Court Opinion

ID: 4910976
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-09-15 05:27:28.89666+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:13:28.743953
License: Public Domain

Reversed and Dismissed and Opinion Filed September 8, 2021

                                                  In The
                                  Court of Appeals
                           Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                        No. 05-20-00376-CV

              THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT DALLAS, Appellant
                                  V.
                   RICHARD J. ADDANTE, PH.D., Appellee

                     On Appeal from the County Court at Law No. 1
                                 Dallas County, Texas
                         Trial Court Cause No. CC-17-03714-A

                            MEMORANDUM OPINION
              Before Justices Partida-Kipness, Pedersen, III1, and Goldstein
                             Opinion by Justice Pedersen, III
        Richard Addante, Ph.D., filed suit against the University of Texas at Dallas

(“UTD”), alleging retaliation claims under the Texas Labor Code. UTD filed a plea

to the jurisdiction, which the trial court heard on November 21, 2019. The trial court

denied UTD’s plea. This interlocutory appeal followed.

    1
      Justice Carlyle participated in the oral argument in place of Justice Pedersen. Justice Pedersen authors
this opinion after having reviewed the briefs of the parties, the oral argument, and the record before the
Court.
      After reviewing the parties’ briefs and the record, we reverse the trial court’s

order denying UTD’s plea to the jurisdiction. We dismiss Addante’s suit for lack of

subject-matter jurisdiction.

                               I.     BACKGROUND

      A. Harassment Complaint

      Addante worked at UTD from 2011 to 2016 and held two positions. From

October 1, 2011, to August 31, 2014, Addante worked as a postdoctoral research

associate in UTD’s Center for Vital Longevity (“CVL”). During that time, Dr.

Michael Rugg served as a professor and co-director of the CVL. On April 10, 2014,

Addante made an anonymous complaint through the UTD ethics and compliance

hotline, alleging that Rugg engaged in sexual harassment in the CVL. Marco

Mendoza, who served as UTD’s Director of Institutional Equity, received the

complaint and investigated Addante’s allegations. Mendoza ultimately determined

there was insufficient evidence to find Rugg had violated UTD’s Sexual Harassment

Policy: Rugg denied the allegations and the victims Addante identified in his

anonymous complaint did not support Addante’s allegations. Mendoza

memorialized the results of his investigation in a July 2014 report, which listed the

                                        –2–
complainant as anonymous and did not otherwise name or identify Addante as the

complainant.

      B. Salary and Reappointment Dispute

Addante’s initial postdoctoral research associate salary from October 1, 2011, to the

end of September 2013 was $3,750 per month, totaling $45,000 per year. From

October 1, 2013, to August 31, 2014, Addante’s salary was $3,937.71 per month,

totaling $43,314.81 for those eleven months. On July 3, 2014, UTD offered Addante

a Senior Lecturer I position in the School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences (“BBS”)

with approval from then-Provost Dr. Hobson Wildenthal. Addante worked in the

BBS from September 1, 2014 to May 31, 2015, for a salary of $50,000, plus $5,500

additional compensation for teaching in the Summer 2015 term.

      In Fall 2014, Addante received negative course and instructor scores from

student evaluations. In January 2015, Wildenthal, then-Executive Vice-President

and Provost of UTD, reviewed Addante’s evaluation data. Wildenthal had not

reviewed Addante’s evaluations before this January 2015 review. Out of concern,

Wildenthal met with then-Dean Bert Moore to discuss Addante’s hire and teaching

experience. After this discussion, Wildenthal instructed Moore to not reappoint

Addante for the 2015–2016 academic year. Thereafter, the BBS provided Wildenthal

with a list of proposed merit increases for the 2015–2016 academic year; this list

included Addante and proposed for him to receive a 2% merit raise (“merit raise”).

As he had instructed Moore to not reappoint Addante, Wildenthal expected Addante

                                        –3–
would not be hired for the 2015–2016 academic year; Wildenthal rejected Addante’s

proposed 2% merit raise.

      Despite Wildenthal’s decision to deny Addante’s reappointment and 2% merit

raise, Inga Musselman, serving as UTD’s Senior Vice Provost and Acting Provost,

sent Addante an appointment letter on August 1, 2015—which offered him

reappointment as a BBS Senior Lecturer I with a salary of $50,000 for the 2015-

2016 academic year. Addante accepted the offer, and UTD thereby reappointed

Addante. However, Addante raised concerns in correspondence to Musselman

(i) about the amount of his compensation, comparing his compensation to that of Dr.

Eva Ladow, and (ii) that he had not received the proposed 2% merit raise (Addante’s

Letter). On September 4, 2015, Wildenthal sent Addante a letter, which read, in part,

as follows:

      You recently communicated with Acting Provost Musselman raising
      issues about your FY 16 compensation. Since Dr. Musselman had no
      role in setting your compensation, which occurred under my
      management I am answering your letter.

      In reviewing the evaluations of classroom instruction last year, I noted
      the unsatisfactory results recorded for your teaching performance. I
      inquired as to the genesis of your employment and was informed that it
      was a temporary expedient, provided more or less on compassionate
      grounds in order for you to have a better chance of obtaining regular
      employment subsequent to the completion of your post-doctoral
      appointment.

      I expressed my lack of support for this sort of process for providing
      instruction for our students . . . and was given to understand that your
      appointment would not be renewed. As is normal for individuals

                                        –4–
      programmed not to be employed for the coming year, I did not allocate
      a salary adjustment for your name.

      The fact that you appear to again be an employee for FY 16 I regard as
      an administrative oversight or failure. You should use this fortuitous
      (for you) accident of an additional year of UT Dallas employment to
      good advantage and succeed in finding regular employment elsewhere
      after May 31, 2016.

(emphasis added). Addante taught at UTD for the 2015-2016 academic year until

the academic year ended on May 31, 2016. During this period, Addante earned

$50,000 in salary plus an additional $4,000 attributed to a salary adjustment.

      C. Charge of Discrimination and Procedural History

      On December 9, 2015, Addante filed a Charge of Discrimination through the

Texas Workforce Commission’s Civil Rights Division to the Equal Employment

Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”). Under the section labelled “Date(s)

Discrimination Took Place,” Addante wrote:

Under the “particulars” section of Addante’s Charge of Discrimination, Addante

wrote, in part:

      Employer discriminated and retaliated against me on the basis of sex
      and for opposing, reporting, and acting as a witness in an investigation
      of sexual harassment and retaliation, in violation of Title XII of the
      Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Texas Labor Code.

                                        –5–
Addante further attached a description of events dating from December 14, 2012, to

December 8, 2015.2

         On July 11, 2017, Addante filed suit against UTD alleging:

         UTD violated Chapter 21 of the Texas Labor Code by treating Dr.
         Addante differently on the basis of his gender and in retaliation for
         reporting and opposing sex discrimination and participating in an Equal
         Employment Opportunity Commission proceeding.

         UTD answered and filed a plea to the jurisdiction. After more than two years

of litigation, including an (i) objection to the initial hearing setting, (ii) an order from

the trial court to compel discovery, and (iii) a nonsuit of Addante’s gender

discrimination claim, the trial court heard UTD’s plea to the jurisdiction on

November 21, 2019.3 On February 25, 2020, the trial court entered an Order Denying

Defendant’s Plea to the Jurisdiction, which “in all things” denied UTD’s plea to the

jurisdiction. This interlocutory appeal followed. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.

§ 51.014(a)(8).

                                 II.     ISSUES RAISED ON APPEAL

         UTD raises the following three issues on appeal:

         1. Dr. Addante did not establish a prima facie case of retaliation when
            there is no direct evidence of retaliation, the employment
            decisionmaker had no knowledge Dr. Addante had engaged in a
            protected activity at the time of any adverse employment action, and

   2
      Although the Charge of Discrimination “noted” April 10, 2015, as the earliest date of the alleged
discrimination, it included no separate or distinct entry for what occurred on April 10, 2015.
   3
       The appellate record contains no reporter’s record of this hearing.
                                                     –6–
          any alleged adverse employment action was too remote in time to
          be considered evidence of causation.

      2. Alternatively to Issue No. 1, Dr. Addante failed to meet his burden
         to show his participation in any protected activity was the “but for”
         cause of any of UTD’s employment decisions and rebut each of
         UTD’s legitimate, nonretaliatory reasons for its employment actions
         and show that each was a pretext for the alleged retaliatory purpose.

      3. The trial court erred in overruling UTD’s evidentiary objections and
         improperly considering evidence submitted in opposition to the Plea
         to the Jurisdiction.

      Though not raised as a separate issue, UTD further raises whether Addante’s

claims are limited by the Texas Commission on Human Rights Act’s (“TCHRA”)

requirement that he exhaust his administrative remedies. Furthermore, both UTD’s

and Addante’s briefing raise the issue of whether Addante has direct evidence of

retaliation. We address each of these issues.

                           III.   STANDARDS OF REVIEW

      A. Plea to the Jurisdiction

      Subject-matter jurisdiction is essential to the authority of a court to decide a

case. Tex. Ass’n of Bus. v. Tex. Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440, 443 (Tex. 1993).

Subject-matter jurisdiction is never presumed and cannot be waived. Id. at 443–44.

A plea to the jurisdiction is a dilatory plea, the purpose of which is to defeat a cause

of action based on lack of subject-matter jurisdiction without regard to the merits of

the claim. Town of Fairview v. Lawler, 252 S.W.3d 853, 855–56 (Tex. App.—Dallas

2008, no pet.) (citing Bland Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Blue, 34 S.W.3d 547, 554 (Tex.

                                          –7–
2000)). A trial court’s ruling on a plea challenging subject-matter jurisdiction is a

question of law and, consequently, reviewed de novo. City of Dallas v. Redbird Dev.

Corp., 143 S.W.3d 375, 380 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2004, no pet.) (citing Mayhew v.

Town of Sunnyvale, 964 S.W.2d 922, 928 (Tex. 1998)).

        A plea to the jurisdiction may challenge either the pleadings or the existence

of jurisdictional facts. Tex. Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217,

226–27 (Tex. 2004) (citing, inter alia, Cameron v. Children’s Hosp. Med. Ctr., 131

F.3d 1167, 1170 (6th Cir. 1997)) (“[W]hether a district court has subject matter

jurisdiction is a question for the court, not a jury, to decide, even if the determination

requires making factual findings, unless the jurisdictional issue is inextricably bound

to the merits of the case.”). When, as in this case, a plea to the jurisdiction challenges

the existence of jurisdictional facts, we consider relevant evidence submitted by the

parties, when necessary, to resolve the jurisdictional issues raised. Id. at 227 (citing

Bland, 34 S.W.3d at 555). In such case, we are not bound by the plaintiff’s factual

allegations. City of Dallas v. Hughes, 344 S.W.3d 549, 553 (Tex. App.—Dallas

2011, no pet.). This standard mirrors our summary judgment standard under rule

166a of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, and it places the burden on the plaintiff

to allege facts that affirmatively demonstrate the trial court’s jurisdiction. Miranda,

133 S.W.3d at 228 (referring to TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a).4

    4
      “In reviewing a summary judgment, we must accept as true evidence favoring the nonmovant,
indulging every reasonable inference and resolving all doubts in the nonmovant’s favor.” Park Place Hosp.
v. Estate of Milo, 909 S.W.2d 508, 510 (Tex. 1995).
                                                  –8–
        The movant on the plea to the jurisdiction has the burden to assert and support

its contention, with evidence, that the trial court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction.

City of Dallas v. Heard, 252 S.W.3d 98, 102 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008, pet. denied)

(citing Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 228). If the movant meets that burden, the plaintiff

must raise a material fact issue regarding jurisdiction to survive the plea to the

jurisdiction. Id. (citing Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 228).5 In our review, we construe

the pleadings liberally in favor of the plaintiff and look to the plaintiff’s intent. Id.

“In doing so, however, we cannot disregard evidence necessary to show context, and

we cannot disregard evidence and inferences unfavorable to the plaintiff if

reasonable jurors could not.” Alamo Heights Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Clark, 544 S.W.3d

755, 771 (Tex. 2018). In TCHRA cases involving a plea to the jurisdiction, “the

plaintiff is not put to the ultimate burden of proof but must only raise a fact issue on

the existence of illegal intent.” Id. at 785.

        B. Admissibility of Evidence

        We review a trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence for an abuse

of discretion. In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d 570, 575 (Tex. 2005) (per curiam). A trial

court abuses its discretion when it acts “without reference to any guiding rules and

principles”—if it acts arbitrarily or unreasonably. Downer v. Aquamarine

    5
      If the evidence creates a fact question regarding jurisdiction, the trial court cannot grant the plea, and
the fact question will be resolved by the factfinder. City of Dallas v. Mazzaro, No. 05-20-00103-CV, 2020
WL 6866570, at *2 (Tex. App.—Dallas Nov. 23, 2020, no pet.) (mem. op.). If the relevant evidence is
undisputed or fails to raise a fact issue, the trial court rules on the plea to the jurisdiction as a matter of law.
Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 228.
                                                       –9–
Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241–42 (Tex. 1985). We will uphold the ruling if

there is any legitimate basis in the record to support it. Ten Hagen Excavating, Inc.

v. Castro-Lopez, 503 S.W.3d 463, 490 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2016, pet. denied). To

reverse an erroneous evidentiary ruling, an appellant must both establish error and

show that the error probably caused an improper judgment. TEX. R. APP. P. 44.1;

Thawer v. Comm’n for Lawyer Discipline, 523 S.W.3d 177, 183 (Tex. App.—Dallas

2017, no pet.).

                  IV.     TEXAS COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS ACT

       Addante’s retaliation suit invokes, and UTD’s plea to the jurisdiction is based

upon, application of Chapter 21 of the Texas Labor Code, which is commonly

referred to as the TCHRA. See generally Prairie View A & M Univ. v. Chatha, 381

S.W.3d 500, 502 (Tex. 2012).6 The TCHRA was enacted, in part, to address the

specific evil of discrimination and retaliation in the workplace. Chatha, 381 S.W.3d

at 504. “One of TCHRA’s purposes is to ‘provide for the execution of the policies

of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and its subsequent amendments.’”

Quantum Chem. Corp. v. Toennies, 47 S.W.3d 473, 476 (Tex. 2001) (quoting TEX.

LABOR CODE ANN. § 21.001).7

   6
      We recognize that the Commission on Human Rights has been replaced with the Texas Workforce
Commission’s civil rights division. Waffle House, Inc. v. Williams, 313 S.W.3d 796, 798 n.1 (Tex. 2010)
(citing TEX. LAB. CODE ANN. § 21.0015). Throughout this opinion, we refer to Chapter 21 of the Texas
Labor Code as the TCHRA.
   7
     “Therefore, analogous federal statutes and the cases interpreting them guide our reading of the
TCHRA.” Quantum Chem. Corp., 47 S.W.3d at 476 (citing NME Hosps., Inc. v. Rennels, 994 S.W.2d 142,
144 (Tex. 1999)).
                                                –10–
         In the context of retaliation, the TCHRA provides:

         An employer, labor union, or employment agency commits an unlawful
         employment practice if the employer, labor union, or employment
         agency retaliates or discriminates against a person who, under this
         chapter:

                 (1) opposes a discriminatory practice;
                 (2) makes or files a charge;
                 (3) files a complaint; or
                 (4) testifies, assists, or participates in any manner in an
                 investigation, proceeding, or hearing.

TEX. LAB. CODE ANN. § 21.055. “The scope of the antiretaliation provision extends

beyond workplace-related or employment-related retaliatory acts and harm.”

Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 67 (2006) (addressing Title

VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 in the context of victims of retaliation). The

Supreme Court further held:

         The antiretaliation provision protects an individual not from all
         retaliation, but from retaliation that produces an injury or harm. . . . In
         our view, a plaintiff must show that a reasonable employee would have
         found the challenged action materially adverse, “which in this context
         means it well might have ‘dissuaded a reasonable worker from making
         or supporting a charge of discrimination.’”

Burlington, 548 U.S. at 67–68 (citing Rochon v. Gonzales, 438 F.3d 1211, 1219

(D.C. Cir. 2006) (quoting Washington v. Illinois Dep’t of Revenue, 420 F.3d 658,

662 (7th Cir. 2005))).8 Normally, “petty slights, minor annoyances, and simple lack

   8
       We have held:
         “Material” employer actions are those “that are likely ‘to deter victims of discrimination
         from complaining to the EEOC,’ the courts, and their employers.” . . . This objective

                                                  –11–
of good manners” are trivial harms—distinct from materially adverse actions—that

will not create such a deterrence as to dissuade a reasonable worker from making or

supporting a charge of discrimination. Burlington, 548 U.S. at 68; see Alamo

Heights, 544 S.W.3d at 788.

                               V.       GOVERNMENTAL IMMUNITY

       It is undisputed that UTD is a governmental entity. See, e.g., Chatha, 381

S.W.3d at 510 (describing Prairie View A & M University as a governmental entity).

Governmental entities are generally immune from suit unless the state consents.

Alamo Heights, 544 S.W.3d at 770; see also City of Dallas v. Nkansah, No. 05-18-

00069-CV, 2018 WL 6599025, at *2 (Tex. App.—Dallas Dec. 17, 2018, pet. denied)

(mem. op.). “The TCHRA waives immunity [for governmental entities], but only

when the plaintiff states a claim for conduct that actually violates the statute.” Alamo

Heights, 544 S.W.3d at 770; Mission Consol. Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Garcia, 372

S.W.3d 629, 637 (Tex. 2012). The Texas Supreme Court has addressed claims of

retaliation against a governmental entity under the TCHRA:

       The elements of a retaliation claim under the TCHRA are jurisdictional
       in nature because “the Legislature has waived immunity only for those
       suits where the plaintiff actually alleges a violation of the TCHRA by
       pleading facts that state a claim thereunder.”
       ....
       To establish a violation, the employee must show that: (1) she engaged
       in an activity protected by the TCHRA, (2) an adverse employment

       standard is applied to a fact-specific inquiry “because the significance of any given act of
       retaliation will often depend upon the particular circumstances. Context matters.”
Crutcher v. Dallas Indep. Sch. Dist., 410 S.W.3d 487, 493 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, no pet.) (quoting
Burlington, 548 U.S. at 68-69 (2006)).
                                                 –12–
      action occurred, and (3) there exists a causal link between the protected
      activity and the adverse action.

San Antonio Water Sys. v. Nicholas, 461 S.W.3d 131, 136 (Tex. 2015) (citations

omitted); see also Lovelace v. Dallas Indep. Sch. Dist., No. 05-18-00207-CV, 2019

WL 2723801, at *5 (Tex. App.—Dallas July 1, 2019, no pet.) (mem. op.) (discussing

a retaliation claim brought against a school district).

                                   VI.    DISCUSSION

   A. Whether Addante Exhausted His Administrative Remedies Under
      TCHRA

      As a preliminary matter, we must first address whether Addante complained

of UTD’s actions within 180 days after the alleged unlawful employment practice

occurred. TEX. LABOR CODE ANN. § 21.202; see also Specialty Retailers, Inc. v.

DeMoranville, 933 S.W.2d 490, 492 (Tex. 1996) (per curiam) (“Texas law requires

that a complaint of unlawful employment practices be filed with the Equal

Employment Opportunity Commission or the Texas Commission on Human Rights

within 180 days after the alleged unlawful employment practice occurred.”). In

Gilles-Gonzalez v. University of Texas Southwest Medical Center, our Court

addressed this requirement:

      The exhaustion of administrative remedies is a jurisdictional
      prerequisite    to    filing     suit    for  unlawful     employment
      practices. Specialty Retailers, Inc. v. DeMoranville, 933 S.W.2d 490,
      492 (Tex. 1996) (per curiam).

      A plaintiff may not recover for “discrete acts of discrimination or
      retaliation” that occur outside the limitations period. Nat’l R.R.

                                         –13–
        Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 105 (2002). The limitations
        period begins when the employee is informed of the allegedly
        discriminatory employment decision, not when that decision comes to
        fruition. Specialty Retailers, Inc., 933 S.W.2d at 493; see also Prairie
        View A & M Univ. v. Chatha, 381 S.W.3d 500, 507 (Tex. 2012)
        (Specialty Retailers, Inc. is “controlling authority for interpreting when
        an unlawful employment practice occurs”).

        In contrast to claims alleging “discrete acts” such as termination, failure
        to promote, denial of transfer, or refusing to hire, see Morgan, 536 U.S.
        at 114, a plaintiff may also allege a “continuing violation,” that is,
        “unlawful discrimination that ‘manifests itself over time, rather than
        [as] a series of discrete acts.’ ” [sic] See Univ. of Tex. v. Poindexter,
        306 S.W.3d 798, 808 (Tex. App.—Austin 2009, no pet.) (quoting Wal-
        Mart Stores, Inc. v. Davis, 979 S.W.2d 30, 41–42 (Tex. App.—Austin
        1998, pet. denied)).

No. 05-16-00078-CV, 2016 WL 3971411, at *2–3 (Tex. App.—Dallas July 22,

2016, no pet.) (mem. op.).9

        Here, Addante filed his Charge of Discrimination with the EEOC on

December 9, 2015. Thus, any alleged unlawful employment practice must have

occurred on or after June 12, 2015—180 days before his Charge of Discrimination.

Addante’s allegations of any unlawful employment practices that occurred before

June 12, 2015, are barred by limitations. See TEX. LABOR CODE ANN. § 21.202. The

record contains no response from UTD to the EEOC in relation to the Charge of

Discrimination. Although Addante’s briefing acknowledges that he is barred from

using acts prior to June 12, 2015, as the basis of his suit, he nevertheless alleges that

    9
      But see Fort Bend Cty., Tex. v. Davis, 139 S. Ct. 1843, 1852 (2019) (holding that Title VII’s charge-
filing requirement is not jurisdictional). Nevertheless, as UTD is a governmental entity, the exhaustion of
administrative remedies is of jurisdictional cast. See Fort Bend Cty., Tex., 139 S. Ct. at 1850.
                                                  –14–
he is not barred from using those prior acts as evidence in support of a timely claim.

Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp., 536 U.S. 101, 102 (holding in an analogous analysis

under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that “the statute [does not] bar an

employee from using the prior acts as background evidence to support a timely

claim”).

      Addante’s briefing asserts ten adverse actions from UTD, which he alleges

constituted unlawful employment practices:

      -    harassment by Dr. Rugg,
      -    termination of employment by Dr. Rugg,
      -    temporary loss of health insurance,
      -    refusal to provide reports of investigations,
      -    singling out by Dr. Wildenthal,
      -    increased scrutiny over classroom teaching,
      -    false accusations about classroom teaching,
      -    refusal to give a merit raise,
      -    hostile and derogatory letter by Dr. Wildenthal, and
      -    termination of employment.

      Several of these actions occurred before June 12, 2015. Furthermore, the

record does not show that Addante’s accusations against UTD of “increased scrutiny

over classroom teaching” and “false accusations about classroom teaching”

constituted materially adverse employment actions. Instead, the record shows that

several of Addante’s allegations amount to personality conflicts, unfair criticism,

heated exchanges, and being micromanaged, which are “petty annoyances, not

conduct likely to deter an employee from making a discrimination complaint.”

Alamo Heights, 544 S.W.3d at 789 (citing, inter alia, Burlington, 548 U.S. at 68;

                                        –15–
Donaldson v. Tex. Dep’t of Aging & Disability Servs., 495 S.W.3d 421, 442–43

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2016, pet. denied); Brown v. Advocate S. Suburban

Hosp., 700 F.3d 1101, 1107 (7th Cir. 2012); Stewart v. Miss. Transp. Comm’n, 586

F.3d 321, 332 (5th Cir. 2009); Grice v. FMC Techs. Inc., 216 F. App’x 401, 404,

407 (5th Cir. 2007)).. That is, the record indicates those allegations are “trivial

harms” and not “materially adverse” retaliatory employment action. See Alamo

Heights, 544 S.W.3d at 788–89.

         Nevertheless, the record shows that two of Addante’s allegations of adverse

action are within § 21.202’s limitations period: (i) UTD’s non-reappointment of him

after the 2015–2016 academic year10 and (ii) UTD’s denial of his request concerning

a merit raise.11 See TEX. LABOR CODE ANN. § 21.202. As for those two allegations,

we conclude Addante’s claims are not barred by the administrative requirements of

the TCHRA. See TEX. LABOR CODE ANN. § 21.202. We next turn to the evidence in

the record of those two alleged violations of the TCHRA.

    10
       We have found no evidence in the record to suggest that Addante had an expectation of reappointment
after the 2015–2016 academic year. There is no evidence in the record of a contract for Addante’s
employment with UTD.
    11
      Although Addante marked UTD’s discriminatory actions as “continuing,” neither his briefing nor the
record show evidence of “continuous” discriminatory or otherwise unlawful activity against Addante.
Indeed, the evidence Addante provides to substantiate his claim of UTD’s continuous adverse action against
him after June 12, 2015, is his own affidavit, in which he concludes, without providing further basis:
“Adverse actions against me began immediately after I opposed the unlawful activities and continued,
increasing upon each additional protected activity. It started with harassment by Dr. Rugg. It was immediate
and continuous through the termination of my employment.”
                                                  –16–
   B. Whether Addante Established His Allegations of TCHRA Violations

      Violations of the TCHRA can be established with two alternative methods of

proof: either direct or circumstantial evidence. Alamo Heights, 544 S.W.3d at 781;

Mission, 372 S.W.3d at 634. “In both direct- and circumstantial-evidence cases, the

burden of persuasion remains at all times with the employee.” Alamo Heights, 544

S.W.3d at 782. In City of Dallas v. Nkansah, we addressed these alternative methods

for establishing a violation of the TCHRA in the context of a retaliation claim:

      The TCHRA prohibits retaliation against an employee for engaging in
      certain protected activities, such as making a discrimination complaint.
      ...

             . . . Direct evidence of discrimination is evidence of what the
      defendant did and said. Mission, 372 S.W.3d at 634. It is evidence that,
      if believed, proves the fact of discriminatory animus without inference
      or presumption. Jespersen v. Sweetwater Ranch Apartments, 390
      S.W.3d 644, 653 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2012, no pet.). “[M]otives are
      often more covert than overt,” however, “making direct evidence of
      forbidden animus hard to come by.” Mission, 372 S.W.3d at 634.
      Because direct evidence in these types of cases is often unavailable, an
      employee can establish discrimination with circumstantial evidence
      using a three-part, burden-shifting framework set out in McDonnell
      Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973). Alamo Heights, 544
      S.W.3d at 764; Mission, 372 S.W.3d at 634.

2018 WL 6599025, at *2–3 (citations omitted, footnote omitted). Thus, retaliation

and discrimination claims use the same burden-shifting analysis. Id.; see also Alamo

                                        –17–
Heights, 544 S.W.3d at 781–82; McCoy v. City of Shreveport, 492 F.3d 551, 557

(5th Cir. 2007).

      “The trial court is allowed to conduct a hearing on a plea to the jurisdiction or

motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction in a manner similar to how it hears a

summary judgment motion, and may consider affidavits and other summary

judgment-type evidence.” FKM P’ship Ltd. v. Bd. of Regents of Univ. of Hous. Sys.,

255 S.W.3d 619, 628 (Tex. 2008) (citing Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 227); see Holmes

v. S. Methodist Univ., No. 05-11-01178-CV, 2013 WL 1857932, at *3 (Tex. App.—

Dallas May 1, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op.) (addressing plea to jurisdiction).

“‘Unverified documents attached to pleadings are not proper summary judgment

evidence. . . . Documents submitted as summary judgment proof must be sworn to

or certified.’” Holmes, 2013 WL 1857932, at *3 (quoting Heirs of Del Real v. Eason,

374 S.W.3d 483, 488 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2012, no pet.) (citations omitted)); see

TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(f). Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 166a provides:

      (f) Supporting and opposing affidavits shall be made on personal
      knowledge, shall set forth such facts as would be admissible in
      evidence, and shall show affirmatively that the affiant is competent to
      testify to the matters stated therein. Sworn or certified copies of all
      papers or parts thereof referred to in an affidavit shall be attached
      thereto or served therewith. The court may permit affidavits to be
      supplemented or opposed by depositions or by further affidavits.
      Defects in the form of affidavits or attachments will not be grounds for

                                        –18–
      reversal unless specifically pointed out by objection by an opposing
      party with opportunity, but refusal, to amend.

TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a. “‘[U]nauthenticated or unsworn documents do not constitute

competent summary judgment evidence.’” Holmes, 2013 WL 1857932, at *3

(quoting Heirs of Del Real, 374 S.W.3d at 488).

      i.     Direct Evidence of Retaliation

      Addante first contends that the record contains direct evidence of UTD’s

retaliation against him. “Where a plaintiff offers remarks as direct evidence, we

apply a four-part test to determine whether they are sufficient to overcome summary

judgment.” Rodriguez v. Eli Lilly & Co., 820 F.3d 759, 764 (5th Cir. 2016) (quoting

Reed v. Neopost USA, Inc., 701 F.3d 434, 441 (5th Cir. 2012)). The Fifth Circuit has

explained:

      [C]omments are evidence of discrimination only if they are “1) related
      to the protected class of persons of which the plaintiff is a member;
      2) proximate in time to the complained-of adverse employment
      decision; 3) made by an individual with authority over the employment
      decision at issue; and 4) related to the employment decision at issue.”
      Comments that do not meet these criteria are considered “stray
      remarks,” and standing alone, are insufficient to defeat summary
      judgment.

Jackson v. Cal-W. Packaging Corp., 602 F.3d 374, 380 (5th Cir. 2010) (footnotes

omitted). In Jespersen v. Sweetwater Ranch Apartments, we held: “If an inference is

required for the evidence to be probative as to the employer’s discriminatory animus

in making the employment decision, the evidence is circumstantial, not direct.”

Jespersen v. Sweetwater Ranch Apartments, 390 S.W.3d 644, 653–54 (Tex. App.—

                                       –19–
Dallas 2012, no pet.) (citing Sandstad v. CB Richard Ellis, Inc., 309 F.3d 893, 897–

98 (5th Cir. 2002)).

      In his argument that the record contains direct evidence from UTD, Addante

does not refer us to documents from UTD or testimony from its employees. Addante

does not specify the actual statements or documents from UTD upon which he relies.

Instead, Addante refers us to statements he made in his own declarations:

      UTD’s Institutional Chief Audit Executive Toni Stephens and my
      supervisor, Christa McIntyre, both acknowledged that UTD was
      retaliating against me.

      A year later, when I showed Toni Stephens the letter from UTD
      President Wildenthal saying that I should be terminated, she
      acknowledges that UTD was retaliating against me.

      My supervisor (Dr. McIntyre) also declared that President Wildenthal
      was wrong in his threatening letter to me, assuring that I did indeed
      have a place at UTD for the coming years. She admitted singling me
      out for classroom audits no other employee was subjected to, and to
      making false statements about it. She agreed that it is a hostile situation.

      Dr. McIntyre says that those were the terms that she was given from
      UTD’s administration. She acknowledged that I “did a good job” and
      “was doing fine.” She acknowledged that her actions toward me
      constituted “recognized hostility in our industry.”

      Addante’s affidavit does not reveal any basis for the statements he made; that

is, the “acknowledgements,” “admissions,” “assurances,” and “agreements” are not

substantiated   beyond    Addante’s     conclusion     that   the   respective   person

acknowledged, admitted, assured, or agreed. The admissibility of these statements

notwithstanding, the statements contain no information as to what constituted the

                                         –20–
retaliation, when the alleged statements occurred, or what were the related

employment decisions. Instead, these statements merely reflect Addante’s

impression of others’ actions. Because our standard for resolving jurisdictional facts

in a plea to the jurisdiction mirrors the summary judgment standard,12 we must

conclude these statements are not legally sufficient evidence. See Vince Poscente

Int’l, Inc. v. Compass Bank, No. 05–11–01645–CV, 2013 WL 1320511, at *4–5

(Tex. App.—Dallas Mar. 28, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op.) (affidavit that did not

affirmatively show basis for affiant’s personal knowledge was legally insufficient);

see also Paragon Gen. Contractors, Inc. v. Larco Constr., Inc., 227 S.W.3d 876,

884 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2007, no pet.) (affidavit that is conclusory is substantively

defective; conclusory affidavits do not raise fact issues).

        Furthermore, none of Addante’s statements show on their face that an

improper criterion served as a basis for UTD’s actions denying his reappointment

and merit raise. See Jones v. Robinson Prop. Grp., L.P., 427 F.3d 987, 993 (5th Cir.

2005) (“We have previously held that statements or documents which show on its

face that an improper criterion served as a basis-not necessarily the sole basis, but a

basis-for the adverse employment action are direct evidence of discrimination.”)

(internal quotation omitted). Instead, we must assume Addante correctly knew the

   12
       See generally Anderson v. Snider, 808 S.W.2d 54, 55 (Tex. 1991) (per curiam); Republic Nat’l
Leasing Corp. v. Schindler, 717 S.W.2d 606, 607 (Tex. 1986); Perez v. Cueto, 908 S.W.2d 29, 31 (Tex.
App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1995, no writ); Lection v. Dyll, 65 S.W.3d 696, 701 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2001,
pet. denied).
                                               –21–
UTD employees’ mental state for these statements “to be probative as to the

employer’s discriminatory animus in making the employment decision” to not

reappoint Addante or to deny his merit raise. Jespersen, 390 S.W.3d at 653–54.13

These statements cannot serve as direct evidence of UTD’s retaliation. Having found

no other evidence in the record that could serve as direct evidence of Addante’s

allegations that UTD violated the TCHRA we must conclude the record contains no

direct evidence of UTD’s retaliation. See Jackson, 602 F.3d at 380.14

          ii.     Circumstantial Evidence of Retaliation

          A plaintiff who proceeds in his retaliation claim with circumstantial

evidence—thereby invoking the McDonnell Douglas framework—must first

demonstrate a prima facie case. Mission, 372 S.W.3d at 637. If the plaintiff fails to

demonstrate those elements, (i) “the plaintiff never gets the presumption of

discrimination and never proves his claim” and (ii) “the court has no jurisdiction and

the claim should be dismissed.” Id. “All elements of a TCHRA circumstantial-

evidence claim are, perforce, jurisdictional.” Alamo Heights, 544 S.W.3d at 783.15

     “It is impossible for a witness to possess personal knowledge of what someone else is thinking.”
    13

Fairow v. State, 943 S.W.2d 895, 899 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997).
    14
       During oral argument, Addante argued that Wildenthal’s letter was direct evidence of retaliation.
However, the letter contains no language or reference to Addante’s prior harassment complaint, gender
discrimination, or any other alleged retaliatory action. Wildenthal’s letter does not show any discriminatory
animus without inference or presumption and is therefore not direct evidence of retaliation. See Nkansah,
2018 WL 6599025, at *3 (citing Jespersen, 390 S.W.3d at 653).
    15
         The Texas Supreme Court continued:
          Because a statutory violation is necessary to establish an immunity waiver, jurisdiction and
          the merits intertwine. And because a circumstantial-evidence case depends on the

                                                    –22–
         If an employee establishes a prima facie case of discrimination under the

McDonnell Douglas framework, then that employee enjoys a rebuttable presumption

of discrimination.16 Id. 782; Nkansah, 2018 WL 6599025, at *3 n.2. However, “the

employer can defeat this presumption merely by producing evidence of a legitimate,

nondiscriminatory reason for the disputed employment action.” Alamo Heights, 544

S.W.3d at 782 (emphasis added). “Once rebutted, the presumption disappears, and

an employee lacking direct evidence cannot prove a statutory violation without

evidence that the employer’s stated reason is false and a pretext for discrimination.”

Alamo Heights, 544 S.W.3d at 782.

         Here, Addante must establish a prima facie case that (i) he engaged in an

activity protected by the TCHRA, (ii) an adverse employment action occurred, and

(iii) there exists a causal link between the protected activity and the adverse action.

San Antonio Water Sys., 461 S.W.3d at 136. Addante’s briefing asserts the rule in

Aikens applies here, to argue that he is not required to show a prima facie case at this

stage—before         trial   on     the    merits—because           UTD       asserted     legitimate,

nondiscriminatory reasons for its employment actions. See U.S. Postal Serv. Bd. of

Governors v. Aikens, 460 U.S. 711, 715 (1983) (“Where the defendant has done

         McDonnell Douglas framework, the burden-shifting scheme in toto defines the
         jurisdictional facts.
    Alamo Heights, 544 S.W.3d at 783.
    16
       “The causation standard for the McDonnell Douglas prima-facie-case element is not onerous and can
be satisfied merely by proving close timing between the protected activity and the adverse action.” Alamo
Heights, 544 S.W.3d at 782.
                                                 –23–
everything that would be required of him if the plaintiff had properly made out a

prima facie case, whether the plaintiff really did so is no longer relevant. The district

court has before it all the evidence it needs to decide whether the defendant

intentionally discriminated against the plaintiff.”) (internal quotation omitted). The

Fifth Circuit has “clearly interpreted the rule in Aikens to apply to cases that have

gone to trial.” Hague v. Univ. of Tex. Health Sci. Ctr. at San Antonio, 560 F. App’x

328, 334 (5th Cir. 2014) (emphasis added); see Arismendez v. Nightingale Home

Health Care, Inc., 493 F.3d 602, 607 (5th Cir. 2007); Russell v. McKinney Hosp.

Venture, 235 F.3d 219, 224 n.5 (5th Cir. 2000).17 “There is no authority in this

Circuit that would allow the employee’s burden of establishing a prima facie case to

be extinguished simply because an employer exercises its right to challenge the

prima facie case and also proffers a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for its

decision.” Hague, 560 F. App’x at 334–35. Accordingly, we decline to apply the rule

in Aikens to this case at the plea to the jurisdiction stage; Addante must meet his

burden to establish a prima facie case. See id.

        1) Whether Addante Engaged In An Activity Protected By The TCHRA

        Addante first asserts that he engaged in the following eight protected

activities:

        - opposing sexual harassment by Dr. Rugg;
        - reporting sexual harassment by Dr. Rugg;

   17
      Accord Barnes v. Yellow Freight Sys. Inc., 778 F.2d 1096, 1100 (5th Cir. 1985); Avant v. S. Cent.
Bell Tel. Co., 716 F.2d 1083, 1086–87 (5th Cir. 1983).
                                                –24–
        - participating in an investigation of Dr. Rugg;
        - opposing retaliation for opposition and reporting sexual harassment;
        - reporting retaliation;
        - opposing and reporting discrimination;
        - participating in an investigation of discrimination and retaliation;
          and
        - opposing and reporting retaliation.

Addante further asserts that he engaged in independent protected activities when he

(i) “repeatedly opposed and reported discrimination and retaliation to his superiors

and to UTD’s investigators and attorneys to the day he was terminated”18 and

(ii) sent correspondence to Musselman—which raised concerns about possible

gender discrimination.

        The parties agree Addante’s 2014 anonymous complaint was a protected

activity under the statute. See TEX. LAB. CODE ANN. § 21.055(1–2); see also Alamo

Heights, 544 S.W.3d at 786 (“An employee engages in a protected activity by,

among other things, filing an internal complaint, opposing a discriminatory practice,

or making a charge of discrimination with the EEOC.”). Otherwise, the parties

disagree as to whether Addante’s remaining assertions constitute engagement in a

protected activity.

        In support of his first eight enumerated protected activities and his repeated

opposition to discrimination and retaliation, Addante first refers us to several

portions of his own declarations. However, Addante’s declarations (i) are replete

   18
     There is no evidence in the record that Addante was “terminated” before his work separation from
UTD occurred on May 31, 2016—the end of UTD’s 2015–2016 academic year.
                                               –25–
with    conclusory       statements      that    lack    support;      (ii) enumerate      actions,

acknowledgements, and admissions attributed to UTD without support and outside

of Addante’s personal knowledge; and (iii) provide no competent evidence of when

he participated in his claimed protected activities. Addante’s declarations, as cited

in his briefing,19 do not raise competent evidence of these nine alleged protected

activities. See Vince Poscente Int’l, Inc., 2013 WL 1320511, at *4–5; see also

Paragon Gen. Contractors, Inc., 227 S.W.3d at 884. Second, Addante refers us to

several portions of timelines that are contained in the record to substantiate these

nine alleged protected activities. But as his brief acknowledges, the timelines are not

evidence, and the timelines do not further refer us to competent evidence in the

record. See Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 227-28; Appellee’s Br. 31.

        Addante asserts in his briefing that his “participation in EEOC proceedings”

was protected activity, actionable under the TCHRA. The only EEOC proceeding

contained in the record is his December 9, 2015 Charge of Discrimination, which

occurred after the adverse employment actions—(i) denial of his reappointment and

(ii) denial of his merit raise. Thus, the alleged unlawful employment practices

occurred before the 2015 Charge of Discrimination. We must conclude that

Addante’s claim of retaliation cannot be based on this EEOC proceeding as the

record indicates no causal link. See TEX. LABOR CODE ANN. § 21.055; see, e.g.,

   19
       The brief must contain a clear and concise argument for the contentions made, with appropriate
citations to authorities and to the record. TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1.
                                                –26–
Allbritain v. Tex. Dep’t of Ins., No. A-12-CA-431-SS, 2014 WL 272223, at *10

(W.D. Tex. Jan. 23, 2014) (“Because the termination occurred before the EEOC

complaint, this “protected activity” could not possibly form the basis of a retaliation

claim due to the lack of a causal link.”).

          Regarding Addante’s argument that Addante’s Letter to Musselman was a

protected activity, the record shows Addante failed to raise that argument before the

trial court. Addante’s responses to UTD’s plea to the jurisdiction neither attached,

specifically identified, or expressly presented Addante’s Letter to Musselman as a

protected activity.20 For the first time on appeal, Addante asserts this letter was a

protected activity. However, as this argument was not presented to or adjudicated by

the trial court, we cannot consider this new argument. See TEX. R. APP. 33.1;

McConnell v. Southside Indep. Sch. Dist., 858 S.W.2d 337, 341 (Tex. 1993).21

Consequently, we conclude the sole protected activity Addante engaged in was his

2014 anonymous complaint. See TEX. LAB. CODE ANN. § 21.055(3).

    20
      Indeed, Addante’s Letter only appears once in the record, as attached to Wildenthal’s declaration as
context in support of his September 4, 2015 letter to Addante.
    21
         In addressing summary judgment, the Texas Supreme Court explained:
          A motion must stand or fall on the grounds expressly presented in the motion. In
          determining whether grounds are expressly presented, reliance may not be placed on briefs
          or summary judgment evidence.
          Likewise, issues a non-movant contends avoid the movant's entitlement to summary
          judgment must be expressly presented by written answer to the motion or by other written
          response to the motion and are not expressly presented by mere reference to summary
          judgment evidence.
McConnell, 858 S.W.2d at 341 (citing City of Houston v. Clear Creek Basin Authority, 589 S.W.2d 671,
678 (Tex. 1979)).
                                                   –27–
      2) Whether an Adverse Employment Action Occurred

      As we have concluded above, (i) UTD’s non-reappointment of Addante after

the 2015–2016 academic year and (ii) UTD’s denial of Addante’s merit raise are the

only materially adverse employment actions supported by the record. See TEX.

LABOR CODE ANN. § 21.202.

      3) Whether a Causal Link Existed Between the Protected Activity and the
         Adverse Action

      Addante contends that his engagement in protected activity caused UTD’s

alleged adverse employment actions. We held in Crutcher:

      To satisfy the causation requirement for a prima facie case of
      retaliation, a plaintiff must establish that without the protected activity,
      the employer’s prohibited conduct would not have occurred when it
      did. In other words, the plaintiff must establish a “but for” causal nexus
      between her protected activity and the employer’s prohibited conduct.

410 S.W.3d at 494 (internal citations omitted, emphasis added).

      First, Addante asserts that UTD’s decisionmaker knew of his protected

activities before UTD’s decision to deny his reappointment and merit raise. An

employer cannot retaliate against an employee if the employer’s decisionmaker for

the adverse employment decision did not know that the employee had engaged in

protected activity at the time of the alleged retaliatory actions. See Alamo Heights,

544 S.W.3d at 788 (concluding a fact issue on causation did not exist where “there

is no evidence [the decisionmaker] knew about [employee’s alleged protected

activity]”) (citing Watts v. Kroger Co., 170 F.3d 505, 512 (5th Cir. 1999)

                                         –28–
(concluding decisionmaker could not have retaliated based on protected activity of

which it was unaware)); see also Manning v. Chevron Chem. Co., LLC, 332 F.3d

874, 883 n.6 (5th Cir. 2003) (“If the decisionmakers were completely unaware of the

plaintiff’s protected activity, then it could not be said (even as an initial matter) that

the decisionmakers might have been retaliating against the plaintiff for having

engaged in that activity.”).

      Addante asserts that Wildenthal knew of his 2014 anonymous complaint

before Wildenthal’s decision to deny Addante’s reappointment and merit raise. In

support, Addante refers us to portions of his declarations, which are conclusory and

otherwise provide no basis for his statements. Addante speculates that Mendoza’s

investigation notes—which were (i) reproduced in Addante’s second declaration in

an incomplete, edited format and (ii) contained handwritten initials to refer to parties

and witnesses—caused his identity to be “known,” but Addante states neither who

at UTD knew Addante was the 2014 complainant nor how the initials identified him

or any other witnesses. Such evidence is not legally sufficient. See Vince Poscente

Int’l, Inc., 2013 WL 1320511, at *4–5; Paragon Gen. Contractors, Inc., 227 S.W.3d

at 884; see also Nichols v. Loral Vought Sys. Corp., 81 F.3d 38, 42 (5th Cir. 1996)

(discussing in an appeal of a summary judgment on an employment discrimination

case that the “evidence must be more than merely subjective and speculative”).

      Addante next refers us to his timelines, which he admits are not evidence and

which fail to refer us to further competent evidence in the record. Addante refers us

                                          –29–
to a “Review Human Resources Investigation” report, which states that Mendoza

met with Wildenthal regarding the complaint; however, neither that document nor

any other evidence in the record suggests that Wildenthal was informed or knew that

Addante was the complainant in the 2014 anonymous complaint.

         The record shows, to the contrary, (i) that Mendoza and his investigation did

not reveal Addante as the anonymous complainant at any time and (ii) that

Wildenthal could not recall hearing of Addante before his January 2015 review.

There is no competent evidence in the record that suggests anonymous complaints

made through UTD’s ethics and compliance hotline were not kept anonymous.

         Nevertheless, Addante asserts in his briefing and asserted during oral

argument that Wildenthal knew of Addante’s “opposition” “because Dr.

Wildenthal’s personal assistant is Dr. Rugg’s wife.” However, there is no competent

evidence in the record that indicates (i) Rugg’s wife knew anything about Addante’s

2014 anonymous complaint; (ii) Rugg’s wife knew Addante was the complainant in

the 2014 anonymous complaint; (iii) Rugg’s wife served as Wildenthal’s personal

assistant22; or (iv) Rugg’s wife discussed Addante’s 2014 anonymous complaint

with Wildenthal. Instead, the record shows Wildenthal first learned of Addante’s

2014 anonymous complaint in November 2015, when Addante filed a separate

    22
      The record is scant on this point and is limited solely to Addante’s deposition testimony that (i) his
“understanding” was that “Rugg’s wife actually worked” at then-Provost Wildenthal’s office and (ii) his
testimony that “Dr. Rugg’s wife or ex-wife or whatever their relationship was at the time, was also, to my
knowledge, an assistant to Wildenthal in the provost office.” The record contains no further basis or
corroboration on this point.
                                                  –30–
complaint against Wildenthal—that is, Addante revealed he was the anonymous

complainant to Wildenthal in November 2015. In light of the record before us, we

must conclude that Addante adduced no evidence that Wildenthal, UTD’s

decisionmaker on the decision to deny Addante’s reappointment and merit raise,

knew of Addante’s protected activity at the time of the alleged retaliatory actions.23

         Even if we were to assume Wildenthal knew Addante was the anonymous

complainant in 2014, the record shows no evidence that such knowledge was the

“but–for” cause of Wildenthal’s decision to deny Addante’s reappointment and merit

raise in 2015. See Crutcher, 410 S.W.3d at 494. To the contrary, the record shows

that Wildenthal approved Addante to teach as a Senior Lecturer I at the BBS on or

before July 3, 2014—almost three months after his April 10, 2014 complaint. Thus,

even if we assume Wildenthal knew Addante was the anonymous complainant,

Wildenthal nevertheless approved and hired Addante for further work (i) in a new

position (ii) at a higher salary (iii) for the 2014 to 2015 academic school year.

Assuming Wildenthal had knowledge of Addante as the complainant, it is not

reasonable to infer that such knowledge was causally connected to Wildenthal’s

decisions in 2015 to deny Addante’s reappointment and merit raise. See id.24

    23
      Addante’s briefing and oral argument presentation discussed whether anyone else was responsible as
UTD’s decisionmaker as to the denial of Addante’s reappointment and merit raise—particularly because
Addante was reappointed in August 2015 after Wildenthal’s decision to not reappoint Addante from Spring
of 2015. However, there is no evidence in the record to suggest anyone other than Wildenthal made the
decision to deny Addante’s reappointment and merit raise.
    24
       In Crutcher, we held there was no causal connection between a former employee’s protected activity
of filing a discrimination suit and retraction of a governmental unit’s recommendation for hire when the

                                                 –31–
       Second, Addante asserts a temporal proximity existed between Addante’s

protected activity and the alleged adverse employment actions. Here, Addante’s

protected activity was the April 10, 2014 anonymous complaint. The record shows

Wildenthal decided to deny Addante’s reappointment and his merit raise in spring

of 2015, and Addante learned of Wildenthal’s decision when he received

Wildenthal’s September 4, 2015 letter—almost sixteen months after the April 10,

2014 anonymous complaint and over one month after Musselman’s offer of work

for the 2015-2016 year, which excluded Addante’s merit raise.

       “Temporal proximity is relevant to causation when it is ‘very close.’” Alamo

Heights, 544 S.W.3d at 790. In Alamo Heights, the Texas Supreme Court held a gap

of eight months “is so long as to be of little, if any, probative value” in the context

of a retaliation claim. Id. (citing Jackson v. Honeywell Int’l, Inc., 601 F. App’x 280,

286–87 (5th Cir. 2015) (“We have found a five month period between the protected

activity and the adverse employment action insufficient to establish a causal link.”)).

The United States Supreme Court has discussed temporal proximity as follows:

       The cases that accept mere temporal proximity between an employer’s
       knowledge of protected activity and an adverse employment action as
       sufficient evidence of causality to establish a prima facie case
       uniformly hold that the temporal proximity must be “very close,”
       O’Neal v. Ferguson Constr. Co., 237 F.3d 1248, 1253 (C.A.10 2001).
       See, e.g., Richmond v. ONEOK, Inc., 120 F.3d 205, 209 (C.A.10 1997)
       (3–month period insufficient); Hughes v. Derwinski, 967 F.2d 1168,

governmental unit (i) learned of the prior discrimination suit, (ii) recommended the former employee for
hire after learning of the discrimination suit, (iii) submitted a recommendation for hire to the HR
Department, but (iv) later retracted the recommendation for hire. Crutcher, 410 S.W.3d at 494.
                                                –32–
       1174–1175 (C.A.7 1992) 4–month period insufficient). Action taken
       (as here) 20 months later suggests, by itself, no causality at all.

Clark Cty. Sch. Dist., 532 U.S. at 274–75. Here, nearly sixteen months separated

Addante’s protected activity and UTD’s adverse employment actions. The record

does not contain competent evidence of any other retaliatory motive by UTD. We

conclude Addante failed to establish a temporal proximity between his protected

activity and the adverse employment actions.

       Coupled with our conclusion that Wildenthal, as UTD’s decisionmaker, had

no knowledge of Addante’s protected activity and after indulging every reasonable

inference and resolving any doubts in favor of Addante, we must conclude Addante

failed to establish the necessary causal link between Addante’s protected activity

and any adverse employment action. As a result, Addante has failed to establish a

prima facie case of retaliation as required by the TCHRA. We sustain appellant’s

first issue.

   C. Whether Addante Met the Burden to Show His Participation in a
      Protected Activity Was the “But–For” Cause of Any Cause of Any of
      UTD’s Employment Decisions

       We have concluded that Addante failed to prove a prima facie case of

retaliation because the evidence presented did not establish a causal link between his

protected activity and UTD’s employment decisions to deny his reappointment and

merit raise. But, if we were to assume Addante had established a prima facie case of

retaliation as required by the TCHRA, our inquiry would continue under the

                                        –33–
McDonnell Douglas framework to determine (i) whether the employer “provide[d]

evidence of a legitimate reason for the adverse action”25 and (ii) whether, if the

presumption is rebutted, the employee was able to “prove the adverse action would

not have occurred ‘but for’ the protected activity.” Alamo Heights, 544 S.W.3d at

782;26 Crutcher, 410 S.W.3d at 493.

         i.      Whether UTD Produced Evidence of Legitimate, Nonretaliatory
                 Reasons for Its Adverse Employment Action

         The record contains substantive evidence of three legitimate, nonretaliatory

reasons, as asserted by UTD, for its employment decisions in denying Addante’s

reappointment and merit raise:

         1. Dr. Addante’s exceptionally poor course and instructor scores in his
         student evaluations for the Fall 2014 semester;
         2. Dr. Wildenthal’s lack of support for hiring a former UTD postdoc
         who could not find a tenure track assistant professor position at another
         university to fill a UTD teaching faculty position;
         3. Dr. Wildenthal’s understanding that the dean would not reappoint
         Dr. Addante for the 2015–2016 academic year at his instruction.

         Addante’s briefing does not dispute those as the articulated reasons in the

record for UTD’s employment decisions. Assuming Addante established a prima

facie case of retaliation as required by the TCHRA, we conclude UTD has rebutted

the presumption of discrimination with evidence of legitimate, nondiscriminatory

    25
      “The employer’s burden is only one of production, not persuasion, and involves no credibility
assessment.” McCoy, 492 F.3d at 557.
    26
       “If the employer meets its burden of production, the plaintiff then bears the ultimate burden of proving
that the employer’s proffered reason is not true but instead is a pretext for the real discriminatory or
retaliatory purpose.” McCoy, 492 F.3d at 557.
                                                    –34–
reasons for denying Addante’s reappointment and merit raise. See Alamo Heights,

544 S.W.3d at 782. Our next step in our McDonnell Douglas inquiry is to determine

whether Addante is able to “prove the adverse action would not have occurred ‘but

for’ the protected activity.” Id.

        ii.    Whether UTD’s Adverse Actions Would Not Have Occurred But-For
               the Protected Activity

        “The but-for causation standard is significantly more difficult to prove than

prima facie causation.” Alamo Heights, 544 S.W.3d at 782 (citing Univ. of Tex. Sw.

Med. Ctr. v. Nassar, 570 U.S. 338, 351–52 (2013)). In Apache Corporation v. Davis,

the Texas Supreme Court recently confirmed, following oral arguments herein, the

but-for causation standard applies in an action alleging retaliation under § 21.055.

2021 WL 2603824, at *9 (Tex. June 25, 2021) (the “but-for causation standard

applies in cases alleging retaliation for opposing discriminatory practices under

Section 21.055. Federal caselaw, which our jurisprudence parallels, agrees.”)

(footnotes omitted); see, e.g., Macy’s Retail Holdings, Inc. V. Benavides, No. 05-19-

01264-CV, 2021 WL 3573363, at *9 (Tex. App.—Dallas Aug. 12, 2021, no pet. h.);

City of Fort Worth v. Birchett, No. 05-20-00265-CV, 2021 WL 3234349, at *5 (Tex.

App.—Dallas July 29, 2021, no pet. h.). Addante responds that UTD’s first reason—

work performance—was pretext for the adverse employment actions.27 In Crutcher,

   27
       We addressed what constitutes “pretext” in University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center v.
Vitetta:

                                               –35–
we addressed this third step of the McDonnell Douglas framework in the context of

a retaliation claim:

       To raise a fact issue on the pretext element of a discrimination claim,
       the employee must present evidence proving the reasons stated by the
       employer were not its true reasons, but were a pretext for
       discrimination, or the reasons were not credible. Reeves v. Sanderson
       Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 143, 120 S. Ct. 2097, 147 L.Ed.2d
       105 (2000); Chandler, 376 S.W.3d at 814. An employer is entitled to
       judgment as a matter of law if the record conclusively establishes some
       other, nondiscriminatory reason for the employer’s decision, or if the
       plaintiff creates only a weak issue of fact as to whether the employer’s
       reason was untrue and there was abundant and uncontroverted
       independent        evidence      that     no      discrimination      had
       occurred. See Reeves, 530 U.S. at 148, 120 S. Ct. 2097. The issue at the
       pretext stage is not whether the employer made an erroneous decision;
       it is whether the decision, even if incorrect, was the real reason for the
       employment determination. See Sandstad v. CB Richard Ellis,
       Inc., 309 F.3d 893, 899 (5th Cir. 2002); Mayberry v. Vought Aircraft
       Co., 55 F.3d 1086, 1091 (5th Cir. 1995). The employer “is entitled to
       be unreasonable so long as it does not act with discriminatory
       animus.” Sandstad, 309 F.3d at 899. If the employee intends to show
       the explanation is so unreasonable it must be pretextual, it is the
       employee’s burden to proffer evidence creating a fact issue regarding
       reasonableness. Id.

Crutcher, 410 S.W.3d at 497.

       Under McDonnell Douglas, once an employer produces a legitimate, nondiscriminatory
       explanation for its decision, an employee “must be afforded ‘the opportunity to prove by a
       preponderance of the evidence that the legitimate reasons offered by the [employer] were
       not its true reasons, but were a pretext for discrimination.’ ” Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing
       Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 143 (2000) (quoting Burdine, 450 U.S. at 253). An employee
       can do this by showing that the employer’s proffered reason is “unworthy of credence.” Id.
       (quoting Burdine, 450 U.S. at 256); Laxton v. Gap, Inc., 333 F.3d 572, 578 (5th Cir. 2003)
       (“An explanation is false or unworthy of credence if it is not the real reason for the adverse
       employment action.”)
No. 05-19-00105-CV, 2020 WL 5757393, at *19 (Tex. App.—Dallas Sept. 28, 2020, no pet.) (mem op.).
                                                  –36–
      Addante refers us to several portions of his declarations, but, after we exclude

the conclusory and otherwise incompetent portions of the declarations in accordance

with our conclusions above, the remaining evidence is not sufficient to raise a fact

issue that UTD’s articulated legitimate and nonretaliatory reasons were false or

pretexts for retaliation. Alamo Heights, 544 S.W.3d 785 (holding a plaintiff’s burden

responding to a jurisdictional challenge “mirror[s] that of a traditional summary

judgment motion”); see Vince Poscente Int’l, Inc., 2013 WL 1320511, at *4–5; see

also Paragon Gen. Contractors, Inc., 227 S.W.3d at 884.

      As discussed, the record reflects that Wildenthal’s decision to deny Addante’s

reappointment and to deny the merit raise stemmed from (i) the “unsatisfactory

results recorded for [Addante’s] teaching performance”; (ii) Wildenthal’s lack of

support for employment “provided more or less on compassionate grounds”; and

(iii) Wildenthal’s “understanding that [Addante’s] appointment would not be

renewed.” Although Addante argues that UTD’s evidence concerning its materially

adverse decisions was false, he failed to produce any competent evidence to support

this contention. Addante responds in briefing that “[t]he evidence of pretext is: Dr.

Addante did not receive the lowest evaluations. Other employees received lower

evaluations and were not disciplined or terminated.” However, no evidence in the

record suggests Wildenthal’s decisions to deny Addante’s reappointment and merit

raise were tied solely to Addante having “the lowest evaluations.” Furthermore,

Addante provided no evidence to show the other employees with lower evaluations

                                        –37–
were comparators in any sense.28 Addante’s generalized assertions do not raise a fact

issue as to pretext. See Coastal Transp. Co. v. Crown Cent. Petroleum Corp., 136

S.W.3d 227, 232 (Tex. 2004); Wadewitz v. Montgomery, 951 S.W.2d 464, 466 (Tex.

1997).

         Addante “‘must rebut each non-discriminatory or nonretaliatory reason

articulated by the employer.’” Crutcher, 410 S.W.3d at 493 (quoting McCoy, 492

F.3d 551, 557). However, Addante offers no rebuttal to UTD’s second and third

asserted legitimate, nonretaliatory reasons for the adverse employment actions.

Therefore, even assuming Addante met his burden to establish a prima facie case of

retaliation, (i) the record shows legitimate, nonretaliatory reasons for UTD’s

decisions, and (ii) Addante failed to raise a fact issue on causation. See Nassar, 570

U.S. at 345–47, 351–52; Alamo Heights, 544 S.W.3d at 771, 782, 785; see also

Crutcher, 410 S.W.3d at 492–98. Thus, our result would remain the same—

dismissal for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. Alamo Heights, 544 S.W.3d at 785

(“Permitting a McDonnell Douglas case to proceed to trial when the prima facie case

has been rebutted and the plaintiff has not raised a fact issue on causation defies

logic. More importantly, allowing a trial to proceed without evidence to sustain a

    28
       “‘Employees are similarly situated if their circumstances are comparable in all material respects,
including similar standards, supervisors, and conduct.’” Alamo Heights, 544 S.W.3d 755, 791 (Tex. 2018)
(quoting Ysleta Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Monarrez, 177 S.W.3d 915, 917 (Tex. 2005)).
                                                 –38–
claim is repugnant to the TCHRA’s immunity waiver and contrary to the legitimate

objectives of governmental immunity.”) (footnote omitted).

D. Whether The Trial Court Erred in Overruling UTD’s Evidentiary
   Objections

         In response to UTD’s plea to the jurisdiction, Addante submitted three

separate unsworn declarations, two timelines, and a collection of documents attached

to his second unsworn declarations. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. § 132.001

(permitting unsworn declaration in lieu of affidavit required by statute, rule, or

order). UTD timely objected to several portions of the declarations, the timelines,

and the collected documents on the grounds of (i) legal conclusions, (ii) conclusory

and speculative statements, (iii) references to primary sources that would constitute

the best evidence of their contents, (iv) hearsay, and (v) unauthenticated documents

and document excerpts. The trial court afforded Addante an opportunity to correct

the defects raised in UTD’s objections. The trial court’s February 25, 2020 order

denying UTD’s plea to the jurisdiction further “ORDERED that all of Defendant’s

objections to the evidence submitted with Plaintiff’s Response to Plea to the

Jurisdiction are overruled.”

         As discussed above, Addante’s briefing to our Court acknowledges the

timelines are not evidence.29 Even if we assume all of Addante’s remaining evidence

    29
       The record indicates Addante offered this clarification—that the timelines were not evidence—to the
trial court in Plaintiff’s Second Supplemental Response to Defendant’s Plea to The Jurisdiction, filed on
November 14, 2019.
                                                 –39–
raised in response to UTD’s plea to the jurisdiction was admissible, Addante failed

to raise a genuine issue of material fact on the causation element of his TCHRA

claim that would survive a plea to the jurisdiction. See Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 221,

228; Vince Poscente Int’l, Inc., 2013 WL 1320511, at *4–5; see also Paragon Gen.

Contractors, Inc., 227 S.W.3d at 884. As we have sustained UTD’s first issue, we

need not reach this issue. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1 (“The court of appeals must hand

down a written opinion that is as brief as practicable but that addresses every issue

raised and necessary to final disposition of the appeal.”).

                                  VII. CONCLUSION

      Having sustained UTD’s first issue, we reverse the trial court’s February 25,

2020 Order Denying Defendant’s Plea to the Jurisdiction. We dismiss the case for

lack of jurisdiction.

200376f.p05                                 /Bill Pedersen, III//
                                            BILL PEDERSEN, III
                                            JUSTICE

Partida-Kipness J., dissenting.

                                        –40–
                           Court of Appeals
                    Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                 JUDGMENT

THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT                   On Appeal from the County Court at
DALLAS, Appellant                            Law No. 1, Dallas County, Texas
                                             Trial Court Cause No. CC-17-03714-
No. 05-20-00376-CV          V.               A.
                                             Opinion delivered by Justice
RICHARD J. ADDANTE, PH.D.,                   Pedersen, III. Justice Goldstein
Appellee                                     participating. Dissenting Opinion
                                             delivered by Justice Partida-Kipness.

      In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the February 25, 2020
Order Denying Defendant’s Plea to the Jurisdiction is REVERSED and this cause
is DISMISSED for want of jurisdiction.

     It is ORDERED that appellant THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT
DALLAS recover its costs of this appeal from appellee RICHARD J. ADDANTE,
PH.D..

Judgment entered this 8th day of September, 2021.

                                      –41–