Court Opinion

ID: 4582295
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-10-30 15:03:59.733107+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:46:36.844857
License: Public Domain

FOURTH DIVISION
                               DILLARD, P. J.,
                           RICKMAN and BROWN, JJ.

                    NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                    physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                    days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                               https://www.gaappeals.us/rules

                    DEADLINES ARE NO LONGER TOLLED IN THIS
                    COURT. ALL FILINGS MUST BE SUBMITTED WITHIN
                    THE TIMES SET BY OUR COURT RULES.

                                                                    October 23, 2020

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A20A1132. EPPS et al. v. ROCKMO ENTERTAINMENT, LLC.

      BROWN, Judge.

      Rockmo Entertainment, LLC (“Rockmo”) filed this breach of contract action

against Tauheed Epps p/k/a 2 Chainz, David Leeks, and W. L. L. & Associates

(collectively “appellants”),1 and the trial court issued an order compelling arbitration

in accordance with the parties’ agreement. After Rockmo initiated arbitration and

appellants refused to pay the fees for three arbitrators, Rockmo filed a motion to

reinstate the case in the trial court. The trial court granted the motion, finding that

appellants’ refusal to pay their portion of the arbitrators’ fees waived their right to

      1
        Rockmo also named as defendants Johnnie Cabbell, New Era Talent Agency,
Felix Murray, and Felix Murray Entertainment. These defendants are not parties to
this appeal.
arbitration. We granted appellants’ application for interlocutory appeal of the trial

court’s order and now affirm.

      On appeal from a trial court’s denial of a motion to compel arbitration, we

review the record de novo to determine whether the trial court’s denial is correct as

a matter of law. Schinazi v. Eden, 351 Ga. App. 151, 156 (830 SE2d 531) (2019).

“However, we defer to the trial court’s findings of fact upon which its denial was

based unless those findings are clearly erroneous.” Id. While we are not reviewing an

order denying a motion to compel arbitration, but rather an order granting a motion

to reinstate the case after arbitration, we believe the same standard applies.

      In 2013, Epps, a rap artist who goes by the name of 2 Chainz, and Rockmo

entered into an agreement pursuant to which Epps would perform at Wild Bill’s on

May 11, 2013, in exchange for $65,000. The agreement contained a provision

prohibiting Epps from performing within 100 miles in the two weeks before or after

the performance. It also provided that Epps could not advertise for any show in

Atlanta scheduled within 30 days after his performance until after his performance

at Wild Bill’s. Any disputes arising from the agreement were to be submitted to

arbitration:

                                          2
            b. All claims and disputes which may arise between Purchaser,
      Artist, and/or the Agent regarding the interpretation of any of the terms
      and conditions of this contract, including any disputes between the
      parties as to their obligations and responsibilities hereunder, shall be
      referred exclusively to binding arbitration. If a claim or dispute arises
      between the parties, then such claim or dispute shall be referred to the
      American Arbitration Association.

            c. Any controversy or claim arising out of or relating to this
      Agreement or the breach thereof, shall be resolved by binding
      arbitration, in accordance with the rules as they may be amended. Such
      rules and procedures are incorporated herein and made a part of this
      Agreement by reference. The parties agree that they will abide by and
      perform any award rendered in any such arbitration and that any court
      having jurisdiction may issue a final judgment based upon any such
      award.

      According to Rockmo’s complaint, Epps, in violation of the parties’ agreement,

subsequently agreed to and promoted another live performance at Mansion Elan

scheduled for the same date as his performance at Wild Bill’s. Epps went through

with both engagements, and Rockmo filed the instant action in March 2015, alleging

breach of contract, fraud, and unjust enrichment as well as claims for punitive

damages and attorney fees. Appellants filed an answer and asked the trial court to

compel arbitration based on the parties’ agreement. In March 2016, the trial court

                                         3
issued an order finding the arbitration clause in the contract to be “unambiguous and

enforceable,” and staying the case pending arbitration.

      In September 2018, two and a half years after the trial court’s order, Rockmo

filed a demand for arbitration with the American Arbitration Association (“AAA”)

and paid the required filing fee. The demand alleged that Rockmo’s claims amounted

to $1.8 million. Appellants claim that in the next six months, they answered the

arbitration demand, asserted a counterclaim, attended multiple pre-hearing

conferences, and participated in the arbitrator selection process.2

      Based on the amount of damages claimed in Rockmo’s demand, the AAA

designated the case as a large, complex commercial case subject to certain rules.

Pertinent to this issue, AAA Commercial Arbitration Rule L-2 provides:

      (a) Large, complex commercial cases shall be heard and determined by
      either one or three arbitrators, as may be agreed upon by the parties.
      With the exception in paragraph (b) below, if the parties are unable to
      agree upon the number of arbitrators and a claim or counterclaim
      involves at least $1,000,000, then three arbitrator(s) shall hear and
      determine the case. If the parties are unable to agree on the number of
      arbitrators and each claim and counterclaim is less than $1,000,000, then
      one arbitrator shall hear and determine the case.

      2
          These documents are not part of the record before us.

                                          4
         (b) In cases involving the financial hardship of a party or other
         circumstance, the AAA at its discretion may require that only one
         arbitrator hear and determine the case, irrespective of the size of the
         claim involved in the dispute.

AAA Commercial Arbitration Rules L-2 (a)-(b). Because the parties had not specified

the number of arbitrators in their agreement or mutually agreed on the number, the

AAA, consistent with Rule L-2 (a), required a panel of three arbitrators to hear the

case.3

         While Rockmo paid its half of the arbitrators’ fees, appellants declined to pay

their portion, contending that the AAA’s designation of the case as large, complex

commercial was “improper” because it was legally impossible for Rockmo to recover

$1.8 million in damages from its claims. Appellants requested that the AAA re-

designate the case as a general commercial dispute or alternatively that a single

arbitrator be appointed to determine which rules should govern the arbitration and

thus decide the number of arbitrators. In November 2018, the AAA responded that

a single arbitrator could be appointed to review the issue only by agreement of the

         3
         Additionally, AAA Commercial Arbitration Rule R-16 (a) pertinently
provides that “[i]f the arbitration agreement does not specify the number of
arbitrators, the dispute shall be heard and determined by one arbitrator, unless the
AAA, in its discretion, directs that three arbitrators be appointed. . . .”

                                            5
parties, but that appellants could raise the issue to the three-arbitrator panel once

appointed; if the panel agreed that Rockmo’s claim was less than $1 million, then any

party could move for a reduction in the number of arbitrators hearing the case per

Rule R-16 (b).4 Nearly two months later, appellants again declined to pay the invoice

for its portion of the arbitrators’ fees. In response, Rockmo asked the AAA to

sanction appellants pursuant to AAA rules.

      In January 2019, the AAA informed the parties that it would review the

sanctions request and questioned whether Rockmo would cover the total cost of

arbitrators’ fees so that the case could move forward, and then seek repayment from

appellants as part of its claim. However, the AAA made clear that it “would prefer not

to make this request.” In February 2019, the AAA suspended the case because the

      4
          This rule provides:

               (b) Any request for a change in the number of arbitrators as
               a result of an increase or decrease in the amount of a claim
               or a new or different claim must be made to the AAA and
               other parties to the arbitration no later than seven calendar
               days after receipt of the R-6 required notice of change of
               claim amount. If the parties are unable to agree with
               respect to the request for a change in the number of
               arbitrators, the AAA shall make the determination.

                                            6
parties had failed to pay the required fees, provide a resolution to the funding issue,

or respond to the AAA’s request to reschedule the preliminary hearing.5

      Six days later, Rockmo filed in the trial court a motion to reinstate the case or

alternatively for contempt, contending that it had initiated arbitration proceedings as

ordered by the trial court and had paid the filing fee and its half of the arbitrators’

fees, but that arbitration had stalled due to appellants’ refusal to pay its half of the

fees or agree to a solution. The trial court issued an order reinstating the case in the

Superior Court of Fulton County in November 2019. The court found that it had

jurisdiction over the case and that appellants, by their conduct, had waived their right

to arbitration. Appellants received a certificate of immediate review, and we granted

their application for an interlocutory appeal.

      1. Jurisdiction. As a threshold matter, appellants contend that the trial court did

not have jurisdiction to hold that they waived their right to arbitration. According to

appellants, this is a question for the arbitrator, not the court. We disagree.

      In general, “courts decide issues of alleged conduct-based waiver of arbitration

rights” unless “there is clear and unmistakable evidence” to the contrary, such as a

      5
       Subsequently, the AAA informed the parties that the case had been placed in
abeyance, and after one year in abeyance, the parties would be assessed a $500 fee.

                                           7
“delegation provision” in the parties’ agreement. (Citations and punctuation omitted.)

Brown v. RAC Acceptance East, LLC, 303 Ga. 172, 175 (2) (a) (809 SE2d 801)

(2018). See also Cate v. Patterson, 354 Ga. App. 108, 112 (2) (840 SE2d 489) (2020)

(“in the absence of an agreement to the contrary, issues of substantive arbitrability are

for a court to decide”) (citation and punctuation omitted). Here, the parties’

agreement contained no such provision, and the issue of whether appellants’ conduct

in refusing to pay the arbitrators’ fee amounted to a waiver of their arbitration rights

was a question properly decided by the trial court.6

      2. The trial court’s findings of fact. Appellants contend that the trial court’s

finding that the lengthy delay in the case is attributable to appellants is unsupported

by the record and constitutes “reversible factual error.” While we agree that the record

      6
         We are unpersuaded that Web IV, LLC v. Samples Constr., LLC, 349 Ga. App.
607 (824 SE2d 107) (2019), demands a contrary result, as argued by appellants. In
that case, we agreed with the trial court’s conclusion that the arbitrator should decide
the threshold question of whether the plaintiff waived its right to compel arbitration
by failing to complete the dispute resolution process outlined in the parties’
agreement, which was a condition precedent to demanding arbitration. Id. at 610-612
(1) (a). We reasoned that the question of whether the plaintiff waived its right to
arbitration by failing to comply with the dispute resolution procedures set forth in the
parties’ agreement was “more accurately described as a procedural question that
grows out of the agreement itself” rather than a question of conduct-based waiver. Id.
at 610 (1) (a). As we pointed out, that “case is clearly distinguishable from those that
have been described as posing questions of conduct-based waiver,” such as the one
at hand. Id.

                                           8
does not support a finding that the entirety of the delay was caused by appellants, this

was not the basis for the trial court’s determination of waiver. Instead, the trial court

found that appellants had

       insiste[d] that [Rockmo] “explain or justify” the damages it [was]
       seeking before the [c]ourt-ordered arbitration [could] take place, or
       otherwise “fix the situation” itself by agreeing to [appellants’] demands
       — despite the fact that it is [appellants] themselves who sought to
       enforce the arbitration agreement, which explicitly incorporates the
       AAA rules that [appellants] now seek to contravene.

The trial court then concluded that “said conduct is inconsistent with the right to

arbitration. . . .” While the trial court also found that “the duration for which this case

has been dragged out due to [appellants’] refusal to pay the required fees” had

prejudiced Rockmo, this finding of prejudice was unnecessary and immaterial to the

issue of whether appellants’ conduct constituted a waiver of their right to arbitration.

       3. Waiver of right to arbitration. Appellants argue that the trial court erred in

concluding that they had waived their right to arbitration. Again, we disagree.

       “Although Georgia has a clear public policy in favor of arbitration, it is well

established that a party may waive its right to compel arbitration by acting in a

manner which is inconsistent with the right of arbitration.” (Citation and punctuation

                                            9
omitted.) Schinazi, 351 Ga. App. at 156-157. Accord Cate, 354 Ga. App. at 114.

“What constitutes a waiver of the right of arbitration depends on the facts of each

case.” Schinazi, 351 Ga. App. at 157. Generally, “in those cases where a waiver was

held to have occurred, the party seeking to rely upon an arbitration clause did not

promptly invoke or seek to enforce the clause.” Odion v. Avesis, Inc., 327 Ga. App.
443, 447 (3) (c) (759 SE2d 538) (2014). See, e.g., Schinazi, 351 Ga. App. at 159 (1)

(party’s “failure to invoke its right to arbitration and its decision, instead, to

participate in almost five years of very costly litigation constituted conduct that was

inconsistent with its right to arbitration and, thus, waived that right”); Wise v. Tidal

Constr. Co., 261 Ga. App. 670, 674-675 (2) (583 SE2d 466) (2003) (party who chose

not to immediately invoke its right to arbitrate but, instead, proceeded with litigation

of the case up to actual trial, including sixteen months of discovery, waived right to

arbitrate).

       As far as this Court can find, the appellate courts of Georgia have not

addressed the question of whether a party’s failure to pay arbitration fees may amount

to a waiver of its arbitration rights, but a number of other jurisdictions have answered

this question in the affirmative. See Bruzda v. Sonic Auto., No. 16-CV-02413-MEH,

2017 WL 5178967, at *3 (D. Colo., Jan. 23, 2017) (defendant’s failure to pay its

                                          10
arbitration fees barred it from asserting its rights under the arbitration agreement);

Cinel v. Barna, 206 Cal. App. 4th 1383, 1390 (142 Cal. Rptr. 3d 329) (2012) (where

parties incorporated AAA rules into their agreement and rules provided that

arbitration expenses would be borne equally by the parties, their refusal to reach an

agreement as ordered by the arbitrator over the payment of fees, resulting in

termination of arbitration, was a collective waiver of their right to arbitrate); Freeman

v. Smartpay Leasing, LLC, No. 617CV938Orl31GJK, 2018 WL 467390, at *1 (M.D.

Fla., Jan. 18, 2018) (“Having drafted an agreement requiring arbitration and

designating JAMS as an acceptable forum, [Defendant] was obligated to comply with

JAMS’s procedures and to pay the initial filing fee. By refusing to pay the initial

filing fee, Defendant has breached the Arbitration Agreement and waived its right to

compel arbitration.”) (footnote omitted), aff’d, Freeman v. SmartPay Leasing, LLC,

771 Fed. Appx. 926, 933 (III) (A) (11th Cir. 2019) (defendant acted inconsistently

with its contractual right to arbitrate when it refused to pay the initial filing fee, as

expressly required by the arbitration agreement). See also Sanderson Farms, Inc. v.

Gatlin, 848 So2d 828, 838 (Miss. 2003) (plurality of court concluded that party’s

refusal to pay its one-half of the costs associated with filing and administrative fees

as well as arbitrator fees prior to the scheduled arbitration amounted to an act

                                           11
inconsistent with the right to arbitrate and thus a waiver of its right to arbitrate). But

see Lincoln Builders, Inc. v. Raintree Inv. Corp. Thirteen, 866 So2d 326, 331 (La. Ct.

App. 2nd Cir. 2004) (noting that Louisiana courts have only found waiver of

arbitration in extreme cases and that even a delay in filing arbitration demand would

not constitute a waiver, and holding that the failure to pay arbitration fees, by itself,

does not constitute waiver of the arbitration agreement; proper course of action is to

seek a court order directing that arbitration proceed as provided in the arbitration

agreement). We agree with the reasoning of these cases and join the majority of

jurisdictions holding that a party may waive its right to arbitration through its refusal

to pay arbitration fees. But, we are mindful that what constitutes a waiver of the right

to arbitration depends on the specific facts of each case.

      Here, appellants sought to compel arbitration, but then refused to abide by the

AAA’s rules, which were incorporated into the parties’ agreement, or to pay the

required fees. Accepting appellants’ position would allow a party to indefinitely

postpone litigation and resolution of the case by refusing to cooperate with

arbitration, or alternatively force the opposing party to shoulder the entirety of the

                                           12
costs in order for arbitration to move forward.7 Such conduct is inconsistent with

appellants’ right to arbitration, and under the circumstances presented in this case, we

agree that it constituted a waiver of that right.

      Judgment affirmed. Dillard, P. J., and Rickman, J., concur.

      7
        We also note the contradictory nature of appellants’ contention that an AAA
arbitrator rather than the trial court should decide the issue when appellants have
steadfastly refused to allow arbitrators to hear and resolve the issue in spite of the
AAA proposing that very solution.

                                           13