Court Opinion

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Date Created: 2015-10-13 22:07:33.201996+00
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Opinions of the United
2005 Decisions                                                                                                             States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                                              for the Third Circuit

12-22-2005

Weng v. Atty Gen USA
Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 04-4606

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                                                       NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                 IN THE UNITED STATES COURT
                          OF APPEALS
                     FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

                            NO. 04-4606

                         YU CHONG WENG,
                             Petitioner

                                  v.

        ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES,
                      Respondent

On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals
                           No. A79-299-748

           Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
                         December 13, 2005

          BEFORE: SLOVITER, SMITH and STAPLETON,
                       Circuit Judges

                 (Opinion Filed: December 22, 2005)

                     OPINION OF THE COURT
STAPLETON, Circuit Judge:

       Yu Chong Weng is a married father from Fujian Province of the People’s Republic

of China. Weng left China in 2000 and entered the United States. In response to removal

proceedings, Weng filed for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the

Convention Against Torture Act. Among other reasons, Weng petitioned for asylum

because he was persecuted under China’s coercive population control program because

his wife was forcibly sterilized. The only substantial issue before this Court is the denial

of Weng’s application for asylum on that ground.1

       According to Weng, his wife has born three children in violation of China’s one-

child population control policies – a daughter born in 1987, a second daughter in 1989,

and a son in 1994. Weng testified that he and his wife kept all three pregnancies and

births secret from the authorities. He and his wife gave their second daughter away in

1989 to avoid detection by the government. His eldest daughter was eventually registered

with the government when she attended school in 1993 and Weng paid a fine for

registering her late. After his daughter’s late registration, Weng said that officials visited

him and his wife and encouraged her to be sterilized. The couple refused and later that

year Weng’s wife became pregnant again. Weng testified that his pregnant wife hid in a

remote area to avoid the authorities, who visited her home when she did not attend her

   1
     Contrary to petitioner’s suggestion, we perceive no “abuse of discretion, tantamount
to lack of, or excess of jurisdiction” in the BIA’s “affirming without opinion.” Br.
Petitioner at 1. The BIA issued an opinion in this case.

                                              2
mandated medical check-ups. Their son was born in 1994, and when authorities learned

of this, Weng testified that officials again demanded that his wife be sterilized. Weng

testified that his wife did not want to be sterilized but that they went to the hospital and

underwent the procedure in September 1995. They also registered their son and paid

another fine. After this, Weng testified that he and his wife became involved in

underground churches in China and that he eventually left China because he feared police

inquiry after an incident in which he helped a Christian escape the country.

       The Immigration Judge (“IJ”) refused to credit Weng’s testimony that his wife had

been forced to undergo an involuntary sterilization or his testimony regarding religious

persecution. The Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) agreed with the IJ’s decision,

concluding that Weng had “failed to meet his burden of proof for asylum.” Decision of

the BIA, A.R. at 2. Weng does not press his religious persecution claim before us.

       The BIA had jurisdiction over this case under 8 C.F.R § 1003.1(b) and we have

appellate jurisdiction to review any final order of removal under 8 U.S.C. §§ 1252(a)(1),

1252(b). See Dia v. Ashcroft, 353 F.3d 228, 234-36 (3d Cir. 2003) (en banc); Abdulai v.

Ashcroft, 239 F.3d 542, 548-49 (3d Cir. 2001). We ordinarily review only the decision of

the BIA, but “when the BIA both adopts the findings of the IJ and discusses some of the

bases for the IJ’s decision, we have authority to review the decisions of both the IJ and

the BIA.” Chen v. Ashcroft, 376 F.3d 215, 222 (3d Cir. 2004).

       We review decisions that petitioners fail to establish their eligibility for asylum

under the “substantial evidence” standard. Id. at 223. Under this “extremely deferential”

                                               3
standard, id. at 223, we may only reverse if a review of the record indicates that “any

reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” 8 U.S.C.

1252(b)(4)(B). The rejection of an asylum claim may rest on a requirement that the

asylum seeker provide corroboration – even corroboration of otherwise credible

testimony. Abdulai, 239 F.3d at 554. We have interpreted BIA precedent to find that:

       (1) an applicant need not provide evidence corroborating the specifics of his
       or her testimony unless it would be ‘reasonable’ to expect the applicant to
       do so; but (2) if it would be ‘reasonable’ to expect corroboration, then an
       applicant who neither introduces such evidence nor offers a satisfactory
       explanation as to why he or she cannot do so may be found to have failed to
       meet his or her burden of proof.

Zheng v. Gonzalez, 417 F.3d 379, 382 (3d Cir. 2005) (citing Abdulai, 239 F.3d at 551).

Congress has mandated that “[n]o court shall reverse a determination made by a trier of

fact with respect to the availability of corroborating evidence . . . unless the court finds . .

. that a reasonable trier of fact is compelled to conclude that such corroborating evidence

is unavailable.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B).

       In order to be eligible for asylum, an alien bears the burden of establishing that he

is a “refugee” under 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A) “by credible, direct, and specific

evidence.” Chen v. Ashcroft, 376 F.3d 215, 223 (3d Cir. 2004). In pertinent part, the

statute defines “refugee” as:

       any person who is outside any country of such person’s nationality . . . and
       who is unable or unwilling to return to . . . that country because of
       persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of . . . political
       opinion . . .

8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A). That statute specifies that:

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       a person who has been forced to abort a pregnancy or to undergo
       involuntary sterilization, or who has been persecuted for failure or refusal to
       undergo such a procedure or for other resistance to a coercive population
       control program, shall be deemed to have been persecuted on account of
       political opinion.

Id. The BIA has found that “past persecution of one spouse can be established by coerced

abortion or sterilization of the other spouse” – that “the husband of a sterilized wife can

essentially stand in her shoes” to make his asylum claim. C-Y-Z, 21 I. & N. Dec. 915,

917-18 (BIA 1997).

       In the portion of the IJ’s opinion cited by the BIA, the IJ concluded that Weng had

not met his burden to establish that his wife’s sterilization was involuntary. Weng

produced a hospital X-ray as evidence of his wife’s sterilization. The IJ found that, even

assuming the authenticity of the document, this was not probative of whether the

sterilization was voluntary or involuntary. As the IJ noted, the State Department’s China:

Profile of Asylum Claims and Country Conditions (1998) (“Profile”) found that the Fujian

province employs a “one-and-a-half child policy” – if the first child is a daughter, a

couple is allowed to have another child if they wait four years. This was relevant because

the IJ concluded that Weng and his wife had had only two children – a daughter born in

1987 and a son born in 1994. We find no evidence that would compel a contrary

conclusion.

       Weng testified to having paid several fines in relation to late registrations of his

children. Given the seven years between Weng’s daughter and son, and the payment of

fines for late registrations, the IJ reasoned that the two-child couple was now in “total

                                              5
compliance” with the family planning policies – a scenario the IJ noted is common in

rural areas like the one in which Weng’s wife and children were registered. See Profile,

pt. IV.1.b.2., A.R. at 191. The IJ reasoned that “it could very well have been a voluntary

sterilization as the couple now had two children, a girl and a boy, and were satisfied with

that situation.” A.R. at 20.

       Record evidence supports this scenario. Weng testified that he and his wife had

avoided complying with the population regulations when they first decided to become

parents in part because of a desire to have a boy. Hearing Transcript, A.R. at 90

(testifying that he and his wife kept their eldest daughter’s birth a secret “because of our

customs, we like to have a boy, but the first one was a girl.”). This preference, too, is

common – according to another of the State Department reports considered by the IJ. See

Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for China (2000) (“Country Reports”) at § 5,

A.R. at 247 (noting that female infanticide, sex selective abortions, and abandonment and

neglect of baby girls “remain problems” in China). Given Weng’s stated preference, once

the couple successfully had a boy, sterilization may or may not have been involuntary.

Weng testified that it was involuntary. However, under these circumstances, it was not

unreasonable for the IJ to demand corroboration. The IJ’s opinion noted that Weng’s

wife was in China and had not provided testimony. During the hearing, Weng testified

that his wife had sent numerous documents to him for his asylum petition. When asked

whether she could have provided a written account of what happened to her, Weng

simply responded that she did not provide such an account. Hearing Transcript, A.R. at

                                              6
127-28. We will not disturb the IJ’s finding that the involuntary nature of this

sterilization needed to be corroborated and we cannot find that a reasonable trier of fact

would be compelled to conclude that corroborating evidence is unavailable. See 8 U.S.C.

§ 1252(b)(4)(B). See also Zheng, 417 F.3d at 382 (finding no error in an IJ’s

determination that corroboration was required where “lines of communication remained

open” with a petitioner’s relatives in China).

       Nor would other evidence in the record compel a reasonable adjudicator to

conclude that Weng’s wife was “forced . . . to undergo involuntary sterilization.” As

noted by the IJ, the Country Reports and Profile indicate that China formally prohibits the

use of force to compel abortions or sterilizations. See Profile at pt. IV.1.e, Country

Reports at § 1.f, A.R. at 194, 228. The government primarily relies on “education,

propaganda, and economic incentives as well as more coercive measures, including

psychological pressure and economic penalties” to pressure citizens to comply with the

policies. Profile, pt. IV.1.a, A.R. at 189. See also Country Reports at § 1.f, A.R. at 227

(“For example, all workers at a factory or other work unit might lose a bonus if one

worker has a child without permission.”). According to the Profile, in the Fujian

Province “strong persuasion through public and other pressure was used” but there were

no reported cases where “physical force” was employed. Profile, pt. IV.1.f, A.R. at 195.

       The IJ found no evidentiary support to corroborate Weng’s claim that his wife was

forced to undergo involuntary sterilization, Weng identifies none for us, and the record

evidence would not compel a reasonable adjudicator to a contrary conclusion.

                                                 7
       Weng raises two challenges to the IJ’s conclusion. First he argues that he does not

need to establish the fact that his wife’s sterilization was involuntary. He argues that,

having produced a medical record to evince the fact of his wife’s sterilization, he has

satisfied his burden to show that this sterilization was involuntary and that if the

government “wants to cast doubt on that or prove that it was voluntary, then the burden . .

. lies with it.” Br. Petitioner at 10. This is incorrect. As we have noted on numerous

occasions, the applicant for asylum bears the burden of establishing his or her eligibility

for asylum. Chen, 376 F.3d at 223.

       Second, he argues that he could not be expected to produce evidence of the

involuntary or forced nature of the sterilization because documentation of sterilizations

are only provided where the sterilizations are voluntary. He does not support this

assertion. The portion of the Profile he quotes in support of this assertion pertains to

certificates by which asylum seekers seek to prove forced abortions; it does not relate to

forced sterilizations. See Profile at pt. IV.1.d, A.R. at 193. Even if true, his argument is

undercut by the fact that he produced a hospital document that purports to evince his

wife’s sterilization – documentation he claims is only supplied to those who consent to

the procedure.

       In its opinion, the BIA seemed to supplement the IJ’s conclusion by adding two

additional reasons to reject the credibility of Weng’s claim. The BIA reasoned (1) that

Weng’s credibility as a witness was in doubt because of the IJ’s adverse credibility

finding regarding a separate religious persecution claim and (2) that “objective evidence .

                                              8
. . pertaining to China’s coercive population control policies” discussed in the IJ’s opinion

brought Weng’s “claim’s plausibility into question.” Decision of the BIA, A.R. at 2. We

have doubts about the validity of the first conclusion. See Guo v. Ashcroft, 386 F.3d 556,

562 (3d Cir. 2004) (rejecting the government’s “bad-faith theory of asylum law” where

“one adverse credibility finding beget[s] another”).

       The BIA’s second conclusion leaves unclear whether it was making a judgment

about the claim’s “implausibility.” “Where an IJ bases an adverse credibility

determination in part on ‘implausibility’ . . . such a conclusion will be properly grounded

in the record only if it is made against the background of the general country conditions.”

Dia v. Ashcroft, 353 F.3d 228, 249 (3d Cir. 2003). While “an adverse credibility

determination may properly be based on implausibility or inherent improbability,” we

have found “there must be record support and specific, cogent reasons for such an adverse

credibility determination.” Berishaj v. Ashcroft, 378 F.3d 314, 324-25 (3d Cir. 2004). A

petitioner’s claim cannot be deemed implausible, and thus not credible, based on

“speculation, conjecture, or an otherwise unsupported personal opinion.” Id. at 325.

       The BIA’s opinion refers to “objective evidence” cited by the IJ, and the IJ’s

opinion does refer to both the Country Reports and Profile as describing the background

country conditions. But those background reports do not indicate that Weng’s claim

would be implausible or inherently illogical. The State Department reports do suggest –

as the IJ noted – that forcible sterilization is formally illegal in China, that the Fujian

province is reputed for lax enforcement of family planning policies, and that rural areas of

                                               9
the province employ a “one-and-a-half child policy.” However, these reports also

indicate that forced sterilization and abortions do still occur, see Profile at pt. IV.1.e,

Country Reports at § 1.f, A.R. at 194, 228, and that once couples have two children they

are “urged” to undergo sterilization. See Profile at pt. IV.1.d; Country Reports at § 1.f

(describing one local province’s regulations requiring sterilization of the husband or wife

when they have two children), A.R. at 194, 227. The Country Reports recount that one

local Fujian official in 1998 reported that local officials “systematically used coercive

measures such as forced abortion and sterilization, detention, and the destruction of

property to enforce birth quotas” – an allegation that was investigated and not directly

denied by the central government. Country Reports at § 1.f, A.R. at 228.

       In short, the country conditions evidence to which the BIA referred, while

supporting the IJ’s analysis, also provides support for the proposition that forced

sterilizations still do occur. It thus does not make it “inherently improbable” that Weng

and his wife were victims of forced sterilization. Nevertheless, this will not prevent us

from upholding the BIA’s conclusion that Weng failed to meet his burden to establish his

eligibility for asylum by credible evidence. See Chen, 376 F.3d at 223, 225 (upholding

the BIA’s decision that a husband who claimed his wife was forcibly sterilized failed to

carry his burden, despite being “troubled by . . . speculative statements” by the BIA and

IJ, including the statement that the husband’s claim that his wife was sterilized while he

was out of the country was not plausible).

       We find that the IJ’s conclusion – reiterated by the BIA in its opinion – that Weng

                                               10
failed to establish his eligibility for asylum to be supported by substantial evidence.

Accordingly, the petition for review will be denied.

                                             11