Court Opinion

ID: 802241
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2012-06-14 14:02:50+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:00:03.312394
License: Public Domain

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

            IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                    FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT           FILED
                     ________________________ U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                                                        ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                            No. 11-13728                   JUNE 14, 2012
                        Non-Argument Calendar               JOHN LEY
                      ________________________               CLERK

                D.C. Docket No. 5:07-cv-00374-WTH-TBS

ROBERT LEE HONG,

                                                        Petitioner-Appellant,

                                 versus

SECRETARY DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS,
FL ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Attorney General, State of Florida,

                                                     Respondents-Appellees.

                     ________________________

               Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Middle District of Florida
                     ________________________

                             (June 14, 2012)

Before TJOFLAT, MARCUS and KRAVITCH, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
      Robert Lee Hong, a state prisoner proceeding pro se, appeals the denial of his

petition for a writ of habeas corpus, under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. Hong argues --

consistent with a certificate of appealability issued by the district court -- that he was

entitled to post-conviction relief because: (i) his trial attorney rendered

constitutionally ineffective assistance during the closing arguments of his state court

trial when he failed to object to alleged witness vouching by the prosecutor; and (ii)

a portion of his total state court sentence -- 400 years for 80 counts of conviction for

possessing material depicting a sexual performance by a minor -- was cruel and

unusual, in violation of the Eighth Amendment. After thorough review, we affirm.

      Pursuant to the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996,

      An application for a writ of habeas corpus on behalf of a person in
      custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court shall not be granted
      with respect to any claim that was adjudicated on the merits in State
      court proceedings unless the adjudication of the claim--

             (1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an
             unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as
             determined by the Supreme Court of the United States . . .

28 U.S.C. § 2254(d). “Clearly established federal law” refers to Supreme Court

holdings that were in effect at the time of the relevant state court decision. Ward v.

Hall, 592 F.3d 1144, 1155 (11th Cir. 2010). To act contrary to clearly established

federal law, the state court must have either: (1) applied a rule that contradicted a

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ruling by the Supreme Court; or (2) reached a different result than the Supreme Court

“when faced with materially indistinguishable facts.” Id. (quotation omitted). Thus,

where the law at the time is unclear as to an issue, a habeas petitioner will be unable

to demonstrate that it was “clearly established.” See, e.g., Anderson v. Sec’y for

Dep’t of Corr., 462 F.3d 1319, 1327-28 (11th Cir. 2007).

      An unreasonable application of federal law occurs when the state court

identifies the correct governing legal rule, but “unreasonably applies that principle

to the facts of the prisoner’s case.” Cox v. McNeil, 638 F.3d 1356, 1360 (11th Cir.)

(quotations omitted), cert. denied, 132 S.Ct. 309 (2011). But “an unreasonable

application of federal law is different from an incorrect application of federal law.”

Cave v. Sec’y, Dep’t of Corr., 638 F.3d 739, 744 (11th Cir.) (quotation omitted), cert.

denied, 132 S.Ct. 473 (2011); see also Harrington v. Richter, 131 S.Ct. 770, 785

(2011). Indeed, review under § 2254(d)(1) “goes no farther” than inquiring into

whether “there is no possibility fairminded jurists could disagree that the state court’s

decision conflicts with [the Supreme] Court’s precedents.” Cave, 638 F.3d at 744

(quotations omitted).

      Thus, although we review de novo the district court’s decision about whether

a state court reasonably applied federal law or determined the facts, we “owe

deference to the final state habeas judgment.” Hall v. Thomas, 611 F.3d 1259, 1284

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(11th Cir. 2010) (quotation omitted). This deference applies whenever a claim was

adjudicated “on the merits.” Loggins v. Thomas, 654 F.3d 1204, 1218 (11th Cir.

2011). For § 2254 purposes, a claim is presumed to be adjudicated on the merits if

the federal claim is presented to the state court and the state court has denied relief.

Id. at 1217. In other words, “unless the state court clearly states that its decision was

based solely on a state procedural rule, we will presume that the state court has

rendered an adjudication on the merits when the petitioner’s claim is the same claim

rejected by the state court.” Id. (quotation omitted).

      We review de novo the district court’s resolution of an ineffective assistance

of counsel claim in a § 2254 petition as a mixed question of law and fact. Rhode v.

Hall, 582 F.3d 1273, 1279 (11th Cir. 2009). We apply a “doubly” deferential

standard that takes into account § 2254’s deference to state courts and deference to

counsel, affirming if “there is any reasonable argument that counsel” acted pursuant

to prevailing professional standards. See Harrington, 131 S. Ct. at 788.

      First, we find no merit in Hong’s claim that his trial attorney rendered

constitutionally ineffective assistance by failing to make objections during the closing

arguments of his state court trial. The United States Constitution provides that in “all

criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to have the Assistance of

Counsel for his defen[se].” U.S. Const. amend. VI. To make a successful claim of

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ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must show that:            (1) counsel’s

performance was deficient; and (2) the deficient performance prejudiced his defense.

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. Both parts of the test must be met; thus, if a defendant

cannot satisfy the performance prong, a court does not need to address the prejudice

prong, and vice versa. Michael v. Crosby, 430 F.3d 1310, 1319 (11th Cir. 2005).

      To establish prejudice, the petitioner must show more than that the error had

“some conceivable effect on the outcome of the proceeding.” Marquard v. Sec’y for

Dep’t of Corr., 429 F.3d 1278, 1305 (11th Cir. 2005) (quotation omitted). “Rather,

the petitioner must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s

unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Id.

(quotation omitted). When evaluating prejudice, the court should look at the “entire

evidentiary picture.” Agan v. Singletary, 12 F.3d 1012, 1019 (11th Cir. 1994).

      Improper vouching occurs if the prosecutor makes explicit personal assurances

of a witness’s veracity, or indicates that information not presented to the jury supports

a witness’s testimony. United States v. Epps, 613 F.3d 1093, 1100 (11th Cir. 2010).

A prosecutor is permitted to comment on the credibility of a witness without

personally vouching for a witness’s credibility. United States v. Lopez, 590 F.3d

1238, 1257 (11th Cir. 2009). Improper vouching requires a determination that the

jury reasonably believed “the prosecutor was indicating a personal belief in the

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witness’ credibility,” but does not prohibit arguments about credibility. Id. at 1256

(quotation omitted).

      In evaluating prosecutorial indiscretion generally, the relevant question is

“whether the comments so infected the trial with unfairness as to make the resulting

conviction a denial of due process.” Darden v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 168, 181 (1986)

(citation and quotation omitted). Inappropriate prosecutorial comments, standing

alone, “[will] not justify [reversing] a criminal conviction obtained in an otherwise

fair proceeding. Instead . . . the remarks must be examined within the context of the

trial to determine whether the prosecutor’s behavior amounted to prejudicial error.

In other words, the Court must consider the probable effect the prosecutor’s response

would have on the jury’s ability to judge the evidence fairly.” United States v.

Young, 470 U.S. 1, 11-12 (1985). If the prosecutor’s comments did not render a

defendant’s trial fundamentally unfair, habeas relief is not available. Land v. Allen,

573 F.3d 1211, 1219-20 (11th Cir. 2009) (citing Darden, 477 U.S. at 181).

      Here, none of the state court decisions rejecting Hong’s ineffectiveness claim

were contrary to, or reflected an unreasonable application of, federal law. As the

record shows, the state court correctly identified and applied Strickland when

analyzing Hong’s claim. As for Strickland’s performance prong, the prosecutorial

statements at issue consisted of proper commentary on the credibility of the witnesses

                                          6
-- arguing that the witnesses were credible based on the evidence presented, the

situations involved, and the training of the witnesses -- and not improper vouching.

Thus, the district court correctly concluded that, because no improper vouching

occurred, counsel could not have been ineffective by failing to make an objection in

this respect. Nor has Hong shown Strickland prejudice, since, as the state court

found, there was overwhelming evidence of guilt, and there was therefore no

reasonable probability of a different outcome at trial had counsel objected to the

prosecutor’s statements.

      We are also unpersuaded by Hong’s argument that a portion of his state court

sentence was cruel and unusual. The Eighth Amendment of the United States

Constitution states that “cruel and unusual punishments [shall not be] inflicted.”

According to the Supreme Court, this clause “prohibits . . . sentences that are

disproportionate to the crime committed.” Solem v. Helm, 463 U.S. 277, 284 (1983).

However, “outside the context of capital punishment, successful challenges to the

proportionality of particular sentences will be exceedingly rare.” Id. at 289-290.

(quotation and edits omitted). When determining whether a sentence is in violation

of the Eighth Amendment, a court should look at three things: first, the gravity of the

offense and the harshness of the penalty; second, the sentences imposed on other

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criminals in the same jurisdiction; and third, the sentences imposed for commission

of the same crime in other jurisdictions. Id. at 290-292.

      So, in order to overturn a state court sentencing determination, a habeas

petitioner must show that the state court looked to incorrect precedent, confronted a

factual situation that was materially indistinguishable from a prior Supreme Court

case, or unreasonably applied past precedent. Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 U.S. 63,

73-75 (2003). Because of the uncertain contours established by the Supreme Court

in this area of jurisprudence, an unreasonable application of its precedents would take

an “extraordinary case.” Id. at 75-77; see also Harmelin v. Michigan, 501 U.S. 957,

965 (1991) (stating, in a plurality opinion, that “Solem was simply wrong; the Eighth

Amendment contains no proportionality guarantee”).

      Here, the state court’s decision to reject Hong’s Eighth Amendment claim was

not contrary to nor an unreasonable application of clearly established federal law.

The state trial court officially gave the sentence of “life plus 415 years”

imprisonment, with 400 years of that sentence resulting from the 80 counts of

conviction for possession of material depicting a sexual performance by a minor, but

the sentence, either in total or just the 400 years, is indistinguishable from one of life

without parole. A sentence of life without parole has been affirmed by different

courts, including the Supreme Court. See, e.g., Harmelin, 501 U.S. at 994-996

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(stating that severe, mandatory penalties have been employed “throughout our

Nation’s history,” and affirming a sentence of life without parole for possession of

650 grams of cocaine). In addition, courts have recognized that multiple counts of

conviction need to be punished more seriously than a single count of conviction, and

Hong was convicted on 80 separate counts of possession of material depicting a

sexual performance by a minor, and 82 total counts. See, e.g., United States v.

Johnson, 451 F.3d 1239, 1243-1244 (11th Cir. 2006) (finding a 140-year sentence

constitutional and reasonable, based on three counts of conviction with consecutive

sentences).

      What’s more, the courts have recognized the importance of protecting children,

and the seriousness of violating laws designed to protect children. See, e.g., Ashcroft

v. Free Speech Coal., 535 U.S. 234, 240 (2002) (recognizing the state’s compelling

interest in prosecuting those who promote the sexual exploitation of children.). The

serious nature of the offenses, and the sheer number of convictions, required a severe

sentence. Accordingly, because this is not the “extraordinarily rare” case where a

term of imprisonment is so grossly disproportionate to the offenses of conviction so

as to violate the Eighth Amendment, the state court rejection of Hong’s Eighth

Amendment claim was not contrary to, or an unreasonable application of, federal law.

      AFFIRMED.

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