Court Opinion

ID: 6640132
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-20 20:44:45.046293+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:59:12.628624
License: Public Domain

By the Court

Sherburne, J.'
This is an action in the nature of replevin and is brought into this Court upon a demurrer to the answer. In order to understand the grounds of the decision, it becomes necessary to look at the form, as well as the substance, of that portion of the answer, following a general denial, which is in the following language:
“The Defendants further answering allege, that they are warehousemen, doing business as such in the City of St. Paul, and were so doing business during and throughout the year 1855, and that while the Defendants were doing business as aforesaid, one J. B. Gilbert, was the master of a certain steamboat known as the Falls City, and that during the time aforesaid, the Plaintiff delivered to the said J. B. Gilbert, master *411as aforesaid, at Pittsburgh, the goods and property mentioned and described in the complaint, to be transported for the Plaintiff to the City of St. Anthony, or to the highest point on the Mississippi Elver attainable, between the City of St. Paul and the said City of St. Anthony. And the Defendants aver, that while the said J. B. Gilbert was lawfully in the possession of the said goods and property, he delivered them to and upon a certain steamboat called the James Lyon, to be transported by the said steamboat to the said City of St. Paul.
“ And the Defendants further allege that the said Gilbert,, lawfully possessed of the said goods and property, consigned the same to the Defendants at St. Paul, and authorized and directed the Defendants to receive and store the said goods and property in their warehouse at St. Paul, and also authorized and directed the Defendants to pay to the said steamboat James Lyon, her charges for transporting the same, namely, the sum of one dollar per hundred for each hundred weight of the property so transported.
“ And the defendants allege that afterwards, and on or about the 30th day of June, 1855, the said steamboat James Lyon, delivered to the Defendants at their warehouse aforesaid, the property mentioned and described in the complaint, and being of the weight of 122,791 pounds, and demanded thereon account as her charges for transporting the same, the sum of eleven hundred and sixty-six dollars and fifty-five cents. And the-Defendants aver that thereupon and in pursuance of and conformity to the authority and direction aforesaid, they received the said property and goods, and paid to the said steamboat the sum of eleven hundred and sixty-six dollars and fifty-five cents.
“ And the Defendants aver, that as such warehousemen they bestowed certain work and labor upon and attention to the said goods and property, in receiving, carrying and storing the same, and that the receiving, carrying and storing of the goods and property, was fully worth the sum of one hundred and seventeen dollars;
“And the Defendants allege that upon the premises herein contained the Defendants, as warehousemen, acquired and had a lien upon the goods and property mentioned to the extent of *412the sum paid as aforesaid to the said James Lyon, and the labor and attention bestowed upon the same in receiving, carrying and storing as aforesaid; and Defendants aver that from the time the said property was received as aforesaid, until the commencement of this action, it remained in the possession of the Defendants.
“ And the Defendants further aver that the Plaintiff has not paid the sum chargeable as aforesaid, upon the said property, nor any part thereof, except the sum of seven hundred and eighty-three dollars and fifty-five cents, and that there was due and unpaid thereon, at the time of the commencement of this action, the sum of five hundred dollars.
“ And the Defendants further answering, aver that it is the common and universal custom of warehouseman in the city of St. Paul, to charge for moneys paid out as heroin aforesaid, the sum of three per cent, per month, and that the Plaintiff knew of this custom, and dealt'with the defendants with full knowledge thereof.
“ Whereupon the Defendants ask that the Plaintiff be adjudged,” &c.
The Defendant in Error demurs to that portion of the answer commencing with the words “ and that while the Defendants were so doing business as aforesaid,” and ending with the words, “ and paid to the said steamboat the sum of eleven hundred and sixty-six dollars and fifty-five cents.”
Also to that portion of said answer commencing with the words “ and the Defendants allege that upon the premises,” and concluding with the words “ to the extent of the sum paid as aforesaid to the said James Lyon.” Also, to that portion of said answer commencing with the words, “ and the Defendant “ further answering aver, that it is the common and universal “ custom,” and ending with the words “ with full knowledge thereof,” to the remaining part of the answer, the Defendants in Error has interposed a reply' — the intention being, apparently, to demur to that portion of the answer which claims a lien for the money advanced to the steamboat James Lyon, and to reply to that portion which claims a lien on account of warehouse charges.
The first point made by the Plaintiffs in Error is that there *413is but one defence set up in the answer, and that the law does not authorize both a reply and demurrer to the same defence, nor a reply to a part and demurrer to the remainder. Or if it should appear that there are two defences in the answer, still they are not separately stated, and the objection still remains. And that in that case the Plaintiff should have corrected the pleadings by motion.
There can be no doubt that there are two distinct grounds of defense set up in the answer. The Plaintiffs in Error claim a lien upon the goods; first, on account of the advances made by them to the steamboat James Lyon; and second, for warehouse charges. That these liens depend upon separate and distinct principles of law, it requires no argument to prove, because even if the lien should be held good for both the advances and the charges, still they would necessarily be sustained, each upon a statement of facts, widely different from the other, and Upton should not be denied the right of testing each distinct statement of facts upon its own merits. There may be some doubt, whether Bass & Co., had a lien upon the goods as security for the payment of their warehouse charges. This, however, Upton does not deny, but in his reply to that portion of the answer, alleges payment. To that portion of the answer, claiming a lieu for advances, he demurs, presenting an issue of law.
The objection is that the form of the answer does not warrant both a demurrer and reply, even if it contain two defences. This question we propose to consider. A demurrer to an answer is authorized by section 26, of the amendments to the Revised Statutes, page 9, in the following language: “The “ Plaintiff may demur to one or more of several defences or “ counter claims, and reply to the residue.” This language, in itself considered, does not confine the Defendant in Error, within the narrow limits contended for by the Plaintiffs. The authority to demur is given in its broadest sense, and we must have reference to the rules which existed prior to the Code, to guide us in attempting to arrive at a just and reasonable interpretation of its intention and meaning. It may be necessary in particular cases to change the rules of law which formeily prevailed, even in cases in which the Code is silent upon the *414subject; but it cau only be so, when the provisions of the Code are so inconsistent with the rules of common law, that both cannot stand. In such case, the Code must prevail. But a comparison of the two, upon the question now before us, will show no such inconsistency. The right to demur is preserved. It may be to one or more defences. Here the attempt is to demur to one defence. "Was this defence so stated as to admit of a demurrer? It cannot be pretended that there are two separate and distinct formal counts. But it will be seen that the statement of facts on which it has been said the two defences rest, are separately stated and free from that confusion which would be likely to mislead the opposite party or the Court. It is not even suggested that either party has been misled by the informality referred to, nor that the real and proper issues have not been fully presented and heard. The objection would not have prevailed before the adoption of the Code. A demurrer at common law was either to the whole or a part, of the declaration, and this rule equally applies to one count, part of which is sufficient, and the residue is not, when the matters are dmisible in their nafrares. See Chitty's Pleadings, vol. 1, 577.
Has the rule of law applicable to the case been changed by the Code? The counsel of the Plaintiffs rely considerably upon sec. 69 of the Devised Statutes on page 338, requiring that each defence shall be separately stated. It may be reasonable to presume that the intention of this provision is, that there shall be as many distinct counts as defence; and it has already been said that the answer does not, in form, contain two distinct counts. This defect might probably have been corrected on motion of the adverse party; but instead of doing so, he has demurred and replied as he vould have done if the two defences had been in separate and distinct counts. It by no means follows, that because the Statute requires defences to be separately stated, that such an error as ajjpears in this answer, may not be waived by the Defendants. Formerly, no more than one defence could be interposed to the declaration, or to the samepart of it, but the error was cured either by a reply or answer to each defence or by general demurrer. See Introduction to Story’s Pleading, 37 and cases cited.
*415But the necessity of stating defences separately is not new in our Code. It lias always been required. Our Code does nothing more than affirm the law and practice in this respect, which existed at the time it was enacted. At common law, but one defense could be pleaded, but the Statute of 4 Ann, authorizing more than one, required that each ground of defence. should be stated in a separate plea, as at common law. See Gould's Pleading, 429, Law’s Pleading, 131, and 1 Chitty’s Pleading 512-13, and such has, with a few exceptions, been the practice to the present time.
I do not think the authorities cited by Counsel for the Plaintiffs in Error support the objection. The case of Manchester vs. Storrs and others, 3 How. Prac. Reps. 410, came before the Court on a demurrer to a part of a complaint. When the ■cause was heard, the Statute Provisions of New York (since amended) required that a demurrer should be to the whole complaint. The point, therefore, before the Court, was entirely ■different from the one raised here.
In Durkee vs. R.R. Company, 4 How. P. Reps. 226, there is a demurrer to a complaint, because it contained three causes of action in the same count; and the causes were such, as could not, at common law, have been united in the same declaration, even if in distinct counts. There can be no doubt that it was bad on demurrer, and that the decision was right and just.
In Slocum vs. Wheeler, 4 How. Practice Peports 373, the Court merely holds that the Defendant cannot, at the same time, demur to and answer the same cause of action. I am not aware that any other rule is contended for in this cause.
In the case of Cobb vs. Frazer, same book 413, it is held that a demurrer will not lie to a part of an entire defence. But in the case at bar, we hold that the answer contains two distinct grounds of defence. The authority is not, therefore, in point.
The next case cited is that of Smith vs. Brown and others, 6 How. Prac. Reps. 383. This was a motion to strike out some of the causes of a demurrer, and the motion was denied. Neither the point decided, nor the reasoning of the Court seem to have any bearing upon the question under consideration.
*416It is true that the answer is bad in form, but it contains the substance — clearly and distinctly alleged — of two separate grounds of defence. Shall the Defendants take advantage of their own error ? The Plaintiff has waived it, and the authorities cited go very far in sustaining him. See also 1 Chitty’s Pleadings, 359, and the cases there cited; also, Howard vs. R. R. Company, 5 How. P. Rep. 296: in which Mr. Justice Sill held m effect that, though an answer and demurrer to the same cause of action is irregular in practice, yet the irregularity may be waived by the Plaintiff. A different ruling in questions of this kind must give the cause to the party committing the error, on account of the very error which he has committed. He makes an informal pleading — complains that the opposite party has waived the informality, and joins his* cause, notwithstanding the merits fully appear and are against him. This position cannot be sustained.
Again, the objection should have been taken by motion to strike out the demurrer. See Manchester vs. Storrs, Slocum vs. Wheeler, and Cobb vs. Frazer, before cited; also Amendments to Revised Statutes, Sec. 70, on page 9.
The remaining question in this case is, whether the Defendants (Plaintiffs in Error) acquired a lien upon the goods in question to the extent of their advances to the steamboat James Lyon. The goods are alleged in the answer to have been delivered to one J. B. Gilbert, master of the steamboat Palls City, at Pittsburgh, “ to be transported for Upton to the City of St. Anthony, or to the highest point on the Mississippi Liver attainable between the City of St. Paul and the said City of St. Anthony.” The answer shows that the contract was never fulfilled, and fails to give any reason why it was not. No lien could attach to the goods by virtue of an undertaking not performed, even in favor of the Palls City steamboat: and neither the James Lyon nor the Defendants could acquire rights through Gilbert which he had not himself. If he had shipped them to St. Paul and then stored them on his own account, under the state of facts appearing from the pleadings in this cause he could not have retained them on account of any lien acquired by by a partial performance of his obligation to transport them to the highest point between St. Paul and St. Anthony. The *417reason, of this is so strong that the principle needs no support ■of precedent. The case of Portland Bank vs. Stubbs et. al. is in point: see 6 Mass. P. 422. Parsons, C. J. in that case, ■says: “No freight was due until the voyage was performed and the salt ready to be delivered at Boston, because no impediment to performing the voyage appears. If a ship on her way is prevented from further proceeding, and the shippee will receive his goods, he shall pay a pro rata freight: but this is not the case before us.” It was held, therefore, that no lien attached: and both the facts in the case and the Opinion are applicable to this. See also Gross on Law of Lien, 358.
But, admitting the contract to have been performed and the goods stored in the proper place, still the Defendants acquired no lien for the money advanced. There was no contract to that effect by the Plaintiff, nor any one authorized by him.; and they could only acquire it, if at all, by the custom of the place: and such a custom is not alleged in the answer. 11 Barb. S. C. Rep. 120, Gage et. al. vs. Gitner et. al.; 5 Taunton, 645; Session Laws M. T. 1855, sec. 22, p. 60.
Judgment below affirmed.