Court Opinion

ID: 9363147
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-01-13 18:57:23.497705+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:15:28.622830
License: Public Domain

FILED
                           FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                      NOV 7 2022
                 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                   MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                   U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

                        FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

DANNY LEE JONES,                            No.   18-99005

           Petitioner-Appellant,            D.C. No. 2:01-cv-00384-SRB

 v.
                                            ORDER AND AMENDED
CHARLES L. RYAN,                            OPINION

           Respondent-Appellee.

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                         for the District of Arizona
               Hon. Susan R. Bolton, District Judge, Presiding

                  Argued and Submitted February 16, 2021
                         San Francisco, California

BEFORE: S.R. THOMAS, and HAWKINS, and CHRISTEN, Circuit Judges

                                 Order;
                  Amended Opinion by Judge S.R. Thomas;
                   Dissent from Order by Judge Bennett;
                    Dissent from Order by Judge Ikuta
                                    SUMMARY *

                          Habeas Corpus / Death Penalty

   The panel filed an amended opinion, denied a petition for panel rehearing, and
denied on behalf of the court a petition for rehearing en banc, in a case in which the
panel, applying the appropriate standards pursuant to the Antiterrorism and Effective
Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA), reversed the district court’s judgment denying
Danny Lee Jones’s habeas corpus petition challenging his Arizona death sentence,
and remanded to the district court with instructions to issue the writ.

    In Claim 1, Jones asserted that his trial counsel was constitutionally ineffective
by failing to request a mental health expert in advance of the sentencing
hearing. The panel held that the state court record demonstrates that trial counsel
was constitutionally ineffective by failing to secure a defense mental health expert,
and that, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1), the Arizona Supreme Court’s contrary
conclusion was an unreasonable application of Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S.
668 (1984), and its progeny. Holding that the state post-conviction review (PCR)
court’s decision was also based on an unreasonable determination of the facts under
28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2), the panel agreed with Jones that (1) the PCR court employed
a defective fact-finding process when it denied PCR counsel’s funding request for a
defense neuropsychological expert, effectively preventing the development of Claim
1; and (2) the state court’s failure to hold a hearing on Claim 1 resulted in an
unreasonable determination of the facts. The panel wrote that if the state court had
reached the question of Strickland prejudice, the panel would be required to afford
the decision deference under AEDPA, but because the PCR court did not reach the
issue of prejudice, the panel reviewed the issue de novo. Noting that Jones was
diligent in attempting to develop the factual basis for the claim in state court, the
panel wrote that the district court did not err in its expansion of the record, and the
panel considered the evidence developed in the district court in conducting its de
novo review. The panel wrote that on de novo review, it must weigh the aggravating
factors against the mitigation evidence, as developed in the state court record that
was available, but not presented. The panel also considered the mitigation evidence
that was presented. Reweighing the evidence in aggravation against the totality of

   *
     This summary constitutes no part of the opinion of the court. It has been
prepared by court staff for the convenience of the reader.
the available mitigating evidence, the panel concluded that there is at least a
reasonable probability that development and presentation of mental health expert
testimony would have overcome the aggravating factors and changed the result of
the sentencing proceeding. The panel therefore concluded on de novo review that
Jones demonstrated Strickland prejudice, and, accordingly, reversed the district
court’s denial of relief on Claim 1.

    In Claim 2, Jones asserted that his trial counsel was constitutionally ineffective
by failing to seek neurological or neuropsychological testing prior to
sentencing. The panel wrote that counsel’s failure to promptly seek
neuropsychological testing ran contrary to his obligation to pursue reasonable
investigations under Strickland, and in particular, his obligation to investigate and
present evidence of a defendant’s mental defect. The panel therefore concluded that
the PCR court’s decision that defense counsel’s performance did not fall below an
objectively reasonable standard was an unreasonable application of Strickland, and
that Jones satisfied § 2254(d)(1). The panel also held that the state PCR court’s
decision was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts, satisfying
§ 2254(d)(2), where the PCR judge made factual findings regarding the necessity
of neuropsychological testing, not on the basis of evidence presented by Jones, but
on the basis of his own personal conduct, untested memory, and understanding of
events—and by plainly misapprehending the record, which included a forensic
psychiatrist’s testimony, six years earlier, strongly suggesting that
neuropsychological testing was essential. Because the PCR court did not reach the
issue of prejudice, the panel reviewed the issue de novo. Noting that Jones was
diligent in attempting to develop the factual basis for the claim in state court, the
panel wrote that the district court did not err in its expansion of the record, and the
panel considered the evidence developed in the district court in conducting its de
novo review. The panel concluded that Jones demonstrated Strickland prejudice
because there is a reasonable probability that had such testing been conducted, and
had the results been presented at sentencing, Jones would not have received a death
sentence. The panel wrote that, in combination, the testing results and the
presentation of contributing factors would have dramatically affected any sentencing
judge’s perception of Jones’s culpability for his crimes, even despite the existence
of aggravating factors.

    Because the panel determined that Jones is entitled to relief and resentencing on
the basis of Claims 1 and 2, the panel did not reach whether new evidence presented
at the federal evidentiary hearing fundamentally altered these claims such that they
were unexhausted, procedurally defaulted, and excused in light of Dickens v. Ryan,
740 F.3d 1302 (9th Cir. 2014) (en banc), and Martinez v. Ryan, 566 U.S. 1
(2012). The panel likewise did not reach the merits of any of Jones’s other claims.

   Judge Bennett, joined by Judges Callahan, R. Nelson, Bade, Collins, Lee, Bress,
Bumatay, and VanDyke, dissented from the denial of rehearing en banc. He wrote
that the panel improperly and materially lowered Strickland’s highly demanding
standard and failed to afford the required deference to the district court’s findings—
essentially finding that no such deference was due. He wrote that the court should
have taken this case en banc (1) to secure and maintain uniformity in our case law;
(2) because this case involves issues of exceptional importance; and (3) so that the
Supreme Court, which has already vacated this court’s judgment once in this case,
does not grant certiorari a second time and reverse.

    Judge Ikuta, joined by Judges Callahan and VanDyke, dissented from the denial
of rehearing en banc. She agreed with Judge Bennett that even if the panel had been
correct in conducting a de novo review of the state court’s decision, it erred in failing
to defer to the district court’s factual findings. In her view, however, the panel had
no business conducting such a de novo review in the first place. She wrote that in
reaching the issue of prejudice de novo, the panel mischaracterized the state court
opinion and disregarded the admonitions of the Supreme Court to give such opinions
proper deference.

                                      COUNSEL

Amanda Bass (argued) and Leticia Marquez, Assistant Federal Public Defenders;
Jon M. Sands, Federal Public Defender, District of Arizona; Federal Public
Defenders’ Office, Tucson, Arizona; Jean-Claude André, Bryan Cave Leighton
Paisner LLP, Santa Monica, California; Barbara A. Smith and J. Bennett Clark,
Bryan Cave Leighton Paisner LLP, St. Louis, Missouri; Kristin Howard Corradini,
Bryan Cave Leighton Paiser LLP, Chicago, Illinois; for Petitioner-Appellant.
Jeffrey L. Sparks (argued), Assistant Attorney General, Capital Litigation Section;
Lacey Stover Gard, Chief Counsel; Mark Brnovich, Attorney General of Arizona;
Office of the Attorney General, Phoenix, Arizona; for Respondent-Appellee.
                                      ORDER

      The opinion filed June 28, 2021, Jones v. Ryan, 1 F.4th 1179 (9th Circ.

2021) is amended and superseded by the opinion filed concurrently with this order.

      The full court has been advised of the petition for rehearing en banc. A

judge of this Court requested a vote on the petition for rehearing en banc. A

majority of the non-recused active judges did not vote to rehear the case en banc.

Fed. R. App. 35. The petition for panel rehearing and for rehearing en banc is

DENIED. No further petitions for panel rehearing or rehearing en banc will be

entertained.

                  Amended Opinion by Judge Sidney R. Thomas

S.R. THOMAS, Circuit Judge:

      Danny Lee Jones, an Arizona inmate on death row, appeals the district

court’s denial of his petition for writ of habeas corpus on remand from this court

and the Supreme Court of the United States. Applying the appropriate standards

pursuant to the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996

(“AEDPA”), we conclude that Jones was denied the effective assistance of counsel

at sentencing. We reverse the judgment of the district court and remand for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                            1
                                          I1

                                          A

      On March 26, 1992, in Bullhead City, Arizona, Jones and his friend Robert

Weaver spent the day drinking and using crystal methamphetamine in Weaver’s

garage. At some point, a fight broke out, and evidence at trial indicated that Jones

hit Weaver over the head multiple times with a wooden baseball bat, killing him.

Jones then went inside the house where he encountered Weaver’s grandmother,

Katherine Gumina. Jones struck Gumina in the head with the bat and knocked her

to the ground. Jones then made his way to a bedroom where he found Tisha

Weaver, Weaver’s seven-year-old daughter, hiding under the bed. Evidence

showed that Jones hit Tisha in the head with the bat, and either strangled her or

suffocated her with a pillow. Jones fled to Las Vegas, Nevada, where police

eventually arrested him. He was indicted in Arizona on two counts of murder in

the first degree, and one count of attempted murder.2

      1
        In accordance with our obligation under Cullen v. Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170
(2011), to consider only the state court record in conducting our 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254(d) analysis, this recitation of the facts looks only to that record. Evidence
developed at the federal evidentiary hearing is included later in the limited contexts
where Pinholster does not circumscribe our consideration of such evidence.
      2
       Gumina initially survived the attack and was in a coma for seventeen
months before eventually dying from her injuries. The prosecution never amended
                                                                     (continued...)

                                          2
                                         B

      A public defender was assigned to Jones’s case. At the time, the public

defender had been an attorney for a little more than three years, and he had never

been a lead attorney on a capital case. He requested $5,000 from the trial court for

expert witnesses. The court authorized $2,000, which the public defender split

between a crime scene investigator and an addictionologist.

      The jury convicted Jones on all counts. Judge James Chavez scheduled the

sentencing hearing for three months later. About six weeks before the hearing,

counsel took his first trip to Reno, Nevada, in order to speak with Jones’s mother,

Peggy Jones3, and Jones’s second step-father, Randy Jones, in order to investigate

potential mitigation evidence.

      At sentencing, the public defender presented testimony from two witnesses:

investigator Austin Cooper and Randy Jones. Cooper testified about evidence

regarding an alleged accomplice. Randy explained that he married Peggy when

      2
        (...continued)
the indictment after Gumina died.
      3
        To avoid confusion, we refer to the members of Jones’s family by their
first names.

                                          3
Jones was seven years old.4 He explained that Peggy gave birth to Jones when she

was only fifteen years old and had numerous complications during the pregnancy

and delivery. Randy testified that Jones suffered multiple head injures when he

was growing up, and that when Jones was thirteen or fourteen his personality

began to change drastically. Jones started lying, cutting classes at school, drinking,

and doing drugs. Jones’s first step-grandfather introduced him to marijuana when

he was about ten years old, and Jones was an alcoholic by the time he was

seventeen.

      The trial court appointed the Chief of Forensic Psychiatry for the

Correctional Health Services in Maricopa County, Dr. Jack Potts, to examine Jones

and provide a report to the court pursuant to Rule 26.5 of the Arizona Rules of

Criminal Procedure.5 Defense counsel called Dr. Potts to testify at sentencing. Dr.

Potts stated that in conducting his review, he spent four hours interviewing Jones

in prison, one and a half of which were spent administering a personality test. He

also spoke to Jones for a couple of hours the day before testifying at the sentencing

      4
       The record is inconsistent whether Randy and Peggy married when Jones
was seven or eight years old.
      5
       The Rule provides: “At any time before the court pronounces a sentence, it
may order the defendant to undergo a mental health examination or diagnostic
evaluation. Unless the court orders otherwise, any report concerning such an
examination or evaluation is due at the same time as the presentence report.”

                                          4
hearing. He interviewed Peggy by phone for thirty minutes, and he spoke to

Randy for one hour the day before testifying. During Dr. Potts’s testimony, the

following colloquy took place:

      Q.    Do you feel you have been provided with adequate data,
            coupled with your in-person examination of the
            defendant, to make a conclusion for mitigating findings
            that you did?

      A.    . . . . I believe everything I reviewed and what I have
            heard about the case and reviewed with the defendant, his
            comments to me. I would have liked, and I think I have –
            I think it would be valuable to have had some neurologic
            evaluations, not – by a neurologist, clinical exam, such as
            a CAT scan, possibly an MRI, possibly EEG, possibly
            some sophisticated neurological testing, because I think
            there’s very strong evidence that we have . . . , I believe,
            of traumatic brain injury, and there’s some other
            evidence that I believe we may have organic neurologic
            dysfunctions here that has gone on since he’s been about
            13. So, there’s some other testing that I think would be
            valuable to have to pin down the diagnosis. . . .

      Q.    And you think that further testing might shed some
            additional light on, perhaps, some of these factors you
            listed and maybe why Mr. Jones behaves in the way he
            did on March 26, 1992?

      A.    Yes. I think it could help in clarifying and giving us
            etiology as the behavioral components, the explosive
            outbursts, the aggression, the mood changes, and the
            changes that occurred in his personality as noted by his
            mother when he was about 13, 14 years old.

                                         5
      Q.     In your opinion, could that information possibly provide
             . . . a significant mitigating factor as to what would be
             relevant to the issues at this hearing?

      A.     Clearly I think it would be corroborative of my clinical
             impressions and my diagnostic impressions in my report.

      Dr. Potts discussed the fact that Jones’s first step-father physically and

verbally abused Jones, and stated that it was “unequivocal” that Jones carried that

abuse with him into his adult life. Dr. Potts also stated that, given the long history

of substance abuse and other psychological problems in Jones’s family, Jones was

predisposed for substance abuse or a possible affective disorder. Dr. Potts did not,

however, give a specific diagnosis, but stated: “I think . . . to a reasonable degree

of medical certainty that the defendant suffers from a [cyclothymic] disorder,

which is a mood disorder, possibly organic syndrome, secondary to the multiple

cerebral trauma that he’s had as well as the prolonged substance abuse.”

      Dr. Potts testified that the drugs and alcohol Jones had on the day of the

murders would have had a significant effect on Jones because “it’s real clear that

the brain is much more susceptible when it’s been injured by drugs. Furthermore,

when you’re on drugs, you are more susceptible to the acts of aggression under

amphetamines.” He further stated that “I believe in my experience in cases like

                                           6
this, is that had it not been for the intoxication, the alleged offense would not have

occurred.”

      Dr. Potts also submitted a six-page report to the court. The report included

approximately two pages describing Jones’s social development and history,

including his medical history, one page of analysis, and one page of

recommendations. Dr. Pott’s report was due to the court on November 29, 1993,

but he did not complete it until December 3. He was late because he did not

receive the Presentence Information Report (“PSR”) from the Mohave County

probation department until December 1. Dr. Potts also testified at sentencing that

he was under “significant time pressure” in preparing the report. Dr. Potts

concluded that “Mr. Jones’ capacity to conform his conduct to that of the law was

clearly impaired at the time of the offenses. . . .” He therefore recommended that

an aggravated sentence should not be imposed.

      After Dr. Potts testified, counsel moved for a continuance so an expert could

conduct psychological testing. Counsel stated: “It’s not a delay tactic . . . [I]t’s not

something I planned on doing until . . . very recently after the report was done,

after talking with Dr. Potts, after exploring all these issues.” Notably, however,

counsel did not speak to Dr. Potts about the report until December 7, the night

before sentencing. The sentencing judge considered and rejected the motion:

                                            7
      THE COURT:          . . . . I also know that there were funds made
                          available to the defense at some point and you used them
                          to hire [an addictionologist]. . . . [I]f there were any
                          follow-up questions of a psychological or neurological
                          nature, I would think that the defense would have
                          followed them up.

      COUNSEL:            But, Your Honor, respectfully, . . . I didn’t realize this
                          issue was that important until Dr. Potts brought it up or I
                          would have certainly asked for the funds earlier.

      The judge found the following aggravating factors for Weaver’s murder: (1)

Jones “committed the offense as consideration for the receipt, or in expectation of

the receipt of anything of pecuniary value”; (2) Jones “committed the offenses in

an especially heinous or depraved manner”; (3) Jones was “convicted of one or

more other homicides . . . which were committed during the commission of the

offense.”

      Under Arizona’s then-existing death penalty statute, the trial judge held an

aggravation/mitigation hearing to determine whether a death sentence was

warranted. Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13-703(B) (1993). The judge had to impose a death

sentence if he found “one or more of the [enumerated statutory] aggravating

circumstances . . . and that there [were] no mitigating circumstances sufficiently

substantial to call for leniency.” Id. § 13-703(E).

                                          8
      The judge found four non-statutory mitigating factors: (1) Jones suffered

from long-term substance abuse; (2) he was under the influence of drugs and

alcohol at the time of the offense; (3) he had a chaotic and abusive childhood; and

(4) his longstanding substance abuse problem may have been caused by genetic

factors and aggravated by head trauma. The judge found the same aggravating and

mitigating circumstances for Tisha’s murder, but he also found that Tisha’s having

been less than fifteen years old was an additional aggravating factor. The judge

sentenced Jones to two death sentences for the murders, and twenty-five years

without the possibility of parole for the attempted murder. The Arizona Supreme

Court affirmed Jones’s conviction and sentence on direct review. State v. Jones,

917 P.2d 200 (1996).

                                         C

      Prior to filing Jones’s state post-conviction review (“PCR”) petition, PCR

counsel sought authorization from the court for the funding of several experts.

      As relevant here, the PCR court rejected counsel’s request to appoint a

neuropsychologist. The court stated that while Dr. Potts might not have been a

defense expert, he did a good job, gave “defense opinions,” and there was no

reason to believe that an expert appointed for the defense “would have been any

different.” The court concluded by stating that based on Dr. Potts’s testimony, “I

                                          9
don’t really see any grounds for any additional psychiatric or psychological

testing.”

      On July 1, 1999, counsel filed the PCR petition, raising twenty-five claims.

Among the petition’s exhibits were a declaration from defense trial counsel and an

affidavit from Peggy. At an informal conference on February 23, 2000, the court

ruled on several of Jones’s claims, and set others for an evidentiary hearing. In

particular, the court denied Claim 1 (as numbered in this appeal) on the merits.

The court set Claim 2 (as numbered in this appeal), as well as other claims, for

evidentiary hearing.

      At the evidentiary hearing, Randy, Peggy, and defense trial counsel testified.

Randy testified that he first spoke to counsel in July 1992, a few months after

Jones’s arrest. During this conversation, Randy told counsel about Jones’s head

injuries, as well as his struggles with substance abuse and stints in rehabilitation

programs. Randy next spoke to counsel when he came to visit Peggy and Randy at

their home in Reno in October 1993, about six weeks before sentencing.

      Peggy testified that she had provided counsel with a chronology of Jones’s

life during counsel’s visit. Peggy remembered sharing about Jones’s difficult birth

and the physical abuse she and Jones suffered at the hands of Jones’s biological

father and first step-father. Peggy shared that Jones had a good home life and a

                                          10
normal childhood once she married Randy, when Jones was about seven or eight

years old.

      Trial counsel testified that at the time he was appointed to represent Jones,

he had been an attorney for three and a half years and his experience with capital

cases consisted of having been second chair at the penalty phase in one prior case.

He stated that his strategy for defending the killing of Robert Weaver was

self-defense, so he hired Dr. Sparks as an addictionologist to testify about Jones’s

state of mind. Dr. Sparks opined at trial that because of the drugs Jones ingested,

he was unable to premeditate the killings. Dr. Sparks was not called to testify at

sentencing.

      When PCR counsel asked trial counsel if he visited Jones’s family early

enough in the case to adequately develop mitigation evidence, trial counsel

responded that Dr. Potts was able to make effective use of the information obtained

from the family. He said that Dr. Potts was a “very favorable mitigation witness

for the defense.” He stated that it felt to him like Dr. Potts was part of the defense

team, even though he was appointed as a court expert. Finally, counsel stated that

he did not consider the need for testing by a neuropsychologist until Dr. Potts

suggested it to him on December 7, 1993, the evening before Jones’s sentencing

hearing.

                                          11
      In the affidavit he provided as an exhibit to the PCR petition, trial counsel

stated that he asked the court for $5,000 for expert witnesses at trial. When the

trial court authorized only $2,000 of the $5,000 he requested, he “was of the

opinion that it would be fruitless to ask the court for additional funding for any

other needed experts such as an independent psychiatrist or psychologist.”

Counsel added that he did not ask his supervisor for any money because he

believed that the public defender’s office did not have sufficient funds for retaining

expert witnesses.

      After the hearing, the PCR court denied Claim 2 as well as the remaining

pending claims. As to Claim 2, the court stated that “[t]he report and testimony of

Dr. Potts[,] who was appointed by the Court, adequately addressed defendant’s

mental health issues at sentencing.”

      Jones filed a petition for review in the Arizona Supreme Court, which it

denied on February 13, 2001.

                                          D

      Jones subsequently filed his federal petition for habeas relief. The district

court granted an evidentiary hearing with regard to Claims 1 & 2 based on trial

counsel’s failure to secure the appointment of a mental health expert and failure to

move for neurological and neuropsychological testing.

                                          12
      The district court subsequently dismissed both ineffective assistance of

counsel (“IAC”) claims. The court denied Claim 1 because counsel’s “failure to

seek the appointment of a mental health expert in a more timely manner did not

prejudice Petitioner.” The district court explained that “the Court has not been

presented with evidence confirming that Petitioner suffers from neurological

damage caused by head trauma or other factors. Therefore, Dr. Potts’s finding at

sentencing remains the most persuasive statement in the record that neurological

damage constituted a mitigating factor.” The district court dismissed Claim 2 after

finding that Jones could only prove that he suffered from AD/HD residual type and

possibly a low level mood disorder. The district court “conclud[ed] that the trial

court would have assigned minimal significance to testimony indicating that

Petitioner suffered from ADHD [sic] and a low-level mood disorder, and that this

weight would not have outbalanced the factors found in aggravation.”

                                          E

      Jones timely appealed the district court’s denial of his petition for a writ of

habeas corpus. We reversed the district court and concluded that Jones received

IAC warranting relief on his claims regarding his counsel’s failure to secure the

appointment of a mental health expert, failure to timely move for neurological and

                                          13
neuropsychological testing, and failure to present additional mitigation witnesses

and evidence. See Jones, 583 F.3d at 636.

      The State petitioned for certiorari. The Supreme Court granted the petition,

vacated our judgment, and remanded the case for further consideration in light of

Pinholster. See Ryan v. Jones, 563 U.S. 932 (2011).

      On remand from the Supreme Court, we remanded the case to the district

court to consider, under Martinez v. Ryan, 566 U.S. 1 (2012), and Dickens v. Ryan,

740 F.3d 1302 (9th Cir. 2014) (en banc), “Jones’s argument that his ineffective

assistance of counsel claims are unexhausted, and therefore procedurally defaulted,

and that the deficient performance by his counsel during his post-conviction relief

case in state court excuses the default.” Jones v. Ryan, 572 F. App’x 478 (9th Cir.

2014) (Mem.). We expressed “no opinion on any other issue raised on appeal,”

and noted that “[t]hose issues are preserved for later consideration by the Court, if

necessary.” Id.

      On remand, the district court rejected Jones’s arguments. The district court

determined that Jones’s claims had not been fundamentally altered, and therefore,

they had previously been exhausted and were not subject to de novo review.

Additionally, the court concluded that PCR counsel was not ineffective as required

by Martinez, so any default would not be excused anyway. 566 U.S. 1. Jones filed

                                          14
a timely notice of appeal and stated that he was also appealing “all prior orders

disposing of other claims, either on the merits or procedurally.”

                                           II

      We review de novo a district court’s dismissal of a habeas petition. Sexton

v. Cozner, 679 F.3d 1150, 1153 (9th Cir. 2012). We review a district court’s

findings of fact for clear error. Stanley v. Schriro, 598 F.3d 612, 617 (9th Cir.

2010).

      Because Jones filed his petition after April 24, 1996, AEDPA applies to our

review of this petition. See Summers v. Schriro, 481 F.3d 710, 712 (9th Cir. 2007).

Under AEDPA, habeas relief may not be granted unless the state court’s decision

was: (1) “contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly

established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States;”

or (2) “based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence

presented in the State court proceeding.” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1)–(2).

      “A state court decision is ‘contrary to’ clearly established Supreme Court

precedent if the state court applies a rule that contradicts the governing law set

forth in Supreme Court cases or if the state court confronts a set of facts materially

indistinguishable from those at issue in a decision of the Supreme Court and,

nevertheless, arrives at a result different from its precedent.” Lambert v. Blodgett,

                                          15
393 F.3d 943, 974 (9th Cir. 2004) (citing Lockyer v. Andrade, 538 U.S. 63, 73

(2003)) (emphasis in original).

      A state court’s decision is an “unreasonable application” of federal law if it

“identifies the correct governing principle from [the Supreme] Court’s decisions

but unreasonably applies that principle to the facts of the prisoner’s case.” Id.

(internal quotations and citation omitted). The Supreme Court has explained that

the exceptions based on “clearly established” law refer only to “the holdings, as

opposed to the dicta, of th[e] Court’s decisions as of the time of the relevant state-

court decision.” (Terry) Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 412 (2000) (“Terry

Williams”). Circuit precedent may not clearly establish federal law for purposes of

§ 2254(d), but we may “look to circuit precedent to ascertain whether it has already

held that the particular point in issue is clearly established by Supreme Court

precedent.” Marshall v. Rodgers, 569 U.S. 58, 64 (2013).

      With respect to § 2254(d)(2) claims, “a state-court factual determination is

not unreasonable merely because the federal habeas court would have reached a

different conclusion in the first instance.” Wood v. Allen, 558 U.S. 290, 301

(2010). If “‘[r]easonable minds reviewing the record might disagree’ about the

finding in question, ‘on habeas review that does not suffice to supersede the trial

                                          16
court’s . . . determination.’” Id. (quoting Rice v. Collins, 546 U.S. 333, 341–42

(2006)).

      If a petitioner can overcome the § 2254(d) bar with respect to the claims the

state court did address, he must also demonstrate that he is entitled to relief without

the deference required by AEDPA. See Panetti v. Quarterman, 551 U.S. 930,

953–54 (2007).

      Where the state court did not reach a particular issue, § 2254(d) does not

apply, and we review the issue de novo. See Rompilla v. Beard, 545 U.S. 374, 390

(2005); see also Weeden v. Johnson, 854 F.3d 1063, 1071 (9th Cir. 2017)

(“Because the [state court] did not reach the issue of prejudice, we address the

issue de novo.”).

      Pursuant to Pinholster, our § 2254(d) analysis is limited to the facts in the

state court record. 563 U.S. at 185. However, in narrow circumstances, when we

review a claim de novo, and when a petitioner satisfied the standard for an

evidentiary hearing in federal district court pursuant to § 2254(e)(2) by exercising

diligence in pursuing his claims in state court, we may consider the evidence

developed in federal court. See id.; see also id. at 212–13 (Sotomayor, J.,

dissenting); see also Schriro v. Landrigan, 550 U.S. 465, 473 n.1 (2007).

                                          17
                                          III

      In Claims 1 and 2, Jones alleges that his counsel provided IAC at sentencing.

To prove a constitutional violation for IAC, Jones must show (1) “that counsel’s

performance was deficient,” and (2) “that the deficient performance prejudiced the

defense.” Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). Counsel’s

performance is deficient if, considering all the circumstances, it “fell below an

objective standard of reasonableness . . . under prevailing professional norms.” Id.

at 688. Under this objective approach, we are required “to affirmatively entertain”

the range of possible reasons counsel might have proceeded as he or she did.

Pinholster, 563 U.S. at 196.

      To establish prejudice under Strickland, a petitioner must “show that there is

a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of

the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a

probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Strickland, 466

U.S. at 694. Under the prejudice prong, “[a] reasonable probability is one

‘sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome,’ but is ‘less than the

preponderance more-likely-than-not standard.’” Lambright v. Schriro, 490 F.3d

1103, 1121 (9th Cir. 2007) (quoting Summerlin v. Schriro, 427 F.3d 623, 640, 643

(9th Cir. 2005) (en banc)). It is therefore “not necessary for the habeas petitioner

                                          18
to demonstrate that the newly presented mitigation evidence would necessarily

overcome the aggravating circumstances.” Id. (quotation marks and citation

omitted). However, “[a] reasonable probability means a ‘substantial,’ not just

‘conceivable,’ likelihood of a different result.” Shinn v. Kayer, 141 S. Ct. 517, 523

(2020) (quoting Pinholster, 563 U.S. at 189).

      To answer the prejudice inquiry, we must “consider all the evidence—the

good and the bad,” Wong v. Belmontes, 558 U.S. 15, 26 (2009) (per curiam), and

“reweigh the evidence in aggravation against the totality of available mitigating

evidence,” Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 534 (2003). The totality of available

mitigating evidence includes evidence “both . . . adduced at trial, and the evidence

adduced in the habeas proceeding[s].” Terry Williams, 529 U.S. at 397.

      Our review of a Strickland claim under § 2254(d) is “doubly deferential,”

requiring the court to apply AEDPA deference on top of Strickland deference.

Knowles v. Mirzayance, 556 U.S. 111, 123 (2009).

      If the state court had reached the question of Strickland prejudice, we would

be required to afford the decision deference under AEDPA. However, because the

state court reached only the deficient performance prong of Jones’s IAC claims, we

review only that prong under § 2254(d), and we review the prejudice prong of his

claims de novo. See Weeden, 854 F.3d 1063 at 1071 (“Because the [state court]

                                         19
did not reach the issue of prejudice, we address the issue de novo.”); see also

Rompilla, 545 U.S. at 390 (same); Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 534 (same).

                                          IV

                                          A

      In Claim 1, Jones asserts that his trial counsel was constitutionally

ineffective by failing to secure a defense mental health expert. He asserts that his

right to counsel was violated when his attorney failed to request a mental health

expert in advance of the sentencing hearing. For the reasons below, we agree.

       “[C]ounsel has a duty to make reasonable investigations or to make a

reasonable decision that makes particular investigations unnecessary.” Strickland,

466 U.S. at 691. As the Supreme Court has stated, there is a “belief, long held by

this society, that defendants who commit criminal acts that are attributable to a

disadvantaged background or to emotional and mental problems, may be less

culpable than defendants who have no such excuse.” Boyde v. California, 494 U.S.

370, 382 (1990) (quotation and emphasis omitted).

      Therefore, “‘[i]t is imperative that all relevant mitigating information be

unearthed for consideration at the capital sentencing phase.’” Wallace v. Stewart,

184 F.3d 1112, 1117 (9th Cir. 1999) (quoting Caro v. Calderon, 165 F.3d 1223,

1227 (9th Cir. 1999) (brackets in original)). Classic mitigation evidence includes

                                          20
mental disorders, mental impairment, family history, abuse, physical impairments,

and substance abuse. Sanders v. Davis, 23 F.4th 966, 985 (9th Cir. 2022);

Summerlin. 427 F.3d at 641; see also Terry Williams, 529 U.S. at 396 (noting that

counsel has an “obligation to conduct a thorough investigation of the defendant’s

background,” citing American Bar Association (“ABA”) Standards for Criminal

Justice 4–4.1, commentary, p.4–55 (2d ed 1980)). “That investigation should

include examination of mental and physical health records, school records, and

criminal records.” Correll v. Ryan, 539 F.3d 938, 943 (9th Cir. 2008).

      Counsel’s failure to investigate and present evidence of a defendant’s mental

defect constitutes deficient performance. Terry Williams, 529 U.S. at 396. In light

of Terry Williams, we have also held that counsel’s performance may be deficient

“if he ‘is on notice that his client may be mentally impaired,’ yet fails ‘to

investigate his client’s mental condition as a mitigating factor in a penalty phase

hearing.’” Caro v. Woodford, 280 F.3d 1247, 1254 (9th Cir. 2002) (quoting

Hendricks v. Calderon, 70 F.3d 1032, 1043 (9th Cir. 1995)). Such performance is

deficient because “[a]t the penalty phase, counsel’s duty to follow up on indicia of

mental impairment is quite different from—and much broader and less contingent

than—the more confined guilt-phase responsibility.” Bemore v. Chappell, 788

F.3d 1151, 1171 (9th Cir. 2015). The failure to “make even [a] cursory

                                           21
investigation” into available means of obtaining additional funding for expert

witnesses may amount to deficient performance under Strickland. See

Hinton v. Alabama, 571 U.S. 263, 274 (2014).

      Additionally, the 1989 ABA Guidelines6 in effect at the time of Jones’s

sentencing, explain that in capital cases, “[c]ounsel should secure the assistance of

experts where it is necessary or appropriate for: . . .” “the sentencing phase of the

trial,” and the “presentation of mitigation.” ABA Guidelines for the Appointment

and Performance of Counsel in Death Penalty Cases, Guideline 11.4.1(d)(7), p. 16

(1989). The Guidelines explain that “[i]n deciding which witnesses and evidence

to prepare for presentation at the sentencing phase, counsel should consider the

following: . . . Expert witnesses to provide medical, psychological, sociological or

other explanations for the offense(s)[.]” Id. at Guideline 11.8.3(F)(2), p. 23–24.

      6
         We may look to the ABA Guidelines as indicators of the prevailing norms
of practice at a given time. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688 (“Prevailing norms of
practice as reflected in American Bar Association standards and the like . . . are
guides to determining what [performance] is reasonable, but they are only
guides.”); see also Rompilla, 545 U.S. at 387 n.7 (using language of 1989 and 2003
ABA Guidelines to evaluate performance at 1988 trial); Florida v. Nixon, 543 U.S.
175, 191 (2004) (using 2003 ABA Guidelines to evaluate counsel’s performance at
trial); but see Bobby v. Van Hook, 558 U.S. 4, 8 (2009) (“Strickland stressed,
however, that American Bar Association standards and the like are only guides to
what reasonableness means, not its definition. We have since regarded them as
such.” (citations and quotations omitted)).

                                          22
       The Guidelines also note that, among the topics the defense should consider

presenting at sentencing, is “[m]edical history (including mental and physical

illness or injury, alcohol and drug use, birth trauma and developmental delays)” as

well as “[e]xpert testimony concerning [the client’s medical history] and the

resulting impact on the client, relating to the offense and to the client’s potential at

the time of sentencing.” Id. at Guideline 11.8.6(B)(1)&(8), p. 25–26.

       “The timing of this investigation is critical.” Allen v. Woodford, 395 F.3d

979, 1001 (9th Cir. 2005) (quotation and citation omitted); see also Heishman v.

Ayers, 621 F.3d 1030, 1036–37 (9th Cir. 2010). The Supreme Court has found

constitutional error “where counsel waited until one week before trial to prepare

for the penalty phase, thus failing to adequately investigate and put on mitigating

evidence.” Allen, 395 F.3d at 1001 (citing Terry Williams, 529 U.S. at 395). “If

the life investigation awaits the guilt verdict, it will be too late.” Id. (citation and

quotation omitted).

       “[L]egal experts agree that preparation for the sentencing phase of a capital

case should begin early and even inform preparation for a trial’s guilt phase[.]” Id.

“Counsel’s obligation to discover and appropriately present all potentially

beneficial mitigating evidence at the penalty phase should influence everything the

attorney does before and during trial[.]” Id. (citation and quotation omitted).

                                            23
Moreover, the 1989 ABA Guidelines state that “[c]ounsel should conduct

independent investigations relating to the guilt/innocence phase and to the penalty

phase of a capital trial[,]” and “[b]oth investigations should begin immediately

upon counsel’s entry into the case and should be pursued expeditiously.” ABA

Guidelines for the Appointment and Performance of Counsel in Death Penalty

Cases, Guideline 11.4.1(A), p. 13 (1989) (emphasis added); see also id. at

Guideline 11.8.3, p. 23 (“[P]reparation for the sentencing phase, in the form of

investigation, should begin immediately upon counsel’s entry into the case.”).

      The state court record demonstrates that counsel’s failure to timely seek a

mental health expert fell below “prevailing professional norms.” Strickland, 466

U.S. at 688. The state court record shows that counsel was on notice that Jones

may have been mentally impaired, yet counsel failed to investigate Jones’s mental

condition as a mitigating factor, and he failed to obtain a defense mental health

expert. Counsel was in possession of medical records showing that Jones formerly

attempted suicide at age twenty-two; Peggy told counsel that Jones experienced

extreme moods swings, but these swings stabilized when he had been medicated

with lithium; and Peggy and Randy told counsel that Jones was “often a disturbed

child,” and they had to seek psychiatric help for him at age nine. This evidence

                                         24
would have led a reasonable attorney to investigate further and obtain a defense

mental health expert. See Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 527–28.

      An investigation into Jones’s mental health should have been pursued far in

advance of when counsel requested that Jones undergo a mental health

examination pursuant to Arizona Rule of Criminal Procedure 26.5. Counsel should

have obtained a defense mental health expert well before the start of the guilt phase

of Jones’s trial, but instead, he waited to make this request until after Jones had

already been convicted on September 13, 1993. See Allen, 395 F.3d at 1001.

      Obtaining the court-appointed, independent expert’s short and cursory

evaluation did not satisfy this duty. See Lambright, 490 F.3d at 1120–21.

(“Counsel may not rely for the development and presentation of mitigating

evidence on the probation officer and a court appointed psychologist. . . . The

responsibility to afford effective representation is not delegable to parties who have

no obligation to protect or further the interests of the defendant.” (emphasis

added)).

      Moreover, Dr. Potts’s evaluation and opinions were limited in that he was a

psychiatrist not trained in matters involving organic brain function—information

that a neuropsychologist could have developed and presented. Dr. Potts had no

obligation to further the interests of the defendant, even if he did present a defense-

                                          25
favorable opinion, and his expertise and evaluation did not extend to the precise

topic—organic brain function—that was essential in Jones’s case.

      Finally, the state court record establishes that the failure to obtain a defense

expert here cannot be justified as a reasonable strategic decision. First and

foremost, counsel’s failure to obtain a mental health expert was based not on

strategy, but on lack of preparation, which left counsel unaware of the importance

of this evidence. Counsel failed to speak adequately to Jones and Jones’s family to

obtain a full picture of Jones’s mental health history. For instance, even though

when Jones was interviewed for the PSR, Jones reported he was “mentally abused

by his first step-father, and later physically abused by a second step-father,” and he

characterized his childhood as “bad and unhappy,” when questioning Dr. Potts at

sentencing, defense counsel brushed aside a mention of Randy’s physical abuse,

referring to it as “clearly a mistake,” even though the information came from Jones

himself.

      Given this lack of preparation, unsurprisingly, counsel stated that he never

even considered the need for testing by a neuropsychologist until Dr. Potts

suggested it to him the evening before Jones’s sentencing hearing. He attested that

      prior to meeting with Dr. Jack Potts, M.D. on December 7, 1993 to
      discuss his evaluation of Danny Jones, [he] was not aware that
      neurological or neuropsychological testing was necessary and

                                          26
      available which could determine the exact nature of injuries to Danny
      Jones’ brain from long term substance abuse and head injury and the
      resulting affect on his behavior and conduct.

      This failure fell below a reasonable standard of performance given the

indications that Jones likely suffered from some form of mental illness.

      Although we need “not indulge ‘post hoc rationalization’ for counsel’s

decisionmaking that contradicts the available evidence of counsel’s actions,”

Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 109 (2011) (quoting Wiggins, 539 U.S. at

526–27), even imagining one potential strategic reason for counsel’s failure to

obtain an expert—that the defense could not afford one—the failure to attempt to

obtain a defense expert was neither reasonable nor informed. In the declaration he

provided in the state PCR proceeding, defense counsel stated that he believed “the

Mohave County Public Defender’s Office did not have sufficient monies for

retaining expert witnesses,” and so he “did not ask Mr. Everett [the Mohave Public

Defender] for any funding for additional necessary experts in State vs. Jones.” But

according to Kenneth Everett’s affidavit provided to the state PCR court, “[i]n the

last quarter of 1993, approximately Seven Thousand ($7,000.00) Dollars would

have been available for experts . . . in regard to all cases that the Public Defender

had in that last quarter, including the Danny Lee Jones case.” Everett also stated

that during the relevant time period, counsel “perhaps could have expended

                                          27
additional funds for experts for additional mitigation evidence,” although he did

recognize that counsel needed “to be circumspect” about requesting such funds.7

But, contrary to the Supreme Court’s ruling in Hinton, counsel never even looked

into requesting funding through the Public Defender’s Office. See Hinton, 571

U.S. at 274 (trial attorney’s failure to request additional funding was deficient

when he mistakenly believed he had received all the funding available).

      In sum, the state court record demonstrates that trial counsel was

constitutionally ineffective by failing to secure a defense mental health expert.

Thus, pursuant to § 2254(d)(1), the Arizona Supreme Court’s contrary conclusion

was an unreasonable application of Strickland and its progeny.

      7
        Counsel could also have gone back to the trial court for additional funding.
In granting only $2,000 of counsel’s $5,000 request for funding, the court stated
that:

      If this is all you need pretrial, you may need more at trial, and then of
      course the sentencing hearing if we get that far, so—but, I am willing
      to go $2,000 prior to trial, and then with the understanding that I am
      willing to listen again if you need more.

Jones, 583 F.3d at 629 n.2. Although this statement may not have been
specifically included in the state court record, there is no doubt the PCR court was
aware of it; the same judge who sentenced Jones to death presided at his PCR
hearing.

                                          28
                                           B

      Alternatively, Jones argues that the state PCR court’s decision was based on

an unreasonable determination of the facts under § 2254(d)(2). He argues that the

court employed a defective fact-finding process with respect to Claim 1 when it

denied PCR counsel’s funding request for a defense neuropsychological expert,

effectively preventing the factual development of this claim. He also asserts that

the state court’s failure to hold a hearing on Claim 1 resulted in an unreasonable

determination of the facts. We agree with both arguments.

      Under § 2254(d)(2), a petitioner may challenge a state court’s conclusion

that is based upon an unreasonable determination of the facts. We have noted that

§ 2254(d)(2) challenges “come in several flavors.” Taylor v. Maddox, 366 F.3d

992, 1000 (9th Cir. 2004), overruled on other grounds by Murray v. Schriro, 745

F.3d 984, 999–1000 (9th Cir. 2014). For instance, we have stated that a petitioner

may overcome the § 2254 (d)(2) bar if the fact-finding “process employed by the

state court is defective.” Id. at 999 (citing Nunes v. Mueller, 350 F.3d 1045,

1055–56 (9th Cir. 2003)). “We have held repeatedly that where a state court

makes factual findings without an evidentiary hearing or other opportunity for the

petitioner to present evidence, the fact-finding process itself is deficient, and not

entitled to deference.” Hurles v Ryan, 752 F.3d 768, 790 (9th Cir. 2014)

                                           29
(amended) (quotations omitted); see also Perez v. Rosario, 459 F.3d 943, 950 (9th

Cir. 2006) (amended) (“In many circumstances, a state court’s determination of the

facts without an evidentiary hearing creates a presumption of unreasonableness.”).

      This rule applies with greater force where a judge bases factual findings on

their own personal conduct, untested memory, or understanding of events in the

place of an evidentiary hearing. See Hurles, 752 F.3d at 791 (finding it “especially

troubling” when a judge’s factual findings involved her own conduct and were

based on her “untested memory and understanding of the events”).

      Similarly, a fact-finding process may be fatally undermined “where the state

courts plainly misapprehend or misstate the record in making their findings, and

the misapprehension goes to a material factual issue that is central to petitioner’s

claim.” Taylor, 366 F.3d at 1001; see also Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 528. And

likewise, a fact-finding process may be deemed defective when the end result

requires the court to make a finding on “an unconstitutionally incomplete record.”

Milke v. Ryan, 711 F.3d. 998, 1007 (9th Cir. 2013). For a petitioner to prevail on

these types of § 2254(d)(2) arguments, however, “we must be satisfied that any

appellate court to whom the defect is pointed out would be unreasonable in holding

that the state court’s fact-finding process was adequate.” Taylor, 366 F.3d at 1000.

                                          30
      The PCR court’s decision not to hold a hearing on Claim 1 amounted to an

unreasonable determination of the facts. The court ruled on Claim 1 without

holding an evidentiary hearing because it found that Dr. Potts essentially satisfied

the role of a defense mental health expert. In response to PCR counsel’s argument

that a defendant is entitled to his own mental health expert in capital cases, not a

court-appointed independent expert, the court explained that:

      Dr. Potts was a very good expert. He was defense oriented. The
      prosecutor, I can remember, was very upset about that. . . . I’m going
      to deny [this claim] because I don’t think counsel was ineffective as
      far as Dr. Potts.

      The fact that the PCR court made this factual finding regarding Dr. Potts’s

role without holding an evidentiary hearing or opportunity for Jones to present

evidence, suggests that the PCR court’s fact-finding process was deficient. See

Hurles, 752 F.3d at 790. However, the process was even more unreasonable

because, even though more than six years had passed, the judge based this finding

solely on his own untested memory and personal impression of Dr. Potts’s role in

the sentencing hearing. See id. at 791. The judge who presided over Jones’s state

PCR proceeding was the same judge who sentenced him to death, and in denying a

hearing on this claim, the judge relied primarily on his personal recollection of Dr.

Potts’s testimony and his memory that the prosecution was upset that Dr. Potts

                                          31
testified favorably for the defense. There is no evidence the PCR court considered

anything else in denying the request for a hearing.

      The PCR court “plainly misapprehend[ed]” the record in making its finding

that Dr. Potts satisfied the role of a defense mental health expert. See Taylor, 366

F.3d at 1001. Dr. Potts was not a defense expert, and the fact his conclusions were

favorable to the defense does not support that he filled that role. Nothing about the

circumstances of Dr. Potts’s testimony suggests otherwise. Dr. Potts testified at

Jones’s sentencing hearing that he regularly prepares psychological reports

requested by the courts, that “at times are favorable apparently for the State” and at

other times are favorable “for the defense[.]” He also explained that in other cases

like Jones’s, he had found little or no mitigation for the defendant. Moreover, the

limited amount of time Dr. Potts spent on his report and the level of analysis and

detail that report provided do not support the conclusion that he was an advocate

for the defense team. Dr. Potts submitted only a six-page report to the court. He

agreed that he was under “significant time pressure” in preparing the report

because he received the PSR late from Mohave County. He met with Jones for a

total of four hours at the prison, and spent one and a half hours of that time

administering an MMPI personality test. On the day before he testified, Dr. Potts

                                          32
also spoke to Jones for “a couple of hours,” Peggy for about thirty minutes, and

Randy for one hour. Dr. Potts also specified that it would have been helpful and

      valuable to have had some neurologic evaluations, not – by a
      neurologist, clinical exam, such as a CAT scan, possibly an MRI,
      possibly EEG, possibly some sophisticated neurological testing,
      because I think there’s very strong evidence that we have – well,
      there’s clear evidence that we have, I believe, of traumatic brain
      injury, and there’s some other evidence that I believe we may have
      organic neurological dysfunctions here that has gone on since he’s
      been about 13. So there’s some other testing that I think would be
      valuable to have to pin down the diagnosis.

      Nothing about Dr. Potts’s role in the sentencing hearing suggests that he had

stepped into the shoes of a defense expert.

      The PCR court’s decision not to fund a defense mental health expert fatally

undermined the fact-finding process, in part because that decision resulted in the

court ruling on an unconstitutionally incomplete record. Without funding for a

mental health expert, it was impossible for Jones to demonstrate that he had been

prejudiced by counsel’s failure to obtain one during the course of Jones’s criminal

proceedings. Jones could not demonstrate the inadequacy of counsel’s mitigation

case without providing the mitigation evidence that could have been presented by a

defense neuropsychological expert. Moreover, without funding, Jones could not

show that a defense neuropsychological expert would have presented materially

different evidence than that already provided by Dr. Potts. By failing to provide

                                         33
additional funding to develop Jones’s mental health mitigation evidence, the state

court, as Jones phrases it, created “its own self-fulfilling prophecy,” by preventing

the development of the claim before it was even presented.

      We emphasize that we are not suggesting that any denial of an evidentiary

hearing or denial of funding for an expert would lead to a deficient fact-finding

process in state court. Our determination is expressly limited to the facts of this

case, where, as described above, the court denied the evidentiary hearing based on

his own recollection of a sentencing proceeding six years prior, where the state’s

own expert had opined on the stand that further neurological testing was desirable.

      For these reasons, we conclude that any appellate court would conclude that

the PCR court’s factual determination as to Dr. Potts and its fact-finding process

with respect to Claim 1 were unreasonable and inadequate. See Taylor, 366 F.3d at

1000. Accordingly, Jones has satisfied the requirements of § 2254(d)(2).

                                          C

      Although § 2254(d) typically also applies to the prejudice prong of a

petitioner’s IAC claim, here, the PCR court did not reach the issue of prejudice,

and so we review the issue de novo. See, e.g., Weeden, 854 F.3d at 1071.

      Pinholster limits our § 2254(d) analysis to the facts in the state court record.

563 U.S. at 185. However, Pinholster does not prevent us from considering

                                          34
evidence presented for the first time in federal district court in reviewing the merits

of Jones’s claims de novo. As the district court found, Jones satisfied the standard

for an evidentiary hearing pursuant to § 2254(e)(2)8. That provision permits

federal district courts to hold evidentiary hearings and consider new evidence when

petitioners have exercised diligence in pursuing their claims in state court. See id.

(“Section 2254(e)(2) continues to have force where § 2254(d)(1) does not bar

federal habeas relief.”); see id. at 212–13 (Sotomayor, J., dissenting); (Michael)

Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 420, 436–37 (2000).

      Though § 2254(e)(2) limits the discretion of district courts to conduct

evidentiary hearings, Pinholster, 563 U.S. at 203 n.20, it does not impose an

express limit on “evidentiary hearings for petitioners who ha[ve] been diligent in

      8
          Section 2254(e)(2) states that

      If the applicant has failed to develop the factual basis of a claim in
      State court proceedings, the court shall not hold an evidentiary
      hearing on the claim unless the applicant shows that—
             (A) the claim relies on—
                    (i) a new rule of constitutional law, made retroactive to
      cases on collateral review by the Supreme Court, that was
      previously unavailable; or
                    (ii) a factual predicate that could not have been
      previously discovered through the exercise of due diligence; and
             (B) the facts underlying the claim would be sufficient to
      establish by clear and convincing evidence that but for constitutional
      error, no reasonable factfinder would have found the applicant guilty
      of the underlying offense.

                                           35
state court.” Id. at 213 (Sotomayor, J. dissenting); see also Landrigan, 550 U.S. at

473 n.1. Here, the federal district court determined that Jones had been diligent in

attempting to develop the factual basis for Claims 1 and 2 in state court, and the

State does not contest that determination now. The state court record shows that

Jones was diligent. His PCR counsel requested funding for a neuropsychologist

and “a thorough and independent neurological assessment” to assist in the

development of Claims 1 and 2, but the PCR court denied the request. Therefore,

the district court did not err in its expansion of the record, and we consider the

evidence developed in federal district court in conducting de novo review of

Jones’s claims.

      To prevail on his IAC claim, Jones must demonstrate that his trial counsel:

(1) performed deficiently; and (2) Jones’s defense was prejudiced by that deficient

performance. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. He has done so.

      For all the reasons set forth previously in our § 2254(d)(1) analysis, Jones

has demonstrated that counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of

reasonableness and below the prevailing professional norms at the time of Jones’s

proceedings.

      Additionally, Jones has demonstrated that counsel’s failure to obtain a

defense mental health expert for the penalty phase of Jones’s trial prejudiced the

                                          36
defense. Jones has demonstrated that there is a “reasonable probability” that had

such an expert been retained, “the result of the proceeding would have been

different.” Id. at 694.

      There is a reasonable probability that had counsel secured a defense mental

health expert, that expert would have uncovered (and presented at sentencing) a

wealth of available mitigating mental health evidence.9 The main mitigation

witness in state court was Randy, Jones’s second step-father. Randy erroneously

testified that Jones enjoyed a stable home life after age seven, when Randy married

Jones’s mother, and yet the trial court found that his testimony was sufficient to

prove a number of non-statutory mitigating circumstances. Had counsel secured a

mental health expert, that expert could have provided substantial

evidence—through neuropsychological testing or otherwise—that Jones suffered

from mental illness, including evidence supporting any of the diagnoses made by

experts in federal district court: (1) cognitive dysfunction (organic brain damage

      9
        The Arizona Supreme Court concluded that Jones’s chaotic and abusive
childhood and mental illness, discussed below, did not constitute mitigating factors
because Jones failed to demonstrate a connection to his conduct on the day of the
murders. But this rationale for discrediting Jones's mitigating evidence was
contrary to clearly established Supreme Court precedent. The Supreme Court has
held that a sentencer in a capital case may not “refuse to consider, as a matter of
law, any relevant mitigating evidence” offered by the defendant. Eddings v.
Oklahoma, 455 U.S. 104, 114 (1982) (emphasis omitted); see McKinney v. Ryan,
813 F.3d 798, 811–12 (9th Cir. 2015).

                                          37
and a history of numerous closed-head injuries); (2) poly-substance abuse; (3)

post-traumatic stress disorder (“PTSD”); (4) attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

(“AD/HD”); (5) mood disorder; (6) bipolar depressive disorder; and (7) a learning

disorder. The experts retained in Jones’s federal habeas proceedings provided

significant evidence of these conditions, demonstrating that such evidence could

have been uncovered and presented at sentencing.

      Dr. Pablo Stewart, Chief of Psychiatric Services at the Haight Ashbury Free

Clinic in San Francisco, California, testified at the federal evidentiary hearing. He

estimated that he spent 130 hours working on Jones’s case, in contrast to the four

hours Dr. Potts was able to spend with Jones prior to sentencing. Dr. Stewart

diagnosed Jones with cognitive dysfunction, PTSD, polysubstance abuse, and

mood disorder. He ultimately concluded that “[t]he circumstances surrounding Mr.

Weaver’s death are a direct consequence of [Jones’s] abused and unfortunate past.”

      Dr. Stewart testified to a number of factors that may have contributed to

Jones’s cognitive dysfunction that occurred before Jones was even born. He noted

that Jones’s mother, Peggy, worked in a chrome hub cab plating factory when she

was pregnant with Jones, and chrome exposure may negatively affect a baby’s

birth. He testified that Peggy’s prenatal diet was also of concern: Peggy reported

that during her pregnancy with Jones, her diet consisted of cigarettes, coffee, and

                                          38
mayonnaise sandwiches. He expressed that the use of nicotine during pregnancy

has been directly linked to cognitive dysfunction in children and caffeine exposure

results in more difficult births. He also specified that Jones’s father beat Peggy

during her pregnancy such that there was a potential for physical trauma to the

fetus. And he testified to Jones’s traumatic and difficult birth: Jones was born in

the breech position, with the umbilical cord wrapped around his neck, and forceps

were used. He testified that any of these factors could have been potential

contributors to Jones’s cognitive dysfunction.

      Dr. Stewart testified that Jones had suffered multiple serious head injuries

over the course of his life, and he went into much greater detail than Randy had

provided regarding Jones’s head injuries at the state PCR proceeding. Randy had

testified that Jones fell off a roof when he was approximately thirteen, fell off a

scaffolding when he was approximately fifteen, was mugged while serving in the

Marines, and experienced spontaneous blackouts around the age of four. By

contrast, Dr. Stewart described an incident where Jones “was about eleven (11)

years old, he fell, head-first off a roof onto the metal frame of a horizontal dolly, in

an attempt to retrieve a ball. His eye hit the metal bar of the dolly. He was

unconscious for about five (5) to ten (10) minutes.” He also noted the fall when

Jones was fifteen, but additionally, he explained that “[a]s a young adult, Danny

                                           39
had at least three (3) car accidents where he lost consciousness.” Further, “when

Danny was about five-and-a-half (5 ½) years old, Peggy found Danny regaining

consciousness, lying underneath the swing set. She suspected Eland, Danny’s first

step-father, had hit Danny or thrown him off the slide. Danny’s face was red and

he vomited, indicating he had a concussion.” Dr. Stewart elaborated on the

mugging Jones suffered while in the Marines: he was “found lying unconscious in

a ditch along the highway, by a Morehead City Police Officer, who took him to the

hospital. Danny had been mugged and beaten with a two-by-four.”10

      Dr. Stewart discussed PTSD and explained that Jones suffered numerous

traumatic experiences early in his life: he watched his first step-father hold a

jigsaw to his mother’s neck and threaten to kill her, he watched that same

step-father shoot a gun at his mother, and on two separate occasions, his second

step-father, Randy, pointed a gun to his own head and threatened to kill himself in

front of Jones. He also noted that Randy beat Jones for no reason with a belt with

a buckle and engaged in other forms of severe physical discipline.

      On cross-examination the state challenged Dr. Stewart’s PTSD diagnosis

because Dr. Stewart stated that Jones “had PTSD at the time of the murders,” but

      10
          Jones self-reported this incident, including to Dr. Stewart and Dr. Scialli,
and corresponding medical records show treatment for a head abrasion, but the
district court found there was no evidence of acute trauma.

                                          40
did not state that Jones was having a flashback while committing the crimes. Dr.

Stewart responded by explaining that while the media tends to show PTSD as

being a person “who is thinking he’s being ambushed and he takes people

hostage,” that only occurs “very, very rarely.” He explained:

      The much more overwhelmingly more common thing that occurs is a
      person having a short fuse; a person overreacting to a situation; a
      person finding themselves challenged by some things and then just
      going off; a person—and that’s PTSD. A person who drinks too
      much and then gets into fights, those are the more common thing. But
      those don’t sell movies or books.

      But that’s the more common presentation. So that’s why I’m saying
      in the case of Mr. Jones, it’s absolutely clear that he suffers from
      PTSD, in my opinion, and that he carries that with him throughout his
      entire life. Certainly on the day of these murders, that was going on.

      Dr. Stewart also testified that Jones’s first step-grandfather forced Jones to

drink alcohol when he was only nine years old, and that it appeared the grandfather

used alcohol to get Jones drunk so it would be easier to sexually abuse him. Dr.

Stewart described the sexual abuse “as full contact sexual abuse, including

sodomy, including oral sex, both the providing it and receiving it.” Jones became a

daily marijuana user when he was in junior high, he used one gram of cocaine

every weekend in high school, and he reported using LSD two hundred times. Dr.

Stewart explained that the substance abuse appeared to have stemmed from Jones’s

                                         41
genetic predisposition, and also because Jones used drugs starting at a very young

age to self-medicate as a means of coping with his mental defects and past trauma.

      The district court did not credit or discuss Dr. Stewart’s testimony that Jones

suffers from cognitive dysfunction, apparently because the court doubted Dr.

Stewart’s credibility based on his purported “willingness to present an opinion on a

factual issue”—specifically, Jones’s allegation that someone named “Frank” killed

Tisha. The district court mistakenly stated that Dr. Stewart opined on the viability

of Jones’s theory that a third party had been involved in the crime. In fact, Dr.

Stewart opined that Jones had not previously mistreated or abused any child, that

Jones had a “history of submissive, almost child-like behavior, against older

males,” and that Jones’s “psychological profile supports the events as described by

[Jones] on the night of the crimes.” Dr. Stewart thus observed that killing a child

is not consistent with Jones’s psychological profile. When pressed on cross-

examination whether he “believed” Jones’s version of events over the jury verdict,

Dr. Stewart again affirmed his assessment that Jones’s story was consistent with

Jones’s psychological profile. Dr. Stewart did not purport to contradict the jury’s

findings.

      Dr. Alan Goldberg, a psychologist in Arizona with a speciality in

neuropsychology, conducted a battery of tests that covered multiple domains of

                                          42
cognitive functioning. Dr. Goldberg gave Jones approximately twenty-five tests

and found that “when we look at the patterns across many different kinds of tests

. . . we see a consistent inconsistency in performance, that is, the performance is

problematic on a number of tests that all have an attention component to them.”

He ultimately diagnosed Jones with a learning disability, attention deficit disorder,

and “Bipolar Disorder, Depressed.”

      Jones submitted reports from additional experts, including Dr. David Foy, a

professor of psychology at Pepperdine University. Dr. Foy diagnosed Jones with

PTSD, polydrug abuse, depressive disorder, compromised cognitive emotional

functioning, and various learning deficits. Dr. Foy described the numerous

instances of life-threatening family violence Jones witnessed growing up, and

found that on at least two occasions Jones used a baseball bat to protect himself:

(1) when Jones threatened to kill Jones’s first step-father if he did not stop beating

Jones’s mother, Peggy; and (2) in order to stop Jones’s first step-grandfather from

continuing to sexually abuse him. Dr. Foy concluded that

      [t]he constant threat of sudden verbal attacks or severe physical
      punishment in Danny’s home environment would be expected to
      produce an essential state of wariness or hypervigilance . . . [and]
      would be expected to lead to a heightened suspiciousness and combat
      readiness as a systematic way of responding, even in situations which
      later proved to be non-life threatening.

                                          43
      Finally, Jones submitted a declaration from his younger sister, Carrie. She

said that, as a child, Jones twice watched Randy point a gun at his own head and

threaten to kill himself. She stated that contrary to Randy’s testimony during

sentencing, Randy was both verbally and physically abusive to Jones, and that

Jones threatened to kill Randy if he kept beating Peggy. Carrie also confirmed that

Jones suffered numerous head injuries while growing up.

      The State called three experts to testify in response at the federal evidentiary

hearing. Dr. Herron treated Jones from 2003 to 2005 for depression and anxiety,

and stated that he believed that the bipolar diagnosis was reasonable, but that he

detected no signs of neurological dysfunction, cognitive impairment, or PTSD,

though he could not rule out those conditions. Dr. Herring, a clinical

neuropsychologist, interviewed and tested Jones. Based on those results, she

determined that Jones does not suffer from cognitive impairment or AD/HD. Dr.

Scialli testified that based on his evaluation, he could diagnose Jones with alcohol,

amphetamine, and cannabis dependence and AD/HD residual type at the time of

the murders. He disputed the PTSD diagnoses of Jones’s experts, as there was no

indication that Jones re-experienced the traumatic event at the time. He explained

that phrases such as “cognitive dysfunction” or “cognitive impairment” are not

diagnostic definitions, but are used “idiosyncratically” as “terms of art” with no

                                          44
fixed meaning, and he asserted Jones could not be classified under any category of

cognitive dysfunction as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of

Mental Disorders. He also testified that although he diagnosed Jones with AD/HD

residual type, there is no link between AD/HD and violent behavior.

      Dr. Potts also testified and explained that he had not been tasked with

providing mitigation evidence at sentencing and had not conducted the extensive

testing he felt was required. Potts explained: “I was not an expert for either party.

I was the Court’s expert in looking at some issues. I was not—it was clear I was

not hired for mitigation, nor was I hired for aggravation.” The trial court had

ordered Dr. Potts to perform an evaluation for the court pursuant to Rule 26.5 of

the Arizona Rules of Criminal Procedure. In accord with this role limitation, Dr.

Potts had testified at Jones’s sentencing: “My main role is working with Maricopa

County Superior Court, criminal division, coordinating competency evaluations,

other forensic, and working with patients. I also have clinical responsibilities. . . .

[I] [p]rimarily do reports as requested by the Court.” When asked whether or not

he had enough “points of data” to pull from in reaching his conclusions, he stated:

      [T]here’s a clear distinction between a mitigation specialist, and I’m
      no mitigation specialist. I may be a part of a team of mitigation, but
      I’m clearly not a mitigation specialist in the realm of what is dealt
      with now in capital cases. . . .

                                           45
       Mine was a cursory examination. . . . [I]nterviewing one family
       member certainly is not adequate, I believe, for what would be
       considered capital mitigation. It is below the standard of care.

       He stated that, prior to his testimony at sentencing, he had recommended

that defense counsel seek neuropsychological testing for Jones. During

cross-examination, the State tried to get Dr. Potts to admit that he only called for

neurological testing, not neuropsychological testing, but Dr. Potts explained that

“[s]ophisticated neurological testing would include that.”

       He described the reports submitted by the additional experts at the habeas

proceeding as the “documents I think one would expect to see in mitigation. . . . I

believe they’re very, very helpful, and I think—I know I would have liked to have

had the exhaustive nature of these reports.” He stated that he found his role

constrained by his court-appointed status, and therefore “did not make diagnoses,”

because his “role was not to make diagnoses . . . and that’s why I would not have.

I could have . . . but that was not the nature or tenor of any of this report . . . .”

       Defense trial counsel testified that Dr. Potts “did not act as a neutral,

detached court-appointed expert. He actively assisted us in developing mitigation,

planning strategy to a much larger degree than what he indicated.” He explained

that he had “numerous phone conversations” with Dr. Potts, they met together the

                                            46
night before Dr. Potts testified, and Dr. Potts “stressed to ask for the continuance

for the additional testing.”

       Notwithstanding the defense lawyer’s testimony that Dr. Potts “did not act

as a neutral, detached court-appointed expert,” and “actively assisted in developing

mitigation, planning strategy,” the district court’s conclusion that Dr. Potts was a

“de facto defense expert” was clearly erroneous. As a court-appointed expert, Dr.

Potts’ findings were not confidential, he had “no obligation to protect or further the

interests of the defendant,” Lambright, 490 F.3d at 1121, and he did not

sufficiently “assist in evaluation, preparation, and presentation of the defense,”

Ake, 470 U.S. at 83. Dr. Potts stated repeatedly that he was a neutral expert and

found his role limited as such.

      We need look no further than the defense lawyer’s treatment of Dr. Potts to

recognize that he was not prepared, nor thought of, as a defense expert. As we

have recognized, the “duty to provide the appropriate experts with pertinent

information about the defendant is key to developing an effective penalty phase

presentation.” Caro, 280 F.3d at 1255 (citation omitted). A review of Dr. Potts’

entire case file shows that only 31 pages came from the defense lawyer. The

defense lawyer even admitted at the evidentiary hearing in the district court that

                                          47
because Dr. Potts was a court-appointed expert, he specifically chose not to send

Dr. Potts all available mitigation evidence:

      THE COURT:          So before Dr. Potts issued his report that turned out
                          to be favorable to you, would you necessarily have
                          provided all of the information you had collected
                          on Mr. Jones?

      WITNESS:            No, I would not, because it was – after he got
                          started, it was apparent he wanted to help us. And
                          at that point, then, his role, I supposed, changed.
                          And then our relationship was a little different.

                          Initially, I would screen what I sent him, because I
                          honestly didn’t know what we were going to get
                          from him.

      Dr. Potts’ report was dated December 3, 1993, and the defense lawyer did

not get the report until two days before the sentencing hearing started on December

8, 1993. Until at most two days before the sentencing hearing, nobody considered

Dr. Potts as a defense expert, and the defense lawyer had only given Dr. Potts 31

pages to review. As we held in Bean v. Calderon: “When experts request

necessary information and are denied it, when testing requested by expert

witnesses is not performed, and when experts are placed on the stand with virtually

no preparation or foundation, a capital defendant has not received effective penalty

phase assistance of counsel.” 163 F.3d at 1079.

                                          48
      The district court also concluded that no prejudice resulted because the

State’s experts were more credible than the petitioner’s. The district court erred in

doing so. It was improper for the district court to weigh the testimony of the

experts against each other in order to determine who was the most credible and

whether Jones had presented “evidence confirming that [he] suffers from

neurological damage caused by head trauma or other factors.” We have held that a

district court should not independently evaluate which expert was most believable

or try to find a definitive diagnosis:

             The district court dismissed evidence of Correll’s brain injury,
      concluding that any organic brain injury played no role in Correll’s
      crimes. The district court’s conclusion was based on the judge’s own
      evaluation of two conflicting experts. But in the procedural context of
      this case, the district court’s role was not to evaluate evidence in order
      to reach a conclusive opinion as to Correll’s brain injury (or lack
      thereof). The district court should have decided only whether there
      existed a “reasonable probability” that “an objective fact-finder” in a
      state sentencing hearing would have concluded, based on the evidence
      presented, that Correll had a brain injury that impaired his judgment at
      the time of the crimes.

Correll v. Ryan, 539 F.3d 938, 952 n.6 (9th Cir. 2008) (citation omitted).

      This is not to say, of course, that a district court is prohibited from making

credibility determinations. However, the ultimate focus is on whether the new

evidence was “sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome” which is

                                          49
different from “the preponderance more-likely-than-not standard.’” Lambright,

490 F.3d at 1121 (quoting Summerlin, 427 F.3d at 640).

      The district court also concluded that Jones’s mental conditions “do not

constitute persuasive evidence in mitigation because they do not bear a relationship

to Petitioner’s violent behavior.” However, if the sentencing court had decided not

to consider the mitigating mental condition evidence, it would have run afoul of

Eddings, which held a sentencer in a capital case may not “refuse to consider, as a

matter of law, any relevant mitigating evidence” offered by the defendant. 455 U.S.

at 114.

      The testimony provided at the federal evidentiary hearing demonstrates the

types of mitigation evidence that could and should have been presented at the

penalty phase of Jones’s trial. For instance, the evidence demonstrates that, had

counsel retained a defense mental health expert, that expert could have provided

testimony explaining the factors that contributed to Jones’s cognitive dysfunction,

including: (1) prenatal chrome and nicotine exposure; (2) his mother’s malnutrition

during pregnancy; (3) fetal trauma from beatings by his father; (4) a traumatic

birth; (5) several severe head injuries; or (6) Jones’s substantial and extensive drug

and alcohol abuse, which began when he was eight or nine years old. Any such

evidence would have been significantly more probative of Jones’s mental state and

                                          50
more persuasive in reducing Jones’s culpability than Dr. Potts’s conditional

findings, compiled after far less preparation time and testing, and comprising only

a six-page report. These factors illustrate how unfortunate circumstances outside

of Jones’s control combined to damage his cognitive functioning and mental health

at the time of his crimes.

      Likewise, the mental health experts’ testimony in the district court

proceedings demonstrates that had trial counsel retained such an expert for

sentencing, he or she could have provided evidence that Jones’s mental state was

impaired by drugs and alcohol at the time of his crimes. He or she also could have

offered context for his substance abuse and insight into how Jones’s long-term

self-medication affected his brain. As demonstrated at the federal evidentiary

hearing, any mental health expert engaged by the defense team would have

attempted to explain Jones’s lifelong history of substance abuse and its physical

effects on Jones’s brain. This would have included compiling a family history and

hard data regarding Jones’s brain function. It also would have included

information addressing how and when Jones’s substance abuse began. As the

federal proceedings revealed, Jones turned to substance abuse at an extremely

young age in order to self-medicate in response to the trauma he experienced from

being physically and sexually abused and as a result of repeatedly witnessing

                                         51
violence directed at his mother. A mental health expert would have relayed that

Jones suffered sexual abuse from age nine until age thirteen at the hands of his

step-grandfather, who introduced him to marijuana and alcohol at age nine in order

to facilitate that abuse. A mental health expert could also have explained the

trauma Randy inflicted on Jones by detailing how Randy physically and

emotionally abused Jones, engaged in various forms of severe physical discipline,

and threatened suicide in front of Jones and his family.

      To be sure, the expert testimony was not wholly one sided. The State’s

experts disputed some of the diagnoses. For example, Dr. Scialli disagreed with

Dr. Stewart’s PTSD diagnosis and noted there was no sign that Jones was re-

experiencing a trauma at the time of the murders. But a conclusive diagnosis was

not necessary for a sentencer to consider the wealth of evidence that Jones suffered

from some form of mental illness and how that illness contributed to his

commission of the crimes.

      Testimony explaining Jones’s history would have significantly impacted the

overall presentation of Jones’s culpability with respect to his mental state, and

painted a vastly different picture of Jones’s childhood and upbringing. The

mitigation case actually presented to the sentencing court suggested that while

Jones had undergone a traumatic early childhood, he enjoyed a largely normal

                                          52
childhood and supportive family after the age of six. And because so little

preparation had been done, Dr. Potts erroneously testified at sentencing that Jones

did not suffer child abuse once Randy and Peggy married. Notably, Randy was the

only mitigation witness who testified at Jones’s sentencing, and defense counsel

was unaware that Randy too was an abuser. Had counsel procured a mental health

expert, the mitigation case would have told the story of an individual whose entire

childhood was marred by extreme physical and emotional abuse, which in turn

funneled him into early onset substance abuse that exacerbated existing cognitive

dysfunction.

      In short, the sentencing judge “heard almost nothing that would humanize

[Jones] or allow [him] to accurately gauge his moral culpability.” Porter v.

McCollum, 558 U.S. 30, 41 (2009). The mitigating evidence would have been

powerful in painting a complete portrait of Jones’s life.11 Without it, the

sentencing judge had little to counterbalance the aggravating factors.

      11
          See Penry v. Lynaugh, 492 U.S. 302, 319 (1989) (“‘[E]vidence about the
defendant’s background and character is relevant because of the belief, long held
by this society, that defendants who commit criminal acts that are attributable to a
disadvantaged background . . . may be less culpable.’”), abrogated on other
grounds by Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304 (2002); Eddings, 455 U.S. at 113–15
(explaining that consideration of the offender’s life history is a “part of the process
of inflicting the penalty of death” (citation omitted)); and McKinney, 813 F.3d at
821.

                                          53
      Indeed, the decision of life or death was given to the sentencing judge with a

false picture of Danny Jones’s life. The sentencing judge had no idea any physical

abuse lasted past Jones’s sixth birthday, and he had no idea that the tremendous

abuse likely played a key role in leading Jones down the path of polysubstance

abuse that he ultimately traveled. “This evidence adds up to a mitigation case that

bears no relation to the few naked pleas for mercy actually put before the jury

. . . .” Rompilla, 545 U.S. at 393.12

      “We have held . . . that a defendant was prejudiced when, although counsel

introduced some of the defendant’s social history, he did so in a cursory manner

that was not particularly useful or compelling.” Stankewitz v. Woodford, 365 F.3d

706, 724 (9th Cir. 2004) (citation and quotation marks omitted) (“Stankewitz I”);

see also Bean, 163 F.3d at 1081 (“[T]he family portrait painted at the federal

habeas hearing was far different from the unfocused snapshot handed the superior

court jury.”). Here, as in Stankewitz I, “[a] more complete presentation, including

even a fraction of the details [Petitioner] now alleges, could have made a

difference.” 365 F.3d at 724.

      12
         “Although, for the purposes of resolving this issue, we evaluate prejudice
in the context of judge-sentencing, the result is the same.” Summerlin, 427 F.3d at
643.

                                         54
      As part of our prejudice analysis, we must “reweigh the evidence in

aggravation against the totality of available mitigating evidence,” Wiggins, 539

U.S. at 534. Here, the sentencing court found that (1) Jones “committed the

offense as consideration for the receipt, or in expectation of the receipt of anything

of pecuniary value”; (2) Jones “committed the offenses in an especially heinous or

depraved manner”; and (3) Jones was “convicted of one or more other homicides

. . . which were committed during the commission of the offense.”13

      On de novo review, we must weigh these factors against the mitigation

evidence, as developed in the state court record that was available, but not

presented. We also consider the mitigation evidence that was actually presented.

The only mitigation witness in this case was Jones’ second step-father Randy

Jones. Randy testified, second-hand, about Jones’s birth, abuse at the hands of his

      13
          Notably, while the Arizona Supreme Court affirmed the trial court’s
finding that Jones’s crimes were for pecuniary gain, the Court also found that
“Tisha, a 7-year-old child, did not present an obstacle to defendant’s goal of taking
Robert’s guns.” And the Arizona Supreme Court reversed for lack of evidence on
the trial court’s finding that Jones killed Tisha to eliminate her as a witness.
Plainly, it was not necessary to kill a seven-year-old girl or her grandmother in
order to steal guns, but these senseless murders are consistent with an outburst by
someone suffering from organic brain injuries and other serious medical disorders.
Thus, evidence of Jones’s cognitive dysfunction, his childhood, and his upbringing
are especially relevant to his culpability and our ultimate determination that there is
a reasonable probability that such evidence may have affected the sentencing
court’s determination.

                                          55
first stepfather and his drug abuse. Randy omitted his own physical and mental

abuse of Jones, which started when Jones was six, and Jones’s sexual abuse by his

step-grandfather. The available evidence that was not presented included

numerous neurological disorders, including brain damage, and an extraordinary

abusive childhood. The available additional mitigating evidence was powerful,

       Therefore, “reweigh[ing] the evidence in aggravation against the totality of

available mitigating evidence,” we conclude there is at least a reasonable

probability that development and presentation of mental health expert testimony

would have overcome the aggravating factors and changed the result of the

sentencing proceeding. Pinholster, 563 U.S. at 198 (quoting Wiggins, 539 U.S. at

534). Under Arizona law, these “mitigating circumstances [were] sufficiently

substantial to call for leniency.” Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13-703(E) (1993). Our

conclusion is supported by the Strickland prejudice analysis conducted by the

Supreme Court and our court in similar cases.

      In Porter, which involved a double homicide, the aggravating factor for

which the defendant was sentenced to death was that the murder was “committed

in a cold, calculated, and premeditated manner.” Porter, 558 U.S. at 32–33, 42.

The mitigation defense was similar to the one presented in Jones’ case. Id. at

33–36. However, given the available mitigating evidence, including abuse,

                                         56
troubled family history, and evidence of mental disorders, the Supreme Court

concluded that Strickland prejudice existed, even affording AEDPA deference to

the state court’s determination of lack of prejudice. Id. at 41–44.

      Terry Williams involved a homicide preceded by a prior armed robbery and

burglary, and succeeded by auto thefts, and two violent assaults on elderly victims,

one of whom was left in a vegetative state. Terry Williams, 529 U.S. at 368.

However, the Supreme Court concluded that failure to investigate and present

evidence of family abuse and mental capacity was sufficient to satisfy the

Strickland prejudice standard. Id. at 395, 398.

      Rompilla involved a capital case in which the jury found that the murder was

committed by torture, that Rompilla had a significant history of felony convictions

indicating the use or threat of violence, and that the murder was committed in the

course of another felony. Rompilla, 545 U.S. at 378. Nonetheless, the Supreme

Court granted relief under Strickland, concluding that counsel had failed to

investigate and present evidence of family history, substance abuse and the

circumstances underlying the petitioner’s criminal history. Id. at 382, 390–393.

      In Wiggins, the Supreme Court granted relief because mitigating evidence

such as severe family abuse, sexual abuse in foster care, and diminished mental

capability was not presented to the jury. Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 535.

                                          57
      Penry involved a brutal rape and murder, where the jury found that the act

“was committed deliberately and with the reasonable expectation that the death of

the deceased or another would result” and that there was “a probability that the

defendant would commit criminal acts of violence that would constitute a

continuing threat to society.” 492 U.S. at 307, 310. Nonetheless, the Supreme

Court granted relief because the defendant was unable to introduce evidence of

mental retardation and family abuse as mitigating factors. Id. at 340.

      Our case law has yielded similar results. Sanders involved a brutal assault

and homicide. Sanders, 23 F.4th at 970–71. However, despite the nature of the

crime, and prior convictions, we held that failure to investigate and present

evidence of social history and mental health evidence satisfied the Strickland

prejudice standard. Id. at 985–86, 995.

      In Andrews v. Davis, 944 F.3d 1092, 1100 (9th Cir. 2019), the petitioner,

who had previously been convicted of another murder, was convicted of a triple

homicide and rape. However, we concluded that failure to investigate and present

evidence of social history, family background, abuse, and mental health was

sufficient to satisfied the Strickland prejudice standard. Id. at 1121.

      In Stankewitz v. Wong, 698 F.3d 1163 (9th Cir. 2012), we held that the

petitioner had established Strickland prejudice when counsel failed to investigate

                                          58
and present mitigating evidence, which included a history of family abuse, anger

management issues, and substance abuse. Id. at 1168–69, 1176.

      Avena v. Chappell, 932 F.3d 1237, 1252 (9th 2019) involved the

commission of “two brazen murders during a night of malicious criminal activity.”

The defendant was also “implicated in the violent death of another inmate,” and

had “assaulted a police officer” while awaiting trial for the two murders. Id. at

1252. Nonetheless, we concluded that the Strickland prejudice standard had been

satisfied by failure to investigate and present evidence of childhood abuse and

substance abuse. Id. at 1252–53.

      In Correll, which involved a triple homicide, the court found that the crimes

had been especially heinous, cruel, or depraved and had been committed with the

expectation of pecuniary value. Correll, 539 F.3d at 942, 959; see State v. Corell,

148 Ariz. 468, 485 (1986). We concluded that “there was a substantial amount of

mitigating evidence available, which, when taken together, [was] sufficient to raise

a presumption of prejudice under the Supreme Court’s standard in Wiggins.”

Correll, 539 F.3d at 953–54. The evidence included family abuse, substance

abuse, and evidence of mental illness. Id. at 952–54.

      In Douglas v. Woodford, 316 F.3d 1079 (9th Cir. 2003), the defendant had

gruesomely sexually assaulted two teenage girls and then strangled them to death.

                                         59
Id. at 1082–83. Yet we concluded that the failure to investigate and present

evidence of family history and mental health issues was sufficient to establish

Strickland prejudice. Id. at 1088, 1091.

      In Summerlin, we found Strickland prejudice even with the finding that the

defendant “committed the offense in an especially heinous, cruel, or depraved

manner.” Summerlin, 427 F.3d at 641 (citation omitted). We concluded that the

failure to investigate and present evidence of family history and mental illness as

mitigating factors constituted sufficient Strickland prejudice. Id. at 631–34.

      In Silva v. Woodford, 279 F.3d 825 (9th Cir. 2002), we considered a

“gruesome abduction, robbery and murder.” Id. at 828. However, we concluded

that the Strickland prejudice standard had been satisfied by the failure to

investigate and present evidence of family history, mental illness, organic brain

disorders and substance abuse. Id. at 847, 850.

      All of these cases involved brutal crimes, but with the additional common

thread that counsel did not properly investigate and present available classic

mitigating evidence.

      Given the relevant case law, and weighing the available mitigating evidence

against the aggravating factors in this case, we conclude on de novo review that

                                           60
Jones has demonstrated Strickland prejudice. Accordingly, we reverse the district

court’s denial of relief on Claim 1.

                                          V

                                          A

      In Claim 2, Jones asserts that his trial counsel was constitutionally

ineffective by failing to seek neurological or neuropsychological testing prior to

sentencing. He asserts that the failure to do so fell below prevailing professional

norms at the time. We agree.

      As with Claim 1, counsel’s failure to promptly seek neuropsychological

testing ran contrary to his obligation to pursue reasonable investigations under

Strickland, and in particular, his obligation to investigate and present evidence of a

defendant’s mental defect. See Terry Williams, 529 U.S. at 396 (failure to

investigate and present evidence of mental defect amounts to deficient

performance). The state court record shows that counsel was on notice of

numerous facts from the very beginning of the representation that Jones may have

had significant brain damage. “[W]hen ‘tantalizing indications in the record’

suggest that certain mitigating evidence may be available, those leads must be

pursued.” Lambright, 490 F.3d at 1117 (quoting Stankewitz I, 365 F.3d at

719–20); see also Wiggins, 539 U.S. at 527 (“In assessing the reasonableness of an

                                          61
attorney’s investigation, however, a court must consider not only the quantum of

evidence already known to counsel, but also whether the known evidence would

lead a reasonable attorney to investigate further.”). Counsel specified in his

declaration before the PCR court that “prior to trial and sentencing [he] was aware

from interviews of Danny Jones and his mother and step-father that he had been

rendered unconscious numerous times during his life from head injuries,” as well

as that “he had a significant history of serious long term substance abuse.” Any

reasonable attorney would understand that these details could lead to valuable,

available mitigation evidence and would have pursued these leads further.

      However, in the state PCR proceedings, defense trial counsel provided no

strategic reason for his failure to arrange for neuropsychological testing. Instead,

trial counsel stated that he “was not aware that neurological or neuropsychological

testing was necessary and available which could determine the exact nature of

injuries to Danny Jones’ brain from long term substance abuse and head injury,”

nor that testing would shine a light on “the resulting affect on his behavior and

conduct.” Counsel’s failure to appreciate the importance of such testing before the

sentencing phase of trial constituted deficient performance because he failed to

understand the value neuropsychological testing could provide in Jones’s case, and

by the time of Jones’s sentencing in 1993, counsel in capital cases was expected to

                                          62
be versed in the role of psychiatric evidence. See ABA Guidelines for the

Appointment and Performance of Counsel in Death Penalty Cases, Guideline

5.1(1)(A)(v), p. 5–6 (1989) (“Lead trial counsel assignments should be distributed

to attorneys who . . . are familiar with and experienced in the utilization of expert

witnesses and evidence, including, but not limited to, psychiatric and forensic

evidence.”).

      Counsel’s request for testing (and a continuance) during Jones’s sentencing

hearing came far too late. As noted by PCR counsel, the court denied these

requests because it had granted funding earlier in the case for expert assistance, and

“if there [had been] any follow-up questions of a psychological or neurological

nature, [the court expected] that the defense would have followed them up.” The

court, therefore, was placing the burden on counsel to recognize these issues and

request funding and assistance earlier in the case, which counsel failed to do

because he had not invested sufficient preparation time and research to be aware

that such testing was available and needed. Moreover, the timing of counsel’s

request for neuropsychological testing, like his request for a defense mental health

expert, was in itself deficient. “[P]reparation for the sentencing phase of a capital

case should begin early and even inform preparation for a trial’s guilt phase.”

Allen, 395 F.3d at 1001. For this reason, the PCR court’s decision that defense

                                          63
counsel’s performance did not fall below an objectively reasonable standard was

an unreasonable application of Strickland. Jones has satisfied § 2254(d)(1).

                                           B

      Alternatively, Jones asserts that the state PCR court’s decision was based on

an unreasonable determination of the facts under § 2254(d)(2). He argues that the

court precluded Claim 2’s full factual development by denying PCR counsel’s

request to fund neuropsychological testing, and he asserts that the inadequacy of

the state court’s fact-finding procedures renders its rejection of this claim

unreasonable. We agree.

      The PCR court never addressed the facts supporting Jones’s IAC claim, and

it excused counsel’s failure to move timely for neuropsychological testing in a

vague, inconsistent order. As with Claim 1, this had the effect of precluding Claim

2’s full factual development in a way that rendered the entire fact-finding process

unreasonable.

      At sentencing, Dr. Potts testified that he saw indicators of brain damage, and

as a result, counsel requested that the court continue the proceedings so that he

could seek a neuropsychological evaluation. The court, however, ruled contrary to

Dr. Pott’s recommendation, stating only that:

                                          64
      this case has been pending a long time, and I think the evidence is
      very slim, nonexistent, in fact, that the defendant has anything that
      requires any kind of neurological examination. So, I am ready to
      proceed [with sentencing]. (Emphasis added).

      Because the State did not call a competing expert, the only evidence in the

record—Dr. Pott’s unambiguous recommendation—suggested that a

neuropsychological evaluation was necessary, contrary to the sentencing court’s

assessment. The sentencing court’s cursory evaluation of the record effectively

foreclosed any factual development on this issue.

      In the PCR proceedings, the court at least granted a hearing on the issue of

counsel’s ineffectiveness regarding testing, but because the court summarily denied

the claim concerning the appointment of a mental health expert and denied

counsel’s motion for further neuropsychological testing, the evidentiary hearing

was rendered almost meaningless. The court based its denial of

neuropsychological testing on the court’s own impressions and untested memory

of Dr. Potts’s sentencing testimony from six years prior. The court recalled that he

“thought Dr. Potts did a good job,” and “based on his testimony,” the court did not

“really see any grounds for any additional psychiatric or psychological testing.”

But Dr. Potts’s testimony was that additional neuropsychological testing was

needed. The court paradoxically explained that “[b]ased on [Dr. Potts’s] testimony

                                         65
and the other things that I heard during that hearing, there was no grounds in my

mind for obtaining a neuropsychological examination. Not one.” The resulting

decision dismissed the claim for neuropsychological testing in a single sentence:

“The report and testimony of Dr. Potts who was appointed by the Court,

adequately addressed defendant’s mental health issues at sentencing.”

      As with Claim 1, the state PCR judge made factual findings regarding the

necessity of neuropsychological testing, not on the basis of evidence presented by

the petitioner, but on the basis of his own personal conduct, untested memory, and

understanding of events. See Hurles, 752 F.3d at 791; see also Buffalo v. Sunn,

854 F.2d 1158, 1165 (9th Cir. 1988) (finding error when the court relied on

“personal knowledge” to resolve disputed issue of fact). Additionally, in making

the resulting factual finding—that neuropsychological testing was not

warranted—the court “plainly misapprehend[ed]” the record. See Taylor, 366 F.3d

at 1001. In particular, the evidence in the record—Dr. Potts’s testimony—strongly

suggested that neuropsychological testing was essential in assessing Jones’s

psychological state, contrary to the court’s finding. Thus, by finding against the

weight of the evidence, and proceeding to rule on the merits of Claim 2, the court

employed a constitutionally defective fact-finding process and ruled on an

unconstitutionally incomplete factual record. See id. at 999; see also Milke, 711

                                         66
F.3d at 1007 (finding the state court decision rested on an unreasonable

determination of the facts where the judge relied on a distorted fact-finding process

and ruled on an “unconstitutionally incomplete record”).

      The PCR court had an obligation to allow for reasonable fact development in

reaching the merits of Claim 2; the judge did not fulfill this obligation by relying

on his own untested, personal recollection of the testimony Dr. Potts presented six

years earlier. For this reason, Jones has demonstrated that the PCR court’s

decision was based on an unreasonable fact-finding process and determination of

the facts, satisfying § 2254(d)(2).

                                           C

      As with Claim 1, the PCR court failed to reach the prejudice prong of Claim

2, and so we address the issue de novo. See, e.g., Weeden, 854 F.3d at 1071.

      As with Claim 1, because Jones was diligent in attempting to develop the

factual basis of this claim in state court by requesting “a thorough and independent

neurological assessment,” § 2254(e)(2) does not limit our ability to consider

evidence presented for the first time in federal district court. See Pinholster, 563

U.S. at 213 (Sotomayor, J. dissenting); see also Landrigan, 550 U.S. at 473 n.1.

The State does not contest that Jones was diligent in attempting to develop the

factual basis for his claims in state court, or that we may consider this additional

                                          67
evidence on appeal. And having reviewed the record, we independently conclude

that the district court did not err in its diligence determination and expansion of the

record. Accordingly, we consider the evidence developed in federal district court

in conducting de novo review of Jones’s claims.

      In order for us to grant relief on Jones’s IAC claim, Jones must demonstrate

that his trial counsel: (1) performed deficiently; and (2) Jones’s defense was

prejudiced by that deficient performance. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. He has

done so.

      Jones has demonstrated that trial counsel performed deficiently for all the

reasons set forth in our § 2254(d)(1) analysis. He has demonstrated that counsel’s

performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and below the

prevailing professional norms at the time of Jones’s proceedings.

      Additionally, Jones has demonstrated that counsel’s failure to seek

neuropsychological and neurological testing prejudiced his defense. He has

demonstrated that there is a “reasonable probability” that had such testing been

conducted, and had the results been presented at sentencing, “the result of the

proceeding would have been different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. While Dr.

Potts presented brief, conditional findings, the results of the neuropsychological

and neurological tests conducted by various experts during Jones’s federal district

                                          68
court proceedings confirmed that Jones suffered from a variety of psychological

disorders stemming from birth and exacerbated by long-term drug use and trauma

that affected Jones’s cognitive functioning. As explained previously, testing

revealed that Jones suffered from organic brain damage, poly-substance abuse,

PTSD, AD/HD, mood disorder, bipolar depressive disorder, and a learning

disorder. The presentation of these results would involve presenting the

contributing factors to his cognitive dysfunction, as previously described with

respect to Claim 1, including that his long-term substance abuse was induced by

his sexually abusive step-grandfather. At sentencing, there was no indication that

Jones had suffered years of sexual abuse as a child. In combination, the testing

results and the presentation of contributing factors would have dramatically

affected any sentencing judge’s perception of Jones’s culpability for his crimes,

even despite the existence of aggravating factors. Without repeating our prior

analysis, we conclude this available mitigating evidence would have created a

reasonable probability that Jones would not have received a death sentence.

                                        VI

      Because we have determined that Jones is entitled to relief and resentencing

on the basis of Claims 1 and 2, we need not and do not reach the issue of whether

the new evidence presented at the federal evidentiary hearing fundamentally

                                         69
altered these claims such that they were unexhausted, procedurally defaulted, and

excused in light of Dickens v. Ryan, 740 F.3d 1302 (9th Cir. 2014) (en banc) and

Martinez v. Ryan, 566 U.S. 1 (2012). Additionally, we need not and do not reach

the merits of any of Jones’s other claims.

      We reverse and remand to the district court with instructions to issue the writ

of habeas corpus.

      REVERSED AND REMANDED.

                                         70
                                                                                FILED
                                                                                NOV 7 2022
Danny Jones v. Charles Ryan, No. 18-99005
                                                                           MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                             U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
BENNETT, Circuit Judge, joined by CALLAHAN, R. NELSON, BADE,
COLLINS, LEE, BRESS, BUMATAY, and VANDYKE, Circuit Judges,
dissenting from the denial of rehearing en banc:

        Danny Jones, an Arizona prisoner, brutally killed three people with a

baseball bat, including defenseless seven-year-old Tisha Weaver, by dragging her

from under her parents’ bed, striking her multiple times with the bat, and then

strangling or asphyxiating her in case the bat had not done its intended job. He

received two death sentences. The Supreme Court vacated the panel’s first attempt

to grant Jones habeas relief. Ryan v. Jones, 563 U.S. 932 (2011). The panel’s

amended opinion grants habeas relief again. But in doing so, the panel improperly

and materially lowered Strickland’s 1 highly demanding standard and failed to

afford the required deference to the district court’s findings—essentially finding

that no such deference was due.

        The first error directly conflicts with Supreme Court precedent, and the

second is inconsistent with our well-established rule that district court findings and

credibility determinations are subject to clear error review. Thus, we should have

taken this case en banc to secure and maintain uniformity in our case law. See Fed.

R. App. P. 35(a)(1). En banc review was also warranted because this case involves

issues of exceptional importance. See Fed. R. App. P. 35(a)(2). Not only does the

1
    Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984).
                                          1
panel’s amended opinion allow courts to improperly grant sentencing relief to

capital defendants who have been convicted of the most horrific crimes, but it also

allows future panels to simply ignore a district court’s well-reasoned factual and

credibility findings. Finally, we should have taken this case en banc so that the

Supreme Court, which has already vacated our judgment once, does not grant

certiorari a second time and reverse us.2 For these reasons, I respectfully dissent

from our decision not to rehear this case en banc.

                                I. BACKGROUND

                                    A. Murders

      Jones received two death sentences for murdering his friend, Robert Weaver,

and Weaver’s seven-year-old daughter Tisha, so that he could obtain Weaver’s gun

collection. Jones committed the murders in March 1992, while he was on

probation for a prior felony offense. In affirming Jones’s convictions and

sentence, the Arizona Supreme Court described the murders:

2
  The Supreme Court routinely reverses us in capital cases, including cases based
on our misapplication of Strickland. See, e.g., Shinn v. Kayer, 141 S. Ct. 517
(2020) (per curiam) (summary reversal); Cullen v. Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170
(2011); Wong v. Belmontes, 558 U.S. 15 (2009) (per curiam) (summary reversal);
Woodford v. Visciotti, 537 U.S. 19 (2002) (per curiam) (summary reversal). The
Court has also reversed our sister circuits for misapplying Strickland in capital
cases. See, e.g., Dunn v. Reeves, 141 S. Ct. 2405 (2021) (per curiam) (summary
reversal); Mays v. Hines, 141 S. Ct. 1145 (2021) (per curiam) (summary reversal);
Smith v. Spisak, 558 U.S. 139 (2010); Bobby v. Van Hook, 558 U.S. 4 (2009) (per
curiam) (summary reversal).
                                           2
            In February 1992, defendant moved to Bullhead City, Arizona,
      and resumed a friendship with Robert Weaver. At this time, Robert,
      his wife Jackie, and their 7-year-old daughter, Tisha, were living in
      Bullhead City with Robert’s grandmother, Katherine Gumina.[3] As of
      March 1992, defendant was unemployed and was planning to leave
      Bullhead City.

             On the night of March 26, 1992, defendant and Robert were
      talking in the garage of Ms. Gumina’s residence. Robert frequently
      entertained his friends in the garage, and during these times, he often
      discussed his gun collection. The two men were sitting on inverted
      buckets on the left side of the garage, and Ms. Gumina’s car was parked
      on the right side of the garage. Both defendant and Robert had been
      drinking throughout the day and had used crystal methamphetamine
      either that day or the day before.

             At approximately 8:00 p.m., Russell Dechert, a friend of
      Robert’s, drove to the Gumina residence and took defendant and Robert
      to a local bar and to watch a nearby fire. Dechert then drove defendant
      and Robert back to the Gumina residence at approximately 8:20 p.m.
      and left, telling defendant and Robert that he would return to the
      Gumina residence around 9:00 p.m.

             Although there is no clear evidence of the sequence of the
      homicides, the scenario posited to the jury was as follows. After
      Dechert left, defendant closed the garage door and struck Robert in the
      head at least three times with a baseball bat. Robert fell to the ground
      where he remained unconscious and bleeding for approximately 10 to
      15 minutes. Defendant then entered the living room of the Gumina
      residence where Ms. Gumina was watching television and Tisha
      Weaver was coloring in a workbook. Defendant struck Ms. Gumina in
      the head at least once with the baseball bat, and she fell to the floor in
      the living room.

             Tisha apparently witnessed the attack on Ms. Gumina, ran from
      the living room into the master bedroom, and hid under the bed.
      Defendant found Tisha and dragged her out from under the bed. During

3
 Ms. Gumina was seventy-four years old. See Jones v. Schriro, 450 F. Supp. 2d
1023, 1025 (D. Ariz. 2006).
                                      3
      the struggle, Tisha pulled a black braided bracelet off defendant’s wrist.
      Defendant then struck Tisha in the head at least once with the baseball
      bat,[4] placed a pillow over her head, and suffocated her, or strangled
      her, or both.

             Defendant next emptied a nearby gun cabinet containing
      Robert’s gun collection, located the keys to Ms. Gumina’s car, and
      loaded the guns and the bat into the car. At some point during this time,
      Robert regained consciousness, and, in an attempt to flee, moved
      between the garage door and Ms. Gumina’s car, leaving a bloody hand
      print smeared across the length of the garage door and blood on the side
      of the car. Robert then climbed on top of a work bench on the east side
      of the garage, leaving blood along the east wall. Defendant struck
      Robert at least two additional times in the head with the baseball bat,
      and, as Robert fell to the ground, defendant struck him in the head at
      least once more.

             A few minutes before 9:00 p.m., Dechert returned to the Gumina
      residence and noticed that the garage door, which previously had been
      open, was closed. Dechert went to the front door and knocked.
      Through an etched glass window in the front door, he saw the silhouette
      of a person locking the front door and walking into the master bedroom.
      Dechert then looked through a clear glass portion of the window and
      saw defendant walk out of the master bedroom. He heard defendant
      say, “I will get it,” as if he were talking to another person in the house.
      Defendant then opened the front door, closing it immediately behind
      him, walked out onto the porch, and stated that Robert and Jackie had
      left and would return in about 30 minutes. Dechert noticed that
      defendant was nervous, breathing hard, and perspiring. Although
      Dechert felt that something was wrong, he left the Gumina residence.
      As he was leaving, Dechert heard the door shut as if defendant went

4
  The Arizona Supreme Court’s opinion later states: “The evidence at trial showed
that defendant struck Tisha in the head with the baseball bat at least twice . . . .
[D]efendant had struck Tisha with the baseball bat with sufficient force to create a
wound several inches wide, extending from her left ear to her left cheek. He then
struck her a second time on the back of her head. After delivering these two fatal
blows, defendant then asphyxiated her, far exceeding the amount of violence
necessary to cause death.” State v. Jones, 917 P.2d 200, 217–18 (Ariz. 1996).
                                         4
      back into the house. Shortly thereafter, defendant left the Gumina
      residence in Ms. Gumina’s car.

             At approximately 9:10 p.m., Jackie Weaver returned home from
      work. When she opened the garage door, she found Robert lying
      unconscious on the garage floor. Jackie ran inside the house and found
      Ms. Gumina lying on the living room floor and her daughter Tisha lying
      under the bed in the master bedroom. She then called the police, who
      on arrival determined that Tisha and Robert were dead and that
      Katherine Gumina was alive but unconscious. The medical examiner
      later concluded that Robert’s death was caused by multiple contusions
      and lacerations of the central nervous system caused by multiple
      traumatic skull injuries. The cause of Tisha’s death was the same as
      Robert’s, but also included possible asphyxiation.

             After leaving the Gumina residence, defendant picked up his
      clothes from a friend’s apartment where he had been staying and drove
      to a Bullhead City hotel. At some point before reaching the hotel, he
      threw the bat out the car window. Defendant parked the car at the hotel
      and hailed a taxi cab to drive him to Las Vegas, Nevada. [Jones was
      arrested in Las Vegas.].

            ....

             The state charged defendant with two counts of premeditated
      first degree murder and one count of attempted premeditated first
      degree murder. Although Katherine Gumina ultimately died as a result
      of the injuries defendant inflicted, the state chose not to amend the
      indictment. Defendant pleaded not guilty to all of the charges. At trial,
      defendant testified that he killed Robert Weaver in self-defense, that he
      struck Katherine Gumina reflexively and without criminal intent
      because she startled him, and that another person killed Tisha Weaver.
      The jury found defendant guilty of all three counts.

State v. Jones, 917 P.2d 200, 206–07 (Ariz. 1996).

                                         5
                            B. Sentencing Proceedings

      Under Arizona’s then-existing death penalty statute, the trial judge held an

aggravation/mitigation hearing to determine whether a death sentence was

warranted. Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13-703(B) (1993).5 The judge had to impose a death

sentence if he found “one or more of the [enumerated statutory] aggravating

circumstances . . . and that there [were] no mitigating circumstances sufficiently

substantial to call for leniency.” Id. § 13-703(E).

                         1. State’s Aggravation Evidence

      In addition to the guilt phase trial evidence,6 the State’s most significant

aggravation evidence was Jones’s presentence report (“PSR”) related to the

murders and a prior 1991 presentence report (“1991 PSR”) related to Jones’s theft

conviction for which he had received three years’ probation. As the sentencing

judge later determined, the conflicts between the 1991 PSR and other evidence

showed that Jones was “willing to lie” when it benefited him.

      While the PSR contained some evidence in support of aggravation, it also

contained evidence favorable to Jones. He started consuming alcohol at thirteen

5
 All references to Arizona’s death penalty statute are to the version in effect on
December 9, 1993, when the court sentenced Jones.
6
 Under the statute, the judge had to consider the guilt phase trial evidence in
determining the existence or nonexistence of aggravating and mitigating
circumstances. Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13-703(C).
                                         6
and became an alcoholic at seventeen. He also began using marijuana at thirteen

and experimented with or used “virtually all illegal drugs he could obtain” and had

become addicted to methamphetamine and cocaine by eighteen. He sustained a

concussion at age nine when he fell from a roof, and at eighteen, he was “knocked

unconscious by a ‘mugger,’ being in a coma for approximately three days.”

                         2. Jones’s Mitigation Evidence

      Lee Novak, the public defender who represented Jones at trial and

sentencing, presented mitigation evidence, including testimony from Jones’s

second stepfather, Randy Jones, and a report and testimony from Dr. Potts, a court-

appointed forensic psychiatrist, who evaluated Jones.7 Through this evidence, the

trial judge learned extensive information about Jones’s background. Jones’s

biological father had physically abused Jones’s mother, Peggy, while she was

pregnant with Jones. Jones’s birth was traumatic—the umbilical cord was

wrapped around his neck, forceps were used, and Peggy’s heart stopped during

delivery. Jones’s first stepfather, Richard Eland, physically and verbally abused

Jones and his sister, Carrie. On at least one occasion, Richard hit Jones and locked

him in a closet with a bar of soap in his mouth and then taped Jones’s mouth shut.

7
  Before sentencing, the trial court had granted Novak’s request to have Jones’s
mental health examined pursuant to Arizona Rule of Criminal Procedure 26.5.
Am. Op. at 4. The court appointed Dr. Potts, the Chief of Forensic Psychiatry for
the Correctional Health Services in Maricopa County. Id.
                                           7
Richard also physically abused Peggy, and Jones had witnessed two severe

incidents: one where Richard broke Peggy’s jaw and another where he broke her

ribs.

        Jones’s personality changed around age thirteen—he started lying and

cutting classes, and his grades began slipping. Jones’s step-grandfather and uncle

introduced him to marijuana when he was around ten, and Jones became an

alcoholic by seventeen and had used all popular drugs by that time. His “mood

swings” and irritability increased, and he was expelled from high school as a

senior.

        Jones also suffered from two or three serious head injuries growing up. Dr.

Potts testified that there was “clear evidence . . . of traumatic brain injury, and

there [was] some other evidence that [he] believe[d] [of] organic neurologic

dysfunctions . . . that ha[ve] gone on since [Jones has] been about 13.” Dr. Potts

explained that Jones was predisposed to substance abuse and possibly an affective

disorder, given the history of substance abuse and other psychological problems in

Jones’s family. He stated, “[T]o a reasonable degree of medical certainty . . . the

defendant suffers from a psychothymic disorder, which is [a] mood disorder,

possibly organic syndrome, secondary to the multiple cerebral trauma that he’s had

as well as the prolonged substance abuse.”

        Dr. Potts’s report identified seven mitigating circumstances:

                                           8
      1. The chaotic and abusive childhood that the defendant suffered;
      2. His genetic loading for substance abuse and possibly an affective
         disorder;
      3. His intoxication at the time of the offense with a concomitant
         decrease in an ability to conform his conduct to the law;
      4. The potential for rehabilitation;
      5. The likelihood that he suffers from a major mental illness-
         cyclothymia (an attenuated form of Bipolar Affective Disorder; i.e.,
         manic-depressive illness);
      6. The head trauma he suffered which increases the potential for
         neurologic sequelae contributing to his behavior; and,
      7. His sense of remorse and responsibility . . . .

                      3. Trial Judge’s Sentencing Decision

      The trial judge found three aggravating circumstances for Weaver’s murder:

“(1) defendant committed the murder for pecuniary gain; (2) defendant committed

the murder in an especially heinous, cruel, or depraved manner; and (3) defendant

was convicted of one or more other homicides that were committed during the

commission of the offense.” Jones, 917 P.2d at 207 (citations omitted). For

Tisha’s murder, the trial judge found the same three aggravators plus that Tisha

was under age fifteen. Id.

      The sentencing judge’s aggravating circumstance determinations show that

the sentencing judge gave great weight to the aggravating circumstances:

            As to Statutory Aggravating Circumstance (F)(5), the Court finds
      beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed the offense as
      consideration for the receipt, or in the expectation of the receipt of
      anything of pecuniary value. The evidence shows that the defendant
      wanted to get out of Bullhead City because of pending warrants. The
      defendant knew of Robert Weaver’s gun collection. Defendant killed

                                         9
Robert Weaver to get the guns and used them to obtain a ride to Las
Vegas and to obtain money for living expenses in Las Vegas.

        As to the Statutory Aggravating Circumstance (F)(6), the Court
finds beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed the
offenses in an especially heinous and depraved manner. The physical
evidence as to Robert Weaver shows that the defendant initially struck
Robert Weaver . . . with a baseball bat. The initial injuries were
sufficient to cause a large pool of blood, but insufficient to cause death.
Sometime later, in all likelihood after the defendant committed the
assault within the residence, he returned to find Robert Weaver still
alive. Blood smears at the scene showed that Robert Weaver attempted
to run from the defendant around Katherine Gumina’s car which was
parked in the garage. . . . [T]he defendant struck Robert Weaver in the
head several more times. The last blow delivered, was delivered [sic]
while the defendant knelt helplessly on the floor of the garage. The
initial blows were all that were needed to kill the victim. The defendant,
by continuing to beat Robert Weaver with a bat, inflicted gratuitous
violence beyond that necessary to kill the victim.

       In addition, after the initial blows, the victim was completely
helpless to defend himself and could only make a futile effort to flee.
The defendant could have taken the guns and the car with little or no
resistance from Robert Weaver. The killing was, therefore, senseless.

      Robert Weaver had time to contemplate his fate as he fled from
the defendant. The killing, therefore, was cruel.

       As to the Statutory Aggravating Circumstance (F)(8), the Court
finds beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant has been convicted
of one or more other homicides, as defined in ARS 13-1101, which
were committed during the commission of the offense. The jury found
the defendant guilty of First Degree Murder of Tisha Weaver which
occurred during the same violent episode.

      ....

      As to the Statutory Aggravating Circumstance (F)(6), the Court
finds beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed the
offenses, with regard to Tisha Weaver, in an especially heinous, cruel,
                                    10
      or depraved manner. The evidence showed that Katherine Gumina and
      Tisha Weaver had been in front of the television set in the living room
      of the residence. The defendant assaulted Ms. Gumina, causing Tisha
      to run and hide under her parents’ bed. Physical evidence from the
      bedroom showed that Tisha was dragged from under the bed, struck
      several times with a blunt instrument, and then suffocated. She had
      time to contemplate her fate. She knew that something terrible had
      happened to her grandmother. She struggled for life with the defendant.
      Tisha Weaver suffered great physical and emotional pain. The Court,
      therefore, finds that the murder was especially cruel.

            The Court also finds that the murder was heinous and depraved.
      Tisha Weaver, a seven-year old, and a helpless victim of the adult male
      defendant armed with a baseball bat. The murder of Tisha Weaver is
      senseless. She could not have stopped the defendant from stealing the
      guns or the car. . . . She was also beaten beyond that necessary to kill
      her.

      The trial judge found four mitigators for both murders: “(1) defendant

suffers from long-term substance abuse; (2) at the time of the offense, defendant

was under the influence of alcohol and drugs; (3) defendant had a chaotic and

abusive childhood; and (4) defendant’s substance abuse problem may have been

caused by genetic factors and aggravated by head trauma.” Jones, 917 P.2d at

207–08.

      In rejecting other mitigators presented by Jones, the trial court explained that

Jones’s conduct did not arise “from an angry explosion or delusion caused by drug

or alcohol use.” Rather, the court found that the evidence was “more consistent

with the State’s theory that [Jones] committed the acts of murder so that he could

steal Robert Weaver’s guns.” The court also noted that “[i]n the past the defendant

                                         11
ha[d] shown that he [was] willing to lie if it benefit[ed] him.” Indeed, the court

found that it was “obvious” that Jones and another prisoner had “manufactured

[the] tale” that a third party had been involved in the murders.

      The trial court determined that the mitigators were not sufficiently

substantial to outweigh the aggravators or to call for leniency and sentenced Jones

to two death sentences for the murders. See Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 13-703(E). 8 The

Arizona Supreme Court affirmed Jones’s conviction and sentence on direct review.

Jones, 917 P.2d at 222.

                  C. State Post-Conviction Review Proceedings

      Jones filed his state post-conviction review (“PCR”) petition, raising several

claims including the ones at issue: (1) sentencing counsel was ineffective for

relying on Dr. Potts rather than retaining an independent neuropsychologist and

neurologist (“Claim 1”), and (2) sentencing counsel was ineffective for failing to

timely seek neurological or neuropsychological testing (“Claim 2”). At an

informal conference, the PCR court denied Claim 1. The court set Claim 2 for an

evidentiary hearing.

      At the evidentiary hearing, Jones called three witnesses: Randy, Peggy, and

Novak. Randy and Peggy’s testimonies were relatively short, focusing on when

8
 The court gave Jones a life sentence, without the possibility of release or parole
for twenty-five years, for the attempted first degree murder of Katherine Gumina.
                                          12
and what they had told Novak about Jones’s life history. To the extent that they

provided information about Jones’s background, it was largely cumulative of the

information the court heard at sentencing. See Am. Op. at 10–11. Novak mainly

testified about his experience as a criminal lawyer, the defense’s investigation into

Jones’s background, and decisions that he made before and during trial and in

preparation for sentencing. As to Dr. Potts, Novak testified that Potts was a court-

appointed expert, Potts “was great to work with,” “did everything that we would

have wanted someone that we had hired to do,” making it feel as though Potts “was

part of the defense team almost.”

      The PCR court denied Claim 2. The Arizona Supreme Court summarily

denied Jones’s petition for review.

                      D. Federal District Court Proceedings

      Jones filed a federal habeas petition, and the district court granted an

evidentiary hearing on Claims 1 and 2. Am. Op. at 12. At the evidentiary hearing,

Jones called Novak and three mental health experts: (1) Dr. Potts; (2) Dr. Stewart,

a psychiatrist; and (3) Dr. Goldberg, an attorney and neuropsychologist. Jones v.

Schriro, 450 F. Supp. 2d 1023, 1030 (D. Ariz. 2006). Jones also submitted

documents, including reports from Drs. Stewart and Goldberg, a report from Dr.

Foy, a psychologist, and a report from Dr. Sreenivasan, a neuropsychologist. Id. at

1030–34, 1032 n.6. The State called three experts: (1) Dr. Herron, a psychiatrist

                                         13
formerly employed by the Department of Correction; (2) Dr. Herring, a

neuropsychologist; and (3) Dr. Scialli, a psychiatrist. Id. at 1034. The district

court provided detailed summaries of Novak’s and the experts’ testimonies. Id. at

1030–38. The district court made the following findings, which noted many of the

inconsistencies between the experts’ testimonies and within the record evidence in

discounting the significance of the “new” evidence introduced in the district court

evidentiary proceeding.

      Credibility of Experts: The district court properly evaluated the credibility of

the experts. Cf. McClure v. Thompson, 323 F.3d 1233, 1243 (9th Cir. 2003)

(giving “great weight” to the district court’s credibility determinations in a habeas

case). The district court determined that the State’s experts, Drs. Herring and

Scialli, were generally more credible than the defense experts, Drs. Stewart and

Goldberg. Jones, 450 F. Supp. 2d at 1038. This was so because Drs. Herring and

Scialli had previously testified for both the prosecution and criminal defendants,

while Dr. Stewart had done mostly defense work, and Dr. Goldberg had never been

retained by the prosecution in a capital case. Id. The district court also found Dr.

Stewart less credible because he endorsed Jones’s contention that Jones did not kill

Tisha, even though that fact had been rejected by the jury, the trial court, and the

Arizona Supreme Court. Id. at 1033 n.7. The district court explained:

      In assessing Dr. Stewart’s credibility, the Court takes into account his
      willingness to present an opinion on a factual issue which concerns only
                                          14
         the guilt phase of the trial and which was resolved, with a result
         contrary to that reached by Dr. Stewart, by the jury, the trial court, and
         the Arizona Supreme Court.

Id. at 1033 n.7. 9 Indeed, the sentencing judge found it “obvious” that Jones had

completely “manufactured [the] tale” that a third party named Frank had killed

Tisha.

         Cognitive impairment: The district court found that Jones’s evidence of

cognitive impairment mainly due to head injuries was not persuasive:

                Petitioner has not presented persuasive evidence regarding either
         the existence or the cause of his alleged cognitive impairment. In
         making their diagnosis of cognitive impairment, Petitioner’s experts
         relied upon Petitioner’s school performance, both his grades and his
         scores on standardized tests; the discrepancy in his performance and
         verbal IQ scores; and the results of other neuropsychological tests. As
         discussed above, alternative explanations exist with respect to
         Petitioner’s declining school performance, including absenteeism,
         family stresses, substance abuse, and lack of motivation. Moreover, as
         Dr. Herring testified, Petitioner’s standardized test scores were within
         the average range and do not, by themselves, suggest impairment. The
         gap between Petitioner’s IQ scores, while notable, is not uncommon,
         and the fact that Petitioner scored higher on the performance subtest
         militates against a finding of impairment, as does the fact that
         Petitioner’s overall IQ is solidly in the average range. Finally, in the
         vast majority of instances Petitioner’s scores on neuropsychological
         tests were in the average range or above. The few scores that fell in the

9
  I am puzzled how the panel concluded that “[t]he district court mistakenly stated
that Dr. Stewart opined on the viability of Jones’s theory that a third party had
been involved in the crime.” Am. Op. at 42. The district court found that Dr.
Stewart “endors[ed] Petitioner’s account of the crimes,” Jones, 450 F. Supp. 2d at
1033 n.7, a conclusion supported by Dr. Stewart’s statement that: “As a result, it is
my professional opinion that Danny’s psychological profile supports the events as
described by Danny [Jones] on the night of the crimes, including Frank’s
responsibility for Tisha Weaver’s murder.” (emphasis added).
                                          15
      impaired range did not implicate any particular cognitive domain,
      suggesting that they were aberrations and not indicative of impairment.

             The experts ascribed as the primary cause of Petitioner’s
      cognitive impairment a series of head injuries. With the exception of
      the 1983 “mugging,” there is no medical documentation to corroborate
      any of these injuries. In addition, the dates and details—and even the
      occurrence—of the injuries, as reported by Petitioner and his family,
      are inconsistent and hence difficult to credit. This difficulty is
      compounded by the contrast between Petitioner’s account of the 1983
      incident, in which he was mugged, struck by a two-by-four, and left
      unconscious for three days, and the contemporaneous medical records,
      which indicate that Petitioner was discovered passed out or asleep from
      the effects of intoxication, that he responded upon being administered
      medication that counteracted those effects, that he suffered no
      neurological damage and his only injury was a small abrasion, and that
      if he suffered a concussion it was “resolved” upon his discharge.

Id. at 1039 (footnote omitted).

      Post-traumatic stress disorder (“PTSD”): The district court found that

Jones’s evidence that he suffered from PTSD at the time of the murders was

unconvincing because, among other reasons, “none of [Jones’s] experts completed

an appropriate diagnosis using all of the criteria set forth in the DSM-IV.” Id. at

1040. Drs. Foy and Stewart diagnosed Jones with PTSD. Id. at 1031, 1032 n.6.

Dr. Scialli, however, testified that both Drs. Foy and Stewart’s written reports

failed to discuss how Jones satisfied all the criteria required to diagnose a patient

with PTSD under the DSM-IV. Dr. Stewart admitted as much,10 but insisted in his

10
      Q. And can you show me in your report where you talk about that
      second criteria under the DSM-IV?

                                          16
testimony that Jones met the remaining criteria—re-experiencing the trauma,

avoidance, and hyperarousal. Id. at 1032. Dr. Scialli disagreed with the PTSD

diagnosis and noted that during his examination of Jones there was no sign that

Jones had re-experienced a traumatic event at the time of the murders. Id. at 1037.

      New sexual and physical abuse evidence: The district court found that

Jones’s new allegations and evidence that he had been sexually abused by his step-

grandfather from ages nine to fourteen and physically abused by Randy should be

discounted “given their late disclosure, their inconsistency with other information

in the record, and [Jones’s] ‘obvious motive to fabricate.’” Id. at 1047 (quoting

State v. Medrano, 914 P.2d 225, 227 (Ariz. 1996)). The district court found that

the alleged sexual abuse appeared for the first time in Dr. Foy’s 2002 report and

was based only on Jones’s self-report. Id. at 1046. The alleged physical abuse by

Randy appears in Dr. Foy’s report and Carrie’s declaration. Id. But as noted by

the district court, the allegations conflicted with other information in the record.

Id. at 1047. For example, Peggy testified at the PCR evidentiary hearing that Jones

had a “good home life” and “normal childhood” once she married Randy; at the

aggravation/mitigation hearing Dr. Potts testified that Jones had never disclosed

      [Dr. Stewart]. I don’t know if I have it in the report, actually. I certainly
      can talk about it.
      Q. In fact, your report doesn’t track the DSM-IV criteria, correct?
      [Dr. Stewart]. I believe you’re right.
                                          17
that Randy was abusive; and a military medical record dated August 1983 states

that Jones reported: “As far as I’m concerned [Randy] is my real dad, he’s the only

one that has treated me good. He has never hit me or anything.”

      Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (“ADHD”): The district court found

that the evidence supported that Jones suffered from ADHD at the time of the

murders but that “[ADHD] does not serve as persuasive mitigation evidence.” Id.

at 1040. The court’s finding was based on Dr. Scialli’s testimony that “the

condition is unrelated to violent behavior.” Id.

      Mood disorder: The district court found that Jones “may suffer from a

chronic, low-level mood disorder such as dysthymia,” but that such condition is

not persuasive mitigation evidence because “[n]one of the experts suggested a

causal relationship between the condition and [Jones’s] conduct during the

crimes.” Id. The district court also discounted Jones’s evidence that he suffers

from a major affective disorder, such as bipolar disorder, because he presented no

evidence that he has experienced episodes of mania or hypomania. Id.

      Substance abuse: The district court found that Jones was addicted to alcohol,

amphetamine, and cannabis at the time of the murders. Id.

      After setting forth its findings on the new mitigation evidence, the district

court analyzed Claims 1 and 2 and determined that Jones had failed to satisfy

Strickland’s prejudice prong. Id. at 1042–45. The district court found “that the

                                         18
new information is largely inconclusive or cumulative: it ‘barely . . . alter[s] the

sentencing profile presented to the sentencing judge.’” Id. at 1043 (alterations in

original) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 700). It concluded that Jones had failed

“to affirmatively demonstrate a reasonable probability that [the] additional

information would [have] alter[ed] the trial court’s sentencing decision after it

weighed the totality of the mitigation evidence against the strong aggravating

circumstances proven at trial,” and “[t]herefore, [Jones was] not entitled to habeas

relief on [Claims 1 and 2].” Id. at 1043.

                           E. Panel’s Amended Opinion

      The panel reversed the district court and granted Jones’s habeas petition

based on Claims 1 and 2. Am. Op. at 69–70.

      The panel acknowledged that AEDPA governed its review, and that Claims

1 and 2—both ineffective assistance of counsel claims—must be analyzed under

Strickland. Id. at 15–19. The panel then determined that because the state PCR

court had decided only Strickland’s deficient performance prong, AEDPA applied

to that prong. Id. at 19. But because the panel determined that the state PCR court

had not decided Strickland’s prejudice prong, it reviewed that piece of Jones’s

claims de novo. 11 Id. The panel held that Jones had overcome AEDPA on the

 The panel’s conclusion that AEDPA does not apply is open to question. In
11

Harrington v. Richter, the Supreme Court stated that we must “presume[] that the

                                            19
deficient performance prong for both claims because the PCR court’s decision was

both an unreasonable application of Strickland under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1) and

based on an unreasonable determination of the facts under § 2254(d)(2). Id. at 20–

34, 61–67. Thus, the panel reviewed Claims 1 and 2 de novo.

      Under de novo review, the panel held that Jones satisfied Strickland’s

deficient performance prong for Claims 1 and 2 because his sentencing counsel

was deficient by failing to secure a defense mental health expert and neurological

or neuropsychological testing before sentencing. Id. at 36, 68. In analyzing de

novo Strickland’s prejudice prong, the panel took Jones’s evidence at face value,

while failing to appropriately credit everything on the other side of the balance—

the district court’s factual and credibility findings, the overwhelming aggravating

circumstances, and the State’s extensive rebuttal evidence. 12 Id. at 37–61, 68–69.

state court adjudicated the claim on the merits in the absence of any indication or
state-law procedural principles to the contrary.” 562 U.S. 86, 99 (2011). Among
other things, the PCR court in this case found: “Testimony at the hearing showed
that counsel presented the available witnesses and evidence to support mitigation.
The additional witnesses and evidence suggested by petitioner would have been
redundant.” Here, however, it does not matter whether AEDPA applies to the
prejudice prong—the panel should have applied clear error review to the district
court’s factual and credibility findings and affirmed the district court’s denial of
habeas relief. See Lambert v. Blodgett, 393 F.3d 943, 964 (9th Cir. 2004).
12
  The panel’s amended opinion heavily relies on other cases involving horrific
crimes and similar “classic mitigating evidence” in which the courts found
Strickland prejudice. Am. Op. at 20, 56–60. But the panel’s discussion simply
shows that new mitigation evidence can establish prejudice, even in horrific cases.

                                         20
Based on its erroneous analysis, the panel held that Jones satisfied Strickland’s

prejudice prong for Claims 1 and 2 by showing a reasonable probability that he

would not have received a death sentence had his new mitigation evidence been

presented at sentencing. Id. at 36–37, 68–69. The panel thus granted habeas relief

on Claims 1 and 2. Id. at 69–70.

      The panel determined that the district court could properly consider Jones’s

new mitigation evidence and make credibility determinations, id. at 36, 49, and

that a district court’s findings are generally reviewed for clear error, id. at 15. The

panel inexplicably decided, however, that it did not have to give deference to the

district court’s credibility determinations under Correll v. Ryan, 539 F.3d 938 (9th

Cir. 2008). Am. Op. at 49–50. But Correll does not establish that the district

court’s credibility determinations here were improperly made. To begin, Correll

does not, nor could it, prohibit a district court from making credibility

determinations in assessing Strickland prejudice. Indeed, before Correll we

broadly stated without qualification that “[f]actual findings and credibility

determinations made by the district court in the context of granting or denying [a

habeas] petition are reviewed for clear error.” Lambert v. Blodgett, 393 F.3d 943,

I do not dispute that proposition. Here, though, the panel erred by improperly
dismissing the district court’s credibility and factual findings and essentially
ignoring nearly all the evidence that cut against the mitigation evidence. None of
the cases cited by the panel commit those same errors.
                                           21
964 (9th Cir. 2004). In Correll itself, the district court made an adverse credibility

determination in assessing evidence relevant to Strickland prejudice, and we

reviewed such determination for clear error. 539 F.3d at 942, 953 n.7.

      Correll simply does not hold that it is improper for a district court to make

the types of credibility determinations the district court made here in assessing

Strickland prejudice. Nor could it have. Strickland’s prejudice inquiry requires a

court to determine whether there is a “reasonable probability” that the sentencer

would not have imposed a death sentence considering all the evidence. See Wong

v. Belmontes, 558 U.S. 15, 19–20, 26 (2009) (per curiam). In making that

determination, a court must be able to assess the weight or probable effect of the

evidence on the sentencer by, for example, making credibility determinations.

How else is a court to determine, when faced with conflicting evidence, whether

there is a “reasonable probability” of a different outcome?

      The panel first disposed of AEDPA deference. It then failed to give

appropriate deference to the district court’s careful and thorough evaluation of the

evidence. And finally, it made its own findings and reweighed the evidence

without considering all the counterevidence, in direct contravention of Strickland. 13

13
  As just one stark example, the panel’s amended opinion accepts, as a matter of
fact, that Jones was sexually abused by his step-grandfather. Am. Op. at 51–52,
53. But as I detail below and as found by the district court, that mitigation
evidence is weak considering the entire record: it is based wholly on a self-report

                                          22
The panel, which disregarded the aggravating evidence, and the findings and

determinations of the sentencing judge, the Arizona Supreme Court, and the

district court, concluded that the sentencing judge “heard almost nothing that

would . . . allow [him] to accurately gauge [Jones’s] moral culpability.” Am. Op.

at 53 (first brackets in original) (emphasis added) (quoting Porter v. McCollum,

558 U.S. 30, 41 (2009) (per curiam)). This one statement encapsulates much that

is wrong with the panel’s amended opinion. Moral culpability—the sentencing

judge heard that Jones had brutally, cruelly, and senselessly killed a seven-year-old

girl, her seventy-four-year-old great grandmother, and her father, all with a

baseball bat, and all for financial gain. To the panel, that is “almost nothing.” The

panel’s approach watered down Strickland’s demanding standard and flouted our

well-established rule that district court findings are entitled to deference—both

were grave errors.

                                 II. DISCUSSION

      “The Strickland standard is ‘highly demanding.’” Shinn v. Kayer, 141 S. Ct.

517, 523 (2020) (quoting Kimmelman v. Morrison, 477 U.S. 365, 382 (1986)). In

by Jones, whom the trial court found to be a liar; there was no persuasive
corroborating evidence; and such childhood evidence is given less mitigating
weight when, as here, the murders are planned and deliberate. Jones, 450 F. Supp.
2d at 1047. Rather than consider, as the district court did, all that “bad” evidence,
which severely weakens Jones’s mitigation evidence, the panel simply ignored it
and found that Jones was sexually abused.
                                         23
assessing prejudice under Strickland, “the question is whether there is a reasonable

probability that, absent the errors, the sentencer—including an appellate court, to

the extent it independently reweighs the evidence—would have concluded that the

balance of aggravating and mitigating circumstances did not warrant death.”

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 695. “A reasonable probability means a ‘substantial,’ not

just ‘conceivable,’ likelihood of a different result.” Kayer, 141 S. Ct. at 523

(additional internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Cullen v. Pinholster, 563

U.S. 170, 189 (2011)).

      To answer the prejudice inquiry, we must “consider all the evidence—the

good and the bad,” Wong, 558 U.S. at 26, and “reweigh the evidence in

aggravation against the totality of available mitigating evidence,” Wiggins v. Smith,

539 U.S. 510, 534 (2003). And here, because the district court made findings

about the evidence, including credibility findings, we must accept those findings

unless they are clearly erroneous. See Lambert, 393 F.3d at 964.

      The panel did none of this. Rather than consider all the evidence, including

the facts of the murders and the State’s rebuttal evidence, the panel accepted

without question Jones’s “new” mitigation evidence. It also improperly brushed

aside the district court’s well-reasoned factual and credibility determinations. And

                                         24
it failed to seriously reweigh the aggravation evidence against the mitigation

evidence. It is no wonder that the panel reached the wrong result.14

      As I show below, the panel would have been compelled to affirm the denial

of habeas relief on Claims 1 and 2 had it properly followed the prescribed

framework. I provide a detailed analysis, not simply to show that the panel erred

in assessing the weight of the evidence, but also to show first, that the panel failed

to comply with Strickland’s clear requirement that a court consider all the good

and the bad, and second, that the panel improperly disregarded the district court’s

findings.

                              A. Mitigation Evidence

      I start with the mitigating evidence. As discussed above, the trial court was

presented with substantial mitigating evidence and considered four mitigating

circumstances for both murders: Jones’s substance abuse, the influence of alcohol

and drugs on Jones at the time of the murders, Jones’s chaotic and abusive

14
  The panel in its original opinion did not discuss how, even if its factual findings
in the face of conflicting evidence were correct, the “new” evidence could possibly
have overcome the aggravators, like the horrific facts of Jones’s cruel and heinous
murder of seven-year-old Tisha. The panel also never mentioned the trial judge’s
detailed sentencing findings. And the panel’s original opinion made no attempt to
reweigh the aggravators and mitigators. See Jones v. Ryan, 1 F.4th 1179 (9th Cir.
2021). The panel’s amended opinion acknowledged that it must reweigh the
aggravation and mitigation evidence and claimed to have done so. Am. Op. at 55–
56. But nowhere did the panel assess the weight of the aggravation evidence,
which was overwhelming.
                                         25
childhood, and the fact that Jones’s substance abuse may have resulted from

genetic factors and been aggravated by head trauma. Jones, 917 P.2d at 207–08.

But the trial court determined that these mitigating circumstances “were not

sufficiently substantial to outweigh the aggravating circumstances or to call for

leniency.” Id. at 208.

      According to the panel, however, there is a substantial likelihood that the

sentencing decision would have been different based on eight “new” categories of

mitigation evidence showing: (1) cognitive impairment; (2) poly-substance abuse;

(3) PTSD; (4) ADHD; (5) a mood disorder/bipolar depressive disorder; (6)

impairment by drugs during the crimes; (7) sexual abuse by his step-grandfather;

and (8) physical and emotional abuse by Randy. Am. Op. at 40, 51–52. But

proper application of Strickland and its progeny compels a contrary result.

Considering the totality of the evidence, all of this “new” mitigation evidence

(some of which is not even new) is weak and would have made little, if any,

difference, especially given the district court’s findings which were entitled to

deferential review.

      (1)    Cognitive impairment: The evidence of cognitive impairment is

equivocal at best. The expert reports are conflicting. Dr. Stewart concluded that

Jones suffers from cognitive impairment, and Dr. Goldberg diagnosed Jones with a

learning disability. But Dr. Herring disagreed with those conclusions. And Dr.

                                          26
Scialli did not diagnose Jones with cognitive impairment. Further undermining

Jones’s evidence was the district court’s well-supported factual findings that

Jones’s “overall IQ is solidly in the average range” and that the instances of head

injuries were not credible, given the inconsistent stories and lack of medical

documentation. Jones, 450 F. Supp. 2d at 1039 & n.11.15 Jones’s own mitigation

evidence supported the district court’s conclusion about his IQ. Dr. Potts reported

that Jones’s “cognitive abilities appeared to be consistent with his educational

achievements” and estimated that his “I.Q. [was] within the normal range.” A

military record from 1983 stated that Jones’s “[c]ognitive testing was normal.”

And Dr. Sreenivasan’s report noted that Jones had a “weighted I.Q. average of

107” in an intellectual/psychological assessment conducted by the Arizona

Department of Correction in 1992. Given the conflicting evidence, Jones’s

cognitive impairment evidence would have had little mitigating weight. See State

v. Dann, 207 P.3d 604, 629 (Ariz. 2009) (en banc) (giving “minimal weight” to

mental health issues because of the conflicting evidence).

      Moreover, in Arizona, “mental health issues are entitled to little weight

when there is no connection to the crime and no effect on the defendant’s ability to

conform to the requirements of the law or appreciate the wrongfulness of his

15
  The panel had no basis for rejecting these findings by the district court, just as it
had no basis for rejecting the district court’s other well-supported findings.
                                           27
conduct.” State v. Poyson, 475 P.3d 293, 298 (Ariz. 2020). And Arizona courts

“will not find that a defendant’s ability to conform or appreciate the wrongfulness

of his conduct was impaired when the defendant’s actions were planned and

deliberate, or when the defendant seeks to cover up his crime.” Id.; see also State

v. Boggs, 185 P.3d 111, 130 (Ariz. 2008) (en banc) (“Without a causal link

between the murders and his troubled childhood or mental health issues, these

mitigating circumstances are entitled to less weight.”).

      Only Dr. Stewart found that Jones’s cognitive dysfunction impaired his

ability to conform his behavior to the law or appreciate the wrongfulness of his

conduct. But Dr. Stewart’s opinion is substantially undermined by the district

court’s adverse credibility finding and the conflicting expert opinions. His opinion

is also severely weakened by evidence that Jones’s actions were planned and

deliberate and that he sought to cover up the murders. See Poyson, 475 P.3d at 299

(“goal-oriented” behavior, such as taking preparatory steps or concealing crimes

after the fact, “belie a claim of substantial impairment”). For example, Jones

closed the garage door before striking Weaver; when a third party unexpectedly

showed up at the house, Jones pretended that someone else was in the house and

lied about Weaver’s whereabouts to cover up the murders; and, right after the

murders, Jones retrieved his belongings from a friend’s house, ditched the car

linking him to the crime scene, disposed of the murder weapon, and fled to Las

                                         28
Vegas. Jones, 917 P.2d at 206–07. Indeed, the trial court found that the facts

showed that Jones “understood the wrongfulness of his acts and took steps to avoid

prosecution.” 16

        In sum, Jones’s cognitive impairment evidence is weak. Given the

substantial rebuttal evidence and the lack of any persuasive evidence establishing a

causal link between the alleged impairment and the murders, Jones’s cognitive

impairment evidence would have been given only minimal mitigating weight at

best.

        (2)   Poly-substance abuse: The evidence that Jones suffered from poly-

substance abuse is not “new.” The trial court was well acquainted with Jones’s

long-term substance abuse of various drugs and alcohol. Indeed, in sentencing

Jones, the court found that his substance abuse was a mitigating circumstance.

Jones, 917 P.2d at 207. Thus, more evidence of Jones’s substance abuse would

have been cumulative and made minimal difference. See Wong, 558 U.S. at 22

(“Some of the evidence was merely cumulative of the humanizing evidence Schick

actually presented; adding it to what was already there would have made little

difference.”).

16
  The panel did not engage with the undisputed facts as to Jones’s planned and
deliberate conduct and his attempts to cover up his murders.
                                         29
      (3)    PTSD: Like Jones’s cognitive impairment evidence, his PTSD

evidence is at best inconclusive. Drs. Stewart and Foy diagnosed Jones with

PTSD. But as the district court found, their opinions are unpersuasive for many

reasons. Although Dr. Stewart insisted at the evidentiary hearing that Jones had

met all the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD, neither his report nor Dr. Foy’s report

completed an appropriate diagnosis using all the DSM-IV criteria. Jones, 450 F.

Supp. 2d at 1040; see Rhoades v. Henry, 638 F.3d 1027, 1050 (9th Cir. 2011)

(“The mitigating value of . . . [the PTSD diagnosis] is lessened because [the]

diagnosis admittedly does not satisfy the requirements of DSM–IV for this

condition.”). Indeed, Dr. Stewart explained that the second DSM-IV criteria for

PTSD is re-experiencing a trauma, but he admitted that he never discussed with

Jones whether Jones had re-experienced a traumatic event at the time of the

murders. And Dr. Foy’s own diagnosis is unclear. His report noted “probable

chronic PTSD,” (emphasis added), and he stated in his deposition that his opinion

only suggested that “there’s a very high probability that [Jones] would be

diagnosed by anyone with PTSD,” Jones, 450 F. Supp. 2d at 1032.

      And other evidence contradicted or failed to corroborate the PTSD

diagnosis. Dr. Scialli disagreed with the PTSD diagnosis because during his

examination of Jones there was no sign that Jones had re-experienced a traumatic

event at the time of the murders. Id. at 1037. Dr. Herron, who had treated Jones

                                         30
from 2003 to 2005, never detected any signs of PTSD. Id. at 1034. And even Dr.

Potts, who was qualified to render a PTSD diagnosis, didn’t raise PTSD as a

potential issue because “[he] didn’t see PTSD as a red flag” when he evaluated

Jones. Id. at 1030.

      Jones’s PTSD evidence is weak on its own, and any mitigating value is

reduced even more by the rebuttal evidence. Given this, Jones’s PTSD evidence

would have made little difference.

      The mitigating value of Jones’s evidence is diminished even more because

he presented no persuasive evidence linking his alleged PTSD to the murders. See

Poyson, 475 P.3d at 298. Only Dr. Stewart offered an opinion on whether there

was a causal link between Jones’s PTSD and the murders. But Dr. Stewart’s

opinion is unconvincing for several reasons: his lack of credibility, his failure to

complete an appropriate diagnosis using all the DSM-IV criteria, and the evidence

that Jones’s actions were planned and deliberate and that he sought to cover up the

murders. See id. at 298–99.

      (4)    ADHD: The district court found that Jones’s ADHD was unrelated to

his violent behavior, thus it was unpersuasive as mitigation evidence. Jones, 450

F. Supp. 2d at 1040. That finding was not clearly erroneous given Dr. Scialli’s

testimony that, even if Jones had residual symptoms of ADHD, the condition

doesn’t have “any relationship to the offenses. And so it’s a very minor point.”

                                          31
Because Jones’s ADHD had no connection to his violent behavior, evidence of his

ADHD would have had little mitigating weight. See Poyson, 475 P.3d at 298.

      (5)    Mood Disorder/bipolar depressive disorder: Whether Jones suffers

from a mood or depressive disorder that affected his behavior during the murders is

ambiguous at best, and thus such evidence would have been given little mitigating

weight. See id.; Dann, 207 P.3d at 629.

      Dr. Foy diagnosed Jones with “[d]epressive disorder (either bipolar or major

depression), chronic.” Dr. Goldberg diagnosed Jones with bipolar disorder and

depression, and Dr. Sreenivasan noted that Jones’s records “point to the presence

of a cyclical mood disorder (bipolar II or Cyclothymia).” But none of these

doctors opined on whether such conditions impacted Jones’s ability to conform his

behavior to the law or appreciate the wrongfulness of his conduct at the time of the

murders. Thus, their diagnoses would have been given minimal weight. See

Poyson, 475 P.3d at 298.

      Only Dr. Stewart diagnosed Jones with a mood disorder not otherwise

specified (NOS), meaning Jones has a mood disorder that does not fit within any of

the other DSM-IV categories, and concluded that it impaired Jones’s ability to

conform to the law or appreciate the wrongfulness of his actions during the

murders. But as discussed above, Dr. Stewart’s opinion is severely weakened by

the district court’s adverse credibility determination and the evidence showing that

                                          32
Jones’s acts were planned and deliberate. Dr. Stewart’s mood disorder diagnosis is

also weakened by the rebuttal evidence, as Dr. Scialli concluded that Jones does

not suffer from a mood disorder under the DSM-IV criteria. Given the conflicting

evidence of whether Jones even suffers from a mood disorder, along with the lack

of any persuasive evidence connecting any mood disorder to the murders, the

sentencer would have given minimal weight to Jones’s mood disorder evidence.

See Poyson, 475 P.3d at 298; Dann, 207 P.3d at 629.

      (6)    Impaired by drugs during the crimes: Contrary to the panel’s

implication, see Am. Op. at 51, evidence that Jones was impaired by drugs during

the murders is not “new.” The trial court knew that Jones was impaired by drugs.

Indeed, the trial court found that he was under the influence of drugs and alcohol at

the time of the murders and considered such fact a mitigating circumstance. Jones,

917 P.2d at 207. Thus, more evidence that Jones was impaired by drugs during the

crimes would have been merely cumulative and made no difference. See Wong,

558 U.S. at 22.

      (7)    Sexual abuse by step-grandfather: The allegations of sexual abuse are

based on Jones’s self-report to Dr. Foy. Jones, 450 F. Supp. 2d at 1033. To begin,

“[b]ecause of the obvious motive to fabricate, such self-serving testimony [would

have been] subject to skepticism.” State v. Medrano, 914 P.2d 225, 227 (Ariz.

1996). The trial court found that Jones was not credible because “[i]n the past [he]

                                         33
ha[d] shown that he [was] willing to lie if it benefit[ed] him.” Even Jones’s mother

stated in her declaration that Jones “became a liar” and “would lie even in the face

of circumstances where it was obvious he was lying.” It is therefore unlikely that

the trial court would have believed Jones’s self-report with no persuasive

corroboration. And there is none. While Peggy and Randy testified that Jones’s

step-grandfather had introduced Jones to marijuana at a young age, which could

suggest a deviant motive, such evidence does not necessarily point to sexual abuse.

And during a 2001 interview with the Public Defender’s investigator, Peggy and

Randy said they “never saw any indication [Jones] may have been sexually abused

by anyone, nor were they aware of any sexual perpetrators in the family.”

      Moreover, “evidence that murders were planned or deliberate and not

motivated by passion or rage decreases the mitigating effect of prior childhood

abuse.” Poyson, 475 P.3d at 300. As discussed above, substantial evidence shows

that Jones’s actions were planned and deliberate. Given this, along with Jones’s

history of lying and the lack of any persuasive corroboration, the sentencer would

have given Jones’s self-report of sexual abuse slight mitigating weight, if any.

      (8)    Emotional and Physical Abuse by Randy: Although the trial court did

not hear any allegations that Randy abused Jones, the extent of Randy’s abuse is

unclear. Dr. Stewart’s report stated that Randy was “controlling” and would “hit

Peggy and the children,” and Dr. Stewart testified that Randy admitted that he

                                         34
physically abused Peggy, Jones, and Jones’s sister. Jones’s sister also reported that

Randy had been physically abusive and very controlling. But there is conflicting

evidence. In Jones’s military record from 1983, it states: “Relationship with step-

father was described in this manner, ‘As far as I’m concerned he is my real dad,

he’s the only one that has treated me good. He has never hit me or anything.’”

Peggy’s declaration stated, “Randy was very strict,” but “Randy did not hit me or

the children.” Randy admitted that, looking back, he believes he was verbally

abusive to his children.

      Though the trial court didn’t know about the conflicting evidence, it knew

that Jones had a chaotic and abusive childhood, which it found to be a mitigating

circumstance. Jones, 917 P.2d at 207–08. Thus, the new evidence about Randy

would have been more evidence supporting a mitigating circumstance that the trial

court already considered in sentencing Jones. The evidence, then, would have

been largely cumulative and given nominal weight. See Wong, 558 U.S. at 22; see

also McDowell v. Calderon, 107 F.3d 1351, 1363 (9th Cir. 1997) (holding that

there was no reasonable probability that the jury would have chosen a different

sentence upon introduction of evidence of sexual and substance abuse because the

jury chose a sentence of death after hearing similar evidence of defendant’s tragic

childhood and severe physical abuse), amended and superseded in part by 116

F.3d 364 (9th Cir. 1997), vacated in part on other grounds by 130 F.3d 833 (9th

                                         35
Cir. 1997) (en banc). Additionally, any mitigating effect would have been

diminished given the substantial evidence showing that Jones’s actions were

planned and deliberate. See Poyson, 475 P.3d at 300.

      In sum, the “new” mitigation evidence is far from overwhelming, and the

district court found it “largely inconclusive or cumulative.” Jones, 450 F. Supp. 2d

at 1043. The evidence of mental health issues and sexual abuse is equivocal and

would have had little mitigating value with no persuasive evidence linking such

evidence to the murders. The evidence of Randy’s emotional and physical abuse

of Jones also would have made little difference, as there is conflicting evidence

and, in any event, it is largely cumulative of the “chaotic and abusive childhood”

evidence that the trial court knew about and considered in sentencing Jones. And

any mitigating effect is diminished by the evidence that the murders were planned

and deliberate. The remaining “new” mitigation evidence—Jones’s poly-substance

abuse and impairment by drugs during the murders—is not even “new”; it is

cumulative and would have had little effect.

                             B. Aggravation Evidence

      Turning to the aggravating circumstances, the trial judge found three

aggravating circumstances for each murder: (1) multiple homicides, (2) pecuniary

gain, and (3) cruelty, heinousness, or depravity. Jones, 917 P.2d at 207. Each of

these is entitled to substantial weight. And for Tisha’s murder, the aggravators are

                                         36
even more substantial as the trial judge found a fourth aggravator: she was under

fifteen years old. Id.17

      The multiple homicides aggravator is the weightiest. The Arizona Supreme

Court has “consistently given ‘extraordinary weight’ to this aggravator.” Poyson,

475 P.3d at 302. “Even when the multiple homicides aggravator is the only

aggravator weighed against multiple mitigating factors, [the Arizona Supreme

Court has] found the mitigation insufficient to warrant leniency.” Id.

      “The pecuniary gain aggravator is also especially strong and ‘weighs heavily

in favor of a death sentence,’ when pecuniary gain is the ‘catalyst for the entire

chain of events leading to the murders.’” Id. (citations omitted). The Arizona

Supreme Court agreed with the trial court’s finding that pecuniary gain was the

motive for the murders, as Jones wanted to leave Bullhead City because of

impending warrants, Jones knew about Weaver’s gun collection, and Jones

“murdered Tisha Weaver and Robert Weaver as part of a plan to obtain the gun

collection and leave Bullhead City.” Jones, 917 P.2d at 215. The pecuniary gain

aggravator is therefore especially strong here.

      The heinous, cruel, or depraved aggravator is also entitled to great weight

given the brutal way Jones murdered Weaver and Tisha. See State v. McKinney,

17
  As noted above, the panel barely engaged with the overwhelming aggravating
evidence. Given the importance of this factor in a Strickland analysis, the panel’s
omission materially weakens the applicable standard.
                                        37
426 P.3d 1204, 1207 (Ariz. 2018); Poyson, 475 P.3d at 302. Weaver fell to the

ground after the initial blows, and he remained unconscious and bleeding for at

least ten to fifteen minutes. Jones, 917 P.2d at 216. He then “regained

consciousness and experienced pain and uncertainty about his fate.” Id. Even

though Weaver was “helpless” and “more than likely . . . no longer physically

capable” of trying to stop Jones, Jones inflicted gratuitous violence on Weaver by

striking him in the head at least three more times with the bat. Id. at 217. Tisha

also “experienced uncertainty about her fate,” as she hid under her parents’ bed

because she was afraid and struggled with Jones for her life. Id. at 216. She was a

“helpless victim,” being a seven-year-old child. Id. at 217. Still, Jones

      struck Tisha with the baseball bat with sufficient force to create a
      wound several inches wide, extending from her left ear to her left cheek.
      He then struck her a second time on the back of her head. After
      delivering these two fatal blows, [he] then asphyxiated her, far
      exceeding the amount of violence necessary to cause death.

Id. at 218.

                                  C. Reweighing

      On one side, we have the mitigating circumstances that the trial court

determined were insufficient to overcome the aggravators. Added to that is the

“new” mitigation evidence, which is cumulative, inconclusive, and weak. On the

other side, we have several aggravating circumstances that weigh heavily under

Arizona law. On balance, there is simply no substantial likelihood of a different

                                         38
result. The only difference between the sentencing profile before us and the one

that was before the trial court is the addition of the deficient “new” mitigation

evidence. This is precisely a case in which there is no Strickland prejudice, as the

new evidence “barely . . . alter[s] the sentencing profile presented to the sentencing

judge.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 700.

                                    *     *      *

      The panel failed to consider all the evidence in evaluating the “new”

mitigation evidence, and it failed to undertake a serious reweighing of the

mitigation and aggravation evidence. That approach directly conflicts with

Strickland and its progeny. The panel’s amended opinion improperly lowers

Strickland’s “highly demanding” standard, Kayer, 141 S. Ct. at 523, as now, even

questionable, weak, and cumulative mitigation evidence offered in post-conviction

proceedings will be enough to overcome the weightiest of aggravating

circumstances. The panel compounded this error by failing to review the district

court’s factual and credibility findings for clear error, as mandated. In short, the

panel established a new flawed approach for future panels to follow: in assessing

Strickland prejudice, we can reweigh the evidence and make our own factual

findings without regard to all the counterevidence and the district court’s findings.

      Because we should have fixed the panel’s exceptionally important errors, I

respectfully dissent from our failure to take this case en banc.

                                          39
                                                                                FILED
                                                                                    NOV 7 2022
Jones v. Ryan, No. 18-99005
                                                                             MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                              U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
IKUTA, Circuit Judge, joined by CALLAHAN, VANDYKE, Circuit Judges,
dissenting from the denial of rehearing en banc:

      I agree with Judge Bennett that even if the panel had been correct in

conducting a de novo review of the state court’s decision, it erred in failing to defer

to the district court’s factual findings. (Bennett, J., dissenting from denial of

rehearing en banc). In my view, however, the panel had no business conducting

such a de novo review in the first place.

      When a state court addresses some of the claims raised by a defendant, but

not others, the unaddressed claims “must be presumed to have been adjudicated on

the merits” by the state courts,” subject to rebuttal. Johnson v. Williams, 568 U.S.

289, 293 (2013). Here the state postconviction court rejected Jones’s claim that

trial counsel was ineffective at sentencing without referencing Strickland v.

Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), or explaining its reasoning. Nothing in the state

court’s opinion rebutted the presumption that it adjudicated the prejudice prong of

Strickland on the merits, see Williams, 568 U.S. at 301.

      In this situation, “a habeas court must determine what arguments or theories

supported or, as here, could have supported, the state court’s decision; and then it

must ask whether it is possible fairminded jurists could disagree that those

arguments or theories are inconsistent with the holding in a prior decision of this
Court.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 102 (2011). Under a proper deferential

review, for the reasons explained by the district court, the state court could have

reasonably determined that Jones did not establish prejudice under Strickland. See

Jones v. Schriro, 450 F. Supp. 2d 1023, 1043 (D. Ariz. 2006), rev’d sub nom.

Jones v. Ryan, 583 F.3d 626 (9th Cir. 2009).

      In reaching the issue of prejudice de novo, the panel mischaracterized the

state court opinion and disregarded the admonitions of the Supreme Court to give

such opinions proper deference, see, e.g., Harrington, 562 U.S. at 102. For these

reasons, I dissent from our failure to take this case en banc.

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