Court Opinion

ID: 4205788
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-09-22 19:11:08.699514+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:41:37.965702
License: Public Domain

STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS

KOVIACK IRRIGATION AND FARM                                         UNPUBLISHED
SERVICES, INC.,                                                     September 21, 2017

               Plaintiff/Counter-Defendant-
               Appellant,

v                                                                   Nos. 331327; 331445
                                                                    Lenawee Circuit Court
MAPLE ROW FARMS, LLC,                                               LC No. 14-005177-CK

               Defendant/Counter-Plaintiff-
               Appellee.

Before: BECKERING, P.J., and MARKEY and RIORDAN, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Plaintiff appeals by right the trial court’s judgment in favor of defendant, following a
bench trial. The court determined that defendant was not liable to plaintiff for the cost of
equipment that plaintiff supplied for defendant’s irrigation system because defendant properly
rejected the equipment under the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), MCL 440.1101 et seq. The
court ordered defendant to return the equipment to plaintiff at defendant’s own expense.
Plaintiff also appeals the trial court’s award of case evaluation sanctions of $11,362.50. We
affirm in both appeals.

         Plaintiff sold defendant component parts for an irrigation system for defendant’s farm,
which included a pump for distributing water from a retention pond. Plaintiff also helped design
and install the system. Because the pump was delivered late in the harvest season, defendant
waited until the following spring to install it. At that time, plaintiff was unwilling to assist in
installing the pump because defendant had not paid for it or its operating panel. Defendant was
unwilling to pay for the pump and panel until they were installed, and defendant could confirm
that they would work as intended with the irrigation system. Defendant therefore hired another
irrigation specialist to install the pump; he was then advised that the pump would not work with
defendant’s retention pond. Defendant then purchased another type of pump that was compatible
with its retention pond and irrigation system. Plaintiff sued defendant for breach of contract,
account stated, and unjust enrichment. Defendant filed a counterclaim, alleging that plaintiff had
not provided a proper pump for the irrigation system, and that plaintiff refused to correct the
problem. Following a two-day bench trial, the trial court found that defendant properly rejected

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the pump and its panel; consequently, plaintiff was not entitled to recover the costs of those
items under the parties’ agreement. The court ordered defendant to return the goods at its own
expense.

                                  I. REJECTION OF GOODS

      Plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in ruling that defendant properly rejected the
pump and operating panel under the UCC.

        This Court reviews a trial court’s findings of fact for clear error, MCR 2.613(C), and its
conclusions of law are reviewed de novo. Trahey v City of Inkster, 311 Mich App 582, 593; 876
NW2d 582 (2015). A finding of fact is clearly erroneous if there is no evidentiary support for it
or this Court is left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made. Id. Regard
is given to the trial court’s special opportunity to judge the credibility of the witnesses who
appeared before it. MCR 2.613(C).

        Preliminarily, we disagree with plaintiff’s argument that defendant should not have been
permitted to rely on a rejection of goods theory because defendant never raised that defense as an
affirmative defense. Plaintiff is correct that defendant did not raise this issue as an affirmative
defense to plaintiff’s claims. Defendant, however, filed a counter complaint that alleged that
plaintiff had not provided the proper equipment, which plaintiff refused to correct, so defendant
obtained another pump. Because defendant raised its rejection-of-goods arguments in its
countercomplaint, which the trial court was required to address, there is no merit to plaintiff’s
suggestion that the trial court erred by considering that theory at trial.

        The trial court ruled that defendant properly rejected the pump and its operating panel in
the spring of 2014 and, therefore, was not liable for the cost of that equipment under the parties’
contract. MCL 440.2602(1) provides, in relevant part:

              (1) Rejection of goods must be within a reasonable time after their
       delivery or tender. It is ineffective unless the buyer seasonably notifies the seller.

               (2) Subject to the provisions of the 2 following sections on rejected goods
       (sections 2603 and 2604),

             (a) after rejection any exercise of ownership by the buyer with respect to
       any commercial unit is wrongful as against the seller; and

                (b) if the buyer has before rejection taken physical possession of goods in
       which he does not have a security interest under the provisions of this article
       (subsection (3) of section 2711), he is under a duty after rejection to hold them
       with reasonable care at the seller’s disposition for a time sufficient to permit the
       seller to remove them; but

               (c) the buyer has no further obligations with regard to goods rightfully
       rejected.

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        Plaintiff first argues that defendant did not timely reject the pump. Where goods are
rejected, what constitutes a reasonable time to act depends on the nature, purpose, and
circumstances of the case. See MCL 440.1205(1); Kelynack v Yamaha Motor Corp, USA, 152
Mich App 105, 113; 394 NW2d 17 (1986). Where the product at issue involves goods of a
complex nature and the buyer depends on the seller’s expertise that the goods will perform
properly for the intended use, a buyer has an opportunity to put those goods to use or to test the
goods before determining whether the goods conform to the contract. See Capitol Dodge Sales,
Inc v Northern Concrete Pipe, Inc, 131 Mich App 149, 157-158; 346 NW2d 535 (1983).

        In this case, the pump was delivered late in the harvest season, so it could not be put to
use right away. Also, some installation work still needed to be performed, such as hooking it up
to the electrical system to see if it would work. Under the circumstances, it was reasonable for
defendant to wait until the pump was actually installed to see if it would work before deciding
whether to reject it, particularly considering that defendant relied on plaintiff’s expertise in
selecting a pump appropriate for its intended use. The trial court did not clearly err in finding
that defendant rejected the goods within a reasonable time when it determined the following
spring that the pump was not appropriate for defendant’s irrigation system. During the interim
period, the pump sat in its original packaging until it could be installed to determine if it would
work as intended for defendant’s purposes.

       Plaintiff also argues that defendant did not actually reject the pump because it did not
formally give notice that it was rejecting the pump. We disagree. Again, the reasonableness of
defendant’s action depends on the nature, purpose, and circumstances of the case. See MCL
440.1205(1).

         Plaintiff’s salesman, Anthony Belcher, met with defendant’s owner, Dean McClenathen,
in April 2014 to inquire about defendant’s intention to pay for the pump. Belcher agreed that
McClenathen told him that he did not intend to pay for anything more until he saw that the
irrigation system would work as planned. Belcher admitted that the pump and panel were still in
their original packaging at that time; however, plaintiff’s owner, Terry Koviack, refused to do
any more work on the project until defendant paid for the equipment. At that point, plaintiff was
on notice that defendant intended to reject the pump if it would not work as planned. When
Koviack refused to do any further work to assist in installing the pump, defendant reasonably
took steps to follow through with the parties’ agreement by hiring another irrigation specialist,
Mark Ackerman, to install the pump. Ackerman informed defendant that because the pump was
not appropriate for defendant’s retention pond and irrigation system, it would not work as
intended. At that time, defendant had grounds to reject the pump and panel. According to the
evidence, however, plaintiff had ceased communications with defendant. While defendant could
have more effectively conveyed to plaintiff its reasons for rejecting the pump, such as send a
letter or email, given that plaintiff had refused to further communicate with defendant or perform
any more work on the project, defendant’s failure to take more formal steps to communicate its
rejection was not unreasonable. See, e.g., Fargo Machine & Tool Co v Kearney & Trecker
Corp, 428 F Supp 364, 375 (ED Mich, 1977). It is apparent that plaintiff had notice that
defendant would not accept the pump until it was determined that it would work as intended, and
defendant had agreed to pay for it when it was installed and properly working. This evidence

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supports that plaintiff had notice of defendant’s intent to reject the pump if it were to not work as
intended, and Ackerman’s testimony supports that the pump was not suitable for defendant’s
intended purposes.

       Accordingly, the trial court did not err in finding that under these circumstances
defendant properly rejected the pump and panel in a reasonably timely manner.

        Although the parties also address whether there was a proper revocation of acceptance of
the pump and operation panel by defendant, see MCL 440.2608, we note that the trial court did
not address or decide that issue. Because we conclude that the trial court did not err in ruling
that defendant properly rejected the goods, we likewise conclude that it is not necessary to decide
that issue.

                             II. CASE EVALUATION SANCTIONS

                                    A. EQUITABLE RELIEF

       The case evaluation panel awarded plaintiff $10,000 and the pump. Plaintiff rejected that
award. Plaintiff argues that defendant was not entitled to case evaluation sanctions because the
portion of the award requiring that the pump be returned constituted an improper award of
equitable relief contrary to MCR 2.403(K)(3). Whether the trial court properly applied MCR
2.403(K)(3) and determined that defendant was entitled to case evaluation sanctions are
questions of law, which we review de novo. Van Elslander v Thomas Sebold & Assoc, Inc, 297
Mich App 204, 211; 823 NW2d 843 (2012).

       MCR 2.403(K)(3) provides:

              The evaluation may not include a separate award on any claim for
       equitable relief, but the panel may consider such claims in determining the
       amount of an award.

       Plaintiff’s claims against defendant were for breach of contract, account stated, and
unjust enrichment. Only unjust enrichment is considered an equitable claim. See AFT Mich v
Michigan, 303 Mich App 651, 677; 846 NW2d 583 (2014) (2015) (unjust enrichment is an
equitable theory and is the equitable counterpart of a legal claim for breach of contract). Plaintiff
requested money damages for all of its claims.

         We are not persuaded that the case evaluation panel’s award of the pump to plaintiff
amounts to an award of equitable relief. In Forest City Enterprises, Inc v Leemon Oil Co, 228
Mich App 57, 79; 577 NW2d 150 (1998), this Court explained that the term “equitable relief” in
MCR 2.403(O) is not synonymous with an equitable issue. This Court clarified that “equitable
relief” is defined by Black’s Law Dictionary (5th ed), p 484, as “[t]hat species of relief sought in
a court with equity powers as, for example, in the case of one seeking an injunction or specific
performance instead of money damages.” Forest City, 228 Mich App at 79. This Court held that
a claim involving an equitable apportionment did not mean that the award that issued was for
equitable relief, but rather was still a monetary award. Id. at 80.

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        This case involves claims under the UCC, and the trial court ultimately found that
defendant had rejected the pump under the UCC, which meant that plaintiff was entitled to have
the pump returned. The UCC was adopted to replace traditional equitable forms of relief, such
as the common-law equitable remedy of rescission. The UCC now provides contractual
remedies, such as revocation of acceptance, which is distinct from rescission. See Davis v Forest
River, Inc, 278 Mich App 76, 87; 748 NW2d 887 (2008), vac on other grounds 485 Mich 941
(2009). The provisions of the UCC are now only supplemented by other principles of law and
equity. MCL 440.1103. Rejection of goods and revocation of acceptance under the UCC are
statutory remedies and, unlike rescission, are not based on the discretion of the court. A remedy
under the UCC is classified as an action at law, not equity. Henderson v Chrysler Corp, 191
Mich App 337, 341; 477 NW2d 505 (1991). Accordingly, relief under the UCC, including the
return of property subject to either rejection or revocation, involves a legal remedy, not an
equitable one. See Davis, 278 Mich App at 89. While specific performance is a form of
equitable relief, the case evaluation panel did not order specific performance of the parties’
agreement by awarding plaintiff the pump. The case evaluation award for the return of the pump
to plaintiff is consistent with the UCC; therefore, it should not be considered a separate award of
equitable relief. Accordingly, the case evaluation award did not violate MCR 2.403(K)(3).

                              B. MORE FAVORABLE VERDICT

        We also reject plaintiff’s argument that defendant was not entitled to case evaluation
sanctions because the trial court’s verdict was more favorable to plaintiff than the case evaluation
award. We review de novo whether the trial court properly determined that defendant was
entitled to case evaluation sanctions. Van Elslander, 297 Mich App at 211.

       Plaintiff relies on MCR 2.403(O)(5), which provides:

              (5) If the verdict awards equitable relief, costs may be awarded if the court
       determines that

               (a) taking into account both monetary relief (adjusted as provided in
       subrule [O][3]) and equitable relief, the verdict is not more favorable to the
       rejecting party than the evaluation, or, in situations where both parties have
       rejected the evaluation, the verdict in favor of the party seeking costs is more
       favorable than the case evaluation, and

               (b) it is fair to award costs under all of the circumstances.

The case evaluation panel awarded plaintiff $10,000 and return of the pump. Plaintiff rejected
that award. At trial, the trial court did not award plaintiff any money damages, but ordered
defendant to return the pump and its operation panel to plaintiff. Plaintiff now argues that based
on the trial court’s “equitable relief” (return of the pump and the operation panel), it received a
more favorable verdict at trial. Thus, the trial court erred in awarding defendant case evaluation
sanctions.

        Initially, we conclude that plaintiff’s reliance on MCR 2.403(O)(5) is misplaced. The
trial court did not actually award any equitable relief because, as discussed earlier, return of the

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equipment was a remedy under the UCC. As such, it was not equitable in nature. Furthermore,
even if MCR 2.403(O)(5) is used as a guide for purposes of evaluating the trial court’s verdict,
we are not persuaded that plaintiff received a more favorable verdict at trial.

        Plaintiff’s argument is based on its understanding of the case evaluation award as
encompassing only the return of the pump, exclusive of its operation panel. Although plaintiff
separately billed defendant for the pump and the operation panel, and the case evaluation award
referred only to return of the pump, the intended purpose of the operation panel was to operate
the pump. Both items were worthless to defendant, either separately or together. Because the
operation panel was made specifically for use with the pump and was not intended as a stand-
alone product, the case evaluation panel’s award of return of the pump should be understood as
also encompassing the operation panel.

        Because plaintiff rejected the case evaluation award and defendant accepted it, defendant
was entitled to sanctions unless plaintiff obtained a verdict that was at least 10 percent more
favorable than the value of the case evaluation award. MCR 2.403(O)(1) and (3). Comparing
the case evaluation award to the trial court’s verdict, it is apparent that plaintiff did not receive a
verdict that was at least 10 percent more favorable than the case evaluation award. The case
evaluation panel awarded plaintiff $10,000 and return of the pump, which should be understood
as encompassing return of the operation panel, a component that was necessary to operate the
pump. The trial court ordered defendant to return the equipment to plaintiff, relief plaintiff
would have obtained if it had accepted the case evaluation award, but it did not award plaintiff
any money damages. Under these circumstances, the trial court did not err in ruling that plaintiff
did not receive a more favorable verdict at trial.

                  C. AMOUNT OF THE CASE EVALUATION SANCTIONS

        Plaintiff also challenges the amount of the case evaluation sanctions the trial court
ordered, $11,362.50. We review a trial court’s determination of an appropriate award of case
evaluation sanctions for an abuse of discretion. Van Elslander, 297 Mich App at 211. An abuse
of discretion occurs when the trial court’s decision is outside the range of reasonable and
principled outcomes. Id.

      Under MCR 2.403(O)(1), the party who rejected the case evaluation award and did not
improve its position at trial is liable to pay the opposing party’s actual costs, which are defined in
MCR 2.403(O)(6)(b) as including

       a reasonable attorney fee based on a reasonable hourly or daily rate as determined
       by the trial judge for services necessitated by the rejection of the case evaluation,
       which may include legal services provided by attorneys representing themselves
       or the entity for whom they work, including the time and labor of any legal
       assistant as defined by MCR 2.626.

Defendant had the burden of proving the reasonableness of its requested fees. Van Elslander,
297 Mich App at 228.

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       To determine reasonable attorney fees necessitated by the rejection of a case evaluation
award, the trial court is required to apply the guidelines from Smith v Khouri, 481 Mich 519,
537; 751 NW2d 472 (2008), in which the Court stated:

       [A] trial court should first determine the fee customarily charged in the locality
       for similar legal services. In general, the court shall make this determination
       using reliable surveys or other credible evidence. Then, the court should multiply
       that amount by the reasonable number of hours expended in the case. The court
       may consider making adjustments up or down to this base number in light of the
       other factors listed in Wood [v Detroit Auto Inter-Ins Exch, 413 Mich 573; 321
       NW2d 653 (1982)] and MRPC 1.5(a). In order to aid appellate review, the court
       should briefly indicate its view of each of the factors.

        Plaintiff’s objections were limited to the reasonableness of the number of hours expended
by defense counsel and the defense expert in this case. Defense counsel billed for 18 hours of
pretrial work on this case. Although plaintiff argues that this reported time is inflated, defense
counsel pointed out below that plaintiff’s counsel reported 18.1 hours of pretrial work on the
case. Plaintiff’s counsel responded that his reported time included seven hours of travel time
because he was not a local attorney, but even discounting the seven hours of travel time, the fact
remains that the pretrial hours plaintiff’s counsel reported and those defendant’s counsel claimed
were essentially the same. The trial court was justified in relying on that similarity to reject
plaintiff’s argument that defendant’s reported time was inflated and to find that defendant’s
reported hours were reasonable.

       Plaintiff also complains that defense counsel improperly billed 2.25 hours for a 15-
minute conference, but defense counsel conceded this error, and it was not reflected in the total
number of hours billed. Therefore, this argument does not entitle plaintiff to relief.

       While plaintiff complains that defense counsel simply repackaged the case evaluation
summary as defendant’s trial brief, so he should not have billed four hours for that brief, it was
not an abuse of discretion for the trial court to find that the four hours billed were reasonable.
Converting the case evaluation summary into the defense’s trial brief required counsel to conduct
additional review of the case to ensure that the trial brief was accurate, even if it essentially
mirrored its case evaluation summary.

       Plaintiff also challenges an hour that defense counsel billed for the case evaluation
hearing because that amount was billed before the hearing was held. That item appears to be for
case evaluation preparations, and we are not persuaded that one hour is unreasonable considering
the overall amount of fees charged by defense counsel.

       Plaintiff also challenges the costs charged by defendant’s expert witness, Mark
Ackerman, and objects to his charge of 16 hours for research related to the pumps and irrigation
systems and for two visits to defendant’s farm. Plaintiff contends that Ackerman should have
been familiar with this operation because he installed the pump that defendant ultimately
purchased. However, the amounts charged ($750 for two visits, and $800 for 16 hours of
research) do not appear to be excessive or unreasonable on their face. In addition, plaintiff has
not shown that Ackerman’s work was unnecessary.

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       In sum, plaintiff has not shown that the trial court abused its discretion by awarding case
evaluation sanctions of $11,362.50.

       We affirm. As the prevailing party, defendant may tax costs pursuant to MCR 7.219.

                                                            /s/ Jane M. Beckering
                                                            /s/ Jane E. Markey
                                                            /s/ Michael J. Riordan

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