Court Opinion

ID: 4553617
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-08-06 16:04:01.480024+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:25:01.031831
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MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),                                           FILED
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
                                                                         Aug 06 2020, 10:27 am
regarded as precedent or cited before any
court except for the purpose of establishing                                     CLERK
                                                                           Indiana Supreme Court
the defense of res judicata, collateral                                       Court of Appeals
                                                                                and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT                                   ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Joel M. Schumm                                           Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Indianapolis, Indiana                                    Attorney General of Indiana
                                                         Jodi K. Stein
                                                         Deputy Attorney General
                                                         Indianapolis, Indiana

                                           IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Lawon Browning,                                          August 6, 2020
Appellant-Defendant,                                     Court of Appeals Case No.
                                                         19A-CR-2522
        v.                                               Appeal from the Marion Superior
                                                         Court
State of Indiana,                                        The Honorable Lisa F. Borges,
Appellee-Plaintiff.                                      Judge
                                                         Trial Court Cause No.
                                                         49G04-1804-MR-13688

Riley, Judge.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2522 | August 6, 2020                     Page 1 of 24
                                STATEMENT OF THE CASE
[1]   Appellant-Defendant, Lawon Browning (Browning), appeals his conviction for

      murder, a felony, Ind. Code § 35-42-1-1(1); and the entry of judgment of

      conviction for robbery, a Level 3 felony, I.C. § 35-42-5-1(1).

[2]   We affirm in part, vacate in part, and remand for further proceedings.

                                                   ISSUES
[3]   Browning presents this court with three issues, which we restate as:

              (1) Whether his conviction for Level 3 felony robbery must be
                 reduced to a Level 5 felony;

              (2) Whether he was deprived of a fair trial before an impartial
                 trial court; and

              (3) Whether the trial court abused its discretion when it admitted
                 certain cell phone location evidence.

                      FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
[4]   Jessica Whitehouse (Whitehouse) lived in the 4300 block of Norwaldo Avenue

      in Indianapolis. On November 1, 2016, Whitehouse spent time with her

      boyfriend, James Beckley (Beckley), at her home after work. Beckley returned

      to his own home around 8:30 p.m. after loaning Whitehouse the $60 she had

      asked to borrow to tide her over until payday. Around 4:00 a.m. on November

      2, 2016, Browning sold cocaine to Whitehouse from a home located in the 4200

      block of Kingsley Drive in Indianapolis.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2522 | August 6, 2020   Page 2 of 24
[5]   From 6:17 a.m. to 6:44 a.m. on November 2, 2016, Whitehouse and her father

      exchanged texts regarding her request for $20 for gas, which her father agreed

      to place under the windshield wiper of his car so she could retrieve it.

      Whitehouse never retrieved the money. Her father drove by her home around

      1:00 p.m. to check on her and noted that her car, a dark green 1993 Crown

      Victoria, was not in its parking place. Beckley, who was in the habit of

      communicating with Whitehouse throughout the day, worried when he got no

      responses to his calls and texts on November 2, 2016. At 7:30 p.m. after

      finishing his workday, Beckley went to Whitehouse’s home to check on her.

      Whitehouse’s car was not in its parking place, and Beckley, receiving no

      response after knocking on the door, peered into the window of the master

      bedroom. Beckley saw Whitehouse’s legs sticking out of the bathroom

      doorway onto the hallway floor. Whitehouse had been in recovery from

      alcoholism but had a history of relapse, so Beckley feared she had lost

      consciousness from alcohol consumption. Beckley pried open the window and

      crawled in, but it was quickly apparent to him that Whitehouse was deceased.

      Whitehouse had been killed by gunshots to her torso, hip, thigh, and leg. There

      were indications that a struggle had taken place in the home, as Whitehouse’s

      glasses were found in her cat’s food dish and a closet door opposite the

      bathroom was off its track. Whitehouse’s car, purse, and cell phone were

      missing from her home.

[6]   Browning lived at the Willowbrook Apartments on 52nd Street near Keystone

      Avenue. Behind the Willowbrook Apartments there is a gap in the fence line

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2522 | August 6, 2020   Page 3 of 24
      creating a passthrough to the dead end of Hillside Avenue. On November 2,

      2016, homeowners living near the passthrough observed what was later

      determined to be Whitehouse’s car parked at the dead end. Around 5:00 p.m.

      on November 2, 2016, a man walked through the passthrough from the

      Willowbrook Apartments, stood facing the fence line for a few moments, and

      then tried to open the doors of a car that was parked in front of Whitehouse’s

      car. One homeowner confronted the man, who drove away in Whitehouse’s

      car. Credit and insurance cards bearing Whitehouse’s name were later found in

      the scrub of the fence line where the man had been standing.

[7]   Whitehouse’s cell phone call records revealed that she had contacted Browning

      three times around 5:00 a.m. on November 2, 2016, information which caused

      Browning to become a person of interest in the investigation of Whitehouse’s

      death. Investigators acquired Browning’s cell phone records and developed

      preliminary cell phone location data for Whitehouse’s and Browning’s cell

      phones. Based on this preliminary data, investigators requested the assistance

      of FBI Special Agent Kevin Horan (Horan) to refine cell phone location

      information for Whitehouse and Browning on November 2, 2016. Horan

      acquired Network Element Location Service (NELOS) data for both cell

      phones from cell phone service provider AT&T. NELOS data does not provide

      precise location data. It provides the latitude and longitude for a cell phone

      usage ping and a “range of uncertainty” around that latitude and longitude,

      ranging between 25 and 600 meters, within which the ping could be located.

      (Tr. Vol. IV, p. 196) Based on the acquired NELOS data, on August 15, 2017,

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2522 | August 6, 2020   Page 4 of 24
      Horan mapped the areas of actual cell phone coverage for the cell phone towers

      used by Whitehouse’s and Browning’s phones by driving the areas of interest

      with a device installed on his car that measured the actual strength of radio

      frequency signal (the Drive Test). Horan used the NELOS and Drive Test data

      to create maps depicting approximate locations for Whitehouse’s and

      Browning’s cell phones during the relevant time which showed that

      Whitehouse’s and Browning’s cell phones were within an area consistent with

      Whitehouse’s home just prior to 7:00 a.m. and that, thereafter, from

      approximately 7:00 a.m. to 8:00 a.m., the phones were in an area consistent

      with Browning’s home. From 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. on November 2, 2016,

      Whitehouse’s phone was not communicating with the cell network. At 5:00

      p.m., Whitehouse’s phone was still in an area consistent with Browning’s

      home, was back on network, and received a number of incoming calls. After

      DNA test results indicated the presence of Browning’s DNA on swabs taken

      from Whitehouse’s fingertips and underneath her nailbeds, it was determined

      that probable cause existed for Browning’s arrest.

[8]   On April 27, 2018, the State filed an Information, charging Browning with

      murder, felony murder, Level 2 felony robbery, and Level 5 felony carrying a

      handgun without a license. On May 9, 2018, Browning and Daniel Porter

      (Porter), an acquaintance of Browning’s who had also been Whitehouse’s

      friend, were placed in the same courtroom holding cell to wait to be called for

      court hearings. Browning was unaware that Porter knew Whitehouse. When

      Porter asked Browning what he had been charged with, Browning told him that

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2522 | August 6, 2020   Page 5 of 24
       he “had caught an M” for allegedly killing “the chick on the news, Jessica.”

       (Tr. Vol. IV, p. 133). Browning stated that Whitehouse had owed him money

       for pills, he went to her house, he forced his way in when she opened the door,

       she fought with him, and he shot her in the leg and stomach. Browning also

       told Porter that he had taken Whitehouse’s cell phone and wallet when he left.

       When Porter asked Browning how he had been caught, he replied that law

       enforcement had found his DNA under Whitehouse’s nails but that he was not

       concerned because “I’m a beat that, I’m a say we had a sexual relationship.”

       (Tr. Vol. IV, p. 133). After having this conversation with Browning, Porter

       contacted the prosecutor and provided a statement.

[9]    Prior to trial, the State dismissed the Level 5 felony carrying a handgun without

       a license charge. On July 22, 2019, the trial court convened Browning’s four-

       day jury trial. The deputy coroner testified that he estimated that Whitehouse

       had been dead for ten to twelve hours prior to when he first examined her body

       at 8:25 p.m. on November 2, 2016. Browning stipulated to his cell phone

       number and that his cell phone using that number was within his exclusive

       possession on November 2, 2016. Porter testified regarding his conversation

       with Browning in the courtroom holding cell.

[10]   On the third day of trial, the trial court held a hearing outside the presence of

       the jury to address the admissibility of the NELOS and Drive Test data.

       Browning objected that the NELOS data was not based on scientifically reliable

       principles and that the Drive Test data was irrelevant because it was performed

       more than nine months after Whitehouse’s death. Horan testified at the

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2522 | August 6, 2020   Page 6 of 24
       hearing, after which the trial court ruled that the jury could conclude that

       Horan qualified as an expert and the NELOS and Drive Test data were

       admissible. Horan testified before the jury at length regarding his conclusions

       based on the NELOS and Drive Test data about the whereabouts of

       Whitehouse’s and Browning’s cell phones on the day of her murder, and the

       maps that he generated based on that data were admitted into evidence.

[11]   Browning testified on his own behalf and told the jury that he had sold

       Whitehouse cocaine at the Kingsley Avenue home around 4:00 a.m. on

       November 2, 2016, and that he finished dealing that morning around 8:00 a.m.

       and went home. Browning denied ever being at Whitehouse’s home or being in

       her car. Browning also denied knowing Porter or telling him about the details

       of his case. The jury found Browning guilty as charged.

[12]   On October 2, 2019, the trial court held Browning’s sentencing hearing. Due to

       double jeopardy concerns, the trial court did not sentence Browning for felony

       murder. Browning argued that his robbery conviction should be reduced to a

       Level 5 felony because the injury had been taken away from the robbery Count.

       The State countered that the trial court could sentence Browning for the robbery

       as a Level 3 felony because, while the jury had not been instructed on the use of

       a deadly weapon as an enhancement for the robbery, the State had alleged in

       the Information that Browning was armed with a deadly weapon and the jury

       had been provided with the Information in its instructions. The trial court

       accepted the State’s argument and reduced the Level 2 felony robbery

       conviction to a Level 3 felony. The trial court sentenced Browning to sixty-five

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2522 | August 6, 2020   Page 7 of 24
       years for murder and to sixteen years for robbery, to be served consecutively,

       for an aggregate sentence of eighty-one years.

[13]   Browning now appeals. Additional facts will be provided as necessary.

                               DISCUSSION AND DECISION
                                                    I. Robbery

[14]   The jury found Browning guilty of Level 2 felony robbery, and after hearing the

       arguments of the parties, the trial court entered judgment of conviction on the

       robbery as a Level 3 felony instead of a Level 5 felony, as had been advocated

       for by Browning. Browning now argues, and the State concedes, that, in light

       of this court’s decision in Martin v. State, 134 N.E.3d 1033 (Ind. Ct. App. 2019),

       Browning’s conviction for Level 3 felony robbery must be reduced to a Level 5

       felony.

[15]   Like Browning, Martin was convicted of murder, felony murder, and Level 2

       felony robbery. Id. at 1035. Due to double jeopardy concerns, the trial court

       did not sentence Martin for felony murder, and it reduced the robbery to a

       Level 3 felony. Id. In concluding that Martin’s robbery conviction must be

       further reduced to a Level 5 felony, we observed that a Level 2 felony occurs if

       a robbery results in serious bodily injury to a person other than the defendant; a

       Level 3 felony occurs if the robbery results in bodily injury or is committed

       while armed with a deadly weapon; and that a Level 5 felony robbery occurs

       when a person knowingly or intentionally takes property from a person by using

       or threatening to use force or by putting any person in fear. Id. at 1036 (citing

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2522 | August 6, 2020   Page 8 of 24
       I.C. § 35-42-5-1(a)). In Martin’s case, the State had not alleged that he had been

       armed with a deadly weapon when he committed the robbery, and the jury was

       not so instructed. Id. Therefore, we concluded that Martin had been sentenced

       for a crime, Level 3 felony robbery, for which he had not been convicted by a

       jury, which was fundamental error. Id. at 1037. We vacated Martin’s sentence

       for Level 3 felony robbery and remanded for entry of judgment of conviction

       and sentencing for Level 5 felony robbery. Id.

[16]   Here, although the State alleged in the Information that Browning had been

       armed with a deadly weapon while he committed the robbery, the jury was not

       specifically instructed on the use of a deadly weapon to enhance the robbery

       charge. In light of Martin and given the State’s concession, we vacate

       Browning’s conviction for Level 3 felony robbery and remand for entry of

       judgment of conviction and sentencing for Level 5 felony robbery. See id.

                                            II. Judicial Impartiality

[17]   Browning contends that he was deprived of a fair trial because the trial court

       judge exhibited bias against him. “A trial before an impartial judge is an

       essential element of due process.” Everling v. State, 929 N.E.2d 1281, 1287 (Ind.

       2010). A trial court judge is presumed to be unbiased. Smith v. State, 770

       N.E.2d 818, 823 (Ind. 2002). “[T]o rebut that presumption, a defendant must

       establish from the judge’s conduct actual bias or prejudice that places the

       defendant in jeopardy.” Id. A defendant makes this showing “only where there

       is an undisputed claim or where the judge expressed an opinion of the

       controversy over which the judge was presiding.” Id. A defendant cannot

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2522 | August 6, 2020   Page 9 of 24
       make the requisite showing of bias merely by making that assertion. Id. In

       assessing whether a judge has exhibited partiality, we examine both the judge’s

       actions and demeanor. Tharpe v. State, 955 N.E.2d 836, 839 (Ind. Ct. App.

       2011), trans. denied. Browning argues that the trial court exhibited bias against

       him through a “pattern of rulings, interruptions of defense counsel, and

       comments before the jury[.]” (Appellant’s Br. p. 18).

                                               i. Adverse Rulings

[18]   Browning directs our attention to what he claims was a pattern of adverse

       rulings that demonstrated bias on the part of the trial court. More specifically,

       Browning claims that the trial court overruled all but one of his evidentiary

       objections, uniformly sustained the State’s objections, and ruled against him on

       the issue of whether judgment should be entered against him for Level 3 or

       Level 5 felony robbery. However, Browning’s argument regarding the trial

       court’s evidentiary rulings is at least partially inaccurate, as the trial court

       sustained Browning’s objections to speculation twice during Porter’s testimony

       and once to the State’s leading of the same witness. More importantly, “[t]he

       mere assertion that certain adverse rulings by a judge constitute bias and

       prejudice does not establish the requisite showing.” Voss v. State, 856 N.E.2d

       1211, 1217 (Ind. 2006). Browning merely asserts that the number of adverse

       evidentiary rulings constituted bias; he does not attempt to show that any of the

       trial court’s evidentiary rulings were contrary to law or the Rules of Evidence.

       Thus, Browning has failed to meet his burden to establish bias. Id.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2522 | August 6, 2020   Page 10 of 24
[19]   We reach a similar conclusion regarding Browning’s claim based on the trial

       court’s ruling that his robbery conviction should be entered as a Level 3 felony.

       The facts of Martin demonstrate that the issue was not a settled one, as the trial

       court in Martin reached the same conclusion as the trial court in this case.

       Browning does not argue that the robbery enhancement issue was an

       “undisputed claim” which would have rendered the trial court’s decision

       against him biased. See Smith, 770 N.E.2d at 823. We find no demonstrated

       actual bias in the trial court’s rulings.

                                         ii. Comments Before the Jury

[20]   Next, Browning argues that certain comments by the trial court demonstrated

       bias against him, citing an instance wherein the trial court told defense counsel,

       upon sustaining the State’s speculation objection, not to lead the witness and

       citing a second instance wherein the trial court directed defense counsel not to

       testify while cross-examining a detective. In his Reply, Browning

       acknowledges that he mischaracterized the trial court’s admonishment not to

       lead, which was actually directed to the prosecutor. In addition, we cannot

       conclude that the trial court’s comment to defense counsel not to testify through

       his questions showed actual bias. Early in the trial proceedings during voir dire,

       the trial court told the prospective jurors that

               [o]ne of the things that does not happen in every trial is that the
               lawyers are extremely talented, right. In this trial, you will have
               the blessing of really talented attorneys on both sides.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2522 | August 6, 2020   Page 11 of 24
               What that means is that they know the rules. They understand
               how to go forward. You won’t see any of the crazy stuff that
               happens on television. . . They’ll do real well. They know what
               they’re doing. And that’s something that’ll – that you can count
               on for this trial. It makes my job a lot easier too.

       (Tr. Vol. II, p. 19). With its comments to the venire panel, the trial court set the

       tone for the trial, demonstrated that it held counsel for both parties in high

       regard, and put counsel on notice that it would hold them to high standards.

       Browning does not assert that his counsel was not testifying through his

       questions to the detective, and the trial court was simply holding defense

       counsel to the Rules of Evidence.

[21]   Browning further argues that disparate treatment by the trial court when

       witnesses continued to talk over an objection was a manifestation of its bias

       against him. During defense counsel’s cross-examination of Horan regarding

       Horan’s knowledge of how NELOS data was compiled, the following exchange

       took place:

               Horan: I know how it works. I just don’t know which
               technology they used for that specific NELOS hit.

               Defense counsel: So, well, that’s not exactly accurate. You said
               you’re assuming that they use a couple of different technologies
               to generate their information; is that more accurate?

               Prosecutor: Objection. That’s actually mischaracterization of his
               testimony. He said he knows they used two.

               Horan: There’s two.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2522 | August 6, 2020   Page 12 of 24
        Trial court: Okay. I’m going to sustain that objection, that it
        does misstate, and you want to rephrase?

(Tr. Vol. V, p. 29). During the State’s cross-examination of Browning, the

following occurred:

        Prosecutor: Right. So do you – Mr. Browning, the stipulation
        says the phone was in your exclusive possession the entire time.

        Browning: So how would we know it was in my exclusive
        possession –

        Prosecutor: You would know that because you signed it.

        Browning: I signed to it being by phone.

        Defense counsel: Objection. Argumentative and –
        argumentative and –

        Browning: I’m sorry about that, jury.

        Trial court: Stop talking.

(Tr. Vol. V, p. 123-24). Browning argues that the fact that the trial court did not

admonish Horan to stop talking but did admonish him demonstrated bias.

However, it was within the discretion afforded a trial court in conducting a trial

to protect Browning’s rights to a fair trial and to freedom from self-

incrimination by insisting that Browning refrain from directly addressing the

jury and talking when a question was not before him, interests that were not

similarly implicated by Horan’s conduct. A trial court’s disparate actions in the

face of disparate circumstances does not amount to bias. Therefore, we find no

actual bias inherent in the trial court’s admonishment to Browning.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2522 | August 6, 2020   Page 13 of 24
                                                   iii. Sidebars

[22]   Browning also cites three instances of the trial court calling sidebars during his

       counsel’s questioning of witnesses as manifesting actual bias against him: (1)

       when the trial court was concerned that defense counsel’s inquiries into the

       prosecutor’s mental state in making the charging decision would create a

       conflict of interest by requiring the prosecutor to testify; (2) when the trial court

       called the parties to the bench to clarify for itself whether Whitehouse had made

       three or four calls to Browning; and (3) when defense counsel did not readily

       comply with the judge’s admonishment during cross-examination not to

       interrupt Horan while he was attempting to answer defense counsel’s questions.

       Browning argues that these cited instances of trial court conduct “likely gave

       the jury an unfavorable impression of the defense and suggested [defense

       counsel] was a less than competent attorney.” (Appellant’s Br. pp. 21-22)

       (quotations omitted).

[23]   In addressing this argument, we find it significant that when the trial court

       called the parties to the bench to address defense counsel’s questions about the

       prosecutor’s charging decision, she simply asked, “Could I see the parties at the

       bench?” (Tr. Vol. IV, p. 95). The trial court did not provide any reason for its

       request. The trial court had given the jury a preliminary instruction that the

       trial court would be required to make rulings during trial and that “[n]othing I

       sa[y] or do is intended to recommend what facts or what verdict you should

       find.” (Tr. Vol. II, p. 126). Thus, the jury was put on notice that the trial court

       was required to make rulings during the trial, and, given that it provided no

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2522 | August 6, 2020   Page 14 of 24
       reason for convening the sidebar, there was nothing from which the jury could

       have made a negative inference about the defense or defense counsel.

[24]   We reach a similar conclusion regarding the second sidebar cited by Browning.

       When calling the parties to the bench during the questioning about the number

       of calls made by Whitehouse to Browning, the trial court asked defense counsel

       and the prosecutor, “Can I see the parties at the bench just for a clarification

       just for myself?” (Tr. Vol. IV, pp. 111-12). The trial court’s announcement that

       it personally required a clarification, the nature of which was not disclosed to

       the jury and which only happened once during a four-day trial, did not

       demonstrate prejudice against Browning or provide anything from which the

       jury could have inferred that the trial court held a negative opinion of the

       defense.

[25]   The final sidebar to which Browning directs us occurred during defense

       counsel’s lengthy cross-examination of Horan about whether NELOS data was

       subject to peer review. The judge admonished defense counsel three times to

       allow Horan to answer the question posed without interruption. When defense

       counsel felt that Horan had not answered the question asked, the following

       exchange occurred:

               Defense counsel: That’s – again, that’s not the question I asked
               you. I know what you’re trying to do and I think the jury knows
               what you’re trying to do, but again, the –

               Prosecutor: [O]bjection.

               Trial court: Sustained.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2522 | August 6, 2020   Page 15 of 24
        Defense counsel: The –

        Trial court: Please confine it to a question, not you comment
        on—

        Defense counsel: I have but he won’t answer it.

        Trial court: Please approach.

(Tr. Vol. V, pp. 24-25). At the sidebar, the trial court told defense counsel that

he was alienating the jury by arguing and that the court expected him to abide

by its evidentiary rulings. Our supreme court has held that “[e]ven where the

court’s remarks display a degree of impatience, if in the context of a particular

trial they do not impart an appearance of partiality, they may be permissible to

promote an orderly progression of events at trial.” Everling, 929 N.E.2d at

1288. Browning does not attempt to argue that defense counsel’s comment on

the jury’s thought process, interruption of the trial court’s evidentiary ruling,

and argumentative comment to the trial court were proper. Indeed, we

interpret the trial court judge’s convening of a sidebar and remarks to defense

counsel as reinforcing its authority to direct the flow of evidence and promote

the orderly flow of the trial in the face of defense counsel’s conduct. See id.

Because Browning has failed to establish any actual bias or prejudice flowing

from the manner in which the trial court conducted his trial, we conclude that

Browning has failed to overcome the presumption that the trial court was

impartial. See Smith, 770 N.E.2d at 823.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2522 | August 6, 2020   Page 16 of 24
                                      III. Cell Phone Location Evidence

                                               A. Standard of Review

[26]   Browning contends that the trial court abused its discretion when it admitted

       the NELOS and Driving Test evidence. “We review evidentiary rulings for

       abuse of discretion resulting in prejudicial error.” Williams v. State, 43 N.E.3d

       578, 581 (Ind. 2015). An abuse of a trial court’s discretion occurs when its

       ruling is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before

       it. Id.

                                                      B. NELOS

[27]   In challenging the admission of the NELOS evidence, Browning does not argue

       that Horan was unqualified to provide expert testimony. Rather, he contends

       that the trial court abused its discretion when it admitted the NELOS evidence

       because the State did not show that the data was based on scientifically reliable

       principles. Indiana Evidence Rule 702(b) provides that “[e]xpert scientific

       testimony is admissible only if the court is satisfied that the expert testimony

       rests upon reliable scientific principles.” There is no specific test or set of

       factors to be met to establish scientific reliability. Doolin v. State, 970 N.E.2d

       785, 787 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012), trans. denied. When laying the foundation for the

       admission of scientific evidence, the focus must be on principles and

       methodology behind the science, not on the conclusions generated. West v.

       State, 805 N.E.2d 909, 913 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans. denied. Scientific

       reliability may be established by “sufficient foundation to convince the trial

       court that the relevant scientific principles are reliable.” Sciaraffa v. State, 28

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2522 | August 6, 2020   Page 17 of 24
       N.E.3d 351, 357 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015), trans. denied. Rule 702(b) “directs the

       trial court to consider the underlying reliability of the general principles

       involved in the subject matter of the testimony, but it does not require the trial

       court to re-evaluate and micromanage each subsidiary element of an expert’s

       testimony within the subject.” Sears Roebuck & Co. v. Manuilov, 742 N.E.2d 453,

       461 (Ind. 2001). While the party offering the evidence at trial bears the burden

       of persuading the trial court that the evidence is admissible, we presume that

       the trial court’s decision is correct, and the burden is on the party challenging

       the trial court’s decision to persuade us that the trial court has abused its

       discretion. Bennett v. Richmond, 960 N.E.2d 782, 786 (Ind. 2012).

[28]   At the hearing on the admissibility of the cell phone data held outside of the

       presence of the jury, Horan testified to the following facts regarding the

       reliability of NELOS data. NELOS data is developed by AT&T to optimize

       cell phone service for its customers, and NELOS data is routinely requested by

       law enforcement officials along with standard cell phone records because

       NELOS is the best cell phone location data available. Horan had processed

       NELOS data on hundreds of occasions and found it to be reliable because

       “we’ve actually found people in these circles. We’ve actually found evidence in

       these circles.” (Tr. Vol. IV, p. 197). All cell phone service providers develop

       similar data, although they use different names for it. NELOS data and its

       equivalent from other service providers are developed based on either roundtrip

       delay or triangulation. Roundtrip delay is the period of time it takes a cell

       phone’s signal to travel from the cell phone tower to the phone and back.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 19A-CR-2522 | August 6, 2020   Page 18 of 24
       Triangulation is possible when three cell towers simultaneously send signal to a

       cell phone. According to Horan, both methods of determining cell phone

       location and the principles they are based on are “well-known” within the radio

       frequency community, but, because NELOS data is proprietary, AT&T will not

       reveal which of the two methods it used to produce specific data. (Tr. Vol. IV,

       p. 189). The margin of error for NELOS data is included within the data itself

       through the provision of the range of uncertainty.

[29]   Through this testimony, the State established the scientific principles

       underpinning the creation of NELOS data, the acceptance of those principles

       within the radio frequency community, and the margin of error for any NELOS

       data point. While the State could have done more to establish the foundation

       for this evidence, we conclude that the State made a showing of the reliability of

       the NELOS data such that the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it

       ruled that it was admissible. See, e.g., Overstreet v. State, 783 N.E.2d 1140, 1151

       (Ind. 2003) (finding sufficient foundation for the reliability of STR DNA testing

       where experts testified that the testing was based upon reliable scientific

       principles, DNA analysts relied on it, and it was a generally accepted technique

       in the scientific community).

[30]   Browning contends that the State did not establish an adequate foundation for

       the NELOS data because Horan could not specify whether AT&T used the

       roundtrip or triangulation method to produce its data. We observe that Horan

       does not argue that the State failed to establish the reliability of the scientific

       principles themselves. Furthermore, because the State established the reliability

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       of both principles, the fact that Horan could not specify which principle was

       used did not undercut the scientific reliability of the data. We are also

       unpersuaded by Browning’s argument that the State’s evidentiary foundation

       was inadequate because the NELOS data “appears not to have been peer-

       reviewed by anyone outside of AT&T.” (Appellant’s Br. p. 24). Peer review is

       a pertinent consideration for Daubert analysis pursuant to Federal Rule of

       Evidence 702. Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 593, 113 S.Ct.

       2786, 2797, 125 L.Ed.2d 469 (1993). However, Daubert is merely instructive in

       Indiana, and, therefore, it is not dispositive of scientific reliability that the

       challenged evidence has not been subject to peer review. Turner v. State, 953

       N.E.2d 1039, 1051 (Ind. 2011). As these are the only arguments against

       admissibility of the NELOS data made by Browning to us, we conclude that he

       has not met his appellate burden to overcome the presumption of the

       correctness of the trial court’s evidentiary ruling. See Bennett, 960 N.E.2d at

       786. Due to our resolution of this issue, in the interests of judicial economy, we

       do not address the State’s argument that Horan’s testimony was “specialized

       knowledge” not subject to the strictures of Rule 702(b).

                                                  C. Drive Test

[31]   Horan performed the Drive Test on August 15, 2017, more than nine months

       after Whitehouse was killed. At the hearing on the admissibility of the cell

       phone location data, Browning developed evidence through Horan that the

       Drive Test generates a “snapshot” of cell phone signal reach and that many

       factors can affect signal on a given day such as terrain, the foliage present at

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       different times of year, and buildings. (Tr. Vol. IV, p. 179). Horan

       acknowledged that a drive test done on November 2, 2016, and one done on

       August 15, 2017, would not be a “one-to-one comparison,” and that the

       mapping could be off by as much as one city block. (Tr. Vol. IV, p. 185).

[32]   Browning argues that in light of such factors as differing amounts of foliage and

       “the construction or removal of a building,” the trial court abused its discretion

       in admitting the Drive Test evidence generated on August 15, 2017, because it

       was irrelevant. (Appellant’s Br. p. 26). Relevant evidence is that which “has

       any tendency to make a fact more or less probable than it would be without the

       evidence.” Ind. Evidence Rule 401. Irrelevant evidence is not admissible.

       Evid. R. 402. The State sought the admission of the Drive Test evidence to

       show that Whitehouse’s and Browning’s cell phones were in proximity to each

       other on November 2, 2016, making it more probable that Browning was the

       one who killed her. The identity of Whitehouse’s killer was the primary issue at

       trial, so we conclude that this evidence was relevant, and, therefore, admissible.

[33]   Browning does not contend that Horan was not qualified to testify about the

       Drive Test, nor does he argue that the Drive Test itself was not based on

       reliable scientific principles. If expert testimony is admissible, “then the

       accuracy, consistency, and credibility of the expert’s opinions may be properly

       left to vigorous cross-examination, presentation of contrary evidence, argument

       of counsel, and resolution by the trier of fact.” Alcantar v. State, 70 N.E.3d 353,

       357 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016). Browning’s counsel subjected Horan to vigorous

       cross-examination and argued in closing statements that Horan’s “entire report

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       is based on junk science” that was unreliable due to the passage of time and

       differing conditions. (Tr. Vol. V, p. 177). It was the jury’s province to weigh

       this evidence in light of any changed conditions that may have affected the

       accuracy of the results. See id. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did

       not abuse its discretion in admitting the Drive Test evidence over Browning’s

       relevancy objection.

                                               D. Harmless Error

[34]   Even if the trial court had abused its discretion in admitting the NELOS and

       Drive Test evidence, it would not require reversal unless Browning’s substantial

       rights were prejudiced. Williams, 43 N.E.3d at 583. In assessing whether an

       evidentiary error prejudiced a defendant’s substantial rights, we consider the

       probable impact of the evidence on the jury in light of all the other properly-

       presented evidence. Id. “If we are satisfied the conviction is supported by

       independent evidence of guilt, the error is harmless.” Id. In other words, we

       assess whether the jury’s verdict was substantially swayed. Lafayette v. State, 917

       N.E.2d 660, 666 (Ind. 2009). “If the error had substantial influence, or if one is

       left in grave doubt, the conviction cannot stand.” Id.

[35]   In assessing the probable impact of this evidence on the jury, we begin by

       noting that on the cell phone location maps admitted at trial, the NELOS range

       of uncertainty circles were almost entirely contained within the footprints

       generated by the Drive Test such that the Drive Test data did not have a great

       deal of persuasive value in this case. We also note that Browning vigorously

       cross-examined Horan before the jury about the reliability of the NELOS and

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       Drive Test data and maligned it as “junk science” during closing arguments, so

       the jury was fully apprised of Browning’s opinion of the reliability of that

       evidence. (Tr. Vol. V, p. 177).

[36]   In addition, substantial independent evidence supported Browning’s

       convictions. Porter testified that Browning told him that he had killed

       Whitehouse and taken her property because she owed him money for drugs.

       This was direct evidence of Browning’s guilt that could have sustained the

       jury’s verdict standing alone. See Sallee v. State, 51 N.E.3d 130, 134-35 (Ind.

       2016) (noting that a murder conviction can be sustained on the testimony of a

       single witness, even where the evidence is uncorroborated, and upholding

       Sallee’s murder convictions where a cellmate testified that Sallee confessed to

       him). The State buttressed its case with evidence that on November 2, 2016,

       around 5:00 p.m. when Whitehouse was already dead, her car was seen parked

       outside the passthrough between Browning’s apartment complex and Hillside

       Avenue. Whitehouse’s credit and health insurance cards were also found in the

       same location. The fact that Whitehouse’s property was found so close to

       Browning’s home further linked him to the offenses. The State also presented

       evidence from which the jury could infer that a struggle took place in

       Whitehouse’s home, Browning’s DNA was under Whitehouse’s fingernails,

       and her phone and purse had been taken.

[37]   We agree with Browning that the State relied upon the challenged evidence in

       its closing argument to the jury. We also observe that the jury did not have the

       cell phone location maps during its almost five hours of deliberation, but that a

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       short time after the trial court sent the maps back to the deliberation room along

       with all the other exhibits, the jury reached its verdict. However, given the

       scant persuasive value of the Drive Test data, Browning’s cross-examination

       and arguments to the jury, and the other substantial, independently-admitted

       evidence of Browning’s guilt, we are not convinced that Browning’s substantial

       rights were prejudiced by the admission of the NELOS and Drive Test data

       such that reversal of the jury’s verdict is required. See Williams, 43 N.E.3d at

       583.

                                             CONCLUSION
[38]   Based on the foregoing, we conclude that Browning’s Level 3 felony robbery

       conviction must be vacated, and we remand for entry of judgment of conviction

       and resentencing for Level 5 felony robbery. We further conclude that

       Browning has failed to establish that the trial court was biased against him or

       that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting the NELOS and Drive Test

       evidence.

[39]   Affirmed in part, vacated in part, and remanded for proceedings consistent with

       this opinion.

[40]   May, J. and Altice, J. concur

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