Court Opinion

ID: 5118223
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-10-13 21:03:12.874031+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:22:06.120859
License: Public Domain

Filed 10/13/21
                     CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

       IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                        FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                   DIVISION ONE

 GORDON GRAY,
        Plaintiff and Appellant,             A158648

 v.                                         (San Francisco City &
 DIGNITY HEALTH,                            County Super. Ct.
                                            No. CGC-19-574074)
        Defendant and Respondent.

                              INTRODUCTION
       After plaintiff Gordan Gray received emergency medical care at St.
Mary Medical Center (owned and operated by defendant Dignity Health), he
received a bill that included an “ ‘ER LEVEL 2 W/PROCEDU’ ” charge (ER
Charge). Gray maintains Dignity’s failure to disclose, prior to providing
emergency medical treatment, that its bill for emergency services would
include such a charge—either by posting “signage in and around” the
emergency department or “verbally during the patients’ registration process”
—is an unfair business practice under the Unfair Competition Law (UCL)
and unlawful under the Consumers Legal Remedies Act (CLRA). He seeks
declaratory and injunctive relief requiring specific disclosure of this
particular charge to all persons presenting at any Dignity-operated
emergency department “in advance of providing treatment that would
trigger” an ER Charge.

                                        1
      It is important to point out what Gray does not claim. He does not
claim that by including an ER Charge in its billing, Dignity is in violation of
any of the extensive state and federal statutory and regulatory law governing
the disclosure of hospital billing information and the treatment of persons
presenting for treatment at an emergency department. Nor does he take
issue with the hospital’s “chargemaster” amount for the Level 2 ER Charge
(and which his medical insurance largely covered). Rather, his UCL, CLRA,
and declaratory relief claims are based solely on his assertion Dignity must,
prior to providing emergency medical care, disclose that this specific charge
will be included in its billing.
      The trial court sustained Dignity’s demurrer to Gray’s complaint
without leave to amend and entered a judgment of dismissal. We affirm.
                                   BACKGROUND
Statutory and Regulatory Background
      The Legislature has enacted a series of statutes, collectively known as
the “Payers’ Bill of Rights,” setting forth numerous obligations California
hospitals owe to consumers with respect to the pricing of medical services.
(Health & Saf. Code, § 1339.50 et seq. 1) In enacting this legislation, and
amending it in 2005, the Legislature sought to increase the transparency in
hospital pricing to enable consumers to comparison shop for medical services.
(See Cal. Health & Human Services Agency, Enrolled Bill Rep. on Assem. Bill
No. 1045 (2005-2006 Reg. Sess.) [“intent of this bill is to provide healthcare
purchasers with more information about the prices charged by hospitals for

      1 All further statutory references are to the Health and Safety Code
unless otherwise indicated.

                                       2
common inpatient and outpatient procedures to allow purchasers to make
more informed decisions when seeking hospital care]. 2)
      This statutory scheme requires California hospitals (except “small and
rural hospitals,” an exception that does not apply here), to make a written or
electronic copy of the hospital’s “chargemaster” available to the public.
(§ 1339.51, subd. (a)(1)-(2).) The chargemaster lists the uniform charge for
given services represented by the hospital as its gross billed charge for a
given service or item, regardless of payer type, and sets forth every hospital
charge for every type of service, including emergency room services. (Id.,
subd. (b)(1).) The chargemaster must be available on the hospital’s Web site
or at the hospital itself. (Id., subd. (a)(1).) In addition, the hospital must post
clear and conspicuous notices in its emergency room and its admissions and
billing offices informing patients that the chargemaster is available for
review and how it may be accessed. (Id., subd. (c).)
      Hospitals must submit their chargemasters to the Office of Statewide
Health Planning and Development (OSHPD) on an annual basis (§ 1339.55,
subd. (a)), and chargemasters are available to the public on OSHPD’s Web
site. (Id., subd. (b).) The OSHPD is empowered to require that
chargemasters be filed “in a format determined by the office,” (id., subd. (a))
but has not issued any formatting requirements. 3 (See

      2 We grant Dignity’s request for judicial notice of documents the trial
court judicially noticed and the legislative history of the Payers’ Bill of
Rights. (Evid. Code, §§ 452, subds. (b)–(c) & 459, subd. (a).)
      3 Opponents of the legislation claimed requiring the disclosure of
chargemasters would not accomplish the objective of assisting consumers in
making meaningful price comparisons because chargemasters are sizeable
compilations and assertedly meaningful only to medical record coders. (Sen.
Health & Human Services Comm., Analysis of Assem. Bill No 1627 (2003-
2004 Reg. Sess.) as amended July 3, 2003, p. 3; see generally American Hosp.
Association v. Azar (D.C. Cir. 2020) 983 F.3d 528, 531-533 (AHA) [discussing
                                        3
https://oshpd.ca.gov/data-and-reports/cost-transparency/hospital-
chargemasters/ [as of Oct. 13, 2021] [stating “chargemasters are currently not
required to be provided in a standardized format”].)
       Hospitals must separately submit to the OSHPD, on an annual basis, a
list of their 25 most common outpatient procedures and charges. (§ 1339.56,
subd. (a).) These can include, as is the case with St. Mary, ER Charges. A
hospital must provide a copy of its list “to any person upon request.” (Id.,
subd. (c).) OSHPD also makes these lists available on its Web site. (Id.,
subd. (a). 4)
       In addition to the chargemaster and list of common outpatient charges
disclosure requirements, the state statutory scheme imposes a specific
disclosure requirement with respect to persons “without health coverage,”
stating in pertinent part:
             “Upon the request of a person without health coverage, a hospital
       shall provide the person with a written estimate of the amount the
       hospital will require the person to pay for the health care services,
       procedures, and supplies that are reasonably expected to be provided to
       the person by the hospital, based upon an average length of stay and
       services provided for the person’s diagnosis. . . . This section shall not
       apply to emergency services provided to a person under Section 1317.”
       (§ 1339.585.)

       As originally introduced, this legislation required hospitals to provide
an estimate of charges upon the request of any patient—including those
receiving care in the emergency department. (Assem. Bill No. 1045 (2005-
2006 Reg. Sess.) as introduced Feb. 22, 2005.) As the bill moved through the

chargemasters and upholding new federal regulations requiring disclosure of
additional pricing information].)
       4    [as of Oct. 13,
2021].

                                         4
legislative process, it was amended first to apply only to non-emergency
patients (Assem. Bill No. 1045 (2005-2006 Reg. Sess.) as amended May 27,
2005) and then amended again to apply only to uninsured persons. (Assem.
Bill No. 1045 (2005-2006 Reg. Sess.) as amended Sept. 6, 2005.)
      Section 1317, in turn, imposes obligations on California hospitals
specifically with respect to emergency medical services. It requires hospitals
to provide such services to any person presenting at the emergency
department “for any condition in which the person is in danger of loss of life,
or serious injury or illness,” and to do so regardless of the ability to pay. 5
(§ 1317, subds. (a) & (b).) Indeed, it mandates that “[e]mergency services and
care shall be rendered without first questioning the patient or any other
person as to his or her ability to pay therefor.” (Id., subd. (d).) “After”
emergency care is provided “the patient or his or her legally responsible
relative or guardian shall execute an agreement to pay therefore or otherwise
supply insurance or credit information. . . .” (Ibid.)
      Finally, the Hospital Fair Pricing Act requires California hospitals to
establish, give notice of, and administer financial aid and charity care
policies. (§ 127405, subd. (a)(1)(A).)
      Federal law imposes like obligations on Medicare participating
hospitals, as is St. Mary. “[I]f any individual . . . comes to the [hospital’s]
emergency department and a request is made on the individual’s behalf for
examination or treatment for a medical condition, the hospital must provide

      5  “ ‘Emergency services and care’ ” is defined to mean “medical
screening, examination, and evaluation by a physician and surgeon . . . to
determine if an emergency medical condition or active labor exists and, if it
does, the care, treatment and surgery, if within the scope of that person’s
license, necessary to relieve or eliminate the emergency medical condition,
within the capability of the facility.” (§ 1371.1, subd. (a)(1).)

                                         5
for an appropriate medical screening examination within the capability of the
hospital’s emergency department. . . .” (42 U.S.C. § 1395dd(a).) Federal law
also instructs that “[a] [Medicare] participating hospital may not delay
provision of an appropriate medical screening examination required under
subsection (a) or further medical examination and treatment required under
subsection (b) in order to inquire about the individual’s method of payment or
insurance status.” (42 U.S.C. § 1395dd(h); see 42 C.F.R. § 489.24(d)(4)(ii)
(2021) [“A [Medicare] participating hospital may not seek, or direct an
individual to seek, authorization from the individual’s insurance company for
screening or stabilization services to be furnished by a hospital . . . to an
individual until after the hospital has provided the appropriate medical
screening required under paragraph (a) of this section, and initiated any
further medical examination and treatment that may be required to stabilize
the emergency medical condition. . . .”].)
      Federal law also prohibits tax-exempt hospitals, such as St. Mary, from
doing anything that might “discourage” emergency room patients from
following through with needed emergency treatment. Hospital policy must
prohibit “the hospital facility from engaging in actions that discourage
individuals from seeking emergency medical care, such as by demanding that
emergency department patients pay before receiving treatment for
emergency medical conditions. . . .” (26 C.F.R. § 1.501(r)-4(c)(2) (2021); see
42 C.F.R. § 489.24(d)(4)(iv) (2021) [hospital emergency department
registration procedures “may not unduly discourage individuals from
remaining for further evaluation”].)
      Effective January 2, 2021, federal regulatory law, pursuant to the
Affordable Care Act, imposes additional pricing disclosure requirements on
Medicare participating hospitals—namely that they must file, in addition to

                                        6
their chargemaster, a “list” of “standard charges” in accordance with
guidelines promulgated by the Secretary of Health and Human Services. 6
(42 U.S.C. § 300gg-18(e).) “The Secretary proposed requiring hospitals to
disclose not just chargemaster rates, but also ‘payer-specific negotiated
charges’ for their items, and to disclose them in two different ways: a single
digital file containing charges for all items and services, and a ‘consumer-
friendly’ list of charges for three hundred ‘shoppable’ services, defined as
services that can be scheduled in advance [citation], ‘like a colonoscopy.’ ”
(AHA, supra, 983 F.3d at p. 532.) “The Secretary was concerned that
chargemaster rates, though previously treated as adequate for complying
with [federal law], in fact failed to sufficiently inform patients of their costs.
This is because . . . patients rarely pay chargemaster rates.” (Id. at p. 232;
see Kendall v. Scripps Health (2017) 16 Cal.App.5th 553, 568-573 (Kendall),
disapproved on another ground in Noel v. Thrifty Payless Inc. (2019)
7 Cal.5th 955, 986, fn. 15 [discussing complexity of and circumstance-
specificity of hospital billings].)
      “After receiving nearly four thousand comments, the Secretary issued a
final rule that defines ‘standard charge’ as ‘the regular rate established by
the hospital for an item or service provided to a specific group of paying
patients.” (AHA, supra, 983 F.3d at p. 532; 45 C.F.R. §§ 180.20, 180.40
(2021).) Accordingly, hospitals must now “post standard charges for at least
300 shoppable services that can be planned in advance. . . .”
(https://www.cms.gov/hospital-price-transparency/consumers [as of Aug. 8,
2021].) Shoppable services “are typically those that are routinely provided in
non-urgent situations that do not require immediate action or attention to

      6The parties submitted supplemental letter briefs on the import of this
new regulatory mandate.

                                         7
the patient, thus allowing patients to price shop and schedule a service at a
time that is convenient for them.” (84 Fed. Reg. 65564.) Thus, the list of 300
such services includes 70 specific services identified by the Center for
Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) following efforts “to ensure such
services could be scheduled in advance.” (84 Fed. Reg. 65571.)
      The new required information is made public for purposes of the rule
when it is available on “an appropriate publicly available internet location”
selected by the hospital; it is “displayed [on the internet] in a prominent
manner that identifies the hospital location with which the information is
associated”; and the information is “easily accessible, without barriers,”
meaning the information is free of charge, accessible without registration or
creation of a user account or password, or without submission of any personal
identifying information, and searchable in specified respects. (45 C.F.R.
§180.60, subd. (d)(1)–(3)(i)–(iv) (2021); see 45 C.F.R. § 180.50, subd. (d)
(2021); see also 84 Fed. Reg. 65553, 65556; Id., at 65560 [CMS comment that
“the common data requirements we are finalizing provide sufficient
information for consumers to compare hospital standard charges”].) 7
      During the rule making process, concern was raised “that if the
hospital attempts to provide pricing information to patients prior to
stabilizing them, it would not only constitute an EMTALA [Emergency
Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act] violation, but it could also
potentially cause the patient’s health to deteriorate since it would delay the

      7  The CMS observed hospitals are free to choose to provide additional
information, “applaud[ing] hospitals that take the additional step to provide
this information to consumers on an individual basis through financial
counseling in addition to meeting the posting requirements for the public
files.” (84 Fed. Reg. 65577.)

                                        8
patient receiving critical care.” 8 (84 Fed. Reg. 65536.) In response, the CMA
explained why the new regulatory requirements would not conflict with that
Act:
       “[W]e believe that the policies we finalize here that require hospitals to
       make public standard charges online are distinct from EMTALA’s
       requirements and prohibitions and that the two bodies of law are not
       inconsistent and can harmoniously co-exist. To be clear, the price
       transparency provisions that we are finalizing do not require that
       hospitals post any signage or make any statement at the emergency
       department regarding the cost of emergency care or any hospital policies
       regarding prepayment of fees or payment of co-pays and deductibles.”
       (84 Fed. Reg. 65536, italics added.)
Plaintiff’s Lawsuit
       Gray does not allege that Dignity violated any of the statutory and
regulatory duties set forth above. Rather, he claims the hospital is required
to do more than is required by the federal and state regulatory schemes, and
specifically, is required to disclose to emergency department patients, prior to
providing any treatment, that its billing will include an ER Charge (which in
the case of St. Mary, is a charge set forth in both its chargemaster and its

       8“Under EMTALA, hospitals with emergency departments have two
obligations. First, if any individual comes to the emergency department re-
questing examination or treatment, a hospital must provide for ‘an appropri-
ate medical screening examination within the capability of the hospital’s
emergency department.’ (42 U.S.C. § 1395dd(a).) Second, if the hospital ‘de-
termines that the individual has an emergency medical condition,’ it must
provide ‘within the staff and facilities available at the hospital’ for ‘such
treatment as may be required to stabilize the medical condition’ and may not
transfer such a patient until the condition is stabilized or other statutory cri-
teria are fulfilled. (Id., § 1395dd(b) & (c).” (Barris v. County of Los Angeles
(1999) 20 Cal.4th 101, 109.)

                                        9
separate list of the 25 most common outpatient charges filed with the
OSHPD).
      Gray alleges that he sought and received treatment at St. Mary’s
emergency department in August 2018. After he received treatment, he
signed the hospital’s conditions of admission (COA) form.
      Gray was insured through Kaiser at the time. As to insured patients,
the COA stated in pertinent part:
      “We will bill the patient’s insurance company for all the services
      provided during this stay. Co-payments, co-insurance and deductibles
      required by the insurance company must be paid by the Patient. . . . If
      the insurance company or benefit plan denies all or part of the
      payment, the Patient agrees to be responsible to pay any amounts due
      to the Hospital under the law. . . . [¶] . . . [¶] You also agree the Patient
      is financially responsible as allowed by law for any charges not paid by
      the insurer or benefit plan.”

      Gray alleges he was sent a bill showing a “gross” hospital charge of
$4,112.04, of which $1,552.00 was an “ER LEVEL 2 W/PROCEDU” charge,
which he characterizes as a “surcharge.” The ER Charge for Gray’s
treatment had a CPT (current procedural terminology) Code of 99282, which
refers to an “Emergency department visit for the evaluation and management
of a patient, which requires these 3 key components: An expanded problem
focused history; An expanded focused examination; and Medical decision
making of low complexity. . . . Usually, the presenting problem(s) are of low
to moderate severity.”
( [as of Oct. 13, 2021].) There are five
“levels” of such ER Charges. 9

      9While in his complaint, Gray pejoratively calls an ER Charge a
“surcharge” that “is not based on the individual items of treatment or services
                                        10
      Gray does not allege how much he ultimately owed the hospital, after
insurance adjustments and payments by his insurer. But the billings sent to
him state he ultimately owed the hospital $879.19.
      Gray complains the COA made “no mention” that Dignity would bill for
an ER Charge “in addition to the charges for the specified services provided”
and that this charge “is not disclosed on signage posted in or around
Defendant’s emergency rooms, or verbally during the patients’ registration
process.” Gray further asserts the ER Charge “is not based on the individual
terms of treatment or services provided to the patient,” but is “charged to
emergency room patients simply for presenting and being seen” in the
emergency department. He maintains the “failure to disclose” the ER Charge
“is particularly egregious in light of the fact that Defendant represents itself
as a charitable, non-profit organization, providing care and help to patients
in the community.”
      Gray also brings the case as a putative class action on behalf of “[a]ll
individuals who, within the last four years, received treatment at a Dignity
Health emergency room in California, and who were charged an emergency
room fee . . . which is billed on top of the charges for the individual items of
treatment and services provided.”
      Gray alleges three causes of action: for unfair competition under the
UCL, for violation of the CLRA, and for declaratory/injunctive relief. Gray’s
attorney acknowledged that each of his causes of action was grounded solely
on Dignity’s failure to separately and specifically disclose its ER Charge prior
to providing emergency medical care—“on signage posted in or around” the

provided,” in his closing brief on appeal, wherein he proposes language of the
signage he claims is required, he describes the charge as “intended to cover
the costs of [the patient’s] initial evaluation and management” and “costs of
operating and maintaining [a] 24-hour Emergency Department.”

                                        11
emergency department, or “verbally during the patients’ registration
process.” Gray claims this one specific charge must be disclosed prior to the
rendition of any emergency medical care, because “if known about prior to
treatment,” the charge “would be a substantial factor in a patient’s decision
to remain at the Hospital and proceed with treatment.”
      Dignity interposed a demurrer, which the trial court sustained without
leave to amend, relying largely on Nolte v. Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
(2015) 236 Cal.App.4th 1401, 1408 (Nolte), which affirmed the dismissal of a
UCL case based on allegations Cedars-Sinai had not “specifically, separately,
and individually disclose[d]” an administrative charge prior to the plaintiff
receiving services from a physician at a hospital medical facility. (Italics
omitted.)
                                DISCUSSION 10
The UCL Claim
      “ ‘The purpose of the UCL [citation] “is to protect both consumers and
competitors by promoting fair competition in commercial markets for goods
and services. [Citation.]” ’ (McKell v. Washington Mutual, Inc. (2006)

      10  “We review the trial court’s sustaining of the general demurrer inde-
pendently, and ‘[o]ur task in reviewing a judgment of dismissal following the
sustaining of a demurrer is to determine whether the complaint states a
cause of action.’ [Citation.] We treat the demurrer as admitting all the
properly pleaded material facts and consider matters which may be judicially
noticed, but we do not treat as admitted contentions, deductions, or conclu-
sions of fact or law. [Citation.] Further, ‘ “we give the complaint a reasona-
ble interpretation, reading it as a whole and its parts in their context.” ’ [Ci-
tation.] Because a demurrer tests only the legal sufficiency of the pleading,
we accept as true even the most improbable alleged facts, and we do not con-
cern ourselves with the plaintiff’s ability to prove its factual allegations. [Ci-
tation.] ‘Facts appearing in exhibits attached to the first amended complaint
also are accepted as true and are given precedence, to the extent they contra-
dict the allegations.’ ” (Nolte, supra, 236 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1405–1406.)

                                       12
142 Cal.App.4th 1457, 1470. . . .) ‘A UCL action is equitable in nature;
damages cannot be recovered. [Citation.] . . . [U]nder the UCL, “[p]revailing
plaintiffs are generally limited to injunctive relief and restitution.” ’ (Korea
Supply Co. v. Lockheed Martin Corp. (2003) 29 Cal.4th 1134, 1144. . . .)”
(Durell v. Sharp Healthcare (2010) 183 Cal.App.4th 1350, 1359 (Durell).)
      “The UCL does not proscribe specific acts, but broadly prohibits ‘any
unlawful, unfair or fraudulent business act or practice and unfair, deceptive,
untrue or misleading advertising. . . .’ (Bus. & Prof. Code, § 17200.) ‘The
scope of the UCL is quite broad. [Citations.] Because the statute is framed
in the disjunctive, a business practice need only meet one of the three criteria
to be considered unfair competition.’ (McKell v. Washington Mutual, Inc.,
supra, 142 Cal.App.4th at p. 1471.) ‘ “Therefore, an act or practice is ‘unfair
competition’ under the UCL if it is forbidden by law or, even if not specifically
prohibited by law, is deemed an unfair act or practice.” ’ (Troyk v. Farmers
Group, Inc. (2009) 171 Cal.App.4th 1305, 1335. . . .)” 11 (Durell, supra,
183 Cal.App.4th at p. 1359.)
      “Historically, the UCL authorized any person acting for the interests of
the general public to sue for relief notwithstanding any lack of injury or
damages. (Troyk v. Farmers Group, Inc., supra, 171 Cal.App.4th at p. 1335.)
At the November 2, 2004, General Election, the voters approved Proposition
64, which amended the UCL to provide that a private person has standing to
bring a UCL action only if he or she ‘has suffered injury in fact and has lost
money or property as a result of the unfair competition.’ (Bus. & Prof. Code,

      11 “Although the likelihood of deception is often too fact intensive to
decide on the pleadings, courts can and do sustain demurrers on UCL claims
when the facts alleged fail as a matter of law to show such a likelihood.”
(Rubenstein v. The Gap, Inc. (2017) 14 Cal.App.5th 870, 877; see Nolte, supra,
236 Cal.App.4th at p. 1409.)

                                        13
§ 17204; Troyk v. Farmers Group, Inc., supra, at p. 1335.) ‘A private plaintiff
must make a twofold showing: he or she must demonstrate injury in fact and
a loss of money or property caused by unfair competition.’ (Peterson v. Cellco
Partnership (2008) 164 Cal.App.4th 1583, 1590. . . .)” (Durell, supra,
183 Cal.App.4th at p. 1359.) “ ‘The voters’ intent in passing Proposition 64
and enacting the changes to the standing rules in Business and Professions
Code section 17204 was unequivocally to narrow the category of persons who
could sue businesses under the UCL.’ ” (Durell, at p. 1359, quoting Hall v.
Time Inc. (2008) 158 Cal.App.4th 847, 853.)
      Gray asserts two bases for his UCL claim. He generically alleges that
Dignity’s failure to disclose that it would include an ER Charge in its billing
prior to providing emergency medical services was “unfair” because the COA
did not “mention” the charge, there was no “signage in the emergency room”
disclosing this charge, and there was no “verbal[]” disclosure to him “during
registration.”
      He additionally alleges Dignity’s failure to disclose, prior to providing
emergency medical services, that its bill for such service would include an ER
Charge is both an “unfair” and “unlawful” business practice because the
hospital “bills patients amounts in violation of the [CLRA]” and therefore his
UCL “claim is tethered to a legislatively declared policy.” In connection with
his CLRA claim, he alleges Dignity’s failure to disclose, prior to providing
emergency medical services, that the hospital’s bill for such services would
include an ER Charge (1) constituted a misrepresentation that the services
and/or supplies in question had characteristics, uses and/or benefits they did
not have in violation of Civil Code section 1770, subdivision (a)(5), and (2)
constituted a representation that a transaction involved obligations which it

                                       14
did not have or involve, or which were prohibited by law in violation of Civil
Code section 1770, subdivision (a)(14).
      We address first Gray’s generic claim—that Dignity’s failure to dis-
close, prior to providing emergency services, that its billing would include an
ER Charge is an “unfair” business practice.
      The UCL does not define the term “unfair.” It is frequently stated that
“ ‘[a] business practice is unfair within the meaning of the UCL if it violates
established public policy or if it is immoral, unethical, oppressive or unscru-
pulous and causes injury to consumers which outweighs its benefits. [Cita-
tions.] The determination whether a business practice is unfair “ ‘ “involves
an examination of [that practice’s] impact on its alleged victim, balanced
against the reasons, justifications and motives of the alleged wrongdoer. In
brief, the court must weigh the utility of the defendant’s conduct against the
gravity of the harm to the alleged victim. . . . [Citations.]” [Citation.]’ ” ’
(McKell v. Washington Mutual, Inc. (2006) 142 Cal.App.4th 1457, 1473. . . .)”
(Nolte, supra, 236 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1407–1408.) Some courts have, in the
wake of Cel-Tech Communications, Inc. v. Los Angeles Cellular Telephone Co.
(1999) 20 Cal.4th 163 (Cel Tech), adopted a more rigorous standard, requiring
that “unfairness” be “tethered to some legislatively declared policy.” (See
generally Moran v. Prime Healthcare Management, Inc. (2016) 3 Cal.App.5th
1131, 1150 (Moran) [discussing different standards applied by the Courts of
Appeal]; Durell, supra, 183 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1364–1365 [same].)
      We need not decide which standard is preferable, as even under the
standard more generous to consumers, as was applied in Nolte, Gray does not
state a claim for an “unfair” business practice. We agree with the trial court
that Nolte is analogous to the instant case, and we agree with Nolte’s holding.

                                         15
      The plaintiff in Nolte saw a physician who practiced in a Cedars-Sinai
medical facility. (Nolte, supra, 236 Cal.App.4th at p. 1406.) “Like all the doc-
tors in the Cedars network, Nolte’s physician’s practice had contracted with
Cedars for Cedars to maintain computerized records for its patients.” (Ibid.)
At the physician’s office, Nolte signed the Cedars-Sinai COA, which stated,
among other things, that Nolte was admitted to the medical center as an out-
patient, “that all physicians were independent contractors who ‘may bill sepa-
rately for their services,’ ” and that as a patient of the medical center, Nolte
obligated himself to pay the “ ‘account of the Hospital in accordance with the
regular rates and terms of the Hospital.’ ” (Id. at p. 1404.) Nolte received a
bill from the physician, which he paid. (Id. at p. 1405.) He also received a
bill from Cedars-Sinai for $167.01, to which the hospital applied a “discount,”
leaving a balance owing of $78.49. (Ibid.) The physician told Nolte this was
a “ ‘facility’ ” fee, which Cedars-Sinai charged for creating patient accounts on
its computer system. (Ibid.) Nolte complained he was not told about the hos-
pital’s fee when he met with the physician, nor did the hospital’s COA alert
him to the fee. (Ibid.) He asserted the previously undisclosed fee was an “un-
fair and fraudulent” business practice under the UCL. (Id. at p. 1407.) The
trial court sustained the hospital’s demurrer without leave to amend. (Id. at
p. 1405.) The Court of Appeal affirmed. (Id. at p. 1410.)
      The appellate court pointed out that Nolte did not allege that the Ce-
dars-Sinai fee, itself, was unfair or excessive, but rather, that the hospital
had not “specifically, separately, and individually” disclosed to him, prior to
treatment, that it would charge such a fee. (Nolte, supra, 236 Cal.App.4th at
p. 1408.) This, said the court, did not state a claim for an “unfair” business
practice. (Ibid.)

                                       16
      “[H]ospitals are required by law to make available a schedule of
charges online or at the hospital, and to provide notice to consumers (here,
patients) that they have done so in a prescribed fashion, and there is no alle-
gation that Cedars did not do so. Cedars’s agreement with Nolte’s physician
was that it would set up the computerized billing service for the patients.
Nolte signed the COA stating that he would pay Cedars’s charges, and that
he may be billed separately by his physician and by Cedars (which was pro-
hibited by law from employing his physician). Cedars then issued a separate
bill to Nolte for creating his patient account (a function which the complaint
alleges is often provided by the medical providers themselves, who would
then presumably pass on the administrative cost to the patient). Here, Nolte
agreed in the COA to separate billing.” (Nolte, supra, 236 Cal.App.4th at
p. 1408.)
      Nor did Nolte’s complaint that the fee was not separately and individu-
ally disclosed prior to treatment state a claim for “fraudulent” business prac-
tices. “The test for fraud under Business and Professions Code section 17200
is ‘ “ ‘whether the public is likely to be deceived.’ ” ’ ” (Nolte, supra,
236 Cal.App.4th at p. 1409, quoting Searle v. Wyndham Internat., Inc. (2002)
102 Cal.App.4th 1327, 1335.) The complaint, however, did “not allege (and
the law does not provide) that Nolte had the right to have every individual
charge specifically disclosed to him in advance before Cedars issued a bill.
Cedars’s obligation to Nolte and other consumers of medical services was that
Cedars make a written or electronic copy of its schedule of charges available
in the manner codified in section 1339.51 of the Health and Safety Code, and
there is no allegation that Cedars did not do so. Further, ‘there is no require-
ment [under the UCL] that reasonable notice has to be the best possible no-
tice.’ ” (Nolte, at p. 1409, quoting Plotkin v. Sajahtera, Inc. (2003)

                                         17
106 Cal.App.4th 953, 966.) Thus, “Nolte’s allegation that Cedars did not sep-
arately and specifically disclose and explain the facilities fee to him was not
sufficient to state a claim that the public was likely to be deceived.” (Nolte, at
p. 1409.)
      Gray asserts Nolte is inapposite because it involved “specific facts and
unusual circumstances.” Gray points out Nolte did not seek treatment for a
medical emergency but consulted a physician at a scheduled time. The physi-
cian Nolte consulted was an independent contractor, not a hospital employee.
And Nolte signed the hospital’s COA “at the doctor’s office.” (Italics omitted.)
Thus, according to Gray, it was the physician, not the hospital, who “had the
‘duty’ to disclose whatever charges the patient would incur in his ‘second
opinion’ visit.” Gray’s hospital visit, in contrast, “took place in Dignity’s
emergency room, and [allegedly] with Hospital personnel.”
      Gray’s effort to distinguish Nolte is unavailing. While he may believe
Nolte should have directed his nondisclosure claim at the physician he con-
sulted, that is not the claim Nolte brought. With good reason. Nolte was ad-
mitted and treated as an outpatient of Cedars-Sinai, and his complaint was
with a charge by Cedars that he claimed should have been separately and
specifically disclosed by Cedars in its COA prior to his treatment. This is es-
sentially the same claim Gray advances here—that, prior to providing any
emergency medical services, Dignity is required to disclose that its billing for
such services will include an ER Charge. The factual distinctions to which
Gray points are immaterial.
      Indeed, the circumstances in the instant case are even more compelling
than those in Nolte. Not only did Dignity fully comply with all state and fed-
eral disclosure requirements, including the requirement that there be signage
in its emergency room departments stating how its pricing information can

                                        18
be accessed (§ 1339.51, subds. (a)(1), (c)), but requiring individualized disclo-
sure that the hospital will include an ER Charge in its emergency room bill-
ing, prior to providing any emergency medical services, is at odds with the
spirit, if not the letter, of the hospital’s statutory and regulatory obligations
with respect to providing emergency medical care.
      As we have recited, state and federal law governing emergency medical
care require California hospitals to provide emergency treatment to any per-
son presenting at an emergency department who needs emergency care.
(§ 1317, subd. (a); 42 U.S.C. § 1395dd(a).) Care required to stabilize a patient
must be provided prior to discussing the patient’s ability to pay with the pa-
tient or anyone else. (§ 1317, subd. (d); 42 U.S.C. § 1395dd(h); 42 C.F.R.
§ 489.24(d)(4)(ii) (2021).) And after emergency medical care is provided, hos-
pitals must, in their billing, notify patients of the availability of financial as-
sistance. (§ 127405, subd. (a)(1)(A).) Together, this multi-faceted statutory
and regulatory scheme reflects a strong legislative policy to ensure that emer-
gency medical care is provided immediately to those who need it, and that
billing disclosure requirements are not to stand in the way of this paramount
objective.
      It is also telling that in expanding the pricing disclosure obligations of
hospitals under the Affordable Care Act, federal regulators took care to en-
sure that these new obligations do not interfere with the emergency treat-
ment obligations under the EMTALA. As we have discussed, the new pricing
disclosure requirements are focused on “shoppable” medical services, that is,
services that can be scheduled in advance and, by definition, are not emer-
gency medical services. Thus, the new pricing information is to be posted on-

                                        19
line in a readily accessible format for use by consumers planning for sched-
uled medical treatment. People seek emergency medical treatment, in con-
trast, for serious, and often grave, unplanned accidents or medical calamities.
      Moreover, when concern was raised that the new federal disclosure re-
quirements might interfere with a hospital’s obligations under the EM-
TALA—including providing emergency treatment to any person who seeks it
and providing such treatment before any discussion about ability to pay—the
CMC stated, “the price transparency provisions . . . do not require that hospi-
tals post any signage or make any statement at the emergency department
regarding the cost of emergency care or any hospital policies regarding pre-
payment of fees or payment of co-pays and deductibles.” (84 Fed. Reg.
65536.) And while the CMC lauded hospitals that go beyond posting the new
pricing information, the efforts it identified were post-treatment financial
counseling and workable payment strategies. (84 Fed. Reg. 65577.) In short,
Gray is claiming Dignity owes the very pre-treatment disclosure obligation—
by signage and direct verbal communication—the CMC has reassured hospi-
tals does not exist.
      Further, Gray claims Dignity owes this pre-treatment disclosure duty
in order to accomplish an objective antithetical to state and federal law—to
discourage some patients from remaining in the emergency room and receiv-
ing medical care. He asserts, for example, that if signage were posted—iden-
tifying the cost of each of the five levels of ER Charges (ranging from $984 to
$7,356), each level accompanied by a one-word descriptor (ranging from “mi-
nor” to “complex/life-threatening”), with a caveat that these are “gross”
charges prior to insurance and any other reduction and “[y]our . . . costs may
be substantially less”—this would be “particularly beneficial” to patients with

                                      20
“relatively minor ailments” and go a long way towards making emergency de-
partments “less crowded.” Even if lessening the load on our emergency rooms
might be a laudable goal, Gray’s sweeping assumption that those seeking
care at an emergency department can accurately diagnose whether their ail-
ment is “relatively minor” and whether they can safely transport themselves
or be transported to a lower acuity facility, is unsupportable. And while Gray
complains this is a “paternalistic” attitude and asserts every person has a
right to decide for him or herself whether to seek medical treatment at an
emergency department, and to do so based on readily accessible cost infor-
mation, this disregards the long standing regulatory environment within
which emergency departments operate, which emphasizes that no one in
need of emergency care should be deterred from receiving it because of its
cost.
        Thus, while Gray is correct that conduct not expressly prohibited by
statute may nevertheless be found to be an “unfair” business practice under
the UCL (see, e.g., Durell, supra, 183 Cal.App.4th at p. 1359), the alleged
conduct must nevertheless meet the substantive definition of an “unfair”
practice to be actionable, which the failure to disclose Gray complains of here,
does not for the reasons we have discussed. 12

         As we have observed, Gray makes no claim that hospitals cannot
        12

include an ER Charge in their billing for emergency department services.
Nor does he claim the “ER LEVEL 2 W/PROCEDU” charge for which he was
billed was excessive, or that he was unable to pay it. Accordingly, the
“chargemaster” cases Gray cites do not support the disclosure duty he
advocates here. In those cases, the plaintiffs, most of whom were uninsured,
challenged, under a variety of theories, the amounts they were charged and
the reasonableness of the hospitals’ chargemaster prices. (E.g., Kendall,
supra, 16 Cal.App.5th at pp. 557, 570–574; Moran, supra, 3 Cal.App.5th at
p. 1137; Hale v. Sharp Healthcare (2010) 183 Cal.App.4th 1373, 1378,
                                       21
      In sum, even giving Gray’s allegations their full due, the fact that Dig-
nity did not disclose, prior to providing emergency medical treatment, that its
billing for such services would include an ER Charge does not identify a prac-
tice that “ ‘violates established public policy,’ ” or is “ ‘immoral, unethical, op-
pressive or unscrupulous.’ ” (Nolte, supra, 236 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1407–
1408.) We therefore turn to Gray’s CLRA claim, which he urges provides a
“tether” for his UCL claim.
The CLRA Claim
      “ ‘ “The [CLRA], enacted in 1970, ‘established a nonexclusive statutory
remedy for “unfair methods of competition and unfair or deceptive acts or
practices undertaken by any person in a transaction intended to result or
which results in the sale or lease of goods or services to any consumer. . . .”
[Citation.]’ ” [Citation.] “The self-declared purposes of the act are ‘to protect
consumers against unfair and deceptive business practices and to provide
efficient and economical procedures to secure such protection.’ ” ’ ” (Bardin v.
DaimlerChrysler Corp. (2006) 136 Cal.App.4th 1255, 1275 (Bardin).)
      Gray relies specifically on subdivisions (a)(5) and (a)(14) of the CLRA.
Subdivision (a)(5) of Civil Code section 1770 prohibits “[r]epresenting that
goods or services have sponsorship, approval, characteristics, ingredients,
uses, benefits, or quantities that they do not have. . . .” Subdivision (a)(14) of
Civil Code section 1770 prohibits “[r]epresenting that a transaction confers or
involves rights, remedies, or obligations that it does not have or involve, or
that are prohibited by law.” Respectively, these subdivisions prohibit “the
furnishing of goods or services through misrepresentations” and the “imposi-
tion of illegal obligations.” (Kendall, supra, 16 Cal.App.5th at p. 566.)

disapproved on another ground in Noel v. Thrifty Payless Inc., supra,
7 Cal.5th at p. 986, fn. 15.)

                                         22
      Even assuming, without deciding, that Gray adequately alleged stand-
ing to assert his CLRA claim, 13 he has not alleged a claim under either subdi-
vision (a)(5) and (a)(14) of Civil Code section 1770.
      Civil Code Section 1770, Subdivision (a)(5) Misrepresentation
      While Gray is correct that a Civil Code section 1770, subdivision (a)(5)
“misrepresentation” claim can be based on failure to disclose, this is so in
only a specific context—where the defendant has an obligation to disclose a
material fact. (Gutierrez v. Carmax Auto Superstores California (2018)
19 Cal.App.5th 1234, 1258 (Gutierrez) [“subdivision (a)(5), (7) and (9) of Civil
Code section 1770 proscribe material omissions in certain situations”].) “[A]n
omission is actionable under the CLRA if the omitted fact is (1) ‘contrary to a
[material] representation actually made by the defendant’ or (2) is ‘a [mate-
rial] fact the defendant was obliged to disclose.’ ” (Ibid.) “In the context of
the CLRA, a fact is ‘material’ if a reasonable consumer would deem it im-
portant in determining how to act in the transaction at issue. [Citation.] In
other words, a defendant has a duty to disclose when the fact is known to the
defendant and the failure to disclose it is ‘ “misleading in light of other facts
. . . that [the defendant] did disclose.” ’ ” (Ibid.)

      13  Under Civil Code section 1780, subdivision (a), CLRA actions may be
brought “only by a consumer ‘who suffers any damage as a result of the use or
employment’ of a proscribed method, act, or practice. (Italics added.) ‘This
language does not create an automatic award of statutory damages upon
proof of an unlawful act. Relief under the CLRA is specifically limited to
those who suffer damage, making causation a necessary element of proof.’
[Citation.] Accordingly, ‘plaintiffs in a CLRA action [must] show not only
that a defendant’s conduct was deceptive but that the deception caused them
harm.’ ” (Buckland v. Threshold Enterprises, Ltd. (2007) 155 Cal.App.4th
798, 809, overruled on different ground by Kwikset Corp. v. Superior Court
(2011) 51 Cal.4th 310, 335.) A “misrepresentation is material for a plaintiff
only if there is reliance—that is, ‘ “ ‘without the misrepresentation, the plain-
tiff would not have acted as he did.’ ” ’ ” (Buckland, at p. 810.)

                                          23
      As the court in Outboard Marine Corp. v. Superior Court (1975)
52 Cal.App.3d 30, 36–37 (Outdoor Marine) 14, explained, “[i]t is fundamental
that every affirmative misrepresentation of fact works a concealment of the
true fact. . . . [¶] Fraud or deceit may consist of the suppression of a fact by
one who is bound to disclose it or who gives information of other facts which
are likely to mislead for want of communication of that fact.” (See Daugherty
v. American Honda Motor Co., Inc. (2006) 144 Cal.App.4th 824, 834 [“the
CLRA proscribes a concealment of characteristics or quality ‘contrary to that
represented,’ but in [plaintiff’s] case, no representation was made to which
the alleged concealment was contrary”].)
      Thus, where the plaintiff fails to allege that the defendant “was ‘bound
to disclose’ ” the nondisclosed fact or facts showing the defendant “ever gave
any information of other facts which could have the likely effect of misleading
the public ‘for want of communication’ of the fact” allegedly not disclosed, a
misrepresentation claim under Civil Code section 1770, subdivision (a)(5) has
not been stated. (Bardin, supra, 136 Cal.App.4th at p. 1276 [defendant had
no duty to disclose use of tubular steel exhaust manifolds rather than those
made of more durable and more expensive cast iron; therefore failure to dis-
close such did not state a claim under Civ. Code, § 1770, subd. (a)(5)]; com-
pare Gutierrez, supra, 19 Cal.App.5th at p. 1262 [where sales staff advised
car “ ‘was in excellent condition since it passed a rigorous 125-point quality
inspection,’ ” failure to disclose a recall of a stop lamp switch that was “ ‘a
critical safety related component of the . . . braking system’ ” stated nondis-
closure claim under Civ. Code, § 1770, subd. (a)(5)]; Outdoor Marine, supra,

       Superseded by statute on another ground as stated in Flores v.
      14

Southwest Automotive Liquidators, Inc. (2017) 17 Cal.App.5th 841, 851.
                                        24
52 Cal.App.3d at p. 37 [representation that “hydrastatic transmission pro-
vide[d] ‘positive braking’ . . . necessarily conceal[ed] that the braking system
[was] ‘totally defective’ ” and stated nondisclosure claim under Civ. Code,
§ 1770, subd. (a)(5)].)
      For all the reasons we have discussed in connection with Gray’s “un-
fair” business practice claim, Dignity did not owe Gray the duty he claims
was owed in this case—to disclose, prior to providing any medical emergency
treatment, that its billing for such treatment would include an ER Charge.
We further observe that Dignity did disclose all hospital pricing required by
statute and regulation, and that its ER Charges were included in those dis-
closures.
      Civil Code Section 1770, Subdivision (a)(14) Misrepresentation
      Civil Code section 1770, subdivision (a)(14), in turn, embraces “oral
misrepresentations or promises concerning the rights, remedies, or obliga-
tions under a written contract. . . . By its very language, subdivision (a)(14)
. . . contemplates the existence of collateral oral promises, representations or
agreements which may be inconsistent with the rights, remedies, or obliga-
tions set out in a written contract,” and “makes such misrepresentations un-
lawful.” (Wang v. Massey Chevrolet (2002) 97 Cal.App.4th 856, 869–870; see,
e.g., Nordberg v. Trilegiant Corp. (N.D. Cal. 2006) 445 F.Supp.2d 1082, 1098
[defendants’ oral representations that plaintiff would be refunded unauthor-
ized charges amounted to a misrepresentation that she had a right to a re-
fund, thus stating a claim under Civ. Code, § 1770, subd. (a)(14)].)
      Gray does not allege any collateral oral misrepresentation by Dignity
that is at odds with the terms of the hospital’s COA. Nor does he allege that
Dignity’s COA contains any term prohibited by law. The only allegation Gray
makes with respect to the hospital’s COA is that “under Hospital’s Contract,”

                                       25
he is assertedly “not required to pay” the “undisclosed” ER Charge. At most,
he has alleged a breach of contract, which, alone, is not sufficient to state a
claim under Civil Code section 1770, subdivision (a)(14). (See Baba v.
Hewlett-Packard Co. (N.D. Cal., June 16, 2010, No. C 09-05946 RS) 2010 WL
2486353 at p. *4.)
      In sum, Gray’s assertion that Dignity failed to disclose, prior to provid-
ing any medical emergency treatment, that its billing for such treatment
would include an ER Charge, does not, under either Civil Code section 1770,
subdivision (a)(5) or (a)(14), state a CLRA claim.
Declaratory/Injunctive Relief Claim

      Gray’s claim for declaratory and injunctive relief has no independent
vitality apart from his UCL and CLRA claims. Rather, it is a request for par-
ticular forms of equitable relief. (See Green Valley Landowners Assn. v. City
of Vallejo (2015) 241 Cal.App.4th 425, 433, fn. 8.) Since his UCL and CLRA
claims fail, so too does his request for declaratory and injunctive relief.
                                   DISPOSITION
      The judgment is AFFIRMED. Respondent to recover costs on appeal.

                                        26
                                       _________________________
                                       Banke, J.

We concur:

_________________________
Humes, P.J.

_________________________
Margulies, J.

A158648, Gray v. Dignity Health

                                  27
Trial Court:     San Francisco City and County Superior Court

Trial Judge:     Hon. Mary E. Wiss

Counsel:

Carpenter Law, Gretchen A. Carpenter; Law Offices of Barry L. Kramer,
Barry Kramer for Plaintiff and Appellant.

Manatt, Phelps & Phillips, LLP, Barry S. Landsberg, Harvey L. Rochman,
Joanna Sobol McCallum for Defendant and Respondent.

                                     28