Court Opinion

ID: 2673731
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-05-10 21:10:59.438146+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:42:15.761584
License: Public Domain

In the
                              Missouri Court of Appeals
                                    Western District
ADAM DUTTON,                                )
                                            )
               Appellant,                   )     WD74940
                                            )
v.                                          )     OPINION FILED: January 21, 2014
                                            )
AMERICAN FAMILY MUTUAL                      )
INSURANCE COMPANY,                          )
                                            )
              Respondent.                   )

            Appeal from the Circuit Court of Jackson County, Missouri
                      The Honorable Marco A. Roldan, Judge

Before: James E. Welsh, Chief Judge, Presiding, and Joseph M. Ellis, Victor C. Howard,
 Thomas H. Newton, Lisa White Hardwick, Alok Ahuja, Mark D. Pfeiffer, Karen King
     Mitchell, Cynthia L. Martin, Gary D. Witt and Anthony Rex Gabbert, Judges

      Adam Dutton ("Dutton") appeals the trial court's ruling in this declaratory

judgment action that American Family Mutual Insurance Company ("American Family")

is not liable under the terms of its policy for the damages Dutton suffered in an

automobile accident caused by American Family's insured, Barbara Hiles ("Hiles").

Because the language of this policy provides for coverage and because both the Missouri

Motor Vehicle Financial Responsibility Law ("MVFRL") and Missouri Supreme Court

jurisprudence require "stacking" of liability insurance policies up to the state minimum
requirement of coverage of $25,000 per policy on owner's policies where multiple

policies apply to a covered incident, the judgment is reversed.

                          FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY 1

         On May 25, 2009, Dutton was injured in a motor vehicle accident with an

automobile operated by Hiles. Hiles, in attempting to make a left turn, crossed a lane of

traffic and turned into Dutton's lane of traffic causing an accident. As a result of the

accident, Dutton suffered serious, permanent injuries as well as significant medical

expenses. It is undisputed that Hiles was at fault in the collision.

         Dutton filed a personal injury claim against Hiles based on this collision. Hiles

was insured by American Family with multiple policies. A dispute arose as to the

amount of liability coverage which applied to the damages. Dutton, Hiles, and American

Family entered into a settlement agreement as to the issues in the underlying accident.

The settlement agreement acknowledged that Hiles was at fault and liable for the

collision and that Dutton's damages were equal to or exceeded the amount of liability

coverage under the combined American Family policies at issue.

         The settlement agreement further acknowledged that at the time of the accident,

Hiles was driving a 2007 Nissan Maxima ("Nissan") that she owned and that was insured

under a policy with American Family, which provided liability coverage. In addition to

the Nissan, Hiles owned a 2003 Ford F-250 pickup truck ("Ford"), which was insured

under a separate policy with American Family. The Ford vehicle was not involved in the

         1
           "When reviewing a trial court's grant of summary judgment, this court views the record in the light most
favorable to the party against whom judgment was entered." O'Rourke v. Esurance Ins. Co., 325 S.W.3d 395, 397
(Mo. App. E.D. 2010) (citation omitted).

                                                         2
accident. The Nissan and Ford policies are identical, and Hiles was the named insured on

both policies. Each policy has limits of $25,000 per person/$50,000 per accident.

      Pursuant to the settlement agreement, Hiles, through American Family, agreed to

pay the $25,000 limits pursuant to the Nissan policy. The parties agreed that there

remained a dispute as to the applicable coverage under the Ford policy. The parties

further agreed that a declaratory judgment action would be the appropriate method to

determine the applicable limits of liability coverage, if any, under the Ford policy for

Dutton's injuries. The parties agreed that any further recovery by Dutton would be

limited to the limits of liability coverage under the Ford policy as determined in the

declaratory judgment action.

      Dutton filed his petition against American Family in April 2011, seeking, inter

alia, a declaration as to whether the Ford policy provided minimal liability coverage

under the MVFRL for the May 25, 2009 accident. Dutton moved for summary judgment.

In February 2012, the trial court issued a judgment in favor of American Family, as

follows:

      (1) while every owner's liability policy issued in Missouri must meet the
      minimum requirements of the . . . MVFRL, §303.190.2, RSMo, there is no
      requirement in the MVFRL that each owner's liability policy must provide
      the minimum limits under the MVRFL when the motor vehicle covered by
      such owner's policy is not involved in an accident; and (2) the anti-stacking
      language in the "other insurance" clause in the American Family policy is
      not ambiguous, is valid, and effectively limits the recovery of Mr. Dutton to
      the amount paid by American Family on behalf of its insured from the
      coverage limits of the owner's policy of the vehicle involved in the
      accident.

      Dutton appeals.

                                            3
                                 Pertinent Policy Language

Both the Nissan and Ford policies contain the following relevant language: 2

DEFINITIONS USED THROUGHOUT THIS POLICY
     ****
     3. Car means your insured car, a private passenger car, and a
     utility car.
     ****
     5. Private passenger car means a four-wheel car of the private
     passenger type.
     ****
     9. Use means ownership, maintenance, or use.
     ****
     12. We, us and our mean the company providing this insurance [i.e.
     American Family].
     ****
     13. You and your mean the policyholder named in the declarations
     and spouse, if living in the same household [i.e. Barbara Hiles].
     ****
     14. Your insured car means:
     a. Any car described in the declarations and any private passenger
     car or utility trailer you replace it with. You must tell us within 30
     days of its acquisition.
     ****

PART I – LIABILITY COVERAGE
     ****
     We will pay compensatory damages an insured person is legally
     liable for because of bodily injury and property damage due to the
     use of a car or utility trailer.
     ****

           EXCLUSIONS
           This coverage does not apply to:
           ****
           9. Bodily injury or property damage arising out of the use of any
           vehicle, other than your insured car, which is owned by or
           furnished or available for regular use by you or any resident of your
           household.

2
    Bolded terms appear in bold in the policy and denote terms that are specially defined within the policy.

                                                   4
            ****

            LIMITS OF LIABILITY
            The limits of liability shown in the declaration apply, subject to the
            following:

            1. The bodily injury liability limit for "each person" is the
            maximum for all damages sustained by all persons as the result of
            bodily injury to one person in any one occurrence.
            ****

            We will pay no more than these maximums no matter how many
            vehicles are described in the declarations, or insured persons, claims,
            claimants, policies or vehicles are involved.
            ****

            OTHER INSURANCE
            If there is other auto liability insurance for a loss covered by this
            part, we will pay our share according to this policy's proportion of
            the total of all liability limits. But, any insurance provided under this
            Part for a vehicle you do not own is excess over any other collectible
            auto liability insurance.
            ****

      PART VI: GENERAL PROVISIONS
           3. Two or More Cars Insured. The total limit of our liability
           under all policies issued to you by us shall not exceed the highest
           limit of liability under any one policy.
           ****
           11.    Terms of Policy Conformed to Statute. Terms of this policy
           which are in conflict with the statutes of the state in which this
           policy is issued are changed to conform to those statutes.

                                      ANALYSIS

      Dutton asserts two points on appeal. He first argues that the trial court erred in

entering judgment in favor of American Family because every owner's motor vehicle

insurance policy must provide minimum limits of liability coverage pursuant to the

MVFRL, specifically section 303.190, as well as interpretative case law from the

                                            5
Missouri Supreme Court. Dutton argues in his second point that the trial court erred in

entering judgment in favor of American Family because the "other" insurance clause in

the Ford policy is ambiguous in that it conflicts with other anti-stacking language in the

policy and contains a broad grant of coverage with no limitations or qualifying language

and that this ambiguity should be decided in favor of coverage. We agree with Dutton's

first point and reverse.

       In our analysis, we determine (1) that the insurance policy affords liability

coverage in this case, (2) that the MVFRL applies, and (3) that the MVFRL defeats the

proffered exclusion and anti-stacking language.

                                  Standard of Review

       Our Supreme Court has set forth our standard of review:

       Summary judgment is appropriate only when the moving party
       demonstrates that "there is no genuine dispute as to the facts" and that "the
       facts as admitted show a legal right to judgment for the movant." The
       movant bears the burden of establishing both a legal right to judgment and
       the absence of any genuine issue of material fact required to support the
       claimed right to judgment. The propriety of summary judgment is purely
       an issue of law, and this Court's review is essentially de novo. As the trial
       court's judgment is founded on the record submitted and the law, an
       appellate court need not defer to the trial court's order granting summary
       judgment.

Bob DeGeorge Assocs., Inc. v. Hawthorn Bank, 377 S.W.3d 592, 596 (Mo. banc 2012)

(quoting ITT Commercial Fin. Corp. v. Mid–Am. Marine Supply Corp., 854 S.W.2d 371,

380 (Mo. banc 1993)). When reviewing a trial court's grant of summary judgment, this

court views the record in the light most favorable to the party against whom judgment

was entered. O'Rourke, 325 S.W.3d at 397.

                                            6
       The interpretation of an insurance policy is a question of law that we also

determine de novo. Seeck v. Geico Gen. Ins. Co., 212 S.W.3d 129, 132 (Mo. banc 2007)

(citation omitted).

                                                    Coverage

       "[T]he insured bears the burden of proving coverage under an insurance policy."

Fischer v. First Am. Title Ins. Co., 388 S.W.3d 181, 187 (Mo. App. W.D. 2012) (citation

omitted). However, "[i]n general, an insurance policy is a contract to afford protection to

an insured and will be interpreted, if reasonably possible, to provide coverage." Shiddell

v. Bar Plan Mut., 385 S.W.3d 478, 483 (Mo. App. W.D. 2012) (citation omitted). Here,

the Ford owner's policy explicitly provides liability coverage.       As noted above, the

relevant portion of the Ford policy states:

                  We will pay compensatory damages an insured person is legally
                  liable for because of bodily injury and property damage due to the
                  use of a car or utility trailer.

       Later, in the definitions part of the policy, "car" is defined as "your insured car, a

private passenger car, and a utility car." As noted above, a "private passenger car" is

defined as "a four-wheel car of the private passenger type." Although the Ford was not

involved in the accident, it is not disputed by American Family that the Ford policy

provides coverage for the policyholder's "use of a car" and that the use of the car

contemplates a "private passenger car," which, in this case, is the Nissan. 3 As American

Family's arguments center on the applicability of the MVFRL, policy exclusions, and

anti-stacking language, American Family does not advance a scrutable argument

       3
           It would likewise cover a rental car or borrowed car.

                                                          7
contesting that the Ford policy is triggered under the liability coverage portion of the

Ford policy, and we find none. 4 In short, given that an insurance policy is interpreted, if

reasonably possible, to provide coverage, and given that American Family does not

contest coverage under these facts, it is plain that coverage of the Nissan was within the

purview of the Ford policy. See Durbin v. Deitrick, 323 S.W.3d 122, 124 (Mo. App.

W.D. 2010) (determining that the same policy language as at bar contained in four

different personal liability policies on four different vehicles owned by the driver

provided stackable liability coverage regarding a fifth vehicle that was operated by the

driver but owned by the driver's employer and finding ambiguity as to "other" insurance

clauses); Karscig v. McConville, 303 S.W.3d 499, 502 (Mo. banc 2010) (interpreting the

same policy language as at bar contained in operator's policy as providing liability

coverage for a car not involved in an accident).

         We are in agreement with the trial court on this matter. The trial court did not

determine that the Ford policy was not triggered under the liability coverage portion of

the policy so as not to provide coverage. The trial court determined instead that, as an

issue of first impression, the MVFRL does not require that each owner's liability policy

         4
           In fact, on this topic during oral argument, American Family stated that "but for the existence of
Exclusion Number 9, or even the anti-stacking language of this policy, I wouldn't be here arguing." That said, Judge
Martin's dissenting opinion ignores American Family’s concession on this topic and doggedly attempts to make the
argument on American Family’s behalf, even going so far as to retrieve the now fourteen-year-old case files from
American Standard Insurance Co. v. Hargrave, 34 S.W.3d 88 (Mo. banc 2000) for the purpose of extrapolating
definitional language from the Hargrave insurance policy. Judge Martin's Dissenting Opinion, note 1. Judge
Martin's dissenting opinion takes this definitional language out of context and outside of the parameters of the
holding in Hargrave, and, more importantly, is in direct contradiction to Judge Martin's dissenting opinion's own
admission that, "Hargrave did not need to address whether husband's vehicle's owner policy designated the Ford
Escort Mrs. Hargrave was driving because the issue was not in dispute." Judge Martin's Dissenting Opinion at 3-4
(emphasis added). Like Hargrave, this same issue is not in dispute between the parties in this case, so it is odd that
Judge Martin's dissenting opinion does not feel constrained in the same fashion as our Supreme Court apparently
was in Hargrave.

                                                          8
provide the minimum limits under the MVRFL when the motor vehicle covered by such

owner's policy is not involved in an accident, indicating that it, too, determined this

action to be within the insuring agreement portion of the policy. As is clear from the

judgment, the trial court's ruling in favor of American Family is based on a determination

that the MVFRL does not require minimum limits and that anti-stacking language is

valid. Given our concurrence with the trial court in its determination of coverage under

the insuring agreement, we address the remainder of the trial court's determinations and

American Family's related arguments infra.

                                         MVFRL

       As coverage under the liability portion of the policy is clear, we are left to address

whether the MVFRL applies to the Ford policy, and if so, whether it overrides any

relevant policy exclusion. By way of background, section 303.025.1 of the MVFRL

requires "financial responsibility" of motor vehicle owners. Specifically, it states that

"[n]o owner of a motor vehicle in this state . . . shall operate, register or maintain

registration of a motor vehicle . . . unless the owner maintains the financial responsibility

which conforms to the requirements of the laws of this state."          In this case, Hiles

complied with section 303.025.1 by maintaining an owner's policy on each of her two

vehicles.

       Where section 303.025 requires "financial responsibility," section 303.190.2

mandates the minimum limit of liability coverage (here, $25,000) that an owner's policy

of liability insurance must provide.      Following is the relevant portion of section

303.190.2.

                                             9
                  Such owner's policy of liability insurance:

                 (1) Shall designate by explicit description or by appropriate
         reference all motor vehicles with respect to which coverage is thereby to
         be granted;
                 (2) Shall insure the person named therein and any other person, as
         insured, using any such motor vehicle or motor vehicles 5 with the express
         or implied permission of such named insured, against loss from the liability
         imposed by law for damages arising out of the ownership, maintenance or
         use of such motor vehicle or motor vehicles within the United States of
         America or the Dominion of Canada, subject to limits, exclusive of interest
         and costs, with respect to each such motor vehicle, as follows: twenty-five
         thousand dollars because of bodily injury to or death of one person in any
         one accident and, subject to said limit for one person, fifty thousand dollars
         because of bodily injury to or death of two or more persons in any one
         accident, and ten thousand dollars because of injury to or destruction of
         property of others in any one accident; and
                 (3) May exclude coverage against loss from liability imposed by law
         for damages arising out of the use of such motor vehicles by a member of
         the named insured's household who is a specifically excluded driver in the
         policy.

(Emphasis added.)

         5
           Judge Martin's dissenting opinion ignores the plain meaning of these words as well as rules of statutory
construction. "The primary rule of statutory interpretation is to ascertain the intent of the legislature from the
language used, to give effect to that intent if possible, and to consider the words in their plain and ordinary
meaning." S. Metro. v. City of Lee’s Summit, 278 S.W.3d 659, 666 (Mo. banc 2009) (citation omitted). "In
determining the intent and meaning of statutory language, the words must be considered in context and sections of
the statutes in pari materia, as well as cognate sections, must be considered in order to arrive at the true meaning
and scope of the words." Id. "[N]o portion of the statute is read in isolation, but rather the portions are read in
context to harmonize all of the statute's provisions." BASF Corp. v. Dir., 392 S.W.3d 438, 444 (Mo. banc 2012).
When the rules of statutory construction are followed, one can readily ascertain that the context of both subsections
(1) and (2) of section 303.190.2 revolve around the concept of not just describing vehicles on a declarations page,
but instead, identifying those "motor vehicle or motor vehicles" to which coverage is to be provided to persons
insured therein. Here, American Family’s insuring agreement provides coverage to persons insured in the Ford
policy who are legally liable for bodily injuries and property damages due to the use of a "car." And, "car" is plainly
and simply defined in the Ford policy to include the Nissan private passenger car that Ms. Hiles was using at the
time of the wreck she negligently caused. Though Judge Martin's dissenting opinion would re-write subsections (1)
and (2) to expressly limit the MVFRL to only those motor vehicles that are listed in the declarations page of a
policy, that is simply not what subsections (1) and (2) plainly state. It is, thus, no coincidence that American Family
has not made the argument propounded for the first time by Judge Martin's dissenting opinion.

                                                         10
       That there are two owner's policies does not obviate application of the MVFRL to

the Ford policy. To the contrary, our Supreme Court has held that where there are two

applicable owner's policies, they both provide some coverage because the MVFRL

requires minimum coverage in every applicable policy.            Specifically, in American

Standard Insurance Co. v. Hargrave, our Supreme Court, in its examination of two

owner’s policies, held that:

       There is no language in section 303.190 that would restrict the minimum
       liability payments to a single insurance policy. There are no words
       anywhere in the statutory scheme of the MVFRL that provide that an
       insured party is to receive only one statutory limit of $25,000 in
       compensation if they are insured under multiple policies. The plain
       language of section 303.190.2 indicates that every owner's policy issued
       in this state must provide the minimum liability coverage to comply with
       Missouri law, and this Court's decision in Halpin holds all household
       exclusion clauses invalid up to those minimum limits of coverage.

34 S.W.3d 88, 91 (Mo. banc 2000) (quoting Halpin v. Am. Family Mutual Ins. Co., 823
S.W.2d 479 (Mo. banc 1992)) (emphasis added). The Hargrave court determined that

each of the insurance policies in question was an owner's policy, as is true under our

facts, and that each qualifying owner's policy must pay the minimum required liability

coverage amount, as we find here. Id. at 92. The court stated:

       While it is correct that excess insurance coverage is not subject to the
       minimum financial requirements of section 303.190, each owner's policy
       must still provide the minimum requirements outlined in section 303.190.2.
       It is only any additional coverage contained in each individual policy that is
       not subject to section 303.190.2's requirements. Neither the MVFRL, nor
       the Halpin decision, require liability coverage exceeding the amounts
       specified in section 303.190. What the MVFRL requires is that each valid
       owner's or operator's policy provide the minimum liability limits specified,
       $25,000 for bodily injury to or death of two or more persons in any one
       accident. As argued by American Standard, the excess insurance issue is
       irrelevant to the core issue of this case; the application of section 303.190.2

                                             11
         when multiple liability policies are in place and each contains a household
         exclusion clause.

Id. (emphasis added). Put another way, the Hargrave court concluded that because there

were two valid owner's policies at the time of the accident, both policies would be

required to pay the minimum $25,000 as required by the MVFRL. Id. The MVFRL

minimum requirement per policy was not satisfied by the payment of one policy when

there were other policies that also provided coverage. See id. at 91-92. This was true

despite American Standard's argument that its owner's policy was excess over the policy

on the vehicle involved in the collision.

         Now, the facts of our case and the language of the insurance contract at bar must

be applied to the mandate of the MVFRL. Section 303.190.2(1) requires that the owner’s

policy of liability insurance "shall designate by explicit description or by appropriate

reference all motor vehicles with respect to which coverage is thereby to be granted."

(emphasis added to denote plurality of term). As noted above, in this case, the insurance

contract explicitly describes the covered vehicles, inter alia: (1) the car named in the

declarations (i.e. Ford truck); and, (2) the private passenger car (i.e. Nissan sedan) that

Hiles was "in use of" at the time of the accident. Thus, the policy falls squarely within

the purview of section 303.190.2(1) of the MVFRL. Minimum liability coverage of

$25,000 is thus mandatory under 303.190.2(2). 6

         6
           Judge Ahuja's dissenting opinion posits that the majority opinion is decided on a ground that Dutton did
not raise. In support, Judge Ahuja's dissenting opinion cites an excerpt from our en banc oral arguments during
which Dutton's counsel was distinguishing the two policies at hand, the Ford and the Nissan. From that portion of
oral arguments and from references in the record indicating that Dutton did not argue the policy was a multi-vehicle
policy, Judge Ahuja's dissenting opinion supposes that Dutton has "explicitly repudiated" any contention that the
Nissan could be designated a vehicle under the Ford policy pursuant to section 303.190.

                                                        12
         We do not agree with the contention that any coverage under the Ford policy for

the Nissan is excess to the base level of coverage demanded by section 303.190.2. See,

e.g., State Farm Mut. Auto Ins. Co. v. Scheel, 973 S.W.2d 560, 567 (Mo. App. W.D.

1998) (holding that an owner's policy may provide additional coverage that is more

limited than what an operator's policy must provide to comply with section 303.190.3); §

303.190.7 (stating "[a]ny policy which grants the coverage required for a motor vehicle

liability policy may also grant lawful coverage in excess of or in addition to the coverage

specified . . . and such excess coverage . . . shall not be subject to the provisions of this

chapter"). In the case at bar, as noted above, the plain language of the liability coverage

portion of the policy made clear that liability coverage under the owner's policy spanned

to more than the Ford listed on the declarations page. "Where an insurance policy

promises the insured something at one point but then takes it away at another, there is an

ambiguity." Durbin, 323 S.W.3d at 125 (citation omitted). Nowhere is coverage for use

of "a passenger car" unambiguously denominated or explained as excess coverage. "To

test whether the language used in the policy is ambiguous, the language is considered in

          To the contrary, Dutton's first Point Relied On asserts trial court error because "Missouri statutes and case
law mandate that every owner's motor vehicle insurance policy issued in the state of Missouri must provide the
minimum limits of liability coverage required by RSMo § 303.190, in that the [Ford] policy . . . provides liability
coverage in the amount of $25,000 to cover the damages sustained by Appellant . . . as Ms. Hiles is the named
insured and she is legally liable for Appellant's damages due to her use of a private passenger car and any exclusions
or limitations on minimum coverage are invalid." The argument portion of Point One is twenty-five pages long. It
includes the entire text of section 303.190, which necessarily includes the legislature's requirement that a policy
"[s]hall designate by explicit description or by appropriate reference all motor vehicles with respect to which
coverage is thereby to be granted." Dutton also argues, consistent with our holding here, that the Ford policy's
definition of "car" includes "private passenger car" and that the Nissan meets the definition of that term. Dutton also
argues, consistent with our holding here, that one of the policy exclusions conflicts with the MVFRL. That Dutton
cites the entirety of section 303.190 in arguing that the Nissan is covered and that we highlight a portion of that
section to explain our holding indicate that we are deciding this opinion consistent with the arguments Dutton
provides in his brief. We emphasize certain language from section 303.190 in hopes of guiding the reader through
the analysis of the thorny requirements of the MVFRL.

                                                         13
the light in which it would normally be understood by the lay person who bought and

paid for the policy." Blumer v. Auto. Club Inter–Ins. Exch., 340 S.W.3d 214, 218 (Mo.

App. W.D. 2011) (citation omitted). In other words, we apply "the meaning which would

be attached by an ordinary person of average understanding if purchasing insurance" and

we resolve "ambiguities in favor of the insured." Seeck, 212 S.W.3d at 132 (citations

omitted). "In Missouri, this rule is more rigorously applied in insurance contracts than in

other contracts." Long v. Shelter Ins. Co., 351 S.W.3d 692, 696 (Mo. App. W.D. 2011)

(citation omitted). Viewing the language as would be normally understood by a lay

person of average understanding, even if we were to find that the policy language on this

matter to be ambiguous, we would construe the language of the policy against the insurer.

Blumer, 340 S.W.3d at 218; Durbin, 323 S.W.3d at 125. 7

        We further note that our opinion is in alignment with the legislative intent behind

the MVFRL. The purpose behind the MVFRL is to "ensure that persons injured on

Missouri's highways, whether they be owners, operators, occupants of the insured's

vehicle, occupants of other vehicles, or pedestrians, may collect at least minimal damage

awards against negligent motor vehicle operators." Hargrave, 34 S.W.3d at 90. "This

protection extends to occupants of the insured vehicle as well as to operators and

occupants of other vehicles and pedestrians." Halpin, 823 S.W.2d at 482. "We believe

that the legislature had a purpose of requiring motor vehicle liability policies to provide

        7
           Judge Ahuja's dissenting opinion characterizes our holding as determining that Exclusion 9 is ambiguous.
To be clear, we find here that the insuring agreement encompasses coverage of the Nissan, a determination in accord
with the trial court's judgment and conceded by Judge Ahuja's dissenting opinion as an undisputed fact. Finding that
the insuring agreement covers the Nissan, we next considered the proffered exclusions. Looking to Supreme Court
precedent, because we determine that Exclusion 9 is in conflict with the MVFRL's minimum requirements, we need
not reach a determination as to whether Exclusion 9 is ambiguous.

                                                        14
coverage coextensive with liability, subject to the statutory limits. We should give effect

to the pervasive purpose even though the method of expression may be inartistic." Id. In

short, our determination that minimal coverage exists under the Ford policy is consistent

both with Supreme Court precedent and with the legislature's pervasive purpose of

providing coverage.

                                                    Exclusions

         Finding that the Ford owner's policy includes coverage of Hiles' operation of the

private passenger car involved in the accident, the Nissan, and that the MVFRL applies to

the Ford policy, we next turn to the policy's exclusions. Dutton argues that under the

MVFRL, any exclusions or limitations are inapplicable or invalid. We agree.

         Missouri strictly construes exclusionary clauses against the drafter. Manner v.

Schiermeier, 393 S.W.3d 58, 62 (Mo. banc 2013) (citation omitted). "The burden of

showing that an exclusion to coverage applies is on the insurer." Id. 8 As noted above,

American Family argues that "Exclusion 9" is applicable.                              Deemed a "non-owner"

exclusion, it states that coverage does not apply to:

                  Bodily injury or property damage arising out of the use of any
                  vehicle, other than your insured car, which is owned by or
                  furnished or available for regular use by you or any resident of your
                  household.

         8
           Judge Ahuja's dissenting opinion posits that the majority "offers no rationale for looking at the policy's
insuring clause to expand the universe of 'designated' vehicles, while not also looking to the policy's exclusions,
which specify that coverage does not extend to other owned vehicles." Our opinion is not a "pick and choose"
approach; rather, it is based on settled law that "an insurance policy is a contract to afford protection to an insured
and will be interpreted, if reasonably possible, to provide coverage," Shiddell, 385 S.W.3d at 483, and that "Missouri
strictly construes exclusionary clauses against the drafter." Manner, 393 S.W.3d at 62. Regardless of this
established doctrine, our holding here follows settled law that the MFVRL requires minimum coverage in this case
despite an otherwise valid exclusion. And our holding here is, as noted above and conceded in Judge Ahuja's
dissenting opinion as an undisputed fact, in alignment with the trial court's determination that the Nissan is a
contemplated, covered vehicle under the insuring agreement of the Ford policy.

                                                         15
       The Ford policy also includes an additional limitation, commonly known as an

anti-stacking provision.   "'Stacking' refers to an insured's ability to obtain multiple

insurance coverage benefits for an injury either from more than one policy, as where the

insured has two or more separate vehicles under separate policies, or from multiple

coverages provided for within a single policy, as when an insured has one policy which

covers more than one vehicle."       Karscig, 303 S.W.3d at 501 n.3 (citation omitted)

(emphasis added).

       At issue here is the following anti-stacking provision:

              Two or More Cars Insured. The total limit of our liability under
              all policies issued to you by us shall not exceed the highest limit of
              liability under any one policy.

       Karscig is dispositive of both the effect of Exclusion 9 and of the anti-stacking

limitation. 303 S.W.3d 499. In Karscig, the plaintiff was injured when a tortfeasor

struck his motorcycle. Id. at 501. The tortfeasor's vehicle was a 1998 Pontiac owned and

insured by her parents with American Family. Id. The tortfeasor had a separate policy

with American Family applicable to another car owned by her parents, a 1990 Pontiac,

but for which the tortfeasor paid the premium and was considered the insured. Id. The

policy issued on the 1990 Pontiac was thus an operator's policy (not an owner's policy).

Id.   The Supreme Court emphasized that the declarations in the operator's policy

described only the 1990 Pontiac, which the tortfeasor was not driving, though coverage

                                             16
applied also to the 1998 Pontiac involved in the wreck.                              Id.    The content of the

declarations page was thus not an obstacle to coverage. 9

         Despite language in the tortfeasor's policy -- which is exactly the same as

Exclusion 9 in the case at bar -- that excluded coverage "arising out of the use of any

vehicle, other than your insured car, which is owned by . . . you," the Karscig court

determined that American Family was liable under the policy. In so holding, the Karscig

court reasoned that the MVFRL's provision relating to the requirements of an operator's

policy mandated minimal coverage of $25,000 on every policy, despite the exclusions.

Minimal coverage thus was stacked on the owner's policy limit maintained by the

tortfeasor's parents, despite not only this exclusion but also anti-stacking limitations.

         Where a part of an insurance policy runs contrary to the public policy of the

MVFRL, the clause in question constitutes a "partial invalidity." Halpin, 823 S.W.2d at

         9
            Though, were we to accept the logic of Judge Martin's dissenting opinion, this would be an MVFRL
obstacle to coverage because Judge Martin's dissenting opinion would argue—even though the parties do not—that
the only designated vehicle from the declarations page was a vehicle not involved in the wreck. This, of course, we
cannot do: the intermediate courts of appeals are constitutionally “bound to follow the last controlling decision of
the Missouri Supreme Court." Dilley v. Valentine, 401 S.W.3d 544, 549 (Mo. App. W.D. 2013) (citing Mo. Const.
art. V, sec. 2; additional citations omitted). Further, we note that the cases cited in footnote 3 of Judge Martin's
dissenting opinion are inapposite to the procedural facts and legal precedent of Hargrave and are, likewise,
inapposite to the present case. Further, though this same footnote suggests that there is some requirement that the
Supreme Court explicitly reverse these numerous cases that pre-date Hargrave to the extent that any portion of these
pre-Hargrave cases conflict with Hargrave, we note that (1) the cases are simply inapposite to the issues addressed
in Hargrave (and here) and (2) there is no constitutional requirement that our Supreme Court must scour the
universe of precedent to expressly reverse any precedent contrary to its most current pronouncement of the law;
instead, it is the requirement of this court to follow the most recent pronouncement of the law from our Supreme
Court.
          It is further beyond the province of this court to review the record presented to the Supreme Court in a prior
case and rewrite its opinion to reflect what we believe the Court should have written. We do not allow a party to
attach documents to a brief that are not part of the record, even to supplement the proceedings in an unrelated case
that might bear on a case at bar. Meyers v. S. Builders, Inc., 7 S.W.3d 507, 512 n.6 (Mo. App. S.D. 1999). Were a
party to do so, we would not consider those documents on appeal. As such, Judge Martin's dissenting opinion's
admittedly "highly unusual exercise" in doing so is simply inappropriate and unfair to the parties. To interpret the
opinion in Hargrave based on a review of the briefs and records before the Supreme Court would give the opinion a
precedential effect for those familiar with its record different from its precedential effect on everyone else. Meyers,
7 S.W.3d at 512 n.6.

                                                          17
480 (holding that an insurance clause that excluded coverage for household members was

in dereliction of the MVFRL's public policy). And where multiple policies must be

"stacked" in order to comply with the MVFRL, a trial court's failure to do so constitutes

reversible error. Karscig, 303 S.W.3d at 505. In this case, because Exclusion 9 and the

anti-stacking language negate mandatory minimal coverage required under the MVFRL,

the trial court erred in ruling against Dutton.

       In so holding, we note that the fact that Karscig involved an operator's policy and

an owner's policy is of no consequence. To the contrary, the court held that the "MVFRL

requires each owner's and operator's policy issued in Missouri to provide minimum

liability coverage of $25,000."      Id. at 505 (citing Hargrave, 34 S.W.3d at 91-92)

(emphasis added). Missouri law "also does not restrict minimum liability payments to a

single policy if coverage is provided under multiple policies." Id. And key to this case,

"whether the Policy is viewed as an owner's policy or an operator's policy, it is only one

insurance policy, subject to one statutorily required minimum liability coverage of

$25,000 under the MVFRL." Allstate Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co. v. Davis, 403 S.W.3d 714,

718 n.4 (Mo. App. W.D. 2013) (emphasis added).

       American Family relies on First National Insurance Co. of America v. Clark for

the proposition that a policy does not provide coverage for an owned vehicle that the

policy did not describe as a covered vehicle. 899 S.W.2d 520 (Mo. banc 1995). That

case involved two separate insurance policies with the same person named as the owner

of each of policy, as in the case at bar. Id. at 521. The two policies insured a Ford

Mustang and a Chevy Blazer; both policies provided $100,000/$300,000 liability limits;

                                              18
the insured (under both policies) negligently caused a wreck while operating the Blazer

that resulted in more than $200,000 in damages to Clark. Although the policy limits of

$100,000 were paid to Clark under the Blazer policy, the insurer refused to “stack” the

liability coverage with the Mustang policy to pay a total of $200,000 to Clark. Id. The

Clark court agreed with the insurer. Id. at 522.

       As noted above, however, pursuant to Karscig, which our Supreme Court decided

five years after Clark, the fact that a vehicle is not specifically identified in the

declarations page is not an obstacle to coverage. More importantly, however, in Clark,

no argument was raised that the insurer owed the minimum MVFRL coverage of $25,000

under the Mustang policy. Further, our Supreme Court subsequently stated: "It is unclear

what viability remains in Clark after Hargrave." Karscig, 303 S.W.3d at 505. We are

bound by the more recent holdings of our Supreme Court in Hargrave and Karscig.

       There is, nonetheless, limited viability remaining in Clark after Hargrave: anti-

stacking clauses or other applicable exclusionary clauses are, in fact, valid for any excess

amounts of coverage over and above the mandatory minimum coverage required by the

MVFRL. In applying Hargrave and Karscig to the facts of Clark, it is plain that, faced

with the same facts today, our Supreme Court would not only determine that Clark would

require $100,000 of liability coverage under the Blazer policy because the insured was

operating the Blazer at the time of the collision but also that the insured would be entitled

to $25,000 of coverage under the separate Mustang policy.           In short, although the

Mustang policy provided $100,000 of liability coverage, the MVFRL required minimum

                                             19
coverage of $25,000 from the otherwise valid exclusionary or anti-stacking provisions of

the Mustang policy.

         As noted above, our holding today is consistent with our recent decision in Allstate

Property, wherein we noted that the Hargrave decision addressed the application of the

MVFRL to a situation with multiple applicable policies, similar to the case at bar, as

opposed to a single policy covering multiple vehicles. 403 S.W.3d at 718 n.4. If both

vehicles in the case at bar had been insured under a single policy containing the

exclusions in the Ford policy, the outcome would be different. 10

         10
            We note too that in its fourth remark, Judge Ahuja's dissenting opinion seems to assert that the public
policy behind exclusions deemed "drive other cars" or "non-owned vehicles" will be affected drastically by our
holding that minimal coverage is required here under the MVFRL. To that end, Judge Ahuja's dissenting opinion
relies heavily on State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. v. Western Casualty and Surety Co. to illustrate its
argument that a policy is intended "basically to provide coverage on one designated vehicle" with "limited additional
coverage." 477 S.W.2d 421, 424 (Mo. banc 1972). In this 1972 case, the Supreme Court, in ruling against State
Farm, recognized the amorphous nature of the exclusion in general and the fact that due regard should be given to
the "pertinent facts" surrounding "each case":

         Without detailing and discussing all [bases to determine the applicability of such an exclusion], we
         conclude that we should not limit ourselves either to a test of merely determining motive or
         purpose or one of simply measuring length and extent of availability of use. Rather, each case
         should be decided on its own facts, and the court should take into consideration the type and
         length of use, the purpose for which the non-owned automobile was furnished, and any other
         pertinent facts, including a determination of whether the use and purpose was in harmony with or
         violative of the objective of the 'non-owned automobile' clause.

Id. (emphasis added). But what is relevant is that since that 1972 case, as noted above, our Supreme Court has held
that MVFRL coverage requires each owner's and operator's policy issued in Missouri to provide minimum liability
coverage of $25,000. Karscig, 303 S.W.3d at 505; Hargrave, 34 S.W.3d at 91-92. Given that the Supreme Court
has considered the very language present in American Family's "non-owned vehicles" exclusion and determined that
it is void to the extent it conflicts with the MVFRL, we see no merit in Judge Ahuja's dissenting opinion's
supposition. And again, we do not hold these exclusions to be void as a class of exclusions but rather hold that here
the exclusion is void up to the $25,000 statutory dictate of the MVFRL.
           Additionally, we note an internal inconsistency in Judge Ahuja's dissenting opinion's fourth and fifth
comments. In its fourth comment, Judge Ahuja's dissenting opinion seems to recognize that a policy can encompass
permissive use of other cars (e.g. rental vehicles, friends' vehicles, and other loaner vehicles). At the same time, in
its fifth comment, Judge Ahuja's dissenting opinion posits that our interpretation here is in conflict with section
303.024.5 of the MVFRL, which specifies that an insurance identification card must contain a description of every
insured motor vehicle. Judge Ahuja's dissenting opinion would extend that statute to mean that every designated
vehicle would be identified by make and model and identification number on the insurance identification card.
Under Judge Ahuja's dissenting opinion's reading of the MVFRL, however, no policy could include permissive use
of other vehicles that Judge Ahuja's dissenting opinion recognizes as normal coverage because of conflict with
section 303.024.5.

                                                          20
      Because the anti-stacking language and the non-owner exclusion cannot be

enforced under this policy due to the mandates of the MVFRL, the trial court erred in

ruling against Dutton. Pursuant to Rule 84.14, we can issue such judgment as the court

ought to give.     We hold that Dutton should have been granted summary judgment

declaring that the Ford policy provided coverage for this accident up to and including the

limits of the MVFRL of $25,000.

                                          CONCLUSION

      The judgment of the trial court is reversed and judgment is granted to the

Appellant consistent with this opinion.

                                                 __________________________________
                                                 Gary D. Witt, Judge

Joseph M. Ellis, Victor C. Howard, Thomas H. Newton, Mark D. Pfeiffer, Anthony Rex
Gabbert, Judges, Concur in the Majority Opinion
Judge Alok Ahuja dissents in separate opinion, joined by Chief Judge James E. Welsh,
Judge Lisa White Hardwick and Judge Karen King Mitchell
Judge Cynthia L. Martin dissents in separate opinion, joined by Chief Judge James E.
Welsh, Judge Lisa White Hardwick, Judge Alok Ahuja and Judge Karen King Mitchell

      We cannot adopt Judge Ahuja's dissenting opinion's interpretation of the MVFRL.

                                                   21
                               Missouri Court of Appeals
                                  Western District
ADAM DUTTON,                                  )
         Appellant,                           )
                                              )
v.                                            )   WD74940
                                              )
AMERICAN FAMILY MUTUAL                        )   FILED: January 21, 2014
INSURANCE COMPANY,                            )
         Respondent.                          )

                                DISSENTING OPINION

       Adam Dutton was injured in an automobile accident caused by Barbara Hiles. The

accident occurred while Hiles was driving a Nissan Maxima sedan which she owned, and

which was insured by American Family. American Family has paid Dutton the full limits

of liability under the policy insuring the Maxima.

       Dutton now seeks to recover additional money under a second American Family

policy, which insured a Ford F-250 pickup truck Hiles also owned. The F-250 was not

involved in the accident in which Dutton was injured. And the F-250 policy provides, in

clear and unambiguous language, that

       [t]his coverage does not apply to . . . [¶] [b]odily injury or property damage
       arising out of the use of any vehicle, other than your insured car, which is
       owned . . . by you . . . .
        This exclusion plainly precludes coverage for Dutton’s injuries, since Hiles was

operating a vehicle she owned, but which was not insured under the F-250 policy, at the

time of the accident. Because the majority finds coverage despite the unambiguous

language of the other owned vehicle exclusion, I respectfully dissent.

                                                         I.

        Missouri’s Motor Vehicle Financial Responsibility Law (the “MVFRL”), specifies

that an owner’s policy of automobile liability insurance “[s]hall designate by explicit

description or by appropriate reference all motor vehicles with respect to which coverage

is thereby to be granted.” § 303.190.2(1). 1 The MVFRL requires that an owner’s policy

insure the named insured, and any permissive user of the designated vehicle(s), “against

loss from the liability imposed by law for damages arising out of the ownership,

maintenance or use of such motor vehicle or motor vehicles . . .” § 303.190.2(2).

        The majority opinion concludes that, because the F-250 policy’s insuring clause

extends coverage to an insured’s use of any private passenger car, any vehicle Hiles

happened to be driving was a “designated” vehicle under the F-250 policy. The majority

then holds that the other owned vehicle exclusion violates § 303.190.2(2), because it

denies coverage for Hiles’ use of what the majority deems to be a “designated” vehicle.

The majority’s conclusion that the Maxima was “designated” under the F-250 policy is a

linchpin of its analysis: the majority only finds the other owned vehicle exclusion invalid

because it purportedly conflicts with the coverage required by § 303.190.2 for

“designated” vehicles.
        1
        Statutory citations refer to the 2000 edition of the Revised Statutes of Missouri, as updated through the
2008 cumulative supplement.

                                                         2
       There are at least two fundamental problems with the majority’s conclusion that

Hiles’ Nissan Maxima – which was insured under a separate American Family policy – is

a “designated” vehicle under the F-250 policy. First, Dutton has never made this

argument; to the contrary, Dutton has explicitly acknowledged that the F-250 policy only

“designates” a single vehicle: the F-250 itself. Second, even if it had been presented, the

majority’s “designation” argument is simply incorrect, and will have absurd and

unintended consequences.

                                              A.

       Dutton has not argued that Hiles’ Nissan Maxima was a “designated” vehicle

under the F-250 policy; to the contrary, Dutton has explicitly rejected the majority’s

conclusion that the F-250 policy “designated” any vehicle beyond the F-250 itself.

During oral argument, the following exchange occurred during Dutton’s counsel’s

introductory remarks:

       [Counsel:] There’s no dispute as to the facts. It was a car accident. The
       tortfeasor, Barbara Hiles, turned in front of Adam Dutton, causing a car
       accident, and he was injured. Barbara Hiles at the time was driving a 2007
       Nissan; she owned that vehicle. She also owned a Ford F-250. She had an
       owner’s policy on each of those vehicles; separate policies. A policy that
       named the 2007 Nissan, and a separate policy that designated the Ford F-
       250.

       [Judge:] Mr. Brown, I apologize for interrupting, but given your comment .
       . . . For owner’s policies, the Financial Responsibility Law says that the
       policy “[s]hall designate by explicit description or by appropriate reference
       all motor vehicles with respect to which coverage is thereby to be granted.”
       I believe I heard your comment that the vehicle or vehicles designated
       under what we refer to as the F-250 policy is the F-250.

       [Counsel:] Yes, that’s right, it’s the single vehicle on that policy.

       [Judge:] And that’s the single designated vehicle under that policy.

                                              3
        [Counsel:] That’s right, the other policy designated the vehicle she was
        driving at the time. American Family paid the limits for the policy that
        designated the Nissan. We’re concerned with the owner’s policy on the F-
        250.

(Emphasis added.)

        Dutton’s statements at oral argument were not inadvertent, or an aberration. In his

petition, discovery responses, and motion papers in the trial court, and in his appellate

briefing, Dutton has repeatedly and expressly acknowledged: that the F-250 policy “does

not identify any other vehicle as the insured vehicle”; that the F-250 is the only vehicle

“listed” or “named” in the F-250 policy; that the F-250 policy is not a “multi-vehicle

policy”; and that the F-250 policy was issued “on” the F-250 alone. Indeed, although it

concludes that the Maxima was “designated” in the F-250 policy, the majority opinion

itself recognizes that Hiles’ two owner’s policies insured different vehicles: according to

the majority, “Hiles complied with section 303.025.1 by maintaining an owner’s policy

on each of her two vehicles.” Maj. Op. at 9.

        Given Dutton’s multiple, explicit acknowledgments that the F-250 truck is the

only vehicle “designate[d]” under the policy at issue, we cannot reverse the trial court’s

grant of summary judgment based on a conclusion, first suggested in the majority

opinion, that the Maxima was “designated” in the F-250 policy. It is black-letter law that

we will not consider arguments not raised in the trial court to support reversal of a

summary judgment. 2 It is also black-letter law that we will not construct arguments for

        2
         See, e.g., Est. of Downs v. Bugg, 242 S.W.3d 729, 733 (Mo. App. W.D. 2007); Citibrook II, LLC v.
Morgan’s Foods of Mo., Inc., 239 S.W.3d 631, 635 (Mo. App. E.D. 2007).

                                                       4
an appellant which the appellant has not explicitly made. 3 Yet the majority now goes a

step further: not only does it reverse based on an argument never presented to the trial

court, and never argued here; it reverses based on an argument which the appellant has

explicitly repudiated. I cannot join in such overreaching.

                                                            B.

         Even if it were properly before us, the majority’s “designation” argument is

legally incorrect. While we do not have the benefit of briefing or argument addressing

the issue, I can perceive at least the following flaws in the majority’s analysis.

         1.       The F-250 policy itself denominates the F-250 as the “insured car.” As

explained in greater detail in Judge Martin’s separate dissent (in which I join), the

policy’s explicit definition of the “insured car” should be decisive. The policy itself

makes clear that the F-250 – and the F-250 alone – is the “designated” vehicle under this

owner’s policy, even though the policy provides some limited coverage for the insured’s

use of other vehicles.

         2.       The majority opinion goes beyond the declarations page – which identifies

only the F-250 – to the policy’s insuring clause to identify the vehicle(s) purportedly

“designated” under the policy. Yet the majority offers no rationale for looking to the

policy’s insuring clause to expand the universe of “designated” vehicles, while not also

looking to the policy’s exclusions, which specify that coverage does not extend to other

owned vehicles. The majority’s “pick and choose” approach – determining coverage by

         3
           See, e.g., Glass v. First Nat’l Bank of St. Louis, 191 S.W.3d 662, 667-68 n.16 (Mo. banc 2006) (noting
that “the dissenting opinion . . . plays the role of advocate and puts forth an argument not offered by either party,”
based on “a distinction that the parties apparently felt had no merit”); Willis v. Mo. Farm Bureau Servs., Inc., 396
S.W.3d 451, 454 (Mo. App. W.D. 2013).

                                                           5
looking to the insuring agreement, but not the exclusions – is inconsistent with the

principle that “the risk insured against is made up of both the general insuring agreement

as well as the exclusions and definitions.” Todd v. Mo. United Sch. Ins. Council, 223
S.W.3d 156, 163 (Mo. banc 2007); accord, Grable v. Atl. Cas. Ins. Co., 280 S.W.3d 104,

108-09 (Mo. App. E.D. 2009).

         The majority’s misguided analysis is illustrated by the fact that the section of its

opinion titled “Coverage” blithely ignores the other owned vehicle exclusion – even

though that exclusion is at the center of this appeal. Instead, the majority’s “Coverage”

analysis discusses only whether Hiles’ operation of the Maxima fell within the F-250

policy’s insuring clause, considered in isolation – an issue American Family does not

even dispute. The Supreme Court’s decision in Todd holds that an exclusion is a proper

place for an insurer to place a coverage limitation like the one at issue here. The majority

offers no justification for holding that American Family was required to exclude Hiles’

use of other owned vehicles from coverage in the insuring agreement itself, rather than in

an exclusion. 4

         The majority opinion (at 13-14) also suggests that the use of an exclusion to

withdraw coverage for Hiles’ use of an other owned vehicle, which would otherwise be

covered by the broad language of the insuring agreement, creates an ambiguity which

         4
            At various points, the majority states that its decision rests on the fact that coverage is afforded by “the
liability coverage portion of the Ford policy.” That statement is inaccurate – the other owned vehicle exclusion is
part of the F-250’s “liability coverage” section (Part 1 of the policy), to the same extent as the insuring agreement on
which the majority so heavily relies. Stated more accurately, the majority opinion relies on one isolated provision in
the policy’s “liability coverage” section, to the exclusion of everything else appearing there.

                                                           6
must be interpreted against American Family. The Supreme Court rejected just such an

analysis in Todd, where it explained:

       Insurance policies customarily include definitions that limit words used in
       granting coverage as well as exclusions that exclude from coverage
       otherwise covered risks. While a broad grant of coverage in one provision
       that is taken away by a more limited grant in another may be contradictory
       and inconsistent, the use of definitions and exclusions is not necessarily
       contradictory or inconsistent. . . . Definitions, exclusions, conditions and
       endorsements are necessary provisions in insurance policies. If they are
       clear and unambiguous within the context of the policy as a whole, they are
       enforceable.
223 S.W.3d at 162-63. Accord, Progressive Nw. Ins. Co. v. Talbert, 407 S.W.3d 1, 12-13

(Mo. App. S.D. 2013); Grable, 280 S.W.3d at 108 (“exclusions and definitions do not

make an insurance policy ambiguous because they limit or exclude coverage given in the

form policy”); Hawkeye-Sec. Ins. Co. v. Bunch, 643 F.3d 646, 652 (8th Cir. 2011)

(Missouri law; observing that “[e]xclusions by their very nature set limitations on broader

grants of coverage”).

       3.     Under the majority’s reading of the policy, any number of non-owned

vehicles (if driven by Hiles) are now considered to be “designated” vehicles under this

owner’s policy. Yet the Missouri Supreme Court has held that “the distinction between

[owner’s and operator’s policies] should rest on the insured’s ownership or lack of

ownership of the vehicle involved in the accident. This is evidenced by the nomenclature

and dichotomy employed.” Karscig v. McConville, 303 S.W.3d 499, 503 (Mo. banc

2010) (citation and emphasis omitted). Neither the legislature, nor the Supreme Court,

contemplated that non-owned vehicles would be considered to be “designated” vehicles

under an owner’s policy of insurance.

                                            7
       4.     The majority opinion takes provisions of the F-250 policy which are

intended to cover an insured’s occasional, permissive use of a non-owned vehicle, and

turns them into something entirely different: coverage for all of the insured’s other

owned vehicles.

       Although the principal purpose of the F-250 policy is to insure the operation of the

F-250 itself, I recognize that the policy provides additional coverage for an insured’s

incidental use of other vehicles. Such uses are easy to imagine: for example, the

insured’s use of a rental car, or of a vehicle belonging to a friend, when the insured is

traveling, when the insured’s vehicle is under repair, or when the insured requires greater

passenger or cargo capacity for a special errand. As the Missouri Supreme Court

explained more than forty years ago:

       “The purpose of the ‘drive other cars’ provision in an automobile liability
       policy is to cover occasional or incidental use of other cars without the
       payment of an additional premium, but to exclude the habitual use of other
       cars, which would increase the risk on the insurance company without a
       corresponding increase in the premium.”

State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Western Cas. & Sur. Co., 477 S.W.2d 421, 424 (Mo.

banc 1972) (citation omitted); accord, Shelter Mut. Ins. Co. v. Sage, 273 S.W.3d 33, 39

(Mo. App. W.D. 2008); Earl v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 820 S.W.2d 623, 624

(Mo. App. W.D. 1991).

       The majority opinion transforms this easily-understood additional coverage into

something it plainly was not intended to be: coverage for other vehicles the insured

owns, or other vehicles which are provided for the insured’s regular (or even exclusive)

use. Under the majority opinion, any household owning multiple vehicles now needs to

                                              8
purchase an owner’s policy on only one: if the policy provides any coverage for the

insured’s use of other vehicles, that coverage will be interpreted to apply to all vehicles

the insured uses, including other owned vehicles, despite an exclusion intended to prevent

this result. We have previously rejected just such an interpretation, observing that “the

rationale behind ‘non-owned auto’ clauses is to protect an insurer from a situation where

an insured could purchase one policy for a described vehicle and be covered by the same

policy without qualification while operating any and all other automobiles under his

control or available for his use.” Allstate Ins. Co. v. Ibrahim, 243 S.W.3d 452, 457 (Mo.

App. E.D. 2007). We have explained that the MVFRL,

       did not intend to enact a scheme by which only one policy of insurance
       need be purchased per household and several cars operated thereunder. If
       we adopted Plaintiff's position, households with several drivers could
       purchase one policy of insurance to cover all vehicles owned by them,
       thereby obtaining multicar coverage with payment of a one-car premium.

Schuster v. Shelter Mut. Ins. Co., 857 S.W.2d 381, 385 (Mo. App. W.D. 1993).

       Notably, in State Farm v. Western the Supreme Court recognized that the

inclusion of coverage for incidental use of other non-owned vehicles did not change the

identity of the vehicle “designated” under a policy: the Court observed that the policy at

issue “was intended basically to provide coverage on one designated vehicle” named in

the policy’s declarations, even though – as here – “the policy does contain clauses which

provide limited additional coverage” “with respect to operation of ‘non-owned’

automobiles.” 477 S.W.2d at 423-24 (emphasis added).

       Because the F-250 policy provides the required minimum coverage for the vehicle

“designated” in the policy (i.e., the F-250 itself), the additional coverage for an insured’s

                                              9
occasional use of other vehicles is not separately subject to the MVFRL’s mandates.

Providing such additional, non-statutory coverage is expressly sanctioned by the

MVFRL. See § 303.190.7 (“Any policy which grants the coverage required for a motor

vehicle liability policy may also grant any lawful coverage in excess of or in addition to

the coverage specified for a motor vehicle liability policy and such excess or additional

coverage shall not be subject to the provisions of this chapter.”) As discussed in § II.B,

below, numerous Missouri decisions have held that the MVFRL does not apply to

additional coverage contained in an owner’s policy for the insured’s occasional use of

non-owned automobiles. The majority opinion is necessarily inconsistent with these

decisions.

       5.     Finally, the majority’s interpretation of the vehicles “designated” under

this owner’s policy is in tension with other provisions of the MVFRL. The MVFRL

requires that an insurance identification card, showing that required insurance is in force,

must “be carried in the insured motor vehicle at all times,” and must be provided to law

enforcement officers on request. § 303.024.5. The statute specifies that the insurance

identification card must contain “[a] description of the insured motor vehicle, including

year and make or at least five digits of the vehicle identification number or the word Fleet

if the insurance policy covers five or more motor vehicles.” § 303.024.2(5); see also 12

C.S.R. 10-25.060(2)(E), (F) (Department of Revenue’s implementing regulation).

       Plainly, the “insured motor vehicle” which must be described on an insurance

identification card is the vehicle “designate[d] by explicit description or by appropriate

reference” in an owner’s policy pursuant to § 303.190.2(1). The MVFRL thus

                                             10
contemplates that the “designated” vehicle(s) will be capable of being identified by make

and model, or by vehicle identification number, at the time an insurer issues an insurance

identification card. Yet under the majority’s interpretation of the “designation”

requirement, that would be impossible, since the F-250 policy would (on the majority’s

reading) constitute the statutorily-mandated insurance not only for the vehicle identified

on the declarations page (the F-250), but also for any other vehicle Hiles happened to

operate during the policy period.

                                            II.

       The argument Dutton actually makes is no more persuasive.

       Dutton argues that the other owned vehicle exclusion in the F-250 policy is

unenforceable under the Missouri Supreme Court’s decision in Karscig v. McConville,

303 S.W.3d 499 (Mo. banc 2010). Karscig held that the same American Family

exclusion at issue in this case could not be invoked to deny coverage where the insured

was driving a non-owned vehicle made available for her regular use, because this would

deny the insured the minimum coverage required by the MVFRL. Id. at 504.

       Karscig does not assist Dutton, however, for two separate reasons:

       1.     Karscig dealt with an “operator’s policy,” subject to the requirements of
              § 303.190.3, while this case involves an “owner’s policy” subject to the
              very different requirements of § 303.190.2; and

       2.     Even if the Karscig rule applied, it would not aid Dutton, because Karscig
              only requires that coverage be provided for an insured’s use of non-owned
              vehicles; in this case, however, Hiles was driving another vehicle she
              owned at the time of the accident.

I address these issues in reverse order.

                                            11
                                               A.

       The relevant holding from Karscig is:

       As an “operator’s policy” [subject to the requirements of § 303.190.3], . . .
       [the insured driver’s] policy must insure her against liability arising out of
       her use of any motor vehicle not owned by her. . . . The MVFRL controls
       and mandates that Jennifer’s policy “shall insure” her against liability
       “arising out of the use” of the non-owned accident vehicle, the 1998
       Pontiac.
303 S.W.3d at 504 (second emphasis added).

       As the italicized language reflects, Karscig held only that “operator’s policies”

must provide coverage for an insured’s liability arising out of the use of any non-owned

automobile. This was the only issue directly presented in Karscig: the driver in that case

caused an accident while driving a vehicle owned by her parents. 303 S.W.3d at 501.

Moreover, § 303.190.3, on which Karscig relied, only requires that an “operator’s policy”

insure “against loss from the liability imposed upon [the insured] by law for damages

arising out of the use by him or her of any motor vehicle not owned by him or her.” Id. at

504 (quoting § 303.190.3 (emphasis added by Karscig)).

       Although Dutton suggests that Karscig “invalidated” the other owned vehicle

exclusion, he reads Karscig too broadly – it simply held that the exclusion could not be

employed, in an operator’s policy, to deny coverage for liability arising from the

insured’s use of a non-owned vehicle.

       In contrast with Karscig, in the present case Hiles was driving a vehicle she owned

at the time of the accident which injured Dutton. Nothing in Karscig, or in § 303.190.3,

requires that an insurer provide coverage for the insured’s use of another owned vehicle.

                                             12
And in Lawson v. Traders Insurance, 946 S.W.2d 298 (Mo. App. S.D. 1997), this Court

expressly rejected the argument that the MVFRL requires an insurer to cover other

vehicles owned by an insured:

             The [vehicle involved in the accident] was owned by Landing, but
      was not designated in the policy as a vehicle with respect to which
      coverage was granted. As pointed out by Traders, § 303.190 does not
      require that a liability policy insure the named insured for an accident
      occurring while he is operating a vehicle which is owned by him, but is
      not one for which the policy grants coverage.

              If the Motor Vehicle Financial Responsibility Law does not require
      liability insurance coverage for a particular situation, a policy provision
      excluding that coverage is not invalid. Under the facts of this case, the
      policy was not violative of public policy in the manner argued by Plaintiffs.

Id. at 301 (emphasis added; citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

      We must enforce the terms of the contract between the parties unless those terms

are contrary to public policy as expressed by the legislature. Halpin v. Am. Family Mut.

Ins. Co., 823 S.W.2d 479, 483 (Mo. banc 1992). Here, the F-250 policy unambiguously

excludes coverage for Hiles’ use of an other owned automobile; and the MVFRL does

not require coverage for such a situation – even in an operator’s policy. The exclusion in

the policy must accordingly be applied. Because Hiles was involved in the accident

while driving a vehicle which she owned, but which was not designated as the “insured

car” in the F-250 policy, the policy’s “other owned vehicles” exclusion defeats coverage

for the accident. Even if Karscig applied to this case, we would be compelled to affirm.

                                            13
                                                 B.

          Dutton’s reliance on Karscig fails for a second, separate reason: the Karscig rule

only applies to operator’s policies; this case, on the other hand, involves an owner’s

policy.

          Section 303.190 contemplates only two categories of automobile liability

insurance policies: an “owner’s policy,” and an “operator’s policy.” The statute

specifies different mandatory requirements for each. Section 303.190 provides in

relevant part:

                  1.      A “motor vehicle liability policy” as said term is used in this
          chapter shall mean an owner’s or an operator’s policy of liability insurance,
          certified as provided in section 303.170 or section 303.180 as proof of
          financial responsibility, and issued, except as otherwise provided in section
          303.180 by an insurance carrier duly authorized to transact business in this
          state, to or for the benefit of the person named therein as insured.

                 2.     Such owner’s policy of liability insurance:

                       (1)     Shall designate by explicit description or by
                 appropriate reference all motor vehicles with respect to which
                 coverage is thereby to be granted;

                        (2)     Shall insure the person named therein and any other
                 person, as insured, using any such motor vehicle or motor vehicles
                 with the express or implied permission of such named insured,
                 against loss from the liability imposed by law for damages arising
                 out of the ownership, maintenance or use of such motor vehicle or
                 motor vehicles within the United States of America or the Dominion
                 of Canada, subject to limits, exclusive of interest and costs, with
                 respect to each such motor vehicle, as follows: twenty-five thousand
                 dollars because of bodily injury to or death of one person in any one
                 accident and, subject to said limit for one person, fifty thousand
                 dollars because of bodily injury to or death of two or more persons
                 in any one accident, and ten thousand dollars because of injury to or
                 destruction of property of others in any one accident; and

                                                14
                        (3)    May exclude coverage against loss from liability
                 imposed by law for damages arising out of the use of such motor
                 vehicles by a member of the named insured’s household who is a
                 specifically excluded driver in the policy.

                3.    Such operator’s policy of liability insurance shall insure the
        person named as insured therein against loss from the liability imposed
        upon him or her by law for damages arising out of the use by him or her
        of any motor vehicle not owned by him or her, within the said territorial
        limits and subject to the same limits of liability as are set forth above with
        respect to any owner’s policy of liability insurance.

(Emphasis added.)

        As the quotation reflects, owner’s policies and operator’s policies are subject to

radically different statutory requirements. An “owner’s policy” must insure against

liability arising from the use of the designated vehicle, by the insured or by any

permissive user. An “operator’s policy,” on the other hand, insures the personal liability

of the named insured when operating “any motor vehicle not owned by” the insured. §

303.190.3. An “owner’s policy” covers a particular vehicle, while an “operator’s policy”

covers a particular insured for their use of any non-owned vehicle. 5

        As Dutton concedes, the F-250 policy is an “owner’s policy” – it designated a

specific vehicle for which coverage was provided, and the named insured identified in the

policy (Hiles) was, in fact, the owner of the designated vehicle. Karscig explains that,

because Hiles owned the vehicle insured under the F-250 policy, that policy can only be

an “owner’s policy”:

        According to the MVFRL, a motor vehicle liability policy shall be either
        “an owner’s or an operator’s policy of liability insurance.” § 303.190.1.

        5
           The majority opinion (at 16, 19) emphasizes that Karscig found coverage under an operator’s policy, even
though the policy did not identify the vehicle involved in the accident on its declarations page. That is not
surprising, however: coverage under operator’s policies is not limited to any particular vehicle or vehicles.

                                                        15
       While the MVFRL does not define either “owner’s policy” or “operator’s
       policy,” it does define “owner” and “operator.” An owner is “a person who
       holds the legal title to a motor vehicle.” § 303.020(9). An operator is “a
       person who is in actual physical control of a motor vehicle.” § 303.020(8).
       These definitions are used throughout the MVFRL. § 303.020. Based on
       these definitions, a policy issued to an owner is an “owner’s policy” and
       must comply with the statutory mandates of § 303.190.2, while a policy
       issued to a non-owner is an “operator’s policy” and must comply with the
       statutory mandates of § 303.190.3.

              This is consistent with the general understanding of liability
       insurance law. An “owner’s policy” insures a person who owns a vehicle,
       while an “operator's policy” insures a person who operates a vehicle owned
       by another. Ownership or non-ownership is the crux of the distinction.

Karscig, 303 S.W.3d at 503 (citations and footnotes omitted).

       Karscig involved an operator’s policy issued to a driver who did not own a

vehicle. Karscig held that the “other owned vehicles” exclusion in an operator’s policy

could not validly exclude coverage for the insured’s use of a non-owned vehicle made

available for her regular use. 303 S.W.3d at 504. The opinion makes clear that the

Court’s holding depended on the fact that the policy at issue was an operator’s policy,

rather than an owner’s policy. The Court said as much: “In this case, the applicability of

the exclusion depends on whether [the insured’s] policy is an ‘owner’s policy’ or an

‘operator’s policy.’” Id. at 503. Moreover, the Court stated that the other owned vehicle

exclusion could not defeat coverage in that case only “because it conflicts with the

MVFRL’s requirements for an ‘operator’s policy.’” Id. (emphasis added). The only

authority the Court cited to invalidate the exclusion was § 303.190.3, which requires that

                                            16
an operator’s policy cover the insured for any liability arising out of his or her use “of

any motor vehicle not owned by him or her.” Id. at 504 (quoting § 303.190.3). 6

         Karscig does not apply to owner’s policies. Section 303.190.2, which specifies

the mandatory contents of an “owner’s policy,” does not contain the statutory language

on which Karscig relied; it does not require an “owner’s policy” to insure against liability

arising out of the use of “any motor vehicle not owned by [the named insured].” Instead,

§ 303.190.2 only requires an “owner’s policy” to insure against liability arising out of the

use of the motor vehicle “designate[d] by explicit description or by appropriate

reference” in the policy itself. 7

         A number of cases have held that exclusions similar, or even identical, to the one

in this case are enforceable in an owner’s policy. For example, Sisk v. American Family

Mutual Insurance Co., 860 S.W.2d 34 (Mo. App. E.D. 1993), held that the same

exclusion at issue in this case was enforceable in an owner’s policy under the MVFRL.

The Court emphasized that the policy before it was an owner’s policy, not an operator’s

policy, and that the requirements of § 303.190.3 were therefore inapplicable. Id. at 36.

Similarly, Shelter Mutual Insurance Co. v. Harter, 940 S.W.2d 555 (Mo. App. S.D.

         6
           Ironically, even the majority recognizes that Karscig only ruled as it did because “the requirements of an
operator’s policy mandated minimal coverage of $25,000.” Maj. Op. at 17 (emphasis added).
         7
           The majority also relies on American Standard Ins. Co. v. Hargrave, 34 S.W.3d 88 (Mo. banc 2000), in
which the Supreme Court held that two owner’s policies were both required to pay the MVFRL minimum limits
with respect to an accident. But Hargrave contains no discussion as to why both owner’s policies were implicated,
or why the MVFRL applied to both policies. Instead, in Hargrave it was “conceded at oral argument” that the
negligent driver “was insured under two owner’s policies at the time of her accident,” id. at 90, and the insurer did
not contest that each policy’s coverage was subject to the MVFRL. The insurer’s principal argument in Hargrave
was that it had no obligation to pay “because the minimum statutory liability coverage required under the MVFRL
need only be paid once, by one insurer, in any given accident,” and another insurer had already paid the statutory
minimum under a second owner’s policy. 34 S.W.3d at 89. Because coverage under both owner’s policies, and the
MVFRL’s applicability, were conceded, Hargrave is of limited relevance here. (Judge Martin’s opinion contains a
more extended discussion of the flaws in the majority’s reliance on Hargrave.)

                                                         17
1997), held that an owner’s policy could properly limit coverage for non-owned “motor

vehicles” to four-wheeled vehicles, thus excluding the insured’s motorcycle, which the

MVFRL defines as a “motor vehicle.” The Court explained:

         [A]n operator’s policy “shall insure the person . . . against loss . . . arising
         out of the use . . . of any motor vehicle not owned by him.” Section
         303.190(3), RSMo 1994. . . .

                An owner's policy under the MVFRL, on the other hand, requires
         coverage for liability arising out of the use by the named insured of those
         motor vehicles which the policy designates “by explicit description or by
         appropriate reference.” Section 303.190.2(2) RSMo 1994. Respondent’s
         policy fits this description.

                Under the undisputed facts, Showalter could not reasonably expect
         the policy to be an operator’s policy. This Court agrees with the trial
         court’s assessment that “the insurance policy in question is an owner’s
         policy and not an operator’s policy” and concludes it was not error to grant
         summary judgment in favor of Respondent.

Id. at 556-57 (other citations and footnote omitted). Other cases reach the same result –

an “owner’s policy” may permissibly limit coverage for the insured’s use of other

vehicles, even though such limitations would not be enforceable in an “operator’s

policy.” 8

         8
            State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Scheel, 973 S.W.2d 560, 567 (Mo. App. W.D. 1998) (“where there is
coverage which complies with either § 303.190.2, for an owner’s policy, or § 303.190.3, for an operator’s policy,
any added or excess coverage not required under one or the other does not have to comply with the requirements of
the MVFRL”; because policy complied with MVFRL’s requirements for an owner’s policy, “the fact that the
policy’s exclusion for the unauthorized use of a non-owned vehicle may violate the MVFRL as to an operator’s
policy only is inconsequential”); Shelter Mut. Ins. Co. v. Ridenhour, 936 S.W.2d 857, 859 (Mo. App. E.D. 1997)
(appellant claimed that policy exclusion “violates the public policy of the MVFRL by excluding coverage for
liability arising from the unauthorized use of a non-owned vehicle. We find no merit to this argument because the
Shelter policy meets the minimum requirements of an owner’s policy as set out in the MVFRL, is not an operator’s
policy and, therefore, satisfies the intent of the legislature.”); Am. Family Std. Ins. Co. of Wis. v. Hamil, 862 S.W.2d
511, 512 (Mo. App. S.D. 1993) (because driver “had an owner’s policy,” § 303.190.3 inapplicable, and policy could
lawfully exclude coverage for non-owned vehicle made available for insured’s regular use); Schuster v. Shelter Mut.
Inc. Co., 857 S.W.2d 381, 385 (Mo. App. S.D. 1993) (same); DeMeo v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 686 F.3d
607, 611 (8th Cir. 2012) (Missouri law; citing to “a host of [Missouri] appellate decisions holding that an owner's
policy that complies with § 303.190.2 may provide additional, operator's coverage(s) that are more limited than what
an operator's policy must provide to comply with § 303.190.3”; holding that an owner’s policy is not required, by

                                                          18
        Because this case involves an “owner’s policy,” the rule announced in Karscig is

inapplicable. Nothing in the MVFRL required this “owner’s policy” to provide coverage

for the use of any vehicle other than the vehicle expressly designated in the policy itself. 9

                                                 Conclusion

        By all rights, this should be a simple case: the policy under which Dutton now

seeks coverage did not insure the vehicle involved in the accident. To avoid this

straightforward outcome, the majority has conjured a brand-new coverage argument from

whole cloth. Dutton has made crystal clear that he does not advance the argument on

which the majority relies; and that argument is meritless anyway. Dutton’s own

arguments fare no better, because they conflate the very different statutory requirements

imposed on owner’s and operator’s policies of automobile liability insurance. Even if

this owner’s policy were subject to the requirements applicable to operator’s policies,

there is no requirement that an operator’s policy provide coverage for vehicles owned by

the insured driver. The trial court got it right, and its judgment should be affirmed.

                                                             Alok Ahuja, Judge

statute, to include coverage for an insured’s operation of a non-owned automobile, even though this coverage is
statutorily mandated in an operator’s policy).
          9
            In his second Point, Dutton argues that the anti-stacking language in the American Family policies is
ambiguous, and would not prevent him from simultaneously obtaining coverage under both the Maxima and the F-
250 policies. If the F-250 policy does not provide coverage, however, it is unnecessary to address any “stacking”
issue. Bush v. Shelter Mut. Ins. Co., 412 S.W.3d 336, 341 (Mo. App. W.D. 2013) (“Before stacking can be an issue,
there must first be applicable coverages to stack.”).

                                                       19
                                          In the
                              Missouri Court of Appeals
                                     Western District
ADAM DUTTON,                                 )
                                             )
               Appellant,                    )     WD74940
                                             )
v.                                           )     OPINION FILED: January 21, 2014
                                             )
AMERICAN FAMILY MUTUAL                       )
INSURANCE COMPANY,                           )
                                             )
              Respondent.                    )

                               DISSENTING OPINION

      I concur with the result reached by the dissenting opinion authored by Judge

Ahuja. I dissent separately because I perceive the debate between the majority and Judge

Ahuja's dissent about whether the Maxima is a "designated vehicle" under the F-250

policy to be a red herring in light of the majority's interpretation of American Standard

Insurance Company v. Hargrave, 34 S.W.3d 88 (Mo. banc 2001). The majority reads

Hargrave to require every owner's policy whose insuring clause affords coverage for a

loss to pay MVFRL coverage, at a minimum. [Majority Opinion, p. 12]. The majority

then concludes that the Maxima is a "designated vehicle" under the F-250 policy because

the insuring clause in that owner's policy provides coverage for Mrs. Hiles's operation of

any car.    The majority opinion thus improvidently equates whether a vehicle is
"designated" in an owner's policy as required by section 303.190.2 with whether the

policy's insuring clause contractually affords "coverage to an insured." Left uncorrected,

the majority opinion will be cited to require stacking of MVFRL coverage from multiple

owner's policies based solely on whether the policies provide coverage of an insured.

This is not consistent with legislative intent, nor with a proper reading of Hargrave.

       Section 303.190.2(1) provides that an owner's policy shall "designate by explicit

description or by appropriate reference all motor vehicles with respect to which coverage

is herby granted." (Emphasis added.)        Section 303.190.2(2) then provides that the

owner's policy must name the insured and any permissive driver of the designated vehicle

or vehicles "against loss from liability imposed by law for damages arising out of the

ownership, maintenance or use of such motor vehicle or motor vehicles . . . ." (Emphasis

added.) Plainly, section 303.190.2 is written from the perspective of designation of a

vehicle, not coverage of an insured, and requires MVFRL to be paid only if an owner's

policy designates (or covers) the vehicle which caused a loss.

       The majority's construction of Hargrave shifts the focus of section 303.190.2 from

whether an owner's policy designates coverage for a specific vehicle to whether an

owner's policy affords coverage of an insured. The majority finds that "the Hargrave

court concluded that because there were two valid owner's policies at the time of the

accident, both policies would be required to pay the minimum $25,000 as required by

MVFRL."      [Majority Opinion, p. 12] (emphasis added).         The majority cites to the

following passages from Hargrave to support this conclusion:

                                             2
       The plain language of section 303.190.2 indicates that every owner's policy
       issued in this state must provide the minimum liability coverage to comply
       with Missouri law.

[Majority Opinion, p. 11 (citing Hargrave, 34 S.W.3d at 91)] (emphasis added); and

       What the MVFRL requires is that each valid owner's or operator's policy
       provide the minimum liability limits specified.

[Majority Opinion, p. 11 (citing Hargrave, 34 S.W.3d at 92)] (emphasis added). The

majority extrapolates from these holdings that "the MVFRL minimum requirement per

policy [is] not satisfied by the payment of one policy when there were other policies that

also provided coverage." In other words, the majority claims that Hargrave requires

every owner's policy to pay MVFRL coverage (at a minimum) if the policy otherwise

covers the insured for the loss (but for operation of an exclusion).

       This overly broad reading of Hargrave misses a step. It neglects to appreciate that

Hargrave was not required to determine (and thus did not address) whether the two

owner's policies at issue in that case each "designated" the accident vehicle. Thus,

although Hargrave accurately observed that every owner's policy must provide MVFRL

coverage, it did not address whether an owner's policy designates a vehicle as to subject

the policy to the obligation to pay MVFRL coverage pursuant to section 303.190.2.

       Hargrave did not need to address whether husband's vehicle's owner's policy

designated the Ford Escort Mrs. Hargrave was driving because the issue was not in

                                              3
dispute. The definition of "insured car" in husband's owner's policy plainly included the

Ford Escort. 1 The policy defined "insured car" as:

        (a) Any car described in the declarations and any private passenger car . . .
        you replace it with . . . .

        (b) Any additional private passenger car . . . . of which you acquire
        ownership during the policy period [subject to the obligation to report the
        desire that the additionally acquired car be insured within 30 days of
        acquisition].

        (c) Any utility trailer you own.

        (d) Any car . . . not owned by you being temporarily used as a substitute
        for any other vehicle described in this definition because of its withdrawal
        from normal use due to breakdown, repair, servicing, loss, or destruction.

(Emphasis added.) The Ford Escort was being used by Mrs. Hargrave because her

vehicle had broken down. The Ford Escort caused the loss. Thus, given the definition of

"insured car," husband's vehicle's owner's policy clearly "designated" the Ford Escort as a

vehicle "expressly described" or "appropriately referenced," and thus a vehicle as to

which the owner's policy intended to grant coverage. Section 303.190.2(1), (2). Because

no one contested this point, the Supreme Court had no reason to address the point, and

thus necessarily presumed in its analysis the unspoken--that husband's vehicle's owner's

policy "designated" the Ford Escort in the manner anticipated by section 303.190.2,

subjecting the policy to the MVFRL.

        1
           The published opinion in Hargrave does not explain why all involved, including the insurer-appellant,
accepted without discussion that the Ford Escort Mrs. Hargrave was driving was a "designated vehicle" under
husband's vehicle's owner's policy pursuant to section 303.190.2. The briefs and appendix from the case have been
retrieved to assist in explaining the proper and limited context for the Supreme Court's holdings in Hargrave, an
unusual exercise made necessary by the majority's sweeping attributions to Hargrave.

                                                        4
         Hargrave must be read in this context. Hargrave only resolved a narrow policy

question--did the legislature intend "the minimum statutory liability coverage required

under the MVFRL . . . be paid [only] once . . . in any given accident." Id. at 89. It

resolved this question, however, with an implicit and necessary understanding that both

owner's policies "designated" the Ford Escort in the manner required by section

303.190.2. In resolving the narrow policy question, it is true that the Court observed that

"[t]here is no language in section 303.190 that would restrict the minimum liability

payments to a single insurance policy." Id. at 91. It is a mistake, however, to suggest

that this observation had an intended reach any broader than the limited purpose for

which it was announced. Hargrave merely rejected the argument that as a matter of

public policy, only a single MVFRL payment is required where more than one owner's

policy designates the accident vehicle. Hargrave did not sub silentio dispense with the

need to determine in the first instance whether an owner's policy designates the accident

vehicle in the manner required by section 303.190.2. Nor did Hargrave sub silentio

conclude that every owner's policy which affords "coverage to an insured" designates the

accident vehicle, requiring MVFRL coverage. 2

         Yet, that is precisely what the majority concludes. After ascribing to Hargrave the

overly broad construction that MVFRL coverage must be paid on every owner's policy

which affords coverage to an insured, the majority then bootstraps its finding that the

         2
          Imprecise discussion in Hargrave of "coverage of the insured," and the overruling of Shelter Mutual
Insurance Company v. Haney, 824, S.W.2d 949 (Mo. App. S.D. 1992) "[t]o the extent [it] conflicts with
[Hargrave]," 34 S.W.3d at 91, all must be read in proper context for the reasons herein stated. The Supreme Court
cannot be faulted for failing to anticipate that twelve years after Hargrave was issued, this court would apply its
holdings out of context to emasculate the difference between whether a policy contractually affords an insured
coverage with whether a vehicle is designated under a policy in the manner required by section 303.190.2.

                                                         5
Maxima is a "designated vehicle" under the F-250 policy by reliance on the insuring

clause--a policy provision which describes the coverage afforded the insured.

         The circular reasoning is apparent. By determining that a vehicle is "designated"

under an owner's policy within the meaning of section 303.190.2 by reliance on a policy

provision which describes when an insured is covered, the majority opinion conflates the

narrow subset of owner's policies which statutorily "designate a vehicle" with the broader

universe of owner's policies that afford contractual coverage of an insured. 3 In the

process, the majority fails to appreciate that an owner's policy may afford an insured

coverage by its terms even though it does not designate the vehicle the insured was

driving as a vehicle "with respect to which coverage is . . . granted."                                       Section

303.190.2(1). As a result, the majority opinion will be read to endorse routine stacking of

MVFRL coverage from multiple owner's policies based solely on whether the policies

afford coverage to an insured, but for operation of an exclusion.

         Whether an owner's policy designates a vehicle as to subject the policy to the

MVFRL should not be determined based solely on whether the policy's insuring clause

covers the insured. Instead, further, precise inquiry is required to determine whether the

policy was obtained to cover the vehicle which caused a loss--an inquiry which

         3
           Significantly, several Missouri appellate decisions have recognized that although an owner's policy
provision affording coverage for an insured's occasional use of "other" cars may well afford an contractual coverage
to the insured (subject to applicable exclusions), the "drive other cars" provision alone does not subject the policy to
the MVFRL. See, e.g., State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Scheel, 973 S.W.2d 560, 567 (Mo. App. W.D. 1998);
Shelter Mut. Ins. Co. v. Harter, 940 S.W.2d 555, 556-57 (Mo. App. S.D. 1997); Shelter Mut. Ins. Co. v. Ridenhour,
936 S.W.2d 857, 859 (Mo. App. E.D. 1997); Am. Family Std. Ins. Co. of Wis. v. Hamil, 862 S.W.2d 511, 512 (Mo.
App. S.D. 1993); Sisk v. Am. Family Mut. Ins. Co., 860 S.W.2d 34, 36 (Mo. App. E.D. 1993); Schuster v. Shelter
Mut. Ins. Co., 857 S.W.2d 381, 385 (Mo. App. S.D. 1993); see also DeMeo v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 686
F.3d 607, 611 (8th Cir. 2012) (Missouri law). None of these cases is mentioned in Hargrave, further underscoring
the error in the majority's overly broad construction of Hargrave--a construction which would necessarily require us
to read Hargrave as overruling sub silentio each of the aforesaid Missouri appellate opinions.

                                                           6
necessitates that the vehicle be "expressly described" or "appropriately referenced" in the

policy. Section 303.190.2(1). In determining whether an owner's policy was obtained to

cover the vehicle which caused a loss, it is not proper to resort to policy provisions which

broadly describe coverage for an insured. Rather, we must turn to policy provisions

which are specifically intended to "explicitly describe" or "appropriately reference" the

vehicle or vehicles for which coverage was intended.          In an owner's policy, these

provisions are the declarations page and the policy's definition of "insured car."

       As discussed, supra, it was the definition of "insured car" in Hargrave which

dispensed with the need to address, as a preliminary matter, whether the husband's

vehicle's owner's policy designated the Ford Escort. Here, as the majority opinion points

out, the Ford F-250 policy defines "insured car" in relevant part as "any car described in

the declarations and any private passenger car or utility trailer you replace it with."

[Majority Opinion, p. 4]. The Maxima was neither. Though the insuring clause in the F-

250 policy afforded Mrs. Hiles, an insured, coverage for her operation of "any car," that

is not determinative of whether the policy "designated" the Maxima in the manner

anticipated by section 303.190.2.

       I conclude, for the reasons herein stated, that the Ford F-250 owner's policy does

not designate the Maxima in the manner anticipated by section 303.190.2, and is thus not

subject to the MVFRL under the facts of this case.

                                          __________________________________
                                          Cynthia L. Martin, Judge

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