Court Opinion

ID: 4025871
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-08-17 15:06:32.380243+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:01:23.220271
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                  No. 16-0829
                             Filed August 17, 2016

IN THE INTEREST OF E.D., F.D., AND J.D.,
Minor Children,

R.G., Mother,
      Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Woodbury County, Julie A.

Schumacher, District Associate Judge.

      A mother appeals the termination of her parental rights to three children

who are members of an Indian tribe. AFFIRMED.

      Harold K. Widdison of Harold K. Widdison, P.C., Sioux City, for appellant

mother.

      Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Kathrine S. Miller-Todd, Assistant

Attorney General, for appellee State.

      Jessica R. Noll of Deck Law L.L.P., Sioux City, for minor children.

      Ainsley Griffin Sr., Macy, Nebraska, for the Omaha Tribe of Nebraska.

      Considered by Danilson, C.J., and Vaitheswaran and Tabor, JJ.
                                           2

TABOR, Judge.

       This termination-of-parental-rights appeal involves three children—ages

eight, four, and one—who are members of the Omaha Tribe of Nebraska.1 Their

mother, who lived on the reservation at the time of the hearing, seeks reversal of

the juvenile court’s termination order. The mother’s petition on appeal lacks

clarity as to the legal issues presented and the juvenile court findings with which

she disagrees.    She mentions the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the

grounds for termination, but she does not pinpoint the elements the State fell

short of proving.     Instead she alleges the State failed to show the Iowa

Department of Human Services (DHS) made reasonable efforts to reunify the

family. She also claims the juvenile court erred in denying the tribe’s motion to

transfer.2 Finally, she asserts the State failed to “comply with the spirit and the

letter” of the Indian Child Welfare Act—without specifying the ICWA provisions

allegedly breached.

       Assuming the mother’s petition adequately raises a sufficiency issue, we

conclude the juvenile court properly terminated her parental rights under Iowa

Code section 232.116(1)(d) (2015).        We also agree with the juvenile court’s

conclusion that the State engaged in “reasonable efforts” under Iowa Code

section 232.102(7), as well as “active efforts” to “provide remedial services and

rehabilitative programs designed to prevent the breakup of the Indian family”

under section 232B.5(19). Given the unusual procedural history here, we find no

error in the juvenile court’s denial of the tribe’s motion to transfer the case under

1
  A fourth child, Js.D., who tested positive for methamphetamine at birth in December
2013, was living with a relative and was not a subject of these termination proceedings.
2
  The tribe did not file any documents in this appeal.
                                          3

section 232B.5. Finally, the mother’s passing reference to non-compliance with

ICWA is too vague to trigger a more extensive review under chapter 232B.

   I. Facts and Prior Proceedings

      As described in the juvenile court’s decision, this family has had

“extensive history” with the DHS. Child Protection Service investigators returned

no less than eight founded assessments between 2012 and 2015. In June 2012,

the parents left F.D. (born in August 2011) and Jr.D. (born in April 2007)

unsupervised to care for themselves.          Following that incident, the family

participated in voluntary services offered by the DHS.       A similar incident of

neglect occurred in June 2013.      The father was arrested for assaulting the

mother in October 2013; he told authorities the mother also struck him.

      By January 2014, substance abuse by the parents prompted a child-in-

need-of-assistance   (CINA)    hearing.       The   mother   admitted   she   used

methamphetamine during her pregnancy with Js.D. The juvenile court

adjudicated Jr.D., F.D., and Js.D. as CINA under Iowa Code section 232.2(6)(b),

(c)(2), (n), and (o). By the end of that month, the proceedings were transferred to

the Omaha Tribe in Macy Nebraska.

      The tribe removed the children from their parents’ custody in July 2014

based on a child protective assessment showing the mother and father both used

methamphetamine while caring for the children. The mother attended an in-

patient substance abuse treatment program in Winnebago, Nebraska, during

January 2015.    The tribe returned the children to her one month after she

completed treatment. The tribe dismissed the case in March 2015.
                                       4

      But renewed concerns about the mother’s drug use emerged when she

gave birth to E.D. a month later. In April 2015, the State filed a new CINA

petition because the medical staff believed the baby was going through

withdrawal.   When the meconium test came back negative, the matter was

dismissed.

      The family returned to the attention of the DHS a few months later. On

four occasions in the summer of 2015, the children were left unattended in the

early morning hours. In one instance, the manager of the apartment complex

where they lived saw four-year-old F.D. on top of a car. In another episode, a

police officer found three of the children alone in the apartment without a

telephone or knowledge of their parents’ whereabouts.

      In September 2015, the juvenile court adjudicated E.D., F.D., and Jr.D. as

CINA under section 232.2(6)(b), (c)(2), and (n). The State asked the court to set

a hearing to determine if aggravating circumstances existed to waive the

requirement of reasonable efforts to reunify the family. The DHS initially placed

the children with a relative, who less than three weeks later asked that they be

removed from her care.     After a shelter-care hearing on September 29, the

juvenile court asked the tribe to “immediately identify to the Iowa DHS any

potential relative placements” for three children. Because no family members

were identified, the DHS placed the children in foster care. The parents did not

exercise visitation with the children between August 2015 and November 2015.

      On October 13, 2015, the Omaha Tribe filed a motion to transfer the CINA

cases to tribal court. The parents supported the transfer motion. The guardian

ad litem (GAL) resisted the motion, asserting it was not in the children’s best
                                          5

interest to have their cases handled by the tribal court. The GAL reasoned that

transferring jurisdiction to the tribal court would delay permanency for the

children.   The State and the DHS took no position on the tribe’s motion to

transfer. At a hearing on the motion to transfer, the Family Safety Risk and

Permanency (FSRP) worker testified she had provided parenting education,

budgeting, and supervised visitation for the family since August 2015.       After the

hearing, the juvenile court decided on January 20, 2016, to retain jurisdiction of

the CINA cases. The court noted the denial of the motion to transfer did not

preclude the tribe from participating in the CINA proceedings. The court also

determined the DHS had provided active efforts to prevent the breakup of the

family, including staffing the case on a weekly basis with the DHS liaison for

Native American issues.

       On November 9, 2015, the court found the existence of aggravated

circumstances under section 232.102(12)(b) and granted the State’s motion to

waive reasonable efforts and proceed to permanency. Less than one month

later, the State filed its petition to terminate parental rights of both the father and

mother as to E.D., F.D. and Jr.D. Before the termination hearing occurred, the

father was arrested for assaulting the mother after they had both been drinking.

During this same time period, the mother was evicted from her apartment in

Sioux City for not paying rent and moved in with a relative living on the Omaha

Tribe’s reservation in Macy, Nebraska.

       The juvenile court held a termination hearing on April 8, 2016. The DHS

case manager Robin Garraway testified the mother had not been cooperative

with services and could not provide the children with stability.          The mother
                                         6

testified that since August 2015, she had not completed a substance abuse

evaluation, had not followed through with the parenting curriculum provided by

the FSRP worker, and did not have any income.           The court observed: “The

mother was belligerent throughout the termination hearing, shouting things out

during other witnesses’ testimony, leaving the courtroom during the proceedings,

refusing to sit at the counsel table, sleeping during the proceedings, staring at the

ceiling, and refusing to answer questions on both direct and cross-examination.”

         The court issued its order terminating the parental rights of both the

mother and the father on May 8, 2016. Despite earlier waiving the reasonable-

efforts requirement, the court found the DHS efforts to reunify the family were

“tantamount to ‘a vigorous and concerted level of casework beyond the level that

typically constitutes reasonable efforts.’” The mother appeals.

   II. Scope and Standards of Review

         We review termination-of-parental-rights proceedings de novo. In re J.L.,

779 N.W.2d 481, 485 (Iowa Ct. App. 2009). But we review the juvenile court’s

denial of a motion to transfer jurisdiction under section 232B.5 for correction of

legal error. Id.

         This case involves Indian children, and the parties agree that Iowa ICWA

provisions apply. The ICWA has a dual purpose—to protect the best interests of

a child and preserve the Indian culture. Id. at 492. We strictly construe the

ICWA provisions, though our “paramount interest” remains the protection of the

children’s best interests. See In re D.S., 806 N.W.2d 458, 465 (Iowa Ct. App.

2011).
                                           7

    III. Analysis of Mother’s Issues

    A. Statutory Grounds for Termination

         In its petition to terminate the mother’s parental rights, the State relied on

Iowa Code section 232.116(1)(b), (d), (i), and (l). The court’s order terminated

the mother’s rights under subsections (d), (i), and (l).3

         In her petition on appeal, the mother mentions the sufficiency of the

evidence, but does not focus our attention on what is missing from the State’s

proof.    The State contends the mother waived any argument related to the

specific provisions of each code section.        We agree the mother’s petition is

scanty on the basis for her sufficiency claim, but we nevertheless address the

grounds for termination.

         When the juvenile court terminates parental rights on more than one

statutory ground, we may affirm the order on any ground supported by clear and

convincing evidence. In re D.W., 791 N.W.2d 703, 707 (Iowa 2010). In this

case, we find clear and convincing evidence to support the order under

subsection (d), which requires proof of the following elements:

                (1) The court has previously adjudicated the child to be
         [CINA] after finding the child to have been physically or sexually
         abused or neglected as the result of the acts or omissions of one or
         both parents, or the court has previously adjudicated a child who is
         a member of the same family to be [CINA] after such a finding.
                (2) Subsequent to the [CINA] adjudication, the parents were
         offered or received services to correct the circumstance which led
         to the adjudication, and the circumstance continues to exist despite
         the offer or receipt of services.

Iowa Code § 232.116(1)(d).

3
 The court decided the State did not prove by clear and convincing evidence that the
mother abandoned the children under section 232.116(1)(b).
                                           8

       The court adjudicated F.D. and Jr.D. as CINA in January 2014 based on a

finding of parental neglect. The court adjudicated E.D., F.D., and Jr.D. as CINA

in September 2015.        The two adjudications may serve as the basis for

termination of parental rights under section 232.116(1)(d). See In re J.S., 846

N.W.2d 36, 41 (Iowa 2014). The record shows after the CINA adjudication, the

mother was offered and received services to address her substance-abuse

issues, her lack of parenting skills, and her abusive relationship with the father.

The juvenile court opined: “It would be difficult to imagine a parent that has been

more resistive to reunification services than the mother in this case.” Our de

novo review of the record reveals support for that opinion. We agree with the

juvenile court’s determination that despite the offer and receipt of services, the

circumstances leading to the CINA adjudication still exist. Accordingly, we affirm

termination of the mother’s rights under subsection (d).4

    B. DHS Efforts to Reunify the Family

       When the DHS removes children from their parent’s care, the State is

responsible for making “every reasonable effort” to return them home as quickly

as possible consistent with their best interests. See Iowa Code § 232.102(7).

“Reasonable efforts” are those actions that make it possible for the children to

safely return to the family's home. Id. § 232.102(10)(a).

       When the DHS removes Indian children from their parent’s care, the State

must offer clear and convincing evidence to the juvenile court that “active efforts

have been made to provide remedial services and rehabilitative programs

4
  Although the juvenile court found aggravating circumstances warranting waiver of the
obligation to make reasonable efforts towards reunification, the DHS provided a plethora
of services before the waiver order was filed.
                                               9

designed to prevent the breakup of the Indian family and that these efforts have

proved unsuccessful.” Iowa Code § 232B.5(19); D.S., 806 N.W.2d at 466. The

active-efforts requirement set forth in section 232B.5(19) aims to preserve the

parent-child relationship or the children’s connection to Indian culture. D.S., 806

N.W.2d at 466.         The juvenile court shall not order termination, “unless the

evidence of active efforts shows there has been a vigorous and concerted level

of casework beyond the level that typically constitutes reasonable efforts . . . .

Reasonable efforts shall not be construed to be active efforts.” Iowa Code §

232B.5(19).5

          The mother’s petition on appeal primarily discusses the reasonable-efforts

standard, but does include the following sentence: “There has NOT been a

‘vigorous and concerted level of case work beyond the level typically constituting

reasonable efforts.’” Although the mother’s argument is minimal on the active-

efforts requirement, we nevertheless examine whether the State met its burden

to show a concerted level of casework to prevent the breakup of this Indian

5
    Iowa Code section 232B.5(19) states:
          Active efforts shall include but are not limited to all of the following:
                 a. A request to the Indian child’s tribe to convene traditional and
         customary support and resolution actions or services.
                 b. Identification and participation of tribally designated
         representatives at the earliest point.
                 c. Consultation with extended family members to identify family
         structure and family support services that may be provided by extended
         family members.
                 d. Frequent visitation in the Indian child’s home and the homes of
         the child’s extended family members.
                 e. Exhaustion of all tribally appropriate family preservation
         alternatives.
                 f. Identification and provision of information to the child’s family
         concerning community resources that may be able to offer housing,
         financial, and transportation assistance and actively assisting the family in
         accessing the community resources.
                                           10

family.     Our examination confirms the DHS engaged in active efforts at

reunification.

          The DHS has offered this family numerous services dating back to 2012.

After founded child abuse reports in June 2012 and June 2013, the DHS offered

FSRP assistance through Boys Town, but the family largely refused those

services.      In January 2014, the mother completed a substance abuse

assessment       at   Jackson   Recovery    Center,   which   diagnosed   her   with

amphetamine dependence and recommended residential treatment.              But she

refused to enter the Women and Children’s Center program that was offered.

The mother did receive drug treatment from the Winnebago Tribe and parenting

classes through the Ponca Tribe in January 2015.

          The mother was offered assistance with applying for child care and

housing in August 2015, but failed to attend. In that same time period, the family

was offered FSRP services, including supervised visitation, budgeting, and

parenting skill training.   The parents initially refused to attend visitation and

cooperated with the FSRP provider only sporadically.

          On appeal, the mother focuses on her transportation difficulties.     She

argues, while the State offered her bus passes, “those are no help because there

is no bus services between Macy, Nebraska, where the Mother lives and Sioux

City, Iowa where services are offered.” The mother moved to Macy late in the

case, after she was evicted from her apartment in Sioux City for not paying rent.

          DHS worker Garraway disputed the mother’s position that transportation

was the greatest barrier to reunification. Garraway—who was assigned to the

DHS Native American unit and had knowledge regarding the Omaha Tribe—
                                         11

testified the Macy reservation offered tribal services to people in its community,

but the mother had not chosen to participate.

       In addition, the FSRP worker from Southwest Iowa Family Access Center

testified at the termination hearing that during early 2016 she had provided

round-trip transportation to the mother from Macy, Nebraska, to the children’s

foster home in Schaller, Iowa, and back—a five-hour round trip. Together with

the two-hour visitation, the process took a total of seven hours. The worker

testified the service was “above and beyond” the typical case.      The worker also

testified she provided the parents with resources to help them set up a household

budget as well as a Love & Logic parenting curriculum, but the parents did not

follow through with the projects.

       We agree with the juvenile court’s determination that the State satisfied

both the reasonable-efforts requirement under section 232.102(7), as well as the

more demanding ICWA active-efforts requirement.

    C. Motion to Transfer Jurisdiction to Tribe

       The mother claims the juvenile court erred in failing to grant the tribe’s

motion to transfer jurisdiction because “the court determined that ICWA applied

in this case” and because “both parents supported the Tribe’s motion to transfer.”

       The State argues the mother did not preserve error on the issue of denial

of the tribe’s motion to transfer because (1) the mother did not present evidence

in support of the transfer motion and (2) neither the mother nor the tribe appealed

the January 20, 2016 order denying the motion to transfer.6 In the alternative,

6
 The State’s response to the petition on appeal cites cases concerning standing but
does not outright argue the mother lacks standing to contest the denial of the tribe’s
                                         12

the State contends the juvenile court correctly found good cause to deny the

tribe’s transfer motion.

       We start with the preservation question. The State suggests the mother

waived her objection by not appealing the denial-of-transfer order. We disagree.

The January 20 order did not dispose of all issues in the case. Accordingly, it

was not a final appealable order. See Iowa R. App. P. 6.101(1)(a); In re T.R.,

705 N.W.2d 6, 10 (Iowa 2005); see also Citizen Potawatomi Nation v. Dinwiddie

Dep’t of Soc. Servs., No. 1713-12-2, 2013 WL 4804901, at *2 (Va. Ct. App. Sept.

10, 2013). The mother is entitled to raise the transfer issue on appeal from the

final termination ruling.   See In re Y.V., No. 4199-672, 1999 WL 1255722, at *2

(Iowa Ct. App. Dec. 27, 1999).

       Having determined the issue is properly before us, we reject the mother’s

argument.    The fact both parents supported a transfer of jurisdiction did not

automatically require the juvenile court to grant the tribe’s motion.

       In J.L., we declared the transfer provisions of Iowa’s ICWA—sections

232B.5(10) and (13)—unconstitutional because they considered only the

interests of the tribe and the parents. 779 N.W.2d at 492-93. We found the

“narrow definition of good cause prohibiting the children from objecting to the

motion to transfer based upon their best interests and introducing evidence of

their best interests” violated the children’s substantive due process rights. Id. at

motion to transfer. Because preservation of error and standing are separate concepts,
we do not find the State’s preservation argument incorporates an objection to the
mother’s standing to challenge the court’s transfer ruling. See Berent v. City of Iowa
City, 738 N.W.2d 193, 202-03 (Iowa 2007). But even if the State had properly contested
the mother’s standing, we would find she had a sufficient stake in the transfer of the
CINA cases to the tribal court to obtain judicial review of the controversy. See id.
                                          13

492 (concluding “nothing in [the Iowa ICWA] places maintaining the Indian

culture above a child’s rights or safety”). After our holding in J.L., if the children

object to the transfer of jurisdiction to the tribe, as was done by the GAL in this

case, the court must determine whether good cause, including the children’s best

interests, exists to deny the petition to transfer. See Iowa Code § 232B.5(10),

(13); In re E.D. No. 12-1839, 2012 WL 6190548, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Dec. 12,

2012); J.L., 779 N.W.2d at 492.

       In denying the tribe’s motion to transfer, the juvenile court cited J.L. and

articulated the critical issue: “This court must consider whether, despite the

Omaha Tribe’s efforts to reunify the children with their parents, good cause exists

to prevent transfer . . . including whether the transfer is in the best interests of the

children.”   After considering the progression of the CINA cases, the court

concluded, “at this time, good cause exists to deny the Omaha Tribe’s motion to

transfer jurisdiction.” The court considered the “determining factor” to be the

children’s best interests, and listed the following circumstances: (1) a “complete

lack of progress” on the part of the parents; (2) a founded child abuse

assessment only six months after the tribe returned custody to the mother; and

(3) “most importantly,” the “safety of these three young children.” See J.L., 779

N.W.2d at 492-93. The juvenile court conducted a proper analysis under J.L.

Given the particular struggles of this family and the new CINA adjudication after

the tribe’s earlier dismissal of the child welfare case, we find the juvenile court did

not err in denying the tribe’s motion to transfer.
                                        14

   D. ICWA Compliance

      At the conclusion of her petition on appeal, the mother asserts: “The State

failed to comply with the spirit and letter of ICWA in this case.” This broad

assertion does not direct us to any particular deficiency in the State’s handling of

the placement of these Indian children.           Iowa’s ICWA, chapter 232B,

encompasses fourteen sections with multiple subsections, spanning a dozen

pages in the Iowa Code. Invocation of the entire chapter does not frame a viable

assignment of error. Because we cannot play the role of advocate, we decline to

address the mother’s vague ICWA argument. See Inghram v. Dairyland Mut. Ins.

Co., 215 N.W.2d 239, 240 (Iowa 1974) (“To reach the merits of this case would

require us to assume a partisan role and undertake the appellant’s research and

advocacy. This role is one we refuse to assume.”).

      AFFIRMED.