Court Opinion

ID: 2717222
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-08-11 22:03:14.871501+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:27:02.559071
License: Public Domain

Illinois Official Reports

                                      Appellate Court

                      In re Estate of Bennoon, 2014 IL App (1st) 122224

Appellate Court          In re ESTATE OF CARMEL BENNOON, Decedent (Tatyana
Caption                  Tovstorog, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Nicholas G. Grapsas, Public
                         Administrator of Cook County, Respondent-Appellee).

District & No.           First District, Sixth Division
                         Docket No. 1-12-2224

Filed                    June 20, 2014

Held                       The trial court’s denial of petitioner’s motion to amend the order of
(Note: This syllabus heirship of the deceased to include petitioner as the deceased’s
constitutes no part of the great-niece was not against the manifest weight of the evidence, since
opinion of the court but the witness presented by respondent, the public administrator, was a
has been prepared by the genealogist and attorney from the Ukraine, the trial court did not abuse
Reporter of Decisions its discretion in finding her qualified to testify as an expert in
for the convenience of genealogy and she testified that the records supporting petitioner’s
the reader.)               claim were falsified, the trial court did not err in denying comity to
                           Ukrainian records of petitioner’s claim that she was the
                           great-granddaughter of decedent’s father and a paternal heir, and the
                           denial of petitioner’s motion to reopen the proofs for reconsideration
                           was not an abuse of discretion.

Decision Under           Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 2008-P-0011038;
Review                   the Hon. John C. Fleming, Judge, presiding.

Judgment                 Affirmed.
     Counsel on               Thomas G. Gardiner and Michelle M. LaGrotta, both of Gardiner
     Appeal                   Koch Weisberg & Wrona, and Robert J. Ralis, both of Chicago, for
                              appellant.

                              Arnstein & Lehr LLP, of Chicago (Hal R. Morris, Michael A.
                              Aramson, Colleen A. Chinlund, and Katelyn R. Letizia, of counsel),
                              for appellee.

     Panel                    JUSTICE HALL delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                              Presiding Justice Rochford and Justice Reyes concurred in the
                              judgment and opinion.

                                               OPINION

¶1         Petitioner Tatyana Tovstorog filed a motion to amend heirship in the estate of Carmel
       Bennoon. Following a hearing, the circuit court of Cook County entered an order denying the
       motion to amend heirship. The petitioner appeals, contending that: (1) the trial court erred
       when it found respondent Nicholas G. Grapsas’, the public administrator of Cook County,
       expert witness qualified to render an opinion on genealogy; (2) the court erred when it denied
       comity to an order from the Ukrainian court; (3) the court erred when it denied the
       petitioner’s motion to reopen proofs; (4) the denial of the motion to amend heirship was
       against the manifest weight of the evidence; and (5) the court erred when it denied the
       petitioner’s motion for rehearing or, in the alternative, reconsideration of the order denying
       the motion to amend heirship.
¶2         Having reviewed the record and considered the authorities relied on by the parties, we
       conclude that the trial court’s rulings were not erroneous, and the decision to deny the motion
       to amend heirship was not against the manifest weight of the evidence. The facts pertinent to
       the issues on appeal are set forth below.
¶3         The decedent died on December 14, 2007, leaving no known heirs. The order of heirship
       was amended to include the maternal heirs, but the paternal heirs remained unknown. On
       March 11, 2008, Michael Ian Bender, the public administrator of Cook County, was
       appointed as supervised administrator of the estate. Subsequently, Nicholas G. Grapsas
       replaced Mr. Bender as the public administrator.
¶4         On January 27, 2011, the petitioner filed a motion to amend that section of the order of
       heirship which identified the paternal heirs as unknown and to add herself as the great-niece
       of the decedent. The motion was supported by the affidavit of her attorney. The attorney
       averred that a genealogical search was conducted by a law firm in Belarus. The
       documentation produced during the search established that the petitioner and the decedent
       shared a common paternal ancestor. The documents included: the marriage registration of
       Mendel Purkovich, the decedent’s father, to Sara Kogan; the birth certificate of Miryam
       Purkovich, Sara and Mendel’s daughter; the marriage registration of Vasil Shpota to Miryam
       Purkovich; and the birth certificate of Liliya Shpota, Vasil and Miryam’s daughter and the

                                                  -2-
       mother of the petitioner. These documents had been authenticated with an apostille.1 In
       addition, there was an October 4, 2011, order from the Ukrainian court establishing the
       petitioner’s lineage as a matter of law.
¶5         At the February 2, 2012, hearing on the motion, the respondent objected to the admission
       of the petitioner’s documentation into evidence. The trial court allowed the petitioner’s
       documents to be used at the hearing but preserved the respondent’s objection to their
       authenticity.
¶6         Julia Semenova, a genealogist and an attorney, testified for the respondent as follows.
       Ms. Semenova resided in Kiev, in the Ukraine. She was employed by the Ukrainian Bar
       Association for Foreign Affairs (Bar Association). The Bar Association had been dealing
       with genealogical research for 40 years and conducted genealogical researches on behalf of
       Ukrainian next-of-kin to prove kinship in interstate cases in the courts of the United States
       and other jurisdictions.
¶7         Ms. Semenova had worked for the Bar Association for 4½ years and was currently the
       head of the genealogical research and international probate process section. Her work
       included research and investigations to identify the next of kin located in the Ukraine. She
       inspected various vital records such as birth, death, marriage, census and governmental
       records. Ms. Semenova also prepared submissions, affidavits and due-diligence reports based
       on her findings to establish facts concerning a family history or entitlement of a client in an
       estate case. She had master’s degrees in English and law.
¶8         Ms. Semenova had testified as an expert in genealogy in probate cases in New York City
       and, as an expert in genealogy, submitted due-diligence reports and affidavit certifications to
       establish kinship in probate proceedings in Connecticut, New Jersey, California and New
       York. When asked about her training or education in genealogy, Ms. Semenova explained
       that she had practical experience and that she attended seminars and conferences devoted to
       genealogical research. There was no degree or license for genealogy in the Ukraine. Ms.
       Semenova regularly participated in conferences where genealogists discuss methods of
       tracing information and availability of different records and how they can be traced. She had
       been attending these conferences once a year for 10 years. At the end of these conferences,
       she received a certificate describing the training and the skills and knowledge the participant
       obtained. Over the objection of the petitioner, the trial court accepted Ms. Semenova as an
       expert witness in the field of genealogy.
¶9         Ms. Semenova was assigned to review certain documents at the request of the respondent
       to determine their validity. After examining the documents, she sent a request to the National
       Archives of Ukraine, to confirm the validity of the documents. She also advised that there
       might be some violations with respect to the issuances of certain of the documents. She
       received a reply from the National Archives that the documents she had sent had been
       falsified and that she would be provided with certificates stating that information. She
       obtained an apostille of the documents and returned them to the respondent for review.
¶ 10       At the request of the respondent, in November 2011, Ms. Semenova undertook her own
       investigation in Orkut City located in Transcarpathia, where the archives office and copies of

          1
            “A marginal note or observation; esp., a standard certification provided under the Hague
       Convention for authenticating documents used in foreign countries.” Black’s Law Dictionary 105 (8th
       ed. 2004).

                                                    -3-
       records were kept. She was familiar with the Ukraine’s record-keeping procedures from 1900
       to 1935. Starting from 1895, the government established registrar’s offices for registering
       births, deaths and marriages. Two sets of records were maintained: the registrar’s book of
       birth, marriage and death, which contained detailed information about the event, and the
       alphabetical name index book, which contained only the name of the subject of the record
       and the year the record was composed. Each book printed and numbered by a special printing
       house, and all of the pages were marked with the state symbol. The books were hard-bound
       and sealed. If a change was made to the books, an official stamp was placed on the books,
       and the official archives would contain information about the reconstruction of the books.
¶ 11       Ms. Semenova’s investigation was concerned with the following documents: a 1903
       certificate of marriage between Sara Kogan and Mendel Purkovich, a 1903 birth certificate of
       Miryam Purkovich, Sara and Mendel’s daughter; the certificate of marriage between Miryam
       Purkovich and Vasil Shpota; and the birth certificate of Liliya Shpota, the petitioner’s
       mother. Each document had a source code number which would lead a researcher to the
       actual record. In the case of the marriage certificate, the source code led to a register of births
       and deaths but not marriages. When she checked the marriage registry book for 1903, she
       located the record of marriage between Sara and Mendel.
¶ 12       Ms. Semenova observed that the page on which the record was located had been attached
       with office glue, which was not used by the archives. The rest of the pages were attached
       with a thread, not with glue, and the page was attached after the registry book was already
       bound. There was also a white stain on the page indicating that a number had been erased so
       that the numbering of the pages would be consistent. The inserted page was also torn and the
       ink used on the page was smudged in places. An officer from the archives office explained to
       her that the ink from the old period did not erode when it came into contact with a wet
       surface or liquid. The color of the ink on the marriage record did not match the color of the
       ink used on any of the other pages in the registry book. The signature of the civil registrar
       who recorded the information on the marriage certificate differed from the other signatures in
       the book, indicating that the record of the marriage was not made in 1903.
¶ 13       Based on her observations, Ms. Semenova concluded that the original record had been
       pulled out, leaving just the official seal, and that the record of the 1903 marriage between
       Sara and Mendel had been inserted in its place. Ms. Semenova found similar discrepancies
       with regard to the 1903 birth certificate of Miryam Purkovich. She also checked the
       alphabetical index and found no record of Miryam’s birth. When Ms. Semenova used the
       source code to trace the certificate of marriage between Miryam and Vasil, the code did not
       lead her to the marriage registry book. When she tried to trace the birth record of Liliya
       Shpota, the code took her to the death registry book. Ms. Semenova opined that the
       information upon which the certificates of marriage and birth relied on by the petitioner to
       prove heirship was false and untrue.
¶ 14       On cross-examination by the petitioner, Ms. Semenova acknowledged that in 1903,
       Zakarpattie, where these archival records were located, was part of the Austro-Hungarian
       Empire. Records were kept by that government, and the official seal was not in use at the
       time. The use of the seal began in 1945, when the region became part of the Soviet Union.
       She further acknowledged that if a change was made prior to 1945, there was no official way
       of knowing that a record had been changed.

                                                    -4-
¶ 15       Ms. Semenova maintained that making a correction by whiting it out was unusual and
       that no other pages had such corrections. There was one registrar from 1903 to 1905, but two
       different signatures, one appearing on the disputed documents and the other on all the other
       records. Ms. Semenova acknowledged that she did not know what kind of ink was used in
       1903, but she did not observe any ink smudges on any other pages in the registry book.
¶ 16       Olga Schwitz testified in the Russian language through an interpreter as follows.
       Ms. Schwitz, a resident of Kiev, Ukraine, was a lawyer working for the National Archives
       Service of the Ukraine and served as the deputy head of legal services. Her duties included
       developing the legal act supporting the work of the archives and representing the interests of
       the National Archives Service in courts and during trials. Ms. Schwitz had worked for the
       National Archives Service for two years. She received a master’s degree in law in 2005.
¶ 17       Ms. Schwitz was a member of a committee appointed by the National Archives Service
       to investigate the heirship claims in this estate. The committee was asked to check all the
       information provided by the state archives of the Transcarpathia region. In March 2011, the
       committee met with the director of the archives for that region and reviewed certain records:
       the marriage record of Sara Kogan and Mendel Purkovich, the birth certificate of Miryam
       Purkovich, the marriage record of Miryam Purkovich and Vasil Shpota and the birth record
       of Liliya Shpota.
¶ 18       The review of these documents revealed that the documents were done with different
       handwriting and different ink than on any other pages in the registry book. The sheets in the
       registry book were bound, but these documents were glued into the registry book. The
       numbering of the pages did not correspond to the proper sequence. While the registry books
       were kept in chronological order, these documents were not in chronological order. The
       committee concluded that the information in the registry books was falsified and untrue.
¶ 19       As a result of their investigation, the committee conducted an internal investigation of the
       custodians of the records. Their report included the finding that the information contained in
       the certificates was false, was sent to the Transcarpathian State Administration to be referred
       to prosecutors in Transcarpathia for further investigation.
¶ 20       According to Ms. Schwitz, the documents were further investigated by an expert
       committee of the State Archives of the Transcarpathia region. The expert committee found
       that the records had been falsified and directed that they be purged from the national
       archives. Ms. Schwitz identified the respondent’s exhibit No. 14 as the evaluation prepared
       for this case by Ms. Schwitz’s committee. In the committee’s opinion, the records were
       unreliable and had been purged from the national archives and from the registry book. It was
       the committee’s opinion that the information contained in the petitioner’s document was
       false.
¶ 21       The petitioner did not cross-examine Ms. Schwitz and did not call any witnesses. She
       relied on the “apostilled” certificates of marriage and birth and other documents she had
       obtained from the Ukraine. The trial court stated that it would review all of the parties’
       documents prior to issuing its opinion.
¶ 22       On March 6, 2012, the petitioner filed a motion to reopen proofs. The petitioner alleged
       that the respondent failed to notify her that he was presenting the testimony of Ms. Semenova
       and Ms. Schwitz, and as a result, the petitioner was unable to present witnesses to rebut their
       testimony. The petitioner alleged that the respondent failed to disclose the March 29, 2011,
       letter from the State Archives of the Transcarpathia region, stating that the petitioner’s

                                                  -5-
       documents were fraudulent. The petitioner further alleged that she had obtained
       documentation from the National Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine setting forth the limits
       of the authoritative value of Ms. Semenova’s and Ms. Schwitz’s testimony, the requirement
       that the falsity of the documents be confirmed through the criminal process, that there was no
       right to remove the documents from the archive and that the petitioner’s certificates should
       be deemed legally valid.
¶ 23       On March 8, 2012, the trial court issued an order denying the petitioner’s motion to
       reopen the proofs, finding that the motion was dilatory and untimely. In denying the motion
       to amend heirship, the court stated in pertinent part as follows:
               “The Petitioner has the burden of proving she is descended from decedent’s father.
               The Petitioner introduced an affidavit of heirship and certified documents to prove
               her claim. The clear and convincing testimony of Ms. Semenova and Olga [Schwitz]
               demonstrate the falsity of the documents. Further, Respondent also introduced its own
               Exhibit 14. Exhibit 14 contains the official expert opinion of the State Archive
               Service of Ukraine concerning the Petitioner’s documentation. The State Archive
               Service is the official record keeper and its findings that the records the Petitioner
               relies upon are false are compelling evidence. *** It is clear that the documents that
               Petitioner relies upon, while bearing an Apostille, are not accurate. The official
               finding of the State Archives Service that the information that Petitioner’s documents
               are based upon is false, renders the Petitioner’s documents worthless. They are
               certified copies of false information and therefore have no legal significance.”
¶ 24       On April 6, 2012, the petitioner filed a motion for rehearing or, in the alternative,
       reconsideration of the order denying her motion to amend heirship on the grounds of newly
       discovered evidence. The “newly discovered evidence” was the same evidence the petitioner
       relied on in her motion to reopen proofs: the letter from the National Academy of Sciences of
       the Ukraine setting forth the limits of the authoritative value of Ms. Semenova’s and Ms.
       Schwitz’s testimony, the requirement that the falsity of the documents be confirmed through
       the criminal process, that there was no right to remove the documents from the archives and
       that the petitioner’s certificates should be deemed legally valid.
¶ 25       On June 28, 2012, the trial court denied the motion for rehearing or reconsideration. The
       petitioner now brings this appeal.

¶ 26                                            ANALYSIS
¶ 27                                         I. Expert Witness
¶ 28      The petitioner contends that the trial court erred when it found Ms. Semenova to be an
       expert witness in the field of genealogy.

¶ 29                                    A. Standard of Review
¶ 30       Whether to admit expert testimony is within the sound discretion of the trial court.
       Thompson v. Gordon, 221 Ill. 2d 414, 428 (2006). “A court abuses its discretion only if it acts
       arbitrarily, without the employment of conscientious judgment, exceeds the bounds of reason
       and ignores recognized principles of law; or if no reasonable person would take the position
       adopted by the court.” Payne v. Hall, 2013 IL App (1st) 113519, ¶ 12.

                                                  -6-
¶ 31                                            B. Discussion
¶ 32        The petitioner argues that Ms. Semenova did not qualify as an expert witness on
       genealogy. She points to her lack of education and degrees in the area of genealogy, the lack
       of evidence as to how long she had worked in the field of genealogy or information about the
       cases she had worked on to gain practical experience, and her lack of knowledge about the
       field demonstrated during cross-examination.
¶ 33        “A person will be allowed to testify as an expert if his experience and qualifications
       afford him knowledge that is not common to laypersons, and where his testimony will aid the
       trier of fact in reaching its conclusions.” Thompson, 221 Ill. 2d at 428. The witness is not
       required to have formal academic training or specific degrees to qualify as an expert; the
       witness’s practical experience in a field may serve to qualify him as an expert. Thompson,
221 Ill. 2d at 429.
¶ 34        Ms. Semenova’s testimony established her qualifications as an expert witness. She
       explained that there was no degree or license for genealogy in the Ukraine, where she
       resided. Ms. Semenova’s practical experience consisted of her practical experience in
       performing genealogy research and attending conferences devoted to genealogy and the
       exchange of information concerning new methods to aid in research. She had attended these
       conferences for at least 10 years and had worked for the Bar Association doing genealogy
       research for the previous 4 years. Ms. Semenova had testified as an expert witness in
       genealogy in several courts in the United States. The petitioner cites no authority requiring a
       specific number of years or number of cases an expert must work on in order to be accepted
       as an expert witness.
¶ 35        The petitioner also argues that Ms. Semenova’s testimony on cross-examination showed
       she lacked the knowledge of an expert witness in her field. We disagree.
¶ 36        With regard to the torn page that was pasted into the marriage book, Ms. Semenova
       testified that she was unfamiliar with record-keeping practices in 1903. However, she was of
       the opinion that it was not the best practice to make a change in a record. In addition, she
       testified that no other pages had been pasted into the marriage registry book. Ms. Semenova
       also acknowledged that she was unfamiliar with the type of ink used in 1903. Her testimony
       that different ink was used was based on information from an archival officer. Moreover, the
       petitioner fails to provide authority that, as a genealogist, Ms. Semenova must have been
       trained in the chemical properties of ink.
¶ 37        We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding Ms. Semenova
       qualified to testify as an expert in the field of genealogy.

¶ 38                                           II. Comity
¶ 39      The petitioner contends that the trial court erred when it denied comity to the October 4,
       2011, Ukrainian court order establishing that she was the great-granddaughter of Mendel
       Purkovich.

¶ 40                                  A. Standard of Review
¶ 41       We review the decision of the trial court to grant or deny comity for an abuse of
       discretion. Performance Network Solutions, Inc. v. Cyberklix US, Inc., 2012 IL App (1st)
110137, ¶ 34.

                                                  -7-
¶ 42                                            B. Discussion
¶ 43        The doctrine of comity is defined as a “ ‘ “recognition which one nation allows within its
       territory to the legislative, executive or judicial acts of another nation, having due regard both
       to the international duty and convenience and to the rights of its own citizens who are under
       the protection of its laws.” ’ ” Performance Network Solutions, Inc., 2012 IL App (1st)
110137, ¶ 34 (quoting In re Marriage of Kohl, 334 Ill. App. 3d 867, 880-81 (2002), quoting
       Clubb v. Clubb, 402 Ill. 390, 399-400 (1949)). “Comity is not a rule of law, but one of
       practice, convenience, and expediency.” Philips Electronics, N.V. v. New Hampshire
       Insurance Co., 295 Ill. App. 3d 895, 904 (1998).
¶ 44        The petitioner argues that the trial court should have granted comity to the rulings of the
       Ukrainian court in which that court made findings of fact with respect to the petitioner’s
       claim that she was the great-granddaughter of Mendel Purkovich, the decedent’s father, and
       therefore a paternal heir. The petitioner points out that an Illinois court will grant comity to
       an act of a foreign court as long as the foreign court is one of competent jurisdiction and does
       not violate the laws and the public policy of Illinois. See Ransom v. A.B. Dick Co., 289 Ill.
       App. 3d 663, 669 (1997).
¶ 45        In Amica Life Insurance Co. v. Barbor, 488 F. Supp. 2d 750, 756-57 (N.D. Ill. 2007) , the
       court observed that in Hilton v. Guyot, 159 U.S. 113 (1895), the United States Supreme Court
       set forth the bounds for granting comity to a foreign court’s ruling, and that the lower federal
       courts read Hilton to require specific criteria for a finding of comity, including “(1) [an]
       opportunity for a full and fair trial; (2) [a] trial before a court of competent jurisdiction; (3)
       proceedings following due citation or voluntary appearance of adversary parties; (4) a trial
       conducted upon regular proceedings; (5) a trial under a system of jurisprudence likely to
       secure an impartial administration of justice between the citizens of its own country and
       those of other countries; and (6) no evidence to demonstrate fraud in the procuring of the
       judgment, prejudice in the system of laws in which the court was sitting, or prejudice in the
       court.” Amica Life Insurance, 488 F. Supp. 2d at 756-57 (citing Van Den Biggelaar v.
       Wagner, 978 F. Supp. 848, 858-59 (N.D. Ind. 1997), and Glaverbel Societe Anonyme v.
       Northlake Marketing & Supply Inc., 48 U.S.P.Q.2d (BNA) 1344, 1346-47 (N.D. Ind. 1998)).
       The concept behind comity is that “ ‘once the parties have [h]ad an opportunity to present
       their cases fully and fairly before a court of competent jurisdiction, the results of the
       litigation process should be final.’ ” Amica Life Insurance, 488 F. Supp. 2d at 757 (quoting
       International Transactions, Ltd. v. Embotelladora Agral Regiomontana, SA de CV, 347 F.3d
589, 593 (5th Cir. 2003)).
¶ 46        Notice, an opportunity to be heard and to defend in an orderly proceeding adapted to the
       nature of the case are the essential elements of due process of law. Lescher v. Barker, 57 Ill.
       App. 3d 776, 783 (1978). In Kohl, this court upheld a trial court order denying comity to a
       foreign child support order where the foreign court lacked personal jurisdiction over the
       respondent-father. Kohl, 334 Ill. App. 3d at 881; see also 23A Ill. L. and Prac. Judgments
       § 294 (2008) (foreign judgments will be honored, inter alia, if the participants were given an
       opportunity for a full and fair trial).
¶ 47        In Amica Life Insurance, a hearing was held in the Syrian court to correct a birth date in
       order to establish insurance coverage. Since it was unclear whether the Syrian court

                                                   -8-
       proceedings were adversarial and the insurance company had no opportunity to present
       conflicting evidence, the district court held:
               “[W]e will not bind a non-party to the foreign proceeding to a fact determined on the
               basis of evidence presented only by the adversary (or those with the same interests as
               the adversary) in the domestic proceeding.” Amica Life Insurance, 488 F. Supp. 2d at
               757.
¶ 48      In the present case, it appears that the court proceeding in the Ukraine court was
       conducted ex parte. There is no evidence that the respondent was given notice of the
       proceeding in order to participate or that the proceeding was adversarial.
¶ 49      We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it denied comity to the
       orders of the Ukrainian court.

¶ 50                                  III. Reopening the Proofs
¶ 51      The petitioner contends that the trial court erred when it denied her motion to reopen the
       proofs.

¶ 52                                 A. Standard of Review
¶ 53      We review an order denying a motion to reopen proofs for a clear abuse of discretion.
       General Motors Acceptance Corp. v. Stoval, 374 Ill. App. 3d 1064, 1077 (2007).

¶ 54                                          B. Discussion
¶ 55        In ruling on a motion to reopen proofs, the trial court considers: “ ‘whether the moving
       party has provided a reasonable excuse for failing to submit the additional evidence during
       trial, whether granting the motion would result in surprise or unfair prejudice to the opposing
       party, and if the evidence is of the utmost importance to the movant’s case.’ ” General
       Motors Acceptance Corp., 374 Ill. App. 3d at 1077 (quoting Dowd & Dowd, Ltd. v. Gleason,
       352 Ill. App. 3d 365, 389 (2004)). Where the case is tried before the court without a jury,
       greater liberty should be allowed in reopening proofs. Dunahee v. Chenoa Welding &
       Fabrication, Inc., 273 Ill. App. 3d 201, 210 (1995).
¶ 56        In the present case, there was no jury and the petitioner’s motion to reopen proofs was
       brought before the trial court rendered its decision in this case. See Dunahee, 273 Ill. App. 3d
       at 211 (trial court’s denial of the motion to reopen the proofs was an abuse of discretion, in
       part, because the judgment had not yet been rendered, and the witness was still available to
       testify). Nonetheless, under the facts of this case, the denial of the motion to reopen proofs
       was not an abuse of discretion.
¶ 57        The petitioner maintains that she had a reasonable excuse for not introducing the
       evidence during the hearing. She points out that the respondent did not file a response to her
       petition and failed to disclose Ms. Semenova and Ms. Schwitz as witnesses as well as the
       documents he presented at the hearing. The petitioner was therefore unprepared with rebuttal
       evidence at the time of the hearing. However, since the hearing, her attorney “has had the
       opportunity to investigate and obtain rebuttal evidence.”
¶ 58        The petitioner’s argument is belied by the record. Prior to the hearing, the assistant
       State’s Attorney (ASA) explained that for a year, his office had been in discussions with the

                                                  -9-
       attorney for the petitioner regarding the petitioner’s documents in order to enter into a
       stipulation as to heirship. However, no agreement had been reached. The ASA informed the
       trial court that the maternal heirs objected to the motion to amend heirship on the grounds
       that some of the evidence relied on by the petitioner “does not rise to the standard that it
       needs to meet.” The respondent explained to the court that what was contested was the
       petitioner’s proof that Mendel Purkovich had been married twice and that one of the
       marriages was to Sara Kogan. While the petitioner’s attorney claimed he was unaware that
       the motion was contested, under questioning by the trial court, the petitioner’s attorney
       acknowledged that he had not filed any discovery motions and was aware that the hearing
       had been set for February 2, 2012. The petitioner then chose to proceed on the basis of the
       documentation she was presenting to the court.
¶ 59        Even in the absence of a response by the respondent, it is clear from the record that the
       petitioner was aware for at least a year prior to the hearing that the validity of her documents
       to prove heirship was at issue. The petitioner chose not to file any discovery motions and,
       therefore, has no valid claim that she was surprised by the witnesses and the evidence the
       respondent presented at the hearing.
¶ 60        In Chicago Transparent Products, Inc. v. American National Bank & Trust Co. of
       Chicago, 337 Ill. App. 3d 931 (2002), the reviewing court held that the denial of a motion to
       reopen proofs was not an abuse of discretion in the absence of an allegation that the evidence
       could not have been produced at trial. Chicago Transparent Products, Inc., 337 Ill. App. 3d at
       942. The petitioner argues that the case is distinguishable because she alleged that she did not
       obtain the evidence until after trial. However, the reply from the National Academy of
       Sciences of the Ukraine indicates that the information was not of recent origin and could
       have been obtained prior to the hearing.
¶ 61        In the present case, the petitioner was made aware from the discussions with the ASA
       that there were unresolved objections to the documentation she was relying on to prove
       heirship. While petitioner claimed that the respondent’s failure to respond to her petition
       caused her to be unprepared to rebut the respondent’s witnesses and documents, the
       petitioner failed to conduct any prehearing discovery to ascertain any grounds for objection
       to her petition and any witnesses the respondent intended to call. Unlike the plaintiff in
       Dunahee, the petitioner’s failure to introduce the new evidence was not because of
       inadvertence but was a calculated risk on her part. Dunahee, 273 Ill. App. 3d at 210.
¶ 62        The petitioner maintained that the evidence she wished to present was of material
       significance to her case. The petitioner relies on People v. Cotell, 298 Ill. 207 (1921). In that
       case, the newly discovered evidence established that the State’s main witness, the
       defendant’s accomplice, had testified falsely. Rather than mere impeachment, the supreme
       court determined that the newly discovered evidence went to the “very foundation of the
       people’s case and should be considered by a jury.” Cotell, 298 Ill. at 217.
¶ 63        In People v. Holtzman, 1 Ill. 2d 562 (1953), the court distinguished Cotell. The court in
       Holtzman noted a distinction between “evidence which impeaches a witness in the sense that
       it affects the credibility of the witness, and evidence which is probative in that it presents a
       state of facts which differs from that to which the witness testified.” Holtzman, 1 Ill. 2d at
       568. Where the effect of the newly discovered evidence is to “discredit, contradict and
       impeach a witness,” the evidence does not afford a basis for granting a new trial. Holtzman, 1
Ill. 2d at 568.

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¶ 64        The petitioner’s new evidence did not consist of facts disputing that Ms. Semenova
       carried out an investigation or her physical examination of the genealogy records. The new
       evidence went to “discredit, contradict and impeach” her conclusions that the petitioner’s
       documents were based on false information. Unlike Cotell, the petitioner’s evidence did not
       go to the foundations of the respondent’s case but only served to impeach the credibility of
       the respondent’s witnesses.
¶ 65        The relevant factors to be considered in ruling on a motion to reopen proofs support the
       denial of the motion. The petitioner failed to provide a reasonable excuse for not submitting
       the evidence from the National Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine during the hearing.
       There was prejudice to the estate and the maternal heirs; allowing the reopening of proofs in
       this case would further delay the closing and final distribution of an estate which was opened
       in 2008. In any event, the petitioner’s evidence served only as impeachment of the witnesses’
       credibility, not the facts to which they testified.
¶ 66        The denial of the petitioner’s motion to reopen the proofs was not a clear abuse of the
       trial court’s discretion. We conclude that the trial court did not err when it denied the
       petitioner’s motion to reopen proofs.

¶ 67                             IV. Manifest Weight of the Evidence
¶ 68      The petitioner contends that the denial of her motion to amend heirship was against the
       manifest weight of the evidence.

¶ 69                                      A. Standard of Review
¶ 70        A reviewing court will not set aside a judgment following a bench trial unless the
       judgment is against the manifest weight of the evidence. Brynwood Co. v. Schweisberger, 393
Ill. App. 3d 339, 351 (2009). A judgment is against the manifest weight of the evidence
       where the opposite conclusion is clearly evident or where the finding is unreasonable,
       arbitrary, or not based on the evidence presented. Brynwood Co., 393 Ill. App. 3d at 351.

¶ 71                                            B. Discussion
¶ 72       As the trier of fact in a bench trial, the court is in a superior position to observe the
       demeanor of the witnesses while testifying, to judge their credibility and to determine the
       weight their testimony and the other trial evidence should receive. Wildman, Harrold, Allen
       & Dixon v. Gaylord, 317 Ill. App. 3d 590, 599 (2000). The reviewing court takes questions of
       testimonial credibility as resolved in favor of the prevailing party and must draw from the
       evidence all reasonable inferences in support of the judgment. Wildman, Harrold, Allen &
       Dixon, 317 Ill. App. 3d at 599.
¶ 73       The petitioner maintains that the trial court failed to give the appropriate recognition to
       the Ukrainian public records, which were certified by apostilles. She argues that her certified
       documents were entitled to more weight than the testimony of Ms. Semenova, who failed to
       establish her expertise in the field of genealogy research.
¶ 74       We rejected the petitioner’s contention that Ms. Semenova was not qualified to testify as
       an expert witness in genealogy. Her testimony described her investigation of the archival
       records, the documents she examined and the photographs she took of the records. The
       results of her investigation and her expertise in the field of genealogy formed the basis for

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       her conclusion that the petitioner’s documents were based on false information contained in
       the records.
¶ 75       The petitioner further argues that the court in the Ukraine determined her paternal
       relationship to the decedent and that the documents she acquired after the hearing established
       that a court proceeding was the only legal way to contest archival records. However, we
       determined that the denial of comity to the October 4, 2011, order of the Ukrainian court was
       not an abuse of discretion. We further determined that it was not an abuse of discretion to
       deny the petitioner’s motion to reopen the proofs to admit the documents she now relies on to
       challenge the denial of her motion to amend heirship.
¶ 76       The petitioner argues that the trial court erred when it found Ms. Semenova and Ms.
       Schwitz credible witnesses. She claims that Ms. Semenova contradicted her own testimony
       and had several lapses of knowledge. The petitioner claims that Ms. Schwitz did not have
       sufficient experience to testify as an expert in genealogy and also presented contradictory
       testimony.
¶ 77       The petitioner points to the March 28, 2011, letter from the State Committee on Archives
       of Ukraine which states that documents which Ms. Semenova claimed to have conducted
       research on were nonexistent. Ms. Semenova testified that using the source codes she was
       unable to locate those documents, but she then located them in a different record. Moreover,
       according to the respondent’s exhibit No. 14, as a result of the investigation it ordered on
       December 23, 2011, the State Archives Service of Ukraine ordered the improperly inserted
       sheets, containing the birth and marriage information relied on by the petitioner, removed
       from the registrar’s books.
¶ 78       Next, the petitioner directs us to Ms. Semenova’s testimony on direct examination that
       there are two sets of record books, and then to her cross-examination where she testified that
       there was one set of books, but they were kept in two locations at the same time. On direct
       examination, Ms. Semenova was questioned by the respondent as follows:
                   “Q. At the beginning of your testimony you stated that the Archives Department
               keep–during 1900 kept two separate books, the registrars books *** of birth, marriage
               and death and the Alphabetical Name Index, and that information could be kept in
               both places, correct?
                   A. Correct.”
¶ 79       On cross-examination, Ms. Semenova was questioned by the petitioner as follows:
                   “Q. Now, you said there is two sets of books; there’s a registrar’s books and
               Alphabetical Index; is that correct?
                   A. Right.”
¶ 80       We find nothing contradictory in Ms. Semenova’s testimony as to the number or location
       of the record books. The petitioner also claims that Ms. Semenova’s testimony should be
       rejected because she could not state when the records were altered and could not present any
       forensic testimony as to the kind of ink used in 1903. Since Ms. Semenova’s knowledge was
       not above that of a layperson, the petitioner maintains that the trial court erred in relying on
       her testimony. Thompson, 221 Ill. 2d at 428.
¶ 81       While Ms. Semenova acknowledged that she was not familiar with the ink used in 1903,
       she noted that the color of the ink on the 1903 marriage certificate was smudged and did not
       match the color of the ink use on any other pages in the record. She also consulted an

                                                  - 12 -
       archives officer who explained that ink from the earlier period did not smudge. She
       acknowledged that she was not familiar with the methods used prior to the introduction of the
       seal or stamp to correct information in the archives.
¶ 82       “Discrepancies, omissions and bias go to the weight of the testimony to be evaluated by
       the trier of fact.” People v. Rodriguez, 2012 IL App (1st) 072758-B, ¶ 47. The weight to be
       given the testimony is the prerogative of the trier of fact, and we will not substitute our
       judgment for that of the fact finder. Village of Bull Valley v. Winterpacht, 2012 IL App (2d)
101192, ¶ 12. The petitioner chose to rely on the “apostilled” documents and presented no
       witnesses, expert or otherwise, to contradict the testimony of Ms. Semenova. The trial court
       also reviewed the documents and the photographs of the Ukrainian records taken by Ms.
       Semenova and was able to compare them with Ms. Semenova’s description of them in her
       testimony. The trial court determined that Ms. Semenova’s testimony was supported by the
       documentation she presented. We find no basis in the record to disturb the trial court’s
       determination that Ms. Semenova was a credible witness.
¶ 83       The same analysis applies to Ms. Schwitz. The petitioner claims that Ms. Schwitz’s two
       years of experience did not qualify her to testify as an expert in this case. She further claims
       that Ms. Schwitz’s testimony was not credible because she did not know for whom she was
       working. The petitioner failed to object to Ms. Schwitz’s testimony and did not
       cross-examine her. In any event, Ms. Schwitz testified that the committee report was for “our
       internal office” and explained that it was later forwarded to the Transcarpathian State
       Administration to be given to prosecutors. Like Ms. Semenova, we find no basis in the record
       to disturb the trial court’s determination that Ms. Schwitz was a credible witness.
¶ 84       We may not overturn a judgment merely because we might disagree with it or, as the trier
       of fact, we might have come to a different conclusion. People v. Parcel of Property
       Commonly Known as 1945 North 31st Street, 217 Ill. 2d 481, 510 (2005). The reviewing court
       will uphold a trial court’s judgment following a bench trial if there is any evidence
       supporting it. Nokomis Quarry Co. v. Dietl, 333 Ill. App. 3d 480, 484 (2002).
¶ 85       In this case, the trial court’s determination that the petitioner failed to prove heirship is
       supported by the evidence presented and by the witnesses’ testimony. Since the opposite
       conclusion was neither clearly evident nor arbitrary, the denial of the petitioner’s motion to
       amend heirship was not against the manifest weight of the evidence.

¶ 86                             V. Denial of Rehearing or Reconsideration
¶ 87       The petitioner contends that the trial court erred when it denied her motion for rehearing
       or in the alternative, reconsideration.

¶ 88                                    A. Standard of Review
¶ 89       “[W]here the denial of a motion to reconsider is based on new matters, such as additional
       facts or new arguments or legal theories that were not presented during the course of the
       proceedings leading to the issuance of the order being challenged, the abuse of discretion
       standard applies.” Compton v. Country Mutual Insurance Co., 382 Ill. App. 3d 323, 330
       (2008).

                                                  - 13 -
¶ 90                                           B. Discussion
¶ 91       The petitioner argues that the newly discovered evidence entitled her to a rehearing or
       reconsideration of the court’s order denying her motion to amend heirship. To receive a
       rehearing on the basis of newly discovered evidence, a party must show due diligence and
       demonstrate that justice was not done. In re Ashley F., 265 Ill. App. 3d 419, 426 (1994).
¶ 92       The petitioner maintains that she was diligent in discovering the new evidence. She
       points out that her counsel was in communication with the other parties, but there had been
       no objection raised as to the validity of the documentation she was relying on to prove
       heirship prior to the hearing.
¶ 93       Our courts have set forth the rationale underlying the requirement that a movant provide a
       reasonable explanation, justifying why the evidence presented at a motion for reconsideration
       was not available at the time of the original hearing:
               “ ‘ “Trial courts should not permit litigants to stand mute, lose a motion, and then
               frantically gather evidentiary material to show that the court erred in its ruling. Civil
               proceedings already suffer from far too many delays, and the interests of finality and
               efficiency require that the trial courts not consider such late-tendered evidentiary
               material, no matter what the contents thereof may be.” ’ (Emphasis in original.)”
               Simmons v. Reichardt, 406 Ill. App. 3d 317, 325 (2010) (quoting Stringer v.
               Packaging Corp. of America, 351 Ill. App. 3d 1135, 1141 (2004), quoting Gardner v.
               Navistar International Transportation Corp., 213 Ill. App. 3d 242, 248-49 (1991)).
¶ 94       Prior to the hearing, the petitioner was aware that the maternal heirs were contesting the
       documents she was relying on to prove heirship. While the respondent did not file a response
       to her motion, the petitioner bore the burden of proof but chose not to conduct discovery to
       ascertain the respondent’s position. In view of the failed attempts to reach a settlement with
       the maternal heirs, the petitioner could not have been surprised that the hearing on the motion
       to amend heirship would be a contested one. Yet, the petitioner waited until she lost the
       motion to obtain and present the newly discovered evidence to the court.
¶ 95       We conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying the petitioner’s
       motion for rehearing or reconsideration.

¶ 96                                        CONCLUSION
¶ 97      The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

¶ 98      Affirmed.

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