Court Opinion

ID: 9408798
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-07-13 18:03:46.619165+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:46.911176
License: Public Domain

Filed 7/13/23 P. v. Moore CA5

                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                       FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

 THE PEOPLE,
                                                                                             F082544
           Plaintiff and Respondent,
                                                                               (Super. Ct. No. BF172121D)
                    v.

 DAVID LEE MOORE,                                                                         OPINION
           Defendant and Appellant.

         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Kern County. Charles R.
Brehmer, Judge.
         Solomon Wollack, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
         Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney General, Darren K. Indermill and
Jeffrey D. Firestine, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
                                                        -ooOoo-
                                      INTRODUCTION
       Defendant David Lee Moore entered an illegal gaming business with three other
gang members and robbed the business at gunpoint. While fleeing, the four robbers shot
at a security guard and wounded him in the leg. A jury convicted defendant of attempted
murder, second degree robbery, assault with a firearm, conspiracy to commit robbery and
assault with a firearm, and unlawful possession of a firearm by a felon and found true
multiple firearm and gang enhancements.
       After defendant’s trial, the Legislature substantially amended the statutes
applicable to gang enhancements and sentencing. The parties agree that the gang
enhancements should be reversed and remanded to the trial court for further proceedings
and that defendant is entitled to resentencing under the amended sentencing statutes. The
parties also agree that the trial court erred in instructing the jury that it could find
defendant inflicted great bodily injury if he proximately, rather than personally, caused
such injury and ask that we strike the enhancement.
       Defendant argues that we must reverse his conviction for attempted murder
because subsequent to trial, the Legislature enacted Penal Code section 1109,1 which
requires bifurcation of his gang enhancements. The People respond that section 1109 is
not retroactive and, in any event, the failure to bifurcate is harmless.
       We agree that the gang and great bodily injury enhancements should be reversed
and that defendant is entitled to full resentencing, but we find that the failure to bifurcate
was harmless and otherwise affirm the judgment.
                             PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       The District Attorney of Kern County filed an information on May 30, 2018,
charging defendant with attempted murder (§§ 187, 664; count 1), second degree robbery
(§ 212.5, subd. (c); count 2), assault with a firearm (§ 245, subd. (a)(2); count 3),

1      Undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.

                                               2.
conspiracy to commit robbery and assault with a firearm (§§ 182, subd. (a)(1), 212.5,
subd. (c), 245, subd. (a)(2); count 5), and unlawful possession of a firearm by a felon
(§ 29800, subd. (a)(1); count 6).2 The information also charged that defendant committed
the crimes to benefit a criminal street gang (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)) as to counts 1, 2, 3, 5,
and 6. As to counts 1 and 2, the information alleged that defendant personally used a
firearm (§ 12022.53, subd. (b)) and discharged a firearm (§ 12022.53, subd. (c)) causing
great bodily injury (§ 12022.53, subd. (d)), or that a principle in the crime did so
(§ 12022.53, subd. (e)). The information further alleged, as to counts 3, 5, and 6, that
defendant personally used a firearm (§ 12022.5, subd. (a)) and personally inflicted great
bodily injury (§ 12022.7). As to counts 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6, the information also alleged one
prior “strike” conviction within the meaning of the “Three Strikes” law (§§ 667,
subds. (b)–(i), 1170.12, subds. (a)–(d)), a prior serious felony conviction (§ 667,
subd. (a)), and a prior prison term (§ 667.5, subd. (b)).3 Defendant pled not guilty to the
charges and denied all allegations in the information.
       The jury convicted defendant of all charges and found true all enhancements on
September 25, 2020.4 After defendant waived his right to a jury trial as to his prior
convictions, the trial court found the prior conviction allegations to be true.

2       The information charged codefendants Frankie Duque Ramos and Eric Frank Grijalva
with the same crimes as well as participation in a criminal street gang (§ 186.22, subd. (a);
count 4). Anesia Lucia Ribeiro was charged in counts 1, 2, 3, 5, and also with accessory to a
crime (§ 32; count 7). Adolfo Rivera was charged by separate information for his involvement
in the robbery.
3       In response to the prosecutor’s motion, the trial court dismissed the prior prison term
allegations as to all defendants on June 11, 2020.
4       The jury convicted Ramos of the same charges and found true the same enhancements.
However, the jury was unable to reach a verdict as to count 4, which charged Ramos with
participating in a criminal street gang. The trial court granted Ribeiro’s motion for judgment of
acquittal as to attempted murder (count 1) on September 14, 2020. The jury acquitted Ribeiro of
assault with a firearm (count 3) and failed to reach a verdict as to the remaining three charges
against her. The jury also failed to reach a verdict as to any of the charges against Grijalva.

                                                 3.
       The trial court denied defendant’s motion to dismiss his prior strike,5 struck the
enhancement for a serious felony conviction (§ 667, subd. (a)), and sentenced defendant
to a total fixed term of 25 years and four months, plus 50 years to life, as follows:
10 years for attempted murder (§§ 187, 664, 667, subd. (e)), plus 10 years (§ 186.22,
subd. (b)(1)), plus 25 years to life (§ 12022.53, subd. (d)), plus stayed terms of 20 and
10 years (§§ 654, 12022.53, subds. (b), (c)); and a consecutive two-year term for robbery
(§§ 212.5, subd. (c), 667, subd. (e)), plus three years and four months (§ 186.22,
subd. (b)(1)), plus 25 years to life (§ 12022.53, subd. (d)), plus stayed terms of 20 and 10
years (§§ 654, 12022.53, subds. (b), (c)).6
       As to the remaining charges, the trial court stayed the sentences pursuant to
section 654 and sentenced as follows: the upper term of eight years for assault with a
firearm (§§ 245, subd. (a)(2), 667, subd. (e)), plus 10 years (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)), plus
10 years (§ 12022.5, subd. (a)), plus three years (§ 12022.7); the upper term of six years
for conspiracy (§ 182, subd. (a)(1)), plus five years (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)), plus 10 years
(§ 12022.5, subd. (a)), plus three years (§ 12022.7); and the upper term of six years for
possession of a firearm by a prohibited person (§ 29800, subd. (a)(1)), plus four years
(§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)).7
       The court also ordered defendant to pay victim restitution (former § 1202.4) as to
counts 1 and 2, a $300 restitution fine (former § 1202.4) and a suspended $300 parole
revocation restitution fine (§ 1202.45) as to count 6, and $30 criminal conviction (Gov.
Code, § 70373) and $40 court operations (§ 1465.8) assessments as to all counts.

5      See People v. Superior Court (Romero) (1996) 13 Cal.4th 497.
6      The trial court ordered count 2 to be served consecutively to count 1 based on the
erroneous legal conclusion (discussed later) that the robbery had ended before defendant fired at
Eric.
7      The trial court dismissed enhancements pursuant to sections 12022.5 and 12022.7 as to
count 6 because the jury did not make any finding on them.

                                                4.
       Defendant timely appealed on March 12, 2021.
                                             FACTS8

I.     Testimony of Eric H.
       On January 14, 2018, Eric H. was shot twice in his right leg (in his calf and thigh)9
by individuals who had just robbed a business and whom Eric, in court, identified as
defendant, Ramos, and Grijalva. He also identified a fourth robber who used the
nickname Brazer (referring to Rivera). Eric worked as an armed security guard for a
business located on Baker Street near where it crosses Niles Street, in Bakersfield (the
business). The business had formerly been a marijuana dispensary and was converted to
an internet café or casino. The form of gambling which took place at the business is not
legal in California. During his shift, Eric carried both a taser and a nine-millimeter Glock
firearm loaded with hollow-point bullets. He had a second firearm that he kept in his
backpack in the office.
       Eric testified that defendant, Ramos, Rivera, and Ribeiro (Ramos’s girlfriend) had
frequented the business previously and also in the hours before the robbery. The business
had security cameras, which recorded the area and encoded the recording with both the
date and time, located outside, in the gaming room, in the front room, and in the office.
Eric identified Ramos and Ribeiro in one video as they stood at the front door at
approximately 2:00 a.m. the day of the robbery. He identified Rivera in another video as
the individual in a burgundy sweatshirt playing one of the games. He also identified
defendant and Rivera in the gaming room at approximately 3:35 a.m., and defendant,
Rivera, and Grijalva in the game room standing together at approximately 4:02 a.m.

8      We have not summarized all evidence adduced at trial and only summarize evidence
relevant to defendant.
9       One bullet passed through Eric’s leg and the other bullet lodged in his leg. Eric initially
told officers that he believed he was hit with a .22-caliber bullet when interviewed at the hospital
but testified that he believed he was hit with a nine-millimeter bullet based upon something a
doctor mentioned.

                                                 5.
       Eric normally worked until 6:00 a.m. but had stayed later on the day of the
robbery because he suspected that the business might be robbed. Earlier in the evening,
Eric observed defendant staring at Eric’s firearm and Ramos asked Eric what he would
do if the business was robbed and questioned Eric as to the type of bullet-proof vest he
wore. Eric noticed defendant, Ramos, Rivera, Grijalva, and Ribeiro walking in and out
of the business, staring at the street, and pointing to the corners and believed these
behaviors indicated they were planning a robbery.
       Eric identified the robbers in the surveillance video as defendant, Ramos, Grijalva,
and Rivera. In the video of the front room, Eric identified defendant (“the gentleman
with the long ponytail”) as the first individual pointing a firearm at him, Rivera as the
individual in the back, Ramos as the individual in the middle, and Grijalva as the fourth
individual standing in the doorway.10 Eric also observed that defendant had a tattoo
under his left eye.11 Eric explained that he was able to recognize the individuals by their
eyes and voices, clothing, and shoes because they “were in and out throughout [his 16-
hour] shift.” Eric testified that defendant had a .22-caliber firearm, Ramos had a Smith
and Wesson SD9 model firearm, and Grijalva had a .357-caliber revolver.
       Eric was in the front room speaking with another security guard and standing
against the wall when the masked robbers entered the business and pointed firearms at
him. Eric attempted to unholster his firearm, but it was stuck. One of the robbers said,
“That’s the guy with the gun.” Someone ordered Eric to sit on the ground, and Eric
refused. Ramos said, “I’m not fucking around,” and fired his Smith and Wesson firearm
toward Eric and hit the wall over, and to the left of, Eric’s head. Defendant grabbed
Eric’s firearm—the nine-millimeter Glock loaded with hollow point bullets—and tucked

10     A still photograph from the video Eric identified as being taken in the front room when
the suspects entered the business is attached in the Appendix, post, page 41.
11     Officer Ian Jones testified that defendant had a tattoo of an “E” under his right eye and an
“S” under his left eye.

                                                6.
it into the back of his pants. Defendant stayed with Eric and the other security guard
while Ramos and Rivera went into the gaming room. At one point, defendant told Eric,
“Don’t move or I’ll blow your fucking head off.” Defendant also attempted to take Eric’s
taser, but Eric convinced defendant that Eric could not use it to defend himself against a
firearm. Grijalva, armed with a snub-nosed revolver, went back and forth between the
front and gaming rooms. The robbers took the keys to gaming machines from the office
and removed the money. In an interview with detectives, Eric estimated that the robbers
obtained approximately $1,600 from the business.
       When the robbers left the business, Eric pursued them while armed with only a
taser in an attempt to retrieve his firearm from defendant. At the corner of Baker and
Niles streets, Eric deployed the taser which made a loud popping noise, like a firearm
might make. The robbers immediately fired back at him from approximately 20 feet
away. Eric told officers that Ramos shot three rounds, Grijalva (“the one with the
Snubnose” revolver) shot an unknown number of rounds, and defendant (“the one with
the … .22[-caliber]”) shot three or four rounds. During an interview with officers, Eric
said that he believed the robbers were trying to scare him. After he saw the video of the
shooting, he testified he believed that they intended to kill him. The suspects headed east
down Niles Street.
       Eric returned to the business, retrieved his second firearm and cellphone from the
office, and then headed back to where he saw the robbers fleeing at approximately
7:42 a.m. He turned around and walked past the front door of the business and into an
alley. At the time, Eric believed that the robbers were on foot, but then he saw a white
Dodge Magnum vehicle that Rivera had driven on several occasions. The white vehicle
was in the same alley, approximately one block away, near a convenience store, and
being driven by Ribeiro whom Eric identified as Ramos’s girlfriend. Eric identified the
white vehicle as the same vehicle seen in a surveillance video of earlier that morning, at
approximately 4:23 a.m., when defendant and Rivera left the business. Reviewing a

                                             7.
surveillance video from the alley, Eric identified a white vehicle parked at the
convenience store at the end of the alley as the same white vehicle that had been earlier
parked outside the business.
       After the robbery, Eric described his observations to a 911 operator while he also
received some information from a customer of the business who had entered the business
during the robbery. While on the 911 call, Eric told the dispatcher that the robbers had
fired at him and described seeing the white vehicle driving in the area.
       Emergency services transported Eric to the hospital after the robbery. Officers
brought Ramos to the hospital and asked Eric to identify him. Eric identified Ramos as
“the one that took [his] Glock,” a description of defendant and not Ramos, and told
officers that the individual shown to him was not the individual he knew as Ramos. Eric
further stated that defendant was the individual armed with a .22-caliber firearm who had
taken Eric’s firearm and then shot him. Eric described Ribeiro as wearing black pants
and a pink sweater, although surveillance videos of the business shows her wearing light-
colored pants and a dark-colored jacket. He saw Ribeiro at the hospital and identified her
as Ramos’s girlfriend who was driving the white vehicle. However, Ribeiro was dressed
in pink pants and a dark-colored jacket, not black pants and a pink sweater.
       Eric was released from the hospital after approximately two hours, and the doctor
advised him that the bullet in his leg would eventually come out without surgery, but it
was still inside him at the time of his testimony. After he was released from the hospital,
Eric went to police headquarters for an interview. Initially, Eric told the officer that the
robbers headed east on Niles “when they first got out of the vehicle.” (Italics added.)
Eric then explained that he lost sight of the robbers as they headed east on Niles and then
he turned around and headed south on Baker (past the business) and into the alley
because a customer told him that she had observed them running toward the convenience
store (located two blocks east of Baker at the end of the alley). Eric told the officer that
he saw the white vehicle at the convenience store and saw Grijalva (the “one that was

                                              8.
carrying the Snubnose”) just closing the vehicle door to the left-side back seat and saw
Ramos was in the front seat. Eric then saw the vehicle being driven around the area.12
Eric acknowledged that the video of the alley shows four individuals running into the
backyard of a residence and not entering a vehicle.
       Early in the investigation, Eric identified Rivera from a photograph lineup but was
not able to identify Grijalva. He also identified an individual other than defendant,
Ramos, Grijalva, and Rivera as one of the suspects from a photograph lineup.
       When cross-examined, Eric acknowledged that he was paid “under the table” and
denied knowing that the business was unlicensed until he had been working there a few
months. He also testified that he later exchanged words with a woman whom he believed
to be Ramos’s mother and told her that her relative had injured him.13 He denied
threatening the woman with a gun.

II.    Crime scene investigation.
       Sergeant Christopher Bagby responded to the business to investigate the shooting
and arrived between 8:00 and 8:30 a.m. Inside the foyer of the business, Bagby observed
a bullet hole in the wall and an expended shell casing on the floor. The gambling
machines located in the adjacent room had been emptied of money.
       The crime scene encompassed the 1200 block of Baker Street and the 700 block of
Niles Street. Officers had already marked items of interests with placards. A taco shop,

12      Surveillance video from the alleyway shows that the robbers did not enter the vehicle but
jumped a fence along the alley and into the backyard of an adjacent residence. Eric testified that
he saw the white vehicle at the convenience store but agreed these events were not captured by
the surveillance recording of the alley. We note that while the video evidence does not appear
consistent with Eric’s testimony that the suspects entered the white vehicle, it does show the
white vehicle traveling the streets surrounding the business.
13      Ramos’s sister and her friend later testified that Eric entered a casino where they were
present and angrily called Ramos’s sister names, pulled out a gun, and said that he would make
sure that Ramos received a sentence of life in prison. Both witnesses admitted convictions for
crimes of moral turpitude.

                                                9.
located across Baker Street and on the corner of Niles Street, had a fresh bullet strike in
the outside wall. An automotive shop was located next to the business, on the corner of
Baker Street and Niles, and surrounded by a wall with steel gates at each street. The
majority of outside evidence was located on Niles Street beyond the crosswalk. Several
items observed on Niles Street resulted from deployment of a taser, including taser-blast
doors and white confetti. Confetti was also located in front of a residence (the residence),
secured with a surveillance camera and located next to the auto shop.
       In front of the auto-shop gate near the residence, officers found an expended
hollow-point bullet on the ground and a bullet strike on the gate itself. A hollow-point
bullet is designed to expand when it hits in order to prevent the bullet from exiting and
causes more damage than other types of bullets. Several bullet casings were also found
near the gate. A forensic technician employed by Kern Regional Crime Laboratory
examined 11 casings and determined that eight of them were from nine-millimeter Luger
bullets and three of them were from .45-caliber bullets.14

III.   Testimony of Jose P.
       Jose P. lived off the alley by the business near the Boys and Girls Club and
identified his residence from a still photograph obtained from the surveillance video of
the alley. At approximately 7:40 a.m. on the morning of the robbery, Jose awoke because
his dogs were barking and saw four people in his backyard. He recognized one of the
individuals as “Frank [Ramos],” whom he knew from middle school and high school, and
another as “Eric [Grijalva],” to whom he was earlier introduced at a casino while Ramos
was present. Jose testified that he did not see Ramos or Grijalva in the courtroom but
acknowledged that he identified both men when shown photographs by a detective. Jose
also testified that he had identified Grijalva as “Eric” in an earlier court hearing. Jose

14      Trial testimony did not reveal the total number of casings recovered from the scene, so it
is unclear if the technician examined all the casings recovered.

                                               10.
acknowledged that he identified a third individual when earlier shown photographs by
officers but could not remember identifying a photograph of the fourth man who had long
hair. During an interview with Detective Keegan Gavin, Jose identified Ramos, Grijalva,
Rivera, and defendant from photographs.
       One of the men asked to use Jose’s phone, but his phone was not charged. One of
the men had a phone and used it to call for a ride. Ramos and Rivera left first, after
approximately 10 minutes, and defendant and Grijalva left approximately 20 minutes
later. Jose told police officers, during an earlier interview, that Eric told Jose what they
had done and later inquired as to whether Jose had retrieved the sweater left in the
neighbor’s yard.
       Afterwards, Jose and his cousin found a walkie-talkie radio on the left side of the
alley behind his home (behind the business). The police later searched Jose’s residence
and found a .380-caliber revolver. Jose told Gavin that he and his wife’s cousin found
the firearm in the alley but claimed it was found prior to the robbery. Jose later testified
that he was “dumpster diving” with his cousin but found the firearm himself.
       When originally interviewed by law enforcement, Jose did not want to provide
information to the police because he was concerned for his own safety and the safety of
his family. Jose expressed concern that the suspects might “put[ ] the word out,” and
then Jose would have to “be looking over [his] back every time because of this.” He
testified after being granted immunity by the prosecutor and admitted to having been
convicted of several crimes of moral turpitude.

IV.    Video camera and Facebook evidence.

       A.     Video of Suspects at Business Before Robbery and Facebook
              Communications
       The business had several surveillance cameras which recorded the sidewalk
outside the front door, the front door, the foyer, the gaming room, and the office.
Surveillance video shows Ribeiro and Ramos were standing outside the business at

                                             11.
approximately 2:01 a.m. and entered and exited the business several times between
2:10 and 2:22 a.m.15 Video of the gaming room shows Rivera inside playing one of the
games at approximately the same time. At approximately 2:16 a.m., video shows that
defendant arrived outside the business and met with Ramos and Ribeiro. A few minutes
later, Rivera met with them outside the business briefly before returning to the game
room. After speaking for several minutes, defendant entered the business with another
individual and walked into the game room while Ramos and Ribeiro walked off down the
street. Video shows defendant went in and out of the business at approximately 2:32 a.m.
The white vehicle used in the robbery was parked in front of the business at
approximately 3:10 a.m., and the driver entered the business and met up with defendant
and Rivera in the game room.
       Defendant and Rivera remained in the business for the next several hours. Gavin
obtained Facebook records of defendant and Ramos, which documented messages
exchanged between the two men from 3:36 a.m. until 4:51 a.m.16 At approximately
3:36 a.m.,17 Ramos asked defendant, “Wyd [What are you doing]?” Defendant
responded at 3:37 a.m., “Bored sleepy and [you]?” Ramos replied at 3:37 a.m., “Same
wya [where you at]?” Defendant replied at 3:38 a.m., “Baker,” and explained at
3:40 a.m., “The place [you] left me at.” Ramos asked who was also present and whether
Rivera was still there at 3:40 a.m. Defendant responded affirmatively and asked Ramos
to bring him a sweater at 3:41 a.m. Ramos asked if Rivera had his car back. Ramos then

15     We have reviewed the video surveillance evidence and set forth our observations of the
individuals who Eric testified were defendant, Ramos, Rivera, Grijalva, and Ribeiro, as we
previously described.
16    Gavin testified to several messages, occurring during the week prior to the robbery,
between Ramos and other individuals in which Ramos discussed obtaining permission from
someone to rob the business and his intent to rob the business.
17      Gavin testified that the times indicated in the Facebook records had to be converted to
Pacific Standard Time by subtracting eight hours.

                                               12.
asked who else was present 3:43 a.m., and at 3:49 a.m., defendant indicated the same
people as when Ramos had been there earlier. Ramos asked at 3:49 a.m., “[What]
security gaurd [sic]?” Defendant replied at 3:51 a.m., “Black dude [Eric] what’s good?”
Ramos responded that he was just asking what was up at 3:52 a.m. Defendant replied,
“Idk [I don’t know] I’m ready for any thing [sic].” Ramos asked, “U wanna Rob them or
what?” Defendant replied at 3:53 a.m., “If u want i give a fucl [sic].” Ramos asked for
Rivera and instructed defendant to “[t]ell him to call [Ramos] from [defendant’s]
messenger” at 3:54 a.m. Video surveillance shows defendant used his cell phone in the
game room during these messages, handed his phone to Rivera who spoke on the phone
for several minutes, and then retrieved his phone from Rivera after the call. The
Facebook records also document a call at that time. After the call, defendant messaged
Ramos to remind Ramos to bring defendant a sweater.18
       Surveillance video shows that Grijalva arrived at 4:02 a.m. Defendant, Grijalva,
and Rivera walked into a room off the game room and defendant closed the door at
approximately 4:21 a.m. They exited the room a few minutes later, and defendant and
Rivera left the business in the white vehicle.19 Defendant messaged Ramos that they
were on their way at 4:29 a.m. Ramos responded, “Tell me when your [sic] outside.”
Video shows that Grijalva left the business at 4:44 a.m. At 4:51 a.m., defendant
messaged Ramos, “We pulling up.”
       The business surveillance cameras show that at approximately 6:58 a.m., Ribeiro
and Ramos returned to the business dressed the same as the prior evening. Ramos and
Ribeiro entered the game room and stood at the office occupied by Eric and another

18     During the time defendant was at the business, he wore a white T-shirt but no jacket or
sweatshirt.
19     Rivera and defendant’s fingerprints were later found on the vehicle.

                                              13.
individual. Ramos and Ribeiro then walked around the game room, stood in the front
room while looking out the window, and returned to the game room.
       At 7:03 a.m., two men wearing hooded sweatshirts walked past the surveillance
camera at the residence on Niles and arrived at the front door of the business at
7:04 a.m.20 One individual entered the business while the other waited outside. The
individual who entered the business greeted Ramos and Ribeiro in the game room and
left with them shortly thereafter. The individual who entered the business resembled
defendant and dressed similarly, except wore a hooded sweatshirt with large white
writing on the front. They exited the business at 7:05 a.m., and Eric identified Ribeiro
and Ramos as they walked past the surveillance residence on Niles Street.

       B.      Video Just Before the Robbery
       Surveillance video from the alley shows the suspects’ white vehicle at a
convenience store a few blocks from the business at 7:33 a.m. Officers also obtained
surveillance footage from three cameras associated with the school district headquarters
located at the corner of Baker and Niles Street (the district building). In relation to the
business, the district building was located on the opposite side of Baker Street and across
Niles Street (on the far corner across from the taco shop). Surveillance footage from one
of the district cameras shows the district parking lot (located across from the auto shop on
Niles Street) and a portion of Niles Street. Another camera pointed away from the
district building and shows the area in front of the district building, across the
intersection, including the auto shop on the corner and adjacent residence. School district
surveillance video shows the white vehicle arrived on Niles Street and parked behind a
white van just before the residence with the surveillance camera at approximately

20      This individual was dressed in similar pants and sneakers as worn by defendant earlier
that evening, appearing similar in stature.

                                               14.
7:31 a.m. The surveillance videos show several individuals exited the vehicle, walked
down Niles Street, and turned the corner onto Baker Street.
       The residential surveillance camera on Niles Street shows four individuals in
hooded sweatshirts whom Eric identified as “all of them,” referring to defendant, Ramos,
Rivera, and Grijalva. One individual, whom Eric identified as “the one with the
ponytail” (Eric had previously identified defendant as having a ponytail), had a tag on the
back of his sweatshirt that appeared to indicate it had been turned inside out.

       C.      Video of the Robbery
       Our review of the videos from the robbery show, as Eric testified, four men
entered the business, pointed guns at him, took his firearm, and then defendant held Eric
at gun point as the other individuals broke into the gaming machines and took money and
a walkie-talkie radio from the office. The robbers leave the business at approximately
7:41 a.m., followed by Eric who ran after them.

       D.      Video After the Robbery
       The district building surveillance cameras show four men ran from the direction of
the business, turned down Niles Street, and continued running as the white vehicle
backed up in the same direction. While Eric chased them, he fired a taser and one of the
suspects turned and pointed a firearm at Eric. Eric then turned and limped away.
       The residential camera shows defendant21 turned and faced the intersection just
near the residence and pointed a firearm. Thereafter, Ramos ran backwards while
pointing a firearm toward Baker Street. Both individuals then turned and ran down Niles
Street and away from Baker Street as a third individual, and then a fourth individual,
came into view of the camera and ran down the sidewalk and out of view of the camera.

21     This individual can be identified as defendant during later surveillance video of the
suspects’ flight, which shows the suspect with long hair and a ponytail (as seen in surveillance
video of defendant in the gaming room in the hours before the robbery) and resembling
defendant.

                                               15.
       The business video surveillance shows that after the shooting, Eric returned to the
business, retrieved his firearm and cellphone, and then returned to the corner where the
shooting took place. The district building and residence cameras show that the white
vehicle was stopped at the intersection and thereafter passed through the intersection at
the same time. The business surveillance camera shows Eric running back to, and past,
the business while on his cellphone.
       Video surveillance from the alley located behind the business and parallel to Niles
Street shows the suspects from the other videos ran toward Jose’s residence at
approximately 7:42 a.m. The video shows that defendant had removed his hood and ran
with his ponytail swinging on his back. Ramos’s face was turned toward the camera
when he came into its view. The video shows Ramos tossed an item to the left side of the
alley, then defendant threw something over the fence to the right. The other two suspects
ran behind defendant and Ramos, and all suspects entered an adjacent backyard and then
jumped into what Jose identified as his backyard. The white vehicle drove past the alley
at 7:43 a.m. The video then shows defendant removing his sweatshirt and wearing the
white T-shirt he had worn while gaming at the business earlier. The men can be seen
entering the back door of the residence. Surveillance cameras show that the white
vehicle, at approximately 7:45 a.m., drove down Niles Street, at the intersection of Niles
and Baker streets, and then drove past the alley.

       E.     Facebook Location Information
       Gavin testified that the Facebook records he obtained from Ramos’s and
defendant’s accounts included latitude and longitude information for each message,
which documented user locations when messaging. Facebook records show that at
approximately 3:52 a.m., defendant was using his account in the area of the business as
confirmed by the business’s video surveillance. Facebook records show that defendant
used his account at approximately 7:49 a.m. in the area of Jose’s residence. These

                                            16.
records also show that defendant had earlier used his account at approximately 6:41 a.m.
in the area of the residence where Grijalva was arrested two days later and at 7:26 a.m.
from the area of Rivera’s residence.

       F.     Gang Testimony
       Officer Ian Jones of the Bakersfield Police Department testified as an expert on
Bakersfield criminal street gangs. The predominant criminal street gangs in Bakersfield
identify as southerners or Sureños and have an allegiance to the Mexican Mafia,
including the Loma Bakers. The Loma Bakers have an established territory in
Bakersfield, and members use hand signs representing the letters “L” and “B” to identify
themselves. Subsets of the Loma Bakers include Hillside and Hillside Primos. Members
of the Loma Bakers often greet each other as “ele,” which represents the Spanish
pronunciation of the letter “L.” Members of the Loma Bakers are expected to commit
crimes to benefit the gang, also referred to as “putting in work,” to show their allegiance
and loyalty to the gang. The primary crimes committed by Loma Bakers gang members
are robbery, attempted murder, and weapons offenses. The gang will benefit either
monetarily or by increasing its reputation and power. The gang instills fear in the
community so that individuals will refrain from contacting the police or cooperating
against the gang members.
       The Loma Bakers rival with the Colonia Bakers and other gangs and ally with
gangs including the Eastside Bakers. The business is located within the territory of both
the Eastside Bakers and the Loma Bakers. Members of different gangs, sometimes even
rival gangs, will commit crimes together.
       To prove that Loma Bakers engaged in a pattern of gang activity, the prosecution
presented testimony and certified convictions that a Loma Bakers member was in
possession of a firearm in 2014, that another Loma Bakers member and a Varrio Bakers

                                            17.
member had taken or driven a stolen vehicle in 2015, and that two Loma Bakers members
committed robbery and burglary in 2017.
       The prosecution also presented evidence of other law enforcement contacts with
Ramos, Rivera, and Grijalva, which did not describe any crimes but concerned their
association with other gang members and observations of their tattoos. Only one of the
contacts involved defendant, and the evidence showed that defendant was stopped in a
vehicle with another Loma Bakers member in 2015. Evidence also showed that
defendant had “E” and “S” tattoos on his face and hands and “TWK” on his face.
“TWK” is a tattoo used only by Eastside Bakers members.
       Jones opined that defendant was an Eastside Bakers member and a Loma Bakers
associate. Jones also opined that Ramos and Grijalva were Loma Bakers members based
upon their tattoos, associations, and police contacts.22 Jones testified his final opinion23
was that the crimes in this case benefited, and were committed in association with, the
Loma Bakers criminal street gang because they were committed in Loma Bakers
territory, the gang derived the financial benefit, Loma Bakers members organized the
robbery, a Loma Bakers member provided permission for the robbery, and the proceeds
were found in a Loma Bakers member’s residence.
       A defense expert disagreed with Jones that a member of a gang, such as Rivera,
could be also an associate of a rival gang. He also testified that gang tattoos do not
indicate current membership in a gang and are sometimes merely representative of the
geography where one lives. The expert explained that gang members commit crimes for
personal reasons that do not benefit the gang and concluded that the robbery in this case
did not benefit a gang. A defense investigator testified that Jones did not feel

22    Jones testified that Ribeiro was a Loma Bakers associate but later testified that she was a
Loma Bakers member based upon her participation in the instant offense.
23      Jones testified to different opinions at different times during the trial, and he explained
that certain information was not known to him at the time of the earlier opinions.

                                                 18.
comfortable with Jones’s testimony and Jones intended to ask the prosecutor to dismiss
the gang enhancements. Jones later told the expert that Jones failed to convince the
prosecutor to drop the charges.
                                       DISCUSSION

I.     Even if amendments to section 1109 are retroactive, failure to bifurcate the
       gang enhancements in this case was harmless.
       Defendant argues that the bifurcation requirement created by section 1109 applies
retroactively to his conviction, which is not yet final. He further argues that the failure to
bifurcate requires that we reverse the entire judgment or, if not, at least the attempted
murder charge, so that his charges may be tried in a bifurcated proceeding in which the
jury will first deliver a verdict on the underlying charges without being exposed to the
evidence relating to the gang enhancements. The People disagree on both points. We
conclude any failure to bifurcate the gang allegations was harmless; thus, reversal of the
underlying convictions is not required.

       A.     Background

              1.     Defendant’s motion to bifurcate
       Defendant moved to bifurcate trial on the gang enhancements and joined in the
same motion made by his codefendants. The prosecutor objected, in part, because gang
evidence was relevant to the conspiracy charge relating to non-gang substantive crimes.
The trial court initially granted the motion. However, while hearing in limine testimony
from Jose (relating to a defense motion to exclude Jose’s identification of Ramos), the
trial court indicated that it would revisit its decision once Jose completed his testimony.
The reporter’s transcript does not include any discussion to explain the trial court’s
decision to revisit the bifurcation issue, however, during later argument, defense counsel
commented that the trial court had provided them with the case of “People v. Martinez”
(italics added), wherein a witness appeared too afraid to testify due to Martinez’s gang
membership.

                                             19.
       The prosecutor argued that Jose remembered some very specific facts of the day in
question but testified that he did not remember identifying the suspects and could not
remember numerous facts relating to his encounter with the suspects. In addition, during
his original interview with police, Jose expressed reluctance to provide any information
for fear of retaliation. The trial court agreed that Jose’s testimony and prior interview
could be interpreted as being affected by his fear of the gang, vacated its prior ruling, and
denied all defendants’ motions to bifurcate the gang enhancements and motion to sever
the gang charges.

              2.     Assembly Bill No. 333 requiring bifurcation
       After defendant’s trial, effective January 1, 2022, Assembly Bill No. 333 (2021–
2022 Reg. Sess.) (Assembly Bill 333) amended section 186.22 (Stats. 2021, ch. 699, § 4)
and added section 1109 (Stats. 2021, ch. 699, § 5) to the Penal Code. Section 1109,
subdivision (a) provides that, upon request by the defense, a gang enhancement charged
under subdivision (b) or (d) of section 186.22 shall be tried separately after determination
of the defendant’s guilt of the underlying charge. Section 1109, subdivision (b) also
provides that a violation of section 186.22, subdivision (a) shall be tried separately from
all other charges that do not require gang evidence as an element of the offense.

       B.     Applicable Law
       As our Supreme Court has recently noted, case law is split on the question of
whether section 1109 applies retroactively to convictions that are not yet final. (People v.
Tran (2022) 13 Cal.5th 1169, 1208 (Tran).) Some published opinions have held that
section 1109 is not retroactive. (See, e.g., People v. Boukes (2022) 83 Cal.App.5th 937,
948 [majority holding § 1109 is not retroactive; concurrence holding it is retroactive],
review granted Dec. 14, 2022, S277103; People v. Ramirez (2022) 79 Cal.App.5th 48, 65
[same], review granted Oct. 12, 2022, S275341; People v. Perez (2022) 78 Cal.App.5th
192, 207, review granted Aug. 17, 2022, S275090). Other published opinions, including

                                             20.
our own, have held that section 1109 is retroactive. (See, e.g., People v. Montano (2022)
80 Cal.App.5th 82, 108; People v. Ramos (2022) 77 Cal.App.5th 1116, 1130 (Ramos);
People v. Burgos (2022) 77 Cal.App.5th 550, 564–569 [majority holding § 1109 is
retroactive; dissent holding it is not retroactive], review granted July 13, 2022, S274743.)
       In Tran, our Supreme Court found it unnecessary to take a position on whether
section 1109 applies retroactively to convictions that are not yet final, as any error in
failing to bifurcate the trial of the gang enhancements was harmless. (Tran, supra,
13 Cal.5th at p. 1208.) As we will explain, we take the same approach here. Even
assuming, without deciding, that section 1109 applies retroactively, the failure to
bifurcate the trial of the gang enhancements was harmless error.
       Defendant’s opening brief was filed prior to our Supreme Court’s issuance of
Tran, and he argues that the failure to bifurcate the trial of the gang enhancements
constituted structural error that is not amenable to harmless error review and is therefore
reversible per se. Acknowledging that his position was rejected in Tran, defendant
preserves his argument in his reply brief. However, we are bound by Tran in which our
Supreme Court rejected Tran’s “contention that the failure to bifurcate constitutes
structural error.” (Tran, supra, 13 Cal.5th at p. 1208.) In most instances, when an error
is one of state law, reversal is not warranted unless there is a reasonable probability that
in the absence of the error, a result more favorable to the appealing party would have
been reached. (People v. Watson (1956) 46 Cal.2d 818, 836–837; People v. Lewis (2021)
11 Cal.5th 952, 973 [“Typically, when an ‘error is purely one of state law, the Watson
harmless error test applies.’ ”].)
       The now-existing requirement to bifurcate gang enhancements arises from a state-
law statute (§ 1109); a failure to follow section 1109 therefore constitutes an error of state
law. As Tran recognized, certain errors of state law may require the application of the

                                             21.
Chapman24 harmless error standard if they rise to federal constitutional error under the
due process clause by rendering the trial fundamentally unfair. (Tran, supra, 13 Cal.5th
at p. 1209, citing People v. Partida (2005) 37 Cal.4th 428, 439.) However, like the
defendant in Tran, defendant here has not persuaded us that the failure to bifurcate the
gang enhancements created a fundamentally unfair trial within the meaning of the federal
due process clause. (Tran, at p. 1209 [holding that “the prosecutor’s use of the gang
evidence here did not render the trial ‘fundamentally unfair’ ”].) The trial was not
fundamentally unfair due to the failure to bifurcate because, as we discuss, most of the
gang evidence presented at trial was relevant to the underlying charges and the limited
amount of evidence relevant only to the gang enhancements was not particularly
inflammatory.
       As in Tran, we apply the Watson harmless error standard. (See Tran, supra,
13 Cal.5th at p. 1209.)

       C.     Analysis
       Under the Watson harmless error standard, we conclude that there is no reasonable
probability of a more favorable outcome in the absence of the gang evidence that would
not have been presented had the gang allegations been bifurcated. (See People v.
Watson, supra, 46 Cal.2d at p. 836.) First, as in Tran, “[t]he case for guilt here was
strong.” (Tran, supra, 13 Cal.5th at pp. 1209–1210.) Eric identified defendant as one of
the robbers and Jose identified defendant as accompanying Ramos, Grijalva, and Rivera
to his residence immediately after the robbery. In addition, the surveillance video
evidence is the strongest evidence that defendant participated in the crime as it clearly
shows defendant’s identity at the business in the hours preceding the robbery and his
presence in the business approximately one-half hour before the robbery. These images
of defendant, when compared to the robber who held Eric at gunpoint, strongly indicate

24     Chapman v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18, 26.

                                            22.
that defendant was that robber. In addition, the surveillance video from the alley shows
defendant, unmasked, running with the other robbers. Lastly, defendant used Facebook
to message Ramos that he would participate in robbing the business.
       Defendant argues that Eric’s testimony was the only evidence that defendant shot
at Eric or committed attempted murder and this testimony was contradicted by the
physical evidence that Eric testified that defendant carried a .22-caliber firearm and
officers recovered only nine-millimeter and .45-caliber casings. We cannot agree that
these facts detract from the overwhelming nature of the evidence. While in the business,
defendant threatened to blow off Eric’s head. Although Eric testified that defendant used
a .22-caliber firearm inside the business, Eric testified that defendant possessed Eric’s
nine-millimeter Glock after disarming Eric and then fled the business while still
possessing it. The surveillance video shows all suspects leaving the business, and their
hands appear free of firearms, indicating the firearms had been pocketed. The residential
surveillance video unmistakably depicts defendant aiming a firearm at Eric for several
seconds as he runs backward, and it is not reasonable to believe that defendant pointed
the weapon without firing it while his accomplices were shooting. While no .22-caliber
bullet casings were recovered, defendant could have fired the nine-millimeter Glock he
took from Eric while shooting at Eric, a reasonable inference supported by officers’
recovery of a nine-millimeter hollow-point bullet from the area of the shooting, which
was the same type of bullet Eric testified he had loaded into his Glock. Therefore, the
physical evidence does not refute Eric’s testimony.
       We do not agree that the only evidence of defendant’s guilt was Eric’s testimony,
or that impeaching testimony refuted his testimony as a matter of law. The majority of
Eric’s testimony was corroborated by the surveillance video. The evidence showed that
Eric likely erred in concluding that the robbers got into the white vehicle after the
robbery, failed to identify Ramos at the hospital, and incorrectly described Ribeiro’s
clothing. The evidence also showed that Eric accepted pay without paying taxes, worked

                                             23.
at an unlicensed gaming business, and may have promised to send Ramos to prison for
life. However, the video did support Eric’s testimony that he saw defendant and his
accomplice for several hours before the robbery and would have been familiar with
defendant’s clothing and stature. The video surveillance shows defendant pointing a
firearm at Eric and running from the robbery.
         Furthermore, “nothing in Assembly Bill 333 limits the introduction of gang
evidence … where the gang evidence is relevant to the underlying charges.” (Ramos,
supra, 77 Cal.App.5th at p. 1132.) “The People are generally entitled to introduce
evidence of a defendant’s gang affiliation and activity if it is relevant to the charged
offense.” (People v. Chhoun (2021) 11 Cal.5th 1, 31.) Gang evidence—“ ‘including
evidence of the gang’s territory, membership, signs, symbols, beliefs and practices,
criminal enterprises, rivalries, and the like—can help prove identity, motive, modus
operandi, specific intent, means of applying force or fear, or other issues pertinent to guilt
of the charged crime.’ ” (Ibid., quoting People v. Hernandez (2004) 33 Cal.4th 1040,
1049 (Hernandez).) In this case, “[e]vidence that a witness is afraid to testify or fears
retaliation for testifying is relevant to the credibility of that witness,” and “[a]n
explanation of the basis for the witness’s fear is likewise relevant to [their] credibility.”
(People v. Burgener (2003) 29 Cal.4th 833, 869.)
         The trial court ultimately denied the motion to bifurcate because Jose expressed
reluctance to cooperate with police during his initial interview and, during his trial
testimony, repeatedly claimed that he could not remember the events or his statement to
police even after reviewing the video of his initial interview. The gang evidence,
including the expert testimony regarding the gang’s purpose in instilling fear in the
community to discourage witnesses from cooperating with law enforcement, was relevant
to Jose’s credibility to explain his reluctance to testify and failure to identify defendant at
trial.

                                              24.
       “ ‘Evidence that a witness is afraid to testify or fears retaliation for testifying is
relevant to the credibility of that witness and is therefore admissible.’ ” (People v.
Holmes, McClain and Newborn (2022) 12 Cal.5th 719, 773, citing People v. Burgener,
supra, 29 Cal.4th at p. 869; see CALCRIM No. 1403; accord, People v. Samaniego
(2009) 172 Cal.App.4th 1148, 1168–1169 [gang evidence may be relevant to witnesses’
reluctance to testify and inconsistent statements]; People v. Harris (1985)
175 Cal.App.3d 944, 957 [“The trial court specifically and correctly found the evidence
of gang membership to be admissible on the issue of credibility.”]; see generally Tran,
supra, 13 Cal.5th at p. 1209 [“We have held that a trial court is entitled to admit evidence
demonstrating a fear of testifying.”]; People v. Sanchez (1997) 58 Cal.App.4th 1435,
1449–1450 [“Testimony a witness is fearful of retaliation similarly relates to that
witness’s credibility and is also admissible. [Citation.] It is not necessary to show threats
against the witness were made by the defendant personally, or the witness’s fear of
retaliation is directly linked to the defendant for the evidence to be admissible.”].) Thus,
even if section 1109 required bifurcation of the gang enhancements, it is likely some,
though not all, of the evidence of defendant’s gang membership would have come in at a
trial on the other substantive offenses. (See Hernandez, supra, 33 Cal.4th at pp. 1049–
1050 [“To the extent the evidence supporting the gang enhancement would be admissible
at a trial of guilt, any inference of prejudice would be dispelled, and bifurcation would
not be necessary.”]; Samaniego, at p. 1167 [“evidence related to gang membership is not
insulated from the general rule that all relevant evidence is admissible if it is relevant to a
material issue in the case other than character, is not more prejudicial than probative, and
is not cumulative”].)
       Additionally, although the robbers did not exploit their gang membership to
commit the crime, we believe the gang evidence was relevant to the crime of conspiracy
to commit assault with a firearm and robbery in violation of section 182. The prosecutor
was required to prove defendant specifically intended to agree or did agree to commit

                                              25.
those crimes, that he intended that one or more of the other robbers would commit those
crimes, and at least one of them committed an overt act to accomplish the robbery.
(§ 182, subd. (a); People v. Morante (1999) 20 Cal.4th 403, 416.) “[C]ommon gang
membership may be part of circumstantial evidence supporting the inference of a
conspiracy. [Citation.] The circumstances from which a conspiratorial agreement may
be inferred include ‘the conduct of defendants in mutually carrying out a common illegal
purpose, the nature of the act done, the relationship of the parties [and] the interests of the
alleged conspirators .…’ ” (People v. Superior Court (Quinteros) (1993) 13 Cal.App.4th
12, 20–21, first bracketed insertion added.)
       Additionally, the jury was given a limiting instruction regarding its consideration
of the gang evidence. Specifically, the court instructed the jury with CALCRIM
No. 1403 as follows: “You may consider evidence of gang activity only for the limited
purpose of deciding whether the defendant acted with the intent, purpose, and knowledge
that are required to prove the gang-related crimes and enhancements charged, or the
defendant had a motive to commit the crimes charged. [¶] You may also consider this
evidence when you evaluate the credibility or believability of a witness and when you
consider the facts or information relied on by an expert witness in reaching their
opinions. [¶] You may not consider this evidence for any other purpose. You may not
conclude from this evidence that the defendant is a person of bad character or that he or
she has a disposition to commit crime.” We presume the jury followed these instructions.
(See People v. Franklin (2016) 248 Cal.App.4th 938, 953 [“We presume that the jury
followed these limiting instructions [regarding considering gang evidence for a limited
purpose], and there is nothing in this record to rebut that presumption.”].)
       We note some of the gang evidence, including evidence of the predicate offenses
of other gang members, may not have been admissible in a bifurcated trial. Nevertheless,
this does not change our conclusion. Here, none of the predicate offenses involved
defendant, the predicate offenses were no more inflammatory than the charged offense of

                                               26.
attempted murder, and no evidence was introduced as to the criminal activities of
defendant’s own gang, the Eastside Bakers. Furthermore, the three predicate acts were
proved mostly by abbreviated testimony of law enforcement witnesses and conviction
records that merely recited the charges. Therefore, we do not conclude that the other
gang evidence that might not have been admitted had the trial been bifurcated likely
biased the jury against defendant on the question of guilt.
       As discussed herein, the trial court provided a limiting instruction to the jury
regarding its consideration of the gang evidence. Perhaps the most significant indication
that the jury followed this instruction lies in its verdicts. The jury convicted Ramos of
the same charges and found true the same enhancements as defendant. However, the jury
was unable to reach a verdict as to count 4, which charged Ramos with participating in a
criminal street gang. The jury acquitted Ribeiro of assault with a firearm (count 3) and
failed to reach a verdict as to the remaining three charges against her. The jury also
failed to reach a verdict as to any of the charges against Grijalva. Gang evidence was
introduced as to the other defendants, but the jury’s verdict shows that it followed the
trial court’s instructions, evaluated the evidence, and was not unfairly prejudiced against
defendant based upon the gang evidence. (See Ramos, supra, 77 Cal.App.5th at
pp. 1131–1132 [“Any inference of prejudice resulting from the gang evidence is dispelled
by the fact the jury acquitted all the defendants of attempted murder and could not reach a
verdict on the attempted voluntary manslaughter charges.”].)
       Based upon the strength of the evidence of defendant’s guilt, the relevance of
much of the gang evidence in a trial on the underlying charges, the admonitions to the
jury, and the jury’s failure to convict of all charges as to all other defendants, we cannot
conclude defendant was prejudiced by the failure to bifurcate the gang allegations from
the other charges. (See Hernandez, supra, 33 Cal.4th at p. 1051 [“Any evidence admitted
solely to prove the gang enhancement was not so minimally probative on the charged

                                             27.
offense, and so inflammatory in comparison, that it threatened to sway the jury to convict
regardless of defendants’ actual guilt.”].)
       We conclude that it is not reasonably probable that the outcome of the trial on the
underlying charges would have been different in the absence of the gang evidence that
would not have been otherwise admissible. Even assuming section 1109 is retroactively
applicable in this case, the failure to bifurcate the trial of the gang enhancements was not
prejudicial error.
II.    The gang enhancements must be reversed following the passage of Assembly
       Bill 333.
       Section 186.22 provides for enhanced punishment when a defendant is convicted
of an enumerated felony committed “for the benefit of, at the direction of, or in
association with a criminal street gang.” (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1).) Defendant’s jury
found true the gang enhancements (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)) as to counts 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6
and gang-related firearm enhancements (§ 12022.53, subd. (e) as to counts 1 and 2.
       Effective January 1, 2022, Assembly Bill 333 amended section 186.22 to require
proof of additional elements to establish gang offenses and enhancements. (Stats. 2021,
ch. 699, § 4; see § 186.22, subd. (e)(1).) Defendant contends that the amendments to
section 186.22 apply retroactively to his case and that we must reverse the true findings
on his gang and gang-related firearm enhancements because he was convicted under a
prior version of the law. The People concede that the amendments apply retroactively.
We agree and reverse the true finding on the gang enhancements and gang-related
firearm enhancements and remand for retrial.
       The parties agree amendments to section 186.22 altered the requirements
necessary to prove the substantive gang offense and gang enhancements and, therefore,
operate retroactively. (See In re Estrada (1965) 63 Cal.2d 740; Tran, supra, 13 Cal.5th
at pp. 1206–1207 [“[In re] Estrada applies to statutory amendments ‘which redefine, to
the benefit of defendants, conduct subject to criminal sanctions.’ ” “ ‘Assembly Bill 333

                                              28.
essentially adds new elements to the substantive offense and enhancements in section
186.22.…’ ” “These changes have the effect of ‘increas[ing] the threshold for conviction
of the section 186.22 offense and the imposition of the enhancement,’ with obvious
benefit to defendants like Tran.”].) Accordingly, it is undisputed defendant may seek the
benefit of amendments to section 186.22.
       Both parties agree the case should be remanded to afford the prosecution an
opportunity to retry the gang-related charges and enhancements, as do we. “The proper
remedy for this type of failure of proof—where newly required elements were ‘never
tried’ to the jury—is to remand and give the People an opportunity to retry the affected
charges.” (People v. E.H. (2022) 75 Cal.App.5th 467, 480; see People v. Salgado (2022)
82 Cal.App.5th 376, 380–381 [vacating gang enhancements and remanding for possible
retrial at the election of the People].)
       The gang enhancement (§ 186.22, subd. (b)(1)) on counts 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 and
gang-related firearm enhancements (§ 12022.53, subd. (e)) on counts 1 and 2 are
reversed, and the matter is remanded. On remand, the People may elect to retry the
enhancements under the current gang enhancement law or, instead, they may proceed
directly to resentencing.

III.   Section 654 arguments.

       A.      Remand for Resentencing Under Section 654
       The trial court stayed the sentences and enhancements for counts 3, 5, and 6
pursuant to former section 654. Defendant argues that his case must be remanded for
resentencing so that the trial court may exercise its discretion under recent amendments
to section 654. Defendant contends that because his case is not yet final on appeal, he is
entitled to the benefit of section 654, as amended, pursuant to the principles of
retroactivity set forth in In re Estrada, supra, 63 Cal.2d 740. The People agree that we

                                            29.
should remand the matter for resentencing and permit the trial court to reconsider its
sentencing choices under the recent amendment.
       At the time of defendant’s sentencing, former section 654, subdivision (a) required
the trial court to punish defendant in accordance with the provision that provided for the
longest potential term of imprisonment. (Stats. 1997, ch. 410, § 1, p. 2753.) The statute
“expressly prohibits separate punishment for two crimes based on the same act but has
been interpreted to also preclude multiple punishment for two or more crimes occurring
within the same course of conduct pursuant to a single intent.” (People v. Vargas (2014)
59 Cal.4th 635, 642; accord, People v. Harrison (1989) 48 Cal.3d 321, 335.) Effective
January 1, 2022, Assembly Bill No. 518 (2021–2022 Reg. Sess.) (Assembly Bill 518)
amended section 654 to provide the trial court with the discretion to choose the count for
which it will impose punishment. (Stats. 2021, ch. 441, § 1.)
       However, we are remanding this matter for resentencing in light of amendments to
section 186.22. “[T]he full resentencing rule allows a [trial] court to revisit all prior
sentencing decisions when resentencing a defendant.” (People v. Valenzuela (2019)
7 Cal.5th 415, 424–425; accord, People v. Buycks (2018) 5 Cal.5th 857, 893 [“when part
of a sentence is stricken on review, on remand for resentencing ‘a full resentencing as to
all counts is appropriate’ ”].) A court conducting a full resentencing may “exercise its
sentencing discretion in light of … changed circumstances.” (People v. Navarro (2007)
40 Cal.4th 668, 681.) This, of course, includes any new legislation delimiting that
sentencing discretion. (See Valenzuela, at p. 425 [“[I]n a Proposition 47 resentencing,
the trial court not only must revisit its prior sentencing decisions, it also must decide
whether the factual basis for an enhancement has been abrogated by the redesignation of
a felony conviction as a misdemeanor.”]; People v. Jones (2022) 79 Cal.App.5th 37, 45–
47 [holding the need to apply amended sections 1170, subdivision (b) and 654 to the
defendant’s sentence warranted a remand for a full resentencing].)

                                              30.
       We presume the trial court will comply with current sentencing laws when making
its full resentencing decision. We therefore need not and do not reach the merits of
defendant’s claim.

       B.     Trial Court’s Decision to Order Robbery Sentence be Served
              Consecutive to Defendant’s Sentence for Attempted Murder
       The trial court ordered that defendant’s robbery sentence be served consecutive to
the sentence for attempted murder based upon its conclusion that the robbery had been
completed at the time that defendant attempted to kill Eric. Defendant argues because a
robbery is not complete until the perpetrator reaches a place of safety, the trial court erred
by not staying his robbery sentence. The People acknowledge that the trial court erred in
finding that the robbery was completed at the time that defendant attempted to kill Eric,
but argue that we should remand to permit the trial court to exercise its sentencing
discretion in light of a proper understanding of when a robbery is complete and permit
the trial court to make findings as to whether defendant had separate intents and
objectives that would warrant consecutive sentences. The People concede that defendant
is entitled to resentencing under section 654.
       We agree that the trial court erred in finding that the robbery was completed
before the attempted murder. A robbery is not complete until the perpetrators reach “a
place of temporary safety.” (People v. Young (2005) 34 Cal.4th 1149, 1177; see People
v. Cooper (1991) 53 Cal.3d 1158, 1165.) In this case, defendant was still running down
the street while being chased by Eric when defendant attempted to kill Eric. Therefore,
the trial court either legally erred by not recognizing this legal proposition, or factually
erred by finding that defendant’s flight on Niles Street was a place of temporary safety.
       However, defendant further argues that the trial court should have stayed the
robbery sentence pursuant to section 654. Section 654 generally precludes punishment
for multiple crimes arising from a single course of conduct. (See People v. Jones (2012)
54 Cal.4th 350, 358.) It also prohibits multiple punishments for an indivisible course of

                                              31.
conduct that violates more than one provision of law. (People v. Correa (2012)
54 Cal.4th 331, 336.) “ ‘Whether a course of criminal conduct is divisible and therefore
gives rise to more than one act within the meaning of section 654 depends on the intent
and objective of the actor.’ ” (People v. Britt (2004) 32 Cal.4th 944, 951–952,
disapproved on another ground in People v. Correa, supra, 54 Cal.4th 331, 334.) “[I]f all
of the offenses were merely incidental to, or were the means of accomplishing or
facilitating one objective, defendant may be found to have harbored a single intent and
therefore may be punished only once.” (People v. Harrison, supra, 48 Cal.3d at p. 335.)
       “The question of whether section 654 is factually applicable to a given series of
offenses is for the trial court, and the law gives the trial court broad latitude in making
this determination.” (People v. DeVaughn (2014) 227 Cal.App.4th 1092, 1113.)
       In this case, the trial court did not make explicit findings as to defendant’s
objective or intent in shooting at Eric and relied on the erroneous finding that the robbery
was complete at the time of the attempted murder in making its decision to run the
sentences consecutively. Defendant argues that the robbery was ongoing at the time of
the attempted murder, which was incidental to the robbery. The People respond that
defendant could have fired at Eric in retaliation for Eric firing his taser, especially after
Eric convinced defendant to allow Eric to retain possession by downplaying its ability to
injure the robbers. Separate punishment may be imposed for an assaultive crime
committed during the course of a robbery which involves an act of “gratuitous violence.”
(People v. Nguyen (1988) 204 Cal.App.3d 181, 191 [“Once robbers have neutralized any
potential resistance by the victims, an assault or attempt to murder to facilitate a safe
escape, evade prosecution, or for no reason at all, may be found by the trier of fact to
have been done for an independent reason.”]; People v. Sandoval (1994) 30 Cal.App.4th
1288, 1300 [gratuitous violent act after attempted robbery has been completed may be
punished separately].)

                                              32.
       We agree that the question of whether defendant harbored an intent separate from
ensuring completion of the robbery when he attempted to kill Eric is a determination to
be made in the first instance by the trial court. Because we are remanding for a full
resentencing, we do not address the merits of this claim and defendant may raise his
argument at his resentencing. The trial court should make any factual findings necessary
for resolution of this issue and exercise its discretion with a proper understanding of the
law.

IV.    The trial court erred when, in response to a jury question, it instructed the
       jury that defendant’s actions need only be a substantial factor in causing
       injury for a true finding as to the enhancement for personal infliction of great
       bodily injury.

       A.     Background
       Counts 3 and 5 included an enhancement for the personal infliction of great bodily
injury (§ 12022.7). The trial court instructed the jury with CALCRIM No. 3160, which
provided in relevant part: “If you find the defendants guilty … you must then decide
whether for each crime the People have proved the additional allegation that the
defendants personally inflicted great bodily injury on Eric … in the commission of that
crime.” Regarding the section 12022.53 enhancements in counts 1 and 2, the trial court
instructed the jury with CALCRIM No. 1402 that “[t]here may be more than one cause of
great bodily injury. [¶] An act causes injury only if it is a substantial factor in causing
the [in]jury. A substantial factor is more than a trivial or remote factor; however, it does
not need to be the only factor that causes the injury.”
       In closing argument, the prosecutor argued that the jury could find defendant
personally inflicted great bodily injury even if it could not determine whose bullets hit
Eric if it determined that defendant personally used physical force on Eric at the same
time as an accomplice, and the amount of force used by defendant alone could have

                                             33.
caused the injury or was sufficient in combination with the force of others to cause the
injury.
          During deliberations, the jury submitted a note asking whether CALCRIM
No. 1402’s language that an act needed to be a substantial factor in causing the injury
(but not being the only cause) applied only to the section 12022.53 enhancement or to
any enhancement or charge involving great bodily injury. After consultation with
counsel, the trial court responded to the jury in writing: “The definition of ‘G.B.I[.]’ or
‘Great Bodily Injury’ is the same. [¶] Please also refer to Instruction[s] 3160 and 604.
604 has the definition of G.B.I. [¶] ‘The definition of GBI’ is the same for any crime or
enhancement where ‘GBI’ is referenced.” (Some capitalization omitted.)
          The following day, the jury submitted the following note: “We feel our question
previously was misunderstood. Our question pertains to the following paragraph. [¶]
‘There may be more than one cause of great bodily injury. An act causes injury only if it
is a substantial factor in causing the injury. A substantial factor is more than a trivial or
remote factor. However, it does not need to be the only factor that causes the injury.’ [¶]
We want to know if the above paragraph applies to all instances of GBI. We ask because
the above paragraph does not appear in instruction 3160. The above paragraph only
appears in instruction 1402 … and we are unsure if that paragraph applies only to that
enhancement or not.” After consultation with counsel, the trial court responded in
writing: “Yes, that paragraph applies to all instances of GBI allegations.” (Some
capitalization omitted.)
          The jury found true section 12022.7 enhancements as to counts 3 and 5.

          B.     Standard of Review and Applicable Law
          A court also has “a general obligation to ‘clear up any instructional confusion
expressed by the jury.’ ” (People v. Dykes (2009) 46 Cal.4th 731, 802.) This obligation
arises under section 1138, which provides that if deliberating jurors “desire to be

                                               34.
informed on any point of law arising in the case, … the information required must be
given” to them in court. (§ 1138.) Thus, “ ‘[w]hen a jury asks a question after retiring
for deliberation, “[Penal Code] [s]ection 1138 imposes upon the court a duty to provide
the jury with information the jury desires on points of law.” ’ ” (People v. Lua (2017)
10 Cal.App.5th 1004, 1016, first bracketed insertion added.)
       In general, errors under section 1138 are reviewed for an abuse of discretion.
(People v. Lua, supra, 10 Cal.App.5th at p. 1016.) The abuse-of-discretion standard only
applies to “the decision to provide [or not provide] further instructions in response to an
inquiry.” (People v. Franklin (2018) 21 Cal.App.5th 881, 887, fn. 4.) “If a supplemental
instruction is given, … its correctness presents a question of law that we review de
novo.” (Ibid.)
       Section 12022.7, subdivision (a), applies to any person who (1) personally inflicts,
(2) great bodily injury, (3) on any person other than an accomplice, (4) in the commission
of a felony or attempted felony. (§ 12022.7, subd. (a).) For a true finding under
section 12022.53, subdivision (d), the jury must find that, during the commission of an
offense specified in section 12022.53, subdivision (a), a defendant (1) personally and
intentionally discharged a firearm and (2) proximately caused (3) great bodily injury as
defined in section 12022.7, or death (4) to any person other than an accomplice.
(§ 12022.53, subd. (d).) One of the critical differences between the two enhancements is
that while section 12022.53, subdivision (d) applies to those who proximately caused
great bodily injury, section 12022.7, subdivision (a) applies only to those who personally
inflicted great bodily injury. The term “personally inflicted” has a distinct legal meaning,
which is different from proximate cause. (People v. Cole (1982) 31 Cal.3d 568, 572.)
“Proximately causing and personally inflicting harm are two different things.” (People v.
Bland (2002) 28 Cal.4th 313, 336.) A defendant “personally” inflicts great bodily injury
if he directly causes the injury—that is, if the defendant “himself” actually “inflicts the
injury[ ]” by “directly perform[ing] the act that causes the physical injury to the victim.”

                                             35.
(Cole, at pp. 572, 579; see People v. Modiri (2006) 39 Cal.4th 481, 495 (Modiri)
[requiring a “direct physical link between [the defendant’s] own act and the victim’s
injury”].)
       Because proximate cause is conduct that is a substantial factor contributing to the
injury, and such conduct can set in motion the chain of events that naturally ripened into
the injury (see People v. Bland, supra, 28 Cal.4th at pp. 334–336), it is possible for one
who personally and intentionally discharges a firearm to proximately cause great bodily
injury without personally inflicting great bodily injury. One example of this would be
where a person personally and intentionally discharges a firearm, but the bullet hits a gas
can that creates an explosion, and someone is injured while fleeing. (See People v.
Palmer (2005) 133 Cal.App.4th 1141, 1151–1153 [section 12022.53, subdivision (d)
extends to situation where bullet itself does not hit victim, but discharge of firearm is
nonetheless the proximate cause of the injury]; see also People v. Rodriguez (1999)
69 Cal.App.4th 341, 346, 351 [victim injured after hitting his head while trying to tackle
the defendant; the defendant did not personally inflict injury]; People v. Jackson (2000)
77 Cal.App.4th 574, 576, 579–580 [victim injured tripping over curb while walking away
from the defendant; the defendant did not personally inflict injury].)

       C.     Analysis
       Defendant argues that the trial court’s responses to the jury’s questions were
prejudicial error by permitting the jury to find section 12022.7 enhancements true based
upon a finding of proximate cause while section 12022.7 requires that defendant’s bullets
personally caused the injury. Defendant further argues that the evidence is insufficient to
prove that defendant personally caused Eric’s great bodily injury. The People concede
that the trial court’s instructions were error and that the error was not harmless. Both
parties agree that the proper remedy is to strike the section 12022.7 enhancement,
although the People do not address defendant’s argument regarding of the sufficiency of

                                             36.
the evidence for the enhancement. We accept the concession that the trial court’s
instruction was legally erroneous and that we should reverse the finding. However, we
do not agree that the evidence was insufficient to support the enhancement should a jury
be correctly instructed and will remand with instructions that the prosecutor determine
whether to retry the enhancement.
       As the prosecutor argued in closing argument, the jury could find defendant
personally inflicted great bodily injury even if it could not determine exactly who created
a certain injury if it determined that two or more of the defendants personally used
physical force on Eric at the same time and the amount of force used by defendant alone
could have caused the injury or was sufficient in combination with the force of others to
cause the injury.
       A defendant “need not be the sole or definite cause of a specific injury” to support
a finding that he or she personally inflicted great bodily injury on a victim. (Modiri,
supra, 39 Cal.4th at p. 486.) In cases where more than one person perpetrates an attack,
“the evidence is often conflicting or unclear as to which assailant caused particular
injuries in whole or part. Thus, … those who participate directly and substantially in a
group beating should not be immune from a personal-infliction finding for the sole reason
that the resulting confusion prevents a showing or determination of this kind.” (Id. at
pp. 496–497.)
       “[P]articipation in a group attack may satisfy sections 1192.7[, subdivision ](c)(8)
and 12022.7[, subdivision ](a) where the defendant personally uses force against the
victim, and the precise injurious effect is unclear.” (Modiri, supra, 39 Cal.4th at pp. 495–
496.) In the context of a group beating, a personal infliction finding can be made “if [the]
defendant personally applied force to the victim, and such force was sufficient to produce
grievous bodily harm either alone or in concert with others.” (Id. at p. 497.)
Accordingly, where there has been a group assault and it is not possible to determine
precisely which person caused which injury, personal infliction of great bodily injury

                                            37.
may be found “if the defendant personally ‘appli[ed] unlawful physical force’ to the
victim,” and the physical force used by the defendant was “sufficient to produce great
bodily injury either (1) by itself, or (2) in combination with other assailants.” (Id. at
p. 494.)
       According to the evidence presented at trial, one bullet passed through Eric’s body
and was not recovered, and the doctors left the second bullet in Eric’s leg to heal. The
11 casings recovered after a thorough search indicated that nine-millimeter and
.45-caliber firearms were fired, and the .380-caliber revolver used by another suspect
would not eject casings. Eric testified that all the suspects fired at him, and the video
shows that at least three defendants, including defendant, turned and pointed firearms
after initially running from Eric. Eric testified that Ramos used a nine-millimeter firearm
and defendant was armed with a .22-caliber firearm during the robbery. However, Eric
testified, and video surveillance confirms, that defendant took Eric’s firearm, which Eric
testified was a nine-millimeter Glock loaded with hollow-point bullets. Eric also
testified, and video surveillance confirms, that defendant took the nine-millimeter Glock
when he ran from the business. The video surveillance also shows that the suspects left
the business without holding any firearms, yet the district video surveillance shows them
pointing the firearms during the escape. Defendant and the other suspects would have
had to remove their firearms from concealment to fire at Eric and, at that time, defendant
could have decided to use Eric’s firearm.
       Furthermore, law enforcement recovered 11 casings, consistent with Eric’s
testimony that each suspect fired two to three times, and also recovered a nine-millimeter
hollow-point bullet near the steel gate in the area from which the robbers fired. A
reasonable jury could infer that defendant fired the gun that he pointed in the video and
that the firearm was Eric’s nine-millimeter Glock, as evidenced by the recovery of a nine-
millimeter hollow-point bullet.

                                             38.
       In In re Sergio R. (1991) 228 Cal.App.3d 588, the court held that “where, as here,
more than one assailant discharges a firearm into a group of people and ‘it is not possible
to determine which assailant inflicted which injuries, the defendant may be punished with
a great bodily injury enhancement if his conduct was of a nature that it could have caused
the great bodily injury suffered.’ ” (Id. at pp. 601–602.) Our Supreme Court cited and
implicitly affirmed In re Sergio R. in Modiri, supra, 39 Cal.4th 481 when it applied
section 12022.7, subdivision (a) in the context of a group assault. (Modiri, at p. 496.) A
defendant “need not be the sole or definite cause of a specific injury” to support a finding
that he or she personally inflicted great bodily injury on a victim. (Id. p. 486.) In cases
where more than one person perpetrates an attack, “the evidence is often conflicting or
unclear as to which assailant caused particular injuries in whole or part. Thus, … those
who participate directly and substantially in a group beating should not be immune from
a personal-infliction finding for the sole reason that the resulting confusion prevents a
showing or determination of this kind.” (Id. at pp. 496–497.)
       “[P]articipation in a group attack may satisfy section[ ] … 12022.7[,
subdivision](a) where the defendant personally uses force against the victim, and the
precise injurious effect is unclear.” (Modiri, supra, 39 Cal.4th at pp. 495–496.) In the
context of a group beating, a personal infliction finding can be made “if [the] defendant
personally applied force to the victim, and such force was sufficient to produce grievous
bodily harm either alone or in concert with others.” (Id. at p. 497.) Accordingly, where
there has been a group assault and it is not possible to determine precisely which person
caused which injury, personal infliction of great bodily injury may be found “if the
defendant personally ‘appli[ed] unlawful physical force’ to the victim,” and the physical
force used by the defendant was “sufficient to produce great bodily injury either (1) by
itself, or (2) in combination with other assailants.” (Id. at p. 494.)
       In this case, while the robbers used different caliber bullets to injure Eric, the
bullets that hit Eric were not recovered, and a jury could conclude that while it is not

                                              39.
possible to determine if defendant’s bullets hit Eric, the evidence was sufficient to
support a finding that defendant personally applied force by firing at Eric, other robbers
also fired at Eric, and the act of shooting Eric was of a nature that could have caused
great bodily injury by itself. (Modiri, supra, 39 Cal.4th at pp. 485–486.)
       Accordingly, we conclude the evidence would be sufficient to support a properly
instructed jury’s findings as to a section 12022.7 enhancement.
                                      DISPOSITION
       The true findings on the section 186.22, subdivision (b)(1) gang enhancements, the
section 12022.7 great bodily injury enhancement, and the section 12022.53,
subdivision (e) gang-related firearm enhancements are reversed as to all counts. The case
is remanded to the trial court with directions to (1) give the People an opportunity to
retry the enhancements under section 186.22, as amended by Assembly Bill 333 (Stats.
2021, ch. 699, § 4), and sections 12022.7 and 12022.53, subdivision (e), and
(2) resentence defendant in a manner consistent with this opinion. Thereafter, the trial
court is directed to file an amended and corrected abstract of judgment and transmit
copies thereof to the appropriate authorities. In all other respects, the judgment is
affirmed.

                                                                                  HILL, P. J.
WE CONCUR:

LEVY, J.

MEEHAN, J.

                                             40.
APPENDIX

   41.