Court Opinion

ID: 4090141
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-10-18 04:27:30.229833+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:08:13.467474
License: Public Domain

[Cite as Welser v. Ohio Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., 2016-Ohio-7352.]

ERIC S. WELSER                                         Case No. 2015-00329

       Plaintiff                                       Magistrate Robert Van Schoyck

       v.                                              DECISION OF THE MAGISTRATE

OHIO DEPARTMENT OF
REHABILITATION AND CORRECTION

       Defendant

        {¶1} Plaintiff, an inmate in the custody and control of defendant at the Pickaway
Correctional Institution (PCI), brought this action for negligence. The action arises from
a May 21, 2013 accident in which plaintiff’s left index finger was severed by a machine
in the Ohio Penal Industries (OPI) print shop at PCI.                The issues of liability and
damages were bifurcated and the case proceeded to trial on the issue of liability.
        {¶2} Plaintiff testified at trial that he came to PCI in 2009, and prior to his
imprisonment he worked in various maintenance, construction, and mechanical jobs.
Plaintiff stated that in 2012 he obtained a job in the OPI print shop where he operated a
Heidelberg stamping press and a Rosback perforator.
        {¶3} According to plaintiff, he constantly had problems with the perforator, such
as perforations being cut too deep or not deep enough, misalignment of the
perforations, breakage of perforator teeth, and the automatic paper feeder not working
such that paper had to be manually fed into the machine. Plaintiff testified that he
repeatedly notified William Dixon, the manager of the shop, as well as other staff about
the various problems that he had with the perforator but the issues persisted. Plaintiff
also testified, though, that he was never before injured by the perforator, nor was he
aware of anyone else being injured by it, and most of the issues that he described had
no connection to the accident.
Case No. 2015-00329                         -2-                                DECISION

       {¶4} Plaintiff testified that on the day of the accident, he had problems getting
paper to feed properly into the perforator. Plaintiff stated that he approached Mark
Mendenhall, an employee of defendant’s in the shop, and told him he was having
problems, but Mendenhall told him to just do whatever it took to get the job done.
According to plaintiff, the inmate maintenance workers who maintained the various
machines in the shop were busy at that time and he did not feel that he had time to wait,
so he decided to fix the perforator himself. Plaintiff recounted that he told Mendenhall
he needed to go get tools, and then he went to a cart belonging to the inmate
maintenance workers and took a pair of pliers, a hammer, a screwdriver, and a set of
Allen wrenches.
       {¶5} Plaintiff stated that he had not received any training on how to perform
repairs or maintenance of the perforator, only that when he first started using the
perforator he was issued an operator’s manual that included some information about
troubleshooting. Plaintiff acknowledged that machine maintenance was not among his
job duties, and that those responsibilities belonged to the inmate maintenance workers
in the shop. In addition to inmate maintenance workers, plaintiff testified that he had
also seen an employee of defendant’s in the shop, William Greer, work on the machine.
       {¶6} Plaintiff stated that there had been a clunking sound coming from inside the
perforator when he started having problems that morning, so he unbolted and removed
the panel covering the gear box because he wanted to observe the gears in operation
and see if he could determine where the sound was coming from. A photograph of the
cover that plaintiff removed was admitted into evidence. (Plaintiff’s Exhibit 3.) Plaintiff
related that he could not figure out what the problem was, so he turned on the machine
to watch the gears in motion. From plaintiff’s version of events, defendant’s employees
in the shop that morning saw or were at least in a position where they could have seen
what he was doing.
Case No. 2015-00329                         -3-                                 DECISION

       {¶7} Plaintiff admitted that he was aware of the danger associated with the
exposed moving parts.      Plaintiff also testified that the cover he removed from the
perforator constituted a safety device, and he acknowledged that there is a sign hanging
in the shop warning inmates not to operate equipment unless all safety devices are in
place, a photograph of which was admitted into evidence. (Defendant’s Exhibit A.)
       {¶8} As plaintiff described, he spent about 15 minutes watching the machine and
trying to work on it, and during that time inmate Patrick Yelvington, whom plaintiff
described as his supervisor, came by multiple times and pestered him about getting his
work done.       According to plaintiff, Yelvington was in good favor with the shop
management and exercised authority over the other inmates.           Plaintiff testified that
Yelvington was distracting him and he finally told Yelvington “leave me the fuck alone,”
but even after that Yelvington returned once more. At that point, plaintiff stated, he
leaned forward and reached to turn the perforator off with his right hand, but when he
did so his left hand inadvertently swung forward and got caught in the gears, severing
his left index finger. Plaintiff stated inmate Thomas Salvito retrieved the finger for him
before he left to get medical attention, but the finger was not reattached.         Medical
records show that the time of plaintiff’s visit to the prison infirmary was about 7:55 a.m.
(Plaintiff’s Exhibit 4.)
       {¶9} Inmate Thomas Salvito testified that he has been incarcerated at PCI for
12 years, and at the time of the accident he operated a press and other machines in the
print shop. Salvito related that when he started working there a few years earlier, he
used to operate the perforator. Salvito also related that he worked in the print shop at
the former Orient Correctional Institution in the 1980s.
       {¶10} According to Salvito, many of the machines in the print shop at PCI had
mechanical problems that required frequent repairs and maintenance, and in general
the inmate maintenance workers were not particularly skilled. Salvito stated that he was
not trained in maintenance and Dixon had told the inmates working in the print shop to
Case No. 2015-00329                            -4-                            DECISION

leave the maintenance to the inmate maintenance workers, but it was not uncommon
for the inmates operating the machines to perform that kind of work themselves. From
Salvito’s recollection, he had some problems with the perforator when he used to
operate it, such as having to hand-feed paper into it, but he was not aware of inmates
ever being hurt on it. As Salvito described, when you operate the machines you come
to learn the characteristics of each one and how to make adjustments and keep them
running.
       {¶11} Salvito recalled that he was operating a press and had his back to plaintiff
when the accident occurred, but he heard a crunch and when he went over to see what
happened, plaintiff told him to get his finger. Salvito stated that he did so and gave
plaintiff a rag in which to wrap the finger.
       {¶12} Inmate William Elson testified that he has been incarcerated at PCI for
eight years and started working in the print shop in 2011. Elson explained that at the
time of the accident he worked a quality assurance job, which involved checking the
quality of the products coming out of the shop, but he did not operate any of the
machinery. Elson stated that he was aware of some mechanical problems with the
perforator and that he would see the inmates who operated the various machines make
some minor adjustments here and there, but he testified that it was a matter of policy
that the machine operators were not supposed to undertake maintenance or repair
work, as that was for the inmate maintenance workers. Elson further testified that the
inmates who operated the machines were not supposed to take tools from the inmate
maintenance workers’ carts either, at least not without staff approval.
       {¶13} Elson stated that he did not witness the accident. Regarding the pressure
to fulfill work orders, Elson stated that every work order had a due date and the inmates
working in the print shop always tried to get each job done quickly.
       {¶14} Inmate Wayne Timmons testified that he has been incarcerated at PCI for
about six years and started working in the print shop in early 2011. Timmons stated
Case No. 2015-00329                               -5-                                       DECISION

that at the time of the accident he worked in a quality assurance position, but that there
had been a two or three-month period before plaintiff started working there when he
used to operate the perforator.            From what Timmons could recall, he had some
problems with the perforator, such as having to hand feed paper into it, blades getting
dull and needing to be changed, and papers not running in a straight line through the
machine, but he never had a problem with the gears and he never removed the cover
that plaintiff took off of the machine. Timmons testified that although he was only sitting
about 25 or 30 feet away from the perforator when the accident happened, he had not
noticed beforehand that plaintiff removed the cover.
        {¶15} Inmate John Earwood testified that he has been incarcerated at PCI for 14
years, and at the time of the accident he worked in the print shop as a line leader.
Earwood testified that he used to work in the print shop at the former Orient Correctional
Institution, where at one time there were three perforators including the one at issue in
this case. Earwood stated that he operated the perforators, among other machinery, at
Orient from about 2002 to 2005, and he estimated that they dated to about the 1970s.
Earwood related that he was aware of some mechanical problems with this particular
perforator, including the need to manually feed paper into it and excessive blade
vibration. According to Earwood, he was in the print shop when the accident occurred
but did not witness it.
        {¶16} Inmate Patrick Yelvington testified by way of deposition.1 (Plaintiff’s Exhibit
10.) Yelvington testified that at the time of the accident, he worked in the print shop as
an inmate supervisor. Yelvington stated that 20 or more years ago he used to work in a
print shop at the Southern Ohio Correctional Facility, and he stated that the perforator at
issue was located there at that time, and he remembers when it was shipped off to the
former Orient Correctional Institution. According to Yelvington, he had complained to

        1The  objections raised in the deposition transcript at page 11/line 9, page 12/line 24, page 14/
line 14, page 14/line 23, page 17/line 21, and page 20/line 8 are OVERRULED; the objections raised at
page 8/line 6, and page 10/line 2 are SUSTAINED.
Case No. 2015-00329                           -6-                             DECISION

Dixon and other staff members about various problems with the perforator but nothing
happened and the inmate maintenance workers and operators just kept it running the
best they could. Yelvington stated, though, that he was not aware of anyone being
injured by the perforator before plaintiff.
       {¶17} On the day of the accident, according to Yelvington, the paper feeder was
not working properly and there was a problem with the perforating blade not lowering to
the correct depth. From what Yelvington recalled, plaintiff was trying to fix the problem
with the blade. Yelvington testified that plaintiff had informed him that he was going to
remove the cover and look inside, and that he told plaintiff to go ahead. Yelvington
stated that removing the cover required obtaining Allen wrenches from an inmate
maintenance worker’s cart in order to unscrew the bolts that held the cover in place.
According to Yelvington, the inmates operating the machines were allowed to take tools
from the cart without staff approval, and Yelvington stated that all the machine operators
performed some maintenance on their machines from time to time.
       {¶18} Yelvington recalled that there was some pressure that particular day to get
things done, as the shop was behind on some work orders, apparently for perforated
inmate passes. Yelvington stated that he urged plaintiff to hurry up and get his work
done. Yelvington recalled seeing plaintiff, with the machine running and the cover over
the gear box removed, reach to turn the machine off, and then he heard plaintiff scream.
       {¶19} William Dixon testified that he is employed with defendant at PCI as the
Industrial Manager of the OPI shop, a role in which he attends to all the administrative
responsibilities for the shop and oversees the inmates working there. Dixon stated that
he tries to be on the production floor as much as he can, but it depends on the amount
of administrative work that he has, and a lot of his time is spent at his desk or in
meetings. Dixon testified that other staff members who worked in the shop during that
time period included William Greer and Mark Mendenhall, who served as floor
supervisors and were on duty that morning, and Florence Cruse, who was the
Case No. 2015-00329                         -7-                                DECISION

superintendent of the print shop and basically served as a middle manager between him
and the floor supervisors, but Dixon was not sure whether Cruse was on duty that
morning.
      {¶20} Dixon testified that inmates assigned to operate machines in the shop are
not permitted to perform maintenance on the machines, and he described maintenance
as anything other than the standard setup or adjustments associated with each
machine, such as paper alignment in the case of the perforator. As Dixon related, the
only inmates who were allowed to access the tools that were necessary to remove the
cover from the gear box of the perforator were inmate maintenance workers. Dixon
stated that any other inmate would at least need staff approval to use those tools for
any reason. Dixon also stated that any work performed on a machine by inmates is
supposed to be logged in a Mechanical Equipment Inspection Record for that particular
machine, and the record for the perforator was admitted into evidence.          (Plaintiff’s
Exhibit 9.) Dixon testified that an inmate assigned to operate machinery would not be
permitted to remove the cover to a gear box on his own, and there are signs hanging
around the shop instructing inmates not to work on equipment if they are not trained to
do so, such as the one photographed and admitted into evidence as Defendant’s
Exhibit A. Dixon recalled seeing inmate maintenance workers, including an inmate
Simpson, remove the cover from the gear box, but he had not seen plaintiff or any other
inmate machinery operator working on the perforator without a maintenance worker
helping them.
      {¶21} According to Dixon, the perforator was older and had come from the former
Orient Correctional Institution, and he did hear some complaints from inmates who felt
that it was not running the way they thought it should, but the perforator still functioned
effectively and produced a quality product. Dixon stated that Yelvington had come to
him once or twice with concerns about the perforator, but what he talked about was the
perforating wheel needing to be sharpened, or setup issues that did not affect
Case No. 2015-00329                        -8-                                DECISION

operability.   Dixon recalled ordering rubber drive wheels for the machine one time,
apparently to address a problem with the mechanism to feed paper into the machine.
Dixon also stated that safety concerns were never raised to him, and when he does get
concerns like that, if they are valid, he puts a machine out of service. Dixon stated that
he is not aware of any other inmate ever being injured by the perforator.
       {¶22} Dixon testified that he was in his office when the accident occurred. Dixon
stated that he did not see what plaintiff was doing nor did he know plaintiff had removed
the cover from the gear box, and no one had said anything to him about the perforator
that morning. From Dixon’s description, his office is roughly 60 feet from the perforator
and there are windows such that it is possible for him to see that area, but he does not
always have an unimpeded view of the perforator. As Dixon described, there were
about 63 inmates working at that time, and there were about 35 different machines on
the floor. Dixon acknowledged that an inmate leaning over and looking into a machine,
rather than performing his job, might get his attention, at least eventually, but he was
certain that he was not aware of what plaintiff was doing.
       {¶23} Regarding plaintiff’s testimony that Yelvington pressured him, Dixon
testified that Yelvington worked as a line leader, which meant that he was responsible
for ensuring that work orders are completed, but line leaders are not supervisors and
they are not to have an edge over any other inmate. Dixon stated that Yelvington did
not have authority to order any other inmate to get his work done.
       {¶24} Mark Mendenhall testified that he is employed with defendant at PCI as a
Penal Workshop Specialist in the OPI print shop, and he described his job as essentially
being a floor supervisor, overseeing production, shipping, and control of tools and
chemicals.
       {¶25} Mendenhall testified that inmates had mentioned certain problems to him
over time regarding the perforator, mainly being that the blades were not sharp enough
and that paper did not feed properly into the machine. Mendenhall recalled hearing
Case No. 2015-00329                          -9-                                 DECISION

about those particular issues from Yelvington and plaintiff. By Mendenhall’s estimate,
the perforator was probably a 1970s model.          Mendenhall stated, though, that the
perforator still worked well enough to produce a good product, and that none of the
complaints he received represented a safety concern. Mendenhall recalled looking up
information about getting replacement blades at one point and passing the information
along to Dixon, but he does not know whether they were ordered, and he did not have
authority himself to order replacement parts. Mendenhall, like Dixon, testified about and
authenticated a copy of the Mechanical Equipment Inspection Record for the perforator,
in which inmate maintenance workers logged the work that they performed. (Plaintiff’s
Exhibit 9.)
       {¶26} Mendenhall testified that every day he would issue tools at the beginning of
the workday and again around noon, and inmates were not supposed to possess a tool
without staff authorization. Mendenhall testified that tools were issued to the inmate
maintenance workers, as well as inmates who operated certain machines which
required tools, such as press operators, but none of the inmates operating machines
should have had the kind of tools that plaintiff used that morning.            According to
Mendenhall, for plaintiff to have those kinds of tools, plaintiff either had authorization or
he impermissibly took the tools.      Mendenhall stated that he has no recollection of
plaintiff talking to him that morning, to ask for tools or otherwise. Mendenhall also
stated that he knows he spoke with inmate maintenance workers that morning, and he
had no indication from speaking with them that plaintiff took their tools.             From
Mendenhall’s recollection, there were three or four inmate maintenance workers in the
shop around that time.
       {¶27} According to Mendenhall, he had no knowledge that plaintiff took the cover
off the gear box of the perforator, and he never would have authorized a machine
operator to do something like that on his own. Mendenhall stated that he did not see
plaintiff remove the cover, nor did anyone say anything to him about it. Mendenhall
Case No. 2015-00329                        -10-                                 DECISION

recalled that he started his day in the chemical room and the tool room, and after that
he went to his cubicle and got on the computer to attend to some shipping matters.
Mendenhall stated that his cubicle was about 65 feet from the perforator. According to
Mendenhall, he then went into Dixon’s office about 15 minutes before the accident to
speak with Dixon about shipping issues, but he had to wait because Dixon was on the
telephone. Mendenhall related that he was never closer than about 60 feet from the
perforator that morning. Mendenhall’s recollection was that Greer had gone outside to
get the van that the shop used to ship products, and he did not know where Cruse was.
       {¶28} Mendenhall recalled plaintiff coming up to him in Dixon’s office and saying
that he lost his finger.   Mendenhall testified that he told Dixon and then went and
retrieved the finger with Salvito, and after the finger was wrapped up plaintiff went to the
infirmary.
       {¶29} “In a claim predicated on negligence, plaintiff bears the burden of proving
by a preponderance of the evidence that defendant breached a duty owed to him and
that this breach proximately caused the injury.” Woods v. Ohio Dept. of Rehab. & Corr.,
130 Ohio App.3d 742, 744 (10th Dist.1998).
       {¶30} “In the context of a custodial relationship between the state and its
prisoners, the state owes a common-law duty of reasonable care and protection from
unreasonable risks.” Jenkins v. Ohio Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., 10th Dist. Franklin No.
12AP-787, 2013-Ohio-5106, ¶ 8. “The state’s duty of reasonable care does not render
it an insurer of inmate safety.” Allen v. Ohio Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., 10th Dist. Franklin
No. 14AP-619, 2015-Ohio-383, ¶ 17. “Reasonable care is that degree of caution and
foresight an ordinarily prudent person would employ in similar circumstances, and
includes the duty to exercise reasonable care to prevent an inmate from being injured
by a dangerous condition about which the state knows or should know.” McElfresh v.
Ohio Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 04AP-177, 2004-Ohio-5545, ¶ 16.
“Where an inmate also performs labor for the state, the state’s duty must be defined in
Case No. 2015-00329                       -11-                               DECISION

the context of those additional factors which characterize the particular work
performed.” Barnett v. Ohio Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 09AP-
1186, 2010-Ohio-4737, ¶ 18. “The inmate also bears a responsibility ‘to use reasonable
care to ensure his own safety.’” Gumins v. Ohio Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., 10th Dist.
Franklin No. 10AP-941, 2011-Ohio-3314, ¶ 20, quoting Macklin v. Ohio Dept. of Rehab.
& Corr., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 01AP-293, 2002-Ohio-5069, ¶ 21.
      {¶31} Upon review of the evidence presented at trial, the magistrate finds the
following. On May 21, 2013, plaintiff reported for work in the print shop, where he had
been operating the perforator for several months. The perforator had been in use for
many years and had some flaws that could affect the quality of the product and caused
some inconvenience to the operators, such as having to hand feed the paper into the
machine, but it was periodically serviced by inmate maintenance workers, it was safe to
operate, and no one had been injured on it before.
      {¶32} On that day, plaintiff worked on perforating a batch of inmate passes. Early
on in his shift, plaintiff felt that there was a mechanical problem with the perforator.
Plaintiff took it upon himself to go to one of the inmate maintenance workers’ carts and
take several tools, without staff approval, and he returned to the perforator. Plaintiff
used a wrench to remove bolts that held in place a safety cover over the gear box of the
perforator. Considering the varying and somewhat confusing testimony on the subject
from plaintiff and Yelvington, the nature of the perceived problem and what exactly
plaintiff was trying to do were not established, and his removing the cover was not
shown to be necessary.
      {¶33} Plaintiff, not being able to diagnose any problem, then turned on the
perforator to watch the system of cogs, gears, and chains in operation. The inmates in
the shop were running behind on fulfilling some work orders, and while plaintiff had the
cover off of the gear box, Yelvington came up and urged him to finish up whatever he
was doing and get back to perforating the passes so they would not fall any further
Case No. 2015-00329                         -12-                                DECISION

behind. Plaintiff reached with his right hand to turn the perforator off, but he failed to
pay attention to where his left hand was at, and he inadvertently stuck his left index
finger in the gears, severing the finger.
       {¶34} Plaintiff failed to establish all the elements necessary to sustain a claim of
negligence. For one, the greater weight of the evidence demonstrates that defendant
did not breach its duty of care.      The perforator was safe to operate, and, but for
plaintiff’s actions, the gear box was shielded by a safety cover that was bolted down to
the frame of the machine. It was not established that any problem developed that
morning which prevented plaintiff from safely using the perforator, but even if it had,
plaintiff should have notified a staff member, but he did not do so. Defendant had
inmate maintenance workers on duty in the shop such that plaintiff did not need to
attempt a repair by himself. In fact, defendant had rules in place and signs affixed to
the walls in the shop to prohibit a machine operator such as plaintiff from removing
safety covers and doing the kind of work that plaintiff was attempting to do.
       {¶35} Plaintiff also sought to show that Dixon, Mendenhall, or other staff
members knew or should have known what he was doing, foreseen that he might be
injured, and taken some action to protect him. But the shop was a beehive of activity,
teeming with dozens of inmates performing various tasks all over the large production
floor, and plaintiff testified that he was able to work independently, with minimal
supervision. The only staff members shown to have been in the shop at that time,
Dixon and Mendenhall, credibly described their whereabouts and established that they
did not see what plaintiff was doing. Even inmate Timmons, who was much closer to
the perforator than Dixon or Mendenhall, was not aware of what plaintiff was doing.
Plaintiff had the cover off the gear box for no more than about 15 minutes before he was
injured, and it was not shown that any employee of defendant knew or should have
known of his actions.
Case No. 2015-00329                       -13-                                DECISION

      {¶36} In a related argument, plaintiff asserted that the staff knew or should have
known that inmates operating the perforator were in the practice of removing the cover
from the gear box. Plaintiff had never removed the cover on his own before, however,
and the evidence of other inmates doing so is sporadic and spread over many years,
and it was not always clear whether the testimony was about inmates who operated the
perforator or inmate maintenance workers, who were allowed to do that kind of work.
Indeed, Dixon and Mendenhall testified that they had never seen an inmate who
operated the perforator remove the cover before. It was simply not shown that removal
of the cover by inmates operating the perforator was anywhere near being so common
as to find that staff members should have known about it and had a duty to act.
      {¶37} Plaintiff’s negligence claim also fails on the element of causation. While
the magistrate is not without sympathy for plaintiff’s injury, the evidence shows that the
proximate cause of the injury was plaintiff’s own negligence. By removing the cover
from the gear box, proceeding to turn the perforator on while the gear assembly was
exposed, and inadvertently inserting his finger into the gear assembly, plaintiff did not
exercise reasonable care for his own safety. As previously stated, the evidence does
not establish that it was necessary for plaintiff to remove the cover and expose himself
to the moving parts.    Plaintiff asserts that Yelvington was partly to blame for what
happened and that defendant should be liable for Yelvington’s actions, but Yelvington
did not order plaintiff to remove the cover and expose himself to the moving parts.
Yelvington did not have authority to order plaintiff around, and even if he had attempted
to exercise such authority, there is no credible evidence that defendant had notice of the
same. Whether or not plaintiff was frustrated with Yelvington, plaintiff was carrying out
a dangerous act that he should not have been performing in the first place, and it was
his decision to do that, coupled with his failure to keep his hand away from the moving
parts, that proximately caused his injury. Even if plaintiff had been able to establish
Case No. 2015-00329                         -14-                                 DECISION

some negligence that could be attributed to defendant, it would be outweighed by his
own negligence.
        {¶38} Based on the foregoing, the magistrate finds that plaintiff failed to prove his
claims by a preponderance of the evidence. Accordingly, judgment is recommended in
favor of defendant.
        {¶39} A party may file written objections to the magistrate’s decision within 14
days of the filing of the decision, whether or not the court has adopted the decision
during that 14-day period as permitted by Civ.R. 53(D)(4)(e)(i). If any party timely files
objections, any other party may also file objections not later than ten days after the first
objections are filed. A party shall not assign as error on appeal the court’s adoption of
any factual finding or legal conclusion, whether or not specifically designated as a
finding of fact or conclusion of law under Civ.R. 53(D)(3)(a)(ii), unless the party timely
and specifically objects to that factual finding or legal conclusion within 14 days of the
filing of the decision, as required by Civ.R. 53(D)(3)(b).

                                                ROBERT VAN SCHOYCK
                                                Magistrate

cc:
Richard F. Swope                              Jeanna V. Jacobus
6480 East Main Street, Suite 102              Assistant Attorney General
Reynoldsburg, Ohio 43068                      150 East Gay Street, 18th Floor
                                              Columbus, Ohio 43215-3130

Filed September 23, 2016
Sent to S.C. Reporter 10/17/16