Court Opinion

ID: 9942645
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-02-21 17:10:55.931914+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:48:22.935878
License: Public Domain

J-S45039-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

  COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                 :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                       Appellant               :
                                               :
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
  TYLER SCOTT EBNER                            :   No. 420 MDA 2023

      Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered February 3, 2023
  In the Court of Common Pleas of York County Criminal Division at No(s):
                         CP-67-CR-0005610-2019

BEFORE:      BOWES, J., LAZARUS, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

MEMORANDUM BY STEVENS, P.J.E.:                      FILED: FEBRUARY 21, 2024

       The Commonwealth, Appellant, appeals from the Judgment of Sentence

entered in the York County Court of Common Pleas on February 3, 2023, which

explicably sentenced Defendant/Appellee, Tyler Ebner, to one year house

arrest and five years’ restrictive probation. After a careful review, we affirm.

       The relevant facts and procedural history are as follows: On March 11,

2019, Defendant was observed by a police officer delivering .07 grams of

fentanyl and heroin to another individual. R.R. at 4. On February 25, 2020,

Defendant pleaded guilty and was conditionally admitted into Drug Wellness

Court. N.T., 2/25/20, at 8. Sentencing was deferred pending his completion

of Drug Wellness Court. While in Drug Wellness Court, Defendant relapsed and

completed more inpatient and outpatient treatment at varying levels of

____________________________________________

* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
J-S45039-23

success. PSI Report at 3. Also while in Wellness Court, Defendant obtained

disorderly conduct charges. Id. at 4. Defendant was notified of removal from

drug court pending a hearing based on violations of his supervision. Defendant

waived the removal hearing, was removed from Drug Wellness Court, and a

pre-sentence investigation was conducted. R.R. at 18.

         Defendant had a prior record score of three based on a 2012 PWID

conviction and a misdemeanor theft charge. PSI Report at 6. The offense

gravity score was nine. Id. The standard guideline range was 30 to 42 months

incarceration plus or minus 12 months for the aggravated and mitigated

ranges, respectively. Id. Adult Probation Officer Holly Baer completed the

report and recommended a sentence of 30 to 54 months incarceration. Id. at

8. On February 3, 2023, the Honorable Amber A. Kraft sentenced Defendant

to one year house arrest and five years’ restrictive probation. N.T., 2/3/23, at

35. The Commonwealth filed a timely post-sentence motion. That motion was

denied on March 2, 2023, and this timely appeal followed. The Commonwealth

complied with the trial court's directive to file a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement

preserving the issues presented on appeal. The Commonwealth presents this

issue:

         Did the trial court abuse its discretion and ignore the fundamental
         norms of sentencing by imposing an overly-lenient and
         unreasonable sentence of five years of restrictive probation with
         one year of house arrest for Defendant’s second PWID conviction
         where both a mitigated and standard range sentence called for
         state incarceration[?]

Appellant's brief at 4.

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      As we have observed, “[a]n appellant is not entitled to the review of

challenges to the discretionary aspects of a sentence as of right.”

Commonwealth v. McLaine, 150 A.3d 70, 76 (Pa. Super. 2016) (citation

omitted). Instead, to invoke our jurisdiction involving a challenge to the

discretionary aspects of a sentence, an appellant must satisfy the following

four-part test:

      (1) whether appellant has filed a timely notice of appeal, see
      Pa.R.A.P. 902 and 903; (2) whether the issue was properly
      preserved at sentencing or in a motion to reconsider and modify
      sentence, see Pa.R.Crim.P. 720; (3) whether appellant's brief has
      a fatal defect, Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f); and (4) whether there is a
      substantial question that the sentence appealed from is not
      appropriate under the Sentencing Code, 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9781(b).

Id.

      Here, the Commonwealth filed a timely appeal, and preserved its

contentions in a post-sentence motion and Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement.

Additionally, it presented a Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f) statement in its brief. See

Appellant’s Br. at 15. It complains that since the Defendant was twice

discharged from Drug Wellness Court, a below-mitigation range sentence is

inappropriate. A position that the sentencing court unreasonably deviated

from the applicable guideline range and imposed an excessively lenient

sentence raises a substantial question. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Childs,

664 A.2d 994, 996 (Pa. Super. 1995). We thus find that the Commonwealth

has properly invoked our jurisdiction, and we will address the merits of the

Commonwealth's issues on appeal. We note that:

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      Sentencing is a matter vested in the sound discretion of the
      sentencing judge, and a sentence will not be disturbed on appeal
      absent a manifest abuse of discretion. In this context, an abuse
      of discretion is not shown merely by an error in judgment. Rather,
      the appellant must establish, by reference to the record, that the
      sentencing court ignored or misapplied the law, exercised its
      judgment for reasons of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill will, or
      arrived at a manifestly unreasonable decision.

      When imposing sentence, a court is required to consider the
      particular circumstances of the offense and the character of the
      defendant. In considering these factors, the court should refer to
      the defendant's prior criminal record, age, personal characteristics
      and potential for rehabilitation.

McLaine, supra at 75-76.

      The Commonwealth argues that since Defendant was twice discharged

from Drug Wellness Court, a below-mitigation range sentence is improper.

Specifically, the Commonwealth asserts that the trial court’s sentence was

inconsistent with the sentencing factors in 42 Pa.C.S. § 9721(b) because the

sentencing court placed too much emphasis on rehabilitative factors, thus

imposing an overly lenient sentence. Appellant’s Br. at 20. A sentencing court

is permitted to deviate from the sentences recommended in the guidelines, as

they are merely advisory. Commonwealth v. Walls, 926 A.2d 957 (Pa.

2007); McLaine, supra. When a court does sentence outside the guidelines,

it “must place on the record its reasons for the deviation.” Commonwealth

v. Garcia-Rivera, 983 A.2d 777, 780 (Pa. Super. 2009).

      Our Supreme Court has stated that the “sentencing court is in the best

position to determine the proper penalty for a particular offense based upon

an evaluation of the individual circumstances before it.” Walls, 926 A.2d at

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961 (citation and quotation marks omitted). It further opined that a

sentencing court is in a superior position than this Court when deciding on an

appropriate sentence because it observes if the defendant is remorseful or

indifferent. “Simply stated, the sentencing court sentences flesh-and-blood

defendants and the nuances of sentencing decisions are difficult to gauge from

the cold transcript used upon appellate review.” Id.

      Our Supreme Court noted that this Court's ability to review a sentence

is constrained by 42 Pa.C.S. § 9781(c). That statute provides that we can

vacate a sentence and remand for re-sentencing only if we find 1) that the

court intended to sentence within the guidelines but “applied the guidelines

erroneously;” 2) a sentence was imposed within the guidelines “but the case

involves circumstances where the application of the guidelines would be

clearly unreasonable;” or 3) “the sentencing court sentenced outside the

sentencing guidelines and the sentence is unreasonable.” 42 Pa.C.S. §

9781(c). “In all other cases the appellate court shall affirm the sentence

imposed by the sentencing court.” Id. Thus, in this case, we may reverse the

sentence if it is “unreasonable.” Our Supreme Court has stated that

“‘unreasonable’ commonly connotes a decision that is ‘irrational’ or not guided

by sound judgment,” and that reversal of a sentence on grounds of

unreasonableness should “occur infrequently, whether the sentence is above

or below the guideline ranges, especially when the unreasonableness inquiry

is conducted using the proper standard of review.” Walls, 926 A.2d at 963.

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      This Court can find a sentence not guided by sound judgment or

irrational in only two situations. First, it is unreasonable if the sentencing court

did not weigh the “general standards applicable to sentencing found in Section

9721, i.e., the protection of the public; the gravity of the offense in relation

to the impact on the victim and the community; and the rehabilitative needs

of the defendant. 42 Pa.C.S. § 9721(b).” Id. at 964; see 42 Pa.C.S. § 9721(b)

(stating that in determining whether to impose a sentence of imprisonment,

“the court shall follow the general principle that the sentence imposed should

call for confinement that is consistent with . . . the protection of the public,

the gravity of the offense as it relates to the impact on the life of the victim

and on the community, and the rehabilitative needs of the defendant.”).

      In the present case, while the Commonwealth’s argument that the

sentence is “overly lenient” has merit, the sentencing court had the benefit of

a presentence report which stated the applicable sentencing guidelines based

on Defendant’s prior record score and the offense gravity score. PSI Report at

6. Since a pre-sentence investigation was conducted, we must presume that

the sentencing court weighed the § 9721(b) factors. Commonwealth v.

Devers, 519 Pa. 88, 546 A.2d 12 (Pa. 1988) (when a court has a pre-sentence

report we are required to presume that it weighed the pertinent sentencing

considerations).

      Second, we are allowed to reverse a departure sentence if it is

unreasonable under the guidelines provided by 42 Pa.C.S. § 9781(d):

      In reviewing the record the appellate court shall have regard for:

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       (1) The nature and circumstances of the offense and the history
       and characteristics of the defendant.
       (2) The opportunity of the sentencing court to observe the
       defendant, including any presentence investigation.
       (3) The findings upon which the sentence was based.
       (4) The guidelines promulgated by the commission.

42 Pa.C.S. § 9781(d).

       We cannot conclude that the court's stated reasons for its sentence

established that the sentence was irrational or not guided by sound judgment.

The record reveals that the court carefully considered all relevant sentencing

factors in sentencing Defendant.1 Cognizant of the sentencing guidelines, the

trial court stated on the record its system of sentencing an individual in Drug

Wellness Court. Tr. Ct. Op. at 5; N.T., 2/3/23, at 32. The trial court stated,

       When I sentence somebody in Drug Wellness Court, I look at the
       progress that they've made and I sentence based on that. If I
       have somebody who is right in the same spot where they started,
       I think a standard range sentence is appropriate. If I have
       someone who deals drugs while they’re in drug court I'm going to
       aggravate their sentence, everybody knows that.

N.T., 2/3/23, at 33. The trial court stated, “from my perspective, I've seen a

tremendous amount of growth in Tyler, a tremendous amount. Especially from

where he started to where he is now. And that started before he was facing

removal, from my perspective.” Id. at 32.

____________________________________________

1 We cannot substitute our judgment for that of the trial court absent a
manifestly unreasonable decision. McLaine, supra. We note, however, that
the trial court instructed Appellant that if he were to “screw up” again, he
would go to state prison. N.T., 2/3/23, at 33. We expect that the trial court
will comply with its instruction if or when circumstances necessitate it.

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      The trial court went on to state, “my reasons for mitigating the sentence

are numerous.” Id. at 33-34. The trial court, being in the superior position to

determine the penalty and observe Defendant’s demeanor, opined that

Defendant is a very different person from who he used to be. Id. at 34.

Regarding the characteristics of Defendant, the trial court placed weight on

the fact that Defendant maintained employment with a reputable company for

a significant period of time, and credited the letter from Defendant’s employer

that stated he shows up for work. The trial court listed as another mitigating

factor that Defendant supports five children and has been able to bring his

family back together, and brings them to church. The court found that he is a

productive member of society. While the court acknowledged that Defendant

has relapsed, the court rationed that because Defendant immediately called

his sponsor and restarted the 12-Step Program, his response to his relapse

shows a significant amount of progress in his recovery. Id. at 32-35.

      Moreover, as the trial court states, it had the opportunity to hear

testimony from multiple members of Defendant’s recovery community and

Defendant’s probation officer, all of whom indicated a positive change in his

behavior. Tr. Ct. Op. at 4. It credited Officer’s Baer’s testimony that Defendant

has been showing up, being honest, and not absconding. N.T., 2/3/23, at 10.

The court found that Defendant surrounds himself with a strong support

network. Finally, the court did not “believe that incarceration would serve our

community in any way, shape or form” because Defendant is not a threat to

the community. Id. at 35.

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      The trial court observed and heard Appellee's testimony and had the

unique ability to ascertain whether his expressions of regret were genuine.

Additionally, it relied upon the aforementioned presentence investigation. The

findings upon which the sentence was based are supported by the record, and

the guidelines, as noted, are not mandatory.

      We are aware that the court relied upon Defendant’s continued

employment as an “impactful” and “extremely relevant” mitigating factor

justifying sentencing him outside the guidelines. N.T., 2/3/23, at 34. The

Commonwealth argues that this was improper because Defendant’s lack of

employment was not a contributing factor to his criminal activity. Appellant’s

Br. at 30. Defendant was working a job at the time and admitted that his

paycheck went entirely to his using drugs. N.T., 2/25/20, at 4. When an

opportunity arose for him to buy and sell drugs—the instance leading to his

PWID charge to which he pled guilty in 2020—he took the opportunity despite

having a job. Id. The Commonwealth’s brief states, “In fact, Defendant,

despite maintaining employment since August 1, 2022, obtained new charges

during that time period as well as relapsed on cocaine.” Appellant’s Br. at 31.

      However, to whatever extent Defendant’s employment was weighed as

a mitigating factor, the sentencing court also articulated other, valid reasons

for sentencing below the mitigated range. Since the sentencing court

articulated that the basis for sentencing Appellee in the mitigated range rested

not just upon his maintaining employment but also upon other permissible

sentencing factors that were sound and guided by reason, we are constrained

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to affirm. See Commonwealth v. Smith, 673 A.2d 893 (Pa. 1996) (while

court erroneously relied upon lack of criminal history for departure sentence,

sentence must be affirmed since it was also premised upon other, valid

considerations).

      Therefore, since the trial court did not ignore or misapply the law,

demonstrate partiality, prejudice, bias or ill will, or arrive at a manifestly

unreasonable decision, we must affirm.

      Judgment of Sentence Affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Benjamin D. Kohler, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 02/21/2024

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