Court Opinion

ID: 9409537
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-07-18 16:09:25.698464+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:51.310961
License: Public Domain

J-A12010-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT OP 65.37

    IN THE INTEREST OF: J.C.W.H., A            :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
    MNOR                                       :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                                               :
    APPEAL OF: C.J., MOTHER                    :
                                               :
                                               :
                                               :
                                               :   No. 3018 EDA 2022

              Appeal from the Decree Entered November 7, 2022
    In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Juvenile Division at
                       No(s): CP-51-AP-0000343-2020

BEFORE: OLSON, J., NICHOLS, J., and McLAUGHLIN, J.

MEMORANDUM BY OLSON, J.:                                   FILED JULY 18, 2023

       Appellant, C.J. (“Mother”), appeals from the decree entered on

November 7, 2022, involuntarily terminating Mother’s parental rights to her

son, J.C.W.H. (“Child”), pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 2511(a)(2) and 2511(b).1

We affirm.

       We briefly set forth the facts and procedural history of this case as

follows. Child was born in August, 2017. On the same day, the Department

of Human Services received a report that Mother, a diagnosed schizophrenic,

was not receiving mental health treatment or taking prescribed medication.

On October 2, 2017, the trial court adjudicated Child dependent. DHS placed

Child with his maternal aunt (“Maternal Aunt”), where he currently resides.

Mother was given reunification goals including, inter alia, receiving mental
____________________________________________

1  The trial court also involuntarily terminated the parental rights of the Child’s
biological father. He has not appealed.
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health services, attending weekly, supervised visits with Child, and completing

various parenting, housing, and employment programs. The trial court held

multiple permanency review and status hearings between 2017 and 2019.

Mother made progress with her mental health treatment, secured stable

housing, completed parenting classes, and established regular visitation with

Child.     In December 2019, however, Mother was diagnosed with Stage 4

cervical cancer and, as a result, began receiving hospice care and grief

counseling. On October 6, 2020, DHS filed a petition to involuntarily terminate

Mother’s parental rights to Child and to change Child’s permanency goal from

reunification to adoption. On August 4, 2022, DHS filed an amended petition

to involuntarily terminate Mother’s parental rights.        The trial court held

hearings on October 17, 2022 and November 7, 2022. On November 7, 2022,

the trial court involuntarily terminated Mother’s parental rights to Child

pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 2511(a)(2) and (b). This timely appeal resulted.2

         On appeal, Mother presents the following issues for our review:

         1. Whether the trial court erred in terminating [Mother’s] parental
            rights under 23 Pa.C.S.A. [§] 2511(a)(2), the evidence having
            been insufficient to establish [Mother’s] continued incapacity
            caused Child to be without essential parental care, that [could
            not] be remedied[?]

____________________________________________

2   On December 3, 2022, Mother filed a timely notice of appeal with a
corresponding concise statement of errors complained of on appeal as
required pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2)(i). On January 12, 2023, the trial
court filed a statement pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) noting that “the
November 7, 2022 transcript reflects the trial court’s reasoning and final
determinations in-detail[.]” Trial Court 1925 Statement, 1/12/2023, at *1.

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      2. Whether the trial court erred in terminating [Mother’s] parental
         rights under 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(b), the evidence having been
         insufficient to establish termination of parental rights would
         best serve the needs and welfare of Child[?]

Mother’s Brief at 5 (unnecessary capitalization omitted).

      In her first issue presented, Mother contends that “[u]nder 23 Pa.C.S.A.

[§] 2511(a)(2), the evidence was insufficient to establish [her] continued

incapacity caused Child to be without essential parental care” or that such

incapacity could not be remedied. Id. at 11. Mother concedes that she is

“impaired due [to] having to cope with” cervical cancer, but maintains that

“prior to [] being sick[,]” she completed many of her reunification goals,

including completion of a parenting program, engagement in appropriate visits

with Child, and attainment of stable housing. Id. at 12. Mother asserts that

there was no evidence presented regarding her prognosis. Id. at 13. Mother

maintains that the Juvenile Act was not intended to provide a procedure of

“taking [children] from the weak and sickly and giving [them] to the healthy.”

Id. (case citation omitted).

      We review involuntary termination orders for an abuse of discretion,

which requires an error of law or a showing of manifest unreasonableness,

partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will. See In re Adoption of L.A.K., 265 A.3d

580, 591 (Pa. 2021) (citation omitted). In applying this standard, appellate

courts must accept the trial court’s findings of fact and credibility

determinations if they are supported by the record. Interest of S.K.L.R.,

256 A.3d 1108, 1123 (Pa. 2021); see also In re Adoption of C.M., 255 A.3d

343, 358 (Pa. 2021). “The trial court, not the appellate court, is charged with

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the responsibilities of evaluating credibility of the witnesses and resolving any

conflicts in the testimony.” In re Adoption of R.J.S., 901 A.2d 502, 506 (Pa.

Super. 2006) (citations omitted). “In carrying out these responsibilities, the

trial court is free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence.” Id. (citation

omitted).

      Pennsylvania’s Adoption Act governs involuntary termination of parental

rights proceedings.    See 23 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 2101-2938.          Section 2511(a)

provides grounds for involuntary termination of parental rights. If the trial

court finds clear and convincing evidence supporting the existence of one of

the grounds for termination set forth in subsection (a), the court must then

consider whether termination would best serve the child under subsection (b).

See In re Adoption of R.J.S., 901 A.2d at 509.

      Moreover, this Court has stated:

      The [trial] court must examine the individual circumstances of
      each case and consider all explanations offered by the parent
      facing termination of his or her parental rights, to determine if the
      evidence, in light of the totality of the circumstances, clearly
      warrants the involuntary termination.

      The [Pennsylvania] Supreme Court has defined parental duty as
      follows:

         There is no simple or easy definition of parental duties.
         Parental duty is best understood in relation to the needs of
         a child. A child needs love, protection, guidance, and
         support. These needs, physical and emotional, cannot be
         met by a merely passive interest in the development of the
         child. Thus, [our Supreme C]ourt has held that the parental
         obligation is a positive duty which requires affirmative
         performance.

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        This affirmative duty encompasses more than a financial
        obligation; it requires continuing interest in the child and a
        genuine effort to maintain communication and association
        with the child.

        Because a child needs more than a benefactor, parental duty
        requires that a parent exert [her]self to take and maintain
        a place of importance in the child's life.

     Parental duty requires that the parent act affirmatively with good
     faith, interest, and effort, and not yield to every problem, in order
     to maintain the parent-child relationship to the best of his or her
     ability, even in difficult circumstances. A parent must utilize all
     available resources to preserve the parental relationship, and
     must exercise reasonable firmness in resisting obstacles placed in
     the path of maintaining the parent-child relationship. Parental
     rights are not preserved by waiting for a more suitable or
     convenient time to perform one's parental responsibilities while
     others provide the child with his or her physical and emotional
     needs.

In re B.,N.M., 856 A.2d 847, 855 (Pa. Super. 2004) (internal citations and

quotations omitted).

     Here, the trial court terminated Mother’s parental rights pursuant to 23

Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(2), which provides, in pertinent part:

     (a) General rule.--The rights of a parent in regard to a child may
     be terminated after a petition filed on any of the following
     grounds:

                          *           *            *

        (2) The repeated and continued incapacity, abuse, neglect
        or refusal of the parent has caused the child to be without
        essential parental care, control or subsistence necessary for
        his physical or mental well-being and the conditions and
        causes of the incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal cannot or
        will not be remedied by the parent.

23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(2).

     We have previously determined:

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     Parental rights may be terminated under Section 2511(a)(2) if
     three conditions are met: (1) repeated and continued incapacity,
     abuse, neglect or refusal must be shown; (2) such incapacity,
     abuse, neglect or refusal must be shown to have caused the child
     to be without essential parental care, control or subsistence; and
     (3) it must be shown that the causes of the incapacity, abuse,
     neglect or refusal cannot or will not be remedied.

     Unlike subsection (a)(1), subsection (a)(2) does not emphasize a
     parent's refusal or failure to perform parental duties, but instead
     emphasizes the child's present and future need for essential
     parental care, control or subsistence necessary for his physical or
     mental well-being. Therefore, the language in subsection (a)(2)
     should not be read to compel courts to ignore a child's need for a
     stable home and strong, continuous parental ties, which the policy
     of restraint in state intervention is intended to protect. This is
     particularly so where disruption of the family has already occurred
     and there is no reasonable prospect for reuniting it. Further,
     grounds for termination under subsection (a)(2) are not
     limited to affirmative misconduct; those grounds may
     include acts of incapacity to perform parental duties.

In re E.A.P., 944 A.2d 79, 82 (Pa. Super. 2008) (emphasis added; internal

citations and quotations omitted).

     Furthermore, in relation to Section 2511(a)(2), our Supreme Court has

found:

     A decision to terminate parental rights, never to be made lightly
     or without a sense of compassion for the parent, can seldom be
     more difficult than when termination is based upon parental
     incapacity. The legislature, however, in enacting the 1970
     Adoption Act, concluded that a parent who is incapable of
     performing parental duties is just as parentally unfit as one who
     refuses to perform the duties.

In re Adoption of S.P., 47 A.3d 817, 827 (Pa. 2012) (citation omitted).

Similarly, an en banc panel of this Court has “acknowledged the unfortunate

and disheartening effect [involuntary termination due to incapacity] may have

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on parents; however, that does not make it any less appropriate, for it is the

needs and welfare of the child that are of paramount concern to this Court.”

In re B.L.W., 843 A.2d 380, 387 (Pa. Super. 2004) (en banc) (citation

omitted).    “While tragic in our view, such sympathies cannot cloud the

consideration of whether parental termination [best suits] the needs and

welfare” of a child. Id.

      Here, the trial court first acknowledged that “the difficult part of this

case is [M]other” because DHS became involved due to her “mental health

issues originally” and that Mother was “substantially compliant, [until] through

no fault of her own[,] all of that changed when she was diagnosed with []

cervical cancer.” N.T., 11/7/2022, at 154. The trial court pronounced that

Mother admitted “she has difficulty standing for long periods of time [and] has

to rely upon father, who [] would not be an appropriate caregiver” to Child.

Id. The trial court opined that Mother “failed to perform parental duties []

due to her health circumstances and not her own intentional neglect[.]” Id.

at 155.     Accordingly, the trial court determined that “under [Section]

2511(a)(2)[,] grounds exist to terminate involuntarily [Mother’s] parental

rights” as her “health is such that she cannot care for [Child] alone, and that

is no fault of her own.”   Id.   The trial court noted that although Mother’s

cervical cancer has “taken the forefront[,]” Mother also “has not been engaged

in mental health services since her [cancer] diagnosis” in 2019. Id. at 156.

Although Mother was “very close” to reunification, her “physical ailment

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changed that trajectory such that [Mother] has not been able to focus on her

mental health since the hospice declaration.”     Id. at 156-157.

      In making its decision, the trial court considered Mother’s testimony but

found credible the testimony of the DHS caseworkers and service providers

involved in this matter, as well as the testimony of the Child’s kinship provider,

Maternal Aunt. Id. at 148 and 154. The trial court heard testimony that

Mother “is too weak” to meet Child’s needs. N.T., 10/17/2022, at 73. Mother

was physically unable to attend Child’s medical appointments. Id. at 31; N.T.,

11/7/2022, at 16. She does not take Child to school. N.T., 11/7/2022, at 16.

Mother has difficulty playing games with Child. N.T., 10/17/2022, at 72; see

also N.T., 11/7/2022, at 40 (Mother testified, “I do stand up when [Child]

asks me to play with him and I do, but I have to hurry up and sit down so I

won’t fall.”). Mother is not able to run at all or walk any substantial distance.

N.T., 10/17/2022, at 72. Maternal Aunt testified that Mother could not care

for Child because “most of the time she can’t get up or move around too

much[.]” N.T., 11/7/2022, at 104. Mother testified that she “has good and

bad days.” Id. at 18. On good days, she “sits on [her front] step and that’s

the furthest [she] will go.” Id. On bad days, Mother “just want[s] to stay in

the house and [not] be bothered.” Id.

      Based upon our review of the certified record and applicable law, we

discern no abuse of discretion in the involuntary termination of Mother’s

parental rights under Section 2511(a)(2).        The aforementioned evidence

reveals Mother’s continued incapacity has caused Child to be without essential

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parental care and that Mother’s incapacity cannot be remedied. While it is

certainly tragic that Mother has Stage 4 cervical cancer, a parent who is

incapable of performing parental duties is just as parentally unfit as one who

refuses to perform the duties. The record supports the trial court’s decision

that Mother is physically and mentally incapacitated and cannot properly care

for Child. By involuntarily terminating Mother’s parental rights, the trial court

recognized that Child’s needs and welfare are the paramount concern of the

Adoption Act. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its

discretion or err as a matter of law by involuntarily terminating Mother’s

parental rights under Section 2511(a)(2).

      Next, Mother asserts that “the evidence was not sufficient to establish

that termination of [her] parental rights would best serve the needs and

welfare of [] Child, under 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(b).”        Mother’s Brief at 13

(unnecessary capitalization omitted). Mother suggests that Child recognizes

Mother as his biological mother, he runs to hug her when they see each other,

and “would also look sad when time to leave.” Id. at 14. Mother describes

their relationship as “at times[, … ] a typical parent and child bond.”   Id. As

such, Mother contends that under the best interest standard, there were no

independent grounds to form the basis for involuntary termination under

Section 2511(b). Id.

      Section 2511(b) provides, in pertinent part:

      (b) Other considerations.-- The court in terminating the rights
      of a parent shall give primary consideration to the developmental,
      physical and emotional needs and welfare of the child. The rights

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      of a parent shall not be terminated solely on the basis of
      environmental factors such as inadequate housing, furnishings,
      income, clothing and medical care if found to be beyond the
      control of the parent.

23 Pa.S.C.A. § 2511(b). “Above all else . . . adequate consideration must be

given to the needs and welfare of the child.    A parent’s own feelings of love

and affection for a child, alone, do not prevent termination of parental rights.”

In re Z.P., 994 A.2d 1108, 1121 (Pa. Super. 2010).

      We have previously explained,

      Our Supreme Court has made clear that § 2511(b) requires the
      trial court to consider the nature and status of bond between a
      parent and child. To the extent there is a bond, the trial court
      must examine whether termination of parental rights will destroy
      a necessary and beneficial relationship, thereby causing a child to
      suffer extreme emotional consequences.           While a parent's
      emotional bond with his or her child is a major aspect of the
      § 2511(b) best-interest analysis, it is nonetheless only one of
      many factors to be considered by the court when determining
      what is in the best interest of the child. In addition to a bond
      examination, the trial court can equally emphasize the safety
      needs of the child, and should also consider the intangibles, such
      as the love, comfort, security, and stability the child might have
      with the foster parent. In determining needs and welfare, the
      court may properly consider the effect of the parent's conduct
      upon the child and consider whether a parent is capable of
      providing for a child's safety and security or whether such needs
      can be better met by terminating a parent's parental rights.

      Furthermore, our Supreme Court has stated [that] common sense
      dictates that courts considering termination must also consider
      whether the children are in a pre-adoptive home and whether they
      have a bond with their foster parents.

      [Our Supreme] Court [has] directed that, in weighing the bond
      considerations pursuant to § 2511(b), courts must keep the
      ticking clock of childhood ever in mind [because] children are
      young for a scant number of years, and we have an obligation to
      see to their healthy development quickly. When courts fail[,] the
      result, all too often, is catastrophically maladjusted children.

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Interest of M.E., 283 A.3d 820, 836–837 (Pa. Super. 2022) (internal

citations, quotations, ellipses, and original brackets omitted). Moreover, we

note that “[w]hen conducting a bonding analysis, the court is not required to

use expert testimony. [Instead, s]ocial workers and caseworkers can offer

evaluations as well.” In re Z.P., 994 A.2d at 1121 (citation omitted).

      In this case, with respect to Section 2511(b), the trial court opined “that

[Child] and [M]other did not have a mother[-]son bond” and determined “that

there would be [no] detrimental impact to terminating involuntarily [Mother’s]

parental rights.” N.T., 11/7/2022, at 157. The trial court noted that Child

“resides in the home with his [M]aternal [A]unt with whom he has resided

since – almost since birth [a]nd so, his primary parent child bond is with his

aunt, who he calls auntie mommy.” Id. In further support of its decision, the

trial court highlighted the fact that Mother testified it was her “wish” for

Maternal Aunt to care for Child “if anything happened to” Mother. Id.          A

caseworker for DHS testified that Child looks to Maternal Aunt as his primary

caregiver, believed adoption was the most appropriate goal for Child, and

opined there would be no irreparable harm in terminating Mother’s rights.

N.T., 10/17/2022, at 46-47.

      Upon review, we discern no trial court abuse of discretion or error of law

in involuntarily terminating Mother’s parental rights under Section 2511(b).

Here, the trial court examined the bond between Mother and Child and

determined that termination would not destroy a necessary and beneficial

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relationship and that Child would not suffer extreme emotional consequences

from severing that relationship. The trial court also considered intangibles,

such as the love, comfort, security, stability, and the bond that Child has with

Maternal Aunt.       There was ample evidence that Maternal Aunt provides

financial, educational, and emotional support for Child and that they are

bonded. Mother’s own feelings of love and affection for Child, alone, do not

prevent termination of her parent rights. As such, Mother’s second appellate

issue lacks merit.

      For all of the foregoing reasons, it was proper for the trial court to

involuntarily terminate Mother’s parental rights pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.A.

§§ 2511(a)(2) and (b).

      Decree affirmed.

      Judge McLaughlin joins.

      Judge Nichols concurs in the result.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 7/18/2023

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