Court Opinion

ID: 164951
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-08-14 08:36:51+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:17:58.039861
License: Public Domain

F I L E D
                                                                  United States Court of Appeals
                                                                          Tenth Circuit
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                          AUG 20 2004
                                TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                     PATRICK FISHER
                                                                               Clerk

 DAVID SIPP, Reverend,

               Plaintiff-Appellant-Cross-        Nos. 03-2055 and 03-2066
               Appellee,
          v.                                          (D. New Mexico)
 UNUMPROVIDENT                                (D.C. No. CIV-01-1418 LFG/DJS)
 CORPORATION; PAUL REVERE
 LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY,

               Defendants-Appellees-
               Cross-Appellants.

                           ORDER AND JUDGMENT           *

Before KELLY, HENRY, and McKAY, Circuit Judges.

      Plaintiff David Sipp left his position as a reverend with a New Jersey

congregation due to asthma and depression. He applied for benefits under his

disability insurance policy, issued by the Paul Revere Life Insurance Co., a

subsidiary of defendant UNUMProvident Corporation (UNUM). Rev. Sipp’s

application for benefits was initially approved, but after he received a few

      *
        This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10 TH C IR . R. 36.3.
payments under the policy, UNUM informed him that his benefits would be

terminated because he was no longer considered disabled. He then filed this

action for breach of contract, unfair insurance practices, negligent

misrepresentation, and malicious conduct justifying punitive damages. The

district court granted Rev. Sipp’s motion for summary judgment on the breach of

contract claim and granted UNUM’s motion for summary judgment on the unfair

insurance practices, negligent misrepresentation, and punitive damages claims.

Both parties now appeal. We exercise jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291,

and affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings.

                                I. BACKGROUND

      Rev. Sipp has been an ordained minister of the Christian Missionary

Alliance for approximately twenty years. His last position was that of Senior

Pastor in a New Jersey congregation and Chaplain for the Union County Sheriff’s

Office. He served in that position until early 2000.

      In 1986, Rev. Sipp purchased a policy from the Paul Revere Life Insurance

Co., a subsidiary of UNUM, insuring him against disability that would render him

“unable to perform the important duties of [his] regular occupation.” App. vol. I,

at 98. This type of policy is known as an “own occupation” policy, as

distinguished from an “any occupation” policy, because it allows the insured to

                                         -2-
recover benefits if he cannot perform the duties of his own occupation,

notwithstanding the fact that he might be able to perform the duties of other

occupations.

      Rev. Sipp began seeking medical treatment for asthma and depression in

1999, while still serving as a Senior Pastor in New Jersey. He initially submitted

a claim for partial disability benefits to UNUM in January 2000. The attending

physician statement submitted with his claim listed his primary diagnosis as

asthma and his secondary diagnosis as stress-related depression. Effective April

1, 2000, Rev. Sipp resigned from his position as Senior Pastor and began claiming

total disability. Initially, UNUM determined that Rev. Sipp qualified for residual

disability for the month of January 2000 and that he met the definition of total

disability as of April 1, 2000. Based on these determinations, Rev. Sipp received

some benefits under the policy.

      In November 2000, Rev. Sipp and his wife moved from New Jersey to New

Mexico in hopes that the drier air would help to alleviate Rev. Sipp’s asthma.

Shortly after arriving in New Mexico, Rev. Sipp began receiving treatment for his

asthma from Dr. James Cardasis, who became his primary care physician. The

higher altitude and drier air caused Rev. Sipp’s asthma to improve significantly,

and Dr. Cardasis submitted an attending physician statement to UNUM stating

that Rev. Sipp would be unable to work in his occupation through January 31,

                                         -3-
2001. App. vol. II, at 291. Dr. Cardasis “d[i]dn’t know yet” when Rev. Sipp

“could resume some work,” and he indicated that he was “awaiting old records”

before he could comment. Id. The statement listed the nature of Rev. Sipp’s

illness as asthma, chest pains, and pneumonia, with no mention of depression or

any other mental illness. Dr. Cardasis did not provide UNUM with any

information regarding Rev. Sipp’s depression or resulting psychological

impairment, nor did UNUM inquire about Rev. Sipp’s psychological health.

      In early 2001, Rev. Sipp’s claim was reviewed by a UNUM nurse

consultant and UNUM consulting pulmonologist, Dr. Alfred Kaplan. In April

2001, Dr. Kaplan called Dr. Cardasis to inquire about Rev. Sipp’s prognosis. Dr.

Cardasis informed Dr. Kaplan that Rev. Sipp did not have any limitations “from

the asthmatic point of view” that would prevent him from returning to work. Id.

at 310. In addition to the conversation with Dr. Cardasis regarding Rev. Sipp’s

asthma, UNUM asked a psychiatric case manager and a licensed psychologist to

review Rev. Sipp’s case file. Both individuals concluded that Rev. Sipp’s records

did not contain sufficient evidence to support a finding of psychological

impairment. The reviews showed that Rev. Sipp had sought some treatment for

mental health issues in the past, including seeing a licensed clinical social worker

between September 1999 and May 2000, and seeing a counselor between February

2001 and April 2001. The reviews also revealed that Rev. Sipp did not take

                                         -4-
medication for mental health symptoms and did not receive any mental health

treatment whatsoever between May 2000 and February 2001, and that when he did

seek treatment in 2001, it was in the form of family counseling with his wife and

focused on “marital/parenting issues.” App. vol. I, at 133.

      In May 2001, UNUM informed Rev. Sipp that it was ceasing disability

payments under the policy. Rev. Sipp did not appeal UNUM’s decision through

its appeals process, despite being informed that he had a right to do so. He

subsequently filed the instant action for 1) breach of contract, 2) unfair insurance

practices, 3) negligent misrepresentation, and 4) punitive damages in New Mexico

state court. UNUM removed the case to the District of New Mexico. Though the

contract itself was signed in Massachusetts, neither party has contested the

application of New Mexico law. See 1 E RIC M ILLS H OLMES & M ARK S. R HODES ,

A PPLEMAN ON I NSURANCE § 4.17, at 468 (2d ed. 1996) (noting that “[t]here is an

increasing recognition that the forum has a vital interest in applying its own law,

particularly where its residents may be concerned in some manner. If significant

events have occurred there, the court may ignore the earlier doctrines (e.g., the

law of the place of contracting controls) and apply the forum’s law”).

      Rev. Sipp filed a motion for leave to file an amended complaint in June

2001; the district court denied the motion, finding that it was untimely and that

the information needed to plead the new causes of action was available to Rev.

                                         -5-
Sipp at the time he filed his original complaint. Rev. Sipp then filed a motion for

partial summary judgment, and UNUM filed a cross-motion for partial summary

judgment. The district court granted Rev. Sipp’s motion for summary judgment

on the breach of contract claim, finding that “[Rev.] Sipp is in fact disabled and

that Plaintiffs breached their contract by finding otherwise.” App. vol. II, at 422

(Dist. Ct. Memo. Op. & Order, dated Sept. 20, 2002). The court granted summary

judgment to UNUM on the unfair insurance practices, negligent

misrepresentation, and punitive damages claims. The court granted in part Rev.

Sipp’s motion for attorney fees, finding that Rev. Sipp, as the prevailing party,

was entitled to fees but that the time billed by Rev. Sipp’s attorney was not

reasonable and should therefore be subject to a twenty-percent reduction in hours.

Rev. Sipp recovered $33,448.00 in compensatory damages on his breach of

contract claim and $51,868.80 in attorney fees.

      Rev. Sipp now appeals, arguing that 1) the district court erred in refusing to

consider his claim that UNUM committed a breach of contract by denying him

access to documents; 2) the district court erred in refusing to consider his

statutory claim for insurance bad faith; 3) the district court abused its discretion

by denying his motion to file an amended complaint; and 4) the district court

erred in refusing to submit the issue of punitive damages to the jury. UNUM

cross-appeals, alleging that 1) the district court erred in granting summary

                                          -6-
judgment to Rev. Sipp on the breach of contract claim; and 2) the district court

abused its discretion in granting Rev. Sipp attorney fees.

                                 II. DISCUSSION

      As many of the issues in this case ultimately turn on the question of

contractual liability, we first consider whether the district court properly granted

summary judgment to Rev. Sipp on his breach of contract claim. Next, we

examine whether the district court erred in refusing to consider Rev. Sipp’s

alternative contractual claim (failure to provide documents as required by the

contract) and his statutory unfair practices claim. We then examine whether the

court abused its discretion by denying Rev. Sipp’s motion to file an amended

complaint. Finally, we turn to the issues of punitive damages and attorney fees.

A. Summary Judgment on Rev. Sipp’s Breach of Contract Claim

      In its cross-appeal, UNUM argues that the district court erred in granting

summary judgement to Rev. Sipp on his breach of contract claim. UNUM

contends that significant issues of fact existed as to whether Rev. Sipp met the

three-part definition of “totally disabled” for purposes of the policy, which defines

“total disability” as being 1) “unable to perform the important duties of Your

regular occupation;” 2) “not engaged in any other gainful occupation;” and 3)

“under the regular and personal care of a Physician” as a result of injury or illness.

                                          -7-
App. vol. I, at 98. Specifically, UNUM argues that fact issues existed regarding 1)

whether Rev. Sipp’s illness was of such a magnitude that he was unable to perform

his duties as a result of it, and 2) whether Rev. Sipp was under the regular care of

a physician for his disabling condition. See App. vol. I, at 98. UNUM argues that

Rev. Sipp failed to provide “any admissible affidavit from a mental health

provider concluding that [he] is or was unable to perform the duties of his

occupation for mental health reasons after the discontinuance of his benefits,”

Aples’ Br. at 22, and that the district court improperly relied on inadmissible

evidence in granting summary judgment to Rev. Sipp. “Our summary judgment

standard of review requires us to determine de novo whether there is any genuine

disputed issue of material fact and whether the prevailing party was entitled to

judgment as a matter of law.” See Pringle v. United States, 208 F.3d 1220, 1223

(10th Cir. 2000). Summary judgment is only appropriate in cases in which there is

“no genuine issue as to any material fact and . . . the moving party is entitled to a

judgment as a matter of law.” F ED . R. C IV . P. 56(c).

      1. Disability Status

       UNUM argues that even considering all the evidence “[Rev.] Sipp did not

conclusively prove that he was totally disabled such that reasonable minds could

not differ.” Aples’ Br. at 24. In support of his breach of contract claim, Rev. Sipp

provided medical records from Dr. Jafet Gonzales, who treated Rev. Sipp in April

                                           -8-
2001; a letter from Dr. Harry Linneman, a clinical psychologist who began treating

Rev. Sipp in early 2002; and the reports of two experts, one a clinical psychologist

and one a vocational evaluator. UNUM filed a motion to strike these records “as

they have not been authenticated and constitute hearsay.” App. vol. I, at 183. The

district court denied the motion to strike and accepted authenticating affidavits

that Rev. Sipp later provided. UNUM argues that this evidence is hearsay and that

Rev. Sipp’s affidavits did not allow admissibility under any exception to the

hearsay rule. We need not decide whether the district court abused its discretion

in denying UNUM’s motion to strike, as we conclude that even if the evidence was

admissible, it did not support summary judgment for Rev. Sipp. As UNUM’s

experts clearly disagreed with the above evidence that Rev. Sipp was totally

disabled as a result of his depression, summary judgment was inappropriate.

      The district court observed that “the record is replete with medical opinions

indicating that Sipp’s personality traits and psychological depression interfered

with his ability to interact well with his congregation, in what everyone

acknowledges is a high-stress job.” App. vol. II, at 441. Furthermore, the court

noted that “[t]he only contrary evidence comes from psychologists who did not

examine Sipp and whose opinions are criticized by Plaintiff’s consulting

psychologist, who did examine Sipp.” Id. at 439. Two UNUM experts determined

that Rev. Sipp was not conclusively disabled, based on the documents in his

                                         -9-
internal UNUM file. Consulting clinical psychologist Jennifer D. Lish conducted

a review of all documents included in Rev. Sipp’s UNUM file and concluded that

“[t]his file does not contain sufficient evidence to document that the Insured’s

psychiatric symptoms rose to the level that would be expected to preclude

occupational functioning.” App. vol. I, at 135. Similarly, Ann Ward-Bennett, a

psychiatric case manager who also reviewed Rev. Sipp’s file, concluded that

“there is no clear diagnostic formulation . . . to support a disabling condition other

than an Adjustment Disorder with Mixed Anxiety and Depressed Mood. Nor does

the information that has been submitted support a level of severity consistent with

a compromising condition.” Id. at 133.

      However, generally speaking, summary judgment is not advisable in

situations in which there is a conflict in expert testimony, even when the evidence

leans one way. See Zuchel v. Spinharney, 890 F.2d 273, 275 (10th Cir. 1989) (“It

makes no difference that [defendant]’s view of the evidence is supported by the

majority of the witnesses whose testimony was submitted to the district court at

the summary judgment stage. Neither we, nor the district court, are entitled to

weigh evidence or pass on the credibility of witnesses in deciding summary

judgment issues.”); see also Hudson Riverkeeper Fund, Inc. v. Atlantic Richfield

Co., 138 F. Supp. 2d 482, 488 (S.D.N.Y. 2001) (noting that “where, as here, there

are conflicting expert reports presented, courts are wary of granting summary

                                         -10-
judgment”). Questions such as whether the insured is partially or totally disabled

under a specific policy definition usually necessitate a jury determination, and

“[c]ourts typically do not apply contract interpretation as a matter of law (absent a

statute) to the determination of the insured’s disability.” 1 E RIC M ILLS H OLMES &

M ARK S. R HODES , A PPLEMAN ON I NSURANCE § 1.27, at 138 (2d ed. 1996); see also

Olson v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., 171 So. 2d 548, 548 (Fla. Ct. App. 1965) (noting that

“[t]he ultimate factual question in this case is whether the insured was totally

disabled from performing his duties,” and that while “[u]nder certain

circumstances, the question of whether disability exists may be one of law, . . .

more often this is a question of fact for determination by the jury.”)

      The fact that UNUM’s contrary evidence came from non-treating physicians

certainly may affect the credibility and weight of the evidence, but it does not

justify discounting the evidence entirely. For example, in the Social Security

disability context, an Administrative Law Judge charged with determining whether

a claimant is disabled, “[g]enerally . . . give[s] more weight to the opinion of a

source who has examined [the claimant] than to the opinion of a source who has

not.” 20 C.F.R. § 416.927(d)(1). In Black & Decker Disability Plan v. Nord, 538

U.S. 822 (2003), the Supreme Court applied the treating physician preference to

the ERISA context, noting that “[a]s compared to consultants retained by a plan, it

may be true that treating physicians, as a rule, have a greater opportunity to know

                                         -11-
and observe the patient as an individual,” and acknowledging the “concern that

physicians repeatedly retained by benefits plans may have an incentive to make a

finding of ‘not disabled’ in order to save their employers money and to preserve

their own consulting arrangements.” Id. at 832 (internal quotation marks omitted).

The Court went on, however, to qualify the preference for the opinions of treating

physicians: “But the assumption that the opinions of a treating physician warrant

greater credit than the opinions of plan consultants may make scant sense when,

for example, the relationship between the claimant and the treating physician has

been of short duration, or when a specialist engaged by the plan has expertise the

treating physician lacks.” Id.

      A jury charged with determining whether Rev. Sipp was totally disabled

might accord more weight to the opinions of treating physicians and psychologists

than to the opinion of non-treating psychologists. But as it “[i]t is the jury’s

exclusive province to assess the credibility of witnesses and determine the weight

to be given to their testimony,” Lamon v. City of Shawnee, 972 F.2d 1145, 1159

(10th Cir. 1992), we will not decide whether an expert’s opinion based on an

examination of Rev. Sipp is entitled to more weight than that of a non-treating

psychologist. We hold that such a conflict should not be resolved by summary

judgment.

      2. Regular and Personal Care of a Physician

                                          -12-
      UNUM also argues, in the alternative, that Rev. Sipp was not “under the

regular and personal care of a Physician,” as required by the terms of his disability

insurance policy. See App. vol. I, at 98. UNUM contends that Rev. Sipp did not

receive mental health treatment from a qualified provider between May 2000 and

February 2001, and that after that time he saw a psychiatrist on only one occasion

in February 2001, and then waited another eleven months before seeking

psychological counseling. The district court rejected UNUM’s suggestion that

Rev. Sipp only went to see a psychiatrist when he thought he was in danger of

losing his benefits. App. vol. II, at 440 (noting that “[t]here is some indication in

the record that Sipp was initially reluctant to seek the help of a psychiatrist and

resisted taking psychotropic medications, that his reluctance and resistance were

symptoms of his depression and his personal techniques for dealing with it, and

that he became aware, eventually, that he needed help with his problems and

sought out diagnosis . . . and counseling”).

      Despite the fact that his visits to psychiatrists were infrequent at best, Rev.

Sipp did seek other types of help. He met with a social worker, discussed his

problems with a family counselor, and made Dr. Cardasis, his primary care

physician in New Mexico, aware of his mental health issues. Significantly, Dr.

Cardasis prescribed medication to treat his condition. The insurance policy

defines a “physician” as “any licensed practitioner of the healing arts practicing

                                          -13-
within the scope of his or her license.” App. vol. II, at 258. This definition would

include certain licensed social workers, counselors, and psychologists, who are

trained in dealing with depression and other mental disorders. We therefore agree

with the district court’s finding that Rev. Sipp satisfied the “regular and personal

care” component of the definition of total disability.

B. Rev. Sipp’s Alternative Breach of Contract Theory

      In addition to arguing that UNUM committed breach of contract by ceasing

disability benefits, Rev. Sipp also argues that UNUM committed breach of contract

by refusing to allow him access to various documents. He asserts that UNUM had

a contractual duty to provide him with the reports that formed the basis for their

denial of benefits.

      The district court found it unnecessary to consider this alternative breach of

contract claim, holding that “having found as a matter of law that Sipp is in fact

disabled and that Plaintiffs breached their contract by finding otherwise, [it] need

not consider these alternative arguments for breach of contract.” App. vol. II, at

442. On remand, Rev. Sipp may, of course, continue to pursue this theory of

liability as an alternative to his other breach of contract theory.

C. Rev. Sipp’s Statutory Claim for Unfair Insurance Practices

      Rev. Sipp argues that the district court should have considered his claim

under the New Mexico Unfair Insurance Practice Act (UIPA), N.M. S TAT . A NN . §

                                          -14-
59A-16-1 to -30, and/or the New Mexico Unfair Practices Act (UPA), N.M. S TAT .

A NN . § 57-12-1 to -22, which would have allowed him the opportunity to recover

“extra-contractual damages: punitive damages, statutory treble damages or actual

damages otherwise available.” Aplt’s Br. at 20. The inherent authority of a

district court to manage its own docket includes the discretion to determine which

claims to consider. We review decisions relating to the court’s management of its

docket for abuse of discretion. Hartsel Springs Ranch of Colo., Inc. v. Bluegreen

Corp., 296 F.3d 982, 985 (10th Cir. 2002).

      Rev. Sipp argues that he pled a claim for unfair insurance practices in his

original complaint, though he admits that the complaint “was far from a model of

clarity,” Aplt’s Br. at 23, and that even if the claim was not adequately pled in the

complaint, it was pled in the Joint Initial Pre-Trial Report, thus giving UNUM

adequate notice. First, he notes that the complaint “contained a Fourth Claim for

Relief, captioned: ‘Unfair Insurance Practices,’” and that the amount of damages

claimed in the original complaint would have exceeded those allowable under a

breach of contract theory, such that “UNUM was aware of statutory and extra-

contractual claims.” Aplt’s Br. at 21 (citing App. vol. I, at 12-13).

      In response, UNUM argues that the complaint did not provide sufficient

notice of Rev. Sipp’s claim, as it contained only vague allegations of “unfair

insurance practices” with no citations to the UIPA or the UPA. UNUM further

                                         -15-
asserts that Rev. Sipp’s attempt to file an amended complaint suggests that he was

aware that the claim was inadequately pleaded in the original complaint. Aples’

Br. at 17 (arguing that “if Sipp felt his claims had been pled under these statutes

there would have been no need to file an untimely Motion for Leave to add such

causes of action”).

      Rule 8 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure sets forth the requirements

for notice pleading, which include

      (1) a short and plain statement of the grounds upon which the court's
      jurisdiction depends, unless the court already has jurisdiction and the
      claim needs no new grounds of jurisdiction to support it, (2) a short
      and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to
      relief, and (3) a demand for judgment for the relief the pleader seeks.

F ED . R. C IV . P. 8(a). As the Seventh Circuit has observed, “notice pleading

requires the plaintiff to allege just enough to put the defendant on notice of facts

providing a right to recovery and not to cite to the appropriate statute creating that

right.” Brokaw v. Mercer County, 235 F.3d 1000, 1023 n.19 (7th Cir. 2000).

      Under the heading “Fourth Claim for Relief: Unfair Insurance Practices,”

Rev. Sipp’s complaint described the specific conduct that he believed entitled him

to relief, including UNUM’s reliance on a telephone conversation with Rev. Sipp’s

physician as a basis for denying benefits; UNUM’s implication “that a psychiatric

illness is required for coverage, and that [Rev. Sipp] is experiencing a ‘stressful

life event’ which is not covered;” and UNUM’s failure “to provide any substantial

                                         -16-
medical reasons in the letter of termination.” App. vol. I, at 13. The complaint

further stated that the above acts “do not comply with insurance trade standards of

practice,” and “violate statutory laws and regulations covering insurance

practices.” Id.

      Rev. Sipp’s complaint, while assuredly not a model of clarity, did provide a

“short and plain statement of the claim,” F ED . R. C IV . P. 8(a), and alleged facts

“sufficient to give the defendant[s] fair notice of what the claim is and the grounds

on which it rests.” Lone Star Indus., Inc. v. Horman Family Trust, 960 F.2d 917,

922 (10th Cir. 1992). Furthermore, UNUM’s Notice of Removal suggests that it

was aware of Rev. Sipp’s statutory insurance bad faith claim, as the Notice

explicitly stated that “[i]n the Complaint, Plaintiff has asserted three separate

counts for breach of contract, violations of the New Mexico Unfair Practices Act, a

claim for negligent misrepresentation, and a count asserting malicious conduct.”

App. vol. I, at 16 (emphasis added). We also note that the Initial Pretrial Report,

jointly signed by the parties, included the contention that UNUM’s actions

constituted “unfair insurance practice prohibited by 59-16-20, NMSA.” App. vol.

I, at 34. Thus, we hold that Rev. Sipp’s allegation satisfied Rule 8(a)(2). Because

the parties have cited the acts somewhat interchangeably, we leave it up to the

district court to determine whether to reinstate the UPA claim, the UIPA claim, or

both statutory actions.

                                          -17-
D. Rev. Sipp’s Motion for Leave to Amend

      Rev. Sipp argues that the district court should have allowed him to amend

his complaint to add two new causes of action: a claim for bad faith in the claims

handling process and a claim for the repudiation of the contract. He also sought

leave to amend his complaint “to add a claim under the New Mexico Unfiar [sic]

Practitc [sic] Act as well as the Unfair Insrucance [sic] Claims Practice Act,” App.

vol. I, at 46, but as we already determined in Section II.C that Rev. Sipp

adequately pled (and, fortunately, adequately spell-checked) a statutory unfair

practices claim in his original complaint, we need not address it here.

      Rev. Sipp filed his original complaint in state court on November 20, 2001.

The parties agreed that he would be allowed until April 11, 2002 to amend his

complaint. He did not amend his complaint within that time frame, but then

sought leave to amend his complaint on June 6, 2002. The district court denied

Rev. Sipp’s Motion for Leave to File a First Amended Complaint upon finding that

“the motion is untimely, that the information necessary to plead the new causes of

action was known to Plaintiff at the time the original complaint was filed, that

Plaintiff offered no explanation for its delay in seeking this amendment, and that

allowing this amendment would be prejudicial to Defendants.” App. vol. I, at 73

(Order Denying Plaintiff’s Motion for Leave to First Amended Complaint, filed

July 11, 2002). “We review the district court’s denial of a motion to amend a

                                        -18-
complaint for abuse of discretion.” Hayes v. Whitman, 264 F.3d 1017, 1026 (10th

Cir. 2001); see also F ED . R. C IV . P. 15(a) (“[L]eave [to amend] shall be given

freely when justice so requires.”).

             Several factors are typically considered by the courts in
      determining whether to allow amendment of a complaint. These include
      whether the amendment will result in undue prejudice, whether the
      request was unduly and inexplicably delayed, was offered in good faith,
      or that the party had sufficient opportunity to state a claim and failed.

Las Vegas Ice & Cold Storage Co. v. Far West Bank, 893 F.2d 1182, 1185 (10th

Cir. 1990); see also Castleglen, Inc. v. Resolution Trust Corp., 984 F.2d 1571,

1585 (10th Cir. 1993) (citing “a showing of undue delay . . . , or undue prejudice

to the opposing party, or futility of amendment, etc.” as reasons to deny leave to

amend a complaint).

      “‘[W]e have often found untimeliness alone a sufficient reason to deny leave

to amend.’” Hayes, 264 F.3d at 1029 (quoting Viernow v. Euripides Dev. Corp.,

157 F.3d 785, 799 (10th Cir.1998)); see also Las Vegas Ice & Cold Storage, 893

F.2d at 1185 (“Untimeliness alone may be a sufficient basis for denial of leave to

amend. Contrary to plaintiff’s assertion, prejudice to the opposing party need not

also be shown.”). Denial of leave to amend is particularly appropriate in cases in

which the cause(s) of action were available to the plaintiff at the time that the

original complaint was filed. Id. (“Where the party seeking amendment knows or

should have known of the facts upon which the proposed amendment is based but

                                          -19-
fails to include them in the original complaint, the motion to amend is subject to

denial.”)

      Rev. Sipp argues that most of the cases in which leave to amend has been

denied have involved substantially longer periods of delay, sometimes up to

several years. His motion for leave to amend, in contrast, was filed less than a

year after the original complaint and only two months after the expiration of the

parties’ agreed upon deadline for amending the complaint. While this is a shorter

delay than in many of the cases in which leave to amend has been denied, the

district court emphasized that the new causes of action were known to Rev. Sipp at

the time the original complaint was filed and that Rev. Sipp gave “no justifiable

reason for the delay.” App. vol. I, at 74. The court also concluded that UNUM

would be prejudiced by the amendment, as “[t]he discovery deadline expire[d] . . .

a mere 8 days away” and “[a]llowing the extension would inevitably require

reopening discovery and essentially starting this case anew, and would

significantly delay the final deposition.” Id.

      While Rev. Sipp contends that he learned new information through

depositions that made UNUM’s degree of culpability more apparent and made him

feel that the new claims were stronger than he previously realized, he admits that

the claims could have been pled originally or that the amendments could have been

requested earlier. Ultimately, it appears that the facts needed to support these

                                         -20-
claims were known to Rev. Sipp at the time that the original complaint was filed.

Taking into account the untimeliness of the motion, the potential prejudice to

UNUM, and Rev. Sipp’s concession that the motion could have been made sooner,

we hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion when it denied Rev.

Sipp’s motion for leave to amend.

E. Punitive Damages

      Rev. Sipp sought punitive damages based on UNUM’s failure to investigate

his claim, refusal to provide him with the documents on which they based the

denial of benefits, and insinuation that he was forced out of his position as a result

of a personal problem with a parishioner. The district court granted UNUM’s

cross-motion for summary judgment on punitive damages, concluding “[t]here is

simply no evidence that Defendants acted maliciously or recklessly in their claims

handling process.” App. vol. II, at 447. Rev. Sipp argues on appeal that the court

erred in granting summary judgment on the issue of punitive damages and that

punitive damages should have been submitted to a jury. We review de novo a

district court’s determination concerning whether sufficient evidence existed to

support punitive damages. Youren v. Tintic Sch. Dist., 343 F.3d 1296, 1307 (10th

Cir. 2003).

      The parties disagree regarding the standard for punitive damages in New

Mexico insurance cases. According to Rev. Sipp, “Under New Mexico law,

                                         -21-
punitive damages may be awarded for conduct that is malicious, willful, reckless,

wanton, fraudulent, or in bad faith. If sufficient evidence exists to prove any one

of the enumerated mental states, the trial court is required to instruct the jury on

punitive damages.” Aplt’s Br. at 11 (internal quotation marks and citations

omitted). UNUM disagrees, arguing that “a showing of malice or other increased

mental culpable state” is required in order for a plaintiff to recover punitive

damages for breach of contract. Aples’ Br. at 11.

      The New Mexico Supreme Court recently clarified the standard for awarding

punitive damages in breach of insurance contract cases. See Sloan v. State Farm

Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 85 P.3d 230, 232 (N.M. 2004). Though Sloan establishes a

less stringent standard for punitive damages in insurance bad faith cases, the court

explicitly distinguishes breach of contract cases and reaffirms the standard set

forth in Paiz v. State Farm Fire & Casualty Co., 880 P.2d 300 (N.M. 1994). In

Paiz, the court reversed a punitive damage award in a breach of contract case,

“disavow[ing] the proposition that in a contract case, including one involving an

insurance contract, punitive damages may be predicated solely on gross

negligence,” and holding that “[i]n addition to, or in lieu of, such negligence there

must be evidence of an ‘evil motive’ or a ‘culpable mental state.’” Id. at 308.

      As Sloan reiterates that punitive damages can only be awarded in a breach

of contract case when there is an “evil motive” or “culpable mental state,” we must

                                          -22-
now turn to whether such evidence existed in this case. According to Rev. Sipp,

evidence of the requisite mental state included: UNUM’s implication that he was

forced out of his job as a Senior Pastor after becoming involved in some sort of

scandal with “a certain female parishioner,” App. vol. I, at 188; UNUM’s refusal

to disclose or produce the psychological reports that formed the basis for the

denial of benefits; and UNUM’s failure to adequately investigate Rev. Sipp’s

disability claim. While UNUM’s conduct is far from admirable, we agree with the

district court’s determination that “the evidence establishes that [UNUM’s]

representatives were simply doing their job, without any malicious intent.

Whether or not they did their jobs as thoroughly and competently as they could

have, [Rev. Sipp] has not shown that their actions rose to the level of malice or

reckless conduct so as to justify punitive damages.” App. vol. II, at 448 (internal

citation and quotation marks omitted). We note, however, that Rev. Sipp may be

entitled to punitive damages under the UPA, should he succeed on that claim.

N.M. S TAT . A NN . § 57-12-10 (“Where the trier of fact finds that the party charged

with an unfair or deceptive trade practice or an unconscionable trade practice has

willfully engaged in the trade practice, the court may award up to three times

actual damages or three hundred dollars ($300), whichever is greater, to the party

complaining of the practice.”).

F. Attorney Fees

                                         -23-
      The district court awarded Rev. Sipp $51,868.80 in attorney fees pursuant to

N.M. S TAT . A NN . § 39-2-1, which provides that

      [i]n any action where an insured prevails against an insurer who has not
      paid a claim on any type of first party coverage, the insured person may
      be awarded reasonable attorney’s fees and costs of the action upon a
      finding by the court that the insurer acted unreasonably in failing to pay
      the claim.

In their cross-appeal, UNUM argues that Rev. Sipp should not have been granted

attorney fees because 1) his request for attorney fees was untimely, and 2) an

award of attorney’s fees under § 39-2-1 must be predicated on a finding of

“unreasonableness” on the part of the insurance company. “We review the award

of attorney’s fees for abuse of discretion.” Smith v. Diffee Ford-Lincoln-Mercury,

Inc., 298 F.3d 955, 968 (10th Cir. 2002).

      1. Timeliness

      UNUM contends that Rev. Sipp “never pled or requested fees under this

statute [§ 39-2-1] until after the case was disposed of on summary judgment,

which is certainly not a timely request.” Aples’ Br. at 27. The district court

explicitly rejected “Defendants’ argument that the Court should deny attorney fees

because a request was not specifically pled under the statute, and is therefore,

untimely.” App. vol. II, at 460. Moreover, as Rev. Sipp points out, the New

Mexico Court of Appeals has previously rejected a defendant’s challenge to an

award of attorney’s fees based on the plaintiff’s failure to cite § 39-2-1 until after

                                         -24-
the fee petition was before the court. See O’Neel v. USAA Ins. Co., 41 P.3d 356,

365 (N.M. Ct. App. 2002) (awarding fees under § 39-2-1 where “the record reveals

that [the plaintiff] did request an alternative award of attorney fees under Section

39-2-1 orally and in writing before the court made its final ruling on attorney

fees”). UNUM does not provide any case law in support of its position that Rev.

Sipp’s motion for attorney fees was untimely. In the absence of any supporting

authority to the contrary, we hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion

in finding that Rev. Sipp’s request for attorney’s fees was timely filed.

      2. Unreasonableness

      UNUM’s next argument is that an award of attorney’s fees under § 39-2-1

must be predicated on a finding of unreasonableness. Section 39-2-1 states:

      In any action where an insured prevails against an insurer who has not
      paid a claim on any type of first party coverage, the insured person may
      be awarded reasonable attorney’s fees and costs of the action upon a
      finding by the court that the insurer acted unreasonably in failing to pay
      the claim.

N.M. S TAT . A NN . § 39-2-1 (emphasis added). According to UNUM, the court

found that UNUM was “wrong” without ever making any specific finding

regarding whether it was “unreasonable.” Aples’ Br. at 27.

      On remand, the district court should evaluate making more specific findings

as to the reasonableness or unreasonableness of UNUM’s actions and to consider

the availability, if any, of attorney fees under the UIPA, N.M. S TAT . A NN . § 59A-

                                          -25-
16-30, and/or the UPA, N.M. S TAT . A NN . § 57-12-10(c).

                                III. CONCLUSION

      Given the conflicting testimony of experts regarding Rev. Sipp’s disability,

we must REVERSE and REMAND the district court’s grant of summary judgment

in favor of Rev. Sipp on the breach of contract claim. In connection with that

reversal, the district court should reconsider Rev. Sipp’s unfair practices claim

under the UIPA and/or the UPA and the possibility of an award of punitive

damages in connection with that claim. We also VACATE the award of

compensatory damages and attorney fees and REMAND for further proceedings

consistent with this opinion.

                                       Entered for the Court,

                                       Robert H. Henry
                                       Circuit Judge

                                        -26-