Court Opinion

ID: 3092189
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-16 04:06:46.004622+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:13:15.886385
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS
                        SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                             FORT WORTH

                            NO. 02-13-00289-CV

FOX LAKE ANIMAL HOSPITAL PSP                                     APPELLANT

                                      V.

WOUND MANAGEMENT                                                  APPELLEE
TECHNOLOGIES, INC.

                                   ----------

         FROM THE 96TH DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY

                                   ----------

                       MEMORANDUM OPINION 1

                                   ----------

     Appellant Fox Lake Animal Hospital PSP, a business located in Illinois,

sent funds to Appellee Wound Management Technologies, Inc. (WMT), a Texas

corporation, under a convertible promissory note. The note, made on October

28, 2010, and due on February 28, 2011, allowed Fox Lake to convert any

portion of the outstanding balance into shares of WMT at a specified price per

     1
      See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
share. If Fox Lake converted only part of the balance, the note’s terms required

WMT to execute a new note for the unconverted portion. The note could be

prepaid at WMT’s option without penalty, but even in that case, Fox Lake could

“elect to keep all [its] convertible features through the Due Date.” If the note was

not paid back by the due date, the note called for WMT to pay Fox Lake a late

fee in the form of 2,000 shares per day of cashless warrants of WMT at a

specified price. The note’s terms called for WMT to make payments to Fox Lake

at its office in Illinois, stated that WMT received fair value for the note, and

waived any claim that any payment under the note constituted interest in excess

of the maximum rate allowed by law.

       Fox Lake elected to take shares in partial payment and executed a

subscription agreement to that effect.       WMT subsequently sued Fox Lake in

Texas on a claim for excessive interest in violation of the finance code. 2 Fox

Lake made a special appearance, which the trial court denied after a hearing.

Fox Lake now appeals from that order. Fox Lake argues in one issue that the

trial court erred by denying its special appearance. Because we hold that the

record supports the trial court’s denial of the special appearance, we affirm the

trial court’s order.

       2
        See Tex. Fin. Code Ann. §§ 305.001, .003, .004 (West 2006).

                                         2
                       Standard of Review and Burden of Proof

      Whether a trial court has personal jurisdiction over a nonresident

defendant is a question of law that we review de novo. 3               In deciding the

jurisdiction question, however, the trial court may be required to resolve

questions of fact. 4 If the trial court issues findings of fact and conclusions of law

on its denial of a special appearance, the appellant may challenge the fact

findings on legal and factual sufficiency grounds, and we may review those fact

findings for both legal and factual sufficiency. 5 When, as here, the trial court

does not issue findings of fact and conclusions of law in support of its ruling on a

special appearance, we imply all relevant facts necessary to support the

judgment that are supported by evidence. 6

      The plaintiff has the initial burden to plead sufficient facts to confer

jurisdiction. 7 Once the plaintiff has done so, the burden shifts to the defendant to

negate all bases of personal jurisdiction pled by the plaintiff. 8 If the plaintiff fails

to plead facts bringing the defendant within the reach of Texas’s long-arm

      3
         Moncrief Oil Int’l Inc. v. OAO Gazprom, 414 S.W.3d 142, 150 (Tex. 2013).
      4
         BMC Software Belgium, N.V. v. Marchand, 83 S.W.3d 789, 794 (Tex.
2002).
      5
         Id.
      6
         Moncrief, 414 S.W.3d at 150.
      7
         Id. at 149.
      8
         Id.

                                           3
statute, the defendant need only prove that he or she does not live in Texas to

meet this burden. 9

                                  Applicable Law

Establishing Personal Jurisdiction

      Texas courts may exercise personal jurisdiction over nonresident

defendants (1) when the Texas long-arm statute authorizes it and (2) when doing

so is consistent with constitutional due-process guarantees. 10   The long-arm

statute extends personal jurisdiction “as far as the federal constitutional

requirements of due process will permit.” 11 Thus, the Texas long-arm statute

reaches as far as due process allows but no farther. 12

      “The Due Process Clause protects an individual’s liberty interest in not

being subject to the binding judgments of a forum with which he has established

no meaningful ‘contacts, ties, or relations.’” 13    Personal jurisdiction meets

constitutional due process requirements when two conditions are met: (1) the

defendant has established minimum contacts with the state and (2) the exercise

      9
       George v. Deardorff, 360 S.W.3d 683, 687 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2012,
no pet.).
      10
          Moncrief, 414 S.W.3d at 149.
      11
          George, 360 S.W.3d at 687 (citations omitted).
      12
          See id.
      13
        Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 471–72, 105 S. Ct. 2174,
2181–82 (1985) (quoting Int’l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 319, 66 S.
Ct. 154, 160 (1945)).

                                         4
of jurisdiction comports with traditional notions of fair play and substantial

justice. 14   Fox Lake does not make any argument on appeal regarding the

second requirement. We therefore confine our analysis to the first requirement.

Minimum Contacts

       A nonresident defendant’s contacts with a state can give rise to either

general or specific jurisdiction. 15   A state has general jurisdiction over the

defendant when the defendant’s contacts are continuous and systematic, in

which case the forum state may exercise personal jurisdiction over the defendant

even if the plaintiff’s claim did not arise from or relate to activities conducted

within the forum state. 16 WMT alleged in its petition that the trial court had both

general and specific jurisdiction over Fox Lake, but at the hearing, it stated that it

was not asserting general jurisdiction. We therefore consider only whether Fox

Lake had minimum contacts with Texas to give rise to specific jurisdiction.

       Specific jurisdiction exists when the claim arises from or is related to

activities purposefully conducted in the forum state. 17 Thus, to have minimum

contacts for purposes of specific jurisdiction, a nonresident defendant must by

some act have purposefully availed itself of the privileges of conducting activities

       14
         George, 360 S.W.3d at 687.
       15
         Id. at 687.
       16
         Id. at 687–88.
       17
         Moncrief, 414 S.W.3d at 150.

                                          5
within Texas. 18   It is not enough, however, that the plaintiff alleged contacts

showing purposeful availment; in order for the defendant’s contacts to give rise to

specific jurisdiction, “there must be a substantial connection between those

contacts and the operative facts of the litigation.” 19 The “operative facts” are the

facts that would be the focus of the trial. 20

        Texas’s long-arm statute authorizes Texas courts to exercise personal

jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant who “does business” in Texas. 21 Under

the statute, a nonresident “does business” in Texas if:        the nonresident “[1]

contracts . . . with a Texas resident and [2] either party is to perform the contract

in whole or in part in this state.” 22 Thus, contracting with a Texas resident can

satisfy the Texas long-arm statute.

        Merely contracting with a Texas resident, however, does not necessarily

establish the minimum contacts required in order for the exercise of personal

jurisdiction to comport with due process. 23 Due process requires that the acts

        18
         Id.
        19
         Moki Mac River Expeditions v. Drugg, 221 S.W.3d 569, 585 (Tex. 2007).
        20
       See id.; DENSO Corp. v. Hall, 396 S.W.3d 681, 691 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, no pet.).
        21
         PHC-Minden, L.P. v. Kimberly-Clark Corp., 235 S.W.3d 163, 166 (Tex.
2007)
        22
Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 17.042 (West 2008).
        23
       Gordon & Doner, P.A. v. Joros, 287 S.W.3d 325, 332 (Tex. App.—Fort
Worth 2009, no pet.).

                                            6
relied on to show minimum contacts must be purposeful rather than “random,

isolated, or fortuitous,” and in our analysis, “we consider the quality and nature of

the defendant’s contacts, rather than their number.” 24           Furthermore, the

defendant must seek some benefit, advantage, or profit by availing itself of the

jurisdiction. 25 And only the defendant’s contacts with the forum state count: a

defendant should not be haled into a jurisdiction solely as a result of the

“unilateral activity of another party or a third person.” 26

                                       Analysis

      Fox Lake’s sole issue is that the trial court erred by denying its special

appearance. In our analysis, we first look to see if WMT pled sufficient facts to

show that Fox Lake has contacts with Texas that give rise to personal

jurisdiction. WMT alleged that

      1.    Fox Lake engaged in acts doing business in Texas because it
      contracted with WMT, a Texas resident, and the contract was to be
      performed in part in this state. In this regard, WMT executed a
      convertible promissory note with a principal amount of $39,000.00,
      although the actual amount loaned was $25,000.00.

      2.   The $25,000.00 was sent by wire transfer to WMT’s bank
      account at Branch Banking and Trust Company (BB&T).

      3.     WMT executed the promissory note in Texas.

      24
      Id. at 331; Wilkerson v. RSL Funding, L.L.C., 388 S.W.3d 668, 675 (Tex.
App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, pet. denied).
      25
        Gordon & Doner, 287 S.W.3d 331.
      26
        Id.; George, 360 S.W.3d at 688.

                                            7
      4.    The promissory note was personally guaranteed by nonparty
      Scott Haire [CEO of WMT], and the guaranty states that it is
      delivered by WMT and accepted by Fox Lake in Tarrant County,
      Texas and is governed by Texas law.

      5.    The promissory note states that it is governed by Texas law.

      6.    The promissory note further provides that Fox Lake could
      choose to convert any portion of the note’s outstanding balance into
      WMT shares by surrendering the note for conversion and executing
      an attached subscription agreement and a transfer form, and Fox
      Lake subsequently converted a portion of the balance of the
      promissory note into 80,000 shares of WMT.

      7.   To obtain the shares, Fox Lake executed the subscription
      agreement, which states that it is governed by Texas law.

      8.    The subscription agreement was either mailed to WMT at its
      Fort Worth address or sent by fax to WMT at that address.

      9.    By executing the subscription agreement, Fox Lake directed
      WMT to issue share certificates from its Fort Worth office. From its
      Fort Worth office, WMT caused its transfer agent located in Texas to
      issue 80,000 shares of WMT to Fox Lake and send the 80,000
      shares of stock to Fox Lake from Texas.

      10. WMT paid Fox Lake $19,000.00 in partial satisfaction of the
      promissory note, and the payment was made by wire transfer from
      WMT’s BB&T bank account in Texas to Fox Lake.

      11. When the promissory note was executed, Fox Lake caused a
      wire transfer of $25,000.00 to be made to WMT’s bank account at
      BB&T.

      A number of these allegations relate to acts taken by WMT or another

party, not acts taken by Fox Lake.      WMT’s payment to Fox Lake, WMT’s

selection of a transfer agent in Texas and having shares sent to Fox Lake by that

                                       8
transfer agent, 27 and WMT’s execution of agreements are acts by WMT, not by

Fox Lake. Because only Fox Lake’s actions give rise to jurisdiction over Fox

Lake, we do not consider these allegations in determining whether WMT met its

pleading requirements. 28 Similarly, the guaranty that was given to Fox Lake was

made by a nonparty to this suit, and neither the terms of the guaranty nor the

performance of it are at issue in WMT’s claim against Fox Lake, and therefore we

do not consider it in our analysis. 29

      Disregarding the guaranty and the unilateral acts of WMT, the contacts

alleged by WMT are: Fox Lake sent funds to WMT’s bank, and WMT’s bank

account is in Texas; 30 Fox Lake accepted a promissory note executed by WMT,

      27
       See Specht v. Dunavant, 362 S.W.3d 752, 756 (Tex. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] 2011, no pet.) (stating the fact that a corporation’s stock transfer
agent was located in Texas was “merely fortuitous”); cf. Luxury Travel Source v.
Am. Airlines, Inc., 276 S.W.3d 154, 164 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2008, no pet.)
(considering the defendant’s act in deliberately inducing its Texas customers to
undertake activity in Texas as a relevant fact in the minimum contacts analysis).
      28
        See George, 360 S.W.3d at 688.
      29
        See Moki Mac, 221 S.W.3d at 585.
      30
        See Bissbort v. Wright Printing & Pub. Co., 801 S.W.2d 588, 589 (Tex.
App.—Fort Worth 1990, no writ) (stating that the nonresident defendant
“purposefully acted or consummated a transaction in Texas in initiating
negotiations with its telephone call to Bissbort, by executing and returning to
Texas a contract requiring it to make payment in Texas and by wiring the
$51,230.00 to Bissbort’s account with a bank in Texas” and holding that although
the defendant’s contacts with Texas were “few and limited,” “because of the
quality of those acts, particularly the act of wiring a large sum of money to a
Texas bank, [the defendant] has availed itself of the protection and remedies of
Texas law and Texas courts”) (emphasis added). But see Falcon Crest Aviation
Supply, Inc. v. Jet Mgmt., LLC, No. 14-11-00789-CV, 2012 WL 4364661, at *4

                                         9
a Texas resident; the promissory note accepted by Fox Lake and the

subscription agreement executed by Fox Lake were both governed by Texas law;

Fox Lake chose to take 80,000 shares of a Texas company in payment on the

note; and Fox Lake mailed or faxed the subscription agreement to Texas. WMT

did not allege that Fox Lake solicited WMT’s business (in Texas or otherwise) or

that the contract negotiations took place within Texas.

       When a suit arises out of a contract, as this one does, if the contract

contains a choice of law provision that makes the contract governed by the law of

the forum state, that provision alone is not enough to confer jurisdiction. 31 But

neither should it be ignored in considering “whether a defendant has

‘purposefully invoked the benefits and protections of a State’s laws’ for

jurisdictional purposes.” 32     And combined with other facts, it can show a

defendant’s “deliberate affiliation with the forum State and the reasonable

foreseeability of possible litigation there.” 33

       Similarly, a nonresident’s entering into a contract with a Texas resident

does not alone necessarily confer jurisdiction over the nonresident, but the terms

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Sept. 25, 2012, no pet.) (mem. op.) (stating that
because the place of payment was dictated by the plaintiff’s unilateral choice, the
defendant’s sending payment to Texas did not support a finding of jurisdiction).
       31
        Burger King, 471 U.S. at 482, 105 S. Ct. at 2187.
       32
        Id.
       33
        Id.

                                            10
of the contract and the parties’ dealings with each other in negotiating and

performing the contract should be considered in the minimum contacts

analysis. 34 Likewise, sending funds to Texas may not necessarily be enough on

its own to establish jurisdiction, 35 but it is a fact to be considered along with other

contacts. 36

      As alleged by WMT, Fox Lake sent $25,000 to WMT in Texas, it entered

into agreements with a Texas resident that are governed by Texas law and

mailed them to Texas, and it invested in and is now part owner of a Texas

company.       These alleged contacts substantially relate to the facts that WMT

would need to prove its claim at trial, a claim that is based on the contents of and

      34
        Id. at 478–79, 105 S. Ct. at 2185 (stating that “[i]f the question is whether
an individual’s contract with an out-of-state party alone can automatically
establish sufficient minimum contacts in the other party’s home forum, we believe
the answer clearly is that it cannot” but that “prior negotiations and contemplated
future consequences, along with the terms of the contract and the parties’ actual
course of dealing . . . must be evaluated in determining whether the defendant
purposefully established minimum contacts within the forum”).
      35
        Alenia Spazio, S.p.A. v. Reid, 130 S.W.3d 201, 213 (Tex. App.—Houston
[14th Dist.] 2003, pet. denied); see also Riverside Exports, Inc. v. B.R. Crane &
Equip., LLC, 362 S.W.3d 649, 654 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2011, pet.
denied) (holding that the nonresident defendant did not have sufficient contacts
with Texas when its only contact was refunding a customer’s money to a bank
account in Texas; it was the plaintiff’s unilateral choice to have a bank in Texas,
and “given that [the plaintiff] chose its Texas domicile and chose to use a Texas
bank, it is hard to conceive how [the defendant] could refund the [plaintiff’s]
money without some contact with Texas”).
      36
        See Bissbort, 801 S.W.2d at 589.

                                          11
performance of the promissory note and subscription agreement. 37 While Fox

Lake’s contacts with Texas as pled by WMT are limited, 38 when considered

together they are sufficient to meet WMT’s burden to plead facts to show specific

jurisdiction over Fox Lake. 39 The burden thus shifted to Fox Lake to negate

WMT’s jurisdictional allegations.

      To negate WMT’s jurisdictional pleadings, Fox Lake stated in its sworn

special appearance that it is not a resident of Texas, it is a resident of Illinois, it

has never conducted business in Texas, and the transaction WMT complains of

and all negotiations related to it took place in Illinois. 40 Fox Lake also attached

the affidavit of Bohdan Rudawaski, Fox Lake’s representative.              At WMT’s

objection, the trial court struck much of the affidavit, a ruling that Fox Lake does

      37
          See Moki Mac, 221 S.W.3d at 585 (requiring that there be a “substantial
connection” between the defendant’s contacts and the operative facts of the
litigation in order for personal jurisdiction to arise).
      38
         See Retamco Operating, Inc. v. Republic Drilling Co., 278 S.W.3d 333,
339 (Tex. 2009) (noting that “the minimum-contacts analysis is focused on the
quality and nature of the defendant’s contacts, rather than their number”).
      39
        See Bissbort, 801 S.W.2d at 589.
      40
         See Tex. R. Civ. P. 120a(1), (3) (providing that the special appearance
shall be made by sworn motion and shall be determined on the basis of the
pleadings, stipulations of the parties, filed affidavits and attachments, discovery,
and any oral testimony); A&J Printing, Inc. v. DSP Enters., L.L.C., 153 S.W.3d
676, 682 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2004, no pet.) (stating that the trial court could
consider the evidence set forth in the defendant’s verified special appearance);
Martinez v. Valencia, 824 S.W.2d 719, 723 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1992, no writ)
(considering the sworn special appearance as evidence in review of the trial
court’s ruling on the special appearance).

                                          12
not challenge on appeal. The trial court’s ruling left only the following paragraphs

in evidence:

      1.      I am over the age of eighteen (18) and competent to make this
      Affidavit. I reside in Lake County, Illinois and at no time did I go to
      Texas and meet with anyone with [WMT]. My business, Fox Lake
      Animal Hospital Hospital [sic] PSP, a veterinary clinic, is also an
      Illinois entity.

      2.     When this deal first arose, I spoke with Scott Haire, the CEO
      of [WMT], about its product. In this initial contact, Mr. Haire was at
      his office located at 6400 N. Andrews Ave., #530, Fort Lauderdale,
      FL 33309, during the call from animal hospital to him in Florida.

      This evidence is not enough to negate the jurisdictional grounds alleged by

WMT. The sworn motion and affidavit establish that Fox Lake is not a resident of

Texas, that the contract negotiations did not take place in Texas, and that

Rudawski never met with anyone from WMT in Texas. But it does not address

any of the grounds alleged by WMT, such as Fox Lake taking shares of WMT,

sending funds to WMT in Texas, and entering into agreements governed by

Texas law. And none of the evidence offered by WMT and admitted by the trial

court at the hearing contradicted WMT’s grounds. Accordingly, we hold that the

trial court did not err by denying Fox Lake’s special appearance. We overrule

Fox Lake’s sole issue.

                                   Conclusion

      Having held that the trial court did not err by denying Fox Lake’s special

appearance, we affirm the trial court’s order.

                                        13
                                       /s/ Lee Ann Dauphinot
                                       LEE ANN DAUPHINOT
                                       JUSTICE

PANEL: DAUPHINOT, GARDNER, and GABRIEL, JJ.

DELIVERED: April 10, 2014

                              14