Court Opinion

ID: 4666991
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-03-11 22:04:43.689817+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:02:52.802608
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

ERIC MONZO and DANA SPRING               §
MONZO,                                   §
                                         §         No. 199, 2020
               Plaintiffs Below,         §
               Appellants,               §         Court Below – Superior Court
                                         §         of the State of Delaware
             v.                          §
                                         §         C.A. No. K18C-11-003
NATIONWIDE PROPERTY &                    §
CASUALTY INSURANCE CO.,                  §
                                         §
             Defendant Below,            §
             Appellee.                   §
                                         §

                            Submitted:   January 13, 2021
                            Decided:      March 11, 2021

Before VAUGHN, TRAYNOR, and MONTGOMERY-REEVES, Justices.

Upon appeal from the Superior Court. AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART.

Eric J. Monzo, Esquire, MORRIS JAMES LLP, Wilmington, Delaware; for Appellants Eric
Monzo and Dana Spring Monzo.

Louis J. Rizzo, Jr., Esquire, REGER RIZZO & DARNALL LLP, Wilmington, Delaware;
for Appellee Nationwide Property & Casualty Insurance Company.
MONTGOMERY-REEVES, Justice:

       This appeal relates to an insurance coverage dispute.          In 2011, Appellants

Eric J. Monzo and Dana Spring Monzo purchased a homeowners insurance policy issued

by Appellee, Nationwide Property & Casualty Co. (“Nationwide”). The policy contained

standard exclusions for water damage and earth movement, along with optional water

backup coverage.

       In July 2017, a heavy thunderstorm destroyed a pedestrian bridge and retaining wall

located at the Monzos’ residence. A pair of engineering reports prepared after the storm

indicated that a combination of water backups from drainage systems, scouring of supporting

earth embankments, heavy rain, and tree debris caused the damage. The Monzos filed a

claim with Nationwide, seeking coverage under the homeowners insurance policy.

       Nationwide denied coverage, and the Monzos filed suit in the Superior Court. The

court granted summary judgment for Nationwide, holding that the policy’s earth movement

and water damage exclusions applied. The Monzos appealed, arguing that the Superior

Court erred by granting summary judgment too early in the discovery process,

misinterpreting the policy, and denying a motion for post-judgment relief.

       Having reviewed the briefs and record on appeal, the Court: (i) affirms the Superior

Court’s holding that Nationwide was entitled to summary judgment regarding the collapsed

bridge; (ii) reverses the Superior Court’s holding that Nationwide was entitled to summary

                                             2
judgment regarding the retaining wall; and (iii) affirms the Superior Court’s denial of the

Monzos’ post-judgment motion.

I.     RELEVANT FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       A.     The Monzos Purchase Homeowners Insurance from Nationwide

       In July 2011, the Monzos approached Matthew Papa, an insurance agent, about

purchasing comprehensive insurance coverage from Nationwide.1 The Monzos expressed

interest in several different types of coverage, including a homeowners insurance policy

covering the couple’s residence in Greenville, Delaware.2

       As part of the underwriting process, Nationwide hired Cornerstone Appraisal

Services Inc. (“Cornerstone”) to inspect the Greenville residence and provide a risk analysis.3

Cornerstone drafted a report describing various aspects of the property, including two

pedestrian bridges crossing a stream.4 After receiving Cornerstone’s report, Nationwide

required that the Monzos comply with various conditions, such as providing an alarm

certification and installing a fireplace screen.5 Nationwide also required that the Monzos

sign a document acknowledging that they did not purchase flood insurance.6 The top of the

1
  App. to Opening Br. 220-21 (hereafter “A_”).
2
  Id.
3
  A222.
4
  A234.
5
  A223.
6
  A144. The document asked the policyholder to acknowledge, “I understand that loss resulting
from flood damage is not covered under my homeowners’ policy, and that flood coverage is
available through the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP). By signing this form, I am
voluntarily choosing not to purchase flood protection for my building and/or contents under a
National Flood Insurance policy as indicated below.” Id.

                                              3
acknowledgment stated, “Everyone lives in a flood zone—it is just a question of whether

you live in a low, moderate, or high risk area. Nearly 25% of all flood claims are for

properties located in lower-risk flood areas or those property locations where flooding is not

expected.”7

        Eric Monzo signed the acknowledgment.8 Nonetheless, it was his “understanding

that this election applied only to the buildings located at the property and related contents

. . . . [Eric] did not agree to waive purchase of [flood] coverage as it related to other structures

located at the property . . . .”9

        In August 2011, Nationwide accepted the Monzos’ application and issued a

homeowners insurance policy covering the Greenville property.10 The final policy included

“Option R Broad Water Backup of Sewers or Drains Coverage” (“Option R Coverage”), for

which the Monzos paid extra premiums.11 The Monzos specifically negotiated that

Option R Coverage would apply to several water drainage systems on their lot, including:

(i) an underground septic system that drains into a leach field; (ii) a sump pump system that

removes water from the residence’s foundation, draining into the stream; (iii) a water system

7
  Id.
8
  See A223-24.
9
  A224.
10
   Id.
11
   See A304; A227-28.

                                                4
connected to a well; and (iv) a system of gutters that carries water from the residence’s roof

to the stream.12

       B.     The Monzos File a Claim with Nationwide after a Storm Damages their
              Greenville Residence

       On July 23, 2017, a heavy thunderstorm struck the Monzos’ residence.13 After

hearing the “septic tank backup alarm,” Eric Monzo “went downstairs” to silence the alarm,

“found water in the basement area,” and “spent the remainder of the evening and early

morning cleaning, clearing, and removing the water that had seeped from the ground through

the walls and floor,” along with “flood or wastewater” that had “backed up” into the

residence from the “septic system, . . . sump pump, [and] sump pump well . . . .”14

Unfortunately, removing this water from the “foundation . . . coupled with the runoff into the

gutters and exterior drains from the Main Residence through the subsurface piping into the

nearby [s]tream was too much for the drainage system to handle.”15 A stone retaining wall

containing the drainage system partially collapsed.16

       In the storm’s aftermath, the Monzos discovered that the bridges on their property

were significantly damaged. “The upstream bridge collapsed completely. The downstream

bridge was more substantial and did not collapse but did suffer some severe damage.”17

12
   A226-28.
13
   A228.
14
   A228-29.
15
   A229
16
   Id.
17
   A146.

                                              5
      A couple of days after the storm, the Monzos contacted Papa about submitting a claim

with Nationwide to cover the damage to the retaining wall and bridges.18 Nationwide

assigned the claim to Melissa Barlow-Carey, a claims associate.19

      Around the same time that they submitted a claim, the Monzos hired

Fredrick S. Roland, a structural engineer, “to investigate and determine the cause of the

collapse of a stone pedestrian foot bridge that crosses a small stream on [the Monzos’]

property.”20 Roland inspected the property and produced a report concluding:

             1. The upstream bridge collapsed as a result of hidden decay
             below the normal water level and the supporting earth
             embankments being scoured away during a thunderstorm. The
             collapse was further exacerbated by a sudden burst of heavy rain
             and debris from trees whose weight was too much to be borne
             by the supporting bridge structure.

             2. The heavy rainfall during a short period of time caused
             significant drainage from roof areas of the main house and into
             the drainage system of underground pipes which open into the
             stream via pipes through the stone wall. The overflow of the
             rain drainage caused a failure of the drainage system in that
             water backed up and resulted in a collapse at the area where
             water was being forced out of the pipes and into the creek. It is
             this aspect of the front stone wall that collapsed.

             3. The heavy rain fall over a short period of time increased the
             water speed creating the scour effect that eroded the stream
             banks.21

18
   A86.
19
   A85.
20
   A146.
21
   A148.

                                            6
       Nationwide hired its own structural engineer, Sihan S. Jawad, to investigate and

“determine the cause of the damage to the bridge and the stream embankment.”22 Jawad’s

report concluded:

                [T]he damage to the bridges and the retaining walls . . . was
                caused by soil erosion and soil/hydrostatic pressure. The heavy
                rain in the region on or about the loss date increased the
                soil/hydrostatic pressure and the flow in the stream. Debris
                floating in the stream possibly dammed the flow and may have
                contributed to the damage to the bridges.23

       In October 2017, Papa sent an email to Barlow-Carey to discuss the status of the

Monzos’ claim.24 Papa wrote, “It sounded like, because of the policy language (or lack

thereof), that coverage could potentially be afforded. I didn’t and wouldn’t tell them that[,]

but I figured I’d check in to see what your thoughts are at this point.”25 Barlow-Carey

responded, “I highly doubt this will be covered.”26

       C.       Nationwide Denies the Claim and the Monzos Sue

       In November 2017, Nationwide sent the Monzos a letter denying their claim.27 In the

letter, Nationwide asserted that the policy’s earth movement and water damage exclusions

applied because heavy rain, scouring, and water-borne debris combined to cause the loss.28

Nationwide asserted that Option R Coverage was unavailable because “[t]he earth

22
   A87; A151.
23
   A153.
24
   A311.
25
   Id.
26
   Id.
27
   A168.
28
   A171-72.

                                              7
movement and water damage exclusions . . . apply regardless of whether another covered

cause of loss . . . contributed to the loss before, after, or at the same time as the excluded earth

movement or ‘water damage.’”29

       Approximately one year later, the Monzos timely filed a complaint in the Superior

Court.30 The complaint alleged two counts. Count I sought a declaratory judgment “that

under the terms of the Nationwide policy, [the Monzos] are entitled to immediate payment

by Nationwide . . . in connection with the July 23, 2017 storm.”31 Count II alleged that

Nationwide breached its contractual obligations in bad faith by refusing, “without reasonable

justification,” “to make complete and timely payment of insurance proceeds to [the Monzos]

under the Nationwide policy . . . in connection with the July 23, 2017 storm . . . .”32

       Despite describing the homeowners insurance policy “as part of a comprehensive

insurance coverage plan,”33 the complaint only sought coverage under the homeowners

policy and did not allege that coverage could be available under another policy.34 For

example, the complaint defined “the Nationwide Policy” to mean the “homeowners

insurance contract . . . .”35

29
   A172.
30
   A1.
31
   A7.
32
   A8. In 2019, the parties agreed to a stipulation dismissing the bad faith claim without prejudice.
A48.
33
   A2.
34
   A1-9.
35
   A2.

                                                 8
       In September 2019, Nationwide filed a motion for summary judgment.36 Nationwide

argued that it was entitled to summary judgment because, among other things, the policy

excludes coverage for water damage and earth movement, and there was no dispute that both

of those excluded perils contributed to the loss.37 Nationwide also argued that the Option R

Coverage did not apply because there was no “backup” 38 and because the policy contained

an Anti-Concurrent Causation Clause (the “ACC Clause”) that would defeat coverage if

excluded and covered perils combined to cause the loss.39

       The Monzos opposed the motion, arguing that summary judgment was premature

because discovery was incomplete.40 The Monzos also argued that summary judgment was

inappropriate because there were disputed facts about whether the policy covered their

claim.41

       In January 2020, the Superior Court held an oral argument regarding summary

judgment.42 During the argument, the court asked Dana Spring Monzo, “[D]o plaintiffs

disagree with Mr. Roland’s conclusions as to what caused the damage?”43 Dana answered,

               I would not say that we disagree. We have not finalized the full
               scope of what other areas need to be included.

36
   A52.
37
   See A70-76. Section III.A.1, supra, discusses these provisions in greater detail.
38
   A80-81.
39
   A82-83.
40
   See, e.g., A208-09.
41
   See A208-19.
42
   A438.
43
   A449.

                                                  9
                Mr. Roland also did not enter the interior of our home to provide
                a full evaluation of the drainage system as it applies to Option R.

                So what was supplied for the loss issue may not be a complete
                report for what it needed for success in litigation.44

        On March 18, 2020, the Superior Court issued a Memorandum Opinion and Order

granting Nationwide’s motion for summary judgment.45 The court began its analysis by

holding that there was no dispute that scouring, heavy rain, and water-borne debris

contributed to the damage:

                        At oral argument, Plaintiffs conceded that they are not
                disputing Roland’s findings. Therefore, Plaintiffs agree that the
                damage to the pedestrian bridge was caused, at least in part, by
                “supporting earth embankments being scoured away during a
                thunderstorm” and “debris from trees whose weight was too
                much to be borne by the supporting bridge structure,” and that
                the damage to the wall was caused by “heavy rainfall during a
                short period of time” that drained from the roof area of the house
                into the underground drainage system, ultimately resulting in “a
                collapse [of the wall] at the area where the water was being
                forced out of the pipes and into the creek.”46

        Relying on this purported concession, the court held that Nationwide was entitled to

summary judgment because “the facts are undisputed that the damage to both the pedestrian

bridge and the wall w[as] caused by factors . . . not covered under the Policy, namely, ‘earth

44
   A449-50, at 12:16-13:4.
45
   Monzo v. Nationwide Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 2020 WL 1317276, at *1 (Del. Super. Ct. Mar. 18,
2020).
46
   Id. at *3 (alteration in original) (quoting A148). The court did not provide a citation to the Monzos’
purported concession. The excerpt included above seems to provide the clearest example of a
concession supporting the court’s assertion. See A449-50, at 12:16-13:4.

                                                  10
movement’ and ‘water or water-borne material.’”47 The court held that the earth movement

exclusion applied because “scouring” is a type of earth movement:

             [W]hile it is true that neither “erosion” nor “scour” are explicitly
             named as excluded causes within the Policy, both fall within the
             Policy’s “earth movement” exclusion. “Scour” is a term that
             encompasses “erosion.” Moreover, “erosion” is a term used to
             describe a natural process, whether rapid or gradual, that wears
             away soil. Thus, heavy rainfall and the scouring of the earth
             caused by that rainfall were “natural . . . causes” that resulted in
             “movement,” i.e., erosion, of “earth” surrounding both the
             pedestrian bridge and the wall.48

      The court held that the water damage exclusion applied because there was no dispute

that water and water-borne material contributed to the damage:

             [T]he Policy excludes damage caused by “water or water-borne
             material,” i.e., by “flood, surface water . . . [or] overflow of a
             body of water” or by “water or water-borne material below the
             surface of the ground.” Although the word “rain” is not
             mentioned in the exclusions, “rain” contributing to a “flood”
             would certainly fall under these exclusions. . . . Additionally, the
             “debris from trees” carried by the stream was “water-borne
             material.” . . . [I]t is undisputed, as noted in Roland’s report, that
             a burst of rainfall swelling a stream, “material” carried along in
             that stream, and water moving “below the surface of the
             ground,” i.e., through the underground drainage system,
             damaged the pedestrian bridge and the wall.49

47
   Monzo, 2020 WL 1317276, at *4.
48
   Id. (citations omitted).
49
   Id. (citations omitted).

                                              11
        Finally, the court held that “even if non-excluded causes contributed to the damage,

coverage is barred under the ACC Clause, which precludes coverage when excluded and

non-excluded causes combine to cause damage.”50

        The court rejected the Monzos’ argument that the Option R Coverage was available

for two reasons.51 First, the court held that the Option R Coverage did not abrogate the ACC

Clause, meaning that “Plaintiffs are precluded from recovery even if both excluded and non-

excluded causes combined to damage the wall . . . .”52 Thus, the court reasoned that even if

a backup covered under the Option R Coverage contributed to the loss, the Monzos were not

entitled to coverage because other excluded perils, such as scouring, also contributed to the

loss.

         Second, the court held that Option R Coverage was unavailable because the Monzos

did not suffer a covered backup:

                  Option R . . . applies to damage “caused by . . . water or water-
                  borne material” that “[b]acks up through sewers or drains from
                  outside the dwelling’s plumbing system” or “[o]verflows from
                  a sump pump, sump pump well, or other system designed to
                  remove subsurface water or water-borne material from the
                  foundation area.” Although Plaintiffs allege that immediately
                  following the Storm, they had to remove water that had backed
                  up into their residence . . . they are seeking coverage for damage
                  to the pedestrian bridge and the wall, not to their residence.
                  Moreover, while Roland’s report states that water “backed up
                  and resulted in a collapse” and “overflow[ed]’ from the roof area
                  of the house into the drainage system, it is clear from reading his

50
   Id.
51
   Id. at *4-6.
52
   Id. at *4.

                                                  12
                conclusions in context that, according to Roland, water “backed
                up” from the roof of the house, through the underground
                drainage system, and into the stream, not that it “[b]acked up
                through sewers and drains from outside the dwelling’s plumbing
                system” or “overflow[ed] from a . . . system designed to remove
                subsurface water from the foundation area.”53

        Finally, the court rejected the Monzos’ argument that summary judgment “should be

denied as premature.”54 The court noted that Superior Court Civil Rule 56(b) allows a party

to seek summary judgment “at any time” and held that it “ha[d] sufficient facts enabling it to

render an informed decision.”55 The Court also held that it need not wait for more discovery

regarding extrinsic evidence because “the Policy’s terms are clear on their face.”56

        D.      The Superior Court Denies the Monzos’ Motion to Alter or Amend the
                Judgment under Superior Court Civil Rule 59(d)

        In March 2020, the Monzos filed a motion seeking to alter or amend the judgment

under Superior Court Civil Rule 59(d) and seeking reargument under Rule 59(e).57 The

Monzos argued that their motion was appropriate because: (i) the Superior Court failed to

respond to the Monzos’ argument that summary judgment was premature; and (ii) the

Superior Court improperly relied on the Roland report, which was inadmissible both because

it was hearsay and because it lacked proper authentication.58

53
   Id. at *5 (alterations in original) (citations omitted).
54
   Id. at *6.
55
   Id.
56
   Id.
57
   A378.
58
   A379-84.

                                                     13
       The Superior Court rejected the Monzos’ motion, holding that the court’s summary

judgment order responded to the Monzos’ argument that summary judgment was

premature.59 The court noted, “Plaintiffs’ argument on this matter is the same as that raised

in their brief in opposition to Nationwide’s Motion for Summary Judgment and explained at

oral argument, and therefore violates the requirements for a motion pursuant to Rule 59.”60

       The court rejected the hearsay and authentication arguments as untimely, noting that

the Monzos could have raised both evidentiary objections in response to Nationwide’s

motion for summary judgment.61 The court also cast doubt on the merits of these objections,

opining that Roland’s report could have qualified for the business records exception to

hearsay,62 and noting that “Plaintiffs made the Report part of the factual record by their own

choosing, and thus should have anticipated that the Court would rely on the Report, as part

of the record, in reaching its decision.”63

       The Monzos appeal the Superior Court’s orders granting Nationwide’s motion for

summary judgment and denying the Monzos’ post-judgment motion.

59
   Monzo, 2020 WL 2467074, at *1.
60
   Id. at *2.
61
   Id. at *3.
62
   Id.
63
   Id. (citations omitted).

                                              14
II.    STANDARD OF REVIEW

       “This Court reviews a grant of summary judgment de novo . . . .”64 Summary

judgment is appropriate if, “viewing the facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving

party, the moving party has demonstrated that there are no material issues of fact in dispute

and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”65 The Court “review[s]

questions of law, including contract interpretation, de novo.”66

       The Court reviews for abuse of discretion the Superior Court’s denial of a motion

under Superior Court Civil Rule 59.67 Under Rule 59, “a motion to alter or amend [a]

judgment . . . will be granted if the movant shows: ‘(1) an intervening change in controlling

law; (2) the availability of new evidence; or (3) the need to correct clear error of law or to

prevent manifest injustice.’”68 “[T]he Court will deny the motion if it merely restates

arguments already considered and rejected during the litigation.”69

64
   Sherman v. Ellis, – A.3d – , 2021 WL 405841, at *4 (Del. Feb. 3, 2021) (citing Homeland Ins.
Co. of N.Y. v. CorVel Corp., 197 A.3d 1042, 1046 (Del. 2018)); see also Sunline Com. Carriers, Inc.
v. CITGO Petroleum Corp., 206 A.3d 836, 845 (Del. 2019).
65
   Sherman, 2021 WL 405841, at *4 (quoting Homeland, 197 A.3d at 1046).
66
   Urdan v. WR Cap. P’rs, LLC, – A.3d – , 2020 WL 7223313, at *4 (Del. Dec. 8, 2020) (citing
Salamone v. Gorman, 106 A.3d 354, 367 (Del. 2014)).
67
   See, e.g., Richards v. Copes-Vulcan, Inc., 213 A.3d 1196, 1199-1200 (Del. 2019) (“Whether we
review the . . . decision as a substantive pretrial motion or a motion for reargument, we review for
abuse of discretion.” (citing Stevenson v. Swiggett, 8 A.3d 1200, 1204 (Del. 2010))); Christian v.
Counseling Res. Assocs., Inc., 60 A.3d 1083, 1087 (Del. 2013)).
68
   King v. McKenna, 2015 WL 5168481, at *3 (Del. Super. Ct. Aug. 24, 2015) (quoting Kostyshyn
v. Comm'r of Bellefonte, 2007 WL 1241875, at *1 (Del. Super. Ct. Apr. 27, 2007)).
69
   Id. (quoting Paron Cap. Mgmt. v. Crombie, 2012 WL 3206410, at *1 (Del. Ch. Aug. 2, 2012));
see also Tilghman v. Del. State Univ., 2012 WL 5551233, at *1 (Del. Super. Ct. Oct. 16, 2012)
(citations omitted) (“Motions for reargument should not be used merely to rehash the arguments
already decided by the court, or to present new arguments not previously raised.”).

                                                15
III.     ANALYSIS

         This appeal asks the Court to decide two issues. First, whether the Superior Court

erred by granting Nationwide’s motion for summary judgment. Second, whether the

Superior Court abused its discretion by denying the Monzos’ post-judgment motion. The

Court addresses each issue in turn.

         A.     The Superior Court Properly Granted Summary Judgment Regarding
                the Pedestrian Bridge, But Erred by Granting Summary Judgment
                Regarding the Retaining Wall

         For the purposes of summary judgment and this appeal, Nationwide admits that the

Monzos have met the threshold requirements for coverage under the homeowners insurance

policy.70 The sole question before the Court is whether, drawing all reasonable factual

inferences in the Monzos’ favor, the policy contains exclusions that unambiguously apply to

the Monzos’ claim.

         The Court answers this question in three parts. The first part introduces the relevant

provisions of the homeowners insurance policy. The second part analyzes whether

Nationwide was entitled to summary judgment regarding the collapsed pedestrian bridge.

The third part analyzes whether Nationwide was entitled to summary judgment regarding

the collapsed retaining wall.

70
     Answering Br. 13.

                                               16
               1.      The homeowners insurance policy contains four provisions
                       relevant to this appeal

       Insurance policies are contracts, and Delaware courts apply the ordinary principles of

contract interpretation to construe insurance policies.71 Thus, “where the language of a

policy is clear and unequivocal, the parties are to be bound by its plain meaning.”72

       “[W]here an ambiguity does exist,” however, “the doctrine of contra proferentem

requires that the language of an insurance policy be construed most strongly against the

insurance company that drafted it. It is ‘the obligation of the insurer to state the terms of the

policy.’”73   Stated differently, if there is more than one reasonable interpretation of an

insurance policy, Delaware courts apply the interpretation that favors coverage.

       “An insurance policy is not ambiguous merely because the parties do not agree on its

construction.”74 Rather, an insurance policy “is ambiguous only when the provisions in

controversy are reasonably or fairly susceptible of different interpretations or may have two

or more different meanings.”75 “Delaware should not ‘destroy or twist policy language

71
   See, e.g., In re Solera Ins. Coverage Appeals, 240 A.3d 1121, 1131 (Del. Oct. 2020); O’Brien v.
Progressive N. Ins. Co., 785 A.2d 281, 286-88 (Del. 2001).
72
   O’Brien, 785 A.2d at 288 (quoting Emmons v. Hartford Underwriters Ins. Co., 697 A.2d 742,
745 (Del. 1997)).
73
   Id. (quoting Emmons, 697 A.2d at 745) (citing Rhone–Poulenc Basic Chems. Co. v. Am. Motorists
Ins. Co., 616 A.2d 1192, 1196 (Del. 1992)); Steigler v. Ins. Co. of N. Am., 384 A.2d 398, 400 (Del.
1978)); see also Shuba v. United Servs. Auto. Ass’n, 77 A.3d 945, 948 (Del. 2013) (“When the
language of an insurance contract is ambiguous, it ‘is construed most strongly against the insurer,
and in favor of the insured, because the insurer drafted the language that is interpreted.’” (quoting
Hallowell v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 443 A.2d 925, 926 (Del.1982))).
74
   In re Solera, 240 A.3d at 1131 (citing O’Brien, 785 A.2d at 288).
75
   Id. (quoting E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. v. Allstate Ins. Co., 693 A.2d 1059, 1061 (Del. 1997)).

                                                 17
under the guise of construing it.’ ‘[C]reating an ambiguity were none exists could, in effect,

create a new contract . . . to which the parties [did] not assent[].’”76

       The homeowners insurance policy contains four provisions relevant to this appeal.

First, the policy contains the following earth movement exclusion:

               We do not cover loss to any property resulting directly or
               indirectly from any of the following. Such a loss is excluded
               even if another peril or event contributed concurrently or in any
               sequence to cause the loss.

               a) Earth Movement and Volcanic Eruption. Earth movement
               means: earth movement due to natural or unnatural causes,
               including mine subsidence; earthquake; landslide; mudslide;
               earth shifting, rising or sinking. Volcanic eruption means:
               eruption; or discharge from a volcano.77

       Second, the policy contains the following water damage exclusion:

               We do not cover loss to any property resulting directly or
               indirectly from any of the following. Such a loss is excluded
               even if another peril or event contributed concurrently or in any
               sequence to cause the loss.

               ....

               b) Water or damage caused by water-borne material. Loss
               resulting from water or water-borne material damage described
               below is not covered even if other perils contributed, directly or
               indirectly to cause the loss. Water and water-borne material
               damage means:

76
   O’Brien, 785 A.2d at 288 (first alteration in original) (quoting Rhone-Poulenc, 616 A.2d at 1195-
96).
77
   A280.

                                                18
                        (1) flood, surface water, waves, tidal waves, overflow of
                        a body of water, spray from these, whether or not driven
                        by wind.

                        (2) water or water-borne material which:

                               (a) backs up through sewers or drains from
                               outside the dwelling’s plumbing system; or

                               (b) overflows a sump pump, sump pump well or
                               other system designed to remove subsurface
                               water or water-borne material from the
                               foundation area.

                        (3) water or water-borne material below the surface of
                        the ground, including water or water-borne material
                        which exerts pressure on, seeps or leaks through a
                        building, sidewalk, driveway, foundation, swimming
                        pool, or other structure.78

          Third, embedded within the prior two exclusions is the ACC Clause stating, “We do

not cover loss to any property resulting directly or indirectly from any of the following. Such

a loss is excluded even if another peril or event contributed concurrently or in any sequence

to cause the loss.”79

          Fourth, the policy contains the following Option R Coverage:

                 We will pay up to the limit of liability . . . for direct damage to
                 covered property caused by or resulting from water or water-
                 borne material which:

                        1. backs up through sewers or drains from outside the
                        dwelling’s plumbing system; or

78
     Id.
79
     Id. (emphasis added).

                                                 19
                      2.     overflows from a sump pump, sump pump well
                      or other system designed to remove subsurface water or
                      water-borne material from the foundation area.

              This is the most we will pay for all covered property under
              Coverage A — Dwelling, Coverage B — Other Structures and
              Coverage C — Personal Property.

              EXCLUSIONS

              We do not cover:

                      1. loss caused by the negligence of an insured; or

                      2. if the loss occurs or is in progress within the first five
                      days of the Inception of this coverage unless added at
                      renewal.

              All other damage resulting from water or water-borne material
              not mentioned above is excluded as stated in Section I - Property
              Exclusion 1.b).

              DEDUCTIBLE

              We will pay for that part of the covered loss that is above the
              Section I – Deductible . . . .

              All other provisions of                this    policy,    including
              Section I – Deductible, apply.80

80
  A304. Section 1 – Property Exclusion 1.b) refers to the water damage exclusion discussed above.
See A280.

                                               20
              2.      The Superior Court properly granted summary judgment
                      regarding the collapsed pedestrian bridge

       The Superior Court held that Nationwide was entitled to summary judgment

regarding the collapsed bridge because there was no dispute that two excluded perils

contributed to the damage: (i) “earth movement” caused by the scouring of supporting earth

embankments, and (ii) “water damage” caused by the weight of water and water-borne

material on the bridge.81 Noting that the policy contains an ACC Clause, the court

determined that the Monzos could not prevail regardless of whether other covered perils

contributed to the damage.82

       The Monzos argue that the Superior Court erred because neither exclusion

unambiguously applies to the collapsed bridge.83 According to the Monzos, the earth

movement exclusion does not apply to “scouring” because the exclusion does not mention

“scouring,” “erosion,” or that earth movement can be combined with water.84 In support,

the Monzos note that other insurers have drafted earth movement exclusions that specifically

refer to “erosion” and state that earth movement is excluded, “combined with water or not.”85

81
   Monzo v. Nationwide Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 2020 WL 1317276, at *3-4 (Del. Super. Ct. Mar. 18,
2020).
82
   See id. at *4-6.
83
   Opening Br. 39-47.
84
   Id. at 40-42.
85
   Id. at 41 (quoting State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. Bongen, 925 P.2d 1042, 1043 (Alaska 1996)).

                                              21
Thus, the Monzos contend that the exclusion only applies to the types of earth movement

the exclusion specifically lists, such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.86

       The Monzos argue that the water damage exclusion does not apply to the collapsed

bridge for two reasons.87 First, the Monzos argue that the water damage exclusion only

applies to damage related to getting insured property wet, not damage caused by the weight

of water on insured property.88 Second, the Monzos argue that applying the exclusion to

water from the stream would make their insurance coverage illusory because Nationwide

knew when it issued the policy that there was a stream on the Monzos’ property.89

       Nationwide answers that the policy’s definition of excluded earth movement

“includes a situation like the instant one, where water saturates the earth, causing it to shift

or sink.”90 Thus, according to Nationwide, “[t]he actions described by both engineers which

contributed to the collapse of the bridge would involve ‘earth shifting, rising or sinking,’

which is specifically listed as an exclusion in the policy.”91

       Similarly, Nationwide asserts that the water damage exclusion applies because “[t]he

Policy clearly and unambiguously excludes coverage for ‘water damage’ caused by

‘flood.’”92 Thus, because “the ‘severe storm’ resulted in a rain-induced flood, which diverted

86
   Id. at 42.
87
   Id. at 42-46.
88
   Id. at 44.
89
   Id. at 43-44.
90
   Answering Br. 18 (citations omitted).
91
   Id. at 20 (citation omitted).
92
   Id. at 15.

                                               22
tree debris into the stream, the policy’s exclusion for ‘water or damage caused by water-

borne material’ bars recovery.”93

                      a)     The earth movement exclusion unambiguously applies to
                             the collapsed bridge

       The Court’s analysis focuses on the earth movement exclusion, which is dispositive.

The Monzos conceded below that they did not “disagree” with Roland’s conclusion that

“[t]he upstream bridge collapsed as a result of hidden decay below the normal water level

and the supporting earth embankments being scoured away during a thunderstorm.”94 The

affidavit Eric Monzo submitted in opposition to summary judgment did not contradict

Roland’s conclusions regarding what caused the bridge’s collapse.95 It is therefore

undisputed that the pedestrian bridge collapsed, at least in part, because rainwater “scoured

away” portions of the earth embankments supporting the bridge.

       The verb “scour” has been defined as meaning “to remove dirt and debris from

something, such as a pipe or ditch” or “to clear, dig, or remove by or as if by a powerful

current of water.” 96 Thus, Roland’s unrebutted opinion was that water from the storm carried

away earth supporting the bridge, contributing to the bridge’s collapse.

93
   Id. at 17-18.
94
   See A449-50, at 12:16-13:4 (the Monzos’ concession); A148 (Roland’s report).
95
   See A220-31.
96
    Scour, Merriam-Webster.Com Dictionary (last visited Mar. 4, 2021), https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/scour; see also Scour, Dictionary.Com (“3. to clear or dig out (a channel,
drain, etc.) as by the force of water, by removing debris, etc.”) (last visited Mar. 4, 2021),
https://www.dictionary.com/browse/scour; Scour, Concise Oxford English Dictionary (12th ed.
2011) (“(of running water) erode (a channel or pool)”).

                                               23
       The policy’s earth movement exclusion provides that Nationwide will “not cover loss

to any property resulting directly or indirectly from . . . earth movement due to natural or

unnatural causes, including mine subsidence; earthquake; landslide; mudslide; earth shifting,

rising or sinking.”97 Although the exclusion does not list “erosion” or “scouring,” the plain

meaning of “earth movement” encompasses “scouring” of earth embankments.

“Movement” refers to the verb “move,”98 which means “to change the place or position of,”

“to transfer (something, such as a piece in chess) from one position to another,” or “to cause

to advance.”99     The “scouring” of earth embankments necessarily involves “earth

movement” because it refers to a “change in place or position” of earth supporting the bridge.

       Similarly, “shifting” refers to the verb “shift,” which means “to change place or

position.”100 The “scouring” of supporting earth embankments necessarily involves “earth

shifting” because it refers to a “change [in] place or position” of the earth from the supporting

embankment to the earth’s final destination downstream. Therefore, the plain meaning of

“earth shifting” encompasses the “scouring” of supporting earth embankments.

       The Monzos do not offer an alternative interpretation of the earth movement

exclusion explaining why “scouring” is not “earth movement.” Instead, the Monzos rely on

97
   A280.
98
   Movement, Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary (last visited Mar. 4, 2021), https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/movement.
99
    Move, Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary (last visited Mar. 4, 2021), https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/move.
100
    Shift, Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary (last visited Mar. 4, 2021), https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/shift.

                                               24
a more general objection that the earth movement exclusion is only unambiguous as applied

to the types of earth movement the exclusion specifically lists, such as earthquakes and

volcanic eruptions.101 This argument fails to address the exclusion’s use of the word

“including,”102 a term of expansion indicating that the policy does not provide a

comprehensive list of excluded earth movements. Further, the plain meanings of the

enumerated terms “earth movement” and “earth shifting” encompass the scouring of

supporting earth embankments for the reasons provided above.

       The Monzos’ argument that the exclusion does not clearly apply to earth movement

when combined with water is equally unavailing. The earth movement exclusion provides

that Nationwide will not cover losses “resulting directly or indirectly from . . . earth

movement due to natural or unnatural causes . . . .”103 The plain meaning of this exclusion

does not carve out an exception for water-related earth movement. Rather, the exclusion

disclaims coverage whenever some natural or unnatural cause—like rainwater—causes

“earth movement” as defined under the policy.

       The types of earth movement the exclusion enumerates further undercuts the

Monzos’ argument. The exclusion lists “mudslide[s]” as an example of excluded earth

101
    See Opening Br. 42.
102
    A280.
103
    Id.

                                            25
movement.104 Mudslides are associated with heavy rain,105 as was the case with the scouring

Roland described.106

       Finally, the Monzos include one paragraph suggesting—without citation to the

record—that “[t]he stone and rock that washed away during the storm was not loose stone

or rock, but rather, was a physical part of the” bridge.107 If properly supported, this argument

might have raised some doubt regarding whether the material that the scouring moved was

“earth” to which the earth movement exclusion applies. The record before the Court,

however, does not support the Monzos’ assertion. Roland’s report concluded that “the

supporting earth embankments” were scoured away,108 not the stone and rock composing

the bridge. And the Monzos have not provided the Court with citations to support their

bridge-not-earth theory.

       For the reasons provided above, the Court affirms the Superior Court’s holding that

the earth movement exclusion applies to the collapsed bridge. The plain meaning of “earth

movement” encompasses the scouring of earth embankments, and there is no dispute that

the scouring of supporting earth embankments contributed to the bridge’s collapse.

104
    Id.
105
     See, e.g., Mudslide, Meriam-Webster.com Dictionary (last visited Mar. 4, 2021) (defining
“mudslide” to mean “MUDFLOW”), https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mudslide;
Mudflow, Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary (last visited Mar. 4, 2021) (“a moving mass of soil
made fluid by rain or melting snow.”), https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mudflow.
106
    A148.
107
    Opening Br. 41.
108
    A148 (emphasis added).

                                              26
Accordingly, the Superior Court did not err by holding that the earth movement exclusion

unambiguously applies to the collapsed pedestrian bridge.109

                      b)      The ACC Clause prevents the Monzos from receiving
                              compensation for the collapsed pedestrian bridge

       The Superior Court held that the water damage exclusion unambiguously applies to

the collapsed bridge because Roland concluded that the weight of water and water-borne

material contributed to the damage.110 The parties advance various arguments regarding the

water damage exclusion, with the Monzos arguing that the exclusion does not apply111 and

Nationwide arguing the opposite.112

       The Court need not address the water damage exclusion to hold that Nationwide was

entitled to summary judgment. The policy contains an ACC Clause, which provides that if

an excluded peril contributes to a loss, “[s]uch a loss is excluded even if another peril or event

contributed concurrently or in any sequence to cause the loss.”113 Thus, because the

undisputed facts show that excluded earth movement contributed to the bridge’s collapse,

Nationwide is entitled to summary judgment regardless of whether the water damage

exclusion applies to the collapsed bridge.

109
    The Superior Court’s holding can be read to suggest that erosion, like scouring, is a type of
excluded earth movement. See Monzo, 2020 WL 1317276, at *4. This Court’s opinion does not
address whether the earth movement exclusion unambiguously applies to “erosion.” Instead, the
Court holds more narrowly that “scouring” of supporting earth embankments by fast-moving water
is a type of excluded earth movement.
110
    Monzo, 2020 WL 1317276, at *4.
111
    Opening Br. 42-46.
112
    Answering Br. 15-18.
113
    A280 (emphasis added).

                                               27
       The Monzos do not propose an alternative interpretation of the ACC Clause that

would allow coverage even though an excluded peril contributed to a loss. Instead, the

Monzos argue that the ACC Clause does not apply to “other structures,” like the pedestrian

bridge, because such structures are “not real or personal property.”114

       This argument fails for three reasons. First, the Monzos waived this argument by

waiting until their reply brief to assert that the ACC Clause does not apply to the collapsed

bridge. “Under Supreme Court Rule 14, an appellant waives an argument if he does not

argue its merits within the body of his opening brief.”115 The Monzos’ opening brief does

not argue that the ACC Clause does not apply to the bridge. Instead, the opening brief asserts

that the ACC Clause does not apply to the retaining wall.116 Thus, the Monzos failed to

timely argue that the ACC Clause does not apply to the collapsed bridge.

       Second, this argument would defeat the Monzos’ claims for relief. The Monzos seek

compensation for the collapsed bridge under Coverage B of the homeowners insurance

policy. Coverage B “cover[s] accidental direct physical loss to property . . . .”117 Thus, if the

114
     Reply Br. 18.
115
     Ploof v. State, 75 A.3d 811, 822 (Del. 2013).
116
     See Opening Br. 39 (“The Anti-Concurrent Clause . . . does not apply to Option R . . . . There is
little doubt that the drainage system was designed to keep water from backing up into the Main
Residence and to remove subsurface water . . . .” (emphasis added)); id. at 45 (“there could not be a
reading that the anti-concurrent clause would be applicable to the collapsed drainage structure.”
(emphasis added)).
117
     A278 (emphasis added).

                                                 28
Monzos’ argument is correct, their claim fails because the bridge is not “property” to which

the insurance coverage applies.

       Third, the Monzos rely on a cramped definition of “property.” The plain meaning of

“property” is not limited to real or personal property.118 The pedestrian bridge plainly falls

within the plain meaning of “property.”

       Accordingly, the Court affirms the Superior Court’s holding that Nationwide was

entitled to summary judgment regarding the collapsed pedestrian bridge. The undisputed

facts establish that excluded earth movement contributed to the collapse, and the ACC

Clause unambiguously applies to the pedestrian bridge.

                       c)      The Superior Court did not err by granting summary
                               judgment while discovery was ongoing

       Because the Court affirms the Superior Court’s grant of summary judgment regarding

the pedestrian bridge, the Court must briefly address two other issues the Monzos raise. First,

the Monzos argue that the Superior Court erred by granting summary judgment before

discovery was complete.119 This argument fails because the Monzos have not identified

other discovery that could change the Court’s conclusion that Nationwide is entitled to

summary judgment regarding the collapsed bridge.

118
    See, e.g., Property, Black’s Law Dictionary (10th Ed. 2014) (defining “property” as “any external
thing over which the rights of possession, use, and enjoyment are exercised.”).
119
    Opening Br. 26-34.

                                                 29
       For example, the Monzos complain that “Nationwide in its responses to the

interrogatories sought to improper[ly] [limit] the scope of the litigation to the Homeowners’

Policy and not answer questions completely relating to other policies.”120 The Monzos

reason that this limitation was improper because the homeowners policy was part of a

broader package of “comprehensive insurance coverage,” which included other types of

insurance coverage, such as “an excess liability policy, a marine policy, automobile policy,

and general liability coverage . . . .”121

       Discovery related to other insurance policies would not change the outcome of the

motion, however, because the Monzos’ complaint only seeks coverage under the

homeowners’ insurance policy.122 Regardless of whether Nationwide issued other policies

that might cover the damage, the Monzos made a tactical decision to only seek coverage

under the homeowners insurance policy. Thus, discovery regarding other insurance policies

would not have helped the Superior Court answer the question the Monzos’ complaint posed:

whether the homeowners insurance policy covered the collapsed bridge.

       Similarly, the Monzos argue that they needed more discovery regarding Papa’s view

that the homeowners insurance policy, or another policy that was part of the comprehensive

120
    Id. at 28.
121
    A221; Opening Br. 31.
122
    See, e.g., A2 (defining the homeowners’ insurance policy as the “Nationwide policy”), A7-8
(seeking a declaratory judgment that “the Nationwide policy” covers the Monzos’ claims), A8
(alleging that a bad faith breach of contract claim on the basis that “Nationwide[] fail[ed] to make
complete and timely payment of insurance proceeds . . . under the Nationwide policy . . . .”).

                                                30
insurance scheme, covered the collapsed bridge.123 Further, the Monzos argue that they

needed more discovery into their discussions and negotiations with Papa regarding flood

insurance and the flood insurance “waiver.”124

       This discovery would not change the analysis. The Monzos do not allege that Papa

is a legal expert, and the Superior Court did not need expert testimony to answer the purely

legal question of whether the policy covered the claim. Further, Papa’s views on the potential

for coverage under other insurance policies would not have helped the court determine

whether the homeowners insurance policy covered the collapsed bridge. Thus, the court did

not need to wait to entertain more discovery regarding Papa’s views on coverage.

       The Monzos’ argument regarding the flood insurance “waiver” fails for similar

reasons. Even if the Court accepts Eric Monzo’s allegation that he did not intend to waive

flood insurance covering the pedestrian bridge,125 the earth movement exclusion would still

defeat the Monzos claims.          The Option R provision—which the Monzos seem to

characterize as flood insurance126—does not alter the earth movement exclusion and does

not abrogate the ACC Clause.127             Thus, the Monzos cannot prevail even if the

123
    Opening Br. 29.
124
    Id. at 29-31.
125
    See A223-24.
126
    See, e.g., Reply Br. 21 (“[T]here was no waiver of flood insurance as to the collapsed structures
and Mr. Papa thought that coverage would be afforded. Indeed, . . . Option R coverage re-inserted
coverage and any ambiguity relating thereto must be read in favor of coverage.” (citation omitted)).
127
    See, e.g., A304 (“All other provisions of this policy . . . apply.”).

                                                 31
Option R Coverage would apply to the water damage that the pedestrian bridge suffered.

The undisputed facts establish that excluded earth movement contributed to the loss.

         Finally, the Monzos assert that summary judgment was premature because

Cornerstone, the company that Nationwide hired to conduct the original risk assessment,128

had not responded to a subpoena regarding Cornerstone’s inspection of the Monzos’

residence.129 As with the prior items, discovery regarding a risk assessment authored

approximately six years before the storm would not have helped the Superior Court

determine whether the undisputed facts established that an excluded peril, like earth

movement, contributed to the bridge’s collapse.

         For the reasons provided above, the Court holds that the Superior Court’s grant of

summary judgment was not premature. Although discovery was incomplete, the additional

discovery items the Monzos seek would not have changed the Superior Court’s conclusion

that Nationwide was entitled to summary judgment because excluded earth movement

contributed to the bridge’s collapse.

128
      See A233.
129
      Opening Br. 32.

                                             32
                       d)      The Superior Court did not err by considering Roland’s
                               report

       The Monzos also argue that the Superior Court should not have relied on Roland’s

report because it was incomplete and because the Monzos had not yet decided whether they

intended to call Roland as an expert at trial.130 The Monzos’ arguments are unpersuasive.

Even if Roland’s report was “incomplete,” during the oral argument the Monzos told the

court that they “would not say that we disagree” “with Mr. Roland’s conclusions as to what

caused the damage.”131 This concession applied to Roland’s conclusion that scouring

contributed to the bridge’s collapse,132 and the Monzos do not explain why allowing Roland

more time to draft a more comprehensive report would change his conclusion that scouring

contributed to the collapse.

       Similarly, whether the Monzos intended to call Roland as an expert witness has no

bearing on whether the report was admissible for the purposes of assessing Nationwide’s

motion for summary judgment. It is also incongruous to hear the Monzos complain about

the Superior Court’s reliance on Roland’s report. The Monzos hired Roland to investigate

why the bridge collapsed,133 and the affidavit Eric Monzo submitted in opposition to

130
    Opening Br. 33-34.
131
    A449, at 12:16-20.
132
    See A148.
133
    See, e.g., A146 (“Dear Mr. Monzo: At your request I visited your property . . . . The purpose of
that visit was to investigate and determine the cause of the collapse of a stone pedestrian foot bridge
that crosses a small stream on your property.” (emphasis added)).

                                                  33
summary judgment relied upon Roland’s conclusions to support the Monzos arguments

regarding why the retaining wall collapsed.134

       Accordingly, the court did not err by relying on Roland’s report. The Monzos have

not provided the court with any reasonable basis to infer that additional discovery would

change Roland’s conclusions, failed to timely assert any credible argument challenging

admissibility, and relied on Roland’s report to build their own arguments opposing summary

judgment with respect to the retaining wall.

               3.      The Superior Court erred by granting summary judgment
                       regarding the collapsed retaining wall

       The Superior Court held that Nationwide was entitled to summary judgment

regarding the collapsed retaining wall because there was no dispute that scouring, rainwater,

and water-borne debris contributed to the damage.135 Additionally, the court held that

Option R Coverage was unavailable because: (i) the Monzos did not seek coverage for

damage to the residence; and (ii) the undisputed facts showed that “water ‘backed up’ . . .

from the roof area of the house into the drainage system, . . . not that it ‘[b]acked up through

sewers and drains from outside the dwelling’s plumbing system’ or ‘overflow[ed] from a

. . . system designed to remove subsurface water . . . .”136

134
      See A229 (“Unfortunately, the removal of this subsurface water . . ., according to Mr. Roland,
 . . . was too much for the drainage system to handle. A portion of the stone drainage wall system
 . . . collapsed . . . .” (emphasis added)).
135
      Monzo, 2020 WL 1317276, at *3-4.
136
      Id. at *4-6.

                                                34
       The Monzos argue that the Superior Court erred by granting Nationwide’s motion for

summary judgment. In addition to the arguments discussed above, the Monzos assert that

the earth movement exclusion does not apply to the retaining wall because, unlike the

pedestrian bridge, Roland “d[id] not suggest that the collapse of the drainage system [and

retaining wall] had anything to do with the erosion or scouring of the streambanks.”137

       The Monzos argue that the water damage exclusion does not defeat their claim

because the Option R Coverage applies to the water backup that damaged the retaining

wall.138 Thus, although water and water-borne debris contributed to the collapse, the

Monzos assert that such water damage is expressly covered under the policy.

       Nationwide answers that the earth movement exclusion applies because the

undisputed facts establish that scouring, a type of excluded earth movement, damaged the

retaining wall.139 Similarly, Nationwide argues that Option R Coverage is unavailable

because such coverage only protects the dwelling140 and because “the cause-in-fact of the

water that . . . ‘backed up’ the ‘drainage system of underground pipes’ was from the storm, a

natural phenomenon.”141

       Finally, Nationwide argues that even if the Option R Coverage is available, the

Monzos’ claim still fails because the Roland and Jawad reports both “concluded that debris

137
    Opening Br. 45.
138
    Id. at 44-46.
139
    Answering Br. 18.
140
    Id. at 24-25.
141
    Id. at 24.

                                             35
from trees was carried by the flood waters in the stream, contributing to the damage to . . . the

retaining wall.”142 Thus, Nationwide reasons that the Monzos’ claim cannot succeed

because there is no dispute that water-borne material, a type of excluded water damage to

which Option R Coverage does not apply, contributed to the retaining wall’s collapse.

        The Court holds that Nationwide was not entitled to summary judgment regarding

the collapsed retaining wall.      Unlike the pedestrian bridge, the undisputed facts do not

establish that “scouring” contributed to the retaining wall’s collapse. Roland’s report

concluded the wall collapsed because heavy rainfall caused the drainage system to back up:

                 The heavy rainfall during a short period of time caused
                 significant drainage from roof areas of the main house and into
                 the drainage system of underground pipes which open into the
                 stream via pipes through the stone wall. The overflow of the
                 rain drainage caused a failure of the drainage system in that
                 water backed up and resulted in a collapse at the area where
                 water was being forced out of the pipes and into the creek. It is
                 this aspect of the front stone wall that collapsed.143

        Similarly, Eric Monzo’s affidavit alleged that the retaining wall collapsed because

“the removal of . . . subsurface water from the Main Residence’s foundation . . . coupled with

the run[off] into the gutters and exterior drains . . . was too much for the drainage system to

handle.”144 Neither piece of evidence unambiguously links scouring to the retaining wall.

142
    Id. at 17.
143
    A148.
144
    A229.

                                                36
       Further, Roland’s report and Eric Monzo’s affidavit describe a water backup to which

Option R Coverage would apply. The Option R provision states that Nationwide will cover

damage to “covered property caused by or resulting from water or water-borne material

which: 1. backs up through sewers or drains from outside the dwelling’s plumbing system;

or 2. overflows from a sump pump . . . or other system designed to remove subsurface water

or water-borne material from the foundation area.”145

       Roland concluded that the water that caused the backup came from the exterior drains

that carry water from the residence’s roof to the stream.146 Similarly, Eric Monzo alleged

that water from the residence’s sump pump system, combined with water from “the gutters

and exterior drains,” overwhelmed the drainage system, causing a water backup that led to

the retaining wall’s collapse.147

       The Option R provision applies to this type of water backup. The gutters and exterior

drains that carry rainwater from the roof to the stream are “drains” located “outside the

dwelling’s plumbing system.” And Roland and Eric Monzo both concluded that water from

those systems overwhelmed the pipes that carried water to the stream, causing a water

backup that led to the retaining wall’s collapse. Thus, the record supports a reasonable

inference that a backup, covered under Option R, caused the retaining wall to collapse.

145
    Id. (emphasis added).
146
    A148.
147
    A229.

                                            37
       Similarly, Nationwide does not dispute that the residence’s sump pump system is a

“sump pump” as defined under the policy.148 Eric Monzo alleged in his affidavit that the

sump pump overflowed, contributing to the glut of water that overwhelmed the drainage

system.149 Thus, the record supports a reasonable inference that an overflow from a sump

pump system, covered under the second paragraph of Option R, contributed to the water

backup that caused the loss.

       Nationwide raises three unpersuasive arguments explaining why the Option R

Coverage does not apply to the retaining wall.             First, Nationwide argues that the

Option R Coverage only protects the residence, and therefore does not cover damage to

“other structures,” like the retaining wall.150 This argument contradicts the policy’s plain

meaning. Although the policy does not define the term “covered property,” the Option R

Coverage provision states, “This is the most we will pay for all covered property under”

Coverages A, B, and C.151 A reasonable policyholder would therefore expect that “covered

property” refers to all of the property that the policy covers, including “other structures,” like

148
    See Answering Br. 8 (“Appellants did have a small amount of water enter the basement due to
the back up of water from the sump pump. Appellants were able to remedy the problem without any
property damage. Any potential claim related to water in the basement is not part of this case.”).
149
    A229.
150
    Answering Br. 24.
151
    A304 (emphasis added).

                                               38
the retaining wall, to which Coverage B applies. Nationwide does not dispute that the

retaining wall is an “other structure” covered under the policy.152

       Nationwide’s argument also conflates a peril that can trigger Option R Coverage—

water that backs up “through sewers or drains from outside the dwelling’s plumbing

system”—with the property that the Option R Coverage insures.153 It may be true that a

policyholder seeking coverage for a backup must show that the water came from a source

“outside the dwelling’s plumbing system.” Nonetheless, if such a covered backup occurs,

Option R Coverage applies to “covered property” regardless of whether that property was

part of the residence or located inside the residence.

       Finally, Nationwide fails to explain why the policy uses the broad term “covered

property” if Option R Coverage is limited to the “residence.”154 Nationwide’s own argument

relies on the policy’s use of the term “residence” when describing covered backups to infer

that Option R Coverage only protects the residence.155 This language demonstrates that

Nationwide was aware of the difference between the words “residence” and “covered

property,” and the Court will not assume that Nationwide’s decision to use the broader term

“covered property” was accidental.

152
    See, e.g., Answering Br. 13 (“The Policy covers ‘accidental direct physical loss’ to ‘Other
Structures,’ such as the pedestrian bridge and the retaining wall . . . .” (emphasis added)).
153
    See id.
154
    See A304.
155
    Answering Br. 24.

                                              39
       Accordingly, the Court rejects Nationwide’s argument that the Option R Coverage

does not apply to the retaining wall because the retaining wall is not part of the residence.

Nationwide did not include such a limitation in the policy, and a reasonable policyholder

would not expect that Option R Coverage is so limited.

       Second, Nationwide suggests that Option R Coverage only applies to water from

artificial sources, such as sewer backups, and therefore does not apply to backups caused by

natural phenomena, like rain.156 Nothing in the policy limits Option R Coverage to backups

from artificial sources. The trigger for Option R Coverage is damage to covered property

caused by “[w]ater or water-borne material . . . [that] backs up through sewers or drains . . .

[or] overflows from a sump pump . . . or other system designed to remove subsurface water

or water-borne material from the foundation area.”157 This language does not create the

distinction between natural and artificial sources of water that Nationwide suggests. Adding

a limitation on coverage that Nationwide failed to include in its policy would be contrary to

Delaware law construing ambiguous contract provisions in favor of policyholders.158

Accordingly, the Court rejects Nationwide’s argument that Option R Coverage only applies

to backups caused by artificial events.

       Third, Nationwide argues that even if Option R Coverage is available, the Monzos’

claim still fails because other types of excluded water damage contributed to the retaining

156
    Id. at 24-25.
157
    A304.
158
    See, e.g., O’Brien v. Progressive N. Ins. Co., 785 A.2d 281, 286-88 (Del. 2001).

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wall’s collapse.159 As noted above, the undisputed facts support a reasonable inference that

the sole cause of the retaining wall’s collapse was a water backup from the residence’s

drainage system. Thus, there remain disputed facts regarding whether other types of

excluded water damage contributed to the loss.

         Further, the water damage exclusion would not unambiguously apply to tree debris

carried by the force of water into the stream. Although such tree debris might meet the

ordinary definition of “water-borne material,” the policy defines “water-borne material

damage” to mean either: (i) a backup of water-borne material, as defined under Option R,

or (ii) “water or water-borne material below the surface of the ground . . . .”160 This language

does not unambiguously apply to the tree debris that could have damaged the retaining wall.

Tree debris carried in the stream is not “below the surface of the ground” because the stream

is not below the ground. Similarly, tree debris carried into the drainage system would not be

excluded because the Option R Coverage expressly covers that peril.

         Thus, the only variety of excluded water damage that might have contributed to the

loss is “flood, surface water, waves, tidal waves, overflow of a body of water, spray from

these, whether or not driven by wind.” Nonetheless, for the reasons provided above, the

undisputed facts do not establish that such water contributed to the retaining wall’s collapse.

159
      Answering Br. 25-27.
160
      See A280; A304.

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       Accordingly, the Court reverses the Superior Court’s order granting Nationwide

summary judgment regarding the collapsed retaining wall. There are material disputed facts

regarding whether the sole cause of the damage was a water backup to which the policy’s

Option R Coverage applies.

       B.     The Superior Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion by Denying the
              Monzos’ Motion under Superior Court Civil Rule 59

       The Monzos argue that the Superior Court abused its discretion by denying their post-

judgment motion under Rule 59.161 According to the Monzos, the Superior Court should

have granted the motion for three reasons. First, summary judgment was premature because

discovery was ongoing.162 Second, the Superior Court should not have relied on the Roland

report, which was incomplete, lacked authentication, and was inadmissible hearsay.163

Third, the record and the policy did not support summary judgment.164

       The Court rejects each argument. For the reasons discussed above, summary

judgment was not premature; the Superior Court did not err in relying on the Roland report;

and, the record and policy supported summary judgment, as explained above. Accordingly,

the Court holds that the Superior Court did not abuse its discretion by denying the Monzos’

Rule 59 motion. The Monzos could not use Rule 59 to rehash arguments that they made, or

could have made, before the court granted summary judgment.

161
    Opening Br. 48.
162
    Id. at 48-49.
163
    Id. at 49-51.
164
    Id.

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IV.   CONCLUSION

      For the reasons provided above, the Court AFFIRMS-in-PART and REVERSES-in-

PART the Superior Court’s March 18, 2020 Memorandum Opinion and Order and

AFFIRMS the Superior Court’s May 13, 2020 Order.

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