Court Opinion

ID: 9925527
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-01-20 18:10:45.406006+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:20:57.951393
License: Public Domain

NUMBER 13-22-00033-CV

                            COURT OF APPEALS

                   THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                     CORPUS CHRISTI – EDINBURG

CHRISTOPHER MURRAY,                                                        Appellant,

                                          v.

VERONICA ROBINSON,                                                         Appellee.

                    On appeal from the 98th District Court
                          of Travis County, Texas.

                         MEMORANDUM OPINION

                 Before Justices Longoria, Silva, and Peña
                  Memorandum Opinion by Justice Peña

      Appellant Christopher Murray appeals a judgment following a bench trial in favor

of appellee Veronica Robinson on Murray’s claims for declaratory judgment and equitable

reimbursement regarding a jointly owned property. The trial court declared that Robinson

was not responsible for the property taxes, mortgage payments, or maintenance, repair,
and improvement expenses incurred by Murray. However, it declared that Robinson was

responsible for one half of the insurance premiums paid for the structures on the property.

In three issues, which we reframe and construe as two issues, Murray argues that the

trial court erred in: (1) not granting judgment in Murray’s favor; and (2) issuing declarations

that were not supported by the pleadings. We affirm. 1

                                          I.       BACKGROUND

        Murray and his wife, Florentina Murray, owned approximately seventy-eight acres

of property in Travis County which constituted their homestead (the property). Florentina

died intestate in 1997. At the time of Florentina’s passing, the property was

unencumbered by any liens. In 1998, Robinson, Florentina’s only child from a prior

marriage, filed an affidavit of heirship asserting an interest in the property pursuant to

Texas’s laws on intestate succession. 2 See TEX. EST. CODE ANN. §§ 102.003, 201.003(c).

         After Florentina’s death, Murray continued to reside on the property and claim it

as his homestead, while Robinson resided elsewhere. In 2019, Murray sued Robinson,

asserting causes of action for contribution and reimbursement, foreclosure of equitable

lien, and declaratory judgment. Murray claimed that Robinson was responsible as a joint

owner for fifty percent of the sums Murray paid for taxes, insurance, and repairs for the

property. Murray also claimed Robinson was responsible for fifty percent of the principal

and interest paid for a mortgage taken out on the property after Florentina’s death. Finally,

Murray claimed Robinson was responsible for fifty percent of the cost of improvements to

        1 This case is before this Court on transfer from the Third Court of Appeals in Austin pursuant to a

docket-equalization order issued by the Supreme Court of Texas. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 73.001
(granting the supreme court the authority to transfer cases from one court of appeals to another if there is
“good cause” for the transfer).
        2 The parties agree that Robinson inherited a fifty percent interest in the property due to Florentina’s

community interest in the property passing through intestate succession.

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the property and reimbursement for the resulting increase in value to the property.

         Robinson filed an answer asserting a general denial, and the case proceeded to a

bench trial. At trial, Murray testified that there was no probate administration for

Florentina’s estate. He claimed that Florentina owed approximately $300,000 in debts at

the time of her death, although the property itself was not encumbered by those debts.

Following Florentina’s death, Murray took out two loans secured by a lien on the

property—$238,477.50 in 1998 and $410,000 in 2001. 3 Murray testified that the proceeds

of the 1998 loan went toward paying the debts of Florentina’s estate. He testified that

$300,000 of the proceeds of the 2001 loan were used for the same purpose. Murray

stated that he used the remaining $110,000 for private investment. Murray did not

produce any documentary evidence showing how the money for either loan was spent.

Murray agreed that Robinson did not receive any proceeds from these loans. Robinson

did not sign the promissory note on either loan, and she was not personally liable on the

loans.

         According to Murray, he sought reimbursement from Robinson for the principal and

interest paid toward $300,000 of the 2001 loan, which constituted approximately

$611,000 at the time of trial. Murray also spent $82,121.27 on homeowner’s insurance

through trial, although he claimed Robinson was only responsible for paying her share of

sixty-seven percent, or $55,021.25, because that portion went toward insuring the

structures on the property. Murray testified that he paid a total of $335,997 in property

          3 The loan documents reflect the entire seventy-eight acres as homestead. However, Murray

presented evidence that he only claimed twenty acres of the property as homestead. We defer to the trial
court’s resolution of this fact issue. See Howeth Invs., Inc. v. City of Hedwig Village, 259 S.W.3d 877, 894
(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, pet. denied) (explaining that “it is the province of the trial court in a
bench trial to resolve conflicting evidence,” and “we must assume that it resolved all conflicts in accordance
with its fact findings”).

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taxes. Murray also testified that he spent $135,459.95 to improve the property, which he

claimed increased the value of the property by $23,028.14.

        The trial court signed a judgment, with the following declarations:

        1.      The [property] was the marital homestead of [Murray] and
                Florentina[], and [Murray] continues to occupy the [p]roperty under
                his homestead rights as a surviving spouse;

        2.      [Robinson] is not responsible for any of the ad valorem property
                taxes on the [p]roperty;

        3.      [Robinson] is not responsible for any payments, whether a principal
                payment or an interest payment on the property;

        4.      [Robinson] is not responsible for any of the maintenance, repairs, or
                improvements made on or to the [p]roperty by [Murray]; and

        5.      [Robinson] is responsible for one-half of the insurance premiums on
                the structures and shall reimburse [Murray] for the paid insurance
                premiums in the amount of $27,510.62.

The trial court signed the following findings of fact and conclusions of law:

                                    I.      FINDINGS OF FACT

        1.      The [property] was the marital homestead of [Murray] and
                Florentina[ 4];

        2.      Florentina[] passed away in 1997, and her ½ community property
                interest in the [p]roperty passed by intestate succession to
                []Robinson;

        3.      [Murray] has exclusively occupied and continues to exclusively
                occupy the [p]roperty under his homestead rights as the surviving
                spouse of Florentina[];

        4.      There were no liens on the [p]roperty at the death of Florentina[] in
                1997;

        5.      [Robinson] did not execute the Promissory Note, dated April 3, 1998,

         4 As noted above, Murray claimed to present evidence that the homestead constituted only twenty

acres of the property. However, Murray does not challenge this finding on appeal. See Pearl Res. LLC v.
Charger Svcs., LLC, 622 S.W.3d 106, 115 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2020, pet. denied) (“[I]f the trial court’s
findings of fact are not challenged by a point of error on appeal, the appellate court is bound by them.”).

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             from [Murray] to Banc One Financial Services (“1998 Note”);

      6.     [Robinson] did not execute the Texas Home Equity Fixed/Adjustable
             Rate Note, dated July 23, 2001, from [Murray] to Long Beach
             Mortgage Company (“2001 Note”);

      7.     No proceeds from either the 1998 Note or the 2001 Note were used
             to purchase the [p]roperty or refinance any debt used to purchase
             the [p]roperty;

      8.     [Robinson] did not receive any proceeds from either the 1998 Note
             or the 2001 Note; and

      9.     The total insurance premiums paid on the structures on the [p]roperty
             since Florentina[’s] death are $55,021.24.

                            II.    CONCLUSIONS OF LAW

      1.     Since [Murray] is occupying the [p]roperty under his rights as the
             surviving spouse, [Murray] is responsible for all of the ad valorem
             taxes on the [p]roperty;

      2.     Since [Murray] is occupying the [p]roperty under his rights as the
             surviving spouse, [Murray] is responsible for all of the maintenance,
             repairs, and/or improvements made to the [p]roperty;

      3.     Since no proceeds of the 1998 Note or the 2001 Note were used to
             purchase the [p]roperty or refinance any debt used to purchase the
             [p]roperty, and since [Robinson] did not receive any proceeds from
             the 1998 Note or the 2001 Note, [Robinson] is not responsible for
             any principal or interest payments on either note.

      4.     [Robinson] is responsible for one half of the hazard insurance
             premiums paid for the hazard insurance on the structures of the
             policy which equals $27,510.62.

      Murray filed a motion to correct, modify, and reform the judgment, which was

overruled by operation of law. This appeal followed.

                     II.     SURVIVING SPOUSE HOMESTEAD RIGHTS

      In his first issue, Murray argues that the trial court erred in declaring that Robinson

was not obligated to reimburse him for any portion of the property taxes, loan payments,

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maintenance, repairs, or improvements pertaining to the property.

A.    Standard of Review & Applicable Law

      We construe Murray’s issue as challenging the trial court’s conclusions of law. “We

apply a de novo standard to review a trial court’s conclusions of law in a bench trial and

will uphold them if the judgment can be sustained on any legal theory supported by the

evidence.” Wood v. Wiggins, 650 S.W.3d 533, 544 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2021,

pet. denied) (first citing City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 822 (Tex. 2005); and

then citing In re Moers, 104 S.W.3d 609, 611 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, no

pet.)). “If the reviewing court determines a conclusion of law is erroneous, but the trial

court nevertheless rendered the proper judgment, the error does not require reversal.”

Bowman v. Stephens, 569 S.W.3d 210, 224 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2018, no

pet.) (citing BMC Software Belgium, N.V. v. Marchand, 83 S.W.3d 789, 794 (Tex. 2002)).

      “The homestead of a decedent who dies leaving a surviving spouse descends and

vests on the decedent’s death in the same manner as other real property of the decedent

and is governed by the same laws of descent and distribution.” TEX. EST. CODE ANN.

§ 102.003. “If the deceased spouse is survived by a child or other descendant who is not

also a child or other descendant of the surviving spouse, the deceased spouse’s

undivided one-half interest in the community estate passes to the deceased spouse’s

children or other descendants.” Id. § 201.003(c). Under the Texas Constitution, “[a]

surviving spouse has the right to occupy the homestead for the remainder of his life.”

Henry v. Brooks, 651 S.W.3d 657, 663 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2022, no pet.) (citing TEX.

CONST. art. XVI, § 52). “So long as the surviving spouse elects to use or occupy the

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homestead, the homestead is not subject to partition among the heirs of the deceased.”

Id. (citing TEX. CONST. art. XVI, § 52).

       The surviving spouse’s “estate is analogous to a life tenancy, with the holder of the

homestead right possessing the rights similar to those of a life tenant for so long as the

property retains its homestead character.” Laster v. First Huntsville Props. Co., 826

S.W.2d 125, 129 (Tex. 1991) (first citing Fiew v. Qualtrough, 624 S.W.2d 335, 337 (Tex.

App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 1981, writ ref’d n.r.e.); and then citing Sparks v.

Robertson, 203 S.W.2d 622, 623 (Tex. App.—Austin 1947, writ ref’d)). The homestead

right therefore “reduc[es]” underlying ownership rights “in a homestead property to

something akin to remainder interests.” Id. In this situation, a co-tenancy does not exist

among the life tenant and the inheriting child. Sparks, 203 S.W.2d at 623–24. This

treatment applies “whether the fee title to the homestead property belongs to the separate

estate of either or both spouses, or to their community estate.” LeBlanc v. LeBlanc, 761

S.W.2d 450, 453 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi–Edinburg 1988, writ denied) (quoting

Sparks, 203 S.W.2d at 623); see TEX. EST. CODE ANN. § 102.002 (“The homestead rights

and the respective interests of the surviving spouse and children of a decedent are the

same whether the homestead was the decedent’s separate property or was community

property between the surviving spouse and the decedent.”).

       “The surviving spouse is entitled to all ‘fruits, rents, and revenues’ obtained from

the property during his life.” Henry, 651 S.W.3d at 663 (quoting Sargeant v. Sargeant, 15

S.W.2d 589, 594 (Tex. [Comm’n Op.] 1929)). He is only entitled to reimbursement from

the remainderman for paying down the principal of an encumbrance on the property that

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existed at the time the remainderman inherited an interest in the property. 5 Id. (citing

Brokaw v. Richardson, 255 S.W. 685, 688 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1923, no writ)). If there

is an existing encumbrance on the property, the surviving spouse is responsible for paying

the interest on the encumbrance. Id. (citing Dakan v. Dakan, 83 S.W.2d 620, 625 (Tex.

1935)). The surviving spouse is not entitled to reimbursement for improvements to the

property or the payment of taxes. Id. (first citing Sargeant, 15 S.W.2d at 594; and then

citing Hunter v. Clark, 687 S.W.2d 811, 815 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1985, no writ)).

B.     Analysis

       Murray contends that he is entitled to contribution from Robinson because she is

a joint owner of the property and thus a tenant in common. Assuming he is entitled to

reimbursement, Murray further argues that the trial court erred in not imposing an

equitable lien and ordering a sale foreclosing that lien.

       A child who inherits an interest in a property for which the surviving spouse

maintains a homestead interest owns only a remainder interest during the surviving

       5 The Texas Estates Code further provides:

       If the decedent was survived by a spouse or minor child, the homestead is not liable for
       the payment of any of the debts of the estate, other than:

               (1) purchase money for the homestead;
               (2) taxes due on the homestead;
               (3) work and material used in constructing improvements on the homestead if the
                   requirements of Section 50(a)(5), Article XVI, Texas Constitution, are met;
               (4) an owelty of partition imposed against the entirety of the property by a court
                   order or written agreement of the parties to the partition, including a debt of
                   one spouse in favor of the other spouse resulting from a division or an award
                   of a family homestead in a divorce proceeding;
               (5) the refinance of a lien against the homestead, including a federal tax lien
                   resulting from the tax debt of both spouses, if the homestead is a family
                   homestead, or from the tax debt of the decedent;
               (6) an extension of credit on the homestead if the requirements of Section
                   50(a)(6), Article XVI, Texas Constitution, are met; or
               (7) a reverse mortgage.

TEX. EST. CODE ANN. § 102.004.

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spouse’s lifetime; therefore, a co-tenancy does not exist. See Sparks, 203 S.W.2d at 623–

24. Further, contrary to Murray’s contention, the relationship remains the same whether

the surviving spouse still owns a portion of the homestead in fee simple due to his interest

in the community estate. See LeBlanc, 761 S.W.2d at 453. Because Robinson possesses

only a remainder interest, the laws governing tenants in common do not apply. See

Sparks, 203 S.W.2d at 623–24. Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not err in

concluding that Robinson is not responsible for any reimbursements under this theory.

See Wood, 650 S.W.3d at 544. Murray’s arguments regarding the imposition of an

equitable lien and an order of foreclosure are dependent upon his assertion of a co-

tenancy relationship, and they necessarily fail for the same reasons.

       In the alternative, Murray argues that, as a life tenant, he is still entitled to

reimbursement for the principal reduction on the property’s encumbrances and the full

amount of insurance premiums paid. As previously stated, Murray is only entitled to

reimbursement for paying down the principal for an encumbrance that existed at the time

Robinson inherited her interest. See Henry, 651 S.W.3d at 663. However, the trial court

found there were no liens on the property at the time of Florentina’s death, and Murray

does not challenge this finding on appeal. See Pearl Res. LLC v. Charger Servs., LLC,

622 S.W.3d 106, 115 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2020, pet. denied) (“[I]f the trial court’s findings

of fact are not challenged by a point of error on appeal, the appellate court is bound by

them.”). The encumbrances on the property were created after Florentina’s death, and

Robinson did not receive any proceeds from the associated loans. Therefore, we hold

that the trial court did not err in concluding that Robinson is not responsible for

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reimbursing Murray for the principal reduction. See Wood, 650 S.W.3d at 544.

        With respect to full reimbursement of the insurance premiums, Murray cites

authority stating that a life tenant is not required to maintain insurance on the property for

the benefit of the remaindermen. See Richardson v. McCloskey, 276 S.W. 680, 684 (Tex.

[Comm’n Op.] 1925); Hill v. Hill, 623 S.W.2d 779, 781 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1981, writ

ref’d n.r.e.). However, Murray cites no authority, and we have found none, requiring

reimbursement if the life tenant voluntarily insures the homestead property. Absent any

authority to the contrary, we conclude that the trial court did not err in determining that

Robinson was not responsible for full reimbursement of the insurance premiums paid by

Murray for the property. 6

        Having rejected each of Murray’s arguments, we overrule Murray’s first issue.

                                       III.    UNPLEADED CLAIMS

        In his second issue, Murray argues that the trial court erred in granting relief to

Robinson because Robinson was required to plead as an affirmative defense that she

was a remainderman rather than a co-owner of the property. Murray similarly argues that

the trial court erred in granting Robinson declaratory relief in the absence of pleadings.

A.      Standard of Review & Applicable Law

        A judgment must be supported by the pleadings, and a party may not be granted

relief in the absence of pleadings to support such relief. Cunningham v. Parkdale Bank,

660 S.W.2d 810, 813 (Tex. 1983); see TEX. R. CIV. P. 301. We review de novo whether a

        6 We note that Robinson agreed in the trial court that she was responsible for half of the insurance

premiums for the structures on the property, and she does not file a cross-appeal challenging the trial court’s
declaration to that effect.

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trial court’s judgment is supported by the pleadings. Salomon v. Lesay, 369 S.W.3d 540,

554 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2012, no pet.).

       The Uniform Declaratory Judgments Act (the UDJA) empowers Texas courts “to

declare rights, status, and other legal relations whether or not further relief is or could be

claimed.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 37.003(a); see Allstate Ins. Co. v. Irwin, 627

S.W.3d 263, 269 (Tex. 2021). The UDJA’s “purpose is to settle and to afford relief from

uncertainty and insecurity with respect to rights, status, and other legal relations; and it is

to be liberally construed and administered.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN.

§ 37.002(b). Under the UDJA, a party can receive “a declaration of rights, status, or other

legal relations” under certain instruments such as a deed. Id. § 37.004(a). “[D]eclarations

under the Act can be both negative (non-liability) and affirmative (liability).” Irwin, 627

S.W.3d at 269 (citing TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 37.003(b)).

B.     Analysis

       In his live pleading, Murray requested “a declaratory judgment declaring the rights

of the [p]arties with respect to the [p]roperty[.]” Specifically, Murray sought declarations

that Robinson was responsible for reimbursement for one half of the amount Murray paid

for taxes, insurance, expenses, reduction in principal on encumbrances, interest, and

improvements. Murray also sought a declaration that Robinson owed reimbursement for

one half of the increase in value to the property. The trial court’s declarations all pertained

to Murray’s requested relief, albeit in the negative. See Irwin, 627 S.W.3d at 269; see also

Salomon, 369 S.W.3d at 553–54 (“The trial judge is not constrained to enter judgment

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only in a form specified by one of the parties, because in addition to conforming to the

pleadings, the judgment must also reflect a correct application of the law[.]”).

       Because the declarations were authorized by Murray’s pleadings, we conclude that

the trial court did not err in entering a declaratory judgment in the absence of an

affirmative defense or claim pleaded by Robinson. See Salomon, 369 S.W.3d at 554

(“[W]e conclude that the relief ordered by the trial court corresponds to the allegations in

the parties’ pleadings (a dispute about homestead rights and property ownership).”). We

overrule Murray’s second issue.

                                    IV.    CONCLUSION

       We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                                                L. ARON PEÑA JR.
                                                                Justice

Delivered and filed on the
18th day of January, 2024.

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