Court Opinion

ID: 3183131
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-03-07 18:20:38.035162+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:24:47.476269
License: Public Domain

THIRD DIVISION
                              ELLINGTON, P. J.
                         DILLARD and PETERSON, JJ.

                    NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                    physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                    days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                                http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

                                                                      March 7, 2016

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A15A1922. CRIDER v. THE STATE                                                PE-037C

      PETERSON, Judge.

      Troy Crider appeals from a jury verdict finding him guilty of trafficking in

methamphetamine and possession of drug-related objects. He argues that (1) the trial

court erred in denying his motion to suppress; (2) the evidence is insufficient to

sustain his trafficking conviction; (3) the trial court erred in not giving certain jury

instructions; and (4) the trial court erred in denying his motion for a new trial based

on alleged ineffective assistance of counsel. The trial court did not err in denying

Crider’s motion to suppress evidence found during a traffic stop of a vehicle in which

Crider was a passenger, as the officer did not unreasonably prolong the detention

before obtaining the driver’s consent to search. The trial court also did not err in

denying the motion to suppress evidence obtained during a search of a motel room,
as the court’s factual finding that the search was conducted pursuant to a warrant is

not clearly erroneous. The evidence is sufficient to sustain Crider’s convictions, as

the testimony of Crider’s accomplice was corroborated independently. The trial court

did not err in failing to instruct the jury on presumption of possession and equal

access, as the State did not rely on a presumption of possession by Crider. Finally, the

trial court did not err in rejecting Crider’s claims that his trial counsel’s performance

amounted to ineffective assistance of counsel, because the various actions or

omissions by counsel of which Crider complains did not fall below a reasonable

standard of representation or did not prejudice Crider’s defense. Therefore, we affirm

Crider’s convictions.

      Crider was a passenger in a car that was stopped by police. After some

investigation of the sobriety of the driver, Buffie Douglas, police obtained her

consent to search the vehicle. Finding methamphetamine under the seat where Crider

had been sitting, police arrested both Crider and Douglas. Acting on information

provided by Douglas, police searched a motel room, to which Crider had a key card

on his person, finding additional methamphetamine and drug-related paraphernalia.

Based on the two seizures and other evidence, including testimony for the prosecution

by Douglas, Crider was prosecuted and convicted for trafficking in methamphetamine

                                           2
and possession of drug-related objects. We will address his appellate arguments as

to the legality of the searches and seizures before considering his sufficiency

argument, noting that different standards of review govern each inquiry.

      1.     Crider challenges the trial court’s denial of his motion to suppress

evidence seized (1) during a stop of a vehicle in which he was a passenger and (2) in

a subsequent seizure during a search of a motel room. “On appeal from a denial of a

motion to suppress, this court must construe the evidence most favorably to uphold

the ruling of the trial court. Furthermore, the trial court’s application of law to

undisputed facts is subject to de novo review.” Thomas v. State, 300 Ga. App. 120,

120 (684 SE2d 290) (2009) (footnotes omitted). We may examine not only the

evidence in the record of the hearing on the suppression motion, but also the evidence

from the trial. Owens v. State, 334 Ga. App. 203, 205 (1) (778 SE2d 830) (2015)

(citation and internal punctuation omitted). However, “when a motion to suppress is

heard by the trial judge, that judge sits as the trier of facts . . . [T]he trial court’s

decision with regard to questions of fact and credibility must be accepted unless

clearly erroneous.” Perez v. State, 249 Ga. App. 399, 399-400 (547 SE2d 699) (2001)

(citation omitted). The reviewing court may also consider facts indisputably

                                           3
discernable from a videotape, as is available with respect to the traffic stop in this

case. State v. Allen, 298 Ga. 1, 2 (1) (a) (779 SE2d 248) (2015).

      (a)    So viewed, the record shows that an officer observed the car driven by

Douglas make a “rough movement” from the right lane into the left lane then swerve

back into the right lane. The officer initiated a traffic stop, approached Douglas, and

asked for her driver’s license. The officer asked Douglas to step out of the car,

questioned her about her travels that evening and whether she had consumed any

alcohol or drugs, and checked the status of her driver’s license and registration.1 The

officer also asked Crider for his identification and questioned him about his travels.

After conducting some sobriety tests on Douglas, the officer told her that her eyes

were red but he did not smell any alcohol. The officer asked Douglas whether she had

consumed any drugs or was on any prescription medications, or had anything illegal

in the vehicle. Immediately thereafter, about eight minutes after the traffic stop began,

the officer requested and was granted Douglas’ permission to search the vehicle.

Before searching the car, the officer spoke to Crider again, asked him to exit the

vehicle, and patted him down. Finding what was later determined to be

      1
       It is unclear from the video how Douglas performed on those tests, although
she appeared to pass a test involving recitation of the alphabet. The trial court made
no findings on that point.

                                           4
methamphetamine under the front passenger seat where Crider had been sitting, the

officer told Douglas and Crider that they were under arrest, about 10 minutes after the

stop began. In an oral ruling, the trial court denied the motion to suppress evidence

gathered from the traffic stop.

       Valid consent to search eliminates the need for either probable cause or a

search warrant. Brooks v. State, 285 Ga. 424, 425 (677 SE2d 68) (2009). However,

consent cannot validate a search if the consent is the product of a wrongful detention.

State v. Lanes, 287 Ga. App. 311, 313 (651 SE2d 456) (2007). A passenger may

indirectly challenge the search of a vehicle on the basis that the search is a fruit of his

own illegal detention. State v. Menezes, 286 Ga. App. 280, 281-82 (1) (648 SE2d

741) (2007). Although there is no dispute in this case that the initial traffic stop was

valid, “a seizure that is lawful at its inception can violate the Fourth Amendment if

its manner of execution unreasonably infringes interests protected by the

Constitution.” Duncan v. State, 331 Ga. App. 254, 255-56 (770 SE2d 329) (2015)

(quoting Illinois v. Caballes, 543 U.S. 405 (125 S. Ct. 834, 160 LE2d 842) (2005)).

       A stop that extends beyond the conclusion of the investigation that warranted

the detention in the first place is unreasonable, unless “good cause has appeared in

the meantime to justify a continuation of the detention to pursue a different

                                            5
investigation.” Rodriguez v. State, 295 Ga. 362, 369 (2) (b) (761 SE2d 19) (2014). In

denying the motion to suppress, the trial court found that the officer did not

unreasonably lengthen the stop as he continued to investigate possible impairment of

Douglas, the court citing Douglas’ driving behavior and her red eyes as reasons for

continuing the investigation. Crider argues that the search of Douglas’ vehicle was

conducted after the detention was illegally prolonged beyond the conclusion of the

investigation that warranted the detention. He does not argue that the officer

altogether lacked reasonable suspicion to investigate Douglas for DUI. Instead,

Crider argues that, by the time the officer asked Douglas for permission to search her

vehicle, the officer already had concluded that Douglas was not intoxicated to the

point that she was less safe to drive.2

      That assertion appears to be based on a police report in which, before stating

that he asked for Crider’s identification or sought Douglas’ consent to search the

vehicle, the officer said that he “checked [Douglas’] sobriety” and “determined that

she was not under the influence of any intoxicating substance.” But the police report

does not recount events in chronological order. The officer testified, and the video

      2
       Crider faults the arresting officer’s reliance on the pair’s nervousness in
continuing the investigation. But the trial court made no factual findings on this point
and did not rely on this factor, and so it does not play a part in our analysis, either.

                                           6
recording confirms, that he asked for Crider’s ID before performing field sobriety

tests on Douglas. The officer testified that although the constricted pupils and redness

in the eyes that he had observed in Douglas are indicative of someone being under the

influence of a stimulant, his statement in the report was intended to convey that she

did not appear to be intoxicated such that she could be charged with DUI. The trial

court found that the officer continued his investigation of Douglas’ possible

impairment “as late as two minutes or so before the drugs were found,” and the video

shows that consent was requested and obtained about 90 seconds before the drugs

were found.

      The trial court’s finding that the officer was still investigating was not clearly

erroneous. Just before seeking Douglas’ consent to search, the officer commented on

her red eyes and asked her whether she had taken any drugs or used prescription

medication, indicating he still had not resolved the question of whether she were

intoxicated. As soon as Douglas responded that she had not taken any medication or

drugs, the officer asked for consent to search. Thus, even if Douglas’ responses to the

officer’s questions about drugs marked the end of his investigation into her possible

impairment, the officer’s contemporaneous request for her consent to search was

permissible because it did not unreasonably prolong the detention. See Hayes v. State,

                                           7
292 Ga. App. 724, 731 (2) (665 SE2d 422) (2008) (“virtually contemporaneous

request” to search made 30 seconds after defendant issued warning ticket did not

unreasonably prolong detention). Accordingly, Douglas’ consent was valid, and the

trial court did not err in denying the motion to suppress evidence found in the search

of the vehicle.

      (b)    Crider also challenges the seizures made by police at a motel room,

arguing that a search warrant was not obtained until after police searched the room.

An overnight guest in a hotel room has a constitutionally-protected reasonable

expectation of privacy in the room, and thus the Fourth Amendment provides the

guest the same protection as he would have for his private home. Snider v. State, 292
Ga. App. 180, 182 (663 SE2d 805) (2008). Police were led to the motel room by

Douglas, who told them that, when she and Crider visited the motel room before

setting out the night of the traffic stop, he had sold her the small amount of

methamphetamine that police later found in her purse. She could not recall the room

number, but rode with police to the motel to point out the room. Police obtained a

search warrant for the room. There police found additional methamphetamine,

smoking devices, and other items. On its face, the warrant indicates that it was issued

at 4:31 a.m. on the morning after the traffic stop. However, the return on the warrant

                                          8
says it was executed at 4 a.m. that same day, and a police property record appears to

indicate that the contraband recovered at the hotel was obtained by 4:30 a.m.

      Denying the motion to suppress, the trial court rejected Crider’s attempt to

argue that the warrant had not been obtained until after the motel room was searched.

The trial court found that someone - the magistrate judge who signed the warrant, a

police officer, or both - made a mistake in recording times, saying, “I don’t know who

made the mistake about the time and I don’t really care.” At trial, Douglas testified

on cross-examination that when she went to the motel with the officers so that she

could point out Crider’s room for them, police entered the room. However, she also

testified that she did not actually see them enter the room. Based on Douglas’

testimony, Crider renewed his motion to suppress on the basis that she had testified

that police had entered the motel room before getting a search warrant. The trial court

rejected that argument, saying that although Douglas had been “confused” at various

points in her testimony, she never testified that the officers entered the motel room

prior to obtaining the search warrant.

      The trial court’s factual finding that the motel room was searched pursuant to

a warrant is supported by evidence in the record. The officer who stopped Douglas

and Crider testified that the officers did not enter the motel room when they went

                                          9
there with Douglas, but only went in later after another officer obtained a search

warrant. That other officer was not asked directly during the suppression hearing

whether police obtained a warrant before entering the motel room, but he testified at

trial that he did not enter the motel room when he went there with Douglas but

subsequently obtained a search warrant. Although Douglas offered testimony that

contradicted the police officers’ testimony, her testimony was inconsistent, and she

stated that she did not actually see the officers go into the room. It was for the trial

court to resolve conflicts in the evidence. See Perez, 249 Ga. App. at 399-400. The

trial court was authorized to accept the officers’ testimony that they did not go into

the motel room without a warrant. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in denying

the motion to suppress evidence seized from the motel room.

      2.     Crider argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his trafficking

conviction, specifically arguing that there was insufficient evidence that he possessed

the drugs found under the front passenger seat of the vehicle Douglas had been

driving. When appellate courts review the sufficiency of the evidence, they do not

“re-weigh the evidence or resolve conflicts in witness testimony” but instead defer

“to the jury’s assessment of the weight and credibility of the evidence.” Greeson v.

State, 287 Ga. 764, 765 (700 SE2d 344) (2010) (citation omitted). We determine

                                          10
whether, “after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution,

any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond

a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (99 S. Ct. 2781, 61 LE2d

560) (1979) (citation omitted; emphasis in original).

      Douglas testified that, prior to their encounter with police, she and Crider

visited a hotel room where she purchased methamphetamine from him. Douglas saw

Crider had additional methamphetamine, which she believed he left behind when they

went out. As police were pulling them over, Crider attempted to place some

additional drugs in her purse, but she refused. Douglas testified that she did not know

what Crider did with those drugs but she had not put any methamphetamine under the

passenger seat of her car.

      At the time of the offense, OCGA § 16-13-31(e) provided that anyone who

knowingly possessed 28 grams or more of methamphetamine committed the offense

of trafficking.3 The methamphetamine found under the front passenger seat in

Douglas’ car weighed 7.36 grams. At the motel room, unlocked with a key card found

on Crider, police found 23.51 grams of methamphetamine, along with a toy gun,

      3
        Crider was arrested on October 19, 2007 and tried in March 2010. Effective
July 1, 2013, the Legislature deleted the word “knowingly” throughout the code
section. Ga. L. 2013 p. 222, § 4.

                                          11
multiple cell phones, glass pipes and a scale. As neither the amount of

methamphetamine found in Douglas’ vehicle nor the amount found in Crider’s motel

room by itself met the 28 gram threshold, Crider’s trafficking required evidence

showing that he possessed both the drugs found under his seat in the car and those

found in the hotel room. On appeal, he argues that because there was insufficient

corroboration of Douglas’ testimony to the effect that the drugs found underneath the

passenger seat of her car were Crider’s, there is insufficient evidence that he

possessed those drugs.

      A person has constructive possession of a thing if he or she “knowingly has

both the power and intention at a given time to exercise dominion or control over” it.

Smith v. State, 331 Ga. App. 296, 297-98 (1) (771 SE2d 8) (2015) (citation and

internal punctuation omitted). As long as there is “slight evidence of access, power,

and intention to exercise control or dominion over the contraband,” the question of

whether the defendant constructively possessed contraband is one for the jury. Id. at

298 (1) n.6. “A finding of constructive possession of contraband cannot rest upon

mere spatial proximity to the contraband, especially where . . . the contraband is

hidden.” Mitchell v. State, 268 Ga. 592, 593 (492 SE2d 204) (1997). A felony

conviction cannot be based solely on the testimony of an accomplice, but only “slight

                                         12
evidence from an extraneous source” is needed to corroborate the accomplice’s

testimony. Grimes v. State, 296 Ga. 337, 340 (1) (766 SE2d 72) (2014) (citing former

OCGA § 24-4-8, found in the new Evidence Code at OCGA § 24-14-8). “The

sufficiency of any corroborating evidence is for the trier of fact to decide.” Matthews

v. State, 284 Ga. 819, 820 (1) (672 SE2d 633) (2009) (citation omitted).

      Here, Crider’s trafficking conviction is not based on his mere spatial proximity

to the contraband, but on Douglas’ testimony that she had not put any

methamphetamine under her passenger seat, that Crider had tried unsuccessfully to

hide the drugs in her purse, and that Crider had sold her drugs from the motel room

and had additional drugs there. That testimony was corroborated by more than slight

evidence. Crider had more than $700 in cash on him, consistent with drug trafficking

behavior. See Hamilton v. State, 293 Ga. App. 297, 299 (1) (a) (666 SE2d 630) (2008)

($494 found on defendant’s person evidence of possession with intent to distribute

drugs). He also had on his person a key to a motel room containing drugs, a scale, and

multiple cell phones, which is consistent with drug trafficking. Thus, Douglas’

testimony that drugs found under Crider’s passenger seat belonged to him was

sufficiently corroborated. The evidence authorized the jury to find Crider guilty of

possession of methamphetamine with intent to distribute.

                                          13
      3.     Crider argues that his trial counsel was ineffective in his cross-

examination of Douglas in two respects: (1) he unnecessarily and imprudently

introduced evidence of Crider’s prior bad acts; and (2) he failed to cross-examine

Douglas adequately regarding the range of punishment that she potentially faced in

the case.

      In order to prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, Crider “must

show that trial counsel’s performance fell below a reasonable standard of conduct and

that there existed a reasonable probability that the outcome of the case would have

been different had it not been for counsel’s deficient performance.” Scott v. State, 290
Ga. 883, 889 (7) (725 SE2d 305) (2012) (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S.
668 (104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 LE2d 674) (1984)). In reviewing a claim of ineffective

assistance, the appellate courts give deference to the trial court’s factual findings and

credibility determinations unless clearly erroneous, but review a trial court’s legal

conclusions de novo. Grant v. State, 295 Ga. 126, 130 (5) (757 SE2d 831) (2014)

(citation omitted).

      (a)    Crider’s first claim of ineffectiveness stems from his trial counsel’s

introduction of a statement that Douglas gave to police about Crider. During his

cross-examination of Douglas, trial counsel apparently attempted to show that

                                           14
Douglas’ statements to police changed over time. At one point, trial counsel elicited

Douglas’ admission that a written statement that she provided at 1:09 a.m. the night

of the traffic stop did not mention drug transactions beyond saying that she had

purchased from Crider $30 worth of methamphetamine found in her purse. Later, trial

counsel successfully moved for the admission of a second written statement Douglas

had provided to police, at 3 a.m. the same day.

      On redirect examination, the State asked Douglas to read from several portions

of her 3 a.m. statement. In the process, Douglas told the jury that she knew Crider was

selling methamphetamine because she would take him to pick it up, and that Crider

“never stopped” selling. On further cross-examination, Crider’s trial counsel elicited

Douglas’ agreement that in her statement at the scene she said she did not “know

anything about it,” at 1:09 a.m. she said she had some knowledge but attempted to

diminish her responsibility, and at 3 a.m. she “unload[ed] on Mr. Crider,” making “all

these other accusations against him.”

      The trial court denied the motion for new trial on the basis that trial counsel’s

introduction of prior drug transactions by Crider was part of a strategy to show that

Douglas changed her version of events, limiting her own culpability while

                                          15
incriminating Crider further as time went on.4 We conclude that, regardless of

whether trial counsel’s motion to admit the 3 a.m. statement constituted deficient

performance, any such deficiency did not prejudice Crider’s defense. See Gordon v.

State, 273 Ga. 373, 377 (4) (541 SE2d 376) (2001) (“Strickland does not require that

we inquire first into the alleged deficiency in counsel’s performance, or even address

it at all, if we find that no prejudice has been shown[.]”) (citation and internal

punctuation omitted).

      Crider argues on appeal that the introduction of the 3 a.m. statement was

prejudicial because the only evidence to support the conclusion that he possessed the

requisite amount of methamphetamine was the testimony of his accomplice and his

presence in the vehicle that she was driving, and the 3 a.m. statement opened the door

for the State to ask Douglas about Crider’s prior drug dealing. However, as discussed

above, Douglas’ testimony was corroborated by additional evidence. Moreover, to the

extent that the case turned on a challenge to Douglas’ credibility, there is no

reasonable probability that the introduction of her statement would have made a

      4
        As suggested by the timing of the introduction of the statement and testimony
by trial counsel, the statement may also have been introduced as part of defense
counsel’s attempt to show that police entered the motel room before they obtained a
search warrant.

                                         16
difference in the outcome of the case. The statement essentially accused Crider of

being a drug dealer. If the jury found Douglas credible, the statement would have

been cumulative of her other testimony to that effect. If the jury did not find Douglas

credible, the statement would not have mattered then, either, because in that case

there is no reasonable probability that the jury would have credited Douglas’

statements to the police implicating Crider. Therefore, we cannot say that “there

existed a reasonable probability that the outcome of the case would have been

different” had the 3 a.m. statement implicating Crider as a drug dealer not been

introduced. Scott, 290 Ga. at 889 (7).

      (b)    Crider next claims that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to

cross-examine Douglas adequately regarding the range of punishment that she

potentially faced in the case. During her direct examination by the State, Douglas

testified that she had been given first offender treatment. On cross-examination,

Douglas acknowledged that she initially had been charged with possession with intent

to distribute methamphetamine, but reached a plea deal with the State allowing her

to plead guilty to a lesser offense in exchange for her testimony against Crider,

resulting in a sentence of five years probation. Douglas testified that she could be

resentenced to the maximum sentence for possession with intent to distribute

                                          17
methamphetamine if she did not testify, in defense counsel’s words, “like they want

you to,” but he did not ask her to specify that maximum sentence.5 On redirect

examination, Douglas clarified that her obligation under the terms of her plea

agreement was to give truthful testimony. In denying the motion for new trial, the trial

court found that trial counsel’s cross-examination of Douglas was not deficient,

saying Crider had failed to show what additional questions should have been asked.

      “The scope of cross-examination is grounded in trial tactics and strategy, and

will rarely constitute ineffective assistance of counsel.” Simpson v. State, 277 Ga.
356, 359 (4) (b) (589 SE2d 90) (2003) (footnote omitted). Crider essentially argues

that trial counsel should have asked Douglas more probing questions about the

sentences she faced in order to show her motive for testifying for the State. However,

Douglas testified that she could be resentenced to the maximum sentence for

possession with intent to distribute if she did not testify in the manner desired by the

State, later clarifying that her obligation was to given truthful testimony. Because trial

counsel elicited testimony from Douglas that she had substantial motivation to testify

      5
        At the motion for new trial hearing, defense counsel testified that he had
wanted to recall one of the officers who had testified for the State so that he could
testify regarding “mandatory minimums and that sort of thing,” as he would have
been “more concise and precise” than Douglas. However, the trial court rejected
defense counsel’s request to recall the officer.

                                           18
against Crider, we cannot say that trial counsel’s decision not to delve further into the

issue was unreasonable. See Daugherty v. State, 291 Ga. App. 541, 544 (3) (a) (662

SE2d 318) (2008); see also Holder v. State, 319 Ga. App. 239, 248-50 (3) (b) (736

SE2d 449) (2012) (rejecting ineffectiveness claim based on counsel’s failure to ask

State witnesses about the maximum possible sentences they avoided by making a deal

with the prosecution). The cases cited by Crider on appeal address whether trial

judges erred in limiting cross-examination of State witnesses, not claims of deficient

performance by counsel in this regard.6

      4.     Finally, Crider raises several arguments regarding jury instructions,

including an additional ineffective assistance claim. In his written set of requested

jury instructions, Crider asked for a pattern charge on equal access, which provides

that if the jury determines “that persons other than the defendant had equal

opportunity to possess or place the articles of contraband upon the described

premises,” the jury “should acquit the defendant, unless it is shown by a reasonable

doubt that the defendant knowingly possessed the contraband or shared possession

      6
      See Manley v. State, 287 Ga. 338, 339-46 (2)-(3), (5) (698 SE2d 301) (2010);
Howard v. State, 286 Ga. 222, 224-26 (2) (686 SE2d 764) (2009); State v. Vogelson,
275 Ga. 637 (571 SE2d 752) (2002); Hines v. State, 249 Ga. 257, 259-60 (2) (290
SE2d 911) (1982).

                                           19
or control with another person and helped or procured the other person in possessing

and having control of the contraband.” Suggested Pattern Jury Instructions, Vol. II:

Criminal Cases (2016), § 2.76.20. The trial court said it would not give the equal

access charge with respect to Douglas’ vehicle, as it was clear the State was not

relying on a presumption that Crider possessed the drugs found there, given that

Douglas was the driver and owner of the car.7 The trial court ruled that it would not

give an equal access charge as to the hotel room, either, because it had decided not

to give a charge on presumption of possession and it would give the defense a “one-

sided benefit” to charge on equal access only.

      On appeal, Crider argues that the trial court erred by not giving the

presumption of possession charge sua sponte and by not giving the requested equal

access charge. He also argues that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to request

the presumption of possession jury charge. Crider concedes on appeal that the trial

court’s decisions not to give the presumption of possession and equal access

instructions are subject to only plain error review, given that trial counsel did not

      7
        Douglas told the arresting officer that the car was in her father’s name, but the
officer testified that he determined the car belonged to her.

                                           20
specify his objection to the charges pursuant to OCGA § 17-8-58(a). See OCGA § 17-

8-58(b).

      Georgia law establishes a rebuttable presumption that the owner or driver of

a vehicle has possession of contraband found in the automobile. See Reyes v. State,

322 Ga. App. 496, 499 (3) (745 SE2d 738) (2013). This presumption applies to the

owner or resident of a premises, as well. See Kirchner v. State, 322 Ga. App. 275, 282

(1) (c) (744 SE2d 802) (2013). Our Supreme Court has held that “[e]qual access is

merely a defense available to the accused to whom a presumption of possession

flows.” State v. Johnson, 280 Ga. 511, 513 (630 SE2d 377) (2006). When the trial

court elects not to charge the jury on the presumption of possession, an equal access

instruction is not required. See id.; Kan v. State, 199 Ga. App. 170, 171 (3) (404 SE2d

281) (1991).

      Here, the trial court elected not to charge the jury on the presumption of

possession, and thus there was no need to instruct the jury on how equal access to the

contraband in question might rebut any such presumption. Of course, the State did not

rely on any presumption of possession to show that Crider possessed the contraband

found under the seat of the vehicle, as there was no evidence that he either owned or

was driving the vehicle. As for the motel room, the State did not rely solely on a

                                          21
presumption that Crider possessed whatever was in the motel room that he had rented,

but instead presented Douglas’ testimony that he sold and consumed drugs out of the

room. The trial court did not commit error, let alone plain error, in declining to charge

on presumption of possession or equal access.

      The trial court also did not err in finding that trial counsel’s failure to request

the presumption of possession charge constituted deficient performance. Although

a presumption of possession charge might have helped Crider defend against the

allegation that the drugs found in the car were not his, such a charge might also have

hurt his defense as to the drugs found in the motel room. See Scott v. State, 298 Ga.

App. 376, 381 (4) (b) (680 SE2d 582) (2009) (not ineffective to fail to request

presumption of possession charge, since that could have operated to defendant’s

detriment). And, at any rate, as it is clear from the transcript that the trial court

entertained the notion of instructing the jury on the presumption of possession. In

deciding not to do that, the trial court did not reference any lack of a request on the

part of Crider’s counsel. The trial court did not err in rejecting Crider’s

ineffectiveness claim based on his trial counsel’s failure to request a presumption of

possession instruction.

      Judgment affirmed. Ellington, P. J., and Dillard, J., concur.

                                           22