Court Opinion

ID: 3065670
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-14 22:36:36.949998+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:49:46.548088
License: Public Domain

FOR PUBLICATION
  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
       FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

JEFFREY TIMOTHY LANDRIGAN,                  No. 10-99021
                Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                                D.C. No.
               v.
JANICE K. BREWER; CHARLES L.             2:10-cv-02246-ROS
                                          District of Arizona,
RYAN; ERNEST TRUJILLO; CARSON                   Phoenix
MCWILLIAMS,
                                                ORDER
           Defendants-Appellants.
                                      
                   Filed October 26, 2010

  Before: Pamela Ann Rymer, Kim McLane Wardlaw, and
            William A. Fletcher, Circuit Judges.

                          Order;
              Concurrence by Judge Wardlaw;
              Dissent by Chief Judge Kozinski

                           ORDER

  A judge of this court sua sponte called for this case to be
reheard en banc. A vote was taken, and a majority of the
active judges of the court did not vote for a rehearing en banc.
Fed. R. App. 35(f). The call for this case to be reheard en
banc is DENIED.

Circuit Judges WARDLAW and W. FLETCHER, with whom
Judges PREGERSON and BERZON join, concurring in the
denial of rehearing en banc:

   As Chief Justice Roberts, writing for the three-justice plu-
rality, observed in Baze v. Rees, 553 U.S. 35, 62 (2008),
                             18029
18030                  LANDRIGAN v. BREWER
“[o]ur society has . . . steadily moved to more humane meth-
ods of carrying out capital punishment. The firing squad,
hanging, the electric chair, and the gas chamber have each in
turn given way to more humane methods, culminating in
today’s consensus on lethal injection.” In Baze, the Supreme
Court approved the execution method employed by the state
of Kentucky, while simultaneously highlighting that imposi-
tion of the death penalty is a solemn matter of serious public
concern, with important implications for the preservation of
human dignity. The State’s repeated refusal in this case to
comply with the district court’s orders to provide it with criti-
cal information about the provenance and efficacy of the
foreign-source drug, which the state announced only five days
ago it planned to use to execute Landrigan, has precluded the
district court from resolving his fundamental Eighth Amend-
ment claim that the sodium thiopental the State plans to use
to anesthetize him creates a substantial risk of harm. The
State’s gamesmanship is unseemly at best, and inhumane at
worst.

   Applying our highly deferential standard of review, see
Lopez v. Candaele, ___ F.3d ___, 2010 WL 3607033, at *4
(9th Cir. 2010), our panel concluded that the district court
properly acted within its discretion when it ordered a tempo-
rary stay after properly weighing the Winter factors. See Win-
ter v. Natural Res. Defense Council, 129 S. Ct. 365, 374
(2008). In a separate action, our panel denied Landrigan’s
application to file a second or successive habeas petition in
the district court based upon newly discovered DNA results,
concluding that there was no constitutional error supporting
that relief.1 Thus, neither our panel opinion nor the district
court’s temporary stay of execution grants Landrigan any
relief on the merits of his underlying conviction or death sen-
tence. As a practical matter, the question is whether Landri-
  1
   We attach the Order denying Landrigan’s application to file a second
or successive habeas petition under 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(2) as Appendix
A.
                     LANDRIGAN v. BREWER                   18031
gan will be executed today or in a few months; the net effect
is that Landrigan’s execution will be delayed at most until
such time as the only American manufacturer of sodium thio-
pental can begin operations in 2011. Certainly, moreover, the
district court’s order has provided the State with the opportu-
nity to come forward with evidence demonstrating that the
sodium thiopental it wishes to use will perform as it is sup-
posed to, and will obviate the risk of excruciating pain from
the drug causing paralysis and cardiac arrest that would fol-
low. See Baze, 553 U.S. at 44.

   We review the district court’s grant of a preliminary injunc-
tion for abuse of discretion. Candaele, at *4 (citing Johnson
v. Couturier, 572 F.3d 1067, 1078 (9th Cir. 2009). (We apply
the same abuse-of-discretion standard to temporary restrain-
ing orders. See, e.g., Woratzeck v. Ariz. Bd. of Exec. Clem-
ency, 117 F.3d 400, 402 (9th Cir. 1997).) “This review is
‘limited and deferential’ and it does not extend to the underly-
ing merits of the case.” Johnson, 572 F.3d at 1067 (quoting
Am. Trucking Ass’ns v. City of Los Angeles, 559 F.3d 1046,
1052 (9th Cir. 2009)). “[T]he scope of our review is ‘gener-
ally limited to whether the district court [1] employed the
proper preliminary injunction standard and [2] whether the
court correctly apprehended the underlying legal issues in the
case.’ ” Guzman v. Shewry, 552 F.3d 941, 948 (9th Cir. 2009)
(quoting Earth Island Inst. v. U.S. Forest Serv., 351 F.3d
1291, 1298 (9th Cir. 2003)). “In other words, ‘[a]s long as the
district court got the law right, it will not be reversed simply
because the appellate court would have arrived at a different
result if it had applied the law to the facts of the case.’ ” Id.
(quoting Wildwest Inst. v. Bull, 472 F.3d 587, 589 (9th Cir.
2006)). Here, the district court got the law right, and did not
abuse its discretion in temporarily staying Landrigan’s execu-
tion to permit time for review of Arizona’s proposed use of
a drug, the provenance and efficacy of which remained a mys-
tery to Landrigan, his attorneys, the public, and even the
judges of this court.
18032                   LANDRIGAN v. BREWER
   Landrigan made a showing based on expert declarations
and citations to the Supreme Court’s decision in Baze—a thin
showing, but a showing nevertheless—that an unidentified,
foreign-source drug about which nothing is known has a
greater risk of serious harm than a drug about which some-
thing is known (like sodium thiopental from Hospira, the sole
FDA-approved domestic distributor). See Baze, 553 U.S. at 53
(“It is uncontested that, failing a proper dose of sodium thio-
pental that would render the prisoner unconscious, there is a
substantial, constitutionally unacceptable risk of suffocation
from the administration of pancuronium bromide and pain
from the injection of potassium chloride.”). The State coun-
tered that it had legally obtained sodium thiopental from a for-
eign source with an expiration date of May 2014 in a
sufficient quantity, and it pointed to built-in protections in the
protocol.

   As the district court explained at length, the delay in deal-
ing with the provenance and efficacy of the sodium thiopental
is due to the state’s tactics, and not to any tardiness on the part
of Landrigan. See District Court Order at 11-14.

   Chief Judge Kozinski posits that Arizona’s procedural safe-
guards go beyond those adopted elsewhere,2 and that they are
there to ensure that the prisoner is in fact unconscious before
the second and third drugs are administered. However, the
safeguards built into the Arizona protocol protect against
failed administration, not necessarily against a flawed drug.
The safeguards are in the nature of physical monitoring, and
so do not address the situation in which defective sodium
thiopental wears off after the paralytic has been administered,
or in which this particular sodium thiopental procured by the
state is in fact adulterated, or is even some other drug, and
causes pain without rendering Landrigan unconscious.
  2
   Whether the Arizona protocol itself passes constitutional muster is
pending before this court in a separate appeal from the district court’s
grant of summary judgment to the state in Dickens v. Brewer, No. CV07-
1770 (NVW), 2009 WL 1904294 (D. Ariz. July 1, 2009).
                        LANDRIGAN v. BREWER                        18033
   The drug in the Kentucky protocol that passed muster in
Baze was sodium thiopental from the sole American supplier,
Hospira. (Among the exhibits in Baze were copies of the drug
labels showing that the sodium pentathol procured by the state
was manufactured by Abbott Laboratories, which later spun
off Hospira. See Joint Appendix, Vol. III, at 844, 847, Baze
v. Rees, 553 U.S. 35 (2008) (copies of drug labels)).3 The sig-
nificance is that, by virtue of being approved by the FDA, the
Hospira-distributed drug carries with it some assurance of
integrity. The same cannot be said of some version of the drug
manufactured by an unknown entity under unknown condi-
tions to unknown specifications. Neither the district court nor
the panel suggest that FDA approval of an execution drug is
required by the Eighth Amendment; such approval, however,
provides some level of confidence that the drug works for its
intended purpose. Moreover, the district court also indicated
that the state could merely substitute “another available,
FDA-approved barbiturate” if it wished to proceed with the
execution immediately, instead of waiting until early 2011,
when Hospira will begin manufacturing again.

   What is missing in the record here is evidence that the drug
the State intends to use works for its intended purpose. The
State made no showing, publicly (in redacted form or other-
wise), or privately in its in camera submission to the district
court, about the efficacy of the drug it obtained. It would not
have been hard for the state to do so, either voluntarily or in
compliance with the district court’s order. As the district court
said, “Defendants could have submitted an affidavit stating
that the drug was obtained through reputable sources and
there was no reason to question that it would function as
intended.” But the state submitted no such affidavit.
  3
    The State does not suggest that it has ever obtained sodium thiopental
from any source other than Hospira (or Abbott Laboratories), nor does it
dispute that at the time of Arizona’s last execution in 2007, Hospira was
still the only U.S. FDA-approved manufacturer of the drugs.
18034                   LANDRIGAN v. BREWER
   For whatever reason, the State chose not to file any declara-
tions in district court of any sort, and chose not to file its in
camera submission in our court.4 Apart from one line in the
second paragraph of its motion to lift the stay—where the
State simply indicates that it provided information for in cam-
era review by the district court—it chose not to make a point
of what that information consisted of, or what that informa-
tion means. This was a litigation choice. The district court
considered the submission and found no information regard-
ing the efficacy of the sodium thiopental the State had
obtained. The State could have argued this was wrong and
asked us to take a look for ourselves, but it did not. There is
no basis in the record before us to call the district court’s find-
ing into question.

   But if one does look at the in camera submission, it lists the
manufacturer and the distributor from whom the drugs were
purchased, and attaches promotional material off the manu-
facturer’s web site. It has no information on the sodium thio-
pental itself, and none on the manufacturer’s (or broker’s)
experience with it. In other words, it provides no information
about the drug’s efficacy beyond the name of the manufac-
turer. Moreover, examination of the in camera submission
reveals no justification whatever for the State’s refusal to pro-
vide the information to Landrigan, as the district court
ordered. Our courts operate on an adversarial basis; submis-
sions in camera are acceptable only in very rare circum-
stances, where as the district court here recognized, the
information is privileged or subject to other statutory protec-
tion. A party and his lawyers may, through research, addi-
tional evidence, and advocacy, succeed in proving that
information that appears benign to a judge is not. And
although the dissent from the denial of rehearing en banc (at
18048) suggests that Arizona has a legitimate interest in
avoiding a public attack on its foreign drug source, we fail to
  4
   The State belatedly did so only after we issued our ruling in which we
noted its failure to rebut Landrigan’s showing.
                     LANDRIGAN v. BREWER                   18035
see how that interest could justify precluding a plaintiff from
obtaining information pertinent to his claims. There are a very
few interests that justify keeping otherwise-pertinent informa-
tion from an opposing party; shielding a non-party corpora-
tion from public criticism is surely not one of them.

   Although the Supreme Court in Baze and the district court
in Dickens were concerned with the protocol itself and did not
directly address the source of the drugs in the “cocktail” each
approved, Hospira was the source of the sodium thiopental
used in Baze. Baze assumed a proper dose of sodium thiopen-
tal when it observed that “failing a proper dose of sodium
thiopental that would render the prisoner unconscious, there
is a substantial, constitutionally unacceptable risk of suffoca-
tion” from administration of the two other drugs. See 553 U.S.
at 53. The State has not disputed that it previously used
Hospira-manufactured sodium thiopental for the first injec-
tion, but simply ran out of it.

   Given Arizona’s refusal (or inability) to stand behind its
newly obtained drug as a “proper dose,” or say anything about
efficacy, and given that this is an equitable proceeding, we
concluded that the district court did not abuse its discretion in
staying the execution temporarily. Our decision does not
mean that Landrigan will not be executed; instead, it simply
means that Landrigan’s execution will be delayed until either
the courts have time to consider the constitutionality of the
state’s proposed use of sodium thiopental obtained from a for-
eign source or—at most—until early next year, after Hospira
resumes manufacturing the drug.

  We respectfully concur with denial of rehearing en banc.
18036                    LANDRIGAN v. BREWER
                            APPENDIX A
                      FOR PUBLICATION
  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
       FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

JEFFREY TIMOTHY LANDRIGAN,                   
               Petitioner-Appellant,
                 v.
ERNEST TRUJILLO, Warden of
Arizona State Prison Complex-
                                             
                                                     No. 10-73241
Eyman,
                                                       ORDER
                and
CHARLES L. RYAN, Director of the
Arizona Department of
Corrections,
             Respondents-Appellees.
                                             
                       Filed October 25, 2010
  Before: Pamela Ann Rymer, Kim McLane Wardlaw, and
            William A. Fletcher, Circuit Judges.

                                ORDER
  Arizona death-row prisoner Jeffrey Landrigan asks this
court for authorization to file a second or successive (SOS)
application for a writ of habeas corpus in district court pursu-
ant to 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(2). He also seeks a stay of his
scheduled execution date of October 26, 2010.1 We deny both
requests.
  1
   To the extent Landrigan also asks this court to convene an en banc
panel to consider his request to file an SOS petition as an initial matter,
the request is denied as an application to file an SOS petition must be
heard by a three-judge panel. 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(3)(B).
                         LANDRIGAN v. BREWER                        18037
   Chester Dean Dyer’s body was found in his apartment on
December 15, 1989 after he failed to show up for work.2 On
December 13, 1989, before his death, Dyer had called a
friend, Michael, and told Michael he had picked up a man
known to him as “Jeff.” In another phone call a few minutes
later Dyer told Michael that he was currently having sexual
intercourse with Jeff. In a third call Dyer asked whether
Michael could get Jeff a job and Michael spoke to Jeff about
possible employment. When Dyer was found he was fully
clothed, face down on his bed, with a pool of blood at his
head. An electrical cord hung around his neck. Ligature stran-
gulation was the cause of death. Medical testimony at the pre-
sentence hearing indicated that Dyer probably was strangled
after being rendered unconscious from blows to the head with
a blunt instrument.

   When first questioned, Landrigan denied knowing Dyer or
having been to his apartment. However, Landrigan was wear-
ing one of Dyer’s shirts when he was arrested. Fingerprints
from the scene matched Landrigan’s, and a shoeprint taken
from Dyer’s apartment matched one of Landrigan’s sneakers.
The sneaker had a small amount of blood on it that matched
blood on the shirt Dyer wore. Landrigan’s ex-girlfriend testi-
fied that, in a telephone conversation in December of 1989,
Landrigan told her he was “getting along” in Phoenix by “rob-
bing.” And in a phone call around Christmas, Landrigan told
her that he had “killed a guy . . . with his hands” about a week
before.3

  Landrigan was convicted on June 28, 1990 of theft, second
degree burglary, and felony murder for having caused the vic-
  2
     The facts are taken from the Arizona Supreme Court’s opinion on
direct appeal. Arizona v. Landrigan, 859 P.2d 111, 113-14 (Ariz. 1993).
   3
     Smith testified that Landrigan said: “I did it with my hands. Me and
another dude. I just beat ‘em, you know what I mean? . . . And he killed
him. They ain’t got him. He disappeared . . . . Well, like I said all I did
was knock him out, the other guy killed him.”
18038                LANDRIGAN v. BREWER
tim’s death in the course of and in furtherance of the burglary.
The jury also found that Landrigan had been convicted in
Oklahoma of assault and battery with a deadly weapon, sec-
ond degree murder, and possession of marijuana. At the time
of the Dyer murder, he was an escapee from an Oklahoma
prison.

   The trial judge (who was also the sentencer) found two stat-
utory aggravating circumstances under Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13-
703(F), that Landrigan was previously convicted of a felony
involving the use or threat of violence on another person; and
that he committed the offense in expectation of receiving
something of pecuniary value. The judge found no statutory
mitigating circumstances sufficient to call for leniency, but
she identified family love and lack of premeditation as non-
statutory mitigating circumstances. On balance, the sentenc-
ing judge concluded, the mitigating factors did not outweigh
the aggravating circumstances. Accordingly, Landrigan was
sentenced to an aggravated term of 20 years on the burglary
count, six months in county jail for theft, and death for mur-
der.

   In the course of rendering her decision, the sentencing
judge found from the evidence at trial and at sentencing that
Landrigan “was the actual killer, that he intended to kill the
victim and was a major participant in the act. Although the
evidence shows that another person may have been present,
the Court finds that the blood spatters on the tennis shoes of
the defendant demonstrate that he was the killer in this case.”

   The Arizona Supreme Court affirmed Landrigan’s convic-
tion and sentence on direct appeal. Landrigan, 859 P.2d at
114, 117-18. After post-conviction relief proceedings in state
court, Landrigan filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus in
federal district court on October 16, 1996. The petition
focused on claims of ineffective assistance at sentencing. Ulti-
mately, the United States Supreme Court reversed this court’s
grant of an evidentiary hearing. Schriro v. Landrigan, 550
                          LANDRIGAN v. BREWER                         18039
U.S. 465 (2007), rev’g 441 F.3d 638 (9th Cir. 2006) (en
banc).

   Meanwhile, an Arizona statute was enacted in 2000 that
provided for post-conviction DNA testing.4 In the wake of
that statute, an investigator with the office of the Federal Pub-
lic Defender for the District of Arizona contacted the Phoenix
Police Department to determine whether hair found on or in
Dyer’s hand, and a fingernail found in his apartment, still
existed. The Police Department couldn’t find them. In the
summer of 2006, Landrigan sought an order from the Mari-
copa County Superior Court authorizing him to conduct post-
conviction DNA testing on the fingernail and hairs. Although
the state indicated that this evidence was available, and an
order was issued, on January 29, 2007 the Phoenix Police
Department again said it couldn’t find the fingernail or hairs.

   On August 6, 2007, Landrigan asked the superior court to
expand its 2006 DNA testing order to include Dyer’s jeans,
the blanket from his bed, and a set of two curtains from his
apartment. The court did so. The jeans, blanket, and curtains
were sent to Technical Associates Inc. (TAI), a Ventura, Cali-
fornia laboratory, for testing. TAI reported on April 22, 2008
that Landrigan was excluded as a contributor of any of the
DNA. Landrigan asked for an evidentiary hearing which the
superior court denied (August 7, 2009) on the footing that
there was no dispute about the findings for an evidentiary
hearing to resolve.

  On August 10, 2009 Landrigan sought to amend his post-
conviction review petition to assert that the results of the
  4
   Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13-4240(A) provides for post-conviction testing of
“any evidence that is in the possession or control of the court or the state,
that is related to the investigation or prosecution that resulted in the judg-
ment of conviction, and that may contain biological evidence.” Before
seeking DNA testing under this statute, the prisoner must demonstrate to
the court that the evidence still exists. Id. § 13-4240(B)(2).
18040                 LANDRIGAN v. BREWER
DNA testing showed that the sentencing judge erroneously
concluded he was eligible for the death penalty under Enmund
v. Florida, 458 U.S. 782, 797 (1982). The superior court dis-
missed this petition (October 5, 2009), finding that the DNA
evidence would not have affected the trial court’s sentence of
death. It found that at most, the new DNA evidence shows
only that someone else may have been involved in the crimes.
The court also noted that Landrigan told his psychological
expert that he put the victim in a headlock while his accom-
plice hit him. Further, both the trial judge and the Arizona
Supreme Court determined that the record did not present mit-
igating evidence sufficiently substantial to call for leniency.
Finally, the court observed that if an accomplice were
involved in the murder, Landrigan knew it and could have
presented this fact, or his lesser culpability, as mitigation. The
superior court denied rehearing. The Arizona Supreme Court
declined review, and the United States Supreme Court
declined to issue a writ of certiorari. Landrigan v. Arizona,
No. 10-5280, 2010 WL 2717732 (U.S. Oct. 4, 2010).

   While TAI performed tests on blood stains on the jeans, it
did not subject them to DNA analysis. At Landigran’s
request, the superior court on October 10, 2010 released the
jeans for TAI to complete the testing ordered in 2007. Prelim-
inary results furnished on October 20, 2010 show that the
semen and blood left on both the jeans and the blanket are the
victim’s or someone else’s, not Landrigan’s.

   After some procedural back and forth, the Arizona
Supreme Court refused to stay the execution on account of the
new DNA test results. In the midst of that court’s consider-
ation of the issue, Landrigan filed the application for leave to
file an SOS petition that we now consider. In the application,
Landrigan asserts that the DNA evidence supports a claim for
habeas relief in that it clearly shows he is not eligible for the
death penalty under Enmund and Tison v. Arizona, 481 U.S.
137, 158 (1987). The petition he wishes to file in district court
seeks a writ of habeas corpus as to the death sentence and an
                         LANDRIGAN v. BREWER                         18041
order that the Arizona courts conduct whatever proceedings
are necessary to comply with Enmund and Tison.

   Under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of
1996 (AEDPA), we may only authorize the filing of an SOS
application if the applicant makes a prima facie showing that
“the facts underlying the claim, if proven and viewed in light
of the evidence as a whole, would be sufficient to establish by
clear and convincing evidence that, but for constitutional
error, no reasonable factfinder would have found the applicant
guilty of the underlying offense.” 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)
(2)(B)(ii).5 In addition, the applicant must show that the fac-
tual predicate for the claim could not have been discovered
previously through the exercise of due diligence. Id.
§ 2244(b)(2)(B)(i).

   On diligence, we note that Landrigan was convicted in June
1990. The Arizona DNA-testing statute was adopted in 2000,
but Landigran did not seek DNA testing until 2006. Even
then, testing was sought only as to the hair and a fingernail.
It was not until 2007, when the Police Department finally said
it didn’t have this evidence, that Landrigan asked for DNA
testing on Dyer’s jeans, blanket, and curtains. Landrigan
offers no explanation for waiting six years after the Arizona
DNA statute was enacted to seek DNA testing of any sort.
Nor does any explanation appear for why he did not ask for
DNA testing on the jeans, blanket, or curtains in 2006 when
he asked for it on the hair and fingernail. In these circum-
stances a serious question exists whether the factual predicate
for the claim — results of DNA testing on the jeans — could
not have been discovered earlier.
  5
   The state suggests that only a conviction may be challenged under
§ 2244(b), as the statute pertains to the “underlying offense.” However, we
have treated a claim that a petitioner is ineligible for the death penalty as
covered. See Thompson v. Calderon, 151 F.3d 918, 923-24 (9th Cir. 1998)
(en banc). Regardless, the outcome in this case is the same, given our con-
clusion that no adequate showing of a constitutional violation has been
made.
18042                    LANDRIGAN v. BREWER
   But assuming diligence, Landrigan must make a prima
facie showing6 of ineligibility for the death penalty under
Enmund and Tison. He submits that he has done so by show-
ing that he was not the actual killer or a major participant
because he is excluded as a source of the DNA found on the
victim’s curtains, blanket, and jeans.

   In Enmund, a couple was robbed and fatally shot by Samp-
son and Jeanette Armstrong. Enmund was in the get-away car,
not at the house where the murders occurred. He, along with
the Armstrongs, was convicted of first-degree murder and
robbery. The Court held that the death penalty may not consti-
tutionally be imposed on one who aids and abets a felony
(such as robbery) in the course of which a murder is commit-
ted by someone else when he did “not himself kill, attempt to
kill, or intend that a killing take place or that lethal force will
be employed.” 458 U.S. at 797. Tison involved two individu-
als whose participation was neither as killer, nor as someone
who wasn’t on the scene and didn’t intend or plan to kill as
in Enmund. Rather, they armed the actual killers knowing
they had previously killed others, they were present and stood
by and watched their companions shoot and kill the victims,
and could have foreseen that lethal force might be used. Thus,
they were not minor participants and their mental state was
one of reckless indifference to the value of human life. In
these circumstances, the Court concluded, the Enmund culpa-
bility requirement could be met.

  We disagree that the DNA test results make a prima facie
showing of a constitutional violation under Enmund and
  6
   A “prima facie showing” is “ ‘a sufficient showing of possible merit to
warrant a fuller exploration by the district court,’ ” and we will grant an
application for an SOS petition if “ ‘it appears reasonably likely that the
application satisfies the stringent requirements for the filing of a second
or successive petition.’ ” Woratzeck v. Stewart, 118 F.3d 648, 650 (9th
Cir. 1997) (per curiam) (quoting Bennett v. United States, 119 F.3d 468,
469 (7th Cir. 1997)); Cooper v. Woodford, 358 F.3d 1117, 1119 (9th Cir.
2004) (en banc) (quoting Woratzeck, 118 F.3d at 650)).
                        LANDRIGAN v. BREWER                      18043
Tison. Together Enmund and Tison indicate that major partici-
pation in the felony, together with reckless indifference to
human life, suffices for death penalty eligibility. Here, the
sentencing judge found that Landrigan was the actual killer,
that he intended to kill Dyer, and that he was a major partici-
pant in the act — in other words, the Enmund/Tison culpabil-
ity requirements were met. Landrigan maintains that the
sentencing judge’s finding clearly lacks support in the evi-
dence in light of the DNA test results, but these results simply
show that Landrigan did not contribute semen or blood found
on Dyer’s jeans. They do not show that Landrigan was not,
at a minimum, a major participant in Dyer’s death. Landrigan
further suggests that the results demonstrate the sentencing
judge’s “folly in believing the testimony of Cheryl Smith,”
but whether part, all, or none of her testimony was credible,
Landrigan confessed to his psychologist that he “put the vic-
tim in a head lock, and his partner hit him until he was uncon-
scious. The client [Landrigan] went back to robbing the place,
his original intention, while the partner took an electric cord
and began to choke him to death.” Thus, Landrigan was pres-
ent at the scene (unlike Enmund), and he has admitted facts
that demonstrate his major participation in, and reckless indif-
ference to, Dyer’s murder.

   We conclude that Landrigan’s second and successive
habeas application presents no substantial ground on which
relief might be granted. Our review of the record convinces
us that further exploration by the district court is unwarranted.
Accordingly, we deny his application. This moots the request
for a stay.7

 APPLICATION DENIED. REQUEST FOR STAY DIS-
MISSED.
  7
   Our denial “shall not be appealable and shall not be the subject of a
petition for rehearing or for a writ of certiorari.” 28 U.S.C.
§ 2244(b)(3)(E).
18044                LANDRIGAN v. BREWER
Chief     Judge     KOZINSKI, with whom     Judges
O’SCANNLAIN, McKEOWN, GOULD, TALLMAN,
BYBEE, CALLAHAN and BEA join, dissenting from the
denial of rehearing en banc:

   The Supreme Court has instructed us that an injunction is
an “extraordinary and drastic remedy,” Munaf v. Geren, 553
U.S. 674, 689 (2008), and we should be particularly hesitant
to grant such relief where, as here, our stay of execution will
trample on the state court’s judgment, see Baze v. Rees, 553
U.S. 35, 51 n.2 (2008) (plurality opinion) (instructing courts
to give a “measure of deference to a State’s choice of execu-
tion procedures”); cf. also Ohio Civil Rights Comm’n v. Day-
ton Christian Schs., Inc., 477 U.S. 619, 627 (1986) (“Because
of our concerns for comity and federalism, we thought that it
was ‘perfectly natural for our cases to repeat time and time
again that the normal thing to do . . . is not to issue such
injunctions.’ ” (quoting Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37, 45
(1971))). Given these concerns, a court lacks discretion to
issue an injunction unless the plaintiff shows that (1) “he is
likely to succeed on the merits,” (2) “he is likely to suffer
irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief,” (3) “the
balance of equities tips in his favor,” and (4) “an injunction
is in the public interest.” Winter v. Natural Res. Def. Council,
129 S. Ct. 365, 374 (2008).

   Thus, “like any other stay applicants, inmates seeking time
to challenge the manner in which the State plans to execute
them must satisfy all of the requirements for a stay, including
a showing of a significant possibility of success on the mer-
its.” Hill v. McDonough, 547 U.S. 573, 584 (2006). More-
over, a “preliminary injunction [for a stay of execution is] not
granted unless the movant, by a clear showing, carries the
burden of persuasion.” Id. (citing Mazurek v. Armstrong, 520
U.S. 968, 972 (1997) (per curiam)). Accordingly, to justify a
preliminary injunction in this case, Landrigan would have to
make a clear showing of a likelihood of success on his claim
that Arizona’s three-drug protocol is “sure or very likely to
                     LANDRIGAN v. BREWER                   18045
cause . . . needless suffering” in violation of the Eighth
Amendment. Helling v. McKinney, 509 U.S. 25, 33 (1993);
see also Cooper v. Rimmer, 379 F.3d 1029, 1033 (9th Cir.
2004). This he has utterly failed to do.

   Yet the panel affirms the district court’s preliminary injunc-
tion on the basis that the state never gave the panel the infor-
mation about its lethal injection drugs that it provided to the
district court. Landrigan v. Brewer, No. 10-99021, Order slip
op. at 17976 (9th Cir. Oct. 26, 2010). But the state was
required to provide no such information—to us or the district
court—because Landrigan did not show even a possibility that
he faces “a demonstrated risk of severe pain” during the
scheduled execution. Baze, 553 U.S. at 61. Under the standard
adopted by the Supreme Court in Baze, the district court
abused its discretion in imposing a stay.

   The fulcrum of Landrigan’s Eighth Amendment claim is
that the sodium thiopental that the state plans to use during his
execution has been obtained from foreign sources that do not
have FDA approval. Landrigan, No. 10-99021, Order slip op.
at 17971-72 . Landrigan made two separate claims as to how
this deficiency might harm him:

    (1)   The drug might be insufficiently potent, and
          thus fail to knock him unconscious, which
          would subject him to excruciating pain from
          the administration of the second and third drugs
          in the three-drug protocol.

    (2)   Administration of the sodium thiopental itself
          might cause Landrigan severe pain because it
          “could be contaminated with toxins.”

Landrigan v. Brewer, No. CV-10-02246 (ROS), Order Grant-
ing Mot. for a TRO at 8-9 (D. Ariz. Oct. 25, 2010) (“District
Court Order”).
18046                LANDRIGAN v. BREWER
   As to claim (1), the state pointed out in the district court
that, as part of the execution protocol, Arizona maintains
stringent safeguards to ensure that the prisoner is in fact
unconscious at the time the second and third drugs are admin-
istered. These safeguards go far beyond those adopted in other
states, such as California, and include the use of a micro-
phone, a high resolution camera and physical inspection by
medically trained personnel. Compare Baze, 553 U.S. at
120-21 (Ginsburg, J., dissenting) (describing California’s pro-
cedures), with Dickens v. Brewer, No. CV07-1770 (NVW),
2009 WL 1904294, at *20 (D. Ariz. July 1, 2009) (discussing
Arizona’s protocols and concluding that Arizona “provides
more safeguards than does the [protocol at issue in Baze]
against the risk that the sodium thiopental will be improperly
administered”).

   Significantly, the district court accepted the state’s argu-
ment and assumed in its order that Landrigan would be ren-
dered unconscious by the non-FDA approved sodium
thiopental. In footnote 5 of its order, it explained as follows:

    Defendants have repeatedly misconstrued this issue.
    Defendants stress that Arizona’s protocol ensures
    that pancuronium bromide and potassium chloride
    will be administered only to an unconscious pris-
    oner. While the protocol does offer safeguards in the
    event that inferior sodium thiopental fails to prop-
    erly anesthetize Plaintiff, those safeguards do noth-
    ing to prevent the risk of harm from contaminants or
    a counterfeit product. A core portion of Plaintiff’s
    claim—a portion Defendants choose to ignore—is
    that there may be a substantial risk of serious harm
    due to the administration of the sodium thiopental
    itself.

District Court Order at 10 n.5 (emphasis added). The district
court’s order thus hinges entirely on Landrigan’s claim that he
might suffer severe pain from the administration of the
                     LANDRIGAN v. BREWER                   18047
sodium thiopental. But on that score, Landrigan has simply
not carried his burden. While he makes a claim in his papers
that this is possible, that claim is supported by three docu-
ments, none of which help his case.

   The first document, the declaration of Dr. Palmer, says
absolutely nothing about the risk of pain from the administra-
tion of the sodium thiopental itself. See District Court Order
at 9. Dr. Palmer gives an example of a foreign drug that had
been adulterated and caused harm to patients, but no example
at all that caused instant, excruciating pain—or any pain at all.
Also notably absent from Dr. Palmer’s declaration is any
statement that the nature or composition of sodium thiopental
is such that there is any substantial risk of harm and pain in
connection with its use here. Dr. Palmer makes no reference
to “the literature” containing any mention of contaminants or
toxins. In short, there is no evidence of toxicity of the non-
FDA approved sodium thiopental that could conceivably
cause Landrigan pain on injection.

   The second and third documents are statements by the FDA
that foreign drugs may be counterfeit or of unknown quality,
but neither document suggests that such drugs cause severe
pain. Id. Nor is there any mention of sodium thiopental in par-
ticular. Landrigan’s and the district court’s speculation that
the drug Arizona plans to use could cause pain is supported
by nothing whatsoever. This lack of evidence in the record is
particularly unforgivable given that Landrigan knew about the
national shortage of sodium thiopental for over five months,
but waited until the eleventh hour to assert his claim. See Nel-
son v. Campbell, 541 U.S. 637, 650 (2004) (“Given the
State’s significant interest in enforcing its criminal judgments,
there is a strong equitable presumption against the grant of a
stay where a claim could have been brought at such a time as
to allow consideration of the merits without requiring entry of
a stay.” (internal citations omitted)).

  I thus don’t see what necessity there was for the state to
present any evidence to rebut Landrigan’s nonexistent show-
18048                 LANDRIGAN v. BREWER
ing. As to risk (1), the state showed that it has a protocol that
ensures the prisoner is unconscious before the otherwise pain-
ful second and third drugs are administered. The district court
did not find this protocol deficient, nor could it. As to risk (2),
Landrigan has not shown any more than a speculative possi-
bility that he will suffer pain during the execution.

   Because Landrigan did not meet his burden, the state had
no duty to come forward with any information. Indeed, Ari-
zona had good reasons not to; just twenty-four hours after the
state attorney general conceded that the drug was imported
from Great Britain, one journalist suggested the company
might be criminally liable under an EU regulation that makes
it illegal to “trade in certain goods which could be used for
capital punishment, torture, or other cruel, inhuman or
degrading treatment.” See Clive S. Smith, The British
Company Making a Business out of Killing, The Guardian
(Oct. 26, 2010, 4:00 p.m.), http://www.guardian.co.uk/
commentisfree/cifamerica/2010/oct/26/jeffrey-landrigan-
execution-sodium-thiopental. Certainly Arizona has a legiti-
mate interest in avoiding a public attack on its private drug
manufacturing sources, particularly when Hospira—the only
source of sodium thiopental within the United States—hasn’t
yet announced when the drug will actually be available for
executions or how much it plans to produce. Although the dis-
trict court may have been annoyed with the state for failing
to provide the information Landrigan’s lawyers wanted to see,
the fact remains that Landrigan was not entitled to the infor-
mation because he failed to make a threshold showing that he
will suffer harm.

   It is not warranted for the district court or our three-judge
panel to give primacy in Eighth Amendment analysis to a dis-
tinction between a drug manufactured by a domestic com-
pany, and approved by the FDA, and the same drug made by
a manufacturer located in a foreign country. No evidence has
been presented by Landrigan that the foreign manufacturer
                      LANDRIGAN v. BREWER                  18049
makes the drug in a way that would add toxins or would not
satisfy its intended purpose.

   Landrigan also seems to argue that he needs the informa-
tion he requested in order to make out a claim in the first
place. But there is no authority for the proposition that a pris-
oner is entitled to a stay in order to get discovery to make out
a claim. See Hill, 547 U.S. at 584 (observing that “a number
of federal courts have invoked their equitable powers to dis-
miss suits they saw as speculative or filed too late in the day”
when sustaining the suit would require a stay of execution).
Rather, he must come forward with evidence that he may suf-
fer serious harm before the state need provide any such infor-
mation. Landrigan has offered nothing at all.

                              ***

   Federal courts are not “boards of inquiry charged with
determining ‘best practices’ for executions.” Baze, 553 U.S.
at 51. Nor should the plaintiff’s conclusory allegations kick
off a mini-trial on drug certification and importation. We may
only stop an execution if plaintiff has met the standard for
injunctive relief, including making out a strong case of likeli-
hood of success on the merits. The panel in this case made an
egregious error by affirming the district court’s stay of Lan-
drigan’s execution with no showing of an Eighth Amendment
violation. This error is serious, and, if left uncorrected, likely
to be repeated by future panels who do not respect “the
State’s legitimate interest in carrying out a sentence of death
in a timely manner.” Baze, 553 U.S. at 61.

   The Supreme Court told us in Baze that “to prevail on [an
Eighth Amendment] claim there must be a ‘substantial risk of
serious harm,’ an ‘objectively intolerable risk of harm.’ ” Id.
at 50. But Landrigan’s sheer speculation that he might suffer
from a contaminated or unapproved dose of sodium thiopental
obtained from outside the United States comes nowhere near
meeting his burden to “establish that such exposure . . . pre-
18050                LANDRIGAN v. BREWER
sent[s] the risk [which] must be ‘sure or very likely to cause
serious illness and needless suffering,’ and give rise to ‘suffi-
ciently imminent dangers.’ ” Id. at 49-50. Instead, by counte-
nancing such untimely hypothetical arguments, we are simply
encouraging collateral litigation that is embroiling us in scien-
tific controversies beyond our expertise, and intruding on leg-
islative and executive prerogative in providing for humane
manners of execution. See id. at 51. In the process we are pro-
moting new obstacles to prevent states from carrying out
legitimate judgments and losing sight of our overarching
responsibility to see that justice is done. Because I believe the
panel disregards both the state’s legitimate interests and
Supreme Court precedent, I must dissent from our failure to
grant rehearing en banc.