Court Opinion

ID: 2796299
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-04-23 23:09:20.300175+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:18:59.796951
License: Public Domain

FILED 

                                                                       APRIL 23, 2015 

                                                                 In the Office of the Clerk of Court 

                                                               W A State Court of Appeals, Division III 

          IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 

                             DIVISION THREE 

ABC HOLDINGS, INC., and CHEM-SAFE             )         No. 30770-1-111
ENVIRONMENTAL, INC.,                          )         Consolidated with
                                              )         No. 31712-9-111 and
                     Appellants,              )         No. 32301-3-111
                                              )
              v.                              )
                                              )         PUBLISHED OPINION
KITTITAS COUNTY,                              )
                                              )
                     Respondent.              )

       BROWN, AC.J. - Today, we decide three consolidated appeals. First, Chern-Safe

Environmental, Inc. and its parent company, ABC Holdings, Inc. (collectively CSE)

appeal the superior court's public nuisance order, affirming the Kittitas County hearing

examiner's decision upholding the county's notice of violation and abatement (NOVA)

for handling moderate risk waste (MRW) without proper county permits. Second, CSE

appeals the court's contempt order based on its failure to adhere to the NOVA Third,

CSE appeals the court's denial of its motion to vacate the NOVA CSE contends (1) the

NOVA was factually unsupported, beyond the county's authority, and procedurally

defective, (2) the court erred in finding contempt, and (3) the court erred in denying its

reconsideration request in light of newly discovered evidence. We conclude the
No. 30770-1-111 cons. w/31712-9-111 & 32301-3-111
ABC Holdings, Inc. v. Kittitas County

contempt appeal is moot because CSE has since purged the contempt without

sanctions and we reject CSE's remaining contentions. Accordingly, we affirm.

                                         FACTS

       The facts are drawn primarily from the hearing examiner's unchallenged findings

offact. From July 10, 2008 through January 27,2011, CSE collected MRW materials

on its property before transporting the waste to disposal facilities. CSE claimed it was in

the process of obtaining a permit. On January 27, 2011-, a county's health department

inspector, James Rivard, visited CSE's property. He had inspected the site in the past

and had warned CSE it needed a permit. Mr. Rivard found MRW material on the

property, which Mr. Rivard believed was dry cleaning solvent (dichloromllthyl ether),

labeled P016-a hazardous waste number designated by 40 C.F.R. § 261.33. CSE did

not have a permit from the county's health department to collect MRW or operate a

MRW facility on the property, violating Kittitas County Code Ordinance 1999-01 and

chapter 173-350 WAC.

      The county issued a NOVA to CSE including a description of the alleged

violation, notice of a $500 fine payable within 30 days from the end of the appeal period,

a description of abatement action necessary, a statement that CSE could request an

administrative hearing, and notice the county may assess costs of abatement against

CSE. The NOVA ordered CSE to "test the concrete floor and ground at the facility site

for contamination. All test methods and sample locations must be pre-approved by [the

County] in consultation with [the Department of Ecology] prior to any testing. Testing

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ABC Holdings, Inc. v. Kittitas County

cannot be performed by [CSE], but must be done by a neutral 3rd party who is

approved by [the County] in consultation with ~OE.'' Clerk's Papers (CP) at 536.

Lastly, the county concluded CSE's actions amounted to a public nuisance.

       CSE requested an administrative hearing but did not dispute it had been

operating during Mr. Rivard's investigation without a required permit. CSE, however,

argued it was in the process of applying for the proper permit and asserted the county

had approved its operation during the application period. The county pointed out Mr.

Rivard's declaration submitted to the hearing examiner made reference to a drum

observed at the CSE facility that Mr. Rivard initially believed contained "P016." The

county explained to the hearing examiner Mr. Rivard's understanding of the label was

mistaken and that it actually listed "0016." The county informed the hearing examiner

that 0016 was listed as a dangerous waste per WAC 173-303-090(S)(c) and at 40

C.F.R. § 261.21.

       The hearing examiner found the county had allowed CSE to operate their waste

facility during the application process, but were not estopped to revoke that consent to

protect the public health, safety and welfare. The examiner found the county lacked

authority to waive the permitting requirements. And, that CSE "does not dispute that

they operated without the required license/permit." CP at S. The examiner affirmed the

NOVA and denied reconsideration. By this time, CSE had ceased operating at its

property.

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    No. 30770-1-111 cons. w/31712-9-1I1 & 32301-3-111 .
    ABC Holdings, Inc. v. Kittitas County

I          In March 2012, CSE appealed to the superior court; the superior court affirmed,

    filing a memorandum decision.

           In April 2012, CSE appealed here and requested the superior court stay NOVA

    enforcement until this appeal was decided. CSE mainly wanted to stay the required

    testing of the facilities' floor and ground below. In June 2012 the superior court denied

    CSE's stay request, finding it did not have jurisdiction because a notice of appeal had

    been filed. This court directed the parties to RAP 7.2 and RAP 8.1 regarding post

    judgment motions and the right to stay enforcement of trial court decisions.

           Based on this court's directive, CSE moved for reconsideration of the June 2012

    order denying its stay request, based on CR 59(a){8) (error of law), or alternatively,

    under CR 60(b)(3) (newly discovered evidence based on Mr. Rivard's later declaration

    regarding the drums' labeling). In October 2012, the superior court denied CSE's stay

    request, but did not address its CR 60 motion. In November 2012, CSE unsuccessfully

    requested reconsideration of the court's denial of its stay motion.

           In April 2013, the county requested a show cause hearing on why CSE should

    not be found in contempt for failing to adhere to the NOVA. In May 2013, the court

    found CSE in contempt, stating, "The contempt may be purged if appellants both

    formulate and execute a satisfactory sampling/testing plan." CP at 885. CSE appealed

    the court's contempt order to this court. In December 2013, the court ruled CSE had

    purged the contempt and denied the county's request for sanctions.

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ABC Holdings, Inc. v. Kittitas County

       In February 2014, eSE requested clarification of the court's November 2012

denial of its request for reconsideration. Filing another memorandum decision, the

superior court clarified its denial of eSE's motion to vacate based on newly discovered

evidence, finding Mr. Rivard's subsequent declaration regarding the drums' labeling was

before the hearing examiner and not newly discovered evidence. eSE separately

appealed that ruling as well. This court consolidated the three matters.

                                       ANALYSIS

                                 A. Permit Requirement

      The issue is whether the hearing examiner erred in affirming the county's NOVA

for eSE's operation without a permit. eSE contends it was not required to have a

permit, the NOVA was issued without due process, and the required abatement

amounts to an imper.missible taking.

      The superior court reviews the administrative record before the body or officer in

the local jurisdiction authorized to make the final determination. Citizens to Preserve

Pioneer Park v. City of Mercer Island, 106 Wash. App. 461, 470, 24 P.3d 1079 (2001).

We stand in the same position as the superior court and review the record before the

hearing examiner. Thornton Creek Legal Oef. Fund v. City of Seattle, 113 Wash. App. 34,

47,52 P.3d 522 (2002). We review challenged findings of fact under the substantial

evidence standard and conclusions of law de novo. Wenatchee Sportsmen Ass'n v.

Chelan County, 141 Wash. 2d 169, 176,4 P.3d 123 (2000). Since CSE does not

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challenge the findings of fact, we consider them verities here. Anderson v. Pierce

County, 86 Wn. App. 290,307 n.9, 936 P.2d 432 (1997).

       Initially, the county argues this appeal is not a matter of right because the

superior court heard the matter like an appeal or review of an order by a court of limited

jurisdiction. But, a court of limited jurisdiction is any court organized under Titles 3, 35,

or 35A RCW. RCW 3.02.010. The hearing examiner is not a court organized under any

of those titles, and is therefore not a court of limited jurisdiction. Thus, the superior

court's orders were final orders appealable as a matter of right under RAP 2.2(a)(1).

       CSE no longer argues it was a generator of solid waste, and instead argues it

was not required to obtain a county permit because it was a transferor/transporter of

MRW regulated by state and federal agencies. The county responds this issue was not

before the hearing examiner and, therefore, is not properly before us. "Our cases

require issues to be first raised at the administrative level." Citizens for Mt. Vernon v.

CityofMt. Vernon, 133 Wash. 2d 861, 869, 947 P.2d 1208 (1997). Furthermore, "[i]n order

for an issue to be properly raised before an administrative agency, there must be more

than simply a hint or a slight reference to the issue in the record." King County v. Wash.

State Boundary Review Bd., 122 Wash. 2d 648, 670,860 P.2d 1024 (1993).

       The hearing examiner found CSE operated by "collecting moderate risk waste

materials on the Property before transporting ... to disposal facilities" but CSE had not

"obtained a permit to collect ... waste ... from [the] County." CP at 5. The examiner

found, "a violation of the KCC Ordinance 1999-01 and WAC 173-350 occurred due to

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the existence of an unpermitted ... moderate risk waste facility." CP at 5. CSE did not

contest and even conceded the permit requirement at the administrative hearing.

Indeed, CSE initially defended, by arguing, it was in the process of obtaining a permit

when the county issued the NOVA. The hearing examiner's unchallenged findings of

fact clearly show CSE failed to obtain a permit, a violation of local and state

administrative codes. Thus, the issue of whether a permit was required was not raised

below.

         Requiring resolution of an issue at the administrative level is more than '''simply a

technical rule of appellate procedure; instead, it serves an important policy purpose in

protecting the integrity of administrative decision-making.'" Pacific Land Partners, LLC,

v. Dep't of Ecology, 150 Wn. App. 740,754,208 P.3d 586 (2009) (citation omitted).

The issue of whether CSE was required to obtain a permit from the county should have

been raised at the administrative level and is not properly before us. Even so, we note

CSE's argument it was solely a transferor/transporter of MRW waste excluded from the

county's permit requirements lacks merit.

         RCW 70.95.160 directs jurisdictional health boards to adopt regulations

governing solid waste handling "including but not limited to the issuance of permits and

the establishment of minimum levels and types of service for any aspect of solid waste

handling." MRW is defined as a solid waste. RCW 70.105.010(13).

         Pursuant to chapter 173-350 WAC, the county adopted solid waste ordinance

1999-01 to "govern the handling, storage, collection, transportation, treatment,

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utilization, processing and final disposal of all solid waste within Kittitas County,

including the issuance of permits and enforcement." Board Record (BR) at 27. The

regulations are implemented by a general permit process: "all solid waste handling,

storage, collection, transportation, treatment, utilization, processing, recycling, recovery,

and final disposal facilities subject to these regulations are required to obtain permits."

BR at 48. This section specifies "[n]o solid waste disposal site or facility, solid waste

handling facility, shall be operated, established, substantially altered, expanded or

improved until the county, city or other person operating or owning such site has

obtained a Solid Waste Handling Permit from the Health Department pursuant to the

provisions of this section." BR at 49. "We interpret local ordinances the same as

statutes." Sleasman v. City of Lacey, 159Wn.2d 639, 643,151 P.3d 990 (2007). An

unambiguous ordinance will be given its plain meaning. Id. While we acknowledge the

parties struggle to reconcile seemingly overlapping regulatory schemes as the focal

point of their problem, we need not attempt to voice our view on this problem because

our dispute resolution does not allow us to express advisory opinions. Our record is

clear.

         The unchallenged findings show CSE was in the business of "collecting

moderate risk waste materials on the Property before transporting." CP at 5. This

handling, collecting, and storing is covered by ordinance 1999-01 and requires a permit.

CSE claims, however, it .was exempt from the MRW facility permit requirement because

it possessed approval by the Department of Ecology (DOE) and the Environmental

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ABC Holdings, Inc. v. Kittitas County

Protection Agency (EPA). While CSE possessed an EPA/State Identification Number

for tracking waste during transportation, nothing in the solid waste handling regulations

(chapter 173-350 WAC) relieves CSE of local permit requirements for storage facilities.

Given the heavily regulated nature of dangerous waste and solid waste in Washington,

we reject any implicit exemption in the Ordinance 1999-01 permit requirements.

       CSE argues alternatively it was in the process of obtaining a permit and had

been assured by Mr. Rivard it could operate during the application period without a

permit, thereby estopping the county from arguing CSE violated Ordinance 1999-01.

But estoppel can solely be invoked against the government on a showing of clear and

convincing evidence of specified elements, including proof that estoppel will not impair

governmental functions. Kramarevcky v. Oep't of Soc. & Health Servs., 122 Wash. 2d 738,

743,863 P.2d 535 (1993). CSE made no such showing below. We reject CSE's

estoppel arguments because the gravamen of Washington's solid waste regulations is

the delegation of authority to local jurisdictions to impose permit requirements;

accepting CSE's argument would conflict with this important governmental function.

       CSE next argues the county improperly issued the NOVA without showing a

public nuisance. Generally, abatement is a remedy against a public nuisance. RCW

7.48.200. Kittitas County Code (KCC) 18.01.010(1) declares a public nuisance exists

for violations of Kittitas county ordinances and codes related to, among other things,

environmental health and safety. Specifically, pursuant to KCC 18.01.010(1 )(k) any

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No. 30770-1-111 cons. w/31712-9-111 & 32301-3-111
ABC Holdings, Inc. v. Kittitas County

violation of the Kittitas County health ordinances and codes, "including but not limited to,

Solid Waste Ordinance(s)" constitutes a public nuisance.

       As analyzed above, CSE did not comply with local permitting ordinances. This

noncompliance is considered a public nuisance under the plain terms of KCC

18.01.010(1 )(k) and is sufficient to justify the NOVA.1 Accordingly, we conclude the

hearing examiner did not err in concluding likewise.

       CSE next argues it was denied due process, claiming "specific Constitutional

protections against retroactive penalties" and "due process requirements have not been

met." Appellant's Br. at 34. The fundamental requirements of procedural due process

are notice and opportunity to be heard. Wichert v. Cardwell, 117 Wash. 2d 148, 151, 812
P.2d 858 (1991). Based on our record, CSE was provided notice and an opportunity to

be heard regarding the NOVA as evidenced by the appeal to the hearing examiner.

Moreover, the NOVA did not deprive CSE of any constitutionally protected property

interest. The NOVA did not cause a deprivation of any CSE permitted activity. A

violation notice, even if final, "is not the type of encumbrance that constitutes a

significant property interest giving rise to procedural due process." Cranwell v. Mesec,

77 Wash. App. 90, 111,890 P.2d 491 (1995). Accordingly, the NOVA alone does not

implicate a property interest giving rise to due process requirements; rather, it required

       1 CSE challenges the hearing examiner's conclusion that the presence of
dangerous and/or hazardous wastes and labeling and storage violations constituted a
public nuisance. Because the lack of the permit satisfies the public nuisance finding, we
need not further discuss this NOVA challenge.

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No. 30770-1-111 cons. w/31712-9-111 & 32301-3-111
ABC Holdings, Inc. v. Kittitas County

CSE to take action in accordance with its terms. In sum, we conclude CSE was not

unconstitutionally deprived of any protected property interest.

       CSE lastly argues the county's NOVA constitutes a "taking." Appellant's Br. at

37. CSE cites to Koontz v. Sf. Johns River Water Mgmf. Dist., _      U.S. _,133 S. Ct.

2586, 186 L. Ed. 2d 697 (2013) in footnote 53 of its brief to support its argument. But,

the Koontz holding applies solely in the context of the land use permit process where a

government approval was conditioned on coercively compelling a landowner to give up

property. Id. at 2603. Our case is distinguished from Koontz because it concerns

regulatory permit enforcement and does not compel a landowner to give up property.

      Given all, we hold CSE fails to show the hearing examiner erred in concluding

the county properly issued the NOVA because it lacked the required county permit.

                               B. Post Judgment Motions

      The issue is whether the trial court erred by abusing its discretion in denying

CSE's postjudgment CR 59 and CR 60 motions. CSE contends the court should have

stayed enforcement of the NOVA's testing requirements because it was invalid and

should have set aside the judgment based on Mr. Rivard's alleged recantation.

      We review rulings under CR 59 and 60 for abuse of discretion. Sommer v. Dep't

of Soc. &HealthServs., 104Wn.App.160, 170-71, 15 P.3d 664 (2001); Shawv. City of

Des Moines, 109 Wash. App. 896, 900, 37 P.3d 1255 (2002). Discretion is abused if it is

exercised without tenable grounds or reasons. State ex reI. Carroll v. Junker, 79 Wn.2d

12,26,482 P.2d 775 (1971).

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ABC Holdings, Inc. v. Kittitas County

       Initially, the county argues CSE's clarification motion was untimely. In June 2012

the superior court denied CSE's stay request. Since the matter was on appeal before

this court, a commissioner of this court directed the trial court to RAP 7.2 and RAP 8.1.

Based on this court's directive, CSE filed a motion for reconsideration. In October 2012,

the superior court reconsidered and denied CSE's stay request, but did not address its

CR 60 motion based on newly discovered evidence. In November 2012, CSE

unsuccessfully requested reconsideration of the court's denial of its stay motion. In

February 2014, CSE requested clarification of the court's November 2012 denial of its

request for reconsideration, arguing the court overlooked its CR 60 motion in 2012.

       We reject this contention because under CR 60(a), "mistakes in judgments,

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orders or other parts of the record and errors therein arising from oversight or omission

may be corrected by the court at any time." The court overlooked an issue raised by

CSE in 2012. Two years later, and while litigation continued, CSE brought the omission

to the court's attention. This is reasonable under CR 60(a).

       Turning to the merits, the trial court made clear it did not rely to its detriment on a

false statement of Mr. Rivard's to justify relief. The superior court clarified its denial of

CSE's motion to vacate based on newly discovered evidence, finding Mr. Rivard's later

declaration regarding the drums' labeling was before the hearing examiner and not

newly discovered. These findings are tenable grounds to justify the court's denial of

CSE's postjudgment relief request.

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No. 30770-1-111 cons. w/31712-9-1I1 & 32301-3-111
ABC Holdings, Inc. v. Kittitas County

       CSE's judicial estoppel theory lacks merit. For judicial estoppel to apply, an

inconsistent position first asserted must have persuaded the court to accept its position.

Falkner v. Foshaug, 108 Wash. App. 113, 125,29 P.3d 771 (2001). The court mentioned

the mistake issue in Mr. Rivard's first declaration and found the error was revealed at

the administrative hearing level; thus, it concluded the "substantive relevance" of the

issue "would not change this court's decision to affirm the hearing examiner's

determination that labeling and storage violations occurred and that Chem-Safe

maintained a public nuisance." CP at 1022. The court's analysis shows no inconsistent

position originally asserted. Without such, CSE's judicial estoppel claim fails.

                                      C. Contempt

      CSE contends the trial court erred in finding it in contempt of the trial court's May

2012 final order because NOVA improperly compelled it to have a third party test its

facility, did not provide away to purge the contempt, and denied due process by

precluding it from a hearing to show the NOVA requirements were improper.

      Contempt of court includes the intentional disobedience of any lawful judgment.

RCW 7.21.010(1)(b). If the court finds "that the person has failed or refused to perform

an act that is yet within the person's power to perform, the court may find the person in

contempt of court." RCW 7.21.030(2). We review contempt findings for an abuse of

discretion. Moreman v. Butcher, 126 Wash. 2d 36, 40-41,891 P.2d 725 (1995).

      "A case is moot if a court can no longer provide effective relief." Orwick v. City of

Seattle, 103 Wn.2d 249,253,692 P.2d 793 (1984). Generally moot issues are

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ABC Holdings, Inc. v. Kittitas County

dismissed on appeal. City of Seattle v. Johnson, 58 Wash. App. 64, 66-67, 791 P.2d 266

(1990). Here, the county requested a show cause hearing on why CSE should not be

found in contempt for failing to adhere to the NOVA. CSE failed to meet its burden.

Thus, the court found CSE in contempt, and ordered, "The contempt may be purged if

appellants both formulate and execute a satisfactory sampling/testing plan." CP at 885.

CSE satisfied the required testing. The court purged the contempt finding and denied

the county's sanctions request. Therefore, we can provide no further effective relief.

Accordingly, we conclude the contempt issues are moot.

      Affirmed.

                                                   Brown, A.C.J.
I CONCUR:

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                         No. 30770-1-III; 31712-9-III; 32301-3-III

       Fearing, J. (concurring) -   I concur with the majority's decision in each of the

three consolidated appeals. I write separately because I do not join in one of the

majority's ruling in the first appeal that challenges the validity of the notice of violation

and abatement (NOVA). The majority holds that Chem-Safe Environmental, Inc. (CSE),

was not exempt from the moderate risk waste (MRW) facility permit required by Kittitas

County despite holding a permit from the Washington State Department of Ecology and

Environmental Protection Agency to handle dangerous waste (DW), a level of waste

more risky than MRW. I find the law ambiguous on whether one holding a permit to

handle DW must also obtain a permit to handle MRW. Therefore, I would avoid the

issue and resolve the first of the three appeals on the sole basis of invited error.

       Kittitas County contends that CSE failed to raise the issue of an exemption before

the hearing examiner and thus waived the issue on appeal. As mentioned in passing by

the majority, this court will not review an issue that was not raised before an

administrative body unless the appellant (1) did not know and had no duty to discover

facts giving rise to the issue, (2) did not have an opportunity to raise the issue before the

agency, or (3) the issue arose from a change in controlling law or a change in agency
Nos. 30770-1-III; 31712-9-111; 32301-3-II1
ABC Holding, Inc. v. Kittitas County

action and the interests ofjustice require its resolution. RCW 34.05.554(1)(d); Kitsap

Alliance ofProp. Owners v. Cent. Puget Sound Growth Mgmt Hearings Bd, 160 Wn.

App. 250, 271-72, 255 P.3d 696 (2011). None of these exceptions apply.

       CSE contends it forwarded its exemption argument before the hearing examiner,

and it cites to Clerk's Papers at 468 for this contention. During the administrative

hearing on that page of the transcript, CSE represented to the hearing examiner that the

Department of Ecology originally told CSE that it needed the county permit, but the

county disagreed. Later, according to the representation, Kittitas County changed its

mind and told CSE that it needed a permit. CSE argued to the hearing examiner that the

county should be estopped from demanding a county permit to handle MRW.

Nevertheless, CSE did not argue that it was exempt because it also handled DW.

       In oral argument before this court, CSE also contended that its various briefs

submitted to the hearing examiner forwarded the exemption argument. CSE has failed to

cite to any portion of the briefs that presented this argument, however. In its opening

brief, filed March 23, 2011, CSE maintained that the lack of a permit was not a public

nuisance; any public nuisance did not justify the issuance of a NOVA; it timely submitted

a completed application for a county permit; the county agent, James Rivard, consented

to CSE operating without a permit; and CSE will eventually procure a permit. Board

Record (BR) at Index #56. In its supplementai brief, filed April 14,2011, CSE argued

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ABC Holding, Inc. v. Kittitas County

that Kittitas County erred in identifying the substance in a drum. BR at Index #60. CSE

did not assert an exemption in either brief.

       CSE's response brief, filed April 21, 2011, repeated earlier arguments and added

that some of its problems arise from handing DW, not MRW. CSE did not assert that,

since it had a permit to handle DW, it did not need a permit to handle MRW. More

importantly, CSE wrote, "The issue is not whether County Health can require an MR W

permit but whether it can retroactively revoke the right it has granted to [p ]etitioner to

operate without one and to fine petitioner based thereon." BR at Index #63, page 9 of 19.

       In its brief in support of a motion for reconsideration, filed May 26, 2011, CSE

argued estoppel; it was a small generator; and invasive testing was not needed at the site.

CSE further wrote, "Appellant does not urge that it is not required to obtain an MWF

permit. It applied for such a permit and there is a modified MWF permit application

pending." BR at Index #71, page 4 of20. Thus, in two briefs, CSE told the hearing

examiner it needed a county MRW permit. CSE asserted no exemption from the permit

requirement.

       CSE contends it may raise the exemption for the first time on appeal under RAP

2.5(a)(3). This rule's subsection permits the raising of a new issue on appeal if the issue

involves a manifest constitutional error. I question whether any error is constitutional in

nature or manifest in character. I need not address this question, however. CSE

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Nos. 30770-1-111; 31712-9-111; 32301-3-111
ABC Holding, Inc. v. Kittitas County

affirmatively told the hearing examiner that it needed a permit and was engaged in the

process of procuring the permit.

       If the hearing examiner committed any error, CSE encouraged the error. Under

the doctrine of invited error, a party may not materially contribute to an erroneous

application of law during a hearing and then complain of it on appeal. In re Dependency

ofK.R., 128 Wash. 2d 129, 147,904 P.2d 1132 (1995). The doctrine of invited error

prohibits a party from setting up an error at trial and then complaining of it on appeal.

State v. Wakefield, 130 Wn.2d 464,475,925 P.2d 183 (1996); State v. Pam, 101 Wn.2d

507,511,680 P.2d 762 (1984), overruled on other grounds by State v. Olson, 126 Wn.2d

315,893 P.2d 629 (1995).

I CONCUR:

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