Court Opinion

ID: 9909439
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-12-13 15:06:17.288453+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:49:19.684469
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

                                                        SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                        APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                        DOCKET NO. A-3523-21

ASSOCIATION FOR
GOVERNMENTAL
RESPONSIBILITY, ETHICS
AND TRANSPARENCY,

          Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

RANDY BELIN, Government
Records Custodian for the
NEW JERSEY CIVIL
SERVICE COMMISSION,
and NEW JERSEY CIVIL
SERVICE COMMISSION,

     Defendants-Respondents.
____________________________

                   Argued November 14, 2023 – Decided December 13, 2023

                   Before Judges Smith and Perez Friscia.

                   On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
                   Division, Mercer County, Docket No. L-0550-22.

                   Donald Francis Burke, Jr., argued the cause for
                   appellant (Law Office of Donald F. Burke, attorneys;
            Donald Francis Burke and Donald Francis Burke, Jr.,
            on the briefs).

            Craig S. Keiser, Deputy Attorney General, argued the
            cause for respondents (Matthew J. Platkin, Attorney
            General, attorney; Sara M. Gregory, Assistant Attorney
            General, of counsel; Craig S. Keiser, on the brief).

PER CURIAM

      Plaintiff Association for Governmental Responsibility, Ethics and

Transparency (AGREAT) appeals from a June 3, 2022 Law Division order

denying its common law right of access request for records from defendants,

New Jersey Civil Service Commission (Commission), and Randy Belin,

custodian of records. The records related to veteran Jeffrey DeSimone's appeal

of his removal from Lakewood Township's (Township) eligibility list for the

position of police officer. We affirm.

                                         I.

      DeSimone applied for a police officer position with the Township's Police

Department, which is a civil service department. The Township, the appointing

authority, was notified on May 20, 2020, that DeSimone was second on the

certified eligibility list for hiring. The appointing authority removed DeSimone

from the eligibility list for failing to disclose a motor vehicle violation.

DeSimone appealed his removal to the Commission. After reviewing his appeal,

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the Commission reversed the appointing authority's decision and determined

DeSimone had no intention to conceal the information, and his failure to provide

accurate details was not cause for removal. Additionally, the Commission

determined DeSimone could not be bypassed from the list as a veteran, and he

was to be appointed unless a disqualifying factor was discovered during the

employment process from a background check.

      After completion of DeSimone's background check, the appointing

authority again sought his removal from the eligibility list. It determined his

application contained false and disqualifying information because he: failed to

disclose his 2015 removal or resignation as a special class police officer after a

verbal altercation with his girlfriend's neighbor; advised he was laid off from a

job though his former supervisor attested he was fired due to work conflicts;

threatened another recruit at the police academy; and had a temporary

restraining order. DeSimone again appealed his removal to the Commission.

      After reviewing the appointing authority's documentation regarding

removal, in accordance with N.J.A.C. 4A:4-6.1 to -6.6, the Commission issued

its final agency decision (FAD), affirming the determination of DeSimone's

ineligibility. The Commission acknowledged that a police officer is a special

kind of employee, and found removal was warranted based upon the

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certifications and information presented by the appointing authority, which

demonstrated DeSimone did not meet the standards for a police officer. In the

certification disposition process, the Commission explained it must determine if

the appointing authority provided sufficient information to support the decision

to remove an applicant from the certified list based on a finding of ineligibility.

The Commission found the appointing authority demonstrated sufficient

information as to DeSimone's ineligibility.

      The Commission also considered DeSimone's allegation of bias by the

appointing authority which was based on an email from a Township official to

a police captain stating, "FYI what would Civil Service do when this guy beats

on some prisoner[?]" It determined DeSimone's presented facts failed to show

bias, and that his claim of collusion between the Commission and the appointing

authority was also unfounded because the Commission acted in accordance with

its statutory role in requesting documentation and addressing deficiencies. The

Commission declined to forward DeSimone's appeal for an administrative law

hearing.

      In February 2022, the Commission received an Open Public Records Act

(OPRA), N.J.S.A. 47:1A-1 to -13, request from the president of AGREAT,

which sought DeSimone's appeal files. Several days later, the Commission

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denied the OPRA request, citing N.J.A.C. 4A:1-2.2(c), and advised that

"the . . . Commission appeal files [we]re not public records." The same day,

AGREAT requested the records under the common law right of access stating,

"There can be no interest in privacy while we have an interest in governmental

regularity and fair treatment of veterans.      I look forward to receipt of the

records." On March 4, 2022, the Commission again denied AGREAT's request

reiterating that the "appeal files [we]re not public records" and closed the matter.

      On March 28, 2022, AGREAT filed an order to show cause and verified

complaint alleging defendants violated the common law right of access to public

records, the New Jersey Constitution, the New Jersey Civil Rights Act, and

requested an award of attorneys' fees.

      Following oral argument, the motion judge entered an order dismissing

the complaint with prejudice. In his statement of reasons, the judge found

AGREAT had demonstrated the documents were public records and established

a public interest in veterans' fair employment treatment but found after

balancing the interests in disclosure against the Commission's interests in non-

disclosure, AGREAT was not entitled to the documents under the common law

right of access.

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      On appeal, AGREAT argues the judge: failed to follow the common law

presumption of openness and transparency; should have required a Vaughn1

index; too narrowly applied the broad common law right of access; wrongly

accepted defendant's generalized denials; and improperly balanced the relevant

interests.

                                         II.

      Our review of a "determination regarding the common law right of access

is de novo." N. Jersey Media Grp., Inc. v. Bergen Cnty. Prosecutor's Off., 447

N.J. Super. 182, 194 (App. Div. 2016). We do not disturb a trial judge's factual

findings "if they are 'supported by adequate, substantial[,] and credible

evidence.'" N. Jersey Media Grp., Inc. v. State, Off. of Governor, 451 N.J.

Super. 282, 295 (App. Div. 2017) (quoting Zaman v. Felton, 219 N.J. 199, 215

(2014)).

      A common law right of access to public records exists independently of

OPRA. See Gannett Satellite Info. Network, LLC v. Township of Neptune, 254

1
   Vaughn v. Rosen, 484 F.2d 820, 826-28, (D.C. Cir. 1973). A Vaughn index
is a privilege log "containing a 'relatively detailed' justification for the claim of
privilege being asserted for each document. The judge analyzes the index to
determine, on a document-by-document basis, whether each such claim of
privilege should be accepted or rejected." Paff v. Div. of L., 412 N.J. Super.
140, 161 n.9 (App. Div. 2010) (quoting Vaughn, 484 F.2d at 826-27).

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N.J. 242, 256 (2023); see also N.J.S.A. 47:1A-8 (stating that "[n]othing" in

OPRA "shall be construed as limiting the common law right of access to a

government record"). At common law, a citizen has "an enforceable right to

require custodians of public records to make them available for reasonable

inspection and examination." ACLU of N.J. v. Cnty. Prosecutors Ass'n of N.J.,

474 N.J. Super. 243, 268 (App. Div. 2022) (quoting Irval Realty Inc. v. Bd. of

Pub. Util. Comm'rs, 61 N.J. 366, 372 (1972)). "The definition of a public record

under the common law is broader than under OPRA." Rivera v. Union Cnty.

Prosecutor's Off., 250 N.J. 124, 143 (2022). However, "[t]o obtain records under

'this broader class of materials, [a] requestor must make a greater showing than

OPRA requires.'" Id. at 144 (second alteration in original) (quoting N. Jersey

Media Grp., Inc. v. Township of Lyndhurst, 229 N.J. 541, 578 (2017)).

      "[T]he common[]law right of access . . . is not absolute." Keddie v.

Rutgers, 148 N.J. 36, 50 (1997). The threshold question under the common law

right to access is whether the requested records are "public records." See O'Shea

v. Township of W. Milford, 410 N.J. Super. 371, 386-87 (App. Div. 2009).

Under the common law, to constitute a public record, three elements must be

met: (1) the record is "one required by law to be kept, or necessary to be

kept . . . or directed by law to serve as a memorial and evidence of something

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written"; (2) the document was "made by a public officer"; and (3) "the officer

[was] authorized by law to make it." Carter v. Doe (In re N.J. Firemen's Ass'n

Obligation), 230 N.J. 258, 281 (2017) (quoting Nero v. Hyland, 76 N.J. 213, 222

(1978)).

      Once the requested information is established to be a public record: "(1)

the person seeking access must establish an interest in the subject matter of the

material; and (2) the [person's] right to access must be balanced against the

State's interest in preventing disclosure." Rivera, 250 N.J. at 144 (alteration in

original) (quoting Lyndhurst, 229 N.J. at 578) (internal quotation marks

omitted).

      "[U]nder the common law . . . 'the focus must always be on "the character

of the materials sought to be disclosed."'" Home News v. Dep't of Health, 144

N.J. 446, 455 (1996) (quoting Loigman v. Kimmelman, 102 N.J. 98, 112

(1986)). "Above all, the process is flexible, and 'sensitive to the fact that the

requirements of confidentiality are greater in some situations than in others. '"

Ibid. (quoting McClain v. Coll. Hosp., 99 N.J. 346, 362 (1985)).

      "When there is a confidentiality claim, the 'applicant's interest in

disclosure is more closely scrutinized.'" Carter, 230 N.J. at 282 (quoting Keddie,

148 N.J. at 51). Courts are to "consider whether the claim of confidentiality is

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'premised upon a purpose which tends to advance or further a wholesome public

interest or legitimate private interest.'"   Keddie, 148 N.J. at 51 (quoting

Loigman, 102 N.J. at 112). Our Supreme Court has determined that "the trial

court [is] 'the best forum to elicit facts about the parties' interests under the

common law and to balance those interests.'" Gannett Satellite, 254 N.J. at 258

(quoting Rivera, 250 N.J. at 146). "[W]hen the requested material appears on

its face to encompass legislatively recognized confidentiality concerns, a court

should presume that the release of the government record is not in the public

interest." Michelson v. Wyatt, 379 N.J. Super. 611, 621 (App. Div. 2005).

                                      III.

      It is undisputed the records AGREAT seeks from the Commission, under

the common law right of access, are public records. The Commission, pursuant

to N.J.S.A. 11A:2-6(b), is the authorized agency tasked with reviewing "the

written record," and rendering an FAD on a civil service applicant's appeal.

      AGREAT's asserted public interest in the fair employment treatment of

veterans for its records request is supported. As the judge found, AGREAT met

the public interest prong of the common law right of access test because it

demonstrated a sufficient "wholesome public interest."        There is a well-

established interest in the fair appointment of veteran applicants becoming

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police officers. See N.J.S.A. 11A:5-6 (providing "[w]henever a disabled veteran

or veteran shall be certified to an appointing authority from an open competitive

employment list . . . the appointing authority shall appoint the disabled veteran

or veteran in the order of ranking").

      Here, the point of contention is whether AGREAT has established a

common law right of access to the Commission's public records over the

Commission's interests in non-disclosure. To determine whether a balancing of

the interests mandates disclosure of a public document under the common law,

a court must undertake a review of the factors identified by the Supreme Court

in Loigman:

              (1) the extent to which disclosure will impede agency
              functions by discouraging citizens from providing
              information to the government; (2) the effect disclosure
              may have upon persons who have given such
              information, and whether they did so in reliance that
              their identities would not be disclosed; (3) the extent to
              which agency self-evaluation, program improvement,
              or other decision making will be chilled by disclosure;
              (4) the degree to which the information sought includes
              factual data as opposed to evaluative reports of
              policymakers; (5) whether any findings of public
              misconduct have been insufficiently corrected by
              remedial measures instituted by the investigative
              agency; and (6) whether any agency disciplinary or
              investigatory proceedings have arisen that may
              circumscribe the individual's asserted need for the
              materials.

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            [102 N.J. at 113.]

      Here, the judge correctly analyzed each factor in detail. We discern no

error in the judge's determination under factor one that "[d]isclosure will impede

the Commission's primary function to ensure merit-based employment by

discouraging employees and applicants from providing information to the

Commission for purposes of appealing civil service employment actions." As

the judge explained regarding the Commission's function, "the character of the

materials" is highly relevant.

      The Commission undisputedly operates to safeguard a "personnel system

that provides a fair balance between managerial needs and employee protections

for the effective delivery of public services." See N.J.A.C. 4A:1-1.1. With this

purpose, the Legislature charged the Commission with oversight of civil service

employment appeals and with the responsibility of maintaining the records. The

confidentiality interest in the Commission's employment records was recognized

by the Legislature, pursuant to N.J.A.C. 4A:1-2.2(c), which states "[a]ppeals

files in any . . . Commission . . . matters, including written submissions of the

parties and all other related documentation used to make an administrative

determination" are "not . . . considered government records subject to public

access." AGREAT's argument that the recognized confidentiality of records,

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precluding disclosure, is irrelevant because it only applied to "former, current

[or] prospective . . . employees" is wholly unsupported by the plain language in

N.J.A.C. 4A:1-2.2(c), which directly applies to filed appeals.

      Concomitantly, OPRA exempts "personnel . . . records of any individual

in the possession of a public agency, including but not limited to records relating

to any grievance filed by or against an individual," as those records are not

"considered a government record and shall not be made available for public

access." N.J.S.A. 47:1A-10. Although not dispositive to a common law right

of access review, the legislatively recognized confidentiality interest exempting

from disclosure the Commission's appeal records under OPRA is informative,

which the judge correctly found, "weigh[s] heavily" against disclosure. The

Legislature preserved the right of a party to "either review the file at the . . .

Commission . . . or request copies of file materials" in "written record appeals."

N.J.A.C. 4A:2-1.1(d)(2).     Further, the Commission's FADs are specifically

considered public records for disclosure. N.J.A.C. 4A:1-2.2(c)(1).

      Unquestionably, the Commission's function of evaluating challenges to

eligibility removals relies on accurate and candid submissions from applicants,

appointing authorities, and third parties.     It is readily discernible that the

disclosure of applicants' personal and sensitive employment information would

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quell participation. Additionally, the Commission would be inhibited in its

charge of reviewing employment decisions and providing FADs if limited

information were submitted.        We discern no reason to disturb the judge's

thoughtful determination that the Commission's function would be impeded;

thus, the interest considerations under factor one weigh strongly against

disclosure.

      Similarly, under factor two, disclosure of the appeal records would affect

the information individuals provide as there exists a reliance on a level of

privacy   and    confidentiality    in   submitting    employment    information.

Commission records commonly contain information from parties relying on

non-disclosure. Access to the records under the common law would deter

citizens from applying for civil service positions and result in circumspection of

the information provided.      Contrary to AGREAT's argument, the judge's

determination that applicants would be more likely to "pursue their appeal rights

without fear" knowing their personal employment information would not be

disclosed as a public record was correctly reasoned.

      Applicants have an expectation of privacy and confidentiality because

background checks require detailed disclosure of previous employment

information, driving history, and personal history. We also agree with the judge

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that applicants for employment "may withhold important and possibly

dispositive information" if they may no longer rely on the confidentiality of the

employment records provided. AGREAT's argument that defendants failed to

provide support to establish a confidentiality interest is unavailing.

      We also see no reason to disturb the judge's finding that factors three and

four were in equipoise based on the record. The judge found the factors were

both neutral in the balancing analysis because, under factor three, there was no

demonstration that the "agency decision-making w[ould] be chilled," and, under

factor four, neither party "indicated" "the appeals files could contain a mix of

factual data and evaluation reports." We note defendants' opposing argument

that AGREAT posits new arguments on appeal regarding factors three and four,

which were not presented below. Arguments not raised before the motion judge

are not fairly considered on appeal. See Zaman, 219 N.J. at 226-27 (recognizing

claims that are not presented to a trial court are inappropriate for consideration

on appeal).

      As to factor five, the judge correctly determined that, based on the record,

he could not find "any public misconduct was insufficiently corrected by

remedial measures instituted by the [Commission]."             In the FAD, the

Commission      found    DeSimone's     allegations   of   bias   and    collusion

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unsubstantiated. AGREAT's argument that disclosure is warranted "to allow the

public to draw its own conclusions," because the judge misconstrued that an

Administrative Law Judge reviewed the matter, and that the Commission

conducted "no investigation," is without merit. A mere statement of misconduct

is insufficient. Keddie, 148 N.J. at 51 (quoting Loigman 102 N.J. at 112).

Indeed, we conclude the mere assertion of "a generalized suspicion of

corruption" is insufficient to overcome an established public interest in

confidentiality. Wilson v. Brown, 404 N.J. Super. 557, 583 (App. Div. 2009).

      Lastly, under factor six, as argued by AGREAT and conceded by

defendants, the "Commission's appeal file is not the result of an 'investigatory'

proceeding."    We part ways with the judge in his determination that the

Commission's review is an investigatory proceeding.          The proceeding, in

accordance     with   N.J.A.C.   4A:4-4.7(c),   provides   that   a   Commission

representative reviews submissions and determines if sufficient grounds exist to

support the appointing authority's removal.      A party may then appeal the

decision to the Commission under N.J.A.C. 4A:2-1.1. We are unpersuaded by

AGREAT's argument that the factor six weighs in favor of disclosure.

      In summary, factors one and two weigh heavily in favor of non-disclosure

and the remaining Loigman factors are either in equipoise or inapplicable.

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Accordingly, we conclude, as did the judge, the detrimental effect on the

Commission's function and the diminution of information provided if

confidentiality is no longer afforded militates against the common law right of

access to the Commission's public records.

      Lastly, we discern no error in the judge's decision denying AGREAT's

request for a Vaughn index. A Vaughn index "is used in circumstances where

it is evident that some of the documents may not in fact be privileged." Paff,

412 N.J. Super. at 161. As the judge correctly determined, a review of the record

readily yields that the public records are not subject to disclosure; thus, a

Vaughn index was not required. Paff v. N.J. Dep't of Labor, Bd. of Rev., 379

N.J. Super. 346, 355 (App. Div. 2005).

      To the extent we have not addressed AGREAT's remaining arguments, it

is because they lack sufficient merit to warrant discussion in a written opinion.

R. 2:11-3(e)(1)(E).

      Affirmed.

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