Court Opinion

ID: 2978268
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 18:22:32.82429+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:44:11.529698
License: Public Domain

RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                              Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                      File Name: 09a0320p.06

                 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                  FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                    _________________

                                                 X
                           Plaintiff-Appellee, -
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                  -
                                                  -
                                                  -
                                                       No. 07-4307
          v.
                                                  ,
                                                   >
                                                  -
                        Defendant-Appellant. -
 ANTONIO WYNN,
                                                  -
                                                 N
                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                  for the Northern District of Ohio at Cleveland.
                No. 07-00054—Donald C. Nugent, District Judge.
                                     Argued: June 16, 2009
                            Decided and Filed: September 2, 2009
                                                                                       *
             Before: MOORE, GIBBONS, and FRIEDMAN, Circuit Judges.

                                      _________________

                                           COUNSEL
ARGUED:       Jonathan Witmer-Rich, OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC
DEFENDER, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellant. Gregory C. Sasse, ASSISTANT UNITED
STATES ATTORNEY, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Jonathan Witmer-
Rich, OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER, Cleveland, Ohio, for
Appellant. Gregory C. Sasse, ASSISTANT UNITED STATES ATTORNEY,
Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellee.
     MOORE, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which GIBBONS, J., joined.
FRIEDMAN, J. (pp. 16-21), delivered a separate opinion dissenting in part.

        *
         The Honorable Daniel M. Friedman, Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the
Federal Circuit, sitting by designation.

                                                  1
No. 07-4307         United States v. Wynn                                            Page 2

                                  _________________

                                        OPINION
                                  _________________

        KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge. Defendant-Appellant Antonio Wynn
(“Wynn”) appeals his 235-month sentence resulting from a guilty plea, pursuant to a
written plea agreement, to one count of possession with intent to distribute five grams
or more of crack cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) & (b)(1)(B). Wynn’s sole
argument on appeal is that, in light of the Supreme Court’s recent decision in Begay v.
United States, --- U.S. ----, 128 S. Ct. 1581 (2008), the district court erred in concluding
that Wynn’s guilty plea to “sexual battery” under Ohio Rev. Code § 2907.03 was a
“crime of violence” for purposes of determining that Wynn was a career offender. For
the reasons discussed below, we VACATE Wynn’s sentence and REMAND to the
district court for the limited purpose of resentencing Wynn after determining whether
Wynn qualifies as a career offender in light of Begay.

                            I. FACTS AND PROCEDURE

        The underlying facts of this case are not in dispute. On December 30, 2006,
Cleveland police officers stopped Wynn’s car for speeding and changing lanes without
signaling. During the stop, police noticed a plastic bag containing a white substance,
later identified as crack cocaine, in plain view. Wynn was arrested, and the police
discovered more crack cocaine upon a search of the car. All told, Wynn possessed 44.7
grams of crack cocaine at the time of his arrest.

        Wynn was indicted and, pursuant to a written plea agreement, Wynn pleaded
guilty to one count of possession with intent to distribute five grams or more of crack
cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) & (b)(1)(B), on August 1, 2007. Prior to
pleading guilty, Wynn consented to a pre-plea Presentence Investigation Report
(“PSR”), which was prepared and updated prior to the sentencing hearing.

        The updated PSR calculated Wynn’s adjusted offense level to be 30, and then
applied the career-offender enhancement under the U.S. SENTENCING GUIDELINES
No. 07-4307        United States v. Wynn                                           Page 3

MANUAL (“U.S.S.G.”) § 4B1.1 for a total offense level of 37. The PSR based the
§ 4B1.1 enhancement on two prior convictions: (1) “Assault on [a] Peace Officer” and
(2) a plea of guilty to “Sexual Battery” in violation of Ohio Rev. Code § 2907.03. PSR
¶ 19. The PSR described the latter offense as follows:

       According to an August 2001 Cuyahoga County Adult Probation
       Department presentence report, the following is known: On October 21,
       2000, at 4:00 a.m. the defendant, his friend, and his friend’s girlfriend
       went to the home of the girlfriend’s 16-year-old female cousin, after a
       night of drinking. The juvenile girl went upstairs to lay down, and the
       defendant followed her into her bedroom. After a brief conversation, the
       defendant started rubbing the girl’s leg, but she told him to stop. He
       initially stopped, however, he began touching her again as she tried to
       leave the room. The defendant forced the girl onto her bed and removed
       her clothes. The girl screamed, and the defendant placed his hand over
       her mouth. She told the defendant that she could not breath[e], and he
       removed his hand. The defendant then opened the girl’s legs and
       inserted his penis into her vagina. After the defendant finished moving,
       the girl got up and told her cousin what happened.
PSR ¶ 34. The PSR assigned Wynn a criminal history category of VI, which, coupled
with a total offense level of 37, resulted in an advisory guidelines range of 360 months
to life imprisonment. Wynn’s counsel filed a sentencing memorandum that argued for
a downward variance from the guidelines range, but did not object to any factual
assertions in the PSR or to the finding that Wynn was a career offender.

       After reviewing the PSR, the district court determined that the correctly
calculated total offense level was 37; however, the court awarded a three-point reduction
for acceptance of responsibility for a total offense level of 34, reducing the guidelines
range to 262 to 327 months of imprisonment. The district court further noted that Wynn
was a career offender but that “because of [Wynn’s] forthrightness, [and Wynn’s]
willingness to help,” it would treat Wynn’s final total offense level as a 33, with a
criminal history category of VI. Record (“R.”) at 29 (09/18/07 Sent. Hr’g Tr. at 11).
This produced a guidelines range of 235 to 293 months. The district court sentenced
Wynn to 235 months of imprisonment. Wynn timely appealed this sentence.
No. 07-4307           United States v. Wynn                                                     Page 4

                                          II. ANALYSIS

         Wynn’s sole contention on appeal is that, in light of Begay v. United States, ---
U.S. ----, 128 S. Ct. 1581 (2008), the district court erred in imposing the U.S.S.G.
§ 4B1.1(a) career-offender enhancement to his sentence because his conviction under
Ohio Rev. Code § 2907.03 is not a “crime of violence” under the Begay test. Wynn
asserts that, without this enhancement, his total offense level would have been 27, with
a criminal history category of VI, for a guidelines range of 130 to 162 months.1 As
explained below, we conclude that we must vacate Wynn’s sentence in light of Begay.

A. Standard of Review

         After the Supreme Court’s decision in United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220
(2005), we review sentences “for reasonableness—including for procedural error in the
calculation of the guideline range such as defendant asserts in this case.” United States
v. Bartee, 529 F.3d 357, 358 (6th Cir. 2008) (citing Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38,
128 S. Ct. 586, 596 (2007)). Thus, when reviewing a district court’s sentencing
determination, we must “ensure that the district court committed no significant
procedural error, such as failing to calculate (or improperly calculating) the Guidelines
range, treating the Guidelines as mandatory, failing to consider the § 3553(a) factors,
selecting a sentence based on clearly erroneous facts, or failing to adequately explain the
chosen sentence.” Gall, 128 S. Ct. at 597. We review de novo the district court’s
determination that a prior conviction is a “crime of violence” under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1.
United States v. Hargrove, 416 F.3d 486, 494 (6th Cir. 2005).

B. Career-Offender Status

         “A defendant is a career offender if (1) the defendant was at least eighteen years
old at the time the defendant committed the instant offense of conviction; (2) the instant

         1
           Wynn further notes that under the current version of the U.S.S.G., his guidelines range would
be 110 to 137 months. Wynn Br. at 4. However, Wynn does not account for the ten-year mandatory-
minimum sentence applicable to his conviction. See PSR ¶ 60; Record on Appeal (“ROA”) at 26 (Plea
Agreement at 2). This statutory minimum is based on Wynn’s prior conviction for a drug offense. ROA
at 21-22 (Information Regarding Prior Conviction).
No. 07-4307             United States v. Wynn                                                         Page 5

offense of conviction is a felony that is either a crime of violence or a controlled
substance offense; and (3) the defendant has at least two prior felony convictions of
either a crime of violence or a controlled substance offense.” U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1(a).
Wynn does not contest the fact that requirements one and two are met; rather, Wynn
asserts that he does not have the two predicate “crime of violence” convictions necessary
to be a career offender because, in light of the Supreme Court’s decision in Begay, his
conviction under Ohio Rev. Code § 2907.03 is not a “crime of violence.”

         A prior conviction constitutes a “crime of violence” if the crime was “punishable
by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year,” and

         (1) has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of
             physical force against the person of another, or
         (2) is burglary of a dwelling, arson, or extortion, involves use of
             explosives, or otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious
             potential risk of physical injury to another.
U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a) (emphasis added).

         To determine whether a prior conviction constitutes a “crime of violence,” we
must apply the categorical approach expressed in Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575
(1990), and expanded to convictions based on guilty pleas in Shepard v. United States,
544 U.S. 13 (2005).2 See, e.g., United States v. Arnold, 58 F.3d 1117, 1121 (6th Cir.
1995); Bartee, 529 F.3d at 359. “Under this categorical approach, the court must look
only to the fact of conviction and the statutory definition—not the facts underlying the
offense—to determine whether that definition supports a conclusion that the conviction
was for a crime of violence.”3 Bartee, 529 F.3d at 359 (emphasis added) (citing United
States v. Armstead, 467 F.3d 943, 947 (6th Cir. 2006)); see also Taylor, 495 U.S. at 602
(holding that a court is required to “look only to the fact of conviction and the statutory

         2
          Although Taylor, Shepard, and Begay all involved the definition of “violent felony” under the
Armed Career Criminal Act, we have repeatedly applied the analysis espoused in these opinions “to the
parallel determination of whether a prior conviction constitutes a ‘crime of violence’ under USSG
§ 4B1.2(a).” Bartee, 529 F.3d at 359.
         3
           The government misquotes this phrase in its brief. Gov’t Br. at 12 (“The categorical approach
established in Taylor requires that a court look to the ‘facts of conviction’ and to the ‘statutory definition’
of the offense when analyzing the ‘crime of violence’ question.” (emphasis added)).
No. 07-4307           United States v. Wynn                                        Page 6

definition of the prior offense” when determining if a prior conviction constitutes a
“violent felony” under the Armed Career Criminal Act (emphasis added)); Begay, 128
S. Ct. at 1584 (“[W]e consider the offense generically, that is to say, we examine it in
terms of how the law defines the offense and not in terms of how an individual offender
might have committed it on a particular occasion.”). There is, however, an exception to
the categorical approach: “[W]hen the statutory definition [of the prior crime to which
the defendant pleaded guilty] is ambiguous . . . the court may examine . . . ‘the terms of
the charging document, the terms of a plea agreement or transcript of colloquy between
judge and defendant in which the factual basis for the plea was confirmed by the
defendant, or to some comparable judicial record of this information.’” Bartee, 529 F.3d
at 359 (quoting Shepard, 544 U.S. at 26).

       Given this framework and the facts in the record, we must answer two questions
to resolve the instant appeal. First, is a generic conviction under Ohio Rev. Code
§ 2907.03 categorically a “crime of violence”? Because we conclude that the answer to
this question is “no,” we must next determine whether the district court could
nevertheless conclude that Wynn’s conviction under § 2907.03 constitutes a “crime of
violence” by using the factual recitation of the crime provided in the PSR. Because we
also conclude that the answer to this question is “no,” we must vacate Wynn’s sentence.

       1. Is a Generic Conviction under Ohio Rev. Code § 2907.03 Categorically
          a “Crime of Violence”?
       At the time of Wynn’s conviction, Ohio Rev. Code § 2907.03 criminalized the
following activity:

       (A) No person shall engage in sexual conduct with another, not the
           spouse of the offender, when any of the following apply:
              (1)     The offender knowingly coerces the other person to
                      submit by any means that would prevent resistance by
                      a person of ordinary resolution.
              (2)     The offender knows that the other person’s ability to
                      appraise the nature of or control the other person’s own
                      conduct is substantially impaired.
No. 07-4307         United States v. Wynn                                       Page 7

              (3)   The offender knows that the other person submits
                    because the other person is unaware that the act is being
                    committed.
              (4)   The offender knows that the other person submits
                    because the other person mistakenly identifies the
                    offender as the other person’s spouse.
              (5)   The offender is the other person’s natural or adoptive
                    parent, or a stepparent, or guardian, custodian, or
                    person in loco parentis of the other person.
              (6)   The other person is in custody of law or a patient in a
                    hospital or other institution, and the offender has
                    supervisory or disciplinary authority over the other
                    person.
              (7)   The offender is a teacher, administrator, coach, or other
                    person in authority employed by or serving in a school
                    for which the state board of education prescribes
                    minimum standards pursuant to division (D) of section
                    3301.07 of the Revised Code, the other person is
                    enrolled in or attends that school, and the offender is
                    not enrolled in and does not attend that school.
              (8)   The other person is a minor, the offender is a teacher,
                    administrator, coach, or other person in authority
                    employed by or serving in an institution of higher
                    education, and the other person is enrolled in or attends
                    that institution.
              (9)   The other person is a minor, and the offender is the
                    other person’s athletic or other type of coach, is the
                    other person’s instructor, is the leader of a scouting
                    troop of which the other person is a member, or is a
                    person with temporary or occasional disciplinary
                    control over the other person.
Ohio Rev. Code § 2907.03(A) (2001). There is no indication in the record as to the
subsection of § 2907.03(A) to which Wynn pleaded guilty. Thus, we must initially
review § 2907.03(A) in its entirety to determine if, categorically, generic convictions
under § 2907.03(A) are “crimes of violence.”

       We have previously noted that, “[a]s statutorily defined, sexual battery [under
§ 2907.03] simply does not require the use, attempted use, or threatened use of force.
No. 07-4307            United States v. Wynn                                                      Page 8

Rather, the crime is complete upon using any coercive means to induce the victim to
engage in sexual conduct with the perpetrator.” United States v. Mack, 8 F.3d 1109,
1112 (6th Cir. 1993) (“Mack I”), vacated and superseded on rehearing on other grounds
by United States v. Mack, 53 F.3d 126 (6th Cir. 1995) (“Mack II”). Moreover, “sexual
battery” is not one of the enumerated crimes listed in U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a); thus, we can
conclude that “sexual battery” is a “crime of violence” only if we determine that “sexual
battery” is encompassed by the “otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious
potential risk of physical injury to another” clause of § 4B1.2(a)(2) (hereafter referred
to as the “otherwise” clause). U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2(a)(2).

         We held just that in Mack II. Relying on our opinion in United States v.
Kaplansky, 42 F.3d 320 (6th Cir. 1994) (en banc), the Mack II panel concluded that
“sexual battery as defined in Ohio Rev. Code § 2907.03 categorically qualifies as a
‘violent felony’ under” the “otherwise” clause of the ACCA—a determination parallel
to the determination whether a conviction is a “crime of violence”—because § 2907.03
carries with it “a serious ‘potential’ for violence.” Mack II, 53 F.3d at 128.4

         The law has changed since Mack II, however. In Begay, the Supreme Court
considered whether a New Mexico driving-under-the-influence (“DUI”) statute was
encompassed by the “otherwise” clause of the ACCA and was thus a “violent felony.”
Begay, 128 S. Ct. at 1584. In rejecting such a characterization, the Court assumed that
DUI carries “a serious potential risk of physical injury to another,” but concluded that
such a fact was not enough to categorize the crime as a “violent felony” under the
“otherwise” clause. Id. at 1584-86. Rather, as we have previously explained, the
Supreme Court determined that a crime is encompassed by the “otherwise” clause if it
is “similar in both kind and in degree of risk to the enumerated examples—burglary of
a dwelling, arson, extortion, or crimes involving the use of explosives.” Bartee, 529

         4
           There is some authority in this circuit that suggests that Mack II’s holding was limited to
§ 2907.03(A)(3) and (4). Hargrove, 416 F.3d at 495. Hargrove, however, contains no analysis regarding
how it determined that Mack II is so limited. Id. Indeed, such a holding seems contrary to Mack II’s
blanket declaration that “sexual battery as defined in Ohio Rev. Code § 2907.03 categorically qualifies as
a ‘violent felony’ under” the “otherwise” clause. Mack II, 53 F.3d at 128. Because we conclude that a
generic conviction under § 2907.03 is not categorically a “crime of violence,” the propriety of Hargrove’s
distinction is not significant.
No. 07-4307         United States v. Wynn                                             Page 9
F.3d at 363. The Begay Court stressed that “burglary, arson, extortion, and crimes
involving the use of explosives[—t]he listed crimes[—]all typically involve purposeful,
‘violent,’ and ‘aggressive’ conduct,” a trait that the DUI statute in question did not share.
Begay, 128 S. Ct. at 1586. Thus, to be alike in kind to the enumerated offenses, a crime
must be “alike in the ‘purposeful, violent, and aggressive’ nature of the conduct.”
Mosley v. United States, --- F.3d ---, 2009 WL 2176634, at *2 (6th Cir. 2009) (quoting
Begay, 128 S. Ct. at 1586).

        In light of Begay, our decision in Mack II is no longer good law. The Mack II
panel did not consider whether the crimes included in § 2907.03 were similar both in
kind (i.e., whether § 2907.03 crimes involve purposeful, violent, and aggressive conduct)
and in degree of risk to the enumerated crimes of burglary, arson, extortion, or crimes
involving explosives. After Begay, these inquiries must be performed when determining
whether an offense is categorically a “crime of violence” under the “otherwise” clause.
See Mosley, 2009 WL 2176634, at *2.

        Furthermore, applying the Begay test, we conclude that a generic conviction
under § 2907.03 is not categorically a “crime of violence” because some subsections of
§ 2907.03 can result in convictions for crimes that, while involving purposeful behavior,
do not involve aggressive and violent behavior.           For example, § 2907.03(A)(5)
criminalizes a consensual sexual encounter between a woman and her 21-year-old
adopted stepson. See State v. Lowe, 861 N.E.2d 512, 515 (Ohio 2007) (“Courts
examining R.C. 2907.03(A)(5) have found the statute clear and unambiguous in its
criminalization of all sexual conduct falling within its purview, regardless of a victim’s
age or consent.”). Such a consensual sexual act between adults would not be violent and
aggressive by nature, and thus would not be a “crime of violence” under the Begay test.

        Initially, in its brief, the government conceded this point. Gov’t Br. at 14 (noting
that when one applies the narrow Begay test to § 2907.03 as a whole, one easily
concludes that “some permutations of the Ohio crime of sexual battery, by definition, are
not categorically violent crimes”).      At oral argument, however, the government
attempted to revoke this concession and assert a new argument focused on the definition
No. 07-4307        United States v. Wynn                                          Page 10

of “forcible sex offenses” located in the commentary to U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2, the guidelines
provision pertaining to unlawful entry to the United States. The panel requested that the
government file a letter brief on the issue and that Wynn respond. After considering
these letter briefs, we are not persuaded by the government’s new argument.

       In its letter brief, the government observes that the commentary notes to § 2L1.2
and to § 4B1.2, which enumerate various per se “crimes of violence” applicable to the
term as used in each subsection, both list “forcible sex offenses” as “crimes of violence.”
Essentially, the government contends that these “forcible sex offenses” terms are
“analogous” and should be interpreted to encompass the same crimes. Gov’t Letter Br.
at 1. Moreover, the government asserts that § 2L1.2’s commentary “was amended in
November 2008 to define ‘forcible sex offenses’ as ‘including where consent to the
conduct is not given or is not legally valid, such as where consent to the conduct is
involuntary, incompetent, or coerced,’” and that “all convictions under . . . § 2907.03 (as
it existed in 2001 when Wynn was convicted under it) categorically fall within th[is]
definition of ‘forcible sex offenses.’” Id. Because we disagree with the government’s
initial premise, that “forcible sex offenses” under § 2L1.2 and § 4B1.2 should be read
to cover the same offenses, we reject the government’s argument.

       The commentary notes of both §§ 2L1.2 and 4B1.2 enumerate various offenses
that are per se “crimes of violence.” See U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2 cmt. n.1(B)(iii) (2008);
U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2 cmt. n.1 (2008). Prior to the November 2008 amendment, both such
sections included “forcible sex offenses” as an enumerated offense, without further
elaboration. See id. However, the 2008 amendment added language to the “forcible sex
offenses” term of § 2L1.2: “forcible sex offenses (including where consent to the
conduct is not given or is not legally valid, such as where consent to the conduct is
involuntary, incompetent, or coerced).” U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2 cmt. n.1(B)(iii) (2008)
(emphasis added). According to the Sentencing Commission, the purpose of this
amendment is to “clarif[y] the scope of the term ‘forcible sex offense’ as that term is
used in the definition of ‘crime of violence’ in § 2L1.2.” U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2 app. C,
amend. 722 (2008) (emphases added).
No. 07-4307           United States v. Wynn                                                 Page 11

        Section 4B1.2’s commentary did not receive such an amendment, even though
it was within the Sentencing Commission’s discretion so to amend that section. See
U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2 cmt. n.1 (2008). By arguing that we should apply § 2L1.2’s additional
language to § 4B1.2, the government asks us to treat § 4B1.2 as if it also were amended.
Given the fact that the Sentencing Commission failed to amend § 4B1.2 and that the
Commission specifically stated that the purpose of the 2008 amendment was to clarify
the scope of “forcible sex offenses” under § 2L1.2, the logical conclusion that we must
draw is that the Sentencing Commission did not intend for “forcible sex offenses” under
§ 4B1.2 to be defined the same way as “forcible sex offenses” under § 2L1.2. We will
not accept the government’s invitation to overrule this decision.

        Moreover, such differential treatment regarding the scope of “forcible sex
offenses” between the two sections is consistent with other differences in the sections.
Even before the 2008 amendment, § 2L1.2’s commentary included both “statutory rape”
and “sexual abuse of a minor” in its list of enumerated “crimes of violence,” while
§ 4B1.2 did not specifically list those crimes. See U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2 cmt. n.1(B)(iii)
(2007); U.S.S.G. § 4B1.2 cmt. n.1 (2007). Thus, § 2L1.2’s definition of “crime of
violence” has always expressly covered more sex crimes than § 4B1.2’s definition, and
there is nothing irrational about the Sentencing Commission’s decision to continue that
approach with the 2008 amendment adding language to § 2L1.2 alone. We therefore
reject the government’s argument and conclude that a generic conviction under Ohio
Rev. Code § 2907.03 does not qualify categorically as a “crime of violence” under
§ 4B1.2.5

        2. Could the District Court Conclude that Wynn’s Conviction Under Ohio
           Rev. Code § 2907.03 Constituted a “Crime of Violence” by Using the
           Factual Recitation in the PSR?
        Even though we have determined that we cannot say categorically that a
conviction under Ohio Rev. Code § 2907.03 is a “crime of violence,” this does not end
our inquiry. The government also asserts that, if convictions under § 2907.03(A) are not

        5
          We express no opinion regarding whether any individual subsection of § 2907.03 categorically
constitutes a “crime of violence” under § 4B1.2.
No. 07-4307         United States v. Wynn                                          Page 12

categorically “crimes of violence,” the statute is at least ambiguous and, applying the
Taylor/Shepard exception, the district court was permitted to look to the underlying facts
of the prior conviction, as detailed in the PSR (the only evidence in the record regarding
the prior conviction), to ascertain that Wynn was convicted under § 2907.03(A)(1),
which the government contends is categorically a “crime of violence.” Wynn counters
that factual recitations in a PSR “do not fall under Taylor’s ‘narrow exception,’ and that
the government’s attempt to use [the PSR] invites the very harm that Taylor sought to
prevent: re-litigation in the present judicial proceeding of the facts underlying the
defendant’s prior conviction.” Wynn Reply Br. at 3. We find Wynn’s argument
persuasive.

        The government’s argument is dependent on whether the factual recitation in a
PSR constitutes a “comparable judicial record” under Shepard that a district court can
consider in determining if a defendant’s prior conviction is a “crime of violence.” A
panel of this court has previously held, in a published opinion, that a district court’s use
of the factual description of a prior conviction contained in a PSR to determine if the
prior conviction is a “crime of violence” does “not adhere to the dictates of Taylor and
Shepard.” Bartee, 529 F.3d at 361. In Bartee, according to the amended information,
the defendant pleaded guilty to “sexual contact with another person, to-wit: Angela . . .
during the commission of another felony, to-wit: solicit[ing] minor for immoral
purposes.” Id. at 360 (alterations in original). The Bartee panel concluded that, in order
to determine that this conviction was for a “crime of violence” under the “otherwise”
clause, one necessarily had to consider the factual allegations contained in the PSR,
which explicitly noted that “Angela” was a minor when the defendant engaged in sexual
contact with her. Id. at 361. The Bartee panel noted that “the Court [in Shepard]
specifically rejected the government’s call to permit consideration of police reports and
criminal complaint applications to support a finding that the guilty plea could only have
been based on facts that would qualify the conviction as a ‘violent felony.’” Id. at 359-
60 (citing Shepard, 544 U.S. at 21). In vacating the defendant’s sentence, the panel
concluded that the factual descriptions contained in a PSR are “the sort of information
No. 07-4307            United States v. Wynn                                                       Page 13

that one might expect to find in a police report or application for criminal complaint.”
Bartee, 529 F.3d at 361.6

         We are bound by Bartee. Darrah v. City of Oak Park, 255 F.3d 301, 309 (6th
Cir. 2001) (“[A] panel of this Court cannot overrule the decision of another panel. The
prior decision remains controlling authority unless an inconsistent decision of the United
States Supreme Court requires modification of the decision or this Court sitting en banc
overrules the prior decision.” (internal quotation marks omitted)). Applying Bartee, we
conclude that it would be improper for the district court to rely on the factual recitations
in the PSR to determine that Wynn’s § 2907.03 conviction was for a “crime of violence.”

         The government attempts to minimize Bartee’s application to the current case by
contending that “[n]owhere in Bartee does it indicate whether the defendant objected to
the factual recitation in the Presentence Report.” Gov’t Br. at 15. Bartee suggests in a
footnote the possibility that the defendant did not object to the PSR. Bartee, 529 F.3d
at 361 n.4 (“Nor can we conclude that the error was harmless simply because the
defendant never denied that the prior conviction involved sexual contact with a minor.”
(emphasis added)). Further, even if the defendant in Bartee had objected to the factual
recitations of the PSR, the Bartee panel did not base its conclusion regarding the PSR
on such a fact. Instead, the Bartee panel compared the factual recitations in a PSR
generally to the information contained in a police report or like materials, concluding
that the PSR contained “the sort of information that one might expect to find in a police
report or application for criminal complaint.” Id. at 361. Moreover, such a holding,
declaring PSRs to be non-Shepard documents, is consistent with Shepard’s decree that
Taylor “require[s] that evidence of [a] generic conviction be confined to records of the
convicting court,” Shepard, 544 U.S. at 23, because a PSR prepared for a federal-
district-court sentencing can never be a record of a convicting state court.

         6
           Additionally, in United States v. Johnson, 308 F. App’x 968 (6th Cir. 2009), when considering
whether a conviction under Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-103 is a “crime of violence” under the “otherwise”
clause, the panel praised the district court’s treatment of the PSR: “Although the presentence report, which
is the only evidence in the record concerning this conviction, recounts the factual basis for the conviction,
the district court properly focused on the statutory definition in concluding that the offense otherwise
involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another.” Id. at 975 (emphasis
added) (internal quotation marks omitted).
No. 07-4307        United States v. Wynn                                         Page 14

       At oral argument, the government raised a new argument and contended that
everything said in Bartee regarding the use of a PSR as a Shepard document is dicta
because, in Bartee, the government did not assert that a PSR was a Shepard document.
Any failure of the government to raise a Shepard argument in Bartee does not render
Bartee’s PSR analysis dicta. A statement in a case can be considered dicta if it “was not
necessary to the determination of the issue on appeal.” United States v. Hardin, 539
F.3d 404, 411 (6th Cir. 2008). In Bartee, in order to convince the district court to treat
the defendant’s prior conviction as a “crime of violence,” “the government urged the
district court to use ‘common sense’ to infer that since the defendant had sexual contact
with Angela ‘while’ soliciting a minor, Angela must have been that minor and, therefore,
the sexual contact must have been with a minor.” Bartee, 529 F.3d at 361. As the panel
noted, this inference “could only have been drawn by considering the underlying facts”
of conviction contained in the PSR. Id. If it were appropriate for the district court to
look at the PSR and draw the necessary inference, then the Bartee panel would have had
no reason to vacate the sentence. However, reliance on the PSR by the district court
would be appropriate only if the PSR were a Shepard document. Thus, a necessary
precursor to the panel’s decision to vacate the defendant’s sentence in Bartee was its
determination that a PSR is not a Shepard document, regardless of whether the
government specifically made a Shepard argument.

       In sum, we conclude that a generic conviction under Ohio Rev. Code § 2907.03
is not categorically a “crime of violence,” and that, in the instant case, there is no
Shepard-approved document in the record that can be used to determine whether Wynn’s
specific conviction under § 2907.03 constitutes a “crime of violence.” We therefore
VACATE Wynn’s sentence and REMAND to the district court for the limited purpose
of resentencing Wynn after determining whether Wynn qualifies as a career offender in
light of Begay. On remand, the district court should not consider the factual recitations
in the PSR in order to determine whether Wynn’s § 2907.03 conviction is a “crime of
violence.” Instead, the district court should allow the government to submit further
evidence on the issue of career-offender status, so long as such evidence adheres to the
Shepard standard. See United States v. Baker, 559 F.3d 443, 455 & n.10 (6th Cir. 2009)
No. 07-4307        United States v. Wynn                                          Page 15

(allowing the government to present new evidence on remand, “[e]ven though at the
original sentencing hearing ‘[t]he government had the burdens of production and
persuasion’ to prove that defendant’s reckless endangerment conviction qualified as a
predicate felony under § 4B1.1(a), [because] its failure to do so was justified by ‘special
circumstances’—the fact that Begay had not yet been decided at the time the sentencing
hearing took place.” United States v. Goodman, 519 F.3d 310, 323 (6th Cir. 2008)
(quoting United States v. Leonzo, 50 F.3d 1086, 1088 (D.C. Cir. 1995).”). Additionally,
because Wynn’s conviction involves crack cocaine, the district court should consider the
Supreme Court’s recent pronouncements in Kimbrough v. United States, 552 U.S. 85,
128 S. Ct. 558 (2007), and Spears v. United States, --- U.S. ---, 129 S. Ct. 840 (2009),
and any other relevant precedents.

                                  III. CONCLUSION

       For the reasons discussed above, we VACATE Wynn’s sentence and REMAND
for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
No. 07-4307        United States v. Wynn                                          Page 16

                         ______________________________

                              DISSENTING IN PART
                         ______________________________

       FRIEDMAN, Circuit Judge, dissenting in part.

       1. I would affirm the sentence. Unlike the court, I do not conclude “that it would
be improper for the district court to rely on the factual recitations in the PSR to
determine that Wynn’s § 2907.03 conviction was for a ‘crime of violence’”– facts which
Wynn did not challenge.

       As this court has recognized, under Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13, 26
(2005). “[W]hen the statutory definition [of the prior crime to which the defendant
pleaded guilty] is ambiguous . . . the court may examine . . . ‘the terms of the charging
document, the terms of a plea agreement or transcript of colloquy between judge and
defendant in which the factual basis for the plea was confirmed by the defendant, or to
some comparable judicial record of this information.’” United States v. Bartee, 529
F.3d 357, 359 (6th Cir. 2008) (quoting Shepard). This court’s other cases similarly have
recognized that in addition to the charging document, the plea agreement or a colloquy
between judge and defendant, the sentencing judge also may consider a “comparable
judicial record.” United States v. Mosley, ___ F.3d ___, 2009 WL 2176634, at *4 (6th
Cir. 2009).

       In criminal cases it is common practice for a defendant who wants to contest or
challenge facts set forth in the presentence report to object to them. If a defendant does
not do so, it is understood that those facts are admitted and accepted as a basis for
determining the sentence. See United States v. Carter, 355 F.3d 920, 925 (6th Cir. 2004)
(“‘The district court is allowed to accept as true all factual allegations in a presentence
report to which the defendant does not object.’”). Here the facts as set forth in the
presentence report (which the court quotes in its opinon) relating to Wynn’s prior state
court conviction for a “sexual battery” leave no doubt that the generic state crime to
which he pleaded guilty was categorically a crime of violence.
No. 07-4307          United States v. Wynn                                          Page 17

          Since Wynn has not challenged or questioned those facts, there is no valid
concern here that attempted reliance upon them would produce the kind of collateral
litigation that the Supreme Court wished to avoid when it refused to permit the district
court to utilize police reports and complaint applications for determining the character
of a state conviction. See Shepard, 544 U.S. at 21-23. As this court stated: “One of the
policies animating the Court’s adoption of this approach was to avoid ‘the practical
difficulties and potential unfairness’ of permitting a sentencing court to relitigate the
facts and delve into the details of a prior conviction.” United States v. Armstead, 467
F.3d 943, 947 (6th Cir. 2006) (quoting Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 601
(1990).

          Indeed, in view of Wynn’s failure to challenge those facts, it would appear that
he acknowledges their accuracy as a basis for determining his sentence.

          The court states, however, that it is “bound” by our alleged holding in Bartee that
“a district court’s use of the factual description of a prior conviction contained in a PSR
to determine if the prior conviction is a ‘crime of violence’ does ‘not adhere to the
dictates of Taylor and Shepard.’” Although there are statements in the Bartee opinion
that provide support for that conclusion, I do not read Bartee as so holding or indicating,
or as requiring us so to hold.

          In Bartee, the sentence-enhancing prior Michigan state conviction was for
criminal sexual conduct. That crime included sexual contact “under circumstances
involving the commission of any other felony.” The state information charged the
defendant with sexual contact with “another person to-wit: Angela” while committing
the felony of soliciting a minor for immoral purposes. The government conceded that
the crime of sexual contact of which the defendant was convicted did not require that the
contact be with a minor. It contended, however, that because the indictment charged the
defendant with sexual contact during the commission of another felony, namely,
soliciting a minor for immoral purposes, the district court properly could infer that he
was convicted of a “crime of violence” because the person with whom he had sexual
contact was the minor girl whom he was charged with soliciting for immoral purposes.
No. 07-4307        United States v. Wynn                                         Page 18

       This court noted that “neither the statutory definition nor the amended
information specified that the sexual contact was with a minor.” 529 F.3d at 361. It held
that although it appeared “to have been the case factually” “that since the defendant had
sexual contact with Angela ‘while’ soliciting a minor, Angela must have been that minor
and, therefore, the sexual contact must have been with a minor.” “[C]ategorically
speaking, the conviction did not necessarily require proof of sexual contact with a
minor.” Id. (footnote omitted).

       The court then pointed to certain facts “revealed” in the presentence report
relating to the sexual relationship between the defendant and Angela. It then stated:

       Not only is this the sort of information that one might expect to find in
       a police report or application for criminal complaint, but the government
       also makes no attempt to argue that it was based on Shepard-eligible
       records. While these underlying facts reflect conduct known in common
       parlance as “statutory rape,” that was not the offense to which defendant
       pleaded guilty.
Id.

       This court concluded that:

       the district court did not adhere to the dictates of Taylor and Shepard in
       determining that the prior conviction in this case was an offense
       involving sexual contact with a minor. As the Court recently explained,
       the categorical approach requires that “we consider the offense
       generically, that is to say, we examine it in terms of how the law defines
       the offense and not in terms of how an individual offender might have
       committed it on a particular occasion.” Begay v. United States, __ U.S.
       ___, 128 S. Ct. 1581, 1584, 170 L. Ed. 2d 490 (2008).
Id.

       A footnote to the last quoted sentence includes the following statement:

       Nor can we conclude that the error was harmless simply because the
       defendant never denied that the prior conviction involved sexual contact
       with a minor. See Shephard, 544 U.S. at 28-29, 125 S. Ct. 1254
       (O’Connor, dissenting) (criticizing the majority for rejecting a “common
       sense” inference that the state burglary convictions involved entry into
       buildings).
No. 07-4307          United States v. Wynn                                          Page 19

Id. at 361 n.4.

          I do not view the foregoing statements from Bartee or the court’s decision there
as a holding that in determining the character of the prior sentence-enhancing conviction
facts set forth in the pre-sentence report that the defendant did not challenge cannot be
considered. Bartee did not explicitly so state. Nor did the court’s decision necessarily
announce such a rule. The court did not refer to the points made in the prior discussion
of this partial dissent, which one would think it would have done if it were announcing
the broad rule that the court here attributes to it.

          It could probably be inferred, based on the statements in Bartee, that if the issue
of the use of unchallenged statements in a pre-sentence report were presented to the
Bartee panel, that panel would come out the same way that this court does in this case.
Bartee, however, did not decide that question, either explicitly or implicitly. In my
opinion, such conjectural analysis does not, could not and should not convert the Bartee
opinion into a binding ruling on that issue.

          The Supreme Court’s recent case addressing this general subject, Begay v. United
States, ___ U.S. ___ ,128 S. Ct. 1581 (2008), sheds no light on this issue. The question
there was whether a New Mexico conviction for driving under the influence of alcohol
constituted a “violent felony” under 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii), which includes in its
definition of “violent felony” a crime that is “burglary, arson, or extortion, involves use
of explosives, or otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk of
physical injury to another.” The Supreme Court held that the state crime was not a
“violent felony” under that definition because ‘that term covers only crimes “similar”
to the listed crimes of “burglary, arson, or extortion” “rather than every crime that
‘presents a serious potential risk of physical injury to another.’” ___ U.S. ___, 128 S. Ct.
at 497.

          In other words, the only question Begay addressed and decided was the scope
of the federal statutory definition of “violent felony.” Apparently there was no question
of what evidence could be considered in deciding whether the state crime of conviction
came within the definition, and the Supreme Court did not address that question.
No. 07-4307         United States v. Wynn                                          Page 20

        In sum, I believe that whether the presentence report could be considered to
determine the character of Wynn’s prior conviction is an open question that we may
decide either way. For the reasons given, I would hold that consideration of those facts
would be permissible.

        2. There is another aspect of the court’s opinion that troubles me. The court
states that “there is no indication in the record as to the subsection of § 2907.03 to which
Wynn pleaded guilty.” That is correct, if only the presentence report is considered. In
United States v. Alexander, however, this court dealt with the similar situation in which
the question whether a defendant’s prior state conviction constituted a categorical “crime
of violence” could not be answered by resort to the presentence report. 543 F.3d 819
(6th Cir. 2008). This court upheld an enhanced sentence based on that conviction for a
“crime of violence” because the Michigan Department of Correction, and the State
Police maintained internet databases that provided “publicly viewable criminal-history
records indicating that [the defendant] was in fact convicted of violating a specific
statutory provision that was such a crime.” Id. at 824. The court ruled that “even if the
record is not entirely clear about the precise statutory offense that served as one of the
predicate crimes, any ambiguity is readily resolved by taking judicial notice of
[defendant’s] criminal-history records.” Id.

        Similarly, it would seem that in the present case we may take judicial notice of
publicly available Ohio judicial records that show unequivocally that the state sexual
battery offense of which Wynn was convicted was a “crime of violence.” The
presentence report in this case shows that that state case was docket CR-01-403077. The
Cuyahoga County Common Pleas Court records show that in case no. CR-01-403077 on
July 31, 2001, the defendant:

        ENTERS A PLEA OF GUILTY TO SEXUAL BATTERY, RC 2907.03
        A (1) FEL-3 (SB2) AS AMENDED IN COUNT 1 OF THE
        INDICTMENT. COURT FINDS THE DEFENDANT GUILTY.
(State of Ohio v. Antonio Wynn, CR-01-403077, Cuyahoga Court of Common Pleas,
Docket Information) (available at http://cpdocket.cp.cuyahogacounty.us/ ) (Last
No. 07-4307           United States v. Wynn                                         Page 21

checked, August 13, 2008) The state court’s records also show that the defendant was
sentenced on September 5, 2001 for the sexual battery conviction under § 2907.03(A)(1).

        The Ohio criminal statute to which Wynn thus pleaded guilty states:

        (A)     No person shall engage in sexual conduct with another, not the spouse of
                the offender, when ...
                (1)      The offender knowingly coerces the other person to
                         submit by any means that would prevent resistance by a
                         person of ordinary resolution.
        Under the Begay standard discussed above, this sexual conduct was a “crime of
violence.” It thus appears that, for this additional reason, the district court here properly
enhanced Wynn’s sentence as a career criminal. Alexander indicates that even if resort
may not be had to facts about a prior conviction in the presentence report, judicial notice
still may be taken of publicly available judicial records. Alexander was decided several
months after Begay and referred to it. 543 F.3d at 824.

        Alexander possibly could be distinguished on two grounds. There all of
Alexander’s “criminal history records” that established the nature of its prior conviction
apparently were cited to the court by the government. In the present case, however, it
is necessary to rely on the presentence report to ascertain the docket number of Wynn’s
state conviction. Even if the presentence report generally cannot be used to determine
the facts of the prior state sentence-enhancing conviction, I do not think that principle
would preclude resort to the presentence report for the limited purpose of determining
the docket number of that conviction. That is a fact that, in the language of Alexander,
is “not subject to reasonable debate in this case.” 543 F.3d at 824.

        The other possible distinction from Alexander is that there the government
apparently submitted the state conviction information to the court, whereas here the
court itself obtained the data. That fact, however, appears to make this a stronger rather
than a weaker case than Alexander for taking judicial notice of the state information.
Here there is no possibility that the government may have given the court incorrect or
inaccurate information about a state conviction.