Court Opinion

ID: 1046842
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-08 02:40:01.791531+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:19:18.090356
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                           AT KNOXVILLE
                                   March 7, 2012 Session

                              IN RE ANTYWON B., ET. AL.

                Appeal from the Juvenile Court for Hamilton County
             Nos. 240,835; 240,836; 240,837 Hon. Suzanne Bailey, Judge

                     No. E2011-01883-COA-R3-PT-APRIL 10, 2012

This is a termination of parental rights case in which the Tennessee Department of Children’s
services filed a petition to terminate the parental rights of Natasha D. and Antywon M. B.
to their four oldest children. The trial court terminated Antywon M. B.’s parental rights to
all four children. The court terminated Natasha D.’s parental rights to all but the oldest child,
Jaiwon B. Natasha D. appeals. We affirm the decision of the trial court.

       Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Juvenile Court
                            Affirmed; Case Remanded

J OHN W. M CC LARTY, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which, C HARLES D. S USANO,
J R., and D. M ICHAEL S WINEY, JJ., joined.

Robert B. Pyle, Chattanooga, Tennessee, for the appellant, Natasha D.

Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter, and Lindsey O. Appiah, Assistant
Attorney General, General Civil Division, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellee, Tennessee
Department of Children’s Services.

Rachel M. Stephens, Hixson, Tennessee, guardian ad litem for the minors, Serenity B.,
Azaria B., and Antywon B.

                                          OPINION

                                     I. BACKGROUND
       The trial court held a separate hearing for each parent on the petition to terminate their
parental rights. This appeal relates to the termination of Natasha D.’s parental rights.
Therefore, the factual background will mostly contain information pertaining to Natasha D.
(“Mother”).

        Jaiwon B., Serenity B., and Azaria B. were born to Mother and Antywon M. B.
(“Father”) on February 5, 2004, March 1, 2005, and May 11, 2006, respectively. Less than
two months after Azaria B. was born, Father took her to the emergency room, where it was
discovered that she suffered from a subdural hematoma, retinal hemorrhaging, and multiple
healing fractures. Upon further investigation, it was discovered that Jaiwon B. and Serenity
B. also suffered from multiple healing fractures. When questioned about the injuries, Father
contended that Jaiwon B. pulled a blanket off the bed where Azaria B. was resting, causing
Azaria B. to fall and hit her head on the wood floor. The treating physicians declared that
Father’s explanation was inconsistent with Azaria B.’s injuries and that Father failed to offer
any explanation for the other children’s injuries. Azaria B. was subsequently diagnosed with
shaken baby syndrome.

        Based upon the various injuries of the three children and Father’s inadequate
explanation, the Tennessee Department of Children’s Services (“DCS”) removed the children
from Mother and Father (collectively “the Parents”) and placed the children in emergency
foster care. The juvenile court referee found that there was probable cause to believe that the
children were dependent and neglected and that removal of the children was appropriate.
Four months later, the referee adjudicated the children as dependent and neglected, finding
that there was clear and convincing evidence that the children were dependent and neglected
because they were victims of severe abuse.

       On April 8, 2007, Antywon B. was born to Mother and Father and immediately placed
into foster care. The juvenile court referee found that there was probable cause to believe
that Antywon B. was dependent and neglected and that removal of the child was appropriate.
Two months later, the referee adjudicated Antywon B. as dependent and neglected, finding
that there was clear and convincing evidence that the child was dependent and neglected
“based on the fact that the [P]arents [had] been found guilty of severe abuse against the
[other children and that the] circumstances had not changed.”

       Upon rehearing of the referee’s adjudication of all four children as dependent and
neglected and the finding of severe abuse, the juvenile court affirmed the referee’s findings.
Relative to Jaiwon B., Serenity B., and Azaria B., the court stated,

       One of the [Parents] caused the serious injuries sustained by the [c]hildren and
       the other parent should have known about the injuries and failed to protect the

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           [c]hildren from further abuse. Although there was testimony of other relatives
           keeping the [c]hildren for brief periods of time, the testimony of the parties
           clearly established that the [P]arents moved in together five to six weeks
           before the life-threatening injuries to Azaria [B.] were discovered and were the
           primary caretakers of the [c]hildren during that very brief period of time in
           which all the repeated injuries were inflicted upon these [c]hildren.

           Thus, the [c]ourt finds, by clear and convincing evidence, that the [Parents]
           were properly adjudicated to have committed severe child abuse against all
           three [c]hildren and the [f]indings and [r]ecommendations of the [r]eferee
           should be confirmed.1

Relative to Antywon B., the juvenile court stated,

           There is no evidence that the parents have taken responsibility for the severe
           abuse of the older [c]hildren. This [c]ourt finds that inflicting such serious
           injury upon the [c]hildren and/or failing to protect the [c]hildren from those
           injuries and subsequently refusing to take responsibility for inflicting the
           injuries or failing to cooperate with investigators to identify the individual who
           inflicted the injuries is “depravity.” Therefore, this [c]ourt finds that [Mother]
           and [Father] are unfit to properly care for any child due to depravity pursuant
           to [Tennessee Code Annotated section 37-1-102(b)(12)(B)]. Further, this
           [c]ourt finds that any child in the custody of [Mother] and/or [Father] would
           be under such improper guardianship and control as to endanger said child’s
           health pursuant to [Tennessee Code Annotated section 37-1-102(b)(12)(F)].2

       DCS filed a petition to terminate Mother’s parental rights to all four children on June
12, 2007. Shortly thereafter, DCS dismissed the petition. DCS then filed a second petition
to terminate Mother’s parental rights to all four children. At the hearing on the second
petition, DCS dismissed the petition relative to Antywon B. The case proceeded on the
petition relative to the three oldest children. Following the hearing, the court found that
while a statutory ground existed to support the termination of Mother’s parental rights, DCS
had “failed to establish any legal basis for the [c]ourt to be able to find by clear and
convincing evidence that it is in the best interest of the [c]hildren that the parental rights of
[Mother] be terminated at this time.” The court noted that a fifth child was born to Mother
and Father and that DCS had not removed that child from Mother’s custody but had placed

1
    This order was filed on April 10, 2007.
2
    This order was filed on March 9, 2009.
                                                  -3-
that child with a relative without entering into a safety plan. The court related that the DCS
case manager believed that the Parents were “capable of parenting the [c]hildren and that [the
Parents did not] pose a threat to the [c]hildren.” The court denied the petition to terminate
Mother’s parental rights on March 9, 2009.

       At some point, Jaiwon B. had been removed from foster care and placed with his
uncle. On July 13, 2009, Jaiwon B. was removed from the uncle’s house following the
uncle’s decision to move and allegations that Jaiwon B. had been physically abused by the
uncle. Jaiwon B. was placed in a therapeutic foster home. The court affirmed the removal
and placement, directing counseling for Jaiwon and contact between him and Mother and
contact between him and the other children.

        Several permanency plans were entered throughout the pendency of this case. DCS
filed the petition to terminate Mother’s parental rights that is at issue in this case on
November 12, 2010. In that petition, DCS alleged that termination of Mother’s parental
rights was appropriate based upon Mother’s substantial noncompliance with the permanency
plan, persistent conditions, and the court’s previous finding of severe child abuse.

        A hearing on the petition was held at which Mother and several other witnesses
testified. Mother stated that she did not inflict any of the injuries on her three oldest children.
She admitted that her children had been physically abused over a period of weeks and that
the injuries to the children were very serious. She explained that she was a “full-time
working parent” and that her “number one priority was making sure that they [were fed] and
had a roof over their head.” She acknowledged that she lived with the children when they
were injured, that she saw them every day, and that she bathed them either two or three times
a week. She related that she did not know that they had “broken bones or anything like that”
and that she never noticed “loop marks” on any of the children. She recalled that Azaria B.
was the only child that cried out in pain. She opined that she did not know that the children
were being harmed because “it did not happen in [her] eyesight.”

        Relative to her relationship with Father, she testified that she was only 14 years old
when she met Father and was not aware of his background. She recalled that she was only
15 years old when she had Jaiwon B. She opined that she had learned a lot about picking
significant others through her experience with the case. She acknowledged that Father had
pled guilty to charges relating to his abuse of the children and received a 10-year sentence
for his conviction. She accepted responsibility for “not noticing that something was going
on” but denied any responsibility for the children’s actual injuries. She admitted that she was
not “as attentive as [she] should have been.” She contended that she had grown since that
time and learned “a lot from this case.”

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        Mother related that she was current with her child support and that she maintained a
full-time job and insurance for all four children. She recalled that at the time the children
were taken from her, she worked as a photo specialist at Walgreens and made approximately
$7.25 an hour. She said that she had fulfilled the requirements to maintain a position as a
certified pharmacy technician and that after becoming a certified pharmacy technician she
made $11 an hour. She stated that she had created a budget plan in order to ensure that she
could provide for her children in the event that they were returned. She had researched
available day care programs and found a suitable program for the children to attend while she
was at work. She had also acquired a vehicle that was suitable for transporting all of the
children. She had completed parenting classes and attended counseling sessions. She had
been visiting with the children “[b]iweekly” and had only missed one visit during the five
years that they were in custody. She explained that she missed the visit because she was sick.
She also attended most of the children’s doctor’s appointments.

        Mother related that she had “jumped through so many hoops for this case” and that
the only requirement that she had not fulfilled was to maintain housing for herself and the
children. She admitted that housing was an important requirement and that the children
could not be returned to her immediately because she did not have a place for them to stay.
She said that she lived in a three-bedroom house with her sister, her sister’s husband, and
three children. She acknowledged that she was “no closer to getting [a residence for the
children] today than [she was] two years ago.” She said that she had applied for public
housing but that it would likely take a month for her to be approved. She admitted that she
probably could not care for all four children right away because “[i]t would take some work
just to get used to it, because [she hadn’t] been” taking care of them. She suggested that she
could likely care for two at first and then care for all four once she was ready. She insisted
that termination of her parental rights was not appropriate because she had grown and
because the children had grown and would be able to tell “if something was to happen to
them, versus when they [were] two and one and two months old” and “couldn’t talk.”

        Judi Phillips, a licensed professional counselor for Coping Concepts Clinical Services,
testified that she had led counseling sessions with Mother, Serenity B., Azaria B., and
Antywon B. She related that she began working with Serenity B. and Antywon B. in June
2010 and that she began working with Azaria B. in March 2011. She recalled that she
worked with the children approximately twice a month and that she had extended an
invitation to Mother to attend the sessions once a month. She said that Mother, when able,
attended the sessions. She opined that when Mother attended the sessions, the children
viewed their time with Mother as a “play date” and that at times, the children appeared to be
“guarded” when interacting with Mother. She stated that while Mother had been able to
redirect their behaviors when appropriate, she had not observed any “deeper connections”
between Mother and the children. She explained that Mother’s limited relationship with the

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children concerned her “[b]ecause of the level of need of each of the[] children individually,
all three of them collectively, because of the fact that they have not had that connectedness
with [Mother].” She believed that “[i]n order for [the children] to have that connectedness,
it would be necessary for [Mother] to be consistently, daily, in their lives, not for snippets of
time.”

        Ms. Phillips also believed that immediately returning the children to Mother would
take a great deal of time and could be “damaging” to the children because of their emotional
needs. She contended,

       As far as permanency for these children, I most definitely believe that they
       need to be in a stable consistent home, that they have such a level of need, that
       they are going to need caregivers who are able to be present to them daily for
       hours at a time without the possibility of being moved to childcare or
       something like that, because of the level of the need that they have.

She said that the children had such a high level of need

       because of what [] happened to them, not only from a physical perspective, but
       from an emotional perspective, and the fact that their case has remained
       without permanency for such a long period of time, they’re so young. And the
       fact that when they are removed from a parent and then they’re moved into
       foster care, that itself is a trauma. But these children have been moved more
       than once, and that’s a significant concern.

She admitted that the children referred to Mother as “Momma Natasha” but explained that
while they had an “awareness” of her role, the children did not have an emotional bond with
Mother “at the present time.” She opined that it would “take a significant period of time for
“that to happen for each child individually.” She said that the children likely had “attachment
issues” and would have problems attaching to anyone in their life. She admitted that
Mother’s lack of visitation was not Mother’s fault because Mother was consistent with her
court-allowed visitation time.

        Jucinta Rome, a licensed clinical social worker for Coping Concepts Clinical Services,
testified that she had been meeting with Jaiwon B. since April 2009. She recalled that
Mother had attended four sessions in 2009 and three sessions in 2011. She related that DCS
had asked Mother not to participate in the sessions with Jaiwon B. but that Mother resumed
her participation in 2011. She stated that Jaiwon B. had

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       struggled, ever since [she had] been working with him, with behavioral
       challenges, such as attention and concentration difficulties, anger and
       aggression, difficulty interacting appropriately, socially in the classroom
       environment which led him into coming out of the Hamilton County school
       system, regular school program, and being placed at the Dawn [S]chool which
       is a school definitely for emotional and behavioral distraught children. He
       began that school in December [] 2010.

She contended that Jaiwon B. also struggled with trust, “managing his anger,” and had
“difficulty with lying and stealing.” In her interactions with Mother and Jaiwon B., she
observed “a foundation for attachment” in that he responded and listened to Mother. She
recalled that he was sad when Mother left the sessions. She believed that Mother needed “an
opportunity to parent Jaiwon [B.] because there [was] a foundation of some attachment.”
She opined that Mother could not care for Jaiwon B. and the other children at the same time
because of Jaiwon B.’s level of need. She believed that adding three additional children to
the relationship would not be in the best interest of the children or Mother.

        Father testified that he moved in with Mother toward the end of June 2006. He said
that prior to that time, he could not take care of the children because his hand had been
injured. When he moved in with Mother, he was still suffering from a bullet wound to his
left hand. He related that he lived with Mother for approximately a week and a half before
the children were removed. He admitted that he had pled guilty to attempted aggravated
child abuse involving Jaiwon B., Serenity B., and Azaria B.

       Debra Kennedy testified that she had been the DCS case manager for the children
since September 2009. She believed termination of Mother’s parental rights was appropriate
because Mother could not parent all four children at the same time. The children could not
be placed with Mother because each child required a different level of care. Jaiwon B. could
not be placed with the other children due to his behavior issues, while the other three children
also had their own behavior issues. She contended that Jaiwon B.’s current foster parent was
considering adoption and that the other three children had been placed in the same foster
home that was willing to adopt all of them. She admitted that previous foster parents had
expressed a desire to adopt Serenity B., Azaria B., and Antywon B. but that those foster
parents had changed their minds due to the children’s behavior issues. She stated that
adoption was in the best interest of each child because they each needed permanency and had
been in DCS custody for too long.

       Ms. Kennedy testified that Mother had failed to acquire adequate housing for the
children. She had urged Mother to obtain housing in order to facilitate visitation with the
children, but Mother never made any progress. She admitted that she did not write a letter

                                              -7-
to the housing authority on Mother’s behalf. She also admitted that she had not obtained
Mother’s individual counseling reports even though the office that obtained the records was
close to her office. She believed that Mother was not any closer to obtaining custody than
when she was in 2009 and that a safety concern remained relative to Mother’s ability to
protect all four children. She recalled that Mother had never disclosed the incident that
brought the children into custody and had never accepted responsibility for what happened
to the children.

        George Bercaw, the clinical director for Tennessee Community Counseling Center,
testified that he evaluated Mother and found that she exhibited symptoms of an “adjustment
disorder” and that he initially thought that “she might have been a passive dependent
individual.” He ruled out that diagnosis after “further assessment and treatment.” He opined
that Mother was a “rather normal person” and “was not at [that] time . . . exhibiting any
indications of a significant psychological disorder.” He related that apart from the fact that
Mother needed guidance and was not “sufficiently attentive at home,” he had no reservations
about her raising the children. He recalled that he spoke with Mother about her poor
judgment with men. He believed that Mother made a lot progress in therapy and was able
to pay attention to her emotions, was less passive, was more assertive, and was more invested
in herself. While he did the “initial workup” with Mother, his intern conducted the therapy.

        Mr. Bercaw testified that Mother was “very upset” when she discovered the abuse of
the children. He related that Mother terminated her relationship with Father in August 2010
and “was doing everything that the state was telling her that she had to do to get custody
back.” He opined that it was not uncommon for Mother to continue her relationship with
Father long enough to have another child with him. He believed that Mother was
manipulated by Father and was very young and immature.

        Following the hearing, the court held that a statutory ground existed to support the
termination of Mother’s parental rights in that she had been found to have committed severe
child abuse. The court further held that termination of Mother’s parental rights was in the
best interest of Serenity B., Azaria B., and Antywon B. The court opined that Mother failed
to make the necessary changes allowing the children to be placed in her care; that she refused
to accept her role in the severe abuse, failed to keep the children safe, and had been found
to have severely abused the children; that she failed to obtain and maintain a home where the
children could visit; that a change of caretakers would negatively affect the children; and that
continuation of her relationship with the children would greatly diminish their chances “of
early integration into a stable and permanent home.” Relative to Jaiwon B., the court found
that termination of Mother’s parental rights was not in his best interest because he was the
only child who had likely bonded with Mother. The court stated,

                                              -8-
       Due to [Jaiwon B.’s] behavioral issues, [he] ha[d] been separated from his
       siblings for most of this case and due to his prior bond with [Mother] may be
       able to benefit from [Mother’s] care and attention since he cannot be placed
       with other children due to his aggressive behaviors.

Accordingly, the court terminated Mother’s parental rights to Serenity B., Azaria B., and
Antywon B. but refused to terminate Mother’s parental rights to Jaiwon B. Mother timely
appealed the court’s termination of her parental rights relative to Serenity B., Azaria B., and
Antywon B. DCS did not appeal the court’s refusal to terminate Mother’s parental rights to
Jaiwon B.

                                         II. ISSUE

       We consolidate and restate the issues raised on appeal by Mother as follows:

       Whether termination of Mother’s parental rights was in the best interest of the
       children.

                             III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        Parents have a fundamental right to the care, custody, and control of their children.
Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645 (1972); In re Drinnon, 776 S.W.2d 96, 97 (Tenn. Ct. App.
1988). This right “is among the oldest of the judicially recognized liberty interests protected
by the Due Process Clauses of the federal and state constitutions.” In re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d
643, 652-53 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004). “Termination of a person’s rights as a parent is a grave
and final decision, irrevocably altering the lives of the parent and child involved and
‘severing forever all legal rights and obligations’ of the parent.” Means v. Ashby, 130
S.W.3d 48, 54 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003) (quoting Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(I)(1)). “‘[F]ew
consequences of judicial action are so grave as the severance of natural family ties.’” M.L.B.
v. S.L.J., 519 U.S. 102, 119 (1996) (quoting Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 787 (1982)).

       While parental rights are superior to the claims of other persons and the government,
they are not absolute and may be terminated upon appropriate statutory grounds. See Blair
v. Badenhope, 77 S.W.3d 137, 141 (Tenn. 2002). Due process requires clear and convincing
evidence of the existence of the grounds for termination of the parent-child relationship. In
re Drinnon, 776 S.W.2d at 97. A parent’s rights may be terminated only upon

       (1) [a] finding by the court by clear and convincing evidence that the grounds
       for termination of parental or guardianship rights have been established; and

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       (2) [t]hat termination of the parent’s or guardian’s rights is in the best interest
       [] of the child.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(c). “[A] court must determine that clear and convincing
evidence proves not only that statutory grounds exist [for the termination] but also that
termination is in the child’s best interest.” In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d 539, 546 (Tenn. 2002).
The existence of at least one statutory basis for termination of parental rights will support the
trial court’s decision to terminate those rights. In re C.W.W., 37 S.W.3d 467, 473 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 2000), abrogated on other grounds by In re Audrey S., 182 S.W.3d 838 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2005).

       The heightened burden of proof in parental termination cases minimizes the risk of
erroneous decisions. In re C.W.W., 37 S.W.3d at 474; In re M.W.A., Jr., 980 S.W.2d 620,
622 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1998). Evidence satisfying the clear and convincing evidence standard
establishes that the truth of the facts asserted is highly probable. State v. Demarr, No.
M2002-02603-COA-R3-JV, 2003 WL 21946726, at *9 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 13, 2003). This
evidence also eliminates any serious or substantial doubt about the correctness of the
conclusions drawn from the evidence. In re Valentine, 79 S.W.3d at 546; In re S.M., 149
S.W.3d 632, 639 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004); In re J.J.C., 148 S.W.3d 919, 925 (Tenn. Ct. App.
2004). It produces in a fact-finder’s mind a firm belief or conviction regarding the truth of
the facts sought to be established. In re A.D.A., 84 S.W.3d 592, 596 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002);
Ray v. Ray, 83 S.W.3d 726, 733 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001); In re C.W.W., 37 S.W.3d at 474.

       In 2010, the Tennessee Supreme Court provided guidance to this court in reviewing
cases involving the termination of parental rights:

       A reviewing court must review the trial court’s findings of fact de novo with
       a presumption of correctness under [Rule 13(d) of the Tennessee Rules of
       Appellate Procedure]. See In re Adoption of A.M.H., 215 S.W.3d [793,] 809
       [(Tenn. 2007)]. In light of the heightened burden of proof in proceedings
       under [Tennessee Code Annotated section] 36-1-113, the reviewing court must
       then make its own determination regarding whether the facts, either as found
       by the trial court or as supported by a preponderance of the evidence, provide
       clear and convincing evidence that supports all the elements of the termination
       claim. State Dep’t of Children’s Servs. v. Mims, 285 S.W.3d [435,] 447-48
       [(Tenn. Ct. App. 2008)]; In re Giorgianna H., 205 S.W.3d 508, 516 (Tenn. Ct.
       App. 2006); In re S.M., 149 S.W.3d 632, 640 n. 13 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004).
       Appellate courts conduct a de novo review of the trial court’s decisions
       regarding questions of law in termination proceedings. However, these
       decisions, unlike the trial court’s findings of fact, are not presumed to be

                                              -10-
       correct. In re Angela E., 303 S.W.3d [240,] 246 [(Tenn. 2010)]; In re
       Adoption of A.M.H., 215 S.W.3d at 809.

In re Bernard T., 319 S.W.3d 586, 596-97 (Tenn. 2010).

                                     IV. DISCUSSION

       Mother concedes that a statutory ground for termination existed based upon the
court’s prior finding that she committed severe abuse “against the child[ren] who [were] the
subject of the petition [and] against [the] sibling . . . of such child[ren].” Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 36-1-113(g)(4). The Tennessee Code defines “severe child abuse,” in pertinent part, as:

       (A)(i) The knowing exposure of a child to or the knowing failure to protect a
       child from abuse or neglect that is likely to cause serious bodily injury or death
       and the knowing use of force on a child that is likely to cause serious bodily
       injury or death;

              (ii) “Serious bodily injury” shall have the same meaning given
              in § 39-15-402(d).

       (B) Specific brutality, abuse or neglect toward[] a child that in the opinion of
       qualified experts has caused or will reasonably be expected to produce severe
       psychosis, severe neurotic disorder, severe depression, severe developmental
       delay or intellectual disability, or severe impairment of the child’s ability to
       function adequately in the child’s environment, and the knowing failure to
       protect a child from such conduct;

       (C) The commission of any act toward[] the child prohibited by §§ 39-13-502--
       39-13-504, 39-13-522, 39-15-302, 39-15-402, and 39-17-1005 or the knowing
       failure to protect the child from the commission of any such act toward[] the
       child[.]

Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-102(b)(23). We agree that a statutory ground for termination of
Mother’s parental rights existed and that clear and convincing evidence supported
termination based upon that ground.

       Having concluded that there was clear and convincing evidence supporting the
statutory ground to terminate Mother’s parental rights, we must consider whether termination
of Mother’s parental rights was in the best interest of the children. In making this

                                              -11-
determination, we are guided by the non-exhaustive list of factors provided in Tennessee
Code Annotated section 36-1-113:

      (i) In determining whether termination of parental or guardianship rights is in
      the best interest of the child . . . the court shall consider, but is not limited to,
      the following:

      (1) Whether the parent or guardian has made such an adjustment of
      circumstance, conduct, or conditions as to make it safe and in the child’s best
      interest to be in the home of the parent or guardian;

      (2) Whether the parent or guardian has failed to effect a lasting adjustment
      after reasonable efforts by available social services agencies for such duration
      of time that lasting adjustment does not reasonably appear possible;

      (3) Whether the parent or guardian has maintained regular visitation or other
      contact with the child;

      (4) Whether a meaningful relationship has otherwise been established between
      the parent or guardian and the child;

      (5) The effect a change of caretakers and physical environment is likely to
      have on the child’s emotional, psychological and medical condition;

      (6) Whether the parent or guardian, or other person residing with the parent or
      guardian, has shown brutality, physical, sexual, emotional or psychological
      abuse, or neglect toward the child, or another child or adult in the family or household;

      (7) Whether the physical environment of the parent’s or guardian’s home is
      healthy and safe, whether there is criminal activity in the home, or whether
      there is such use of alcohol or controlled substances as may render the parent
      or guardian consistently unable to care for the child in a safe and stable manner;

      (8) Whether the parent’s or guardian’s mental and/or emotional status would
      be detrimental to the child or prevent the parent or guardian from effectively
      providing safe and stable care and supervision for the child; or

      (9) Whether the parent or guardian has paid child support consistent with the
      child support guidelines promulgated by the department pursuant to [section]
      36-5-101.

                                                -12-
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i). “This list is not exhaustive, and the statute does not require
a trial court to find the existence of each enumerated factor before it may conclude that
terminating a parent’s parental rights is in the best interest of a child.” In re M.A.R., 183
S.W.3d 652, 667 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2005). The General Assembly has also stated that “when
the best interest[] of the child and those of the adults are in conflict, such conflict shall
always be resolved to favor the rights and the best interest[] of the child, which interests are
hereby recognized as constitutionally protected.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-101(d); see also
White v. Moody, 171 S.W.3d 187, 194 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004) (holding that when considering
a child’s best interest, the court must take the child’s perspective, rather than the parent’s).

        In this case, a number of the best interest factors weigh against Mother. Despite her
participation in the creation of several permanency plans, Mother refused to make the
changes necessary to adequately care for the children. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i)(1).
Mother failed to obtain adequate housing for the children, despite the fact that she had
several years to secure housing and was told that procurement of housing could lead to
additional visitation. Mother failed to make a lasting adjustment of her circumstances,
despite being given adequate time to accept responsibility for her actions and improve her
circumstances. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i)(2). The children had been in foster care for
approximately four years prior to the filing of the petition that is at issue in this case;
however, Mother testified that she was not ready to care for all of the children at the same
time and did not have adequate housing. While a meaningful relationship had arguably been
established between Mother and Jaiwon B., the other three children had not bonded with
Mother and were “guarded” during visitation with her. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i)(4).
We acknowledge that Mother was only provided with bi-weekly supervised visitation with
the children and that bi-weekly visitation was likely insufficient to facilitate an adequate
bond between Mother and the children. As previously discussed, four years had elapsed prior
to the filing of the instant petition. We believe four years was an adequate amount of time
for Mother to put herself in a position to secure additional unsupervised visitation, allowing
her to enjoy a meaningful bond with the children.

       Additionally, the children presently reside in a safe and stable foster home and have
bonded with the foster parents, who are willing to adopt them. Removing the children from
the foster parents and returning them to Mother when she would be finally able to care for
them would likely traumatize the children. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i)(5). Father
severely abused the three oldest children. Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i)(6). Questions
remain as to whether the physical environment of Mother’s potential home would be safe.
Tenn. Code Ann. § 36-1-113(i)(7). Mother’s questionable judgment in continuing her
relationship with Father for years after the children were severely abused casts doubt upon
her ability to protect the children from future harm. Additionally, the injuries to the children

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were severe and occurred over a number of weeks. We find it hard to believe that Mother
did not notice these injuries.

        We acknowledge that Mother took advantage of the opportunities for supervised
visitation with the children, that her mental and emotional status does not appear to be
detrimental to the children, and that she was current with her child support. Tenn. Code Ann.
§ 36-1-113(i)(3), (8), (9). However, we believe the above considerations overcome Mother’s
positive mental emotional status and her compliance with visitation and child support.
Mother was given more than an adequate amount of time to provide a home for her children
and put herself in a position to adequately care for all of her children at the same time. We
find it especially troubling that Mother continued her relationship with Father for several
years after the children were removed and even had another child with Father, who was
arguably solely responsible for the severe injuries to the three oldest children. Mother only
ended the relationship after two petitions for termination of her parental rights had already
been filed. Mother questions the court’s termination of her parental rights in light of the fact
that Serenity B., Azaria B., and Antywon B. will no longer enjoy visitation with Jaiwon B.
and the youngest child. While we do not wish to discount the potential bond that had
developed between the siblings, the children had been separated for quite some time prior
to the filing of the petition to terminate Mother’s parental rights. With all of the above
considerations in mind, we conclude that there was clear and convincing evidence to
establish that termination of Mother’s parental rights was in the best interest of the children.
Accordingly, we affirm the decision of the trial court.

                                     V. CONCLUSION

      The judgment of the trial court is affirmed, and the case is remanded for such further
proceedings as may be necessary. Costs of the appeal are taxed to the appellant, Natasha D.

                                            ______________________________________
                                            JOHN W. McCLARTY, JUDGE

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