Court Opinion

ID: 4516098
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-03-13 15:00:35.240297+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:13:02.306876
License: Public Domain

Case: 18-13926       Date Filed: 03/13/2020       Page: 1 of 10

                                                                   [DO NOT PUBLISH]

                  IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                            FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                              ________________________

                                Nos. 18-13926 & 19-13894
                               ________________________

                      D.C. Docket No. 3:16-cv-00212-MCR-EMT

QBE SPECIALTY INSURANCE CO.,

                                                Plaintiff – Counter Defendant - Appellee,

                                             versus

SCRAP INC.,

                                               Defendant - Counter Claimant - Appellant.

                               ________________________

                      Appeals from the United States District Court
                          for the Northern District of Florida
                             ________________________

                                      (March 13, 2020)

Before MARTIN, ROSENBAUM, and BOGGS,∗ Circuit Judges.

       ∗  Honorable Danny J. Boggs, United States Circuit Judge for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by
designation.
              Case: 18-13926        Date Filed: 03/13/2020   Page: 2 of 10

PER CURIAM:

      Scrap, Inc. (“Scrap”) appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment

in favor of QBE Specialty Insurance Co. (“QBE”) regarding QBE’s obligation to

indemnify Scrap for a separate nuisance action against Scrap. Because the district

court ruled correctly, we affirm.

                         I.     FACTUAL BACKGROUND

      Scrap is a Florida scrap-metal company. From approximately 2010 to 2012,

Scrap was insured under general commercial-liability policies issued by QBE.

Under the policies, QBE promised to “pay those sums that the insured becomes

legally obligated to pay as damages because of ‘bodily injury’ or ‘property

damage’ to which this insurance applies” where the “‘bodily injury’ or ‘property

damage’ is caused by an ‘occurrence’ that takes place in the ‘coverage territory’”

and “occurs during the policy period.” “Bodily injury” was defined as “bodily

injury, sickness or disease sustained by a person, including death resulting from

any of these at any time,” and “property damage” was defined as “‘[p]hysical

injury to tangible property, including all resulting loss of use of that property …,’

or ‘[l]oss of use of tangible property that is not physically injured.’” The policy

also contained an exclusion for “pollution,” which was defined as “‘bodily injury’

or ‘property damage’ which would not have occurred in whole or part but for the

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actual, alleged or threatened discharge, dispersal, seepage, migration, release or

escape of ‘pollutants’ at any time.”

      The Mullinses and Rhodeses (the “families”) are Florida residents who filed

a state-court lawsuit against Scrap in March 2012 for nuisance stemming from its

operation of a metal shredding facility. In the lawsuit, the families alleged that

Scrap’s shredding operation “create[d] loud noises, offensive odors, fumes, and

other emissions of undisclosed content …, frequent vibrations to these homes, and

periodic explosions.” As a result, the families alleged that they “suffered

annoyance, inconvenience, aggravation, discomfort, loss of use and enjoyment of

property, mental anguish, pain and suffering, [and] actual physical damage to their

properties.” QBE was not a party to that lawsuit.

      QBE agreed to defend Scrap in the underlying lawsuit and to provide

counsel throughout the proceedings, but under a reservation of rights. Numerous

times throughout the proceeding, QBE advised Scrap of the availability of and

need for special jury instructions and special-interrogatory verdict forms.

Additionally, QBE sought leave to intervene on two occasions for the limited

purpose of requesting special jury instructions and special-interrogatory verdict

forms. The court, however, denied QBE’s motion, stating: “QBE has informed

[Scrap’s trial counsel] as well as the Defendants’ private counsel that this case

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requires a special interrogatory verdict form. There will be adequate lawyers at the

table to make sure this Court provides a proper verdict form.”

         The jury instructions defined nuisance damages as “[a]ny annoyance,

discomfort, inconvenience, or loss of ability to peacefully enjoy their property” and

added that “[t]here is no exact standard for measuring such damage” but “[t]he

amount should be fair and just in the light of the evidence.” On April 18, 2016, a

jury found Scrap liable for nuisance damages and awarded $750,000 to the

families.

         On May 17, 2016, QBE initiated this action seeking a declaratory judgment

that it is not obligated to indemnify Scrap for the underlying judgment. In the

district court, both parties moved for summary judgment and the court granted

QBE’s motion. Scrap appealed.1

                                    II.      STANDARD OF REVIEW

         We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, applying

the same legal standards as the district court. Hurlbert v. St. Mary’s Health Care

Sys., Inc., 439 F.3d 1286, 1293 (11th Cir. 2006). Summary judgment is appropriate

1
  After the appeal before us was filed, briefed, and argued, the federal district court entered an order on September
27, 2019, stating that “inadvertently, final judgment was not entered, and the file remains open,” and directing the
Clerk to “enter judgment and close the file.” Thereafter, on the same date, the Clerk of the Court entered a “Final
Declaratory Judgment” on both the declaratory judgment action and the counterclaim. As the district court itself
notes, its order is to be performed “consistent with ECF No. 33,” i.e. the order on appeal before us, which ends with
a quite definite grant of summary judgment. It therefore seems to us the prior order was final and appealable. If not,
the notice of appeal previously filed has become effective anyway pursuant to Fed. R. App. P. 4(a)(2). In an
understandable abundance of caution, however, Scrap has also appealed the new order, which we consolidate with
the existing appeal. This is purely procedural and alters our analysis in no way.

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only “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact

and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).

The court must draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving party.

See Standard v. A.B.E.L. Servs., Inc., 161 F.3d 1318, 1326 (11th Cir. 1998).

                                             III.    DISCUSSION

        Under Florida law, the party claiming insurance coverage has the initial

burden to show that a settlement or judgment represents damages that fall within

the coverage provisions of the insurance policy. U.S. Concrete Pipe Co. v. Bould,

437 So. 2d 1061, 1065 (Fla. 1983); Keller Indus., Inc. v. Employers Mut. Liab. Ins.

Co. of Wis., 429 So. 2d 779, 780 (Fla. 3d DCA 1983). An insured’s inability to

allocate the amount of a judgment between covered and uncovered damages is

therefore generally fatal to its indemnification claim. Trovillion Constr. & Dev.,

Inc. v. Mid-Continent Cas. Co., 2014 WL 201678, at *8 (M.D. Fla. Jan. 17, 2014)

(citing Keller, 429 So. 2d at 780). However, the burden of apportioning or

allocating between covered and uncovered damages in a general jury verdict may

be shifted to the insurer if the insurer did not adequately make known to the

insured the availability and advisability of a special verdict. See Duke v. Hoch, 468
F.2d 973, 976-83 (5th Cir. 1972).2

2
 In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir.) (en banc), we adopted as binding precedent all
decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed down before the close of business on September 30, 1981.

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         Here, the district court correctly found that QBE had met its key

responsibilities to Scrap, and thus the burden of proving allocation remained with

Scrap. On December 2, 2014; April 21, 2015; May 13, 2015; February 22, 2016;

and April 8, 2016, QBE wrote to Scrap’s attorneys 3 advising Scrap of the need for

allocation. In these letters, QBE told Scrap explicitly that Scrap would have to

request a special verdict, differentiating covered damages from uncovered

damages, and that if it did not, the failure to seek allocation could result in

forfeiture of coverage for all damages.

         QBE also twice attempted to intervene in the underlying suit for the purpose

of assisting with the preparation of special-interrogatory verdict forms, on both

January 30, 2015, and April 15, 2016. Though Scrap protests at length that QBE’s

attempted interventions were procedurally defective, the standard is notice, not

successful intervention. See Duke v. Hoch, 468 F.2d at 979. That standard was

certainly met here.

         Furthermore, in the absence of an allocated verdict in the underlying trial,

Scrap never provided the district court with a plausible method for separating those

damages awarded by the jury that are covered by QBE’s policies from those that

3
  As the district court notes, “Although Scrap argues that the various letters by QBE were not directly addressed to
Scrap's trial counsel, but instead to Robert Beasley, the attorney for GSI, another defendant in the underlying suit,
Scrap concedes, and the record shows, that Scrap's attorneys were all copied on these letters, ‘and therefore, were
aware of [the] contents.’” Perhaps it is for this reason that the district court and the briefs in this appeal refer to QBE
writing “at least four times,” rather than five, as one letter was addressed to a Mark Vanden Bergh and copied to
Beasley, but not to Scrap’s trial counsel. However, as the trial court ruled in refusing QBE’s motion to intervene in
the Scrap-Mullins dispute, Beasley was Scrap’s “private counsel” throughout those proceedings.

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are not. As the court in Duke v. Hoch recognized, this leaves Scrap with an

“impossible” burden to overcome. See 468 F.2d at 977.

      In order to get out from under the overwhelming evidence, catalogued

above, that QBE fulfilled its duties under Duke v. Hoch and thus left the burden on

Scrap, Scrap makes what amounts to a challenge to the whole legal framework. It

posits a scenario, which it calls the “allocution trap,” in which an insurer writes to

the insured “suggesting an issue of coverage may exist and that a special verdict

form should be used.” At the same time, because the attorney for the insured is

being paid by the insurer, he or she “refuse[s] to submit the interrogatories because

they pertain to coverage issues, for which he claim[s] conflict.” If this is done late

enough in the day, the insured can be trapped:

      The coverage issues claimed by [the insurer] exist[] from the start of
      the case, yet [insurer-]appointed defense counsel conduct[s] no
      discovery which would . . . allow[] the special verdict form to be
      usable by the jury. . . . As the case progresse[s], [insurer-]appointed
      defense counsel, relying on the issue of conflict, ma[k]e[s] no effort to
      develop a case which would allow the special verdict forms to be
      used. As a result, the insured had lost the issue of coverage long
      before the trial court rejected the intervention or the use of the special
      verdict form. Conversely, [the insurer] prevail[s] on the issue of its
      alleged coverage exclusions without the risk of a separate declaratory
      action.

Therefore, the court (Scrap concludes) ought to adopt as a rule the suggestion

contained in Employers Insurance of Wasau v. Lavender, 506 So. 2d 1166 (Fla. 3d

DCA 1987). In that case, the court commended—and we presumably are being

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asked to require—the insurer’s intervening in the initial trial so as to request a

second verdict from the same jury, allocating damages if there are any.

           But while Scrap makes a cogent academic analysis of a potential gap in the

Duke v. Hoch framework, this description does not match the case before us. Far

from sitting back and letting Scrap develop its discovery plans in ignorance, QBE

warned Scrap for the first time sixteen months before trial began, and reiterated

this warning four more times before trial started. Thus, instead of being blindsided

by late notice that it had to present a special-verdict form for which it had not

prepared, Scrap was given ample time to prepare a strategy to accommodate this

need.4 Also, unlike the hapless insured in the picture it paints, Scrap was not left

without representation. Even though Scrap’s trial counsel, Jester (who was paid by

QBE), did indeed claim conflict and refuse to participate in discussions of QBE’s

intervention and the proposed special-verdict form, nevertheless Scrap’s “private

counsel,” 5 Beasley, was given repeated notice of the problem. (This was a point the

district court explicitly noted and relied on in denying QBE’s motion to intervene.)

Scrap may gripe that this “negat[es] any benefit of procuring an insurance policy

4
  Scrap complains repeatedly that the proffered special-verdict form contained forty questions, that this would be
confusing to the jury, and that many questions covered topics that were not otherwise going to be covered by the
trial. But as Scrap conceded at oral argument, it was not forty-or-nothing. Indeed, QBE acknowledged when sending
the questions, that it might not be necessary to ask many of them. The bottom line is, Scrap was made aware of the
state of the law, and it fell to Scrap to formulate a strategy to meet the burden that it knew it would eventually have
to bear. That Scrap, whether through inadvertence or a strategic choice, did not do so should not be laid at the feet of
QBE, nor does it require a change in the law.
5
    Also referred to in the record as “personal counsel.”

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which provides for the cost of defense[,]” but that is a separate contract dispute. It

does not relieve Scrap of its obligation—of which it was on notice—to have

secured an allocated verdict, whether through Beasley or by hiring another

attorney. 6 Finally, to impose the suggestion in Wasau as a Florida rule would

entail tricky decisions. Intervention currently lies in the discretion of the judge.

Should we change that in this specific instance? If not, it would seem manifestly

unjust to the insurer to have its liability depend on a decision over which it had no

control. And there may be other reasons, not briefed before us, to decline to adopt

this rule. The Wasau procedure, ultimately, may or may not be wise as an

exception to Duke in some narrow circumstances—but those are not circumstances

that apply here. Therefore, we need not rule on the adoption of the Wasau rule.

Suffice it to say that the communications between QBE and Scrap fall squarely in

the mine run of cases anticipated by Duke: QBE had a duty to inform Scrap of the

availability and advisability of a special verdict, lest the burden shift; QBE did so;

the burden thus did not shift, but remained on Scrap, which is unable to meet it.

6
  Indeed, Scrap also implies repeatedly that QBE knew Jester would refuse to submit special-verdict forms. Insofar
as this goes beyond descriptive statement—QBE, like any other observer, could see that neither Jester nor the other
members of Scrap’s legal team were, in fact, submitting such forms—to alleging a kind of conspiracy, it is utterly
unsupported by any evidence. In the summary judgment posture, the non-moving party cannot simply rely on
speculation. See Walker v. Darby, 911 F.2d 1573 (11th Cir. 1990); cf. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio
Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 585–87 (1986). More broadly, as the district court in this case correctly noted, the potential
conflict of interest between the insurer and the insured, on issues of allocation, is precisely why the Duke v. Hoch
standard exists—not a reason to disregard it.

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      Separately, we also reject Scrap’s argument that “the district court

erroneously applied the summary judgment standard by granting summary

judgment to QBE despite expressly finding genuine issues of material fact exist.”

While the district court did find that “genuine issues of material fact” existed, it did

so with respect to facts that prevented summary judgment in Scrap’s favor, rather

than QBE’s. The court found, for example, that genuine issues of material fact

existed as to whether the jury attributed the nuisance damages to “sickness” as

opposed to “annoyance, discomfort, and/or inconvenience,” whether the jury

attributed any damages to property damages as defined in the written agreement,

and whether any of the claims would be excluded under the pollution provision.

All of these issues of fact support the district court’s decision to deny Scrap’s

summary-judgment motion; none of them, however, would support denying QBE’s

similar motion.

                               IV.    CONCLUSION

      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary

judgment to QBE.

      AFFIRMED.

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