Court Opinion

ID: 4317321
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-10-02 13:37:16.389583+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:45:12.755000
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                   No. COA17-576

                                Filed: 2 October 2018

New Hanover County, No. 10 CVD 4903

LISA SMITH HILL, Plaintiff,

             v.

GLENN ANTHONY HILL, Defendant.

      Appeal by defendant from order entered 12 May 2016 by Judge Melinda H.

Crouch in District Court, New Hanover County. Heard in the Court of Appeals 11

January 2018.

      Block, Crouch, Keeter, Behm & Sayed, LLP, by Christopher K. Behm and Linda
      B. Sayed, for plaintiff-appellee.

      Jonathan McGirt, and Sandlin Family Law Group, by Deborah Sandlin, for
      defendant-appellant.

      STROUD, Judge.

      Defendant Glenn Anthony Hill (“Husband”) appeals from the trial court’s order

modifying alimony and child support. Husband argues that the trial court erred by

imputing income to him during his period of unemployment after an involuntary

termination, based on bad faith, despite its findings he was diligently seeking a job

with earnings similar to his prior jobs. Husband also argues that the trial court erred

by holding him in contempt of court for failure to pay his support obligations during

a portion of the four years prior to the hearing, since plaintiff Lisa Smith Hill’s
                                     HILL V. HILL

                                  Opinion of the Court

(“Wife”)’s contempt motion did not give him notice of her claim on the entire time

period, and because the trial court’s order held him in contempt for violating orders

which were not actually in force at the time of the contempt, given the trial court’s

simultaneous modification of the order effective back to the dates of filing of the

motion to modify. In addition, he argues the trial court erred in its award of attorney

fees of a lump sum, without differentiation between the amounts awarded for each of

the three claims -- modification of child support, alimony, and contempt -- and

without the required findings of fact required for every claim.      For the reasons

explained below, we affirm in part and reverse and remand in part the trial court’s

order on alimony and child support; conclude the trial court did not err in finding

Husband in civil contempt for failure to pay based upon his arguments that the order

was not still “in force” and that he did not have proper notice, but reverse and remand

for any revisions needed to the purge conditions based upon arrearages owed; and

reverse and remand the trial court’s order on attorney fees.

                                     Background

      The parties were married in 1992 and have three children. They separated in

October 2010 and were divorced in July 2012. On 15 March 2011, they entered into

a consent order regarding child custody, child support, and post-separation support;

Husband was required to pay child support of $3,500.00 per month and

postseparation support of $4,500.00 per month and to maintain medical insurance on

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                                            HILL V. HILL

                                         Opinion of the Court

Wife and their children. When the consent order was entered, Wife was unemployed

and Husband was working in China. The order did not make detailed findings

regarding the parties’ expenses or Husband’s income, but Husband was employed

with Company in China and earned $543,000.00 in 2011.

       The order which is the subject of this appeal addresses Husband’s motions to

modify the alimony and child support obligations set by the consent order entered in

20111 and other pending motions.            On 15 January 2012, Husband was involuntarily

terminated from Company. On 7 February 2012, Husband filed a motion to modify

his child support obligation based upon his job loss. On 18 June 2012, he moved to

modify his postseparation support obligation. On 30 July 2012, the trial court held a

hearing on Husband’s motion to modify child support and Wife’s alimony claim. Both

Husband and Wife were unemployed at the time of this hearing.

       On 31 August 2012, Wife began working with the New Hanover County

Schools as a speech pathologist. On 12 September 2012, the trial court entered an

order on alimony. Although Husband was unemployed, the trial court set permanent

alimony at $4,500.00 per month -- the same as when he was earning over $500,000.00

annually -- based upon his estate of $627,618.00. The order found that both parties

would have to deplete their estates since neither was employed.                         Also, on 12

       1  In some portions of this opinion, we will refer to both the alimony obligation and the child
support obligation together as Husband’s “support obligation” since the findings of fact generally apply
to both obligations. We will differentiate between the two obligations in portions of the opinion where
only one obligation is addressed.

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                                     HILL V. HILL

                                  Opinion of the Court

September 2012, the trial court entered an order denying modification of child

custody and child support, finding no substantial change in circumstances to justify

modification. On 19 September 2012, Husband filed another motion to modify both

permanent alimony and child support, based in part upon Wife’s having gotten a job

between the time of the hearing on modification of child support and setting alimony

and entry of the orders based upon that hearing. On 25 September 2012, Husband

filed a Rule 59 motion alleging that the trial court erred by failing to include any

findings regarding his involuntary reduction in income.

      In May 2013, Husband filed a lawsuit in federal court against Company

asserting claims arising out of his termination. On 31 July 2013, the trial court heard

Husband’s Rule 59 motion, and on 30 August 2013, the court entered an order that

set aside the 12 September 2012 order denying modification of child support and

ordered a new trial on child support. Husband’s motion to modify child support filed

on 7 February 2012 remained unresolved. On 6 December 2013, Company’s motion

to dismiss Husband’s federal lawsuit was granted in part; subsequently, on 17

December 2013, Husband signed a settlement agreement with Company.

      Nearly three years later, on 5 April 2016, the trial court heard all of the

pending motions: both of Husband’s motions for modification of his support

obligations (the motion for modification of child support filed on 7 February 2012 and

motion to modify alimony and child support filed 19 September 2012); Wife’s response

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                                     HILL V. HILL

                                  Opinion of the Court

to Husband’s motion to modify permanent alimony and motion to modify child

support, including a motion to deviate from the child support guidelines; and Wife’s

motion for contempt for failure to pay child support and alimony filed on 31 July 2013.

The trial court entered its order addressing the motions on 12 May 2016, and

Husband timely filed notice of appeal to this Court.

                                       Analysis

        As noted above, Husband raises three issues on appeal. We address each in

turn.

I.      Modification of Alimony and Child Support

        Husband argues that the “trial court erred as a matter of law and abused its

discretion in setting awards of alimony and child support based upon imputation of

income and the trial court’s deliberate depletion of defendant’s estate.” (Original in

all caps). This argument has four sections: (a) inadequacy of the findings of fact to

support imputation of income; (b) failure to consider Husband’s actual income during

several periods of time and retrospectively basing his obligations upon his current

income; (c) improperly finding Husband’s ability to pay his obligations based upon

depletion of his estate; and (d) a mathematical error in the calculation of alimony

arrearages.

        Most issues in this appeal are based upon the determination of Husband’s

income and ability to pay child support and alimony when he was unemployed.

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                                     HILL V. HILL

                                   Opinion of the Court

Because his initial motion to modify was filed in February 2012, and the motions were

not heard until over four years later, on 5 April 2016, the trial court’s order addressed

the parties’ incomes and expenses during several distinct time periods.            From

February 2012 until 31 August 2012, both parties were unemployed. From 31 August

2012 until 29 June 2015, Wife was employed and Husband was not. On 29 June 2015,

Husband began his new job with Ebara in Nevada, with an income of $275,000.00

plus an annual performance incentive and various benefits. Based upon the date of

the motions filed, the trial court considered the motion to modify child support from

March 2012 to the date of hearing, and the motion to modify alimony from October

2012 to the date of hearing. Although we understand that our trial courts are

overburdened and delays in hearings are sometimes inevitable, most of the issues

and legal and mathematical complications in this case would have probably been

avoided if Husband’s motions to modify his support obligations had not been delayed

for approximately four years after filing.

             A.     Inadequacy of the findings of fact to support imputation of income

      The current dispute began after Husband was involuntarily terminated from

his job in China on 15 January 2012. He was then unemployed and engaged in a job

search until 29 June 2015. Since his only regular income was from his employment,

he had no income during this time. The trial court found that Husband had no income

from March 2012 until December 2013. In 2014, Husband received $351,937.52 gross

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                                     HILL V. HILL

                                  Opinion of the Court

funds from the settlement of his lawsuit against Company, and in one analysis of

Husband’s income, the trial court averaged this amount over the months of 2014,

finding Husband’s income as $29,238.00 per month. From January to June 2015, the

trial court found Husband again had no income. As of July 2015, when Husband

began working for Ebara, until December 2015, the trial court used Husband’s actual

income, which averaged to $27,250.00 per month.          The trial court also did an

alternative analysis of Husband’s income, averaging Husband’s total income received

from 1 March 2012 until 31 December 2014, or 34 months; the total W-2 income was

$456,701.00, for an average monthly gross income of $13,432.00.

      Although Husband had no income during most of the four year period, the trial

court’s order did not reduce his child support obligation for that time period, but set

child support at $3,500.00 per month from March 2012 to 1 June 2015 and increased

it to $4,200.00 per month, plus 15% of any annual bonuses received as of 1 July 2015.

Husband’s alimony obligation was reduced from $4,500.00 per month to $3,500.00

per month, back to 1 October 2012, to be paid for ten years. The trial court also held

Husband in willful contempt for his failure to pay child support and alimony from

June 2013 through March 2016.

      Husband argues that the trial court erred by failing to set his support

obligations based upon his actual income from March 2012 until July 2015, because

the findings do not support imputation of income. Wife argues that the trial court

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                                     HILL V. HILL

                                  Opinion of the Court

made sufficient findings to support imputation of income to Husband, and in the

alternative, that the trial court actually did not impute income to Husband but

instead considered his “income from all available sources” or averaged his “income

over four years” and determined that depletion of his estate to pay his obligations

would be proper.

      Normally, both alimony and child support are set based upon the parties’

actual incomes at the time of the order. See generally Frey v. Best, 189 N.C. App. 622,

627, 631, 659 S.E.2d 60, 66, 68 (2008).

      Regarding alimony, this Court has explained that

             Alimony is ordinarily determined by a party’s actual
             income, from all sources, at the time of the order. To base
             an alimony obligation on earning capacity rather than
             actual income, the trial court must first find that the party
             has depressed [his or] her income in bad faith. In the
             context of alimony, bad faith means that the spouse is not
             living up to income potential in order to avoid or frustrate
             the support obligation. . . . The trial court might also find
             bad faith, or the intent to avoid reasonable support
             obligations, from evidence that a spouse has refused to seek
             or to accept gainful employment; willfully refused to secure
             or take a job; deliberately not applied himself or herself to
             a business or employment; or intentionally depressed
             income to an artificial low.

Works v. Works, 217 N.C. App. 345, 347, 719 S.E.2d 218, 219 (2011) (citations and

quotation marks omitted).

      On child support, both case law and the Child Support Guidelines address

when income may be imputed:

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                                    HILL V. HILL

                                 Opinion of the Court

            The North Carolina Child Support Guidelines state:

            If either parent is voluntarily unemployed or
            underemployed to the extent that the parent cannot
            provide a minimum level of support for himself or herself
            and his or her children when he or she is physically and
            mentally capable of doing so, and the court finds that the
            parent’s voluntary unemployment or underemployment is
            the result of a parent’s bad faith or deliberate suppression
            of income to avoid or minimize his or her child support
            obligation, child support may be calculated based on the
            parent’s potential, rather than actual, income.

            The primary issue is whether a party is motivated by a
            desire to avoid his reasonable support obligations. To
            apply the earnings capacity rule, the trial court must have
            sufficient evidence of the proscribed intent. The earnings
            capacity rule can be applied if the evidence presented
            shows that a party has disregarded its parental obligations
            by:

            (1) failing to exercise his reasonable capacity to earn, (2)
            deliberately avoiding his family’s financial responsibilities,
            (3) acting in deliberate disregard for his support
            obligations, (4) refusing to seek or to accept gainful
            employment, (5) willfully refusing to secure or take a job,
            (6) deliberately not applying himself to his business, (7)
            intentionally depressing his income to an artificial low, or
            (8) intentionally leaving his employment to go into another
            business.

            The situations enumerated are specific types of bad faith
            that justify the trial court’s use of imputed income or the
            earnings capacity rule.

Lueallen v. Lueallen, __ N.C. App. __, __, 790 S.E.2d 690, 703-04 (2016) (citation,

quotation marks, and ellipses omitted).

      Moreover,

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                                     HILL V. HILL

                                   Opinion of the Court

             It is well established that child support obligations are
             ordinarily determined by a party’s actual income at the
             time the order is made or modified. . . .

                    It is clear, however, that before the earnings
             capacity rule is imposed, it must be shown that the party’s
             actions which reduced his income were not taken in good
             faith. Thus, where the trial court finds that the decrease
             in a party’s income is substantial and involuntary, without
             a showing of deliberate depression of income or other bad
             faith, the trial court is without power to impute income,
             and must determine the party’s child support obligation
             based on the party’s actual income.

Ellis v. Ellis, 126 N.C. App. 362, 364-65, 485 S.E.2d 82, 83 (1997) (citations, quotation

marks, and brackets omitted).

      Husband contends that the trial court erred by imputing income to him during

various time periods covered by the order and requiring him to deplete his estate to

pay alimony and child support as ordered during times when he was unemployed. He

argues that the evidence and findings of fact do not show he acted in bad faith in his

job search after his involuntary termination in January 2012. Husband also contends

that the trial court had in prior orders “repeatedly endorsed [Husband’s] efforts to

seek a favorable recovery or settlement from his dispute with Company, and had also

indicated in effect that [Husband’s] pursuit of suitable executive-level re-employment

would best meet the needs of the parties.” He argues that in the order on appeal, “the

trial court made an abrupt about-face, somersaulting over its previous approval of

[Husband’s] actions, and now harshly and unreasonably began blaming [Husband]

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                                      HILL V. HILL

                                    Opinion of the Court

for his ‘bad faith’ in ‘purposely suppress[ing]’ his income during his period of

involuntary unemployment, as evidence of his ‘willful disdain’ for his support

obligations.”

      Perhaps seeking to minimize the apparent inconsistency in the trial court’s

treatment of Husband’s unemployment over the course of the case since 2012, Wife

responds by arguing that the trial court did not impute income based upon Husband’s

deliberate suppression of his income but instead imputed income based upon findings

that Husband was “indulging himself in excessive spending because of a disregard of

his marital obligation to provide reasonable support for his wife and children.” In his

reply brief, Husband addresses Wife’s argument and notes that the trial court’s

findings do not establish that Husband had engaged in “excessive spending” but he

had engaged in only “perfectly ordinary human behavior” such as getting married,

buying a car, and buying a house.

      Although the trial court was not entirely clear on its reasons for imputing

income -- or even if it actually imputed income -- Wife is correct that the trial court

made findings which may support imputation of income based upon its determination

that Husband had acted in deliberate disregard for his support obligations as of June

2013, when he unilaterally reduced his support payments to $300.00, in conjunction

with his increases in spending which coincided with his new relationship with his

girlfriend, now wife, although he was still unemployed. But if the trial court imputed

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                                     HILL V. HILL

                                  Opinion of the Court

income for this reason, the reason for imputation in 2012 remains in question.

Although Husband was paying his support obligations then, there were pending

motions to modify and Husband requested modification effective as of the date of his

motion.

       The order on appeal is 38 pages long and has 136 paragraphs of findings of

fact, plus the 21 attached child support worksheets for calculations for various time

periods over the course of the case. Most of the findings are not challenged as

unsupported by the evidence. Despite the extensive detail in the order, we have had

difficulty reviewing the calculation of alimony and the modification of child support

because the order does not include findings of Husband’s expenses for any time period

covered by the order, although there are findings as to Wife’s and the children’s

expenses. In addition, as noted above, it is not clear if the trial court did actually

impute income to Husband and if so, the basis for imputation during the various time

periods.

       Husband challenges Findings 52, 53, and 61 and these findings of fact are

important in the trial court’s determination that Husband was willfully suppressing

his income or acting in bad faith. Wife acknowledges that the date of settlement in

the findings is incorrect, but argues these findings are unnecessary to support the

trial court’s order:

              52. On December 6, 2012, the federal judge in Richmond,
              Virginia, granted [Company’s] motion to dismiss part of his

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                                     HILL V. HILL

                                  Opinion of the Court

             lawsuit, including his request for punitive damages,
             attorney’s fees and specific performance.

             53. Even after this devastating evisceration of his federal
             court action, Defendant Glenn Anthony Hill did not settle
             the [Company] lawsuit for another year.

             54. After [Company] terminated Defendant Glenn Anthony
             Hill from employment in January 2012, Defendant Glenn
             Anthony Hill sent out hundreds of resumes, networked
             with others in his industry, and worked with headhunters
             to search for executive or engineering jobs for which he is
             suited. He had job interviews in London, Malaysia, several
             in China and a few places in the United States.
             ....
             61. Defendant Glenn Anthony Hill’s refusal to look for any
             work outside of executive or engineering positions for such
             an extended period of unemployment, his refusal to settle
             the [Company] lawsuit for a year after the adverse outcome
             in federal court, and his stubborn refusal to use his
             substantial estate to pay reasonable support shows a naïve
             indifference to fulfill support obligations and demonstrates
             a bad faith avoidance of his support obligations.

(Emphasis added).

      Finding No. 52 incorrectly states the date of settlement of the lawsuit as 17

December 2012, but it was actually 17 December 2013. Thus, Husband settled the

lawsuit with Company only eleven days after the “devastating evisceration of his

federal court action” against Company, not over a year later. This is not a mere

typographical error, as demonstrated by the trial court’s Findings Nos. 53 and 61,

which stress that his “refusal to settle” for a year after the adverse outcome shows

his bad faith and “naïve indifference” to his support obligations. Settling only eleven

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                                     HILL V. HILL

                                   Opinion of the Court

days later would not show bad faith or “naïve indifference,” at least not based upon

an unreasonably prolonged pursuit of the lawsuit against Company. In contrast,

Finding No. 54, above, indicates that Husband was working hard to find a new job:

he “sent out hundreds of resumes, networked with others in his industry, and worked

with headhunters to search for executive or engineering jobs for which he is suited”

and “had job interviews in London, Malaysia, several in China and a few places in

the United States.” These findings and some others addressing Husband’s efforts to

find a new job seem inconsistent with the trial court’s finding that Husband acted in

bad faith. For example, the finding that Husband was diligently seeking a new

“executive or engineering job for which he [was] suited” – apparently the entire time,

since the finding does not indicate he ever stopped seeking a new job -- seems to

conflict with Finding No. 82:

              82. Despite submitting many applications for employment
             and his other efforts to secure a job in his field, considering
             his educational background and experience, his overall
             good health and age of 50 years, remaining unemployed
             continuously for 39 [sic, i.e., 42] months in a national
             economy on the upswing simply cannot be rationalized as
             a reasonable period of involuntary unemployment.

That fact that Husband’s job search took a long time does not mean it was in bad

faith. Husband argues no evidence was presented to the trial court regarding the

“national economy” from 2012 through 2016, and in particular, no evidence regarding

the state of the industry or job market in which Husband was seeking employment.

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                                          HILL V. HILL

                                       Opinion of the Court

Our record does not even clearly identify the industry in which he was seeking a job

because of the confidentiality agreement regarding Company, and the transcript also

includes little information on his job.

       At the beginning of the trial, the parties addressed issues which may arise

during trial regarding the confidentiality agreement and sealed records regarding

Company and then made the following stipulation regarding Husband’s job search:

               And we can also put on the record a further stipulation that
               the plaintiff acknowledges that Mr. Hill applied for in
               excess of probably 100 jobs for executive type positions for
               various companies across the United States and across the
               world seeking employment from--after his termination in
               January of 2012 until he got a job in July--or June of 2015.2

Wife does not direct us to any evidence regarding the national economy, the job

market, or the state of the industry in which Husband sought employment. Wife’s

response to Husband’s argument is simply that “[Husband] purportedly futilely

searched for an executive job for a period of nearly 3½ years.” But Husband’s search

was not a “purported” search; it was a real search, at least according to Wife’s

stipulation and the trial court’s Finding No. 54. Nor was his search “futile,” although

it may have been prolonged, since he did eventually find the executive-level job he

was seeking. There is also no evidence that Husband was offered jobs but turned

them down.

       2The only information we can find regarding Husband’s area of expertise is his testimony that
he had worked in “power generation” and in “import-export” and his background was in engineering.

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                                     HILL V. HILL

                                  Opinion of the Court

      This case is quite different from Lueallen, where this Court addressed

imputation of income based upon the trial court’s determination that the mother’s

continued unemployment for three years after she had voluntarily quit her job as a

teacher. See generally Lueallen v. Lueallen, __ N.C. App. __, 790 S.E.2d 690. In

Lueallen, the mother argued that she had been persistently seeking a new job, but

the trial court found she had actually failed to apply for jobs in Mecklenburg County,

despite her allegation she was “currently actively seeking” jobs there in her verified

motion to modify child support.     Id. at __, 790 S.E.2d at 704.     There was also

“extensive testimony at trial regarding Mother’s educational and professional

qualifications and her work history.” Id. at __, 790 S.E.2d at 704. Based upon her

quitting her prior job without having another job lined up, her failure to seek a new

job for three years, and her job qualifications and experience, this Court affirmed the

imputation of income.   Id. at __, 790 S.E.2d at 704-05.

      An unsuccessful or prolonged job search after an involuntary job loss is not

necessarily evidence of a bad faith suppression of income. For example, in Ludlam

v. Miller, 225 N.C. App. 350, 739 S.E.2d 555 (2013), both the husband and wife lost

their jobs and had been unsuccessful in finding new jobs but the trial court imputed

income to both husband and wife to set child support. This Court reversed the trial

court’s order and noted that

             [t]he trial court found that both Plaintiff and Defendant
             had searched for employment, but both had been

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                                    HILL V. HILL

                                  Opinion of the Court

             unsuccessful. Less clear from the order is whether the trial
             court found that Plaintiff and Defendant had acted in bad
             faith. Our general impression is that the trial court found
             no bad faith. However, a literal reading of this finding of
             fact suggests that the trial court found bad faith which was
             insufficient to impute income at a prior income level, but
             that it found bad faith that was sufficient to impute income
             at the minimum wage.               Neither of the above
             interpretations of the trial court’s order would support
             imputation of income at minimum wage.

Id. at 358, 739 S.E.2d at 560.

      Based upon the prior orders for alimony and regarding discovery, Husband

argues the trial court had recognized the need for Husband to pursue his job search

for an “executive or engineering job” for which he was suited and to seek recovery for

his termination from Company, but in its order, reversed course and found he should

have settled his lawsuit with Company sooner and taken a lesser job instead of

continuing to seek a job similar to his prior employment. For example, in the original

2012 alimony order, the trial court found

             10. Defendant was terminated from his employment in
             2012 and has been offered a severance package that
             includes compensation of $255,000, vacation pay of $12,500
             and a bonus ranging from $66,000 to $89,000. Defendant
             has not accepted this severance package as he believes that
             he may be entitled to more money and/or reinstatement of
             his position. Defendant is reasonably exercising his earning
             capacity and capabilities at the present time.

(Emphasis added).

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                                     HILL V. HILL

                                   Opinion of the Court

      Despite the trial court’s finding in September 2012 that “Defendant is

reasonably exercising his earning capacity and capabilities at the present time,” in the

order on appeal, the trial court found that “Defendant Glenn Anthony Hill’s naive

indifference to earn any income from January 2012 to July 2015 is not justified.”

(Emphasis added). These findings are contradictory, at least for 2012. The trial court

could perhaps find that Husband was reasonably exercising his earning capacity in

2012, even though he was unemployed and seeking a new job, but at some point

between 2012 and 2015, his delay in finding a new job became unreasonable. We

cannot determine from the order the point when this change occurred. And this date,

if it exists, would be important, because it may be a pivotal date for purposes of

looking back to impute income to Husband based upon bad faith in his job search and

for modifying his support obligations.

      Although the trial court was sympathetic to Husband’s job search in 2012, it

appears from the 2016 order that the trial court changed its view of Husband’s

continued unemployment.      The prior order was entered in 2012, but Husband’s

unemployment continued until June of 2015. And based on other findings of fact, as

Wife contends, the trial court might have based its imputation of income on

Husband’s excessive spending “in deliberate disregard for his support obligations”

even while he was still unemployed and at the same time, unilaterally reducing his

monthly payments to Wife from $8,000.00 to $300.00 -- although as noted above, this

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                                            HILL V. HILL

                                         Opinion of the Court

still cannot explain the trial court’s failure to modify the support obligations prior to

June 2013.

        The trial court detailed the unexplained decreases in Husband’s bank account

balances along with the drastic changes in Husband’s lifestyle beginning in 2013,

which coincided perfectly with his decision to reduce his payments by 96%, to $300.00

and with meeting his girlfriend. Husband still had a balance of over $100,000.00 in

his bank account as of the end of 2012, and on 12 March 2013, he paid $27,300.00

cash for a 2009 BMW two-door convertible.3                  By the end of May 2013, his bank

account was down to just over $26,000.00 -- a decrease of $46,700.00 in just two and

half months, although Husband was still “purportedly liv[ing] frugally” in a one

bedroom of a home at that time. At just about this time, Husband met his girlfriend,

now wife, on Match.com. In October 2013, Husband filled out a lease application for

a new apartment in High Point where he stated his income as $150,000.00 per year

from GA Hill and Associates -- although he testified he received no income from this

business.4

        3  A two-door convertible is not exactly a car suitable for three children, but Husband was not
exercising his visitation with the children.
         4 Husband organized GA Hill & Associates, LLC, through which he planned to operate “an

import/export business with partners in China” in 2012. Husband claimed the business failed and
he lost “tens of thousands of dollars.” The trial court did not find that Husband had income from this
business or from the other business he attempted to start in China, but the trial court also did not find
Husband’s testimony about these businesses credible.

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                                     HILL V. HILL

                                  Opinion of the Court

       A few months later, in January 2014, Husband received the proceeds from the

settlement with Company, and he deposited $251,098.95 into his savings account. By

the end of January, Husband had withdrawn $110,500.00 from the savings account -

- but he paid Wife only $300.00 that month. By February 2014, he had moved to the

apartment in High Point with his girlfriend. In June 2014, Husband got $6,000.00

as a gift from his father to buy an engagement ring for his new girlfriend. In

November 2014, he married her, and they had two formal weddings, one in Raleigh

and one in China. By the end of 2014, his bank account balance was down to

$28,472.60 -- and he was still paying Wife $300.00 per month.        And even after

Husband got his new job in June 2015, he still did not resume paying alimony.

      In addition, several findings note that the trial court determined Husband was

not credible in his testimony and evidence regarding financial matters, including “his

credit card debt or other loans” and his testimony about his new wife’s “income and

employment status and her ability to share in the cost of their living expenses.” And

as Wife stresses, the trial court found that Husband “indulged in excessive and

unnecessary spending when he moved to High Point with his girlfriend (now his wife)

and even more so when they moved to Reno, and continued to avoid his financial

obligations to support his children and his ex-wife.”

      Husband responds that the findings do not address why it is “excessive and

unnecessary spending” to get remarried and, after getting a new job, to buy a new

                                         - 20 -
                                     HILL V. HILL

                                  Opinion of the Court

house near his new job. The definition of “excessive” spending will vary depending

upon the parties’ circumstances and certain types of expenses, such as housing and

food, are necessities. See, e.g., Beall v. Beall, 290 N.C. 669, 678-79, 228 S.E.2d 407,

413 (1976) (“While some of [defendant’s living expenses] appear to be extravagant, or

overestimated, and several might be eliminated, others are essential. Thus, if only

the projected monthly rent ($190.00); food ($100.00); utilities ($35.00) and car

payments ($204.00) are counted, defendant would still need $529.00 monthly

($6,348.00 annually) to support himself. However, income taxes, automobile

insurance, and laundry must be paid; most certainly he will have medical expenses

and other unexpected demands for money from time to time. Even so, his projected

monthly expenditures of $1,789.00 are beyond his means. We note that considered on

an annual basis these expenses exceed defendant's total maximum income as found

by the trial court.”). Husband argues that the trial court did not distinguish what

amounts, if any, of his expenditures were “extraordinary overspending” as opposed to

reasonable living expenses. But the trial court’s findings carefully detail Husband’s

bank account balances over time along with his actions in disregard of his support

obligations. Husband was free to remarry, but payment of alimony or child support

“may not be avoided merely because it has become burdensome, or because the

husband has remarried and voluntarily assumed additional obligations.” Crosby v.

Crosby, 272 N.C. 235, 238, 158 S.E.2d 77, 80 (1967) (citations and quotation marks

                                         - 21 -
                                    HILL V. HILL

                                  Opinion of the Court

omitted); see also Frey, 189 N.C. App. at 630, 659 S.E.2d at 67 (“Payment of support

for a child of a former marriage may not be avoided merely because the husband has

remarried and thereby voluntarily assumed additional obligations.        Increases in

expenses that were voluntarily assumed additional obligations, including entering

into another marital and family relationship, although they may render the child

support payments more burdensome, do not justify a reduction in such payments.”

(Citations, quotation marks, brackets, and ellipses omitted)).     These findings of

Husband’s reduction in support payments coupled with his increased spending on his

new life with his girlfriend and his ultimate remarriage primarily focus on the period

when he was unemployed. Once he had a new job, there was no need for the trial

court to impute income, and it did not, so his expenses based upon his remarriage, if

any, did not affect the support calculations as reflected by the order after he began

working for Ebara.

      Yet we still have some concern about whether the erroneous finding of the date

of Husband’s settlement with Company was a significant factor in the trial court’s

determination that Husband acted in bad faith and in its imputation of income to

Husband. “In orders of child support, the trial court should make findings specific

enough to indicate to the appellate court that due regard was taken of the requisite

factors.” Burnett v. Wheeler, 128 N.C. App. 174, 176, 493 S.E.2d 804, 806 (1997).

Based on Findings Nos. 52, 53, and 61, it is possible that the trial court’s change of

                                         - 22 -
                                     HILL V. HILL

                                  Opinion of the Court

attitude toward Husband’s extended job search was influenced by the belief he had

delayed the settlement for over a year after it would be reasonable and responsible to

resolve the lawsuit, so he would have the funds from the settlement available, and

the potential cloud hanging over his ongoing job search could be removed. In addition,

although the trial court may have relied upon Husband’s excessive spending in

disregard of his support obligations as of June 2013, when he unilaterally reduced

his support dramatically, his motion to modify child support extends back to March

2012. Even though he was still paying as ordered in March 2012, he could have been

entitled to a reduction for any time period when he was involuntarily unemployed

and not excessively spending or acting in bad faith. Because we cannot determine

whether the trial court imputed income and the basis for imputation for each of the

time periods, and especially prior to June 2013, we must remand to the trial court for

correction of the date of the settlement with company and any revisions the trial court

deems appropriate to the other challenged findings which rely on the erroneous date.

If the trial court imputes income, it should state the basis for imputation for each

time period.

      We therefore reverse the trial court’s erroneous findings regarding the date of

the settlement with Company and related findings regarding Husband’s delay in

settlement and the imputation of income to Husband based on this refusal. On

remand, the trial court shall correct the findings regarding the date of settlement and

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                                     HILL V. HILL

                                  Opinion of the Court

make any additional findings it deems fit based upon the correct date. In addition,

the trial court shall clarify whether it imputed income to Husband from January 2012

until July 2015 and make any additional findings it deems fit regarding imputation

of income, if the trial court is basing the support obligations upon imputation of

income based upon bad faith or suppression of income.

             B.     Averaging of income

      Husband also argues that instead of imputing income, the trial court relied

upon funds Husband actually received while he was unemployed, averaged

retroactively over the period of unemployment.           In the order, one analysis of

Husband’s income finds that he had no income for many months, but the trial court

still kept the child support obligation at the same amount as it had been when

Husband was earning over twice what he eventually began earning at his new job at

Ebara and reduced alimony only by $1,000.00 per month. The trial court also did

another analysis of Husband’s income, finding an average income over 34 months of

$13,432.00 per month.

      Because the trial court considered the settlement funds from the Company and

his new job in determining whether he was entitled to any reduction of either support

obligation, Husband argues that “[t]his case exemplifies the perils of adjudication

with ‘20/20 hindsight,’ ” and specifically, the prejudice that arises when adjudication

of a motion to modify is long delayed -- in this case, roughly four years. He argues

                                         - 24 -
                                    HILL V. HILL

                                 Opinion of the Court

that by averaging out funds retroactively over the nearly four year period, the trial

court was penalizing Husband for failure to pay in 2012 and 2013 as if he actually

had those funds in 2012 and 2013. If Husband’s motions to modify had been heard

in 2012 -- before he had received any settlement funds, before he got a new job, and

before he had even met his new wife -- the circumstances would have been much

different. His job search had not been going on for long, and there would have been

no way to know when he would actually find a job or how much it would pay, or when

his lawsuit against Company would be resolved and how much the recovery would

be.

      Ultimately, the trial court found that “[d]espite his extended unemployment,

there has been no significant change in [Husband]’s ability to pay child support to

[Wife] since entry of the Order.” In other words, the trial court found that although

Husband was earning $543,000.00 per year when the order was entered in 2011, and

he was unemployed with no income for 42 months, and he got a new job in July 2015

making about half what he had been making in 2011, his ability to pay was not

significantly changed even while he had no income. Mathematically, these numbers

present an obvious question:     how is an involuntary decrease in income from

$543,000.00 to zero not a significant change? During the 42 months Husband was

unemployed, he would have needed $336,000.00 to pay the $8,000.00 per month he

was required to pay. His only income during that time was the settlement from

                                        - 25 -
                                    HILL V. HILL

                                  Opinion of the Court

Company, in a gross amount of $351,937.52; his net income left after taxes was

$251,098.95. He also had to pay attorney fees related to the settlement of $29,000.00,

leaving him with $213,000.00. Even if he had used all of the settlement funds to pay

his support obligations, he would still have had a shortfall of $123,000.00. The trial

court dealt with this mathematical problem by finding that “[t]he fact that

[Husband’s] income decreased does not mean that he is entitled to a reduction in

alimony or child support, especially when the needs of the minor children and [Wife]

did not decrease (and actually increased) and he is able to make the payment as

originally ordered by using his estate, notwithstanding his reduction in income.” The

trial court recognized that Husband would have to deplete his estate to pay his

support obligations.

      In Finding No. 40, the trial court noted that in January 2012, Husband’s Wells

Fargo checking account had a balance of $363,227.36; he then transferred

$300,000.00 from this account to a Wells Fargo savings account. By 31 August 2013,

this savings account was depleted down to $6,009.94.       The findings then detail

various other bank account balances, deposits and withdrawals. The trial court found

that “[d]uring this period, [Husband’s] total monthly support obligation to [Wife] was

$8,000.00” and at that time, Husband was living “frugally” in one bedroom

apartments and he “offered no explanation as to how or why he dissipated his large

cash accounts.” In June 2013, Husband stopped paying his support as ordered and

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                                     HILL V. HILL

                                   Opinion of the Court

paid only $500.00 that month, then paid only $300.00 per month from July 2013 to

June 2015.

      These findings show that Husband stopped receiving income as of January

2012, but continued to pay $8,000.00 support each month through May 2013, a period

of 17 months. Thus, he paid out $136,000.00 to Wife, which would explain at least

that portion of the depletion of his bank account, but would still leave $227,227.36.

Husband’s living expenses at that time were low, and the trial court is correct that

Husband was depleting his account at a rate far beyond the amount needed to pay

support, with no explanation of how he may have spent the additional $227,227.36.

In summary, the trial court determined that Husband still had or should have had

sufficient funds to continue paying support as originally ordered by depleting his

estate. It is correct that he could continue to pay $8,000.00 per month, despite having

no income, for a finite period with his savings account. The trial court also made

findings regarding his remaining estate, although Husband notes those findings show

that most of his remaining funds were in 401K accounts or other retirement accounts

not readily accessible without incurring substantial taxes and penalties.          The

question is whether his support obligations can be set based upon depletion of his

estate so that he must continue to pay support at the level set when his income was

over $500,000 per year, even when he had no income.

      C.     Depletion of Estate

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                                   HILL V. HILL

                                 Opinion of the Court

                (1) Alimony

       The original consent order entered on 15 March 2011 and the alimony order

entered on 12 September 2012 both required Husband to pay alimony of $4,500.00

per month. The order on appeal reduced alimony to $3,500.00 per month, effective as

of 1 October 2012. Although the trial court reduced his alimony obligation, Husband

argues that the trial court abused its discretion by not reducing his alimony

sufficiently.    His income was over $500,000.00 annually when the $4,500.00

obligation was established, but he had no income other than the settlement proceeds

from 12 January 2012 until 29 June 2015, when he was hired by Ebara. Again,

husband argues the trial court based the modified alimony on hindsight, since by the

time of trial, his period of unemployment had ended. Wife essentially acknowledges

the trial court’s hindsight, arguing that “to whatever extent [Husband] had no

income on the date that he filed his motion to modify alimony, that condition was

cured by the Company Lawsuit settlement he received in early 2014 and his

employment with Ebara in July 2015.” She argues the trial court made extensive

findings of Husband’s “excessive and unnecessary spending to avoid his support

obligations” during his period of unemployment and acted within its discretion in

modifying alimony.

       An alimony order “may be modified or vacated at any time, upon motion

in the cause and showing of changed circumstances by either party or anyone

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                                       HILL V. HILL

                                     Opinion of the Court

interested.”   N.C.   Gen.   Stat.    §   50-16.9(a)        (2017).   The party moving for a

modification bears the burden of showing “a substantial change in conditions” so

“the present award is either inadequate or unduly burdensome.” Britt v. Britt, 49

N.C. App. 463, 470, 271 S.E.2d 921, 926 (1980).                 We review the trial court’s

determination of the amount of alimony for abuse of discretion. See, e.g., Kelly v.

Kelly, 228 N.C. App. 600, 601, 747 S.E.2d 268, 272-73 (2013) (“Decisions regarding

the amount of alimony are left to the sound discretion of the trial judge and will not

be disturbed on appeal unless there has been a manifest abuse of that discretion.

When the trial court sits without a jury, the standard of review on appeal is whether

there was competent evidence to support the trial court’s findings of fact and whether

its conclusions of law were proper in light of such facts. An abuse of discretion has

occurred if the decision is manifestly unsupported by reason or one so arbitrary that

it could not have been the result of a reasoned decision.” (Citations omitted)).

      When setting alimony, the trial court must consider and make findings of fact

on the factors in N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-16.3A (2017), but if the trial court has made the

required findings, the amount of alimony is not reviewable absent an abuse of

discretion. See Works, 217 N.C. App. at 350, 719 S.E.2d at 221 (“It is well-established

that the amount of alimony is determined by the trial judge in the exercise of her

sound discretion and is not reviewable on appeal in the absence of an abuse of

discretion, and that a ruling committed to a trial court’s discretion is to be accorded

                                            - 29 -
                                     HILL V. HILL

                                   Opinion of the Court

great deference and will be upset only upon a showing that it was so arbitrary that it

could not have been the result of a reasoned decision.” (Citations, quotation marks,

and brackets omitted)). To modify an alimony obligation set by a prior order, the

trial court must compare the current financial situation to the time when the prior

alimony order was entered, to see if there has been a change in the financial needs of

the dependent spouse or in the ability to pay of the supporting spouse:

             As a general rule, the changed circumstances necessary for
             modification of an alimony order must relate to the
             financial needs of the dependent spouse or the supporting
             spouse’s ability to pay.

             ....

                   To determine whether a change of circumstances
             under G.S. 50-16.9 has occurred, it is necessary to refer to
             the circumstances or factors used in the original
             determination of the amount of alimony awarded under
             G.S. 50-16.5. That statute requires consideration of the
             estates, earnings, earning capacity, condition, accustomed
             standard of living of the parties and other facts of the
             particular case in setting the amount of alimony.

Rowe v. Rowe, 305 N.C. 177, 187, 287 S.E.2d 840, 846 (1982) (citations omitted).

      As a general rule, a supporting spouse will not be required to deplete his estate

to pay alimony. See, e.g., Beaman v. Beaman, 77 N.C. App. 717, 722, 336 S.E.2d 129,

132 (1985) (“Ordinarily, the parties will not be required to deplete their estates to pay

alimony or to meet personal expenses.”). But sometimes, where the estate of the

dependent spouse is not sufficient to meet her reasonable needs, and the estate of the

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                                     HILL V. HILL

                                   Opinion of the Court

supporting spouse is not sufficient to meet his own needs in addition to payment of

alimony, the trial court may consider whether depletion of the supporting spouse’s

estate would be fair. See, e.g., Swain v. Swain, 179 N.C. App. 795, 799, 635 S.E.2d

504, 507 (2006). Although some cases from our Supreme Court

             appear to disfavor alimony awards that result in estate
             depletion for one party or the other, those decisions by no
             means prohibit such awards. Rather, all of these cases cite
             “fairness and justice to all parties” as the principle to which
             an alimony award must conform. Thus, we consider
             whether the court’s award in the present case is fair to all
             of the parties.

Id. (citations omitted).

      In considering whether depletion of the estate is fair, the trial court must

compare the estates and needs of the parties. See generally id. In prior cases, some

of the important factors were the difference between the estates, the rate at which

each party would need to deplete his or her estate, the prospects for either party to

improve his or her earnings in the future, and the term of payment of the alimony.

See id. (“Considering that plaintiff’s estate is substantially larger than defendant’s

estate, it would be unfair to require defendant to further deplete her estate while

allowing plaintiff to maintain his. Instead, the trial court ordered a reduction in

alimony from $4,300 per month to $3,600 per month. This award does not fully meet

defendant’s living expenses and is greater than plaintiff’s disposable income after

meeting his own expenses. Because the award requires both parties to deplete their

                                          - 31 -
                                      HILL V. HILL

                                    Opinion of the Court

estates to meet their living expenses, the trial court’s reduction of alimony was fair

to both parties, and the trial court did not abuse its discretion.”).

      In Williams v. Williams, this Court discussed the comparison of estates of the

dependent and supporting spouses:

             The financial worth or “estate” of both spouses must also
             be considered by the trial court in determining which
             spouse is the dependent spouse. We do not think, however,
             that usage of the word “estate” implies a legislative intent
             that a spouse seeking alimony who has an estate sufficient
             to maintain that spouse in the manner to which he or she
             is accustomed, [t]hrough estate depletion, is disqualified as
             a dependent spouse. Such an interpretation would be
             incongruous with a statutory emphasis on “earnings,”
             “earning capacity,” and “accustomed standard of living.” It
             would also be inconsistent with plain common sense. If the
             spouse seeking alimony is denied alimony because he or
             she has an estate which can be spent away to maintain his
             or her standard of living, that spouse may soon have no
             earnings or earning capacity and therefore no way to
             maintain any standard of living.

                     We think, therefore, that the trial court
             consideration of the “estates” of the parties is intended
             primarily for the purpose of providing it with another guide
             in evaluating the earnings and earning capacity of the
             parties, and not for the purpose of determining capability
             of self-support through estate depletion. We think this is
             equally true in giving consideration to the estate of the
             alleged supporting spouse. Obviously, a determination
             that one is the supporting spouse because he or she can
             maintain the dependent spouse at the standard of living to
             which they were accustomed through estate depletion
             could soon lead to inability to provide for either party.

                    Defendant argues that awarding alimony to this
             plaintiff would result in maintaining “not the wife, but her

                                           - 32 -
                                     HILL V. HILL

                                  Opinion of the Court

             wealth.” He argues that compelling the husband to build
             up by alimony a “treasure hoard for the wife” has been
             consistently rejected. Nothing in this decision is designed
             to allow plaintiff to increase her wealth at the expense of
             defendant. Under the guidelines established, plaintiff
             would be required to continue in expending all of her
             annual income if she desires to maintain her present
             standard of living.       Should the wife’s capital assets
             increase in value, through inflation, prudent investment or
             otherwise, and results in an increase of her income,
             defendant would, of course, be entitled to petition the court
             for modification of the alimony order under G.S. 50-16.9.

Williams v. Williams, 299 N.C. 174, 183-84, 261 S.E.2d 849, 856-57 (1980) (citations

omitted).

      Here, the trial court made extensive and detailed findings of fact comparing

the financial circumstances of the parties, addressing all of the factors under N.C.

Gen. Stat. § 50-16.3A. Relevant to Husband’s argument regarding depletion of his

estate, the trial court made findings comparing: (1) Husband’s excessive spending,

failure to pay any alimony, and voluntary increase in living expenses while still

unemployed to Wife’s reduction of her living expenses; (2) Husband’s substantial

estate even after his period of unemployment to Wife’s depletion of her estate; (3)

Husband’s high income to Wife’s much lower income; and (4) the time period of the

alimony payments.

      In regards to the time period of the alimony payments, the term was set as 10

years from the initial order in 2012, so Husband’s obligation will end in 2022, unless

sooner modified based on future changes or terminated by Wife’s remarriage or death.

                                         - 33 -
                                      HILL V. HILL

                                   Opinion of the Court

The trial court did have the benefit of hindsight in considering the extent to which

Husband would need to deplete his estate to pay alimony over the entire ten-year

term, most of which is now past. But for purposes of considering the fairness of the

alimony award overall, it was proper for the trial court to take Husband’s current job

and earnings into account, even for prior years. As of the date of hearing, Husband

was employed and now has adequate earnings to continue paying current alimony as

ordered with little if any ongoing depletion of his estate; he also has the ability to pay

the accrued alimony without an unreasonable depletion of his estate. In comparison,

Wife has already depleted much of her estate, despite her reduction in her living

expenses, and since her income is not sufficient to meet her reasonable needs, she

would quickly deplete the remainder of her estate and still could not maintain herself

without alimony as ordered. The trial court did not abuse its discretion by basing the

alimony award on a combination of Husband’s estate and his current income,

recognizing that his estate would be depleted to maintain the alimony obligation

during his time of unemployment, even in the absence of bad faith or imputation of

income for purposes of alimony. The trial court correctly considered the comparison

of the estates of the parties for purposes of modification of alimony and did not abuse

its discretion in modifying alimony effective back to the date of Husband’s motion to

modify alimony based upon depletion of his estate.

             (2) Child Support

                                          - 34 -
                                     HILL V. HILL

                                  Opinion of the Court

      Although depletion of Husband’s estate may be a proper basis to establish the

alimony obligation, the same is not necessarily true for child support. On child

support, as discussed above, it appears the trial court may have used either

imputation of income or averaging of income over Husband’s period of unemployment.

Wife argues that although the trial court could have imputed income for purposes of

child support, “the Order itself also reveals that the trial court did not actually

impute income for purposes of modifying [child support].” Although depletion of

Husband’s estate can be appropriate as to alimony, based upon the factors the trial

court may consider under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 16.3A in setting alimony, those factors do

not apply to child support. We cannot find any cases allowing an award of child

support based solely on depletion of the payor’s estate absent bad faith or suppression

of earning capacity. Therefore, the trial court was not authorized to base the child

support modification prior to Husband’s new job with Ebara solely upon depletion of

his estate, and we must remand for additional findings to clarify whether the trial

court is actually imputing income for purposes of child support, and if so, the basis

for imputing income for each time period.

      D.     Mathematical error in alimony arrears

      Husband also argues that the trial court made a mathematical error in the

calculation of his alimony arrears. The trial court found Husband owed 35 payments

of alimony of $3,500.00 per month from June 2013 until March 2016, but alimony

                                         - 35 -
                                       HILL V. HILL

                                     Opinion of the Court

was reduced effective as of 1 October 2012. From October 2012 to May 2013, Husband

paid eight payments of $4,500.00 per month, or $1,000.00 per month more than the

modified obligation, so he actually paid $8,000.00 for which he was not given credit

in the order. Wife did not respond to this argument in her brief. On remand, the trial

court should correct this mathematical error and determine the correct amount of

alimony arrears owed.

II.   Civil Contempt

      A.     Application of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 5A-21

      Husband first argues the trial court erred as a matter of law by holding him in

contempt based upon “its application of the civil contempt statute.” (Original in all

caps). Husband’s argument is based upon N.C. Gen. Stat. § 5A-21(a) (2017):

             (a) Failure to comply with an order of a court is a
             continuing civil contempt as long as:
             (1) The order remains in force;
             (2) The purpose of the order may still be served by
             compliance with the order;
             (2a) The noncompliance by the person to whom the order is
             directed is willful; and
             (3) The person to whom the order is directed is able to
             comply with the order or is able to take reasonable
             measures that would enable the person to comply with the
             order.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 5A-21(a)(1)-(3).

      The order on appeal held Husband in contempt for his failure to pay child

support and alimony “from June 2013 through March 2016,” and for failure to pay

                                            - 36 -
                                      HILL V. HILL

                                   Opinion of the Court

the children’s uninsured health care costs “through March 2016.” But the same order

also modified Husband’s alimony obligation effective as of 1 October 2012. (His child

support obligation was not modified during the time he was unemployed, although as

discussed above, it is possible that it may be modified on remand.) Therefore, the

contempt period overlaps with the modification period. Husband argues that he was

held in contempt of orders “that were either in whole or in part no longer in effect as

of the dates for which the contempt was assessed,” in violation of N.C. Gen. Stat. §

5A-21(a)(1) and (2) “because these orders did not ‘remain[ ] in force’ at the operative

time of the supposed contempt.”

      Neither Husband nor Wife cites any cases directly relevant to Husband’s

argument that he cannot be held in contempt of a prior order simultaneously with

the modification of the prior order. Of course, Husband is the party who moved to

modify the prior orders asking to decrease his support obligations effective as of the

date of his filing of the motion to modify. It is well-established that the trial court

may modify a support obligation effective as of the date of the motion requesting

modification. See, e.g., Mackins v. Mackins, 114 N.C. App. 538, 546, 442 S.E.2d 352,

357 (1994) (“[J]ust as the trial court has the discretion to modify an alimony award

as of the date the petition to modify is filed, the trial court also has the discretion to

modify a child support order as of the date the petition to modify is filed.”).

                                          - 37 -
                                     HILL V. HILL

                                   Opinion of the Court

      Husband bases his argument on the language of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 5A-21(a)(1)-

(3), so we must interpret this statute. Statutory interpretation presents a question

of law, which we review de novo:

             We review issues of statutory construction de novo. In
             matters of statutory construction, our primary task is to
             ensure that the purpose of the legislature, the legislative
             intent, is accomplished. Legislative purpose is first
             ascertained from the plain words of the statute. A statute
             that is clear on its face must be enforced as written.
             Courts, in interpreting the clear and unambiguous text of
             a statute, must give it its plain and definite meaning, as
             there is no room for judicial construction. . . .

             In applying the language of a statute, and because the
             actual words of the legislature are the clearest
             manifestation of its intent, we give every word of the
             statute effect, presuming that the legislature carefully
             chose each word used. Finally, we must be guided by the
             fundamental rule of statutory construction that statutes in
             pari materia, and all parts thereof, should be construed
             together and compared with each other.

In re Ivey, __ N.C. App. __, __, 810 S.E.2d 740, 744 (2018) (citations, quotation marks,

and brackets omitted).

      Under the plain words of the statute, failure to comply with an order may be

contempt if “(1) The order remains in force”; and “(2) The purpose of the order may

still be served by compliance with the order.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 5A-21(a)(1)-(2).

Husband argues that because the trial court modified alimony obligation in the prior

order effective as of the filing of his motion -- at his request – the prior order was no

longer “in force” as of the date of the order holding him in contempt. See id. But the

                                          - 38 -
                                       HILL V. HILL

                                     Opinion of the Court

child support and alimony orders did not disappear, and there has been a support

order “in force” continuously since the entry of the first order.          Id.   If we read

subsection (1) along with subsection (2), the modification of some portions of the prior

order does not necessarily render it impossible for Husband to be held in contempt

for failure to pay his support obligations because the order is still “in force.” Id. It is

clear that “[t]he purpose of the order” is “still . . . served by compliance with the order.”

Id. The purpose of the order was and is to provide support for Wife and the children;

even if the exact amount of the support obligation in the prior order changed, the

other portions of the order were unchanged. A modification of an order effective as of

a date in the past is to some extent a legal fiction; it has the legal effect of reaching

back to change the past, but in reality, the past cannot change.

       We must also consider the remainder of the statute along with the

modifications of the order. To be held in contempt, “(2a) The noncompliance by the

person to whom the order is directed [must be] willful; and “(3) The person to whom

the order is directed [must be] able to comply with the order or is able to take

reasonable measures that would enable the person to comply with the order.” Id.

Depending upon the particular modification of an order, it would be possible that the

noncompliance could not be considered “willful.” Id. For example, if an order were

modified to increase a support obligation, the payor could not be held in contempt for

failure to pay the increased amount in the past, as that failure to pay more in the

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                                     HILL V. HILL

                                   Opinion of the Court

past could not be willful. Here, the trial court’s modification was a reduction of

alimony -- and child support remained the same -- so the prior order “remained in

force” for the child support obligation and for alimony up to the newly reduced amount

of $3500.00. Id. Had Husband failed to pay his full alimony obligation as previously

ordered, $4,500.00, but did pay as much as the new reduced amount of $3,500.00, he

could not be held in contempt, since in such a scenario, Husband would have paid as

much as required under the modified order -- even if the motion for contempt was

filed before the order was modified and he was obligated at the time to pay a greater

amount.

      In addition, the purpose of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 5A-21 particularly in the context

of child support and alimony enforcement, could be subverted by Husband’s

interpretation of the statute. Where a child support or alimony obligor has valid

reason for a reduction of his obligation, he could simply file a motion to modify the

support obligation and stop paying support entirely until the trial court enters an

order. In the meantime, the recipient of the support could file a motion to hold him

in contempt, but he may be insulated from being held in contempt, even if he paid

nothing, if the order is later modified effective as of the date of his motion. Although

a payor has the right to file a motion to reduce his obligation and may have that

reduction effective back to the date of filing, he does not have the right to entirely

avoid his support obligation until the motion is heard simply by moving for

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                                    HILL V. HILL

                                 Opinion of the Court

modification. See generally Chused v. Chused, 131 N.C. App. 668, 672-73, 508 S.E.2d

559, 562 (1998) (“A supporting parent has no authority to unilaterally modify the

amount of the court ordered child support payment. The supporting parent must first

apply to the trial court for modification. The trial court then has the authority to

enter a modification of court ordered child support, retroactive to the filing of the

petition of modification. If a person unilaterally reduces his court ordered child

support payments, he subjects himself to contempt.” (Citations, quotation marks,

and brackets omitted)). Thus, the trial court did not err by holding Husband in

contempt of the prior orders while also setting his arrears owed based upon the

modified alimony obligation. Nevertheless, because we must remand for a new order

addressing the modification of child support and alimony arrearages as discussed

above, it is possible that the amounts of arrears and purge payments may change.

We therefore must also reverse and remand the contempt order so the trial court may

address whether Husband is in willful civil contempt and if so, to determine the

revised amounts of arrearages owed and purge conditions in the new order.

      B.     Notice of acts of noncompliance

      Husband’s second argument on contempt is that he did not have notice of the

acts for which he may be held in contempt because the Motion and Show Cause Order

were both filed on 31 July 2013. He argues that the Motion gave notice of alleged

noncompliance only up to 31 July 2013, but the trial court held him in contempt for

                                        - 41 -
                                     HILL V. HILL

                                  Opinion of the Court

failure to pay child support and uninsured medical costs which accrued after that

date.

        Wife argues that Husband waived any argument on notice of the acts for which

he may be held in contempt by failing to raise this objection at trial. We agree. Where

Husband actively participated in the trial without raising any objection or argument

regarding notice of the acts for which he may be held in contempt, he has waived this

argument on appeal. See Watson v. Watson, 187 N.C. App. 55, 63, 652 S.E.2d 310,

316 (2007) (“[D]efendant did not object to the presentation of evidence on this issue

at the contempt hearing. On the contrary, defendant presented evidence relating to

the credit card debt, including offering exhibits. When the contemnor comes into

court to answer the charges of the show cause order, she waives procedural

requirements. Defendant’s active participation in the hearing on this issue, without

objection, defeats her contention that she was without notice that the 5 June 2006

proceeding would include a review of her failure to take responsibility for the credit

card payments.” (Citations, quotation marks, and brackets omitted)); see also Byrd

v. Byrd, 62 N.C. App. 438, 443, 303 S.E.2d 205, 209 (1983) (“[W]hen issues not raised

in the pleadings are tried by the express or implied consent of the parties, North

Carolina allows for the pleadings to be amended to conform to the evidence. Where

a party offers evidence at trial which introduces a new issue and there is no objection

by the opposing party, the opposing party is viewed as having consented to the

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                                    HILL V. HILL

                                  Opinion of the Court

admission of the evidence and the pleadings are deemed amended to include the new

issue.” (Citation omitted)). In this case, Husband participated in the trial on the

issues of contempt up to the date of the hearing without objecting to any of this

evidence or claiming any lack of notice. Accordingly, this argument is without merit.

III.   Award of Attorney Fees

       Finally, Husband argues that the trial court erred as a matter of law “in

ordering defendant to pay plaintiff’s attorney’s fees as a ‘combined’ award and

otherwise in contravention of the applicable statutes.”       (Original in all caps).

Husband contends that because the fee award of $50,000.00 did not differentiate

between the amounts awarded for each claim -- modification of child support,

modification of alimony, and contempt -- this Court is unable to determine Wife’s

entitlement to the entire award. Husband also argues that the trial court erred in

awarding fees for various reasons for each claim: child support modification, alimony

modification, and contempt.     As explained in more detail below, if there were

adequate findings to support Wife’s entitlement to attorney fees on all three claims,

the award would be proper, but there are a few missing pieces, so we must vacate the

award and remand to the trial court for additional findings, conclusions of law, and a

new order as appropriate based on those findings and conclusions.

                                         - 43 -
                                     HILL V. HILL

                                  Opinion of the Court

      We review the trial court’s determination that Wife is entitled to an award of

attorney fees based upon N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-13.6 (2017) de novo, since this is a

question of law, and we review the amount of the fees for abuse of discretion:

             In a custody suit or a custody and support suit, the trial
             judge, pursuant to the first sentence in G.S. 50-13.6, has
             the discretion to award attorney’s fees to an interested
             party when that party is (1) acting in good faith and (2) has
             insufficient means to defray the expense of the suit. The
             facts required by the statute must be alleged and proved to
             support an order for attorney’s fees. Whether these
             statutory requirements have been met is a question of law,
             reviewable on appeal. When the statutory requirements
             have been met, the amount of attorney’s fees to be awarded
             rests within the sound discretion of the trial judge and is
             reviewable on appeal only for abuse of discretion. . . .

                    When the action is solely one for support, all of the
             requirements set forth in part III A above apply plus the
             second sentence in G.S. 50-13.6 which requires that there
             be an additional finding of fact that the party ordered to
             furnish support has refused to provide support which is
             adequate under the circumstances existing at the time of
             the institution of the action or proceeding. A finding of fact
             supported by competent evidence must be made on this
             issue in addition to meeting the requirements of good faith
             and insufficient means before attorney’s fees may be
             awarded in a support suit. This issue is a question of law,
             reviewable on appeal.

Hudson v. Hudson, 299 N.C. 465, 472-73, 263 S.E.2d 719, 724 (1980) (citations,

quotation marks, and brackets omitted).

      Husband argues that the trial court erred as a matter of law in awarding

attorney fees on all three claims. He does not challenge the amount of the award

                                         - 44 -
                                     HILL V. HILL

                                  Opinion of the Court

except to note that since the award is undifferentiated, it is impossible to break it

down into portions awarded for each claim, so if the trial court erred in awarding fees

for even one of the three claims, the award cannot stand.

      A.     Entitlement to fees for modification of child support

      North Carolina General Statutes Section 50-13.6 sets forth the statutory

requirements for an award of attorney fees in child support claims:

             Before ordering payment of a fee in a support action, the
             court must find as a fact that the party ordered to furnish
             support has refused to provide support which is adequate
             under the circumstances existing at the time of the
             institution of the action or proceeding. . . .

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-13.6 (emphasis added).

      The trial court found: “128. [Husband] refused to provide support which is

adequate under the circumstances.” The trial court did not include the last portion

of the finding required by N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-13.6: “existing at the time of the

institution of the action or proceeding.” See id. Husband argues that the “time of the

institution of the action or proceeding” was when he filed his motion to modify child

support, 7 February 2012. Id. The circumstances existing as of February 2012 were

that both Husband and Wife were unemployed and Husband was still paying his full

child support as required by the order. Wife relies upon the definition of an “action”

from Black’s Law Dictionary, see action, Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014), to

argue that “the appropriate time for measuring the adequacy of Defendant’s support

                                         - 45 -
                                      HILL V. HILL

                                    Opinion of the Court

pursuant to [N.C. Gen. Stat.] § 50-13.6 was July 31, 2013 [when she filed a motion

for contempt] through the time of trial in April 2016 . . . .” During that time period,

Wife argues, Husband had “started his spending spree” and “had access to sufficient

cash from his estate.”

      We cannot find any case which specifically defines the phrase “at the time of

the institution of the action or proceeding,” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-13.6, perhaps because

this simple phrase has not been at issue in any prior case. But many cases refer to

the dates when various types of actions or proceedings were instituted, and

invariably, the cases use the date when a pleading or motion bringing a claim or

seeking a particular type of relief was filed with the court as the date of the

“institution of the action or proceeding.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-13.6; see, e.g.; Danielson

v. Cummings, 43 N.C. App. 546, 546, 259 S.E.2d 332, 332 (1979) (“Plaintiff instituted

this action on 15 February 1978 alleging he was injured by the negligence of the

defendants in an automobile collision in the city of Greensboro.”), aff’d, 300 N.C. 175,

265 S.E.2d 161 (1980). Black’s Law Dictionary defines the verb “institute” as “to

begin or start; commence.” See institute, Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed. 2014). We

simply cannot read the phrase “under the circumstances existing at the time of the

institution of the action or proceeding[,]” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-13.6, to refer to a period

of time extending from the date of a filing of a pleading to the date of the trial -- here,

                                           - 46 -
                                     HILL V. HILL

                                   Opinion of the Court

nearly three years, according to Wife. We must consider a particular date of filing --

but many motions have been filed in this case.

      Since we are now addressing entitlement to an attorney fee award for

modification of child support, not contempt, the date of the institution of the action

for purposes of determining entitlement to attorney fees under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-

13.6 is based upon the filing of Husband’s motion to modify child support, not Wife’s

later motion for contempt. See generally N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-13.6. Wife has a claim

for attorney fees based upon her contempt motions as well, but the standard for that

award differs from an award for modification of child support, and the contempt issue

must be considered in its own right. See, e.g., Watson, 187 N.C. App. at 69, 652 S.E.2d

at 320 (“It is settled law in North Carolina that ordinarily attorney fees are not

recoverable as an item of damages or of costs, absent express statutory authority for

fixing and awarding them. Generally, attorney’s fees and expert witness fees may

not be taxed as costs against a party in a contempt action. However, our courts have

ruled that the trial court may award attorney’s fees in certain civil contempt actions.”

(Citations omitted)).

      On child support, there is no finding as to whether Husband was providing

“support which is adequate under the circumstances existing at the time of the

institution of the action or proceeding.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-13.6. Wife argues that

the essential facts are evident in the trial court’s order and there was no conflicting

                                          - 47 -
                                     HILL V. HILL

                                  Opinion of the Court

evidence on this point. But the “essential fact” which is evident in the order is that

in February 2012, Husband was unemployed on the date he “instituted” the

proceeding by filing a motion to modify the child support obligation and he was still

paying his full child support obligation.     Since he was still paying his full child

support obligation “at the time of the institution of the action or proceeding,” he did

not “refuse” to “provide support which is adequate” at that time. Id. He did stop

paying the full child support obligation later, but that is not the question under N.C.

Gen. Stat. § 50-13.6. Id.

      This is not the end of the analysis, since Wife also filed a motion to modify child

support on 13 November 2012. Wife alleged in this motion, upon information and

belief, that Husband was already receiving severance pay checks from Company and

also requested modifications related to the children’s medical insurance coverage.

But the trial court found that although Company had tendered checks to Husband,

he had refused to accept these payments, since he was pursuing the lawsuit against

Company seeking a greater recovery. And, as of November 2012, Husband was

continuing to pay the full child support obligation under the existing order, so he was

still paying adequate support at the time of institution of Wife’s motion to modify

child support. Therefore, the attorney fee award under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-13.6

could not be based upon Wife’s motion to modify child support either.

                                         - 48 -
                                    HILL V. HILL

                                  Opinion of the Court

       The “circumstances existing” as of the dates of institution of both motions for

modification of child support differed greatly from those over the following two years

and at the time of trial. Id. The trial court therefore erred to the extent it awarded

attorney fees for the modification of child support based upon N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-

13.6, since Husband was still paying his full obligation at the time of institution of

both motions to modify child support. For this reason, and because the trial court

awarded fees without specifying the basis, we vacate the attorney’s fee award.

      B.     Entitlement to attorney fees on other claims

      Husband also argues on the award of attorney fees that there is no way for this

court to assess the “reasonableness” of the award on each claim. For example,

Husband’s child support obligation was increased, but his alimony obligation was

decreased.   In addition, the required findings for an attorney fee award for

modification of alimony and contempt are not identical. We will not address these

issues further, since we must vacate the attorney fee award for the reasons already

discussed. On remand, the trial court should make the required findings of fact and

conclusions of law for the attorney fee award on each component of the award and

determine the appropriate amount of fees for each claim.

                                     Conclusion

      For the reasons stated above, we affirm in part and reverse in part and remand

the trial court’s order modifying alimony and child support. Because the trial court’s

                                         - 49 -
                                     HILL V. HILL

                                  Opinion of the Court

alimony order was supported by its findings regarding depletion of the estates of the

parties, we affirm the trial court’s modification of alimony, both for the past and for

prospective alimony. However, the trial court shall correct the mathematical error

in the alimony arrears on remand. The basis for the modification of the child support

from the date of Husband’s motion to modify until July 2015 is unclear, so we reverse

this portion of the order and on remand the trial court must clarify whether it is

imputing income to Husband during each time period, the basis for imputation, the

amount of income imputed, and how the child support obligation was calculated. The

prospective child support order as of July 2015 is affirmed. We also conclude the trial

court did not err in finding Husband in civil contempt, but because we have reversed

and remanded the child support provisions of the order, we must also reverse and

remand the contempt portion of the order so the trial court may enter a new order to

address whether Husband is in willful civil contempt in accord with any changes to

alimony arrears or child support and child support arrears owed on remand. Finally,

we reverse the order on attorney fees and remand to the trial court for entry of a new

order on attorney fees setting forth the amounts of fees awarded for each component

of the case, with the findings of fact and conclusions of law needed to support fees

awarded for each component of the case.

      AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART AND REMANDED.

      Judges DILLON and INMAN concur.

                                         - 50 -