Court Opinion

ID: 4675898
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-04-09 09:07:20.428927+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:03:29.196279
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                  revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                            COURT OF APPEALS

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                      UNPUBLISHED
                                                                      April 8, 2021
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                     No. 349597
                                                                      St. Joseph Circuit Court
ZACHARY MICHAEL PATTEN,                                               LC No. 17-021752-FC

               Defendant-Appellant.

Before: FORT HOOD, P.J., and GADOLA and LETICA, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        In this case involving the shooting death of Shane Richardson, defendant appeals by right
his jury convictions of first-degree premeditated murder, MCL 750.316(1)(a); first-degree felony
murder, MCL 750.316(1)(b); first-degree home invasion, MCL 750.110a(2); and carrying or
possessing a firearm during the commission of a felony (felony-firearm), MCL 750.227b. The
trial court sentenced defendant to serve life without the possibility of parole for each of his murder
convictions; 5 to 20 years’ imprisonment for his home invasion conviction; and 2 years’
imprisonment for his felony-firearm conviction. We affirm, but remand to the trial court to amend
defendant’s judgment of sentence.

                                         I. BASIC FACTS

        Richardson was married to defendant’s former wife, Kaleena Richardson. Defendant and
Kaleena had three children together, and Kaleena was pregnant with her first child by Richardson.
In July 2017, defendant was living with his girlfriend, Nichole Hart, Hart’s two young children,
and his oldest daughter, AP. Oscar Portillo was the father of Hart’s two children.

        On July 20, 2017, defendant came home from work and was agitated. At about 7:30 p.m.,
defendant broke a hole in the drywall of his bedroom and retrieved a handgun that he had hidden
in the wall. He then drove Hart’s car to the trailer park where he believed that Oscar lived. He
drove around until he spotted Oscar’s car. Oscar was standing with his sister, Graciela Portillo-

                                                 -1-
Esparza, on the porch of their mother’s trailer. Defendant got out of his car, took aim at Oscar
with his handgun, and fired. Defendant struck and killed Graciela.1

        Defendant next drove to Kaleena’s home, which was located in St. Joseph County,
Michigan. Defendant knocked on Kaleena’s door at about 10:00 p.m. that night. Kaleena,
Richardson, and Kaleena’s two youngest children were sitting on the couch together watching
television. Defendant knocked on the door, Kaleena responded to the knock, and defendant
demanded to see Kaleena’s “f****** husband.” Kaleena told him that that was not going to
happen, shut the door, and locked it. Defendant then forced his way through the door. As
Richardson moved toward the door, defendant fired a single shot at Richardson. The shot entered
Richardson’s neck and went through his spine. Richardson died from his injuries.

        Defendant left Kaleena’s home and fled to Indiana. Sometime between 11:00 p.m. and
midnight, defendant stopped and purchased alcohol. Officers arrested him later that same night
for driving under the influence after defendant crashed his car near an airport. Officers seized
defendant’s gun but released him after taking him to a hospital. The next day, the hospital
discharged defendant and he turned himself in to Indiana police officers.

       The prosecutor charged defendant with crimes related to Richardson’s death, and the jury
found defendant guilty. This appeal followed.

                                      II. EXPERT WITNESS

        In both his brief on appeal and Standard 4 brief,2 defendant argues that the trial court erred
when it refused to authorize his request for funds to consult with an expert about defendant’s
mental health. He also claims that the trial court erred when it precluded him from presenting
expert testimony at trial concerning his mental health for a purpose other than to establish legal
insanity. We disagree.

                     A. PRESERVATION AND STANDARDS OF REVIEW

        Although defendant requested funds in the trial court, he asserted that he needed an expert
to evaluate whether he might be insane or guilty but mentally ill. He did not assert that the expert
testimony might be relevant to something other than whether he was insane or guilty but mentally
ill. Because he did not assert that alternate ground for an expert before the trial court, that claim
of error is unpreserved. See People v Clark, 330 Mich App 392, 414; 948 NW2d 604 (2019).
Defendant further argues that, to the extent that his claims regarding an expert were unpreserved,
defense counsel provided ineffective assistance by failing to preserve the claims.

1
 Defendant was charged and convicted of first-degree premeditated murder, carrying a concealed
weapon, MCL 750.227, and felony-firearm for the death of Graciela. See People v Patten,
unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued November 19, 2019 (Docket
No. 343798).
2
    See Administrative Order 2004-6, Standard 4, 471 Mich c, cii (2004).

                                                 -2-
        This Court reviews de novo whether the trial court properly interpreted and applied the
relevant statutes and court rules, People v Comer, 500 Mich 278, 287; 901 NW2d 553 (2017),
questions of constitutional law, People v Kennedy, 502 Mich 206, 213; 917 NW2d 355 (2018),
and whether defense counsel’s acts or omissions “fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness under prevailing professional norms and prejudiced the defendant’s trial,” People
v Gioglio (On Remand), 296 Mich App 12, 19-20; 815 NW2d 589 (2012), remanded for
resentencing 493 Mich 864 (2012). To the extent that defendant has not preserved his claim of
error for appellate review, this Court must review his claim under the plain error standard. See
People v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 763; 597 NW2d 130 (1999). To establish plain error, defendant
must show that the trial court committed a plain or obvious error and that the error affected the
outcome of the lower court proceeding. Id.

                                           B. ANALYSIS

         The Michigan Legislature enacted statutory provisions governing whether a defendant may
assert the affirmative defense of insanity, the manner in which the jury should consider the defense,
and the effect of a verdict of guilty but mentally ill, as opposed to a verdict of not guilty by reason
of insanity. The Legislature stated that insanity is an affirmative defense to a criminal prosecution
when, as a result of a mental illness or intellectual disability, the defendant lacked “substantial
capacity either to appreciate the nature and quality or the wrongfulness of his or her conduct or to
conform his or her conduct to the requirements of the law.” MCL 768.21a(1). In order to present
an insanity defense, the defendant must provide timely notice that he intends to do so and must
undergo a competency examination. See MCL 768.20a. The Legislature prohibited a defendant
from presenting evidence to establish his or her insanity if the defendant failed to comply with the
notice requirement stated in MCL 768.20a. MCL 768.21(1).

        The Legislature also enacted statutes governing how the trial court must instruct the jury
on the insanity defense. The Legislature provided that, if a defendant asserted the defense of
insanity in compliance with MCL 768.20a, the jury may—as an alternative to finding the defendant
not guilty by reason of insanity—find the defendant guilty but mentally ill. MCL 768.36(1). The
trial court must instruct the jury on an insanity defense, when “warranted by the evidence,” and,
in such a case, it must instruct the jury that it should separately consider “the presence or absence
of mental illness and the presence or absence of legal insanity.” MCL 768.29a(2). The trial court
must also instruct the jury on the “verdicts of guilty, guilty but mentally ill, not guilty by reason
of insanity, and not guilty with regard to the offense or offenses charged and, as required by law,
any lesser included offenses.” Id.

         As the trial court correctly noted, defendant was unable to identify any expert who would
testify that defendant met the statutory definition of insanity. In the absence of such evidence, the
trial court had no obligation to present the defense of insanity to the jury. See MCL 768.29a(2).
Similarly, the Legislature provided that a jury should only be instructed on the verdict of guilty
but mentally ill when instructed on the defense of insanity. See MCL 768.36(1); see also People
v Ritsema, 105 Mich App 602, 612; 307 NW2d 380 (1981) (noting that an instruction on guilty
but mentally ill is appropriate only when an instruction on insanity is warranted by the evidence).
Accordingly, the trial court did not err when it determined that defendant could not present an
insanity defense or present evidence that he suffered from a mental illness that warranted a verdict
of guilty but mentally ill because the evidence did not justify the instructions. See

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MCL 768.29a(2). Moreover, the trial court’s decision to preclude defendant from presenting
evidence that he had a mental illness for those purposes did not deprive defendant of his
constitutional right to present a defense because he had not met the criteria for presenting the
defense. See People v Hayes, 421 Mich 271, 279; 364 NW2d 635 (1984).

         Once the trial court properly determined that defendant could not present an insanity
defense at trial, the trial court correctly denied defendant’s request for funds beyond that which it
had already authorized. Our Supreme Court has acknowledged that a defendant has a due-process
right to consult with an expert at public expense. See Kennedy, 502 Mich at 213-220 (discussing
Ake v Oklahoma, 470 US 68; 105 S Ct 1087; 84 L Ed 2d 53 (1985)). Nevertheless, before a trial
court would be warranted in providing such funds, the defendant must demonstrate something
more than a mere possibility of assistance from an expert—the defendant must show that there is
“ ‘a reasonable probability both that an expert would be of assistance to the defense and that denial
of expert assistance would result in a fundamentally unfair trial.’ ” See Kennedy, 502 Mich at 227-
228, quoting Moore v Kemp, 809 F2d 702, 712 (CA 11, 1987). In the trial court, defense counsel
asserted that she wanted an expert solely to establish that defendant had a mental illness that
warranted a verdict of guilty but mentally ill. The trial court, however, determined that defendant
could not present such evidence because he had not identified an expert who would testify that he
met the statutory definition of insanity and, for that reason, he was not entitled to have the jury
consider the verdict of guilty but mentally ill. See MCL 768.36(1). Under these circumstances,
the trial court did not err when it denied defendant’s request for additional funds because defendant
failed to demonstrate that there was a reasonable probability that an expert would be helpful or
that the absence of expert testimony on that issue would render his trial fundamentally unfair. See
Kennedy, 502 Mich at 227-228.

        Defendant nevertheless argues that the trial court should have granted his request for funds
and allowed an expert to testify on behalf of the defense about defendant’s mental illnesses for a
purpose other than to establish insanity or guilty but mentally ill. He argues for the first time on
appeal that he had the right to present evidence concerning his mental illness to help the jury better
understand his actions that day. More specifically, he maintains that an expert’s testimony would
have been helpful to the jury’s determination whether he formed the requisite intent to commit the
crimes at issue. Our Supreme Court’s decision in People v Carpenter, 464 Mich 223; 627 NW2d
276 (2001), however, foreclosed the possibility that defendant could offer such expert testimony.

        In Carpenter, our Supreme Court considered the continued validity of the diminished
capacity defense. Id. at 226. It determined that the Legislature’s comprehensive scheme regulating
the defense of insanity established a bright-line test, which demonstrated that the Legislature
intended to preclude any defense premised on a defendant’s mental health short of legal insanity.
Id. at 237-239. The Court explained:

       [T]he Legislature’s enactment of a comprehensive statutory scheme concerning
       defenses based on either mental illness or mental retardation demonstrates the
       Legislature’s intent to preclude the use of any evidence of a defendant’s lack of
       mental capacity short of legal insanity to avoid or reduce criminal responsibility by
       negating specific intent. [Id. at 236.]

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The Court further held that the Legislature’s policy choice did not violate a defendant’s due process
right to present a defense because the Constitution did not compel the states to recognize a doctrine
of diminished capacity and the states could constitutionally preclude defendants from presenting
evidence of mental or psychological deficiencies to challenge the elements of a crime. Id. at 240-
241. Thus, once the trial court properly determined that defendant could not assert an insanity
defense at trial, defendant was also precluded from presenting expert testimony that he lacked
mental capacity short of legal insanity to avoid or reduce his criminal culpability by negating the
specific intent that the prosecution had to prove for each crime. See id. at 236.

        On appeal, defendant suggests that the decision in Carpenter only precludes evidence that
the defendant was incapable of forming the requisite intent as a result of mental illness, but does
not prevent a defendant from presenting evidence that, although capable of forming the requisite
intent, his or her mental illness made it less likely that he or she actually formed that intent. The
Supreme Court, however, made it clear in Carpenter that defendant’s suggestion was not a valid
distinction because the Legislative scheme established an “all or nothing insanity defense.” Id.
at 237. It further held that a defendant who does not meet the criteria for legal insanity is precluded
from presenting “any evidence” that he had a “mental capacity short of legal insanity to avoid or
reduce criminal responsibility by negating specific intent.” Id. at 236. Defendant’s proposed
expert testimony plainly involves testimony that would negate the intent element for the crimes at
issue in order to avoid or reduce his criminal responsibility. See People v Herndon, 246 Mich App
371, 386; 633 NW2d 376 (2001) (discussing the intents that must be proved to establish that a
person committed first-degree murder or second-degree murder).3 Defendant even states as much
on appeal when he opines that the jury would likely have found him guilty of a lesser form of
homicide had it heard testimony about his mental illnesses. But that is precisely the type of
diminished capacity evidence that Carpenter precludes.

        Defendant similarly argues that this Court recognized that a defendant may properly
present evidence concerning a defendant’s mental health for a purpose other than to establish legal
insanity in People v Yost, 278 Mich App 341; 749 NW2d 753 (2008). In Yost, this Court
recognized the holding in Carpenter, but nevertheless noted that Carpenter did not preclude the
admission of evidence concerning a defendant’s mental health to the extent that the evidence was
offered for a relevant purpose other than to negate the intent element of the charged crimes. Id.
at 354-355. The Court gave examples when evidence of a defendant’s mental health might be
relevant and admissible for a purpose other than to negate the specific intent of a crime, such as
negating the element of identity, demonstrating consciousness of guilt, or showing that the
defendant was manipulated into making statements that appeared incriminating. Id. at 356-357.
The Court, however, reiterated that the evidence must be offered for a relevant purpose other than
to negate intent. Id. at 357-360.

       In this case, defendant did not and has not identified any relevant purpose for the proposed
testimony, other than to challenge the intent element of the crimes at issue. Under the decisions
in Carpenter and Yost, he would be precluded from offering such testimony. Accordingly, the

3
  Even before our Supreme Court abolished the defense, diminished capacity was not a defense to
a general intent crime. See People v Biggs, 202 Mich App 450, 454; 509 NW2d 803 (1993).

                                                 -5-
trial court did not plainly err by failing to authorize funds to hire an expert to provide inadmissible
testimony. See Kennedy, 502 Mich at 227-228. Defendant also has not stated how consulting with
an expert might have otherwise benefited the defense. Consequently, he has not identified a plain
or obvious error, let alone a plain or obvious error that prejudiced his trial. See Carines, 460 Mich
at 763.

       Similarly, defense counsel cannot be faulted for failing to raise a meritless ground for
procuring an expert or for failing to secure an expert to provide inadmissible testimony. See
People v Ericksen, 288 Mich App 192, 201; 793 NW2d 120 (2010).

                                  III. JUDICIAL MISCONDUCT

       Defendant argues in both his brief on appeal and Standard 4 brief that the trial court
engaged in misconduct that pierced the veil of judicial impartiality and prejudiced his trial. We
disagree.

                    A. PRESERVATION AND STANDARDS OF REVIEW

       Because defendant did not object to any of the conduct he now claims to have been
misconduct, this issue is unpreserved. See People v Jackson, 292 Mich App 583, 597; 808 NW2d
541 (2011). This Court reviews de novo, as a question of constitutional law, whether a trial court’s
conduct deprived the defendant of a fair trial. See People v Stevens, 498 Mich 162, 168; 869
NW2d 233 (2015). This Court reviews unpreserved claims of error for plain, outcome-
determinative error. Carines, 460 Mich at 763.

                                           B. ANALYSIS

        A defendant has the right to fair and impartial jury trial; a trial court’s misconduct before
the jury may deprive the defendant of his right to an impartial jury if the judge’s conduct pierces
the veil of judicial impartiality. Stevens, 498 Mich at 170. “A judge’s conduct pierces this veil
and violates the constitutional guarantee of a fair trial when, considering the totality of the
circumstances, it is reasonably likely that the judge’s conduct improperly influenced the jury by
creating the appearance of advocacy or partiality against a party.” Id. at 171. The trial judge’s
alleged errors should not be evaluated in isolation, but instead their cumulative effect must be
examined as a whole and in consideration of the totality of the circumstances involved in the case.
Id. at 171-172.

         On appeal, defendant claims generally that the trial court exhibited its bias through its
comments, questions, and rulings. Defendant cites the record at numerous points, but he does not
identify what about the comment, question, or ruling demonstrated bias. Defendant also does not
identify the improper inferences that the jury might have drawn from the trial court’s comments,
questions, or rulings. By failing to adequately brief these claims of error, defendant abandoned
them on appeal. See Clark, 330 Mich App at 426. Nevertheless, none of the excerpts show that
the trial judge pierced the veil of judicial impartiality.

                                                 -6-
                    1. VOIR DIRE, JUROR INCIDENT, AND SENTENCING

         As an example of the trial court’s bias, defendant refers to a point when the trial court
expressed frustration with defense counsel at a hearing. The court stated that it was frustrated with
the last-minute motion for funds to hire an expert because no one raised the issue earlier. Despite
its frustration, the trial court granted an adjournment so defendant could prepare a request for an
independent examination and for funds to hire an expert. Viewing the remark in context, this
hearing occurred before trial even began—and so could not have pierced the veil of judicial
impartiality. Further, the trial court ruled in defendant’s favor and admonished defense counsel to
do a better job of consulting with defendant. See Stevens, 498 Mich at 174. It did not, therefore,
amount to misconduct. See id. at 171.

       Defendant also suggests that the trial court exhibited bias in its handling of voir dire and
with an incident involving a juror. But defendant abandoned any claim involving the jury’s
composition or juror bias by failing to identify any such errors in his statement of the questions
presented. People v Albers, 258 Mich App 578, 584; 672 NW2d 336 (2003); MCR 7.212(C)(5).
He also has not identified the applicable law or stated in any meaningful way how the law applied
to his claim. Therefore, he has abandoned any claim that his rights were violated by the
composition of the jury. See Clark, 330 Mich App at 426. Moreover, the record of these events
does not support a claim that the trial court pierced the veil of judicial impartiality during voir dire.

         Defendant contends that the trial court was too solicitous regarding any conflicts the
potential jurors may have had with the trial schedule. In defendant’s view, the trial court’s
generosity in excusing jurors for cause affected the composition of the jury. But the trial court’s
concern for the prospective jurors did not demonstrate a bias of any kind, and did not pierce the
veil of judicial impartiality. See Stevens, 498 Mich at 171. If anything, the trial court’s concerns
ensured that defendant had a jury that was fully committed to the process and capable of serving
without distractions, which made it more likely that he had a fair and impartial jury.

        Defendant also complains about the trial court’s handling of a juror incident at the start of
the third day of trial. The trial court learned that a juror had been seen leaving the courthouse
while holding hands with a woman who had sat through trial. The trial court brought the juror into
chambers and questioned him. The juror indicated that the person with whom he was holding
hands was his wife, who was retired and had come to watch the trial out of curiosity. The juror
denied that he spoke with his wife about the trial and stated that he was taking his obligations “very
seriously” and was “honored to be chosen” as a juror. The juror agreed that he had not and would
not discuss the case with anyone. The trial court determined that the juror did not violate the rules
and then left the matter to the parties. The parties did not raise any objections.

         The trial court again demonstrated its concern with the fairness and impartiality of the jury
and took steps to ensure that defendant’s jury was not compromised by outside influences.
Although defendant opines in his Standard 4 brief that the trial court should have ordered a mistrial
or excused the juror, defense counsel did not request that relief or even express any concerns with
how the trial court proceeded. And the trial court’s handling of the incident did not demonstrate
that it held a bias or otherwise pierced the veil of judicial impartiality. See id. To the contrary,
the trial court demonstrated its commitment to protecting defendant’s right to an impartial jury.
See People v Budzyn, 456 Mich 77, 88-89; 566 NW2d 229 (1997) (discussing juror misconduct

                                                  -7-
involving outside influences). Defendant has not identified anything about the trial court’s
handling of the incident that was improper.

        Defendant also complains that the trial court empathized with Kaleena at his sentencing
and did not offer defendant any advice. He does not, however, explain how the court’s comments
at sentencing could have pierced the judicial veil before the jury. See Stevens, 498 Mich at 171.
In any event, the court’s comment at sentencing was not improper.

                         2. QUESTIONS AND COMMENTS AT TRIAL

       Defendant next asserts that the trial court inappropriately questioned witnesses. It is
generally appropriate for the trial court to question witnesses. See Stevens, 498 Mich at 173, citing
MRE 614(b). However, the trial court should not invade the role of the prosecutor when doing so.
Stevens, 498 Mich at 184. It should further avoid questions that are intimidating, argumentative,
or skeptical. Id. at 175. Instead, the trial court should limit itself to clarifying testimony and to
questioning witnesses to provide fuller and more exact testimony or to elicit additional relevant
information. Id. at 173.

        Defendant cites numerous examples, but does not discuss the examples or how the
questions pierced the veil of judicial impartiality. Instead, he leaves it to this Court to examine the
cited pages and determine whether it sees anything improper. Defendant’s handling of this issue
constitutes an abandonment of his claims premised on these questions. See Walters v Nadell, 481
Mich 377, 388; 751 NW2d 431 (2008) (stating that courts are not “the research assistants of the
litigants” and that the parties “have a duty to fully present their legal arguments” for resolution).
In any event, when examined in context, none of the cited examples amounts to judicial
misconduct.

        At trial, defense counsel cross-examined Detective Lonnie Palmer at length about an
investigation into a report that Richardson had sexually assaulted AP. Detective Palmer stated that
the officers discovered that the allegation involved discipline with a belt, not a sexual assault, and
that AP denied that Richardson physically disciplined her. After defense counsel’s cross-
examination, the trial court asked Detective Palmer if defendant had “at any time” stated that his
actions were the “result of this alleged abuse.” Detective Palmer responded that defendant had not
indicated that. The trial court then asked Detective Palmer about Palmer’s understanding of the
reason that defendant gave for doing what he did.

        Reading the court’s questions in context, it is evident that the court was clarifying whether
defendant had made statements to the detective that might show whether defendant had acted out
of some misguided desire to protect his children. Once Detective Palmer stated that defendant had
not identified that as a possible motive for the shooting, the trial court expanded its inquiry by
asking Detective Palmer what he believed defendant had meant when he stated that he did not
intend to kill Richardson, and Detective Palmer answered to the best of his ability. The trial court’s
questions were not intimidating, argumentative, or skeptical; the questions elicited additional
relevant information about Detective Palmer’s interview with defendant. See Stevens, 498 Mich
at 173-175. Additionally, the trial court did not attempt to impeach the witness or cajole a
particular answer. See People v Swilley, 504 Mich 350, 372, 376; 934 NW2d 771 (2019) (stating

                                                 -8-
that the trial court should not use its questions to impeach the witness). Accordingly, the questions
did not pierce the veil of judicial impartiality. See Stevens, 498 Mich at 170-171.

        Defendant also complains that the trial court elicited testimony from Detective Joseph Paul
that defendant’s interview occurred at lunch and defendant contends that the trial court must have
done so in order to undermine the evidence that defendant was upset. On cross-examination,
Detective Paul testified that he and Detective Palmer interviewed defendant around lunch time,
and defense counsel asked Detective Paul whether defendant had told them what had gotten him
so upset. Defendant reported he was upset about an incident that occurred with his son a couple
of weeks earlier. Defense counsel also asked Detective Paul about what defendant had said about
the handgun.

       The trial court asked Detective Paul whether the handgun seized after defendant crashed
was a registered handgun, and Detective Paul answered that it was not. The trial court also asked
whether Patten confirmed that that was the handgun defendant said he used in the shooting.
Detective Paul indicated that Patten merely stated that he used a nine-millimeter, high point
handgun. The court then indicated that it did not hear what the detective had said about defendant’s
emotional state during the interview; the court reminded the detective that he had testified that he
had just arrived to interview defendant after lunch. The detective described for the jury that
defendant appeared depressed at that time.

        Nothing about these questions was inappropriate or pierced the veil of judicial impartiality.
See Stevens, 498 Mich at 170-171. The questions again involved clarifications of testimony and
did not suggest that the trial court held any particular beliefs about the events. Further, when read
in context, it was evident that the trial court’s reference to lunch time was an attempt to remind the
detective about his previous testimony, which the trial court had not heard. The detective’s answer
was consistent with his previous testimony and clarified that defendant was depressed throughout
the interview, which helped the jury better understand the circumstances surrounding defendant’s
interview. The questions did not amount to judicial misconduct. See id.

         Defendant also suggests that the trial court engaged in misconduct by eliciting additional
testimony about the circumstances surrounding defendant’s arrest for driving under the influence
of alcohol. A review of the transcript shows that the prosecutor and defense counsel did not
question Officer Aaron Skibo in a way that allowed the officer to provide a coherent narrative
about the events involving defendant’s arrest for driving under the influence. It was, for example,
at first unclear that defendant got back into his car and drove a short distance before being
apprehended. It was also unclear how defendant’s car became stuck. The trial court attempted to
fill in some of these omissions for the jury. The court’s questions helped clarify the timing and
showed that defendant drove off after Officer Skibo first encountered him. The questions further
helped to clarify that defendant was only apprehended after he got stuck. The questions further
showed that Officer Skibo did not notice that defendant had soiled himself until after defendant
was pulled from the car. The trial court asked whether the officer found alcohol in the car, but the
officer could not recall whether he had. The trial court’s questions did not invade the province of
the prosecution; rather, they were relevant and helpful to understanding the officer’s testimony.
As such, the court’s questions did not amount to misconduct. See Stevens, 498 Mich at 170-171.

                                                 -9-
                                           3. RULINGS

        Defendant also argues that the trial court’s one-sided rulings demonstrated that it was
biased against him, which would have been evident to the jury. He suggests as well that the court’s
comments during the rulings gave the impression that the court thought defense counsel was
dishonest or ignorant of the law.

        A trial court’s rulings generally do not pierce the veil of judicial impartiality unless the
rulings exhibit a deep-seated favoritism or antagonism that demonstrates that the trial court was
unable to exercise fair judgment. People v Willis, 322 Mich App 579, 590; 914 NW2d 384 (2018).

        Defendant complains, for example, about the trial court’s handling of defense counsel’s
objection to an answer that Kaleena gave after defense counsel asked whether Kaleena’s children
had made “any statements that you know of or that you were present for” to workers from
children’s protective services. Defense counsel objected because Kaleena indicated that the
children had made “numerous statements . . . about [defendant] killing [Richardson],” which
defense counsel felt went beyond the scope of her question. Defense counsel’s question was poorly
worded and invited a longer response, even though it could have been answered with a yes or no.
The trial court nevertheless correctly recognized that Kaleena’s answer was not wholly
unresponsive and, in fact, did not quote any statement by the children to third parties. Moreover,
when defense counsel asked the court to instruct Kaleena that she could not state what the children
had related to the workers, the court responded, “Okay.” It then reminded the witness where she
had left off before the objection, and the witness identified the remaining persons to whom the
children had made statements. The trial court’s ruling was not erroneous, and its response to
defense counsel’s objection was not impolite, intemperate, or otherwise objectionable. See
Stevens, 498 Mich at 175 (stating that a trial court should be mindful of the words it uses before
the jury and should avoid intimidating, argumentative, or skeptical statements).

        The trial court also did not err or express bias when it overruled defense counsel’s attempt
to stop Kaleena from testifying about the reason that AP gave her for moving in with defendant.
Defense counsel asked Kaleena why AP went to live with defendant, which invited Kaleena to
respond with her understanding of AP’s motivation. When defense counsel objected, the trial
court only allowed the testimony to show that Kaleena had been given a reason and how she
reacted to that reason, not for the truth of the matter that AP asserted. As such, the trial court’s
ruling was not erroneous because the testimony was not hearsay. See MRE 801(c). Again, nothing
about the exchange suggested that the trial court had any animosity toward defense counsel. See
Stevens, 498 Mich at 170-171.

         Defendant maintains that the trial court did not allow the same latitude with hearsay
testimony that favored the defense, but the record does not support that contention. Defendant
states that the trial court prevented him from presenting testimony about the content of text
messages between Oscar and defendant. The trial court arguably was mistaken when it sustained
the prosecution’s objection to Hart’s testimony about the texts because Hart did not in fact offer
to testify about the content of the messages. But the trial court itself elicited testimony from Hart
that she was aware of the messages because Oscar actually relayed the messages through her. The
court then allowed Hart to testify that Oscar was angry with her because she was dating a white
man and allowed her to testify that Oscar accused defendant of being a pedophile. The context

                                                -10-
shows that, even if the trial court prematurely sustained the prosecution’s objection, it then
provided defense counsel with the opportunity to establish the nature of the messages and to show
that Oscar had animosity for defendant. Nothing about the trial court’s handling of the objection
might have led the jury to believe that the trial court held a bias against the defense. See id.

        Defendant similarly has not shown that the trial court’s handling of Hart’s testimony
demonstrated deep-seated favoritism or antagonism toward the defense. See Willis, 322 Mich App
at 590. The trial court responded “sustained” when the prosecution objected after defense counsel
asked Hart whether Oscar had ever threatened her. Defense counsel then restated the question in
a way that elicited testimony that did not involve hearsay, and Hart related that she never felt
threatened to be around Oscar’s family before the incident. Nothing about this exchange hinted at
judicial misconduct that might have pierced the veil of judicial impartiality. See Stevens, 498 Mich
at 170-171.

        The trial court’s decision to allow the prosecutor to ask AP to relate Hart’s statements to
her after defendant left the home also did not amount to judicial misconduct. The trial court
allowed the testimony and instructed the jury that it could not use the statements as evidence of
“what actually happened”; instead, it told the jury that it could only use the testimony to “explain
what the witness did after she heard the statement.” AP then told the jury that Hart asked to speak
with her and told her that defendant left with a gun. AP stated that she twice tried to get Hart to
call the police department, but Hart refused. AP’s request to call the police department would
have made no sense had the jury not learned that AP was concerned because she had been told that
defendant left with a gun. Under the circumstances, the trial court’s decision to allow the testimony
to show its effect on the listener was not error, see MRE 801(c); People v Chambers, 277 Mich
App 1, 10-11; 742 NW2d 610 (2007) (stating that the use of hearsay testimony to prove something
other than the truth of the matter is not unconstitutional), and nothing else about the exchange
suggests judicial misconduct, see Stevens, 498 Mich at 170-171.

        The trial court also did not err when it determined that the nature of Hart’s relationship
with Oscar was not relevant. As the trial court noted, defendant was not on trial for the shooting
of Graciela—that shooting was only relevant to establish the timeline and defendant’s intent on
the night at issue. After defense counsel elicited testimony from Hart that she had obtained a
restraining order against Oscar, the trial court sustained the prosecution’s objection and instructed
the jury that Oscar’s character was not on trial and that it should “take nothing from that”
testimony. Again, the trial court’s ruling and instruction were correct, see MRE 401; MRE 402,
and nothing about the exchange suggested that the trial court was deliberately undermining the
defense or otherwise pierced the veil of judicial impartiality, see Stevens, 498 Mich at 170-171.

        Defendant complains as well that the trial court showed its bias by allowing Officer Skibo
to speculate about how defendant’s tires came to be punctured, and when it sustained an objection
to defense counsel’s closing argument suggesting that defendant’s gun may have had a light trigger
and may have gone off accidentally. These rulings too were not error and did not involve any
intemperate or improper comments by the court. The trial court simply articulated its rulings and
gave an appropriate instruction in the latter case. There was no misconduct, see Stevens, 498 Mich
at 170-171, and the rulings did not suggest that the trial court held a deep-seated antagonism
against the defense, see Willis, 322 Mich App at 590.

                                                -11-
         Defendant asserts that the trial court’s rulings outside the presence of the jury were also
indicative of bias. Outside the presence of the jury, defense counsel indicated that she wanted to
call retired officer Jeffrey Johnson to impeach AP and to establish that there was abuse. The trial
court indicated that it might be hard to get him to testify given that he was in Florida, and asserted
that, even if he were available to testify by phone, his testimony might not be relevant. The court
explained that the allegations of abuse approximately two months before the shooting did not
constitute a defense because defendant could have called the police department or child protective
services; defendant did not have the right to assault Richardson with a weapon.

        Although the trial court was skeptical about the officer’s testimony, it did not preclude the
defense from calling him, and nothing about the trial court’s exchange indicated a bias. Notably,
this exchange occurred outside the presence of the jury and, therefore, the jury could not have been
influenced by the court’s comments. See Stevens, 498 Mich at 170-178.

        The same is true of the court’s discussion concerning the text messages that the defense
attempted to admit through Hart on the last day of trial. The text messages were between Kaleena
and Hart on June 10, more than a month before the shooting. Outside the presence of the jury, the
trial court asked defense counsel what she hoped to show with the texts. Counsel replied that the
texts would confirm Kaleena had the conversations with Hart. The court noted that Kaleena had
already testified as much; she testified that she warned Hart about defendant’s anger issues. The
court then read the exhibit into the record4 before stating that it would not allow them into evidence.
The court stated, in relevant part, that the exhibit was cumulative to Kaleena’s testimony and likely
being offered to show that defendant had mental health problems, which would confuse the jury
because his mental state at the time of the shooting did not meet the criteria for insanity. The court
indicated that it would still allow the defense to discuss with Hart what she knew, but it was not
going to allow the texts to bolster an inadmissible defense.

        Nothing about this exchange was inappropriate. The trial court’s comments were relevant
to the discussion over the proposed exhibit and did not indicate bias. See Stevens, 498 Mich at 170-
171. The trial court appropriately made a record to preserve the issue and explained its decision,
which was correct and is not challenged on appeal by defendant. See Yost, 278 Mich App at 354-
355; MRE 403. This exchange did not pierce the veil of judicial impartiality. See Stevens, 498
Mich at 170-171.

        Defendant next asserts that the trial court’s self-defense comment was evidence of bias
against the defense. Just before the comment at issue, defense counsel examined Kaleena and
elicited testimony that Richardson was heading toward the home’s front door when defendant burst
inside. Kaleena agreed that Richardson did not stop heading toward defendant even after he forced
the door open. After the trial court excused the jury for lunch, the court admonished defense
counsel that she could not argue self-defense on behalf of her client because that would not be a
valid defense under the circumstances. The trial court’s ruling was correct, see People v Guajardo,
300 Mich App 26, 34-35; 832 NW2d 409 (2013) (stating that a defendant may not assert self-
defense when he was the initial aggressor), and it was entirely appropriate to warn defense counsel

4
 Kaleena wrote that she knew that defendant was hospitalized for his anger once when he was 16
or 17.

                                                 -12-
to avoid making an improper argument when the jury returned, see MRE 611(a) (authorizing the
trial court over the mode and order of presenting evidence). There was nothing about the exchange
that suggested judicial misconduct. See Stevens, 498 Mich at 170-171.

        Defendant also contends that the trial court expressed its belief that defendant shot
Richardson because defendant was drunk. Defendant does not identify where in the record the
trial court informed the jury of that belief. Instead, he cites the trial court’s two instructions to the
jury that voluntary intoxication was not a defense. But the circumstances of that initial exchange
do not establish that the trial court’s comments expressed to the jury that the trial court believed
that defendant was drunk.5 Detective Paul testified that defendant admitted that he drank two 22-
ounce beers before the shooting and more alcohol after the shooting. Defense counsel also asked
Detective Paul whether defendant had said that he blacked out at any point. Detective Paul
responded that the only comments defendant made that would fit that description occurred just
before his crash in Indiana. After Detective Paul’s testimony, the jury had three questions,
including whether defendant told Detective Paul anything that suggested defendant was “aware
that he had shot somebody” before driving to St. Joseph County. Detective Paul replied that he
did not remember. The trial court instructed the jury that voluntary intoxication was not a defense
to the charges in this case.

        A trial court has a duty to “instruct the jury as to the law applicable to the case.” MCL
768.29. Except in one narrow circumstance, not applicable here, voluntary intoxication is not a
defense. People v Maynor, 470 Mich 289, 297; 683 NW2d 565 (2004). Given the jury’s question,
it was appropriate for the trial court to instruct the jury on voluntary intoxication. MCL 768.29.
There was also no indication in the record that the trial court’s instruction conveyed to the jury
that the trial court had any beliefs about the evidence. There was nothing inappropriate about the
trial court’s instruction. See Stevens, 498 Mich at 170-171.

        In his Standard 4 brief, defendant further argues that defense counsel should have objected
to the trial court’s misconduct at trial. However, because the trial court’s questions, comments,
and rulings did not amount to judicial misconduct, defense counsel had no obligation to object to
the court’s questions, rulings, and comments on the ground that they pierced the veil of judicial
impartiality. See Ericksen, 288 Mich App at 201.

        To the extent that any of the trial court’s comments, rulings, or questions could be said to
have adversely influenced the jury in some minor way, they did not prejudice defendant’s trial. In
the opening and closing instructions, the court instructed the jury that the jury must decide the case
on the evidence alone. It also instructed the jury that that the court’s “comments, rulings, questions
and instructions” were not evidence, and stated that it was “not trying to influence your vote or
express a personal opinion about the case” through its comments, rulings, questions, or
instructions. It further instructed the jury that, even if the jury concluded that the court had an
opinion about the case, it should “pay no attention to that opinion.” It reiterated that the jury alone
was the judge of the facts and that it must decide the case on the basis of the evidence. The jury
is presumed to have followed the trial court’s instructions. People v Matuszak, 263 Mich App 42,
58; 687 NW2d 342 (2004). Further, these instructions cured whatever minor prejudice might have

5
    The court’s second instruction was given before the jury deliberated.

                                                  -13-
been occasioned by the court’s comments, rulings, and questions. See Willis, 322 Mich App
at 592-593.

                            IV. PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT6

       In his Standard 4 brief, defendant argues that the prosecution engaged in misconduct that
deprived him of a fair trial. We disagree.

                     A. PRESERVATION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

       Defendant failed to preserve any of these claims by not objecting in the trial court. See
People v Bennett, 290 Mich App 465, 475; 802 NW2d 627 (2010). This Court reviews
unpreserved claims of prosecutorial misconduct for plain error affecting the defendant’s
substantial rights. Carines, 460 Mich at 763. “[T]he test for prosecutorial misconduct is whether
a defendant was denied a fair and impartial trial.” People v Dobek, 274 Mich App 58, 63; 732
NW2d 546 (2007).

                                          B. ANALYSIS

        Defendant first argues that the prosecutor engaged in misconduct by intimidating him with
bribes and threats, influencing his decision not to testify at trial. The record suggests that the
prosecution made a plea offer to defendant and the record reflects that defendant countered with
an offer to plead to second-degree murder—an offer the prosecution rejected the day before trial.
The next morning, defendant alleges that he met with his attorney off the record. According to
defendant, counsel advised him that the prosecutor’s offer of a plea to felony-murder remained
open. Counsel further shared that “they have a lot of pull in” the Department of Corrections and
could make defendant’s stay “more pleasant” with amenities like video games7 or “uncomfortable”
by sending him to the Upper Peninsula and limiting his visits.8 Defendant continued to trial.

         On the third day of trial, defense counsel informed the court that defendant was “claiming
that the prosecutor was trying to bribe him with an offer or threaten him with a bad letter or a good
letter to the Department of Corrections.” The court asked that defendant’s allegation be addressed

6
 This Court has explained that a fairer label for most claims of prosecutorial misconduct would
be “prosecutorial error,” while only the most extreme cases rise to the level of “prosecutorial
misconduct.” People v Cooper, 309 Mich App 74, 87-88; 867 NW2d 452 (2015). To the extent
we use the phrase “prosecutorial misconduct,” it is as a term of art.
7
  By way of example, defense counsel referred to Douglas Stewart, who was provided an X-box
in exchange for revealing the location of his missing wife’s body, after being convicted of her
murder.
8
 When this trial began, defendant had already been sentenced to life without the possibility of
parole for murdering Graciela. See footnote 1.

                                                -14-
at the close of the prosecution’s case; however, no further on-the-record discussion occurred.9
Instead, defendant called witnesses in his defense, and, after consultation, defense counsel
informed the court that defendant did not wish to testify.10 Now, however, defendant contends
that his recollection of the prosecutor’s pre-trial “intimidation” “impacted” his decision not to
testify at trial.

         A defendant has the right to call witnesses on his behalf under the compulsory process and
due process clauses of the federal and state constitutions. US Const, Am V, VI, and XIV; Mich
Const 1963, art 1, §§ 17 and 20. The Sixth Amendment guarantees an accused the right to call
witnesses “material and favorable to his defense.” Rock v Arkansas, 483 US 44, 52; 107 S Ct
2704; 97 L Ed 2d 37 (1987), quoting United States v Valenzuela-Bernal, 458 US 858, 867; 102 S
Ct 3440; 73 L Ed 2d 1193 (1982). Materiality requires a showing that “ ‘ the suppressed evidence
might have affected the outcome of the trial.’ ” Valenzuela-Bernal, 458 US at 868 (quoting United
States v Agurs, 427 US 94, 104; 96 S Ct 2392; 49 L Ed 2d 342 (1976). As defendant contends,
“[l]ogically included in the accused’s right to call” material and favorable witnesses, “is a right to
testify himself, should he decide it is in his favor to do so.” Rock, 483 US at 52. Prosecutorial
threats or intimidation that dissuade a potential defense witness from testifying violate due
process. Pyle v Kansas, 317 US 213, 214, 216; 63 S Ct 177; 87 L Ed 214 (1942) (the petitioner
adequately alleged a constitutional violation, claiming that the prosecution knowingly presented
perjured testimony and threatened and intimidated potential defense witnesses to suppress their
testimony); People v Hill, 257 Mich App 126, 135; 667 NW2d 78 (2008) (“Attempts by the
prosecution to intimidate witnesses from testifying, if successful, amount to a denial of” due
process.). Cases finding that the prosecutor improperly intimidated a witness typically involve the
threat of bringing criminal charges against the potential defense witness or otherwise punishing
him or her so that he or she declines to testify. See e.g., People v Pena, 383 Mich 402; 175 NW2d
767 (1970) (assistant prosecutor sent an official letter to the defendant’s proposed alibi witnesses
informing them that the penalty for perjury was life imprisonment); People v Williams, 45 Mich
App 623, 625-627; 207 NW2d 176 (1973) (prosecutor told a potential defense witness that she had
a right against self-incrimination and that he would prosecute her for carrying a concealed weapon
or perjury if she testified).

        In this case, assuming arguendo that defense counsel conveyed to defendant the
prosecutor’s ability to send a favorable or unfavorable letter to the Department of Corrections, this
alleged “intimidation” occurred in the context of a plea offer that defendant rejected and had his
attorney place on the record. Although defendant now contends this “intimidation” “impacted”
his decision to testify, the record reflects that, after consultation with counsel, defendant simply
opted not to testify. Indeed, defendant never details the favorable and material evidence he would
have presented. Because defendant has not demonstrated that the prosecution engaged in
misconduct, much less that the misconduct resulted in a miscarriage of justice, his claim fails. See

9
 Defendant filed a motion to remand, requesting an evidentiary hearing regarding his allegations,
which this Court denied. People v Patten, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered
August 31, 2020 (Docket No. 349597).
10
  Defendant’s name was not included on his witness list for this trial and defendant did not testify
during his earlier murder trial in Kalamazoo County. Patten, unpub op at 8.

                                                -15-
People v Brown, 279 Mich App 116, 134; 755 NW2d 664 (2008) (stating that the defendant bears
the burden of establishing that the prosecutor’s misconduct resulted in a miscarriage of justice).

        Defendant also argues that the prosecutor committed misconduct by reading the law to the
jurors. Specifically, he maintains that the prosecutor restated jury instructions in his opening and
closing statements and described the evidence that he believed would or did establish the elements.
While a prosecutor may not read the law to the jury, People v Holmes, 2 Mich App 283, 286-287;
139 NW2d 771 (1966), “[t]he prosecutor is free to argue the evidence and all reasonable inferences
from the evidence as it relates to his theory of the case,” People v Gonzalez, 178 Mich App 526,
535; 444 NW2d 228 (1989). Despite defendant’s characterization, the prosecutor only argued that
the evidence would show beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant committed each element of
each offense, which he connected to the instructions on the elements; there was nothing improper
about the prosecutor’s effort to connect the facts that would be proved to the elements of the
offenses. See Ericksen, 288 Mich App at 200 (“Opening statement is the appropriate time to state
the facts that will be proved at trial.”). Defendant similarly complains that the prosecutor informed
the jury about the manner in which he would convict defendant. But the prosecutor had the right
to relate his belief that the evidence would show that defendant was guilty and to argue that he
should be convicted. See People v Humphreys, 24 Mich App 411, 414; 180 NW2d 411 (1970)
(“Although the prosecutor is free in final argument to relate the facts to his theory of the case, and
in so doing say that certain evidence leads him to believe the defendants is guilty, he may not
express a belief in the defendant’s guilt without relating the belief to the evidence.”) (citations
omitted).

        The prosecutor also correctly used his closing arguments to argue his theories of the law to
the jury and to state how he believed the evidence established each element of each offense. See
People v Finley, 161 Mich App 1, 9; 410 NW2d 282 (1987) (“The purpose of closing argument is
to allow attorneys to comment on the evidence and to argue their theories of the law to the jury.”).
In a short statement to the jury, the prosecutor identified the evidence that he believed supported
each element of each offense. There was nothing improper about the prosecutor’s closing
statement.

         Defendant next argues that the prosecutor committed misconduct that deprived him of a
fair trial when he told the jury that he believed that the evidence showed that defendant was not
just trying to scare Richardson: “This was a night of deliberate acts by a very cruel, evil person
who murdered two people.” In defendant’s view, this comment was intended to inflame the jury’s
passions.

        A prosecutor may not attempt to obtain a conviction by inflaming the jury’s passions or
asking the jury to suspend their judgment and decide the case on an improper basis. See People v
Bahoda, 448 Mich 261, 266; 531 NW2d 659 (1995). The prosecutor may, however, argue the
evidence. Id. at 282. The prosecutor’s comment—although using strong language—for the most
part amounted to an argument concerning the evidence. See, e.g., People v Hoffman, 205 Mich
App 1, 21; 518 NW2d 817 (1994). There was strong evidence that defendant left his home on the
night at issue and hunted down two of his romantic rivals. In doing so, he shot and killed an
innocent bystander and then murdered his other romantic rival in cold blood; moreover, he did so
in front of his ex-wife and his children. Relying on that evidence, the prosecutor could properly
argue that the evidence showed that defendant acted with deliberation and that the circumstances

                                                -16-
surrounding his acts showed that the acts were that of a cruel man. See id. See also People v
Ullah, 216 Mich App 669, 678-679; 550 NW2d 568 (1996) (recognizing that prosecutors may use
hard and emotional language in their closing arguments). The only characterization that might
have gone too far was the comment that defendant was evil. However, that remark was not so
prejudicial that it might have influenced the jury to suspend its judgment. Indeed, any potential
prejudice could easily have been cured by an instruction. Therefore, even if improper, the remark
does not constitute misconduct that warrants a new trial. See Ullah, 216 Mich App at 679 (stating
that this Court will not grant relief for an improper comment when the prejudice caused by the
comment could have been cured with a curative instruction).

        Defendant next implies that the prosecutor did something improper when he suggested that
the instruction concerning whether a witness had been threatened or promised anything would not
be applicable to the witnesses in this case. In arguing his theories, the prosecutor had leeway to
argue the evidence and all reasonable inferences arising from it as they related to his theory of the
case. See Bahoda, 448 Mich at 282. There was no evidence that any of the witnesses had been
promised anything or threatened. As such, the prosecutor could argue that this was not a factor
that the jury had to consider when evaluating the evidence. See id.

       Defendant also argues that the prosecutor committed misconduct by asking witnesses
questions that made defendant look bad. Defendant cites portions of the transcript where the
prosecutor asked witnesses about their relationship with defendant. A prosecutor does not commit
misconduct by seeking in good faith to admit evidence. See Dobek, 274 Mich App at 76. The
testimony about the relationships between the persons involved in the events at issue was relevant
and admissible to show how they knew each other, how they interacted, and to show motive,
among other things. See MRE 401; MRE 402. The record does not show that any of the
prosecutor’s questions were made in a bad faith attempt to elicit inadmissible testimony; defendant
has not shown that the prosecutor deprived him of a fair trial through improper questioning. See
Dobek, 274 Mich App at 76.

                              V. VOLUNTARY MANSLAUGHTER

       In his Standard 4 brief, defendant asserts that the trial court erred when it denied his request
to have the jury instructed on voluntary manslaughter. We disagree.

                                  A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       This Court reviews de novo whether the trial court properly instructed the jury. People v
Martin, 271 Mich App 280, 337; 721 NW2d 815 (2006).

                                           B. ANALYSIS

        A defendant is entitled to have the jury instructed on a necessarily included lesser offense
of a charged offense if a rational view of the evidence would support such an instruction. People
v Mendoza, 468 Mich 527, 533; 664 NW2d 685 (2003). Voluntary manslaughter is a necessarily
included lesser offense of murder. Id. at 541. Accordingly, the trial court had an obligation to
instruct the jury on that offense if a rational view of the evidence supported it. Id. at 533.

                                                 -17-
        Voluntary manslaughter is the intentional killing of another while under the influence of
passion produced by an adequate provocation. Id. at 535. Whether a particular provocation was
adequate depends on a reasonable person standard: the provocation necessary to mitigate a
homicide from murder to voluntary manslaughter is that which would cause a reasonable person
to lose control and act out of passion rather than reason. See People v Roper, 286 Mich App 77,
87; 777 NW2d 483 (2009). Additionally, there must have been no lapse of time within which a
reasonable person would have controlled his passions. Id.

        On appeal, defendant maintains that there was evidence of adequate provocation and that
not enough time passed from the time that he was provoked to the time that he killed Richardson
for a reasonable person to control his passions. Defendant first points to evidence that he learned
that Richardson had struck his son. Assuming that a reasonable person would lose control and fly
into a homicidal rage if he heard that someone struck his child, the evidence showed that the
alleged incident involving defendant’s son occurred “a couple weeks” before the shooting. No
reasonable jury could find that a couple of weeks was insufficient time for a reasonable person to
recover their senses and begin to function rationally. See People v Pouncey, 437 Mich 382, 392;
471 NW2d 346 (1991) (stating that a trial court properly refuses to instruct the jury on voluntary
manslaughter when the evidence would not support a finding that there was adequate provocation).

        Defendant also claims that he suffered adequate provocation when he first arrived at
Richardson’s home. He asserts that Kaleena provoked him by shutting the door to the home and
locking it after defendant demanded to see Kaleena’s husband. But Kaleena’s response was
entirely reasonable and—as a matter of law—cannot be said to be the kind of provocation that
would not have caused a reasonable person to suddenly lose control of his faculties. As our
Supreme Court has stated, the law does not “countenance the loss of self-control”; for that reason,
“[n]ot every hot-tempered individual who flies into a rage at the slightest insult can claim
manslaughter.” Id. at 389.

        There was no evidence to support a voluntary manslaughter instruction. Therefore, the
trial court did not err when it refused to give the instruction. See id. at 392.

                                   VI. DOUBLE JEOPARDY

       Finally, defendant argues that his sentences violate the prohibition against double jeopardy.
We agree that a ministerial correction to defendant’s judgment of sentence is warranted, but
disagree that defendant’s first-degree felony murder and first-degree home invasion were the same
offense for purposes of double jeopardy.

                    A. PRESERVATION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

       These claims are unpreserved because defendant did not raise them before the trial court.
See People v Bass, 317 Mich App 241, 272; 893 NW2d 140 (2016). This Court reviews
unpreserved claims of constitutional error for plain, outcome-determinative error. See Carines,
460 Mich at 763.

                                               -18-
                                           B. ANALYSIS

        The Constitutions of the United States and Michigan both prohibit a person from being
twice put in jeopardy for the same offense. See US Const, Am V; Const 1963, art 1, § 15. The
double-jeopardy prohibition, in relevant part, precludes a person from being punished multiple
times for the same offense. People v Ream, 481 Mich 223, 227; 750 NW2d 536 (2008). The jury
found defendant guilty of first-degree premeditated murder and first-degree felony murder
involving the death of the same victim, which amounts to multiple punishments for the same
offense. People v Long, 246 Mich App 582, 588; 633 NW2d 843 (2001). Accordingly, we remand
this case to the trial court for the ministerial task of correcting the judgment of sentence to reflect
that defendant’s single first-degree murder conviction is supported by two theories: premeditated
murder and felony murder. Id.

       Defendant also complains that his sentence for first-degree home invasion violates double
jeopardy because it constitutes the same offense as first-degree felony murder given that it was the
predicate felony for the felony-murder conviction.11 A sentence does not violate the multiple
punishments prohibition of double jeopardy if the Legislature specifically authorized multiple
punishments. People v Miller, 498 Mich 13, 18; 869 NW2d 204 (2015). This case involves
the home invasion statute, including MCL 750.110a(9), which provides that “[i]mposition of a
penalty under this section does not bar imposition of a penalty under any other applicable law.”
Thus, the Legislature clearly intended to permit multiple punishments when both
the home invasion statute and another statute could apply to the same criminal conduct. People v
Conley, 270 Mich App 301, 311-312; 715 NW2d 377 (2006). Because the Legislature explicitly
intended to permit convictions of home invasion and any other crime, such as first-degree murder,
defendant’s convictions did not violate his constitutional protection against double jeopardy.12

11
   On appeal, defendant relies on the decision in People v Wilder, 411 Mich 348; 308 NW2d 112
(1981), for the proposition that one cannot be sentenced for both felony murder and the underlying
predicate felony. However, our Supreme Court specifically overruled Wilder in Ream. See Ream,
481 Mich at 241. Therefore, the trial court did not plainly err when it sentenced defendant for both
felony murder and the underlying predicate felony of first-degree home invasion. See Carines,
460 Mich at 763.
12
   Even if the Legislature had not so clearly stated that multiple punishments were permitted, the
outcome would not change as the proper test for determining whether two offenses constitute the
same offense for purposes of double jeopardy is the same-elements test. Miller, 498 Mich at 18,
citing Ream, 481 Mich at 238. That test examines the abstract legal elements of the offenses at
issue. Ream, 481 Mich at 239. If one offense requires proof of a fact that the other does not, they
are not the same offenses and the defendant may properly be convicted of both offenses. Id. at 227-
228. “This means that, under the Ream test, two offenses will only be considered the ‘same
offense’ where it is impossible to commit the greater offense without also committing the lesser
offense.” Miller, 498 Mich at 19.
       A defendant commits felony murder when he commits murder during the perpetration or
attempt to perpetrate certain enumerated offenses, which includes first-degree home invasion. See

                                                 -19-
                                       VII. CONCLUSION

       Defendant has not identified any errors that warrant a new trial. Accordingly, we affirm
his convictions. But we remand this case to the trial court for the ministerial task of modifying the
judgment of sentence to reflect that defendant was convicted of one count of first-degree murder
supported by two theories.

       Affirmed, but remanded for amendment of the judgment of sentence consistent with this
opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.

                                                              /s/ Karen M. Fort Hood
                                                              /s/ Michael F. Gadola
                                                              /s/ Anica Letica

MCL 750.316(1)(b). Because one can commit felony murder by committing any one of the
enumerated offenses, a person charged with felony murder arising from an armed robbery can
properly be convicted of both felony murder and armed robbery; this is so, because felony murder
contains an element—the commission of an enumerated offense—that is not an element of armed
robbery. See Ream, 481 Mich at 241. Similarly, the elements of first-degree home invasion do
not include that element. See People v Wilder, 485 Mich 35, 42; 780 NW2d 265 (2010) (stating
the elements of first-degree home invasion). Because a person can commit felony murder without
committing first-degree home invasion, they are not the same offenses under the same-elements
test. See Ream, 481 Mich at 241.

                                                -20-