Court Opinion

ID: 4585255
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-10 19:08:59.708542+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:25:04.108176
License: Public Domain

Filed
                                                                                       Washington State
                                                                                       Court of Appeals
                                                                                        Division Two

                                                                                      November 10, 2020
    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

                                          DIVISION II
 STATE OF WASHINGTON,                                               No. 52851-7-II

                           Respondent,

         v.

 JEROME WARD MOODY,                                             UNPUBLISHED OPINION

                            Appellant.

       GLASGOW, J.—A police officer found Jerome Ward Moody smoking in a church alcove.

Moody tossed away what the officer thought was a glass pipe, he then resisted arrest, and the

officer found methamphetamine in a cigarette pack that Moody was carrying. The State charged

Moody with felony methamphetamine possession, tampering with physical evidence, and resisting

arrest. He was convicted on all three charges after a jury trial.

       The trial court sentenced Moody to 12 months and 1 day of confinement on the felony

methamphetamine possession and suspended his shorter misdemeanor sentences for tampering

with physical evidence and resisting arrest. The trial court also noted that all of these sentences

would be served concurrently. Moody appeals his sentence and requests remand to the trial court,

arguing the trial court could not order both concurrent and suspended sentences for his two

misdemeanor convictions. He also asks that we remand to correct a scrivener’s error that omits the

date in one section of his judgment and sentence. Finally, Moody asks us to remand for entry of

written findings of fact and conclusions of law as to his motion to suppress statements he made to

the officers, as required by CrR 3.5.
No. 52851-7-II

        Regardless of whether Moody served his misdemeanor sentences concurrently with his

felony sentence or the trial court suspended his misdemeanor sentences, Moody is subject to no

further legal obligation as a result of his misdemeanor convictions that is not also required by his

felony conviction and, thus, there is no relief that this court can provide. The sentencing hearing

date appears elsewhere in the judgment and sentence. Although the trial court did not enter written

findings regarding its CrR 3.5 ruling, Moody fails to show he was prejudiced, the lack of a written

order is harmless, and remand for entry of written findings and conclusions is not necessary in

light of the trial court’s clear oral ruling. We affirm Moody’s sentence and we decline to remand.

                                              FACTS

        Moody was smoking in a church alcove. A police officer approached Moody, and Moody

told the officer he was smoking marijuana. The officer did not smell marijuana and asked Moody

to produce the pipe. The officer saw Moody make a tossing gesture with his hands and heard glass

break. The officer suspected Moody had discarded a glass methamphetamine pipe. Moody claimed

he was only smoking marijuana and that he must have stepped on glass in the alcove.

        Another officer arrived and the officers arrested Moody. Moody initially resisted, he yelled

at officers, and pulled his arm away while being placed in handcuffs. While searching Moody

incident to the arrest, an officer pulled from Moody’s cigarette pack a piece of paper containing a

crystalline substance that later tested positive for methamphetamine. The State charged Moody

with a felony and two misdemeanors: felony possession of methamphetamine (count I), tampering

with physical evidence (for disposing of the suspected methamphetamine pipe) (count II), and

resisting arrest (count III).

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No. 52851-7-II

       The trial court held an evidentiary hearing under CrR 3.5 to determine which of Moody’s

statements made to the police officer would be admissible. At the hearing, the trial court made

several verbal findings of fact and conclusions of law. First, referencing In re Personal Restraint

of Cross,1 the trial court examined whether the police officer’s act of showing Moody the

crystalline substance found in Moody’s cigarette pack was comparable to a “statement designed

to elicit an incriminating response.” 1 Verbatim Report of Proceedings (VRP) (Sept. 20, 2018) at

56.

       The trial court explained that if the officers engage in conduct that they should know is

likely to elicit an incriminating response, then that amounts to interrogation. The trial court orally

found some of Moody’s postarrest statements inadmissible because they were made in response to

the police officer showing Moody the crystalline substance and they occurred before Moody was

read his Miranda2 rights:

       [THE COURT:] There were some . . . spontaneous statements . . . that were made
       prior to an arrest having occurred. The officer testified there was essentially, quote,
       a barrage of statements that were made. . . .
                ....
                . . . [T]he statements prior to the arrest were . . . not during custody, and
       they were not the product or the result of an interrogation or a comment designed
       to elicit an incriminating response. So prior to the arrest event, those statements
       would be admissible.
                Post-arrest, there were a number of statements that were made while in
       custody, and the question is whether they were the product of interrogation.
                ....
                . . . I do find the statements -- the ones that are not directly pertaining to the
       contraband that was shown to the defendant, I find that those statements would have
       been made irrespective of the showing of the contraband or the narcotics to the
       defendant. . . . But certainly the statements that were made, the sort of immediate
       response to the showing the narcotics, those . . . need to be suppressed . . . .

1
  180 Wn.2d 664, 327 P.3d 660 (2014), abrogated on other grounds by State v. Gregory, 192
Wn.2d 1, 427 P.3d 621 (2018).
2
  Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d. 694 (1966).

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No. 52851-7-II

                 . . . I think that the statements that were made when you’re showing the
       narcotics but before he gets into the car for transport, those are clearly suppressed.
       And that includes at a minimum . . . the remarks regarding the planting of the
       evidence.
                 . . . What are the other statements that would be subject to this ruling I’m
       making?
                 MS. HUGHES: . . . [I]t sounds like he made statements, these were planted
       on me, it’s not mine. I think those are the two statements that [the officer] said that
       . . . he thinks . . . was what was said by the defendant when he showed him.
                 ....
                 THE COURT: . . . I will suppress those statements.

1 VRP (Sept. 20, 2018) at 56-62.

       The trial court found that all other statements made during Moody’s arrest, on the way to

the jail, and at the jail, were spontaneous and not due to the officer’s questioning or interrogation.

Thus, the trial court held these statements could be admitted.

       A jury convicted Moody on all three charges. At sentencing, the State recommended that

Moody be sentenced to 18 months in prison for the felony possession conviction, followed by 12

months of community custody. The State also recommended that the gross misdemeanor and

misdemeanor sentences for the evidence tampering and resisting arrest convictions be suspended.

On October 15, 2018, the trial court sentenced Moody to 12 months and 1 day in prison for the

felony possession conviction followed by 12 months of community custody.

       The judgment and sentence shows Moody’s misdemeanor sentences for tampering with

evidence (count II, 364 days) and resisting arrest (count III, 90 days) were both suspended, but it

also shows that they were to run concurrent with the felony sentence. First, section 4.1A of the

judgment and sentence states that counts II and III “shall run concurrent with the sentence imposed

in Count I.” Clerk’s Papers at 13. Then in the same section, the judgment and sentence states that

these misdemeanor sentences would be suspended.

                                                  4
No. 52851-7-II

       Finally, section 1.1 of the judgment and sentence is left blank. It should list the date for the

sentencing hearing. The sentencing date appears in two other places on the judgment and

sentence—where the judge, attorneys, and Moody signed acknowledging the sentence and where

Moody’s fingerprints were taken.

                                            ANALYSIS

                                           I. SENTENCING

       Moody argues that the trial court lacked authority to suspend his misdemeanor sentences

and simultaneously order that those sentences run concurrently with his sentence for felony

possession of methamphetamine. Moody asserts that his case must be remanded to clarify that he

has no continuing legal obligations on the two misdemeanor sentences. The State does not contend

that Moody has any continuing legal obligations under his misdemeanor sentences.

       We decline to remand because Moody’s misdemeanor sentences are complete and he has

no further legal obligation as a result of his misdemeanor convictions that is not also required by

his felony conviction. There is no relief that this court can provide, so this issue is moot.

A.     Suspended Sentences

       Whether a sentencing court has imposed an unauthorized sentence is a question of law that

we review de novo. State v. Church, 5 Wn. App. 2d 577, 580, 428 P.3d 150, review denied, 192

Wn.2d 1020, 433 P.3d 812 (2019). “‘[I]llegal or erroneous sentences may be challenged for the

first time on appeal.’” State v. Bahl, 164 Wn.2d 739, 744, 193 P.3d 678 (2008) (quoting State v.

Ford, 137 Wn.2d 472, 477, 973 P.2d 452 (1999)). But, generally, if we can no longer provide

effective relief, we will dismiss a case as moot. Wash. Off Highway Vehicle All. v. State, 176

Wn.2d 225, 232, 290 P.3d 954 (2012).

                                                  5
No. 52851-7-II

       During sentencing, a trial court has discretion to suspend a sentence, rather than impose

confinement, until the court orders otherwise. RCW 9.92.060(1);3 RCW 9.95.210(1)(a); see also

State v. Davis, 56 Wn.2d 729, 730, 355 P.2d 344 (1960). But a sentencing court that orders a

defendant to serve the maximum sentence for their conviction does not suspend any jail time. See

State v. Gailus, 136 Wn. App. 191, 201, 147 P.3d 1300 (2006). A sentencing court cannot order

probation or require compliance with conditions on the suspended sentence if it does not suspend

any jail time. Id. Thus, a sentencing court cannot simultaneously require a defendant to serve a full

sentence for a misdemeanor and suspend that same sentence with conditions or probation.

       The maximum sentence for a misdemeanor is 90 days and the maximum sentence for a

gross misdemeanor is 364 days. RCW 9A.20.021(2), (3). Moody was sentenced to 364 days and

90 days for his two misdemeanor convictions, respectively. He was sentenced to 12 months and 1

day followed by 12 months of community custody for his felony conviction. The judgment and

sentence first states that the two misdemeanors would run concurrently with the 12-month felony

sentence. The judgment and sentence then states that the misdemeanor sentences would be

suspended so long as Moody complied with the terms of his probation, but the section imposing

probation is crossed off, so no probation was imposed.

       If the trial court intended Moody to serve his misdemeanor sentences concurrently with his

felony possession sentence, Moody completed his misdemeanor sentences 90 days and 364 days

from the date of the judgment and sentence in October 2018. And if his misdemeanor sentences

were instead suspended, the terms of the suspended sentences would have expired 90 days and 364

3
 RCW 9.92.060(1) excludes “murder, burglary in the first degree, arson in the first degree, robbery,
rape of a child, and rape.”

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No. 52851-7-II

days from the date that the judgment and sentence was entered in October 2018. RCW 9.92.064.

The State does not contend that there are any further legal obligations as a result of Moody’s

misdemeanor convictions that are not also required by his felony conviction, and Moody does not

identify any. Thus, we cannot provide any effective relief and this issue is moot. Wash. Off

Highway Vehicle All., 176 Wn.2d at 232.

B.     Scrivener’s Error

       Moody argues that the omission of the sentencing date from section 1.1 of the judgment

and sentence is a scrivener’s error that requires remand for correction. We disagree.

       CrR 7.8(a) provides that “[c]lerical mistakes in judgments, orders or other parts of the

record and errors therein arising from oversight or omission may be corrected by the court at any

time of its own initiative or on the motion of any party and after such notice, if any, as the court

orders.” A scrivener’s error is one that, when amended, would correctly convey the intention of

the trial court as expressed in the record at trial. State v. Davis, 160 Wn. App. 471, 478, 248 P.3d

121 (2011). When a scrivener’s error occurs in a judgment and sentence, the remedy is to remand

to the trial court for correction. In re Pers. Restraint of Mayer, 128 Wn. App. 694, 701-02, 117

P.3d 353 (2005).

       Section 1.1 of the judgment and sentence was left blank. We routinely remand for

correction of small clerical mistakes, such as incorrect dates, failing to cross off inapplicable

sentencing provisions, or imposing incorrect fees. But CrR 7.8(a) states that the court “may”

correct the error, not that the court “must” correct the error, making the decision discretionary. The

date of the judgment and sentence is undisputed and it appears elsewhere on the judgment and

sentence. As a result, remand for this reason is not necessary.

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No. 52851-7-II

                                      II. CRR 3.5(C) HEARING

       Moody argues that the trial court erred by failing to enter written findings of fact and

conclusions of law as required by CrR 3.5(c) and that remand is required for entry of written

findings and conclusions. Moody does not address whether he was prejudiced by the lack of written

findings, nor does he argue that the trial court’s ruling was somehow incorrect. The State argues

that the absence of written findings is harmless because the oral record is sufficient for appellate

review and, thus, the defendant is not prejudiced. We agree with the State.

       CrR 3.5(c) imposes on the trial court a duty to enter a written order after a hearing regarding

the admissibility of certain statements. Specifically, CrR 3.5(c) requires the written order to

include “(1) the undisputed facts; (2) the disputed facts; (3) conclusions as to the disputed facts;

and (4) [a] conclusion as to whether the statement is admissible and the reasons therefor.” Although

a trial court errs by failing to enter written findings of fact and conclusions of law as required by

CrR 3.5(c), such error is harmless if the trial court’s verbal findings are sufficient for appellate

review. State v. Bluehorse, 159 Wn. App. 410, 423, 248 P.3d 537 (2011); State v. Cunningham,

116 Wn. App. 219, 226, 65 P.3d 325 (2003).

       Here, the trial court made adequate verbal findings during the evidentiary hearing. It is

clear why the trial court admitted some statements and not others. The trial court ruled that two of

Moody’s statements were inadmissible because they were made after the police officer showed

Moody the crystalline substance he found in Moody’s cigarette pack but before Moody was read

his Miranda rights. In ruling the statements were inadmissible, the trial court explained that the

statements could be considered the result of questioning designed to elicit an incriminating

response under Cross, 180 Wn.2d at 685 (holding that interrogation for the purposes of Miranda

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No. 52851-7-II

includes “any words or actions reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response”). The trial

court ruled Moody’s other statements admissible because the trial court deemed them spontaneous

and not due to the officer’s questioning or interrogation.

       The trial court provided explicit verbal findings that addressed facts and then applied the

law to the facts. The trial court’s verbal findings and conclusions are sufficient to permit appellate

review. Moody fails to show any prejudice from the absence of written findings and conclusions

after the CrR 3.5 hearing. Therefore, we hold that the trial court’s failure to enter written findings

and conclusions was harmless error and we decline to remand for entry of written findings and

conclusions.

                                              CONCLUSION

        We need not remand for resentencing, for correction of any error on the judgment and

sentence, or for entry of written findings of fact and conclusions of law under CrR 3.5. We affirm

Moody’s sentence and decline to remand.

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No. 52851-7-II

       A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW

2.06.040, it is so ordered.

                                                  Glasgow, J.
 We concur:

 Lee, C.J.

 Maxa, J.

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