Court Opinion

ID: 8488700
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-22 17:10:04.574317+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:50:13.786764
License: Public Domain

11/21/2022
                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                               AT NASHVILLE
                                Assigned on Briefs August 1, 2022

                                  IN RE ESTRELLA A. ET AL.

                Appeal from the Juvenile Court for Montgomery County
             No. 2019-JV-939, 2019-JV-940, 2019-JV-941 Tim Barnes, Judge
                        ___________________________________

                                No. M2022-00163-COA-R3-PT
                            ___________________________________

Mother appeals the termination of her parental rights on five grounds, including severe
child abuse. Because we conclude that clear and convincing evidence supports the grounds
for termination and that termination is in the children’s best interests, we affirm.

  Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Juvenile Court Affirmed
                                  and Remanded

J. STEVEN STAFFORD, P. J., W.S., delivered the opinion of the court, in which FRANK G.
CLEMENT, JR., P.J., M.S., and THOMAS R. FRIERSON, II, J., joined.

Taylor R. Dahl, Clarksville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Dixie A.

Herbert H. Slatery, III, Attorney General and Reporter; Carrie Perras, Assistant Attorney
General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee, Department of Children’s Services.

                                                 OPINION

                         I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       On January 8, 2018, the Tennessee Department of Children’s Services (“DCS”)
received a referral that a child, Estrella A.1, who was five years old at the time, had made
disclosures to her teacher indicating sexual abuse. DCS informed the child’s mother,
Respondent/Appellant Dixie A. (“Mother”), about the abuse. Apparently, Estrella had
already informed Mother about the discomfort she was experiencing and Mother had
dismissed the discomfort as a result of the child’s hygiene.

        1
          In cases involving termination of parental rights, it is this Court’s policy to remove the full names.
of children and other parties to protect their identities.
        DCS thereafter conducted a forensic interview with Estrella on January 9, 2018, in
which she made detailed disclosures of sexual abuse by her maternal grandfather, Jerry A.,
who was living in the same home with Mother and her children.2 Estrella and her two
siblings were initially placed with a relative. On September 11, 2018, however, DCS filed
a petition to declare the children dependent and neglected and asked that the children be
placed in DCS’s physical custody. Based on the petition, the Montgomery County Juvenile
Court (“the trial court”) issued a protective custody order removing the children and
placing them in DCS custody. The children were placed with a foster family, where they
remained at the time of trial.

       Eventually, on June 11, 2019, DCS filed a petition in the trial court to terminate
Mother’s parental rights to three of her children, Estrella, Ryleigh D., and Dakota A. The
petition alleged the following grounds: (1) abandonment by failure to support; (2)
abandonment by failure to establish a suitable home; (3) substantial noncompliance with
permanency plans; (4) persistent conditions; (5) severe child abuse; and (6) failure to
manifest an ability and willingness to assume custody.3 DCS later filed an amended petition
on August 23, 2019.

        Trial on the termination petition occurred on October 21, 2021.4 DCS case manager
Karissa Chapman (“Ms. Chapman” or “FSW Chapman”) testified that she was Mother’s
caseworker not only at the inception of this case, but during a prior case as well.
Specifically, in October 2017, DCS received a referral that one or more of Mother’s
children was drug-exposed.5 Mother was at that time taking part in drug and alcohol
treatment. The children were not removed at that time. But during one meeting around
December 2017, Mother informed Ms. Chapman that she had been sexually abused by her
father. Mother’s sister, who was also present at the meeting, confirmed that she had also
been sexually assaulted by Jerry A. Both women further confirmed that he had attempted
to assault another girl during a slumber party when the women were teenagers. Based on
these disclosures, Ms. Chapman cautioned Mother not to allow Jerry A. around her
children. Mother agreed.

       In her testimony, Mother admitted that a DCS case had been opened regarding her
own abuse as a minor and that there may have been an incident with her father as a teenager,
but she denied having any memory of abuse perpetrated against her when she was a child

        2
           Mother’s sister and her children also lived in the home.
        3
           DCS also sought to terminate the parental rights of the children’s fathers. Their rights were
terminated, and they are not a party to this appeal.
         4
           During the trial, counsel stated that the hearing also involved DCS’s dependency and neglect
petition, which had never been finally adjudicated. The dependency and neglect action and the termination
action were filed under separate docket numbers, albeit in the same court. Neither party asserts that this
procedure was in error in this appeal.
         5
           As detailed, infra, this was not DCS’s first involvement with Mother and her children.
                                                  -2-
because she was “too young.” Still, Mother appeared to admit that the above-detailed
conversation with Ms. Chapman occurred; Mother claimed, however, that she did not allow
Jerry A. to be around her children following that conversation.6

       According to DCS, Mother did not heed Ms. Chapman’s warning. Following the
2017 Christmas holidays, Estrella disclosed to Mother her vaginal discomfort. Eventually,
Estrella told Mother about the abuse. Mother admitted that when Estrella told her about
what happened, her only response was “that if anything happened at nighttime to let me
know, to kick on the wall.”7 As previously discussed, nothing was done until on or about
January 8, 2018, when the child disclosed the abuse to a teacher and the abuse was reported
to DCS, who began an investigation. The proof showed that Jerry A. pleaded nolo
contendere to two counts of aggravated sexual battery of a child and was sentenced to two
eight-year sentences.8 Video of the child’s forensic interview was submitted as proof that
she was a victim of severe child abuse.

       Although at trial Mother appeared to concede that the abuse had occurred, she
denied that it occurred when she was in another room, as the child claimed in her forensic
interview. Mother’s testimony on this issue was as follows:

        Q.     . . . So as far as -- you’ve listened to this forensic [interview] today.
        As you sit here today, do you believe that your daughter was sexually
        assaulted by your father?
        A.     Like I said, I don’t know what happened. It -- when the time she said
        that happened, when I was in the living room and she was in the sunroom, I
        honestly don’t think there was any way it could happen at that time. I’m not
        saying it didn’t happen. I’m saying it did not happen at that time.

                                                   * * *

        Q.     As we sit here today, do you believe that that happened?
        A.     At the time, no. Like when she said it happened, no. I’m not saying it
        didn’t happen, but the time she said it happened, no.

                                                   * * *

        6
            Specifically, the testimony was as follows:

        Q.      Was there a conversation that happened between you and Ms. Chapman in 2017
        where she specifically told you not to have your children around your father?
        A.      Yes, and I didn’t have my children around my father then. . . .
        7
          According the forensic interview, Mother’s sister also told Estrella to bite Jerry A.
        8
          The testimony at trial was that Jerry A.’s effective sentence was sixteen years. The convictions
submitted as evidence, however, indicate that the sentences were concurrent.
                                                     -3-
        THE COURT:           Ma’am, she’s asking a very simple question. Do you
        believe your father molested your daughter?
        THE WITNESS:         Not with me in the other room, no. I didn’t say --
        THE COURT:           I -- I’m not asking about the rooms. Do you think he
        ever molested your daughter?
        THE WITNESS:         I mean, by her testifying, it sounds like it, yes. But what
        I’m saying is, when I was in the other room, I don’t think that happened then.
        I'm not saying it didn’t happen at all. I’m saying when I was in the other
        room.
        THE COURT:           All right. Let’s move on.

Mother admitted that when the child informed her, she failed to report the abuse to DCS or
the police, or take the child to see a doctor.9

        When questioned why Mother would allow Jerry A. around her children after Ms.
Chapman’s warning, Mother also claimed that she had not left the children alone with Jerry
A. Still, Mother disputed that she had any right to remove Jerry A. from the home because
she was living in the home of her sister. She also insisted that once the children were
removed from her custody that she did remove him from the home and would never allow
him to return to any home where her children were.10 Except Mother admitted that she
allowed her other children to be alone with Jerry A. on one occasion when it was
unavoidable and only for a short period of time.

        DCS family service worker/case manager Madison Huggins (“Ms. Huggins”)
further testified that Estrella “and other children” had previously been “sexually abused”
by a “gentleman that [Mother] had allowed into the home.”11 Very little testimony was
elicited about this incident except that the children have been “consistently in and out of
State’s custody or had involvement with [DCS] in some way[.]” Mother was also arrested
following the removal of the children for charges related to possession of drug
paraphernalia. Mother testified, however, that the charges were dropped because she was
not in possession of the illegal items, but only in the car with drug users.

       Mother’s permanency plans focused on drug use, sexual abuse prevention, and
housing. Pursuant to the plan, Mother was to, inter alia, complete an alcohol and drug
assessment, follow any resulting recommendations, participate in random drugs screens,
have stable housing and employment, visit with the children, pay $60.00 in child support
per month, and complete a non-offender sexual abuse training class. It appears that Mother

        9
            According to Ms. Chapman, Mother initially assumed that the child’s discomfort was from not
wiping correctly.
         10
            DCS disputed that Mother immediately removed Jerry A. from the home because they received
a report that he continued to live in the home until January 2019, a year after Estrella’s disclosures.
         11
            This abuse apparently occurred in 2014. Estrella, the eldest of the children at issue, would have
been about two years old at this time.
                                                   -4-
completed many of these requirements, including a drug and alcohol assessment, parenting
and drug abuse classes,12 as well as the intensive outpatient program and counseling
recommended by the assessment.13 Mother also consistently participated in supervised
therapeutic visitation with the children. When Mother filed a motion for unsupervised
visitation, however, the supervisor of the visits recommended against it on the basis that
Mother had not progressed in her visits, did not always follow instructions during the visits,
and had recently come to a visit sick, exposing the children to “the virus.”14

        By the time of trial, Mother still had not completed the non-offender training
classes, despite DCS setting her up with three different providers to take the class. Mother
claimed that her failure to complete the program was not her fault.15 As of the date of trial,
Mother had “just got in [the classes]” and had attended a class the day before trial.
According to Ms. Huggins, Mother also continued to deny that Estrella was a victim of
Jerry A.’s abuse.

       Mother also sometimes failed or missed random drug screens, though she claimed
that her work schedule caused her absences. As a result, Mother was asked to complete a
second alcohol and drug assessment, which she never completed. Still, it appears that after
Mother completed intensive outpatient treatment, Mother consistently passed the drug
screens for which she appeared. But Mother then failed a drug test administered the day
before trial. That drug screen indicated that Mother was positive for THC. Mother claimed
that the positive result was due to the consumption of legal Delta 8 gummies and that she
did not know when she took them that they would result in a positive drug screen.

       The proof further indicated that Mother was employed sporadically during the
custodial period, but paid no child support during the four months preceding the filing of
the amended termination petition, approximately April to August 2019. When asked
whether she worked during this period, Mother testified that she could not remember but
that she may have been pregnant and sick during that time. Mother submitted pay stubs,

        12
            To show completion of these classes, Mother submitted an undated certificate of completion of
eight required sessions of an Empowering Parenting Course and an April 2018 certificate of completion of
a Chemical Awareness, Recovery, and Education class.
         13
            A December 2018 psychological report in the record states that Mother stopped going to therapy
in November 2018 and only saw her new therapist twice. It is unclear when Mother resumed therapy, though
she claimed at trial that she was currently attending counseling.
         14
            The April 8, 2020 letter of Sharon Davis, who oversaw Mother’s therapeutic visitation, was
admitted as an exhibit.
         15
            The testimony indicates that Mother filed a motion regarding her inability to complete this class.
The record contains a document entitled a “Notice of Filing” in which Mother states that she is ready to
take the classes but blames DCS for not setting up the classes or paying for them. Moreover, the testimony
was undisputed that the one of the providers that DCS set up in December 2018 did not offer the specific
class that Mother needed. As for the other two times that DCS set up classes, Mother only vaguely claimed
that they conflicted with her work schedule. Nothing in the record indicates that the COVID-19 pandemic
was the culprit for Mother’s purported inability to complete the classes.
                                                    -5-
however, showing that she was employed from July 29, 2019 to August 11, 2019. Mother
also claimed that her IRS stimulus money was intercepted to pay child support. Mother
testified that child support is now being deducted from her paycheck. Mother further
testified that her employment was now stable and that she could financially support all five
of her children, but Ms. Huggins testified that DCS never received any proof of this
employment.16

        Mother continued to stay in her sister’s home for a time following the removal of
the children. Ms. Huggins testified that DCS was unable to do a home visit on this home
following the removal of the children. Eventually, in March 2019, Mother signed a lease
on a new home that she shared with a boyfriend. After Mother provided DCS with proof
of the lease around July 2019, DCS did perform a home study on this home, but deemed it
inappropriate due to the boyfriend’s substance abuse issues and open investigation with
DCS. With regard to her boyfriends over the years, Mother testified that although she got
involved with inappropriate men, she could not know about their inappropriateness until
after she started dating them. Mother claimed to have entered into a new lease one week
before trial, but provided no proof of such and had not provided that lease to DCS so that
a home study could be performed.17

       Ms. Huggins testified that the children are doing well in their foster home, where
they have been continuously placed since coming into DCS custody. The children are
academically and developmentally on track and the older two children participate in
individual therapy designed to address the sexual abuse issues.18 The children refer to their
foster mother as “Mom” and there is a loving bond between the children and their foster
parents. The foster family wants to adopt the children.

        At the conclusion of the proof, the trial court granted DCS’s petition to terminate
Mother’s parental rights. A final, written order was entered on January 25, 2022, in which
the trial court found that DCS had proven the following grounds: (1) abandonment by
failure to support; (2) abandonment by failure to establish a suitable home; (3) persistent
conditions; (4) severe child abuse; and (5) failure to manifest an ability and willingness to
assume custody; the trial court did not find clear and convincing evidence that Mother
substantially failed to comply with permanency plans. The trial court also found that
termination was in the children’s best interests. From this order, Mother now appeals.

                                        II. ISSUES PRESENTED

        16
            Mother’s two youngest children, who were born after the removal of the older children, remain
in her custody.
         17
            When asked that she submit the new lease as proof, Mother claimed that she could reproduce the
lease on her phone.
         18
            According to Ms. Huggins, the children had progressed to such a place that they “don’t talk about
[the sexual abuse] often at all anymore.”
                                                   -6-
   As we perceive it, this appeal involves two issues:

   1. Whether the trial court erred in finding clear and convincing evidence of grounds
      to terminate Mother’s parental rights?
   2. Whether the trial court erred in finding clear and convincing evidence that
      termination was in the children’s best interests?
                                 III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       Parental rights are “among the oldest of the judicially recognized fundamental
liberty interests protected by the Due Process Clauses of the federal and state
constitutions.” In re Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d 507, 521 (Tenn. 2016) (collecting cases).
Therefore, “parents are constitutionally entitled to fundamentally fair procedures in
parental termination proceedings.” Id. at 511. These procedures include “a heightened
standard of proof—clear and convincing evidence.” Id. at 522 (citations and quotations
omitted). “Clear and convincing evidence is evidence in which there is no serious or
substantial doubt about the correctness of the conclusions drawn from the evidence.” In re
Valentine, 79 S.W.3d 539, 546 (Tenn. 2002) (quotation marks and citation omitted).

        In Tennessee, termination of parental rights is governed by statute, which identifies
“situations in which [the] state’s interest in the welfare of a child justifies interference with
a parent’s constitutional rights by setting forth grounds on which termination proceedings
can be brought.” In re Jacobe M.J., 434 S.W.3d 565, 568 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2013) (quoting
In re W.B., Nos. M2004-00999-COA-R3-PT, M2004-01572-COA-R3-PT, 2005 WL
1021618, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Apr. 29, 2005) (citing Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g))).
Thus, a party seeking to terminate a parent’s rights must prove by clear and convincing
evidence (1) the existence of at least one of the statutory grounds in section 36-1-113(g),
and (2) that termination is in the child’s best interest. See In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at
546. “Considering the fundamental nature of a parent’s rights, and the serious
consequences that stem from termination of those rights, a higher standard of proof is
required in determining termination cases.” In re Addalyne S., 556 S.W.3d 774, 782
(Tenn. Ct. App. 2018). The clear and convincing evidence standard applicable here is
“more exacting than the ‘preponderance of the evidence’ standard, although it does not
demand the certainty required by the ‘beyond a reasonable doubt’ standard. To be clear
and convincing, the evidence must eliminate any substantial doubt and produce in the fact-
finder’s mind a firm conviction as to the truth.” In re S.R.C., 156 S.W.3d 26, 29 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 2004) (internal citation omitted).

        In termination cases, appellate courts review a trial court’s factual findings de novo
and accord these findings a presumption of correctness unless the evidence preponderates
otherwise. See Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d); In re Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d at 523–24
(citations omitted). “The trial court’s ruling that the evidence sufficiently supports
termination of parental rights is a conclusion of law, which appellate courts review de novo
                                              -7-
with no presumption of correctness.” In re Carrington H., 483 S.W.3d at 524 (citation
omitted).

                                     IV. ANALYSIS

                             A. Grounds for Termination

       Mother argues that none of the grounds found by the trial court were supported by
clear and convincing evidence. We will consider each ground in turn.

                                  1. Severe Child Abuse

       We begin with the central reason that the children were removed from Mother’s
care: severe child abuse. Specifically, a ground for termination exists when

      The parent or guardian has been found to have committed severe child abuse,
      as defined in § 37-1-102, under any prior order of a court or is found by the
      court hearing the petition to terminate parental rights or the petition for
      adoption to have committed severe child abuse against any child[.]
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(4). Severe child abuse is defined as, inter alia: “[t]he
knowing exposure of a child to or the knowing failure to protect a child from abuse or
neglect that is likely to cause serious bodily injury or death and the knowing use of force
on a child that is likely to cause serious bodily injury or death[.]” Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-
1-102(b)(27).

       The trial court found that Mother committed severe child abuse by “knowingly
exposing the child to, and knowingly failing to protect the child from” sexual abuse
committed by Jerry A. The trial court recounted the child’s statements during the forensic
interview, as well as the testimony of Ms. Chapman that Mother informed her that Jerry A.
had also sexually abused her and her sister and that Mother was warned to keep him away
from the children. Specifically, the Court commented as follows:

      45. The Court finds it hard to believe that these two sisters who went through
      that terrible thing would not have had some discussion about what went on
      with them. But today the mother testifies that she doesn’t remember anything
      about it. The Court does not find this credible, and the Court does not find
      [Mother] credible.
      46. FSW Chapman described in detail what her and [Mother] discussed
      during the investigation. FSW Chapman even testified that [Mother]
      admitted to her that Jerry A. had even tried to assault a friend of [Mother’s
      sister’s], and that child, fortunately, escaped by going out a window.
      47. Testimony today was that Jerry A., in front of the children, sits around
                                           -8-
        and watches porn on his phone as the children are walking through the room.
        This mother had every indication that Jerry A. is a severe threat of harm to
        any child; should not ever be around any child; should certainly not ever be
        left alone with a child, and yet it happened. The mother knew after it
        happened, and testimony was that she told Estrella, that if it happens again,
        she should just kick the wall or bite him.
        48. [Mother] has woefully failed in her responsibility to protect her child, and
        I don’t see how you can watch this forensic interview and not know that.
        49. As stated previously, FSW Chapman testified that at the beginning of this
        case, [Mother] did not believe that her child was sexually abused and even
        today, she doesn’t seem sure that her child was sexually abused by her father.

        On appeal, Mother does not dispute that Estrella was the victim of sexual abuse by
Jerry. A. Indeed, her brief characterizes her testimony as “acknowledge[ing] that . . . the
abuse happened[.]”19 Nor does she argue that this sexual abuse does not constitute severe
child abuse as defined by section 37-1-102. Instead, Mother disputes that she knowingly
failed to protect her child from the abuse, relying on her testimony that she never left the
child alone with Jerry A., that she would call the police and DCS if something happened
again, and that she would never allow the children around Jerry A. again.

         Respectfully, Mother’s argument is not convincing. Here, the trial court credited the
testimony of Ms. Chapman that Mother had informed her that Jerry A. had been sexually
inappropriate with her in the past and that Ms. Chapman counseled Mother to never allow
Jerry A. around the children. Nothing in Mother’s brief leads this Court to question the trial
court’s determination on this issue. Hutchings v. Jobe, Hastings & Assocs., No. M2010-
01583-COA-R3-CV, 2011 WL 3566972, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 12, 2011) (“The trial
court is in the best position to resolve factual issues that hinge on credibility and an
appellate court will not re-evaluate a trial court’s assessment of a witness’s credibility
absent clear and convincing evidence to the contrary.” (citation omitted)). But as Mother
has “acknowledged,” Mother did allow the child to be alone with Jerry A. in some manner
because Estrella was abused by him. So Mother was aware of Jerry A.’s propensity toward
sexual abuse, was warned to prohibit contact between Jerry A. and her children, and yet
still allowed her child to become his victim. Mother’s conduct constitutes a knowing failure
to protect a child from severe child abuse. Although only one of Mother’s children appears
to have been victimized, this ground for termination is therefore affirmed as to all three
children in this case. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(4) (creating a ground for
termination when the parent has committed severe child abuse against “any child”).

        19
            The central proof concerning the abuse consisted of a videotaped forensic interview with the
child. Mother has not in any manner questioned the veracity or credibility of the child’s statements during
this interview. We therefore do not find it necessary to reproduce any of the child’s statements in this appeal.
We also note that although Jerry A.’s criminal convictions for sexual abuse were presented as evidence,
after noting that Jerry A. pleaded no contest to the charges, the trial court admitted the convictions only for
purposes of establishing Jerry A.’s current whereabouts.
                                                     -9-
                           2. Abandonment by Failure to Support
       DCS next argues that the trial court correctly terminated Mother’s rights on the
ground of abandonment for failure to support. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(1)
(providing that abandonment as defined by Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102 is a ground for
termination). Under this provision, a ground for termination exists when

       For a period of four (4) consecutive months immediately preceding the filing
       of a proceeding, pleading, petition, or any amended petition to terminate the
       parental rights of the parent or parents or the guardian or guardians of the
       child who is the subject of the petition for termination of parental rights or
       adoption, that the parent or parents or the guardian or guardians either have
       failed to visit or have failed to support or have failed to make reasonable
       payments toward the support of the child

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(i). According to the statute, failure to support means

       the failure, for a period of four (4) consecutive months, to provide monetary
       support or the failure to provide more than token payments toward the
       support of the child. That the parent had only the means or ability to make
       small payments is not a defense to failure to support if no payments were
       made during the relevant four-month period[.]

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(D); see also Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(B) (“‘[T]oken
support’ means that the support, under the circumstances of the individual case, is
insignificant given the parent’s means[.]”). As noted above, the statute considers the
parent’s payment of support in the four months preceding the filing of the termination
petition “or any amended petition.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(i). Moreover, to
the extent that lack of willfulness is properly raised as an issue, the burden is on the parent
to show that the failure to support was not willful. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(l)
(“For purposes of this subdivision (1), it shall be a defense to abandonment for failure to
visit or failure to support that a parent or guardian’s failure to visit or support was not
willful. The parent or guardian shall bear the burden of proof that the failure to visit or
support was not willful. Such defense must be established by a preponderance of evidence.
The absence of willfulness is an affirmative defense pursuant to Rule 8.03 of the Tennessee
Rules of Civil Procedure[.]”).

       In this case, the trial court’s final order considers the time period prior to the filing
of the amended petition. As such, both DCS and Mother agree that the four-month period
prior to the filing of the amended petition is the relevant time frame for purposes of this
ground. This time period spans from April 23, 2019, to August 22, 2019, the day before

                                             - 10 -
the amended petition was filed.20

        In recent cases, however, this Court has held that we should consider the period of
time prior to the filing of the original petition, unless the amended petition constitutes a
“‘separate and distinct’ petition from the original[.]” In Re Elijah F., No. M2022-00191-
COA-R3-PT, 2022 WL 16859543, at 8 (Tenn. Ct. App. Nov. 10, 2022) (quoting In re
Braelyn S., No. E2020-00043-COA-R3-PT, 2020 WL 4200088, at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. July
22, 2020)); see also In re Chase L., No. M2017-02362-COA-R3-PT, 2018 WL 3203109,
at *9 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 29, 2018). Although the amended petition did alter the
allegations concerning abandonment, it is something of a stretch to suggest that these
alterations rendered the amended petition separate and distinct from its predecessor for
purposes of this ground.

        Still, in none of the cases cited above is there any indication that the parties agreed
to utilize the four-month period preceding the filing of an amended petition. In this case,
however, both DCS and Mother have chosen to utilize the amended petition for purposes
of determining this ground. For DCS, this choice means little, as it presented evidence that
Mother did not pay support during either the four-month period prior to the filing of the
original petition or the four-month period prior to the filing of the amended petition.21 But
Mother’s efforts to defeat this ground—by showing a lack of willfulness—are focused
wholly on the four-month period preceding the filing of the amended petition.22 Indeed,
Mother does not point to, nor does our review of the record reveal, any evidence tending
to show a lack of willfulness that was presented as to the four-month period preceding the
filing of the original petition. Thus, we conclude that, in fairness to Mother and to aid in
the expeditious resolution of this appeal, we will consider the evidence she presented on
lack of willfulness between April 23, 2019, to August 22, 2019. Cf. State v. Bristol, No.
M2019-00531-SC-R11-CD, 2022 WL 5295777, at *3–7 (Tenn. Oct. 7, 2022) (holding that
intermediate appellate courts should generally not consider issues that were not raised and
briefed by the parties; holding that when such issues must be addressed, the court should
not review the issue until after the parties have notice and an opportunity to respond); c.f.

        20
            Although the trial court was a day off in its findings of fact as to the relevant time frame, such an
error is harmless if “the trial court made sufficient findings of fact that encompassed the correct
determinative period.” In re J’Khari F., No. M2018-00708-COA-R3-PT, 2019 WL 411538, at *9 (Tenn.
Ct. App. Jan. 31, 2019); see also In re Porcalyn N., No. E2020-01501-COA-R3-PT, 2021 WL 2026700,
at *5 (Tenn. Ct. App. May 21, 2021).
         21
            The record indicates that Mother did allow support to be deducted from her pay just a few days
following the filing of the amended termination petition, in paystub dated August 27, 2019. However,
Tennessee Code Annotated section 36-1-102(1)(F) provides that “[a]bandonment may not be repented of
by resuming visitation or support subsequent to the filing of any petition seeking to terminate parental or
guardianship rights or seeking the adoption of a child[.]”
         22
            DCS makes a perfunctory argument that willfulness may have been waived by Mother, but
concedes that it may have been tried by consent. We conclude that this issue was tried by consent in the
same manner as In re Serenity S., No. E2019-00277-COA-R3-PT, 2020 WL 522439, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Jan. 31, 2020).
                                                     - 11 -
In re Josiah T., No. E2019-00043-COA-R3-PT, 2019 WL 4862197, at *4 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Oct. 2, 2019) (noting “the importance that the parental termination statutes place
on expeditious resolution of these matters”) (citing Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-124(c) (“It is
the intent of the general assembly that the permanency of the placement of a child who is
the subject of a termination of parental rights proceeding or an adoption proceeding not be
delayed any longer than is absolutely necessary . . . .”)).

        Unfortunately for Mother, even utilizing her chosen time period, we conclude that
she failed to prove that her lack of support during this time was not willful. To be sure,
Mother testified that she may have been pregnant during this period and therefore sick and
unable to work. But Mother also submitted pay stubs demonstrating that she was employed
during at least parts of this four-month period. The two paychecks that Mother submitted
that show pay received between April 23, 2019, to August 22, 2019, however, do not
indicate that any support was being deducted from Mother’s pay. No other evidence was
presented to show that any support payments were made during this time frame. Given that
no payments were made, it is no defense that Mother’s sporadic employment may have
rendered her capable of only paying smalls amounts of support or of only paying during a
portion of her chosen four-month period. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(D) (“That
the parent had only the means or ability to make small payments is not a defense to failure
to support if no payments were made during the relevant four-month period[.]”). And given
that the evidence indicates that Mother was capable of employment during at least a portion
of her chosen four-month period, we cannot conclude that the evidence preponderates
against the trial court’s finding that Mother failed to show a lack of willfulness in her non-
payment of support during this time. Thus, regardless of the four-month period at issue,
DCS presented clear and convincing evidence that Mother failed to support the children as
required to prove this ground for termination. This ground is therefore affirmed.

                3. Abandonment by Failure to Establish a Suitable Home
       Abandonment may also be shown under the following circumstances:

       (a) The child has been removed from the home or the physical or legal
       custody of a parent or parents or guardian or guardians by a court order at
       any stage of proceedings in which a petition has been filed in the juvenile
       court alleging that a child is a dependent and neglected child, and the child
       was placed in the custody of the department or a licensed child-placing
       agency;
       (b) The juvenile court found, or the court where the termination of parental
       rights petition is filed finds, that the department or a licensed child-placing
       agency made reasonable efforts to prevent removal of the child or that the
       circumstances of the child’s situation prevented reasonable efforts from
       being made prior to the child’s removal; and
       (c) For a period of four (4) months following the physical removal, the
                                            - 12 -
       department or agency made reasonable efforts to assist the parent or parents
       or the guardian or guardians to establish a suitable home for the child, but
       that the parent or parents or the guardian or guardians have not made
       reciprocal reasonable efforts to provide a suitable home and have
       demonstrated a lack of concern for the child to such a degree that it appears
       unlikely that they will be able to provide a suitable home for the child at an
       early date. The efforts of the department or agency to assist a parent or
       guardian in establishing a suitable home for the child shall be found to be
       reasonable if such efforts equal or exceed the efforts of the parent or guardian
       toward the same goal, when the parent or guardian is aware that the child is
       in the custody of the department[.]

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(l)(ii).

       Mother argues that the trial court erred in finding sufficient evidence of this ground
for termination, contending that DCS did not detail the reasonable efforts it took during the
relevant time frame to help her secure housing, that DCS failed to complete a walk-through
of her home immediately following the abuse to confirm that Jerry A. did not live there,
and that she had provided DCS with various lease agreements. Respectfully, we disagree.

        First, we agree with the trial court that DCS made reasonable efforts in this case.
Here, the evidence showed that DCS provided a multitude of services to Mother not only
in the four months following the removal of the children, but for the life of this case. See In
re Jakob O., No. M2016-00391-COA-R3-PT, 2016 WL 7243674, at *13 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Dec. 15, 2016) (“As long as the proof relates to ‘a period of four (4) months following the
removal,’ Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-102(1)(A)(ii), the ground may be established. The
statute does not limit the court’s inquiry to a period of four months immediately following
the removal.”). These efforts include creating permanency plans, explaining to Mother the
Criteria for Termination of Parental Rights, providing random drug screenings to Mother,
facilitating therapeutic visitation, and doing home visits, as well as setting up classes and
assessments for Mother on multiple occasions. Although Mother certainly did complete
some services, including assessments, intensive outpatient treatment, and some drug
screenings, given that she also missed many drug screens, did not complete a second
assessment following missed or failed drug screens, had not provided DCS with proof of a
stable home or income, and had not yet completed non-offender sexual abuse classes by
the time of trial, we cannot conclude that her efforts exceeded that of DCS.

        We further conclude that Mother had yet to establish a suitable home for the children
in the three years following the removal. During this time, Mother has had at least three
residences. First, Mother lived in the home the children were removed from, which
belonged to Mother’s sister. Mother claimed that this home was safe because she had
forced Jerry A. to move out following the removal of the children. But the proof shows that
when DCS told Mother to not allow Jerry A. to live in the house prior to the abuse, Mother
                                           - 13 -
did nothing, claiming that she had no right to ask him to move because it was not her house.
Then, when Estrella told Mother about the abuse, Mother again did nothing, telling the
child to kick the wall if it happened again. But after the child was removed by DCS, Mother
claimed that she did have the power to remove Jerry A. from the house and that she had
finally exercised that power. Mother did not, however, remain in this home for the entirety
of the custodial episode.

       Around July 2019, Mother next provided DCS with a lease for a home that she
shared with a boyfriend. DCS conducted a home study of this home but found that the
children could not live there because of the boyfriend’s DCS case history and substance
abuse. Indeed, Mother admitted that she had five boyfriends over the past five years, most
of whom had drug issues; two of these boyfriends, Mother allowed to move in with her and
her children. Mother admitted that she waits until after she is in a relationship to learn about
her boyfriend’s drug issues or criminal tendencies.23 Finally, at trial, Mother testified that
she had entered into another lease for a home that she had just moved into. But because
DCS was never provided with this information prior to trial, it could perform no home
study. As such, Mother’s effort to obtain housing on the eve of trial was largely too little,
too late. In re L.J., No. E2014-02042-COA-R3-PT, 2015 WL 5121111, at *7 (Tenn. Ct.
App., filed Aug. 31, 2015) (holding that mother’s ability to obtain housing two weeks
before the final trial date was “too little, too late” and did not demonstrate mother’s ability
to provide a suitable home “at an early date”).

        But even if Mother’s physical home was safe for the children, that is not all that is
required to establish a suitable home. Instead, the home must be safe from drug use and the
risk of abuse. In re Jamarcus K., No. M2021-01171-COA-R3-PT, 2022 WL 3755383, at
*8 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 30, 2022), perm. appeal denied (Tenn. Sept. 27, 2022) (quoting
In re Hannah H., No. E2013-01211-COA-R3-PT, 2014 WL 2587397, at *9 (Tenn. Ct.
App. June 10, 2014). Mother met neither of these requirements. For one, Mother admitted
that she failed a drug test on the eve of trial. While Mother claimed that the positive result
stemmed from the consumption of legal Delta 8 gummy candy, Mother provided no proof
to establish that the positive result was due to legal consumption. Moreover, even if we
believe Mother, her decision to consume such items in the weeks before the termination
trial shows poor judgment on her part. First, it is unclear if Mother took these drugs while
caring for her other children. Additionally, Mother’s choice put her in the position of
having to explain a positive drug test on the eve of a trial determining the permanent
cessation of her relationship with three of her children. So even if the consumption of
Delta 8 gummies was legal, it was certainly unwise under the circumstances.

       23
            Specifically, the testimony was as follows:

              Q. Wouldn’t it be fair to say that you do not take your children into consideration
       when you pick who you’re going to live with?
              A. Well, I don't know they’re that way until after I get in a relationship with them.
                                                   - 14 -
        Additionally, Mother has failed to take the steps necessary to give this Court
confidence that Mother will protect the children from future abuse. As detailed above,
Mother ignored warnings about Jerry A., which ultimately resulted in her daughter being
victimized. Mother has refused to recognize her culpability for the abuse and has refused
to take the steps DCS requested to ensure that such abuse never happens again, namely
completing the non-offender sexual abuse training and keeping inappropriate men away
from her children. Although Mother lays the blame for her non-completion of the non-
offender classes with DCS, the proof shows that DCS put Mother in touch with at least two
appropriate providers for this training. And despite nearly three years to complete these
classes, Mother claimed that her work schedule prevented her from taking the classes. But
then Mother was miraculously able to find the time to take the classes immediately prior
to trial.24 These facts indicate that Mother did not make the classes a priority until it was
too late. See In re L.J., 2015 WL 5121111, at *7. And given the multiple instances of
sexual abuse that have occurred and Mother’s history of not taking warnings about sexual
abuse seriously, without these classes, it does not appear that Mother has the knowledge
and skills necessary to prevent sexual abuse from occurring in the future. Under these
circumstances, we must conclude that Mother has not established a suitable home and has
demonstrated such a lack of concern in doing so that it is unlikely that she will be able to
provide a suitable home at an early date. This ground is therefore affirmed.

                                    4. Persistence of Conditions

      DCS next relies on the ground of persistence of conditions, pursuant to Tennessee
Code Annotated section 36-1-113(g)(3):

        (A) The child has been removed from the home or the physical or legal
            custody of a parent or guardian for a period of six (6) months by a court
            order entered at any stage of proceedings in which a petition has been
            filed in the juvenile court alleging that a child is a dependent and
            neglected child, and:

                (i) The conditions that led to the child’s removal still persist,
                preventing the child’s safe return to the care of the parent or guardian,
                or other conditions exist that, in all reasonable probability, would
                cause the child to be subjected to further abuse or neglect, preventing
                the child’s safe return to the care of the parent or guardian;
                (ii) There is little likelihood that these conditions will be remedied at
                an early date so that the child can be safely returned to the parent or
                guardian in the near future; and
                (iii) The continuation of the parent or guardian and child relationship

        24
          The testimony discusses a single class being taken the day before trial. It is unclear if Mother had
attended more than this single class.
                                                   - 15 -
              greatly diminishes the child’s chances of early integration into a safe,
              stable, and permanent home;
       (B) The six (6) months must accrue on or before the first date the termination
       of parental rights petition is set to be heard[.]

        Here, there is no question that the children were removed from Mother’s custody in
the course of a dependency and neglect proceeding and had been removed for a period of
longer than six months. Thus, the dispositive questions are whether conditions persist that
prevent the safe return of the children, whether the conditions will likely be remedied at an
early date, and whether the continued relationship prevents early integration of the children
into a safe, stable, permanent home. As we have previously explained,

       A parent’s continued inability to provide fundamental care to a child, even if
       not willful, . . . constitutes a condition which prevents the safe return of the
       child to the parent’s care.” In re A.R., No. W2008-00558-COA-R3-PT, 2008
       WL 4613576, at *20 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct. 13, 2008) (citing In re T.S. &
       M.S., No. M1999-01286-COA-R3-CV, 2000 WL 964775, at *7 (Tenn. Ct.
       App. July 13, 2000)). The failure to remedy the conditions which led to the
       removal need not be willful. In re T.S. & M.S., 2000 WL 964775, at *6
       (citing State Dep’t of Human Servs. v. Smith, 785 S.W.2d 336, 338 (Tenn.
       1990)). “Where . . . efforts to provide help to improve the parenting ability,
       offered over a long period of time, have proved ineffective, the conclusion []
       that there is little likelihood of such improvement as would allow the safe
       return of the child to the parent in the near future is justified.” Id. The
       purpose behind the “persistence of conditions” ground for terminating
       parental rights is “to prevent the child’s lingering in the uncertain status of
       foster child if a parent cannot within a reasonable time demonstrate an ability
       to provide a safe and caring environment for the child.” In re A.R., No.
       W2008-00558-COA-R3-PT, 2008 WL 4613576, at *20 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct.
       13, 2008) (quoting In re D.C.C., No. M2007-01094-COA-R3-PT, 2008 WL
       588535, at *9 (Tenn. Ct. App. Mar. 3, 2008)).

In re Navada N., 498 S.W.3d 579, 605–06 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2016).

       With regard to this ground, the trial court found that the following conditions still
existed: (1) lack of stability; (2) lack of appropriate parenting skills; (3) lack of sufficient
housing and income; (4) Mother’s continued denial that Estrella was the victim of sexual
abuse; and (5) Mother’s continued mental health issues.

       Although Mother now appears to concede that Estrella was the victim of sexual
assault, we agree with the trial court’s other conclusions. Importantly, while Mother may
now admit that the child was abused, she continues to deny or minimize her role in the
child’s victimization. According to the facts found by the trial court and supported by the
                                            - 16 -
record, Mother had previously been warned not to allow Jerry A. access to her children in
order to prevent sexual abuse. Mother apparently ignored that warning. Given the repeated
victimization of Mother’s children, Mother’s continued minimizations of that abuse, and
her failure to complete the classes directly relevant to the sexual abuse, we unfortunately
have little faith that Mother will now protect her children from abuse. This is an issue that
prevents Mother from safely parenting her children.

       Mother’s lack of stability is also persistent. Mother’s testimony shows that she often
involves herself with criminals. Her housing is not stable, as illustrated by the fact that she
moved frequently and sometimes would not allow DCS to perform home studies. Indeed,
Mother moved to a new home just a week before trial, leaving DCS with no opportunity to
perform a home study. Mother’s children cannot be returned to her home without proven
stable housing to come home to.

        Given that approximately three years have elapsed from the time that the children
were removed, we also conclude that these conditions are unlikely to be remedied at an
early date. Moreover, the continued legal relationship between Mother and the children
prevents them from being adopted, which is a possibility for these children. As such, the
trial court did not err in finding clear and convincing evidence of persistence of conditions.

     5. Willingness and Ability to Assume Custody or Financial Responsibility

       DCS next contends that Mother failed to manifest a willingness and ability, whether
by act or omission, to personally assume legal and physical custody or financial
responsibility of the child and that placing the child in her legal and physical custody would
create a risk of substantial harm to the child’s physical or psychological welfare. Tenn.
Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(14). Essentially, the statutory ground has two distinct elements
which must be proven by clear and convincing evidence:

       First, DCS must prove that [the parent] failed to manifest “an ability and
       willingness to personally assume legal and physical custody or financial
       responsibility of the child.” DCS must then prove that placing the child[] in
       [the parent’s] “legal and physical custody would pose a risk of substantial
       harm to the physical or psychological welfare of the child.”

In re Maya R., No. E2017-01634-COA-R3-PT, 2018 WL 1629930, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App.
Apr. 4, 2018) (quoting Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(g)(14)) (some alterations of the
original text removed). As for the first element, the petitioner must “prove[ ] by clear and
convincing proof that a parent or guardian has failed to manifest either [an] ability or
willingness” to parent the child. In re Neveah M., 614 S.W.3d 659, 677 (Tenn. 2020).

      The trial court found that this ground was met by Mother’s failure to pay child
support, failure to complete services required by DCS, and failure to demonstrate that she
                                           - 17 -
could financially support the children. The trial court further found that placing the children
in Mother’s custody would pose a risk of substantial harm because Mother “failed to
protect her child from severe sex abuse and she has proven by her testimony that there is
great likelihood that she would fail to protect her children from further abuse.”

       On appeal, Mother argues that she is both willing and able to take physical custody
and financial responsibility of the children, citing her substantial compliance with the
permanency plans by completing assessments, an intensive outpatient program, and drug
screens. She also argues that her failure to complete the non-offending sexual abuse
parenting class was not her fault, that she removed Jerry A. from her home and promised
he would not come back, and that she understood that if something happened again, she
would need to call the police and DCS. In contrast, DCS argues that Mother’s history of
housing instability, relationships with drug users, failure to cooperate with DCS by
completing all the requirements of her permanency plans or to complete the non-offender
training demonstrate that she is neither willing nor able to take custody of the children.
DCS also argues that Mother’s failure to pay child support shows that she is unwilling and
unable to take financial responsibility for the children.

       We agree with DCS and the trial court. Here, Mother only began paying child
support following the filing of the amended termination petition, despite working
intermittently throughout the custodial period.25 At trial, Mother appeared to place the
blame for the lack of support on the fact that the support was not always deducted from her
pay depending on where she was working. It was Mother’s responsibility, however, to
ensure that her children received support when she was receiving income, not her
employer’s responsibility. As such, Mother’s failure to remit support for the children
independent of payroll deductions supports a finding that she was unwilling to take the
steps necessary to financially support her children in DCS custody.

       Mother was also unwilling to take the steps necessary to assume custody of the
children. Here, a significant barrier to reunification is the risk of abuse that could occur in
Mother’s care. As previously discussed, it appears that Mother only took her responsibility
to take the non-offender sexual abuse class seriously on the eve of trial. This class is a
necessity given Mother’s role in exposing Estrella to sexual abuse and her inability to
accept her role in that abuse. So Mother’s failure to take the steps necessary to ensure that
Estrella and the other children are not at risk of future sexual abuse indicates that she is
unwilling to do the work necessary to have the children returned to her care.

        We also agree that placing the children in Mother’s legal and physical custody

        25
            The first paystub submitted by Mother to indicate that child support was being deducted from
Mother’s pay is dated August 27, 2019, a few days following the filing of the amended petition. An August
2020 paystub from Mother’s current employment, however, showed that Mother had paid less than $100.00
in total child support for the year-to-date.
                                                 - 18 -
would create a risk of substantial harm to their welfare. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-
113(g)(14). With regard to substantial harm, this Court stated that:

       The courts have not undertaken to define the circumstances that pose a risk
       of substantial harm to a child. These circumstances are not amenable to
       precise definition because of the variability of human conduct. However, the
       use of the modifier “substantial” indicates two things. First, it connotes a real
       hazard or danger that is not minor, trivial, or insignificant. Second, it
       indicates that the harm must be more than a theoretical possibility. While the
       harm need not be inevitable, it must be sufficiently probable to prompt a
       reasonable person to believe that the harm will occur more likely than not.

In re Maya R., 2018 WL 1629930, at *7 (quoting Ray v. Ray, 83 S.W.3d 726, 732 (Tenn.
Ct. App. 2001) (footnotes omitted)). The trial court’s concern that Mother would not
protect the children from future abuse is well supported by the record. Here, Mother
continues to deny or minimize her fault in her daughter’s sexual abuse. She has not
completed the non-offender sexual abuse class even after three years. And while she
promises that she would not allow Jerry A. around her children, she made the same promise
to Ms. Chapman before Estrella was abused. Under these circumstances, we agree that
there is a likelihood that Mother would once again fail to protect her children from abuse
if they were returned to her. This ground is therefore affirmed.

                                       B. Best Interest

       Because we have determined that at least one statutory ground has been proven for
terminating Mother’s parental rights, we must now decide if DCS has proven, by clear and
convincing evidence, that termination of Mother’s rights is in the child’s best interests.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c)(2); White v. Moody, 171 S.W.3d 187, 192 (Tenn. Ct. App.
1994). If “the interests of the parent and the child conflict, courts are to resolve the conflict
in favor of the rights and best interest of the child.” In re Navada N., 498 S.W.3d at 607.

        According to the version of the statute at issue when this case was filed and decided,
the trial court was directed to consider the following best interest factors:

       (1) Whether the parent or guardian has made such an adjustment of
       circumstance, conduct, or conditions as to make it safe and in the child’s best
       interest to be in the home of the parent or guardian;
       (2) Whether the parent or guardian has failed to effect a lasting adjustment
       after reasonable efforts by available social services agencies for such
       duration of time that lasting adjustment does not reasonably appear possible;
       (3) Whether the parent or guardian has maintained regular visitation or other
       contact with the child;
       (4) Whether a meaningful relationship has otherwise been established
                                            - 19 -
        between the parent or guardian and the child;
        (5) The effect a change of caretakers and physical environment is likely to
        have on the child’s emotional, psychological and medical condition;
        (6) Whether the parent or guardian, or other person residing with the parent
        or guardian, has shown brutality, physical, sexual, emotional or
        psychological abuse, or neglect toward the child, or another child or adult in
        the family or household;
        (7) Whether the physical environment of the parent’s or guardian’s home is
        healthy and safe, whether there is criminal activity in the home, or whether
        there is such use of alcohol, controlled substances or controlled substance
        analogues as may render the parent or guardian consistently unable to care
        for the child in a safe and stable manner;
        (8) Whether the parent’s or guardian’s mental and/or emotional status would
        be detrimental to the child or prevent the parent or guardian from effectively
        providing safe and stable care and supervision for the child; or
        (9) Whether the parent or guardian has paid child support consistent with the
        child support guidelines promulgated by the department pursuant to § 36-
        5-101.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i) (2020). “This list is not exhaustive, and the statute does not
require a trial court to find the existence of each enumerated factor before it may conclude
that terminating a parent’s rights is in the best interest of a child.” In re M.A.R., 183 S.W.3d
652, 667 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005) (citations omitted).

        The trial court in this case did not specifically tie any of its best interest findings to
the above factors. Mother argues, without citation to authority, that this shortcoming
renders the trial court’s order “deficient.” We agree that the trial court in a termination of
parental rights case must “enter an order that makes specific findings of fact and
conclusions of law[.]” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(k).26 Here, the trial court’s order indeed
contains findings as to the children’s best interests. Moreover, while the trial court does
not tie its findings to the relevant factors, a review of the trial court’s order reveals that it
did consider the majority of the best interest factors. Although we agree that the best
practice is for the trial court to consider each and every factor explicitly, we conclude that
the trial court’s order here is sufficient to meet the requirements of section 36-1-113(k) and
to facilitate meaningful appellate review. So we will consider the children’s best interests
despite the trial court’s somewhat deficient best interest findings.

        26
           The current version of this statute provides in addition to the above quoted portion of the statute
that “[a]ll factors considered by the court to be applicable to a particular case must be identified and
supported by specific findings of fact in the court’s written order.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i)(3)
(2022); see also 2021 Tenn. Laws Pub. Ch. 190 (S.B. 205), eff. April 22, 2021 (enacting this amendment).
There is no assertion that this amended version of the statute is applicable in this case. The best interest
factors were also amended to include additional factors for consideration. Again, we apply the statute that
was in effect at the time the petitions at issue were filed.
                                                   - 20 -
       As for the first two factors, the trial court found that Mother “failed to demonstrate
continuity and stability in meeting the children’s basic material, educational, housing and
safety needs.” The trial court further found that Mother “failed to demonstrate a lasting
adjustment of circumstances, conduct, or conditions to make it safe and beneficial for the
child to be in the home[.]” We agree. Here, despite a multitude of services provided to
Mother, she failed to show any stability in her housing situation or any recognition for her
role in Estrella’s abuse, and she continued to engage in poor decision-making that was a
barrier to reunification even in the weeks before trial. Under these circumstances, we
conclude that the trial court did not err in finding that Mother had not made a lasting
adjustment of circumstances, despite reasonable efforts by DCS. See Tenn. Code Ann. §
36-1-113(i)(1) & (2).

        The trial court did not make any findings as to whether Mother had maintained
visitation with the children or whether there was a meaningful bond between Mother and
the children. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i)(3) & (4). The trial court did specifically
find, however, that a change in caretakers would have a detrimental effect on the children.
See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i)(5). The record shows that Mother did continue to
engage in visitation with the children after removal. So this factor favors Mother. The
evidence as to Mother’s meaningful relationship with the children was less clear. No
witness was specifically asked if the children had a meaningful relationship with Mother.
Ms. Chapman did testify, however, that the children do not “see [Mother] as their Mother”;
instead, they view their foster mother in that role and call their foster mother “Mom.”27
Moreover, the testimony indicates that visitation with Mother was not productive and could
never progress beyond supervised therapeutic visitation. And because of this bond and the
care that the children have been receiving in the foster home, there was little dispute that
changing caretakers would be negative for the children. So factors (4) and (5) favor
termination in this case.

       Factor (6), concerning abuse, heavily favors termination in this case. See Tenn.
Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i)(6). Here, the evidence shows that Mother allowed Estrella to
become victimized by Jerry A., even after being warned against that exact eventuality. And
this was not the first time that Mother allowed a man in her life who victimized the children.
Hopefully, however, if Mother’s rights are terminated, it will be the last time.

      The trial court also found that the environment of Mother’s home is not safe. See
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i)(7). As previously discussed, we agree that Mother has not
shown that her home is stable and free from drug use, and does not pose a risk of future
criminal activity or child abuse. This factor therefore favors termination.

       The trial court made no specific findings as to factor (8), concerning whether

       27
            In contrast, the children sometimes call Mother “Momma Dixie.”
                                                 - 21 -
Mother’s mental and emotional status would be detrimental to the children. See Tenn. Code
Ann. § 36-1-113(i)(8). The trial court did note, however, that while the children receive
therapy in their foster home, Mother’s denial of the sexual abuse indicates that she would
not continue the counseling for the children. We tend to agree. In this case, Mother’s
testimony was inconsistent about the abuse that she suffered at the hands of Jerry A.
Perhaps because Mother is unable to face the abuse that she herself suffered, she was
unwilling to protect her child from similar abuse. To the extent that Mother was truthful
that she is currently seeking counseling, we commend her for her decision to participate in
that mental health treatment. Unfortunately, without more indication that Mother has made
progress in her treatment and in her ability recognize the dangerous situations that she has
placed her children in, we continue to have doubts that Mother will treat Estrella’s sexual
abuse with the seriousness that it deserves. This factor therefore favors termination.

       Finally, the trial court found that Mother had not paid child support consistent with
the guidelines. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i)(9). While it is true that Mother paid
support following the filing of the termination petition, she did not pay support consistently
or ever at the amount that was requested by DCS. As such, this factor indeed favors
termination.

       In addition to the enumerated factors, the trial court also made the following
findings in support of its best interest determination:

       The children are in a preadoptive foster home that is very loving. The
       children are bonded with them and consider them their parents. At the time
       when the mother is out getting arrested for drug paraphernalia in Stewart
       County and the father serving his long jail sentence, the foster parents have
       been [] taking care of these children. The foster home is providing the care
       that has ensured, based on the testimony the Court has heard, that they are
       developmentally on track, they are academically on track, and that they are
       receiving counseling for some[thing] that the mother has consistently denied
       that even happened, the sexual abuse perpetrated upon them by Jerry A[.]

                                           * * *

       The foster parents are well situated, they have provided care, financial and
       emotion support to the child, and love her as if they [] were their own
       biological children. If we were to change custody arrangement and place the
       children with their biological parents, the Court finds that would pose a
       substantial risk of harm to both the physical and emotional well being of the
       minor children.

See Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i) (stating that court “is not limited to” considering the
enumerated factors).
                                        - 22 -
        Based on the totality of the circumstances, we agree with the trial court that
termination is in the best interests of the children at issue in this case. Here, Mother
knowingly allowed one of her children to be abused under her care. When she was told
about this abuse, she did nothing but tell her daughter how to respond if the abuse happened
again. This suggests not only that Mother was not truthful when she stated she first believed
that the irritation that Estrella was experiencing was due to hygiene issues, but also that she
foresaw the horrifying possibility that such an incident could occur again in the future. And
then when the children were removed from her care, she still denied her culpability for the
abuse and delayed taking the classes that were directly related to remedying the conditions
that led to the abuse. Moreover, this was not the first time that Mother’s children had been
victimized by a man she allowed around her children, nor was it the last time that she
brought an inappropriate man into her children’s orbit. While all parental conduct may not
be irredeemable, White, 171 S.W.3d at 193, some conduct certainly comes close. And even
though Mother did participate in visitation, the visitation never progressed beyond the
limited scope that was permitted at the outset of the case.

       Finally, as the trial court stressed, the children are doing well in a home that provides
them with the care and stability that they need. They view their foster parents as their
parents and would be harmed if returned to Mother’s custody. We know that Mother has
other children in her home, whom she is apparently parenting with some success.28 We
hope that Mother’s efforts continue with regard to these children and that she protects them
as she failed to do her older children. But we determine a child’s best interest from the
child’s rather than the parent’s perspective. In re Marr, 194 S.W.3d 490, 499 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 2005). From the children’s perspective, they have a loving, safe home that has a good
possibility of being forever. Their best interests are therefore served by remaining with this
family. The trial court’s finding that termination of Mother’s parental rights is in the
children’s best interest is affirmed.

                                         V. CONCLUSION

       The judgment of the Montgomery County Juvenile Court is affirmed, and this cause
is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this Opinion. Costs of this appeal are
taxed to Appellant, Dixie A., for all of which execution may issue if necessary.

                                                         S/  J. Steven Stafford
                                                          J. STEVEN STAFFORD, JUDGE

       28
           Ms. Huggins testified that “[t]here have been multiple referrals called in for the other two
children[.]” DCS had not taken action to remove the younger children, however, as Ms. Chapman agreed
that the children are “safe enough and well cared for enough that [DCS doesn’t] see a need to remove
them[.]”
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