Court Opinion

ID: 5455711
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-09 19:18:39.302958+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:32:38.498077
License: Public Domain

Birdseye, J.
By section 157 of the Code, as enacted in 1849, when any pleading in a case was verified by affidavit, all subsequent pleadings, except demurrers, were required to be verified also; and no exception was made in regard to the verification of pleadings which contained matters as to which the party would be privileged from testifying as a witness.
It was held, however, that the principle that a witness cannot be compelled to criminate himself, which is now embodied in the Constitution (Art. I, § 6), was superior to the requirement *148of the statute ; that a party who would be privileged from testifying as to a matter, on the ground that the testimony might criminate him, need not, in his answer, admit or deny allegations of the complaint as to the same matter, on oath. But he could put in a sworn answer, in which he might state, that, by answering on oath the particular allegations specified, he might subject himself to a criminal prosecution, and as to the residue of the complaint, he would answer in the usual manner. Such an answer was deemed to put in issue the allegations of the complaint, which the defendant thus excused himself from answering. (Hill v. Muller, 2 Sandf., 684; White v. Cummings, 3 Ib., 716; S. C., 1 C. R., N. S., 107.)
The Code, as enacted in 1848 (§ 133), had provided that the verification of a pleading might be omitted, when the party would be privileged from testifying, as a witness, to the same matter.
In Clapper v. Fitzpatrick (1 C. R., 69, S. C., 3 How. Pr. R., 314), an answer in the usual form, controverting the allegations of the complaint, but without any verification, had been served. . The .court sustained the practice, saying, that if any part of the pleading was of such a character as would excuse the party from testifying as a witness, it need not be verified.
Section 157 of the Code, as amended in 1851, provided that the verification of a pleading might be omitted, when, an admission of the truth of the allegations might subject the party to prosecution for felony. And by the act of 1854 (Laws of 1854, 153, ch. 75), the verification may now be omitted in all cases where the party called upon to verify would be privileged from testifying as a witness to the truth of any matter denied by such pleading. This statute, it will be seen, adopts the principle and the substance of the language of the learned judge in the case of Clapper v. Fitzpatrick.
In Scoville v. New (12 How. Pr. R., 319), the same learned judge held that if an allegation in a complaint be such that the defendant, being examined as a witness, would not be obliged to answer as to its truth, he may, when pleading, deny the allegation, and omit to verify his answer. The same point had been previously held in Springsted v. Robinson (8 Ib., 41); and it has been recognized by Mr. Justice Johnson in Lynch v. Todd (13 Ib., 546, 548).
*149In Springsted v. Robinson, and in Scoville v. New, it was held that the provisions of the statutes, which did not exist when the cases of Hill v. Muller and White v. Cummings were decided, had changed the rule there laid down; and that an answer in the form prescribed in those cases, would not now be held to controvert the allegations of the complaint not answered, on such ground. Of the correctness of this view I entertain no doubt, and the opposite opinion, rather suggested than asserted, in Thomas v. Harrop (7 How. Pr. R., 57), cannot, I think, be sustained. It is obvious that the apparent sanction given to such an answer in that case, is founded upon the two cases of Hill v. Muller, and White v. Cummings, without adverting particularly to the effect of the alteration made in the statute, by the amendment of 1851.
The rule upon the subject seems to me to be this. Where the statute, as in 1849, required a verified answer, and made no provision for omitting the verification when the answer under oath might criminate the party, the court might require a compliance with the statute by directing the answer to be verified so far as it was not of that character, and might protect the constitutional rights of the party by excusing him from answering the parts which were of that character, and treating an averment that, by answering on oath the particular allegations specified he might subject himself to a criminal prosecution, as a denial of them. This course was adopted by analogy to the former practice, as was stated in 2 Sandford, 684-5. But where the law makes express provision on the subject of the verification of an answer, in such a case the terms of the statute must be complied Robinsonwith. Row, by the act of 1854, the verification may be omitted in all cases where the party called upon to verify would be privileged from testifying as a witness to the truth of any matter denied by such pleading.
If, therefore, there was any matter denied in the defendant’s answers, to the truth of which they would have been privileged from testifying as witnesses, the verification was properly omitted, and the plaintiff’s attorney was not justified in returning them.
If, from the inspection of the pleadings themselves, the court can see that an admission of allegations in the complaint would subject the defendant to a criminal prosecution, obviously *150nothing further can he required. Where that is not the case, the party claiming the exemption must establish his right to it in some other sufficient manner, as by affidavit. (See Springsted v. Robinson, and Lynch v. Todd, ubi supra.) In such a case, prudence, at least, would dictate that the affidavits excusing the omission of the verification, should be served with the pleading itself.
In the present case, I did not understand the plaintiff’s attorney, at the argument, as seriously controverting the position taken by the defendants, that there were allegations in the complaint, and which are denied in the answer, to the truth of which the defendants would be privileged from testifying as witnesses. His ai’gument proceeds upon the ground that, as to the rest of the complaint, they are bound to answer upon oath, though excused from so doing, as to that part.
From the statements made at the argument, of the contents of the complaint, I saw no reason for doubting the correctness of that position of the defendants. Hot having been furnished with any copy of the complaint, I am unable to examine this point further, and do not deem it necessary so to do, from the course which the argument took. -
The defendants’ answers were properly served, and the plaintiff’s attorney must be required to receive them accordingly. The defendants should have §10 costs of this motion.