Court Opinion

ID: 4292308
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-07-07 04:09:23.966312+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:11:35.735658
License: Public Domain

Michigan Supreme Court
                                                                                           Lansing, Michigan

Syllabus
                                                                Chief Justice:         Justices:
                                                                Stephen J. Markman     Brian K. Zahra
                                                                                       Bridget M. McCormack
                                                                                       David F. Viviano
                                                                                       Richard H. Bernstein
                                                                                       Kurtis T. Wilder
                                                                                       Elizabeth T. Clement
This syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been             Reporter of Decisions:
prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader.               Kathryn L. Loomis

                                                 PEOPLE v OROS

               Docket No. 156241. Argued on application for leave to appeal March 7, 2018. Decided
       July 5, 2018.

               Christopher A. Oros was convicted following a jury trial in the Kalamazoo Circuit Court
       of first-degree premeditated murder, MCL 750.316(1)(a), first-degree felony murder, MCL
       750.316(1)(b), first-degree arson, MCL 750.72, second-degree home invasion, MCL
       750.110a(3), and escape while awaiting trial, MCL 750.197(2). The trial court, Paul J.
       Bridenstine, J., sentenced defendant to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole for his
       first-degree premeditated and felony murder convictions, 25 to 40 years’ imprisonment for his
       first-degree arson conviction, 10 to 22½ years’ imprisonment for his second-degree home
       invasion conviction, and 2 to 6 years’ imprisonment for his escape while awaiting trial
       conviction. Defendant appealed as of right his first-degree premeditated murder conviction in
       the Court of Appeals, arguing that insufficient evidence existed to sustain his jury conviction
       because the prosecution failed to present at trial any evidence from which the jury could
       reasonably find that he acted with premeditation and deliberation. In a published per curiam
       opinion issued June 8, 2017, the Court of Appeals, STEPHENS, P.J., and SHAPIRO and
       GADOLA, JJ., held that there was insufficient evidence to sustain defendant’s first-degree
       premeditated murder jury conviction and reduced his conviction to second-degree murder. 320
       Mich App 146 (2017). The Court of Appeals applied the factors set forth in People v Schollaert,
       194 Mich App 158 (1992), and explained that it found the circumstances surrounding the killing
       as the most significant factor. The Court of Appeals rejected the prosecution’s argument that
       defendant had adequate time to consciously reconsider his actions in a “second look,” believing
       that People v Hoffmeister, 394 Mich 155 (1975), excluded the notion that premeditation could be
       formed between successive stab wounds. Therefore, the Court of Appeals vacated defendant’s
       first-degree premeditated murder conviction, imposed a second-degree murder conviction, and
       ordered a remand to the trial court for sentencing as to that offense. The prosecution sought
       leave to appeal, and the Supreme Court ordered and heard oral argument on whether to grant the
       application or take other action. 501 Mich 883 (2017).

             In an opinion by Justice WILDER, joined by Chief Justice MARKMAN and Justices ZAHRA,
       BERNSTEIN, and CLEMENT, the Supreme Court, in lieu of granting leave to appeal, held:
       Given the record evidence presented at defendant’s trial, a reasonable juror could have
found that the killing was committed with premeditation and deliberation. Defendant’s first-
degree premeditated murder conviction and sentence must be reinstated.

        1. When considering a sufficiency-of-the-evidence challenge, a reviewing court is
required to draw all reasonable inferences and make credibility choices in support of the jury
verdict. It is for the trier of fact, not the appellate court, to determine what inferences may be
fairly drawn from the evidence and to determine the weight to be accorded those inferences. To
secure a conviction of first-degree premeditated murder, MCL 750.316(1)(a), the prosecution
must establish beyond a reasonable doubt a murder perpetrated by means of poison, lying in
wait, or any other willful, deliberate, and premeditated killing. The elements of first-degree
murder are (1) the intentional killing of a human (2) with premeditation and deliberation. To
premeditate is to think about beforehand; to deliberate is to measure and evaluate the major
facets of a choice or problem.

        2. The elements of premeditation and deliberation may be established by an interval of
time between the initial homicidal thought and ultimate action, which would allow a reasonable
person time to subject the nature of his or her action to a “second look.” That is, some time span
between the initial homicidal intent and ultimate action is necessary to establish premeditation
and deliberation, but it is within the province of the fact-finder to determine whether there was
sufficient time for a reasonable person to subject his or her action to a second look. What
constitutes sufficient evidence to support the elements of premeditation and deliberation may
vary from case to case because the factual circumstances will vary, but the ultimate answer may
be resolved in light of the entire factual record introduced at trial and determining whether
reasonable inferences may be made to support the fact-finder’s verdict.

        3. In this case, a rational trier of fact had sufficient evidence from which to draw
reasonable inferences that defendant acted with premeditation and deliberation. The prosecution
presented evidence that directly conflicted with defendant’s description of what transpired in the
apartment, including that defendant did not have any head injuries consistent with his claim that
the victim struck him over the head with a coffee mug and that shattered pieces of the coffee
mug collected at the scene were DNA tested, revealing the presence of the victim’s blood and
hair—not defendant’s. The jury chose to resolve the conflicting evidence in favor of the
prosecution, and on appellate review the evidence contradicting defendant’s version of the crime
must be considered in a light most favorable to the prosecution, with every reasonable inference
viewed in favor of the jury verdict. Evidence of defendant’s conflicting statements and that he
was the initial aggressor allowed the jury to infer that he acted without provocation and in a cool
state of mind rather than on impulse when his assaultive conduct escalated from striking the
victim in the head with a coffee mug to gaining control of a kitchen knife, to punching the victim
in the face, to finally stabbing the victim 29 times to her death. An inference of each element of
premeditation and deliberation could be drawn from this evidence—that is, defendant thought
about killing the victim before proceeding to kill the victim, and defendant measured and
evaluated his choices before proceeding to kill the victim.

      4. By defendant’s own admission, these acts were distinct and separate from one another.
While it was not possible to pinpoint the exact moment defendant thought about killing the
victim and measured and evaluated his choices, the inference could be drawn that his decision to
kill the victim and his evaluation of his options arose separately before he obtained a lethal
weapon. It was possible that defendant could have thought about the killing before first striking
the victim over the head with a coffee mug or when he punched the victim in the face. Either
way, both acts supported the inference that defendant had and took time for reflection before
proceeding to stab the victim because defendant had to think about obtaining the knife—a lethal
weapon—to accomplish his desired act of killing the victim. Additionally, the prosecution
argued that defendant may have retrieved the knife from the victim’s kitchen, while defendant
told the police that he obtained the knife from the victim herself after struggling with her for it;
either way, a period of time between the initial homicidal intent and the ultimate killing existed,
during which defendant could have taken a “second look.” Likewise, it was reasonable to infer
that defendant had the opportunity for a “second look” during the period of time that elapsed
when he flipped the victim over to position her facedown on the floor, climbed onto her back,
and then continued to stab her. It took thought and reflection to flip the victim over, which
permitted an inference that defendant acted with both premeditation and deliberation. Moreover,
the location and depth of the victim’s stab wounds supported an inference that defendant thought
about, measured, and evaluated his options; many of the stab wounds were anywhere from 2 to 5
inches deep, which would indicate the amount of force used to not only plunge the knife into the
victim’s body, but also to retract it. It was reasonable for a juror to infer that sufficient time
existed between each stab wound to allow defendant the opportunity to take a “second look,” and
therefore it was reasonable for a juror to infer that the killing was committed with premeditation
and deliberation. Accordingly, the jury had sufficient evidence from which it could conclude
beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant was guilty of first-degree premeditated murder, and the
Court of Appeals erred when it improperly usurped the role of the fact-finder and misapplied this
Court’s opinion in Hoffmeister. This holding is consistent with Hoffmeister because the sheer
number of stab wounds alone did not establish the elements of premeditation and deliberation;
rather, the jury could have reasonably inferred and found from the factual record—separate and
distinct from the sheer number of stab wounds alone—that defendant had an opportunity to
subject his actions to a “second look” and therefore acted with premeditation and deliberation.

      Part II of the Court of Appeals’ opinion reversed; defendant’s first-degree premeditated
murder conviction and sentence reinstated.

        Justice MCCORMACK, joined by Justice VIVIANO, dissenting, would have affirmed the
judgment of the Court of Appeals because there was insufficient evidence for a rational trier of
fact to infer proof beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant’s decision to kill the victim was
premeditated and deliberated. The majority treated premeditation, deliberation, and intent to kill
as fungible—thereby collapsing the distinction between first- and second-degree murder—and
lost sight of the burden of proof when it held that the possibility that defendant could have
premeditated and deliberated is all that is required. While a jury can make reasonable inferences
to arrive at a verdict, the prosecution must produce sufficient evidence to make the jury’s
inferences reasonable; the inferences must have support in the record and cannot be arrived at by
mere speculation. A deliberate and premeditated killing requires proof beyond merely thinking
twice—the prosecutor must show that the perpetrator’s thought process had the right timing
(premeditated) and was of the right quality (deliberate). Time to take a second look is necessary,
but not sufficient, for a finding of premeditation and deliberation. Sufficient opportunity to take
a second look is better thought of as a precondition for a finding of premeditation and
deliberation: the prosecution must prove first that there was sufficient time to allow the
defendant to take a “second look” after forming the intent to kill and, second, that the defendant
did, in fact, premeditate before acting on the intent to kill. In short, premeditation requires some
passage of time, but the passage of time does not prove premeditation, much less deliberation. In
this case, the gruesome physical evidence allowed the jury to infer a single fact—that the
defendant might have had sufficient time to take a second look. But beyond that, the jury could
only speculate between two possibilities: either the defendant did premeditate and deliberate, or
he did not. Because that determination was no better than a coin flip, the jury could not find
proof beyond a reasonable doubt of premeditation and deliberation. Additionally, by announcing
that the possibility of premeditation and deliberation is all that is required, the majority
effectively overruled Hoffmeister, which held that evidence is insufficient when it merely leaves
open the possibility of premeditation and deliberation. Proof beyond a reasonable doubt is
required for every element of a crime, and in this case there was no basis in the evidence for a
rational trier of fact to infer proof beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant’s decision to kill the
victim was premeditated and deliberated.

                                     ©2018 State of Michigan
                                                                       Michigan Supreme Court
                                                                             Lansing, Michigan

OPINION
                                                     Chief Justice:         Justices:
                                                     Stephen J. Markman     Brian K. Zahra
                                                                            Bridget M. McCormack
                                                                            David F. Viviano
                                                                            Richard H. Bernstein
                                                                            Kurtis T. Wilder
                                                                            Elizabeth T. Clement

                                                                      FILED July 5, 2018

                            STATE OF MICHIGAN

                                     SUPREME COURT

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

              Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                              No. 156241

CHRISTOPHER ALLAN OROS,

              Defendant-Appellee.

BEFORE THE ENTIRE BENCH

WILDER, J.
       This case involves an issue germane to every criminal trial—that is, whether

sufficient evidence exists to support a defendant’s conviction. In particular, the question

before us is whether sufficient evidence exists to support defendant’s jury conviction of

first-degree premeditated murder, MCL 750.316(1)(a). Defendant does not dispute that

he intended to kill the victim, Marie McMillan, when he stabbed her 29 times; rather, he

argues that insufficient proofs were presented at trial with regard to the elements of
premeditation and deliberation to sustain his conviction. The Court of Appeals agreed,

concluding that there was insufficient evidence of premeditation and deliberation, and

therefore reduced defendant’s first-degree premeditated murder conviction to second-

degree murder.

       A thorough review of the record requires a contrary result. We hold that the Court

of Appeals erred when it improperly usurped the role of the fact-finder and misapplied

this Court’s opinion in People v Hoffmeister, 394 Mich 155; 229 NW2d 305 (1975). In

lieu of granting leave to appeal, we reverse Part II of the Court Appeals opinion and hold

that, based on the record evidence presented at defendant’s trial, a reasonable juror could

have found that the killing was committed with premeditation and deliberation.

Defendant’s first-degree premeditated murder conviction and sentence must be reinstated.

                      I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       On November 22, 2014, defendant went door-to-door targeting the residents of

Clayborne Court Apartments in Kalamazoo, Michigan, in an attempt to solicit money.

Defendant’s ruse was that his girlfriend had left him without access to his vehicle, debit

card, or cell phone. Defendant asked each resident if he could use their phone so that he

could contact his girlfriend. If allowed to do so, defendant would actually place a call to

his own cell phone, which was located inside his vehicle where no one was available to

answer it. After an “unsuccessful” call, defendant would directly or indirectly solicit

money from each resident, claiming that he needed gas money to get to work. According

to one resident, the solicitation started out passive, but quickly turned aggressive.

                                            2
Another resident testified that he felt uncomfortable because he sensed defendant was

casing his apartment.

       Defendant used this same subterfuge to gain access to the victim’s apartment.

During the police investigative interview, defendant admitted that he was able to

persuade the victim to let him inside the apartment, and once inside, he used the victim’s

phone just as he had with the other residents. According to defendant, the victim, acting

without provocation, struck him over the head with a coffee mug, knocking him to the

floor. Defendant further stated that, at some point, the victim climbed on top of him with

a “huge knife in her hand.” A struggle over the knife ensued, and after defendant gained

control over the knife, he began stabbing the victim. The victim sustained a total of 29

stab wounds, 19 of which were inflicted while she was still alive.

       Defendant was charged with open murder, MCL 750.316.1 At the conclusion of

defendant’s trial, the trial court instructed the jury on the elements of the crimes of first-

degree premeditated murder, second-degree murder, and voluntary manslaughter as well

as the evidentiary findings beyond a reasonable doubt that were required to convict

defendant of any of these crimes. Specifically, the trial court stated:

             The Defendant is charged with open murder. To prove first degree
       premeditated murder, the Prosecutor must prove each of the following
       elements beyond a reasonable doubt.

1
 Defendant was also charged with first-degree felony murder, MCL 750.316(1)(b), first-
degree arson, MCL 750.72, second-degree home invasion, MCL 750.110a(3), and escape
while awaiting trial, MCL 750.197(2), but those convictions are not presently before us
on appeal.

                                              3
        First, that the Defendant caused the death of Marie McMillan, that
is, that Marie McMillan died as a result of a stabbing. Second, that the
Defendant intended to kill Marie McMillan. Third, that this intent to kill
was premeditated, that is thought out beforehand. Fourth, that the killing
was deliberate which means that the Defendant considered the pros and
cons of the killing and thought about and chose his actions before he did it.
There must have been real and substantial reflection for long enough to
give a reasonable person a chance to think twice about the intent to kill.
The law does not say how much time is needed. It is for you to decide if
enough time passed under the circumstances of this case. The killing
cannot be the result of a sudden impulse without thought or reflection.
Fifth, that the killing was not justified, excused or done under
circumstances that reduce it to a lesser crime.

       To prove second degree murder the Prosecutor must prove each of
the following elements beyond a reasonable doubt. First, that the
Defendant caused the death of Marie McMillan, that is, that Marie
McMillan died as a result of a stabbing. Second, that the Defendant had
one of these three states of mind: he intended to kill, or he intended to do
great bodily harm to Marie McMillan, or he knowingly created a very high
risk of death or great bodily harm knowing that death or such harm would
be the likely result of actions. Third, that the killing was not justified,
excused, or done under circumstances that reduce it to a lesser crime.

        In count one, if you find the Defendant guilty of murder you must
state in your verdict whether it is murder in the first degree or murder in the
second degree.

       The crime of murder may be reduced to voluntary manslaughter if
the Defendant acted out of passion or anger brought about by adequate
cause and before the Defendant had a reasonable time to calm down. For
manslaughter, the following two things must be present. First, when the
Defendant acted his thinking must be disturbed by emotional excitement to
the point that a reasonable person might have acted in impulse without
thinking twice from passion instead of judgment. This emotional
excitement must have been the result of something that would cause a
reasonable person to act rashly or on impulse. The law does not say what
things are enough to do this. That is for you to decide.

      Second, the killing itself must result from this emotional excitement.
The Defendant must have acted before a reasonable time had passed to
calm down and return to reason. The law does not say how much time is
needed. That is for you to decide. The test is whether a reasonable time
passed under the circumstances of this case.

                                      4
The jury retired to deliberate, and following its deliberation, the jury returned, finding

defendant guilty of first-degree premeditated murder, MCL 750.316(1)(a). The trial court

imposed a life imprisonment sentence without the possibility of parole for that

conviction.

       Defendant appealed, arguing that the prosecution failed to present sufficient proof

to support the elements of premeditation and deliberation, and therefore his first-degree

premeditated murder conviction rested upon insufficient evidence. The Court of Appeals

agreed with defendant, finding that there was sufficient evidence to support a second-

degree murder conviction but not defendant’s first-degree premeditated murder jury

conviction. People v Oros, 320 Mich App 146, 150; 904 NW2d 209 (2017). The Court

of Appeals applied the factors set forth in People v Schollaert, 194 Mich App 158, 170;

486 NW2d 312 (1992),2 and explained that it found the circumstances surrounding the

killing as the most significant factor. Oros, 320 Mich App at 155-156. The Court of

Appeals rejected the prosecution’s argument that defendant had adequate time to

consciously reconsider his actions in a “second look,” believing that this Court in

Hoffmeister excluded the notion that premeditation could be formed between successive

stab wounds. Id. at 156-157. Based on this understanding, the Court of Appeals vacated

defendant’s first-degree premeditated murder jury conviction, imposed a second-degree

2
  In Schollaert, the Court of Appeals set forth the following factors to consider when
determining whether premeditation has been established: “(1) the prior relationship of the
parties; (2) the defendant’s actions before the killing; (3) the circumstances of the killing
itself; and (4) the defendant’s conduct after the homicide.” Schollaert, 194 Mich App at
170.

                                             5
murder conviction, and ordered a remand to the trial court for sentencing as to that

offense. Id. at 167-168.

       The prosecution sought leave to appeal in this Court, and we directed the Clerk to

schedule oral argument on the application and the parties to address the following issue:

       [W]hether the Court of Appeals properly viewed the trial record for
       sufficient evidence of premeditation and deliberation in the light most
       favorable to the prosecution, including drawing all reasonable inferences in
       favor of the jury verdict, and whether the record evidence is sufficient to
       sustain defendant’s conviction for first-degree premeditated murder.
       People v Gonzalez, 468 Mich 636, 640-641 (2003). [People v Oros, 501
       Mich 883 (2017).]

                             II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       “In determining whether sufficient evidence exists to sustain a conviction, this

Court reviews the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, and considers

whether there was sufficient evidence to justify a rational trier of fact in finding guilt

beyond a reasonable doubt.” People v Harris, 495 Mich 120, 126; 845 NW2d 477

(2014). But more importantly, “[t]he standard of review is deferential: a reviewing court

is required to draw all reasonable inferences and make credibility choices in support of

the jury verdict. The scope of review is the same whether the evidence is direct or

circumstantial.   Circumstantial evidence and reasonable inferences arising from that

evidence can constitute satisfactory proof of the elements of a crime.” People v Nowack,

462 Mich 392, 400; 614 NW2d 78 (2000) (quotation marks and citation omitted;

emphasis added). “It is for the trier of fact, not the appellate court, to determine what

inferences may be fairly drawn from the evidence and to determine the weight to be

                                            6
accorded those inferences.” People v Hardiman, 466 Mich 417, 428; 646 NW2d 158

(2002) (emphasis added).

                               III. LEGAL BACKGROUND

                    A. FIRST-DEGREE PREMEDITATED MURDER

       In pertinent part, to secure a conviction of first-degree premeditated murder, the

prosecution must establish beyond a reasonable doubt3 a “[m]urder perpetrated by means

of poison, lying in wait, or any other willful, deliberate, and premeditated killing.” MCL

750.316(1)(a).4    Relevant here, “[t]he elements of first-degree murder are (1) the

intentional killing of a human (2) with premeditation and deliberation.”             People v

Bennett, 290 Mich App 465, 472; 802 NW2d 627 (2010).5                     “Premeditation and

deliberation are legislative offspring and are to be construed in the light of the statutory

scheme.” People v Morrin, 31 Mich App 301, 325; 187 NW2d 434 (1971).

3
   Indeed, due process requires the prosecution to prove every element beyond a
reasonable doubt. Patterson v New York, 432 US 197, 210; 97 S Ct 2319; 53 L Ed 2d
281 (1977). Inferences generally do not affect the application of this standard because it
leaves the trier of fact free to credit or reject the inference and does not shift the burden of
proof to the defendant. Co Court of Ulster Co, NY v Allen, 442 US 140, 157; 99 S Ct
2213; 60 L Ed 2d 777 (1979). The exception is, of course, if “there is no rational way the
trier could make the connection permitted by the inference.” Id. (emphasis added).
4
 Cf. People v Blevins, 314 Mich App 339, 358; 886 NW2d 456 (2016) (“Second-degree
murder is any kind of murder not otherwise specified in the first-degree murder statute.
MCL 750.317. It is well established that ‘second-degree murder is first-degree murder
minus premeditation’ . . . .”), quoting People v Carter, 395 Mich 434, 438; 236 NW2d
500 (1975).
5
 Defendant does not dispute that he intentionally killed the victim. Thus, we will focus
only on the elements of premeditation and deliberation.

                                               7
       The Legislature did not explicitly define the meaning of premeditation and

deliberation. However, we have recognized the ordinary meaning of the distinct and

separate terms as the following: “[t]o premeditate is to think about beforehand; to

deliberate is to measure and evaluate the major facets of a choice or problem.” People v

Woods, 416 Mich 581, 599 n 2; 331 NW2d 707 (1982) (quotation marks and citation

omitted).6 While the statute may be clear on its face that premeditation and deliberation

are separate elements, a rigid and mechanical application is often difficult because the

same facts may tend to establish each element, and they are subjective factors usually

incapable of direct proof absent an admission or confession by the defendant. See

Cardozo, What Medicine Can Do for Law, in Law and Literature and Other Essays and

Addresses (New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co, 1931), p 97 (“[O]n the face of the statute

the distinction is clear enough. The difficulty arises when we try to discover what is

meant by the words deliberate and premeditated.”); see also Morrin, 31 Mich App at 331,

citing People v Wolf, 95 Mich 625; 55 NW 357 (1893).

6
  The meaning of premeditation and deliberation, and the relation of “second look” law to
those elements, is well engrained in our state’s jurisprudence, and notably, neither party
has asked that the state of our law be changed. Therefore, unlike the dissent, we decline
to redefine the meaning that our jurisprudence has attached to the elements of
premeditation and deliberation, and the relation of second-look law, which is discussed in
more detail below, to those elements. See post at 3, 5 (MCCORMACK, J., dissenting)
(“[A] deliberate and premeditated killing requires proof beyond merely thinking twice—
the prosecutor must show that the perpetrator’s thought process had the right timing
(premeditated) and was of the right quality (deliberate)”; “sufficient opportunity to take a
second look is better thought of as a precondition for a finding of premeditation and
deliberation.”).

                                             8
       “Since the distinguishing elements of first-degree murder ultimately resolve

themselves into questions of fact, minimum standards of proof, if reasonably related to

the circumstances which must be proved, will serve to preserve the distinction between

first-degree and second-degree murder.” Morrin, 31 Mich App at 328. “The real focus

of first-degree murder jurisprudence in Michigan has been on the kind of evidence which

permits an inference of premeditation and deliberation,” and that inference may be

established “from all the facts of the case.”7 Id. at 328, 331 (emphasis added). In other

words, when considering a sufficiency-of-the-evidence issue, “[t]he question is whether

the evidence introduced at the trial fairly supports an inference of premeditation and

deliberation.” Id. at 331.

                                   B. SECOND LOOK

       Premeditation and deliberation may be established by an interval of time between

the initial homicidal thought and ultimate action, which would allow a reasonable person

time to subject the nature of his or her action to a “second look.”8 People v Gonzalez,

7
  An inference is the logical bridge between a fact believed to be true and a second fact,
the truth of which is at issue. Dressler, Understanding Criminal Law (3d ed), § 8.03,
p 77. “The jury is permitted to infer from one fact the existence of another essential to
guilt, if reason and experience support the inference. In many circumstances courts hold
that proof of the first fact furnishes a basis for inference of the existence of the second.”
Tot v United States, 319 US 463, 467; 63 S Ct 1241; 87 L Ed 1519 (1943).
8
  Although not in dispute, it is important to note that the jury in the instant case was
instructed on “second look.” Specifically, the trial court articulated the following
instruction: “There must have been real and substantial reflection for long enough to give
a reasonable person a chance to think twice about the intent to kill. The law does not say
how much time is needed. It is for you to decide if enough time passed under the
circumstances of this case. The killing cannot be the result of a sudden impulse without
thought or reflection.”

                                             9
468 Mich 636, 641; 664 NW2d 159 (2003); People v Tilley, 405 Mich 38, 45; 273 NW2d

471 (1979). That is, “some time span between the initial homicidal intent and ultimate

action is necessary to establish premeditation and deliberation,” but it is within the

province of the fact-finder to determine whether there was sufficient time for a

reasonable person to subject his or her action to a second look. See Gonzalez, 468 Mich

at 641 (quotation marks, brackets, and citation omitted). “While the minimum time

necessary to exercise this process is incapable of exact determination,” Tilley, 405 Mich

at 45 (quotation marks and citation omitted), “[i]t is often said that premeditation and

deliberation require only a ‘brief moment of thought’ or a ‘matter of seconds,’ ” 2

LaFave, Substantive Criminal Law (3d ed), § 14.7(a), p 650 (citations omitted).9 “By the

weight of authority the deliberation essential to establish murder in the first degree need

not have existed for any particular length of time before the killing.” 4 Blackstone,

Commentaries on the Laws of England, p *195 n 14. “The time within which a wicked

9
  Second-look law has been well established in Michigan for over a hundred and fifty
years—dating back even before the codification of the degrees of murder. See Maher v
People, 10 Mich 212, 223-224 (1862) (“No precise time, therefore, in hours or minutes,
can be laid down by the court, as a rule of law, within which the passions must be held to
have subsided and reason to have resumed its control, without setting at defiance the laws
of man’s nature, and ignoring the very principle on which provocation and passion are
allowed to be shown, at all, in mitigation of the offense. The question is one of
reasonable time, depending upon all the circumstances of the particular case; and where
the law has not defined, and can not without gross injustice define the precise time which
shall be deemed reasonable, as it has with respect to notice of the dishonor of commercial
paper. In such case, where the law has defined what shall be reasonable time, the
question of such reasonable time, the facts being found by the jury, is one of law for the
court; but in all other cases it is a question of fact for the jury; and the court can not take
it from the jury by assuming to decide it as a question of law, without confounding the
respective provinces of the court and jury[.]”).

                                              10
purpose is formed is immaterial, provided it is formed without disturbing excitement.

The question of deliberation, when all the circumstances appear, is one of plain common

sense; and an intelligent jury can seldom be at a loss to determine it.” People v Holmes,

111 Mich 364, 372; 69 NW 501 (1896) (quotation marks and citation omitted).

      “The requisite state of mind may be inferred from defendant’s conduct judged in

light of the circumstances.”    Hoffmeister, 394 Mich at 159. In other words, what

constitutes sufficient evidence to support the elements of premeditation and deliberation

may vary from case to case because the factual circumstances will vary, but the ultimate

answer may be resolved in determining whether reasonable inferences may be made to

support the fact-finder’s verdict. For example, in People v Johnson, 460 Mich 720, 733;

597 NW2d 73 (1999), this Court held that evidence of a struggle between the defendant

and the victim can be evidence of premeditation and deliberation based on the

defendant’s opportunity to take a “second look.” And this Court has also held that

“[m]anual strangulation can be used as evidence that a defendant had an opportunity to

take a ‘second look.’ ” Gonzalez, 468 Mich at 641. But in Hoffmeister, this Court found

that insufficient evidence existed to show premeditation and deliberation because, when

the only evidence presented was the number of stab wounds, there was no basis for the

jury to conclude that the defendant had adequate time for a “second look.” Hoffmeister,

394 Mich at 159, 161.

                                  IV. APPLICATION

      With this legal background in mind, we now turn to the application of these

principles in the instant case. Upon a review of the record in the light most favorable to

                                           11
the prosecution, it is apparent that a rational trier of fact, in this case the jury, had

sufficient evidence from which to draw reasonable inferences that defendant acted with

premeditation and deliberation.10

      Defendant first told the lead detective that there were two men in the victim’s

apartment who struck him in the head with a stick and that he was able to run away

without incident. According to the detective, defendant then changed his story and

admitted that the victim allowed him to come inside her apartment.           Once inside,

defendant sat at a computer desk to use the telephone. At that point, defendant claimed

that the victim struck him over the head with a coffee mug, knocking him to the ground,

and climbed on top of him with “a huge knife in her hand.” Defendant stated that he was

pinned down on the ground by the victim for two hours. A struggle ensued, and at some

point, defendant stated that he was able to gain control of the knife. While holding the

10
   Rather than treating this as a sufficiency-of-the-evidence issue, which arises after the
fact-finder has already found the defendant guilty of the charged crime, the dissent
implicitly treats this issue as the appellate review of a motion for directed verdict or an
instructional question examining whether the charge should have been submitted to the
jury in the first instance. This is not, however, the posture of the case before us, as
defendant has not raised either of those issues. Instead, the first-degree premeditated
murder charge was submitted to the jury (along with second-degree murder and voluntary
manslaughter) as is appropriate when a defendant has been charged with open murder.
After deliberating, the jury found defendant guilty of first-degree premeditated murder.
Having been charged with open murder, it was the province of the jury, and not of the
court, to measure the quantity of proof and decide whether there was sufficient evidence
to support a first-degree premeditated murder conviction. People v Collins, 303 Mich 34,
51; 5 NW2d 556 (1942). Therefore, our focus at this juncture is determining whether
sufficient evidence was presented at defendant’s trial to support the verdict rendered by
the jury.

                                            12
knife in one hand, defendant punched the victim in the face with his other fist. He then

proceeded to stab the victim in the stomach.

       The prosecution presented evidence that directly conflicted with defendant’s

description of what transpired in the apartment. That evidence included the following:

(1) defendant did not have any head injuries consistent with his claim that the victim

struck him over the head with a coffee mug, and (2) shattered pieces of the coffee mug

collected at the scene were DNA tested, revealing the presence of the victim’s blood and

hair—not defendant’s. The jury chose to resolve the conflicting evidence in favor of the

prosecution. See Hardiman, 466 Mich at 431 (stating that it is the jury’s function to

weigh competing evidence).       On appellate review, we accept as true the evidence

contradicting defendant’s version of the crime, as we must consider the evidence in a

light most favorable to the prosecution, see People v Wolfe, 440 Mich 508, 515; 489

NW2d 748 (1992) (“[T]his Court determined long ago that when an appellate court

reviews the evidence supporting a conviction, factual conflicts are to be viewed in a light

favorable to the prosecution[.]”), and view every reasonable inference in favor of the jury

verdict. We conclude that from this evidence, an inference may be fairly drawn that

defendant was the initial aggressor and not the victim, as defendant had claimed.

       Evidence of defendant’s conflicting statements and that he was the initial

aggressor allowed the jury to infer that he acted without provocation and in a cool state of

mind rather than on impulse when his assaultive conduct escalated from striking the

victim in the head with a coffee mug to gaining control of a kitchen knife, to punching

the victim in the face, to finally stabbing the victim 29 times to her death. See Holmes,

111 Mich at 372 (“[W]henever murder is intentionally committed, without serious

                                            13
provocation, and under circumstances which do not reasonably account for such an

excitement of passion as naturally deprives men of deliberation, common experience

teaches us that such an act is wanton, and its perpetrator responsible for it, as in other

cases of cold-blooded crime.”). An inference of each element of premeditation and

deliberation may be drawn from this evidence—that is, defendant thought about killing

the victim before proceeding to kill the victim, and defendant measured and evaluated his

choices before proceeding to kill the victim.

       By defendant’s own admission, these acts were distinct and separate from one

another. While we are incapable of pinpointing the exact moment defendant thought

about killing the victim and measured and evaluated his choices, the inference may be

drawn that his decision to kill the victim and his evaluation of his options arose

separately before he obtained a lethal weapon. It is possible defendant may have thought

about the killing before first striking the victim over the head with a coffee mug or when

he punched the victim in the face.11 Either way, both acts support the inference that

defendant had and took time for reflection before proceeding to stab the victim.

11
  There is ample authority holding that when the evidence permits a jury to infer that the
defendant had the opportunity to premeditate, this alone is sufficient evidence that he or
she did so. Examples include Tilley, 405 Mich at 45 (holding that the jury had sufficient
evidence to support the conclusion of ample opportunity to premeditate and deliberate in
the interval of time between the defendant securing possession of the gun and the volley
of shots as the victim was retreating); see also People v DeRuyscher, 29 Mich App 515,
517-518; 185 NW2d 561 (1971) (holding that a sufficient lapse of time between the
defendant’s separate acts of hitting, kicking, and stomping allowed the possibility that the
defendant acted with premeditation and holding that the weight of such evidence was
within the province of the jury); People v Statkiewicz, 247 Mich 260, 264; 225 NW 540
(1929) (holding that the defendant had ample time, i.e., opportunity, to form malice and
that it was for the jury to determine the intent with which the shooting was done); People
v Bigelow, 225 Mich App 806; 571 NW2d 520 (1997), special panel convened, opinion

                                            14
       That is because defendant had to think about obtaining the knife—a lethal

weapon—to accomplish his desired act of killing the victim. The prosecution argued that

defendant may have retrieved the knife from the victim’s kitchen, while defendant told

the police that he obtained the knife from the victim herself after struggling with her for

it. Either way, a period of time between the initial homicidal intent and the ultimate

killing existed, during which defendant could have taken a “second look.”12 See, e.g.,

People v Waters, 118 Mich App 176, 187; 324 NW2d 564 (1982) (finding that an

inference could be made that the formation of the homicidal intent occurred between the

time that the defendant drew the weapon from his waistband and the instant he pulled the

trigger).

       Likewise, it is reasonable to infer that defendant had the opportunity for a “second

look” during the period of time that elapsed when he flipped the victim over to position

her face down on the floor, climbed onto her back, and then continued to stab her. It took

thought and reflection to flip the victim over, permitting an inference that defendant acted

vacated on other grounds (September 16, 1997), and opinion reinstated 229 Mich App
218 (1998) (holding that sufficient evidence of first-degree premeditated murder existed
when evidence revealed, in relevant part, that defendant did not initially plan to
participate in the murder but at the scene, he found a letter opener, which was used by
another perpetrator to stab the victim).
12
   The dissent asserts that the mere passage of time cannot alone constitute sufficient
evidence of premeditation and deliberation to sustain a conviction of first-degree murder.
However, as noted earlier, our caselaw has consistently recognized that the requisite
premeditation and deliberation can be formed solely in the amount of time necessary to
take a “second look.” If premeditation and deliberation can be formed in the passage of
time needed to take a “second look,” then it necessarily follows that the passage of time
might be the only evidence of premeditation and deliberation in light of the surrounding
circumstances and that this would be sufficient to sustain the conviction.

                                            15
with both premeditation and deliberation.         Moreover, the location and depth of the

victim’s stab wounds support an inference that defendant thought about, measured, and

evaluated his options. Many of the stab wounds were anywhere from 2 to 5 inches deep,

which would indicate the amount of force used to not only plunge the knife into the

victim’s body, but also to retract it. Given the amount of effort expended for these

particular stab wounds, it was reasonable for the jury to infer that sufficient time existed

between each stab wound to allow defendant the opportunity to take a “second look.”

Therefore, given the record evidence, which reveals that defendant’s action escalated

from physically assaultive conduct to the repeated use of a lethal weapon over an

unspecified interval of time, we conclude that a reasonable juror could have found that

the killing was committed with premeditation and deliberation.

       Our holding is consistent with Hoffmeister as we do not hold today that the sheer

number of stab wounds alone established the elements of premeditation and deliberation.

Cf. Hoffmeister, 394 Mich at 159 (“The brutality of a killing does not itself justify an

inference of premeditation and deliberation. ‘The mere fact that the killing was attended

by much violence or that a great many wounds were inflicted is not relevant (on the issue

of premeditation and deliberation), as such a killing is just as likely (or perhaps more

likely) to have been on impulse.’ ”) (citation omitted).13 Rather, we hold that the jury

could reasonably infer and find from the factual record—separate and distinct from the

sheer number of stab wounds alone—that defendant had an opportunity to subject his

13
   The prosecution in Hoffmeister conceded that the stab wounds “ ‘were probably
[inflicted] in rapid succession . . . .’ ” Hoffmeister, 394 Mich at 159 n 4. In this case, the
prosecution has made no such concession.

                                             16
actions to a “second look,” and therefore acted with premeditation and deliberation. See

Tilley, 405 Mich at 45-46. We emphasize that the application of such principles may

vary from case to case because the inquiry is highly dependent on the facts of each case.14

However, the fundamental principles remain the same—sufficient evidence must exist to

support each element of first-degree premeditated murder.

                                   V. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the jury had sufficient evidence from

which it could conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant was guilty of first-

degree premeditated murder. The Court of Appeals erred by holding otherwise. For this

reason, we reverse Part II of the Court of Appeals opinion and reinstate defendant’s first-

degree premeditated murder conviction and sentence.

                                                       Kurtis T. Wilder
                                                       Stephen J. Markman
                                                       Brian K. Zahra
                                                       Richard H. Bernstein
                                                       Elizabeth T. Clement

14
  See People v Meier, 47 Mich App 179, 183; 209 NW2d 311 (1973) (recognizing that
the circumstances in which proof of premeditation and deliberation are shown is a
question without a consistent answer because no two murders, or murderers, are alike).

                                            17
                             STATE OF MICHIGAN

                                     SUPREME COURT

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

              Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                             No. 156241

CHRISTOPHER OROS,

              Defendant-Appellee.

MCCORMACK, J. (dissenting).
       No one disputes that defendant Christopher Oros brutally murdered Marie

McMillan in November 2014. Nor does anyone dispute that he did so intentionally—he

admitted as much himself—when he stabbed her no fewer than 29 times. The only

dispute is whether there was sufficient evidence for a jury to conclude beyond a

reasonable doubt that Oros thought about killing McMillan in the specific way required

by first-degree murder before deciding to act. The question is whether, viewing the

evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution and drawing all reasonable

inferences in favor of the jury’s verdict, there was sufficient evidence for a rational trier

of fact to find beyond a reasonable doubt that Oros decided to kill McMillan after

premeditation and deliberation.

       Bad facts, bad law.

       The majority concludes that because the jury could reasonably infer that the

defendant had enough time to subject his actions to a “second look,” there was sufficient

evidence to find beyond a reasonable doubt that he did premeditate and deliberate. That
is, the possibility that he could have premeditated and deliberated is all that’s required.

In so holding, the majority treats premeditation, deliberation, and intent to kill as

fungible—thereby collapsing the distinction between first- and second-degree murder—

and loses sight of the burden of proof. The law demands principled distinctions between

criminal offenses and proof of each element beyond a reasonable doubt. I respectfully

dissent.

       The standard of review for sufficiency of evidence is exceedingly deferential—a

reviewing court must make all reasonable inferences to support the jury’s verdict—but

the verdict is not unreviewable: it “impinges upon ‘jury’ discretion only to the extent

necessary to guarantee the fundamental protection of due process of law.” Jackson v

Virginia, 443 US 307, 319; 99 S Ct 2781; 61 L Ed 2d 560 (1979). Due process requires

that the prosecution prove every element beyond all reasonable doubt. In re Winship, 397

US 358, 364; 90 S Ct 1068; 25 L Ed 2d 368 (1970). In a first-degree murder case, that

means the prosecution must prove premeditation and deliberation beyond a reasonable

doubt. “[S]ufficient proof [is] defined as evidence necessary to convince a trier of fact

beyond a reasonable doubt of the existence of every element of the offense.” Jackson,

443 US at 316. It requires that the prosecution put forth more than a “mere modicum” of

evidence. Id. at 320.

       To be sure, a jury can make reasonable inferences to arrive at a verdict. Black’s

Law Dictionary (10th ed) defines “inference” as “[a] conclusion reached by considering

other facts and deducing a logical consequence from them.” The prosecution must

produce sufficient evidence to make the jury’s inferences reasonable.            People v

Hardiman, 466 Mich 417, 430; 646 NW2d 158 (2002). “[T]he inferences must have

                                            2
support in the record and cannot be arrived at by mere speculation.” People v Plummer,

229 Mich App 293, 301; 581 NW2d 753 (1998). Thus, deference is due up to the last

link in the chain of logical inferences, but not beyond that point—if the jury has to resort

to speculation to reach its verdict, the prosecution has failed to carry its burden of proof.

Id.; see also Pennsylvania R Co v Chamberlain, 288 US 333, 344; 53 S Ct 391; 77 L Ed

819 (1933) (providing that a jury verdict cannot “rest[] upon mere speculation and

conjecture”).

       First-degree murder is “[m]urder perpetrated by means of poison, lying in wait, or

any other willful, deliberate, and premeditated killing.”         MCL 750.316(1)(a).        To

“premeditate” is to “think about beforehand” and to “deliberate” is to “measure and

evaluate the major facets of a choice or problem.” People v Bass, 317 Mich App 241,

266; 893 NW2d 140 (2016) (quotation marks and citation omitted). It is well settled that

when reading a statute, we “must give effect to every word, phrase, and clause and avoid

an interpretation that would render any part of the statute surplusage or nugatory.”

People v Miller, 498 Mich 13, 25; 869 NW2d 204 (2015) (quotation marks and citation

omitted). Thus, a deliberate and premeditated killing requires proof beyond merely

thinking twice—the prosecutor must show that the perpetrator’s thought process had the

right timing (premeditated) and was of the right quality (deliberate). The two factors are,

of course, correlated: the quality of thought tends to improve with time. But for the

question of sufficiency of the evidence, we must consider whether the evidence allowed

the jury to infer that the defendant at least thought about his intent to kill before acting on

it, that there was sufficient time for a reasonable person to measure and evaluate the

                                              3
decision to kill (that is, time to take a “second look”), and that the defendant did, in fact,

measure and evaluate the decision to kill.

         Timing first: Michigan jurisprudence has emphasized that “ ‘ “[s]ome time span

between [the] initial homicidal intent and ultimate action is necessary to establish

premeditation and deliberation.” ’ ” People v Gonzalez, 468 Mich 636, 641; 664 NW2d

159 (2003), quoting People v Tilley, 405 Mich 38, 45; 273 NW2d 471 (1979), in turn

quoting People v Hoffmeister, 394 Mich 155, 161; 229 NW2d 305 (1975). The amount

of time necessary to premeditate is “incapable of exact determination,” but at a minimum,

“the interval between initial thought and ultimate action should be long enough to afford

a reasonable man time to subject the nature of his response to a ‘second look.’ ” People v

Vail, 393 Mich 460, 469; 227 NW2d 535 (1975), overruled on other grounds by People v

Graves, 458 Mich 476 (1998) (quotation marks and citation omitted).

         Time to take a second look is necessary, but not sufficient, for a finding of

premeditation and deliberation. The prosecution must prove first that there was sufficient

time to allow the defendant to take a “second look” after forming the intent to kill and,

second, that the defendant did, in fact, premeditate before acting on the intent to kill.

“[P]remeditation is a question of fact, not of law.” People v Moss, 70 Mich App 18, 45;

245 NW2d 389 (1976) (M. J. KELLY, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part), aff’d

sub nom Tilley, 405 Mich 38. And while such a question is not susceptible to bright-line

rules, I am aware of no authority which holds that an inference that the defendant had the

opportunity to premeditate has alone been sufficient evidence that he did so.1 Rather,

1
    The prosecution cites two cases in which the jury could have inferred that the defendant

                                              4
sufficient opportunity to take a second look is better thought of as a precondition for a

finding of premeditation and deliberation. In short, premeditation requires some passage

of time, but the passage of time does not prove premeditation, much less deliberation.

      The majority asserts that “[s]econd-look law has been well established in

Michigan for over a hundred and fifty years . . . .” Ante, p 10 n 9. True. And that makes

it all the more puzzling that the majority has disregarded those time-honored precedents

and instead fashioned a new rule: evidence that a defendant had sufficient time for a

second look is—on its own—sufficient evidence to prove the elements of premeditation

and deliberation. The majority cites Gonzalez, 468 Mich at 641, and Tilley, 405 Mich at

45, for the proposition that “[p]remeditation and deliberation may be established by an

interval of time between the initial homicidal thought and ultimate action, which would

allow a reasonable person time to subject the nature of his or her action to a ‘second

look.’ ” Ante at 9. But this misstates the rule. Gonzalez held that time for a second look

“is necessary to establish premeditation and deliberation.” Gonzalez, 468 Mich at 641,

had time to take a second look based on the manner of killing. In People v Gonzalez, we
said that a slow means of death would give the defendant time to rethink his actions and
could be evidence of premeditation. Gonzales, 468 Mich at 641-642. And the Court of
Appeals, in People v Unger, stated that a jury could infer that the defendant had time to
take a second look based on the “nature and number of a victim’s wounds.” People v
Unger, 278 Mich App 210, 231; 749 NW2d 272 (2008). But neither case is helpful.
Premeditation was not determined in those cases on the basis of sufficient time alone. In
Gonzalez, the defendant visited the victim’s apartment and then returned later that day to
rape and murder her. And in Unger, the defendant murdered his wife during the
pendency of their divorce by pushing her off a rooftop deck; the prosecution presented
expert testimony that the victim had not died from her head injuries but had drowned
after being dragged or moved into the lake.

                                            5
quoting Tilley, 405 Mich at 45, in turn quoting Hoffmeister, 394 Mich at 161 (quotation

marks omitted; emphasis added). Until today, we have never held that time for a second

look establishes premeditation and deliberation. It was necessary, not sufficient.

       Now it seems the opportunity to premeditate creates a rebuttable presumption of

premeditation and deliberation. In effect, the majority holds that the jury can infer

premeditation based on the opportunity for a second look.                And inference of

premeditation in turn permits the jury to infer deliberation. The burden then shifts to the

defendant to prove that he did not premeditate. That’s not our system.

       And even if it were, proving premeditation alone is not enough. The statute

requires that the prosecution establish that the premeditation was also of the requisite

quality—namely, that the perpetrator’s decision to kill was the product of deliberate

thought—that he “measure[d] and evaluate[d] the major facets” of the decision to kill.

See Bass, 317 Mich App at 266 (quotation marks and citation omitted). See also 2

LaFave, Substantive Criminal Law (3d ed), § 14.7(a), pp 649-650 (“It is not easy to give

a meaningful definition of the words ‘premeditate’ and ‘deliberate’ as they are used in

connection with first-degree murder. Perhaps the best that can be said of ‘deliberation’ is

that it requires a cool mind that is capable of reflection, and of ‘premeditation’ that it

requires that the one with the cool mind did in fact reflect, at least for a short period of

time before his act of killing.”).2

2
  We have long held that deliberation requires rational thought, or a degree of calculation.
Drawing on the common law, we have generally described deliberation in terms of cool
rationality (versus hot emotion). “ ‘[P]remeditation and deliberation characterize a
thought process undisturbed by hot blood.’ ” Vail, 393 Mich at 468-469, quoting People

                                             6
       Where the majority opinion does address deliberation as a separate element of

first-degree murder, it appears to understand it as merely acting intentionally or even

voluntarily. See, e.g., ante at 13 (“Evidence of defendant’s conflicting statements and

that he was the initial aggressor allowed the jury to infer that he acted without

provocation and in a cool state of mind rather than on impulse . . . .”). Of course, acting

volitionally or intentionally, or even with malice, is not enough to elevate a homicide to

v Morrin, 31 Mich App 301, 329-330; 187 NW2d 434 (1971).

       [M]urder is not always attended with the same degree of wicked design, or,
       to speak more accurately, with the same degree of malice. It may be
       committed in cold blood, and with much calculation, and it may be
       committed on a sudden impulse of passion, where the intent is formed and
       executed in the heat of blood, without any sufficient provocation to
       extenuate the degree of the offense to manslaughter. In both of these
       instances, and in the intermediate cases where the design is of greater or
       less duration, there is the actual intent to take life. [People v Scott, 6 Mich
       287, 293 (1859).]

       In Nye v People, 35 Mich 16, 19 (1876), we explained:

              In dividing murder into degrees, its common-law qualities are not
       changed, but (except in special cases) the division is chiefly between cases
       where the malice aforethought is deliberate and where it is not. It was
       rightly considered that what is done against life deliberately indicates a
       much more depraved character and purpose than what is done hastily or
       without contrivance. But it is a perversion of terms to apply the term
       deliberate to any act which is done on a sudden impulse.

See also People v Martin, 472 Mich 930, 932 (2005) (MARKMAN, J., dissenting) (“[E]ven
assuming defendant did in fact shoot his father because he was ‘mad,’ the statement still
fails to give rise to an inference of premeditation. Rather, such a statement is inconsistent
with the required showing that defendant be undisturbed by hot blood.”); Tilley, 405
Mich at 44-45 (“[W]hen a homicide occurs during a sudden affray this Court has found
that it would be ‘a perversion of terms to apply the term deliberate to any act which is
done on a sudden impulse.’ ”) (citation omitted).

                                             7
first-degree murder; an involuntary stabbing would not be criminal at all. And the intent

to kill is not unique to first-degree murder.

       The rule announced today is a departure from our precedent. We rejected the

sufficiency of similar evidence in Hoffmeister, 394 Mich 155. There, the victim’s car and

the defendant’s car had been seen parked together off of I-96 near an exit ramp. The

evidence established that the victim and the defendant had a brief encounter during which

the victim was stabbed multiple times. The wounded victim drove about a quarter mile to

her friend’s house and then died within the hour.

       We held that the nature and number of wounds, plus the fact that the defendant

spent “several moments” with the victim, was not sufficient evidence to allow the jury to

reasonably infer premeditation and deliberation. Id. at 159. We reasoned that the

number of wounds and brutality was not enough to prove premeditation and deliberation,

because such a killing is just as likely (or even more likely) to have been impulsive. And

nothing in the record supported the theory that the defendant took a moment to measure

and evaluate what he was doing. Id. at 159-160. “The violence and multiple wounds,

while more than ample to show an intent to kill, cannot standing alone support an

inference of a calmly calculated plan to kill requisite for premeditation and deliberation,

as contrasted with an impulsive and senseless, albeit sustained, frenzy.” Id. at 160

(quotation marks and citation omitted). Moreover, although the timeline showed that the

defendant and the victim were together for some time before the murder, which “le[ft]

open the possibility of premeditation and deliberation,” id. at 161, there was no evidence

from which to conclude that the killing was, in fact, premeditated and deliberate; that

there could have been sufficient time for deliberate thought “is not evidence that

                                                8
appellant actually did cogitate and mull over the intent to kill,” id. (quotation marks and

citation omitted).

       The majority claims it is distinguishing Hoffmeister, while announcing a standard

that effectively overrules it. Hoffmeister held that evidence is insufficient when it merely

leaves open the possibility of premeditation and deliberation. Now the opposite is true

with no stare decisis analysis and no explanation for the dislocation of that precedent.

       Here, like in Hoffmeister, the evidence—at most—permitted the jury to infer that

the defendant may have had sufficient time to reflect. From there, the jury could only

speculate whether he engaged in deliberate thought before deciding to act. The victim

and the defendant were not previously acquainted.         And the violence and multiple

wounds cannot, on their own, support the inference of premeditation and deliberation.

We know that from Hoffmeister. The gruesome physical evidence allowed the jury to

infer a single fact—that the defendant might have had sufficient time to take a second

look. But beyond that, the jury could only speculate between two possibilities: either the

defendant did premeditate and deliberate, or he did not. The determination is no better

than a coin flip. That’s not proof beyond a reasonable doubt.

       The majority’s blow-by-blow account of its theory of the murder fails to identify

any evidence from which to infer that the defendant thought about his intent to kill before

deciding to act.     For example, even resolving conflicting evidence in favor of the

prosecution, the majority’s conclusion that the defendant was the initial aggressor is

relevant only to a lack of adequate provocation. This might be helpful if the dispute were

between voluntary manslaughter and second-degree murder, because “provocation is not

an element of voluntary manslaughter. Rather, provocation is the circumstance that

                                             9
negates the presence of malice.” People v Mendoza, 468 Mich 527, 536; 664 NW2d 685

(2003) (citation omitted). But both first- and second-degree murder share the element of

malice. That the defendant acted with malice is beside the point.

       First principles in the elements of each level of homicide are important. Every

murder involves at least two elements: the killing of a living person with malice

aforethought. Maher v People, 10 Mich 212, 218 (1862).3 The killing of another is the

actus reus, and malice aforethought is the mens rea, or “guilty mind.”           1 LaFave,

Substantive Criminal Law (3d ed), § 5.1, p 446. Second-degree murder requires acting

with one of three forms of malice aforethought: intent to kill, intent to do serious bodily

injury, or a depraved heart. 2 LaFave, § 14.1, p 566. First-degree murder requires not

only that the perpetrator intend to kill, but also that he premeditated the killing and

deliberated about it. Id. at § 14.7(a), p 649. Therefore, intent-to-kill murder without the

added elements of premeditation and deliberation can only be second-degree murder. Id.

at § 14.7(e), p 664.4 Thus, even textbook second-degree murder involves some amount

of “thought,” in the sense that the perpetrator intends to kill and acts on it. In short, the

3
  And “aforethought” is somewhat superfluous “since malice need exist only at the time
the homicidal act is committed . . . . Nevertheless, statutes still use the language ‘malice
aforethought’ to define murder, the apparent intent being to incorporate by reference the
vast body of law that has been developed over the centuries.” 2 Wharton’s Criminal Law
(15th ed), § 139, p 246.
4
  Michigan does not have some outlier statutory approach; we are in full accordance with
the scholarly treatises. See People v Dykhouse, 418 Mich 488, 495; 345 NW2d 150
(1984); People v Aaron, 409 Mich 672, 713-714; 299 NW2d 304 (1980); Gillespie,
Michigan Criminal Law & Procedure, Practice Deskbook (2d ed), §§ 5:255-5:258, 5:273,
pp 264-265, 267; 2 Wharton’s Criminal Law, §§ 139, 142, pp 243-247, 257-278.

                                             10
defendant’s admission that he intended to kill McMillan means that he must be guilty of

murder. But it tells us nothing about when, how, or why he decided to act on his intent to

kill—the variables the prosecution needed to fill in to assign first- or second-degree

culpability to the murder.5

       The majority also suggests that the “location and depth of the victim’s stab

wounds support an inference that defendant thought about, measured, and evaluated his

options.” Ante at 16. And indeed, it may be permissible to infer premeditation and

5
  The majority cites People v Holmes, 111 Mich 364, 372; 69 NW 501 (1896), to support
its claim that evidence that the defendant was the initial aggressor permits the jury to
infer premeditation and deliberation. But the excerpt the majority cites from Holmes is,
in fact, quoting Scott, 6 Mich at 295. Scott’s holding, however, concerned the elements
required to prove assault with intent to murder, so it’s dubious whether the quoted
language parses the differences between first- and second-degree murder. And the
quotation is taken out of context. Immediately before the majority’s quoted text, the
Scott Court makes clear that it is discussing whether a homicide triggered by inadequate
provocation should be murder or manslaughter:

       Voluntary manslaughter often involves a direct intent to kill, but the law
       reduces the grade of the offense because, looking at the frailty of human
       nature, it considers great provocations sufficient to excite the passions
       beyond the control of reason. But provocations often arise which are of
       less intensity, and are not in law regarded as sufficient to reduce the crime
       to manslaughter. If it appears that murder is committed upon a heat of
       passion engendered entirely by such provocations, and suddenly conceived,
       such a murder can not properly be called deliberate. But whenever murder
       is intentionally committed without serious provocation, and under
       circumstances which do not reasonably account for such an excitement of
       passion as naturally deprives men of deliberation, common experience
       teaches us that such an act is wanton, and its perpetrator responsible for it,
       as in other cases of cold-blooded crime. The time within which a wicked
       purpose is formed is immaterial, provided it is formed without disturbing
       excitement. [Scott, 6 Mich at 295.]

                                            11
deliberation when “the manner of killing was so particular and exacting that the

defendant must have intentionally killed according to a preconceived design.” 2 LaFave,

§ 14.7(a), p 653.6 Thus, the question here is whether the jury could reasonably infer that

the defendant’s admittedly intentional actions were deliberate and calculated based on

some special quality of the physical evidence.        The majority vaguely refers to the

“location” of the wounds, as well as to the force required to inflict them, as evidence that

permitted the jury to infer both premeditation and deliberation. Ante at 16. But the

majority itself recognizes that this shows nothing more than the opportunity for a second

look. I don’t know how that evidence is any different in quality from the evidence in

Hoffmeister, in which we held that the evidence “le[ft] open the possibility of

premeditation and deliberation” but found no basis in the record to conclude that the

defendant actually took a second look. Hoffmeister, 394 Mich at 161.

       The majority’s decision today makes the difference between first- and second-

degree murder hard to discern. And the statute is not the problem. “Close cases can be

imagined under virtually any statute” and are “addressed, not by the doctrine of

vagueness, but by the requirement of proof beyond a reasonable doubt.” United States v

Williams, 553 US 285, 306; 128 S Ct 1830; 170 L Ed 2d 650 (2008). But the majority’s

6
  Inferring premeditation and deliberation from “the manner of killing . . .
require[s] . . . evidence (usually based upon examination of the victim’s body) showing
that the wounds were deliberately placed at vital areas of the body. The mere fact that the
killing was attended by much violence or that a great many wounds were inflicted is not
relevant in this regard, as such a killing is just as likely (or perhaps more likely) to have
been on impulse.” 2 LaFave, § 14.7(a), pp 655-656, citing Hoffmeister, 394 Mich 155.

                                             12
gloss so blurs the line between first- and second-degree murder that it renders vague an

otherwise clear statute. See Grayned v City of Rockford, 408 US 104, 108-109; 92 S Ct

2294; 33 L Ed 2d 222 (1972) (“[L]aws must provide explicit standards for those who

apply them. A vague law impermissibly delegates basic policy matters to policemen,

judges, and juries for resolution on an ad hoc and subjective basis, with the attendant

dangers of arbitrary and discriminatory application.”) (citation omitted). When there is

no distinction in the proof required for each crime, the guarantee that “close cases” must

be proved beyond a reasonable doubt is hollow. If intent to kill plus any time window

during which one could have accomplished premeditation and deliberation now amounts

to proof beyond a reasonable doubt, then I find it hard to imagine what second-degree

murder wouldn’t also be a first-degree murder. That can’t be constitutional.7

7
  Indeed, the Arizona Supreme Court held that it was duty-bound to reject as
unconstitutionally vague the same reading of its murder statute that the majority adopts
today:

             We conclude, as did the court of appeals, that if the only difference
      between first and second degree murder is the mere passage of time, and
      that length of time can be “as instantaneous as successive thoughts of the
      mind,” then there is no meaningful distinction between first and second
      degree murder. Such an interpretation would relieve the state of its burden
      to prove actual reflection and would render the first degree murder statute
      impermissibly vague and therefore unconstitutional under the United States
      and Arizona Constitutions.

              . . . While the phrase “proof of actual reflection is not required” can
      be interpreted in a way that relieves the state of the burden of proving
      reflection, such an interpretation would not pass constitutional scrutiny, and
      the legislature could not have intended such a result. Accordingly, we
      conclude that the legislature intended to relieve the state of the burden of
      proving a defendant’s thought processes by direct evidence. It intended for

                                            13
       There are few principles of federal constitutional law more clearly established than

the accused’s protection against conviction “except upon proof beyond a reasonable

doubt of every fact necessary to constitute the crime with which he is charged.” In re

Winship, 397 US at 364.        And “[t]he constitutional necessity of proof beyond a

reasonable doubt is not confined to those defendants who are morally blameless. Under

our system of criminal justice even a thief is entitled to complain that he has been

unconstitutionally convicted and imprisoned as a burglar.” Jackson, 443 US at 323-324

(citation omitted). So too even a heinous killer.

       As I said at the start, this was a brutal crime. But even in cases involving the most

horrific facts, courts try cases and not people, and in each and every case the Constitution

       premeditation, and the reflection that it requires, to mean more than the
       mere passage of time.

              We find support for our interpretation in the admonition that “an act
       is not done with premeditation if it is the instant effect of a sudden quarrel
       or heat of passion.” This language distinguishes impulsive killings from
       planned or deliberated killings and confirms the legislature’s intent that
       premeditation be more than just a snap decision made in the heat of
       passion.

               Our decision today distinguishes the element of premeditation from
       the evidence that might establish that element. Although the mere passage
       of time suggests that a defendant premeditated—and the state might be able
       to convince a jury to make that inference—the passage of time is not, in
       and of itself, premeditation. To allow the state to establish the element of
       premeditation by merely proving that sufficient time passed to permit
       reflection would be to essentially relieve the state of its burden to establish
       the sole element that distinguishes between first and second degree murder.
       [State v Thompson, 204 Ariz 471, 478; 65 P3d 420 (2003) (en banc)
       (citations omitted).]

                                             14
requires proof beyond a reasonable doubt of every element. Shortcuts are tempting, but

the rule of law doesn’t allow them. There is simply no basis in the evidence to infer

proof beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant’s decision to kill McMillan was

premeditated and deliberated. The Court of Appeals was correct. I would affirm.

                                                     Bridget M. McCormack
                                                     David F. Viviano

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