Court Opinion

ID: 5117857
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-10-12 19:12:20.480908+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:22:04.579945
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Krause, 2021-Ohio-3657.]

                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                           ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                  LAKE COUNTY

STATE OF OHIO,                                     CASE NO. 2021-L-019

                 Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                                   Criminal Appeal from the
        -v-                                        Court of Common Pleas

NICHOLAS R. KRAUSE,
                                                   Trial Court No. 2020 CR 000696
                 Defendant-Appellant.

                                             OPINION

                                      Decided: October 12, 2021
                                         Judgment: Affirmed

Charles E. Coulson, Lake County Prosecutor, and Jennifer A. McGee, Assistant
Prosecutor, Lake County Administration Building, 105 Main Street, P.O. Box 490,
Painesville, OH 44077 (For Plaintiff-Appellee).

Mandy J. Gwirtz, Mandy Gwirtz, LLC, 20050 Lakeshore Boulevard, Euclid, OH 44123
(For Defendant-Appellant).

MARY JANE TRAPP, P.J.

        {¶1}     Appellant, Nicholas R. Krause (“Mr. Krause”), appeals from the judgment of

the Lake County Court of Common Pleas convicting him of domestic violence, two counts

of violating a protection order, and unauthorized use of a vehicle following a bench trial.

        {¶2}     Mr. Krause asserts two assignments of error, contending that the trial court

erred by (1) returning guilty verdicts against the manifest weight of the evidence and (2)

denying his motion for acquittal pursuant to Crim.R. 29(A).
       {¶3}   After a careful review of the record and pertinent law, we find Mr. Krause’s

assignments of error to be without merit. First, Mr. Krause has not established the

insufficiency of the state’s evidence with respect to domestic violence, the felony offense

of violating a protection order, or unauthorized use of a vehicle. Second, Mr. Krause has

not established that the trial court clearly lost its way or created a manifest miscarriage of

justice in finding him guilty of domestic violence, both counts of violating a protection

order, or unauthorized use of a vehicle.

       {¶4}   Thus, we affirm the judgment of the Lake County Court of Common Pleas.

                          Substantive and Procedural History

       {¶5}   This case involves a domestic dispute between Mr. Krause and his then-

wife, Emily Rosipko (“Ms. Rosipko”).

       {¶6}   Mr. Krause and Ms. Rosipko were married in August 2017. Following the

marriage, the couple lived together for brief periods of time in Cleveland. In September

2019, their daughter was born. In December 2019, the couple separated. Ms. Rosipko

moved to her mother’s house in Chardon and later to her own apartment in Painesville.

       {¶7}   In May 2020, Ms. Rosipko obtained a protection order against Mr. Krause

in the Lake County Court of Common Pleas. The order prohibited Mr. Krause from,

among other things, entering Ms. Rosipko’s residence; being present within 500 feet of

Ms. Rosipko and their daughter; and initiating or having any contact with them. The order

specifically prohibited Mr. Krause from engaging in the foregoing acts “even with the

permission of a protected person.” The order also prohibited Mr. Krause from removing

any property that Ms. Rosipko owned or possessed. It permitted Mr. Krause to be in Ms.

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Rosipko’s presence “for all domestic relations proceedings, hearings and meetings

related to a divorce and/or dissolution action filed by either or both parties.”

       {¶8}   While the couple was separated, Ms. Rosipko became pregnant as a result

of another relationship. At the end of May 2020, Mr. Krause called Ms. Rosipko to mend

their relationship and offered to help parent the new child after its birth. In early July 2020,

Mr. Krause began residing at Ms. Rosipko’s apartment in Painesville.

                                   The Alleged Offenses

       {¶9}   On the evening of July 18, 2020, Ms. Rosipko arrived home from work. Mr.

Krause was present at the apartment with their daughter. At some point, Ms. Rosipko

and Mr. Krause engaged in a heated argument about the cleanliness of the apartment.

Ms. Rosipko decided to shut herself in her bedroom to allow the situation to cool off.

About an hour later, around 8:00 p.m., Ms. Rosipko came out of her bedroom and

discovered that Mr. Krause had left the residence with her car keys and her vehicle.

       {¶10} Ms. Rosipko had purchased the vehicle during the marriage but was the

sole titled owner. According to Ms. Rosipko, there were “trust issues” in their marriage.

Therefore, she permitted Mr. Krause to drive her vehicle to work and under certain

circumstances as long as he informed her when he arrived at his destination.

       {¶11} Ms. Rosipko began “frantically” calling Mr. Krause and others in an attempt

to locate her vehicle. Around 1:00 a.m., Mr. Krause finally answered. He told her that he

was at a party, had been drinking, and would not be back with her vehicle. Ms. Rosipko’s

only car seat for their daughter was located in the vehicle, and she needed it to take the

child to the babysitter before going to work the next day. Once Ms. Rosipko threatened

to call the police to the party, Mr. Krause told her that he was on his way.

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       {¶12} When Mr. Krause arrived at the apartment complex, Ms. Rosipko went

outside and met him at the driver’s side window. While Mr. Krause was sitting inside the

vehicle, they began arguing because Ms. Rosipko refused to take Mr. Krause to a hotel

at that time of night.

       {¶13} Mr. Krause attempted to get out of the vehicle. Since Ms. Rosipko was

standing close by, Mr. Krause struck her with the driver’s side door and was not able to

exit. Ms. Rosipko was shoved backwards slightly but was not knocked off her feet. She

described the impact as being greater than “a tap” but not “hard” or “painful.” Mr. Krause

climbed over the passenger side, threw the car keys on the driver’s seat, and jumped out

of the passenger side window.

       {¶14} Mr. Krause had previously told Ms. Rosipko that he had possession of her

spare car key.     To prevent Mr. Krause from taking her vehicle again, Ms. Rosipko

unlatched the vehicle hood to unplug the battery. As she walked toward the hood, Mr.

Krause realized what she was doing and closed the hood. When Ms. Rosipko again

attempted to unlatch the hood, Mr. Krause jumped over the hood to get to the driver’s

side and shoved Ms. Rosipko out of the way. Ms. Rosipko described it as being a “hard

shove” that caused her to stumble backward.

       {¶15} Mr. Krause climbed through the driver’s side window and started the car.

Ms. Rosipko became “frantic” and approached the driver’s side door. Mr. Krause backed

the car up rapidly, at which time Ms. Rosipko was struck by the driver’s side mirror and

the front panel of the vehicle and fell to the ground. As he shifted gears, Mr. Krause

observed Ms. Rosipko lying on the ground and drove away.

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       {¶16} Ms. Rosipko called her friend and her mother, who both advised her to call

the police. Ms. Rosipko called 911 to report the event and went upstairs to check on her

daughter.

       {¶17} Two officers from the Painesville Police Department responded to the call

and spoke with Ms. Rosipko. She was visibly upset and had observable injuries, including

cuts on her knees as well as bruising and road rash along the back of her left thigh. The

officers obtained a written statement from Ms. Rosipko, took photos of her injuries, and

reported the vehicle as stolen. Shortly thereafter, Mr. Krause was located and arrested.

       {¶18} In the following days, Ms. Rosipko experienced pain on the side of her body

where the driver’s side mirror had struck her. She attempted to call off work the day after

the incident and was sent home when she could not perform her duties.

                                        Indictment

       {¶19} In September 2020, the Lake County Grand Jury indicted Mr. Krause on the

following five counts: felonious assault, a felony of the second degree, in violation of R.C.

2903.11(A)(2) (count 1); domestic violence, a felony of the fifth degree, in violation of R.C.

2919.25(A), including an allegation that Mr. Krause knew Ms. Rosipko was pregnant at

the time of the offense (count 2); violating a protection order, a felony of the third degree,

in violation of R.C. 2919.27(A)(1), including an allegation that Mr. Krause violated the

protection order while committing a felony offense, i.e., felonious assault and/or domestic

violence (count 3); violating a protection order, a misdemeanor of the first degree, in

violation of R.C. 2919.27(A)(1) (count 4); and unauthorized use of a vehicle, a

misdemeanor of the first degree, in violation of R.C. 2913.03(A) (count 5).

       {¶20} Mr. Krause pleaded not guilty to the charges.

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                                       Bench Trial

       {¶21} Mr. Krause waived his right to a jury trial, and the case was tried to the

bench.

       {¶22} The state presented testimony from the 911 dispatcher, Ms. Rosipko, and

one of the investigating police officers. The state also presented certified copies of

documents relating to Ms. Rosipko’s protection order, a certified copy of Ms. Rosipko’s

vehicle title, maps of the scene, and photos of Ms. Rosipko’s injuries.

       {¶23} Following the state’s presentation of its case-in-chief, the defense moved

for acquittal pursuant to Crim.R. 29. The trial court heard argument from counsel and

overruled the defense’s motion.

       {¶24} Mr. Krause waived his right to testify, and the defense rested without

presenting evidence. The defense renewed its motion for acquittal pursuant to Crim.R.

29, which the trial court again overruled.

       {¶25} Prior to closing arguments, the trial court stated that it was interested in

hearing about “knowingly” and whether the basis for the domestic violence charge was

Mr. Krause’s alleged attempt to exit through the driver’s side door while Ms. Rosipko was

standing outside of it.

       {¶26} Following closing arguments and a recess, the trial court delivered its

verdicts, finding Mr. Krause not guilty of felonious assault (count 1) and guilty of domestic

violence (count 2), both counts of violating a protection order (counts 3 and 4), and

unauthorized use of a vehicle (count 5). The trial court made additional findings under

count 2 that Ms. Rosipko was pregnant at the time of the offense and under count 3 that

Mr. Krause violated the protection order while committing a felony offense of domestic

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violence. The trial court referred the matter for a presentence report, a victim impact

statement, and a psychological evaluation and scheduled a sentencing hearing.

                                        Sentencing

         {¶27} The trial court held a sentencing hearing and sentenced Mr. Krause to a

mandatory prison term of nine months on count 2, a prison term of 24 months on count

3, and jail terms of 90 days on each of count 4 and 5. The trial court ordered the

sentences to run concurrent, for an aggregate prison term of 24 months with credit for

162 days. The trial court subsequently filed a judgment entry memorializing its verdicts

and Mr. Krause’s sentences.

         {¶28} Mr. Krause appealed and now presents the following two assignments of

error:

         {¶29} “[1.] The trial court erred to the prejudice of the defendant-appellant when

it returned a verdict of guilty against the manifest weight of the evidence.

         {¶30} “[2.] The trial court erred to the prejudice of the defendant-appellant in

denying his motion for acquittal made pursuant to Crim.R. 29(A).”

         {¶31} We review Mr. Krause’s assignments of error in reverse order for ease of

discussion.

                               Sufficiency of the Evidence

         {¶32} In his second assignment of error, Mr. Krause contends that the trial court

erred by denying his Crim.R. 29 motion for acquittal because the state failed to produce

sufficient evidence to support his convictions for domestic violence (count 2), the felony

offense of violating a protection order (count 3), and unauthorized use of a vehicle (count

5).

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                                   Standard of Review

       {¶33} Crim.R. 29(A) provides that “[t]he court on motion of a defendant or on its

own motion, after the evidence on either side is closed, shall order the entry of a judgment

of acquittal of one or more offenses charged in the indictment, information, or complaint,

if the evidence is insufficient to sustain a conviction of such offense or offenses.” Thus,

when a defendant makes a Crim.R. 29 motion, he or she is challenging the sufficiency of

the evidence introduced by the state. State v. Patrick, 11th Dist. Trumbull Nos. 2003-T-

0166 & 2003-T-0167, 2004-Ohio-6688, ¶ 18.

       {¶34} “‘“[S]ufficiency” is a term of art meaning that legal standard which is applied

to determine whether the case may go to the jury or whether the evidence is legally

sufficient to support the jury verdict as a matter of law.’” State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio

St.3d 380, 386, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997), quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 1433 (6th

Ed.1990). “In essence, sufficiency is a test of adequacy.” Id.

       {¶35} “An appellate court’s function when reviewing the sufficiency of the

evidence to support a criminal conviction is to examine the evidence admitted at trial to

determine whether such evidence, if believed, would convince the average mind of the

defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574

N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus. “The relevant inquiry is whether, after

viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact

could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.”

Id.

       {¶36} When evaluating the adequacy of the evidence, we do not consider its

credibility or effect in inducing belief. Thompkins at 387. Rather, we decide whether, if

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believed, the evidence can sustain the verdict as a matter of law. Id. This naturally entails

a review of the elements of the charged offense and a review of the state’s evidence.

State v. Richardson, 150 Ohio St.3d 554, 2016-Ohio-8448, 84 N.E.3d 993, ¶ 13.

                                   Domestic Violence

       {¶37} Mr. Krause first challenges the sufficiency of the state’s evidence to

establish domestic violence (count 2).

       {¶38} R.C. 2919.25(A) provides that “[n]o person shall knowingly cause or attempt

to cause physical harm to a family or household member.” (Emphasis added.) The trial

court made an additional finding that Mr. Krause knew Ms. Rosipko was pregnant at the

time of the offense, which elevated the offense from a first-degree misdemeanor to a fifth-

degree felony and mandated a prison term of at least six months.                  See R.C.

2919.25(D)(2), (5), and (6)(a).

       {¶39} “A person acts knowingly, regardless of purpose, when the person is aware

that the person’s conduct will probably cause a certain result or will probably be of a

certain nature.” R.C. 2901.22(B). This court has held that the legal concept of “knowingly”

incorporates the scienter requirement that one ought to know one’s actions will “probably

cause certain results.” State v. Magnusson, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2006-L-263, 2007-Ohio-

6010, ¶ 51.

       {¶40} “‘Physical harm to persons’ means any injury, illness, or other physiological

impairment, regardless of its gravity or duration.” R.C. 2901.01(A)(3).

       {¶41} Mr. Krause contends that he “committed no actions that would probably

cause harm” to Ms. Rosipko. He does not dispute that Ms. Rosipko suffered physical

injuries from being struck by the moving vehicle. However, he argues the trial court “made

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it clear” by acquitting him of felonious assault that Mr. Krause did not “knowingly” cause

these injuries.

       {¶42} Based on this premise, Mr. Krause’s sufficiency argument relates solely to

the allegations that he hit Ms. Rosipko with the vehicle door and shoved her. Specifically,

he contends that the evidence was insufficient to establish his “intention” to harm Ms.

Rosipko and that such actions constituted “minor touching” that did not qualify as

domestic violence.

       {¶43} We disagree with the premise of Mr. Krause’s argument. We acknowledge

that prior to closing arguments, the trial court stated it was interested in hearing about

“knowingly” and whether the domestic violence charge was based on Mr. Krause

allegedly hitting Ms. Rosipko with the vehicle door when attempting to exit. We also

acknowledge that during closing argument, the state contended that Mr. Krause

committed domestic violence by hitting Ms. Rosipko with the vehicle door and shoving

her, while he committed felonious assault by striking Ms. Rosipko with the moving vehicle.

       {¶44} However, the Supreme Courts of the United States and Ohio have held that

counts in a multi-count indictment are not interdependent. State v. Martin, 11th Dist.

Trumbull No. 2005-T-0041, 2006-Ohio-6202, ¶ 29; see United States v. Powell, 469 U.S.

57, 62, 105 S.Ct. 471, 83 L.Ed.2d 461 (1984); State v. Adams, 53 Ohio St.2d 223, 228,

374 N.E.2d 137 (1978). “‘Each count in an indictment is regarded as if it was a separate

indictment.’” Powell at 62, quoting Dunn v. United States, 284 U.S. 390, 393, 52 S.Ct.

189, 76 L.Ed. 356 (1932).

       {¶45} In addition, a trier of fact “is free to choose among reasonable constructions

of the evidence presented in a criminal case.” Jenks, supra, at 267. The verdict “must

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be sustained if any reasonable construction of the evidence allowed the [fact finder] to

find the [defendant] guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 266.

       {¶46} Thus, the trial court was free to consider all of the evidence presented at

trial in relation to each of the charged offenses, including the evidence that Mr. Krause

struck Ms. Rosipko with the moving vehicle to establish the domestic violence charge.

The trial court was not required to accept the state’s proposed application of the evidence

in its closing argument.

       {¶47} Further, the trial court issued a general verdict. See Crim.R. 23(C) (“In a

case tried without a jury the court shall make a general finding”). There is nothing in the

record establishing that the trial court acquitted Mr. Krause of felonious assault because

the state did not establish that he “knowingly” caused Ms. Rosipko’s injuries. Drawing

this inference from the trial court’s comments prior to closing arguments would be purely

speculative.

       {¶48} In fact, Mr. Krause’s acquittal on the felonious assault charge did not

necessarily encompass such a finding. As this court has previously recognized, the

elements of felonious assault in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(2) and domestic violence in

violation of R.C. 2919.25(A) are not the same. See State v. Brown, 11th Dist. Lake No.

2014-L-032, 2015-Ohio-950, ¶ 53.

       {¶49} Specifically, R.C. 2903.11(A)(2) states, in relevant part, that “[n]o person

shall knowingly * * * [c]ause or attempt to cause physical harm to another or to another’s

unborn by means of a deadly weapon * * *.” (Emphasis added.) The term “deadly

weapon” means “any instrument, device, or thing capable of inflicting death, and designed

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or specially adapted for use as a weapon, or possessed, carried, or used as a weapon.”

R.C. 2903.11(E)(1); R.C. 2923.11(A).

       {¶50} Courts have held that a vehicle may be classified as a “deadly weapon”

when used in a manner likely to produce death or great bodily harm. See State v. Belcher,

6th Dist. Lucas Nos. L-13-1250 & L-13-1252, 2014-Ohio-5596, ¶ 29. The determination

of whether a vehicle has been used in such a manner is a question of fact for the trier of

fact. Id. The intent of the user, manner of use, and actions of the user are among the

factors that must be examined. Id.

       {¶51} Thus, the trial court’s not guilty verdict on the felonious assault charge could

have been based on the “deadly weapon” element of the offense.

       {¶52} Since the premise of Mr. Krause’s argument is incorrect, his sufficiency

challenge to the domestic violence offense necessarily lacks merit.

                    Felony Offense of Violating a Protection Order

       {¶53} Mr. Krause next challenges the sufficiency of the state’s evidence to

establish the felony offense of violating a protection order (count 3).

       {¶54} R.C. 2919.27(A)(1) provides that “[n]o person shall recklessly violate the

terms of * * * [a] protection order issued or consent agreement approved pursuant to

section 2919.26 or 3113.31 of the Revised Code.” The trial court made an additional

finding that Mr. Krause violated the protection order while committing a felony offense of

domestic violence, which elevated the offense from a first-degree misdemeanor to a third-

degree felony. See R.C. 2919.27(B)(2) and (4).

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       {¶55} Mr. Krause contends that since the state did not present sufficient evidence

to prove the domestic violence offense, the state necessarily did not present sufficient

evidence to prove that he violated the protection order while committing a felony.

       {¶56} As explained above, Mr. Krause has not established that the state’s

evidence was insufficient to establish domestic violence.        Therefore, this argument

necessarily lacks merit.

                              Unauthorized Use of a Vehicle

       {¶57} Finally, Mr. Krause challenges the sufficiency of the state’s evidence to

establish the offense of unauthorized use of a vehicle (count 5).

       {¶58} R.C. 2913.03(A) provides, in relevant part, that “[n]o person shall knowingly

use or operate [a] * * * motor vehicle * * * without the consent of the owner or person

authorized to give consent.” R.C. 2913.01(D) defines “owner” as “any person, other than

the actor, who is the owner of, who has possession or control of, or who has any license

or interest in property or services, even though the ownership, possession, control,

license, or interest is unlawful.”

       {¶59} Mr. Krause contends that Ms. Rosipko purchased her vehicle during their

marriage. Therefore, the vehicle constituted “marital property” pursuant to the definition

set forth in R.C. 3105.171(A)(3)(a)(i), which includes “[a]ll real and personal property that

currently is owned by either or both of the spouses * * * and that was acquired by either

or both of the spouses during the marriage[.]” According to Mr. Krause, he could not be

convicted of the unauthorized use of a vehicle in which he had an ownership interest.

       {¶60} Mr. Krause’s reliance on R.C. 3105.171 as granting him an ownership

interest in Ms. Rosipko’s vehicle is misplaced.

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      {¶61} R.C. Chapter 3105 governs matters relating to “divorce, alimony,

annulment, [and] dissolution or marriage.” R.C. 3105.171(B) provides, in relevant part,

that “[i]n divorce proceedings, the court shall, and in legal separation proceedings upon

the request of either spouse, the court may, determine what constitutes marital property

and what constitutes separate property.          In either case, upon making such a

determination, the court shall divide the marital and separate property equitably between

the spouses, in accordance with this section.” (Emphasis added.) The definitions of

“marital property” and “separate property” for purposes of subsection (B) are set forth in

R.C. 3105.171(A)(3) and (A)(6), respectively.

      {¶62} By contrast, R.C. Chapter 3103 governs matters relating to spouses. R.C.

3103.07 provides that “[a] married person may take, hold, and dispose of property, real

or personal, the same as if unmarried.” R.C. 3103.04 provides that “[n]either husband

nor wife has any interest in the property of the other, except as mentioned in section

3103.03 of the Revised Code, the right to dower, and the right to remain in the mansion

house after the death of either.” R.C. 3103.03(A) addresses a married person’s obligation

to support his or her spouse “out of the person’s property or by the person’s labor.”

      {¶63} Thus, marriage does not grant an individual an interest in his or her

spouse’s real or personal property except as statutorily granted for support, dower, or the

right to remain in the mansion house after the death of the other. State v. Garber, 125

Ohio App.3d 615, 617, 709 N.E.2d 218 (9th Dist.1998); State v. Tolbert, 9th Dist. Summit

No. 21203, 2003-Ohio-2160, ¶ 12.

      {¶64} Based on the foregoing authority, Mr. Krause did not have an ownership

interest in Ms. Rosipko’s vehicle. The evidence at trial indicates that while Ms. Rosipko

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purchased the vehicle during the marriage, she was the sole titled owner. Although Mr.

Krause and Ms. Rosipko were separated at the time of the alleged offenses, Ms. Rosipko

did not initiate divorce proceedings until shortly before trial. The possibility that the

domestic relations court could subsequently determine that Ms. Rosipko’s vehicle

constituted “marital property” was irrelevant as to whether Mr. Krause could be convicted

of unauthorized use of a vehicle under R.C. 2913.03(A). See Garber at 618; Tolbert at ¶

13.

      {¶65} Our conclusion is in accord with those of our sister districts that have

considered this type of issue. For instance, the Eighth District Court of Appeals rejected

a “marital property” argument in relation to the same charged offense and in the context

of nearly identical facts. See State v. Bilick, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 71238, 1997 WL

358282, *2 (June 26, 1997).      Similarly, the Ninth District rejected “marital property”

arguments in relation to the offenses of criminal damaging and receiving stolen property,

both of which require the existence of “property of another.” See Garber at 616-618;

Tolbert at ¶ 10-13.

      {¶66} Mr. Krause next contends that the evidence was insufficient to establish that

he used or operated Ms. Rosipko’s vehicle without her consent. According to Mr. Krause,

he regularly drove the vehicle, and Ms. Rosipko testified that she was comfortable with

him using it as long as she was aware of where he was going. At the time of the alleged

offenses, Mr. Krause had the vehicle for several hours, and Ms. Rosipko did not call the

police to report the vehicle stolen. Further, the protection order did not give Ms. Rosipko

exclusive use of the vehicle.

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       {¶67} Ms. Rosipko testified that Mr. Krause took her vehicle without her

permission on two separate occasions during July 18 and 19, which, if believed, was

sufficient to establish that Mr. Krause violated R.C. 2913.03(A). Mr. Krause’s argument

raises potentially conflicting evidence, which relates to the weight of the evidence rather

than its sufficiency.

       {¶68} Mr. Krause’s second assignment of error is without merit.

                           Manifest Weight of the Evidence

       {¶69} In his first assignment of error, Mr. Krause contends that the trial court’s

guilty verdicts were against the manifest weight of the evidence.

                                  Standard of Review

       {¶70} “[W]eight of the evidence addresses the evidence’s effect of inducing

belief.” State v. Wilson, 113 Ohio St.3d 382, 2007-Ohio-2202, 865 N.E.2d 1264, ¶ 25.

“In other words, a reviewing court asks whose evidence is more persuasive—the state’s

or the defendant’s?” Id. “‘The court, reviewing the entire record, weighs the evidence

and all reasonable inferences, considers the credibility of witnesses and determines

whether in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the jury clearly lost its way and created

such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new

trial ordered.’” Thompkins, supra, at 387, quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172,

175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983).

       {¶71} “‘When a court of appeals reverses a judgment of a trial court on the basis

that the verdict is against the weight of the evidence, the appellate court sits as a

‘thirteenth juror’ and disagrees with the factfinder’s resolution of the conflicting

testimony.’” Id., quoting Tibbs v. Florida, 457 U.S. 31, 42, 102 S.Ct. 2211, 72 L.Ed.2d

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652 (1982). “‘The discretionary power to grant a new trial should be exercised only in the

exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.’” Id.,

quoting Martin at 175.

                                    Domestic Violence

       {¶72} Mr. Krause first contends that the trial court clearly lost its way in finding him

guilty of domestic violence (count 2).

       {¶73} Similar to his sufficiency challenge, Mr. Krause contends that “[i]t is clear”

from his acquittal for felonious assault that the trial court “did not believe” Mr. Krause “had

the intent to harm [Ms.] Rosipko while operating the car.” Thus, Mr. Krause’s manifest

weight argument relates solely to the allegations that he hit Ms. Rosipko with the vehicle

door and shoved her.

       {¶74} For the reasons explained above, we disagree with Mr. Krause’s premise.

The trial court was permitted to consider the evidence that Mr. Krause struck Ms. Rosipko

with the moving vehicle in support of the domestic violence charge. Mr. Krause has not

challenged the manifest weight of this evidence, and we will not construct an argument

on his behalf.

                               Violating a Protection Order

       {¶75} Mr. Krause next contends that the trial court clearly lost its way in finding

him guilty of violating a protection order (counts 3 and 4).

       {¶76} Mr. Krause contends that he was permitted to be in Ms. Rosipko’s presence

on July 18 and 19 pursuant to the provision in the protection order referencing “domestic

relations proceedings, hearings and meetings.” Specifically, on July 18, they were in the

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midst of trying to mend their relationship. On July 19, Mr. Krause was returning the car

seat, which was a matter relating to their child.

       {¶77} We disagree with Mr. Krause’s characterization of the alleged incidents, as

it does not accurately reflect the seriousness of his alleged conduct.

       {¶78} In addition, there can be no dispute that Mr. Krause violated the protection

order by being in the presence of Ms. Rosipko and their daughter on July 18 and 19. The

events of those days may not reasonably be construed as “domestic relations

proceedings, hearings and meetings related to a divorce and/or dissolution action filed by

either or both parties.” In fact, Ms. Rosipko had not yet initiated divorce proceedings at

that time.

       {¶79} While the evidence suggests Ms. Rosipko may have permitted Mr. Krause’s

presence at times, that fact would not affect Mr. Krause’s culpability. According to the

Supreme Court of Ohio, “the General Assembly has made the issue of an invitation

entirely irrelevant as to the culpability of a respondent’s violation of a protection order.”

State v. Lucas, 100 Ohio St.3d 1, 2003-Ohio-4778, 795 N.E.2d 642, ¶ 27. Further, the

protection order in this case expressly stated that “the permission of a protected person”

was not a valid excuse for a violation. See State v Conklin, 11th Dist. Geauga No. 2020-

G-0242, 2021-Ohio-417, ¶ 58 (“[T]he very text of [appellant’s] CSPO warned him against

seeing the protected party – even with the protected party’s permission”).

       {¶80} Thus, there is no basis for this court to conclude that the trial court clearly

lost its way or created a manifest miscarriage of justice in finding Mr. Krause guilty of

violating a protection order.

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                             Unauthorized Use of a Vehicle

       {¶81} Finally, Mr. Krause contends that the trial court clearly lost its way in finding

him guilty of unauthorized use of a vehicle (count 5).

       {¶82} Mr. Krause has not developed an argument explaining how the trial court

allegedly did so. See App.R. 16(A)(7). To the extent Mr. Krause is relying on the

contentions set forth in his second assignment of error, they are without merit.

       {¶83} As explained above, Mr. Krause did not have an ownership interest in Ms.

Rosipko’s vehicle. In addition, the potentially conflicting evidence on the issue of consent

does not weigh heavily against his conviction.

       {¶84} For instance, Mr. Krause states that he regularly drove the vehicle and that

Ms. Rosipko testified she was comfortable with him using it as long as she was aware of

where he was going. However, there was no testimony that Mr. Krause made Ms.

Rosipko aware of where he was going prior to taking her vehicle on either July 18 or 19.

Thus, the evidence does not indicate that Mr. Krause was operating the vehicle within the

parameters of his permitted use.

       {¶85} Mr. Krause next states that at the time of the alleged offenses, Mr. Krause

had the vehicle for several hours, and Ms. Rosipko did not call the police to report the

vehicle stolen.

       {¶86} While Ms. Rosipko did not call the police on July 18, she testified that she

“frantically” called Mr. Krause and others in an attempt to locate her vehicle. Mr. Krause

did not agree to return her vehicle until she threatened to call the police to the party he

was attending. In addition, Mr. Krause does not dispute that Ms. Rosipko was trying to

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Case No. 2021-L-019
prevent him from taking her vehicle on July 19 or that the police subsequently reported it

as stolen.

       {¶87} Finally, Mr. Krause notes that the protection order did not give Ms. Rosipko

exclusive use of the vehicle.

       {¶88} While Mr. Krause’s observation is accurate, the evidence regarding Mr.

Krause’s permitted use of the vehicle was in the form of Ms. Rosipko’s testimony, which

Mr. Krause does not dispute. Further, we note that the protection order also expressly

prohibited Mr. Krause from removing any property that Ms. Rosipko owned or possessed.

       {¶89} Thus, we conclude that the trial court did not clearly lose its way or create

a manifest miscarriage of justice in finding Mr. Krause guilty of unauthorized use of a

vehicle.

       {¶90} Mr. Krause’s first assignment of error is without merit.

       {¶91} For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the Lake County Court of

Common Pleas is affirmed.

CYNTHIA WESTCOTT RICE, J.,

JOHN J. EKLUND, J.,

concur.

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Case No. 2021-L-019