Court Opinion

ID: 4436898
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-09-10 17:09:35.044692+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:02:13.890975
License: Public Domain

J-A11012-19

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    JEREMIAH BROWN & JENNIFER                  :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
    BROWN, INDIVIDUALLY AND AS                 :        PENNSYLVANIA
    ADMINISTRATORS OF THE ESTATE               :
    OF D.B.                                    :
                                               :
                       Appellants              :
                                               :
                                               :
                v.                             :   No. 1298 MDA 2018
                                               :
                                               :
    BRANDON SMITH, M.D. AND                    :
    HERSHEY MEDICAL CENTER, AND                :
    ADAM SIGAL, M.D. AND READING               :
    HOSPITAL                                   :

               Appeal from the Judgment Entered July 16, 2018
    In the Court of Common Pleas of Dauphin County Civil Division at No(s):
                                2015 CV 4032

BEFORE: BOWES, J., OLSON, J., and STABILE, J.

MEMORANDUM BY BOWES, J.:                           FILED SEPTEMBER 10, 2019

       Jeremiah Brown and Jennifer Brown, individually and as Administrators

of the Estate of D.B. (“Administrators”), appeal from the July 16, 2018

judgment entered in favor of Reading Hospital in this medical malpractice

action.1 The jury found that Brandon Smith, M.D., a pediatric hospitalist at

Hershey Medical Center (“HMC”), was solely liable for the injury to and death

of D.B. After thorough review, we affirm.

       The facts giving rise to the action were summarized by the trial court as

follows:
____________________________________________

1 Hershey Medical Center and Dr. Smith are not participating in the instant
appeal.
J-A11012-19

     In the fall of 2012, D.B., a six[-]year[-]old child, developed
     symptoms of repeat infections, fevers, increased urination,
     vomiting and excessive thirst. Initially, D.B.’s mother, was
     instructed by her pediatrician, Dr. Timothy Tam, to limit D.B.’s
     fluid intake. However, this caused D.B.’s condition to deteriorate.
     Jennifer Brown thereafter took her daughter to Reading Hospital’s
     Emergency Room Department on December 10, 2012, where D.B.
     was examined and evaluated by Dr. Adam Sigal.

     Following Dr. Sigal’s physical examination, laboratory studies
     were ordered, including a complete blood count and chemistry. A
     urinalysis was also ordered. Many of the laboratory results were
     abnormal, and one revealed a blast cell count of 25, which is
     highly abnormal and indicates a possibility of Leukemia. This blast
     cell count was flagged by the laboratory in accordance with
     Reading Hospital’s critical value report form policy and reported
     to an ER nurse. However, the policy broke down in that there was
     evidence that [Katharine Einsel,] the ER nurse who was advised
     of the lab results[,] never reported to Dr. Sigal that there was a
     critical lab result.

     Unaware of the critical findings, Dr. Sigal recommended that D.B.
     be transferred to Hershey Medical Center (“HMC”) because she
     had some abnormalities in her electrolytes and other labs that
     Reading Hospital was not equipped to handle. Dr. Sigal diagnosed
     D.B. with Diabetes Insipidus, and recommended that she be
     transferred to HMC for evaluation and treatment by a Pediatric
     Endocrinologist. Upon receipt of D.B. from Reading Hospital, no
     one from HMC reviewed D.B.’s entire chart and took note of the
     critical lab results, including her receiving doctor, Dr. Brandon
     Smith. As a result, D.B. was diagnosed with Diabetes Insipidus at
     HMC and treated successfully for same. She was discharged from
     HMC on December 12, 2012.

           ...

     Ultimately, in May of 2013, D.B.’s condition worsened to the point
     that she could barely walk and was experiencing pain in her legs
     and back. D.B. was again seen and evaluated at Reading
     Hospital’s Emergency Room. A repeat CBC was ordered, which
     revealed an elevated blast cell count, which was recognized by
     medical personnel. D.B. was admitted to HMC on May 27, 2013[,]
     and was diagnosed with Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

                                    -2-
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        D.B. underwent several rounds of chemotherapy and a stem cell
        infusion, but her prognosis was eventually determined to be
        terminal. D.B. ultimately died from Acute Myeloid Leukemia
        [“AML”] on Christmas morning in 2013 when she was only eight
        years old.

Trial Court Opinion, 7/2/18, at 1-2.

        Administrators filed this wrongful death and survival action alleging

negligence against Reading Hospital for the conduct of its nurses and Dr. Sigal,

and against Dr. Sigal, individually. In addition, they pled negligence against

HMC, Dr. Smith, and other named physicians at HMC.2 Reading Hospital filed

cross-claims against HMC and Dr. Smith; HMC filed cross-claims against

Reading Hospital sounding in both corporate negligence and vicarious liability

for the negligence of its agents and employees. Administrators settled with

HMC and Brandon Smith, M.D., but those parties actively defended

themselves at trial against the cross-claims filed by Reading Hospital and

prosecuted their cross-claims against Reading Hospital and Dr. Sigal. After a

two-week jury trial, the jury found that Dr. Smith, the Reading Hospital

nurses, and Reading Hospital were negligent. The jury concluded, however,

that Dr. Smith’s negligence was the sole factual cause of harm to D.B., and

assigned to him one hundred percent of the liability.3

____________________________________________

2  Timothy Tam, M.D, and his pediatric group were joined as additional
defendants in the lawsuit. Those claims were settled prior to trial and the
additional defendants did not participate.

3   The jury found that Dr. Sigal was not negligent.

                                           -3-
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       Administrators filed a motion for post-trial relief seeking judgment

n.o.v., or, in the alternative, a new trial. They alleged that it was an error of

law to find Dr. Smith one hundred percent liable, and that the verdict was

against the weight of the evidence.4 The trial court denied both judgment

n.o.v. and a new trial, and judgment was entered on the verdict.

Administrators timely appealed and complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). They

present four issues for our review:

       A. Whether the Trial Court erred and abused its discretion by
          denying [Administrators’] Post-Trial Motion for Relief regarding
          the jury’s finding of no causal link between Reading Hospital’s
          corporate negligence and injury to D.B., as this finding was
          against the weight of the evidence?

       B. Whether the Trial Court abused its discretion by denying
          [Administrators’] Post-Trial Motion for Relief regarding the
          jury’s finding of no causal link between Nurse Risko’s
          negligence and injury to D.B, as this finding was against the
          weight of the evidence?

       C. Whether the Trial Court erred and abused its discretion by
          denying [Administrators’] Post-Trial Motion for Relief regarding
          the jury’s finding of no causal link between Nurse Einsel’s
          negligence and injury to D.B., as this finding was against the
          weight of the evidence?

____________________________________________

4  Appellees Reading Hospital and Adam Sigal, M.D. urge us to find
Administrators’ weight of the evidence claims waived for failure to assert them
in the motion for post-trial relief. The trial court rejected that argument below.
See Trial Court Opinion, 7/2/18, at 3 (summarizing Administrators’ argument
that it was an “error of law for the jury to find causation as to Dr. Smith, but
no causation as to Reading Hospital, or, alternatively, that the verdict was
against the weight of the evidence”). After reviewing Administrators’ motion
for post-trial relief and brief in support thereof, we find that the weight of the
evidence issues on appeal were preserved therein. Hence, we find no waiver.

                                           -4-
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      D. Whether the Trial Court erred and abused its discretion when
         it opined that the jury did not find Reading Hospital or the
         [n]urses of Reading Hospital caused injury to D.B. based on
         the factual causation standard and not because of a
         superseding, intervening cause of injury?

Appellants’ brief at 10-11.

      Administrators allege that the trial court erred in refusing to modify the

jury verdict to hold Reading Hospital both corporately negligent and

vicariously liable for the negligence of its nurses. In essence, they contend

that the verdict was contrary to law and the weight of the evidence, and that

they were entitled to judgment n.o.v., and a new trial to apportion liability.

      Our standard of review from the denial judgment n.o.v. is well settled:

            When reviewing an appeal from the denial of a request for
      JNOV, the appellate court must view the evidence in the light most
      favorable to the verdict-winner and give him or her the benefit of
      every reasonable inference arising therefrom while rejecting all
      unfavorable testimony and inferences. . . . Thus, the grant of a
      judgment n.o.v. should only be entered in a clear case and any
      doubts must be resolved in favor of the verdict-winner.
      Furthermore, [i]t is only when either the movant is entitled to
      judgment as a matter of law or the evidence was such that no two
      reasonable minds could disagree that the outcome should have
      been rendered in favor of the movant that an appellate court may
      vacate a jury's finding.

Phillips v. Lock, 86 A.3d 906, 919 (Pa.Super. 2014) (quoting Empire

Trucking Co. v. Reading Anthracite Coal Co., 71 A.3d 923, 932 (Pa.Super.

2013)) (citations and quotation marks omitted).

      In reviewing the trial court’s denial of a motion for new trial, we must

“decide whether the trial court committed an error of law which controlled the

outcome of the case or committed an abuse of discretion.” Stapas v. Giant

                                     -5-
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Eagle, Inc., 153 A.3d 353, 359 (Pa.Super. 2016) (quoting Cangemi ex rel.

Estate of Cangemi v. Cone, 774 A.2d 1262, 1265 (Pa.Super. 2001)). It is

well established in Pennsylvania that trial courts have broad discretion to grant

or deny a new trial. Flenke v. Huntington, 111 A.3d 1197, 1199 (Pa.Super.

2015).

      [A]ppellate review of a weight claim is a review of the [trial
      court’s] exercise of discretion, not of the underlying question of
      whether the verdict is against the weight of the evidence. Because
      the trial judge has had the opportunity to hear and see the
      evidence presented, an appellate court will give the gravest
      consideration to the findings and reasons advanced by the trial
      judge when reviewing a trial court's determination that the verdict
      is against the weight of the evidence. One of the least assailable
      reasons for granting or denying a new trial is the lower court's
      conviction that the verdict was or was not against the weight of
      the evidence and that a new trial should be granted in the interest
      of justice.

Phillips, supra at 919 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “[I]f

there is any support in the record for the trial court's decision to deny the

appellant’s motion for a new trial based on weight of the evidence, then we

must affirm. An appellant is not entitled to a new trial where the evidence

presented was conflicting and the fact-finder could have decided in favor of

either party.” Corvin v. Tihansky, 184 A.3d 986, 992-993 (Pa.Super. 2018)

(quoting Winschel v. Jain, 925 A.2d 782, 788 (Pa.Super. 2007)).

      Administrators contend first that the trial court abused its discretion by

failing to address their claim that the jury’s finding that Reading Hospital’s

corporate negligence was not a factual cause of injury was against the weight

of the evidence.   Administrators highlight evidence that Reading Hospital’s

                                      -6-
J-A11012-19

failure to enforce its corporate policy requiring that critical lab values be

written down on a specific form, orally repeated back to the caller, and then

communicated to the attending physician, caused harm to D.B. They argue

that, had the policy been enforced and complied with, “then the attending

physicians would have been verbally notified of the blast cells and the correct

treatment plan would have been timely implemented.”                Id. at 28.

Administrators contend that “[t]he evidence at trial also indisputably revealed

that the Reading Hospital’s corporate negligence was a factual cause of the

harm suffered by D.B.” Id.

       Administrators did not plead a corporate negligence claim against

Reading Hospital or assert facts giving rise to such liability. Moreover, the

trial court denied Administrators leave to amend their complaint a fourth time

to assert a corporate negligence claim as the statute of limitations had run.

HMC filed a cross-claim injecting Reading Hospital’s corporate negligence into

the lawsuit.5 Counsel for HMC and Reading Hospital, as well as the trial court,

informed the jury that HMC was asserting the corporate negligence claim

against Reading Hospital, not Administrators. Given the posture of the case,

____________________________________________

5 The trial court found that the cross-claim was timely filed, and permitted it
although it alleged a different cause of action from the original complaint. See
Pa.R.C.P. 1031.1(2). HMC maintained that the cross-claim was merely a
vehicle to permit it to introduce evidence of corporate negligence against
Reading Hospital for purposes of apportioning liability, and conceded that it
was not entitled to contribution or indemnity. Administrators did not challenge
the propriety of the cross-claim post-trial or on appeal.

                                           -7-
J-A11012-19

we do not see how a jury finding in favor of HMC on its corporate negligence

cross-claim against Reading Hospital would have resulted in any recovery for

Administrators, and Administrators have not enlightened us. Consequently,

we discern no harm to Administrators from the trial court’s denial of post-trial

relief on this ground. In short, Administrators should not be heard to complain

that the trial court abused its discretion in denying them judgment n.o.v. or a

new trial on a claim they did not plead and upon which they could not recover.

See Harman ex rel. Harman v. Borah, 756 A.2d 1116, 1122 (Pa. 2000)

(holding that the harmless error doctrine underlies every decision to grant or

deny a new trial and the moving party must demonstrate prejudice).

      Furthermore, even if Administrators had established how they were

harmed by the finding that Reading Hospital was corporately negligent but not

a cause of harm to D.B., they offer no support for their contention that the

trial court erred in denying them judgment n.o.v. or a new trial on this basis.

The trial court addressed the issue of Reading Hospital’s corporate and

vicarious liability and concluded:

             Upon review of the evidence presented in this case, we find
      that the testimony of Nurse Risko supports the jury's verdict, and
      her testimony was not so unreliable or untrustworthy so as to
      shock one's sense of justice. Nurse Risko testified that she
      reviewed D.B.'s labs while she was at Reading Hospital, saw the
      critical blast cell count and provided a nurse -to -nurse verbal
      report to a nurse at HMC that included the blast cell result. Nurse
      Risko testified several times that her practice included reporting
      any abnormal and critical values to the receiving facility, and she
      had no doubt that she informed HMC of the critical blast cell count.
      The jury was free to believe this testimony, which they may have
      in light of the verdict that was entered.

                                     -8-
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Trial Court Opinion, 7/2/18, at 5-6.           The trial court noted that it was also

possible that the jury did not believe Nurse Risko’s testimony, but “found that

HMC should have discovered the blast cells on its own outside of any breach

of duty of Reading Hospital or its nurses, and the HMC’s failure to do so was

the sole factual cause of D.B.’s harm.” Id. at 6.6 The court concluded that

the finding of negligence but no factual cause was not against the weight of

the evidence. We have no basis to disturb the trial court’s finding.

       Regarding the first of two issues implicating their assertion that Reading

Hospital was vicariously liable for the negligence of its nurses, Administrators

argue that the trial court abused its discretion when it “incorrectly opined that

there was evidence that Nurse [Jennifer] Risko did verbally report the blast

cells to HMC.” Appellants’ brief at 35. They contend that the evidence at trial

“indisputably concluded that Nurse Risko failed to verbally report the blast

cells to HMC and, therefore, breached the standard of care[,]” id. at 34, and

that the trial court’s determination that the verdict was supported by Nurse

Risko’s testimony “lacked reason.” Id. at 47.

____________________________________________

6 There is ample support in the record for the trial court’s view. Dr. Smith
acknowledged that he was required to perform an independent evaluation of
D.B., including a blast cell count, during her two-day admission at HMC. N.T.
Vol. III, 3/1/18, at 898. He admitted further that if he had reviewed D.B.’s
chart, which he had a duty to do but failed to do, he would have initiated a
blast cell workup within ten minutes. Id. at 890. Based on Dr. Smith’s
testimony, the jury reasonably could have concluded that his negligence was
the sole factual cause of the failure to timely diagnose D.B.’s AML.

                                           -9-
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       The trial court found that the evidence showed Nurse Risko reviewed

D.B.’s labs, saw the critical blast cell result, and conveyed that information as

part of her oral nurse-to-nurse report to a nurse at HMC. It cited Nurse Risko’s

testimony that she had “no doubt” that she informed HMC of the blast cell

count. The court concluded that the jury was free to believe that testimony,

which it stated “was not so unreliable or untrustworthy as to shock one’s sense

of justice.” Trial Court Opinion, 7/2/18, at 5-6.

       The record supports the trial court’s characterization of Nurse Risko’s

testimony. Although she did not specifically recall reporting the critical result,

she testified that a transfer report includes lab results, and that the results

would have been displayed on the screen during the telephone call. Id. at

411.   Her documentation in the record, “Transfer report given to Natalie,

R.N.,” indicated that she conveyed the lab results. Nurse Risko testified that,

“I have no doubt that I informed [HMC] of the lab report.” Id. at 429, 434.

Her failure to follow several of her other normal practices on that date was

brought out on cross-examination, and the jury was entitled to consider that

in evaluating her testimony. Since there is record support for the trial court’s

conclusion that the verdict was not contrary to the weight of the evidence, no

relief is due.

       Administrators allege next that the trial court erred in failing to address

Nurse Katharine Einsel’s negligent conduct or its causal connection to the

injury sustained by D.B. They claim that, “Nurse Einsel’s negligent inaction

                                      - 10 -
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was a direct cause of injury to D.B.” Appellants’ brief at 49. Nurse Einsel was

the Reading Hospital ER nurse who received the call from the Hospital’s

laboratory reporting the critical lab result. Reading Hospital had a policy that

the nurse taking the call was to complete a form documenting that result,

make it part of the chart, and report it to the patient’s nurse or attending

physician.     There   was     no   evidence    that   this   policy   was   followed.

Administrators contend that, given this evidence, “[t]he jury’s determination

that Nurse Einsel’s negligence did not cause harm to D.B. . . . was against

the weight of the evidence.” Id. at 50. They argue that, had Nurse Einsel

not committed these multiple failures, “HMC would have verbally been made

aware of the critical lab results by Dr. Sigal or Nurse Risko and accepted D.B.

as a patient in their oncology department where she would have immediately

been treated for MDS.” Id. at 50.

      Again, we find no error on the part of the trial court. The record supports

the trial court’s conclusion that there was evidence from which the jury could

find that Nurse Risko orally communicated the critical value to a nurse at HMC,

and that any failing of Nurse Einsel in that regard was not the factual cause of

injury to D.B. Thus, the jury could have determined, based on Nurse Risko’s

testimony, that the Reading Hospital nurses orally conveyed the critical lab

results to HMC.    Hence, there is support in the record for the trial court’s

conclusion that the verdict was not against the weight of the evidence, and no

relief is due on that basis.

                                       - 11 -
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      Administrators’ final issue involves the trial court’s statement that “there

is no factual basis to find that the jury determined its verdict based on a finding

that Dr. Smith’s actions constituted a superseding, intervening cause.”

Appellant’s brief at 51 (quoting Trial Court Opinion, 7/2/18, at 4).

Administrators posit that the only way the jury could logically have found no

causation on the part of Reading Hospital “is if the jury believed Dr. Smith’s

negligence was a superseding, intervening cause of harm to D.B.” Appellants’

brief at 51. Administrators’ contention, at its core, is that the jury failed to

apply the factual cause standard in arriving at its verdict.

      As the trial court correctly pointed out, the jury was not charged on

superseding causes of injury. The court instructed the jury on factual cause,

which included an explanation that there may be more than one factual cause

that contributes to an injury. None of the parties complained about this aspect

of the charge.

      Nevertheless, Administrators now speculate that the jury may have

looked at “whether the causal link between the original tortfeasor and the

plaintiff’s injury was broken by an intervening, superseding cause.”

Appellant’s brief at 52. The trial court rejected such a proposition, reasoning

that since it did not instruct the jury regarding superseding or intervening

cause, there was no factual support for the conclusion that the jury based its

verdict on such a finding. Trial Court Opinion, 7/2/18, at 4.

                                      - 12 -
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       There is no allegation that the factual cause instruction was incorrect or

that it failed to convey the applicable law.7 Furthermore, “[t]he law presumes

the jury will follow the instructions of the court.”       Commonwealth v.

Eichinger, 108 A.3d 821, 846 (Pa. 2014). Moreover, the record supports the

trial court’s conclusion that there is no factual basis from which to conclude

that the jury’s verdict was grounded in superseding cause.             The jury

specifically found that the negligence of the Reading Hospital nurses was not

a factual cause of injury to D.B., a finding that the trial court concluded was

not against the weight of the evidence. No relief is warranted on this ground.

       Judgment affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 9/10/2019

____________________________________________

7 The trial court gave the standard charge for factual cause, which informed
the jury that a defendant’s conduct need not be the only factual cause, and
that other concurring causes that produce an injury do not relieve a defendant
of liability “as long as his or her own negligence is a factual cause of the
injury.” Pa.SSJI (Civ.) 14.20(A).

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