Court Opinion

ID: 3143422
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-22 17:59:15.12487+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:49:35.260457
License: Public Domain

Filed 1/23/08             NO. 4-07-0262

                     IN THE APPELLATE COURT

                           OF ILLINOIS

                         FOURTH DISTRICT

JUDITH STOLL,                          )  Appeal from
          Plaintiff-Appellant,         )  Circuit Court of
          v.                           )  Champaign County
THE UNITED WAY OF CHAMPAIGN COUNTY,    )  No. 06L223
ILLINOIS, INC., an Illinois Not-for-   )
Profit Corporation,                    )  Honorable
          Defendant-Appellee.          )  Jeffrey B. Ford,
                                       )  Judge Presiding.
______________________________________________________________

          JUSTICE TURNER delivered the opinion of the court:

          In October 2006, plaintiff, Judith Stoll, filed a

breach-of-contract complaint against defendant, the United Way of

Champaign County, Illinois, Inc. (United Way), an Illinois not-

for-profit corporation and plaintiff's former employer.   The next

month, the United Way filed a motion to dismiss the complaint

under section 2-619(a)(9) of the Code of Civil Procedure (Proce-

dure Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-619(a)(9) (West 2006)).   After a March

2007 hearing, the trial court granted the United Way's motion and

dismissed plaintiff's complaint with prejudice.

          Plaintiff appeals, contending the trial court erred by

granting the United Way's motion to dismiss because she (1) had

directly enforceable contractual rights or (2) was a third-party

beneficiary of a contract between the United Way and the labor

union to which she belonged, the American Federation of Labor and

Congress of Industrial Organizations of Champaign County (AFL-
CIO).    We affirm.

                            I. BACKGROUND

            In her complaint, plaintiff alleged that in April 2000,

the United Way hired her as an AFL-CIO community-services liaison

(Liaison).    On June 24, 2003, she began negotiating with United

Way representatives on a memorandum of understanding, which was

to govern, inter alia, the terms and conditions of her employment

by the United Way as the Liaison.    Additional negotiations

occurred on four other dates.    As a result of the negotiations, a

memorandum of understanding between the United Way and the AFL-

CIO (Memorandum) was created.    After becoming aware of the

Memorandum's contents, plaintiff elected to continue her employ-

ment with the United Way under the Memorandum's terms and condi-

tions.

            The Memorandum began by stating it recognized the

desires of the United Way and the AFL-CIO to cooperate in provid-

ing human-care services regardless of demographics or need.     The

Memorandum then declared its purpose was "to clearly identify the

intent of all concerned, to assure coordination, and to provide

maximum cooperation and utilization of all resources and efforts

of both organizations."    It also outlined the responsibilities,

procedures, and objectives of a full-time Liaison.    The Memoran-

dum was effective from July 1, 2003, to June 30, 2007.

            The Memorandum did address discipline of the Liaison,

                                - 2 -
and provided, in pertinent part, the following:

          "[T]he United Way will follow the tenets of

          progressive and corrective discipline.   Pro-

          gressive discipline is intended to correct

          employee deficiencies and shall consist of

          any or all of the following:

                     a.) Oral warning

                     b.) Written reprimand and

               remediation plan, as needed

                     c.) Suspension

                     d.) Discharge

               It is understood by all parties that

               severe infractions of United Way policy

               and procedures, [c]ode of [e]thics[,] or

               violation of law or regulations may lead

               to immediate discharge.

                               * * *

               When [the] United Way is contemplating

          discipline[,] a pre[]disciplinary meeting

          will be held.   [The] United Way shall notify

          the Liaison and the [AFL-CIO] of the meeting

          and the reason(s) for the contemplated disci-

          pline.   The Liaison shall be informed of

          her/his rights to representation by the [AFL-

                               - 3 -
           CIO] and shall be entitled to representation

           at all times during this disciplinary pro-

           cess.    The Liaison and the [AFL-CIO] shall be

           given the opportunity to rebut the reasons

           for such contemplated discipline.

                   In the event disciplinary action is

           taken against the Liaison, the United Way

           shall promptly furnish the [AFL-CIO] and the

           Liaison with written notice of such disci-

           plinary action and the reasons therefor."

           Additionally, the Memorandum set forth a grievance-

resolution procedure for when a dispute arose regarding the

enforcement of the Memorandum's provisions that affected the

Liaison.   The Memorandum also recognized the following:

                   "The [AFL-CIO] as the exclusive bargain-

           ing representative of the Liaison reserves

           the right to process disputes on behalf of

           the Liaison.    The [AFL-CIO] reserves the

           right to advance the dispute, withdraw from

           representation of the dispute, or consider

           the dispute settled at the appropriate step

           of the process based on the facts of the

           dispute.    If the Liaison has a desire to

           advance the dispute, including moving the

                                  - 4 -
           issue to mediation between the levels sup-

           ported by the [AFL-CIO] s/he may do so at the

           Liaison's own expense."

           The Memorandum is signed by Mary McGrath, the chair of

the United Way's board of directors; Tamara Lemke, president and

chief executive officer of the United Way; Kevin Sandefur, AFL-

CIO president; and cochairs of the AFL-CIO community services

committee, Dorinda Miller and Mike Spillers.

           In March 2005, Lemke placed plaintiff on administrative

leave from her position as Liaison.      Prior to placing her on

administrative leave, the United Way had not taken any disciplin-

ary action against plaintiff.    In April 2005, Lemke terminated

plaintiff's employment with the United Way.      During her entire

employment with the United Way, plaintiff was a member of the

AFL-CIO.

           In October 2006, plaintiff filed the instant breach-of-

contract complaint in the trial court, asserting the Memorandum

created a contractual right, enforceable by her, to the disci-

plinary procedures contained in the Memorandum and bound the

United Way to follow those procedures; and thus the United Way

breached the contract by failing to do so.      Plaintiff denied

committing any act or infraction sufficient to justify her

termination by the United Way.

           The United Way filed a section 2-619 motion to dismiss,

                                 - 5 -
asserting plaintiff lacked standing to bring the complaint

because plaintiff was not a party to the Memorandum and the

Memorandum contained no provision providing third-party benefi-

ciary status to plaintiff.    The United Way filed a memorandum in

support of its motion to dismiss.    In January 2007, plaintiff

filed a memorandum of law in opposition to dismiss.    Thereafter,

the United Way filed a response to plaintiff's memorandum of law.

          In March 2007, the trial court held a hearing on the

United Way's section 2-619 motion to dismiss.    After hearing the

parties' arguments and considering their memoranda of law, the

court granted the United Way's motion, finding plaintiff lacked

standing to bring her suit because she was not a party to the

agreement and not a third-party beneficiary.    This appeal fol-

lowed.

                             II. ANALYSIS

          In this case, plaintiff challenges the trial court's

dismissal with prejudice of her complaint pursuant to section 2-

619 of the Procedure Code (735 ILCS 5/2-619 (West 2006)).    With a

section 2-619 motion to dismiss, the movant "admits the legal

sufficiency of the plaintiff's complaint but asserts an affirma-

tive defense or other matter that avoids or defeats the plain-

tiff's claim."   DeLuna v. Burciaga, 223 Ill. 2d 49, 59, 857
N.E.2d 229, 236 (2006).   "In ruling on such a motion, the court

must interpret all pleadings and supporting documents in the

                                - 6 -
light most favorable to the nonmoving party."    Melena v.

Anheuser-Busch, Inc., 219 Ill. 2d 135, 141, 847 N.E.2d 99, 103

(2006).   A section 2-619 motion presents a question of law, and

thus our review of the trial court's ruling on the motion is de

novo.   DeLuna, 223 Ill. 2d at 59, 857 N.E.2d at 236.   Addition-

ally, this court may affirm the trial court's judgment on any

basis that is supported by the record.    Krilich v. American

National Bank & Trust Co. of Chicago, 334 Ill. App. 3d 563, 573,

778 N.E.2d 1153, 1163 (2002).

           Plaintiff's complaint alleges the United Way, her

former employer, breached the Memorandum when it terminated her

from the Liaison position.    Illinois law has established the

presumption that employment contracts are at will and thus

terminable by either party.    However, the presumption may be

overcome by showing the parties agreed otherwise.    McInerney v.

Charter Golf, Inc., 176 Ill. 2d 482, 485, 680 N.E.2d 1347, 1349

(1997).

                        A. Policy Statement

           Plaintiff asserts that, based on Duldulao v. Saint Mary

of Nazareth Hospital Center, 115 Ill. 2d 482, 505 N.E.2d 314

(1987), the Memorandum created enforceable contractual rights,

and plaintiff was entitled to the disciplinary proceedings set

forth in it.   In Duldulao, 115 Ill. 2d at 490, 505 N.E.2d at 318,

our supreme court held an employee handbook or other policy

                                - 7 -
statement creates enforceable contractual rights when the tradi-

tional requirements for contract formation are present.      The

Duldulao court explained contract formation occurs in such cases

if the following conditions are present:

          "First, the language of the policy statement

          must contain a promise clear enough that an

          employee would reasonably believe that an

          offer has been made.    Second, the statement

          must be disseminated to the employee in such

          a manner that the employee is aware of its

          contents and reasonably believes it to be an

          offer.   Third, the employee must accept the

          offer by commencing or continuing to work

          after learning of the policy statement."

          Duldulao, 115 Ill. 2d at 490, 505 N.E.2d at

          318.

The court further explained that, under those conditions, the

employee's continued work is the consideration for the promises

contained in the policy statement.       Duldulao, 115 Ill. 2d at 490,

505 N.E.2d at 318.

          Here, plaintiff fails to allege how the Memorandum was

an offer to her as an United Way employee or that she even

believed it was such an offer.    The Memorandum's contents indi-

cate it is an agreement between the United Way and the AFL-CIO to

                                 - 8 -
provide human-care services through the Liaison.    It is signed by

executives of both organizations but not by plaintiff.    The

Memorandum set forth the responsibilities, procedures, and

objectives regarding the Liaison position, which was responsible

to both organizations and had to work cooperatively with both of

them.   The Memorandum memorialized the United Way and the AFL-

CIO's agreement on how to discipline the Liaison.   The Memorandum

in no way indicated it was a policy statement to the Liaison.

           Moreover, plaintiff simply alleges she was aware of the

Memorandum's terms at the time of its execution and participated

in the negotiations with the United Way on its terms.    She has

not alleged the United Way disseminated the memorandum to her, as

the Liaison, after it was executed.    Plaintiff has also failed to

allege any other manner in which the United Way indicated the

Memorandum was an offer to her, as its employee.

           We further point out Duldulao involved an employee

handbook created by the employer, which was "'designed to clarify

your rights and duties as employees.'" (Emphasis omitted.)

Duldulao, 115 Ill. 2d at 491, 505 N.E.2d at 319.    In Wood v.

Wabash County, 309 Ill. App. 3d 725, 726, 722 N.E.2d 1176, 1177

(1999), the Fifth District also dealt with an employer's person-

nel policy handbook.   Such handbooks are written by the employer

for its employees, which is vastly different from this case where

the Memorandum was drafted to memorialize the employer's agree-

                               - 9 -
ment with a labor union.

           Additionally, we note that, even if Duldulao applies to

employers' contracts with outside parties, we disagree the United

Way disseminated an offer of the employment terms in the Memoran-

dum to plaintiff simply by negotiating the terms of the Memoran-

dum with her as a representative of the outside party.   If that

was the case, any employee who assists an employer in drafting an

employee handbook or policy statement could bind the employer to

the terms of the handbook or the statement regardless of whether

the employer ever came up with a final version of the statement

or handbook and/or distributed that final version to the employ-

ees.   Such a result is inconsistent with the presumption of

employment at will and Duldulao.

           Accordingly, we find the trial court properly concluded

the Memorandum did not vest plaintiff with contractual rights

under Duldulao.   Additionally, we note that, even if plaintiff

has contractual rights pursuant to Duldulao, for the reasons

discussed in the next section, the court properly dismissed her

breach-of-contract claim because she failed to exhaust her con-

tractual remedies.

                     B. Third-Party Beneficiary

           Plaintiff also contends she has contractual rights as a

third-party beneficiary of the Memorandum.

           We begin by noting the unusual nature of the Memoran-

                              - 10 -
dum.   In part, the Memorandum defines the working relationship

between the United Way and the AFL-CIO.   It also creates the

Liaison position and sets forth the job description, hiring

process, the payment of benefits and union dues, annual salary

increases, the development of a work plan, discipline procedures,

and one job responsibility for that position.   Further, the

Memorandum establishes a grievance procedure for resolving dis-

putes regarding application and enforcement of the Memorandum

that affect the Liaison and expressly states the AFL-CIO is the

exclusive bargaining representative of the Liaison.    Thus, the

Memorandum is also akin to a collective-bargaining agreement.

Additionally, the Memorandum is not a typical employment con-

tract, as it is an agreement between the employer and the union,

not the employer and employee.   Thus, the Memorandum does not fit

neatly into one definitive type of contract.

           Assuming arguendo plaintiff is a third-party benefi-

ciary of the Memorandum, the Memorandum contains the aforemen-

tioned grievance procedures.   When a collective-bargaining agree-

ment establishes grievance and/or arbitration procedures for

disputes arising out of the agreement, an employee alleging a

violation of the agreement must attempt to exhaust his or her

contractual remedies before seeking judicial relief.    See Gelb v.

Air Con Refrigeration & Heating, Inc., 356 Ill. App. 3d 686, 695,

826 N.E.2d 391, 400 (2005).    Moreover, in a pre-Duldulao handbook

                               - 11 -
case, the Fifth District concluded that, if a college handbook

was a binding contract between the college and a nontenured

teacher, the entire handbook was binding upon the parties, and

thus the teacher had to first pursue the grievance procedures

contained in the handbook.   Jackson v. Board of Trustees of

Junior College District No. 530, 22 Ill. App. 3d 898,   901-02,

317 N.E.2d 318, 320-21 (1974).   Accordingly, in the area of

employment law, courts have required the parties to exhaust

dispute-resolution procedures in the contract before filing suit.

          Moreover, dispute-resolution provisions in other types

of contracts have been found to be a condition precedent to

filing suit.   See Ford Motor Co. v. Motor Vehicle Review Board,

338 Ill. App. 3d 880, 885-86, 788 N.E.2d 187, 192 (2003), citing

Mayfair Construction Co. v. Waveland Associates Phase I Ltd.

Partnership, 249 Ill. App. 3d 188, 619 N.E.2d 144 (1993); DeValk

Lincoln Mercury, Inc. v. Ford Motor Co., 811 F.2d 326 (7th Cir.

1987).   In Mayfair Construction Co., 249 Ill. App. 3d at 201, 619

N.E.2d at 153, the First District affirmed the conclusion that an

owner materially breached a construction contract by failing to

first submit the dispute between it and the contractor to the

architect as provided for in the contract.   In DeValk, 811 F.2d

at 336, the Seventh Circuit found the mediation clause contained

in the contract between the automobile dealership and the manu-

facturer had to be strictly complied with before a party filed

                              - 12 -
suit.

          Here, section III, paragraph nine of the Memorandum

states that, "[i]f a dispute arises regarding the application or

enforcement of this agreement that affects the Liaison

(employee), the grievance resolution procedure is as follows."

The Memorandum then provides for informal discussions and a

formal, written grievance.   The Memorandum defines "grievance" as

"any dispute or disagreement between the parties with respect to

the application, administration[,] or interpretation of the

provisions of this agreement or arising out of matters controlled

by [the] United Way which directly affect wages, hours[,] and

terms and condition of employment."    The aforementioned language

makes the grievance procedures mandatory for disputes it covers.

Plaintiff does not argue her claims fall outside the Memorandum's

grievance procedures.

          "[T]hird-party beneficiaries generally have no greater

rights in a contract than does the promisee."    United

Steelworkers of America v. Rawson, 495 U.S. 362, 375, 109 L. Ed.
2d 362, 377, 110 S. Ct. 1904, 1913 (1990).   Thus, since the AFL-

CIO was required to resolve disputes through the grievance pro-

cess, so was plaintiff.   Moreover, the Memorandum expressly

grants her the right to engage in the informal grievance proce-

dure and to submit a formal grievance.   However, plaintiff con-

tends the following provision gives her the right to advance a

                              - 13 -
dispute against the United Way in any manner she chooses:   "If

the Liaison has a desire to advance the dispute, including moving

the issue to mediation between the levels supported by the [AFL-

CIO] s/he may do so at the Liaison's own expense."   We disagree.

          That provision does not, in any way, exempt her from

following the grievance procedures, which is the Memorandum's

dispute-resolution process.   Further, the employee-advancement

provision limits the employee's advancement to "levels supported

by the [AFL-CIO]."   The Memorandum indicates those levels include

the grievance procedures and mediation.   Since plaintiff is not

exempt from the Memorandum's grievance procedures, she was re-

quired to have her dispute addressed by the grievance procedures.

          Additionally, plaintiff did not allege any facts estab-

lishing an exception to the exhaustion of contractual remedies,

such as (1) the United Way's repudiation of the contractual

dispute-resolution procedures (see Patterson v. Carbondale Commu-

nity High School District No. 165, 144 Ill. App. 3d 254, 261, 494
N.E.2d 240, 245 (1986)), (2) the futility of proceeding formally

with contractual remedies (see Zelenka v. City of Chicago, 152
Ill. App. 3d 706, 714, 504 N.E.2d 843, 848 (1987)), or (3) the

AFL-CIO's breach of its duty of fair representation (see Gelb,
356 Ill. App. 3d at 695, 826 N.E.2d at 400).   We note plaintiff's

statements in her complaint allege United Way repudiated the

Memorandum's disciplinary procedures, not the dispute-resolution

                              - 14 -
procedures.    Her allegations are similar to those made by the

plaintiffs in Patterson, 144 Ill. App. 3d 254, 494 N.E.2d 240.

            In that case, the plaintiffs raised breach-of-contract

claims against their former employer and contended they were not

required to exhaust their contractual remedies because of the

futility of doing so and the former employer's repudiation of the

agreement.    The Patterson court concluded the plaintiffs had

alleged their former employer's repudiation of the contract but

not conduct by the former employer amounting to a repudiation of

the contractual procedure set forth for the resolution of dis-

putes.    Patterson, 144 Ill. App. 3d at 260-61, 494 N.E.2d at 245.

The court explained the former employer's discharge of the plain-

tiffs did not point to the former employer's unwillingness to

resolve the ensuing dispute by administrative rather than judi-

cial means.    Patterson, 144 Ill. App. 3d at 261, 494 N.E.2d at

245.   Whether the former employer would have engaged in conduct

amounting to a repudiation of the contractual dispute-resolution

procedure could not be known absent the plaintiffs' attempt to

use it.    Patterson, 144 Ill. App. 3d at 261, 494 N.E.2d at 245.

Since the plaintiffs did not allege facts indicative of (1) the

absolute futility of following the grievance procedure in the

agreement under which they sought relief, (2) the defendant's

repudiation of the grievance procedure, or (3) their own attempt

to follow the grievance procedure, the Patterson court concluded

                               - 15 -
the plaintiffs were barred from seeking judicial relief and thus

the trial court properly dismissed the breach-of-contract claims.

Patterson, 144 Ill. App. 3d at 260-61, 494 N.E.2d at 244-45.

          Like Patterson, plaintiff has alleged the United Way's

repudiation of certain disciplinary procedures in the Memorandum

but failed to allege any conduct by the United Way amounting to a

repudiation of the Memorandum's procedure set forth for dispute

resolution.    In her complaint, plaintiff raised no allegations

the United Way refused to comply with the grievance procedure.

Moreover, the complaint is devoid of any indication plaintiff

even made an attempt to resolve this issue under the grievance

procedure.    Thus, absent plaintiff's attempt to even use the

grievance procedure, she cannot establish the United Way repudi-

ated the Memorandum's grievance procedure and thus cannot pursue

her claim by judicial means.    See Patterson, 144 Ill. App. 3d at

261, 494 N.E.2d at 245.

          Accordingly, even if plaintiff has contractual rights

as a third-party beneficiary (or under Duldulao), she cannot

bring a breach-of-contract suit because she did not comply with

the grievance procedures contained in the Memorandum.    Thus, the

trial court also properly dismissed her complaint on this con-

tractual theory.

                           III. CONCLUSION

          For the reasons stated, we affirm the trial court's

                               - 16 -
dismissal of plaintiff's suit with prejudice.

          Affirmed.

          STEIGMANN, J., concurs.

          MYERSCOUGH, J., specially concurs.

                             - 17 -
          JUSTICE MYERSCOUGH, specially concurring:

          I concur with the majority's result but write sepa-

rately to address the issue of preemption.    Despite asking the

parties to discuss preemption at oral argument, and despite    the

fact that the majority of the discussion at oral argument con-

cerned preemption, the majority does not address that issue.

    Preemption can, as discussed below, have subject-matter

jurisdiction implications.    Although United Way did not raise

preemption before the trial court or on appeal, this court has a

duty to sua sponte consider whether jurisdiction exists.     See In

re Marriage of Mardjetko, 369 Ill. App. 3d 934, 935, 861 N.E.2d
354, 355 (2007).

          Section 301 of the Labor Management Relations Act, 1947

(29 U.S.C. §185 (2000)) preempts state-law claims when the claims

require the interpretation of a collective-bargaining agreement.

See Lingle v. Norge Division of Magic Chef, Inc., 486 U.S. 399,

413, 100 L. Ed. 2d 410, 423, 108 S. Ct. 1877, 1885 (1988).

Moreover, section 301 reaches beyond collective-bargaining agree-

ments and applies to "agreement[s] between employers and labor

organizations significant to the maintenance of labor peace

between them."     Retail Clerks International Ass'n, Local Unions

Nos. 128 & 633 v. Lion Dry Goods, Inc., 369 U.S. 17, 28, 7 L. Ed.
2d 503, 510, 82 S. Ct. 541, 548 (1962).    The Memorandum between

United Way and the AFL-CIO meets that definition here.

                                - 18 -
          Whether a preemption defense can be forfeited depends

on the nature of the alleged preemption.   The majority of federal

courts addressing the issue have concluded that if preemption

only alters the applicable substantive law, a party can forfeit

the preemption defense by failing to raise it.   Wolf v. Reliance

Standard Life Insurance Co., 71 F.3d 444, 449 (1st Cir. 1995);

Dueringer v. General American Life Insurance Co., 842 F.2d 127,

130 (5th Cir. 1988); Johnson v. Armored Transport of California,

Inc., 813 F.2d 1041, 1044 (9th Cir. 1987); Gilchrist v. Jim

Slemons Imports, Inc., 803 F.2d 1488, 1497 (9th Cir. 1986).     If,

however, preemption alters the forum applying the law, the de-

fense cannot be forfeited because it is essentially an issue of

subject-matter jurisdiction.   See International Longshoremen's

Ass'n v. Davis, 476 U.S. 380, 393-94 n.11, 90 L. Ed. 2d 389, 402-

03 n.11, 106 S. Ct. 1904, 1913-14 n.11 (1986) (holding that

preemption can be raised at any time where Congress has vested

jurisdiction exclusively in the federal courts because the state

court had no power to act).

          Therefore, the issue here is whether section 301 pre-

emption affects the choice of forum or the choice of law; that

is, whether section 301 gives federal courts the exclusive juris-

diction over suits for violations of contracts between employers

and labor organizations representing their employees or merely

provides that federal law will apply regardless of the location

                               - 19 -
of the suit.

           The United States Supreme Court has expressly stated

that federal and state courts have concurrent jurisdiction over

section 301 claims.   See Charles Dowd Box Co. v. Courtney, 368
U.S. 502, 506-07, 7 L. Ed. 2d 483, 486-87, 82 S. Ct. 519, 522

(1962).   Both state and federal courts, however, must apply

federal law in deciding the claims.    See Local 174 v. Lucas Flour

Co., 369 U.S. 95, 102, 7 L. Ed. 2d 593, 598, 82 S. Ct. 571, 576

(1962).   Because section 301 provides for the application of

federal law and not exclusive federal jurisdiction, the defense

of preemption under section 301 can be forfeited.   See National

Metalcrafters, a Division of Keystone Consolidated Industries v.

McNeil, 784 F.2d 817, 825-26 (7th Cir. 1986) (holding that a

defendant may raise a section 301 preemption argument for the

first time on appeal only in special circumstances); Sweeney v.

Westvaco Co., 926 F.2d 29, 40, (1st Cir. 1991) (section 301

preemption can be forfeited); but see Flanagan v. Comau Pico, 274
Mich. App. 418, 426-27, 733 N.W.2d 430, 435 (2007) (holding that

federal law preempts state law in a dispute governed by section

301 and a party may not forfeit its application).   As a result,

United Way forfeited that argument here.

           However, in Gelb, a case cited by the majority, the

First District stated that "[s]ection 301 grants exclusive juris-

diction to federal district courts over suits for violations of

                              - 20 -
contracts between employers and labor organizations representing

their employees."   Gelb, 356 Ill. App. 3d at 692, 826 N.E.2d 398.

At oral argument, both parties asserted that this statement, to

the extent it held that federal courts have exclusive jurisdic-

tion over violations of collective-bargaining agreements, was

wrong.   Although Gelb contains the statement that the jurisdic-

tion is "exclusive," the Gelb court did not actually find that

federal courts had exclusive jurisdiction, as the court proceeded

to address the section 301 issue under federal law.   Had the Gelb

court meant that jurisdiction was exclusive in the federal court,

the court would have dismissed the cause of action for lack of

subject-matter jurisdiction.

          For these reasons, I write to specially concur.

                               - 21 -