interpretation
       of “party” was a concern about “circular indemnities.” There should be
       no such concern. The “MSA program” was drafted by RKI and
       imposed on all its contractors at the urging of RKI’s insurer. Under that
       program, a contractor that employs a worker who brings a claim
       indemnifies RKI and all of its other contractors and their
       subcontractors. That is proper because the indemnifying employer is
       best able to protect its own worker. If that contractor fails to indemnify

                                           44
      everyone else—because RKI chose to contract with an under-funded or
      under-insured contractor—then RKI indemnifies all the other
      contractors and their subcontractors. That too is proper because RKI
      maintained ultimate control over the entire well[]site. [Record reference
      omitted.]

Crescent’s interpretation is unpersuasive. The argument tries to expand the evidence

that we should consider in making our determination of what the MSA means beyond

the language that the MSA uses. Perhaps, the arrangement that Crescent advocates

for is a reasonable one.    The plain language of the MSA, however, does not

implement it.

      Also to support its broad interpretation of RKI’s indemnity obligations,

Crescent weaves together a number of the MSA’s provisions, which include the

following:

   • Section 8.1 of the MSA states that the indemnity provided is “to the maximum

      extent permitted by law” and without consideration of the indemnified parties’

      negligence;

   • The provision placed in the MSA to “COMPL[Y] WITH THE

      REQUIREMENT” of the express negligence rule by conspicuously stating that

      the indemnitor is responsible for the negligence of the indemnitee;

   • Section 8.3 of the MSA that Crescent broadly interprets to mean that “under

      the broad indemnity provision in the RKI/Crescent MSA, any connection to

      the oil well[]site operations qualified Crescent for indemnity as to claims from

                                         45
      RKI’s other contractors (including Ameriflow) and their employees. Crescent

      had such a connection”; and

   • The fact that, in Crescent’s view, the MSA allowed RKI to call on an unlimited

      scope of work from Crescent at the wellsite because the MSA stated,

      “WHEREAS, [RKI] in the normal course of business regularly and customarily

      enters into contracts with independent contractors for providing work, services

      and/or equipment related to [RKI’s] operations.”

      Our reasons for rejecting Crescent’s interpretation are multi-fold. First, simply

because the MSA states that indemnity is to the maximum extent as provided by law

cannot be read to equate to a meaning that the indemnity is unlimited or at least not

controlled by the specific provisions of the MSA governing that indemnity. Second,

the same is true of Crescent’s attempt to argue that the express negligence provision

should trump the provisions controlling the scope of the negligence. Third, we have

already rejected the argument that Section 8.3 has the breadth advocated for by

Crescent. Fourth, to argue that RKI must indemnify Crescent for work done outside

the scope of the RKI/Crescent MSA because RKI could call on Crescent to do work,

even though RKI did not do so, would impose an indemnity obligation on RKI for

any work that Crescent decided to do for anyone on the wellsite.7 Again, Crescent

     As a final matter, Crescent lambasts RKI’s argument that the RKI/Crescent
      7

MSA does not create a right to indemnity as follows:

                                         46
never explains why RKI should have an indemnity obligation but forfeit its right to

control what work will fall within that obligation.

      Accordingly, we sustain RKI’s first issue.

      D.     Even though we reject the trial court’s interpretation of the
             RKI/Crescent MSA, we reject RKI’s argument that the pleadings
             in the New Mexico suits establish that Crescent cannot recover
             indemnity as a matter of law.

      RKI argues that if we adopt its narrower interpretation of the RKI/Crescent

MSA, we should either remand this matter to the trial court or render judgment that

      Finally, RKI’s argument is actually self-defeating. If Crescent had
      absolutely nothing to do with this accident, then obviously the
      settlement had nothing to do with Crescent’s conduct. Crescent was
      included to close out the lawsuit and end defense costs that RKI had the
      obligation to pay based on allegations in the lawsuit. As will be
      discussed later in this brief, the settlement amount was reasonable for
      the injuries and death, period. That is true even if Ameriflow had been
      the only party to the settlement. RKI’s misguided requirement for
      segregation—aside from having no contractual support—is meaningless
      given its own argument that Crescent had nothing to do with the
      accident.

             RKI’s nonsensical argument appears to be that Crescent should
      have never been sued, so no indemnity is owed. Apparently, then, RKI
      is recanting its own cross-claim against Crescent for contributing to the
      accident. In any event, RKI is essentially arguing that Crescent should
      have refused to [have been] included in the settlement[;] should have
      insisted on a trial[;] and then after winning the trial[,] should have stuck
      RKI with the entire cost of defense given RKI’s obligation to defend
      based on allegations by the plaintiffs. That is an absurd position.
      [Record reference omitted.]

      We do not read RKI’s argument as being that Crescent should never have been
sued but that it did not owe indemnity to Crescent. Based on the language of the
RKI/Crescent MSA, we have concluded that the construction placed on the
indemnity provision by Crescent is too broad.

                                           47
Crescent take nothing. This argument flows from the contention that Crescent

admitted that the boom lift and the light tower that it provided pursuant to the terms

of the RKI/Crescent MSA were not involved in the explosion that produced the New

Mexico lawsuits and that the pleadings in those suits did not bring Crescent within the

terms of the indemnity provision of the RKI/Crescent MSA.

      We agree that this matter should be remanded but for reasons different than

those raised by RKI. First, the trial court’s later summary judgments establishing

RKI’s liability on the indemnity claims were based on a flawed interpretation of the

RKI/Crescent MSA, and the parties should have the opportunity to develop their

arguments based on the interpretation that we have adopted.               Second, the

RKI/Crescent MSA covers not only Crescent but also “its affiliates and subsidiaries.”

The state of the record is such that it is impossible to resolve Crescent’s indemnity

claim as a matter of law because there is testimony in the record that suggests that

Ameriflow may be a Crescent affiliate or subsidiary because Crescent owns

Ameriflow.

      To resolve this issue, we must first resolve what source of information we

should examine to determine whether indemnity is owed. Though it may now lead to

a resolution that RKI did not intend, we agree with RKI that the general rule is that

the indemnity determination should be made based on the facts proven about the

underlying claim rather than the pleadings alone. See DBHL, Inc. v. Moen Inc., 312

S.W.3d 631, 637 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. denied) (“[A] duty to

                                          48
indemnify is triggered by the facts, not merely any underlying pleadings.”); Tesoro

Petroleum Corp., 106 S.W.3d at 125 (“Facts, . . . not allegations, determine an

indemnitor’s duty to indemnify.”).

      When dealing with indemnity under an insurance policy, a recent federal case

explained how indemnity is usually predicated on the facts unless the pleadings negate

the possibility of indemnity:

      “Facts, however, not allegations, determine an indemnitor’s duty to
      indemnify.” Westport Ins. Corp. v. Atchley, Russell, Waldrop & Hlavinka,
      L.L.P., 267 F. Supp. 2d 601, 625 (E.D. Tex. 2003) (citing Tesoro Petroleum
      Corp. . . . , 106 S.W.3d [at] 125 . . . ). The duty to defend may be
      triggered by the pleadings, but the duty to indemnify is based on the
      jury’s findings. [Farmers Tex. Cnty. Mut. Ins. Co. v.] Griffin, 955 S.W.2d
      [81,] 82[ (Tex. 1997)]. Thus, the actual facts determined in the
      underlying litigation, or as otherwise made available, determine whether
      the insurer has the duty to indemnify. See Chiriboga v. State Farm Mut.
      Auto. Ins. Co., 96 S.W.3d 673, 680 (Tex. App.—Austin[ 2003, no] pet.)
      (citing Trinity Univ[ersal] Ins. Co. v. Cowan, 945 S.W.2d 819, 821 (Tex.
      1997)). “Generally, Texas law only considers the duty-to-indemnify
      question justiciable after the underlying suit is concluded, unless ‘the
      same reasons that negate the duty to defend likewise negate any
      possibility the insurer will ever have a duty to indemnify.’” Northfield Ins.
      Co. v. Loving Home Care, Inc., 363 F.3d 523, 529 (5th Cir. 2004) (quoting
      Griffin, 955 S.W.2d at 84).

Amerisure Ins. Co. v. Thermacor Process, Inc., No. 4:20-cv-01089-P, 2021 WL 1056435, at

*6 (N.D. Tex. Mar. 19, 2021) (mem. op. & order).

      Crescent seems to challenge the general proposition—indemnity claims should

be determined on the facts—by arguing that the contractual right to indemnity should

be determined as a matter of law. The cases that Crescent cites for this proposition

are inapposite as they deal with the construction of the indemnity provision itself

                                           49
rather than whether the facts create a right to indemnity after the provision has been

construed. See Fisk Elec. Co. v. Constructors & Assocs., Inc., 888 S.W.2d 813, 815–16

(Tex. 1994) (determining as a matter of law that indemnity was not owed because

indemnity provision failed to meet requirements of express-negligence doctrine);

Tesoro Petroleum Corp., 106 S.W.3d at 125 (construing indemnity provision as a matter

of law to exclude claims for gross negligence and willful misconduct).

      Even if we were to accept Crescent’s argument that the pleadings were the

source of proof that we should rely on to resolve whether it has a right to indemnity,

it would not establish that claim as a matter of law in view of our holding addressing

the scope of the RKI/Crescent MSA’s indemnity provision. Crescent spends six

pages of its brief outlining the allegations in the Magdaleno and De La Hoya suits. It

notes that the Magdaleno and De La Hoya pleadings allege that RKI controlled the

wellsite where they were injured and that RKI was negligent in how it exercised that

control.   Crescent highlights that the pleadings allege that RKI hired various

contractors to work on the wellsite and that RKI breached various duties to supervise,

monitor, and control the contractors or was vicariously liable for the contractors’

activities. Crescent then notes that the pleadings allege various acts of negligence

against it for its wellsite activities, which included training of individuals on the

wellsite. But the allegations that Crescent highlights are geared toward the broad

construction of the indemnity provision in the RKI/Crescent MSA adopted by the

trial court, i.e., that the phrase “arising in connection herewith” “encompasse[d] all

                                          50
activities reasonably incident [to] or anticipated by the principal activity of the MSA,

which is oil well operation.” We have rejected that broad construction.

      Crescent also argues that it should receive indemnity as a subcontractor of

Ameriflow. As we discuss below, we do not reach this argument because it was not

raised as a summary-judgment ground.

      This all said, on the record before us, there are open questions that impact

Crescent’s indemnity rights. “Contractor” is defined in the RKI/Crescent MSA as

“Crescent Services and its Affiliates and Subsidiaries.” [Emphasis added.] And, as

noted, the pleadings in the New Mexico suits allege that Crescent provided safety

training and management services to Ameriflow. At this point, we have no idea what

the relationship is between the two nor how the services were provided (if they were

provided). Thus, the hints contained in the record as to the relationships do not

provide us with the information to resolve the indemnity question as a matter of law.

      Specifically, the record is vague regarding what the relationship between the

two was.    And what the record does contain about the relationship between

Ameriflow and Crescent impacts whether Crescent may fall within the indemnity

provisions of the RKI/Crescent MSA, with the MSA defining the “Contractor” as

“Crescent Services and its Affiliates and Subsidiaries” and the indemnity obligation

flowing to the Contractor. Both parties note the testimony of an expert hired by the

plaintiffs in the Magdaleno suit that discussed safety audit services that Crescent

provided; the expert contended that such services contributed to the explosion of the

                                          51
sand separator. The expert testified that the audit was performed but that Ameriflow

was a subsidiary of Crescent. 8      Further, both the RKI/Crescent MSA and the

      8
       Specifically, the record contains the following exchange:

      Q. Okay. I’ll represent to you that the law that’s going to be applicable
      here is that you can’t reach a parent through its subsidiary, okay? So, if
      you agree with -- do you agree with me on that general principle?

             [Counsel for the plaintiffs in the Ortega suit]: Object to form.
      That’s pretty legal.

            A. Well, yeah, I -- I would say it trickles down the other way. So,
      Crescent Services -- if the audit had been done before the incident,
      Mr. Whitmire [an employee of Ameriflow] says the result would have
      been the same.

             Q. (BY [Crescent’s attorney]) Now --

             A. So, if -- Crescent Services, had they done the audit before the
      incident, would have known that their subsidiary did not have a good
      safety program. So, that’s what I’m looking at is Crescent Services knew
      and could have known before the incident, Mr. Whitmire says, that
      Crescent Services’ subsidiary -- not going up, going down -- did not have
      a proper safety program.

             Q. And that is based on what?

             A. Based on the audit.

            Q. Again, the audit of Rock Deschaine, an independent
      representative from TCR Management in San Marcos.

             A. Well, he’s a consultant who’s working for Crescent companies.

             Q. He was not working for Crescent companies.

             A. He’s a consultant.

                                          52
RKI/Ameriflow MSA show the same addresses for both companies and are signed by

the same person on behalf of both entities.

      Thus, we are faced with a record in which RKI does not contest that it owes

Ameriflow indemnity under the RKI/Ameriflow MSA, the RKI/Crescent MSA that

potentially embraces both Ameriflow and Crescent (should Ameriflow be a Crescent

subsidiary), and an undeveloped record of facts about the relationships and activities

of those parties. In view of this record, we cannot say that even with our narrower

interpretation of the indemnity provision in the RKI/Crescent MSA that we can

resolve the question of the indemnity owed to Crescent as a matter of law.

            Q. What evidence do you have that Mr. Deschaine was working
      for Crescent?

            A. Well, he did the audit for Crescent. He didn’t just one day get
      up and say, “I’m going to leave San Marcos and go out in West Texas
      and do an audit.” He was hired by the Crescent entities to do the audit.

             Q. An audit of Crescent or audit of Ameriflow?

             A. Of Ameriflow.

             Q. Okay. So, again, we’re going to go back --

             A. The audit was of Ameriflow.

             Q. The audit was of Ameriflow. You agree with me on that.

             A. Yeah, absolutely.

             Q. Okay. So --

            A. But Crescent’s the parent company. He did the audit as a
      consultant for Crescent of Ameriflow, their subsidiary, and he said the
      subsidiary has a bad safety program.

                                          53
      E.     We analyze RKI’s challenge that damages were not proven as a
             matter of law because the damages were not segregated between a
             party that could recover damages—Ameriflow—and a party that
             could not—Crescent.

      As noted, Ameriflow and Crescent presented this case on summary judgment

by each attempting to prove that they have a free-standing right to indemnity through

their respective MSAs. Thus far, we have held that the construction placed on the

RKI/Crescent MSA by the trial court is overly broad. However, on the basis of the

terms of the RKI/Crescent MSA and the record below, we have also held that the

record does not forestall as a matter of law the possibility that Crescent is entitled to

indemnity under the terms of its MSA.           Without the determination of whether

Crescent has a right to indemnity, it is premature to address the questions of whether

the proof before the trial court was sufficient to prove as a matter of law that the

settlement of the Magdaleno suit was reasonable and prudent or how attorneys’ fees

were proven. However, to the extent that Ameriflow and Crescent argue that they

have a means of establishing a right to indemnity that is not dependent on the terms

of the RKI/Crescent MSA—and which makes that argument raised by RKI that they

had to segregate their proof of damages unreasonable—we address those arguments

because they have the potential to obviate the need to answer the question regarding

whether Crescent has a right to indemnity under the terms of the RKI/Crescent

MSA. We conclude that the arguments raised to avoid RKI’s segregation argument

are not persuasive.

                                           54
      To begin, RKI premises its second issue—its segregation argument—on the

principle that the proof of damages offered by Ameriflow failed to segregate between

it as a party entitled to indemnity and Crescent, which is a party not entitled to

indemnity. RKI relies on the principle from cases that require an allocation of

damages between perils that are covered and those that are not. The Fifth Circuit

recently discussed this principle and what proof satisfies the allocation requirement as

follows:

      In Texas, a party seeking coverage under an insurance policy must prove
      that its damages are covered by the relevant policy before it can recover.
      Seger v. Yorkshire Ins. Co., 503 S.W.3d 388, 400–01 (Tex. 2016). This
      process of segregating out covered and non-covered damages is known
      as “allocation.” See Satterfield & Pontikes Constr., Inc. v. U.S. Fire Ins. Co.,
      898 F.3d 574, 581 (5th Cir. 2018). The coverage-seeking party carries
      the allocation burden, and a failure to allocate covered and non-covered
      damages is fatal to recovery. See Travelers Indem. Co. v. McKillip, 469
      S.W.2d 160, 163 (Tex. 1971).

             Thus, to satisfy its allocation burden at summary judgment,
      [appellant] was required to present evidence upon which a fact[]finder
      could segregate covered damages. See Satterfield, 898 F.3d at 581. This
      evidence could consist of “any facts that could have been considered in
      the [underlying] lawsuit itself,” including “internal memoranda,
      correspondence between the insurer and insured, communications with
      the injured party, [and] investigative reports.” Am. Int’l Specialty Lines Ins.
      Co. v. Res-Care Inc., 529 F.3d 649, 656–57 (5th Cir. 2008) (quotation
      omitted). Though [appellant] was not required to submit evidence
      establishing damages with “mathematical precision,” it did need to
      provide evidence creating “some reasonable basis” for allocation. Fiess v.
      State Farm Lloyds, 392 F.3d 802, 808 n.24 (5th Cir. 2004). Additionally, it
      was not necessary to have the actual settlement agreement in the
      [u]nderlying [l]awsuit provide the allocation. See, e.g., Cooper Indus. LLC v.
      Am. [Int’l] Specialty Lines Ins. Co., 350 F. App’x 876, 877–79 (5th Cir.
      2009) (per curiam) (holding that the district court did not err in
      apportioning settlement even though “the settlement agreement did not

                                            55
       allocate responsibility between” insurer and insured); LGS Techs., LP v.
       U.S. Fire Ins. Co., No. 2:07-CV-399, 2015 WL 5934689, at *6 (E.D. Tex.
       2015) [(second report & recommendation of the court-appointed special
       master)] (allocating settlement proceedings post-settlement agreement);
       RLI Ins. Co. v. Phila. Indem. Ins. Co., 421 F. Supp. 2d 956, 958 (N.D. Tex.
       2006) (same).

Great Am. Ins. Co. v. Emps. Mut. Cas. Co., 18 F.4th 486, 492 (5th Cir. 2021).

       As RKI notes in its reply brief, Ameriflow and Crescent do not attack RKI’s

articulation of the segregation principle or its potential application to the situation of a

joint settlement in which one party is entitled to indemnity and one is not. Instead,

Ameriflow and Crescent make a host of arguments that seem to acknowledge the

viability of the segregation principle but attempt to invalidate its application to their

claims.

              1.     We reject the argument that Crescent may recover indemnity
                     as a subcontractor of Ameriflow because that argument was
                     not raised as a ground for summary judgment.

       First, Ameriflow and Crescent argue that Crescent has the right to recover

indemnity under the terms of Ameriflow’s MSA because it was a subcontractor of

Ameriflow. This argument notes that RKI has now conceded that it owes Ameriflow

indemnity for the Magdaleno suit and that

       RKI’s liability to indemnify Ameriflow extended to Crescent. Crescent
       was entitled to indemnity through the express language of [S]ection 8.3
       in which RKI agreed to protect, defend, indemnify, and hold harmless
       Ameriflow and its subcontractors. Thus, RKI had a contractual obligation
       to Ameriflow and its subcontractors, including Crescent, as well as an
       obligation to Crescent under the RKI/Crescent indemnity provisions.
       Segregation simply makes no sense when both Ameriflow and Crescent
       are protected. [Record reference omitted.]

                                            56
      Later Appellees’ brief augments this argument by referencing the “arising in

connection herewith” language of the RKI/Ameriflow MSA’s indemnity provision,

which is the same as the indemnity provision in the RKI/Crescent MSA that we have

plumbed in detail, and by arguing that

      [t]he MSA with Ameriflow required Ameriflow to provide sufficient
      supervision and training for its employees, subcontractors, consultants,
      and agents. To the extent Crescent failed to provide training and safety services to
      Ameriflow’s employees, subcontractors, consultants, and agents, Crescent is entitled to
      indemnification as a subcontractor of Ameriflow. This includes protection from
      Ameriflow’s negligence and Crescent’s own negligence, as stated in
      [S]ections 8.3 and 8.12 of [the] Crescent and Ameriflow MSAs. As the
      work being performed by Crescent was connected to the MSAs, and as
      the accident was connected to RKI’s oil well operations, Crescent is
      entitled to indemnity under the MSAs. See Nabors Drilling . . . , 2013 WL
      3488152, at *3. [Emphasis added and record references omitted.]

      RKI responds to the subcontractor argument by highlighting that Crescent

never sought indemnity based on its status as an Ameriflow subcontractor and did not

rely on that status as a basis for its summary-judgment motions. Specifically, RKI

highlights the following:

      • Crescent’s demands for indemnity from RKI were based on the

          RKI/Crescent MSA, not the RKI/Ameriflow MSA.9

      • Crescent pleaded its indemnity claim against RKI based on the

          RKI/Crescent MSA, not the RKI/Ameriflow MSA.

      9
        RKI also highlights that Crescent did not give the notice required by Section
8.7 to claim indemnity under the RKI/Ameriflow MSA.

                                                57
      • When asked in requests for admission about its contractual relationship with

         Ameriflow, Crescent objected that such an inquiry was irrelevant.

      • Crescent did not predicate its summary-judgment motions on the

         RKI/Ameriflow MSA but instead on the RKI/Crescent MSA.

      When given the opportunity to file a post-submission letter brief to rebut

RKI’s contention that Crescent did not raise the issue of a claim flowing through the

RKI/Ameriflow MSA, Crescent filed a letter that appears to concede that it did not

raise this ground below:

      Appellees continue to assert that Crescent is also entitled to indemnity when acting as
      a subcontractor for Ameriflow. And while that precise issue was not expressly raised
      below—although implicated by the overall presentation of the issues—it
      is improper for RKI to obtain on appeal the summary judgment [that] it
      was denied below on a ground that actually creates an indemnity
      obligation under the RKI/Ameriflow MSA, which was before Judge
      Burgess in all proceedings below. [Emphasis added.]

      Thus, we agree with RKI that Crescent cannot rely on its claim that it falls

within the ambit of the RKI/Ameriflow MSA indemnity provision as an Ameriflow

subcontractor because it cannot raise a new ground for summary judgment on appeal.

See Peterson, Goldman & Villani v. Ancor Holdings, LP, 584 S.W.3d 556, 570 (Tex.

App.—Fort Worth 2019, pet. denied) (“It is settled that a court cannot grant summary

judgment on grounds that were not presented.”).

      And even if Crescent’s failure to raise its status under the RKI/Ameriflow

MSA were not an obstacle to Crescent’s contention, the record does not establish as a

                                                58
matter of law that Crescent acted as a subcontractor of Ameriflow. As we have

already noted, the relationship between Ameriflow and Crescent is unclear from the

record; the two are apparently related, but the ownership structure is unexplained by

the record, which contains only some suggestions that Crescent owns Ameriflow.

How that relationship—whatever it may be—potentially impacts Crescent’s argument

that it is Ameriflow’s subcontractor is, at this point, an unknown and is not one that

can establish Crescent’s entitlement to indemnity under the RKI/Ameriflow MSA as

a matter of law. 10

              2.      We reject the argument that RKI waived its right to contest
                      the indemnity claims of Ameriflow and Crescent.

       Ameriflow and Crescent make a number of arguments that appear to have the

same pivot point: RKI waived its right to contest their indemnity claims. We

disagree.

       First, Ameriflow and Crescent argue that because RKI wrongfully denied

defense and indemnity, RKI is bound by the settlement of the Magdaleno suit and

cannot insist on an adjudication. Ameriflow and Crescent’s argument proceeds,

       10
         We raised a question during oral argument regarding whether the RKI/
Ameriflow MSA protected Crescent from its own negligence as a subcontractor of
Ameriflow and thus whether the MSA met the requirements of the express-negligence
doctrine for Crescent acting in a subcontractor role. As we have noted, the
relationship of Ameriflow and Crescent is unclear. We do not have the information
necessary to address the interrelationship between those parties and the implications
that interrelationship (if any) poses with respect to the express-negligence doctrine.
Further, the issue of the express-negligence doctrine has not been a point of dispute
thus far in the litigation. In its brief, RKI stated that it was “not challenging that the
MSA passes that [express-negligence] test.”

                                           59
      Under these circumstances, there was no voluntary payment by Crescent
      that negates the indemnity. Crescent was sued for its connection to its
      MSAs with RKI and for its connection to RKI’s MSA with Ameriflow.
      The settlement was made jointly with Ameriflow, and the amount was
      reasonable as to Ameriflow by itself.

The sparsity of the argument makes it difficult to unpack.

      Ameriflow and Crescent make a similar argument later in their brief when they

argue that RKI’s acts caused their damages. Their argument notes that they had

      incurred damages for defending the New Mexico lawsuits, paying a
      settlement amount, and incurring attorney[s’] fees, expenses, and costs—
      all of which were anticipated under the MSA, as natural, probable, and
      foreseeable consequence[s] of breaching indemnity obligations.
      Ameriflow and Crescent had to expend significant financial resources to
      defend and settle the Magdaleno lawsuit when RKI did not indemnify
      them.

Their argument concludes,

      By refusing to defend and indemnify Ameriflow and Crescent, RKI
      became liable for the resulting damages awarded by the trial court—
      including the amounts paid in defense of the Magdaleno and [D]e [L]a
      Hoya lawsuits, the settlement of the Magdaleno lawsuit, and also the
      expenses in prosecuting this breach[-]of[-]contract action. Such damages
      all logically, naturally, and foreseeably extend from RKI’s breach of the
      MSAs.[11]

      Finally, Ameriflow and Crescent note the testimony they offered to support

their contention that the settlement of the Magdaleno suit was reasonable, given the

potential for an adverse verdict and that the potential verdict might be rendered in

view of the history of verdicts in the county where it was filed. They note as well a

       If this argument is simply that RKI caused damages, then obviously that
      11

argument must be supported by a finding of liability.

                                          60
later arbitration award against the counsel representing the Magdaleno family, which

estimated a verdict of $10 million and attributed 50% of the fault to RKI. Further,

Appellees’ brief notes that

      in addition to jury award estimates in the relevant jurisdiction, the
      settlement was in good faith based on all the circumstances leading to
      the settlement based on RKI’s conditional offer and refusal to negotiate,
      various evaluations by defense counsel, an assessment on the risks of not
      settling the cases, and RKI’s refusal to provide unqualified indemnity.

Next, the brief outlines what Ameriflow and Crescent view as many failings on the

part of RKI, such as not participating in settlement negotiations, ignoring Crescent’s

demand for indemnity, refusing to enter an appearance in the Magdaleno suit for

Ameriflow, failing to file a declaratory-judgment action, and having a “conflict of

interest” by claiming that RKI breached its MSA while disputing that it owed an

indemnity obligation to Crescent. When this argument focuses, it is again based on

the argument that “[w]hen an indemnitor denies any obligation under an indemnity

agreement, the indemnitee has a right to make, in good faith, a reasonable settlement

with the injured party without any judicial ascertainment of liability.”

      First, the premise of the argument as to Crescent is now faulty. Whether RKI

wrongfully denied indemnity to Crescent remains unestablished.

      Second, the very case that Ameriflow and Crescent rely on seems to actually

undermine their contention that the denial of indemnity frees them from proof that

the settlement was reasonable and prudent. Ameriflow and Crescent cite to Sun Oil

Co. (Del.) v. Renshaw Well Serv., Inc. for the proposition that denial of indemnity binds

                                            61
the indemnitor.    571 S.W.2d 64, 67 (Tex. App.—Tyler 1978, writ ref’d n.r.e.).

However, the entire paragraph from which the cited phrase is extracted states that

      [a]n indemnitor waives the right to insist upon a judicial determination
      of the indemnitee’s liability by denying any obligation under the
      indemnity agreement. The indemnitor may not, however, be held liable
      for a purely voluntary payment by the indemnitee. Mitchell’s, Inc. v.
      Friedman, . . . 303 S.W.2d 775, 779 (Tex. . . . 1957). The Supreme Court
      of Texas, in addressing the point raised here by appellee, has said[,]

                     “As to the status of the indemnitee in a case wherein
             a settlement was made with the injured party, [a]fter denial
             of liability on the part of the indemnitor, we said: (quoting
             Mitchell’s, Inc. v. Friedman, supra.)

                    ‘ . . . Having settled the claim without obtaining a
             judicial determination of its liability, petitioner (indemnitee)
             assumed the risk of being able to prove the facts which
             [m]ight have rendered it liable to the plaintiff as well as the
             reasonableness of the amount which it paid. It will be
             necessary, therefore, for petitioner to establish that from its
             standpoint the settlement was made in good faith and was
             reasonable and prudent under the circumstances.’

      Gulf, Colo[.] & Santa Fe [Ry. Co.] v. McBride, . . . 322 S.W.2d 492, 495
      (Tex. . . . 1958).

Id. at 67–68. Thus, the suggestion that an indemnitee is freed from having to prove a

settlement is reasonable and prudent by the denial of an obligation to indemnify is not

borne out by the quote. Ameriflow and Crescent’s argument also presumes that the

settlement was involuntary but makes a fact-laden argument that we should accept

that conclusion and cites us to no case to support the conclusion that the settlement

was involuntary as a matter of law.

                                           62
      And RKI cites us to another case for its contention that Ameriflow and

Crescent bear the burden to prove that the settlement was reasonable and prudent.

See Colonial Title Co. v. Commonwealth Land Title Ins. Co., No. 12-16-00328-CV, 2017 WL

4675535, at *2 (Tex. App.—Tyler Oct. 18. 2017, no pet.) (mem. op.) (stating that

when an indemnitee voluntarily settles a claim of its indemnitor, “absent an

unconditional contractual right to settle, without obtaining a judicial determination of

its liability, it assumes the burden in its action for reimbursement of proving that it

was potentially liable to the claimant, the settlement was prudent and made in good

faith, and the amount was reasonable”). 12

      Thus, on the face of the record in this matter and the other issues at play in it

and on the question of whether the authority cited by Ameriflow and Crescent

actually supports their argument, we hold that RKI’s denial of the obligation to

indemnity did not free Ameriflow and Crescent of the burden to establish that

indemnity was owed and that the Magdaleno settlement as a matter of law was

reasonable and prudent. 13

       If Ameriflow and Crescent are attempting to invoke the rule dealing with
      12

whether an insurer is bound by its insured’s settlement found in Evanston Ins. Co. v.
ATOFINA Petrochems., Inc., 256 S.W.3d 660, 671 (Tex. 2008) (op. on reh’g), they offer
no guidance on how that rule should apply to the instant case.
      13
        In a footnote, Ameriflow and Crescent argue that the MSAs do not contain a
provision that requires the settlement amount, litigation expenses, and court costs to
be subjected to a reasonableness scrutiny. It is true that the MSAs do not contain
such a provision. But as RKI notes, the settlement amount is subject to a
reasonableness scrutiny absent a contractual provision granting an unconditional right

                                             63
             3.     We reject Ameriflow’s argument that the damage award for
                    the Magdaleno settlement is reasonable as to Ameriflow
                    alone because it did not move for summary judgment on
                    that ground.

       Ameriflow next highlights the evidence that it offered to show that the

settlement amount of the Magdaleno matter was standard in New Mexico death cases.

It then argues that several conclusions should be drawn from the evidence that it

recites:

       The $9.1 million . . . settlement is a reasonable settlement for Ameriflow
       only, as shown by the unrebutted damages testimony provided by
       Appellees’ expert witnesses. As discussed above, Crescent would be
       entitled to indemnification as a subcontractor of Ameriflow in any event.
       Additionally, Crescent was properly included in the settlement as it
       resolved the claims against Crescent covered by the RKI/Crescent MSA
       and ended RKI’s duty to defend Crescent under that MSA. [Record
       references omitted.]

To the extent that Ameriflow argues that the settlement was reasonable as to it alone,

Ameriflow and Crescent’s third amended motion for summary judgment on

damages—the operative summary-judgment motion on the question of damages—

appears to posture the damage claim for the Magdaleno settlement as a joint claim of

both Ameriflow and Crescent.14 Thus, Ameriflow appears to be again raising an issue

to support the trial court’s judgment that was not raised below.

to settle before liability has been judicially determined. See Colonial Title Co., 2017 WL
4675535, at * 2.

        We set out the operative portion of the amended summary-judgment motion
       14

dealing with the Magdaleno settlement:

                                           64
The Magdaleno lawsuit settlement meets this standard. The lawsuit was
settled because RKI breached the MSAs as a matter of law which breach
caused AMERIFLOW/CRESCENT to settle the New Mexico lawsuits.
Although not necessary, AMERIFLOW/CRESCENT faced potential
liability as the Magdaleno Plaintiffs alleged that AMERIFLOW and
CRESCENT were solely liable [for] Roberto Magdaleno’s death because
AMERIFLOW owned and used the sand separator [that] exploded on
RKI’s well[]site, and CRESCENT, along with AMERIFLOW, in part,
[was] responsible for the personnel on the site, their training, equipment,
processes[,] and well[]site safety. Similar cases involving work[-]site
deaths and personal[-]injury claims in . . . San Miguel County, New
Mexico[,] and surrounding areas have resulted in jury verdicts in excess
of six to seven digits with a demonstrated range between $50,000,000 to
$160,000,000, well in excess of the Magdaleno settlement amount.
Indeed, the Magdaleno[ Plaintiffs’] initial demand of $60,000,000 is
reflective of this range.         Magdaleno’s penultimate demand was
$15,000,000.00[,] which was rejected. The potential damages recoverable
in New Mexico include personal injury, medical expenses, lost wages,
loss of future earnings, and loss of consortium [that] can be valued by an
economist. New Mexico allows the recovery of hedonic damages.
Magdaleno’s economist estimated economic damages alone in a range of
$1.3–3.0 million . . . . The parties conducted two failed settlement
negotiations . . . in December 2015 and April 2016, [and] the [parties]
reached a settlement agreement on September 26, 2016[,] with . . .
AMERIFLOW and CRESCENT [agreeing to pay the Magdaleno
Plaintiffs] $9,100,000 for which [Ameriflow] seeks recovery.

        The settlement was prudent given the potential exposure to an
adverse verdict[] and [was] reasonable given the potential jury[-]verdict
history in the jurisdiction. Indeed, a subsequent malpractice lawsuit by
the Magdaleno family against their personal[-]injury attorney for
mishandling the underlying New Mexico lawsuit resulted in an
arbitration award in favor of Magdaleno [that] estimated a potential jury
verdict of $10,000,000.00[,] which corroborates the reasonable
settlement amount reached by Ameriflow and Crescent with
Magdaleno[.] Further, in addition to area jury[-]award estimates, the
settlement was in good faith based on all the circumstances leading to
the settlement based on RKI’s conditional offer and refusal to negotiate,
various evaluations by defense counsel, an assessment on the risks of not
settling the cases, and RKI’s refusal to provide unqualified indemnity.

                                    65
      With respect to the arguments that Crescent is entitled to indemnity as an

Ameriflow subcontractor, we have already discussed that this is another of the

arguments that is now being made but that was not raised as a ground for summary

judgment. Finally, whether the settlement “resolved the claims against Crescent

covered by the RKI/Crescent MSA” remains an open question in view of our

holdings about the breadth of indemnity provided by the RKI/Crescent MSA.

             4.     We reject Ameriflow and Crescent’s claims that they may
                    recover under the equitable doctrines of equitable
                    subrogation and quantum meruit.

      After RKI’s opening brief challenged Ameriflow and Crescent’s ability to

support the trial court’s judgment with the alternative equitable theories raised in their

third amended motion for summary judgment on damages, Appellees argue on appeal

that two equitable doctrines support the trial court’s judgment—equitable subrogation

and quantum meruit. 15 In the arguments about these doctrines, Appellees’ brief is not

persuasive regarding why the doctrines can be used to circumvent the issues of

      Therefore, the Magdaleno settlement and amount was reasonable,
      prudent[,] and made in good faith as a matter of law. Gulf, Colo[.] &
      Santa Fe [Ry. Co.] v. McBride, 322 S.W.2d 942 (Tex. 1958); In re Exxon
      Mobile Corp., 389 S.W.3d 577, 580 (Tex.[ App.—]Houston [14th Dist.]
      2012[, orig. proceeding]). [Footnotes and record references omitted.]

       We cannot find the statement within the quoted portion of the motion that the
amount of the settlement in the Magdaleno matter was reasonable as to Ameriflow
alone.
      15
          Ameriflow also pleaded a theory of mitigation damages but did not argue in
its brief for that theory as a basis of recovery.

                                           66
whether the terms of the RKI/Crescent MSA provides for indemnification or

whether Ameriflow proved its damages.           Instead, neither of these equity-based

doctrines apply to Ameriflow and Crescent’s law-based claims for breach of contract.

      The elements of equitable subrogation are outlined by the Texas Supreme

Court as follows:

      The doctrine of equitable subrogation allows a party who would
      otherwise lack standing to step into the shoes of and pursue the claims
      belonging to a party with standing. Texas courts interpret this doctrine
      liberally. Although the doctrine most often arises in the insurance
      context, equitable subrogation applies “in every instance in which one
      person, not acting voluntarily, has paid a debt for which another was
      primarily liable and which in equity should have been paid by the latter.”
      Thus, a party seeking equitable subrogation must show it involuntarily
      paid a debt primarily owed by another in a situation that favors equitable
      relief.

Frymire Eng’g Co. ex rel. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. v. Jomar Int’l, Ltd., 259 S.W.3d 140, 142

(Tex. 2008) (footnotes omitted).

      Though the definition of equitable subrogation is broadly phrased, the fact

remains that it is an equity-based doctrine. As the supreme court has noted, “[w]e

generally adhere to the maxim that ‘equity follows the law,’ which requires equitable

doctrines to conform to contractual . . . mandates, not the other way around.” Fortis

Benefits v. Cantu, 234 S.W.3d 642, 648 (Tex. 2007). Thus, “[w]here a valid contract

prescribes particular remedies or imposes particular obligations, equity generally must

yield unless the contract violates positive law or offends public policy.” Id. at 648–49.

                                           67
       The very phrasing of Ameriflow and Crescent’s argument acknowledges that their

claim is not one of equity but a claim grounded in the legal claim of breach of contract:

       Because Ameriflow and Crescent had to defend the lawsuits and settle
       [the] Magdaleno [suit] because of RKI’s breach of the MSAs, there was
       no voluntary payment[,] and Appellees were properly awarded damages
       for reimbursement from RKI for all expenses, costs, and fees including
       the settlement payment in the Magdaleno lawsuit. RKI would have been
       primarily responsible for all these costs had it complied with its duties under the MSA
       and provided indemnification as discussed above. [Emphasis added.] [Record
       reference omitted.]

In essence, the proposition advocated for by Ameriflow and Crescent is that it is

inequitable for RKI not to perform its contract. Such a claim can be resolved by

applying legal principles without the need for the intervention of equity.

       Ameriflow and Crescent’s attempt to rely on the doctrine of quantum meruit is

equally circular. The elements of quantum meruit and the fact that it generally is not

available as a remedy when the parties have entered into an express contract is noted

in the following quote:

       Quantum meruit implies a contract in circumstances where the parties
       neglected to form one, but equity nonetheless requires payment for
       beneficial services rendered and knowingly accepted. In re Kellogg Brown
       & Root, Inc., 166 S.W.3d 732, 740 (Tex. 2005)[ (orig. proceeding)]. As a
       result, “[a] party generally cannot recover under quantum meruit where
       there is a valid contract covering the services or materials furnished.” Id.
       “The rationale behind this rule [known as the express-contract rule] is
       that parties should be bound by their express agreements, and recovery
       under an equitable theory is generally inconsistent with an express
       agreement [that] already addresses the matter.” Dardas v. Fleming,
       Hovenkamp & Grayson, P.C., 194 S.W.3d 603, 620–21 (Tex. App.—
       Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, pet. denied).

                                                 68
MMR Constructors, Inc. v. Dow Chem. Co., No. 01-19-00039-CV, 2020 WL 7062325, at

*10 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Dec. 3, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op.).

       Ameriflow and Crescent note that there are exceptions to the bar of bringing a

quantum meruit claim in the face of an express agreement. The First Court of

Appeals also outlined those exceptions as follows:

       The Supreme Court of Texas has recognized only three exceptions to
       the general rule that an express contract bars recovery under quantum
       meruit. First, recovery may be permitted “when a plaintiff has partially
       performed an express contract but, because of the defendant’s breach,
       the plaintiff is prevented from completing the contract.” Truly v. Austin,
       744 S.W.2d 934, 936 (Tex. 1988) (emphasis in original). Second,
       “[r]ecovery in quantum meruit is sometimes permitted when a plaintiff
       partially performs an express contract that is unilateral in nature.” Id. at
       937. And finally, a breaching plaintiff in a construction contract can
       recover the reasonable value of services less any damages suffered by the
       defendant if the defendant accepts and retains the benefits arising as a
       direct result of the plaintiff’s partial performance. Id. Each of these
       exceptions allows for recovery in quantum meruit only in situations in
       which the plaintiff partially, rather than fully, performed its obligations
       under the contract. See id. at 936–37.

Id. at *11.

       After making a general reference to the exceptions, Appellees’ brief makes no

effort to explain how these exceptions apply to their claims but states only that

       [t]o the extent RKI alleges that the MSA does not cover the issues raised
       in the lawsuit, Appellees are entitled to recover under a quantum meruit
       and/or unjust[-]enrichment theory as RKI accepted and retained the
       benefits of the settlements procured by RKI and payment of the same
       by Appellees.

Left unexplained in this statement is—if the MSA did not provide indemnity—what

the nature of Ameriflow and Crescent’s right to recovery would be and how an

                                           69
implied obligation to indemnify in the absence of an express agreement to do so

would have arisen. Further, Appellees’ brief makes the claim that the damages sought

are the legal measure for a breach-of-contract claim. How that measure should be

transformed into a claim for the measure applied to an unjust-enrichment claim based

on reasonable value is also unexplained. See Hill v. Shamoun & Norman, LLP, 544

S.W.3d 724, 733 (Tex. 2018) (“The measure of damages for recovery under a

quantum[ ]meruit theory is the reasonable value of the work performed and the

materials furnished.”). 16

       Ameriflow and Crescent’s arguments do not persuade us why they have a

viable basis to invoke equitable remedies in a breach-of-contract case.

       Accordingly, we sustain RKI’s second issue raising segregation arguments.

       F.     We reverse and remand the awards of attorneys’ fees to Ameriflow
              and Crescent for reconsideration in light of our holdings.

       In its third issue, RKI challenges Ameriflow’s and Crescent’s attorneys’ fee

recoveries both for fees incurred in the Magdaleno and De La Hoya litigation and for

fees awarded to prosecute the present case and for appeal in this case. Based on our

       16
         RKI notes that Crescent moved for summary judgment on the ground of
quasi-estoppel. The basis for Crescent’s quasi-estoppel claim is that RKI admitted an
indemnity obligation to Ameriflow and that position in some way estops it to deny an
indemnity obligation to Crescent. RKI argues that it has consistently denied that it
owed indemnity to Crescent; thus, RKI has taken no inconsistent position that might
create an estoppel. See Lindley v. McKnight, 349 S.W.3d 113, 131 (Tex. App.—Fort
Worth 2011, no pet.) (“Quasi-estoppel is an affirmative defense that precludes a party
from asserting, to another’s disadvantage, a right inconsistent with a position previously
taken.”). Crescent does not respond to RKI’s argument. We conclude that an
indemnity recovery by Crescent cannot be supported by the doctrine of quasi-estoppel.

                                           70
disposition of the prior issues, we sustain RKI’s third issue and remand the attorneys’

fee awards as explained below.

       With respect to Ameriflow’s and Crescent’s fee recoveries for the defense and

prosecution of the present case, as we are reversing and remanding this matter to the

trial court, we also reverse the award for attorneys’ fees of $254,311.62 to Ameriflow

and of $131,623.48 to Crescent and the appellate-fee awards, 17 and we remand the fee

awards for further consideration. See Friedman v. Atl. Funding Corp., 936 S.W.2d 38, 42

(Tex. App.—San Antonio 1996, no writ) (“Since we hold that the trial court

improperly granted [appellee’s] summary judgment, we also reverse the trial court’s

award of attorney’s fees.”).

       With respect to the joint fee recoveries by Ameriflow and Crescent for their

attorneys’ fees and expenses in the Magdaleno and De La Hoya suits, we reverse and

remand those awards as well. As a result of our holdings, the liability of RKI to

Crescent for indemnity remains an open question, and as presently postured,

Crescent’s fee claim is tied to its right to indemnity. 18

       It is concerning, as noted in RKI’s brief, that Ameriflow asked for and proved
       17

up only $15,000 for the Texas Supreme Court briefing stage, but the judgment
awarded $50,000.

        In their brief, Ameriflow and Crescent mention Section 8.11’s provision that
       18

provides, “Any defense and indemnity by either party under these provisions shall
include, but not be limited to, all expenses of litigation, court costs, and reasonable
attorney[s’] fees that may be incurred by or assessed against the party being
indemnified.” As phrased, the argument in Appellees’ brief does not appear to be
that Ameriflow and Crescent are entitled to recover their defense costs, no matter the

                                              71
                                  IV. Conclusion

       We have sustained RKI’s three issues on appeal. We have concluded that the

trial court’s interpretation of the scope of indemnity in the RKI/Crescent MSA was

too broad and that the scope was tied to the performance required under the MSA.

That said, however, the state of the record in this matter does not enable us to decide

as a matter of law that Crescent is not entitled to indemnity. We are also not

persuaded that Ameriflow and Crescent’s arguments, several of which were not

grounds raised below, establish as a matter of law that Crescent may recover from

RKI, no matter whether Crescent has a right to indemnity under its MSA or not.

Based on the disposition of the indemnity and segregation arguments, we have

concluded that the attorneys’ fee awards cannot stand. Thus, we reverse the final

judgment of the trial court signed on September 2, 2020, and we remand this matter

to the trial court.

                                                     /s/ Dabney Bassel

                                                     Dabney Bassel
                                                     Justice

Delivered: June 23, 2022

outcome of the indemnity issues. As RKI points out, Ameriflow and Crescent’s third
amended motion for summary judgment on damages appears to tie the recovery for
fees and expenses to the ability to recover indemnity. Thus, in our view, neither a
summary-judgment ground nor an argument is presented that a joint award of fees
and expenses can stand even if Crescent lacked a right to indemnity.

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