Court Opinion

ID: 8812312
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-26 15:06:48.655852+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:04:20.100444
License: Public Domain

WALKER, Circuit Judge
(dissenting). I concur in the conclusion that the decree should be reversed, but not in the conclusion that the claim asserted is not entitled to priority, so far as the amount of the fine adjudged against the bankrupt is concerned.
The question is: Was it intended by section 57j of the Bankruptcy Act to deal with such penalty as the one imposed on the bankrupt corporation following its conviction of die criminal offense charged against it? The language of the provision, considered in the light of the connection,in which it was used and of the previously existing law, which was not expressly repealed or modified, furnished some basis for an inference that the subject intended to be dealt with was debts due as penalties or forfeitures arising out of an act, transaction, or proceeding in which creditors of a class mentioned had some pecuniary interest, and that the object was to limit the amount allowable to such a creditor out of the debtor’s estate in bankruptcy to the amount of the pecuniary loss sustained, whatever may be the amount of the penalty or forfeiture incurred. The claim asserted in this case is not based on a forfeiture. It is based on a judgment assessing a fine and costs on conviction of a criminal offense. The transaction out. of which such penalty arose was one which did not affect the claimant in a pecuniary way. It was the crime of using the mails in the execution of a scheme to defraud parties other than the United States: The language of the provision is such as to indicate that it was assumed or presupposed that the act, transaction, or proceeding referred to is one in which the beneficiary of the penalty or forfeiture has a pecuniary interest. The effect of the provision is to limit the amount allowable to such beneficiary out of the debtor’s estate in bankruptcy.
To say the least, it is not made clear that a penalty for criminal misconduct, at any rate such misconduct as does not pecuniarily affect the party entitled to enforce the penalty therefor, was in contemplation. Penalties may be divided into two classes, namely: First, such as are prescribed to secure compliance with pecuniary or contractual obligations; and, second, such as are imposed for breaches of duty without regard to pecuniary loss resulting from such breaches to the party entitled to enforce the penalties. It is not uncommon for a penalty or forfeiture incurred by a violation of a contractual or pecuniary obligation to the United States, a state, a county, a district, or municipality, to subject the party in default to greater loss or damage than the breach caused to the party in whose favor the obligation was incurred. An effect of the above-quoted provision of the *566Bankruptcy Act is that debts so owing to the public bodies mentioned are not allowable out of the debtor’s estate in bankruptcy, except for the amount of the pecuniary loss sustained by the act, transaction, or proceeding out of which the penalty or forfeiture arose, with costs and interest, though the penalty or forfeiture incurred may have entitled the beneficiary of it to recover more from the debtor if the latter had not been adjudged bankrupt. The provision is one determining the extent to which claims of a stated class are allowable. The terms of it being such as to indicate that it was intended to deal with penalties and forfeitures arising out of acts, transactions, or proceedings involving some pecuniary loss to the parties entitled to enforce such penalties or forfeitures, there is some basis for an inference that penalties otherwise arising were not in contemplation. In the absence of a clear expression of a legislative intention to repeal or modify the provision contained in section 3466 of the Revised Statutes, it is not to be implied tliat that provision was repealed or modified by the subsequently enacted statute, except in so far as the latter is plainly inconsistent with' the former.
In some respects the priority given by section 3466 of the Revised Statutes to debts due to the United States is affected by the Bankruptcy Act. Section 64 of the latter act subordinates debts due to the United States, other than taxes legally due and owing, to certain payments required to be made in full, in the order prescribed, out of the estates of bankrupts. Guarantee Co. v. Title Guaranty Co., 224 U. S. 152, 32 Sup. Ct. 457, 56 L. Ed. 706. Section 57j modifies the priority as it existed previously by limiting payments of the class of debts stated to the amount of the pecuniary loss sustained by the creditor^ costs, and interest. The priority, as it previously existed, is not affected except by express words to that effect. United States v. Herron, 20 Wall. 251, 22 L. Ed. 275. A debt due to the United States is not required to be proved in bankruptcy. It may be enforced out of the bankrupt’s estate without a compliance with requirements applicable to other claims against the bankrupt. Lewis, Trustee, v. United States; 92 U. S. 618, 23 L. Ed. 513; Collier on Bankruptcy (11th Ed.) 99G. The judgment in question for the fine and costs is a debt due to the United States. 13 Cyc. 398. If section 57j of the Bankruptcy Act has the meaning attributed to it in behalf of the ap-pellee the United States has no priority at all with reference to the penalty adjudged, as that penalty arose out of conduct involving no pecuniary loss to the United States. Under the construction contended for, the convict’s bankruptcy, instead of giving rise to a priority as to the amount adjudged, would have the effect of depriving the United States of any priority at all. The government’s position would not have been better if the judgment of conviction had been rendered before the bankruptcy. As the penalty awarded by the judgment arose out of the commission of the crime, there would have been no right to have the amount adjudged given any priority, if priority is limited to the amount of a pecuniary loss caused by the commission of the crime to the party in whose behalf the penalty was enforced, as no such loss was sustained.
*567Not even the costs adjudged can be regarded as a pecuniary loss sustained by the commission of the crime out of which the penalty arose, as they arose, not out of the commission of the crime, but out of the prosecution .for it. As so construed, the provision in question would have the effect, so far as the convict’s estate in bankruptcy is concerned, of subordinating such a claim as the one asserted to debts of the bankrupt not belonging to any class to which priority is expressly given. In effect that would be the same thing as making the convict’s estate in bankruptcy exempt from the payment of a debt owing as a penalty arising out of a crime not involving pecuniary loss to the party in whose favor the penalty was adjudged. A construction leading to such results is not to be adopted if, consistently with the language used in the provision in question, it may be given a meaning not involving such consequences. The language of section 57j of the Bankruptcy Act is not such as to call for the conclusion that so complete a reversal of the policy evidenced by section 3466 of the Revised Statutes was intended to be effected. The first-mentioned provision is given a field of operation within a meaning fairly attributable to its language, if it is held to have reference only to debts owing as a penalty or forfeiture prescribed as a means of preventing pecuniary loss. It fairly may be regarded as evidencing a policy of protecting the creditors at large of bankrupts by making such a debt allowable only for the amount of the pecuniary loss sustained by the act, transaction, or proceeding out of which the penalty or forfeiture arose, with costs and interest, without affecting whatever priority previously existing law gave to a debt due as a penalty or forfeiture not prescribed as a means of preventing pecuniary loss.
For reasons above indicated, the conclusion of the writer is that section 3466 of the Revised Statutes is still effective to give such priority as was claimed to such a demand as the one asserted.