Court Opinion

ID: 9901575
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-22 05:05:26.501736+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:21:35.299596
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                    revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                             STATE OF MICHIGAN

                              COURT OF APPEALS

In re MJC, Minor.                                                      FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                       November 21, 2023
                                                                       9:05 a.m.

                                                                       No. 365616
                                                                       Oakland Circuit Court
                                                                       Family Division
                                                                       LC No. 19-879052-NA

Before: BOONSTRA, P.J., and GADOLA and MALDONADO, JJ.

MALDONADO, J.

       Respondent-father appeals by right the trial court’s order terminating his parental rights to
his minor child, MJC, pursuant to MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i) (conditions that led to adjudication
continue to exist), (g) (failure to provide proper care or custody), and (j) (reasonable likelihood of
harm if returned to parent).1 We affirm.

                                          I. BACKGROUND

        In December 2019, MJC was removed from her mother’s care and placed with respondent-
father after testing positive for cocaine, heroin, and methadone shortly after birth. In October
2020, MJC was removed from respondent-father’s care and placed with a paternal aunt after both
the child and respondent-father tested positive for fentanyl and opiates. Respondent-father was
ordered to participate in and benefit from various services, which petitioner, the Department of
Health and Human Services (DHHS), provided. The primary goal of these services was to achieve
and maintain sobriety to help him be reunited with his child; however, respondent-father was
chronically noncompliant and, ultimately, unable to achieve sobriety. In October 2022,
respondent-father pleaded no contest to the allegations in a supplemental petition that supported
statutory grounds to terminate his parental rights. Subsequently, following a best-interests hearing,
the trial court found that termination was in MJC’s best interests, and accordingly, it ordered
termination. This appeal followed.

1
    The mother’s parental rights were also terminated, but she is not a party to this appeal.

                                                   -1-
                                  II. REASONABLE EFFORTS

         DHHS’s failure to create written case service plans was a plain error that would warrant
reversal had the issue been properly preserved, but respondent-father cannot establish that the error
affected his substantial rights. Moreover, the record establishes that DHHS made reasonable
efforts to prevent termination.

                   A. STANDARDS OF REVIEW AND GOVERNING LAW

        This Court generally reviews for clear error a trial court’s decision regarding reasonable
reunification efforts. In re Atchley, 341 Mich App, 338: 990 NW2d 685 (2022); In re Fried, 266
Mich App 535, 542-543; 702 NW2d 192 (2005). However, to preserve an argument about
reasonable efforts for family reunification, a respondent-parent must object to the services at the
time they are offered,2 and respondent-father failed to do so. In re Frey, 297 Mich App 242, 247;
824 NW2d 569 (2012). Therefore, this issue is unpreserved, and review of unpreserved issues in
termination cases is for plain error affecting substantial rights. In re VanDalen, 293 Mich App
120, 135; 809 NW2d 412 (2011); In re Utrera, 281 Mich App 1, 8; 761 NW2d 253 (2008).3 “To
avoid forfeiture under the plain error rule, three requirements must be met: 1) error must have
occurred, 2) the error was plain, i.e., clear or obvious, 3) and the plain error affected substantial
rights.” VanDalen, 293 Mich App at 135 (quotation marks and citation omitted). “Generally, an
error affects substantial rights if it caused prejudice, i.e., it affected the outcome of the
proceedings.” Utrera, 281 Mich App at 9. The party asserting plain error bears the burden of
persuasion with respect to prejudice. In re Pederson, 331 Mich App 445, 463; 951 NW2d 70
(2020).

        This Court reviews de novo the trial court’s interpretation and application of statutes and
court rules. In re Sanders, 495 Mich 394, 403; 852 NW2d 524 (2014). This Court’s “primary task
in construing a statute, is to discern and give effect to the intent of the Legislature.” In re AGD,
327 Mich App 332, 343; 933 NW2d 751 (2019). “The words used by the Legislature in writing a
statute provide us with the most reliable evidence of the Legislature’s intent.” Drew v Cass
County, 299 Mich App 495, 499; 830 NW2d 832 (2013). Courts must give meaning “to every
phrase, clause, and word in the statute and, whenever possible, no word should be treated as
surplusage or rendered nugatory. Only when an ambiguity exists in the language of the statute is
it proper for a court to go beyond the statutory text to ascertain legislative intent.” Vermilya v
Delta College Bd of Trustees, 325 Mich App 416, 419; 925 NW2d 897 (2018) (quotation marks

2
  The Michigan Supreme Court has expressed skepticism about this rule but declined to overturn
it. See In re Hicks/Brown, 500 Mich 79, 88-89; 893 NW2d 637 (2017).
3
  This Court recently clarified that the plain-error rule does not apply to claims of error raised in
civil cases. Tolas Oil & Gas Exploration Co v Bach Servs & Mfg, LLC, ___ Mich App ___, ___;
___ NW2d ___ (2023) (Docket No., 359090); slip op at 5. However, this Court specifically
excepted termination of parental rights cases from its holding because they “present different
constitutional considerations.” Id. at 5 n 3.

                                                -2-
and citation omitted). When determining the meaning of a statute’s plain language, this Court
examines “the statute as a whole, reading individual words and phrases in the context of the entire
legislative scheme.” Kemp v Farm Bureau Gen Ins Co of Mich, 500 Mich 245, 252; 901 NW2d
534 (2017).

       “A waiver consists of the intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right.”
Patel v Patel, 324 Mich App 631, 634; 922 NW2d 647 (2018) (quotation marks and citations
omitted). “Magic words are unnecessary to effectuate a valid waiver, but a waiver must be explicit,
voluntary, and made in good faith.” Id. “[A] valid waiver may be shown by express declarations
or by declarations that manifest the parties’ intent and purpose or be an implied waiver evidenced
by a party’s decisive, unequivocal conduct reasonably [implying] the intent to waive.” Id. “A
party who waives a right is precluded from seeking appellate review based on a denial of that right
because waiver eliminates any error.” Cadle Co v Kentwood, 285 Mich App 240, 255; 776 NW2d
145 (2009).

        “In general, when a child is removed from the parents’ custody, the petitioner is required
to make reasonable efforts to rectify the conditions that caused the child’s removal . . . .” Fried,
266 Mich App at 542. An order terminating parental rights must state “whether reasonable efforts
have been made to . . . rectify the conditions that caused the child’s removal from his or her home.”
MCL 712A.18f(4). “Reasonable efforts to reunify the child and family must be made in all cases
except if” certain aggravating circumstances exist. MCL 712A.19a(2). “[T]ermination is
improper without a finding of reasonable efforts.” In re Hicks/Brown, 500 Mich 79, 90; 893 NW2d
637 (2017). “As part of these reasonable efforts, the Department must create a service plan
outlining the steps that both it and the parent will take to rectify the issues that led to court
involvement and to achieve reunification.” Id. at 85-86. In addition to DHHS’s duty to offer
services to the respondent-parent, the respondent-parent has a duty to participate in and benefit
from the services. In re TK, 306 Mich App 698, 711; 859 NW2d 208 (2014).

                                           B. WAIVER

        DHHS argues that respondent-father waived his right to contest the adequacy of its
reunification efforts by entering a plea of no contest with respect to the statutory grounds. Because
DHHS’s duty to make reasonable efforts toward reunification is distinct from its duty to prove at
least one statutory ground for termination by clear and convincing evidence, this argument is
without merit.

        DHHS “has an affirmative duty to make reasonable efforts to reunify a family before
seeking termination of parental rights.” Hicks/Brown, 500 Mich at 85, citing MCL 712A.18f(3)(b)
and (c); MCL 712A.19a(2). This duty is subject to limited exceptions for certain aggravated
circumstances delineated in MCL 712A.19a(2), but it is undisputed that no such circumstances are
present in this case. Failure to make reasonable efforts toward reunification warrants reversal.
Hicks/Brown, 500 Mich at 90. DHHS argues that respondent-father, by pleading no contest to the
statutory grounds for termination, waived his right to bring a reasonable efforts challenge on
appeal.

         There is no binding authority that supports DHHS’s position. DHHS cites the lead opinion
in In re Rood, 483 Mich 73, 89; 763 NW2d 587 (2009) (opinion by CORRIGAN, J.). In that opinion,

                                                -3-
Justice Corrigan opined that “[t]he adequacy of the petitioner’s efforts to provide services may
bear on whether there is sufficient evidence to terminate a parent’s rights.” Id. The first problem
with DHHS’s reliance on this case is that it is a plurality opinion and therefore is not binding. See
Tennine Corp v Boardwalk Commercial LLC, 315 Mich App 1, 22 n 6; 888 NW2d 267 (2016)
(stating that “decisions in which a majority of the participating justices do not agree with the
reasoning are not binding”). By no means do we suggest that plurality opinions of our Supreme
Court should be cast aside, for they can serve as compelling sources of persuasion; nevertheless,
Rood does not support DHHS’s position. The statement that the quality of reunification efforts
“may bear on whether there is sufficient evidence to terminate a parent’s rights” is a far cry from
saying that statutory grounds and reasonable efforts are so inextricably linked that one may not
concede the former but contest the latter. Rood, 483 Mich at 89. Rather, Rood stands for the
proposition that the quality of services offered might sometimes be probative of whether a statutory
ground has been established. For example, pursuant to MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i), termination may
be warranted if, after 182 days have elapsed, the conditions resulting in adjudication remain
present and “there is no reasonable likelihood that the conditions will be rectified within a
reasonable time considering the child’s age.” If a parent fails to make improvements despite
having received adequate services, this would suggest that the conditions are unlikely to be
rectified in the foreseeable future. On the other hand, if the parent had received inadequate
services, this could suggest that the barriers to reunification could yet be lifted if the parent is given
adequate support.

         DHHS also cites Fried, 266 Mich App at 541. In particular, DHHS relied on the following
sentence: “Although respondent has not expressly challenged the sufficiency of the evidence for
termination of his parental rights, his contention that reasonable services were not offered
ultimately relates to the issue of sufficiency.” Id. This Court then stated that it had reviewed the
record and concluded “that the evidence was sufficient to establish that the primary condition
leading to adjudication . . . continued to exist at the time of the termination hearing.” Id. We
disagree with DHHS’s contentions regarding the breadth of this case’s holding. First, DHHS’s
position requires a series of inferences because this Court never actually stated that the issue of
reasonable efforts is subsumed by the statutory grounds. To agree with DHHS, we would need to
conclude that the statement that this particular respondent’s reasonable efforts argument “relates
to the issue of sufficiency” implies that challenges to the adequacy of the services offered by
DHHS are actually challenges to the court’s finding that there were grounds for termination. From
there, we would need to infer that a respondent cannot waive a challenge to the statutory grounds
while preserving a challenge to reasonable efforts. We decline to read so much into Fried.
Moreover, in Fried, this Court did perform a separate analysis of DHHS’s reunification efforts
immediately after explaining its conclusion that the statutory grounds had been proven; this lends
additional support to our conclusion that Fried does not stand for the proposition for which DHHS
cites it.4

4
  DHHS also cites In re Hudson, 294 Mich App 261, 264; 817 NW2d 115 (2011), but this case
clearly is not on point because the respondent did not even raise a reasonable efforts argument.

                                                   -4-
        The statutory framework makes clear that the Legislature did not intend for reasonable
efforts to be linked to the statutory grounds in the manner suggested by DHHS. First, the
permissible statutory grounds for termination of parental rights are found in Section 19b of the
Probate Code of 1939, MCL 710.21 et seq., but the statutory requirement that reasonable efforts
toward reunification be made is found in sections 19a5 and 18f.6 Moreover, the only mentions of
“reasonable efforts” made in section 19b are in reference to the requirement that reasonable efforts
be made to locate a parent prior to terminating parental rights on the basis of desertion and in
reference to the requirement that the court order no “additional efforts for reunification” if it finds
that statutory grounds have been established and that termination is in the child’s best interests.
See MCL 712A.19b(3)(a)(i), (5).

        We also note that if we held that the reasonable efforts requirement is tied to the statutory
grounds this would imply that DHHS would have to prove that it provided reasonable efforts
toward reunification by clear and convincing evidence.7 But we know of no authority suggesting
that this is the case. Finally, we note that, at least in the context of the case before us, concluding
that respondent-father’s no-contest plea waived his right to assert a reasonable efforts challenge
would fly in the face of the requirement of a knowing and intelligent waiver. See Patel, 324 Mich
App at 634 (“A waiver consists of the intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known
right.”). We have reviewed the record, including the transcript of the plea hearing, and it was
never explained to respondent-father that pleading no contest to the statutory grounds would bar
him from asserting that DHHS failed to make reasonable efforts toward reunification.

        In conclusion, the requirement that reasonable efforts be made toward reunification is
distinct from the requirement that at least one statutory ground for termination of parental rights
be established by clear and convincing evidence. Therefore, respondent-father’s waiver of his
right to contest the statutory grounds for termination did not also waive his right to contest the
adequacy of DHHS’s reunification efforts.

                                    C. CASE SERVICE PLAN

       DHHS flouted its statutory obligations by failing to prepare a written case service plan and
to update the case service plan every six months; however, this unpreserved error does not warrant
reversal because respondent-father cannot show that it affected his substantial rights.

Finally, DHHS cites a handful of this Court’s unpublished opinions, but those are not entitled to
deference. MCR 7.215(C)(1).
5
 MCL 712A.19a(2) provides that “[r]easonable efforts to reunify the child and family must be
made in all cases” unless aggravating circumstances are present.
6
  MCL 712A.18f(2) requires that DHHS create a case service plan, and Subsection 3 requires that
the case service plan outline the efforts that are to be made by both DHHS and the respondent to
enable the child’s safe return to the parents.
7
  See MCL 712A.19b(3) (articulating clear and convincing evidence standard for statutory
grounds).

                                                 -5-
        As was discussed in the preceding section, DHHS is required to make reasonable efforts
toward reunification before a parent’s rights may be terminated. Hicks/Brown, 500 Mich at 85.
“As part of these reasonable efforts, the Department must create a service plan outlining the steps
that both it and the parent will take to rectify the issues that led to court involvement and to achieve
reunification.” Id. at 85-86.

               “Case service plan” means the plan developed by an agency and prepared
       under [MCL 712A.18f] that includes services to be provided by and responsibilities
       and obligations of the agency and activities, responsibilities, and obligations of the
       parent. The case service plan may be referred to using different names than case
       service plan including, but not limited to, a parent/agency agreement or a
       parent/agency treatment plan and service agreement. [MCL 712A.13a(1)(d).]

       The requirements for a case service plan are found in MCL 712A.18f, which provides in
relevant part:

                                                * * *

               (2) Before the court enters an order of disposition in a proceeding under
       section 2(b) of this chapter, the agency shall prepare a case service plan that shall
       be available to the court and all the parties to the proceeding.

               (3) The case service plan shall provide for placing the child in the most
       family-like setting available and in as close proximity to the child's parents' home
       as is consistent with the child's best interests and special needs. The case service
       plan shall include, but is not limited to, the following:

              (a) The type of home or institution in which the child is to be placed and the
       reasons for the selected placement.

               (b) Efforts to be made by the child’s parent to enable the child to return to
       his or her home.

               (c) Efforts to be made by the agency to return the child to his or her home.

               (d) Schedule of services to be provided to the parent, child, and if the child
       is to be placed in foster care, the foster parent, to facilitate the child’s return to his
       or her home or to facilitate the child’s permanent placement.

               (e) Except as otherwise provided in this subdivision, unless parenting time,
       even if supervised, would be harmful to the child as determined by the court under
       section 13a of this chapter or otherwise, a schedule for regular and frequent
       parenting time between the child and his or her parent, which shall not be less than
       once every 7 days.

              (f) Efforts to be made by the supervising agency to provide frequent in-
       person visitation or other ongoing interaction between siblings unless the court

                                                  -6-
        determines under section 13a of this chapter that sibling visitation or contact will
        not be beneficial to 1 or more of the siblings.

                (g) Conditions that would limit or preclude placement or parenting time
        with a parent who is required by court order to register under the sex offenders
        registration act.

                (4) Before the court enters and order of disposition, the court shall consider
        the case service plan . . . . The court may order compliance with all or any part of
        the case service plan as the court considers necessary.

                (5) If a child continues in placement outside of the child’s home, the case
        service plan shall be updated and revised at 90-day intervals . . . . The agency shall
        consult with the foster parents when it updates and revises the case service plan,
        and shall attach a statement summarizing the information received from the foster
        parents to the updated and revised case service plan. Updated and revised case
        service plans shall be available to the court and all the parties to the proceeding. . . .

                                                * * *

         There is no initial case service plan in the legal or social files presented to this Court, and
DHHS also has not provided a case service plan as an appendix to its brief. DHHS argues that the
caseworker “placed the terms of a [service plan] on the record,” but offering testimony regarding
a plan does not satisfy the statutory mandate that there be a written plan in place. The closest to
an initial service plan in the lower court record was a section near the end of the initial dispositional
order that listed requirements of respondent-father, including that he participate in drug screens,
participate in parenting classes, obtain suitable housing, and other similar requirements. This list
of court orders to respondent-father does not satisfy the requirements of MCL 712A.18f(3).

         Even if there was an initial service plan satisfying the statutory requirements that did not
get transmitted to this Court, DHHS still has not satisfied its duties because the service plan must
be updated every 90 days. See MCL712A.18f(5). DHHS argues that it met the requirement to
update the service plan by creating “court reports” every 90 days. These court reports are
backward-looking documents that essentially provide status updates and brief lists of
recommendations. However, the required service plan should be a forward-looking blueprint for
facilitating the return of the child to the parent. These reports do not detail the efforts that the
agency will make to facilitate reunification nor do they include a schedule of services that will be
provided to the parent, child, and foster family to facilitate the child’s return. See MCL
712A.18f(3). Simply put, while these progress reports were helpful resources for the court’s
reference, they are no substitute for a detailed plan outlining the services that will facilitate the
child’s return.

       However, as noted above, this issue is unpreserved and is therefore subject to plain error
review. The first requirement of plain error review is that there was an error, and this prong has
been established. See VanDalen, 293 Mich App at 135. The second requirement of plain error
review is that “the error was plain, i.e., clear or obvious . . . .” Id. (quotation marks and citation
omitted). “A ‘clear or obvious’ error under the second prong is one that is not subject to reasonable

                                                   -7-
dispute.” People v Randolph, 502 Mich 1, 10; 917 NW2d 249 (2018) (quotation marks and citation
omitted). The failure to provide and regularly update a case service plan for a child protective
proceeding in which a minor child was separated from a parent is a clear and obvious error.
Finally, reversal is only warranted pursuant to the plain error standard if it affected respondent-
father’s substantial rights. VanDalen, 293 Mich App at 135. “Generally, an error affects
substantial rights if it caused prejudice, i.e., it affected the outcome of the proceedings.” Utrera,
281 Mich App at 9. This is where respondent-father’s claim fails because, as detailed in the next
section, DHHS did offer significant services and made adequate efforts toward reunification;
however, respondent-father was chronically noncompliant and wholly failed to benefit from the
services offered. Therefore, respondent-father cannot establish that he would have successfully
attained reunification if a proper case service plan had been prepared and regularly updated.

        While respondent-father has not raised a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, 8 we
will briefly address that issue to foreclose the possibility that he might, in the future, attempt to
raise a claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel. It is well established in Michigan
jurisprudence that the law governing ineffective assistance of counsel in the context of criminal
proceedings applies by analogy to termination proceedings. See In re Martin, 316 Mich App 73,
85; 896 NW2d 452 (2016). Therefore, reversal would be warranted if it is “shown that (1)
counsel’s performance was deficient, falling below an objective standard of reasonableness, and
that (2) the deficient performance prejudiced the respondent.” Id. at 85. Respondent-father’s
attorney failed him by not demanding that a formal case service plan be prepared and regularly
updated in compliance with the applicable statutes; however, a claim of ineffective assistance
would nevertheless fail because respondent-father cannot establish prejudice. As noted above in
the plain error analysis, this error by trial counsel did not prejudice respondent-father because he
nevertheless was offered adequate services but failed to comply and benefit. “The standards for
‘plain error’ review and ineffective assistance of counsel are distinct, and therefore, a defendant
can obtain relief for ineffective assistance of counsel even if he or she cannot demonstrate plain
error.” People v Hughes, 506 Mich 512, 523; 958 NW2d 98 (2020), citing People v Randolph,
502 Mich 1; 917 NW2d 249 (2018). However, in the context of this particular case, the same facts
preclude relief with respect to both standards.

                                  D. REASONABLE EFFORTS

        In addition to his contention that DHHS failed to prepare a case service plan, respondent-
father argues more generally that DHHS failed to provide adequate services. We disagree.

       Respondent-father’s substance abuse was the primary barrier to reunification, and the
record shows that DHHS made reasonable efforts to help respondent-father overcome his
substance abuse disorder. DHHS provided respondent-father with multiple referrals for substance-
abuse assessments, substance-abuse counseling, inpatient and outpatient substance-abuse services,
a methadone clinic, and drug screenings. At every parenting-time visit, the caseworker gave

8
  There was a statement in respondent-father’s brief suggesting that respondent-father’s trial
counsel “failed to make an adequate record,” but that is not the same as formally raising and
developing an argument.

                                                -8-
respondent-father contact information for substance-abuse counseling centers and encouraged his
participation, and respondent-father did participate in a substance-abuse assessment and also an
inpatient detoxification program. In addition to services to address respondent-father’s drug
addiction, petitioner offered other reunification services such as: parenting classes, which
respondent-father completed, home assessments, and supervised parenting time. Contrary to
respondent-father’s claim that he was never offered transportation assistance, the record indicates
that when respondent-father reported having car trouble the caseworker offered him gasoline cards
and bus passes. DHHS also conducted at least three family team meetings with respondent-father’s
participation, and respondent-father was given the dates and times of MJC’s mental-health therapy
and dental appointments. The caseworker and the foster mother kept respondent-father informed
of MJC’s medical and behavioral issues and treatment, which was also discussed during periodic
review hearings that respondent-father attended.

        Despite all these services, respondent-father failed to rectify the main reason why MJC was
placed into protective custody—his drug addiction. After more than two years of offered services,
respondent-father continued to test positive for cocaine at every one of his visits with MJC,
including during the months immediately preceding the best-interests hearing. Moreover,
respondent-father repeatedly missed drug screens, at times failed to provide required
documentation of service participation, failed to maintain contact with his caseworker, and missed
several parenting time sessions. Although DHHS has a responsibility to expend reasonable efforts
to provide services to secure reunification, there exists a commensurate responsibility on the part
of the respondent-parent to participate in the services and demonstrate having benefited from them.
Atchley, 341 Mich App at 339. In this case, respondent-father participated in some of the services
offered, but he failed to benefit from them. Moreover, respondent-father has not specified any
additional services DHHS could have provided for him that would have better helped him to
overcome his addiction. Therefore, he has not established plain error.

                                      III. BEST INTERESTS

        The trial court did not clearly err by finding that terminating respondent-father’s parental
rights was in the child’s best interests.

        This Court reviews for clear error a trial court’s determination that petitioner has proved
by a preponderance of the evidence that termination of parental rights was in the child’s best
interests. In re Moss, 301 Mich App 76, 90; 823 NW2d 144 (2013); In re JK, 468 Mich 202, 209;
661 NW2d 216 (2003); MCR 3.977(K). “A circuit court’s decision to terminate parental rights is
clearly erroneous if, although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court on the entire
evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made.” JK, 468 Mich
at 209-210. “[R]egard shall be given to the special opportunity of the trial court to judge the
credibility of the witnesses who appeared before it.” MCR 2.613(C).

        “If the court finds that there are grounds for termination of parental rights and that
termination of parental rights is in the child’s best interests, the court shall order termination of
parental rights and order that additional efforts for reunification of the child with the parent not be
made.” MCL 712A.19b(5). The focus of the best-interests inquiry is on the child, not the parent.
Moss, 301 Mich App at 87. The trial court may consider various factors when making its best-
interests determination, including the child’s bond to the parent, In re Olive/Metts Minors, 297

                                                 -9-
Mich App 35, 41-4; 823 NW2d 144 (2012), the parent’s parenting ability, In re Jones, 286 Mich
App 126, 129-130; 777 NW2d 728 (2009), and the child’s need for permanency, stability, and
finality, In re Gillespie, 197 Mich App 440, 446-447; 496 NW2d 309 (1992). Other factors that
the court may consider include the parent’s history, the parent’s psychological evaluation, the age
of the child, Jones, 286 Mich App at 131, and a parent’s substance-abuse history, In re Rippy, 330
Mich App 350, 361; 948 NW2d 131 (2019). The court may also consider whether the parent can
provide a permanent, safe, and stable home. Frey, 297 Mich App at 248-249. Additionally, the
court may consider “the parent’s compliance with his or her case service plan, the parent’s
visitation history with the child, the [child’s] well-being while in care, and the possibility of
adoption.” In re White, 303 Mich App 701, 713-714; 846 NW2d 61 (2014) (citations and quotation
marks omitted). The trial court’s findings need not be extensive; “brief, definite, and pertinent
findings and conclusions on contested matters are sufficient.” MCR 3.977(I)(1).

        In this case, there was abundant evidence to support the trial court’s determination that it
was in the child’s best interests to terminate respondent-father’s parental rights. It is undisputed
that respondent-father had suitable housing and employment, and had derived some benefit from
parenting classes. However, respondent-father could not provide the child with a safe and stable
home because of his entrenched drug addiction. See In re AH, 245 Mich App 77, 89; 627 NW2d
33 (2001) (a parent’s history of substance abuse is relevant to whether termination is in the child’s
best interests).

        Respondent-father remained addicted to drugs more than two years after the child was
removed from his care. Although respondent-father completed a parenting course, his failure to
address his drug addiction casts doubt on his ability to benefit from that service. Other than
participating in an inpatient rehabilitation program, which he left early, he never engaged in
substance-abuse counseling or other substance-abuse services, despite numerous referrals,
including treatment through Community Medical Network and Easter Seals. Throughout the case,
respondent-father consistently missed drug screens or tested positive for various drugs, including
cocaine, heroin, morphine, and fentanyl. He tested positive for cocaine more than 45 times,
including all his drug tests in the four months preceding the best-interests hearing. In the weeks
leading up to the best-interests hearing, the levels of cocaine in respondent-father’s system actually
increased. As of the time of the best-interests hearing, respondent-father was still testing positive
for drugs, was not compliant with drug screens, and was not in substance-abuse treatment. The
trial court reasonably concluded that respondent-father attended parenting time with the child
while visibly under the influence, given his observed appearance and demeanor, and that he had
positive drug screens during that time.

        The proofs further showed that it was unlikely that respondent-father would be able to
provide the child with safety and stability within a reasonable time. As of the best-interests
hearing, respondent-father had been using drugs for 19 years. Although he had achieved several
periods of sobriety, he always ended up relapsing, most recently after completing a two-week
detoxification program. Although he asserted that it was unlikely that he would relapse because
he had a new job that was more conducive to sobriety, he continued to test positive for cocaine
after starting that job. Despite more than two years of services to help him achieve sobriety,
respondent-father admitted at the best-interests hearing, “I’m not there yet.” The evidence
similarly supported the trial court’s conclusion that respondent-father’s drug addiction endangered
MJC. When the child was only 11 months old, she had to be hospitalized after ingesting opiates

                                                -10-
and fentanyl. Respondent-father tested positive for those same drugs two days later, leading to the
trial court’s conclusion that MJC had ingested respondent-father’s drugs. However, respondent-
father denied that MJC took his drugs and maintained that she was hospitalized because of
ingesting Benadryl.

       Respondent-father also had a history of criminal behavior bearing on his ability to care for
MJC. He was recently convicted of defrauding a client of his fence company. He also spent about
a month in jail in August and September 2022. Respondent-father’s criminal history additionally
included illegally trafficking Oxycodone, spending a year in jail for drug possession, and two
convictions for operating while intoxicated. His driver’s license was suspended because of his
alcohol offenses, yet he illegally drove to his visits with MJC as well as other places. Further,
respondent-father was on probation at the time of the best-interests hearing, and there was an
outstanding warrant for his arrest because he had failed to complete drug screens as a condition of
probation. As the psychological evaluator noted, it would have been difficult for respondent-father
to provide MJC with a stable home if he continued to be in and out of jail, and could not legally
drive MJC to medical appointments, therapy, or daycare.

        The record further supported the trial court’s finding that respondent-father did not have a
strong bond with the child. The psychological evaluator opined that there was only a weak bond
between respondent-father and the child. While the child recognized him as her father, she also
called the foster father “dad.” Respondent-father missed 29 out of 60 parenting times with MJC,
and MJC’s behavior worsened on the days following her visits with him but improved after his
parenting time was suspended.

        Both the caseworker and the psychological evaluator opined that it was in MJC’s best
interests to terminate respondent-father’s parental rights. MJC had medical, cognitive, and
behavioral issues, including speech delays, aggression toward others, asthma, bronchitis, and ear
problems, but respondent-father refused to accept that MJC had any developmental, mental, or
behavioral issues. The psychological evaluator opined that respondent-father did not consider
MJC’s needs and was focused on meeting his own needs. She also observed that respondent-father
was impulsive and had little motivation to change his present situation, and opined that he would
not be able to provide the structure, stability, and permanence necessary for MJC’s growth.

        The record supported the trial court’s findings regarding the child’s bond with her foster
parents, and the exceptional work the foster parents did caring for her. The foster parents took
custody of MJC in October 2020 and retained custody throughout the case. The psychological
evaluator concluded that MJC was bonded to her foster mother who was likely the child’s primary
caregiver. When the foster parents would arrive to pick MJC up from visits with respondent-
father, she would immediately go to her foster parents and easily separate from him. Outside of
visits, MJC rarely mentioned respondent-father or asked to see or speak to him. The caseworker
and the psychological evaluator reported that the foster parents had addressed MJC’s special needs,
and that the child was thriving. They went “above and beyond” for MJC, including speech therapy,
mental-health treatment, occupational therapy, and behavioral therapy.

        As the trial court explicitly noted, placement with a relative weighs against termination,
but that fact is not dispositive. See Olive/Metts, 297 Mich App at 43. MJC’s foster mother is
respondent-father’s aunt. Further, the caseworker testified that guardianship would not give MJC

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needed permanency, stability, and finality. At the time of the best-interests hearing, MJC had been
in the foster parents’ care for well over half of her short life. The foster parents’ plan to adopt her
offered the young child the permanency she needed.

                                        IV. CONCLUSION

        In conclusion, DHHS violated the relevant statutory provisions by failing to prepare and
regularly update a case service plan, and respondent-father did not waive his right to raise this
issue by entering a no contest plea to the statutory grounds. However, this error does not warrant
reversal because respondent-father was nevertheless offered adequate services, failed to comply
with and benefit from the services, and has failed to establish how the outcome would have been
different if a formal service plan had been prepared and updated. Finally, the trial court did not
clearly err by finding that termination of respondent-father’s parental rights was in the best
interests of the child.

       Affirmed.

                                                               /s/ Allie Greenleaf Maldonado
                                                               /s/ Mark T. Boonstra
                                                               /s/ Michael F. Gadola

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