Court Opinion

ID: 4661942
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-02-22 20:03:57.153229+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:02:17.341224
License: Public Domain

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                                Supreme Court                              Date: 2021.02.19
                                                                           16:22:15 -06'00'

                        People v. McLaurin, 2020 IL 124563

Caption in Supreme   THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellant, v. JASPER
Court:               McLAURIN, Appellee.

Docket No.           124563

Filed                March 19, 2020

Decision Under       Appeal from the Appellate Court for the First District; heard in that
Review               court on appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, the Hon.
                     Thaddeus L. Wilson, Judge, presiding.

Judgment             Appellate court judgment reversed.
                     Circuit court judgment affirmed.

Counsel on           Kwame Raoul, Attorney General, of Springfield (Jane Elinor Notz,
Appeal               Solicitor General, and Michael M. Glick and Evan B. Elsner, Assistant
                     Attorneys General, of Chicago, of counsel), for the People.

                     Steven A. Greenberg and Nicholas Burris, of Greenberg Trial
                     Lawyers, of Chicago, for appellee.
     Justices                  JUSTICE THEIS delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                               Chief Justice Anne M. Burke and Justices Kilbride, Garman,
                               Karmeier, and Neville concurred in the judgment and opinion.
                               Justice Michael J. Burke took no part in the decision.

                                               OPINION

¶1         This appeal arises from defendant Jasper McLaurin’s conviction of being an armed habitual
      criminal (720 ILCS 5/24-1.7(a) (West 2014)), following a bench trial in the circuit court of
      Cook County. The appellate court reversed defendant’s conviction, holding that the evidence
      was insufficient to prove that he possessed a firearm as defined by the Criminal Code of 2012
      (id. § 2-7.5; 430 ILCS 65/1.1 (West 2014)), an element of the convicted offense. 2018 IL App
      (1st) 170258, ¶ 31. For the reasons that follow, we reverse the appellate court judgment and
      affirm defendant’s conviction.

¶2                                          BACKGROUND
¶3        In June 2014, defendant was charged with being an armed habitual criminal (720 ILCS
      5/24-1.7(a) (West 2014)), unlawful use of a weapon by a felon (id. § 24-1.1(a)), and aggravated
      unlawful use of a weapon (id. § 24-1.6). A bench trial ensued in September 2016.
¶4        Chicago police sergeant Nicheloe Fraction testified that on May 25, 2014, around 10:30
      a.m., she was sitting alone in an unmarked police vehicle, conducting surveillance unrelated to
      defendant of an apartment building at 1351 South Kildare Avenue. Fraction observed
      defendant leave the building “carrying a silver handgun.” She was approximately 50 feet away
      from him, and nothing obstructed her view. Defendant crossed the street and entered the rear
      of a white van, which proceeded to drive away. Calling for backup, Fraction followed the van
      and never lost sight of the vehicle. Approximately a block and a half later, the van was stopped
      by police.
¶5        Defendant and two other men were ordered out of the vehicle. Fraction was parked on the
      driver’s side of the van and did not see them as they exited. She identified defendant as “the
      gentleman I saw carrying the handgun into the rear passenger side of the van.” Shortly
      thereafter, Chicago police officer Jesse Rodriguez asked Fraction to identify a handgun that
      had been recovered by police at the scene. At trial, she described the item as “the same color
      [and] size of the handgun I saw the gentleman enter the van with.” Fraction further testified
      that, during her 12 years of experience as a police officer, she had worked with handguns, was
      familiar with them, and carried one herself.
¶6        On cross-examination, Fraction testified that she did not observe anyone remove an object
      from the van. She further testified that she did not submit the gun for fingerprint analysis and
      was unaware if such testing had been performed. She testified that when she observed
      defendant leaving the apartment building he was holding the gun “in a grip that the barrel was
      coming out the one side and the handle was on the other side.” Approximately 20 minutes after
      the officers transported defendant to the police station, she was asked there to identify the gun,

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       which she did. She described the gun as the same size and color as what she saw in defendant’s
       hand.
¶7         Rodriguez testified that he was among the police officers who stopped the van. Like
       Fraction, Rodriguez stopped his vehicle on the driver’s side of the van. The police ordered the
       three men to exit. Defendant got out through double doors that opened in the middle of the
       passenger’s side. Fraction then confirmed to police that the correct vehicle had been stopped
       and provided Rodriguez a description of the weapon as a “chrome gun.”
¶8         The officers patted down the three men and searched the vehicle. They did not find a gun.
       While standing on the driver’s side of the van, Rodriguez looked underneath the vehicle and
       saw a 9-millimeter chrome handgun on the ground. The gun was located underneath the van,
       almost in the middle, near the rear passenger’s side. Rodriguez partially crawled underneath
       the van and retrieved the gun. It was loaded. He cleared it by removing the magazine and the
       bullet from the chamber. Rodriguez placed the handgun in a bag and inventoried it. 1 The gun
       was not offered into evidence at trial.
¶9         On cross-examination, Rodriguez acknowledged that he did not see anyone place or throw
       anything underneath the vehicle. He testified that he recovered the gun less than five minutes
       after the van was stopped. Prior to recovering the weapon, Rodriguez called for an evidence
       technician to come to the scene, but none was available. He did not request that the gun be
       tested for fingerprints.
¶ 10       It was stipulated that defendant was on mandatory supervised release at the time of this
       offense and that he had never been issued a Firearm Owners Identification Card. It was further
       stipulated that defendant had a 2011 conviction for unlawful use of a weapon by a felon and a
       2006 conviction for aggravated battery with a firearm.
¶ 11       At the completion of the State’s case-in-chief, defendant moved for a directed finding. He
       argued that no officer had seen any of the doors of the van open, nor did any of them see an
       object being thrown underneath the van. Defendant also argued that Fraction could only
       provide the color and size of the gun but no further details about the weapon.
¶ 12       The trial court denied the motion. 2 The trial court stated that there were many possibilities
       as to how the gun ended up underneath the van, including a hatch in the middle or back of the
       van, or someone having kicked it there. The trial court further found that, while “recovering a
       gun would *** assist in terms of more credibility with respect to the evidence and the
       eyewitness testimony,” it was Fraction’s observations that were important. The trial court
       stated that “[the] bottom line is it’s based on what the officer saw at the time that she saw the
       defendant pas[s] by her, and she sa[id] *** she saw the defendant with a gun.”
¶ 13       Defendant did not testify or present any witnesses.
¶ 14       In finding defendant guilty of the charged offenses, the trial court highlighted Fraction’s
       testimony that she saw “the defendant in plain daylight come out of a building [and] walk near
       her vehicle holding a firearm.” Additionally, the court noted that Fraction “testifie[d] clearly

           1
             The inventory sheet contained in the record indicates that police recovered a silver 9-millimeter
       handgun, a 9-millimeter magazine, and six live 9-millimeter shells.
           2
             The trial court denied defendant’s motion for a directed finding on all counts except counts VIII
       and X. Those two counts had charged defendant with aggravated unlawful use of a weapon without a
       concealed carry license.

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       and plainly and without impeachment that she saw a firearm, and that the defendant was the
       person holding that firearm.” The trial court also noted that, as a police officer, Fraction was
       “familiar with firearms, works with firearms, [and is] trained with firearms.” The court
       determined that her testimony as to “the way that the defendant [wa]s holding the firearm ***
       [wa]s consistent with not being able to say exactly what type of firearm because of the way the
       defendant’s hand was in the middle of [it].”
¶ 15       The trial court considered Rodriguez’s testimony and stated that, after the police stopped
       the van, Rodriguez “look[ed] under the vehicle *** close to the door area where the defendant
       exited out of, and only the defendant, [and] s[aw] a weapon that matche[d] the description of
       size and color given by Officer Fraction.” The trial court also recognized Rodriguez’s
       testimony that “the weapon was fully loaded and had to be unloaded by the officer when it was
       recovered.” The trial court found that “the unequivocal testimony in this case is that the
       defendant was seen on the street carrying a firearm.”
¶ 16       The trial court merged all of the counts into the armed habitual criminal offense and
       sentenced defendant to seven years’ imprisonment.
¶ 17       The appellate court reversed defendant’s conviction and sentence and entered a judgment
       of acquittal. 2018 IL App (1st) 170258, ¶ 31. The appellate court concluded that the State
       “failed to meet its burden to prove beyond a reasonable doubt [the] possessory firearm offenses
       where there was no evidence that the item observed in the defendant’s possession” qualified
       as a firearm “as defined by the statute.” Id. ¶ 27. The appellate court found that Fraction’s
       testimony that she observed defendant in possession of an item that she believed to be a
       firearm, standing alone, was not sufficient to sustain defendant’s conviction. Id. ¶ 28. The
       appellate court reasoned that in the case of possessory firearm offenses the item possessed
       cannot be inferred to be a firearm as defined by statute from circumstantial evidence. Id. ¶ 24.
¶ 18       Justice Mikva disagreed with the majority’s holding “that the evidence needed to prove the
       illegal possession of a firearm is somehow different than the evidence needed to prove that a
       defendant possessed a firearm during a robbery.” Id. ¶ 34 (Mikva, J., specially concurring).
       She believed that, in both situations, circumstantial evidence, if strong enough, may be relied
       upon to prove the necessary fact that what the defendant possessed was a firearm as defined
       by statute. Id. She concurred with the majority, however, that the evidence in this case did not
       establish defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. ¶ 35.
¶ 19       This court allowed the State’s petition for leave to appeal. Ill. S. Ct. R. 315 (eff. July 1,
       2018).

¶ 20                                           ANALYSIS
¶ 21       The issue before us is whether the State presented sufficient evidence of defendant’s
       possession of a firearm to sustain his conviction.
¶ 22       The due process clause of the fourteenth amendment to the United States Constitution
       requires that a defendant may not be convicted “ ‘except upon proof beyond a reasonable doubt
       of every fact necessary to constitute the crime with which he is charged.’ ” People v.
       Cunningham, 212 Ill. 2d 274, 278 (2004) (quoting In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 364 (1970)).
       When a court reviews a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, the question is “whether,
       after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of
       fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.”

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       (Emphasis in original.) Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979). This court has adopted
       the Jackson formulation of the standard of review for claims that the evidence was insufficient
       to sustain a conviction. Cunningham, 212 Ill. 2d at 278-79. The Jackson standard applies in all
       criminal cases, regardless of the nature of the evidence. Id. at 279. This standard of review
       “gives full play to the responsibility of the trier of fact fairly to resolve conflicts in the
       testimony, to weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to
       ultimate facts.” Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319. In reviewing the evidence, this court will not retry
       the defendant, nor will we substitute our judgment for that of the trier of fact. People v. Evans,
       209 Ill. 2d 194, 209 (2004).
¶ 23       A person commits the offense of being an armed habitual criminal, in pertinent part, when
       “he *** possesses *** any firearm after having been convicted a total of 2 or more times” of
       certain enumerated offenses. 3 See 720 ILCS 5/24-1.7(a) (West 2014). For purposes of this
       offense, a firearm is defined in section 1.1 of the Firearm Owners Identification Card Act
       (FOID Act), in pertinent part, as “any device, by whatever name known, which is designed to
       expel a projectile or projectiles by the action of an explosion, expansion of gas or escape of
       gas.” 430 ILCS 65/1.1 (West 2014); see also 720 ILCS 5/2-7.5 (West 2014). This provision of
       the FOID Act specifically excludes, among other items, any pneumatic gun, spring gun, paint
       ball gun, or BB gun. See 430 ILCS 65/1.1 (West 2014).
¶ 24       The State contends that the appellate court’s decision below conflicts with People v.
       Washington, 2012 IL 107993, and People v. Wright, 2017 IL 119561, by erroneously holding
       that a defendant’s criminal possession of a firearm could not be proven by eyewitness
       testimony. Defendant argues that the appellate court was correct, drawing our attention to
       People v. Ross, 229 Ill. 2d 255 (2008), in support. He argues, consistently with Ross, that
       Fraction’s observation of him was too speculative and provided no explanation for why she
       believed the object he was holding met the statutory definition of a firearm.
¶ 25       We first turn to Washington. There, this court considered whether the State presented
       sufficient evidence of a dangerous weapon to prove the defendant guilty of armed robbery,
       aggravated kidnapping, and aggravated vehicular hijacking. Washington, 2012 IL 107993, ¶ 1.
       The State had to prove that defendant committed the offenses “ ‘while armed with a dangerous
       weapon.’ ” Id. ¶ 9. The jury found the defendant guilty of the charges. Id. ¶ 21. On appeal, he
       argued that the State failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he was armed with a
       dangerous weapon because no weapon was recovered or introduced into evidence and because
       no testimony was provided as to the size, weight, or metallic nature of the weapon. Id. ¶ 24.
       The appellate court agreed that the State did not meet its burden of proof and reversed his
       conviction. Id. ¶ 25.
¶ 26       In reversing the appellate court’s decision, we relied on the victim’s testimony that the
       defendant had pointed a gun at him, forced him into a truck, and then held a gun to his head
       while he sat between the defendant and his accomplice. Id. ¶ 35. The victim also testified that
       the defendant pointed the gun at him when he was later forced into the cargo area of the truck.
       Id. This court found that the evidence established that the victim, for several minutes, had an
       unobstructed view of the weapon used during the commission of the crime and that he testified
          3
            In 2011, defendant was convicted of unlawful use of a weapon by a felon (No. 10-CR-1284101
       (Cir. Ct. Cook County)) and in 2006 of aggravated battery with a firearm (No. 05-CR-237201 (Cir. Ct.
       Cook County)).

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       that it was a gun. Id. Given the victim’s “unequivocal testimony and the circumstances under
       which he was able to view the gun, the jury could have reasonably inferred that defendant
       possessed a real gun.” Id. ¶ 36.
¶ 27       In Ross, similar to Washington, we considered whether the evidence was sufficient to prove
       that the gun used by the defendant was a dangerous weapon. Ross, 229 Ill. 2d at 272. The
       arresting officer in Ross drove the victim back to where the crime had occurred. Id. at 258. The
       victim spotted the defendant, who was then taken into custody by police. Id. The arresting
       officer testified that, as he approached the defendant, he saw him throw some items into a bush.
       Id. The police retrieved the gun, though it was not offered into evidence. Id. The officer,
       however, described the gun as a “ ‘4.5 BB caliber gun with a three inch barrel.’ ” Id. The
       inventory sheet in the record listed the gun consistently with the officer’s testimony. Id. The
       victim described the gun as “ ‘a black, very portable gun,’ ” which was “ ‘small’ and
       ‘something you can conceal.’ ” Id.
¶ 28       This court in Ross specifically acknowledged that “our cases conclude that the trier of fact
       may make an inference of dangerousness based upon the evidence.” Id. at 276. The court
       concluded, however, that the evidence presented at the defendant’s bench trial was insufficient
       to support an inference that the “gun” the defendant possessed when he committed the robbery
       was a dangerous weapon. Id. at 277. The evidence showed that the “gun” was actually a small
       BB gun with a three-inch barrel. Id. at 276-77. Moreover, there was no evidence that the gun
       was either loaded or brandished as a bludgeon, and there was no evidence regarding its weight
       or composition. Id. at 277. Therefore, we found that the evidence precluded a finding that the
       “gun” used by the defendant was a dangerous weapon. Id.
¶ 29       Most recently, in Wright, the defendant was convicted under an accountability theory of
       armed robbery with a firearm in connection with a robbery at a restaurant. Wright, 2017 IL
       119561, ¶ 71. We were asked in the defendant’s cross-appeal to assess the sufficiency of the
       evidence to prove that the codefendant possessed a firearm, as defined in the FOID Act, during
       the robbery. Id. ¶ 76. This court highlighted our decision in Washington where we relied on
       the testimony of a single eyewitness and concluded that a rational trier of fact could infer from
       the testimony that the defendant possessed a “ ‘real gun.’ ” Id. We found our disposition in
       Wright was controlled by the same rationale as in Washington. Id.
¶ 30       In contrast to Ross, we recognized in Wright that one of the victims testified at trial that the
       codefendant told him “ ‘this is a robbery’ ” and lifted his hoodie to reveal what “ ‘looked like
       a black automatic, black gun.’ ” Id. Based upon his experience with firing such guns, the victim
       thought it was a semiautomatic. Id. He further testified that while walking toward his office he
       “ ‘felt something sharp in [his] back,’ ” which felt like the barrel of a gun. Id. On direct
       questioning by defendant, the victim testified that he was “ ‘100% sure’ ” that the weapon the
       codefendant displayed was an “ ‘actual firearm.’ ” Id. Another victim of the crime at the
       restaurant also testified that the codefendant told her she was being robbed and that she saw
       the handle of a gun in the waistband of his pants. Id. Additionally, a third victim testified that
       he had seen guns before and believed the codefendant’s gun was a “ ‘9 millimeter pistol.’ ” Id.
       This court held, viewing this evidence in the light most favorable to the State, that it was not
       so unreasonable, improbable, or unsatisfactory that no rational trier of fact could have found
       that codefendant was armed with a firearm during the commission of the robbery. Id. ¶ 77.

                                                    -6-
¶ 31        In Wright, as in this case, the statutory elements of the charged offense, armed robbery
       with a firearm, included that the “firearm” meet the FOID Act’s definition. In other words, the
       possessory offense here includes that same statutory “firearm” element and definition. The
       State is correct that, because the statutory element is the same and the burden of proof is the
       same, the evidence required to prove that element is identical for both offenses. Accordingly,
       the appellate majority below erred by holding to the contrary. See 2018 IL App (1st) 170258,
       ¶ 24.
¶ 32        We recognize the evidence in this case is not overwhelming. The State took a risk by
       choosing not to introduce into evidence the gun that Rodriguez testified was recovered at the
       scene and inventoried by police. Based upon our standard of review, however, the question
       before us is “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution,
       any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a
       reasonable doubt.” (Emphasis in original.) Jackson, 443 U.S. at 319. The answer to that
       question is yes.
¶ 33        In contrast to Ross where the evidence showed that the “gun” was actually a small BB gun,
       Fraction’s unimpeached testimony was that she observed defendant exit the apartment building
       “carrying a silver handgun.” She was approximately 50 feet away from defendant, and nothing
       was obstructing her view. Fraction was conducting surveillance unrelated to defendant at the
       time, immediately called for backup after observing defendant with the gun, and followed the
       van. Rodriguez testified that Fraction confirmed that police had stopped the correct vehicle
       and that defendant was the person she had seen enter the van with a chrome gun. Shortly
       thereafter, Rodriguez looked underneath the van and recovered a 9-millimeter chrome
       handgun. It was loaded with a bullet in the chamber.
¶ 34        Fraction further testified that, a short time later, she was asked to identify the gun found by
       police. She testified that it was the same color and size as the gun she saw in defendant’s hand
       when he entered the van. During her 12 years of experience as a police officer, Fraction had
       worked with handguns, carried one herself, and was familiar with them.
¶ 35        Defendant argues that, while Fraction testified that she observed him exit the apartment
       building carrying a silver handgun, she was unable to describe the item in any meaningful way
       and could not provide any detail, including whether it was a semiautomatic or a revolver.
       Defendant contends that the evidence simply consisted of Fraction’s testimony that she thought
       she saw a chrome item in defendant’s hand that seemed to be a firearm. Consistent with our
       instruction in Washington and Wright, however, a rational trier of fact could infer from the
       testimony presented in this case that defendant possessed a firearm as defined by the FOID
       Act.
¶ 36        In finding defendant guilty, the trial court highlighted that Fraction saw defendant “in plain
       daylight come out of a building [and] walk near her vehicle holding a firearm.” The court noted
       that she testified “clearly and plainly and without impeachment that she saw a firearm, and that
       the defendant was the person holding that firearm.” The court determined that her testimony
       as to the way that defendant was holding the firearm was “consistent with not being able to say
       exactly what type of firearm because of the way the defendant’s hand was in the middle of
       [it].” The court emphasized that, as a police officer, Fraction was “familiar with firearms,
       works with firearms, [and was] trained with firearms.”

                                                    -7-
¶ 37       The trial court also relied upon Rodriguez’s testimony that police stopped the van that
       Fraction observed defendant enter, that Rodriguez looked under the vehicle close to the door
       where defendant exited, and that he saw a weapon that matched the description of the size and
       color given by Fraction. In finding defendant guilty, the trial court also emphasized
       Rodriguez’s testimony that the weapon recovered by police was fully loaded and had to be
       unloaded by the officer when it was recovered.
¶ 38       Viewing this evidence, as we must, in a light most favorable to the State, it was not so
       unreasonable, improbable, or unsatisfactory that no rational trier of fact could have found
       beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant possessed a firearm as defined by the FOID Act.

¶ 39                                   CONCLUSION
¶ 40      Accordingly, we reverse the appellate court’s judgment of acquittal and affirm the
       judgment of the trial court.

¶ 41      Appellate court judgment reversed.
¶ 42      Circuit court judgment affirmed.

¶ 43      JUSTICE MICHAEL J. BURKE took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.

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