Court Opinion

ID: 4622441
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-21 02:49:25.273664+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:56:11.354026
License: Public Domain

JOSEPH STERN, PETITIONER, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RESPONDENT.  SAMUEL STERN, PETITIONER, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RESPONDENT.Stern v. CommissionerDocket Nos. 5887, 5943.United States Board of Tax Appeals14 B.T.A. 838; 1928 BTA LEXIS 2906; December 19, 1928, Promulgated *2906  1.  FAIR MARKET VALUE. - The March 1, 1913, fair market value of certain coal lands determined.  2.  ACCOUNTING - PARTNERSHIP - TWO BUSINESSES. - Petitioners, as partners, owned and operated two distinct and separate businesses of different character, one retail merchandising and the other the buying and selling of lands.  The books and accounts of the two businesses had for many years been kept separately, those of the mercantile business on an accrual basis and those of the land business on a cash basis.  Held, that the two businesses being separate and distinct, the use of a different system of accounting for each was proper, as the system used reflected accurately, in each case, the income received.  S. A. Hays, Esq., for the petitioners.  J. Harry Byrne, Esq., for the respondent.  TRUSSELL *838  These proceedings under Dockets 5778 and 5943 are for redetermination of deficiencies in income taxes for the calendar years 1918 and 1919 asserted by respondent against the petitioners, Joseph Stern and Samuel Stern.  The deficiencies are the same amount in the case of each petitioner, $2,376.24 for 1918 and $1,572.50 for 1919, and arise from*2907  determinations made by respondent of their respective distributive shares of the earnings of Stern Brothers, a partnership, during those years.  Petitioners assign errors (1) in respondent's determination of a profit in the sale of certain coal lands by the partnership in 1918 and 1919 and (2) in his disallowance of deductions in the years 1917, 1918, and 1919 of the full amount of interest paid by the partnership in those years.  *839  FINDINGS OF FACT.  The petitioners, during the taxable years involved herein and for approximately 39 years prior to that time, were partners under the firm name of Stern Brothers.  This partnership had for many years carried on two distinct and separate businesses, one the operation of two retail stores at Parkersburg, W. Va., and Uniontown, Pa., and the other the buying and selling of coal lands.  Approximately two-thirds of the assets of the partnership were invested in the coal-land business and one of the partners devoted his entire time and attention to its operation.  Between December, 1909, and March 1, 1913, the partnership, in its coal-land business, acquired seven tracts of coal land in Cumberland Township, Greene County, Pennsylvania, *2908  of sizes and at prices as follows: Date acquiredNumber of acresCost per acre less than - Dec. 1, 190910,009$500.00Jan. 2, 191013,5106437.50Mar. 3, 191154.3637525.00Dec. 4, 190913,6060500.00Dec. 5, 190913.6060500.00Dec. 6, 191225.8620500.00Dec. 7, 191247.6750495.00All of these tracts are approximately two and one-half miles from the Monongahela River.  The whole of Cumberland Township is underlain with the Pittsburgh vein of coal.  In that township, as a general rule, the coal lands with a river frontage are the more valuable; also, large tracts have a greater value per acre than small isolated tracts.  In July, 1918, the partnership sold for $575 per acre tracts Nos. 2 to 7, inclusive, total of approximately 168 acres.  In 1919 the partnership sold tract No. 1, containing 10.009 shares for $600 per acre.  In determining the deficiencies here involved respondent held the March 1, 1913, value of tracts Nos. 1 to 5, inclusive, to $500be per acre and computed on that basis, a gain accruing from their sale.  Tracts Nos. 6 and 7 he held to have been acquired by the partnership subsequent to March 1, 1913, and computed*2909  a gain on the basis of their cost.  The fair market value on March 1, 1913, of tracts Nos. 2 to 7, inclusive, sold in 1918 and tract No. 1 sold in 1919, was $525 per acre.  *840  During the taxable years here involved and for many years prior to that time the partnership had consistently kept the accounts of the two businesses operated by it separately.  The accounts of the mercantile business were kept on the accrual basis, as that business extended credit and had various accounts receivable and maintained inventories.  The accounts of the coal land business were consistently kept on a cash basis, no entries being made except of payments actually made or received of principal or interest on purchases or sales of lands.  In each of the taxable years 1917, 1918, and 1919, the partnership actually paid interest on account of transactions of the coal-land business in the amounts of $22,933.19, $29,919.12, and $12,541.25, respectively, and in computing its net income for those years, distributable to petitioners, deducted these several amounts.  For the taxable years in question, the partnership had in its coal-land business outstanding indebtedness consisting of unpaid principal*2910  and interest on deferred payments for purchases of land, none of which appeared upon its books.  Such indebtedness for 1917 amounted to approximately $160,000; for 1918, approximately $208,000; and for 1919, approximately $190,000.  In computing the deficiencies appealed from respondent held that the income of the partnership in its coal land business should have been determined on the accrual basis and adjusted income to the extent of disallowing as deductions certain of the interest paid in 1917, 1918, and 1919, as having accrued in prior years.  Such adjustment resulted in the deficiencies appealed from and in determinations of overassessments in the cases of the two petitioners for the year 1917 of $64.04 and $139.35, respectively.  OPINION.  TRUSSELL: The first issue presented is the correctness of respondent's determination of a profit to the partnership in the sale in 1918 and 1919 of certain tracts of coal land.  As to five of these tracts, indicated in the findings of fact as numbers 1 to 5, it is agreed that they were acquired by the partnership prior to March 1, 1913.  As to tracts Nos. 6 and 7, respondent insists that these were acquired after that date, this fact*2911  being evidenced by the dates of the two deeds of record, one dated in August and the other in December, 1913.  For the purpose of determining profit or loss on the subsequent sales of these properties it seems unimportant whether or not the legal title had passed to petitioners on March 1, 1913, for on that *841  date they had a definite equitable interest in the property in consequence of the execution of contracts for the purchase thereof at a fixed price and the payment of a portion of the purchase price.  On that date the ripening of their interest into a fee simple merely awaited the execution of the deeds and the payment of the balance of the purchase price to be made at that time.  It is clearly indicated that the parties considered the actual purchase as consummated at the time the initial payment was made.  Petitioners thereafter treated the lands as already acquired and prior to the delivery of the deeds entered into contracts to sell them and paid taxes on them for the year 1913.  We think these properties were "acquired before March 1, 1913," within the meaning of section 20i of the Revenue Act of 1918.  Cf. *2912 . On the question of the March 1, 1913, fair market value all of these seven tracts of land, the record shows that there was activity in the market for coal lands in Cumberland Township, Green County, Pennsylvania, during the latter part of the year 1912 and during the year 1913.  A number of sales of such land were made at prices above those obtained for similar lands in that section in preceding years.  This activity appears to have been due in a large measure to the operations of one J. V. Thompson, who was buying up many smaller tracts, combining them and selling to the large coal operators.  All of the sales were not to or by Thompson, his operations having the effect of stimulating the market generally.  Consideration of the testimony leaves us in no doubt that a genuine market for coal lands of the character of petitioners' and in that vicinity existed during this period with prices at a level above those prevailing before that time.  The record shows, as evidence of the market for these lands in that section, that early in 1913 J. V. Thompson sold 5,500 acres of land for an average of $784 per acre.  This property adjoined*2913  the lands here involved but had a river frontage.  Late in 1912 the Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. purchased 4,800 acres adjoining the lands here involved for $650 per acre.  This property also extended to the river.  Late in 1912 a tract of 100 acres on the river was sold at $1,000 per acre.  On March 8, 1913, one Laidley sold for an average price of $700 per acre a tract of 198 acres 1 1/2 miles from the river.  As far back as August, 1911, Thomas Ingram sold for an average price of $636.94 a tract of 157 acres located 3 1/2 miles from the river.  It is shown that Thompson in the latter part of 1913 became insolvent and his holdings of coal lands were thrown on the market by his trustees and a considerable depression resulted which had the effect of reducing the market prices for such lands in this vicinity *842  to a level below those obtaining in 1910, 1911, and 1912.  This depression existed for several years.  Petitioners had bought the seven tracts here involved at various times prior to March 1, 1913.  The respondent in his determination fixed a fair market value on these as of that date of $500 per acre.  For the largest one of these tracts petitioners had $525*2914  per acre in March, 1911.  For two others they had paid $495 and $500 per acre in the latter part of 1912 and for two others $500 per acre in 1909.  For one of the remaining two tracts they had paid $437 per acre in January, 1910, and in the case of the other, purchased in 1909, the price is not shown but it lay adjacent to other lands belonging to petitioners which they sold at $650 per acre in 1913.  The last mentioned tract was sold by petitioners in the year 1919 at $600 per acre.  The other tracts they sold together for $575 per acre in 1918 and under the proof we can not but conclude that the fair market value on March 1, 1913, of all of the several tracts was above the average cost shown.  Considering the fact that petitioners' lands involved herein have no river frontage and constituted in all only a small acreage, their fair market value on that date is not measured by the price obtained for certain large tracts as testified to in the record.  We think their fair market value on March 1, 1913, was $525 per acre.  The second issue is upon the disallowance by respondent of certain deductions in the years 1917, 1918, and 1919, by the partnership of Stern Brothers and representing*2915  interest paid in those years on indebtedness incurred for the purchase of coal lands.  It is shown that Stern Brothers operated two separate and distinct businesses, wholly different in character, one a retail mercantile business and the other a business of buying and selling coal lands.  The accounts of the two businesses were kept separate and distinct and one of the partners devoted his entire time to the coal-land business in which was invested approximately two-thirds of the partnership funds.  The mercantile business extended credit and maintained inventories and consequently kept its accounts on an accrual basis.  The coal-land-business accounts were kept on a strictly cash basis, only actual payments and collections being entered and these as of the date when made or received.  At no time did the books of the coal-land business show its outstanding indebtedness either as to principal or interest.  This method of keeping the accounts had been regularly and consistently followed for many years.  In the taxable years here involved Stern Brothers, in the operation of its coal-land business, made interest payments amounting to $22,933.19 in 1917, $29,919.12 in 1918, and $12,541.25*2916  in 1919, and *843  took credit in those years for the payments made in computing its net earnings for those years distributable to petitioners.  Respondent in disallowing part of the interest paid in each of the years in question takes the position that the fact that the mercantile business operated by Stern Brothers was on an accrual basis, and necessarily kept its accounts on such basis to properly reflect income, precluded the keeping of the coal-land-business accounts on any other basis.  It is insisted that, as the two businesses belonged to the same partnership, they constituted the one business of Stern Brothers, and two different systems of accounting for income could not be used.  We have held on various occasions heretofore that a business can not keep its books on a hybrid basis, partially cash and partially accrual.  See , and . The reason for such holding was that such a method resulted in a distortion of income as not being a regular and consistent method but leaving it uncertain as to how various items might be treated, and making it difficult, if not impossible, *2917  to verify the correctness of the result. However, the case before us is wholly different.  Here, we have two distinct businesses of an entirely different character, owned by the same individuals but operated independently and keeping separate accounts.  The basis of the conclusion reached by us in the cases cited above was the necessity to require methods of accounting which would clearly reflect income.  To so construe those decisions as to lay down a hard and fast rule requiring every business owned by the same individual or the same partnership to use the same method of accounting irrespective of whether it correctly reflects income would be to defeat the object sought.  In the case before us the two businesses are distinct, separate, and of different character, and maintain separate accounts.  We see no objection to the accounts of the coal-land business being kept on a cash basis if its income was thereby correctly reflected, and in determining whether or not that was the case it must be kept in mind that the accounts in question have been kept on this basis for many years and the fact that it was the regular, established, and consistently followed method, is not disputed. *2918  Unless it is clear that it did not accurately reflect the income received it should not be disturbed.  On this question we have considered the evidence carefully and can find no indication that the cash method was not a correct and proper one for this coal-land business.  We can not assume that it was incorrect merely because some of the items of expense paid in one year are shown to have been liabilities of prior years.  The character of the business as shown by the proof is such as to indicate that the method used was the proper one.  The adjustment made by respondent *844  by merely allocating to prior years a portion of the interest paid in the taxable years was a manifest distortion of income when we consider that there was in each of those years an average of more than $180,000 of outstanding indebtedness of the business, but carrying interest during those years, which would be later paid, for which credit, as an accrued expense, was denied by the adjustment, because such indebtedness did not appear on the books as kept on a cash basis.  The several deficiencies should be redetermined in accord with the foregoing findings of fact and opinion.  Reviewed by the Board. *2919 Judgment will be entered pursuant to Rule 50.