Court Opinion

ID: 4656142
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-02-01 08:14:01.666886+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:00:39.441734
License: Public Domain

Opinion issued January 28, 2021

                                      In The

                               Court of Appeals
                                     For The

                          First District of Texas
                             ————————————
                              NO. 01-19-00102-CV
                            ———————————
                 JONATHAN ELIAZAR MERLO, Appellant
                                        V.
                     VICTOR MANUEL LOPEZ, Appellee

                    On Appeal from the 309th District Court
                             Harris County, Texas
                       Trial Court Case No. 2017-66223

                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

      After a bench trial, the trial court awarded appellee Victor Manuel Lopez an

annulment of his marriage to appellant Jonathan Eliazar Merlo based on fraud. On

appeal, Merlo contends (1) the judge who presided at trial improperly filed findings
of fact and conclusions of law after her term expired and (2) the evidence was legally

insufficient to support an annulment.

      We affirm.
                                      Background

      In December 2015, Merlo, a resident of Nicaragua, and Lopez, a resident of

the United States, met online. After corresponding for a few months, Lopez traveled

to Nicaragua to meet Merlo in person. The men decided to continue their

relationship, later became engaged, and obtained a K-1 visa for Merlo to enter the

United States as Lopez’s fiancé.1 They married in January 2017.

      Within a year, both Lopez and Merlo sought to end the marriage. Lopez

initially petitioned for a divorce but later amended his pleading to request an

annulment due to fraud on the part of Merlo. Merlo counter-petitioned for a divorce,

alleging that the marriage had become insupportable, that Lopez was guilty of cruel

treatment, and that since the marriage, Lopez had been jailed on a felony conviction.

      Trial proceedings

      In October 2018, the parties tried the issue of whether their marriage should

be annulled or a divorce granted to the bench, the Honorable Sheri Dean presiding.

1
      Generally described, the K-1 visa is a nonimmigrant visa category which covers the
      fiancé(e) of a U.S. citizen and permits the fiancé(e) to travel to the United States to
      marry his or her citizen sponsor. See 8 U.S.C. § 1184(d).
                                             2
The only two witnesses were Lopez and Merlo.2

      Lopez testified that he fell in love with Merlo, provided financial support to

Merlo in Nicaragua, and ultimately paid “thousands of dollars” to obtain Merlo’s

K-1 visa. Merlo arrived in the United States in November 2016 and lived with Lopez

in the home of Lopez’s brother. Because the K-1 visa allowed Merlo to be present

in the country only if the men married within 90 days,3 a wedding was planned for

January 21, 2017.

      Lopez called off the engagement on the day of the wedding because he

believed that Merlo was in contact with another man online. According to Lopez,

Merlo responded violently to the wedding being called off and struck Lopez. Merlo

called the police, and Lopez was arrested. At the time of trial, an assault charge was

still pending against Lopez as a result of the altercation.

      Lopez’s brother asked Merlo to leave his house as a result of the altercation,

and Merlo stayed in a homeless shelter. Two nights later, Lopez asked Merlo to

2
      The reporter’s record of the trial proceedings is not long. The trial testimony is
      transcribed in fewer than seventy pages, and the eight exhibits admitted into the
      evidence occupy another sixteen pages of the reporter’s record.
3
      See id. § 1184(d)(1) (requiring petitioner for K-1 visa to submit evidence that parties
      “are legally able and actually willing to conclude a valid marriage in the United
      States within a period of ninety days after the alien’s arrival” or else “said alien . . .
      shall be required to depart from the United States”).

                                              3
return home. Lopez and Merlo agreed to continue with their plan to marry and

ultimately were married on January 28, 2017.

      During his testimony, Lopez was asked about a letter signed by Merlo a few

days after the altercation. The letter, which was addressed to the district attorney and

purported to be for the purpose of clarifying what happened in the altercation, stated:

      I Jonathan Merlo would like to clarify what happened Sunday
      (01/22/17) morning. After having a disagreement earlier in the day
      Saturday (01/21/17) with Victor M. Lopez in regards to our
      relationship[,] I was confused, hurt and agitated with him. Late at night,
      I brought up our disagreement in regards to our relationship. I knew the
      timing was not right but I was not happy with our wedding being called
      off on the day of Saturday (01/21/17). . . . After many words being
      exchanged, I attempted to punch Victor in his face. . . . I did not want
      Victor Manuel to be arrested nor have a restraining order against him
      because I do not consider him a danger to me. At this point, I would
      like to take the opportunity to make things right and be honest. I do not
      want to press charges, nor do I believe the State should pursue charges
      for an assault that never occurred. For this I apolog[ize], to you, the
      State of Texas, and all who was involved, especially Victor M.
      Lopez. . . . I ask that you accept this hand delivered and signed
      statement as a for[m] of a non-prosecution letter.

Merlo also signed an “affidavit of non-prosecution,” averring that he made the

non-prosecution request voluntarily and not due to any coercion or threat against

him. Lopez acknowledged that he asked Merlo to sign the letter and affidavit based

on the recommendation of the attorney representing him in connection with the

assault charge. In Lopez’s view, Merlo did not want to press charges because he

“was adamant he wanted to get married.”

                                           4
      Lopez believed Merlo was dishonest about his desire for a long-term

relationship. Although Lopez was unaware of it at the time, Merlo signed a

handwritten “Complainant Statement,” which was dated February 21, 2017 and

drafted on a Harris County Constable’s form. The statement reads:

      Me and my fiancé[ ] started arguing at 5 am cause he was intoxicated.
      He was drinking during the whole night and he tried to hit me when we
      wen[t] to the room. I yelled to his . . . brother . . . for help. Then we
      started arguing worse and he spit[ ] at my face when I tried to protect
      me[,] he started hitting me with his hand closed, on my face, when I
      saw the blood I started running outside. None of the persons helped me,
      not even his brother. He grabbed my arm and hurt[ ] me. I had to call
      911 from the neighbor’s house, his brother and my fiancé[ ] left right
      after he beat me. He caused me pain and injury.

Lopez learned of this later, and at trial he testified that Merlo “was lying to me the

whole time. . . . In January he wanted to marry me, but behind my back in February,

he’s writing these statements to the sheriff to get me arrested.”

      The parties lived together until March 30, 2017, when Lopez was convicted

of driving while intoxicated (third offense) and sentenced to six years’ confinement.

Lopez described Merlo as supportive during the DWI trial. Initially Merlo stayed in

contact with Lopez by telephone and visited him in jail on weekends. But their last

contact was by telephone on May 5, 2017. According to Lopez, Merlo said: “Well,

I married you. I got what I wanted.” And Merlo admitted that the only reason he

married Lopez was to “get his immigration paperwork.” Lopez was informed by his

mother that Merlo had picked up an employment authorization form the day before

                                          5
and moved out of the home he had shared with Lopez. Lopez claimed he was

“shocked,” “felt betrayed,” and had been “lied to and used” by Merlo.

      Lopez further testified that although he had not been in contact with Merlo

since the May 5 call, he was served in jail with a copy of a protective order obtained

by Merlo in August 2017. When he received the protective order, Lopez concluded

that he had been defrauded by Merlo and decided to end the marriage.

      Merlo testified that he was working as a nurse in Nicaragua and supporting

himself when he met Lopez online. As the men began to correspond daily, Lopez

offered to pay for upgraded internet and phone services for Merlo. Merlo stated that

he fell in love with Lopez when Lopez visited Nicaragua. Lopez proposed marriage

after the trip, even though the men had not yet discussed it. Merlo had not planned

to move to the United States, but he agreed because Lopez did not want to live in

Nicaragua. According to Merlo, Lopez persuaded him that the United States would

afford the couple better opportunities and that Merlo would be embraced by Lopez’s

family. Merlo acknowledged that he had been denied a tourist visa before he and

Lopez applied for a K-1 visa. When Merlo obtained the K-1 visa, he was also

authorized to work in the United States.

      Merlo recalled that Lopez called off their original wedding date because “he

needed more proof that [Merlo] loved him, and he told [Merlo] that he was going to

wait.” Lopez then drank heavily with friends at the home they shared with Lopez’s

                                           6
brother. Merlo did not drink any alcohol, which caused Lopez to become angry.

Lopez began fighting with Merlo and attempted to strike Merlo. Merlo called out for

help. Although Lopez’s brother and his brother’s partner witnessed Lopez slap

Merlo twice, they did not offer any help. Lopez then punched Merlo on the head and

in the stomach. Lopez’s brother “threw” Merlo out of the house, and Merlo called

the police from a neighbor’s house. Before the police responded, Lopez and his

brother left the home. They were later located by the police, and Lopez was arrested.

      Merlo explained that he gave a handwritten “Complainant Statement” on the

night of the January altercation. But he misdated the handwritten statement as having

been signed in February 2017. Merlo attributed this error to being confused and hurt

at the time he wrote the statement.

      After being kicked out of the home as a result of the altercation, Merlo decided

to return to the relationship because he was in love with Lopez. He lived with Lopez

until Lopez began his six-year sentence. Merlo stated that he did not want Lopez to

go to jail and did not believe that Lopez would serve the full six-year sentence.

Although he and Lopez initially talked on the phone during Lopez’s incarceration,

Lopez began to harass and threaten Merlo with violence over the phone. Out of fear,

Merlo moved out of the home and obtained a protective order.

      Merlo acknowledged signing the letter and affidavit of non-prosecution, but

he denied authoring the letter and the accuracy of the statements in the letter. Merlo

                                          7
testified that Lopez’s brother had drafted the letter, and Merlo signed at Lopez’s

request because he trusted Lopez.

      Post-judgment proceedings

      On November 14, 2018, Judge Dean found in Lopez’s favor and signed a

decree of annulment. The decree recited her findings that Merlo “used fraud to

induce [Lopez] to enter into the marriage”; that Lopez had not “voluntarily

cohabitated with [Merlo] since learning of the fraud”; and that the marriage was

therefore “voidable and subject to annulment.”

      Merlo timely requested findings of fact and conclusions of law and, when

none issued, filed a timely notice of past due findings and conclusions, extending

the trial court’s deadline until January 14, 2019. But Judge Dean’s term expired on

December 31, 2018, the same day Merlo filed a notice of past due findings and

conclusions, and Judge Dean did not file any fact findings or legal conclusions

before she left the bench or by the January 14 deadline.

      Merlo also moved for a new trial on several grounds, including that the fraud

finding underlying the annulment lacked sufficient evidentiary support and that

newly discovered evidence supported Merlo’s testimony about misdating the

handwritten statement claiming Lopez was the first aggressor in the pre-marriage

altercation. At the new-trial hearing conducted by the now-presiding judge, the

Honorable Linda Marie Dunson, Merlo also complained that no findings or

                                         8
conclusions had been filed. The trial court denied the motion for new trial but

indicated that Judge Dean would file the findings and conclusions.

      Merlo appealed. On September 20, 2019, nearly a year after the trial and two

months after Merlo filed his opening brief on appeal, Judge Dean made these

findings:

      •     Victor Manuel Lopez, Petitioner, and Johnathan Eliazar Merlo,
            Respondent, met on-line. At the time they met, [Merlo] was a
            foreign national living in Nicaragua and [Lopez], a U.S. citizen
            living in Houston.

      •     [Merlo] told [Lopez] that he wanted a long-term relationship.
            With the assistance of [Lopez], [Merlo] attempted to apply for a
            visitor’s visa which was ultimately denied. After the visa was
            denied, [Merlo] claimed he was in love with [Lopez] and wanted
            to marry [Lopez].

      •     [Lopez] paid for [Merlo] to come to the United States on a K-1
            visa.

      •     [Merlo] arrived from Nicaragua on November 19, 2016, via a
            K-1 visa, also known as a fiancé’s visa. According to testimony,
            Parties were required to marry within 3 months to avoid
            [Merlo’s] return to [his] country, due to the expiration of the K-1
            visa.

      •     The Parties got their marriage license on January 11, 2017, and
            were to marry on January 21, 2019 [sic].

      •     [Lopez] called off the marriage, prior to the date to be married,
            due to [his] concerns regarding [Merlo’s] commitment to the
            relationship.

                                         9
•   On January 22, 2017, an altercation took place and [Lopez] was
    arrested due to [Merlo’s] representation that [Lopez] assaulted
    [him].

•   On or about January 28, 2017, [Merlo] executed a statement
    along with an order of non-prosecution to drop the charges
    against [Lopez] for the alleged assault. [Merlo] admitted in the
    statement that [he] that had hit [Lopez], contrary to [Merlo’s]
    statement to the police that resulted in [Lopez’s] arrest. [Merlo]
    indicated the altercation ensued due to [his] unhappiness that
    [Lopez] had called off the wedding.

•   [Merlo] was adamant . . . that [he] still wanted to marry [Lopez].

•   The Parties were finally married on January 28, 2017.

•   On February 21, 2017, without [Lopez’s] knowledge, [Merlo]
    executed another affidavit/statement that he submitted to law
    enforcement authorities once again alleging that [Lopez] had hit
    [him], which was contrary to [his] previous statement in the
    affidavit of non[-]prosecution regarding the same incident.

•   On March 30, 2017, [Lopez] was convicted, incarcerated and
    sentenced to six (6) years in prison for an unrelated DUI/DWI
    conviction. At that point[,] the Parties had lived together for 61
    days.

•   On May 4, 2017, [Merlo] removed [his] belongings from where
    [he] had lived with [Lopez].

•   On May 5, 2017, [Merlo] informed [Lopez] that [he] was leaving
    and that [he] had gotten what [he] wanted—a marriage for
    immigration purposes. [Merlo] told [Lopez] that [his]
    immigration paperwork had arrived and that [he] had just “used”
    [Lopez] to get into the United States. Lopez testified that [Merlo]
    then “thanked” [him] and told [him] that [he] “no longer needed
    him.” [Merlo] did not desire a long-term relationship.

                                 10
      •      At the time [Lopez] discovered [Merlo’s] fraud, [Lopez] was
             incarcerated, Thus, [Lopez] has not voluntarily cohabitated with
             [Merlo] after discovering [his] fraud. Had [Lopez] been given the
             opportunity, [Lopez] would not have voluntarily cohabitated
             with [Merlo] after the discovery of such fraud.

      •      After leaving May 5, 2017, [Merlo] also requested a Protective
             Order during the summer, on a default basis over 6 months after
             the incident in January and while [Lopez] was incarcerated. The
             Court signed a protective order on August 17, 2017.

      •      Also, after leaving May 5, 2017, [Merlo] filed for VAWA
             (Violence Against Women Act, an organization designed to
             protect abused spouses for citizenship). Upon filing[,] a person
             deemed eligible may extend the time allowed to stay in the
             United States.

      •      [Merlo] made representations to [Lopez] so that [Lopez] would
             marry [him] and thus [he] would be allowed to enter the United
             States, and to remain here without the unit of marriage with
             [Lopez] by making allegations of family violence and applying
             for VA[W]A.

      Judge Dean concluded that the “annulment was granted on the grounds that

fraud was used by [Merlo] to induce [Lopez] to enter into marriage” and that Lopez

had “not voluntarily cohabitated with [Merlo] since learning of the fraud, and would

not have done so if given the opportunity.” Judge Dean further concluded that Merlo

“failed to present evidence which would warrant granting a divorce.”

              Late-Filed Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law

      In his first issue, Merlo argues that we should set aside the decree of

annulment and remand this matter for a new trial because Judge Dean, the judge who

presided over the bench trial, did not timely file findings of fact and conclusions of
                                         11
law. When Judge Dean filed her findings and conclusions—albeit late and during

the pendency of this appeal—Merlo obtained leave to supplement his appellate

briefing to argue that the belated findings and conclusions prevented him from

properly presenting his appeal and were procedurally improper because Judge Dean

lacked authority after her term expired. We address each of these contentions in turn.

A.    The findings and conclusions were not too late.

      “In any case tried in the district or county court without a jury, any party may

request the court to state in writing its findings of fact and conclusions of law.” TEX.

R. CIV. P. 296. The party must file his request within twenty days after the court

enters its judgment, and the court clerk must “immediately” bring the request “to the

attention of the judge who tried the case.” Id. The court must file its findings of fact

and conclusions of law within twenty days of the timely request, and if the court fails

to do so, the requesting party may file a notice of past due findings and conclusions

within thirty days of the initial request. TEX. R. CIV. P. 297. A timely past-due notice

extends the trial court’s deadline to forty days from the party’s initial request. Id.

      If the trial court fails to file findings and conclusions in response to a proper

and timely request, we must presume the trial court found all necessary facts that are

supported by the evidence. BMC Software Belgium, N.V. v. Marchand, 83 S.W.3d

789, 795 (Tex. 2002). A party may rebut the presumption by demonstrating that the

                                           12
record evidence does not support a presumed finding. Ad Villarai v. Chan Il Pak,

519 S.W.3d 132, 135 (Tex. 2017).

      If a court fails to file findings and conclusions when the facts are disputed, the

burden of rebutting every presumed finding can be so burdensome that it effectively

“prevent[s the appellant] from properly presenting its case to the court of appeals[.]”

Graham Cent. Station, Inc. v. Peña, 442 S.W.3d 261, 263 (Tex. 2014). A trial court’s

failure to file findings in response to a timely and proper request is thus “presumed

harmful, unless the record before [the] appellate court affirmatively shows that the

complaining party has suffered no injury.” Cherne Indus., Inc. v. Magallanes, 763

S.W.2d 768, 772 (Tex. 1989) (quotation omitted); see also Tenery v. Tenery, 932

S.W.2d 29, 30 (Tex. 1996) (per curiam) (“[H]arm to the complaining party is

presumed unless the contrary appears on the face of the record when the party makes

a proper and timely request for findings and the trial court fails to comply.”).

      Relying on these rules and legal principles, Merlo argues the decree of

annulment must be set aside because he has been prevented from properly presenting

his appeal. Merlo asserts two harms: (1) before the findings and conclusions were

filed, he was required to speculate in his opening brief as to the trial court’s reason

for granting the annulment and, (2) after the findings and conclusions were filed, he

was deprived of the opportunity to object and request additional or amended findings

and conclusions because the trial court’s plenary power had expired.

                                          13
      The issue here is not whether the decree of annulment must be set aside based

on a presumption of harm because findings and conclusions were refused. The issue

is whether Merlo has shown he suffered harm by the belated filing of the findings

and conclusions. On this issue, this Court’s decision in Robles v. Robles, 965 S.W.2d

605 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, pet. denied), is controlling.

      Robles involved analogous facts. Like Merlo, the Robles appellant timely

requested findings and conclusions but, like Judge Dean, the trial court belatedly

filed them after the appellant submitted his appellate brief. Id. at 610. The appellant

asserted that the late filing deprived him of his opportunity to object or request

additional findings and caused economic harm due to the added expense of preparing

an amended brief. Id. He asked this Court to reverse and remand for a new trial. Id.

But the Court refused, holding:

      The procedural rules establishing the time limits for the requesting and
      filing of findings of fact and conclusions of law do not preclude the trial
      court from issuing belated findings. Unless they can show injury,
      litigants have no remedy if a trial court files untimely findings and
      conclusions. Injury may be in one of two forms: (1) the litigant was
      unable to request additional findings, or (2) the litigant was prevented
      from properly presenting his appeal. If injury is shown, the appellate
      court may abate the appeal so as to give the appellant the opportunity
      to request additional or amended findings in accordance with the rules.

Id. (citations omitted).

      Although the trial court in Robles had prepared and filed its findings and

conclusions in an untimely manner, the appellant did not show harm. Id. at 611. The

                                          14
Court reasoned that the appellant “was not denied the opportunity to properly present

his appeal, because after the record was supplemented, [the appellant] was granted

leave to file an amended brief addressing the untimely filed findings and

conclusions.” Id. In addition, the appellant was not prevented from objecting and

requesting additional findings of fact or conclusions of law because the rules of court

permitted him to file a request for specified additional or amended findings or

conclusions within ten days. Id. (citing TEX. R. CIV. P. 298). The Court concluded

that “a trial court may file additional findings even after it loses plenary power to

affect the judgment” and that “the failure to request additional findings of fact and

conclusions of law constitutes a waiver on appeal of the trial court’s lack of such

findings and conclusions.” Id.; see Cherne, 763 S.W.2d at 773 (instructing court of

appeals to direct trial court to file findings long after plenary power had expired);

Tenery, 932 S.W.2d at 30 (same); see also Jefferson Cty. Drainage Dist. No. 6 v.

Lower Neches Valley Auth., 876 S.W.2d 940, 959 (Tex. App.—Beaumont 1994, writ

denied) (“[T]he expiration of the trial bench’s ‘plenary power’ over its judgment

does not affect or diminish the trial court’s ability to make and file amended findings

of fact and conclusions of law.”).

      The same result is compelled here. Judge Dean signed the decree of annulment

on November 14, 2018. Merlo timely requested findings of fact and conclusions of

law nineteen days later, on December 3, 2018, and then timely notified the trial court

                                          15
on December 31, which was the last day of Judge Dean’s term, that the findings and

conclusions were past due. Merlo’s past-due notice extended the deadline for the

findings and conclusions to January 14, 2019. When findings and conclusions still

had not been filed upon the expiration of both Judge Dean’s term and the extended

forty-day deadline, Merlo complained to the now-presiding judge, Judge Dunson, at

a post-judgment hearing. Judge Dunson stated that Judge Dean would still file

findings and conclusions. On September 20, 2019, Judge Dean did so, well beyond

the expiration of the plenary period and two months after Merlo filed his opening

brief in this appeal.

      Merlo filed his reply brief on December 4, 2019 and requested that his reply

be treated as a supplement to his “original brief with arguments regarding [Judge

Dean’s] later issued findings.” Shortly after the findings and conclusions became a

part of the appellate record in a supplemental clerk’s record filed on July 24, 2020,

this Court granted Merlo’s request to treat his reply brief as a supplemental brief.

The Court also granted leave for Lopez to file a supplemental response, which Lopez

did file, and for Merlo to have the last word in a sur-reply, which Merlo did file.

      Applying Robles, we conclude Merlo has not shown harm resulting from the

untimely filing of Judge Dean’s findings and conclusions. Merlo was not denied the

opportunity to present his appeal because, after the findings and conclusions were

filed, he was granted leave to supplement his appellate briefing to address the

                                          16
untimely filed findings and conclusions. See Robles, 965 S.W.2d at 611. Nor was he

prevented from objecting and requesting additional findings and conclusions, as the

rules permitted him to do so within ten days after Judge Dean filed her findings and

conclusions even though the trial court no longer had plenary power to affect the

judgment. Id.; see Ad Villarai, 519 S.W.3d at 141 (rejecting argument that court

cannot file findings of fact after plenary power expires). Merlo did not file a request

for additional findings or conclusions with the trial court, and neither party asked

this Court to abate the appeal for the trial court to make additional findings and

conclusions.

      We therefore hold that Merlo has not been deprived of his ability to properly

present his appeal because of the late filing of Judge Dean’s findings of fact and

conclusions of law. We overrule that portion of Merlo’s first issue complaining of

the late filing of Judge Dean’s findings and conclusions.

B.    The former judge did not lack authority to file findings and conclusions.

      In the remaining portion of his first issue, Merlo argues Judge Dean lacked

authority to file findings and conclusions because no order of assignment authorized

her to act after her term expired. Merlo rests this argument on Chapter 74 of the

Texas Government Code, which he contends establishes the framework for “how a

prior judge can be authorized temporarily as a judge for certain cases” and requires

“several steps, including notification of both parties as well as the issuance of an

                                          17
order of assignment.” We disagree that the absence of an order of assignment in the

appellate record requires us to disregard Judge Dean’s findings and conclusions.

      Chapter 74 of the Texas Government Code, the Court Administration Act,

provides that retired and former judges may be assigned “to hold court when

necessary to dispose of accumulated business in [an administrative judicial] region,”

provided they meet the statutory requirements. TEX. GOV’T CODE § 74.052. Section

74.053—the provision on which Merlo rests his challenge to Judge Dean’s authority

to file findings and conclusions after the expiration of her term—provides in

pertinent part:

      (a)    When a judge is assigned to a trial court under this chapter:

             (1)   the order of assignment must state whether the judge is an
                   active, former, retired, or senior judge; and

             (2)   the presiding judge shall, if it is reasonable and practicable
                   and if time permits, give notice of the assignment to each
                   attorney representing a party to the case that is to be heard
                   in whole or part by the assigned judge.

      (b)    If a party to a civil case files a timely objection to the assignment,
             the judge shall not hear the case.

TEX. GOV’T CODE § 74.053(a), (b) (emphasis added).

      Lopez argues that section 74.053 does not apply in this case because “Judge

Dean was needed to make findings and conclusions in a case she had presided over

before she left the bench,” not “because of accumulated business in the region.”

Lopez urges us to look instead to section 30.002(a) of the Texas Civil Practice and

                                           18
Remedies Code as the source of Judge Dean’s authority to file findings and

conclusions after the expiration of her term. Section 30.002(a) provides:

      If a district or county judge’s term of office expires . . . during the period
      prescribed for filing . . . findings of fact and conclusions of law, the
      judge may . . . file findings of fact and conclusions of law in the case.
TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 30.002(a).

      In this case, we need not decide whether section 30.002(a) of the Civil Practice

and Remedies Code eliminates the need for an order of assignment under Chapter

74 of the Government Code because Merlo’s challenge to the omission of an order

of assignment is not properly presented for our review. In support of the challenge

in his opening brief to what, at that time, was a failure of Judge Dean to timely file

findings and conclusions, Merlo characterized Judge Dunson’s statement on the

record of the new-trial hearing as an “oral order that Judge Dean would submit the

past due findings of fact and conclusions of law.” Merlo described Judge Dunson’s

order as “the solution prescribed by the [Texas] Supreme Court” in Ad Villarai,4 a

case we discuss below. The record reflects that Merlo did not object at the hearing

to Judge Dean filing findings and conclusions or at any other time before her findings

and conclusions were filed. Nor did he object to the lack of a written assignment

order. And Merlo has not disputed Judge Dean’s legal qualifications to file findings

and conclusions.

4
      See Ad Villarai, LLC v. Chan Il Pak, 519 S.W.3d 132 (Tex. 2017).
                                           19
      In more than one case, courts have recognized that an appellant may not

object, for the first time on appeal, to a procedural irregularity in the assignment of

a former judge who is otherwise qualified. See Wilson v. State, 977 S.W.2d 379,

380–81 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (holding that appellant challenging authority of

qualified judge to preside pursuant to an expired assignment must make timely

objection); Jackson v. State, No. 05-10-01190-CR, 2012 WL 955361, at *2–3 (Tex.

App.—Dallas Mar. 22, 2012, no pet.) (not designated for publication) (presuming

that former judge was properly assigned when appellant did not object and only basis

for appellant’s assertion that judge was not statutorily qualified to sit was absence of

formal order of appointment in record); see also TEX. GOV’T CODE § 74.053(b)

(requiring timely objection to assignment of former judge). Although these holdings

are in the context of criminal appeals, we find no reason to reach a different result

in this civil appeal. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1) (providing that “[a]s a prerequisite

to presenting a complaint for appellate review, the record must show that . . . the

complaint was made to the trial court by a timely request, objection, or motion” and

trial court ruled or refused to rule on request, objection, or motion); see also USAA

Tex. Lloyds Co. v. Menchaca, 545 S.W.3d 479, 511–13 (Tex. 2018) (noting that error

preservation rules apply except in cases of fundamental error and discussing narrow

category of errors that fall within that category).

                                           20
       Moreover, Merlo has not disputed that Judge Dean’s findings and conclusions

fall within the circumstance contemplated in section 30.002(a) of the Civil Practice

and Remedies Code. The prescribed period for filing findings of fact and conclusions

of law in this case was extended by Merlo’s timely filing of a past-due notice until

January 14, 2019. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 297. Judge Dean’s term of office expired

before the expiration of the prescribed period and, thus, she was permitted by the

plain language of section 30.002(a) to file her findings and conclusions. See TEX.

CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 30.002(a) (“If a district or county judge’s term of office

expires . . . during the period prescribed for filing . . . findings of fact and conclusions

of law, the judge may . . . file findings of fact and conclusions of law in the case.”).

       The Texas Supreme Court’s opinion in Ad Villarai confirms the statute’s

application in this case. There, on similar facts, the Court held that a former judge

who presided over a bench trial had statutory authority under section 30.002(a) to

file findings of fact after the expiration of his term. See 519 S.W.3d at 140 (“Here,

because Judge Lowy’s term of office expired on December 31, 2014, which was

within the period for filing the findings Pak requested, section 30.002(a) granted

Judge Lowy authority to file the findings even after his term expired.”). The Court

further held that the expiration of the trial court’s plenary power did not preclude the

former judge from filing findings, reasoning:

       Section 30.002(a) expressly grants a judge whose term has expired
       during the period for filing findings authority to file findings and
                                            21
       imposes no temporal limitation on that authority. Nor do our rules
       impose any such limitation. The leniency of the rule allows a trial court
       judge to file late findings on her own volition or at the behest of the
       court of appeals.

Id. at 141 (citations omitted); see also Larry F. Smith, Inc. v. The Weber Co., Inc.,

110 S.W.3d 611, 616 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2003, pet. denied) (explaining that

“preferred remedy” for outstanding findings is to abate appeal to allow trial judge to

file findings).

       Because Merlo did not object to the omission of an order of assignment under

the Government Code and because Judge Dean’s findings and conclusions are

authorized by the Civil Practice and Remedies Code, we reject Merlo’s request to

disregard the findings and conclusions. We overrule the remaining portion of

Merlo’s first issue.

                            Sufficiency of the Evidence

       Section 6.107 of the Texas Family Code authorizes a trial court to grant an

annulment of a marriage to a party upon two showings: “(1) the other party used

fraud . . . to induce the petitioner to enter into the marriage; and (2) the petitioner

has not voluntarily cohabitated with the other party since learning of the fraud[.]”

TEX. FAMILY CODE § 6.107. In his second and third issues, Merlo argues that the

trial court erred by granting an annulment instead of a divorce because the evidence

was legally insufficient as to both statutory elements.

                                          22
A.    Standard of review

      We review conclusions of law de novo. See Marchand, 83 S.W.3d at 794.

Findings of fact in a case tried to the court have the same force and dignity as a jury’s

verdict upon jury questions. Leax v. Leax, 305 S.W.3d 22, 28 (Tex. App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] 2009, pet. denied). The trial court’s findings of fact are not conclusive

when we have a complete reporter’s record. Id. The findings of fact are reviewable

for sufficiency of the evidence using the same standards that are applied in reviewing

the sufficiency of the evidence underlying jury findings. Id.

      When, as here, the appellant attacks the legal sufficiency of an adverse finding

on an issue for which he did not have the burden of proof, he must demonstrate that

there is no evidence to support the adverse finding. Croucher v. Croucher, 660

S.W.2d 55, 58 (Tex. 1983); Leax, 305 S.W.3d at 28. In a legal sufficiency, or

“no-evidence,” review, we determine whether the evidence would enable reasonable

and fair-minded people to reach the verdict under review. City of Keller v. Wilson,

168 S.W.3d 802, 827 (Tex. 2005). In conducting this review, we credit favorable

evidence if a reasonable fact finder could and disregard contrary evidence unless a

reasonable fact finder could not. Id. We consider the evidence in the light most

favorable to the finding under review and indulge every reasonable inference that

would support it. Id. at 822. We must sustain a no-evidence contention only if (1) the

record reveals a complete absence of evidence of a vital fact, (2) the court is barred

                                           23
by rules of law or of evidence from giving weight to the only evidence offered to

prove a vital fact, (3) the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is no more than a

mere scintilla, or (4) the evidence establishes conclusively the opposite of the vital

fact. Id. at 810; Leax, 305 S.W.3d at 28.

      The fact finder is the sole judge of witness credibility; it may choose to believe

one witness over another. City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 819; Leax, 305 S.W.3d at

28. Because it is the fact finder’s province to resolve conflicting evidence, we must

assume that the fact finder resolved all evidentiary conflicts in accordance with its

decision if a reasonable person could have done so. City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at

819; Leax, 305 S.W.3d at 28. An appellate court may not impose its own opinion to

the contrary of the fact finder’s implicit credibility determinations. City of Keller,

168 S.W.3d at 819; Leax, 305 S.W.3d at 28–29.

B.    There is legally sufficient evidence of fraudulent inducement.

      In his second issue, Merlo argues that the evidence is legally insufficient to

support the trial court’s conclusion that Merlo fraudulently induced Lopez into the

marriage for the purpose of entering the United States.5 Merlo challenges several

5
      In his opening brief, Merlo also argued that there was no evidence to support a
      finding that the marriage should be annulled based on fraud related to securing
      Lopez’s financial support. However, the belated findings do not include any
      findings of financial fraud, and thus that is not a basis of the trial court’s judgment.
                                             24
specific findings, which he asserts are the basis of the trial court’s decree of

annulment—namely, the findings that:

      •      On or about January 28, 2017, [Merlo] executed a statement
             along with an order of non-prosecution to drop the charges
             against [Lopez] for the alleged assault. [Merlo] admitted in the
             statement that [he] had hit [Lopez], contrary to [his] statement to
             the police that resulted in [Lopez’s] arrest. [Merlo] indicated the
             altercation ensued due to [his] unhappiness that [Lopez] had
             called off the wedding.

      •      On February 21, 2017, without [Lopez’s] knowledge, [Merlo]
             executed another affidavit/statement that he submitted to law
             enforcement authorities once again alleging that [Lopez] had hit
             [him], which was contrary to [his] previous statement in the
             affidavit of non[-]prosecution regarding the same incident.

      •      On May 5, 2017, [Merlo] informed [Lopez] that [he] was leaving
             and that [he] had gotten what [he] wanted—a marriage for
             immigration purposes. [Merlo] told [Lopez] that [his]
             immigration paperwork had arrived and that [he] had just “used”
             [Lopez] to get into the United States. Lopez testified that [Merlo]
             then “thanked” [him] and told [him] that [he] “no longer needed
             him.” [Merlo] did not desire a long-term relationship.

      •      [Merlo] made representations to [Lopez] so that [Lopez] would
             marry [him] and thus [he] would be allowed to enter the United
             States, and to remain here without the unit of marriage with
             [Lopez] by making allegations of family violence and applying
             for VA[W]A.

      Each of these challenged findings rests on a determination of the credibility

of the witnesses. For example, Merlo argues that the trial court erred by finding that

he hit Lopez during the pre-marriage altercation based on language in the

non-prosecution letter admitting only that Merlo “attempted to punch” Lopez. While

                                          25
the admission in the non-prosecution letter may have been phrased as something

short of physical contact, Lopez testified that when he initially called off the couple’s

wedding, Merlo responded “violently” and “hit” Lopez. As the sole judge of the

credibility of the witnesses, the trial court was permitted to believe Lopez’s

testimony. See City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 819.

      Similarly, Merlo argues that the trial court erred by finding that Merlo asserted

that Lopez was the first aggressor in a handwritten “Complainant Statement”

submitted in February 2017, one month after the altercation, because the finding is

contrary to Merlo’s testimony that he simply misdated the statement. Again, the trial

court was permitted to weigh to the documentary evidence more heavily than

Merlo’s testimony that the handwritten statement included an erroneous date. See id.

      Merlo also asserts that the trial court could not reasonably conclude that he

left the marriage because he had gotten what he wanted, “a marriage for immigration

purposes.” In light of Lopez’s testimony that Merlo admitted that was his intention

in entering the marriage, we disagree. Regarding his final telephone call with Merlo

on May 5, 2017, Lopez testified:

      I remember that day. It was a Friday and that was our last conversation
      we had on the phone. . . . [T]hat’s when he . . . verbally told me, . . .
      “Well, I married you. I got what I wanted,” and – you know, he won.
      He wanted his immigration paperwork and that’s it. He used me. I was
      shocked.

                                           26
                                          ...

      He told me . . . that all he wanted to do was get his immigration
      paperwork. That’s the only reason he married me, and I was shocked. I
      felt betrayed and lied to and used.

Lopez also testified that he learned from his mother that Merlo picked up his

employment authorization card on the day before this call and left the shared home.

      Based on this testimony, the trial court could reasonably infer that Merlo’s

expression of a desire for a long-term relationship was a false representation at the

time he made it, was for the purpose of entering the United States, and caused Lopez

injury in the form of grief.6 See Leax, 305 S.W.3d at 29 (noting in the context of

annulment of marriage that fraudulent inducement is established by proof “that a

false material representation was made that (1) was known to be false when it was

made, (2) was intended to be acted upon, (3) was relied upon, and (4) caused

injury”); see also Desta v. Anyaoha, 371 S.W.3d 596, 598–99 (Tex. App.—Dallas

2012, no pet.) (holding that evidence was legally and factually sufficient to support

trial court’s finding that husband was induced to enter into marriage by

immigration-related fraud). Contrary to Merlo’s suggestion, the finding is not

erroneous if the purported fraud was unsuccessful and did not actually achieve any

6
      The judgment can be affirmed on the basis of these findings alone, and thus we need
      not consider Merlo’s final challenge as to whether there was legally sufficient
      evidence that he intended before marriage to make a claim of family violence and
      apply for protection under the Violence Against Women Act. See TEX. R. APP. P.
      47.1.
                                          27
immigration status for Merlo, as that is not an element of fraudulent inducement of

a marriage. See Leax, 305 S.W.3d at 29. Nor is it an issue before us.

      Because our review of the record reveals legally sufficient evidence from

which a reasonable fact finder could infer that an annulment should be granted on

the basis of fraud, we overrule Merlo’s second issue.

C.    There is legally sufficient evidence that Lopez did not voluntarily
      cohabitate with Merlo after discovering the fraud.

      In his third issue, Merlo argues that the trial court could not reasonably

conclude that Lopez had not voluntarily cohabitated with Merlo since discovering

the fraud because Lopez ceased living with Merlo due to his involuntary

incarceration, not due to any choice on Lopez’s part. We disagree.

      A principle tenet of statutory construction is that we must enforce a statute “as

written” and “refrain from rewriting text that lawmakers chose.” Entergy Gulf States,

Inc. v. Summers, 282 S.W.3d 433, 443 (Tex. 2009). We limit our analysis to the

words of the statute and will not insert language into the statute that is not there. See

Jaster v. Comet II Constr., Inc., 438 S.W.3d 556, 562 (Tex. 2014); Fortis Benefits

v. Cantu, 234 S.W.3d 642, 649 n.41 (Tex. 2007) (noting that courts “should not by

judicial fiat insert non-existent language into statutes”).

      The second statutory element for an annulment is that “the petitioner has not

voluntarily cohabitated with the other party since learning of the fraud[.]” TEX. FAM.

CODE § 6.107(2). Merlo’s argument on appeal requires us to consider whether the

                                           28
undisputed fact of Lopez’s incarceration precluded, as a matter of law, a finding that

Lopez satisfied this statutory element because the incarceration was an impediment

to voluntary cohabitation. Although the Family Code does not define the phrase “has

not voluntarily cohabitated,” Merlo argues that because Lopez was incarcerated at

the time he discovered the fraud in the May 5, 2017 telephone call, “Lopez can only

show that he has ‘not cohabitated’ with Merlo since going to prison.”

      In support of his argument that there must be evidence Lopez voluntarily

chose not to cohabitate with Merlo after learning of the fraud and that an incarcerated

person lacks freedom to choose his residence, Merlo cites a number of cases in which

he asserts the courts have considered whether a party’s action or decision was

voluntary in other contexts. See, e.g., Almanza v. Salas, No. 14-12-01114-CV, 2014

WL 554807, at *5 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Feb. 11, 2014, no pet.) (mem.

op.) (real property dispute); In re Marriage of Lassmann, No. 13-09-00703-CV,

2010 WL 3377773, at *2 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi-Edinburg Aug. 25, 2010, no

pet.) (mem. op.) (child support); In re D.J.J., 178 S.W.3d 424, 429 (Tex. App.—Fort

Worth 2005, no pet.) (termination of parental rights). These cases are distinguishable

from this case and not instructive.

      For example, in Marriage of Lassmann, the court considered whether a parent

incarcerated for family violence was voluntarily unemployed such that the trial court

had statutory authority to order the parent to pay more child support than the

                                          29
guidelines indicated. See 2010 WL 3377773 at *2. We note that although the court

used the phrase “voluntary unemployment” in its opinion, the phrase actually used

in the relevant Family Code provision is “intentional unemployment.” See TEX. FAM.

CODE § 154.066(a). Nevertheless, the court concluded that the incarceration was not

“voluntary unemployment because the child support order at issue was not in place

at the time [the incarcerated parent] committed the assault.” In re Marriage of

Lassmann, 2010 WL 3377773, at *2. The dispositive facts were that the parent “was

incarcerated five months before [the spouse] filed for divorce, and nine months

before the divorce hearing where the child support award was determined,” and thus

there was “no evidence [the parent] had any ‘intent’ to be underemployed or

unemployed for the purpose of decreasing a child support award.” Id.

      In another case cited by Merlo—In re D.J.J.—the court considered whether

the evidence supported a termination of parental rights on the ground that an

incarcerated parent voluntarily left his child alone or in the possession of another.

178 S.W.3d at 429; see TEX. FAM. CODE § 161.001(b)(1)(C) (“The court may order

termination of the parent-child relationship if the court finds by clear and convincing

evidence (1) that the parent has (A) voluntarily left the child alone or in the

possession of another not the parent and expressed an intent not to return.”). The

court concluded that the parent’s separation from the child “was not voluntary

because [the parent] was incarcerated before [the child] was born.” Id. at 429.

                                          30
      And in the final case cited by Merlo—Almanza v. Salas—the court considered

whether the fact of a homeowner’s incarceration was evidence of a voluntary

abandonment of the homestead such that his real property could be levied upon to

enforce a judgment against the homeowner. 2014 WL 554807 at *5. Without any

analysis, the court concluded it was not. Id.

      Although in each of these cases the court equated incarceration with an

absence of intent or choice, they are not controlling here. Our analysis must be

guided by the statutory text. See Entergy Gulf States, 282 S.W.3d at 443. As Lopez

points out, the fact of his incarceration does not preclude a finding that he has not

voluntarily cohabitated with Merlo since learning of the fraud. The statutory

language includes a single active verb: “cohabitate.” See TEX. FAM. CODE

§ 6.107(2). Although “voluntarily,” an adverb, modifies “cohabitate,” the statutory

inquiry is not whether there was an impediment to cohabitation. It is whether if there

was cohabitation at all, it was not voluntary. See id. In other words, if Lopez had

cohabitated with Merlo after learning of the fraud, the inquiry would be whether he

did so “voluntarily.” Because Lopez did not cohabitate with Merlo after learning of

the fraud, voluntariness is not at issue.

      To read the statute as Merlo does would require us to transpose the text to

require that Lopez prove he “voluntarily has not cohabitated” with Merlo. Based on

well-established principles of statutory construction, we do not rewrite the statutory

                                            31
text. See Fortis Benefits, 234 S.W.3d at 649 n.41; see also MCI Sales and Serv., Inc.

v. Hinton, 329 S.W.3d 475, 502 (Tex. 2010) (rejecting argument that would compel

court to read non-existent language into definition of “settling person” in

proportionate responsibility statute).

      It is undisputed that Merlo and Lopez ceased living together as a married

couple in the home of Lopez’s brother on March 30, 2017, when Lopez was

incarcerated after being convicted of a felony offense. Lopez testified that he

discovered Merlo’s fraud on May 5, 2017, when Merlo told Lopez over the phone

that he had entered the marriage for immigration purposes. Lopez has not

cohabitated with Merlo since before that date. On this record, we conclude there was

legally sufficient evidence to support the trial court’s finding that Lopez did not

voluntarily cohabitate with Merlo after discovering the fraud.

      We overrule Merlo’s third issue.

                                     Conclusion

      We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                                              Amparo Guerra
                                              Justice

Panel consists of Justices Goodman, Landau, and Guerra.

                                         32