Court Opinion

ID: 9363306
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-01-13 20:01:52.099446+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:15:30.970921
License: Public Domain

Filed 1/13/23 Wang v. EOS Petro CA2/7
   NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                         SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                      DIVISION SEVEN

HENRY WANG et al.,                                                B317659

       Plaintiffs and Respondents,                                (Los Angeles County
                                                                  Super. Ct.
         v.                                                       No. 20STCV14071)

EOS PETRO, INC. et al,

       Defendants and Appellants.

     APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of
Los Angeles County, Kristin S. Escalante and Patricia D. Nieto,
Judges. Reversed with directions.
     McKown Bailey, Aaron M. McKown and Tony J. Cheng for
Defendants and Appellants.
     Hamrick & Evans, A. Raymond Hamrick III and Jonathan
Dutton for Plaintiffs and Respondents.
                        INTRODUCTION

       EOS Petro, Inc., Nikolas Konstant, and Umesh Patel
(defendants) appeal from a default judgment against them and in
favor of Henry Wang, Yam Sheun Kwok, and Qiongzhen Zheng
(plaintiffs) after defendants failed to repay a number of loans.
Limited in the arguments they can make on appeal from a
default judgment, defendants contend that plaintiffs’ complaint
failed to state any cause of action, that plaintiffs did not submit
sufficient evidence of their damages, that the judgment is void
because it awards prejudgment interest at a usurious rate, and
that plaintiffs were not entitled to attorneys’ fees. We agree with
defendants that the trial court erred in awarding prejudgment
interest at a rate that exceeded the maximum allowable rate and
in awarding attorneys’ fees, but we disagree with defendants’
other contentions. Therefore, we reverse the judgment and direct
the trial court to enter a new judgment that awards interest at a
legal rate and that does not include an award of attorneys’ fees.

      FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

      A.     Plaintiffs Sue Defendants for Failing To Repay
             Various Loans
      In April 2020 plaintiffs filed this action, alleging causes of
action for, among other things, breach of contract, money had and
received, and receiving stolen property in violation of Penal Code
section 496. Plaintiffs alleged that, in a series of six transactions
in 2018, Konstant and Patel borrowed $347,000 from Wang,
$250,000 from Kwok, and $100,000 from Zheng and that EOS
Petro executed promissory notes in which it agreed to repay five

                                 2
of the six loans to Konstant and Patel. Plaintiffs alleged
Konstant, Patel, and EOS Petro breached the loan agreements
and promissory notes by failing to repay any principal or pay any
interest.

      B.      The Trial Court Grants Plaintiffs’ Request for a
              Default Judgment
      After none of the defendants responded to the complaint,
plaintiffs filed requests for entry of default, and in July 2020 the
clerk entered the default of each defendant. In October 2020
plaintiffs applied for a default judgment. They requested as
damages $697,000 in unpaid principal; prejudgment interest at
the rates specified in the various loan agreements and
promissory notes ($290,156 as of October 16, 2020, plus $338.50
per day thereafter); $8,860 in attorneys’ fees under Penal Code
section 496, subdivision (c), as provided by a schedule in the Los
Angeles Superior Court Local Rules; and $944 in costs. Each
plaintiff submitted a declaration stating the terms, and attached
an unsigned copy, of each loan or promissory note.1 In December
2020 the trial court entered judgment against defendants in the
amount of $1,017,270.

      C.    Defendants Move To Vacate the Default Judgment,
            and the Trial Court Enters an Amended Judgment
      In May 2021 defendants filed a motion to vacate the default
judgment. Defendants argued that the complaint failed to state
any cause of action, that the prayer for relief in the complaint did

1     The only document actually signed was an August 22, 2018
$100,000 “convertible debenture note” between Zheng and EOS
Petro. It was signed by Konstant on behalf of EOS Petro.

                                 3
not specify the amount of damages sought, that plaintiffs’
evidence did not establish they were entitled to the damages they
were requesting, that the court erred in making defendants’
liability joint and several, and that plaintiffs were not entitled to
attorneys’ fees.
       The court denied the motion in part and granted it in part.
The court ruled plaintiffs’ complaint “provided notice of the
specific amounts owed by Defendants as to each Plaintiff” and
“repeated notice of the total amount sought against Defendants
by the three Plaintiffs.” The court rejected defendants’
contention that, by failing to attach signed loan agreements,
plaintiffs did not allege sufficient facts to state causes of action
for breach of contract. The court ruled defendants failed “to show
why the unsigned documents would defeat the claims as a matter
of law. At best, this would be a failure to present evidence of
liability (i.e., that Defendants are not parties to the contracts),
despite the pled allegations.” The court also ruled plaintiffs’
common count for money had and received “could support the
judgment without a writing.” Finally, the court ruled that,
although the complaint alleged defendants were jointly and
severally liable for the entire amount of damages, because each
plaintiff was entitled to a different amount, the court could not
enter a judgment that awarded each plaintiff the entire amount.
Therefore, the court ordered plaintiffs “to submit a new proposed
judgment consistent with the obligations” to Wang, Kwok, and
Zheng, individually.
       Plaintiffs submitted a revised proposed judgment, and
defendants filed objections. The trial court agreed with
defendants that the judgment against EOS Petro should be
reduced to reflect the fact that EOS Petro guaranteed only five of

                                  4
the six loans. The trial court rejected defendants’ argument that,
because Konstant and Patel did not sign the loan agreements,
“pre-judgment interest rates charged against Konstant and Patel
should be the constitutional limit of 7% per annum, instead of the
contracted rates.” The court ruled that plaintiffs stated “a valid
cause of action for breach of contract against [d]efendants, with
the various interest rates asserted,” and that “the breach of
contract cause supports the contracted interest rates.” Konstant
and Patel timely appealed from the amended default judgment.2

                          DISCUSSION

       A.     Applicable Law
       A “‘“judgment by default is said to ‘confess’ the material
facts alleged by the plaintiff, i.e., the defendant’s failure to
answer has the same effect as an express admission of the
matters well pleaded in the complaint.”’” (Kim v. Westmoore
Partners, Inc. (2011) 201 Cal.App.4th 267, 281, italics omitted;
see Steven M. Garber & Associates v. Eskandarian (2007)
150 Cal.App.4th 813, 823.) “The ‘well-pleaded allegations’ of a
complaint refer to ‘“‘all material facts properly pleaded, but not
contentions, deductions or conclusions of fact or law.’”’” (Kim, at

2      EOS Petro also appealed from the judgment, but as a
suspended corporation, it does not have capacity to pursue this
appeal. (See Rev. & Tax. Code, § 23301; Bourhis v. Lord (2013)
56 Cal.4th 320, 324.) Therefore, we dismiss the appeal by EOS
Petro. In addition, although in their opening brief defendants
state they appealed from the default judgment and the trial
court’s order denying their motion to set aside the default
judgment, defendants did not appeal from the latter order; they
only appealed from the default judgment.

                                 5
p. 281; see Carlsen v. Koivumaki (2014) 227 Cal.App.4th 879,
898.) If “the complaint properly states a cause of action, the only
additional proof required for the judgment is that needed to
establish the amount of damages.” (Carlsen, at p. 898.) Although
“the general rule [is] that the sufficiency of the evidence tendered
in a default proceeding cannot be reviewed on an appeal from a
default judgment,” the general rule does not apply “as to damages
which, despite default, require proof.” (Ostling v. Loring (1994)
27 Cal.App.4th 1731, 1745; accord, Scognamillo v. Herrick (2003)
106 Cal.App.4th 1139, 1150; see Sass v. Cohen (2020) 10 Cal.5th
861, 880 [“plaintiffs in default cases must still prove their
damages to obtain monetary recovery”].)

      B.      Plaintiffs Pleaded Sufficient Facts To State Several
              Causes of Action
       Defendants argue the default judgment is invalid because
plaintiffs’ complaint did not allege facts sufficient to state any
cause of action. A “trial court may not enter a default judgment
when the complaint’s allegations do not state a cause of action.”
(Los Defensores, Inc. v. Gomez (2014) 223 Cal.App.4th 377, 392;
see J.W. v. Watchtower Bible & Tract Society of New York, Inc.
(2018) 29 Cal.App.5th 1142, 1162.) “We apply the de novo
standard of review when considering whether a complaint alleges
sufficient facts to state a cause of action.” (J.W., at p. 1162; see
Lee v. Hanley (2015) 61 Cal.4th 1225, 1230.) Our review is “akin
to that triggered by a general demurrer, namely, whether the
complaint lacks factual allegations indispensable to the asserted
claims.” (Los Defensores, at pp. 392-393.) “‘“‘[W]e accept as true
all material facts alleged in the complaint, but not contentions,
deductions or conclusions of fact or law.’”’” (City of Oakland v.
Oakland Raiders (2022) 83 Cal.App.5th 458, 472; see Centinela

                                 6
Freeman Emergency Medical Associates v. Health Net of
California, Inc. (2016) 1 Cal.5th 994, 1010.)

            1.      Plaintiffs Stated Causes of Action for Breach of
                    Contract
       Defendants contend the complaint did not state a cause of
action for breach of contract because, while the complaint alleged
defendants breached written loan agreements and promissory
notes, plaintiffs in their “default prove-up package” submitted
unsigned contracts. Defendants argue plaintiffs’ “inability to
produce signed agreements between the parties legally and
factually precludes them from establishing, let alone prevailing,
on any breach of written contract causes of action.” But because
defendants defaulted, plaintiffs did not have to produce evidence
sufficient to “prevail on” their breach of contract causes of action.
“A defendant’s failure to answer the complaint has the same
effect as admitting the well-pleaded allegations of the complaint,
and as to these admissions no further proof of liability is
required.” (Carlsen v. Koivumaki, supra, 227 Cal.App.4th at
p. 898.)3

3     Even if plaintiffs had to prove their cause of action for
breach of written contract (which defendants’ default relieved
them of having to do), the absence of signatures would not
necessarily render the written contracts unenforceable. (See Civ.
Code, § 1589 [“A voluntary acceptance of the benefit of a
transaction is equivalent to a consent to all the obligations
arising from it, so far as the facts are known, or ought to be
known, to the person accepting.”]; Vita Planning & Landscape
Architecture, Inc. v. HKS Architects, Inc. (2015) 240 Cal.App.4th
763, 773 [absence of signatures did not render a contract

                                  7
       Plaintiffs had to allege only “the ultimate facts constituting
the cause of action” for breach of a written contract (Carlsen v.
Koivumaki, supra, 227 Cal.App.4th at p. 898), and they did that.
A plaintiff alleging a cause of action for breach of contract must
plead “(1) the existence of the contract, (2) the plaintiff’s
performance or excuse for nonperformance, (3) the defendant’s
breach, and (4) resulting damages to the plaintiff.” (Maxwell v.
Dolezal (2014) 231 Cal.App.4th 93, 97-98.) Plaintiffs alleged
those facts: They alleged Wang, Zheng, or Kwok entered into six
loan agreements with Konstant and Patel and five promissory
notes with EOS Petro (in which, as stated, EOS Petro effectively
agreed to guarantee five of the six loans to Konstant and Patel).
For each loan agreement and promissory note, plaintiffs alleged
the date, lender, borrower, amount loaned, due date, and interest
rate (more on that later). Plaintiffs further alleged that Wang,
Zheng, and Kwok loaned the money to Konstant and Patel; that
Konstant, Patel, and EOS Petro failed to repay any of the
amounts due; and that Wang, Zheng, and Kwok suffered
damages. Those allegations stated causes of action for breach of
each of the 11 contracts.
       Defendants argue that the allegations in the complaint and
the evidence plaintiffs submitted “at best support claims for
breach of oral contract” and that any cause of action for breach of
oral contract was barred by the statute of limitations and the
statute of frauds. As discussed, however, plaintiffs alleged
sufficient facts to state causes of action for breach of written
contract. But even if plaintiffs had alleged sufficient facts to

unenforceable where the plaintiff performed and the defendant
accepted the plaintiff’s performance].)

                                  8
state causes of action only for breach of oral contract, defendants,
by failing to respond to the complaint, forfeited their right to
assert defenses like the statute of limitations and the statute of
frauds. “The entry of default bars [a defendant] from advancing
contentions on the merits.” (Rios v. Singh (2021) 65 Cal.App.5th
871, 887; see Bell v. Travelers Indem. Co. of Hartford, Conn.
(1963) 213 Cal.App.2d 541, 547 [defaulting defendant forfeited
any statute of limitations defense]; see also Minton v. Cavaney
(1961) 56 Cal.2d 576, 581 [defendant forfeited the statute of
limitations defense by failing to raise it in the answer or by
demurrer]; Secrest v. Security National Mortgage Loan Trust
2002-2 (2008) 167 Cal.App.4th 544, 552 [defendant forfeited the
right to rely on the statute of frauds by failing to demur to the
complaint, object to evidence of the oral agreement at trial, or
move to strike such evidence].)
       Defendants also contend that plaintiffs’ failure to submit
signed contracts amounted to a “sudden and undisclosed shift” in
theories from breach of written contract to breach of oral contract
and that the trial court should have required plaintiffs to amend
their complaint, which would have given defendants an
opportunity to respond. Defendants, however, provide no
authority for their contention that, to obtain a default judgment
on a cause of action for breach of written contract, the plaintiff
must submit a signed contract. In fact, the law is to the contrary.
(See Construction Protective Services, Inc. v. TIG Specialty Ins.
Co. (2002) 29 Cal.4th 189, 198-199 [“In an action based on a
written contract, a plaintiff may plead the legal effect of the
contract rather than its precise language.”]; Miles v. Deutsche
Bank Nat. Trust Co. (2015) 236 Cal.App.4th 394, 402 [“plaintiff’s
failure either to attach or to set out verbatim the terms of the

                                 9
contract was not fatal to his breach of contract cause of action”].)
Nor do the cases cited by defendants, Greenup v. Rodman (1986)
42 Cal.3d 822 and Jackson v. Bank of America (1986)
188 Cal.App.3d 375, support their assertion the trial court should
have treated plaintiffs’ failure to submit signed contracts as a de
facto amendment of the complaint (to state causes of action for
breach of oral contract) that “opened up” the default. (See
Greenup, at p. 830 [after the trial court entered a default
judgment and awarded damages exceeding the prayer in the
complaint, the plaintiff could file an amended complaint seeking
a greater amount of damages]; Jackson, at p. 387 [reversing a
default judgment where the complaint did not allege any conduct
by the defendant bank that caused plaintiff’s monetary loss, and
the trial court awarded damages based on evidence introduced at
the prove-up hearing of a sale of bonds that occurred after the
complaint was filed].)

            2.      Plaintiffs Stated Common Counts for Money
                    Had and Received
       The trial court also correctly ruled plaintiffs alleged
sufficient facts to state “a money had common count, which could
support the judgment without a writing.” A plaintiff states a
common count for money had and received by alleging “‘the
defendant “is indebted to the plaintiff in a certain sum ‘for money
had and received by the defendant for the use of the plaintiff.’”’”
(Avidor v. Sutter’s Place, Inc. (2013) 212 Cal.App.4th 1439, 1454.)
“The claim is viable ‘“wherever one person has received money
which belongs to another, and which in equity and good
conscience should be paid over to the latter.”’” (Ibid.) Plaintiffs
alleged that defendants “have become indebted to [p]laintiffs for

                                10
monies had and received,” that the “monies now rightfully belong
to [p]laintiffs,” and that defendants “have refused repayment”
and owe plaintiffs at least $697,000. Those allegations stated a
common count for money had and received. (See Utility Audit
Co., Inc. v. City of Los Angeles (2003) 112 Cal.App.4th 950, 958
[“A claim for money had and received can be based
upon . . . performance by one party of an express contract.”].)
       Defendants cite Klein v. Chevron U.S.A., Inc. (2012)
202 Cal.App.4th 1342 and Hedging Concepts, Inc. v. First
Alliance Mortgage Co. (1996) 41 Cal.App.4th 1410, both of which
held a plaintiff may not pursue a quasi-contract claim for breach
of an implied contract where the parties have an enforceable
express contract. It is true that, as defendants suggest, a
common count for money had and received is a quasi-contract
claim (Jalali v. Root (2003) 109 Cal.App.4th 1768, 1783) and that
“there cannot be a valid express contract and an implied contract,
each embracing the same subject, but requiring different results”
(Hedging Concepts, at p. 1420). But defendants’ position is that
there is no valid express contract, which means plaintiffs can
recover on their common counts for money had and received. If
there are valid express contracts, plaintiffs can recover on their
causes of action for breach of the written loan agreements and
promissory notes. Either way, Klein and Hedging Concepts do
not help defendants.

            3.     But Plaintiffs Did Not State a Cause of Action
                   Under Penal Code Section 496, Subdivision (c)
      Defendants argue plaintiffs did not allege sufficient facts to
state a cause of action for receiving stolen property under Penal
Code section 496, subdivision (c), because plaintiffs did not allege
defendants “took any actions that were fraudulent and/or

                                11
constitute[d] theft.” Defendants are correct. Penal Code section
496, subdivision (a), states that every person “who buys or
receives any property that has been stolen or that has been
obtained in any manner constituting theft or extortion, knowing
the property to be so stolen or obtained, or who conceals, sells,
withholds, or aids in concealing, selling, or withholding any
property from the owner, knowing the property to be so stolen or
obtained,” is subject to imprisonment. Penal Code section 496,
subdivision (c), “articulates a right to special civil remedies when
a violation of [Penal Code section 496, subdivision (a),] has
occurred.” (Siry Investment, L.P. v. Farkhondehpour (2022)
13 Cal.5th 333, 346-347.)
       Plaintiffs claimed defendants violated Penal Code
section 496 “by obtaining money belonging to [p]laintiffs by theft
and knowingly concealing and withholding such money from
[p]laintiffs.” But plaintiffs alleged no facts defendants obtained
plaintiffs’ money by theft. “To prove theft, a plaintiff must
establish criminal intent on the part of the defendant beyond
‘mere proof of nonperformance or actual falsity.’ [Citation.] This
requirement prevents “‘[o]rdinary commercial defaults’” from
being transformed into a theft.” (Siry Investment, L.P. v.
Farkhondehpour, supra, 13 Cal.5th at pp. 361-362.) Although
plaintiffs alleged defendants misrepresented facts to induce
plaintiffs to loan money to defendants, “a mere unfulfilled
promise or misrepresentation of fact is insufficient to establish an
intent to steal.” (Id. at p. 368 (conc. opn. of Groban, J.); cf. id. at
p. 362 [defendants violated Penal Code section 496 by
fraudulently diverting income from, and charging nonpartnership
expenses to, a partnership, “with careful planning and
deliberation reflecting the requisite criminal intent”]; Bell v.

                                  12
Feibush (2013) 212 Cal.App.4th 1041, 1043 [defendant violated
Penal Code section 496 by inducing the plaintiff to loan money
based on false representations the defendant owned a trademark
and needed money to settle a lawsuit].) Because plaintiffs did not
allege defendants intended to steal, rather than borrow, money
from the plaintiffs, plaintiffs did not allege sufficient facts to
state a cause of action for violation of Penal Code section 496.
(See Los Defensores, Inc. v. Gomez, supra, 223 Cal.App.4th at
p. 393 [“the absence of essential factual allegations is fatal to a
judgment against the defendant”]; Falahati v. Kondo (2005)
127 Cal.App.4th 823, 829 [“‘defendant who fails to answer admits
only facts that are well pleaded’”].) Which, as we will discuss,
affects plaintiffs’ request for attorneys’ fees.

      C.     Plaintiffs Submitted Sufficient Evidence of Their
             Damages
       Defendants argue the trial court erred in entering the
default judgment because plaintiffs did not establish they were
entitled to damages. As discussed, “‘[p]laintiffs in a default
judgment proceeding must prove they are entitled to the damages
claimed.’” (Kim v. Westmoore Partners, Inc., supra,
201 Cal.App.4th at p. 288].) But the plaintiff need only make a
prima facie showing of damages. (See Johnson v. Stanhiser
(1999) 72 Cal.App.4th 357, 361-362 [trial court erred in applying
a preponderance of the evidence standard].) We review an award
of damages for substantial evidence. (See Scognamillo v. Herrick,
supra, 106 Cal.App.4th at p. 1150; Ostling v. Loring, supra,
27 Cal.App.4th at p. 1746).
       Each of the three plaintiffs submitted a declaration in
support of the request for a default judgment. Each plaintiff

                                13
stated the date, principal amount, loan term, and interest rate for
each loan and promissory note. Each plaintiff also stated that he
transferred money to defendants, that defendants failed to repay
the money, and the amount each defendant owed each plaintiff in
principal and interest. The declarations of Wang, Kwok, and
Zheng established a prima facie case they were entitled to
damages in the amount of the principal and interest on each
loan.4
       Defendants argue that plaintiffs’ declarations were
insufficient and that plaintiffs’ “only evidence that they suffered
any damages is that they said they suffered damages.” Without
citing any authority, defendants assert plaintiffs had to provide
“documentary or objective evidence,” such as bank records,
showing plaintiffs transferred the money to defendants.
Incorrect. To obtain a default judgment, plaintiffs did not have to
prove their entitlement to damages by a preponderance of the
evidence; they only had to make a prima facie case for damages.
(See Johnson, supra, 72 Cal.App.4th at p. 361.) Proving those
damages by declaration was proper (see Code Civ. Proc., § 585,
subd. (d)), even preferred under the applicable local rules (see Los
Angeles Superior Court Rules, rule 3.201(a) [“[d]etermination of
applications for default judgment on declarations . . . is the
preferred procedure”].) Plaintiffs’ declarations satisfied the
requirement of Code of Civil Procedure section 585,
subdivision (d), that the “facts stated in the . . . affidavits shall be
within the personal knowledge of the affiant and shall be set
forth with particularity.”

4     As we will discuss, because the interest rate on some of the
loans exceeded the maximum allowable rate under the California
Constitution, the award of prejudgment interest must be reduced.

                                  14
       The cases defendants rely on are distinguishable. For
example, in Kim v. Westmoore Partners, Inc., supra,
201 Cal.App.4th 267 the plaintiff alleged the defendants failed to
repay seven loans, but the “prove-up evidence consisted of
nothing more than [plaintiff’s] own conclusory demand for
$5 million dollars from each defendant—a demand that bore
absolutely no relationship to the allegations of his complaint.”
(Id. at pp. 287-288.) In Scognamillo v. Herrick, supra,
106 Cal.App.4th 1139 the court ruled the plaintiff’s damages,
which included payment for two surgeries, were speculative
because the testimony of the plaintiff’s physician about whether a
second surgery would be required “could hardly have been
couched in more speculative terms.” (Id. at p. 1151.) Here, in
contrast, the statements in plaintiffs’ declarations regarding the
amounts defendants owed them were consistent with the
allegations of the complaint, and the damages were not
speculative. (See Sporn v. Home Depot USA, Inc. (2005)
126 Cal.App.4th 1294, 1303 [if the trial court grants relief
“consistent with that demanded in the pleadings,” a defendant
has no “standing to complain of the type of evidence offered in the
prove-up”].)

      D.     The Portion of the Judgment Awarding Usurious
             Interest Is Void
       Plaintiffs asked for, and the court awarded, prejudgment
interest pursuant to the terms of the loan agreements and the
promissory notes. Defendants argue the default judgment is void
because it awarded plaintiffs prejudgment interest at rates
pursuant to those agreements and notes as high as 18 percent, in
violation of California usury law, which sets the maximum

                                15
allowable rate at 10 percent. Plaintiffs do not dispute the
judgment includes usurious interest, but argue defendants
forfeited the argument by failing to raise it in the trial court.
       Issues not raised in the trial court are generally forfeited on
appeal. (Johnson v. Greenelsh (2009) 47 Cal.4th 598, 603;
Colyear v. Rolling Hills Community Assn. of Rancho Palos Verdes
(2017) 9 Cal.App.5th 119, 137, fn. 5.) However, when a court
grants relief it has no power to grant, it acts in excess of its
jurisdiction. (People v. American Contractors Indemnity Co.
(2004) 33 Cal.4th 653, 661; Grados v. Shiau (2021)
63 Cal.App.5th 1042, 1050; Falahati v. Kondo, supra,
127 Cal.App.4th at p. 830.) “‘[Q]uestions of jurisdiction are never
waived and may be raised for the first time on appeal.’” (Grados,
at p. 1050.) Thus, defendants did not forfeit their challenge to
the portion of the judgment awarding interest at an unlawful
rate. (See Falahati, at p. 831, fn. 18 [default judgment was void
where the complaint did not state an amount of damages, even
though the defendant did not raise the argument in the trial
court].)5
       Under the California Constitution, the maximum allowable
interest rate is 10 percent. (See Cal. Const., art. XV, § 1; Grados
v. Shiau, supra, 63 Cal.App.5th at p. 1054.) Plaintiffs alleged
they entered into loans with defendants at rates of 10, 15, and 18
percent, and the trial court awarded prejudgment interest at
those rates. The awards of prejudgment interest at 15 and 18

5     We also have discretion to consider for the first time on
appeal a question of law that, as here, does not depend on
disputed facts. (Matera v. McLeod (2006) 145 Cal.App.4th 44,
59.)

                                 16
percent were contrary to law and exceeded the trial court’s
jurisdiction, and that portion of the default judgment was void.
(See Grados, at p. 1054 [“the award is contrary to law because it
exceeds the constitutionally allowable maximum interest rate of
10 percent, and thus renders the default judgment void on its
face”]; 311 South Spring Street Co. v. Department of General
Services (2009) 178 Cal.App.4th 1009, 1014 [award of
postjudgment interest at a rate that violated the California
Constitution “is void because it constitutes relief which the court
had no power to grant”]; see also Falahati v. Kondo, supra,
127 Cal.App.4th at p. 830 [a default judgment is void “if the court
granted relief which it had no power to grant”].) For the loans
that purported to charge interest greater than 10 percent,
plaintiffs were entitled to interest only at the legal rate and only
after the maturity date of each loan, until the entry of judgment.
“‘The attempt to exact the usurious rate of interest renders the
interest provisions of a note void. [Citation.] The usurious
provisions, however, do not affect the right of the payee to recover
the principal amount of the note when due. [Citation.] The
inclusion of a usurious interest provision, therefore, results, in
effect, in a note payable at maturity without interest.’
Accordingly, the lender is entitled ‘to interest at the legal rate
from the date the note matures until the date of judgment.’”
(Grados, at p. 1056; see Epstein v. Frank (1981) 125 Cal.App.3d
111, 123 [“the payee of a note with a usurious interest provision
[is] entitled to damages in the nature of interest at the legal rate
for that period of time which the obligor on the note withheld the
principal beyond the date of maturity”].) Therefore, on remand
the trial court must recalculate the amounts of prejudgment

                                17
interest, for the loans with usurious interest rates, at the rate of
10 percent from the dates the various loans matured.

       E.    The Trial Court Erred in Awarding Attorneys’ Fees
       The trial court awarded plaintiffs $8,860 in attorneys’ fees
under Penal Code section 496, subdivision (c), which authorizes
treble damages and reasonable attorneys’ fees for receiving stolen
property. Defendants challenge that award, arguing it “lacks
legal support and substantive merit.” As discussed, we agree
with defendants that plaintiffs did not allege sufficient facts to
state a cause of action under Penal Code section 496. Therefore,
plaintiffs were not entitled to an award of attorneys’ fees under
that statute.6

6      Plaintiffs do not argue they were entitled to an award of
attorneys’ fees on any ground other than Penal Code section 496.
Although plaintiffs mention in a footnote in their respondents’
brief that “all of the subject loan agreements and promissory
notes also provide for attorney’s fees,” mentioning an argument
in a footnote is not “a serious effort to raise the issue on appeal.”
(Stoll v. Shuff (1994) 22 Cal.App.4th 22, 25, fn.1; see Sabi v.
Sterling (2010) 183 Cal.App.4th 916, 947 [“Footnotes are not the
appropriate vehicle for stating contentions on appeal.”]; People v.
Crosswhite (2002) 101 Cal.App.4th 494, 502, fn. 5 [undeveloped,
perfunctorily asserted argument in a footnote was not sufficient
to preserve the argument on appeal]; Unilogic, Inc. v. Burroughs
Corp. (1992) 10 Cal.App.4th 612, 624, fn. 2 [mentioning an issue
only in “one obscure textual reference” and one footnote did not
preserve the issue on appeal].)

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                            DISPOSITION

      The judgment is reversed. The trial court is directed to
enter a new judgment that awards the plaintiffs prejudgment
interest at the rate of 10 percent from the dates of the maturity of
the loans with interest rates in excess of 10 percent and that does
not include an award of attorneys’ fees. EOS Petro’s appeal is
dismissed. The parties are to bear their costs on appeal.

                                     SEGAL, J.
We concur:

             PERLUSS, P. J.

             HOWARD, J.*

*     Judge of the Marin County Superior Court, assigned by the
Chief Justice pursuant to article VI, section 6 of the California
Constitution.

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