Court Opinion

ID: 4104493
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-12-05 18:09:18.209186+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:45:42.696188
License: Public Domain

STATE OF MINNESOTA
                                IN COURT OF APPEALS
                                      A16-0363

             In the Matter of Hibbing Taconite Mine and Stockpile Progression
                  and Williams Creek Project Specific Wetland Mitigation.

                                Filed December 5, 2016
                    Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded
                                      Reilly, Judge

                        Minnesota Department of Natural Resources
                            OAH Docket No. 11-2004-31655

Gerald W. Von Korff, John C. Kolb, Rinke Noonan, St. Cloud, Minnesota (for relator Lake
of the Woods County)

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, Max Kieley, Assistant Attorney General, St. Paul,
Minnesota (for respondent Department of Natural Resources)

Susan K. Wiens, William P. Hefner, The Environmental Law Group, Ltd., Minneapolis,
Minnesota (for respondent Cliffs Natural Resources Inc.)

         Considered and decided by Reilly, Presiding Judge; Halbrooks, Judge; and Johnson,

Judge.

                                     SYLLABUS

         The authority of the commissioner of natural resources, under Minnesota Statutes

section 103G.222 (2014), to approve wetlands replacement for activities requiring a permit

to mine does not include the authority to approve the reservation of wetland credits for

future use by a permit-to-mine applicant without deposit into the state wetlands bank.
                                      OPINION

REILLY, Judge

      In this certiorari appeal, relator county challenges a final order affirming respondent

administrative agency’s approval of respondent mine operator’s wetland replacement plan.

We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand.

                                         FACTS

      In January 2014, respondent Cliffs Natural Resources Inc. (Cliffs) submitted to

respondent Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (DNR) an application for approval

of a wetland replacement plan (the plan or the Cliffs’s plan) proposing the restoration of

about 432 acres of wetlands at a specified site in Lake of the Woods County (the LOW

site). The plan stated that the LOW site was projected to produce approximately 443.34

wetland credits, 14.29 of which were designated for mitigation of wetland impacts of mine

progression and stockpile development at Cliffs’s mining operation, Hibbing Taconite, and

the balance of which were “to be held for future use” to mitigate wetland impacts of any

of Cliffs’s mining operations’ “potential future” activities requiring a permit to mine

(PTM). The plan was entitled “Project-Specific Wetland Replacement Plan Hibbing

Taconite Mine and Stockpile Progression Project” and was submitted by Cliffs to DNR

pursuant to its authority to approve wetland-replacement actions in connection with

activities requiring a PTM. See Minn. Stat. § 103G.222, subd. 1(a) (2014); Minn. R.

8420.0200, subp. 1.D, .0930, subp. 1 (2015).

      Relator Lake of the Woods County (the county) and others submitted to DNR

comments opposing Cliffs’s plan based on “numerous technical issues and its

                                             2
inconsistency with the Wetland Conservation Act.” The county also asserted that the plan,

despite its title, was not a wetland replacement plan subject solely to DNR approval, but

rather a wetland banking plan subject to specific regulatory requirements and oversight by

the Minnesota Board of Water and Soil Resources (BWSR). See Minn. Stat. § 103G.2242,

subd. 9 (2014); Minn. R. 8420.0700-.0820 (2015).

       DNR issued a notice of decision approving the plan as a replacement plan and

directing that “any person aggrieved by this decision may appeal the decision in the manner

provided for a contested case hearing.” The county both petitioned DNR for contested-

case proceedings and submitted an appeal to BWSR, asserting that the proper avenue of

review was the appeal to BWSR. BWSR held the county’s appeal in abeyance, and DNR

ordered contested-case proceedings before the Minnesota Office of Administrative

Hearings (OAH) to adjudicate three issues:

                     1. Was the Commissioner’s approval of [the Cliffs’s
              plan] issued in conjunction with a valid [PTM] and an
              approved mining reclamation plan pursuant to the
              requirements of Minn. Stat. § 103G.222, subd. 1 (2012)?

                     2. If there are surplus wetland mitigation credits
              developed by Cliffs [under its plan], can they be used to
              mitigate mining-related wetland impacts at Cliffs’ mining
              operations . . . pursuant to Minn. R. 8420.0930, subp. 4A
              (2013) without being deposited in a state wetland bank?

                     3. Did the Commissioner have cause to approve [the
              Cliffs’s plan] pursuant to Minn. Stat. § 103G.222, subd. 1
              (2012) and Minn. R 8420.0930 (2013)?

Cliffs successfully petitioned to intervene and brought a motion to dismiss the contested-

case proceedings for lack of jurisdiction or, alternatively, to limit the proceedings to review

                                              3
on the administrative record. Both the county and DNR opposed Cliffs’s motion to dismiss

or to limit the proceedings, and the administrative-law judge (the ALJ) denied the motion.

      DNR moved for partial summary disposition, which Cliffs supported and the county

opposed. The ALJ issued an order recommending summary disposition in favor of DNR

on Issues 1 and 2, and the parties entered into a settlement agreement resolving Issue 3.

The ALJ issued an order recommending dismissal of the contested-case proceedings, in

light of the partial summary-disposition recommendation and the parties’ settlement

agreement.

      After receiving written arguments, the commissioner of natural resources (the

commissioner) issued a final order adopting with modification the ALJ’s order denying

Cliffs’s motion to dismiss the contested-case proceedings for lack of jurisdiction and

recommending summary disposition in favor of DNR on Issues 1 and 2; adopting without

modification the ALJ’s order recommending dismissal of the contested-case proceedings;

and affirming DNR’s notice of decision approving the plan as modified by the settlement

agreement. The final order includes a conclusion that “excess wetland credits from

[wetland restoration at] the [LOW] site [may] be used to replace future mining-related

[wetland] impacts from mining operations under a [PTM] that is held by [Cliffs].”

      The county appeals, arguing that DNR lacked jurisdiction to initiate contested-case

proceedings and exceeded its authority in approving the plan.

                                        ISSUES

      I.     Did the county waive or forfeit the issues raised on appeal?

      II.    Did DNR exceed its statutory authority in approving Cliffs’s plan?

                                            4
                                       ANALYSIS

      This appeal requires us to examine the nature and extent of DNR’s authority under

the Minnesota Wetland Conservation Act (WCA), Minn. Stat. §§ 103G.221-.2375 (2014),

which was adopted by the legislature in 1991 for the purpose of preserving and restoring

Minnesota wetlands. See Minn. Stat. § 103A.201 (2014); Drum v. Minn. Bd. of Water &

Soil Res., 574 N.W.2d 71, 73 (Minn. App. 1998). WCA requires that “[w]etlands must not

be drained or filled, wholly or partially, unless replaced by actions that provide at least

equal public value under a replacement plan.” Minn. Stat. § 103G.222, subd. 1(a). WCA

is primarily administered by BWSR in cooperation with soil and water conservation

districts and other local government units (LGUs). Drum, 574 N.W.2d at 73-74; Minn.

Stat. § 103G.005, subd. 10e (2014) (defining local government unit). Generally speaking,

to engage in activities potentially impacting wetlands, one must apply to the responsible

LGU for no-loss or exemption determinations or for approval of a replacement plan. See

Minn. Stat. § 103G.2242, subds. 1(a), 1(b), 4. The decisions of LGUs, including a

replacement-plan decision, may be appealed to BWSR. Id., subd. 9.

      In an exception to the general LGU-BWSR procedure, WCA authorizes DNR to

approve replacement plans for wetland impacts resulting from activities requiring a PTM

under Minnesota Statutes section 93.481 (2014). Minn. Stat. § 103G.222, subd. 1(a). As

to wetland impacts resulting from activities requiring a PTM, wetland replacement must

take place under a mining reclamation plan approved by the commissioner. Id. “Mining

reclamation plans shall apply the same principles and standards for replacing wetlands that

are applicable to mitigation plans approved as provided in section 103G.2242.” Id. DNR’s

                                            5
approval of wetland replacement under a mining reclamation plan is subject to review

through a contested-case proceeding. See Minn. Stat. § 93.50 (2014) (providing for review

under chapter 14).

       Pursuant to its authority under WCA, BWSR promulgated rules in 1993 establishing

a state wetland banking system. See Minn. Stat. § 103G.2242, subd. 1(a); Minn. R.

8420.0700-.0820. The state wetland bank is “a system of identifying wetlands restored or

created for replacement credit and providing for, facilitating, and tracking the exchange of

wetland banking credits for projects that require replacement plans or wetland mitigation

required by other local, state, or federal authorities.” Minn. R. 8420.0111, subp. 67 (2015).

Deposits into the state wetland bank are accomplished through an application to the

responsible LGU. Minn. R. 8420.0705, .0725. A banking plan application must be

reviewed by a technical evaluation panel (TEP), which may recommend certain changes

or additions before LGU approval. Minn. R. 8420.0705, subp. 3. LGU’s banking-plan

decisions may be appealed to BWSR. Minn. R. 8420.0905 (2015).

       The expressed “purpose of the state wetland banking system is to provide a market-

based structure that allows for replacement of unavoidable impacts with preestablished

replacement wetlands.” Minn. R. 8420.0700. The system may also be used by an applicant

seeking to preserve wetland credits solely for its own future use.         See Minn. Stat.

§ 103G.2242, subd. 14(b) (permitting lower fees for “single-user or other dedicated

wetland banking accounts”).      In 2011, the legislature passed amendments to WCA

addressing the use of the wetland bank in connection with activities requiring a PTM. The

amendments designate DNR as the LGU “for wetland banking projects established solely

                                             6
for replacing wetland impacts under a [PTM]” and cap the amount of fees that may be

assessed for such a banking project. 2011 Minn. Laws ch. 107 §§ 63, 73, at 477, 485,

codified at Minn. Stat. §§ 103G.005, subd. 10e(4), .2242, subd. 14(c) (2014).

       Under BWSR regulations, whether approved by an LGU or DNR, wetland

replacement must be completed in advance of or concurrent with the actual wetland impact.

Minn. R. 8420.0522, subp. 8.A (2015). Replacement is in advance if it is accomplished by

(1) withdrawal of wetland bank credits before the impact, or by (2) project-specific

replacement that has reached certain construction milestones. Id., subp. 8.B (2015). The

regulations also allow for combined banking and project-specific replacement through

submission of both a banking plan and a corresponding replacement plan. See Minn. R.

8420.0705, subp. 4.

       This appeal stems from DNR’s established practice of allowing PTM applicants to

designate and carry over surplus wetland credits for the applicant’s use in connection with

unspecified future PTM activities, without depositing the credits into the state wetland

bank. DNR describes its practice as follows:

              [I]f a mining permittee creates a project-specific wetland
              replacement site to offset wetland impacts arising under a
              PTM, surplus wetland mitigation credits generated at the
              wetland replacement site (i.e., any credits that exceed the
              number of wetland credits needed to mitigate for immediate
              mining-related wetland impacts) may be held in reserve by the
              permittee for future mitigation of other mining-related wetland
              impacts associated with the permittee’s mining operations.

Under this practice, review of DNR’s initial decision to approve a replacement plan that

results in surplus credits may be sought through a contested-case hearing, with a final

                                            7
decision being made by the commissioner. According to DNR, the commissioner’s final

decision is not subject to review by BWSR. The county objects to this practice.

                                             I.

       We first address Cliffs’s arguments that the county waived some arguments by

virtue of the settlement agreement, and forfeited other arguments by failing to raise them

during the contested-case proceedings. We address each argument in turn.

       A.     The county did not waive its appellate arguments.

       Cliffs argues that the settlement agreement “definitively resolved” all remaining

“disputed factual and legal claims” regarding DNR’s treatment of Cliffs’s plan as a project-

specific replacement plan. “[A] settlement agreement is a contract.” Dykes v. Sukup Mfg.

Co., 781 N.W.2d 578, 581-82 (Minn. 2010) (citation omitted). Appellate courts “review

the language of the contract to determine the intent of the parties.” Id. at 582 (citation

omitted). “When the language is clear and unambiguous, [courts] enforce the agreement

of the parties as expressed in the language of the contract.” Id. (citation omitted). We

“must read and interpret contracts, like statutes, as a whole, not as separate isolated

provisions.” In re Petition for Distribution of Attorney’s Fees, 870 N.W.2d 755, 768

(Minn. 2015).

       In this case, the settlement agreement provides:

              This Settlement includes and is specifically limited to
              resolution of Issue 3 as identified in [DNR’s order for
              contested-case proceedings before OAH].

                     ....

                                             8
                      This Agreement disposes only of Issue 3. Nothing in
              this Agreement shall prevent any Party from exercising rights
              to appeal a final decision of [DNR] based on the [ALJ]’s
              recommendation on summary disposition of Issues 1 and 2 as
              identified in [the order for contested-case proceedings]. . . .

                     All Parties waive their right to appeal from the final
              decision of [DNR] on Issue 3 as resolved by this Agreement.

Thus we must determine whether the county’s arguments arising from DNR’s treatment of

Cliffs’s plan as a project-specific replacement plan relate to Issue 3 and are therefore

waived.

       Viewing the issues in context, we conclude that Issue 1 addresses DNR’s statutory

authority to approve Cliffs’s plan as either a project-specific replacement plan or a banking

plan, Issue 2 addresses the legality of DNR’s treatment of Cliffs’s plan as a project-specific

replacement plan that may produce surplus wetland credits for Cliffs’s future use without

deposit into the state wetland bank, and Issue 3 addresses the sufficiency of the evidence

to show that Cliffs’s plan meets the technical requirements of a project-specific

replacement plan.

       Consequently, we conclude that the county’s arguments arising from DNR’s

treatment of Cliffs’s plan as a project-specific replacement plan apply to Issue 2—not

Issue 3. Because the settlement agreement preserved the parties’ right to appeal from the

commissioner’s ultimate resolution of Issues 1 and 2, the settlement agreement does not

preclude our consideration of the county’s arguments on appeal.

                                              9
       B.     The county’s appellate arguments are not forfeited.

       Cliffs also argues that the county failed to preserve for appeal its argument that DNR

lacked statutory authority to initiate contested-case proceedings on the county’s

administrative appeal of DNR’s plan-approval decision. Cliffs presents us with two

distinct failure-to-preserve, or forfeiture, theories, neither of which we accept.

       Cliffs’s first theory of forfeiture hinges on its characterization of a paragraph in

DNR’s notice of its decision to approve Cliffs’s plan, which provides:

                      Pursuant to Minn. Stat., sec. 93.50, any person
              aggrieved by this decision may appeal the decision in the
              manner provided for a contested case hearing under Minn.
              Stat., Secs. 14.57 to 14.62 and the procedures prescribed in
              Minn. Rules, parts 1400.5100 to 1400.8500. An appeal of this
              decision by an aggrieved party must be received by the
              commissioner within 30 calendar days of the date of the
              mailing of this Notice.

According to Cliffs, this boilerplate appeals-process language constituted an “appealable

final decision” and the only appeal available was through a contested-case hearing. Cliffs

thus claims that the county’s “failure [to] file an appeal with this Court within thirty days

of its receipt” of the notice of decision precludes our consideration of the county’s

argument that DNR lacked statutory authority to initiate the contested-case proceedings.

       Generally, an administrative agency’s “final order, decision or judgment affecting

a substantial right” may be appealed to this court. Minn. R. Civ. App. P. 103.03(g). An

order, decision, or judgment is “final,” for purposes of immediate appealability, if it

“finally determine[s] some positive legal right belonging to the [would-be appellant].”

McCullough & Sons, Inc. v. City of Vadnais Heights, 883 N.W.2d 580, 586 (Minn. 2016)

                                              10
(quotation omitted). But “[the supreme court] ha[s] never held that an unsuccessful

challenge to the subject-matter jurisdiction of an executive-branch agency either finally

determines a party’s legal rights or is immediately appealable.” Beuning Family LP v.

County of Stearns, 817 N.W.2d 122, 127 (Minn. 2012). Indeed, the supreme court has

affirmatively stated that “no right . . . is violated when an administrative agency wrongly

asserts jurisdiction over a party.” Id. at 128 (citing Myers v. Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corp.,

303 U.S. 41, 43, 58 S. Ct. 459, 460 (1938)).

       In this case, the supposedly final decision consists of no more than DNR’s formulaic

expression of intent to route any future administrative appeal of its plan-approval decision

through contested-case proceedings before OAH. In light of controlling caselaw

establishing that an administrative agency’s actual assertion of jurisdiction over an

objecting party is not immediately appealable by that party, Beuning Family LP, 817
N.W.2d at 127-28, Cliffs’s first forfeiture theory is meritless.

       Cliffs’s second forfeiture theory is that the county failed to challenge in the

contested-case proceedings DNR’s statutory authority to initiate contested-case

proceedings on the county’s administrative appeal of DNR’s plan-approval decision. Cliffs

is correct that “[g]enerally, failure to raise an issue in an administrative proceeding

precludes review on appeal.” Riley v. Jankowski, 713 N.W.2d 379, 398 (Minn. App. 2006),

review denied (Minn. July 19, 2006) (citation omitted). And here, the county did not just

neglect to raise the issue during the contested-case proceedings; the county itself demanded

DNR’s initiation of those proceedings, albeit with a reservation of rights. And when Cliffs

challenged OAH’s jurisdiction, arguing in part that DNR lacked statutory authority to

                                             11
initiate the contested-case proceedings before OAH, the county opposed Cliffs’s motion to

dismiss for lack of jurisdiction. In its opposition, the county argued that OAH had

jurisdiction to hear the appeal; the county neither mentioned its BWSR appeal nor

characterized its invocation of the contested-case proceedings as “protective” or made only

“under protest.”

       We are reminded of “the doctrine of invited error[,] which precludes a party from

asserting error on appeal which he invited or could have prevented in the court below.”

Krenik v. Westerman, 201 Minn. 255, 262, 275 N.W. 849, 852 (1937). But we do not apply

that doctrine here because, if the DNR did not have statutory authority to initiate the

contested-case proceedings that culminated in the commissioner’s issuance of the final

order, then that order is void. See Senior Citizens Coal. of Ne. Minn. v. Minn. Pub. Utils.

Comm’n, 355 N.W.2d 295, 302 (Minn. 1984) (stating that because an administrative

agency’s “lack of statutory authority betokens a lack of jurisdiction,” an agency decision

“rendered either without statutory authority or in excess of the authority granted” is void);

see also Rowe v. Dep’t of Emp’t & Econ. Dev., 704 N.W.2d 191, 194 (Minn. App. 2005)

(“An agency’s action taken without statutory authority ordinarily is void.”). Cf. Nelson v.

Schlener, 859 N.W.2d 288, 291-92 (Minn. 2015) (“[D]efects in subject matter jurisdiction

can be raised at any time and cannot be waived by the parties.”).1 We therefore conclude

that the county has not forfeited its arguments and we proceed to the merits of the appeal.

1
  During oral argument, DNR reframed and reiterated Cliffs’s second forfeiture theory.
The county subsequently filed with this court a letter supplying record citations to refute
that theory; Cliffs and DNR promptly filed with this court their objections to and requests
to strike the county’s post-hearing submission. Because the county did not have leave to

                                             12
                                              II.

       “Summary disposition is the administrative equivalent of summary judgment.” In

re Gillette Children’s Specialty Healthcare, 883 N.W.2d 778, 785 (Minn. 2016) (quotation

omitted). “A contested case may be resolved on a motion for summary disposition ‘where

there is no genuine issue as to any material fact.’” Id. (quoting Minn. R. 1400.5500(K)

(2015)). Appellate review of an order granting summary disposition is governed by the

Minnesota Administrative Procedure Act (MAPA), Minnesota Statutes sections 14.001-

.69 (2014). Id.

       Under MAPA, an appellate court may overturn or modify an administrative

agency’s final decision in a contested case

              if the substantial rights of the petitioners may have been
              prejudiced because the administrative finding, inferences,
              conclusion, or decisions are:

                      (a) in violation of constitutional provisions; or
                      (b) in excess of the statutory authority or jurisdiction of
              the agency; or
                      (c) made upon unlawful procedure; or
                      (d) affected by other error of law; or
                      (e) unsupported by substantial evidence in view of the
              entire record as submitted; or
                      (f) arbitrary or capricious.

file an additional brief and did not limit its filing to citations of supplemental legal
authority, we strike and do not consider the county’s post-hearing submission. See Minn.
R. Civ. App. P. 128.02 (providing that, beyond appellant’s brief, respondent’s brief, and
reply brief, “[n]o further briefs may be filed except with leave of the appellate court”), .05
(“If pertinent and significant authorities come to a party’s attention . . . after oral argument
but before decision, a party may promptly file a letter with the clerk of the appellate courts
setting forth the citations.” (emphasis added)); Minn. R. Civ. App. P. 128.05 2000 comm.
cmt. (cautioning that “[a] submission [of supplemental authority] . . . is not to contain
argument” and that “[a] submission . . . that does not conform to the rule is subject to being
stricken”).

                                              13
Minn. Stat. § 14.69. “An agency decision generally enjoys a presumption of correctness

and will not be reversed unless the party challenging the decision establishes one of the

statutory bases for doing so.” In re Valley Branch Watershed Dist., 781 N.W.2d 417, 421

(Minn. App. 2010) (citations omitted).

        “Administrative agencies are creatures of statute and they have only those powers

given to them by the legislature.” In re Hubbard, 778 N.W.2d 313, 318 (Minn. 2010).

When “confronted with the threshold question of whether the legislature has granted an

agency the authority to take the action at issue,” an appellate court does not “defer to the

agency’s [own] determination of [its] authority.” Id. at n.4. Rather, “[w]hether an

administrative agency has acted within its statutory authority is a question of law that

[appellate courts] review de novo.” Id. at 318 (citation omitted). “To determine what [an

administrative agency’s] powers include, we first look to the plain language of the

authorizing statute.” Valley Branch Watershed Dist., 781 N.W.2d at 421-22. “While

express statutory authority need not be given a cramped reading, any enlargement of

express powers by implication must be fairly drawn and fairly evident from the agency

objectives and powers expressly given by the legislature.” In re Qwest’s Wholesale Serv.

Quality Standards, 702 N.W.2d 246, 259 (Minn. 2005) (emphasis omitted) (quotation

omitted). “[I]f the statutory language leaves any uncertainty as to an agency’s authority,

we resolve that uncertainty ‘against the exercise of such authority.’” Valley Branch

Watershed Dist., 781 N.W.2d at 422 (quoting Qwest’s Wholesale Serv., 702 N.W.2d at

259).

                                            14
       A.     DNR did not lack statutory authority to initiate contested-case
              proceedings; the commissioner did not lack jurisdiction to issue the final
              order.

       The county argues that DNR lacked statutory authority to initiate the contested-case

proceedings, such that the commissioner lacked jurisdiction to issue the final order. The

county notes that “BWSR has been expressly granted review authority over wetland . . .

banking determinations” and that “BWSR, not DNR, is the agency charged with resolving

banking disputes.” The county claims that it follows that BWSR had exclusive jurisdiction

to make the final agency decision regarding whether Cliffs’s restoration plan was a banking

plan or a project-specific replacement plan. Essentially, the county asserts that because its

administrative appeal of DNR’s plan-approval decision challenged DNR’s characterization

of Cliffs’s restoration plan as a project-specific replacement plan rather than a banking

plan, that appeal should have been heard by BWSR.

       As we note above, DNR is authorized under WCA to approve wetland replacement

plans in connection with activities requiring a PTM. See Minn. Stat. § 103G.222, subd.

1(a); Minn. R. 8420.0200, subp. 1.D (designating DNR as “the approving authority for

activities associated with projects requiring [PTMs]”), .0930, subp. 1 (“Wetlands must not

be impacted as part of a project for which a [PTM] is required by Minnesota Statutes,

section 93.481, except as approved by the commissioner.”). And “[a]ny person aggrieved

by any order, ruling, or decision of the commissioner may appeal such order, ruling, or

decision in the manner provided in chapter 14,” Minn. Stat. § 93.50, which, inter alia,

provides procedures for administrative appeal by contested-case proceedings, see generally

Minn. Stat. §§ 14.57-.62 (describing contested-case procedures).

                                             15
       In contrast, wetland-banking applications related to activities requiring PTMs are

subject only to initial approval by DNR, with a right of appeal to BWSR. See Minn. Stat.

§§ 103G.005, subd. 10e (designating the commissioner as the “[LGU] . . . for wetland

banking projects established solely for replacing wetland impacts under a [PTM]”), .2242,

subd. 9 (providing for appeal to BWSR of decisions by LGUs, including decisions on

wetland banking); see also Minn. R. 8420.0111, subp. 8 (2015) (“‘Application’ means a

formal request for a decision by a[n] [LGU] . . . for,” inter alia, a “banking plan.”), .0905,

subp. 3 (“The decision of a[n] [LGU] to approve, approve with conditions, or deny an

application is final if not appealed to the board within 30 days . . . .” (emphasis added)).

       Both Cliffs and DNR treated Cliffs’s plan as a project-specific replacement plan

rather than a banking plan;2 Cliffs has made no application to deposit surplus wetland

credits resulting from replacement actions at the LOW site into the state wetland bank.3

Moreover, the county points to no authority indicating that an aggrieved party’s mere

2
  The county makes much of the fact that an August 14, 2012 version of Cliffs’s plan did
designate the plan as a “wetland bank” plan. But a May 3, 2013 version of the plan
designated the plan as a “project-specific wetland mitigation plan,” and a January 21, 2014
version of the plan designated the plan as a “project-specific wetland replacement plan.”
The August 14, 2012 version of the plan was never approved by DNR and the terminology
used therein is, therefore, irrelevant to the question before us, i.e., whether DNR had
jurisdiction to hear the county’s administrative appeal of DNR’s approval of the May 3,
2013 and January 21, 2014 versions of the plan.
3
  For this reason, we reject the county’s argument that DNR erred by not treating Cliffs’s
plan as a banking plan. Deposits into the state wetland bank require affirmative
application, see Minn. R. 8420.0705, which was not made here. We believe the more apt
inquiry is whether DNR was authorized to approve, as part of a replacement plan, Cliffs’s
reservation of surplus wetland credits for use in connection with its unspecified future PTM
activities. We address that issue below.

                                             16
allegation of plan mischaracterization overrides, for purposes of administrative-appeal

jurisdiction, DNR’s acceptance of a plan’s designation by the applicant that submitted the

plan. Consequently, we conclude that the commissioner had jurisdiction to issue the final

order.

         B.    DNR lacks statutory authority to approve Cliffs’s reservation of surplus
               wetland credits without deposit into the state wetland bank.

         Although stated variously in its briefs, the county’s remaining arguments boil down

to its assertion that DNR lacks authority to essentially operate its own wetlands bank by

allowing PTM applicants to reserve credits in project-specific wetlands replacement plans

for use in relation to later mining activity. We agree that DNR exceeded its authority in

this regard.

         DNR is authorized under Minnesota Statutes section 103.222, subdivision 1(a), to

approve the replacement of wetlands drained or filled by activities requiring a PTM. The

statute does not expressly address whether DNR may allow a PTM applicant to reserve

surplus wetland credits for future use without depositing them into the state wetlands bank.

As we note above, however, the statutes and regulations create a procedural path for those

conducting activities requiring a PTM to deposit wetlands credits into single-user wetland

bank accounts. See Minn. Stat. §§ 103G.005, subd. 10i, .2242, subd. 14(b)-(c); Minn. R.

8420.0705, subp. 4. Like other deposits to the wetlands bank, a deposit by a PTM applicant

is initially subject to approval by an LGU (DNR) whose decision may be appealed to

BWSR. Minn. R. 8420.0705, .0905. DNR acknowledges the availability of this path, but

                                             17
asserts that PTM applicants are not required to use this path to reserve surplus credits. For

the reasons that follow, we reject this assertion.

       “[Appellate courts] are to read and construe a statute as a whole and must interpret

each section in light of the surrounding sections to avoid conflicting interpretations.” Am.

Family Ins. Grp. v. Schroedl, 616 N.W.2d 273, 277 (Minn. 2000); see also Minn. Stat.

§ 645.17(2) (2014) (stating presumption that “the legislature intends the entire statute to be

effective and certain”). “While statutory construction focuses on the language of the

provision at issue, it is sometimes necessary to analyze that provision in the context of

surrounding sections.” Id.; see also Star Windshield Repair, Inc. v. W. Nat’l Ins. Co., 768
N.W.2d 346, 350 (Minn. 2009) (analyzing comprehensive statutory framework to

determine permissibility of conduct not expressly addressed by statute). WCA and BWSR

rules create a comprehensive statutory and regulatory structure governing wetlands

replacement and banking. It is in this context that we must determine the scope of DNR’s

authority to approve wetlands replacement under Minnesota Statutes section 103G.222,

subdivision 1(a).

       Viewing the statute contextually, we conclude that Minnesota Statutes

section 103G.222, subdivision 1(a), does not authorize DNR to approve the reservation of

wetland credits for future use by a PTM applicant without deposit into the state wetlands

bank. Although DNR is generally authorized to approve wetland replacement plans for

activities requiring a PTM, both the statutes and rules contemplate the deposit of surplus

credits from activities requiring a PTM into the state wetlands bank.            Minn. Stat.

§§ 103G.005, subd. 10i, .2242, subd. 14(b)-(c); Minn. R. 8420.0705, subp. 4. Under DNR’s

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preferred interpretation, and given its current practice, these provisions would be unlikely

to gain much use.     Because we presume that the legislature intended the statutory

provisions to be effective, we cannot accept DNR’s interpretation. See Minn. Stat.

§ 645.17(2).

       DNR asserts that non-banking reservation of surplus wetland credits is permissible

because of its long-standing interpretation of “project” in the context of “project specific

replacement” to mean “mining operations under a PTM.” As we note above, “project-

specific replacement” is used in Minnesota Rule 8420.0522, subpart 8, to identify one of

two possible sources of in-advance wetland replacement, the second possible source being

credits from the state wetland bank. See also Minn. R. 8420.0111, subp. 55 (2015)

(defining “project-specific” to mean that “the applicant for a replacement plan approval

provides the replacement as part of the project, rather than attain the replacement from a

wetland bank”). Even if we accept DNR’s interpretation of “project,” however, we can

discern nothing in the relevant statutes or rules that authorizes DNR to approve the

reservation of surplus wetland credits for use in connection with an applicant’s unspecified

future PTM activities. The only mechanism for achieving that result is through the banking

process authorized by law.

       DNR also argues that it is authorized to approve non-banking reservation of surplus

wetland credits by Minnesota Rule 8420.0930, subpart 4.A, which provides that

“[r]eplacement wetlands approved under this part must only be used for mining-related

impacts covered under a [PTM] unless the credits are approved and deposited in the state

wetland bank.” DNR is incorrect. One may engage in wetland replacement actions

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resulting in wetland credits eligible for deposit in the state wetland bank for future use in

connection with wetland impacts resulting from activities that may or may not require a

PTM. See generally Minn. R. 8420.0705, .0725, .0745. Distinctly, one may pursue a

“wetland banking project[] established solely for replacing wetland impacts under a

[PTM],” Minn. Stat. § 103G.005, subd. 10e; any wetland credits resulting from such a

project are eligible for deposit in a “dedicated wetland banking account,” Minn. Stat.

§ 103G.2242, subd. 14(c). The rule on which DNR attempts to rely does no more than

clarify that such credits may be used to replace only wetland impacts that are caused by

activities requiring a PTM. See Minn. R. 8420.0930, subp. 4.A.

                                     DECISION

       The county has not challenged DNR’s approval of 14.29 wetland credits for

mitigation of wetland impacts of mine progression and stockpile development at Hibbing

Taconite, and we affirm the commissioner’s final order in that regard. But because DNR

exceeded its statutory authority by approving Cliffs’s reservation of surplus credits for use

in connection with its unspecified future PTM activities, we reverse the final order in

relevant part and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

       Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.

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