Court Opinion

ID: 9367292
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-01-31 15:05:08.687016+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:15:58.906573
License: Public Domain

IN THE NEBRASKA COURT OF APPEALS

               MEMORANDUM OPINION AND JUDGMENT ON APPEAL
                        (Memorandum Web Opinion)

                             IN RE INTEREST OF ALEXANDER R. ET AL.

  NOTICE: THIS OPINION IS NOT DESIGNATED FOR PERMANENT PUBLICATION
 AND MAY NOT BE CITED EXCEPT AS PROVIDED BY NEB. CT. R. APP. P. § 2-102(E).

          IN RE INTEREST OF ALEXANDER R. ET AL., CHILDREN UNDER 18 YEARS OF AGE.
                                  STATE OF NEBRASKA, APPELLEE,
                                                  V.

           PATRICK R., APPELLANT, AND LOUISA H., APPELLEE AND CROSS-APPELLANT.

                       Filed January 31, 2023.     Nos. A-22-401, A-22-402.

       Appeals from the County Court for Otoe County: ROBERT B. O’NEAL, Judge. Affirmed.
       Angela M. Minahan, of Reinsch, Slattery, Bear, Minahan & Prickett, P.C., L.L.O., for
appellant.
       Sarah G. Wiltse, Deputy Otoe County Attorney, for appellee, State of Nebraska.
       Keith M. Kollasch, for appellee and cross-appellant, Louisa H.
        Diane L. Merwin, of Fankhauser, Nelsen, Werts, Ziskey & Merwin, P.C., L.L.O., guardian
ad litem.

       PIRTLE, Chief Judge, and RIEDMANN and ARTERBURN, Judges.
       ARTERBURN, Judge.
                                         INTRODUCTION
        Patrick R. and Louisa H. appeal from the order of the county court for Otoe County, sitting
as a juvenile court, terminating their parental rights to their minor children. In the order, the court
found that the State had provided sufficient evidence that statutory grounds existed for the
termination of Patrick and Louisa’s parental rights under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-292 (Reissue 2016)
and that termination was in the children’s best interests. Upon our de novo review of the record,
we affirm the juvenile court’s order.

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                                         BACKGROUND
        Patrick and Louisa are married and the biological parents of six children: Alexander (born
in 2015), Calie (born in 2016), Natalia (born in 2017), Patrick III (born in 2018), Gabrial (born in
2019), and Selena (born in 2020). The Department of Health and Human Services (Department)
has been involved with the children through various intakes since Alexander was born in 2015. On
May 11, 2022, Patrick and Louisa’s parental rights were terminated to all six of the children.
        The juvenile court proceedings below were initiated on March 27, 2020, when the State
filed a juvenile petition alleging that Alexander, Calie, Natalia, Patrick III, and Gabrial were
juveniles as described in Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-247(3)(a) (Reissue 2016) because they lacked proper
parental care by reason of the fault or habits of Patrick and Louisa. Selena was not yet born at the
time the petition was filed. Included with the petition was an affidavit authored by Kacie
Hendrickson, a case worker with the Department. In the affidavit, Hendrickson described several
medical appointments for the children that Patrick and Louisa had either canceled or not followed
up on, including an important heart surgery for Natalia. Additionally, Hendrickson detailed a
domestic violence incident in which Louisa loaded the children into a vehicle in an attempt to get
away from Patrick, but the vehicle caught on fire. According to the affidavit, Patrick watched as
Louisa struggled to remove all the children from the burning vehicle and Gabrial had to be taken
to the hospital due to smoke inhalation. Hendrickson also reported that family support had been
provided to the family since January 2020, but minimal progress had been made and the family
home was unclean and infested with cockroaches. The children were removed from the home on
March 27, 2020.
        In April 2020, a safety plan was developed and agreed to by the State and Patrick and
Louisa so that the children could return to the family home. The safety plan required Patrick
and Louisa to work with family support workers on providing a safe and clean home environment
and medical professionals in providing health care to the children. This included allowing the
family support worker to monitor the well-being of the children through regular visitations. Patrick
and Louisa were also instructed to maintain a consistent daily routine for the children that included
cleaning, hygiene, and regular meals. The children were returned to the care of Patrick and Louisa
on April 13.
        On May 22, 2022, the State filed a motion for ex parte removal of the children due to
Patrick and Louisa’s failure to follow the safety plan. The children were removed from the family’s
home that same day. An amended petition was filed alleging that Patrick and Louisa had failed or
refused to provide safe or suitable housing or proper shelter and care, failed or refused to provide
sufficient food and basic necessities, did not provide proper care and supervision due to drug use
and/or abuse, subjected the juveniles to physical abuse or subjected a sibling or other parent to
physical abuse in the juveniles’ presence, and neglected the medical needs of the juveniles. After
a contested hearing, held on August 24, the court found that the allegations in the amended petition
were true by a preponderance of the evidence. The children were, as a result, adjudicated to be
within the meaning of § 43-247(3)(a).
        On September 28, 2020, a separate petition was filed as to Selena a few days after her birth.
This separate petition relied on the same allegations as those alleged in the amended petition filed
in May 2022. Selena was removed from the care of Patrick and Louisa on the same day that the

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separate petition was filed. Patrick and Louisa entered admissions to the allegations within the
separate petition on April 8, 2021.
        On September 15, 2021, the State filed a motion to terminate Patrick and Louisa’s parental
rights to Selena pursuant to § 43-292(2), (5), and (6). The same day, the State filed a motion to
terminate Patrick and Louisa’s parental rights to Alexander, Calie, Natalia, Patrick III, and Gabrial
pursuant to § 43-292(2), (5), (6), and (7). A hearing on both of the motions was held over the
course of 3 days on March 29, 30, and 31, 2022.
        At the termination hearing, Hendrickson was called as a witness by the State. Hendrickson
was the Department case worker for Patrick and Louisa from February 5 through December 12,
2020, and then again from April 5 through May 9, 2021. She testified at length regarding the
family’s history with the Department. Louisa’s parental rights to two older children had been
previously terminated by the Douglas County Juvenile Court in 2003 after it was reported that she
had locked them inside the house and set a fire. On a prior occasion, Louisa had left one of these
children in a snow bank when the child was 4 months old when she could not handle his crying.
Hendrickson testified that in 2011, four additional children of Louisa were removed from her care
by the state of Iowa. Ultimately those children were placed permanently with their father. After
Alexander was born in 2015, the Department had received several intakes due to domestic violence
in the home and medical issues with the children that had not been adequately addressed. The
Department started a voluntary case with Patrick and Louisa in November 2019 after the domestic
violence incident involving the vehicle catching on fire with the children inside.
        Hendrickson testified that she was present when the children were initially removed from
the home in March 2020. She described the children as extremely filthy with a pungent odor that
burned her nostrils. Hendrickson testified that the children were so filthy that Department workers
had to take the children to their office where a makeshift cleaning stall had been devised to clean
them up before they could be placed in a foster home. Hendrickson observed Gabrial to have such
a severe diaper rash that it was bleeding, Natalia to have scratches from head to toe, and Alexander
and Calie to have bruises on their bodies. Alexander, Calie, and Natalia were placed in a foster
home in Lincoln. Patrick and Gabrial were placed in a foster home in Nebraska City.
        Hendrickson testified that she did not support the decision for the children to be returned
to Patrick and Louisa’s care in April 2020. Hendrickson went on to testify that the children were
removed for a second time after it was reported that Alexander had gone to the hospital after falling
through a window. Patrick and Louisa were unable to provide a cogent explanation for the incident.
She described the second removal as chaotic, requiring law enforcement to assist after Patrick
yelled and threatened to kill Hendrickson and her family. Neither parent would allow the workers
to take the children.
        According to Hendrickson, during the course of the juvenile court proceedings, five case
goals were developed for Patrick and Louisa. The first goal was for Patrick and Louisa to improve
their mental health and provide a safe and suitable living environment for the children. Patrick and
Louisa each completed initial diagnostic interviews, psychological evaluations, and parenting
assessments. Dr. Leland Zlomke completed Patrick’s interview and assessments between July and
November 2020 at the Nebraska Mental Health Center. Zlomke testified that he diagnosed Patrick
with antisocial personality disorder, which, according to Zlomke, can make parenting difficult.
Zlomke described Patrick’s prognosis as “guarded” meaning it was possible for Patrick to improve,

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but, in his opinion, unlikely because treatment requires long-term, frequent, intensive, and
specialized care with a strong support network. He further testified he arrived at this opinion due
to Patrick’s failure to change despite previous professional intervention. As goals for Patrick,
Zlomke recommended that Patrick maintain acceptable standards of cleanliness; ensure that the
family home is adequately stocked with food; demonstrate responsibility for the care, feeding, and
maintenance of the children; consistently and effectively participate in visitations; be actively and
consistently involved in psychotherapeutic treatments to develop thinking changes, coping skills,
and compensatory actions when problems arise; and show improvements over a period of several
months.
         Dr. Lisa Logden completed an initial diagnostic interview for Louisa in July 2020 and a
psychological and parenting assessment in December 2020. Logden diagnosed Louisa with mild
intellectual disability, histrionic personality disorder, alcohol use disorder, major depressive
disorder recurrent mild with anxious distress, and panic disorder. Logden described Louisa’s
prognosis as “significantly guarded” because there were significant areas of development that were
needed for Louisa to maintain an appropriate lifestyle for the children including assistance with
financial budgeting, making complex decisions, and maintaining daily life skills as well as
regulating her emotions. Logden recommended that Louisa engage in therapeutic intervention to
address her emotional dysregulation, participate in random urinalysis screening, and participate in
a group for persons who have experienced domestic violence. She also recommended that Louisa
effectively and consistently participate in her visitations with the children.
         An addendum to Patrick and Louisa’s psychological evaluations completed by Logden
revealed that both tested in the extremely low range of cognitive functioning. Because of their low
IQ scores, the addendum recommended that the Department take care in how they communicated
information with Patrick and Louisa and noted that they would especially benefit from a hands-on
learning experience. However, the recommendations and goals for improvement remained the
same.
         Hendrickson testified that neither Patrick nor Louisa followed through with all of the
recommendations from their evaluations, though they both attended individual therapy.
Minimally, Louisa completed 18 urinalysis screenings out of 56 that were required. According to
another case worker, 11 of the 18 tests were positive for drugs. Three of the tests were positive for
drugs prescribed to Louisa but 8 tests came back positive for drugs for which Louisa had no
prescription. Hendrickson testified that neither parent put in any real effort to rehabilitate
themselves other than attending individual therapy.
         The second case goal identified by Hendrickson was for Patrick and Louisa to improve
their parenting skills. Hendrickson testified that there was no long-term sustainability in regard to
their parenting, and that any progress Patrick and Louise made was not maintained.
         Lori Larson, a Department case worker who took over supervision of the case in May 2021,
testified that Louisa cancelled many visits citing a variety of health issues, such as positive
COVID-19 tests, but was not able to provide documentation in support of her excuses. Louisa was
observed moving about Nebraska City at times she reported that she was under quarantine. Larson
also testified that Patrick and Louisa never completed a single parenting class despite multiple
attempts to get them to take one. Hendrickson, as well as other visitation supervisors, testified that
Patrick and Louisa needed constant direction and reminders to care for their children. Workers

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repeatedly had to advise Patrick and Louisa on how to properly feed Selena and the importance of
age-appropriate discipline. Visitations never improved beyond being fully supervised. At times,
they were suspended due to Patrick’s aggressive behavior.
         The third case goal was for Patrick and Louisa to address their own trauma in order to
provide their children with a healthy and appropriate environment free of violence and verbal
threats. Hendrickson testified that the Department wanted Patrick to complete a batterer’s
intervention program and Louisa to participate in a victim advocacy group, but neither made
progress on these goals. Larson testified that domestic violence, and in particular, Patrick’s
aggressive behavior, remained an issue as recently as February 2022. Larson then described an
incident on February 22 in which Louisa called her and told her that Patrick had tried to attack her,
and that he had a plan to kidnap the children. Louisa reported to Larson that Patrick had found the
addresses of the foster homes and was going to gain access to a gun. After this incident, visitations
between Louisa, Patrick, and the children were again suspended.
         The fourth goal identified by the Department was for Patrick and Louisa to tend to the
medical needs of their children. Hendrickson as well as the two foster mothers testified that they
used various means of communication to tell Patrick and Louisa about medical appointments
including group text messages, emails, phone conversations, and in-person reminders. However,
both foster mothers testified that Patrick never attended any of the medical appointments for the
children, and Louisa only attended a couple of them sporadically. Neither was present for Natalia’s
heart surgery.
         The last goal identified by Hendrickson was for Patrick and Louisa to provide a living
environment that was free of physical violence and vulgar language. Hendrickson testified that
there were some visitations where the parents were able to remain calm and refrained from using
language or physical aggression toward their children, but these improvements were never
maintained in the long term. Larson testified that when visitation supervisors attempted to provide
redirection to Patrick, he would often get angry and aggressive with the worker in front of the
children. Patrick threatening the workers was an ongoing issue throughout this case. Patrick’s
visitation rights were suspended in February 2021 due to several law enforcement contacts
involving Patrick that caused a general safety concern. Hendrickson also testified that Louisa
would lose her temper with the children and use vulgar language with them. Neither parent was
able to gain understanding how to appropriately discipline the children.
         Additionally, each of the foster mothers testified about the children. Both stated that when
the children came to them in 2020, they were dirty and developmentally delayed. The oldest
children, ages 4, 3, and 2 at the time, were described as basically nonverbal. Their mode of
communication was to point and grunt. One foster mother testified that Alexander, the oldest child,
showed aggressive behaviors such as biting, kicking, and head butting when he first arrived. Both
foster mothers testified that the children had shown great improvement since being placed with
them. The children are now reaching developmental milestones and are able to communicate
openly.
         Kareena Boko, a mental health therapist for Alexander, Calie, and Natalia testified that the
children have suffered through a lot of trauma. Boko opined that the children need a safe and stable
environment as well as a caregiver that is willing and able to set aside their own needs to help the
children meet their emotional needs. Boko testified that the foster homes have provided such an

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environment and as a result, the children have made significant attachments that have allowed
them to grow and develop.
        Patrick and Louisa’s parental rights were terminated in an order dated May 11, 2022. The
juvenile court found that statutory grounds existed to terminate their rights pursuant to § 43-292(2)
because Patrick and Louisa have substantially and continuously or repeatedly neglected and
refused to give the children necessary parental care and protection as evidenced by the many
referrals alleging abuse and neglect of the children since Alexander was born. The court also found
statutory grounds existed to terminate Patrick and Louisa’s rights pursuant to § 43-292(5) because
they are unable to discharge their parental responsibilities due to mental illness or mental
deficiency and there are reasonable grounds to believe that such condition will continue for a
prolonged indeterminate period since both parents have refused to acknowledge their limitations
or seek assistance. The court found that the State proved that reasonable efforts to preserve and
reunify the family had failed pursuant to § 43-292(6) because both Patrick and Louisa had failed
to comply with the court-ordered reunification plan, had shown only minimal compliance with
services offered by the Department, and were unable to maintain any improvements in their
parenting skills. Finally, the court found that Alexander, Calie, Natalia, Patrick III, and Gabrial
had been in out-of-home placement for 15 or more months of the most recent 22 months pursuant
to § 43-292(7). The court also found that termination was in the best interests of the children
because the children were doing well in the current foster placement, and the parents have shown
themselves to be unwilling or unable to rehabilitate themselves.
        Patrick appeals and Louisa cross-appeals.
                                    ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
        Patrick and Louisa assign, consolidated and restated, that the juvenile court erred in finding
that there was sufficient evidence to terminate their parental rights.
                                    STANDARD OF REVIEW
       An appellate court reviews juvenile cases de novo on the record and reaches its conclusions
independently of the findings made by the juvenile court below. In re Interest of Mateo L. et al.,
309 Neb. 565, 961 N.W.2d 516 (2021). However, when the evidence is in conflict, an appellate
court may consider and give weight to the fact that the juvenile court observed the witnesses and
accepted one version of the facts over another. Id.
                                            ANALYSIS
        Patrick and Louisa allege that the court erred in finding that there was sufficient evidence
to terminate their parental rights. The statutory grounds for terminating parental rights are listed in
§ 43-292. In re Interest of Mateo L. et al., supra. The State has the burden to show by clear and
convincing evidence that one of the statutory bases enumerated in § 43-292 exists and that
termination is in the children’s best interests. In re Interest of Mateo L. et al., supra. Any one of
the bases for termination codified in § 43-292 can serve as the basis for termination when coupled
with evidence that termination is in the best interests of the child. In re Interest of Leyton C. &
Landyn C., 307 Neb. 529, 949 N.W.2d 773 (2020). Upon our de novo review, we find that the

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State met its burden in proving that statutory grounds existed for the termination of Patrick and
Louisa’s parental rights.
Statutory Grounds for Termination of Parental Rights to
Alexander, Calie, Natalia, Patrick III, and Gabrial.
         The State sought to terminate Patrick and Louisa’s parental rights to Alexander, Calie,
Natalia, Patrick III, and Gabrial pursuant to § 43-292(2), (5), (6), and (7). The court found that the
State had proved by clear and convincing evidence that all four grounds for termination existed.
Section 43-292(7) provides for termination when “[t]he juvenile has been in an out-of-home
placement for fifteen or more months of the most recent twenty-two months.” That period of time
was set by the Legislature as a guideline for what would be a reasonable time for parents to
rehabilitate themselves to a minimum degree of fitness. In re Interest of Mateo L. et al., supra.
This section operates mechanically and, unlike the other subsections of the statute, does not require
the State to adduce evidence of any specific fault on the part of the parent. Id. In other words, if
the 15-out-of-22 formula is met, the requirements of § 43-292(7) are met. In re Interest of Mateo
L. et al., supra.
         Evidence adduced at the termination hearing shows that Alexander, Calie, Natalia, Patrick
III, and Gabrial were removed from Patrick and Louisa’s care on March 27, 2020, and returned
under a safety plan on April 13. The children were then removed again on May 22 and have
remained out of the home continuously since then. At the time the State filed the motion for
termination of parental rights, Alexander, Calie, Natalia, Patrick III, and Gabrial were out of the
home for over 16 of the most recent 22 months. This meets the standard defined in § 43-292(7).
Statutory Grounds for Termination of Parental Rights to Selena.
         Because Selena was not born until later, the State did not move to terminate Patrick and
Louisa’s rights under § 43-292(7); therefore, we must analyze the evidence of the other
subsections. The court found that the State had proven grounds existed to terminate the parental
rights to Selena under § 43-292(2), (5), and (6) by clear and convincing evidence. Subsection (2)
provides for the termination of parental rights when the parents have substantially and
continuously or repeatedly neglected and refused to give the juvenile or a sibling of the juvenile
necessary parental care and protection. While § 43-292(2) does not dictate that whenever a parent
has neglected a sibling in the past, parental rights to any future children will automatically be
terminated without giving the parent an opportunity to present evidence of current circumstances,
the statute as a whole states that prior neglect can be a basis for termination in conjunction with
proof by the State which establishes that termination is in the best interests of the minor children
involved in the current proceedings. In re Interest of Sir Messiah T. et al., 279 Neb. 900, 782
N.W.2d 320 (2010). Past neglect, along with facts relating to current family circumstances which
go to best interests, are all properly considered in a parental rights termination case under
§ 43-292(2). In re Interest of Joseph S. et al., 291 Neb. 953, 870 N.W.2d 141 (2015). A parent’s
failure to provide an environment to which his or her children can return can establish substantial,
continual, and repeated neglect. Id.
         Evidence presented at the termination hearing established a pattern of repeated neglect
from Louisa to her children dating back to 2003 and of repeated neglect from Patrick since 2015.

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Louisa’s parental rights to her oldest two children were terminated in 2003 after she locked them
inside a house and set a fire. Four more of her children were removed from her care in 2011 in
Iowa due to her neglect. The Department’s office in Nebraska City started receiving intakes as
soon as 2 months after Alexander was born. Over the next several years, the Department received
numerous referrals alleging abuse and neglect by Patrick and Louisa. In 2020 when the children
were removed, the case worker described the children as extremely filthy with a pungent odor. The
children had not been bathed for an extended period of time. The house was also unclean and
infested with cockroaches. Several of the children had unexplained bruises and scratches, and one
child had a diaper rash so severe it caused bleeding.
        In addition to the abysmal living conditions, Patrick and Louisa were refusing to take the
children to important medical appointments. Natalia was in need of an important heart surgery,
but Patrick and Louisa repeatedly postponed the appointment. All of the children were delayed
developmentally and unable to communicate in an age-appropriate fashion. Once in foster care,
the children were able to attend regular medical appointments and made progress in their
development. Despite multiple communications from case workers and the foster mothers, Patrick
did not attend a single medical appointment and Louisa only attended a few appointments. Neither
parent made an effort to address the children’s needs.
        Selena was removed from Patrick and Louisa’s care just 2 days after she was born. In
working toward the court ordered rehabilitation plan, Patrick and Louisa never made progress past
fully supervised visitations with any of the children. Selena was never returned to the care of
Patrick and Louisa. Because the State established a clear pattern of neglect of Selena’s siblings
and that neither parent provided an environment for Selena to return to, statutory grounds for
termination of parental rights exist under § 43-292(2) for the termination of Patrick and Louisa’s
parental rights. Because any one of the bases for termination of parental rights codified in § 43-292
can serve as the basis for the termination, we need not consider any other statutory bases for
termination. See In re Interest of Leyton C. & Landyn C., 307 Neb. 529, 949 N.W.2d 773 (2020).
Best Interests of Children.
        Under § 43-292, once the State has shown that statutory grounds for termination of parental
rights exist, the State must then show that termination is in the best interests of the children. In re
Interest of Ryder J., 283 Neb. 318, 809 N.W.2d 255 (2012). In situations where termination of
parental rights is based on § 43-292(7), the Nebraska Supreme Court has held that appellate courts
must be particularly diligent in their de novo review of whether termination is in the child’s best
interests. In re Interest of Aaron D., 269 Neb. 249, 691 N.W.2d 164 (2005). Section 43-292(7)
does not require the State to adduce evidence of any specific fault on the part of a parent, so
evidence to prove the statutory grounds for termination under the other sections will be highly
relevant to the best interests of the juvenile. In re Interest of Aaron D., supra. Thus, it is in the
context of analyzing the best interests of the juvenile that courts must respect a commanding
interest in the accuracy and justice of the decision to terminate a parent’s rights. Id.
        There is a rebuttable presumption that the best interests of a child are served by having a
relationship with his or her parent, which is overcome only when the State has proven that the
parent is unfit. In re Interest of Noah C., 306 Neb. 359, 945 N.W.2d 143 (2020). Parental unfitness
has been defined as “a personal deficiency or incapacity which has prevented, or will probably

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prevent, performance of a reasonable parental obligation in child rearing and which caused, or
probably will result in, detriment to a child’s well-being.” Id. at 370, 945 N.W.2d at 151.
         The best interests of the child require termination of parental rights when a parent is unable
or unwilling to rehabilitate herself or himself within a reasonable period of time. In re Interest of
Leyton C. & Landyn C., supra. Permanency is in a child’s best interest because children cannot,
and should not, be suspended in foster care or be made to await uncertain parental maturity. In re
Interest of Jahon S., 291 Neb. 97, 864 N.W.2d 228 (2015).
         The record in this case reveals that Patrick and Louisa made minimal to no progress in their
rehabilitation plan. The Department set goals for Patrick and Louisa to (1) improve their mental
health, (2) improve their parenting skills, (3) address their trauma to provide a healthy environment
for the children, (4) tend to their children’s medical needs, and (5) provide a living environment for
their children that was free of violence and verbal threats. Patrick and Louisa made minimal
progress in improving their mental health and addressing their trauma. They obtained their initial
diagnostic interviews and subsequent parenting and psychological evaluations and have attended
individual therapy. However, both Patrick and Louisa have mental health diagnoses that require
long-term, intensive treatment. Neither Patrick nor Louisa have completed all the treatment
recommendations from their completed evaluations. For example, Patrick refused to attend a
batterer’s intervention course and Louisa would not participate in a victim advocacy group.
Without a dedicated effort to improve, Patrick and Louisa’s mental health diagnoses and limited
cognitive function make the job of productively parenting their children extremely difficult.
         Patrick and Louisa have been unable to maintain any long-term improvements in their
parenting skills or in providing a healthy living environment for their children. Several visits were
cancelled by Louisa without good reason. Visitation and case workers testified that both parents
needed constant redirection to watch and care for the children during visits. Even then, Patrick
often ignored the advice of the professionals and would become angry and aggressive toward them
in front of the children. Domestic violence issues between Patrick and Louisa continued
throughout the lifespan of this case. In February 2022, visits were suspended due to Patrick
threatening to kidnap the children at gunpoint. Still, Patrick and Louisa have refused to take any
parenting classes nor have they demonstrated consistent, long-term improvement in caring for their
children which is necessary for reunification.
         Finally, Patrick and Louisa did not tend to their children’s medical needs. One of the main
issues from the inception of this case was that Patrick and Louisa were not taking the children to
necessary medical appointments. This included postponing an important heart surgery for Natalia.
Since the children have been in foster care, they have regularly attended medical appointments.
Natalia finally received her heart surgery. The foster mothers and case workers testified that they
shared the dates of medical appointments with Patrick and Louisa using multiple methods of
communication. Hendrickson and Larson testified that they would inform Patrick and Louisa of
important events in person, through text messaging, and through phone calls. Despite all the
communication, Patrick did not attend any of the medical appointments and Louisa’s attendance
was sporadic at best.
         In contrast, the children’s foster mothers have been actively engaged in the medical and
emotional care of the children. They have attended medical appointments and worked with
therapists to implement strategies for the children to grow and develop. The children have shown

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great progress because of this work. All of the children have met developmental milestones while
in foster care and have learned how to effectively communicate their wants and needs. Overall, the
children have shown significant progress while Patrick and Louisa have shown none. “Where a
parent is unwilling to rehabilitate herself or himself within a reasonable period of time, the best
interests of the child require termination of parental rights.” In re Interest of DeWayne G. & Devon
G., 263 Neb. 43, 56, 638 N.W.2d 510, 520 (2002).
                                         CONCLUSION
       For the reasons stated above, we affirm the order of the juvenile court terminating the
parental rights of Patrick and Louisa to their minor children.
                                                                                   AFFIRMED.

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