Court Opinion

ID: 9901945
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-22 18:08:35.341095+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:21:41.766328
License: Public Domain

[Cite as Fairview Park v. Bowman, 2023-Ohio-4210.]

                             COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

                            EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                               COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

CITY OF FAIRVIEW PARK,                               :

                Plaintiff-Appellee,                  :
                                                            No. 112300
                v.                                   :

TED BOWMAN,                                          :

                Defendant-Appellant.                 :

                              JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION

                JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
                RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: November 22, 2023

                 Criminal Appeal from the Rocky River Municipal Court
                     Case Nos. 21-TRC-02274 and 21-CRB-00971

                                          Appearances:

                John T. Castele, City of Fairview Park Assistant Director
                of Law and Prosecutor, for appellee.

                Gary Cook; James Alexander, Jr., Esq., LLC, and James
                Alexander, Jr., for appellant.

ANITA LASTER MAYS, A. J.:

                     Defendant-appellant Ted Bowman (“Bowman”) appeals his

convictions for operating a vehicle under the influence of alcohol (“OVI”) under

Fairview Park Codified Ordinances 333.01(A)(1)(a) and operating a vehicle with an
open container of alcohol (“Open Container”) under Fairview Park Codified

Ordinances 529.07(B)(4). We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

I.    Procedural History

               On June 28, 2021, at approximately 10:00 p.m., Bowman was cited

for OVI and Open Container and pleaded not guilty on June 30, 2021. On July 9,

2021, Bowman served discovery on the state. On August 10, 2021, Bowman filed a

motion to suppress and a motion in limine. A hearing was conducted on April 25,

2022, after which the trial court denied the motions.

               On September 26, 2022, Bowman filed a second motion in limine to

bar the admission of the state’s video evidence that was provided by the city just six

days before trial. On September 27, 2022, Bowman’s trial brief was filed. A jury

trial was held on September 27, and September 28, 2022. Bowman made a Crim.R.

29 motion for judgment of acquittal, which was denied. Bowman was convicted of

both counts and fined $400 and $100, respectively, plus court costs. He also

received an administrative license suspension for one year less credit of 365 days.

               Bowman filed a motion for a new trial on October 12, 2022, that was

denied on November 30, 2022.

               Bowman appeals.

II.   Facts

               On June 28, 2021, off-duty detective sergeant Matthew Beck (“Det.

Beck”) of the North Olmsted Police Department testified that he worked at the

bureau from 6:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. and for traffic enforcement on I-480 until 10:00
p.m. At approximately 10:00 p.m., Det. Beck headed south on Dover Road from the

police station located at Dover and Lorain Roads. He stopped at the red light at the

intersection of Butternut and Dover Roads behind an older white Oldsmobile.

               The detective testified that the Oldsmobile turned east (left) onto

Butternut Ridge and the “right front [passenger side] wheel struck the curb on

Butternut Ridge, which sparked my attention.” (Tr. 26.) Instead of turning right to

go home, Det. Beck followed the vehicle, observed it weaving and crossing the

double yellow line and the white fog line and informed dispatch that he was

“probably behind a drunk.” (Tr. 27.) License plate information provided the

owner’s name and address and determined they had driven past the driver’s

residence. (Tr. 28.) The Oldsmobile turned northbound (left) onto Columbia Road

and continued to weave, crossing the yellow and white lines.

               The vehicles were approaching Fairview Park’s jurisdiction at

Mastick Road. The dispatcher reached out to the Fairview Park Police Department

to intercept a “possible OVI,” described the vehicle, and advised that the North

Olmsted officer was following the Oldsmobile. Det. Beck stated he ultimately had to

contact Fairview Park Officer Kelley (“Officer Kelley”) directly until Officer Kelley

stopped the Oldsmobile “northbound on West 220th between Mastick and Lorain

Road.” (Tr. 34.)1 Det. Beck remained at the stop until a Fairview Park officer arrived

and advised that officer what he had witnessed.

      1 Officer Kelley testified that he did not speak with Det. Beck and had to locate him

and the Oldsmobile.
                Det. Beck testified he followed the Oldsmobile for approximately ten

minutes. He did not pull the driver over because he was driving his personal vehicle,

a Toyota pickup truck. Pulling over the Oldsmobile while driving his personal

vehicle was “against the law and against our policy.” (Tr. 41.) Det. Beck stated, “he

could have” arrested the driver after the Oldsmobile entered Fairview Park but he

did not, nor did Officer Kelley initially. Det. Beck was able to view the back of the

driver’s head because it was illuminated by his truck’s headlights but never saw

Bowman directly.

                The detective parked in front of the Oldsmobile during the stop but

did not approach the vehicle. He and Officer Kelley discussed their observations

with Officer Mike Thompson (“Officer Thompson”) of Fairview Park who arrived at

the scene shortly thereafter.

                Officer Kelley was working a 6:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. shift the night of

the incident. Officer Kelley recounted his OVI training and experience and testified

that he responded to a dispatch request. He finally located the Oldsmobile in the

West 220th Street and Mastick Road area of Fairview Park. Mastick Road is a

“contiguous roadway between North Olmsted and Fairview Park.” (Tr. 46.)

                The officer observed:

       The vehicle was weaving in its own lane as well as crossing over into the
       continuous left-turn lane, shared left-turn lane. And then at one point
       for — not sure approximately how long, but for a pretty good distance,
       was driving straight down the middle of the continuous left turn lane.

(Tr. 48.)
                  Officer Kelley initiated the stop in Fairview Park because the

dispatch call was received when the vehicle was in North Olmsted, though he

admitted he never observed violations that occurred in North Olmsted.               He

determined that exigent emergency circumstances existed to initiate the stop in

Fairview Park due to the danger posed to the public by Bowman’s weaving and

driving down the center left turn lane.

                  Bowman reportedly fumbled with his driver’s license as he handed it

to the Officer Kelley.2 In response to questions by Officer Kelley, Bowman stated he

was going to his mother’s house and that he had consumed three beers earlier in the

evening, though he did not specify what time period.3 (Tr. 68.)

                  Bowman exhibited glassy eyes but no other physical signs of

impairment and Officer Kelley did not smell alcohol during the encounter. About

three to five minutes into the stop, Officer Thompson arrived and took over. Officer

Kelley left the scene a few minutes later. He recalled preparing a short report that

was later provided to Officer Thompson.

                  Officer Thompson testified he spent ten years with the Fairview Park

police department but joined the Westlake police department six months prior to

trial. He was trained in alcohol detection, apprehension, and prosecution, and

advanced roadside impaired driver enforcement.

      2 The Officer Kelley approached Bowman on the passenger’s side of the vehicle.

      3 Bowman testified that he had two beers.   The record reflects that two beer cans
were recovered.
                Officer Thompson monitored the shared channel with North

Olmsted after being notified by dispatch of the situation where he heard Det. Beck’s

conversations with North Olmsted dispatch. Officer Thompson had no independent

knowledge based on personal observation of Bowman’s erratic driving.

                Officer Thompson arrived at the scene where Officer Kelley

explained he suspected possible impairment. Officer Thompson testified:

       I had a short conversation with Mr. Bowman, observed that he had
       slurred speech. He looked like he was going to fall asleep. So, typically,
       I ask if someone has a medical issue. It wasn’t expressed to me that he
       did. So, while speaking to him, slurred speech and glassy eyes and
       drooping like he’s about to fall asleep.

(Tr. 74.)

                After explaining the factors that he looked for to determine

impairment, Officer Thompson added “when he was out of the vehicle, [he] used,

tried to use the vehicle for kind of like a crutch. Like, showing lack of balance. Very

deliberate, short, choppy steps and didn’t look stable on his feet.” (Tr. 75.) Officer

Thompson said that Bowman was also unable to perform pre-exit tests employed

prior to a suspect exiting the vehicle. The first test required that Bowman recite the

alphabet from C to S without singing it. Bowman mixed up the letters. Bowman

was also unable to perform the Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus (“HGN”) test that

required that he follow the tip of the officer’s finger with his eyes.

                Officer Thompson stated that the Fairview Park officers did not have

body cameras that night and the only cruiser equipped with a dash cam belonged to

Officer Barnie (“Officer Barnie”) who also had the audio pack. This court’s review
of the video shows Officer Barnie arrived at the scene just as Bowman exited the car

for field sobriety testing. Fairview Park Sergent Jeffrey Jurcak (“Sergent Jurcak”)

had already arrived.

               Officer Thompson narrated that he next searched Bowman and

instructed him to step over to the sidewalk. Bowman appeared to slightly lose his

balance at the beginning of the gaze test. Officer Thompson stated he told Bowman

that he turned his head instead of holding it still and moving his eyes only. The

officer also stated that when Bowman held his head still, he was not watching the

finger move but was looking straight ahead though Bowman responded that he

could see the finger.

               As Officer Thompson testified and the video supports, Bowman

appeared to have difficulty walking the imaginary line using heel to toe steps though

he finished well until he stumbled turning around. He next attempted to stand on

one foot and count but was unable to hold his foot off the ground. He was then

arrested. Officer Thompson agreed that someone who stayed up for 24 hours and

has a beer or two may appear to be under the influence and not test over the legal

limit. Officer Thompson said to the other officers that he did not smell alcohol but

Officer Barnie can be heard and seen at the end of the video saying that he “thought”

he smelled alcohol coming from Bowman. Officer Thompson testified he was unable

to complete the tests due to “lack of compliance is what I would — the way I would

put it. * * * [e]ither [Bowman] wasn’t following directions or not able to follow the

directions.” (Tr. 85.)
               During cross-examination, Officer Thompson confirmed that he did

not smell alcohol on Bowman and did not list it in his report. Though Bowman’s

license indicated that he wore corrective lenses, the officer did not recall that

Bowman was wearing glasses. The officer did not consider that the headlights from

Det. Beck’s truck may have impacted Bowman’s driving, and he could not recall

hearing the details of what transpired from Det. Beck. Officer Thompson could not

specifically recall that gas line construction was being conducted in the area of the

incident and did not check the road for construction street markings in the area

where Officer Kelley followed Bowman prior to the stop.

               Defense counsel pointed out that, as Officer Thompson reported,

Bowman had no prior OVIs and possibly did not understand the impairment test

instructions. The officer also noted in his report that Bowman stated he would

provide a breath sample, but the test resulted in an improper reading the first time.

Officer Thompson explained that Bowman was given a second chance because

sometimes people are unable, unwilling, or pretend they are blowing into the

machine. However, the report indicated that Bowman made the request to test a

second time.

               Officer Thompson read the report excerpt:

      When asked if he would provide a breath sample, [Bowman] stated that
      he would. Patrolman Calabrese gave him an opportunity to provide a
      breath sample. Again, Bowman was either unable or unwilling to
      follow the directions given for the test. He was given a second chance,
      per his request, to give a breath sample. He, again, was not able or
      willing to follow directions and the test was marked as a refusal.
(Tr. 129.) Patrolman Calabrese marked that the test was refused. The patrolman

was no longer with the Fairview Park Police Department at the time of trial and was

not called as a witness in the case.

                 Counsel asked why Bowman was not taken to Fairview Hospital

approximately two miles away for a blood or urine test as authorized by Fairview

Park Codified Ordinance 333.01.

      Counsel: And Mr. Bowman didn’t refuse to take either a urine test or
               a blood test, did he?

      Witness: By his — not his words, his actions, he refused to take a
               breath test, yes.

      Counsel: Okay. All right. And so, again, we don’t have the video of
               that encounter between you and Mr. Bowman at the station,
               do we?

      Witness: Not to my knowledge.

(Tr. 130-131.)

                 During redirect, over defense objections that the matter was outside

the scope of cross-examination, the officer testified he would have advised Bowman

of the penalties and vehicle sanctions for an OVI such as refusing to take the

breathalyzer, the option to submit blood and urine samples, and having a high

alcohol level as stated on Form BMV 2255. “I would have read it [aloud] because I

signed it. So, I read the back of the form that would have told him the penalties for

refusing or for a high blood alcohol content.” (Tr. 140.)

                 The city also presented a photograph purported to depict the road

conditions in the area at the time of the incident. Officer Thompson appeared to
represent the conditions at the time.      During recross-examination, the officer

testified that he had no idea when the picture was taken or whether it accurately

reflected the construction conditions and road lines at the time of the incident.

                During recross-examination, Officer Thompson confirmed that he

did not smell alcohol and did not test the contents of the container found in the

vehicle. Officer Thompson indicated on the BMV 2255 form that Bowman refused

to take the breathalyzer test. Bowman was not taken for a urine or blood sample

because the department typically did not conduct those tests unless drugs or

something else is suspected and, because the officers determined that Bowman’s

lack of breathalyzer success constituted a refusal versus an inability to blow, the

other tests were not administered.

               Officer Thompson said he did not inventory Bowman’s vehicle that

was towed and impounded for inventory purposes after Bowman’s arrest but did

recall seeing an open container in the vehicle as Bowman exited. This court’s review

of the dashcam video revealed that after Bowman had been placed in the police

cruiser, Officer Thompson opened the driver’s side of Bowman’s vehicle and looked

inside while Sergent Jurcak, joined by Officer Barnie, stood on the passenger side

with a flashlight. Officer Thompson eventually located a container in the vehicle

and placed it on top of the vehicle where it was photographed. The officers also

checked the vehicle for Bowman’s cell phone that Bowman believed he left in the

car.
                Fairview Park Officer Barnie was with the Westlake Police

Department at the time of trial and had worked for Fairview Park Police Department

for five years where he was employed the night of the incident. Officer Barnie

responded to a dispatch announcement that “North Olmsted had a police officer that

was following a reckless op on Mastick Road and North Olmsted was dispatched to

that area along with Fairview Park.” (Tr. 162.) Officer Barnie testified that based on

his training and experience, Bowman was intoxicated.

                Officer Barnie confirmed during cross-examination that he said on

the dashcam video that he thought he smelled something on Bowman during the

sidewalk sobriety testing but testified at trial that he “definitely” smelled something.

He explained that was “just how I decided to phrase it, yes, I thought I smelled

something, yeah.” (Tr. 176.)

                Officer Barnie was not aware of any tests of the open container

removed from Bowman’s vehicle but believed it contained alcohol because of the

container information and odor.       He did not recall whether there were road

aberrations due to the gas line construction in the area that night.

                Sergeant Jurcak of the Fairview Park Police Department confirmed

that the container depicted in the exhibit photograph was the one removed from

Bowman’s vehicle and stated that he conducted the pre-tow inventory. A smashed

container with the same label was in the back seat along with several bags of

groceries that Bowman said were for his mother. The officer delivered the groceries

to Bowman’s mother who resided in Fairview Park approximately two miles from
the scene. There were also a few miscellaneous items such as a paper towel, napkins,

and what appeared to be wood chips.

               The city rested. Bowman’s Crim.R. 29 motion for judgment of

acquittal was denied.

               Bowman took the stand and testified he has lived at the same

residence in North Olmsted since 1975, except for a two-year period in the 1980s

and obtained a Bachelor’s Degree from what was then known as Baldwin-Wallace

College where his father was a professor. Sixty-six years old at the time of trial and

65 at the time of the incident, Bowman, who possessed a commercial driver’s license,

worked 30 years operating an excavating contracting business and for the past eight

years was a truck driver hauling expedited freight to and from Chicago.

               Bowman usually left for Chicago at night, dropped off deliveries,

slept, picked up items for transport and returned home in the early morning.

Bowman returned home during the early morning hours of June 28, 2021, unloaded

the trailer, and drove his 1990 Oldsmobile Regency Brougham sedan to his 93-year-

old mother’s home in Fairview Park where he slept a few hours and then took his

mother to breakfast. Bowman has been her sole caregiver.

               Bowman took his mother home about 2:00 p.m. and went to his

seven and one-half acre property in Olmsted Falls consisting of vacant, industrial

land and trees to perform property maintenance. The temperature was about 88

degrees that day but Bowman said, “it felt like 99.” (Tr. 211.) He picked up a couple

of cans of Redd’s Wicked Ale and consumed them at the property.
                Bowman left the property about 8:00 p.m., stopped to pick up

groceries for his mother, stopped by his house, and headed to his mother’s house

with the groceries about 9:45 p.m. He was sitting at the light at Dover and Butternut

Ridge Roads when a truck or SUV with bright headlights pulled up behind him.

Blinded by the bright lights that also made vision through the filmy windshield

difficult, he turned left and noticed he was a little farther right than he thought and

made the adjustment.4 Bowman denied he was weaving or hit the curb.

                Bowman described the gas line construction at Mastic Road and

West 220th Street and said that the city’s exhibit of the road did not depict the state

of the road at the time of the incident. Counsel inquired, “[Y]ou heard Officer Kelley

and I believe it was [Det.] Beck [say] that you were driving your vehicle continually

in the left turn lane[?]” (Tr. 218.)

                Bowman explained:

      North of the bridge, they had done gas line replacement work on West
      220th Street from the fall of 2020 and they had only wrapped it up
      about maybe three weeks prior, early to mid June. * * *

      In which case the traffic was in the left side of the road, the west side of
      the road. And there was a line of barrels separating what was one north
      and one southbound lane. Then you had a row of barrels to the right of
      the northbound lane. Then you had a row of barrels to the right of the
      northbound lane and then you had a row of barrels to the right of the

      4 Det. Beck testified that he could see the back of what appeared to be a woman’s

head illuminated by his headlights when he was behind the Oldsmobile.
       northbound lane and then you had a drop-off where all of that
       pavement had been removed so they could do their excavation. * * *

       The pavement on the east lane, the northbound lane east about third of
       the road had been removed for the gas line replacement. It was new
       concrete and it had not been marked yet. * * *

       Well, the last markings I had were going across the bridge where I was
       * * * in the left half of the right half of the pavement. * * * [T]here was
       no markings to the contrary. And I continued on that basis until I got
       to where the excavation had stopped * * * at which point you inherit
       some old lane markings. So, I was just sizing up to get into those lane
       markings when the [police] lights came on. * * *

(Tr. 218-220.) Bowman stated that “the entirety of the time, I had Det. Beck’s truck

following me with the bright lights * * * and I thought when the police lights were activated

it was for the truck behind me.” (Tr. 220.)

                Bowman said his eyes were irritated and bloodshot from sweat and

chaff from working at his property and he left his glasses at home. Officer Kelley

requested his license — which indicated that he wore corrective lenses — and Officer

Thompson returned in his stead. While in the automobile, Officer Thompson asked

Bowman to have his eyes follow a moving pen.

                Bowman narrated portions of the video and stated he did not refuse

to follow test directions. The then 65-year-old stated he had trouble with his legs

and tried to stand on one leg but was unable to.              He was then arrested for

intoxication.

                Bowman waited in the cell for 20 to 30 minutes and was seated in

another room for breathalyzer testing by Officer Callahan and he believed

Officer Thompson was present. For both tests, “[t]hey said I started out fine with
the volume and all but I ran out of wind.” (Tr. 232.) “I gave them everything I had,

but for whatever reason, either they didn’t like the reading they got or it genuinely

didn’t work, but they said they were unable to get a sufficient sample.” Id. “They

did not offer any other test.” Id. The tests were recorded as refusals.

                Bowman explained that he did not and would not refuse a drug or

alcohol test because that would result in an automatic one-year suspension of his

commercial license that also indicated that he wore corrective lenses. Bowman

summarized that he had a long day, suffers from physical limitations due to past

injury and age, the weather was very hot and humid, his car did not have operable

air-conditioning, he consumed the two cans of ale at his property earlier in the day

when cutting the grass, was not wearing his glasses, road lines were altered or

missing due to the gas line instruction, and he had driven from his home to his

mother’s house numerous times.

                During cross-examination, Bowman stated he did not see the

indication on the BMV-2255 form that he could take a chemical or urine test at his

own cost because he did not receive the form until the next day. The form was not

read to him as was stated on the form and it inaccurately indicated that he refused

to sign but it was never requested. Bowman also said the liquid in the container

located in the vehicle console was tart cherry juice that he poured into the can

because it fit into the cupholder.

                Bowman was convicted of both charges.
III. Assignments of Error

                Bowman assigns four errors for review.

      I.    The trial court erred to the prejudice of the appellant in denying
            the appellant’s motion to suppress and motions in limine and
            allowing the appellee to present evidence against the appellant to
            the jury.

       II. The Appellants conviction of Fairview Park Codified Ordinances
           333.01(A)(1)(a) and 529.07(B)(4) was based upon insufficient
           evidence and was otherwise against the sufficient and/or manifest
           weight of the evidence and not beyond a reasonable doubt
           contrary to Ohio law and the state and federal constitutions.

      III. The appellant was denied due process and fundamental fairness
           when the City of Fairview Park failed to produce probative,
           reliable, and exculpatory evidence, which was available and within
           its control, and which appellant had requested during the evidence
           state of proceedings.

      IV.   The cumulative and totality of the circumstances so severely
            prejudiced the prosecution of appellant as to require a new trial.

IV. Discussion

      A. Denial of motions in limine and to suppress evidence

                A “motion to suppress” is a “[d]evice used to eliminate from the trial

of a criminal case evidence which has been secured illegally, generally in violation”

of constitutional rights. State v. French, 72 Ohio St.3d 446, 650 N.E.2d 887 (1995),

citing Black’s Law Dictionary 1014 (6th Ed.1990). An appellate court’s review of a

motion to suppress is subject to de novo review because it involves a mixed question

of fact and law. State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 2003-Ohio-5372, 797 N.E.2d

71, ¶ 8. Under this bilateral standard of review, we give deference to the trial court’s

findings of fact if supported by competent, credible evidence. State v. Preztak, 181
Ohio App.3d 106, 2009-Ohio-621, 907 N.E.2d 1254, ¶ 22 (8th Dist.). However, an

appellate court independently determines whether the facts satisfy the applicable

legal standard. Id.

               A motion in limine “is usually made before or after the beginning of

a jury trial for a protective order against prejudicial [evidence], questions and

statements * * * to avoid injection into trial of matters which are irrelevant,

inadmissible and prejudicial.” (Citation omitted.) State v. Grubb, 28 Ohio St.3d

199, 200, 503 N.E.2d 142 (1986). The standard of review for a motion in limine is

whether the trial court abused its discretion regarding a request to limit or exclude

evidence or testimony at trial. Sokolovic v. Hamilton, 195 Ohio App.3d 406, 2011-

Ohio-4638, 960 N.E.2d 510, ¶ 13 (8th Dist.), citing State v. Graham, 58 Ohio St.2d

350, 390 N.E.2d 805 (1979); State v. May, 11th Dist. Ashtabula No. 2005-A-0011,

2006-Ohio-3406.

             1. Lack of reasonable suspicion and probable cause

               Bowman first claims that the city lacked reasonable suspicion to stop

and search/test him and lacked probable cause to arrest him. We disagree.

               Individuals are protected from unreasonable searches and seizures

by the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Section 14, Article I

of the Ohio Constitution. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889

(1968). A traffic stop constitutes a seizure within the meaning of the Fourth

Amendment and must not be unreasonable under the circumstances. Whren v.

United States, 517 U.S. 806, 810, 116 S.Ct. 1769, 135 L.Ed.2d 89 (1996). The Fourth
Amendment is not violated by an investigative stop where the officer has a

reasonable suspicion that the individual is engaged in criminal activity. State v.

Jones, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 100300, 2014-Ohio-2763, ¶ 17. Reasonable suspicion

requires that the officer “point to specific and articulable facts which, taken together

with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant the intrusion.”

Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968).

                 For an arrest to be constitutionally compliant, the arresting officer

must have probable cause to believe the individual has committed a crime. Id. at

¶ 57, citing Beck v. Ohio, 379 U.S. 89, 85 S.Ct. 223, 13 L.Ed.2d 142 (1964). “In

determining whether the police had probable cause to arrest appellant for OVI, we

must determine whether, at the moment of arrest, the police had information

sufficient to cause a prudent person to believe that the suspect was driving under

the influence.” Id., citing id. at 91.

                 “A probable cause determination is based on the ‘totality’ of facts and

circumstances within a police officer’s knowledge.” Id., citing State v. Miller, 117

Ohio App.3d 750, 761, 691 N.E.2d 703 (11th Dist.1997). “[T]he odor of alcohol,

glassy eyes, slurred speech, and other indicia of alcohol use by a driver are, in and of

themselves, insufficient to constitute probable cause to arrest.” Id., citing Kirtland

Hills v. Deir, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2004-L-005, 2005 Ohio 1563, ¶ 16. However, “they

are factors to be considered in determining the existence of probable cause.” Id.,

citing id.
             2. Extraterritorial Stop

               The city advances that R.C. 2935.03(E)(3) authorizes the

extraterritorial stop of Bowman’s car. “A police officer * * * may arrest and detain,

until a warrant can be obtained, any person found in violation of any section or

chapter * * * of the Revised Code listed in Division (E)(1) of this section on the

portion of any street or highway” “located immediately adjacent to the boundaries

of the municipal corporation” where the officer is “appointed, elected, or employed.”

Id.

               Bowman replies that R.C. 2935.03 jurisdictional limits only apply

where all of the following requirements are met:

      (1) The pursuit takes place without unreasonable delay after the
      offense is committed;

      (2) The pursuit is initiated within the * * * limits of the territorial
      jurisdiction of the peace officer;

      (3) The offense involved is a felony, a misdemeanor of the first degree
      or a substantially equivalent municipal ordinance, a misdemeanor of
      the second degree or a substantially equivalent municipal ordinance, or
      any offense for which points are chargeable pursuant to section
      4510.036 of the Revised Code.

R.C. 2935.03(D)(1)-(3).

               This court has held that the exclusionary rule is used to remedy

violations of constitutional rights but not state statutes. State v. Ponce, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 91329, 2010-Ohio-1741, ¶ 27, citing State v. Fannin, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 79991, 2002-Ohio-6312, ¶ 9 (“The courts have held that a violation of
R.C. 2935.03(D) does not rise to the level of a constitutional violation, thus

precluding the suppression of evidence for that reason.”).

                The city also cites State v. Weideman, 94 Ohio St.3d 501, 764 N.E.2d

997 (2002), as justification for Officer Kelley’s extraterritorial detention. Weideman

held, “[W]here a law enforcement officer, acting outside the officer’s statutorily

territorial jurisdiction, stops and detains a motorist for an offense committed and

observed outside the officer’s jurisdiction, the seizure of the motorist by the officer

is not unreasonable per se under the Fourth Amendment.” Id. at 506. “The state’s

interest in protecting the public from a person who drives an automobile in a

manner that endangers other drivers outweighs [the defendant’s] right to drive

unhindered.” Id.

                A court considers the “totality of the circumstances in determining

whether a violation of a statutory standard is unreasonable per se thus requiring

suppression of evidence.” Id. at 504. Thus, it is also possible that “a court could find

that an extraterritorial stop is unreasonable based on the unique facts and

circumstances of a particular case.” (Fn. omitted.) State v. Jones, 121 Ohio St.3d

103, 2009-Ohio-316, 902 N.E.2d 464, ¶ 14.5

       5 “Our holding today does not modify well-settled law that reasonable suspicion is

sufficient to justify an investigatory stop. See U.S. v. Lopez, 205 F.3d 1101, 1104 (9th Cir.
2000). We discuss probable cause only to highlight the fact that an extraterritorial stop
for a traffic violation based on probable cause is reasonable. Whren v. United States, 517
U.S. 806, 810, 116 S.Ct. 1769, 135 L.Ed.2d 89 (1996). Similarly, when the extraterritorial
stop is based on reasonable suspicion rather than probable cause, Weideman still
controls.” Jones, 121 Ohio St.3d 103, 2009-Ohio-316, 902 N.E.2d 464, ¶ 19, fn. 4
                Bowman offers that the information initially received by North

Olmsted’s Officer Kelley and the Fairview Park officers was derived from Det. Beck’s

conversations with North Olmsted’s dispatcher and from the on-the-scene

conversations between Det. Beck, Officer Kelley, and Officer Thompson.

                Bowman also questions how Officer Kelley made those observations

when Det. Beck testified he remained directly behind the Oldsmobile until he

allowed Officer Kelley to pass to conduct the traffic stop. Officer Kelley also told the

Fairview Park officer that Bowman’s eyes were glassy, and he had trouble handing

over his license though Bowman said it was due to seat-belt restrictions. Though

Officer Kelley stopped Bowman based on the alleged traffic violations, Bowman was

not cited for a traffic infraction.

                Bowman adds that despite timely discovery requests, records for the

construction work demonstrated the restriping of the roads was done after the

incident on July 3, 2021. North Olmsted dashcam footage was not produced nor

video evidence of Bowman’s interrogation or breathalyzer testing. Based on the

totality of these unique circumstances, Bowman concludes that the stop and all that

proceeded thereafter was illegal.

                The city counters that

       1. Where an officer making an investigative stop relies solely upon a
       dispatch, the state must demonstrate at a suppression hearing that the
       facts precipitating the dispatch justified a reasonable suspicion of
       criminal activity.

       2. A telephone tip can, by itself, create reasonable suspicion justifying
       an investigatory stop where the tip has sufficient indicia of reliability.
Maumee v. Weisner, 87 Ohio St.3d 295, 720 N.E.2d 507 (1999), paragraphs one and

two of the syllabus.

                In Weisner, a motorist reported to police that he was following a

suspected drunk driver and described what he observed. A police officer stopped

the vehicle after verifying the description with the dispatcher. The driver was

stopped, questioned, and arrested. State v. Tidwell, 165 Ohio St.3d 57, 2021-Ohio-

2072, 175 N.E.3d 527, ¶ 30, citing Weisner at 295.

                The Tidwell Court recounted its explanation in Weisner that there

are three levels of informants:

       In that case, we said that when “the information possessed by the police
       before the stop stems solely from an informant’s tip, the determination
       of reasonable suspicion will be limited to an examination of the weight
       and reliability due that tip.” [Weisner] at 299. “The appropriate
       analysis, then, is whether the tip itself has sufficient indicia of reliability
       to justify the investigative stop.” Id. Acknowledging the three
       recognized categories of informants, we noted that an anonymous
       informant was comparatively unreliable and would consequently
       require independent police corroboration in order to demonstrate
       some indicia of reliability. Id. at 300. By contrast, we determined that
       an identified citizen informant may be highly reliable and, therefore, a
       strong showing as to other indicia of reliability may be unnecessary.
       Id.

Id. at ¶ 31.

                It was determined that the Weisner tipster possessed a greater

indicia of reliability as an identified citizen informant than that of an anonymous

informant. The court explained that categorizing the informant was just one factor

in the totality of the circumstances. Tidwell at ¶ 32, citing Weisner at 302.
                The city suggests that Det. Beck and Officer Kelley are a step above

the identified citizen informant on the reliability ladder as police officers trained to

identify potentially impaired drivers. Coupled with the North Olmsted dispatch

information monitored by Fairview Park, the officers’ information is credible and

reliable. “‘Police officers may ‘draw on their own experience and specialized training

to make inferences from and deductions about the cumulative information available

to them that might well elude an untrained person.’” Id. at ¶ 20, quoting United

States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266, 273, 122 S.Ct. 744, 151 L.Ed.2d 740 (2002), quoting

United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 418, 101 S.Ct. 690, 66 L.Ed.2d 621 (1981).

                This court finds that based on the totality of the circumstances North

Olmsted police had a reasonable suspicion to conduct an extraterritorial stop of

Bowman.

                Where a stop has been lawfully made, “a motorist may not be asked

to perform field sobriety tests unless the request is separately justified by a

reasonable suspicion based upon articulable facts that the motorist is intoxicated.”

Westlake v. Goodman, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 111300, 2022-Ohio-3045, ¶ 19, citing

State v. Evans, 127 Ohio App.3d 56, 62, 711 N.E.2d 761 (11th Dist.1998). “A court

will analyze the reasonableness of the request based on the totality of the

circumstances, viewed through the eyes of a reasonable and prudent police officer

on the scene who must react to events as they unfold.” Parma Hts. v. Dedejczyk,

8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97664, 2012-Ohio-3458, ¶ 30, citing State v. Dye, 11th Dist.

Portage No. 2001-P-0140, 2002 Ohio 7158, ¶ 18.
                  Fairview Park Officer Thompson received information from

Det. Beck, Officer Kelley, and North Olmsted dispatch regarding Bowman’s erratic

driving. Officer Kelley informed Officer Thompson that Bowman had glassy eyes

and difficulty handing over his license. Bowman did not advise the officer that he

suffered from any physical limitations. Officer Thompson personally observed that

Bowman looked like he was going to fall asleep, had glassy eyes, and exhibited

slurred speech.

                  Based on the foregoing, this court finds that Officer Thompson’s

decision to perform the standardized sobriety tests was reasonable based on the

totality of the circumstances. Bowman was also unable to satisfactorily perform the

vehicle pre-exit tests of reciting the alphabet without singing it and the HGN test

that required Bowman to follow the tip of the officer’s finger with his eyes.

             3. Probable cause to arrest

                  An arresting officer must have probable cause to believe the

individual has committed a crime for an arrest to be constitutionally compliant.

Dedejczyk, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97664, 2012-Ohio-3458, at ¶ 57, citing Beck v.

Ohio, 379 U.S. 89, 85 S.Ct. 223, 13 L.Ed.2d 142 (1964). “In determining whether the

police had probable cause to arrest appellant for OVI, we must determine whether,

at the moment of arrest, the police had information sufficient to cause a prudent

person to believe that the suspect was driving under the influence.” Id., citing id. at

91.
                  “A probable cause determination is based on the ‘totality’ of facts and

circumstances within a police officer’s knowledge.” Id., citing State v. Miller, 117

Ohio App.3d 750, 761, 691 N.E.2d 703 (11th Dist.1997). “[T]he odor of alcohol,

glassy eyes, slurred speech, and other indicia of alcohol use by a driver are, in and of

themselves, insufficient to constitute probable cause to arrest.” Id., citing Kirtland

Hills v. Deir, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2004-L-005, 2005-Ohio-1563, ¶ 16. However,

“they are factors to be considered in determining the existence of probable cause.”

Id., citing id.

                  Based on the record, it appears that none of the police officers

involved in this case had bodycams or dashcams except for Fairview Park Officer

Barnie who was stopped just around the corner from the scene and arrived in less

than one minute as Bowman was exiting the car.6 This court’s review of the video,

coupled with the testimony of the officers, reflects that Bowman encountered

difficulty with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration tests.

                  During the HGN test, the officers testified that Bowman, whose back

was turned to the dashcam due to the street light shining in his face, was unable to

follow Officer Thompson’s finger with his eyes without moving his head. The

officers said that Bowman was looking straight ahead though Bowman insisted he

could see the officer’s finger. The officers also stated that Bowman exhibited

       6The audio was sometimes faint in portions of the video due to the proximity of
the dashcam and the activities. The sound was also overwhelmed at times by dispatch
communications.
considerable difficulty navigating the walk-and-turn test as well as the one-leg-stand

field sobriety test.

                 The cumulative evidence supports that there was sufficient probable

cause to arrest Bowman for OVI.

              4. R.C. 4513.17(D)

                 Bowman argues here that the stop was invalid under R.C. 4513.17(D)

and applicable law. Officer Kelley’s cruiser had red and blue lights. Bowman states

that the cruiser was required to have a “flashing red or a flashing combination red

and white light, or an oscillating or rotating red light, or a combination red and white

oscillating or rotating light” or “a flashing blue or a flashing combination blue and

white light, or an oscillating or rotating blue light, or a combination blue and white

oscillating or rotating light.” R.C. 4513.17(D)(1)-(2).

                 The statute also excepts from the stated light requirements “a person

operating a public safety vehicle, as defined in Division (E)” and “a public law

enforcement officer.” Id. “The section’s purpose is to reserve the combination of

lights for those vehicles that concern public safety.” State v. Bowman, 6th Dist. Erie

No. E-19-016, 2020-Ohio-6974, ¶ 15.

                 As the trial court explained, R.C. 4549.13 also provides that traffic

officer vehicles “shall be marked in some distinctive manner or color and shall be

equipped with but need not necessarily have in operation at all times, at least one

flashing, oscillating, or rotating colored light mounted outside on top of the vehicle.”

R.C. 4549.13.
               The argument lacks merit.

             5. NHTSA test noncompliance

               The city must demonstrate that the officer substantially complied

with NHTSA. Dedejczyk, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97664, 2012-Ohio-3458, at ¶ 42,

citing R.C. 4511.19(D)(4)(b); State v. Clark, 12th Dist. Brown No. CA2009-10-039,

2010-Ohio-4567, ¶ 11. Whether the facts support substantial compliance is decided

on a case-by-case basis. Id, citing State v. Fink, 12th Dist. Warren Nos. CA2008-10-

118 and CA2008-10-119, 2009-Ohio-3538, ¶ 26.

               Officer Thompson testified as to his qualifications, training, and field

sobriety testing and provided detailed testimony regarding how each test was

conducted and Bowman’s performance. As addressed under the probable cause

analysis herein, Officer Thompson administered the three tests. Based on this

court’s review of the record, including the testimony and video that visually and, for

the most part, auditorily supported that the officer provided instructions to Bowman

and demonstrations of the activity, this court finds that the officer substantially

complied with NHTSA.

             6. Breathalyzer

               Bowman agreed to take a breathalyzer test and volunteered to take it

a second time after former Fairview Park Officer Callahan informed him he did fine

at first, but the test was unsuccessful. The second test was also unsuccessful and

Officers Callahan and Thompson marked the results as a refusal though the test

reports indicated that the sample was deficient.
                  Bowman argues the breathalyzer was not properly administered in

violation of all applicable law, standards, and his constitutional rights and should

have been excluded in limine. Bowman cites Rocky River v. Brenner, 2015-Ohio-

103, 27 N.E.3d 31 (8th Dist.), and Cleveland v. Evans, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

No. 100721, 2014-Ohio-4567, where this court considered challenges to

breathalyzer tests. Both cases involved the Intoxylizer 8000 apparatus, a device

approved by the Ohio Department of Health (“ODH”) and given presumptive

validity. We also note that “absent a showing of prejudice by the defendant,

substantial, not rigid, compliance with ODH regulations is sufficient.”

Id. at ¶ 40, citing State v. Plummer, 22 Ohio St.3d 292, 490 N.E.2d 902 (1986).

Bowman asserts that the city must demonstrate compliance with the regulations but

does not specify the failures complained of — only that those failures resulted in the

city’s allegedly erroneous conclusion that a refusal took place. “An appellate court

will not create an argument in support of an assignment of error where an appellant

fails to develop one.” (Citations omitted.) Fontain v. Sandhu, 1st Dist. Hamilton

No. C-200011, 2021-Ohio-2750, ¶ 15, citing State v. Franks, 2017-Ohio-7045, 95

N.E.3d 773, ¶ 16 (9th Dist.). See also App.R. 16(A)(7).

             7.    Bowman’s statements

                  Here Bowman contends that the stop, approach, and testing did not

fall within any exceptions that would allow the evidence discovered to be admissible,

and that the incident was a “custodial interrogation and almost-immediate arrest”

without a Miranda warning. Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16
L.Ed.2d 694 (1966). The city responds that the parties agreed that the video of

Bowman after his arrest and during transport would not be played for the jury and

it was not.

                Miranda warnings are required for custodial interrogations that

could undermine an individual’s “Fifth Amendment privilege against self-

incrimination by possibly exposing a suspect to physical or psychological coercion.”

State v. Waters, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 110821, 2022-Ohio-2667, ¶ 38, citing

Miranda at 436. “‘The ultimate inquiry is whether there is a ‘formal arrest or

restraint on freedom of movement’ of the degree associated with a formal arrest.’”

State v. Duhamel, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 102346, 2015-Ohio-3145, ¶ 22, quoting

California v. Beheler, 463 U.S. 1121, 1125, 103 S.Ct. 3517, 77 L.Ed.2d 1275 (1983).

                Bowman was sitting in his car when he was asked about alcohol

consumption. “[R]oadside questioning of a motorist detained pursuant to a routine

traffic stop does not constitute ‘custodial interrogation’” pursuant to Miranda.

State v. Ferrell, 5th Dist. Delaware No. 20 CAA 10 0046, 2021-Ohio-2826, ¶ 45,

citing Berkemer v. McCarty, 468 U.S. 420, 104 S.Ct. 3138, 82 L.Ed.2d 317 (1984).7

      7    In Berkemer, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the roadside
questioning of a motorist detained pursuant to a routine traffic stop does not constitute
custodial interrogation for the purposes of the Miranda rule. See State v. Senedak, 7th
Dist. Mahoning No. 88 C.A. 160, 1989 Ohio App. LEXIS 2553 (June 21, 1989). The
Berkemer Court noted that although an ordinary traffic stop curtails the freedom of action
of the detained motorist and imposes some pressures on the detainee to answer questions,
such pressures do not sufficiently impair the detainee’s exercise of his privilege against
self-incrimination to require that he be warned of his constitutional rights. Berkemer at
421. The Court stated that “In short, the atmosphere surrounding an ordinary traffic stop
is substantially less ‘police dominate’ than that surrounding the kinds of interrogation at
               Also, “the nonverbal results of [a defendant’s] breathalyzer and field

sobriety tests are not self-incriminating statements.” State v. Miller, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 106946, 2018-Ohio-4898, ¶ 38, citing State v. Henderson, 51 Ohio

St.3d 54, 57, 554 N.E.2d 104 (1990).

                Based on our determinations herein, we find that the trial court’s

denial of Bowman’s motions in limine and to suppress were not in error. The first

assignment of error is overruled.

      B. Sufficiency and manifest weight of the evidence

                 Bowman asserts in his second assignment of error that his

convictions were based upon insufficient evidence and were against the manifest

weight of the evidence.

               “‘A claim of insufficient evidence raises the question whether the

evidence is legally sufficient to support the verdict as a matter of law.’” State v.

Parker, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 110716, 2022-Ohio-1237, ¶ 7, citing State v.

Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997). The relevant inquiry in

a sufficiency challenge is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most

favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential

elements of the crime existed beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio

St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus.

issue in Miranda itself, ***.” Id. at 438-439. “[T]he only relevant inquiry is how a
reasonable man in the suspect’s position would have understood his situation.” Id. at
paragraph two of the syllabus. State v. Ware, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 89945, 2008-Ohio-
2038, ¶ 11, quoting Fairview Park v. Hejnal, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 67506, 1995 Ohio
App. LEXIS 116, at *4 (Jan. 19, 1995).
                 When making a sufficiency determination, an appellate court does

not review whether the state’s evidence is to be believed but whether, if believed, the

evidence admitted at trial supports the conviction. State v. Starks, 8th Dist.

Cuyahoga No. 91682, 2009-Ohio-3375, ¶ 25, citing Thompkins at id. Under a

sufficiency challenge, witness credibility is immaterial; the appellate court must

defer to credibility determinations of the trier of fact and only review issues of law.

Parker at ¶ 7.

                 A manifest weight challenge and a sufficiency of the evidence

challenge pose two distinct challenges to the evidence presented. State v. Miree, 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 110749, 2022-Ohio-3664, 199 N.E.3d 72, ¶ 30, citing State v.

Wilson, 113 Ohio St.3d 382, 2007-Ohio-2202, 865 N.E.2d 1264, ¶ 25. A challenge

to the manifest weight of the evidence “‘involves the inclination of the greater

amount of credible evidence.’” State v. Harris, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 109060,

2021-Ohio-856, ¶ 32, quoting Thompkins at id. Weight of the evidence examines

“‘the evidence’s effect of inducing belief.’” Id., quoting Wilson at ¶ 25, citing

Thompkins at 386-387.

                 In reviewing a manifest-weight claim, the court must consider all the

evidence in the record, the reasonable inferences drawn from it, and the credibility

of the witnesses to determine “‘whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the

factfinder clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that

the conviction must be reversed and a new trial order.’” Thompkins at 387, quoting

State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983). Finally,
the discretionary power to grant a new trial should be reserved for exceptional cases

where “‘the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.’” Id., quoting id.

                 First-degree    misdemeanor       OVI     Fairview    Park    Codified

Ordinances 333.01(a)(1), provides:

      No person shall operate any vehicle within this Municipality, if, at the
      time of the operation, any of the following apply:

           A. The person is under the influence of alcohol, a drug of abuse,
      or a combination of them.

                Fairview Park Codified Ordinances 529.07(B)(4), open container

prohibited, provides:

       (b) No person shall have in the person’s possession an opened
      container of beer or intoxicating liquor in any of the following
      circumstances

       (4)    Except as provided in subsection (d) or (e) hereof, while
      operating or being a passenger in or on a motor vehicle on any street,
      highway or other public or private property open to the public for
      purposes of vehicular travel or parking * * *.

                As detailed under the factual background and analysis of the first

assignment of error, the jury heard testimony by the officers, viewed the video

evidence, and heard Bowman’s testimony. The police provided no video evidence of

Bowman’s alleged traffic violations that set the chain of events in motion or of what

transpired when Officer Kelley made the stop or when Officer Thompson took over.

                The video evidence is from Officer Barnie’s dashcam that began with

his cruiser turning around in a driveway immediately around the corner from the

stop as it took less than one minute for Officer Barnie to arrive. At that point, Officer
Thompson and Sergent Jurcek were already on site and Bowman was exiting his

vehicle for the sobriety tests.

                   The city’s photographic evidence of the road where the alleged

violations occurred did not reflect the construction and the date the photograph was

taken is not in the record. The North Olmsted officers did not recall any construction

on the road. There was no audio or video recording of the breathalyzer tests and the

officer who conducted the tests was working for a different police department and

did not testify.

                   Bowman urged the jury to consider his age of 65, the events of the

day, and that he was on the way to his mother’s house with groceries, taking a route

he took regularly as his 90-year-old mother’s caretaker. He testified that he did not

have his glasses, the truck headlights behind him impaired his vision, and the

regular lane markings had not been repainted. Bowman also testified that the beers

were consumed while he was working at his property during the day. One can was

empty and the second contained what Bowman stated was tart cherry juice.

                   Based on a thorough review of the record, this court cannot say that

when viewed in a light most favorable to the prosecution, the evidence presented

was insufficient to support the elements of the charges. In addition, the fact that the

jury heard inconsistent testimony does not render the verdict against the manifest

weight of the evidence. State v. Rodriguez, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 109320, 2021-

Ohio-2580, ¶ 29, citing State v. Shutes, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 105694, 2018-Ohio-

2188. The “‘[t]he trier of fact may take note of any inconsistencies and resolve them,
accordingly, choosing to believe all, none, or some of a witness’s testimony.’” Id.,

quoting State v. Shutes, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 105694, 2018-Ohio-2188, ¶ 49. The

jury chose to believe the testimony of the police. This court cannot say that the jury

clearly lost its way.

                 The second assignment of error is overruled.

       C. Failure to produce exculpatory evidence

                Bowman’s third claimed error is that his right to due process and

fundamental fairness was violated by the city’s failure to produce probative, reliable,

and exculpatory evidence requested by Bowman that was available and within its

control.

                “When the prosecution withholds material, exculpatory evidence in

a criminal proceeding, it violates the due process rights of the defendant under the

Fourteenth Amendment to a fair trial.” State v. Johnston, 39 Ohio St.3d 48, 60, 529

N.E.2d 898 (1988), citing Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 10

L.Ed.2d 215 (1963). Brady violations may be found regardless of whether the

defense requested the evidence and “irrespective of the good faith or bad faith of the

prosecution.” Id., quoting id.

                Evidence is deemed material “‘if there is a reasonable probability

that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of the proceeding

would have been different.’” State v. McGuire, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 105732,

2018-Ohio-1390, ¶ 17, quoting United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 682, 105 S.Ct.

3375, 87 L.Ed.2d 481 (1985). The defendant carries the burden to prove a Brady
violation rising to the level of a denial of due process. Id., citing State v. Iacona, 93

Ohio St.3d 83, 92, 752 N.E.2d 937 (2001). “The requirements of Brady apply not

only to exculpatory material, but also to evidence that impeaches the credibility of a

prosecution witness.” State v. Braun, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 91131, 2009-Ohio-

4875, ¶ 73, citing Bagley at 676.

                There are three elements of a Brady violation: “(1) evidence at issue

must be favorable to the accused because it is exculpatory or impeaching;

(2) evidence must have been willfully or inadvertently suppressed by the State; and

(3) prejudice ensued.” State v. McGuire, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 105732, 2018-

Ohio-1390, ¶ 18.

                Bowman argues that on July 9, 2021, a comprehensive demand for

discovery was issued. On September 21, 2022, six days prior to trial, the city

produced “a partial video tape of the stop, a dispatch tape, plus field sobriety tests,

the arrest and transport of the defendant to the Fairview Park Police Station.”

Appellant’s brief, p. 39. The items produced contained no evidence regarding the

reason for the stop and of the breathalyzer tests. The police testified that only Officer

Barnie was equipped with a dashcam.

                Bowman states he learned after trial that “all North Olmsted police

some [sic] vehicles police cruisers are equipped with dashcam[s] and that photos

and other footage of the area around Mastic Rd. and W. 220th St. were available or

under the control of” the cities of North Olmsted and Fairview Park at and before

the trial of the case. Appellant’s brief, p. 39. Bowman also contends that Fairview
Park possessed records regarding the gas line installations in the form of a contract

with Dominion Gas that demonstrated the streets were not striped until several days

after the incident. A review of the record does not support that the failure to produce

the cited evidence was presented to the trial court in, for example, the motion for a

new trial. Thus, these issues are not before this court. “Appellate review is limited

to the record.” State v. Davis, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 110301, 2021-Ohio-4015,

¶ 22, citing State v. Ishmail, 54 Ohio St.2d 402, 377 N.E.2d 500 (1978), paragraph

two of the syllabus.

                During the motion in limine presented to the trial court prior to

impaneling the jury, defense counsel argued that the two-part dashcam video tape

partially depicting the detention, field tests, and Bowman’s transport to the station

was provided on September 21, 2022, only six days prior to trial. A continuance was

not requested nor was a motion to compel the production of the allegedly missing

evidence. The defense stated it did not allege that the omission was willful or

negligent.

                The city responds that the delayed delivery of the video was not

willful, as conceded by the defense, and was caused by a problem with Fairview

Park’s server. Defense counsel was initially informed there was no video. The city

did not learn that video existed until defense counsel asked again eight days prior to

trial. The parties agreed to exchange the video six days prior to trial when the parties

were scheduled to meet in another court. The city argues there were no Crim.R. 16
discovery violations, the video was supplied prior to trial, and the material

demonstrated Bowman was impaired so it was not exculpatory.

                This court does not find that Bowman has established the elements

of a Brady violation. The third assignment of error is overruled.

      D. New trial

                Bowman’s final argument is that the cumulative and totality of the

circumstances severely prejudiced Bowman’s prosecution of appellant as to require

a new trial. The crux of the argument is that the delayed delivery of the videocams

and dispatch audios prejudiced Bowman’s defense.

                Our findings under the third assigned error demonstrate that the

fourth assignment of error lacks merit.

V.   Conclusion

                The trial court’s judgment is affirmed.

      It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.

      The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

      It is ordered that a special mandate issue of this court directing the Rocky

River Municipal Court to carry this judgment into execution. The defendant’s

conviction having been affirmed, any bail pending is terminated. Case remanded to

the trial court for execution of sentence.
      A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27

of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

                                      __
ANITA LASTER MAYS, ADMINISTRATIVE JUDGE

EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, J., and
MICHAEL JOHN RYAN, J., CONCUR