Court Opinion

ID: 3147966
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-22 18:39:53.901983+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:07:29.230575
License: Public Domain

ILLINOIS OFFICIAL REPORTS
                                        Appellate Court

        Yellow Book Sales & Distribution Co. v. Feldman, 2012 IL App (1st) 120069

Appellate Court            YELLOW BOOK SALES AND DISTRIBUTION COMPANY, INC.,
Caption                    Plaintiff-Appellee, v. DAVID FELDMAN, Defendant-Appellant.

District & No.             First District, Fourth Division
                           Docket No. 1-12-0069

Rule 23 Order filed        September 27, 2012
Rule 23 Order
withdrawn                  November 3, 2012
Opinion filed              November 15, 2012

Held                       Defendant was personally liable as the guarantor of his corporation’s
(Note: This syllabus       obligations for the advertising services provided by plaintiff, since
constitutes no part of     defendant signed the contracts for those services, the contract language
the opinion of the court   was identical, each included a clear statement that defendant would be
but has been prepared      “individually” liable, and further information was provided stating that
by the Reporter of         the signatory would be personally liable, and, furthermore, defendant
Decisions for the          admitted that he was an attorney with an undergraduate degree in
convenience of the         economics, he had 10 years’ experience in running a company, he
reader.)
                           continued signing contracts for plaintiff after being placed on notice of
                           the personal suit against him, and he did not attempt to add language that
                           his guarantee was limited to his role as president of the corporation.

Decision Under             Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 11-M1-123590; the
Review                     Hon. Sheryl A. Pethers, Judge, presiding.

Judgment                   Affirmed.
Counsel on                  Edward W. Feldman, of Miller, Shakman & Beem, LLP, of Chicago, for
Appeal                      appellant.

                            Tamara M. Paulun, of Teller, Levit & Silvertrust, P.C., of Chicago, for
                            appellee.

Panel                       JUSTICE FITZGERALD SMITH delivered the judgment of the court,
                            with opinion.
                            Presiding Justice Lavin and Justice Pucinski concurred in the judgment
                            and opinion.

                                               OPINION

¶1          This is a collection case, arising from several contracts entered into by the plaintiff,
        Yellow Book Sales and Distribution Company, Inc. (Yellow Book), and the defendant, David
        Feldman (Feldman). As president of Glassworks, Inc. (Glassworks), Feldman negotiated and
        signed four contacts for advertising services with Yellow Book. On each occasion, Feldman
        signed the contracts with his name, followed, by “President” or “Pres.” When Glassworks
        went out of business and failed to pay the remaining balance owed on the four contracts,
        Yellow Book sued Feldman as the purported guarantor. Following a bench trial, the court
        found Feldman personally liable under the guarantee. The parties then stipulated to the
        judgment amount ($13,178.01). Feldman now appeals, contending that the trial court’s
        finding that he intended to be bound personally under the guarantee was against the manifest
        weight of the evidence. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

¶2                                      I. BACKGROUND
¶3          The record reveals the following pertinent facts and procedural history. On May 3, 2011,
        Yellow Book filed a complaint against Feldman, alleging that he owed Yellow Book the
        amount of $13,651.49 in damages, as guarantor on contracts Feldman had entered into on
        behalf of Glassworks for advertising services between 2007 and 2009. In support of this
        contention, Yellow Book attached copies of four contracts signed by Feldman on behalf of
        Glassworks. These contracts were executed on December 5, 2007, May 14, 2008, December
        11, 2008, and August 6, 2009.1 All four documents are form contracts and contain identical

                1
                 We note that the record is not properly marked and contains numerous other contracts, so
        that it would be impossible to tell from the record alone which contracts are actually in dispute.
        However, the parties have stipulated in their supplemental record on appeal that the four contracts
        dated December 5, 2007, May 14, 2008, December 11, 2008 and August 6, 2009, are, in fact, the
        only contracts at issue in this case and that, as such, they were introduced at trial as plaintiff’s

                                                    -2-
     language. Each contract clearly states that the contracting parties are Yellow Book and its
     “Customer,” Glassworks, but each is signed by Feldman. The contracts are two-sided, with
     the back side containing boilerplate language in fine print. The bottom right of the front side
     of each form contract has a three-line signature block, written in fine print. It contains the
     following language:
          THIS IS AN ADVERTISING CONTRACT BETWEEN YELLOW BOOKS SALES AND DISTRIBUTION COMPANY, INC. OR YP
          TEL. AND

          __________________________________________________________________________ and
          Print Customer Name

          x_____________________________________________________________________________
          Authorized Signature individually and for the Customer. (Read Paragraph 14G on the reverse hereof) Title

          ______________________________________________________________________________
          Print Signer’s Name Date

¶4       Each of the four contracts contain “Glassworks, Inc.” above the “Print Customer Name”
     line. Feldman’s signature appears on the second line of each contract and his name is
     followed by either “Pres.” or “President.” Feldman’s name is printed on the following line.
¶5       Paragraph 14G of the form contracts, referred to in the signature block and found on the
     back side, is written in fine print and states:
         “The signer agrees that he/she has the authority and is signing this agreement (1) in
         his/her individual capacity, (2) as a representative of the Customer, and (3) as a
         representative of the entity identified in the advertisement or for whose benefit the
         advertisement is being purchased (if the entity identified in the advertisement is not the
         same as the Customer or the signer). By his/her execution of this agreement, the signer
         personally and individually undertakes and assumes, jointly and severally with the
         Customer, the full performance of this agreement, including payment of amounts due
         hereunder.”
¶6       After Feldman answered Yellow Book’s complaint denying the allegations therein, the
     parties both filed pretrial briefs with the circuit court. In its brief, Yellow Book asked the
     circuit court to hold that the contract was enforceable as written as a matter of law, and that
     Feldman should not be allowed to introduce any extrinsic evidence as to the parties’ intent.
     Yellow Book sought that the court apply the “four corners” doctrine and uphold the contract
     against Feldman simply on the basis of his signature. Feldman, on the other hand, argued in
     his brief that the contract was ambiguous as written and that he should therefore be permitted
     to testify regarding the parties’ intent.
¶7       The circuit court agreed with Feldman and found, as a matter of law, that the contract was
     ambiguous as to whether Feldman intended to bind himself personally to the corporate
     obligations because he had written his corporate title (i.e., “President” or “Pres.”) next to his
     signature. The circuit court further found that a trial was necessary to determine whether

     exhibit Nos. 1 through 4.

                                                                  -3-
       Feldman intended to be personally bound by the contract. The court noted it would hear
       testimony “about the parties’ intent” and “who thought what.”
¶8         In coming to this decision the circuit court explained:
               “If Yellow Book wants this thing to be, you know, upheld in Illinois courts over and
           over again, the least they could do is not have the person put their title next to it. That
           would help.
               I don’t know that that would help every Illinois court, because it’s certainly within
           Yellow Book’s power to to putting [sic] great big letters, this is a personal guarantee, and
           have the person sign twice. And then there would be no factual dispute as to liability, and
           that’s totally within Yellow Book’s control.
                                                ***
               And it looks to me so much like Yellow Book is trying to bury this in an interesting
           way that might appeal to judges. It’s like a game. And I don’t think personal guarantees
           should be a game.”
¶9         During the bench trial, the parties offered testimony of several witnesses. First, Yellow
       Book paralegal Tasha Drew identified the four contracts at dispute in this litigation as
       plaintiff’s exhibit Nos. 1 through 4.2 She testified that all four contracts were standard
       Yellow Book advertisement contracts. Drew also identified exhibit No. 5 as Yellow Book’s
       customer contact log for Glassworks. She testified that the contact log contained no
       complaints regarding the charges on the Glassworks account, nor anything to indicate that
       Feldman called into the Yellow Book offices disputing his individual liability on the account.
¶ 10       Drew explained that the Glassworks account was sent to a collection agency on July 29,
       2010, and then to collection law firm on October 1, 2010, after Glassworks failed to pay the
       amounts it owed on the four contracts. She testified, however, that after the claim was placed
       with the collection agency and the collection law firm, Feldman signed another contract on
       behalf of Glassworks on November 16, 2010. That contract was entered into evidence as
       plaintiff’s exhibit No. 6. According to Drew, this contract was paid in full at the time it was
       signed. In that way, it differed from the four contracts in dispute, which were to be paid on
       a monthly basis. Drew explained that Yellow Book’s policy was that if a customer owed a
       balance on any account, in order to buy new advertisements and obtain a new contract, it
       needed to pay up front and in full. Drew could not state, however, whether it was Glassworks
       or Feldman personally who had paid the full balance on the November 16, 2010, contract.
¶ 11       Steven Sears, a sales consultant for Yellow Book, next testified that he has worked for
       Yellow Book since 2000. Sears averred that he was in charge of the Glassworks account for
       five years, but that Glassworks was a client of Yellow Book even before that. As part of his
       involvement in the Glassworks account, Sears met with Feldman about twice a year since
       2000 (i.e., about 10 times over the 5-year period).

               2
                 Plaintiff’s exhibit No. 1 is the May 14, 2008, Yellow Book contract; plaintiff’s exhibit No.
       2 is the December 5, 2007, Yellow Book contract; plaintiff’s exhibit No. 3 is the August 6, 2009,
       Yellow Book contract; and plaintiff’s exhibit No. 4 is the December 11, 2008, Yellow Book contract.

                                                    -4-
¶ 12        Sears identified the four contracts which are in dispute in this litigation as plaintiff’s
       exhibit Nos. 1 through 4. He testified that each time one of those contracts was signed he met
       with Feldman in person. Sears explained that he would fill out the contracts with the pricing
       and the requested advertisement information and then he would take the contracts to
       Feldman’s office for Feldman’s signature. Sears averred that Feldman was always given an
       opportunity to look over the contract before he signed it, and that he was always permitted
       to keep a copy of the contract for his own files. According to Sears, Feldman never made any
       comments to him objecting to any terms in any of the contracts.
¶ 13        On cross-examination, Sears admitted that he made certain notations in the signature box
       of each of the four contracts at issue. Specifically, Sears acknowledged that on each of the
       contracts, he handwrote “Glassworks, Inc.,” above the line that states “Print Customer
       Name.” He then circled the “x” in the following line, requiring the “Authorized Signature
       individually and for the Customer,” prior to having Feldman sign his name next to that “x.”
       Sears further admitted that he then added another “x” on the signature line of each of the four
       contracts, next to Feldman’s signature, in order to show Feldman where he could write his
       title, because that was not on the preprinted form. According to Sears, Feldman then
       handwrote either “President” or “Pres.” next to that second “x.”3
¶ 14        On redirect examination, Sears identified plaintiff’s exhibit No. 6 as the contract entered
       into between Yellow Book and Glassworks on November 16, 2010, after Glassworks had
       already failed to “make good” on the four contracts in dispute in this litigation. Sears
       acknowledged that Feldman signed that contract in his presence using an electronic pad, i.e.,
       a Dell laptop with a tablet that can be used for signatures. Sears testified that there is no title
       next to Feldman’s signature on that contract (i.e., no “President” or “Pres.” following
       Feldman’s name).
¶ 15        On re-cross-examination, Sears admitted that unlike the four contracts at issue, the first
       two of which were monthly payment installment contracts, the November 16, 2010, contract,
       was entered into on a “pay as you go basis,” i.e., a check for full payment on the contract was
       given to Sears on that same day by Jennie Cosantino, the bookkeeper for Glassworks.
¶ 16        The court next heard the testimony of Glassworks president and treasurer, David
       Feldman. Feldman explained that Glassworks is a full-service glass, mirror and shower door
       company that was started by the Harris family in 1977. Feldman began working for
       Glassworks in 1999, and then in 2000, together with Dean Harris, the Harris’s son, he
       purchased the company from the Harrises. According to Feldman, since then, there have been
       only two principals in Glassworks, himself and Harris, who has acted as vice president and
       secretary. When Feldman purchased the company, it had 35 employees and 4 locations.
¶ 17        Feldman explained that prior to purchasing Glassworks, he worked as an attorney. He
       admitted that he has a bachelor’s degree in economics, as well as a juris doctorate, which he

               3
                With respect to the May 14, 2008, contract, Sears also explained that in addition to his
       signature in the signature box, Feldman also signed his name on the lower left corner of the contract
       next to the line authorizing “monthly payments from above,” and included an American Express
       account number in the provided space.

                                                   -5-
       obtained in 1985 from the University of Illinois.
¶ 18        Feldman next averred that Glassworks was forced to cease business operations and file
       an assignment for benefit of creditors in February 2011. Feldman explained that “under
       Illinois law, [this] is sort of like a form of bankruptcy ***, a common law bankruptcy.”
       According to Feldman, Glassworks halted operations in 2011 because a third of its revenue
       came from new construction, and beginning in 2009 the company became enveloped in the
       housing crisis. The company went from 4 locations to 1 and from 35 employees to 18, and
       Feldman began looking for equity investors to either invest in it or buy its assets. Eventually,
       Feldman and Harris were forced to sell Glassworks through the assignment of beneficial
       creditors process. Since then, Feldman has returned to private practice as an attorney, and he
       now works for the Northbrook law firm of Strauss and Malk.
¶ 19        Feldman next testified regarding his responsibilities as president and treasurer of
       Glassworks. He averred that he was generally responsible for the “inside operations” of the
       business, such as handling relationships with creditors, vendors and customers, scheduling
       employees, ordering products, dealing with banks, and otherwise running the day-to-day
       affairs of the corporation. Feldman was also responsible for signing all contracts on behalf
       of Glassworks.
¶ 20        Feldman testified that his regular practice in signing any contract on behalf of the
       corporation was to place the name of the entity, Glassworks, on the contract, and then sign
       his name, comma, “Pres.” or “President” next to that, where the contract did not include the
       exact words for the corporate identification on the signature line. Feldman explained that he
       signed in this manner because he wanted it to be known that he was signing as the head
       officer, i.e., the president of Glassworks.
¶ 21        Feldman was next asked whether there were any circumstances in which he knowingly
       undertook a personal obligation or guarantee in connection with a business contract at
       Glassworks. He responded that in the 11 years that he was with Glassworks, there were
       several times when he was asked by a vendor or a bank to personally guarantee a contract or
       a loan. He explained that in each of those situations, he made the decision on a case-by-case
       basis. For example, Feldman recalled that he agreed to be the personal guarantor for
       Glassworks’ credit line taken from WaMu Bank in 2007. He testified that in this situation,
       however, the bank required him to provide two separate signatures in the credit contract, one
       under the corporation name and then a separate one for just Feldman, making it clear that
       they were asking him to give a personal guarantee, and asking him to sign in his personal
       capacity.4
¶ 22        Feldman also recalled situations in which he refused a vendor’s request to act as a
       personal guarantor on a Glassworks’ contract. For example, two of Glassworks’ larger
       vendors, Consolidated Glass and Torison Glass, asked Feldman to act as personal guarantor
       in order to begin doing business with Glassworks, but Feldman refused.
¶ 23        Feldman next testified regarding Glassworks’ relationship with Yellow Book. He

               4
                In support of this contention, Feldman introduced into evidence, as defendant’s exhibit No.
       1, a copy of the WaMu streamlined business credit application and agreement.

                                                   -6-
       explained that Glassworks was a customer of Yellow Book since 2000 and that, as part of
       his responsibilities as president of Glassworks, he negotiated contracts with Steven Sears for
       advertisements with Yellow Book. Feldman testified that it was standard practice for Sears
       to come to his office and present him with the type of advertisements that Glassworks could
       use. The two would negotiate the price, and Sears would then fill out the standard Yellow
       Book contract with the negotiated items and then return it to Feldman to sign. Feldman
       would meet Sears about twice a year.
¶ 24        Feldman testified that all of the contracts he entered into with Yellow Book on behalf of
       Glassworks, save for the last one entered on November 16, 2010, were paper contracts that
       Sears would fill in by hand, and then have Feldman sign. Feldman admitted that it was
       standard practice for Sears to leave him a copy of the contract, and that he retained copies
       of all of those contracts in Glassworks’ files. According to Feldman, if the particular contract
       required immediate payment, he would give Sears the number of Glassworks’ corporate
       American Express card or he would have his bookkeeper, Jennie Cosantino, “cut Sears the
       first check required on any installment.”
¶ 25        Feldman testified that at no point in their communication did Sears ever tell him that he
       intended Feldman to be personally bound by the contracts he was signing. In fact, according
       to Feldman, Sears in no way indicated that there was even a potential for personal liability.
       Sears never asked Feldman to sign the contracts twice, once as president and then separately
       in an individual capacity; nor did he ever direct Feldman’s attention to any particular
       provision of the contract or ask Feldman to read the back and fine print. Feldman was also
       never asked to, nor did he, make any payments to Yellow Book from his personal checking
       or credit card accounts. Therefore, according to Feldman, he had no reason to believe that
       he could be construed as a personal guarantor on any of the Yellow Book contracts.
¶ 26        Feldman also testified that sometime in 2003 or 2004, Sears, who knew Feldman was an
       attorney, asked him why he always signed “President” after his name. Feldman told Sears
       that he did so in order to state that he is the president of Glassworks.
¶ 27        Feldman was next questioned regarding the four contracts in dispute in this litigation. He
       testified that when he signed those contracts, he never noticed the language under the
       signature line referring to his “individual” responsibility on the contract. Feldman also
       averred that he did not read the back and fine print of the contracts and therefore did not
       know that there was language in there purportedly personally binding him on the contracts.
¶ 28        Feldman next testified regarding the November 16, 2010, contract, which was the last
       contract he ever entered into with Yellow Book on behalf of Glassworks. He explained that
       this contract, unlike all the previous ones, was an electronic contract that he signed on Sears’
       computer. Feldman testified that at this time, as a result of the economy, Glassworks was
       falling behind on its Yellow Books account, and Sears continued to stop by his office asking
       to get paid. For about nine months, Feldman would have his bookkeeper, Jennie Cosantino,
       write Sears checks for amounts that Glassworks could spare. According to Feldman, at this
       point, Sears convinced him that Yellow Book did not want to lose Glassworks as a customer
       and that if he wanted to continue posting advertisements, the only thing Glassworks would
       have to do was to prepay on any future contracts. As a result, on November 16, 2010, when

                                                 -7-
       Feldman signed the electronic contract, Glassworks paid the entire sum owed on the contract
       in advance using a corporate check.
¶ 29        When Feldman was asked why he did not place “President” next to his signature on this
       contract, Feldman explained:
            “[T]his was a new fangled computer thing which there wasn’t even a contract. [Sears]
            came with the thing and he said we have a new Dell computer, you’re just supposed to
            sign here. And he showed me a little box, and I signed on the box.”
       Feldman also averred that this contract was different because it was paid in full in advance
       with a corporate check so there could be no future obligation for the corporation or him.
¶ 30        When asked whether he would nevertheless have been personally liable on this contract
       if Glassworks’ check (paid in full and in advance) had bounced, Feldman answered in the
       negative. When asked to explain, he stated that he knew that there were sufficient funds in
       the Glassworks’ checking account to pay for the amount in the check.5
¶ 31        After hearing the testimony of all the witnesses, and examining the plaintiff’s exhibits
       entered into evidence, the circuit court found Feldman personally liable on the contracts. In
       doing so, the court first acknowledged that the contract “could be a lot more clear about the
       personal guarantee,” but then found that because Feldman was a sophisticated person with
       a college degree and a law degree, he could not have been confused by the language of the
       contract but, rather, merely did not bother to read it. In coming to this conclusion, the court
       found relevant that Feldman had not only signed the four Yellow Book contracts in dispute,
       but numerous identical Yellow Book contracts beginning in 2000, which all contained
       identical language under his signature specifying that he would be “individually” liable on
       the contract and pointing him to paragraph 14, which explained the details of the personal
       guarantee. The court further found relevant that Feldman was always given copies of any
       contract he signed so that he had ample opportunity to read and review all the relevant
       language. The court also found relevant that Feldman had refused to be a personal guarantor
       on other contracts with other companies, thereby demonstrating that he knew the difference
       between corporate and individual liability. The court noted that Feldman should have crossed
       off the “individually” language in the signature box if he intended not to be personally liable

               5
                 We note that in addition to the aforementioned testimony, Feldman was also asked to
       identify several additional plaintiff’s exhibits (Nos. 7, 8, and 9) that Yellow Book wanted entered
       into evidence. These exhibits were entered into evidence over Feldman’s objection. Plaintiff’s
       exhibit No. 7 is a set of copies of invoices that Yellow Book sent to Glassworks at its corporate
       address. During cross-examination, Feldman acknowledged that all of the invoices were addressed
       to Glassworks, but that his name appeared underneath the company’s name. Plaintiff’s exhibit Nos.
       8 and 9 are two letters, the first dated October 4, 2010, and the second October 15, 2010, both
       addressed to Glassworks, and captioned “Yellow Book versus Glassworks, Inc., and Dave Feldman,”
       notifying Feldman of an attorney’s lien against him filed by a collection law firm hired by Yellow
       Book. These letters were both mailed to Feldman before he signed the last electronic contract
       between Yellow Book and Glassworks on November 16, 2010. Feldman admitted during trial that
       after he received the second letter, dated October 15, 2010, Glassworks submitted a payment to the
       collection law firm.

                                                  -8-
       on the contract. Finally, the court found relevant that even after Yellow Book sent Feldman
       a notice of attorney’s lien, suing Feldman personally on the delinquent contracts, Feldman
       signed another contract with Yellow Book, where he omitted his corporate title, “President.”
       Accordingly, under all of the aforementioned circumstances, the circuit court concluded that
       Feldman was personally liable on the contract and ordered him to pay Yellow Book whatever
       amount Yellow Book could prove was due.
¶ 32       The parties subsequently stipulated to the judgment amount, and the circuit court entered
       judgment in favor of Yellow Book and against Feldman in the amount of $13,178.01.
       Feldman now appeals.

¶ 33                                        II. ANALYSIS
¶ 34        On appeal, Feldman argues that the circuit court’s finding that he intended to be
       personally bound under the contract was against the manifest weight of the evidence.
¶ 35        Before addressing any of Feldman’s concerns, we begin by noting that Feldman’s brief
       violates the requirements of Illinois Supreme Court Rule 341(h) (eff. Sept. 1, 2006). Rule
       341(h)(6) requires that the statement of facts in an appellant’s brief “contain the facts
       necessary to an understanding of the case, stated accurately and fairly without argument or
       comment, and with appropriate reference to the pages of the record on appeal.” Ill. S. Ct. R.
       341(h)(6) (eff. Sept. 1, 2006). In the present case, even though the central issue is the ruling
       of the trial court after a bench trial, Feldman presents few, if any, facts regarding what
       testimony was heard at that trial. In addition, the facts that are included in his brief are not
       stated accurately and fairly without argument or comment but, rather, are stated in such a
       manner that supports Feldman’s contentions. Having noted these serious deficiencies in
       Feldman’s brief, we admonish him that compliance with Illinois Supreme Court Rule 341
       is not an inconsequential matter, and that, we, as the reviewing court, may dismiss an appeal
       for noncompliance with the aforementioned requirements. Nevertheless, for purposes of
       judicial economy and because the facts necessary to the understanding of the issues here
       raised are simple, as well as contained in the record below, we address the merits of this
       appeal. See Zadrozny v. City Colleges of Chicago, 220 Ill. App. 3d 290, 292-93 (1991).
¶ 36        In that respect, we begin by noting that we review the trial court’s findings after a bench
       trial under a manifest weight of the evidence standard. Reliable Fire Equipment Co. v.
       Arredondo, 2011 IL 111871, ¶ 12 (“Generally, the standard of review in a bench trial is
       whether the order or judgment is against the manifest weight of the evidence.” (Emphasis
       added.)); see also Southwest Bank of St. Louis v. Poulokefalos, 401 Ill. App. 3d 884, 890
       (2010) (“On review of a bench trial, we will not disturb the trial court’s findings of fact
       unless they are against the manifest weight of the evidence.”). In doing so, we give “great
       deference to the trial court’s findings because, as the trier of fact, the trial court is in a
       superior position to observe the witnesses while testifying, to judge their credibility and to
       determine the weight their testimony and other evidence should receive.” International
       Capital Corp. v. Moyer, 347 Ill. App. 3d 116, 121 (2004). A reviewing court will not
       overturn a trial court’s findings merely because it does not agree with the lower court or
       because it might have reached a different conclusion had it been the trier of fact. Veco Corp.

                                                 -9-
       v. Babcock, 243 Ill. App. 3d 153, 161 (1993). Accordingly, we will find a judgment to be
       against the manifest weight of the evidence only if the opposite conclusion is apparent or
       when the trial court’s findings appear to be arbitrary, unreasonable, or not based on the
       evidence. International Capital, 347 Ill. App. 3d at 121.
¶ 37        In the present case, Feldman argues that all the evidence presented at trial irrefutably
       evinces that he did not intend to be personally liable on the contract between Yellow Book
       and Glassworks. In that vein, Feldman points out that his uncontradicted testimony at trial
       established that he signed each of the four disputed contracts with his name, followed by
       “President” or “Pres.” in an attempt to indicate that he was signing solely in his corporate
       capacity and that he did not intend to be personally bound on the contracts. Feldman further
       points out that he, in fact, informed Sears of this fact on at least one occasion. Feldman
       argues that instead of relying on his uncontradicted testimony, the trial court looked to the
       four corners of the agreement to find that the form language on the contract trumped
       Feldman’s notation of “President.” Feldman therefore contends that the trial court improperly
       construed the ambiguity in the contract against him rather than Yellow Book as the drafter
       of the contract and that, instead of considering Feldman’s actual intent, it applied a
       negligence standard to find that Feldman just “did not bother to read the contract.” For the
       reasons that follow, we disagree.
¶ 38        It is well established that an agent of a disclosed principal is not individually or
       personally bound by the terms of the contact which he executes on behalf of the principle,
       where the agency relationship is known to the other party at the time of the contracting,
       unless he agrees to be personally liable. See Knightsbridge Realty Partners, Ltd-75 v. Pace,
       101 Ill. App. 3d 49, 53 (1981); see also Western Casualty & Surety Co. v. Bauman Insurance
       Agency, Inc., 81 Ill. App. 3d 485, 486 (1980) (citing Annes v. Carolan, Graham, Hoffman,
       Inc., 336 Ill. 542 (1929), Dunlop v. McAtee, 31 Ill. App. 3d 56 (1975), and Grover v.
       Commonwealth Plaza Condominium Ass’n, 75 Ill. App. 3d 500 (1979)); Wottowa Insurance
       Agency, Inc. v. Bock, 104 Ill. 2d 311, 315 (1984) (“[w]hen an officer signs a document and
       indicates next to his signature his corporate affiliation, then absent evidence to the contrary
       intent in the document, the officer is not personally bound”). The intent to be personally
       bound, however, need not be expressed but may also be inferred by implication reasonably
       drawn from all the facts and circumstances in evidence. Knightsbridge Realty Partners, 101
       Ill. App. 3d at 53; see also Western Casualty & Surety Co., 81 Ill. App. 3d at 486; Wottowa
       Insurance Agency, Inc., 104 Ill. 2d at 316 (“where the language in the body of the document
       conflicts with the apparent representation by the officer’s signature, an issue of fact as to the
       agent’s intent arises, an issue for the [trier of fact] to determine”).
¶ 39        In the present case, contrary to Feldman’s contentions, the trial court weighed all the
       evidence in the record and concluded that the intent of the parties was that Feldman be
       personally liable on the contract. In finding so, the court pointed out that Feldman was a
       “sophisticated” individual, who had admitted to having both a college and a law degree, and
       who had been running the Glassworks business for over 10 years. The court noted that, as
       such, Feldman could not have been confused by the language underneath the signature line,
       which required, in bold letters, his “Authorized Signature Individually and for the Customer”
       (emphasis added), and then referred him to paragraph 14G, which unequivocally specified

                                                 -10-
       that as the signor, he agreed that he was signing both in his “individual capacity” and as the
       “representative of the Customer,” and that as such he was personally and individually
       undertaking the full performance of the agreement. The court further noted that the
       uncontradicted evidence at trial established that Feldman had not only signed the four Yellow
       Book contracts in dispute, but also numerous identical Yellow Book form contracts, all of
       which contained identical language specifying that he would be “individually” liable on the
       contract and pointing him to paragraph 14G, which explained the details of that personal
       guarantee. Also relevant to the court was the fact that over the 10-year period he interacted
       with Yellow Book, Feldman was always given a copy of any contract he signed so that he
       had ample opportunity to read and review all the relevant language. Feldman testified that
       he refused to be a personal guarantor on other contracts with other companies, which
       demonstrated to the court that Feldman knew the difference between corporate and
       individual liability. Finally, the court found relevant that even after Yellow Book sent
       Feldman a notice of attorney’s lien, suing Feldman personally on the delinquent contracts,
       Feldman signed another contract with Yellow Book, where he omitted his corporate title,
       “President.” Under all of the aforementioned unrefuted facts, the circuit court concluded that
       Feldman was personally liable on the contract.
¶ 40       After a review of the record, we find no basis to disturb the trial court’s findings or to
       conclude that those findings are “arbitrary, unreasonable, or not based on the evidence.”
       International Capital, 347 Ill. App. 3d at 122. The trial court was in the best position to
       observe Feldman testifying at trial, to judge his credibility and to determine the weight to
       give his testimony in light of all the testimony and exhibits presented at trial. International
       Capital, 347 Ill. App. 3d at 121.
¶ 41       Moreover, in coming to this conclusion, we find the federal district case of Yellow Book
       USA, Inc. v. American Painting, Inc., No. 05 C 04615, 2007 WL 328855 (N.D. Ill. Feb. 1,
       2007), to be directly on point. That case involved identical Yellow Book form contracts. Just
       as here, the front of the contracts contained a signature box with three lines: one which
       stated, “ ‘Print Company Name’ ”; one below it which stated “ ‘Authorized Signature
       Individually and for the Company (Read clause 14f on reverse side)’ ”; and one below that
       which stated, “ ‘Print Signer’s Name /SS# (required for new accounts and new signer),’ ” and
       “ ‘Date.’ ” American Painting, Inc., 2007 WL 328855, at *2. Just as here, the line which
       referred to the authorized signature and the reference to clause 14f was in bold-faced print,
       and on the reverse of the contract, clause 14f read: “ ‘The signer of this agreement does, by
       his execution personally and individually undertake and assume the full performance hereof
       including payments of amounts due hereunder.’ ” American Painting, Inc., 2007 WL 328855,
       at *2.
¶ 42       In American Painting, Inc., Yellow Book and American Painting entered into six
       contracts over a four-year period. American Painting, Inc., 2007 WL 328855, at *2. These
       contracts were signed by Gary Bens, as the president of American Painting. American
       Painting, Inc., 2007 WL 328855, at *2. Bens testified at trial that he never intended to be
       personally liable on the contracts, since everything he does for American Painting is solely
       in his “corporate capacity,” and that he signed those contracts solely as president of
       American Painting. American Painting, Inc., 2007 WL 328855, at *2.

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¶ 43        After a bench trial to determine the intent of the parties, the federal district court
       determined that Bens was personally liable on the contracts. In doing so, the court first
       acknowledged that under Illinois law, if an officer of a corporation signs a guarantee with his
       corporate affiliation accompanying that signature, the officer is not personally bound to the
       guarantee absent evidence to the contrary. American Painting, Inc., 2007 WL 328855, at *3
       (citing Wottowa Insurance Agency, Inc., 104 Ill. 2d 311). The court then went on to point to
       several factors that contradicted Bens’ testimony that he should not be found personally
       liable on the contracts because he acted in his corporate capacity when he signed them.
       American Painting, Inc., 2007 WL 328855, at *4. First, the court noted that Bens had an
       opportunity to review and read the contracts:
            “Although the agent for Yellow Book wrote the information on the contract regarding
            what type of ad, the location of the ad, and the cost of distribution, this was done during
            an interactive process wherein Bens provided information to the agent, input regarding
            the copy to be employed, and discussed the placement of the ad in various directories.
            During this interactive process, the agent for Yellow Book provided the final version of
            the contract to Mr. Bens for his review. He reviewed the ad contract and was given an
            opportunity to make any changes prior to signing.” American Painting, Inc., 2007 WL
            328855, at *4.
¶ 44        Second, the district court noted that the plain language on the front of the contracts
       beneath the signature line clearly stated that the signatory would be “individually” liable for
       the contract. American Painting, Inc., 2007 WL 328855, at *4. That language, according to
       the district court, was not hidden but, rather, was directly below the signature line and printed
       in bold-faced type letters, referring to the reverse side of the contract where “the signatory
       [was] given further information that he [would] be personally liable for the contract.”
       American Painting, Inc., 2007 WL 328855, at *4. According to the district court:
            “Bens was an articulate witness with three years of college education ***. There was no
            evidence that Bens did not understand what he was doing, that there was an uneven
            bargaining position, or that Bens was confused about signing the contract. Bens also
            returned to YellowBook on over six occasions to post his ads which reflects his apparent
            satisfaction with his dealings with YellowBook and the product they were supplying
            him.” American Painting, Inc., 2007 WL 328855, at *4.
¶ 45        In addition, the district court found relevant that Bens was provided with a copy of the
       six contracts at the completion of each negotiation session, so that over the course of four
       years, he had the same contact with the same personal guarantee language available to him
       for review. American Painting, Inc., 2007 WL 328855, at *4.
¶ 46        Furthermore, the district court noted that after Bens was sued for the unpaid balances on
       the contracts, he continued to order ads and to pay for them even after being placed on notice
       that he would be held both “personally and professionally liable.” American Painting, Inc.,
       2007 WL 328855, at *5. According to those postdispute contracts, Bens did not attempt to
       cross out the language of the personal guarantee or add language that limited his guarantee
       to his corporate role. American Painting, Inc., 2007 WL 328855, at *4. Under all of the
       foregoing facts, the federal district court concluded that the evidence presented at trial

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       established that Bens was personally liable on the contracts. American Painting, Inc., 2007
       WL 328855, at *4.
¶ 47        The facts of American Painting, Inc. are nearly identical to the facts in this case. As
       elaborated above, just as in American Painting, Inc., here, Feldman was given copies of all
       of the Yellow Book contracts and had ample opportunity to review them. The language of
       the contracts was identical, clearly stating in bold font that the signatory would be
       “individually” liable for the contract, and referring to the reverse side where the signatory
       was given “further information indicating that he [would] be liable personally for the
       contract.” American Painting, Inc., 2007 WL 328855, at *4. What is more, just as Bens was
       an articulate witness with three years of college education, in the present case, Feldman
       admitted that he is attorney with both a law degree and an undergraduate degree in
       economics, as well as a businessman with over 10 years of experience running a company.
       Finally, just like Bens, Feldman continued to sign contracts with Yellow Book even after he
       was placed on notice of the personal suit against him, and in doing so, did not attempt to
       cross out the language of the personal guarantee or add language that limited his guarantee
       to his corporate role. As in American Painting, Inc., we too find that Feldman, just as Bens,
       should be held personally liable on the contracts. See American Painting, Inc., 2007 WL
       328855, at *3-5.
¶ 48        In coming to this decision, we have reviewed the cases of Kankakee Concrete Products
       Corp. v. Mans, 81 Ill. App. 3d 53 (1980), and Addison State Bank v. National Maintenance
       Management, Inc., 174 Ill. App. 3d 857 (1988), cited to by Feldman and find them
       inapposite. The holdings of both of these cases were governed by section 3-403(3) of the
       Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 26, ¶ 3-403), which is not
       applicable to the cause at bar. That section provides that: “the name of an organization
       preceded or followed by the name and office of an authorized individual is a signature made
       in a representative capacity.” Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 26, ¶ 3-403(3). In the present case,
       Feldman cannot in good conscience attempt to argue that this section of the UCC applies to
       the advertisement contracts entered into between him on behalf of Glassworks and Yellow
       Book. Nevertheless, he argues that the aforementioned cases underline important public
       policy concerns expressed in the UCC that should be applied to his cause and that would
       have required the trial court to consider his testimony regarding his intent not to be
       personally bound on the contracts dispositive. As already noted, however, the trial court did,
       in fact, consider all of Feldman’s testimony and, in light of the remaining evidence
       introduced at trial, found his statement that he did not intend to be personally liable on the
       contracts incredible. See International Capital Corp., 347 Ill. App. 3d at 121 (we will not
       reverse a judgment of the trial court unless it is against the manifest weight of the evidence,
       i.e., the opposite conclusion is apparent or the trial court’s findings appear to be arbitrary,
       unreasonable, or not based on the evidence).
¶ 49        For these same reasons, we reject Feldman’s argument that similar public policy concerns
       underlying the suretyship provision of the statute of frauds evince “legislative [intent] that
       reasonable clarity and certainty should exist before a person is held personally chargeable for
       the debt or obligation of another,” and mandate our reversal of the trial court’s judgment. In
       that respect, we further note that the suretyship provision of the statute of frauds is

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       inapplicable to the case at bar since it applies only to instances where one party agrees to be
       responsible for the debt or obligations of another. See, e.g., Malkov Lumber Co. v. Wolf, 3
       Ill. App. 3d 52, 55-56 (1971) (“Defendant urges that the Statute of Frauds, [citation], bars
       plaintiff’s claim. This contention is without merit. Plaintiff’s claim is predicated upon
       Forman’s personal liability and not upon an undertaking by him to be responsible for
       another’s debt or undertaking. Therefore by the terms of the statute itself it is not
       applicable.”).

¶ 50                                  III. CONCLUSION
¶ 51      For all of the aforementioned reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court.

¶ 52      Affirmed.

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