Court Opinion

ID: 4630612
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-21 03:07:51.903703+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:57:34.927836
License: Public Domain

ELLSWORTH B. BUCK, PETITIONER, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RESPONDENT.Buck v. CommissionerDocket No. 93330.United States Board of Tax Appeals41 B.T.A. 99; 1940 BTA LEXIS 1234; January 18, 1940, Promulgated *1234  1.  TRUST INCOME - TAXABILITY OF GRANTOR. - Income of a trust not taxable to the grantor under sections 22(a), 166, or 167 where he was not to receive the income, could not revoke the trust, and could not amend so as to receive income or principal but could amend to change beneficiaries and beneficiaries could revoke trust.  2.  INCOME - INSURANCE INSTALLMENT. - Annual installment on a life insurance contract held exempt from tax under section 22(b)(1), Revenue Act of 1934.  M. Francis Bravman, Esq., for the petitioner.  Harold F. Noneman, Esq., for the respondent.  MURDOCK *99  The Commissioner determined deficiencies in the income tax of the petitioner for the calendar years 1933 and 1934 in the amounts of $6,390.51 and $21,309.49.  The issues for decision are, first, whether the Commissioner erred in including in the income of the petitioner for each year the income of a trust created by the petitioner, which income was paid to his wife, and, second, whether for the year 1934 the Commissioner erred in including in the petitioner's income an annual installment received by the petitioner in that year as a beneficiary under a contract of*1235  insurance.  *100  FINDINGS OF FACT.  The petitioner was married in 1919.  His wife is Constance Tyler Buck.  They have two children, one of whom was 19 and the other 13 years of age in 1939.  The petitioner created a trust on January 15, 1932, and conveyed to the trustee, a bank, 10,000 shares of William Wrigley, Jr., Co. stock.  The trustee was to hold, invest, and reinvest the trust estate during the lifetime of Constance Tyler Buck and to pay over to her all the net annual income for her life.  The deed provided in detail how the trust estate, at her death, was to be divided for children and held until those children or their descendants should reach specified ages.  Meanwhile, they were to receive the income of the trust.  The share held for any beneficiary was to return to the grantor in case the beneficiary died before the grantor, or was to go to certain other beneficiaries if the grantor had predeceased the beneficiary.  The grantor reserved to himself, and to his wife after his death, the right to direct the trustee in writing how it should exercise its power to retain or dispose of any of the trust estate, to invest or reinvest any money in its hands, and to become*1236  a party to any reorganization involving the trust property.  He also reserved to himself the right to vote any stock held by the trustee or to direct the trustee how to vote the stock.  Each beneficiary had a right to terminate the trust as to the principal from which he was receiving income, and in case of a termination of that kind, that principal was to be paid to the grantor.  The trust also contained the following provision: Anything herein to the contrary notwithstanding, the Grantor shall have the right, at any time and from time to time during his life by instrument in writing delivered to the Trustee and acknowledged like a conveyance of real property entitled to record in New York, to alter or amend in any respect whatsoever the provisions of this indenture relating to the disposition of the income and principal of the trust estate or of the separate shares into which the same may be divided, and to change any beneficial interest hereunder, PROVIDED, HOWEVER, that the Grantor shall have no power to revoke this trust in whole or in part, or to revest in himself title to any part of the principal of the trust estate, and PROVIDED FURTHER that he shall have no power to amend*1237  this indenture so as to direct that any part of the income of the trust be distributed to him or be held or accumulated for future distribution to him, or so as to direct that any part of the income of trust be applied by the Trustee to the payment of premiums upon policies of insurance on his life.  The trustee accepted the trust, received dividends on the trust property, and, after deducting its commission of 5 percent, paid the net income of the trust to Constance Tyler Buck.  The trust income which she received amounted to $29,400 in 1933 and to $34,300 in 1934.  The petitioner never received any of the income of the trust, directed how his wife should use any of the income of the trust, or exercised any control whatsoever over her use of that income.  *101  A checking account in the National City Bank was opened by Constance Tyler Buck in her own name on February 4, 1932.  She directed the bank at that time to honor checks drawn on her account by the petitioner acting as her attorney.  She executed a power of attorney, at the request of the bank, on a printed form furnished by the bank, in order to satisfy the requirements of the bank incident to honoring checks drawn*1238  by an attorney.  The account was her separate account and was not a joint account of herself and her husband.  The amount which she received in each year from the trust was deposited in her individual account in the National City Bank.  The petitioner, at the request of his wife and for her convenience, signed as her attorney most of the checks drawn against the account during the taxable years.  He never drew any checks as her attorney without her authority and he never used any of the funds in her account for his own benefit.  Constance Tyler Buck received and verified monthly statements from the bank.  Some of the checks drawn by the petitioner as attorney for his wife were in payment of bills which she had received and turned over to him.  Others were in payment of her bills sent directly to him in accordance with an understanding and practice which they have had extending over a long period of years.  The petitioner kept records for his wife which she examined and verified once a year.  The home in which the petitioner and his family live has been owned since 1920 by Constance Tyler Buck.  She was also the owner during the taxable years of other property worth in excess of a*1239  half a million dollars.  Her income, other than income from the trust, has ranged during the five years 1930 to 1934, inclusive, from a high of $25,198.29 in 1930 to a low of $13,241.53 in 1933.  The petitioner's income has ranged from about $75,000 to about $140,000, exclusive of losses on investments.  His losses sometimes were in excess of his income.  The living expenses of his family during the taxable years were about $40,000 or $50,000.  The petitioner and his wife at all times since their marriage have shared the family expenses.  Each has saved any personal income over and above the amount used to pay personal and family expenses.  A part of the income from the trust was used by Constance Tyler Buck to pay wages of a servant, insurance and taxes on her house and furnishings, and other expenses in connection with the home in which the petitioner and his family lived.  She had two other bank accounts in addition to the one already mentioned, and her choice of an account upon which to draw a check to cover any particular expenditure depended largely upon which one would be more convenient.  The stock of the William Wrigley, Jr., Co. has been controlled for many years by the*1240  family of the petitioner and four other families.  The petitioner retained the power of disposition over the stock and *102  the right to vote that stock, rather than permit those powers to fall into the hands of the bank acting as trustee, upon advice of an officer of the company.  The Commissioner, in determining the deficiencies, included in the petitioner's income, representing dividends from the trust, $30,131.57 for 1933 and $35,131.57 for 1934.  He allowed deductions for the trustee's commissions.  He made a lengthy explanation in the notice to the effect that the income of the trust was taxable to the petitioner under sections 166 and 167 of the Revenue Acts of 1932 and 1934.  The stipulation of facts is incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference.  OPINION.  MURDOCK: Although the Commissioner in his notice of deficiency referred to both section 166 and section 167 to justify his inclusion of the trust income in the income of the petitioner, he now, apparently, seeks no support for his action in section 167, except as to a small amount mentioned in his alternative contention.  Section 167 provides that where any part of the income of a trust is, or in*1241  the discretion of described persons may be, distributed or held for future distribution to the grantor or applied to the payment of premiums upon policies of insurance on the life of the grantor, then that part of the income of the trust shall be included in computing the net income of the grantor.  All of the income of the trust was payable in this case to the wife of the grantor or to beneficiaries other than the petitioner.  He expressly provided that he should have no power to amend the trust so as to direct that any part of the income of the trust should be distributed to him, held for future distribution to him, or applied to the payment of premiums upon policies of insurance on his life.  The terms of the trust denying these powers to the petitioner are equally as broad as the provisions of section 167 and may have been drawn for the very purpose of preventing the income of this trust from being taxable to the petitioner under section 167.  We find no justification for taxing the income of the trust to the petitioner under section 167.  The respondent now attempts to justify his determination solely on the following grounds: First, that all of the income of the trust is taxable*1242  to the grantor as the income of a revocable trust within the meaning of section 166; second, the trust is without substance and, therefore, the income is taxable to the petitioner as his own income under section 22(a); third, as an alternative, a portion of the trust income paid into an insurance trust was used to pay premiums on policies of insurance on the petitioner's life and is taxable to him under section 167(a)(3).  His first argument is based upon that provision of the trust instrument, quoted in the findings of fact, *103  wherein the grantor reserved to himself the right to alter or amend the trust provisions relating to the disposition of the income and principal of the trust and to change any beneficial interest under the trust, and upon the other provision whereby any beneficiary was entitled to terminate the trust as to that part of the principal from which he was receiving income, whereupon that principal would go to the grantor.  The respondent argues: He may thus designate, for the purpose of terminating the trust, a compliant person as the recipient of the income of the entire trust, who will then terminate the trust, whereupon the petitioner will receive*1243  that which he theretofore had transferred to the trustee.  This the respondent submits gives the petitioner the right to revest title to the entire corpus in himself.  He cites a number of cases in support of this argument, but claims that the one most nearly in point is that of Ralph Pulitzer,36 B.T.A. 964">36 B.T.A. 964, a division decision now on review in the Second Circuit.  Pulitzer created a trust and named his wife as life beneficiary, with remainders to their children.  He expressly provided, however, that he could designate some third party who would have the power to revoke the trust in whole or in part, and upon such termination the trustee was to pay the funds, in so far as the trust was terminated, to the one designated.  The Board, observing that the power to revest need not be expressly reserved in the instrument, held that the grantor actually had a power to revest because he could contract with a third person to have that third person receive the power of revocation, revoke the trust, receive the property, and transfer it to the grantor.  The deed in the present case does not contain provisions corresponding closely to those contained in the Pulitzer deed, although*1244  a beneficiary is permitted to revoke as to the corpus from which he receives income.  The Pulitzer deed did not contain provisions similar to the following contained in the present deed: Provided, however, that the grantor shall have no power to revoke this trust in whole or in part, or to revest in himself title to any part of the principal of the trust estate, and provided further that he shall have no power to amend this indenture so as to direct that any part of the income of the trust be distributed to him or held or accumulated for future distribution to him, or so as to direct that any part of the income of the trust be applied by the trustee to the payment of premiums upon the policies of insurance on his life.  The Pulitzer case may be distinguishable or, at least, may not be an authority for another reason.  If it be assumed that the petitioner might contract with a "compliant person" so that when he exercised his power to amend and named that person as beneficiary, that person in turn would agree to terminate the trust, nevertheless, he did not enter into any such contract during the taxable years, and, until he found a suitable compliant person to act as his puppet*1245  and bound that *104  contingent, and did not exist.  Corning v. Commissioner, 104 Fed.(2d) 329. Consequently, section 166 would not apply even under the interpretation of the trust deed urged by the Commissioner.  There is a canon of construction that a deed of trust must be interpreted in accordance with the intent of the grantor gathered from the entire trust instrument.  The interpretation placed upon this trust instrument by the respondent would give to the grantor indirectly and in conjunction with a puppet, powers which he expressly denied himself in the trust instrument.  That interpretation, which would permit him to dry up the trust to his own advantage and to the disadvantage of the beneficiaries, seems strained and unreasonable.  Cf. Knapp v. Hoey,24 Fed.Supp. 39; affd., 104 Fed.(2d) 99. If he did not bind the puppet by agreement, the person would have an adverse interest.  The record does not suggest that this trust, which indicates great care on the part of the petitioner to provide for his wife and their descendants, was set up as a subterfuge.  We are unwilling to hold that this petitioner had the intention, *1246  which the respondent would attribute to him, of reserving to himself the powers necessary to bring this case within section 166.  The courts and the Board have held in other cases somewhat similar to this one that the income of trusts was not taxable to the grantor.  See Knapp v. Hoey, supra;Phebe Warren McKean Downs,36 B.T.A. 1129">36 B.T.A. 1129; Henry A. B. Dunning,36 B.T.A. 1222">36 B.T.A. 1222; appeal dismissed June 10, 1938; Ralph L. Gray,38 B.T.A. 584">38 B.T.A. 584. The grantor in the Knapp case had denied himself the right to amend so that the "income be paid to or for the use of the party of the first part [himself]." That case seems indistinguishable from the present case.  Judge Patterson, now a member of the Circuit Court of Appeals, in deciding the Knapp case in the District Court, said: On the face of the deed the grantor retained effective control over the disposition of the income of the trust, with only one limit: he could not make any change whereby the trust income would become payable to himself.  He was the one person in the whole wide world who could not become a beneficiary.  Clearly there was no intention that any*1247  part of the income might, "in the discretion of the grantor of the trust, * * * be distributed to the grantor or be held or accumulated for future distribution to him".  So the income was not made taxable as his income by reason of section 167.  It is equally clear that the trust was not revocable in terms; no power was reserved by the grantor to revest in himself title to any part of the corpus.  So the case is not one of a revocable trust under section 166.  These conclusions are in accord with decisions of the Board of Tax Appeals in Downs v. Commissioner,36 B.T.A. 1129">36 B.T.A. 1129; Dunning v. Commissioner,36 B.T.A. 1222">36 B.T.A. 1222, and Blodgett v. Commissioner, 37 B.T.A. , decided March 11, 1938.  The defendant makes a labored argument to the effect that the plaintiff, with power to cancel the interest of any beneficiary in income and in corpus, may cancel all such interests and leave a total void in beneficiaries, thereby making the trust revocable at his pleasure by force of section 23 of the New *105  York Personal Property Law, Consol. Laws, c. 41.  * * * The defendant's argument comes down to saying that the grantor may do indirectly what*1248  he might not do directly.  Section 166 deals with revocable trusts and provides that where the power to revest in the grantor title to any part of the corpus of the trust is vested in the grantor, either alone or in conjunction with any person not having a substantial adverse interest in the disposition of that part of the corpus or the income therefrom, or in any person not having a substantial adverse interest in the disposition of that part of the corpus or the income therefrom, then the income from that part of the trust for the taxable year shall be included in computing the net income of the grantor.  The grantor in the present case did not have power to revest in himself title to any part of the corpus of the trust nor was such a power vested in the grantor or in any other person, nor was it vested in any person not having a substantial adverse interest in the disposition of the corpus of the income therefrom.  Though there was a power to revoke in the beneficiaries, their interests were adverse.  Consequently, section 166 does not apply in this case.  The next argument of the respondent requires little discussion. *1249  He says this trust lacks substance.  The petitioner did not retain the beneficial ownership of the trust property.  All of the income was paid to and used by his wife as she saw fit.  The fact that he signed most of the checks on one of her three bank accounts as a convenience to her and to pay her bills, seems unimportant here.  Cf. Poe v. Seaborn,282 U.S. 101">282 U.S. 101. He reserved the power to vote the Wrigley stock and also power over the disposition of that stock, but in doing so he did not deprive the trust of substance so that it should be disregarded for income tax purposes.  Cf. Henry A. B. Dunning, supra.It is a separate entity for tax purposes.  The facts here do not present a situation similar to that found in Benjamin F. Wollman,31 B.T.A. 37">31 B.T.A. 37; William C. Rands,34 B.T.A. 1107">34 B.T.A. 1107; Estate of A. C. O'Laughlin,38 B.T.A. 1120">38 B.T.A. 1120; Stoddard v. Eaton, 22 Fed.(2d) 184, or in any of the other cases cited by the respondent.  Likewise, the alternative contention of the respondent is without merit.  Any of the trust income which was used to pay premiums on insurance policies upon the life*1250  of the petitioner was used for that purpose, not in accordance with or as directed by the provisions of the trust deed, but because the petitioner's wife in the exercise of her rights of ownership, after receiving the money from the trustee, chose to use it for that purpose by paying it into a trust which she had created.  Frederick K. Barbour,39 B.T.A. 910">39 B.T.A. 910; George Washington, Sr.,36 B.T.A. 74">36 B.T.A. 74, 81. Funds used for this purpose under these circumstances are not taxable to the grantor under section 167(a)(3).  these circumstances are not taxable to the grantor under section 167(a)(3).  *106  The facts involved in the second issue have all been stipulated.  The respondent concedes that those facts bring this case squarely within our decision in Sidney W. Winslow, Jr.,39 B.T.A. 373">39 B.T.A. 373. We hold, following that decision, that the annual installment, exclusive of interest, received by the petitioner in 1934 as principal under a life insurance contract, is exempt from income tax under section 22(b)(1) of the Revenue Act of 1934. Reviewed by the Board.  Decision will be entered under Rule 50.STERNHAGEN STERNHAGEN, *1251  dissenting: In my opinion, the power reserved by the settlor in the indenture is approximately equivalent to ownership and control of the corpus and income, and therefore he is properly taxable under sections 166 and 167.  By indenture, the settlor has the right "to alter or amend in any respect whatsoever the provisions of this indenture relating to the disposition of the income and principal of the trust estate or of the separate shares into which the same may be divided, and to change any beneficial interest hereunder." This is restricted by the proviso "that the Grantor shall have no power to revoke this trust in whole or in part, or to revest in himself title to any part of the principal of the trust estate" and "that he shall have no power to amend this indenture so as to direct that any part of the income of the trust be distributed to him or be held or accumulated for future distribution to him, or so as to direct that any part of the income of the trust be applied by the Trustee to the payment of premiums upon policies of insurance on his life." By a separate provision, any beneficiary may terminate the trust to the extent of his interest, in which event the trustee is required*1252  to transfer such portion of the principal to the settlor.  Thus the settlor is at all times in a dominant position with regard to both the principal and the income, for no one, whether he be a present beneficiary or not, has a superior control except by the settlor's voluntary action or inaction.  He may, if he chooses, change any or all of the beneficiaries and substitute whomsoever he will to receive income upon any conditions he chooses to name.  A beneficiary who holds by such sufferance can not, it seems to me, be regarded as one having a substantial interest adverse to that of the settlor.  Rollins v. Helvering, 92 Fed.(2d) 390, 394, 395. I see no obstacle to prevent the settlor from ousting any or all of the beneficiaries or requiring a beneficiary to terminate the trust as to the portion of the principal from which he has been designated to receive the income and thereby bringing about an express trust for the grantor pro tanto or a resulting trust for failure of a beneficiary.  *107  For the purpose of the revenue act, it is no answer to surmise that the settlor had no such intention when he executed the indenture.  Indeed, the power of attorney*1253  over his wife's bank account and its use gives some support to an inference of his intention to control the use of the income, for in 1933 he drew 300 of the 302 checks on the account and in 1934, 332 of the 338.  In every substantial sense it seems to me that the settlor retained the power to revest the corpus in himself and to control the disposition of the income so that it might, at his election, come to him.  This is clearly within the intendment of sections 166 and 167, and I think may properly be regarded as within the language.  It is also a corollary of the proposition that the reserved power to change the beneficiaries precludes the transfer from being regarded as so complete as to be subject to the gift tax, Estate of Sanford v. Commissioner,308 U.S. 39">308 U.S. 39, or as to prevent the imposition of estate tax upon the trust principal at his death, Porter v. Commissioner,288 U.S. 436">288 U.S. 436. The Sanford case expressly left the present question undecided, and I think the imposition of the income tax upon the settlor is necessary if the several sections of the revenue act are to be harmoniously applied.  MELLOTT, HILL, DISNEY, and OPPER agree*1254  with this dissent.