Court Opinion

ID: 4204615
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-09-19 23:01:22.80292+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:47:37.332660
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                              FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

    CALVIN JAMES HALL,                           )
                                                 )
                Plaintiff,                       )
                                                 )
                v.                               )               Civil Action No. 16-1591 (RC)
                                                 )
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE et al.,               )
                                                 )
                Defendants.                      )

                                    MEMORANDUM OPINION

                                        I. INTRODUCTION

        Plaintiff is a federal prisoner appearing pro se. 1 He has sued the Department of Justice’s

Criminal Division and the following DOJ components under the Freedom of Information Act

(“FOIA”): Executive Office for United States Attorneys (“EOUSA”), Federal Bureau of

Investigation (“FBI”), Drug Enforcement Administration (“DEA”), Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco,

Firearms and Explosives (“ATF”), and the Federal Bureau of Prisons (“BOP”). Pending before

the Court is the Defendants’ Partial Motion to Dismiss or in the Alternative for Summary

Judgment, brought on behalf of all but the FBI, ECF No. 15. 2 Upon consideration of

1
       Convicted in the U.S. District Court for the District of South Carolina, plaintiff is serving a
life sentence “for conspiring to participate in racketeering activity . . .; conspiring to possess with
intent to distribute 280 grams or more of cocaine base . . . ; two counts of possessing with intent
to distribute cocaine base . . . ; using a telephone to facilitate a drug conspiracy . . .; and interfering
with commerce by robbery . . . .” United States v. Hall, 629 Fed. App’x 504, 505 (4th Cir. 2015).
2
      The FBI, having finally released records to plaintiff, intends to file a motion for summary
judgment. See Status Report, ECF No. 24.

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defendants’ motion and reply, ECF No. 20, and plaintiff’s opposition, ECF No. 17, and for the

reasons explained below, the Court will grant summary judgment to ATF, the Criminal Division,

and DEA, and dismiss the claim against BOP without prejudice, but deny relief to EOUSA.

                                      II. BACKGROUND

        As set out in Defendants’ Statement of Material Facts Not in Genuine Dispute, ECF 15-7,

the relevant occurrences are as follows.

1. Request to ATF

        In a letter dated July 24, 2014, plaintiff requested “copies of any and all documents,

records, papers, files, communications, notes, memos, logs, receipts, or information or data in

any form, in any way related to involving, referencing or mentioning” himself or his U.S. district

court criminal case number. Ex. A to Decl. of Stephanie M. Boucher, ECF No. 15-3.

Following a search of its databases by plaintiff’s name, social security number and date of birth,

and inquiries to ATF’s Louisville and Charlotte Field Divisions, ATF informed plaintiff by letter

dated January 29, 2016, that it had located no responsive records, and it further informed plaintiff

of his right to appeal to the Office of Information Policy (“OIP”) within 60 days of the decision.

Id. ¶¶ 5-19 and Ex. C. OIP has no record of receiving an administrative appeal from plaintiff.

Id. ¶ 22.

2. Request to BOP

        On December 7, 2015, BOP received a request from plaintiff that sought “all phone

records in the possession of the Federal Bureau of Prisons.” Attach. 1 to Decl. of Ronald L.

Rodgers, ECF No. 15-4. In a response dated that same day, BOP informed plaintiff that his

request failed to “adequately describe a BOP record with enough details to allow us to conduct a

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search” and invited plaintiff to “resubmit with more details.” Attach. 2. On appeal from that

determination, OIP agreed with BOP and invited plaintiff to submit a new request to BOP if he

had “additional information about the specific phone records to which you are referring, such as

whose phone records or what time period or which facility[.]” Attach. 5. OIP also informed

plaintiff of his right to file a lawsuit. BOP has no record of receiving “any correspondence from

plaintiff by which he sought to clarify his initial request[.]” Rodgers Decl. ¶ 9.

3. Request to DEA

        On November 24, 2015, DEA received a request from plaintiff that sought

           all arrest records, investigation reports, investigative reports, final and closing
           investigation reports, transcript order forms, internal memorandums from the
           prosecuting AUSA to the investigating agents mugshot profiles, the [DEA]
           case initiation memorandum, the agents handwritten notes and notations,
           draft exhibits, photographs, video tapes, audio tapes and all information,
           documents, data, reports pertaining to me.

Ex. A to Decl. of Katherine L. Myrick, ECF No. 15-5. Following a search of the Narcotics and

Dangerous Drugs Information System (NADDIS) by plaintiff’s name, social security number

and date of birth, DEA informed plaintiff by letter dated December 3, 2015, that it had located no

responsive records. Myrick Decl. ¶ 14 and Ex. B. By letter dated May 10, 2016, OIP informed

plaintiff that “DEA’s action was correct and that it conducted an adequate, reasonable search for

such records”; it further informed plaintiff of his right to file a lawsuit. Ex. E.

4. Request to the Criminal Division

        In a letter to the Criminal Division dated November 11, 2015, plaintiff requested the

same records that he had requested from DEA, plus grand jury transcripts, “the prosecuting

attorney’s handwritten notes and notations, . . . witness lists, draft voir dire, legal research

memorandas [sic], guilty plea transcripts, [and] cooperation agreements[.]” Decl. of Peter C.

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Sprung ¶ 6 and Ex. A, ECF No. 15-2. This request appears to have included a Certification of

Identity signed by plaintiff. Id. By letter dated December 23, 2015, the Criminal Division

informed plaintiff that his request for records about his prosecution was “misdirected” and was

“routed to EOUSA for processing and a direct response to you.” Id., Ex. B. The letter included

EOUSA’s contact information should plaintiff “have any questions about the status of [his]

routed request.” Id. Meanwhile, in an appeal to OIP also dated December 23, 2015, plaintiff

stated that he had submitted a FOIA request to the Criminal Division and to EOUSA but had

“not received any response from either agency.” Ex. C. In a letter dated March 1, 2016, OIP

informed plaintiff that his appeal file was closed as moot in light of the Criminal Division’s

December 23, 2015 response to his request. Ex. D.

       During the course of this litigation, the Criminal Division “[o]ut of an abundance of

caution” conducted a search on the chance that it might have responsive records if the

prosecution involved electronic surveillance under Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and

Safe Streets Act of 1968 (“Title III”). Sprung Decl. ¶ 12. The Criminal Division staff searched

“the one records system that could possibly contain [responsive] information,” that of the

Electronic Surveillance Unit, but located no responsive records. Id. ¶¶ 13-14.

5. Request to EOUSA

       In a FOIA request dated November 16, 2015, and directed to the United States Attorney’s

Office for the District of South Carolina, plaintiff sought “all case files, documents, audio tapes,

video tapes, phone records and any and all documents, records, audio recordings in the

possession of your agency . . . pertain[ing] to criminal case numbers #25525FO and #56823EQ.”

Decl. of David Luczynski ¶ 4 and Ex. A, ECF No. 15-6. In a letter dated December 28, 2015,

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EOUSA informed plaintiff that before it could process the request, it would need either “a

notarized example of his . . . signature or a certification of identity under penalty of perjury.”

Id., Ex. B. EOUSA enclosed a form “Certification of Identity” for plaintiff’s use and then

informed him that the file on that request was closed, that he could submit a new request with the

required information, and that he could appeal that “final action” to OIP within 60 days. Ex. B

at 2. But at this point in time, it appears that EOUSA would have possessed plaintiff’s signed

Certification of Identity re-routed as part of his request to the Criminal Division.

       Meanwhile, plaintiff had submitted his December 23, 2015 appeal to OIP based on the

purported failure of both EOUSA and the Criminal Division to respond to his request. Ex. C.

In a letter dated March 16, 2016, OIP informed plaintiff that his appeal file was closed as moot in

light of EOUSA’s December 28, 2015 response to his request. Id., Ex. E.

       Plaintiff filed the instant Complaint on August 5, 2016, based on defendants’ alleged

failures to respond to his requests “in a timely manner,” and specifically “within the statutory

time limits,” and “to turn over documents.” Compl. at 4.

                                    III. LEGAL STANDARD

       The FOIA confers jurisdiction on the district court to enjoin an agency from improperly

withholding records maintained or controlled by the agency. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B);

McGehee v. CIA, 697 F.2d 1095, 1105 (D.C. Cir. 1983) (quoting Kissinger v. Reporters Comm.

for Freedom of the Press, 445 U.S. 136, 150 (1980)). An agency’s disclosure obligation is

triggered by its receipt of a request that “reasonably describes” the records sought and “is made

in accordance with [the agency’s] published rules stating the time, place, fees (if any), and

procedures to follow.” 5 U.S.C. ' 552(a)(3)(A); see Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in

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Washington v. FEC, 711 F.3d 180, 185, n.3 (D.C. Cir. 2013) (“Of course, the duties that FOIA

imposes on agencies . . . apply only once an agency has received a proper FOIA request.”)

(citation omitted).

        “FOIA cases typically and appropriately are decided on motions for summary

judgment.” Defenders of Wildlife v. U.S. Border Patrol, 623 F. Supp. 2d 83, 87 (D.D.C. 2009)

(citing Bigwood v. U.S. Agency for Int'l Dev., 484 F. Supp.2 d 68, 73 (D.D.C. 2007)). A court

may grant summary judgment when “the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any

material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).

A “material” fact is one capable of affecting the substantive outcome of the litigation. Anderson

v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). A dispute is “genuine” if there is enough

evidence for a reasonable jury to return a verdict for the non-movant. Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S.

372, 380 (2007).

       In a FOIA case, an agency is entitled to summary judgment when it demonstrates that

there are no material facts in dispute as to the adequacy of its search for or production of

responsive records. Nat'l Whistleblower Ctr. v. U.S. Dep't of Health & Human Servs., 849 F.

Supp. 2d 13, 21 (D.D.C. 2012). An inadequate search for records constitutes an improper

withholding under the FOIA. See Maydak v. U.S. Dep't of Justice, 254 F. Supp. 2d 23, 44

(D.D.C. 2003) (citations omitted). Thus, “[a] requester dissatisfied with the agency's response

that no records have been found may challenge the adequacy of the agency’s search by filing a

lawsuit in the district court after exhausting any administrative remedies.” Valencia-Lucena v.

U.S. Coast Guard, 180 F.3d 321, 326 (D.C. Cir. 1999). The Court must then determine the

adequacy of the agency’s search, guided by principles of reasonableness. See Campbell v. U.S.

                                                  6
Dep't of Justice, 164 F.3d 20, 28 (D.C. Cir. 1998). The Court “may rely on ‘[a] reasonably

detailed affidavit, setting forth the search terms and the type of search performed, and averring

that all files likely to contain responsive materials (if such records exist) were searched.’ ”

Valencia-Lucena, 180 F.3d at 326 (quoting Oglesby v. United States Dep't of the Army, 920 F.2d

57, 68 (D.C .Cir. 1990)).

       Summary judgment is inappropriate “if a review of the record raises substantial doubt”

about the adequacy of the search, id., but “the [mere] fact that a particular document was not

found does not demonstrate the inadequacy of a search.” Boyd v. Criminal Div. of U.S. Dep't of

Justice, 475 F.3d 381, 390-91 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (citations omitted); see Iturralde v. Comptroller

of Currency, 315 F.3d 311, 315 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (“the adequacy of a FOIA search is generally

determined not by the fruits of the search, but by the appropriateness of the methods used to

carry out the search.”) (citation omitted).

       A district court reviewing an agency’s motion for summary judgment conducts a de novo

review of the record, and the responding agency bears the burden of proving that it has complied

with its obligations under FOIA. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B); see also In Def. of Animals v.

Nat'l Insts. of Health, 543 F. Supp. 2d 83, 92-93 (D.D.C. 2008) (citing Assassination Archives &

Research Ctr. v. CIA, 334 F.3d 55, 57 (D.C. Cir. 2003)). The district court must analyze all

underlying facts and inferences in the light most favorable to the FOIA requester. See Willis v.

DOJ, 581 F. Supp. 2d 57, 65 (D.D.C. 2008) (citing Moore v. Aspin, 916 F. Supp. 32, 35 (D.D.C.

1996)). Accordingly, summary judgment for an agency is appropriate only if the agency proves

that it has “fully discharged its [FOIA] obligations [.]” Moore, 916 F. Supp. at 35 (citing Miller

v. U.S. Dep’t of State, 779 F.2d 1378, 1382 (8th Cir. 1985)).

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                                         IV. ANALYSIS

A. Failure to Exhaust

       Defendants argue first that dismissal is warranted in part because plaintiff failed to timely

exhaust his administrative remedies with regard to his requests for records from ATF, BOP and

EOUSA. Defs.’ Mem. at 19-24, ECF No. 15-1. 3 “[A]lthough FOIA cases typically are decided

through summary judgment, courts in this Circuit analyze failure to exhaust administrative

remedies motions under Rule 12(b)(6).” Ayuda, Inc. v. Fed. Trade Comm'n, 70 F. Supp. 3d 247,

260 (D.D.C. 2014), citing Hidalgo v. FBI, 344 F.3d 1256, 1260 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (vacating grant

of summary judgment and remanding FOIA case “with instructions to the district court to

dismiss the complaint under [Rule] 12(b)(6) . . . for failure to exhaust administrative remedies”)

(other citations omitted).

       In FOIA cases, “[e]xhaustion of administrative remedies is generally required before

seeking judicial review ‘so that the agency has an opportunity to exercise its discretion and

expertise on the matter and to make a factual record to support its decision.’ ” Wilbur v. CIA,

355 F.3d 675, 677 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (quoting Oglesby v. U.S. Dep't of the Army, 920 F.2d 57, 61

(D.C. Cir. 1990)). As the Court of Appeals has explained, although exhaustion of a FOIA

request “is not jurisdictional because the FOIA does not unequivocally make it so,” Hidalgo, 344

F.3d at 1258, the failure to exhaust still “precludes judicial review if ‘the purposes of exhaustion’

and the ‘particular administrative scheme’ support such a bar,” id. at 1258-59 (quoting Oglesby,

920 F.2d at 61) (other citation omitted). Therefore, “[e]xhaustion can be a substantive ground

for rejecting a FOIA claim in litigation.” Bayala v. United States Dep’t of Homeland Sec.,

3
     All page citations are those assigned by the electronic case filing system.

                                                 8
Office of Gen. Counsel, 827 F.3d 31, 35 (D.C. Cir. 2016). However, an agency’s exhaustion

defense becomes moot if it “abandon[s] its previous [administrative] determination, make[s] a

sua sponte disclosure of documents, [,] craft[s] [an] explanation for [a] different withholding

decision in the district court, . . . which [goes] far beyond the original, perfunctory administrative

decision,” and then moves for summary judgment “on the merits of that new withholding

decision[.]” Id. and n.1.

       Plaintiff does not seriously refute that he failed to exhaust his administrative remedies, and

he offers that “any dismissal” be without prejudice. Pl’s Opp’n at 1. The Court finds that

dismissal on this ground is appropriate as to BOP “not only because plaintiff has failed to exhaust

those claims but also because no withholding–improper or otherwise–has occurred.” Dugan v.

Dep’t of Justice, 82 F. Supp. 3d 485, 498 (D.D.C. 2015) (citing Judicial Watch, Inc. v. Exp.–Imp.

Bank, 108 F. Supp. 2d 19, 27-28 (D.D.C. 2000); Tereshchuk v. Bureau of Prisons, 67 F. Supp. 3d

441, 453 (D.D.C. 2014)).

       1. BOP

       Plaintiff asserts that a materially factual dispute exists as to BOP’s response to his sweeping

FOIA request for “all phone records in [its] possession.” See Pl.’s Opp’n Mem. at 3-4. But

BOP’s description of its massive telephone systems, see Rodgers Decl. ¶¶ 4-5, 10, shows why that

request was simply too broad “to enable[ ] a professional employee of the agency who was familiar

with the subject area of the request to locate the record with a reasonable amount of effort.”

Pinson v. United States Dep’t of Justice, 245 F. Supp. 3d 225, --- (D.D.C. 2017) (quoting Dale v.

IRS, 238 F. Supp. 2d 99, 104 (D.D.C. 2002) (other citations omitted)). “ ‘Broad, sweeping

requests lacking specificity are not sufficient’ ” to trigger an agency’s disclosure obligations, id.

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(quoting Dale), and plaintiff did not follow OIP’s advice to resubmit a request providing details,

“such as whose phone records or what time period or which facility[.]” Rodgers Decl., Attach. 5.

Therefore, defendants’ motion to dismiss the claim against BOP for failure to exhaust will be

granted. See Dale, 238 F. Supp. 2d at 103 (“An agency’s obligations commence upon receipt of

a valid request; failure to file a perfected request therefore constitutes failure to exhaust

administrative remedies.”) (citations omitted)).

       2. EOUSA

       Plaintiff asserts that a materially factual dispute exists as to whether he provided EOUSA

with sufficient information to verify his identification in order to process his request, but his

opposition brief does not directly counter EOUSA’s declaration that he did not. See Pl.’s Opp’n

Mem. at 3-4, ECF No. 17; cf. Nov. 9, 2016 Order at 2 (informing plaintiff that “mere statements

that the moving party’s affidavits are inaccurate or incorrect are not sufficient” to defeat

summary judgment). EOUSA did not substantively respond to plaintiff’s request because it

claimed that plaintiff had failed to provide a Certification of Identity. Accordingly, EOUSA

closed out the request and told plaintiff to submit a new one, see Luczynski Decl., Ex. B. But at

that point in time, EOUSA should have been in possession of plaintiff’s Certification of Identity

that was re-directed to it from the Criminal Division. Having received no briefing from the

parties on this issue, the Court cannot determine what significance, if any, that fact has on

EOUSA’s failure to exhaust arguments.

       Moreover, EOUSA has not indicated what, if anything, it did with the request itself that

the Criminal Division re-directed to it. If nothing, that un-responded to request may be ripe for

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consideration by this Court as having exceeded the statutory time periods and, thus, having been

constructively exhausted.

       Because neither party has acknowledged the Certification of Identity or addressed its

implications nor have they addressed the outcome of the re-routed request, the Court is not in a

position to fully assess EOUSA’s failure to exhaust arguments. Thus, as to this aspect of the

complaint, the Court will deny EOUSA’s motion without prejudice to reconsideration of a

renewed motion that addresses the significance, if any, of the Certification of Identity and what

actions, if any, EOUSA took in response to the routed request and any appropriate relief. Of

course, EOUSA may alternatively decide to process the request and move for summary judgment

on the merits.

       3. ATF

       ATF has conducted a search for records, provided plaintiff with a no-records response,

and moved for summary judgment on the adequacy of its search. Therefore, defendants’ motion

to dismiss the claim against ATF for failure to exhaust is denied as moot.

B. ATF’s Search

       ATF’s declarant states that upon receiving plaintiff’s request in February 2015, an ATF

Specialist in the Disclosure Division searched the Treasury Enforcement Communications

System (“TECS”) and N-Force, “which are two law enforcement databases that would most

likely contain information pertaining to Plaintiff.” Boucher Decl. ¶ 6. TECS is a broad-based

“computerized information system designed to identify individuals and businesses suspected of

or involved in violation of federal law.” Id. ¶ 7. N-Force “is a case management system

designed to support ATF law enforcement operations and acts as a single-point of data entry

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system, which enables users to store, utilize and query investigative information, and to prepare

investigative documents.” Id. ¶ 8. N-Force is the “official case file of record for documenting

investigative activity and information[.]” Id.

       ATF staff searched the foregoing databases by plaintiff’s name, social security number,

and date of birth. In addition, staff searched ATF’s Louisville Field Division, since plaintiff

was then incarcerated at the U.S. Penitentiary McCreary in Pine Knot, Kentucky, and the

Columbia Field Office of ATF’s Charlotte Field Division, which covers the geographic area in

South Carolina where plaintiff was tried and convicted. None of the searches yielded

responsive records. See Boucher Decl. ¶¶ 10-16. In response to this lawsuit, “the Disclosure

Division again searched the TECS and N-Force databases” by plaintiff’s name, social security

number, and date of birth and again located no responsive records. Id. ¶ 17.

       Plaintiff has not questioned ATF’s search, and the Court is satisfied from the declarant’s

detailed description of the filing systems searched and the search methods employed that ATF

conducted a search reasonably calculated to locate responsive records. See Fowlkes v. Bur. of

Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms & Explosives, 67 F. Supp. 3d 290, 299-300 (D.D.C. 2014)

(concluding that ATF’s search of TECS for responsive records was reasonable); McRae v. U.S.

Dep't of Justice, 869 F. Supp. 2d 151, 160-62 (D.D.C. 2012) (concluding that ATF’s search of

TECS and N-Force were adequately conducted). Hence, ATF, having satisfied its FOIA

obligations, is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

C. Criminal Division’s Search

       At the administrative level, the Criminal Division routed plaintiff’s request to EOUSA

“because it did not participate in Plaintiff’s prosecution.” Sprung Decl. ¶ 12. In response to

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this lawsuit, however, the Division’s staff conducted a search since “there was a theoretical

possibility” that its Office of Enforcement Operations’s (“OEO”) Electronic Surveillance Unit

could possess records responsive to plaintiff’s broadly worded request. Id. The Division’s

declarant explains that in cases involving racketeering activity, such as plaintiff’s, the prosecutor

might need to obtain permission “from the appropriate DOJ official” to conduct electronic

surveillance pursuant to Title III. Under DOJ’s internal procedures, “the prosecutor must

submit the request to OEO’s Electronic Surveillance Unit, which reviews the request to ensure

that it complies with Title III.” Sprung Decl. ¶ 12. Such requests are maintained in “an

electronic system,” which contains “data fields” that are searchable by “the lead subject’s name

or a phone number.” Id. ¶ 13.

       A search by plaintiff’s name located no responsive records, and the “FOIA request did

not contain a telephone number that would have enabled a telephone number search.” 4 Id. The

declarant avers that the “Criminal Division searched the one records system that could possibly

contain” responsive records. Id. ¶ 14. Plaintiff has not questioned the search, and the Court is

satisfied from the declarant’s description that the Criminal Division’s search was reasonably

calculated to locate potentially responsive records based on the information provided in the

FOIA request. See Spears v. United States Dep’t of Justice, 139 F. Supp. 3d 79, 87 (D.D.C.

2015) (finding the Criminal Division’s name and telephone number search for

4
    On direct appeal of his convictions, plaintiff had in fact challenged unsuccessfully “the district
court’s admission of evidence secured by wiretap.” United States v. Hall, 629 Fed. App’x 504,
506 (4th Cir. 2015) (per curiam). But the opinion does not reveal who among the conspirators
was the subject of a wiretap or the targeted telephone number(s).

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responsive records in OEO’s database “reasonably executed”). Hence, the Criminal Division,

having also satisfied its FOIA obligations, is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

D. DEA’s Search

       DEA’s declarant avers that any information responsive to plaintiff’s request “was

reasonably likely to be found in the DEA Investigative Reporting and Filing System (“IFRS”),”

which “contains all administrative, general and investigative files compiled by DEA for law

enforcement purposes.” Myrick Decl. ¶¶ 10, 12. Information is retrieved through the “DEA

Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs Information System (“NADDIS”),” utilizing an individual’s

name, social security number “and/or date of birth.” Id. ¶ 13.

       On the same day that DEA received plaintiff’s request, a Government Information

Specialist in “the DEA office responsible for the receipt, processing and release of DEA

information requested under the FOI/PA,” id. ¶ 1, conducted a NADDIS query” by plaintiff’s

name, date of birth and social security number and located no responsive records, id. ¶ 14.

Plaintiff has not questioned DEA’s search, and the Court is satisfied that it was reasonably

calculated to locate responsive records. See Dugan, 82 F. Supp. 3d at 501-02 (finding NADDIS

query to be adequate). Hence, DEA, having satisfied its FOIA obligations, is too entitled to

judgment as a matter of law.

                                         CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the Court will grant summary judgment to ATF, the Criminal

Division, and DEA, and dismiss plaintiff’s unexhausted claim against BOP without prejudice.

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But dismissal is denied with respect to EOUSA. A separate order accompanies this

Memorandum Opinion.

                                                  ________/s/____________
                                                  RUDOLPH CONTRERAS
                                                  United States District Judge
Date: September 19, 2017

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