Court Opinion

ID: 9401326
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-06-12 19:09:42.803229+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:19:52.128918
License: Public Domain

[Cite as In re O.E., 2023-Ohio-1946.]

               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                           ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                  LAKE COUNTY

IN THE MATTER OF:                              CASE NO. 2022-L-049

O.E., DELINQUENT CHILD
                                               Criminal Appeal from the
                                               Court of Common Pleas,
                                               Juvenile Division

                                               Trial Court No. 2021 DL 01260

                                        OPINION

                                    Decided: June 12, 2023
                               Judgment: Reversed and remanded

Ron M. Graham, 8270 Harbor Drive, Mentor, OH 44060 (For Appellant, O.E.).

Charles E. Coulson, Lake County Prosecutor, Teri R. Daniel and Emily E. Kontur,
Assistant Prosecutors, Lake County Administration Building, 105 Main Street, P.O. Box
490, Painesville, OH 44077 (For Appellee, State of Ohio).

MATT LYNCH, J.

        {¶1}     Appellant, O.E., appeals from the judgment of the Lake County Court of

Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, denying his motion to suppress his confession to

Rape. For the following reasons, we reverse the decision of the lower court granting the

motion to suppress, vacate O.E.’s conviction for Rape, and remand for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion.

        {¶2}     On November 24, 2021, a Complaint was filed in the juvenile court alleging

that O.E. committed Rape, a felony of the first degree if committed by an adult, in violation

of R.C. 2907.02(A)(1)(b), and Sexual Battery, a felony of the third degree if committed by
an adult, in violation of R.C. 2907.03(A)(3).

       {¶3}   O.E. filed a Motion to Suppress on February 15, 2022. It alleged that he

should have been given Miranda warnings, emphasizing his age and autism diagnosis.

A hearing on the motion to suppress was held on March 15, 2022.              The following

testimony was given:

       {¶4}   Detective Gregory Spakes of the Willowick Police Department investigated

allegations of sexual abuse of a seven-year-old girl by her brother, 13-year-old O.E.

Spakes requested that their mother bring them to the police department. After the victim

spoke to a Job and Family Services employee, the mother gave a written statement. She

left and then brought O.E. to the police station. Before O.E. was interviewed, his mother

inquired whether he was going to be prosecuted, to which Spakes responded that it would

be decided by the prosecutor’s office. She asked if she needed to have an attorney and

Spakes responded that he “could not advise her of that, that that was entirely up to her.”

According to Spakes, he told O.E. and his mother that they were “there on their own free

will and that they could leave at any time.” No Miranda warnings were given.

       {¶5}   According to Spakes, O.E. stated that he wanted to talk to him and was

taken to an interview room without his mother, whom Spakes said did not wish to be

present during the interview. Spakes testified that the mother informed him O.E. was “a

highly functioning” autistic individual and, during the interview, he observed that O.E. was

able to read, write, and “understand what was happening.” During the interview, the door

to the room was not locked; it was described as “shut” but “not connected,” since it was

the department policy to have the door closed to prevent recording of outside sounds.

Spakes stated that he reminded O.E. three or four times during the interview that “the

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Case No. 2022-L-049
door was open.” O.E. was not handcuffed or arrested, although Spakes indicated that he

did view him as a suspect.

       {¶6}   A recording of the interview, missing the first four minutes, was presented.

Spakes did not know why the beginning was not recorded but noted that the department

was using a new system. A video of the interview was played, during which, when asked

what happened with his sister, O.E. stated that he began “feeling weird” and pulled down

his sister’s pants and engaged in an act of sexual intercourse. The officer described

female and male anatomy and inquired as to the body parts involved in this act, which

O.E. described. At the conclusion of the interview, O.E. gave a written statement.

       {¶7}   O.E.’s mother testified that she was not told by Spakes that she did not have

to speak with him or about the right to leave. She testified that she was told she would

be in the conference room during the interview and could watch video. This allowed her

to hear some of the interview. She heard Spakes talk to O.E. about being free to leave

“but they didn’t make it out like he couldn’t talk to them.” She did not recall discussing an

attorney with Spakes. She testified that she allowed O.E. to speak with Spakes although

O.E. did not want to do so.

       {¶8}   The trial court denied the motion to suppress. It found that “the door was

open, the juvenile was not under arrest, he was not handcuffed, not in a police car, not in

a holding cell, not fingerprinted, his Mother was outside of the room, the door was

unlocked, the Juvenile was not crying,” that O.E. told Spakes he wanted to talk to him,

and O.E. appeared intelligent and articulate. It found that “a reasonable 13 year old child

would have felt free to terminate the interview and leave,” he was not in custody, and an

advisement of Miranda rights was not required.

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Case No. 2022-L-049
       {¶9}   A trial was subsequently held, at which the State moved to dismiss the count

of Sexual Battery. Following the trial, the court found the Rape charge to be true and

found O.E. to be a delinquent child. He was sentenced to a term of 90 days in the

detention facility and a suspended indefinite term of one year to the age of 21 in the

Department of Youth Services.

       {¶10} O.E. timely appeals and raises the following assignment of error:

       {¶11} “The trial court erred in denying [the] motion to suppress, since statements

were elicited during a custodial interrogation, thus, juvenile was required to be

Mirandized, so admitting these statements violated his Fifth and Fourteenth Amendment

Right[s].”

       {¶12} O.E. argues that his admission was obtained during a custodial

interrogation without being advised of his Miranda rights. He argues that the “interview”

with the detective was conducted while he was in custody, emphasizing his age, the fact

that the door was closed, that he was treated as a suspect, that he was led into answers,

that the portion of the videotaped interview where O.E. was allegedly advised he was free

to leave was missing, and that he was alone with the detective.

       {¶13} “Appellate review of a motion to suppress presents a mixed question of law

and fact.” State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 2003-Ohio-5372, 797 N.E.2d 71, ¶ 8.

“[A]n appellate court must accept the trial court’s findings of fact if they are supported by

competent, credible evidence,” but “must then independently determine, without

deference to the conclusion of the trial court [i.e., de novo], whether the facts satisfy the

applicable legal standard.” Id.

       {¶14} In Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 444, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694

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(1966), “the United States Supreme Court established procedural safeguards for securing

the privilege against self-incrimination guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment to the United

States Constitution.” Cleveland v. Oles, 152 Ohio St.3d 1, 2017-Ohio-5834, 92 N.E.3d

810, ¶ 8; Malloy v. Hogan, 378 U.S. 1, 8, 84 S.Ct. 1489, 12 L.Ed.2d 653 (1964) (“[t]he

Fourteenth Amendment secures against state invasion the same privilege that the Fifth

Amendment guarantees against federal infringement–the right of a person to remain

silent unless he chooses to speak in the unfettered exercise of his own will”).

       {¶15} “The procedural safeguards identified in Miranda apply only when one is

subjected to custodial interrogation.” State v. Hoffner, 102 Ohio St.3d 358, 2004-Ohio-

3430, 811 N.E.2d 48, ¶ 26. “A custodial interrogation is ‘questioning initiated by law

enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of

his freedom of action in any significant way.’” Oles at ¶ 9, quoting Miranda at 444.

       {¶16} To determine whether an individual is in custody for the purposes of

Miranda, the court considers “the circumstances surrounding the interrogation” and

whether, under those circumstances, “a reasonable person [would] have felt he or she

was not at liberty to terminate the interrogation and leave.” Thompson v. Keohane, 516

U.S. 99, 112, 116 S.Ct. 457, 133 L.Ed.2d 383 (1995). “A non-custodial interrogation

becomes custodial when there is a ‘formal arrest or restraint on freedom of movement’

similar to that of a formal arrest.” State v. Guzzi, 2015-Ohio-4426, 47 N.E.3d 476, ¶ 18

(11th Dist.), citing California v. Beheler, 463 U.S. 1121, 1125, 103 S.Ct. 3517, 77 L.Ed.2d

1275 (1983). “A determination of whether an interrogation is custodial or non-custodial

depends on the objective circumstances of the interrogation, not the subjective views held

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Case No. 2022-L-049
by either the officer or the person being questioned.” Id., citing Stansbury v. California,

511 U.S. 318, 323, 114 S.Ct. 1526, 128 L.Ed.2d 293 (1994).

       {¶17} In determining whether an interview is custodial, several factors have been

considered. “In order to determine whether a person was in custody for purposes of

providing Miranda warnings, ‘the court should apply a totality of the circumstances test,

including where the interrogation occurred, whether the investigation had focused on the

subject, whether the objective indicia of arrest were present, and the length of the

questioning involved.’” (Citations omitted.) State v. Cheadle, 11th Dist. Portage No.

2007-P-0083, 2008-Ohio-2393, ¶ 37; State v. Billenstein, 3d Dist. Mercer No. 10-13-10,

2014-Ohio-255, ¶ 44, citing Howes v. Fields, 565 U.S. 499, 510, 132 S.Ct. 1181, 182

L.E.2d 17 (2012) (factors to consider include the duration and location of questioning, the

use of physical restraints, statements made during the interview, and whether the

interviewee was released following questioning). See also In re B.J., 11th Dist. Lake No.

2013-L-091, 2014-Ohio-5701, ¶ 19 (considering, inter alia, that the minor was told “he did

not need to talk,” the minor was brought to the station by his father, the presence of the

minor’s father in the interview room, the age of the minor, and the minor appeared “mature

and intelligent”).

       {¶18} “In cases involving a juvenile, the juvenile suspect’s age may be analyzed

as part of the court’s determination on whether a custodial interrogation occurred.” In re

A.M., 3d Dist. Marion No. 9-20-23, 2021-Ohio-432, ¶ 29. The United States Supreme

Court, in J.D.B. v. North Carolina, 564 U.S. 261, 265, 272, 131 S.Ct. 2394, 180 L.Ed.2d

310 (2011), found that “a child’s age properly informs the Miranda custody analysis,” since

“a reasonable child subjected to police questioning will sometimes feel pressured to

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Case No. 2022-L-049
submit when a reasonable adult would feel free to go.” The court emphasized that

children “often lack the experience, perspective, and judgment to recognize and avoid

choices that could be detrimental to them,” and “are more vulnerable or susceptible to …

outside pressures” than an adult would be. (Citations omitted.) Id. at 272.

       {¶19} Consideration of the totality of the circumstances supports the conclusion

that O.E. was in custody and Miranda warnings were necessary. O.E. was only 13 years

old during the interview, which is a significant factor for the reasons set forth in J.D.B.

While age is not determinative, it is an important consideration here where the juvenile

was very young, was not accompanied by his parents during the interview, the record did

not indicate he had experience with the criminal justice system, and, according to Spakes,

was known to have “high functioning” autism. The interview was conducted in the police

station, in an interview room alone with a police officer much larger in size than the

juvenile and wearing a visible firearm on his hip, all of which increased the likelihood that

O.E. would not feel free to leave. While O.E.’s mother was present at the police station,

she was not in the room during the interview.         O.E. was in the interview room for

approximately an hour, which is not a short period of time, particularly for a juvenile. The

record also clearly indicates that the investigation had focused on O.E. as the suspect

since he had been identified by the victim as perpetrating the sexual acts.

       {¶20} Also significant here is the fact that the door was visibly shut during the

interview process. Although it was not locked or “latched,” this bears little weight. In the

eyes of a juvenile, or any individual being questioned by police, the fact that the door was

closed undercuts a belief that the individual can walk out at any time. Further, Spakes

repeated to O.E. that the door was “open” when O.E. could observe this was not the case.

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Case No. 2022-L-049
This could have easily confused O.E., leading him to believe he must remain in the

interview room. Spakes’ testimony that the door was open when it was contrary to the

facts brings into question the credibility of his other testimony. This is particularly relevant

here where Spakes testified that he informed O.E. that he was “free to leave” but such

statements do not appear on the videotaped interview. Although this could be due to the

fact that a portion of the interview was not recorded, it raises questions about the weight

to be given to this testimony. See In re J.S., 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2011-09-067,

2012-Ohio-3534, ¶ 14 (the court considered, in reaching the conclusion that the

defendant was in custody, the fact that the video of the interview did not contain a

statement that the defendant was told he was not under arrest, although the officer

testified he had made such a statement).

       {¶21} As facts weighing against a determination of a custodial interrogation, we

note that O.E. was not restrained and was not taken into custody at the conclusion of the

interview. Further, Spakes asked open-ended questions which allowed O.E. to speak

and did not coerce or coach him into the answers given. O.E. appeared able to clearly

describe his thoughts and understand the questions being asked, although we again must

note the overall nature of the environment in which he was interviewed likely influenced

O.E. and the statements he chose to make.

       {¶22} A few other facts also warrant consideration. Although Spakes testified that

he told O.E. and his mother that he was free to leave, it should be questioned to what

degree a juvenile who was brought to the police station by his mother and is unable to

drive was there of his own free will. It has been observed that, where a 14-year-old boy’s

mother agreed to bring him in for an interview, this “limit[ed] the extent of his control over

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Case No. 2022-L-049
being there, * * * rendering his presence ostensibly involuntary.” In re T.W., 3d Dist.

Marion No 9-10-63, 2012-Ohio-2361, ¶ 29. Also, as noted above, statements by Spakes

to O.E. that the door was open and that he was free to leave do not weigh in favor of a

finding that there was no custodial interrogation given the fact that these statements were

inconsistent and did not reflect the reality of the circumstances faced by O.E.

       {¶23} When weighing these facts, we find that the totality of the circumstances

demonstrate that the questioning of O.E. was a custodial interrogation and a reasonable

child of his age would not have felt free to leave during this questioning. O.E. was a

young juvenile, was brought to a police station by his mother, and was questioned while

closed in a room alone with an armed detective. This case shares similarities with T.W.,

supra, where the Third District found a custodial interrogation occurred. In T.W., a 14-

year-old was transported to children’s services by his mother after a police request to

interview him in the investigation of a sexual crime. Prior to the interview, the child and

his parents were advised that he was not under arrest and free to leave. He was then

interviewed by a police officer in a room with a closed door. The court found that “a

reasonable juvenile in T.W.’s position would not have felt free to terminate the interview

and leave the premises.” Id. at ¶ 31. See also In re L.G., 2017-Ohio-2781, 82 N.E.3d 52,

¶ 15 (2d Dist.) (finding a custodial interrogation occurred when, in the midst of an

investigation, a 13-year-old student was questioned by a school district director of safety,

since a reasonable juvenile in his position would not have felt free to leave). While

consideration of the subjective beliefs of the defendant is not proper when determining

whether there is a custodial interrogation, consideration of certain characteristics and

circumstances of that defendant have been found appropriate for consideration under the

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objective standard, in particular the offender’s young age. The United States Supreme

Court, in J.D.B., 564 U.S. at 275-276, 131 S.Ct. 2394, 180 L.Ed.2d 310, explained that “a

child’s age differs from personal characteristics that * * * have no objectively discernable

relationship to a reasonable person’s understanding of his freedom of action” and that

considering a characteristic such as the defendant’s age does not employ an improper

subjective analysis since a reasonable juvenile’s perception differs from that of a

reasonable adult. In the present matter, we conclude that, when properly employing an

objective analysis and considering all of the circumstances, a reasonable autistic 13-year-

old would have believed he was in custody.

       {¶24} The State argues that the court’s determination that a custodial interrogation

did not occur is supported by authority from other courts in this state. First, it cites to

State v. Brunson, 2016-Ohio-8519, 78 N.E.3d 1242 (11th Dist.). In Brunson, the adult

defendant was questioned by an officer in the police department squad room, with the

door left open, by an officer in plain clothes, and a portion of the interview was unrecorded.

Under these circumstances, this court held that the defendant was not in custody for the

purposes of Miranda. Id. at ¶ 18-25. Brunson is readily distinguishable from the present

matter. The interview was conducted in the “squad room,” described as “an informal area

where officers complete their paperwork,” with the door open throughout the interview. In

the present matter, the questioning took place in a separate interview room and not in an

“informal area.” Id. at ¶ 19. As discussed above, the video shows that the door was

closed, if not locked or latched. These differences are significant since they would impact

one’s belief that he was free to leave. Further, perhaps most significantly, Brunson

involved an adult rather than a juvenile.

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Case No. 2022-L-049
       {¶25} The State also cites In re C.M.R., 2018-Ohio-110, 107 N.E.3d 34 (2d Dist.).

In that case, the Second District found no custodial interrogation occurred where a 15-

year-old was brought into a police station voluntarily by his mother; the detective told him

he did not have to talk to her, was free to leave, and that the interview room door was

unlocked; the interview lasted ten minutes; and the defendant was not handcuffed. Id. at

¶ 19-20. We find this distinguishable given the significant distinction that the detective

“left the door to the interview room open during the entire interview.” Id. at ¶ 20. The

defendant was also two years older than O.E., which is significant when considering the

maturity and understanding levels of a juvenile.

       {¶26} For these reasons, we find that the statements made by O.E. to Spakes

during the interview must be suppressed and it was error to deny the motion to suppress.

We vacate O.E.’s conviction for Rape which resulted from improper admission of his

confession.

       {¶27} We acknowledge the serious nature of the crime alleged in this matter.

Such a crime undoubtedly has a serious impact on the victim. For this reason, it is

imperative that law enforcement handle such matters involving young victims, as well as

young perpetrators, carefully and in a manner that ensures justice is served while their

individual rights are also protected. Providing Miranda rights when a suspect is arguably

in custody will not only protect the constitutional rights of that suspect but also protect the

victim by allowing for all evidence of the crime to be properly admitted at trial.

       {¶28} The sole assignment of error is with merit.

       {¶29} For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the Lake County Court of

Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, denying O.E.’s motion to suppress his confession, is

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Case No. 2022-L-049
reversed, his conviction for Rape is vacated, and this matter is remanded for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion. Costs to be taxed against appellee.

JOHN J. EKLUND, P.J., concurs,

MARY JANE TRAPP, J., dissents with a Dissenting Opinion.

                       _________________________________________

MARY JANE TRAPP, J., dissents with a Dissenting Opinion.

       {¶30} I respectfully dissent from the majority’s determination that Det. Spakes’

interview with O.E. was a custodial interrogation that required Miranda warnings. The

majority’s determination is based upon misconceptions of the applicable law as well as

conclusions and inferences that are not supported by the evidence.                A proper

consideration of the objective circumstances surrounding the interview demonstrates

O.E. was not in custody for purposes of Miranda.

       {¶31} While I understand and share the concern about the power dynamic when

a juvenile is facing a law enforcement officer during an investigation, the case law that

controls our analysis makes it clear we are to consider the objective rather than subjective

circumstances of the encounter in order to determine whether there was a significant

restraint on this young man’s freedom implicating Miranda.         In this case, the video

evidence before the trial court (even with the omission of the first four minutes of the

encounter) and the testimony supports the trial court’s decision to overrule the motion to

suppress the juvenile’s statements.

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Case No. 2022-L-049
                                    Legal Standards

       {¶32} Police are not required to administer Miranda warnings to everyone they

question. Oregon v. Mathiason, 429 U.S. 492, 495, 97 S.Ct. 711, 50 L.Ed.2d 714 (1977).

Miranda warnings are required in the context of “custodial interrogations.” Yarborough v.

Alvarado, 541 U.S. 652, 661, 124 S.Ct. 2140, 158 L.Ed.2d 938 (2004). “Custodial

interrogation” means “questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has

been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any significant

way.” Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 444, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966).

       {¶33} To determine whether an individual is in custody for purposes of Miranda,

the court considers “the circumstances surrounding the interrogation” and whether, under

those circumstances, “a reasonable person [would] have felt he or she was not at liberty

to terminate the interrogation and leave.” Thompson v. Keohane, 516 U.S. 99, 112, 116

S.Ct. 457, 133 L.Ed.2d 383 (1995). A determination of whether an interrogation is

custodial or non-custodial depends on the objective circumstances of the interrogation,

not the subjective views held by either the officer or the person being questioned.

Stansbury v. California, 511 U.S. 318, 323, 114 S.Ct. 1526, 128 L.Ed.2d 293 (1994).

“[T]he ultimate inquiry is simply whether there is a ‘formal arrest or restraint on freedom

of movement’ of the degree associated with a formal arrest.” California v. Beheler, 463

U.S. 1121, 1125, 103 S.Ct. 3517, 77 L.Ed.2d 1275 (1983), quoting Mathiason at 495.

       {¶34} Relevant factors include (1) the location of the questioning; (2) its duration;

(3) statements made during the interview; (4) the presence or absence of physical

restraints during the questioning; and (5) the release of the interviewee at the end of the

questioning. Howes v. Fields, 565 U.S. 499, 509, 132 S.Ct. 1181, 182 L.Ed.2d 17 (2012).

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Case No. 2022-L-049
In addition, the Supreme Court of the United States has held a juvenile’s age may be

considered in the Miranda analysis, so long as the juvenile’s age was known to the officer

at the time of questioning or would have been objectively apparent to a reasonable officer.

J.D.B. v. North Carolina, 564 U.S. 261, 277, 131 S.Ct. 2394, 180 L.Ed.2d 310 (2011).

       {¶35} The Second District Court of Appeals has consistently considered ten

factors to assess how a reasonable person would understand his or her situation:

       “1. What was the location where the questioning took place—i.e., was the

defendant comfortable and in a place a person would normally feel free to leave? For

example, the defendant might be at home as opposed to being in the more restrictive

environment of a police station;

       “2. Was the defendant a suspect at the time the interview began (bearing in mind

that Miranda warnings are not required simply because the investigation has focused);

       “3. Was the defendant’s freedom to leave restricted in any way;

       “4. Was the defendant handcuffed or told he was under arrest;

       “5. Were threats made during the interrogation;

       “6. Was the defendant physically intimidated during the interrogation;

       “7. Did the police verbally dominate the interrogation;

       “8. What was the defendant’s purpose for being at the place where questioning

took place? For example, [a] defendant might be at a hospital for treatment instead of

being brought to the location for questioning;

       “9. Were neutral parties present at any point during the questioning;

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Case No. 2022-L-049
       “10. Did police take any action to overpower, trick or coerce the defendant into

making a statement.” State v. McCrary, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 18885, 2002 WL

125760, *2-3 (Feb. 1, 2002).

       {¶36} I find these factors to be helpful in keeping the focus on the objective

circumstances.

                               The Trial Court’s Findings

       {¶37} The trial court found “this youth was not handcuffed, not in a police car, not

in a holding cell, not fingerprinted, not arrested, his mother was outside the room, the

door was unlocked, the juvenile was not crying, * * * the detective conducted an interview

with the juvenile. The detective testified that the youth wanted to talk to me. The detective

told the youth, ‘You are here voluntarily’ and the child’s response was, ‘Okay.’

Furthermore, the juvenile * * * appeared to be intelligent and articulate and mature on that

videotape. The Court must determine whether or not the thirteen-year-old would have

felt free to terminate the interview and leave. Based on the circumstances, the Court

finds that a reasonable thirteen-year-old would have felt free to terminate the interview

and leave. The Court further finds that the juvenile was not in custody and, therefore,

Miranda rights were not required to be given.” I agree.

                                 The Majority’s Analysis

       {¶38} The majority concludes the questioning of O.E. was a custodial interrogation

because (1) O.E. was 13 years old; (2) he is a “highly functioning” autistic person; (3) he

lacked experience with the criminal justice system; (4) his mother brought him to the

police station; (5) he was questioned without his parents in a closed interview room with

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Case No. 2022-L-049
a much larger, armed police officer; (6) he was in the interview room for approximately

one hour; and (7) he was viewed as a suspect.

       {¶39} I disagree. First, there is no evidentiary basis to treat O.E.’s age as a

significant factor. While a juvenile’s age may be considered in the Miranda custody

analysis, the Supreme Court of the United States cautioned this does not mean “a child’s

age will be a determinative, or even a significant, factor in every case.” J.D.B. at 277.

There is no evidence indicating O.E. failed to appreciate the nature of the interview.

Rather, the trial court found O.E. was “not crying” and “appeared to be intelligent and

articulate.”

       {¶40} Second, there is no basis to treat O.E.’s status as a “highly functioning”

autistic person as a significant factor. The majority cites no authority indicating this is a

proper “objective” factor to consider. Further, there was no testimony regarding whether,

and to what extent, O.E.’s autism affected his ability to comprehend his situation.

       {¶41} Third, there was no testimony regarding O.E.’s prior experience with the

criminal justice system. Even if there was such testimony, the Supreme Court of the

United States has held it is improper to consider this factor. See Yarborough, supra, at

668. This is because “the relationship between a suspect’s past experiences and the

likelihood a reasonable person with that experience would feel free to leave often will be

speculative.” Id.

       {¶42} Fourth, the majority’s finding that O.E.’s presence at the police station was

“ostensibly involuntary” is not supported by the record. The trial court cited Det. Spakes’

testimony that O.E. wanted to talk to him, which suggests O.E.’s presence was voluntary.

When an appellate court reviews a trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress, it must

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accept the trial court’s findings of facts so long as they are supported by competent,

credible evidence. State v. Roberts, 110 Ohio St.3d 71, 2006-Ohio-3665, 850 N.E.2d

1168, ¶ 100.

       {¶43} The majority cites In re T.W., 3d Dist. Marion No. 9-10-63, 2012-Ohio-2361,

where the Third District made a similar finding and cited the Supreme Court of the United

States’ decision in Yarborough. See id. at ¶ 29. However, it was the dissenting opinion

in Yarborough that stated, “the involvement of [the juvenile]’s parents suggest involuntary,

not voluntary behavior on [the juvenile]’s part.” (Emphasis sic.) Id. at 671 (Breyer, J.,

dissenting). The majority found the fact the juvenile “was brought to the police station by

his legal guardians rather than arriving on his own accord” made “the extent of his control

over his presence unclear.” (Emphasis added.) Id. at 665.

       {¶44} Fifth, the fact O.E.’s parents did not accompany him into the interview room

is not necessarily a significant factor. The law does not require a parent to be present

during the questioning of a juvenile. See In re Watson, 47 Ohio St.3d 86, 89, 548 N.E.2d

210 (1989). O.E.’s mother was present in a conference room next door, which may weigh

against a finding that O.E. was in custody. See Yarborough at 664 (noting the juvenile’s

“parents remained in the lobby during the interview”).

       {¶45} Sixth, there was no testimony about whether Det. Spakes was armed. Det.

Spakes testified he was wearing “511s,” which he described as “cargo pants” and a “polo

shirt.” While the video indicates Det. Spakes was armed, his firearm was housed in a

holster on his hip. He did not display or brandish it at any time. For much of the interview,

Det. Spakes’ firearm was concealed by the desk at which he sat. Thus, when viewed

objectively, “the presence of a firearm * * * merely identified [Det. Spakes] as a law

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Case No. 2022-L-049
enforcement officer.” In re J.C., 11th Dist. Geauga No. 2011-G-3017, 2011-Ohio-5864, ¶

76.

       {¶46} Seventh, there is no evidentiary support for the majority’s finding that O.E.

could have been “confused” by Det. Spakes’ statement that “the door is open.” Det.

Spakes testified his statement meant O.E. could pull open the unlatched door and leave

the interview room. This is confirmed by the video, which depicts Det. Spakes telling O.E.

“I’ll leave the door open” and “The door’s still open” on occasions when the detective

momentarily left the interview room. There was no testimony suggesting O.E. was

confused, and the majority’s interpretation of the statement is not objectively reasonable.

       {¶47} Eighth, the majority improperly questions Det. Spakes’ credibility in order to

discount his testimony that he informed O.E. he was “free to leave.” “At a suppression

hearing, * * * the credibility of witnesses are issues for the trier of fact.” State v. Mills, 62

Ohio St.3d 357, 366, 582 N.E.2d 972 (1992). Thus, “a reviewing court should not disturb

the trial court’s findings on the issue of credibility.” State v. Ashford, 11th Dist. Trumbull

No. 99-T-0015, 2001 WL 137595, *2 (Feb. 16, 2001). The trial court’s decision indicates

it found Det. Spakes to be a credible witness. There is no valid basis for the majority to

conclude otherwise.

       {¶48} Further, whether Det. Spakes informed O.E. he was “free to leave” is not

subject to reasonable dispute. Det. Spakes testified he made the statement to O.E. and

his mother before taking O.E. into the interview room; therefore, its absence from the

video is neither surprising nor suspicious. Most importantly, O.E.’s mother confirmed she

heard Det. Spakes “talk to [O.E.] about that * * *.”

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Case No. 2022-L-049
       {¶49} Ninth, the majority’s finding that O.E. “was in the interview room for

approximately an hour” is misleading. The entire video lasts approximately one hour.

Det. Spakes’ questioning of O.E., even if the four missing minutes are included, comprises

approximately 20 minutes. This court has described an interview “lasting less than 30

minutes” as being “of a short duration.” In re B.J., 11th Dist. Lake No. 2013-L-091, 2014-

Ohio-5701, ¶ 19.

       {¶50} Finally, while the majority emphasizes the fact Det. Spakes considered O.E.

to be a suspect, “[t]he fact that a suspect is being interviewed at a police station does not,

per se, require a Miranda rights warning.” State v. Mason, 82 Ohio St.3d 144, 154, 694

N.E.2d 932 (1998).

                                 A Proper Consideration

       {¶51} A proper consideration of the objective circumstances surrounding the

interview demonstrates O.E. was not in custody for purposes of Miranda.

       {¶52} The record reflects Hillcrest Hospital contacted the Willowick Police

Department about a rape kit in an alleged sexual assault. O.E., the alleged offender, was

13 years old and was a “high functioning” autistic person; but again, there is nothing in

the record linking this fact to an impaired ability to understand the nature of this encounter.

       {¶53} Det. Spakes contacted O.E.’s mother and asked her to bring both O.E. and

her daughter to the police station for questioning.          The daughter was voluntarily

interviewed by both the detective and a Job and Family Services worker in the morning.

The mother completed a written statement and took the daughter home. She returned a

few hours later with O.E. Det. Spakes concedes he considered O.E. to be a suspect at

that time, but, upon arrival, O.E. was not handcuffed or otherwise restrained.

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       {¶54} The mother asked the detective in front of O.E. whether O.E. could face

prosecution, to which the detective replied it was up to the prosecutor. She also asked in

front of O.E. whether they needed a lawyer, and the detective responded he could not

advise her. Critically, the detective testified he told O.E. and his mother they were both

there on their own free will and could leave at any time. There is nothing in this record

indicating the mother or O.E. failed to comprehend this information. According to Det.

Spakes, O.E. said he wanted to speak to the detective, and the mother did not want to be

in the room.

       {¶55} Det. Spakes took O.E. to an interview room. Although O.E.’s mother was

not present, she remained in the conference room next door. The interview was recorded,

although the beginning four minutes are missing for unexplained reasons.

       {¶56} In the interview room, O.E. sat in a chair, while Det. Spakes sat behind a

desk. As noted earlier, the detective was dressed in cargo pants and a polo shirt. The

door to the interview room was closed; however, it was not latched or locked. Det. Spakes

did not verbally dominate the interview; rather, he asked open-ended questions and did

not coach O.E.’s answers. The detective’s questions were mostly confined to “what

happened next?” and “describe what you mean.” Det. Spakes did not threaten or to

attempt overpower, trick, or coerce O.E, nor did he take any action that could be construed

as physical intimidation.   O.E. appeared able to clearly describe his thoughts and

understand the questions being asked. The detective’s testimony about his interview and

the video evidence of that interview is consistent with an encounter at a police station

designed to determine what actually happened between brother and sister as opposed to

eliciting incriminating responses.

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       {¶57} The interview lasted approximately 20 minutes. Afterward, Det. Spakes

asked O.E. to complete a written statement. Before leaving the room on two occasions,

Det. Spakes stated “I’ll leave the door open” and “The door’s still open.” After completing

his written statement, O.E. was not arrested and left with his mother.

       {¶58} Based on the foregoing circumstances, there was no restraint on O.E.’s

freedom of movement to the degree associated with a formal arrest. I agree with the trial

court that a reasonable juvenile in O.E.’s position would have felt free to terminate the

interview and leave. Accordingly, I would affirm the trial court’s judgment.

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Case No. 2022-L-049