Court Opinion

ID: 4298901
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-07-30 07:50:39.977097+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:41:47.810472
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS
                         SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                              FORT WORTH

                             NO. 02-18-00120-CV

LUTEA, L.L.C. AND PHARIA, L.L.C.                                 APPELLANTS

                                       V.

W.S. DRAPER AKA WARNER                                              APPELLEE
DRAPER

                                    ----------

          FROM COUNTY COURT AT LAW NO. 1 OF TARRANT COUNTY
                   TRIAL COURT NO. 2013-005341-1-A

                                    ----------

                        MEMORANDUM OPINION1

                                    ----------

      We have before us an appeal by Lutea, L.L.C. and Pharia, L.L.C.

(Lutea/Pharia) from a final judgment granting Appellee W.S. Draper aka Warner

Draper’s motion for summary judgment and denying Lutea/Pharia’s motion for

summary judgment in support of their bill of review. Through the latter, they

sought to reverse a final default judgment issued by Tarrant County Court at Law

      1
      See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
No. 1 (CCL) declaring “that the judgment obtained by Pharia, L.L.C. in Cause

Number JP04-JS00010886, styled Pharia, L.L.C. v. W.S. Draper a/k/a Warner

Draper, in the Justice Court, Precinct Four, of Tarrant County, Texas is void for

want of subject matter jurisdiction” (CCL Judgment). Lutea/Pharia asserts that

the trial court erred in granting Draper’s motion and denying its own.         We

reverse.

      Background

      This dispute concerns credit card debt allegedly owed by Draper.

Lutea/Pharia came to own the debt and sued to recover it. Suit upon the debt

was commenced in the Precinct Four, Tarrant County Justice Court (JP). That

court entered judgment granting Lutea/Pharia monetary relief against Draper.

After the period for appealing the judgment lapsed, Draper initiated suit against

Lutea/Pharia in the CCL to void the judgment because JP purportedly lacked

subject-matter jurisdiction over the proceeding.

      No one denies Lutea/Pharia were duly served with the citation via their

registered agent and that the citation and original petition were forwarded to the

attorney representing them, Cody Moorse.           Nor is it disputed that Moorse

neglected to file an answer on their behalf. His lapse resulted in the entry of the

CCL Judgment on October 3, 2013.

      Lutea/Pharia filed neither a notice of appeal nor motion for new trial in an

effort to negate the CCL Judgment. Furthermore, the record contains evidence

indicating that neither Lutea/Pharia nor Moorse received notice of the judgment

                                         2
until March 31, 2014. Apparently, Moorse was told of it on that date during a

conversation with Draper’s attorney. This led Moorse to request a copy of the

judgment from the court clerk.     The copy allegedly arrived on April 7, 2014.

When it did, Moorse told his supervising attorney of it. His supervisor responded

by directing him to “investigate the facts surrounding the service of the petition,

what happened to it after it arrived at [the law firm] and what had happened in the

County Court case, and report back . . . to determine the proper course of

action.” Moorse did not report back. Instead, he ended his tenure with the law

firm several months later. Eventually, the aforementioned supervising attorney

found the judgment “[o]n July 18, 2014, while reviewing Mr. Moorse’s case load

with Mr. Moorse’s successor” and “realized that the default judgment had not

been addressed.”     The discovery led to Lutea/Pharia petitioning for a bill of

review on August 22, 2014.

      Jurisdiction

      Lutea/Pharia initially attack the subject-matter jurisdiction of the CCL and

its authority to render the default judgment. Their effort is twofold. That is, they

contend the CCL lacked subject-matter jurisdiction over Draper’s suit because

(1) the effort was a collateral attack upon the JP’s judgment and (2) Draper

lacked standing to nullify the purportedly void judgment because he suffered no

injury. We overrule each.

      Regarding the matter of a collateral attack, we are a bit unclear as to the

tenor of the argument. Lutea/Pharia seem to be suggesting that because the

                                         3
record underlying the JP’s judgment failed to illustrate that it (the JP) lacked

jurisdiction, the CCL could not entertain the collateral attack. In other words, they

seem to be suggesting that because both the record before the JP and its

judgment failed to support Draper’s claim, the CCL had no jurisdiction to

entertain his attempt to prove the JP had no jurisdiction. To that we say the

following.

      “‘It is well settled that a litigant may attack a void judgment directly or

collaterally . . . .’” Carlson v. Schellhammer, No. 02-15-00348-CV, 2016 WL
6648754, at *2 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Nov. 10, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.)

(quoting PNS Stores, Inc. v. Rivera, 379 S.W.3d 267, 271 (Tex. 2012)).

Furthermore, a judgment is void and subject to collateral attack at any time when,

among other things, there exists no jurisdiction over the subject matter of the

dispute. Carlson, 2016 WL 6648754, at *2 (citing PNS Stores, Inc., 379 S.W.3d

at 272). That is the very thing Draper argued in his suit filed with the CCL.

      He contended that the judgment rendered by the JP was void. In his view,

it was void because that court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction to entertain the

underlying dispute.    Furthermore, not only was the absence of jurisdiction

supposedly established by the allegations in the petition Lutea/Pharia filed, but

the petition itself was also part of the record before the JP.2 Thus, the judgment

      2
       Draper contended that the JP lacked subject-matter jurisdiction to
adjudicate the suit brought by Lutea/Pharia. It allegedly lacked such jurisdiction
because the plaintiffs averred two causes of action (breach of contract and
quantum meruit) and the amount in controversy with regard to one of them
                                         4
was subject to collateral attack. Whether or not he could prove the substance of

his allegation concerns his entitlement to the relief he sought, not the authority of

the CCL to adjudicate the claim.

      While it may be that “[w]hen attacked collaterally, a judgment is presumed

valid,” the “presumption disappears when the record establishes a jurisdictional

defect.” PNS Stores. Inc., 379 S.W.3d at 273; see also Freeman v. Formosa

Mgmt., LLC, No. 01-15-00907-CV, 2016 WL 6803234, at *4 (Tex. App.—Houston

[1st Dist.] Nov. 17, 2016, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (stating that recent authority

from the Texas Supreme Court suggests we should look at the entire record of

the case under collateral attack and not merely the face of the judgment when

determining whether the judgment is void). That was what Draper attempted to

do, establish a jurisdictional defect.

      Regarding the matter of standing, this court has defined the jurisdictional

requirement as focusing on whether a party has a sufficient relationship with the

lawsuit so as to have a justiciable interest in the outcome. City of Arlington v.

(quantum meruit) exceeded the $10,000 jurisdictional cap imposed on justice
courts. See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 27.031(a)(1) (West Supp. 2017) (specifying
that a justice court has jurisdiction over civil controversies in which the amount in
dispute is not more than $10,000). In his view, lacking jurisdiction over one claim
effectively denied the JP the jurisdiction to address either. Whether that is right
or wrong is not a question we must answer at this time, though some authority
suggests it to be wrong. See e.g., Thibodeau v. Dodeka, LLC, 436 S.W.3d 23,
26–27 (Tex. App.—Waco 2014, pet. denied) (rejecting this very contention that
happened to be made by the very same attorney as in this appeal and holding
that the justice court had subject-matter jurisdiction to adjudicate the cause of
action to which an amount in controversy under $10,000 was assigned).

                                         5
Centerfolds, Inc. 232 S.W.3d 238, 244 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2007, pet.

denied). Such a relationship appeared here. Draper endeavored to set aside a

purportedly void judgment ordering him to pay money to Lutea/Pharia. Given

that, it can hardly be denied that he had a justiciable interest in the outcome of

the proceeding and that he had standing to vitiate his status as a judgment

debtor.

      Bill of Review

      As previously mentioned, this is an appeal from the denial of a bill of

review via the trial court’s decision to grant Draper’s motion for summary

judgment. Thus, the applicable standard of review is that described by this court

in Nussbaum v. Builders Bank, 478 S.W.3d 104, 106 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth

2015, pet. denied). Because Nussbaum also involved a bill of review wherein the

petitioner sought to reverse a default judgment, it helps guide our review of that

matter as well.

      Per Nussbaum, such a bill ordinarily requires the plaintiff to plead and

prove “(1) a meritorious defense to the underlying cause of action; (2) which the

plaintiffs were prevented from making by the fraud, accident or wrongful act of

the opposing party or official mistake; (3) unmixed with any fault or negligence on

their own part.” Id. at 108. Yet, that is not true when the petitioner attempts to

void a default judgment via a due-process challenge based upon the absence of

notice of the default judgment. Katy Venture, Ltd. v. Cremona Bistro Corp., 469
S.W.3d 160, 164–65 (Tex. 2015).       Under those circumstances, the first two

                                        6
elements need not be pled or established. Id. Instead, the complainant need

only establish that its own fault or negligence did not contribute to the absence of

notice and, thereby, the loss of opportunity to attack the judgment through a

motion for new trial or a direct appeal. Id. And, that element may be satisfied

through evidence proving the failure to receive notice of the default judgment was

caused by the use of a wrong address within a Texas Rule of Civil Procedure

239a certificate.    See Nussbaum, 478 S.W.3d at 109 (stating that “[b]ut a

defaulted defendant’s failure to receive notice of a default judgment because of

the plaintiffs [sic] knowing use of an outdated address in its Rule 239a certificate

of defendant’s last known address does not necessarily constitute negligence or

fault attributable to the defendant so as to preclude the defaulting defendant from

establishing the third bill-of-review element”); Buddy “L”, Inc. v. Gen. Trailer Co.,

672 S.W.2d 541, 545 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1984, writ ref’d n.r.e.) (holding that

because the judgment creditor failed to comply with Rule 239a, the judgment

debtor was entitled to a bill of review).

      Per Rule 239a, the party taking a default judgment must certify to the clerk

in writing “the last known mailing address of the party against whom the

judgment is taken.” Tex. R. Civ. P. 239a. The procedural rule also obligates the

court clerk to mail written notice of the default judgment to the party against

whom it was rendered “at the address shown in the certificate, and note the fact

of such mailing on the docket.” Id. As suggested by the plain meaning of the

passage, the “last known mailing address” of the litigant against whom the

                                            7
judgment was taken is the last known address of the litigant. It is not the last

known address of the litigant’s registered agent for service of process.        See

Buddy “L”, Inc., 672 S.W.2d at 545 (stating that Rule 239a “requires certification

of, and mailing to, the last known address of the defendant notwithstanding that

the defendant may have a different office registered for service of process”); see

also Cont’l Cas. Co. v. Davila, 139 S.W.3d 374, 384 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth

2004, pet. denied) (Gardner, J., concurring) (stating the same).

      Here, Lutea/Pharia levies the type of due-process challenge mentioned in

Katy Venture, Ltd., 469 S.W.3d at 164–65. Lutea/Pharia contend, among other

things, that (1) they failed to receive notice of the default judgment awarded

Draper; (2) the failure was caused by the mistaken address Draper incorporated

into his Rule 239a certificate; and (3) because of the misinformation, they were

denied the opportunity to timely move for a new trial or perfect a direct appeal.

      The certificate filed by Draper appears in the summary-judgment record.

Through it, he represented that both of the last known addresses of Lutea and

Pharia were “CT Corporation System, Registered Agent[,] 350 N. St. Paul Street,

Suite 2900[,] Dallas, Texas 75201.” Also of record is evidence that: (1) the CCL

signed the default judgment underlying the bill of review on October 3, 2013;

(2) the court clerk mailed notice of the “final order” to “all parties” on October 4,

2013, though the addresses used went unmentioned; (3) neither Lutea/Pharia

nor their counsel received notice or knowledge of the default judgment until

March 31, 2014; (4) the address of CT Corporation is not the actual address of

                                         8
either Lutea or Pharia but rather the address of their registered agent for service

of process; and (5) Draper had been informed of Pharia’s last known address

through pleadings served on him during the JP suit.3

      It is unquestionable that the time period between October 3, 2013, and

March 31, 2014, exceeds the thirty-day period within which one must move for a

new trial. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 329b(a) (stating that a motion for new trial must be

filed before or within thirty days after the judgment or order complained of is

signed). The same is true concerning the thirty-day or ninety-day period in which

one must perfect a direct appeal. See Tex. R. App. P. 26.1 (stating that a notice

of appeal must be filed within thirty days after the judgment is signed or within

ninety days if a motion for new trial or to modify the judgment is filed).4

      That Draper’s Rule 239a certificate incorporated misinformation regarding

the last known address of Lutea/Pharia also appears unquestionable. It provided

the clerk information about the address of the registered agent selected by

      3
       The summary-judgment record contains evidence that Lutea and Pharia
had the same mailing address.
      4
        We note Draper’s suggestion that Lutea/Pharia still had time to perfect a
restricted appeal when their attorney first became aware of the default judgment
on March 31, 2014. See Tex. R. App. P. 26.1(c) (stating that in a restricted
appeal, the notice must be filed within six months after the final judgment or order
is signed). Yet, the failure to perfect a restricted appeal does not bar a bill of
review. Gold v. Gold, 145 S.W.3d 212, 213 (Tex. 2004) (holding that a restricted
appeal is not a prerequisite to a bill of review); Pope v. Pope, No. 12-09-00188-
CV, 2011 WL 1259532, at *3 (Tex. App.—Tyler Mar. 31, 2011, no pet.) (mem.
op.) (holding that the “adequate legal remedies” pretermitting a bill of review do
not include a restricted appeal).

                                          9
Lutea/Pharia to receive service of process.      It did not comply with the clear

dictate of Rule 239a by informing the clerk of the last known addresses of Lutea

or Pharia, even though Draper had information at least about the last known

address of Pharia.

      When the foregoing is considered together in a light most favorable to

Lutea/Pharia as required by Nussbaum, we encounter, at the very least, a

material issue of fact regarding satisfaction of the last bill-of-review element. 478
S.W.3d at 106, 110. That is, the summary-judgment record contains evidence

creating a material issue of fact concerning whether the failure of Lutea/Pharia to

receive notice of the default judgment and challenge it through a timely motion

for new trial or a direct appeal was unmixed with any fault or negligence on their

own part. See Buddy “L”, Inc., 672 S.W.2d at 545. And, again, this was the only

element for a bill of review in play, given the nature of Lutea/Pharia’s contention.

So, the trial court erred in granting Draper’s motion for summary judgment

denying the bill of review. For the same reason—this material issue of fact—the

trial court properly denied Lutea/Pharia’s motion for summary judgment.

      We reverse the final judgment of the trial court and remand for further

proceedings.

                                                    /s/ Brian Quinn
                                                    BRIAN QUINN
                                                    CHIEF JUSTICE

                                         10
PANEL:    WALKER and BIRDWELL, JJ.; and QUINN, C.J. (Sitting by
Assignment).

DELIVERED: July 26, 2018

                              11