Court Opinion

ID: 4366311
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-02-08 23:06:27.028034+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:48:53.417661
License: Public Domain

2019 IL App (3d) 170545

                               Opinion filed February 8, 2019
     _____________________________________________________________________________

                                                 IN THE

                                  APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                                           THIRD DISTRICT

                                                  2019

     STEVEN BURGAUER, Personally and as        ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
     Trustee of Margaret Burgauer Revocable Trust,
                                               ) of the 10th Judicial Circuit,
                                               ) Peoria County, Illinois,
             Plaintiff-Appellant,              )
                                               )
             v.                                )
                                               ) Appeal No. 3-17-0545
     MARGARET BURGAUER; JAMES                  ) Circuit No. 17-L-99
     BURGAUER; MIS CONSULTING,                 )
     an Illinois Corporation; PNC OF ILLINOIS, )
     INC.; and MORGAN STANLEY SMITH            )
     BARNEY, LLC,                              ) Honorable
                                               ) Michael P. McCuskey,
             Defendants-Appellees.             ) Judge, Presiding.
     _____________________________________________________________________________

           JUSTICE WRIGHT delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
           Justice O’Brien concurred in the judgment and opinion.
           Justice Lytton concurred in part and dissented in part, with opinion.
     _____________________________________________________________________________

                                               OPINION

¶1          Plaintiff, Steven Burgauer, filed a complaint seeking declaratory relief against

     defendants, Margaret Burgauer (Margaret), James Burgauer (James), MIS Consulting, Inc., PNC

     of Illinois, Inc., and Morgan Stanley Smith Barney, LLC (Morgan Stanley). Margaret, James,

     and MIS Consulting filed an objection to personal jurisdiction and motion to dismiss plaintiff’s

     complaint pursuant to section 2-301 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-301
     (West 2016)). Following a motion hearing, the trial court concluded plaintiff did not establish

     personal jurisdiction over Margaret and James. The court declined to exercise jurisdiction over

     MIS Consulting. Plaintiff appeals the trial court’s final order sustaining defendants’ objections

     and dismissing plaintiff’s complaint.

¶2                                           I. BACKGROUND

¶3          The court recognizes that this case presents issues of jurisdiction and that jurisdictional

     facts are most pertinent to this case. However, to provide context for the analysis below, we will

     not limit our statement of facts to those pertaining to whether the trial court could exercise

     personal jurisdiction over the defendants. Instead, we will summarize the facts stated in the

     complaint.

¶4          MIS Consulting was a corporation formed in 1984 under the laws of Illinois. James

     Burgauer was named as an officer of the newly formed corporation.

¶5          On May 25, 1987, Margaret, the mother of Steven and James Burgauer, executed a

     revocable living trust (trust). In 1987, Margaret resided in Libertyville, Illinois, and remained

     there for nearly three decades before moving to Florida in October 2013.

¶6          In the 1987 trust instrument, Margaret named herself trustee and designated plaintiff as

     the successor trustee in the event Margaret refused, failed, or ceased to act as trustee. The trust

     provided that Margaret, as “the trustee,” was authorized to withdraw net income from the trust

     and distribute the net income to herself in a monetary amount documented by a written request.

     The trust provided that if Margaret was no longer able to administer her own written requests for

     payment, in the opinion of “the trustee,” then “the trustee” should determine the amount and

     distribute funds from the trust as needed for Margaret’s benefit.

                                                      2
¶7            On October 4, 1995, Margaret executed a document, designating plaintiff to act as her

       attorney-in-fact under certain circumstances. Those circumstances were described in Margaret’s

       voice in the written agreement, which stated: “effective in the event that I am disabled and

       unable to handle my own affairs *** [or] travelling away from my usual residence in

       Libertyville, Illinois and am not able to communicate with my son, Steven E. Burgauer.”

¶8            On February 17, 2003, Margaret and plaintiff executed a discretionary authorization over

       the trust account because Margaret was “unable to handle financial affairs.” On September 13,

       2003, Margaret executed a trust amendment. The trust amendment kept plaintiff as successor

       trustee, allowing him to act in the event Margaret refused, failed, or ceased to act as trustee.

¶9            On January 1, 2008, Margaret approved a line of credit agreement for James. The

       agreement was secured by a promissory note, also dated January 1, 2008. James agreed to repay

       a sum of $750,000 at an interest rate of 4%. The agreements were negotiated and formed while

       Margaret was a resident of Illinois and James was a resident of Florida. Both agreements were

       prepared by an out-of-state attorney and provided that Florida, rather than Illinois, law would

       govern.

¶ 10          Plaintiff’s complaint alleges that these agreements were “sham” transactions, executed

       after-the-fact to cover a constructive fraud arising out of the checks Margaret issued to James

       and MIS Consulting while suffering from a diminished mental capacity. Specifically, plaintiff

       alleges that 296 checks were written to James and MIS Consulting between January 2011 and

       December 2016.

¶ 11          After July 2013, plaintiff judged Margaret as unable to administer trust payments. On

       July 7, 2013, and August 10, 2013, plaintiff and Margaret entered joint listing and fee contracts,

       which plaintiff alleges shows he was acting as Margaret’s attorney-in-fact. The complaint alleges

                                                         3
       that Margaret resided in Florida from October 2013 to December 2016. Also according to the

       complaint, James resided in Florida from 1999 to 2015, after which he moved to Nevada.

¶ 12           On December 23, 2016, plaintiff and Margaret each allegedly assessed that Margaret had

       a diminished mental capacity and was unable to manage her estate due to alcoholism and

       gambling. Plaintiff expressed a desire to take over Margaret’s finances, and Margaret allegedly

       instructed plaintiff to assume the role of her attorney-in-fact and successor trustee of the trust.

       Margaret allegedly gave plaintiff access to her finances so he could proceed in those capacities.

¶ 13           Upon gaining access to Margaret’s accounts, plaintiff discovered that Margaret had

       issued checks to James, purportedly drawn from trust funds, totaling $200,000. Plaintiff also

       discovered that Margaret had issued checks to MIS Consulting totaling $488,000, also

       purportedly drawn from trust funds. Shortly thereafter, Margaret left her home in Florida and all

       her belongings to live with James in Nevada, where she continues to reside. Plaintiff has scarcely

       communicated with Margaret since she directed him to act as her attorney-in-fact and successor

       trustee of the trust.

¶ 14           On February 8, 2017, Margaret allegedly revoked her durable power of attorney, which

       designated plaintiff as attorney-in-fact. On February 14, 2017, Morgan Stanley notified Margaret

       that her accounts had been frozen based on a request by plaintiff. Margaret contacted the Illinois

       branch of Morgan Stanley and—with the help of private counsel, FINRA, and the Illinois

       Department of Securities—had the freeze lifted. Margaret again revoked her durable power of

       attorney on March 28, 2017.

¶ 15           On April 3, 2017, plaintiff filed a complaint, seeking declaratory relief pursuant to

       section 2-701 of the Code (735 ILCS 5/2-701 (West 2016)), pertaining to the rights of the parties

                                                       4
       under the trust instruments. On April 7, 2017, Margaret, James, and MIS Consulting were served

       with the complaint in Nevada. Margaret, as manager, accepted service for MIS Consulting.

¶ 16          In his complaint for declaratory relief, plaintiff summarized the factors giving rise to

       personal jurisdiction over Margaret, James, and MIS Consulting. First, plaintiff alleged that

       Margaret executed trust documents and a power of attorney while residing in Illinois, as well as

       conducted business with Morgan Stanley and PNC Bank in Illinois. Second, plaintiff alleged

       MIS Consulting is an Illinois corporation. Third, plaintiff alleged James removed money from

       PNC Bank accounts located in Peoria, Illinois, for the benefit of himself and MIS Consulting.

¶ 17          On April 10, 2017, Margaret amended the trust to replace plaintiff as successor trustee

       and designate a new succession of successor trustees. A private attorney, whose name is redacted

       from the record, was appointed successor trustee with Thomas Burnham, who allegedly prepared

       the promissory note and line of credit agreements, succeeding that individual. Despite Margaret’s

       efforts, Morgan Stanley again froze her accounts on April 27, 2017.

¶ 18          On May 8, 2017, Margaret, James, and MIS Consulting filed an objection to personal

       jurisdiction and a motion to dismiss plaintiff’s complaint under section 2-301 of the Code. See

       id. § 2-301. On July 6, 2017, the trial court held a hearing on defendants’ objection and motion.

       The trial court found that plaintiff failed to establish personal jurisdiction over Margaret and

       James, then declined jurisdiction over MIS Consulting. On July 18, 2017, the trial court entered

       its order, and plaintiff filed a notice of appeal of that order on August 17, 2017.

¶ 19                                              II. ANALYSIS

¶ 20          The trial court found the allegations in the complaint seeking declaratory relief were not

       sufficient to establish personal jurisdiction over Margaret and James. In addition, the trial court

       declined jurisdiction over MIS Consulting, an Illinois corporation. On appeal, plaintiff contends

                                                         5
       that the trial court erred because the allegations set forth in the complaint for declaratory relief

       were sufficient for the exercise of personal jurisdiction over Margaret, James, and MIS

       Consulting.

¶ 21            According to the complaint seeking declaratory relief, Margaret and James both

       previously resided within the state of Illinois, but resided in the state of Nevada when plaintiff

       initiated this lawsuit in 2017 and at all times thereafter. In addition, the record reflects that MIS

       Consulting was incorporated in the State of Illinois in 1984 and, as of 2017, listed a Normal,

       Illinois, address on the Secretary of State’s website for its agent, James Burgauer.

¶ 22            At this juncture, it may be helpful to provide a general discussion of the case law

       pertaining to personal jurisdiction. In Illinois, personal jurisdiction is authorized in certain

       situations described by the Code’s long-arm statute, section 2-209 (id. § 2-209). Aspen American

       Insurance Co. v. Interstate Warehousing, Inc., 2017 IL 121281, ¶ 13. Specifically, section 2-209

       is divided into three subsections identifying multiple grounds for invoking personal jurisdiction.

       Russell v. SNFA, 2013 IL 113909, ¶ 29; see 735 ILCS 5/2-209(a), (b), (c) (West 2016). In this

       case, subsections (a) and (b), dealing with specific and general jurisdiction, respectively, are the

       only subsections of section 2-209 relevant to this appeal. See 735 ILCS 5/2-209(a), (b) (West

       2016).

¶ 23            Specific jurisdiction under subsection (a) requires the nonresident defendant’s activities

       to be purposefully directed at Illinois, giving rise or relating to plaintiff’s cause of action. Aspen

       American Insurance Co., 2017 IL 121281, ¶ 14. Subsection (a) enumerates 14 activities or

       transactions that cause a nonresident to be subject to the jurisdiction of the courts in the State of

       Illinois. Russell, 2013 IL 113909, ¶ 40; see 735 ILCS 5/2-209(a) (West 2016).

                                                         6
¶ 24          Unlike specific personal jurisdiction, which involves a cause of action arising out of or

       relating to activities or transactions of a nonresident, general jurisdiction under subsection (b)

       exists over a resident or nonresident based upon four characteristics. Russell, 2013 IL 113909,

       ¶ 36; see 735 ILCS 5/2-209(b) (West 2016). These characteristics provide general personal

       jurisdiction, despite being distinct from the defendant’s activities in Illinois. Russell, 2013 IL
113909, ¶ 36. The characteristics arguably applying to MIS Consulting are being a corporation

       under the laws of, or doing business in, Illinois. See 735 ILCS 5/2-209(b)(3), (4) (West 2016).

¶ 25          In combination with subsection (a) or (b), a plaintiff must show exercising personal

       jurisdiction over a defendant would fully comport with the familiar requirements of due process.

       Russell, 2013 IL 113909, ¶ 29 (citing Rollins v. Ellwood, 141 Ill. 2d 244, 275 (1990)). In order to

       satisfy due process for a nonresident, pertaining to specific or general personal jurisdiction, the

       test is whether a defendant has certain “minimum contacts” with Illinois. Id. ¶ 36.

¶ 26          Due process pursuant to specific personal jurisdiction over a nonresident, such as

       Margaret or James, requires a defendant’s purposeful availment to the privilege of conducting

       activities within the State, invoking the benefits and protections of Illinois law. Bombliss v.

       Cornelsen, 355 Ill. App. 3d 1107, 1112-13 (2005). In this way, the defendant has a reasonable

       anticipation of being haled into an Illinois courthouse when those activities become the subject

       of litigation. Id. at 1113. The following considerations factor into whether due process exists:

       (1) the defendant’s contacts with Illinois, (2) whether the cause of action arose from the

       defendant’s contacts, and (3) the reasonableness of requiring the defendant to litigate in Illinois.

       Id.

¶ 27          Due process relating to general jurisdiction under subsection (b)(3), involving a

       corporation organized under the laws of Illinois, appears to require only that which its language

                                                        7
       implies—incorporation. See 735 ILCS 5/2-209(b)(3) (West 2016). In this way, the corporation

       becomes a resident of the State as a matter of law. See id.

¶ 28           However, general jurisdiction over a nonresident corporate defendant “doing business” in

       Illinois requires “continuous and substantial” business activities by that individual in Illinois.

       Russell, 2013 IL 113909, ¶ 36; see 735 ILCS 5/2-209(b)(4) (West 2016). The defendant must be

       considered “at home” in the State. Thus, where the complaint alleges a nonresident corporate

       defendant is “doing business” in Illinois, the standard is very high and requires plaintiff’s

       allegations to describe business activity that is “fairly measured” as continual and permanent.

       Russell, 2013 IL 113909, ¶ 36.

¶ 29           With these general propositions of law in mind, we will discuss the jurisdictional

       considerations applicable to the named defendants separately. We first turn to whether

       Margaret’s conduct in Illinois warrants the attachment of personal jurisdiction, requiring her to

       appear and answer the allegations contained in the complaint for declaratory relief in this state.

¶ 30                                        A. Jurisdiction Over Margaret

¶ 31           In this case, it is undisputed that Margaret was the sole trustee of the trust created in the

       State of Illinois in 1987. It is also undisputed that Margaret fulfilled her role as trustee from 1987

       until at least December 23, 2016, if not beyond that date. 1 Margaret is also the sole present

       beneficiary of the trust assets. James and Steven, Margaret’s sons, are contingent beneficiaries

       entitled to a one-half share of any remaining trust assets after Margaret’s death.

¶ 32           On appeal, plaintiff contends subsections (a)(7), (a)(10), (a)(11), and/or (a)(13) of the

       long-arm statute provide specific personal jurisdiction over Margaret in Illinois. Respectively,

       these subsections involve making or performing a contract substantially connected to Illinois,

               1
               The complaint for declaratory relief alleges Margaret and plaintiff reached an agreement on
       December 23, 2016, for plaintiff to assume his role as the only named successor trustee of the trust due to
       Margaret no longer being able to manage the trust.

                                                            8
       acquiring assets in Illinois, breaching a fiduciary duty in Illinois, and owning an interest in a trust

       administered in Illinois. See 735 ILCS 5/2-209(a)(7), (10), (11), (13) (West 2016).

¶ 33          As discussed below, we conclude that both subsections (a)(11) and (a)(13) provide

       personal jurisdiction over Margaret. Therefore, our analysis will be limited to those subsections.

       We also conclude that Margaret has sufficient minimum contacts with Illinois to comport with

       due process.

¶ 34                            1. Subsection (a)(11)—Breach of Fiduciary Duty

¶ 35          It is well established that a fiduciary relationship exists between a trustee and a

       beneficiary. Janowiak v. Tiesi, 402 Ill. App. 3d 997, 1006 (2010). Our supreme court has also

       stated, and we have followed, the rule that a contingent beneficiary is not “ ‘denied the right to

       bring an action against the trustees *** because his interest is remote and contingent.’ ” Pinzino

       v. Vogel, 98 Ill. App. 3d 330, 334 (1981) (quoting Barnhart v. Barnhart, 415 Ill. 303, 323

       (1953)). The right is limited to protecting the “ ‘possible eventual interest,’ ” the trust res, from

       “ ‘mismanagement or dissipation of assets.’ ” Id. (quoting Barnhart, 415 Ill. at 323).

¶ 36          Further, “[t]he fact that the trustee and beneficiary are the same person *** does not erase

       the fiduciary role *** [assumed] in acting as trustee in *** administering the trust.” Hawkins v.

       Voss, 2015 IL App (5th) 140001, ¶ 33.

¶ 37          Here, plaintiff’s complaint alleges Margaret, acting in her capacity as trustee, breached a

       fiduciary duty owed to him, as a contingent beneficiary, by squandering trust assets. Specifically,

       plaintiff alleges Margaret’s conduct, while acting with authority as trustee from 2011-2016,

       resulted in the mismanagement of trust funds in Illinois. Plaintiff focuses on the 296 checks

       written to James and MIS Consulting during this time period.

                                                         9
¶ 38          Based on the line of credit and promissory note executed between Margaret and James on

       January 1, 2008, pursuant to which 296 checks were apparently written, we conclude plaintiff

       alleged a breach of fiduciary duty by Margaret within Illinois. See 735 ILCS 5/2-209(a)(11)

       (West 2016).

¶ 39          It is significant that plaintiff alleged a breach of fiduciary duty owed to plaintiff, a

       contingent beneficiary, based, in part, on conduct that took place while Margaret was residing in

       the State of Illinois from 2011-2013. During this time, while Margaret resided in the State of

       Illinois, Margaret allegedly began a pattern of systematic advancement of trust funds to James

       and MIS Consulting, an Illinois corporation, when neither James nor MIS Consulting appeared

       to be performing any professional services for the trust.

¶ 40          Notably, the allegations concerning the wasting of trust assets support plaintiff’s

       contention that Margaret, by 2013, was not able to manage the trust funds without breaching her

       fiduciary duties to plaintiff, a contingent beneficiary. On this basis, plaintiff sought declaratory

       relief to determine whether Margaret conceded that she could no longer act as trustee, thereby

       voluntarily passing that duty to the successor trustee, plaintiff, on December 23, 2016.

¶ 41          Margaret’s transactions in Illinois, while acting as trustee, directly relate and give rise to

       plaintiff’s declaratory action. Therefore, the allegations of the complaint properly trigger specific

       personal jurisdiction over Margaret pursuant to subsection (a)(11) of the long-arm statute.

¶ 42                              2. Subsection (a)(13)—Trust Administration

¶ 43          Next, we address plaintiff’s contention that subsection (a)(13) is another basis for

       subjecting Margaret to the reach of the long-arm statute. Subsection (a)(13) states: “[a]ny person

       *** who *** does any of the acts hereinafter enumerated, thereby submits such person *** to the

                                                        10
       jurisdiction *** of this State as to any cause of action arising from *** (13) The ownership of an

       interest in any trust administered within this State.” 735 ILCS 5/2-209(a)(13) (West 2016).

¶ 44           Whether a trust is administered in Illinois in accordance with section 2-209(a)(13)

       depends upon the following: (1) the provisions of the trust instrument, (2) the residence of the

       trustees, (3) the residence of the beneficiaries, (4) the location of the trust assets, and (5) the

       location where the business of the trust is to be conducted. Sullivan v. Kodsi, 359 Ill. App. 3d
1005, 1011 (2005) (citing People v. First National Bank of Chicago, 364 Ill. 262, 268 (1936)).

       Jurisdiction over the trustee exists when the trust is administered in Illinois, and litigation in

       reference to the trust ensues. Id.

¶ 45           Here, the record reveals the trust was administered in Illinois. Under the trust

       instruments, Margaret is sole trustee and present beneficiary of the trust. Plaintiff would become

       successor trustee only upon circumstances not alleged to have occurred before 2013. Similarly,

       the trust was to terminate only upon Margaret’s death, with all remaining property, if any, being

       distributed to plaintiff and James as contingent beneficiaries. For these reasons, the trust

       instruments reveal Margaret’s residence is most pertinent to determining trust administration.

¶ 46           It is indisputable that Margaret, while serving as sole trustee and present beneficiary of

       the trust, resided in Illinois during the approximately 26 years between the trust’s creation in

       1987 and her move to Florida in 2013. Therefore, each of the first three factors above point

       towards trust administration in Illinois. By virtue of Margaret’s residence during this time, it is

       also apparent that the trust assets and business were located only in Illinois until 2013. The

       complaint alleges that Margaret, acting as trustee, issued checks drawn on the trust account to

       James and MIS Consulting between 2011 and 2013. Logically, these funds were withdrawn from

                                                       11
       the Peoria branches of PNC Bank and Morgan Stanley, as Margaret had never lived in any other

       state. Thus, the trust was undoubtedly being administered in Illinois up until October 2013.

¶ 47          Additionally, even though Margaret moved to Florida in October 2013, then Nevada in

       December 2016, the record indicates that the trust was still administered, at least in part, in

       Illinois. Specifically, Margaret continued to issue checks to James and MIS Consulting, an

       Illinois corporation in which James is an officer.

¶ 48          Further, Margaret contested plaintiff’s interference with the trust account in 2017 after

       plaintiff, acting as successor trustee, froze the trust account to prevent further wasteful diversion

       of trust assets to James and MIS Consulting. In fact, the trust account was frozen both before and

       after the commencement of this declaratory action. After learning that the trust account was no

       longer accessible to her, Margaret contacted the Peoria branch of Morgan Stanley, as well as the

       Illinois Department of Securities. Eventually, her efforts in Illinois, directed at reinstating her

       access to the trust funds, were partially successful.

¶ 49          In sum, we conclude that the trust was administered only in Illinois up until October

       2013, then, at least in part, in Illinois while Margaret took steps to reinstate her access to trust

       funds in 2017, around the time plaintiff filed suit. Based on these allegations, we conclude

       Margaret’s activities as trustee, with or without authority, were clearly directed at Illinois. Those

       activities also bear a specific and direct relationship to issues relevant to the declaration of

       Margaret and Steven’s rights to act as trustee or successor trustee, respectively, according to the

       terms of the trust instruments created in the State of Illinois. Therefore, specific personal

       jurisdiction over Margaret is justified under subsection (a)(13) of the long-arm statute.

                                                        12
¶ 50                           3. Due Process—Margaret’s “Minimum Contacts”

¶ 51          Even though sections 2-209(a)(11) and 2-209(a)(13) apply, based on the allegations

       contained in the complaint, Margaret asserts, and the trial court seemed to agree, that due process

       considerations control. As discussed below, we disagree and conclude Margaret has sufficient

       contacts with Illinois, satisfying all due process considerations necessary for the long-arm statute

       to apply.

¶ 52          As stated in the general discussion above, due process requires certain “minimum

       contacts” with Illinois. Russell, 2013 IL 113909, ¶ 36; Bombliss, 355 Ill. App. 3d at 1112-13.

       The defendant’s activities must be purposefully directed at the State of Illinois, making it

       reasonable for the defendant to anticipate being haled into court. Bombliss, 355 Ill. App. 3d at

       1112-13. The following factors are considered for purposes of a due process analysis: (1) the

       defendant’s contacts with Illinois, (2) whether the cause of action arose from the defendant’s

       contacts, and (3) the reasonableness of requiring the defendant to litigate in Illinois. Id. at 1113.

¶ 53          We agree with plaintiff that Margaret has sufficient minimum contacts with Illinois, such

       that it was not unreasonable for Margaret to expect to be served with a complaint seeking the

       declaration of rights under the trust she created in the State of Illinois. First, while residing and

       administering the trust in Illinois, Margaret systematically and continually wrote checks to James

       and MIS Consulting, an Illinois corporation. It is agreed that plaintiff froze the trust account in

       2017, acting pursuant to his perceived authority as successor trustee under the 1987 and 2003

       trust instruments. Following plaintiff’s actions, Margaret, at that time a nonresident, contacted

       the Peoria branch of Morgan Stanley, as well as the Illinois Department of Securities, and

       successfully regained access to the trust funds.

                                                          13
¶ 54          Turning to the second due process consideration, we have no doubt that the events and

       interactions between Margaret and plaintiff necessitated some dispute resolution regarding a

       potential breach of fiduciary duty and ongoing trust administration, which are directly related to

       the issues raised in plaintiff’s declaratory action. The legal effect of the 1987 and 2003 trust

       instruments, both of which were created subject to Illinois law, were called into question by

       Margaret’s and plaintiff’s independently held belief that each person was properly acting as the

       authorized trustee at times relevant in this case. In other words, plaintiff’s cause of action arose

       from Margaret’s interference with the decisions made by plaintiff, who believed he was acting in

       his capacity as successor trustee based on his December 23, 2016, conversation with Margaret.

       This dispute provides a direct nexus to the subject matter of plaintiff’s declaratory action,

       namely, whether he or Margaret had or continue to have the sole authority to act as trustee.

¶ 55          Third, the reasonableness factor for assessing minimum contacts yields a tougher

       analysis. Reasonableness itself requires consideration of the following factors: (1) the burden of

       defending the action in Illinois, (2) the interest of Illinois in adjudicating the dispute, (3) the

       plaintiff’s interest in obtaining effective relief, (4) the interstate judicial system’s interest in

       obtaining the most efficient resolution of the action, and (5) the shared interests of the states in

       advancing fundamental social policies. Id. at 1115. Because plaintiff invoked subsections (a)(11)

       and (a)(13), as to establish that Margaret “purposely directed” her activities at Illinois, it is

       Margaret’s burden to show that litigating in Illinois would be unreasonable. Id. at 1113.

¶ 56          Here, the experienced trial court judge rationally considered the potential difficulties and

       risks of requiring an 87-year-old Nevada resident to travel to and defend against potentially

       protracted litigation in Illinois. The trial court’s compassion and concern for an elderly defendant

       is valid. However, Margaret provided the court with the recent results of a March 6, 2017,

                                                       14
       physical and mental examination from Dr. Michael B. Jacobs, M.D., Ph.D, who also conducted a

       follow-up on March 13, 2017. The examinations revealed the following opinion:

               “All in all, [Margaret] is in excellent mental health, is well grounded, has full

               knowledge of her surroundings, her actions, and her intentions. She has a positive

               mental attitude and an energetic outlook for her future. My medical opinion is that

               Margaret Burgauer has appropriate decision-making capabilities, she has no signs

               of dementia and shows no indications for need of guardianship.”

¶ 57           As a result, the record does not support the view that haling Margaret into court in Illinois

       would be overly burdensome or pose a significant risk to her health or well-being.

¶ 58           Next, efficiency and social policies indicate that it is reasonable for Margaret to defend in

       Illinois. PNC Bank and Morgan Stanley are national institutions, but Margaret did business with

       the Illinois branches of those entities at times relevant to jurisdiction. In fact, Margaret’s quest to

       unfreeze her account began and ended with Illinois branches, along with the Illinois Department

       of Securities. Thus, the evidence related to plaintiff’s allegations—including any witnesses from

       PNC Bank, Morgan Stanley, or the Illinois Department of Securities—is in Illinois. Under such

       circumstances, it would be contrary to social policy to place the burden of litigating in Nevada

       on plaintiff, as he certainly has an interest in obtaining relief by adjudicating in Illinois.

¶ 59           Our inquiry indicates Margaret has not met her burden of showing it is unreasonable to

       litigate in Illinois. See id. Thus, we conclude she has sufficient minimum contacts to be haled to

       court in Illinois, in compliance with due process requirements.

¶ 60                                        B. Jurisdiction Over James

¶ 61           Second, plaintiff states specific personal jurisdiction exists over James under both

       subsections (a) and (b) of section 2-209. Plaintiff lists subsections (a)(1), (a)(3), (a)(7), (a)(11),

                                                          15
       and (a)(12), as well as subsections (b)(2) and (b)(4), as bases for both specific and general

       jurisdiction. See 735 ILCS 5/2-209(a)(1), (3), (7), (11), (12) (West 2016); id. § 2-209(b)(2), (4). 2

       For the reasons set forth below, we conclude there is no basis for personal jurisdiction over

       James, as his contacts have no relation to, nor do they give rise to, plaintiff’s current cause of

       action seeking a declaration of rights under the trust instruments.

¶ 62                       1. Subsections (a)(1), (a)(12), and (b)(4)—Business in Illinois

¶ 63           Plaintiff’s contention that James is an officer of MIS Consulting is presumably an

       argument that James is transacting business within Illinois under section 2-209(a)(1), (a)(12), or

       (b)(4). Subsections (a)(1) and (a)(12) of the long-arm statute state: “[a]ny person *** who ***

       does any of the acts hereinafter enumerated, thereby submits such person *** to the jurisdiction

       of the courts of this State as to any cause of action arising from *** (1) The transaction of any

       business within this State *** [and,] (12) The performance of duties as *** [an] officer of a

       corporation organized under the laws of this State.” Id. § 2-209(a)(1), (12).

¶ 64           Particular to subsections (a)(1) and (a)(12), it is unclear how plaintiff’s action, seeking a

       declaration of rights under the trust instruments, arises out of or relates to James’s “transaction of

       any business” or “performance of duties” as an officer of MIS Consulting. See Aspen American

       Insurance Co., 2017 IL 121281, ¶ 14; 735 ILCS 5/2-209(a)(1), (12) (West 2016).

¶ 65           Similarly, under subsection (b)(4), a natural person or corporation must be doing business

       of a “character and extent” as to subject itself to the laws and jurisdiction where a proper agent

       has been served and is bound to appear. 735 ILCS 5/2-209(b)(4) (West 2016); Cook Associates,

       Inc. v. Lexington United Corp., 87 Ill. 2d 190, 201 (1981). In other words, a nonresident natural

               2
                 We note plaintiff lists these bases for jurisdiction against James, but sparsely touches on each
       basis in his brief. Plaintiff also argues under portions of the statute not listed in his brief. We will not
       make plaintiff’s arguments for him, but will address his arguments as they fit within his stated bases.

                                                             16
       person or corporation must be engaged in “continuous and substantial business” within Illinois.

       Russell, 2013 IL 113909, ¶ 36.

¶ 66           Here, the allegations of the complaint failed to include any details concerning the

       “character and extent” of James’s business in Illinois as an officer of MIS Consulting. The

       allegations of the complaint are insufficient to establish James’s business activity is “continuous

       and systematic” within Illinois. For these reasons, we conclude the allegations of the complaint

       insufficiently alleged James was “doing business” in Illinois as an officer of MIS Consulting.

¶ 67               2. Subsection (a)(3) and (a)(10)—Acquired Assets Used to Pay Real Estate Taxes

¶ 68           Plaintiff seems to invoke subsections (a)(3) or (a)(10) of the long-arm statute by stating

       that James accepted funds from the trust to pay real estate taxes on his property in Illinois.

       Plaintiff appears to argue that James acquired ownership, possession, or control of trust assets

       located within Illinois, then used those assets to pay real estate taxes on a property in Lake Villa,

       Illinois.

¶ 69           Subsections (a)(3) and (a)(10) state: “[a]ny person *** who *** does any of the acts

       hereinafter enumerated, thereby submits such person *** to the jurisdiction of the courts of this

       State as to any cause of action arising from *** (3) The ownership, use, or possession of any real

       estate situated in this State *** [and,] (10) The acquisition of ownership *** of any asset ***

       present within this State when ownership *** was acquired.” 735 ILCS 5/2-209(a)(3),

       (10) (West 2016). Under subsection (a)(10), the “ ‘asset *** must have been present in the State

       when [acquired by] the defendant,’ ” and plaintiff’s cause of action must arise from the

       acquisition of those assets in Illinois. In re Marriage of DiFiglio, 2016 IL App (3d) 160037, ¶ 15

       (quoting Poplar Grove State Bank v. Powers, 218 Ill. App. 3d 509, 520 (1991)); see 735 ILCS

       5/2-209(a)(10) (West 2016).

                                                        17
¶ 70           Here, the funds received by James were allegedly used to pay real estate taxes from 2009-

       2011. These funds would have been acquired by James while the trust was being administered by

       Margaret in Illinois. However, we cannot say the acquisition of those funds relates to plaintiff’s

       cause of action, or that haling James to court in Illinois comports with due process.

¶ 71           We hesitate to find that the acquisition of funds by James from Margaret, during a period

       when it is not alleged Margaret suffered from a diminished mental capacity or engaged in other

       improper trust actions, can now, seven to nine years later, relate to plaintiff’s declaratory cause

       of action. It cannot be said that the exercise of such power would have allowed James to

       reasonably anticipate being haled into an Illinois court by plaintiff.

¶ 72                   3. Subsection (a)(7)—Contracts Substantially Connected to Illinois

¶ 73           Next, plaintiff argues for jurisdiction over James pursuant to contracts substantially

       connected to Illinois. See 735 ILCS 5/2-209(a)(7) (West 2016). Specifically, plaintiff argues

       James received funds, presumably from the trust, under the line of credit and promissory note

       agreements. We conclude these allegations invoking subsection (a)(7) are insufficient because

       those agreements are neither substantially connected to Illinois, nor relate or give rise to

       plaintiff’s cause of action.

¶ 74           Here, it would be improper for the promissory note or line of credit to provide a nonparty,

       plaintiff, with jurisdiction in Illinois when both agreements contained clauses dictating that

       Florida law controlled. The execution of these documents occurred on January 1, 2008, which

       was a time when Margaret retained certain powers to manage trust property. We believe the

       conclusory allegation that these agreements were a “sham” to cover James’s undue influence is

       insufficient, as a matter of contract or promise, to invoke jurisdiction under section 2-209(a)(7).

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¶ 75           Even if section 2-209(a)(7) was invoked, it cannot be said that James reasonably

       anticipated being haled into court by a nonparty to the line of credit and promissory note

       agreements. The agreements were largely initiated, negotiated, formed, performed, and prepared

       by an attorney outside of Illinois, indicating a lack of purposeful availment to Illinois law by

       James. See Cardenas Marketing Network, Inc. v. Pabon, 2012 IL App (1st) 111645, ¶ 36.

¶ 76           Most importantly, James is not and never has been named a successor trustee, nor does he

       have any arguable right to administer the trust as a contingent beneficiary. For these reasons, we

       find no basis for jurisdiction over James with respect to this declaratory action, which is brought

       to resolve the disputed right of Margaret and Steven to act pursuant to the trust instruments.

¶ 77                                  C. Jurisdiction Over MIS Consulting

¶ 78           Plaintiff urges this court to hold that general jurisdiction applies to MIS Consulting under

       subsections (b)(3) and (b)(4) of section 2-209 of the Code. See 735 ILCS 5/209(b)(3), (4) (West

       2016). Those subsections of the long-arm statute state: “A court may exercise jurisdiction in any

       action arising within or without this State against any person who: *** (3) Is a corporation

       organized under the laws of this State; or (4) Is a natural person or corporation doing business

       within this State.” Id.

¶ 79                    1. Subsection (b)(3)—Corporation Organized Under Illinois Law

¶ 80           The jurisdictional question arising under subsection (b)(3) is interesting because the plain

       language of section 2-209(b)(3) states a “court may exercise jurisdiction” against “a corporation

       organized under the laws of this State.” (Emphasis added.) Id. § 2-209(b)(3). The question,

       therefore, is whether, under this apparent discretionary language, the trial court erred in finding

       “there’s really no case *** [for] exercising jurisdiction over MIS Consulting, an Illinois

       corporation,” after finding jurisdiction did not exist over Margaret and James.

                                                       19
¶ 81          Here, we acknowledge the trial court’s view that the court lacked personal jurisdiction

       over Margaret and James, and that it was wary about leaving MIS Consulting as the remaining

       defendant. We share the trial court’s concerns for different reasons. Under plaintiff’s complaint,

       framed as a declaratory action, we are of the opinion that Margaret, and not James or MIS

       Consulting, is the necessary party-defendant for purposes of determining who has the authority

       to carry out the duties of the trust. Despite being a resident corporation, we fail to see how

       personal jurisdiction over MIS Consulting is necessary to determine the rights of Margaret and

       plaintiff as trustee and successor trustee, respectively, according to the original trust instrument

       and subsequent amendments.

¶ 82                    2. Subsection (b)(4)—Corporation “Doing Business” in Illinois

¶ 83          Briefly, we note that general personal jurisdiction does not exist over MIS Consulting

       under subsection (b)(4). Plaintiff failed to allege the “character and extent” of MIS Consulting’s

       business in Illinois, as necessary to indicate “continuous and systematic” activity. See Cook

       Associates, Inc., 87 Ill. 2d at 201. Without these allegations, we cannot gauge the continuity and

       substantiality of MIS Consulting’s business in Illinois. See Russell, 2013 IL 113909, ¶ 36.

¶ 84          For the foregoing reasons, we find the trial court properly granted defendants’ objection

       to personal jurisdiction and motion to dismiss plaintiff’s complaint as to James and MIS

       Consulting, but erred with respect to personal jurisdiction over Margaret. We remand the case

       with directions to hold further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

¶ 85                                          III. CONCLUSION

¶ 86          The judgment of the circuit court of Peoria County is affirmed in part, reversed in part,

       and remanded with directions.

¶ 87          Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded with directions.

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¶ 88          JUSTICE LYTTON, concurring in part and dissenting in part:

¶ 89          I find plaintiff’s complaint inadequate as a matter of law. The allegations contained

       therein are insufficient to support any cause of action. Thus, as explained more fully below, the

       trial court lacked personal jurisdiction over all of the defendants.

¶ 90                                                     I.

¶ 91          I dissent from the majority’s decision that the trial court had personal jurisdiction over

       Margaret Burgauer because I find that plaintiff’s complaint fails to state a claim against her.

¶ 92          The factual basis for assertion and existence of jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant

       depends on the allegations in the complaint. First National Bank of Chicago v. Screen Gems,

       Inc., 40 Ill. App. 3d 427, 433 (1976). The plaintiff carries the burden of establishing a

       prima facie basis for personal jurisdiction through the pleadings. Sullivan v. Kodsi, 359 Ill. App.
3d 1005, 1009 (2005).

¶ 93          “When a defendant challenges jurisdiction, a court will make a preliminary inquiry as to

       whether the complaint states a legitimate cause of action ‘to insure that acts or omissions which

       form the basis of a cause of action that is patently without merit will not serve to confer

       jurisdiction.’ ” Zeunert v. Quail Ridge Partnership, 102 Ill. App. 3d 603, 608 (1981) (quoting

       Wiedemann v. Cunard Line Ltd., 63 Ill. App. 3d 1023, 1030 (1978)). A count that is legally

       insufficient cannot serve as the basis for personal jurisdiction. Id. Where the plaintiff attempts to

       plead a specific cause of action for the sole purpose of bringing the defendant within the

       jurisdiction of the court, but it is “abundantly clear” that plaintiff’s claim stems from a different

       cause of action for which the trial court cannot assert personal jurisdiction over the defendant, a

       motion to dismiss should be granted. See id.

                                                        21
¶ 94          Here, it is abundantly clear, based on the allegations in plaintiff’s complaint, that plaintiff

       is seeking a declaration that Margaret is a “disabled person” under the Probate Act of 1975 (Act)

       (755 ILCS 5/11a-2) (West 2016)). However, plaintiff is disguising his claim as one for breach of

       fiduciary and/or waste of trust assets in an attempt to bring this case within the jurisdiction of

       this court. This is improper. See Zeunert, 102 Ill. App. 3d at 608. Margaret is not a resident of

       Illinois; therefore, a disability petition may not be brought against her in this state. See Laird v.

       Dickirson, 241 Ill. 380, 383 (1909); In re Estate of Oelerich, 31 Ill. App. 2d 457, 461-62 (1961).

¶ 95          The Act defines “disabled person” as

              “a person 18 years of age or older who (a) because of mental deterioration or

              physical incapacity is not fully able to manage [her] person or estate, or (b) is a

              person with mental illness or a person with a developmental disability and who

              because of [her] mental illness or developmental disability is not fully able to

              manage [her] person or estate, or (c) because of gambling, idleness, debauchery or

              excessive use of intoxicants or drugs, so spends or wastes [her] estate as to expose

              [herself] or [her] family to want or suffering.” 755 ILCS 5/11a-2 (West 2016).

¶ 96          The language in plaintiff’s complaint describing Margaret is nearly identical to

       the language used in the Act. Plaintiff states:

                      “Defendant Margaret Burgauer was disabled and unable to handle her affairs.”

                      “Defendant Margaret Burgauer *** was impaired by alcoholism, [and] had

                  diminished capacity.”

                      “Defendant Margaret Burgauer, because of mental deterioration, was not fully

                  able to manage her estate and *** she, Defendant Margaret Burgauer, because of

                                                         22
                   gambling and excessive use of intoxicants (alcohol), was spending and wasting her

                   estate so as to expose herself to want or suffering[.]”

                       “As of December 23, 2016, Defendant Margaret Burgauer has spent and wasted

                   her estate as to expose herself to want or suffering because of her gambling and

                   excessive use of alcohol. Likewise, as of December 23, 2016, Defendant Margaret

                   Burgauer was 85 years old and suffering from mental deterioration thereby rendering

                   her not fully able to manage her estate.”

¶ 97           Moreover, the relief sought by plaintiff confirms that he is seeking an adjudication of

        Margaret’s competence. In his prayer for relief, plaintiff seeks an order “adjudicating the parties

        which have control as a legal matter over the assets of the aforesaid Trust in the PNC Bank

        and/or Morgan Stanley; adjudicating that Plaintiff Steven Burgauer is the Successor Trustee with

        authority to control the assets in Peoria, Illinois at Morgan Stanley and PNC Bank.”

¶ 98           Plaintiff is seeking a determination of Margaret’s competency through an action initiated

        in a state where she does not live. The trial court does not have jurisdiction to grant the relief

        requested by plaintiff. See Laird, 241 Ill. at 383; In re Estate of Oelerich, 31 Ill. App. 2d at 461-

        62. Additionally, for the reasons set forth below, I would find that the allegations against

        Margaret are insufficient to state a claim against her and, thus, do not confer the trial court with

        jurisdiction over her.

¶ 99                                                     A.

¶ 100          I disagree with the majority’s conclusion that plaintiff’s complaint states a breach of

        fiduciary duty claim against Margaret, thereby bringing the claim within subsection (a)(11) of

        the long-arm statute (735 ILCS 5/2-209(a)(11) (West 2016)). To state a claim for breach of

        fiduciary duty, a plaintiff must allege the existence of a fiduciary duty, a breach of that that duty,

                                                         23
        and damages to the plaintiff that were proximately caused by the breach. C.O.A.L., Inc. v. Dana

        Hotel, LLC, 2017 IL App (1st) 161048, ¶ 73.

¶ 101          Here, plaintiff alleged none of the elements required for breach of duty. Plaintiff failed to

        allege that Margaret owed a fiduciary duty to him or any breach. Also, plaintiff did not allege

        that he suffered any damages. Instead, plaintiff alleged that, by “spending and wasting her

        estate,” Margaret exposed “herself to want or suffering.” Because plaintiff did not allege the

        elements necessary for a legally sufficient cause of action for breach of fiduciary duty, that cause

        of action cannot serve as the basis for personal jurisdiction over Margaret. See Zeunert, 102 Ill.

        App. 3d at 608.

¶ 102                                                   B.

¶ 103          I also disagree with the majority’s conclusion that plaintiff adequately pled a cause of

        action against Margaret for breach of trust/waste of trust assets. A trustee is liable for the

        following damages for a breach of trust: (1) any loss or depreciation in the value of the trust,

        (2) any profit made by the trustee through the breach of trust, or (3) any profit which would have

        accrued to the trust absent the breach of trust. In re Estate of Halas, 209 Ill. App. 3d 333, 349

        (1991). A plaintiff alleging a breach of trust typically seeks an accounting, compensatory

        damages, and punitive damages against the breaching party. See McCormick v. McCormick, 118
Ill. App. 3d 455, 461 (1983).

¶ 104          Here, plaintiff did not allege any damage to himself as the result of Margaret’s alleged

        breach of trust and did not seek any damages from her. Thus, I would find that plaintiff failed to

        state a legally sufficient cause of action against Margaret and would affirm the trial court’s order

        dismissing the allegations against her. See Zeunert, 102 Ill. App. 3d at 608.

                                                        24
¶ 105                                                   II.

¶ 106          I concur with the majority’s decision to affirm the trial court’s dismissal of plaintiff’s

        complaint against James for lack of jurisdiction.

¶ 107                                                   III.

¶ 108          I specially concur with the majority’s decision to affirm the trial court’s dismissal of

        plaintiff’s complaint against MIS Consulting. I agree that the trial court should have dismissed

        the claim against MIS Consulting but not for reason stated by the majority. I would find that

        plaintiff’s complaint fails to state a cause of action against MIS Consulting and should be

        dismissed on that basis.

¶ 109          When a defendant challenges jurisdiction, a court must make a preliminary inquiry as to

        whether the complaint states a legitimate cause of action against the defendant who contests

        jurisdiction. Id.; Wiedemann, 63 Ill. App. 3d at 1030. A count that is legally insufficient cannot

        serve the basis for personal jurisdiction. Zeunert, 102 Ill. App. 3d at 608. In reviewing the

        sufficiency of a complaint, the court disregards all conclusions of law or fact unsupported by

        specific factual allegations upon which such conclusions rest. Mitchell v. Norman James

        Construction Co., 291 Ill. App. 3d 927, 932 (1997).

¶ 110          Plaintiff’s complaint fails to identify the causes of action he is alleging against MIS

        Consulting or any of the other defendants. The only explicit allegation against MIS Consulting is

        that MIS Consulting committed a “constructive fraud” against Margaret. However, the complaint

        does not allege any facts supporting such a cause of action.

¶ 111          To state a claim for constructive fraud, a pleading must allege the breach of a duty arising

        from a fiduciary or confidential relationship whereby the fiduciary has profited. Farmer City

        State Bank v. Guingrich, 139 Ill. App. 3d 416, 425 (1985). A plaintiff’s failure to allege the

                                                        25
        existence of a fiduciary relationship between the plaintiff and defendant is fatal to a claim of

        constructive fraud. See id.

¶ 112          Here, plaintiff never alleged the existence of a fiduciary relationship between plaintiff

        and MIS Consulting. Thus, its conclusory allegation of a “constructive fraud” must fail. Because

        no other cause of action is alleged against MIS Consulting, the trial court properly granted its

        motion to dismiss.

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