Court Opinion

ID: 825772
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-03-01 19:51:38.408411+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:25:09.402701
License: Public Domain

Order                                                                      Michigan Supreme Court
                                                                                 Lansing, Michigan

  December 16, 2011                                                                Robert P. Young, Jr.,
                                                                                             Chief Justice

  12 November 2011                                                                 Michael F. Cavanagh
                                                                                         Marilyn Kelly
                                                                                   Stephen J. Markman
                                                                                   Diane M. Hathaway
  142287                                                                               Mary Beth Kelly
                                                                                       Brian K. Zahra,
                                                                                                  Justices

  DONALD T. McCUE, individually and as the
  conservator of the ESTATE OF DEBRA K.
  McCUE,
               Plaintiff-Appellee,
  v                                                      SC: 142287
                                                         COA: 294661
                                                         Mackinac CC: 08-006594-NO
  O-N MINERALS (MICHIGAN) COMPANY,
           Defendant-Appellant.

  _________________________________________/

          On order of the Court, leave to appeal having been granted and the briefs and oral
  argument of the parties having been considered by the Court, we REVERSE the
  November 4, 2010 judgment of the Court of Appeals and we REMAND this case to the
  Mackinac Circuit Court for reinstatement of the August 31, 2009 order granting summary
  disposition to the defendant and denying the plaintiff’s motion for partial summary
  disposition. The plaintiff’s claim of negligence failed because the plaintiff did not
  demonstrate that the defendant, rather than the State of Michigan Department of
  Transportation, owed the plaintiff and his spouse a duty to maintain or repair the State
  highway in question. See MCL 691.1402(1). Similarly, the plaintiff failed to state a
  claim for public nuisance because he did not demonstrate that the defendant acted in a
  way that unreasonably interfered with a common right enjoyed by the public or that the
  plaintiff’s spouse’s injury was different from the type of harm that a member of the
  general public could have suffered.

        CAVANAGH, J. (dissenting).

          I respectfully dissent from this Court’s order reversing the Court of Appeals
  because I believe that the Court of Appeals correctly concluded that defendant is not
  entitled to summary disposition. Specifically, I believe that genuine issues of material
                                                                                           2

fact remain regarding whether defendant may have had a duty sufficient to support
plaintiff’s claim of negligence and whether defendant’s actions created a public nuisance.

        Plaintiff and his wife were participating in the DALMAC bicycle tour when
plaintiff’s wife fell from her bike and suffered serious injuries while riding over a portion
of state highway M-134 in the Upper Peninsula. Plaintiff alleges that the portion of the
highway where his wife fell was extensively damaged. Defendant owns the property
through which M-134 passes at the location where the fall occurred and conducts mining
operations on both sides of the highway. The state holds an easement that allows M-134
to pass over defendant’s property. At the point where plaintiff’s wife fell, the highway
consists of a concrete pad with large steel rails embedded into the concrete. As permitted
by an agreement with the state, defendant routinely crosses M-134 on the concrete pad
with its heavy trucks and equipment, including tracked bulldozers. Plaintiff alleges that
defendant’s repeated, intense use of the highway caused the damage to the highway that
resulted in plaintiff’s wife’s fall.

       Even if the majority is correct that defendant had no duty to maintain or repair the
state highway in question, I think that defendant arguably had a duty to inform the State
of Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT) of the damage apparently caused by
defendant’s unusual use of the highway. I believe that this arguable duty arises out of the
fact that defendant’s use of the portion of the highway where plaintiff’s wife was injured
is highly intense and fundamentally different from the public’s use, and that use
potentially either increased the hazard on the public highway that existed at the time of
the injury or created a new hazard on the public highway. See Berman v LaRose, 16
Mich App 55, 59 (1969). Because defendant’s intense use seemingly caused or hastened
the damage to the highway and defendant was in the best position to know when repairs
were needed, I think that imposing a duty on defendant to inform MDOT of the damage
is a fair balancing of the “competing policy considerations” that necessarily go into
determining whether a duty exists. Friedman v Dozorc, 412 Mich 1, 22 (1981). See,
also, Dyer v Trachtman, 470 Mich 45, 49 (2004), quoting Prosser & Keeton, Torts (5th
ed), § 56, p 374.

        Additionally, I agree with the Court of Appeals that genuine issues of material fact
exist regarding whether the damage arguably caused by defendant’s use of the highway
amounted to a public nuisance. This Court has stated that a public nuisance includes an
activity that “create[s] an interference in the use of a way of travel.” Twp of Garfield v
Young, 348 Mich 337, 342 (1957), citing Attorney General ex rel Muskegon Booming Co
v Evart Booming Co, 34 Mich 462 (1876). Thus, because defendant’s prolonged, intense
use of the highway potentially interfered with the use of a state highway by creating or
accelerating the damage to the highway, I believe that defendant may have unreasonably
interfered with the public’s common right to use the state highway.
                                                                                             3

        Finally, with regard to the nature of the injury required to sustain a public nuisance
claim, the majority’s order inaccurately states that plaintiff cannot pursue a claim because
the harm suffered was not “different from the type of harm that a member of the general
public could have suffered.” Emphasis added. However, this Court has stated that a
“plaintiff[] must show harm of a kind different from that suffered by other members of
the general public exercising the right common to the general public that was the subject
of interference.” Adkins v Thomas Solvent Co, 440 Mich 293, 306 n 11 (1992), citing 4
Restatement Torts, 2d, § 821C. Thus, a court must determine whether the harm suffered
by a plaintiff is different from the harm actually suffered by the general public, not
merely whether a member of the general public “could have suffered” the harm that the
plaintiff suffered. I think that plaintiff’s spouse’s personal injury is sufficient to satisfy
this requirement.

       As noted, the Adkins Court cited to the Second Restatement of Torts in discussing
this requirement; thus, I believe that the Second Restatement of Torts should be closely
considered. Notably, the Second Restatement explains that where the conduct alleged to
be a public nuisance causes “physical harm to [a plaintiff’s] land or chattels, the harm is
normally different in kind from that suffered by other members of the public and the tort
action may be maintained.” 4 Restatement Torts, 2d, § 821C, comment d. Moreover,
the Restatement provides the following helpful example:

         A digs a trench across the public highway and leaves it unguarded at night
         without any warning light. B, driving along the highway, drives into the
         trench and breaks his leg. B can recover for the public nuisance. [Id.
         (emphasis added).]

Because the facts and injury suffered in this case are closely analogous to the example
provided by the Second Restatement of Torts, I would affirm the Court of Appeals
decision to reverse the trial court’s grant of summary disposition in favor of defendant.

         Accordingly, I respectfully dissent.

         MARILYN KELLY, J. (dissenting).

        I join Justice CAVANAGH’s dissenting statement. I write separately to note that I
think defendant did have a duty to plaintiff under a negligence theory. Moreover,
plaintiff has raised genuine issues of fact sufficient to support this claim.

       In defendant’s easement agreement with the state, defendant reserved the right to
“construct and maintain such . . . roads . . . as may be necessary for the . . . transportation
of the ores . . . and . . . the right to go over and across the lands [therein] described.”1
1
    The Easement Agreement, Liber 90, pg 598.
                                                                                        4

Defendant specifically reserved a right to maintain the section of road where the accident
occurred. Thus it voluntarily assumed a duty of care.

       Although the general rule is that the exclusive duty to maintain and repair the
public highway belongs to the state, in rare cases a private landowner can have this duty.
In Berman v LaRose the Court of Appeals stated:

               [T]here is no duty, absent a statute, of an abutting owner as to
               the condition of the sidewalk or public way, unless the
               landowner has physically intruded upon the area in some
               manner or has done some act which either increased the
               existent hazard or created a new hazard.2

Using the Berman rule, the Michigan Court of Appeals in Staskievitz v City of Ann Arbor
and Bagel Factory, Inc,3 found that a private landowner had a duty to a person injured on
the public roadway. In that case, defendant Bagel Factory shoveled snow into the public
roadway resulting in an injury to plaintiff when she fell.4 The Court of Appeals also
found a duty to a private defendant in Ward v Frank’s Nursery & Crafts, Inc.5 There,
plaintiff was injured after tripping over a pothole in the public alleyway which defendant
had covered with loose debris.6

       There is evidence that defendant in this case physically intruded upon the public
road in a way much more extensive than shoveling snow or depositing debris in a
pothole. The deterioration it may have caused in the area of roadway in question
appeared to have been far in excess of normal wear and tear. The indentions next to the
metal rails, which ran perpendicular to traffic, were as deep as two inches. Therefore,
defendant had a duty to plaintiff to maintain the roadway where the accident occurred,
and there is evidence sufficient for a jury to determine that it breached that duty.

       Accordingly, summary reversal of the Court of Appeals decision is unwarranted,
and I respectfully dissent from it.

2
    16 Mich App 55, 57 (1969).
3
    Unpublished Court of Appeals opinion, issued April 22, 1997 (Docket No. 191675).
4
    Id.
5
    186 Mich App 120, 133 (1990), interloc lv den 437 Mich 1033 (1991).
6
    Id.
                                                                                                             5

      HATHAWAY, J. (dissenting).

      I agree with Justices CAVANAGH and MARILYN KELLY that reversal of the Court
of Appeals decision is unwarranted. Accordingly, I dissent.

                       I, Corbin R. Davis, Clerk of the Michigan Supreme Court, certify that the
                 foregoing is a true and complete copy of the order entered at the direction of the Court.
                       December 16, 2011                   _________________________________________
      t1213                                                                Clerk