Court Opinion

ID: 4128181
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-02-18 00:36:44.649035+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:31:21.184416
License: Public Domain

TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

                                          OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
                                                    State of California

                                                  DANIEL E. LUNGREN
                                                     Attorney General
                                         ______________________________________

                                     OPINION                :
                                                            :           No. 96-904
                                     of                     :
                                                            :           April 25, 1997
                           DANIEL E. LUNGREN                :
                              Attorney General              :
                                                            :
                          ANTHONY M. SUMMERS                :
                           Deputy Attorney General          :
                                                            :
                    ______________________________________________________________________

                     THE HONORABLE BILL LEONARD, MEMBER OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE
         ASSEMBLY, has requested an opinion on the following questions:

                           1. Are full-time and part-time arson investigators of a local fire department eligible to
         receive identification certificates with concealed weapons endorsements when they retire?

                        2. If so, who is authorized to issue the identification certificates with the concealed
         weapons endorsements to qualified arson investigators?

                                                        CONCLUSIONS

                           1. Full-time arson investigators of a local fire department are eligible to receive
         identification certificates with concealed weapons endorsements when they retire if they were authorized to
         carry firearms and in fact did so during the course and scope of their employment. Part-time arson
         investigators of a local fire department are eligible to receive identification certificates with concealed
         weapons endorsements when they retire if their employing agency authorized them to act as peace officers
         while performing their primary duties, i.e., enforcing fire prevention or suppression laws, and they were
         authorized to carry firearms and in fact did so during the course and scope of their employment.

                        2. The fire chief is authorized to issue the identification certificates with concealed
         weapons endorsements to qualified arson investigators.

                                                           ANALYSIS

                          Penal Code section 12025 Footnote No. 1 sets forth the circumstances under which the crime
         of carrying a concealed weapon is committed. Exemptions to the prohibition on carrying a concealed weapon
         are found in section 12027, which in relevant part provides:

                          "Section 12025 does not apply to, or affect, any of the following:

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                           "(a)(1)(A) Any peace officer, listed in Section 830.1 or 830.2, whether active or
               honorably retired, other duly appointed peace officers, honorably retired peace officers listed in
               subdivision (c) of Section 830.5, other honorably retired peace officers who during the course
               and scope of their employment as peace officers were authorized to, and did, carry firearms . . . .
               Any peace officer described in this paragraph who has been honorably retired shall be issued an
               identification certificate by the law enforcement agency from which the officer has retired. The
               issuing agency may charge a fee necessary to cover any reasonable expenses incurred by the
               agency in issuing certificates pursuant to this subdivision. As used in this section and Section
               12031, the term `honorably retired' includes all peace officers who have qualified for, and have
               accepted, a service or disability retirement. For purposes of this section and Section 12031, the
               term `honorably retired' does not include an officer who has agreed to a service retirement in lieu
               of termination.

                           "(B) Any officer . . . shall have an endorsement on the identification certificate stating
               that the issuing agency approves the officer's carrying of a concealed firearm.

               `           ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

                           "(2) A retired peace officer . . . shall petition the issuing agency for the renewal of his
               or her privilege to carry a concealed firearm every five years. . . . The agency from which a
               peace officer is honorable retired may, upon initial retirement of that peace officer, or at any time
               subsequent thereto, deny or revoke, for good cause the retired officer's privilege to carry a
               concealed firearm. . . ."

         Section 12027.1 states in relevant part:

                          "(b)(1) An identification certificate authorizing the officer to carry a concealed and
               loaded firearm or an endorsement may be revoked or denied by the issuing agency only upon a
               showing of good cause. Good cause shall be determined at a hearing, as specified in subdivision
               (d).

                          ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

                          "(c) A retired peace officer, when notified of the revocation of his or her privilege to
               carry a concealed and loaded firearm, after the hearing, or upon forfeiting his or her right to a
               hearing, shall immediately surrender to the issuing agency his or her identification certificate.
               The issuing agency shall reissue a new identification certificate without an endorsement. . . .

                          "(d) Any hearing conducted under this section shall be held before a three-member
               board. One member of the board shall be selected by the agency and one member shall be
               selected by the retired peace officer or his or her employee organization. The third member shall
               be selected jointly by the agency and the retired peace officer or his or her employee
               organization.

                          " Any decision by the board shall be binding on the agency and the retired peace
               officer.

                          ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."

         The two questions presented for resolution concern whether retired full-time and part-time arson
         investigators of a local fire department are eligible to receive identification certificates with concealed
         weapons endorsements under the terms of section 12027, and if so, who may issue the certificates to them.
         Footnote No. 2

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                          1.    Eligibility To Carry a Concealed Weapon

                           In determining whether retired full-time and part-time arson investigators of a local fire
         department may meet the qualifications of section 12027, we first consider whether they acted as "peace
         officers" during the course and scope of their employment. Section 830 provides:

                           "Any person who comes within the provisions of this chapter [sections 830-832.9]
               and who otherwise meets all standards imposed by law on a peace officer is a peace officer, and
               not withstanding any other provision of law, no person other than those designated in this
               chapter is a peace officer. The restriction of peace officer functions of any public officer or
               employee shall not affect his or her status for purposes of retirement."

         Section 830.37 specifically provides with respect to arson investigators:

                           "The following persons are peace officers whose authority extends to any place in the
               state for the purpose of performing their primary duty or when making an arrest pursuant to
               Section 836 as to any public offense with respect to which there is immediate danger to person
               or property, or of the escape of the perpetrator of that offense, or pursuant to Section 8597 or
               8598 of the Government Code. These peace officers may carry firearms only if authorized and
               under terms and conditions specified by their employing agency:

                           "(a) Members of an arson-investigating unit, regularly paid and employed in that
               capacity, of a fire department or fire protection agency of a county, city, city and county, district,
               or the state, if the primary duty of these peace officers is the detection and apprehension of
               persons who have violated any fire law or committed insurance fraud.

                           ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."

         As recently explained in Service Employees International Union Local 715, AFL-CIO v. City of Redwood
         City (1995) 32 Cal. App. 4th 53, 59-60:

                           "Chapter 4.5 specifies dozens of government employees as peace officers, sometimes
               simply by job title, but more often by reference both to a position and its primary duties. In
               general, chapter 4.5 names some classifications of employees as peace officers whose powers are
               either specified or limited, provides that other employees are not peace officers but may exercise
               some peace officer functions under certain circumstances, denies peace officer status to some
               classifications, and denies or restricts the right of some peace officers to carry firearms.
               [Citation.] The plain import of this statutory system is that the Legislature intended to grant
               peace officer status, and the powers and authority conferred with that status in particular
               instances, subject to carefully prescribed limitations and conditions."

                           With respect to the retired full-time arson investigators, we believe that they would qualify
         as peace officers under the terms of section 830.37, subdivision (a). As arson investigators, their duties were
         to investigate crimes of arson, i.e., "the detection and apprehension of persons who have violated any fire law
         or committed insurance fraud." That was what they were "regularly paid and employed" to do as "[m]embers
         of an arson-investigating unit." We interpret the provisions of section 830.37 in a reasonable and common
         sense manner. (See California Correctional Peace Officers Assn. v. State Personnel Bd. (1995) 10 Cal. 4th
1133, 1147 ["a practical construction is preferred"]; Harris v. Capital Growth Investors XIV (1991) 52 Cal. 3d
1142, 1165 ["it is presumed the Legislature intended reasonable results . . ."].) Accordingly, while some
         members of an arson-investigating unit may not be employed to investigate violations of law or insurance
         fraud, the primary duty of arson investigators would so qualify as "the detection and apprehension of persons
         who have violated any fire law or committed insurance fraud" within the meaning of section 830.37,

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                                y                                                            g                   ,
         subdivision (a).

                          Even though they were peace officers, however, the full-time arson investigators in question
         may not have been authorized to carry firearms by their employing agency, or even if authorized, may not
         have actually carried firearms while performing their duties. Both requirements must be met under the terms
         of section 12027, subdivision (a)(1)(A), in order to be eligible for an identification certificate with a
         concealed weapons endorsement.

                           We thus conclude that full-time arson investigators of a local fire department are eligible to
         receive identification certificates with concealed weapons endorsements when they retire if they were
         authorized to carry firearms and in fact did so during the course and scope of their employment.

                            The retired part-time arson investigators, on the other hand, would not meet the test of
         having been peace officers as defined in section 830.37, subdivision (a). They would not have been
         "regularly paid and employed" as "[m]embers of an arson-investigating unit, having "the primary duty of
         . . . the detection and apprehension of persons who have violated any fire law or committed insurance fraud."
         Instead, a part-time arson investigator is typically "regularly paid and employed" to perform fire prevention
         or fire suppression law enforcement duties. Such persons are called upon only occasionally to help in arson
         investigations. They often volunteer for the assignments and conduct their investigative services "off-shift" in
         addition to their regularly assigned duties. They normally do not carry firearms while performing their
         primary fire prevention or fire suppression enforcement duties. (See Service Employees Internat. Union v.
         City of Redwood City, supra, 32 Cal.App.4th at 55-58.)

                          It is conceivable that a part-time arson investigator could qualify as a peace officer under the
         terms of section 830.37, subdivision (b), which state:

                           "Members other than members of an arson-investigating unit, regularly paid and
               employed in that capacity, of a fire department or fire protection agency of a county, city, city
               and county, district, or the state, if the primary duty of these peace officers, when acting in that
               capacity, is the enforcement of laws relating to fire prevention or fire suppression."

         In Service Employees Internat. Union v. City of Redwood City, supra, 32 Cal. App. 4th 53, the court examined
         in detail the requirements of section 830.37, subdivision (b). It traced the legislative history of the statute and
         concluded that under subdivision (b), "fire department members are peace officers if they act in the capacity
         of peace officers and their primary duty when they do so is to enforce the fire [prevention or suppression]
         laws." (Id., at p. 62.) It is for the employing agency to determine "whether its fire department members will
         act in the capacity of peace officers." (Id., at p. 63.)

                           Given this judicial construction of subdivision (b) of section 830.37, we conclude that
         part-time arson investigators meet the standard for being "peace officers" if their employing agency
         authorizes them to act as peace officers while performing their primary duties, i.e., enforcing fire prevention
         or fire suppression laws. Upon honorable retirement, pursuant to section 12027, subdivision (a)(1)(A), they
         must also have been authorized to carry a firearm and in fact have carried a firearm "during the course and
         scope of their employment as peace officers" in order to be eligible for identification certificates with
         concealed weapons endorsements.

                            2. Issuance of an Identification Certificate

                           We next consider who is authorized to issue identification certificates with concealed
         weapons endorsements to qualified retirees. Section 12050 allows only the sheriff of a county or the head of
         a municipal police department to issue a license to carry a concealed weapon. However, a retired peace
         officer meeting the requirements of section 12027, subdivision (a)(1)(A), "shall be issued an identification
         certificate by the law enforcement agency from which the officer has retired" with a concealed weapons

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         certificate by the law enforcement agency from which the officer has retired" with a concealed weapons
         endorsement unless the privilege to carry a concealed weapon is denied or revoked for "good cause" (§
         12027, subd. (a)(2)).

                          The concealed weapons endorsement of an identification certificate under the terms of
         section 12027 differs from the licensure requirements of section 12050. An officer who is currently employed
         is exempt pursuant to section 12027 from having to obtain a concealed weapons license. Similarly, a retired
         peace officer who has the appropriate identification certificate is exempt from the licensure requirements of
         section 12050. (See 70 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 20 (1987).)

                          The conclusion that issuance of an identification certificate with a concealed weapons
         endorsement is a separate process from licensure as a means of authorizing the carrying of a concealed
         weapon is confirmed by a comparison of the procedures applicable when a certificate or license is revoked.
         Revocation of a retired peace officer's concealed weapons identification certificate generally requires a
         hearing by a three-member board. (§ 12027.1, subd. (d).) Revocation of a license is "highly discretionary"
         and without the requirement of an evidentiary hearing. (Nichols v. County of Santa Clara (1990) 223
Cal. App. 3d 1236, 1241-1245.)

                           Since an identification certificate with a concealed weapons endorsement provides an
         exemption from the licensure requirements, the specification of the sheriff or head of the police department
         as the person who may issue a license is not relevant to issuance of a certificate. The certificate, as clearly
         stated by the Legislature, is to be issued by the law enforcement agency from which the officer has retired. (§
         12027, subd. (a)(1)(A).) In the case of a retired arson investigator, the issuing agency would be the
         employing fire department. The fire chief, as the head of that agency, would be authorized to issue the
         identification certificate with the concealed weapons endorsement.

                                                                   *****

         Footnote No. 1
         All references hereafter to the Penal Code are by section number only.
         Footnote No. 2
         We note that section 12031 prohibits the carrying of a loaded firearm in a vehicle or public place; the prohibition applies to
         all firearms, whether concealed or not. Subdivision (b) of section 12031 contains an exemption from this prohibition similar
         to the one contained in section 12027, subdivision (a)(1)(A), for concealed weapons. A peace officer may qualify for an
         identification certificate with an endorsement authorizing the carrying of a concealed and loaded firearm. Our analysis
         herein with respect to concealed firearms is equally applicable to loaded firearms.

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