Court Opinion

ID: 9394966
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-05-16 18:02:27.729058+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:16:25.334829
License: Public Domain

Filed 5/16/23 P. v. Gage CA3
                                           NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                      THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                                      (El Dorado)
                                                            ----

 THE PEOPLE,                                                                                   C096533

                    Plaintiff and Respondent,                                   (Super. Ct. No. P21CRF0100)

           v.

 JESSE SHANE GAGE,

                    Defendant and Appellant.

         A jury found defendant Jesse Shane Gage guilty of one count of burglary, two
counts of assault, and one count of dissuading a witness. Relying on seven aggravating
factors, the trial court sentenced defendant to the upper term for the burglary. The court
further sentenced defendant to a consecutive middle term for dissuading a witness and
stayed low term sentences for the assault counts. Defendant argues we must remand for
resentencing because the trial court relied on multiple improper aggravating factors in
imposing the upper term for the burglary conviction. The People concede. We accept
that concession and remand for resentencing.

                                                             1
                   FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       On February 23, 2021, defendant entered the home of a former friend, J.S.,
without permission and hit J.S. and J.S.’s mother with a wrench. Defendant was charged
with burglary and two counts of assault. While J.S. was testifying at the preliminary
examination on those charges, defendant verbally threatened J.S.; as a result, the
prosecution also charged defendant with dissuading a witness from testifying. At trial,
the prosecution argued the specific intent element of the burglary charge was satisfied by
defendant’s use of the wrench. A jury found defendant guilty of burglary of an inhabited
dwelling (Pen. Code, § 459; further statutory references are to the Penal Code), assault of
two individuals with a deadly weapon (§ 245, subd. (a)(1)), and dissuading a witness by
force or threat (§ 136.1, subd. (c)(1)).
       In a bifurcated proceeding, the trial court found seven aggravating factors true
beyond a reasonable doubt, including the following four: (1) defendant used a weapon at
the time of commission of the crime (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 4.421(a)(2); further rule
references are to the California Rules of Court); (2) defendant’s prior convictions are of
increasing seriousness (rule 4.421(b)(2)); (3) defendant served a prior prison term (rule
4.421(b)(3)); and (4) defendant was on parole when the crimes were committed (rule
4.421(b)(4)).
       The People argued three other aggravating factors also applied. First, they argued
defendant’s conviction for dissuading a witness met the standard for interference with a
judicial process under rule 4.421(a)(6) (the interference factor). Second, they cited
defendant’s prior convictions with concurrent sentences and argued that those convictions
met the factor under rule 4.421(a)(7) for convictions of other crimes for which
consecutive sentences could have been imposed but for which concurrent sentences are
being imposed (the concurrent sentence factor). And third, relying on defendant’s assault
with a wrench, they argued defendant engaged in violent conduct under rule 4.421(b)(1)
(the violent conduct factor). The trial court found these three other factors true.

                                              2
       At sentencing, defendant asked the trial court to impose the low term and pointed
to certain factors in mitigation, including the fact that no injuries resulted from these
crimes. Noting the seven aggravating factors found true in the bifurcated proceeding and
concluding those factors outweighed any in mitigation, the trial court imposed the upper
term of six years for the burglary conviction. The court stayed low term concurrent
sentences under section 654 for the assault counts and imposed a three-year consecutive
term for dissuading a witness.
       Defendant filed a timely notice of appeal. He argues (1) the trial court erred by
improperly relying on the interference factor, the violent conduct factor, and the
concurrent sentence factor in selecting the upper term for burglary; and (2) remand is
required because the error was prejudicial. The People concede and we accept their
concession.
                                       DISCUSSION
                                               I
 The trial court erred in relying on certain aggravating factors to impose the upper term
                            under section 1170, subdivision (b)
       Section 1170, subdivision (b)(1) applies when the trial court imposes a judgment
of imprisonment and the statute specifies three possible terms, generally described as the
upper, middle, and low terms. The court cannot select the upper term unless the facts
supporting the aggravating circumstances are, as relevant here, proven to the court
beyond a reasonable doubt or are based on prior convictions evidenced by a certified
record of conviction. (People v. Jones (2022) 79 Cal.App.5th 37, 44.) The California
Rules of Court provide a nonexhaustive list of aggravating factors the court may
consider. (Rule 4.421.) The parties agree the trial court improperly relied on the
interference factor, the violent conduct factor, and the concurrent sentence factor. (Rule

                                              3
4.421(a)(6), (7) & (b)(1).) The trial court’s errors as to those factors are clear from the
record.
       A sentencing court may not use the same factor to choose the aggravated sentence
and impose a consecutive sentence. (People v. Williams (1986) 180 Cal.App.3d 57, 62;
rule 4.425(b).) The trial court violated this dual use rule. It sentenced defendant to a
consecutive term for dissuading a witness and relied on defendant’s conduct underlying
that conviction as the basis for finding the interference factor true.
       The trial court also violated another dual use rule, namely the rule prohibiting a
fact that is an element of the crime on which punishment is being imposed from being
considered in choosing a term from the applicable triad. (People v. Burbine (2003)
106 Cal.App.4th 1250, 1261; rule 4.420(h).) The People concede that violent conduct
was an element of the burglary for which defendant was convicted and was also used,
under the violent conduct factor, to aggravate defendant’s sentence for that crime.
       Lastly, the trial court misinterpreted the concurrent sentence factor. This factor
applies when “[t]he defendant was convicted of other crimes for which consecutive
sentences could have been imposed but for which concurrent sentences are being
imposed.” (Rule 4.421(a)(7), italics added.) Based on its plain language, this factor
concerns convictions in the case before the court, not prior convictions. The People
concede the trial court improperly relied on defendant’s prior felony convictions in
applying this factor and further concede no other crimes in this case implicate this factor.
                                              II
                           The trial court’s error was prejudicial
       When the trial court has relied on improper aggravating factors, the reviewing
court must determine whether the trial court’s error was harmless. (People v. Zabelle
(2022) 80 Cal.App.5th 1098, 1110.) Under the harmless error test, the reviewing court
“must consider whether it is reasonably probable that the trial court would have chosen a
lesser sentence in the absence of the error.” (Id. at p. 1112.) Here we must determine

                                              4
whether it is reasonably probable the trial court would have chosen a lesser sentence had
it considered only the four remaining aggravating circumstances, namely, defendant’s use
of a weapon, his prior convictions, his prior prison term, and his parole status.
       As in Zabelle, “we are not convinced the trial court would have found these
circumstances alone sufficient to warrant imposition of the upper term sentence.”
(People v. Zabelle, supra, 80 Cal.App.5th at p. 1115.) “The trial court gave no particular
weight to any of its listed aggravating circumstances. Nor did it indicate whether its
decision to impose the upper term was (or was not) a close call.” (Ibid.) The trial court
laid out the true aggravating factors and found those factors did not outweigh any
mitigating factors. On this record, we cannot determine whether the trial court would
have issued the same sentence had it been left with only the four aggravating
circumstances; thus, we remand for resentencing.

                                              5
                                     DISPOSITION
       Defendant’s sentence is vacated and the case remanded to the trial court for
resentencing. After resentencing, the trial court must prepare an amended abstract of
judgment and forward a certified copy to the Department of Corrections and
Rehabilitation.

                                                 /s/
                                                MESIWALA, J.

We concur:

 /s/
DUARTE, Acting P. J.

 /s/
BOULWARE EURIE, J.

                                            6