Court Opinion

ID: 9379420
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-03-15 17:01:20.721282+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:16:00.722402
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        MAR 15 2023
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

PNC EQUIPMENT FINANCE, LLC,                     No.    22-15601

                Plaintiff-Appellee,             D.C. No. 5:19-mc-80013-BLF

 v.
                                                MEMORANDUM*
HARRY CARR,

                Defendant-Appellant.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Northern District of California
                  Beth Labson Freeman, District Judge, Presiding

                            Submitted March 8, 2023**
                             San Francisco, California

Before: FRIEDLAND and R. NELSON, Circuit Judges, and CARDONE,***
District Judge.

      Harry Carr appeals the district court’s order assigning Carr’s right to

payments from his stock in Vcinity Holdings, Inc. to PNC Equipment Finance,

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
      ***
            The Honorable Kathleen Cardone, United States District Judge for the
Western District of Texas, sitting by designation.
LLC (“PNC”). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. See Nat. Res. Def.

Council, Inc. v. Sw. Marine Inc., 242 F.3d 1163, 1166 (9th Cir. 2001). We vacate

the district court’s decision and remand for further proceedings consistent with this

disposition.

      1.       Carr first argues that the district court lacked subject matter

jurisdiction over these enforcement proceedings, which were initiated when PNC

registered a judgment from another United States district court under 28 U.S.C.

§ 1963. The district court had ancillary subject matter jurisdiction because the

United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio, which entered the

underlying judgment, had subject matter jurisdiction. See Peterson v. Islamic

Republic of Iran, 627 F.3d 1117, 1123 (9th Cir. 2010).

      2.       Carr next argues that the district court lacked personal jurisdiction

over him. The district court did not need personal jurisdiction over Carr because

the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio properly

exercised personal jurisdiction over him. See Fid. Nat’l Fin., Inc. v. Friedman,

935 F.3d 696, 702 (9th Cir. 2019).

      3.       Finally, Carr argues that PNC could not obtain assignment of his right

to stock payments because he and his wife hold the stock as tenants by the entirety

under New Jersey law, and the Ohio judgment was against him alone. The district

court did not consider the merits of Carr’s tenancy-by-the-entirety defense,

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reasoning that PNC sought only assignment of the right to stock payments, rather

than the stock itself.

       But the district court did not reference any authority for the proposition that

New Jersey law recognizes a distinction between property and the right to

payments from property. And the plain language of New Jersey’s tenancy-by-the-

entirety statute suggests no such distinction, providing that “[n]either spouse may

sever, alienate, or otherwise affect their interest . . . without the written consent of

both spouses.” N.J. Stat. Ann. § 46:3-17.4; see also In re Weiss, 638 B.R. 543, 551

(Bankr. D.N.J. 2022) (finding that under the statute neither spouse “can do

anything to affect their joint interest in the [p]roperty without both agreeing in

writing”). Indeed, interpreting New Jersey law, at least one court has barred

creditors from reaching not only a debtor’s shared interest in tenancy-by-the-

entirety property but also the sales proceeds from that property. See In re

Montemoino, 491 B.R. 580, 590 (Bankr. M.D. Fla. 2012). Making an Erie guess,

New Jersey law would not support excluding the right to stock payments from

tenancy-by-the-entirety protection, contrary to the district court’s conclusion. See

Ticknor v. Choice Hotels Int’l, Inc., 265 F.3d 931, 939 (9th Cir. 2001).

       As an alternative basis for not considering Carr’s defense, the Magistrate

Judge determined the assignment order was a “placeholder” that would not

“preclude later challenges to whether [] rights were assignable in the first place.”

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An obligor can challenge an assignment order after it is issued. See Greenbaum v.

Islamic Republic of Iran, 782 F. Supp. 2d 893, 896–97 (C.D. Cal. 2008); Cal. Civ.

Proc. Code § 708.540. But a debtor, unlike an obligor, must bring a “claim of

exemption,” and a court must rule on any such claim, before an assignment order is

issued. See Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 708.550(a), (c). The district court thus erred by

not considering Carr’s claim of exemption under New Jersey law and must do so

on remand.

      Adjudicating Carr’s claim of exemption initially entails a choice-of-law

analysis. See Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 708.510(a) (allowing assignment orders

“[e]xcept as otherwise provided by law”); In re Miller, 853 F.3d 508, 515 (9th Cir.

2017) (“‘[E]xcept as otherwise provided by law’ . . . refers . . . to the laws of other

states that may apply as a result of the application of California’s choice-of-law

rules.”). The analysis may also entail deciding whether Carr’s wife provided

written consent for Carr to unilaterally assign their right to stock payments when

she signed an addendum to Carr’s stock agreement, and whether Carr fraudulently

transferred the stock when he arranged for it to be held as a tenancy by the entirety.

See N.J. Stat. Ann. § 46:3-17:4; Gilchinsky v. Nat’l Westminster Bank N.J., 732

A.2d 482, 488–89 (N.J. 1999); Jimenez v. Jimenez, 185 A.3d 954, 958 (N.J. Super.

Ct. App. Div. 2018). Because these issues are not fully briefed and their resolution

is not clear, they are more appropriate for the district court’s consideration in the

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first instance on remand. See Ala. Legis. Black Caucus v. Alabama, 575 U.S. 254,

268 (2015); In re J.T. Thorpe, Inc., 870 F.3d 1121, 1124–25 (9th Cir. 2017).

      VACATED and REMANDED.

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