Court Opinion

ID: 3159673
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-12-03 15:08:53.929217+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:02:58.719372
License: Public Domain

Opinion issued December 3, 2015

                                     In The

                             Court of Appeals
                                    For The

                         First District of Texas
                            ————————————
                             NO. 01-15-00359-CR
                           ———————————
                       HESIQUIO CANTU, Appellant
                                       V.
                     THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

                   On Appeal from the 35th District Court
                          Mills County, Texas 1
                        Trial Court Case No. 2981

1
     The Texas Supreme Court transferred this appeal from the Court of Appeals for
     the Third District of Texas. Misc. Docket No. 15-9054 (Tex. Mar. 24, 2015); see
     also TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 73.001 (Vernon 2013) (authorizing transfer of
     cases). Nothing in our review indicates the outcome of this case would vary
     depending on the precedent of either the Austin Court of Appeals or this Court.
     See TEX. R. APP. P. 41.3 (requiring reviewing court to “decide the case in
     accordance with the precedent of the transferor court” and permitting reviewing
     courts to address whether outcome would be different under precedent of
     reviewing court).
                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

      The State charged Hesiquio Cantu by indictment with assault family

violence, occlusion.2 Appellant pleaded not guilty. The jury found him guilty, and

the trial court assessed punishment at six years’ confinement. In one issue on

appeal, Appellant argues the trial court abused its discretion by denying his request

to admit an exhibit.

      We affirm.

                                   Background

      Deputy J. Purcell, a deputy with the Mills County Sheriff’s Department,

received a call for a domestic disturbance on December 25, 2013. When he arrived

at the house, he found Helen Pacheco. Pacheco’s left eye had a large, swollen,

purple bruise. She had bite marks above the eye and blood coming out of the

corner of her eye. Red marks were on her neck, consistent with having been

choked. Pacheco told the deputy that Appellant had assaulted her.

      Appellant was asleep on the bed. Deputy Purcell handcuffed him and woke

him up. Blood was found on Appellant’s hand, mouth, teeth, nose, forehead, and

shirt. Deputy Purcell later testified that Appellant did not have many injuries that

could cause bleeding and that the blood appeared to be transferred blood, meaning

the blood was from a different source.

2
      See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.01(a)(1), (b)(2)(B) (Vernon Supp. 2015); TEX.
      FAM. CODE ANN. § 71.0021(b) (Vernon Supp. 2015).

                                         2
      A paramedic arrived. Pacheco was coughing at the time the paramedic

arrived.     The paramedic determined that Pacheco’s swollen eye needed to be

examined at the hospital to determine if there was damage. At the hospital, the

examining doctor noted in his review that Pacheco did not have any trouble

breathing.

      The State charged Appellant with assault family violence, occlusion. At

trial, Appellant and Pacheco gave varying accounts of how Pacheco became

injured.     Appellant’s description of events was that he fell asleep first, then

Pacheco started hitting him in his right eye. He woke up, and then Pacheco “was

on [him] like a wildcat.” He raised his arm to defend himself and hit her in the eye

with his elbow. Appellant said this was the only time he hit her. After Appellant

hit her in the eye, Pacheco stopped her attack. Appellant laid back down, and then

Pacheco resumed attacking him.        While trying to defend himself, “maybe I

grabbed her from the neck. I don’t know.” Eventually, Pacheco tired, and they

both laid down. Appellant went back to sleep.        Appellant acknowledged that

pictures of Pacheco showed bite marks on her face. While he could not remember

ever biting her, he acknowledged that it must have been him that bit her. He

claimed, however, that he would have remembered punching or choking her.

      In contrast, Pacheco testified that, at a certain point in the evening, she

decided to go to bed. As she was walking to the bedroom, she noticed Appellant

                                          3
following her. She got into bed. Appellant stood by her side of the bed as he

began to undress, then he suddenly punched her in the eye. Appellant got on top of

her, and she tried to get him off of her. He grabbed one of her arms, pinned the

other under one of his knees, and choked her with his free hand. Pacheco struggled

to breathe but was unable to do so. She began to gurgle, Appellant removed his

hand from her neck momentarily, she began coughing, and then Appellant started

choking her again. Appellant leaned in and whispered into her ear that he was

going to kill her. He then bit her above her eye. He bit hard enough that doctors

later determined that his teeth must have met within her skin. All of a sudden,

Appellant stopped choking her, moved off of her, laid down, and fell asleep.

      During trial, Appellant sought to admit into the record one page of a

business record the State had filed within the court before trial. The business

records included certain records of the hospital where Pacheco had been treated for

her injuries following the incident. Appellant sought to have one page of a three-

page report admitted. Styled “Physician Documentation,” Appellant sought to

introduce the exhibit to show that, at the hospital, “the patient does not display

signs of respiratory distress, Respirations: normal, Breath sounds: are normal.” At

the bench hearing on the matter, the State offered to withdraw its objections if

Appellant agreed to have all three pages of the report admitted. Appellant did not

agree to that. Appellant argued that the report contained Pacheco’s description of

                                         4
the events leading to her injuries. Appellant argued that these statements were

hearsay and should not be included. The trial court told Appellant it would only

allow the entire document, without redactions, to be admitted. “That’s the way I

see it. Under the Rule of Optional Completeness, I think they’re entitled to put it

all in. We’re just not going to start redacting. You don’t want him redacting, you

don’t want her to redact, so —.”

                             Admissibility of Evidence

      In his sole issue, Appellant argues the trial court abused its discretion by

denying his request to admit one page of a report from Pacheco’s hospitalization.

A.    Standard of Review

      We review a trial court’s ruling on the admission or exclusion of evidence

for abuse of discretion. Tillman v. State, 354 S.W.3d 425, 435 (Tex. Crim. App.

2011); Sandoval v. State, 409 S.W.3d 259, 281 (Tex. App.—Austin 2013, no

pet.).3 A trial court abuses its discretion by excluding evidence only if its decision

“lies outside the zone of reasonable disagreement.”        Hernandez v. State, 390
S.W.3d 310, 324 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). We consider the ruling in light of what

was before the trial court at the time the ruling was made and uphold the trial

court’s decision if it lies within the zone of reasonable disagreement. Billodeau v.

State, 277 S.W.3d 34, 39 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009); Sandoval, 409 S.W.3d at 281. If

3
      See also Cowan v. State, 03-13-00301-CR, 2015 WL 4197594, at *3 (Tex.
      App.—Austin July 9, 2015, no pet.).

                                          5
the trial court’s evidentiary ruling is reasonably supported by the record and

correct on any theory of law applicable to that ruling, we will uphold the decision.

Carrasco v. State, 154 S.W.3d 127, 129 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); Sandoval, 409
S.W.3d at 297.

B.    Analysis

      Before trial, the State filed with the trial court certain business records of the

hospital where Pacheco had been treated for her injuries following the incident. At

trial, Appellant sought to admit into the record one page of a three-page report

contained within the business records.         Styled “Physician Documentation,”

Appellant sought to introduce the exhibit to show that, at the hospital, “the patient

does not display signs of respiratory distress, Respirations: normal, Breath sounds:

are normal.” Appellant asserts that this documentation would have been relevant

to his defensive theory that Pacheco initiated the attack and that he did not choke

Pacheco.4

      At the bench hearing on the matter, the State offered to withdraw its

objections if Appellant agreed to have all three pages of the report admitted.

Appellant did not agree to that.       Appellant argued that the report contained

Pacheco’s description of the events leading to her injuries. Appellant argued that

these statements were hearsay and should not be included. The trial court told

4
      Proof that Appellant choked Pacheco elevated the offense from a Class A
      misdemeanor to a third-degree felony. See PENAL § 22.01(b)(2).

                                           6
Appellant he would only allow the entire document, without redactions, to be

admitted.

      Appellant complains on appeal that the trial court’s ruling was erroneous and

that he should have been allowed to present to the jury only the single, redacted

page from the three-page report. We do not need to determine whether the trial

court’s ruling was erroneous because, even assuming the ruling was erroneous, the

exclusion was harmless.

      Error based on a violation of the rules of evidence is non-constitutional

error. Kirby v. State, 208 S.W.3d 568, 574 (Tex. App.—Austin 2006, no pet.)

(citing King v. State, 953 S.W.2d 266, 271 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997)). For non-

constitutional error, any “error, defect, irregularity, or variance that does not affect

substantial rights must be disregarded.” TEX. R. APP. P. 44.2(b). “In considering

the potential to harm, the focus is not on whether the outcome of the trial was

proper despite the error, but whether the error had a substantial or injurious effect

or influence on the jury’s verdict.” Barshaw v. State, 342 S.W.3d 91, 93–94 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2011). We review the record as a whole and reverse only if we have

“grave doubt that the result of the trial was free from the substantial effect of the

error. ‘Grave doubt’ means that ‘in the judge’s mind, the matter is so evenly

balanced that he feels himself in virtual equipoise as to the harmlessness of the

                                           7
error.’” Id. (quoting Burnett v. State, 88 S.W.3d 633, 637 (Tex. Crim. App.

2002)).

      Based upon the record as a whole, we hold that the error was harmless for

two reasons. First, while Appellant claims the notation in the report establishes

that Pacheco did not have any breathing problems at the hospital, this fact is not

necessarily probative of whether Appellant choked her earlier that night. Thus, the

evidentiary value of the notation is slight, particularly given the evidence that

coughing is a common response to choking immediately after the incident and that

Pacheco was coughing when the paramedic arrived. In short, any influence the

notation could have had on the jury would only have been slight. See Motilla v.

State, 78 S.W.3d 352, 355 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002) (holding substantial rights are

not affected if error would have had only slight effect).

      Second, there was ample evidence in the record that Pacheco’s injuries were

the result of an assault by Appellant, not by Appellant acting in self-defense from

an assault by Pacheco. Appellant’s description of events was that he fell asleep

first and that Pacheco started hitting him in his right eye. He woke up, and then

Pacheco “was on [him] like a wildcat.” He raised his arm to defend himself and hit

her in the eye with his elbow. Appellant said this was the only time he hit her.

After Appellant hit her in the eye, Pacheco stopped her attack. Appellant laid back

down, and then Pacheco resumed attacking him. While trying to defend himself,

                                          8
“maybe I grabbed her from the neck. I don’t know.” Eventually, Pacheco tired,

and they both laid down. Appellant went back to sleep. Appellant acknowledged

that pictures of Pacheco showed bite marks on her face. While he could not

remember ever biting her, he acknowledged that it must have been him that bit her.

He claimed, however, that he would have remembered punching or choking her.

      In contrast, Pacheco testified that, at a certain point in the evening, she

decided to go to bed. As she was walking to the bedroom, she noticed Appellant

following her. She got into bed. Appellant stood by her side of the bed as he

began to undress, then he suddenly punched her in the eye. Appellant got on top of

her, and she tried to get him off of her. He grabbed one of her arms, pinned the

other under one of his knees, and choked her with his free hand. Pacheco struggled

to breathe but was unable to do so. She began to gurgle, Appellant removed his

hand from her neck momentarily, she began coughing, and then Appellant started

choking her again. Appellant leaned in and whispered into her ear that he was

going to kill her. He then bit her above her eye. He bit hard enough that doctors

later determined that his teeth must have met within her skin. All of a sudden,

Appellant stopped choking her, moved off of her, laid down, and fell asleep.

      The evidence of the struggle supports Pacheco’s version of events.

Photographs taken when the police arrived showed a large, swollen, purple bruise

around Pacheco’s left eye. Bite marks were above that eye. A thick line of blood

                                         9
ran from her black eye. Two witnesses that saw her immediately after the incident

testified that she had red marks around her neck consistent with someone being

choked. The paramedic testified that Pacheco was coughing.

      Blood was found on the sheets. It was pooled in a specific location on

Pacheco’s side of the bed, consistent with blood flowing from someone remaining

in a relatively fixed location on the sheets, not someone moving around over the

bed. Likewise, blood was found on Appellant. But given Appellant’s few injuries

and the pattern of the blood, Deputy Purcell determined the blood appeared to be

transferred blood, meaning the blood was from a different source. Blood was

found on Appellant’s hand, mouth, teeth, nose, forehead, and shirt.

      On the whole, the physical and other testimonial evidence supported

Pacheco’s testimony closer than Appellant’s. Proof that Pacheco did not have any

trouble breathing when she was later taken to the hospital is relevant, at most, to

whether Appellant choked her. As we have held above, the evidence would have

only minor relevance for this determination. Furthermore, it does nothing to rebut

the remainder of the evidence that he hit her hard enough in the eye to create a

large, swollen bruise, bit her above the eye, and caused her to bleed.

      We hold the trial court’s exclusion of the hospital record relevant to

Pacheco’s ability to breathe did not affect Appellant’s substantial rights. See

Barshaw, 342 S.W.3d at 93–94 (holding substantial rights not affected unless error

                                         10
had substantial or injurious effect on jury’s verdict). We overrule Appellant’s sole

issue.

                                      Conclusion

         We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                                                Laura Carter Higley
                                                Justice

Panel consists of Justices Higley, Huddle, and Lloyd.

Do not publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).

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