Court Opinion

ID: 4235208
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-01-09 18:24:58.224564+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:43:18.207972
License: Public Domain

J-S66002-17

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA,                     IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                        PENNSYLVANIA
                            Appellee

                       v.

DOUGLAS D. BODEN,

                            Appellant                  No. 840 WDA 2016

          Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered April 5, 2016
              In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County
             Criminal Division at No(s): CP-02-CR-0012009-2015

BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., DUBOW, J., and PLATT, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY BENDER, P.J.E.:                       FILED JANUARY 09, 2018

        Appellant, Douglas D. Boden, appeals from the judgment of sentence

of 16 months’ intermediate punishment and a consecutive term of 14

months’ probation, imposed following his conviction for the felony grading of

endangering welfare of children (EWOC), 18 Pa.C.S. § 4304(b)(1)(ii).

Herein, Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support the

felony grading of EWOC, as well as the trial court’s denying his motion to

suppress based on a warrantless entry into his home. After careful review,

we affirm.

        The trial court summarized the pertinent facts of this case as follows:

        [T]he Commonwealth offered the testimony of City of Pittsburgh
        Police Officer, Christine Luff[e]y[,] who testified that she
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*
    Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
J-S66002-17

       responded to 118 Kirk Avenue to investigate a possible animal
       cruelty complaint beginning in June, 2015. Having conducted a
       visit again on August 28, 2015, she knocked loudly on the door.
       She heard a child crying[, and then a] small boy appeared at the
       window crying uncontrollably. The officer was afraid that the
       little boy was in danger. The boy screamed and kept saying
       "help, help me, mommy." A dog was jumping on the young boy
       and he continued to scream. [The officer] continued to knock
       and the young boy was unable to open the door himself.

              [After Officer Luffey] called for back-up officers,
       [Appellant] came to the door, opened it briefly and yelled at the
       officer[,] "get the fuck out of here." After repeated requests to
       open the door by other responding officers, the police officers
       used a battering ram to enter. Officer Luff[e]y was no longer
       able to hear or see the child. She did not know whether there
       was a child that lived in the home. Likewise, numerous requests
       to answer the door were ignored after [Appellant] told the officer
       to leave. A photo, Exhibit #1, was also offered to show the
       condition of the young boy at the time of entry.

Trial Court Opinion (TCO), 6/6/17, at 2-3 (citations and footnote omitted).

       The Commonwealth charged Appellant by criminal information with

EWOC and a summary offense, cruelty to animals.1 Appellant filed a timely

suppression motion challenging the lawfulness of the warrantless entry into

his home.     Following a suppression hearing held on January 6, 2016, the

trial court denied Appellant’s suppression motion.           A jury trial was held

solely to resolve the EWOC charge, while the trial court separately

considered the summary offense.                On January 7, 2016, the jury found

Appellant guilty of EWOC.           On January 11, 2016, the trial court found

____________________________________________

1
  Appellant was charged pursuant to the former cruelty to animals statute,
18 Pa.C.S. § 5511, which the legislature repealed on August 28, 2017, and
replaced with 18 Pa.C.S. § 5531 et seq.

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Appellant not guilty of cruelty to animals.      On April 5, 2016, the court

imposed the sentence as detailed above.         Appellant filed a timely post-

sentence motion, which the trial court denied on May 12, 2016.

        Appellant filed a timely notice of appeal on June 10, 2016, and a

timely, court-ordered, Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement on August 26, 2016.

The trial court did not issue its four-page Rule 1925(a) opinion until June 6,

2017.

        Appellant now presents the following questions for our review:

        1. Did the Suppression Court err when it denied [Appellant]'s
        Motion to Suppress as the Commonwealth's evidence was
        inadequate to demonstrate the "exigent circumstances" required
        to allow the Pittsburgh Police to enter [Appellant]'s home without
        a warrant and without his consent[?]

        2. Whether the evidence was sufficient to convict [Appellant] of
        [EWOC,] graded as a felony of the third degree[,] because the
        Commonwealth failed to prove the essential element of a course
        of conduct[?]

Appellant’s Brief at 3.

        Appellant’s first claim concerns the denial of his motion to suppress

the evidence gathered from inside his home following the warrantless entry.

        Our standard of review in addressing a challenge to the denial of
        a suppression motion is limited to determining whether the
        suppression court's factual findings are supported by the record
        and whether the legal conclusions drawn from those facts are
        correct.  Because the Commonwealth prevailed before the
        suppression court, we may consider only the evidence of the
        Commonwealth and so much of the evidence for the defense as
        remains uncontradicted when read in the context of the record
        as a whole. Where the suppression court's factual findings are
        supported by the record, we are bound by these findings and
        may reverse only if the court's legal conclusions are erroneous.

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     Where, as here, the appeal of the determination of the
     suppression court turns on allegations of legal error, the
     suppression court's legal conclusions are not binding on an
     appellate court, whose duty it is to determine if the suppression
     court properly applied the law to the facts.           Thus, the
     conclusions of law of the courts below are subject to our plenary
     review.

Commonwealth v. McAdoo, 46 A.3d 781, 783-84 (Pa. Super. 2012)

(quoting Commonwealth v. Hoppert, 39 A.3d 358, 361–62 (Pa. Super.

2012)).

     Where police enter a home without a warrant, we consider the

following standards:

     “The law of search and seizure remains focused on the delicate
     balance of protecting the right of citizens to be free from
     unreasonable searches and seizures and protecting the safety of
     our citizens and police officers by allowing police to make limited
     intrusions     on     citizens    while    investigating    crime.”
     Commonwealth v. Bostick, 958 A.2d 543, 556 (Pa. Super.
     2008) (citations and quotations marks omitted).          It is well
     established that “probable cause alone will not support a
     warrantless search or arrest in a residence ... unless some
     exception to the warrant requirement is also present.... [A]bsent
     consent or exigent circumstances, private homes may not be
     constitutionally entered to conduct a search or to effectuate an
     arrest without a warrant, even where probable cause exists.”
     Commonwealth v. Santiago, 736 A.2d 624, 631 (Pa. Super.
     1999) quoting Commonwealth v. Govens, 429 Pa. Super. 464,
     632 A.2d 1316, 1322 (1993) (en banc) (citations and quotations
     omitted); Commonwealth v. Gibbs, 981 A.2d 274, 280 (Pa.
     Super. 2009) (absent probable cause and exigent circumstances,
     a warrantless search and seizure in a private home violates both
     the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution and
     Article 1 § 8 of the Pennsylvania Constitution); Commonwealth
     v. Richter, 791 A.2d 1181, 1184 (Pa. Super. 2002) (“The
     expectation of privacy protected [by] the United States and
     Pennsylvania Constitutions has been held to be greatest in one's
     home.”); Commonwealth v. Martin, 534 Pa. 136, 626 A.2d
556, 560 (1993) (“An invasion of one's person is, in the usual

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     case, [a] more severe intrusion on one's privacy interest than an
     invasion of one's property.”)

Commonwealth v. Johnson, 68 A.3d 930, 935–36 (Pa. Super. 2013)

(footnotes omitted).

     Thus, there were two requirements for the police to conduct a

warrantless entry in the instant case: first, probable cause, and second,

exigent circumstances.    Appellant has not preserved a challenge to the

probable-cause finding.   See infra.   Thus, we only consider his assertion

that the warrantless entry “was not supported by clear and convincing

evidence of the exigent circumstances required….” Appellant’s Brief at 12.

            This Court addressed the issue of police entry without a
     warrant and exigent circumstances in Commonwealth v.
     Demshock, 854 A.2d 553 (Pa. Super. 2004). We observed
     there that various factors need to be taken into account to
     assess the presence of exigent circumstances; for example: (1)
     the gravity of the offense; (2) whether the suspect is reasonably
     believed to be armed; (3) whether there is a clear showing of
     probable cause; (4) whether there is a strong reason to believe
     that the suspect is within the premises being entered; (5)
     whether there is a likelihood that the suspect will escape if not
     swiftly apprehended; (6) whether the entry is peaceable; (7) the
     timing of the entry; (8) whether there is hot pursuit of a fleeing
     felon; (9) whether there is a likelihood that evidence will be
     destroyed if police take the time to obtain a warrant; and (10)
     whether there is a danger to police or other persons inside or
     outside of the dwelling to require immediate and swift action.
     Demshock, 854 A.2d at 555–56.

Commonwealth v. Dean, 940 A.2d 514, 522 (Pa. Super. 2008).

         Appellant argues that when applying the Demshock factors to this

case, they resolve against a finding of exigency, contrary to the conclusion

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of the trial court and, consequently, that the warrantless intrusion was not

justified in this case. We will discuss each factor in turn.

        The first factor we consider is the gravity of the offense.      Appellant

asserts that the offense in question for purposes of this factor is “a barking

dog and an overturned [dog] dish.” Appellant’s Brief at 13. We disagree.

While Officer Luffey initially knocked on Appellant’s door to inquire about a

potential animal cruelty offense, her purpose quickly evolved into an

investigation of the health and safety of a toddler. Therefore, at a minimum,

Officer Luffey began to suspect a far more serious EWOC offense. Moreover,

as the crime in question concerned the physical danger to the child, rather

than some property or drug offense presenting no immediate danger to life

or limb, this factor weighs heavily in favor of a finding of exigency.

        The second Demshock factor is irrelevant to the circumstances of this

case.    There is no indication in the record that Officer Luffey or the other

responding officers believed that Appellant was armed at the time of the

warrantless entry.

        The third Demshock factor concerns whether there was a clear

showing of probable cause.      Appellant argues that there was no probable

cause that a crime had occurred or was ongoing.                We disagree.   The

circumstances seen by Officer Luffey were, in fact, consistent with a

potential EWOC offense, or even a crime of violence, and therefore sufficient

for a demonstration of probable cause. It was also possible that no crime

had occurred, and that the child was in no danger, despite the boy’s

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apparent distress from Officer Luffey’s subjective viewpoint. However, the

mere potential that no crime had occurred plays no part in a determination

of whether probable cause exists. Instead, the probable cause test requires

only a showing that Officer Luffey’s reasonably believed that crime probably

had occurred, or was occurring.

      Probable cause is made out when the facts and circumstances
      which are within the knowledge of the officer at the time of the
      arrest, and of which he has reasonably trustworthy information,
      are sufficient to warrant a man of reasonable caution in
      the belief that the suspect has committed or is committing
      a crime. The question we ask is not whether the officer's belief
      was correct or more likely true than false. Rather, we require
      only a probability, and not a prima facie showing, of
      criminal activity.

Commonwealth v. Thompson, 985 A.2d 928, 931 (Pa. 2009) (emphasis

added, citations and quotation marks omitted).       While this was not a case

where police directly observed a crime being committed, there was still

sufficient probable cause to investigate whether the child was in danger due

to violence or neglect based on reasonable inferences drawn from the

circumstances observed by Officer Luffey. On balance, however, we afford

this factor little weight toward a finding of exigency.

      The fourth and fifth Demshock factors address the likelihood of

whether the police will find the suspect inside the entered home, and

whether that suspect is likely to escape if no entry is made.        Appellant

construes these factors as meaningless in the circumstances of this case,

under the premise that the “police did not enter the house to look for a

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suspect, and they gave no indication that entering the house was an attempt

to find a specific person.” Appellant’s Brief at 14. We disagree. Here, the

purpose of the entry was to check on the safety of the child, and,

consequently, to investigate any crimes that might be associated with that

child’s being in danger.      Accordingly, Appellant was most certainly a

“suspect” with regard to any such potential crimes, as he was the only

person known to the police to be present inside the home with the child. As

such, the fourth factor resolves conclusively in favor of exigency, as Officer

Luffey directly observed Appellant when he briefly and rudely answered the

door.

        With regard to the fifth factor, however, we observe no evidence of

record supporting the notion that Appellant was likely to flee if the police

failed to execute the warrantless entry into his home. However, because the

primary purpose for the entry was to check on the safety of the child and not

specifically to apprehend Appellant, we do not attribute much weight to the

fifth factor under the circumstances of this case.

        The sixth Demshock factor involves the manner of entry.        In this

regard, we agree with Appellant that the manner of entry was not

peaceable, as the police used a battering ram to break down his door. This

factor must weigh against a finding of exigency. However, because there is

no evidence of record that the warrantless entry could have been

accomplished by alternative means, we do not afford it much weight.

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      The seventh Demshock factor concerns the timing of the entry.

Appellant asserts that because the entry was made during the day, the

police could have “easily obtained a search warrant before proceeding into

the house.”    Appellant’s Brief at 15.     We disagree with this assessment

entirely. We do not evaluate the timing of a warrantless entry in relation to

the ease by which a warrant might be obtained at different times during the

day. Instead, we operate under the assumption that a nighttime intrusion is

a greater violation of the sanctity of a home, and the privacy one enjoys

therein, as opposed to an intrusion that occurs during the day.             See

Commonwealth v. Baldwin, 384 A.2d 945, 948 (Pa. Super. 1978) (holding

that “due to the greater intrusion upon individual privacy occasioned by a

nighttime search, some greater justification than that required for a daytime

search must be shown[;] … [p]ut simply, the affidavit for a warrant

authorizing a nighttime search must show both probable cause and some

reason why the search cannot wait until morning”).

      Both the eighth and ninth Demshock factors are irrelevant in this

matter. This case did not involve the hot pursuit of a felon and, at the time

of the entry, the police had little to no reason to believe that there was a risk

of physical evidence being destroyed if they delayed.

      Finally, the tenth and final Demshock factor concerns “whether there

is a danger to police or other persons inside or outside of the dwelling to

require immediate and swift action.” Dean, 940 A.2d at 522. This was the

most prominent factor in this case, as the warrantless entry was explicitly

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justified out of concern for the safety of the child. Appellant dismisses this

factor, stating, “there was no true indication of any danger, especially

because the police knew that there was an adult in the house. A child that is

crying is not enough evidence to permit the police to enter a house without a

warrant.” Appellant’s Brief at 15.

        We disagree with Appellant’s characterization of events and conclusory

analysis based thereon.         The child was not merely crying.   According to

Officer Luffey, the naked and bruised boy explicitly requested help when he

came to the window, and did so repeatedly over the course of several

minutes.     N.T. Suppression Hearing, 1/6/16, at 24. Officer Luffey was also

concerned that the child was in danger from the dog.               Furthermore,

Appellant did nothing to assuage Officer Luffey’s concerns when he answered

the door and told her to “get the fuck out of here.” Id. at 14.2 Moreover,

the Commonwealth presented photographic evidence, taken by Officer
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2
    We agree with the suppression court when it suggested that:

        A normal parent reaction would be to calm the child, reassure
        the police everything's under control, this is what's going on, "I
        am the child's father, this is my son," whatever. That is what
        would seemingly be the normal course of action. So, if anything,
        someone opening the door briefly and using an expletive to the
        police to get the whatever out of here, slamming the door in
        their face, if I were a police officer I think that the reasonable
        person's or reasonable police officer in her shoes would have
        been to have their -- have a heightened sense of concern for the
        safety of the child under those circumstances.

Id. at 29-30.

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Luffey just prior to the forced entry, showing the condition of the boy. When

defense counsel argued that the photograph did not depict evidence of

immediate danger or any serious harm to the child, the suppression court

thought otherwise, stating: “He sure as heck looks like, even though the dog

is not biting him, there is no blood, there is no mauling going on fortunately

at the moment that this photograph was snapped, that child looks like he

is about as traumatized as it gets.”           Id. at 35 (emphasis added).

Accordingly, we reject Appellant’s assertions that the tenth Demshock

factor weighs against justifying a warrantless entry.    To the contrary, we

conclude that it weighs heavily in favor of exigency.

      In sum, the Demshock factors appear to weigh collectively in favor of

a finding of exigency. Moreover, a comparison to the circumstances at issue

in that case support our view. In Demshock, while investigating unrelated

matters, a police    officer, Detective Hopple, observed several young

individuals, who he believed to be teenagers, consuming beer inside of a

residence.   After backup arrived, Detective Hopple knocked on the front

door, and the following transpired:

      In response to the knock, one of the occupants asked “who was
      there” from behind the door. Detective Hopple replied, “[h]ey
      man, it is me.” The person behind the door, Richard Stough,
      opened the door part way and peered out. After seeing the
      police officers the young man backed away from the door after
      which the officers proceeded through the doorway, pushing the
      door open as they entered the apartment. According to the
      police officers, an odor of burnt marijuana was clearly detectable
      after the door was opened.

Demshock, 854 A.2d at 554 (internal citations omitted).

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      The Demshock trial court denied suppression and the defendant was

convicted for possession of marijuana and underage drinking. We reversed

the order denying suppression, reasoning:

      This was not a case where officers stumbled directly upon a
      crime in progress and had no time to secure a warrant. Here,
      the officers observed the illegal activity from outside the
      premises without the occupants detecting their presence. Under
      these circumstances, the officers could have made efforts to
      secure a search warrant and quite possibly could have secured a
      warrant prior to any of the partygoers realizing that the police
      were outside.

Id. at 557 (footnote omitted).

      Here, reasonable concerns for the health and safety of the child

dictated immediate action, action that could not wait for a warrant, unlike

the circumstances in Demshock.          Moreover, the crimes of underage

drinking and marijuana possession are “a far cry from a situation where

someone's life [is] endangered or a felony [is] involved.”    Id. at 558.   A

reasonable person in Officer Luffey’s shoes would have been justifiably

concerned for the life of the child under the circumstances of this case. The

investigation in question involved both the danger to a child, and potentially

felonious conduct.   Accordingly, for all of the above reasons, we conclude

that the trial court did not abuse its discretion when balancing the various

Demshock factors in this case, and we are unconvinced by Appellant’s

arguments to the contrary. Thus, we conclude that Appellant’s suppression

claim lacks merit.

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       Next, Appellant alleges that the evidence was insufficient to support

the course-of-conduct grading of his EWOC offense, relying on our decision

in Commonwealth v. Popow, 844 A.2d 13 (Pa. Super. 2004).3                   Our

standard of review of sufficiency claims is well-settled:

              A claim challenging the sufficiency of the evidence is a
       question of law. Evidence will be deemed sufficient to support
       the verdict when it establishes each material element of the
       crime charged and the commission thereof by the accused,
       beyond a reasonable doubt. Where the evidence offered to
       support the verdict is in contradiction to the physical facts, in
       contravention to human experience and the laws of nature, then
       the evidence is insufficient as a matter of law. When reviewing a
       sufficiency claim[,] the court is required to view the evidence in
       the light most favorable to the verdict winner giving the
       prosecution the benefit of all reasonable inferences to be drawn
       from the evidence.

Commonwealth v. Widmer, 744 A.2d 745, 751 (Pa. 2000) (internal

citations omitted).

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3
   Appellant notes that when instructing the jury, the trial court defined
“course of conduct” as follows: “The term or phrase ‘a course of conduct’
means a pattern of actions composed of more than one act over a period of
time, however short, evidencing a continuity of conduct.” N.T. Trial, 1/7/16,
at 181-82. To the extent that Appellant now challenges that jury instruction
as being at odds with our decision in Popow, we conclude that any such
claim was waived when Appellant did not object when the instruction was
given. See Commonwealth v. Gilman, 401 A.2d 335, 341 (Pa. 1979)
(holding that an issue concerning the adequacy of a definition given during
jury instructions was not preserved for appellate review where “[t]here was
no request for additional instructions and no exceptions were taken to the
instructions as given”). Moreover, Appellant did not preserve any such claim
in his Rule 1925(b) statement. See Lord, supra.

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      “A parent, guardian or other person supervising the welfare of a child

under 18 years of age, or a person that employs or supervises such a

person, commits an offense if he knowingly endangers the welfare of the

child by violating a duty of care, protection or support.”     18 Pa.C.S. §

4304(a).   A EWOC offense is graded as a third-degree felony if “the actor

engaged in a course of conduct of endangering the welfare of a child.” 18

Pa.C.S. § 4304(b)(1)(ii).

      In Popow, this Court determined that it would “strain[] common

sense” to permit a course-of-conduct finding under Section 4304(b), based

merely on an event which “took place [over] a matter of minutes.” Popow,
844 A.2d at 16-17.      Instead, the Popow Court held that “the logical

interpretation of the legislative language in subsection (b) is that it is

designed to punish a parent who over days, weeks, or months, abuses his

children, such as repeatedly beating them or depriving them of food. The

statute was clearly not designed for an event that occurs within minutes, or,

perhaps in a given case, even hours.” Id. at 17 (citation omitted).

      As we noted in Commonwealth v. Kelly, 102 A.3d 1025, 1030–31

(Pa. Super. 2014), however:

      “Course of conduct” is defined in multiple instances elsewhere in
      the Crimes Code and, in each of those instances, “course of
      conduct” implies more than one act over time. See 18 Pa.C.S. §
      2709(f) (defining “[c]ourse of conduct” as used in the statute
      defining the offense of harassment as “[a] pattern of actions
      composed of more than one act over a period of time, however
      short, evidencing a continuity of conduct”); 18 Pa.C.S. §
      2709.1(f) (defining “[c]ourse of conduct” as used in the stalking
      statute as “[a] pattern of actions composed of more than one act

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     over a period of time, however short, evidencing a continuity
     of conduct”). Although recognizing that the harassment and
     stalking statutes provide a statutory definition for the phrase,
     this Court has “explained that ‘[c]ourse of conduct by its very
     nature requires a showing of a repetitive pattern of behavior.’”
     Commonwealth v. Leach, 729 A.2d 608, 611 (Pa. Super.
     1999) (quoting Commonwealth v. Urrutia, 439 Pa. Super.
227, 653 A.2d 706, 710 (1995)).

            The phrase “course of conduct” is also used in the grading
     of the offense of endangering the welfare of children (EWOC). 18
     Pa.C.S. § 4304(b) (“An offense under this section constitutes a
     misdemeanor of the first degree. However, where there is a
     course of conduct of endangering the welfare of a child, the
     offense constitutes a felony of the third degree.”) (emphasis
     added). Although the EWOC statute does not define “course of
     conduct,” the phrase is clearly used in that context to
     differentiate the penalties for single and multiple endangering
     acts.

Kelly, 102 A.3d at 1030–31 (emphasis added).

     Kelly suggests that the critical inquiry in a “course of conduct”

assessment is whether a single or multiple endangering acts occurred,

regardless of the duration between the acts. Popow suggests that timing

might be a critical assessment in certain circumstances. We do not believe

these statements of the law conflict. An EWOC offense may occur when the

perpetrator commits an endangering act, or multiple endangering acts. An

EWOC offense may also occur when a child is subject to a dangerous

condition, such as where a child is deprived of food or sanitary living

conditions, or where a child is subject to an unhealthy psychological

environment, but where no specific act can be discerned to have caused

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those conditions.4      In the case of specific endangering acts, such as in the

case of physical or sexual abuse, a course-of-conduct finding requires

multiple endangering acts, as set forth in Kelly. In the case of dangerous

conditions, for which there may be no specific, identifiable endangering act,

but where the accused was clearly responsible for the child’s welfare as well

as the dangerous condition or the amelioration thereof, the duration of the

condition     becomes       the    primary     focus   of   the   course-of-conduct

determination, as suggested in Popow.              As such, we do not view any

substantial conflict between the standards espoused in Kelly and Popow.

       However, we do note that the Popow Court conducted its analysis

under the assumption that the EWOC statute was subject to strict

interpretation under 1 Pa.C.S. § 1928(b)(1) (requiring strict construction for

“penal statutes”).      Popow, 844 A.2d at 16-17.           However, our Supreme

Court has rejected this view:

             Generally speaking, under the rule of lenity, penal statutes
       are to be strictly construed, with ambiguities resolved in favor of
       the accused. Commonwealth v. Lassiter, 554 Pa. 586, 722
A.2d 657, 660 (1998).        In the peculiar context of EWOC,
       however, we have held that the statute is protective in nature,
       and must be construed to effectuate its broad purpose of
       sheltering children from harm. [Commonwealth v.] Mack, 359
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4
  In such cases, in lieu of a specific endangering act, an EWOC conviction
requires a showing that the accused was aware of the dangerous condition
or circumstances, yet “failed to act or must have taken action so lame or
meager that such actions cannot reasonably be expected to protect the
child's welfare.” Commonwealth v. Retkofsky, 860 A.2d 1098, 1100 (Pa.
Super. 2004).

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      A.2d [770 (Pa. 1976)]. Specifically, the purpose of such juvenile
      statutes is defensive; they are written expansively by the
      legislature “to cover a broad range of conduct in order to
      safeguard the welfare and security of our children.” Id. at 772
      (quoting Commonwealth v. Marlin, 452 Pa. 380, 305 A.2d 14,
      18 (1973)).

Commonwealth v. Lynn, 114 A.3d 796, 818 (Pa. 2015).

      Turning   to   the   instant   case,    Appellant   maintains   that   the

Commonwealth’s evidence was insufficient to support the course-of-conduct

grading of his EWOC offense. He argues:

      [W]hen looking at the facts most favorably to the
      Commonwealth, the evidence is insufficient to establish the
      course of conduct required for the felony conviction in the third
      degree. First, the logical interpretation quoted in … Popow,
      establishes that a course of conduct occurs over days, weeks, or
      months. In this case, there is no evidence of [EWOC] over this
      longer period. The officers were only able to witness evidence
      over the period of one day. The officers did not witness either
      the house or the child on multiple days. Secondly, there is not
      sufficient evidence to show there was any pattern of actions to
      constitute a course of conduct, even when looking at the
      evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth. The
      Commonwealth used the lack of food in the refrigerator as one
      point to establish endangering the welfare of the child.
      However, there was no evidence of the child being malnourished
      or not being fed to establish this as a problem. There was no
      evidence that the child was suffering from any of these effects.

             The evidence establishing a course of conduct was not
      sufficient in this case for the jury to conclude a guilty verdict
      beyond a reasonable doubt. In fact, there is so little evidence to
      even sustain the misdemeanor [EWOC].             Therefore, this
      Honorable Court should vacate the guilty verdict and
      accompanying sentence of the felony [EWOC].

Appellant’s Brief at 17-18 (citations omitted).

      The trial court disagreed, reasoning:

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      At trial, Officer Luff[e]y testified that upon entry into the
      residence, there was a "lot of garbage on the floors.” It was
      there that she encountered the young boy, approximately three
      years old, without any clothing. What appeared to be small
      child's bed, without any sheets, was observed in the child's
      bedroom. He appeared to have bruising, and wounds to his
      face, and police called for an ambulance and contacted Allegheny
      County's Office of Children, Youth and Families (CYF). Observed
      in the residence were five empty "stamp bags," and an orange
      glass marijuana pipe. There was no food in the refrigerator, and
      in the officer's own words not a crumb of food in the house.
      Likewise, there was no food in the fridge in the basement. No
      diapers were found in the house.

      The defense basically argues, that all of the conditions noted by
      the officer must have happened simultaneously, a relatively
      short time prior to the police encountering the situation. While
      plausible, it is unlikely that all these conditions did not happen
      over a period of time, thereby, satisfying the "course of conduct"
      element of the offense. The jury found that there was a course
      of conduct based on the direct and circumstantial evidence
      presented. It was not unreasonable for the jury to conclude that
      the situation took days or weeks to manifest itself.

TCO at 3-4.

      Notably, Appellant’s argument only specifically addresses the lack of

food in Appellant’s home. However, even if we were to agree that the lack

of food did not demonstrate a course of conduct rather than a temporary

circumstance, Appellant would still not be entitled to relief. We agree with

the trial court’s reasoning that the simultaneous absence of bedding in the

child’s bed, the lack of diapers, the physical condition of the child (both with

respect to his injuries as well as his lack of clothing), as well as the presence

of dangerous drug paraphernalia in the home and within the child’s reach,

are all factors which constitute additional evidence of neglect beyond a mere

temporary lack of food.     The confluence of these circumstances strongly

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suggests an ongoing pattern of neglect, not merely a momentary state of

affairs.

      Moreover, Appellant’s reliance on Popow is misplaced. In Popow, the

defendant was charged with EWOC based on the following conduct:

      [On the] morning [of the incident in question], Popow went
      looking for his ex-girlfriend, Michele Pool, and the three children
      that he and Pool had together. Essentially, the episode occurred
      when Popow located Pool at her sister's apartment after his four-
      year old daughter had let him into the apartment. Pool and
      Kenneth Dorsey were engaging in sexual activity at that time.
      Popow picked up his four year-old daughter, and while Dorsey,
      Pool and Pool's friend, Stephanie White, tried to get the child
      from him, Popow fell down a flight of twelve stairs while holding
      the child.

Popow, 844 A.2d at 15.

      Popow was sentenced to the felony grading of EWOC, and the trial

court had concluded, unjustifiably, that there were separate acts involved in

this altercation justifying that sentence, despite “the lack of a factual basis in

the information or evidence presented at trial to support this,” as well as

“the lack of a jury instruction on the issue.” Id. at 16. Furthermore, on its

face, there appeared to be only one potential endangering act or condition at

issue: Popow’s engaging in the scuffle while holding his child in his arms,

which caused them both to fall down a flight of stairs.

      Here, however, the Commonwealth specifically charged Appellant with

the felony grading of the EWOC offense in the criminal information, and set

forth facts supporting the existence of a course of conduct:

           Count: 1   ENDANGERING WELFARE OF CHILDREN            Felony 3

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        The actor being a parent, a guardian, or a person supervising
        the welfare of John Doe, a child or children under 18 years of
        age, knowingly endangered the welfare of said child or children
        through a course of conduct of violating a duty of care,
        protection or support, namely, failing to provide food, clothing
        and diapers for John Doe and/or leaving heroin stamp bags and
        possible marijuana paraphernalia within reach of John Doe in
        violation of Sections 4304(a) and (b) of the Pennsylvania Crimes
        Code, Act of December 6, 1972, 18 Pa. C.S. §§4304(a) and (b),
        as amended.

Criminal Information, 11/10/15, at 2. Furthermore, evidence presented at

trial   supported   the   criminal   information’s   allegation   of   the    multiple

endangering conditions that were present in Appellant’s home.                Moreover,

the jury was specifically instructed by the trial court to consider whether

Appellant engaged in a course of conduct in committing the EWOC violation,

and that term was defined for the jury. N.T., 1/8/16, 181-82. Accordingly,

we conclude that Popow does not support Appellant’s argument and,

therefore, for all of the above reasons, his second claim is meritless.

        Judgment of sentence affirmed.

        Judge Dubow joins this memorandum.

        Judge Platt concurs in the result.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 1/9/2018

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