Court Opinion

ID: 862598
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-04-26 23:42:42.673672+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:35:07.673434
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
                                        OF THE
                                 STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
                                       NO. 96-KA-01158-COA
MARVIN 'BUTCH' LOGAN                                                                     APPELLANT
v.
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI                                                                        APPELLEE

DATE OF JUDGMENT:           10/14/1996
TRIAL JUDGE:                HON. MIKE SMITH
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: LINCOLN COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT:    ALBERT LIONEL NECAISE
                            WILLIAM ROSS CAPPS
                            ROBERT WARREN MOAK
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE:     OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
                            BY: JEFFREY A. KLINGFUSS
DISTRICT ATTORNEY:          DUNN LAMPTON
NATURE OF THE CASE:         CRIMINAL - FELONY
TRIAL COURT DISPOSITION:    GUILTY OF SEVEN COUNTS OF DEFRAUDING STATE
                            GOVERNMENT AND FIVE COUNTS OF UTTERING
                            FORGERY - THREE YEARS EACH COUNT TO RUN
                            CONSECUTIVELY WITH COUNTS 8-12 RUNNING
                            CONCURRENT TO COUNTS 1-7
DISPOSITION:                REVERSED AND REMANDED - 04/20/1999
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED: 5/19/99; denied 09/07/99
CERTIORARI FILED:           10/06/99; granted 12/16/99 only as to first issue of validity of
                            search and seizure; granted 3/16/2000 as to issues 2, 3 & 4
MANDATE ISSUED:

BEFORE McMILLIN, C.J., KING, P.J., AND DIAZ, J.

DIAZ, J., FOR THE COURT:

¶1. Marvin "Butch" Logan appeals the decision of the Lincoln County Circuit Court convicting him of seven
counts of defrauding the state government and five counts of uttering forgery. Logan asserts the following
issues in this appeal: (1) that the jury was unduly prejudiced by the explanation of Mississippi law from the
testimony of the State's witnesses, (2) that the trial judge failed to suppress evidence obtained from unlawful
searches and seizures, (3) that the trial judge allowed the testimony of the State's handwriting expert without
proper notice, (4) that the jury was unduly prejudiced from the testimony referencing stolen motors found
on defendant's property, (5) that the trial judge improperly allowed evidence of uncharged forged receipts
in violation of MRE 404(b) and 403, (6) that the court allowed insurance investigative files into evidence in
violation of the Mississippi Rules of Evidence, (7) that the trial judge improperly allowed the State's expert
on identifying stolen vehicles to testify outside his scope of expertise, (8) that the trial judge failed to demur
to the indictment due to duplicity, (9) that the trial judge failed to dismiss multiplicious counts, and (10) that
the improper comments made by the State in the closing arguments unduly prejudiced the jury. Finding
numerous errors, we reverse and remand for a new trial.

                                                    FACTS

¶2. Logan lived in Brookhaven, Mississippi, and operated a business rebuilding salvaged Chevrolet S-10
and GMC pick up trucks in his spare time. The business consisted of a small mechanic's shop located
behind his residence. Logan purchased numerous trucks at salvage auctions conducted statewide by
different insurance companies. Some of the trucks were purchased to rebuild and others were purchased
for parts. Over several years, Logan rebuilt over seventy vehicles.

¶3. After Logan rebuilt a wrecked truck, he was required by Mississippi law to have it inspected by the
state highway patrol so that a new certificate of title could be issued to replace the salvage title. After the
inspection, the application for title went to the Mississippi State Tax Commission who in turn issued a new
title.

¶4. Several other individuals also used Logan's shop to rebuild vehicles. In October of 1995, Johnny Joe
Gunnell, an individual who used Logan's shop, was stopped by the police for a traffic violation. Gunnell was
driving a stolen vehicle. Several more vehicles at Gunnell's house turned out to be stolen, and Gunnell
directed authorities to Logan and his repair shop. The police arrived at Logan's house, and they searched
the repair shop. They examined the various vehicles and parts in the shop area. During this search the police
observed an automobile engine with metal shavings around the engine but they did not seize anything. The
next day, the police returned to Logan's property with Virgil Luke, a criminal investigator who specialized in
stolen vehicle identification. The police seized an engine and an engine with a transmission, claiming them to
be stolen. The police further told Logan that he had to bring in all vehicles in his possession for inspection.
Logan brought in numerous vehicles, many of which the highway patrol seized.

¶5. Logan was indicted on several charges of violation of the Mississippi Chop Shop Act and conspiracy.
On February 14, 1996, the police obtained a search warrant to search Logan's residence. Upon searching
his residence, the police seized four boxes of files containing documents which were organized into separate
folders for the various vehicles that Logan had rebuilt over the years. Logan was then indicted by the grand
jury for seven counts of defrauding the Mississippi Department of Public Safety and the Mississippi Tax
Commission and six counts of uttering forgery to the Mississippi Department of Public Safety when he
submitted documents to the Department of Public Safety so that he could retitle seven different automobiles
that he had rebuilt.

¶6. On July 19, 1996, the defense filed a combined motion to suppress the evidence challenging the several
different searches of his home and shop and the requirement by the highway patrol that he bring them all
vehicles in his possession that he had rebuilt. At a hearing on July 19, 1996, the court denied the motion to
suppress in toto.

¶7. The State filed a motion to transfer the case from Judge Keith Starrett to Judge Mike Smith, and the
court entered an order to that effect. On August 12, 1996, the State requested, and the circuit clerk issued,
a subpoena duces tecum to obtain hand-written documents from the Mississippi Employment Security
Commission so they could analyze the handwriting of Carolyn Logan, Logan's wife. The State also
presented a motion to the trial judge requesting an order requiring Carolyn Logan to provide handwriting
exemplars. Although Logan contends that he was never served a copy of this motion, the trial judge signed
an order requiring handwriting exemplars on August 13, 1996. On September 23, 1996, the State filed a
motion to exclude witnesses produced on September 20, 1996, which was granted by the trial court. On
September 25, 1996, the State filed a second motion to amend the indictment so that it would conform to
the evidence. On the same day, Logan filed a motion to "demur to the indictment due to duplicity" which
was denied by the trial judge. Logan also filed a motion to "dismiss the multiplicious charges" which was
also denied by the trial judge. After the State added an expert witness two working days prior to trial,
Logan filed a motion in limine or in the alternative to continue the trial. The trial judge denied this motion,
stating that two working days was sufficient time for the defense to prepare for this expert witness.

¶8. The case went to trial on September 24, 1996 and on October 4, 1996, the jury found Logan guilty of
twelve of the thirteen counts in the indictment. On October 9, 1996, Logan filed a motion for a new trial
which the trial court denied. Feeling aggrieved, Logan perfected this appeal.

                                                DISCUSSION

I. THE JURY WAS UNDULY PREJUDICED BY THE EXPLANATION OF MISSISSIPPI
LAW FROM THE TESTIMONY OF THE STATE'S WITNESSES

¶9. Mississippi Rule of Evidence 701 applies to lay witness testimony:

      If the witness is not testifying as an expert, his testimony in the form of opinions or inferences is limited
      to those opinions or inferences which are (a) rationally based on the perception of the witness and (b)
      helpful to the clear understanding of his testimony or the determination of a fact in issue.

In Jones v. State, 678 So. 2d 707, 710 (Miss. 1996), the Mississippi Supreme Court explained the two-
part test for admissibility of lay witness opinion testimony, stating that:

      First, the testimony must assist the trier of fact. Second, the opinion must be based on the witness'
      firsthand knowledge or observation . . . . The second prong of the test is in accordance with M.R.E.
      602 requiring that a witness who testifies about a certain matter have personal knowledge of that
      matter.

Furthermore, Mississippi Code Annotated Section 99-17-35 (Supp. 1997) states that only the trial judge
will instruct the jury as to the principles of applicable law in a particular case and that it must be done in
writing. See Collins v. State, 701 So. 2d 791, 795 (Miss. 1997)(holding that it was error for trial judge to
send copy of Blacks Law Dictionary to jury room). The Mississippi Supreme Court held that the only
person who can instruct the jury on the law is the trial judge. Clemons v. State, 320 So. 2d 368, 372
(Miss. 1975)(stating "it is the duty of the trial judge to instruct the jury and not the district attorney").
¶10. Over Logan's objection, Investigator Allen Applewhite of the Mississippi Highway Patrol testified
about the Mississippi Chop Shop Law. The trial judge stated that Applewhite would be allowed "to testify
as to what he [knew] of the law as it concern[ed] these inspections which [were] part of his job."
Applewhite continued his testimony by relating and explaining the history and requirements of the
Mississippi Chop Shop Law. During the testimony of Virgil Luke, the State asked him numerous questions
about the law in Mississippi with regard to stolen vehicles and searches and seizures of vehicles. The State
further questioned Luke about the authority of the investigators to inspect automobile rebuilders, dealers,
and salvage yards without search warrants. The court overruled Logan's objection holding that Luke was
qualified to discuss the Mississippi law because he was a former highway patrolman who knew the
inspection laws. The State continued questioning Luke about his authority "to inspect certain places doing
certain kinds of business dealing with automobiles." The court again overruled Logan's objection and
allowed Luke to testify about a Mississippi statute that gave officers the authority to do administrative
inspections.

¶11. Luke and Applewhite both gave instructive testimony to the jury about the applicable law in this case
in direct contravention to Mississippi law. Both were testifying outside of their respective area of expertise
when they explained various portions of Mississippi law to the jury. Under statutory law and case law such
as Collins and Clemons, only the trial judge can instruct the jury, in writing, on the law. Here, the trial judge
erroneously ruled that both investigators could testify about Mississippi law with regard to this case. This
assignment of error is well taken.

II. THE TRIAL JUDGE FAILED TO SUPPRESS EVIDENCE OBTAINED FROM
UNLAWFUL SEARCHES AND SEIZURES

¶12. Section 23 of the Mississippi Constitution and the Fourth Amendment to the United States
Constitution are the foundation of Mississippi search and seizure law. Jones v. State, ex rel., Mississippi
Dept of Public Safety, 607 So. 2d 23, 26 (Miss. 1991). The wording of the federal amendment is
substantially the same as that of our state constitution. Id. "There is a constitutional preference for searches
pursuant to a warrant. Where there is no warrant, 'the issue for consideration is whether there was valid
consent so that the warrantless search was valid.'" Id.

¶13. In Penick v. State, 440 So. 2d 547, 551 (Miss. 1983), the Mississippi Supreme Court extended
greater protections under State consensual search law than did the United States Supreme Court:

      We accord to the U.S. Supreme Court the utmost respect in its interpretation of the U.S. Constitution
      . We must, however, reserve for this Court the sole and absolute right to make the final interpretation
      of our State Constitution and, while of great persuasion, we will not concede that simply because the
      U.S. Supreme Court may interpret a U.S. Constitutional provision that we must give the same
      interpretation to essentially the same words in a provision of our state Constitution.

The supreme court further held that consent is valid if there was knowledgeable as well as voluntary waiver
of a party's constitutional right not to be searched. Id. When the defendant knows that he has a right to
refuse and is cognizant of his rights in the premises, then that is knowledgeable consent. Id. at 549-50.

¶14. The United States Supreme Court addressed the consent exception to the requirement of a search
warrant in Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218 (1973). Voluntariness is the pivotal determination in
a valid consent to search. Id. at 224. The Court observed that there are "two competing concerns [which]
must be accommodated . . . the legitimate need for such searches and the equally important requirement of
assuring the absence of coercion." Id. at 227. The test of voluntariness is determined from a consideration
of the "totality of the circumstances." Id. at 280.

¶15. In Jones, the Mississippi Supreme Court applied Schneckloth:

      Consideration must be given to whether the circumstances were coercive, which necessitates attention
      to whether the person was confronted with many officers or a display of weapons, whether he was in
      custody and, if so, whether the circumstances of the custody were coercive, and whether the alleged
      consent was obtained in the course of station house interrogation.

Jones, 607 So. 2d at 27. The subject's knowledge of the right to refuse is another factor in determining
voluntariness. Id.

¶16. For a search warrant to be valid, there must be probable cause. Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 239
(1983). According to the Mississippi Supreme Court, "Probable cause exists when facts and circumstances
within an officer's knowledge, or of which he has reasonable trustworthy information, are sufficient
themselves to justify a man of average caution in the belief that a crime has been committed and that a
particular person committed it." Bevill v. State, 556 So. 2d 699, 712 (Miss. 1990). The police provide
evidence of the underlying facts and circumstances by sworn affidavit which may be supplemented by oral
testimony. Barrett v. Miller, 599 So. 2d 559, 566 (Miss. 1992). In Carney v. State, 525 So. 2d 776,
787 (Miss. 1988), the Mississippi Supreme Court held that indirect search warrants would not be
sanctioned because the Fourth Amendment was designed to protect against general warrants and other
exploratory searches. Search warrants must list the items to be seized with particularity. Id. at 785.
"Descriptions in search warrants need not be positively specific and definite, but are sufficient if the places
and things to be searched are designated in such manner that the officer making the search may locate them
with reasonable certainty." Hamilton v. State, 556 So. 2d 685, 688 (Miss. 1990).

¶17. In the case of Bumper v. North Carolina, 391 U.S. 543 (1968), the United States Supreme Court
set out the standard of proof to be established where the prosecutor seeks to justify the lawfulness of a
search. The State has the burden of proving that consent was given freely and voluntarily, and "this burden
cannot be discharged by showing no more than acquiescence to a claim of lawful authority." Id. at 548. The
Mississippi Supreme Court applied the Bumper rationale in Luton v. State, 287 So. 2d 269 (Miss. 1973)
and stated that:

      [It] is the burden of the state in a criminal prosecution such as this to prove that the accused
      voluntarily consented to the search of his property . . . the state must prove such consent beyond a
      reasonable doubt. The same degree of proof is required to show that an accused waived his rights
      surrounding the search.

Id. at 271-72.

¶18. The "fruit of the poisonous tree" doctrine-also known as the exclusionary rule-"prohibits introduction
into evidence of tangible materials seized during an unlawful search." Marshall v. State, 584 So. 2d 437,
438 (Miss. 1991) (citing Murray v. U.S., 487 U.S. 533, 536 (1988)). The exclusionary rule prohibits
"testimony concerning knowledge acquired during an unlawful search." Id. (citing Silverman v. U.S., 365
U.S. 505 (1961)). Most importantly, the doctrine:

      prohibits the introduction of derivative evidence, both tangible and testimonial, that is, the product of
      the primary evidence, or that is otherwise acquired as a result of the unlawful search, up to the point at
      which the connection becomes "so attenuated as to dissipate the taint."

Id. (citations omitted). Several exceptions to the "fruit of the poisonous tree" doctrine have been recognized
by the United States Supreme Court. For example, the "independent source" exception was recognized in
Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. U.S., 251 U.S. 385 (1920), and the "inevitable discovery" exception was
acknowledged in Nix v. Williams, 467 U.S. 431 (1984).

¶19. In this case, there were three different searches of Logan's residence in Brookhaven. The first search
was on October 8, 1995, when the local sheriff and a group of law enforcement officers went to the
Logan's residence after finding stolen vehicles at Johnny Joe Gunnell's residence. At that time the police did
not seize any evidence, but they did testify during trial about what they saw at Logan's residence. The
second search was the following day when the sheriff returned with a number of highway patrol
investigators. During this search the police seized an engine, an engine and transmission mounted together,
and a number of vehicles. Thereafter, the police told Logan to bring in all of the vehicles in his possession
that he had rebuilt for police inspection. The police seized several other vehicles from Logan under this
procedure. The final search of Logan's residence occurred on February 14, 1996, pursuant to a search
warrant. Upon searching Logan's residence, the police seized four boxes of files containing documents
which were organized into separate folders for the various vehicles that Logan had rebuilt over the years.

¶20. Logan filed a motion to suppress the evidence obtained during the searches and seizures alleging
several constitutional violations. With regard to the first search of Logan's residence, he claims that the
search was without a warrant, without probable cause, without consent, and a violation of his rights under
the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution and under Article 3, Section 23
of the Mississippi Constitution. Additionally, Logan claims that he and his wife were not properly advised of
their rights as required under the Fifth Amendment and Fourteenth Amendment to the United States
Constitution and the Mississippi Constitution of 1890 including the right to refuse consent and Miranda
warnings. Therefore, Logan asserts that they could not give valid consent, and in the alternative, that if any
was given, it was the product of coercion, and therefore, not voluntary.

¶21. With regard to the second search of Logan's residence, he claims the same constitutional violations as
in the first search, but also states that the October 9 search was tainted from the constitutional violations of
the October 8 search of Logan's residence and shop. With regard to the vehicles that the police
investigators requested that Logan produce, he claims that the police failed to properly advise him of his
legal rights under the Mississippi and United States Constitutions including the right to refuse consent, the
right not to produce incriminating evidence, and the Miranda warnings. Logan also alleges that this
evidence was tainted from the constitutional violations of the October 8 and 9 searches, and any consent
given by Logan was the result of duress and coercion and was therefore involuntary.

¶22. With regard to the February 14, 1996, search of Logan's residence, he asserts that the warrant was
issued without probable cause and in violation of his rights under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments of
the United States Constitution and Article 3, Section 23 of the Mississippi Constitution of 1890, and any
evidence obtained should be suppressed under the exclusionary rule. Logan alleges that the primary
location searched was his automobile repair shop which is a building that is fenced in and located behind his
house. This building was not named in the search warrant. He also claims that the items seized were not
evidence of a crime upon which the probable cause allegation was based. Instead, Logan asserts that the
underlying facts cover only allegations of stolen vehicles and parts, not records of purchases or all records.
Logan claims that this was a general search warrant for "documents relating to a chop shop" and is not
sufficiently stated with particularity to be upheld under Mississippi law. Logan alleges that the scope of the
warrant and the search was that of a general warrant which is prohibited under the federal and state
constitutions. Logan states that the police exceeded the scope of the search warrant when they seized
thousands of pages of his records and removed the documents from the premises to review for any
evidence of crimes. He claims there was no probable cause to search his home and that there was no
evidence that these documents were kept at his home or that they even existed. Logan asserts that the
search warrant did not indicate that a reasonable person would believe these items would be at his
residence. He further contends that this search warrant was tainted by the previous constitutional violations
in obtaining evidence in the previous searches.

¶23. The threshold question for this Court to determine is whether there was valid consent obtained from
the Logans prior to the first warrantless search on October 8, 1995. The testimony of the sheriff indicates
that there was no valid consent on the part of the Logans since he did not advise them of their right to refuse
consent as required under Pennick. Furthermore, the sheriff testified that he never advised the Logans of
their Miranda rights nor did he obtain a signed, written consent to search form until the day after the first
search.

¶24. During the second search, the police seized numerous vehicles and vehicle parts after they had
unlawfully searched the premises the day before. At that point, the police testified that they suspected
Logan, although they did not arrest him or advise him of his Miranda rights. After applying the law to the
facts of this case, we must conclude that the evidence seized on October 9, 1995, although executed with a
search warrant during the second search, was derivative of information obtained through the unlawful
search of Logan's residence the day before, and therefore, should have been excluded. None of the
doctrinal exceptions are applicable in this case. Therefore, the trial judge's failure to exclude this evidence
requires reversal.

¶25. Under Gates, there must be probable cause for a search warrant to be valid. The Fourth Amendment
as applied through Coolidge and Carney protects citizens against general warrants and other exploratory
searches such as the searches conducted herein. In the case sub judice, Logan claims that there was no
probable cause, that this was a was a general warrant, and that it did not properly describe the place to be
searched which was the shop located behind the house and that any evidence obtained should be
suppressed under the exclusionary rule. Logan further asserts that the shop behind his house is a totally self-
sustaining building with a separate driveway, separate utilities, taxed separately for property taxes, and not
connected to his home in any meaningful way which made it outside the scope of the warrant.

¶26. Logan is correct in stating that this was a general search warrant for "documents relating to a chop
shop" and not sufficiently stated with particularity under Carney. Since the first search warrant was
conducted without consent in violation of Pennick it is invalid and all evidence obtained from that search is
inadmissible. The evidence obtained during the second and third searches is inadmissible under the
exclusionary rule and because of the prohibition against general search warrants. Therefore, this assignment
of error is well taken, and all of the evidence obtained during the three searches should be suppressed.
III. THE TRIAL JUDGE ALLOWED THE TESTIMONY OF THE STATE'S HANDWRITING
EXPERT WITHOUT PROPER NOTICE

¶27. The guidelines for resolving a discovery violation are set out in the concurring opinion by Justice
Robertson in the case of Box v. State, 437 So. 2d 19 (Miss. 1983). Justice Robertson suggested that, "In
cases where the state seeks to offer into evidence that which it ought to have disclosed pursuant to a
discovery request but didn't, it is first incumbent upon the defendant to make a timely objection." Id. at 23.

¶28. The second guideline suggested by Justice Robertson is that:

      If, after examining the evidence involved or interviewing the would-be witness, the defendant is of the
      opinion that he has been subjected to unfair surprise and that his defense will be prejudiced if the
      evidence is offered without his having had the opportunity to investigate independently the credibility
      of the evidence and possible responses thereto, it should then be incumbent upon him to request
      expressly that the court grant a continuance. In most instances this will necessitate a declaration of a
      mistrial.

Id. The final guideline is that if the State is of the opinion that for whatever reason it wants to use the witness
or the evidence in its case against the defendant, the order for a continuance must stand. Id. at 24.

¶29. The Mississippi Supreme Court has followed the Box test even though the applicable discovery rule
has changed to Uniform Rule of Circuit and County Court Rule 9.04(I). Lester v. State, 692 So. 2d 755,
786 (Miss. 1997) (overruled on other grounds by Manning v. State, 1999 WL 174246 (Miss. Mar. 31,
1999). In Lester, the Mississippi Supreme Court stated that:

      URCCC 9.04(I) now applies to discovery violations. The rules require that the trial court grant the
      defense reasonable time to examine the new evidence that the prosecution attempts to introduce at
      trial without prior disclosure. If the defense still shows unfair surprise or prejudice and requests a
      continuance or mistrial, the trial court must either exclude the evidence or grant a continuance.

¶30. In the case sub judice, the State disclosed an expert witness with his report two working days prior to
trial and five weeks after the deadline for the prosecution to submit their witnesses had passed. To properly
respond to testimony of the handwriting expert, the defense should have had the opportunity to have the
court continue the case so that they could have a defense expert review the handwriting examination of the
State's witness along with the original documents and exemplars. The court failed to grant this continuance
and allowed the State's handwriting expert to testify.

¶31. The parties agreed that the deadline for the State to submit all witnesses, evidence, statements and
summaries of witness testimony as required by Uniform Circuit and County Court Rule 9.04 was August
13, 1996. The State was ordered by the court to submit their discovery by this date. After the State notified
Logan of its expert handwriting expert, he filed his motion within two working days after receiving notice of
the new expert witness.

¶32. In the instant case, the prosecution had over seven months from the time they seized the evidence until
trial to obtain a handwriting analysis. However, the State waited until several weeks before the trial was
scheduled to begin to obtain a handwriting examination. Burkes testified that he completed his report on
September 9, 1996 and had discussed the results of this examination with Investigator Jim Smith before this
date. The State did not disclose this information or list this witness until September 20, 1996, after business
hours and two working days prior to trial. This insufficient notice, which also violated the discovery rules,
did not allow Logan enough time to have an expert review the report and examine the same original
documents and exemplars. Furthermore, these necessary documents were never presented to Logan at any
time. Therefore, this assignment of error is well taken.

IV. THE JURY WAS UNDULY PREJUDICED FROM THE TESTIMONY REFERENCING
STOLEN MOTORS FOUND ON LOGAN'S PROPERTY

¶33. The Mississippi Supreme Court has held that before a trial court can consider evidence of uncharged
crimes under Mississippi Rule of Evidence 404(b), the evidence must satisfy some relevant evidentiary
purpose "beyond simply showing that the defendant is the sort of fellow likely to commit the crime
charged." Watts v. State, 635 So. 2d 1364, 1368 (Miss. 1994) (quoting Jenkins v. State, 507 So. 2d 89,
92 (Miss. 1987)). The Watts court further stated that, "If and when evidence clears the hurdle of Rule
404(b), however, it must still clear the test of Rule 403." Id. In Watts, the court did not agree with the State
that the evidence in question was necessary to prove intent and ruled that evidence of this nature is not of
great probative value even though there may be an argument that it is in some way technically relevant. Id.
at 1368-69.

¶34. In the case of Darby v. State, 538 So. 2d 1168 (Miss. 1989), the Mississippi Supreme Court applied
the rationale of United States v. Beechum, 582 F.2d 898 (1978) in conducting a balancing analysis under
MRE 403. According to the court:

      It must first be determined that the evidence possesses probative value that is not substantially
      outweighed by its potential for undue prejudice, and must meet the other requirements of Rule 403.
      The other requirements being that before an exception to the general rule excluding evidence of other
      crimes from admission in criminal cases can be invoked, the trial court must be satisfied that 1) there is
      plain, clear and convincing evidence of a similar offense, 2) the offense is not too remote in time, 3)
      the element of the similar crime for which there is a recognized exception is a material issue in the
      case, and 4) there is a substantial need for the probative value of the evidence.

Darby, 538 So. 2d at 1173. Under Newsom v. State, 629 So. 2d 611, 614 (Miss. 1993), the supreme
court held that specific instances of conduct in cases where character or the trait of character is "an essential
element of the charge, claim, or defense" are admissible whether on cross or direct examination.

¶35. In the case sub judice, the trial judge allowed the State to elicit testimony from several witnesses that
they found stolen motors on Logan's property. Logan asserts that these stolen motors were the subject of a
separate indictment against him. Second, Logan claims that the only evidence supporting the supposition
that these motors were stolen was hearsay evidence. He also claims that this testimony was not admissible
under MRE 404(b) and that the probative value did not substantially outweigh the prejudicial effect.

¶36. During the direct examination of Virgil Luke, the State asked him whether any stolen property was
found on Logan's property when it was searched. Logan objected, but the State argued that the character
of Logan was in issue, so specific instances of conduct were relevant under MRE 404(b) and 405. Logan
stated that this evidence was the subject of a separate indictment against him and that character was not in
issue since it was not an element of the indicted charges. The trial court ruled that this evidence was
admissible as relevant evidence and the probative value outweighed the prejudicial effect. Logan was
correct in asserting that character was not an element of the indicted charges, and therefore, specific
instances of conduct were not relevant or admissible under MRE 404(b) and 405. This assignment of error
is also well taken and these specific instances of conduct should not have been permitted where Logan's
character was not an issue.

V. THE TRIAL JUDGE IMPROPERLY ALLOWED EVIDENCE OF UNCHARGED FORGED
RECEIPTS IN VIOLATION OF MRE 404(B) AND 403

¶37. As the Mississippi Supreme Court stated in Jenkins v. State, 507 So. 2d 89, 93 (Miss. 1987):

      To be sure, evidence admissible under Rule 404(b) is also subject to the prejudice test of Rule 403;
      that is, even though the Circuit Court considered the evidence at issue admissible under 404(b), it was
      still required by Rule 403 to consider whether its probative value on the issues of motive, opportunity
      and intent was substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. In this sense Rule 403 is an
      ultimate filter through which all otherwise admissible evidence must pass.

Id. The Mississippi Supreme Court has held that evidence of other uncharged crimes is so prejudicial that it
should not be admitted when compared to the probative value. Usry v. State, 498 So. 2d 373 (Miss.
1986); Smith v. State, 656 So. 2d 95, 100 (Miss. 1995)(holding in drug possession case that evidence of
past drug sales alone is "an insufficient evidentiary basis for the conclusion that present possession is with the
intent to distribute").

¶38. In the instant case, the trial judge allowed the introduction into evidence of extensive records of
receipts for repaired vehicles that the police seized from Logan's house. Logan objected to this introduction
because the court stated that the uncharged forgeries were admissible since he was charged with forgery.
These documents were admitted through the testimony of Investigator Jeff Roberts of the Mississippi
Highway Patrol who testified that he seized all of these receipts from Logan's residence. The State called
Jay Stoll, Robert Hiatt, and Danny Grabert, local body shop owners, who testified that the receipt records
with their businesses' name on them were not from their business nor were the signatures theirs. Later in the
trial, the court allowed testimony that the Mississippi Highway Patrol seized thirty-one vehicles in their
investigation into Logan. Even if the evidence of uncharged crimes presented here would have been
admissible under 403, the danger of unfair prejudice of the evidence outweighed any probative value.
Therefore, this assignment of error is well taken and this evidence, since it is so highly prejudicial, should not
have been allowed into evidence during Logan's trial.

VI. THE COURT ALLOWED INSURANCE INVESTIGATIVE FILES INTO EVIDENCE IN
VIOLATION OF THE MISSISSIPPI RULES OF EVIDENCE

¶39. In the case sub judice, Logan contends that (1) the State did not have the custodian or other qualified
witness to introduce the insurance files from the different insurance companies and (2) the State denied
Logan his Sixth Amendment right to confrontation by not calling each insurance adjuster who investigated
the insurance claim on each wrecked vehicle.

¶40. Rule 803(6) of the Mississippi Rules of Evidence provides:

      (6) Records of Regularly Conducted Activity. A memorandum, report, record, or data compilation, in
      any form, of acts, events, conditions, opinions or diagnosis, made at or near the time by, or from
      information transmitted by, a person with knowledge, if kept in the course of a regularly conducted
      business activity, and if it was the regular practice of that business activity to make the memorandum,
      report, record, or data compilation, all as shown by the testimony of the custodian or other qualified
      witness, unless the source of the information or the method or circumstances or preparation indicate
      lack of trustworthiness.

¶41. Rule 901 of the Mississippi Rules of Evidence provides:

      (a) General Provision. The requirement of authentication or identification as a condition precedent to
      admissibility is satisfied by evidence sufficient to support a finding that the matter in question is what it
      proponents claims.

      (b) Illustrations. By way of illustration only, not by way of limitation, the following are examples of
      authentication or identification conforming with the requirements of this rule:

      (1) Testimony of Witness With Knowledge. Testimony that a matter is what it is claimed to be.

The Mississippi Supreme Court explained that the witness in Wells was qualified to authenticate the
business bank records because "he prepared the summary with the help of his bookkeeper, and his
testimony reveals that he was a witness with knowledge that the summary was what it claimed to be." Wells
v. State, 604 So. 2d 271, 275 (Miss. 1992).

¶42. "Hearsay is a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing,
offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted." M.R.E. 801(c). "Hearsay evidence is
inadmissible unless it falls within one of the known exceptions." Clark v. State, 693 So. 2d 927, 931
(Miss. 1997). The Mississippi Supreme Court held that "only when hearsay evidence qualifies under a
'firmly rooted hearsay exception' can it be admitted over a right to confrontation objection by the
defendant." Gossett v. State, 660 So. 2d 1285, 1296 (Miss. 1995). A criminal defendant is guaranteed the
right to confront the witnesses against him under the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
U.S.C.A. Const. Amend. VI.

¶43. In the case sub judice, the State used Investigator Luke to testify from an insurance investigative
report from a State Farm Insurance adjuster in Gretna, Louisiana. Logan objected to this testimony based
on hearsay without an exception. However, the trial judge allowed the testimony despite this objection.
Luke testified that he obtained the insurance investigative file by making a request to State Farm to get their
hard copy documents. The insurance investigative file also contained photographs of various automobiles
that were wrecked and sold for salvage, an accident report, and the report of the insurance adjuster who
evaluated the damage. Luke further testified by reading from the reports and describing what was depicted
in the photographs. Logan objected to this testimony directly from the insurance adjuster's file as being
hearsay and further that they were not properly authenticated because there was no representative from
State Farm to authenticate the report. Luke continued to read from the various reports in the insurance files
after the court overruled Logan's objections.

¶44. The State was allowed to introduce a similar report from Mississippi Farm Bureau despite Logan's
objection as to hearsay and that the chain of custody of these insurance files was not established.
Nonetheless, the trial judge allowed Luke to testify from the documents about damages to the various
vehicles as compared to what was reported to the Mississippi Highway Patrol and the State Tax
Commission when Logan had the vehicles retitled.

¶45. Here, Luke was not involved in preparing the insurance files, did not work directly for each insurance
company, nor did he even know the adjusters. Luke was called to testify as an expert witness in the field of
vehicle identification. He was employed by an organization called the National Insurance Crime Bureau, a
nonprofit corporation funded by the insurance industry with a purpose to assist law enforcement officers.
Since Luke was not qualified to introduce the insurance files from the different insurance companies, the
documents were not properly authenticated, and Logan was denied his right to confront the insurance
adjuster who investigated and prepared the files on each wrecked vehicle. Therefore, Logan's right to
confront witnesses against him was violated and this assignment of error is also well taken.

VII. THE TRIAL JUDGE IMPROPERLY ALLOWED THE STATE'S EXPERT ON
IDENTIFYING STOLEN VEHICLES TO TESTIFY OUTSIDE HIS SCOPE OF EXPERTISE

¶46. The Mississippi Supreme Court stated the limits of testimony by an expert in Ludlow Corp. v.
Arkwright-Boston Mfrs. Ins. Co., 317 So. 2d 47, 50 (Miss. 1975):

     An expert must have acquired special knowledge of the subject matter in question by study of
     recognized authorities 'or by practical experience' enabling him to give the jury assistance and
     guidance in solving some problem which jurors are not able to solve because of their own inadequate
     knowledge.

(citing Capital Transport Co. v. Segrest, 254 Miss 168, 181 So. 2d 111 (1965)).

¶47. At trial, the judge allowed Luke to testify about the damages to the automobiles and the repairs even
though Luke had not been properly qualified as an expert on car repairs. The State also allowed Luke to
testify that sheet metal in two of the State's exhibits had not been repaired in anyway because it was
encompassed in his expertise as a vehicle identification specialist. At another point, Luke was allowed to
testify as an expert in metallurgy by discussing the metal type of the rivets and whether they were factory
originals or homemade. The judge overruled Logan's objection to this line of questioning by stating that
Luke had satisfactorily explained what was done to the rivets to make them appear as originals. Luke
further testified as to whether the vehicles were repairable. Since the trial court allowed Luke to testify
outside his area of expertise, this issue is also well taken.

VIII. THE TRIAL JUDGE DID NOT ERR IN FAILING TO DEMUR TO THE INDICTMENT
BECAUSE THERE WAS NO DUPLICITY

¶48. Mississippi Code Annotated Section 99-7-2 (Rev. 1994) states in pertinent part that:

     (1) Two (2) or more offenses which are triable in the same court may be charged in the same
     indictment with a separate count for each offense if: (a) the offenses are based on the same act or
     transaction; or (b) the offenses are based on two (2) or more acts or transactions connected together
     or constituting parts of a common scheme or plan.

     (2) Where two(2) or more offenses are properly charged in separate counts of a single indictment, all
     such charges may be tried in a single proceeding.
      (3) When a defendant is convicted of two (2) or more offenses charged in separate counts of an
      indictment, the court shall impose separate sentences for each such conviction.

      (4) The jury or the court, in cases in which the jury is waived, shall return a separate verdict for each
      count of an indictment drawn under subsection (1) of this section.

¶49. The Mississippi Supreme Court has long held that it is improper to charge the commission of two
different crimes in a single count. Hitt v. State, 217 Miss. 61, 67, 63 So. 2d 665,668 (1953). The Hitt
Court defined duplicity, stating that, "Duplicity in criminal pleading is the joinder of two or more distinct and
separate offenses in the same count of an indictment or information." Id. The court reversed the conviction
stating that these separate offenses could not be prosecuted as one crime in one count. Id. at 68.

¶50. Several recognized exceptions exist to this rule including such offenses as assault and battery and
burglary and larceny. Wolf v. State, 281 So. 2d 445, 446 (1973). The Wolf Court further explained that:

      The rationale of the exceptions seems to be that a statement in an indictment of the motive or purpose
      which promoted the principal criminal action, although it may in itself, if taken alone, charge an
      offense, is not objectionable, if it is incidental and relates to a description of the principal offense, is
      not inconsistent with it, and is part of a single transaction.

Id.

¶51. Logan claims that counts one through seven of the indictment each charge him with presenting false
documents and statements to the Mississippi Department of Public Safety in the titling of motor vehicles in
violation of Mississippi Code Annotated Section 97-7-10. Logan also states that counts one through seven
of the indictment charge him with altering the public vehicle identification numbers on each of the vehicles
which is a violation of Mississippi Code Annotated Section 63-25-5 although not specifically addressed by
statute number.

¶52. Mississippi Code Section 97-7-10 (Rev.1994) states in part that:

      (1) Whoever, with intent to defraud the state or any department, agency, office, board, commission,
      county, municipality or other subdivision of state or local government, knowingly and willfully falsifies,
      conceals or covers up by trick, scheme or device a material fact, or makes any false, fictitious or
      fraudulent statements or representations, or makes or uses any false writing or document knowing the
      same to contain any false, fictitious or fraudulent statement or entry, shall . . . be punished . . . .

Mississippi Code Section 63-25-5 (Rev. 1996) reads in pertinent part that:

      (2) Any person who knowingly alters, counterfeits, defaces, destroys, disguises, falsifies, forges,
      obliterates or knowingly removes a vehicle identification number with the intent to misrepresent the
      identity or prevent the identification of a motor vehicle or motor vehicle part shall be guilty of a felony .
      . . upon conviction . . . .

A separate charge may be described in an indictment, although it was just included as a necessary element
of proof to specifically charge the greater offense. Harrigill v. State, 381 So. 2d 619, 621 (Miss. 1980).

¶53. Logan filed a motion to "demur to the indictment" which is now referred to as a motion to quash the
indictment after the Mississippi Rules of Evidence were promulgated in 1985. This motion to quash alleged
that the indictment was duplicitous because two distinct and separate offenses were joined in the same
count for each of counts one through seven. The trial judge denied the motion after a hearing and stated that
this indictment met the requirements of Section 99-7-2.(1) Here, the charge of altering vehicle identification
numbers was described in the indictment but not specifically charged as a crime against Logan. Instead,
some of the elements of that charge make up the greater offense of presenting false documents and
statements to the Mississippi Department of Public Safety in the titling of motor vehicles in violation of
Mississippi Code Annotated Section 97-7-10 (Rev. 1994). Therefore, the trial judge was correct that the
indictment was not duplicitous and there was no error with respect to this issue.

IX. THE TRIAL JUDGE DID NOT ERR IN DISMISSING THE COUNTS AS
MUTIPLICIOUS

¶54. Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299, 303 (1932) states that "[w]here the same act or
transaction constitutes a violation of the two distinct statutory provisions, the test to be applied to determine
whether there are two offenses or only one is whether each provision requires proof of an additional fact
which the other does not." The case of Shook v. State, 552 So. 2d 841, 848-49 (Miss. 1989) outlines the
procedure for analysis in Mississippi under the parameters of Blockburger. In Shook, the court looked at
the multiplicity claim of shooting into a dwelling and aggravated assault in a drive by shooting. The
Mississippi Supreme Court held that "shooting into a dwelling house is not required to establish an
aggravated assault, and neither injury nor attempt to injure is required to prove shooting into a dwelling
house." Here, we must determine whether, under these facts, the crimes of defrauding the State government
and uttering forgery constitute the same offense. Under Blockburger, the objective elements of each
offense must be examined. Id.

¶55. We have examined the fraudulent statement statute, Miss. Code Ann. § 97-7-10(2) (Rev. 1994), and
the uttering statute, Miss. Code Ann. § 97-21-59, (Rev. 1994).(2) There is a distinction between these two
statutes. On the uttering charges, it is required that Logan pass an instrument knowing it to be forged,
altered, or counterfeited. The charges and proof were that the receipts were forgeries and passed knowing
them to be forgeries. The fraudulent statement statute required different proof in that Logan made different
and or additional false statements or representations in the applications for inspection claiming that the
vehicle identification numbers were not altered.

¶56. By analogy to the Shook case, uttering forgery is not required as proof of defrauding State government
and neither is passing the forgery to the government an element of uttering. The fact that two crimes
involved the same car is not the determining factor. It was Logan's acts and statements that garnered him
additional charges. Moreover, as the trial court noted, Mississippi Code Annotated § 97-7-10(2) clearly
shows the intent of the legislature to create and punish an additional crime when one commits fraudulent acts
against the State. Therefore, there is no merit in the argument that the counts should have been dismissed as
duplicitous.

X. THE IMPROPER COMMENTS MADE BY THE STATE IN CLOSING ARGUMENTS
UNDULY PREJUDICED THE JURY

¶57. The Mississippi Supreme Court has held for many years that it is reversible error for the State to
comment on the failure of an accused to testify in his own behalf. Lambert v. State, 199 Miss. 790, 797,
25 So. 2d 477, 479 (1946). In Lambert, the district attorney, in his closing argument to the jury, said:
"Where is the testimony that he did not do it? . . . There's no denial."Lambert, 25 So. 2d 479. The defense
counsel objected and moved for a mistrial which the trial court denied. Id. The supreme court analyzed the
history of the Mississippi cases where it reversed trial courts for remarks made by the prosecution
referencing failure of the accused to testify. Id. For example, the Lambert court considered the case of
Reddick v. State, 72 Miss. 1008, 16 So. 490 (1895), where the prosecution stated, "[the defendant] has
not denied it." The defense in Reddick objected to this statement. Thereafter, the prosecutor attempted to
cure his remarks and defended his statement by arguing "that it was not his intention to refer to the fact that
the defendant had not testified." Id. at 490. The Mississippi Supreme Court stated that the intention of the
attorney is immaterial--that the test is whether the language can reasonably be construed to be a comment
upon the failure of defendant to take the stand." Lambert, 199 Miss. at 793, 25 So. 2d at 478. In Hoff v.
State, 83 Miss. 488, 35 So. 950, 950-51 (1904), the Mississippi Supreme Court reversed a conviction
where the prosecutor held a letter up to the jury in his closing argument and stated, "Nobody on earth
denies that he wrote it. . . . No living soul has denied that the defendant seduced this little girl."

¶58. Over the years, many cases have explained the Lambert analysis as requiring each case to be
considered individually where there is a question as to the State's comments on the defendant's failure to
testify. Conway v. State, 397 So. 2d 1095, 1100 (Miss. 1980). The issue in Conway dealt with the
statement by the prosecutor that "the evidence was uncontradicted." Id. at 1099. In its analysis, the supreme
court looked to whether the comment was a general comment or whether the comment referred to specific
acts alleged to have been done by the defendant. Id. In Conway, there was no transcript of the closing
arguments of counsel; therefore, the court declined to determine the context in which the alleged statement
was made and instead, considered the comment as a general statement with regard to the evidence as a
whole. Id. at 1100.

¶59. The Mississippi Supreme Court has stated that "fundamental fairness requires that a defendant should
not be subjected to testimony and tactics which are highly prejudicial and inflammatory." Acevedo v. State,
467 So. 2d 220, 226 (Miss. 1985). In the case of Clemons v. State, 320 So. 2d 368, 371 (Miss. 1975)
the court stated that:

      The purpose of the closing argument before a jury is to enlighten the jury. It is the duty of the district
      attorney to fairly sum up and point out the points presented by the state on which the prosecution
      contends a verdict of guilty is proper. There are, however, certain well established limits beyond
      which counsel is forbidden to go; he must confine himself to the facts introduced in evidence and to
      the fair and reasonable deductions and conclusions to be drawn therefrom.

¶60. In this case, the assistant district attorney specifically argued that Logan filed homemade rivets in an
attempt to make them look like factory rivets. In making this argument, he states, "There's no evidence to
the contrary." This statement is a direct comment on Logan's failure to testify whether it was intended to be
one or not under Lambert. The State also discussed crimes which were not charged or in issue, and the
trial judge allowed the testimony. Later the district attorney tried to inflame the jury by telling them that if
they "violate [their] oath, [they] will have defrauded the State of Mississippi."

¶61. Here, the district attorney pointed out Logan's failure to testify, argued about charges and crimes not
before the jury, and improperly influenced the jury's passions. Instead, he should have confined himself to
the facts in evidence and relied on the jury's fair and reasonable decision without inflammatory language.
The only recourse at this point in the trial would have been for the trial judge to declare a mistrial. Since he
did not, we reverse on this issue and the others stated above for a new trial consistent with this opinion.

¶62. THE JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT OF LINCOLN COUNTY IS REVERSED
AND REMANDED FOR A NEW TRIAL CONSISTENT WITH THIS OPINION. ALL COSTS
OF THIS APPEAL ARE ASSESSED TO LINCOLN COUNTY.

KING, P.J., BRIDGES, COLEMAN, LEE, AND THOMAS, JJ., CONCUR.

McMILLIN, C.J., CONCURRING IN PART AND DISSENTING IN PART BY SEPARATE
WRITTEN OPINION, JOINED BY SOUTHWICK, P.J., IRVING AND PAYNE, JJ.

McMILLIN, C.J., CONCURRING IN PART, DISSENTING IN PART:

¶63. I would agree with the majority that this conviction must be reversed based on several of the errors
that occurred in the first trial. However, I would respectfully disagree that the trial court committed
reversible error in failing to suppress evidence admitted at trial that had been obtained pursuant to several
searches conducted by investigating officers.

¶64. Logan claims that the first 'search,' in which investigating officers only conducted a visual inspection of
Logan's shop and did not seize any evidence was an unconstitutional search in that it was not undertaken
with the informed consent of the property owner and was not authorized by a valid search warrant. Logan
urges that his wife's decision to permit the inspection was not voluntary since she was both uninformed as to
her right to refuse and intimidated by the presence of a large number of law enforcement officials who had
arrived unannounced and en masse. There was a lengthy inquiry into the circumstances that led Mrs. Logan
to permit the officers to walk through the shop, and there is no contention that she lacked authority to
consent to the inspection. The trial court did not find that Mrs. Logan was so intimidated by the presence of
these officers that she felt coerced or forced to permit the inspection against her will. In ruling on such
subjective matters, the trial judge is given wide discretion. Luton v. State, 287 So. 2d 269, 272 (Miss.
1973). He observes the witnesses first hand, hears the evidence and then determines whether the consent
was, in fact, voluntary or not. Id. When his ruling is contested on appeal, an appellate court may set aside
that ruling only if the court is satisfied that the trial court was manifestly wrong in so deciding. Smith v.
State, 465 So. 2d 999, 1002 (Miss. 1985). In my view, there simply is no legitimate basis to argue that the
trial court was so patently incorrect in its findings that this Court ought to interfere.

¶65. One of Logan's arguments rests on the proposition that Mrs. Logan was not affirmatively informed by
the officers of her right to decline the inspection of the premises. When the issue is the voluntariness of a
consent to search, there is no absolute requirement that the person receive a Miranda-like notification that
the person can refuse the officer's request, even though the Mississippi Supreme Court has suggested that it
will, using state constitutional concerns, apply a stricter test of voluntariness than the United States Supreme
Court does under Fourth Amendment jurisprudence. Penick v. State, 440 So. 2d 547 (Miss. 1983).
According to the Penick decision, there must be a dual determination of consent to search accompanied by
a showing that the consent was knowledgeable. Id. at 550. This apparently indicates that the State must
show that the consenting party was actually aware of that party's right not to consent to the search. Id.
Though evidence that the party was, in fact, informed of that right by the requesting officer would be one
means of demonstrating the requisite knowledge, there is no Mississippi authority suggesting that this is the
only way to demonstrate knowledge.
¶66. In this case, after Mrs. Logan was requested to consent to an inspection of her husband's shop, she
declined to do so unless the officers agreed to remove a substantial number of the police cars parked at the
residence. The very act of attaching conditions to the consent to search and demanding compliance with the
conditions before the search began appears a strong indicator that Mrs. Logan understood that she was not
obligated to permit the officers to inspect the premises.

¶67. Logan's objection to the second search, which was also a consensual one, is not entirely clear. Logan
himself consented to this second search and, in fact, signed a written consent form in advance of the search.
Again, the issue of whether the consent was obtained through threats or coercion such that it was not, in
truth, voluntary is one committed primarily to the broad discretion of the trial court. I can find no abuse of
that discretion in the court's decision not to suppress evidence obtained in that search.

¶68. One of Logan's arguments against the third search, conducted under a search warrant, appears to be
that information improperly gleaned from the earlier searches of Logan's shop was used to establish
probable cause for the warrant. Logan's argument necessarily rests on the foundation that the earlier
searches were unconstitutional invasions of federal and state constitutional rights against unreasonable
searches and seizures. For the reasons I have already discussed I would reject the charge of im propriety in
the earlier searches. Since this third search was conducted pursuant to a warrant obtained on probable
cause, I see no arguable basis to exclude any evidence seized during that search.

¶69. The third search was also attacked as having been conducted under an invalid warrant because its
scope was too broad to meet constitutional strictures. The Fourth Amendment states that a warrant must
describe "the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized." U.S. Const. amend. IV
(emphasis supplied). The warrant permitted the search and seizure of documents relating to Logan's vehicle
repair and rebuilding activities conducted on his premises. Logan contends that this description of items to
be searched for in the warrant was too indefinite and did not accurately describe the documents and
records actually seized in the search or, in the alternative, described documents that could not possibly have
been evidence of the kind of crime then under investigation, i.e., the operation of a "chop shop." His
argument depends, in part, on the assertion that the warrant included invoices for purchases of automobile
parts and a "chop shop" operator, in the course of operating that kind of illegal activity, would not
reasonably be expected to purchase parts.

¶70. On this third search, the officers seized a number of files containing invoices for parts purchases and
related expenses regarding the rebuilding of wrecked vehicles. Some of these documents later proved to be
forged and were used in this criminal prosecution. I am of the opinion that, so long as Logan was suspected
of operating a "chop shop" where stolen vehicles were brought in and either disassembled to be sold for
their constituent parts or disguised so that they would not be readily identifiable, any documents relating to
vehicles rebuilt or repaired by Logan at his shop facility would have potential relevance in a criminal
investigation. It was not necessary for the officers to know, in advance, what records, invoices, or other
documents Logan would actually have on the premises in order to obtain a warrant to search for such
evidence so long as they had a reasonable basis to conclude that some such documentary evidence might
be discovered on the premises. In that circumstance, the officers' inability to describe with more certainty
the documents that would be sought does not appear fatal to the warrant.
¶71. I would reverse and remand for a new trial because of the cumulative effect of the other prejudicial
occurrences during the trial discussed in the majority; however, in the event of a subsequent trial after our
reversal, I would not deprive the State of the evidence gathered in its searches of Logan's premises.

SOUTHWICK, P.J., AND IRVING AND PAYNE, JJ., JOIN THIS SEPARATE WRITTEN
OPINION.

      1. Section 99-7-2 Miss. Code Ann. (Rev. 1994) states in pertinent part that:

      (1) Two (2) or more offenses which are triable in the same court may be charged in the same
      indictment with a separate count for each offense if: (a) the offenses are based on two (2) or more
      acts or transactions connected together or constituting parts of a common scheme or plan.

      (2) Where two (2) or more offenses are properly charged in separate counts of a single indictment, all
      such charges may be tried in a single proceeding.

      (3) When a defendant is convicted of two (2) or more offenses charged in separate counts of an
      indictment, the court shall impose separate sentences for each such conviction.

      2. Section 97-7-10 states in pertinent part that:

      (1) Whoever, with intent to defraud the state or any department, agency, office, board commission,
      county, municipality or other subdivision of state or local government, knowingly and willfully falsifies,
      conceals or covers up by trick, scheme or device a material fact, or makes any false, fictitious or
      fraudulent statements or representations, or makes or uses any statement or entry, shall, upon
      conviction, be punished . . . .

      Section 97-21-59 states that:

      Every person who shall be convicted of having uttered or published as true, and with intent to
      defraud, any forged, altered, or counterfeit instrument, or any counterfeit gold or silver coin, the
      altering or counterfeiting of which is declared by the provisions of this chapter to be an offense,
      knowing such instrument or coin to be forged, altered, or counterfeited, shall suffer the punishment
      herein provided for forgery.