Court Opinion

ID: 1087314
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-29 00:01:34.41763+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:52:05.769830
License: Public Domain

PURSUANT TO INTERNAL REVENUE CODE
 SECTION 7463(b),THIS OPINION MAY NOT
  BE TREATED AS PRECEDENT FOR ANY
            OTHER CASE.
                            T.C. Summary Opinion 2013-82

                            UNITED STATES TAX COURT

                    LARRY HALL, Petitioner v.
          COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

      Docket No. 5196-11S.                       Filed October 28, 2013.

      Larry Hall, pro se.

      Emile Louis Hebert, III and Ardney J. Boland, III, for respondent.

                               SUMMARY OPINION

      ARMEN, Special Trial Judge: This case was heard pursuant to the

provisions of section 7463 of the Internal Revenue Code in effect when the
                                          -2-

petition was filed.1 Pursuant to section 7463(b), the decision to be entered is not

reviewable by any other court, and this opinion shall not be treated as precedent

for any other case.

       Respondent determined a deficiency in petitioner’s 2008 Federal income tax

of $3,050. After concessions by respondent,2 the issues remaining for decision

are:

       (1) Whether petitioner is entitled to a dependency exemption deduction in

respect of minor child N.H. for 2008. We hold that he is not;

       (2) whether petitioner is entitled to the child tax credit in respect of N.H. for

2008. We hold that he is not.

       1
        Unless otherwise indicated, all subsequent section references are to the
Internal Revenue Code in effect for the year in issue; all Rule references are to the
Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.
       2
         Respondent concedes that petitioner is entitled to a dependency exemption
deduction for D.H. and that petitioner is entitled to head of household filing status.
Respondent also concedes that petitioner is entitled to the child tax credit for one
qualifying child, D.H. For privacy reasons, the Court refers to minor children by
their initials. See Rule 27(a)(3).
                                         -3-

                                    Background

      All of the facts have been deemed stipulated, and they are so found. We

incorporate by reference the stipulated facts and related exhibits. Petitioner

resided in Louisiana at the time the petition was filed.

      Petitioner married Garline Melton Hall in 1973. The couple had two

children, K.H.3 and N.H. N.H. was born in 1993.4 The couple divorced in 2006.

No custody order was issued for N.H.; however, petitioner was subject to a

support proceeding order (child support document), which provided that petitioner

would pay $534 in child support each month for K.H. and N.H.

      D.H. is petitioner’s biological child with his significant other, and D.H. was

born in 1998. D.H. lived with petitioner during 2008.

      Petitioner timely filed his Form 1040, U.S. Individual Income Tax Return,

for the 2008 tax year. On it petitioner checked the box for head of household

      3
        Petitioner did not claim either a dependency exemption deduction or a
child tax credit in respect of K.H. on his 2008 tax return, and he has made no such
claim in the instant case. Therefore, no further discussion is required for this
child.
      4
        The record is unclear whether N.H. was born in 1992 or 1993, but we
accept the parties’ stipulation that N.H. was born in 1993. Whether N.H. was born
in 1992 or 1993 does not affect the outcome of this case.
                                         -4-

filing status and claimed dependency exemption deductions for two children, D.H.

and N.H. Petitioner also claimed child tax credits for D.H. and N.H.

       In 2008 petitioner paid child support for N.H. as required by the child

support document. N.H. did not earn any money during 2008. N.H. did not live

with petitioner during 2008. Instead, N.H. lived with various other individuals not

otherwise identified in the record and was also incarcerated for part of 2008.

       Respondent issued a notice of deficiency determining a deficiency in

income tax of $3,050 for 2008. Respondent disallowed, inter alia, petitioner’s

dependency exemption deduction for N.H. as well as the child tax credit for N.H.

       Petitioner timely filed a petition for redetermination of the deficiency and

asserted that he was entitled to dependency exemption deductions and child tax

credits with respect to D.H. and N.H. for 2008, as well as head of household filing

status.5

                                     Discussion

I. Burden of Proof

       Generally, the Commissioner’s determinations are presumed correct, and the

taxpayer bears the burden of proving that those determinations are erroneous.

       5
       As noted above respondent concedes that petitioner is entitled to a
dependency exemption deduction and a child tax credit in respect of D.H. for
2008, as well as head of household filing status. See supra note 2.
                                         -5-

Rule 142(a); Welch v. Helvering, 290 U.S. 111, 115 (1933). Deductions and

credits are a matter of legislative grace, and the taxpayer bears the burden of

proving that he or she is entitled to any deduction or credit claimed. Rule 142(a);

Deputy v. du Pont, 308 U.S. 488, 493 (1940); New Colonial Ice Co. v. Helvering,

292 U.S. 435, 440 (1934). Under section 7491(a)(1), the burden of proof may

shift from the taxpayer to the Commissioner if the taxpayer produces credible

evidence with respect to any factual issue relevant to ascertaining the taxpayer’s

liability and satisfies certain other requirements. Petitioner did not allege that

section 7491 applies, nor did he introduce the requisite evidence to invoke that

section; therefore, the burden of proof remains on petitioner.6

II. Dependency Exemption Deduction

      In general a taxpayer may claim a dependency exemption deduction “for

each individual who is a dependent (as defined in section 152) of the taxpayer for

the taxable year.” Sec. 151(a), (c).

      A. Special Rules for Children of Divorced Taxpayers

      In the case of divorced parents, special rules determine which parent may

claim a dependency exemption deduction for a child. See sec. 152(e); Espinoza v.

      6
       The fact that this case was fully stipulated does not alter the burden of
proof. See Rule 122(b); Kitch v. Commissioner, 104 T.C. 1, 5 (1995), aff’d, 103
F.3d 104 (10th Cir. 1996).
                                         -6-

Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2011-108; cf. sec. 152(c)(4). If section 152(e)

applies, then under prescribed conditions the noncustodial parent is entitled to

claim the child as a dependent.

      For section 152(e) to apply, the child must (1) be in the custody of one or

both of the child’s parents for more than one-half of the calendar year and (2)

receive more than one-half of his or her support from parents who are divorced,

separated, or live apart at all times during the last six months of the calendar year.

Sec. 152(e)(1).

      The record establishes that N.H. did not live with petitioner during 2008.

Therefore, to satisfy the custody requirement of section 152(e)(1)(B), N.H. would

have had to live with his mother, Ms. Hall, for more than one-half of 2008. The

record does not establish that N.H. lived with Ms. Hall for more than one-half of

2008 but establishes only that N.H. lived with various other individuals for 2008

(and was also incarcerated for part of that year), without identifying the

individuals with whom N.H. lived or the duration of those living arrangements.

Therefore, the custody requirement of section 152(e)(1)(B) has not been satisfied.

      The second requirement for section 152(e) to apply is that the child must

receive over one-half of his or her support from one or both of the child’s parents.

Sec. 152(e)(1)(A). Although the record establishes that petitioner paid $534 per
                                        -7-

month during 2008 consistent with the terms of the child support document,

petitioner has not established how this amount may have been allocated between

K.H. and N.H., nor the total amount of support N.H. received during 2008.

Because the total support N.H. received during 2008 has not been established, the

Court cannot conclude that petitioner (or petitioner and Ms. Hall together)

provided over one-half of N.H.’s support for 2008. Therefore, the support

requirement of section 152(e)(1)(A) has not been satisfied.

      Because the two basic conditions for section 152(e) to apply have not been

satisfied, section 152(e) does not serve to determine whether petitioner may claim

N.H. as a dependent for purposes of the dependency exemption deduction.

      The Court must now decide whether petitioner might claim N.H. as a

dependent under some other provision of section 152, namely, as either a

qualifying child under section 152(c) or as a qualifying relative under section

152(d).

      B. Qualifying Child

      Generally, to be considered a “qualifying child” for purposes of the

dependency exemption deduction, the individual must: (1) bear a specified

relationship to the taxpayer; (2) have the same principal place of abode as the

taxpayer for more than one-half of the taxable year; (3) meet certain age
                                         -8-

requirements; and (4) not have provided over one-half of such individual’s support

for the taxable year at issue. Sec. 152(c)(1).

      The record establishes that N.H. is petitioner’s child, that N.H. was under

the age of 19 in 2008, and that N.H. did not earn any income during 2008.

However, the record also establishes that N.H. did not live with petitioner during

2008. Therefore, because petitioner and N.H. did not share the same principal

place of abode for more than one-half of 2008, petitioner is unable to claim N.H.

as a qualifying child for purposes of the dependency exemption deduction. See

sec. 152(c)(1).

      C. Qualifying Relative

      An individual who meets the four requirements in section 152(d)(1)(A)-(D)

with respect to the taxpayer is a qualifying relative. The two pertinent

requirements here are that (1) the taxpayer must provide over one-half of the

individual’s support for the taxable year, and (2) the individual must not be a

qualifying child of the taxpayer or any other taxpayer for the taxable year. Sec.

152(d)(1)(C) and (D).

      The record establishes that petitioner provided $534 per month for the

support of N.H. and K.H.; however, as discussed above, petitioner has not
                                         -9-

produced evidence that what he provided was over one-half of N.H.’s support for

the year. Therefore, the requirement of section 152(d)(1)(C) is not satisfied.

      Additionally, petitioner has not produced evidence that N.H. was not the

qualifying child of Ms. Hall or any other taxpayer for 2008. Athough the record

establishes that N.H. lived with various other individuals during 2008 (and was

incarcerated for part of that year), the record does not provide any information

regarding the identities of the individuals with whom N.H. lived or the duration of

each living arrangement. Because petitioner has not established that N.H. was not

the qualifying child of Ms. Hall or any other taxpayer for 2008, the requirement of

section 152(d)(1)(D) is not satisfied.

      Special rules apply if no one person contributed over half of an individual’s

support. Sec. 152(d)(3). When that is the case, a taxpayer contributing over 10%

percent of such support may claim the individual as a qualifying relative when,

inter alia, other taxpayers who also contributed more than 10% of the individual’s

support sign a written declaration that they will not claim the individual as a

dependent. Sec. 152(d)(3)(A)-(D).

      Petitioner has not introduced any evidence to establish that no other

taxpayer contributed over one-half of N.H.’s support or that the other requirements
                                          - 10 -

of section 152(d)(3), such as the requisite written declaration, have been satisfied.

Therefore, this section does not apply.

      In sum petitioner has not satisfied the requirements to claim N.H. as his

qualifying relative pursuant to section 152(d). Accordingly, N.H. is not

petitioner’s qualifying relative for 2008 for purposes of the dependency exemption

deduction.

III. Child Tax Credit

      Section 24(a) and (c)(1) provides that a taxpayer is entitled to a child tax

credit with respect to “each qualifying child”, as defined in section 152(c), who

has not attained age 17.

      Petitioner claimed N.H. as a qualifying child on his tax return for purposes

of the child tax credit. However, as we have previously concluded, N.H. was not a

qualifying child for 2008 as defined by section 152(c). As a result petitioner is not

entitled to a child tax credit for 2008 with respect to N.H. See sec. 24(c)(1).

                                     Conclusion

      Petitioner points out that the child support document granted him the right

to claim K.H. and N.H. as dependents. The issue in the instant case is not to what

petitioner may have been entitled under the child support document but rather to

what he is entitled under section 152, which is solely a matter of Federal tax law.
                                       - 11 -

See Armstrong v. Commissioner, 139 T.C. 468, 474 (2012) (citing Miller v.

Commissioner, 114 T.C. 184, 196 (2000), aff’d on other grounds sub nom.

Lovejoy v. Commissioner, 293 F.3d 1208 (10th Cir. 2002)).

      Finally, we have considered all of the arguments advanced by petitioner,

and, to the extent not expressly addressed, we conclude that those arguments do

not support results contrary to those reached herein.

      To give effect to our disposition of the disputed issues, as well as

respondent’s concessions,

                                                Decision will be entered under

                                       Rule 155.