Court Opinion

ID: 4308265
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-08-29 16:01:42.463026+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:42:45.484146
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                          No. 18-215C
                                     Filed: August 29, 2018
                                    NOT FOR PUBLICATION

                                             )
 BTR ENTERPRISES OF SC, LLC                  )
                                             )
                       Plaintiff,            )       Contract Disputes Act; RCFC 12(b)(1);
                                             )       Subject-Matter Jurisdiction; Termination
 v.                                          )       for Convenience; Bad Faith.
                                             )
 THE UNITED STATES,                          )
                                             )
                       Defendant.            )
                                             )

        Mark H. Wilson, Counsel of Record, Whitcomb, Selinsky, McAuliffe, PC, Denver, CO,
for plaintiff.

        Sean L. King, Trial Attorney, Patricia M. McCarthy, Assistant Director, Robert E.
Kirschman, Jr., Director, Chad A. Readler, Acting Assistant Attorney General, Commercial
Litigation Branch, Civil Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for
defendant.

                         MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

GRIGGSBY, Judge

I.     INTRODUCTION

       Plaintiff, BTR Enterprises of SC, LLC (“BTR”), brings this Contract Disputes Act
(“CDA”) action challenging the United States Marshals Service’s (“USMS”) decision to
terminate for convenience BTR’s contract to provide certain towing and storage services for
seized vehicles (the “Storage Contract”). See generally Am. Compl.; 41 U.S.C. §§ 7101-7109.
As relief, BTR seeks to recover $54,174.17 in monetary damages from the United States. Am.
Compl. at Prayer for Relief.

       The government has moved to dismiss this action for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction,
pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) of the Rules of the United States Court of Federal Claims (“RCFC”).
See generally Def. Mot. For the reasons discussed below, the Court GRANTS the government’s
motion to dismiss and DISMISSES the amended complaint.
II.     FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND1

        A.      Factual Background

        In this Contract Disputes Act action, BTR challenges the USMS’s decision to terminate
for convenience its contract to provide certain towing and storage services for seized vehicles.
See generally Am. Compl. Specifically, BTR alleges in the amended complaint that the USMS
wrongfully terminated the Storage Contract, when the agency confiscated vehicles that had been
stored by BTR without first providing BTR with a written cure notice. Am. Compl. at ¶¶ 5, 32.

        BTR also asserts that the USMS’s decision to terminate the Storage Contract for
convenience was motivated by bad faith, resulting in a breach of the contract. Id. at ¶¶ 22, 31.
In this regard, BTR alleges that the government’s bad faith is evidenced by, among other things,
the government’s decision to terminate the Storage Contract for convenience only nine days after
BTR refuted the deficiencies alleged in the government’s cure notice. Id. at ¶ 31. BTR further
contends that the USMS’s termination for convenience did not comply with Section 8.406-5(b)
of the Federal Acquisition Regulations (“FAR”), because the USMS did not endeavor to enter
into a no-cost settlement with BTR before terminating the Storage Contract. Id. at ¶¶ 22, 31.

        As relief, BTR alleges that it is entitled to recover “damages including the loss of
anticipated profits.” Id. at ¶¶ 30-31. Specifically, BTR seeks to recover $54,174.17 in monetary
damages from the government, which includes:

        The sum certain amount is comprised of $3,775.00 for building improvements;
        $3,680.00 for the difference between the contracted price and discounted price
        charged to relocate 23 vehicles from the prior contractor’s site to BTR’s storage
        facility; $304.17 for wheel dollies to precipitate movement of the 23 vehicles;
        $17,415.00 for attorney fees; and $20,000.00 in lost profits.

Am. Compl. at ¶ 4. BTR also seeks to recover $7,500.00 in monetary damages for certain
outstanding lease payments. Pl. Ex. at 3; Def. Mot. at 2; Def. Ex. A at 14.

1
 The facts recited in this Memorandum Opinion and Order are taken from the amended complaint (“Am.
Compl.”); the government’s motion to dismiss (“Def. Mot.”) and the exhibits attached thereto (“Def. Ex.
A”); and the exhibits to the original complaint (“Pl. Ex.”). Unless otherwise noted, the facts recited
herein are undisputed.
                                                                                                      2
       1.         The Storage Contract

       As background, BTR and the USMS entered into the Storage Contract for the towing,
storage, maintenance, and disposal of seized and forfeited vehicles on July 12, 2016. Am.
Compl. at ¶ 16; Def. Mot. at 1-2. Pursuant to the terms of the Storage Contract, BTR agreed to
store the seized vehicles at its facility located at 5416 Highway 39, Mountville, South Carolina.
Def. Mot. at 3.

       On July 21, 2016, BTR met with the USMS contracting officer’s representative at
another BTR facility located at 2605 Hwy/221 E. Greenwood, South Carolina (the “Burton
Center Facility”). Id.; Am. Compl. at ¶ 17. Although the USMS did not approve the use of the
Burton Center Facility for the storage of vehicles, BTR used the Burton Center Facility to store
seized vehicles. Def. Mot. at 2-3.

       After BTR began work under the Storage Contract, the Federal Bureau of Investigation
(“FBI”) arrested the president of BTR, Brian T. Roberts, on charges of extortion, obstruction of
justice, and witness tampering. Def. Mot. at 2. According to the FBI, Mr. Roberts improperly
used photographs and official documents related to the vehicles stored by BTR. Id.

       On September 22, 2016, the USMS confiscated all of the vehicles that BTR stored at the
Burton Center Facility. Id.; Am. Compl. at ¶ 19. On that same date, the USMS issued a cure
notice to BTR that stated that BTR materially breached the Storage Contract by, among other
things, failing to “keep confidential information related to the seizure/forfeiture of vehicles” and
failing to ensure that all prospective BTR employees involved with work on the Storage Contract
did not have a criminal history. Def. Mot. at 2. The cure notice also stated that BTR breached
the Storage Contract by storing the seized vehicles at a facility that the USMS had not approved
for use to store vehicles. Id. The USMS further informed BTR that it would terminate the
Storage Contract for cause, unless the identified conditions were cured within ten days. Id.; Am.
Compl. at ¶ 20.

       BTR timely responded to the government’s cure notice on October 3, 2016. Am Compl.
at ¶ 21; Def. Mot. at 2. On October 12, 2016, the USMS contracting officer terminated the
Storage Contract for the government’s convenience. Am. Compl. at ¶ 22; Def. Mot. at 2.

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                2.      BTR’s CDA Claim

        On May 26, 2017, BTR submitted a CDA claim to the USMS contracting officer. Am.
Compl. at ¶ 24; Def. Mot. at 2. BTR’s CDA claim states, in relevant part, that:

        BTR Enterprises . . . submits this dispute and claim for the payment of $15,775.00,
        a certain sum in accordance with the [CDA] . . . . This claim is based on the award
        of the subject Contract to BTR on August 1, 2016 and the government’s termination
        of the award on October 12, 2016. . . .

Def. Ex. A at 2. The CDA claim also expresses concerns about the USMS’s decision to
confiscate vehicles stored by BTR without prior written notice. In this regard, the CDA claim
states that:

        [O]n or about September 22, 2016, the vehicles stored by BTR in accordance with
        the contract were confiscated by the government, essentially terminating the
        contract without prior written cure notice being given as required by FAR
        12.403(c). A cure notice, dated September 22, 2016, was signed by the Contracting
        Officer (CO) the same day as the USMS vehicles were confiscated from BTR
        property. . . . The cure notice indicated that failure to correct the alleged deficiencies
        within 10-days could result in the Government terminating the contract for cause
        in accordance with [FAR] 52.212-4 . . . . BTR responded to the alleged deficiencies
        in a timely manner . . . .

Id.
        In addition, the CDA claim states that the USMS wrongfully terminated the Storage
Contract for convenience without first endeavoring to reach a settlement agreement with BTR, in
violation of FAR 8.406-5(b). Id. In this regard, the CDA claim states that:

        [T]he Contracting Officer issued a Termination for Convenience Notice effective
        October 12, 2016. This Termination for Convenience Notice was non-compliant
        with the FAR, specifically section 8.406-5(b) which states, “Before terminating
        orders for the Government's convenience, the ordering activity contracting officer
        shall endeavor to enter into a “no cost” settlement agreement with the contractor.”
        Because of the Termination, BTR has identified costs it has incurred in furtherance
        of the contract that were not invoiced prior to the Termination or that were
        reoccurring and cannot be fully absorbed because of the Termination . . . . Payment
        of the claimed costs will fairly and reasonably compensate BTR for the costs it
        incurred on behalf of the Government up to the date of termination and for
        preparing this claim.

Id. at 2-3. And so, BTR’s CDA claim seeks to recover certain “incurred costs and profits on
work performed,” including: (1) $3,775.00 for “storage facility alterations” at the Burton Center

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Facility; (2) $7,500.00 for the lease of the Burton Center Facility; and (3) $4,500.00 in attorney
fees. Id. at 3-4.

        On August 21, 2017, the USMS contracting officer issued a final decision denying BTR’s
CDA claim because BTR failed to demonstrate that its damages were a direct result of the
government’s termination for convenience. Am. Compl. at ¶ 2; Pl. Ex. at 2-5.

        B.      Procedural History

        BTR commenced this action on February 13, 2018. See generally Compl. On May 16,
2018, BTR filed an amended complaint. See generally Am. Compl.

        On May 16, 2018, the government filed a motion to dismiss the complaint for lack of
subject-matter jurisdiction, pursuant to RCFC 12(b)(1). See generally Def. Mot. On May 17,
2018, the government filed a supplement to its motion to dismiss to address the amended
complaint. See generally Def. Supp. Mot.

        On June 13, 2018, BTR filed a response and opposition to the government’s motion to
dismiss. See generally Pl. Resp. On June 27, 2018, the government filed a reply in support of its
motion to dismiss. See generally Def. Reply.

        The government’s motion to dismiss having been fully briefed, the Court resolves the
pending motion.

III.    LEGAL STANDARDS

        A.      RCFC 12(b)(1)

        When deciding a motion to dismiss upon the ground that the Court does not possess
subject-matter jurisdiction pursuant to RCFC 12(b)(1), this Court must assume that all
undisputed facts alleged in the complaint are true and must draw all reasonable inferences in the
non-movant’s favor. Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007); RCFC 12(b)(1). But, plaintiff
bears the burden of establishing subject-matter jurisdiction, and it must do so by a preponderance
of the evidence. Reynolds v. Army & Air Force Exch. Serv., 846 F.2d 746, 748 (Fed. Cir. 1988).
Should the Court determine that “it lacks jurisdiction over the subject matter, it must dismiss the
claim.” Matthews v. United States, 72 Fed. Cl. 274, 278 (2006).

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       In this regard, the United States Court of Federal Claims is a court of limited jurisdiction
and “possess[es] only that power authorized by Constitution and statute. . . .” Kokkonen v.
Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994). The Tucker Act grants the Court
jurisdiction over:

       [A]ny claim against the United States founded either upon the Constitution, or any
       Act of Congress or any regulation of an executive department, or upon any express
       or implied contract with the United States, or for liquidated or unliquidated
       damages in cases not sounding in tort.

28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(1). The Tucker Act is, however, a jurisdictional statute; “it does not create
any substantive right enforceable against the United States for money damages. . . . [T]he Act
merely confers jurisdiction upon [the United States Court of Federal Claims] whenever the
substantive right exists.” United States v. Testan, 424 U.S. 392, 398 (1976) (alterations original).
And so, to pursue a substantive right against the United States under the Tucker Act, a plaintiff
must identify and plead a money-mandating constitutional provision, statute, or regulation; an
express or implied contract with the United States; or an illegal exaction of money by the United
States. Cabral v. United States, 317 F. App’x 979, 981 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (citing Fisher v. United
States, 402 F.3d 1167, 1172 (Fed. Cir. 2005)); see also Martinez v. United States, 333 F.3d 1295,
1302 (Fed. Cir. 2003). “[A] statute or regulation is money-mandating for jurisdictional purposes
if it ‘can fairly be interpreted as mandating compensation for damages sustained as a result of the
breach of the duties [it] impose[s].’” Fisher, 402 F.3d at 1173 (quoting United States v. Mitchell,
463 U.S. 206, 217 (1983)).

       B.      The Contract Disputes Act

       The Tucker Act provides that this Court “shall have jurisdiction to render judgment upon
any claim by or against, or dispute with, a contractor arising under section 7104(b)(1) of Title 41
[the Contract Disputes Act], . . . on which a decision of the contracting officer has been issued
under section 6 of that Act.” 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(2); see also Renda Marine, Inc. v. United
States, 71 Fed. Cl. 378, 386 (2006). And so, to establish jurisdiction in a Contract Disputes Act
matter, a plaintiff must demonstrate compliance with the requirements of the CDA.

       In this regard, the CDA requires that all claims made by a contractor against the
government relating to a contract shall be in writing and shall be submitted to the contracting
officer for a final decision. 41 U.S.C. § 7103(a); Northrop Grumman Computing Sys., Inc. v.

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United States, 709 F.3d 1107, 1111-12 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (“A prerequisite for jurisdiction of the
Court of Federal Claims over a CDA claim is a final decision by a contracting officer on a valid
claim.”) (emphasis original); see also Securiforce Int’l Am., LLC v. United States, 879 F.3d
1354, 1359 (Fed. Cir. 2018). If the claim made by the contractor is for more than $100,000.00,
the contractor must also certify the claim. 41 U.S.C. § 7103(b)(1). The contractor’s claim
submission and the requirement that the contracting officer render a final decision on the claim
are mandatory and jurisdictional prerequisites before a contractor can file suit in this Court. See
M. Maropakis Carpentry, Inc. v. United States, 609 F.3d 1323, 1327 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (stating
that “for the Court of Federal Claims to have jurisdiction under the CDA, the contractor must
submit a proper claim—a written demand that includes (1) adequate notice of the basis and
amount of a claim and (2) a request for a final decision”) (citing James M. Ellett Constr. Co., v.
United States, 93 F.3d 1537, 1541-42 (Fed. Cir. 1996)). The absence of a sum certain for
monetary claims submitted pursuant to the CDA is also fatal to jurisdiction. Northrop, 709 F.3d
at 1112; accord M. Maropakis Carpentry, 609 F.3d at 1327-29.

       While the CDA does not define the term “claim,” the FAR defines a “claim” as follows:

       Claim . . . means a written demand or written assertion by one of the contracting
       parties seeking, as a matter of right, the payment of money in a sum certain, the
       adjustment or interpretation of contract terms, or other relief arising under or
       related to the contract.

FAR 52.233-1(c). In addition, the CDA permits a contractor to file a direct action disputing the
contracting officer’s final decision in this Court within 12 months of receiving the final decision,
if a valid CDA claim has been submitted to the contracting officer. 41 U.S.C. § 7104(b)(3). A
contractor may also seek review in this Court if the contracting officer fails to respond to a CDA
claim within 60 days. 41 U.S.C. § 7103(f). But, “once a claim is in litigation, the contracting
officer may not rule on it—even if the claim . . . was not properly submitted to and denied by the
contracting officer before it was placed in litigation.” K-Con Bldg. Sys., Inc. v. United States,
778 F.3d 1000, 1005 (Fed. Cir. 2015).

       Specifically relevant to this dispute, the Federal Circuit has held that when a contractor
seeks review in this Court, jurisdiction is only proper if the appeal of a decision on a CDA claim
is “‘based on the same claim previously presented to and denied by the contracting officer.’”
Scott Timber Co. v. United States, 333 F.3d 1358, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (quoting Cerberonics,

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Inc. v. United States, 13 Cl. Ct. 415, 417 (1987)); see also Simulation Tech., LLC v. United
States, 103 Fed. Cl. 105, 108 (2012). While a CDA claim need not follow a set form, the claim
must provide the contracting officer with adequate notice of the basis for, and amount of, any
claim. M. Maropakis Carpentry, 609 F.3d at 1328; see also Contract Cleaning Maint., Inc. v.
United States, 811 F.2d 586, 592 (Fed. Cir. 1987) (stating that the claim must contain “a clear
and unequivocal statement that gives the contracting officer adequate notice of the basis and
amount of the claim”). And so, if a complaint sets forth a new claim, or a claim that differs in
scope from what was previously presented to the contracting officer, the Court will not possess
jurisdiction over the claim. Santa Fe Eng’rs v. United States, 818 F.2d 856, 859 (Fed. Cir.
1987); see also AAB Joint Venture v. United States, 75 Fed. Cl. 414, 422-23 (2007).

       In this regard, when a contractor’s claim in this Court differs from the claim previously
presented to the contracting officer, jurisdiction generally depends upon whether the claim
alleged in the complaint is based upon “the same set of operative facts underlying the claim
presented to the contracting officer.” Cerberonics, 13 Cl. Ct. at 417; see also Scott Timber, 333
F.3d at 1365. In Renda Marine, the Court identified three considerations that should be
examined to determine whether the Court possesses jurisdiction under such circumstances: (1)
whether the claim is based on the same common or related set of operative facts brought before
the contracting officer; (2) whether the legal theory underlying the claim remains the same as
presented to the contracting officer; and (3) whether the complaint requests the same relief as
requested from the contracting officer. Renda Marine, Inc., 71 Fed. Cl. at 388-89 (citation
omitted); see also Manuel Bros., Inc. v. United States, 55 Fed. Cl. 8, 33 (2002), aff’d, 95 F.
App’x 344 (Fed. Cir. 2004); Johnson Controls World Servs., Inc. v. United States, 43 Fed. Cl.
589, 594 (1999).

       The Federal Circuit has also addressed how the Court should compare a claim presented
to a contracting officer with a claim brought in this Court in Reliance Ins. Co. v. United States,
931 F.2d 863 (Fed. Cir. 1991) and Scott Timber Co., 333 F.3d 1358. In Reliance, the Federal
Circuit held that this Court did not possess subject-matter jurisdiction to consider a CDA claim
for breach of contract and the duty of good faith, because the contractor in that case had not
previously presented a clear and unequivocal claim that the government breached the contract or
the duty of good faith to the contracting officer. Reliance Ins. Co., 931 F.2d at 866 (citations
omitted); see also E & E Enters Global, Inc. v. United States, 120 Fed. Cl. 165, 174 (2015). But,
                                                                                                     8
the Federal Circuit recognized in Scott Timber that there could be some acceptable variance
between the “exact language and structure” of a claim before the contracting officer and a claim
brought before this Court. Scott Timber, 333 F.3d at 1365. In this regard, the Federal Circuit
held in Scott Timber that the jurisdictional requirement that a CDA claim must be “based on the
same claim previously presented to and denied by the contracting officer” does not require rigid
adherence to the exact language or structure of the original administrative CDA claim. Id. And
so, the Federal Circuit concluded the Court could exercise jurisdiction over the CDA claims at
issue in Scott Timber, because the claims before the contracting officer and the claims in the
complaint arose from the same operative facts, sought essentially the same relief, and merely
asserted slightly different legal theories for that recovery. Id. at 1366; see also Contract
Cleaning, 811 F.2d at 592 (“All that is required is that the contractor submit in writing to the
contracting officer a clear and unequivocal statement that gives the contracting officer adequate
notice of the basis and amount of the claim.”).

       C.      Terminations For Convenience And Bad Faith

       Lastly, it is well-established that the government has the right to terminate a government
contract for its sole convenience without causing a breach of the contract. See 48 C.F.R. §
52.212-4(l); Praecomm, Inc. v. United States, 78 Fed. Cl. 5, 10-11 (2007), aff’d, 296 F. App’x
929 (Fed. Cir. 2008). But, the government may not terminate a contract for convenience in bad
faith. Krygoski Const. Co. v. United States, 94 F.3d 1537, 1541 (Fed. Cir. 1996).

       When the government terminates a contract for convenience, the contractor must
immediately stop all work. 48 C.F.R. § 52.212-4(l). This Court has also recognized that the sum
due to a contractor following a termination for convenience “is significantly circumscribed.”
Praecomm, 78 Fed. Cl. at 12. And so, a contractor may be paid a percentage of the contract
price reflecting the percentage of the work performed prior to the notice of termination, plus any
reasonable charges resulting from the termination that the contractor can demonstrate. Id. But,
anticipatory profits and consequential damages are not recoverable under such circumstances.
Id.; 48 C.F.R. §§ 49.202(a), 52.249-1 through -5.

       When tainted by bad faith, the government’s termination for convenience causes a
contract breach. Krygoski Const. Co., 94 F.3d at 1541. And so, when a contractor can show that
the government acted in bad faith in terminating a contract for convenience, a contractor may

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recover a wider range of damages, including anticipatory profits. Id. at 1540-41; TigerSwan, Inc.
v. United States, 110 Fed. Cl. 336, 345 (2013) (“If a contractor can demonstrate that the agency's
termination for convenience was improper, the contractor will not be limited to damages
identified in the termination for convenience clause. In such a case, traditional common law
damages for breach of contract will be available to the contractor.”).

       The Federal Circuit has held that a high burden must be carried to overcome the
presumption that government officials act in good faith to prove that a termination for
convenience was made in bad faith. Am-Pro Protective Agency, Inc. v. United States, 281 F.3d
1234, 1239 (Fed. Cir. 2002). To that end, a party alleging that a government official acted in bad
faith must overcome the presumption of good faith with “well-nigh irrefragable” proof, meaning
that the evidence of bad faith cannot be refuted or disproved and the evidence is incontrovertible,
incontestable, indisputable, irrefutable, and undeniable. Id. at 1239-40.

IV.    LEGAL ANALYSIS

       The government has moved to dismiss this matter for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction
upon the ground that BTR failed to submit a clear and unequivocal termination for convenience
based upon bad faith claim to the USMS contracting officer prior to commencing this action.
Def. Mot. at 5; Def. Supp. Mot. at 1-2. Specifically, the government argues in its motion to
dismiss that the amended complaint alleges “a sufficiently distinct legal theory and different
operative facts that were never submitted to the contracting officer.” Def. Mot. at 5. The
government also argues that BTR failed to state an accurate sum certain in the claim submitted to
the contracting officer. Id. at 8-9. And so, the government requests that the Court dismiss
BTR’s claim for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. Id. at 9.

       BTR counters in its response and opposition to the government’s motion to dismiss that it
submitted a termination for convenience motivated by bad faith claim to the USMS contracting
officer, because BTR has “alleged identical operative facts illustrating the harm done to it by the
government” in both the CDA claim and the amended complaint. Pl. Resp. at 5-6.

       For the reasons discussed below, the Court agrees with the government that BTR did not
clearly and unequivocally submit a claim for termination for convenience motivated by bad faith
to the USMS contracting officer and that BTR’s CDA claim also does not state an accurate sum

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certain. And so, the Court GRANTS the government’s motion to dismiss and DISMISSES the
amended complaint. RCFC 12(b)(1).

       A.      BTR Failed To Submit A Clear And Unequivocal Claim For Termination
               For Convenience Motivated By Bad Faith To The Contracting Officer

       As an initial matter, the undisputed facts in this case show that BTR did not submit a
clear and unequivocal claim for termination for convenience motivated by bad faith to the USMS
contracting officer. And so, the Court does not possess subject-matter jurisdiction to consider
BTR’s CDA claim.

       It is well-established that jurisdiction is only proper in this Court if the appeal of a
contracting officer’s final decision on a CDA claim is “‘based on the same claim previously
presented to and denied by the contracting officer.’” Scott Timber, 333 F.3d at 1365 (quoting
Cerberonics, 13 Cl. Ct. at 417); see also Simulation Tech., 103 Fed. Cl. at 108. And so, if a
complaint sets forth a new claim—or a claim that differs in scope from what was previously
presented to the contracting officer—the Court will not possess jurisdiction over the claim.
Santa Fe Eng’rs, 818 F.2d at 859; see also AAB Joint Venture, 75 Fed. Cl. at 422-23.

       While a CDA claim need not follow a set form, such a claim must provide the contracting
officer with adequate notice of the basis for, and amount of, any claim. M. Maropakis
Carpentry, 609 F.3d at 1328; see also Contract Cleaning, 811 F.2d at 592. Given this,
jurisdiction generally depends upon whether the claim in the complaint is based upon “the same
set of operative facts underlying the claim presented to the contracting officer.” Cerberonics, 13
Cl. Ct. at 417; see also Scott Timber, 333 F.3d at 1365.

       The Court considers three factors to determine whether its possesses subject-matter
jurisdiction to consider BTR’s CDA claims here: (1) whether the claim is based on the same
common or related set of operative facts brought before the contracting officer; (2) whether the
legal theory underlying the claim remains the same as presented to the contracting officer; and
(3) whether the complaint requests the same relief as requested from the contracting officer.
Renda Marine, Inc., 71 Fed. Cl. at 388-89; see also Manuel Bros., 55 Fed. Cl. at 33; Johnson
Controls, 43 Fed. Cl. at 594. Each of these factors weigh in favor of granting the government’s
motion to dismiss in this case.

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                1.      The CDA Claim And Amended Complaint
                        Are Not Based Upon The Same Operative Facts

        First, a careful review of the amended complaint and BTR’s CDA claim makes clear that
these two claims are not based upon the same common or related set of operative facts. In the
amended complaint, BTR alleges that it is entitled to “damages including the loss of anticipated
profits,” due to the government’s alleged termination of the Storage Contract for convenience
motivated by bad faith. Am. Compl. at ¶¶ 29-31. As this Court recognized in Renda Marine,
“‘[o]perative facts are the essential facts that give rise to a cause of action.’” Renda Marine,
Inc., 71 Fed. Cl. at 389 (quoting Kiewit Constr. Co. v. United States, 56 Fed. Cl. 414, 420
(2003)). And so, the operative facts to support a claim that the government acted in bad faith by
terminating the Storage Contract are facts that demonstrate the government’s specific intent to
injure BTR. See Caldwell & Santmyer, Inc. v. Glickman, 55 F.3d 1578, 1581 (Fed. Cir. 1995).

        In this case, the amended complaint contains operative facts to show bad faith upon the
part of the USMS. For example, BTR alleges in the amended complaint that the government
“issued the pretext [of] termination for convenience” after the Storage Contract had already been
effectively terminated by the confiscation of stored vehicles on September 22, 2016. Id. at ¶¶
31-32. BTR also alleges in the amended complaint that the USMS contracting officer
“arbitrarily and in bad faith issued a Termination for Convenience Notice effective October 12,
2016.” Am. Compl. at ¶ 22. In addition, BTR alleges that it can recover “$20,000.00 in lost
profits,” and alleges that it “is entitled to the loss of anticipated profits because the termination
for convenience is motivated by bad faith.” Am. Compl. at ¶¶ 4, 31. And so, the amended
complaint attempts to address a specific intent upon the part of the USMS to injure BTR by
terminating the Storage Contract.

        In contrast, a reading of BTR’s CDA claim shows that this claim is essentially devoid of
any operative facts to support a claim for breach of contract based upon a termination for
convenience motivated by bad faith. See generally id. In the CDA claim, BTR states that its
claim “is based on the award of the subject Contract to BTR on August 1, 2016 and the
government’s termination of the award on October 12, 2016.” Def. Ex. A at 2. There is
certainly some overlap between the factual allegations in BTR’s CDA claim and amended
complaint—specifically regarding the USMS’s decision to effectively terminate the Storage
Contract by confiscating vehicles without a prior written cure notice and the government’s
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decision to terminate the Storage Contract for convenience without first endeavoring to reach a
settlement agreement with BTR. Pl. Resp. at 6-8. But, BTR’s CDA claim does not mention bad
faith or a “pretext termination for convenience,” nor does the CDA claim contain any facts to
specifically show that the USMS had a specific intent to injure BTR by terminating the Storage
Contract. See generally Def. Ex. A at 2-5. Given this, the two claims are not based upon a
common or related set of operative facts.

                2.      The Legal Theories Underlying BTR’s Claims Differ

        More importantly, a review of BTR’s CDA claim and the amended complaint also makes
clear that the legal theories for these two claims are distinct. It is well-established that the
government has the right to terminate a government contract for its sole convenience without
causing a breach of the contract and that, when the government does so, the sum due to a
contractor “is significantly circumscribed.” See Praecomm, Inc., 78 Fed. Cl. at 10-12; see also
48 C.F.R. § 52.212-4(l). But, when tainted by bad faith, the government’s termination for
convenience causes a contract breach and a contractor may recover a wider range of damages,
including anticipatory profits. Krygoski, 94 F.3d at 1540-41; TigerSwan, 110 Fed. Cl. at 345.

        In this case, the amended complaint clearly states that BTR alleges a termination for
convenience motivated by bad faith claim, resulting in the breach of the Storage Contract. Am.
Compl. at ¶ 31. And so, as discussed above, BTR seeks to recover, among other things, lost
profits in the amount of $20,000.00—damages that BTR could only recover in the event of the
government’s breach of the Storage Contract. Id. at ¶ 4; Krygoski, 94 F.3d at 1540-41;
TigerSwan, 110 Fed. Cl. at 345; see generally Def. Ex. A at 2-5.

        BTR’s CDA claim does not, however, seek to recover lost profits. See generally Def. Ex.
A at 14. Rather, BTR seeks to recover only the “incurred costs and profits on work performed”
under the Storage Contract, which is consistent with a claim for termination for convenience that
would not involve a breach of the Storage Contract. Def. Ex. A at 3. Given this, the Court reads
the amended complaint and BTR’s CDA claim to be based upon different legal theories.2

2
  The Court is also unpersuaded by BTR’s argument that the USMS contracting officer had adequate
notice of its termination for convenience motivated by bad faith claim, because BTR’s CDA claim states
that “the vehicles stored by BTR in accordance with the contract were confiscated by the government,
effectively terminating the contract.” Pl. Resp. at 7 (emphasis removed). While certainly relevant to the
issue of bad faith, this factual allegation, alone, does not show that the government acted with specific
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               3.       BTR’s Claims Do Not Seek The Same Relief

       Lastly, a careful reading of the amended complaint and BTR’s CDA claim also shows
that BTR does not seek the same relief in the two claims. While the amount that BTR seeks to
recover in this action need not be identical to the amount requested in its CDA claim, a change in
the amount requested should not change the fundamental character of BTR’s claim. Contract
Cleaning, 811 F.2d at 591-92 (requiring plaintiff to give the contracting officer notice of basis
and amount of claim).

       In this case, there can be no genuine dispute that the monetary damages that BTR seeks
in the amended complaint differ significantly from the damages requested in BTR’s CDA claim.
In the amended complaint, BTR seeks to recover $54,174.17 in monetary damages—more than
three times the amount that BTR requested its CDA claim. Am. Compl. at ¶ 3. The nature of the
damages that BTR seeks to recover in this litigation also differs from its CDA claim. BTR states
in the amended complaint that:

       The sum certain amount is comprised of $3,775.00 for building improvements;
       $3,680.00 for the difference between the contracted price and discounted price
       charged to relocate 23 vehicles from the prior contractor’s site to BTR Enterprise’s
       storage facility; $304.17 for wheel dollies to precipitate movement of the 23
       vehicles; $17,415.00 for attorney fees; and $20,000.00 in lost profits.

Am. Compl. at ¶ 4. But, BTR did not seek to recover lost profits in its CDA claim. Def. Ex. A
at 2-5; Pl. Resp. at 3; Def. Reply at 4-5. Nor did BTR request the costs that it now seeks to
relocate 23 vehicles from the prior contractor’s site to BTR’s storage facility ($3,680.00) and for
wheel dollies ($304.17). Def. Ex. A at 3-4; Pl. Resp. at 3.

       Because BTR’s CDA claim and the amended complaint are not based upon the same set
of common or related operative facts, involve different legal theories, and seek different
monetary relief, BTR simply has not provided clear and unequivocal notice to the USMS
contracting officer of its claim that the government breached the Storage Contract by terminating
that contact for convenience in bad faith. And so, the Court must dismiss BTR’s CDA claim for
lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. RCFC 12(b)(1).

intent to injure BTR by terminating the Storage Contract. See Caldwell & Santmyer, Inc. v. Glickman, 55
F.3d 1578, 1581 (Fed. Cir. 1995).

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       B.      BTR Failed To State A Sum Certain In Its CDA Claim

       As a final matter, while the Court need not reach this issue, a review of BTR’s CDA
claim and the amended complaint also shows that BTR did not submit a sum certain for the total
amount of its claim to the contracting officer. The absence of a sum certain in BTR’s CDA
claim is also fatal to BTR’s effort to invoke the Court’s jurisdiction. Northrop, 709 F.3d at 1112;
accord M. Maropakis Carpentry, 609 F.3d at 1327-29.

       As discussed above, BTR seeks to recover $54,174.17 in monetary damages in this
action—more than three times the amount sought in its CDA claim. BTR acknowledges in its
response and opposition to the government’s motion to dismiss that it submitted a “partial dollar
amount” to the contracting officer and that its “present claim is not entirely the same as its
[CDA] claim submitted to the contracting officer.” Pl. Resp. at 6. Given this, the Court agrees
with the government that BTR did not submit a claim for a sum certain to the USMS contracting
officer for the costs that it seeks to recover in this action. And so, the Court must also dismiss
BTR’s CDA claim because BTR failed to submit a sum certain for the total amount of its claim
to the USMS contracting officer. RCFC 12(b)(1).

V.     CONCLUSION

       In sum, BTR failed to present a clear and unequivocal claim for breach of contract based
upon a termination for convenience motivated by bad faith to the contracting officer prior to
commencing this action. BTR also failed to submit an accurate and complete sum certain to the
contracting officer for the total amount of its claim. Both of these failures are jurisdictionally
fatal to BTR’s CDA claim.

       And so, for the reasons discussed above, the Court:

       1. GRANTS the government’s motion to dismiss; and

       2. DISMISSES the amended complaint. RCFC 12(b)(1).

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The Clerk shall enter judgment accordingly.

Each party shall bear their own costs.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                         s/ Lydia Kay Griggsby
                                         LYDIA KAY GRIGGSBY
                                         Judge

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