Court Opinion

ID: 78639
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-27 14:39:56+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:14:35.948503
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
                                       2009-1350

                                 ALZA CORPORATION
                                and MCNEIL-PPC, INC.,

                                                      Plaintiffs-Appellants,

                                           v.

                          ANDRX PHARMACEUTICALS, LLC
                            and ANDRX CORPORATION,

                                                      Defendants-Appellees.

        Constantine L. Trela, Jr., Sidley Austin LLP, of Chicago, Illinois, argued for
plaintiffs-appellants. With him on the brief were David T. Pritikin; Jeffrey P. Kushan,
Todd A. Wagner and Peter S. Choi, of Washington, DC.

      C. Kyle Musgrove, Kenyon & Kenyon LLP, of Washington, DC, argued for
defendants-appellees. With him on the brief were John W. Bateman and Robert F.
Vroom.

Appealed from: United States District Court for the District of Delaware

Judge Joseph J. Farnan, Jr.
 United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
                                        2009-1350

                                 ALZA CORPORATION
                                and MCNEIL-PPC, INC.,

                                                 Plaintiffs-Appellants,

                                            v.

                          ANDRX PHARMACEUTICALS, LLC
                            and ANDRX CORPORATION,

                                                 Defendants-Appellees.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Delaware in case no. 05-
CV-642, Judge Joseph J. Farnan, Jr.

                            __________________________

                              DECIDED: April 26, 2010
                            __________________________

Before DYK, SCHALL, and PROST, Circuit Judges.

PROST, Circuit Judge.

       ALZA Corporation and McNeil-PPC, Inc. (collectively, “ALZA”) appeal from a final

decision of the United States District Court for the District of Delaware. Following a

bench trial, the district court found the patented treatment methods of U.S. Patent No.

6,919,373 (“’373 patent”) nonobvious, but held the asserted claim both not infringed and

invalid for lack of enablement. We affirm because we conclude that the asserted claims

of the ’373 patent are invalid for lack of enablement.

                                     BACKGROUND

       The ’373 patent claims methods for treating primarily Attention Deficit and

Hyperactivity Disorder (“ADHD”) through a methylphenidate (“MPH”) drug dosage form
that has an ascending release rate over an extended period of time. The ’373 patent

application, filed in 1999, claimed priority to provisional application No. 60/031,741

(“’741 application”), filed on November 25, 1996, and the earliest non-provisional

application No. 08/910,593 (“’593 application”), filed on July 31, 1997.

       Before the claimed invention, ADHD had been treated with other oral drugs, the

most common of which, Ritalin®, was an immediate-release (“IR”) formulation of MPH.

This formulation releases the drug within minutes and treats the symptoms for three to

five hours. As a result, such prior drug treatments were taken two or three times a day.

As many patients who take ADHD medication are children, they took one dose before

school and one or two additional doses about four to five hours apart, at least one of

which was administered at school.       Thus, a once-a-day method of treating ADHD

offered the potential of reducing patient-compliance problems that resulted from the

need for treatment during the school day.

       At the time of the invention, it was well known how to develop sustained-release

dosage forms, also known as “controlled release” or “extended release.” Designed to

release the drug at a constant rate, sustained-release dosage forms typically provided

the desired steady therapeutic effect. It was also known that sustained-release dosage

forms could exhibit descending or ascending release rates by manipulating the methods

and materials used to produce the dosage forms.

       After a series of clinical studies, ALZA determined that MPH plasma

concentrations that had ascending patterns provided greater efficacy for treating ADHD

than concentrations that were constant. Using this knowledge, ALZA developed safe

and effective once-a-day extended release oral dosage forms that could deliver MPH

2009-1350                                    2
with the ascending release pattern. Admittedly, the bulk of ALZA’s efforts went into

developing an osmotic dosage form, which uses a compartment containing drug and

various osmotic excipients.

        ALZA subsequently filed its patent applications. Claim 1, the only independent

claim implicated on appeal, of the ’373 patent claims:

        A method for treating ADD or ADHD comprising administering a dosage
        form comprising methylphenidate that provides a release of
        methylphenidate at an ascending release rate over an extended period of
        time.

’373 patent col.23 ll.12–15 (emphasis added).        The specification focuses on how

osmotic systems can be adapted to create an ascending release dosage form to treat

ADHD. The specification also mentions non-osmotic dosage forms. Id. at col.3 ll.53–

62. 1

        ALZA markets and sells a product called CONCERTA®, which embodies the

claimed invention; upon ingestion, it releases the drug at an ascending rate for an

extended period of time, as required by claim 1.            ALZA’s competitors, Andrx

Pharmaceuticals, LLC and Andrx Corporation (collectively, “Andrx”), produce a product

pursuant to an approved Abbreviated New Drug Application (“ANDA”).                   Like

        1
              Osmotic dosage forms are dosages with a “push” layer comprising
osmotically effective solutes—i.e., substances that dissolve and, as fluid is imbibed
through the semipermeable pill wall, swell and push against the deliverable drug
formulation. The pill wall is semipermeable, meaning that it is permeable to the
passage of external fluids into the compartment, but is substantially impermeable to the
passage of a drug agent or excipients outward. The drug itself exits via an orifice,
which constitutes the “passageway” through the wall for delivering the drug from the pill,
so as to gradually increase drug concentration in the body.
       Non-osmotic dosage forms within the scope of the claims include “oral tablets
and capsules” with sustained-release dosage forms suitable for producing ascending
release rates, where the release rate is as determined by an appropriate in-vitro
dissolution test. Non-osmotic dosage forms do not have a “push” layer.

2009-1350                                   3
CONCERTA®, Andrx’s product has an outer IR coating around a sustained-release

inner core. In 2005, ALZA sued Andrx, alleging infringement of the ’373 patent and U.S.

Patent No. 6,930,129 (“’129 patent”). 2    Andrx denied that its products infringed the

patents. It also asserted affirmative defenses, alleging that the ’373 patent was invalid

because it was obvious and not enabled, and counterclaimed for a declaratory judgment

of noninfringement and invalidity of the asserted claims of the ’373 patent.

      The district court held a Markman hearing on the construction of various terms in

dispute. In rejecting Andrx’s attempt to limit the scope of the claim to osmotic dosage

forms, the court construed the phrases “pharmaceutically acceptable composition” and

“dosage form” to mean “a pharmaceutical composition that includes a dose of

methylphenidate,” which includes non-osmotic dosage forms, as ALZA requested. 3

Alza Corp. v. Andrx Pharms., LLC, No. 05-642, at 2 (D. Del. Oct. 5, 2007) (order on

claim construction).   Further, the court construed the disputed term “an ascending

release rate over an extended period of time” to mean:

      a release of methylphenidate from the dosage form wherein the amount
      released in a periodic interval is increased over the amount released
      during the immediately preceding periodic, interval starting at t=0 and
      continuing through at least the mid-point of the T90 and for at least three
      hours.    The release rate is determined by an appropriate in-vitro
      dissolution test. The ascending release rate does not include release of

      2
                On the first day of the bench trial, ALZA moved to dismiss its claims
relating to the ’129 patent with prejudice. J.A. 12535. The district court dismissed
Andrx’s declaratory judgment counterclaims regarding the ’129 patent without prejudice
for lack of jurisdiction. Alza Corp. v. Andrx Pharms., LLC, 607 F. Supp. 2d 614, 624 (D.
Del. 2008). The ’129 patent is therefore not at issue in this appeal.
      3
             Neither party challenges the district court’s finding that claim 1 includes
both osmotic and non-osmotic dosage forms.

2009-1350                                   4
      drug from any immediate-release drug coating that may be applied to the
      dosage form. 4

Id.

      Following a bench trial, the district court determined that the ’373 patent was not

infringed. The district court concluded that claim 1, as construed, “require[s] release of

non-IR MPH during the initial interval of an appropriate dissolution test.” Alza, 607 F.

Supp. 2d at 624. According to the district court, there was substantial evidence that “the

amount of [MPH] released [by Andrx’s product] in the first hour of the dissolution test is

all attributable to the IR portion of methylphenidate,” which ALZA failed to adequately

rebut. Id. at 628–31. The district court also found the asserted claims of the ’373 patent

not obvious.

      The district court, however, concluded that the asserted claims are invalid for

lack of enablement because the specification does not enable the full scope of claim 1,

which covers both osmotic and non-osmotic dosage forms. Before the district court, the

parties agreed that the specification enables osmotic oral dosage forms, but disputed

whether it also enables non-osmotic oral dosage forms. While the court found that the

claim includes non-oral as well as oral dosage forms, it concluded that it could resolve

the enablement dispute between the parties in Andrx’s favor solely by looking to non-

osmotic oral tablets and capsules. As a result, it explained that the enablement issue

reduces to factual considerations with regard to whether undue experimentation is

required to make oral dosage forms other than osmotic dosage forms that meet the

limitations of the claims. Applying the factors set forth in In re Wands, 858 F.2d 731,

      4
             Before the district court and on appeal, the parties dispute whether the
inner core, which releases MPH over an extended time period, infringes the ’373 patent.

2009-1350                                   5
735 (Fed. Cir. 1988), 5 the district court found that developing non-osmotic oral dosage

forms, such as tablets and capsules, as claimed requires undue experimentation. Alza,
607 F. Supp. 2d at 651–59. Accordingly, the district court determined that the asserted

claims are not enabled and thus invalid.

       ALZA timely appeals. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(1).

                                       DISCUSSION

       On appeal, ALZA argues that the district court erred in finding claim 1 invalid for

lack of enablement.     The parties agree that the claim construction adopted by the

district court requires the enablement of both osmotic and non-osmotic dosage forms

and they also agree that osmotic dosage forms are enabled. The dispute is whether the

specification would have enabled a person of ordinary skill in the art to create non-

osmotic oral dosage forms—namely, tablets and capsules—with ascending release

rates without undue experimentation at the time of filing. 6

       ALZA asserts that creating non-osmotic dosage forms and manipulating their

release rates was well known to a person of ordinary skill in the art at the time the ’373

patent application was filed. In addition, ALZA argues that the specification provides

sufficient guidance regarding non-osmotic dosage forms because it identifies a variety

       5
              The factors are: “(1) the quantity of experimentation necessary, (2) the
amount of direction or guidance presented, (3) the presence or absence of working
examples, (4) the nature of the invention, (5) the state of the prior art, (6) the relative
skill of those in the art, (7) the predictability or unpredictability of the art, and (8) the
breadth of the claims.” Wands, 858 F.2d at 737.
       6
               ALZA also argues that the claimed non-osmotic dosage forms should be
limited to oral dosage forms and exclude non-oral dosage forms. We need not resolve
this issue, however, because we agree with the district court that non-osmotic oral
dosage forms are not enabled.

2009-1350                                    6
of suitable non-osmotic dosage forms and cites to a portion of a standard text to explain

how to make and use such non-osmotic, sustained-release dosage forms with

experimentation.    ALZA concedes that even with the guidance provided in the

specification, a person of ordinary skill in the art would be required to engage in an

iterative, trial-and-error process to practice the claimed invention; however, it disputes

that the amount of experimentation required is undue. Instead, ALZA argues that non-

osmotic dosage forms with ascending release rates could be made with only routine

effort by those skilled in the art because the methods and materials used to produce

dosage forms with constant, descending, or ascending release rate profiles are

essentially the same and well known.

       Andrx disputes ALZA’s contention that enablement can be satisfied by referring

to what persons of ordinary skill would know because what one of the proper skill in the

art knows cannot substitute for disclosure of novel aspects of the invention, i.e., the

non-osmotic dosage forms exhibiting ascending release rates. Further, Andrx argues

that the evidence presented at trial indicates that even one skilled in the art would find it

difficult to develop a non-osmotic dosage form exhibiting an ascending release rate,

particularly in light of the sparse guidance provided in the specification. Andrx asserts

that the district court’s factual findings that making a non-osmotic dosage form would

require undue experimentation were not clearly erroneous, but rather, supported by the

record. Andrx points to three Wands factors in particular—the guidance provided by the

specification, the presence or absence of working embodiments, and the breadth of the

claims—and submits that they strongly weigh in favor of a finding that creating non-

osmotic dosage forms with ascending release rates requires undue experimentation.

2009-1350                                    7
Upon review of the record, we agree with Andrx that the district court was correct in

concluding that the asserted claims are invalid for lack of enabling non-osmotic oral

dosage forms with ascending release rates.

       We begin with the statute. The enablement requirement is codified in 35 U.S.C.

§ 112, ¶ 1, which states:

       The specification shall contain a written description of the invention, and of
       the manner and process of making and using it, in such full, clear,
       concise, and exact terms as to enable any person skilled in the art to
       which it pertains, or with which it is most nearly connected, to make and
       use the same, and shall set forth the best mode contemplated by the
       inventor of carrying out his invention.

Enablement is determined as of the effective filing date of the patent’s application. See

Enzo Biochem, Inc. v. Calgene, Inc., 188 F.3d 1362, 1371–72 (Fed. Cir. 1999). “To be

enabling, the specification of a patent must teach those skilled in the art how to make

and use the full scope of the claimed invention without ‘undue experimentation.’”

Genentech Inc. v. Novo Nordisk A/S, 108 F.3d 1361, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 1997) (quoting In

re Wright, 999 F.2d 1557, 1561 (Fed. Cir. 1993)). “Whether undue experimentation

would have been required to make and use an invention, and thus whether a disclosure

is enabling under 35 U.S.C. § 112, ¶ 1, is a question of law that we review de novo,

based on underlying factual inquiries that we review for clear error.”           See Enzo

Biochem, 188 F.3d at 1369. Because patents are presumed valid, lack of enablement

must be proven by clear and convincing evidence. See Auto. Tech. Int’l, Inc. v. BMW of

N. Am., Inc., 501 F.3d 1274, 1281 (Fed. Cir. 2007); AK Steel Corp. v. Sollac & Ugine,

344 F.3d 1234, 1238–39 (Fed. Cir. 2003). The district court’s determination of the

hypothetical person of ordinary skill in the relevant art is a finding of fact we review for

2009-1350                                    8
clear error. Graham v. John Deere Co. of Kan. City, 383 U.S. 1, 17 (1966); Hybritech

Inc. v. Monoclonal Antibodies, Inc., 802 F.2d 1367, 1379–80 (Fed. Cir. 1986).

       Enablement is not precluded where a “reasonable” amount of routine

experimentation is required to practice a claimed invention, however, such

experimentation must not be “undue.” Enzo Biochem, 188 F.3d at 1371; Wands, 858
F.2d at 736–37. In Wands, we set forth the following factors that a court may consider

when determining if a disclosure requires undue experimentation:

       (1) the quantity of experimentation necessary, (2) the amount of direction
       or guidance presented, (3) the presence or absence of working examples,
       (4) the nature of the invention, (5) the state of the prior art, (6) the relative
       skill of those in the art, (7) the predictability or unpredictability of the art,
       and (8) the breadth of the claims.
858 F.2d at 737. We explained that “[w]hether undue experimentation is needed is not

a single, simple factual determination, but rather is a conclusion reached by weighing

many factual considerations.” Id. The district court found that seven of the eight Wands

factors weighed in favor of a finding that undue experimentation would be required to

enable the full scope of the claims. ALZA fails to demonstrate that the court’s factual

findings in this regard are clearly erroneous. We conclude that they are not.

       We agree first with the district court that the specification of the ’373 patent only

describes osmotic dosage forms and does not provide sufficient guidance for a person

of ordinary skill in the art to make the non-osmotic dosage forms as claimed. To the

extent that ALZA argues that the knowledge of a person of ordinary skill in the art

satisfies the enablement requirement, we disagree. As this court has repeatedly stated,

“the rule that a specification need not disclose what is well known in the art is ‘merely a

rule of supplementation, not a substitute for a basic enabling disclosure.’” Auto. Tech.,

2009-1350                                     9
501 F.3d at 1282 (quoting Genentech, 108 F.3d at 1366). To satisfy the plain language

of § 112, ¶ 1, ALZA was required to provide an adequate enabling disclosure in the

specification; it cannot simply rely on the knowledge of a person of ordinary skill to

serve as a substitute for the missing information in the specification.

       In arguing that the disclosure in the ’373 patent specification does enable a

person of ordinary skill to make and use the claimed dosage forms, ALZA directs us to

ten lines of the specification, which mention non-osmotics and refer to a textbook

discussing how to make and use various types of non-osmotic sustained-release

dosage forms. See ’373 patent col.3 ll.53–62. The specification states:

       There are many approaches to achieving sustained release of drugs from
       oral dosage forms known in the art. These different approaches include,
       for example, diffusion systems such as reservoir devices and matrix
       devices, dissolution systems (including, for example, “tiny time pills”) and
       matrix dissolution systems, combination diffusion/dissolution systems,
       osmotic systems and ion-exchange resin systems as described in
       Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1990 ed., pp. 1682-1685.

Id. We agree with the district court that this disclosure provides “no guidance as to how

to achieve ascending release with non-osmotic oral dosage forms.” Alza, 607 F. Supp.
2d at 655. The “omission of minor details does not cause a specification to fail to meet

the enablement requirement. However, when there is no disclosure of any specific

starting material or of any of the condition under which a process can be carried out,

undue experimentation is required.”       Auto. Tech., 501 F.3d at 1283–84 (quoting

Genentech, 108 F.3d at 1366).

       The specification here does not contain “such full, clear, concise, and exact

terms as to enable any person skilled in the art” to make and use non-osmotic oral

dosage forms with ascending release rates. 35 U.S.C. § 112, ¶ 1. Instead, it provides

2009-1350                                   10
“only a starting point, a direction for further research.” Auto. Tech., 501 F.3d at 1284;

Genentech, 108 F.3d at 1366. Indeed, even ALZA concedes that a person of ordinary

skill in the art would have been required to engage in an iterative, trial-and-error process

to practice the claimed invention even with the help of the ’373 patent specification.

Thus, we agree with the district court that resolving the enablement issue in this case

rests on the underlying factual findings regarding whether undue experimentation is

required to make non-osmotic oral dosage forms with ascending release rates.

       Despite ALZA’s assertions, we find no clear error in the district court’s finding that

the field of ascending release dosage forms was not mature at the time the ’373 patent

was filed and was a “breakaway” from the prior art, and thus, the preparation of such

dosage forms was not routine. Alza, 607 F. Supp. 2d at 652. These findings are

supported by the ’373 patent specification and prosecution history, and bolstered by

witness testimony.

       In its challenge to the district court’s findings, ALZA relies heavily on the

testimony of its expert witness Dr. Martyn Davies, who explained that the

experimentation required here is merely routine. The district court gave little weight to

Dr. Davies’s testimony in this regard in light of contradictory testimony from other

witnesses. There is at least one problem with Dr. Davies’s testimony, and that is that

the level of skill in the art upon which he based his analysis is a higher level of skill than

the one the court adopted. 7 Dr. Davies did not contend that the specification would

       7
                While ALZA also challenges the district court’s determination of the level
of skill in the art on appeal, we find no clear error.

2009-1350                                    11
enable a person at the level of skill that the court adopted. Accordingly, we conclude

that the court did not clearly err in giving less weight to this testimony.

       ALZA also challenges the district court’s reliance on the testimony of two of

ALZA’s own employees, Andrew Lam and Lawrence Hamel, who explained that despite

its efforts, ALZA had been unable to develop these purported “routine” non-osmotic

dosage forms exhibiting ascending release rates and that even development of the

osmotic form had been difficult.       Specifically, ALZA argues that the district court’s

reliance on Lam’s testimony was misplaced because he is not skilled in the art and at

best testified that “trial-and-error” experimentation is required. ALZA also argues that

reliance on Hamel’s testimony was improper because it is irrelevant since it related only

to the difficulties in developing the osmotic form. We disagree because Lam’s and

Hamel’s level of skill in the art does not affect their knowledge relating to ALZA’s

difficulties in creating a non-osmotic dosage form as claimed, which was relevant to

ALZA’s arguments that the quantity of experimentation required was not undue. At trial,

ALZA argued that it did produce non-osmotic dosage forms with ascending release

profiles, offering the testimony of its scientist Atul Ayer for support. When Ayer could

not corroborate his statements, however, the district court found that Ayer’s testimony

actually cut against ALZA’s assertions that the preparation of such dosage forms was a

routine matter.   Although ALZA complains that this consideration improperly shifted

Andrx’s burden on it, we disagree. This evidence merely contradicts its own witnesses’

2009-1350                                     12
testimony that such development was routine, easily made by those skilled in the art,

and created by ALZA. 8

      We find no clear error in the district court crediting the testimony of Lam over Dr.

Davies and Ayer, and concluding that “ALZA had in fact tried and failed for a few

months to produce non-osmotic ascending release dosage forms.” Alza, 607 F. Supp.
2d at 653. The district court addressed the arguments that ALZA continues to make on

appeal in making credibility determinations and factual findings that ALZA was unable to

create non-osmotic dosage form with an ascending release rate and without undue

experimentation. We conclude that the district court did not clearly err in giving weight

to this testimony when finding that the quantity of experimentation required to practice

the claimed invention was undue based on the record as a whole.

      Accordingly, ALZA has failed to demonstrate that the district court clearly erred in

the underlying factual findings on which the Wands factors are based. Rather, the

Wands factors weigh in favor of finding that the experimentation required to practice

part of the claimed invention was not routine. “Patent protection is granted in return for

an enabling disclosure of an invention, not for vague intimations of general ideas that

may or may not be workable.” Genentech, 108 F.3d at 1366 (citing Brenner v. Manson,

      8
               ALZA complains that the district court’s reliance on the “conclusory”
testimony of Andrx’s expert, Dr. Thomas Needham, further confirms that the court
improperly reversed the burden of proof. We find that the district court did not clearly
err in crediting the testimony of Dr. Needham, whose analysis was based on the level of
skill in the art that the court adopted. Dr. Needham stated that based on the lack of
guidance in the specification, a person of skill would need to engage in a great deal of
experimentation (six months or more) to develop a single, non-osmotic dosage form.
J.A. 12719. Dr. Needham also testified that based on the disclosure in the specification,
creating osmotic dosage forms would require one month of testing. Id. ALZA fails to
show that the court improperly shifted the burden of proof to ALZA or clearly erred in
relying on this testimony when weighing the Wands factors.

2009-1350                                  13
383 U.S. 519, 536 (1966)). Here, the evidence dictates that a person of ordinary skill in

the art would have been required to engage in undue experimentation to develop non-

osmotic oral dosage forms with ascending release rates.

         As we stated in Liebel-Flarsheim Co. v. Medrad, Inc., 481 F.3d 1371 (Fed. Cir.

2007), and repeated in Automobile Technologies, “The irony of this situation is that

Liebel successfully pressed to have its claims include a jacketless system, but, having

won that battle, it then had to show that such a claim was fully enabled, a challenge it

could not meet.” Auto. Tech. 501 F.3d at 1285 (quoting Liebel-Flarsheim, 481 F.3d at

1380).    In this case, ALZA successfully argued to the district court that the claims

encompassed both osmotic and non-osmotic dosage forms. However, ALZA’s patent

specification does not enable the full scope of the claims, namely non-osmotic oral

dosage forms with ascending release rates. Rather, the clear and convincing evidence

based on the quantity of experimentation, lack of guidance in the specification, absence

of working embodiments, and breadth of the claims demonstrates that the ’373 patent

specification fails to enable a person of ordinary skill to make and use non-osmotic oral

dosage forms with ascending release rates. Therefore, the asserted claims fail to meet

the enablement requirement. See Auto. Tech., 501 F.3d at 1285.

         We conclude that the asserted claims are invalid for lack of enablement under 35

U.S.C. § 112, ¶ 1. We need not address ALZA’s argument that the court erred in its

claim construction with respect to whether the claims require that the dosage form

administered in the claimed treatment release some drug during the first periodic

interval and thus in its finding of noninfringement, because the claims would be invalid

2009-1350                                   14
under any reasonable construction. Further, we need not reach Andrx’s argument that

in the alternative the claims are invalid as obvious under 35 U.S.C. § 103.

                                     CONCLUSION

      For the reasons set forth above, we affirm the district court’s determination that

the asserted claims are invalid for lack of enablement.

                                       AFFIRMED

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