Court Opinion

ID: 2667947
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-04-04 14:34:05.088467+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:42:53.557445
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                       FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
__________________________________________
                                           )
COLLEEN MILLER,                            )
                                           )
            Plaintiff,                    )  Civil Action No. 08-1613 (ESH)
                                           )
            v.                             )
                                           )
TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION, et al.           )
                                           )
            Defendants.                    )
__________________________________________)

                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Plaintiff Colleen Miller has sued Toyota Motor Corp. (“TMC”) and Thrifty Rent-A-Car

Service, Inc. (“Thrifty”) for damages resulting from injuries she suffered during an accident that

occurred in South Africa involving a vehicle rented from Thrifty’s licensee and made by TMC.

Before the Court are defendants’ motions to dismiss. For the reasons set forth below, the Court

will dismiss TMC for lack of personal jurisdiction and transfer plaintiff’s claims against Thrifty

to the Middle District of Florida on the grounds of forum non conveniens.

                                         BACKGROUND

I.     FACTS

       Plaintiff Colleen Miller is a citizen of Ohio. (Compl. ¶ 1.) On October 3, 2005, plaintiff

was injured in an auto accident near Uniondale, South Africa when the brake on the vehicle in

which she was traveling allegedly malfunctioned, causing the vehicle to swerve, spin

uncontrollably, flip off the roadway, and ultimately, strike a pole (“the accident”). (Id. ¶¶ 8, 11-

14.) Plaintiff was traveling in a Toyota Condor sport utility vehicle (“the SUV”) which had been

rented from a vehicle rental facility operated by Safy Trust (“Safy”) per a licensing agreement

                                                 1
with Thrifty Rent-A-Car Service, Inc. (“Thrifty”). (Id. ¶¶ 8, 10.) Also in the SUV at the time of

the accident were plaintiff’s mother, Dorothy Thomson; plaintiff’s son, Jerame Miller, and his

wife, Rita Miller; and Jerame’s daughters (and plaintiff’s granddaughters), Madison and Cori

Miller (collectively, “the other SUV passengers”).

       Defendant Thrifty is an Oklahoma corporation with its principal place of business in

Tulsa, Oklahoma. (Compl. ¶ 3.) Thrifty operates vehicle rental facilities in the District of

Columbia. (Thrifty’s Mem. of P. & A. in Supp. of Mot. to Dismiss [“Thrifty’s Mem.”] at 9.)

On October 1, 2003, Thrifty entered a licensing agreement with Safy, a South African company.

(See id., Ex. 1 (International Master License Agreement).) Per the licensing agreement, Safy

operates a vehicle rental facility at the airport in Port Elizabeth, South Africa. (Id.; see also

Thrifty’s Mem. at 1, 9.) Safy is not a defendant in this action. (Compl. ¶ 36.)

       Defendant Toyota Motor Corp. Worldwide (“TMC”) is a Japanese corporation with its

principal place of business in Japan. (Compl. ¶ 2.) TMC “designs, manufactures, assembles and

developmentally tests” various Toyota vehicles. (TMC’s Mem. of P. & A. in Supp. of Mot. to

Dismiss [“TMC’s Mem.”], Ex. 1 (Kojiro Tanaka Aff., Feb. 27, 2009) [“Tanaka Aff.”] ¶ 3; see

generally TMC’s Mem. at 1-2, 8, 11-12.) The Toyota Condor is not designed or manufactured

for the United States market. (Tanaka Aff. ¶ 31.) TMC does not import Toyota vehicles into the

United States, nor does it market or sell Toyota vehicles here. (Id. ¶¶ 5-6.) Toyota Motor Sales,

U.S.A. (“TMS”), a subsidiary of TMC that is incorporated in California, performs these

functions. (Id. ¶ 6.) TMS is the exclusive importer of Toyota vehicles in the United States, and

a distributor of vehicles in the District of Columbia. (TMC’s Mem., Ex. 2 (Jerry Koyanagi Aff.,

Feb. 18, 2009) [“Koyanagi Aff.”] ¶ 3.) Toyota Motor North America, Inc. (“TMA”) is the

                                                  2
holding company for TMS. (TMC’s Mem., Ex. 3 (Jeffrey Roman Aff., Feb. 11, 2009) [“Roman

Aff.”] ¶ 3.) TMA, also incorporated in California, directs corporate communications and

advertising, investor and media relations, government and regulatory affairs, market research,

and philanthropy. (Id. ¶ 4.)

       TMC is not licensed to do business in the District of Columbia. (Tanaka Aff. ¶ 14.) It

does not own or lease real estate in the District of Columbia and does not maintain a sales force

or any other agents or representatives here. (Id. ¶¶ 8, 13.) It does not pay taxes to the District of

Columbia. (Id. ¶ 15.) None of TMC’s designing or manufacturing takes place in the District of

Columbia. (Id. ¶ 17.) TMC does not target marketing at District of Columbia residents. (See id.

¶¶ 6, 10, 11, 16.) It does not ship any vehicles for the purposes of sale directly into the District

of Columbia. (Id. ¶ 9.)

II.    PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       The October 3, 2005 accident has generated five lawsuits by plaintiff and the other SUV

passengers. On October 9, 2006, plaintiff and the Estate of Dorothy Thomson (plaintiff’s

mother, who died from complications relating to injuries she sustained in the accident) filed the

first suit against TMC and Thrifty in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Ohio.

Estate of Dorothy Thomson v. Toyota Motor Corp. Worldwide (hereinafter “Estate of Dorothy

Thomson I”), No. 06-2431, 2007 WL 1795271, at *1 (N.D. Ohio June 19, 2007). On June 19,

2007, the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Ohio granted TMC’s motion to dismiss

for lack of personal jurisdiction and sua sponte dismissed the claims against Thrifty on the

grounds of forum non conveniens. Id. at *2, *3. The Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit

affirmed these dismissals. See 545 F.3d 357, 360 (6th Cir. 2008).

                                                  3
       On October 1, 2007, plaintiff’s son and daughter-in-law, Jerame and Rita Miller, and

plaintiff’s granddaughter, Cori Miller, filed suit to recover damages for their own injuries and for

the death of Madison Miller, plaintiff’s other granddaughter who died when the helicopter

evacuating her from the scene of the accident crashed into a mountain. Estate of Madison Miller

v. Toyota Motor Corp. (hereinafter “Estate of Madison Miller”), No. 07-1358, 2008 WL 516725,

at *2 (M.D. Fla. Feb. 22, 2008), amended by 2008 WL 4525058 (M.D. Fla. Oct. 3, 2008). After

granting limited jurisdictional discovery, the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of

Florida dismissed plaintiff’s claims against TMC for lack of personal jurisdiction. 2008 WL

516725, at *6. However, it denied Thrifty’s motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction

and forum non conveniens. Estate of Madison Miller, No. 07-1358, 2007 WL 4482589, at *11

(M.D. Fla. Dec. 18, 2007). The claims against Thrifty are scheduled for trial in August 2009.

(Pl.’s Opp’n to Def. Thrifty-Rent-a-Car Service, Inc.’s Mot. to Dismiss [“Pl.’s Opp’n to

Thrifty’s Mot.”] at 2.)

       On October 2, 2007, plaintiff’s husband, Michael Miller, filed suit in Ohio state court,

and TMC and Thrifty subsequently removed the case to the U.S. District Court for the Northern

District of Ohio and filed motions to dismiss. Miller v. Toyota Motor Corp. (hereinafter

“Michael Miller”), 593 F. Supp. 2d 1254, 1256 (M.D. Fla. 2008). Rather than dismiss Michael

Miller’s claims, the Northern District of Ohio transferred his case to the U.S. District Court for

the Middle District of Florida. Id. On October 10, 2008, Michael Miller and TMC stipulated to

the dismissal of all his claims against TMC. (TMC’s Mem. at 4.) His claims against Thrifty

have been consolidated for trial with Estate of Madison Miller. (Pl.’s Opp’n to Thrifty’s Mot. at

2.)

                                                 4
         On September 19, 2008, Dorothy Thomson’s estate filed suit in the U.S. District Court

for the District of Maryland. Estate of Dorothy Thomson v. Toyota Motor Corp. Worldwide

(hereinafter “Estate of Dorothy Thomson II”), No. 08-2467 (D. Md. filed Sep. 19, 2008). TMC

and Thrifty have filed motions to dismiss which are currently pending before that court.

         On September 18, 2008, plaintiff brought suit in this jurisdiction, alleging that TMC

negligently failed to use reasonable care in designing and constructing a safe vehicle and brake

system. (Compl. ¶¶ 14, 17, 18.) Plaintiff also alleges that Thrifty negligently failed to use

reasonable care in selecting and providing safe vehicles for its customers. (Id. ¶¶ 21, 22.)

Plaintiff further alleges strict liability and breach of both express and implied warranties as to

both defendants. (Id. ¶¶ 24-35.) Plaintiff requests damages for her injuries, physical and mental

pain and suffering, medical expenses, and loss of earnings. (Id. ¶ 36.)

         TMC has moved to dismiss the complaint for lack of personal jurisdiction, claiming that

it has insufficient contacts with the District of Columbia. (TMC’s Mem. at 6-10; see generally

Tanaka Aff.) TMC further claims that neither TMS nor TMA is an alter ego of TMC, so those

corporations’ activities in the District of Columbia cannot subject TMC to suit here. (TMC’s

Mem. at 12-16; see generally Tanaka Aff., Koyanagi Aff., & Roman Aff.) TMC has also moved

to dismiss the complaint for improper venue and insufficient service of process. (TMC’s Mem.

at 1.)

         Thrifty has moved to dismiss the complaint for inconvenient venue. (Thrifty’s Mem. at

3.) Specifically, Thrifty claims that South Africa is the proper venue for this suit. (Id. at 8.)

Thrifty also has moved to dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief can

be granted (id. at 1), claiming that the decision by the Northern District of Ohio to dismiss Estate

                                                  5
of Dorothy Thomson I based on forum non conveniens, 2007 WL 1795271, at *2-*3, aff’d, 545

F.3d at 360, bars the current action based on the doctrines of res judicata and collateral estoppel.

(Thrifty’s Mem. at 1, 5.) Finally, Thrifty has also moved to dismiss for lack of personal

jurisdiction. (Id. at 1.)

        For the following reasons, this Court will grant TMC’s motion to dismiss for lack of

personal jurisdiction and will transfer plaintiff’s claims against Thrifty to the Middle District of

Florida.

                                            ANALYSIS

I.      TMC

        A foreign corporate defendant may be subject to personal jurisdiction pursuant to either

the District of Columbia’s long-arm statute, D.C. Code § 13-423(a), or its provision for service

of foreign corporations, D.C. Code § 13-334(a). Sunlite, Inc. v. BfG Bank AG, 849 F. Supp. 74,

75-76 (D.D.C. 1994). Plaintiff has acknowledged that the facts of her case do not give rise to

specific jurisdiction over TMC, provided for in § 13-423(a)(1) (Pl.’s Opp’n to TMC’s Mot. at 3),

so this Court only considers whether TMC is subject to general personal jurisdiction, provided

for in § 13-334(a). (See also TMC’s Mem. at 5-6.) That section provides in relevant part:

        In an action against a foreign corporation doing business in the District, process
        may be served on the agent of the corporation or person conducting its business,
        or, when he is absent and can not be found, by leaving a copy at the principal
        place of business in the District, or where there is no such place of business, by
        leaving a copy at the place of business or residence of the agent in the District,
        and that service is effectual to bring the corporation before the court.

D.C. Code § 13-334(a).

        “Although section 13-334(a) expressly addresses service of process, the D.C. Court of

Appeals has held that section 13-334(a) also grants general personal jurisdiction over ‘a foreign

                                                  6
corporation which carries on a consistent pattern of regular business activity’ within the

District.” FC Inv. Group LC v. IFX Markets Ltd., 529 F.3d 1087, 1092 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (quoting

AMAF Int’l Corp. v. Ralston Purina Co., 428 A.2d 849, 850 (D.C. 1981)). “D.C. Code § 13-

334(a) ‘permits courts to exercise general jurisdiction over a foreign corporation as to claims not

arising from the corporation’s conduct in the District of Columbia if the corporation is “doing

business” in the District.’” Id. at 1091 (quoting Gorman v. Ameritrade Holding Corp., 293 F.3d

506, 509 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (internal quotation omitted)). “‘The reach of “doing business”

jurisdiction under § 13-334(a) is co-extensive with the reach of constitutional due process.’” Id.

at 1092 (quoting Gorman, 293 F.3d at 510). The Due Process Clause makes “general

jurisdiction . . . permissible if the defendant’s business contacts with the forum are ‘continuous

and systematic.’” Id. (quoting Helicopteros Nacionales de Colombia, S.A. v. Hall, 466 U.S. 408,

415 (1984)).

       TMC’s pleadings and affidavits assert that it does little, if any, business in the District of

Columbia (TMC’s Mem. at 8, 11-12; see generally Tanaka Aff.), and certainly none that could

be described as “continuous and systematic.” Plaintiff claims that TMS and TMA are closely

related to and seemingly controlled by TMC, and that their activities in the District of Columbia

are sufficient to hale TMC into this Court. (Pl.’s Opp’n to Def. Toyota Motor Corp.’s Mot. to

Dismiss [“Pl.’s Opp’n to TMC’s Mot.”] at 2-6.) Plaintiff also claims that TMC’s activity in the

United States, generally, and its global presence should subject it to personal jurisdiction in the

District of Columbia. (Id. at 1-4, 6.) Courts in both the Ohio and Florida actions filed by

plaintiff and the other SUV passengers have already considered and rejected these very

arguments, see Estate of Dorothy Thomson I, 2007 WL 1795271, at *1-*2, even when they were

                                                  7
supported by the same exhibits that plaintiff has submitted here. See Estate of Madison Miller,

2008 WL 516725, at *4-*6.1 Because Ohio and Florida’s requirements for general personal

jurisdiction are analogous to those imposed by D.C. Code § 13-334(a), the Court finds the

courts’ reasoning in those cases to be both instructive and persuasive.

       Considering factual claims and jurisdictional theories substantially similar, if not

identical, to those made by plaintiff in this case, the district court held in Estate of Madison

Miller that TMC was not subject to jurisdiction in Florida. 2008 WL 516725, at *6. The court

concluded that plaintiffs’ claims that TMC was authorized to do business in the State of Florida

and that TMC derived one percent of its profits from Florida did not show a “general course of

business activity” in Florida. Id. at *5. The press releases, offered by plaintiffs as evidence of

TMC’s national presence and relationships with subsidiaries,2 were also unavailing because they

did not demonstrate any breakdown according to geographical area. Id. Furthermore, the court

found that any national Toyota brand presence is facilitated not by TMC, but by other domestic

       1
          The court in Estate of Dorothy Thomson I considered the very arguments that plaintiff
has made in this case, but did not have the press releases and other corporate documents she now
submits as exhibits in support of her opposition to TMC’s motion. Compare Pls.’ Opp’n to Def.
Toyota’s Mot. to Dismiss and Forum Non Conveniens [“Ohio Pls.’ Opp’n to TMC’s Mot.”],
Exs. 1-16, Estate of Dorothy Thomson I, No. 06-2431 (N.D. Ohio filed May 14, 2007). The
court in Estate of Madison Miller, however, considered the same arguments and exhibits that
plaintiff has presented here. See Pls.’ Opp’n to Toyota’s Mot. To Dismiss Pursuant to F.R.C.P.
12(b)(2) and/or 12(b)(3), and for Forum Non Conveniens [“Fla. Pls.’ Opp’n to TMC’s Mot.”],
Exs. 1-3, 7, 8, Estate of Madison Miller, No. 07-1358 (M.D. Fla. filed Dec. 26, 2007). After
limited jurisdictional discovery, plaintiffs in Estate of Madison Miller presented additional
evidence of TMC’s activities in Florida and parent-subsidiary relationships, see Pls.’ Suppl. Mot.
to Correct the R. and Assert Personal Jurisdiction over Toyota Motor Corp., Estate of Madison
Miller, No. 07-1358 (M.D. Fla. filed June 17, 2008), but even this additional evidence did not
alter the Florida court’s conclusion that it lacked personal jurisdiction over TMC.
       2
          Plaintiff in this case has offered these same press releases to show TMC’s business
activities in the District of Columbia. Compare Pl.’s Opp’n to TMC’s Mot., Exs. 1 & 4 with Fla.
Pls.’ Opp’n to TMC’s Mot., Exs. 2 & 3.

                                                  8
corporations not named as defendants in the litigation. Id. at *2. In sum, the evidence failed to

show the “substantial and not isolated” activity required by Florida law to establish general

jurisdiction. Id. at *2-*3 (quoting Stubbs v. Wyndham Nassau Resort & Crystal Palace Casino,

447 F.3d 1357, 1361 (11th Cir. 2002)).

       When assessing plaintiffs’ alter ego theory, the court in Estate of Madison Miller applied

Florida law requiring it to aggregate the “direct and subsidiary-related contacts of a non-resident

corporation.” Id. at *4 (citing Stubbs, 447 F.3d at 1361-63). The press releases that plaintiffs

offered as evidence of TMC’s close connection to TMS appeared to have been prepared for

investors and lacked any nuance as to corporate structure. Id. at *5. The court was unpersuaded

by plaintiffs’ claim that TMC and TMS were “essentially the same company because they share

some of the same officers” and that sharing of officers demonstrates that TMC controls its

subsidiaries, id. at *4 (internal quotations omitted), because “[m]ere intermingling of officers

and directors does not imply that one corporation acts as the puppet of the other.” Id. at *5.

Accordingly, the court held that TMC’s subsidiaries “are sufficiently independent to preclude

imputing their contacts to TMC.” Id. at *6.

       For similar reasons, the Ohio district court in Estate of Dorothy Thomson I concluded

that it lacked personal jurisdiction over TMC because the company “[did] not have any contacts

in Ohio” at all, and TMS was not its alter ego. 2007 WL 1795271, at *1-*2. In assessing

whether TMS was TMC’s alter ego, the court, in accordance with Ohio law, looked to, inter alia,

financial dependency, nonobservance of corporate formalities, and location of corporate records.

Id. (citing Microsys Computing, Inc. v. Dynamic Data Sys, LLC, No. 05-CV-2205, 2006 WL

2225821, at *6 (N.D. Ohio Aug. 2, 2006)). The court found that plaintiff’s repeated reference to

                                                 9
“Toyota” – exemplified in plaintiff’s insistence that “‘Toyota’ is ‘omnipresent in the United

States and Ohio’” – “intentionally blur[red] the line between TMC and TMS.” Id. (internal

citations omitted). The court held that TMS’s contacts with Ohio were “irrelevant” to Ohio’s

jurisdiction over TMC, in part because TMC maintains its own workforce and corporate books,

does not own TMS stock, and gives no instructions to TMS regarding distribution of vehicles.

Id. On appeal, the Sixth Circuit agreed that “TMS and TMC are not alter egos,” even after

considering additional factors that might suggest an alter ego relationship, including having the

same address and phone lines, using the same assets, completing the same jobs, and exerting

control over another’s daily affairs. 545 F.3d at 362-63.

       This Court is convinced by the reasoning of these cases. In particular, the Court notes

that like Ohio law, District of Columbia law evaluates alter ego liability by looking to

“similarities between the two enterprises in their ownership, management, business purpose,

operations, equipment, and customers.” Flynn v. R.C. Tile, 353 F.3d 953, 958 (D.C. Cir. 2004)

(citing Mass. Carpenters Cent. Collection Agency v. Belmont Concrete Corp., 139 F.3d 304, 308

(1st Cir. 1998)). Therefore, this Court concludes that it lacks personal jurisdiction over TMC.

II.    THRIFTY

       Thrifty has moved to dismiss on the grounds of res judicata, collateral estoppel, forum

non conveniens, and lack of personal jurisdiction. (Thrifty’s Mem. at 2.) The Court “can

immediately take up the question of forum non conveniens and need not first consider whether it

has subject-matter or personal jurisdiction.” Kazenercom Too v. Turan Petroleum, Inc., 590 F.

Supp. 2d 153, 157 (D.D.C. 2008) (citing Sinochem Int’l Co. Ltd. v. Malaysia Int’l Shipping

Corp., 549 U.S. 422, 424-25 (2007)). Accordingly, the Court first considers forum non

                                                10
conveniens and finds that transfer under 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a) is warranted to promote judicial

economy and to avoid inconsistent judgments and significant inconvenience to parties and

witnesses.

       Congress has codified the doctrine of forum non conveniens at 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a),

“provid[ing] for transfer, rather than dismissal, when a sister federal court is the more convenient

place for trial of the action.” Sinochem, 549 U.S. at 430. Although Thrifty’s motion to dismiss

for forum non conveniens does not seek transfer (Thrifty’s Mot. at 1),3 courts may transfer cases

sua sponte under § 1404(a). 4 See, e.g., In re Scott, 709 F.2d 717, 721 (D.C. Cir. 1983) (citing

Skil Corp. v. Millers Falls Co., 541 F.2d 554, 556 (6th Cir. 1976) (permitting sua sponte transfer

where transfer would result in consolidation of plaintiff’s claim with related claims in another

venue)); Galindo v. Gonzales, 550 F. Supp. 2d 115, 116 (D.D.C. 2008); Paley v. Estate of Ogus,

20 F. Supp. 2d 83, 92-93 (D.D.C. 1998).

       3
          Thrifty claims that the court’s dismissal for forum non conveniens in Estate of Dorothy
Thomson I operates as res judicata or collateral estoppel (Thrifty’s Mem. at 4-6). The Court does
not find this persuasive. Although Judge Urbina of this Court previously held in Amore v.
Accor, S.A., 484 F. Supp. 2d 124 (D.D.C. 2007), that forum non conveniens could operate as res
judicata or collateral estoppel, Amore is distinguishable based on the availability of the proposed
alternate forum. In Amore, the court held that the previous forum non conveniens dismissal of
plaintiffs’ identical action in Reers v. Deutsche Bahn AG, 320 F. Supp. 2d 140 (S.D.N.Y. 2004),
operated as res judicata. Notably, the Reers court was relying on the fact that France was
available as an alternate forum and defendant was amenable to suit there. See 320 F. Supp. 2d at
159. In contrast, here there is a substantial question as to whether South Africa is an available
forum for suit against Thrifty. See Estate of Madison Miller, 2007 WL 4482589, at *4-*6;
Michael Miller, 593 F. Supp. 2d at 1259.
       4
          Courts may also transfer cases under 28 U.S.C. § 1406(a), which states, in relevant part,
that “[t]he district court of a district in which is filed a case laying venue in the wrong division or
district shall dismiss, or if it be in the interest of justice, transfer such case to any district or
division in which it could have been brought.” Therefore, even assuming arguendo that venue in
the District of Columbia is improper, this Court could still transfer the plaintiff’s claims against
Thrifty, since its determination that the “interests of justice” warrant transfer under § 1404(a)
would also support transfer under § 1406(a).

                                                  11
        Section 1404(a) provides that “[f]or the convenience of parties and witnesses, in the

interest of justice, a district court may transfer any civil action to any other district or division

where it might have been brought.” While § 1404(a) requires that the forum to which a case is

transferred be one in which the case originally might have been brought, Paley, 20 F. Supp. 2d at

92 (citing Hoffman v. Blaski, 363 U.S. 335, 343-44 (1960)), courts have broad discretion to

“adjudicate motions to transfer according to individualized, case-by-case consideration of

convenience and fairness.” Reiffin v. Microsoft Corp., 104 F. Supp. 2d 48, 50 (D.D.C. 2000)

(quoting Stewart Org., Inc. v. Ricoh Corp., 487 U.S. 22, 29 (1988)).

        In exercising its discretion, the Court considers several private and public interest factors.

Onyeneho v. Allstate Ins. Co., 466 F. Supp. 2d 1, 3 (D.D.C. 2000) (citing Reiffin, 104 F.Supp.2d

at 51-52). “Private interest factors include, but are not limited to: (1) plaintiffs’ privilege of

choosing the forum; (2) defendant’s preferred forum; (3) location where the claim arose; (4)

convenience of the parties; (5) convenience of witnesses, but only to the extent that witnesses

may be unavailable for trial in one of the fora; and (6) ease of access to sources of proof. Public

interest considerations include: (1) the transferee’s familiarity with the governing law; (2) the

relative congestion of the courts of the transferor and potential transferee; and (3) the local

interest in deciding local controversies at home.” Id. at 3 (citing Airport Working Group of

Orange County, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Def., 226 F. Supp. 2d 227, 229 (D.D.C. 2002)).

        While plaintiff’s choice of forum generally merits deference, Great Socialist People’s

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. Miski, 496 F. Supp. 2d 137, 144-45 (D.D.C. 2007), “the strong

presumption against disturbing plaintiff[’s] initial forum of choice . . . is weakened . . . when the

forum is not plaintiff’s home forum and most of the relevant events occurred elsewhere.”

                                                   12
Demery v. Montgomery County, MD, 602 F. Supp. 2d 206, 210 (D.D.C. 2009)(quoting Hunter v.

Johanns, 571 F. Supp. 2d 340, 344 (D.D.C. 2007)).

        In Estate of Madison Miller, the Florida district court denied Thrifty’s motion to dismiss

for forum non conveniens and lack of personal jurisdiction, making clear that the instant suit

against Thrifty could have been brought in the Middle District of Florida. See 2007 WL

4482589 at *11.5 Therefore, plaintiff’s case satisfies § 1404(a)’s first requirement, such that

transfer depends only upon this Court’s discretionary finding that the “convenience of the parties

and witnesses” and the “interests of justice” warrant transfer. 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a). These

factors weigh heavily in favor of transfer to the Middle District of Florida.

        First, plaintiff has chosen a forum that is neither her home forum nor one in which any

relevant events occurred. Plaintiff resides in Ohio and the vehicle rental and accident occurred

in South Africa. Accordingly, plaintiff’s choice of forum is entitled to little, if any, deference.

See Demery, 602 F. Supp. 2d at 210 (quoting Hunter, 571 F. Supp. 2d at 344). Second, the costs

to plaintiff of litigating in the District of Columbia are likely to be similar to, if not higher than,

those of litigating in the Middle District of Florida, where her family members’ and husband’s

claims are already scheduled for trial. (Pl.’s Opp’n to Thrifty’s Mot. at 2.) Third, transfer to the

Middle District of Florida will conserve judicial resources by avoiding duplicative litigation.

The evidence and witnesses that are material to plaintiff’s liability claims in this case will

undoubtedly be the same as in Estate of Madison Miller. (Pl.’s Mot. to Stay the Proceedings, at

1-2.) Moreover, plaintiff’s husband’s case will also relate to plaintiff’s injuries. The existence

        5
        The Middle District of Florida similarly refused to dismiss Thrifty for forum non
conveniens in Michael Miller. See 593 F. Supp. 2d at 1259.

                                                   13
of companion cases in other venues often warrants transfer for precisely these reasons. See, e.g.,

Islamic Republic of Iran v. Boeing, Inc., 477 F. Supp. 142, 144 (D.D.C. 1979) (“[L]itigation in

this Court of liability issues closely similar to issues pending for over two years in another

federal court would be a grossly inefficient use of judicial resources.”); Byerson v. Equifax, 467

F. Supp. 2d 627 (E.D. Va. 2006) (noting that judicial economy and avoidance of inconsistent

judgments are the most significant factors relevant to the interests of justice); Columbia Pictures

Indus. v. Fung, 447 F. Supp. 2d 306 (S.D.N.Y. 2006) (quoting Wyndham Assoc. v. Bintiff, 398

F.2d 614, 619 (2nd Cir. 1968)) (“There is a strong policy favoring the litigation of related claims

in the same tribunal . . . .”).

        Furthermore, the District of Columbia has no interest in this case and its citizens should

not be burdened with jury service. The Middle District of Florida, on the other hand, has a

significant interest in providing redress for injuries sustained in the accident, since three of the

plaintiffs in Estate of Madison Miller are now Florida residents. Estate of Madison Miller

includes four of the six passengers who were riding in the vehicle at the time of the accident, as

well as plaintiff’s husband. (Order of Consolidation, No. 07-1358 (M.D. Fla. Oct. 29, 2008).)

The only passengers not in the Florida suit are plaintiff and her mother, whose estate has filed

suit in the District of Maryland for reasons unknown to this Court.

        The Court therefore concludes that the convenience of parties and witnesses and the

interests of justice weigh heavily in favor of transferring plaintiff’s claims against Thrifty to the

Middle District of Florida.

                                                  14
                                         CONCLUSION

        For the foregoing reasons, the Court will grant defendant TMC’s motion to dismiss for

lack of personal jurisdiction and will deny defendant’s Thrifty’s motion to dismiss. Pursuant to

28 U.S.C. § 1404(a), the Court transfers plaintiff’s claims against Thrifty to the U.S. District

Court for the Middle District of Florida on the grounds of forum non conveniens, to be

consolidated with Estate of Madison Miller, No. 07-1358 (M.D. Fla. filed Aug. 24, 2007). A

separate order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.

                                                                 /s/
                                                      ELLEN SEGAL HUVELLE
                                                      United States District Judge
DATE:     June 2, 2009

                                                 15