Court Opinion

ID: 9376160
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-03-01 21:01:38.122399+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:17:04.686456
License: Public Domain

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF FEDERAL CLAIMS
______________________________________
                                       )
ROBERT C. MARSHALL,                    )
                                       )
                  Plaintiff,           )   No. 18-549
                                       )
            v.                         )   Filed: March 1, 2023
                                       )
THE UNITED STATES,                     )
                                       )
                  Defendant.           )
______________________________________ )

                                     OPINION AND ORDER

       Plaintiff Robert C. Marshall is a retired Lieutenant Colonel in the United States Marine

Corps Reserve (“USMC”). He brings this action to challenge his separation from active duty both

in 2012 and 2016–2017. As a result of a prior remand, the Board for the Correction of Naval

Records (“BCNR”) found Plaintiff’s 2012 separation unlawful because the Marine Corps failed to

conduct the required separation physical examination and pre-separation counseling. Nonetheless,

Plaintiff contends the BCNR’s decision did not provide full and fitting relief, and he seeks

additional constructive service credit as well as out-of-pocket medical expenses. The 2016–2017

separation claim is before the Court in the first instance. That claim alleges that when Plaintiff

refused to execute a waiver of the sanctuary protection provided in 10 U.S.C. § 12686 the Marine

Corps unlawfully withheld further active duty orders to facilitate Plaintiff’s ongoing medical

treatment. Plaintiff alleges that the Marine Corps had a statutory and regulatory obligation to retain

him on duty and lacked authority to condition his active duty orders on a sanctuary waiver.

       Before the Court are Defendant’s Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record and

Plaintiff’s Cross-Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record. For the reasons stated
below, the Court GRANTS IN PART and DENIES IN PART Defendant’s Motion and

GRANTS IN PART and DENIES IN PART Plaintiff’s Motion.

                                         BACKGROUND

   I.        Statutory and Regulatory Framework

        A.      Active Duty Authorities

        Section 12301 of Title 10 defines the authority of the Secretary concerned (here, the

Secretary of the Navy (“Secretary”)) to order reserve component members to active duty. As

relevant here, § 12301(d) provides that, “[a]t any time, an authority designated by the Secretary

concerned may order [a reservist] under his jurisdiction to active duty, or retain him on active duty,

with the consent of that member.” 10 U.S.C. § 12301(d). Section 12301(h) permits the Secretary

of a military department, when authorized by the Secretary of Defense, to order a reservist to active

duty or retain a reservist on active duty for purposes of authorized medical care or disability

evaluation “with the consent of the member.” Id. § 12301(h)(1); see id. § 12301(h)(2).

        This authority is implemented by Department of Defense Instruction (“DoDI”) 1241.01

and DoDI 1332.18, which both mandate the retention of certain reservists, with their consent, on

active duty for the purpose of completing medical care or the disability evaluation process.

Specifically, DoDI 1241.01 provides:

        3. POLICY. It is [Department of Defense (“DoD”)] policy that: . . .

        (2) When an RC [Reserve Component] Service member is on active duty (AD) . . .
        for a period of more than 30 days and, at the scheduled end of that period, has an
        unresolved in-LOD [Line of Duty] condition that may render the member unfit for
        duty under the Disability Evaluation System (DES), but this has not yet been
        determined by the DES, the member:
                (a) Will, with his or her consent, be retained on AD . . . until:
                        1. Outstanding in-LOD conditions are resolved; or
                        2. He or she is either found fit for duty, separated, or retired as a
                        result of a DES finding.

                                                  2
Reserve Component (RC) Line of Duty Determination for Medical and Dental Treatments and

Incapacitation Pay Entitlements, DoDI 1241.01, ¶ 3 (April 19, 2016) (emphasis added). The

instruction recognizes that a reservist “[m]ay elect to be released from active duty before resolution

of the conditions or completion of the DES process.” Id. ¶ 3.a(2)(b). DoDI 1332.18 employs

almost identical language, stating DoD’s policy that “RC Service members on active duty orders

specifying a period of more than 30 days will, with their consent, be kept on active duty for

disability evaluation processing until final disposition by the Secretary of the Military Department

concerned.” Disability Evaluation System (DES), DoDI 1332.18, ¶ 3.h (Aug. 5, 2014). The

instruction likewise provides a reservist with the ability to choose to leave active duty before

completion of DES processing. Id.

       The Navy and the USMC have issued additional policy instructions relevant to the retention

of reservists who are receiving medical care or are in the DES process. Secretary of the Navy

Instruction (“SECNAVINST”) 1770.3D substantially mirrors the language of DoDI 1241.01 and

DoDI 1332.18 but is phrased permissively rather than as mandatory policy. See Management and

Disposition of Incapacitation and Incapacitation Benefits for Members of Navy and Marine Corps

Reserve Components, SECNAVINST 1770.3D, ¶ 3 (Mar. 17, 2006) (“[M]embers, with their

consent, may also be ordered to, or continued on, active duty to complete authorized medical care,

be medically evaluated for disability or to complete a required [DoD] healthcare study . . . .”

(emphasis added)). The instruction defines Medical Hold status as the “[r]etention of reservists

on active duty to receive medical treatment for service-connected injuries, illnesses and/or diseases

until determined Fit for Duty by the BIA [Benefits Issuing Authority] Senior Medical Officer

(SMO) and/or Medical Status Review Officer (MSRO), or until final disposition is determined by

                                                  3
the PEB [Physical Evaluation Board].”1 Id. ¶ 6.m. It further sets forth the Medical Hold process,

which begins with a determination by the BIA that a reservist should be placed in the Medical

Hold program subject to the reservist’s eligibility and the reservist’s “[c]onsent to remain or be

placed on active duty for incapacitation or [DES] adjudication.” Id. ¶ 8.b(2). For reservists “who

decline to accept or continue on active duty” under Medical Hold, SECNAVINST 1770.3D directs

the BIA to complete a “Release from Active Duty Against Medical Advice” form. Id. ¶ 8.h.

       At the USMC level, Marine Administrative Message (“MARADMIN”) 259/04, like DoDI

1241.01 and DoDI 1332.18, mandates the retention of certain injured reservists on active duty.

See Policy Guidance for Activated Reservists (IRR/IMA/SMCR) and Retirees Who Have Incurred

or Aggravated Medical Conditions While on Active Duty, MARADMIN 259/04, ¶ 3.D (June 15,

2004) (“Marines activated for a period of more than 30 days [who become sick, injured, or

aggravate an existing medical condition] . . . will be retained on active duty until they are fit for

duty, or had their medical status reviewed by the SMO . . . and/or processed through the DES . . .

.” (emphasis added)). Although not explicitly referencing the consent requirement, the policy

guidance acknowledges the choice of a reservist to be (or not to be) placed on Medical Hold. Id.

¶ 5. It further defines Medical Hold as a “convenience of the government” and “temporary status

in which a Marine is placed when required to remain on active duty beyond the Marine[’]s

EAS/ECC [end of active service/expiration of current contract] to complete medical treatment, or

prepare for a MEB or [PEB].” Id. ¶ 2.C.

       1
         “Fit for Duty” is a “pronouncement by a Military physician or by a Medical Evaluation
Board that a service member previously on light or limited duty has healed from the injury, illness,
or disease that necessitated the member’s serving in a medically restricted duty status.”
SECNAVINST 1770.3D, ¶ 6.e. “Fit for Continued Naval Service” is a “finding made exclusively
by the Department of the Navy’s PEB indicating that the service member is reasonably able to
perform the duties of his or her office, grade, rank or rating.” Id. ¶ 6.f.
                                                 4
       B.      Sanctuary Authorities

       Section 12686 of Title 10 prohibits—except by approval of the Secretary concerned—the

involuntary release of reservists, who are on active duty under non-training orders and within two

years of eligibility for retired pay, prior to those reservists becoming eligible for that pay. 10

U.S.C. § 12686(a). This two-year period after a reservist accumulates 18 years of active duty time

is commonly referred to as “sanctuary.” See Policy and Procedures for Reserve Component (RC)

Member Service Beyond 16 Years of Active Duty Service, SECNAVINST 1800.2, ¶ 2 (June 22,

2008). Sanctuary protection is not guaranteed. The statute provides the Secretary concerned with

authority to require sanctuary-eligible reservists, as a condition of certain active duty orders, to

waive the applicability of § 12686(a) for the period of active duty specified in those orders. 10

U.S.C. § 12686(b). The application of this authority is expressly limited to “a member of a reserve

component who is to be ordered to active duty (other than for training) under section 12301 of this

title pursuant to an order to active duty that specifies a period of less than 180 days and who (but

for this subsection) would be covered by subsection (a).” Id. The statute provides the service

branch Secretary not only with discretion to decide whether to require waiver at all but also to

determine the timing of the execution of any waiver. The Secretary “may require that a waiver . .

. be executed before the period of active duty begins.” Id.

       The Navy and the USMC have issued numerous policies and other guidance documents

related to sanctuary waiver, including order-issuance and approval processes designed to ensure

that reservists “who meet or exceed 18 years of active duty do so by design and are planned,

budgeted additions to the Total Force.” SECNAVINST 1800.2, ¶ 3; see Policy and Procedures

for Reserve Component Sailors Service Beyond 16 Years of Active-Duty Service, Office of the

Chief of Naval Operations Instruction (“OPNAVINST”) 1001.27, ¶ 1 (Jan. 9, 2013) (ensuring “all

                                                 5
entry into sanctuary or earning of a regular retirement is the result of planned actions necessary to

meet the needs of the Navy”). As affirmed by the Secretary, “[t]he Marine Corps process,

sanctuary considerations and manpower assignments” are set forth in Marine Corps instructions,

such as Marine Corps Order (“MCO”) 1800.11. SECNAVINST 1800.2, ¶ 3.d. That order provides

for the management of Marine reservists who are beyond 16 years of active duty service or within

two years of becoming eligible to enter sanctuary and designates the Deputy Commandant

Manpower & Reserve Affairs (“DC M&RA”) as “the sole approval authority for all [Marine

reservists] to . . . exceed 18 active duty years and enter into AD [active duty] sanctuary.” Policy

and Procedures for Reserve Component (RC) Member Service Beyond 16 Years of Active Duty

Service, MCO 1800.11, ch. 1, ¶ 3.b (Oct. 27, 2009). It provides that any active duty order for a

Marine reservist that has an end of active service date that would accumulate 18 or more years of

active duty time for the reservist must be approved by the DC M&RA and that such order “shall

not be issued to any [reservist] without a sanctuary request approved in accordance with this

order.” Id. ¶ 4.k.1. The order allows for reservists to request active duty orders that would result

in serving 18 years or more on active duty but only “contingent upon executing a waiver of

sanctuary protection.” Id. ¶ 12. Pursuant to § 12686(b), it mandates that “[o]rders requiring waiver

of sanctuary protection must be for 179 days or less and pursuant to authority of 10 U.S.C. 12301,”

id. ¶ 12.a, and that any waiver must be provided in writing “prior to executing the orders providing

for 18 or more total active duty years.”       Id. ¶ 12.b; see Waiver of Sanctuary Protection,

MARADMIN 104/13, ¶ 4.C (Feb. 28, 2013) (requiring that all active duty orders that would result

in a reservist reaching 18 years of active duty service “be accompanied with a waiver of sanctuary

protection” and “shall not exceed 179 days in length”).

                                                 6
          MCO 1001.61A provides policy guidance on the application of sanctuary waiver to

reservists on Medical Hold. See Policy and Procedures for Sourcing Personnel to Meet Individual

Augmentation (IA) Requirements, MCO 1001.61A, ch. 3, ¶ 7 (Feb. 22, 2013). According to that

order, if a reservist’s “initial placement or subsequent extension” on Medical Hold will cause him

or her to exceed 18 years of active duty service, then the DC M&RA “can withhold the issuance

of [active duty] orders if the reservist fails to execute a waiver of sanctuary eligibility as part of

their consent to be continued on active duty for medical observation, evaluation or treatment.” Id.

The policy requires that a separate request be executed for each 179-day order, which if approved

“would be back-to-back, and not extending the original set.” Id., ch. 2, ¶ 5.c.

    II.       Findings of Fact

          Plaintiff retired from the Reserve as a Lieutenant Colonel in 2019, with over 19 years of

active duty service. Admin. R. (“AR”) 1343–48, ECF No. 44.2 He began his military career as a

commissioned officer in the Marine Corps on July 12, 1991, and served on active duty as a regular

component officer until 2003. AR 20, 1360.3 During this period of duty, Plaintiff graduated with

a Juris Doctorate from Cornell Law School. AR 1489–93. In 2003, Plaintiff left active duty and

accepted a commission with the Reserve. AR 20, 1330, 1333. While in the Reserve, Plaintiff was

mobilized to active duty on numerous occasions. Two of these active duty periods are relevant to

the claims in this action.

          2
         For ease of reference, citations to the Administrative Record refer to the bates-labeled
page numbers rather than the ECF page numbers.
       3
         The Administrative Record does not include a copy of all of Plaintiff’s orders, sanctuary
waiver requests, and other underlying records pertinent to his claims. In some instances, the Court
has made factual findings based on undisputed facts drawn from the “Chronology of Relevant
Events” prepared during the BCNR remands.
                                                  7
       A.      Active Duty in 2011–2012

       In 2010, Plaintiff received mobilization orders to active duty in Afghanistan to support

Operation Enduring Freedom. AR 20, 1560–69. From January through early February 2011, he

attended pre-deployment training at Camp Lejeune in North Carolina. AR 20. During a training

exercise at Camp Lejeune, Plaintiff suffered an injury to the cervical spine which triggered

persistent pain in his right arm and hand. AR 20, 100, 323–25. Despite his injury, on February

22, 2011, Plaintiff deployed to Afghanistan where he served as Officer in Charge of Governance.

AR 20, 477, 1560–69. Plaintiff returned to Camp Lejeune on February 22, 2012. AR 20, 477.

Upon his return from Afghanistan, Plaintiff completed a Physical Health Assessment. AR 20,

103–16. The assessment noted that Plaintiff suffered a neck injury during pre-deployment training

and was still experiencing neck pain at the time. AR 20, 114. Nonetheless, it determined Plaintiff

was “fully medically ready and require[d] no follow-up care.” AR 116. Plaintiff was separated

from active duty on April 27, 2012, without receiving a separation physical examination or pre-

separation counseling. AR 21.

       Plaintiff returned to active duty from April 29 through May 25, 2012, to attend Civil Affairs

School in Quantico, Virginia. AR 21, 135. In June 2012, after he was released from duty, Plaintiff

began to experience elevated levels of severe pain in his neck and right arm. AR 21, 140. On

August 6, 2012, Plaintiff underwent spinal fusion surgery to address his injury. Id. After notifying

his command of his medical issues, the USMC placed Plaintiff on temporary limited duty from

August 16 through November 6, 2012.4 AR 21, 282. On November 6, 2012, Plaintiff was cleared

as fit for duty and removed from temporary limited duty status. AR 21.

       4
          Temporary limited duty is a period of duty where a servicemember performs limited
military duties and receives medical care. It is not a period of active duty. Navy Manual of the
Medical Department, ch. 18–2, ¶ 5 (Jan. 10, 2005).
                                                 8
       B.      Active Duty in 2015–2017

       On January 2, 2013, Plaintiff began active duty orders to serve as a disability evaluation

attorney with the Wounded Warrior Battalion at Camp Pendleton in California. AR 22, 1245–46,

1581–87. Plaintiff alleges these orders were extended multiple times, until he began approaching

18 years of active duty service. AR 1171–72. At the direction of Headquarters Marine Corps

(“HQMC”), Plaintiff submitted a sanctuary waiver request on August 1, 2015, for a period

covering 179 days—from September 26, 2015, through March 23, 2016—to continue serving on

active duty past 18 years. AR 22, 1172. On September 26, 2015, Plaintiff was separated from

active duty. AR 22. On October 5, 2015, Plaintiff received new active duty orders to return to the

Wounded Warrior Battalion at Camp Pendleton as a disability evaluation attorney. AR 1216–22.

The orders specified a period from October 7, 2015, through March 23, 2016, a total of 169 days.

AR 1216. The orders made no mention of Plaintiff’s request to waive sanctuary and expressly

stated that Plaintiff “may become eligible for sanctuary zone protection.” AR 1222.

       On March 16, 2016, shortly before his orders were set to end, Plaintiff advised the

Deployment Processing Center that he was suffering increasing pain in his left shoulder that

required follow-up care. AR 22, 599–610. According to his medical notes, Plaintiff “had a long

complex history involving his left shoulder,” including numerous dislocations, which led to

surgical repair in 1992. AR 615. To facilitate further medical treatment for Plaintiff, on March

21, 2016, the Marine Corps’ BIA issued Plaintiff a Medical Hold authorization for March 24

through June 24, 2016. AR 1228–29. However, because Plaintiff had over 18 years of active duty

service, HQMC refused to extend his orders due to sanctuary issues. AR 23, 908. On March 23,

2016, the final day of his then-current orders, HQMC asked Plaintiff if he intended to execute a

sanctuary waiver request in order to receive an extension of his orders for Medical Hold. AR 23,

                                                9
909, 1233–36. At the time, Plaintiff was already traveling to his home of record. AR 23, 909,

1233.    As no waiver had been signed, the USMC separated Plaintiff from active duty

notwithstanding his Medical Hold authorization. AR 909.

        On April 26, 2016, after further discussions with HQMC, Plaintiff submitted a sanctuary

waiver request covering a period of May 1 through September 30, 2016. AR 1237–43, 1248.

While still separated from active duty, he underwent surgery for his shoulder injury in early May

2016. AR 623–26. In early June 2016, following his surgery, the BIA extended Plaintiff’s Medical

Hold authorization to September 24, 2016. AR 23. HQMC then issued Plaintiff active duty orders

for the purpose of Medical Hold for the period of June 14 through September 24, 2016, a total of

103 days. AR 23, 1255–60. Like the October 2015 orders, the June 2016 orders made no mention

of Plaintiff’s sanctuary waiver and stated that he “may become eligible for sanctuary zone

protection.” AR 23, 1260.

        In August 2016, HQMC informed Plaintiff that his April 2016 sanctuary waiver would

expire soon and that he needed to submit new sanctuary waiver requests to remain on orders for

Medical Hold. AR 23, 1183. Plaintiff filed two such requests, dated August 22 and 26, 2016,

respectively, to waive sanctuary for the period of September 24, 2016, through March 22, 2017.

AR 23, 1184. The BIA subsequently extended Plaintiff’s Medical Hold authorization to May 17,

2017, AR 1268–69, and HQMC issued Plaintiff two additional active duty orders. AR 24. The

first order extended his active duty period (which began June 14, 2016) through December 9, 2016,

for a total period of 179 days. AR 1187, 1276. The second order, which was a “back-to-back”

order, created a new active duty period from December 10, 2016, through March 22, 2017, a total

of 103 days. AR 24, 1276–81. Petitioner was told that, even though Medical Hold was authorized

through mid-May, HQMC would extend his order only to March 22, 2017, because the period

                                               10
covered by his sanctuary waiver request ended on that date. AR 23–24. Plaintiff objected to the

back-to-back order, calling the break in orders a “transparent attempt to create a legal fiction” to

avoid Plaintiff obtaining statutory sanctuary rights. AR 1274.

          Just as it did in the past, as the end date of Plaintiff’s order approached, HQMC advised

him that it would not issue further active duty orders for Medical Hold past March 22, 2017, unless

and until he submitted a request for a sanctuary waiver covering that period. AR 24. On March

6, 2017, Plaintiff filed a complaint with the Office of the Naval Inspector General, contending that

conditioning Medical Hold orders on requests for sanctuary waivers is unlawful. AR 1286–88.

Plaintiff ultimately refused to submit an additional sanctuary waiver request and was separated

from active duty on March 22, 2017. AR 1190, 1314. The USMC did not provide Plaintiff with

a separation physical examination or pre-separation counseling and did not determine whether

Plaintiff was fit for duty. AR 24, 1190.

   III.      Procedural History

          On April 16, 2018, Plaintiff filed a Complaint alleging that his separation from active duty

on April 27, 2012, was contrary to statute and military regulations. See Pl.’s Compl. ¶ 1, ECF No.

1. Specifically, he alleged that the USMC failed to make a “line of duty” determination following

his pre-deployment training accident to determine Plaintiff’s eligibility for benefits and then

unlawfully separated him after his deployment without a separation physical examination and pre-

separation counseling as required by 10 U.S.C. §§ 1142 and 1145. Id. ¶¶ 1, 3, 93–98. He further

alleged that the USMC was required to continue him on active duty for Medical Hold because of

the unresolved neck injury he suffered in the line of duty. Id. ¶¶ 2, 116–19. Plaintiff sought a

correction of records to reflect that he remained in an active duty status until December 6, 2012

(30 days after he was found fit for duty) to account for out-processing time, travel to his home of

                                                  11
record, and use of terminal leave. Id. ¶ 132, pt. 1(B). He also requested all back pay, allowances,

and benefits to which he otherwise would have been entitled and out-of-pocket medical expenses

that he would not have incurred but for his unlawful separation. Id. ¶ 132, pt. 1(C)–(D). On

October 18, 2018, the Court granted Defendant’s request to remand Plaintiff’s claims to the Navy

so that the BCNR could consider his requests in the first instance. See Order Granting Remand,

ECF No. 10.

       The BCNR issued a decision on remand on November 12, 2019, granting Plaintiff partial

relief. AR 42. The BCNR determined that Plaintiff incurred his neck injury in the line of duty

and that the USMC violated the law by failing to provide Plaintiff with a separation physical

examination and pre-separation counseling before releasing him from active duty in April 2012.

AR 40. It also concluded that had such procedures been followed it likely would have resulted in

Plaintiff being placed in a Medical Hold status due to his neck injury.            Id.   The BCNR

recommended that Plaintiff’s records be corrected to reflect that he was in an active duty for

Medical Hold status from April 28, 2012 (the date following his release from active duty) through

November 6, 2012 (the date on which Plaintiff was determined fit for duty). AR 41. The BCNR

also recommended that Plaintiff receive back pay and active duty service credit for April 28, 2012,

and the period of May 26 through November 9, 2012. Id. It concluded Plaintiff was not entitled

to back pay and service credit for the period of April 29 through May 25, 2012, because Plaintiff

was on active duty at Civil Affairs School during that time and should not receive double pay or

credit for that period. Id. It further concluded that Plaintiff was not entitled to back pay or active

duty service credit through December 6, 2012, as he requested, and that Plaintiff should not be

compensated for out-of-pocket expenses without first seeking relief through the administrative

claims process of TRICARE, a military health care program. Id.

                                                 12
       On February 17, 2020, Plaintiff filed his First Amended Complaint, alleging in Part A that

the BCNR erred in denying him the full relief he requested with respect to his active duty period

in 2011–2012. See Pl.’s First Am. Compl. ¶ 1, ECF No. 23. Specifically, he sought an award of

back pay and service credit from November 7 to December 6, 2012, reimbursement of out-of-

pocket medical expenses, and a family separation allowance for the period of time he was attending

Civil Affairs School (April 29 through May 25, 2012). Id. ¶¶ 295(1)–(2). In Part B, Plaintiff made

a host of new allegations regarding his periods of active duty in 2015–2017. Specifically, Plaintiff

alleged that: (1) the USMC’s conditioning of his Medical Hold orders on the execution of

sanctuary waivers was unlawful; (2) the Secretary did not delegate authority to HQMC to require

Plaintiff’s sanctuary waivers; (3) Plaintiff’s blanket sanctuary waivers and continuous orders

exceeding 179 days were contrary to law and procedure; (4) the law permitted the Secretary to

require a sanctuary waiver only when a reservist is initially ordered to active duty, not when

subsequent orders retain or continue him or her on active duty; (5) HQMC did not properly approve

Plaintiff’s requests for sanctuary waivers in accordance with procedure; (6) Plaintiff was entitled

to sanctuary zone protection based on travel to his home of record on March 24, 2016; and (7) the

USMC failed to provide Plaintiff with a separation physical examination and pre-separation

counseling and discharged him with an unresolved medical issue contrary to law and procedure.

Id. ¶¶ 249, 255, 260–61, 269, 272–79, 284–85, 287–92. He requested a correction of his military

records reflecting that he continued on active duty beyond March 23, 2016, until he was found fit

for duty or completed the disability evaluation process or, in the alternative, until he reached 20

years of active duty service, as well as all associated back pay, allowances, and benefits to which

he otherwise would have been entitled. Id. ¶¶ 295(3)(a)–(b).

                                                13
       On March 10, 2021, pursuant to the parties’ agreement, the Court remanded Plaintiff’s

claims, both in Parts A and B, to the BCNR. See Order Staying Case, ECF No. 35. On August 9,

2021, the BCNR issued a remand decision. AR 1. As to Part A, the Board denied Plaintiff any

further relief beyond what it determined to be appropriate in its November 2019 decision. AR 3–

4. Specifically, it rejected Plaintiff’s claim for entitlement to a constructive service credit through

December 6, 2012, finding it would be a “windfall” and noting that in the real world Plaintiff was

demobilized on the date he was found fit for duty. AR 4. The Board reiterated that it did not have

authority to grant Plaintiff’s request for out-of-pocket expenses and for a family separation

allowance, as any amounts owing must be determined by TRICARE and the Defense Finance and

Accounting Service (“DFAS”), respectively. AR 4–5.

       As to Part B claims, the Board found no error or injustice in the USMC’s conditioning

Plaintiff’s active duty orders for purposes of Medical Hold on the execution of sanctuary waivers,

or in separating Plaintiff—notwithstanding his unresolved medical issue—due to his refusal to

waive sanctuary. AR 8–11, 13–14. It also rejected all but one of Plaintiff’s remaining claims.

Specifically, it found that HQMC possessed the proper delegated authority to require Plaintiff to

execute sanctuary waivers. AR 11. It found no error in the practice of using blanket waivers or

back-to-back orders, which each specified a period of 179 days and otherwise conformed to the

law. AR 12. It likewise rejected the notion that waivers may be required only for initial orders to

active duty, as opposed to orders extending active duty, citing MCO 1001.61A’s express waiver

requirement for reservists on Medical Hold. Id. The Board also found that any procedural failures

in the notification and approval process for Plaintiff’s sanctuary waivers did not render them

invalid, as the fact that HQMC issued the orders implies that it approved the waivers. AR 12–13.

                                                  14
However, it agreed that the USMC unlawfully failed to provide Plaintiff with a separation physical

examination and pre-separation counseling. AR 13. It nonetheless found that error harmless. Id.

        On September 14, 2021, Plaintiff filed a Second Amended Complaint, challenging the

BCNR’s August 2021 decision. See Pl.’s Second Am. Compl., ECF No. 42. Defendant filed a

Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record on December 6, 2021, requesting that the

Court uphold the BCNR’s August 2021 decision. See ECF No. 45. On February 9, 2022, Plaintiff

filed an Opposition and Cross-Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record, asserting that

the BCNR’s decision should be set aside as both arbitrary and capricious and contrary to law based

on the same or similar arguments raised before the BCNR. See ECF No. 48. The parties’ cross-

motions are now fully briefed. See Def.’s Opp’n & Reply, ECF No. 51; Pl.’s Reply, ECF No. 53.

The Court heard oral argument on September 29, 2022.

                                     LEGAL STANDARDS

   I.      Rule 52.1 Motions

        Motions for judgment on the administrative record are governed by Rule 52.1 of the Rules

of the United States Court of Federal Claims (“RCFC”). RCFC 52.1(c). Such motion is “properly

understood as . . . an expedited trial on the record.” Bannum, Inc. v. United States, 404 F.3d 1346,

1356 (Fed. Cir. 2005). In contrast to the standard for summary judgment, “the standard for

judgment on the administrative record is narrower” and involves determining, “given all the

disputed and undisputed facts in the administrative record, whether the plaintiff has met the burden

of proof to show that the [challenged action or] decision was not in accordance with the law.”

Martinez v. United States, 77 Fed. Cl. 318, 324 (2007) (citing Bannum, 404 F.3d at 1357).

                                                15
Therefore, a genuine issue of disputed fact does not prevent the Court from granting a motion for

judgment on the administrative record. See Bannum, 404 F.3d at 1357.

   II.      Standard of Review in Military Pay Cases

         In military pay cases, the scope of judicial review is deferential and is limited to

determining whether an action or decision by the military was “arbitrary, capricious, or in bad

faith, or unsupported by substantial evidence, or contrary to law.” Doe v. United States, 132 F.3d

1430, 1434 (Fed. Cir. 1997) (quoting Heisig v. United States, 719 F.2d 1153, 1156 (Fed. Cir.

1983)); see Martinez v. United States, 333 F.3d 1295, 1314 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (noting that arbitrary-

and-capricious review is applied in suits challenging underlying discharge actions as well as the

decisions of military correction boards). The Court’s review is limited to the administrative record.

Metz v. United States, 466 F.3d 991, 998 (Fed. Cir. 2006). Therefore, the record must contain

evidence of legal error or deficiency in the decision-making process, meriting judicial relief and

“overcom[ing] the strong, but rebuttable, presumption that the administrators of the military, like

other public officers, discharge their duties correctly, lawfully, and in good faith.” Doe, 132 F.3d

at 1434 (quoting Sanders v. United States, 594 F.2d 804, 813 (Ct. Cl. 1979)). The burden is on

the plaintiff to prove such error through “cogent and clearly convincing evidence.” Wronke v.

Marsh, 787 F.2d 1569, 1576 (Fed. Cir. 1986) (quoting Dorl v. United States, 200 Ct. Cl. 626, 633

(1973), cert. denied, 414 U.S. 1032 (1973)).

         Beyond the presumption that military administrators lawfully discharge their duties,

“[j]udicial deference must be ‘at its apogee’ in matters pertaining to the military and national

defense.” Voge v. United States, 844 F.2d 776, 779 (Fed. Cir. 1988) (quoting Rostker v. Goldberg,

453 U.S. 57, 70 (1981)); see Murphy v. United States, 993 F.2d 871, 872 (Fed. Cir. 1993)

(“Justiciability is a particularly apt inquiry when one seeks review of military activities.”).

                                                 16
Nevertheless, not every claim arising from a military decision is beyond judicial review. Adkins

v. United States, 68 F.3d 1317, 1323 (Fed. Cir. 1995). Even where Congress provides unlimited

discretion, the military is “bound to follow its own procedural regulations if it chooses to

implement some.” Murphy, 993 F.2d at 873 (citing Sargisson v. United States, 913 F.2d 918, 921

(Fed. Cir. 1990)); see Fisher v. United States, 402 F.3d 1167, 1177 (Fed. Cir. 2005); see also Voge,

844 F.2d at 779 (“[T]he Claims Court may review the [challenged decision] process for

compliance with established procedures.”). Accordingly, where procedural violations are alleged,

“this [C]ourt does not improperly exercise any discretion reserved for the military” but rather

determines only whether the challenged action violated applicable statutory and regulatory

standards. Adkins, 68 F.3d at 1323.

                                          DISCUSSION

   I.        Plaintiff’s Part A Claims

        Of the three claims Plaintiff raises in Part A, only two remain in dispute. During briefing,

Defendant paid Plaintiff the family separation allowance he was due, and thus that claim is moot.

See ECF No. 51 at 11 & n.3; ECF No. 53 at 4 n.1. For the remaining Part A claims, Plaintiff has

demonstrated he is entitled to relief in part on the issue of his constructive service credit but has

failed to show that the BCNR erred in declining to award him a specific amount for out-of-pocket

medical expenses.

        A.      The BCNR’s Denial of Constructive Service Credit Beyond November 6, 2012,
                Was Arbitrary and Capricious.

        Plaintiff’s first claim challenges the length of the constructive service credit afforded by

the BCNR. Plaintiff argues that a credit ending on the exact date Plaintiff was found fit for duty

(November 6, 2012) does not provide full and fitting relief. ECF No. 48 at 16–17. Rather, to

return him to the position he would have been in but for his unlawful separation on April 27, 2012,

                                                 17
he claims the BCNR should have awarded a longer credit that accounted for the time needed to

out-process, travel to his home of record, and take terminal leave after receiving his fitness

determination—a minimum of 30 additional days, according to Plaintiff. Id. at 17–18. Defendant

argues that the BCNR rationally determined Plaintiff was not entitled to additional credit for out-

processing and travel because, in reality, he had already out-processed and returned home by the

date he was determined fit. ECF No. 45 at 23–24. It further contends that Plaintiff would not have

been entitled to terminal leave in any event, and that he has since been paid for the leave he accrued

during the constructive service period granted in the BCNR’s August 2021 decision. Id. at 24–25.

       The BCNR, like other correction boards, is obligated both to determine “the true nature of

an alleged [error or] injustice and to take steps to grant thorough and fitting relief” to a successful

applicant. Roth v. United States, 378 F.3d 1371, 1381 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (quoting Caddington v.

United States, 147 Ct. Cl. 629, 634 (1959)). Where the Board determines corrective action is

warranted, such action should “appropriately and fully erase [the] error or compensate [the]

injustice.” Id. A similar standard applies where a court fashions relief for a service member that

it determines was wrongfully discharged. In either case, the “central principle” is to return the

member to the position he or she would have occupied but for the military’s unlawful action.

Holley v. United States, 33 Fed. Cl. 454, 456 (1995) (quoting Dilley v. Alexander, 627 F.2d 407,

413 (D.C. Cir. 1980)).

       By denying Plaintiff any constructive service credit past November 6, 2012, the BCNR did

not place Plaintiff in the position he would have been in had the Marine Corps conducted the

required separation examination and counseling, which likely would have resulted in him

continuing on active duty for Medical Hold until his neck injury resolved. Indeed, the BCNR

conceded that “Marines do not typically leave active duty on the same day that they are found [fit

                                                  18
for duty].” AR 3. But rather than attempting to determine, as best as possible, when Plaintiff

would have been released in the but-for world where he had been properly retained, it irrationally

relied solely on the real-world facts surrounding his unlawful demobilization. Id. In determining

what relief is due, comparing real-world and but-for-world circumstances is certainly a relevant

inquiry. However, the fact that Plaintiff actually out-processed (to some extent) and traveled home

prior to the date he was found fit for duty does not necessarily mean he received the benefit of all

or part of the relief he otherwise would have received.

       The facts relied on by the BCNR do not support its conclusion. Specifically, the Board

found that Petitioner was on leave at his home of record when he was informed that he would be

demobilized upon the expiration of his orders on April 27, 2012. AR 36. Prior to that notification,

he was under the impression that his orders would be extended through June 2012 “to allow for

proper demobilization.” Id. Of course, that did not happen, and Plaintiff was not properly out-

processed. Had he been, Plaintiff would likely not have been discharged on April 27 and instead

would have been retained on active duty to receive medical treatment in a military facility.

Assuming in those but-for circumstances that he was found fit for duty on November 6, 2012, it is

reasonable to conclude (as the BCNR recognized) that the Marine Corps would have provided him

with some amount of time to out-process and travel home before separating him from active duty.

Thus, in order to “fully erase” the Marine Corps’ error and make Plaintiff whole, he should receive

credit for that additional amount of active duty time beyond November 6. Roth, 378 F.3d at 1381

(quoting Caddington, 147 Ct. Cl. at 632). Otherwise, the Marine Corps will have benefited from

its own unlawful conduct.

       The question then is: what reasonable additional amount of active duty time would Plaintiff

have received? Plaintiff contends he likely would have remained on active duty for close to a year

                                                19
had he received medical treatment at Camp Lejeune, ECF No. 48 at 17, but in an act of “great

restraint” seeks only a minimum period of 30 days after his fit for duty finding, id. at 18. He bases

this contention on an expert opinion drafted by Peter C. Faerber, who similarly was a disability

evaluation system attorney stationed at Camp Pendleton. AR 1019–23. Mr. Faerber is not a

medical doctor and, importantly, has his own suit against Defendant currently pending before this

Court that involves remarkably similar sanctuary waiver and medical hold issues. See Faerber v.

United States, 156 Fed. Cl. 715, 720–23 (2021). The Court views his opinion with a justifiable

dose of skepticism given the inherent risk of bias.

       In any event, reliable evidence in the Administrative Record demonstrates that Plaintiff

likely would have been released from active duty within 10 working days of being found fit for

duty. Although it appears there was no official policy in 2012, the BIA explained in an email to

Plaintiff that, based on his 11-plus years of experience, “the procedure established for reserve

Marines who were returned to full duty while on active duty medical hold orders was to allow

them on average 10 working days to demobilize and return to their home of record.” AR 1118.

This procedure is also reflected in the counseling form Plaintiff signed to be placed on Medical

Hold in March 2016, as well as the BIA’s letter informing Plaintiff that his Medical Hold was

deactivated in March 2017. AR 564 (“Members returning to full duty . . . will be released from

active duty within 10 days of being found fit for full duty.”); AR 1033 (“Upon my return to duty I

will release from active duty within 10 working days of that finding.”). Although the BIA’s email

also stated that his office had authorized up to 30 days for demobilization in “certain situations,”

he characterized those cases as involving “extenuating circumstances.” AR 1118. Plaintiff’s

Second Amended Complaint does not allege that such circumstances exist in his case. See ECF

No. 42 ¶¶ 53–58.

                                                 20
       The BCNR, however, rationally rejected Plaintiff’s request for additional constructive

service credit to account for the hypothetical use of terminal leave. As Defendant correctly argues,

terminal leave “is not an entitlement, it is a privilege.” ECF No. 45 at 24 (quoting Marine Corps

Separation and Retirement Manual, MCO P1900.16F, ¶ 1010(2) (June 6, 2007)). And as a matter

of Marine Corps policy (at least since 2016), terminal leave is not typically granted at the

conclusion of a Medical Hold. See id. That policy was communicated to Plaintiff in several

documents relating to his 2016–2017 Medical Hold authorization. AR 564 (“Members returning

to full duty will not be authorized terminal leave . . . .”); AR 515 (“Terminal leave will not be

authorized at such time as a member is demobilized/discharged.”); AR 1033 (“While on medical

hold, I must exhaust my opportunities to take leave whenever feasible, because extensions for

terminal leave will not be authorized.”). Furthermore, even if terminal leave was arguably

available at the conclusion of a Medical Hold, the BCNR rationally found that granting Plaintiff

constructive service credit for terminal leave would unjustly award him double recovery because

he already received a payout for the leave he accrued during the constructive service period

awarded by the Board. AR 3–4 & n.4; see AR 1326 (Plaintiff’s leave and earning statement

showing lump sum payment of approximately $3,700 for leave sold as of November 6, 2012).

       Accordingly, the BCNR’s decision to end Plaintiff’s constructive service period on the date

he was found fit for duty was arbitrary and capricious. The Administrative Record demonstrates—

and the Board conceded—that had Plaintiff been properly retained on active duty for Medical Hold

he would not have been released on that date. Rather, the record demonstrates that he would have

been provided up to 10 working days to demobilize. The BCNR should have corrected Plaintiff’s

records to reflect that additional active duty service.

                                                  21
       B.      The BCNR Correctly Concluded that It Does Not Have the Authority to
               Award Plaintiff $1,136.83 in Out-of-Pocket Medical Costs.

       Plaintiff next argues that the BCNR should have awarded him $1,136.83 in out-of-pocket

medical costs related to his 2012 constructive service period, which he would not have incurred

had he been on Medical Hold receiving treatment in a military facility. ECF No. 48 at 19–21.

Defendant contends that the BCNR rationally declined to award Plaintiff the costs he requested

because it had only the authority to correct Plaintiff’s military records and did not have the

authority to award any specific payments that may be owed due to the correction. ECF No. 45 at

25–28; see AR 2, 4. The BCNR was correct.

       As a threshold matter, the role of the BCNR is “to correct any Navy record when ‘necessary

to correct an error or remove an injustice.’” Viet. Veterans of Am. v. Sec’y of the Navy, 843 F.2d

528, 531 (D.C. Cir. 1988) (quoting 10 U.S.C. § 1552(a)(1)). A decision or recommendation by

the BCNR to grant corrective action, once it becomes final, provides the basis for the settlement

of any monetary portion of an applicant’s claims. This may include monetary relief for “loss of

pay, allowances, compensation, emoluments, or other pecuniary benefits, or for the repayment of

a fine or forfeiture,” if due. 10 U.S.C. § 1552(c)(1). However, “[c]omputation of the amounts due

[must] be made by the appropriate disbursing activity” (normally DFAS), not the BCNR. 32

C.F.R. § 723.10(c)(1); see Adams v. United States, 126 Fed. Cl. 645, 660 (2016), aff’d, 696 F.

App’x 511 (Fed. Cir. 2017) (holding that the Air Force Board for the Correction of Military

Records’ authority is limited to correction of records and that the computation of awards is the

function of DFAS). Indeed, the BCNR explained that “[e]very Board decision granting relief

which may affect an applicant’s benefits or compensation is automatically provided to DFAS to

make such determinations.” AR 2 n.2.

                                               22
       Here, the BCNR afforded corrective action that provided Plaintiff a basis for recovering

his out-of-pocket medical expenses. Specifically, it recommended that his military records be

corrected to reflect that he was in a Medical Hold status from April 28 to November 6, 2012. AR

42. The Board therefore fulfilled its duty; and by regulation, other military components must then

calculate the specific payments that flow from the Board’s decision. Neither the BCNR, nor

Defendant, contest that Plaintiff is entitled to some reimbursement of out-of-pocket medical

expenses. The Board merely explained (and clarified to the extent it was unclear in the first remand

decision) that Plaintiff should pursue payment from TRICARE or DFAS “pursuant to the record

change that the Board already directed.” AR 4. In that regard, Defendant represented that “DoD

is in the process of determining how much of [the claimed medical expenses] LtCol Marshall is

owed.” ECF No. 51 at 11. Recently, Defendant updated the Court to advise that the Government

issued a final decision on Plaintiff’s entitlement to reimbursement and the parties are attempting

to resolve any remainder of this claim without further litigation. See ECF No. 61.

       The Federal Circuit’s decision in McCord v. United States, 943 F.3d 1354, 1359 (Fed. Cir.

2019), on which Plaintiff relies, is inapposite. In that case, an Army servicemember sought, among

other amounts, an award for out-of-pocket medical expenses that otherwise would have been

covered by TRICARE had he been properly retired with medical retirement pay. Id. at 1356–57.

The trial court held that the servicemember was not entitled to relief because he had not exhausted

his administrative remedies through TRICARE before bringing his claim in court. Id. at 1357.

The Federal Circuit Court reversed, holding that administrative exhaustion was not required

because “[t]he TRICARE reimbursement procedure only covers medical claims for services

authorized under the TRICARE Program, and it thus does not provide a remedy for damages

                                                23
flowing from improper exclusion from the TRICARE program.” Id. at 1359 (internal quotation

omitted). Accordingly, the Court directed entry of an award of the specific expenses. Id. at 1360.

          Unlike McCord, where there was no administrative remedy available, Plaintiff has not

argued or shown that he cannot seek reimbursement of out-of-pocket medical expenses through

the appropriate disbursing agency, whether that be TRICARE or DFAS. Moreover, McCord did

not involve the question of whether a correction board has the authority to calculate and direct

payment of specific sums owing as a result of a correction. It is therefore inapplicable to this case.5

          Accordingly, the Court finds no error with the BCNR’s conclusion that it lacked authority

to grant Plaintiff a specific monetary award for reimbursement of medical expenses.

    II.       Plaintiff’s Part B Claims

          Plaintiff’s Part B claims present a multiple-front challenge to the USMC’s application of

sanctuary waiver authority to active duty orders for purposes of Medical Hold. Like Faerber, the

primary arguments involve the interplay (if any) between DoDI 1241.01 and § 12686(b), as well

as whether Plaintiff’s orders fell within the statutory criteria of the waiver provision. Plaintiff also

argues that his waivers were void due to a lack of delegated authority and procedural violations.

Finally, Plaintiff asserts an alternative basis for holding that his separation was unlawful. The

Court addresses each argument in turn.

          5
          Plaintiff also cites to Driscoll v. United States, which in granting judgment for the plaintiff
in a military pay case remanded to the correction board with instructions to “determine the amount
of backpay and other benefits or allowances that Driscoll would have received but for his wrongful
discharge.” 158 Fed. Cl. 399, 415 (2022); see ECF No. 53 at 6. On reconsideration, however, the
court clarified that its instruction “did not require that the [board] perform the calculations itself
or prohibit the [board] from referring the matter to DFAS to make the calculations.” Driscoll v.
United States, No. 19-1640, 2022 WL 3330432, at *3 (Fed. Cl. Aug. 11, 2022).

                                                   24
       A.      The BCNR Correctly Found That the USMC Had No Obligation, Absent
               Consent, to Continue Plaintiff on Active Duty for the Purpose of Medical Hold.

       Plaintiff argues that DoDI 1241.01 required that he be continued on active duty for Medical

Hold until his injury resolved or a fitness determination was made, regardless of the Secretary’s

discretionary sanctuary waiver authority. ECF No. 48 at 30–34. Defendant contends that the

BCNR correctly concluded that the regulation requires the USMC to issue Medical Hold orders

only when a reservist consents to receiving them, and Plaintiff did not consent to further orders for

Medical Hold when he refused to execute a sanctuary waiver. ECF No. 45 at 29–30; see AR 9–

10.   Defendant further argues that the BCNR correctly found no error in the practice of

conditioning orders for Medical Hold on sanctuary waivers and that the USMC was required to do

so by its own policy. ECF No. 45 at 29–30; see AR 10–11.

       This Court previously reached the same conclusion in Faerber, in an opinion issued after

the BCNR’s decision here. In Faerber, the USMC conditioned the further extension of a

reservist’s active duty orders for Medical Hold on his execution of a sanctuary waiver, and the

plaintiff argued that such condition was unlawful given the mandatory obligation stated in DoDI

1241.01. 156 Fed. Cl. at 720–23, 728–29. As here, the plaintiff in Faerber contended that he

consented to Medical Hold orders by expressing his desire to remain on active duty for treatment

and evaluation, and the USMC was thus required to issue the orders regardless of whether he

complied with the USMC’s sanctuary waiver condition. Id.; ECF No. 48 at 31.

       The Court rejected the argument, concluding that a reservist’s desire to remain on active

duty is not equivalent to consent to remain on active duty. Faerber, 156 Fed. Cl. at 729. Rather,

the plain meaning of the term “consent”—which is used consistently in regard to various types of

active duty orders for reservists—requires that the reservist agree to the terms of the orders offered.

Id. In the context of the regulatory framework of Medical Hold, that means the USMC must

                                                  25
“extend an offer to place or retain an eligible injured reservist on active duty for purposes of

medical treatment and disability evaluation. It is then the reservist’s choice to accept the offer

(i.e., consent) or refuse the offer.” Id. at 730. Because the plaintiff in Faerber refused to execute

a sanctuary waiver, as was required to receive further orders for Medical Hold, the Court concluded

that the plaintiff did not “consent” to remain on active duty and the USMC could withhold the

orders so long as the sanctuary waiver condition was lawful. Id. at 731. The facts here are

analogous.

         Plaintiff argues that the Court’s holding in Faerber was erroneous because it failed to

consider 10 U.S.C. § 1074. ECF No. 48 at 40. That statute provides that a servicemember on

active duty “is entitled to medical and dental care in any facility of any uniformed service.” 10

U.S.C. § 1074(a)(1). Plaintiff characterizes this as an absolute, unqualified entitlement, which the

Secretary of Defense extended through DoDI 1241.01 to injured reservists whose active duty

orders are set to expire. ECF No. 48 at 35. Plaintiff contends that the Court’s construction of the

consent requirement of DoDI 1241.01 and the sanctuary waiver authority under § 12686(b) is

impermissible because, by allowing the USMC to avoid keeping injured reservists on active duty

for Medical Hold, it qualifies § 1074’s otherwise unqualified entitlement to medical care. Id. at

36–37.

         As Plaintiff correctly notes, the arguments before the Court in Faerber did not rely

significantly (or at all) on § 1074. Nonetheless, the Court’s holding in Faerber is not inconsistent

with that statutory provision. Section 1074 applies, as relevant here, only to a servicemember who

is “on active duty.” 10 U.S.C. § 1074(a)(2)(A). Once a servicemember is separated from active

duty, § 1074’s guarantee to medical and dental care in a military facility no longer attaches.

Although Plaintiff satisfied the conditions of § 1074 and had an unqualified entitlement to medical

                                                 26
care during the period of his active duty orders, see ECF No. 48 at 35, by its plain language § 1074

did not entitle him to be retained on active duty after his orders expired. Because § 12686 and §

1074 address two separate issues—the former addressing when a reservist in the sanctuary zone

may be released from active duty and when the Secretary may require a sanctuary waiver, the latter

addressing when a servicemember is entitled to medical care in a military facility—the Court’s

interpretation of DoDI 1241.01 and § 12686(b) in no way contradicts or circumvents the

entitlement afforded by § 1074.

       Rather, the Court found that 10 U.S.C. § 12301(h) provides the authority to issue reservists

active duty orders to receive medical treatment or disability evaluation. 156 Fed. Cl. at 729 & n.6.

That conclusion is consistent with the applicable military regulations. Indeed, DoDI 1241.01

expressly cites § 12301(h) as the authority for ordering Reserve Component members to, or

continuing them on, active duty for medical treatment. See DoDI 1241.01, encl. 3, ¶ 5; see also

SECNAVINST 1770.3D, ¶ 8.d (tasking the BIA with the responsibility of authorizing reservists

to be recalled or extended on active duty orders for Medical Hold per § 12301(h)); OPNAVINST

1001.27, ¶ 8.g (stating that, in the context of reservists “placed on further active-duty orders for

medical hold,” the Navy does not intend reservists to attain regular retirement through § 12301(h)

orders). Like the plaintiff in Faerber, Plaintiff’s active duty orders for Medical Hold were issued

under § 12301(d), not § 12301(h), due to “fiscal and Reserve manpower policy considerations.”

AR 885 n.1. Plaintiff argues that there is a clear distinction between the two types of orders

because the Secretary may issue a § 12301(h) order only if authorized by the Secretary of Defense.

ECF No. 48 at 39. But that authorization is specifically provided in DoDI 1241.01, as well as prior

DoDI guidance. See SECNAVINST 1770.3, ¶ 3 (referencing DoDI 1241.1 (Feb. 28, 2004) and

DoDI 1241.2 (May 30, 2001)). Regardless, orders issued pursuant to §§ 12301(d) or (h) are both

                                                27
subject to the reservist giving his or her consent and are both subject to the sanctuary waiver

authority provided in § 12686(b) because a reservist may reach the sanctuary zone when serving

under either type of order. Faerber, 156 Fed. Cl. at 729, 731.

       Contrary to Plaintiff’s argument, construing the consent requirement in DoDI 1241.01

consistent with the use of the same term in §§ 12301(d) and (h) gives effect to both the regulation’s

mandatory language and the discretionary authority provided in the statutory sanctuary waiver

provision. Conversely, Plaintiff’s reading negates § 12686(b) altogether with respect to active

duty orders for Medical Hold, even though it is undisputed that a reservist may attain sanctuary

pursuant to § 12686(a) when on such orders. It does so by reading the mandatory language of

DoDI 1241.01 as impliedly constraining the Secretary’s discretion to require a sanctuary waiver.

ECF No. 48 at 32 (“[T]he Court must presume that the Secretary of Defense . . . was intentional in

his choice of language, and cognizant of [the] implications of that choice . . . .”). Although that

mandatory language “requires that [the Secretary] extend an offer to place or retain an eligible

injured reservist on active duty for purposes of medical treatment and disability evaluation,”

Faerber, 156 Fed. Cl. at 730, nothing in DoDI 1241.01 addresses (explicitly or implicitly) the

Secretary’s congressionally-delegated, discretionary waiver authority.6 Far from imposing an

either-or reading (ECF No. 48 at 37), the Court chooses, as it must, the most harmonious

       6
          To put a finer point on it, the Secretary has to make two decisions in the case of an eligible
injured reservist who is at or beyond 18 years of active duty service, one of which is affected by
DoDI 1241.01 and one of which is not. First, under § 12301, will the Secretary order the reservist
to, or retain him on, active duty for Medical Hold? With respect to § 12301(h), the Secretary’s
discretion is dependent on the Secretary of Defense’s authorization. DoDI 1241.01 not only
authorizes an active duty order for medical treatment or disability evaluation, but it also directs the
Secretary to issue the order so long as the reservist meets the criteria (including consent). Next,
under § 12686(b), will the Secretary require as a condition of the order that the reservist waive
sanctuary? DoDI 1241.01 is silent on that issue, and the parties have cited no DoD-level guidance
that otherwise addresses sanctuary waivers.
                                                  28
interpretation. See BlackLight Power, Inc. v. Rogan, 295 F.3d 1269, 1273 (Fed. Cir. 2002); see

also Conn. Nat’l Bank v. Germain, 503 U.S. 249, 253 (1992) (“[S]o long as there is no ‘positive

repugnancy’ between two laws, a court must give effect to both” such that the interpretation

“would not render one or the other wholly superfluous.” (quoting Wood v. United States, 41 U.S.

342, 363 (1842))).

       Accordingly, there is no reason for the Court to stray from its conclusion in Faerber, as the

Court’s holding applies with equal force to Plaintiff here. “Because Plaintiff refused to waive his

sanctuary protections, and therefore did not yield to the terms of the USMC’s offer to extend his

orders, he did not consent (according to the plain meaning of that term) to remaining on active

duty.” Faerber, 156 Fed. Cl. at 731. Absent his consent, “the USMC had no obligation to extend

Plaintiff's active duty orders to facilitate his Medical Hold.” Id.

       B.      The BCNR Erred in Finding that the USMC Lawfully Conditioned Plaintiff’s
               Active Duty Orders for Medical Hold on the Execution of a Sanctuary Waiver.

       As in Faerber, the next step in the analysis is to determine whether the USMC could

lawfully apply the waiver requirement to Plaintiff. Id. Plaintiff argues that the Secretary’s

authority under § 12686(b) extends only to the first set of orders to active duty for 179 days or

less. ECF No. 48 at 44–45. While each of Plaintiff’s orders individually covered a period of less

than 180 days, they collectively amounted to greater than 179 days of continuous active duty

service. Defendant argues, just as the BCNR concluded, that the USMC lawfully required a waiver

as a condition of Plaintiff’s active duty orders, regardless of their collective length, because (unlike

in Faerber) each order specified a period of less than 180 days. ECF No. 45 at 32 (citing AR 12).

Both parties argue that their interpretations are consistent with the plain language of § 12686(b).

See ECF No. 48 at 45; ECF No. 51 at 21–22.

                                                  29
          The Court’s analysis in Faerber is again instructive. In that case, the USMC issued the

plaintiff an initial 183-day active duty order and several consecutive modifications (i.e.,

extensions) of the original order without requiring the execution of a sanctuary waiver. Faerber,

156 Fed. Cl. at 721–22. While each modification standing alone extended the plaintiff’s orders

for a period of less than 180 days, “[e]ach modification increased Plaintiff’s days of active duty,

i.e., 490 days, 517 days, and ultimately 538 days.” Id. at 722. Evidence in the record demonstrated

that the USMC planned to keep the plaintiff on active duty for Medical Hold through a similar

extension of his orders; however, HQMC required a sanctuary waiver for this final extension. Id.

at 732.

          Based on the plain language of § 12686(b), the Court concluded that the USMC was not

authorized to condition the modification of the plaintiff’s orders on the execution of a sanctuary

waiver for two reasons. Id. at 733–36. First, the Court noted that § 12686(b) only applied to orders

“to active duty.” Id. at 734. The modification the USMC offered, however, did not order the

plaintiff to active duty, but rather retained him on active duty through an extension of his initial

order. Id. Second, the Court held that the USMC’s interpretation of its waiver authority as

applying to incremental extensions of orders covering active duty periods beyond 180 days was

“unreasonable because it would render the waiver provision’s temporal limitation superfluous.”

Id. at 735. The Court noted that § 12686(b) contemplated only a short-term order to active duty

for a period of less than 180 days. Id. If each modification was treated as an isolated active duty

period, the Court concluded, then “[t]he statute’s temporal restriction is effectively meaningless.”

Id. (holding that such interpretation would undermine the sanctuary protection Congress conferred

on reservists and expand the flexibility afforded to the Secretary through the waiver provision).

                                                30
       Faerber does not support Defendant’s interpretation here. Under the surplusage cannon,

“[i]t is ‘a cardinal principle of statutory construction’ that ‘a statute ought, upon the whole, to be

so construed that, if it can be prevented, no clause, sentence, or word shall be superfluous, void,

or insignificant.’” TRW Inc. v. Andrews, 534 U.S. 19, 31 (2001) (quoting Duncan v. Walker, 533

U.S. 167, 174 (2001)). “[T]he canon against surplusage is strongest when an interpretation would

render superfluous another part of the same statutory scheme.” Marx v. Gen. Revenue Corp., 568

U.S. 371, 386 (2013) (citing United States v. Jicarilla Apache Nation, 564 U.S. 162, 185 (2011)).

If the Secretary was permitted, as Defendant suggests, to condition multiple back-to-back orders

to active duty that individually covered 179 days or less but collectively amounted to 180 days or

more on the execution of sanctuary waivers, the Secretary could require a reservist to waive

sanctuary for an indeterminate continuous amount of time—including the entire sanctuary period.

Just as in Faerber, Defendant’s interpretation renders § 12868(b)’s 179-day temporal limitation

superfluous. See Advoc. Health Care Network v. Stapleton, 137 S. Ct. 1652, 1654 (2017) (“[E]ach

word Congress uses is there for a reason.”). Under Defendant’s reading, the temporal language is

no limitation at all or is, at best, hollow because it can be easily circumvented by changing the

form of the order issued. Indeed, that is the only material difference between the facts of Faerber

and this case. Whether it was by way of extensions or back-to-back orders, both plaintiffs were

on active duty consecutively for hundreds of days when the USMC conditioned further orders on

the execution of a waiver. Because Defendant’s interpretation would render the temporal language

“superfluous, void, or insignificant,’” TRW, 534 U.S. at 31 (quoting Duncan, 533 U.S. at 174), it

is untenable.

       Defendant’s arguments to the contrary are unpersuasive. At oral argument, it contended

that its interpretation gives effect to the waiver provision’s temporal language because it requires

                                                 31
the USMC every 179 days to decide whether to continue a sanctuary-eligible reservist on active

duty. It is not clear, however, what end that serves vis-à-vis sanctuary. The same decision point

accompanies the expiration of any reservist’s orders, regardless of the length of the order or the

reservist’s total prior active duty time. And here, the USMC has already decided per the policy

stated in MCO 1800.11, ¶ 4.k.1 that any active duty order allowing a reservist to accumulate more

than 18 years of active duty “shall not be issued to [the reservist] without a sanctuary request

approved in accordance with this order.” Accepting Defendant’s interpretation, such a decision

appears merely perfunctory and does little (if anything) to give meaning to the temporal limitation.

Indeed, for his final sets of orders, HQMC issued Plaintiff both a short extension of his then-current

orders to take him to 179 days and a back-to-back order for a follow-on period of 103 days of

active duty on the same day, a procedure not materially different from issuing a single order

extending the active duty period to more than 180 consecutive days. AR 24, 1276.

       Defendant also emphasizes that § 12686(b) places no explicit limit on the number of active

duty orders the Secretary may condition on the execution of a sanctuary waiver so long as each

order specifies a period of under 180 days. ECF No. 51 at 20–21. The Court agrees. Although

not an issue that is raised by the facts of this case, the waiver provision does not expressly prohibit

the Secretary from ordering a sanctuary-eligible reservist to multiple, separate short-term periods

of active duty under § 12301. What it does limit, however, is the duration of each period. In that

vein, the provision speaks to a single “order to active duty that specifies a period of less than 180

days.” 10 U.S.C. § 12686(b). That plainly excludes from the Secretary’s waiver authority an

active duty order (or modified order) that states a period of 538 days, as in Faerber. And, to give

any meaning to the temporal language (as well as the sanctuary protection afforded in subsection

                                                  32
(a)), it must also exclude a string of active duty orders that collectively creates a long-term active

duty period, 179 days at a time.7

          As in Faerber, the Court acknowledges the “substantial deference” owed to the military in

the governance of its own affairs. Antonellis v. United States, 723 F.3d 1328, 1332 (Fed. Cir.

2013) (quoting Dodson v. United States, 988 F.2d 1199, 1204 (Fed. Cir. 1993)); see Voge, 844

F.2d at 779. That deference, however, is not without limits, and “[a]ny and all authority pursuant

to which an agency may act ultimately must be grounded in an express grant from Congress.”

Killip v. Off. of Pers. Mgmt., 991 F.2d 1564, 1569 (Fed. Cir. 1993). Indeed, “the court should only

defer to the agency’s interpretation if it is not in conflict with the congressional intent.” Brookins

v. United States, 75 Fed. Cl. 133, 146 (2007). Because the plain language of § 12686(b) provides

a “clear answer” regarding Congress’s intent to temporally limit the Secretary’s authority, the

Court will not defer to Defendant’s interpretation of that statute, including in MCO 1001.61A. Id.

at 141.

          7
           Although review of the legislative history is not necessary to the Court’s interpretative
task, it likewise supports this reading. The waiver provision appears to have originated from a
recommendation by the Reserve Officers Association, which was concerned that reservists in or
near sanctuary were not being used “for short periods of active duty” due to the limitation on
release provided in § 12686(a). DoD Authorization for Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1997 and
the Future Years Defense Program: Hearings Before the S. Comm. on Armed Servs., 104th Cong.
277 (1996) (statement of Maj. Gen. Roger W. Sandler, Reserve Officers Association). It
recommended that reservists on active duty (other than for training) be required to serve “for a
period of 180 consecutive days or longer in order to request active duty retirement sanctuary.” Id.
Both the original and amended versions of the waiver provision proposed by the Senate and House,
respectively, included the same 179-day temporal limitation as the enacted version. S. 1745, 104th
Cong. § 514 (1996); H.R. 3230 § 533 (1996). The Senate, which originally proposed the provision,
described the waiver provision’s purpose as permitting eligible reservists “to serve on active duty
for a period of less than 180 days, if he or she waives the retirement sanctuary.” S. Rep. No. 104-
267, at 285 (1996). Just as the statutory text refers to a singular order to active duty, the
congressional materials refer to a singular period of active duty. If Congress’s intent was to
authorize reservists to execute multiple, consecutive waivers covering continuous active duty
service for up to the length of the entire sanctuary period, it is not reflected in the legislative history.
                                                    33
       There is no dispute that had the USMC issued Plaintiff further active duty orders beyond

March 2016, it would have caused Plaintiff to serve over 180 days of active duty service and enter

the sanctuary zone. AR 908 (quoting email indicating that Plaintiff would receive further active

duty orders with an end date of June 24, 2016, to coincide with initial Medical Hold authorization);

AR 1343 (Plaintiff’s DD-214 reflecting five months and 17 days of “net active service this period”

and 17 years, 11 months, and one day of “total prior service” as of March 23, 2016). It is also

undisputed that, as of his separation in March 2017, Plaintiff had been on continuous active duty

for 282 days in the sanctuary zone. AR 1344 (Plaintiff’s DD-214 reflecting nine months and nine

days of “net active service this period” and 18 years, four months, and 16 days of “total prior active

duty service” as of March 22, 2017); see ECF No. 51 at 23 (agreeing that Plaintiff was on

continuous active duty service because “there was less than a 31-day break between two separate

active duty orders”). The USMC therefore acted unlawfully under § 12686(b) when it conditioned

further active duty orders for Medical Hold in March 2016 and March 2017 on the execution of a

sanctuary waiver.

       As evident from communications between Plaintiff and various USMC officials, Plaintiff

desired to remain on active duty through the Medical Hold process past March 23, 2016, and again

past March 22, 2017; the only reason he did not receive further active duty orders at each of those

times was because he refused to execute an additional sanctuary waiver, believing it was unlawful

for the USMC to require him to do so. AR 392–93, 571, 908–09, 1106, 1230–33, 1270, 1293–94,

1314. Communications between Plaintiff and the USMC further reveal that the USMC provided

Plaintiff with no other alternative than executing a sanctuary waiver to continue on Medical Hold.

AR 392–93, 1240–41, 1233–36, 1270, 1314–15. Accordingly, the record demonstrates that but

for the USMC unlawfully conditioning Plaintiff’s orders on the execution of a sanctuary waiver,

                                                 34
he would have continued on active duty beyond March 23, 2016, and again beyond March 22,

2017. It is undisputed that had the USMC issued further orders beyond those dates without an

approved sanctuary waiver, Plaintiff would have attained sanctuary status. AR 1343–44. Under

such conditions, Plaintiff is entitled to relief for his involuntary separation. See Faerber, 156 Fed.

Cl. at 737.

        C.         Plaintiff Fails to Meet His Burden on the Remainder of His Claims.

        That the USMC unlawfully exercised its authority to require a waiver of sanctuary is

sufficient to grant judgment in Plaintiff’s favor. To the extent it assists any review of this order,

the Court will nonetheless address Plaintiff’s other claims, each of which fails.

              1.      The Secretary Delegated Authority to HQMC to Condition Active Duty Orders
                      on the Execution of a Sanctuary Waiver.

        The parties agree that under § 12686(b), Congress empowered the Secretary to condition

active duty orders on the execution of a sanctuary waiver. However, it was HQMC, not the

Secretary, that imposed the requirement on Plaintiff. Plaintiff argues that his sanctuary waivers

were invalid because the Secretary has not delegated waiver authority to HQMC. ECF No. 48 at

22–24. The BCNR concluded, and Defendant now argues, that the Secretary properly delegated

such authority through SECNAVINST 1800.2. ECF No. 45 at 30; AR 11.

        SECNAVINST 1800.2 provides,

        OPNAV (N13) and CMC (M&RA) may authorize Reserve personnel who possess
        unique or critical skills to exceed 18 years of active duty service to meet mission
        requirements. Reference (c) details the process for Navy Reserve personnel. The
        Marine Corps process, sanctuary considerations and manpower assignments are
        provided under CMC (M&RA) instruction.

Id. ¶ 3.d.8

        “OPNAV (N13)” stands for the Assistant Chief of Naval Personnel for Military Personnel
        8

Policy and Career Progression. SECNAVINST 1800.2, ¶ 3.a. “CMC (M&RA)” stands for the
                                                 35
       The BCNR correctly concluded that under this provision the Secretary delegated waiver

authority to HQMC, specifically the CMC (M&RA). The naval instruction explicitly grants

HQMC the authority to “authorize Reserve personnel . . . to exceed 18 years of active duty . . . to

meet mission requirements.” Id. Implicit in the authority to authorize such reservists to active

duty is the authority to create the standards and conditions for issuing their active duty orders. See

Starr Int’l Co., Inc. v. United States, 121 Fed. Cl. 428, 434 (2015), aff’d in part, vacated in part,

856 F.3d 953 (Fed. Cir. 2017) (“[A]uthority to do a specific thing carries with it by implication the

power to do whatever is necessary to effectuate the thing authorized.” (quoting Fed. Rsrv. Bank of

Richmond v. Malloy, 264 U.S. 160, 167 (1924))). Without the ability to determine the conditions

of those orders, the CMC (M&RA)’s explicit authority would be rendered meaningless, or at least

significantly undercut.

       Further evidencing the Secretary’s delegation is the naval instruction’s explicit affirmation

of Marine Corps instructions addressing “sanctuary considerations.” SECNAVINST 1800.2, ¶

3.d. One important “sanctuary consideration” is, of course, whether a reservist must execute a

sanctuary waiver to receive active duty orders. Indeed, as discussed above, multiple Marine Corps

Orders address sanctuary waiver requirements and direct the CMC M&RA to withhold an order

until a reservist has signed a waiver. See MCO 1800.11, ch. 2, ¶ 4.f; MCO 1001.61A, ch. 3, ¶ 7.

Specifically acknowledging the Marine Corps’ own instructions is strong evidence that the

Secretary approved of HQMC taking actions in conformance with those orders.

       Plaintiff argues that where the Secretary has delegated other authority in naval instructions

it was done more explicitly and that those instructions juxtaposed against SECNAVINST 1800.2,

Commandant of the Marine Corps Manpower and Reserve Affairs, id., and is synonymous with
“DC (M&RA),” AR 11 n.17.
                                                 36
¶ 3.d reveal that the latter is not a proper delegation of authority. ECF No. 48 at 23–24. First,

Plaintiff points to SECNAVINST 1770.3D, through which Plaintiff claims the Secretary expressly

delegated benefits issuing authority to HQMC. Id. That provision states, “The DCMC (M&RA)

has management and oversight authority for all Marine Corps Reservists in the MedHold and LOD

Determination Programs,” and then outlines other specific duties of HQMC. SECNAVINST

1770.3D, ¶¶ 7.d, 9. Contrary to Plaintiff’s assertion, this provision’s delegation of authority is no

more explicit than SECNAVINST 1800.2. Just as SECNAVINST 1800.2 delegates implied

authorities necessary to effectuate the CMC (M&RA)’s express authority to permit “reserve

personnel . . . to exceed 18 years of active duty service,” SECNAVINST 1770.3D delegates

implied authorities necessary to effectuate the broad grant of “management and oversight

authority” over the processes for Medical Hold and LOD determinations.

       Plaintiff also points to an amended version of SECNAVINST 1800.2 that took effect after

the USMC issued Plaintiff’s active duty orders. That instruction states,

       OPNAV (N13) and DC M&RA may require any RC member to waive the
       applicability of the sanctuary provision in section 12686 of [Title 10] as a condition
       of issuing active-duty orders (other than for training) pursuant to section 12301 of
       [Title 10] for a period of less than 180 days. This provision shall not render invalid
       any sanctuary waiver effected prior to this issuance, or any Navy or Marine Corps
       policy regarding sanctuary (unless in contravention of this issuance).

SECNAVINST 1800.2A, ¶ 6.b (Mar. 28, 2019). To be sure, this naval instruction more explicitly

delegates waiver authority to the CMC (M&RA) than its predecessor. However, the amendment

merely clarifies authority already delegated to the USMC rather than grant new authority. See,

e.g., Shell Oil Co. v. United States, 688 F.3d 1376, 1385 n.6 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (holding regulatory

amendment clarified existing requirements rather than creating new ones); Cole Cnty. Reg’l Sewer

Dist. v. United States, 22 Cl. Ct. 551, 558, aff’d, 949 F.2d 404 (Fed. Cir. 1991) (same). The

amended instruction makes this clear by providing that “[t]his provision shall not render invalid

                                                 37
any sanctuary waiver effected prior to this issuance, or any Navy or Marine Corps policy regarding

sanctuary.” SECNAVINST 1800.2A, ¶ 6.b.

       Accordingly, Plaintiff’s sanctuary waivers are not void ab initio due to a lack of delegated

authority.

             2.    The BCNR Rationally Concluded that HQMC Approved Plaintiff’s Requests
                   for Sanctuary Waivers.

       Plaintiff also contends that HQMC never approved his requests for sanctuary waivers

because it failed to comply with certain Marine Corps Orders setting forth the approval and

notification procedures, and thus the purported waivers are invalid. ECF No. 48 at 24–28. The

BCNR concluded that the circumstances surrounding the issuance of Plaintiff’s orders implied that

HQMC approved his sanctuary waiver requests. AR 12–13. Specifically, each order was issued

only after Plaintiff was notified of the waiver requirement and submitted a waiver request. AR 13.

Defendant contends that the BCNR’s factual determination was rational and supported by the

record, and the BCNR correctly concluded that any failure to comply with the process and

procedures does not create a cause of action for reservists. ECF No. 45 at 34–36.

       Reservists seeking to exceed 18 years of active duty service in the USMC are required to

submit a request for a sanctuary waiver. MCO 1800.11, ch. 2, ¶¶ 3.c–d, 4.a. The documents

Plaintiff submitted to receive a sanctuary waiver were thus written in the form of a request. AR

1243 (sanctuary waiver form stating it is valid only “[i]f approved”); AR 1248 (sanctuary waiver

form stating it is not effective “until this waiver is acknowledged”); see also MCO 1800.11, ch. 2,

p. 2–9 (same). Defendant agrees that requests for sanctuary waiver are not self-executing. ECF

No. 51 at 24. Once a reservist submits a request, HQMC must then make a “decision” on whether

to approve the request. MCO 1800.11, ch. 2, ¶ 4.d. Once HQMC has decided to approve a

sanctuary waiver request, it must notify the reservist via naval message. Id. It also must include

                                                38
specific language in the reservist’s active duty orders recognizing that the reservist has waived

sanctuary protection. Id. ¶ 4.e.

       There is no evidence in the Administrative Record that HQMC notified Plaintiff that his

requests for sanctuary waiver had been approved, and Plaintiff’s active duty orders are devoid of

the sanctuary waiver language mandated by MCO 1800.11. AR 1074–80, 1255–60, 1276–82. In

fact, two of Plaintiff’s orders expressly state that Plaintiff “may become eligible for sanctuary zone

protection under Title 10, United States Code, Section 12686(A).” AR 1080, 1260.

       Plaintiff argues that these procedural steps are necessary for a sanctuary waiver request to

be approved. ECF No. 48 at 27. MCO 1800.11 states, however, that these actions are required

only “[u]pon decision.” MCO 1800.11, ch. 2, ¶ 4.d. Accordingly, these actions are required after

HQMC has already approved a sanctuary waiver request. Although HQMC failed to abide by its

own procedures by not notifying Plaintiff that his sanctuary waiver requests were approved and

not including the sanctuary waiver language in his active duty orders, such failures are not

dispositive proof that HQMC did not approve Plaintiff’s requests. Still, the facts are relevant and

constitute circumstantial evidence. The BCNR simply found other circumstantial evidence more

persuasive.

       “This court’s review [of a BCNR decision] ‘does not require a reweighing of the evidence,

but [rather] a determination whether the conclusion being reviewed is supported by substantial

evidence.’” Stein v. United States, 121 Fed. Cl. 248, 267 (2015) (emphasis in original) (quoting

Heisig v. United States, 719 F.2d 1153, 1157 (Fed. Cir. 1983)). “Substantial evidence is such

relevant evidence that a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.”

Jennings v. Merit Sys. Prot. Bd., 59 F.3d 159, 160 (Fed. Cir. 1995) (citing Hathaway v. Merit Sys.

Prot. Bd., 981 F.2d 1237, 1240 (Fed. Cir. 1992)).

                                                 39
       Here, the undisputed facts are that HQMC notified Plaintiff that it would not issue further

active duty orders without sanctuary waivers, Plaintiff submitted the waivers, and his orders

followed—notwithstanding that Plaintiff was not notified of the waiver approval and that his

orders contained boilerplate sanctuary language. It is not unreasonable to conclude, as the BCNR

did, that HQMC approved the requests (albeit without following all the post-approval procedural

requirements), otherwise it would not have issued Plaintiff active duty orders. Indeed, the BCNR

and Defendant are correct that it would be irrational for HQMC to require Plaintiff to submit

sanctuary waiver requests as a condition of his orders, then not approve them and issue the orders

anyway. While it is also possible that HQMC issued the orders without approving Plaintiff’s

requests due to administrative oversight, that possibility does not render the BCNR’s alternative

conclusion unreasonable nor will the Court engage in a reweighing of the facts.

       Plaintiff contends that, under the “presumption of regularity,” the Court is required to

presume that HQMC lawfully and in good faith decided not to approve Plaintiff’s sanctuary waiver

requests and ordered him to active duty as sanctuary eligible.        ECF No. 48 at 26.      “The

‘presumption of regularity’ supports official acts of public officers. In the absence of clear

evidence to the contrary, the doctrine presumes that public officers have properly discharged their

official duties.” Butler v. Principi, 244 F.3d 1337, 1340 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (citing United States v.

Chem. Found., Inc., 272 U.S. 1, 14–15 (1926)); see In re Longardner & Assocs., Inc., 855 F.2d

455, 459 (7th Cir. 1988)). “The doctrine thus allows courts to presume that what appears regular

is regular, the burden shifting to the attacker to show the contrary.” Id. (citing United States v.

Roses, Inc., 706 F.2d 1563, 1567 (Fed. Cir. 1983)). Courts have found it appropriate to apply the

presumption “where a government official or entity conducts official acts in the manner provided

                                                40
by statute, regulation, or policy.” James Madison Project v. Dep’t of Just., 302 F. Supp. 3d 12, 32

(D.D.C. 2018).

        Under either party’s theory, however, HQMC did not act in a manner provided by Marine

Corps Orders. Issuing a reservist orders without approving his or her waiver request would violate

MCO 1800.11. See MCO 1800.11, ch. 2, ¶¶ 3.a, 3.c. By the same token, approving a reservist’s

sanctuary waiver requests without following the post-approval procedures of MCO 1800.11 also

would be a violation. See id. ch. 2, ¶¶ 4.d–f. In short, the presumption does not apply here, and

the Court is left to review the BCNR’s factual determination.

        Because the BCNR’s determination was rational and based on substantial evidence, the

Court will not disturb the BCNR’s conclusion and need not address whether MCO 1800.11 creates

a cause of action.

            3.         That the USMC Separated Plaintiff in March 2017 Without a Separation
                       Physical Examination and Pre-Separation Counseling Was Harmless.

        As an alternative ground, Plaintiff argues that he was unlawfully separated from active duty

in March 2017 because he was not afforded a separation physical examination and pre-separation

counseling. ECF No. 48 at 50–54. The BCNR agreed but found the violation was harmless

because, unlike in 2012, had the USMC followed the mandatory procedures Plaintiff would have

separated just the same due to his decision not to sign a sanctuary waiver. AR 13. In their cross-

motions, the parties dispute whether Plaintiff has demonstrated prejudice sufficient to warrant

relief in this matter. ECF No. 48 at 52–53; ECF No. 51 at 26–27. On this point, Defendant has

the better position.

        In his motion, Plaintiff identifies three harms that he alleges resulted from not receiving a

physical examination and counseling: (1) deprivation of medical information necessary to

determine his veterans’ benefits, (2) ineligibility to join a reserve unit in the absence of a fit for

                                                 41
duty determination, and (3) ineligibility for further active duty orders in the absence of a fit for

duty determination. ECF No. 48 at 52. Each of these harms is unrelated to the claim at bar, which

seeks back pay for Plaintiff’s wrongful separation. Plaintiff fails to show that allegations of

collateral harm are sufficient or even relevant under the harmless error analysis. Indeed, in a

military pay case seeking back pay for wrongful separation, the Federal Circuit described the

burden of a plaintiff as requiring “a showing that the [challenged] defect substantially affected the

decision to separate him or relieve him from active duty.” Christian v. United States, 337 F.3d

1338, 1343 (Fed. Cir. 2003). Plaintiff does not allege, nor would it be reasonable to infer, that he

would have remained on active duty had he received the required examination and counseling.

The catalyst for his separation was the USMC’s conditioning of further orders on the execution of

a sanctuary waiver and his decision to refuse.

       Moreover, as Defendant correctly argues, the alleged harms appear largely hypothetical in

nature. See ECF No. 51 at 26–27. Plaintiff did not allege, either before the BCNR or in this action,

that he was actually denied some or all veterans’ benefits to which he was entitled due to a lack of

medical documentation. Nor did Plaintiff allege that he was in fact fit for duty when he separated

in March 2017 but was denied reserve drill or active duty assignments due to a lack of a fitness

decision. In any event, neither a claim for veterans’ benefits nor a claim for wrongful denial of

reserve drill time would entitle him to relief in this Court. See Sindram v. United States, 103 F.

App’x 456, 458 (Fed. Cir. 2005); Palmer v. United States, 168 F.3d 1310, 1314 (Fed. Cir. 1999).

It is likewise unclear how Plaintiff would have been prejudiced in the manner alleged where

alternative benefit programs were available to him, such as the Department of Veterans Affairs,

which is authorized to conduct medical examinations, 38 C.F.R. § 3.326(a)), or the Line of Duty

benefit program to which he was authorized to transfer.

                                                 42
       Accordingly, the BCNR did not act arbitrarily and capriciously, or contrary to law, in

finding the USMC’s violation of law harmless.

                                        CONCLUSION

       For the above stated reasons, Defendant’s Motion for Judgment on the Administrative

Record (ECF No. 45) is hereby GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART, and Plaintiff’s

Cross-Motion for Judgment on the Administrative Record (ECF No. 48) is GRANTED IN PART

and DENIED IN PART. On or before March 15, 2023, the parties shall file a joint status report

proposing appropriate next steps consistent with this Opinion, including remedies, and a schedule

for post-judgment proceedings should they be necessary.

       SO ORDERED.

Dated: March 1, 2023                                 /s/ Kathryn C. Davis
                                                     KATHRYN C. DAVIS
                                                     Judge

                                                43