Court Opinion

ID: 7803154
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-08-24 16:00:26.1811+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:29:35.385368
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                          ___________________________

                                No. 21-3067
                          _______________________

                          James C. Cleek; Carol Cleek

                                   Plaintiffs - Appellants

                                       v.

                      Ameristar Casino Kansas City, LLC

                                   Defendant - Appellee
                                ____________

                    Appeal from United States District Court
               for the Western District of Missouri - Kansas City
                                ____________

                           Submitted: June 15, 2022
                            Filed: August 24, 2022
                                ____________

Before LOKEN and KELLY, Circuit Judges, and MENENDEZ,1 District Judge.
                            ____________

MENENDEZ, District Judge.

      1
       The Honorable Katherine M. Menendez, United States District Judge for the
District of Minnesota, sitting by designation.
        James and Carol Cleek appeal the district court’s 2 denial of their motion to
remand and adverse grant of summary judgment in this diversity action arising out
of a slip-and-fall on Ameristar Casino Kansas City, LLC’s property. For the reasons
that follow, we affirm.

                                   I. Background

       Ameristar owns and operates a casino in Clay County, Missouri. James Cleek
had visited the casino on several occasions over many years and patronized it again
on February 26, 2019. He arrived at the casino that evening, ate dinner, and then
briefly left the premises. He returned a short time later, parked his car, and reentered
the casino.

       Earlier that evening, a winter weather advisory had been issued for the Kansas
City area, including Clay County, lasting overnight and into the next morning. When
Mr. Cleek returned to the casino, the storm had not yet begun but he noticed salt in
the parking lot and on uncovered driveways. After he reentered the building, freezing
rain began to fall, causing icy conditions throughout the greater Kansas City area,
including at Ameristar’s property. Mr. Cleek left the casino again shortly before
midnight. On an exterior walkway near the casino entrance, Mr. Cleek slipped on a
patch of ice, fell, and was injured. Ameristar had neither treated the walkway where
Mr. Cleek fell with salt or ice melt, nor otherwise removed the ice.

      The Cleeks filed suit against Ameristar in state court, alleging that its
negligence caused Mr. Cleek’s injuries. Ameristar removed the case to federal court
invoking diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a) because the amount in
controversy exceeded $75,000 and the parties were citizens of different states.

       The Cleeks moved to remand the case to state court. They argued that the
parties were not completely diverse because Ameristar, a limited liability company,

      2
      The Honorable David Gregory Kays, United States District Judge for the
Western District of Missouri.

                                          -2-
was organized under Missouri law, and therefore, was a citizen of Missouri. Because
the Cleeks are Missouri citizens, they claimed the court lacked jurisdiction over the
dispute. The district court denied the motion, finding that complete diversity existed
because Ameristar is a citizen of the State of Nevada. The district court applied
GMAC Comm. Credit LLC v. Dillard Dept. Stores, Inc., 357 F.3d 827, 829 (8th Cir.
2004), which held that courts look to the citizenship of each member of an LLC to
determine its citizenship for purposes of diversity jurisdiction. The district court
found that Ameristar’s sole member, Boyd TCIV, LLC (“Boyd”), was itself a limited
liability company. As a result, the district court considered the citizenship of Boyd’s
members and found its sole member is Boyd Gaming Corporation (“BGC”). The
court found that BGC is incorporated in Nevada and has its principal place of
business in Nevada, making it a Nevada citizen for purposes of diversity jurisdiction.
In turn, the court concluded that BGC’s Nevada citizenship passed through to Boyd,
and ultimately, to Ameristar.

       Following discovery, Ameristar filed a motion for summary judgment.
Ameristar argued that Missouri courts have adopted the so-called “Massachusetts
Rule” of premises liability. Ameristar conceded that it had done nothing to treat the
accumulation of ice on the walkway where Mr. Cleek fell, but because the storm
affected the greater Kansas City area, it argued that it owed no duty to remove the
ice under the Massachusetts Rule. The Cleeks opposed Ameristar’s motion, arguing
that the record supported application of one or more exceptions to the Massachusetts
Rule. The district court concluded that the undisputed material facts established that
Ameristar owed no duty under the Massachusetts Rule, that the Cleeks failed to
establish that any exception was applicable, and that Ameristar was entitled to
judgment as a matter of law.

                                      II. Analysis

      On appeal, the Cleeks argue that the district court’s judgment must be reversed
for two reasons. First, they argue that the district court erred in concluding that it had
subject-matter jurisdiction because Ameristar and the Cleeks are both citizens of

                                           -3-
Missouri. Second, they argue that the district court erred in concluding that
Ameristar owed no duty to remove or treat the ice that accumulated on the walkway
where Mr. Cleek fell because a reasonable jury could conclude that Ameristar had
assumed such a duty through its course of conduct or through an implied contract
with Mr. Cleek. We find no error in either decision of the district court.

                                   A. Jurisdiction

       Because the Cleeks’ challenge to the denial of their motion to remand
concerns the district court’s subject matter-jurisdiction, we address it first. We
review whether diversity jurisdiction exists de novo. Mensah v. Owners Ins. Co.,
951 F.3d 941, 943 (8th Cir. 2020) (discussing de novo review of diversity
jurisdiction); Junk v. Terminix Intern. Co., 628 F.3d 439, 444 (8th Cir. 2010) (same
for reviewing denial of a motion to remand). Removal of a case to federal court is
proper where the district court has original jurisdiction over the action. Mensah, 951
F.3d at 943 (citing 28 U.S.C. § 1441(a)). District courts have original jurisdiction
over cases where the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000 3 and the dispute is
between citizens of different states. 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a).

       Generally, “[c]omplete diversity” is required, meaning that federal courts lack
diversity jurisdiction if any plaintiff is a citizen of the same state as any defendant.
Halsey v. Townsend Corp. of Ind., 20 F.4th 1222, 1226 (8th Cir. 2021); see also Lee
v. Airgas Mid-South, Inc., 793 F.3d 894, 899 (8th Cir. 2015) (“For almost two
centuries the diversity statute has been interpreted to require complete diversity of
citizenship.”) (cleaned up). Here, the parties agree that the Cleeks are Missouri
citizens for jurisdictional purposes, but they dispute whether Ameristar, an LLC, is
also a citizen of Missouri.

      In GMAC, we held that “an LLC’s citizenship is that of its members for
diversity jurisdiction purposes.” 357 F.3d at 829. Since GMAC, we have consistently

      3
       There is no dispute before the Court concerning the amount-in-controversy
requirement.

                                          -4-
applied that now-settled rule. Jet Midwest Int’l Co., Ltd v. Jet Midwest Grp., LLC,
932 F.3d 1102, 1104 (8th Cir. 2019); Lee, 793 F.3d at 897; E3 Biofuels, LLC v.
Biothane, LLC, 781 F.3d 972, 975 (8th Cir. 2015); Buffets, Inc. v. Leischow, 732
F.3d 889, 897 n.6 (8th Cir. 2013); OnePoint Solutions, LLC v. Borchert, 486 F.3d
342, 346 (8th Cir. 2007); Angelo Iafrate Const., LLC v. Potashnick Const., Inc., 370
F.3d 715, 719 (8th Cir. 2004).

       Undeterred by this line of authority, the Cleeks argue that the district court
erred in concluding that Ameristar was a citizen of Nevada. We disagree. Ameristar
showed that its only member is Boyd, which is itself an LLC. Boyd’s only member
is BGC, a corporation organized under Nevada law, with its principal place of
business in Nevada. Consequently, BGC is a citizen of Nevada, 28 U.S.C.
§ 1332(c)(1). Because BGC is Boyd’s only member, Boyd is a Nevada citizen, and
because Boyd is Ameristar’s only member, Ameristar is a citizen of Nevada as well.
The district court applied this analysis and correctly concluded that the suit was
between citizens of different states.

       The Cleeks’ arguments to the contrary are unavailing. The fact that Ameristar
was originally established as a Missouri corporation and did not convert into an LLC
until 2016 is irrelevant. In a case removed from state court, diversity of citizenship
is determined at the time the suit is filed and upon its removal. Chavez-Lavagnino v.
Motivation Educ. Training, Inc., 714 F.3d 1055, 1056 (8th Cir. 2013) (“For a party
to remove a case to federal court based on diversity jurisdiction, the parties must be
diverse both when the plaintiff initiates the action in state court and when the
defendant files the notice of removal in federal court.”). The Cleeks point to nothing
in the record to suggest that Ameristar was a citizen of a State other than Nevada at
any stage of this litigation.

       Similarly unavailing is the Cleeks’ reliance on documentation memorializing
Ameristar’s conversion to an LLC, which indicates that Missouri is the “jurisdiction”
of Ameristar’s formation. The State of an LLC’s organization does not determine its
citizenship; only the citizenship of the LLC’s members is determinative. OnePoint

                                         -5-
Solutions, 486 F.3d at 347 n.4 (explaining that an LLC organized in Minnesota was
not a citizen of Minnesota unless one of its members was a citizen of that State
(citing Belleville Catering Co. v. Champaign Market Place, L.L.C., 350 F.3d 691,
692 (7th Cir. 2003))).

       Finally, the Cleeks argue that the district court’s denial of their motion to
remand unconstitutionally expanded the scope of diversity jurisdiction, allowing the
court to hear a case between citizens of the same State. But this contention rests
entirely upon the flawed premise that Ameristar is a Missouri citizen for
jurisdictional purposes. Because this case falls within the original jurisdiction of the
federal courts as established by Congress in 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a), the district court
correctly denied the Cleeks’ motion to remand.

                                       B. Merits

      We turn next to the Cleeks’ challenge to the summary judgment ruling. “We
review de novo a district court’s grant of summary judgment.” Avenoso v. Reliance
Standard Life Ins. Co., 19 F.4th 1020, 1024 (8th Cir. 2021) (quoting Riedl v. Gen.
Am. Life Ins., 248 F.3d 753, 756 (8th Cir. 2001)). Ameristar is entitled to summary
judgment on the Cleeks’ negligence claim if it “shows that there is no genuine
dispute as to any material fact” and that it “is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). We view the facts in the light most favorable to the
Cleeks and give them the benefit of all reasonable inferences from the evidence when
determining whether any genuine issue of material fact exists. Grinnell Mutual
Reinsurance Co. v. Dingmann Brothers Constr. of Richmond, Inc., 34 F.4th 649, 652
(8th Cir. 2022).

       The parties agree that Missouri law applies to this diversity suit. Id. To prevail
on their negligence claim under Missouri law, the Cleeks must prove that
(1) Ameristar owed them a duty of care, (2) Ameristar breached that duty, and
(3) the Cleeks suffered an injury proximately caused by Ameristar’s breach. Pippin

                                          -6-
v. Hill-Rom Co., 615 F.3d 886, 889 (8th Cir. 2010) (citing Lopez v. Three Rivers
Elec. Coop., 26 S.W.3d 151, 155 (Mo. 2000) (en banc)).

       Here the district court granted Ameristar’s motion for summary judgment
when it found that Ameristar owed the Cleeks no duty of care. “The existence of a
duty is a question of law for the court based on the court’s determination whether
the facts pleaded or proven show ‘the existence of a relationship between the plaintiff
and defendant that the law recognizes as the basis of a duty of care.’” O’Donnell v.
PNK (River City), LLC, 619 S.W.3d 162, 167 (Mo. Ct. App. 2021) (quoting Bunker
v. Association of Missouri Elec. Cooperatives, 839 S.W.2d 608, 611 (Mo. Ct. App.
1992)). A Missouri premises owner may be found liable to an invitee who is injured
as a result of the owner’s failure to use ordinary care in removing or warning of a
dangerous condition, 4 but Missouri recognizes an exception to that general rule
known as the “Massachusetts Rule.” Id.

       Under the Massachusetts Rule, an owner has “no duty to remove snow or ice
that accumulates naturally and is a condition general to the community.” Id. (citing
Richey v. DP Props., LP, 252 S.W.3d 249, 251–52 (Mo. Ct. App. 2008); Willis v.
Springfield Gen. Osteopathic Hosp., 804 S.W.2d 416, 419 (Mo. Ct. App. 1991)).
Missouri courts adopted this rule, reasoning that “where the condition is one general
to the community it creates a natural hazard to everyone who ventures out,” and “any
effort of the landlord would in fact only diminish the natural hazard to a very
negligible degree.” Willis, 804 S.W.2d at 419 (quoting Woodley v. Bush, 272 S.W.2d
833, 835 (Mo. Ct. App. 1954)). However, Missouri courts recognize exceptions to
the Massachusetts Rule, finding that a duty of care exists “in cases where the
property owner voluntarily assumed the duty to remove snow or ice either by
agreement or through a course of conduct over a period of time.” O’Donnell, 619
S.W.3d at 167.

      4
         The O’Donnell court cites Steward v. Baywood Villages Condominium Ass’n,
134 S.W.3d 679, 682 (Mo. Ct. App. 2004), in describing the general “premise
liability principles” under Missouri law. O’Donnell, 619 S.W.3d at 167 n.5.

                                         -7-
       Based on our review of the record, we find that the district court properly
applied the Massachusetts Rule and granted Ameristar’s motion for summary
judgment. There is no dispute that the patch of ice on which Mr. Cleek slipped and
fell had accumulated naturally on the walkway outside the casino’s entrance. There
was no dispute that the accumulation was attributable to weather conditions general
to the community. The Cleeks point to no evidence, for example, that the ice on the
walkway was an isolated condition unique to Ameristar’s property, rather than the
result of weather affecting the entire Kansas City area. See Alexander, 786 S.W.2d
at 601 (“Whether the snow and ice condition existing on a parking lot was a
condition general to a geographical area or an isolated condition has been a fact
question for jury determination in some cases.” (citing Turcol v. Shoney’s
Enterprises, Inc., 640 S.W.2d 503, 508 (Mo. Ct. App. 1982))). Applying the
Massachusetts Rule to these circumstances, Ameristar owed no legal duty to remove
or treat the ice. O’Donnell, 619 S.W.3d at 164; Medlock v. St. John’s Health Sys.,
Inc., 426 S.W.3d 35, 37 (Mo. Ct. App. 2014); Richey, 252 S.W.3d at 250.

      The Cleeks raise three arguments to suggest that this case falls within one of
the exceptions to the Massachusetts Rule, but none of these arguments carries the
day.

                      Location of Accident and Remediation

       First, the Cleeks contend that the course-of-conduct exception applies because
Mr. Cleek saw salt in the parking lot and driveway areas when he returned to the
casino not long before the storm began. According to the Cleeks, by altering a
portion of the premises, Ameristar assumed a duty to reasonably protect its patrons
from the icy conditions anywhere on the property. However, Mr. Cleek did not fall
in a driveway or parking lot, and there was no dispute that Ameristar had not taken
any steps to remove or treat the ice that had accumulated on the walkway where he
slipped and fell. Missouri courts limit application of the course-of-conduct exception
to situations where the owner has altered the condition of snow or ice in the same
area where the plaintiff’s accident occurs. E.g., Ellis v. Jurea Apartments, Inc., 875

                                         -8-
S.W.2d 203, 207–09 (Mo. Ct. App. 1994) (finding the course-of-conduct exception
inapplicable where an area outside of the property manager’s office was treated, but
there was no evidence that the owner altered the ice or snow in the area where the
plaintiff fell); cf. Alexander v. American Lodging, Inc., 786 S.W.2d 599, 602 (Mo.
Ct. App. 1990) (applying the exception where, the day before the plaintiff’s fall, the
owner cleared snow and spread salt and gravel in the location of the accident). Even
if Ameristar placed salt in a driveway or parking lot on its property, it did not assume
a duty with respect to the separate walkway.

       The Cleeks argue otherwise, citing Otterman v. Harold’s Supermarkets, Inc.,
65 S.W.3d 553 (Mo. Ct. App. 2001), but that reliance is misplaced. In Otterman, the
evidence showed that the defendant “alter[ed] the icy and snowy conditions in an
adjacent area to the ramp where Otterman fell,” with the “adjacent area” being the
convenience store’s parking lot. Id. at 556. Here, the Cleeks point to no evidence
suggesting the walkway where Mr. Cleek fell and the areas where Ameristar had
allegedly spread salt were connected in a manner similar to the ramp and parking lot
in Otterman. Id. at 554 (“Although no diagrams or photographs accompanied the
legal file, the only entry to the store itself is to go up a ramp (paved driveway) to a
parking lot level adjacent to the store’s front door.”). Because Ameristar took no
steps to remove or treat the ice that accumulated where Mr. Cleek fell, the district
court properly found that Ameristar assumed no duty of care.

                                  Previous Conduct

      The Cleeks raise a second challenge to the district court’s rejection of the
course-of-conduct exception. They contend that there was evidence Ameristar had
removed snow and ice on previous occasions and point to the Missouri courts’
characterization of the exception as one involving a course of conduct over a period
of time. The Cleeks argue that the district court misapplied Missouri law by focusing
narrowly on the time between the accumulation of ice and the injury, rather than on
Ameristar’s past conduct. This argument is unavailing.

                                          -9-
       Although Missouri courts have recognized an exception “where one obligates
himself . . . by . . . a course of conduct over a period of time to remove the snow and
ice,” they have only found that property owners have assumed a duty of care where
the landowner takes some action to alter the condition of the snow or ice between
the time it falls and the plaintiff’s injury. Richey, 252 S.W.3d at 252 (distinguishing
Alexander, 786 S.W.2d at 599, based on the landlord’s actions taken after the snow
or ice had fallen, but before the plaintiff’s injuries occurred). The focus of the course-
of-conduct exception is on the landlord’s previous conduct related to the same
weather incident — the same snow or ice — and not on actions taken during previous
storms. “[N]o Missouri case has found the course-of-conduct exception to the
Massachusetts Rule in the absence of actual alteration of the snow or ice on the part
of the defendant.” O’Donnell, 619 S.W.3d at 168. The district court’s analysis in this
respect was not erroneous.

                                  Implied Agreement

       Finally, invoking another exception to the Massachusetts Rule, the Cleeks
argue that Ameristar assumed a duty to remove or treat the ice on the walkway by
agreement. In support of this argument, they point to Mr. Cleek’s testimony that he
had patronized the casino regularly over sixteen years, Ameristar had timely and
thoroughly treated ice accumulations when they occurred, and he relied on that
practice in his continued decisions to visit the property. We find this argument
unconvincing. The Cleeks point to no evidence that Ameristar and Mr. Cleek
reached a meeting of the minds whereby Ameristar agreed to continue its alleged
practice of prompt snow and ice removal in exchange for his agreement to continue

                                          -10-
visiting the casino. 5 The Cleeks point to no Missouri case where a property owner
has been found to have assumed a duty by agreement under similar circumstances.
In essence, the Cleeks’ implied-agreement theory is an attempt to hold Ameristar
liable based on the alleged existence of a company snow-and-ice-removal policy,
but Missouri courts do not recognize such an exception to the Massachusetts Rule.
O’Donnell, 619 S.W.3d at 168 (“The existence of a snow removal policy alone does
not create a duty to remove snow or ice.” (quoting Medlock, 426 S.W.2d at 39 n.5)).
The district court properly rejected this argument.

      The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
                     ______________________________

      5
       By contrast, in applying this exception Missouri courts have considered
contractual language to determine whether a landlord has assumed a duty of care by
agreement. E.g., Ellis, 875 S.W.2d at 208 (finding that the plaintiff’s lease agreement
with the landlord did not include an agreement obligating the landlord to remove ice
or snow); Maschoff v. Koedding, 439 S.W.2d 234, 237 (Mo. Ct. App. 1969)
(construing the written lease’s use of the term “grounds maintenance” to be
ambiguous and reviewing evidence suggesting the parties’ understood that it
included an obligation to remove snow and ice from common areas).

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