Court Opinion

ID: 1083197
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-09 21:11:18.104664+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:09:36.745718
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

                               AT JACKSON

                          SEPTEMBER 1995 SESSION
                                                           FILED
STATE OF TENNESSEE,               )                     November 24, 1997
                                  )    C.C.A. NO. 02C01-9405-CR-00089
             Appellee,            )                     Cecil Crowson, Jr.
                                  )    Shelby County    Appellate C ourt Clerk
v.                                )
                                  )    Honorable Joseph B. McCartie, Judge
FREDRICK SLEDGE,                  )
                                  )    (Capital First Degree Murder and
             Appellant.           )      Especially Aggravated Robbery)

For the Appellant:                     For the Appellee:

William P. Redick                      Charles W. Burson
Capital Case Resource Center           Attorney General and Reporter
704 - 18th Avenue South                450 James Roberston Parkway
Nashville, TN 37203                    Nashville, TN 37243-0497
(ON APPEAL)                                   and
                                       Sharon S. Selby
Paul Bottei                            Assistant Attorney General
Capital Case Resource Center           450 James Roberston Parkway
704 - 18th Avenue South                Nashville, TN 37243-0497
Nashville, TN 37203
(ON APPEAL)                            John W. Pierotti
                                       District Attorney General
Edwin C. Lenow                                 and
Suite 2325                             John Campbell and
100 North Main Building                Jerry Harris
Memphis, TN 38103                      Assistant District Attorneys General
(AT TRIAL)                             201 Poplar Avenue
                                       Memphis, TN 38103

OPINION FILED:________________________

FIRST DEGREE MURDER CONVICTION AFFIRMED, SENTENCE REVERSED,
REMANDED FOR NEW SENTENCING TRIAL.

ESPECIALLY AGGRAVATED ROBBERY CONVICTION AND SENTENCE AFFIRMED.

Joseph M. Tipton
Judge
                                       OPINION

              The defendant, Fredrick Sledge, was convicted by a jury in the Shelby

County Criminal Court of first degree murder and especially aggravated robbery, a

Class A felony. In the capital sentencing hearing, the jury found the existence of one

aggravating circumstance: that the defendant had been previously convicted of one or

more felonies, whose statutory elements included the use of violence to the person.

See T.C.A. § 39-13-204(i)(2). The jury found that the aggravating circumstance

outweighed the evidence of mitigating circumstances beyond a reasonable doubt and

sentenced the defendant to death by electrocution. He received a twenty-year,

consecutive sentence for the especially aggravated robbery.

              In this appeal as of right, the defendant alleges deficiencies and errors

that occurred from indictment insufficiency and trial errors to the constitutionality of the

death penalty, the particulars being specified through this opinion. Having considered

the various claims, we conclude that the conviction for felony murder is affirmed but that

sentencing phase trial errors require us to reverse the sentence and to remand the case

to the trial court for resentencing for first degree murder. We affirm the conviction and

sentence for especially aggravated robbery.

                                      BACKGROUND

              The evidence presented at trial established that the victim, Johnny Harris,

was killed in Memphis, Tennessee, on the evening of December 10, 1991. Dr. O'Brian

C. Smith, Assistant Medical Examiner for Shelby County, performed the autopsy on the

body the following morning. The autopsy revealed two gunshot wound tracks

completely through the body. One bullet entered the left back, went through the heart,

and came out of the chest. The other was in the back of the left knee, and it came out

just below the kneecap.

                                              2
             Dr. Smith testified that the wounds were distant wounds, that is, the gun

was shot from more than two feet away from the victim. Dr. Smith could not determine

exactly how far away the victim was from the gun, but there was no powder residue on

the victim's hands, which he said would tend to indicate the victim did not grab the gun

when it was discharged.

             The bullet that entered the back and went through the heart caused the

death. Dr. Smith testified that the wound to the knee was consistent with a person

whose leg was in a running motion when it was hit. He also testified that the bullet track

in the back was consistent with a person bending forward, as in a running position.

However, Dr. Smith acknowledged that the bullet tracks could also indicate that the

shooter was positioned on a lower plane than the victim when the gun was fired.

              Officer Sandra D. Palmer of the Memphis Police Department was the first

officer at the scene, an apartment complex on 2240 Union Avenue. She received a

dispatch and arrived at 10:57 p.m. Officer Palmer testified she saw a white male lying

on his back, face up, pockets turned inside out, and bleeding from the chest area. The

victim lived in apartment 19, but the body was lying in front of apartment 21. The

victim's car was parked in front of apartment 19, and on the ground next to the car on

the driver's side were some of the victim's personal belongings. There is an alley that

runs parallel to the front of the apartment building, between the alley and the building

are the parking spaces. Each apartment has two adjacent doors leading inside.

              Officer Palmer saw no blood or shell casings in the area between the

body and the items on the ground next to the car. The only blood she saw was on the

ground next to the victim.

                                            3
              Officer Dana Stine of the Memphis Police Department was the patrolman

responsible for the collection and preservation of the evidence at the scene. He took

photos, dusted for prints, drew sketches, and collected and tagged the victim's personal

belongings that were retrieved from the parking lot next to the driver's side of the

victim's car and from the front seat of the car. Officer Stine recovered fingerprints from

the victim's wallet and box cutter, but he was unable to get any prints from the victim's

car. Officer Stine testified that because the victim's pants pockets were turned inside

out, "it kind of appeared like he had to clean out his pockets or something like that."

The victim did, however, have a gold necklace visibly hanging around his neck.

              Officer Stine found four distinct bullet holes in the two doors leading into

apartment 21, but he could only find three of the bullets. One spent bullet was still in

one of the holes, while the two other bullets were inside the apartment, one in a

mattress and one in a wall. He testified that both bullets found inside the apartment

were traveling in an upward direction before they came to rest. He could not, however,

determine the direction of travel of the bullet found in the outside door.

              Officer Stine also took measurements of the scene. The victim's body

was thirty-three feet away from the items found next to the car. There is a sixteen-inch

rise from the ground level of the parking lot to the porch in front of apartment 21 where

the body was lying. The alley is about thirty feet from the front of the building, and the

alley has about a two-foot incline to the parking lot.

              The State called three witnesses who were living in the apartment

complex on the night of the murder. The first, James Falls, lived in apartment 21. Mr.

Falls testified that he heard gunfire around 10:45 p.m. At first, he thought it was a car

backfiring, but then he saw the bullets come through his apartment doors. Mr. Falls

testified that he went to the floor and yelled to his wife to get onto the floor. He crawled

                                             4
to the kitchen and called 911. He testified that he did not look outside until the police

arrived, but when he did look, he saw the victim lying on his front porch.

              Clifford Anderson, another apartment resident, testified that he was on the

Union Avenue side of the complex heading towards a convenience store at about 10:45

p.m. when he heard gunshots coming from the rear of the building. Mr. Anderson

testified that he saw a man standing on a second floor balcony of the apartment

building and thought that he might have been involved, but he did not see anything in

his hands. Mr. Anderson then saw what appeared to be a male with a long black or

brown trench coat and a short Afro or hat running in the alley behind the building

towards Edgewood. He did not see the man carrying anything in his hands.

              After he saw this man running, Mr. Anderson testified that he saw an early

1970's model blue Buick containing two or three people drive down Edgewood and

make a left heading east onto Union Avenue. He said that he saw the car moments

after he saw the person running down the alley, and that the timing of the events led

him to believe that the person he saw running had possibly gotten into the car. The car

appeared to drive off at a normal rate of speed. After the car drove away, he called the

police.

              Darrell Hubbard lived on the second floor in apartment 44. He testified

that on the night of the murder he heard five gunshots: first there was one, then a

pause, then the other four were rapid. Mr. Hubbard looked out of his window and saw a

person with white shoes, black pants, and a long black coat, with his hands in his

pockets, running down the alley towards Edgewood. Mr. Hubbard testified he saw the

person's face when the person appeared to be startled by something in the alley and

turned around and looked back in Mr. Hubbard's general direction. Mr. Hubbard was

about twenty to thirty feet away from the person. When he talked to the police that

                                             5
night, he told them that it appeared the person had a stocking on his head and that he

would be able to identify the person if he were wearing the same clothes as he had on

that night. At the trial, however, he testified that it appeared that night like the person

had on a stocking because he was looking at the person through the screen in his

window. While on the witness stand, Mr. Hubbard identified the defendant as the

person in the alley.

              On December 18, 1991, the defendant gave a statement to the police

concerning the murder of Mr. Harris. Sergeant Richard David Roleson and Sergeant

Ronald F. Wilkinson both advised the defendant of his rights before conducting the

interview. Sergeant Wilkinson said that the defendant understood his rights, signed a

waiver form, and agreed to answer questions from the officers. He also testified that at

the time of the interview, the defendant seemed alert and did not appear to be under

the influence of any narcotics or alcohol.

              The following is a summation of the statement the defendant gave to

Sergeants Wilkinson and Free of the Memphis Police Department:

                     The defendant admitted to shooting someone with a
              revolver in some apartment complex on December 10, 1991.
              When asked why he shot the person, the defendant stated that
              the man grabbed his gun and he was scared. He admitted he
              was in the process of robbing the victim when he shot him.

                     The defendant was at a friend's apartment with two
              other individuals, Antonio Crawford and Alex Bumpus, when
              the three of them decided to borrow a friend's Buick and go out
              and rob somebody in the mid-town area. They spotted an old
              man, about 5'6" tall, coming out of the Mega Market and trailed
              him to his apartment.

                       When they arrived at the man's apartment building, the
              defendant got the gun from Crawford in the front seat, got out
              of the car, and followed the man into an alley. The defendant
              was wearing Crawford's long black coat. He was holding the
              gun down to his side and approached the man and told the
              man to give him all his money. The man gave the defendant
              his billfold. The billfold contained only six or seven dollars and
              some sort of badge. The defendant asked the man if he was
              a cop or something, but the man just stood there without

                                              6
             speaking. The defendant then went through the man's pockets,
             saying "this ain't all the money you got, I know it ain't."

                    While he was going through the pockets with his right
             hand, he held the gun in his left hand. The defendant kept
             asking the man if he had more money, but the man still did not
             say anything. After he searched the pockets, the defendant
             patted the man's clothing. The man then grabbed the gun and
             the gun went off. The defendant did not know if the man was
             hit.

                    The defendant walked away and saw that the man was
             following him, so the defendant shot away from him to scare
             him off. He thinks he fired the gun three or four times. The
             defendant then took off running. The defendant stated, "I
             thought I was shooting away from him, and I must have hit
             him, I didn't see nothing, to make sure he don't follow me."
             When he got back in the car, he gave the gun back to
             Crawford. The other two individuals asked whether he shot the
             guy. The defendant replied he did not know, but hoped he did
             not.

                    The defendant stated that he did not tell anyone else
             about the shooting, but stated that Crawford and Bumpus told
             their cousin Lisa they had robbed some old man, the
             defendant fired the gun, but they did not know whether the
             man was hit. The defendant also stated that he had robbed
             about four or five other people in Memphis. Finally, the
             defendant stated he was not trying to shoot the old man and
             he is sorry the man died.

             The 1977 blue Buick the defendant and the other two were using on the

night of the murder belonged to Davey Weeks. Kimberly Farmer borrowed the car from

Mr. Weeks and then allowed Crawford, Bumpus, and the defendant to use it that

evening. Ms. Farmer testified that the defendant was wearing black jeans and a long

black coat, and that he had a gun in his coat pocket when they went out. She further

testified that she saw the three men return no later than 11:00 p.m. that evening. When

the three men returned, she overheard the defendant say, "he don't need his business

discussed with no bitch and everybody needed to shut up before he killed everybody

that's conversating about him." Ms. Farmer also testified that the defendant said he

would kill whoever snitched to the police about him. Ms. Farmer testified that when she

talked to the defendant several days afterwards about the police looking for him, the

defendant's reaction was normal; he did not care.

                                           7
              Nick A. Dodys, the victim's nephew, testified on behalf of the state. His

testimony consisted only of personal information about the victim. The victim was 64

years old, about 5'6" tall, and in excellent health. He was retired from the restaurant

business, and at the time of his death worked part-time as a butcher at a Mega Market.

At one time he also worked in vehicle storage for the Memphis Police Department. The

victim lived with and took care of his mother, and after her death he lived alone. Mr.

Dodys testified that he and his mother, the victim's sister, would talk to the victim about

twice a day, including the afternoon of the day of his death. Mr. Dodys testified that he

attended his uncle's funeral.

              The defense called no witnesses in the guilt phase of the trial. The

defendant was convicted on the above evidence.

              During the sentencing phase, Carolyn Rudolph, Clerk for the Shelby

County Criminal Court, was called by the state to testify concerning the defendant's

previous convictions. The defendant robbed a couple on December 13, 1991, only

days after the robbery in the present case, and was convicted for those crimes on

February 23, 1993. The victims of the other crimes were Yvette and Gary Yochum.

              Mr. Yochum testified on behalf of the state. Mr. Yochum and his wife had

pulled into their driveway when the defendant confronted them with a gun demanding

all their money. Mr. Yochum testified that the defendant said, "give me all your money,

or I'll kill you." After Mr. Yochum and his wife gave him all they had, the defendant

approached them and went through their pockets. The defendant told them to lie down,

but because of the car's position against the fence they could not. Mr. Yochum testified

that a shot was fired and then the defendant fled. No one was hurt.

                                             8
              The defense attempted to introduce the testimony of Carl Nelson as

mitigating evidence. After a lengthy leave into Mr. Nelson's credentials, though, Mr.

Nelson never testified. The court stated that the defense never established Mr.

Nelson's expertise in the field to which he was to testify: psychology. At the time of the

trial, Mr. Nelson was employed by the state as a Psychological Chaplain II. He has a

bachelor's degree in social psychology and a master's in pastoral counseling. Mr.

Nelson testified that he had performed thousands of psychological evaluations on

inmates in Tennessee over the previous eight years through a test he developed

himself. Mr. Nelson testified that he had met with the defendant for about an hour on

three different occasions, and in order to assess the defendant's upbringing, even

moved into the defendant's housing development for eight months.

              The defense wanted to elicit testimony from Mr. Nelson concerning the

defendant's remorsefulness. The court, however, stated that he was not qualified as a

psychologist. The court ruled that Mr. Nelson would only be allowed to testify about

interviews he had with the defendant, but that he could not testify as to any opinions he

formed. At one point during the questioning, the topic of racism surfaced. The

transcript indicates that the witness was attempting to interpose theories concerning the

socialization of African-American males. The trial court asked the witness several times

what he meant by such statements. The witness appeared to be skirting around the

trial court’s questions, and the trial court finally said that Mr. Nelson could not testify and

asked the witness to step down.

              The next morning, however, the trial court told the defense that Mr.

Nelson would be allowed to testify, but that his testimony would be limited to his

interviews with the defendant and not as to any opinions he formed. The defense,

however, was unable to reach Mr. Nelson, and Mr. Nelson never testified.

                                              9
              The defendant testified on his own behalf during the sentencing phase.

He testified that he never intended to strike Mr. Harris and that he is sad about what

happened. On cross-examination, the defendant stated that he was not shooting at Mr.

and Mrs. Yochum, but that the gun fired accidentally. He said he was not aware that

Mr. Harris was shot until the police told him. The defendant denied telling anyone that

he would kill them if they talked about him.

                          SUFFICIENCY OF THE INDICTMENT

              In his first issue, the defendant challenges the sufficiency of the

indictment. Specifically, the defendant claims that the felony murder count is fatally

defective and void because it fails to allege the mental state required for a killing to

result in the offense of felony murder. The state contends that this issue has been

waived. Alternatively, the state asserts that the indictment correctly charges the

offense.

              As a general proposition, defenses and objections based on defects in the

indictment must be raised before trial. Tenn. R. Crim. P. 12(b)(2); State v. Randolph,

692 S.W.2d 37, 40 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1985). If the defendant fails to raise the issue

before trial, the issue is deemed to be waived. Tenn. R. Crim. P. 12(f); see Rhoden v.

State, 816 S.W.2d 56, 61 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991).

              However, Rule 12(b)(2) expressly states that jurisdictional defects or the

failure to charge an offense "shall be noticed by the court at any time during the

pendency of the proceedings." If the indictment does not charge an offense, Tenn. R.

Crim. P. 34 permits an arrest of the judgment if "filed within thirty days of the date [of]

the order of sentence . . . ." Moreover, our rules require that we determine "whether the

trial and appellate court have jurisdiction over the subject matter," even though the

                                               10
issue might not have been presented as a ground for relief. T.R.A.P. 13(b). See State

v. Seagraves, 837 S.W.2d 615, 617-18 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992).

              In State v. Perkinson, 867 S.W.2d 1 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1992), the

defendants were convicted of conspiracy to commit first degree murder. On appeal,

they claimed that the conspiracy indictment was legally insufficient because it did not

allege an overt act, one of the statutory elements of the crime. The appellants failed to

raise the issue before trial. In holding the indictment to be void, this court noted that

"the waiver rule does not apply when the indictment fails to assert an essential element

of the offense. In that circumstance, no offense has been charged. In consequence,

subsequent proceedings are a nullity.” Id. at 6. A lawful accusation is an essential

jurisdictional element without which there can be no prosecution. State v. Hughes, 212
Tenn. 644, 371 S.W.2d 445, 447 (Tenn. 1963). Moreover, "[c]onviction upon a charge

not made would be a sheer denial of due process." De Jonge v. Oregon, 299 U.S. 353,

362, 57 S. Ct. 255, 259 (1937).

              Accordingly, we are not prevented from reviewing this issue on appeal

when the defendant failed to raise the issue in a pretrial motion. See Seagraves, 837
S.W.2d at 618 (issue pertaining to indictment properly before this court even though

issue not raised in motion before trial). Nor are we prevented from reviewing the issue

when the defendant did not raise the issue in his motion for new trial. T.R.A.P. 3(e)

provides that:

              no issue presented for review shall be predicated upon error in
              the admission or exclusion of evidence, jury instructions
              granted or refused, misconduct of jurors, parties, or counsel,
              or other action committed or occurring during the trial of the
              case, or other ground upon which a new trial is sought, unless
              the same was specifically stated in a motion for a new trial.

(Emphasis added). Because the issue relating to the sufficiency of the indictment

would involve vacating the conviction rather than a new trial on the charge, we may

properly review it. State v. Sowder, 826 S.W.2d 924, 926 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1991);

                                             11
State v. Davis, 748 S.W.2d 206, 207 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1987); see also State v. Keel,

882 S.W.2d 410, 416 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994). Also, as noted in Seagraves, 837
S.W.2d at 618, this type of issue is plain error on the face of the record. See Tenn. R.

Crim. P. 52(b).

                Count one of the murder indictment in this case reads, in pertinent part,

as follows:

                THE GRAND JURORS of the State of Tennessee, . . . present
                that FREDRICK SLEDGE . . . on December 10, 1991, in
                Shelby County, Tennessee, and before the finding of this
                indictment, did unlawfully kill JOHNNY HARRIS during the
                perpetration of Aggravated Robbery, in violation of T.C.A. 39-
                13-202, against the peace and dignity of the State of
                Tennessee.

(Emphasis added). The defendant was convicted of felony murder.

                 At the time of the offense in this case, this means of committing first

degree murder was defined as "[a] reckless killing of another committed in the

perpetration of, or attempt to perpetrate any . . . robbery . . . . " T.C.A. § 39-13-

202(a)(2) (1991) (emphasis added). 1 The defendant argues that because the mens rea

then required for the offense, i.e., "reckless," was not included in the indictment, the trial

court lacked power to enter judgment against the defendant. In response, the state

asserts that the indictment complies with applicable statutory and case law

requirements.

                T.C.A. § 40-13-202 provides that:

                The indictment must state the facts constituting the offense in
                ordinary and concise language, without prolixity or repetition,
                in such a manner as to enable a person of common
                understanding to know what is intended, and with that degree

        1
           We note that the form indictment for felony murder developed by the Tennessee Sentencing
Comm ission for recomm ended use unde r the 1989 criminal code chan ges includes the allegation of a
reckless killing. See Pattern Indictments, Tennessee Sentencing Commission, page 12, (Jan. 1991). The
introduction to that publication notes that the “basic wording and the majority of the work” in preparing the
form s was d one by the Shelby C ounty Distric t Attorney G eneral’s o ffice.

                                                     12
              of certainty which will enable the court, on conviction, to
              pronounce the proper judgment . . . .

              Also, in Perkinson, this court stated the following:

                      The provisions of both the Federal and Tennessee
              Constitutions guarantee the criminally accused knowledge of
              the "nature and cause of the accusation." U.S. Const. amend.
              VI; Tenn. Const. art. I, § 9. In order to comply with these
              constitutional guidelines, an indictment must provide notice of
              the offense charged, adequate grounds upon which a proper
              judgment may be entered, and suitable protection against
              double jeopardy. State v. Pearce, 7 Tenn. 65, 67 (1823); State
              v. Byrd, 820 S.W.2d 739 (Tenn. 1991). When the indictment
              fails to fully state the crime, all subsequent proceedings are
              void. State v. Morgan, 598 S.W.2d 796, 797 (Tenn. Crim. App.
              1979).
867 S.W.2d at 5. In State v. Smith, 612 S.W.2d 493, 497 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1980), this

court stated that "the test for the sufficiency of an indictment is whether it contains the

elements of the offense intended to be charged [and] sufficiently apprises the

defendant of what he must be prepared to meet." See also Warden v. State, 381
S.W.2d 244, 245 (Tenn. 1964); Inman v. State, 259 S.W.2d 531, 532 (Tenn. 1953).

“When the indictment fails to fully state the crime, all subsequent proceedings are void.”

Perkinson, 867 S.W.2d at 5.

              In State v. Roger Dale Hill, Sr., No. 01-S-01-9701-CC-00005, Wayne

County (Tenn. Nov. 3, 1997) (for publication), our supreme court stated the following:

              We hold that for offenses which neither expressly require nor
              plainly dispense with the requirement for a culpable mental
              state, an indictment which fails to allege such mental state will
              be sufficient to support prosecution and conviction for that
              offense so long as

                     (1) the language of the indictment is sufficient to
                     meet the constitutional requirements of notice to the
                     accused of the charge against which the accused
                     must defend, adequate basis for entry of a proper
                     judgment, and protection from double jeopardy;

                     (2) the form of the indictment meets the
                     requirements of Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-13-202; and

                     (3) the mental state can be logically inferred from
                     the conduct alleged.

                                               13
Slip op. at 3. The court also noted that “[i]n modern practice, it is unnecessary to

charge guilty knowledge unless it is included in the statutory definition of the offense.”

Slip op. at 9. We read Hill to mean that the fact that the reckless mens rea was

specifically stated in the felony murder statute at that time requires that it be particularly

included in an indictment charging felony murder.

              The state asserts, though, that the use of the word “unlawfully” sufficiently

supplies the mens rea that would necessarily equate with “recklessly.” It argues that

“unlawfully” reflects that not every killing in a course of a felony will result in criminal

liability, but only those prescribed by law, i.e., where the killing is done intentionally,

knowingly, or recklessly. However, the statute to which the state refers regarding

culpable mental states, T.C.A. § 39-11-301 (1991), does not even contain the word

“unlawfully,” but contains another culpable mental state that the state ignores in its

reliance on the meaning of “unlawful”: criminal negligence, which is a lesser culpable

mental state than reckless. Thus, the state’s argument actually suggests that the

defendant could have been “criminally negligent” and still be convicted of felony murder.

This, of course, is erroneous.

              In State v. Hughes, our supreme court held that because driving to the

“left across a yellow stripe” is not always a violation of the law, such an allegation in an

indictment fails to state an offense. 212 Tenn. at 649, 371 S.W.2d at 447. Similarly, in

the present case, while count one of the murder indictment alleges that the defendant

did “unlawfully kill” the victim during the perpetration of an aggravated robbery, the

allegation does not exclude a killing committed through criminal negligence. Thus, with

“reckless” being but only one of the several legally recognized culpable mental states,

there can be no logical or necessary implication from the inclusion of the qualifying term

“unlawfully” that the killing was done with the requisite “recklessness.”

                                               14
                 The state also asserts that count one was meant to charge the defendant

with felony murder as noted by the citation in count one to T.C.A. § 39-13-202, the first

degree murder statute. However, in State v. Marshall, 870 S.W.2d 532, 537 (Tenn.

Crim. App. 1993), this court stated that “a reference to a criminal statute should not

suffice in terms of replacing the necessary factual elements” required to be alleged by

T.C.A. § 40-11-202.

                 Count one of the murder indictment in the present case fails to include an

allegation of recklessness for the killing alleged. Accordingly, felony murder was not

sufficiently charged in count one.2 However, this conclusion does not end our inquiry.

The murder indictment also contains in count two allegations that the defendant

unlawfully, intentionally, premeditatedly, and deliberately killed the victim.

                 We note that our criminal code prohibits the offense of first degree

murder, although it lists several means by which the offense may be committed. Thus,

whether a finding of guilt is made for a felony murder or a premeditated and deliberate

one, the offense committed is the same, first degree murder.

                 Historically in Tennessee, an indictment alleging that the defendant

unlawfully, willfully (intentionally), maliciously, premeditatedly and deliberately killed the

victim has been deemed sufficient to sustain a conviction for first degree murder upon

proof of felony murder. See Sullivan v. State, 173 Tenn. 475, 483, 121 S.W.2d 535,

537 (1938); State v. Johnson, 661 S.W.2d 854, 860-61 (Tenn. 1983); Tosh v. State,

527 S.W.2d 146, 148 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1975). Compare Schad v. Arizona, 501 U.S.
624, 642-46, 651, 111 S. Ct. 2491, 2502-03, 2507 (1991) (historical use of felony

        2
            The pre -1989 fe lony mu rder statu te did not re quire a se parate m ens rea for the killing. See
T.C.A. § 39-2-202 (1982). Consequently, an indictment such as the one in the present case would be
valid unde r that statute . See, e.g., State v. Giannini, No. 36, Shelby County (Tenn. Crim. App. June 12,
1991), app. denied (Tenn. Nov. 12, 1991). In fact, effective for crimes committed on or after July 1, 1995,
our statu tes no lon ger requ ire a me ns rea fo r the killing involve d in a felony m urder. See T.C.A. § 39-13-
202(a)( 2).

                                                       15
murder and premeditated murder as alternative, equivalent means of committing single

crime of first degree murder renders inconsequential for constitutional purposes the fact

that jury returned a general verdict, with no indication that it agreed upon which form of

murder occurred). This means that, as a matter of law, count two of the murder

indictment alleging a deliberate and premeditated killing suffices for felony murder, as

well. Thus, regardless of the validity of count one, the defendant was lawfully charged

with first degree murder in count two, even if the means proven was by felony murder.

              We acknowledge that the state, in practice, has usually brought two

counts of first degree murder when the commission of or attempt to commit a felony

specified in the first degree murder statute has been involved. Such is obviously what

occurred in the present case. Although this results in an indictment that could be

deemed multiplicitous -- charging the same offense in separate counts -- it provides

specific notice of the particular acts and means of murder upon which the state relies

and allows for, in effect, specific findings from the jury. This is of particular value in a

capital case in light of State v. Middlebrooks, 840 S.W.2d 317 (Tenn. 1992). Thus,

although count one of the murder indictment in the present case may have been

deficient in its allegations, we cannot ignore the fact that count two constituted a valid

charge of first degree murder.

              Moreover, we do not believe that the verdict returned by the jury is subject

to question as a legitimate finding of guilt under the facts and the law. The trial court’s

instructions to the jury for felony murder was, in pertinent part, as follows:

                                              16
                    HOMICIDE: FIRST DEGREE MURDER
              (KILLING IN PERPETRATION OF OTHER CRIMES)

                        A person who commits first degree murder is guilty of a
              felony.

                     For you to find the defendant guilty of this offense, the
              state must have proven beyond a reasonable doubt the
              existence of the following essential elements:

                        (1) that the defendant unlawfully killed the
                        alleged victims; and

                        (2) that the killing was committed in the
                        perpetration of or the attempt to perpetrate the
                        alleged Aggravated Robbery; that is, that the
                        killing was closely connected to the alleged
                        Aggravated Robbery and was not a separate,
                        distinct and independent event; and

                        (3) That [sic] the defendant intended to commit
                        the alleged Aggravated Robbery; and

                        (4) that the killing was the result of a reckless act
                        by the defendant.

This was followed by definitions of intentionally, knowingly, and recklessly. These

instructions constituted a correct statement of the specific requirements for a finding of

felony murder. Thus, the jury’s consideration of the evidence was pursuant to the

proper law regarding first degree murder by means of a reckless killing during the

perpetration of or the attempt to perpetrate robbery. With the evidence presented and

the instructions given, we believe that the jury verdict represents a proper finding.

              The problem in this case is that the trial court’s instructions pretermitted

any return of a verdict directed to count two, once the jury found the defendant guilty of

felony murder. Preliminarily, we note that the sequential, alternative verdict

requirement used by the trial court was unnecessary as a matter of law because, upon

proper instructions, findings as to both counts would not violate any right of the

defendant, but would provide specific findings by the trier of fact which would aid in

determining how the sentencing phase should proceed in light of Middlebrooks. See

James David Carter v. State, 03-S01-9612-CR-00119, Greene County, slip op. at 11

                                                 17
n.6 (Tenn. Oct. 20, 1997) (for publication). Obviously, two guilty verdicts for the same

first degree murder would only result in one judgment of conviction for first degree

murder, but there would be no need to ignore or, in effect, lose either finding

represented by a guilty verdict by dismissing one of the two counts.

                We are aware that the supreme court has “vacated” a “conviction” for

felony murder in such a circumstance. See State v. Hurley, 876 S.W.2d 57, 70 (Tenn.

1993). We are also aware that this court has previously stated that guilty verdicts for

felony murder and premeditated and deliberate murder, charged in separate counts but

for the same crime, should lead to one of the “convictions” being vacated or stricken.3

See State v. Perry A. Cribbs, No. 02C01-9508-CR-00211, Shelby County, slip op. at

36-37 (Tenn. Crim. App. Feb. 14, 1997). In Cribbs, this court concluded that the

concept of merger relates only to lesser included offenses and that felony murder and

premeditated and deliberate murder are not a lesser of each other.

                From our perspective, though, we do not believe that the supreme court in

Hurley intended for a dismissal to be the only legitimate option available. Likewise, we

believe that Cribbs overlooked the fact that when only one killing is involved, the two

counts are for the same offense -- first degree murder. The fact that each count alleges

a different means of committing the same offense does not render them separate.

Moreover, there is no need to “dismiss,” “vacate,” or “strike” a properly returned jury

verdict, which should continue to stand as a legitimate finding of fact. Rather, the trial

court should seek to preserve proper jury findings by merging the same offense counts

into one judgment of conviction for that offense.

        3
           A judgment of conviction is the legal instrument that includes the sentence and through which
the exe cutive bra nch m ay enforc e punish men t. See Tenn . R. Crim . P. 32(c); State v. Vasser, 870 S.W.2d
543, 546 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993). Apparently, the “convictions” in Hurley and Cribbs refer to the guilty
verdicts.

                                                     18
              Under such circumstances, a merger of the counts amounts to nothing

more than a procedural assurance that the record reflects only one judgment of

conviction while also preserving the factual findings for both counts. In this fashion, we

can avoid the potential for problems caused by dismissing “charges” or “convictions.”

See, e.g., State v. Davis, 613 S.W.2d 218, 221 (Tenn. 1981).

              In any event, the point to be made in the present case is that the fact that

the trial court pretermitted a jury verdict regarding count two does not mean that, as a

matter of law, we are to ignore the jury’s finding of guilt. We note that Tennessee has a

long-standing statute that provides that a general verdict of guilt may be applied to a

valid count of an indictment, if the proof so allows, even though other counts are fatally

defective. T.C.A. § 40-18-111. Although the trial court’s instructions in the present

case indicate that the jury’s verdict was not to be a general one, the fact that, as a

matter of law, the jury’s finding of guilt fully supports conviction under count two,

because it charges the same offense as intended to be charged in the fatally defective

count one, should allow the verdict to apply to count two, as well. We believe that the

jury verdict remains valid and that a judgment of conviction may be entered for first

degree murder in this case under count two of the murder indictment.

                         PUNISHMENT FOR GOING TO TRIAL

              The defendant asserts that his constitutional rights were violated when the

state offered a life sentence in return for a guilty plea, but sought the death penalty

when the defendant chose to go to trial. The defendant relies on United States v.

Jackson, 390 U.S. 570, 583, 88 S. Ct. 1209, 1217 (1968), which implies that the death

penalty cannot be imposed in such "a manner that needlessly penalizes the assertion of

a constitutional right." See also North Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S. 711, 89 S. Ct. 2072,

23 (1969).

                                             19
              In Jackson, the United States Supreme Court determined that a federal

kidnapping statute, which provided for the imposition of the death penalty only upon a

jury's verdict, unconstitutionally infringed upon the right to a jury trial. Essentially, as the

Court noted, a person could be sure of avoiding a penalty of death under the statute

only by entering a guilty plea, and thus avoiding a jury trial. 390 U.S. at 581, 88 S. Ct.

at 1216. The defendant argues that the offer of a life sentence in return for a guilty plea

in this case presents the same unconstitutional choice confronted by defendants under

the statute at issue in Jackson.

              The Court's holding in Jackson was based upon a statutory interpretation.

Cf. Corbitt v. New Jersey, 439 U.S. 212, 99 S. Ct. 493 (1978). Its interpretation,

however, does not apply to this case. Under the statute in Jackson, if the defendant

pled guilty, he was completely shielded from execution. In Tennessee, however, the

guilt phase and sentencing phase are separate trials. Accordingly, the state may seek

the death penalty after a jury verdict or after a guilty plea. The Jackson Court

suggested that there is nothing wrong with offering a life sentence in return for a guilty

plea in those states where "the choice between life imprisonment and capital

punishment is left to a jury in every case -- regardless of how the defendant's guilt has

been determined." Jackson, 390 U.S. at 582, 88 S. Ct. at 1217 (emphasis in original).

              [A] prosecutor can decline to charge, offer a plea bargain, or
              decline to seek a death sentence in any particular case . . . .
              Of course, "the power to be lenient [also] is the power to
              discriminate," . . . but a capital punishment system that did not
              allow for discretionary acts of leniency "would be totally alien
              to our notions of criminal justice."

McCleskey v. Kemp, 481 U.S. 279, 312, 107 S. Ct. 1756, 1778 (1987) (citations

omitted).

              Tennessee courts have indicated a similar stance on this issue. See

Bratton v. State, 477 S.W.2d 754, 757 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1971) ("a guilty plea is not

                                              20
rendered involuntary by the fact that the accused is faced with an election between a

possible death sentence on a plea of not guilty and a lesser sentence upon a guilty

plea"); Parham v. State 885 S.W.2d 375, 381 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994). We conclude

that the defendant's constitutional rights were not violated by the state’s offer of a plea

bargain whose rejection left the defendant exposed to the death penalty.

                                        EXCLUSION OF JURORS4

                  The defendant maintains that two prospective jurors, Matthew Dupree and

Melissa Adams, were impermissibly excused for cause because of their perceived

views on capital punishment. The applicable standard for determining whether a juror

was properly excused for cause because of his beliefs on the death penalty is

delineated in Wainwright v. Witt, 469 U.S. 412, 424, 105 S. Ct. 844, 852 (1985), and is

as follows: "whether the juror's views would 'prevent or substantially impair the

performance of his duties as a juror in accordance with his instructions and his oath.'"

The United States Supreme Court also held that "this standard does not require that a

juror's bias be proved with 'unmistakable clarity.'" Id. It further noted that "deference

must be paid to the trial judge who sees and hears the jurors." Id. at 426, 105 S. Ct. at

853.

                  The state, the defense and the trial court all questioned these two

prospective jurors. At various stages of the questioning, both individuals indicated that

they could in no way vote for the death penalty.

          4
            The state argues that becau se only four of the issues presented in the defendant's brief were
raised in h is motio n for new trial, we are lim ited to con sideration of those four issu es in our re view.
Because of the qualitative difference between death penalty cases and other sentences, however, our
supreme court has normally considered the merits of an issue even if the issue was not raised in the
motion for new tria l. See State v. Bigbee, 885 S.W .2d 797, 8 05 (Te nn. 1994 ); State v. Duncan, 698
S.W .2d 63, 67 -68 (Te nn. 1985 ); State v. Stro uth, 620 S.W .2d 467, 4 71 (Te nn. 1981 ). W e have c hosen to
consider these issues on the merits, but with a significant caveat. The fact that various issues were not
litigated in the trial co urt subs tantially limits the d evelopm ent of thos e issues in the reco rd on ap peal. W ith
the burden being upon the defendant, as the appellant, to show reversible trial court error, an insufficient
record in the trial court will be of no aid to his case.

                                                          21
                 When Mr. Dupree was asked by the court if he could consider the

imposition of the death penalty if the statutory aggravating circumstances were proven

beyond a reasonable doubt and there were no mitigators, Mr. Dupree stated, "No, I

couldn't consider a death penalty." Though at times Mr. Dupree indicated that he would

have to hear all the facts of the case before deciding about the death penalty, and that

his general feelings concerning the death penalty would have no influence over his

verdict of guilt or innocence, when asked by the trial court directly about the imposition

of the death penalty, he stated he could not vote for it.

                 The trial court asked Mr. Dupree two times whether he could impose the

death penalty. The first time he said that he did not "think so," and the second time he

said "no." It can be inferred that his answer, that he could not vote for the death

penalty, "would 'prevent or substantially impair [his] performance of his duties as a juror

in accordance with his instructions and his oath.'" Wainwright, 469 U.S. at 424, 105 S.

Ct. at 852; see also State v. Smith, 893 S.W.2d 908, 915-16 (Tenn. 1994). Although

this determination might not be certain, it need not be. It can be said, however, that it is

evident that Mr. Dupree's performance of his duties would have been impaired.

Moreover, as the United States Supreme Court stated, great deference should be given

to the trial court, who is "left with the definite impression that a prospective juror would

be unable to faithfully and impartially apply the law." Wainwright, 469 U.S. at 426, 105
S. Ct. at 853.

                 Ms. Adams also expressed sincere reservations about the death penalty.

She stated that she could follow the law but that she was opposed to the death penalty

because of her religious beliefs. Her opposition to the death penalty was unequivocal.

The defendant contends, however, that excusing Ms. Adams because of her religious

beliefs interferes with the defendant's constitutional rights. Our supreme court has

ruled that because a juror's "'views on capital punishment may have had a religious

                                             22
foundation does not necessarily transform the test mandated by the United States

Supreme Court in [Wainwright v. Witt] into religious tests for . . . [constitutional

purposes].'" State v. Jones, 789 S.W.2d 545, 547 (Tenn. 1990) (quoting State v. Bobo,

727 S.W.2d 945, 949 (Tenn. 1987)). Accordingly, Ms. Adams' unmistakably clear

opposition to the death penalty, though based on religion, could render her unfit as a

juror.

              We conclude the trial court appropriately excused jurors Matthew Dupree

and Melissa Adams for cause because of their perceived views on capital punishment.

This issue, therefore, is without merit.

                                       GUILT PHASE

                               Sufficiency of the Evidence

              The defendant argues that the evidence is insufficient to support the

conviction of murder and robbery. Mainly, he contends that the state offered no proof,

apart from the uncorroborated statement of the defendant, that a robbery in fact

occurred.

              In Tennessee, great weight is given to the result reached by the jury in a

criminal trial. A jury verdict approved by the trial court accredits the state's witnesses

and resolves all conflicts in favor of the state. State v. Williams, 657 S.W.2d 405, 410

(Tenn. 1983). On appeal, the state is entitled to the strongest legitimate view of the

evidence and all reasonable inferences which may be drawn therefrom. State v.

Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978). In reviewing the sufficiency of the

evidence, the relevant question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most

favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential

elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. T.R.A.P. 13(e); Jackson v. Virginia,

                                             23
443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789 (1979); State v. Duncan, 698 S.W.2d 63, 67

(Tenn. 1985).

             We hold that there is sufficient evidence to support the defendant's

convictions. Darrell Hubbard, one of the residents of the apartment complex, testified

that he heard several gunshots and saw a person wearing a long black coat running

down the alley behind the apartment building. He further testified that he saw the victim

lying on his back with his pockets turned inside out. Clifford Anderson, another

resident, testified that he heard several gunshots and saw a man in a long black coat

running down the alley. Mr. Anderson also testified that shortly after he saw the man

running down the alley, he saw two to three individuals drive away in a blue Buick. This

was the same type of car the defendant and his cohorts drove that night.

             Kimberly Farmer testified that the defendant carried a gun and was

wearing a long black coat the evening of the murder. Officer Palmer testified that she

saw the victim's pockets turned inside out. Both officers on the scene also testified that

the personal belongings of the victim, such as his wallet, were scattered on the ground.

This evidence, taken in conjunction with the defendant's statement, is sufficient for a

reasonable trier of fact to find the essential elements of the crimes beyond a

reasonable doubt.

                      Evidence of Victim’s Family and Lifestyle

              The defendant contends that the prosecution's introduction of evidence at

the guilt phase by the victim’s nephew concerning the victim's employment history, age,

health, living conditions, funeral, and the size and members of the victim's family, were

not relevant to any aspect of the defendant's guilt, and was highly inflammatory. We

note that the defendant did not object to the nephew’s testimony. The defendant also

asserts that references to these factors by the prosecutor in closing arguments were

                                            24
equally prejudicial. The state argues that Payne v. Tennessee, 501 U.S. 808, 111 S.

Ct. 2597 (1991) and Brimmer v. State, 876 S.W.2d 75 (Tenn. 1994), are dispositive of

this issue. The defendant responds that Payne and Brimmer only hold that the

introduction of such evidence is not per se inadmissible at the sentencing phase, not at

the guilt phase.

              "A State may legitimately conclude that evidence about the victim and

about the impact of the murder on the victim's family is relevant to the jury's decision as

to whether or not the death penalty should be imposed." Payne, 501 U.S. at 827, 111

S. Ct. at 2609. Thus, contrary to the state's claim, Payne is not directly applicable to

the guilt phase.

              The defendant provides a list of cases from other states that indicates that

evidence about the victim's family and personal life is irrelevant to the determination of

guilt and highly inflammatory, and therefore inadmissible at the guilt phase of the trial.

We agree that it was irrelevant at the guilt phase and should not have been admitted at

that point. However, we question its harm given the other evidence in the case.

              In State v. Bigbee, 885 S.W.2d 797 (Tenn. 1994), the defendant argued

that testimony from two different witnesses concerning the victim's family and

employment history had no bearing on the issues at the trial. The victim's daughter

testified about the victim's family, and a store manager testified about the victim's job,

wages, and employee status. Our supreme court stated that the testimony, though not

relevant, "was brief and straightforward, and any error in its admission was harmless."

Id. at 808. The court also mentioned that the defendant's failure to object to the

testimony at trial prevented any determination of its relevancy. Id.

                                             25
              Similarly, in State v. Hensley, 656 S.W.2d 410 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1983),

this court held that testimony from the victim's widow about the victim's personal

characteristics and the consequences of his death on her was "irrelevant and obviously

designed to raise sympathy for the deceased victim and his family." Id. at 414.

Because the testimony was brief and straightforward, the evidence against the

defendant was overwhelming, and the jury imposed a lesser penalty, the court decided

that the testimony more probably than not did not affect the jury's verdict. Id. The court

cautioned, however, "against the use of such testimony in the future." Id.

              The testimony at issue in the present case was offered by the victim's

nephew and includes information about the victim's age, health, employment history,

relatives, family size, telephone conversations, and his funeral. As with the testimony in

Bigbee and Hensley, the nephew's testimony was relatively brief and straightforward.

Moreover, the evidence of guilt in the present case was overwhelming, which evidence

included the defendant's own confession to the police. When viewed in light of the

other evidence against the defendant, the admission of this testimony was harmless

error.

              We note, as well, that the defense did not object to the nephew’s

testimony about the victim’s background. Ordinarily, this results in no record

development about the potential relevance of such evidence and constitutes a waiver.

However, we caution the state that the social and family background of a victim is

normally so irrelevant to the issue of a defendant’s guilt and the law is so well settled

regarding such evidence being inadmissible that its continued use may constitute plain

error involving prejudice to the integrity of the judicial process in Tennessee.

                                            26
                                         Use of Opinion Evidence

                                                        (A)

                  The defendant claims that Dr. Smith’s testimony about the distance from

which the gun was fired, the manners in which revolvers leave powder burns, and the

bullet track in the victim's leg, was outside the scope of his expertise. Dr. Smith was

qualified as an expert in the field of anatomical, clinical, and forensic pathology, with an

extensive educational and practical background. He testified that as part of his training

in forensic pathology, he has examined the various patterns that are caused by powder

burns.

                         It is a well-established rule of law that the allowance of
                  expert testimony, the qualifications of the expert witness, the
                  relevancy and competency of expert testimony, the
                  trustworthiness of the facts and data forming the basis of the
                  expert witness's opinion, and whether the facts and data are
                  the type reasonably used by experts in the same field in
                  forming opinions are within the sound discretion of the trial
                  court.5 This Court will not interfere with the exercise of this
                  discretion unless clear abuse in exercising this discretion
                  appears on the face of the record.

State v. Henry Eugene Hodges, No. 01C01-9212-CR-00382, Davidson County, slip op.

at 35 (Tenn. Crim. App. May 18, 1995) (citations omitted) (footnote added).

                  Dr. Smith's testimony concerning the distance of the victim from the

shooter and the pattern of the powder burns are well within the field of his expertise.

See State v. Wright, 756 S.W.2d 669, 673 (Tenn. 1988) (Court stated that medical

examiner's testimony about distance from which gun was fired was "obviously within the

range of his expertise."); State v. Van Tran, 864 S.W.2d 465, 470 (Tenn. 1993)

         5
           We note that Tennessee no longer requires that scientific evidence be shown to have “‘gained
general acceptance in the particular field in which it belongs.’” Kenneth McDaniel v. CSX Transportation,
Inc., No. 01-S-01-9605-CV-00095, slip op. at 10 (Tenn. Sept. 29, 1997) (for publication) (quoting Frye v.
United States, 293 F. 1013 (D.C. Cir. 1923)). Howeve r, the evidentiary rules continue to require “a
determination as to the scientific validity or reliability of the evidence.” Id. at 16. In determining the
evidence’s reliability, the trial court may now also consider, in addition to the Frye test, (1) whether the
scientific evidence has been tested and the methodology with which it has been tested, (2) whether the
evidence has been subjected to peer review or publication, (3) whether a potential rate of error is known,
and (4) w hether th e expe rt’s resea rch in the fie ld has be en con ducted indepen dent of litigation . Id. at 16-
17.

                                                         27
(uncontroverted testimony of Dr. Smith, the medical examiner in the present case,

describing distance of victim from shooter).

              The state contends that Dr. Smith's testimony that the bullet track through

the victim's leg was consistent with the theory that the victim was running was proper.

The state suggests that the witness was not testifying that the victim was in fact running

when he was shot, but rather that the bullet track through the leg was compatible with a

person who had been running. The defendant argues, however, that the witness

possessed no expert training in this area which would substantially assist the jury on

this matter. The state asserts the defendant has proffered no authority stating that the

study of gunshot wound tracks is outside the field of forensic pathology.

              Dr. Smith's testimony about the wound track in the victim's leg is within the

scope of his expertise. Dr. Smith testified that the wound track indicates the angle

through which the bullet passed through the body. He stated this particular track could

be consistent with the victim's leg being in a position where the upper leg was raised,

i.e., as in a running position. He further testified, though, that this "would have to be

correlated with the circumstances as were known at the time of the incident." And on

cross-examination, Dr. Smith testified that the wound track caused by the bullet was

also consistent with the theory that the victim was on a higher plane than the shooter.

Because the testimony is based on information Dr. Smith obtained from his area of

expertise and such expertise could substantially assist the jury in understanding the

evidence, the testimony of Dr. Smith was appropriate. See State v. Caughron, 855
S.W.2d 526, 537 (Tenn. 1993), Tenn. R. Evid. 702. Moreover, because the testimony

did not establish a definite theory of the wound tract, the defendant was able to elicit

testimony from Dr. Smith that his theory of the shooting was feasible.

                                             28
                                             (B)

              The defendant argues that the testimony of Officer Dana Stine that "it kind

of appeared like [the victim] had to clean out his pockets or something like that," was an

improper opinion which inappropriately suggested to the jury that the victim had been

robbed. See Tenn. R. Evid. 701(a). Particularly, the defendant contends that the

witness could "readily and with equal accuracy and adequacy communicate what [he]

perceived [about the crime scene] to the trier of fact without testifying in terms of

opinions or inferences." Tenn. R. Evid. 701(a)(2). The defendant also argues that

given that a defendant's statement must be corroborated by extrinsic evidence to

support a conviction, allowing Officer Stine's improper testimony prevents the state from

demonstrating that the testimony did not contribute to the jury's finding that the

defendant robbed the victim. The state contends that the testimony was permissible,

but even if it were error, it would be harmless error.

              Our supreme court has addressed a similar issue. In State v.

Middlebrooks, 840 S.W.2d 317 (Tenn. 1992), the officer testified that a bloody T-shirt

found around the victim's neck had been used as a gag. The defense objected to this

testimony as inadmissible lay opinion, but the trial court allowed it anyway. The

supreme court held that the testimony was an inadmissible lay opinion and stated:

                     A non-expert must ordinarily confine his testimony to a
              narration of facts based on first-hand knowledge and avoid
              stating mere personal opinions. Blackburn v. Murphy, 737
S.W.2d 529, 531 (Tenn. 1987). The purpose of this rule is "to
              preserve the primary fact-finding role of the jury, since '[i]t is
              the function of the witness to state evidentiary facts and the
              function of the jury to draw such conclusions as the facts
              warrant.'" Id. (quoting Wilson v. Nashville, Chattanooga & St.
              Louis Ry., 16 Tenn. App. 695, 705, 65 S.W.2d 637, 643
              (1933)).

                     Nevertheless, there are exceptions to the general rule.
              "Non-expert opinion testimony can be admissible when 'such
              testimony describes observed facts in the only way in which
              they can be clearly described.'" Id., 737 S.W.2d at 532
              (quoting National Life & Accident Ins. Co. v. Follett, 168 Tenn.
647, 662, 80 S.W.2d 92, 98 (1935)).

                                             29
Id. at 330-31. Although the court stated that the question of admissibility of the

testimony was close, it concluded that it would be harmless error even if it were

inadmissible. The court explained that because the defendant had admitted to gagging

the victim, the officer's testimony was harmless.

              We view the opinion testimony in the present case to be improper, but as

in Middlebrooks, its admission is harmless error. There is sufficient evidence elsewhere

in the record that corroborates the defendant's statement that he robbed the victim.

Darrell Hubbard, one of the residents of the apartment complex, testified that he saw

the victim lying on his back with his pockets turned inside out. Officer Palmer

testified that she saw the victim's pockets turned inside out. Both officers testified that

the personal belongings of the victim, such as his wallet, were scattered on the ground.

In fact, under this evidence and the defendant’s statement, Officer Stine’s opinion

borders on stating the obvious. Accordingly, his opinion testimony was harmless error.

                        Chain of Custody of Tangible Evidence

              The defendant contends that a juvenile court badge found at the scene

was improperly introduced into evidence. The defendant argues that the state failed to

establish a proper chain of custody with respect to the badge. In his testimony, Officer

Stine stated that he placed all of the victim's personal items into one envelope for

inventory purposes. At the trial, however, it was revealed that the badge had been

removed and placed into another envelope by another member of the police

department. The defendant contends that because the state could not establish who

removed the badge, that its introduction was inappropriate. The state argues its

introduction was proper given that the badge was a particular object that Officer Stine

identified as an item he recovered from the scene.

                                             30
              The case upon which the defendant relies tends to discount his argument.

In State v. Goodman, 643 S.W.2d 375, 381 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1982), this court held:

"As a condition precedent to the introduction of tangible evidence, a witness must be

able to identify the evidence or establish an unbroken chain of custody." (Emphasis

added). "In determining the admissibility of tangible evidence, the law does not require

absolute certainty of identification. It is sufficient if the facts establish a reasonable

assurance of identity of the evidence." State v. Larry G. Hart, No. 02C01-9406-CC-

00111, Hardin County, slip op. at 6-7 (Tenn. Crim. App. June 28, 1995). See also State

v. Phillip Branson, 03C01-9305-CR-00148, Roane County, slip op. at 13 (Tenn. Crim.

App. Dec. 9, 1994). After reviewing the record, we conclude that the introduction of the

badge was proper.

                                      INSTRUCTIONS

                                    Witness Credibility

              The defendant contends that the trial court’s instruction on the

assessment of witness credibility went beyond the bare "presumption of truthfulness"

and general methods for assessing credibility upheld in Cupp v. Naughten, 414 U.S.
141, 94 S. Ct. 396 (1973). The trial court instructed the jury in this case as follows:

                      You will take all of the evidence adduced in the case by
              the State and the defendant and give it a full, fair and impartial
              consideration. If there are any conflicts in the statements of
              the different witnesses, it is your duty to reconcile them, if you
              can, for the law presumes that every witness has sworn to the
              truth; but, if you cannot, the law makes you the sole and
              exclusive judges of the credibility of the witnesses and the
              weight to be given their testimony. In forming your opinion as
              to the credibility of a witness, you may look to the proof, if any,
              of his general character, the manner and demeanor of the
              witness, the consistency or inconsistency of his statements,
              their probability or improbability, his ability and willingness to
              speak the truth, his intelligence and means of knowledge, his
              motive to speak the truth or swear to a falsehood, his interest
              or lack of interest in the outcome of the trial.

The defendant argues that the instruction is a comment on the evidence and improperly

provides limited rules for the jury to determine credibility issues of fact.

                                              31
              We believe that the instruction is within the confines of Naughten. The

instruction in Naughten, like the instruction in this case, informed the jury "to consider

the manner of the witness, the nature of the testimony, and any other matter relating to

the witness' possible motivation to speak falsely. [The jury] thus remained free to

exercise its collective judgment to reject what it did not find trustworthy or plausible."
414 U.S. at 419, 94 S. Ct. at 401. Moreover, as emphasized in the above instruction,

the trial court instructed the jury that it may consider the enumerated guidelines. We

believe that the instruction adequately guides the jurors in their consideration of witness

credibility while leaving them free of undue constraints on their evaluations. As such,

the instruction does not amount to a comment on the evidence, but is an aid to the

jurors if they find irreconcilable conflicts in the testimony.

                                         "Intentional"

              The defendant contends that the trial court's definition of intentional, when

instructing the jury that they must find that the defendant intended to commit the

especially aggravated robbery, was improper. Specifically, the defendant claims that

the trial court’s instruction defined "general intent," and the crime of aggravated robbery

is a specific intent crime requiring a finding of "specific intent." The defendant offers no

authority in support of his claim. The trial court instructed the jury that "a person acts

'intentionally' when that person acts with a conscious objective either: (1) to cause a

particular result; or (2) to engage in particular conduct." As the state asserts, this

definition is in conformity with the statute. See T.C.A. § 39-11-302(a) (1991).

Accordingly, we can find no error in the trial court's instruction.

                                     Reasonable Doubt

              The defendant argues that the instructions on reasonable doubt did not

lend content to the words “moral certainty” used by the trial court. The trial court

instructed the jury in the guilt phase of the trial as follows:

                                              32
                      Reasonable doubt is that doubt engendered by an
              investigation of all the proof in the case and an inability, after
              such investigation, to let the mind rest easily upon the certainty
              of guilt. Reasonable doubt does not mean a doubt that may
              arise from possibility. Absolute certainty of guilt is not
              demanded by the law to convict of any criminal charge, but
              moral certainty is required and this certainty is required as to
              every proposition of proof requisite to constitute the offense.

The trial court gave the following instruction during the penalty phase:

                     Reasonable doubt is that doubt engendered by an
              investigation of all the proof in the case and an inability, after
              such investigation, to let the mind rest easily upon the certainty
              of your verdict. Reasonable doubt does not mean a doubt that
              may arise from possibility. Absolute certainty of guilt is not
              demanded by the law to convict of any criminal charge, but
              moral certainty is required and this certainty is required as to
              every proposition of proof requisite to constitute the verdict.

              The defendant contends that the phrases "inability, after such

investigation, to let the mind rest easily upon the certainty of guilt" and "arise from

possibility," when used to explain moral certainty, violate due process and allow the jury

to convict upon a standard lower than that set forth in Victor v. Nebraska, 511 U.S. 1,

114 S. Ct. 1239 (1994). In Victor, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the

phrase "moral certainty" may have lost its historical meaning and that modern juries,

unaware of the historical meaning, might understand "moral certainty,” in the abstract,

to mean something less than the high level of determination constitutionally required in

criminal cases. Id. at 13-14, 114 S. Ct. at 1246-47. Although the Court stated that it did

not condone the use of the "moral certainty" phrase, the Court held that the phrase

could pass constitutional muster if used in conjunction with a modifying instruction that

lent meaning to the phrase. Id. at 15, 114 S. Ct. at 1248. In order to meet the

requirements of due process, the jury instructions must be examined as a whole,

without considering particular phrases out of context. Id. at 5, 114 S. Ct. at 1243

              The Supreme Court has held that "grave uncertainty" and "actual

substantial doubt," when modifying moral certainty, did not meaningfully convey the

definition of reasonable doubt and thus violated the due process clause. Cage v.

                                             33
Louisiana, 498 U.S. 39, 41, 111 S. Ct. 328, 329 (1990). Neither of these phrases,

though, were used in the instructions in the present case. In Victor, the Court, though

satisfied with the modifying "abiding conviction" language used by the trial court, held

that the constitution does not require the use of any specific terminology in defining

reasonable doubt. Id. at 14-15, 114 S. Ct. at 1243, 1247. It did suggest, however, that

the phrase "moral certainty" by itself would be insufficient to convey the appropriate

meaning of reasonable doubt. Id. at 15, 114 S. Ct. at 1247.

              The primary question, therefore, is whether the phrase "moral certainty,"

when used in conjunction with "let the mind rest easily" and "arise from possibility,"

correctly conveyed to the jury the concept of reasonable doubt. Though neither of

these phrases have been before the United States Supreme Court, our courts have

consistently upheld the constitutionality of similar instructions which included the

phrases "let the mind rest easily" and "arise from possibility." State v. Nichols, 877
S.W.2d 722, 734 (Tenn. 1994); Pettyjohn v. State, 885 S.W.2d 364, 365-66 (Tenn.

Crim. App. 1994). Accordingly, we conclude that the jury instructions on reasonable

doubt in the present case did not violate the defendant's rights under the United States

or Tennessee Constitution.

                                 SENTENCING PHASE

               Use of Prior Convictions as Aggravating Circumstance

              The defendant contends that using his prior convictions for later-occurring

offenses as an aggravating circumstance violates the defendant's constitutional rights.

The state argues that the use of this aggravator is prescribed by law. Under T.C.A. §

39-13-204(i)(2), a prior conviction of a felony, "other than the present charge, whose

statutory elements involve the use of violence to the person" can be used as an

aggravating circumstance for the imposition of the death penalty.

                                            34
                  The Tennessee Supreme Court has held that the chronological order of

the commission of the offenses is not relevant for sentencing purposes. Whether the

conviction was entered before the sentencing phase at which it is introduced is the

determining factor when using a prior conviction under the statute. Bigbee, 885 S.W.2d

at 817; Nichols, 877 S.W.2d at 736. Thus, even though the prior conviction for the

aggravated robbery is based upon an offense committed by the defendant after the

offenses in the present case, the convictions were returned before the sentencing

phase in the present case. It is the fact of the prior convictions for a violent offense that

remains relevant to capital sentencing, not its timing.6

                             Underlying Facts of Previous Convictions

                  The defendant contends that the introduction of evidence concerning the

specific facts of the prior convictions used as an aggravating circumstance was

improper. During the sentencing phase of the trial and over the defendant’s objection,

the state called Gary Yochum, one of the victims of the later robberies, to testify about

the facts of that event. Before Mr. Yochum testified, however, the keeper of the records

for the Shelby County Clerk's Office testified on behalf of the state that two convictions

for aggravated robbery had been returned against the defendant relative to the

Yochums.

                  The defendant argues that the testimony of the clerk was sufficient to

establish the prior violent conviction, and that the testimony of Mr. Yochum was

cumulative and served no purpose other than to inflame the passions and the

          6
            The defendan t argues that it is a constitutional violation to permit enhancemen t by later-
occurring events in capital sentencing, while precluding it in non-capital sentencing range enhancement
under T.C.A. § 40-35-106(b)(1). That provision states that a "'prior conviction' means a conviction for an
offense occurring prior to the commission of the offense for which the defendant is being sentenced." The
statute fo r capital se ntencing , howeve r, does n ot define "p rior convic tion." See T.C.A. § 39-13-2 04(i)(2).
Our supreme court has interpreted the statute to mean the prior conviction could be of an later-occurring
offe nse . The cour t has also s tated that, a bse nt "ex cep tiona lly clear proo f," the defe nda nt's c laim that th is
interpretation would always allow the prosecutor to select the order of prosecution, thereby insuring that an
aggrav ating circu msta nce of a prior violent co nviction wo uld be ava ilable for a m urder trial, is un tenable.
 See Nich ols, 877 S.W.2d at 736. We see no such "exceptionally clear proof" in the record before us.

                                                           35
prejudices of the jury. The state, however, asserts that the defendant introduced a

theory that the shooting in the present case was accidental and that the testimony of

Mr. Yochum was necessary for rebuttal purposes.

                In State v. Bigbee, 885 S.W.2d 797 (Tenn. 1994), our supreme

court held:

                        Evidence of facts regarding a previous conviction to
                show that it in fact involved violence or the threat of violence to
                the person is admissible at a sentencing hearing in order to
                establish the aggravating circumstance. State v. Bates, 804
S.W.2d 868, 879 (Tenn. 1983); State v. Moore, 614 S.W.2d
348, 351 (Tenn. 1981). However, it is not appropriate to admit
                evidence regarding specific facts of the crime resulting in the
                previous conviction, when the conviction on its face shows that
                it involved violence or the threat of violence to the person. Id.

Id. at 811;7 see T.C.A. § 39-13-204(i)(2). In Bigbee, the state solicited testimony from a

police detective about the facts surrounding a prior murder and the character of the

victim. Also, the state’s closing argument referred to the detective’s testimony

concerning the prior crime and to the sentence imposed for that conviction. The court

ruled that the detective's testimony and the state's arguments were inadmissible and

improper. 885 S.W.2d at 812.

                The defendant contends that the facts in the present case are essentially

indistinguishable from those in Bigbee. Because testimony establishing the identity of

the prior violent offenses and the existence of the convictions was already introduced,

the defendant argues, any additional evidence about the underlying facts was merely

cumulative and prejudicial. The defendant asserts that the convictions for the offenses

        7
           The prior convictions in State v. Moore, 614 S.W.2d 348 (Tenn. 1981), burglary in the second
degree and arson, were crimes to property, and thus did not facially indicate violence or threat of violence
to the person. The court stated that in such a situation, it would be appropriate to introduce evidence
establish ing violence or threat of violence to the pers on. Id. at 351. The court also noted, however, that
evidence would not be needed when the prior convictions were for crimes “which by their very definition
involves the use or threat of violence to a person.” Id.

                                                     36
of aggravated robbery establish the aggravating circumstance of a prior violent

conviction.8

                The state, however, argues that Bigbee is distinguishable in two aspects.

First, the sentences for the prior convictions were not mentioned by the state in the

present case. The state implies that the ruling in Bigbee would have been different had

the state not mentioned the prior sentences. As the supreme court stated in Bigbee,

however, the error was merely "compounded" by the reference to the previous

sentences. Id. at 811.

                Second, the state submits that unlike the evidence in Bigbee, the

testimony of Mr. Yochum was required to rebut the defendant's theory that the

shootings were accidental. The primary question for this court, therefore, is whether the

testimony of Mr. Yochum was proper rebuttal evidence. See Cozzolino v. State, 584
S.W.2d 765, 767-68 (Tenn. 1979).

                Referring to the present crime, the defendant stated to the police that the

gun just "went off." It is the state's position that this represented the defendant's theory

that the shooting in the present case was accidental, and, thus, in order to rebut this

theory, the specific facts of the Yochum robbery needed to be introduced. The

defendant robbed Mr. and Mrs. Yochum at gunpoint. A shot was fired during that

robbery, but no one was injured. During the cross-examination of the defendant in the

sentencing phase of the present case, the defendant testified that he was not shooting

at the Yochum's, but that the gun just "went off."

         8
            We note that the jury was instructed in the guilt phase that aggravated robbery required both the
use of violence or putting the victim in fear and the use of a deadly weapon (or reasonable facsimile) or
the victim ’s receipt o f serious bodily injury.

                                                     37
              The defendant asserts that his statement to the police suggested that only

the first shot was accidental and that the other four shots were fired intentionally. He

argues that he was not suggesting that all the shots were fired accidentally. If the state

was indeed trying to rebut the defendant's statement, the defendant responds that the

state was rebutting its own proof because the state introduced the defendant's

statement into evidence. Furthermore, the defendant's testimony concerning the

gunshot in the Yochum robbery was solicited during cross-examination by the state.

Finally, the defendant contends that if the state was sincerely interested in rebutting a

theory of an accidental shooting, it would have introduced testimony to that effect

during the guilt phase of the trial, rather than at the sentencing phase.

              The testimony of Mr. Yochum and the state's reference to it in argument

for the purpose of establishing the prior conviction are improper and prejudicial under

the Bigbee ruling. We must now decide if this evidence and argument is appropriate

under the state's rebuttal contention. The state admits that the jury apparently rejected

the theory that the shooting was accidental when it returned its verdict in the guilt

phase. The state argues, however, that the evidence of the prior conviction tended to

rebut the mitigator presented in the sentencing phase, i.e., that the shooting was

accidental. As the defendant points out, though, the only witness who testified for the

defendant during the sentencing phase was the defendant himself. Moreover, the

defendant asserts that his theory was that the shootings were intentional, but that the

killing was accidental. This is to be an accurate assessment of the theory presented to

the jury. The state’s introduction of the evidence for the purpose of rebutting the

defendant’s claim that the shootings were accidental does not, in fact, rebut the

defendant’s evidence because the defendant conceded that the shootings in the

present case were intentional.

                                            38
              The state argues that if the introduction and argument of such evidence is

error, it is no more than harmless error. The state suggests that Mr. Yochum's

testimony was rather straightforward and not so inflammatory, and simply reiterated the

testimony of the keeper of the records of the Shelby County Clerk's Office. We do not

agree. The testimony of Mr. Yochum described the specific details of the prior crimes.

In its argument to the jury, the state relied heavily upon those details, including the

former victim’s continued fear, in order to increase the seriousness of the prior

convictions as an aggravating circumstance. With that aggravating circumstance being

the only one that the jury found to exist, we believe that the evidence of the details of

the prior crimes more probably than not affected the jury’s verdict. Thus, under existing

law, reversible error occurred.

                           Exclusion of Mitigating Evidence

              The defendant contends that the trial court should have allowed Mr. Carl

Nelson to testify at the sentencing phase of the trial as an expert witness concerning

the defendant's remorsefulness. He also contends that even if the court did not allow

Mr. Nelson to testify as an expert, it should have permitted him to testify as a lay

witness. The state counters that the defendant failed to qualify Mr. Nelson as an expert

in the field of psychology. It also asserts that the court afforded Mr. Nelson ample

opportunity to testify as a lay witness, but that Mr. Nelson, by his absence, deprived the

defendant of the benefit of his testimony.

              The defendant proffered Mr. Nelson as an expert in psychology. At the

time of the trial, Mr. Nelson was employed by the state as a Psychological Chaplain II.

He has a bachelor's degree in social psychology and a master's degree in pastoral

counseling. Mr. Nelson testified that he had performed thousands of psychological

evaluations on inmates in Tennessee over the previous eight years using a test he had

developed himself. The trial court, however, was not satisfied with Mr. Nelson's

                                             39
qualifications as an expert in the field of psychology relative to his testing procedures.

The trial court ultimately ruled that Mr. Nelson could testify as a pastoral counselor

about his observations from the interviews and counseling he had with the defendant,

but that he could not give an expert opinion about the defendant's remorsefulness.

              Mr. Nelson, however, never testified before the jury. The defendant

asserts that the trial court refused to allow any of Mr. Nelson's testimony, even the

testimony the court was ultimately willing to permit regarding his observations, and

excused him from the courtroom. The record reflects that during the questioning of Mr.

Nelson, he and the trial court engaged in some heated exchanges regarding Mr.

Nelson’s explanatory answers to some questions and his method of answering. After

several more exchanges between the trial court and the witness, the trial court excused

Mr. Nelson from the courtroom and ruled that he would not allow him to testify.

Immediately after Mr. Nelson left the courtroom, the trial court continued the trial until

the following day. On the following day, the trial court informed the defense that Mr.

Nelson could testify about his interviews and counseling with the defendant. It granted

the defendant several recesses that morning for the purpose of contacting Mr. Nelson,

but the defendant was unsuccessful. Consequently, Mr. Nelson never testified.

              First, we believe that under the evidence presented, the trial court was

within its discretion to hold that Mr. Nelson did not qualify to render an opinion as an

expert witness. Although the defendant presented evidence that could support an

inference that Mr. Nelson had substantial experience and training relative to counseling

and evaluating prison inmates, the trial court questioned the basis of his evaluation

techniques and the scientific nature of his conclusions. There is material evidence in

the record to support the trial court’s doubts. Ultimately, the trial court concluded that

Mr. Nelson did not possess the expertise for rendering an expert opinion as to the

defendant’s remorsefulness. See Tenn. R. Evid. 702. The allowance of expert

                                             40
testimony is within the discretion of the trial court. See State v. Ballard, 855 S.W.2d
557, 562 (Tenn. 1993).

              However, the real concern in this case is the manner in which the trial

court’s actions were a cause of the defendant’s losing a potentially material witness for

the sentencing phase. Contrary to the state’s implied assertion, the record before us

does not cast fault upon the defendant for the failure of Mr. Nelson to appear as a

witness. By refusing to allow Mr. Nelson to testify, the trial court effectively excused him

from any obligation or expectation to appear and testify thereafter. He had no duty to

remain available. Also, nothing in the record reflects that, after the trial court relented

the next morning, the defense made anything but a good faith effort to reobtain Mr.

Nelson as a witness.

              In this capital case, the defendant was entitled to present evidence

relevant to punishment concerning his character, background history, or physical

condition, and any other evidence tending to establish any mitigating factors. See

T.C.A. § 39-13-204(c). Our supreme court has acknowledged the importance of this

statutory provision. See, e.g., State v. Odom, 928 S.W.2d 18, 27-28 (Tenn. 1996)

(defendant’s details of history given to psychologist during interview admissible despite

hearsay quality). In fact, it is the defendant’s constitutional right to present such

matters.

              [T]he Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments require that the
              sentencer, and all but the rarest kind of capital case, not be
              precluded from considering, as a mitigating factor, any aspect
              of a defendant’s character or record and any of the
              circumstances of the offense that the defendant proffers as a
              basis for a sentence less than death.

Lockett v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586, 604, 98 S. Ct. 2954, 2964-65 (1978); see also McKoy v.

North Carolina, 494 U.S. 433, 442-43, 110 S. Ct. 1227, 1233 (1990); Penry v. Lynaugh,

492 U.S. 302, 317-18, 109 S. Ct. 2934, 2946-47 (1989).

                                             41
              In this case, the trial court acknowledged the competency of Mr. Nelson to

testify about his counseling with and observations of the defendant. Although relatively

limited, Mr. Nelson’s jury-out testimony indicated that he had interviewed the defendant,

obtaining background information regarding him, and had observed the defendant in his

prison environment. This was the only witness proffered by the defendant, other than

himself, to present to the jury a picture of the defendant’s character and background

history, including the time during his imprisonment. We also note that Mr. Nelson

indicated that the defendant did not easily disclose his real feelings.

              In the context of the state assailing the sincerity of the defendant’s

statement of regret, through his demeanor, and the limited nature of the information

provided by the defendant’s testimony, we believe that Mr. Nelson’s testimony would

have been material to the defendant’s cause in the sentencing phase. Certainly, the

record reflects that he was better able to articulate the defendant’s background history

to the jury than was the defendant.

               In Skipper v. South Carolina, 476 U.S. 1, 8, 106 S. Ct. 1669, 1673 (1986),

the Supreme Court held that error in excluding evidence is not harmless if the exclusion

of the evidence “may have affected the jury’s decision to impose the death sentence.”

Given the singular nature of the evidence presented by the state for its one proven

aggravating circumstance and the otherwise limited evidence presented by the

defendant in mitigation, we believe that the loss of Mr. Nelson as a witness may have

had such an effect. The refusal to allow Mr. Nelson to testify under the circumstances

in this case constitutes reversible trial error.

                                               42
                                 IMPROPER ARGUMENT

                                    Caldwell Violation

              The defendant claims that the prosecutor's closing argument in the

sentencing phase of the trial violated the constitutional principles set forth in Caldwell v.

Mississippi, 472 U.S. 320, 105 S. Ct. 2633 (1985). In closing argument, the prosecutor

made the following statements:

                     There's not one thing to mitigate except the old defense
              lawyer guilt trip of you're to give him the electric chair. You're
              not to give anybody anything. You don't give him the death
              penalty. You don't do that. You do your duty. You can't give
              someone the death penalty. If he gets it, he ordered it up
              himself. So don't let the defense put a guilt trip on you. You're
              here to do a duty.

              In Caldwell, the United States Supreme Court held that "it is

constitutionally impermissible to rest a death sentence on a determination made by a

sentencer who has been led to believe that the responsibility for determining the

appropriateness of the defendant's death rests elsewhere." Id. at 328-29, 105 S. Ct. at

2639. The argument made by the prosecutor in the Caldwell case contained phrases

such as "your decision is not the final decision," "your job is reviewable," and "the

decision you render is automatically reviewable by the Supreme Court." Id. at 325-26,

105 S. Ct. at 2637-38. Although the defense objected to these statements, the trial

judge overruled the objection and instructed the prosecutor to inform the jury that their

decision was automatically reviewable. The Supreme Court ruled that the argument

was improper and in violation of the constitution. In the later case of Romano v.

Oklahoma, 512 U.S. 1, 9, 114 S. Ct. 2004, 2010 (1994), the United States Supreme

Court noted that it has

              since read Caldwell as "relevant only to certain types of
              comment - those that mislead the jury as to its role in the
              sentencing process in a way that allows the jury to feel less
              responsible than it should for the sentencing decision."
              Darden v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 168, 184, n.15, 106 S. Ct.
2464, 2473, n.15 (1986). Thus, "[t]o establish a Caldwell
              violation, a defendant necessarily must show that the remarks
              to the jury improperly described the role assigned to the jury by

                                             43
              local law." Dugger v. Adams, 489 U.S. 401, 407, 109 S. Ct.
1211, 1215 (1989).

              We believe that the statements made by the prosecutor in this case could

arguably be read as an attempt to diminish in the eyes of the jury its responsibility in

imposing the death penalty. Statements such as "keep in mind, you don't impose the

sentence, the law provides the sentence," State v. West, 767 S.W.2d 387, 399 (Tenn.

1989), and "she is responsible for her death, no one else," and "it is she, the defendant,

that has signed her own death warrant," Buttrum v. Black, 721 F. Supp. 1268, 1316

n.11 (N.D. Ga. 1989), aff’d, 908 F.2d 695 (11th Cir. 1990), have been construed as

minimizing in the jury's eyes its role in imposing the death penalty.

              The ultimate question, though, is whether the argument had an

intolerable risk of affecting the sentencing decision. See State v. Irick, 762 S.W.2d 121,

131 (Tenn. 1988). Factors that we can consider in making this review include the

following: whether the trial court endorsed the improper remarks; the extent and the

specificity of the statements given the context of the argument as a whole; whether

other portions of the prosecutor's argument properly set forth the jury's role; and

whether the court properly instructed the jury as to its role under the law. See West,
767 S.W.2d at 399.

              We note that the defense in this case did not object to the prosecutor's

argument. Also, the trial court did not endorse the improper remarks, and it properly

instructed the jury about its role according to the law. Moreover, the prosecutor did not

refer the jury to another authority as having the final say in the death sentence.

Although the prosecutor did not subsequently set forth the jury's role, he did impress

upon the jury later to "do [its] duty." Under these circumstances, we do not believe that

the prosecutor’s argument presented an intolerable risk that the jury’s sentencing

decision was unreliable.

                                            44
                              Prosecutorial Misconduct

             The defendant contends that several arguments made by the prosecutor

during the sentencing phase were improper so that his sentence should be reversed.

The state asserts that its arguments to the jury were proper and that even if one or two

of the statements should have been avoided, the argument, when viewed as a whole,

was appropriate.

             When claiming prosecutorial misconduct in argument, the defendant is

required to show that the argument was so inflammatory or the conduct so improper

that it affected the verdict to his detriment. Harrington v. State, 385 S.W.2d 758, 759

(Tenn. 1965). In review, this Court should consider several factors, including the intent

of the prosecutor, the curative measures which were undertaken by the court, the

improper conduct viewed in context and in light of the facts and circumstances of the

case, the cumulative effect of the remarks with any other errors in the record, and the

relative strength or weakness of the case. Judge v. State, 539 S.W.2d 340, 344 (Tenn.

Crim. App. 1976). The trial court has wide discretion in controlling the argument of

counsel. State v. Smith, 527 S.W.2d 737, 739 (Tenn. 1975).

             The statements of concern to the defendant in this appeal are as follows:

                    Ladies and gentleman, this old city here is violent, and
             this man is violent. And we who pass the age of fifty, we can
             see ourselves. We are victims. We are prey. Never thought
             I'd be looking at myself like that back when I was playing
             football. I thought I was a pretty tough guy. But, hey, I'm fifty
             now, and, hey, my gait is going to halt and things like that, and
             I'm going to be like Mr. Harris one of these days. Pause for
             thought.

                     Mr. Harris' life was not a joke. It was not flippant. He
             took care of his mother, 1988, moves off. He's sixty-four
             years, in an apartment, working, minding his own business,
             might have been an okay guy. Two nephews from Atlanta,
             Georgia, come down here. They cared enough about
             him . . . We're not asking much of Mr. Johnny Harris. All he
             wanted in life was to go to Mega Market, work, go home. He
             didn't want to live in Graceland or anything like that. He wasn't
             asking for a big house in Germantown. He's got a little old

                                            45
              two-bedroom apartment off Union. That's all. His life was
              serious. It was simple, but it was serious. And he's got a right
              to live that life.

                      Ladies and gentlemen, the State's proven it to you.
              You're at the point where the state has proven to you
              aggravating circumstances. The State needs one. We've got
              two. And ladies and gentlemen, those two outweigh the
              mitigating because there isn't any. The only verdict, ladies and
              gentlemen, that you can return in this case, the verdict that
              truth dictates and justice demands, in fact justice screams for,
              is death.

              As an initial concern to our review, we note that the defendant did not

object to this argument. Needless to say, neither the trial court nor the state was made

aware of any need to stop the argument, alter the argument or give curative

instructions. Under these circumstances, it would only be error so plain and material to

the cause that the trial court should have corrected it without prompting that would

warrant our granting relief.

              A portion of this argument addresses the personal characteristics and

lifestyle of the victim, as well as referring to the victim's family members. As previously

noted, victim impact argument has been held to be constitutionally proper in an

appropriate case. Payne v. Tennessee, 501 U.S. at 827, 111 S. Ct. at 2609. However,

this does not mean that such argument is otherwise relevant and admissible under

Tennessee law. That is, the only evidence that is relevant during the sentencing phase

of Tennessee’s capital sentencing scheme is that tending to establish or disprove the

existence of aggravating circumstances or mitigating factors. See Cozzolino v. State,

584 S.W.2d 765, 768 (Tenn. 1979). Any evidence that does not go to the proof of one

or the other of these issues is irrelevant to the jury’s deliberation. Id. Recently, this

court has concluded that victim impact evidence is irrelevant in the context of our capital

sentencing scheme. See State v. Clarence C. Nesbit, No. 02C01-9510-CR-00293,

Shelby County, slip op. at 31-33 (Tenn. Crim. App. Apr. 22, 1997).

                                             46
              However, we cannot say that the argument constituted plain error or

resulted in real prejudice. In the context of the total argument by the prosecutors, the

part involving victim impact was insignificant. Therefore, we believe no plain error

exists.

              As to the portion of the argument that the defendant suggests improperly

comments on the absence of any mitigating factors, our supreme court has held that

such statements by the prosecutor do little more than "set out the State's interpretation

of the proof." State v. Brimmer, 876 S.W.2d 75, 85 (Tenn. 1994). The defendant's

contention in this respect, therefore, is without merit.

              The defendant also argues that the argument by the prosecutor tending to

illustrate a bleak picture of "growing old in the city" served no other purpose than

placing fear in the minds of the jury. We note that this court has held that argument

that the jury is the voice of the community is not misconduct. See State v. Johnnie

Lamont Dalton, No. 01C01-9408-CR-00291, Davidson County, slip op. at 5-6 (Tenn.

Crim. App. July 11, 1995). Obviously, though, argument that inflames the passions and

fears of the jurors, tending to influence a sentencing decision with irrelevant

considerations, can be cause for reversal. See Bigbee, 885 S.W.2d at 809. However,

in considering the argument in this case, made without objection, in the context of the

state’s total argument, we do not believe that it constitutes plain error that affected the

verdict.

              The defendant also claims references by the state to the defendant's

statements that he threatened to kill his codefendants were blatantly improper.

Immediately after the statements were made, however, the defendant successfully

objected, and the court admonished the prosecutor from making such comments.

                                             47
Moreover, as the state suggests, the testimony of Kimberly Farmer did in fact state that

the defendant had made similar comments in her presence.

              The defendant also contends that comments in the state's closing

argument during the sentencing phase concerning the victims of the defendant’s prior

crime were improper. We have already concluded this type of argument was improper

under the circumstances of this case and existing law. See Bigbee, 885 S.W.2d at 812.

              The defendant also asserts that the prosecutor improperly commented on

the defendant's failure to testify. Griffin v. California, 380 U.S. 609, 85 S. Ct. 1229

(1965). After reviewing the record, we conclude that this claim is unfounded. Though

the defendant did not testify in the guilt phase, he did take the stand in the sentencing

phase. The comments of the prosecutor during the sentencing phase did not suggest

that the defendant did not testify, but rather that he said he was sad rather than sorry

that the killing happened.

              Finally, the defendant argues that the prosecutor's criticism of the

defendant's demeanor and the prosecutor's use of sarcasm while alluding to the

defendant were improper. See United States v. Schuler, 813 F.2d 978, 982 (9th Cir.

1987); United States v. Doe, 860 F.2d 488, 492 (1st Cir. 1988); Lindsey v. Smith, 820
F.2d 1137, 1155 (11th Cir. 1987). However, we see no problem with the prosecutor’s

argument. Demeanor is a relevant consideration in the context of the defendant’s claim

of remorse. Likewise, attorneys are allowed to engage in “oratorical emphasis in

arguing their respective positions,” and jury argument is given wide latitude within the

trial court’s discretion. State v. Prince, 713 S.W.2d 914, 918 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1986);

State v. Sutton, 562 S.W.2d 820, 823 (Tenn. 1978). This would include the use of irony

and sarcasm for the purpose of making relevant points. We believe that the

                                             48
prosecutor’s argument about which the defendant complains was based upon relevant

considerations.

                                              INSTRUCTIONS

                                         Nonunanimous Verdict

                 The defendant argues that the jury was unconstitutionally instructed that a

life verdict had to be unanimous, was not instructed of the effect of a nonunanimous

verdict, and was unconstitutionally given instructions that precluded the full

consideration of mitigating evidence. The defendant's arguments under similar

circumstances have been repeatedly rejected by our supreme court. See State v.

Brimmer, 876 S.W.2d 75, 82-83, 87 (Tenn. 1994); State v. Cazes, 875 S.W.2d 253,

267-68 (Tenn. 1994), State v. Smith, 857 S.W.2d 1, 17, 21-23 (Tenn. 1993); State v.

Barber, 753 S.W.2d 659, 670-71 (Tenn. 1988). 9 Accordingly, this issue is without merit.

                                             Parole Eligibility

                 The defendant contends that the trial court should have instructed the jury

on the particular dates of the defendant's parole eligibility. The defendant claims that had

the jury known that the defendant would not have been eligible for parole for at least forty-

eight (48) years, it could have made a more informed decision about the defendant's

sentence.10 Our supreme court has addressed the defendant’s contention:

                         Neither the Tennessee Constitution nor the Federal
                 constitution prohibits or requires informing a capital sentencing
                 jury of relevant and accurate sentencing information. . . . We
                 are of the opinion that to provide a jury with the sort of
                 information requested by the [defendant] could result in

        9
           The defendant further contends that we should reconsider the holding in State v. Sm ith, 857
S.W.2d 1 (Tenn. 1993), to the effect that there is no reasonable probability that jurors interpret instructions
on unanimity so as to preclude the full consideration of a defendant's mitigating evidence. He relies on an
opinion fro m a fe deral district c ourt that be lieves that the re is such a proba bility. See Houston v. Dutton,
No. 3:86-0749, slip op. at 41-48 (M.D. Tenn. May 19, 1994). Obviously, we are bound by our supreme
court’s decisions.

        10
            The defendant cites to Simmons v. South Carolina, 512 U.S. 154, 114 S. Ct. 2187 (1994). The
law in Te nness ee at the tim e of the pr esent trial, ho wever, d id not provid e for life withou t parole. See
T.C.A. § 39-13-202(b) (1991). Accordingly, the holding in Simmons would not be applicable to this case.

                                                       49
              sentences of death based on sheer speculation and on factors
              other than those enumerated in [the statute] and sanctioned
              under either Constitution.

Smith, 857 S.W.2d at 11 (citations omitted). “A greater defect in such instructions

stems from the fact that jurors tend to attempt to compensate for future clemency by

imposing harsher sentences, which is certainly a matter of prejudice to a defendant."

Id. This issue is without merit.

               CONSTITUTIONALITY OF DEATH PENALTY STATUTES

                               AND THEIR APPLICATION

              The defendant makes myriad attacks upon the constitutionality of the

death penalty and the Tennessee statutes providing for it, and its application in this

case. We need not itemize all of them in this opinion. Our supreme court has rejected

all of his claims regarding the death penalty and how our statutes and procedures allow

for its imposition. See, e.g., State v. Black, 815 S.W.2d 166, 178-79, 85-91 (Tenn.

1991); State v. Brimmer, 876 S.W.2d 75, 88 (Tenn. 1994); State v. Cazes, 875 S.W.2d
253, 270-71 (Tenn. 1994); State v. Van Tran, 864 S.W.2d 465, 481-82 (Tenn. 1993);

State v. Smith, 857 S.W.2d 1, 23 (Tenn. 1993); State v. Thompson, 768 S.W.2d 239,

252 (Tenn. 1989); see also State v. Cribbs, supra, slip op. at 24-25.

              As for the issue of the death penalty being properly applied to the

defendant, our review of the record and other similar cases leads us to conclude that

the nature of the crime and the defendant adequately justify the sentence imposed by

the jury. The evidence in the light most favorable to the state supports a conclusion

that the defendant intended to kill the victim and that his denial was less than candid.

Such a repeat violent offender, for whom almost no mitigating circumstances are shown

in the record, would typically fall within the class of felony murderers who receive the

death penalty in this state. Cf. State v. Branam, 855 S.W.2d 563, 570-71 (Tenn. 1993).

                                            50
                     ENHANCEMENT FACTORS FOR ROBBERY

              The defendant asserts that the trial court improperly considered

enhancement factors that were essential elements of the offense when it sentenced

him to twenty years for especially aggravated robbery. The state concedes as much,

although not identifying which ones it concedes. In reviewing the sentence imposed by

the trial court, we are to conduct a de novo review on the record, and such review "shall

be conducted with a presumption that the determinations made by the court from which

the appeal is taken are correct." T.C.A. § 40-35-401(d). However, "[i]f the trial court

applies inappropriate factors or otherwise fails to follow the 1989 Sentencing Act, the

presumption of correctness falls." State v. Shelton, 854 S.W.2d 116, 123 (Tenn. Crim.

App. 1992).

              The trial court applied the following seven enhancement factors as they

are provided in T.C.A. § 40-35-114:

              (1) The defendant has a history of criminal convictions or
              behavior.

              (2) The defendant was a leader of others in the commission of
              the offense.

              (6) The defendant inflicted particularly great personal injuries
              upon the victim.

              (9) The defendant employed a firearm during the offense.

              (10) The defendant had no hesitation in committing a crime
              involving a high risk to life.

              (12) The defendant willfully inflicted bodily injury upon another
              person.

              (16) The defendant committed the offense under
              circumstances showing a great potential for bodily injury to the
              victim.

As a general rule, factors that are elements of a crime or are inherent in the crime

cannot be used. See T.C.A. § 40-35-114; State v. Jones, 883 S.W.2d 597, 599-600

(Tenn. 1994).

                                             51
                 Thus, to the extent that an especially aggravated robbery requires the use

of violence or fear of violence, the use of a deadly weapon, and the infliction of serious

bodily injury, see T.C.A. § 39-13-403, those circumstances are inapplicable for

enhancement purposes. This means that the use of a deadly weapon, the infliction of

particularly great injuries, the risk to life, and the existence of a great potential for bodily

injury -- as they exist in all especially aggravated robberies -- cannot enhance

punishment for the especially aggravated robbery in this case.

                 However, to the extent the circumstances of the crime reflect a greater

range of risk or greater culpability relative to certain factors, they may apply in a

particular case. See Jones, 883 S.W.2d at 603. In this respect, the evidence of the

shootings occurring near to and into occupied dwellings would allow the use of factor

(10) relative to involving the high risk to life presented to persons other than the victim.

Likewise, because an especially aggravated robbery does not require the willful

infliction of bodily injury upon another person, factor (12) applies.

                 In any event, the fact that factors (6), (9) and (16) do not apply does not

necessarily translate into a reduction in the sentence imposed by the trial court. The

burden remains upon the defendant to show that the sentence imposed was unjustified.

See State v. Holland, 860 S.W.2d 53, 60 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993). The defendant was

previously convicted of similar crimes and acted in concert with others to aid in his

commission of the offense and his leaving the scene. With no applicable mitigating

factors, we hold that these circumstances give weight to the remaining factors so as to

justify the midrange sentence of twenty years for the Class A felony involved.11 The

sentence is affirmed.

        11
            W e note tha t the presu mptive senten ce for C lass A fe lonies on or after Ju ly 1, 1995, is twe nty
years if there are neithe r enhan cing nor m itigating facto rs prese nt. See T.C.A. § 40-35-210.

                                                        52
                              CONSECUTIVE SENTENCES

              The defendant contends that the imposition of consecutive sentences was

improper in this case because: (1) the term "extensive" when used to modify criminal

history in T.C.A. § 40-35-115 is unconstitutionally vague; (2) the defendant does not

have any prior juvenile convictions; (3) the use of juvenile criminal activity in considering

the imposition of consecutive sentences is improper; and (4) the defendant is not a

danger to society.

              The predicate factors for determining whether to impose consecutive

sentences are provided in T.C.A. § 40-35-115. The trial court found that the defendant

had an extensive history of criminal activity and that he was a dangerous offender

whose behavior indicates little or no respect for human life. See T.C.A. § 40-35-

115(b)(2) and (4). The defendant's contentions as to the impropriety of these findings

are without merit. The defendant cites no authority in support of his proposition that the

term "extensive" is unconstitutionally vague. The trial court properly considered the

defendant's prior criminal activity as being extensive. Though the defendant may not

have any prior juvenile convictions, the statute does not state that there must be a

conviction, just prior criminal activity. Furthermore, State v. Stockton, 733 S.W.2d 111,

112-13 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1986), suggests that the trial court can review juvenile

records when making a sentencing determination. Finally, the defendant was properly

classified as a dangerous offender. See State v. Wilkerson, 905 S.W.2d 933, 935-39

(Tenn. 1995). Accordingly, this issue is without merit.

                                      CONCLUSION

              In consideration of the foregoing and the record as a whole, we hold that

the first degree murder conviction is affirmed but that the sentence is reversed. We

affirm the judgment of conviction for the especially aggravated robbery. The case is

                                             53
remanded to the trial court for a new sentencing hearing for the first degree murder and

the entry of a judgment of conviction under count two of Case No. 92-04081.

                                                _____________________________
                                                Joseph M. Tipton, Judge

CONCUR:

_________________________
Joe B. Jones, Presiding Judge

_________________________
John K. Byers, Senior Judge

                                           54