Court Opinion

ID: 4568596
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-09-22 23:06:39.082217+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:28:11.008329
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: AUGUST 28, 2020; 10:00 A.M.
                        NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

                 Commonwealth of Kentucky
                           Court of Appeals

                             NO. 2018-CA-001718-MR

SHIRLEY LYNN HAYS                                                     APPELLANT

                  APPEAL FROM KNOTT FAMILY COURT
v.              HONORABLE DWIGHT S. MARSHALL, JUDGE
                        ACTION NO. 15-CI-00146

LARRY BRACKEN HAYS                                                       APPELLEE

                                   OPINION
                              AFFIRMING IN PART,
                              REVERSING IN PART,
                               AND REMANDING

                                   ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: CLAYTON, CHIEF JUDGE; DIXON AND MAZE, JUDGES.

MAZE, JUDGE: Shirley Lynn Hays (Shirley) appeals from a decree and judgment

of the Knott Family Court dissolving her marriage to Larry Bracken Hays (Larry).

Shirley argues that the family court abused its discretion in its division of Larry’s

military retirement pay and by declining to award her maintenance. We conclude
that the family court properly calculated the marital portion of the military

retirement and percentages subject to division. However, the family court’s

findings are insufficient to determine whether it properly divided the retirement as

a marital asset. Therefore, this matter must be remanded for additional findings on

this question. Furthermore, we conclude that the family court must make

additional findings regarding Shirley’s entitlement to maintenance after it divides

the marital property. Hence, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for

additional findings.

             Shirley and Larry Hays were married on September 15, 1995, and

separated in March 2015. No children were born of the marriage. For the majority

of the marriage, Larry was a member of the United States Air Force. He is now

receiving military retirement pay, which includes a portion attributable to

disability. Shirley worked several jobs during the marriage until taking Social

Security disability in 2017.

             Larry filed a petition for dissolution of the marriage on June 24, 2015,

following the parties’ separation while traveling in California. The disputed issues

concerned division of Larry’s military retirement, marital assets and debt, and

maintenance. In September 2016, the parties attended a mediation conference at

which they reached a tentative settlement agreement. However, the draft

agreement did not fully set out the details for dividing Larry’s military retirement

                                         -2-
benefits, providing only that Shirley “shall be awarded a percentage of the

Petitioner’s monthly retirement benefit as currently set by federal law.”

             After further discussion, Shirley’s counsel prepared a new draft of the

agreement reflecting that 82% of Larry’s military retirement would be marital and

awarding 41% of the marital portion to Shirley. The proposed agreement provided

that Shirley’s portion of Larry’s military retirement would not be reduced by any

portions attributable to disability payments, Combat-Related Special

Compensation, Veterans Administration disability compensation, or any other

reductions from gross pay. The draft further provided that Larry “shall take no

action to disrupt the election of the Survivor Benefit Plan (SBP), naming [Shirley]

the 100% beneficiary of those benefits.”

             Larry declined to sign the agreement. Thereafter, Shirley filed a

motion to enter a dissolution decree based on the draft agreement. In response,

Larry argued that the parties had never reached a meeting of minds on key terms

set out in the draft agreement. Specifically, he noted that federal law did not

permit division of his gross military retirement pay or any portions attributable to

disability benefits. Larry agreed that Shirley was entitled to his SBP election,

which allows her to continue receiving benefits in the event of his death.

However, he stated that the parties had not reached an agreement on who would be

responsible for the monthly premiums on the election.

                                           -3-
             The family court directed the parties to try to negotiate an agreement

and set the matter for an additional hearing in thirty days. When the parties still

could not agree on the disputed terms, the family court set the matter for an

evidentiary hearing. Following that hearing, the family court entered findings of

fact, conclusions of law, and a decree dissolving the marriage. In pertinent part,

the court found the proposed settlement agreement to be unconscionable because

the parties had not reached a meeting of the minds. Consequently, the family court

proceeded to divide the marital assets without regard to the proposed agreement.

             The family court found that Larry’s total months of military service

were 253 months and he was married to Shirley for 205 months of that period.

Thus, Shirley would be entitled to receive 41% of Larry’s disposable military pay.

The family court reduced this percentage to 34.5%, representing the premium for

Shirley’s SBP election. The court also denied Shirley’s request to base the

payment on Larry’s gross retirement pay, including portions attributable to

disability. Furthermore, the family court directed that this amount be payable only

until Shirley reaches the age of 62, at which time she qualifies to receive a portion

of Larry’s Social Security benefits.

             With respect to the other marital property, the family court assigned

two vehicles to Shirley, and awarded the marital real property to Larry. The court

also declined to award Shirley any maintenance beyond Larry’s military retirement

                                         -4-
benefits. Finally, the family court directed that Shirley shall be deemed as the

irrevocable beneficiary of the SBP as Larry’s former spouse. Shirley now appeals

from this judgment. Additional facts will be set forth below as necessary.

                Shirley first argues that the family court erred by refusing to enforce

the parties’ settlement agreement. Separation agreements are binding upon a trial

court unless the court finds the agreement to be unconscionable. KRS1 403.180(2).

As discussed above, the family court concluded that the agreement was

unconscionable because the parties had not reached a meeting of the minds as to

essential terms. However, the question of unconscionability is distinct from the

threshold inquiry of whether the parties had entered into an enforceable agreement.

                A settlement agreement is a final settlement of the parties’ claims and

is analyzed under the law of contracts. Richey v. Richey, 389 S.W.2d 914, 917

(Ky. 1965). An agreement is unenforceable for indefiniteness if the resolution of

material terms is left open to future negotiations unless a standard is provided from

which a court can supplant the open terms should the negotiations fail. Cinelli v.

Ward, 997 S.W.2d 474, 477 (Ky. App. 1998). We agree with the family court that

the evidence did not show that the parties reached a meeting of the minds on the

essential terms of the settlement agreement.

1
    Kentucky Revised Statutes.

                                            -5-
             In particular, the testimony of both parties at the final hearing

indicates that they had not reached an agreement on what portions of Larry’s

military retirement were subject to division or the allocation of the monthly

premium for the SBP election. The lack of agreement on these provisions renders

the entire agreement unenforceable because Kentucky follows the traditional “all

or nothing” approach. Id. at 478. An agreement is either enforceable as a binding

contract or it is unenforceable as something less. Id. Given the evidence, the

family court did not clearly err by refusing to enforce any part of the proposed

agreement.

             Shirley next argues that the family court abused its discretion in its

division of Larry’s military retirement and the rest of the marital property. A trial

court is to divide marital property in just proportions considering all relevant

factors. KRS 403.190(1). See also Wood v. Wood, 720 S.W.2d 934, 935 (Ky.

App. 1986). However, just proportions do not necessarily mean equal proportions.

Croft v. Croft, 240 S.W.3d 651, 655 (Ky. App. 2007).

             In dissolution actions, we review the court’s division of marital

property for abuse of discretion. Smith v. Smith, 235 S.W.3d 1, 6 (Ky. App. 2006).

A court abuses its discretion when it relies on clearly erroneous findings of fact,

when it improperly applies the law, or uses an erroneous legal standard. Overstreet

v. Overstreet, 144 S.W.3d 834, 838 (Ky. App. 2003). Furthermore, a trial court

                                          -6-
abuses its discretion when its decision is arbitrary, unreasonable, unfair, or

unsupported by sound legal principles. McKinney v. McKinney, 257 S.W.3d 130,

133 (Ky. App. 2008).

                Shirley contends that the family court failed to properly divide Larry’s

military retirement as a marital asset, instead treating it as only temporary

maintenance. Shirley does not contend that the family court misapplied the

formula set out in Poe v. Poe, 711 S.W.2d 849 (Ky. App. 1986), to determine the

marital portion of Larry’s military retirement. Indeed, the family court determined

the marital portion of the retirement and divided that portion using the percentages

which Shirley advocated.

                Rather, she argues that the court should have divided Larry’s gross

retired pay, rather than his disposable retired pay, which is gross retired pay less

authorized deductions. We disagree. In Copas v. Copas, 359 S.W.3d 471 (Ky.

App. 2012), this Court explained that “disability payments are deducted from the

retiree’s gross military retired pay, resulting in the retiree’s ‘disposable retired . . .

pay.’” Id. at 478 (citing Snodgrass v. Snodgrass, 297 S.W.3d 878, 882 n.6 (Ky.

App. 2009)). See also 10 U.S.C.2 § 1408(a)(4). The Court in Copas went on to

state that “[b]ecause the retiree’s disposable retired pay is lower when he or she

receives disability payments, the retiree’s former spouse’s portion of the retiree’s

2
    United States Code.

                                            -7-
retired pay is also reduced.” Id. While the Court recognized the potential inequity

of this situation, it concluded that the applicable federal law requires that a state

court only provide for the division of disposable retired pay, not gross retired pay.
Id. at 478-79. Therefore, the family court’s division of Larry’s disposable retired

pay was not erroneous.

             Similarly, we find no abuse of discretion in the family court’s

assignment of the SBP election premium to Shirley. As Larry notes, 10 U.S.C. §

1452(a)(1)(A)(iv)(I) provides that the retired pay of a participant in the SBP shall

be reduced by six and one-half percent, representing the premium for the election.

While the family court had the discretion to allocate this reduction between the

parties, we cannot find that it was compelled to do so under the circumstances.

             The only significant issue concerns the family court’s decision to

terminate Shirley’s receipt of Larry’s military retirement pay when she reaches the

age of 62. As noted, the family court reasoned that Shirley will become eligible to

receive benefits from Larry’s Social Security. It appears that the family court

treated her receipt of benefits as a form of maintenance, rather than a distinct

marital asset in its own right. It is well-established that it is the pension, not the

benefits, which is the marital asset subject to division by the court. Brosick v.

Brosick, 974 S.W.2d 498, 503 (Ky. App. 1998). The same holds true for vested

military retirement benefits.

                                           -8-
             By terminating Shirley’s receipt of benefits at age 62, the family court

effectively reduced her share of the marital asset. It is possible that the family

court considered Shirley’s SBP election as sufficient to reduce her share of the

marital asset. However, that reading is not apparent from the face of the family

court’s findings. Furthermore, we question whether the award of such a contingent

interest would necessarily constitute a division of the marital asset in “just

proportions.”

             Under the circumstances, the family court’s findings are insufficient

to determine whether it intended this result or simply mischaracterized the asset.

Consequently, we conclude that this matter must be remanded for additional

factual findings on this question. For purposes of remand, the marital portion of

Larry’s military retirement shall be treated as a marital asset subject to division by

the court. The family court shall set forth its division of Larry’s retirement,

including any reasons to reduce Shirley’s share of the asset through an early

termination of benefits.

             Since we are remanding this matter for additional findings, we will

address the remaining issues to the extent they are relevant on appeal. Shirley

argues that the family court abused its discretion by declining to award her

maintenance. KRS 403.200 provides that a trial court may grant maintenance to

either party in a divorce action only if it finds that a party seeking maintenance

                                          -9-
“[l]acks sufficient property, including marital property apportioned to him, to

provide for his reasonable needs; and . . . [i]s unable to support himself through

appropriate employment . . . .” KRS 403.200(1). Under this statute, the court must

first make relevant findings of fact and then determine maintenance considering

those facts. Perrine v. Christine, 833 S.W.2d 825, 826 (Ky. 1992). “In order to

reverse the trial court’s decision, a reviewing court must find either that the

findings of fact are clearly erroneous or that the trial court has abused its

discretion.” Id.

             In its findings, the family court noted that it awarded significant

marital assets to Shirley, including a 2007 Majestic Four Winds Recreational

Vehicle (RV) valued between $25,000 and $30,000 and a 2007 Smart Car with a

value of $4,200. Shirley contends that the RV is damaged and notes that the

family court assigned her the $8,000 balance of the debt on the vehicle. Given her

age and disability, Shirley argues that the award of marital assets was insufficient

to meet her reasonable needs. Consequently, she argues that the family court

abused its discretion by declining to award her maintenance.

             Based on the family court’s findings, the primary marital assets were

Larry’s military retirement, the house and real property located in Knott County,

the RV, and the Smart Car. The family court did not give significant credence to

Shirley’s testimony that the RV was damaged and worth less than its book value.

                                          -10-
Larry paid Shirley $7,000 when the parties separated and an additional $5,000

during the period after separation. Shirley also agreed to give up her interest in the

real property in exchange for a greater share of Larry’s military retirement. Both

parties are disabled, with limited future earning capacities. However, Shirley

contends that the family court is authorized to account for Larry’s disability

retirement benefits through an appropriate award of maintenance. See Davis v.

Davis, 777 S.W.2d 230, 232 (Ky. 1989).

             As discussed above, the division of Larry’s military retirement is the

primary matter in dispute. Consequently, the family court must re-evaluate

Shirley’s entitlement to maintenance once it determines the appropriate division of

that asset. The family court’s determination on maintenance must be supported by

specific findings under KRS 403.200(1).

             Accordingly, the judgment of the Knott Family Court is affirmed in

part, reversed in part, and remanded for additional factual findings as set forth

above.

             ALL CONCUR.

BRIEF FOR APPELLANT:                      BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:

Robin C. Bennett                          Tammy C. Skeens
Lebanon, Kentucky                         Pikeville, Kentucky

                                         -11-