Court Opinion

ID: 854365
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-03-06 01:01:21.24009+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:22:26.261232
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                            No. 13-001
                               (Filed under seal February 19, 2013)
                                    (Reissued March 4, 2013)

*************************
                               *
SUPREME FOODSERVICE GMBH,      *                     Post-award bid protest; override of the
                               *                     CICA automatic stay, 31 U.S.C. § 3553(d);
                Plaintiff,     *                     Defense Logistics Agency Troop Support;
                               *                     judgment on the administrative record,
          v.                   *                     RCFC 52.1; Subsistence Prime Vendor
                               *                     contract; stay applies when result of
THE UNITED STATES,             *                     corrective action is protested; Reilly’s
                               *                     Wholesale factors; no immediate threat to
                Defendant,     *                     health, safety or welfare supports urgent and
                               *                     compelling circumstances determination;
          and                  *                     best interests determination running counter
                               *                     to evidence; reasonable alternative;
ANHAM FZCO,                    *                     irrational cost-benefit analysis; declaratory
                               *                     relief.
         Defendant-Intervenor. *
                               *
*************************

      David Z. Bodenheimer, Crowell & Moring, LLP, Washington, D.C., for plaintiff.
Thomas P. Humphrey, Jonathan M. Baker, James G. Peyster, and Grant J. Book, all of
Washington, D.C., of counsel.

       Robert C. Bigler, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, Department of Justice,
with whom were Stuart F. Delery, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Jeanne E.
Davidson, Director, and Deborah A. Bynum, Assistant Director, all of Washington, D.C., for
defendant.

       Eric J. Marcotte, Vedder Price P.C., Washington, D.C., for defendant-intervenor. Kevin
P. Connelly, Kelly E. Buroker, Jacob W. Scott, Kyle E. Gilbertson, all of Washington, D.C., of
counsel.

                                   OPINION AND ORDER1

WOLSKI, Judge.

1
 This opinion was initially filed under seal, to allow the parties to propose redactions --- which
have been adopted, with the deleted text replaced in the following manner: “[XXX].” The
opinion is released for publication with some minor, non-substantive corrections.
        The plaintiff, Supreme Foodservice GmbH (“Supreme”), is an unsuccessful offeror for a
U.S. Department of Defense contract to provide food to U.S. military and other personnel in
Afghanistan. Supreme is currently providing this service under a bridge contract that lasts
through mid-December 2013. Its earlier protest of the award to defendant-intervenor Anham
FZCO (“Anham” or “intervenor”), brought before the Government Accountability Office
(“GAO”), resulted in corrective action which culminated in a second decision to award the
contract to Anham. After Supreme filed with the GAO a timely protest of this second decision,
the procuring agency decided to override the stay of contract performance which would
otherwise occur under the Competition in Contracting Act (“CICA”), 31 U.S.C. § 3553(d)(3).
Because of this override, the six-month long implementation phase of the new contract has been
proceeding --- a period during which Supreme, as the incumbent, continues to perform the
service of delivering food. Supreme’s bid protest filed in our court challenges the override
decision as arbitrary, capricious, and contrary to law. For the reasons that follow, the Court
agrees with Supreme, and declares the override to be arbitrary, invalid and of no effect.

                                      I. BACKGROUND

A. The Procurement

        The Subsistence Prime Vendor (“SPV”) Afghanistan program involves the government’s
selection of the prime contractor responsible for providing subsistence food products to the
United States military and other federally-funded customers in Afghanistan. Administrative
Record (“AR”), Tab 3 at 244. Supreme Foodservice GmbH is the incumbent contractor and has
been performing these services since 2005. AR, Tab 9 at 717. From June 5, 2005 until
December 12, 2010, plaintiff performed under its first SPV contract; and from December 13,
2010 through December 12, 2012, plaintiff performed these services under non-competitive,
sole-source bridge contracts. Id.

        On March 2, 2011, the Department of Defense Inspector General (“DoDIG”) issued a
report that found a number of control weaknesses in the administration of the initial SPV
contract with Supreme. AR, Tab 2 at 66. The contracting agency, Defense Logistics Agency
Troop Support (“DLA” or “agency”), had failed to put in place a plan and written procedures for
monitoring such things as shipping weights, quantities of materials, and modes of transportation
used. Id. at 84-89; see also AR, Tab 9 at 719. The DoDIG report also described a number of
alleged overpayments made by DLA. AR, Tab 2 at 84-89.

         On April 26, 2011, DLA Troop Support issued solicitation SPM300-11-R-0063 for a
fixed-price indefinite-delivery, indefinite-quantity contract (with economic price adjustments)
for a full-line food distributor to supply and deliver all semi-perishable, perishable, and frozen
food items to military personnel and federal government employees throughout Afghanistan.
AR, Tab 3 at 244, 389; AR, Tab 9 at 715-16. The duration of the contract was to be for a term of
sixty-six months, with three separate pricing tiers covering different time periods. AR, Tab 3 at
342. According to the solicitation, the first tier would be a thirty-month period (including a six-
month ramp-up period followed by twenty-four months of performance), and the second and
third tiers would each consist of an eighteen-month performance period. Id. at 342, 378.

                                               -2-
        The solicitation contemplated a best-value procurement with the technical factors, when
combined, being “significantly more important than price components.” AR, Tab 3 at 379-80.
The four Technical Factors, listed in descending order of importance, were as follows: Factor I,
Experience/Past Performance; Factor II, Distribution System/Quality Assurance; Factor III,
Private Convoy Security Capability; Factor IV, Operational Support; and Factor V,
Socioeconomic Considerations. Id. at 380-82. Factor I included four subfactors. Subfactors A
and B rated the offeror’s Experience and Contract Performance/Customer Satisfaction, and were
of equal importance. Id. at 383-84. Subfactors C and D, rating Socioeconomic Past
Performance and AbilityOne Past Performance, were equal in importance to each other and less
important than Subfactors A and B. Id. Factor II included several subfactors of equal
importance rating the offeror’s warehouse location, capacity and resource availability, airlift
capability, quality control and warehouse procedures, product protection and food defense, and
surge and sustainment capability. Id. at 381, 385-86. Factor III evaluated the offeror’s private
convoy security capability, giving more favorable ratings to plans demonstrating a higher rate of
successful execution. Id. at 386. Factor IV was used to evaluate the offeror’s plans to support
Afghanistan national employment initiatives and plans to utilize the Civil Reserve Air
Fleet/Voluntary Intermodal Sealift Agreement. Id. Finally, a fifth and least important factor
evaluated socioeconomic goals on a comparative basis among all offerors. Id. at 382, 386.

        The technical evaluation process utilized the adjectival ratings of Outstanding, Good,
Acceptable, Marginal, and Unacceptable. AR, Tab 3 at 382-83. The solicitation defined
“Outstanding” to mean that a “proposal meets requirements and indicates an exceptional
approach and understanding of the requirements.” Id. at 383. To merit this rating, “[s]trengths
far outweigh any weaknesses,” and the “[r]isk of unsuccessful performance is very low.” Id. A
“Good” proposal was defined as one that “meets requirements and indicates a thorough approach
and understanding of the requirements,” that “contains strengths which outweigh any
weaknesses,” and that has a low risk of unsuccessful performance. Id. An “Acceptable”
proposal is one that meets requirements, “indicates an adequate approach and understanding of
the requirements,” and poses a “[r]isk of unsuccessful performance [that] is no worse than
moderate.” Id. “Marginal” was used for a proposal that did “not clearly meet requirements and
has not demonstrated an adequate approach and understanding of the requirements.” Id. Such a
proposal would have “one or more weaknesses which are not offset by strengths,” and present a
“[r]isk of unsuccessful performance [that] is high.” Id. “Unacceptable” proposals did not meet
requirements and would not be given an award. Id.

        The price evaluation process included all tiered pricing periods, and was divided into two
main components. The first component was the Weighted Aggregate Distribution Price, which
was “more important than” the second component, Weighted Aggregate Product Price. AR, Tab
3 at 386-87. The DLA would add these two components together in order to calculate a Total
Evaluated Price. Id. at 387. The solicitation stated that because the procurement would use the
trade-off process specified in 48 C.F.R. § 15.101-1, the government “may accept other than the
lowest priced proposal as the overall best value.” Id. at 382. The solicitation further stated that
the government would make “a technical merit assessment based on information contained in the
proposal and other information, which has or may be derived from sources other than the
proposal.” Id.

                                               -3-
         On June 11, 2012, the contracting officer issued a Justification and Approval (“J&A”)
supporting issuance of another non-competitive, sole-source bridge contract --- with Supreme to
continue performing as the SPV contractor through December 12, 2013. Compl., Ex. 2 (“Pl.’s
Ex. 2”). The J&A stated that the bridge contract was necessary to continue an uninterrupted
supply of the necessary subsistence items until the new procurement could be fully implemented.
Id. at 1. According to the contracting officer, “the required foodservice supplies are available
only from the current contractor in the timeframe required, and award to any other source would
result in unacceptable delays.” Id.

       After completing the source selection process for the four final proposals submitted in
response to the solicitation, on June 22, 2012, DLA awarded the contract SPM300-12-D-3571 to
Anham FZCO for the 66-month period, with an estimated award value of $8,065,696,363.40.
AR, Tab 9 at 716. The contract included a six-month implementation phase, during which the
incumbent contractor, Supreme, would “remain the principal source of food and non-food
supplies.” AR at 615. The contract further contemplated that Anham would make its first order
for supplies within 90 days, but would not make its first delivery until 180 days after it received
the award. Id. at 616.

B. GAO Protests and the Second Award

        On July 5, 2012, Supreme filed with the GAO a protest of the award to Anham. AR, Tab
9 at 715. This triggered an automatic stay of Anham’s performance under 31 U.S.C.
§3553(d)(3), and DLA accordingly suspended performance pending resolution of the protest. Id.
at 716. On October 11, 2012, GAO partially sustained Supreme’s protest.2 Supreme
Foodservice GmbH, B-405400.3 et al., Oct. 11, 2012, 2012 CPD ¶ 292; AR, Tab 7 at 634-48.
The GAO found that the record did not adequately reflect DLA’s evaluation of past performance;
that the agency’s evaluation of past performance was inconsistent and unreasonable; and that
such inconsistency resulted in unequal treatment of offerors. AR, Tab 7 at 639-46. The GAO
recommended that DLA reevaluate Supreme’s and Anham’s proposals under Factor I for
Experience/Past Performance “in a manner that is reasonable and consistent with the
solicitation’s evaluation criteria,” and that the agency should conduct a new price/technical
tradeoff analysis after completing and documenting the reevaluation. Id. at 647. The GAO
further recommended that if Anham’s proposal was not found to offer the best value after the
reevaluation, DLA should terminate Anham’s contract and make a new award to the offeror
whose proposal provided the best value to the government. Id. at 647-48.

        The government followed the GAO’s recommendation, agreeing to take the
recommended corrective action by performing a limited reevaluation of Factor I and a new price
analysis. AR, Tab 10 at 726. On October 20, 2012, DLA informed Supreme of the intended
corrective action, stating that DLA did not intend to reopen negotiations, but that after the

2
 Supreme’s GAO protest included a number of other allegations which GAO found did not
provide an additional basis to sustain the protest. AR, Tab 7 at 647. These allegations included
Supreme’s contentions that DLA improperly failed to amend the solicitation, conducted unequal
discussions, and conducted an incomplete analysis of Anham’s capability. Id.
                                               -4-
reevaluation, DLA “will make a new award decision.” Id. During the reevaluation, Supreme
received an “Outstanding” overall technical rating, while Anham received a “Good” overall
technical rating. AR, Tab 14 at 733-34. The new price analysis determined that Supreme’s total
evaluated price was $4,723,740,821.02, while Anham’s total evaluated price was
$3,274,790,930.32. Id. at 733. The DLA also determined that Supreme had a “Very Low”
overall risk level while Anham had a “Low” risk level. Id.

        On December 7, 2012, DLA informed Supreme that the agency had completed the
corrective action and had determined that Anham’s proposal still provided the best value to the
government. AR, Tab 12 at 728. On December 12, 2012, DLA provided Supreme a debriefing
concerning the reevaluation and the second award of the contract to Anham. AR, Tab 14 at 732-
37.

        In response, Supreme filed another GAO protest on December 17, 2012, challenging the
reevaluation and the new award decision. See AR, Tab 8 at 649-714. The new protest alleged
that DLA had again misevaluated Anham’s experience and past performance, unreasonably
evaluated Supreme’s proposal under Factor I, and treated offerors unequally --- particularly since
Supreme had received higher ratings under Factor I and a higher overall technical rating. AR,
Tab 8 at 676-709. Supreme’s protest also alleged that Anham’s proposal included
misrepresentations concerning its [XXX XXX XXX]. Id. at 669-76. On December 18, 2012,
DLA requested that GAO decide the protest under the express option procedures in 4 C.F.R. §
21.10, which would require GAO to issue its decision within 65 days. Compl. ¶25. GAO denied
the request but stated that it would “make every effort to resolve [Supreme’s] protest as quickly
as possible.” Id.

C. DLA’s Determination and Findings Regarding the CICA Stay

        Supreme’s GAO protest of December 17, 2012, should have again triggered the CICA
automatic stay. See 31 U.S.C. § 3553(d). On December 21, 2012, however, DLA notified the
GAO that the agency had issued a written Determination and Findings (“D&F”) which
concluded that the CICA stay did not apply --- adding that, to the extent that the stay would be
required under 31 U.S.C. § 3553(d)(3)(A), the agency’s contracting officer had determined that
overriding the stay was “in the best interests of the United States,” and that “urgent and
compelling circumstances . . . will not permit waiting for the GAO decision on the subject
protest.” AR, Tab 22 at 747. On December 26, 2012, DLA sent its D&F to Supreme. AR, Tab
24 at 749-61.

        In the D&F, the agency’s head of contracting activity related that “DLA Troop Support
did not issue a stop work order when it received Supreme’s most recent protest.” AR, Tab 9 at
717. He took the view that the decision to award the contract to Anham on December 7, 2012,
was not a new award but instead a mere reaffirmance of the previous award, and thus needed to
be protested within ten days of the June 22, 2012 award (or within five days of a June 29, 2012
debriefing) for the CICA stay to apply. Id. The D&F also determined that the override was in
the government’s best interests and, as support for this claim, cited: 1) the past and ongoing
pricing disputes between Supreme and DLA; 2) the problems cited in the DoDIG report
concerning the SPV contract administration; 3) DLA’s lack of personnel and resources to

                                               -5-
adequately monitor various aspects of contract performance; and 4) the agency’s vulnerability to
potential fraud due to terms in Supreme’s existing SPV contract. AR, Tab 9 at 717-20, ¶¶ 6-8.

        In addition, the D&F stated that “urgent and compelling circumstances significantly
affecting the interests of the United States” also warranted an override of the stay. AR, Tab 9 at
720, ¶ 9. In support of this assertion, the D&F stated that any further delay of the
implementation phase of Anham’s contract “would negatively impact the Government’s
mission” in Afghanistan. Id. at 721, ¶ 9. The D&F further stated that successful implementation
of Anham’s contract would require coordination with multiple government bodies, and both
contractor and government assets --- and thus delay in the performance of Anham’s contract
“impacts the Government’s ability to plan for and coordinate” these resources needed for the
transition. Id. Additionally, uncertainty regarding when Anham would begin performance was
said to adversely impact the government’s ability to plan for future subsistence requirements. Id.

       1. The DoDIG Report

        The DoDIG report, cited in the D&F, found a number of problems with DLA’s
administration of the initial contract with Supreme, running from December 2005 through
December 2010. AR, Tab 2 at 68-99, 73. Listed as “Finding A” in the report, the IG determined
that better contract administration of costs and performance was needed. Id. at 77. Specifically,
the report found that DLA “did not provide sufficient oversight of contract costs and
performance,” “did not adhere to certain provisions of the Federal Acquisition Regulation and
the DoD supplement,” and did not “develop a Quality Assurance Surveillance Plan” or written
procedures to monitor contractor costs. AR, Tab 2 at 68, 76-78. The report found that DLA had
apparently approved overpayments to Supreme based on minimum rather than actual shipping
weights, erroneous records of transportation modes or costs, and incorrect triwall3 costs. AR,
Tab 2 at 68, 77, 81-89. It also identified as weaknesses DLA’s failures to determine the accurate
quantity of triwalls, to verify fill rates and performance-based distribution fees, and to adequately
monitor government-furnished material. Id. The DoDIG recommended that DLA take a number
of actions, such as requesting assistance from the Defense Contract Audit Agency (“DCAA”) in
determining fair and reasonable prices; analyzing and re-considering the current prices DLA was
paying Supreme; developing a plan and written procedures for ensuring quality and for
monitoring costs and performance; and performing a review of Supreme’s contract in light of the
various problems in order to take “any administrative actions warranted by the review.” AR,
Tab 2 at 91-92. In response to this report, the Acting Commander of DLA agreed that the
agency would review the administration of Supreme’s contract and take the necessary steps to
correct the problems. AR, Tab 2 at 92. The agency also assured DoD that all recommendations
would be fully implemented no later than December 31, 2011. Id.

       The DoDIG report also determined as “Finding B” that DLA needed to correct the
appropriation funds used for transportation, triwall, and storage costs. AR, Tab 2 at 93. The
DoDIG found that between 2006 and 2009 DLA personnel had billed the Army a substantial
amount for costs incurred under Supreme’s contract to the incorrect fiscal year appropriation

3
  Triwalls are “three-layered corrugated boxes used for packaging and shipping chilled or frozen
food products.” AR, Tab 2 at 68 n.*.
                                                -6-
fund. AR, Tab 2 at 93. Corrective action taken in 2008 apparently had not been completely
effective. Id. The report recommended that DLA refund $56.5 million to the Army, establish
cost controls on future SPV contracts, and conduct reviews of all SPV contracts to ensure that
costs were charged to the correct fiscal year appropriation. Id. at 98.

       2. The Pricing Dispute

        The D&F also discussed an ongoing dispute between DLA and Supreme concerning the
appropriate prices for certain deliveries. AR, Tab 9 at 717-19. The contract was originally
priced based on ground deliveries to four locations, but through change orders had been
expanded to more than [XXX] locations, most inaccessible by simple ground transportation. See
AR, Tab 2 at 73-74; AR, Tab 4 at 427. In 2006, DLA had provisionally established Premium
Outbound Transportation (“POT”) rates, concerning costs associated with these additional
delivery points and transportation modes, based on prices proposed by Supreme. AR, Tab 4 at
428. The agency requested two DCAA audits concerning the POT rates. Id. The DCAA
conducted those audits on December 19, 2008, and August 29, 2011, but found that many of the
documents requested from Supreme were incomplete or unavailable. Id. According to DLA’s
contracting officer, because of the lack of success in negotiating these rates with Supreme, the
contracting officer used the audit reports, which identified possible overpayments to Supreme,
see AR, Tab 2 at 105, and the agency’s “own expertise” to “unilaterally definitize” the POT rates
at an amount determined to be fair and reasonable. AR, Tab 4 at 428-29; see also AR, Tab 5 at
434-36. Based on those new rates, the contracting officer determined on December 9, 2011, that
Supreme owed the agency $756,908,587 for past overpayments. AR, Tab 4 at 427-33. Supreme
has appealed this determination to the Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals (“ASBCA”).
AR, Tab 9 at 718. Supreme’s counsel has apparently stated that Supreme also intends to file a
claim against DLA for unpaid POT fees. Id.

D. Procedural History

        On January 2, 2013, Supreme filed a bid protest with our court, requesting declaratory
and injunctive relief to enforce the CICA stay. The complaint alleged one count --- that DLA’s
decision to override the automatic stay was arbitrary, capricious, and contrary to law; that DLA’s
improper decision has and will harm Supreme; and that DLA should be enjoined from
proceeding with the override until the GAO issues its decision on Supreme’s protest. Compl. at
12 (Claims for Relief ¶¶ 1-6). In particular, the complaint alleged that the reasons given for the
override in the agency’s D&F were arbitrary and capricious, and that such reasons do not provide
a legitimate basis for disregarding the automatic stay. Id. The complaint requested a declaratory
judgment that DLA’s decision to override the CICA stay was invalid, as well as a temporary
restraining order and preliminary and permanent injunctions enjoining the government and
Anham from performing on the SPV Afghanistan contract. Compl. at 13 (Requests for Relief
¶¶ 1-5).

       The Court held an initial status conference on January 3, 2013, during which the Court
granted Anham FZCO’s motion to intervene and decided to proceed on an expedited briefing
schedule as agreed to by the parties. See Order (Jan. 3, 2013). On January 4, 2013, the
government filed an administrative record consisting of 761 pages. The administrative record in

                                               -7-
this case consists of the following documents and records: a federal criminal indictment of The
Public Warehousing Company, K.S.C. (AR, Tab 1 at 1-63); the March 2, 2011 DoDIG report
(AR, Tab 2 at 64-119); Solicitation SPM300-11-R-0063 (AR, Tab 3 at 120-426); the DLA Troop
Support Contracting Officer’s decision, debt determination, and demand for payment from
Supreme regarding alleged overpayments (AR, Tab 4 at 427-433); Modification 108 to Contract
SPM300-05-D-3130 with Supreme (AR, Tab 5 at 434-436); SPV Contract SPM300-12-D-3571
with Anham (AR, Tab 6 at 437-633); the GAO decision of October 11, 2012 (AR, Tab 7 at 634-
648); Supreme’s GAO protest of December 17, 2012 (AR, Tab 8 at 649-714); DLA Troop
Support’s D&F regarding Anham’s continued performance during the GAO protest (AR, Tab 9
at 715-725); a notification to Supreme of corrective action (AR, Tab 10 at 726); notifications to
Supreme regarding the reevaluation result (AR, Tabs 11-12, at 727-728); a debriefing letter
request from Supreme, and response to that request (AR, Tabs 13-14, at 730-737); an email and
attachments regarding Supreme’s POT claims (AR, Tabs 15-21, at 738-746); and miscellaneous
communications from DLA Troop Support to the GAO and Supreme’s counsel (AR, Tabs 22-24,
at 747-61).4

        On January 15, 2013, the plaintiff, the defendant, and the intervenor all moved for
judgment on the administrative record. In its motion, the plaintiff argues that DLA violated
CICA’s statutory mandate that federal agencies automatically stay contract performance from
receipt of the requisite notice until the GAO protest is resolved. Pl.’s Mot. J. Admin. R. (“Pl.’s
Br.”) at 8 (citing 31 U.S.C. § 3553(c)(1), (d)(3)(A)). Supreme contends that DLA’s reasoning
that the CICA stay does not apply in this case is flawed, and would, if upheld, violate CICA’s
legislative purpose and “eviscerate” the stay. Pl.’s Br. at 9-14. The plaintiff also contends that
DLA’s “best interests” argument in support of the override fails the governing legal standards; is
based on facts which are unsupported or irrelevant; and is inconsistent with other documents in
the administrative record. Id. at 14-22. Finally, Supreme argues that, contrary to the agency’s
D&F, there are no “urgent and compelling circumstances” justifying the override --- particularly
because DLA has not shown that any adverse consequences will result from the stay; gave
Supreme’s proposal a higher overall technical rating than Anham’s; and has a reasonable
alternative to performance, in the form of Supreme’s present contract. Id. at 22-29. The plaintiff
additionally argues that DLA failed to account for the potential costs to the agency if Supreme’s
protest is sustained by the GAO, and failed to show how the harm caused by the stay would
outweigh the damage to the integrity of the procurement system inflicted by the override. Id. at
29-32.

4
  The plaintiff has moved to supplement the record with the J&A issued for its current bridge
contract (ECF No. 31). At the hearing on January 25, 2013, the government and intervenor
indicated they had no objection to this motion, see Tr. (Jan. 25, 2013) (“Tr.”) at 4-5, and the
motion to supplement is accordingly GRANTED. Similarly, the intervenor’s motion to
supplement the record with an email from the GAO and a declaration from an officer of an
Anham affiliate (ECF No. 27) is not opposed, Tr. at 4-5, and is accordingly GRANTED. The
government also submitted a copy of Supreme’s current bridge contract, see Ex. 1 to Def.’s
Opp’n (“Def.’s Ex. 1”), which was treated as a supplement to the administrative record. See Tr.
at 4-5.
                                               -8-
        The government argues that the typical injunctive relief factors apply to the Court’s
decision whether to grant plaintiff the relief it requests, Def.’s Mot. J. Admin. R. (“Def.’s Br.”) at
23, and that the plaintiff cannot show that it has or will suffer irreparable harm from DLA’s
override of the stay. Def.’s Br. at 23-25. The government further contends that Supreme cannot
succeed on the merits, because the latter cannot show that DLA’s override decision was
arbitrary, capricious, or contrary to law. Id. at 25-26, 34. In support of this contention, the
government argues that there was a rational basis for the override decision because: 1) DLA and
Supreme have engaged in an ongoing dispute and even litigation over various pricing issues
which have resulted in uncertainty concerning price, id. at 26-27; 2) plaintiff’s bridge contract is
“vulnerable to fraud,” while Anham’s contract reduces the possibility of fraud, id. at 26, 28-29;
3) DLA appropriately considered cost and financial risk factors and determined that because
Anham must pay for its own costs during the implementation phase, DLA will not be subjected
to undue or duplicative costs, id. at 29-31; 4) plaintiff’s bridge contract is the only alternative to
meet DLA’s needs in Afghanistan, and that contract is subject to pricing uncertainty and liability
issues, id. at 31-32; and 5) the override enhances competition because it would replace
Supreme’s non-competitive bridge contract with a competitively-awarded contract, id. at 32.
Finally, DLA contends that “urgent and compelling circumstances” justify the override because
the SPV Afghanistan contract is “essential to the mission of the United States,” id. at 33 (citing
AR, Tab 9 at 721), and because it is critical that the implementation phase proceed as quickly as
possible --- since it requires coordination between various government offices which can be
difficult and uncertain in a chaotic war zone such as Afghanistan. Id. at 32-34.

        Intervenor Anham’s motion for judgment makes many of the same arguments as the
government’s motion, but further emphasizes the contention that the plaintiff has not
demonstrated any harm from the override because Supreme will continue to perform its bridge
contract during the entire pendency of the GAO protest. Anham FZCO’s Mot. J. Admin. R.
(“Intervenor’s Br.”) at 24, 25, 30. Anham further contends that the override does not pose any
potential irreparable harm to Supreme because Supreme has no right to retain a competitive
advantage and because Supreme’s concerns about the disclosure of sensitive information are
speculative. Intervenor’s Br. at 27-30. According to Anham, there is no need to use information
about Supreme’s suppliers, routes, or schedules because Anham already has a fully-developed
distribution network and does not need either information or employees from Supreme. Id. at
29-30. On the other hand, Anham argues that it will suffer harm if the plaintiff’s request is
granted, because the intervenor will have twice begun to perform the contract at its own cost, and
has had to bear the costs of maintaining and securing its idle facilities during Supreme’s protests.
Id. at 31-32. Moreover, although both the government and intervenor have argued that the
factors listed in Reilly’s Wholesale Produce v. United States, 73 Fed. Cl. 705 (2006), for
determining the propriety of CICA stay overrides is not dispositive, see Def.’s Br. at 19-20;
Intervenor’s Br. at 13-14, the intervenor contended that DLA has sufficiently addressed and
satisfied the Reilly’s Wholesale factors. Intervenor’s Br. at 22-25.5

5
 The defendant did not expressly address these factors, but maintains that its initial brief
“demonstrated” that the factors were considered by DLA, as “the D&F demonstrates.” Def.’s
Opp’n at 13.
                                                 -9-
        On January 22, 2013, each of the parties filed an opposition or reply paper. See Def.’s
Opp’n to Pl.’s Mot. for J. on the Admin. R. (“Def.’s Opp’n”); Anham FZCO’s Reply to Pl.’s
Mot. for J. on the Admin. R. (“Intervenor’s Reply”); Pl.’s Opp’n to Defs.’ Mots. for J. on the
Admin. R. (“Pl.’s Opp’n”). The Court held a hearing on the motions for judgment on January
25, 2013. After carefully considering the arguments of counsel, the documents in the record, and
the relevant caselaw, the Court has determined that the override decision was arbitrary and
invalid.6

                                        II. DISCUSSION

A. Legal Standards

       1. Bid Protest Jurisdiction

        Bid protests are heard by this Court under the Tucker Act, as amended by the
Administrative Dispute Resolution Act of 1996 (“ADRA”), Pub. L. No. 104-320, §§ 12(a)-(b),
110 Stat. 3870, 3874 (1996). The relevant provision states that our court “shall have jurisdiction
to render judgment on an action by an interested party objecting to . . . any alleged violation of
statute or regulation in connection with a procurement or a proposed procurement.” 28 U.S.C.
§1491(b)(1) (2006). Under this provision, “[a] non-frivolous allegation of a statutory or
regulatory violation in connection with a procurement or proposed procurement is sufficient to
establish jurisdiction.” Distributed Solutions, Inc. v. United States, 539 F.3d 1340, 1345 n.1
(Fed. Cir. 2008). Challenges to alleged violations of the CICA automatic stay provision are
within this jurisdiction. RAMCOR Servs. Grp., Inc. v. United States, 185 F.3d 1286, 1290 (Fed.
Cir. 1999).

        The Federal Circuit has construed the ADRA term “interested party” to have the same
definition as under CICA, encompassing “actual or prospective bidders or offerors whose direct
economic interest would be affected by the award of the contract or by failure to award the
contract.” Am. Fed’n of Gov’t Employees, AFL-CIO v. United States, 258 F.3d 1294, 1302 (Fed.
Cir. 2001); see 31 U.S.C. § 3551(2). As an actual offeror challenging the award of a contract
before the GAO, there is no question that Supreme is an interested party for purposes of our
court’s jurisdiction.

       2. Judgment on the Administrative Record in a Bid Protest

        The ADRA amendments to the Tucker Act require our court to follow Administrative
Procedure Act (“APA”) standards of review in bid protests. 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(4). Those
standards, incorporated by reference, provide that agency action may be held unlawful and set
aside if it is “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with
law.” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A) (2006).7

6
  The parties were previously informed of the Court’s ruling during a status conference held via
telephone with their counsel. See Tr. (Feb. 12, 2013) at 4-6.
7
 Based on an apparent misreading of the legislative history, see Gulf Grp., Inc. v. United States,
61 Fed. Cl. 338, 350 n.25 (2004), the Supreme Court had determined, before the 1996 enactment
                                                - 10 -
        A motion for judgment on the administrative record under Rule 52.1 of the Rules of the
United States Court of Federal Claims (“RCFC”) differs from motions for summary judgment
under RCFC 56, as the existence of genuine issues of material fact does not preclude judgment
on the administrative record. See Bannum, Inc. v. United States, 404 F.3d 1346, 1355-57 (Fed.
Cir. 2005); Fort Carson Supp. Servs. v. United States, 71 Fed. Cl. 571, 585 (2006). Rather, a
motion for judgment on the administrative record examines whether the administrative body,
given all the disputed and undisputed facts appearing in the record, acted in a manner that
complied with the legal standards governing the decision under review. See Fort Carson, 71
Fed. Cl. at 585; Greene v. United States, 65 Fed. Cl. 375, 382 (2005); Arch Chems., Inc. v.
United States, 64 Fed. Cl. 380, 388 (2005). Factual findings are based on the evidence in the
record, “as if [the Court] were conducting a trial on the record.” Bannum, 404 F.3d at 1357; see
also Carahsoft Tech. Corp. v. United States, 86 Fed. Cl. 325, 337 (2009); Gulf Grp., 61 Fed. Cl.
at 350.

        Under the “arbitrary and capricious” standard, the Court considers “whether the decision
was based on a consideration of the relevant factors and whether there has been a clear error of
judgment” by the agency. Citizens to Pres. Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe, 401 U.S. 402, 416
(1971) (“Overton Park”). Although “searching and careful, the ultimate standard of review is a
narrow one. The court is not empowered to substitute its judgment for that of the agency.” Id.
The court will instead look to see if an agency has “examine[d] the relevant data and articulate[d]
a satisfactory explanation for its action,” Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins.
Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983), and “may not supply a reasoned basis for the agency’s action that
the agency itself has not given.” Bowman Transp., Inc. v. Ark.-Best Freight Sys., Inc., 419 U.S.
281, 285-86 (1974). The Court must determine whether “the procurement official’s decision
lacked a rational basis,” Impresa Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi v. United States, 238
F.3d 1324, 1332 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (“Domenico Garufi”) (adopting APA standards developed by
the D.C. Circuit); see also Delta Data Sys. Corp. v. Webster, 744 F.2d 197, 204 (D.C. Cir. 1984).
A second ground for setting aside a procurement decision is when the protester can show that
“the procurement procedure involved a violation of regulation or procedure.” Domenico Garufi,
238 F.3d at 1332. This showing must be of a “clear and prejudicial violation of applicable
statutes or regulations.” Id. at 1333 (quoting Kentron Haw., Ltd. v. Warner, 480 F.2d 1166, 1169
(D.C. Cir. 1973)).

        Under the first rational basis ground, the applicable test is “whether ‘the contracting
agency provided a coherent and reasonable explanation of its exercise of discretion.’” Domenico
Garufi, 238 F.3d at 1333 (quoting Latecoere Int’l, Inc. v. United States Dep’t of Navy, 19 F.3d
1342, 1356 (11th Cir. 1994)). This entails determining whether the agency “‘entirely failed to
consider an important aspect of the problem, offered an explanation for its decision that runs
counter to the evidence before the agency,’” or made a decision that was “‘so implausible that it
could not be ascribed to a difference in view or the product of agency expertise.’” Ala. Aircraft
Indus., Inc.-Birmingham v. United States, 586 F.3d 1372, 1375 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (quoting Motor
Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n, 463 U.S. at 43). An additional consideration is whether “the agency has

of the ADRA, that the de novo review standard of 5 U.S.C. §706(2)(F) does not usually apply in
review of informal agency decisions --- decisions, that is, such as are made in the course of
procurements. See Citizens to Pres. Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe, 401 U.S. 402, 415 (1971).
                                              - 11 -
relied on factors which Congress has not intended it to consider.” Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n,
463 U.S. at 43.

        Because of the deference courts give to discretionary procurement decisions, “the
‘disappointed bidder bears a heavy burden of showing that the [procurement] decision had no
rational basis.’” Domenico Garufi, 238 F.3d at 1333 (quoting Saratoga Dev. Corp. v. United
States, 21 F.3d 445, 456 (D.C. Cir. 1994)). “The presence (by the government) or absence (by
the protester) of any rational basis for the agency decision must be demonstrated by a
preponderance of the evidence.” Gulf Grp., 61 Fed. Cl. at 351; see Overstreet Elec. Co. v.
United States, 59 Fed. Cl. 99, 117 (2003); Info. Tech. & Appl’ns Corp. v. United States, 51 Fed.
Cl. 340, 346 (2001) (citing GraphicData, LLC v. United States, 37 Fed. Cl. 771, 779 (1997)),
aff’d, 316 F.3d 1312 (Fed. Cir. 2003). If arbitrary action is found as a matter of law, the Court
will then decide the factual question of whether the action was prejudicial to the bid protester.
See Bannum, 404 F.3d at 1351-54.

       3. Injunctive Relief

         In a bid protest, our court has the power to issue a permanent injunction pursuant to 28
U.S.C. §1491(b)(2). In determining whether to grant a motion for a permanent injunction, the
court applies a four-factored standard, under which a plaintiff must show: 1) that it has actually
succeeded on the merits; 2) that it will suffer irreparable harm if the procurement is not enjoined;
3) that the harm suffered by it, if the procurement action is not enjoined, will outweigh the harm
to the government and third parties; and 4) that granting injunctive relief serves the public
interest. Centech Grp., Inc. v. United States, 554 F.3d 1029, 1037 (Fed. Cir. 2009); PGBA, LLC
v. United States, 389 F.3d 1219, 1228-29 (Fed. Cir. 2004); Mobile Med. Int’l Corp. v. United
States, 95 Fed. Cl. 706, 742-43 (2010). None of the four factors, standing alone, is dispositive;
thus, “the weakness of the showing regarding one factor may be overborne by the strength of the
others.” FMC Corp. v. United States, 3 F.3d 424, 427 (Fed. Cir. 1993); AshBritt, Inc. v. United
States, 87 Fed. Cl. 344, 378 (2009). Conversely, the lack of an “adequate showing with regard to
any one factor may be sufficient, given the weight or lack of it assigned the other factors,” to
deny the injunction. Chrysler Motors Corp. v. Auto Body Panels, Inc. v. United States, 908 F.2d
951, 953 (Fed. Cir. 1990). A lack of success on the merits, however, obviously precludes the
possibility of an injunction. See Tech Sys., Inc. v. United States, 98 Fed. Cl. 228, 268 (2011);
Gulf Grp., 61 Fed. Cl. at 364.

B. Was the Override Determination Arbitrary and Capricious?

        Under CICA, after Supreme timely filed its pending protest with the GAO on December
17, 2012, see AR, Tab 8 at 649, the contracting officer was required to “immediately direct the
contractor to cease performance under the contract and to suspend any related activities that may
result in additional obligations being incurred by the United States under that contract.” 31
U.S.C. § 3553(d)(3)(A)(ii) (2006). This cessation of performance, commonly referred to as
CICA’s “automatic stay,” is the rule, by command of Congress, lasting through the
determination of the protest, see 31 U.S.C. § 3553(d)(3)(B). The stay is legally mandated, until
performance is authorized by the head of procurement activity in a written finding that either
“performance of the contract is in the best interests of the United States” or “urgent and

                                               - 12 -
compelling circumstances that significantly affect interests of the United States will not permit
waiting for the decision of the Comptroller General concerning the protest.” 31 U.S.C.
§ 3553(d)(3)(C)(i).

        Instead of the stay kicking in upon notice of Supreme’s protest, until overridden by a
D&F, Anham’s performance was never directed to cease. See AR, Tab 9 at 717 (explaining
“DLA Troop Support did not issue a stop work order when it received Supreme’s most recent
protest”). The head of contracting activity was of the unusual opinion that if a reevaluation of
offers occurring under corrective action results in the decision to reaffirm an earlier award, the
CICA stay does not apply when this new decision is protested before the GAO (since it will
necessarily be more than ten days after the initial award and more than five after the initial
debriefing). See id. at 715, 717.8 Thus, the D&F he issued on December 21, 2012, contained the
primary determination that the CICA stay did not apply in the circumstances presented. Id.
Neither the defendant nor the intervenor defended this aspect of the D&F, which appears to the
Court to have clearly been erroneous --- performance of Anham’s contract should have been
ordered to cease upon notice of Supreme’s timely GAO protest.

       Rather than using the D&F to authorize the resumption of performance of the protested
contract, the head of contracting authority used it to rationalize the unceased and continuing
performance of that contract. But he also “did consider whether suspending performance under
the subject contract was in the Government’s best interest.” Id. at 715. While the premise of this
exercise had things backwards --- the issue to be determined was whether a stay should be
overridden, not whether one should be imposed --- the result is the same. By determining
whether performance of Anham’s contract during the pendency of the GAO proceedings was in
the government’s best interests or justified by urgent and compelling circumstances, the head of
contracting authority satisfied procedurally the written override requirements (for the period
beginning the date the D&F was issued). The question before the Court is whether this D&F
substantively met the arbitrary and capricious APA review standard that applies under 28 U.S.C.
§ 1491(b)(4). See RAMCOR, 185 F.3d at 1290.

       The parties all acknowledge that the variation of this review standard that has been
termed the “hard-look doctrine,” see CBY Design Builders v. United States, 105 Fed. Cl. 303,
337 (2012), articulated by the Supreme Court in Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Ass’n v. State
Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983), applies in this context. See
Def.’s Br. at 19; Intervenor’s Br. at 13; Pl.’s Opp’n at 9. Under this approach, an agency
decision

       would be arbitrary and capricious if the agency has relied on factors which
       Congress has not intended it to consider, entirely failed to consider an important
       aspect of the problem, offered an explanation for its decision that runs counter to
       the evidence before the agency, or is so implausible that it could not be ascribed
       to a difference in view or the product of agency expertise.

8
 This interpretation of CICA was unusual, but apparently not unique. See PMTech, Inc. v.
United States, 95 Fed. Cl. 330, 338 n.7 (2010).
                                               - 13 -
Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n, 463 U.S. at 43; see also Ala. Aircraft, 586 F.3d at 1375.

        The parties part ways, however, when it comes to the manner in which several of our
judges have applied this doctrine in challenges to override decisions. In Reilly’s Wholesale
Produce v. United States, 73 Fed. Cl. 705 (2006), one judge of our court surveyed the field of
prior decisions and was able “to distill from the relevant cases a variety of factors that an agency
must consider in making an override decision,” which included:

       (i) whether significant adverse consequences will necessarily occur if the stay is
       not overridden . . . ; (ii) conversely, whether reasonable alternatives to the
       override exist that would adequately address the circumstances presented . . . ;
       (iii) how the potential cost of proceeding with the override, including the costs
       associated with the potential that the GAO might sustain the protest, compare to
       the benefits associated with the approach being considered for addressing the
       agency’s needs . . . ; and (iv) the impact of the override on competition and the
       integrity of the procurement system, as reflected in [CICA] . . . .

Reilly’s Wholesale, 73 Fed. Cl. at 711 (citations omitted). That opinion further explained:

       The decisional law also indicates that certain factors are irrelevant to this analysis,
       among them: (i) that the new contract would be better than the old one . . . ; or
       (ii) the override and continuation of the contract is otherwise simply preferable to
       the agency . . . .

Id. (citations omitted). Although compiled for a case involving an override under an “urgent and
compelling circumstances” determination, these two lists of factors were derived from cases
among which included “best interests” determinations, see id. n.10, and have been employed in
cases reviewing overrides based on either justification. See Nortel Gov’t Solutions, Inc. v.
United States, 84 Fed. Cl. 243, 247-51 (2008) (using the factors to review an urgent and
compelling circumstances determination); Superior Helicopter LLC v. United States, 78 Fed. Cl.
181, 189-94 (2007) (applying the factors to a best interests determination); E-Management
Consultants, Inc. v. United States, 84 Fed. Cl. 1, 6-10 (2008) (same).

        The government and Anham urge the Court to adopt the reasoning contained in the
opinion in PMTech, Inc. v. United States, 95 Fed. Cl. 330 (2010), which held that the Reilly’s
Wholesale factors could be helpful, but need not always be employed in override determinations.
See PMTech, 95 Fed. Cl. at 343-47; Def.’s Br. at 19-21; Intervenor’s Br. at 13-14. The plaintiff,
on the other hand, maintains that a head of procurement activity must consider the four factors
that Reilly’s Wholesale found to be relevant to override determinations, and cannot base the
decision on the two factors deemed irrelevant. See Pl.’s Br. at 22-32; Pl.’s Opp’n at 5-7, 17, 20-
23.

       Defendant goes so far as to argue, with no supporting citation, that “[t]his Court is not
empowered to identify factors that a Federal agency must consider in making an override
decision based upon the best interests of the United States.” Def.’s Br. at 20-21. But this
argument cannot be squared with the Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Ass’n decision which, as we

                                                - 14 -
have seen, makes whether an agency “entirely failed to consider an important aspect of the
problem” a ground for finding arbitrary agency action. Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n, 463 U.S. at
43. It is not apparent why our court --- which has been entrusted by Congress with jurisdiction
over protests challenging procurement law violations, see 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(1) --- should not,
following frequent consideration of such matters, be allowed to recognize factors that would
necessarily be important for any override decision. This is exactly what the first four Reilly’s
Wholesale factors represent. See E-Management Consultants, 84 Fed. Cl. at 4-5. Similarly,
familiarity with the Congressional purpose behind the automatic stay would naturally lead to the
identification of factors, such as the new contract being better than what it would replace or its
performance being preferred to alternatives, that were implicitly “factors which Congress has not
intended [an agency] to consider.” Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n, 463 U.S. at 43. The two factors
found irrelevant in Reilly’s Wholesale fall in that category. E-Management Consultants, 84 Fed.
Cl. at 5.

        After repeated elaboration, it should be beyond controversy that the point of the CICA
automatic stay was to enhance the GAO as a forum for bid protests, so that the integrity of the
competitive procurement process could be protected. See, e.g., PMTech, 95 Fed. Cl. at 346-47;
CIGNA Gov’t Servs., LLC v. United States, 70 Fed. Cl. 100, 112 (2006); PGBA, LLC v. United
States, 57 Fed. Cl. 655, 657-58 (2003). Before the stay existed, a contract whose award was the
subject of a protest could have been performed for several months while the matter was
considered by the GAO. That office’s ultimate determination that the award was improper ---
and thus, may not have been the best option for an agency to follow --- would come with a
recommendation, not a mandate, that the award be cancelled, which an agency might have been
inclined to disregard because of the costs incurred and progress made under the awarded
contract. “Thus, ‘the automatic stay is intended to preserve the status quo during the pendency
of the protest so that an agency would not cavalierly disregard GAO’s recommendations to
cancel the challenged award,’ thereby ‘preserv[ing] competition in contracting and ensur[ing] a
fair and effective process at the GAO.’” Reilly’s Wholesale, 73 Fed. Cl. at 710 (alterations in
original) (quoting Advanced Sys. Dev., Inc. v. United States, 72 Fed. Cl. 25, 31(2006)).

         In light of this purpose, even though the stay may be overridden when in the best interests
of the government or when certain urgent and compelling circumstances so require, see 31
U.S.C. § 3553(d)(3)(C)(i), it is hard to see how an override decision could fail to consider “the
impact of the override on competition and the integrity of the procurement system,” Reilly’s
Wholesale, 73 Fed. Cl. at 711, and still be rational. And since the stay was the rule, and an
override the exception, it would make little sense were the latter to be available whenever an
agency felt its latest solicitation was an improvement over the previous contract. Competition is,
after all, supposed to lead to lower prices and higher quality, see Arch Chems., Inc. v. United
States, 64 Fed. Cl. 380, 400 (2005), and agencies would be expected to learn from past
procurements when updating solicitations. Thus, if an agency’s belief that the awardee’s
proposal offered the best value --- in response to a solicitation that was an advancement over
prior procurements --- were sufficient to override the stay, “as a practical matter, the automatic
stay would be meaningless in virtually every single instance in which a GAO protest was filed.”
University Research Co. v. United States, 65 Fed. Cl. 500, 503 (2005); see also PGBA, 57 Fed.
Cl. at 662-63.

                                               - 15 -
        From this, it follows that rather than focusing on the benefits of the new contract
(particularly since that means performance by a contractor whose award might prove to have
been arbitrarily made), agencies should consider the existence of “significant adverse
consequences [that] will necessarily occur if the stay is not overridden.” Reilly’s Wholesale, 73
Fed. Cl. at 711. To determine the necessity of contract performance to avoid these
consequences, it could hardly be rational for an agency to ignore the existence of “reasonable
alternatives to the override” that would also do the job. Id. And in all events, if the costs of an
override when a protest might be sustained would outweigh the benefits received through
immediate performance of a contract, the override would neither be in the best interests of the
United States nor justified by the urgency of the circumstances. If no effort is made to compare
these costs and benefits, an agency cannot rationally find an override of the stay to be
warranted.9

        All told, it is hardly exceptional to require agencies to consider the first four Reilly’s
Wholesale factors, or to disregard consideration of the other two. In highlighting these particular
factors, our court is not substituting its judgment for that of an agency concerning aspects that
are important for a particular procurement, but is rather identifying factors that would logically
be necessary or irrelevant to override decisions in general. The Court has no difficulty
concluding that the Reilly’s Wholesale factors (and non-factors) should be used in reviews of
CICA stay overrides. Concerning the four factors which must be considered --- whether it is
because the heads of procurement activity are on notice of our decisions, or due to the sheer logic
of the factors, as explained above --- it is appropriate that our court should expect each of them
to be discussed in override determinations. Indeed, following paragraphs discussing why the
override was believed to be in the government’s best interests or justified by the appropriate
urgent and compelling circumstances, the D&F under review in this case contains three
paragraphs expressly addressing the reasonable alternatives to, potential cost of, and impact on
competition due to the override, AR, Tab 9 at 722-24 --- three of the Reilly’s Wholesale factors.
Therefore, the tasks for the Court are, first, to determine where the reasons given in support of
the best interests and urgent and compelling circumstances determinations fall in the divide
between significant disadvantages, on the one hand, and the new contract being better than the
old one or preferable to alternatives, on the other; and then to decide whether the agency “offered
an explanation for its decision that runs counter to the evidence before the agency, or is so
implausible that it could not be ascribed to a difference in view or the product of agency
expertise.” Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n, 463 U.S. at 43.

       1. The Urgent and Compelling Circumstances Determination

       Although the government acknowledges that “the main reason” it contends the override
should be sustained is the best interests determination, see Tr. (Jan. 25, 2013) (“Tr.”) at 78, and it
devoted barely more than one page of argument in support of the urgent and compelling
circumstances ground in its first brief and but two pages in its second, see Def.’s Br. at 32-34;

9
  This is not to suggest that the “threat of immediate harm to health, welfare or safety” that can
support a finding of urgent and compelling circumstances, see PMTech, 95 Fed. Cl. at 346, must
be quantified in dollar terms in order for an agency to determine that an override is worth the
cost.
                                                - 16 -
Def.’s Opp’n at 13-14, the Court will begin with the latter determination.10 Under this ground,
the head of procurement activity must find that “urgent and compelling circumstances that
significantly affect interests of the United States will not permit waiting for the decision of the
Comptroller General concerning the protest.” 31 U.S.C. § 3553(d)(3)(C)(i)(II). As it sounds,
this is a higher standard to meet than finding performance to be “in the best interests of” the
government, 31 U.S.C. § 3553(d)(3)(C)(i)(I), but there is a reason for the higher bar. When the
GAO sustains a protest for which the automatic stay was overridden on best interests grounds, its
recommended action shall be “without regard to any cost or disruption from terminating,
recompeting, or reawarding the contract.” 31 U.S.C. § 3554(b)(2); see also 4 C.F.R. § 21.8(c).
But when an override was based on urgent and compelling circumstances, the GAO is free to
take such cost or disruption into account in deciding what to recommend.

        One thing that should be made clear at the outset is that a stay of performance of
Anham’s contract would not interfere with the feeding of our troops in Afghanistan. The bridge
contract being performed by Supreme runs through December 12, 2013, see Def.’s Ex. 1 at 2;
AR, Tab 9 at 717, and the first six months of the new contract is a transition or “implementation”
phase, during which food deliveries would still be performed by Supreme under the bridge
contract. See AR, Tab 6 at 615-16. Thus, the practical effect of the stay (if revived) would be to
delay the remaining transition work --- which could resume on or by the March 27, 2013
deadline for the GAO decision, see 31 U.S.C. § 3554(a)(1), unless, of course, the protest is
sustained. The bridge contract was authorized in order “to assure uninterrupted, continued
foodservice support to the subject customers . . . until the follow-on contractor completes
transition and proves capable of assuming full performance.” Pl.’s Ex. 2 at 4. As DLA Troop
Support’s head of contracting activity acknowledged in the D&F, “the current non-competitive
contract is in place satisfying instant requirements.” AR, Tab 9 at 721. Were the stay of
performance to be instituted today, so that intervenor had accomplished about ten weeks of the
implementation phase of the contract, a denial of Supreme’s protest on March 27, 2013 would
allow the rest of the transition work to be completed by mid-July --- well before the bridge
contract would expire.

        As one of our judges persuasively reasoned in PMTech, by analogy to the CICA
provision allowing sole source procurements, the types of circumstances that qualify as “urgent
and compelling” and that “significantly affect interests” of the government are those in which
there is the “threat of immediate harm to health, welfare, or safety.” PMTech, 95 Fed. Cl. at 345-
46. Those are the sorts of “significant adverse consequences” that must be identified by an
agency as necessarily occurring in the absence of an override. See Reilly’s Wholesale, 73 Fed.
Cl. at 711. A careful review of the fewer than three pages of the D&F dedicated to the urgent
and compelling circumstances determination does not reveal any such immediate threat of harm,
and the consequences that are discussed are without any documented support. See AR, Tab 9 at
720-22.

      The discussion of urgent and compelling circumstances begins by noting that “[t]he SPV
Afghanistan contractor provides crucial warfighter support in a critical AOR [(Area of

10
   Anham discussed this ground in less than three pages of its initial brief. See Intervenor’s Br.
at 10, 20-22.
                                               - 17 -
Responsibility)].” AR, Tab 9 at 720. The head of contracting activity describes the
responsibilities of the contractor, including “feeding approximately 77,000 troops and 28,000
contractors at more than 200 locations every day . . . manag[ing] a supply pipeline . . .
maintain[ing] warehouse space, qualified authorized personnel, and assets . . . maintain[ing] life-
support facilities” and “provid[ing] force protection for its warehouses, trucks, and food
products.” Id. at 720-21. Summing things up, the D&F states that “the SPV contractor provides
support that is essential to the mission of the United States.” Id. at 721. The Court notes that the
“crucial” and “essential” support to be provided under the new contract is not in itself an urgent
and compelling reason to begin contract performance, as there is no dispute that these same
services are currently being capably performed by the plaintiff under the bridge contract.11 The
head of contracting activity then finds: “While fully developing the capability to handle these
requirements primarily occurs during the six-month implementation phase of Anham’s contract,
delay of the implementation phase any longer would negatively impact the Government’s
mission.” Id.

       The remainder of this section of the D&F and the following one purport to explain this
negative impact. The key passage reads:

       Successful implementation of this cont[r]act requires not only coordination of
       contractor assets, but also Government assets as well, notably, coordination with
       VETCOM, CENTCOM/RAC, DLA Distribution, and TRANSCOM. Delay in the
       implementation and performance of Anham’s contract impacts the Government’s
       ability to plan for and coordinate these implementation procedures and can
       negatively impact the mission in the AOR by diverting and disrupting critical
       resources. For example, coordination of VETCOM site visits, CENTCOM
       review and approval of security plans, and arranging TRANSCOM air/ocean
       shipments diverts those Government resources from their standard operation.
       Requiring those resources to be available and/or standby pending resolution of
       the protest continues to be unacceptable. Urgent performance and
       implementation is necessary to free up Government resources as soon as possible.
       Similarly, uncertainty regarding when and how Anham will begin performance
       under the new contract adversely impacts the Government’s ability to plan for and
       satisfy crucial future subsistence requirements. Although the current non-
       competitive contract is in place satisfying instant requirements, failure to have the
       follow-on contract in place prohibits the Government from planning new supply
       routes, developing new sources of supply, and coordinating resources in support
       of long term goals in the AOR.

AR, Tab 9 at 721 (emphases added). The following paragraph describes the implementation
efforts conducted prior to the first protest and notes that “full planning” was expected to begin in
January. This portion of the D&F concludes: “Continued performance is urgently necessary as
protest litigation has already delayed planning and implementation for nearly six months from

11
  Indeed, Supreme received the technical rating of “Outstanding” and the risk level of “Very
Low” for its proposal, bettering the awardee in both respects. See AR, Tab 14 at 733.
                                               - 18 -
the original award. As a result, Government operations, both domestically and abroad, have
been negatively impacted by the delay.” Id. at 722.

        As can be seen, no immediate threat to health, welfare, or safety has been described to
support the existence of urgent and compelling circumstances. The agency’s complaint
regarding the impact of a stay of performance is that personnel with other important
responsibilities cannot sit around waiting for the GAO decision, and would be pulled from those
other tasks if their work associated with the contract transition were rescheduled for the future.
There are several problems with these findings. First, it is not explained why these officials (and
associated resources) would have had “to be available and/or standby pending resolution of the
protest,” AR, Tab 9 at 721, rather than return to “their standard operation” and shift their
implementation schedules by the maximum 100-day period for the decision to be issued.12
Second, and perhaps most importantly, if the diversion of these resources from their other
responsibilities “can negatively impact the mission” in the future, id., why would not such an
impact also result if the resources are unnecessarily diverted in the present to attend to the
implementation of a contract that may have been improperly awarded? Perhaps because the
agency was of the belief that Supreme’s protest had little chance of success, see id. at 723-24,
this prospect does not appear to have been contemplated.

         In a similar vein, “uncertainty regarding when and how Anham will begin performance,”
id. at 721, assumes that Anham is the proper awardee, and planning that relates to that
contractor’s performance --- such as finding “new supply routes” and “new sources of supply,”
id. --- would be wasteful rather than beneficial if the award is found to have been arbitrarily
made. Indeed, the possibility that the resources currently diverted to the implementation of
intervenor’s contract would have been for naught is the only sort of immediate harm that is
apparent in this portion of the D&F. Many of the activities to be coordinated with the other
offices were scheduled to take place several months into the transition period --- such as security
plans 60 days into contract performance, carrier agreements within 75 days, and facilities
inspections within 120 and 180 days. See AR, Tab 6 at 615-16. The D&F does not explain
what, if any, obstacles would have prevented the resources involved from being reassigned to
“standard operation” with that much lead time, or precluded shifting the schedules to take into
account the expected length of the GAO proceedings. Nor is there anything within the rest of the
administrative record addressing these matters.

        The agency does not explain why coordination and scheduling with other offices would
be so much more difficult in the six months beginning March 27, 2013, than in those beginning
December 7, 2012, such that immediate harm to health, welfare or safety would be threatened.
The government concedes that there is nothing in the administrative record showing that the
particular months have any significance. Tr. at 74. Nor is there any explanation why the
concerns about diversion of critical resources were not present in July, 2012, when the agency
did not override the automatic stay associated with Supreme’s prior protest of the award to
Anham. The agency complains that “Government operations, both domestically and abroad,
have been negatively impacted by the delay” in “planning and implementation” due to that stay

12
  The Court notes that the decision on Supreme’s first protest issued ninety-eight days after the
protest was filed. See AR, Tab 9 at 715.
                                               - 19 -
of performance. AR, Tab 9 at 722. But it undoubtedly takes more time to conduct a fair and
rational competitive procurement than to follow other courses. Here, the initial delay in
performance was due to the agency’s failure to properly evaluate experience and past
performance, which made the original award to Anham unreasonable. See AR, Tab 7 at 639-48.
The only negative impact identified appears to be a delay in plans, but those plans should not
have been based on an unreasonable award.

         The government argues that one reason why circumstances might have changed since last
summer is that the time remaining under the bridge contract may not be sufficient to
accommodate the implementation phase of the new contract. See Def.’s Br. at 33; Def.’s Opp’n
at 14. But this reason was not given by the agency in the D&F, and thus cannot be used to
justify the decision. See Bowman Transp., Inc. v. Ark.-Best Freight Sys., Inc., 419 U.S. 281,
285-86 (1974). Moreover, it is contradicted by the administrative record, which indicates that
the bridge contract runs through December 12, 2013, see AR, Tab 9 at 717; Def.’s Ex. 1 at 2 ---
ample time for a six month transition beginning no later than March 27, 2013.13 Intervenor
argues that the availability of resources currently scheduled for the implementation of its contract
represents a “window of opportunity” which might be closed in the future. Intervenor’s Br. at
21; see also Tr. at 111-12. But again, nothing in the record explains why this was a bigger
problem following a protest filed in December than it was when the protest was filed five months
earlier.

        The Court acknowledges that, particularly in a war zone, conflicting claims on resources
may make them unavailable at certain times. But this unavailability, and the resulting impact on
the government, is simply not explained in the J&A nor supported in the administrative record.
If the need to accomplish transitions quickly when contracts are to be performed in a war zone
were enough to justify the override of the CICA stay, this would also seemingly justify ignoring
any resulting GAO recommendation --- which the agency disclaims. See AR, Tab 9 at 724. The
administrative record contains no evidence supporting an immediate threat of harm to health,
safety or welfare, and the explanation regarding the diversion of resources is too implausible to
attribute to differing judgment and expertise. Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n, 463 U.S. at 43. On this
record, it was arbitrary for the agency to find that urgent and compelling circumstances justified
an override of the automatic stay.

       2. The Best Interests Determination

        The D&F contains three numbered sections, totaling less than three pages, describing
why the override was believed to be in the best interests of the United States. See AR, Tab 9 at
717-20. The first of these concerns “pricing issues” between DLA Troop Support and Supreme
under the previous contracts, including the current bridge contract. Id. at 717-19. Under the
SPV Afghanistan contract awarded to Supreme in 2005, the contractor was to be paid
distribution fees to make deliveries from its [XXX] warehouse to four locations (Kabul, Bagram,

13
  Although the justification for the current bridge contract, approved June 21, 2012, stated that
the implementation period for a new contractor was expected to last ten months instead of six,
see Pl.’s Ex. 2 at 2-4, the subsequent contract with Anham retains the six-month implementation
schedule. See AR, Tab 6 at 616.
                                               - 20 -
Kandahar and Solerno). See AR, Tab 2 at 73; AR, Tab 4 at 427. Change orders expanded the
delivery locations to Forward Operating Base sites, first adding [XXX] and ultimately as many
as [XXX] additional locations. See AR, Tab 2 at 74; AR, Tab 4 at 427. The use of ground
transportation was not feasible for many of these, necessitating the employment of planes and
helicopters to make the deliveries, compensated under Premium Outbound Transportation rates.
AR, Tab 2 at 74.

        The contract modification formalizing this arrangement used tentative rates proposed by
Supreme, expressed as dollars per pound, covering transportation by fixed-wing craft, helicopter,
or ground, as well as tentative rates for the use of triwalls. Id. at 75. The government agreed to
reimburse Supreme at seventy-five percent of each rate, until the rates were confirmed or
adjusted following a DCAA review. Id. The agency and Supreme were unable to reach
agreement on final rates. AR, Tab 4 at 429. Following two DCAA audits (in December 2008
and August 2011), the Contracting Officer issued a final decision on December 9, 2011, which
unilaterally definitized the rates at levels that were [XXX] to [XXX] percent of the tentative
rates.14 Compare id. (POT rates per pound of $[XXX] for helicopter, $[XXX] for fixed wing,
and $[XXX] for ground) with AR, Tab 2 at 75 (tentative POT rates of $8.35, $2.65, and $0.48,
respectively). Based on use of these lower rates, on the determination that distribution fees
should offset part of the POT payments, and on the conclusion that twenty-four of the delivery
locations serviced by ground transportation did not warrant use of POT rates, the contracting
officer decided that Supreme was overpaid $756,908,587 by the agency through September 30,
2011. AR, Tab 4 at 429-32.15

         The overpayment decision is currently on appeal before the ASBCA. See AR, Tab 9 at
718. The current bridge contract contains tentative POT rates that are [XXX]% higher than the
unilateral definitized rates and “may be adjusted, as necessary and appropriate,” following the
ASBCA’s decision or a subsequent agreement of the parties. Def.’s Ex. 1 at 2-3; see also id. at
69 (listing tentative POT rates). In the D&F, the head of contracting activity discusses the
ASBCA matter and states that counsel for Supreme has indicated the contractor intends to file its
own claim seeking perhaps more than $[XXX] in POT fees (through October 2011). AR, Tab 9
at 718. The agency calculates that the rates at which Supreme seeks payment are more than
[XXX XXX XXX] the tentative rates in the bridge contract. Id. It notes the continuing
disagreements over whether Supreme should be paid based on minimum billable rates and
whether the agency should receive credit for distribution fees. Id. And the agency states that
Supreme “has been claiming that it is owed around $30 million per month” in POT fees, while
the former “has been paying Supreme in the neighborhood of $13 million per month for POT.”
Id. In October and November of 2012, Supreme apparently claimed $17.8 million and $18.2
million more in fees than would be payable under the tentative rates. Id.; see also AR, Tab 15
(agency email concerning POT payments, Sept.-Nov., 2012), Tabs 16-21 (Supreme invoices for
Sept.-Nov., 2012).

14
  The contract apparently contained the contract definitization clause located at 48 C.F.R.
§ 252.217-7027. See AR, Tab 4 at 428.
15
  The decision also rejected Supreme’s contention that its payments should be based on
minimum billable weights per shipment. AR, Tab 4 at 428-29.
                                              - 21 -
         After discussing the difference in the parties’ positions concerning the appropriate POT
rates, the head of contracting activity concludes: “Given the considerable risk and uncertainty
concerning POT rates under the current contract, it is in the best interest of the Government to
discontinue use of Supreme’s contract and commence performance under the new competitively
awarded contract as expeditiously as possible.” AR, Tab 9 at 718. The D&F further explains
that “[t]he pricing model used” for the new contract “was developed, in part, to address the
concerns with POT.” Id. The agency describes the advantages to using a fixed distribution price
regardless of the transportation mode used, and states that the longer the bridge contract is
employed “the more likely it is that the Government is subjecting itself not only to potential
overpayment, but also potential liability for future claims against the Agency as well as
protracted litigation.” Id. at 718-19.

       The next numbered section concerns a second, related ground for the best interests
determination --- the “improvements needed” in the SPV Afghanistan contract previously
awarded to Supreme, as identified in the March 11, 2011 DoDIG report. AR, Tab 9 at 719. The
head of contracting activity notes:

       DoDIG indicated that there were internal control weaknesses associated with the
       contract such as approving payments for minimum shipping weights per order
       when actual weights were less, the inability to determine whether the quantity of
       triwal[l]s billed [was] accurate or chargeable to the contract, having no assurance
       that performance based distribution fees were warranted, not knowing whether
       Government Furnished Material was adequately safeguarded, and other
       vulnerabilities with transportation invoices.

Id. Because DLA Troop Support’s “lack of resources in theater hindered its ability to properly
verify transportation methods (e.g. truck, rotary wing, or fixed wing), triwall usage, and
shipment weights,” the new contract includes “additional methods of reporting by the contractor”
and uses a “fixed distribution price per category” which eliminates the need to track those
particular aspects of performance. Id.

        The head of contracting activity thus concluded that performance of the new contract was
in the government’s best interests, because of the monitoring difficulties associated with the
previous contract. AR, Tab 9 at 719. Continued use of the bridge contract would result in “more
time, resources, and capital” being “diverted away from essential mission support functions to
focus on the burdensome verification issues.” Id. The agency contends that use of the bridge
contract “exposes” it to the identified “weaknesses and potential fraud,” and “increases” its
“likelihood of overpayment.” Id.

        In the third numbered section addressing the best interests determination, the head of
contracting activity explains that the pricing model used in the previous versions of the SPV
contracts was vulnerable to “fraud schemes,” due to the payment of delivered fees in addition to
distribution fees. AR, Tab 9 at 719-20. A fraud investigation concerning another contractor
revealed five ways in which payments could be increased “irrespective of the work performed.”

                                              - 22 -
Id.16 In response, the new contract uses “new pricing definitions which provide greater
protection against potential fraud,” and allows the agency to negotiate prices directly with
manufacturers, precluding certain fraud schemes. Id. Thus, the agency believes that “[f]ailure to
commence performance of the new contract continues to expose the Government to potential
fraud schemes,” and adds that the new contract will “allow[] for a more meaningful price
comparison amongst contracts,” helping to identify fraudulent behavior. Id.

        Supreme maintains that the reasons given by the agency either amount to no more than
the belief that the new contract is better than the old one, or are otherwise irrelevant to an
override decision. See Pl.’s Br. at 14-22; Pl.’s Opp’n at 9-17. After careful consideration, the
Court agrees with the plaintiff. Taking the third ground first, the fact that another contractor may
have defrauded the government under a similar contract is hardly a reason to conclude that
plaintiff’s bridge contract must be shortened by a few months. The government concedes that
Supreme is not suspected of any fraudulent behavior, see Def.’s Br. at 29; Def.’s Opp’n at 9-10,
and in any event it is presumed that government contractors perform in good faith. See Alaska
Airlines v. Johnson, 8 F.3d 791, 795-96 (Fed. Cir. 1993). While the vulnerability of the
government to fraudulent practices is certainly a serious concern, the evidence in the record does
not support any concerns over Supreme’s continued performance of the bridge contract.
Supreme has been performing under SPV Afghanistan contracts for more than seven and one-
half years. AR, Tab 9 at 717. After the other contractor was indicted for fraud relating to a
different contract, the agency entered into three bridge contracts with Supreme, and exercised
two options. See AR, Tab 1 at 1; AR, Tab 9 at 717. And in its evaluation of Supreme’s offer for
the new contract, the agency found the plaintiff’s past performance “Acceptable” and its
experience “Outstanding”; assigned an overall technical rating of “Outstanding”; and determined
Supreme’s overall risk level was “Very Low.” AR, Tab 14 at 733. Thus, this particular concern
“‘runs counter to the evidence before the agency,’” Ala. Aircraft, 586 F.3d at 1375 (quoting
Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n, 463 U.S. at 43), and is thus arbitrary.

         The first ground given in support of the best interests determination is essentially that
after the services required under the SPV Afghanistan contract were greatly increased by the
agency, it could not reach agreement with Supreme concerning reasonable rates of compensation
for the added work --- resulting in litigation. See AR, Tab 9 at 717-19; AR, Tab 2 at 72-75.
Neither the government nor the intervenor have identified any precedents for the proposition that
the government may prematurely shorten a contract in response to a contractor’s exercise of its
First Amendment right to petition the government to redress grievances, see U.S. CONST. amend.
I; Cal. Motor Transp. Co. v. Trucking Unlimited, 404 U.S. 508, 510 (1972) (explaining “the right
to petition extends to all departments of the Government”), much less one that finds such
petitioning to represent “significant adverse consequences” justifying an override of the CICA
stay. In any event, there is no evidence in the record to support the agency’s conclusion that a
lengthier performance of the bridge contract subjects it to “protracted litigation.” AR, Tab 9 at
719. If Supreme claims it is entitled to higher payments under its contracts (including the current
bridge contract) than it received, nothing indicates that an extra few months of performance will

16
 See also AR, Tab 1 (first superseding criminal indictment, United States v. Public
Warehousing Co. K.S.C., No. 1:09-CR-0490-AJB-TWT, N.D. Ga.).
                                               - 23 -
“protract” such litigation in any way. It might lead to higher amounts claimed, but would not
appear to otherwise complicate or extend litigation over the composition of the rates of payment.

        To be sure, the agency also explains that the pricing dispute creates “considerable risk
and uncertainty concerning POT rates,” and that under a longer performance of the bridge
contract it “is subjecting itself not only to potential overpayment, but also potential liability for
future claims.” Id. at 718-19. The government argues that the agency’s “reason for the override
was that the pricing dispute results in considerable uncertainty as to whether DLA is overpaying
or underpaying for Supreme’s deliveries” and notes the “large pricing disparity” between what
Supreme believes is appropriate and what the agency is paying. Def.’s Opp’n at 5. Anham
stresses this pricing disparity, estimated to average $18 million per month, as a reasonable basis
for an override. See Intervenor’s Br. at 16-17; Intervenor’s Reply at 3-4. But the Court cannot
see how this ground for the override differs from the claim that the new contract is better than the
old, which is frequently rejected by our court. See, e.g., Nortel Gov’t Solutions, 84 Fed. Cl. at
251-52; Reilly’s Wholesale, 73 Fed. Cl. at 711.

         The payment of significantly higher costs under an incumbent or bridge contract could be
the sort of significant adverse consequence to justify an override when these are shown to be
prohibitive. See Advanced Sys. Dev., Inc. v. United States, 72 Fed. Cl. 25, 31(2006) (citing
Sierra Military Health Servs., Inc. v. United States, 58 Fed. Cl. 573, 581 (2003)); Automation
Techs., Inc. v. United States, 72 Fed. Cl. 723, 729 (2006). The record, however, does not contain
any such showing. The worst case scenario for the agency would appear to be that the bridge
contract’s POT rates could cost it about $30 million per month --- which is some $17 million
more per month than it would like to pay Supreme. See AR, Tab 9 at 718. No comparison is
made, however, of these amounts to the corresponding monthly payments under the contract
with Anham. See Tr. at 89. The D&F states that the Anham contract has an estimated value of
$8,065,696,363.40 over a sixty-six month period. Id. at 716. This roughly translates to
payments of $122.2 million per month. The administrative record provides no basis for
determining whether the portion of these monthly payments that corresponds to deliveries that
are the subject of the POT rates dispute is lower than $13 million or higher than $30 million, or
somewhere in-between. The Court notes that even if the bridge contract were to cost $17 million
more per month than the new contract for these deliveries, as a percentage of the new contract’s
value this is not much different from the cost savings that have found insufficient to support an
override in other contexts. See Automation Techs., 72 Fed. Cl. at 729. But in any event, it is not
even cost savings but rather the uncertainty concerning cost savings that is proffered as a
justification, which is far from “significant adverse consequences [which] will necessarily occur
if the stay is not overridden.” Reilly’s Wholesale, 73 Fed. Cl. at 711.

        The pricing dispute ground also includes the “potential” that the agency is overpaying
under the bridge contract. AR, Tab 9 at 719. But considering that the alleged overpayments
identified in the December 9, 2011 decision of the contracting officer have been addressed by the
(unilateral) definitizing of rates, the determination of the distribution fee offset, and the
elimination of POT rates for deliveries to certain facilities, see AR, Tab 4 at 429-32, it is hard to
see how those same types of overpayments could continue under the bridge contract.17

17
     The bridge contract POT rates were based on the definitized rates, adjusted upwards by
                                                - 24 -
Moreover, if the bridge contract payments are indeed to be litigated before the ASBCA or
another tribunal, that proceeding should alleviate any fears of overpayment. The overpayment
rationale, however, is also discussed under the remaining best interests ground, to which the
Court now turns.

         The head of contracting activity maintains that the March 11, 2011 DoDIG report
“determined that there were improvements needed in the current Subsistence Prime Vendor
contract for Afghanistan,” and that the new contract “address[es] the[se] concerns.” AR, Tab 9
at 719. But other than the failure to timely definitize POT rates, which has since been addressed,
see AR, Tab 4 at 429; Def.’s Ex. 1 at 3, the report does not concern problems with the contract,
but rather problems with contract administration. AR, Tab 2 at 68, 76.18 The agency failed to
properly monitor and verify costs, in part because regulations concerning the use of quality
assurance surveillance plans and of written monitoring procedures were not followed. Id. at 76,
102. At the time of the report, the agency represented that it would develop the necessary plans
and procedures to provide for the “validation,” “verification,” and “monitor[ing]” identified in
the report, “no later than December 31, 2011.” Id. at 92, 114, 116-17. In the override decision,
however, the agency states that it “determined that its lack of resources in theater hindered its
ability to properly verify” billing matters. AR, Tab 9 at 719. This finding has no support in the
administrative record. The agency explains that new features in the contract awarded to Anham
--- changing the method of contractor reporting and of pricing --- eliminate the verification
burdens that the agency lacks resources to shoulder, freeing up resources and reducing the risks
of fraud and overpayment. Id.

         Even if the resource constraint claim were supported, the problem with the agency’s
finding in this area is that the record shows that the current bridge contract was issued in June
2012, see Def.’s Ex. 1 at 1 --- more than fifteen months after the DoDIG report, and more than
three months after the date the validation and verification issues were to be addressed by the
required plans and procedures. This fact undermines any purported concern about the risks of
fraud and overpayments, or of resource diversion, under former approaches to pricing and
reporting. No reason is given why the new reporting approach was not added to the bridge
contract, or why some variation of the new pricing method was not employed. Instead, in the
justification for the sole-source award of the bridge contract, the contracting officer
“determine[d] that the anticipated cost to the Government will be fair and reasonable.” Pl.’s Ex.
2 at 5.19 If these costs prove higher than anticipated as a result of the litigation the government
expects Supreme to initiate, then this will be because the tentative rates have been found
unreasonably low by an independent tribunal. And any such litigation should provide the
government with a forum to recoup any overpayments due to verification weaknesses. In any

[XX]%. Def.’s Ex. 1 at 3.
18
   Indeed, the summary of the report states: “The subsistence prime vendor for Afghanistan
provided the food products required by the contract. However, subsistence contracting officials
at the [DLA] Troop Support did not provide sufficient oversight of contract costs and
performance.” AR, Tab 2 at 68.
19
  The Court notes that the head of contracting activity recommended the justification’s approval.
See Pl.’s Ex. 2 at 7.
                                               - 25 -
event, a weakness addressed by the terms of a new contract is not a “rationale asserted by the
agency that is above and beyond its original purpose when it solicited bidders,” Nortel Gov’t
Solutions, 84 Fed. Cl. at 247-48; see also Advanced Sys. Dev’t, 72 Fed. Cl. at 31; and efficiencies
associated with a new contract are not enough to justify overriding the CICA automatic stay. See
CIGNA Gov’t Servs., LLC v. United States, 70 Fed. Cl. 100, 113 (2006); PGBA, LLC v. United
States, 57 Fed. Cl. 655, 662-63 (2003).

        The Court finds that this monitoring weakness rationale does not demonstrate “significant
adverse consequences will necessarily occur if the stay is not overridden,” but rather means that
“the new contract would be better than the old one.” Reilly’s Wholesale, 73 Fed. Cl. at 711. It
“‘runs counter’” to the representations in the DoDIG report, and in light of the subsequently
issued bridge contract “‘is so implausible that it could not be ascribed to a difference in view or
the product of agency expertise.’” Ala. Aircraft, 586 F.3d at 1375 (quoting Motor Vehicle Mfrs.
Ass’n, 463 U.S. at 43). In sum, the Court finds all the grounds asserted in support of the best
interests determination to be arbitrary. Coupled with the similar finding concerning the urgent
and compelling circumstances justification, explained above, this is enough to find that the
override decision was arbitrary and cannot stand. But the Court will briefly consider the other
Reilly’s Wholesale factors, which were addressed in the override decision.

       3. The Availability of a Reasonable Alternative

        The head of contracting activity acknowledges that performance of Supreme’s bridge
contract is a “reasonable alternative” to the override. AR, Tab 9 at 722. This alternative was
nevertheless found “not acceptable for two reasons.” Id. First, the bridge contract was
characterized as “a sole-source solution under which unresolved pricing issues and continued
potential for fraud . . . are not remedied.” Id. The second reason was that “failure to begin
implementation of the follow-on contract prevents the Government from being able to
adequately plan for and develop new logistical and operational tactics in the region.” Id. The
head of contracting activity also mentions, with no elaboration or support, that “many additional
performance issues, including tax issues with the Government of Afghanistan that have
threatened to restrict movement in-country, remain unresolved.” Id. The defendant does not
rely on this last point, as Anham might be subject to the same tax issues, see Tr. at 87-88, and the
bridge contract specifically states that it is exempt from Afghan taxes. Def.’s Ex. 1 at 3.20

        As was addressed above, the fraud concern was contradicted by the evidence in the
record showing more than seven and one-half year’s performance by Supreme, AR, Tab 9 at 717,
including under three bridge contracts issued (and two options exercised) after the indictment of
another contractor, id.; AR, Tab 1 at 1, and resulting in ratings of “Outstanding” and “Very Low”
risk. AR, Tab 14 at 733. And if the specter of litigation to be brought by Supreme means that
the pricing issues are considered unresolved, a shortening of the bridge contract by a few months
does nothing to change this. A bridge contract with a capable contractor, issued after the agency

20
  Anham contends that this claim of restricted movement represents a threat to health and safety.
See Intervenor’s Br. at 22. But since it is not supported in the administrative record, and
contradicted by the terms of the bridge contract, this claim cannot be a rational basis for an
override of the stay.
                                               - 26 -
was well aware of the pricing issues and fraud vulnerabilities, which can cover any period of
delay in implementing Anham’s contract (if implementation is even necessary), is certainly a
reasonable alternative to intervenor’s performance. The claim that planning and development of
“new logistical and operational tactics . . . has already proved problematic with” Supreme, AR,
Tab 9 at 722, is not supported in the record and, moreover, concerns matters which would seem
to be irrelevant were Supreme to win the new contract. The determination that the bridge
contract is not an acceptable alternative lacks a rational basis.

       4. The Cost-Benefit Analysis

        In considering “the potential cost of proceeding with performance,” the head of
contracting activity purported “to consider the consequences in the event that GAO would
sustain Supreme’s current protest,” in comparison with “the benefits of continued performance.”
AR, Tab 9 at 723. But neither the costs nor the benefits are rationally considered. After a
generic reference to “various implementation milestones which Anham must meet,” the agency
notes that while the GAO protest is pending, “Anham would only be preparing to begin receiving
and delivering orders as opposed to actually receiving orders and delivering supplies to the end
customer.” Id. This supposedly limits costs to such items as “labor and materials.” Id. Since
“under Anham’s contract, the Government does not pay for the contractor’s implementation, per
se, but rather, Anham recoups those costs through the price it charges on completed delivery
orders,” the head of contracting activity concludes that “the Government will not generally be
subjected to duplicative costs associated with having Anham continue performance while
Supreme’s bridge contract is in place.” Id.

        The problem with this half of the cost-benefit equation is that the agency entirely ignored
its potential liability for the implementation costs if Supreme’s protest were successful and the
plaintiff were ultimately awarded the new contract. Under the termination for convenience
clause of the solicitation, Anham would be “paid a percentage of the contract price reflecting the
percentage of the work performed prior to the notice of termination, plus reasonable charges the
Contractor can demonstrate to the satisfaction of the Government using its standard record
keeping system, have resulted from the termination.” AR, Tab 3 at 133 (48 C.F.R. § 52.212-
4(l)). Costs of performance, including expenditures made in reliance on a contract, are ordinarily
recovered when the government terminates a contract for convenience. See, e.g., General
Dynamics Corp. v. United States, 131 S. Ct. 1900, 1908 (2011) (citing 48 C.F.R. § 52.249-2(g));
Hi-Shear Technology Corp. v. United States, 356 F.3d 1372, 1383 (Fed. Cir. 2004); United
States v. Amdahl Corp, 786 F.2d 387, 395 (Fed. Cir. 1986). Given that the “various
implementation milestones,” AR, Tab 9 at 723, include the approval of one distribution facility
and the construction and approval of two others, see AR, Tab 6 at 615-16, such costs could easily
be of significance --- but the record does not even indicate an attempt to determine them. See
also Tr. 67.

        The other half of the equation is no more satisfactory. As was discussed above, the
primary financial benefit from Anham’s performance --- any net savings due to the intervenor
rather than the plaintiff performing the contract a few months earlier --- was also not estimated
by the agency. With neither a rational reckoning of costs nor benefits, the determination that
“the benefits of continuing performance under the contract . . . outweigh the potential cost risk,”
AR, Tab 9 at 723, lacks a rational basis.
                                               - 27 -
       5. The Impact on Competition and the Integrity of the Procurement System

        The head of contracting activity was of the belief that “[a]ny negative effect on the
procurement system as a result of Anham’s performance” was “mitigated and justified.” AR,
Tab 9 at 724. This was based on the fact that Supreme has been performing non-competitively
awarded bridge contracts for more than two years, and the agency’s representation that it “would
be prepared to take any corrective action GAO deems necessary to ensure compliance with the
principles of CICA.” Id.21 Recognizing that Anham “will be operating primarily in an
implementation phase during the pendency” of the GAO proceedings, id., the agency seemed to
be of the opinion that the intervenor’s progress under the contract would pose no obstacle to
following a GAO recommendation in Supreme’s favor (although the agency felt such a decision
“unlikely,” id.).22 The Court doubts that a sole-source bridge contract, awarded to an incumbent
who had previously won a procurement, must necessarily be viewed as having less competitive
dignity than an award under challenge in a GAO protest. But in any event, it appears that the
agency has considered all of the relevant information in reaching its conclusion on this point,
which is a question of judgment the Court may not second-guess.

C. Is Injunctive Relief Necessary, or is a Declaratory Judgment Enough?

         For the foregoing reasons, the Court has found that the agency arbitrarily overrode the
CICA automatic stay. This satisfies the first factor for injunctive relief --- success on the merits.
See Centech Grp., 554 F.3d at 1037. But must the Court consider the other three factors ---
irreparable harm, the balance of harms, and the public interest, see id. --- in order to restore the
CICA stay of performance? Although plaintiff’s complaint requested a temporary restraining
order and preliminary and permanent injunctive relief, it also seeks a declaratory judgment that
the override decision is invalid. See Compl. at 13 (Requests for Relief ¶¶ 1-2, 4). In its motion
for judgment, plaintiff’s primary request appears to be for declaratory relief, relying upon many
decisions in which judges of our court have held that the declaration that an override was invalid
suffices to restore the stay of contract performance, without the need to consider the injunctive
relief factors. See Pl.’s Br. at 8, 33 (citing Chapman Law Firm Co. v. United States, 65 Fed. Cl.
422, 424 (2005); URS Fed. Servs., Inc. v. United States, 102 Fed. Cl. 674, 676 (2012); Advanced
Sys. Dev., 72 Fed. Cl. at 36; CIGNA Gov’t Servs., LLC v. United States, 70 Fed. Cl. 100, 114
(2006)); Pl’s Opp’n at 24-26. The government notes this line of cases,23 but argues that when a

21
  As the plaintiff notes, such an intention to voluntarily comply with a future GAO
recommendation cannot make the CICA stay moot, see Pl.’s Opp’n at 23 (citing Unisys Corp. v.
United States, 90 Fed. Cl. 510, 517 (2009)), as the agency may always change its mind.
22
   Another ground given by the agency for the best interests determination was the head of
contracting activity’s view that “the likelihood of Supreme’s success at GAO is low.” AR, Tab 9
at 723-24. But the defendant takes the litigation position that “[t]he merits of Supreme’s protest
are irrelevant to whether the agency properly implemented the override,” Def.’s Opp’n at 13, and
this ground was accordingly not considered by the Court.
23
  See Def.’s Br. at 21 (citing, inter alia, PMTech,Inc. v. United States, 95 Fed. Cl. 330, 347-48
(2010); Automation Techs., Inc. v. United States, 72 Fed. Cl. 723 (2006); and E-Management
Consultants, Inc. v. United States, 84 Fed. Cl. 1 (2008)).
                                                - 28 -
declaratory judgment would have the same effect as an injunction, a court must utilize the
injunctive relief factors. Def.’s Br. at 21-23 (citing PGBA, LLC v. United States, 389 F.3d 1219,
1228 (Fed. Cir. 2004) and Superior Helicopter LLC v. United States, 78 Fed. Cl. 181, 194
(2007)); Def.’s Opp’n at 14-15. Anham agrees with the government, arguing that the injunctive
relief standard must be satisfied if declaratory relief is to stay contract performance. See
Anham’s Reply at 13-15 (citing Samuels v. Mackell, 401 U.S. 66, 71-73 (1971); PGBA, 389 F.3d
at 1227-28; Superior Helicopter, 78 Fed. Cl. at 194)).24

        After carefully reviewing the relevant precedents, the Court agrees with the reasoning of
Chapman Law Firm Co. v. United States, 65 Fed. Cl. 422, 424 (2005), and the line of cases
following that opinion. In creating the CICA stay of performance, Congress decided that the
injunctive relief factors need not be invoked when a bid protest is timely filed with the GAO,
instead requiring that contract performance be stayed automatically. See 31 U.S.C.
§ 3553(d)(3)(A)-(B). The only exceptions allowed by Congress are lawful overrides on “best
interests” or “urgent and compelling circumstances” grounds. See 31 U.S.C. § 3553(d)(3)(C).
To allow an arbitrary override to insert the injunctive relief requirements into the process would
convert the CICA stay to something other than what Congress created.

         The Federal Circuit’s decision in PGBA, LLC v. United States, 389 F.3d 1219 (Fed. Cir.
2004), does not dictate a contrary result. It relied upon a Supreme Court case which held that
when tradition or statute requires more than the typical injunctive relief factors --- there, because
of a “longstanding policy limiting injunctions” of state criminal prosecutions, Samuels v.
Mackell, 401 U.S. 66, 72 (1971) --- declaratory relief that would accomplish the same result as
an injunction must meet that higher standard. See id. at 69-72 (deciding only “the limited
question whether, in cases where the criminal proceeding was begun prior to the federal civil
suit,” the rule should apply, and employing it because “deeply rooted and long-settled principles
of equity have narrowly restricted the scope for federal intervention”); PGBA, 389 F.3d at 1228
(citing Samuels¸401 U.S. at 71-73). It was only because of this higher, “immediate irreparable
injury” standard, that the Supreme Court required declaratory relief to meet the injunctive relief
standard. Samuels, 401 U.S. at 68-69; see also Great Lakes Dredge & Dock Co. v. Huffman, 319
U.S. 293, 297-99 (1943) (limits on federal court injunctions of state tax collections extended to
declaratory relief actions). Our case presents the opposite situation, as Congress has enacted a
statute requiring less than the typical injunctive relief factors. The Federal Circuit, in PGBA,
extended the Samuels rule to cases in which declaratory relief was sought to accomplish what
would ordinarily require application of the ordinary injunctive relief factors --- the setting aside
of an improperly-awarded contract. PGBA, 389 F.3d at 1228. But since Congress does not
require the application of those factors to accomplish a stay of contract performance during the
pendency of a timely-filed GAO protest, they need not be applied when the same result is
accomplished through declaratory relief.

24
   The intervenor also noted that “numerous cases have decided override challenges based on
analysis of the injunctive factors.” Anham’s Reply at 14 n.8 (citing Reilly’s Wholesale Produce
v. United States, 73 Fed. Cl. 705 (2006) and Spherix, Inc. v. United States, 62 Fed. Cl. 497
(2004)).
                                               - 29 -
        Accordingly, the Court concludes that its declaration that the override decision dated
December 21, 2012, was issued arbitrarily and in violation of 31 U.S.C. § 3553(d)(3)(C)(i), is
sufficient to reimpose the stay of contract performance mandated by 31 U.S.C. § 3553(d)(3)(A)-
(B). Although, as the government points out, without an injunction the agency is free to initiate
another override of the automatic stay, Def.’s Opp’n at 15, the Court is of the opinion that the
preservation of this option is particularly appropriate in a case concerning services provided to
troops in a war zone --- as the Court must “give due regard to the interests of national defense.”
28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(3). Plaintiff’s motions for injunctive relief are therefore DENIED as
MOOT.

                                      III. CONCLUSION

        For the foregoing reasons, the Court concludes that the decision to override the CICA
stay of performance issued by DLA Troop Support on December 21, 2012, was arbitrary,
capricious and contrary to 31 U.S.C. § 3553(d)(3)(C)(i), and is thus invalid and of no effect. The
plaintiff’s motion for declaratory judgment on the administrative record is GRANTED, and the
motions for judgment on the administrative record by defendant and defendant-intervenor are
DENIED. The Clerk of Court is directed to enter judgment accordingly.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                             s/ Victor J. Wolski
                                             VICTOR J. WOLSKI
                                             Judge

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