Court Opinion

ID: 2411850
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-30 09:25:11.04815+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:02:39.297696
License: Public Domain

686 F. Supp. 2d 956 (2010)
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff,
v.
Richard G. RENZI, James W. Sandlin, Andrew Beardall, Dwayne Lequire, Defendant.
No. CR 08-212 TUC DCB (BPV).
United States District Court, D. Arizona.
February 18, 2010.
*957 Brian Matthew Heberlig, David Matthew Fragale, Reid Henry Weingarten, Steptoe & Johnson LLP, Kelly B. Kramer, Emily Crandall Harlan, Henry Parker Vandyck, Nixon Peabody LLP, Washington, DC, Francis J. Burke, Stacey Faith Gottlieb, Steptoe & Johnson LLP, Phoenix, AZ, for Defendant.

ORDER
DAVID C. BURY, District Judge.
This matter having been referred to Magistrate Judge Bernardo P. Velasco, he issued a Report and Recommendation (R & R) on June 16, 2009, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(A). (R & R: doc. 387). Magistrate Judge Velasco recommends that the Court deny Defendant Renzi's motions[1] to dismiss the Indictment[2] for Speech or Debate Clause violations.
*958 Defendant Renzi made two arguments for dismissal of the Indictment, as follows: 1) The Government's charges against Renzi are based on legislative acts, and the Government must necessarily introduce evidence of legislative acts to prove its case at trial, and 2) Speech or Debate Clause violations were made before the Grand Jury.
Rule 72(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1) provides that the district court may "accept, reject, or modify, in whole or in part, the findings or recommendations made by the magistrate judge." Fed.R.Civ.P. 72(b), 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). If the parties object to a R & R, "[a] judge of the [district] court shall make a de novo determination of those portions of the [R & R] to which objection is made." 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1); see Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140, 149-50, 106 S. Ct. 466, 88 L. Ed. 2d 435 (1985). When no objections are made, the district court need not review the R & R de novo. Wang v. Masaitis, 416 F.3d 992, 1000 n. 13 (9th Cir.2005); United States v. Reyna-Tapia, 328 F.3d 1114, 1121-22 (9th Cir. 2003) (en banc).
After a full and independent review of the record and the Defendant's objections, the Magistrate Judge's R & R is accepted and adopted as the findings of fact and conclusions of law of this Court.[3] The Defendant's motions to dismiss the Indictment are denied. The Court rejects Defendant's objections, which are as follows.
Defendant Renzi charges that Magistrate Judge Velasco "creat[ed] a novel Speech or Debate Clause test", which conflicts with controlling Ninth Circuit precedent. He argues the Magistrate Judge erred in finding his dealings with land exchange proponents were not legislative fact-finding, protected by the Speech or Debate Clause. He further argues that Judge Velasco erred as follows: he wrongly concluded that charges Congressman Renzi acted illegally or with criminal intent did not strip him of his Speech or Debate protections; he erred in finding the Speech or Debate Clause was not violated by allegations that Congressman Renzi's motive to ask land proponents to include the Sandlin property in their land exchange legislation was to enrich Sandlin and benefit himself, and he erred in holding that Speech or Debate material before the Grand Jury did not violate the Speech or Debate Clause because the Indictment did not rely or depend on it.
The Court rejects Defendant Renzi's notion that Judge Velasco created a "novel" Speech or Debate Clause test. Judge Velasco provided a detailed and thorough assessment of the history and construction of the Speech or Debate Clause privilege, which this Court relies on and finds no need to repeat here. It is undisputed the express language of the Speech or Debate Clause protects "any Speech or Debate in either House." (R & R at 970 (citing U.S. Const. Art. I, § 6, cl. 1.)). It is undisputed that the challenged allegations did not involve speech or debate in either House. The question before Judge Velasco and this Court is the breadth of protection afforded by the Speech or Debate Clause to acts that are not taken in either House. Within this context, Magistrate Judge Velasco *959 relied on the same law relied on by Defendant Renzi, United States v. Gravel, 408 U.S. 606, 92 S. Ct. 2614, 33 L. Ed. 2d 583 (1972).
"[I]n addressing the scope of the Clause, the Court in Gravel explained [within the context of] `[m]embers of Congress [being] constantly in touch with the Executive Branch of the Government and with administrative agenciesthey may cajole, and exhort with respect to the administration of a federal statutebut such conduct, though generally done, is not protected legislative activity.'" (R & R at 973 (citing Gravel, 408 U.S. at 625, 92 S. Ct. 2614)) (emphasis added).
Legislative acts are not all-encompassing. The heart of the Clause is speech or debate in either House. Insofar as the Clause is construed to reach other matters, they must be an integral part of the deliberative and communicative processes by which Members participate in committee and House proceedings with respect to the consideration and passage or rejection of proposed legislation or with respect to other matters which the Constitution places within the jurisdiction of either House. As the Court of Appeals put it, the courts have extended the privilege to matters beyond pure speech or debate in either House, but `only when necessary to prevent indirect impairment of such deliberation.'
Id. (emphasis added). Neither does the Clause provide a privilege to "`violate an otherwise valid criminal law in preparing for or implementing legislative acts.'" Id.
Judge Velasco used the two-part test formulated in Miller v. Transamerican Press, 709 F.2d 524, 529 (9th Cir. 1983), for assessing whether activity other than that made in either House, i.e., "pure" speech or debate, qualifies for the privilege. (R & R at 975.) "First, it must be `an integral part of the deliberative and communicative process by which Members participate in committee and House proceedings.'" Id. "Second, `the activity must address proposed legislation or some other subject within Congress' constitutional jurisdiction.'" Id.
There is no novelty in the law nor the test applied by Magistrate Judge Velasco to assess whether or not the Speech or Debate Clause privilege applies to Defendant Renzi's negotiations with land exchange proponents, which even if characterized as investigative fact-finding, were admittedly not done in either House or before any Congressional committee, and not done pursuant to any directive from Congress or a congressional committee. Judge Velasco described the former as "pure speech" and the latter as "formal" investigations. Defendant Renzi takes exception to both adjectives, but Judge Velasco necessarily used these terms to describe what is not at issue in this case.
With that said, the Court turns its attention to what is at issue in this case: whether Renzi's alleged legislative acts are the type protected by the Speech or Debate Clause. Like Magistrate Judge Velasco, the Court applies the two part test suggested in Miller: 1) were the land exchange negotiations an integral part of the deliberative and communicative process by which Members participate in committee and House proceedings, and 2) did the negotiations address proposed legislation or some other subject within Congress' jurisdiction? This case involves congressional jurisdiction over land exchange legislation. Accordingly the Court looks to legislative acts that are taken within the context of Congress' jurisdiction to act on proposed legislation, involving the deliberative and communicative process by which Members participate in committee and House proceedings.
*960 The Court has carefully considered Renzi's argument that in the land exchange context, "`directing a private land holder to include property in an exchange in return for a congressman's support for the legislation is a routine, manifestly legislative act akin to negotiating an amendment to draft legislation.'" (R&R at 979 (citing Motion to Dismiss Indictment (doc. 86) at 36)).
Here, Defendant Renzi asserts that every communication he had regarding the land exchange proposals qualifies for protection under the Speech or Debate Clause because they were all investigatory fact-finding legislative acts. In this case, private citizens contacted Defendant Renzi with land exchange proposals that were necessary components to their private ventures. "A federal public land exchange is a real estate transaction in which a property owner exchanges its privately owned land for federal public land. Before an exchange occurs, the federal parcel and the non-federal land must be appraised to ensure that they are of equal value, the exchange must comply with the national Environmental Protection Act, and must serve the public interest." (R & R at 969.) Alternatively, private land owners may pursue a legislated land exchange, which is not subject to these three requirements, and they are therefore less cumbersome than administrative exchanges. Id. at n. 3 (citing Amicus Curiae of Bipartisan ... of the U.S. House of Representatives (doc. 198) at 10).
Even if the land exchange negotiations are described as fact-finding investigative acts generally performed by Congressmen in their official capacities, this "does not necessarily make all such acts legislative in nature" for purposes of applying the Speech or Debate Clause. (R & R at 984-85 (citing Gravel, 408 U.S. at 625, 92 S. Ct. 2614)). The Magistrate Judge correctly drew the line. The Speech or Debate Clause does not protect negotiations between Renzi and the private citizens proposing the land exchange deals that were not an integral part of any deliberative and communicative process by which Members participate in committee and House proceedings with respect to the consideration and passage or rejection of proposed land exchange legislation. Conversely, after the introduction of the land exchange legislation, negotiations with land exchange proponents, investigations and fact finding conducted for the purposes of preparing for hearings or amending the legislation or preparing speeches, or preparing to vote, etc., will clearly be protected. (R & R at 981-82.) Like the Magistrate Judge, this Court wants to make clear that it does not find that "the Speech or Debate Clause does not apply until legislation is introduced in Congress." Id.
It does not matter how the communications are characterized, whether formal or informal legislative investigation and fact-finding, the Speech or Debate Clause applies only to communications between Congressmen and land exchange proponents if they can be said to be an integral part of the deliberative and communicative process by which Members participate in committee and House proceedings addressing the land exchange legislation at issue here.

I. Renzi moves to dismiss the Indictment because it contains three types of allegations that violate the Speech or Debate Clause: 1) what Renzi said to proponents of land exchange legislation; 2) references to and descriptions of meetings he had with land exchange proponents, and 3) quotes from his correspondence referring to land exchange legislation.
Like the Magistrate Judge, this Court limits its review to only the issue of *961 whether or not the government based the charges in the Indictment on Congressman Renzi's protected legislative acts and whether the government must necessarily introduce evidence of protected legislative acts to prove its case at trial. Specifically, in the context of this discussion, the phrase "legislative acts" is used to describe only legislative acts protected by the Speech or Debate Clause. The Court finds that the Government may establish its allegations with proof involving promises by Renzi to support and vote for the proposed land swap legislation. The Court also finds that the Government may establish the allegations in the Indictment, including those of improper motive, with proof of promises to solicit other votes for the respective land swap proposals in return for the purchase of the Sandlin property. Such promises are promises to perform future legislative acts, and as such are not protected. (R & R at 979, 985) (citing United States v. Helstoski, 442 U.S. 477, 489, 490, 99 S. Ct. 2432, 61 L. Ed. 2d 12 (1979)) (explaining "[l]ikewise, a promise to introduce [and/or sponsor] a bill is not a legislative act."); United States v. Brewster, 408 U.S. 501, 526, 527, 92 S. Ct. 2531, 33 L. Ed. 2d 507 (1972) (distinguishing prosecution of a Member of Congress under a criminal statue as long as the case does not rely on legislative acts or the motivation for legislative acts); United States v. Myers, 635 F.2d 932, 941-42 (2nd Cir. 1980) (finding "[s]ince the indictment alleges a promise to perform a legislative act and not the performance of the act, there is no reason to assume that at trial the Government will be unable to abide by the constitutional restriction upon its evidence."); see also United States v. McDade, 28 F.3d 283, 293 (3rd Cir. 1994) (Alito, J. (explaining "the Clause prohibits only proof that a member actually performed a legislative act" in the past)).
"`In no case has [the Supreme] Court ever treated the Clause as protecting all conduct relating to the legislative process.'" (R & R at 977) (citing (Brewster, 408 U.S. at 515-16, 92 S. Ct. 2531)). This is what the Defendant urges this Court to do, and which this Court cannot do in light of clear Supreme Court precedent to the contrary. Nor, may this Court apply the privilege to conduct that violates an otherwise valid criminal law in preparing for or implementing protected legislative acts. Id. at 972-73 (citing (Brewster, 408 U.S. at 526-27, 92 S. Ct. 2531)).
In the District of Columbia Circuit's recent decision In re Grand Jury Subpoenas, 571 F.3d 1200 (D.C.Cir.2009), a member of Congress objected to the government's subpoena of his responses to a House Ethics Committee investigation into whether he was engaged in legislative fact-finding during a privately funded overseas trip. The court rejected the government's argument that the responses were not protected because the investigation involved the member's personal financial transactions and private conduct as opposed to the business of the House. The court found the investigation before the Ethics Committee was whether the member abused his official powers, specifically, his power to conduct legislative fact-finding. Consequently, the member's responses before the Congressional Ethics Committee were covered by the Speech or Debate Clause. Defendant Renzi argues that this Court should follow the D.C. Circuit in recognizing legislative fact-finding as protected by the Speech or Debate Clause.
This Court, however, does not find Renzi's position supported by In re Grand Jury Subpoenas. Instead, the D.C. Circuit distinguished between investigations before the Ethics Committee into private conduct such as a failure to make financial *962 disclosures and investigations into the exercise of official powers. The D.C. Circuit found that even in the setting of a formal investigation by a Senate committee, the former is not protected, see United States v. Rose, 28 F.3d 181 (1994), but the latter is protected, see Ray v. Proxmire, 581 F.2d 998 (1978). The concurring opinion in In re Grand Jury Subpoenas, criticized the majority decision because under Gravel, "[a] Member's statement to a congressional ethics committee is speech in an official congressional proceeding and thus falls within the protection of the Clause." Id. at 1204, Kavanaugh (concurring, but for different reasons). Even in this most protected forum, the majority would withhold the privilege, where the inquiry involved only the private conduct of the congressman. In re Grand Jury Subpoenas does not help Defendant Renzi. As argued by the dissent, "the Rose/Ray test does not accord with the text of the Speech or Debate Clause and Supreme Court precedents." Id. Arguably, In re Grand Jury Subpoenas suggests an erosion of the privilege.
This Court has no intention in straying from Supreme Court precedent in respect to the Speech or Debate Clause, which has closely tracked the delicate balance struck by the Clause. The purpose of the Clause is "to protect the individual legislator, not simply for his own sake, but to preserve the independence and thereby the integrity of the legislative process." (R & R at 970-71 (citing Brewster, 408 U.S. at 525, 92 S. Ct. 2531)).
Unlike many of our constitutional privileges which safeguard our individual rights and personal liberties, the "`Speech or Debate Clause was designed neither to assure fair trials nor to avoid coercion.'" (R&R at 970 (citing Helstoski, 442 U.S. at 490, 99 S. Ct. 2432). The Clause provides a delicate balance to preserve an independent legislature, free from possible prosecution by an unfriendly executive and conviction by a hostile judiciary, without creating a super-citizen, immune from criminal liability and free to take bribes and act criminally with impunity. Tipping the scale either way will undermine legislative integrity and defeat the right of the public to honest representation. Id. (citing Brewster, 408 U.S. at 508, 92 S. Ct. 2531). So while the legislative privilege must be read broadly to effectuate its purpose, it must not be read so as to strip the executive branch of its power to investigate and prosecute the judiciary for taking bribes or conducting other criminal affairs. Id. at 971 (citing United States v. Johnson, 383 U.S. 169, 180, 86 S. Ct. 749, 15 L. Ed. 2d 681 (1966); Brewster, 408 U.S. at 525, 92 S. Ct. 2531)). Defendant Renzi's proposed definition of a legislative act protected by the Speech or Debate Clause does precisely what Brewster prohibits and ignores the Supreme Court precedent for application of the Clause.
In keeping with Supreme Court precedent, this Court finds that unless fact-finding occurs in the House or congressional committee, it must be an integral part of the deliberative and communicative process by which Members participate in committee and House proceedings addressing legislation put before it or some other similar subject. The Court agrees with Magistrate Judge Velasco, Defendant Renzi cannot make this showing for the three types of allegations in the Indictment that he charges violate the Speech or Debate Clause: 1) what he said to land proponents; 2) references to and descriptions of meetings he had with land exchange proponents, and 3) quotes from his correspondence referring to land exchange legislation proposed by these proponents.
*963 In summary, it is not enough that a private constituent comes to a member of congress with proposed legislation or to discuss proposed legislation, or to ask the congressman or woman for support of certain legislation. This would sweep Brewster and other Supreme Court precedent away, and there would be no need to distinguish between a promise of a future legislative act and a legislative act. Only the latter being privileged under the Speech or Debate Clause. If Supreme Court precedent means anything, it must mean that legislative acts protected by the Speech or Debate Clause occur subsequent to such meetings and discussions. The privilege arises when in fact the congressman acts to promote, support and pass the land exchange legislation in either House or undertakes an act that is an integral part of such an endeavor. Furthermore, there is a distinction between a legislative act and a criminal act or an act taken solely for personal aggrandizement. Only the former is privileged, not the latter. The motive behind a legislative act is also privileged, but evidence of motive, strategy, and purpose of conduct not protected by the Speech or Debate Clause is not privileged. If evidence requires an inference of a protected legislative act, it is privileged. If an inference may be drawn that will not violate the Speech or Debate Clause, evidence is not privileged for this permissible purpose, but is otherwise privileged. These were the conclusions of law recommended by Magistrate Judge Velasco,[4] which this Court affirms and applies to these motions and all the Speech or Debate Clause motions presented by Defendant Renzi. See i.e., (R & R on Motion to Suppress Wiretap and Warrant and Evidence (doc. 458) and this Court's corresponding Order.)

II. Renzi asked the Court to look behind the face of the Indictment and find that what transpired before the Grand Jury violated his constitutional rights under the Speech or Debate Clause.
The Magistrate Judge applied the following test: 1) did the Government present evidence to the Grand Jury in violation of the Speech or Debate Clause; 2) if yes, was this evidence an essential element of proof with respect to the affected counts, which here are limited to the land exchange/extortion counts (counts 1-27, 42), and 3) if yes, can the allegations and/or counts be excised, if not the SSI must be dismissed. (R & R at ____) (citing United States v. Swindall, 971 F.2d 1531, 1549 (11th Cir.1992)).
*964 Swindall offers directives for assessing Speech or Debate Clause violations before a grand jury, as follows: "A member's Speech or Debate privilege is violated if the Speech or Debate material exposes the member to liability, but a member is not necessarily exposed to liability just because the grand jury considers improper Speech or Debate material. `A member of Congress may be prosecuted under a criminal statute provided that the Government's case does not rely on legislative acts or the motivation for legislative acts.' Brewster, 408 U.S. at 512, 92 S. Ct. at 2537. If reference to a legislative act is irrelevant to the decision to indict, the improper reference has not subjected the member to criminal liability." Id. at 1548. "In the absence of liability, the grand jury's consideration of improper evidence is not a Speech or Debate violation at all. Id. n. 21. The case can proceed to trial with the improper references expunged." Id. at 1548.
The court distinguished the Swindall case from other cases involving improper inquiries into legislative activities, where the Supreme Court provided only the remedy of a new trial, and did not dismiss the indictment. "In Johnson, Speech or Debate material was improperly presented to the grand jury, and the Court ordered a new trial, reasoning that `the Government should not be precluded from a new trial on [a] count ... wholly purged of elements offensive to the Speech or Debate Clause.'" Id. (citing (Johnson, 383 U.S. at 185, 86 S. Ct. 749)). The Court determined that the government's conspiracy case could be proved without evidence of a speech the member made on the floor of the House, therefore, the evidence of the speech was not essential to the indictment and thus did not subject the member to liability at the grand jury stage. Id. "Similarly, in Brewster, the Supreme Court held that an indictment referring to legislative acts could stand because `[t]o make a prima facie case under this indictment, the Government need not show any act of [Brewster] subsequent to the corrupt promise for payment,' and a conviction could be sustained without `inquir[y] into the [legislative] act or its motivation.'" Id. (citing Brewster, 408 U.S. at 526-27, 92 S. Ct. 2531). "Likewise, in United States v. Myers, 635 F.2d 932, 941 (2d Cir.), ... (1980), an indictment was allowed to stand because it charged an illegal promise to perform a legislative act, and there was no reason to assume that at trial the government would have to introduce evidence of the actual performance of the act." Id. at 1548 n. 22.
In comparison, the Third Circuit, in United States v. Helstoski (Helstoski II), 635 F.2d 200 (3rd Cir.1980), dismissed an indictment because the improper use of Speech or Debate material was so widespread, it was determined to be inseparable from the indictment. "In other words, it exposed the member to criminal liability." Id. at 1549. As explained by the court in Helstoski II, it was implicit in the Supreme Court's holdings in Brewster and Johnson "that the cases could be tried without reference to protected matters was the conclusion that the grand juries' considerations of the privileged material were not fatal to the indictments." Id. at 1548 (citing Helstoski II, 635 F.2d at 205) (emphasis in original). But in Helstoski II, the infection could not be excised, and the indictment was dismissed.
The same remedy applied in Swindall because "[t]he government itself argued that it could not have proved Swindall's knowledge of criminality without showing the grand jury that he was on the committees that considered the money-laundering statutes." Id. at 1549 (emphasis added).
*965 Because this Court, like Magistrate Judge Velasco, rejects Renzi's blanket assertion that any and all his negotiations, discussions, and correspondence with land exchange proponents to develop and investigate their land exchange proposals are privileged under the Speech or Debate Clause, this Court also rejects Renzi's contention that the "sheer volume" of Speech or Debate Clause violations before the Grand Jury require dismissal of the SSI. Likewise, the Court rejects Renzi's argument that the Grand Jury was improperly instructed. It was told to "not consider in its deliberations any communications solely between Renzi and his legislative staff that pertained to official legislative business, nor to consider any `legislative acts' in its deliberations. The Grand Jury was expressly told that the focus of its deliberations should be on statements and communications made to and involving the Aries Group and Resolution Copper, as well as financial transactions involving Sandlin and Renzi. The Grand Jury was warned not to consider the introduction of legislation or failure to introduce legislation." (R & R at 991.) This corresponds to this Court's understanding of the Clause.
Magistrate Judge Velasco considered specific excerpts of grand jury testimony, which Defendant Renzi argues violated his rights under the Speech or Debate Clause. The testimony involved conversations and negotiations between Defendant Renzi and Bruno Hegner, a RCC executive, and Tom Glass, a consultant with Western Land Group. The conversations pertained to their land exchange proposal and changes that could be made to garner Renzi's support. The testimony reflects conversations related to promised future legislative acts.
Renzi also objects to Magistrate Judge Velasco's conclusion that only 9 exhibits (13, 15, 16, 37, 43-45, and 60) were protected by the Speech or Debate Clause. Renzi raises no specific objections to the specific findings made by Magistrate Judge Velasco, but generally objects that both the grand jury testimony and grand jury exhibits included "detailed descriptions of Congressman Renzi's negotiation, development and investigation of legislative land exchanges, the drafting and introduction of the legislation, and Congressman Renzi's motivation for performing these legislative acts." "He reasserts that all the material is protected by the Speech or Debate Clause." (Renzi Objection at 29.)
Because Defendant Renzi has not objected with specificity regarding Judge Velasco's rulings as to expungement in respect to specific challenged testimony and exhibits, this Court does not address the Magistrate Judge's rulings with such specificity. Instead, the Court reviewed the Magistrate Judge's rulings and approves of his approach and findings, and offers the following examples to explain the correctness of the R & R.
Defendant Renzi categorized his allegations of privileged exhibits similar to his challenge to the grand jury testimony into three types, as follows: 1) documents alleged to reference, describe and directly involve the development of legislation; 2) documents alleged to discuss meetings about legislation, and 3) documents alleged to involve the introduction of legislation. Specifically, Defendant challenged 19 documents: GJ Exs. 7, 10, 13, 15-17, 28-29, 36-39, 41, 43, 48-49, 58, 91, and 95.
The Government avers that document 7 was removed from the SSI grand jury proceeding and document 95 was included in the material but no testimony was given related to it.
As an example, the Court considers Renzi's claim that the Speech or Debate Clause was violated by the admission before the Grand Jury of documents that referenced, described and directly involved *966 the development of legislation. Renzi challenged 18 documents. The Magistrate Judge found that six should be stricken, as follows: 1) Exhibit 13 (Keene informed Aries that she had sent a bill to staff for Senators McCain and Kyl and received positive feedback and Aries responded he would be comforted to know Renzi was dropping companion legislation); 2) Exhibit 15 (email between Keene and Aries regarding change in legislation, and request from Renzi for a letter from the Nature Conservancy recognizing his work on the San Pedro); 3) Exhibit 16 (Keene and Aries discuss submission to legislative counsel, and Aries' inquiry regarding whether the bill will be introduced that week and Renzi's insistence that he have a letter from the Nature Conservancy); 4) Exhibit 29 (memo from Hegner explaining how political maneuvering was delaying introduction of land exchange legislation); 5) Exhibit 37 (minutes from RCC meeting that land exchange bill was sent to Senate), and 6) Exhibit 43 (Hegner memo explaining he hoped to have bill introduced that day, but Renzi was dragging his feet).
The documents Judge Velasco did not strike were related to information about Sandlin and the Sandlin property and efforts taken by Defendant Renzi to get political milage from any land exchange legislation passed by Congress. See e.i., R & R at 986-88 (discussing admissibility of Exhibit 10 (Aries informs Keene that he has funds available for purchase of Sandlin property); Exhibit 17 (email between Aries and Keene discussing Sandlin's gossiping); Exhibit 38 (email from Keene to Hegner, with AP article attached per Renzi's request showing an environment group planning to sue the military and U.S. Fish and Wildlife over threatened San Pedro River); Exhibit 28 (email from Metzger to Hegner with Sandlin's phone per Renzi); Exhibit 36 (email between Hegner and Englehorn discussing appraisal of Sandlin property); Exhibit 58 (memo from Hegner to Western Land Group regarding range of options related to Renzi's interest in securing a conservation easement on Sandlin property); Exhibit 95 (email from Glass to Western Land Group that Renzi would like RCC to send a letter to San Carlos Tribe offering to convert their hospital to a detox center and in return Renzi would request a hearing); Exhibit 39 (correspondence from Sandlin to Hegner that he had received call from Renzi saying Hegner had impression Sandlin was not cooperating on the water issue); Exhibit 41 (Hegner's note to self commemorating discussions with Renzi in April 2005, where Renzi said "no Sandlin property, no bill."); Exhibit 48 (notes by Glass during meetings with Renzi referencing Sandlin's property); Exhibit 49 (same); Exhibit 91 (notes from a meeting reflecting a detailed discussion of the Sandlin property)).
Again the Court finds that Magistrate Judge Velasco drew the line appropriately between activities that were an integral part of the deliberative and communicative process by which Members of the House participated in proceedings with respect to the consideration and passage or rejection of the land exchange legislation. In addition to the six documents above, which Judge Velasco found referenced, described and directly involved the development of legislation, he found three more documents were Speech or Debate Clause material (45, 44, and 60), as follows: Exhibit 45 (email from Hegner stating the Act was introduced in the House and Senate, noting the primary sponsors as Kyl and Renzi); Exhibit 60 (email from Glass to Penry with Western Land Group regarding Renzi acting to delay Bill's introduction), and Exhibit 44 (informing Rickus that Bill introduction will take place on Thursday).
*967 Without some specific objection made by Defendant Renzi in respect to the specific findings of expungement made by Judge Velasco, it appears to this Court that he drew the line precisely where it should have been drawn in respect to the Speech or Debate Clause privilege. This Court affirms the Magistrate Judge's conclusion that the grand jury testimony did not violate the Speech or Debate Clause and that even if the few offending overt references to legislative acts in the exhibits are stricken, it does not result in any insufficiency of the Indictment. (R & R at 990.) The case shall proceed to trial with these allegations expunged.
The Court denies Defendant Renzi's motions to dismiss the Indictment because it is not based on acts that must necessarily be proven by the introduction of evidence of legislative acts of the type protected by the Speech or Debate Clause.
IT IS ORDERED that after a full and independent, de novo, review of the record related to the objections from Defendant Renzi, the Magistrate Judge's R&R (doc. 387) is accepted and adopted as the findings of fact and conclusions of law of this Court.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendant's motion to dismiss the Indictment because the Government based the charges in the Indictment on Renzi's legislative acts and must necessarily introduce evidence of legislative acts to prove its case at trial (doc. 86) is DENIED.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Defendant's motions to dismiss the Indictment for Speech or Debate Clause violations in the grand jury proceeding (doc. 264, 327) is DENIED.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that this matter remains referred to Magistrate Judge Bernardo P. Velasco for all pretrial proceedings and Report and Recommendation in accordance with the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1) and LR Civ. 72.1(a), Rules of Practice for the United States District Court, District of Arizona (Local Rules).
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED denying Renzi's Request for Oral Argument.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED denying Defendant Sandlin's Motion to Join in Renzi's motions to dismiss (doc. 328).

REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION
BERNARDO P. VELASCO, United States Magistrate Judge.
On October 15, 2008, Defendant Renzi filed a motion to dismiss the indictment for Speech or Debate Clause violations. (Doc. No. 89.) The Government filed a timely response (Doc. No. 157) and a reply memorandum was filed (Doc. No. 193).
On January 15, 2009, Defendant Renzi filed a motion to dismiss the superseding indictment for Speech or Debate Clause violations before the grand jury. (Doc. No. 264.) The Government filed a timely response (Doc. No. 287) and a reply memorandum was filed (Doc. No. 310).
On April 14, 2009, Defendant Renzi filed a motion to dismiss the superseding indictment for Speech or Debate clause violations in the grand jury testimony. (Doc. No. 327.) The Government filed a timely response (Doc. No. 332) and a reply memorandum was filed (Doc. No. 346).
Additionally, the Court accepted amicus curiae briefs from Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington in support of the position of the United States (Doc. No. 154) and from the Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group of the United States House of Representatives (Doc. No. 198).
The matter came on for Oral Argument before the Court on December 4, 2008 and April 30, 2009.
*968 The Court, having considered the briefing, arguments, and evidence presented, recommends that the motions to dismiss the indictment for Speech or Debate Clause violations be DENIED for the reasons discussed below.

Procedural Background
The Indictment in this case was filed on February 21, 2008, charging Defendants with essentially two sets of charges: the charges arising out of events related to two federal land exchange proposals ("the land exchange counts"Counts 1-27) and the insurance fraud charges ("the insurance fraud counts"Counts 28-35). (Doc. No. 1.) Defendant Renzi was named in all counts of the Indictment. (Id.) Defendant James Sandlin was named in Counts 1-27, and Defendant Andrew Beardall was named in Counts 28, and 33-35. (Id.)
On November 13, 2008, the Government filed a Superseding Indictment. (Doc. No. 178.) The new indictment named an additional defendant, Dwayne Lequire, added additional counts, and renumbered some of the counts charged in the first indictment. The nature and number of the first 28 counts are essentially unchanged in the Superseding Indictment. The additional counts and the additional defendant were added and interspersed among the last 29-44 counts, resulting in a renumbering of the charges in the Superseding Indictment. Altogether, the Superseding Indictment charges one count of conspiracy to commit extortion and wire fraud, nine counts of wire fraud, one count of conspiracy to commit money laundering, one count of concealment money laundering, thirteen counts of transactions with criminally derived funds, two counts of extortion, two counts of conspiracy to commit insurance fraud, nine counts of insurance fraud, three counts of false statements to influence insurance regulatory investigations, one count of racketeering, one count of false statement in a federal tax return, one count of campaign contributions in the name of another.[1]

Factual Background
Defendant Richard Renzi was elected to the United States House of Representatives as Representative for Arizona's First Congressional District in November 2002. (Superseding Indictment, ¶ 1.) He was reelected in 2004 and 2006. (Id.)
Renzi began his tenure as a Member of the House of Representatives in January 2003, and served on the Natural Resources Committee ("NRC"). (Superseding Indictment, ¶¶ 1, 13.) In 2004 and 2005, Resolution Copper Corporation[2] ("RCC") owned the mineral rights to a large copper deposit located near Superior, Arizona, known as the "Superior Property." RCC was preparing to extract the copper, but sought ownership of the surface rights. The United States Government owned the surface rights. (Id., ¶ 15.) RCC sought a land exchange with the federal government. (Id., ¶ 16.) A federal public land exchange is a real estate transaction in which a property owner exchanges its privately owned land for federal public land. Before an exchange occurs, the federal parcel and the non-federal land must be appraised to ensure that they are of equal value, the exchange must comply with the National Environmental Protection Act, *969 and must serve the public interest[3]. (Id., ¶ 12.) Although the Secretary of the Interior has authority to approve certain land exchanges, some land exchanges, such as both of the land exchanges at issue in this case, require legislative approval. (Id., ¶ 13, 16, 17.) In the United States House of Representatives, land exchanges fall under the jurisdiction of the NRC. (Id., ¶ 13.)
RCC sought the assistance of a consulting firm, the Western Land Group, whose primary function was to assist RCC in acquiring private property that would be attractive to the federal government, and then exchange these private parcels for the surface rights to the Superior Property. (Id., ¶ 16.) The NRC would need to approve the proposed legislation prior to a floor vote in the House of Representatives. (Id.)
Congressman Renzi directed RCC to purchase property owned by James Sandlin ("the Sandlin Property") and include that in the land exchange proposal in order to obtain the Congressman's support for their proposal in Congress. (Id., ¶¶ 22, 28(a), 28(c).) Neither Renzi nor Sandlin disclosed the fact that Sandlin owed Renzi $700,000.00 in principal on an $800,000.00 note. (Id., ¶¶ 24, 28(b), 28(d), 28(h).) On April 12, 2005, when RCC failed to purchase the Sandlin Property, Congressman Renzi told RCC "no Sandlin Property, no bill", meaning that Congressman Renzi would not sponsor RCC's legislative proposal unless RCC included the Sandlin Property in the land exchange. (Id., ¶ 22, 28(i).)
Shortly thereafter, on April 16, 2005, a group of investors led by Philip Aries approached Congressman Renzi to discuss the possibility of the Congressman sponsoring a federal land exchange on its behalf. (Id., at 17.) Congressman Renzi directed the Aries' group to purchase the Sandlin Property and include that in the land exchange proposal in order to obtain the Congressman's support for their proposal in Congress. (Id., ¶ 23.) Congressman Renzi insisted that the group purchase the Sandlin Property as part of its land exchange proposal and told that group that it would receive a "free pass" through the NRC. (Id., ¶ 28(k).) Neither Renzi nor Sandlin disclosed to the Aries' group the fact that Sandlin owed Renzi $700,000.00 in principal on an $800,000.00 note. (Id., ¶¶ 24, 28(l), 28(o).) After Sandlin rejected the Aries' group's request for an option to purchase the property, the customary practice for federal land exchanges because of the uncertainty involved in the approval process (Id., ¶ 14), the Aries' group contracted to purchase the property for $4.6 million, placing a $1 million escrow payment into Sandlin's bank account within a month. (Id., ¶ 28(n), 28(p).) Sandlin immediately paid $200,000.00 of this money to Renzi. (Id., ¶ 28(q).) Sandlin and Renzi concealed Renzi's financial gain from the transaction. Sandlin paid Renzi $200,000.00 out of the initial earnest money in May 2005, which Renzi deposited into Patriot Insurance. (Id. ¶¶ 28(q), 28(r).) On September 30, 2005, prior to closing on the property, a representative from the Aries group sought reassurances from Congressman Renzi that the Sandlin Property was an important part of the land exchange and *970 that the Congressman would introduce the investment group's legislative proposal. (Id., ¶ 28(t).) On that same date, Sandlin also paid into a Patriot Insurance account the remaining $533,000.00 he owed to Renzi, which Renzi ultimately transferred to his personal checking account to pay for personal expenses and unpaid federal and state income taxes. (Id., ¶¶ 28(u)-(w), 28(y)-(aa).)

Motions to Dismiss
Defendant Renzi moved to dismiss the original indictment (1) based on violations of the Speech or Debate Clause before the grand jury, and (2) because the government based the charges in the indictment on Renzi's legislative acts and must necessarily introduce evidence of legislative acts to prove its case at trial. (Doc. No. 86.) After the superseding indictment was filed, Defendant Renzi moved to dismiss Counts One through Twenty-Seven of the Superseding Indictment for the reasons stated in the motion to dismiss the original indictment for Speech or Debate Clause violations. (Doc. No. 268.) The Court allowed Defendant Renzi to incorporate and apply the arguments presented in the original motions to dismiss the indictment to the counts of the superseding indictment. (Doc. No. 304.) Renzi also moved to dismiss the Superseding Indictment for Speech or Debate Clause violations in the grand jury testimony (Doc. No. 264). Because the Court also granted Defendant Renzi's request to produce grand jury transcripts from the second grand jury proceeding after the motion was filed, Defendant Renzi thereafter filed an additional motion to dismiss the Superseding Indictment based on violations of the Speech or Debate Clause before the second grand jury (Doc. No. 327). The Court will limit the discussion in the first motion to dismiss to the second allegation of error above, namely, that the government based the charges in the indictment on Renzi's legislative acts and must necessarily introduce evidence of legislative acts to prove its case at trial. The Court will address all violations of the Speech or Debate Clause before the grand jury in the second discussion section below.

Speech or Debate Clause

History and Construction of the Clause
The Speech or Debate Clause provides that "for any Speech or Debate in either House, they [the Senators and Representatives] shall not be questioned in any other Place." U.S. Const. Art. I, § 6, cl. 1. Unlike so many of our Constitutional privileges which safeguard our individual rights and personal liberties, the "Speech or Debate Clause was designed neither to assure fair trials nor to avoid coercion." United States v. Helstoski, 442 U.S. 477, 490, 99 S. Ct. 2432, 61 L. Ed. 2d 12 (1979). The privilege has been recognized as an important protection of the independence and integrity of the legislature in both British and United States history. United States v. Johnson, 383 U.S. 169, 178-79, 86 S. Ct. 749, 15 L. Ed. 2d 681 (1966) (citations omitted). In the American governmental structure, the privilege serves the additional function of reinforcing the separation of powers and ensuring the independence of the legislature by protecting against possible prosecution by an unfriendly executive and conviction by a hostile judiciary. Id.
In United States v. Brewster, 408 U.S. 501, 92 S. Ct. 2531, 33 L. Ed. 2d 507 (1972), the Supreme Court acknowledged the historical background provided by Justice Harlan in the Johnson ruling, but emphasized that the Clause must be interpreted in light of the American experience and in the context of the American constitutional scheme of government rather than the English parliamentary system, bearing in mind that the English system differs from *971 ours in that in the English system, Parliament is the supreme authority, not a coordinate branch; whereas our speech or debate privilege was "designed to preserve legislative independence, not supremacy." Brewster, 408 U.S. at 508, 92 S. Ct. 2531.
The Brewster Court considered that executive abuse might occur as a remote possibility, but, balanced against the potential danger flowing from either the absence of a bribery statute applicable to Members of Congress or a holding that the bribery statute violated the Constitution, noted that the purpose of the Speech or Debate Clause is:
... to protect the individual legislator, not simply for his own sake, but to preserve the independence and thereby the integrity of the legislative process. But financial abuses by way of bribes, perhaps even more than Executive power, would gravely undermine legislative integrity and defeat the right of the public to honest representation. Depriving the Executive of the power to investigate and prosecute and the Judiciary of the power to punish bribery of Members of Congress is unlikely to enhance legislative independence.
Id., at 525, 92 S. Ct. 2531.

What is "Speech or Debate?"
In the Supreme Court's first ruling interpreting the Speech or Debate Clause in the context of a criminal charge against a Member of Congress, the Court held that, in addition to proscribing inquiry into the preparation and content of a speech given on the floor of the House of Representatives by a United States Congressman in exchange for financial compensation, the Speech or Debate Clause also prohibited inquiry into the motives underlying the making of the speech. United States v. Johnson, 383 U.S. 169, 86 S. Ct. 749, 15 L. Ed. 2d 681 (1966). The Supreme Court noted that early case law indicated that the legislative privilege was to be read broadly to effectuate its purposes, and the privilege extended at least as far as to foreclose executive and judicial inquiry into the essence of the charge in Johnson, that the Congressman's speech was improperly motivated[4]. Id., at 180, 86 S. Ct. 749.
The Supreme Court later considered Johnson in a discussion of the definition of "legislative act," which it found had been consistently defined as "an act `generally done in Congress in relation to the business before it . . . or things' said or done. . . as a representative, in the exercise of the functions of that office . . ." United States v. Brewster, 408 U.S. 501, 512, 92 S. Ct. 2531, 33 L. Ed. 2d 507 (1972) (internal citations omitted). The Court in Brewster noted that, while Members of Congress may engage in many activities other than the purely legislative activities protected by the Speech or Debate clause, they are political in nature rather than legislative. Id. at 512, 92 S. Ct. 2531. Among the activities considered "political" rather than "legislative," the Court included a "wide range of legitimate `errands' performed for constituents, the making of appointments with Government agencies, assistance in securing Government contracts, preparing so-called `news letters' to constituents, news releases, and speeches delivered outside Congress." Id. The Court explained that these types of activities are performed in part because they have come to be expected by constituents and because they *972 are a means of developing support for future elections, but that it has "never been seriously contended that these political matters, however appropriate, have the protection afforded by the Speech or Debate Clause." Id., at 512, 92 S. Ct. 2531.
In Brewster, the Court rejected the appellee's argument for a broader test for the coverage of the Speech or Debate Clause based on language in Johnson suggesting that the Court held that the Clause protected from executive or judicial inquiry all conduct "related to the due functioning of the legislative process." Id., at 513, 92 S. Ct. 2531. The Brewster Court explained that appellees were taking this language out of context, that not "everything that `related' to the office of a Member was shielded by the Clause." Id., at 513-514, 92 S. Ct. 2531. Rather, the contrary was true. The Johnson opinion cited Kilbourn v. Thompson, 103 U.S. 168, 26 L. Ed. 377 (1881) for the holding that only acts done in the course of the process of enacting legislation were protected. Chief Justice Burger canvassed the language of Kilbourn, supra, along with a litany of other cases construing the privilege[5], and found that "[i]n no case has [the Supreme Court] ever treated the Clause as protecting all conduct relating to the legislative process. [] In every case thus for before this Court, the Speech or Debate Clause has been limited to an act which was clearly a part of the legislative process-the due functioning of the process. Appellee's contention for a broader interpretation of the privilege draws essentially on the flavor of the rhetoric and the sweep of the language used by courts, not on the precise words used in any prior case, and surely not on the sense of those cases, fairly read." Brewster, 408 U.S. at 515-516, 92 S. Ct. 2531.
The Court commented that extending the privilege beyond its scope would be unwise, that the Court had no doubt that there were few activities in which a legislator engages that he would be unable somehow to `relate' to the legislative process, but that the purpose of the Clause was not to make Members of Congress "supercitizens, immune from criminal responsibility." Id., at 516, 92 S. Ct. 2531. The Court concluded that "if the Executive may prosecute a Member's attempt, as in Johnson, to influence another branch of the Government in return for a bribe, its power to harass is not greatly enhanced if it can prosecute for a promise relating to a legislative act in return for a bribe." Id., at 524, 92 S. Ct. 2531.
In Brewster, in the context of a criminal charge of bribery, the Court considered whether "it is necessary to inquire into how [defendant] spoke, how he debated, how he voted, or anything he did in the chamber or in committee in order to make out a violation of [the bribery] statute." Id., at 526, 92 S. Ct. 2531. The Court held that:
Taking a bribe is, obviously, no part of the legislative process or function; it is not a legislative act. It is not, by any *973 conceivable interpretation, an act performed as a part of or even incidental to the role of a legislator. It is not an `act resulting from the nature, and in the execution, of the office.' Nor is it a `thing said or done by him, as a representative, in the exercise of the functions of that office,'. . . . Nor is inquiry into a legislative act or the motivation for a legislative act necessary to a prosecution under this statute or this indictment. When a bribe is taken, it does not matter whether the promise for which the bribe was given was for the performance of a legislative act as here or, as in Johnson, for use of a Congressman's influence with the Executive Branch. And an inquiry into the purpose of a bribe `does not draw in question the legislative acts of the defendant member of Congress or his motives for performing them.'
Nor does it matter if the Member defaults on his illegal bargain. To make a prima facie case under this indictment, the Government need not show any act of appellee subsequent to the corrupt promise for payment, for it is taking the bribe, not performance of the illicit compact, that is a criminal act. If, for example, there were undisputed evidence that a Member took a bribe in exchange for an agreement to vote for a given bill and if there were also undisputed evidence that he, in fact, voted against the bill, can it be thought that this alters the nature of the bribery or removes it from the area of wrongdoing the Congress sought to make a crime?
Id., at 526-527, 92 S. Ct. 2531 (internal citations omitted). The Court concluded that "[t]he only reasonable reading of the Clause, consistent with its history and purpose, is that it does not prohibit inquiry into activities that are casually or incidentally related to legislative affairs but not a part of the legislative process itself." Id., at 528, 92 S. Ct. 2531.
The Speech or Debate Clause applies not only to a Member of Congress but also to his or her aide, insofar as the aide's conduct would be a protected legislative act if performed by the Member. United States v. Gravel, 408 U.S. 606, 92 S. Ct. 2614, 33 L. Ed. 2d 583 (1972). Further, in addressing the scope of the Clause, the Court in Gravel explained that "[m]embers of Congress are constantly in touch with the Executive Branch of the Government and with administrative agenciesthey may cajole, and exhort with respect to the administration of a federal statutebut such conduct, though generally done, is not protected legislative activity." Id., at 625, 92 S. Ct. 2614.
Legislative acts are not all-encompassing. The heart of the Clause is speech or debate in either House. Insofar as the Clause is construed to reach other matters, they must be an integral part of the deliberative and communicative processes by which Members participate in committee and House proceedings with respect to the consideration and passage or rejection of proposed legislation or with respect to other matters which the Constitution places within the jurisdiction of either House. As the Court of Appeals put it, the courts have extended the privilege to matters beyond pure speech or debate in either House, but `only when necessary to prevent indirect impairment of such deliberation.'
Id., at 625, 92 S. Ct. 2614 (citations omitted). Neither does the Clause provide the privilege to "violate an otherwise valid criminal law in preparing for or implementing legislative acts." Id., at 626, 92 S. Ct. 2614.
In United States v. Helstoski, 442 U.S. 477, 99 S. Ct. 2432, 61 L. Ed. 2d 12 *974 (1979), the Supreme Court further defined the scope of the Clause in considering the admission of evidence at a trial on charges that a former Member of the House had, while a Member, accepted money in return for promising to introduce, and introducing, private bills. The government had argued that it sought to introduce evidence of discussions and correspondence which described and referred to legislative acts if the discussions and correspondence did not occur during the legislative process, asserting that it sought to introduce the evidence to show the Member's motive for taking money, not to show his motive for introducing bills. Id., at 486, 99 S. Ct. 2432. The Court clarified that the Clause protects "against inquiry into acts that occur in the regular course of the legislative process and into the motivation for those acts" and "precludes any showing of how [a legislator] acted, voted, or decided" but that "[p]romises by a Member to perform an act in the future are not legislative acts." Id., at 489, 99 S. Ct. 2432 (citations omitted). While references to past legislative acts could not be admitted without undermining the values protected by the Clause, the Court found it clear from the language of the Clause that "protection extends only to an act that has already been performed. A promise to deliver a speech, to vote, or to solicit other votes at some future date is not "speech or debate." Likewise, a promise to introduce a bill is not a legislative act." Id., at 489-90, 99 S. Ct. 2432.
Collectively then, these Supreme Court cases cited above require a court to ask, in order to determine if an activity is protected: 1) Does the conduct or act involve inquiry into how the Member spoke, debated, voted, or anything else done on the floor or in committee, or the motivation therefore? If so, the activity or conduct is "pure" speech or debate, a protected legislative act; if not, the court must ask: 2) Is the activity an integral part of the deliberative and communicative processes by which Members participate in committee and House proceedings with respect to the consideration and passage or rejection of proposed legislation or with respect to other matters which the Constitution places within the jurisdiction of either House, or the motivation therefore? If so, the activity or conduct may be a protected legislative act, when the privilege is necessary to prevent indirect impairment of pure speech or debate. Furthermore, simply talking about performing a legislative act or promising to perform a legislative act is not enough, the Clause protects only activities which involve references to actual legislative acts of a Member. Activity which involves a promise by a Member to perform an act in the future, to deliver a speech, to vote, or to solicit other votes at some future date is not "speech or debate." While much is often made of this holding, it is not actually necessary to go this far to reach the same result. A Member who is talking about how they will perform a legislative act in the future is simply not performing a legislative act; a promise to do something is, of course, not the same thing as doing it.[6]
The Ninth Circuit has formulated a two part test that activity other than pure speech or debate must meet to qualify for the privilege. Miller v. Transamerican Press, 709 F.2d 524, 529 (9th Cir.1983). First, it must be "an integral part of the *975 deliberative and communicative process by which Members participate in committee and House proceedings." Id. Second, "the activity must address proposed legislation or some other subject within Congress' constitutional jurisdiction." Id., (citations omitted).
While neither the limits expressed in Supreme Court case law nor the Ninth Circuit's test in Miller has resulted in any definitive boundary for the lower courts to apply to establish whether an activity involves speech or debate, the contours of the privilege have been tested through various practical applications and several themes have emerged to establish what type of acts or conduct are or are not protected by the privilege.

Examples of Protected Legislative Acts:
In Eastland v. United States Servicemen's Fund, 421 U.S. 491, 505, 95 S. Ct. 1813, 44 L. Ed. 2d 324 (1975), the Supreme Court considered a civil complaint brought by a servicemen's organization against the Chairmen of the Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security, nine other Senators, and the Chief Counsel of the Subcommittee to enjoin the implementation of a subpoena to a bank where the organization held its accounts charging that the authorizing resolutions were an unconstitutional abuse of power and that the `sole purpose' of the subpoena was to harass, chill, punish and deter the organization's members in their exercise of their rights and duties under the First Amendment. Id., at 495, 95 S. Ct. 1813.
In determining whether particular activities other than literal speech or debate fell within the `legitimate legislative sphere' the Court first directed an inquiry into whether the activities took place `in a session of the House by one of its members in relation to the business before it.' Id., at 503-504, 95 S. Ct. 1813 (citing Kilbourn, supra..) Specifically, the Court examined the activity to determine whether it was "`an integral part of the deliberative and communicative process by which Members participate in committee and House proceedings with respect to the consideration and passage or rejection of proposed legislation or with respect to other matters which the Constitution places within the jurisdiction of either House.'" Id., at 504, 95 S. Ct. 1813 (citing Gravel, 408 U.S., at 625, 92 S. Ct. 2614.) The Court found the power to investigate and to do so through compulsory process plainly fell within that definition, noting that the power to investigate is inherent in the power to make laws. Id., at 504, 95 S. Ct. 1813. The Supreme Court concluded that the issuance of subpoenas as an exercise of the power of inquiry is an integral part of the legislative process, and thus Members of Congress are protected for issuing a subpoena in exercise of the authority to investigate if the particular investigation is related to and in furtherance of a legitimate task of Congress. The Court considered the propriety of the actions of the subcommittee, noting that they were acting under an unambiguous resolution from the Senate authorizing the investigation, and that such authority was sufficient to show that the investigation upon which the Subcommittee had embarked concerned a subject on which legislation could be had. Id., at 506, 95 S. Ct. 1813. The Court cautioned, however, that the power to investigate is not unlimited, rather, its boundaries are defined by its source, and Congress is not invested with a "general" power to inquire into private affairs, and that the subject of any inquiry must be one "on which legislation could be had." Id., at 504, n. 15, 95 S. Ct. 1813 (citations omitted).
In United States v. Dowdy, 479 F.2d 213 (4th Cir.1973), the Fourth Circuit considered the presentation of overt acts, such as conferences with government officials and *976 the procurement of various government documents, which, by themselves were proper non-legislative acts under Johnson, supra, but, read in the light of facts adduced at trial, might be interpreted as preparation for a subcommittee meeting, authorized by House Resolution, and as such, found them to be protected legislative acts under Gravel, supra. Dowdy, 479 F.2d at 223-224. Acknowledging that the Congressman's motives in communicating with government officials and obtaining the documents could have been for improper non-legislative purposes, the Fourth Circuit maintained that the Clause constrained inquiry into the motivation for the acts, determining that the Clause "... does not simply protect against inquiry into acts which are manifestly legislative. In our view it also forbids inquiry into acts which are purportedly or apparently legislative, even to determine if they are legislative in fact. Once it was determined, as here, that the legislative function [investigation of a complaint to determine if formal subcommittee hearings should be held] was apparently being performed, the propriety and the motivation for the action taken, as well as the detail of the acts performed, are immune from judicial inquiry." Id., at 226.
In United States v. Swindall, 971 F.2d 1531 (11th Cir.1992), the Eleventh Circuit found that the government's inquiry into a member of Congress's committee assignments amounted to an inquiry into legislative acts even if the member's specific legislative acts were not mentioned because the government was allowed to argue a permissive inference that Swindall knew the details of specific statutes because of his status as a member of the committee. Id., at 1543; But see United States v. McDade, 28 F.3d 283 (3rd Cir. 1994), discussed, infra.
In determining whether a non-party Congressman was entitled to invoke the privilege to prevent disclosure of the identity of the source of an article that the Congressman had inserted into the Congressional Record, the Ninth Circuit concluded that obtaining information pertinent to potential legislation or investigation is one of the "things generally done in a session of the House ... concerning matters within the legitimate sphere . . ." Miller v. Transamerican Press, Inc., 709 F.2d 524, 530 (9th Cir.1983) (internal citations omitted). The Ninth Circuit expressed its concern with: (1) practical difficulty with separating the acts of a noncongressional source from the responsive communication of congressional staff, and (2) intrusion into realms protected by the Speech or Debate Clause in that a congressman's active or passive role in legislation would necessarily be revealed in response to such questions. Id., at 530. Accordingly, the Ninth Circuit held the Speech or Debate Clause prevented questioning of a non-party, former Congressman about his sources of information. Id.
The D.C. Circuit recently enumerated a nonexhaustive list of legislative processes protected by the Clause, which "at least includes `delivering an opinion, uttering a speech or haranguing in debate'; proposing legislation; voting on legislation making, publishing, presenting, and using legislative reports; authorizing investigations and issuing subpoenas; and holding hearings and `introducing material at Committee hearings.'" Fields v. Office of Eddie Bernice Johnson, 459 F.3d 1, 10-11 (D.C.Cir.,2006) (internal citations omitted).
The D.C. District Court reviewed this list and found that, because it was nonexhaustive, it omitted other acts that were "indisputably legislative in nature, such as the actual drafting of legislation or negotiating *977 with other Members over it." Jewish War Veterans of the United States of America v. Gates, 506 F. Supp. 2d 30, 53 (D.D.C.2007) (emphasis added). The district court considered whether a member's gathering of information beyond the formal investigative setting is protected, and found the distinction between "formal" investigation, which is protected, and "informal" investigation, which is not, to be an "illusory" concept. The court found explained fiction thus:
. . . at the end of every protected information gathering venture is a legislative act that could in some sense be deemed "formal": a piece of draft legislation, a hearing before or investigation by a committee, a meeting to help push through a pending bill. The terms "formal" and "informal" refer only to the method by or through which information is acquired. (internal citations omitted). . . Put another way, neither "method" warrants protected status unless the information is being gathered as part of, in connection with, or in aid of a legitimate legislative act.
Id., at 56-57 (citations omitted). The controlling principle, explained the court, is "that a Member's gathering of information beyond the formal investigative setting is protected by the Speech or Debate Clause so long as the information is acquired in connection with or in aid of an activity that qualifies as "legislative" in nature." Id., at 57 (citations omitted). The court went on to find that the Members had indisputably engaged in a series of legislative acts, most obviously the sponsorship of a bill, and, accordingly information gathering in connection with or in aid of those legislative acts were protected by the Speech or Debate Clause. Id., at 57.

Examples of Legislative Acts Not Protected
In Dowdy, the Fourth Circuit considered several categories of evidence offered at trial and found two categories of evidence not protected under the speech or debate clause: 1) conversations between a Congressman and conspirators as evidence that the Congressman solicited, received, or agreed to receive, money with knowledge that the donor was paying him compensation for an official act, and 2) voluntary grand jury testimony before a federal grand jury. Id., at 224.
The Second Circuit considered the presentation of a video tape of a United States Senator in the process of discussing a proposed immigration bill with an undercover agent, and ruled that the district court correctly found that the Speech or Debate Clause did not extend to discussions of this sort which "involve only the possible future performance of legislative functions." United States v. Williams, 644 F.2d 950, 952 (2nd Cir.1981) (citing United States v. Myers, 635 F.2d 932, 937 (2nd Cir.1980)).
In United States v. McDade, 28 F.3d 283 (3rd Cir.1994), the Third Circuit held that the Speech or Debate Clause does not require dismissal of any count of an indictment simply because it refers to the defendant's status as a member of a congressional committee. Id., at 291. The Third Circuit distinguished Swindall, supra, stating that "[w]hile the Swindall opinion contains language that may be read out of context to mean that the Speech or Debate Clause flatly prohibits proof of legislative status, we believe that a close examination of the Swindall opinion and its reasoning suggests that the court did not intend to adopt such a broad holding." Id., at 292. "[T]he Swindall court rested on a much narrower argument, namely, that the legislative process and legislative independence would be undermined if prosecutors could inquire into a member's committee status for the purpose of showing that the member had acquired knowledge of the contents *978 of the bills considered by his or her committees." Id., at 293 (emphasis in original). The Third Circuit found that the prohibition on legislative act evidence did not extend to promises to perform a legislative act in the future or even that "a member was thought to have performed a legislative act in the past and was paid in exchange for or because of it," and that an indictment relying on committee status to show that he was thought by those offering him bribes and illegal gratuities to have performed such acts and to have the capacity to perform other similar acts was permissible. Id., at 293 (citing Brewster, 408 U.S. at 526-27, 92 S. Ct. 2531.).
After a thorough survey of Supreme Court opinion of the Speech or Debate Clause, the Tenth Circuit, in Bastien v. The Office of Senator Ben Nighthorse Campbell, recognized several themes in the interpretation of the mandate. Id., 390 F.3d 1301, 1314-15 (10th Cir.2004). One important theme the court recognized was that the "broad" construction of the clause has always been confined within the limits of formal, official proceedings. Id., at 1315. The Tenth Circuit concluded that, in particular, informal contacts with constituents and other sources of information and opinion were not legislative in nature. Id., at 1305-06. Relying on the want of Supreme Court opinion indicating that Speech or Debate Clause immunity extends to informal information gathering by individual members of Congress, and by the opinion in Gravel, 408 U.S. at 620-21, emphasizing the importance of the formality of information gathering in cases where immunity was found, the Tenth Circuit rejected the suggestion that meetings with constituents or other members of the public-either by the Senator himself or by his aides-are legislative acts to the extent that information is gathered that could affect his votes or his efforts to craft proposed legislation. Id., at 1316. The Tenth Circuit analogized that extending protection to informal information gathering "would be the equivalent of extending Speech or Debate Clause immunity to debates before local radio stations or Rotary Clubs." Id., at 1316.
With these guidelines and examples in mind, the Court turns to the Defendant's motions, and will first identify, from each of the motions proposing Speech or Debate Clause violations, which, if any, of the allegations are in fact protected legislative acts. The Court will then proceed to address the appropriate means, if necessary, of vindicating the privilege in each instance.

Motions To Dismiss The Indictment And The Superseding Indictment For Speech Or Debate Clause Violations (Doc. Nos. 86, 268.)
Defendant Renzi alleges that the Superseding Indictment contains three categories of allegations in violation of the clause: (1) factual allegations about what Congressman Renzi said to the proponents of land exchange legislation regarding the development of land exchange legislation, including whether specific parcels of land should be included in the exchange, Superseding Indictment ¶¶ 19, 22-23, 28(a)-(d), 28(f)-(g), 28(i)-(k), 28(t); (2) references to and descriptions of meetings between Congressman Renzi and the proponents of land exchange legislation concerning the development of that legislation, Id., ¶¶ 28(b)-(d), 28(j)-(k); and (3) alleged quotes from discussions and correspondence which refer to the development of land exchange legislation, Id., ¶¶ 22, 28(g), 28(i), 28(m).
Additionally Renzi noted by footnote in his reply that the racketeering count (Count 42) is also based on Congressman Renzi's legislative acts in violation of the Speech or Debate Clause, citing ¶¶ 89(a), *979 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103,104, 107 of the Superseding Indictment. For the reasons stated below, the Magistrate Judge finds and recommends to the District Court that, on its face, the superseding indictment does not violate the Speech or Debate Clause.
The government avows that its proof at trial will not include any legislative acts. (Doc. No. 157, at 8.) The Court does not pass on the government's offers of proof now, limiting this review only to the issue of whether or not the government based the charges in the indictment on Congressman Renzi's legislative acts and whether the government must necessarily introduce evidence of legislative acts to prove its case at trial. See Rostenkowski, 59 F.3d at 1300-1301 (as long as the indictment is valid, "the Speech or Debate Clause does not require pre-trial review of the evidence to be presented at trial"). Contrary to Defendant's arguments, the Court finds no basis for concluding that the government will be unable to prove the charges in the superseding indictment without proving that Renzi or staff members acting under his direction performed legislative acts. The Court finds that the government may establish the allegations with proof involving promises to vote and solicit other votes for the respective land swap proposals in return for the purchase of the Sandlin property; such promises are promises to perform future legislative acts, and as such, under Helstoski, are not protected. 442 U.S. at 490.
First, none of the three categories of allegations described by Defendant involve any inquiry into "pure" speech or debate: they do not involve any inquiry into how Renzi spoke, debated, voted, or anything else done on the floor or in committee, or the motivation therefore. Neither has Renzi demonstrated that any of the charges or allegations are based on conduct or activities that are an "integral part" of the deliberative and communicative process by which Members participate in committee and House proceedings with respect to the consideration and passage or rejection of proposed legislation or with respect to other matters which the Constitution places within the jurisdiction of either House, or the motivation therefore. Much of Defendant Renzi's contention relies on the bald allegation that "[i]n the context of land exchange development, directing a private landholder to include property in an exchange in return for a congressman's support for the legislation is a routine, manifestly legislative act akin to negotiating an amendment to draft legislation." (Doc No. 86, at 36.) Renzi's conduct alleged in the indictment may be routine, it may be "procedurally" akin to negotiating an amendment to draft legislation, and some day communication between private landholders drafting legislation in the hopes their local representative might support it, and a representative who might at some future time support such legislation may be provided constitutional protections befitting that relationship, but presently this Court does not find that it is protected under the Speech or Debate Clause of the Constitution. Presumably, Renzi makes this argument to convince the Court that the privilege should apply in this instance because the activity is correspondent "to things generally done" in a session of the House, as stated in Kilbourn, 103 U.S. 168, 204, 26 L. Ed. 377 (1881) and quoted as part of the two part test in Miller. 709 F.2d at 529. Renzi has presented no evidence aside from his assertions, and the assertions from amicus, that, in fact, this activity is routine. Even if it were a routine activity, however, the allegations in the indictment would not be enough, under Supreme Court precedent, or the two part test of Miller, to render the activity privileged.
*980 During oral argument, counsel for Renzi directed this Court to review the amicus brief filed by the House of Representatives for a better understanding of the context of the particular activity at issue. (Reporter's Transcript, Arpil 30, 2009, at 11.) The amicus brief explains that the land exchange process resembles the negotiation of a commercial contract, and extensive negotiations between the private landholder and Members of the House or Senate are a normal and routine part of the process. (Doc. No. 198, at 11) (citing portions of testimony found in Wash. County Growth and Conservation Act of 2006 and White Pine County Conservation Recreation and Dev. Act of 2006: Hearing on S.3636 and S.3772 Before the Subcomm. on Public Lands and Forests of the S. Comm. on Energy and Natural Res., 109th Cong. 8 (2007)). The brief further parenthetically describes the negotiations that took place in one particular instance between two Senators and their staff in Washington and staff from their representative state, sitting down "with all of the stakeholders, everybody from the environmental groups, the local governments, developers, power companies, water companies, Federal, state and local governments . . . ." and that it is "not unusual for a Member to negotiate regarding the parcels of private property to be included in the exchange proposal." Id. Significantly, amicus fails to point out that the boundary negotiations referred to in that instance took place when feedback was received after introduction of the bill. Id., at 14. Regardless, it is not clear what legal significance Renzi places on the regularity of these negotiations. The Supreme Court has acknowledged that "many non-legislative activities are an established and accepted part of the role of a Member, and are indeed `related' to the legislative process," yet are non-legislative acts. Brewster, 408 U.S. at 524.
Relying largely on Miller, supra, Renzi states that "with respect to land exchange legislation, negotiations, discussions and fact-finding activities with land exchange proponents are protected as a necessary and integral predicate to effective legislating." (Doc. No. 193, at 4.) Renzi states that in the context of land exchange legislation a Member must "necessarily engage in negotiations with land exchange proponents before legislation can be drafted and introduced" and protection for legislative fact-finding applies with particular force in this context. (Id., at 4, n. 3.) Additionally, Renzi submits that at least one court has relied on Miller and held that the Speech or Debate Clause barred the questioning of a third party, informal advisor to a Congressman regarding the Congressman's motivations, strategies and purposes behind legislative activities. Trunk v. San Diego, 2007 WL 2701356 *6 (S.D. Cal. Sept. 13, 2007) The Ninth Circuit noted in Miller that while Congress' jurisdiction is broad, it is not unlimited, citing to the Supreme Court case Watkins v. United States, 354 U.S. 178, 77 S. Ct. 1173, 1 L. Ed. 2d 1273 (1957). 709 F.2d 524. In Watkins, the Supreme Court stated that Congress' jurisdiction certainly did not reach as far as investigations conducted solely for the personal aggrandizement of the investigator. Id., at 1187. Similarly, Congress' jurisdiction in this instance certainly does not reach as far as the illegal conduct alleged to take place in the negotiations between the landowners and Renzi solely for the personal enrichment of Renzi. Gravel, 408 U.S. at 622, 92 S. Ct. 2614 (Speech or Debate Clause "does not privilege either Senator or aide to violate an otherwise valid criminal law in preparing for or implementing legislative acts.")
Even if Renzi's negotiations with RCC and the Aries Group were not criminal, his conduct would still not be privileged. *981 Paragraph 19 of the Superseding Indictment alleges that it was the object of the conspiracy for Renzi to compel Company A and later Investment Group B to include the Sandlin Property in their respective land exchange proposals, in order to receive his support for the necessary legislation. The significance of this assertion is that there is a distinction between the land exchange proposal, and the actual legislation required to enable the exchange. As no evidence regarding the process of land exchange proposals in general, and these exchanges specifically was presented, very little light has been shed on the actual procedure of land exchange legislation; it is clear, however, from the demonstrative evidence before the Court that a land exchange proposal by a private party is not a "manifestly legislative act." If words mean anything, the act, by landowners, of drafting and submitting a land exchange proposal, even with the hope that it would result in the introduction of legislation, discussion in committee, debate on the floor and ultimately actual legislation, does not make the initial act of advancing the proposal a legislative act, even if the proposal was formulated with input by Representatives regarding what lands each Representative would find attractive if included in the proposal. Subsequent to the introduction of the legislation, if a Representative is negotiating with a land proponent, to assist the landowner in drafting a proposal, the Representative is aiding the landowner politically, in an analogous manner to aiding a constituent in securing a government contract, which the Brewster court considered a political activity and thus not protected. See Brewster, 408 U.S. at 512, 92 S. Ct. 2531. Once a proposal is formally introduced, Renzi may, in fact, be correctactions taken by the committee "negotiations, formal discussions, and fact-finding activities with land exchange proponents"(not potential land exchange proponents)-are probably protected as a necessary and integral predicate to effective legislating. It is not necessary for the government to rely upon either the introduction of the legislation itself, or any actions taken after the acts were introduced, if they were introduced, to prove its charges against the Defendant.
Renzi argues that the government erroneously suggests that the protection of the Speech or Debate Clause does not apply until legislation is introduced in Congress. The Court wants to make clear that this is not the finding it is making today. The Court is simply finding that, what is clear in this case, in the context of land exchange legislation, is that after the introduction of legislation, negotiations with land exchange proponents, investigations and fact finding conducted by committee members for the purposes of preparing for hearings or amending legislation or preparing speeches, or preparing to vote, etc., would be clearly protected. Renzi is correct that there is no artificial line drawn at the introduction of legislation. It is equally correct to state, however, that not all conduct related to legislation, or "potential" legislation, is protected. It is a matter of determining, on a case by case, conduct by conduct, basis whether the activity in question, if it is not pure speech or debate, requires an impermissible inference, or, in other words, if the privilege is necessary to prevent indirect impairment of pure speech or debate.
Comparing Swindall, supra, with McDade, supra, it becomes evident that, outside of pure speech or debate, acts that are by themselves not privileged should be protected if they require the questioner to reach an impermissible inference regarding privileged matters. Similarly, in Miller, the Ninth Circuit was concerned that a congressman's active or passive role in *982 legislation would necessarily be revealed in response to otherwise innocuous questions. See Miller, supra. For instance, Renzi's membership on the House Resources Committee, an integral part of his participation in Congress, is not, by itself, a protected act because it is not pure speech or debate. It becomes a protected act when an attempt to draw an impermissible inference from his membership status is made. Similarly, as discussed in Miller, Steiger could not be questioned about the source of material he received and placed into the Congressional record because any answer he gave would reflect on whether or not his own activity was active or passive and would be tantamount to indirect questioning about his legislative activity.
Factual allegations about what Congressman Renzi said to the proponents of land exchange legislation regarding the development of land exchange legislation, including whether specific parcels of land should be included in the exchange, references to and descriptions of meetings between Congressman Renzi and the proponents of land exchange legislation concerning the development of that legislation, and alleged quotes from discussions and correspondence which refer to the development of land exchange legislation are not protected because none of these exchanges are themselves legislative acts. Neither is it necessary, for the purpose of supporting the charges in the indictment, to draw any inference about privileged legislative acts from the challenged allegations. Like Swindall and McDade, both permissible and impermissible inferences can be drawn from the same conduct. For instance, the allowable allegation, and the allegation necessary to support the indictment, is that the land proponents were told to include the Sandlin Property in their draft legislation in order to guarantee Renzi's support for their proposed exchange. This does not require any impermissible inference regarding Renzi's legislative acts or motivation, although it does go to the motivation for RCC's and Aries' actions in including the property, buying the property, seeking out other sponsorship, etc., and the allegation by itself is sufficient to support the indictment. Looked at another way, inquiring into Renzi's motivation for telling the land proponents to include the property in their exchange packages, or Renzi's motivation for sponsoring the package, would draw an impermissible inference into Renzi's legislative acts, and would be privileged.[7] These inferences, however, are not necessary to support the indictment. Although Renzi may himself wish to raise these arguments in defense, it would be his privilege to waive. Likewise, whether or not Renzi informed RCC or Aries about his business relationship with Sandlin is not a legislative act, neither does the indictment require an impermissible reference be drawn from the allegation. If, on the other hand, Renzi is questioned about his relationship with *983 Sandlin and his motivation for sponsoring or not sponsoring the land exchange acts, or including the property in the land exchange legislation, this would impermissibly make reference to his motivation for legislative acts. Again, the indictment does not rely on any reference to his motivation for including the Sandlin Property to support the charges.
Time and again courts have acknowledged that, outside of literal speech or debate, the power to investigate and conduct fact-finding is an integral part of the deliberative process. See e.g. Gravel, 408 U.S., at 625, 92 S. Ct. 2614 (the power to investigate is inherent in the power to make laws). Preparation for an official hearing may also be a legislative act. See Dowdy, 479 F.2d at 223-224. What distinguishes this case from Gravel and Dowdy, however, is the absence in the indictment of the reliance on any legislative investigation or fact-finding conduct by Renzi, or the necessity of proof of a legislative act required to substantiate the charges in the indictment. It is not enough to simply state that a Member is participating in an investigation or fact-finding activity, the conduct must still be a privileged legislative act. There was no evidence presented of any legislative act of Congressman Renzi from which this Court could infer his activities might fall within the protected realm of information gathering and fact-finding; there is no evidence of Renzi "`delivering an opinion, uttering a speech or haranguing in debate'; proposing legislation; voting on legislation, making, publishing, presenting, or using legislative reports; authorizing investigations and issuing subpoenas; holding hearings or `introducing material at Committee hearings.'" See Fields, 459 F.3d at 10-11. Despite Renzi's efforts to paint his activities with the same brush as Miller or Gravel, the demonstrative evidence submitted by Defendant Renzi clarifies that Renzi was not participating in "fact-finding" or "investigatory" activity, and no amount of labeling it such will make it so. The evidence before the Court does demonstrate that, although originally Renzi did not want to see RCC representatives during a trip to D.C., in January, 2005, Renzi called Hegner and Glass into Renzi's office to speak privately with them, Renzi was very excited and interested about the Sandlin Property, and when Renzi was questioned about his association with Sandlin he became agitated and Glass agreed to try to put the property in the land exchange agreement. (Doc. No. 106, at. Ex. 7.) In February, 2005, a similarly "informative" meeting took place. (Id., Ex. 8.) A similar exchange took place between Aries and Renzi in Flagstaff, in March or April, 2005, Renzi "directing" Aries to buy the Sandlin Property to include in the Aries land exchange package. (Id., Ex. 22.) No stretch of the imagination renders these meetings Congressional "fact-finding" or "investigation." Neither is Renzi's conduct "indisputably legislative in nature, such as the actual drafting of legislation or negotiating with other Members over it." See Jewish War Veterans, 506 F.Supp.2d at 53. There is in fact no "gathering of information", but, even if there were, there is no allegation of any legislative act or any action taken within the legislative sphere or any act which is clearly a part of the due functioning of the legislative process, which would render potential information gathering protected. Jewish War Veterans, 506 F.Supp.2d at 53. What is left are informal, unprotected, non-legislative acts. See e.g. Williams, 644 F.2d at 952 (discussions which involve the possible future performance of legislative functions); Helstoski, 442 U.S. at 489-90, 99 S. Ct. 2432 (promises to introduce a bill); Bastien, *984 390 F.3d at 1316 (informal information gathering that could affect Senator's votes or efforts to craft proposed legislation).
Renzi's reliance on Miller is misplaced. Even if Renzi's communications with the landowners in this case could be categorized as "gathering information" pertinent to potential legislation, and a reading of the disputed paragraphs in the indictment indicate that this would be an inappropriate label, not all gathering of information by a Member is protected. At its heart, the Ninth Circuit determined that the conduct in Miller involved a clearly legislative act-Congressman Steiger, on the House Select Subcommittee on Crime, placed an article regarding misappropriation of union funds into the Congressional Record. Miller, 709 F.2d at 529. The Ninth Circuit found that this act met part one of the two part test because of the Record's role in the intra-Congressional communicative process. Id. The second part of the test was met because of the Congressman's membership on the Subcommittee. Id., at 530. The Ninth Circuit went on to find that Steiger could not be questioned regarding the source's identity, concluding that the privilege extends to questions about a Congressman's sources of information because the mere assertion of the privilege would be tantamount to an answer that the Congressman's role had been active rather than passive, and would thus constitute impermissible "questioning" about a legislative act. Id., at 531.
This case is distinct from Miller, however, because Renzi has failed to demonstrate any protected legislative act alleged in the indictment that meets part one of the test that would allow him to extend the privilege to any possible "impermissible inference" required to prove the elements of the offense. In other words, there is no allegation in the indictment, nor is there any necessary element of proof, that would require intrusion into an area protected by the privilege. The Court concedes that the subject matter itself, land exchange legislation, is within the purview of Congress, and, in particular, the Natural Resources Committee, however, that is simply not enough. If that were the test, as noted by the court in Brewster, it would be hard to imagine conduct that would fall outside the clause's protection. The privilege is not without bounds. Renzi has failed to demonstrate activity that is alleged in the indictment, or any necessary element of proof, that meets the Miller two part test to qualify for the privilege. The Ninth Circuit in Miller did express concern over the possibility that public exposure of the source's identity could result in adverse consequences to the source, that it could, in the case of organized crime for example, even be life-threatening to the source, and the possibility of public exposure could constrain these sources. 709 F.2d at 530. These concerns as they relate to the possibility that they might deter constituents from candid communications with their legislative representatives, however important, are mere dicta, and do not implicate the Speech or Debate Clause. The Ninth Circuit acknowledged the real concern, that "more to the point, it would chill speech and debate on the floor." Id., at 531. The court was concerned that the Congressman might censor his remarks or forgo them entirely to protect the privacy of his sources if he contemplated that he could be forced to reveal their identity in a lawsuit. Id.
Renzi has not adequately demonstrated to this Court how allowing this prosecution to proceed would result in any chilling effect to speech or debate on the floor. No future Congressperson could plausibly assert that contemplation of this prosecution would cause him or her to temper candid remarks on the floor or in deliberation *985 or to pursue investigations or future fact-finding, or committee participation for fear of prosecution by an unfriendly executive and conviction by a hostile judiciary. This prosecution may cause a Member to pause to consider that just because Members "generally perform certain acts in their official capacity as [Members] does not necessarily make all such acts legislative in nature." Gravel, 408 U.S. at 625, 92 S. Ct. 2614. This may not be an undesirable result.
The government correctly notes that, of particular significance for this case, "it is clear from the language of the Clause that protection extends only to an act that has already been performed. A promise to deliver a speech, to vote, or to solicit other votes at some future date is not `speech or debate.' Likewise, a promise to introduce a bill is not a legislative act." Helstoski, 442 U.S. at 489, 99 S. Ct. 2432; Brewster, 408 U.S. at 526-27, 92 S. Ct. 2531; see also United States v. McDade, 28 F.3d 283, 293 (3d Cir.1994) (Alito, J.) ("the Clause prohibits only proof that a member actually performed a legislative act" in the past). Brewster, 408 U.S. at 512, 92 S. Ct. 2531 ("a Member of Congress may be prosecuted under a criminal statute provided that the Government's case does not rely on legislative acts or the motivation for legislative acts"), United States v. Myers, 635 F.2d 932, 941-942 (2d Cir.1980) ("Since the indictment alleges a promise to perform a legislative act and not the performance of the act, there is no reason to assume that at trial the Government will be unable to abide by the constitutional restriction upon its evidence").
Accordingly, the Magistrate Judge recommends that the District Judge, after his independent review and consideration, enter an order DENYING Defendant's motion to dismiss the indictment because the government based the charges in the indictment on Renzi's legislative acts and must necessarily introduce evidence of legislative acts to prove its case at trial. (Doc. No 86)

Motion To Dismiss The Superseding Indictment For Speech Or Debate Clause Violations Before The Grand Jury (Doc. Nos. 264, 327.)
As this Court has previously determined (see Doc No. 303) and accordingly, will not further elaborate here, in some instances, it is necessary to look behind the face of an otherwise valid indictment to determine whether the presentation of evidence to a grand jury in violation of the Speech or Debate Clause resulted in a decision by the grand jury to indict. See United States v. Swindall, 971 F.2d 1531, 1549 (11th Cir.1992) ("[A] Speech or Debate violation occurs only if the evidence causes the jury to indict.")
This Court must first determine if what transpired before the grand jury itself violates a constitutional privilege. The Court must then determine, if in fact evidence of legislative acts were presented to the grand jury, if they were an essential element of proof with respect to the affected counts. See id., at 1549. If legislative acts were presented to the grand jury, and were an essential element of proof with respect to any count that cannot be excised, then such counts must be dismissed. See id.
Although this Court will address specific allegations individually, Defendant Renzi again advances the blanket assertion that "Renzi's negotiations, discussions, and correspondence with land exchange proponents to develop and investigate their legislative land exchange proposals" are entitled to full Speech or Debate Clause protection because these acts are an integral part of the process by which land exchange legislation is drafted. (Doc. No. 327 at 8) (emphasis added). *986 As already discussed in some detail above, Renzi's discussions, negotiations, and correspondence with land exchange proponents in furtherance of the development of their land exchange proposal are not legislative activities; even if the grand jury heard testimony about Renzi's motivation for drafting and introducing legislation, the timing and content of the introduction of bills, strategies for the consideration and passage of bills, and communications regarding the content and passage of the bills, as asserted by amicus (Doc. No. 198, at 46.), the charges in the superseding indictment would be sufficient with such testimony and exhibits excised.

Grand Jury Testimony
Specifically, Renzi cites to excerpts of the grand jury testimony from Bruno Hegner a Resolution Copper Company executive and Tom Glass, a consultant with Western Land Group. (Doc. No. 327, Exhibits B-D.) Hegner stated that he met Congressman Renzi in January 2005, at a hotel near Phoenix, along with his district representative Joanne Keene, and a woman named Mandy Metzger. (Id.) Hegner presented Congressman Renzi with a briefing book explaining the project and asked Congressman Renzi for input on what properties might be appropriate for inclusion in the land exchange. (Id., at 15.) Congressman Renzi responded by suggesting the Sandlin Property. (Id.) Ultimately, Hegner was seeking Renzi's sponsorship for the exchange. (Id., at 16.)
In another exchange, Hegner testified that he met with Congressman Renzi and his chief of staff in Congressman Renzi's office and reported to Congressman Renzi that he was having trouble getting the Sandlin Property under contract. (Id., at 21-25.) Hegner testified that Congressman Renzi's indicated, directly and aggressively, that he would not be as enthusiastic about sponsorship as he would be if it were a part of the exchange package. (Id., at 26.)
Glass testified to meeting with Congressman Renzi and at a point in 2004 when it became clear that the bill would not move forward in that session of Congress, which Glass attributed to Congressman Renzi changing his mind about his reluctance to have the bill move forward without him being the prime sponsor of the legislation. (Id., at 11.) Glass testified that he met with Congressman Renzi, Bruno Hegner, and Mandy Metzger, in a coffee shop at a hotel near the Phoenix airport in January 2005 to talk about moving the bill forward in the new Congress in 2005. (Id., at 12-13.) At that time, Congressman Renzi asked them to take a look at acquiring the Sandlin Property, and that he would become very enthusiastic about their legislation if the Sandlin property could be included. (Id., at 13-14.) The above three excerpts illustrate, much as the indictment, the error in Renzi's argument; the acts to which Renzi would draw the Court's attention are simply not legislative acts. At most, the testimony demonstrates that, unlike the facts alleged in the indictment, an argument can be made that this is evidence of Renzi's participation in information gathering or fact finding. But even that argument doesn't carry the day because, unlike the protected acts in Jewish War Veterans, there is no evidence presented of any legislative act at the end of the information gathering venture here, there is no piece of legislation drafted by Renzi, a hearing before or investigation by a committee, a meeting to help push through a pending bill. Id. at 56-57 (Neither "method," formal or informal, information gathering, warrants protected status unless the information is being gathered as part of, in connection with, or in aid of a legitimate legislative act.) *987 Neither has Renzi pointed this Court to a single case, precedential or otherwise, demonstrating that negotiations that occur between Members and the public, be they in the form of lobbyists or constituents or the Executive Branch, are granted constitutional immunity when no foundational legislative act is involved. The Court has carefully reviewed the excerpts submitted by Renzi in their entirety and finds no basis to dismiss the Superseding Indictment for Speech or Debate Clause violations.

Grand Jury Exhibits
Renzi submits that several categories of grand jury exhibits were used by the government in violation of Renzi's evidentiary privilege and requires dismissal of the Superseding Indictment. (Doc. No. 264, at 11-12.) First, Renzi notes are documents referencing, describing and directly involving the development of legislation. (GJ Exs. 7, 10, 13, 15-17, 28-29, 36-39, 41, 43, 48-49, 58, 91, 95.)[8]; documents describing Members' motivation for and performance of legislative acts (GJ Exs. 13, 29, 33, 37, 41, 60, 91, 96); documents discussing meetings about legislation (GJ Exs. 9, 91); drafting of legislation (GJ Exs. 21, 23), and documents involving the introduction of legislation (GJ Exs. 13, 44-45, 60).
As a preliminary matter, the government asserts that GJ Exhibits 7-8, 11-12, 14, 18, 20, 24-27 and 46 were removed from the Exhibit binder for the second grand jury, nor did the grand jury hear any testimony about any of these Exhibits, nor any testimony at all from Keene or Lynch. (Doc. No. 287, at 7, Doc. No 297.) Grand Jury Exhibits 13, 16, 23, 44-45, 55, 60 and 95-96 were available to the grand jury in the exhibit binders although there was no testimony about those exhibits presented to the second grand jury. Id. The Court will review the exhibits to determine which, if any, present privileged material. Documents alleged to reference, describe and directly involve the development of legislation:
Renzi asserts that email correspondence from Joanne Keene, Congressman Renzi's former Legislative Director, with land exchange proponents on behalf of Congressman Renzi, notifying them of the progress of land exchange legislation and participating in negotiations and discussions over land exchange terms, sent from and to Keene using her U.S. House of Representatives' electronic mail account are protected under the Helstoski privilege. Renzi asserts that they all contain explicit references to legislative acts and the government may not use them for any purpose, regardless of whether the emails are themselves legislative acts.
In Grand Jury Exhibit ("GJ") 10, Philip Aries informs Joanne Keene, via email, that he has funds available for the purchase of the Sandlin Property. (Doc. No. 125, Ex. 31.) In GJ Exhibit 13 Keene informed Philip Aries that she had sent a bill to staff working for Senators McCain and Kyl, and received positive feedback. Aries responded that his investors could use the comfort of having companion legislation "dropped" at the same time. (Id., at Ex. 34.) Grand Jury Exhibit 15 is an email exchange between Keene and Aries regarding a change in the title, a small change in the wording of the legislation, and request from Congressman Renzi that he would like a letter from the Nature Conservancy recognizing his work on the San Pedro. (Id., at Ex. 36.) In GJ Exhibit 16, Keene and Aries discuss Keene's submission to Legislative Counsel, Aries' inquiry regarding whether the bill would be introduced that week, and Renzi's insistence *988 that he have a letter from the Nature Conservancy. (Id., at Ex. 37.) Grand Jury Exhibit 17 is an email exchange between Aries and Keene discussing Sandlin's "gossiping". (Id., at Ex. 38.) Grand Jury Exhibit 38 is an email from Keene to Hegner, with a document attached at Renzi's request. The document is an AP article about an environment group planning to sue the military and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service over the threatened San Pedro River. (Id., at Ex. 50.)
Several of the documents Renzi finds objectionable were generated internally by the land proponents, and do not involve communications between Renzi, or his aides.
Grand Jury Exhibit 28 is an email from Mandy Metzger to Bruno Hegner, with Metzger providing Hegner with Sandlin's phone number, per their discussion with Renzi the previous day. (Id., at Ex. 45.) Grand Jury Exhibit 29 is a memorandum from Bruno Hegner of RCC to Leigh Clifford explaining that Hegner was forced to postpone introduction of the Resolution land exchange legislation until 2005 due to "an unfortunate combination of election year politics and personality challenges within the Arizona Congressional delegation." The memorandum continued to explain that Renzi had told one of RCC's consultants and Congressman Kolbe "on the floor of the House of Representatives" that he would stand aside and let Kolbe carry the bill in the greater interest of getting it passed, but that over the course of the last two weeks was insisting that he be the primary sponsor, which would make the project a campaign issue and they would lose democratic support for the project. (Id., at Ex. 46.) Grand Jury Exhibit 36 is an email exchange between Hegner and Con Englehorn discussing the appraisal of the proposed purchase of the Sandlin Property. A document titled the Appelton Amendment appeared to have been attached to the email exchange but was not attached to the exhibit. (Id., at Ex. 48.) Grand Jury Exhibit 37 are Minutes of the Joint Venture Meeting from March 15, 2005 at the RCC offices, in Phoenix, Arizona. The minutes note that the land exchange bill was sent to the Senate legislative drafting and was expected to be introduced between March 17 and Easter, 2005. The minutes noted that Senators McCain and Kyl are to meet on March 16 to discuss the Bill. The Sandlin Property was discussed, and the early January meeting between Hegner and Congressman Renzi was noted, wherein Congressman Renzi suggested RCC should purchase the property, owned by Sandlin, appraised at $1.5 million, with an asking price currently $6 million. (Id., at Ex. 49) Grand Jury Exhibit 43 is a memo from Hegner to John Rickus, explaining that Hegner hoped to have the bill introduced prior to the end of business that day, but that Renzi's office was dragging their feet. (Id., at Ex. 53.) Grand Jury Exhibit 58 is a memorandum from Hegner to the Western Land Group in response to a request by Hegner to prepare a range of options relative to meeting Renzi's interest in securing a conservation easement at the Sandlin Property. (Id., at Ex. 59.) Grand Jury Exhibit 95 is an email from Tom Glass to the Western Land Group to inform the group that Renzi would like RCC to send a letter to the San Carlos Tribe offering to, among other things, convert their hospital to a detox center, and, in return, Renzi would request a hearing. (Id., at Ex. 95.)
Grand Jury Exhibit 39 is correspondence from Sandlin to Hegner. Sandlin informed Hegner that he had received a call from Renzi's office informing him that they had the impression that he hadn't *989 been very cooperative concerning the water issue. (Id., Ex. at 51.)
Grand Jury Exhibit 41 is Hegner's letter to himself commemorating his discussions with Renzi in April, 2005. Hegner wrote that Renzi informed him that unless the Sandlin Property were included in the exchange package, he would not sponsor the legislation "no Sandlin property, no bill." (Id., at Ex. 41.)
Grand Jury Exhibits 48 and 49 are notes taken by Tom Glass of Western Land Group during meetings with Renzi, and appear to be in reference to the Sandlin Property. (Id., at Exs. 57, 58.)
Exhibit 91 is handwritten notes from a meeting in Renzi's office. The notes indicate that Philip Aries, Joanne Keene, Renzi, Bruce Babbit (another Congressman from Arizona), and Dave (last name unknown) attended the meeting. It was discussed at the meeting that draft legislation had made it through legislative counsel. Renzi asked them to "front $ for Sandlin" and "Philip spoke to Sandlin 2x but doesn't want to get into negotiations." Other issues regarding the appraisal and water easement on the Sandlin Property were discussed.

Documents alleged to discuss meetings about legislation:
Grand Jury Exhibit 9 is an email communication between Joanne Keene, District Director for Congressman Renzi and Phillip Aries, establishing a meeting time and place on April 16, 2005. (Id., at Ex. 30) Grand Jury Exhibit 91 was discussed above.

Documents alleged to involve the drafting of legislation:
Grand Jury Exhibit 21 is a map showing the Sandlin Property entitled "Petrified ForesetSan Pedro River Land Exchange Act" and Grand Jury Exhibit 23 a map, entitled "Hassayampa." (Id., at Exs. 41, 42.) The government asserts that the map was prepared by Aries. (Doc. No. 297, at 8.)

Documents alleged to involve the introduction of legislation:
Grand Jury Exhibit 13 was discussed above. Grand Jury Exhibit 44 is an email from Hegner to Rickus to inform Rickus that "Bill introduction will take place on Thursday." (Id., at Ex. 54.) Grand Jury Exhibit 45 is group email from Hegner stating that "the Southeast Arizona Land Exchange and Conservation Act of 2005 was introduced in the House of Representatives and the Senate today." The primary sponsors are Jon Kyl in the Senate and Rick Renzi in the House. (Id., at Ex. 55.) Grand Jury Exhibit 60 is an email from Tom Glass to Josh Penry with Western Land Group regarding Renzi acting to delay bill introduction. (Id., at Ex. 60.)
Initially, the Court notes that even if the Court were to accept Renzi's assertions, that all of the grand jury testimony and exhibits that he challenges in both motions to dismiss were fatally flawed, the only counts implicated by such a ruling would be the land fraud counts, or counts 1-27, and one of the predicate acts of the RICO charge in count 42.
Renzi raises several arguments that must be addressed. First, Renzi asserts that, "the sheer volume of protected documents relied on by the government requires dismissal." (Doc. 264, at 15) (citing Helstoski II, 635 F.2d at 205.) As this Court has previously discussed, the volume of evidence presented is not the standard by which the Court determines the validity of the indictment, the proper query is whether evidence of Renzi's legislative acts are an essential element of proof with respect to the affected counts. See Swindall, 971 F.2d at 1549. This case is distinguishable from Helstoski II for *990 two reasons. First, in Helstoski II, the Court of Appeals acknowledged that Helstoski, unlike Renzi, was questioned before the grand jury in violation of his privilege. Id., at 204. Thus, unlike a case in which the grand jury considers evidence which itself is not constitutionally barred, since the privilege is not one of nondisclosure but of nonevidentiary use, the evidence in Helstoski directly contravened the Speech or Debate Clause, as the very act of questioning triggers the protection of the clause. 635 F.2d at 202. Second, in Helstoski, the "infection" before the grand jury could not be "excised" as the improper introduction of privileged matter permeated the whole proceeding, and, in addition, the prosecutor's reading the transcripts of testimony, previously given to each of nine prior grand juries that considered the matter, had the effect of aggravating the original error of admitting the evidence. Id. The trial judge described any attempt to cull out single counts of the indictment as "unrealistic", thus the Court of Appeals distinguished the factual circumstances of Helstoski II from Johnson and Brewster. Id., at 205.
There is no similar difficulty in this casethe few references in this case to legislative acts presented to the grand jury are easily excised. Even giving Renzi the benefit of the doubt, and construing the privilege broader than necessary, the indictment still stands. Despite Renzi's contentions, striking the few offending overt references to legislative acts in the exhibits does not result in any insufficiency of the indictment.
This Court finds, that Grand Jury Exhibit 45 clearly references a legislative act by Congressman Renzi and was presented to the grand jury in violation of Congressman Renzi's Constitutional privilege. Without any foundational or contextual basis presented by the parties, the court can only presume that Grand Jury Exhibit 15 refers to the land exchange legislation at issue, and in an abundance of caution finds that the Grand Jury Exhibit 15 could refer to motivation for legislative acts which were actually performed, and finds that for purposes of obtaining the indictment, it should have been privileged.
Out of an abundance of caution, the Court will consider, for purposes of this motion, all documents referencing the potential introduction of legislation, privileged. In the category of Keene emails, this includes Grand Jury Ex. 16. In the category of communications generated by the land proponents themselves, this includes Grand Jury Exhibit 29, 37, 43, 44, and 60. The Court will also consider the portion of the email from Keene to Aries, informing Aries that she had sent a bill to staff working for Senators McCain and Kyl and received positive feedback privileged. The rest of the email exchange, in which Aries responded that his investors could use the comfort of having companion legislation "dropped" at the same time, is not privileged. None of the rest of the emails to or from Keene describe legislative acts or the motivation therefore. (GJ Exs. 10, 17, 38) Some of these emails "relate" to the legislative process, but communications relating to potential legislation do not constitute protected legislative factfinding. See Brewster, supra.
Preliminarily, the government instructed the grand jury on the Speech or Debate Clause prior to its deliberations on the Superseding Indictment. A copy of the November 13, 2008 speech or debate colloquy was filed under seal with the Court. The Clause itself was read to the grand jury, and the grand jury was told not to consider in its deliberations any communications solely between Renzi and his legislative staff that pertained to official legislative business, nor to consider *991 any "legislative acts" in its deliberations. The grand jury was expressly told that the focus of its deliberations should be on statements and communications made to and involving the Aries Group and Resolution Copper, as well as financial transactions involving Sandlin and Renzi. The grand jury was warned not to consider the introduction of legislation or failure to introduce legislation.
Although the Court rejects the government's argument that the documents prepared or sent by Aries, Hegner or Glass are not privileged because they do not constitute "confidential congressional documents," (see Doc. No. 287, at 8), the Court finds that there is simply no evidence that the introduction of legislative acts before the grand jury was a factor in the issuance of the indictment. First, even if the grand jury were exposed to any incidental Speech or Debate Clause material, or made any impermissible inferences therefrom, any offending documents can be stricken and the counts would still be legally sufficient. See Dowdy, 479 F.2d at 224; see also Johnson, 383 U.S. at 185, 86 S. Ct. 749. Second, outside of Renzi's blanket assertion that the simple use of legislative act evidence before the grand jury, or the sheer volume of the legislative act evidence before the grand jury, requires dismissal, which this Court rejects, both factually and legally, Renzi has failed to demonstrate to this Court how any of the alleged legislative act evidence, if excised, would be fatal to the superseding indictment. The Court has considered the evidence that it finds to be legislative act evidence, as well as the additional evidence it will consider for purposes of this motion, as stated above and finds that, the indictment is sufficient in the absence of these documents. Accordingly, the Magistrate Judge recommends that the District Judge, after his independent review and consideration, enter an order DENYING Defendant's motions to dismiss the indictment for Speech or Debate Clause violations in the Grand Jury testimony (Doc. Nos. 264, 327).
NOTES
[1]  Pending motions are: Motion to Dismiss the Indictment (doc. 86), Motion to Dismiss the Superseding Indictment for violations in the grand jury (doc. 264), and Motion to Dismiss the Superseding Indictment for violations in the grand jury (doc. 327). Defendant Sandlin filed a Motion to Join in Renzi's Motion to Dismiss the Superseding Indictment (doc. 327), but failed to file a supporting memorandum and has not entered any objection to the R&R.
[2]  Now, the Second Superseding Indictment.
[3]  Unless different from the Magistrate Judge's findings of fact, the Court relies on the citation of the record contained in the R & R. The Court equally relies on the law as properly stated by the Magistrate Judge.
[4]  Defendant misconstrues the R & R when he argues that all his acts in respect to the land exchange proposals were privileged legislative acts under the Speech or Debate Clause because eventually a `foundational' legislative act occurred because the land exchange legislation was introduced in Congress. (Renzi's Objection to R & R at 980-81.) The act of introducing the legislation and subsequent conduct related to its passage is clearly privileged, but the conduct Renzi seeks to protect under the Speech or Debate Clause qualifies only if it can be said to have been an "integral part of the deliberative and communicative process by which Members participate in committee and House proceedings addressing proposed land exchange legislation." Supra at 960. This definition of a legislative act does not reach activities such as political wrangling over which congressional member should sponsor the land exchange legislation, Renzi's insistence that land exchange proponents offer to build a detox center as part of their project, or that they obtain a letter of commendation to him from the Nature Conservatory. These activities were aimed at getting political milage out of the legislation and were not an integral part of the deliberative and communicative process by which Members participate in committee or House proceedings to pass land exchange legislation.
[1]  Defendant Renzi was named in all counts of the indictment except Count 44, campaign contributions in the name of another.
[2]  Resolution Copper Corporation is referred to as "Company A" in the indictment. The group of investors led by Philip Aries, sometimes also known as the Aries Group or the Preserve Petrified Forest Land Investors ("PPFLI") Group is referred to as "Investment Group B" in the indictment.
[3]  While there are many reasons why Congress might choose-and why private parties and public entities might seekto effectuate particular land exchanges through direct legislation, the apparent reason direct legislation was sought in these two instances is because Congress, in legislating land exchanges, is not subject to these three requirements, and they are therefore less cumbersome than administrative exchanges. See Memorandum of Points and Authorities as Amicus Curiae of the Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group of the U.S. House of Representatives (Doc. No. 198, at 10).
[4]  The Court specifically left open for consideration the question whether a narrowly drawn statute passed by Congress in exercise of its legislative power to regulate the conduct of its members might draw in question the legislative acts of members of Congress or a Congressperson's motives for performing them. Johnson, 383 U.S. at 185, 86 S. Ct. 749.
[5]  Summarized in Brewster, at footnote 2: Kilbourn v. Thompson, 103 U.S. 168, 26 L. Ed. 377 (1881) (voting for a resolution); Tenney v. Brandhove, 341 U.S. 367, 71 S. Ct. 783, 95 L. Ed. 1019 (1951) (harassment of witness by state legislator during a legislative hearing; not a Speech or Debate Clause case); United States v. Johnson, 383 U.S. 169, 86 S. Ct. 749, 15 L. Ed. 2d 681 (1966) (making a speech on House floor); Dombrowski v. Eastland, 387 U.S. 82, 87 S. Ct. 1425, 18 L. Ed. 2d 577 (1967) (subpoenaing records for committee hearing); Powell v. McCormack, 395 U.S. 486, 89 S. Ct. 1944, 23 L. Ed. 2d 491 (1969), (voting for a resolution). In Coffin v. Coffin, 4 Mass. 1 (1808), the state equivalent of the Speech or Debate Clause was held to be inapplicable to a legislator who was acting outside of his official duties.
[6]  This is not to say that the Court does not envision that, during the course of performing a purely legislative act a Member might make a promise regarding a future legislative act which would thus be protected. The protection would not be as a result of the reference to the future legislative act, which would be irrelevant, but as a result of the reference being contained within a privileged performance of a legislative act.
[7]  The Court acknowledges that it does matter not for what purpose a legislative act is being introduced, as the privilege is absolute, and no purpose can render such evidence constitutional. The distinction, however, is that acts which are not purely legislative are privileged if they are introduced for the purpose of, or require that, an impermissible legislative act be drawn into question. Conversely, the same act may be introduced when the impermissible reference is not drawn. As example, simple, everyday acts, such as being raised in poverty, or struggling in a family without health insurance, or being the victim of crime, or serving in the military, in fact a lifetime of many such acts, arguably, may serve as motivating factors behind a multitude of Congressional acts, yet no court could maintain that these acts are immune from query unless impermissible inferences were being drawn therefrom.
[8]  The grand jury exhibits are found at Doc. No. 125, Sealed Exs. 28-64.