Court Opinion

ID: 5875097
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-13 01:57:13.766842+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:44:49.749916
License: Public Domain

Titone, J. P.
(dissenting). This is a proceeding brought pursuant to Family Court Act § 466 to enforce the support provisions incorporated, but not merged, in a New Hampshire divorce decree. The petitioner wife, Joan Pearson, appeals from two orders of the Family Court, Rockland County, which, in essence, granted her former husband’s application to vacate previously entered orders of support. The core question is whether the full faith and credit clause (US Const, art IV, § 1) bars New York from directing that a New York spouse continue to receive such support by virtue of a New Hampshire statutory provision which limits alimony payments under the present circumstances to three years from the effective date of the decree unless an application is made for renewal. Because the New Hampshire decree is modifiable under New Hampshire law and because the New Hampshire decree was made an order of the Family Court within the three-year period, I conclude that there is no such bar and cast my vote for reversal.
The parties were divorced by decree of the Superior Court of New Hampshire, Grafton County, effective September 6, 1977. A handwritten stipulation, providing for Mrs. Pearson’s support at the rate of $1,300 per month for the first year and $1,100 per month thereafter “pursuant to [New Hampshire] RSA 458:19”, was incorporated, but not merged, in the decree. Insofar as pertinent to the Pearson marriage, New Hampshire Revised Statutes Annotated § 458:19 provides that a decree for alimony “shall be effective for not more than three years from the date thereof, but such order may be renewed, modified or extended if justice requires for periods of not more than 3 years at a time”.
When Mr. Pearson ceased making payments, Mrs. Pearson, then and now a resident of Spring Valley, New York, applied to *406the Family Court, Rockland County, for an enforcement order pursuant to Family Court Act § 466. The Family Court issued two orders, dated July 9, 1979 and April 7, 1980, respectively, the latter following an appearance by Mr. Pearson through counsel, which, inter alia, directed Mr. Pearson to make certain payments and granted Mrs. Pearson’s “application to enter an order enforcing the support provisions of the divorce decree”.
Following some collateral proceedings brought in New Hampshire by Mr. Pearson — including an attempt to obtain a Federal court injunction against the Family Court — Mr. Pearson brought a motion by order to show cause in the Family Court, Rockland County, seeking to modify or vacate the enforcement orders upon the ground that his obligation to make payments terminated on September 6, 1980 in accordance with New Hampshire law. Concluding that “the New Hampshire divorce decree is entitled to full faith and credit in New York with respect to the issue of alimony” (Pearson v Pearson, 118 Misc 2d 850, 852) and that it lacked jurisdiction to direct any further continuation of alimony, the Family Court vacated its prior orders. Mrs. Pearson appeals.
Stated as a basic, a sister State cannot terminate a spouse’s right to alimony unless it obtains personal jurisdiction over both parties and its decree either provides that no alimony at all be paid or that there be a lump-sum, nonmodifiable payment (see, e.g., Barber v Barber, 323 US 77; Sistare v Sistare, 218 US 1; Lynde v Lynde, 181 US 183; Langerman v Langerman, 303 NY 465; Restatement [Second] of Conflict of Laws § 77; Weintraub, Commentary on Conflict of Laws § 5.2E2, at 244 [2d ed]). Inasmuch as the New Hampshire decree has always been, and even now is, subject to prospective and retroactive modification (see, e.g., Morphy v Morphy, 112 NH 507, 509, 298 A2d 580, 581; Johnson v Johnson, 196 Misc 487), we are not bound to enforce it as a matter of constitutional imperative (Barber v Barber, supra; Sistare v Sistare, supra; Lynde v Lynde, supra; Langerman v Langerman, supra; Carbone v Alverio, 89 AD2d 553; Scoles and Hay, Conflict of Laws § 24.8), but may choose to do so, either in whole or in part, as a matter of comity (Halvey v Halvey, 330 US 610, 615; Worthley v Worthley, 44 Cal 2d 465, 283 P2d 19, cited with approval in Matter of Joseph, 27 NY2d 299, 303; Mittenthal v Mittenthal, 99 Misc 2d 778; 2 Foster-Freed, Law and the Family § 25:68; Scoles and Hay, Conflict of Laws § 15.36).
As have many other States (Weintraub, Commentary on Conflict of Laws § 5.2E3, at 246 [2d ed]; see, Harrison v Harrison, 214 F2d 571, 574; Ann., 18 ALR2d 862, 867; Ann., 132 ALR *4071272; Restatement [Second] of Conflict of Laws § 109), New York has chosen to provide mechanisms for resident spouses to obtain enforcement of sister State decrees. One such mechanism,1 Family Court Act § 466, invoked here, enables the spouse to convert the sister State decree into a New York Family Court order (Tannenberg v Beldock, 68 AD2d 307, 312), thereby obtaining all of the procedural and substantive rights and remedies this State affords to its own decrees (see, Carbone v Alverio, supra, at p 554; Blackburn v Blackburn, 113 Misc 2d 619; Mittenthal v Mittenthal, supra; Ehrenzweig v Ehrenzweig, 86 Misc 2d 656, affd 61 AD2d 1003; Restatement [Second] of Conflict of Laws § 109; Scoles, Enforcement of Foreign “Non-Final” Alimony and Support Orders, 53 Colum L Rev 817; Mills, Interstate Recognition of Alimony Decrees, 41 Cal L Rev 692).
To be sure, resort cannot be had to the provisions of Family Court Act § 466 when there is no currently effective support or alimony provision in the sister State decree. In such circumstances, there is nothing to modify or enforce and the Family Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction (Matter of Silver v Silver, 36 NY2d 324; Greene v Greene, 90 AD2d 533; Wertheimer v Wertheimer, 50 AD2d 879, 880).2 These authorities are inapposite here because Mrs. Pearson commenced the enforcement proceeding and obtained a New York order within three years of the New Hampshire decree, while that decree still unquestionably directed the payment of alimony. Just as a codicil republishes a will, so, too, the effect of the New York order, made with jurisdiction over both parties, at the very least, should have a three-year life of its own (cf. Harris v Harris, 259 NY 334; Bottner v Bottner, 39 AD2d 680; Nudelman v Nudelman, 10 AD2d 857; but see, Clevesy v Clevesy, 118 NH 112, 383 A2d 705). New Hampshire cases suggest that even an “expired” decree may be “modified” to extend the three-year period without the *408necessity of a new plenary action (Clevesy v Clevesy, supra; Taylor v Taylor, 108 NH 193, 230 A2d 737).
Be that as it may, nothing in the full faith and credit clause compels New York to follow New Hampshire procedures with respect to the Family Court order of enforcement (e.g., Allstate Ins. Co. v Hague, 449 US 302; Pacific Ins. Co. v Commn., 306 US 493, 502-505; Alaska Packers Assn. v Commn., 294 US 532, 544-550; Pearson v Northeast Airlines, 309 F2d 553, cert denied 372 US 912; Restatement [Second] of Conflict of Laws § 103; see, Rodgers and Rodgers, The Disparity Between Due Process and Full Faith and Credit: The Problem of the Somewhere Wife, 67 Colum L Rev 1363). New York has a paramount interest in enabling a resident spouse to receive continued support and its law should measure the period that support must be paid under what is now a New York order (see, Petersen v Petersen, 24 Cal App 3d 201,100 Cal Rptr 822; D.R.-T. v O.M., 244 So 2d 752 [Fla App]; Matter of Lalli v Lalli, 80 AD2d 897; Matter of Danis v Stillerman, 66 AD2d 818, 819; Matter of Virginia B. v Richard B., 124 Misc 2d 427, 428; Paden v Warnke, 110 Misc 2d 61, 66 [Niehoff, J.]; Restatement [Second] of Conflict of Laws §§ 142, 143; Scoles and Hay, Conflict of Laws §§ 15.37, 15.38 [i]).
The preequitable distribution decisions in this State, which control here (see, Pollack v Pollack, 56 NY2d 968; Scheinkman, Practice Commentary, McKinney’s Cons Laws of NY, Book 14, Domestic Relations Law C236B:3, 1977-1984 Supp Pamph, p 182; cf. Lavi v Lavi, 103 AD2d 400), established a policy that alimony be awarded without regard to any fixed or definite duration. Such provisions were routinely excised from foreign decrees and agreements entered into by the parties themselves (e.g., Tumolillo v Tumolillo, 71 AD2d 625, affd 51 NY2d 790; Sterlace v Sterlace, 52 AD2d 743; Matter of Stolls v Cabot, 45 AD2d 1014; Nichols v Nichols, 11 AD2d 149; Santamaría v Santamaría, 74 Misc 2d 657; Spector v Spector, 49 Misc 2d 591, affd 24 AD2d 1082). Further, under New York law, the burden of establishing grounds for modification of support rests upon the party seeking the change (Domestic Relations Law § 236 [A] [1]; [B] [9] [b]; Lipow v Lipow, 110 AD2d 756 [2d Dept, Apr. 15, 1985]; Matter of Kronenberg v Kronenberg, 101 AD2d 951; Miklowitz v Miklowitz, 79 AD2d 795, lv denied 53 NY2d 604; Albanese v Albanese, 75 AD2d 987,988; Hickland v Hickland, 56 AD2d 978, 979). This policy is diametrically opposed to New Hampshire’s three-year renewal statute whose purpose “is to require the court to reexamine periodically ‘all the circumstances then existing’ to assure that justice between the parties is maintained in the face of changing circumstances” (Morphy v *409Morphy, 112 NH 507, 510, 298 A2d 580, 582, supra), and terminates alimony in the absence of an application to renew.
To relegate Mrs. Pearson to remedies in New Hampshire is, moreover, a manifest injustice. The record before us establishes that her former husband has employed almost every subterfuge to avoid his support obligation, including the commencement of a patently frivolous action in New Hampshire Federal Court seeking to enjoin the Family Court in this State from enforcing its orders. Mrs. Pearson, on the other hand, is in dire financial straits. She is unemployed and has serious medical disabilities. She cannot afford a legal war of attrition.3 While her right to alimony can be retroactively renewed under New Hampshire law (Morphy v Morphy, supra; Taylor v Taylor, supra; Madsen v Madsen, 106 NH 267, 209 A2d 728), her New York residence might lead its courts to decline to entertain such an application as a matter of discretion (see, Madsen v Madsen, supra; Scoles and Hay, Conflict of Laws § 15.37, n 2). Having secured a New York enforcement order within the appropriate time frame, Mrs. Pearson should not now be tossed out of the New York courts because of a sister State policy at odds with our own which we are not constitutionally compelled to recognize.
Accordingly, I would reverse the order dated April 19, 1983, deny that branch of respondent husband’s motion as sought vacatur of the order dated April 7, 1980, and vacate the order dated December 20, 1983.
O’Connor and Lawrence, JJ., concur with Rubin, J.; Titone, J. P., dissents and votes to reverse the order dated April 19, 1983, deny that branch of respondent husband’s motion as sought vacatur of an order dated April 7, 1980, and vacate the order dated December 20, 1983, with an opinion.
Order of the Family Court, Rockland County, dated April 19, 1983, affirmed, without costs or disbursements.
Appeal from an order of the same court, dated December 20, 1983, dismissed, without costs or disbursements.

. Lynn v Lynn (302 NY 193, cert denied 342 US 849), relied upon by the Family Court, is plainly distinguishable as it involved a final decree which awarded no alimony at all (see, e.g., Carbone v Alverio, 89 AD2d 553, 554).

. For a comprehensive discussion of the power of the Family Court in this area see Sladkus, Family Courts Power in Alimony and Child Support in Foreign Divorce Decrees (NYLJ, Aug. 23,1967, p 1, col 4; Aug. 24,1967, p 1, col 4). It also should be noted that the remedies set forth in the Family Court Act are not exclusive. A spouse may, among other things, commence a proceeding on the foreign decree itself in the Supreme Court, seek relief under the Uniform Support of Dependents Law (Domestic Relations Law art 3-A) or in an action on the nonmerged agreement itself pursuant to McMains v McMains (15 NY2d 283), or simply file the decree in New York in accordance with the Uniform Enforcement of Foreign Judgments Act (CPLR art 54) (see generally, 2 Foster-Freed, Law and the Family §§ 25:64-25:68).

. It would serve no purpose to compel Mrs. Pearson to commence a plenary action in the Supreme Court at this juncture.