Court Opinion

ID: 4458174
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-11-22 10:05:53.858381+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:51:28.571273
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                         STATE OF MICHIGAN

                          COURT OF APPEALS

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                  UNPUBLISHED
                                                                  November 21, 2019
              Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                 No. 344844
                                                                  Genesee Circuit Court
GARY ANTHONY MAHAN,                                               LC No. 17-040672-FC

              Defendant-Appellant.

Before: O’BRIEN, P.J., and GADOLA and REDFORD, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        Defendant appeals as of right his jury trial convictions of kidnapping, MCL
750.349(1)(c), and first-degree criminal sexual conduct (CSC-I), MCL 750.520b(1), against the
victim, SD.1 The jury acquitted defendant of the same charges against another victim, JB. The
trial court, applying a “super habitual” supplement under MCL 769.12(1)(a), sentenced
defendant to two concurrent terms of 25 to 37½ years’ imprisonment. We affirm.

                                     I. BACKGROUND

        This case arises from events beginning in the late hours of October 23, 2016, and
stretching through the morning of October 24, 2016. On the night of October 23, 2016, 17-year-
old SD and 18-year-old JB were drinking alcohol, and went with some friends to Angela
Shirley’s home in Flint. Angela was defendant’s girlfriend at the time. One of the people that
SD and JB went to Angela’s house with was a friend of Angela’s son, Michael Shirley. As the
night progressed, everyone decided to go to defendant’s house, where they had a bonfire. SD

1
  The jury was provided with two alternative theories for CSC-I: penetration under circumstances
involving a kidnapping, see MCL 750.520b(1)(c), and penetration while armed with a weapon,
see MCL 750.520b(1)(e). The jurors were informed that for purposes of conviction, unanimity
was not required regarding which aggravating circumstance applied, as long as each juror found
an aggravating circumstance.

                                              -1-
and JB continued to drink heavily, and, as a result, they were unable to remember many of the
events from that night. Everyone agreed, however, that SD and JB’s friends left SD and JB at
defendant’s home that night. Everyone also agreed that, after SD and JB’s friends had left,
Angela became angry with defendant for having SD and JB over, and so defendant sent SD and
JB over to his neighbor’s home for a period of time. Finally, everyone agrees that, in the early
morning hours of October 24, 2016, SD and JB returned with defendant to his bedroom.

        This is where the relevant events from the evening occurred, and where the testimonies of
defendant and the victims diverge. SD testified that she remembered waking up in defendant’s
room and saw defendant lying “on top of” JB. SD said that defendant was “[t]ouching” JB and
that “her pants were halfway down.” It looked to SD as if defendant’s hands were “down [JB’s]
pants.” SD testified, “I looked over at her and I kind of like mouthed did you want that to
happen and she mouthed back to me and said no.” SD described JB as being “really messed up”
and “under the influence of something.” JB somewhat similarly testified that defendant got on
top her and tried to kiss her, which she did not want.

        SD testified that she asked defendant to use his phone multiple times, but he would not
let her. JB similarly testified that she and SD asked to use defendant’s phone, but he refused and
“got really mad.” Both SD and JB testified that defendant took out a gun from somewhere in the
room and pointed it at SD and JB, and made them take off their clothes. Defendant then asked
each of them to take a pill, which JB did but SD did not. Both testified that JB asked to use the
bathroom, but defendant refused to let her and made her use a trash can instead.

       Both SD and JB testified that, while still holding the gun, defendant put his penis in JB’s
mouth. JB testified that she could not remember a lot of details, but she said that during this
time, defendant was lying on the bed with his legs off the bed, and SD was “[o]ver top by his
head.” SD testified that, while defendant’s penis was in JB’s mouth, defendant pulled down
SD’s pants and underwear and, while holding a gun in one hand, put his mouth “[i]n her vagina,”
which she did not want. On cross-examination, SD said that defendant’s mouth came into
contact with her vagina while she was seated and that, at the same time, defendant was lying on
his back while JB performed oral sex on him. JB testified that defendant ejaculated in her
mouth, on her hands, and on her pants or shirt.

         According to defendant, he took the girls to his neighbor’s house after 5:30 a.m. and the
girls returned “after 7:00 in the morning.” At that point, all three (defendant, SD, and JB) went
back to defendant’s bedroom, and everyone went to sleep. Defendant said that he did not own a
gun at the time2 and did not “pull a gun” on SD or JB. He denied giving the girls pills, and said
that he did not refuse to let them use his telephone or refuse to allow them to use the bathroom.
He denied performing oral sex on SD and denied having JB perform oral sex on him. He said
that the girls were “making it up.”

2
  Angela, defendant’s girlfriend, admitted at trial that she had seen a handgun at defendant’s
house in the past, and text messages from October 24, 2016, between Angela and defendant
show that Angela warned defendant that if the police investigated SD’s and JB’s allegations, his
“[g]un” would “need[] to go.”

                                               -2-
        SD testified that the following morning, after defendant fell asleep or passed out, SD “got
off the bed as quietly as [she] could and . . . crawled on the floor and . . . creeped down the
stairs.” She found a woman, later identified as Holly Watters, in a bedroom and asked to use her
telephone. SD said that Watters “was confused” and thought that the girls had wanted to be in
defendant’s bedroom. SD did not think she could get JB downstairs without help because of
JB’s intoxicated state, so Watters helped SD get JB downstairs. Watters also let SD use her
phone and provided the address of the home. SD messaged her boyfriend about what happened
and where she was. SD’s boyfriend told his mom, Julie Henderson, who went and picked SD
and JB up. JB testified that she remembered waking up and getting a ride from Henderson.

        Henderson took SD and JB to a hospital. At the hospital, JB “didn’t want to be
examined,” so she left. SD, on the other hand, consented to an examination by a SANE (sexual
assault nurse examiner). SD recounted the above events to the SANE. The SANE testified that
SD was anxious, crying, and withdrawn. The SANE also testified that she observed JB the same
day and saw that she was scared and anxious, although she never examined JB. During SD’s
examination, the SANE collected evidence, including cuts of SD’s underwear and vulvar swabs,
which she sent to the Michigan State Police (MSP).

        Erica Castor, a forensic scientist in the biology and DNA unit of the MSP, was qualified
as an expert in forensic biology. She examined evidence collected from SD at the hospital.
Castor submitted a cutting of SD’s underwear and vulvar swabs for further DNA analysis. For
the underwear cutting, there was a mixture of DNA, so “STRmix” software was used to help
with the analysis. Jennifer Morgan, Castor’s coworker, was also qualified as an expert in
forensic biology, and testified that STRmix is “a mathematical software that looks at mixtures
and it can help with the interpretation process of the mixture . . . [and] provide[] a likelihood
ratio or a statistic for any comparisons that are made to the evidence sample.” The tissue from
the underwear cutting was divided into “fraction one” from skin cells and “fraction two” from
sperm cells. Morgan testified:

              So, based on the DNA typing results from the underwear cutting fraction
       one, it is at least 1,600 times more likely if it originated from [SD] and
       [defendant] then [sic] if it originated from [SD] and an unrelated, unknown
       contributor. And this analysis provides strong support that [defendant] is a
       contributor to the underwear cutting fraction one.

                                             * * *

       And based on the DNA typing results obtained from the underwear cutting
       fraction two, it was at least 5.6 times more likely if it originated from [SD] and
       [defendant] then [sic] if it originated from [SD] and an unrelated, unknown
       individual. So, this analysis of the underwear cutting fraction two was
       uninformative.

       Theresa Scott, another forensic scientist with the MSP, was qualified as an expert in
“biology and body fluid identification.” She received two sweatshirts and a pair of yoga pants
belonging to JB, and examinations did not reveal any seminal fluid on them. Scott said that it
was possible that any seminal fluid was washed away because the clothes were not turned over to

                                                -3-
the police until approximately nine days after the night in question. Scott testified that she also
examined SD’s underwear cutting after the DNA testing was completed, and identified one
sperm cell from it. Tests also showed the “possible” presence of blood and saliva on the
underwear cutting.

        The jury convicted defendant of the charges of kidnapping and CSC-I related to SD, and
acquitted him of the charges of kidnapping and CSC-I related to JB. This appeal followed.

                            II. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

        Defendant first contends that the evidence presented at trial was insufficient to support
his convictions. We disagree. “This Court reviews de novo a defendant’s challenge to the
sufficiency of the evidence supporting his or her conviction.” People v Lane, 308 Mich. App. 38,
57; 862 NW2d 446 (2014).

        In reviewing a sufficiency-of-the-evidence claim, this Court “review[s] the evidence in a
light most favorable to the prosecution to determine whether a rational trier of fact could find
that the prosecution had proved the crime’s elements beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. Direct
and circumstantial evidence can be considered in determining whether the prosecution offered
sufficient evidence to support a conviction. People v Hardiman, 466 Mich. 417, 428; 646 NW2d
158 (2002). “It is for the trier of fact, not the appellate court, to determine what inferences may
be fairly drawn from the evidence and to determine the weight to be accorded those inferences.”
Id.

      We first address defendant’s conviction of CSC-I under MCL 750.520b(1).                 MCL
750.520b(1) states, in pertinent part:

              A person is guilty of criminal sexual conduct in the first degree if he or
       she engages in sexual penetration with another person and if any of the following
       circumstances exists:

                                              * * *

             (c) Sexual penetration occurs under circumstances involving the
       commission of any other felony.

                                              * * *

             (e) The actor is armed with a weapon or any article used or fashioned in a
       manner to lead the victim to reasonably believe it to be a weapon.

“Sexual penetration” means “sexual intercourse, cunnilingus, fellatio, anal intercourse, or any
other intrusion, however slight, of any part of a person’s body or of any object into the genital or
anal openings of another person’s body, but emission of semen is not required.” MCL
750.520a(r).

       Defendant’s CSC-I conviction was supported by (1) SD’s testimony that defendant,
without her consent, pointed a gun at her and performed cunnilingus on her while holding the

                                                -4-
gun; (2) the SANE’s testimony about SD crying and being withdrawn; (3) Morgan’s testimony
that there was “strong support” for the DNA mixture on SD’s underwear having come from SD
and defendant, and (4) the evidence of kidnapping as discussed later in this opinion.

       Defendant takes issue with the fact that only one sperm cell was located in SD’s
underwear. But this evidence did not cut against the evidence that supported defendant’s
conviction. Defendant was not alleged to have ejaculated on SD, but was alleged to have
performed cunnilingus on her. Morgan testified that it was “fraction one”—and not “fraction
two”—of the underwear cutting that led to statistically significant results. Fraction one consisted
of “predominantly skin cells,” while “fraction two, if there are sperm present would contain more
of the male component, or the sperm fraction of the sample.” Thus, it was the analysis of the
“skin cells” fraction that led to “strong support” for defendant’s DNA being present in the DNA
mixture, which in turn supports SD’s allegations that defendant performed cunnilingus on her.3

        Defendant also argues that the offenses likely were committed by his neighbor, but
nothing in the record supports this assertion. JB testified about the neighbor offering money or a
bus ticket in exchange for sex, but the record does not support defendant’s assertion that the girls
somehow confused defendant with the neighbor when detailing the acts leading to defendant’s
convictions.

        Defendant was also convicted of kidnapping under MCL 750.349(1). That statute states,
in pertinent part:

               A person commits the crime of kidnapping if he or she knowingly
       restrains another person with the intent to do 1 or more of the following:

                                              * * *

              (c) Engage in criminal sexual penetration or criminal sexual contact . . .
       with that person. [MCL 750.349(1).]

“ ‘[R]estrain’ means to restrict a person’s movements or to confine the person so as to interfere
with that person’s liberty without that person’s consent or without legal authority. The restraint
does not have to exist for any particular length of time and may be related or incidental to the
commission of other criminal acts.” MCL 750.349(2). MCL 750.349(4) states, “This section
does not prohibit the person from being charged with, convicted of, or sentenced for any other
violation of law arising from the same transaction as the violation of this section.”

        Defendant’s kidnapping conviction was supported by SD’s testimony about cunnilingus
combined with her testimony that defendant would not let the girls leave and that “anytime we
tried to move or, you know, gesture towards anything he pointed [the gun] at us.” A reasonable

3
  We would also note that the testimony about the sperm was from Scott, not Morgan. Morgan
was the one who testified about the STRmix, and so the testimony of the sperm cell was not
relevant to the “strong support” for the DNA mixture on SD’s underwear.

                                                -5-
inference from all the evidence, see Hardiman, 466 Mich. at 428, is that defendant restrained SD
with the intent to engage in criminal sexual penetration or criminal sexual contact in violation of
MCL 750.349(1)(c).

                                  III. STRMIX TESTIMONY

        Defendant raises three challenges to the admission of the STRmix testimony: (1) that
STRmix evidence does not satisfy the requirements of Daubert4 or MRE 702; (2) that the
STRmix testimony admitted at trial violated MRE 403; and (3) that trial counsel was ineffective
in responding to the STRmix testimony. None of the challenges warrant relief.

                                         A. DAUBERT

       The trial court conducted a Daubert hearing before trial and ruled that the STRmix
evidence was admissible. After the trial court’s ruling, in People v Muhammad, 326 Mich. App.
40, 57; 931 NW2d 20 (2018), this Court likewise ruled that STRmix evidence is admissible
under Daubert and MRE 702. Defendant acknowledges that Muhammad is “controlling
precedent” and explains that he raised the Daubert issue “for later review or in the event of a
change in law.” Thus, this issue does not warrant appellate relief.

                                          B. MRE 403

        Defendant contends that despite Muhammad and the threshold admissibility under
Daubert and MRE 702, the evidence should have been excluded under MRE 403. That rule
states:

               Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is
       substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the
       issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time,
       or needless presentation of cumulative evidence. [MRE 403.]

Defendant contends that, based on Morgan’s testimony that it was at least 1,600 times more
likely that the DNA mixture in fraction one of the underwear cutting was from SD and defendant
as opposed to SD and an unknown contributor, “at least 255 people” in Genesee County alone
could have been the second contributor. But Morgan explained that a probability between zero
and 99 would be “uninformative,” “100 to 999 is our moderate support and then 1,000 to 9,999 is
our strong support category, and then 10,000 or greater is considered very strong support.” The
jurors, therefore, were adequately informed about the meaning of Morgan’s testimony. In
particular, they learned that the STRmix program gave only “strong support”—as opposed to
“very strong support”—to the hypothesis that defendant contributed to the DNA mixture. There
was no “danger of unfair prejudice” in informing the jurors about the probabilities produced by

4
  Daubert v Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 509 U.S. 579; 113 S. Ct. 2786; 125 L. Ed. 2d 469
(1993).

                                                -6-
scientifically reliable software. And even if there were a danger of unfair prejudice, the
probative value of this evidence was not “substantially outweighed” by that danger.

         Defendant contends that the evidence should have been excluded under MRE 403
because only one sperm cell was found on SD’s underwear. But, as noted, this one sperm cell, as
testified to by Scott, was found after the DNA testing and was not pertinent to Morgan’s
testimony about the STRmix analyses.5 The finding of only one sperm cell does not somehow
weaken the STRmix evidence. Defendant was not alleged to have ejaculated on SD, but was
alleged to have performed cunnilingus on her—so the finding of one sperm cell is not
particularly surprising. The evidence was thus admissible under MRE 403.6

                               C. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE

        “Whether a person has been denied effective assistance of counsel is a mixed question of
fact and constitutional law. A judge must first find the facts, and then must decide whether those
facts constitute a violation of the defendant’s constitutional right to effective assistance of
counsel.” People v LeBlanc, 465 Mich. 575, 579; 640 NW2d 246 (2002). A court’s findings of
fact are reviewed for clear error, and questions of constitutional law are reviewed de novo. Id.

       To obtain relief based on ineffective assistance of counsel, a party must show (1) that
counsel’s performance fell short of an objective standard of reasonableness and (2) that, but for
counsel’s deficient performance, there is a reasonable probability that the outcome of the trial
would have been different. People v Ackley, 497 Mich. 381, 389; 870 NW2d 858 (2015). A
reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome. Id.

      Defendant contends that counsel should have challenged the STRmix analyses on cross-
examination—or by way of a defense DNA expert—based on what he contends are flaws in its
methodology, such as that it involves amplification of DNA, that certain “input” factors are

5
 As already stated, the statistically significant test came from testing skin cells from “fraction
one,” not “fraction two.” Explaining the difference of these “fractions” at the Daubert hearing,
Morgan testified:
       [T]he extraction method or part of the DNA process with samples that could
       potentially contain sperm is a little bit different; and so we can—we isolate
       fraction one, which would be essentially the female portion or the portion that
       would contain predominantly skin cells, and fraction two, which is the fraction
       that would contain the male fraction—or, if sperm were present, the sperm cells
       may be there in fraction two.
6
 Defendant argues that defense counsel at trial was ineffective for not objecting to the admission
of the STRmix testimony under MRE 403, but because the testimony was admissible under MRE
403, counsel was not ineffective for failing to object based on that rule. People v Horn, 279
Mich. App. 31, 39-40; 755 NW2d 212 (2008) (discussing futile objections).

                                               -7-
determined by human operators, and that the governing standards are voluntary. But the trial
court had already deemed the evidence admissible under MRE 702.7

        MRE 702 requires that the testimony in question be, among other things, “the product of
reliable principles and methods[.]” It was not below an objective standard of reasonableness for
counsel to fail to challenge the reliability and methods of a scientific and mathematical procedure
that had already been deemed admissible before trial by the trial court (and later verified as
admissible by this Court in Muhammad). To the extent that defendant is attempting to allege that
the analyses in this case were flawed because of improper input factors or similar erroneous
actions that somehow brought the evidence in this case out of the purview of reliability as
discussed in Muhammad, he has not supported such allegations with any evidence or affidavits.
People v Cooper, 309 Mich. App. 74, 80; 867 NW2d 452 (2015) (explaining that a defendant
bears the burden of establishing the factual predicate for a claim of ineffective assistance).

        Defendant also argues that counsel should have brought out more information on cross-
examination regarding how easily DNA is transferred. He states, “The jury . . . needed someone
to make them aware of the possibility that the one sperm found on [SD’s] underwear got there
from contact with the bed, not a sexual act.” Even disregarding the fact that it was fraction one
of the underwear cutting and not the sperm-containing fraction two that led to the statistically
significant results, counsel elicited from Scott that “an average ejaculate should contain millions
upon millions of sperm cells.” Counsel then asked, “[W]hen you examined this, you only found
a single sperm cell[,] correct?” Counsel also elicited from Scott that epithelial cells can
sometimes be mistaken for sperm cells. And he elicited that it would probably take multiple
washings for sperm cells to be removed from clothing such as JB’s pants and sweatshirts.
Counsel’s cross-examination of Scott was indeed quite extensive. It is not apparent that further
cross-examination would have likely affected the outcome of the trial, Ackley, 497 Mich. at 389,
especially when defendant puts forth no evidence or expert analyses on the likelihood of
defendant’s DNA ending up in the area of SD’s underwear from which the cutting was taken.

                  IV. ADMISSION OF JB’S PRIOR FALSE ALLEGATION

        On April 16, 2018, the prosecutor filed a motion in limine requesting that “no witnesses,
including SD’s and JB’s friend Kayla Estep, be allowed to make unsupported statements about
either victim’s alleged sexual history, whether consensual or nonconsensual.” The prosecutor
stated:

               In her interview with police, Kayla Estep made a statement that [JB] has
       made similar allegations like this in the past. There is no indication that this
       statement is true or has any merit. There are no pending cases regarding any of
       these allegations and there has not been a showing made by the [d]efense that
       allegations have been made.

7
  The Muhammad panel, too, specifically concluded that STRmix analyses were admissible
under MRE 702. Muhammad, 326 Mich. App. at 57.

                                                -8-
Defendant objected. As an offer of proof, defendant stated in his motion:

              Based on the police report provided by the people, Kayla Estep told . . .
       [Detective Sergeant] Surface that:

               a) “[JB and SD] are lying”.

               b) “[JB] has accused other people of the same thing a few times.”

              c) “[JB] does this to get out of trouble because she has a boyfriend, a job,
       and misses her curfew.”

He added:

               Further, upon information and belief, Kayla will testify that:

               a. [JB’s] parents filed a runaway petition because [JB] has not returned
       home.

              b. When [JB] was eventually found, she stated that she was with a man,
       believed to be Damian Peterson, who refused to allow her to leave him and return
       home.

               c. The reason [JB] told her parents this was because she did not wish to
       get into trouble.

At the hearing, defendant’s attorney also stated on the record:

       [Estep] informed me there had been a prior incident where [JB] . . . may or may
       not have run away from home and her parents had filed a runaway petition against
       her, and then [JB] had informed her parents that she was with a young man by the
       name of Damien Peterson. And the reason that she was with him and had not
       returned home was because he would not allow her to return home.

Based on this offer of proof, defendant requested that the trial court conduct an evidentiary
hearing in camera and decide whether JB’s prior false allegation was admissible. The trial court
ultimately granted the prosecution’s motion to disallow evidence about JB’s prior false allegation
without conducting defendant’s requested evidentiary hearing.

        On appeal, defendant argues that this ruling was error. Assuming without deciding that
the trial court erred—that it should have conducted an evidentiary hearing to determine if
evidence of a prior false accusation by JB was admissible—defendant is still not entitled to
relief. MCL 769.26 states:

               No judgment or verdict shall be set aside or reversed or a new trial be
       granted by any court of this state in any criminal case, on the ground of
       misdirection of the jury, or the improper admission or rejection of evidence, or for
       error as to any matter of pleading or procedure, unless in the opinion of the court,

                                                -9-
       after an examination of the entire cause, it shall affirmatively appear that the error
       complained of has resulted in a miscarriage of justice.

This statute “places the burden on a defendant to demonstrate a miscarriage of justice[.]” People
v Lukity, 460 Mich. 484, 494; 596 NW2d 607 (1999). In addition, an appellant bears “the burden
of furnishing the reviewing court with a record to verify the factual basis of any argument upon
which reversal [is] predicated.” People v Elston, 462 Mich. 751, 762; 614 NW2d 595 (2000).
Defendant has not provided this Court with any information beyond his initial offer of proof to
demonstrate that evidence of a false allegation by JB would, in fact, have been admissible
following an evidentiary hearing. Thus, he has not met his burden of establishing that reversal is
warranted.

        Defendant also argues that the trial court’s decision to exclude the prior false allegation
violated defendant’s constitutional right to present a defense. Because defendant did not raise
this issue in the trial court, it is reviewed for plain error affecting substantial rights. People v
Carines, 460 Mich. 750, 763; 597 NW2d 130 (1999). Under the plain-error doctrine, the
threshold inquiry is whether a “clear or obvious” error occurred that “affected the outcome of the
lower court proceedings.” Id. Because defendant has not provided this Court with any
information beyond his initial offer of proof to demonstrate that evidence of a false allegation by
JB would have been admissible following an evidentiary hearing, we conclude that defendant has
not demonstrated the existence of an outcome-determinative error.

                                 V. COMPROMISE VERDICT

        Defendant argues that the jury’s decision to convict defendant for the allegations that
pertained to SD but not the allegations with respect to JB was inconsistent and necessarily the
result of compromise, and so was impermissible. We disagree. This unpreserved issue is
reviewed for plain error affecting substantial rights. Carines, 460 Mich. at 763-764.

       In People v Putnam, 309 Mich. App. 240, 251; 870 NW2d 593 (2015), this Court
explained that inconsistent verdicts by a single jury are permissible absent a showing that the
jurors were “confused, that they misunderstood the instructions, or that [they] engaged in an
impermissible compromise.” Defendant argues that the verdicts here were inconsistent, that they
must have resulted from an impermissible compromise, and that, therefore, reversal is warranted.
But the premise of defendant’s argument is faulty because the verdicts were not inconsistent.

       In order to obtain a conviction, a prosecutor must “prove the elements of [a charged]
crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” People v Nowack, 462 Mich. 392, 400; 614 NW2d 78 (2000).
The obvious corollary of this is that acquittal is necessary when the prosecutor has not proven the
elements of a crime beyond a reasonable doubt.

        JB’s testimony differed from SD’s in that she had more lapses in memory about the
alleged sexual assaults. When asked what defendant did after he made SD and JB take off their
clothes, JB said, “I don’t remember.” She also said, “I don’t remember” when asked what
happened after she swallowed a pill from defendant. SD testified that she (SD) did not swallow
the pill from defendant but that JB did, and that, after taking the pill, JB “couldn’t really do
much” and her “eyes were rolling in the back of her head.” In addition, there was “strong

                                               -10-
support” that defendant contributed to a DNA mix on SD’s underwear, while JB refused to be
examined at the hospital. It is entirely possible that the jurors concluded that the prosecution
adequately proved the offenses related to SD but that, because of JB’s lapses in memory, JB’s
impairment due to the pill ingestion, and the lack of DNA evidence related to JB’s allegations,
the jury found that the prosecution failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant
sexually penetrated JB or restrained her for the purpose of committing sexual penetration or
contact. MCL 750.520b(1); MCL 750.349(1). No clear or obvious error is apparent with the
jury’s verdicts. Carines, 460 Mich. at 763.

                               VI. CHALLENGES TO SENTENCE

       Defendant argues that he was inappropriately designated a “super habitual” offender
because two of the prior felonies that the prosecution relied on to give defendant that designation
appear to have arisen from the same transaction, which is not allowable under MCL
769.12(a)(a). Defendant additionally argues that Offense Variables (OVs) 4 and 7 were scored
incorrectly. None of defendant’s challenges to his sentence warrant relief.

        The claim involving the “super habitual” supplement involves an allegation that the trial
court relied on inaccurate information in sentencing defendant. In People v Harrison, 119 Mich
App 491, 496; 326 NW2d 827 (1982), this Court stated that a “judge’s response to a claim of
inaccuracy is within his or her sound discretion and that discretion is to be exercised with the
view of imposing a sentence based upon accurate information.” As for the arguments about the
OVs, “Under the sentencing guidelines, the circuit court’s factual determinations are reviewed
for clear error and must be supported by a preponderance of the evidence.” People v Hardy, 494
Mich. 430, 438; 835 NW2d 340 (2013), superseded in part by statute as stated in People v
Rodriguez, ___ Mich App ___, n 3; ___ NW2d ___ (2019) (Docket No. 338914); slip op at 3 n
3. “Whether the facts, as found, are adequate to satisfy the scoring conditions prescribed by
statute, i.e., the application of the facts to the law, is a question of statutory interpretation, which
an appellate court reviews de novo.” Id.

       MCL 769.12(1) states, in part:

                If a person has been convicted of any combination of 3 or more felonies or
       attempts to commit felonies, whether the convictions occurred in this state or
       would have been for felonies or attempts to commit felonies in this state if
       obtained in this state, and that person commits a subsequent felony within this
       state, the person shall be punished upon conviction of the subsequent felony and
       sentencing under section 13 of this chapter as follows:

               (a) If the subsequent felony is a serious crime or a conspiracy to commit a
       serious crime, and 1 or more of the prior felony convictions are listed prior
       felonies, the court shall sentence the person to imprisonment for not less than 25
       years. Not more than 1 conviction arising out of the same transaction shall be
       considered a prior felony conviction for purposes of this subsection only.

The definition of “serious crime” includes a violation of MCL 750.520b. MCL 769.12(6)(c). In
addition, “ ‘Listed prior felony’ means a violation or attempted violation” of various statutes,

                                                 -11-
including MCL 750.82. See MCL 769.12(6)(a)(iii). MCL 750.82 deals with “assault[] . . . with
a . . . dangerous weapon,” otherwise known as felonious assault. Defendant was convicted in
2001 of attempted assault with a dangerous weapon.

       In the prosecutor’s notice of intent to seek sentencing enhancement, she stated that the
prior convictions being relied on were the following: (1) LC No. 93-11147-FH, “B&E
W/INTENT,” with a conviction date of March 16, 1993, in Mason County in Michigan; (2) LC
No. 92-11144-FH, “CCW,” with a conviction date of March 16, 1993, in Mason County in
Michigan; and (3) LC No. 01-06331-FH, “FA,”8 with a conviction date of November 13, 2001,
in Wexford County in Michigan.

        At sentencing, after the parties discussed the scoring of various OVs, the court noted that
the guidelines range for defendant’s minimum sentence was 171 to 570 months’ imprisonment.
The court then acknowledged that “the prosecution did file a timely notice of habitual offender
fourth,” and stated that “171 to 570 are the advisory guidelines, but this [c]ourt does not have
any discretion in your case in terms of the minimum sentence. The [c]ourt must sentence you to
25 years.” The court imposed sentences of 25 to 37½ years’ imprisonment. It stated that it had
the discretion to impose consecutive sentences but was declining to do so.

        Defendant contends that the 25-year minimum sentence in MCL 769.12(1)(a) was
inapplicable because “two of the prior felonies appear to arise out of the same transaction.” He
argues, “If [the convictions] arose from different transactions, nothing in the record indicates that
and the burden is on the moving party, the filer of the supplement, to show different transactions
were involved.” The PSIR gives an offense date and an arrest date of “12/04/1992” for LC No.
93-11144-FH and for LC No. 93-11147-FH. Ignoring anything provided on appeal and looking
solely at the lower court record as it stands, it is certainly a possibility that the two offenses arose
from the same transaction. It is not, however, an apparent fact, considering that the two cases
were assigned different numbers in the circuit court. Indeed, one would assume that if the
breaking-and-entering offense and the carrying-a-concealed-weapon offense were part of the
same transaction, a single circuit-court number would have been assigned, just as a single circuit-
court number was assigned for the various charged offenses in the present case. As noted earlier,
an appellant bears “the burden of furnishing the reviewing court with a record to verify the
factual basis of any argument upon which reversal [is] predicated.” Elston, 462 Mich. at 762. In
our opinion, defendant has failed to provide this Court with sufficient information to conclude
that an error occurred with regard to the “super habitual” supplement. That is, defendant has not
carried his burden of showing entitlement to any appellate relief because the existing record is
insufficient to demonstrate that an error occurred.

       Turning to defendant’s challenge to the scoring of his OVs, he received 10 points for OV
4. For this OV, which deals with “psychological injury to victim,” a score of 10 points is
warranted if “[s]erious psychological injury requiring professional treatment occurred to a

8
    This is a reference to defendant’s conviction of attempted felonious assault.

                                                  -12-
victim.” MCL 777.34(1)(a).9 MCL 777.34(2) states, “Score 10 points if the serious
psychological injury may require professional treatment. In making this determination, the fact
that treatment has not been sought is not conclusive.”

        In People v White, 501 Mich. 160, 163; 905 NW2d 228 (2017), the trial court approved a
10-point score for OV 4, stating that because the victim had been afraid, had been held at
gunpoint, and had heard what she thought was a trigger being pulled, it was a reasonable
inference that the victim suffered psychological injury. The White Court concluded that (1) a
court cannot assume the existence of psychological injury merely based on the circumstances of
the crime and (2) a mere expression of fearfulness is insufficient to support a 10-point score for
OV 4. Id. at 163-165. However, the White Court also stated:

               Of course, a victim’s fear while a crime is being committed may be highly
       relevant to determining whether he or she suffered a “serious psychological injury
       [that] may require professional treatment” and thus may be considered together
       with other facts in determining how to score OV 4. We merely hold that, absent
       other evidence of psychological harm, fear felt during the crime is insufficient to
       assess points for this variable. [Id. at 165 n 3.]

       Evidence showed that SD was afraid during the incident. The SANE described her as
anxious, crying, and withdrawn after the incident. Henderson described her as “very, very
upset,” crying, and shaking. Most significantly, Henderson testified that SD’s “whole
personality changed” after the incident and that SD became “very depressed” and “wouldn’t get
out of bed for days.” Henderson stated that SD missed many days of school because “she just
couldn’t emotionally handle it.” The assessment of 10 points for OV 4 was thus appropriate
because the evidence was indicative of a serious psychological injury requiring professional
treatment.

        Defendant also challenges the trial court’s scoring of 50 points for OV 7. MCL
777.37(1)(a) provides for a score of 50 points for OV 7 if “[a] victim was treated with sadism,
torture, excessive brutality or similarly egregious conduct designed to substantially increase the
fear and anxiety a victim suffered during the offense.” MCL 777.37(2) states, “Count each
person who was placed in danger of injury or loss of life as a victim.” In determining whether
conduct was designed to increase fear and anxiety in a victim, a court should assess whether “the
defendant engaged in conduct beyond the minimum necessary to commit the crime, and whether
it is more probable than not that such conduct was intended to make the victim’s fear or anxiety
increase by a considerable amount.” Hardy, 494 Mich. at 443.

       SD testified that defendant “stuck [the gun] on [her] forehead.” She used her index finger
to make a gesture at trial to demonstrate the action. When asked, “Do you remember if he ever
told you nobody was gonna find you guys,” SD answered, “Yeah.” SD said that defendant
“proceeded to tell me that I wasn’t going home and that my parents didn’t care about me.” SD

9
 MCL 777.34 was amended in 2018, but the amendment does not implicate the present case in
any fashion. See 2018 PA 652.

                                              -13-
testified that she believed him and was scared. Significantly, she said, “I think he was just trying
to psyche me out.” SD also noted that defendant “made” JB take a pill, that JB’s eyes “were
rolling in the back of her head” afterwards, and that defendant made JB urinate in a trash can.10
This evidence supported a finding that defendant engaged in highly egregious conduct that went
beyond the minimum necessary to commit the crimes and that was designed to substantially
increase SD’s fear and anxiety. Thus, the trial court’s scoring of OV 7 was not error.

                                    VII. STANDARD 4 BRIEF

       Defendant raises several challenges in his Standard 411 brief, none of which warrant
appellate relief. We address each challenge in turn.

                                    A. JURY INSTRUCTIONS

         Defendant argues that the trial court erred by instructing the jury on the elements of
kidnapping because the court did not include an asportation element. Defendant also argues that
the trial court’s instructions for CSC-I were insufficient because the court allegedly failed to state
that a conviction for CSC-I requires penetration. Neither argument has merit.

        Defendant did not object to the instructions at trial, so our review is for plain error
affecting substantial rights. . People v Danto, 294 Mich. App. 596, 605; 822 NW2d 600 (2011).

       With regard to the charge of CSC-I against SD, the trial court instructed the jury, in
relevant part, that the prosecutor needed to prove “that the defendant engaged in a sexual act that
involved [the] touching of [SD’s] genital opening with the defendant’s mouth or tongue.”

        A conviction under MCL 750.520b(1) requires “sexual penetration.”                     “Sexual
penetration” means “sexual intercourse, cunnilingus, fellatio, anal intercourse, or any other
intrusion, however slight, of any part of a person’s body or of any object into the genital or anal
openings of another person’s body, but emission of semen is not required.” MCL 750.520a(r).
In People v Legg, 197 Mich. App. 131, 132; 494 NW2d 797 (1992), this Court stated that “[a]n
act of cunnilingus, by definition, involves an act of sexual penetration.” The Court explained
that “cunnilingus requires the placing of the mouth of a person upon the external genital organs
of the female which lie between the labia, or the labia itself [sic], or the mons pubes [sic].” Id. at
133 (quotation marks and citation omitted; bracketing added by Legg). The Legg Court stated,
“Defendant’s touching with his mouth of the urethral opening, vaginal opening, or labia establish
cunnilingus.” Id. The trial court’s instructions were in accordance with this applicable law, so
defendant’s argument is without merit.

       As for kidnapping, defendant cites cases suggesting that, to sustain a conviction for
kidnapping involving forcible confinement, the prosecution must prove asportation (movement

10
     Defendant’s actions toward JB would have had an effect on SD, who observed them.
11
     Supreme Court Administrative Order No. 2004-6, Standard 4.

                                                -14-
of the victim). See, e.g., People v Wesley, 421 Mich. 375, 384; 365 NW2d 692 (1984). And he
correctly notes that the trial court did not instruct the jury on asportation. The Wesley Court
stated, “In order to preserve the forcible confinement section of the kidnapping statute from a
charge of unconstitutionality, this Court has interpolated the element of asportation in connection
with it.” Id. at 385. In People v Green, 228 Mich. App. 684, 696; 580 NW2d 444 (1998), this
Court stated, “Although not mentioned in the statute, asportation of the victim is a judicially
required element of the crime of kidnapping by forcible confinement or imprisonment.”

       The kidnapping statute, before the enactment of 2006 PA 159, stated, in pertinent part:

               Any person who wilfully, maliciously and without lawful authority shall
       forcibly or secretly confine or imprison any other person within this state against
       his will, or shall forcibly carry or send such person out of this state, or shall
       forcibly seize or confine, or shall inveigle or kidnap any other person with intent
       to extort money or other valuable thing thereby or with intent either to cause such
       person to be secretly confined or imprisoned in this state against his will, or in any
       way held to service against his will, shall be guilty of a felony, punishable by
       imprisonment in the state prison for life or for any term of years. [1970 CL
       750.349; see also People v Jaffray, 445 Mich. 287, 296 n 17; 519 NW2d 108
       (1994).]

Since the enactment of 2006 PA 159, MCL 750.349 now states:

               (1) A person commits the crime of kidnapping if he or she knowingly
       restrains another person with the intent to do 1 or more of the following:

               (a) Hold that person for ransom or reward.

               (b) Use that person as a shield or hostage.

              (c) Engage in criminal sexual penetration or criminal sexual contact
       prohibited under chapter LXXVI with that person.

               (d) Take that person outside of this state.

               (e) Hold that person in involuntary servitude.

               (f) Engage in child sexually abusive activity, as that term is defined in
       section 145c, with that person, if that person is a minor.

              (2) As used in this section, “restrain” means to restrict a person’s
       movements or to confine the person so as to interfere with that person’s liberty
       without that person’s consent or without legal authority. The restraint does not

                                                -15-
          have to exist for any particular length of time and may be related or incidental to
          the commission of other criminal acts.[12]

        The prosecutor contends that the judicially-created asportation element did not survive
the 2006 amendment of the kidnapping statute. We need not address this issue, however,
because our reading of Wesley leads us to conclude that defendant’s argument does not warrant
relief. In Wesley, 421 Mich. at 385, the Court indicated that the asportation element was
judicially added to the statute to avoid the danger of prosecutorial overcharging. It explained
that several offenses, such as assault, robbery, or rape, often necessarily involve some amount of
forcible confinement, so a prosecutor could elevate a misdemeanor charge of, for example,
simple assault into a felony charge of kidnapping even if no other elements were present aside
from the simple assault itself. Id. The Court elaborated, however, that “a specific intent
requirement obviates the need to read an asportation element into the statute.” Id. at 390. The
Court concluded that such a requirement obviates the dangers “of overcharging or inappropriate
punishment[.]” Id. The Court in Wesley was dealing with the specific intent to secretly confine
or the specific intent “ ‘to hold to service[.]’ ” Id. at 390-391. In essence, it concluded that proof
of these intents abolished the concern about overcharging. Id. at 390. These principles also
apply to a specific intent to commit criminal sexual penetration—the intent at issue here. Indeed,
if a person restrains another with the intent to commit sexual penetration or contact, this restraint
is separate from the restraint involved during the penetration or contact itself and represents a
separate wrongdoing.13 That is, it involves a “separately cognizable offense.” See, generally, id.
at 387 (quotation marks and citation omitted).

        The Wesley Court cited favorably the opinion of Justice KAVANAGH in People v Barker,
411 Mich. 291; 307 NW2d 61 (1981).14 See Wesley, 421 Mich. at 390. In his opinion in Barker,
Justice KAVANAGH opined that overbreadth in regard to the offense of kidnapping could be
avoided by insisting that, to justify a conviction, the confinement be for purposes as specified in
the statute; he opined that no asportation element should be judicially “imported” into the statute.
Barker, 411 Mich. at 303 (KAVANAGH, J., concurring). He stated, “In the instant cases while the
defendants in fact confined the complainants, the ultimate purpose of such confinement was
shown to be criminal sexual conduct. Confinement for that purpose is not covered by our

12
  The statute was amended by 2014 PA 330, effective January 14, 2015; this amendment added
subparagraph (1)(f), as well as the phrase “prohibited under chapter LXXVI” in subparagraph
(1)(c).
13
   Under MCL 750.349(1)(c), the pertinent intent for kidnapping is the intent to “[e]ngage in
criminal sexual penetration or criminal sexual contact[.]” (Emphasis added.) When sexual
penetration becomes “criminal” only because it is occurring “under circumstances involving the
commission of any other felony,” see MCL 750.520b(1)(c), and the “other felony” is kidnapping,
then the issue of intent becomes a bit circular. The fact remains, however, that restraint with the
intent to commit penetration is separate from restraint occurring during penetration.
14
     The majority opinion in Barker was partially overruled by Wesley, 421 Mich. at 386 n 3.

                                                 -16-
kidnaping [sic] statute.” Id. Now, “[c]onfinement for that purpose” is covered by the
kidnapping statute. See MCL 750.349(1)(c).

        Ultimately, the Wesley Court stated that “asportation is required as an element of
kidnapping only where the charge is forcible confinement (a),” Wesley, 421 Mich. at 391
(emphasis added), which, as defined by the Wesley Court, involved confining a person against
that person’s will, without mention of any intent, see id. at 383. In light of Wesley and the
principles discussed in that case, defendant’s argument on appeal is without merit because he
was convicted for restraining SD “with the intent” to commit criminal sexual penetration or
criminal sexual contact. MCL 750.349(1)(c). Thus, an asportation element was not required
under the holding of Wesley.15

                                   B. DOUBLE JEOPARDY

        Defendant argues that his protections against double jeopardy were violated; he contends
that he received multiple punishments for the same offense because the kidnapping offense was
used as the basis for the CSC-I offense. We disagree. This Court “review[s] an unpreserved
claim that a defendant’s double jeopardy rights have been violated for plain error that affected
the defendant’s substantial rights, that is, the error affected the outcome of the lower court
proceedings.” People v McGee, 280 Mich. App. 680, 682; 761 NW2d 743 (2008).

        Both the United States Constitution and the Michigan Constitution contain protections
against double jeopardy. US Const, Am V; Const 1963, art 1, § 15. One of these double-
jeopardy protections is the protection against multiple punishments for the same offense. People
v Nutt, 469 Mich. 565, 574; 677 NW2d 1 (2004). In People v Smith, 478 Mich. 292, 315-316; 733
NW2d 351 (2007), our Supreme Court explained that where the Legislature clearly intends to
impose multiple punishments for the same offense, imposition of such sentences does not violate
the Constitution.

        The kidnapping statute states, “This section does not prohibit the person from being
charged with, convicted of, or sentenced for any other violation of law arising from the same
transaction as the violation of this section.” MCL 750.349(4). And the statute, in defining the
crime of kidnapping, explicitly refers to the chapter of the Michigan Penal Code containing
CSC-I. MCL 750.249(1)(c). Accordingly, the Legislature has clearly expressed its intent to
authorize multiple punishments for defendant’s two crimes, so his multiple convictions do not
violate double jeopardy protections. See Smith, 478 Mich. at 315-316.

                               C. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE

        Defendant first argues that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to interview and
call Dr. Kelli T. Fritz and Michael Shirley. Dr. Fritz was the physician who examined SD and,

15
   Defendant also contends that counsel was ineffective for not challenging the jury instructions
at trial. Because the instructions were proper, counsel was not ineffective for failing object to
them. Horn, 279 Mich. App. at 39-40 (discussing futile objections).

                                              -17-
according to defendant, “may have had valuable information.” Defendant also contends that
Michael was present at the scene of the crimes alleged and “may have had important information
that may have determined the outcome of [d]efendant’s case.”

         To obtain relief based on ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must establish a
reasonable probability that counsel’s actions affected the outcome of the proceedings. Ackley,
497 Mich. at 389. The “possibility” of valuable information does not demonstrate such a
reasonable probability. Defendant has simply not established any factual predicate for the claim
of ineffective assistance of counsel in conjunction with the failure to present, and the alleged
failure to interview, these two witnesses. Cooper, 309 Mich. App. at 80.

        Defendant also argues that trial counsel “failed to capitalize on the flaws in the State’s
case regarding identification of the defendant.” Defendant’s assertions in this regard are vague.
He provides no information regarding what these supposed flaws were or how his attorney
should have “capitalize[d]” on them. He cites a police report and a “Patient Examiner form,” but
(1) these documents are not in the record provided to this Court, and (2) defendant does not tell
us what relevant information they supposedly contain. “An appellant may not merely announce
his position and leave it to this Court to discover and rationalize the basis for his claims, nor may
he give only cursory treatment with little or no citation of supporting authority.” People v Kelly,
231 Mich. App. 627, 640-641; 588 NW2d 480 (1998).

         Defendant lastly argues that trial counsel “failed to object to inaccurate information stated
by the prosecutor during her closing arguments . . . concerning the presence of defendant’s
saliva . . . on [SD’s] vagina.” Defendant’s assertion of error does not warrant reversal. Scott
testified that an analysis of SD’s underwear showed “the possible presence of salivary amylase,”
which is “the protein or enzyme that is found in saliva.” She stated that the test was “a
presumptive test because there are the known false positive[s] with other bodily fluids.”

        Defendant is correct that the prosecutor should not have said, “You heard that there was
salivary amylase” in SD’s underwear, because Scott testified only about the “possible presence”
of it. But a prosecutor’s remarks are to be viewed in context, and a prosecutor “is permitted to
argue . . . all reasonable inferences arising from” the evidence. People v Thomas, 260 Mich. App.
450, 454; 678 NW2d 631 (2004). Viewed in context, the gist of the prosecutor’s remarks was
that defendant’s DNA and saliva were in SD’s underwear because he had performed cunnilingus
on her, as detailed by SD. In addition, the trial court stated that the remarks of counsel were not
evidence and were “only meant to help you understand the evidence and each side’s legal
theories.” Also, defense counsel elicited that the presumptive test for salivary amylase can show
a positive result from other substances, such as urine, and it was undisputed that the underwear
cuttings contained a mixture of DNA. In other words, counsel took steps to undercut the
assertion that defendant’s saliva was in SD’s underwear. Under these circumstances, defendant
has not established the prongs for a successful claim of ineffective assistance of counsel in
connection with counsel’s failure to object to the prosecutor’s remarks. Ackley, 497 Mich. at 389.

                                                -18-
Affirmed.

                   /s/ Colleen A. O’Brien
                   /s/ Michael F. Gadola
                   /s/ James Robert Redford

            -19-