Court Opinion

ID: 4341177
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-11-14 09:01:34.209144+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:48:51.854179
License: Public Domain

T.C. Memo. 2018-171

                         UNITED STATES TAX COURT

     RICHARD I. PRESLEY AND MARTINE N. PRESLEY, Petitioners v.
         COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

      Docket No. 19520-16.                          Filed October 15, 2018.

      David J. Looby, for petitioners.

      G. Chad Barton, for respondent.

            MEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION

      CHIECHI, Judge: Respondent determined a deficiency in, and an accuracy-

related penalty under section 6662(a)1 on, petitioners’ Federal income tax (tax) for

each of the years indicated, as follows:

      1
       All section references are to the Internal Revenue Code (Code) in effect for
the years at issue. All Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and
Procedure.
                                          -2-

[*2]                                        Accuracy-Related Penalty
                  Year        Deficiency      Under Sec. 6662(a)
                  2010          $39,269              $7,853.80
                  2012           54,445              10,889.00

       The issues remaining for decision are:

       (1) Are petitioners entitled for their taxable year 2010 to deduct $107,364

under section 170(a) for a claimed charitable contribution relating to certain land

improvement expenses paid before 2010? We hold that they are not.

       (2) Are petitioners entitled for their taxable year 2010 to deduct $3,000

under section 170(a) for a claimed charitable contribution of a certain tractor/

mower? We hold that they are not.

       (3) Are petitioners entitled for their taxable year 2012 to deduct $235,422

under section 170(a) for a claimed charitable contribution of their residence? We

hold that they are not.

       (4) Are petitioners liable for each of their taxable years 2010 and 2012 for

the accuracy-related penalty under section 6662(a)? We hold that they are.
                                           -3-

[*3]                             FINDINGS OF FACT2

       Some of the facts have been stipulated and are so found.

       Petitioners, Richard I. Presley (Mr. Presley) and Martine N. Presley (Ms.

Presley),3 resided in Oklahoma at the time they filed the petition.

Businesses and Ministry of Mr. Presley

       Mr. Presley has been an optometrist since around the early 1990s. He

owned and operated several vision-care businesses (Mr. Presley’s optometry

businesses), each of which qualified as an S corporation.

       On October 30, 1997, the Presleys, Rob Moritz (Mr. Moritz), who was Mr.

Presley’s brother-in-law, and Bertha Coffin (Ms. Coffin), who was a friend of the

Presleys, incorporated Presley Family Ministries, Inc. (PFM), as a nonprofit

corporation under the laws of the State of Oklahoma. Pursuant to its articles of

incorporation, PFM had various powers and authority, including the power and

authority “[t]o earnestly seek and promote the unity of God’s people and churches

in a Scriptural manner of Godly love, respect and faithful voluntary cooperation

       2
        Unless otherwise indicated, our findings of fact pertain to petitioners’ tax-
able years 2010 and 2012, the years at issue. For clarity, we sometimes expressly
refer in our findings to the years 2010 and 2012.
       3
           We shall sometimes refer to Mr. Presley and Ms. Presley as the Presleys.
                                          -4-

[*4] with liberty.” At all relevant times, including during 2010 and 2012, Mr.

Presley was the pastor and primary spiritual leader of PFM.

         Pursuant to its articles of incorporation, the registered agent of PFM was

Mr. Presley, and the “post office address * * * and principal office” of PFM was

the address of petitioners’ single-family home and residential property (petition-

ers’ residence) in Tulsa, Oklahoma (Tulsa), which they had purchased in May

1992 for $104,500.

         Pursuant to its articles of incorporation, PFM was to have a board of trust-

ees (PFM’s board), the initial members of which were Mr. Presley, Ms. Presley,

Mr. Moritz, and Ms. Coffin. Pursuant to those articles, the members of PFM’s

board were to be elected annually at a so-called annual business meeting of that

board.

         In a letter dated March 4, 1999 (March 4, 1999 letter), the Internal Revenue

Service (IRS) determined that PFM (1) was an organization exempt from tax under

section 501(a) because it was an organization described in section 501(c)(3) and

(2) was not a private foundation within the meaning of section 509(a) because it

was an organization described in sections 509(a)(1) and 170(b)(1)(A)(vi).
                                        -5-

[*5] On June 25, 2004, an organization known as Universal Life Church4 issued

a so-called certificate of ordination to Mr. Presley. On July 9, 2004, an organiza-

tion known as World Christianship Ministries5 issued a certificate to Mr. Presley,

which stated that it was conferring on him a “Barter of Divinity”.

      In a letter dated September 17, 2004 (September 17, 2004 letter), the IRS

modified the determination in its March 4, 1999 letter that PFM was not a private

foundation within the meaning of section 509(a) because it was an organization

described in sections 509(a)(1) and 170(b)(1)(A)(vi). In its September 17, 2004

letter, the IRS determined that PFM is not a private foundation within the meaning

of section 509(a) because it is an organization described in sections 509(a)(1) and

170(b)(1)(A)(I) (i.e., a church). In its September 17, 2004 letter, the IRS also reaf-

firmed the determination in its March 4, 1999 letter that PFM is an organization

described in section 501(c)(3).

      During 2010 and 2012, PFM’s board had the following four members: Mr.

Presley, who served as chairman of PFM’s board; Ms. Presley; Mr. Moritz; and

      4
     Universal Life Church “welcome[d] all who feel called to ministry to
become ordained by completing our free online ordination.”
      5
        World Christianship Ministries considered itself the “[m]inistry of choice
for sincere Christians seeking simple quick ordination.”
                                       -6-

[*6] Bobbi Hamilton, who was a friend of Mr. Presley. During those years, Mr.

Presley served as the president of PFM, and Ms. Presley held the title “secretary”

of PFM.

      Although Ms. Presley was a member of PFM’s board and held the title

“secretary” of PFM, she did not perform the duties of those respective offices6 and

did not attend any meetings of PFM’s board, including any telephone meetings.7

Instead, Mr. Presley generally informed Ms. Presley that he had spoken informally

with each of Mr. Moritz and Bobbi Hamilton, the two other members of PFM’s

board, before the respective dates that were shown in certain minutes of PFM

board meetings as the respective dates of meetings of that board.

      Moreover, although Mr. Moritz and Bobbi Hamilton were members of

PFM’s board, they did not always attend meetings, if any, of that board, including

telephone meetings, and thus did not vote at any such meetings of PFM’s board

      6
       For example, although minutes of PFM’s board that are in the record show
that Ms. Presley signed those minutes, she did not sign them and did not know
who did.
      7
       We have very serious questions based upon our review of the record
whether any of the meetings of PFM’s board with respect to which the record
contains minutes in fact took place.
                                         -7-

[*7] that they did not attend.8 In order to ascertain their respective views on a

particular matter relating to PFM, Mr. Presley discussed informally at times with

each of Mr. Moritz and Bobbi Hamilton that particular matter, which was there-

after reflected in certain minutes of PFM’s board as a topic of a meeting of PFM’s

board.

         At all relevant times, including during 2010 and 2012, the Presleys provided

about 95 percent of the total funding of PFM. The Presleys also provided non-

financial support of PFM. Mr. Presley spent about 20 hours each week on certain

activities and certain events relating to PFM, which generally took place in peti-

tioners’ residence. For example, he conducted weekly worship services of PFM,

which approximately 12 to 40 people attended. Approximately 30 to 40 people

participated regularly in the activities or the events that the Presleys hosted for

PFM. In addition, Mr. Presley at times performed weddings and baptisms and

distributed communion. He also met with young adults, taught classes, and con-

ducted Bible studies three evenings each week. Ms. Presley spent about four to

five hours each week on certain activities and certain events relating to PFM. For

example, she taught Bible studies and prepared meals for attendees of certain

activities or certain events of PFM that the Presleys held at petitioners’ residence.

         8
             See supra note 7.
                                        -8-

[*8] Over the years since the Presleys, Mr. Moritz, and Ms. Coffin had incor-

porated PFM until the date of the trial in this case, the Presleys organized on be-

half of PFM about 15 to 17 trips to remote and impoverished areas of certain for-

eign countries (PFM’s mission trips). During PFM’s mission trips, Mr. Presley,

inter alia, preached the Gospel and provided free eye examinations and free eye-

glasses to some of the residents of those areas. In order to prepare for PFM’s

mission trips, the Presleys trained a group of volunteers, helped them raise funds,

and donated about $40,000 to $50,000 each year from Mr. Presley’s optometry

businesses in order to help pay for those trips.9 In 2010 and 2012, respectively,

the Presleys organized PFM’s mission trips to Bogotá, Colombia, and Panama.

      PFM owned a 21.85-acre tract of land in Tulsa (PFM’s Tulsa property) that

it had acquired in March 1998.10 There were several buildings on PFM’s Tulsa

property. A caretaker lived in one of those buildings. The Presleys sometimes

used the basement in one of the buildings on PFM’s Tulsa property to conduct

      9
       Some of the volunteers ultimately repaid some or all of the funds that the
Presleys donated for PFM’s mission trips by working for PFM Farms, LLC (PFM
Farms), a for-profit corporation that Mr. Presley organized and wholly owned
(discussed below).
      10
        PFM’s Tulsa property had three different addresses, one of which was
5312 W. 41st Street. That address was used not only for PFM but also for peti-
tioners and PFM Farms.
                                       -9-

[*9] certain meetings and to host certain activities on behalf of PFM. Mr. Presley

and/or an individual whom he retained used one or more of the buildings on

PFM’s Tulsa property as office space for the conduct of certain administrative and

office work that PFM had. Mr. Presley and/or Mr. Presley’s optometry businesses

leased from PFM and used one or more buildings on PFM’s Tulsa property as

office space where certain administrative and office work of those businesses was

conducted. In addition, Mr. Presley and/or PFM Farms used a building on PFM’s

Tulsa property as office space where certain administrative and office work of

PFM Farms was conducted. Wes Douglas (Mr. Douglas), who did certain work

for Mr. Presley, PFM, Mr. Presley’s optometry businesses, and/or PFM Farms

worked in one or more of the buildings on PFM’s Tulsa property and performed,

inter alia, bookkeeping services for the Presleys, PFM, and/or Mr. Presley’s

optometry businesses.

      Sometime before February 2007, Mr. Presley concluded that he should start

raising soft fruits on a portion of PFM’s Tulsa property. At Mr. Presley’s request,

David Dryer (Mr. Dryer), his attorney,11 prepared a document which was titled

“Minutes of Special Meeting of the Board of Trustees of Presley Family Minis-

      11
       As discussed below, Mr. Dryer prepared the minutes of each meeting of
PFM’s board which Mr. Presley informed Mr. Dryer took place and with respect to
which Mr. Presley asked Mr. Dryer to prepare minutes.
                                       - 10 -

[*10] tries, Inc.”, and which was dated February 4, 2007 (February 4, 2007

minutes). Those minutes indicated that a meeting of PFM’s board was held on

February 4, 2007, “for the purpose of discussing potential avenues to assist

missionaries with the financing of their local and overseas mission projects.” The

February 4, 2007 minutes stated that all four members of PFM’s board (namely,

Mr. Presley, Ms. Presley, Mr. Moritz, and Bobbi Hamilton) were present at the

meeting in person or by telephone.12 The February 4, 2007 minutes further stated

in pertinent part:

            The first order of business related to the discussion of potential
      avenues to assist missionaries with the financing of their local and
      overseas mission projects.

             The Board reviewed various funding methods that would allow
      Presley Family Ministries, Inc., and various missionary groups to
      work hand-in-hand to obtain funds for their mission goals and other
      long-term exempt activities of the organization. The Board deter-
      mined that the growing of soft fruits is a highly lucrative method of
      obtaining funding for long-term mission goals. The following reso-
      lution was adopted by unanimous vote of the Board of Trustees of
      Presley Family Ministries, Inc.:

              BE IT RESOLVED the Board of Trustees of Presley Family
      Ministries, Inc., directs the President of Presley Family Ministries,
      Inc., to obtain additional information over the upcoming years in

      12
        We have found that although Ms. Presley was a member of PFM’s board
and had the title “secretary” of PFM, she did not perform the duties of those
respective offices and did not attend any meetings of PFM’s board, including any
telephone meetings. In addition, see supra note 7.
                                        - 11 -

[*11] order to determine the feasibility of using a portion of the property
      [PFM’s Tulsa property] as a farm for growing soft fruits.

      Pursuant to the February 4, 2007 minutes, Mr. Presley continued to consider

the feasibility of using a portion of PFM’s Tulsa property as a farm for growing

soft fruits. He was aware that PFM’s Tulsa property had clay soil, some deep

ravines, and no usable water source for irrigation such as ponds. Consequently,

Mr. Presley concluded that, in order to produce soft fruits, substantial land im-

provement and development work, including the creation of one or more ponds for

irrigation, was required on certain portions of PFM’s Tulsa property, including

the portion that was to be designated for any such production (required land

improvement work).

      Mr. Presley informed Mr. Dryer of his desire to grow soft fruits on PFM’s

Tulsa property and of the condition of that property, which necessitated that the

required land improvement work be done before any attempt to produce soft fruit

on PFM’s Tulsa property began. Instead of his undertaking the required land

improvement work directly, Mr. Presley followed the advice of Mr. Dryer, who

recommended the creation of an entity such as a limited liability company that

would perform that work and that would provide some liability protection to Mr.
                                        - 12 -

[*12] Presley in the event of, for example, a worker’s personal injury resulting

from the performance of that work.

         Pursuant to Mr. Dryer’s advice, in April 2007 Mr. Presley organized and

wholly owned PFM Farms under the laws of the State of Oklahoma as a for-profit,

single-member limited liability company for the purpose of growing blueberries or

other soft fruits on PFM’s Tulsa property. Mr. Presley structured PFM Farms as a

flow-through disregarded entity for tax purposes so that any of its gains or losses

would flow through to him and be reported in Schedule F, Profit or Loss From

Farming (Schedule F), of any return that he filed. Success Vision Services, Inc.,

one of Mr. Presley’s optometry businesses, served as the manager of PFM Farms.

         On January 10, 2008, PFM Farms leased from PFM for an initial term of ten

years and an additional term of five years (PFM Farms’ lease) approximately four

to five acres of PFM’s Tulsa property (leased PFM property) for the purpose of

growing blueberries on those leased acres.13 (We shall sometimes refer to the

intended use of the leased PFM property by PFM Farms as PFM Farms’ blueberry

farm.)

         13
        Mr. Presley signed the PFM Farms’ lease as both the president of PFM and
the president of Success Vision Services, Inc., PFM Farms’ manager.
                                       - 13 -

[*13] Pursuant to PFM Farms’ lease, PFM Farms was required to pay PFM annual

rent of $1,000. However, the following statements appear in a document titled

“Minutes of Annual Meeting of the Board of Trustees of Presley Family Minis-

tries, Inc.”, which was dated April 13, 2008:

            The first order of business related to payment of rent from PFM
      Farms to the ministry [PFM] under the cropland [PFM Farms’] lease.
      After due notice and review of the crop lease and the activity on the
      property it was the board’s decision that all or a portion of the rent
      may be paid in kind with soft fruit crops.

      Sometime before or in 2009, Mr. Presley asked his son, Chris Presley, to

prepare a business plan for the improvement and the development of PFM’s Tulsa

property for the purpose of operating PFM Farms’ blueberry farm on the leased

PFM property. Chris Presley prepared that business plan in 2009 or 2010. (We

shall refer to the business plan that Chris Presley prepared as PFM Farms’ busi-

ness plan.) In PFM Farms’ business plan, Chris Presley projected that PFM Farms

would generate a profit of $357,300 over a ten-year period. Chris Presley stated in

pertinent part in PFM Farms’ business plan:

             Berryhill Blueberries will be a division of PFM Farms and will
      be a pick your own blueberry farm located in Tulsa, Oklahoma. The
      farm will provide the local community with a source of fresh hand
      picked blueberries while also allowing the local community to be a
      part of funding global medical missions.
                                        - 14 -

[*14]         All profit generated from the blueberry farm will be used to
        fund medical mission trips. The farm will mostly be staffed by
        volunteers who are either raising money for their own mission trip or
        helping raise money for one of their friends.

        Objectives

              Berryhill Blueberries keys to success include the following:

              •      Excellent product
              •      Family Friendly environment
              •      Growth and maintenance of a social network
              •      Becoming an established farm with high production
                     per acre

        Financial Objectives

              •      Breakeven within 5 years
              •      Create a long term and profitable revenue source that can
                     be staffed by volunteers and future missionaries

        Marketing Objectives

              •      Gain awareness throughout Tulsa community
              •      Be identified as healthy, friendly and socially minded
              •      Develop a loyal base of customers and maintain contact
                     via social media

        The Path to Success

              Local and community farms are becoming increasingly
        popular; hence, Berryhill Blueberries is harnessing a great
        opportunity to become a well known and accepted blueberry farm
        because of the following characteristics:

              T      Blueberries will be locally grown using the type of
                     blueberry plants that produce the best tasting
                                          - 15 -

[*15]                  blueberries in Oklahoma (tests will be done to
                       ensure the optimal type of blueberry bushes are
                       used).
              T        Berryhill Blueberries realizes the trend and the
                       importance of community and will take the
                       necessary steps to market itself in this manner.
              T        Berryhill Blueberries has positioned itself as a
                       socially minded business, which will create a huge
                       marketing advantage.

                Critical success factors for Berryhill Blueberries include
        operational funding, superior sales personnel, high-quality manage-
        ment, strong branding, top-notch research and development,
        affiliation with proper alliances in the area, addressing specific needs
        of the business community and public, and adequate marketing and
        promotion.

        Business Ownership

             Berryhill Blueberries, will be organized as an LLC named PFM
        Farms. It will be owned by Richard Presley.

        *          *            *          *          *          *           *

        Financial Overview

                Because Blueberries don’t reach maturity for 5 years and
        because of the phased approach PFM Farms will use to minimize risk,
        it is forecasted that Berryhill Blueberries won’t realize a profit until
        year 5 and won’t fully breakeven until year 8. After year 8, the
        estimated annual profit will be approximately $185K * * *

        *          *            *          *          *          *           *
                                        - 16 -

[*16] Start-up Expenses

             Berryhill Blueberries will realize approx. $125K in initial start
      up expenses within the first 12 to 18 months. The major expenses are
      as follows:

      Initial Start Up Expenses
      1.      Landscape Supplies & Equipment
      2.      Dirt Work & Pond Construction
      3.      Research & Travel (Trips to Oregon, Florida and New Jersey)
      4.      800 Blueberry Plants (1 acre)
      5.      Irrigation & Pesticides
      6.      Labor & Other Misc
      7.      Marketing & Promotion Expenses

      In PFM Farms’ business plan, Chris Presley proposed that PFM Farms plant

blueberry plants in three phases in order to mitigate any financial losses and crop

losses. PFM Farms’ business plan contained three charts which showed, inter alia,

the duration of each phase and the projected profit or loss during each year of each

phase. According to PFM Farms’ business plan, during the first phase PFM Farms

was to prepare the leased PFM property for the planting of blueberries and then

test multiple types of blueberry plants on one acre of that leased property in order

to determine the type(s) of blueberry plants that “will thrive in the Oklahoma

climate.”

      Pursuant to PFM Farms’ business plan, during the second phase, which,

depending on the success that PFM Farms had during the first phase, would start
                                       - 17 -

[*17] in the third year, PFM was to undertake the planting of blueberry plants on

an additional four acres.

      Pursuant to PFM Farms’ business plan, during the third phase, which,

depending on the success that PFM Farms had during the first phase, would start

in the fourth year, PFM was to prepare an additional five acres14 for the planting of

blueberry plants and then was to undertake the planting of blueberry plants on

those additional five acres.

      At a time not established by the record, PFM Farms’ business plan was

updated.15 That updated PFM Farms’ business plan stated in pertinent part:

      Business Update

             The original plan and intent of PFM Farms was to use the
      learning from the 1 acre of bushes planted in year 1 to add an
      additional 4 acres of blueberries in year 3. Unfortunately the first
      acre of blueberries that were planted died due to suboptimal soil PH
      levels. This has delayed phase 2 by an additional year. * * *

      14
        As discussed above, PFM Farms leased from PFM under PFM Farms’
lease only about four to five acres of PFM’s Tulsa property. It is unclear from the
record why Chris Presley included in PFM Farms’ business plan a third phase
which addressed an additional five acres of PFM’s Tulsa property that PFM had
not leased to PFM Farms under PFM Farms’ lease or any other lease in the record.
      15
       The record does not establish whether Chris Presley or another person
updated PFM Farms’ business plan.
                                         - 18 -

[*18] Like PFM Farms’ business plan, the updated PFM Farms’ business plan

contained three charts which showed, inter alia, the duration of each phase and the

projected profit or loss during each year of each phase, as affected and updated by

the effects on each of those phases of the failure of the first year’s planting of

blueberry plants. Those charts showed delays in the starting of the second phase

and the third phase as well as a reduction of profit over a ten-year period from

$357,300, as reflected in PFM Farms’ business plan, to $156,300, as reflected in

the updated PFM Farms’ business plan.

      During years before 2010, including 2008 and/or 2009, PFM Farms

performed the required land improvement work and paid the cost of that work.

The required land improvement work that PFM Farms performed on PFM’s Tulsa

property included work relating to (1) creating two ponds in an area of PFM’s

Tulsa property other than the leased PFM property and building a pump house,

both of which were to be used in the installation of an irrigation system for PFM

Farms’ blueberry farm that PFM Farms intended to operate for profit on the leased

PFM property; (2) filling ravines with dirt and leveling the land where ravines had

existed; and (3) mulching that land.16

      16
       PFM Farms needed a power source to operate the irrigation system that
would bring water from the ponds to the leased PFM property that was required
                                                                   (continued...)
                                        - 19 -

[*19] Mr. Dryer’s Representation

      Mr. Dryer’s representation of Mr. Presley began around the mid-1990s and

thereafter expanded to representing the Presleys, Mr. Presley’s optometry

businesses, PFM, and PFM Farms (Mr. Dryer’s representation). Mr. Dryer has

substantial experience that started during 1993 in, inter alia, providing legal

services to nonprofit organizations, including nonprofit organizations that are

exempt from tax (nonprofit experiences). Mr. Dryer’s nonprofit experiences

included providing advice as to (1) the deductibility as charitable contributions for

tax purposes of certain donations to tax-exempt organizations and (2) the reason-

ableness of the compensation packages that nonprofit organizations provided to

their directors and officers, including compensation packages that provided

housing or housing allowances.

      Mr. Dryer’s representation included providing advice and preparing docu-

ments with respect to (1) Mr. Presley’s optometry businesses; (2) the organization

and the operation of PFM, including the obtaining of its tax exemption from the

      16
         (...continued)
for the success of PFM Farms’ blueberry farm. As of the time of the trial in this
case, the city of Tulsa had not issued a permit authorizing a power source for the
operation of that irrigation system. As of the time of trial, PFM Farms was using
water from the city of Tulsa to irrigate PFM Farms’ blueberry farm, which was
expensive to do.
                                         - 20 -

[*20] IRS and the preparation at all relevant times of virtually all, if not all, of

certain of the minutes of meetings of PFM’s board that Mr. Presley informed Mr.

Dryer took place;17 (3) the organization and the operation of PFM Farms; and

(4) the requirements for entitlement to tax deductions for contributions to or on

behalf of PFM and certain other charitable organizations.

Claimed Charitable Contributions at Issue

      At Mr. Presley’s request, Mr. Dryer prepared and sent to Mr. Presley (or his

designee) around late September 2010 a document which was titled “Minutes of

Special Meeting of the Board of Trustees of Presley Family Ministries, Inc.” and

which was dated October 20, 2010 (October 20, 2010 minutes).18 Those minutes

indicated that a meeting of PFM’s board was held on October 20, 2010, “for the

purpose of reviewing the proposed donation of a tractor and land and soil prepara-

tion.” The October 20, 2010 minutes stated that all four members of PFM’s board

(namely, Mr. Presley, Ms. Presley, Mr. Moritz, and Bobbi Hamilton) were present

      17
        For each meeting of PFM’s board which Mr. Presley informed Mr. Dryer
took place and with respect to which Mr. Presley asked Mr Dryer to prepare
minutes, Mr. Dryer provided Mr. Presley with a questionnaire which Mr. Presley
completed and returned to Mr. Dryer and on which Mr. Dryer relied in preparing
the minutes of any such meeting.
      18
       The record does not explain why Mr. Dryer prepared minutes around late
September 2010 for a meeting of PFM’s board that purported to take place on
October 20, 2010.
                                       - 21 -

[*21] at the meeting in person or by telephone.19 The October 20, 2010 minutes

further stated in pertinent part:

            The first order of business related to reviewing the proposed
      donation of the proposed donation [sic] of a tractor and land and soil
      preparation in order to develop ministry land for future needs in
      accord with its exempt purpose.

            The Board of Trustees reviewed the proposed donation and the
      following resolution was adopted by unanimous vote of the Board of
      Trustees of Presley Family Ministries, Inc.:

              BE IT RESOLVED that the Board of Trustees of Presley
      Family Ministries, Inc. hereby approves the donation of a tractor and
      land and soil preparation from the donor, Dr. Richard Presley. The
      Board has directed the donor to obtain his own appraisal for purposes
      of valuation. The Board also indicated that Presley Family Minis-
      tries, Inc. cannot establish the value of this donated asset. The Board
      further directs its corporate officers to execute the appropriate section
      of IRS Form 8283 when the same is presented by the donor.

      Mr. Dryer intentionally included as part of the resolution quoted above the

sentence regarding PFM’s board’s “direct[ing] the donor to obtain his own

appraisal for purposes of valuation” and the last sentence regarding PFM’s board’s

directing “its corporate officers to execute the appropriate section of IRS Form

8283 when the same is presented by the donor.” (We shall refer to the sentence

regarding the donor’s obtaining an appraisal quoted from the October 20, 2010

minutes as the Form 8283 appraisal requirement language. We shall refer to the

      19
           See supra notes 7 and 12.
                                         - 22 -

[*22] last sentence quoted from the October 20, 2010 minutes as the Form 8283

donor acknowledgement requirement language.) That was because he wanted the

Form 8283 appraisal requirement language and the Form 8283 donor acknowl-

edgement requirement language to serve as an important reminder to obtain an

appraisal of any substantial noncash property donated to PFM and to include a

properly completed and executed Form 8283, Noncash Charitable Contributions,

with petitioners’ 2010 return because of petitioners’ proposed donations to PFM

of “a tractor and land and soil preparation”.

      Around the same time in late September 2010 when Mr. Dryer prepared the

October 20, 2010 minutes at Mr. Presley’s request, he also prepared at Mr.

Presley’s request and sent to him (or his designee) an undated and unsigned letter

that was addressed to PFM Farms (Mr. Dryer’s draft 2010 letter No. 1).20 The

body of Mr. Dryer’s draft 2010 letter No. 1 stated: “This is to acknowledge and

thank you for your support of Presley Family Ministries during 2010. You

donated the beautiful water ponds to the ministry enabling our youth and others to

      20
        Although Mr. Dryer’s draft 2010 letter No. 1 was unsigned when he pro-
vided it to Mr. Presley (or his designee), the copy of that letter that is in the record
contains what purports to be the signature of Mr. Douglas. The record does not
establish whether Mr. Douglas signed Mr. Dryer’s draft 2010 letter No. 1 or if he
did, when he signed that letter.
                                        - 23 -

[*23] enjoy water sports, fishing, wildlife, and the beautiful setting. This provides

a wonderful ministry setting and we thank you.”

      Mr. Dryer’s draft 2010 letter No. 1 did not show the value of the “donated

water ponds”. Nor did Mr. Dryer’s 2010 draft letter No. 1 make any reference to a

tractor, a tractor/mower, a mower, or other similar equipment. The following lan-

guage appeared at the bottom of Mr. Dryer’s draft 2010 letter no. 1: “No goods or

services were provided for the contributions given.”

      At one or more times not established by the record, Mr. Dryer or Mr.

Douglas used Mr. Dryer’s draft 2010 letter No. 1 as a model to prepare two addi-

tional undated and unsigned letters (PFM’s two additional letters).21 Each of

PFM’s two additional letters, which were identical except in one material respect,

stated in pertinent part: “This is to acknowledge and thank you for your support of

Presley Family Ministries during 2010. You donated the equipment and beautiful

water ponds to the ministry enabling our youth and others to enjoy water sports,

      21
         We found the record to be unclear as to whether it was Mr. Dryer or Mr.
Douglas who used Mr. Dryer’s draft 2010 letter No. 1 as a model to prepare
PFM’s two additional letters. If it was Mr. Dryer who prepared one or both of
PFM’s two additional letters, neither of them was signed when he provided it to
Mr. Presley (or his designee), although the copies of PFM’s two additional letters
that are in the record contain what purports to be the signature of Mr. Douglas.
The record does not establish whether Mr. Douglas signed one or both of PFM’s
two additional letters or if he did, when he signed one or both of those letters.
                                       - 24 -

[*24] fishing, wildlife, and the beautiful setting. This provides a wonderful

ministry setting and we thank you.” The following language appeared at the

bottom of PFM’s two additional letters: “No goods or services were provided for

the contributions given.”

      One of PFM’s two additional letters further stated:

      Your donation of the following items was designated to have a total
      value of $110,364.

      Tractor/Mower - $3,000
      Land/Pond Work[22] - $107,364

(We shall refer to the letter claiming a total value of $110,364 for claimed dona-

tions to PFM as PFM’s draft letter No. 2.) Mr. Dryer did not prepare and was not

responsible for any language in PFM’s draft letter No. 2 that purported to show (1)

“Tractor/Mower” and “Land/Pond Work ” as the nature of what that letter claimed

was donated to PFM and (2) the respective values of those two claimed donations.

      The other of PFM’s two additional letters further stated:

      Your donation of the following items was designated to have a total
      value of $153,000.

      Tractor/Mower - $3,000

      22
        The description “Land/Pond Work” is inconsistent with the following
description of the property that PFM purportedly received that appeared in the
same letter: “beautiful water ponds [donated] to the ministry enabling our youth
and others to enjoy water sports, fishing, wildlife, and the beautiful setting.”
                                         - 25 -

[*25] Land/Pond Work[23] - $150,000

(We shall refer to the letter claiming a total value of $153,000 for claimed dona-

tions to PFM as PFM’s draft letter No. 3.) Mr. Dryer did not prepare and was not

responsible for any language in PFM’s draft letter No. 3 that purported to show (1)

“Tractor/Mower” and “Land/Pond Work ” as the nature of what that letter claimed

was donated to PFM and (2) the respective values of those two claimed donations.

      At Mr. Presley’s request, Mr. Dryer prepared and sent to Mr. Presley (or his

designee) a document which was titled “Minutes of Special Meeting of the Board

of Trustees of Presley Family Ministries, Inc.” and which was dated April 20,

2012 (April 20, 2012 minutes). Those minutes indicated that a meeting of PFM’s

board was held on April 20, 2012, “for the purpose of reviewing the proposed do-

nation of a certain parcel of land located in Tulsa County [i.e., petitioners’ resi-

dence].” The April 20, 2012 minutes stated that all four members of PFM’s board

(namely, Mr. Presley, Ms. Presley, Mr. Moritz, and Bobbi Hamilton) were present

at the meeting in person or by telephone.24 The April 20, 2012 minutes further

      23
        The description “Land/Pond Work” is inconsistent with the following
description of the property that PFM purportedly received that appeared in the
same letter: “beautiful water ponds [donated] to the ministry enabling our youth
and others to enjoy water sports, fishing, wildlife, and the beautiful setting.”
      24
           See supra notes 7 and 12.
                                        - 26 -

[*26] stated in pertinent part with respect to the proposed donation of petitioners’

residence:

             BE IT RESOLVED that the Board of Trustees of Presley
      Family Ministries, Inc. has reviewed the potential costs associated
      with the maintenance of the property located at 3724 S 74th West P1
      Tulsa OK 74107-4857 and has considered the auxiliary issues related
      to holding title to such property. Based on a review of these con-
      siderations, the Board hereby approves the donation of the above
      referenced property. The Board has directed the donor to obtain his
      own appraisal for purposes of valuation. The Board also indicated
      the Presley Family Ministries, Inc. cannot establish the value of this
      donated asset. The Board further directs its corporate officers to
      execute the appropriate section of IRS Form 8283 when the same is
      presented by the donor.

            BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED that the Board of Trustees of
      Presley Family Ministries, Inc. hereby approves the donation and
      accepts the donation of the real property described as:

             Lot Seventeen (17), Block One (1), ROLLING OAKS SOUTH
             III, an Addition to the City of Sand Springs, Tulsa County,
             State of Oklahoma, according to the Recorded Plat thereof
             a/k/a 3724 S 74th West P1 Tulsa OK 74107-4857

      Mr. Dryer included as part of the first resolution quoted above the sentence

regarding PFM’s board’s “direct[ing] the donor to obtain his own appraisal for

purposes of valuation.” That is the same language which appeared in the October

20, 2010 minutes and to which we refer as the Form 8283 appraisal requirement

language. Mr. Dryer included as part of the first resolution in the April 20, 2012

minutes quoted above the last sentence regarding PFM’s board’s “direct[ing] its
                                        - 27 -

[*27] corporate officers to execute the appropriate section of IRS Form 8283 when

the same is presented by the donor.” That is the same language which appeared in

the October 20, 2010 minutes and to which we refer as the Form 8283 donor

acknowledgement requirement language. Mr. Dryer included the Form 8283

appraisal requirement language and the Form 8283 donor acknowledgement

requirement language in the April 20, 2012 minutes for the same reasons he

included that language in the October 20, 2010 minutes. That is to say, Mr. Dryer

included the Form 8283 appraisal requirement language and the Form 8283 donor

acknowledgement requirement language in the April 20, 2012 minutes because he

wanted that language to serve as an important reminder to obtain an appraisal of

any substantial noncash property donated to PFM and to include a properly

completed and executed Form 8283 with petitioners’ 2012 return because of

petitioners’ proposed donation to PFM of petitioners’ residence.

      On April 30, 2012, pursuant to a general warranty deed (petitioners’ deed)

that Mr. Dryer had prepared, petitioners transferred to PFM legal title to petition-

ers’ residence.25 At the time of that transfer, petitioners’ residence was free of any

encumbrances. At the time they transferred legal title to petitioners’ residence to

      25
        Petitioners delivered petitioners’ deed to PFM on April 30, 2012.
Petitioners’ deed was not recorded with the Tulsa County clerk’s office until July
26, 2012.
                                          - 28 -

[*28] PFM, petitioners expected to continue living in petitioners’ residence with-

out paying any rent to PFM for the right to do so. They also expected at that time

to continue paying any utility bills relating to petitioners’ residence (utility bills).

From the time they executed petitioners’ deed until at least the time of the trial in

this case, petitioners continued to live in petitioners’ residence and to pay all

utility bills and never paid any rent to PFM for the right to live in that residence.26

      At Mr. Presley’s request, Mr. Dryer prepared and sent to Mr. Presley (or his

designee) a document which was titled “Minutes of Special Meeting of the Board

of Trustees of Presley Family Ministries, Inc.” and which was dated May 25, 2012

(May 25, 2012 minutes). Those minutes indicated that a meeting of PFM’s board

was held on May 25, 2012, “for the purpose of reviewing the proposed donation of

a certain parcel of land located in Tulsa County [i.e., petitioners’ residence].” The

May 25, 2012 minutes stated that all four members of PFM’s board (namely, Mr.

Presley, Ms. Presley, Mr. Moritz, and Bobbi Hamilton) were present at the meet-

      26
        The parties stipulated that petitioners lived in petitioners’ residence until
March 30, 2015. That stipulation is clearly contrary to other evidence in the
record on which we found that petitioners were living in petitioners’ residence at
the time of the trial in this case, which was in September 2017. See Cal-Maine
Foods, Inc. v. Commissioner, 93 T.C. 181, 195 (1989).
                                       - 29 -

[*29] ing in person or by telephone.27 The May 25, 2012 minutes further stated in

pertinent part:

            BE IT RESOLVED that the Board of Trustees of Presley
      Family Ministries, Inc. has reviewed the request of its pastor Dr.
      Richard Presley to utilize the above referenced property as a parson-
      age. It was approved in lieu of paying a full housing allowance to the
      pastor, Dr. Richard Presley, that Dr. Richard Presley and his family be
      allowed to use the property located at 3724 S 74th West P1 Tulsa OK
      74107-4857 as a parsonage and for other church related activities.[28]

      On December 5, 2013, Ronald Scott (Mr. Scott), a residential real estate

appraiser who was certified by the State of Oklahoma, signed an appraisal report

(Mr. Scott’s December 5, 2013 appraisal report) which he prepared and in which

he indicated that the date of that report was December 5, 2013, the same date on

which he signed it. In Mr. Scott’s December 5, 2013 appraisal report, Mr. Scott

used the market approach, also known as the comparable sales approach, and

opined that the fair market value of petitioners’ residence as of May 10, 2012,29

      27
           See supra notes 7 and 12.
      28
        The May 25, 2012 minutes further stated that Mr. Presley and Ms. Presley
abstained from voting on the resolution adopted at the meeting.
      29
        Petitioners transferred, by executing petitioners’ deed on April 30, 2012,
and delivering it to PFM on the same date, legal title to PFM of petitioners’ resi-
dence. The record does not explain why Mr. Scott used May 10, 2012, as the date
as of which he valued petitioners’ residence.
                                         - 30 -

[*30] was $236,000. Mr. Scott’s December 5, 2013 appraisal report stated in

pertinent part:

      THE INTENDED USER OF THIS APPRAISAL IS THE LENDER/
      CLIENT. THE INTENDED USE IS TO EVALUATE THE PROP-
      ERTY THAT IS THE SUBJECT OF THIS APPRAISAL FOR A
      MORTGAGE FINANCE TRANSACTION, SUBJECT TO THE
      STATED SCOPE OF WORK, PURPOSE OF THE APPRAISAL,
      REPORTING REQUIREMENTS OF THIS APPRAISAL REPORT
      FORM AND DEFINITION OF MARKET VALUE, NO ADDITION-
      AL INTENDED USERS ARE IDENTIFIED BY THE APPRAISER.

      *           *           *           *           *           *            *

      INTENDED USE: The intended use of this appraisal report is for
      the lender/client to evaluate the property that is the subject of this
      appraisal for a mortgage finance transaction.

      INTENDED USER: The intended user of this appraisal report is the
      lender/client.

Mr. Scott’s December 5, 2013 appraisal report identified both the “Borrower” and

the “Lender/Client” as PFM.

      Mr. Scott’s December 5, 2013 appraisal report did not mention or acknowl-

edge that (1) petitioners transferred to PFM on April 30, 2012, legal title to peti-

tioners’ residence; (2) from the time they transferred legal title to petitioners’ resi-

dence to PFM until at least December 5, 2013, the date of Mr. Scott’s December 5,

2013 appraisal report, petitioners continued to live in petitioners’ residence and to

pay all utility bills and did not pay any rent to PFM for the right to live in that resi-
                                        - 31 -

[*31] dence; and (3) Mr. Scott’s December 5, 2013 appraisal report was to be used

for tax purposes to support the claimed fair market value of petitioners’ claimed

charitable contribution to PFM of petitioners’ residence on April 30, 2012.

      Around the same time Mr. Dryer prepared the April 20, 2012 minutes and

petitioners’ deed at Mr. Presley’s request, he also prepared at Mr. Presley’s request

and sent to him (or his designee) an undated and unsigned letter with respect to

petitioners’ residence that was addressed to the Presleys (Mr. Dryer’s draft letter

regarding petitioners’ residence).30 The body of Mr. Dryer’s draft letter regarding

petitioners’ residence stated: “This is to acknowledge your donation of the house

and property located at 3724 S 74th W Place Tulsa, OK 74107 [petitioners’ resi-

dence].” The following language appeared at the bottom of Mr. Dryer’s draft

letter regarding petitioners’ residence: “No goods or services were provided for

the contributions given.” Mr. Dryer’s draft letter regarding petitioners’ residence

did not show the value of that residence.

      30
         Although Mr. Dryer’s draft letter regarding petitioners’ residence was
undated and unsigned when he provided it to Mr. Presley (or his designee), the
copy of that letter that is in the record contains what purports to be the date of
October 12, 2012, and the signature of Mr. Douglas. The record does not establish
whether Mr. Douglas signed Mr. Dryer’s draft letter regarding petitioners’ resi-
dence or if he did, when. Nor does the record establish that Mr. Dryer’s draft
letter regarding petitioners’ residence signed by Mr. Douglas that is in the record
was sent by PFM on or shortly after October 12, 2012.
                                        - 32 -

[*32] At some time after December 5, 2013, the date on which Mr. Scott signed

and issued Mr. Scott’s December 5, 2013 appraisal report, Mr. Douglas used Mr.

Dryer’s draft letter regarding petitioners’ residence to prepare a letter that showed

the date of October 12, 2012 (Mr. Douglas’ draft letter dated October 12, 2012).

Mr. Douglas’ draft letter dated October 12, 2012 was identical to Mr. Dryer’s draft

letter regarding petitioners’ residence except that it was dated October 12, 2012,

and contained the following statement: “The appraised value of the house [peti-

tioners’ residence] is $236,000.” Mr. Dryer did not prepare and was not respon-

sible for any language in Mr. Douglas’ draft letter dated October 12, 2012, that

purported to show the value of petitioners’ residence.

Certain Tax Returns and Certain Tax Return Preparers of Petitioners

      Petitioners generally did not prepare their individual tax returns or the S

corporation tax returns of Mr. Presley’s optometry businesses. Instead, they

generally retained return preparers to prepare those tax returns.

      The Presleys retained on a computer server (server) virtually all, if not all,

of the records pertaining to Mr. Presley’s optometry businesses, PFM, PFM

Farms, and themselves. The Presleys allowed certain individuals who worked for

Mr. Presley’s optometry businesses, PFM, PFM Farms, and/or themselves, in-

cluding Mr. Douglas, Mr. Dryer, and the individual who prepared their tax return
                                         - 33 -

[*33] and any amended tax return for each of their taxable years 2010 and 2012

(the two years at issue), to have access to that server.

      Sometime on or after October 20, 2009, petitioners filed Form 1040, U.S.

Individual Income Tax Return (Form 1040), for their taxable year 2008 (2008

return), which Shauna Wortinger, a certified public accountant (C.P.A.) and a so-

called paid return preparer, had prepared.

      In their 2008 return, petitioners reported total income of $203,997. In

calculating that total income, petitioners reduced other items of income that they

reported in their 2008 return by a claimed farm loss of $65,666.

      As required because petitioners claimed in their 2008 return a farm loss of

$65,666, petitioners included with that return Schedule F (2008 Schedule F). In

their 2008 Schedule F, petitioners showed Mr. Presley as the proprietor and blue-

berries as the principal product of the business to which that schedule pertained.

In their 2008 Schedule F, petitioners reported no income and claimed $65,666 of

total expenses and a loss of the same amount.

      Sometime on or after April 8, 2011, petitioners filed Form 1040X, Amended

U.S. Individual Income Tax Return, for their taxable year 2008 (amended 2008

return), which Robert A. Johnson (Mr. Johnson), a C.P.A. and an employee of the

Presleys, Mr. Presley’s optometry businesses, and/or PFM Farms, had prepared.
                                       - 34 -

[*34] Mr. Johnson prepared petitioners’ amended 2008 return in his capacity as an

employee of petitioners, Mr. Presley’s optometry businesses, and/or PFM Farms,

not as a paid return preparer.

      Petitioners included an attachment with their amended 2008 return that

stated, inter alia: “Farm Income and Expense was incorrectly reported on the

taxpayer’s [sic] 2008 Form 1040 as originally prepared.” The amount of $65,666,

which was the amount of the farm loss that petitioners claimed in their 2008 return

and in their 2008 Schedule F, appeared next to that statement in that attachment to

their amended 2008 return.

      Petitioners filed Form 1040 for their taxable year 2009 (2009 return).31 In

their 2009 return, petitioners reported total income of $813,776. In calculating

that total income, petitioners reduced other items of income that they reported in

their 2009 return by a claimed farm loss of $1,402.

      As required because petitioners claimed in their 2009 return a farm loss of

$1,402, petitioners included with their 2009 return Schedule F (2009 Schedule F).

In their 2009 Schedule F, petitioners showed Mr. Presley as the proprietor and

blueberries as the principal product of the business to which that schedule per-

      31
        The copy of petitioners’ 2009 return in the record does not identify any
return preparer.
                                       - 35 -

[*35] tained. In their 2009 Schedule F, petitioners reported no income and

claimed $1,402 of total expenses and a loss of the same amount.

      On September 15, 2011, petitioners filed Form 1040 for their taxable year

2010 (2010 return), which Mr. Johnson had prepared. Mr. Johnson prepared pe-

titioners’ 2010 return in his capacity as an employee of petitioners, Mr. Presley’s

optometry businesses, and/or PFM Farms, not as a paid return preparer.

      In their 2010 return, petitioners reported total income of $698,721. In cal-

culating that total income, petitioners reduced other items of income that they

reported in their 2010 return by a claimed farm loss of $45,995.

      Petitioners included Schedule A, Itemized Deductions, with their 2010

return (2010 Schedule A). In their 2010 Schedule A, petitioners claimed, inter

alia, charitable contribution deductions totaling $337,114. Of that total amount of

claimed charitable contribution deductions, petitioners indicated in their 2010

Schedule A that (1) $257,217 represented “[g]ifts by cash or check,” (2) $4,145

represented gifts “[o]ther than cash or check,” and (3) $75,752 represented a

“[c]arryover from prior year”.

      As required because petitioners claimed in their 2010 return a farm loss of

$45,995, petitioners included with their 2010 return Schedule F (2010 Sched-

ule F). In their 2010 Schedule F, petitioners showed Mr. Presley as the proprietor
                                        - 36 -

[*36] and blueberries as the principal product of the business to which that

schedule pertained. In their 2010 Schedule F, petitioners reported $129 of gross

income and claimed $46,124 of total expenses and a loss of $45,995.

      Petitioners included with their 2010 return Form 8283 (2010 Form 8283)

relating to noncash charitable contributions claimed in their 2010 return. Peti-

tioners completed Section A, Donated Property of $5,000 or Less and Certain

Publicly Traded Securities (2010 Section A), of their 2010 Form 8283. In their

2010 Section A, petitioners showed noncash contributions to Goodwill Industries

for filing cabinets, keyboards, a TV, linens, toys, clothes, books, a suitcase, and

housewares and claimed a total value for those items of $3,179. Nowhere in their

2010 Section A, their 2010 Form 8283, or in any other form, schedule, or attach-

ment to their 2010 return did petitioners include any reference to or any informa-

tion regarding a claimed charitable contribution deduction for a tractor/mower or

any other similar equipment. Nonetheless, petitioners included $3,000 for a

tractor/mower (tractor/mower in question) as part of their claimed total charitable

contribution deductions of $337,114 in their 2010 Schedule A.32 It was Mr. John-

      32
        We are able to find that petitioners included $3,000 for the tractor/mower
in question as part of their claimed total charitable contribution deductions of
$337,114 only because the parties stipulated that fact, and not from petitioners’
2010 return. It is not clear from our review of petitioners’ 2010 return where in
                                                                        (continued...)
                                       - 37 -

[*37] son who calculated the amount that petitioners claimed as a charitable con-

tribution deduction for the tractor/mower in question that petitioners had told him

they contributed to PFM. He made that calculation on the basis of, inter alia, his

review of the invoice for the purchase of the tractor/mower in question. He also

reviewed on various websites the prices of other tractor/mowers that he considered

to be similar in type and age to the tractor/mower in question. Mr. Johnson as-

signed a value of $3,000 to the tractor/mower in question because that value was

between the highest price and the lowest price shown for such other similar

tractor/mowers on the websites that he visited.33

      Petitioners left blank the following parts of Section B (2010 Section B) of

their 2010 Form 8283 relating to donated property valued over $5,000 (except

certain publicly traded securities): Part I, Information on Donated Property (Part

I); Part III, Declaration of Appraiser (Part III); and Part IV, Donee Acknowl-

edgement (Part IV). Mr. Presley signed and dated September 15, 2011, Part II,

      32
        (...continued)
their 2010 Schedule A (or in any other part of their 2010 return) they claimed that
deduction.
      33
        The $3,000 value that Mr. Johnson believed was appropriate for petition-
ers to deduct for the tractor/mower in question was shown in each of PFM’s draft
letter No. 2 and PFM’s draft letter No. 3 (discussed above) as the value of that
tractor/mower.
                                       - 38 -

[*38] Taxpayer (Donor) Statement (Part II), of their 2010 Section B. Nowhere in

their 2010 Schedule A, their 2010 Form 8283, or any other form, schedule, or

attachment to their 2010 return did petitioners include any reference to or any

information regarding a claimed charitable contribution deduction with respect to

PFM Farms’ blueberry farm, the required land improvement expenses that PFM

Farms paid before 2010, the ponds that PFM Farms created on PFM’s Tulsa

property, or any other improvements that PFM Farms made to PFM’s Tulsa

property. Nonetheless, petitioners included the required land improvement

expenses of $107,364 that PFM Farms had paid before 2010 as part of their

claimed deductions of $257,217 for charitable “[g]ifts by cash or check”.34

      When Mr. Johnson prepared petitioners’ 2010 return, he was not aware that

the reason PFM Farms created the ponds on PFM’s Tulsa property was to provide

irrigation to PFM Farms’ blueberry farm, which PFM intended to operate on the

PFM leased property. When Mr. Johnson prepared petitioners’ 2010 return, he

was aware that PFM owned the property on which PFM Farms had created the

      34
        We are able to find that petitioners included the required land improve-
ment expenses of $107,364 that PFM Farms had paid before 2010 as part of their
claimed deductions of $257,217 for charitable “[g]ifts by cash or check” only be-
cause the parties stipulated that fact, and not from petitioners’ 2010 return. It is
not clear from our review of petitioners’ 2010 return where in their 2010 Schedule
A (or in any other part of their 2010 return) they claimed that deduction.
                                       - 39 -

[*39] ponds and that PFM Farms was leasing certain acres on that property from

PFM.

       Mr. Johnson advised the Presleys that they should claim a charitable con-

tribution deduction for the required land improvement expenses that PFM Farms

had paid before 2010.35 He gave them that advice because, as he explained to

them, they should have deducted those expenses for taxable years before their

taxable year 2010 but did not do so because of errors in the preparation of their

2008 return and their 2009 return. When Mr. Johnson advised petitioners to

deduct the required land improvement expenses in their 2010 return, he had not

       35
         In determining the amount that petitioners should claim in their 2010
return as a charitable contribution deduction for the required land improvement
expenses that PFM Farms paid before 2010, Mr. Johnson and others began by
reviewing invoices, canceled checks, and similar documents relating to those
expenses. The parties stipulated that PFM Farms paid $119,182.36 of required
land improvement expenses before 2010 and that petitioners deducted as a chari-
table contribution $107,364 of those expenses in their 2010 return. On brief, peti-
tioners offer the following explanation for the difference between the amount of
the required land improvement expenses that the parties stipulated PFM Farms
paid before 2010 (i.e., $119,182.36) and the amount of those expenses that they
deducted in their 2010 return (i.e., $107,364): “Petitioners did not take a deduc-
tion for the full amount of the expenses incurred ($119,182.36) as they applied a
10 percent discount to that total, resulting in a reported deduction of only
$107,364 on their 2010 tax return.” The amount claimed in petitioners’ 2010 re-
turn as a charitable contribution for the required land improvement expenses that
PFM Farms paid before 2010 (i.e., $107,364) was shown in PFM’s draft letter No.
2 as the value of the “Land/Pond work” (discussed above). However, PFM’s draft
letter No. 3 (also discussed above) showed the value of the“Land/Pond work” as
$150,000.
                                       - 40 -

[*40] done any research regarding the propriety of a charitable contribution

deduction for a taxpayer’s expenses paid by the taxpayer before the year for which

the deduction is claimed.

      On November 19, 2013, respondent received from petitioners Form 1040X

for their taxable year 2010 (2010 Form 1040X), which Kathy L. Burch (Ms.

Burch), a C.P.A. and an attorney with a master’s degree in taxation, had pre-

pared.36 Respondent did not process petitioners’ 2010 return Form 1040X

(unprocessed 2010 Form 1040X).

      Petitioners included Form 1040 for taxable year 2010 with their unproc-

essed 2010 Form 1040X, which Ms. Burch had prepared and on which someone

had stamped at the top of each page the words “AS AMENDED”. (We shall refer

to Form 1040 for taxable year 2010, which petitioners included with their unproc-

essed 2010 Form 1040X, as unprocessed amended 2010 return.) In their unproc-

essed amended 2010 return, petitioners reported total income of $676,891 and

claimed, inter alia, in Schedule A (2010 amended Schedule A) charitable contribu-

tion deductions totaling $337,114. Of that total amount of charitable contribution

deductions claimed in their 2010 amended Schedule A, petitioners indicated that

      36
        Ms. Burch, who began representing petitioners sometime in 2010, had
experience in providing advice, inter alia, with respect to tax-exempt organizations
and the requirements for deducting charitable contributions.
                                        - 41 -

[*41] (1) $332,969 represented “[g]ifts by cash or check” and (2) $4,145 repre-

sented gifts “[o]ther than cash or check.

      Petitioners included with their unprocessed amended 2010 return Schedule

F (unprocessed amended 2010 Schedule F). Petitioners’ unprocessed amended

2010 Schedule F was identical in all material respects to their 2010 Schedule F

that they had included with their 2010 return.

      Petitioners did not include Form 8283 with their unprocessed amended 2010

return. Nowhere in their unprocessed amended 2010 return or in any form, sched-

ule, or attachment to that return did petitioners include any reference to or any in-

formation regarding a claimed charitable contribution deduction with respect to

PFM Farms’ blueberry farm, the expenses that PFM incurred for the required land

improvement work on PFM’s Tulsa property, the ponds that PFM Farms created

on the PFM leased property, any other improvements that PFM Farms made to

PFM’s Tulsa property, a tractor/mower, or any other similar equipment.

      On October 15, 2013, petitioners timely filed Form 1040 for their taxable

year 2012 (2012 return), which Ms. Burch had prepared. In their 2012 return,

petitioners reported total income of $880,879. In calculating that total income,

petitioners reduced other items of income that they reported in their 2012 return by

a claimed farm loss of $27,259.
                                        - 42 -

[*42] Petitioners included Schedule A with their 2012 return (2012 Schedule A).

In their 2012 Schedule A, petitioners claimed, inter alia, charitable contribution

deductions totaling $440,440. Of that total amount of charitable contribution de-

ductions claimed, petitioners indicated in their 2012 Schedule A that (1) $267,213

represented “[g]ifts by cash or check” and (2) $235,422 represented gifts “[o]ther

than cash or check”.37 The $235,422 claimed deduction for gifts “[o]ther than cash

or check” was the charitable contribution deduction that petitioners claimed in

their 2012 return with respect to petitioners’ residence.

      As required because petitioners claimed in their 2012 return a farm loss of

$27,259, petitioners included with their 2012 return Schedule F (2012 Schedule

F). In their 2012 Schedule F, petitioners showed Mr. Presley as the proprietor and

blueberries as the principal product of the business to which that schedule per-

tained. In their 2012 Schedule F, petitioners reported $1,711 of gross income and

claimed $28,970 of total expenses and a loss of $27,259.

      Petitioners included with their 2012 return Section B only of Form 8283

(2012 Section B). In their 2012 Section B, petitioners completed Part I, the listing

      37
         In addition, the following statement appeared on line 19 of their 2012
Schedule A, the line on which petitioners were required to show the total amount
of gifts to charity that they were claiming for their taxable year 2012: “Disallowed
contributions . . . . . [$]-62,195”.
                                        - 43 -

[*43] of information on the “donated” property, (1) by checking the box next to

the preprinted phrase “Other Real Estate”; (2) by describing the “donated prop-

erty” as a single family residence and its condition at the time of the “gift” as

good; and (3) by representing (a) that the appraised fair market value of the “dona-

ted property” was $235,422, (b) that it was acquired in May 1992 by purchase, and

(c) that the donor’s cost or adjusted basis was $104,500. Petitioners left blank Part

II, which was the donor statement. Part III, which was the declaration of the ap-

praiser, was also left blank. Part IV, which was the donee acknowledgement, was

partially completed and contained the following information: (1) the “donated”

property was received by the donee on April 30, 2012; (2) the donee did not intend

to use that property for an “unrelated use”; and (3) the donee was PFM.38 No

authorized representative of PFM (or any other individual) signed and dated Part

IV of petitioners’ 2012 Section B.

      At times not disclosed by the record before petitioners filed their 2012 re-

turn, Mr. Dryer had done some research and had discussed with Mr. Presley (or his

designee) on three different occasions whether he believed that petitioners should

be entitled to a charitable contribution deduction with respect to their transferring

      38
        The address of PFM was also shown in Part IV of petitioners’ 2012
Section B.
                                        - 44 -

[*44] to PFM legal title to petitioners’ residence while continuing to live in that

residence. Mr. Dryer’s research included research as to whether PFM’s allowing

petitioners to continue to live in petitioners’ residence as a parsonage (parsonage

benefit) after they deeded that residence to PFM would constitute a so-called re-

turn benefit to them (i.e., a benefit that petitioners received from PFM in return for

their deeding petitioners’ residence to PFM), which would result in their not being

entitled to deduct the value of petitioners’ residence as a charitable contribution to

PFM. Mr. Dryer concluded on the basis of his research that petitioners’ continu-

ing to live in petitioners’ residence after they deeded it to PFM should not be con-

sidered a return benefit. That was because he believed that PFM’s providing that

parsonage benefit to petitioners should be viewed as compensation to which Mr.

Presley would be entitled in return for conducting various activities and perform-

ing other services for or on behalf of PFM.

      After completing his research and analysis, Mr. Dryer advised petitioners

(or their designee) that, in his opinion, they should be entitled to a charitable con-

tribution deduction with respect to their transferring to PFM legal title to petition-

ers’ residence while continuing to live in that residence as a parsonage. Mr. Dryer

further informed petitioners that his advice as to the deductibility of the value of

petitioners’ residence as a charitable contribution was conditioned on petitioners’
                                        - 45 -

[*45] compliance with the pertinent tax law and all the pertinent rules and regula-

tions applicable to gifts to charity of substantial noncash contributions, including

obtaining an appraisal of petitioners’ residence because petitioners’ residence had

a value in excess of $5,00039 and completing certain parts, and having completed

by an appraiser and PFM (the donee charity) certain other respective parts, of

Section B of Form 8283. In formulating his advice with respect to whether peti-

tioners should be entitled to a charitable contribution deduction if they were to

donate petitioners’ residence to PFM and continue to live in it, Mr. Dryer re-

viewed the version of Form 8283 that was in effect for taxable year 2012 and gave

petitioners some instructions about how to complete that form in order to comply

with the various rules and regulations applicable to substantial noncash charitable

contributions. Mr. Dryer further advised petitioners (or their designee) that if Mr.

Presley were to stop conducting activities and performing other services for or on

behalf of PFM and were to desire to continue living in petitioners’ residence, they

would be required to pay to PFM fair rental value for the right to do so.

      Respondent assigned a revenue agent to examine petitioners’ taxable years

2010 and 2012. The revenue agent, inter alia, proposed the initial determination

      39
        Mr. Dryer discussed the requirement that petitioners obtain an appraisal of
petitioners’ residence during the first discussion that he had with petitioners (or
their designee) about their desire to donate that residence to PFM.
                                         - 46 -

[*46] that petitioners are liable for each of their taxable years 2010 and 2012 for

the accuracy-related penalty under section 6662(a). After the revenue agent in

question made that initial determination under section 6662(a), she gave the

manager of the group (group manager) in which she worked, who was her im-

mediate supervisor, a document titled “Civil Penalty Approval Form” (penalty

approval form), which she had completed as follows. The following statements

appeared in a section of the penalty approval form titled “Reason(s) for Assertion

of Penalty(s)”: “The additional tax due for 2010 and 2012 is over $5,000 so the

substantial understatement penalty does apply. TPs were negligent for not keeping

proper documentation.” The following pertinent portion of a preprinted statement

appared on the penalty approval form immediately below those just-quoted state-

ments: “Group Manager Approval to Assess Penalties Identified Above”. On July

16, 2014, the group manager signed and dated July 16, 2014, the penalty approval

form as completed by the revenue agent.

      On July 7, 2016, respondent issued a notice of deficiency to petitioners for

their taxable years 2010 and 2012 (notice).40 In the notice, respondent determined

      40
         In certain filings by the parties that we ordered with respect to sec.
6751(b)(1) after this case was submitted, the parties agree that an Appeals Office
of respondent issued the notice after the conclusion of that office’s consideration
of petitioners’ position with respect to the proposed determinations of the revenue
                                                                          (continued...)
                                       - 47 -

[*47] for petitioners’ taxable year 2010 to disallow the respective claimed charita-

ble contribution deductions of $107,364 for the required land improvement expen-

ses and $3,000 for the donated tractor/mower.41 In the notice, respondent further

determined for petitioners’ taxable year 2012 to disallow the claimed noncash

charitable contribution deduction of $235,422 for petitioners’ residence.42

      In the notice, respondent also determined that petitioners are liable for each

of their taxable years 2010 and 2012 for the accuracy-related penalty under sec-

tion 6662(a).

      40
        (...continued)
agent for petitioners’ taxable years 2010 and 2012, including the proposed
determinations under sec. 6662(a).
      41
        In the notice, respondent disallowed for their taxable year 2010 cash
contributions totaling $112,574 but allowed additional noncash contributions of
$2,022. Consequently, the total adjustment in the notice for petitioners’ taxable
year 2010 with respect to charitable contribution deductions is $110,552 (dis-
allowed claimed cash charitable contributions of $112,574) minus $2,022 (al-
lowed additional cash charitable contributions). Only $110,364 of that total
adjustment is at issue.
      42
        In the notice, respondent disallowed for petitioners’ taxable year 2012 the
claimed noncash charitable contribution of $235,422 for petitioners’ residence but
allowed other noncash charitable contributions of $19,204. Respondent also al-
lowed in the notice for petitioners’ taxable year 2012 additional cash charitable
contributions of $40,811. Consequently, the total adjustment in the notice for
petitioners’ taxable year 2012 with respect to charitable contribution deductions is
$175,407 (disallowed claimed noncash charitable contribution for petitioners’
residence of $235,422) minus $19,204 (allowed other noncash charitable contribu-
tions) minus $40,811 (allowed additional cash charitable contributions).
                                         - 48 -

[*48]                                 OPINION

        Petitioners bear the burden of establishing that the determinations in the

notice that remain at issue are erroneous. See Rule 142(a); Welch v. Helvering,

290 U.S. 111, 115 (1933). Deductions are a matter of legislative grace, and pe-

titioners bear the burden of proving entitlement to any deductions claimed. See

INDOPCO, Inc. v. Commissioner, 503 U.S. 79, 84 (1992). The Code and the

regulations thereunder required petitioners to maintain records sufficient to es-

tablish the amounts of any deductions claimed. See sec. 6001; sec. 1.6001-1(a),

Income Tax Regs.

        Before considering the issues presented, we summarize our evaluation of

the following witnesses who testified at the trial in this case: Mr. Presley, Ms.

Presley, Mr. Johnson, Ms. Burch, and Mr. Dryer.

        We found the testimony of Mr. Presley to be inconsistent in certain material

respects with certain testimony of certain other witnesses and with certain docu-

mentary evidence. We also found Mr. Presley’s testimony to be questionable in

certain other material respects.

        We found the testimony of Ms. Presley to be internally inconsistent at times

and to be inconsistent at other times with Mr. Presley’s testimony.
                                        - 49 -

[*49] We found the testimony of Mr. Johnson to be internally inconsistent in cer-

tain material respects and to be inconsistent in certain material respects with cer-

tain testimony of certain other witnesses and with certain documentary evidence.

      We found the testimony of Ms. Burch to be not credible in certain material

respects.

      We found the testimony of Mr. Dryer to be inconsistent in certain material

respects with certain testimony of certain other witnesses and with certain docu-

mentary evidence.

      We are not required to, and we will not, rely on the testimony of any witness

whose testimony we question in order to establish petitioners’ position with re-

spect to each of the issues remaining for decision. See, e.g., Tokarski v. Commis-

sioner, 87 T.C. 74, 77 (1986).

Claimed Charitable Contribution Deductions

      We must decide whether petitioners are entitled for their taxable year 2010

to deduct under section 170(a): (1) $107,364 for a claimed charitable contribution

to PFM relating to certain required land improvement expenses that PFM Farms

paid before 2010 and (2) $3,000 for a claimed charitable contribution of the trac-

tor/mower in question. We must also decide whether petitioners are entitled for

their taxable year 2012 to deduct under section 170(a) $235,422 for a claimed
                                        - 50 -

[*50] charitable contribution to PFM of petitioners’ residence. Before addressing

those issues, we summarize briefly the relevant statutory and regulatory frame-

work within which we must resolve each of them.

      Section 170(a) allows a deduction for any charitable contribution, as defined

in section 170(c), that is made during a taxable year. A taxpayer claiming a de-

duction under section 170(a) must satisfy certain statutory and regulatory require-

ments. See, e.g., sec. 170(a), (c), (f); secs. 1.170A-1, 1.170A-13(a) through (f),

Income Tax Regs. (We shall sometimes refer collectively to the requirements

under section 170 and the regulations thereunder that are pertinent here as the per-

tinent charitable contribution deduction requirements.) The pertinent charitable

contribution deduction requirements that a taxpayer must satisfy vary depending

on (1) whether the claimed contribution consists of money or property other than

money and (2) the claimed value of the contribution. See sec. 170(a), (c), (f); secs.

1.170A-1, 1.170A-13(a)-(c), Income Tax Regs.

      2010

             Claimed charitable contribution deduction
             relating to required land improvement expenses

      We consider whether petitioners are entitled for their taxable year 2010 to

deduct under section 170(a) $107,364 for a claimed charitable contribution to
                                       - 51 -

[*51] PFM relating to the required land improvement expenses that PFM Farms

paid before 2010. In stating that issue, we intentionally use the phrase “relating

to” the required land improvement expenses. That is because it is unclear from

our review of the record what petitioners are contending Mr. Presley contributed

to PFM during 2010 relating to the required land improvement expenses for which

they are claiming a deduction under section 170(a). In this regard, we note that

certain testimonial evidence (e.g., the respective testimonies of Mr. Presley, Mr.

Dryer, and Mr. Johnson) and certain documentary evidence (e.g., the October 20,

2010 minutes of PFM’s board that Mr. Dryer drafted, Mr. Dryer’s draft 2010 letter

No. 1, PFM’s draft letter No. 2, and PFM’s draft letter No. 3) contain inconsistent

(and sometimes internally inconsistent) statements about what Mr. Presley pur-

portedly contributed to PFM during 2010 relating to the required land improve-

ment expenses.

      By way of illustration of certain inconsistent (and sometimes internally

inconsistent) testimonial evidence, Mr. Presley testified that he informed Mr.

Dryer and Mr. Johnson that in 2010 he donated to PFM his wholly owned limited

liability company, PFM Farms. Certain testimony of Mr. Dryer43 is inconsistent

      43
        At all relevant times, including during 2010, Mr. Dryer, an attorney, repre-
sented the Presleys, Mr. Presley’s optometry businesses, PFM, and/or PFM Farms.
                                       - 52 -

[*52] with that testimony. Mr. Dryer testified that it was his understanding that in

2010 Mr. Presley contributed to PFM the ponds that PFM Farms had created on

PFM’s Tulsa property and that those ponds were to be used for swimming, fishing,

canoeing, paddle boating, and other forms of enjoyment.44

      Certain testimony of Mr. Johnson45 regarding his understanding of what Mr.

Presley contributed to PFM in 2010 relating to the required land improvement

expenses also is inconsistent with Mr. Presley’s testimony and is consistent with

Mr. Dryer’s testimony. Mr. Johnson testified that it was his understanding when

he prepared petitioners’ 2010 return that Mr. Presley had donated to PFM in 2010

the ponds that PFM Farms had created on PFM’s Tulsa property and that those

ponds were to be used for swimming, fishing, canoeing, paddle boating, and other

forms of enjoyment.46

      44
       Mr. Dryer’s testimony, however, is inconsistent with the October 20, 2010
minutes that he prepared at the request of Mr. Presley and that described a pro-
posed donation by Mr. Presley to PFM of “land and soil preparation in order to
develop ministry land”.
      45
        Mr. Johnson prepared petitioners’ 2010 return. When he prepared that
return, Mr. Johnson was a C.P.A. and an employee of petitioners, Mr. Presleys’
optometry businesses, and/or PFM Farms.
      46
         When Mr. Johnson prepared petitioners’ 2010 return, he was not aware
that the reason PFM Farms created the ponds on PFM’s Tulsa property was to
provide irrigation to PFM Farms’ blueberry farm, which it intended to operate on
                                                                     (continued...)
                                        - 53 -

[*53] However, certain other testimony of Mr. Johnson appears to be internally

inconsistent with his testimony described above and also inconsistent with Mr.

Dryer’s testimony regarding what Mr. Presley contributed to PFM in 2010 relating

to the required land improvement expenses. Mr. Johnson testified, and we have

found, that he advised the Presleys that they should claim a charitable contribution

deduction for the required land improvement expenses that PFM Farms paid be-

fore 2010.47 Mr. Presley also testified, and we have also found, that he gave the

Presleys that advice because, as he explained to them, they should have deducted

those expenses for taxable years before their taxable year 2010 but did not do so

because of errors in the preparation of their 2008 return and their 2009 return.

      By way of illustration of certain inconsistent (and sometimes internally

inconsistent) documentary evidence, the October 20, 2010 minutes of PFM’s

board stated in pertinent part: “The first order of business related to reviewing the

proposed donation of * * * land and soil preparation in order to develop ministry

      46
        (...continued)
that property. When Mr. Johnson prepared petitioners’ 2010 return, he was aware
that PFM owned the property on which PFM Farms had created the ponds and that
PFM Farms was leasing from PFM four to five acres of that property.
      47
        When Mr. Johnson advised petitioners to deduct the required land im-
provement expenses in their 2010 return, he had not done any research regarding
the propriety of a charitable contribution deduction for a taxpayer’s expenses paid
by the taxpayer before the year for which the deduction is claimed.
                                        - 54 -

[*54] land for future needs in accord with its exempt purpose.”48 Mr. Dryer’s draft

2010 letter No. 1 is inconsistent with the October 20, 2010 minutes in that that

draft letter stated: “You donated the beautiful water ponds to the ministry

enabling our youth and others to enjoy water sports, fishing, wildlife, and the

beautiful setting. This provides a wonderful ministry setting and we thank you.”49

PFM’s draft letter No. 2 and PFM’s draft letter No. 3 are both consistent and

inconsistent with the October 20, 2010 minutes and Mr. Dryer’s draft 2010 letter

No. 1. Those letters stated: “You donated the equipment and beautiful water

ponds to the ministry enabling our youth and others to enjoy water sports, fishing,

wildlife, and the beautiful setting. This provides a wonderful ministry setting and

we thank you.” However, those same two letters also stated inconsistently that

Mr. Presley’s donation to PFM was “Land/Pond Work”.

      On brief, petitioners further compound the problems created by certain

testimonial and documentary evidence as to what Mr. Presley purportedly con-

tributed to PFM in 2010 relating to the required land improvement expenses.

Petitioners do so when they (1) contend a few times on brief that Mr. Presley

      48
           However, see supra note 44 and accompanying text.
      49
           However, see supra note 44 and accompanying text.
                                        - 55 -

[*55] “made an outright gift [in 2010] of the land improvements to PFM”50 and

(2) also contend throughout their brief, inconsistently we believe, that they are

entitled for their taxable year 2010 to deduct $107,364 of the required land

improvement expenses under section 1.170A-1(g), Income Tax Regs.,51 Van

Dusen v. Commissioner, 136 T.C. 515 (2011), and Babilonia v. Commissioner,

T.C. Memo. 1980-207, 1980 WL 4053, aff’d per curiam, 681 F.2d 678 (9th Cir.

1982).52

      Despite the lack of clarity in the record as to what petitioners are claiming

and what purportedly Mr. Presley contributed to PFM during 2010 relating to the

required land improvement expenses, as well as regarding what their representa-

      50
       However, as discussed below, petitioners inconsistently concede on brief
that PFM, not PFM Farms, owned the property on which PFM Farms created the
ponds. Moreover, petitioners acknowledge on brief that “petitioners did not own
the improvements made to the [PFM] land or any of the existing ponds” that PFM
Farms created.
      51
        Sec. 1.170A-1(g), Income Tax Regs., provides in pertinent part that “unre-
imbursed expenditures made incident to the rendition of services to an organiza-
tion contributions to which are deductible may constitute a deductible contribu-
tion.”
      52
         Petitioners acknowledge on brief that there are other pertinent charitable
contribution deduction requirements with respect to substantiation (charitable con-
tribution deduction substantiation requirements) that apply, inter alia, to petition-
ers’ claimed deduction under sec. 170(a) relating to the required land improvement
expenses.
                                       - 56 -

[*56] tives, Mr. Dryer and Mr. Johnson, understood Mr. Presley contributed to

PFM in 2010 relating to those expenses, we now address whether petitioners are

entitled for their taxable year 2010 to deduct under section 170(a) $107,364 for a

claimed charitable contribution relating to the required land improvement ex-

penses.

      We address first whether petitioners are entitled for their taxable year 2010

to a charitable contribution deduction for $107,364 because, as petitioners contend

a few times on brief and Mr. Dryer and Mr. Johnson testified at trial, Mr. Presley

contributed to PFM in 2010 the ponds that PFM Farms created on PFM’s Tulsa

property. Petitioners concede that PFM, not petitioners through PFM Farms,

owned PFM’s Tulsa property on which PFM Farms created the ponds. Petitioners

also concede on brief that “petitioners did not own the improvements made to the

[PFM] land or any of the existing ponds” that PFM Farms created. Petitioners

through PFM Farms could not have contributed to PFM in 2010 or any other year

the ponds which PFM Farms created on PFM’s Tulsa property and which they

concede they did not own through PFM Farms.

      On the record, before us, we find that petitioners have failed to carry their

burden of establishing that in 2010 Mr. Presley contributed to PFM the ponds that
                                         - 57 -

[*57] PFM Farms created on PFM’s Tulsa property.53 On that record, we find that

petitioners have failed to carry their burden of establishing that they are entitled

for their taxable year 2010 to a charitable contribution deduction of $107,364 for

the ponds that PFM Farms created on PFM’s Tulsa property.

      We turn next to whether petitioners are entitled for their taxable year 2010

to deduct under section 170(a) $107,364 of the required land improvement ex-

penses that PFM Farms paid before 2010. As discussed above, section 170(a)

allows a deduction for any charitable contribution, as defined in section 170(c),

that is made during a taxable year. See sec. 1.170A-1(a), Income Tax Regs.54

Petitioners acknowledge that PFM Farms paid the required land improvement

expenses before 2010. On the record before us, we find that petitioners have

failed to carry their burden of establishing that they are entitled for their taxable

      53
        Even if we had not found that petitioners failed to carry their burden of
establishing that in 2010 Mr. Presley contributed to PFM the ponds that PFM
Farms created on PFM’s Tulsa property, we would nonetheless find that peti-
tioners have failed to carry their burden of establishing that they satisfy all of the
charitable contribution deduction substantiation requirements that apply to that
claimed charitable contribution.
      54
        Sec. 1.170A-1(a), Income Tax Regs., provides in pertinent part: “Any
charitable contribution, as defined in section 170(c), actually paid during the tax-
able year is allowable as a deduction in computing taxable income irrespective of
the method of accounting employed or of the date on which the contribution is
pledged.”
                                        - 58 -

[*58] year 2010 to deduct under section 170(a) $107,364 of the required land im-

provement expenses that PFM Farms paid before 2010.

      Even if PFM Farms had paid the required land improvement expenses in

2010, we would find on the record before us that petitioners have failed to carry

their burden of establishing that they satisfy section 1.170A-1(g), Income Tax

Regs. Pursuant to that regulation, in order for the required land improvement

expenses to be deductible under section 170(a), PFM Farms must have incurred

them “incident to the rendition of services to” PFM. We have held that in order to

be deductible under section 170(a) and section 1.170A-1(g), Income Tax Regs.,

“unreimbursed expenses must be directly connected with and solely attributable to

the rendition of services to a charitable organization.” Van Dusen v. Commission-

er, 136 T.C. at 525 (citing Saltzman v. Commissioner, 54 T.C. 722, 724 (1970)).

PFM Farms paid the required land improvement expenses for the purpose of, inter

alia, creating the ponds on PFM’s Tulsa property in order to have an irrigation

source for PFM Farms’ blueberry farm, which PFM Farms intended to operate for

profit on the leased PFM property. On the record before us, even if PFM Farms

had paid the required land improvement expenses in 2010, we would find that

petitioners have failed to carry their burden of establishing that the required land
                                        - 59 -

[*59] improvement expenses that PFM Farms paid were directly connected with or

solely attributable to the rendition of services to PFM by PFM Farms.

      Even if PFM Farms had paid the required land improvement expenses in

2010 and those expenses were directly connected with and solely attributable to

the rendition of services to PFM by PFM Farms, we would find on the record

before us that petitioners have failed to carry their burden of establishing that they

satisfy the substantiation requirements in section 170(f)(8)(A) and (C) and section

1.170A-13(f)(1) and (3), Income Tax Regs. Those authorities, which apply to

contributions of $250 or more, required petitioners to substantiate the claimed

contribution relating to the required land improvement expenses with a contem-

poraneous written acknowledgement from PFM. See Van Dusen v. Commission-

er, 136 T.C. at 536. In order for the acknowledgement to be considered contem-

poraneous, the taxpayer must obtain it before the earlier of (1) the date on which

the taxpayer files the return claiming the deduction or (2) the due date, including

extensions, within which the taxpayer must file the return claiming the deduction.

See sec. 170(f)(8)(C); sec. 1.170A-13(f)(3), Income Tax Regs.; see also Van

Dusen v. Commissioner, 136 T.C. at 536-537.

      The record contains the following three different purported acknowledge-

ment letters from PFM that were addressed to PFM Farms: Mr. Dryer’s draft 2010
                                        - 60 -

[*60] letter No. 1, PFM’s draft letter No. 2, and PFM’s draft letter No. 3. None of

those letters is dated. Although the copy of each of those letters that is in the

record is signed by Mr. Douglas,55 petitioners have failed to carry their burden of

establishing that Mr. Douglas in fact signed Mr. Dryer’s draft 2010 letter No. 1,

PFM’s draft letter No. 2, and/or PFM’s draft letter No. 3. Even if the record had

established that Mr. Douglas signed one or more of those letters, petitioners have

failed to carry their burden of establishing when he signed any of them and sent

any of them to PFM Farms, Mr. Presley, and/or petitioners. On the record before

us, even if PFM Farms had paid the required land improvement expenses in 2010

and those expenses were directly connected with and solely attributable to the

rendition of services to PFM by PFM Farms, we would find that petitioners have

failed to carry their burden of establishing that they satisfy the substantiation

requirements in section 170(f)(8)(A) and (C) and section 1.170A-13(f)(1) and (3),

Income Tax Regs.

      Even if PFM Farms had paid the required land improvement expenses in

2010, those expenses were directly connected with and solely attributable to the

rendition of services to PFM, and Mr. Dryer’s draft 2010 letter No. 1, PFM’s draft

      55
       Mr. Douglas was an employee of petitioners, Mr. Presley’s optometry
businesses, and/or PFM Farms. Petitioners did not call Mr. Douglas as a witness.
                                         - 61 -

[*61] letter No. 2, and/or PFM’s draft letter No. 3 had been signed by Mr. Douglas

and had been sent to PFM within the time prescribed in section 170(f)(8)(C) and

section 1.170A-13(f)(3), Income Tax Regs., we would find on the record before us

that petitioners have failed to carry their burden of establishing that they satisfy

the substantiation requirements in section 170(f)(8)(B)(ii) and (iii) and section

1.170A-13(f)(2)(ii) and (iii), Income Tax Regs. Section 1.170A-13(f)(2)(ii),

Income Tax Regs., which was promulgated under section 170(f)(8)(B)(ii), requires

a donee organization to indicate in a contemporaneous written acknowledgement

“whether or not the donee organization provides any goods or services in consid-

eration, in whole or part, for any of the cash or other property transferred to the

donee organization.” Where the donee organization provides any goods or serv-

ices, section 170(f)(8)(B)(iii) and section 1.170A-13(f)(2)(iii), Income Tax Regs.,

require the donee organization to indicate in the contemporaneous written ac-

knowledgement “a description and good faith estimate of the value of those goods

or services”. Where the acknowledgement incorrectly states that “[n]o goods or

services were provided for the donation”, that donor acknowledgement fails to

satisfy the substantiation requirements in section 170(f)(8)(B)(ii) and (iii) and

section 1.170A-13(f)(2)(ii) and (iii), Income Tax Regs. See Viralam v. Commis-

sioner, 136 T.C. 151, 171 (2011). The following language appeared in each of the
                                       - 62 -

[*62] purported acknowledgement letters (i.e., Mr. Dryer’s draft 2010 letter No. 1,

PFM’s draft letter No. 2, and PFM’s draft letter No. 3): “No goods or services

were provided for the contributions given.” We have found that PFM Farms paid

the required land improvement expenses, inter alia, to create the ponds on an area

of PFM’s Tulsa property other than the leased PFM property as a source of irriga-

tion for PFM Farms’ blueberry farm, which PFM Farms intended to operate for

profit on that leased property.56 On the record before us, we find that PFM Farms

expected to benefit financially from the required land improvement expenses that

it paid by establishing and operating PFM Farms’ blueberry farm with the inten-

tion of making a profit.57 On that record, even if PFM Farms had paid the required

land improvement expenses in 2010, those expenses were directly connected with

and solely attributable to the rendition of service to PFM, and Mr. Dryer’s draft

2010 letter No. 1, PFM’s draft letter No. 2, and/or PFM’s draft letter No. 3 had

      56
        We also note that petitioners have failed to establish that the $1,000
annual rent that PFM Farms agreed to pay to PFM under the PFM Farms’ lease
represented the annual fair rental value for the four to five acres of PFM’s Tulsa
property that PFM Farms leased from PFM under that lease.
      57
         According to petitioners, Mr. Presley intended to contribute to PFM any
profit that PFM Farms received from operating the PFM Farms’ blueberry farm.
Even if he did so intend, that intention is immaterial to our finding that PFM
Farms expected to make a profit and thereby benefit financially from the required
land improvement expenses that it paid.
                                        - 63 -

[*63] been signed by Mr. Douglas and had been sent to PFM within the time pre-

scribed by section 170(f)(8)(C) and section 1.170A-13(f)(3), Income Tax Regs.,

we would find that petitioners have failed to carry their burden of establishing that

they satisfy the substantiation requirements in section 170(f)(8)(B)(ii) and (iii) and

section 1.170A-13(f)(2)(ii) and (iii), Income Tax Regs.58

      Based upon our examination of the entire record before us, we find that

petitioners have failed to carry their burden of establishing that they are entitled

for their taxable year 2010 to deduct under section 170(a) $107,364 of the required

land improvement expenses that PFM Farms paid before 2010.

                    Claimed charitable contribution
                    deduction for the tractor/mower in question

      We consider next whether petitioners are entitled for their taxable year 2010

to deduct under section 170(a)(1) $3,000 for a claimed charitable contribution to

PFM of the tractor/mower in question. It is respondent’s position that petitioners

are not entitled to do so because they did not comply with certain charitable con-

      58
        We would also find that petitioners have failed to carry their burden of
establishing that they satisfy the substantiation requirements in sec. 1.170A-
13(f)(10), Income Tax Regs., which prescribes an alternative way for a taxpayer to
substantiate unreimbursed expenditures incident to the rendition of services to a
charitable organization within the meaning of sec. 1.170A-1(g), Income Tax Regs.
(discussed above).
                                        - 64 -

[*64] tribution deduction substantiation requirements that apply to petitioners’

claimed $3,000 deduction for the tractor/mower in question.

      Petitioners concede on brief that they

      failed to properly substantiate the donation of the Toro Tractor [the
      tractor/mower in question] as they did not include any of the required
      information on Form 8283 in their 2010 tax return showing: (1) a
      description of the donated property; (2) the approximate date the
      mower was acquired and the manner of its acquisition; (3) the cost or
      other basis of the mower; (4) the fair market value of the mower at the
      time it was contributed; and (5) the method used in determining its
      fair market value. See I.R.C. § 170(f)(11)(B); Treas. Reg. §§ 1.170A-
      13(b)(ii)(C) [sic] and (D), (3)(i)(A) and (B).

      Although they concede that they do not satisfy certain charitable contribu-

tion deduction substantiation requirements that apply to their claimed $3,000

deduction for the tractor/mower in question, petitioners take the position that they

nonetheless are entitled to that claimed deduction. That is because, according to

petitioners, their “failure to meet those requirements is due to ‘reasonable cause

and not to willful neglect.’” As support for their position, petitioners rely on

section 170(f)(11)(A)(ii)(II). That section provides that section 170(f)(11)(A)(i)59

      59
        As pertinent here, sec. 170(f)(11)(A)(i) provides that no deduction under
sec. 170(a) will be allowed “for any contribution of property for which a deduction
of more than $500 is claimed unless * * * [the taxpayer] meets the requirements
of” sec. 170(f)(11)(B).
                                        - 65 -

[*65] “shall not apply if it is shown that the failure to meet such requirements [in

section 170(f)(11)(A)(i)] is due to reasonable cause and not to willful neglect.”

      In support of their position under section 170(f)(11)(A)(ii)(II), petitioners

contend as follows:

      Petitioners relied upon their competent tax adviser (Robert Johnson,
      C.P.A.) to prepare the [2010] Form 8283 with respect to the donation
      of the Toro Tractor mower. Mr. Johnson testified that he had unfet-
      tered access to Petitioners’ records and was provided with the make,
      model, and year of the mower as well as a soft copy of the invoice
      showing the original purchase, but simply failed to include the infor-
      mation on their [2010] Form 8283. Petitioners had no reason to doubt
      Mr. Johnson’s competence and believed that the mower had been co-
      rrectly reported on their 2010 tax return.

      Neither section 170(f)(11)(A)(ii)(II) nor the regulations thereunder provide

a definition of, or any helpful guidance with respect to, the term “reasonable

cause” which those authorities use.60 However, the term “reasonable cause” also

is used in certain Code provisions imposing additions to tax and penalties.61 See,

e.g., secs. 6651, 6652, 6664(c). Consequently, as we did in Crimi v. Commission-

er, T.C. Memo. 2013-51, at *99, we look for guidance as to the meaning of the

      60
        Nor do sec. 170(f)(11)(A)(ii)(II) and the regulations thereunder provide us
with a definition of, or any helpful guidance with respect to, the term “willful
neglect” that those authorities use.
      61
        The term “willful neglect” also is used in certain provisions of the Code
relating to the imposition of additions to tax and penalties. See, e.g., secs.
6651(a)(1) and (2), 6652(a).
                                        - 66 -

[*66] term “reasonable cause” in section 170(f)(11)(A)(ii)(II) to caselaw that has

considered the same term in the context of issues presented under those other

provisions.

      We note initially that reasonable cause requires a taxpayer to exercise ordin-

ary business care and prudence. See, e.g., United States v. Boyle, 469 U.S. 241,

246 (1985); McNair Eye Ctr., Inc. v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2010-81, 2010

WL 1558164, at *3. Moreover, the inquiry into whether reasonable cause is

present is a fact-intensive inquiry that requires a case-by-case examination of all

the facts and circumstances presented in each case. See, e.g., Crimi v. Commis-

sioner, at *99.

      Where, as here, a taxpayer claims to have relied on the advice of a profes-

sional, such as a C.P.A. or an attorney, the taxpayer has the burden of establishing

the following facts in order for us to sustain that claim: (1) the taxpayer reason-

ably believed that the professional was a competent tax adviser with sufficient ex-

pertise to justify reliance; (2) the taxpayer provided necessary and accurate infor-

mation to the professional who gave advice to the taxpayer; and (3) the taxpayer

relied in good faith on that advice. See Neonatology Assocs., P.A. v. Commis-

sioner, 115 T.C. 43, 98-99 (2000), aff’d, 299 F.3d 221 (3d Cir. 2002); Crimi v.

Commissioner, at *99.
                                        - 67 -

[*67] We decide only the question of whether petitioners relied in good faith on

Mr. Johnson when he presented them for their review the 2010 return which he

had prepared and in which there was a claimed charitable contribution deduction

of $3,000 for the tractor/mower in question.62 That is because our resolution of

that question resolves the issue under section 170(f)(11)(A)(ii)(II) of whether peti-

tioners’ failure to meet the requirements in section 170(f)(11)(A)(i) that apply to

their claimed charitable contribution deduction of $3,000 for the tractor/mower in

question is due to reasonable cause and not to willful neglect.

      Although Mr. Johnson prepared petitioners’ 2010 return, Mr. Dryer also

gave advice to petitioners with respect to certain appraisal and return reporting re-

quirements that applied to their proposed donation to PFM of the tractor/mower in

question (and their proposed donation to PFM of the “land and soil preparation”).

He did so when he included the Form 8283 appraisal requirement language and

the Form 8283 donor acknowledgement requirement language as part of the reso-

lution set forth in the October 20, 2010 minutes of PFM’s board, which he had

prepared at the request of Mr. Presley and which addressed the proposed donation

to PFM of “a tractor and land and soil preparation”. Mr. Dryer included that lan-

guage because he wanted it to serve as an important reminder to obtain an apprais-

      62
           See supra note 32.
                                        - 68 -

[*68] al of any substantial noncash property donated to PFM and to include a

properly completed and executed Form 8283 with petitioners’ 2010 return because

of those proposed donations.

      Petitioners do not address on brief Mr. Dryer’s advice to obtain an appraisal

of any substantial noncash property donated to PFM and to include a properly

completed and executed Form 8283 with petitioners’ 2010 return. We believe that

they do not do so because they did not follow that advice. Although the 2010

return that Mr. Johnson had prepared for petitioners included their 2010 Form

8283,63 that form was incomplete and thus not properly completed. Petitioners’

2010 Form 8283 did not make any reference in Section A relating to donated

property of $5,000 or less (and certain publicly traded securities) to a claimed

deduction of the tractor/mower in question or any other similar equipment.64 A

review of the 2010 return that Mr. Johnson had prepared for petitioners, in par-

      63
        Form 8283 instructed and required each taxpayer who claimed a total
deduction of over $500 for all donated noncash property to attach that form to the
taxpayer’s tax return. In their 2010 Schedule A, petitioners claimed charitable
contributions totaling $337,114. Of that total amount of claimed charitable
contribution deductions, petitioners indicated in their 2010 Schedule A that $4,145
represented gifts “[o]ther than cash or check”.
      64
        Nor did any other form, schedule, or attachment to the 2010 return that Mr.
Johnson had prepared make any reference to or contain any information regarding
a claimed charitable contribution deduction for a tractor/mower or any other
equipment.
                                         - 69 -

[*69] ticular a review of petitioners’ 2010 Form 8283 that he had prepared, would

have caused a reasonable person, especially in the light of Mr. Dryer’s advice, to

ask Mr. Johnson why he did not include in that form any reference to or any infor-

mation regarding a claimed deduction for their donation of the tractor/mower in

question. The record does not establish that petitioners made any such inquiry of

Mr. Johnson, presumably because they did not.

      On the record before us, we find that petitioners have failed to carry their

burden of establishing that they exercised ordinary business care and prudence or

otherwise did what a reasonable person would do under the facts and circum-

stances. On that record, we find that petitioners have failed to carry their burden

of establishing that they relied in good faith on Mr. Johnson when he presented

them for their review the 2010 return that he had prepared and that included no-

where in their 2010 Form 8283 or in any other form, schedule, or attachment to

that return any reference to or any information regarding a claimed charitable con-

tribution deduction for the tractor/mower in question. On the record before us, we

find that petitioners have failed to carry their burden of establishing that their fail-

ure to satisfy certain charitable contribution deduction substantiation requirements

that apply to their claimed charitable contribution deduction of $3,000 for the
                                        - 70 -

[*70] tractor/mower in question is due to reasonable cause and not to willful

neglect within the meaning of section 170(f)(11)(A)(ii)(II).

      Based upon our examination of the entire record before us, we find that

petitioners have failed to carry their burden of establishing that they are entitled

for their taxable year 2010 to deduct under section 170(a) $3,000 for the tractor/

mower in question.

      2012

      We address whether petitioners are entitled for their taxable year 2012 to

deduct under section 170(a) $235,422 for a claimed charitable contribution to

PFM of petitioners’ residence. It is respondent’s position that petitioners are not

entitled to do so. In support of respondent’s position, respondent argues that

(1) petitioners retained dominion and control over petitioners’ residence after they

purportedly contributed it to PFM; (2) when they made the purported contribution

to PFM of petitioners’ residence, petitioners expected to, and did, receive a sub-

stantial benefit in return because PFM allowed them to reside in that residence

without paying any rent to it; and (3) petitioners failed to comply or substantially

comply with certain charitable contribution deduction substantiation requirements

that apply to the claimed charitable contribution of petitioners’ residence.
                                        - 71 -

[*71] Petitioners disagree with each of respondent’s three arguments. In addition,

petitioners maintain that even if we were to find that petitioners did not comply or

substantially comply with all of the applicable charitable contribution deduction

substantiation requirements, their failure to meet those requirements is due to rea-

sonable cause. Petitioners maintain that consequently, pursuant to section

170(f)(11)(A)(ii)(II), section 170(f)(11)(A)(i) does not disallow their claimed

charitable contribution deduction of $235,422 for petitioners’ residence.

      We address only respondent’s third argument set forth above. That is be-

cause our findings as to whether petitioners complied or substantially complied

with certain charitable contribution deduction substantiation requirements that

apply to their claimed charitable contribution deduction of $235,422 for petition-

ers’ residence resolves the question of whether section 170(f)(11)(A)(i) disallows

that claimed deduction.65

      We turn now to respondent’s third argument that petitioners did not comply

or substantially comply with certain charitable contribution deduction substantia-

      65
        Sec. 170(f)(11)(A)(i) would not disallow petitioners’ claimed charitable
contribution deduction of $235,422 for petitioners’ residence if we were to sustain
petitioners’ alternative argument under sec. 170(f)(11)(A)(ii)(II) that their failure
to meet those requirements is due to reasonable cause.
                                       - 72 -

[*72] tion requirements that apply to the claimed charitable contribution of peti-

tioners’ residence to PFM. Section 170(f)(11)(C) provides in pertinent part:

      Qualified appraisal for contributions of more than $5,000.--In the
      case of contributions of property for which a deduction of more than
      $5,000 is claimed, the requirements of this subparagraph are met if
      the individual * * * obtains a qualified appraisal of such property and
      attaches to the return for the taxable year in which such contribution
      is made such information regarding such property and such appraisal
      as the Secretary may require.

      The regulations that the Secretary promulgated under section 170(f)(11)(C)

provide in pertinent part:

             (2) Substantiation requirements.--(i) In general.--* * * [a]
      donor who claims or reports a deduction with respect to a charitable
      contribution to which this paragraph (c) [relating to claimed
      charitable deductions in excess of $5,000] applies must comply with
      the following three requirements:

                    (A) Obtain a qualified appraisal (as defined in paragraph
      (c)(3) of this section) for such property contributed. * * *

                   (B) Attach a fully completed appraisal summary (as
      defined in paragraph (c)(4) of this section) to the tax return * * * on
      which the deduction for the contribution is first claimed (or report-
      ed) by the donor.

Sec. 1.170A-13(c)(2)(i), Income Tax Regs.

      We address first whether, as required by section 170(f)(11)(C) and section

1.170A-13(c)(2)(i), Income Tax Regs., petitioners obtained a qualified appraisal.
                                         - 73 -

[*73] Section 170(f)(11)(E) defines the term “qualified appraisal” and the term

“qualified appraiser” that is used in that definition, as follows:

      Qualified appraisal and appraiser.--For purposes of this paragraph--

                   (i) Qualified appraisal.--The term “qualified appraisal”
             means, with respect to any property, an appraisal of such
             property which--

                           (I) is treated for purposes of this paragraph as a
                    qualified appraisal under regulations or other guidance
                    prescribed by the Secretary, and

                          (II) is conducted by a qualified appraiser in
                    accordance with generally accepted appraisal standards
                    and any regulations or other guidance prescribed under
                    subclause (I).

                      (ii) Qualified Appraiser.--Except as provided in clause
             (iii), the term “qualified appraiser” means an individual who--

                          (I) has earned an appraisal designation from a
                    recognized professional appraiser organization or has
                    otherwise met minimum education and experience
                    requirements set forth in regulations prescribed by the
                    Secretary,

                          (II) regularly performs appraisals for which the
                    individual receives compensation, and

                          (III) meets such other requirements as may be
                    prescribed by the Secretary in regulations or other
                    guidance.
                                        - 74 -

[*74] The regulations that the Secretary promulgated under section 170(f)(11)(E)

provide in pertinent part:

             (3) Qualified appraisal.--(i) In general.--For purposes of this
      paragraph (c), the term “qualified appraisal” means an appraisal
      document that--
                     (A) Relates to an appraisal that is made not earlier than
      60 days prior to the date of contribution of the appraised property nor
      later than the date specified in paragraph (c)(3)(iv)(B) of this section;
                     (B) Is prepared, signed, and dated by a qualified
      appraiser (within the meaning of paragraph (c)(5) of this section);
                     (C) Includes the information required by paragraph
      (c)(3)(ii) of this section; * * *

      *          *           *         *           *           *            *

             (ii) Information included in qualified appraisal.--A qualified
      appraisal shall include the following information:
                     (A) A description of the property in sufficient detail for a
      person who is not generally familiar with the type of property to
      ascertain that the property that was appraised is the property that was
      (or will be) contributed;
                     (B) In the case of tangible property, the physical
      condition of the property;
                     (C) The date (or expected date) of contribution to the
      donee;
                     (D) The terms of any agreement or understanding entered
      into (or expected to be entered into) by or on behalf of the donor or
      donee that relates to the use, sale, or other disposition of the property
      contributed, including, for example, the terms of any agreement or
      understanding that--
                            (1) Restricts temporarily or permanently a donee’s
      right to use or dispose of the donated property,
                            (2) Reserves to, or confers upon, anyone (other
      than a donee organization or an organization participating with a
                                           - 75 -

[*75] donee organization in cooperative fund-raising) any right * * * to the
      possession of the property * * *, or
                         (3) Earmarks donated property for a particular use;

      *          *          *          *            *          *           *

                   (F) The qualifications of the qualified appraiser who
      signs the appraisal, including the appraiser’s background, experience,
      education, and membership, if any, in professional appraisal
      associations;
                   (G) A statement that the appraisal was prepared for
      income tax purposes;
                   (H) The date (or dates) on which the property was
      appraised;

      *          *          *          *            *          *           *

             (iv) Special rules.-- * * *

                   (B) Time of receipt of qualified appraisal.--The qualified
      appraisal must be received by the donor before the due date (includ-
      ing extensions) of the return on which a deduction is first claimed
      * * * under section 170 with respect to the donated property * * *

Sec. 1.170A-13(c)(3)(i)(A), (B), and (C), (ii), (iv)(B), Income Tax Regs.

      It is petitioners’ position that the appraisal report that Mr. Scott prepared in

which he valued petitioners’ residence is a qualified appraisal within the meaning

of section 170(f)(11)(E) because “it fully satisfies the requirements set forth in

Treas. Reg. § § 1.170A-13(c)(3)(i) and (ii)”. In advancing that position, petition-
                                        - 76 -

[*76] ers examine some, but not all, of those requirements and explain why they

believe that they are satisfied.66

      We address below each of the requirements in section 1.170A-13(c)(3)(i)

and (ii), Income Tax Regs., which we find Mr. Scott’s December 5, 2013 appraisal

report does not satisfy.67

      Petitioners assert that the appraisal report that Mr. Scott prepared in which

he valued petitioners’ residence satisfies the requirement in sec. 1.170A-

13(c)(3)(i)(A), Income Tax Regs. In support of that assertion, petitioners state:

             Ronald Scott [the appraiser] visited the [petitioners’] Resi-
      dence on May 10, 2012 (only 12 days after the Residence was con-
      tributed and prior to the [petitioners’ 2012] tax return being filed on
      October 15, 2013, well within the timeframe set forth in Treas. Reg. §
      1.170A-13(c)(3)(i)(A). As such, the appraisal was conducted [by Mr.

      66
         As discussed below, petitioners completely ignore certain requirements in
sec. 1.170A-13(c)(3)(ii), Income Tax Regs. They also totally ignore the require-
ment in sec. 1.170A-13(c)(3)(iv)(B), Income Tax Regs. Pursuant to that regula-
tion, petitioners were required to receive the qualified appraisal of petitioners’ res-
idence before October 15, 2013, which was the due date, including extensions, for
the filing of petitioners’ 2012 return.
      67
         We address only each of the requirements in sec. 1.170A-13(c)(3)(i) and
(ii), Income Tax Regs., which we find Mr. Scott’s December 5, 2013 appraisal
report does not satisfy. However, the failure to satisfy any one of those require-
ments, or any of the other charitable contribution deduction substantiation require-
ments, may be sufficient to deny petitioners their claimed charitable contribution
deduction for petitioners’ residence unless we were to sustain petitioners’ alter-
native argument under sec. 170(f)(11)(A)(ii)(II) that their failure to meet those
requirements is due to reasonable cause.
                                        - 77 -

[*77] Scott] within the stated safe harbor period * * * . The appraisal report
      being prepared and signed on December 9 [sic], 2013 does not change
      the fact that the effective date of appraisal was May 10, 2012.

      As we understand petitioners’ position, it is the valuation date, i.e., the date

as of which the property is valued, to which section 1.170A-13(c)(3)(i)(A), In-

come Tax Regs., is referring in requiring that the appraisal document “[r]elate[] to

an appraisal that is made not earlier than 60 days prior to the date of contribution

* * * nor later than the date specified in paragraph (c)(3)(iv)(B) of this section

[1.170A-13] (c)”. We reject petitioners’ bizarre reading of section 1.170A-

13(c)(3)(i)(A), Income Tax Regs. An appraisal is made when an appraisal docu-

ment is final and is signed and dated by the appraiser. It is not made on the date as

of which the appraiser is determining the fair market value of the property that he

is asked to appraise. On December 5, 2013, Mr. Scott signed the appraisal report

in which he appraised the fair market value of petitioners’ residence as of May 10,

2012. In Mr. Scott’s December 5, 2013 appraisal report, Mr. Scott indicated that

the date of that report was December 5, 2013, the same date on which he signed it.

      On the record before us, we find that Mr. Scott’s December 5, 2013 apprais-

al report was made on December 5, 2013. The due date, including extensions, for

the filing of petitioners’ 2012 return was October 15, 2013. On the record before

us, we find that Mr. Scott’s December 5, 2013 appraisal report did not “relate[] to
                                         - 78 -

[*78] an appraisal that is made not earlier than 60 days prior to the date of con-

tribution of * * * [petitioners’ residence] nor later than [October 15, 2013] the date

specified in” section 1.170A-13(c)(3)(iv)(B), Income Tax Regs. On the record

before us, we find that the requirement in section 1.170A-13(c)(3)(i)(A), Income

Tax Regs., is not satisfied.

      In order to constitute a qualified appraisal, Mr. Scott’s December 5, 2013

appraisal report also was required to “include[] the information required by para-

graph (c)(3)(ii) [of section 1.170A-13]”.68 Petitioners completely ignore the re-

quirement in section 1.170A-13(c)(3)(ii)(C), Income Tax Regs. (quoted above),

that a qualified appraisal include “the date * * * of contribution to the donee”. Mr.

Scott’s December 5, 2013 appraisal report contained no information with respect

to petitioners’ transfer to PFM on April 30, 2012, of legal title to petitioners’ resi-

dence.69 On the record before us, we find that the requirement in section 1.170A-

13(c)(3)(ii)(C), Income Tax Regs., is not satisfied.

      Petitioners also completely ignore the requirement in section 1.170A-

13(c)(3)(ii)(D), Income Tax Regs. (quoted above), that a qualified appraisal in-

      68
           See supra note 66.
      69
        In fact, we have serious reservations as to whether Mr. Scott even knew
about petitioners’ transfer to PFM on April 30, 2012, of legal title to petitioners’
residence.
                                          - 79 -

[*79] clude “[t]he terms of any agreement or understanding entered into (or ex-

pected to be entered into) by or on behalf of the donor or donee that relates to the

use * * * of the property contributed”. From the time they transferred legal title to

petitioners’ residence to PFM until at least December 5, 2013,70 the date of Mr.

Scott’s December 5, 2013 appraisal report, petitioners continued to live in peti-

tioners’ residence and to pay all utility bills and did not pay any rent to PFM for

the right to live in that residence. Nonetheless, Mr. Scott’s December 5, 2013

appraisal report contained no information with respect to that arrangement. On the

record before us, we find that the requirement in section 1.170A-13(c)(3)(ii)(D),

Income Tax Regs., is not satisfied.

      Petitioners assert that Mr. Scott’s December 5, 2013 appraisal report satis-

fies the requirement in section 1.170A-13(c)(3)(ii)(G), Income Tax Regs. (quoted

above), that the qualified appraisal contain “[a] statement that the appraisal was

prepared for income tax purposes”. In support of that assertion, petitioners state:

“The appraisal included a statement that its purpose was to develop an opinion of

the market value of the property as of May 10, 2012. This demonstrates that the

appraisal was prepared for income tax purposes.” Petitioners’ conclusion that the

      70
          Petitioners were still living in petitioners’ residence as of the time of the
trial in this case.
                                        - 80 -

[*80] statement in Mr. Scott’s December 5, 2013 appraisal report that “its purpose

* * * to develop an opinion of the market value of the property as of May 10, 2012

* * * demonstrates that the appraisal was prepared for income tax purposes” is a

non sequitur. Moreover, not only did Mr. Scott’s December 5, 2013 appraisal

report not contain a statement, or any wording that could be read to indicate, that

Mr. Scott prepared that report for income tax purposes, that report expressly stated

the purpose for which it was prepared was a “mortgage finance transaction”. Mr.

Scott’s December 5, 2013 appraisal report stated in pertinent part:

      THE INTENDED USER OF THIS APPRAISAL IS THE LENDER/
      CLIENT. THE INTENDED USE IS TO EVALUATE THE PROP-
      ERTY THAT IS THE SUBJECT OF THIS APPRAISAL FOR A
      MORTGAGE FINANCE TRANSACTION, SUBJECT TO THE
      STATED SCOPE OF WORK, PURPOSE OF THE APPRAISAL,
      REPORTING REQUIREMENTS OF THIS APPRAISAL REPORT
      FORM AND DEFINITION OF MARKET VALUE, NO ADDITION-
      AL INTENDED USERS ARE IDENTIFIED BY THE APPRAISER.

      *           *          *           *          *           *              *

      INTENDED USE: The intended use of this appraisal report is for
      the lender/client to evaluate the property that is the subject of this
      appraisal for a mortgage finance transaction.

      INTENDED USER: The intended user of this appraisal report is the
      lender/client.
                                         - 81 -

[*81] Mr. Scott’s December 5, 2013 appraisal report identified both the “Bor-

rower” and the “Lender/Client” as PFM. On the record before us, we find that the

requirement in section 1.170A-13(c)(3)(ii)(G), Income Tax Regs., is not satisfied.

      On the record before us, we find that petitioners did not, as required by

section 170(f)(11)(C) and the regulations thereunder (quoted above), obtain a

qualified appraisal, as defined in section 170(f)(11)(E) and section 1.170A-

13(c)(3)(i) and (ii), Income Tax Regs.

      We consider next whether the requirement in section 1.170A-

13(c)(3)(iv)(B), Income Tax Regs., is satisfied. Petitioners completely ignore the

requirement in that regulation that they were required to receive a qualified ap-

praisal of petitioners’ residence before October 15, 2013, which was the due date,

including extensions, for the filing of their 2012 return. On the record before us,

we find that petitioners did not, as required by section 1.170A-13(c)(3)(iv)(B),

Income Tax Regs., receive Mr. Scott’s December 5, 2013 appraisal report before

October 15, 2013, the due date, including extensions, for the filing of their 2012
                                       - 82 -

[*82] return.71 On the record before us, we find that the requirement in section

1.170A-13(c)(3)(iv)(B), Income Tax Regs., is not satisfied.

      We address now whether, as required by section 1.170A-13(c)(2)(i)(B),

Income Tax Regs., petitioners attached to their 2012 return a fully completed

appraisal summary, as defined in section 1.170A-13(c)(4), Income Tax Regs.

The latter regulation defines the term “appraisal summary” in pertinent part as

      a summary of a qualified appraisal that--
             (A) Is made on the form prescribed by the Internal Revenue
      Service;
             (B) Is signed and dated (as described in paragraph (c)(4)(iii) of
      this section) by the donee (or presented to the donee for signature in
      cases described in paragraph (c)(4)(iv)(C)(2) of this section);
             (C) Is signed and dated by the qualified appraiser (within the
      meaning of paragraph (c)(5) of this section) who prepared the quali-
      fied appraisal (within the meaning of paragraph (c)(3) of this section);
      and
             (D) Includes the information required by paragraph (c)(4)(ii) of
      this section.

      *          *           *          *          *           *          *

            (ii) Information included in an appraisal summary.--An
      appraisal summary shall include the following information:

      *          *           *          *          *           *          *

      71
       We did not find credible Ms. Burch’s testimony that, inter alia, petitioners
gave her an appraisal of petitioners’ residence before she prepared petitioners’
2012 return. Mr. Presley testified that he did not remember when Mr. Scott’s
December 5, 2013 appraisal report was made.
                                            - 83 -

[*83]          (I) The name, address, and (if a taxpayer identification number
        is otherwise required by section 6109 and the regulations thereunder)
        the identifying number of the qualified appraiser who signs the
        appraisal summary and of other persons as required by paragraph
        (c)(3)(ii)(E) of this section;

        *          *           *             *       *          *           *

               (K) The declaration by the appraiser described in paragraph
        (c)(5)(i) of this section;
               (L) A declaration by the appraiser stating that--
                       (1) The fee charged for the appraisal is not of a type
        prohibited by paragraph (c)(6) of this section; and
                       (2) Appraisals prepared by the appraiser are not being
        disregarded pursuant to 31 U.S.C. §330(c) on the date the appraisal
        summary is signed by the appraiser; and
               (M) Such other information as may be specified by the form.
               (iii) Signature of the original donee.--The person who signs the
        appraisal summary for the donee shall be an official authorized to
        sign the tax or information returns of the donee, or a person
        specifically authorized to sign appraisal summaries by an official
        authorized to sign the tax or information returns of such donee. * * *
        The signature of the donee on the appraisal summary does not
        represent concurrence in the appraised value of the contributed
        property. Rather, it represents acknowledgement of receipt of the
        property described in the appraisal summary on the date specified in
        the appraisal summary * * *

        *          *           *             *       *          *           *

              (iv) Special rules.-- * * *

        *          *           *             *       *          *           *

               (E) Statement to be furnished by donors to donees.--Every
        donor who presents an appraisal summary to a donee for signature
        after June 6, 1988, in order to comply with paragraph (c)(4)(i)(B) of
                                        - 84 -

[*84] this section shall furnish a copy of the appraisal summary to such
      donee.

      *           *           *          *           *           *           *

             (H) Failure to attach appraisal summary.--In the event that a
      donor fails to attach to the donor’s return an appraisal summary as
      required by paragraph (c)(2)(i)(B) of this section, the Internal Rev-
      enue Service may request that the donor submit the appraisal sum-
      mary within 90 days of the request. If such a request is made and the
      donor complies with the request within the 90-day period, the deduc-
      tion under section 170 shall not be disallowed for failure to attach the
      appraisal summary, provided that the donor’s failure to attach the
      appraisal summary was a good faith omission and the requirements of
      paragraph (c)(3) and (4) of this section are met (including the com-
      pletion of the qualified appraisal prior to the date specified in para-
      graph (c)(3)(iv)(B) of this section).

Sec. 1.170A-13(c)(4)(i), (ii)(I), (K), (L), (M), (iii), (iv)(E), (H), Income Tax Regs.

      The IRS prescribed Form 8283 to be used as the appraisal summary within

the meaning of section 1.170A-13(c)(4), Income Tax Regs. See Costello v. Com-

missioner, T.C. Memo. 2015-87, at *15. Petitioners included with their 2012

return Section B of Form 8283. In their 2012 Section B, petitioners completed

Part I, which is the listing of information on the “donated” property, (1) by check-

ing the box next to the preprinted phrase “Other Real Estate”; (2) by describing the

“donated property” as a single-family residence and its condition at the time of the

“gift” as good; and (3) by representing (a) that the appraised fair market value of

the “donated property” was $235,422, (b) that it was acquired in May 1992 by
                                         - 85 -

[*85] purchase, and (c) that the donor’s cost or adjusted basis was $104,500. Peti-

tioners left blank Part II, the donor statement. Part III, the declaration of the ap-

praiser, was also left blank. Part IV, the donee acknowledgement, was partially

completed and contained the following information: (1) The “donated” property

was received by the donee on April 30, 2012; (2) the donee did not intend to use

that property for an “unrelated use”; and (3) the donee was PFM.72 No authorized

representative of PFM (or any other individual) signed and dated Part IV of

petitioners’ 2012 Section B.

      Petitioners concede that Part III, the declaration of the appraiser, was left

blank and that no authorized representative of PFM (or any other individual)

signed and dated Part IV, the donee acknowledgement, of petitioners’ 2012 Sec-

tion B.73 They argue that those “defects” in the completion of their 2012 Section

B “should not disqualify Petitioners from receiving their charitable contribution

deduction for the 2012 tax year” for petitioners’ residence. That is because, ac-

cording to petitioners, they “have substantially complied with all of the substan-

tiation and documentation requirements of § 170 and met the substantive require-

      72
        The address of PFM was also shown in Part IV of petitioners’ 2012
Section B.
      73
       Petitioners do not acknowledge that they left blank Part II, the donor
statement.
                                        - 86 -

[*86] ments of § Treas. Reg. § 1.170A-13(c)(3)(ii) and are therefore entitled to the

2012 charitable contribution deduction.”

      In support of their argument that they substantially complied with all of the

charitable contribution deduction substantiation requirements that apply to their

claimed charitable contribution deduction of petitioners’ residence, petitioners rely

on Bond v. Commissioner, 100 T.C. 32 (1993). We find the facts in Bond to be

materially distinguishable from the facts in the present case and petitioners’ reli-

ance on that case to be misplaced.

      In Bond, the taxpayers had donated two airships to a charitable organiza-

tion, obtained an appraisal of each of those airships by a qualified appraiser during

the year in which they contributed them to that organization, and claimed a chari-

table contribution deduction for that taxable year for their donation. Id. at 41-42.

The charitable contribution deduction substantiation requirements that were appli-

cable for the year at issue in Bond provided that, where a qualified appraisal was

required for a taxpayer’s claimed charitable contribution, the taxpayer had to at-

tach a fully completed appraisal summary to the return in which a deduction for

the charitable donation is claimed. See sec. 1.170A-13(c)(2)(i)(B), Income Tax

Regs. Although the taxpayers in Bond had obtained an appraisal of the airships,

the only document reflecting that appraisal was Form 8283 (Form 8283 in ques-
                                         - 87 -

[*87] tion), which they included with their return for the year in which they

claimed the deduction in question. Bond v. Commissioner, 100 T.C. at 34. How-

ever, the taxpayers had included all of the information that was required to be in-

cluded in both a qualified appraisal and in an appraisal summary in the Form 8283

in question except for the qualifications of the appraiser. The taxpayers promptly

furnished those qualifications to respondent’s revenue agent around the com-

mencement of respondent’s examination of the return in which they had claimed a

charitable contribution deduction for the donation of the airships. See id. at 42.

      Under the facts and circumstances presented in Bond, we held that the

taxpayers had substantially complied with the charitable contribution deduction

substantiation requirements relating to a qualified appraisal and an appraisal sum-

mary. See id. We stated: “[T]here is no question that a donation of the two air-

ships was made during the taxable year, that the subject of the donation was

appraised at the amount claimed by petitioners * * * by a qualified appraiser * * *.

In fact, with the exception of the excellent qualifications of the appraiser all of

these facts appeared on the Form 8283 attached to the return”. Id. at 41-42. After

restating these facts, we emphasized that “this is not a case where petitioners failed
                                        - 88 -

[*88] to obtain a timely appraisal of the donated property and thereby failed to

establish its value for claiming a contribution deduction on their return.”74 Id. at

42.

      In contradistinction to the Bond case, in the present case not only did peti-

tioners fail to have Mr. Scott complete Part III, the declaration of the appraiser, of

their 2012 Section B of their 2012 Form 8283, but they also did not obtain and did

not receive within the respective times prescribed by section 1.170A-

13(c)(3)(i)(A) and (iv)(B), Income Tax Regs., a qualified appraisal.

      On the record before us, we find that petitioners have failed to carry their

burden of establishing that, as required by section 1.170A-13(c)(2)(i)(B), Income

Tax Regs., they attached to their 2012 return a fully completed appraisal summary,

as defined in section 1.170A-13(c)(4), Income Tax Regs. On that record, we find

that petitioners have failed to carry their burden of establishing that they substan-

tially complied with section 1.170A-13(c)(4), Income Tax Regs.

      74
        We have held that taxpayers are not in substantial compliance with the
charitable contribution deduction substantiation requirement relating to a quali-
fied appraisal and an appraisal summary where they fail to obtain and receive
timely qualified appraisals and fail to include appraisal summaries with their re-
turns. See, e.g., Hewitt v. Commissioner, 109 T.C. 258, 264 (1997) (“We find
nothing in Bond v. Commissioner, supra, which relieves petitioners of the require-
ment of obtaining a qualified appraisal.”), aff’d, 166 F.3d 332 (4th Cir. 1998).
                                         - 89 -

[*89] On the record before us, we find that petitioners have failed to carry their

burden of establishing that they have satisfied all of the charitable contribution

deduction substantiation requirements that apply to the charitable contribution

deduction that they claimed in their 2012 return for petitioners’ residence.

      We consider next petitioners’ alternative argument under section

170(f)(11)(A)(ii)(II) that if we were to find that petitioners have failed to satisfy

all of the charitable contribution deduction substantiation requirements that apply

to the charitable contribution deduction that they claimed in their 2012 return for

petitioners’ residence, which we have, their failure to do so is due to reasonable

cause. We discussed previously the meaning of the term “reasonable cause” in

section 170(f)(11)(A)(ii)(II) and will not repeat that discussion here.

      In support of their argument under section 170(f)(11)(A)(ii)(II), petitioners

contend as follows:

      Petitioners argue that reasonable cause exists due to the fact that they
      relied upon their competent tax advisers (Kathy Burch, C.P.A. and
      David Dryer) with respect to the donation of the Residence to PFM.
      Both Ms. Burch and Mr. Dryer were competent and experienced tax
      advisers who were intimately familiar with Petitioners’ financial af-
      fairs and PFM’s operations. Both tax advisers testified that they were
      provided with copies of all documents pertaining to the donation of
      the Residence, were regularly advised of Petitioners’ charitable con-
      tributions and advised Petitioners that the donation was proper for the
      2012 tax year. Both advisers also testified that they read the appraisal
      and believed that it met the necessary requirements in order to take
                                        - 90 -

[*90] the charitable contribution deduction. Petitioners had no reason to
      doubt Ms. Burch’s or Mr. Dryer’s competence and believed that Ms.
      Burch had correctly reported the donation of the Residence on their
      2012 tax return. Plus, Ms. Burch failed to advise Petitioners that the
      Declaration of Appraiser and Donee Acknowledgement section of
      Form 8283 needed to be completed and signed prior to the filing of
      the 2012 tax return. Accordingly, any failure to comply with the
      appraisal requirements should be excused on the grounds of reason-
      able cause.

      We address first petitioners’ claimed reliance on Mr. Dryer. Mr. Dryer gave

petitioners certain advice as to whether they are entitled for their taxable year 2012

to a charitable contribution deduction for petitioners’ residence. At times not dis-

closed by the record before petitioners filed their 2012 return, Mr. Dryer had done

some research and had discussed with Mr. Presley (or his designee) on three dif-

ferent occasions whether he believed that petitioners should be entitled to a chari-

table contribution deduction with respect to their transferring to PFM legal title to

petitioners’ residence while continuing to live rent free in that residence. Mr.

Dryer’s research included research as to whether PFM’s allowing petitioners to

continue to live in petitioners’ residence as a parsonage after they deeded that resi-

dence to PFM would constitute a so-called return benefit to them (i.e., a benefit

that petitioners received from PFM in return for their deeding petitioners’ resi-

dence to PFM) that would result in their not being entitled to deduct the value of

petitioners’ residence as a charitable donation to PFM. Mr. Dryer concluded on
                                         - 91 -

[*91] the basis of his research that petitioners’ continuing to live in petitioners’

residence as a parsonage after they deeded it to PFM should not be considered a

return benefit. That was because he believed that PFM’s providing that parsonage

benefit to petitioners should be viewed as compensation to which Mr. Presley

would be entitled in return for conducting various activities and performing other

services for or on behalf of PFM.

      After completing his research and analysis, Mr. Dryer advised petitioners

(or their designee) that, in his opinion, they should be entitled to a charitable con-

tribution deduction with respect to their transferring to PFM legal title to petition-

ers’ residence while continuing to live in that residence as a parsonage. Mr. Dryer

further informed petitioners that his advice as to the deductibility of the value of

petitioners’ residence as a charitable contribution was conditioned on petitioners’

compliance with the pertinent tax law and all the pertinent rules and regulations

applicable to gifts to charity of substantial noncash contributions, including ob-

taining an appraisal of petitioners’ residence because petitioners’ residence had a

value in excess of $5,00075 and completing certain parts, and having completed by

      75
        Mr. Dryer discussed the requirement that petitioners obtain an appraisal of
petitioners’ residence during the first discussion that he had with petitioners (or
their designee) about their desire to donate that residence to PFM. At trial, peti-
tioners’ attorney asked Mr. Dryer: “Did the Presleys ever give you a copy of the
                                                                         (continued...)
                                        - 92 -

[*92] an appraiser and PFM (the donee charity) certain other respective parts, of

Section B of Form 8283. In formulating his advice with respect to whether peti-

tioners should be entitled to a charitable contribution deduction if they were to

donate petitioners’ residence to PFM and continue to live in it, Mr. Dryer re-

viewed the version of Form 8283 that was in effect for taxable year 2012 and gave

petitioners some instructions about how to complete that form in order to comply

with the various rules and regulations applicable to substantial noncash charitable

contributions.

      On the record before us, we find that petitioners did not rely on the advice

that Mr. Dryer gave them as to whether they are entitled for their taxable year

2012 to a charitable contribution deduction for petitioners’ residence.76

      75
         (...continued)
appraisal that was done on the personal residence”. Mr. Dryer responded: “I be-
lieve I looked at the appraisal a couple of times”. The record does not establish
the appraisal to which petitioners’ attorney and Mr. Dryer were referring. Nor
does the record establish when Mr. Dryer “looked at the appraisal a couple of
times”. We have found that the appraisal with respect to petitioners’ residence
that Mr. Scott prepared, namely, Mr. Scott’s December 5, 2013 appraisal report,
was not made until December 5, 2013, the date on which he signed, and the date
of, that report. That date was after October 15, 2013, the date, including exten-
sions, for the filing of petitioners’ 2012 return.
      76
         On the record before us, we find that petitioners ignored Mr. Dryer’s ad-
vice as to whether they are entitled for their taxable year 2012 to a charitable con-
tribution deduction for petitioners’ residence. Petitioners disregarded Mr. Dryer’s
                                                                        (continued...)
                                         - 93 -

[*93] We address now petitioners’ claimed reliance on Ms. Burch. Even if we

had found Ms. Burch’s testimony to be credible in certain material respects, which

we did not, we would find that petitioners did not rely in good faith on any advice

that she gave them with respect to the charitable contribution deduction that they

claimed in the 2012 return that she had prepared for them. As discussed previ-

ously petitioners disregarded Mr. Dryer’s advice when they signed their 2012 re-

turn even though (1) they had not received Mr. Scott’s December 5, 2013 appraisal

report and (2) in Section B of Form 8283 that was included as part of that return

they left blank Part II, the donor statement; Part III, the declaration of the apprais-

er, was also left blank; and no authorized representative of PFM (or any other indi-

vidual) signed and dated Part IV, the donee acknowledgement. A review of the

2012 return that Ms. Burch had prepared for petitioners, in particular a review of

Section B of Form 8283, would have caused a reasonable person, especially in the

light of Mr. Dryer’s advice, to ask Ms. Burch questions about those deficiencies in

      76
         (...continued)
advice when they signed their 2012 return even though (1) they had not received
Mr. Scott’s December 5, 2013 appraisal report and (2) in Section B of Form 8283
that was included as part of that return they left blank Part II, the donor statement;
Part III, the declaration of the appraiser, was also left blank; and no authorized
representative of PFM (or any other individual) signed and dated Part IV, the
donee acknowledgement.
                                         - 94 -

[*94] Section B of Form 8283. The record does not establish that petitioners made

any such inquiry of Ms. Burch, presumably because they did not.

      On the record before us, we find that petitioners have failed to carry their

burden of establishing that they exercised ordinary business care and prudence or

otherwise did what a reasonable person would do under the facts and circum-

stances. On that record, we find that petitioners have failed to carry their burden

of establishing that they relied in good faith on Ms. Burch when she presented

them for their review the 2012 return which she had prepared and in which there

was a claimed charitable contribution deduction for petitioners’ residence.

      On the record before us, we find that petitioners have failed to carry their

burden of establishing that their failure to satisfy all of the charitable contribution

deduction substantiation requirements that apply to the charitable contribution

deduction that they claimed in their 2012 return for petitioners’ residence is due to

reasonable cause and not to willful neglect within the meaning of section

170(f)(11)(A)(ii)(II).

      Based upon our examination of the entire record before us, we find that peti-

tioners have failed to carry their burden of establishing that they are entitled for

their taxable year 2012 to deduct under section 170(a) $235,422 for a claimed

charitable contribution to PFM of petitioners’ residence.
                                        - 95 -

[*95] Accuracy-Related Penalties

      Respondent determined in the notice that petitioners are liable for the

accuracy-related penalty under section 6662(a) for each of their taxable years 2010

and 2012. Section 6662(a) imposes an accuracy-related penalty of 20 percent on

an underpayment to which section 6662 applies. Section 6662 applies to the por-

tion of any underpayment which is attributable to, inter alia, (1) negligence or

disregard of rules or regulations, sec. 6662(b)(1), or (2) a substantial understate-

ment of tax, sec. 6662(b)(2).

      The term “negligence” in section 6662(b)(1) includes any failure to make a

reasonable attempt to comply with the Code. Sec. 6662(c). Negligence has also

been defined as a failure to do what a reasonable person would do under the cir-

cumstances. See Leuhsler v. Commissioner, 963 F.2d 907, 910 (6th Cir. 1992),

aff’g T.C. Memo. 1991-179; Antonides v. Commissioner, 91 T.C. 686, 699

(1988), aff’d, 893 F.2d 656 (4th Cir. 1990). The term “negligence” also includes

any failure by the taxpayer to keep adequate books and records or to substantiate

items properly. Sec. 1.6662-3(b)(1), Income Tax Regs. The term “disregard”

includes any careless, reckless, or intentional disregard. Sec. 6662(c).

      For purposes of section 6662(b)(2) an understatement generally is equal to

the excess of the amount of tax required to be shown in the tax return over the
                                        - 96 -

[*96] amount of tax shown in the return. Sec. 6662(d)(2)(A). An understatement

is substantial in the case of an individual if the amount of the understatement for

the taxable year exceeds the greater of 10 percent of the tax required to be shown

in the tax return for that year or $5,000. Sec. 6662(d)(1)(A).

      The accuracy-related penalty does not apply to any portion of an under-

payment if it is shown that there was reasonable cause for, and that the taxpayer

acted in good faith with respect to, such portion. Sec. 6664(c)(1). The determi-

nation of whether the taxpayer acted with reasonable cause and in good faith de-

pends on all the pertinent facts and circumstances, including the taxpayer’s efforts

to assess the taxpayer’s proper tax liability, the knowledge and experience of the

taxpayer, and the reliance on the advice of a professional, such as an accountant.

Sec. 1.6664-4(b)(1), Income Tax Regs.

      Respondent bears the burden of production with respect to the accuracy-

related penalty under section 6662(a) that respondent determined in the notice.

See sec. 7491(c); Higbee v. Commissioner, 116 T.C. 438, 446-447 (2001). To

satisfy respondent’s burden of production under section 7491(c), respondent must

produce evidence showing, inter alia, that respondent’s representatives complied

with section 6751(b)(1). See Graev v. Commissioner, 149 T.C. ___ (Dec. 20,

2017), supplementing and overruling in part 147 T.C. 460 (2016).
                                        - 97 -

[*97] To satisfy respondent’s burden of production under section 7491(c), respon-

dent must come forward with “sufficient evidence indicating that it is appropriate

to impose” the penalty. See Higbee v. Commissioner, 116 T.C. at 446. Although

respondent bears the burden of production with respect to the penalty under sec-

tion 6662(a), respondent “need not introduce evidence regarding reasonable cause

* * * or similar provisions. * * * the taxpayer bears the burden of proof with re-

gard to those issues.” Higbee v. Commissioner, 116 T.C. at 446.

      We found the following facts that are relevant in determining whether re-

spondent produced evidence showing, inter alia, that respondent’s representatives

complied with section 6751(b)(1). The revenue agent who examined petitioners’

2010 return and 2012 return, inter alia, proposed the initial determination that pe-

titioners are liable for each of their taxable years 2010 and 2012 for the accuracy-

related penalty under section 6662(a). After the revenue agent in question made

that initial determination under section 6662(a), she gave her group manager, who

was her immediate supervisor, a document titled “Civil Penalty Approval Form”,

which she had completed, as follows. The following statements appeared in a sec-

tion of the penalty approval form titled “Reason(s) for Assertion of Penalty(s)”:

“The additional tax due for 2010 and 2012 is over $5,000 so the substantial under-

statement penalty does apply. TPs were negligent for not keeping proper docu-
                                        - 98 -

[*98] mentation.” The following pertinent portion of a preprinted statement ap-

peared on the penalty approval form immediately below those just-quoted state-

ments: “Group Manager Approval to Assess Penalties Identified Above”. On July

16, 2014, the group manager signed and dated July 16, 2014, the penalty approval

form as completed by the revenue agent.

      Moreover, we have sustained respondent’s determinations in the notice with

respect to the charitable contribution deductions at issue that petitioners claimed in

their 2010 return and 2012 return, respectively. On the record before us, we find

that there is a substantial understatement of tax within the meaning of section

6662(d) for each of petitioners’ taxable years 2010 and 2012.

      On the record before us, we find that respondent has satisfied respondent’s

burden of production with respect to the accuracy-related penalty that respondent

determined in the notice for each of petitioners’ taxable years 2010 and 2012.

      The only arguments that petitioners advance in support of their position that

they are not liable for the accuracy-related penalty under section 6662(a) for each

of their taxable years 2010 and 2012 is with respect to the charitable contribution

deductions at issue.77 According to petitioners, they acted with reasonable cause

      77
        Petitioners concede all of the determinations in the notice except the three
charitable contribution deductions at issue and the accuracy-related penalties. Pe-
                                                                       (continued...)
                                       - 99 -

[*99] and in good faith within the meaning of section 6664(c)(1) and section

1.6664-4(b)(1), Income Tax Regs., in claiming those deductions because they

relied in good faith on the advice of Mr. Johnson when they claimed the two

charitable contribution deductions at issue in their 2010 return and on Ms. Burch

and Mr. Dryer when they claimed the charitable contribution deduction at issue in

their 2012 return.

      With respect to the charitable contribution deduction of $3,000 that peti-

tioners claimed in their 2010 return, we found above that petitioners failed to carry

their burden of establishing that they relied in good faith on Mr. Johnson when he

presented them for their review the 2010 return that he had prepared and that in-

cluded nowhere in their 2010 Form 8283 or in any other form, schedule, or attach-

ment to that return any reference to or any information regarding a claimed chari-

table contribution deduction of $3,000 for a tractor/mower.

      On the record before us, we find that petitioners have failed to carry their

burden of establishing that there was reasonable cause for, and that they acted in

good faith with respect to, the portion of the underpayment for their taxable year

      77
         (...continued)
titioners advance no arguments under sec. 6662(a) with respect to those other de-
terminations that they concede and that result in an underpayment for each of peti-
tioners’ taxable years 2010 and 2012.
                                          - 100 -

[*100] 2010 that is attributable to the charitable contribution deduction of $3,000

that they claimed in their 2010 return.

      With respect to the charitable contribution deduction of $107,364 that they

claimed in their 2010 return, as we discussed previously Mr. Presley testified that

he informed Mr. Johnson and Mr. Dryer that in 2010 he donated to PFM his whol-

ly owned limited liability company, PFM Farms. We find on the basis of that tes-

timony that Mr. Presley did not provide accurate information to Mr. Johnson (or

Mr. Dryer) on whose advice they contend they relied. See Neonatology Assocs.,

P.A. v. Commissioner, 115 T.C. at 98-99.

      Moreover, and as also discussed previously, although Mr. Johnson prepared

petitioners’ 2010 return, Mr. Dryer also gave advice to petitioners with respect to

certain return reporting requirements that apply to the proposed donations to PFM

described in the October 20, 2010 minutes of PFM’s board (i.e., “the proposed do-

nation [sic] of a tractor and land and soil preparation in order to develop ministry

land”). He did so when he included the Form 8283 appraisal requirement lan-

guage and the Form 8283 donor acknowledgement requirement language as part of

the resolution set forth in those minutes. Mr. Dryer included that language be-

cause he wanted it to serve as an important reminder to obtain an appraisal of any

substantial noncash property donated to PFM and to include a properly completed
                                       - 101 -

[*101] and executed Form 8283 with petitioners’ 2010 return with respect to the

proposed donations of “a tractor and land and soil preparation”. If, as Mr. Presley

testified, he told Mr. Johnson that in 2010 he donated to PFM his wholly owned

limited liability company, PFM Farms, Mr. Presley should have, as any reasonable

person would have, asked Mr. Johnson after he reviewed the 2010 return that Mr.

Johnson had prepared for petitioners, in particular after he reviewed petitioners’

2010 Form 8283, why Mr. Johnson did not include in that form any reference to or

any information regarding the donation to PFM of PFM Farms. The record does

not establish that Mr. Presley made any such inquiry of Mr. Johnson, presumably

because he did not. We find on the basis of Mr. Presley’s testimony that he in-

formed Mr. Johnson (and Mr. Dryer) that in 2010 he donated PFM Farms to PFM

that Mr. Presley did not rely in good faith on Mr. Johnson’s preparation of the

2010 return as it related to the claimed charitable contribution deduction of

$107,364. See Neonatology Assocs., P.A. v. Commissioner, 115 T.C. at 98-99.

      On the record before us, we find that petitioners have failed to carry their

burden of establishing that there was reasonable cause for, and that they acted in

good faith with respect to, the portion of the underpayment for their taxable year

2010 that is attributable to the charitable contribution deduction of $107,364 that

they claimed in their 2010 return.
                                         - 102 -

[*102] With respect to the charitable contribution deduction of $235,422 that peti-

tioners claimed in their 2012 return, we found above that petitioners failed to carry

their burden of establishing that they relied in good faith on Mr. Dryer or Ms.

Burch when Ms. Burch presented them for their review the 2012 return that she

had prepared and that included an incomplete Section B of Form 8283.

        On the record before us, we find that petitioners have failed to carry their

burden of establishing that there was reasonable cause for, and that they acted in

good faith with respect to, the portion of the underpayment for their taxable year

2012 that is attributable to the charitable contribution deduction of $235,422 that

they claimed in their 2012 return.

        Based upon our examination of the entire record before us, we find that

petitioners have failed to carry their burden of establishing that they are not liable

for each of their taxable years 2010 and 2012 for the accuracy-related penalty

under section 6662(a).

        We have considered all of the contentions and arguments of the parties that

are not discussed herein, and we find them to be without merit, irrelevant, and/or

moot.
                                      - 103 -

[*103] To reflect the foregoing and petitioners’ concessions,

                                             Decision will be entered for

                                      respondent.