Court Opinion

ID: 7136949
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-24 15:24:56.284851+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:14:39.740478
License: Public Domain

Carroll, J.
(dissenting). I concur with a majority of the court in holding that the appellants had a right to institute and maintain this action, and in a proper ease obtain the relief sought. But, being of the opinion that the ordinánce in controversy is invalid, I have considered it proper, in view of the importance of the public questions involyed, to put on record my reasons. An answer as well as an intervening petition was filed, but as the case went off in the court below upon a demurrer to the petition, and the majority opinion only, deals with the sufficiency of the petition, I will confine what I have to say to the questions that arise upon a consideration of this pleading. One of these questions — that involving the right of the city council to enact an ordinance relieving the Home Telephone Company of the obligation it assumed, in the franchise granted to it in November, 1900, to pay the city a stipulated amount upon each. *633telephone in nse in excess of 6,000 • telephones — was considered by the court, and it was held in the majority opinion that this contract obligation upon the part of the company was not a liability within the meaning of section 52 of the Constitution. Another question presented by the petition is whether or not the ordinance afforded free and equal opportunity, within the meaning of section 164 of the Constitution, to all persons who might desire to bid for and purchase the franchise, and it was ruled that it did. And yet another, the right of the council, independent of the Constitution, to cancel a contract beneficial to the city and its inhabitants. The majority opinion does not discuss the last-mentioned feature of the ordinance, although it is material in the disposition of the case, and may with propriety be considered in determining the sufficiency of the petition, as the courts may take judicial notice of city ordinances.
Section 2775 of the Kentucky Statutes of 1903, which is a part of the charter of cities of the first class, provides in part that: “The courts of thisCommonwealth shall take judicial cognizance of the ordinances of the city, and the printed copy officially published by the city may be read as evidence in any trial in which the same may be competent evidence without proof of the passage and approval of said ordinance.” So that, although the ordinance of November, 1900, granting a franchise to operate a telephone system in the city of Louisville, which franchise was purchased by the Home Telephone Company, is not a part of or noticed in the petition, it may be considered in connection with it. The franchise purchased by the Home Telephone Company under the ordinance of 1900 gave it the right to maintain and operate in the city a telephone system for a period of 20 years, and *634among other things, stipulated': “That when the purchaser of said franchise or privilege, or his assigns, in the operation of said telephone plant or system, shall have in use within the city of Louisville six thousand (6,000) instruments furnishing telephone service, to six thousand (6,000) persons, firms or corporations, then the said owner or owners of said telephone plant or system shall pay to the city of Louisville, in addition to all municipal taxes, the sum of one ($1) dollar per annum for every such additional telephone service or instrument in excess of six thousand (6,000), which payments shall be made semiannually on January 1 and July 1 of each year to the city treasurer, and it shall be the duty of the purchaser or Qwner of said franchise or privilege, or his assigns, on the first days of January and July of each year, commencing with the first day of .January after the completion of said plant and putting the same in operation, to make a report to- the city comptroller, which shall be in writing and sworn to by the president of the company or the general manager or the owner of said telephone system, and shall set forth therein the number of its patrons and the number of the telephone instruments it has in use at the date of each of -said reports. All rentals shall be payable quarterly in advance.” It further fixed the maximum rates which could be charged for the use of telephones, providing in section 9 that: ‘ ‘ The rates to be charged by the person, firm or corporation owning or exercising the franchise or privilege aforesaid for the use of their telephones shall not exceed the following schedule, to wit: Forty-eight ($48) dollars per year for each business telephone on an individual wire with metallic circuit whárever located within the city limits; for each residence telephone on an indi*635vidual wire with, metallic circuit within a radius of one mile from the courthouse in said city, twenty-four ($24) dollars per year; for each residence telephone on an individual wire with metallic circuit within a radius of two miles of the courthouse and exceeding one mile therefrom, within the city of Louisville, thirty ($30) dollars per annum; for each residence telephone on an individual wire with metallic circuit within the limits of the city of Louisville and outside of said radius of two miles from the courthouse, thirty-six ($36) dollars per year. On extension desk telephone’s the rate shall not exceed twelve ($12) dollars per annum, and for installing extension bells five ($5) dollars each.” The ordinance in controversy provides in section 6 that: “Should the franchise herein ordered to be sold be at any time acquired by any person who at the time of such acquisition already owns a telephone franchise previously granted by the city. of Louisville, such previously granted franchise shall immediately upon the acquisition of the franchise herein ordered to be sold become null and void, and be forfeited and surrendered to the city of Louisville; and all obligations created by the ordinance granting the same or acceptance thereof shall immediately*cease and determine.” It is also provided in section 10 that: “The rates to be charged by the owner or operator of such system shall be for a business telephone not more than seven dollars; for a two party line business telephone not moré than four dollars; for a single residence telephone not more than three dollars, and a half; for a two-party line residence telephone not more than two dollars and a half.”
It will be thus observed that if the Home Telephone Company should become the purchaser of the fran*636chise under the new ordinance, thereupon, and by reason of its purchase, its obligation and liability, under the franchise that it own's and is now operating, to pay to the' city $1 per annum for every telephone in use in the city in excess of 6,000 would be at once extinguished, and it would be relieved of this burden, and the city deprived of the revenue, whatever it may be, derived from this source. In addition thereto it will be noticed that the old franchise bound it for the term of 20 years to furnish telephones at a price not eceeding $4 per month to business houses, and at a price not exceeding $2 per month to residences, while the new ordinance permits the purchaser of it to charge $7 per month for a business telephone, and $4 for a residence telephone. So that, if the franchise under the new ordinance is purchased by the Home Telephone Company, the city of Louisville will lose the revenue it may reasonably expect to derive from the use of telephones in excess of 6,000, and the citizens and taxpayers of Louisville will be required to pay almost twice as much for telephone service furnished by the Home Telephone Company as they do under the existing ordinance. It is therefore manifest that the ordinance offering this new franchise for sale was not enacted for the benefit of the city of Louisville or the citizens and taxpayers thereof, but* on the contrary, its adoption was detrimental to the city and the citizens. It is further apparent that the only person bénefited, or intended to be benefited, by the new ordinance is the Home Telephone Company.
Setting aside for the present the question whether or not the obligation of the Home Telephone Company under the old franchise is a liability within the meaning of section 52 of the Constitution, and the *637further question whether or not the ordinance is a fair and equal one within the meaning of section 164 of the Constitution, I will take up the proposition whether the municipal hoards of a city that have entered into a valid contract, admitted to be beneficial to the city and its inhabitants, can subsequently, by the consent of the other contracting party, cancel the contract and exonerate the other party from all obligations assumed under it to the city and its people. In support of the proposition that municipal authorities, in the exercise of the power vested in them by the statute to contract and be contracted with, may modify or annul any contract they have made, by the consent of the other contracting party, the argument is made, first, that if it. is competent for the municipal authorities to enter into a contract, it is also within their power to annul or modify the contract, with the consent of the other contracting party; and, second, that if this power was denied, a city would be disabled from annulling or modifying, by consent of the parties, a contract that experience or time had proven to be disadvantageous or undesirable to both; that this condition of affairs might impose upon the people of a city onerous burdens, from which they could not be relieved until the expiration of the contract period, although both the contracting parties were willing to make a change. I do not, of course, deny that municipal authorities, within the scope of the power granted to them by the statute, may enter into contracts, nor do I maintain that municipal authorities may not, by the consent of the other contracting parties, modify or cancel a contract that time or experience or other reason has shown to be disadvantageous to the people of the city, or that was entered into under a mutual mistake. And I agree that the pre*638sumption must be indulged that tbe boards will act within their powers for the best interests of the city, and discharge with sound judgment and fidelity the duties of their office, and, further, that the courts ought not to undertake to control their discretion, in municipal affairs, unless it is made clearly to appear that they have exceeded their authority or have acted fraudulently or corruptly. My position is that municipal boards occupy a position of trust; that they are agents and servants of the people of the city, and must perform their duties with fidelity to the welfare and interest of the people they represent for the time being; that their powers are delegated and limited; that although they may enter into contracts and, in certain states of case, cancel or modify them for a valuable and sufficient consideration, or in cases where a mutual mistake was made, or when it is for the best interest of tbe city, yet they can not modify or cancel to the detriment of the people, whose agents they are:, a beneficial or advantageous contract, made with an individual or corporation, solely for the advantage of such person or corporation. To sanction a power like this would be giving to municipal boards authority not granted to any other agent or trustee ; and when it is’ attempted, the courts have the same power to interfere and control as they do in any case where the principal or agent is exceeding his powers. And I rest my argument on the right of the court to interpose upon the ground that' the council, in the enactment of so much of the ordinance as exonerated the Home Telephone Company from its liability and obligation, exceeded its power as much:, although in a somewhat different way, as was attempted by the council that undertook to relieve the city railway company from the payment of taxes, but was pre*639vented by this court, in the case of City of Louisville v. Louisville Railway Company, 111 Ky. 1, 63 S. W. 14, 23 Ky. Law Rep. 390, 98 Am. St. Rep. 387.
When the bid for the franchise offered for sale under the ordinance of 1900 was accepted by the council, a valid and binding contract was entered into between the city and the Home Telephone Company for a term of 20 years. This contract neither party, under the facts presented, could modify or, nance! without the consent of the other. Page on Contracts, section 1756. While admitting the correctness of this proposition, it is nevertheless confidently asserted that, as any kind of a contract may be altered or annulled by the consent of the contracting parties, so may a contract entered into by and with a municipality. Therefore the argument is made that, as the council and the other contracting party have consented to a cancellation of the contract, the courts have no authority to interfere; that the matter is entirely within the power and discretion of the council and th¿ council is to judge unrestrained- of the necessity or reason for its cancellation and its acts are final and conclusive. In support of this contention counsel cite Bean v. Jay, 23 Me. 117, Nelson v. Milford, 7 Pick. (Mass.) 18, Meech v. Buffalo, 29 N. Y. 198, and section 477 of Dillon on Municipal Corporations, where the author supporting hig views by the cases supra, states that: “Growing out of its authority to create debts and to incur liabilities, a municipal corporation has power to settle disputed claims against the city, and an agreement to pay these is not void for want of consideration. If it has obtained a contract, which by mistake or a change of circumstances it deems to operate oppressively upon the other party, an agree*640ment to make an additional compensation or to modify or annul it.is not invalid for want of consideration.” The case of Meech v. Buffalo is the only one of the three that is at all in point, and it does not decide the question presented in this case. There it appeared that the city ordered the construction of a sewer, and simultaneously determined that the amount to be assessed for the expense of the same be the sum of $1,058, and directed the city assessor to assess the same upon the real estate benefited by such improvement, and the amount was so assessed. Afterwards the corporation contracted with one Randolph to construct the sewer for $1,058, and Randolph gave security for the performance of the contract on his part. “While prosecuting the work, but before its completion, he struck and touched a bed of quicksand below the surface of the earth, of great extent, and directly in the line of the sewer, the existence of which was theretofore unknown to both the contracting parties, and could not have been anticipated by either of them. The existence of the quicksand increased the expense of the construction of the sewer to such an extent that it was impossible for Randolph to construct the same for twice the amount of the contract price. Whereupon he stopped working upon it, and petitioned the common council to increase the contract price for building the. sewer, to indemnify him for the loss which he would sustain by reason of such quicksand if he should go on and complete the sewer for the contract price. Upon such petition the common council determined to pay and allow to Randolph an additional sum on his contract. Randolph would have abandoned the work in its uncompleted and unfinished state unless the additional allowance had been made to him as an indemnity for the loss which he *641would have sustained by reason of the quicksand, and this intention was known to the common council. Taxpayers of the town resisted the imposition and collection of this $588, upon the ground that the council had no power to add to the amount for which Randolph had agreed to construct the sewer,” hut, under the facts, the court held that it was within the power of the council to make the additional compensation. It is evident that the last sentence in the quotation from Dillon was rested upon this case, as no other authority is cited in support of it.
I have made diligent search, but without success, to find any authority supporting the view that a city council without any consideration may surrender or give away valuable property rights secured to the city under a fair contract, entered into by the contracting parties with full knowledge of existing circumstances, and the reciprocal rights and duties assumed. City councils are not- invested with supreme power. They are not altogether above judicial control. They-have large powers and extensive discretion, but these powers, and the discretion incident thereto, are delegated. They must be exercised within statutory limits, and when these limits are exceeded, their action may be reviewed by the courts. That they did exceed them in this case I have no doubt. The inhabitants of a city, although the principals,, and indeed the corporation itself, are necessarily obliged to transact their business through agents appointed or selected for that purpose. And to say that' these agents may cancel a contract made between the city and an individual, to the end that the individual may be benefited by the cancellation, and the people of the city damaged by it, seems to me to be unsound in principle, and entirely beyond the scope of the author*642ity of these municipal agents. In this case the city will secure no consideration for its agreement to relieve the Home Telephone Company from its contract. True the ordinance provides for an upset price of $5,000 and the free use by the city for a few telephones, but these considerations are. a part of the purchase price of the new franchise that any bidder would be obliged to pay and perform, and are not a ■ reward paid to be released from an existing contract. The case before us furnishes a striking example of the necessity for judicial interposition, and illustrates well the evil consequences that would follow from a doctrine declaring that municipal boards had unlimited authority to cancel without consideration any and all contracts entered into between the city and persons or corporations. The telephone is one of the most useful of modern improvements-. -It has already become almost as essential to the convenience of the people as the common carriers. It is found in every well-appointed home, and it is rarely absent from a place of business. People use it one way or another in all the affairs of life. It is therefore highly important to the people of a city that telephone rates should be fixed at a reasonable price, in order that, poor persons and those of moderate means may be able to have it in their homes and places of business. Under the contract made with' the Home Telephone Company in 1900 the people of the city of Louisville were assured that for the term of 20 years from that date they would have furnished to them telephone service at reasonable rates. The ordinance provides in section 10: “That the apparatus, instruments, switch boards, appliances and equipment of said telephone system shall be of the best, most modern and. approved central energy type, and all switch boards *643shall be of the multiple form except in subexchanges and shall be maintained during the period and existence of the said franchise or privilege with the best equipment possible, and the telephone service thereby shall be first-class in all respects and continuous and unlimited for twenty-four (24) hours in every day during the entire period for which said franchise or privilege shall be granted, except interruptions from unavoidable causes.” But the enjoyment of this reasonable privilege will be taken away without consideration if this ordinance is valid.
It does not appear that any citizen of Louisville is objecting to the rates now charged, or complaining of the services rendered by the Home Telephone Company. But the company, after having operated its plant for several years, concluded that the rates fixed by the ordinance were too low; that the service it rendered to the city and the people were being furnished too cheaply; that the contract by which it assumed to pay a stipulated sum for each telephone in excess of 6,000 was an onerous burden upon it, and therefore it applied to the council to offer for sale another franchise. I use the expression “it applied to the council” because the ordinance upon its face shows, as I will presently point out, that it was really enacted for the benefit of the Home Telephone Company, and the petition avers that: “The Louisville Home Telephone Company has a special interest in the sale of said franchise, because it expects and intends to become a bidder for said franchise when sold by the board of publio works, and hopes to become, and believes it will become, the purchaser thereof; and it desires to have opportunity, and has the right to have the opportunity, of thus acquiring the franchise for the operation of a telephone plant in the city *644of Louisville in accordance with the terms set forth in said ordinance.”
I have heretofore pointed out the material disadvantages that the city and its people will suffer if the Home Telephone Company is permitted hy the purchase of the new franchise to relieve itself of the obligations it assumed under the old one. And it is freely admitted by counsel for the company that, if it becomes the purchaser of the new franchise, the contract to pay the city for telephones in excess of 6,000, and to furnish telephones at the rates specified in the old ordinance, will be at once extinguished, except as to such individuals as have contracts, and as to them will terminate when the contracts expire. It therefore seems plain that, if the council can cancel this contract, it has the power to cancel any contract that might be made, by a person or corporation, with the city upon any subject, however injurious to the city and the people the annulment might be. This would result, if allowable, in permitting municipal boards to destroy any advantageous contract the city might make upon the request of the other contracting party who desired to free himself from the burdens or liability assumed when the contract was entered into. It would further result in permitting these boards to grant a gratuity, in the form of exonerations from assumed liabilities, to persons who had contracts with the city. If in and as part of the ordinance offering for sale a new franchise, the city council has the authority to provide that the obligations assumed under the old ordinance shall be extinguished, it would seem to follow that this result could, with as much force of reason and propriety, be arrived at, by simply adopting an- ordinance striking from the old ordinance the features thereof objection*645able to the Horae Telephone Company, or, to put it in another way, if the provision ire the ordinance in controversy that, ‘ ‘ should the franchise herein ordered to be sold be at any time acquired by any person who at the time of such acquisition already owned a telephone franchise previously granted by the city of Louisville, such previously granted franchise shall immediately upon the acquisition of the franchise herein ordered to be sold become null and void, and be forfeited and surrendered to the city of Louisville; and all obligations created by the ordinance granting the same or acceptance thereof shall immediately cease and determine” — is valid, then why should not the council repeal by ordinance the features of the old ordinance that' imposed upon the Home Telephone Company the obligations that are to be annulled if it purchased the franchise offered for sale-under this new ordinance? The effect would be precisely the same. If one can be done, I see no reason why the other may not. But I doubt if the question was presented in this form if the majority of the court would have reached the conclusion that it was competent for the council to thus take away from the city, and the people of the city, valuable rights secured to them under a valid and enforceable contract, or be willing to lay down a rule that would encourage persons to enter into a contract with a city to perform for a consideration some beneficial public service, with the hope and expectation that a more accommodating council would relieve them from the onerous features of a contract that a less agreeable body had exacted. And in the views expressed upon this aspect of the case I find support in the opinion of this court in Cumberland Telephone & Telegraph Company v. City of Hickman, 129 Ky. —, 111 S. W. 311, 33 Ky. L. *646R. 730, where it is.said: “The grantee had agreed to certain conditions'as part consideration for this-grant.. One of them, the rate of tolls, was of particular interest to the public, in other words, the city. The other condition was as to the time within which work on the plant was to be begun. The latter was not of so much importance to the city, except as a kind of security that the bid was in good faith. It was a condition which the city might have been justified in not exacting tire penalty for its breach, if the delay had not been material. Still it was a matter of importance to the grantee, as it weakened his hold upon its franchise. "We think it’ was competent for the ciiy to waive the forfeiture of the franchise because the work had not been begun within six months, in consideration of a reduction of the rates by the owner of the franchise. There was a sufficient consideration moving to the city to support its waiver of the forfeiture; likewise a sufficient consideration moving to the grantee of the franchise to support his agreement to charge patrons within- the city, and for whose benefit and welfare the contract had been entered into, a less rate than was originally agreed upon. In doing this the city granted no new or different right in the use of its streets, nor did it abate any of the original consideration. On the contrary, it gave only what it had originally agreed to grant, and got in exchange a better consideration.”
The next question is: Is this ordinance a free and equal one and does it afford a fair opportunity to any bidder to purchase the franchise offered for sale? Section 164 of the. Constitution provides that: “No county, city, town, taxing distritt or other municipality shall be authorized or permitted to grant any franchise, or privilege or make any contract in refer-*647©nee thereto for a term exceeding twenty years. Before granting such franchise or privilege for a term of years, such municipality shall first after due advertisement receive bids therefor publicly, and award the same to the highest and best bidder, but it shall have the right to reject any and all bids. This section shall not apply to a trunk line railway.” This section was incorporated in the new Constitution for the benefit of the citizens of municipalities, and not of persons or corporations who desired to purchase the right to operate public utilities. Its adoption, as said in Hilliard v. Fetter Lighting & Heating Co., 127 Ky. 95, 105 S. W. 115, 31 Ky. L. R. 1330, “was largely due to the fact that prior to the present Constitution the municipal authorities of cities might, and did, grant valuable rights in the streets and public places to individuals and corporations desiring to use them for private gain. No restrictions were thrown around the granting of these privileges to protect the citizens from the cupidity of the council or the greed of a purchaser of a franchise. As a result, the residents and taxpayers of the city found their most valuable streets occupied by corporations, who obtained them as a result of personal favor or private traffic without just or often any compensation to the people who owned them.” That it was further intended by this section that no advantage or preference should be shown to any person in the sale of a franchise is illustrated by the care used in providing that: “Before granting said franchise or privilege for a term of years, such municipality shall first after due advertisement receive bids therefor publicly and award the same to the highest _ and best bidder” — thus throwing around the sale every possible efficient safeguard that might prevent such discrimination or favoritism as would deprive *648the people of the profit or advantage they might expect to gain from the sale of the franchise. If any preference was allowed or any favoritism permitted, either in the ordinance authorizing the sale, or in the conduct of the sale, or in any manner, by the municipal authorities, it is clear the object of this section would be defeated, and its useful purpose impaired, if not destroyed.. As a consequence unscrupulous or favored persons or corporations would be enabled to sefcure for a trifle, privileges that might be worth, and that in the open market would bring thousands.
The question then arises: In what particular does this ordinance viola’te the principle of fair, equal and free opportunity to bid and buy the franchise proposed to be offered? In considering this question it is well to keep in mind the fact that the Home Telephone Company at the time this ordinance was enacted was, and had been since 1900, operating a telephone system in Louisville, and that its only competitor in the business was the Cumberland Telephone Company. Both of these corporations were engaged in exactly the same kind of business. Each of them was operating under a franchise granted by the city, and there was genuine and active competition between them. This being true, it strikes one at first blush as being- singular that one of these companies should be excluded from bidding or becoming a purchaser of the franchise. No good reason, nor indeed any reason, in my opinion, is offered to explain why the Cumberland Telephone Company was discriminated against, and' the Home Telephone Company favored, in this respect. I am unable to perceive how the. purchase of this franchise by the Cumberland Telephone Company would give it any greater monop ■ oly than would its purchase by the Home Telephone *649Company. If the Cumberland Telephone Company became the purchaser, its purchase would not in any manner interfere with the rights and privileges of the Home Telephone Company undei«its existing franchise. And so, if the Home Telephone Company should become the purchaser, its franchise would not prevent the Cumberland Telephone Company from competing with it for business under the franchise giving it the right to operate a telephone system. It is, however, said that the premable to the ordinance sets out the reasons why the Cumberland Telephone Company was excluded. This preamble declares: “Where as, it is desired to secure for the public more efficient competition with the Cumberland Telephone' & Telegraph Company, and whereas, requirements of the telephone franchise heretofore sold for that purpose embraced certain restrictions that make such competition impossible; therefore, be it ordained by the general council of the city of Louisville.”
I confess my inability to understand how the restrictions as to rates, imposed upon the Home Telephone Company by the ordinance of 1900, and hereto - fore pointed out, prevented it from being an efficient competitor of the Cumberland Telephone Company, or how the purchase by it of the franchise offered under the new ordinance would make it a helpful competitor in the interest of the public. The theory of the Home Telephone Company is that, if it is allowed to charge higher rates than its existing franchise permits, it may be a more efficient competitor than it could under the law rates; but, it seems to me that this reasoning is fallacious. The competition favored by the Constitution is a competition that benefits the public, a competition that reduces-rates, and not a competition that enriches the competitors at the expense of the public, *650or that enables them to charge rates that, compared with existing rates, appear unreasonable. This kind of competition may be desirable looking at the matter from the standpoint of the corporation, but it is clear that it is not the kind of competition that the law regards with favor. But, as authorizing the exclusion of the Cumberland Telephone Company, its counsel relies with great confidence upon the opinion of this court in Stites v. Norton, 125 Ky. 672, 101 S. W. 1189, 31 Ky. L. R. 263, 13 L. R. A. (N. S.) 474. I think the ruling of the court in that case was sound in principle when applied to the facts stated in the opinion, but I am also confident that it should not be extended to embrace the state of case presented by this record. The purpose of that opinion was to encourage real competition, to the end that the people using public utilities might be benefited, and to prevent the creation of a monopoly. It was not the purpose of the court, in excluding the Louisville Lighting Company as a bidder, to encourage favoritism or discrimination without a corresponding benefit to the public. That this is a proper construction of the opinion may be readily understood by carefully considering what was decided. In that case the city offered for sale a franchise to string and maintain wires along the streets of the city for distributing and selling electricity. The ordinance creating the franchise excluded the Louisville Lighting Company, upon the ground that it already had all the privileges conferred by the ordinance; it being admitted that the Louisville Lighting Company and its associated corporations owned and operated, at the time the ordinance was adopted, the only franchise for lighting the city with electricity, and further admitted that, if. it or those acting in its interests were permitted to bid at *651the sale of the new franchise, the purchase would he for the purpose of suppressing and preventing' operation under it. Under these facts the court, in sustaining the right of the city to exclude the Louisville Lighting Company as a bidder, said: “The receiving of such a bid would have had the effect to delay, hinder, and possibly prevent the lawful purpose of the council in attempting to relieve the city from extortion. A bid made for such a purpose and with such an intent, is not a bid in the sense and meaning of section 164 of the Constitution. Legislative bodies should be very careful in prohibiting persons or corporations from bidding at such sales; and, if it should be made to appear that bids were rejected by reason of any ulterior, sinister, fraudulent, or unlawful purpose or reason, the court should grant relief, but when made to appear, as in this case, that the prohibition of a bid was made for the just and lawful purpose of enabling the council to secure to the citizens their rights under the Constitution, the court should uphold rather than condemn its action.”
That there is a radical distinction between the facts before the court in the Stites Case and the facts exhibited by this record is made manifest by what has been heretofore said. The Stites Case presented exceptionally good and strong reasons for the application of the rule announced, none of which exist in this case. That the purpose in excluding the Cumberland Telephone Company was not to benefit the public or give fair competition, but to benefit the Home Telephone Company alone, is manifest. So that the question comes up: Is an ordinance that excludes a bidder, for no other reason than that he is already in competition with the bidder who desires to purchase the franchise, authorized by the Consti*652tution? I think not. If the Stites Case should be extended along logical, lines, both of these telephone companies should be excluded from purchasing the privilege of establishing á new telephone system; but, clearly one of them should not be. If municipal bodies could thus, discriminate" between competitors, without any reason except the desire to favor one above the other, the result would be that bribery, corruption, and improper influences would be resorted to by the owners of the competing plants whenever an ordinance for a new franchise was pending, the purpose of each being to exclude the other as a competitor. As a necessary consequence of this, the citizens of the municipality would be denied the right guaranteed to them by the Constitution to have these privileges sold at public outcry, after due advertisement, to the highest and best bidder. If, under circumstances like these, a city council can exclude one competitor from bidding for a franchise .granting a privilege in which only two are engaged in the business of conducting, I see no reason why they might not say that only one of four or more persons or corporations, engaged in identically the same business, should be permitted to bid for or purchase a new franchise to conduct a similar business. And so, if this theory of exclusion and discrimination was authorized, a council could virtually award a franchise to its favorite corporation without any excuse or reason except that found in the influence of this councilmanie favorite. It needs no argument or .elaboration to show what unfortunate results would follow from such a practice, if legalized. It was surely not contemplated by the Constitution makers that this valuable section, intended to secure competition, prevent discrimination, and deny favoritism, might be made the efficient instrument in the *653accomplishment of the very ends intended to he prevented. It would be a most remarkable condition of affairs if A, B, and C, who were engaged in the same identical business, in real competition with each other, and with D, should he denied the right to hid for a franchise permitting the purchaser to conduct the same business they were carrying on, and yet allow D to hid for and buy the franchise. This rule would prevent competition, deny equality, encourage discrimination, and foster favoritism. In short, it would be an active aid in everything that the Constitution was designed to prevent.
The ordinance in question not only excludes the Cumberland Telephone Company, hut it also provides that, if the Home Telephone Company is the purchaser, its former franchise shall be at an end. In other words, if the Home Telephone Company purchases the franchise, it will be released from its obligation to furnish telephone. service at the present rates, and will he allowed to charge almost double as much for' the same service. It will also he released from its obligation to pay the $1 each on all telephones over 6,000. If any one else buys the franchise, he will get no more than the privileges granted; hut if the Home Telephone Company buys the franchise it will get in addition a release from its present obligations to the city. The bidders, therefore, will not stand upon an equal footing. The provision of the Constitution that the franchise shall he sold to the highest and best bidder after due advertisement is meaningless if such an ordinance as this can he sustained. The purpose of the Constitution is that the franchise shall be sold to the highest and best bidder after due advertisement, so that the city shall derive as much from the sale as can he gotten. The purpose *654of the ordinance is not to make anything for the city, but to relieve the Home Telephone Company from its present obligations under the form of a sale of a new ordinance. When the ordinance is read in the light of the allegations of the petition that the Home Telephone Company expects to be a bidder at the sale, it is manifest that the ordinance was designed to sell a franchise which only the Home Telephone Company could buy, and that it should be the only bidder at the sale, for no one can compete with it in bidding for this franchise, as no one can get, if he purchases, the same advantages as it will get. Free and equal competition is the fundamental aim of the constitutional provision, and when there is no free and equal competition, the constitutional provision is violated. Here the ordinance excludes from the bidding appellant’s only competitor; and then gives it, if it purchases, privileges that no one else gets if he should purchase it. It is uniformly held, under statutes providing for sales to the highest and best bidder, that unless there can be real competition, the statute is violated. Fairfax v. Hopkins, 8 Fed. Cas. 955, No. 4,614; Hart v. Buckner, 54 Fed, 925, 5 C. C. A. 1. And where the statute provides for the letting of public improvements to the lowest and best bidder, it is in like manner also held that the proceeding is void where the ordinance prescribes conditions preventing fair and free competition. Fineran v. Central Bitulithic Co., 116 Ky. 495, 76 S. W. 415, 125 Ky. Law Rep. 876; Fishburn v. Chicago, 171 Ill. 338, 49 N. E. 532, 39 L. R. A. 482, 63 Am. St. Rep. 236; Diamond v. Mankato, 89 Minn. 48, 93 N. W. 911, 61 L. R. A. 448. Here we have not a statutory provision,, but a mandatory provision, of the Constitution. While the city council has legis*655lative authority, it has this authority subject to the Constitution. Any legislation it makes in conflict with the Constitution is void. The public sale of the franchise in question is but a form of granting a special privilege to the Home Telephone Company, and when such proceedings are sustained, the door is open for all the abuses which the constitutional provision was intended to prevent. The exclusion of the Cumberland Telephone Company from bidding and the favoritism shown the Home Telephone Company were both'in violation of section 164 of the Constitution, and for these reasons the ordinance should be declared invalid.
I am further of the opinion that the obligation upon the part of the company, under its contract of 1900, to pay to the city $1 per annum for each telephone in use in the city, in excess of 6,000, during the life of the contract, which was for a term of 20 years, was a liability within the meaning of section 52 of the Constitution, and the attempt to- release the company a violation of the section which provides that: “The General Assembly shall have no power to release, extinguish, or authorize the releasing or extinguishing in whole or in part, the indebtedness or liability of any corporation or individual to this Commonwealth, or to any county or municipality thereof” — and should be given a liberal and not a strained construction. In other words, it should be so interpreted as to give to-the city the full measure of protection intended to be conferred by the section. The words “liability” and “indebtedness” used in the section are the leading features of it. The other words merely describe the bodies that may not release or extinguish an “indebtedness” or “liability.” It is to be presumed that they were used in the ordinary and usual acceptation *656of these words. They are not technical, bnt are commonly employed in the everyday affairs of life. If we say that a person is indebted, or that he has assumed a liability, it will be understood that there is some contract obligation existing under and by virtue of which the liability or indebtedness was created o1* incurred. The amount of the liability or the extent of the indebtedness is not material. It may be $1 or $1,000 or the rendering of service. Nor is it important when the contract was created, if it be valid, or when the indebtedness or liability is to be liquidated, or whether it may be paid in installments or as a whole. Webster defines “liability” as the “state of being liable, that which one is under obligation to pay, or for which one is liable.” The word “liable” is defined as being “bound or obligáted in law or equity, exposed to a certain contingency or casualty, more or less probable.” And defines “indebtedness” as the “state of being indebted”; that is, brought into debt, being under obligations, held to payment of requital, beholden, placed under obligation for something received, for which restitution or gratitude is due.” It will be seen from these definitions that the word “liability” is sufficiently comprehensive to include any kind of legal or equitable obligation to do or perform a certain thing. If it was only intended that the section should be applied to contract obligations to pay a fixed sum of money, there would have been no reason for using the word “liability,” as the word “indebtedness” covers and embraces all ordinary debts. It is therefore fair to assume that the word “liability” was added to remove any doubt that might exist as to the intent of the section. It is a word of broader'meaning than “indebtedness” and *657includes matters that the word “indebtedness-” might not reach.
There is no dispute about the terms of the contract between the city and the telephone company; nor is there any denial of its validity, so that, the only question to be considered is'whether or not it created a liability to -the city upon the part of the Home Telephone Company. It was agreed, as a part of the contract, that if the Home Telephone Company put in operation any telephones in excess of 6,000, that it would pay to the city $1 for each telephone over that number. It is therefore plain that, if the company installed, during the existence of the franchise, over 6,000 telephones, there would not only be a liability to pay the stipulated fee for the excess, but the creation of an indebtedness, upon which the city might maintain an action. But the argument is made that this liability is too contingent to come within the meaning of section 52. That there may or may not be any telephones.over 6,000 in use, and hence there may or may not be any indebtedness or liability on the part of the company under its contract. Granting, for the sake of argument, that the company might not have over 6,000 telephones in use, and -consequently not •become liable or indebted to the city in any amount, this does not prove that no liability was created. The mere fact that it is contingent in this particular does not take it out of the reach of the constitutional provision. It is not necessary thqt the extent or exact or approximate amount of the liability be specified, or that it shall be definitely fixed. It was clearly contemplated by the parties to the contract that at some time during its existence the number of telephones would exceed 6,000, and it was further contemplated that the contract would run for the full term of 20 *658years-. Therefore the city has the right to exact from the company any amount that'may become due at any time within 20 years. That this condition was incorported in the ordinance is some evidence of the fact that the city expected to derive benefit from it. I might add that it is stated in the opinion that there is now in service 8,000 telephones, and that /the city-is deriving an annual income therefrom of $2,000, thus making it plain that the contract in this particular is valuable to the city, and creates a liability, as well as an indebtedness, upon the part of the Home Telephone Company that it wishes to be relieved of.
For the reasons stated, the general demurrer to the petition was properly sustained.
I am authorized to say that Judges Hobson and Nunn concur in this dissenting opinion.