Court Opinion

ID: 4291661
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-07-05 15:52:04.346863+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:38:11.161293
License: Public Domain

J-S28014-18

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    IN THE INTEREST OF: M.A.W., A              :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
    MINOR                                      :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                                               :
    APPEAL OF: J.W., MOTHER                    :
                                               :
                                               :
                                               :
                                               :   No. 1715 MDA 2017

               Appeal from the Order entered October 12, 2017
      In the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County Orphans' Court at
                             No(s): 92 AD 2017,
                          CP-22-DP-0000072-2016

BEFORE: OLSON, J., KUNSELMAN, J., and MUSMANNO, J.

MEMORANDUM BY OLSON, J.:                                  FILED JULY 05, 2018

       J.W. (“Mother”) appeals from the decree and order dated October 10,

2017, and entered October 12, 2017, granting the petition filed by the

Dauphin County Children, Youth and Families (“CYF” or the “Agency”) seeking

to involuntarily terminate her parental rights to her minor, male child, M.A.W.,

Jr., (“Child”) (born in February of 2016) with C.W. (“Father”), pursuant to the

Adoption Act, 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(2), (5), (8), and (b), and to change Child’s

permanency goal to adoption, pursuant to the Juvenile Act, 42 Pa.C.S.

§ 6351.1 We affirm.

____________________________________________

1 Father executed a consent to adoption of Child on July 19, 2016. On October
12, 2017, the trial court entered a decree voluntarily terminating his parental
rights to Child and changing Child’s permanency goal to adoption. Father is
not a party to the instant appeal nor has he filed a brief in this appeal.
Likewise, he has not filed an appeal in this matter.
J-S28014-18

      On July 26, 2017, the Agency filed a petition to involuntarily terminate

Mother’s parental rights to Child and to change Child’s permanency goal to

adoption, and a petition for the voluntary termination of Father’s parental

rights and to confirm his consent. On July 28, 2017, the trial court scheduled

the hearing on the petitions to occur on October 10, 2017.

      On October 5, 2017, Attorney Joy Waters Fleming, Child’s legal counsel

and guardian ad litem (“GAL”) from the dependency proceedings, filed a

motion for her to serve as Child’s legal counsel and GAL for purposes of the

involuntary termination/goal change proceedings.       In the motion, Attorney

Waters Fleming averred that, after assessment and review of the matter, she

did not believe that a conflict of interest existed by her representation of Child

as both his legal counsel and his GAL in the termination and goal change

proceedings.    In fact, Attorney Waters Fleming averred that Child’s best

interests would be served through her representation of Child’s legal interests

as his legal counsel, and his best interests as his GAL.        Attorney Waters

Fleming stated that the Agency’s counsel, Attorney Owen Hoover, had no

opposition to her motion, and that Mother’s counsel, Attorney Damian

DeStefano, had not responded with any position. Prior to the commencement

of the hearing on October 10, 2017, the trial court granted Attorney Waters

Fleming’s motion.

      In In re Adoption of L.B.M., 161 A.3d 172 (Pa. 2017) (plurality)

(initially filed on March 28, 2017), our Supreme Court held that section

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2313(a) requires that counsel be appointed to represent the legal interests of

any child involved in a contested involuntary termination proceeding.       The

Court defined a child’s legal interest as synonymous with his or her preferred

outcome. The L.B.M. Court did not overrule this Court’s holding in In re K.M.,

53 A.3d 781 (Pa. Super. 2012), that a GAL who is an attorney may act as

counsel pursuant to section 2313(a) as long as the dual roles do not create a

conflict between the child’s best interest and legal interest.

        In the instant case, in the October 10, 2017 order, the trial court

appointed Attorney Waters Fleming to represent Child as his GAL and legal

counsel. Our review of the record, discussed infra, reveals there is no conflict

between Child’s legal and best interests.2 Therefore, we do not remand this

matter. Cf. In re T.M.L.M., 2018 PA Super 87 (filed April 13, 2018) (remand

for further proceedings when six-year-old child’s preference was equivocal and

attorney serving as guardian ad litem neglected to interview the child to

determine whether legal and best interests were in conflict).

        At the hearing, the Agency presented the testimony of Rebecca Moore,

a previous caseworker for the Agency; Pamela Haddad, the executive director

of Samara, a program designed to interrupt generational child abuse and

neglect; Rebecca Tweet, a supervisor for the Agency; and psychologist

Howard Rosen, Ph.D., who had evaluated Mother. Mother testified on her own

____________________________________________

2   Child is currently two years of age.

                                           -3-
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behalf. Attorney Heather Paterno appeared, with the trial court’s permission,

in place of Attorney Waters Fleming as the legal counsel and GAL for Child.

She cross-examined Ms. Haddad, Ms. Tweet, Mr. Rosen, and Mother. Attorney

Hoover re-called Ms. Moore on direct testimony. Attorney DeStefano cross-

examined Ms. Moore, as well as Ms. Haddad, Ms. Tweet, and Dr. Rosen.

      Based on the testimonial and documentary evidence, the trial court set

forth the factual background and procedural history of this appeal, and made

findings, as follows:

      M.A.W., Mother’s sixth child, was first placed in the temporary
      care of the Agency on March 7, 2016[,] following a referral
      concerning M.A.W.’s presentation at the emergency room with
      respiratory ailments and aspiration during feedings. (N.T. p. 39;
      Petition for Goal Change to Adoption and Involuntary Termination
      of Parental Rights, para. G) (“Petition”). Mother has four other
      living children. (N.T. pp. 37-38). Mother’s fifth child, born with
      multiple medical complications including gastroesophageal reflux
      disease and sleep apnea, died unexpectedly while in Mother’s
      care. (Petition, para. G). Mother voluntarily relinquished rights
      to two children. (N.T. 38). Mother’s rights were terminated as to
      two other children. Id. All four children have been adopted. Id.

      On March 30, 2016, a Dauphin County Juvenile Court Hearing
      Examiner conducted an Adjudication and Disposition hearing at
      which the Agency sought a finding of Aggravated Circumstances
      based upon the prior involuntary termination of parental rights as
      to two children. (N.T. p. 40). By Order filed March 30, 2016, the
      [trial court] granted the request for a finding of Aggravated
      Circumstances. []Id.[]. Although the [trial court] ordered the
      finding of Aggravated Circumstances, the Agency established
      Service Objectives and continued to monitor Mother’s progress on
      those [o]bjectives. Following the July 23, 2016 Permanency
      Review hearing, the [trial court] ordered the Agency relieved of
      providing further reasonable efforts to reunify Mother with M.A.W.

      The Service Objectives and Mother’s achievement of those
      objectives are as follows:

                                    -4-
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     1. Cooperate and comply with Service Objectives.

           Mother returned phone calls from the Agency. (N.T. pp. 75-
     76). Mother missed 13 of 20 medical appointments which related
     to crucial health concerns of M.A.W. (N.T. pp. 76-77).

     2. Attend all court hearings, Agency meetings and treatment plan
     meetings.

          Mother complied with this objective. (N.T. p. 77).

     3. Sign all releases of information requested by the Agency to
     ensure compliance with the service objective of obtaining mental
     health counseling.

           Mother provided releases as to two providers. However, the
     Agency was unaware that Mother received mental health
     treatment from a third provider, Pressley Ridge. (N.T. p. 78).

     4. Notify the Agency of any change in residence or contact
     information.

           Mother has not changed       her   residence   or   contact
     information. (N.T. p. 79).

     5. Reimburse Dauphin County for support related to M.A.W.’s
     placement.

           Mother has been relieved of this service objective because
     she is unemployed. (N.T. 79). Mother relies solely upon public
     assistance. (N.T. pp. 79-80).

     6. Obtain and maintain stable and clean housing suitable for
     M.A.W.

           Mother resides in public housing. Agency caseworker Ms.
     Tweet visited the residence in June 2017. She knocked on the
     door and could hear movement inside, but no one answered the
     door. (N.T. p. 80).

     7. Participate in all medical appointments for M.A.W., [and]
     demonstrate an understanding of his medical needs and an ability
     to provide for M.A.W.’s basic and specialized care needs.

                                  -5-
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           Mother has missed a majority of M.A.W.’s medical
     appointments. Mother is unable to demonstrate the ability to
     recognize signs of M.A.W.’s medical issues relating to his eyes and
     gastrointestinal function. (N.T. pp. 70-71; p. 82).

     8. Maintain regular contact with M.A.W.

           Mother attended supervised visits at Samara. (N.T. 82).

     9. Maintain communication with the Agency caseworker and foster
     parents in order to assist in planning to meet the needs of M.A.W.

           Mother failed to maintain communication with foster parents
     regarding medical decisions and M.A.W.’s overall well-being.
     (N.T. 83). Mother failed to make notes of M.A.W.’s feedings to
     enable the foster parents to track his dietary needs and
     gastrointestinal concerns. (N.T. 84).

     10. Participate in weekly visits with M.A.W. and demonstrate,
     under supervision, that Mother can appropriately care for M.A.W.’s
     special needs.

            Mother participated in intensive parenting programs,
     children’s programs and a therapeutic visitation program at
     Samara. (N.T. pp. 11-12). Mother first participated in an
     intensive parenting program in August 2013 related to another of
     her children, [sic] who has been adopted. (N.T. p. 13). Mother
     returned to Samara on May 14, 2016 to participate in therapeutic
     visitation, parenting classes and a parenting support group. (N.T.
     p. 14). Mother completed the parenting education class three
     times. (N.T. pp. 15-16).

           Although Mother participated in the visitation program for
     seventeen months, Mother failed to progress to the final phases
     of pre-home visits and in-home visits. (N.T. pp. 15-18). Pam
     Haddad, director and founder of Samara, testified that Mother is
     extremely strong-willed such that her desire to be right in all
     circumstances renders a young child in her care vulnerable. (N.T.
     p. 18; N.T. pp. 20-21). For example, in one visit, Mother insisted
     that M.A.W. eat, although he did not want to do so. (N.T. p. 21).
     In another, Mother insisted that his car seat straps were not
     properly adjusted, although she was sure they were.[sic] Mother
     having changed the straps to an incorrect position without telling

                                    -6-
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     anyone. (N.T. pp. 56-57). M.A.W. rode to the foster parents’
     home with the straps in an incorrect position.       Mother
     demonstrates an unwillingness to accept information which
     conflicts with her thinking. (N.T. p. 21).

            Although Mother progressed somewhat in her ability to
     maintain M.A.W.’s safety during supervised visits, concerns
     remained about her ability to do so unsupervised. Mother lacks a
     healthy support system. (N.T. pp. 18-19; N.T. p. 33). One of her
     only supports is M.A.W.’s father, [C.W.], who has a history of
     inappropriate sexual contact with children. (N.T. p. 18). On one
     occasion, Samara staff dissuaded Mother from going out of town
     with Father and M.A.W. (N.T. p. 19; N.T. p. 33). Mother continues
     to rely upon Father for transportation. (N.T. p. 19).

            Ms. Haddad concluded that Mother demonstrates an
     inability to make sound judgements [sic] regarding M.A.W.’s
     safety outside a supervised setting. (N.T. 33-34).

     11. Demonstrate adequate knowledge and skills related to age-
     appropriate child development milestones as well as the
     knowledge and hands-on ability to care for M.A.W.’s special needs
     consistently and appropriately.

           Although Mother completed three parenting courses, it
     remains necessary for Mother to have the assistance of a capable
     24-hour caregiver, whom she has been unable to identify. (N.T.
     p. 86; N.T. p. 88).

     12. Participate in an approved parent-child interactive curriculum
     to demonstrate increased knowledge, skill and motivation to
     provide age-appropriate care and supervision specific to the needs
     of M.A.W.

            Although Mother completed the attendance requirement of
     this service objective, she remains unable to demonstrate the
     ability to independently implement effective parenting techniques.
     (N.T. p. 87).      During some visits, Mother was unable to
     independently sooth [sic] M.A.W. without becoming frustrated.
     (N.T. p. 92).

     13. If Mother resumes a relationship with Father, she will
     participate in a parenting treatment program[,] which enables her
     to identify any potential concern for sexual misconduct and

                                   -7-
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     domestic violence in order to safeguard M.A.W. while he is in her
     care.

            Mother remains in contact with Father. Mother has not
     participated in this treatment program. (N.T. pp. 87-88).

     14. Follow-up with the recommendations based upon the
     psychological evaluation of Lawrence [sic] Rosen, Ph.D.

           Dr. Rosen administered a comprehensive evaluation of
     Mother which included an intelligence test administered in 2013,
     the Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory, and the Minnesota
     Multiphasic Personality Inventory. (N.T. p. 102).

           Mother’s intelligence test score of 72 reflects that[,]
     although persons in this range of intellectual function can typically
     maintain marginal employment to enable them to have a home
     and a car, the demands of social, economic or childcare stresses
     create a significant challenge. (N.T. p. 103).

            The results of the personality inventory, specifically, the
     deception scales, reflected an extreme score of 87, significantly
     above the average score. (N.T. p. 104). Dr. Rosen opined that
     this result indicated Mother’s effort to present an “almost saintly”
     picture of herself. (N.T. pp. 104-105). Dr. Rosen deemed the
     score significant to Mother’s ability to care for a young child in that
     such scores correlate with personality traits of hostility, anger and
     resentment. (N.T. p. 105).

            Dr. Rosen concluded that Mother tends to pity herself,
     blame others and act impulsively or recklessly for her own
     gratification. (N.T. pp. 105-106). Mother has difficulty showing
     warmth and tends to resent authority figures who place demands
     upon her. (N.T. 106).

           Testing also reflected that Mother suffers from depression.
     Based upon these personality traits, Dr. Rosen concluded that the
     [M]other’s prognosis for compliance with therapy is poor. (NT.
     pp. 107-108).

          Mother’s scores on the Adult-Adolescent Parenting
     Inventory reflected a moderate risk of child abuse or neglect
     based upon her lack of understanding of child development

                                      -8-
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      expectations, empathy toward children and understanding of
      alternatives to corporal punishment. [(]N.T. p. 109).

            In forming his recommendations, Dr. Rosen considered
      information regarding Mother’s own disruptive childhood,
      psychiatric hospitalizations and history as a victim of sexual
      assault. (N.T. p. 110). Around the time of the evaluation, Mother
      lived with the person who assaulted her[, i.e., her husband,
      Father,] and his girlfriend. (Id.).

            In view of these findings, Dr. Rosen concluded that Mother
      lacks the ability and experience to care for M.A.W. without the
      supervision of a capable person. (Id.) Dr. Rosen opined that
      reuniting Mother with M.A.W. without such [a] person would place
      M.A.W. at a very high risk of harm. (N.T. p. 111).

            Mother has failed to complete outpatient mental health
      counseling to address problems with anger and learn coping and
      decision-making skills. (N.T. p. 73).

             The Agency considered the recommendations of Dr. Rosen
      that Mother identify an appropriate caretaker. (N.T. p. 71).
      Mother has not done so. (N.T. p. 71). Although she has
      attempted to distance herself from him, Mother remains in a
      relationship with Father. (N.T. p. 73). Mother’s lifestyle remains
      unstable in that she has not maintained employment. (N.T. p.
      72). Mother remains unable to understand cues as to M.A.W.’s
      needs, a significant concern in view of M.A.W.’s medical concerns.
      (N.T. p. 74).

             Agency caseworker Rebecca Tweet testified that barriers to
      reunification remain: Mother’s insistence upon maintaining a
      position even when detrimental to M.A.W.’s medical needs. (N.T.
      p. 70).

              Ms. Tweet testified to her conclusion that the change of the
      permanency goal to adoption best serves M.A.W.’s best interest.
      (N.T. p. 90). Mother has been unable to demonstrate the ability
      to anticipate M.A.W.’s needs, provide protection and meet
      parenting challenges. (N.T. p. 99). Overall, Mother has made
      little progress since M.A.W. came into the Agency’s care in March
      2016. (N.T. p. 98).

Trial Court Opinion, 1/19/18, at 1-8 (emphasis in original).

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      On October 12, 2017, the trial court entered the decree and order

granting the petition to involuntarily terminate Mother’s parental rights to

Child pursuant to the Adoption Act, 23 Pa.C.S. § 2511(a)(2), (5), (8), and (b),

and changing Child’s permanency goal to adoption pursuant to the Juvenile

Act, 42 Pa.C.S. § 6351.      Moreover, in its decree and order, the trial court

found that the Agency had provided reasonable efforts to finalize the

permanency plan in effect.

      On November 6, 2017, Mother timely filed a notice of appeal, along with

a concise statement of errors complained of on appeal, from the decree and

order. In her brief on appeal, Mother raises the following issues:

      1. Whether the trial court abused its discretion in changing the
      goal to adoption?

      2. Whether the trial court committed reversible error by
      terminating [Mother’s] parental rights?

Mother’s Brief, at 7.

      In reviewing an appeal from an order terminating parental rights, we

adhere to the following standard:

      [A]ppellate courts must apply an abuse of discretion standard
      when considering a trial court’s determination of a petition for
      termination of parental rights. As in dependency cases, our
      standard of review requires an appellate court to accept the
      findings of fact and credibility determinations of the trial court if
      they are supported by the record. In re: R.J.T., 9 A.3d 1179,
      1190 (Pa. 2010). If the factual findings are supported, appellate
      courts review to determine if the trial court made an error of law
      or abused its discretion. Id.; R.I.S., 36 A.3d 567, 572 (Pa. 2011)
      (plurality opinion)]. As has been often stated, an abuse of
      discretion does not result merely because the reviewing court
      might have reached a different conclusion. Id.; see also Samuel

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      Bassett v. Kia Motors America, Inc., 34 A.3d 1, 51 (Pa. 2011);
      Christianson v. Ely, 838 A.2d 630, 634 (Pa. 2003). Instead, a
      decision may be reversed for an abuse of discretion only upon
      demonstration     of     manifest unreasonableness,  partiality,
      prejudice, bias, or ill-will. Id.

      As we discussed in R.J.T., there are clear reasons for applying an
      abuse of discretion standard of review in these cases. We
      observed that, unlike trial courts, appellate courts are not
      equipped to make the fact-specific determinations on a cold
      record, where the trial judges are observing the parties during the
      relevant hearing and often presiding over numerous other
      hearings regarding the child and parents. R.J.T., 9 A.3d at 1190.
      Therefore, even where the facts could support an opposite result,
      as is often the case in dependency and termination cases, an
      appellate court must resist the urge to second guess the trial court
      and impose its own credibility determinations and judgment;
      instead we must defer to the trial judges so long as the factual
      findings are supported by the record and the court’s legal
      conclusions are not the result of an error of law or an abuse of
      discretion. In re Adoption of Atencio, 650 A.2d 1064, 1066
      (Pa. 1994).

In re Adoption of S.P., 47 A.3d 817, 826-827 (Pa. 2012) (parallel citations

omitted).

      The burden is upon the petitioner to prove by clear and convincing

evidence that the asserted grounds for seeking the termination of parental

rights are valid.   In re R.N.J., 985 A.2d 273, 276 (Pa. Super. 2009).

      Moreover, we have explained, “[t]he standard of clear and convincing

evidence is defined as testimony that is so “clear, direct, weighty and

convincing as to enable the trier of fact to come to a clear conviction, without

hesitance, of the truth of the precise facts in issue.” Id., quoting In re J.L.C.,

837 A.2d 1247, 1251 (Pa. Super. 2003).

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      This Court may affirm the trial court’s decision regarding the termination

of parental rights with regard to any one subsection of section 2511(a). See

In re B.L.W., 843 A.2d 380, 384 (Pa. Super. 2004) (en banc). Here, we will

focus on section 2511(a)(2) and (b), which provide, in relevant part, as

follows:

      § 2511. Grounds for involuntary termination

      (a) General rule.--The rights of a parent in regard to a child may
      be terminated after a petition filed on any of the following
      grounds:

                                      ***

           (2) The repeated and continued incapacity, abuse, neglect
           or refusal of the parent has caused the child to be without
           essential parental care, control or subsistence necessary
           for his physical or mental well-being and the conditions and
           causes of the incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal cannot
           or will not be remedied by the parent.

                                      ***

      (b) Other considerations.--The court in terminating the rights
      of a parent shall give primary consideration to the developmental,
      physical and emotional needs and welfare of the child. The rights
      of a parent shall not be terminated solely on the basis of
      environmental factors such as inadequate housing, furnishings,
      income, clothing and medical care if found to be beyond the
      control of the parent. With respect to any petition filed pursuant
      to subsection (a)(1), (6) or (8), the court shall not consider any
      efforts by the parent to remedy the conditions described therein
      which are first initiated subsequent to the giving of notice of the
      filing of the petition.

23 Pa.C.S. § 2511.

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      Although the trial court focused its discussion on section 2511(a)(8) and

(b), we will discuss only section 2511(a)(2) and (b). Our Supreme Court set

forth our inquiry under section 2511(a)(2) as follows.

          As stated above, § 2511(a)(2) provides statutory grounds
         for termination of parental rights where it is demonstrated
         by clear and convincing evidence that “[t]he repeated and
         continued incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal of the
         parent has caused the child to be without essential parental
         care, control or subsistence necessary for his physical or
         mental well-being and the conditions and causes of the
         incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal cannot or will not be
         remedied by the parent.” . . .

         This Court has addressed incapacity             sufficient   for
         termination under § 2511(a)(2):

         A decision to terminate parental rights, never to be made
         lightly or without a sense of compassion for the parent, can
         seldom be more difficult than when termination is based
         upon parental incapacity. The legislature, however, in
         enacting the 1970 Adoption Act, concluded that a parent
         who is incapable of performing parental duties is just as
         parentally unfit as one who refuses to perform the duties.

         In re Adoption of J.J., 515 A.2d 883, 891 (Pa. 1986)
         (quoting In re: William L., 383 A.2d 1228, 1239 (Pa.
         1978).

In re Adoption of S.P., 47 A.3d at 827 (parallel citations omitted).

      To satisfy the requirements of section 2511(a)(2), the moving party

must produce clear and convincing evidence regarding the following elements:

(1) repeated and continued incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal; (2) such

incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal caused the child to be without essential

parental care, control or subsistence necessary for his physical or mental

well-being; and (3) the causes of the incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal

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cannot or will not be remedied. See In re Adoption of M.E.P., 825 A.2d

1266, 1272 (Pa. Super. 2003). The grounds for termination of parental rights

under section 2511(a)(2), due to parental incapacity that cannot be remedied,

are not limited to affirmative misconduct; to the contrary those grounds may

include acts of refusal as well as incapacity to perform parental duties. In re

A.L.D. 797 A.2d 326, 337 (Pa. Super. 2002).

      This Court has long recognized that a parent is required to make diligent

efforts   towards   the   reasonably    prompt   assumption   of   full   parental

responsibilities. Id. “[A] parent’s vow to cooperate, after a long period of

uncooperativeness regarding the necessity or availability of services, may

properly be rejected as untimely or disingenuous.” Id. at 340.

      The trial court stated as follows:

      We found that the Agency met its burden of proof and that
      termination of Mother’s parental rights was proper.

      The record establishes by clear and convincing evidence that[,]
      for an unreasonable time, Mother failed to remedy the conditions
      which led to placement[,] although services and opportunities to
      do so were made readily available to her.

                                     ***
      In considering whether the party seeking termination has satisfied
      these provisions, the appellate court keeps in mind that a parent
      has an affirmative duty to work towards the return of his or her
      children. In re Adoption of J.J., 515 A.2d 883, 889 (Pa. Super.
      1986). At a minimum, that “affirmative duty requires that the
      parent show a willingness to cooperate with CYS to obtain the
      rehabilitative services necessary to enable the parent to meet the
      duties and obligations inherent in parenthood.”         Id.  In a
      termination proceeding, the trial court must consider all the
      circumstances in determining whether a parent has fulfilled his
      obligations; the court must further measure the parent’s

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     performance in light of what would be expected of any individual
     under similar circumstances. Matter of M.L.W., 452 A.2d 1021,
     1023-24 (Pa. 1982) (citations omitted). . . . The Superior Court
     has explained:

        The statute permitting the termination of parental rights
        outlines certain irreducible minimum requirements of care
        that parents must provide for their children, and a parent
        who cannot or will not meet the requirements within a
        reasonable time following intervention by the state may
        properly be considered unfit and have her parental rights
        terminated.

        There is no simple or easy definition of parental duties.
        Parental duty is best understood in relation to the needs of
        a child. A child needs love, protection, guidance and
        support. These needs, physical and emotional, cannot be
        met by a merely passive interest in the development pf the
        child. Thus, this court has held that the parental obligation
        is a positive duty which requires affirmative performance.

                                   ***

        A parent must utilize all available resources to preserve the
        parental relationship, and must exercise reasonable
        firmness in resisting obstacles placed in the path of
        maintaining the parent-child relationship. Parental rights
        are not preserved by waiting for a more suitable time to
        perform one’s parental responsibilities while others provide
        the child with his or her physical and emotional needs.

     In re K.Z.S., 946 A.2d 753, 759 (Pa. Super. 2008).

     []The record reflects that M.A.W. was removed from Mother’s care
     on March 7, 2016 and has remained in foster care since that time.
     More than 12 months have elapsed since the date of placement.

     Next, the record overwhelmingly establishes that the conditions
     which led to removal continue to exist. Although Mother complied
     with some of the objectives, she has failed to demonstrate the
     ability to independently and safely care for and parent M.A.W. long
     term. Rather, Mother has often opposed and defied those who
     seek to enable her to accomplish those goals. In spite of the
     benefit of supports and services for an extended period of time

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      which predated M.A.W.’s removal, Mother made little, if any[,]
      sustained progress in acquiring skills necessary to properly parent
      M.A.W.

      We emphasize that we reach this conclusion as to termination not
      upon the fact of Mother’s intellectual challenges, but[,] rather,
      Mother’s inability to overcome obstacles to safely parent M.A.W.,
      even with more than twelve months of services.

      In so determining, we gave significant weight to the testimony of
      Dr. Rosen. We were persuaded by Dr. Rosen’s conclusion that
      Mother tend [sic] to pity herself, blame others and act impulsively
      or recklessly. (N.T. pp. 105-106).

      We also considered that Mother’s challenges continued to exist
      even though she has received parenting education since
      approximately 2013. We considered the fact of the termination of
      parental rights to her other children relevant to Mother’s lack of
      ability to achieve independence in parenting, in spite of many
      years of receiving services.

Trial Court Opinion, 1/19/18, at 9-12 (emphasis in original).

      After a careful review of the record, this Court finds that the trial court’s

conclusion that Mother has demonstrated a repeated and continued

incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal that has caused Child to be without

essential parental care, control or subsistence necessary for his physical or

mental well-being, and the conditions and causes of the incapacity, abuse,

neglect or refusal cannot or will not be remedied by Mother, is supported by

competent, clear and convincing evidence. In re Adoption of S.P., 47 A.3d

at 826-827. Thus, we find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s termination

of Mother’s parental rights to Child pursuant to section 2511(a)(2). Id.

      Next, we proceed to review whether there was sufficient evidence to

support the termination of Mother’s parental rights under section 2511(b) and

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the goal change to adoption, as, in its opinion, the trial court discussed the

goal change issue with section 2511(b). This Court has stated that the focus

in terminating parental rights under section 2511(a) is on the parent, but it is

on the child pursuant to section 2511(b). See In re Adoption of C.L.G., 956

A.2d 999, 1008 (Pa. Super. 2008) (en banc). In reviewing the evidence in

support of termination under section 2511(b), our Supreme Court has stated

as follows.

        [I]f the grounds for termination under subsection (a) are met, a
        court “shall give primary consideration to the developmental,
        physical and emotional needs and welfare of the child.” 23
        Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(b). The emotional needs and welfare of the child
        have been properly interpreted to include “[i]ntangibles such as
        love, comfort, security, and stability.” In re K.M., 53 A.3d 781,
        791 (Pa. Super. 2012). In In re E.M., [620 A.2d 481, 485 (Pa.
        1993)], this Court held that the determination of the child’s “needs
        and welfare” requires consideration of the emotional bonds
        between the parent and child. The “utmost attention” should be
        paid to discerning the effect on the child of permanently severing
        the parental bond. In re K.M., 53 A.3d at 791.

In re: T.S.M., 71 A.3d 251, 267 (Pa. 2013) (parallel citations).

        When evaluating a parental bond, “the court is not required to use

expert testimony. Social workers and caseworkers can offer evaluations as

well.    Additionally, section 2511(b) does not require a formal bonding

evaluation.” In re Z.P., 994 A.2d 1108, 1121 (Pa. Super. 2010) (internal

citations omitted). Although it is often wise to have a bonding evaluation and

make it part of the certified record, “[t]here are some instances . . . where

direct observation of the interaction between the parent and the child is not

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necessary and may even be detrimental to the child.” In re K.Z.S., 946 A.2d

753, 762 (Pa. Super. 2008).

       A parent’s abuse and neglect are likewise a relevant part of this

analysis:

      [C]oncluding a child has a beneficial bond with a parent simply
      because the child harbors affection for the parent is not only
      dangerous, it is logically unsound. If a child’s feelings were the
      dispositive factor in the bonding analysis, the analysis would be
      reduced to an exercise in semantics as it is the rare child who,
      after being subject to neglect and abuse, is able to sift through
      the emotional wreckage and completely disavow a parent . . . Nor
      are we of the opinion that the biological connection between [the
      parent] and the children is sufficient in of itself, or when
      considered in connection with a child’s feeling toward a parent, to
      establish a de facto beneficial bond exists. The psychological
      aspect of parenthood is more important in terms of the
      development of the child and [his or her] mental and emotional
      health than the coincidence of biological or natural parenthood.

In re K.K.R.-S., 958 A.2d 529, 535 (Pa. Super. 2008) (internal citations and

quotation marks omitted). Thus, the court may emphasize the safety needs

of the child.   See In re K.Z.S., 946 A.2d at 763 (affirming involuntary

termination of parental rights, despite existence of some bond, where

placement with mother would be contrary to child’s best interests).           “[A]

parent’s basic constitutional right to the custody and rearing of . . . her child

is converted, upon the failure to fulfill . . . her parental duties, to the child’s

right to have proper parenting and fulfillment of [the child’s] potential in a

permanent, healthy, safe environment.” In re B.,N.M., 856 A.2d 847, 856

(Pa. Super. 2004) (internal citations omitted).

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      Our standard of review in a dependency case follows:

      “The standard of review in dependency cases requires an appellate
      court to accept findings of fact and credibility determinations of
      the trial court if they are supported by the record, but does not
      require the appellate court to accept the lower court’s inferences
      or conclusions of law.” In re R.J.T., 9 A.3d 1179, 1190 (Pa.
      2010). We review for abuse of discretion[.]

In Interest of: L.Z., A Minor Child, 111 A.3d 1164, 1174 (Pa. 2015).

      Regarding the disposition of a dependent child, sections 6351(e), (f),

(f.1), and (g) of the Juvenile Act provide the trial court with the criteria for its

permanency plan for the subject child. Pursuant to those subsections of the

Juvenile Act, the trial court is to determine the disposition that is best suited

to the safety, protection and physical, mental and moral welfare of the child.

      When considering a petition for goal change for a dependent child, the

trial court considers:

      the continuing necessity for and appropriateness of the
      placement; the extent of compliance with the service plan
      developed for the child; the extent of progress made towards
      alleviating the circumstances which necessitated the original
      placement; the appropriateness and feasibility of the current
      placement goal for the child; and, a likely date by which the goal
      for the child might be achieved.

In re A.K., 936 A.2d 528, 533 (Pa. Super. 2007), citing 42 Pa.C.S.A.

§ 6351(f).

      Additionally, Section 6351(f.1) requires the trial court to make a

determination regarding the child’s placement goal:

      (f.1)   Additional   determination.—Based    upon     the
      determinations made under subsection (f) and all relevant

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     evidence presented at the hearing, the court shall determine one
     of the following:

                                     ***

         (2) If and when the child will be placed for adoption, and
         the county agency will file for termination of parental rights
         in cases where return to the child’s parent, guardian or
         custodian is not best suited to the safety, protection and
         physical, mental and moral welfare of the child.

42 Pa.C.S. § 6351(f.1).

     On the issue of a placement goal change, this Court has stated:

     When a child is adjudicated dependent, the child’s proper
     placement turns on what is in the child’s best interest, not on what
     the parent wants or which goals the parent has achieved. See In
     re Sweeney, 574 A.2d 690, 691 (Pa. Super. 1990) (noting that
     “[o]nce a child is adjudicated dependent . . . the issues of custody
     and continuation of foster care are determined by the child’s best
     interests”). Moreover, although preserving the unity of the family
     is a purpose of [the Juvenile Act], another purpose is to “provide
     for the care, protection, safety, and wholesome mental and
     physical development of children coming within the provisions of
     this chapter.” 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 6301(b)(1.1). Indeed, “[t]he
     relationship of parent and child is a status and not a property right,
     and one in which the state has an interest to protect the best
     interest of the child.” In re E.F.V., 461 A.2d 1263, 1267 (Pa.
     Super. 1983) (citation omitted).

In re K.C., 903 A.2d 12, 14-15 (Pa. Super. 2006).

     With regard to section 2511(b), the trial court provided the following

discussion:

     Best Interests Analysis

     Having found that the Agency provided the statutory grounds for
     termination of parental rights under 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a), we
     undertake a separate “best interests” analysis. Pursuant to
     Section 2511(b), a court must give [“]primary consideration to the
     [developmental], physical and emotional] needs and welfare of

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     the child.” In re J.E., 745 A.2d 1250, 1254-1255 (Pa. Super.
     2000) (citations omitted.)

                                   ***

     In addition, while “Section 2511(b) does not explicitly require a
     bonding analysis, analysis of the emotional bond, if any, between
     a parent and a child is a factor to be considered in determining
     the developmental, physical and emotional needs and welfare of
     the child under § 2511(b).” In the Matter of K.K.R.-S., K.M.R.,
     K.A.R., 958 A.2d 529, 533 (Pa. Super. 2008). The Superior Court
     has explained,

        Intangibles such as love, comfort, security, and stability
        are involved when inquiring about the needs and welfare
        of the child. The court must also discern the nature and
        status of the parent child bond, paying close attention to
        the effect of permanently severing the bond.

     In re C.P., 901 A.2d 516, 520 (Pa. Super. 2006).

     Dr. Rosen testified that removal of M.A.W. from the family he has
     known since birth would cause significant disruption in his life.
     (N.T. p. 111). M.A.W.’s needs have been and are being met in
     the foster home. Since his birth, M.A.W.’s foster parents have
     attended all of his medical appointments and demonstrated
     knowledge of his medical and developmental needs. (N.T. p. 91).
     Ms. Tweet described their knowledge of his medical needs as
     “amazing.” Id.

     We do not doubt that Mother loves M.A.W. However, we see no
     evidence of a bond with Mother which, if broken, would cause
     detriment to M.A.W.         To the contrary, continued lack of
     permanency with the potential of removal from a capable and
     loving home would be contrary to M.A.W.’s interests. In deciding
     the issue of the best interest of a child, we have noted that it is
     essential to allow a child “a chance to have his fundamental needs
     met without the constant insecurity that comes with knowing that
     someday, perhaps in the unreasonably distant future, he might
     again be wrenched away from his committed and capable
     caregiver.” In re N.C., 763 A.2d 913, 919 (Pa. Super. 2000).

     For all these reasons, the Decree of Goal Change to Adoption and
     Involuntary Termination of Parental Rights should be affirmed.

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Trial Court Opinion, 1/19/1, at 12-14 (emphasis in original).

      Here, the trial court considered section 2511(b). It determined that,

based on the competent evidence in the record, the termination of Mother’s

parental rights would serve Child’s best interests and there is no bond between

Child and Mother that, if broken, would cause detriment to Child.       In re:

T.S.M., 71 A.3d at 267. The court also found, based on competent evidence

in the record, that a change of permanency goal for Child to adoption was best

suited to the safety, protection and physical, mental and moral welfare of the

child. See 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 6351.

      Accordingly, we find no abuse of the trial court’s discretion in

terminating Mother’s parental rights to Child and changing Child’s permanency

goal to adoption.   We, therefore, affirm the decree and order.

      Decree and order affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 07/05/2018

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