Court Opinion

ID: 4765679
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-08-13 15:02:36.990862+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:09:12.832390
License: Public Domain

Case: 20-1900    Document: 48           Page: 1       Filed: 08/13/2021

        NOTE: This disposition is nonprecedential.

   United States Court of Appeals
       for the Federal Circuit
                  ______________________

                      C.R. BARD, INC.,
                          Appellant

                                  v.

            MEDLINE INDUSTRIES, INC.,
                      Appellee
               ______________________

                   2020-1900, 2020-1905
                  ______________________

     Appeals from the United States Patent and Trademark
 Office, Patent Trial and Appeal Board in Nos. IPR2019-
 00035, IPR2019-00036.

           -------------------------------------------------

                      C.R. BARD, INC.,
                          Appellant

                                  v.

            MEDLINE INDUSTRIES, INC.,
                      Appellee
               ______________________

                        2020-1908
                  ______________________
Case: 20-1900     Document: 48           Page: 2       Filed: 08/13/2021

 2                   C.R. BARD, INC.    v. MEDLINE INDUSTRIES, INC.

     Appeal from the United States Patent and Trademark
 Office, Patent Trial and Appeal Board in No. IPR2019-
 00109.

            -------------------------------------------------

                       C.R. BARD, INC.,
                           Appellant

                                   v.

             MEDLINE INDUSTRIES, INC.,
                       Appellee
                ______________________

                         2020-1910
                   ______________________

     Appeal from the United States Patent and Trademark
 Office, Patent Trial and Appeal Board in No. IPR2019-
 00223.
                  ______________________

                  Decided: August 13, 2021
                   ______________________

     BRIAN ROBERT MATSUI, Morrison & Foerster LLP,
 Washington, DC, argued for appellant. Also represented
 by SETH W. LLOYD, DEANNE MAYNARD; MEHRAN ARJOMAND,
 VINCENT JOSEPH BELUSKO, Los Angeles, CA.

    ALLEN HOOVER, Fitch, Even, Tabin & Flannery LLP,
 Chicago, IL, argued for appellee. Also represented by PAUL
 HENKELMANN, NICOLE L. LITTLE, NICHOLAS T. PETERS.
                  ______________________

     Before LOURIE, BRYSON, and CHEN, Circuit Judges.
Case: 20-1900        Document: 48     Page: 3    Filed: 08/13/2021

 C.R. BARD, INC.   v. MEDLINE INDUSTRIES, INC.                 3

 LOURIE, Circuit Judge.
     C.R. Bard, Inc. (“Bard”) appeals from four final written
 decisions of the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (“the
 Board”) holding that claims 1–2, 6–10, 16–19, 25–58, 60–
 74, 76–90, and 92 of U.S. Patent 9,745,088 (“the ’088 pa-
 tent”), claims 7–16 and 21–22 of U.S. Patent 9,808,596
 (“the ’596 patent”), and claims 1–19 and 22–25 of U.S. Pa-
 tent 9,795,761 (“the ’761 patent”) are not unpatentable as
 obvious.     C.R. Bard, Inc. v. Medline Indus., Inc.,
 No. IPR2019-00036, 2020 WL 1808196 (P.T.A.B. Apr. 8,
 2020) (“Decision I”); C.R. Bard, Inc. v. Medline Indus., Inc.,
 No. IPR2019-00035, 2020 WL 1808195 (P.T.A.B. Apr. 8,
 2020) (“Decision II”); C.R. Bard, Inc. v. Medline Indus.,
 Inc., No. IPR2019-00223, 2020 WL 2968717 (P.T.A.B.
 June 3, 2020) (“Decision III”); C.R. Bard, Inc. v. Medline
 Indus., Inc., No. IPR2019-00109, 2020 WL 2202164
 (P.T.A.B. May 4, 2020) (“Decision IV”). For the reasons de-
 tailed below, we affirm-in-part, vacate in-part, and remand
 to the Board for further proceedings.
                           BACKGROUND
     Medline Industries, Inc. (“Medline”) owns the ’088,
 ’596, and ’761 patents, which are directed to trays designed
 to store catheterization tools. The tools include a catheter,
 a lubricant syringe, an inflation syringe, and a fluid recep-
 tacle.
     We begin with a brief background on catheterization
 and then turn to the trays’ structure. Catheterization is a
 medical procedure used to treat patients who have trouble
 passing urine. It generally includes the following steps:
 First, the practitioner connects a water-filled inflation sy-
 ringe to a Foley catheter, a type of catheter that has an in-
 flatable balloon on one end. J.A. 24545, 24584; see id. at
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 4                  C.R. BARD, INC.   v. MEDLINE INDUSTRIES, INC.

 1451. 1 Second, the practitioner lubricates the catheter and
 inserts it through the patient’s urethra into the bladder.
 Id. at 24543–45. Third, the inflation syringe is used to in-
 flate the catheter’s balloon, which acts as a stopper to keep
 the catheter in place. Id. at 24545. Finally, urine flows
 into a small fluid receptacle connected to the catheter. Id.
 at 24546–47. Importantly, if the catheterization tools be-
 come contaminated, the patient may develop Catheter As-
 sociated Urinary Tract Infection (“CAUTI”). Id. at 24550.
 Such contamination could occur if the “practitioner were to
 remove the lubricant syringe first.” Appellee’s Br. 9 (20-
 1900) (citing J.A. 24590). The practitioner would then have
 to find a surface upon which to rest it “while attaching the
 inflation syringe” to the catheter—risking contamination.
 Id.
      The inventions of the patents purport to reduce the risk
 of contamination by providing trays with features that di-
 rect the practitioner through the steps of a catheterization
 procedure. These features include compartments that
 have specialized structures and hold medical items ar-
 ranged in a specific order. For example, in one embodi-
 ment, shown below, the tray has three compartments. ’088
 patent col. 9 ll. 22–24.2 The first compartment contains
 two syringes (inflation syringe and lubricant syringe) ar-
 ranged from left to right, in the order that they are used
 during the procedure. Id. col. 6 ll. 16–25; col. 9 ll. 24–26.
 The first compartment is also configured to receive lubri-
 cant from the lubricant syringe. Id. col. 7 ll. 43–59; col. 22
 ll. 60–65. The second compartment contains a catheter
 and drainage bag. Id. col. 9 ll. 26–28; fig. 40. The third

     1   We cite the joint appendix in the lead case, Appeal
 No. 20-1900, unless otherwise stated.
     2   For purposes of these appeals, the specifications of
 these three related patents are similar.
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 C.R. BARD, INC.   v. MEDLINE INDUSTRIES, INC.                 5

 compartment contains a specimen container. Id. col. 9 ll.
 28–30.

 ’088 patent fig. 7 (annotations added by Appellant).
     All of the challenged claims of the three patents are di-
 rected to a tray with a specific structure and arrangement
 of known medical implements intended to be used for con-
 ventional purposes. We briefly summarize the representa-
 tive claims of the three patents. The claims are discussed
 in further detail below.
      First, claims 1, 25, and 45 are representative of the ’088
 patent. Claims 1 and 25 are generally directed to a tray
 with two syringes positioned at different heights. Claim 45
 is directed to a tray with two syringes in one compartment.
     Second, claims 7 and 9 are representative of the ’596
 patent. Claim 7 is directed to a tray with a fluid receptacle
 positioned between the base and the catheter. Claim 9 is
 directed to a tray with a compartment configured to receive
 lubricant.
     Third, claim 10 is representative of the ’761 patent and
 is directed to a tray with a lubricating jelly application
 chamber. 3

     3   The limitations overlap across the claims of the
 three patents. For purposes of these appeals, we do not
 discuss each limitation in detail more than once.
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 6                  C.R. BARD, INC.   v. MEDLINE INDUSTRIES, INC.

     Bard filed petitions for inter partes review of the three
 patents, asserting that the claims would have been obvious
 over different combinations of four main prior art refer-
 ences: Solazzo 4, Serany 5, Disston 6, and Imai. 7
      The prior art references are directed to medical trays
 or kits. Solazzo discloses a medical tray for catheterization
 or irrigation. 8 Three features of Solazzo are particularly
 relevant to this appeal. First, the tray, shown in figure 8
 below, has two compartments. The first compartment
 (“compartment 27”, pink) contains an inflation syringe.
 The second compartment (“compartment 3”, green) con-
 tains a Foley catheter and a lubricant tube. J.A. 2010 at
 col. 3 ll. 56–58; col. 4 ll. 17–20, 41–48; see also J.A. 2001 at
 fig. 1. Both compartments can be joined by removing the
 optional divider wall (blue). J.A. 2010 at col. 4 ll. 15–16.
 Second, Solazzo’s bottom, shown below in figure 2, has a
 “non constant depth” with deep area (blue) and shallow
 area (tan). Id. at col. 3 ll. 61–66. As a result, the lubricant
 tube is elevated above the inflation syringe. Third, Solazzo
 discloses an irrigation syringe but does not specify in which
 compartment it is stored. Id. at col. 3 ll. 14–24.

     4   U.S. Patent 7,278,987
     5   U.S. Patent 3,329,261
     6   U.S. Patent 3,166,189
     7   Japanese Patent 2007-229520
     8   Irrigation refers to using a catheter to remove blood
 clots. J.A. 1452–53.
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 C.R. BARD, INC.   v. MEDLINE INDUSTRIES, INC.                 7

 J.A. 2008 at fig. 8 (annotations added by Appellant); J.A.
 2002 at fig. 2 (annotations added by Appellant).
      Serany discloses a package “containing components for
 a catheterization procedure.” J.A. 2015 at col. 1 ll. 9–10. It
 teaches that the components are stored in their proper “or-
 der of use” in order to “assure that a sterile field may be
 maintained as the components are removed.” Id. at col. 1
 ll. 26–30. For example, Serany discloses placing multiple
 cleansing balls in one compartment. J.A. 2014 at fig. 6; J.A.
 2015 at col. 2 ll. 57–59. Serany further explains that “for-
 ceps” are “conveniently stored above” the cleansing balls
 because the forceps are used first. J.A. 2015 at col. 2 ll. 57–
 72; see also col. 2 ll. 21–39.
     Disston discloses a catheterization tray. Like Serany,
 the items in Disston are “arranged in such order and posi-
 tion as to be most conveniently available when the con-
 tainer is opened.” J.A. 2033 at col. 2 ll. 15–23.
     Imai discloses an epidural anesthesia tray. The tray
 contains three syringes stacked together in one compart-
 ment. J.A. 2077 at fig. 1.
     The Board reviewed the prior art references and, in
 four separate decisions, held that Bard failed to show that
 the prior art taught the tray’s structural features or
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 8                   C.R. BARD, INC.   v. MEDLINE INDUSTRIES, INC.

 particular arrangement of medical items. The Board ad-
 dressed the ’088 patent in the first two decisions, the ’596
 patent in the third decision, and the ’761 patent in the
 fourth decision. A chart showing the claims that the Board
 addressed in each decision is shown below.

     Decision I     Claims 45–58, 60–74,          ’088 patent
                    76–90, and 92

     Decision II    Claims 1–2, 6–10, 16–19, ’088 patent
                    and 25–44

     Decision III   Claim 7–16 and 21–22          ’596 patent

     Decision IV    Claims 1–19 and 22–25         ’761 patent

     The Board did not discuss the parties’ arguments re-
 garding secondary considerations of nonobviousness. Bard
 appealed all four decisions. Because the issues raised in
 the four decisions are similar, we address them together in
 one opinion. We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
 § 1295(a)(4)(A).
                          DISCUSSION
     We review the Board’s legal determinations de novo, In
 re Elsner, 381 F.3d 1125, 1127 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (citing In re
 Kollar, 286 F.3d 1326, 1329 (Fed. Cir. 2002)), and its fact
 findings for substantial evidence, In re Gartside, 203 F.3d
 1305, 1316 (Fed. Cir. 2000). A finding is supported by sub-
 stantial evidence if a reasonable mind might accept the ev-
 idence as adequate to support the finding. Consol. Edison
 Co. v. N.L.R.B., 305 U.S. 197, 229 (1938).
     Obviousness is a question of law, supported by under-
 lying fact questions. In re Baxter Int’l, Inc., 678 F.3d 1357,
 1361 (Fed. Cir. 2012). In evaluating obviousness, we con-
 sider the scope and content of the prior art, differences
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 C.R. BARD, INC.   v. MEDLINE INDUSTRIES, INC.                 9

 between the prior art and the claims at issue, the level of
 ordinary skill in the pertinent art, and any relevant sec-
 ondary considerations. Graham v. John Deere Co., 383
 U.S. 1, 17–18 (1966). “What the prior art teaches, whether
 a person of ordinary skill in the art would have been moti-
 vated to combine references, and whether a reference
 teaches away from the claimed invention are questions of
 fact.” Meiresonne v. Google, Inc., 849 F.3d 1379, 1382 (Fed.
 Cir. 2017) (citing Apple Inc. v. Samsung Elecs. Co., 839
 F.3d 1034, 1047–48 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (en banc)).
     Bard asserts that the Board erred in concluding that
 the prior art did not render obvious the claims of the ’088,
 ’596, and ’761 patents. Bard also contends that we should
 reverse the decisions outright, without remanding to the
 Board to evaluate secondary considerations of nonobvious-
 ness, which it had declined to consider. According to the
 Board, such consideration was unnecessary given that it
 had already determined that the references did not render
 the claims obvious. Medline, puzzlingly, begins its re-
 sponse by asserting that the decisions should be reviewed
 on a ground other than that relied on by the Board, namely,
 that the cited references are incompatible with each other. 9
 Whether or not such a tactic shows a lack of confidence in
 the Board’s grounds for upholding the patents, we will

     9   Medline specifically argued that, because Solazzo’s
 tray lacks a fluid receptacle, it is incompatible with the
 trays disclosed in the other prior art references, which do
 disclose a fluid receptacle. However, Medline conceded
 during oral argument that it is collaterally estopped from
 making that argument. See Oral Argument (20-1900) at
 44:20–47:16,     http://oralarguments.cafc.uscourts.gov/de-
 fault.aspx?fl=20-1900_07062021.mp3. Accordingly, Med-
 line is also precluded from making that argument on
 remand.
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 10                 C.R. BARD, INC.   v. MEDLINE INDUSTRIES, INC.

 evaluate the Board’s decisions as it presented them. We
 address the representative claims of each patent in turn.
                               I.
                          ’088 Patent
     We turn first to the ’088 patent. Bard argues that the
 Board erred in concluding that claim 45 is not unpatenta-
 ble as obvious. It makes similar arguments concerning
 claims 1 and 25.
                           Claim 45
    Claim 45 is directed to a tray with two syringes in one
 compartment and reads as follows:
      A medical procedure kit, comprising:
      a single layer tray having a first compartment for
      receiving syringes and a second compartment for
      receiving a medical assembly;
      a first syringe and a second syringe disposed within
      the first compartment;
      the medical assembly disposed in the second com-
      partment, wherein the medical assembly comprises
      a coiled tubing coupled between a fluid drain bag
      and a Foley catheter;
      at least one layer of wrap material enclosing the
      single layer tray within one or more folds of the at
      least one layer of wrap material; and
      an outer packaging disposed about both the single
      layer tray and the at least one layer of wrap mate-
      rial.
 ’088 patent col. 30 l. 58–col. 31 l. 5 (emphasis added).
     With regard to claim 45, the Board rejected Bard’s ar-
 gument that it would have been obvious to store two sy-
 ringes in one compartment. In so holding, the Board
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 C.R. BARD, INC.   v. MEDLINE INDUSTRIES, INC.               11

 acknowledged that Solazzo discloses two syringes. Deci-
 sion I, 2020 WL 1808196, at *5. But it held that Solazzo
 still does not render the claim unpatentable because it does
 not “expressly describe[]” placing two syringes together in
 one compartment. Id. at *6.
      Bard argues that the Board erred in holding that
 Solazzo does not render obvious storing two syringes in one
 compartment. Specifically, Bard asserts that Solazzo dis-
 closes two syringes: (1) an inflation syringe in compart-
 ment 27 and (2) an irrigation syringe with no express
 location. Although Solazzo is silent regarding the irriga-
 tion syringe’s location, Bard contends that a skilled artisan
 would have been motivated to store it together with the in-
 flation syringe. In support of its argument, Bard points to
 Serany’s disclosure that the components in its kit are “ar-
 ranged in logical step-by-step order” and that like items
 should be stored together. J.A. 2015 at col. 1 ll. 31–35; J.A.
 2014 at fig. 6. Bard also points to Disston’s disclosure that
 the items can be arranged “in such order” “as to be most
 conveniently available when the container is opened.” J.A.
 2033 at col. 2 ll. 15–23.
      Medline responds that the Board’s obviousness analy-
 sis was correct. Specifically, Medline argues that the
 Board correctly weighed all the record evidence and found
 it lacking. 10
     We agree with Bard that the Board’s decision was er-
 roneous. Although the prior art does not “expressly” direct
 a skilled artisan to place two syringes in one compartment,
 it certainly was well within the possibilities available to

     10 Medline initially argued that it would not have
 been obvious to add a medical assembly comprising a
 drainage bag to Solazzo’s tray, as required by claim 45.
 However, Medline is no longer pursuing that argument.
 Oral Argument (20-1900) at 44:20–47:16.
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 12                 C.R. BARD, INC.   v. MEDLINE INDUSTRIES, INC.

 him to do so. As the Board acknowledged, a person of ordi-
 nary skill had only two options for storing the irrigation
 syringe: either together with the inflation syringe or apart.
 And, as Bard’s expert testified, among those limited op-
 tions, a skilled artisan had ample reason to avail himself of
 the obvious option of placing both syringes in the same
 compartment. See J.A. 1395–98. Indeed, according to
 Serany’s teachings, logically arranged components will “fa-
 cilitate the nurse’s or physician’s task.” J.A. 2015 at col. 1
 ll. 31–35; see also J.A. 2033 at col. 2 ll. 15–23 (Disston).
 When two equally viable options are available, as here,
 then, without more, either one would seem to have been
 obvious.
      As the Supreme Court has stated, obviousness requires
 an “expansive and flexible” approach that asks whether the
 claimed improvement is more than a “predictable varia-
 tion” of “prior art elements according to their established
 functions.” KSR Int’l Co. v. Teleflex Inc., 550 U.S. 398, 415,
 417 (2007). Here, in contrast, the Board’s obviousness
 analysis rigidly focused on “the disclosures of individual
 prior-art references” without considering a skilled artisan’s
 “creativity[] and common sense.” Randall Mfg. v. Rea, 733
 F.3d 1355, 1362 (Fed. Cir. 2013). For example, the Board
 faulted Bard’s references for failing to “expressly de-
 scribe[]” two syringes in one compartment. Decision I, 2020
 WL 1808196, at *6. The Board also did not discern why
 “general statements about arranging components in ‘logi-
 cal’ order demonstrate[] the obviousness of arranging two
 syringes in one compartment.” Id. But obviousness re-
 quires no such express disclosure.
     We therefore disagree with the Board’s determination
 that the prior art did not teach the claim limitation of stor-
 ing two syringes in one compartment. We thus vacate the
 Board’s decision that claims 45–58, 60–74, 76–90, and 92
 of the ’088 patent, all of which are resolved by the above
 treatment of claim 45, are not unpatentable as obvious.
 Decision I, 2020 WL 1808196 (P.T.A.B. Apr. 8, 2020).
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 C.R. BARD, INC.   v. MEDLINE INDUSTRIES, INC.               13

                          Claims 1 and 25
      Claims 1 and 25 are directed to storing two syringes at
 different heights according to their order of use. We ad-
 dress each claim in turn.
     Claim 1 recites:
     A medical procedure kit, comprising:
     a tray having a compartment for receiving a medi-
     cal assembly;
     a first syringe and a second syringe disposed within
     the tray;
     at least one layer of wrap material enclosing the
     tray within one or more folds of the at least one
     layer of wrap material; and
     an outer packaging disposed about both the tray
     and the at least one layer of wrap material,
     wherein:
     the first syringe and the second syringe are ordered
     within the tray in accordance with their use during
     a catheterization procedure; and
     the tray comprises a surface defining at least two
     compartments, the at least two compartments com-
     prising a first compartment to support the first sy-
     ringe and the second syringe; and
     the first compartment comprising a base member
     that defines a mnemonic device indicating which of
     the first syringe or the second syringe should be
     used first in the catheterization procedure.
 ’088 patent col. 27 ll. 47–67 (emphases added).
     According to Medline, claim 1’s mnemonic device corre-
 sponds to the patent’s description of a “stair-stepped con-
 tour,” designed to hold the syringes at different heights
 according to order of use. Id. col. 6 ll. 16–25. The different
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 14                 C.R. BARD, INC.   v. MEDLINE INDUSTRIES, INC.

 heights purportedly remind practitioners of which syringe
 to use first, i.e., because it “may be intuitive” to the practi-
 tioner to use the higher syringe first, before the lower sy-
 ringe. Id.
      With regard to claim 1, the Board rejected Bard’s argu-
 ment that it would have been obvious to design a tray with
 two syringes positioned at different heights. Specifically,
 the Board found that Solazzo’s bottom lacked a “contour or
 shape” to support the lubricant at an elevated height. De-
 cision II, 2020 WL 1808195, at *7. According to the Board,
 the lubricant “is held in place” by a catheter and gloves and,
 without other items to hold it in place, “would simply fall”
 from its elevated position. Id. at *7–8.
      Bard asserts that the Board erred in concluding that
 the prior art does not render obvious the claimed mnemonic
 device. According to Bard, the Board’s findings show that
 the claim is simply to an obvious combination of prior art
 elements. As support, Bard argues that (1) Solazzo’s tray
 has a non-constant bottom wherein the lubricant tube is
 stored higher than the inflation syringe, in accordance with
 the items’ order of use, 11 (2) it would have been obvious to
 substitute the lubricant tube with a lubricant syringe, and
 (3) Solazzo’s optional divider wall could be removed so that
 the two syringes are in the same compartment.
     Medline responds, citing expert testimony, that
 Solazzo’s “contoured recess [is] not intended to indicate
 which of two syringes should be used first.” Appellee’s Br.
 62 (20–1900) (citing J.A. 9275–76). Medline also empha-
 sizes that Solazzo’s “sloped bottom portion would be

      11  Although Medline contends that practitioners
 would reach for the inflation syringe before the lubricant,
 it does not dispute that a practitioner can reach for the lub-
 ricant first. See Appellee’s Br. 56–66 (20–1900).
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 C.R. BARD, INC.   v. MEDLINE INDUSTRIES, INC.               15

 ineffective” in maintaining “one syringe at a higher height
 than the other.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
     We agree with Bard that the Board’s decision was er-
 roneous. As it did with the first set of claims, the Board
 adopted an overly rigid obviousness analysis. Specifically,
 it demanded express guidance from individual references
 and did not consider the knowledge and creativity of a
 skilled artisan. Even assuming, as the Board did, that the
 claim requires the tray’s compartment alone to support the
 syringes at different heights, such a limitation still encom-
 passes only old elements predictably performing their
 known functions.
      First, as the Board found, Solazzo discloses that the
 lubricant is positioned above the inflation syringe, and that
 practitioners would use the lubricant before the inflation
 syringe. Decision II, 2020 WL 1808195, at *4. Second, as
 the Board acknowledged, Serany describes storing “all the
 essential equipment” for a “catheterization procedure,”
 which includes a syringe, “in the proper order of use.” Id.
 (citing J.A. 2015 at col. 1 ll. 16–25) (internal quotation
 marks omitted). And Serany explains that arranging items
 according to order of use encompasses storing some items
 above others. For example, the “forceps” are “conveniently
 stored above” the cleansing balls because practitioners use
 the forceps first. J.A. 2015 at col. 2 ll. 65–70. Third, as
 Bard argued, “it was well-known in the art of device design
 (including the design of medical trays) to include af-
 fordances to aid a user in performing operations in the cor-
 rect order.” C. R. Bard, Inc. v. Medline Indus., Inc.,
 IPR2019-00035, Petition at 48–49 (filed Oct. 4, 2018) (Peti-
 tion for IPR); see also J.A. 220. Given the prior art disclo-
 sures, a skilled artisan would have been motivated to
 design a compartment with a bottom portion that would el-
 evate one syringe above another, without the aid of other
 items. And Medline does not contend that such structure
 would have been difficult to implement.
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 16                 C.R. BARD, INC.   v. MEDLINE INDUSTRIES, INC.

     Claim 25 is like claim 1, but instead of a mnemonic de-
 vice, it requires a “first compartment to support the first
 syringe and the second syringe at different heights accord-
 ing to predetermined steps of the catheterization proce-
 dure.” ’088 patent col. 29 ll. 29–48.
     The Board rejected Bard’s argument that Imai teaches
 arranging syringes at different heights. According to the
 Board, Imai “identifies no mechanism” for supporting sy-
 ringes “in any particular arrangement.” Decision II, 2020
 WL 1808195, at *9.
     Bard asserts that the Board erred in holding that it
 would not have been obvious to store two syringes at differ-
 ent heights according to order of use. Specifically, Bard ar-
 gues that it would have been obvious to (1) replace the
 lubricant tube with a lubricant syringe, (2) store the lubri-
 cant syringe with the inflation syringe in Solazzo’s com-
 partment 27 (with the divider wall in place), and (3) place
 the syringes at different heights according to order of use
 by stacking them, as disclosed in Imai. Medline responds
 that Bard simply disagrees with the Board’s factual find-
 ings and weighing of the evidence.
     We agree with Bard that the Board’s decision was er-
 roneous. As the Board found, Serany discloses grouping
 like items together in a single compartment and explains
 the utility of ordering items in the proper order of use. Id.
 at *4–5, *9. The Board also found that Imai discloses three
 syringes. Id. at *9. That Imai does not “expressly” describe
 a stacking mechanism does not defeat Bard’s argument on
 obviousness. Given the prior art disclosures and the finite
 number of predictable options, a skilled artisan would have
 been motivated to stack the syringes by height according to
 their order of use. As Bard’s expert explained, the artisan
 would have reasoned such ordering to be more convenient.
 See J.A. at 1373–74.
    We thus disagree with the Board’s determination that
 the prior art did not teach the claim limitation of a
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 C.R. BARD, INC.   v. MEDLINE INDUSTRIES, INC.                17

 compartment that supports syringes at different heights
 according to order of use. Accordingly, we vacate the
 Board’s decision concluding that claims 1–2, 6–10, 16–19,
 and 25–44 of the ’088 patent, all of which are resolved by
 our treatment of claims 1 and 25, are not unpatentable as
 obvious. Decision II, 2020 WL 1808195 (P.T.A.B. Apr. 8,
 2020).
                                 II.
                            ’596 Patent
     Bard argues that the Board erred in concluding that
 claims 7 and 9 of the ’596 patent are not unpatentable as
 obvious. We address each claim in turn.
                              Claim 7
     Claim 7 recites a “fluid receptacle positioned within the
 second compartment such that the fluid receptacle is be-
 tween the second compartment base member and the Foley
 catheter.” ’596 patent col. 18 ll. 30–51 (emphasis added).
     The Board rejected Bard’s argument that it would have
 been obvious to store a fluid receptacle under a catheter.
 The Board emphasized that “Serany simply fails to ex-
 pressly describe or illustrate a fluid receptacle that is
 wholly located between the bottom of the container and the
 catheter.” Decision III, 2020 WL 2968717, at *8 (emphasis
 added).
     Bard argues that the Board erred in concluding that it
 would not have been obvious to position a fluid receptacle
 underneath a catheter. In support of its argument, Bard
 points to (1) undisputed testimony that practitioners access
 the catheter before the fluid receptacle during a catheteri-
 zation procedure, (2) Serany’s disclosure that a fluid recep-
 tacle can be stored together with the catheter, and (3)
 Serany’s disclosure that “all the components [are] arranged
 in logical step-by-step order.” J.A. 2015 col. 1 ll. 31–35.
 Medline responds that Serany shows the “opposite of what
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 18                 C.R. BARD, INC.   v. MEDLINE INDUSTRIES, INC.

 the claims require”—a catheter “coiled in the box about the
 bottle, rather than on top of the bottle.” Appellee’s Br. 53
 (20-1910) (emphases added).
      We agree with Bard. As before, the Board imposed an-
 ticipation-like requirements on the prior art in determin-
 ing obviousness. Here, the limitation amounts to no more
 than rearranging simple items (a fluid receptacle and cath-
 eter) in a tray. Serany’s disclosure, coupled with common
 sense, would have provided a skilled artisan with ample
 motivation to place the fluid receptacle under the catheter;
 such an arrangement would conveniently place the items
 in the order they are used during the procedure. See J.A.
 at 1075 (20-1910) (Bard’s expert testifying to the same).
 That Serany does not “expressly” describe a fluid receptacle
 in the claimed arrangement does not defeat Bard’s argu-
 ment on obviousness.
                           Claim 9
     Claim 9 is similar to the claims discussed above but re-
 cites that the tray’s “first compartment is configured to re-
 ceive the lubricating jelly from the second syringe to
 lubricate a tip of the Foley catheter when the tip is placed
 into the first compartment.” ’596 patent col. 18 ll. 54–57
 (emphasis added). Figure 15, shown below, shows an ex-
 ample of a practitioner using a lubricant syringe to inject
 lubricant into the first compartment. ’596 patent fig. 15
 excerpt (annotations added by Appellee).
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 C.R. BARD, INC.   v. MEDLINE INDUSTRIES, INC.               19

     With regard to claim 9, the Board rejected Bard’s argu-
 ment that Solazzo’s compartment 27 is configured to re-
 ceive lubricant. According to the Board, compartment 27
 would be “too deep” and inefficient to facilitate lubricant
 application. Decision III, 2020 WL 2968717, at *10.
      Bard argues that the Board erred in holding that the
 prior art does not render obvious a first compartment con-
 figured to receive lubricant. According to Bard, Solazzo’s
 compartment 27 has the necessary structural features to
 store lubricant and facilitate catheter lubrication. As rele-
 vant here, compartment 27 is designed to hold a patient’s
 urine “over flow.” J.A. 2010 at col. 4 ll. 15–20. Because
 compartment 27 is already designed to hold urine, Bard
 contends that it could also easily hold lubricant. Alterna-
 tively, Bard asserts that the Board, without notice, implic-
 itly interpreted claim 9 to require a compartment that is
 “shallow.” Medline responds that the Board’s determina-
 tion was supported by substantial evidence. Specifically,
 Medline argues that the Board correctly found that com-
 partment 27 is too deep to store lubricant and facilitate
 catheter lubrication.
     We agree with Medline on this issue that the Board’s
 determination was supported by substantial evidence. If
 two “inconsistent conclusions may reasonably be drawn
 from the evidence in record, [the Board’s] decision to favor
 one conclusion over the other is the epitome of a decision
 that must be sustained upon review for substantial evi-
 dence.” In re Jolley, 308 F.3d 1317, 1328–29 (Fed. Cir.
 2002). Such is the case here.
     Given the record evidence, the Board reasonably found
 that Solazzo’s compartment 27 is not configured to store
 lubricant or to facilitate catheter lubrication. First, the
 Board credited expert testimony that compartment 27’s
 depth would render it unsuitable to store lubricant for the
 catheter. Decision III, 2020 WL 2968717, at *10. For ex-
 ample, faced with a deep compartment, a practitioner
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 20                 C.R. BARD, INC.   v. MEDLINE INDUSTRIES, INC.

 would have difficulty maneuvering the catheter so that its
 tip could become lubricated. Second, the Board credited
 expert testimony that, because a doctor needs to measure
 the urine, “[h]aving lubrication” in the urine compartment
 could “ruin[]” the measurement. Id.
     We are unpersuaded by Bard’s arguments to the con-
 trary. As the Board pointed out, Bard’s argument boils
 down to the assertion that “any chamber of a catheteriza-
 tion tray regardless of its size and shape” is “configured for
 receiving lubricating jelly and facilitating the lubrication of
 the tip of a catheter.” Decision III, 2020 WL 2968717, at
 *9–10. We disagree with Bard. Indeed, Solazzo itself de-
 scribes that a practitioner should use other compartments
 (wells 31, 33) in the tray to lubricate the catheter rather
 than compartment 27, which the Board found persuasive.
 Id. We are also unpersuaded by Bard’s attempt to reframe
 the issue as one of claim construction rather than obvious-
 ness. The parties’ arguments here relate to a comparison
 of the patent claims and the prior art—that is part of the
 obviousness analysis, reviewed, in part, for substantial ev-
 idence. And even assuming, arguendo, that the Board im-
 plicitly engaged in claim construction, Bard was hardly
 without notice that the depth of the lubricating chamber
 was at issue. In Medline’s patent owner response, it em-
 phasized that a practitioner would be disinclined to use a
 deep well such as Solazzo’s compartment 27 for lubricating
 the catheter. See, e.g., C. R. Bard, Inc. v. Medline Indus.,
 Inc., IPR2019-00223, Paper 33 at 33–35 (Aug. 29, 2019).
 The Board thus reasonably concluded that claim 9 would
 not have been obvious over the prior art.
     We therefore disagree with the Board’s determination
 that the prior art did not teach the limitation of storing a
 fluid receptacle between the compartment bottom and the
 catheter, as recited in claims 7–8 and 11–13 of the ’596 pa-
 tent. These claims also recite two syringes in one compart-
 ment and claims 11–12 further recite two syringes
 positioned at different heights. For the reasons explained
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 C.R. BARD, INC.   v. MEDLINE INDUSTRIES, INC.                 21

 above, we also disagree with the Board’s determination
 that the prior art did not teach those limitations. Accord-
 ingly, we vacate the portion of the Board’s decision conclud-
 ing that claims 7–8 and 11–13, all of which are resolved by
 the above treatment of claim 7, are not unpatentable as ob-
 vious. We affirm the portion of the Board’s decision con-
 cluding that claims 9–10, 14–16, and 21–22, all of which
 are resolved by the above treatment of claim 9, are not un-
 patentable as obvious. Decision III, 2020 WL 2968717
 (P.T.A.B. June 3, 2020).
                                 III.
                            ’761 Patent
                              Claim 10
      Representative claim 10 of the ’761 patent recites a
 “first compartment defining a lubricating jelly application
 chamber to lubricate the Foley catheter when passed from
 the second compartment into the first compartment.” ’761
 patent col. 28 l. 61–col. 29 l. 16 (emphasis added).
     With regard to claim 10, the Board rejected Bard’s ar-
 gument that Solazzo’s compartment 27 would “permit lu-
 brication” of a catheter that “is passing over [the] divider
 wall.” Decision IV, 2020 WL 2202164, at *11–12. Accord-
 ing to the Board, compartment 27 is too “narrow and deep.”
 Id.
      Bard asserts that the Board erred in concluding that
 the prior art did not teach a lubricating jelly application
 chamber. Bard’s arguments here are similar to those it
 made for claim 9 of the ’596 patent, described above. Spe-
 cifically, Bard argues that Solazzo’s compartment 27
 (pink), shown below, corresponds to the first compartment
 defining a lubricating chamber. Bard further argues that
 Solazzo has a notch on its divider wall that would allow the
 catheter to move from Solazzo’s second compartment (com-
 partment 3, green) and into the first compartment (com-
 partment 27, pink) for lubrication.
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 22                C.R. BARD, INC.   v. MEDLINE INDUSTRIES, INC.

 J.A. 2001 at fig. 1 (annotations added by Appellant).
      For the reasons explained above, the Board’s determi-
 nation concerning this claim was supported by substantial
 evidence. Specifically, the Board reasonably found that
 Solazzo’s compartment 27 does not define a lubricating
 jelly application chamber to lubricate the catheter. For ex-
 ample, the Board credited expert testimony that compart-
 ment 27’s depth would render it unsuitable to store
 lubricant. Decision IV, 2020 WL 2202164, at *11–12. The
 Board also relied on expert testimony that compartment 27
 was structurally dissimilar to wells 31 and 33, which, as
 Solazzo discloses, are used for lubrication. Id.
      The challenged claims of the ’761 patent (claims 1–19
 and 22–25) also recite two syringes in one compartment or
 two syringes positioned at different heights. To the extent
 the Board found that the prior art did not teach those lim-
 itations, that was error, as explained above. However, any
 error was harmless because we conclude that the deficiency
 of the prior art concerning the lubricating chamber limita-
 tion was supported by substantial evidence and hence suf-
 ficient to establish nonobviousness. Accordingly, we affirm
 the Board’s decision that claims 1–19 and 22–25 of the ’761
 patent, all of which are resolved by the above treatment of
 claim 10, are not unpatentable as obvious. Decision IV,
 2020 WL 2202164 (P.T.A.B. May 4, 2020).
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 C.R. BARD, INC.   v. MEDLINE INDUSTRIES, INC.                23

                                 IV.
        Secondary Considerations of Nonobviousness
     We finally turn to Bard’s arguments regarding second-
 ary considerations of nonobviousness, which the Board did
 not address. Bard argues that, if we determine that the
 Board erred in its analysis, we should reverse the decisions
 outright without remand because Medline’s secondary con-
 siderations evidence is irrelevant. Specifically, according
 to Bard, Medline’s secondary considerations evidence ei-
 ther lacks nexus to the claims or is barred by issue preclu-
 sion.
     We disagree with Bard that we must reverse the deci-
 sions without remand. We decline to make factual findings
 in the first instance regarding secondary considerations on
 appeal. Additionally, we leave for the Board to decide on
 remand whether Medline is collaterally estopped from
 making certain secondary considerations arguments. On
 remand, the Board should also evaluate the dependent
 claims that it did not separately analyze in the first in-
 stance.
                            CONCLUSION
      We have considered the parties’ remaining arguments
 but find them unpersuasive. For the foregoing reasons,
 with respect to the ’088 patent, we vacate the Board’s deci-
 sion concluding that claims 45–58, 60–74, 76–90, and 92
 are not unpatentable as obvious and its decision that
 claims 1–2, 6–10, 16–19, and 25–44 are not unpatentable
 as obvious (Appeal Nos. 20–1900, 20–1905). With respect
 to the ’596 patent, we vacate the portion of the Board’s de-
 cision concluding that claims 7–8 and 11–13, of the ’596 pa-
 tent are not unpatentable as obvious and affirm the portion
 of the Board’s decision concluding that claims 9–10, 14–16,
 and 21–22 are not unpatentable as obvious (Appeal No. 20–
 1910). We remand these three decisions to the Board for
 further proceedings consistent with this opinion. With
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 24                C.R. BARD, INC.   v. MEDLINE INDUSTRIES, INC.

 respect to the ’761 patent, we affirm the Board’s decision
 that claims 1–19 and 22–25 are not unpatentable as obvi-
 ous (Appeal No. 20–1908).
      AFFIRMED-IN-PART, VACATED-IN-PART, AND
                    REMANDED
                           COSTS
 No costs.