Court Opinion

ID: 4678134
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-04-16 18:02:28.408589+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:03:43.175742
License: Public Domain

Filed 4/16/21 P. v. Kapral CA5

                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                       FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

 THE PEOPLE,
                                                                                             F079198
           Plaintiff and Respondent,
                                                                               (Super. Ct. No. BF160559A)
                    v.

 ROBERT MARK KAPRAL,                                                                      OPINION
           Defendant and Appellant.

         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Kern County. Ralph W.
Wyatt, Judge.
         Stephen M. Hinkle, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
         Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney General, Carlos A. Martinez and
Jeffrey D. Firestone, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
                                                        -ooOoo-
         Robert Mark Kapral was involved with various business entities in a joint venture
to purchase and develop 80 acres of land. His dealings with the business culminated in
charges for embezzlement (Pen. Code,1 § 508) and grand theft (§ 487, subd. (a)).
Additional tax evasion charges followed (Rev. & Tax. Code, § 19706).
       The alleged victims to the theft crimes were McFarland Partners LLC (McFarland)
and VDC LLC (VDC). Kapral eventually settled his case via negotiated plea with the
district attorney.2 The agreement reached by the parties entailed a conviction to an
amended tax evasion charge (Rev. & Tax. Code, § 19705, subd. (a)(1)), restitution to the
state Franchise Tax Board, and the dismissal of the original charges.
       Central to this appeal, the negotiated plea included an agreement for a future
“restitution hearing/bench trial” to determine restitution on the dismissed charges. In
addition, the plea form included a typical Harvey3 waiver.4 At the plea hearing, Kapral’s
counsel informed the court, “[T]he restitution hearing on those dismissed counts … will
be basically a bench trial where [Kapral] will also be able to, on those dismissed counts,
raise his defenses.” The hearing then concluded “with a Harvey waiver for all purposes”
by the district attorney.
       The case thereafter devolved into contentious litigation over restitution between
Kapral, the district attorney, and the attorney for victims McFarland and VDC. Kapral
maintained he entered into an agreement for a bench trial to determine restitution. The

       1   Undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.
       2The negotiated plea was entered into after a preliminary hearing at which Kapral
was held to answer on all charges.
       3People v. Harvey (1979) 25 Cal.3d 754. “A [typical] Harvey waiver permits the
sentencing court to consider the facts underlying dismissed counts and enhancements
when determining the appropriate disposition for the offense or offenses of which the
defendant stands convicted.” (People v. Munoz (2007) 155 Cal.App.4th 160, 167.)
       4 The waiver in this case, signed by Kapral, reads: “I understand that although
some charges will be dismissed as a result of my plea of guilty or no contest, I agree that
the sentencing judge may nevertheless consider the facts underlying the dismissed
counts/cases, including determining any additional restitution that I may have to pay, in
deciding the sentence in my case.”

                                              2.
victims’ attorney argued restitution should be determined by applying standard restitution
law.
       Ultimately, the court ruled it would conduct a standard restitution hearing where
Kapral could not present a comparative fault defense but could otherwise contest alleged
damages. Kapral never moved to withdraw his plea and, after the restitution hearing
concluded, was ordered to pay more than $1,000,000 in restitution.
       Kapral now raises the following claims: 1) He was entitled to specific performance
of his negotiated plea, i.e., a full bench trial without limitation; 2) The damages were not
proven with adequate foundation; and 3) The court erroneously ruled comparative fault
did not apply. We make the following findings and affirm the restitution order.
       First, an agreement to determine restitution in contravention of standard restitution
law is against public policy and void. Second, Kapral forfeited his right to withdraw his
plea. Third, the restitution order was adequately supported. Fourth, the court properly
determined comparative fault did not apply as a defense.
I. Kapral Was Not Entitled To A Bench Trial To Determine Restitution
       Kapral argues the restitution “hearing [was] completely at odds with the plea
bargain entered into and agreed to by all the parties, and requires reversal of the
restitution order and remand to the trial court.” He contends “[t]hat the agreement here
deviates from a typical Harvey waiver does not render it invalid ….”
       The People argue Kapral “entered a Harvey waiver on the dismissed charges, so
he lacked the right to dispute liability. Also, if he did not get his anticipated plea-bargain
benefit, then he should have moved to withdraw his plea, but he failed to timely do so
and thereby forfeited that remedy. And even if a bench trial had been bargained for, that
was legally unauthorized, so specific performance is improper.”
       We agree with the People the bench trial bargain was unauthorized. Because
Kapral failed to withdraw his plea, he forfeited any claim he did not receive the benefit of
his bargain.

                                              3.
       A. Additional Background
       The “restitution hearing/bench trial” issue first arose at the initial sentencing
hearing. Present at this hearing was Kapral’s counsel and a deputy district attorney.
Notably, the district attorney at the sentencing hearing was not the same attorney who
entered into the plea.
       Kapral’s counsel informed the court he had discussed setting a trial date with the
victims’ attorney. The court interjected, “Not really a bench trial, right?” Counsel
responded, “Well, it is ….” The district attorney agreed that was his understanding.
Several months of litigation followed.
       At the next hearing, the victims’ attorney appeared and argued, “[T]he plea
agreement says [Kapral] gets a hearing/bench trial. It doesn’t say he gets guaranteed a
bench trial.” The court set another hearing to sort out “any ambiguity with what the
agreement was ….”
       Many briefs were filed regarding the issues involved. Kapral argued “[t]he plea
agreement … [was] clear” and “the rules of a bench trial would apply where” he “would
be permitted to present his defense ….” The victims’ attorney replied “a trial on merits
of the dismissed theft causes of action [was] in contravention of the Harvey Waiver” and
inconsistent with “the Victims’ Bill of Rights.”
       The same deputy district attorney from the sentencing hearing now also opposed
Kapral’s argument. The district attorney claimed Kapral could withdraw his plea but was
otherwise bound by the Harvey waiver and thus did “not have the right to dispute guilt or
liability” for restitution.
       In a subsequent filing, Kapral explained his defense to restitution was essentially
that of quantum meruit, i.e., he had earned the money in issue.5

       5 “Quantum meruit refers to the well-established principle that ‘the law implies a
promise to pay for services performed under circumstances disclosing that they were not
gratuitously rendered.’ ” (Huskinson & Brown v. Wolf (2004) 32 Cal.4th 453, 458.)

                                              4.
           In a “final” brief, he sought “to enforce [the] plea agreement as a contract with
[the] Court and the State of California.” He reiterated his request to “apply the doctrine
of comparative negligence to reduce the award of victim restitution against a criminally
negligent defendant when the court finds that the victim’s contributory negligence was a
substantial factor in causing the victim’s injuries” and acknowledged his right to
withdraw his plea due to “unanticipated” restitution.
       The parties appeared in court a few days after the “final” brief was filed. At that
time, Kapral’s attorney mentioned the right to withdraw the plea “if the restitution
perimeters [sic] were different than the” plea agreement. He then asked for a tentative
ruling regarding the “restitution hearing/bench trial” issue because he did not “want to get
in a situation where [they] signed up for something or [Kapral] signed up for something
potentially he didn’t think was the same thing.” The court declined to issue a tentative
ruling and announced it would issue a “written ruling ….”
       The court subsequently issued the written ruling explaining how restitution would
proceed. The ruling first acknowledged the court was dealing with “Direct Victim
Restitution pursuant to § 1202.4(f) and not the broader form of restitution as a condition
of probation pursuant to §1203.1.” It then stated Kapral agreed to a standard Harvey
waiver and concluded, “[a]fter making a Harvey Waiver, a defendant cannot present
evidence he or she was innocent of the charges dismissed on the terms of the plea bargain
in order to avoid payment of restitution.”6 It also ruled the plea bargain “term ‘restitution
hearing/bench trial’ ” was “a misnomer stated in the alternative” and there was no right to
trial on restitution.
       Finally, the court found “neither [it] nor the parties have the authority to agree to
conduct a bench trial in lieu of a restitution hearing.” It explained specific performance

       6  The rule “a defendant cannot present evidence he or she was innocent of the
charges dismissed on the terms of the plea bargain in order to avoid payment of
restitution” expresses the holding of People v. Weatherton (2015) 238 Cal.App.4th 676.

                                               5.
was not possible because victim restitution is mandated by the California Constitution
and there is “no discretion or authority to impose a negotiated sentence that provides for
an award of less than full restitution.” Because Kapral may have reasonably believed the
restitution process would proceed differently, the ruling acknowledged his right to
withdraw his plea.
       B. Analysis
       “This appeal concerns direct restitution, the right to which was created in 1982
when California voters passed Proposition 8, also known as the Victims’ Bill of Rights.
[Citation.] The initiative added article I, section 28, subdivision (b) to the Constitution
[citation], which in its current form establishes specific, enumerated rights ‘[i]n order to
preserve and protect a victim’s rights to justice and due process.’ (Cal. Const., art. I,
§ 28, subd. (b).) Among those rights is direct restitution, which is defined expansively:
‘(A) It is the unequivocal intention of the People of the State of California that all persons
who suffer losses as a result of criminal activity shall have the right to seek and secure
restitution from the persons convicted of the crimes causing the losses they suffer.
(B) Restitution shall be ordered from the convicted wrongdoer in every case, regardless
of the sentence or disposition imposed, in which a crime victim suffers a loss.’
(Id., subd. (b)(13)(A), (B).) As these rights are not self-executing, the Legislature was
directed to adopt implementing legislation. [Citation.] The array of laws subsequently
passed was eventually consolidated into section 1202.4.” (People v. Brooks (2018)
23 Cal.App.5th 932, 940.)
       The “right to restitution is a constitutional one ….” (People v. Pierce (2015)
234 Cal.App.4th 1334, 1337.) “Victim restitution may not be bargained away by the
People. ‘The Legislature left no discretion or authority with the trial court or the
prosecution to bargain away the victim’s constitutional and statutory right to restitution.
As such, it cannot properly be the subject of plea negotiations.’ ” (People v. Brown

                                              6.
(2007) 147 Cal.App.4th 1213, 1226; People v. Gross (2015) 238 Cal.App.4th 1313,
1318.)
         “It is of course axiomatic that when a plea bargain is made the defendant is
entitled to withdraw his plea if the negotiated bargain is incapable of actual fulfillment.”
(People v. Morris (1979) 97 Cal.App.3d 358, 362.) “It is not error for the trial court to
sentence a defendant to a term in excess of the negotiated disposition if it first allows the
defendant the opportunity to withdraw therefrom. Once the opportunity is extended, the
defendant must timely move to withdraw the guilty plea. … The defendant may not
gamble on the outcome of the hearing and then successfully complain after an adverse
ruling.” (People v. Gordon (1991) 229 Cal.App.3d 1523, 1527.)
         Because victim restitution is a constitutional right, the trial court here properly
determined neither it nor the parties could agree to contravene the restitution procedure
codified by section 1202.4.7 “Specific performance of the plea agreement would
undermine the [restitution] law and, in so doing, undermine public policy ….” (People v.
Renfro (2004) 125 Cal.App.4th 223, 233.) Kapral’s claim the trial court erred in holding
a standard restitution hearing is rejected and his request for specific performance fails.8
         The remedy available to Kapral in this circumstance was to withdraw his plea. He
was well aware of that right. It was mentioned by his attorney and the opportunity was

         7 The fact the trial court based its ruling on more than the unenforceable nature of
the plea agreement is of no concern. “ ‘ “No rule of decision is better or more firmly
established by authority, nor one resting upon a sounder basis of reason and propriety,
than that a ruling or decision, itself correct in law, will not be disturbed on appeal merely
because given for a wrong reason. If right upon any theory of the law applicable to the
case, it must be sustained regardless of the considerations which may have moved the
trial court to its conclusion.” ’ ” (People v. Turner (2020) 10 Cal.5th 786, 807.)
         8
        Kapral points out that the prosecutor could have dismissed the charges without a
Harvey waiver which would have undermined the victims’ “right to restitution on the
dismissed charges.” That is true. In that situation, a defendant might well receive a
windfall or temporary reprieve due to the prosecutor’s inadvertence or negligence. But it
does not follow a specific bargain for such an outcome is lawful.

                                                7.
extended to him by the court, yet he never moved to withdraw his plea. “[T]he failure
affirmatively to request a [withdrawal] of plea does waive the right to do so.”9 (People v.
Walker (1991) 54 Cal.3d 1013, 1025.) Accordingly, we find Kapral waived his right to
withdraw his plea and it is no longer an available remedy.
II. Restitution Was Properly Founded
       Kapral takes primary issue with the award of attorney fees and his inability to
cross-examine the victims’ attorney.10 He argues “[t]he ‘victim’ never presented any
evidence here” and, because the victims’ attorney did not testify, the attorney “couldn’t
be cross-examined on the contents of his declaration, [and] the defense was left with no
effective way to dispute the legitimacy of the damages claimed.” “This is all the more
important,” he says, “when you consider that attorney fees and costs, and auditing
expenses, made up nearly two thirds of the restitution award ….” His complaints are
without merit.
       A. Additional Background
       In the months preceding the restitution hearing, the victims’ attorney filed several
briefs either summarizing or detailing the restitution request. The attorney first filed a
“statement of damages” for each victim. These filings were accompanied by separate
“truncated master exhibit list[s] ….” Those filings were supplemented with “master

       9 This  waiver rule only applies where the trial court complies with section 1192.5.
That section requires the trial court to inform a defendant, prior to taking a no contest or
guilty plea, that its approval of a negotiated plea is not mandated and should it later
withdraw approval the defendant has the right to withdraw the plea. The waiver rule was
complied with in this case because the admonition was given in the change of plea form
signed by Kapral. (See People v. Silva (2016) 247 Cal.App.4th 578, 590, fn. 14
[“The section 1192.5 admonitions can be oral or they can be provided in a written plea
form provided by the court in which defendant acknowledges his receipt and
understanding of the admonitions.”].)
       10 In Kapral’s “final” brief, he argued restitution beyond the damages calculated
by the local police department were “unanticipated ….” Although not explicit, attorney
fees comprised the majority of the unanticipated amount.

                                              8.
exhibit list[s] ….” The “master” lists included separate declarations—one for each
victim—by the attorney in support of damages and total nearly 500 combined pages of
exhibits.
       The restitution hearing itself lasted eight court days. Eight witnesses, including
Kapral, testified during the hearing. The victims’ attorney did not testify.11 Oral
argument was heard several weeks later. At the conclusion of argument, the court stated
it did not “find the [attorney fees] numbers startling at all” but desired “more
specification as to just what was done generally.”
       The victims’ attorney subsequently filed additional declarations related to attorney
fees. These declarations included detailed legal bills totaling more than 250 pages.
Kapral filed a separate “reply and objection” to each declaration. In his replies he argued
only a small portion of the attorney fees were related to the criminal case.
       The court issued a written ruling on restitution. It found largely in favor of the
victims and ordered restitution in the amounts claimed, minus a relatively small portion it
concluded Kapral had disproved.
       B. Analysis
       “A trial court’s determination of the amount of restitution is reversible only if the
appellant demonstrates a clear abuse of discretion. [Citation.] No abuse of discretion is
shown simply because the order does not reflect the exact amount of the loss, nor must
the order reflect the amount of damages recoverable in a civil action. [Citation.] In
determining the amount of restitution, all that is required is that the trial court ‘use a
rational method that could reasonably be said to make the victim whole, and may not
make an order which is arbitrary or capricious.’ [Citation.] The order must be affirmed

       11 The  victims’ attorney claimed attorney-client privilege but the court did not
explicitly rule on the asserted privilege. Instead, the court exercised its discretion and
permitted the attorney not to testify.

                                               9.
if there is a factual and rational basis for the amount.” (People v. Akins (2005)
128 Cal.App.4th 1376, 1382.)
       A “defendant has the right to a hearing before a judge to dispute the determination
of the amount of restitution.” (§ 1202.4, subd. (f)(1); People v. Holmberg (2011)
195 Cal.App.4th 1310, 1319.) “ ‘The burden is on the party seeking restitution to provide
an adequate factual basis for the claim.’ [Citation.] ‘The standard of proof at a
restitution hearing is preponderance of the evidence, not reasonable doubt.’ ” (People v.
Jessee (2013) 222 Cal.App.4th 501, 506-507.) After making a prima facie showing of
loss, “ ‘the burden shifts to the defendant to demonstrate that the amount of the loss is
other than that claimed by the victim.’ ” (Id. at p. 507.)
       “A ‘ “hearing to establish the amount of restitution does not require the formalities
of other phases of a criminal prosecution.” ’ [Citation.] ‘Section 1202.4 does not, by its
terms, require any particular kind of proof.’ ” (People v. Kelly (2020) 59 Cal.App.5th
1172, __, petn. for review pending, petn. filed Feb. 25, 2021 (Kelly).) “[T]he standard of
evidence at a restitution hearing does not necessarily require a crime victim to produce
detailed billing records, receipts, or business invoices. [Citations.] A victim’s loss
statement submitted to probation may be sufficient to support a prima facie showing of
loss.” (Ibid.) “An under oath statement from a person qualified to state facts about the
economic loss the business experienced may also be sufficient for a prima facie showing
of loss.” (Ibid.)
       Restitution may be “based on the amount of loss claimed by the victim or victims
or any other showing to the court.” (§ 1202.4, subd. (f).) It is properly awarded even
where the victim does not initiate the request. (People v. Selivanov (2016) 5 Cal.App.5th
726, 784-785 (Selivanov).)
       “ ‘The scope of a criminal defendant’s due process rights at a hearing to determine
the amount of restitution is very limited ….” (Selivanov, supra, 5 Cal.App.5th at p. 783.)
A defendant is entitled to notice of the amount of loss claimed and an opportunity to

                                             10.
contest the claim. (Ibid.) A “defendant does not have a state or a federal constitutional
right to cross-examine” witnesses at a restitution hearing. (People v. Cain (2000)
82 Cal.App.4th 81, 87 (Cain).) There is no requirement the victim testify. (People v.
Lehman (2016) 247 Cal.App.4th 795, 803.) “A trial court violates [due process] if the
hearing procedures are fundamentally unfair.” (Selivanov, supra, at p. 783.)
       The restitution proceedings here were fair and adequately proved loss. The award
of attorney fees was based on declarations with detailed records. Even if it were not, it
would still be proper because “ ‘an award of attorney fees may be based on counsel’s
declarations, without production of detailed time records.’ [Citation.] Billing
documentation is not required.” (Kelly, supra, 59 Cal.App.5th at p. __.)
       Because the detailed bills ultimately were disclosed, the inability to cross-examine
the victims’ attorney was largely nullified. These disclosures were crucial because “[n]ot
all the information contained in billing invoices is ‘categorically privileged.’ ” (Kelly,
supra, 59 Cal.App.5th at p. __.)
       In any event, “[w]here a billing is relevant for a court proceeding, counsel may
‘separate those portions of a record subject to disclosure from privileged portions.’ ”
(Kelly, supra, 59 Cal.App.5th at p. __.) Although Kapral had no right to cross-examine
the victims’ attorney (Cain, supra, 82 Cal.App.4th at p. 87), that does not mean he had no
right to contest the alleged fees.
       There was a fair opportunity to contest the attorney fees in this case. “For
example, [Kapral] could have called an expert to show” the fees were unreasonable or
that they were not “related only to the crime.” (Cain, supra, 82 Cal.App.4th at p. 87.)
Indeed, he attempted to show the fees were not related to the crime. The court, also
cognizant of the reasonableness issue, opined the fees were not “startling at all.”
       Lastly, the fact the victims did not testify at the hearing is not concerning for many
reasons. The victims here were business entities. There is no requirement a victim
testify at a restitution hearing. Victim restitution is constitutionally mandated and is

                                             11.
properly awarded on “any … showing to the court.” (§ 1202.4, subd. (f), emphasis
added.)
       In sum, we find Kapral was not denied a full and fair hearing on restitution and the
restitution claims were substantiated. (Cf. People v. Harvest (2000) 84 Cal.App.4th 641,
653 [restitution reward based on probation report without supporting evidence is
improper].) The court held a lengthy hearing, considered numerous filings, reviewed
hundreds of pages of exhibits, and issued a written ruling detailing its conclusions. The
trial court’s rational calculation of the restitution award is entitled to deference. Kapral’s
claim the award was unfounded is rejected.
III. Court Did Not Abuse Discretion By Excluding Comparative Fault Principles
       Finally, Kapral argues the court erred by failing to consider comparative fault.
Specifically, he argues the court conflated amorphous criminal conduct with actual
convictions. We disagree.
       A. Additional Background
       Kapral sought to have the court apply comparative fault principles to reduce the
restitution reward. After the parties briefed the issues, the court found, as part of the
written ruling on the hearing’s scope, “[c]omparative fault principles cannot apply if the
defendant’s conduct was intentional.”
       B. Analysis
       “[A] trial court has sufficient discretion to appropriately limit the evidence
admitted at a victim restitution hearing to avoid an unduly prolonged and involved
hearing.” (People v. Millard (2009) 175 Cal.App.4th 7, 42.) “In considering whether to
reduce the award on comparative fault principles, the trial court could look beyond the
level of culpability minimally necessary for the convictions to assess the quality of
defendant’s actions under all the circumstances set forth in the record.” (People v.
Brunette (2011) 194 Cal.App.4th 268, 284.) “[C]omparative fault principles do not apply

                                             12.
in cases involving intentional” acts. (People v. Petronella (2013) 218 Cal.App.4th 945,
971.)
        The trial court appropriately determined comparative negligence principles do not
apply to intentional crimes. The dismissed counts in this case all involved intentional
theft. The overall conduct in issue was concrete and clear.
        The court’s decision to disallow comparative fault was based on its conclusions a
bench trial was unauthorized and Kapral had entered into a standard Harvey waiver.12
That decision was reasoned, and not arbitrary or capricious. In light of the Harvey waiver
to specific crimes, and the wide latitude afforded trial courts to manage restitution
hearings, we discern no abuse of discretion in this case.13
                                      DISPOSITION
        The judgment is affirmed.

                                                                             SNAUFFER, J.
WE CONCUR:

DETJEN, Acting P.J.

DE SANTOS, J.

        12
         As described above, if Kapral inadvertently agreed to or signed the Harvey
waiver, or disagreed with the court’s interpretation, his remedy was to withdraw his plea.
        13
         We reiterate Kapral nonetheless testified in his own defense and the court found
he “was not a credible witness and his ‘offset contention’ was legally and factually
untenable.”

                                             13.