Court Opinion

ID: 2967072
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 01:51:47.214913+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:43:12.185021
License: Public Domain

Filed: September 20, 1999

                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                        FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

                             No. 96-4378
                              (CR-95-45)

United States of America,

                                                 Plaintiff - Appellee,

           versus

Marvin J. Damon,

                                                Defendant - Appellant.

                              O R D E R

     The court amends its opinion filed September 17, 1999, as

follows:

     On the cover sheet, section 6, line 1 -- the section is cor-

rected to begin:    “Remanded by published opinion.     Judge Michael

wrote the majority opinion . . . .”

                                          For the Court - By Direction

                                           /s/ Patricia S. Connor
                                                    Clerk
PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.                                                                   No. 96-4378

MARVIN J. DAMON,
Defendant-Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Virginia, at Richmond.
James R. Spencer, District Judge.
(CR-95-45)

Argued: May 7, 1999

Decided: September 17, 1999

Before WILLIAMS, MICHAEL, and KING,
Circuit Judges.

_________________________________________________________________

Remanded by published opinion. Judge Michael wrote the
majority opinion, in which Judge King joined. Judge Williams wrote
a dissenting opinion.

_________________________________________________________________

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Stephen Clayton Gordon, FEDERAL PUBLIC
DEFENDER'S OFFICE, Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellant.
David John Novak, Assistant United States Attorney, OFFICE OF
THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Richmond, Virginia, for
Appellee. ON BRIEF: William Arthur Webb, Federal Public
Defender, G. Alan DuBois, Assistant Federal Public Defender,
Raleigh, North Carolina, for Appellant. Helen F. Fahey, United States
Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES ATTORNEY, Rich-
mond, Virginia, for Appellee.

_________________________________________________________________

OPINION

MICHAEL, Circuit Judge:

During Marvin Damon's Rule 11 hearing on the entry of his guilty
plea, he told the district court that he was under the influence of an
antidepressant drug. The court did not make any inquiry about the
drug's effect on Damon, but went on to accept his plea. Damon now
challenges the validity of his plea, arguing that the district court had
a duty to follow up on the drug ingestion issue in order to determine
whether he was competent to plead. We agree. We decline to order
that Damon's guilty plea be vacated, however. Instead, we remand for
the district court to determine (if it can) whether any drug taken by
Damon had the capacity to impair his judgment sufficiently to render
him incapable of entering a knowing and voluntary plea.

I.

According to the government, Damon served as an"enforcer" for
a heroin distribution ring based in Richmond, Virginia. On October
16, 1995, he was charged (in a third superseding indictment) with var-
ious offenses relating to his role in the drug conspiracy, including
murder in furtherance of a continuing criminal enterprise in violation
of 21 U.S.C. § 848(e)(1)(A). The government filed a notice of intent
to seek the death penalty. Thereafter, on January 10, 1996, Damon
entered into a plea agreement with the government. He agreed to
plead guilty to the federal charge of murder in furtherance of a contin-
uing criminal enterprise and to two additional counts of murder in
state court. In exchange for his guilty pleas, the federal government
and the Commonwealth of Virginia agreed that they would not seek
the death penalty.

On the evening of January 10, 1996, within hours of signing the
plea agreement, Damon attempted suicide by trying to hang himself

                    2
in his jail cell. After he was found unconscious, he was rushed to the
hospital, where he was treated and placed under psychiatric observa-
tion. He was released from the hospital on January 13, 1996. Later
that day, he was taken to district court to enter his guilty plea. When
questioned by the court, however, Damon said that he had been under
a lot of "pressure and stress" when he signed the plea agreement and
that he no longer wanted to plead guilty. He explained that after sign-
ing the agreement, "I realized I probably did wrong and that's why
I tried to hang myself that night." The district court accepted this
explanation and set a date for trial.

Three days later, on January 16, 1996, Damon returned to court.
Government counsel explained that Damon had changed his mind and
once again wished to accept the plea agreement. The court then began
the inquiry of Damon that is required before a guilty plea can be
accepted. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 11. The following exchange took place
during the court's questioning:

          THE COURT: Have you recently been treated for any kind
          of mental illness or addiction to narcotic drugs?

          THE DEFENDANT: I haven't been treated.

          THE COURT: Are you currently under the influence of any
          kind of drug or medication or alcoholic beverage?

          THE DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.

          THE COURT: What's the nature of the drug?

          THE DEFENDANT: Depression.

          THE COURT: I can't hear you. You have to speak up.

          THE DEFENDANT: Depression.

          THE COURT: Antidepressant?

          THE DEFENDANT: From the suicide attempt.

                    3
          THE COURT: Do you know anything about the nature of
          the drug?

          MR. ELIADES [counsel for Damon]: Your Honor, all we
          have for you is the hospital's records with regards to treat-
          ment. I think there is a name of a medication on it, Elantin,
          or something of that nature.1 And it shows -- "impaired
          judgment" is in the notes, as well as other things. We can
          provide these to the Court.

          THE COURT: All right. Now, Mr. Damon, have you had an
          adequate opportunity to receive and review a copy of the
          indictment, the charges against you?

          THE DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.

The court did not ask any follow-up questions about whether the
medication had any actual effect on Damon's ability to enter a com-
petent and voluntary plea. Instead, the court continued with the usual
questions, asking Damon whether he understood the charges against
him, whether he was satisfied with the efforts of his lawyers, whether
he understood the terms of the plea agreement, and whether he under-
stood the consequences of his guilty plea. Damon answered these
questions in the affirmative. The court also asked his lawyers if they
knew of any reason why Damon would not be competent to enter a
plea of guilty. The lawyers said they knew of no such reason. The
court then accepted Damon's guilty plea, finding that he was compe-
tent to enter a plea and that he understood the nature of the charges
and the consequences of his plea. On April 30, 1996, the district court
sentenced Damon to life imprisonment. Damon made a pro se motion
to vacate his plea on May 9, 1996, contending, among other things,
that he lacked the capacity to make an intelligent plea because of the
_________________________________________________________________

1 According to medical records filed by Damon pro se, he was pre-
scribed two drugs, Desyrel and Ativan. These records were not filed in
district court until well after Damon's plea hearing and the denial of his
motion to vacate his plea. Specifically, they were filed in connection
with a (denied) motion to correct or modify the record that was made
after the notice of appeal. Additional medical records are included in the
pro se supplemental appendix Damon filed in this court.

                    4
medication. The district court denied the motion the next day without
comment. Damon immediately appealed his conviction and sentence,
challenging only the validity of his guilty plea.

II.

A.

Damon contends that the district court had a duty, when informed
that he was under the influence of medication, to make further inquiry
into his competence to plead guilty. Otherwise, Damon argues, the
court could not determine that his plea was knowing and voluntary.
We agree.2 Before a court may accept a guilty plea, it must ensure that
the defendant is competent to enter the plea. See Godinez v. Moran,
509 U.S. 389, 400 (1993). The court must also determine that the plea
is knowing and voluntary. See id.

Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure was adopted
to standardize the process for accepting guilty pleas in federal court.
This rule provides that the court must personally inform the defendant
of, and ensure that he understands, the nature of the charges against
him and the consequences of his guilty plea. Rule 11 has two princi-
pal purposes. First, it "assist[s] the district judge in making the consti-
tutionally required determination that a defendant's guilty plea is truly
voluntary." McCarthy v. United States, 394 U.S. 459, 465 (1969).
Second, it "produce[s] a complete record at the time the plea is
entered of the factors relevant to this voluntariness determination." Id.
_________________________________________________________________

2 "We generally review de novo the adequacy of a guilty plea, but in
the Rule 11 context, violations are evaluated under a harmless error stan-
dard." United States v. Goins, 51 F.3d 400, 402 (4th Cir. 1995) (citations
omitted). The government suggests that Damon is, in effect, challenging
the district court's denial of his motion to vacate his plea. We review the
denial of such a motion for abuse of discretion. United States v. Wilson,
81 F.3d 1300, 1305 (4th Cir. 1996). Although our analysis focuses on the
underlying defects in the plea hearing, we believe those defects were suf-
ficiently serious that the district court erred under either a de novo or an
abuse of discretion standard. Of course, as we explain later, the court's
insufficient inquiry may still be harmless error.

                    5
Two of our sister circuits require additional inquiry by a district
court once a defendant seeking to enter a guilty plea has stated that
he is under the influence of drugs. In United States v. Cole, 813 F.2d
43, 47 (3d Cir. 1987), the Third Circuit held that "[w]here significant
evidence does come to the attention of the district court that defendant
has recently taken drugs, the court has the obligation to inquire further
before determining that a competency hearing is not necessary." That
court elaborated: "Rule 11 counsels a district court to make further
inquiry into a defendant's competence to enter a guilty plea once the
court has been informed that the defendant has recently ingested
drugs or other substances capable of impairing his ability to make a
knowing and intelligent waiver of his constitutional rights." Id. at 46.
The First Circuit reached the same conclusion in United States v.
Parra-Ibanez, 936 F.2d 588 (1st Cir. 1991). That court explained:

          the district court had reason to suspect that the medications
          taken by the accused might impinge upon the accused's
          capacity to enter a voluntary and intelligent plea. At the out-
          set of the Rule 11 hearing, Parra confirmed the district
          judge's understanding that he had "been under the care of a
          doctor for a mental or emotional condition." And Parra
          advised the judge that in that connection he had, within the
          previous twenty-four hours, taken three medications--
          Ativan, Halcion and Restoril. Parra affirmed that, as the
          judge supposed, "Ativan . . . is . . . a drug to control your
          nerves or something." Although the judge's further ques-
          tions did elicit (1) from Parra assurances that he understood
          the proceedings and knew that a maximum sentence of forty
          years could be imposed, and (2) from defense counsel and
          prosecutor their joint assurance that appellant was compe-
          tent to plead guilty, the judge did not inquire what dosages
          of Ativan, Halcion and Restoril Parra had ingested and what
          effects, if any, such medications might be likely to have on
          Parra's clear-headedness. The judge, though plainly making
          a substantial inquiry, did not probe deeply enough.

Id. at 595-96. The First Circuit recently reaffirmed this standard. See
Miranda-Gonzalez v. United States, 181 F.3d 164, No. 97-1200, 1999
WL 420836, at *2-3 (1st Cir. Jun. 28, 1999) (concluding that it was
unnecessary for district court to inquire further about defendant's

                    6
recent ingestion of drugs when the court had already asked detailed
follow-up questions required by Parra Ibanez about the type of drugs
taken, the frequency and quantity of doses, and their effects on defen-
dant's cognitive functions).3

Here, as in Parra-Ibanez, the district court was put on direct notice
that Damon could be under the influence of a drug while entering his
plea. Damon told the court that he was "currently" under the influence
of antidepressant medication. His lawyer said he thought the name of
the drug was Elantin "or something of that nature." The lawyer added
that "impaired judgment" was listed as a side effect. This information
should have raised a red flag for the district court as to Damon's com-
petence to plead guilty. However, the court simply continued with the
routine Rule 11 colloquy without following up on the drug informa-
tion or making any further inquiry into Damon's mental state or the
possibility that his judgment could be impaired.

The plea colloquy required by Rule 11 must be conducted with
some flexibility. If a defendant's response to a court's question indi-
cates the need for clarification, follow-up questions must be asked.
Otherwise, the Rule 11 colloquy would be reduced to a formalistic rit-
ual, stripped of its purpose. Thus, when an answer raises questions
about the defendant's state of mind, the court must broaden its inquiry
to satisfy itself that the plea is being made knowingly and voluntarily.
The district court erred when it failed to inquire about what effect, if
any, Damon's medication had on his ability to make a voluntary plea
and to understand the consequences.

Although the district court erred by failing to conduct any further
inquiry into Damon's mental state as the result of medication, that
error may be harmless. We recognize, of course, that the usual rem-
edy for a Rule 11 violation involving a question of competence or
voluntariness is to vacate the defendant's guilty plea. See McCarthy,
394 U.S. at 463-64. This is because of the difficulty in conducting a
retrospective examination of a defendant's state of mind when he
_________________________________________________________________

3 Cf. United States v. Dalman, 994 F.2d 537, 539 (8th Cir. 1993) (con-
cluding that district court in Rule 11 proceeding had no duty to make fur-
ther inquiries about defendant's medication when nothing in the record
suggested that defendant was not "fully in possession of his faculties").

                    7
entered his plea. See id. at 469-71. However, we are persuaded that
Parra-Ibanez (see quote below) offers a sensible and fair alternative
to the immediate vacation of Damon's plea. In short, this will require
the district court on remand to determine whether the medication
Damon took, based on objective data about its nature and effect, had
the capability to produce a sufficient effect on his mental faculties to
render him incompetent to enter a guilty plea. See United States v.
Truglio, 493 F.2d 574, 578 (4th Cir. 1974) (holding that a defendant
claiming that he was incompetent to plead guilty must show "that his
mental faculties were so impaired by drugs when he pleaded that he
was incapable of full understanding and appreciation of the charges
against him, of comprehending his constitutional rights and of realiz-
ing the consequences of his plea") (citation omitted). As the First Cir-
cuit explained more fully in Parra-Ibanez:

          [T]he traditional concerns about ex post determinations of a
          defendant's subjective mental state, which have frequently
          led appellate courts to vacate deficient pleas, do not apply
          here. It is quite possible, even at this relatively late stage, to
          conduct an inquiry that would consider (1) the properties of
          Ativan, Halcion, and Restoril, taken individually and in
          combination, and (2) the dosages and schedule of Parra's
          particular regime. That is, a determination as to whether
          Parra's medications could have significantly interfered with
          his mental functioning at the time of entering his plea could
          be made on the basis of objective facts and scientific testi-
          mony, without venturing to reconstruct the actual effect of
          the regimen on Parra's then state of mind. If it is demon-
          strated that Parra's medicinal regimen did not have the
          potential to produce a significant mind-altering effect, then
          the Rule 11 violation could be deemed harmless and the
          guilty plea left undisturbed. If, on the other hand, it is found
          that the regimen did have the potential significantly to alter
          the mind, then the plea could be vacated at that point.
936 F.2d at 596-97 (citations omitted).

We therefore remand to the district court for a determination of
whether Damon's medication had the capability to affect his mental
faculties sufficiently to render him incompetent to enter a guilty plea.

                     8
Although we leave the details of the inquiry to the district court, we
expect, for example, that the court will want to examine the medical
records to determine the type, amount, and schedule of medication
taken by Damon before he entered his plea. If Damon's medication
did not have the capability of undermining the validity of his guilty
plea, the plea may stand. Otherwise, it should be vacated.

B.

The dissent has not made a convincing case for avoiding a remand.
First, the dissent is too quick to excuse the inadequate Rule 11 collo-
quy. It concludes that there was no reason for the district court to
inquire further about Damon's medication because there was no evi-
dence to indicate that he was not in full possession of his faculties.
That conclusion, however, is based on a record that is incomplete
because the district court failed to make sufficient inquiry. When the
court was warned that Damon was on medication that could impair
judgment, it should have probed for the relevant facts about his
medicinal regimen.

Second, the dissent's attempts to distinguish Parra-Ibanez and
Cole do not hold up. It argues that Parra-Ibanez is inapplicable
because the defendant there had a history of psychological problems.
However, that history included attempted suicide, and Damon like-
wise tried to take his own life just six days before his Rule 11 hearing.
Moreover, three days before the hearing Damon discussed his suicide
attempt with the district court and told the court that he had been
under a lot of pressure and stress. The district court was therefore on
notice that Damon's state of mind could be a factor at any Rule 11
hearing. Cole and this case are much the same. For whatever reason,
both district courts (there and here) erroneously dropped the subject
of medication after the defendants disclosed recent drug use.

Finally, our decision is not inconsistent with Truglio, a case in
which we emphasized the need for a searching Rule 11 inquiry. See
Truglio, 493 F.2d at 579. Specifically, there is nothing in Truglio that
is inconsistent with our admonition that once a district court is
advised in a Rule 11 hearing that the defendant is taking medication
that could affect his mental functions, the court should pursue the sub-
ject with the defendant and counsel to determine whether the defen-

                     9
dant is competent to plead. That failure to follow up in Damon's case
requires us to order a remand for the inquiry we discuss above.

REMANDED

WILLIAMS, Circuit Judge, dissenting:

After learning that he would be sentenced to life in prison, Marvin
Damon, who had previously confessed to committing a total of fifteen
murders in furtherance of a Continuing Criminal Enterprise (CCE),
see 21 U.S.C.A. § 848(e) (West Supp. 1999), moved to vacate his
plea agreement (to one count of murder in furtherance of a CCE) on
the ground that he was not in control of his faculties at the time he
entered his plea due to the influence of the medication that he had
taken earlier. The district court, which had repeatedly observed and
addressed Damon during the course of the preceding year, conducted
an extensive Rule 11 colloquy with Damon to ensure that his plea was
freely and voluntarily entered. Notwithstanding the fact that nothing
in the record suggests that Damon was not fully in possession of his
faculties, the majority today holds that the district court's failure to
make further inquires about the medication Damon took earlier ren-
dered the Rule 11 hearing inadequate.

In so holding, the majority completely ignores the test established
by this Court in United States v. Truglio, 493 F.2d 574 (4th Cir.
1974), for determining whether drugs impaired a defendant's ability
to plead guilty, and it instead adopts (and then applies) the rigid tests
established in United States v. Cole, 813 F.2d 43 (3d Cir. 1987), and
United States v. Parra-Ibanez, 936 F.2d 588 (1st Cir. 1991) -- two
cases that are easily distinguishable from the instant case. Because
Damon has failed to demonstrate that his mental faculties were
impaired by the medication he took prior to pleading guilty, as this
Court's precedent requires, I respectfully dissent.

I.

The sole issue raised in this appeal is whether the district court con-
ducted an adequate inquiry pursuant to Rule 11 of the Federal Rules
of Criminal Procedure when it concluded that Damon was competent

                     10
to plead guilty and that his plea was knowingly and voluntarily
entered. Accepting a guilty plea from a defendant when he is legally
incompetent is, of course, a violation of due process. See Roach v.
Martin, 757 F.2d 1463, 1480 (4th Cir. 1985); see also Drope v.
Missouri, 420 U.S. 162, 171-72 (1975) (noting that competency is
essential to a fair trial); Pate v. Robinson, 383 U.S. 375, 378 (1966)
(holding that the conviction of an incompetent defendant violates due
process). The test for mental competence is whether the defendant
"has sufficient present ability to consult with his lawyer with a rea-
sonable degree of rational understanding -- and whether he has a
rational as well as factual understanding of the proceedings against
him." Dusky v. United States, 362 U.S. 402, 402 (1960).1

On appeal, Damon alleges that he was not in control of his faculties
at the time he entered his plea due to the influence of the medication
he had taken earlier. In order to prevail on this point under Dusky,
Damon must demonstrate "that his mental faculties were so impaired
by drugs when he pleaded that he was incapable of full understanding
and appreciation of the charges against him, of comprehending his
constitutional rights and of realizing the consequences of his plea."
United States v. Truglio, 493 F.2d 574, 578 (4th Cir. 1974) (internal
quotation marks omitted). For the reasons that follow, I do not believe
that Damon has met this burden.

Although the district court did not verbally ascertain the specific
dosage of Ativan and Desyrel that Damon had taken earlier, the dis-
trict court's failure to further explore this issue did not render the Rule
11 hearing inadequate. As required by this Court in Truglio, the dis-
trict court, after learning that Damon had taken medication during his
stay at the hospital, asked Damon whether he understood (1) the
charges against him, (2) the constitutional rights he was waiving by
pleading guilty, (3) the terms of his Plea Agreement, and (4) the con-
sequences of his guilty plea. Damon answered each question in the
affirmative and in a coherent fashion. Damon also told the district
court that he was satisfied with his attorneys and that he was in fact
_________________________________________________________________

1 Although Dusky v. United States, 362 U.S. 402 (1960), dealt with a
defendant's competency to stand trial, the standard for competence to
enter a plea of guilty is the same as that for competence to stand trial.
See Godinez v. Moran, 509 U.S. 389 (1993).

                     11
guilty of the offense to which he pled guilty. The district court also
asked Damon's lawyers whether they had any reason to question
Damon's competence to plead guilty. Although aware that Damon
had taken some medication earlier, his lawyers, both of whom were
highly experienced due to the fact that Damon was subject to the
death penalty, answered no. See Blackledge v. Allison, 431 U.S. 63,
73 74 (1977) (noting that the representations of the defendant's law-
yers at a Rule 11 hearing constitute a formidable barrier in a subse-
quent challenge to the defendant's competency); United States v.
Wilson, 81 F.3d 1300, 1306 (4th Cir. 1996) (noting that "competency
of counsel certainly is a strong component of a properly-conducted
Rule 11 hearing").

Based upon Damon's answers during the Rule 11 hearing and the
representations of his lawyers, it is clear that he was competent to
stand trial and thus to plead guilty and that he entered an informed,
intelligent, and voluntary plea of guilty. See, e.g., Roach, 757 F.2d at
1480; Shaw v. Martin, 733 F.2d 304, 314-15 (4th Cir. 1984). There
is absolutely no evidence in the record to indicate that Damon was not
in full possession of his faculties at the time of the Rule 11 hearing.
Thus, there was no reason for the district court, which had handled
Damon's case throughout the preceding year and was in the best posi-
tion to judge Damon's competence at the time of the Rule 11 hearing,
to conduct any further inquiry regarding the medication that Damon
had taken earlier. Accord United States v. Dalman, 994 F.2d 537, 539
(8th Cir. 1993) (holding that defendant who was taking four different
types of medications was competent to enter plea of guilty, and dis-
trict court was under no obligation to question him further concerning
the nature of the medications and their potential effects upon his deci-
sion to plead guilty or his ability to understand the plea proceedings,
because he understood the questions asked by the district court and
responded in a coherent fashion).

In reaching the opposite conclusion, the majority mistakenly relies
on the First Circuit's decision in United States v. Parra-Ibanez, 936
F.2d 588 (1st Cir. 1991), and the Third Circuit's decision in United
States v. Cole, 813 F.2d 43 (3d Cir. 1987).2 Both cases are easily dis-
_________________________________________________________________

2 Damon also relies on the Second Circuit's decision in United States
v. Rossillo, 853 F.2d 1062 (2d Cir. 1988), which the majority, in my

                    12
tinguishable from the instant case. In Parra-Ibanez, the defendant,
who had a history of psychiatric treatment and drug abuse, told the
district court during the Rule 11 hearing that he had taken three differ-
ent types of medication within the past 24 hours. See 936 F.3d at 591.
After pleading guilty, the defendant began to exhibit additional psy-
chological problems. See id. at 592. Under these circumstances, the
First Circuit ruled that the district court should have held an evidenti-
ary hearing on the effects of the medication. See id. at 596-98. None
of the concerns raised by the First Circuit in Parra-Ibanez are present
here. Damon had no past history of mental illness and, unlike the
defendant in Parra-Ibanez, there is absolutely no evidence that the
medication had any effect on Damon during the Rule 11 hearing or
thereafter. In Cole, the defendant stated during the Rule 11 hearing
that he had used drugs within the last 12 hours. See 813 F.2d at 44.
The district court, however, misunderstood the defendant and was
under the impression that he denied any drug use during the Rule 11
hearing. See id. at 46-47. Thus, the facts in Cole are also very differ-
ent from the facts in the instant case.

In the end, I am convinced that the district court adequately consid-
ered Damon's competency to plead guilty. Damon attempted to com-
mit suicide after signing his plea agreement. Thus, the minor amounts
of medication that he later took could not have affected his decision
to plead guilty. Moreover, based upon his own representations (and
those of his attorneys), there is no evidence that Damon lacked the
ability to consult with his lawyers with a reasonable degree of rational
understanding during the Rule 11 hearing or that he did not under-
stand the nature of the proceedings against him. See Dusky, 362 U.S.
at 402. Damon's actions after pleading guilty support this conclusion.
_________________________________________________________________

opinion, wisely avoids. In Rossillo, the Second Circuit held that once the
district court raised the issue of intoxicants and received an ambiguous
response, the district court's failure to obtain a clear response from the
defendant on the issue rendered the Rule 11 hearing fatally inadequate
notwithstanding the fact that the record was devoid of any evidence that
the defendant was incompetent. See id. at 1067. The decision in Rossillo
was decided over a persuasive dissent. See id. at 1067-71 (Van Graafei-
land, J., dissenting). In fact, the Second Circuit has since read the panel's
decision in Rossillo very narrowly. See United States v. Lora, 895 F.2d
878, 881 (2d Cir. 1990).

                     13
Three days after the Rule 11 hearing, Damon appeared in the Circuit
Court of the City of Richmond and pleaded guilty to two additional
counts of murder. At that hearing, the Circuit Court judge specifically
found Damon's plea to be knowing and voluntary. Thereafter, Damon
admitted during his debriefing with DEA agents that he had actually
committed a total of fifteen murders. Tellingly, it was not until three
months after the Rule 11 hearing -- at sentencing, when he learned
that he would receive a life sentence -- that Damon suddenly asserted
that he was not competent during the Rule 11 hearing.

As this Court recently noted, "it is essential to an orderly working
of the criminal justice system that guilty pleas tendered and accepted
in conformity with Rule 11 . . . be presumed final." United States v.
Sparks, 67 F.3d 1145, 1154 (4th Cir. 1995). Here, the district court
conducted the Rule 11 hearing precisely as this Court required in
Truglio. Accordingly, Damon's guilty plea should be treated as final.

II.

In sum, I believe that the district court properly ensured during the
Rule 11 hearing that Damon's plea was freely and voluntarily entered.
Accordingly, I would affirm.

                    14