Court Opinion

ID: 9369555
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-02-09 08:11:15.589496+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:16:15.818630
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS
                                     EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                          EL PASO, TEXAS

    PUBLICACIONES E. IMPRESOS PASO §                                         No. 08-22-00044-CV
    DEL NORTE, S. DE R.L. DE C.V. AND
    PUBLICACIONES PASO DEL NORTE, §                                             Appeal from the
    S.A. DE C.V.,
                                      §                                   County Court at Law No. 3
                          Appellants,
                                      §                                    of El Paso County, Texas
    v.
                                      §                                     (TC# 2020-DCV-0919)
    JAVIER CORRAL JURADO,

                                    Appellee.

                                                OPINION

        This interlocutory appeal arises from a trial court’s denial of a special appearance. 1 The

underlying case involves Javier Corral Jurado’s (Corral’s) lawsuit against Publicaciones E.

Impresos Paso del Norte, S. de R.L. de C.V. (El Diario de Juarez), Paso del Norte Publishing, Inc.

(El Diario de El Paso), and Publicaciones Paso del Norte, S.A. de C.V. (Diario Digital). Corral

sued for defamation, libel, and slander arising from the publication in El Paso County of several

online and print newspaper articles related to his property and accusing him of criminal acts.

1
  This appeal is related to a mandamus proceeding also filed in this Court, case number 08-22-00099-CV, which
involves the trial court’s denial of a motion to dismiss for forum non conveniens. The cases share the same factual
and procedural background, as well as the same clerk’s record.
Appellants, El Diario de Juarez and Diario Digital, 2 filed a special appearance arguing the trial

court lacked personal jurisdiction over them. The trial court denied both special appearances. We

affirm the trial court’s order.

                                       Factual and Procedural Background

           Corral served as Governor of the State of Chihuahua, Mexico from 2016 through 2021. His

suit alleged the defendants initiated a campaign to defame, slander, and injure his reputation after

his administration refused an attempted extortion in exchange for publicity by Osvaldo Rodriguez

Borunda, an owner and director of the defendant companies. Corral claims beginning in September

2019, the defendants published a series of online and print articles falsely accusing him of allegedly

“invading” the property next to his home, claiming he did not legally purchase the property, and

stating purportedly official documents revealed he did not in fact own the property. In response,

Corral states he appeared on television to explain how he purchased the property legally, disclosing

the sellers’ identity and the purchase contract. However, he contends the defendants disregarded

this information and continued publishing articles accusing him of misdeeds surrounding the

property’s purchase and renovation. Before filing his lawsuit, Corral attempted to resolve the

issues with the defendants through the Texas Defamation Mitigation Act, see Texas Civil Practice

and Remedies Code Chapter 73, but the defendants refused to correct, clarify, or retract their

publications and instead continued to publish articles about the property.

           Corral contends he filed suit in Texas state court because: (1) he has no other available or

adequate forum; (2) the purportedly defamatory articles were published in El Paso County; and (3)

the court can exercise personal jurisdiction over all defendants. He further contends these

2
    El Diario de El Paso is not a party to this appeal.

                                                          2
publications subjected him to “public hatred, low approval ratings, contempt, ridicule, pecuniary

injury, and actual damages,” and damaged his reputation in the regional community of El Paso, in

which El Diario de El Paso and El Diario de Juarez have a circulation of over 20,000.

       El Diario de Juarez and Diario Digital filed special appearances making similar legal

arguments. The special appearances contend the trial court does not have jurisdiction over either

party because they are Mexican corporations, have their principal place of business in Mexico, are

not registered to do business in Texas, and conduct no business in Texas. El Diario de Juarez and

Diario Digital also state they do not maintain a place of business in Texas, nor do they have any

employees or agents within Texas. They allege neither corporation has continuous or systemic

contacts with the state of Texas, and Corral’s claims do not arise from any contacts between the

corporations and Texas, such that neither entity had any basis to reasonably anticipate being haled

into Texas court regarding Corral’s claims. El Diario de Juarez and Diario Digital further allege

Corral’s pleadings fail to state sufficient jurisdictional allegations to bring either corporation

within the Texas long-arm statute, do not plead sufficient minimum contacts with Texas, and do

not establish either corporation’s purposeful availment of the privilege of conducting business

activities in Texas.

       The parties engaged in jurisdictional discovery for over a year, during which the trial court

resolved related discovery disputes. Corral then responded to the special appearances, contending

evidence shows El Diario de Juarez and Diario Digital have an office in Texas; an El Paso phone

number; shareholders, officers, and directors residing in Texas; employed Texas residents; opened

a Texas bank account; newspaper subscribers in El Paso County; received payments from Texas

residents from the sale of newspapers in El Paso County; entered into contracts with Texas

residents or through El Diario de El Paso; sold, circulated, and distributed its newspaper for

                                                3
decades in El Paso County; published advertisements of Texas businesses and residents in its

newspapers targeted to Texas readers; filed and defended lawsuits in El Paso County; been

previously authorized to do business in Texas; and proclaimed themselves as “The” Spanish-

language newspaper in El Paso and a leader in journalism in Southwest Texas. 3

        El Diario de Juarez and Diario Digital filed a reply, in which they agreed El Diario de

Juarez (1) had shareholders, officers, and directors residing in Texas but contended this factor did

not support the exercise of personal jurisdiction, and (2) held one Texas bank account. However,

El Diario de Juarez took issue with Corral’s other jurisdictional allegations, contending since the

formation of El Diario de El Paso in 2005, El Diario de Juarez has not, among other things, held

an office in Texas, distributed its newspaper in El Paso, or filed or defended lawsuits in El Paso

County. El Diario de Juarez and Diario Digital also maintained their corporate structure did not

support Corral’s treatment of the two entities as one for jurisdictional-analysis purposes.

        The trial court held a two-day hearing on the special appearances and denied both. It then

entered sixty-six findings of fact and nineteen conclusions of law consistent with its judgment,

finding in part:

        •    Four shareholders of El Diario de Juarez are residents of El Paso County. Of
             those four shareholders, one is also a director and officer, and another is an
             officer and employee of El Diario de Juarez.

        •    The articles at issue in Corral’s suit were circulated, distributed, and sold in El
             Paso County, Texas, and if they are found to be false, would constitute a tort
             causing harm to Corral in Texas.

        •    In 1999, El Diario de Juarez changed its name and banner to only “El Diario”
             to “better serve the readers in the State of Chihuahua, Mexico and El Paso
             County, Texas.”

3
 In his response to the special appearances, Corral made the same arguments as to both El Diario de Juarez and Diario
Digital, a tactic he has since abandoned.

                                                         4
•   “El Diario de Juarez considers itself ‘The’ Spanish-language newspaper in El
    Paso County by having circulated thousands of daily copies with El Diario de
    El Paso for several years.”

•   El Diario de Juarez and Diario Digital have intentionally targeted residents of
    the state of Texas. As a way of doing so, El Diario de Juarez is circulated and
    distributed in El Paso County. El Diario de Juarez is sold collectively as one
    combined newspaper with El Diario de El Paso such that El Diario de Juarez
    reaches the same subscribers and readers of El Diario de El Paso in El Paso
    County.

•   El Diario de Juarez has an office in El Paso County, which it shares with El
    Diario de Juarez, as well as several El Paso telephone numbers.

•   The El Paso office acts as “an advertising agent” for El Diario de Juarez and
    “creates a regular channel of communication between El Paso residents and
    businesses who seek to publish advertisements or classified ads in El Diario de
    Juarez.”

•   Diario Digital refers online subscribers in El Paso County to El Diario de Juarez
    and allows El Paso residents to subscribe online to receive a copy of El Diario
    de Juarez in El Paso County.

•   El Diario de Juarez owns the domain name diariousa.com, which redirects to
    the domain name used by El Diario de El Paso and Diario Digital, and
    ElDiarioUSA.com, which includes links to El Diario de Juarez and El Diario
    de El Paso.

•   El Diario de Juarez also targets the El Paso market by publishing, circulating,
    and marketing the magazine ¡VAMOS!, which is included as an insert in El
    Diario de El Paso and El Diario de Juarez, in El Paso County. ¡VAMOS!
    regularly publishes advertisements of El Paso businesses and institutions, as
    well as concerts and social events occurring in El Paso County venues.

•   El Diario de Juarez and El Diario de El Paso executed a services agreement on
    January 1, 2018, which allows the two companies to contract on each other’s
    behalf for any “advertising, agreements, spots, panels, events, photos, inserts
    and any products that may be sold” by either newspaper, both online and in
    print.In its contracts with El Paso County businesses and institutions, El Diario
    de El Paso states it is doing business as El Diario de Juarez and Diario Digital
    in the state of Texas.

•   In consideration for the publication of advertisements of El Paso County
    business and institutions, El Diario de Juarez earns seventy percent of sales
    revenue, which it receives through deposits or transfers to its Texas bank
    account, and El Diario de El Paso earns the remaining thirty percent.

                                         5
        •    El Diario de Juarez and Diario Digital derive significant revenue through “the
             purposeful and intentional exploitation of the El Paso County market.”

        •    “El Diario de Juarez and Diario Digital have purposefully availed themselves
             of the laws, benefits, privileges, and protection of conducting activities in
             Texas, such that they could reasonably anticipate being haled into court in this
             State.”

        •    Accordingly, the court “has personal jurisdiction over El Diario de Juarez and
             Diario Digital because they have sufficient minimum contacts and have
             purposefully availed themselves of the laws, benefits, and privileges of the State
             of Texas.”El Diario de Juarez and Diario Digital “intentionally targeted the
             State of Texas with their publications; advertised established channels of
             regular communication to customers in the State of Texas; designed their
             products for the market in the State of Texas; established channels for providing
             advice, referrals, or communication to customers in the State of Texas; and
             marketed, circulated, and distributed their products through El Diario de El
             Paso, who agreed to serve as their agent in the State of Texas.”

        •    “The Court’s exercise of specific personal jurisdiction over El Diario de Juarez
             and Diario Digital will not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial
             justice.”

        This appeal followed. 4

                                             Standard of Review

        We review a trial court’s denial of a special appearance de novo. Fed. Corp., Inc. v.

Truhlar, 632 S.W.3d 697, 716 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2021, pet. denied). Whether a court has

personal jurisdiction over a defendant is legal question. BMC Software Belgium, N.V. v. Marchand,

83 S.W.3d 789, 794 (Tex. 2002). However, a trial court considering a jurisdictional challenge

“frequently must resolve questions of fact before deciding the jurisdiction question.” Id.

        When, as here, the trial court issues findings of fact and conclusions of law, an appellant

may challenge the findings of fact on legal- and factual-sufficiency grounds. Fed. Corp., 632

4
  El Diario de Juarez and Diario Digital filed a motion to dismiss for forum non conveniens, which the trial court
denied and is more fully detailed in the related mandamus proceeding before this Court, case number
08- 22- 00099- CV. El Diario de El Paso did not join that motion at the trial court level.

                                                        6
S.W.3d at 716. Under a factual-sufficiency challenge, we examine the entire record and consider

the evidence in favor of, and contrary to, the challenged finding; however, we may set aside a

finding only if that finding is so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be

clearly wrong or unjust. Id. (citing Cain v. Bain, 709 S.W.2d 175, 176 (Tex. 1986)). Under a legal-

sufficiency challenge, the record must contain more than a scintilla of evidence to support the

questioned finding; if it does, the no-evidence point fails. Id. at 716–17 (citing BMC Software, 83

S.W.3d at 795).

                                          Applicable Law

       “A court must have both subject matter jurisdiction over a case and personal jurisdiction

over the parties to issue a binding judgment.” Luciano v. SprayFoamPolymers.com, LLC, 625

S.W.3d 1, 7–8 (Tex. 2021). A Texas court may exercise personal jurisdiction over a nonresident

“when two criteria are satisfied: (1) the Texas long arm statute must grant jurisdiction; and (2) the

exercise of jurisdiction must comport with federal and state constitutional guarantees of due

process.” Searcy v. Parex Res., Inc., 496 S.W.3d 58, 66 (Tex. 2016) (citations omitted).

       “The plaintiff bears the initial burden of pleading sufficient allegations to bring a

nonresident defendant within the provisions of the long-arm statute.” BMC Software, 83 S.W.3d

at 793. This notice-pleading requirement is “minimal” and “can be satisfied with an allegation that

the nonresident defendant is doing business in Texas or committed tortious acts in Texas.”

Gaddy v. Fenenbock, 652 S.W.3d 860, 871 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2022, no pet.) (citation omitted).

Once the plaintiff meets this initial burden, the burden shifts to the nonresident defendant to negate

all jurisdictional bases alleged by the plaintiff, which he can do on either a factual or legal basis.

Kelly v. Gen. Interior Const., Inc., 301 S.W.3d 653, 658–59 (Tex. 2010).

                                                  7
        The Texas long-arm statute authorizes the exercise of jurisdiction over a nonresident

defendant doing business in Texas. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. §§ 17.041–.045. A

nonresident “does business in this state if the nonresident . . . contracts by mail or otherwise with

a Texas resident and either party is to perform the contract in whole or in part in this state . . . [or]

commits a tort in whole or in part in this state[.]” Id. § 17.042. The statute’s “broad doing-business

language allows [it] to reach as far as the federal constitutional requirements of due process will

allow.” Moki Mac River Expeditions v. Drugg, 221 S.W.3d 569, 575 (Tex. 2007) (internal

quotation marks omitted).

        The exercise of jurisdiction meets federal due-process standards “only if the defendant has

established ‘minimum contacts’ with the forum state such that maintenance of the suit does not

offend ‘traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.’” Luciano, 625 S.W.3d at 8 (quoting

Int’l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945)). “Courts analyze whether the due-process

standard is met from two perspectives: general jurisdiction and specific jurisdiction.” Southwire

Co., LLC v. Sparks, No. 02-21-00126-CV, 2021 WL 5368692, at *4 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Nov.

18, 2021, no pet.) (mem. op.) (citing Luciano, 625 S.W.3d at 8). “A court has general jurisdiction

over a nonresident defendant whose ‘affiliations with the State are so []continuous and systematic[]

as to render [it] essentially at home in the forum State.’” Luciano, 625 S.W.3d at 8 (quoting TV

Azteca v. Ruiz, 490 S.W.3d 29, 37 (Tex. 2016)). General jurisdiction “involves a court’s ability to

exercise jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant based on any claim, including claims unrelated

to the defendant’s contacts with the state.” M&F Worldwide Corp. v. Pepsi-Cola Metro. Bottling

Co. Inc., 512 S.W.3d 878, 885 (Tex. 2017). Most corporate defendants will be subject to general

                                                   8
jurisdiction only in its place of incorporation and principal place of business. 5 BNSF Ry. Co. v.

Tyrrell, 581 US 402, 413 (2017). However, “in exceptional cases, ‘a corporate defendant’s

operations in another forum may be so substantial and of such a nature as to render the corporation

at home in that State.’” PetroSaudi Oil Servs. Ltd. v. Hartley, 617 S.W.3d 116, 139

(Tex. App.— Houston [1st Dist.] 2020, no pet.) (quoting BNSF Ry. Co., 581 US at 413). The

general-jurisdiction inquiry requires a “more demanding minimum contacts analysis” with a

“substantially higher” threshold than that of a specific-jurisdiction inquiry. PHC-Minden, L.P. v.

Kimberly-Clark Corp., 235 S.W.3d 163, 168 (Tex. 2007) (citations omitted).

         “By contrast, specific jurisdiction ‘covers defendants less intimately connected with a

State, but only as to a narrower class of claims.’” M&F Worldwide, 512 S.W.3d at 885 (quoting

Ford Motor Co. v. Mont. Eighth Jud. Dist. Ct., 141 S. Ct. 1017, 1024 (2021)). “Specific jurisdiction

is not as exacting as general jurisdiction in that the contacts may be more sporadic or isolated so

long as the cause of action arises out of those contacts.” Gaddy, 652 S.W.3d at 871 (citing Spir

Star AG v. Kimich, 310 S.W.3d 868, 873 (Tex. 2010)). With specific jurisdiction, a minimum-

contacts showing requires two things: (1) that “the defendant purposefully avails itself of the

privilege of conducting activities in the forum state[;]” and (2) “the suit ‘arise[s] out of or relate[s]

to the defendant’s contacts with the forum[.]’” Luciano, 625 S.W.3d at 8–9.

         The first prong of the specific-jurisdiction inquiry is purposeful availment. Id. To

determine whether a nonresident defendant has purposefully availed himself of the privilege of

conducting activities in Texas, courts consider three factors. E.g., Old Republic Nat’l Title Ins. Co.

v. Bell, 549 S.W.3d 550, 559 (Tex. 2018). “First, it is only the defendant’s contacts with the forum

5
  A corporation’s “principal place of business” is where its officers direct, control, and coordinate the corporation’s
activities. Hertz Corp. v. Friend, 559 U.S. 77, 92–93 (2010).

                                                          9
that count: purposeful availment ‘ensures that a defendant will not be haled into a jurisdiction

solely as a result of . . . the ‘unilateral activity of another party or a third person.’” Michiana Easy

Livin’ Country, Inc. v. Holten, 168 S.W.3d 777, 785 (Tex. 2005) (quoting Burger King Corp. v.

Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 475 (1985)). Second, “the contacts relied upon must be purposeful rather

than random, fortuitous, or attenuated.” Moki Mac, 221 S.W.3d at 575. Nonresident defendants

“who ‘reach out beyond one state and create continuing relationships and obligations with citizens

of another state’ are subject to the jurisdiction of the latter in suits based on their activities.”

Michiana, 168 S.W.3d at 785 (quoting Burger King, 471 U.S. at 473). Third, “the defendant must

seek some benefit, advantage, or profit by ‘availing’ itself of the jurisdiction.” Moki Mac, 221

S.W.3d at 575. That is because “[j]urisdiction is premised on notions of implied consent—that by

invoking the benefits and protections of a forum’s laws, a nonresident consents to suit there.”

Michiana, 168 S.W.3d at 785 (citingWorld–Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286,

297 (1980)). “By contrast, a nonresident may purposefully avoid a particular jurisdiction by

structuring its transactions so as neither to profit from the forum’s laws nor be subject to its

jurisdiction.” Id. (citingBurgerKing, 471 U.S. at 473). “In conducting this analysis, we assess ‘the

quality and nature of the contacts, not the quantity.’” TV Azteca, 490 S.W.3d at 38 (quoting

Moncrief Oil Intern. Inc. v. OAO Gazprom, 414 S.W.3d 142, 151 (Tex. 2013)).

        The second prong of the specific-jurisdiction inquiry is relatedness. Even if courts find

purposeful availment, specific jurisdiction exists only “when the cause of action arises from or is

related to purposeful activities in the state.” Moncrief Oil, 414 S.W.3d at 150. For that reason,

courts analyze a nonresident defendant’s “jurisdictional contacts on a claim-by-claim basis” unless

                                                  10
“all claims arise from the same forum contacts.” 6 Id. at 150–51. The relatedness requirement “lies

at the heart of specific jurisdiction by defining the required nexus between the nonresident

defendant, the litigation, and the forum.” Moki Mac, 221 S.W.3d at 579.

                                                     Analysis

         On appeal, El Diario de Juarez and Diario Digital raise three issues, which can be restated

as a comprehensive challenge to the trial court’s conclusion that it may exercise personal

jurisdiction over each of them. In other words, El Diario de Juarez and Diario Digital contend the

trial court should not have denied their special appearances because they have no minimum

contacts with Texas, as they have not purposefully availed themselves of conducting business in

Texas, and the exercise of jurisdiction over them would not comport with traditional notions of

fair play and substantial justice. 7

         A. The trial court properly found El Diario de Juarez established minimum contacts
            with the State of Texas.

                  1. Corral pled sufficient jurisdictional allegations as to El Diario de Juarez.

         Because the burden in a special appearance begins with the plaintiff, we first look to

Corral’s jurisdictional allegations to determine whether he met the initial burden to bring El Diario

de Juarez within the reach of Texas’s long-arm statute. See BMC Software, 83 S.W.3d at 793. In

the live pleading, Corral alleges El Diario de Juarez does business in Texas, committed a tort in

Texas, and contracted with a Texas resident to perform a contract in whole or in part in Texas.

Specifically, Corral alleges El Diario de Juarez committed a tort in Texas by publishing,

6
 Here, Corral’s claims arise from the same set of forum contacts, so we need not assess El Diario de Juarez and Diario
Digital’s contacts on a claim-by-claim basis.
7
  El Diario de Juarez and Diario Digital make different arguments as to their purported lack of minimum contacts with
the state of Texas; however, they collectively argue the exercise of jurisdiction over them would offend traditional
notions of fair play and substantial justice. We therefore consider the minimum-contacts analysis separately for each
appellant and the fair-play-and-substantial-justice analysis collectively.

                                                         11
circulating, distributing, selling, republishing, and/or cross-referencing the purportedly defamatory

articles about him in El Paso County, from which his cause of action arises. Further, Corral states

El Diario de Juarez has entered into contracts with El Diario de El Paso, a Texas resident

corporation, to sell, circulate, distribute, and market El Diario de Juarez in El Paso County. Though

Corral admits El Diario de Juarez is a foreign corporation organized under the laws of Mexico, he

alleges its contacts with the state of Texas are “so continuous and systematic as to render it

essentially at home in this forum.”

       These jurisdictional allegations collectively satisfy the pleading requirements to bring El

Diario de Juarez within the reach of the Texas long-arm statute and shift the burden to El Diario

de Juarez to negate all possible bases for jurisdiction. See Kelly, 301 S.W.3d at 658.

               2. The trial court’s findings of fact as to El Diario de Juarez and the evidence in
                  this case

       As stated above, when a trial court makes findings of fact in a special appearance, we may

set aside a factual finding “only if the finding is so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the

evidence as to be clearly wrong or unjust.” Fed. Corp., 632 S.W.3d at 716 (citing Cain, 709 S.W.2d

at 176). A no-evidence challenge will be sustained only when: (1) the record reveals a complete

absence of evidence of a vital fact; (2) we are barred by rules of law or evidence from giving

weight to the only evidence offered to prove a vital fact; (3) the evidence offered to prove a vital

fact is no more than a scintilla; or (4) the evidence conclusively establishes the opposite of the vital

fact. City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 810 (Tex. 2005). We review the evidence in a light

most favorable to the challenged finding, crediting any favorable evidence so long as a reasonable

factfinder could do the same and disregarding any contrary evidence unless a reasonable

factfinding could not. Id. at 821–22, 827.

                                                  12
        El Diario de Juarez takes issue with several of the trial court’s findings of fact related to

the selling, marketing, circulation, distribution, promotion, and advertising of publications in El

Paso, whether it targeted Texas residents, and whether it does business in Texas. 8 While its

contentions may conflict with Corral’s allegations and the trial court’s findings of fact, “it was the

trial court’s function to weigh, accept, and disregard the evidence in arriving at its factual

findings.” Parex Res., Inc. v. ERG Res., LLC, 427 S.W.3d 407, 438 (Tex. App.—Houston

[14th Dist.] 2014), aff’d sub nom. Searcy v. Parex Res., Inc., 496 S.W.3d 58 (Tex. 2016). Mindful

of the no-evidence standard, we consider each contested finding of fact in turn:

        •    #8: El Diario de Juarez prints the El Diario de El Paso newspaper and receives
             financial compensation from El Diario de El Paso for those printing services.

        Record evidence supports this finding. Specifically, at the hearing on the special

appearance, Osvaldo Rodriguez-Jimenez, the vice president of El Diario de El Paso and

commercial director of El Diario de Juarez, testified on direct examination that “El Diario de El

Paso pays El Diario de Juarez to print the newspaper.”

        El Diario de Juarez’s no-evidence challenge as to finding of fact #8 fails.

        •    #9: El Diario de Juarez sells its newspaper to El Diario de El Paso for circulation
             and distribution to residents, businesses, and institutions in El Paso County,
             Texas.

        The record supports this finding. During Mr. Rodriguez-Jimenez’s cross-examination, he

testified El Diario de Juarez is sold and distributed in El Paso as an insert to El Diario de El Paso.

In his words, “[w]herever El Diaro de El Paso is sold and distributed, El Diario de Juarez is inside.”

In El Paso, the two publications are sold collectively as one newspaper. Though El Diario de Juarez

is not individually sold in El Paso, as it is in Ciudad Juarez, El Diario de El Paso pays El Diario

8
 Specifically, El Diario de Juarez challenges findings of fact 8, 9, 11, 18, 23–31, 36–39, 42, 43, 55, and 61–65. El
Diario de Juarez also challenges conclusions of law 13–17.

                                                        13
de Juarez for the publication, then circulates and distributes it as an insert within El Diario de El

Paso in El Paso County.

        El Diario de Juarez’s no-evidence challenge as to finding of fact #9 therefore fails.

        •   #11: A long-time resident of El Paso County, Mr. Rodriguez Borunda has
            historically had oversight and control of the journalistic output in all
            publications. He has previously acknowledged that the El Diario de Juarez
            newspaper has circulated in El Paso County, Texas.

        Record evidence supports part of this finding of fact. Mr. Rodriguez Borunda admits to

being an El Paso resident, though there is no record evidence detailing how long he has been one.

He also stated in an affidavit in unrelated past litigation that El Diario de Juarez is circulated in

Juarez and El Paso. One of the many exhibits admitted by the trial court in connection with the

special appearance hearing includes an article about the history of El Diario de Juarez, which states

“[u]nder the direction of Osvaldo Rodriguez Borunda, El Diario has become the newspaper with

the most circulation in the state of Chihuahua and the fourth most important in Mexico”; however,

we have not found nor has Corral pointed us to record evidence supporting the assertion Mr.

Rodriguez Borunda “has historically had oversight and control of the journalistic output in all

publications.”

        El Diario de Juarez’s no-evidence challenge as to finding of fact #11 thus succeeds in part

and fails in part.

        •   #18: The Publications were circulated, distributed, and sold in El Paso County,
            Texas, which, if false, constitute a tort that caused Corral to suffer harm in the
            State of Texas.

        Without engaging in the legal merits (i.e., whether the allegedly defamatory publications

constituted a tort that caused Corral to suffer harm in the state of Texas), this finding of fact is

supported by record evidence. On cross-examination at the special appearance hearing, Mr.

Rodriguez-Jimenez testified each article at issue in this suit reached El Paso readers.

                                                 14
       El Diario de Juarez’s no-evidence challenge as to finding of fact #18 fails.

       •   #23: In 1982, the El Diario de Juarez newspaper entered into the El Paso
           business community by opening a small sales and circulation office. Indeed, in
           its reply to the special appearance, El Diario de Juarez admitted that “PEI [El
           Diario de Juarez] sold its newspapers in El Paso and had a sales office and
           employees in order to accomplish that goal.”

       Record evidence supports this finding of fact. An exhibit admitted as part of the special

appearance hearing describing the history of El Diario substantiates the first sentence. The second

sentence is an accurate quotation from El Diario de Juarez’s reply in support of its special

appearance, though it relates specifically to the timeframe before April 2005, when El Diario de

El Paso was formed.

       El Diario de Juarez’s no-evidence challenge as to finding of fact #23 fails.

       •   #24: In 1999, the El Diario de Juarez newspaper changed its name and banner
           to only “El Diario” to better serve the readers in the State of Chihuahua, Mexico
           and El Paso County, Texas.

       Record evidence supports this finding of fact, namely an exhibit admitted as part of the

special appearance hearing describing the history of El Diario.

       El Diario de Juarez’s no-evidence challenge as to finding of fact #24 fails.

       •   #25: El Diario de Juarez considers itself as “The” Spanish-language newspaper
           in El Paso County by having circulated thousands of daily copies with El Diario
           de El Paso for several years.

       Record evidence supports this finding of fact, namely an exhibit admitted as part of the

special appearance hearing describing the history of El Diario.

       El Diario de Juarez’s no-evidence challenge as to finding of fact #25 fails.

       •   #26: El Diario de Juarez is a self-proclaimed leader in journalism in Southwest
           Texas with newspapers widely circulated in El Paso County, Texas.

       Record evidence supports this finding of fact, namely an exhibit admitted as part of the

special appearance hearing describing the founding of El Diario.

                                                15
       El Diario de Juarez’s no-evidence challenge as to finding of fact #26 fails.

       •   #27: El Diario de Juarez and Diario Digital design their print and online
           newspapers for the market in El Paso County, Texas.

       Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the challenged finding, as we must, we

conclude there is sufficient record evidence to enable a reasonable factfinder to reach this

conclusion. During the two-day hearing on the special appearances, the trial court heard testimony

from Mr. Rodriguez-Jimenez, in which he described El Diario de Juarez’s practices for selling

advertising and classified ads. Mr. Rodriguez-Jimenez testified that El Diario de Juarez regularly

publishes advertisements and classified ads placed by El Paso-based businesses and individuals,

and exhibits admitted at the hearing reflect payments to El Diario de Juarez by El Pasoans for the

same. Further, exhibits show El Diario de Juarez publishes articles and advertisements about

newsworthy events in El Paso. Record evidence, including Mr. Rodriguez-Jimenez’s testimony,

also supports the finding that these advertisements, classified ads, and articles are published

electronically by Diario Digital.

       In sum, the trial court could have come to this conclusion based on the collective evidence

and testimony presented. We find the trial court’s finding of fact #27 is not so contrary to the

overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong or unjust, and El Diario de Juarez’s

no-evidence challenge as to finding of fact #27 therefore fails.

       •   #28: El Diario de Juarez, El Diario de El Paso, and Diario Digital strategically
           target Spanish speakers and Mexican nationals who reside in El Paso County,
           Texas and have a deep-rooted interest in the political, cultural, and social affairs
           in Chihuahua, Mexico.

       To the extent this finding of fact overlaps with finding of fact #27, we find sufficient record

evidence supports this finding. However, there is no record evidence to support the finding as it

relates to “Spanish speakers and Mexican nationals who reside in El Paso County, Texas and have

                                                 16
a deep-rooted interest in the political, cultural, and social affairs in Chihuahua, Mexico.” That

language is pulled directly from Corral’s pleadings, and Corral has not pointed us to, nor have we

found, record evidence that otherwise supports this finding. 9

         El Diario de Juarez’s no-evidence challenge as to finding of fact #28 succeeds in part.

         •   #29: El Diario de Juarez and Diario Digital have intentionally targeted residents
             of the State of Texas. Most of the El Paso residents targeted by El Diario de
             Juarez and Diario Digital are Hispanic, Mexican nationals, or have U.S.-
             Mexican dual citizenship who vote in Mexican elections.

         Again, to the extent this finding of fact overlaps with finding of fact #27, we find sufficient

record evidence supports this finding. However, there is no record evidence to support the second

sentence of this finding, i.e., “Most of the El Paso residents targeted by El Diario de Juarez and

Diario Digital are Hispanic, Mexican nationals, or have U.S.-Mexican dual citizenship who vote

in Mexican elections.” That language is also pulled from Corral’s pleadings, and Corral has not

pointed us to, nor have we found, record evidence that otherwise supports this finding.

         El Diario de Juarez’s no-evidence challenge as to finding of fact #29 succeeds in part.

         •   #30: As a way of purposefully and intentionally targeting residents of El Paso
             County, Texas, El Diario de Juarez is circulated and distributed in El Paso
             County, Texas.

         Record evidence supports part of this finding of fact—that El Diario de Juarez is circulated

and distributed in El Paso County—for the same reasons described in finding of fact #9.

9
  One of Corral’s exhibits admitted by the trial court is a screenshot from a diariousa.com website that describes the
circulation of El Diario de El Paso, El Diario de Juarez, and El Diario de Chihuahua. As to El Diario de El Paso, it
states it “[c]irculates 20,466 daily copies and 21,362 [S]unday copies (100,000 readers) throughout El Paso to reach
Mexican nationals and Hispanics living in El Paso.” As to El Diario de Juarez, it states it “[c]irculates in Ciudad
Juarez, Nuevo Casas Grandes . . ., El Paso, Texas, and Las Cruces, New Mexico,” and has a circulation of “70,296
daily copies and 76,277 on Sundays.” However, this evidence, without more, does not substantiate the finding of fact
as written.

                                                         17
       Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the challenged finding, we conclude there

is sufficient record evidence to enable a reasonable factfinder to reach the conclusion that El Diario

de Juarez circulates and distributes its newspaper in El Paso County as a way of purposefully and

intentionally targeting El Paso residents. The record contains evidence of El Diario de Juarez’s

sales revenue and circulation data. In combination with the record evidence which supports finding

of fact #27, we conclude the trial court could have come to this conclusion based on the collective

evidence and testimony presented. We thus find the trial court’s finding of fact #30 is not so

contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong or unjust, and El Diario

de Juarez’s no-evidence challenge as to finding of fact #30 therefore fails.

       •   #31: For one U.S. dollar, El Paso residents can purchase El Diario de El Paso
           and El Diario de Juarez newspapers, which are collectively circulated,
           distributed, and sold as one newspaper.

       The record supports this finding for the same reasons described in finding of fact #9. El

Diario de Juarez’s no-evidence challenge as to finding of fact #31 fails.

       •   #36: Because they are circulated, distributed, and sold as one collective
           newspaper, the daily joint circulation of El Diario de Juarez and El Diario de El
           Paso in El Paso County is 20,899 Monday through Saturday and 24,567 on
           Sundays, which translates to about one million newspaper copies sold per year
           in El Paso County, Texas.

       Record evidence supports this finding, namely a May 2021 letter from Mr. Rodriguez

Borunda admitted as a special appearance hearing exhibit. El Diario de Juarez’s no-evidence

challenge as to finding of fact #36 fails.

       •   #37: El Diario de Juarez has an office in El Paso County, Texas, which it shares
           with El Diario de El Paso.

       The parties still dispute whether El Diario de Juarez currently has an office in El Paso or

whether it had an El Paso office solely before April 2005. However, more than a mere scintilla of

record evidence supports this finding of fact. Corral introduced into evidence an excerpt from El

                                                 18
Diario de Juarez stating, next to its logo, it has “Offices in El Paso, Tx.” at “1801 Texas [Ave.,]”

with zip code 79901, and listing phone numbers with El Paso area codes for reception, advertising,

and the editorial office. Corral also introduced an excerpt from El Diario de Juarez’s classified

section stating its address in El Paso is “1801 Texas Ave. El Paso, Tx. 79901,” which Mr.

Rodriguez-Jimenez affirmed at the special appearance hearing.

       Accordingly, we find the evidence legally and factually sufficient to support finding of fact

#37.

       •   #38: As published in its own newspaper, El Diario de Juarez notes that it has an
           office at 1801 Texas Avenue in El Paso County and has several telephone
           numbers for its receptionist, newspaper editorial staff, and advertising
           department with a 915 area code, which is an area code assigned to El Paso
           County, Texas.

       The record supports this finding for the same reasons described in finding of fact #37. El

Diario de Juarez’s no-evidence challenge as to finding of fact #38 fails.

       •   #39: The El Paso office acts as an advertising agent for El Diario de Juarez. It
           creates a regular channel of communication between El Paso residents and
           businesses who seek to publish advertisements or classified ads in El Diario de
           Juarez.

       Record evidence supports this finding, as the trial court admitted into evidence a service

agreement between El Diario de El Paso and El Diario de Juarez. The agreement provides El Diario

de El Paso and El Diario de Juarez can contract on each other’s behalf for “advertising agreements,

spots, panels, events, photos, inserts and any products that may be sold” by either entity. Mr.

Rodriguez-Jimenez also agreed at the special appearance hearing that El Diario de El Paso serves

as an agent on behalf of El Diario de Juarez to sign contracts in the state of Texas.

       Further, Mr. Rodriguez-Jimenez testified to the process by which El Paso residents and

business can have an advertisement or classified ad published in El Diario de Juarez. He stated any

                                                 19
El Paso entity or individual interested in advertising in El Diario de Juarez can contact an El Paso

sales agent from El Diario de El Paso to arrange for an ad to be printed in El Diario de Juarez.

       Accordingly, we find the evidence legally and factually sufficient to support finding of fact

#39.

       •   #42: El Diario de Juarez and Diario Digital publish the classified ads of El Paso
           residents and businesses.

       Mr. Rodriguez-Jimenez’s testimony during cross-examination at the special appearance

hearing acknowledges this assertion and supports this finding. El Diario de Juarez’s no-evidence

challenge as to finding of fact #42 fails.

       •   #43: El Diario de Juarez and Diario Digital publish advertisements of El Paso
           businesses and institutions.

       The record supports this finding, namely Mr. Rodriguez-Jimenez’s testimony during cross-

examination. El Diario de Juarez’s no-evidence challenge as to finding of fact #43 fails.

       •   #55: The El Diario de Juarez and El Diario de El Paso newspapers are jointly
           sold, circulated, and distributed in Texas. They contract for each other in Texas,
           share and publish the same news articles, advertisements, and classified ads,
           use the same logos, the same names, and market themselves online and on
           newstands as just one newspaper.

       The record supports the first sentence of this finding for the same reasons described in

finding of fact #9. Record evidence also supports the second sentence, as the service agreement

between El Diario de El Paso and El Diario de Juarez provides El Diario de El Paso and El Diario

de Juarez can contract on each other’s behalf for “advertising agreements, spots, panels, events,

photos, inserts and any products that may be sold” by either entity. Further, at the special

appearance hearing, Mr. Rodriguez-Jimenez testified El Diario de El Paso and El Diario de Juarez

reference, cross-publish, and republish articles originally published by the other entity.

       El Diario de Juarez’s no-evidence challenge as to finding of fact #55 thus fails.

                                                 20
        •    #61: Diario Digital has filed and defended defamation lawsuits in El Paso
             County, Texas, namely Publicaciones Paso del Norte, SA. de C.V. v. Belo Corp.
             et al., Cause No. 2004-4750, County Court at Law Number Six, El Paso County,
             Texas; and Christopher Houseman v. Publicaciones Paso del Norte, Cause No.
             2004-5050, 327th District Court, El Paso County, Texas.

        The record supports this finding. The trial court admitted as exhibits to the special

appearance hearing pleadings, related affidavits, and other filings in both unrelated lawsuits.

        El Diario de Juarez’s no-evidence challenge as to finding of fact #61 fails.

        •    #62: In those lawsuits, Diario Digital admitted that the El Diario de Juarez
             newspaper is distributed and circulated in El Paso County, Texas and described
             its deliberate efforts to expand its presence in El Paso County, Texas.

        Record evidence supports part of this finding of fact. Mr. Rodriguez Borunda testified in

affidavits as part of this unrelated litigation that “El Diario de Juarez . . . is circulated in Juarez and

El Paso” and “El Diario has made efforts to significantly expand its presence in the city of El

Paso[.]” However, Mr. Rodriguez Borunda’s testimony was on behalf of El Diario de Juarez, not

Diario Digital, so that part of this finding of fact was erroneous.

        El Diario de Juarez’s no-evidence challenge as to finding of fact #62 succeeds in part and

fails in part.

        •    #63: El Diario de Juarez and Diario Digital have published advertisements and
             classified ads for Texas business and residents with the deliberate goal of
             targeting Texas consumers and readers. El Diario de Juarez and Diario Digital
             have made substantial efforts, whether on their own or through El Diario de El
             Paso, to market, distribute, circulate, and sell their products and increase their
             popularity in Texas lending support that El Diario de Juarez and Diario Digital
             continuously and deliberately exploit the Texas market.

        As described above, Mr. Rodriguez-Jimenez’s testimony during cross-examination at the

special appearance hearing acknowledges El Diario de Juarez and Diario Digital publish

advertisements and classified ads for Texas businesses and residents. Record evidence also

                                                    21
supports the finding that El Diario de Juarez distributes, circulates, and sells its newspaper in Texas

for the same reasons described in finding of fact #9.

        Given the collective evidence and testimony presented, it was not unreasonable for the trial

court to conclude El Diario de Juarez and Diario Digital’s goal or purpose in doing so is to target

the El Paso County market. Accordingly, we find the trial court’s finding of fact #63 is not contrary

to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong or unjust, and El Diario de

Juarez’s no-evidence challenge fails.

        •   #64: Through the purposeful and intentional exploitation of the El Paso County
            market, El Diario de Juarez and Diario Digital have derived significant revenue
            through the years.

        The record supports the finding that El Diario de Juarez and Diario Digital have derived

significant revenue through the years. In support of his response to the special appearances, Corral

submitted exhibits reflecting El Diario de Juarez and Diario Digital’s sales revenue over a period

of several years. Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the challenged finding, we

conclude there is sufficient record evidence to enable a reasonable factfinder to reach the

conclusion that El Diario de Juarez and Diario Digital derived this revenue, at least in part, through

exploitation of the El Paso County market.

        We find the trial court’s finding of fact #64 is not so contrary to the overwhelming weight

of the evidence as to be clearly wrong or unjust; thus, El Diario de Juarez’s no-evidence challenge

to finding of fact #64 fails.

        •   #65: El Diario de Juarez and Diario Digital have purposefully availed
            themselves of the laws, benefits, privileges, and protection of conducting
            activities in Texas, such that they could reasonably anticipate being haled into
            court in this State.

                                                  22
         This finding of fact is better characterized as a conclusion of law, so we consider it below

de novo to determine its correctness as applied to the facts. See Perry Homes v. Cull, 258 S.W.3d

580, 598 (Tex. 2008).

         Having resolved El Diario de Juarez’s legal-and factual-sufficiency challenges, we now

turn to whether—based on the findings of fact—the trial court properly found it could exercise

jurisdiction over El Diario de Juarez.

                3. Specific jurisdiction

         El Diario de Juarez contends it is not subject to specific jurisdiction in this case because

none of its conduct related to Corral’s claims took place in Texas; it argues the allegedly

defamatory articles were researched, written, edited, printed, and published in Mexico by

journalists residing in Mexico about the Governor of a Mexican state and targeted to Mexican

readers.

         Corral counters specific jurisdiction is proper because El Diario de Juarez widely circulated

the allegedly defamatory articles in El Paso, and through its newspaper’s circulation, distribution,

sales, and advertisements, El Diario de Juarez purposefully availed itself of the benefits of

conducting activities in Texas such that it could reasonably anticipated being haled into Texas state

court.

                                i. Purposeful availment

         Under the first prong of the specific-jurisdiction inquiry, we consider whether El Diario de

Juarez, as a nonresident defendant, purposefully availed itself of the privilege of conducting

activities in Texas. See Old Republic, 549 S.W.3d at 559. We look to El Diario de Juarez’s contacts

with Texas, determining whether its contacts are purposeful, rather than random, fortuitous, or

                                                  23
attenuated, and whether El Diario de Juarez sought a benefit, advantage, or profit by availing itself

of the jurisdiction. Moki Mac, 221 S.W.3d at 575.

        El Diario de Juarez argues since the creation of El Diario de El Paso in April 2005, it has

not sold, circulated, or distributed its newspaper in El Paso, nor has it targeted Texas residents or

maintained a physical presence in Texas, such that the purposeful-availment requirement is

therefore absent. But the dispute as to whether El Diario de Juarez is sold, circulated, or distributed

in El Paso and maintains a physical presence in Texas is resolved; El Diario de Juarez’s legal- and

factual-sufficiency challenges to the trial court’s findings of fact concluding the same fail for the

reasons described above. Because we find that the trial court’s findings of fact are not “so contrary

to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong or unjust[,]” we rely on those

findings for jurisdictional-analysis purposes. Fed. Corp., 632 S.W.3d at 716 (citing Cain, 709

S.W.2d at 176). That means we defer to the trial court’s finding of fact that El Diario de Juarez has

an office in El Paso County, as well as Texas-based employees and Texas-resident shareholders,

directors, and officers.

        Further, we assess a defendant’s contacts “over a reasonable number of years, up to the

date suit is filed,” including its contacts at the time the cause of action arose. PHC-Minden, 235

S.W.3d at 170 (discussing timing of jurisdictional contacts in a general-jurisdiction inquiry).

Accordingly, El Diario de Juarez’s pre-April 2005 contacts with Texas are not necessarily

irrelevant; however, we afford them less weight than its more recent contacts in the intervening

years, including those existing when the articles were published.

        TV Azteca is our most instructive guiding precedent, as it addresses specific jurisdiction in

the context of defamation claims asserted against a media company. 490 S.W.3d 29. In that case,

the Texas Supreme Court considered an interlocutory appeal following the denial of special

                                                  24
appearances in a case brought by Texas residents contending the Mexican-citizen television-

broadcaster defendants defamed them in television programs that originated in Mexico but reached

parts of Texas. Id. at 35. The Court concluded the allegations and evidence that the broadcasters

“directed a tort” at the plaintiffs in Texas, broadcast allegedly defamatory statements in Texas, and

knew the statements would be broadcast in Texas were not enough to establish purposeful

availment; however, the evidence supporting the allegation that the broadcasters intentionally

target Texas through the broadcasts was. Id. at 43. Analogizing to the stream-of-commerce

personal jurisdiction cases, the Court reasoned the broadcasters’ mere knowledge that its programs

would be received in Texas was insufficient to establish purposeful availment; instead, it required

evidence of “additional conduct” to establish the broadcaster had an intent or purpose to serve the

Texas market. Id. at 46–47. The TV Azteca plaintiffs met the “additional conduct” requirement by

establishing the broadcasters targeted Texas by “continuously and deliberately exploit[ing]” the

Texas market. Id. at 47. Specifically, the plaintiffs submitted evidence showing the broadcasters

“made substantial and successful efforts to benefit from the fact that the signals travel into Texas,

as well as additional efforts to promote their broadcasts and expand their Texas audience.” Id. at

49. The evidence established the broadcasters: (1) physically entered Texas to produce and

promote their broadcasts; (2) derived “substantial revenue and other benefits” through selling

advertisements to Texas businesses; and (3) took “substantial and successful efforts” to distribute

programming and increase popularity in Texas, including the programs in which the allegedly

defamatory statements were made. Id. at 49–50. Collectively, the Court found the broadcasters’

contact with Texas supported the trial court’s finding that the broadcasters “continuously and

deliberately exploited the [Texas] market.” Id. at 52 (quoting Keeton v. Hustler Magazine, Inc.,

465 U.S. 770, 781 (1984)).

                                                 25
         Here, El Diario de Juarez’s additional conduct in Texas is even less tenuous than that of

the TV Azteca broadcasters. Though El Diario de Juarez is also a Mexican corporation, it has at

least one employee in Texas, as well as Texas-resident officers, shareholders, and directors, and a

Texas office, phone number, and bank account—none of which the broadcaster defendant in TV

Azteca had. Further, El Diario de Juarez regularly publishes advertisements of El Paso businesses

and classified ads on behalf of El Paso residents, for which it receives seventy percent of sales

revenue, and it publishes newsworthy articles about events in El Paso. El Diario de Juarez also has

been a party to a lawsuit in Texas. 10 And, importantly, El Diario de Juarez entered a services

agreement with El Diario de El Paso, such that the two companies can contract on each other’s

behalf for any “advertising, agreements, spots, panels, events, photos, inserts and any products that

may be sold” by either newspaper, both online and in print. Indeed, at the special appearance

hearing, Mr. Rodriguez-Jimenez agreed El Diario de El Paso has the ability to sign contracts as an

agent on behalf of El Diario de Juarez in Texas, as well as the authority to act as its advertising

agency in El Paso. 11 The trial court admitted evidence reflecting payments from El Paso residents

and businesses to El Diario de Juarez for advertisements or classified ads placed in its newspaper,

as well as agreements between El Paso entities and El Diario de El Paso or Diario Digital for

10
   We are mindful of the fact that both lawsuits reflected in the record were brought before the creation of El Diario
de El Paso in April 2005, and we give these contacts less weight, as it is the “quality and nature of the contacts, not
the quantity” that matter in a purposeful-availment context. Moncrief Oil, 414 S.W.3d at 151.
11
   The unilateral activity of a third party who has some relationship with the nonresident defendant cannot provide the
basis for jurisdiction. Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235, 253 (1958). However, when an agency relationship between
a nonresident defendant and a forum-state resident exists, the Texas contacts of the agent may be attributed to its
nonresident principal for jurisdictional-analysis purposes. See Huynh v. Nguyen, 180 S.W.3d 608, 620
(Tex. App.— Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.) (finding minimum contacts for nonresident defendant based on
agent’s contacts with the forum state in specific jurisdiction context); Walker Ins. Servs. v. Bottle Rock Power Corp.,
108 S.W.3d 538, 553–54 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, no pet.) (same). Given the agency relationship
between the two newspapers, the contracts El Diario de El Paso entered with Texas residents on El Diario de Juarez’s
behalf for advertising space in its newspaper, and the fact that El Diario de Juarez financially benefits from these
arrangements, we conclude El Diario de El Paso’s contacts with Texas residents may be considered in the minimum
contacts analysis for El Diario de Juarez and support the exercise of jurisdiction.

                                                         26
advertising placements in El Diario de Juarez. In other words, the record reflects El Diario de El

Paso, apparently acting under its authority to contract on behalf of El Diario de Juarez, indeed has

entered into contracts with El Pasoans on El Diario de Juarez’s behalf and to its benefit.

Collectively, we conclude this “additional conduct” demonstrates El Diario de Juarez’s “intent or

purpose to serve the market in the forum State.” TV Azteca, 490 S.W.3d at 46. El Diario de Juarez’s

collective actions amount to more than “mere knowledge” that its publications will be circulated

in El Paso County and demonstrate El Diario de Juarez “‘continuously and deliberately exploited’

the Texas market.” Id. (quoting Keeton, 465 U.S. at 781).

        El Diario de Juarez emphasizes it does not physically transport its publication to Texas or

distribute it in El Paso County; instead, it sells the publication to El Diario de El Paso, which picks

up the publication in Ciudad Juarez before bringing it back to El Paso for circulation and

distribution. “To be sure, courts may lack specific jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant who

made no independent efforts to purposefully avail itself of Texas and merely contracted with a

third party who did.” Id. at 51. However, “a defendant who ‘intentionally targets Texas as the

marketplace for its products’ is subject to specific jurisdiction, and ‘using a distributor-

intermediary for that purpose provides no haven from the jurisdiction of a Texas court.’” Id.

(quoting Spir Star, 310 S.W.3d at 871). In this case, the record demonstrates El Diario de Juarez

made efforts to benefit from the fact that its publications are sold and circulated in Texas: It derived

substantial revenue from advertising and sales over a years-long period—including after El Diario

de El Paso’s creation in April 2005—and entered into a services agreement with El Diario de El

Paso to contract on its behalf in Texas. We conclude the evidence supports a finding that El Diario

de Juarez made substantial and successful efforts to distribute its publication in Texas—and

                                                  27
financially benefit from that fact—not just that it contracted with another corporation that has

contacts with Texas.

         Finally, El Diario de Juarez maintains TV Azteca is inapposite because its articles targeted

a Mexican audience and any alleged harm took place in Mexico, where Corral resided and was

Governor. 12 As discussed above, we resolved the challenged finding of fact concluding El Diario

de Juarez designs its newspapers for the market in El Paso County. We agree the mere fact that El

Diario de Juarez allegedly directed defamatory statements at Corral, who claims he was harmed in

Texas, without more, does not establish grounds to exercise specific jurisdiction over El Diario in

Juarez; it is, however, relevant “to the extent that it shows that the forum state was ‘the focus of

the activities of the defendant.’” Id. at 43 (quoting Keeton, 465 U.S. at 780).

         In sum, the quality and nature of El Diario de Juarez’s contacts detailed in record

evidence—including after the creation of El Diario de El Paso in April 2005—is enough to create

a substantial connection with Texas. We thus conclude the evidence supports the trial court’s

finding that El Diario de Juarez purposefully availed itself of the benefits of conducting activities

in Texas such that it “could reasonably anticipate being haled into court there.” Moncrief Oil, 414

S.W.3d at 152.

                                    ii. Relatedness

         Under the second prong of the specific-jurisdiction inquiry, we determine whether Corral’s

claim “arises from or is related to” El Diario de Juarez’s purposeful activities in Texas. Id. at 150.

This standard does not require proof that Corral would have no claim “but for” El Diario de

Juarez’s forum contacts or that its forum contacts were a proximate cause of his injuries; instead,

12
  At the special appearance hearing, Corral testified he is a dual citizen of the United States and Mexico but lived in
Juarez during his term as Governor when the articles at issue were published.

                                                         28
we ask what Corral’s claims are principally concerned with, whether El Diario de Juarez’s forum

contacts will be the focus of the trial, and whether the contacts are related to the operative facts of

Corral’s claims. TV Azteca, 490 S.W.3d at 52–53 (internal quotations and citations omitted).

        El Diario de Juarez contends Corral’s claims do not arise from or relate to its contacts with

Texas (which it disputes exist in the first place) because, it argues, this case concerns articles about

property and transactions in Mexico, and its journalists who wrote the articles, as well as the

essential witnesses they relied upon in their reporting, are Mexican residents. It also contends the

articles were printed in Juarez, not Texas.

        The Texas Supreme Court has distinguished between “additional conduct”—the intent or

purpose to serve the market in the forum state—and “actionable conduct”—the conduct “from

which the claim arose” and which forms the basis of liability. Luciano, 625 S.W.3d at 18 (citing

TV Azteca, 490 S.W.3d at 47, 53). So long as the actionable conduct occurred in Texas, a reviewing

court need not determine whether the claims arose from the nonresident defendant’s additional

conduct in Texas. Id. (citing TV Azteca, 490 S.W.3d at 54–55; cf. Moki Mac, 221 S.W.3d at 588

(finding no relatedness when alleged harm occurred outside forum state and relationship between

operative facts of litigation and defendant’s forum contacts were “too attenuated”). In other words,

the additional conduct requirement serves “merely to ensure that the nonresident defendant has

purposefully targeted the Texas market,” but if the actionable conduct occurs in Texas, there is no

requirement the lawsuit must arise directly from the nonresident defendant’s additional conduct.

Luciano, 625 S.W.3d at 18 (citing TV Azteca, 490 S.W.3d at 54–55). To require otherwise—i.e.,

to require a direct causal connection between a nonresident defendant’s additional conduct and a

lawsuit in which the actionable conduct occurred in Texas—would apply “too exacting a standard,

                                                  29
one that the [United States] Supreme Court in Ford Motor Co. reiterated is not required to pass

constitutional muster.” Id. (citing Ford Motor, 141 S. Ct. at 1026).

       El Diario de Juarez’s additional conduct in Texas, described above—including selling its

publications to El Diario de El Paso for circulation in Texas, advertising, and services agreement

with El Diario de El Paso—establishes that El Diario de Juarez purposefully targeted the Texas

market. El Diario de Juarez’s actionable conduct involves allegedly causing injury through the

publication of the defamatory articles. Like the TV Azteca broadcasts, El Diario de Juarez’s articles

may have originated in Mexico, but they were circulated, sold, and allegedly caused harm in Texas.

See TV Azteca, 490 S.W.3d at 54. Because the actionable conduct at issue here occurred in Texas,

we do not need to determine whether Corral’s claims arise from El Diario de Juarez’s additional

conduct in Texas, and the relatedness requirement is satisfied. See Luciano, 625 S.W.3d at 18.

       We conclude the evidence supports the trial court’s conclusion El Diario de Juarez has

sufficient minimum contacts with Texas to support specific jurisdiction. Because exercising

specific jurisdiction over El Diario de Juarez in this case is appropriate, we do not address whether

general jurisdiction applies.

       B. The trial court properly found Diario Digital established minimum contacts with
          Texas.

               1. Corral pled sufficient jurisdictional allegations as to Diario Digital.

       In the live pleading, Corral alleges Diario Digital does business in Texas, committed a tort

in Texas, and contracted with a Texas resident to perform a contract in whole or in part in Texas.

Specifically, Corral alleges Diario Digital, like El Diario de Juarez, committed a tort in Texas by

publishing, circulating, distributing, selling, republishing, and/or cross-referencing the purportedly

defamatory articles about him in El Paso County, from which his cause of action arises. Corral

contends Diario Digital is not a passive website but instead advertises El Diario de Juarez and El

                                                 30
Diario de El Paso subscriptions for delivery to El Paso residents. Further, Corral alleges Diario

Digital allows El Paso residents to enter into subscription agreements.

         These jurisdictional allegations collectively satisfy the pleading requirements to bring

Diario Digital within the reach of the Texas long-arm statute and shift the burden to Diario Digital

to negate all possible bases for jurisdiction. See Kelly, 301 S.W.3d at 658.

                  2. The trial court’s findings of fact as to Diario Digital and the evidence in this
                     case

         Like El Diario de Juarez, Diario Digital challenges several of the trial court’s findings of

fact related to its website. 13 As above, we consider each additional challenged finding for legal

and factual sufficiency, applying the requisite no-evidence standard of review.

         •   #40: El Diario de Juarez and Diario Digital design their print and online
             newspapers for the El Paso market.

         This finding of fact is duplicative of finding #27. Diario Digital’s no-evidence challenge

fails for the same reason as finding of fact #27.

         •   #41: El Diario de Juarez and Diario Digital publish an El Paso section, which
             includes newsworthy events in El Paso.

         Record evidence supports this finding of fact. Mr. Rodriguez-Jimenez’s affidavit appended

to El Diario de Juarez’s special appearance states after El Diario de El Paso purchases and picks

up El Diario de Juarez, it “adds its own El Paso section.” Corral also submitted as evidence exhibits

of several diario.mx screenshots, which include a link to an “El Paso” tab.

         Diario Digital’s no-evidence challenge as to finding of fact #41 thus fails.

         •   #44: Acting as an advertising agent, Diario Digital refers online subscribers in
             El Paso County to El Diario de Juarez as another regular channel of
             communication with El Paso residents over its products. El Diario de Juarez has

13
  Specifically, Diario Digital challenges findings of fact 27, 29, 40–47, 49, 51, 56, and 63–65. Because several of its
challenged findings overlap with El Diario de Juarez’s, we review only the additional challenged findings of fact here.

                                                         31
            routinely used Diario Digital for this purpose since El Diario de Juarez was
            formed.

       There is record evidence to support the first sentence of this finding of fact for the same

reasons as described below in challenged finding of fact #46. However, we have not found, nor

has Corral pointed us to, any record evidence supporting the assertion that “El Diario de Juarez

has routinely used Diario Digital for this purpose since El Diario de Juarez was formed.”

Accordingly, Diario Digital’s no-evidence challenge as to finding of fact #44 fails in part and

succeeds in part.

       •    #45: The intention of El Diario de Juarez is to attract El Paso County readers
            through Diario Digital.

       Record evidence supports this finding of fact. At the special appearance hearing, Mr.

Rodriguez-Jimenez affirmed that “the intent of El Diario de El Paso and El Diario de Juarez

through Diario Digital is to attract El Paso readers.”

       Diario Digital’s no-evidence challenge as to finding of fact #45 fails.

       •    #46: Through Diario Digital, El Diario de Juarez allows El Paso County
            residents to interact and subscribe online to receive a hard copy of the El Diario
            de Juarez newspaper in El Paso County.

       The record generally supports this finding of fact. The following exchange occurred during

direct examination of Mr. Rodriguez-Jimenez at the special appearance hearing:

       Q:      Explain how that subscription process works, for example, if I’m an El Paso
               resident and I wanted to subscribe to El Diario de El Paso or El Diario de
               Juarez on [Diario Digital].

       A:      You can go [to Diario Digital] and ask to be subscribed to Juarez or El Paso,
               but that hasn’t worked because our readers are older people.

       Q:      But as an El Paso resident can I subscribe on the website to the Juarez paper?

       A:      You can request it because the option is there, but it automatically sends
               you to either Juarez or El Paso, depending on where you are, to their office
               depending on the city.

                                                 32
       Q:      Can a potential subscriber pay for a subscription on the website?

       A:      No.

       The trial court also admitted as evidence screenshots from this page on diario.mx, including

the translated version below:

       In other words, a potential subscriber to El Diario de Juarez or El Diario de El Paso cannot

pay for a subscription on Diario Digital but can complete a form requesting a specific subscription

(e.g., daily or weekend edition) and including his or her contact information. Thus, while record

                                                33
evidence does not support the assertion that a potential customer can complete a subscription

transaction via Diario Digital, it does support the finding that a potential customer can indicate his

or her interest in subscribing to either El Diario de Juarez or El Diario de El Paso.

       Diario Digital’s no-evidence challenge as to finding of fact #46 therefore fails.

       •   #47: To subscribe through Diario Digital, El Paso residents have the ability to
           include their full contact information and select their preferred subscription to
           receive El Diario de Juarez. Diario Digital publishes the cost for a monthly,
           quarterly, or annual subscription of El Diario de Juarez. All online subscriptions
           plans to Diario Digital and Diario de Juarez include access via internet and apps
           to their digital printed version. According to Diario Digital, by subscribing
           online, El Paso residents can receive the printed copy of El Diario de Juarez
           plus special supplements delivered in the “comfort of your office and/or home”
           in El Paso County.

       This finding of fact is substantiated by the same record evidence supporting finding of fact

#46. Diario Digital’s no-evidence challenge as to finding of fact #47 fails.

       •   #49: El Diario de Juarez is also the owner of the U.S.-domain name,
           EIDiarioUSA.com. Owned and operated by El Diario de Juarez, El Diario USA
           is an online newspaper targeted to Hispanic and Spanish-speaking residents in
           the State of Texas, which includes links to El Diario de Juarez and El Diario de
           El Paso.

       We have not found, nor has Corral pointed us to, any record evidence to support the finding

that El Diario de Juarez owns the domain name ElDiarioUSA.com. Diario Digital’s no-evidence

challenge as to finding of fact #49 thus succeeds.

       •   #51: In addition, El Diario de Juarez and Diario Digital market their online and
           print newspaper content in El Paso County through El Diario de El Paso.

       To the extent this finding of fact overlaps with finding of fact #27, sufficient record

evidence supports this finding. Further, Mr. Rodriguez-Jimenez testified El Diario de El Paso will

republish articles originally published by El Diario de Juarez if it determines the articles are

newsworthy to El Paso residents. He also confirmed it is a common practice for Diario Digital to

publish articles from El Diario de El Paso and El Diario de Juarez.

                                                 34
        Diario Digital’s no-evidence challenge fails as to finding of fact #51.

        •    #56: In contracts with El Paso County businesses and institutions, El Diario de
             El Paso states that it is doing business as El Diario de Juarez and Diario Digital
             in the State of Texas. In those Texas-based contracts, El Diario de Juarez, Diario
             Digital, and ¡VAMOS! publish advertisements of El Paso County businesses
             and institutions and charge for these advertisement services. In consideration
             for the publication of advertisements of El Paso County businesses and
             institutions, El Diario de Juarez earns seventy percent (70%) of the sales
             revenue and El Diario de El Paso earns the remaining thirty percent (30%). El
             Diario de Juarez receives these monetary payments through deposits or
             transfers to its bank account in the State of Texas.

        This finding of fact is partially supported by record evidence. The trial court admitted as

evidence contracts between El Diario de El Paso and El Paso-based businesses and institutions.

However, in those agreements, Paso del Norte Publishing, Inc. (i.e., El Diario de El Paso) stated it

was doing business as El Diario de El Paso, El Diario de Juarez, and El Diario de

Chihuahua— Diario Digital is not included. 14 The various contracts reflect the advertisements will

run in, among other places, El Diario de Juarez, Diario Digital, and ¡VAMOS!. Mr. Rodriguez-

Jimenez also testified to the seventy-thirty revenue split between El Diario de Juarez and El Diario

de El Paso, and El Diario de Juarez admitted it uses its Texas bank account to process these

payments. Accordingly, Diario Digital’s no-evidence challenge as to finding of fact #56 fails in

part and succeeds in part.

        Having resolved Diario Digital’s legal- and factual-sufficiency challenges, we next turn to

whether the trial court properly found it could exercise specific jurisdiction over Diario Digital.

14
  Diario Digital is, however, listed as one of the publications in which the purchasing institution’s advertisements
will run.

                                                        35
                  3. Specific jurisdiction

         Because no party suggests the trial court may exercise general jurisdiction over Diario

Digital, our analysis considers only whether the trial court properly determined it may exercise

specific jurisdiction over Diario Digital in this case.

                                    i. Purposeful availment

         Both parties’ arguments focus on the nature of Diario Digital’s website and how

“interactive” it is to determine whether Diario Digital established purposeful contacts with Texas.

This analysis relies on the sliding-scale view of web activities in personal-jurisdiction cases, in

which courts consider whether the website is transactional (in which case jurisdiction is proper),

passive (in which it is not), or interactive (in which it depends on the level of interactivity and

commercial nature of the exchange to determine whether jurisdiction is proper). Epicous

Adventure Travel, LLC v. Tateossian, Inc., 573 S.W.3d 375, 387 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2019, no

pet.) (citing Zippo Manufacturing Co. v. Zippo Dot Com, Inc., 952 F. Supp. 1119 (W.D. Pa. 1997)).

Many jurisdictions have applied this test, including our Court and several of our sister courts. See

id. (collecting cases).

         But as Corral points out, the United States Supreme Court has recently indicated

disapproval of a sliding-scale approach to specific-jurisdiction analysis. See Bristol–Myers Squibb

Co. v. Superior Court of Cal., 137 S. Ct. 1773, 1781 (2017). 15 We need not determine whether the

sliding-scale analysis is still viable, however, because while evidence of a website’s level of

interactivity can be an important factor in an internet-based personal-jurisdiction analysis, it is

15
   This disapproval came in response to the California Supreme Court’s sliding-scale approach to personal
jurisdiction, in which “the strength of the requisite connection between the forum and the specific claims at issue is
relaxed if the defendant has extensive forum contacts that are unrelated to those claims.” See Bristol–Myers Squibb,
137 S. Ct. at 1781. The Court concluded this approach “resembles a loose and spurious form of general jurisdiction,”
and under specific jurisdiction, “a defendant’s general connections with the forum are not enough.” Id.

                                                         36
merely evidence of purposeful conduct with the forum—not per se dispositive of whether

jurisdiction is proper. See ShopStyle, Inc. v. rewardStyle, Inc., No. 05-19-00736-CV, 2020 WL

4187937, at *8 (Tex. App.—Dallas July 21, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op.) (citing Pervasive Software

Inc. v. Lexware GmbH & Co. KG, 688 F.3d 214, 227 n.7 (5th Cir. 2012)). Thus, while we consider

evidence of Diario Digital’s interactivity, we consider it alongside the nature and quality of its

online and offline contacts to determine whether it has established the requisite purposeful conduct

to support personal jurisdiction. See Pervasive Software, 688 F.3d at 227 n.7.

       Diario Digital contends it “merely owns diario.mx, a passive website where [El Diario de

Juarez] hosts its articles.” It claims it has no Texas employees, no real estate in Texas, no Texas

bank account, no Texas office, never filed or defended a lawsuit in Texas, and never registered to

do business in Texas. Diario Digital argues its website is passive because it is “used only to provide

contact information or to advertise,” and as such, Diario Digital contends it is insufficient to

establish minimum contacts.

       Corral maintains Diario Digital owns an interactive website because it solicits subscribers

from El Paso County, advertises Texas-based businesses, posts classified ads from Texas residents,

and publishes events and news from El Paso. Though there is no record evidence supporting the

notion that potential subscribers can complete a subscription or make purchases through the

website, they can communicate their interest in obtaining a subscription directly to Diario

Digital—in other words, Diario Digital hosts a direct exchange of information between a potential

customer and the host computer about a commercial transaction. See Reiff v. Roy, 115 S.W.3d 700,

706 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2003, pet. denied) (describing the nature of interactive websites). Given

the trial court’s finding of fact that “[t]hrough Diario Digital, El Diario de Juarez allows El Paso

County residents to interact and subscribe online,” the record supports the conclusion that Diario

                                                 37
Digital is the owner of an interactive website. This conclusion provides evidence of Diario

Digital’s purposeful availment of the Texas market and its contacts with the forum state; however,

it is not dispositive. See Waterman Steamship Corp. v. Ruiz, 355 S.W.3d 387, 418

(Tex. App.— Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, pet. denied) (finding interactive website alone was not

enough to subject nonresident defendant to jurisdiction but a factor along with its other forum

contacts). We consider Diario Digital’s other contacts with Texas and conclude they collectively

support a finding of purposeful availment.

         For example, Mr. Rodriguez-Jimenez testified Diario Digital publishes advertisements for

El Paso businesses, which provides further evidence of Diario Digital’s purposeful contacts with

Texas. While any web user, Texas-based or otherwise, may have been able to access the website,

Diario Digital specifically targeted Texas, and El Paso in particular, with its advertising for El

Paso-based businesses and institutions, just as El Diario de Juarez has done in its print newspapers.

Cf. Skylift, Inc. v. Nash, No. 09-19-00389-CV, 2020 WL 1879655, at *6 (Tex. App.—Beaumont

Apr. 16, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op.) (finding no specific jurisdiction when, among other things,

website did not “specifically target[] Texas with advertising” and citing cases finding the same).

         Additionally, Diario Digital publishes editorial content from El Diario de Juarez and El

Diario de El Paso on its website, including the allegedly defamatory articles at issue in this case.

As Mr. Rodriguez-Jimenez testified at the special appearance hearing, all collective web traffic

related to El Diario de Juarez or El Diario de El Paso routes through diario.mx, 16 which gets more

than 15 million visits to its website each month. The trial court also admitted exhibits from

16
   Mr. Rodriguez-Jimenez clarified the other websites linked to El Diario de Juarez and El Diario de El Paso, including
diariousa.com, reroute to diario.mx.

                                                         38
diario.mx reflecting its circulation in Chihuahua and El Paso. This amounts to evidence that Diario

Digital engaged in purposeful activity aimed at Texas.

       Collectively, we conclude the pleadings and evidence supports the conclusion that Diario

Digital’s contacts with Texas “tip[] the scales” in favor of a finding of purposeful availment. Max

Protetch, Inc. v. Herrin, 340 S.W.3d 878, 887 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2011, no pet.).

                               ii. Relatedness

       Though neither Corral nor Diario Digital addresses the relatedness requirement, in a

specific-jurisdiction inquiry, we must still determine whether Corral’s claim “arises from or is

related to” Diario Digital’s purposeful activities in Texas. Moncrief Oil, 414 S.W.3d at 150; see

ShopStyle, 2020 WL 4187937, at *13 (“A website, even an interactive one, cannot support specific

jurisdiction where . . . it does not have the requisite substantial relationship to the plaintiff’s

claims.”).

       Like El Diario de Juarez, Diario Digital’s actionable conduct in this case—purportedly

causing injury through the publication of the defamatory articles—allegedly occurred in Texas:

Corral alleges Diario Digital published, circulated, distributed, sold, republished, and/or cross-

referenced the allegedly defamatory articles at issue in this case in El Paso County, Texas. Unlike

other internet-based personal jurisdiction cases, Corral’s allegations directly link the actionable

conduct to the operative facts of the litigation. See, e.g., ShopStyle, Inc. v. rewardStyle, Inc., No.

05-19-00736-CV, 2020 WL 4187937, at *12–13 (Tex. App.—Dallas July 21, 2020, no pet.) (mem.

op.) (finding relatedness requirement not met when record contained no allegations or evidence

that actionable conduct occurred in or related to Texas). Just as an El Paso-based reader could

access the allegedly defamatory articles through print copies published in El Diario de Juarez

                                                 39
circulated and sold in El Paso County, the same reader could access the same articles through

Diario Digital’s website, which targets the El Paso market.

       Further, Diario Digital’s purposeful activity aimed at the Texas market provides additional

evidence of relatedness with Corral’s claims. For example, as detailed above, the record supports

the trial court’s finding that “El Diario de Juarez and Diario Digital design their print and online

newspapers for the market in El Paso County, Texas,” as well as various other findings supporting

the notion that Diario Digital publishes newsworthy content relevant to El Pasoans. Diario

Digital’s practice of placing web-based advertisements for El Paso businesses, as well as classified

ads from El Paso residents, also speaks to its intent to serve the El Paso market as a web-based

news source. Because Corral’s claims arise out of allegedly defamatory articles published by

Diario Digital—like its other editorial content and accompanying advertising, as a newsworthy

story of interest to the El Paso market—the actionable conduct in this case relates to Diario

Digital’s purposeful contacts with Texas.

       Diario Digital’s forum contacts directly relate to its intent to serve the Texas market with

editorial content relevant to an El Paso-based readership and supported by advertisements from El

Paso businesses and institutions. Because the allegedly defamatory articles at issue in the

case— i.e., the actionable conduct—directly relate to Diario Digital’s contacts with Texas, we

conclude the relatedness requirement is met, and the trial court did not err in finding it could

exercise specific jurisdiction over Diario Digital.

       C. Fair Play and Substantial Justice

       Finally, due process permits the exercise of jurisdiction over a nonresident only if doing so

comports with “traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.” Int’l Shoe, 326 U.S. at 316.

“If a nonresident has minimum contacts with the forum, rarely will the exercise of jurisdiction

                                                 40
over the nonresident not comport with traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.”

Moncrief Oil, 414 S.W.3d at 154–55. However, we must consider several factors to evaluate the

fairness and justness of exercising personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant, including:

(1) the burden on the defendant; (2) the interests of the forum in adjudicating the dispute; (3) the

plaintiff’s interest in obtaining convenient and effective relief; (4) the international judicial

system’s interest in obtaining the most efficient resolution of controversies; and (5) the shared

interest of the several nations in furthering fundamental substantive social policies. Id. at 155.

When, as here, the defendants are citizens of a foreign country, we consider more specifically the

unique burdens placed upon the defendant who must defend itself in a foreign legal system; the

state’s regulatory interests; and the procedural and substantive polices of other nations whose

interests are affected, as well as the federal government’s interest in its foreign relations policies.

Guardian Royal Exch. Assur., Ltd. v. English China Clays, P.L.C., 815 S.W.2d 223, 229

(Tex. 1991). “The defendant bears the burden of presenting a compelling case that the presence of

some consideration would render the exercise of jurisdiction over it unreasonable.” Fitzgerald

Truck Parts & Sales, LLC v. Advanced Freight Dynamics, LLC, No. 14-19-00397-CV, 2021 WL

1685353, at *10 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Apr. 29, 2021, pet. filed) (citing Spir Star, 310

S.W.3d at 879).

       El Diario de Juarez and Diario Digital contend these factors “weigh heavily in favor of

dismissal.” Specifically, they argue: (1) Corral is not a Texas resident; (2) the alleged harm, if any,

took place in Mexico; (3) the witnesses are in Mexico and it is unclear if they are able or willing

to travel to Texas to testify; (4) all documents are in Spanish; (5) it would be unfair to try this case

outside of Mexico because neither El Diario de Juarez nor Diario Digital should be judged by

                                                  41
American defamation standards; 17 and (6) two related cases are pending in Mexico. Corral

counters El Diario de Juarez and Diario Digital have not met their burden, and because they are

not the only defendants in this case—and El Diario de El Paso has not challenged jurisdiction— the

international judicial system’s interest in efficiency further supports the exercise of jurisdiction. 18

We agree El Diario de Juarez and Diario Digital have not presented “a compelling case that the

presence of some consideration would render jurisdiction unreasonable.” Burger King, 471 U.S.

at 477.

          Requiring El Diario de Juarez and Diario Digital to defend Corral’s claims in Texas will

not pose an undue burden for either appellant. Though they are Mexican corporations

headquartered in Mexico, that alone will not defeat jurisdiction. Guardian Royal, 815 S.W.2d at

231 (“Nor is distance alone ordinarily sufficient to defeat jurisdiction: modern transportation and

communication have made it much less burdensome for a party sued to defend himself in a State

where he engages in economic activity” (internal quotations omitted)). El Paso is “family territory”

for their leadership; for example, Mr. Rodriguez-Jimenez, as well as his father (the president,

director, and principal shareholder of El Diario de Juarez), and two siblings (both shareholders of

El Diario de Juarez) live in El Paso County. See Spir Star, 310 S.W.3d at 879 (finding jurisdiction

over foreign corporation reasonable in part based on its leadership regular presence in forum).

          Texas has a significant interest in exercising jurisdiction over controversies arising from

injuries a Texas resident sustains in Texas. Id. While Corral has dual citizenship in the United

17
  El Diario de Juarez and Diario Digital also filed a motion to determine choice of law, contending Mexican law
applies to this case. Corral argued Texas law instead applies, and the trial court agreed. That decision is not before us.
18
   In a footnote and without citation to legal authority, Corral also argues “[a]lternatively, and in addition, El Diario
de Juarez and El Diario de El Paso are alter egos of each other.” Because this argument is not fully briefed, we do not
consider it. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i), 38.2(a)(1); Barrientos v. Jacobs Eng’g Grp. Inc., No. 13-20-00092-CV, 2021
WL 3411869, at *2 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi– Aug. 5, 2021, no pet.) (mem. op.) (declining to address issue raised
in footnote and not adequately briefed).

                                                           42
States and Mexico, there is no evidence in the record to establish that he is a Texas resident.

However, Texas also has an interest in exercising jurisdiction over those who commit torts within

its territory. TV Azteca, 490 S.W.3d at 55 (citing Keeton, 465 U.S. at 776). Given El Diario de

Juarez and Diario Digital’s extensive contacts with Texas and their history of targeting the Texas

market and El Pasoans in particular, this case is not one of the “rare instances” in which “the

exercise of jurisdiction [does] not comport with fair play and substantial justice when the

nonresident defendant purposefully established minimum contacts with the forum state.” Angelou

v. African Overseas Union, 33 S.W.3d 269, 281 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, no pet.).

       Corral’s interest in obtaining convenient and effective relief is also served by the exercise

of jurisdiction over El Diario de Juarez and Diario Digital. Notably, the third defendant in this

case, El Diario de El Paso, has not contested jurisdiction. If we dismiss claims against El Diario

de Juarez and Diario Digital, presumably the claims against El Diario de El Paso will still be heard

in Texas, while Corral will face the burden of bringing claims against El Diario de Juarez and

Diario Digital in Mexico. Particularly because this case began in March 2020 and to date has

involved significant jurisdictional discovery, it would simply be more efficient—for both Texas

and Mexican courts—to adjudicate the entire case in the same place. Retamco Operating, Inc. v.

Republic Drilling Co., 278 S.W.3d 333, 342 (Tex. 2009) (noting “it is more efficient to continue

to use Texas as the forum to resolve the dispute” given prior litigation involving the subject

property).

       Finally, we are not persuaded by El Diario de Juarez and Diario Digital’s arguments

regarding convenience factors—i.e., the availability of witnesses and necessity of translating

                                                43
documents. 19 Because this case necessarily spans the United States-Mexico border, these factors

would be at play whether Corral brought his claims in Texas or Mexico, and they are not enough

to defeat jurisdiction on due-process grounds.

        Providing evidence that would render the exercise of jurisdiction unreasonable and

offensive to due-process concerns is a high bar, and El Diario de Juarez and Diario Digital have

not met it here. See Michelin, 584 S.W.3d at 124 n.3 (“[T]he minimum contacts analysis

‘encompasses so many considerations of fairness’ that ‘[o]nly in rare instances will the exercise of

jurisdiction not comport with fair play and substantial justice when the nonresident defendant has

purposefully established minimum contacts with the forum state.’” (quoting Angelou, 33 S.W.3d

at 281)). We conclude exercising personal jurisdiction over El Diario de Juarez and Diario Digital

in this case does not run contrary to due-process requirements.

                                                  Conclusion

        For the above reasons, we conclude the exercise of specific jurisdiction over El Diario de

Juarez and Diario Digital is permissible.

        Having overruled each of Appellants’ issues, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                                     YVONNE T. RODRIGUEZ, Chief Justice

February 8, 2023

Before Rodriguez, C.J., Palafox, and Soto, JJ.

19
  El Diario de Juarez and Diario Digital more fully argue these points in their mandamus proceeding also before this
Court, case number 08-22-00099-CV, involving the trial court’s denial of their motion to dismiss for forum non
conveniens.

                                                        44