Court Opinion

ID: 3135567
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-22 17:39:04.998417+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:42:19.006793
License: Public Domain

Docket No. 109294.

                              IN THE
                      SUPREME COURT
                                 OF
                THE STATE OF ILLINOIS

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellee, v. JESUS
                CARRERA, Appellant.

                 Opinion filed November 18, 2010.

   JUSTICE THOMAS delivered the judgment of the court, with
opinion.
   Chief Justice Kilbride and Justices Freeman, Garman, Karmeier,
Burke, and Theis concurred in the judgment and opinion.

                             OPINION

    Defendant, Jesus Carrera, pled guilty to a drug offense and was
sentenced to probation. After defendant had completed his probation
on the drug offense, the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)
instituted deportation proceedings based upon defendant’s guilty plea
to the drug offense. Accordingly, defendant filed a petition under the
Post-Conviction Hearing Act (the Act) (725 ILCS 5/122–1 et seq.
(West 2006)), seeking to challenge his guilty plea. The circuit court
of Du Page County dismissed defendant’s petition. The Appellate
Court, Second District, affirmed. 394 Ill. App. 3d 368. This court then
granted defendant’s petition for leave to appeal. 210 Ill. 2d R. 315.
                             BACKGROUND
     On June 28, 2004, defendant pled guilty to one count of unlawful
possession of less than 15 grams of a controlled substance (720 ILCS
570/402(c) (West 2004)). At the plea hearing, the trial court asked,
“No immigration problems, nothing like that?” Defendant’s trial
counsel answered, “No, Judge. It’s not an issue.” The trial court then
sentenced defendant to 24 months’ probation. Defendant completed
his probation on June 26, 2006.
     Sometime after his hearing, defendant, a legal resident of the
United States, misplaced his green card. Accordingly, he applied to
replace the card. On December 6, 2007, the INS took defendant into
custody and instituted deportation proceedings against him.
     On January 18, 2008, defendant filed a petition for postconviction
relief. In his petition, defendant asserted that it was only when he was
detained by the INS on December 6, 2007, that he became aware of
the immigration consequences of his June 28, 2004, guilty plea.
Defendant noted that he had lived in the United States for 40 of his 46
years, had no prior convictions, had never been incarcerated, and
supported a wife and four children ranging in age from 8 to 15.
Defendant argued that his guilty plea was not voluntary because it was
made in reliance upon his counsel’s erroneous advice, reiterated in
open court, that no immigration consequences would result from the
guilty plea. Defendant acknowledged that his petition was not timely,
but argued that he was not culpably negligent because the issue of his
attorney’s ineffective assistance did not become an issue until
defendant was detained by the INS.
     The trial court found that defendant’s petition presented “a gist of
a claim for denial of a constitutional right” and advanced the petition
to the second stage under the Act. See 725 ILCS 5/122–2.1(b) (West
2006). At the second stage, the State moved to dismiss the petition on
the ground that defendant was not entitled to relief under the Act
because he was not a “person imprisoned in the penitentiary,” as
required under section 122–1(a) in order to bring a claim under the
Act. See 725 ILCS 5/122–1(a) (West 2006). In the alternative, the
State argued that defendant could not establish that his counsel’s
performance was deficient, or that he was prejudiced by any alleged
deficiency.

                                  -2-
    At the hearing on the State’s motion to dismiss, the trial court
stated that the law was “murky,” but that it would err on the side of
finding that defendant had standing to file his petition, even though his
probation had terminated by the time the petition was filed. However,
the trial court found that defense counsel was not “objectively
deficient,” so that defendant had not made a substantial showing of a
constitutional violation. The trial court therefore granted the State’s
motion to dismiss defendant’s petition.
    The appellate court affirmed the trial court’s dismissal of
defendant’s petition, but on a different ground. 394 Ill. App. 3d 368.
The appellate court agreed with the State’s argument that defendant
did not have standing to bring his claim under the Act because he was
not a “person imprisoned in the penitentiary,” as required under
section 122–1(a). 394 Ill. App. 3d at 370. For that reason, the
appellate court affirmed the trial court’s order granting the State’s
motion to dismiss defendant’s postconviction petition.

                              ANALYSIS
    At issue in this case is whether defendant has standing to pursue
postconviction relief under the Act even though he has served his
sentence on the conviction that he seeks to challenge in his
postconviction petition. As noted, the appellate court found that
defendant lacked standing because he was not “imprisoned in the
penitentiary” at the time he filed his petition. Defendant argues that
because he faces deportation as a result of his guilty plea, he should
not be precluded from seeking postconviction relief. Our review of the
dismissal of defendant’s postconviction petition is de novo. People v.
Pack, 224 Ill. 2d 144, 147 (2007).
    The Act provides that “[a]ny person imprisoned in the penitentiary
may institute a proceeding under this Article ***.” 725 ILCS
5/122–1(a) (West 2006). In People v. Dale, 406 Ill. 238, 246 (1950),
overruled in part on other grounds, People v. Warr, 54 Ill. 2d 487
(1973), this court held that the words “imprisoned in the penitentiary”
prevented those who had completed their sentences from using the
Act’s remedial machinery solely to purge their criminal records.
Rather, only those whose liberty was actually restrained were entitled
to the protection afforded by the Act. Dale, 406 Ill. at 246.

                                  -3-
     However, this court has held that the Act does not require actual
incarceration as a strict prerequisite to instituting a proceeding under
the Act. People v. West, 145 Ill. 2d 517, 519 (1991). Rather, courts
in this state have always held that a defendant’s liberty interests are
paramount when construing the Act. Pack, 224 Ill. 2d at 150.
Consequently, “imprisoned in the penitentiary” has been held to
include defendants who have been released from incarceration after
timely filing their petition (People v. Davis, 39 Ill. 2d 325 (1968)), and
defendants who were on mandatory supervised release at the time
their postconviction petitions were filed (People v. Correa, 108 Ill. 2d
541 (1985)). In addition, a prisoner serving consecutive sentences has
been held to be imprisoned under any one of those sentences for
purposes of section 122–1(a). Pack, 224 Ill. 2d at 152. Likewise,
those sentenced to probation or released on parole may file petitions
under the Act. People v. Martin-Trigona, 111 Ill. 2d 295, 299-30
(1986) (citing People v. Montes, 90 Ill. App. 3d 355 (1980), and
People v. Placek, 43 Ill. App. 3d 818 (1976)). In each of the
preceding cases, “imprisoned” for purposes of section 122–1(a) has
been held to include petitioners whose liberty, in some way or another,
was curtailed to a degree by the state. Pack, 224 Ill. 2d at 152.
     In Martin-Trigona, the court held that a defendant released on an
appeal bond was “imprisoned in the penitentiary” for purposes of
filing a petition under the Act. Martin-Trigona, 111 Ill. 2d at 300. The
court explained that:
              “Relief is available under the Act to all persons whose
         liberty is constrained by virtue of a criminal conviction, and a
         criminal sentence is relevant only so far as it predicts at what
         point in time any particular convicted person will be released
         from the fetters accompanying his conviction so that he is no
         longer in need of the Act’s remedial procedures to secure his
         liberty.” Martin-Trigona, 111 Ill. 2d at 301.
     Subsequently, in People v. West, 145 Ill. 2d 517 (1991), this court
held that postconviction relief was unavailable to a petitioner who had
fully served his underlying sentence. That sentence was used as an
aggravating factor by a sentencing court in Arizona to sentence the
petitioner to death. West, 145 Ill. 2d at 518. The petitioner sought to
attack his Illinois conviction in order to challenge his Arizona
sentence. West, 145 Ill. 2d at 518. This court held that the petitioner’s

                                   -4-
incarceration in Arizona was not imprisonment within the meaning of
the Act, because the defendant had fully served his Illinois sentence
and mandatory supervised release period. West, 145 Ill. 2d at 519. The
court explained that “[t]he person must be in prison for the offense he
is purporting to challenge.” West, 145 Ill. 2d at 519.
     In Pack, however, the court held that a defendant sentenced to
consecutive sentences of 7 and 60 years could challenge the
conviction that resulted in the 7-year sentence, after he had served
almost 13 years in the penitentiary. Pack, 224 Ill. 2d 144. The court
distinguished our decision in West on the ground that the petitioner in
West was not serving consecutive sentences. Pack, 224 Ill. 2d at 153.
Rather, the defendant in West had fully served his sentence and was
seeking to challenge his conviction for purposes of purging his record.
Pack, 224 Ill. 2d at 153. In contrast, the defendant in Pack was
serving consecutive sentences, which the Department of Corrections
treats in the aggregate, so that an invalidation of the defendant’s first
conviction would advance his release date. Pack, 224 Ill. 2d at 152.
The Pack defendant, therefore, was pursuing a liberty interest. Pack,
224 Ill. 2d at 153.
     This court has never addressed whether deportation proceedings
constitute imprisonment within the meaning of the Act, although our
appellate court has addressed the issue and has reached different
conclusions. In People v. Sak, 186 Ill. App. 3d 816 (1989), the
defendant, an illegal alien, pled guilty to theft and was sentenced to 18
months’ probation. Sometime after the defendant’s probation had
terminated, the INS instituted deportation proceedings against the
defendant based upon the theft conviction. Sak, 186 Ill. App. 3d at
817. The defendant then sought to vacate his guilty plea in the theft
case pursuant to the Act, alleging that although he had informed his
counsel prior to pleading guilty that he was an illegal alien, his counsel
never advised him that his plea could result in deportation. Sak, 186
Ill. App. 3d at 817-18.
     The Appellate Court, First District, held that the defendant could
assert his rights under section 122–1 of the Act, noting that this court
had declined to read “imprisoned in the penitentiary” as a jurisdictional
limit on circuit courts to entertain petitions. Sak, 186 Ill. App. 3d at
818. The court concluded:
             “That some clearly defined method must exist by which

                                   -5-
         Sak could raise issue with the denial of his Federal
         constitutional rights is fundamental. That he could be deprived
         of that opportunity by completing his sentence and, thereby,
         unwittingly forfeit those rights is unreasonable.” Sak, 186 Ill.
         App. 3d at 819-20.
The court therefore held that the defendant was not precluded from
filing his petition for postconviction relief under section 122–1 of the
Act, even though he had completed his probation prior to filing his
petition. Sak, 186 Ill. App. 3d at 820.
     Nonetheless, one month later, despite the decision in Sak, the
Appellate Court, First District, held that a defendant, who had served
her probation following a guilty plea to a felony drug charge, could
not bring a petition for postconviction relief under section 122–1.
People v. Farias, 187 Ill. App. 3d 879 (1989). The Farias defendant’s
petition alleged that defense counsel had failed to inform the defendant
that, as a result of her guilty plea, she could be denied both permanent
resident alien status and United States citizenship status. Farias, 187
Ill. App. 3d at 880. The Farias court held that this court’s decision in
Martin-Trigona conclusively established:
             “that a defendant must actually be deprived of his liberty
         as a result of serving, as opposed to having served, a sentence
         of imprisonment, parole, mandatory supervised release, or
         probation or as a result of being on appeal bond awaiting
         resentencing at the time he files his petition for post-
         conviction relief.” Farias, 187 Ill. App. 3d at 884.
The court noted that the Act was intended to remedy deprivations of
liberty resulting from violations of a petitioner’s constitutional rights,
so that absent such a deprivation, the wrong which the Act was
intended to remedy was nonexistent. Farias, 187 Ill. App. 3d at 884.
     In a later decision, the Appellate Court, First District, observed
that Farias rejected the expansion of the Act set forth in Sak, and
instead adopted the narrow interpretation set forth in Martin-Trigona.
People v. Rajagopal, 381 Ill. App. 3d 326, 332 (2008). Rajagopal
pointed out that, in fact, the Sak court did not even address Martin-
Trigona. Rajagopal, 381 Ill. App. 3d at 332-33.
     In Rajagopal, the petitioner filed a petition for postconviction
relief eight years after completing the sentence imposed on his guilty

                                   -6-
plea for theft. Rajagopal, 381 Ill. App. 3d at 327. The petitioner
alleged that his trial counsel was ineffective for affirmatively
misadvising him of the immigration consequences of his guilty plea to
felony theft, so that he was now subject to deportation. Rajagopal,
381 Ill. App. 3d at 327-28. The court held that the specter of
deportation did not constitute imprisonment under the Act.
Rajagopal, 381 Ill. App. 3d at 331.
     In so holding, the Rajagopal court noted the distinction between
collateral consequences and direct consequences of guilty pleas,
observing that collateral consequences are not related to the length or
nature of a sentence, while direct consequences related to the sentence
imposed on the basis of that plea. Rajagopal, 381 Ill. App. 3d at 331.
Rajagopal further noted that this court had held that the effect on
immigration status is a collateral consequence of a guilty plea.
Rajagopal, 381 Ill. App. 3d at 331, citing People v. Williams, 188 Ill.
2d 365, 372 (1999). The court therefore held that possible deportation
could not constitute imprisonment under the Act, as “collateral
consequences, imposed by agencies not under the control of the court,
cannot dictate defendants’ sentences or, by extension, the period of
imprisonment for purposes of utilizing the Act.” Rajagopal, 381 Ill.
App. 3d at 331.
     The Appellate Court, Fourth District, also declined to follow the
decision in Sak. See People v. Mrugalla, 371 Ill. App. 3d 544 (2007).
The defendant in Mrugalla was sentenced to probation following a
guilty plea to a drug offense. Mrugalla, 371 Ill. App. 3d at 545. After
the defendant had served his probation, he was detained by the
Department of Homeland Security and eventually was ordered to be
deported. Mrugalla, 371 Ill. App. 3d at 545. The defendant filed a
petition for postconviction relief seeking to vacate his conviction for
the drug offense, five years after his discharge from probation.
Mrugalla, 371 Ill. App. 3d at 545. In the appellate court, the
defendant urged the court to follow Sak and argued that the Act could
be interpreted to cover those who had completed their sentence but
still faced the threat of a serious deprivation of liberty, such as
detention and deportation, as a direct result of a prior conviction.
Mrugalla, 371 Ill. App. 3d at 545-46.
     The appellate court rejected the defendant’s argument, holding
that the defendant’s liberty was not currently being restrained by his

                                 -7-
Illinois conviction–the conviction he was purporting to challenge.
Mrugalla, 371 Ill. App. 3d at 547. The court stated that:
         “Instead, defendant’s detention and deportation are the result
         of an adverse ruling in a federal deportation proceeding.
         Defendant’s liberty is being curtailed by the federal
         government, not by the State of Illinois. Even if the federal
         government instituted the deportation proceedings based
         solely on defendant’s Illinois conviction, as defendant alleges,
         this does not transform the alleged deprivation of liberty
         effected by the federal government into a deprivation effected
         by the State of Illinois.” Mrugalla, 371 Ill. App. 3d at 547.
     Likewise, the Appellate Court, Fifth District, also has rejected the
claim that deportation is a severe deprivation of liberty such that the
trial court had jurisdiction to entertain the defendant’s postconviction
petition, which was filed after the defendant was discharged from
probation. People v. Tostado, 362 Ill. App. 3d 949 (2005).
     The appellate court in the instant case agreed with the weight of
authority that the defendant in this case did not have standing to bring
his claim under the Act. 394 Ill. App. 3d at 373. The appellate court
therefore affirmed the trial court’s dismissal of defendant’s petition on
that basis. 394 Ill. App. 3d at 373.
     In this court, defendant again argues that this court should adopt
the reasoning of the appellate court in Sak. Defendant argues that to
deny his postconviction petition merely based on standing would be
a serious deprivation of his constitutional rights. Defendant would be
deported and would have no legal remedy to withdraw his guilty plea.
     Defendant distinguishes Farias on the ground that defense counsel
in that case failed to give any advice, while defendant’s attorney in this
case gave erroneous advice. Similarly, in Rajagopal, the trial court
informed the defendant that it made no promises or representations
concerning what immigration might do, and explained that it did not
know what immigration would do with the defendant’s case. The
Tostado defendant also was on notice of possible immigration
consequences. Although Mrugalla contains no statement on or off the
record as to the effectiveness of his counsel, there are no allegations
that the defendant in that case was misled regarding the consequences
of his guilty plea. Defendant argues that because his situation is

                                   -8-
distinguishable from the preceding defendants, who were on notice as
to possible deportation consequences, he should be allowed to
proceed with his postconviction petition.
     The State disagrees with defendant’s attempts to distinguish
Farias, Rajagopal and Tostado. The State observes that whatever the
merits of the defendants’ underlying constitutional claims in those
cases, those decisions squarely hold that one who has completely
served his sentence may not seek postconviction relief for that
conviction. The State also notes that federal courts interpreting the “in
custody” requirement of the federal habeas corpus statutes have also
held that one held in immigration detention is not “in custody” for
purposes of challenging a state conviction under the statute. See
Ogunwomoju v. United States, 512 F.3d 69, 74-75 (2d Cir. 2008)
(citing cases). The State points out that it is not aware of any court
that has followed Sak, and also notes that Sak failed to address this
court’s decision in Martin-Trigona. With regard to defendant’s claim
that if this court does not adopt the reasoning of Sak, he will have no
remedy or no means to withdraw his plea, the State responds that
defendant is situated no differently than any other defendant who
learns of an alleged constitutional infirmity in his proceedings after
discharging his sentence.
     Upon review, we decline to adopt the analysis of the court in Sak.
As the court in Rajagopal recognized, the Sak decision is contrary to
this court’s well-established precedent.
     The instant case is analogous to this court’s decision in West,
where the defendant had fully served his Illinois sentence, but
nonetheless sought to attack his Illinois conviction in order to
challenge his death sentence in Arizona. As this court held in West, the
defendant’s incarceration in Arizona was not imprisonment within the
meaning of the Act because the defendant had already served his
Illinois sentence.
     Here too, defendant has fully served his Illinois sentence, but seeks
to attack his Illinois conviction in order to challenge his deportation
proceedings. Defendant’s detention by the INS is not imprisonment
within the meaning of the Act, however, because defendant has
already served his Illinois sentence. Given the fact that defendant had
fully served his underlying sentence prior to filing his postconviction
petition, defendant’s liberty was not curtailed by the state in any way,

                                   -9-
and he was not a person “imprisoned in the penitentiary,” as required
in order to file a claim for postconviction relief. Consequently,
defendant had no standing under the Act to file his petition for
postconviction relief.
     Our analysis, however, does not end there. In his reply brief,
defendant notes that the United States Supreme Court recently filed
its decision in Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. ___, 176 L. Ed. 2d 284,
130 S. Ct. 1473 (2010). In that case, the defendant, a legal permanent
resident of the United States for 40 years, pled guilty to drug
distribution charges. As a result, the defendant faced deportation
proceedings. The defendant filed a postconviction petition alleging
that his trial counsel told him not to worry about deportation because
the defendant had lived in this country for so long. Padilla, 559 U.S.
at __, 176 L. Ed. 2d at 290, 130 S. Ct. at 1478. The Kentucky
Supreme Court denied the defendant postconviction relief on the
ground that the sixth amendment’s guarantee of the effective
assistance of counsel did not protect defendants from erroneous
deportation advice, because deportation is merely a collateral
consequence of a conviction. Padilla, 559 U.S. at __, 176 L. Ed. 2d
at 290, 130 S. Ct. at 1478.
     The Supreme Court reversed, holding that the defendant’s counsel
had an obligation to advise him that the offense to which he was
pleading guilty would result in the defendant’s removal from this
country and would subject him to automatic deportation. Padilla, 559
U.S. at ___, 176 L. Ed. 2d at 299, 130 S. Ct. at 1486-87. The Court
noted that before deciding whether to plead guilty, a defendant is
entitled to the effective assistance of competent counsel. Padilla, 559
U.S. at ___, 176 L. Ed. 2d at 293, 130 S. Ct. at 1480-81. The Court
further observed that the Kentucky Supreme Court was not alone in
its view that the failure of defense counsel to advise the defendant of
possible deportation consequences was not cognizable as a claim for
ineffective assistance of counsel, because collateral consequences are
outside the scope of representation required by the sixth amendment.
Padilla, 559 U.S. at ___ & n.9, 176 L. Ed. 2d at 293 & n.9, 130 S.
Ct. at 1481 & n.9. However, the Court explained that it had never
applied a distinction between direct and collateral consequences to
define the scope of constitutionally required reasonable assistance
under Strickland. Padilla, 559 U.S. at ___, 176 L. Ed. 2d at 293, 130

                                 -10-
S. Ct. at 1481. Further, given the unique nature of deportation, the
distinction between direct and collateral consequences need not be
considered. Padilla, 559 U.S. at ___, 176 L. Ed. 2d at 293, 130 S. Ct.
at 1481.
    With regard to deportation, the Court stated that it had long
recognized that deportation was a particularly severe penalty, but was
not, in a strict sense, a criminal sanction. Padilla, 559 U.S. at ___,
176 L. Ed. 2d at 293, 130 S. Ct. at 1481. Nonetheless, removal
proceedings are intimately related to the criminal process, though they
are civil in nature. Padilla, 559 U.S. at ___, 176 L. Ed. 2d at 293, 130
S. Ct. at 1481. For that reason, the Court found it “most difficult” to
divorce the penalty from the conviction in the deportation context.
Padilla, 559 U.S. at ___, 176 L. Ed. 2d at 294, 130 S. Ct. at 1481.
    The Supreme Court found that:
              “Deportation as a consequence of a criminal conviction is,
         because of its close connection to the criminal process,
         uniquely difficult to classify as either a direct or a collateral
         consequence. The collateral versus direct distinction is thus ill-
         suited to evaluating a Strickland claim concerning the specific
         risk of deportation. We conclude that advice regarding
         deportation is not categorically removed from the ambit of the
         Sixth Amendment right to counsel. Strickland applies to
         Padilla’s claim.” Padilla, 559 U.S. at ___, 176 L. Ed. 2d at
         294, 130 S. Ct. at 1482.
The Supreme Court therefore held that counsel must inform her client
whether his guilty plea carries a risk of deportation. Padilla, 559 U.S.
at ___, 176 L. Ed. 2d at 299, 130 S. Ct. at 1486. When the law is
unclear, the defense attorney need only advise the noncitizen client
that the pending criminal charge may carry a risk of adverse
immigration consequences. Padilla, 559 U.S. at ___, 176 L. Ed. 2d
at 296, 130 S. Ct. at 1483. However, when the deportation
consequence is clear, the duty to give correct advice is equally clear.
Padilla, 559 U.S. at ___, 176 L. Ed. 2d at 296, 130 S. Ct. at 1483.
    Defendant argues that based upon Padilla, he has standing in this
case to proceed with his postconviction petition. Defendant notes that
Padilla rejected the characterization of deportation as a collateral
consequence of a guilty plea. Accordingly, defendant argues that

                                   -11-
deportation does constitute imprisonment under the Act.
    We do not agree with defendant that Padilla confers standing for
him to proceed with his postconviction petition. That counsel is
required to inform a defendant of the deportation consequences of his
guilty plea under Strickland does not render that defendant in custody
for purposes of our Act, if the defendant has already served the
sentence on the conviction that he seeks to challenge.
    Padilla declined to classify deportation as either a direct or a
collateral consequence. As this court has explained, collateral
consequences are “ ‘not related to the length or nature of the sentence
imposed on the basis of the plea,’ ” while direct consequences are
“limited to the penal consequences of that plea, i.e., the consequences
that relate to the sentence imposed on the basis of [that] plea.”
(Emphasis in original.) People v. Williams, 188 Ill. 2d 365, 372, 373
(1999), quoting State v. McFadden, 884 P.2d 1303, 1304 (Utah App.
1994). Even in light of Padilla, we cannot say that deportation is a
consequence that relates to the sentences imposed on the basis of that
plea.
    In so holding, we find the analysis of the Ninth Circuit Court of
Appeals in Resendiz v. Kovensky, 416 F.3d 952 (9th Cir. 2005), to be
well taken. In that case, the court rejected the defendant’s claim that
the immigration consequences of his state conviction rendered him “in
custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court” for purposes of the
federal habeas corpus statute, even though the sentence for that state
conviction had expired. The court held:
             “[S]evere consequences notwithstanding, two independent
        agencies (indeed, sovereigns) are operating here. The state’s
        action is entirely independent of the INS’s action initiating
        deportation proceedings, and the state has nothing to do with
        deportation. Thus, while Resendiz is indeed threatened with
        banishment, it is not a threat imposed by the state court, and
        there is nothing unlawful about the INS detention.” Resendiz,
        416 F.3d at 958.
Indeed, the Resendiz court recognized that a state trial judge has no
control whatsoever over the action of the INS. Resendiz, 416 F.3d at
957.
    Like Resendiz, our appellate court in Mrugalla also reasoned that

                                 -12-
the defendant’s detention and deportation were the result of a federal
deportation proceeding, and that the defendant’s liberty was being
curtailed by the federal government, not by the State of Illinois.
Mrugalla, 371 Ill. App. 3d at 547. The fact that the deportation
proceedings may have been instituted solely based upon the
defendant’s state conviction could not transform the deprivation of
liberty effected by the federal government into a deprivation of liberty
by the State of Illinois. Mrugalla, 371 Ill. App. 3d at 547.
    We find the reasoning of the Resendiz and Mrugalla courts to be
valid even following the Supreme Court’s decision in Padilla.
Because the state has nothing to do with defendant’s deportation, and
has no control over the actions of the INS, we cannot say that
defendant’s possible deportation renders defendant a person
“imprisoned in the penitentiary” as required in order to proceed with
his postconviction petition under the Act. Defendant’s custody in the
INS is not pursuant to a judgment of a state court. The current
constraints on defendant’s liberty are imposed by the INS. The
constraints of defendant’s liberty due to his criminal conviction
expired with defendant’s successful completion of his probation, so
that defendant is no longer eligible to seek relief under the Act. Here,
defendant essentially is seeking to challenge his conviction for
purposes of purging his record. As we held in Dale, a postconviction
remedy is available only to those that are actually being deprived of
their liberty, and not to those who have served their sentences and
might wish to purge their records of past convictions. Dale, 406 Ill.
at 246.
    Moreover, we note that in Maleng v. Cook, 490 U.S. 488, 104 L.
Ed. 2d 540, 109 S. Ct. 1923 (1989), the Supreme Court addressed
whether a defendant was “in custody” under the federal habeas corpus
statute on a sentence that had expired, because the expired sentence
had been used to enhance current or future sentences imposed for
subsequent convictions. The Court acknowledged that its
interpretation of the “in custody” language had not required that a
prisoner be physically confined in order to challenge his sentence on
habeas corpus. Maleng, 490 U.S. at 491, 104 L. Ed. 2d at 545, 109
S. Ct. at 1925. The Court stated, however, that it never held “that a
habeas petitioner may be ‘in custody’ under a conviction when the
sentence imposed for that conviction has fully expired at the time his

                                 -13-
petition is filed.” (Emphasis in original.) Maleng, 490 U.S. at 491, 104
L. Ed. 2d at 545, 109 S. Ct. at 1925.
     Consequently, given the fact that defendant had fully served his
sentence in the conviction that he now seeks to challenge, we find that
defendant was not “imprisoned in the penitentiary” as required in
order to institute a proceeding for postconviction relief under section
122–1 of the Act. That the United States Supreme Court in Padilla
declined to classify deportation as either collateral or direct for
purposes of the sixth amendment does not change that result.
Accordingly, the appellate court properly affirmed the dismissal of
defendant’s postconviction petition.
     Finally, we reject defendant’s claim that he is entitled to
postconviction relief even if he is not imprisoned for purposes of the
Act because otherwise he has no legal remedy to withdraw his
petition. Defendant points out that in People v. Warr, 54 Ill. 2d 487,
493 (1973), this court exercised its supervisory authority to hold that
“a defendant convicted of a misdemeanor who asserts that in the
proceedings which resulted in his conviction there was a substantial
denial of his constitutional rights may institute a proceeding in the
nature of a proceeding under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act.”
Defendant argues that he also should be afforded his day in court.
     We find Warr distinguishable from the instant case. In Warr, this
court noted there was no remedy for those convicted of a
misdemeanor who asserted that their constitutional rights were
violated in the proceeding which resulted in their conviction. Warr, 54
Ill. 2d at 491. The court found that the Post-Conviction Hearing Act
provided a basic model for a remedy, but that the remedy must be
modified in the case of misdemeanors. Warr, 54 Ill. 2d at 493. The
court therefore provided that a defendant convicted of a misdemeanor
who asserts that in the proceedings that resulted in his conviction
there was a substantial denial of his constitutional rights could institute
a proceeding in the nature of a proceeding under the Act, with certain
limitations. Warr, 54 Ill. 2d at 493.
     Here, in contrast, defendant has a remedy to challenge his
conviction, so long as the challenge is made while defendant is serving
the sentence imposed on that conviction. While sympathetic to
defendant’s plight, this court cannot expand the remedy set forth in
the Act in order to bring defendant’s case within the reach of the Act.

                                   -14-
    Section 122–1(a) provides that “[a]ny person imprisoned in the
penitentiary may institute a proceeding under this Article ***.” As
discussed, because defendant was not imprisoned in the penitentiary
at the time he filed his postconviction petition, as required by section
122–1(a), he could not invoke postconviction relief. Consequently, the
circuit court could not consider defendant’s claim, and the appellate
court properly affirmed the dismissal of defendant’s postconviction
petition on the basis that defendant lacked standing to bring his claim.
    In light of our holding in this case, we need not address the
additional arguments raised by the State in its brief.

                         CONCLUSION
   For all of the foregoing reasons, we affirm the decision of the
appellate court.

                                  Appellate court judgment affirmed.

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