Court Opinion

ID: 4598701
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-20 19:21:50.625733+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:52:00.381922
License: Public Domain

Estate of J. M. Mannon, Jr., Deceased, John W. Parker and Wells Fargo Bank & Union Trust Co., Executors, Petitioners, v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, RespondentMannon v. CommissionerDocket No. 6757United States Tax Court6 T.C. 1174; 1946 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 177; May 27, 1946, Promulgated *177 Decision will be entered under Rule 50.  Where a husband and wife set up four trusts with community property, the income of which during the taxable years was payable monthly to the wife, who had accepted the establishment of the trusts as one of three elements "as and for satisfactory, reasonable, and sufficient provision for her support and maintenance," held, husband taxable on one-half of the income of the trusts despite the absence of proof that the income was actually used for the wife's support and maintenance. Section 167 (c) of the Internal Revenue Code is not applicable.  Robert L. Lipman, Esq., for the petitioner.E. A. Tonjes, Esq., for the respondent.  Harron, Judge.  HARRON *1174  Respondent has determined deficiencies of $ 3,024.89 and $ 12,411.86, in the 1940 and 1941 income tax liability of J. M. Mannon, Jr., now deceased.  Adjustments resulting from clerical errors, additional and nontaxable income, and additional and unallowable deductions are not disputed.  The only issue is whether decedent was taxable on one-half of the ordinary income of four trusts set up with community funds by decedent and his wife for the benefit of the wife and minor children. At the hearing respondent conceded error in so much of the 1941 deficiency as resulted from the inclusion of any of the capital gains of the trusts in decedent's 1941 taxable income.FINDINGS OF FACT.We find the facts as stipulated by the parties.  For present purposes they may be summarized as follows:J. M. Mannon, Jr., hereinafter called decedent, died on March 9, 1943, domiciled in California.  He filed his returns for the taxable years in question with the collector of internal*179  revenue for the first district of California.  Petitioners are the duly appointed, qualified, and acting executors of the last will and testament of decedent.*1175  Decedent and Frances Berry Mannon were married in 1927, and until his death they lived together as husband and wife. They had three children, James Milton Mannon III, who was born on July 8, 1928; Edward McCutchen Mannon, who was born on January 28, 1930, and Patricia Mannon, who was born on April 11, 1932.  Frances Berry Mannon and the three children all survived decedent.On June 3, 1938, decedent and his wife entered into a property settlement agreement changing the status of all of their property, including future earnings, from community to separate property. At the same time, as contemplated by the agreement, decedent and his wife set up four trusts, the income of which gives rise to the present controversy.  The corpus of each of these trusts was, prior to its transfer to the trusts, the community property of decedent and his wife first acquired after July 29, 1927.  Decedent and his wife filed gift tax returns for 1938 reporting their contributions to the trusts as taxable gifts.The property settlement *180  agreement provided:Whereas, the parties married on or about the 5th day of February, 1927, ever since have been, and now are husband and wife, and have three children, namely, James Milton Mannon III, Edward McCutchen Mannon, and Patricia Mannon, and own, as community property, that property specifically described in the four trust agreements executed coincidently with this contract, and copies of which are attached hereto * * *; and,Whereas, it is the desire of the parties hereto to provide for a division of their property interests and for the security of the second party by this agreement and by said trust agreements;Now, Therefore, * * * the parties agree;1. First party shall, upon the execution of this agreement, convey by separate deed to second party the real property known as Number 10 Presidio Terrace, San Francisco, California, being their family residence; and first party shall, commencing June 5, 1938, during her lifetime pay second party, during his life.  Seven Hundred Dollars ($ 700.00) per month for her support and maintenance and the support and maintenance of said three minor children during their minority and, in addition, during the time that the said children, *181  or any of them, continue to reside with second party, and second party shall not be called upon to account for said money in any way.First party shall have the right at any time to satisfy the obligation hereby imposed for the payment of said sum of Seven Hundred Dollars ($ 700.00) per month by paying second party a lump sum of Seventy-five Thousand Dollars ($ 75,000.00).  After the payment of said lump sum there shall be no further obligation on first party under the terms of this agreement to pay Seven Hundred Dollars ($ 700.00) per month, or any other sum.2. The conveyance of said real property and the obligation upon first party hereunder to pay said sum of Seven Hundred Dollars ($ 700.00) per month, subject to his right to commute the same by paying said lump sum, together with the establishment of said trusts, as set forth in the trust agreements, copies of which are attached hereto * * *, is hereby accepted by second party as and for satisfactory, reasonable, and sufficient provision for her support and maintenance.*1176  The four trusts set up by decedent and his wife as contemplated by the property settlement agreement were irrevocable.  One trust each was created *182  for the wife and each of the three minor children. Under each of the trust deeds two individuals and a corporate trust company were required to be the trustees, with a decision of a majority on any matter conclusive.  The trustees were given the usual broad general powers of management, and during the tax years here in question the same trust company and two individuals, law partners of decedent, were the trustees for each of the trusts.The trusts for the wife provided that the income was to be paid monthly to her for life and at her death to each of the three children, with one-third of the corpus payable to each of the surviving boys in two equal installments when they reached 25 and 30 years of age, or to their issue if they died before those ages, and the remaining one-third of the issue of the daughter when she died. In the event any of the children died without issue, his share was to be added to the shares of the surviving children or their issue.The trusts for the children were substantially the same as the one for the wife, with the exception that instead of the children's interests in the income arising after the wife's death, the income was payable immediately to them, *183  subject, however, to the provision that:During the minority of Patricia Mannon, James Milton Mannon III, and Edward McCutchen Mannon, the Trustees shall pay the income from the trust property, which is herein set apart for each child, during the minority of such child, to their mother, Frances Berry Mannon, and the receipt of Frances Berry Mannon for any payment of income to which such minor may be entitled shall constitute and be a complete release and acquittance to the Trustees for any such payment, and Frances Berry Mannon, the mother of said minors, shall not be required to account to any one for said income.Thus, during the minority of each child, the income from his or her respective trust was to be paid monthly by the trustees to the wife.  Thereafter, under provisions relating to income and corpus identical to those in the trust for the wife, the income was to be paid to the daughter for life and to the two boys until they received the corpus at the ages of 25 and 30 years.  There is no express provision in any of the trusts under which any corpus or income is to revert to decedent or pass to a person under his will.  However, the trust instruments are silent as to the*184  disposition of that portion of the property which would remain if the daughter and two boys were to die without issue before all the corpus had been distributed.All four of the trusts also provided that:If at any time, or from time to time, the Trustees shall, in their unlimited discretion, determine that the immediate beneficiary who is entitled to receive the income of any trust hereby created shall be in need of funds, over and above the income payable hereunder, in order to meet some emergency occasioned by *1177  sickness or accident, or to provide for the support, maintenance, or education of the immediate beneficiary who is entitled to the income thereof, the Trustees may pay to such income beneficiary, out of the principal of the trust fund, such sum or sums as the Trustees may in their discretion deem necessary or proper.  No amount so paid by the Trustees need thereafter be repaid to the Trustees or restored to the trust fund.However, at no time after the inception of the four trusts on June 3, 1938, and particularly at no time during the years 1940 or 1941, did any of the conditions or circumstances occur which would have authorized the trustees of any of the trusts*185  to invade the principal thereof for payment to the income beneficiary under the above quoted provision, and the trustees of each of the trusts have determined for each year since the inception of the trusts, including the years 1940 and 1941, that no such condition or circumstances had occurred.  There has never been any invasion of nor has any part of the principal of any of the four trusts or any part of any of the capital gains of any of the four trusts ever been distributed or paid out to any of the beneficiaries thereof, either under the provisions of the trusts or otherwise.For income tax purposes, the amount of net income (exclusive of capital gains) of the trust for the wife distributable to her was $ 10,735.83 for 1940 and $ 12,716.31 for 1941.For income tax purposes, the amount of net income (exclusive of capital gains) of the trusts for the children distributable to the wife was as follows:19401941James Milton Mannon III trust$ 3,559.21$ 4,214.58Edward McCutchen Mannon trust3,559.214,214.58Patricia Mannon trust3,559.214,214.58Total      10,677.6312,643.74For each of the years 1940 and 1941 Frances Berry Mannon filed Federal income tax*186  returns in which she returned all of the income paid to her from each of the four trusts as her own taxable income, and paid all of the Federal income taxes thereon.  1The stipulation sets forth that:During the entire year 1940 and during the entire year 1941 said decedent and said Frances Berry Mannon lived together as husband and wife, with their three said children, at their home, first at San Francisco, California, and later at Atherton, California.  The maintenance and support of said Frances Berry Mannon and said three children for said years was furnished in part by the payment to said Frances Berry Mannon of the sum of $ 700 per month provided *1178  for in said property agreement.  During the taxable years 1940 and 1941 said decedent made payments*187  and expenditures for the house on Presidio Terrace and the house at Atherton and for other household and related purposes * * *.  All of the payments above stated were made by said decedent from his own separate funds.  It is not known whether the payments above stated constituted all of the payments of like kind made during 1940 and 1941, nor is it known whether or to what extent said Frances Berry Mannon used the income received by her from said four trusts for her maintenance and support and that of her three children.  Said decedent's net income for 1940 exceeded $ 75,000 and for 1941 exceeded $ 200,000 and in both of said years said decedent had separate property and income of his own more than sufficient to enable him to provide therefrom for the maintenance and support of himself, his said wife and said three children.OPINION.The issue in this case is whether decedent was taxable on one-half of the income of four trusts set up by decedent and his wife on the sole ground 2 that the trusts were discretionary trusts for the support and maintenance of one or more beneficiaries whom decedent was obligated to support.  The corpus of each trust consisted of community property owned*188  by decedent and his wife.  Since decedent would have been taxable on only one-half of the income of this community property had the trusts never been established, respondent, of course, has sought to tax him on only one-half of the trust income. The case, therefore, is the same as if decedent were the sole grantor of four trusts, each having a corpus one-half as large as the corpus of the present trust.The facts show that decedent and his wife, while living together as husband and wife, entered into an agreement to change the status of their property from community to separate property. They also provided in the agreement that decedent should convey the family residence to the wife and pay her $ 700 per month for her support and maintenance and the support and maintenance of their minor children. Finally, the wife expressly agreed to accept the conveyance of the family home, *189  the obligation of decedent to pay the $ 700 per month, and the establishment of the four trusts, the income of which gives rise to the present controversy, "as and for satisfactory, reasonable, and sufficient provision for her support and maintenance."It should be noted that decedent and his wife entered into this property settlement agreement and set up the four trusts at a time when they were living together as husband and wife. Although a husband and wife while living together in California may change the status of their property from community to separate property, California Civil Code (Deering), secs. 158-160; Siberell v. Siberell, 214 Cal. 767">214 Cal. 767, 770; O'Bryan v. Commissioner, 148 Fed. (2d) 456, they can not while living *1179  together validly provide that payment of any certain sum shall discharge the husband's obligation to support and maintain the wife.  California Civil Code (Deering) sec. 159; Brown v. Brown, 83 Cal. App. 74">83 Cal. App. 74, 80-81; Boland v. Boland, 7 Cal. App. (2d) 401, 404. The wife is entitled to support in accordance with *190  the husband's condition and station in life, Shebley v. Peters, 53 Cal. App. 288">53 Cal. App. 288, and a contract specifying a certain sum for support is bad because it would not, as it should, change with the financial circumstances of the husband.  See Garlock v. Garlock, 279 N. Y. 337. However, the California Civil Code 3 expressly recognizes that, if a husband and wife intend to separate and do separate, they may validly make provision by contract for the support of either of them or of their children during such separation.  Boland v. Boland, supra.Had decedent and his wife separated there would be no doubt that the $ 700 monthly support provision and the income from the trusts would have discharged decedent's legal obligation to support his wife and children during such separation.  But decedent and his wife did not separate, even though a separation may have been contemplated at the time of the execution of the property settlement agreement and the establishment of the trusts, and the problem, of course, must be treated in accordance with the stipulated fact that they lived together as *191  husband and wife. However, even though the $ 700 monthly support provision may, therefore, have been unenforceable, the provisions fixing the property rights of the parties and the conveyances thereunder, including the establishment of the four trusts, remain valid and unaffected.  Chadwick v. Chadwick, 95 Cal. App. 690">95 Cal. App. 690; Brown v. Brown, supra.The trust for the wife required the trustees to pay the income monthly to the wife.  The trust for the children also required the trustees to pay the income monthly to the wife during the minority of the children, and such payment was made a complete*192  release to the trustees without the wife "being required to account to any one for said income." Petitioners urge and respondent apparently agrees that the children during the minority had no interest whatsoever in the income of the three trusts set up for their benefit.  We agree also.  The trust instruments and property settlement agreement under which the trusts were set up must, of course, be read together.  The property settlement agreement specifies that the trusts were to provide "for the security" of the wife and that they were accepted by her as satisfactory for "her" support and maintenance, without mention of the *1180  children, emphasizing the lack of legal interest the children had in any of the trust income during their minority.The parties have stipulated that it is not known whether and to what extent the wife used the income received by her from the four trusts for her maintenance and support and the maintenance and support of the three children, and that decedent had separate property and income of his own more than sufficient to enable him to provide therefrom for the maintenance and support of himself, his wife, and the three children.  The exact question*193  presented for our decision, therefore, is whether a husband who sets up trusts whereby the trustees are required to pay over the income monthly to the wife who has expressly accepted the establishment of the trusts as one of three elements "as and for satisfactory, reasonable, and sufficient provision for her support and maintenance," is still taxable on the income from the trusts where there is no showing that the income actually was used for the wife's support and maintenance and the husband had other ample funds and separate property with which to support and maintain his wife.  We answer the question in the affirmative.The R. Douglas Stuart case 4 requires that Douglas v. Willcuts, 296 U.S. 1">296 U.S. 1, be read as a gloss over section 167 of the Internal Revenue Code, 5*198  that is, where income of a trust may, in the discretion of a party without an adverse interest in the income, be used for the support and maintenance of a person whom the grantor is legally obligated to support and maintain, the income remains taxable to the grantor. Under section 167 (c) of the Internal Revenue Code, which petitioners concede can not be applied to the present issue, *194  since they have not filed or do they have the information necessary to file the *1181  consents required before the retroactive application of the section may be invoked, only such income which has actually been applied in support is taxable to the grantor. But section 167 (c), which is somewhat of a legislative reversal of the Stuart case, has no application where the discretion as to whether the income shall be applied rests in the grantor qua husband or grantor, and not qua trustee. Hopkins v. Commissioner, 144 Fed. (2d) 683. If income of a trust must be and is paid by the trustees to the beneficiary, but the grantor can say that if he does not wish to use his other funds to support the beneficiary the beneficiary must look for support first to the trust income, then it can not be denied that it is solely within the discretion of the grantor whether or not the trust income shall be used to his own advantage.  In the present case, as we noted previously, the trust instruments must be read in conjunction with the property settlement agreement. The wife expressly accepted the establishment of the four trusts "as and for satisfactory, *195  reasonable, and sufficient provision for her support and maintenance." This may not have limited her to the bare amounts of the income received from the trusts if decedent's means entitled her to a larger sum, but it surely gave decedent the legal right to require the wife first to avail herself of the trust income before she could successfully complain that her marital rights of support had been violated.  For we must remember that the income from the four trusts had to be and actually was paid to the wife every month.  This is quite different from the typical Stuart situation contemplated by section 167 (c), where the discretion to be exercised by the trustee usually concerns itself with the distribution of the trust income for support.  In such a situation the legislature thought the rule harsh that a grantor should be taxed on income which actually did not come close to discharging his obligation of support.  But here the wife actually had the money every month and decedent, not as a trustee but as a grantor and husband, had it solely within his power to determine whether the trust income should be used to discharge a legal obligation which otherwise he would have had to meet*196  with different funds.  The extent to which the wife used the trust income for her support and maintenance, or the fact that decedent made substantial payments from his own separate property for that purpose are, therefore, immaterial.  6 Since decedent had the power during *1182  each of the taxable years here in question to determine whether he would allocate his one-half share of the trust income to the support of his wife and thus free his separate property for other personal uses, he must be held taxable on one-half of the income of the trusts.  In essence, to deny that decedent should be taxable on the income from the four trusts here involved, where decedent at any time could have reclaimed the trust income in the sense of having it applied to satisfy his legal obligation of support, would be to ignore the principle that the "income that is subject to a man's unfettered command and that he is free to enjoy at his own option may be taxed to him as his income whether he sees fit to enjoy it or not." Corliss v. Bowers, 281 U.S. 376">281 U.S. 376, 378; see also Harrison v. Schaffner, 312 U.S. 579">312 U.S. 579; Helvering v. Horst, 311 U.S. 112">311 U.S. 112.*197 Suhr v. Commissioner, 126 Fed. (2d) 283; Bok v. Rothensies, 131 Fed. (2d) 222, and kindred authorities cited by petitioners to the contrary are cases in which the courts *199  specifically found that the husband did not have the legal right to have the trust income used, if the husband so chose, in partial or complete satisfaction of his legal obligation of support.  In the present case, however, the property settlement agreement gave decedent just that right.  The provision in the trusts for the children that the payment to the wife was a complete release to the trustees without the wife's "being required to account to any one for said income" did not remove the income from the restriction in the property settlement agreement that the wife accepted the income as satisfactory provision for her support any more than the payment of the $ 700 per month for which the wife was "not to be called upon to account for said money in any way" would have precluded the payment from being in discharge of decedent's obligation of support had the parties separated.  The wife's command over the income of all the trusts must be held circumscribed by the support provisions of the property settlement agreement.Although not necessary to the decision, we observed that, if, contrary to both petitioner's and our own interpretation of the instruments, the wife were held to have*200  received the income from the children's trusts in trust for them ( Sunderland v. Commissioner, 151 Fed. (2d) 675), decedent would still be taxable on his community share of the income.  Decedent, as the father, had the primary obligation of supporting the children.  Blair v. Williams, 86 Cal. App. 676">86 Cal. App. 676; Metson v. Metson, 56 Cal. App. (2d) 328. If the wife can be said to have received income from the trusts created for the children in trust for them, it is true nevertheless that such income was to be used for the support of the children, when the property settlement agreement is read in conjunction with the trusts for the children.  In the property settlement agreement mentioned above, decedent obligated himself to *1183  pay $ 700 monthly to the wife for her support and the support of the minor children, and the wife accepted the establishment of the trusts for the children for her own support.  If the wife did receive the income in trust for the children, the emphasis on support in the property settlement agreement leads to the conclusion that the income was to be*201  used for the children's support and maintenance as included in her own, and decedent could have had the income so applied had he chosen.  7*202 Decision will be entered under Rule 50.  Footnotes1. The amount received in 1940 from the four trusts upon which she paid the tax was about $ 22 less than the amount which was currently distributable to her, while in 1941 the amount received was approximately $ 23 more than the amount currently distributable.↩2. Respondent has not suggested the application of the doctrine of Helvering v. Clifford.  309 U.S. 331↩.3. Section 159 provides:"Contract Altering Legal Relations: Separation Agreement."A husband and wife can not, by any contract with each other, alter their legal relations, except as to property, and except that they may agree, in writing, to an immediate separation and make provision for the support of either of them or of their children during such separation."↩4. Helvering v. Stuart, 317 U.S. 154">317 U.S. 154↩.5. SEC. 167. INCOME FOR BENEFIT OF GRANTOR.(a) Where any part of the income of a trust -- (1) is, or in the discretion of the grantor or of any person not having a substantial adverse interest in the disposition of such part of the income may be, held or accumulated for future distribution to the grantor; or(2) may, in the discretion of the grantor or of any person not having a substantial adverse interest in the disposition of such part of the income, be distributed to the grantor; or* * * *then such part of the income of the trust shall be included in computing the net income of the grantor.(b) As used in this section the term "in the discretion of the grantor" means "in the discretion of the grantor, either alone or in conjunction with any person not having a substantial adverse interest in the disposition of the part of the income in question."(c) [As added by sec. 134 of the Revenue Act of 1943].  Income of a trust shall not be considered taxable to the grantor under subsection (a) or any other provision of this chapter merely because such income, in the discretion of another person, the trustee, or the grantor acting as trustee or cotrustee, may be applied or distributed for the support or maintenance of a beneficiary whom the grantor is legally obligated to support or maintain, except to the extent that such income is so applied or distributed. In cases where the amounts so applied or distributed are paid out of corpus or out of other than income for the taxable year, such amounts shall be considered paid out of income to the extent of the income of the trust for such taxable year which is not paid, credited, or to be distributed under section 162 and which is not otherwise taxable to the grantor.↩6. Since petitioners concede that they do not know the amount of money actually spent by the wife and decedent for her support during 1940 and 1941, and since the sums of $ 10,706.73 and $ 12,680.03 of trust income which respondent has included in decedent's 1940 and 1941 taxable income are scarcely excessive amounts for a husband having a taxable net income upwards of $ 75,000 and $ 200,000 in those years, as did decedent, to use for his wife's support and maintenance, we do not reach the problem suggested in Hopkins v. Commissioner, supra↩, that the grantor of a trust, the income of which may at his discretion be used for the support of a beneficiary whom he is legally obligated to support, is taxable only on that amount of trust income which equals the amount from all sources actually expended for the beneficiary's support.7. The suggestion that, because a father of ample means has a duty of supporting his minor children without regard to their separate estate ( In re Keck, 100 Cal. App. 513">100 Cal. App. 513), he may not set up a trust to be used expressly for this purpose is, of course, untenable.  In New York the separate funds of the minor can be resorted to only if the parent is unable to provide support ( Coler v. Callahan, 105 Misc. 457">105 Misc. 457; 174 N. Y. S. 504), yet the courts on innumerable occasions have held the income from trusts set up by fathers of substantial means to discharge their obligation of support taxable to the grantors. L. R. Henrich, 1 T. C. 219; Helvering v. Leonard, 105 Fed., 2d) 900 (C. C. A., 2d Cir.); affd., 310 U.S. 80">310 U.S. 80↩.