Court Opinion

ID: 7064876
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-24 07:24:52.742546+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:12:20.387053
License: Public Domain

Concurring Opinion.
Roby, C. J.
Appellees’ complaint is in two paragraphs. The first is in the usual form of a complaint to quiet title, and describes lot No. 122 and the east half of lot No. 121 in Johnson’s riverside addition to the city of Elkhart. In the second paragraph it is averred that defendants’ decedent was in his lifetime the owner of said lands, and that the plaintiffs purchased the same from him for a consideration, which was fully paid; that on February 25,1899, decedent executed his warranty deed therefor to plaintiffs, his wife joining therein, which deed was duly delivered to them, and that they left the same with said decedent for safe-keeping until such time as they should call for the same to have it recorded, and that afterwards he departed life; that they have demanded said deed from the defendants — executors, devisee and legatee of said decedent — -who have possession thereof, and they refused to deliver it to plaintiffs, who aver that they are entitled to the possession thereof. The issue was *170formed by a general denial. The cause was tried without a jury, and a decree entered against the defendants.
The second paragraph contains the requisites necessary to an action in replevin. §1330 Burns 1908, §1266 R. S. 1881; Wilson v. Rybolt (1861), 17 Ind. 391; Bush v. Gromes (1890), 125 Ind. 14.
The findings made by the court are “that the plaintiffs are the owners in fee simple, as tenants by the entireties, of the real estate described in the complaint; that the defendants claim an interest therein; that their claims are without right and unfounded, and that the plaintiffs are entitled to have their title quieted.” The decree follows the findings, and contains in addition thereto an order to deliver the deed described in the second paragraph, and, in default of such delivery, names a commissioner to execute a deed for such premises. It is claimed that the decree amounts to no more than one quieting title, and that a motion for a.new trial as of right, made by appellants, should have been sustained, which question, for reasons hereafter stated, is not decided.
Appellees have filed a motion to dismiss the appeal, basing the same upon the grounds that the provisions of the act of September 19, 1881 (§2977 Burns 1908, §2454 R. S. 1881), have not been followed, and that a proper index was not attached to the transcript. The appeal was however properly taken under the general statute (Baker v. Edwards [1901], 156 Ind. 53; Mason v. Roll [1892], 130 Ind. 260), and the transcript is sufficiently indexed.
3. The case as it comes here is, upon the evidence, decidedly unsatisfactory. It shows a delivery of the deed by Ruel M. Johnson, its retention by a third person for more than a year, when it was taken by Alpheus Zimmerman, and returned by him to said Johnson, and found among the latter’s effects enclosed in an envelope marked, “Not delivered.” Appellees averred and undertook to show payment of the purchase price of said lots. To this end a *171witness was introduced who testified, in substance, that the consideration for the lots described was the conveyance of another lot, which had-been previously sold by said Johnson to the appellees, and paid for by them out of a loan which he had procured for them, and which was secured by a mortgage on said lot.
In this state of the evidence appellants* offered to introduce an account in decedent’s own handwriting, in a book which he kept in connection with the business of his office, by which the amount of said loan and the manner of its distribution are shown. Such entries contained memoranda of checks by which such payments were made, and, with the checks thus referred to, were excluded by the court upon appellees’ objection, to which ruling appellants reserved an exception. These entries and checks were admissible both as having been made by the agent of appellees, authorized by them to distribute the borrowed fund (Reno v. Crane [1829], 2 Blackf. 217; 1 Greenleaf, Evidence [16th ed.], §184c), and under the account-book rule, as part of the res gestee of the transaction upon which payment for the lots in controversy is made to depend. Doe v. Turford (1832), 3 Barn. & Ad. 890; Place v. Baugher (1902), 159-Ind. 232; Fleming v. Yost (1894), 137 Ind. 95.
The shop-book rule of evidence, which permits account-book entries and other regular entries made in the course of business to be introduced in evidence, has been a most unsettled one in this State. The transition from the common-law rules, the conflicting theoretical classifications stated in the many text-books, and the conflicting application of these rules in the various states, are doubtless the most responsible causes of this condition. Sixteen cases decided by the Indiana Supreme and Appellate Courts, which, investigation discloses, are all the cases in which the rule under consideration is discussed or referred to, have been examined, and from them the conclusion before stated was reached.
The rules .as to the admissibility of entries by third per*172sons, entries by parties, and entries by deceased third persons and parties have apparently been developed separately, but under business conditions of the present day there is no reason for different rules regarding entries by third persons and by parties. See 2 Wigmore, Evidence, §1517 et seq. The court in DeCamp v. Vandagraft (1836), 4 Blackf. 272, held that plaintiff’s books of account, in which he had charged the items for which he sued, were not admissible to support his demands, for that “would be permitting him to make evidence for himself. ’ ’ This case was decided on the authority of the English common law, as it was at the time of its adoption in America, which permitted only entries made by a clerk to be admitted. The few American eases extending the doctrine and admitting entries made by (a party were ignored, because, in the language of the court, “the decisions in those eases, we presume, are founded on the local laws of those states.” This case is doubtless the first cause of confusion in our reports, which has resulted less from what has been decided than from what has been said as dicta. The classification of Indiana by Wigmore that excellent textwriter — -2 Wigmore, Evidence, §1536 — as one of the few jurisdictions in which this branch of the exception (the admissibility of the account books of a party) has not been recognized, is erroneous, as the following cases show: Place v. Baugher (1902), 159 Ind. 232; Wilbur v. Scherer (1895), 13 Ind. App. 428; Fleming v. Yost (1894), 137 Ind. 95; Culver v. Marks (1890), 122. Ind. 554, 7 L. R. A. 489, 17 Am. St. 377.
Two cases involving the question were decided prior to DeCamp v. Vandagraft, supra. In Reno v. Crane (1829), 2 Blackf. 217, which was an action by a partner to replevy a boat, an entry by him in the partnership boobs, charging himself with the boat sued for, was admitted. In Harrison v. Lagow (1824), 1 Blackf. *307, plaintiff offered boobs in evidence to sustain his demand for goods sold and delivered. They were held inadmissible because the plaintiff had not *173proved them to be his, but this reasonably implies that, if properly proved, they would have been held admissible.
Place v. Baugher, supra, serves to some extent to clear up the law relating to account books. It was an action for the value of lumber delivered to a purchaser at his sawmill. The defendant was permitted to read in evidence from his account boobs in which he had entered the number of feet of lumber received. A few of the decisions were discussed and distinguished, and the proposition of law laid down that account books which are a part of the res gestae should be held admissible.
Wilbur v. Scherer, supra, was a similar action, by the operator of a sawmill, “on an ordinary book account,” in which the party’s account book was admitted. Fleming v. Yost, supra, held, in an action to set aside a conveyance of real estate as fraudulent, that the account book of a defendant was admissible as evidence to show payment for the real estate.
The eases besides DeCamp v. Vandagraft, supra, in which boobs of account have been refused in evidence are: Cleveland, etc., R. Co. v. Coffman (1903), 30 Ind. App. 462; Rouyer v. Miller (1896), 16 Ind. App. 519; First Nat. Bank, etc., v. Williams (1892), 4 Ind. App. 501; Pittsburgh, etc., R. Co. v. Noel (1881), 77 Ind. 110. In the case last cited, the books were found by the court not to have been parts of the res gestee, and an account book, to be admissible, must be part of the res gestee. Place v. Baugher, supra; Fleming v. Yost, supra.
Cleveland, etc., R. Co. v. Coffman, supra, was decided on the authority of Pittsburgh, etc., R. Co. v. Noel, supra. The decision in First Nat. Bank, etc., v. Williams, supra, which was a suit against a bank for- money deposited with it, in which the ledgers of the bank were refused in evidence, was also based expressly upon Pittsburgh, etc., R. Co. v. Noel, supra, which was the only case cited. The conclusion — the correctness of. which is-doubted — must have been that the *174books were not a part of the res gestee, or that “necessity” did. not demand their admittance, since other -sufficient evidence was offered. As to this point see infra. Books of a bank have several times been held admissible to show the .state of a depositor’s account (Glover v. Hunter [1867], 28 Ind. 185; Johnson v. Culver [1888], 116 Ind. 278; Culver v. Marks, supra), but in each of these eases the entrant was a third person not a party. Rouyer v. Miller, supra, is valuless as authority upon the point under consideration. The page from the account book was rejected because no proof was made as to when or where the entries were made, or that they were in defendant’s handwriting, and it was doubted whether the page in question was anything more than memoranda and therefore not admissible. These cases, while holding that under particular circumstances parties’ books of account are inadmissible, cannot be said to affirm DeCamp v. Vandagraft, supra, hence that ease stands alone, entirely unsupported by modern authority.
That account books, the entries in which were made by third persons, are admissible is an unquestioned proposition. Glover v. Hunter, supra; Culver v. Marks, supra; Cleland v. Applegate (1894), 8 Ind. App. 499. While our cases permit the introduction of account books, the entries in which were made by a party as well as those in which the entries were made by third persons, they are not clear as to just what conditions are necessary for such introduction. The principal reason for the rule and the cause of its development is said to be “necessity.” Formerly a plaintiff was not a competent witness to prove his claim, and the mercantile conditions of the early days left a party generally without other evidence than his own statement in the books. In Dodge v. Morrow (1896), 14 Ind. App. 534, it is stated, on petition for rehearing, that entries are only to be admitted where no other or better means of making the proof is obtainable. That “necessity” was the reason for the rule is also stated in Culver v. Marks, supra, “for,” quoting from a note to *175Price v. Earl of Torrington (1703), in 1 Smith’s Lead. Cas. (9th ed.), 566, 570, “in view of the number and frequency of transactions of which entries are daily required to be made, the difficulty and inconvenience of making formal common-law proof of each item would be very great. To insist upon it, therefore, would either render a credit system impossible or leave the creditor remediless.” The statement in Smith’s Leading Cases is made regarding the admission of party’s account boobs, but the rule is applicable to the other class, which was in evidence in Culver v. Marks, supra. Necessity is undoubtedly at the foundation of that portion of the rule which admits account-book .entries of a party who is incompetent. Such entries are stated to be admissible in Culver v. Marks, supra, (see quotation infra 178). In Slade v. Leonard (1881), 75 Ind. 171, which was a suit by an administratrix for money loaned by her intestate, defendant offered both his own and the intestate’s account books to prove the dealings between them. Defendant was not permitted by the lower court to be a witness under the statute of 1867 (Acts 1867, p. 225). On appeal the question as to the ruling-on the statute is not decided, and the inconsistent statement is made: “The books of the defendant were not admissible to prove any item of set-off or payment, but it was competent for him to introduce both books, with accompanying evidence, that all the items contained therein were included in the settlement.” The judgment was reversed upon another error, and, whatever its holdings on questions involved may be said to be, it is not authority.
Under general business circumstances the probability of accuracy and trustworthiness of the entries is great, hence another reason justifying the admission of account books has been stated to be, the circumstantial guarantee of trustworthiness. While no case in Indiana has in terms invoked the latter doctrine, it is of controlling force. Necessity for the admission of entries does not seem to mean that they are to be admitted only in the absence of all other proof. Sev*176eral of the cases in Indiana have admitted entries where there was other evidence. Place v. Baugher, supra; Fleming v. Yost, supra. If necessity were the only circumstance under which the entries could be admitted, they would often be introduced by allowing witnesses on the stand to “refresh their memories” by them to such an extent that they would virtually be in evidence. The fiction of the law, that there is a distinction between admitting a book and permitting a witness to “refresh his memory” from a book, where, in fact, he remembers nothing of the transaction, is an antiquated one, and it would seem that our courts no longer draw the distinction. Place v. Baugher, supra; Wilbur v. Scherer, supra; Johnson v. Culver, supra. But in Pittsburgh, etc., R. Co. v. Noel, supra, where the entries “were not res gestee,” they were refused in evidence “however useful they may or might have been as memoranda, to be used in refreshing the memory of the witnesses who made them.” Our rule then permits entries made in account books to be admitted in evidence if they are a part of the res gestae of the matter involved. In this connection it might be well to note the definition quoted in Fleming v. Yost, supra, from Carter v. Buchannon (1847), 3 Ga. 513: “ ‘The circumstances, facts and declarations which grow out of the main fact, are contemporaneous with and serve to illustrate its character, are part of the res gestee.’ ”
Many, if not most, of the states have, by statute, declared what conditions must exist to make this evidence competent, thus disposing of a question which for over a century has been unsettled. The statutes represent the crystallization of the rules created by the courts. They usually require a suppletory oath to support the entries offered. In some jurisdictions proof is required that the books were kept for the purpose, that they contain original entries for goods delivered or for work and labor performed, etc., that the entries are just, to the best of deponent’s knowledge and belief, that they are in his handwriting, and were made at the *177time the goods were delivered or services performed. In ease of hooks kept by a clerk, proof must be made by such clerk unless he is dead or beyond the reach of the court. If the court is satisfied as to the genuineness of the entries, they are received as presumptive —prima facie — evidence. This is in brief the Wisconsin law. 2 Wisconsin Statutes (1898), §§4186, 4187, 4189. The New Mexico statute, Comp. Laws, N. M. (1897), §3031, typifies a simple form of statute: “Hereafter in the trial of civil causes in the courts of this territory, the books of account of any merchant, shopkeeper, physician, blacksmith or other person doing a regular business and keeping daily entries thereof, may be admitted in evidence as proof of such accounts upon the following conditions: (1) That he kept no clerk, or else the clerk is dead or inaccessible. (2) Upon proof, the party’s oath being sufficient, that the book tendered is the book of original entries. (3) Upon proof, by his customers, that he usually kept correct books. (4) Upon inspection by the court to see if the books are free from any suspicion of fraud.”
The Illinois statute provides that a party shall prove his account book to be one of original entry, made by himself, some deceased person, or disinterested person, now a nonresident, and that the entries were made in the regular course of business. Hurd’s R. S. of 1905 (Ill.), Chap. 51, §3. Several of the statutes limit the amount which may be established by account books.
The most, if not all, of the requirements set out in the statutes just cited have, in various decisions in states which have no statutory enactments on this subject, been stated as necessary. Pew eases in Indiana decide what foundation must be laid for the introduction of account-book entries, but the following rules are to be gathered from the decisions: Plaintiff must prove them “to be his.” Harrison v. Lagow (1824), 1 Blackf. *307. Entries must be original, and not *178on. the representations made by another party. Dodge v. Morrow, supra. Proof must be offered showing when and where entries were made, and that they were made in the handwriting of some authorized person. Rouyer v. Miller, supra.
The books in the present case are admissible, not only as being the account books of a party, but as being the account boobs of a deceased person. As was pointed out before, there, at present, is but little if any difference between the rules; but there has never in Indiana been any question as to the latter. It is said in Culver v. Marks, supra, quoting from 1 Wharton, Evidence (3d ed.), §238: “ ‘Book entries, of an officer, agent, or. business man, when in the course of his duties, become evidence after his decease, or after he has passed out of the range of process, or become incompetent to testify of the truth of such entries.’ ” An English case decided before DeCamp v. Vandagraft, supra, holds that -the rule covers all entries made by a person, since deceased, in the ordinary course of business, whether a person wholly unconnected with the parties or the clerk of the party, or the .party himself. Doe v. Turford, supra. The practice at this time, when parties are competent witnesses, cannot be less liberal than it was when the strict common-law rules prevailed.
To recapitulate: The books in this case are admissible (1) as having been made by the agent of appellees, authorized by them to distribute the fund; (2) under the general account-book rule, which admits regular entries made in the course of business; (3) under that portion of the account-book rule which admits the books of a deceased person.
The record exhibits the ruling of the trial judge. The offer made by appellants is explicit and clear. Appellees have waived any right to object to the form of such offer, there is no defect in substance, and the evidence offered should have been admitted.
The fact that the deed for the lots described in the com*179plaint was made to a husband and wife does not render proof of the finandal condition and pecuniary resources of either one of them incompetent. A decree quieting title cuts off any lien which the vendor might otherwise have for his purchase money. The learned trial judge has opportunities for weighing evidence which this court does not have, but proof of payment rests upon such extended inference that the exclusion of any evidence bearing upon the question could not have been otherwise than harmful.