Court Opinion

ID: 9913031
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-12-26 18:00:48.568047+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:06:51.855323
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       DEC 26 2023
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

DENISE VAN OSTEN,                               No.    22-55228

                Plaintiff-Appellant,            D.C. No.
                                                3:19-cv-02106-TWR-BGS
 v.

HOME DEPOT USA, INC.; DOES, 1-10,               MEMORANDUM*
inclusive,

                Defendants-Appellees.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Southern District of California
                   Todd W. Robinson, District Judge, Presiding

                     Argued and Submitted October 17, 2023
                              Pasadena, California

Before: PAEZ and H.A. THOMAS, Circuit Judges, and RAKOFF,** District
Judge.

      Denise Van Osten appeals a jury verdict in favor of Home Depot USA, Inc.

(“Home Depot”) and the imposition of sanctions against her attorney, Kevin

Mirch. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We affirm.

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
            The Honorable Jed S. Rakoff, United States District Judge for the
Southern District of New York, sitting by designation.
      1. Van Osten argues that the district court erred when it declined to instruct

the jury that Home Depot was required to request additional information from her

in writing before denying her leave under the Family and Medical Leave Act

(FMLA) of 1993, 29 U.S.C. § 2601. “We review de novo whether a district court’s

jury instructions accurately state the law, and we review for abuse of discretion a

district court’s formulation of jury instructions.” Coston v. Nangalama, 13 F.4th

729, 732 (9th Cir. 2021) (quoting Hung Lam v. City of San Jose, 869 F.3d 1077,

1085 (9th Cir. 2017)).

      Under the FMLA, the burden was on Van Osten to provide “notice of the

need for FMLA leave” and to “explain the reasons for the needed leave . . . .” 29

C.F.R. § 825.301(b). The regulations implementing the FMLA provide that an

employer “should inquire further of [an] employee . . . to ascertain whether leave is

potentially FMLA-qualifying” if the employer lacks sufficient information to make

that determination on its own. Id. § 825.301(a). But nothing in the regulations

requires that such inquiry be made in writing. Id. While Van Osten points to 29

C.F.R. § 825.305(d), that provision only requires that an employer make a request

in writing when the employer requires additional evidence to certify an employee’s

medical condition. But the jury found that Van Osten did not receive leave because

she never requested it, not because she lacked a qualifying medical condition.

Accordingly, the writing requirement for medical certification requests is not

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applicable.1

      2. Van Osten argues that the district court erred when it instructed the jury in

Jury Instruction No. 19 that she could not show a “regimen of continuing

treatment” within the meaning of the FMLA just by showing that she was

prescribed medication. Under the FMLA, an employee may demonstrate that she

has a qualifying medical condition by showing that she has a condition requiring

“continuing treatment by a health care provider . . . .” 29 C.F.R. § 825.113(a).

Here, however, the jury found that Van Osten had a qualifying medical condition.

It nevertheless rendered a verdict for Home Depot with respect to her FMLA claim

because she never requested leave. Accordingly, any error in this jury instruction

was harmless, as it did not affect the verdict. See Coston, 13 F.4th at 732 (“[I]f any

error relating to the jury instructions was harmless, we do not reverse.” (quoting

Spencer v. Peters, 857 F.3d 789, 797 (9th Cir. 2017))).

      3. Van Osten argues that the district court erred in excluding Amapola

Martin from testifying on her behalf as an expert witness. We review a district

court’s decision to exclude expert testimony for abuse of discretion. United States

v. Telles, 18 F.4th 290, 301 (9th Cir. 2021). Van Osten sought to call Martin to

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  Van Osten also argues that the evidence shows that she did provide notice. But
the jury found otherwise, and “we must defer to the facts as they were reasonably
found by the jury.” A.D. v. Cal. Highway Patrol, 712 F.3d 446, 459 (9th Cir.
2013).

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testify that Home Depot did not follow its obligations under the FMLA or the

California Family Rights Act (CFRA), Cal. Gov’t Code § 12945.2. But because

Martin had no relevant expertise, and could therefore offer no expert testimony that

would assist the jury in resolving Van Osten’s claims, the district court did not

abuse its discretion by excluding her testimony. See United States v. 87.98 Acres of

Land More or Less in the Cnty. of Merced, 530 F.3d 899, 904 (9th Cir. 2008)

(citing Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 591 (1993)).

      4. Van Osten also appeals the district court’s exclusion of her damages

expert, John Czechowicz. Van Osten failed to preserve this issue for appeal,

however, because the district judge excluded Czechowicz’s testimony without

prejudice in a ruling in limine, and Van Osten never attempted to call Czechowicz

at trial. See Tennis v. Circus Circus Enters., Inc., 244 F.3d 684, 689 (9th Cir.

2001).

      5. Van Osten appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment to

Home Depot on her claims for age and gender discrimination, and failure to

prevent age and gender discrimination, in violation of California’s Fair

Employment and Housing Act (FEHA), Cal. Gov’t Code §§ 12900–12996. “We

review the district court’s decision to grant summary judgment de novo.” Seaplane

Adventures, LLC v. County of Marin, 71 F.4th 724, 729 (9th Cir. 2023).

      California law generally requires an employee to bring a complaint of age

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and gender discrimination before the Department of Fair Employment and Housing

(DFEH) within one year. See McDonald v. Antelope Valley Cmty. Coll. Dist., 194

P.3d 1026, 1036 (Cal. 2008). But Van Osten did not file a claim with the DFEH

until September 18, 2018—more than a year after May of 2017, when she was

briefly terminated and then reinstated at a different store than the one at which she

claims she experienced age and gender discrimination.

      Van Osten claims that the “continuing violation” exception brings her claims

within the statute of limitations. But Van Osten makes no argument that the

problems she experienced at the Home Depot store to which she was transferred

were the result of discrimination. And regardless, those problems involved

“decisions made by different decision-makers in unrelated departments.” Morgan

v. Regents of Univ. of Cal., 88 Cal. App. 4th 52, 65 (2000). The continuing

violation exception therefore does not apply. See id.

      Van Osten also argues that the statute of limitations should be equitably

tolled because she tried to contact Home Depot many times regarding the problems

she faced. But the informal communications she had with Home Depot do not

constitute the kind of “established procedural context” for pursuing a grievance

that is necessary to support equitable tolling. Acuna v. San Diego Gas & Elec. Co.,

217 Cal. App. 4th 1402, 1416 (2013). Thus, Van Osten’s discrimination claims are

barred by the statute of limitations.

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      6. Van Osten appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment to

Home Depot on her retaliation claim. To make out a claim for retaliation under the

FEHA, Van Osten must show that her employer subjected her to an adverse

employment action because she engaged in a protected activity. Yanowitz v.

L’Oreal USA, Inc., 116 P.3d 1123, 1130 (Cal. 2005). The only acts within the

limitations period that Van Osten claims were retaliatory relate to her treatment at

the store to which she was transferred in May of 2017. But Van Osten never

presented any evidence that these acts were retaliatory. For this reason, Van

Osten’s retaliation claim also fails.

      7. Van Osten appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment on her

claims for intentional and negligent infliction of emotional distress. Van Osten

began to experience emotional distress by July 25, 2017, more than two years

before she filed suit. Accordingly, her claims are barred by the statute of

limitations. Wassmann v. S. Orange Cnty. Cmty. Coll. Dist., 24 Cal. App. 5th 825,

852–53 (2018); Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 335.1.

      Van Osten argues that certain conduct within the limitations period

contributed to her emotional distress, including Home Depot’s failure to reinstate

her healthcare benefits or provide her FMLA leave, its improper processing of

worker’s compensation paperwork, and its conduct leading to her resignation. But

none of these acts constitute the kind of “extreme and outrageous conduct” that can

                                          6
give rise to a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress. Cf. King v. AC

& R Advert., 65 F.3d 764, 769–70 (9th Cir. 1995) (internal quotation marks

omitted) (finding that age-related comments and adjustments to an employee’s

employment status and compensation structure did not constitute extreme and

outrageous conduct). And California law precludes a claim for negligent infliction

of emotional distress based on an employer’s supervisory conduct. Semore v. Pool,

217 Cal. App. 3d 1087, 1105 (1990).

      8. Van Osten appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment to

Home Depot regarding her claim for punitive damages. For the reasons discussed

above, Van Osten has no claim even for compensatory damages. Accordingly, the

grant of summary judgment to Home Depot on her claim for punitive damages

must be affirmed. Riley’s Am. Heritage Farms v. Elsasser, 32 F.4th 707, 730 n.13

(9th Cir. 2022).

      9. Van Osten appeals the district court’s ruling providing each party with

eight hours to present their case at trial. We review the district court’s setting of

trial time limits for abuse of discretion. Pierce v. County of Orange, 526 F.3d

1190, 1199–1200 (9th Cir. 2008). Van Osten does not identify any additional

witnesses she would have called or evidence she would have introduced had she

been allotted more time, and does not claim that the time limit was imposed

unevenly or inflexibly. Accordingly, Van Osten has not shown that the time limit

                                           7
was an abuse of discretion. See id. at 1200.

      10. Van Osten appeals the district court’s imposition of sanctions on her

attorney, Kevin Mirch, for his time-consuming and frivolous objections, and rude

conduct toward opposing counsel during the deposition of Martin. “The sanctions

order is reviewed for abuse of discretion, and the underlying factual findings for

clear error.” Sali v. Corona Reg’l Med. Ctr., 884 F.3d 1218, 1221 (9th Cir. 2018).

      Mirch argues that he was deprived of due process when the magistrate judge

provided several bases for sanctioning him—including Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 30 and the court’s inherent power—that Home Depot did not raise in its

initial motion for sanctions. But Mirch had the opportunity to object to the

magistrate judge’s report and recommendation before the district court issued

sanctions. That “opportunity to brief the issue fully satisfies due process

requirements.” Pac. Harbor Cap., Inc. v. Carnival Air Lines, Inc., 210 F.3d 1112,

1118 (9th Cir. 2000).

      Mirch also argues that his objections during the deposition were reasonable,

and that the district court’s imposition of sanctions was based on several

misstatements of fact. But even if, as Mirch argues, the magistrate judge

marginally misstated the amount of time Mirch took up with lengthy speaking

objections, the district court’s finding that Mirch spent the course of the deposition

making frivolous and irrelevant objections to opposing counsel’s questions was not

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clearly erroneous. The record also supports the finding that Mirch harassed

opposing counsel and accused her of acting with an ulterior motive. The district

court therefore did not abuse its discretion in imposing sanctions.

      AFFIRMED.

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