Court Opinion

ID: 1037720
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-08-15 22:25:20.888314+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:05:09.649432
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                            AUG 15 2013
                                                        SUSAN M SPRAUL, CLERK
 1                                                        U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
                                                          OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT

 2
 3
                    UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
 4
                              OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 5
     In re:                        )     BAP No.      CC-12-1401-KiTaD
 6                                 )
     FLORENCE TOMASI and           )     Bk. No.      10-16174-MT
 7   WILLIAM S. TOMASI,            )
                                   )     Adv. No.     10-1446-MT
 8                  Debtors.       )
                                   )
 9                                 )
     WILLIAM S. TOMASI,            )
10                                 )
                    Appellant,     )
11                                 )
     v.                            )     M E M O R A N D U M1
12                                 )
     THE SAVANNAH N. DENOCE TRUST, )
13                                 )
                    Appellee.      )
14   ______________________________)
15                    Argued and Submitted on May 15, 2013
                             at Pasadena, California
16
                            Filed - August 15, 2013
17
               Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
18                 for the Central District of California
19        Honorable Maureen A. Tighe, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding
20
     Appearances:    Kevin Hunter Park, Esq. of Gray Duffy LLP argued
21                   for appellant, William S. Tomasi; Allan Herzlich,
                     Esq. of Herzlich & Blum, LLP argued for appellee,
22                   The Savannah N. Denoce Trust.
23
     Before: KIRSCHER, TAYLOR and DUNN, Bankruptcy Judges.
24
25
26
          1
            This disposition is not appropriate for publication.
27   Although it may be cited for whatever persuasive value it may have
     (see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1), it has no precedential value. See 9th
28   Cir. BAP Rule 8013-1.
 1        Appellant, debtor William S. Tomasi, Esq. ("Tomasi"), appeals
 2   a judgment from the bankruptcy court determining that the debt of
 3   appellee, the Savannah N. Denoce Trust ("Trust"), was excepted
 4   from discharge under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(4)2 for Tomasi's
 5   defalcation while acting in a fiduciary capacity.     We AFFIRM.
 6                 I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
 7   A.   Prepetition events
 8        We begin by noting that Tomasi's record on appeal is woefully
 9   inadequate.    He failed to include nearly all of the documents
10   underlying the state court proceedings upon which he makes a
11   majority of his arguments.    He also failed to include many of the
12   documents he filed in the bankruptcy court.     An appellant who
13   attacks the trial court's findings or conclusions on appeal must
14   include in the record all the evidence on which the court may have
15   based its findings or conclusions.      See Fed. R. App. P. 10(b);
16   Bourke v. City of San Diego, 1997 WL 75571, at *1 (9th Cir.
17   Feb. 17, 1997)(citing Thomas v. Computax Corp., 631 F.2d 139, 141
18   (9th Cir. 1980)).    Based on his inadequate record, we are entitled
19   to presume that any missing portions are not helpful to his
20   position.   Gionis v. Wayne (In re Gionis), 170 B.R. 675, 680-81
21   (9th Cir. BAP 1994).    We are also entitled to summarily affirm or
22   dismiss his appeal.    Cmty. Commerce Bank v. O'Brien
23   (In re O'Brien), 312 F.3d 1135, 1137 (9th Cir. 2002).
24   Nonetheless, because of the gravity of the issue, we exercise our
25   discretion to review the bankruptcy court's judgment based on what
26
          2
            Unless specified otherwise, all chapter, code and rule
27   references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532, and
     the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, Rules 1001-9037. The
28   Federal Rules of Civil Procedure are referred to as “Civil Rules.”

                                       -2-
 1   little record Tomasi has provided and the partial record submitted
 2   by the Trust.
 3        The Trust was created by Douglas J. Denoce ("Denoce") as an
 4   irrevocable trust in 1999, for the sole benefit of his minor
 5   daughter, Savannah.    In December 2000, then-trustee William J.
 6   Houser, Esq., acquired a condominium in Simi Valley, California
 7   ("Simi Valley Property") as a Trust investment.     The Simi Valley
 8   Property was acquired from a former client of Denoce's at a
 9   sheriff's sale for $5,000.
10        Denoce and Tomasi met in 2003, at which time Tomasi was
11   retained to defend Denoce against criminal charges, including
12   driving under the influence.   The men also entered into a business
13   relationship in which Denoce, a California attorney disbarred in
14   1997, would perform legal work for Tomasi in exchange for
15   compensation.
16        In 2004, Denoce asked Tomasi to serve as trustee of the Trust
17   and Tomasi accepted.   At that time, the Trust assets consisted of
18   two pieces of real property: the Simi Valley Property and a
19   property located in Westlake Village.3     Both properties were free
20   of any encumbrances or mortgages.      During this time, Tomasi sold
21
          3
            Tomasi contends the Simi Valley Property was never part of
22   the Trust. This contention contradicts the findings by the state
     court, the California Court of Appeal and the bankruptcy court
23   that it was Trust res when Tomasi took over as trustee. Tomasi
     has not provided any evidence in the record to refute this
24   finding, including what he says proves his contention — copies of
     page 1 of the Trust and the sheriff's deed to the Simi Valley
25   Property, which Tomasi claims shows that it was taken in the name
     of Mr. Houser and not in the name of the Trust. Tomasi has not
26   met his burden as appellant to provide an adequate record to show
     that this finding was clearly erroneous. Kritt v. Kritt, 190 B.R.
27   382, 387 (9th Cir. BAP 1995). Therefore, we conclude that the
     Simi Valley Property was part of the Trust at all pertinent times,
28   and we reject Tomasi's arguments to the contrary.

                                      -3-
 1   his Porsche to Denoce for $50,000.    Denoce paid Tomasi a $24,000
 2   down payment towards the total purchase price.   The Trust alleged
 3   that after agreeing to sell the Porsche to Denoce, Tomasi
 4   quitclaimed the Simi Valley Property to himself to provide
 5   collateral for the payment of the balance of the purchase price
 6   for the Porsche and for a $60,000 loan he used to pay off personal
 7   credit card debt.   The quitclaim deed, executed on October 21 and
 8   recorded on October 22, 2004, identifies the Trust as "Grantor"
 9   and Tomasi as "Grantee."
10        In or around November 2007, the relationship between the two
11   men soured due to Tomasi's alleged abandonment of Denoce in
12   criminal cases where Tomasi was his attorney of record.      Stanley
13   G. Hilton, Esq.,4 a San Francisco attorney, was then appointed
14   trustee of the Trust in place of Tomasi.
15        In December 2008, Denoce, individually, and the Trust filed a
16   first amended complaint against Tomasi in state court alleging
17   multiple causes of action, including various probate code
18   violations, breach of fiduciary duty (under which plaintiffs
19   alleged six separate counts) and a demand for an accounting.5
20        Tomasi demurred to the first amended complaint.    On
21   February 5, 2009, the state court issued a minute order
22   tentatively sustaining the demurrer without leave to amend certain
23   causes of action, including the ninth — the breach of fiduciary
24
25        4
            Stanley G. Hilton, Esq., California bar no. 65990, was
     subsequently disbarred in June 2012.
26
          5
            Denoce's individual claims against Tomasi, which included
27   claims for breach of an employment agreement and professional
     malpractice, were apparently resolved by jury trial in Tomasi's
28   favor in April 2010. These claims are not at issue.

                                     -4-
 1   duty claims (count nos. 2-6).   The state court set another hearing
 2   for March 5, 2009, to finalize its ruling on Tomasi's demurrers.
 3        On February 28, 2009, while the state court's final ruling on
 4   the demurrers was pending, the Trust moved for summary judgment on
 5   its claims in the first amended complaint, including the ninth
 6   cause of action for breach of fiduciary duty, counts 2-6 ("First
 7   MSJ").
 8        On March 5, 2009, the state court adopted its February 5,
 9   2009 tentative ruling as the final ruling on Tomasi's demurrers.
10   Tomasi filed his answer to the first amended complaint on
11   April 20, 2009.
12        In his opposition to the First MSJ, filed on May 1, 2009,
13   Tomasi opposed summary judgment on the basis that the Trust failed
14   to support it with any admissible evidence, and on the basis that
15   triable issues of material fact existed as to all of the Trust's
16   claims, including the ninth cause of action and its separate
17   counts for breach of fiduciary duty and his failure to account.
18   Notably, Tomasi did not assert as a defense that the ninth cause
19   of action was stricken on his prior demurrer in March 2009.
20        On May 22, 2009, the Trust re-filed its summary judgment
21   motion on the first amended complaint with the required evidence
22   ("Re-filed MSJ").   In support, the Trust offered Tomasi's
23   discovery responses.6   At his deposition, Tomasi had stated:
24        Q. Didn't you appear on behalf of the Trust as attorney
          for the Savannah N. DeNoce Trust?
25
26        6
            Tomasi failed to include any of the documents filed in the
     Re-filed MSJ in the record. Nonetheless, the following portions
27   of his discovery answers were quoted by the Trust in its response
     brief to the California Court of Appeal, which the Trust has
28   provided in its excerpts of the record.

                                      -5-
 1        A. I think I did at some point, yeah.
 2        Q. There's more than just acting as Trustee. You
          actually appeared as attorney of record for the Trust
 3        in some cases, didn't you?
 4        A. Yeah, I think I did.
 5        Q. You went to law school. What's your understanding
          of being a Trustee? Tell me your understanding.
 6
          A. It's been a long time since I was in law school.
 7
          Q. You know what, why don't you just tell me what your
 8        understanding of being a Trustee is now?
 9        A. I really can't give you a definition for that.
10        Q. Don't have any idea?   Is it a fiduciary relation?
11        A. Probably, yeah.
12        Q. So you had fiduciary duties to the trust maybe?
13        A. Apparently so ....
14        A. That's a tough question to answer. I do remember
          from law school that to be a Trustee, a Trustee would
15        hold property for the benefit of another. I do
          remember that much. I think you can't waste the corpus
16        of the Trust. I do remember that much. Excuse me.
          Those are the big ones.
17
18   In his written requests for admission, Tomasi stated:
19        RFA #1: You were Trustee of The Savannah N. DeNoce
          Trust.
20
          Answer:   Admit.
21
          RFA #4: You did not obtain a Certificate of Independent
22        review, pursuant to Probate Code § 21351 regarding your
          transfer of Savannah N. DeNoce real property to
23        yourself individually.
24        Answer:   Admit.
25        RFA #5: While you were Trustee of the Savannah N.
          DeNoce Trust you encumbered the trust real property by
26        using it as collateral for a loan.
27        Answer:   Admit.
28        RFA #8: You used The Savannah N. DeNoce Trust real

                                     -6-
 1        property to finance the sale of your Porsche 911
          Carerra to the Plaintiff.
 2
          Answer:   Admit.
 3
          RFA #10: Demand was made on behalf of Plaintiff prior
 4        to filing this action that you return the Savannah N.
          DeNoce real property by quit claiming it back to the
 5        trust.
 6        Answer:   Admit.
 7        RFA #11: You have not returned the Trust real property
          you quit claimed to yourself.
 8
          Answer:   Admit.
 9
          RFA #12: The Savannah N. DeNoce Trust real property
10        continues to remain in your name individually.
11        Answer:   Admit.
12        RFA #l3: Demand was made on behalf of Plaintiff prior
          to filing this action that you remove the encumbrance
13        you caused to be placed against Savannah N. DeNoce
          Trust property.
14
          Answer:   Admit.
15
          RFA #14: The encumbrance you caused to be placed
16        against The Savannah N. DeNoce real property remains.
17        Answer:   Admit.
18   When questioned at his deposition regarding the whereabouts of the
19   loan proceeds Tomasi had obtained against the Simi Valley
20   Property, he replied:
21        Q. That would still leave another $8,000 unaccounted
          for. There was $33,000 to borrower.
22
          A. So?
23
          Q. Where did the other $8,000 go?
24
          A: Who cares?
25
26        On June 9, 2009, while the Re-filed MSJ for the first amended
27   complaint was pending, a second amended complaint was filed, but
28   the allegations concerning the Trust were not changed.   Tomasi

                                    -7-
 1   moved to strike the second amended complaint on the ground that it
 2   included the previously dismissed ninth cause of action for breach
 3   of fiduciary duty.
 4        On July 16, 2009, Tomasi filed an ex parte application under
 5   CAL. CODE CIV. PROC. § 437c(h), the equivalent to Civil Rule 56(d),
 6   to continue the hearing on the Re-filed MSJ based on the Trust's
 7   failure to produce evidence on the existence of an express trust.
 8        On July 22, 2009, he raised for the first time an argument
 9   based on the state court’s ruling granting his demurrer to the
10   ninth cause of action without leave to amend.   In each place where
11   he was to respond to a statement of material fact, Tomasi wrote in
12   “ninth cause of action stricken.   I don't have to respond.”
13        On August 11, 2009, the state court entered a minute order
14   tentatively granting the Re-filed MSJ in its entirety, subject to
15   further evidence from the parties on damages.   Immediately
16   following the August 11 hearing, counsel for the Trust served
17   Tomasi's counsel with a copy of the Trust documents, which had
18   been previously ordered filed under seal.   Tomasi's counsel had
19   declined when first given the opportunity to review the Trust
20   documents in May 2009.
21        In light of the state court's ruling on the Re-filed MSJ,
22   Tomasi filed a motion for relief from default or judgment on
23   August 17, 2009.   Tomasi sought leave to oppose the Re-filed MSJ
24   on the ninth cause of action for breach of fiduciary duty.     He
25   contended that the court's ruling granting the Re-filed MSJ
26   contradicted its prior minute orders from February and March 2009
27   dismissing that claim.   The Trust opposed Tomasi's motion.
28        After receiving the parties' further briefing on the issue of

                                     -8-
 1   damages, the state court entered its ruling on the Re-filed MSJ on
 2   September 18, 2009.     It determined that the Trust had met its
 3   burden on all five counts of the ninth cause of action for breach
 4   of fiduciary duty (counts 2-6), as well as its claims for quiet
 5   title and for an accounting.     The state court found that, based on
 6   Tomasi's answers to discovery, he was liable for slander of title
 7   because the Simi Valley Property belonged to the Trust, and that
 8   Tomasi had breached his fiduciary duties to the Trust when he
 9   intentionally transferred the property to himself for his own gain
10   and for the purpose of selling and financing the sale of his own
11   car for profit.7    Specifically, the state court found that Tomasi
12   had breached (1) CAL. PROBATE CODE § 160028 because the transaction
13   was not in the best interest of the beneficiary of the Trust, it
14   was in Tomasi's best interest, (2) CAL. PROBATE CODE § 160049 by
15
          7
16            In its ruling, the state court found:

17        Defendant's responses to requests for admission and other
          discovery admit all of the evidentiary facts necessary to
18        support these causes of action [citation omitted]. His
          attempt to contradict his discovery responses in a new
19        declaration cannot defeat a summary judgment [citation
          omitted].
20        . . . .
          Defendant was well aware of his fiduciary duties to the Trust
21        and its beneficiary. Defendant verified, both in his
          discovery responses, and in his deposition, that he was the
22        Trustee of Trust, as well as the Trust attorney. Most of
          what has previously been admitted by Defendant is now
23        disputed in his declaration, which the court disregards to
          the extent it contradicts prior discovery responses [citation
24        omitted].
          8
25          CAL. PROBATE CODE § 16002(a) provides that a "trustee has a
     duty to administer the trust solely in the interest of the
26   beneficiaries."
          9
27            CAL. PROBATE CODE § 16004 provides in relevant part:
28                                                            (continued...)

                                        -9-
 1   using trust property for his own profit — to sell his own car, and
 2   (3) CAL. PROBATE CODE § 1604010 for failure to administer the Trust
 3   with care.     Finally, the state court found that Tomasi had
 4   breached CAL. PROBATE CODE § 2135011 by the improper transfer of the
 5   Trust res to himself and CAL. PROBATE CODE § 85912 by a wrongful
 6
 7        9
           (...continued)
 8        (a) The trustee has a duty not to use or deal with trust
          property for the trustee's own profit or for any other
 9        purpose unconnected with the trust, nor to take part in any
          transaction in which the trustee has an interest adverse to
10        the beneficiary.
          10
11             CAL. PROBATE CODE § 16040 provides in relevant part:
12        (a) The trustee shall administer the trust with reasonable
          care, skill, and caution under the circumstances then
13        prevailing that a prudent person acting in a like capacity
          would use in the conduct of an enterprise of like character
14        and with like aims to accomplish the purposes of the trust as
          determined from the trust instrument.
15
          11
               CAL. PROBATE CODE § 21350 provides in relevant part:
16
          (a) Except as provided in Section 21351, no provision, or
17        provisions, of any instrument shall be valid to make any
          donative transfer to any of the following:
18        . . . .
               (4) Any person who has a fiduciary relationship with the
19             transferor, including, but not limited to, a conservator
               or trustee, who transcribes the instrument or causes it
20             to be transcribed.
21        12
               CAL. PROBATE CODE § 859 provides:
22        If a court finds that a person has in bad faith wrongfully
          taken, concealed, or disposed of property belonging to the
23        estate of a decedent, conservatee, minor, or trust, or has
          taken, concealed, or disposed of the property by the use of
24        undue influence in bad faith or through the commission of
          elder or dependent adult financial abuse, as defined in
25        Section 15610.30 of the Welfare and Institutions Code, the
          person shall be liable for twice the value of the property
26        recovered by an action under this part. The remedy provided
          in this section shall be in addition to any other remedies
27        available in law to a trustee, guardian or conservator, or
          personal representative or other successor in interest of a
28        decedent.

                                        -10-
 1   taking of Trust property.   Based on the evidence submitted, the
 2   state court determined that the Trust was also entitled to an
 3   accounting.   In its discussion on damages, the state court found,
 4   “from the totality of the evidence, including Mr. Tomasi's
 5   response at his deposition regarding where the proceeds of the
 6   loan went, ‘Who cares,’ to constitute bad faith for the purposes
 7   of the claims of slander of title and appropriate Probate Code
 8   violations which require such a finding.”
 9        Also on September 18, 2009, the state court entered its
10   ruling denying Tomasi's motion for relief from default or
11   judgment.   Tomasi did not provide a copy of his motion or of this
12   ruling in the record, but the state court did comment on why it
13   denied relief in its ruling on the Re-filed MSJ.   First, Tomasi
14   had failed to show what facts might exist to support yet another
15   opposition to the Re-filed MSJ.    Second, the allegations asserted
16   by the Trust were the same in both the first and second amended
17   complaints.   Finally, although the February 5 minute order
18   indicated that the court had sustained the demurrer without leave
19   to amend with respect to the ninth cause of action in the first
20   amended complaint, the state court believed the February 5
21   transcript made clear that it had intended sustaining the demurrer
22   only with respect to Denoce’s cause of action for breach of
23   fiduciary duty, not the Trust’s.    The state court further noted
24   that Tomasi's first opposition, filed in May 2009, failed to raise
25   as a defense that the demurrers to the breach of fiduciary duty
26   causes of action against the Trust, which had been decided in
27   February and March 2009, were sustained without leave.
28        A judgment consistent with the state court's ruling on the

                                       -11-
 1   Re-filed MSJ was entered on October 29, 2009 (“State Court
 2   Judgment”).     The Trust was awarded $318,000 in damages for
 3   Tomasi's wrongful taking of Trust property (which he was ordered
 4   to return) and return of the profit he made from the sale of the
 5   Porsche, plus $160,000 in attorney's fees (reduced from the
 6   approximately $220,000 requested by the Trust), for a total
 7   judgment of $478,000.     The court further awarded the Trust costs
 8   upon submission of a Memorandum of Costs.
 9           Tomasi's subsequent motions for reconsideration, writ of
10   mandate, writ of supersedeas and his motion for a new trial were
11   denied.      He appealed the State Court Judgment on December 23,
12   2009.
13   B.      Postpetition events
14           1.    Appeal of the State Court Judgment and the Trust's
                   motion for summary judgment
15
16           Tomasi and his wife filed a chapter 7 bankruptcy case on
17   May 23, 2010.     The Trust filed a timely complaint against Tomasi
18   seeking a determination that the State Court Judgment was excepted
19   from discharge under § 523(a)(2) and/or (a)(4) and to deny Tomasi
20   (and his wife) a discharge under § 727(a)(2), (a)(3), (a)(4) and
21   (a)(5).13     Tomasi's answer denied all of the Trust's allegations
22   and noted that the State Court Judgment was on appeal.
23           On February 4, 2011, the Trust moved for summary judgment on
24   its § 523 claims (the “§ 523 MSJ”).       Tomasi opposed the § 523 MSJ,
25   contending that the Trust was not entitled to summary judgment
26   because the State Court Judgment did not satisfy the elements of
27
             13
            The § 727 claims were later dismissed and are not part of
28   this appeal.

                                        -12-
 1   issue preclusion: the issues were not identical, the issues in the
 2   prior proceeding were not actually litigated or necessarily
 3   decided, and the decision in the prior proceeding was not final as
 4   Tomasi's appeal remained pending.
 5        On February 15, 2011, Tomasi moved for relief from stay to
 6   pursue his appeal of the State Court Judgment with the California
 7   Court of Appeal.   Relief was granted, and appellate briefing
 8   ensued.14
 9        On October 27, 2011, the California Court of Appeal issued
10   its decision affirming the State Court Judgment.   Regarding
11   Tomasi's liability for breach of fiduciary duty to the Trust, the
12   appellate court upheld the state court's ruling, reiterating that
13   the undisputed evidenced showed:    the Trust owned the Simi Valley
14   Property; Tomasi, as trustee, quitclaimed the property to himself;
15   Tomasi refused to return the property to the Trust; Tomasi
16   encumbered trust property for his own personal gain; Tomasi
17   profited from the sale of the Porsche; Tomasi paid his personal
18   credit card debts with proceeds from a loan on the Simi Valley
19
          14
            While Tomasi's appeal to the California Court of Appeal was
20   pending, the Trust sued Tomasi (and two alleged transferees) in
     state court for fraudulent transfer. Several months prior to
21   entry of the State Court Judgment, but during his litigation with
     the Trust and Denoce, Tomasi had executed grant deeds conveying
22   his interest in certain properties to his brother and
     father-in-law. Just after the state court had entered its ruling
23   on the Re-filed MSJ on September 18, 2009, but before it had
     entered the State Court Judgment on October 29, 2009, Tomasi
24   recorded the grant deeds on September 29 in an apparent attempt to
     make himself “judgment proof.” The Trust recorded its abstract of
25   judgment on November 9, 2009. After filing bankruptcy, Tomasi's
     brother and father-in-law executed grant deeds in June 2010
26   transferring back to Tomasi his interest in the properties.
          On July 11, 2011, the state court found Tomasi liable for the
27   fraudulent transfers. Absent the automatic stay, the state court
     determined that the Trust was entitled to a judgment of
28   approximately $45,000.

                                     -13-
 1   Property; the Trust had demanded an accounting and Tomasi had
 2   refused to provide one.    The appellate court agreed that Tomasi's
 3   evidence offered in opposition to the Re-filed MSJ was merely, and
 4   improperly, offered to defeat his prior contradictory discovery
 5   admissions.    Tomasi's subsequent petitions for rehearing and
 6   review before the California Supreme Court were denied.
 7        2.      Ruling on the § 523 MSJ
 8        With the State Court Judgment now final, proceedings on the
 9   § 523 MSJ resumed.    Tomasi apparently filed a further opposition
10   to the § 523 MSJ, but did not include it in the record.   In its
11   reply to Tomasi's opposition to the § 523 MSJ, the Trust rejected
12   Tomasi's contention that the State Court Judgment was a “default
13   judgment.”    To the contrary, Tomasi had filed two oppositions to
14   the Trust's motion, a motion for reconsideration, a motion for a
15   new trial, a writ of mandate, a writ of supersedeas, an appeal of
16   the State Court Judgment, a petition for rehearing of that appeal,
17   and, when it was denied, Tomasi filed a petition for review with
18   the California Supreme Court, which also was denied.   Furthermore,
19   the issue of whether it was a “default judgment” was fully
20   litigated before the court of appeal and rejected.   Nonetheless,
21   argued the Trust, even if it were a true default judgment, in
22   California a default judgment satisfies the “actually litigated”
23   prong for the application of issue preclusion.   The Trust
24   contended that all other requirements for issue preclusion were
25   also met — the defalcation issue was identical, it was necessarily
26   decided in the prior proceeding, the State Court Judgment was
27   final and on the merits, and the defendant party was the same.
28        The bankruptcy court held a hearing on the § 523 MSJ on

                                       -14-
 1   April 18, 2012.   Counsel for Tomasi contended that summary
 2   judgment under § 523(a)(4) was precluded because the state court
 3   and court of appeal never reviewed a copy of the Trust and never
 4   made a finding that an express trust existed.    The court asked
 5   counsel why it would be revisiting this factual issue when Tomasi
 6   had taken the State Court Judgment all the way up to the
 7   California Supreme Court and had, presumably, raised this issue.
 8   Tomasi's counsel replied that he had raised the issue, but, due to
 9   the voluminous record, he believed the court of appeal never got a
10   “handle on the record.”   Counsel equated the State Court Judgment
11   to a default judgment that deprived Tomasi of due process.     In his
12   opinion, the state court had entered judgment in favor of the
13   Trust based on his lack of opposition to the ninth cause of action
14   in his opposition to the Re-filed MSJ, which he admitted was a
15   tactical decision done in reliance on the February and March 2009
16   minute orders sustaining Tomasi’s demurrer to that cause of action
17   without leave to amend.   After hearing further argument from the
18   parties, the bankruptcy court decided to allow further briefing on
19   the matter and continued it to May 30, 2012.    The matter was again
20   continued to July 2012.
21        The Trust filed a response to Tomasi's sur-reply,15 as well as
22   a copy of the Trust under seal.    The Trust argued that an express
23   trust did exist, as evidenced by the document.   It disputed
24   Tomasi's contention that alleged outstanding tax liens against
25   Denoce invalidated the Trust, an argument the state court had
26
27        15
            Tomasi apparently filed a sur-reply and a further sur-reply
     in opposition to the § 523 MSJ on April 11 and May 2, 2012, but he
28   did not include these in the record.

                                       -15-
 1   considered and rejected.   The Trust also disputed Tomasi's
 2   newly-raised argument about the “odd” procedural posture of the
 3   Re-filed MSJ, whereby the state court conducted a second hearing
 4   on damages.   The Trust argued that the procedure was not
 5   prejudicial and, in fact, Tomasi had requested the separate
 6   damages hearing.    The Trust further disputed Tomasi's contention
 7   that actual fraud must be found for a claim under § 523(a)(4); a
 8   defalcation was sufficient.   Finally, the Trust disputed Tomasi's
 9   contention that the equities weighed in his favor.   The Trust was
10   essentially broke after being forced into years of litigation to
11   get back the Simi Valley Property and to be made whole for
12   Tomasi's defalcation.16
13        Tomasi filed another sur-reply, contending that the Trust was
14   a scam by Denoce to avoid federal and state tax liens, and that
15   fraud in a fiduciary capacity had not been actually litigated and
16   necessarily decided by the state court.
17        On July 10, 2012, the bankruptcy court entered a memorandum
18   decision granting the § 523 MSJ on the Trust's § 523(a)(4) claim
19   for Tomasi's defalcation.17   Determining that the elements of issue
20   preclusion had been met, the court ruled that the Trust was
21   entitled to summary judgment on the State Court Judgment.
22        The bankruptcy court entered an order granting the § 523 MSJ
23   on July 20, 2012.   Prior to a judgment being entered, Tomasi filed
24
25        16
            Due to expenses associated with the litigation, the Trust
     asserts that it had to sell the Simi Valley Property to pay
26   attorney's fees, and it has had to heavily mortgage the Westlake
     Property to pay for the additional attorney's fees on appeal.
27
          17
            The bankruptcy court denied the Trust's § 523(a)(2) claim
28   for fraud. The Trust has not appealed this ruling.

                                      -16-
 1   a timely motion for reconsideration of the court's order granting
 2   the § 523 MSJ.   It was denied for “cause” on July 30, 2012.
 3   Tomasi's premature notice of appeal was deemed timely once the
 4   bankruptcy court entered a judgment in accordance with its order
 5   and memorandum decision granting the § 523 MSJ on August 30, 2012.
 6   Rule 8002(a).
 7                               II. JURISDICTION
 8        The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334
 9   and 157(b)(2)(I) and (J).    Initially, Tomasi's appeal of the
10   Judgment was premature as the Trust's § 727 claims had not yet
11   been resolved by judgment.    However, by way of an order entered on
12   October 24, 2012, those remaining claims were dismissed.
13   Therefore, the Judgment is now final, and we have jurisdiction
14   under 28 U.S.C. § 158.   See Anderson v. Allstate Ins. Co.,
15   630 F.2d 677, 680 (9th Cir. 1980)(notice of appeal from an order
16   disposing of fewer than all claims against all parties that is not
17   certified under Civil Rule 54(b) may be rendered effective by
18   subsequent events such as final disposition of the remaining
19   claims); Wolkowitz v. FDIC (In re Imperial Credit Indus., Inc.),
20   527 F.3d 959, 971 n.12 (9th Cir. 2008)(citing Anderson).
21                                  III. ISSUE
22        In granting summary judgment to the Trust on its § 523(a)(4)
23   claim, did the bankruptcy court err in determining that issue
24   preclusion was available, or abuse its discretion in applying
25   issue preclusion to the State Court Judgment?
26                         IV. STANDARDS OF REVIEW
27        We review de novo the preclusive effect of a judgment;
28   whether issue preclusion is available is a mixed question of law

                                       -17-
 1   and fact in which the legal questions predominate.      The Alary
 2   Corp. v. Sims (In re Associated Vintage Grp., Inc.), 283 B.R. 549,
 3   554 (9th Cir. BAP 2002); Stephens v. Bigelow (In re Bigelow),
 4   271 B.R. 178, 183 (9th Cir. BAP 2001).   If issue preclusion is
 5   available, the bankruptcy court's decision to apply it is reviewed
 6   for abuse of discretion.   Lopez v. Emergency Serv. Restoration,
 7   Inc. (In re Lopez), 367 B.R. 99, 104 (9th Cir. BAP 2007).      A
 8   bankruptcy court abuses its discretion if it applied the wrong
 9   legal standard or its findings were illogical, implausible or
10   without support in the record.   TrafficSchool.com, Inc. v.
11   Edriver Inc., 653 F.3d 820, 832 (9th Cir. 2011).
12        We review the bankruptcy court’s decision to grant a motion
13   for summary judgment de novo.    Sigma Micro Corp. v.
14   Healthcentral.com (In re Healthcentral.com), 504 F.3d 775, 783
15   (9th Cir. 2007).   Our de novo review is governed by the same
16   standard used by the bankruptcy court under Civil Rule 56(c).       See
17   Suzuki Motor Corp. v. Consumers Union of U.S., Inc., 330 F.3d
18   1110, 1131 (9th Cir. 2003).   Summary judgment should be granted
19   “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and
20   admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show
21   that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that
22   the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.”
23   Civil Rule 56(c) (incorporated by Rule 7056); Gertsch v. Johnson &
24   Johnson, Fin. Corp. (In re Gertsch), 237 B.R. 160, 165 (9th Cir.
25   BAP 1999).
26        Whether a person is a fiduciary for purposes of § 523(a)(4)
27   is a question of federal law we review de novo.    Ragsdale v.
28   Haller, 780 F.2d 794, 795 (9th Cir. 1986); Lovell v. Stanifer

                                      -18-
 1   (In re Stanifer), 236 B.R. 709, 713 (9th Cir. BAP 1999).     Although
 2   de novo review is appropriate, the issue of the existence of a
 3   fiduciary relationship is a mixed question of fact and law.    A
 4   mixed question of fact and law arises because the determination of
 5   whether a fiduciary relationship exists requires that we look to
 6   whether an express or technical trust was created under state law,
 7   which requires an evaluation of the facts.    See Lewis v. Scott
 8   (In re Lewis), 97 F.3d 1182, 1185 (9th Cir. 1996).
 9                             V. DISCUSSION
10        Tomasi attempts to raise several issues on appeal, some of
11   which are not properly before us.   We consider only the issues of
12   whether the bankruptcy court properly applied issue preclusion to
13   the State Court Judgment and whether the Trust was entitled to
14   summary judgment determining that the State Court Judgment was
15   excepted from discharge for defalcation under § 523(a)(4).
16   A.   The bankruptcy court did not err in determining that issue
          preclusion was available or abuse its discretion in applying
17        issue preclusion to the State Court Judgment.
18        Preclusion principles apply in discharge exception
19   proceedings under § 523(a) to preclude relitigation of state court
20   findings relevant to the dischargeability determination.    Grogan
21   v. Garner, 498 U.S. 279, 284 n.11 (1991).     Further, 28 U.S.C.
22   § 1738 requires us, as a matter of full faith and credit, to apply
23   the relevant state's preclusion principles.    Gayden v. Nourbakhsh
24   (In re Nourbakhsh), 67 F.3d 798, 800 (9th Cir. 1995).     Here, we
25   apply the issue preclusion principles of California, the state
26   from which the State Court Judgment originated.    Cal-Micro, Inc.
27   v. Cantrell (In re Cantrell), 329 F.3d 1119, 1123 (9th Cir. 2003).
28        Under California law, issue preclusion bars relitigation of

                                    -19-
 1   an issue if: (1) the issue sought to be precluded is identical to
 2   that decided in the prior proceeding; (2) the issue was actually
 3   litigated in the prior proceeding; (3) the issue was necessarily
 4   decided in the prior proceeding; (4) the judgment in the prior
 5   proceeding is final and on the merits; and (5) the party against
 6   whom preclusion is sought is the same, or in privity with, the
 7   party to the prior proceeding.    Harmon v. Kobrin, (In re Harmon),
 8   250 F.3d 1240, 1245 (9th Cir. 2001)(citing Lucido v. Sup. Ct.,
 9   51 Cal.3d 335, 341 (Cal. 1990)).
10           Without question, the parties involved in the adversary
11   proceeding are the same as those involved in the prior proceedings
12   before the state and appellate courts.    Further, it is undisputed
13   that the State Court Judgment became final after being denied
14   review by the California Supreme Court.    Contrary to Tomasi's
15   contention, which we discuss more thoroughly below, the rulings by
16   the state court and the California Court of Appeal demonstrate
17   that this case was decided on the merits.    Therefore, the fourth
18   and fifth criteria for application of issue preclusion are
19   satisfied.    Accordingly, we review only the first three.
20           1.   The issue sought to be precluded from relitigation is
                  identical to that decided in the prior proceeding.
21
22           “The ‘identical issue’ requirement addresses whether
23   ‘identical factual allegations’ are at stake in the two
24   proceedings, not whether the ultimate issues or dispositions are
25   the same.”    Lucido, 51 Cal.3d at 342.   The issues at stake in the
26   state court proceedings and in the adversary proceeding were the
27   same:    whether Tomasi was a fiduciary, and, if so, whether he
28   breached his fiduciary duty to the Trust causing it damages.

                                       -20-
 1   Tomasi does not appear to dispute this.   His argument focuses more
 2   on whether these issues were actually litigated and necessarily
 3   decided in the prior proceedings.   Therefore, we conclude, as did
 4   the bankruptcy court, the first criterion for application of issue
 5   preclusion is satisfied.
 6        2.     The elements required to establish fraud or defalcation
                 in a fiduciary capacity were actually litigated in the
 7               prior proceeding.
 8        Section 523(a)(4) excepts from discharge any debt “for fraud
 9   or defalcation while acting in a fiduciary capacity . . . .”     A
10   creditor seeking relief under § 523(a)(4) must establish three
11   elements:   (1) an express trust existed; (2) the debt was caused
12   by fraud or defalcation; and (3) the debtor was a fiduciary to the
13   creditor at the time the debt was created.    Nahman v. Jacks,
14   266 B.R. 728, 735 (9th Cir. BAP 2001)(citing Otto v. Niles
15   (In re Niles), 106 F.3d 1456, 1459 (9th Cir. 1997)).    The term
16   "fiduciary" is construed narrowly for purposes of § 523(a)(4).       It
17   does not include all relationships of trust and confidence;
18   rather, the fiduciary relationship must arise from an express or
19   technical trust, which is determined by state law.
20   In re Cantrell, 329 F.3d at 1125.
21        "[A]n issue is 'actually litigated' when it is properly
22   raised by a party's pleadings or otherwise, when it is submitted
23   to the court for determination, and when the court actually
24   determines the issue."   In re Harmon, 250 F.3d at 1247 (citing
25   People v. Sims, 32 Cal.3d 468 (Cal. 1982)).    However, even if the
26   state court did not make any express findings, it has been held in
27   our circuit that "[a]s a conceptual matter, if an issue was
28   necessarily decided in a prior proceeding, it was actually

                                      -21-
 1   litigated."      Id. at 1248.
 2               a.     An express trust existed.
 3        In California "[t]he five elements required to create an
 4   express trust are (1) a competent trustor, (2) trust intent,
 5   (3) trust property, (4) trust purpose, and (5) a beneficiary."
 6   Keitel v. Heubel, 103 Cal.App.4th 324, 337 (2002)(citation
 7   omitted).
 8        Tomasi contends that the bankruptcy court erred in
 9   determining that the issue of whether an express trust existed was
10   precluded because the state and appellate courts had not made this
11   finding.    Specifically, argues Tomasi, the Trust had failed to
12   plead the terms of the Trust as required in the prior action, the
13   written terms of the Trust were not in evidence in the prior
14   action, and the state court and court of appeal had not read or
15   considered the Trust.     Notably, Tomasi failed to include in the
16   record a majority of the underlying documents that would perhaps
17   support his argument.     Nonetheless, we reject it.
18        First, Tomasi admitted in his discovery responses that he was
19   the trustee of the Trust.       It is also undisputed that Denoce was a
20   competent trustor, that the Simi Valley Property was part of the
21   Trust res, that the Trust's purpose was to benefit Denoce's
22   daughter, and that she was the beneficiary.      Moreover, the written
23   terms of the Trust were subject to consideration as the document
24   had been filed under seal in the state court and court of appeal.
25   In its ruling, the state court acknowledged the existence of the
26   Trust filed under seal.     These facts alone establish the existence
27   of an express trust.     Further, the state court could not have
28   found that Tomasi breached his fiduciary duties to the Trust

                                         -22-
 1   without implicitly or necessarily deciding that an express trust
 2   existed to which he owed such duties.       Hence, the existence of an
 3   express trust was actually litigated.18       In re Harmon, 250 F.3d at
 4   1248.
 5                   b.   The debt was caused by fraud or defalcation, and
                          the debtor was a fiduciary to the creditor at the
 6                        time the debt was created.
 7           Until recently, innocent acts of failing to fully account for
 8   money received in trust would be held as nondischargeable
 9   defalcations; no intent was required.       Blyler v. Hemmeter
10   (In re Hemmeter), 242 F.3d 1186, 1190 (9th Cir. 2001)(citations
11   omitted); see also Oney v. Weinberg (In re Weinberg), 410 B.R. 19,
12   28 (9th Cir. BAP 2009).       In other words, a creditor had to
13   establish only that trust assets had gone missing and that the
14   debtor had failed to account for them or was responsible for their
15   loss.        See In re Hemmeter, 242 F.3d at 1191.
16           However, while this appeal was pending, the United States
17   Supreme Court issued Bullock v. BankChampaign, N.A., 133 S.Ct.
18   1754 (2013), on May 13, 2013, which established a heightened
19   mental state for defalcation under § 523(a)(4) and has changed
20
21
22
23           18
            Tomasi contends that because of various tax liens pending
     against Denoce the Trust is invalid. This issue has already been
24   raised before the state trial court and court of appeal and was,
     apparently, rejected. Therefore, it is not properly before us.
25   Even if we could review this issue, Tomasi raised it only in his
     statement of issues presented on appeal; he has not provided any
26   argument in support in his opening brief. As a result, this issue
     has been abandoned and is not subject to review. City of
27   Emeryville v. Robinson, 621 F.3d 1251, 1261 (9th Cir. 2010)
     (appellate court “will not review issues which are not argued
28   specifically and distinctly in a party's opening brief.”).

                                          -23-
 1   Ninth Circuit law.19   In Bullock, the Supreme Court determined that
 2   where the conduct at issue does not involve bad faith, moral
 3   turpitude, or other immoral conduct, the term "defalcation"
 4   requires an "intentional wrong."    Id. at 1759.   This includes a
 5   knowingly wrongful act, or a grossly reckless act, by the debtor
 6   in a fiduciary capacity.    Id.   Where actual knowledge of
 7   wrongdoing is lacking, a fiduciary who "'consciously disregards'
 8   (or is willfully blind to) 'a substantial and unjustifiable risk'
 9   that his conduct will turn out to violate a fiduciary duty"
10   satisfies the statute.   Id. (citation omitted).
11        Based upon Tomasi's discovery responses, the state court
12   found that Tomasi became the trustee of the Trust in 2004.    It was
13   after this point that Tomasi engaged in activities the state court
14   found were detrimental to the Trust.     Accordingly, as § 523(a)(4)
15   requires, Tomasi's fiduciary relationship to the Trust arose from
16   “an express or technical trust” without reference to “the
17   wrongdoing that caused the debt.”    Honkanen v. Hopper
18   (In re Honkanen), 446 B.R. 373, 379 (9th Cir. BAP 2011).
19        As for whether the debt was caused by defalcation, the Trust
20   had alleged that Tomasi breached his fiduciary duties by
21   (1) transferring the Simi Valley Property to himself in fee simple
22   and continuing to hold title to it, (2) by wrongfully encumbering
23   trust property for his own profit, and (3) by failing to account
24   for the loan proceeds from the encumbrance he wrongfully placed on
25   the Simi Valley Property.   The state court ruled, and the court of
26
27        19
            At oral argument, we invited the parties to provide
     supplemental briefing on Bullock addressing its potential effect,
28   if any, on this case. Both parties filed the optional briefs.

                                       -24-
 1   appeal affirmed, that Tomasi's conduct had violated CAL. PROBATE
 2   CODE §§ 16002, 16004, 16040, 21350 and 859.       Most importantly, the
 3   state court found that Tomasi's self-dealing conduct had
 4   constituted "bad faith" for purposes of the Trust's claims for
 5   slander of title and the appropriate Probate Code violations
 6   requiring such a finding.       The state court specifically found that
 7   Tomasi had violated CAL. PROBATE CODE § 859, which inherently
 8   requires a bad faith finding.       Thus, under Bullock, Tomasi's "bad
 9   faith" conduct satisfies § 523(a)(4) and the inquiry could stop
10   here.        Nonetheless, the state court further found that Tomasi knew
11   of his fiduciary duties to the Trust, yet he "intentionally" and
12   "wrongfully" transferred the Simi Valley Property to himself for
13   his own benefit in violation of those duties, and he refused to
14   return the property or account for any missing funds, thereby
15   damaging the Trust.       Accordingly, Tomasi's conduct, as found by
16   the state court, clearly satisfies even the new standard for
17   defalcation under Bullock.        Remand to the bankruptcy court will
18   not be required.
19           The bankruptcy court also determined that Tomasi's failure to
20   object to the Re-filed MSJ in state court did not preclude the
21   application of issue preclusion to the State Court Judgment.
22   Tomasi contends that the bankruptcy court erred because the state
23   court's grant of summary adjudication to the Trust on its claims
24   for breach of fiduciary were the result of a default.20       The court
25
             20
26          To the extent Tomasi argues that the state court denied him
     due process by refusing to allow him to present evidence in
27   opposition to the Re-filed MSJ, the California Court of Appeal has
     already considered and rejected this argument. That ruling is now
28                                                       (continued...)

                                          -25-
 1   of appeal has already considered and rejected Tomasi's “default”
 2   argument.   Further, the State Court Judgment was far from a
 3   default judgment.   Tomasi filed two oppositions to the Trust's
 4   motions, a motion for reconsideration, a motion for a new trial, a
 5   writ of mandate, a writ of supersedeas and an appeal of the State
 6   Court Judgment.   When it was affirmed by the California Court of
 7   Appeal, he filed a petition for rehearing, and when that was
 8   denied, he filed a petition for review with the California Supreme
 9   Court.    Tomasi has had many bites at this apple.
10        We agree with the bankruptcy court that the issue of Tomasi's
11   defalcation was actually litigated in the prior proceeding.
12   Accordingly, the second criterion for application of issue
13   preclusion is satisfied.21
14        3.     The elements required to establish fraud or defalcation
                 in a fiduciary capacity were necessarily decided in the
15               prior proceeding.
16        Here, Tomasi asserts his same “default” argument, which he
17   claims precluded the application of issue preclusion to the State
18   Court Judgment.   The bankruptcy court determined that the facts
19   required to prove Tomasi had engaged in defalcation by a fiduciary
20   had been necessarily decided in the state court proceedings.
21        The state court considered the facts of this case and decided
22
          20
23         (...continued)
     final. Any due process arguments with respect to the state court
24   proceedings are not properly before us.
25        21
            Tomasi also argues that because his “alleged fraud” was
     determined upon default, no finding of actual fraud by the state
26   court exists to which issue preclusion could apply under
     § 523(a)(4). Fraud was never at issue in this case. In any
27   event, a defalcation by a fiduciary, which was expressly found in
     the prior proceedings, suffices to except a debt from discharge
28   under § 523(a)(4). In re Hemmeter, 242 F.3d at 1190.

                                      -26-
 1   the issues relating to Tomasi's breach of fiduciary duty by
 2   entering the State Court Judgment in the Trust's favor.
 3   Specifically, it found that Tomasi had breached his fiduciary duty
 4   by wrongfully taking trust property, engaging in self-dealing with
 5   trust property for his own profit, and failing to provide a full
 6   accounting.     His conduct violated multiple sections of the CAL.
 7   PROBATE CODE.    The Trust was awarded damages based on these
 8   violations.     These findings of breach of fiduciary duty under
 9   various sections of the CAL. PROBATE CODE, which clearly amount to a
10   defalcation for purposes of § 523(a)(4), were “necessary” to
11   support the State Court Judgment.     Moreover, as discussed above,
12   the issue of whether an express trust existed was also necessarily
13   decided in that the state court could not have found Tomasi liable
14   for breach of his fiduciary duties without necessarily deciding
15   that an express trust existed to which he owed a fiduciary duty.
16        Accordingly, the third criterion for application of issue
17   preclusion is satisfied.
18        4.      Public policy does not preclude the application of issue
                  preclusion to the State Court Judgment.
19
20        If all of the threshold requirements are met, as they are
21   here, the court then must decide whether application of issue
22   preclusion would “further the policy interests underlying the
23   doctrine.”      In re Harmon, 250 F.3d at 1249, n.11 (citing Lucido,
24   51 Cal.3d at 342-43).     The California Supreme Court has identified
25   three such policy interests: “‘preservation of the integrity of
26   the judicial system, promotion of judicial economy, and protection
27   of litigants from harassment by vexatious litigation.’”     Baldwin
28   v. Kilpatrick (In re Baldwin), 249 F.3d 912, 919-20 (9th Cir.

                                        -27-
 1   2001)(quoting Lucido, 51 Cal.3d at 343).
 2        Tomasi argues only that no evidence was submitted in the
 3   prior state court proceedings to support the creation or existence
 4   of a valid express trust.   Not only is this factually incorrect,
 5   we already have concluded to the contrary.
 6        The bankruptcy court explained in great detail why none of
 7   these policy interests were present in this case.   In short, it
 8   concluded that application of issue preclusion to the State Court
 9   Judgment promoted judicial economy and conserved judicial
10   resources, because it would not have to hold a trial to determine
11   issues that had already been decided by the state court and
12   confirmed on appeal.   In addition, applying issue preclusion
13   protected the Trust from vexatious litigation because Tomasi was
14   represented by counsel and had a full and fair opportunity to
15   litigate these issues in the state court proceedings; the Trust
16   should not be required to relitigate before the bankruptcy court
17   what was properly decided in the state court and confirmed on
18   appeal.
19        Despite Tomasi's lack of argument here, we agree with the
20   bankruptcy court that none of these policy interests preclude the
21   application of issue preclusion to the State Court Judgment.
22                               VI. CONCLUSION
23        The state court's findings established that an express trust
24   existed, that Tomasi's defalcation caused a debt to the Trust, and
25   that he was acting in a fiduciary capacity at the time the debt
26   was created.   Accordingly, because no genuine issue of material
27   fact existed, the bankruptcy court did not err when it granted
28   summary judgment to the Trust on its § 523(a)(4) claim for relief.

                                      -28-
 1   We AFFIRM.
 2
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                  -29-