Court Opinion

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Date Created: 2021-03-25 15:06:57.717524+00
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                                                   RENDERED: MARCH 25, 2021
                                                        NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

                  Supreme Court of Kentucky
                                   2019-SC-0606-MR

BRADLEY TYSON MORRIS                                                  APPELLANT

                    ON APPEAL FROM GRAVES CIRCUIT COURT
V.                   HONORABLE TIMOTHY C. STARK, JUDGE
                               NO. 18-CR-00058

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY                                               APPELLEE

                     MEMORANDUM OPINION OF THE COURT

       AFFIRMING IN PART, REVERSING IN PART, AND REMANDING

  Bradley Morris appeals as a matter of right1 from his convictions of assault in

the first degree, burglary in the first degree, felon in possession of a handgun,

tampering with physical evidence and being a persistent felony offender (“PFO”)

in the second degree. The Graves Circuit Court sentenced Morris to seventy

years of imprisonment. Following a careful review of the record and the

applicable law, we affirm the trial court, except that we reverse Morris’s

conviction for tampering with physical evidence.

                  I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND.

      1   Ky. Const. §110(2)(b).

                                         1
      In December 2017, Kathy Bouland was shot three times. When Officer

Kimbro arrived at the scene, he asked Bouland if she knew the identity of her

assailant. Bouland responded that the shooter was her ex-boyfriend, Bradley

Morris. Morris turned himself in to police custody that same afternoon,

claiming he had heard there was a warrant out for his arrest, but admitting no

wrongdoing. A grand jury indicted Morris for assault in the first degree,

burglary in the first degree, felon in possession of a handgun, tampering with

physical evidence; and for being a PFO in the first degree.

      During voir dire, Morris objected when the Commonwealth listed his

cousin, Donnie Morris (“Donnie”), as a witness, claiming Donnie’s inclusion

violated the forty-eight-hour rule in RCr2 7.26. The court noted the objection

but reserved ruling until Donnie was called at trial.

      At trial, the Commonwealth presented testimony that on the day of the

incident, Morris had been searching for Bouland and threatened her friend for

her whereabouts, once he recognized Bouland’s vehicle in an apartment

parking lot. Bouland testified that when she stepped out of the apartment,

Morris exited the back of a vehicle, immediately firing at and striking her in the

calf. Bouland stated that she retreated to the apartment, trailed by Morris,

who was still shooting at her. As she entered the apartment, one of the bullets

struck her arm. Bouland testified that she sought refuge in the bathroom,

where another bullet struck her knee. Bouland testified that the rain of bullets

      2   Kentucky Rules of Criminal Procedure.

                                          2
continued until she heard a “click” as if from an empty magazine. Bouland’s

and other eye-witness testimony established that Morris immediately fled the

scene after running out of ammunition.3

      On the second day of trial, the Commonwealth called Donnie to testify, to

which Morris again objected, but was overruled by the trial court. Donnie

testified that on the day Bouland was shot, he received a phone call from a

number he did not recognize. The caller asked Donnie if he was at work.

Donnie responded affirmatively, and the caller hung up. Although Donnie and

Morris spoke almost daily, Donnie testified that he was unsure who had called

him in part because the conversation was brief, and the caller did not identify

himself.

      Thereafter, the Commonwealth called Charles Kirk to testify. Kirk

worked as the maintenance employee for the apartment complex where

Bouland was shot. Morris objected to his testimony on the grounds that the

prosecution failed to identify him as a witness prior to trial. The record reflects

that Kirk was never on a witness list, and his subpoena was returned only a

day before trial. The trial court overruled Morris’s objection and he was

allowed to testify. His sole testimony confirmed that the apartment complex

lacked surveillance equipment where the attack occurred.

      3Bouland also discussed the nature of her injuries, on which the
Commonwealth relied to establish evidence of “serious bodily harm or disfigurement.”
We discuss the substance of that testimony infra.

                                          3
       The jury convicted Morris of all counts, and sentenced him to more than

seventy years of imprisonment. The trial court reduced Morris’s sentence to

the statutory maximum of 70 years. This appeal followed. Additional facts will

be discussed as necessary to resolve issues raised.

                                II.   ANALYSIS.

       A. RCr 7.26.

      During voir dire and the Commonwealth’s case-in-chief, Morris objected

to the testimony of Donnie and Kirk, both of whom ultimately testified. With

regards to Donnie’s testimony, Morris stated that while he had received a

subpoena notice the previous week, Donnie was not on the Commonwealth’s

witness list, and that Donnie’s testimony was not provided to Morris in

compliance with RCr 7.26(1) as well as being untimely under the forty-eight-

hour component of the rule. Morris additionally asserts on appeal that the

Commonwealth violated RCr 7.24(2). Morris, however, did not rely on or argue

RCr 7.24 to the trial court, thereby failing to preserve the challenge. See

Springer v. Commonwealth, 998 S.W.2d 439, 446 (Ky. 1999) (stating “[a] new

theory of error cannot be raised for the first time on appeal[]”). We decline to

review the challenge on the basis of RCr 7.24. Additionally, Morris seems to

assert that the Commonwealth failed to disclose that Donnie or Kirk would

testify and the substance of their respective testimony. Our criminal rules do

not require disclosure of witness lists or the type of discovery Morris suggests

was lacking. See Porter v. Commonwealth, 394 S.W.3d 382, 387 (Ky. 2011)

(holding that “the defendant does not have a right to all information possessed

                                        4
by the prosecutor. Nor is a defendant generally entitled to a list of witnesses

from the opposing party[]”) (citations omitted).

      RCr 7.26(1) provides:

      [N]ot later than forty-eight[] hours prior to trial, the attorney for the
      Commonwealth shall produce all statements of any witness in the
      form of a document or recording in its possession which relates to
      the subject matter of the witness’s testimony and which (a) has
      been signed or initialed by the witness or (b) is or purports to be a
      substantially verbatim statement made by the witness. Such
      statement shall be made available for examination and use by the
      defendant.

      Morris’s reliance on RCr 7.26(1) misinterprets the rule’s scope and

intended application. RCr 7.26(1) does not create an affirmative duty on the

Commonwealth or its investigatory teams to create evidence for the defense.

Instead, the rule only becomes operative when such evidence exists. Robinson

v. Commonwealth, 490 S.W.2d 481, 482 (Ky. 1973). Relying on the plain

language of RCr 7.26(1), the Commonwealth was obliged to provide Morris

copies of witness statements “in its possession” which were memorialized in a

“document or recording” and which related to the “subject matter of the

witness’s testimony[.]”

      As with all discovery rulings, the trial court’s decision is treated as a

finding of fact and therefore is entitled to an abuse of discretion standard of

review on appeal. Brown v. Commonwealth, 416 S.W.3d 302, 308 (Ky. 2013).

Consequently, we will not disturb the trial court’s decision unless the ruling

was “arbitrary, unreasonable, unfair, or unsupported by sound legal

principles.” Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. v. Thompson, 11 S.W.3d 575, 581 (Ky.

2000). Even when a discovery violation is discovered, reversal is only
                                         5
appropriate when “a ‘reasonable probability’ [exists] that had the evidence been

disclosed the result at trial would have been different.” Weaver v.

Commonwealth, 955 S.W.2d 722, 726 (Ky. 1997) (quoting Wood v.

Bartholomew, 516 U.S. 1, 6 (1995)); see also RCr 9.24 (setting forth harmless

error rule and stating that the “court at every stage of the proceeding must

disregard any error or defect in the proceeding that does not affect the

substantial rights of the parties[]”); Baumia v. Commonwealth, 402 S.W.3d 530,

545-46 (Ky. 2013) (affirming conviction due to overwhelming evidence against

defendant, notwithstanding Commonwealth’s failure to disclose prior

misdemeanor theft conviction introduced during penalty phase); Grant v.

Commonwealth, 244 S.W.3d 39, 44 (Ky. 2008) (reversing conviction due to

Commonwealth’s concealment of defendant’s incriminating phone call

introduced in rebuttal following defendant’s testimony).

      1.     Donnie Morris’s Testimony.

      Morris’s objection to Donnie’s testimony is without merit because he

received all the information which the Commonwealth possessed, the two

bodycam videos which recorded Officer Brian Adams’ conversation with

Donnie.4 Officer Adams called Donnie during the early minutes of the

manhunt for Morris. The conversation between Adams and Donnie solely

      4  Morris originally objected to Donnie’s testimony based on the forty-eight-hour
rule in RCr 7.26(1). As Morris acknowledged at trial, the Commonwealth had filed a
subpoena with the court the week before, well outside of the rule’s operative time
frame. If Morris was unaware of the subpoena, the reason was oversight. In any
event, as discussed, no violation of RCr 7.26(1) occurred.

                                           6
focused on whether Donnie could provide the police with information to help

them apprehend Morris. The phone call was short and culminated in Donnie

relaying a phone number which the officers “pinged” in an attempt to locate

Morris.

      By its terms, RCr 7.26(1) is inapplicable. First, a recording, obviously, is

not a document subject to signing. RCr 7.26(1)(a). Secondly, the recording

was not or “purport[] to be a substantially verbatim statement made by”

Donnie. RCr 7.26(1)(b). The Commonwealth is not required to create evidence

in a form the defense might wish to have. See Yates v. Commonwealth, 958
S.W.2d 306, 308 (Ky. 1997) (holding RCr 7.26(1) only requires production of

statements; no requirement limits testimony to the four corners of a

document). No discovery violation occurred as to Donnie’s testimony.

      2.     Charles Kirk’s Testimony.

      Kirk was the maintenance man at the apartment complex where Bouland

was shot. Kirk was called to testify that the apartment complex had video

cameras fitted to certain, high traffic areas of the complex. No cameras,

however, were positioned in a way which would have captured the attack.

Morris argues that the Commonwealth failed to include Kirk in its original

witness list and failed to provide him with a written statement of Kirk’s

testimony prior to trial in violation of RCr 7.26(1).

      Morris does not argue, and the record does not support, that the

Commonwealth had a written or recorded statement of Kirk’s anticipated

testimony. Again, RCr 7.26(1) is simply inapplicable.

                                         7
          B. Motions for Directed Verdict: Tampering with Physical
             Evidence and Assault in the First Degree.

      Following the Commonwealth’s proof, Morris moved generally for a

directed verdict. Morris did not call any witnesses and again moved generally

for directed verdict. As to these directed verdict motions, the Commonwealth

argues they are improperly preserved for appellate review due to the lack of

specific grounds. CR5 50.01. We agree.

      In the recent case of Ray v. Commonwealth, we held:

      [I]n order to preserve an alleged directed verdict issue for appeal,
      criminal defendants must: (1) move for a directed verdict at the
      close of the Commonwealth's evidence; (2) renew the same directed
      verdict motion at the close of all the evidence, unless the defendant
      does not present any evidence; and identify the particular
      charge the Commonwealth failed to prove, and must identify
      the particular elements of that charge the Commonwealth
      failed to prove. Criminal defendants may move for directed
      verdict on one count of a multiple count indictment without
      rendering the alleged error unpreserved; defendants are not
      required to move for directed verdict on any lesser included
      offenses to a particular charge in order to preserve the issue; and,
      nor are they required to object to instructing the jury on that
      particular charge to preserve the alleged directed verdict error.

611 S.W.3d 250, 266 (Ky. 2020) (emphasis added). Morris’s failure to identify

the particular charge or the particular elements of that charge necessitates the

conclusion that this error is not preserved.

      5   Kentucky Rules of Civil Procedure.

                                               8
       Because Morris’s reply brief requests palpable error review pursuant to

the standard set forth in RCr 10.26, we will review these alleged errors under

that standard:

       Under RCr 10.26, an unpreserved error may generally be noticed
       on appeal if the error is palpable and if it affects the substantial
       rights of a party. Even then, relief is appropriate only upon a
       determination that manifest injustice resulted from the error. For
       an error to rise to the level of palpable, it must be easily
       perceptible, plain, obvious and readily noticeable.

Martin v. Commonwealth, 409 S.W.3d 340, 344 (Ky. 2013) (internal quotations

omitted).6

       1.     Tampering with Physical Evidence Conviction.

       KRS7 524.100(1) establishes the necessary elements to sustain a

conviction for tampering with physical evidence:

       (1) A person is guilty of tampering with physical evidence when,
       believing that an official proceeding is pending or may be instituted,
       he:

       6Regarding the Commonwealth’s assertion that summary affirmance is
necessary due to Morris’s failure to request palpable error in his initial appellate brief,
we have stated,
       CR 76.12(1) and 76.12(4)(e) permit the appellant to file a reply brief
       “confined to points raised in the briefs to which they are addressed.”
       Generally, an appellant is not obliged to anticipate that the
       Commonwealth will challenge preservation, and once it does he is free
       under the rule to reply to the Commonwealth’s point by arguing that,
       even if unpreserved, the error is one that may be noticed as palpable.
       The Commonwealth, of course, may argue in its appellee’s brief not only
       that the alleged error is unpreserved but also that it does not warrant
       palpable error relief. It is neither unfair to the Commonwealth nor
       unduly burdensome to expect it to use that opportunity to address as
       fully as it deems necessary an issue it has raised.”
Commonwealth v. Jones, 283 S.W.3d 665, 670 (Ky. 2009). Here, the Commonwealth
anticipated a claim of palpable error in reply and so addressed palpable error in its
brief.
       7   Kentucky Revised Statutes.

                                             9
      (a) Destroys, mutilates, conceals, removes or alters physical
      evidence which he believes is about to be produced or used in the
      official proceeding with intent to impair its verity or availability in
      the official proceeding; or

      (b) Fabricates any physical evidence with intent that it be introduced
      in the official proceeding or offers any physical evidence, knowing it
      to be fabricated or altered.

We have explained that while KRS 524.100(1) may be broadly interpreted, the

Commonwealth is not free to “bootstrap a tampering charge onto another

charge” as punishment for its own investigatory failures. Mullins v.

Commonwealth, 350 S.W.3d 434, 444 (Ky. 2011). In Mullins, the

Commonwealth asserted that the defendant was guilty of tampering with

physical evidence “based on evidence he removed the murder weapon from the

crime scene.” Id. at 442. At trial, however, the testimony presented by the

Commonwealth only established that the defendant was the shooter, that he

got into a vehicle after committing the crime with a shiny object in his pocket

and commanded the accomplice to “drive.” Ultimately, the police failed to

conduct a search for the weapon until months after the crime, making the

eyewitness testimony of the “shiny object” the only evidence upon which the

tampering charge could be supported. Id. The Mullins court continued:

      The evidence presented indicates that the gun was on Appellant’s
      person from the time [the victim] was shot until he entered [the
      accomplice’s] car and told him to drive away, and nothing more.
      Appellant’s walking away from the scene with the gun is not enough
      to support a tampering charge without evidence of some additional
      act demonstrating an intent to conceal.

                                        10
Id.8 Finally, the Mullins court concluded that the defendant was fleeing

the scene and that “[t]he fact he carried the gun away from the scene

with him was merely tangential to the continuation of that crime[]” and

that the police’s failure to find the weapon was not itself evidence of

tampering, because the act failed to satisfy KRS 524.100(1)’s requirement

of intentionality. Id. at 443–44.9

      As with Mullins, the Commonwealth in this case relies upon the

testimony of three individuals to support the trial court’s denial of a

directed verdict. However, none of the three witnesses positively

identified Morris, or could state with any certainty whether the item they

believed to be in his pocket was a weapon. The first two individuals,

Christopher Jackson and Mary Collins, testified that they witnessed an

African-American male, likely in his thirties, wearing baggy sweatpants.

Both witnesses stated that the man appeared to be limping and holding

something in his pocket. Neither witness could identify the color of the

man’s clothing, and neither saw the man carrying a weapon. Finally,

Detective Farmer testified that he received an anonymous phone call

      8 The Mullins court, additionally, noted that when a crime takes place, the
perpetrator will almost always leave the scene with evidence. If such behavior was
criminalized, the Court reasoned, the result would be an impermissible “piling on.” Id.
at 443.
      9 Morris’s behavior can be juxtaposed with the behavior of the defendant in
Hunter v. Commonwealth, 587 S.W.3d 298, 311 (Ky. 2019). The Court in that case
upheld a conviction for tampering with physical evidence where the defendant, while
being chased by police, threw the weapon in his pocket into the backyard of a home he
was running by while attempting to avoid capture. Id.

                                          11
from someone who purported to know the location of the weapon Morris

allegedly used to shoot Bouland. However, when police searched the

location, they were unable to recover the handgun.10

      Morris’s case is identical to Mullins in all material respects with

regards to the tampering charge. Given law enforcement’s failure to

locate the gun, that no witness could identify Morris or state with

certainty the man they saw was concealing a weapon, and clear case law

to the contrary, convicting Morris of tampering with physical evidence

amounts to palpable error. See Commonwealth v. Benham, 816 S.W.2d
186, 187 (Ky. 1991) (holding that “if under the evidence as a whole, it

would be clearly unreasonable for a jury to find guilt, only then the

defendant is entitled to a directed verdict of acquittal.”).

      2.    Conviction for assault in the first degree.

      KRS 508.010(1)(a) defines assault in the first degree when “[h]e

intentionally causes serious physical injury to another person by means of a

deadly weapon or a dangerous instrument[.]” “Serious physical injury” is

defined as a “physical injury which creates substantial risk of death or causes

serious and prolonged disfigurement, prolonged impairment of health, or

      10 The record is similarly devoid of any mention of Morris’s accomplice and
getaway driver. We are not aware of any evidence that police sought the individual
out, and no evidence exists that they searched for the individual’s vehicle. Instead,
the police search ended when Morris turned himself in, with all evidence presented at
trial appearing to have been collected the day of the shooting.

                                         12
prolonged loss or impairment of the function of any bodily organ.”11 KRS

500.080(15). The injury’s potential to become serious is not enough, the harm

must be realized. Anderson v. Commonwealth, 352 S.W.3d 577, 581 (Ky.

2011). Notably, while expert medical testimony is often helpful in establishing

“serious physical injury,” victims are presumed competent to provide testimony

as to their own injuries, and the jury must evaluate that testimony. Brooks v.

Commonwealth, 114 S.W.3d 818, 824 (Ky. 2003); see also McDaniel v.

Commonwealth, 415 S.W.3d 643, 661 (Ky. 2013) (discussing the definition of

“serious physical injury”); Anderson, 352 S.W.3d at 582 (holding that no

serious physical injury occurred when victim suffered a facial laceration,

requiring stitches, but no hospital stay). In Anderson, we explicitly held that

conviction for first-degree assault “when there is a failure of proof on an

element of the crime is a violation of Due Process and thus a manifest injustice

pursuant to RCr 10.26.” Id. at 583.

      The thrust of Morris’s argument is that, because the Commonwealth

failed to call expert medical testimony, and since Bouland did not suffer

prolonged physical harm or disfigurement, that the trial court erred by

instructing the jury on assault in the first degree. We disagree.

      Morris’s reliance on McDaniel and Anderson is misplaced because he fails

to account for, or at the very least take seriously, the implications of Bouland’s

testimony. At trial, Bouland testified that she was struck three times, once in

      11 KRS 500.080(13) defines “physical injury” as “substantial physical pain or

any impairment of physical condition[.]”

                                          13
her calf, once in her arm, and finally once in her knee. Bouland’s testimony

detailed her fear of bleeding out (supported by Officer Kimbro’s bodycam

recording, in which substantial streaks of blood were visible), and finally that

she had to be airlifted to Vanderbilt hospital, where she stayed for four days.

Contrasting Bouland’s testimony with that of the victims in McDaniel and

Anderson is instructive. In McDaniel, the victim suffered a single gunshot

wound to the hand. 415 S.W.3d at 661. The victim’s testimony did not detail

whether the victim suffered from blood loss, or any other circumstances which

could have resulted in conviction on assault in the first degree by a reasonable

jury. Id. Similarly, in Anderson, the victim’s facial laceration only required

sutures, but no other hospital care. 352 S.W.3d at 582. Morris’s reliance on

the fact that Bouland did not suffer prolonged effects from her wounds simply

does not account for the entirety of her injuries.

      Finally, we are compelled to reiterate the pivotal role the jury played in

evaluating the extent and severity of Bouland’s injuries. In this case, the jury

was instructed as to both assault in the first and second degree. The jury was

in the best position to weigh Bouland’s testimony regarding her initial injuries

against the evidence of her recovery. We have long held that where the

evidence could lead reasonable jurors to different conclusions, the trial court

usurps that responsibility from the jury when relevant instructions are not

given. Swan v. Commonwealth, 384 S.W.3d 77, 101 (Ky. 2012). Consequently,

we find no palpable error in the trial court’s ruling.

                                        14
       C. Sentencing Phase Error under KRS 532.055.

      As a threshold matter, Morris failed to preserve his KRS 532.055

challenge for appellate review. Morris requests palpable error review pursuant

to RCr 10.26 and KRE12 103.13

      During the penalty phase of a trial, The Commonwealth is permitted to

present the jury with the defendant’s “prior convictions,” whether the

convictions are felonies or misdemeanors. KRS 532.055(2)(a)(1). The

Commonwealth violates the plain language of the statute in introducing

dismissed or amended charges. Blane v. Commonwealth, 364 S.W.3d 140, 152

(Ky. 2012), abrogated on other grounds by Roe v. Commonwealth, 493 S.W.3d
814 (Ky. 2015). As the Court discussed in Chavies v. Commonwealth,

committing an error does not necessarily require reversal. 354 S.W.3d 103,

114–16 (Ky. 2011), abrogated on other grounds by Roe v. Commonwealth, 493
S.W.3d 814 (Ky. 2015). In Chavies, the Court determined that the

Commonwealth committed an error by introducing a prior dismissed

indictment during the penalty phase of trial. Id. at 114–15. The Court denied

that the error was palpable because the Commonwealth only introduced an

      12   Kentucky Rules of Evidence.
      13   KRE 103(e) reads:
      Palpable error. A palpable error in applying the Kentucky Rules of
      Evidence which affects the substantial rights of a party may be
      considered by a trial court on motion for a new trial or by an appellate
      court on appeal, even though insufficiently raised or preserved for review,
      and appropriate relief may be granted upon a determination that
      manifest injustice has resulted from the error.

                                          15
indictment, did not emphasize the indictment during closing testimony, and

Chavies did not receive the maximum sentence for his convictions. Id. at 115.

      Morris’s position is functionally identical to Chavies’s, that mention

during the penalty phase of an indicted charged, assault in the first degree,

subsequently amended to assault in the second degree, was error. This

information was provided to the jury when James Utley, the Commonwealth’s

probation and parole witness, mentioned the indicted charge. Utley’s

comment, however, was unprovoked, and appears to have been made in

passing when the Commonwealth inquired about Morris’s prior conviction.

The Commonwealth did not mention the charge again, and relied only on

Morris’s conviction for assault in the second degree during its closing

statements of the penalty phase. Notably, and despite Morris’s protestation to

the contrary, he did not receive the maximum penalty for his convictions.

Consequently, the jury could just as likely have relied on some combination of

the Commonwealth’s argument that Morris only stopped attacking Bouland

because he emptied his magazine and that his behavior reflected an increase in

the violence of his crimes. Therefore, in light of these facts we do not find that

palpable error occurred.

       D. Hearsay and Bolstering.

      Morris’s argument regarding hearsay concerns are two-fold. Morris

alleges that Officer Tony Kimbro and Detective Brent Farmer’s statements

regarding Bouland’s identification of Morris as the shooter was “investigative

hearsay” and that they, along with several other witnesses, impermissibly

                                        16
bolstered Bouland’s identification of Morris as the shooter. The claim also

relates to Gary Medina’s testimony, although our review of the record does not

indicate that Medina knew Morris prior to the incident and thus his testimony

was general as to the events he observed. The Commonwealth disputes

Morris’s characterization of Kimbro’s and Farmer’s testimony, claiming that the

testimony was necessary to account for the police’s investigative decision-

making following the shooting. Morris concedes that his hearsay argument

was not preserved and requests palpable error review. RCr 10.26.

      From the outset, we note that “investigative hearsay” is a misleading and

non-descriptive term. When officers testify at trial they are subject to the same

hearsay rules laid out in KRE 801A, 802, 803, and 804. Ruiz v.

Commonwealth, 471 S.W.3d 675, 680–82 (Ky. 2015).14 Testimony, whether

coming from the officers, the victim, the defendant, or any other witnesses, are

treated alike. “Hearsay” is “a statement, other than one made by the declarant

while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of

the matter asserted.” KRE 801(c), Ruiz 471 S.W.3d at 681. When the

challenged out-of-court statement is only relevant and probative to prove the

truth of the matter asserted then its introduction is governed by the hearsay

rule. Id. In contrast, when the out-of-court statement’s probative value is

      14 See also McDaniel v. Commonwealth, 415 S.W.3d 643, 652-53 (Ky. 2013)
(providing a thorough history and explanation of “investigative hearsay” and why we
have rejected the notion).

                                         17
independent from the truthfulness of the statement, no hearsay has occurred.
Id. at 681. Put more plainly,

      when the reason that a witness has taken certain actions is an issue
      in the case, an out-of-court statement that tends to explain that
      action would not be hearsay because it is not offered “to prove the
      truth of the matter asserted.” Rather, it is offered to explain the
      action that was taken and has relevance regardless of whether the
      statement was true or false.
Id. at 682.

       With regards to Morris’s bolstering charge, the law is clear that a

“witness may not vouch for the truthfulness of another witness.” Id. at 683

(citations omitted). Instead, bolstering testimony is only appropriate where the

witness’s credibility has been attacked. Tackett v. Commonwealth, 445 S.W.3d
20, 33 (Ky. 2014) (citing Brown v. Commonwealth, 313 S.W.3d 577, 628 (Ky.

2010)).

       Morris’s allegations of impermissible hearsay and bolstering fail because

his analysis is incomplete. While Morris now identifies instances in which

Kimbro’s and Farmer’s testimony amounted to hearsay, he fails to identify how

those errors fall within the contours of the palpable error rule. Bouland and

Medina both testified at length and were subject to rigorous cross-examination,

during which Morris attempted to impeach their accounts. In addition,

throughout the trial, Morris took issue with the investigative thoroughness of

the officers. Morris claims that his theory of misidentification precluded the

officers (and the bevy of other witnesses) from relaying their conversations with

Bouland and Medina to the jury. However, even if we take Morris at his word,

                                       18
that his defense was misidentification, and not the credibility of the two

eyewitness accounts, the officers’ decisions following the shooting would still be

material because their failure to investigate would have resulted in the wrong

man being brought before the jury. Consequently, the jury was entitled to

understand the context of the officers’ decisions, as they related to Bouland

and Medina, and as they related to the other witness accounts. Under these

circumstances we do not believe errors occurred. And, even if errors did occur,

they were not obvious and certainly did not result in manifest injustice.

      E. Prosecutorial Misconduct.

      Morris’s final challenge is that the Commonwealth’s closing

argument denigrated his counsel and was unduly prejudicial. Once

again, Morris has failed to preserve this challenge, and so we review for

palpable error. RCr 10.26. As stated in Morris’s brief, the

Commonwealth’s closing included, the following:

      [defense counsel] is an excellent attorney. She has done a good job
      of asking questions about the investigation. This is a defense tactic
      and she’s good at it. She’s trying to get you to look over here. She
      said it multiple times-what wasn’t… anything to get you not to look
      at evidence that points to her client.

Morris mischaracterizes the Commonwealth’s statement because he fails to

capture the context within which the above quoted language occurred. The

Commonwealth was responding to Morris’s charge that the investigation was

lax and led to his misidentification as the perpetrator. In doing so, the

Commonwealth reiterated that while Morris was rightfully questioning the

investigation, the jury’s role was not to “grade the investigation” like a school

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exam, but to determine whether the Commonwealth had met its burden of

proof, despite the alleged investigative deficiencies.

      This Court has long held that during closing arguments, attorneys “may

comment on tactics, may comment on evidence, and may comment as to the

falsity of the [opposing side’s] position.” Stopher v. Commonwealth, 57 S.W.3d
787, 806 (Ky. 2001) (citing Slaughter v. Commonwealth, 744 S.W.2d 407, 412

(Ky. 1987)). While Morris correctly states that prosecutors must “stay within

the record and avoid abuse of the defendants and their counsel[,]” he has failed

to identify how the Commonwealth ran afoul in his case. Caudill v.

Commonwealth, 374 S.W.3d 301, 309 (Ky. 2012) (quoting Whitaker v.

Commonwealth, 298 Ky. 442, 443, 183 S.W.2d 18 (1944)). Consequently, we

find no prosecutorial misconduct in the Commonwealth’s closing remarks.

                                 III.   CONCLUSION.

      For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the Graves Circuit Court is

affirmed; excepting that we reverse the conviction of tampering with physical

evidence and remand the case to the Graves Circuit Court to enter judgment in

accordance with this opinion.

      All sitting. All concur.

COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT:

Kathleen Kallaher Schmidt
Jennifer Leigh Wade
Department of Public Advocacy

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COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE:

Daniel J. Cameron
Attorney General of Kentucky

Robert Lee Baldridge
Assistant Attorney General

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