Court Opinion

ID: 827258
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-03-01 20:00:05.726854+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:42:55.813473
License: Public Domain

Michigan Supreme Court
                                                                                   Lansing, Michigan
                                                       Chief Justice:          Justices:

Opinion                                                Robert P. Young, Jr. Michael F. Cavanagh
                                                                            Marilyn Kelly
                                                                            Stephen J. Markman
                                                                            Diane M. Hathaway
                                                                            Mary Beth Kelly
                                                                            Brian K. Zahra

                                                                        FILED JULY 29, 2011

                              STATE OF MICHIGAN

                                      SUPREME COURT

 PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

                Plaintiff-Appellee,

 v                                                              No. 141752

 DONALD C. RICHARDSON,

                Defendant-Appellant.

 BEFORE THE ENTIRE BENCH

 MARILYN KELLY, J.

          This case involves the use of deadly force, allegedly in self-defense. The Court

 heard oral argument on whether to grant leave to appeal.1 We asked the parties whether

 the trial court was correct when it instructed the jury using CJI2d 7.16, which permits

 consideration of whether the defendant had a duty to retreat.2

 1
     People v Richardson, 488 Mich 1055 (2011).
 2
   See MCL 768.21c; People v Riddle, 467 Mich 116, 134, 141 n 30; 649 NW2d 30
 (2002).
       We hold that it was appropriate to use the standard jury instruction in this case.

Defendant was on his porch during the altercation in question, so he had no duty to

retreat. However, there was adequate evidence from which the jury could conclude that

he did not need to use deadly force to defend himself. Rather than grant leave to appeal,

we affirm defendant’s convictions for assault with intent to commit great bodily harm

less than murder and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony (felony-

firearm).

       Defendant and his wife had a poor relationship with some of their neighbors,

including the Moores, which resulted in several altercations predating the events involved

in this case. On September 25, 2008, the son of Brandy Abrams, one of the victims,

allied with other neighbors to hurl insults at defendant and his wife and throw rocks and

eggs at their home. Defendant’s wife responded in kind. At some point, she struck the

Abrams boy in the chest, and someone called Brandy Abrams to inform her.

       Brandy Abrams arrived at defendant’s home about 15 minutes later. She battered

the screen door of defendant’s enclosed front porch with a baseball bat. She claimed that

she did it in reaction to defendant’s wife, who was ranting, raving, spitting at her, and

threatening to “whoop my ass.” Abrams acknowledged that she threatened to assault

defendant’s wife.

       Defendant got his wife to step inside their home. He claimed that Abrams, bat in

hand, next directed her threats against him. Defendant testified that a second person,

Dennis Dinwiddie, then approached defendant’s porch door in a threatening manner.

Abrams and Dinwiddie contested that testimony and claimed instead that Dinwiddie

                                            2
attempted to defuse the situation by taking Abrams by the arm and leading her back

toward the Moores’ house.

        It is agreed that at this point defendant remonstrated that he was “getting tired of

this shit,” pulled out one of his three loaded handguns, and fired six times. Both Abrams

and Dinwiddie were shot and injured, Abrams in her side, arm, and leg and Dinwiddie in

his chest and posterior flank.

        Defendant was charged with two counts of assault with intent to commit murder,3

two counts of assault with intent to do great bodily harm less than murder,4 two counts of

felonious assault,5 and one count of felony-firearm.6 At trial, he asserted a theory of self-

defense. At the close of trial, the court read CJI2d 7.16 to the jury. The portion of that

instruction most pertinent to our analysis states:

               (1) A person can use deadly force in self-defense only where it is
        necessary to do so. If the defendant could have safely retreated but did not
        do so, you may consider that fact in deciding whether the defendant
        honestly and reasonably believed [he/she] needed to use deadly force in
        self-defense.

                (2) However, a person is never required to retreat if attacked in
        [his/her] own home, nor if the person reasonably believes that an attacker is
        about to use a deadly weapon, nor if the person is subject to a sudden,
        fierce, and violent attack. [CJI2d 7.16.]

3
    MCL 750.83.
4
    MCL 750.84.
5
    MCL 750.82.
6
    MCL 750.227b.

                                              3
         After one day’s deliberations, the jurors sent a note to the judge asking for

clarification of what constituted defendant’s “home.”         The court explained that an

individual has no duty to retreat before using deadly force if in his or her own home or in

the curtilage of that dwelling. The court further explained that “curtilage” generally

means land or a yard adjoining a house, usually within an enclosure.

         Two days later, the jurors notified the court that they could not reach a decision.

The court reinstructed them on self-defense, explaining that people “can actually be in

their home, their dwelling and not be subject to self-defense unless those circumstances

them self [sic] justify that.” The court asked the jurors to continue deliberating and

reread CJI2d 7.16, but it did not reinstruct them on the definition of “curtilage.”

Defendant objected to the refusal to reinstruct on curtilage but did not object to the jury

instructions in any other way or at any other point.

         At oral argument in this Court, defense counsel contended that the trial court erred

by giving CJI2d 7.16. Counsel asserted that the court should have instructed the jury that

defendant had no duty to retreat because it was undisputed that he was in his home when

attacked.

         When this Court reviews jury instructions for reversible error, we consider the

instructions as a whole.7 In this case, although the jury was told that there is a general

duty to retreat, that instruction was immediately followed by the word “however.” This

qualifier informed the jury that an exception to that general rule would follow. Then, the

7
    People v Kelly, 423 Mich 261, 270-272; 378 NW2d 365 (1985).

                                              4
trial court instructed the jury that there is never a duty to retreat when attacked in one’s

home.

         The trial court’s instructions tracked CJI2d 7.16 almost verbatim. While “[t]rial

judges should not hesitate to modify or disregard the [criminal jury instructions] when

presented with a clearer or more accurate instruction,”8 in this case defense counsel

requested no alternative instruction. We cannot agree with defendant’s position, which

would require trial courts to sua sponte depart from the criminal jury instructions under

circumstances such as those presented here.

         At trial, the prosecutor never argued that defendant was required to, or even

should have, retreated from the altercation. In attempting to rebut defendant’s self-

defense claim, the prosecutor argued only that defendant could not establish that he

honestly and reasonably believed that he needed to use deadly force.

         We conclude that defendant has not established that it was plain error for the court

to instruct the jury using CJI2d 7.16. The instruction correctly told the jurors that, if

defendant was in his home, he did not have to retreat. It also correctly informed them

that defendant was entitled to use deadly force in self-defense only if it was necessary to

do so.

         It is apparent that the jury concluded that deadly force was not necessary and that

the facts support that conclusion. An instruction that omitted the general duty to retreat

and informed the jury only that defendant had no duty to retreat might have been clearer.

However, defense counsel did not ask the court to give such an instruction.             And

8
    People v Dykhouse, 418 Mich 488, 494 n 1; 345 NW2d 150 (1984).

                                              5
defendant was not prejudiced by this omission because the jury was, in fact, informed

that a person attacked in his or her home has no duty to retreat. It was also instructed that

a person’s porch is considered part of his or her home.

       The dissent raises several points warranting a response. We wholeheartedly agree

with the dissent that the castle doctrine and the right of personal self-defense are

longstanding and precious rights that we must vigorously uphold.              But this case

jeopardizes neither. The factual dispute was whether defendant honestly and reasonably

believed that he was entitled to use deadly force.9 The court correctly instructed the jury

that defendant had no duty to retreat if attacked in his home. Once the trial court clarified

that the porch was part of defendant’s home, the jury instructions removed any remaining

questions about whether defendant had a duty to retreat.

       We further agree with the dissent that had the jury not been instructed that a

person has no duty to retreat when attacked in his or her home, reversal would have been

9
  The dissent correctly asserts that there was record support for defendant’s self-defense
claim. By the same token, there was abundant evidence from which the jury could and
did conclude that defendant’s use of deadly force was not necessary. For example, (1)
defendant and his wife had had an acrimonious relationship with their neighbors and a
number of altercations with them in the past, (2) immediately before he shot the victims,
defendant exclaimed that he was “getting tired of this shit,” (3) a neighbor corroborated
Dinwiddie’s testimony that Dinwiddie was leading Abrams away from defendant’s house
when defendant shot them and testified that Dinwiddie and Abrams had reached the
Moores’ property when defendant opened fire, (4) a medical report indicated that one
bullet likely struck Dinwiddie in the rear flank, (5) it is uncontested that defendant’s wife
was in no danger of physical harm when defendant opened fire, (6) there was no
allegation that Dinwiddie or Abrams was assaulting defendant when he shot them, (7)
neither Dinwiddie nor Abrams was carrying a firearm or knife, and (8) it is uncontested
that defendant was unharmed when he opened fire. The jury had all the evidence it
needed to conclude that defendant emptied his gun into two defenseless and retreating
victims.

                                             6
required. Our decision in Pond v People10 and 150 years of subsequent caselaw clearly

mandate such a result.

         But nothing in that caselaw required the judge in this case to sua sponte give the

jury an instruction not to let the fact that defendant did not retreat into his house enter its

deliberations.11 People v Riddle addressed this question in a footnote in dictum.12 But

we do not agree that the footnote mandates reversal in the instant case.

         As noted, the success of defendant’s self-defense claim did not hinge on whether

he was required to retreat or stand his ground on his porch. Rather, it hinged on whether

he honestly and reasonably believed that it was necessary to use deadly force while

standing his ground.13 After being properly informed that defendant had no duty to

retreat if attacked in his home, the jury concluded that deadly force was not necessary. It

recognized that the evidence showed that defendant was unharmed and could have

10
     Pond v People, 8 Mich 150 (1860).
11
   It is this simple legal truth that renders untenable the dissent’s claim that such an
instruction would have been “the only proper instruction” under the facts of this case.
Post at 16.
12
   Riddle, 467 Mich at 141 n 30 (“There might be circumstances in which an instruction
permitting the jury to consider a defendant’s failure to retreat would be improper; for
instance, if the defendant was inside his dwelling when he was attacked or if the
undisputed evidence established that he was suddenly and violently attacked.”). Because
we concluded that the defendant in Riddle was not in his dwelling when he was attacked,
this footnote was not necessary to Riddle’s holding and is obiter dictum.
13
  We see nothing in the record to support the dissent’s speculation that the jurors rejected
defendant’s self-defense claim in the belief that he should have retreated. It bears
repeating that the prosecutor never argued that defendant should have retreated.

                                              7
continued to stand his ground and remain unharmed without shooting the victims. The

dissent makes the right arguments in the wrong case.

         Finally, we do not agree with the dissent that it is “undisputed” that the jury

considered whether defendant should have retreated rather than use deadly force.14 The

dissent asserts that, because the jury asked for clarification of what constituted

defendant’s “home,” it must have considered defendant’s failure to retreat. On the

contrary, the jury was likely trying to determine whether the duty to retreat applied to

defendant.      Hence, in a note to the judge, it asked for clarification about whether

defendant was in his home when standing on his porch. Once the judge clarified this

point, the jury could determine that defendant had no duty to retreat and direct its

attention, appropriately, to whether it was necessary for him to use deadly force. The

note was sent before the judge clarified the meaning of “home.” Hence, the dissent has

no basis to conclude that the note proves that after the judge responded, the jury believed

defendant had a duty to retreat.

         We reject defendant’s remaining claims of error for the reasons stated in the Court

of Appeals’ opinion. We reject his claim that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to

call Dinwiddie’s treating physician because defendant did not demonstrate that counsel’s

14
     Post at 19 n 7.

                                              8
actions were anything other than reasonable trial strategy.15     Therefore, we affirm

defendant’s convictions.

                                                      Marilyn Kelly
                                                      Robert P. Young, Jr.
                                                      Michael F. Cavanagh
                                                      Diane M. Hathaway
                                                      Brian K. Zahra

15
  This issue was raised for the first time in this Court, so the Court of Appeals did not
address it.

                                           9
                             STATE OF MICHIGAN

                                    SUPREME COURT

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,

              Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                             No. 141752

DONALD C. RICHARDSON,

              Defendant-Appellant.

MARKMAN, J. (dissenting).

       Sixty-year-old defendant Donald Richardson, living at the same home in Detroit

for more than 34 years with no prior criminal record, is currently serving a 5½-year

minimum prison sentence for shooting two people who, while under the influence of

drugs and alcohol, came to his home after violent words had been exchanged and

approached him on his front porch wielding a baseball bat. From his first encounter with

the police to his appeal in this Court, he has consistently claimed that he acted in defense

of himself and his family.

       On these facts, defendant’s claim of self-defense is neither surprising nor difficult

to understand. By their communications to the trial court, many people living in his

community certainly understood it, as, I believe, would many people who can imagine

themselves in defendant’s circumstances.       However, his self-defense claim was not

properly understood by the trial court and was not properly presented to the jury.

Specifically, the trial court repeatedly told defendant’s jury that retreat could be a factor
in determining whether his use of force was necessary. This instruction was contrary to

the common-law castle doctrine, which derives from this Court’s seminal self-defense

case, Pond v People, 8 Mich 150 (1860), which was recently reaffirmed in People v

Riddle, 467 Mich 116, 134-135; 649 NW2d 30 (2002), and commands that there is no

duty to retreat when a person is attacked in his or her own home. Moreover, defendant’s

jury was given inconsistent and unnecessarily complicated guidance on what constitutes

the “home” for purposes of self-defense. Simply put, despite this Court’s explicit and

crystal-clear pronouncements concerning the law of self-defense and retreat, the jury was

never told that under the circumstances of this case, retreat could not constitute a factor in

its deliberations because, on the undisputed facts, defendant as a matter of law had no

duty to retreat. As a result of the court’s failure to give this instruction, it is equally

undisputed that the jury did, in fact, consider retreat in its deliberations.

       Today, a majority of this Court concludes that the failure to give this simple

instruction required by Michigan law was not in error because the instructions given,

taken as a whole, were essentially “good enough.” Because this holding is contrary to

both Pond and Riddle; because this Court must continue to speak strongly and clearly on

the right of self-defense, particularly with regard to the sometimes difficult and insecure

environments of some of our state’s largest cities; and because the instructional error here

was far from harmless, implicating a quintessential right of a free society, on which the

Second Amendment of our Constitution is predicated-- the right of personal

self-defense-- I respectfully, but very strongly, dissent.

                                               2
                            I. FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS

      The events leading up to the incident at defendant’s home were disputed.

Witnesses provided contradictory testimony, and some witnesses, especially the victims,

changed their stories multiple times.      However, the pertinent facts can be fairly

summarized as follows. Defendant is a retiree who worked for the city of Detroit for 30

years, living at the same home in the city for 34 years. During that time, defendant’s

neighborhood grew increasingly unstable, and security diminished further when new

renters moved into the house next door. These neighbors threw trash in the Richardsons’

yard, vandalized their property, and verbally abused them. The Richardsons’ conflicts

with the renters were well known to defendant’s friends and fellow church members, who

characterized the neighbors’ behavior as “harassment [that] was nonstop.”          In one

incident, people throwing rocks broke a window of defendant’s home.            In another

incident, which occurred a week before the shooting, relatives of the neighbors came into

defendant’s yard with a baseball bat. Defendant contacted the police, but received no

response.   According to defendant, he and his wife had repeatedly sought police

protection from this kind of activity, but “didn’t get any action,” so he had contacted the

county prosecutor, the Attorney General, the state police, and the Governor concerning

what he viewed as the diminishing level of security in his neighborhood.

      On September 25, 2008, defendant’s wife, a 60-year-old homemaker and

grandmother, had a confrontation with neighborhood children. Afterward, the mother of

one of the children, Brandy Abrams, came to defendant’s home swinging a baseball bat.

Defendant testified that she hit him in the chest with the bat. Abrams denied this, but

admitted that she had hit defendant’s screen door and porch rail. Another friend of the

                                            3
neighbors, Dennis Dinwiddie, followed Abrams to defendant’s home. Defendant and his

wife claimed that Abrams and Dinwiddie both threatened them, although Dinwiddie

claimed that he was trying to retrieve Abrams and defuse the situation.

       At some point, defendant, who possessed a license to carry a concealed weapon,

pulled out his lawfully registered firearm and shot at Abrams and Dinwiddie. At the time

of the shooting, defendant was on his porch, and his wife was inside the house with their

nine- and two-year-old grandchildren.       Although Abrams and Dinwiddie provided

varying testimony regarding exactly where they were standing, there is no question that

they were in defendant’s yard, if not on his front porch or front porch steps. Defendant

then reloaded his weapon and waited on the front porch for the police to come. Abrams

sustained wounds to her arm, leg, and side, and Dinwiddie sustained wounds to his chest

and posterior flank. A medical report suggested that the wound to his posterior flank was

an exit wound, but Dinwiddie testified that he had been shot in the back. Testing at the

hospital revealed high levels of marijuana, opiates, and alcohol in the victims’ blood.

       Defendant was charged with assault with intent to commit murder, MCL 750.83;

assault with intent to do great bodily harm less than murder, MCL 750.84; felonious

assault, MCL 750.82; and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony

(felony-firearm), MCL 750.227b. After deliberating for three days and being deadlocked

at one point, the jury convicted him of two counts of assault with intent to do great bodily

harm less than murder and one count of felony-firearm. At sentencing, the prosecutor

requested an upward departure from the recommended minimum sentence range. Many

of defendant’s neighbors and fellow church members wrote to the trial court on

defendant’s behalf requesting leniency. The portrait of defendant gleaned from these

                                             4
letters is that of a law-abiding citizen who was an active member of his church and

community for many years. The trial court sentenced defendant within the guidelines

recommendation to 36 to 120 months in prison for each assault conviction, to be served

consecutively to the two-year sentence for felony-firearm.

       Defendant appealed in the Court of Appeals and also filed a motion for bond

pending appeal. In his motion for bond, he emphasized his age, his lack of a criminal

record, and his family’s reliance on him, financial and otherwise, explaining that over the

duration of the criminal proceedings, he had lost his home, his vehicles, and his savings

and was no longer able to support his wife on his fixed income. This motion was denied

by the Court of Appeals, as well as by this Court, over my dissent. People v Richardson,

485 Mich 1044 (2010). The Court of Appeals then considered defendant’s appeal on the

merits and affirmed. People v Richardson, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court

of Appeals, issued July 27, 2010 (Docket No. 291617). This Court directed that oral

argument be heard on whether to grant the application for leave to appeal, People v

Richardson, 488 Mich 1054 (2011), and argument was heard on May 10, 2011.

                              II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       This Court reviews de novo claims of instructional error involving a question of

law. People v Dupree, 486 Mich 693, 702; 788 NW2d 399 (2010).

                                     III. ANALYSIS

                           A. SELF-DEFENSE & RETREAT

       Michigan’s seminal self-defense case, Pond v People in 1860, provided an

enduring statement of the limits and the purpose of the right of self-defense:

                                             5
              Human life is not to be lightly disregarded, and the law will not
       permit it to be destroyed unless upon urgent occasion. But the rules which
       make it excusable or justifiable to destroy it under some circumstances, are
       really meant to insure its general protection. They are designed to prevent
       reckless and wicked men from assailing peaceable members of society, by
       exposing them to the danger of fatal resistance at the hands of those whom
       they wantonly attack, and put in peril or fear of great injury or death. And
       such rules, in order to be of any value, must be in some reasonable degree
       accommodated to human character and necessity. They should not be
       allowed to entrap or mislead those whose misfortunes compel a resort to
       them. [Pond, 8 Mich at 173.]

In Pond, the defendant shot and killed Isaac Blanchard, a fellow commercial fisherman in

the village of Seul Choix Point who had repeatedly harassed and threatened Pond, his

family, and employees and had damaged his property.1 Blanchard’s abuse culminated

when he and two accomplices came to Pond’s home intoxicated and asked to search the

house for him. When Pond’s wife refused, the group began tearing down an outbuilding

and choking an employee, acts that terrorized Pond’s wife and small children. Pond

heard the commotion and came out of his home armed with the shotgun with which he

shot Blanchard.    Id. at 159-161.     After the shooting, he took “immediate steps to

surrender himself to justice.” Id. at 181.

       At Pond’s trial, the judge did not instruct the jury that there is no duty to retreat in

one’s home, and Pond was convicted of manslaughter.              This Court reversed.     The

landmark decision articulated several rules of self-defense that have guided courts for

1
  The village at Seul Choix Point is east of what is now Manistique. For more details on
the facts of Pond, as well as an enlightening discussion of the significance of the case in
the jurisprudence of this state and the nation, see Peterson, Pond v The People: Michigan
Sets a Legal Precedent, Michigan History, March/April 2011, at 37-41.

                                              6
more than 150 years.2      First, the “necessity of taking life” must be judged by the

circumstances as they appeared to the accused at the time of the attack. Id. at 173-174.

As Pond explained, viewing necessity from the perspective of the accused is the only

way to ensure that the rules of self-defense do not “entrap or mislead those whose

misfortunes compel a resort to them” and will serve the purpose for which they are

designed: “to prevent reckless and wicked men from assailing peaceable members of

society . . . .” Id. at 173. Second, Pond adopted the ancient common-law castle doctrine

in Michigan, expressly holding that “[a] man is not . . . obliged to retreat if assaulted in

his dwelling, but may use such means as are absolutely necessary to repel the assailant

from his house, or to prevent his forcible entry, even to the taking of life.” Id. at 177.

       These principles were reaffirmed in 2002 in Riddle:

              [T]he cardinal rule, applicable to all claims of self-defense, is that
       the killing of another person is justifiable homicide if, under all the
       circumstances, the defendant honestly and reasonably believes that he is in
       imminent danger of death or great bodily harm and that it is necessary for
       him to exercise deadly force. [Riddle, 467 Mich at 142.]

“[T]he touchstone of any claim of self-defense . . . is necessity.” Id. at 127. “As part and

parcel of the ‘necessity’ requirement that inheres in every claim of lawful self-defense,

evidence that a defendant could have safely avoided using deadly force is normally

2
  Pond has been cited favorably as a leading self-defense case by the United States
Supreme Court in Beard v United States, 158 US 550; 15 S Ct 962; 39 L Ed 1086 (1895),
and by the highest courts of at least 22 states. See, e.g., Crawford v State, 231 Md 354;
190 A2d 538 (1963); State v Couch, 52 NM 127; 193 P2d 405 (1946); Parrish v
Commonwealth, 81 Va 1 (1884), overruled in part by Fortune v Commonwealth, 133 Va
669; 112 SE 861 (1922); see also, Peterson, p 37 (“The court’s landmark ruling [in Pond]
established a precedent for the state and the nation.”).

                                              7
relevant in determining whether it was reasonably necessary for him to kill his assailant.”

Id. at 142. As a general rule, the duty to avoid using deadly force when safely possible

requires consideration of whether a defendant could have safely retreated. Id. at 127.

       Riddle straightforwardly identified three circumstances in which the general duty

to retreat has no relevance or application, including the exception applicable to the instant

case, the castle doctrine. Citing Pond, it specifically reaffirmed the doctrine as it had

existed at common law for more than 150 years and stated-- in a boldface heading no

less-- that “RETREAT IS NOT A FACTOR IN ONE’S DWELLING.” Id. at 134.

Furthermore, in a passage that bears directly on this case, Riddle stated:

              There might be circumstances in which an instruction permitting the
       jury to consider a defendant’s failure to retreat would be improper; for
       instance, if the defendant was inside his dwelling when he was attacked or
       if the undisputed evidence established that he was suddenly and violently
       attacked. In such a case there would be no basis for an instruction allowing
       the defendant’s failure to retreat to be considered in determining whether he
       acted in lawful self-defense. [Id. at 141 n 30 (citation omitted).]
       After examining the common-law castle doctrine, Riddle concluded that it was

limited to “the dwelling and its attached appurtenances” and did not include the curtilage.

Id. at 135. 3 Specifically, Riddle held:

3
  This Court has defined “curtilage” as a “court-yard, back-side, or piece of ground lying
near and belonging to a dwelling-house” and as “a space of ground within a common
enclosure, belonging to a dwelling-house.” People v Taylor, 2 Mich 250, 251-252 (1851)
(quotation marks and citations omitted); see also Black’s Law Dictionary (9th ed)
(defining “curtilage” as “[t]he land or yard adjoining a house, [usually] within an
enclosure”). Pond determined that the outbuilding or “net-house” at which the defendant
had exercised his right of self-defense was a “dwelling or a part of the dwelling . . . .”
Pond, 8 Mich 181. Riddle thus concluded that “[b]ecause the only indication we have of
the castle doctrine as it applied in Michigan at the time of the codification of our murder
statute is that it applied ‘in the dwelling,’ we lack the authority to now extend this rule to
areas beyond ‘the dwelling’ itself.” Riddle, 467 Mich at 136 (citation omitted). In

                                              8
                [W]hile the castle doctrine applies to all areas of a dwelling—be it a
         room within the building, a basement or attic, or an attached appurtenance
         such as a garage, porch, or deck—it does not apply to open areas in the
         curtilage that are not a part of a dwelling. [Id. at 138 (first emphasis
         added).]
         Following our decision in Riddle, and in direct response, the Legislature enacted

MCL 768.21c, which provides:

                (1) In cases in which [MCL 780.972] does not apply, the common
         law of this state applies except that the duty to retreat before using deadly
         force is not required if an individual is in his or her own dwelling or within
         the curtilage of that dwelling.

                 (2) As used in this section, “dwelling” means a structure or shelter
         that is used permanently or temporarily as a place of abode, including an
         appurtenant structure attached to that structure or shelter. [Emphasis
         added.]
Accordingly, the statute extends the castle doctrine to include the curtilage of the

dwelling, superseding the part of Riddle that held to the contrary. Thus, in accordance

with Pond, Riddle, and MCL 768.21c, and at all times relevant to the instant case, when a

person is attacked in his or her “dwelling,”4 which undisputedly includes the “porch,”

“retreat is not a factor” to be considered in the jury’s determination of whether a

defendant’s use of force was necessary. Riddle, 467 Mich at 134, 138, 141 n 30. To

employ the emphatic presentation of Riddle, “RETREAT IS NOT A FACTOR IN ONE’S

DWELLING.” Id. at 134.

responding to Riddle with the enactment of MCL 768.21c, the Legislature labored under
no similar stricture.
4
    The same is true, of course, with regard to the curtilage of that dwelling.

                                                9
                             B. INSTRUCTIONAL ERROR

       In its initial charge to the jury on self-defense, the trial court read CJI2d 7.16,

entitled “Duty to Retreat to Avoid Using Deadly Force.” The court stated:

              [A] person can use deadly force and [sic] self-defense only where it
       is necessary to do so. If the Defendant could have safely retreated but did
       not do so, you may consider that fact in deciding whether the Defendant
       honestly and reasonably believed he needed to use deadly force and [sic]
       self-defense.

               However, a person is never required to retreat if attacked in his or
       her own home, nor if the person reasonably believed that the attacker is
       about to use a deadly weapon, nor if the person is subject to a sudden fear
       [sic] and violent attack.
Notably in this instruction, the jury was expressly told to consider whether “the

Defendant could have safely retreated . . . .” Subsequently, in the qualifying statement

that followed, which provided three exceptions to the general rule, the jury was told that

there is no duty to retreat “in [one’s] home.”

       After deliberating for a day, the jury sent a note asking:

             What is consider[ed] the defendants “home”? to understand Self
       defense?

              Need clarification—Can the Judge instruct us?

At this point, apparently for the first time during defendant’s trial, the court became

aware of MCL 768.21c. Defense counsel belatedly brought the statute to the court’s

attention and requested that the court instruct the jury on the meaning of “dwelling” and

the definition of “curtilage.” The court agreed and, relying on Black’s Law Dictionary,

responded to the jury’s question accordingly:

             There is a definition, and we can just sort of put at rest just the home
       word right now. There is—the statute says that in cases of self-defense the

                                             10
       common law of this state applies except that the duty to retreat before using
       deadly force is not required if an individual is in her own home or dwelling
       or within the curtilage of that dwelling. And curtilage, as a general
       definition, meaning land or yard adjoining a house usually within an
       enclosure.
The court did not repeat CJI2d 7.16 at this point.

       Two days later, the jury notified the court that it still could not reach a decision.

The court instructed the jury to continue deliberating and reinstructed on self-defense.

This time the court extemporized and added the following:

               The law in general says a person has the duty to retreat except in
       some circumstances. We talked about that the other day, about how if a
       person may be—we used the home, dwelling, curtilage and so forth. But
       understand again, someone can actually be in their home, their dwelling
       and not be subject to self-defense unless those circumstances themselves
       justify that.

               I want to make sure that no one is under the impression, some people
       that have that, if someone comes to someone’s house or on their property
       and if they kill or use deadly force automatically that justifies and that’s
       self-defense. The law is that you have to follow the rules of law and make
       an analysis as to whether or not those circumstances are such that fit or
       justify self-defense.
The court also reread CJI2d 7.16, but did not reinstruct on the definition of “curtilage.”

Defense counsel objected to this omission and requested that the trial court repeat the

curtilage instruction, but the court declined to do so. Later that same day, the jury

returned with a verdict of guilty.

       In its review of the jury instructions, the Court of Appeals focused on the trial

court’s failure to consistently define “home” in the law of self-defense and its refusal to

reinstruct on curtilage. Those errors, however, are secondary to the fundamental and

most glaring instructional error that occurred at defendant’s trial. That is, defendant’s

jury was never told that, on the undisputed facts of this case, defendant had no duty to

                                            11
retreat as a matter of law and therefore that the jury was not permitted to consider retreat

as a factor in its deliberations. Because defendant was on his porch and the victims were,

at the very least, within his yard, there was no question that defendant was attacked in his

dwelling or within the curtilage of that dwelling. See Riddle, 467 Mich at 138; MCL

768.21c(1). Thus, under both the common law and the statute, he had no duty to retreat,

and pursuant to Riddle, the jury should have been clearly and straightforwardly told that

it was not “permit[ed] . . . to consider” retreat in its determination of whether defendant’s

use of force was necessary. Riddle, 467 Mich at 141 n 30.

       It is worth reflecting on why Riddle would offer this forceful direction concerning

why merely “permitting the jury to consider” a defendant’s failure to retreat would be

improper in circumstances exactly like those in the instant case. Id. I suggest that, in

part, this direction has to do with the very purpose of, and justification for, the castle

doctrine. This justification is not hard to understand, and many classic formulations

exist. As Riddle explained, “in a very real sense, a person’s dwelling is his primary place

of refuge. Where a person is in his ‘castle,’ there is simply no safer place to retreat.” Id.

at 135. Thus, when we consider the perspective of the defendant-- as is required in any

self-defense case-- it is evident why the law affords special and particularly robust

protection to the home, for what could be more frightening than to feel unsafe and

powerless against an attacker in one’s own home? Where could the use of force be felt

more necessary? In addition, I believe that the reason Riddle spoke so emphatically on

this subject was because it recognized that there would perpetually be the temptation to

argue that a defendant might have retreated farther before exercising his right of self-

defense, no matter what his venue in confronting an attacker. Why, after all, should the

                                             12
fact that a defendant has retreated beyond some relatively artificial point-- i.e., curtilage,

porch, home-- mitigate entirely a continuing obligation to retreat further if he could safely

do so and thereby avoid inflicting harm on his attacker? That is, there would always be a

temptation for some jurors to focus on the continuity of the retreat, rather than on the

‘discontinuity’ of the proposition that at some defined point, retreat is no longer a

relevant concept. This temptation would have been all too present for the jurors in this

case, given that defendant was on his porch and he could obviously have retreated into

his house, just as his wife had already done.

       In this way, the instant case illustrates well why Riddle’s strong and clear direction

regarding the castle doctrine is warranted. It also illustrates well why it is so important

that this Court continue to speak strongly and clearly regarding the right of self-defense.

“[T]he fundamental goal of a castle doctrine law is to preserve life by guaranteeing the

vulnerable home dweller the right to save him or herself in situations where the state is

unable to intervene.” Note, A defensible defense?: Reexamining castle doctrine statutes,

47 Harv J on Legis 523, 549 (2010). Although the use of force to protect life and

property is primarily the duty of the state, the state does not possess a monopoly in this

regard. US Const, Am II; see also District of Columbia v Heller, 554 US 570, 628; 128 S

Ct 2783; 171 L Ed 2d 637 (2008) (stating that “the inherent right of self-defense has been

central to the Second Amendment right,” and “the need for defense of self, family, and

property is most acute” in the home); McDonald v City of Chicago, 561 US ___, ___; 130

S Ct 3020, 3044; 177 L Ed 2d 894 (2010) (“[T]he Second Amendment protects a

personal right to keep and bear arms for lawful purposes, most notably for self-defense

within the home.”). When the state fails to fulfill its responsibilities, people are more

                                             13
likely to be confronted with the need to exercise their right of self-defense, and difficult

factual issues and complex legal issues are likely to arise. Any lack of clarity concerning

the boundaries within which this right begins and ends will inevitably “entrap or mislead

those [citizens] whose misfortunes compel a resort to them.” Pond, 8 Mich at 173.

       In sum, the law of self-defense and retreat is clear, and a correct instruction should

not have been difficult to craft on the facts presented.        The following would have

sufficed: “Defendant was on his porch when he was attacked. Thus, as a matter of law,

he had no duty to retreat and you should not consider retreat in your consideration of

whether his use of force was necessary.” Instead, as is plainly seen in the instructions

quoted previously, defendant’s jury was repeatedly told that retreat could be a factor in its

deliberations, and it was given inconsistent and confusing instructions about what

constitutes the “home” in the law of self-defense.

                                    C. PLAIN ERROR

       Because defense counsel did not object to the instructions given, defendant is

entitled to relief only if he can establish that (1) there was error, (2) the error was plain,

(3) defendant was prejudiced by the plain error, and (4) the plain error “resulted in the

conviction of an actually innocent defendant” or the plain error “‘“seriously affect[ed] the

fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings” independent of the

defendant’s innocence.’” People v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 763; 597 NW2d 130 (1999)

(citation omitted). The majority acknowledges that “[a]n instruction that omitted the

general duty to retreat and informed the jury only that defendant had no duty to retreat

might have been clearer,” ante at 5, but ultimately determines that the instructions given

                                             14
were clear enough. I cannot agree. In my view, because the instructions given were

contrary to MCL 768.21c(1), Riddle, and Pond, they were plainly erroneous.

       The majority posits two arguments in an attempt to avoid this conclusion. First,

the majority invokes the principle that jury instructions must be taken “as a whole,” see

People v Kelly, 423 Mich 261, 270-272; 378 NW2d 365 (1985), and argues that, because

the instruction on the general duty to retreat was followed by the word “however,” the

jury was adequately informed that it should apply an exception to the general rule. With

all respect, I am not persuaded. The majority has not even correctly formulated the

proper instruction. The law of self-defense is not that there is some “general duty of

retreat,” albeit with certain exceptions, but that retreat is not even a relevant concept

within one’s dwelling or the curtilage of that dwelling, and therefore, under Riddle,

retreat is not even permitted to be considered by the jury in that situation.5 Therefore, it

was not proper to introduce the broad duty of retreat as a relevant factor for the jury’s

5
   Faced with this Court’s explicit, highly emphasized, and uniquely all-capitalized
statement in Riddle that “RETREAT IS NOT A FACTOR IN ONE’S DWELLING” and
this Court’s additional statement that even “permitting the jury to consider a defendant’s
failure to retreat would be improper” in circumstances like those of the instant case, the
majority now characterizes the latter as dictum. Riddle, 467 Mich at 134, 141 n 30. If
anything, however, the fact that Riddle went out of its way to anticipate this very problem
and to opine with rare forcefulness that such an instruction would be improper lends
heightened significance to the latter statement in Riddle. Moreover, characterizing this
statement as “dictum” as a basis for disregarding its guidance in the instant case can only
interject uncertainty into the law of self-defense. The majority says it “wholeheartedly
agree[s] . . . that the castle doctrine and the right of personal self-defense are longstanding
and precious rights that we must vigorously uphold,” ante at 6, but its disregard for the
two opinions of this Court that gave the most practical expression to this doctrine and this
right belie that assertion. Indeed, it is difficult to recall any case in the annals of this
Court in which a more unequivocal statement concerning instructional error has been so
thoroughly disregarded with so little explanation.

                                              15
consideration and then negate that duty with several exceptions, only one of which could

have applied on these facts. When, as here, defendant was indisputably within the zone

in which an individual’s obligations under the law of self-defense become transformed,

the only proper instruction would have affirmatively prohibited the jury from considering

retreat because defendant was on his porch and thus had no duty to retreat as a matter of

law. That was the instruction that the law required on the facts of this case, and the

majority is unable to identify where the instructions, “taken as a whole” or otherwise,

communicated this fundamental principle to the jury.

       Second, the majority excuses the instructions because they “tracked CJI2d 7.16

almost verbatim.” Ante at 5. However, far from insulating the error in this case, the trial

court’s reliance on the standard jury instruction is indicative of the problem with the

standard jury instruction. There is no rule requiring that standard jury instructions be

read, much less be read in full, when portions of those instructions are inapplicable to the

facts of the case. As we stated in People v Petrella, 424 Mich 221, 277; 380 NW2d 11

(1985):

              [W]e remind the bench and bar once again that the Michigan
       Criminal Jury Instructions do not have the official sanction of this Court.
       Their use is not required, and trial judges are encouraged to examine them
       carefully before using them, in order to ensure their accuracy and
       appropriateness to the case at hand.

       The trial court in this case did not “ensure [the instructions’] accuracy and

appropriateness to the case at hand.” Id. The majority may not want to “require trial

courts to sua sponte depart from the criminal jury instructions under circumstances such

as those presented here,” ante at 5, but that is exactly what the law requires trial courts to

                                             16
do, and I am confident that Michigan trial judges are fully capable of tailoring standard

jury instructions to the specific facts before them. Indeed, this is their responsibility and

obligation. People v Lambert, 395 Mich 296, 304; 235 NW2d 338 (1975) (“It is the

function of the court to inform the jury of the law by which its verdict must be controlled.

The purpose of instructions is to enable the jury to understand and apply the law to the

facts of the case.”).

       In this case, the court was required to make CJI2d 7.16 appropriate to the

undisputed facts by eliminating all language from the instruction indicating that

defendant may have had some duty to retreat. In addition, the court should have told the

jury, using the appropriate language, that defendant did not have a duty to retreat because

he was on his “porch” and in his “home.” Instead, the instructions informed the jury of

the general duty to retreat, then set forth the several exceptions, only one of which was

applicable on these facts, and finally cluttered the jurors’ minds with irrelevant legal

terms like “abode” and “appurtenant structure.”

       Having determined, in my judgment, that plain error occurred, I next consider

whether the error resulted in outcome-determinative prejudice.6 In determining whether

6
  In summarizing the “abundant evidence from which the jury could and did conclude
that defendant’s use of deadly force was not necessary,” the majority incorrectly suggests
that there is some question in this case about the sufficiency of the evidence. Ante at 6
n 9. To be clear, there is not. The only question is whether the instructional error that
permitted the jury to consider retreat prejudiced defendant.

       Nonetheless, I do question the accuracy and relevancy of the majority’s
summarization of the evidence. Specifically, it is unclear to me why it matters that
“neither Dinwiddie nor Abrams was carrying a firearm or knife,” ante at 6 n 9, when it is
undisputed that they came to defendant’s home wielding a baseball bat. I am also
confused about why the majority repeatedly notes that “defendant was unharmed” in the

                                             17
such prejudice occurred, we review the entire record, including both the jury instructions

and the evidence. Carines, 460 Mich at 772 n 18. That review makes it apparent that

defendant’s assertion of innocence rested solely on his claim of self-defense. This was

the exclusive and determinative issue at trial, and by all indications it was not an easy

issue for the jury. By instructing the jury that retreat could be a relevant factor in its

deliberations, the court went far in foreclosing the jury’s consideration of defendant’s

self-defense argument because the evidence clearly indicated that defendant could have

retreated further. He was on his porch, and he could have retreated into his house, just as

his wife did. And, significantly, we need not speculate about whether the jury considered

retreat as a factor in its deliberations because it expressly indicated that it did so in its

note asking:

             What is consider[ed] the defendants “home”? to understand Self
       defense?

               Need clarification—Can the Judge instruct us?

There was simply no other reason for the jury to inquire into the meaning of “home” in

the law of self-defense if it was not struggling with the question whether defendant did or

incident at his home. Ante at 6 n 9, 7 (emphasis added). If the majority means that
defendant was not physically harmed, the law of self-defense does not require physical
injury before a person may exercise his or her right of self-defense, and this fact is
immaterial to the application of the castle doctrine. Finally, in light of the undisputed
fact that Dinwiddie and Abrams were under the influence of drugs and alcohol when they
confronted defendant with fighting words and a baseball bat at his home, as well as the
historical context underlying this confrontation, the majority’s summation that “defendant
emptied his gun into two defenseless and retreating victims” seems more than a little bit
overstated. Ante at 6 n 9.

                                             18
did not have a duty to retreat.7 The jury should never have been permitted to consider

this irrelevant and highly prejudicial question. Riddle, 467 Mich at 141 n 30. Thus, the

failure to give a clear and straightforward instruction that defendant had no duty to retreat

as a matter of law may have been the “equivalent to an instruction to the jury that the

defendant had failed to justify the [assault] on the ground of self-defense.” People v

Tomlins, 213 NY 240, 245; 107 NE 496 (1914). As then Judge Cardozo reasoned in

7
  Thus, contrary to the majority’s assertion, there is, in fact, something “in the record” to
support the conclusion that “the jurors rejected defendant’s self-defense claim in the
belief that he should have retreated.” Ante at 7 n 13. The jury note is proof that the jury
was considering and struggling with the issue of retreat. The majority states the obvious
in observing that “[t]he note was sent before the judge clarified the meaning of ‘home.’”
Ante at 8. Of course the note was sent before the judge responded to it-- the note is what
compelled the judge’s response. In any event, the judge’s response in no way “clarified”
the meaning of “home” for the jury. The judge began his response by telling the jury to
“put at rest just the home word right now.” He then referred to MCL 768.21c and set
forth the castle doctrine under the statute. He then defined “curtilage,” explaining that
“curtilage, as a general definition, mean[s] land or yard adjoining a house usually within
an enclosure.” He never quite got around to answering the jury’s question by defining
“home,” and his instructions in the end obscured, not clarified matters. The jury should
never have been told to “put at rest . . . the home word,” because defendant was on his
porch, which is, and which has always been, part of the “home” under the common law
of self-defense. See Riddle, 467 Mich at 138. Accordingly, the references to MCL
768.21c, the restatement of the castle doctrine, and the redefinition of “curtilage” were
irrelevant in responding to the jury’s straightforward question. In sum, the jury was
asking for clarification about what comprised the “home” in the context of a case in
which defendant was undisputedly on his porch. On these facts, the proper response was
simple: “The porch is considered the home in the law of self defense. Thus, defendant
had no duty to retreat as a matter of law.” Still, the majority discounts the jury’s note,
which is objective evidence of what the jurors were actually thinking about in their
deliberations because, in its view, “the success of defendant’s self-defense claim did not
hinge on whether he was required to retreat or stand his ground on his porch.” Ante at 7.
The majority may assert this, but its members were not in the jury room, where it is
undisputed that jurors were considering and struggling with the issue of retreat without
the benefit of accurate instructions.

                                             19
Tomlins, the defense “was submitted in form, but not in substance, for the submission

was coupled with instructions that predetermined the answer.” Id. at 245-246.

       Furthermore, review of the jury instructions as a whole, and of the entire trial

record, strongly suggests that this error was not isolated, but reflects a serious

misunderstanding of the law that permeated defendant’s trial. The trial court’s statements

at sentencing were highly reflective of this misunderstanding. Speaking to defendant at

sentencing, the court stated:

               The law says that one should retreat if they can. To me, by the facts
       of this case, you could have gone into your house, based on the facts as I
       heard them. Your wife was inside. You could have gone into the house
       also. And if something had maybe developed from that point where
       somebody might have tried to break into your house and do some thing
       [sic], maybe this might have been looked at differently.
The problem is that the law does not say “that one should retreat if they can” when one is

in his or her dwelling or within the curtilage of dwelling, as defendant was. But the trial

court presiding over defendant’s trial instructed the jury as if it did, even after the court

became aware of MCL 768.21c.

       Finally, it is altogether possible that the plain error “resulted in the conviction of

an actually innocent defendant.” Carines, 460 Mich at 763. If defendant was indeed

acting in self-defense, he is “actually innocent.” See Riddle, 467 Mich at 127 (“[T]he

killing of another person in self-defense is justifiable homicide . . . .”). At the very least,

the plain error “‘“seriously affect[ed] the fairness, integrity or public reputation of

judicial proceedings” independent of the defendant’s innocence.’” Carines, 460 Mich at

763 (citation omitted). Defendant’s jury was instructed that it could consider the fact that

defendant “could have safely retreated but did not do so,” when it unquestionably should

                                              20
have been instructed that defendant had absolutely no duty or obligation to retreat. This

erroneous instruction, in my judgment, most certainly “seriously affect[ed] the fairness”

of defendant’s trial. Id.

                                   IV. CONCLUSION

       Despite explicit and crystal-clear pronouncements on the law of self-defense and

retreat by our state’s judicial and legislative branches, defendant’s jury was never

properly instructed that, on the undisputed facts of this case, he had no duty or obligation

to retreat and, therefore, that it was not permitted to consider retreat as a factor in its

deliberations. Instead, the jury was repeatedly instructed that retreat could be a factor in

deciding whether defendant’s use of force was necessary and the jury did, in fact,

consider retreat. In my judgment, these instructional errors prejudiced defendant and

were especially consequential as they implicated a quintessential right of a free society--

the right of personal self-defense. Therefore, I would reverse the judgment of the Court

of Appeals and remand for a new trial-- a trial in which defendant’s jury is plainly

instructed that it cannot consider retreat because defendant had no duty to retreat.

                                                         Stephen J. Markman
                                                         Mary Beth Kelly

                                             21