Court Opinion

ID: 9929046
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-02-01 18:00:57.459872+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:05:36.250274
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                  __________

                             Nos. 22-2951, 22-2974, 22-3386
                                      __________

                       PYROTECHNICS MANAGEMENT, INC.,
                                          Appellant in No. 22-2951
                                     v.

                        XFX PYROTECHNICS LLC; FIRETEK

                                   FIRETEK, Appellant in Nos. 22-2974 and 22-3386

                                       __________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Western District of Pennsylvania
                              (W.D. Pa. No. 2-19-cv-0893)
                      District Judge: Honorable Robert J. Colville
                                      __________

             Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a) on Sept. 18, 2023

                Before: RESTREPO, McKEE, RENDELL, Circuit Judges

                            (Opinion filed: February 1, 2024)

                                       __________

                                        OPINION *
                                       __________

RESTREPO, Circuit Judge

       *
        This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does
not constitute binding precedent.
       These cross-appeals arise from a copyright dispute between competitors in the

fireworks business. Pyrotechnics Management, Inc. (“Pyrotechnics”) brought this action

claiming fireTEK violated Pyrotechnics’ copyright in the communication protocol

fireTEK used to control fireworks displays. 1

       Pyrotechnics appeals the September 20, 2022 Judgment entered by the District

Court. Additionally, fireTEK cross-appeals the District Court’s Orders denying

fireTEK’s motions for attorneys’ fees, for “return of the fireTEK router,” for sanctions,

and for striking fireTEK’s motion for leave to file a counterclaim. See fireTEK Br. 7.

For the reasons which follow, we affirm the challenged rulings.

                                            I. 2

       On a previous interlocutory appeal in this case, fireTEK appealed the District

Court’s March 11, 2021 grant of a preliminary injunction preventing fireTEK from

distributing Pyrotechnics’ allegedly infringing product. See Pyrotechnics Mgmt., Inc. v.

XFX Pyrotechnics LLC, 38 F.4th 331 (3d Cir. 2022) (“Pyrotechnics I”). On June 29,

2022, this Court issued a Precedential Opinion (“PO”) holding that Pyrotechnics could

not prevail on its copyright infringement claim. Id. at 341. Accordingly, Pyrotechnics I

       1
         Although Pyrotechnics also brought this action against XFX Pyrotechnics, LLC
(“XFX”), on Oct. 26, 2022 XFX filed a letter representing to this Court that it will not be
participating in this appeal because XFX was dismissed from this case on Dec. 16, 2021.
       2
         The District Court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 (federal question),
1338 (copyright law), and 1367 (supplemental jurisdiction). Pyrotechnics and fireTEK
filed their respective appeals pursuant to our jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 (final
decisions of district courts).

                                                   2
vacated the District Court’s preliminary injunction and remanded the case for the District

Court to dismiss Pyrotechnics’ copyright claim. Id. On July 26, 2022, this Court denied

Pyrotechnics’ petition for rehearing en banc or panel rehearing of Pyrotechnics I, and on

August 12, 2022, our Court denied fireTEK’s motion in this Court for attorneys’ fees, to

award costs, and for sanctions alleging Pyrotechnics filed a frivolous appeal.

       In the meantime, fireTEK filed a motion for sanctions against Pyrotechnics in the

District Court on December 24, 2021. On January 14, 2022, the Court denied that

motion.

       On March 7, 2022, fireTEK filed a motion for summary judgment. In addition,

more than two years after it filed its Answer to Pyrotechnics’ original Complaint, more

than a year after fireTEK filed its Answer to Pyrotechnics’ operative Amended

Complaint, and after Pyrotechnics I was filed in June of 2022, fireTEK filed a motion on

July 29, 2022 for leave to file a counterclaim. On July 13, 2022, fireTEK also filed a

motion for release of its module, router, and bond.

       On remand from fireTEK’s appeal of the preliminary injunction and in accordance

with Pyrotechnics I, the District Court on August 8, 2022 dismissed Pyrotechnics’

copyright claim with prejudice. The Court’s Order also granted fireTEK’s request to

release its bond associated with the prior preliminary injunction and deferred on ruling on

fireTEK’s motion to return its module and router.

       Pyrotechnics then filed on August 15, 2022 a status report requesting that the

Court approve Pyrotechnics’ voluntary dismissal of its remaining pendent state law

claims, for lack of supplemental jurisdiction in light of Pyrotechnics I. The Court granted

                                                3
that request and issued an Order pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(a)(2), dismissing

Pyrotechnics’ remaining claims against fireTEK.

       The District Court subsequently denied as moot the parties’ cross-motions for

summary judgment on September 12, 2022 in light of the previous dismissal of all

remaining claims and Pyrotechnics I. On that same date, the Court ordered stricken

fireTEK’s motion for leave to file a counterclaim because the motion failed to comply

with the Court’s standing order on motions practice which requires that each substantive

motion shall be supported by a separate brief that contains the factual and legal support

for the relief sought.

       On September 15, 2022, the Court ordered the Clerk of Court to close the case,

and on September 20, 2022, after the denial of fireTEK’s motion to reopen the case, the

Court entered a final Judgment, pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 58.

       On October 4, 2022, fireTEK filed a motion for attorneys’ fees, based on the relief

granted by Pyrotechnics I and the alleged bad faith frivolous nature of Pyrotechnics’

claims. On October 20, 2022, Pyrotechnics filed this appeal from the September 20,

2022 Judgment.

       On October 20, 2022, fireTEK filed a motion for the District Court to order

Pyrotechnics to provide fireTEK with the wireless router Pyrotechnics had obtained

during discovery, and on that same date, fireTEK appealed the denial of its motion for

sanctions and its motion for leave to file a counterclaim. On December 13, 2022, the

District Court denied fireTEK’s motion for attorneys’ fees and its motion for the wireless

router. Three days later, fireTEK appealed from the denial of those two motions.

                                                4
                                             II.

       On appeal, Pyrotechnics challenges Pyrotechnics I and argues that its command

codes are copyrightable. Pyrotechnics concedes that the issues raised now on appeal

were addressed by this Court in Pyrotechnics I, and that “in substance, [this appeal] is a

request to review the panel’s decision in Pyrotechnics I, which dictated the district court

result.” See Pyrotechnics Br. 13; see also id. at 3 (“Pyrotechnics now seeks reversal of

the panel’s merits-precedential opinion in Pyrotechnics I[.]”).

       Third Circuit Internal Operating Procedure (“I.O.P.”) 9.1 provides: “It is the

tradition of this court that the holding of a panel in a precedential opinion is binding on

subsequent panels. Thus, no subsequent panel overrules the holding in a precedential

opinion of a previous panel. Court en banc consideration is required to do so.” Pardini

v. Allegheny Intermediate Unit, 524 F.3d 419, 426 (3d Cir. 2008) (quoting I.O.P. 9.1).

Under I.O.P. 9.1, we are “not free to disregard the decision” in Pyrotechnics I. United

States v. Harris, 68 F.4th 140, 146 (3d Cir. 2023).

       “En banc consideration is the only means by which we can overrule our existing

precedential authority, and even then, the full Court ‘do[es] not overturn our precedents

lightly.’” Id. (quoting Al-Sharif v. U.S. Citizenship & Immigration Servs., 734 F.3d 207,

212 (3d Cir. 2013) (en banc)). “[T]his practice shows our Court’s respect for the role of

stare decisis and the predictability it affords.” Id. (quoting Bastardo-Vale v. Att’y Gen.,

934 F.3d 255, 267 (3d Cir. 2019)).

                                                   5
       Here, Pyrotechnics has already filed a petition for rehearing en banc of

Pyrotechnics I, and this Court denied the same. It appears Pyrotechnics now wants at

least two bites of the proverbial apple.

       The “law of the case” doctrine provides that “one panel of an appellate court

generally will not reconsider questions that another panel has decided on a prior appeal in

the same case.” Pardini, 524 F.3d at 426 (quoting In re City of Phila. Litig., 158 F.3d

711, 717 (3d Cir. 1998)). Here, Pyrotechnics concedes that it is essentially requesting

that we revisit and overrule the holdings of this Court’s PO in Pyrotechnics I.

       Consistent with I.O.P. 9.1 and the law of the case doctrine, we will not overrule

Pyrotechnics I. “This case is governed by our [prior] decision.” Harris, 68 F.4th at 146.

Moreover, Pyrotechnics fails to demonstrate extraordinary circumstances warranting that

the law of the case doctrine should not be applied here. In re City of Phila. Litig., 158

F.3d at 718 (citing Pub. Int. Rsch. Grp. of N.J., Inc. v. Magnesium Elektron, Inc., 123

F.3d 111, 116-17 (3d Cir. 1997)). Pyrotechnics’ request that we revisit the issues decided

in Pyrotechnics I is denied, and we affirm the District Court’s Judgment.3

                                            III.

       3
        To the extent that Pyrotechnics requests that this appeal be heard as an initial en
banc hearing, that request is denied. Obviously, this appeal is not currently before a full
panel of this Court, and in any event, among other things, Pyrotechnics fails to show the
required exigent circumstances or that this appeal presents a question of exceptional
importance sufficient to warrant en banc hearing. See I.O.P. 9.2 and 9.4.1; Fed. R. App.
P. 35(a). Moreover, we again point out that the full Court has already denied
Pyrotechnics’ prior motion for rehearing en banc. Thus, the full Court has already
determined that the issues raised again here and in Pyrotechnics I do not warrant en banc
treatment.

                                                   6
       On appeal, fireTEK argues the District Court erred in failing to: award fireTEK

attorneys’ fees; provide fireTEK with the router obtained by Pyrotechnics during

discovery; grant fireTEK leave to file a counterclaim; and sanction Pyrotechnics. We

disagree.

       In its motion for attorneys’ fees, fireTEK contended in the District Court it was

entitled to fees and costs under the Copyright Act. “The Copyright Act permits a

discretionary award of attorneys’ fees to the prevailing party in a copyright lawsuit.”

Leonard v. Stemtech Int’l Inc., 834 F.3d 376, 403 (3d Cir. 2016) (citing 17 U.S.C. § 505).

Section 505 “clearly connotes discretion,” and a district court may not “award[]

attorney’s fees as a matter of course.” Id. (quoting Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc., 510 U.S.

517, 533 (1994)). Indeed, fireTEK acknowledges on appeal that “[n]o precise formula

governs whether a court should exercise its discretion to grant attorneys’ fees to the

prevailing party.” See fireTEK Br. 19 (citing Fogerty, 510 U.S. at 534).

       As the District Court pointed out, the Supreme Court has identified “several

nonexclusive factors” for courts to consider: “frivolousness, motivation, objective

unreasonableness[,] and the need in particular circumstances to advance considerations of

compensation and deterrence.” Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 579 U.S. 197, 202

(2016) (quoting Fogerty, 510 U.S. at 534 n.19). In addition, although a court retains

discretion in giving due consideration to all the relevant circumstances, it “should give

substantial weight to the objective reasonableness of the losing party’s position.” Id. at

199.

                                                 7
       Here, after considering the relevant factors, the District Court properly found:

“Given the procedural posture of the appeal, the complexity of the issue, and the robust

litigation and briefing surrounding the copyrightability of the wireless router, we find that

the award of attorneys’ fees and costs is not warranted. [Pyrotechnics] did not act

frivolously and was not improperly motivated.” Appx. 103. As the Court pointed out,

“[t]he Court originally held that Pyrotechnics’ copyright was valid, that Pyrotechnics had

a substantial likelihood of success on the merits, and that it was entitled to a preliminary

injunction against [f]ireTEK” based on the evidence. Id. “Although the attempt to

defend its asserted copyright has failed; if anything, it served to clarify the extent of the

Copyright Act’s protections.” Appx. 104. The Court properly denied fees and costs in

light of the totality of circumstances in this case. See Kirtsaeng, 579 U.S. at 203.

       The Court also did not abuse its discretion in striking fireTEK’s motion for leave

to file a counterclaim where fireTEK violated the Court’s standing order. An appellate

court “owes deference to a district court’s interpretation of its local rules,” see Weitzner v.

Sanofi Pasteur Inc., 909 F.3d 604, 613 (3d Cir. 2018) (quoting Gov’t of V.I. v. Mills, 634

F.3d 746, 750 (3d Cir. 2011)), and “a district court’s application and interpretation of its

own local rules should generally be reviewed for abuse of discretion.” Id.

       Here, it is undisputed that fireTEK violated the Court’s standing order, and the

District Court was within its discretion to interpret and apply its local rules. See id. “It is

beyond question that the District Court has the authority to strike filings that fail to

comply with its local rules,” id. at 614, and here, the Court did not abuse its discretion in

doing so. See Peters v. Del. River Port Auth. of Pa. and N.J., 16 F.3d 1346, 1359 n.16

                                                  8
(3d Cir. 1994) (finding no abuse of discretion in denial of motion for leave to assert

counterclaim); Smith v. Oelenschlager, 845 F.2d 1182, 1184-85 (3d Cir. 1988) (no abuse

of discretion where district court dismissed motion for new trial as being noncompliant

with procedural local rule, noting that “[a]ny other holding would undermine the power

of the district courts to enforce their own local rules”).

         Next, fireTEK argues the District Court erred in denying its request for return of

the wireless router provided to Pyrotechnics during discovery. In denying that request,

the Court explained that it was co-defendant XFX that provided Pyrotechnics with the

prototype fireTEK router for purposes of assisting an expert to determine whether the

router violated the alleged copyright. The Court pointed out that it had held that the

router was owned by XFX, that fireTEK still had failed to present a sufficient basis for

the return of the item at the time of its request, and that at the time of the Court’s denial

of the request this litigation remained unresolved on appeal. Accordingly, the Court

denied the motion at that time. The District Court did not abuse its discretion by

declining to order Pyrotechnics to provide fireTEK with the router prototype that

fireTEK’s former co-defendant XFX produced to Pyrotechnics in discovery. See Gallas

v. Supreme Ct. of Pa., 211 F.3d 760, 778 (3d Cir. 2000) (reviewing district court’s

management of discovery for abuse of discretion).

         Finally, fireTEK challenges the District Court’s denial of sanctions regarding the

handling of discovery material. In the District Court, fireTEK complained about alleged

violations of a Protective Order by the way Pyrotechnics allegedly handled a module and

sales documents that fireTEK had produced in discovery. At a status conference held on

                                                  9
January 12, 2022, counsel were given an opportunity to present evidence and make

arguments in support of their respective positions on the sanctions motion.

       Decisions on discovery-related sanctions are “entrusted to the discretion of the

district court.” Bowers v. NCAA, 475 F.3d 524, 538 (3d Cir. 2007). Thus, this Court

reviews sanctions decisions for abuse of discretion. Ario v. Underwriting Members of

Syndicate 53 at Lloyds, 618 F.3d 277, 287 (3d Cir. 2010).

       After carefully considering the evidence, which included the affidavit of Dan

Barker, President of Pyrotechnics, and emails between counsel, the Court reasonably

concluded that “the facts and circumstances of the alleged wrongdoing here [were] not

sufficient to support imposition of sanctions.” Appx. 90. The Court did “not view these

matters as violative of any court order or rule, and even if a violation ha[d] been shown,

there [was] inadequate evidence of any material harm to fireTEK resulting from such

purported violations.” Id. We find no abuse of discretion in the Court’s denial of

fireTEK’s request for sanctions

                                            IV.

       Consistent with I.O.P. 9.1 and the law of the case doctrine, we will not overrule

Pyrotechnics I. In addition, the District Court did not err in failing to award fireTEK

attorneys’ fees, provide fireTEK with the router obtained by Pyrotechnics during

discovery, grant fireTEK leave to file a counterclaim, and sanction Pyrotechnics.

Accordingly, we affirm.

                                                  10