Court Opinion

ID: 4650852
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-01-12 19:12:52.022313+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:01:35.434500
License: Public Domain

J-S45024-20

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    JOSHUS TROY PORTER                         :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 1644 EDA 2019

        Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered March 7, 2019,
            in the Court of Common Pleas of Montgomery County,
            Criminal Division at No(s): CP-46-CR-0006102-2017.

BEFORE: BOWES, J., KUNSELMAN, J., and MURRAY, J.

MEMORANDUM BY KUNSELMAN, J.:                          FILED JANUARY 12, 2021

       Joshus Troy Porter appeals the judgment of sentence imposed following

his convictions for burglary, criminal trespass, unlawful restraint, simple

assault, recklessly endangering another person, strangulation-throat/neck,

strangulation-nose/mouth, and harassment.1 We affirm.

       The trial court set forth the relevant factual and procedural history as

follows:

             On May 14, 2017, [Porter’s] ex -girlfriend, Angela Fillman,
       received forty-seven (47) phone calls and multiple text messages
       from [Porter]. Many of these messages and phone calls involved
       [Porter] asking Ms. Fillman to get back with him. During one of
       these phone calls, [Porter] requested a ride from Ms. Fillman but
       she refused. At 11:52 p.m., officers were dispatched to an
       apartment in Royersford, PA due to a report of a domestic incident
       in process.     During their response to the scene, officers
____________________________________________

1See 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3502(a)(1)(ii), 3503(a)(1)(ii), 2902(a)(1), 2701(a)(1),
2705, 2718(a)(1), 2718(a)(2), 2709(a)(1).
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     encountered Ms. Fillman, in the police station parking lot across
     the street from her apartment. Ms. Fillman stated that she was
     asleep in her bedroom when she was awoken by the sound of
     breaking glass. Ms. Fillman subsequently walked into the doorway
     of her bedroom where she observed [Porter] standing inside the
     living room. [Porter] had entered the third floor apartment by
     climbing the fire escape and breaking a locked window.

            [Porter] began a verbal argument with [Ms. Fillman]
     regarding their relationship. Ms. Fillman attempted to open the
     door to leave her apartment, but [Porter] pushed it shut. [Porter]
     indicated he was going to kill himself and took possession of a
     knife from Ms. Fillman’s kitchen. [Porter] stabbed himself in the
     left forearm with the knife, which caused a significant amount of
     blood loss. Ms. Fillman grabbed a towel and placed it around
     [Porter’s] arm and took possession of the knife. Ms. Fillman
     subsequently attempted to run but [Porter] stepped in front of the
     door so she could not open it and pushed her to the floor. [Porter]
     began to rub his blood all over himself and leaned over Ms. Fillman
     so it would drip on her. [Porter] began pacing back and forth in
     the apartment and entered the kitchen. Ms. Fillman took this
     opportunity to exit the apartment.

           After leaving the apartment, Ms. Fillman ran down a hallway
     towards a flight of stairs. [Porter] pursued Ms. Fillman and pushed
     her down the steps head first, causing her to strike her knee
     against the landing at the bottom of the stairs. Ms. Fillman’s head
     also struck a baseboard resulting in a laceration which required
     stitches and a broken nose. Following her fall, Ms. Fillman saw
     [Porter] at the top of the stairs staring at her and pacing back and
     forth. Ms. Fillman stood up and ran outside into an alleyway but
     could feel [Porter] grabbing the back of her shirt when she opened
     the door to exit the apartment complex. Once she was outside,
     Ms. Fillman began screaming for help but [Porter] placed her in a
     choke hold and placed one hand over her mouth to stop her from
     screaming.

           [Porter] subsequently pushed Ms. Fillman to the ground and
     put one hand over her neck and the other hand over her mouth
     and nose. [Porter] placed pressure on the hand grabbing Ms.
     Fillman’s neck so she was not able to breathe. Ms. Fillman
     subsequently began losing consciousness. When she regained
     consciousness, Ms. Fillman saw [Porter] standing over her. Ms.
     Fillman stood up and ran to the street and saw [Porter] run away

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      from her. Ms. Fillman ran to the police station parking lot and
      called 911 with her cell phone. Responding officers called an
      ambulance for Ms. Fillman and later searched the apartment but
      were unsuccessful in finding [Porter] or the knife. Authorities
      eventually apprehended [Porter] in Chester County, PA on July 2,
      2017.

             On July 10-11, 2018, the court held a jury trial in which the
      jury found [Porter] guilty of the charges referenced above.
      Following the jury’s ruling, the court found [Porter] guilty of the
      summary charge [of harassment]. On November 5, 2018, the
      court imposed . . . an aggregate sentence of one hundred and
      fifty-four (154) to three hundred and eight (308) months of
      imprisonment (twelve and one-half (12-1/2) to twenty-five (25)
      years).

             On November 14, 201[8], [Porter] filed timely post-
      sentence motions. . . . On March 7, 2019, the court held a hearing
      on [Porter’s] post–sentence motions. That same date, the court
      determined a modification of [Porter’s] sentence was warranted in
      light of the issues raised . . ., and imposed a new sentence in
      which the criminal trespass charge merged with the burglary
      charge and which vacated the [sentences imposed on the]
      unlawful restraint, simple assault recklessly endangering another
      person, and harassment charges. [Porter’s] modified sentence
      consisted of forty-eight (48) to ninety-six (96) months of
      imprisonment with respect to the burglary charge and forty-eight
      (48) to ninety-six (96) months of imprisonment with respect to
      each strangulation charge. The court ran these sentences
      consecutively, resulting in an aggregate sentence of one hundred
      and forty-four (144) to two hundred and eighty-eight (288)
      months of imprisonment (twelve (12) to twenty-four (24) years).
      On March 18, 2019, [Porter] filed timely post-sentence motions
      which the court denied on May 6, 2019.

Trial Court Opinion, 1/8/20, at 2-4.

      Porter filed a timely notice of appeal. Both Porter and the trial court

complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

      Porter raises the following issues for our review:

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      1. Did the sentencing court violate the [d]ouble [j]eopardy
         clauses of the United States and Pennsylvania Constitutions by
         sentencing Mr. Porter on two counts of strangulation for one
         choking incident?

      2. Did the court below issue a sentence that is clearly
         unreasonable and manifestly excessive by doubling at re-
         sentencing the aggregate sentences of two strangulation
         counts that arise from one incident and without giving due
         consideration to mitigating factors?

      3. Was the evidence sufficient to sustain a conviction of burglary
         where the facts don’t establish an intent to commit a crime that
         is contemporaneous with the entry into the premises?

      4. Did the trial court err in assigning costs without taking into
         consideration Mr. Porter’s inability to pay?

Porter’s Brief at xi.

      In his first issue, Porter contends that his convictions for two counts of

strangulation arising from the same criminal episode violate the double

jeopardy clauses of the United States and Pennsylvania constitutions.        An

appeal grounded in double jeopardy raises a question of constitutional law.

See Commonwealth v. Kearns, 70 A.3d 881, 884 (Pa. Super. 2013). This

Court’s scope of review in making a determination on a question of law is

plenary. Id. As with all questions of law, the appellate standard of review is

de novo. Id.

      The prohibition against double jeopardy was designed to protect

individuals from being tried or punished more than once for the same

allegation or offense. See Commonwealth v. Miller, 198 A.3d 1187, 1191

(Pa. Super. 2018). The Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution

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provides, in relevant part, that no person shall “be subject for the same

offen[s]e to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb [.]” U.S. Const. amend.

V. Likewise, Article I, § 10 of the Pennsylvania Constitution provides that

“[n]o person shall, for the same offense, be twice put in jeopardy of life or

limb.” Pa. Const. art. I, § 10.

      Pursuant to the Pennsylvania Crimes Code, “A person commits the

offense of strangulation if the person knowingly or intentionally impedes the

breathing or circulation of the blood of another person by: (1) applying

pressure to the throat or neck; or (2) blocking the nose and mouth of the

person.” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2718(a)(1), (2).

      Porter challenges his conviction for a second count of strangulation. He

contends that Ms. Fillman was choked only once, but he was convicted twice

for strangulation. He argues that the Commonwealth pursued two counts of

strangulation on the basis that Ms. Fillman’s breathing was impeded by both

pressure to the throat or neck under subsection (a)(1), and blocking the nose

and mouth under subsection (a)(2).      Porter maintains that, although the

strangulation statute permits the offense to be proven in different ways, it

does not contemplate two separate offenses for a singular incident of choking.

Porter claims that the plain language of section 2718 makes clear that the

statute establishes a singular crime. He argues that the use of the operative

word “or” between subsections (a)(1) and (a)(2) demonstrates that the

                                    -5-
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legislature intended one unifying offense with alternate means of proving one

of the elements of that singular offense.

       Initially, we must determine whether Porter preserved this issue for our

review. Generally speaking, issues not raised in the lower court are waived

and cannot be raised for the first time on appeal. Pa.R.A.P. 302(a). The issue

preservation requirement ensures that the trial court that hears a dispute has

had an opportunity to consider the issue, which in turn advances the orderly

and efficient use of our judicial resources, and provides fairness to the parties.

See Commonwealth v. Hill, 238 A.3d 399 (Pa. 2020).

       Here, Porter filed two post-sentence motions, one following his original

sentencing, and another following his resentencing. Porter raised no double

jeopardy claim in his first post-sentence motion. In his second post-sentence

motion, Porter raised a double jeopardy claim, but only with respect to the

sentence imposed for the second strangulation count.2                Porter also

challenged the sentence imposed for the second strangulation count in his

concise statement, where he claimed, on double jeopardy grounds, it should

____________________________________________

2 In his second post-sentence motion, Porter framed his double jeopardy claim
as follows: “The increased sentence on Count 10 also raises [d]ouble
[j]eopardy concerns. See United States v. Benz, 282 U.S. 304, 308 (1931)
(‘[l]f, after judgment has been rendered on the conviction, and the sentence
of that judgment executed on the criminal, he can be again sentenced on that
conviction to another and different punishment, or to endure the same
punishment a second time, is the [Fifth Amendment] constitutional restriction
[on Double Jeopardy] of any value?’); see also, United States v. Corson,
449 F .2d 544, 550 (3d Cir. 1971).” Post-Sentence Motion, 3/18/19, at 3-4.

                                           -6-
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merge with the first count of strangulation for sentencing purposes.       See

Concise Statement, 3/18/19, at 2.        In response, the trial court addressed

Porter’s double jeopardy claim with respect to the appropriateness of merger

of his sentence for the second strangulation count. See Trial Court Opinion,

1/8/20, at 10-12.        However, in his appellate brief, Porter challenges his

conviction for the second strangulation count. Porter did not raise this claim

in either his post-sentence motions or in his concise statement.

      Our Supreme Court recently drew a distinction between a double

jeopardy challenge to a second conviction for the same offense as opposed

to a challenge to the sentence imposed for the second conviction. In Hill,

the defendant was convicted of two counts of DUI-general impairment arising

from the same incident. Hill did not raise a double jeopardy claim in the trial

court. On appeal, he claimed for the first time that his second DUI conviction

and sentence for a single act of DUI violated double jeopardy protections. The

High Court ruled that Hill waived his claim concerning his second DUI

conviction as he failed to preserve that issue below; however, he could

pursue his challenge to his second sentence for DUI because it implicated the

legality of his sentence, rendering that part of his claim non-waivable. 238

A.3d at *19.

      Here, as Porter did not challenge his second conviction for strangulation

in the trial court, he failed to preserve that claim for our review. Thus, his

first issue is waived.

                                       -7-
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      In his second issue, Porter challenges the discretionary aspects of the

sentence imposed for the second count of strangulation. “Challenges to the

discretionary aspects of sentencing do not entitle an appellant to review as of

right.” Commonwealth v. Moury, 992 A.2d 162, 170 (Pa. Super. 2010).

Prior to reaching the merits of a discretionary sentencing issue, this Court

conducts a four-part analysis to determine:

      (1) whether appellant has filed a timely notice of appeal, see
      Pa.R.A.P. 902 and 903; (2) whether the issue was properly
      preserved at sentencing or in a motion to reconsider and modify
      sentence, see Pa.R.Crim.P. [720]; (3) whether appellant’s brief
      has a fatal defect, [see] Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f); and (4) whether there
      is a substantial question that the sentence appealed from is not
      appropriate under the Sentencing Code, [see] 42 Pa.C.S.[A.] §
      9781(b).

Id. (citation omitted). When an appellant challenges the discretionary aspects

of his sentence, we must consider his brief on this issue as a petition for

permission to appeal. Commonwealth v. Yanoff, 690 A.2d 260, 267 (Pa.

Super. 1997); see also Commonwealth v. Tuladziecki, 522 A.2d 17, 18

(Pa. 1987); 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9781(b).

      In the instant case, Porter filed a timely notice of appeal, preserved his

discretionary sentencing claims in a timely post-sentence motion, and

included in his appellate brief a separate Rule 2119(f) statement. As such, he

is in technical compliance with the requirements to challenge the discretionary

aspects of his sentence. See Commonwealth v. Rhoades, 8 A.3d 912, 916

(Pa. Super. 2010). Thus, we will proceed to determine whether Porter has

presented a substantial question for our review.

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        The determination of whether a particular issue constitutes a substantial

question must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. However, we will be

inclined to allow an appeal where an appellant advances a colorable argument

that the trial judge’s actions were: (1) inconsistent with a specific provision of

the Sentencing Code; or (2) contrary to the fundamental norms which underlie

the sentencing process. See Commonwealth v. Roden, 730 A.2d 995, 997

(Pa. Super. 1999).      We cannot look beyond the statement of questions

presented and the prefatory Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f) statement to determine

whether a substantial question exists. See Commonwealth v. Barnes, 167

A.3d 110, 123 (Pa. Super. 2017).

        Moreover, in passing upon a Rule 2119(f) statement, this Court has held

that:

              The Rule 2119(f) statement must specify where the
        sentence falls in relation to the sentencing guidelines and what
        particular provision of the Code is violated (e.g., the sentence is
        outside the guidelines and the court did not offer any reasons
        either on the record or in writing, or double-counted factors
        already considered). Similarly, the Rule 2119(f) statement must
        specify what fundamental norm the sentence violates and the
        manner in which it violates that norm (e.g., the sentence is
        unreasonable or the result of prejudice because it is 500 percent
        greater than the extreme end of the aggravated range).

Commonwealth v. Goggins, 748 A.2d 721, 727 (Pa. Super. 2000) (en

banc).     A failure by an appellant to articulate a sufficient Rule 2119(f)

statement along with an objection from the Commonwealth will result in this

Court’s preclusion from considering the issue.        See Commonwealth v.

Karns, 50 A.3d 158, 166 (Pa. Super. 2012); see also Commonwealth v.

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Dodge, 77 A.3d 1263, 1271 (Pa. Super. 2013) (disapproving of the

appellant’s failure to indicate where his sentences fell in the sentencing

guidelines, and what provision of the sentencing code was violated);

Commonwealth v. Bullock, 868 A.2d 516, 529 (Pa. Super. 2005)

(concluding that the appellant failed to raise a substantial question as to his

claim of inadequate consideration of mitigating factors where he did not

explain in his Rule 2119(f) what specific provision of the sentencing code or

fundamental norm underlying the sentencing process had been violated).

       Porter’s Rule 2119(f) statement primarily consists of boilerplate legal

precedent with little discussion of his specific discretionary sentencing claims.

Porter asserts that the sentencing court imposed a manifestly excessive and

unreasonable sentence on the strangulation counts “because it is patently

unreasonable to impose consecutive sentences where the same narrow facts

charged proved both crimes.” Porter’s Brief at 10. He further claims that

“consecutive sentencing on the strangulation count is also excessive where

the counts were only made to run consecutively following a successful post-

sentence motion and the sentencing court did not take into account mitigating

factors.” Id.3

____________________________________________

3  In his brief, Porter discusses other ways in which the trial court allegedly
abused its sentencing discretion, such as its consideration of an impermissible
factor. However, as this claim was not raised in Porter’s Rule 2119(f)
statement, he failed to preserve it for our review. Thus, we will not consider
it.

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       Notably, in his rule 2119(f) Statement, Porter does not specify where

his strangulation sentences fall in relation to the sentencing guidelines. Nor

does he point to any specific provision of the Sentencing Code or fundamental

norm underlying the sentencing process that the trial court ostensibly violated

in imposing the strangulation sentences. However, the Commonwealth has

not objected to these deficiencies.

       Porter’s claim that his strangulation sentences are excessive due to the

trial court’s failure to consider mitigating factors fails to raise a substantial

question. See Commonwealth v. Lewis, 911 A.2d 558, 567 (Pa. Super.

2006) (holding that, generally, an allegation that a sentencing court failed to

consider or did not adequately consider certain mitigating factors does not

raise a substantial question that the sentence was inappropriate); see also

Commonwealth v. Mobley, 581 A.2d 949, 952 (Pa. Super. 1990) (holding

that a claim that the sentencing court failed to take into consideration the

defendant’s rehabilitative needs and was manifestly excessive did not raise a

substantial question where the sentence was within the statutory limit and the

sentencing guidelines).4

____________________________________________

4 We are mindful that a substantial question is raised where an appellant
alleges the sentencing court erred by imposing an aggravated range sentence
without consideration of mitigating circumstances. See Commonwealth v.
Bowen, 55 A.3d 1254, 1263 (Pa. Super. 2012). However, in the instant
matter, Porter concedes that his strangulation sentences fall within the
standard range of the sentencing guidelines. See Porter’s Brief at 23.

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      With regard to the imposition of consecutive sentences, the court has

discretion under 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9721 to impose sentences consecutively or

concurrently and, ordinarily, a challenge to this exercise of discretion does not

raise a substantial question. Instead,

            [T]he imposition of consecutive rather than concurrent
      sentences will present a substantial question in only the most
      extreme circumstances, such as where the aggregate sentence is
      unduly harsh, considering the nature of the crimes and the length
      of imprisonment.

            [An appellant] may raise a substantial question where he
      receives consecutive sentences within the guideline ranges if the
      case involves circumstances where the application of the
      guidelines would be clearly unreasonable, resulting in an
      excessive sentence; however, a bald claim of excessiveness due
      to the consecutive nature of a sentence will not raise a substantial
      question.

Commonwealth v. Swope, 123 A.3d 333, 338-39 (Pa. Super. 2015)

(citations and quotations omitted). Giving Porter the benefit of the doubt as

to whether his excessiveness claim based on the consecutive nature of his

strangulation sentences sufficiently raises a substantial question for our

consideration, we will address the merits of that claim.

      Our standard of review of a sentencing claim is as follows:

            Sentencing is a matter vested in the sound discretion of the
      sentencing court, and a sentence will not be disturbed on appeal
      absent a manifest abuse of discretion, which in this context, is not
      shown merely to be an error in judgment; rather the appellant
      must establish by reference to the record, that the sentencing
      court ignored or misapplied the law, exercised its judgment for
      reasons of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill will, or arrived at a
      manifestly unreasonable decision.

Commonwealth v. Shull, 148 A.3d 820, 832 (Pa. Super. 2016).

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      Porter contends that the trial court abused its discretion in imposing

consecutive sentences on his two counts of strangulation. He claims that the

facts of this case render consecutive sentences on two counts of strangulation

unjustified, excessive, and patently unreasonable. Porter points out that the

sentencing court originally imposed concurrent sentences for the two

strangulation counts; however, his original sentence was illegal, and therefore

had to be vacated and modified by the court to merge certain other convictions

for sentencing purposes. Porter explains that, upon resentencing, the trial

court ordered his strangulation sentences to be served consecutively rather

than concurrently. While Porter acknowledges that both of his strangulation

sentences are within the standard range of the sentencing guidelines, he

claims that “[e]ven when the application of the guidelines is not at issue,

sentencing courts can abuse their discretion by running smaller sentences

concurrently.” Porter’s Brief at 23.

      Porter maintains that, at resentencing, the prosecution introduced no

new facts to justify an increase in the term of incarceration on the two

strangulation counts. He argues that, “[t]he only factor informing the re-

sentencing on the two strangulation counts was the legal necessity of vacating

and merging improperly imposed sentences on other counts.”          Id. at 24

(emphasis in original). Porter claims that the fact that the sentencing court

improperly over-sentenced him in the first instance should not justify doubling

the two strangulation sentences at resentencing. He argues that “[p]reserving

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the aggregate term of an illegal sentence by doubling the sentences of

otherwise-resolved counts contravenes the notions of justice.” Id. at 25.

      Porter seems to attribute the trial court’s decision to impose consecutive

strangulation sentences upon resentencing to a vindictiveness on the part of

the trial court due to Porter’s successful challenge to the legality of his original

sentence. However, this Court has ruled that a defendant may not maintain

a vindictiveness claim where the aggregate sentence remains the same upon

resentencing.    See Commonwealth v. Barnes, 167 A.3d 110, 125 (Pa.

Super. 2017) (en banc) (holding that a trial court’s resentencing did not rise

to vindictiveness because the trial court sought to preserve the integrity of

the original sentencing scheme by imposing the same aggregate sentence);

see also Commonwealth v. Vanderlin, 580 A.2d 820, 831 (Pa. Super.

1990) (recognizing authority of the trial court, after reducing sentence on one

count to accord with the law, to impose greater sentence on another count in

order to insure appellant remained in prison for a certain length of time).

Here, as Porter’s aggregate sentence was reduced upon resentencing from

twelve and one-half to twenty-five years to a lesser sentence of twelve to

twenty-four years, he cannot maintain a vindictiveness claim.

      Moreover, preserving the integrity of a prior sentencing scheme is a

legitimate sentencing concern.      See Barnes, 167 A.3d at 124; see also

Commonwealth v. Walker, 568 A.2d 201, 205 (Pa. Super. 1989) (holding

that upon resentencing, a court has a valid interest in preserving the integrity

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of a prior sentencing scheme). Whether resentencing is the result of reversal

of one or more convictions or vacation of an illegal sentence, the trial court

has   the     same    discretion   and    responsibilities   in   resentencing.

Commonwealth v. McHale, 924 A.2d 664, 667 (Pa. Super. 2007), overruled

in part on other grounds as stated in Commonwealth v. Robinson, 931 A.2d

15 (Pa. Super. 2007).       Upon resentencing, a trial court properly may

resentence a defendant to the same aggregate sentence to preserve its

original sentencing scheme, even where certain convictions have been

reversed. See Barnes, 167 A.3d at 124. Indeed, “in most circumstances, a

judge can duplicate the effect of the original sentencing plan by adjusting the

sentences on various counts so that the aggregate punishment remains the

same.” Walker, 568 A.2d at 206; see also McHale, 924 A.2d 664 (upholding

trial court’s resentencing where, in order to maintain the same total aggregate

sentence as originally imposed, the trial court increased the overall sentence

on the surviving counts when convictions on the most serious charges had

been reversed based on insufficient evidence); Commonwealth v. Bartrug,

732 A.2d 1287 (Pa. Super. 1999) (noting that a resentence of seven and one-

half to fifteen years for burglary was lawful after not receiving a sentence for

burglary and having been given previously the same sentence for theft by

unlawful taking).

      Here, Porter was not the victim of a vindictive sentence on the part of

the trial court, as his aggregate sentence upon resentencing was less than his

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original sentence. Stated differently, the trial court’s resentencing did not rise

to vindictiveness because the trial court here sought to preserve the integrity

of the original sentencing scheme by imposing nearly the same aggregate

sentence. See Barnes, 167 A.3d at 124 (holding that appellant was not the

victim of a vindictive sentence on the part of the trial court, as his aggregate

sentence after remand remained the same); see also Commonwealth v.

Vanderlin, 580 A.2d 820, 831 (Pa. Super. 1990) (recognizing authority of the

trial court, after reducing sentence on one count to accord with the law, to

impose greater sentence on another count in order to insure appellant

remained in prison for a certain length of time). Nor has Porter convinced us

that this case involves circumstances where the application of the sentencing

guidelines would be clearly unreasonable. See Swope, supra. Accordingly,

Porter is not entitled to relief on his second issue.

      In his third issue, Porter challenges the sufficiency of the evidence

supporting his burglary conviction.     When reviewing such a challenge, our

standard of review is de novo. Commonwealth v. Rushing, 99 A.3d 416,

420-421 (Pa. 2014).      Our scope of review is limited to considering the

evidence of record, and all reasonable inferences arising therefrom, viewed in

the light most favorable to the Commonwealth as the verdict winner.           Id.

“Evidence will be deemed sufficient to support the verdict when it establishes

each material element of the crime charged and the commission thereof by

the accused, beyond a reasonable doubt.” Commonwealth v. Widmer, 744

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A.2d 745, 751 (Pa. 2000). The Commonwealth may sustain its burden by

means of wholly circumstantial evidence. Commonwealth v. Dix, 207 A.3d

383, 390 (Pa. Super. 2019). Further, the trier of fact is free to believe, all,

part,   or   none   of   the   evidence   presented   when   making   credibility

determinations. Commonwealth v. Beasley, 138 A.3d 39, 45 (Pa. Super.

2016). “[T]his Court may not substitute its judgment for that of the factfinder,

and where the record contains support for the convictions, they may not be

disturbed.” Commonwealth v. Smith, 146 A.3d 257, 261 (Pa. Super. 2016).

        The burglary offense of which Porter was convicted provides as follows:

“[a] person commits the offense of burglary if, with the intent to commit a

crime therein, the person: . . . enters a building or occupied structure, or

separately secured or occupied portion thereof that is adapted for overnight

accommodations in which at the time of the offense any person is present.”

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 3502(a)(1)(ii); see also Commonwealth v. Cooper, 941

A.2d 655, 666 (Pa. 2007) (holding that the Commonwealth is required to

prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the offender entered the premises with

the contemporaneous intent of committing a crime, at a time when he was

not licensed or privileged to enter).

        However, in pursuing a conviction for burglary, the Commonwealth need

not prove, or even allege, which specific crime the defendant intended to

commit. See Commonwealth v. Alston, 651 A.2d 1092, 1095 (Pa. 1994).

Instead, the Commonwealth need only prove a general criminal intent. Id.

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Moreover, “[t]he specific intent to commit a crime necessary to establish the

intent element of burglary may be found in a defendant’s words or conduct,

or from the attendant circumstances together with all reasonable inferences

therefrom.” Commonwealth v. Eck, 654 A.2d 1104, 1108-09 (Pa. Super.

1995). “Once [a defendant] has entered the private residence by criminal

means we can infer that he intended a criminal purpose based upon the

totality of the circumstances.” Commonwealth v. Alston, 651 A.2d 1092,

1095 (Pa. 1994).

      Porter argues that the Commonwealth failed to prove the requisite

element of intent by proving that Porter specifically intended to commit a

crime inside the structure at the time he entered Ms. Fillman’s apartment.

Porter claims that he was in Ms. Fillman’s apartment for more than an hour,

and made no move to harm her until the conclusion of this time period. Porter

argues that his initial intent was to speak with Ms. Fillman. He claims that he

was at first weepy and conversational, but later moved to pacing and got

access to a knife as his agitation escalated. Porter points out that the person

to whom he directed the knife was himself, and Ms. Fillman tended to his self-

inflicted wound by placing a towel around it. Porter asserts that it was only

after these events that he harmed Ms. Fillman.       Porter concedes that the

evidence was sufficient to establish that he committed criminal trespass and

other offenses, but claims that it was insufficient to establish that he entered

the apartment with a contemporaneous intent to commit a crime.

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     The trial court considered Porter’s sufficiency challenge and concluded

that it lacked merit. The court reasoned as follows:

           Instantly, on May 14, 2017, leading up to the time of the
     incident, [Porter] sent [Ms.] Fillman multiple text messages in
     which he repeatedly asked to see her so she could get back with
     him. [Porter] also accused Ms. Fillman of ignoring him and
     threatened violence against himself. [Porter] called Ms. Fillman
     at 6:30 p.m. and pleaded to see her and requested her to come
     and pick him up. Ms. Fillman refused and did not give [Porter]
     permission to come to her home. [Porter] proceeded to call Ms.
     Fillman approximately twenty (20) additional times before she
     went to bed. Ms. Fillman went to bed around 10:00 p.m. and put
     her phone in silent mode. [Porter] continued to contact Ms.
     Fillman and the call log later revealed he had called her forty-
     seven (47) times in total on May 14, 2017.

           Ms. Fillman awoke from her sleep after hearing a sound of
     a crash from the window in her living room.            Ms. Fillman
     subsequently went to the doorway of her bedroom and saw
     [Porter] standing inside the living room in front of a broken
     window. Ms. Fillman surmised [Porter] had broken into her third
     floor apartment by climbing the fire escape and breaking the
     window. Ms. Fillman asked [Porter] why he was inside her
     apartment and asked him to leave. [Porter] pled with her to stay
     and repeatedly asked her why she didn’t love him anymore. Ms.
     Fillman attempted to open the door to leave the apartment but
     [Porter] pushed it shut. [Porter] stated that if Ms. Fillman won’t
     be with him, he was going to kill himself in front of her. [Porter]
     subsequently went to the kitchen and grabbed a knife which he
     used to stab himself in the left forearm. Ms. Fillman grabbed a
     towel, applied pressure to [Porter’s] arm and took control of the
     knife. Ms. Fillman attempted run but [Porter] blocked the door so
     she could not open it and pushed her to the floor. [Porter]
     subsequently rubbed blood all over himself and leaned over so it
     would drip on Ms. Fillman. [Porter] began to pace back and forth
     away from Ms. Fillman, and she used this opportunity to exit the
     apartment.

            Ms. Fillman fled towards a flight of stairs in the hallway
     outside but [Porter] pushed her down the steps which caused her
     to strike her face and knee at the bottom of the stairs. Ms. Fillman
     attempted to run into an alleyway but [Porter] placed her in a

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J-S45024-20

      chokehold and placed a hand over her nose and mouth. [Porter]
      eventually ran away and Ms. Fillman was able to exit the
      apartment building and run to a nearby police station parking lot
      where she called 911 with her cell phone.

            Under the totality of the circumstances and viewing the
      evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth as the
      verdict winner, the evidence was sufficient to establish that
      [Porter] entered Ms. Fillman’s residence with the intent to commit
      a crime. . . .The tone of [Porter’s] messages leading up to the
      incident, the overwhelming amount of phone calls, and [Porter’s]
      acts of climbing the fire escape, breaking a window and
      subsequently assaulting Ms. Fill[man] all give rise to the inference
      that Porter had a contemporaneous criminal purpose when he
      entered the residence.

Trial Court Opinion, 1/8/20, at 8, 9 (citations to the record omitted).

      Upon review of the record, we discern no error in the trial court’s

conclusion that the Commonwealth sustained its burden of proving beyond a

reasonable doubt the intent element of burglary. The record indicates that

Porter refused to accept that Ms. Fillman did not want to speak with him over

the phone or in person, and continued to call her forty-seven times before he

formed an intent to break into her apartment. Porter thereafter climbed the

fire escape to the third floor of Ms. Fillman’s apartment building, and forcibly

broke into the home by breaking a window and climbing in. He thereafter cut

himself with a knife, blocked a door when Ms. Fillman tried to escape from

him, pushed her down, and then dripped his blood over her. When Ms. Fillman

again tried to escape from Porter, he pushed her down a flight of stairs and

thereafter tried to choke her. The totality of these circumstances supports a

reasonable inference, if believed by the jury, that Porter entered Ms. Fillman’s

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J-S45024-20

residence with intent to commit a crime therein. Exercising its prerogative as

the factfinder, the jury chose to accept this inference as true. We may not

substitute our judgment for the jury’s. See Commonwealth v. Sanchez, 82

A.3d 943, 972 (Pa. 2013). Accordingly, Porter’s sufficiency claim warrants no

relief.

          In his final issue, Porter contends that the trial court erred in ordering

Porter to pay the costs of prosecution as part of his sentence. Because Porter’s

claim challenges the sentencing court’s authority to impose costs as part of

its sentencing order, it implicates the legality of his sentence.                 See

Commonwealth v. Lehman, 201 A.3d 1279, 1283 (Pa. Super. 2019), appeal

granted, 215 A.3d 967 (Pa. 2019).5             “Our standard of review over such

questions is de novo and our scope of review is plenary.” Commonwealth

v. White, 193 A.3d 977, 985 (Pa. Super. 2018) (citing Commonwealth v.

Cardwell, 105 A.3d 748, 750 (Pa. Super. 2014)).

          The Judiciary Code requires a trial court to order a convicted defendant

to pay costs pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9721(c.1), which provides:

                Mandatory payment of costs.—Notwithstanding the
          provisions of section 9728 (relating to collection of restitution,
          reparation, fees, costs, fines and penalties) or any provision of law
____________________________________________

5 Our Supreme Court granted review of this Court’s decision in Lehman to
determine “Whether the Pennsylvania Superior Court erred as a matter of law
by holding that the costs relating to contested expert testimony in a contested
resentencing do not constitute costs of prosecution under 16 P.S. § 1403[]
and are ineligible for imposition upon a defendant reimbursement as part of a
sentence as a matter of law rather than the sentencing court’s discretion[?]”
Lehman, 215 A.3d at 967.

                                          - 21 -
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     to the contrary, in addition to the alternatives set forth in
     subsection (a), the court shall order the defendant to pay
     costs. In the event the court fails to issue an order for costs
     pursuant to section 9728, costs shall be imposed upon the
     defendant under this section. No court order shall be
     necessary for the defendant to incur liability for costs
     under this section. The provisions of this subsection do not alter
     the court’s discretion under Pa.R.Crim.P. 706(C) (relating to fines
     or costs).

42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9721(c.1) (emphases added).

     Rule 706 of the Pennsylvania Rules of Criminal Procedure require a trial

court to determine a defendant’s ability to pay costs or fines before

incarcerating a defendant for non-payment. The Rule provides:

     (A) A court shall not commit the defendant to prison for failure to
     pay a fine or costs unless it appears after hearing that the
     defendant is financially able to pay the fine or costs.

     (B) When the court determines, after hearing, that the defendant
     is without the financial means to pay the fine or costs immediately
     or in a single remittance, the court may provide for payment of
     the fines or costs in such installments and over such period of time
     as it deems to be just and practicable, taking into account the
     financial resources of the defendant and the nature of the burden
     its payments will impose, as set forth in paragraph (D) below.

     (C) The court, in determining the amount and method of payment
     of a fine or costs shall, insofar as is just and practicable, consider
     the burden upon the defendant by reason of the defendant's
     financial means, including the defendant's ability to make
     restitution or reparations.

     (D) In cases in which the court has ordered payment of a fine or
     costs in installments, the defendant may request a rehearing on
     the payment schedule when the defendant is in default of a
     payment or when the defendant advises the court that such
     default is imminent. At such hearing, the burden shall be on the
     defendant to prove that his or her financial condition has
     deteriorated to the extent that the defendant is without the means
     to meet the payment schedule. Thereupon the court may extend

                                    - 22 -
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      or accelerate the payment schedule or leave it unaltered, as the
      court finds to be just and practicable under the circumstances of
      record. When there has been default and the court finds the
      defendant is not indigent, the court may impose imprisonment as
      provided by law for nonpayment.

Pa. R. Crim. P. 706.

      Porter contends that Pennsylvania statutes and the Rules of Criminal

Procedure require that the sentencing court consider a defendant’s ability to

pay prior to imposing costs and that such costs should be waived where a

client is indigent. Porter points to Rule 706(C), and argues that this provision

requires a court to determine the defendant’s ability to pay costs at the time

of sentencing.

      In support of his argument, Porter relies on cases involving the

imposition     of   fines        rather   than      the   costs   of   prosecution.   See

Commonwealth v. Martin, 335 A.2d 424 (Pa. Super. 1975) (interpreting

Pa.R.Crim.P. 1407, and finding a $5,000 fine excessive where defendant was

declared indigent); Commonwealth v. Mead, 446 A.2d 971 (Pa. Super.

1982) (interpreting 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9726(c), and vacating $5,000 fine imposed

where court did not determine defendant’s ability to pay).

      Porter     points     to    this    Court’s    decisions    in   Commonwealth    v.

Hernandez, 917 A.2d 332 (Pa. Super. 2007); and Commonwealth v.

Childs, 63 A.3d 323 (Pa. Super. 2013), wherein this Court determined that

Rule 706 requires only that the sentencing court determine the defendant’s

                                             - 23 -
J-S45024-20

ability to pay costs before ordering incarceration of the defendant for non-

payment of costs. In Childs, we explained

             Generally, a defendant is not entitled to a pre-sentencing
      hearing on his or her ability to pay costs. Commonwealth v.
      Hernandez, . . . 917 A.2d 332, 336-37 (Pa. Super. 2007). While
      Rule 706 “permits a defendant to demonstrate financial inability
      either after a default hearing or when costs are initially ordered to
      be paid in installments,” the Rule only requires such a hearing
      prior to any order directing incarceration for failure to pay the
      ordered costs. Id. at 337 (emphasis added). In Hernandez, we
      were required to determine whether Rule 706 was constitutional
      in light of Fuller v. Oregon, 417 U.S. 40, 94 S. Ct. 2116, 40 L.
      Ed. 2d 642 (1974). We concluded that a hearing on ability to pay
      is not required at the time that costs are imposed:

               The Supreme Court . . . did not state that Fuller
               requires a trial court to assess the defendant’s
               financial ability to make payment at the time of
               sentencing. In interpreting Fuller, numerous federal
               and state jurisdictions have held that it is not
               constitutionally necessary to have a determination of
               the defendant’s ability to pay prior to or at the
               judgment of sentence. . . . [We] conclude that Fuller
               compels a trial court only to make a determination of
               an indigent defendant’s ability to render payment
               before he/she is committed.

      Hernandez, 917 A.2d at 337.

Childs, 63 A.3d at 326. Porter dismisses our ruling in Hernandez as “flawed

dicta,” and our ruling in Childs as “misguided repetition of dicta.” Porter’s

Brief at 41.

      Porter also points to our Supreme Court’s decision in Commonwealth

v. Ford, 217 A.3d 824 (Pa. Super. 2019), which addressed whether the

ability-to-pay prerequisite is satisfied when a defendant agrees to pay a given

fine as part of a negotiated guilty plea agreement. In a footnote, our High

                                      - 24 -
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Court cited to Rule 706 and reiterated that “[a]lthough a presentence ability-

to-pay hearing is not required when costs alone are imposed, our Rules of

Criminal Procedure provide that a defendant cannot be committed to prison

for failure to pay a fine or costs unless the court first determines that he or

she has the financial means to pay the fine or costs. Pa.R.Crim.P. 760(A).”

Id. at 827 n.6.

       Porter dismisses this statement in Ford as “non-binding dicta” and “an

unfortunate comment on an issue that was not essential to the case.” Porter’s

Brief at 42. Porter argues that Ford did not reach the issue of costs, nor did

it include any analysis of Rule 706(C) in relation to 42 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 9721(c.1)

and 9728(b.2).6        Porter contends that those statutes demonstrate that

sentencing courts retain discretion to waive costs at sentencing as provided

by Rule 706(C).

       We are not persuaded by Porter’s argument.       Rule 706(C) does not

provide a timeframe in which an ability-to-pay determination must be made,

let alone specify that such a determination must be made at the time of

____________________________________________

6 Section 9728(b.2) provides as follows: “The clerk of courts, in consultation
with other appropriate governmental agencies, may transmit to the
prothonotary of the respective county certified copies of all judgments for
restitution, reparation, fees, costs, fines and penalties which, in the
aggregate, do not exceed $ 1,000, and, if so transmitted, it shall be the duty
of each prothonotary to enter and docket the same of record in his office and
to index the same as judgments are indexed, without requiring the payment
of costs as a condition precedent to the entry thereof.” 42 Pa.C.S.A. §
9728(b.2).

                                          - 25 -
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sentencing. Instead, the timing for such a determination is set forth in Rule

706(A), which requires the determination to be made before the court may

“commit the defendant to prison for failure to pay a fine or costs.”

Pa.R.Crim.P. 706(A).

      Here, Porter is not being incarcerated due to his ability, or lack thereof,

to pay the costs of prosecution imposed at his sentencing.           Because our

appellate courts do not require a sentencing court to hold an ability-to-pay

hearing prior to the imposition of costs, the trial court did not err by failing to

conduct a hearing to determine Porter’s ability to pay the costs of prosecution.

Accordingly, Porter’s final issue entitles him to no relief.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

      Judge Murray joins the memorandum.

      Judge Bowes concurs in the result.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 1/12/2021

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