Court Opinion

ID: 9639437
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-22 16:17:47.878779+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:10:18.449159
License: Public Domain

OPINION ON REHEARING.
JOHN G. HILL, Senior Justice.
In her motion for rehearing, Shaw joins the dissent in contending that we applied the wrong test in determining whether the defensive issue she argued at trial was raised by the evidence. She argues that we should have applied what she refers to as the “raised-by-the-evidence test.” As we noted in the original opinion, the “rational-juror test” is the test used to determine whether, in fact, the defensive issue has been raised by the evidence. It is therefore a part of the “raised-by-the-evidence test,” not a separate test. We again reject the argument that a defensive issue has been raised by the evidence even though, presuming the defensive evidence to be true, no rational juror could'find for the defense based- upon the evidence presented.
Shaw urges that we erred in holding that no evidence was presented from which a rational juror could conclude that shaking the complainant and causing its head to hit a surface, even a bed, was the result of emergency medical care administered in good faith and with reasonable care. She *459refers us to evidence that she conducted CPR on the child and that she followed some instructions from the 911 operator in doing so. It is undisputed that Shaw conducted CPR and that she followed some instructions from the 911 operator in doing so. However, there is no evidence that Shaw’s conduct of the CPR was reasonable, and there is no evidence that she was ever instructed by the 911 operator or anyone else to shake the baby and cause its head to hit against a hard surface or the surface of the bed.
Shaw suggests that Deputy Thompson, who was the initial officer at the scene, observed her conducting CPR and that at no time did he observe that the CPR was not being conducted in good faith and with reasonable care. Shaw’s motion contains no record references to any place in the record where Deputy Thompson observes Shaw shaking the baby and hitting its head against a hard surface or the bed, and then expresses any opinion as to whether such conduct of CPR was reasonable. In fact, Deputy Thompson never expressed any opinion as to whether Shaw’s conduct of CPR was conducted with reasonable care.
Finally, Shaw refers us to testimony given by the medical examiner when asked what happens when an infant is shaken and then hits its head on the bed padding. Among other things, the medical examiner replied that the only difference between hitting the baby’s head against a hard surface and a surface such as the bed padding is that there is “less crushing injury of things outside the skull, so you may not see external bruising, you may not even see any bleeding under the scalp in the rare occasional case, but you will see still the accelerational injury with the brain and all its subdurals and that sort of thing.” Shaw interprets the testimony as saying that shaking the baby and hitting its head against an object, like a bed, could cause the injury sustained by the child in a rare case. We interpret the examiner’s testimony as saying that only in a rare case would one not see any bleeding under the scalp when the baby is shaken and its head hit against an object. We believe that a rational jury could not interpret the testimony in the way Shaw seeks to interpret it. However, even if the jury were to reasonably interpret the testimony in the way suggested by Shaw, it still does not constitute any evidence that Shaw’s shaking the baby and causing its head to hit an object consisted of emergency medical care administered in good faith and with reasonable care.
Shaw also suggests that we erred in holding that no rational jury could conclude from the evidence that she was not licensed in the healing arts. First, she refers us to section 204.003 of the Texas Occupation Code, which, among other things, provides that not every medical assistant or health care worker is required to hold a license as a physician assistant where one does not act as a physician assistant or represent to be one. She refers us to evidence that at trial neither she nor anyone else referred to her as a physician assistant, and that she signed consent forms at the hospital in her role as the complainant’s grandmother, not as a physician assistant. None of these matters Shaw presents constitutes evidence from which a rational jury could conclude that she is not licensed, in view of her testimony that she was licensed.
Having shown that she was a licensed medical assistant, Shaw was obligated to present evidence showing that she was not licensed in the healing arts. As noted in the original opinion, she gave a very broad description of her duties, from which a reasonable juror could conclude that she was licensed in the healing arts. It is true *460that a specific listing of what she did included tasks that arguably might not include the healing arts. However, one need not be licensed to perform those duties. Therefore, in view of her testimony that she was licensed, this did not constitute evidence from which a rational juror could conclude that Shaw was not licensed in the healing arts.
In answer to our suggestion that a jury would be required to resort to speculation in order to find from this evidence that Shaw was not licensed in the healing arts, Shaw refers us to a witness who testified that Shaw applied and received food stamps after she had lost her job. She also refers us to evidence obtained subsequent to trial from the internet website of the American Academy of Physician Assistants showing that the median annual income for a physician assistant in the United States was $67,734.00 in 2001. Shaw acknowledges that she had previously taken a voluntary leave of absence from the office of the physician for whom she had been employed. Shaw insists that a rational jury could conclude from this evidence that at the time of the occurrence in question she was an unemployed “medical assistant” on food stamps. Even if this is true, it does not constitute evidence from which a rational jury could conclude that Shaw was not licensed in the healing arts. First, there is no evidence that an unemployed “medical assistant” licensed in the healing arts, including a physician assistant, could not obtain food stamps if unemployed. Also, there is no evidence showing that one is no longer licensed in the healing arts when one becomes unemployed. We overrule Shaw’s motion for rehearing.