Court Opinion

ID: 9609446
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-22 03:27:07.876591+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:02:50.657307
License: Public Domain

GIBBONS, Circuit Judge
(concurring and dissenting in part).
I concur in Judge Layton’s opinion to the extent that it holds:
(1) that the State Board of Education is the proper party defendant, and bears primary responsibility for the elimination of segregated schooling;
(2) that it is the defendants’ duty to effectuate a transition to a racially nondiscriminatory school system which has eliminated all vestiges of state-imposed segregation;
*1225(3) that the Wilmington Public School System has not been desegregated ;
(4) that the State Board defendants must come forward with plans to remedy the existing segregation.
I dissent, however, from the court’s holding that consideration of the constitutionality of the Educational Advancement Act, 56 Del.Laws, ch. 292, § 6, is premature and from the further holding that we are postponing until the remedy stage of this case a determination as to whether a desegregation plan must look beyond the boundaries of the City of Wilmington. The record before us establishes the unconstitutionality of certain features of the Educational Advancement Act, and establishes, as well, that elimination of all vestiges of state-sponsored segregated schooling in Delaware requires relief not confined to the City of Wilmington.
I. The Governing Legal Standards
We are dealing with a state-sponsored educational system which was formerly, as recently as 1967,1 segregated by race de jure, as well as de facto, at least in part. In states which at the time of Brown v. Board of Education (Brown I), 347 U.S. 483, 74 S.Ct. 686, 98 L.Ed. 873 (1954) operated legally mandated dual school systems, the mere removal of the legal requirement, or even the formal adoption of racially neutral criteria, is insufficient compliance with the fourteenth amendment. States like Delaware have the affirmative duty to establish a unitary school system in which all vestiges of the formerly legally required racial segregation have been eliminated root and branch. Brown I did not deal with the matter of remedy. But in Brown v. Board of Education (Brown II), 349 U.S. 294, 300-301, 75 S.Ct. 753, 756-757, 99 L.Ed. 1083 (1955) the defendants were directed “to achieve a system of determining admission to the public schools on a nonracial basis,” to “effectuate a transition to a racially nondiscriminatory school system,” and “to admit [the parties] to public schools on a racially nondiscriminatory basis with all deliberate speed.” The states formerly segregated by law, Delaware included,2 reacted to Brown II by assuming that some formally neutral pupil placement arrangement like free transfer or freedom of choice would satisfy the Supreme Court’s mandate even though in practical effect the schools remained segregated. Reactions in the courts of appeals varied.3
In Green v. County School Board, 391 U.S. 430, 88 S.Ct. 1689, 20 L.Ed.2d 716 (1968) the Court held that school boards operating dual systems compelled by law
“were [in Brown //]... clearly charged with the affirmative duty to take whatever steps might be necessary to convert to a unitary system in which racial discrimination would be eliminated root and branch *1226The burden on a school board today is to come forward with a plan that promises realistically to work, and promises realistically to work now.
. The matter must be assessed in the light of the circumstances present and the options available in each instance. It is incumbent upon the school board to establish that its proposed plan promises meaningful and immediate progress toward disestablishing state-imposed segregation. It is incumbent upon the district court to weigh that claim in light of the facts at hand and in light of any alternatives which may be shown as feasible and more promising in their effectiveness. ... Of course, the availability to the board of other more promising courses of action may indicate a lack of good faith; and at the least it places a heavy burden upon the board to explain its preference for an apparently less effective method.” Id. at 437-439, 88 S.Ct. at 1694.
In Green and its companion cases, Raney v. Board of Education, 391 U.S. 443, 447-448, 88 S.Ct. 1697, 20 L.Ed.2d 727 (1968) and Monroe v. Board of Commissioners, 391 U.S. 450, 458, 88 S.Ct. 1700, 20 L.Ed.2d 733 (1968), moreover, the Court made it clear beyond question that the state educational officials having the legal responsibility for achieving compliance with the mandate of Brown II could not, by adopting what on the surface appeared to be a neutral pupil placement arrangement, merely “burden children and their parents with a responsibility which Brown II placed squarely on the School Board.” 391 U.S. at 441-442, 88 S.Ct. at 1696.
Green, Raney and Monroe involved so called free choice or free transfer plans which did not achieve the same degree of desegregation as could have been achieved by geographic attendance zones. Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (Swann I), 402 U.S. 1, 91 S.Ct. 1267, 28 L.Ed.2d 554 (1971) and Davis v. Board of School Commissioners, 402 U.S. 33, 91 S.Ct. 1289, 28 L.Ed.2d 577 (1971) made clear that neither the responsible state education officials nor the district courts could, by relying on what on the surface appeared to be neutral geographic attendance zones, avoid the affirmative duty which Brown II placed on them. As Justice Burger concluded for the unanimous Court, “[t]he measure of any desegregation plan is its effectiveness.” 402 U.S. at 37, 91 S.Ct. at 1292.
North Carolina State Board of Education v. Swann (Swann II), 402 U.S. 43, 91 S.Ct. 1284, 28 L.Ed.2d 586 (1971) further refines the duty of the responsible state officials. In affirming the decision of a three-judge district court4 holding unconstitutional N.C.Gen.Stat. § 115-176.1 (Supp.1969), the Court unanimously held that:
“ . . ■ . if a state-imposed limitation on a school authority’s discretion operates to inhibit or obstruct the operation of a unitary school system or impede the disestablishing of a dual school system, it must fall; state policy must give way when it operates to hinder vindication of federal constitutional guarantees.
The legislation before us flatly forbids assignment of any student on account of race or for the purpose of creating a racial balance or ratio in the schools. The prohibition is absolute, and it would inescapably operate to obstruct the remedies granted by the District Court in the Swann case. But more important the statute exploits an apparently neutral form to control school school assignment plans by directing that they be ‘color blind’; that requirement, against the background of segregation, would render illusory the promise of Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483, 74 *1227S.Ct. 686, 98 L.Ed. 873 (1954).” 402 U.S. at 45-46, 91 S.Ct. at 1286.
Swann II makes clear that restrictions imposed by state law upon the authority of state officials having the affirmative duty imposed by Brown II are unconstitutional to the extent that they interfere with the achievement of fully effective desegregation of formerly dual systems.
By 1971, then, it was established that state school officials could not avoid the affirmative duty to root out vestiges of de jure desegregation (1) by resort to facially neutral pupil placement plans (Green, Raney, Monroe), (2) by resort to facially neutral geographic attendance zones (Swann I, Davis), or (3) by reliance upon state legislation purporting to limit their authority (Swann II). The next foot-dragging efforts took the form of changing the supposedly responsible officials by realigning the geographic boundaries of school districts. In Wright v. Council of the City of Emporia, 407 U.S. 451, 92 S.Ct. 2196, 33 L. Ed.2d 51 (1972) and United States v. Scotland Neck City Board of Education, 407 U.S. 484, 92 S.Ct. 2214, 33 L.Ed.2d 75 (1972) the Court closed that door. In City of Emporia Justice Stewart wrote:
“The effect of Emporia’s proposal was to erect new boundary lines for the purpose of school attendance in a district where no such lines had previously existed, and where a dual system had long flourished. Under the principles of Green and Monroe, such a proposal must be judged according to whether it hinders or furthers the process of school desegregation. If the proposal would impede the dismantling of the dual system, then a district court, in the exercise of its remedial discretion, may enjoin it from being carried out.
. [A]n inquiry into the ‘dominant’ motivation of school authorities is as irrelevant as it is fruitless. The mandate of Brown II was to desegregate schools, and we have said that ‘[t]he measure of any desegregation plan is its effectiveness.’ Davis v. School Commissioners of Mobile County, 402 U.S. 33, 37, [91 S.Ct. 1289, 28 L.Ed.2d 577.] Thus, we have focused upon the effect — not the purpose or motivation — of a school board’s action in determining whether it is a permissible method of dismantling a dual system. The existence of a permissible purpose cannot sustain an action that has an impermissible effect.” 407 U.S. at 460, 462, 92 S.Ct. at 2202.
In City of Emporia the actual effect, whether or not it was intended, was to withdraw a group of city schools with a more or less equal racial balance, leaving behind a group of county schools which would have been 72% black. This effect, in the context of a formerly dual system where vestiges of that system remained, was impermissible.
What City of Emporia and Scotland Neck City Board ,of Education add to Swann II, it seems to me, is that just as a state-imposed limitation on the responsible school board’s authority for pupil placement must be disregarded, so also a state-imposed limitation on the responsible school board’s geographic area of responsibility must be disregarded, if either limitation has the effect of preventing the elimination of all vestiges of state-imposed segregation. A gerrymander of school district lines in a state where a dual system flourished will be judged by its effects on desegregation and not by whatever nonracial motivations were behind it. As I will point out hereafter, the Educational Advancement Act has precisely the effects prohibited by Swann II and City of Emporia.
There is considerable evidence in this record directed to the actual motivation for those provisions of the Educational Advancement Act which permanently *1228fixed the boundaries of the Wilmington School District. Were I required to make a finding as to motivation the task would be difficult. Undoubtedly the Supreme Court’s continuous direction to the federal courts from Swann I to City of Emporia that the test is effect not motivation reflects that Court’s recognition that an inquiry into legislative motivation inevitably is difficult. As I read the cases, the presence or absence of a benign legislative motive is not relevant to our inquiry. Undoubtedly there were valid educational reasons for enacting the Educational Advancement Act. Possibly there were political considerations of a nonracial character which dictated the inclusion of provisions fixing the boundaries of the Wilmington School District. Certainly the Delaware executive and legislative leaders responsible for the legislation were fully aware in 1968 of the racial makeup of the Wilmington and suburban New Castle County Schools. Separating such knowledge from their total motivation is hardly easy. But if the effect of the provisions fixing the boundaries of Wilmington is to prevent desegregation of white schools outside the city and black schools within, we need look no further.
II. The Delaware Context
A. The Existence of Vestiges
Involved in this case is a state in which segregation was formerly imposed by law. This court finds, unanimously, that vestiges of that dual system remain in the City of Wilmington.5 Judges Wright and Layton make no findings, however, with respect to schools outside *1229but within a short distance of Wilmington. In suburban Wilmington the formerly all white schools remain identifiably white by any relevant measure.6 Thus *1230it is not only in Wilmington that vestiges remain.
*1229% Black Enrollment (PX 6)
Year Drew Elbert Stubbs Bancroft J.H. % black pupils in the WilmingHoward ton School DisH.S. trict
1956 99.3 90.8 100.0 97.7 100.0 31.6
1957 97.6 91.1 98.0 96.7 100.0 34.9
1958 98.6 91.2 98.7 98.0 99.6 37.7
1959 98.5 94.7 99.0 96.8 99.4 41.7
1960 93.3 96.2 99.4 97.7 99.8 45.0
1961 95.4 96.0 99.4 97.9 99.5 47.6
1962 94.3 96.3 98.3 96.8 99.6 50.6
1963 94.3 96.8 95.2 98.8 100.0 54.5
1964 94.3 97.0 97.8 98.4 99.8 57.1
1965 95.2 97.0 96.5 98.1 99.5 60.1
1966 96.2 91.8 97.7 97.5 99.5 62.4
1967 99.3 99.1 96.6 96.5 99.6 65.8
1968 98.3 99.3 97.7 98.9 99.8 69.2
1969 98.2 99.8 97.7 98.7 100.0 75.5
1970 97.8 99.7 98.4 99.0 96.3 78.9
1971 97.8 100.0 97.0 99.0 100.0 79.8
1972 98.2 99.7 98.4 99.1 94.7 81.1
1973 99.1 99.7 98.3 95.1 97.3 82.7
The enrollment in Howard High School is particularly significant since prior to Brown I it served black students from outside the City of Wilmington and was clearly identified statewide as the black high school.
*1230B. Delaware’s Unique State Board Involvement
The Delaware State Board of Education has historically had broad responsibility for maintaining the statewide system of free public schools which, since 1898, has been required by article X, § 1 of the Delaware Constitution, Del.C.Ann. See Evans v. Buchanan, 256 F.2d 688, 693-694 (3d Cir. 1958), cert. denied, 358 U.S. 836, 79 S.Ct. 58, 3 L.Ed.2d 72 (1958). Responsibility at the state level for public education has been assumed in Delaware to an extent far greater than in any other state to which we have been referred. We are dealing, it must be remembered, with a small geographic area and a small population. New Castle County, with which we are primarily concerned, occupies only 435 square miles, and in the entire county 87,696 7 students were enrolled in September 1973. Thus the entire county, in which thirteen school districts (one county-wide) have been organized, is smaller geographically and has approximately the same enrollment as the Charlotte-Mecklenburg district which was involved in Swann I and Swann II.8 The State of Delaware provides on the average 70% of the funds required to operate local school districts. Of the balance, 7% represents funds provided by the federal government, and 23% is made up of funds raised from local taxation. State funding is divided into three categories. Division I funds (salaries), Division II funds (all other costs), and Division III funds (equalization). In addition State funds are used for school maintenance, capital improvements and pupil transportation. Division I funds for salaries are allocated in accordance with schedules and formulas set by the State Board of Education. Division II funds are allocated on a flat per pupil basis. Division III equalization funds are allotted pursuant to a weighted formula designed to equalize the financial resources of the separate school districts. In addition to the Division I, II and III funds the State pays the entire cost of pupil transportation. *1231The State pays 60% of the approved cost of any major capital outlays. It also makes an annual appropriation of not in excess of $50,000 per project for minor capital improvements. Vocational and other special education facilities are paid for entirely from State funds. The State pays the cost of insurance on all school buildings and a share of Social Security contributions and Blue Cross premiums for school employees. The State pays the cost of debt service on State bonds issued for major school construction projects. All educational expenditures, including salaries for school employees are paid by check drawn by the State Treasurer on a single State dispository. The State Department of Education exercises strict control over the approval, location, size, and cost of all major capital improvements desired by a local school board. The Stale Department of Education prepares the specifications for any such project before it is submitted to a referendum to authorize the issuance of bonds for the local share of the project’s cost. The State purchases, at a private sale, local district bonds issued for the local share. The State Board of Education requires extensive reports on local school educational and financial operations and in particular on the racial and ethnic makeup of each school’s enrollment. The State Board of Education sets criteria for teacher certification. School taxes are State taxes. The State carries on numerous programs in which local school district lines are disregarded. These include programs for the physically handicapped and the retarded, vocational education, and education for unwed pregnant girls and mothers.
During the time the State operated a de jure dual system there were some all black local school boards whose members were appointed by the Governor and whose geographic attendance zones overlapped one or more white school board attendance zones. At the same time in some geographic areas, such as Wilmington, a single board of education operated separate black and white schools. In both instances 100% of the financing of the black schools was by the State. The black schools, and in particular Howard High School in Wilmington, served students from a geographic area far beyond the borders of the Wilmington School District. Under the dual system the black schools were essentially a single statewide system, although the exact pattern of operation varied from one locality to another. Under the dual system the white schools were also essentially a single statewide system, although the exact pattern of operation varied from one locality to another, and although the Wilmington School District, operating under a legislative charter separate from the charter of the City of Wilmington, had a greater degree of autonomy to impose higher standards of teacher certification than did other local school boards. The Wilmington School Board opei’ated the black schools as a part of a statewide black school system. Moreover prior to 1956 some school districts in suburban New Castle County did not offer a full range of educational services for white students and many white suburban students attended white high schools in Wilmington.
The degree of State rather than local autonomy over public education in Delaware at the time that the State defendants came under the affirmative duty imposed by Brown II is best illustrated by Steiner v. Simmons, 35 Del.Ch. 83, 111 A.2d 574 (Sup.Ct.1955), to which Judge Layton makes reference and by the regulations (DX-15) of the State Board to which that opinion refers, 35 Del.Ch. 95-97, 111 A.2d at 380-382. Desegregation attempts by local school boards without the necessary permission of the State Board were forbidden. This included the Wilmington School Board. Steiner v. Simmons, 35 Del.Ch. at 96, 111 A.2d at 581. As Judge Lay-ton points out, this court and the Third Circuit have repeatedly held that the duty to desegregate Delaware schools rests upon the State Board, which more than in any state with which I am fa*1232miliar operates a statewide but racially segregated system of public education. This is not a Richmond 9 or a Detroit10 case.
C. The 1968 Situation
The Educational Advancement Act was enacted in 1968. Prior to its enactment the State defendants had last been before this court with respect to a desegregation plan on June 26, 1961. Evans v. Buchanan, 195 F.Supp. 321 (D. Del.1961).11 At that time the two-part desegregation plan referred to in Judge Layton’s present opinion was approved by Judge Wright. The principal element of part “(B)” of the plan, which looked to the future, was submission by the State Board to the Delaware General Assembly of a new school code which would eliminate all distinctions in public education based on race. Id, at 325. The court retained jurisdiction. The State Board defendants appear to have made good faith efforts to comply with part “(B)” of the approved plan. Legislation was introduced in the General Assembly in 1961 (DX 146) and 1963 (DX 148). In each instance the legislation failed to be enacted, (tr. 2074-82). Meanwhile de jure segregation continued in Delaware in the form of separately chartered state-financed black school districts. The State Board attempted by various administrative pressures to cause the trustees or board members of these black school districts to convey the district properties to the white school district in the same geographic area and then to dissolve with the State Board’s approval. The State Board was seriously hampered in that effort by an Opinion of the Attorney General of Delaware (DX 149) to the effect that black teachers and supervisors would, if the black school districts dissolved, come into the white districts without tenure. This required negotiation over job security. Despite that difficulty, however, in June of 1967 the last de jure black school district was dissolved. But this court finds unanimously that vestiges of de jure segregation continued in Delaware in 1967 and in 1968 and remain today.
The summer of 1968 was in Delaware a period of rather intense racial tension, and probably was as unpropitious a time for the enactment of a new school code which would accomplish what was required by this court’s June 26, 1961 decree as any time since issuance of that decree. The State Board was, however, still under the affirmative duty mandated by Brown II and that decree. There was another difficulty. In addition to the affirmative duty imposed by Broivn II and the June 26, 1961 decree, there was the practical necessity for bringing order out of a chaotic situation in which, outside Wilmington, small local school boards, often offering limited programs, had over the years proliferated. Article X, § 1 of the Delaware Constitution has been interpreted by the Delaware Supreme Court to require that a legislative change in the boundaries of a school district must be made by a general law applicable to all districts. The Wilmington Board of Education was created by a legislative charter which defined its boundaries. See 23 Del.Laws ch. 92, § 1 (1905). There were, indeed, many school districts created by such special legislation. In order to consolidate the smaller districts, which must be accomplished by a general law, the legislation had to apply to all districts, large and small, including Wilmington. The draftsmen of the 1968 legislation concluded that the task of defining actual school boundaries would, during a one-year period, be delegated to the State Board of Education. There is no question that any school district lines, in-*1233eluding those of the Wilmington School District, could have been changed by such general legislation. Opinion of the Justices, 246 A.2d 90, 92 (Del.1968). In re School Code of 1919, 30 Del. 406, 108 A. 39 (1919). As the proposed legislation was originally drafted it apparently did not contemplate any restriction on the authority of the State Board to change geographic lines of the Wilmington district. See PX 203. At some point in the drafting process a provision was inserted limiting school district enrollment to 15,000 and then to 12,000 pupils. Defendant Madden explained to members of the State Board that “[a] limit of 12,000 pupils was inserted to avoid consolidating any other districts with Wilmington.” (PX 154A). The draftsmen also eventually included the language now found in 14 Del.C. § 1026(a), permanently fixing the boundaries of the Wilmington district, and in 14 Del.C. § 1004(c)(4) excluding Wilmington from the jurisdiction of the State Board in the one-year period during which that Board could act to change district lines.
What took place in 1968 was a general statewide reorganization of the statewide system of public education which reconstituted every school board, including Wilmington as a reorganized district. See 14 Del.C. § 1005. This was done at a time when many schools in Wilmington continued to be identifiable as black schools and most schools in the surrounding New Castle County continued to be identifiable as white schools. The effect — and that is as far as we need look — was exactly the same as in Wright v. Council of City of Emporia, swpra. The State Board of Education which had the affirmative obligation of carrying out the mandate of Brown II was effectively prevented from doing so.
III. Conclusion
The provisions of the Educational Advancement Act of 1968 which prevented the State Board of Education from eliminating the vestiges of state-imposed segregated schooling in the City of Wilmington and in the surrounding suburban areas are unconstitutional. The State Board should be ordered to submit a plan for desegregation of city and suburban schools disregarding those provisions. The majority’s result, which proposes to consider a plan for sprinkling Wilmington’s few remaining white students among its overwhelmingly black schools will not achieve desegregation of the essentially unitary Delaware statewide system of public education so long as most schools in surrounding districts remain identifiably white.

. See page 1232 infra.

. The State Board of Education was between Brown I and Broxon II firmly committed to a policy of gradualism. Steiner v. Simmons, 35 Del.Ch. 83, 96-99, 111 A.2d 574, 581-583 (Sup.Ct.1955). After Brown II the policy of gradualism continued. This court approved the State Board’s grade-by-grade desegregation plan in Evans v. Buchanan, 172 F.Supp. 508 (D.Del.1959), but the Third Circuit reversed, Evans v. Ennis, 281 F.2d 385 (3d Cir. 1960), cert. denied, 364 U.S. 933, 81 S.Ct. 379, 5 L.Ed.2d 365 (1961).

. Compare Green v. County School Board, 382 F.2d 338 (4th Cir. 1967), vacated and remanded, 391 U.S. 430, 88 S.Ct.. 1689, 20 L.Ed.2d 716 (1968); Monroe v. Board of Commissioners, 380 F.2d 955 (6th Cir. 1967), vacated and remanded, 391 U.S. 450, 88 S.Ct. 1700, 20 L.Ed.2d 733 (1968) ; Kelley v. Altheimer, Arkansas Public School District No. 22, 378 F.2d 483 (8th Cir. 1967) ; Clark v. Board of Education, 374 F. 2d 569 (8th Cir. 1967) ; and Bradley v. School Board,-345 F.2d 310 (4th Cir.), vacated and remanded on other grounds, 382 U.S. 103, 86 S.Ct. 224, 15 D.Ed.2d 187 (1965) with United States v. Jefferson County Board of Education, 372 F.2d 836 (5th Cir. 1966), aff’d en banc, 380 F.2d 385 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 389 U.S. 840, 88 S. Ct. 67, 19 L.Ed.2d 103 (1967), and Kemp v. Beasley, 352 F.2d 14 (8th Cir. 1965).

. Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, 312 F.Supp. 503 (W.D.N.C.1970).

. Five of Wilmington’s all-black schools under the pr e-Brown dual system remain as vestiges of that state-imposed dual system:
Pre-Broivn I all-black dual system schools in Wilmington * Present Status % Black Pupils 1956 ** Range 1973
No. 5 Replaced by Stubbs
No. 20 Closed 1955 or 1956
No. 29 Replaced by Stubbs
Douglas Closed 1954
Drew (built 1953 or 1954) Open„ 99.3% 93-99% 99.1%
Elbert (built 1931) Open 90.8% 91-100% 99.7%
Stubbs (built 1953 or 1954) Open 100.0% 95-100% 98.3%
Bancroft J.H.S. (built 1926, converted to black school 1953) Open 97.7% 95-99% 95.1%
Howard H.S. (built 1929) Open 100% 95-100% 97.3%

 Sources: PX 6, PX 95, testimony of Dr. Gordon Poster, tr. 1358-69.

 1956 is the first year that figures for individual schools are available. Thus in the period from 1956 to 1973 when the percentage of black enrollment-throughout the Wilmington School District increased from 31.6% to 82.7%, no black dual-system school in Wilmington remaining open had black enrollment of less than 90% in any year.

. In New Castle County only in the Wilmington, Appoquinimink and De La Warr districts are there any significant black enrollments. In thos.e districts there existed pre-Brown I de jure black schools, whose enrollments have been absorbed. In the other New Castle County districts the enrollment picture on September 30,1973 was as follows (PX 15):
District American Indian Black No. % No. % Spanish Oriental Surnamed White No. % No. % No. %
Alexis I. duPont 2 .1 107 3.2 26 .8 35 1.0 3,145 94.9
Alfred I. duPont 10 .1 45 .4 100 .9 16 .1 11,080 98.5
Claymont 2 .1 110 3.0 II .3 11 .3 3,512 96.3
Conrad 0 .0 147 2.4 9 .1 28 .5 5,920 97.0
Marshallton-McKean .1 203 4.9 2 .1 14 .3 3,915 94.6
Mount Pleasant .1 72 1.3 35 .6 19 .4 5,295 97.6
New Castle County Voc.-Tech. (county-wide) 3 .2 142 9.8 0 .0 .5 1,303 89.5
New Castle-Gunning Bedford 13 .1 461 5.0 16 .2 68 .7 8,698 94.0
Newark 15 .1 613 3.7 68 .4 77 .5 15,704 95.3
Stanton 26 .4 39 .7 36 .6 5,764 98.3
Enrollment percentages for individual schools in each of these districts are comparable, as are the percentages with respect to racial composition of school staffs. The districts which are in close geographic proximity to residential areas of AVilmington include Alexis I. duPont, Alfred I. duPont, Claymont, Conrad, Marshallton-McKean, Mount Pleasant and De La Warr. A unitary treat*1230ment of these districts, for example, would have produced a single district with the following enrollment:
District American Indian Black Spanish Oriental Surnamed White Total
Alexis I. duPont 2 107 26 35 3,145 3,315
Alfred I. duPont 10 45 100 16 11,080 11,251
Claymont 2 110 11 11 3,512 3,646
Oonrad 0 147 9 28 5,920 6,104
Marshallton-McKean 5 203 2 14 3,915 4,139
Mount Pleasant 3 72 35 19 5,295 5,424
Wilmington 5 12,141 1 477 2,064 14,688
De La Warr 3 1,783 0 37 1,815 3,638
Total 30 14,608 184 637 36,746 52,205
The resulting black percentage would have been slightly under 28% as contrasted with Wilmington’s 82.7%. The districts referred to comprise a relatively compact metropolitan area, with many school facilities located near the borders of existing districts. The only significant barrier is that erected by the Educational Advancement Act. There are no geographic barriers.

. In the two other counties in Delaware the enrollments are Kent 25,760 and Sussex 19,484. The total state enrollment, 132,940 is smaller than in many single school districts in other states. Of 27,648 black students enrolled statewide, 12,141 are enrolled in Wilmington schools.

. The Cliarlotte-Mecklenburg system covered 550 square miles and served over 84,000 pupils. 402 U.S. at 6, 91 S.Ct. 1267.

. Bradley v. School Board, 462 F.2d 1058 (4th Cir. 1972) (en banc), aff’d by an equally divided Court, 412 U.S. 92, 93 S.Ct. 1952, 36 L.Ed.2d 771 (1973).

. Bradley v. Milliken, 484 F.2d 215 (6th Cir. 1973) (en banc), cert. granted, 414 U.S. 1038, 94 S.Ct. 538, 38 L.Ed.2d 329 (U.S. 1973).

. See also Evans v. Buchanan, 207 F.Supp. 820 (D.Del.1962) ordering admission of 9 black students into a substantially white school.