Court Opinion

ID: 9403085
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-06-20 13:12:16.507686+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:02.393623
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

              Present: Judges AtLee, Causey and Friedman
UNPUBLISHED

              Argued at Norfolk, Virginia

              CHRISTIAN SAYERS
                                                                       MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.     Record No. 0382-22-1                           JUDGE DORIS HENDERSON CAUSEY
                                                                            JUNE 20, 2023
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

                                FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF NORFOLK
                                              Mary Jane Hall, Judge

                              J. Barry McCracken, Assistant Public Defender, for appellant.

                              Susan Hallie Hovey-Murray, Assistant Attorney General (Jason S.
                              Miyares, Attorney General; Jeff S. Howell, Jr., Assistant Attorney
                              General, on brief), for appellee.

                     Christian Sayers appeals his convictions for conspiracy to commit grand larceny and

              grand larceny. Sayers challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain these convictions.

              For the following reasons, we affirm.

                     *
                         This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413.
                                         BACKGROUND1

       In January 2020, Sayers and another man drove to a Home Depot in a black Dodge

sedan.2 The two men walked through the parking lot, retrieved a shopping cart, and entered the

store together; neither had the authority to remove items without payment. Sayers, identified in

surveillance footage taken at the store’s entrance, was wearing brown Timberland boots and

following the other man, who was wearing a dark-colored hat and pushing the cart. When they

entered the store, the men went directly to the electrical aisle where the electrical wire was kept.

No surveillance cameras showed a view of the store aisles. A few minutes later, the men

emerged from the electrical aisle together and proceeded toward the cash registers. A large spool

of electrical wire was on the bottom rack of the shopping cart. As they approached the registers,

Sayers walked quickly ahead of his companion, who was still pushing the shopping cart. The

pair walked beyond all points of sale, including two open registers and self-checkouts.

       After they exited the store, the men split up and ran through the parking lot toward the

black Dodge. When they reached the car, both men approached the driver’s side and bent over.

After some movement, Sayers walked around the car to the passenger side and got in, while his

companion entered the driver’s seat of the car. The black Dodge then pulled out of the parking

lot and fled, leaving the now-empty shopping cart in the adjacent parking space.

       1
         On appeal, we review the evidence “in the ‘light most favorable’ to the Commonwealth,
the prevailing party in the trial court.” Hammer v. Commonwealth, 74 Va. App. 225, 231 (2022)
(quoting Commonwealth v. Cady, 300 Va. 325, 329 (2021)). Doing so requires us to “discard the
evidence of the accused in conflict with that of the Commonwealth, and regard as true all the
credible evidence favorable to the Commonwealth and all fair inferences to be drawn therefrom.”
Cady, 300 Va. at 329 (quoting Commonwealth v. Perkins, 295 Va. 323, 324 (2018)).
       2
         The man with Sayers was subsequently identified as Rodney Hall. Hall was not
arrested until after Sayers’s trial. Hall then pled guilty to petit larceny, and the conspiracy charge
was nolle prossed.
                                                  -2-
       Home Depot loss prevention staff identified the wire as a 500-foot spool of electrical wire

valued at $1,512. The store’s inventory system also indicated that it had one spool of such wire

in stock on the day of the incident, and none were sold that day. The loss prevention employee

did not think that one person could lift this wire spool by himself without injury.3

       At trial, Sayers moved to strike the Commonwealth’s evidence, arguing that there was no

evidence that Sayers and the other individual were working in concert to steal the wire and that

Sayers did not carry any merchandise from the store. The trial court denied Sayers’s motion, and

Sayers did not present any evidence. Sayers then reiterated that there was no evidence of an

agreement and that he did not commit the larceny because he was not responsible for the conduct

of his companion. Finding that the circumstantial evidence was “more than sufficient” to prove

Sayers’s guilt, the trial court stated that it was “incredible to believe that this could have been

accomplished without an agreement to do exactly what they did” to commit the offense. The

trial court convicted Sayers of conspiracy to commit grand larceny and grand larceny.

       This appeal follows.

                                             ANALYSIS

       Sayers contends that the evidence was insufficient to sustain his convictions. He asserts

that the Commonwealth failed to establish the existence of a conspiracy and, therefore, he could

not be guilty of larceny as a co-conspirator. He further argues that, even if not guilty of

conspiracy, he is not liable as a principal in the second degree to larceny because he was simply

       3
         Sayers contends that the trial court struck evidence that two persons were needed to lift
the spool of wire. However, in fact, the court struck testimony that the surveillance video
showed both men lifting the spool into the car. The court did not strike testimony that the spool
was heavy and it was unlikely one person could lift it by himself.
                                                 -3-
at the Home Depot with the man who stole the spool of wire but did not share his intent to steal

and took nothing himself.4

                                       I. Standard of Review

       “When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, ‘[t]he judgment of the trial court is

presumed correct and will not be disturbed unless it is plainly wrong or without evidence to

support it.’” McGowan v. Commonwealth, 72 Va. App. 513, 521 (2020) (alteration in original)

(quoting Smith v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 450, 460 (2018)). “In such cases, ‘[t]he Court does

not ask itself whether it believes that the evidence at the trial established guilt beyond a

reasonable doubt.’” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Secret v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 204,

228 (2018)). “Rather, the relevant question is whether ‘any rational trier of fact could have

found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Vasquez v.

Commonwealth, 291 Va. 232, 248 (2016) (quoting Williams v. Commonwealth, 278 Va. 190, 193

(2009)). “If there is evidentiary support for the conviction, ‘the reviewing court is not permitted

to substitute its own judgment, even if its opinion might differ from the conclusions reached by

the finder of fact at the trial.’” McGowan, 72 Va. App. at 521 (quoting Chavez v.

Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 149, 161 (2018)).

       “Circumstantial evidence is as competent and is entitled to as much weight as direct

evidence, provided it is sufficiently convincing.” Pijor v. Commonwealth, 294 Va. 502, 512

(2017) (quoting Dowden v. Commonwealth, 260 Va. 459, 468 (2000)). “While no single piece of

evidence may be sufficient, the combined force of many concurrent and related circumstances

. . . may lead a reasonable mind irresistibly to a conclusion.” Id. at 512-13 (alteration in original)

       4
          The Commonwealth contends that Sayers’s argument about liability as a principal in the
second degree is barred by Rule 5A:18 because he did not make the same argument at trial. The
record shows that the issue was raised by the Commonwealth in response to Sayers’s motion to
strike. Sayers then argued that there was no evidence he had aided or abetted the man with him
in stealing the spool of wire. Thus, we assume without deciding that Sayers preserved this claim.
                                               -4-
(quoting Muhammad v. Commonwealth, 269 Va. 451, 479 (2005)). Moreover, our review “does

not distinguish between direct and circumstantial evidence, as the fact finder itself ‘is entitled to

consider all of the evidence, without distinction, in reaching its determination.’” Commonwealth

v. Moseley, 293 Va. 455, 463 (2017) (quoting Commonwealth v. Hudson, 265 Va. 505, 513

(2003)). “[C]ircumstantial evidence [must be] sufficiently convincing to exclude every

reasonable hypothesis except that of guilt.” Kelley v. Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 617, 629

(2019) (quoting Pijor, 294 Va. at 512). “[T]he Commonwealth need only exclude reasonable

hypotheses of innocence that flow from the evidence, not those that spring from the imagination

of the defendant.” Ragland v. Commonwealth, 67 Va. App. 519, 531 (2017) (quoting Case v.

Commonwealth, 63 Va. App. 14, 23 (2014)). “By finding the defendant guilty, . . . the factfinder

‘has found by a process of elimination that the evidence does not contain a reasonable theory of

innocence.’” James v. Commonwealth, 53 Va. App. 671, 681 (2009) (quoting Haskins v.

Commonwealth, 44 Va. App. 1, 9 (2004)). That conclusion “is itself a ‘question of fact,’ subject

to deferential appellate review.” Id. (quoting Haskins, 44 Va. App. at 9).

                             II. Conspiracy to Commit Grand Larceny

       “Conspiracy is defined as ‘an agreement between two or more persons by some concerted

action to commit an offense.’” Speller v. Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 378, 389 (2018) (quoting

Wright v. Commonwealth, 224 Va. 502, 505 (1982)). “The Commonwealth may prove the

existence of a conspiratorial agreement by circumstantial evidence and need not prove an explicit

agreement.” Id. (quoting Gray v. Commonwealth, 30 Va. App. 725, 736 (1999), aff’d, 260 Va.

675 (2000)). “A conspiratorial agreement ‘often may only be established by circumstantial and

indirect evidence including the overt actions of the parties.”’ Carr v. Commonwealth, 69

Va. App. 106, 119 (2018) (quoting Johnson v. Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 625, 636 (2011)).

               [W]hen “it has been shown that the defendants ‘by their acts
               pursued the same object, one performing one part and the others
                                                 -5-
                 performing another part so as to complete it or with a view to its
                 attainment, the [trial court] will be justified in concluding that they
                 were engaged in a conspiracy to effect that object.’”

Charity v. Commonwealth, 49 Va. App. 581, 586 (2007) (quoting Brown v. Commonwealth, 10

Va. App. 73, 78 (1990)). “[A] common purpose and plan may be inferred from a ‘development

and collocation of circumstances.’” Brown, 10 Va. App. at 78 (alteration in original) (quoting

United States v. Godel, 361 F.2d 21, 23 (4th Cir. 1966)); see Charity, 49 Va. App. at 587

(holding that even though there was no evidence of actual conversation between the defendant

and the inmate with him, the evidence was sufficient to convict the defendant of conspiracy to

escape from prison because their joint actions in attempting to escape supported the reasonable

conclusion that they had an agreement to escape); Speller, 69 Va. App. at 390 (affirming the

defendant’s conviction for conspiracy to commit burglary where eyewitnesses saw three men

enter the victim’s home together, remove property, and leave together); Velez-Suarez v.

Commonwealth, 64 Va. App. 269, 279 (2015) (affirming conspiracy conviction where the

evidence showed that the defendant and a companion met at a bus stop and then walked together

through a department store, selecting items that they took into fitting rooms where discarded

security sensors were found later, and left the store separately without paying for the stolen

items).

          Here, the record supports the trial court’s finding of a conspiratorial agreement. Sayers

and his companion arrived at the store in the same car, the companion retrieved a shopping cart

in the parking lot, and the pair entered the store together. Once inside, they walked directly to

the electrical aisle. Although the surveillance footage did not show the pair’s actions in the

electrical aisle, the loss prevention employee testified that it was unlikely that one person could

lift the spool of wire by himself without injury. The entire episode lasted approximately six

minutes. The totality of the evidence permitted the trial court to conclude that Sayers and his

                                                  -6-
companion acted together in taking the spool of wire and carrying it away from the store. Sayers

and his companion “pursued the same object, one performing one part and the other[] performing

another part” to complete the theft. Charity, 49 Va. App. at 586 (quoting Brown, 10 Va. App. at

78). Accordingly, the evidence proved beyond a reasonable doubt that Sayers was guilty of

conspiracy.

                       III. Principal in the Second Degree: Grand Larceny

       “[L]arceny is a common law crime . . . defined . . . as ‘the wrongful or fraudulent taking

of personal goods of some intrinsic value, belonging to another, without his assent, and with the

intention to deprive the owner thereof permanently.’” Creamer v. Commonwealth, 64 Va. App.

185, 205 (2015) (alterations in original) (quoting Carter v. Commonwealth, 280 Va. 100, 104-05

(2010)). Grand larceny is “simple larceny not from the person of another of goods and chattels

of the value of $500 or more.” Code § 18.2-95.5 “[I]ntent may, and often must, be inferred from

the facts and circumstances of the case, including the actions of the defendant and any statements

made by him.” Marsh v. Commonwealth, 57 Va. App. 645, 651 (2011) (quoting Tarpley v.

Commonwealth, 261 Va. 251, 256 (2001)).

       “A principal in the first degree is the actual perpetrator of the crime. A principal in the

second degree, or an aider or abettor as he is sometimes termed, is one who is present, actually or

constructively, assisting the perpetrator in the commission of the crime.” Muhammad, 269 Va. at

482 (quoting Jones v. Commonwealth, 208 Va. 370, 372 (1967)). A “principal in the second

degree may be indicted, tried, convicted and punished as if a principal in the first degree.”

Allard v. Commonwealth, 24 Va. App. 57, 62 (1997) (citing Code § 18.2-18).

       5
         The threshold amount for grand larceny was $500 when the theft occurred. 2018 Va.
Acts ch. 764. The current $1,000 threshold took effect July 1, 2020. 2020 Va. Acts ch. 401.
                                              -7-
       Proof of “actual participation in the commission of the crime is not necessary” “to make a

person a principal in the second degree.” Muhammad, 269 Va. at 482 (quoting Jones, 208 Va. at

372). But mere presence when a crime is committed is insufficient to render one guilty as a

principal in the second degree. Hall v. Commonwealth, 225 Va. 533, 536 (1983). The

Commonwealth must prove that the accused was present at the scene of the crime and shared the

criminal intent of the perpetrator or committed some act in furtherance of the offense. Allard, 24

Va. App. at 62. “[P]roof that a person is present at the commission of a crime without

disapproving or opposing it, is evidence from which, in connection with other circumstances, . . .

the [factfinder] may infer that he assented” to the crime. Id. at 63 (first and second alterations in

original) (quoting Pugliese v. Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 82, 93-94 (1993)). “[A] lack of

shared intent is not a defense to aiding and abetting liability when concert of action is proved.”

Thomas v. Commonwealth, 279 Va. 131, 159 (2010) (affirming the defendant’s convictions for

first-degree murder and use of a firearm, holding that “sufficient evidence of concert of action”

was proved where the defendant and her boyfriend entered the home of her father, knowing they

were forbidden to be there, and after pursuing her father upstairs when he refused their demands

for money, the defendant did not intervene while her boyfriend brutally beat and shot her father

and then assisted in disposing of his body). “In such circumstances, the law is well settled in

Virginia that each co-actor is responsible for the acts of the others, and may not interpose . . .

personal lack of intent as a defense.” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Carter v.

Commonwealth, 232 Va. 122, 126 (1986)).

       Here, the evidence is sufficient to establish that Sayers and the other man acted in a

concert of action such that Sayers was a principal in the second degree for grand larceny. The

surveillance footage contradicts Sayers’s claim that he was merely present with the other man.

The surveillance video shows Sayers and his companion both going to the aisle containing the

                                                 -8-
spool of wire. The evidence also established that it was not reasonable that one person, by

himself, could have lifted the spool of wire on and off the shopping cart. Cf. Strickler v.

Commonwealth, 241 Va. 482, 495 (1991) (noting that where the evidence showed that two

people were needed to accomplish the killing, both perpetrators were liable as “immediate

perpetrators” of the offense); Hancock v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 774, 781-82 (1991)

(holding that the defendant was an “immediate perpetrator” in an arson when he poured gasoline

on a cushion while his companion ignited it, because “he took a direct act in committing arson”).

After hurrying past all points of sale, Sayers and his companion split up, then ran through the

parking lot to their parked car. The pair both went to the driver’s side of the car and could be

seen bending over. They then drove away, leaving an empty cart in the adjacent parking space.

It was reasonable for the trial court to infer that Sayers helped his companion load the stolen

spool of wire into the car. These circumstances show a concert of action to steal the spool of

wire. Thus, we hold that there is sufficient evidence that Sayers committed grand larceny as a

principal in the second degree.

                                         CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the trial court’s judgment is affirmed.

                                                                                          Affirmed.

                                                -9-