Court Opinion

ID: 9912517
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-12-22 17:09:08.774372+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:59:47.506621
License: Public Domain

J-S33001-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

  MYRNA COHEN                                       :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                    :        PENNSYLVANIA
                       Appellant                    :
                                                    :
                                                    :
                v.                                  :
                                                    :
                                                    :
  MOORE BECKER, P.C.,                               :   No. 208 WDA 2023

              Appeal from the Order Entered January 31, 2023
   In the Court of Common Pleas of Westmoreland County Civil Division at
                            No(s): 8424of 2008

BEFORE:      BENDER, P.J.E., McCAFFERY, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

MEMORANDUM BY BENDER, P.J.E.:                           FILED: December 22, 2023

       Appellant, Myrna Cohen, appeals from the trial court’s January 31, 2023

order, entering summary judgment in favor of Appellee, Moore Becker, P.C.

(“Law Firm”). After review, we affirm.

                                               I.

       This appeal involves a legal malpractice claim against Law Firm based

on a theory of respondeat superior liability.1 As this case has a rather lengthy

history, we focus on the aspects that are most pertinent to the issues on

appeal before us. In relevant part, on July 30, 2008, Appellant filed a praecipe

for writ of summons against Law Firm and Attorney Jeffrey Abramowitz,
____________________________________________

* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.

1 “Under the doctrine of respondeat superior[,] recovery is sought on the basis

of vicarious liability. An employer is vicariously liable for the wrongful acts of
an employee if that act was committed during the course of and within the
scope of employment.” Brezenski v. World Truck Transfer, Inc., 755 A.2d
36, 39 (Pa. Super. 2000) (citation omitted).
J-S33001-23

followed by a complaint on September 4, 2009. On July 8, 2010, Appellant

filed an amended complaint.2 Therein, inter alia, Appellant made the following

allegations.

                  Long-Term Disability Benefits – Federal Action

       Appellant alleged that, in 2002, she was receiving long-term disability

benefits through her previous employer, PNC Bank Corporation (“Employer”).

Amended Complaint, 7/8/10, at ¶ 6.3 She stated that the long-term disability

plan was administered by UNUM Provident (“UNUM”). Id. In 2002, Appellant

averred that she was informed that these long-term disability benefits were

being terminated by UNUM on behalf of Employer. Id. at ¶ 7. According to

Appellant, immediately thereafter, Attorney Abramowitz — who worked for a

different law firm at the time — orally agreed to represent Appellant in an

appeal from Employer/UNUM’s decision to terminate her long-term disability

benefits.   Id. at ¶ 8.      Appellant stated that the appeal was subsequently

denied. Id. at ¶ 9.

       Appellant explained that Attorney Abramowitz — who had since become

an attorney at Law Firm — subsequently filed an action in federal court against

Employer and its affiliates to seek a reversal of the decision terminating
____________________________________________

2 Since that time, Appellant’s claims against Attorney Abramowitz have been

discontinued, and the trial court dismissed Appellant’s direct professional
negligence claim against Law Firm. The only claim remaining is the legal
malpractice claim against Law Firm based on a theory of respondeat superior
liability.

3 Long-term disability is sometimes referred to as “LTD” throughout this
writing.

                                           -2-
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Appellant’s long-term disability benefits. Id. at ¶ 10. Thereafter, following

the close of the pleadings in the case, Appellant said that the federal court

directed that all motions for summary judgment and supporting documents

be filed by June 11, 2004, with responses due July 27, 2004. Id. at ¶ 11.

      Appellant claimed that Employer and its affiliates filed a motion for

summary judgment, but Attorney Abramowitz did not file a timely response.

Id. at ¶¶ 12-13. As stated by Appellant, on November 2, 2004, the federal

court, sua sponte, entered an order giving Attorney Abramowitz until

November 15, 2004 to respond to the motion for summary judgment, but he

still did not file a response. Id. at ¶¶ 14-15. Consequently, Appellant said,

the federal magistrate judge filed a report and recommendation on January

20, 2005, granting summary judgment in favor of Employer and its affiliates,

and giving Appellant ten days to file objections to the report and

recommendation. Id. at ¶ 16. Appellant claimed that Attorney Abramowitz

did not file exceptions and/or objections to the report and recommendation.

Id. at ¶ 17.

      Later, on February 8, 2005, Appellant alleged that a memorandum order

granting the motion for summary judgment was entered by a federal district

court judge, and neither Attorney Abramowitz, nor Law Firm, informed her of

it. Id. at ¶¶ 18-19. Appellant stated that she was not aware that the federal

claim had been dismissed until July of 2008. Id. at ¶ 23. Appellant averred

that, due to the lack of response to the motion for summary judgment, the

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federal claim was dismissed and she was denied the opportunity to recover

long-term disability benefits from the disability plan. Id. at ¶ 33.

    Long-Term Disability Benefits – March 27, 2007 Reassessment Letter

       Appellant additionally alleged that, in March of 2007, due to the

settlement of a class action lawsuit against UNUM, she was given an

opportunity to have her long-term disability claim reviewed pursuant to a

formal claim reassessment process. Id. at ¶ 20. Appellant asserted that, on

March 27, 2007, UNUM mailed to Attorney Abramowitz and Law Firm’s office

“a reassessment information form … which provided that, in order to have

[Appellant’s] long-term disability claim reassessed, the form needed to be

filled out and returned within sixty (60) days.” Id. at ¶ 21.4 According to

Appellant, neither Attorney Abramowitz nor Law Firm completed the form, or

informed Appellant about its existence. Id. at ¶ 22. Consequently, her claim

was not placed in the reassessment program. Id. Appellant alleged that she

did not become aware that her claim could have been reassessed until July of

2008. Id. at ¶ 24.

                          Social Security Disability Benefits

       Appellant also alleged that, in 1999, she became disabled and, through

counsel retained by Employer, she filed a claim for social security disability

benefits.   Id. at ¶ 25.5      Appellant stated that the claim was heard by an

____________________________________________

4 Appellant attached a copy of this form to her amended complaint.

5 At times in this writing, social security disability is referred to as “SSD.”

                                           -4-
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administrative law judge, who denied her claim for benefits.       Id. at ¶ 26.

Shortly thereafter, Appellant said she and Attorney Abramowitz entered into

an oral agreement whereby Attorney Abramowitz agreed to represent her in

an appeal of the denial of the SSD benefits.      Id. At ¶ 27.    Subsequently,

Appellant explained that, when she would inquire about the benefits, Attorney

Abramowitz “continually assured [her] that the proper paperwork had been

filed, that a decision was forthcoming[,] and that her rights for SSD benefits

were protected.” Id. at ¶ 28. However, Appellant claimed that, contrary to

his representations, Attorney Abramowitz never filed an appeal from the

denial of benefits with the appeals council. Id. at ¶ 29. Appellant averred

that she did not learn that Attorney Abramowitz failed to file the appeal until

August of 2006. Id. at ¶ 30. Appellant explained that, because no appeal

was filed, she was forced to retain new counsel and reapply for social security

disability income, which was not awarded until February of 2008. Id. at ¶ 34.

As a result, she alleged that she received social security disability income that

was significantly less than that which she would have received had the appeal

been filed in 2000. Id. at ¶ 35.

                  Law Firm’s Motion for Summary Judgment

      Nearly 14 years after Appellant filed the praecipe for writ of summons

and following multiple appeals to this Court, Law Firm filed a motion for

summary judgment, a brief in support, and an appendix of exhibits on July

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11, 2022.6, 7 In Law Firm’s brief in support, it proffered the following relevant

facts in support of its motion:
       A. Long[-]Term Disability Benefits

       On March 2, 1998, [Appellant] began her employment with PNC
       (“Employer”) as a financial service consultant. (SSA Work History
       Report Excerpts, Exh. 1). [Appellant’s] job involved working with
       computers and account information. (Id.) Per [Appellant], she
       developed abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and other
       symptoms which began to bother her in June 1998. (Id. Sec. 2).
       Due to these symptoms, she went home from work on July 27,
       1998[,] and never returned. (Id.)

       One of the earlier medical records available from this general time
       period, from an emergency room visit on September 18, 1998,
       indicates a history of irritable bowel syndrome. (ER 9/18/98, Exh.
       2). The emergency doctor’s note also indicates: “Quite frankly the
____________________________________________

6 One of the appeals to this Court stemmed from the trial court’s dismissal of

Appellant’s amended complaint with prejudice, as a result of Appellant’s
repeated failure to attend a deposition. On appeal, this Court vacated the trial
court’s dismissal order and remanded the case for the trial court to impose a
more appropriate sanction, stating that “although Appellant’s repeated and
untimely defiance of [Law Firm’s] deposition notices and the court’s discovery
orders exhibited bad faith, consideration of all relevant factors compels us to
conclude that dismissal is disproportionate to Appellant’s discovery
transgressions.” Cohen v. Moore Becker, P.C., 2020 WL 6268581, at *7
(Pa. Super. filed Oct. 26, 2020) (citations omitted). On remand, in imposing
a less severe sanction, the trial court ordered that Appellant is precluded from
providing any testimony in the case, and is subject to a monetary sanction of
$8,005.00. See Order, 4/22/21.

7 In Law Firm’s brief in support of its motion for summary judgment, it
explained that it considered discovery relevant to the motion for summary
judgment to be closed. See Law Firm’s Brief in Support of Motion for
Summary Judgment, 7/11/22, at 7 (“Law Firm considers discovery to be
closed. [Appellant] has not, through any of her three lawyers to date, initiated
any depositions. Nor has [Appellant] taken any affirmative steps in many
years to prepare her case for trial. At some point, the case must become ripe
for disposition via summary judgment, even if [Appellant] has shown no
interest in advancing her own case.”). Appellant does not dispute this, or
specifically ask for more discovery to occur.

                                           -6-
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     patient has a rather neurotic presentation.” (Id. pg. 2). The
     doctor advised that a definitive diagnosis must be sought at [the
     University of Pittsburgh Medical Center] so as to ensure continuity
     of care. (Id.…).

     [Appellant’s] Employer provided a Long-Term Disability Plan (“LTD
     Plan”) to employees who were out of work for periods longer than
     90 days (LTD Plan, Exh. 3).2 Under the LTD Plan, for the first two
     years of disability, the employee was considered “Totally
     Disabled” if she could not perform the material duties of her
     regular position. (LTD Plan pg. 5, Exh. 3). After a 2-year period,
     to continue LTD benefits, an employee was required to show that
     she could not perform the material duties of any gainful
     occupation for which she was reasonably fitted by training,
     education, or experience. (LTD Plan pg. 5, Exh. 3).
        2 … Employer was the designed [sic] LTD Plan Administrator.

        (LTD Plan pg. 15, Exh. 3). Technically, the employer, PNC,
        and UNUM…, entered into an Administrator Agreement, by
        which UNUM may have made some of the decisions affecting
        [Appellant]. As this distinction is not material to this
        [m]otion, … Law Firm refers simply to both collectively as …
        “Employer,” for ease of reading.

     In November 1998, [Appellant] applied for and began to receive
     LTD benefits based on her condition of diarrhea and related
     symptoms. (Application for Benefits, Exh. 4). In contrast to
     [Appellant’s] subjective complaints, Dr. [Rosanne] Granieri’s
     progress note from November 18, 1998[,] revealed a “normal
     upper GI endoscopy, a normal colonoscopy, and an abdominal
     ultrasound that was normal.” (Dr. Granieri 11/18/98, Exh. 5).

     … Employer continually evaluated [Appellant’s] continuing
     eligibility for LTD benefits. In June 1999, Dr. Granieri’s notes
     indicate that [Appellant] began to treat with alternative medicine.
     Dr. Granieri warned [Appellant] that while she had no objection to
     a specific diet: “It is not standard and generally not accepted as
     medicine based on evidence.” (Dr. Granieri 6/28/99, Exh. 6).
     Also of note, between November 1998 and July 1999, [Appellant]
     was not seen by Dr. Granieri at all. (Dr. Granieri 7/20/99 Progress
     Nt, Exh. 7). Rather, her chart reflected telephone calls. (Id.)
     And, the Progress Note from July 1999, alluded to the alternative
     medicine of which Dr. Granieri had warned. Notably absent from
     the Progress Note was a specific diagnosis. The doctor noted her

                                    -7-
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       assessment of chronic diarrhea (“irritable bowel by diagnosis of
       exclusion”), as well as [an] elevated IGM level. (Id.)[8]

       … Employer temporarily suspended [Appellant’s] LTD benefits on
       July 9, 1999, due to the fact that there had been no proof of
       ongoing disability o[r] proof that she was still under the care of a
       physician. (UNUM Let. 7/9/99, Exh. 8). … Employer provided
       [Appellant] with an opportunity to produce additional medical
       documentation. (Id.; UNUM Letr. 8/2/99, Exh. 9)[.]

       Apparently unsatisfied w[ith] [Appellant’s] production, …
       Employer then sent [Appellant] for a medical examination. On
       October 4, 1999, Dr. Lee Hershenson, a[] gastroenterologist,
       examined [Appellant] and found, in pertinent part:

              •   The functional impairments … can be assessed only on
                  the basis of the patient’s subjecting [sic] reporting
                  because of the nature of those symptoms, and
                  because physical examination reveals no objective
                  findings other than hypotension.

              •   The symptoms described by the patient seem not to
                  have an impact on her ability to care for herself but
                  certainly impact her eating pattern and need for toilet
                  facilities.

              •   Current treatment in this case appears to be minimal,
                  except    for  “complimentary”     or    “alternative”
                  medications.

       (Hershenson IME, Exh. 10). When Dr. Granieri, [Appellant’s] own
       doctor, was asked to comment, she said that [Appellant’s]
       symptoms of fatigue, abdominal pain[,] and intermittent diarrhea
       made it difficult to work, but did not opine that [Appellant] could
       not work at all. (Dr. Granieri’s Ltr. 11/24/99, Exh. 11). Dr.
       Granieri explained:

          She tells me that her fatigue and [h]er periods of diarrhea,
          which leads to good days and bad days, make it difficult to
          be employed. I cannot comment on her ability to gain
          specific employment, based on her education, training or
          experience. I can only provide to you this small piece of
          medical information. (Id.)

____________________________________________

8 The exhibit does not state what “IGM” means.

                                           -8-
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     … Employer continued [Appellant’s] LTD benefits for the time
     being.

     In August 2000, a gastroenterologist, Dr. George Arnold, indicated
     that a further study “showed no abnormalities.” (G. Arnold
     8/25/00 Ltr. & 10/7/00, Exh. 12).          In September 2000,
     [Appellant’s] new family doctor, Dr. Laura Arnold, indicated that
     [Appellant] reported abdominal pain, but was physically able to
     work part[-]time, and if that went well, could return full[-]time.
     (Dr. L. Arnold 9/2/00, Exh. 13). By November 2000, additional
     records revealed normal results for esophageal and gastric studies
     of [Appellant]. (G. Arnold 11/28/00 Ltr., Exh. 14).

     In November 2001, [Appellant] began to see another family
     doctor, Dr. [Amy] Stine.       Dr. Stine diagnosed generalized
     abdominal pain, [and] indicated [Appellant] was gradually
     improving and could start part-time work in 6 months. (Stine Ltr.,
     2/28/[0]2 & Status Report 3/6/[0]2, Exh. 15). [Appellant’s] chart
     with Dr. Stine revealed generalized abdominal pain, fatigue, and
     asthma. (Id.)

     In March 2002, Employer’s clinical consultant and registered nurse
     reviewed the entire claim file and noted the following:

           •   Abdominal pain was either a 0 or 1, had significantly
               improved, and was intermittent;

           •   [Appellant] reported cooking, washing dishes, and
               doing laundry;

           •   Dr. Stine’s opinion revealed symptoms, but no specific
               limitations[.]

     (RN Dotson, Exh. 16). Employer’s nurse consultant concluded
     that the medical documentation did not support an impairment
     that would prevent [Appellant] from working at any occupation for
     which she was qualified. (Id.) The nurse’s review was followed
     by a physician review by Dr. Susy Vergot in April 2002. (Vergot,
     Exh. 17). Dr. Vergot concluded that there was no functional
     inability that would preclude [Appellant] from gainful employment
     (Id.)

     In this same period of time, [Appellant] reported on her activities
     to … Employer. (Markee Nt., Exh. 18). Per those notations,
     [Appellant] had been meeting with business owners, asking them
     if she could do work for them at home. [Appellant] passed out

                                    -9-
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       literature for an insurance company and stated an intent to buy
       an “Arena Football Team.” (Id.) … Employer’s file notes that
       [Appellant] reportedly did not like working. (Id.)[9]

       In June 2002, … Employer obtained an Employability Assessment.
       (Assessment 6/6/02, Exh. 19). Therein, the Consultant concluded
       that [Appellant] had viable employment options, listing four
       examples based on her education, employment and training[,]
       and the labor market where [Appellant] resided. (Id.)

       In approximately August 2002, [Attorney] Abramowitz first came
       to represent [Appellant] [with] respect to her LTD benefit claim.
       (Abramowitz Letr. 8/19/02, Exh. 20). [Attorney] Abramowitz
       provided … Employer with a new report from Dr. Stine in August
       2002 (Stine 8/2002 Ltr. Exh. 21), followed by another letter,
       dated March 2, 2003, that is so exceedingly brief that it may be
       quoted below in its entirety:

          Enclosed are my office notes on [Appellant] for the time
          period that you requested.

          I wanted to summarize [Appellant’s] condition and
          treatment. She has chronic diarrhea, chronic abdominal
          pain, chronic nausea and vomiting, and chronic fatigue. The
          medication that she takes helps slightly but in no way stops
          her symptoms; thus it is next to impossible for her to work
          on a regular basis.

          If you have any questions or concerns, please contact me at
          the above address. Thank you for your time and attention.

          Sincerely,

          Amy R. Stine, M.D.

       (Stine 3/3/03, Exh. 22).

       In response to Dr. Stine’s letter, in March of 2003, … Employer
       performed another Clinical Review. (Review 3/7/03, Exh. 23).
       Therein, the Reviewer concluded:

          Most of the complaints continue to be subjective in nature
          and of self-report.   There does not appear to be an
____________________________________________

9Our review of this exhibit shows that it says Appellant “does not like not
working.” Law Firm’s Appendix of Exhibits, 7/11/22, at Exhibit 18.

                                          - 10 -
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       impairment present at this time.             Restrictions and
       limitations would not be supported…. It would appear that
       the claimant would be able to return to work at this time.
       There is no support for her diagnosis of chronic abdominal
       pain and chronic vomiting, unless it might be of a
       psychological nature, but no referral to a Psychiatrist or
       Psychologist is currently in the medical file. (Id. pg. 2)[.]

     On April 22, 2003, … Employer denied [Appellant’s] claim for
     continuing LTD benefits. (Denial 4/22/03, Exh. 24).

     [Appellant], acting both on her own, and also through Attorney
     Abramowitz, appealed. (Abramowitz Letr. Appeal 4/29/03 &
     [Appellant] Letr. Appeal 4/29/03, Exh. 25). [Appellant] argued
     that … Employer failed to consider her symptoms and diagnosis as
     a whole. (Id.) Upon receipt of the appeal, … Employer asked Dr.
     [Joseph] Sentef[, Jr.,] to review the file once more. Dr. Sentef
     responded, in pertinent part, as follows:

          •   “In my previous review, I addressed her
              gastrointestinal symptoms.     She had an upper
              endoscopy and a lower colonoscopy, which both
              appeared to be within normal limits. There is no
              explanation for her nausea, vomiting[,] and diarrhea.”

          •   “As noted previously, most of the complaints appear
              to be subjective in nature and of self report. The
              claimant has had complete work-ups without any
              medical findings.”

          •   “There does not appear to be support for impairment.
              No restrictions and limitations would be supported.”

          •   “As noted above, there is no impairment present.”
              (Dr. Sentef Letr. 5/25/03 and prior letter 10/6/02,
              Exh. 26).

     The Employer denied [Appellant’s] appeal on June 3, 2003.
     (6/3/03 Denial of Appeal, Exh. 27).

     In 2003, [Appellant] filed suit against her Employer in the United
     States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania at
     Docket No. 03-0980. Therein, she alleged wrongful denial of her
     continuing LTD benefits.       Attorney Abramowitz represented
     [Appellant] in that action. In June 2004, the Employer filed a
     Motion for Summary Judgment.            (MSJ & Brief, Exh. 28).

                                   - 11 -
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     [Appellant]/[Attorney] Abramowitz did not respond.        (Amd.
     Cmplt. ¶[¶ ]14-15). Accordingly, the Magistrate filed a Report
     and Recommendation on January 20, 2005, analyzing the facts of
     record and ultimately, granting summary judgment.          (R&R
     1/20/05, Exh. 29). [Appellant]/[Attorney] Abramowitz did not file
     objections. (Amd. Cmplt. ¶[¶ ]16-17). Accordingly, on February
     8, 2005, the [c]ourt entered summary judgment. (See Docket
     Entry 2/8/05, Exh. 30).

     In December 2005, … Employer sent [Appellant] a form letter
     required as part of a multistate settlement with insurance
     regulators. (UNUM Letr 12/2/05, Exh. 31). Therein, … Employer
     described a reassessment process.       [Appellant] elected to
     participate. (Abramowitz Letr. 1/30/06, Exh. 32). … Employer
     sent [Appellant] c/o [Attorney] Abramowitz, what appears to be a
     form letter, acknowledging [Appellant’s] participation and
     advising that the process could take up to 24 months or more.
     (UNUM Letr. 5/1/06, Exh. 33). [Appellant] claims that [Attorney]
     Abramowitz/Law Firm failed to further pursue reassessment.
     However, the claim reassessment process did not apply to
     judgments that had already been entered.          (UNUM Letr.,
     12/2/05[,] pg. 2, Exh. 31). The reassessment did not guarantee
     a different outcome either.

     B. Social Security Benefits

     While [Appellant] was receiving LTD benefits, [Appellant]
     undertook an effort to acquire Social Security benefits on a parallel
     track. [Appellant] first applied for Social Security benefits in
     March 1999.        (Amd. Cmplt. ¶[]25).       The [Social Security
     Administration (“SSA”)] denied [her] initial claim for benefits on
     June 2, 1999. (Amd. Cmplt. ¶[]26) (Denial 6/2/99, Exh. 34).
     [Appellant] then retained Attorney Laura Cella-Donovan (who was
     not affiliated with … Law Firm) to further pursue the benefits. (Fee
     Agreement, Exh. 35). Reconsideration was denied by the SSA
     based on a determination that [Appellant’s] digestive condition
     was not severe enough to keep her from working. (SSA Denial
     11/1/99, Exh. 36).

     Attorney Cella-Donovan appealed the denial of benefits and
     represented [Appellant] in a hearing on May 21, 2000. (SSA
     Decision, 5/22/00, Exh. 37). The Administrative Law Judge
     ([“]ALJ[”]) concluded that [Appellant] was not disabled within the
     meaning of the Social Security Act. (Id. pg. 2 & 7). The ALJ
     further concluded that [Appellant] retained the residual functional

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     capacity to perform her past relevant work as a financial services
     consultant. (Id. pg. 6). The ALJ further found that [Appellant’s]
     allegations of totally disabling limitations and pain[] were “not
     fully credible and are not consistent with the clinical and objective
     findings, her overall testimony, and the other evidence of record.”
     (Id. at pg. 6).

     [Appellant] appealed. (Request for Review 5/31/00, Exh. 38).
     The Appeals Council denied [Appellant’s] appeal. (Appeals Council
     Denial 1/24/02, Exh. 39). Attorney Cella-Donovan reported this
     information in a letter on January 31, 2002. (Donovan Letr
     1/31/02, Exh. 40). Ms. Cella-Donovan outlined the options in that
     letter.

        1. Proceed with this case by commencing a law suit [sic]
        against the [SSA] in Federal District Court within 60 days of
        the date of this Appeals Council[’s] denial;

        2. File a new application for Social Security; or

        3. Drop the case and accept this decision. (Donovan Letr,
        1/31/02, Exh. 40).

     The Law Firm was not involved in these proceedings.

     Three years later, beginning in the Spring of 2005, [Appellant]
     filed more applications for disability benefits with the [SSA]
     alleging adjustment disorder, with a secondary diagnosis of
     irritable bowel syndrome. By two separate Determination Letters,
     both dated July 6, 2005, the SSA denied the claims. (Disability
     Det. Letrs. 7/6/05, Exh. 41). In analyzing the vocational factors,
     the disability examiner found [Appellant’s] restrictions did not
     limit her ability to do past relevant work. (Id.)

     In early 2006, [Appellant] asked [Attorney] Abramowitz to
     continue to pursue her social security disability claim.
     (Abramowitz Letr 11/9/07, Exh. 42). However, due to health
     issues, [Attorney] Abramowitz left … Law Firm in 2006 and
     thereafter[] ceased practicing law. (Abramowitz Answ. ¶ 2) (Law
     Firm Answ. ¶ 2). By July 2006, [Appellant] had retained another
     lawyer, Attorney Shelly Farber. ([Appellant] Letter 7/19/06, Exh.
     43). On July 19, 2006, [Appellant] asked … Law Firm to transfer
     its files to [Attorney] Farber. (Id.) That same day, [Attorney]
     Farber faxed a Request for Review to the [SSA]. (7/19/06, Exh.
     44). … Law Firm provided its file materials to successor counsel
     on July 25, 2006. (7/25/06, Exh. 45).

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      The SSA reopened a prior denial and conducted a hearing in
      January 2008, at which Attorney Barbara Artuso represented
      [Appellant]. The new [ALJ] concluded that [Appellant] was
      disabled from March 28, 2006 through the date of the decision.
      (Decision 2/12/08, Exh. 46). Unsatisfied, [Appellant] expressed
      to Attorney Artuso that she should have been found disabled
      dating back to 2004. ([Appellant’s] Note 4/9/08, Exh. 47).

      [Appellant] then filed an action against the [SSA] in the Eastern
      District of Pennsylvania, at Docket 09-CV-03614[,] seeking a
      review of the decision granting her benefits. Therein, [Appellant]
      accused her lawyer, [Attorney] Artuso, of having a conflict of
      interest and accused the [ALJ] of bias. [Appellant’s] accusations
      were rejected by the District Court as having no merit, as well as
      all of her other objections. (Memo[] 2/28/11, Exh. 48).

      C. Additional Facts Pertinent to the Statute of Limitations

      When Attorney Farber began representing [Appellant] in the
      summer of 2006, she was already unhappy with [Attorney]
      Abramowitz’s prior representation. [Attorney] Farber wrote a
      detailed letter to [Appellant] and specifically advised her that she
      had until July 1, 200[8,] to file a lawsuit against [Attorney]
      Abramowitz:

         … [A]s you discovered in July 2006 that he had not properly
         filed the appeal (if your discovery did not occur until July
         2006)[,] you have until July first 2008 to file a lawsuit
         against [Attorney Abramowitz] and all his law firms that he
         was with while representing you for social security benefits
         OR YOUR RIGHTS WILL BE FOREVER BARRED.[]

      (Farber Letr, 11/7/07 pg. 2, Exh. 49) (emphasis added;
      capitalization in original). [Appellant] filed this lawsuit on July 30,
      2008.

Law Firm’s Brief in Support of Motion for Summary Judgment at 7-16

(emphasis in original; most footnotes omitted).

      Based on the foregoing, Law Firm argued that summary judgment

should be entered in its favor for three reasons. First, it stated that Appellant’s

action is barred by the statute of limitations, as the limitations period for a

                                      - 14 -
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legal malpractice claim is two years and Appellant filed the praecipe for writ

of summons too late.      It stated that, “[t]o the extent [Appellant] was

displeased with [Attorney] Abramowitz’s representation and believed she had

a viable malpractice claim, successor counsel specifically advised [Appellant]

to file her action by July 1, 2008, at the latest.”   Law Firm’s Motion for

Summary Judgment, 7/11/22, at ¶ 20; see also Law Firm’s Brief in Support

of Motion for Summary Judgment at 19 (“It may be reasonably inferred that

[Appellant] was unhappy with [Attorney] Abramowitz when she terminated

him in July 2006. If she was not already cognizant of a claim by June 2006,

certainly by July 2006, when her new lawyer stepped in and acquired the file

materials, she had the means to discover any alleged error.”). Law Firm said

that the action was not initiated until July 30, 2008. Law Firm’s Motion for

Summary Judgment at ¶ 22. Second, in addition to the statute of limitations

argument and with respect to Appellant’s claim that Attorney Abramowitz did

not respond to the Employer’s motion for summary judgment in the federal

case for long-term disability benefits, Law Firm contended that Appellant

“cannot merely argue that Law Firm should have responded, but must

establish that she would have ultimately prevailed based on the evidence that

was available at the time.” Id. at ¶ 37. Law Firm argued that Appellant could

not have defeated Employer’s motion for summary judgment given the

overwhelming amount of evidence against Appellant. See id. at ¶¶ 27, 36.

Third, in addition to the statute of limitations argument and regarding the

social security disability benefits, Law Firm claimed that “no harm resulted

                                    - 15 -
J-S33001-23

from any action or inaction of … Law Firm, as [Appellant] received the [s]ocial

[s]ecurity benefit decision that she was seeking, albeit through successor

counsel, and for the only period of time where she was actually able to

establish evidence of a disabling and qualifying condition.” Id. at ¶ 46.

      On September 16, 2022, Appellant filed a brief in opposition to Law

Firm’s motion for summary judgment. In contrast to Law Firm’s summary

judgment filings, which contained dozens of exhibits to support it, Appellant

only attached the amended complaint as an exhibit to her brief in opposition.

In her brief, Appellant first argued that her action was not barred by the

statute of limitations.   Among other things, she contended that Law Firm

“skipped over the fact that [Appellant’s] Amended Complaint also pursues

negligence in regard to [Attorney] Abramowitz’s failure to complete the

reassessment form, which wasn’t even issued until March of 2007.”

Appellant’s Brief in Opposition to Motion for Summary Judgment, 9/16/22, at

6 (unpaginated). Second, with respect to Law Firm’s claim that Appellant has

not shown that she would have prevailed in the federal action for long-term

disability benefits, she insisted — without citing any supporting evidence —

that “[h]ad [Attorney] Abramowitz developed the case and retained a medical

expert, the [m]otion for [s]ummary [j]udgment could have been successfully

defended against.”    Id. at 7 (unpaginated).      Finally, as for Law Firm’s

argument that Appellant suffered no harm from Attorney Abramowitz’s

handling of her social security disability claim, she said that the favorable

social security benefits decision was not reached until February 2008, and that

                                    - 16 -
J-S33001-23

she “suffered damages in that she had to go for approximately two (2) years

without the benefits to which she was entitled.” Id. Without any elaboration,

she stated that “[t]his delay is specifically attributed to [Attorney] Abramowitz

and [Law Firm].” Id.

      On January 31, 2023, the trial court entered an order granting Law

Firm’s summary judgment motion.          It credited all three of Law Firm’s

arguments for why summary judgment was appropriate.            Appellant timely

appealed and timely complied with the trial court’s order to file a concise

statement of errors complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b).

Thereafter, the trial court issued an opinion pursuant to Rule 1925(a).

                                          II.

      Presently, Appellant raises the following issues for our review:
      [1]. Whether the [t]rial [c]ourt improperly used Attorney
      Abramowitz’s negligence (completely failing to develop
      [Appellant’s] case by failing to obtain a medical expert to
      contradict the State’s independent medical evaluation) as a
      reward for [Law Firm] by finding that [Appellant] could not have
      recovered on her claim because of the uncontradicted medical
      records.

      [2]. Whether the [t]rial [c]ourt improperly found that [Appellant]
      had no damages because she eventually, approximately 2 years
      later, obtained benefits back[-]dated to March 2006.

      [3]. Whether a genuine issue of material fact exists as to the date
      that [Appellant] discovered the negligence committed by Attorney
      Abramowitz regarding his failure to submit paperwork for a formal
      claim reassessment process with respect to [Appellant’s] long-
      term disability claim.

      [4]. Whether a genuine issue of material fact exists as to the date
      that [Appellant] discovered the negligence committed by Attorney

                                     - 17 -
J-S33001-23

       Abramowitz regarding his failure to respond to a Motion for
       Summary Judgment in [Appellant’s] long-term disability claim.

       [5]. Whether a genuine issue of material fact exists as to the date
       that [Appellant] discovered the negligence committed by Attorney
       Abramowitz regarding his failure to develop [Appellant’s] case in
       any way with respect to [Appellant’s] long-term disability claim.

       [6]. Whether the trial [c]ourt improperly used the date of Attorney
       Abramowitz’s negligent actions instead of using the date on which
       [Appellant] knew or should have known of Attorney Abramowitz’s
       negligence.

       [7]. Whether the trial [c]ourt failed to properly consider the
       timeliness of [Appellant’s] claim that Attorney Abramowitz failed
       to pursue [Appellant’s] appeal of the denial of her social security
       claim, in light of the fact that [Appellant] pled that Attorney
       Abramowitz represented to [Appellant] that he had filed the same
       when in fact he had not, that she didn’t discover[] the same until
       August of 2006, and that [Law Firm] presented no evidence to the
       contrary.

Appellant’s Brief at 4-6.10, 11

       At the outset of our review, we acknowledge that:
       Our review on an appeal from the grant of a motion for summary
       judgment is well-settled. A reviewing court may disturb the order
       of the trial court only where it is established that the court

____________________________________________

10 We have re-ordered Appellant’s issues for ease of disposition.

11 We note that Appellant’s reproduced record fails to comply with the Rules

of Appellate Procedure. Specifically, it contains no table of contents, or any
pagination. See Pa.R.A.P. 2173 (“[T]he pages of briefs, the reproduced record
and any supplemental reproduced record shall be numbered separately in
Arabic figures and not in Roman numerals: thus 1, 2, 3, etc., followed in the
reproduced record by a small a, thus 1a, 2a, 3a, etc., and followed in any
supplemental reproduced record by a small b, thus 1b, 2b, 3b, etc.”);
Pa.R.A.P. 2174 (“The briefs and the reproduced record shall each contain a
full and complete table of contents, set forth either on the inside of the front
cover or on the first and immediately succeeding pages.”). We admonish
Appellant for her lack of compliance.

                                          - 18 -
J-S33001-23

     committed an error of law or abused its discretion. As with all
     questions of law, our review is plenary.

     In evaluating the trial court’s decision to enter summary
     judgment, we focus on the legal standard articulated in the
     summary judgment rule. Pa.R.C[iv].P. 1035.2. The rule states
     that where there is no genuine issue of material fact and the
     moving party is entitled to relief as a matter of law, summary
     judgment may be entered. Where the non-moving party bears
     the burden of proof on an issue, he may not merely rely on his
     pleadings or answers in order to survive summary judgment.
     Failure of a non-moving party to adduce sufficient evidence on an
     issue essential to his case and on which it bears the burden of
     proof … establishes the entitlement of the moving party to
     judgment as a matter of law. Lastly, we will view the record in
     the light most favorable to the non-moving party, and all doubts
     as to the existence of a genuine issue of material fact must be
     resolved against the moving party.

Communications Network International, Ltd. V. Mullineaux, 187 A.3d

951, 960 (Pa. Super. 2018) (emphasis and citation omitted).

                                   Issue 1

     In Appellant’s first issue, with respect to the federal action seeking long-

term disability benefits, she claims that the trial court “improperly used

Attorney Abramowitz’s negligence … as a reward for [Law Firm] by finding that

[Appellant] could not have recovered on her claim because of the

uncontradicted medical records.” Appellant’s Brief at 13 (emphasis omitted).

To elaborate, she states that Law Firm cited voluminous medical records that

purportedly showed that Appellant was not disabled and then “argued that

because [Appellant] was not disabled according to those medical records, …

recovery would be impossible in her professional negligence action.” Id. at

14. She says that, “if [Attorney] Abramowitz would have developed the case

                                    - 19 -
J-S33001-23

in even the most basic way…, then the medical records presented by

[Appellant] would have been disputed, and there would have existed a

genuine issue of material fact as to whether [Appellant] was disabled.” Id.

(emphasis in original). As such, Appellant claims that the trial court “rewarded

[Law Firm] for [Attorney] Abramowitz’s negligence by essentially ruling that

because [Attorney] Abramowitz was negligent and failed to develop

[Appellant’s] case, the medical records were uncontested and [Appellant]

therefore could not have prevailed on her professional negligence claim.” Id.

      No relief is due. Initially, we deem this issue waived due to Appellant’s

failure to properly develop it in her appellate brief. She cites no case law

pertaining to legal malpractice claims, fails to provide any analysis of what

she was required to establish below to survive summary judgment, and does

not specifically discuss any of the evidence in the record. “When briefing the

various issues that have been preserved, it is an appellant’s duty to present

arguments that are sufficiently developed for our review.       The brief must

support the claims with pertinent discussion, with references to the record and

with citations to legal authorities.” Commonwealth v. Hardy, 918 A.2d 766,

771 (Pa. Super. 2007) (citations omitted). Further, “[t]his Court is neither

obliged, nor even particularly equipped, to develop an argument for a party.

… When an appellant fails to develop his issue in an argument and fails to cite

any legal authority, the issue is waived.” In re S.T.S., Jr., 76 A.3d 24, 42

(Pa. Super. 2013) (citations omitted). Thus, we deem Appellant’s first issue

waived.

                                     - 20 -
J-S33001-23

     Nevertheless, even if not waived, we would conclude that the trial court

did not err in granting summary judgment in favor of Law Firm on this basis.

Our Supreme Court has previously explained that:

     In order to establish a claim of legal malpractice, a
     plaintiff/aggrieved client must demonstrate three basic elements:

        1) employment of the attorney or other basis for a duty;

        2) the failure of the attorney to exercise ordinary skill and
        knowledge; and

        3) that such negligence was the proximate cause of damage
        to the plaintiff.

     An essential element to this cause of action is proof of actual loss
     rather than a breach of a professional duty causing only nominal
     damages, speculative harm or the threat of future harm.
     Damages are considered remote or speculative only if there is
     uncertainty concerning the identification of the existence of
     damages rather than the ability to precisely calculate the amount
     or value of damages. In essence, a legal malpractice action in
     Pennsylvania requires the plaintiff to prove that he had a viable
     cause of action against the party he wished to sue in the
     underlying case and that the attorney he hired was negligent in
     prosecuting or defending that underlying case (often referred to
     as proving a “case within a case”). …

     [A] legal malpractice action is distinctly different from any other
     type of lawsuit brought in the Commonwealth. A legal malpractice
     action is different because … a plaintiff must prove a case within
     a case since he must initially establish by a preponderance of the
     evidence that he would have recovered a judgment in the
     underlying action…. It is only after the plaintiff proves he would
     have recovered a judgment in the underlying action that the
     plaintiff can then proceed with proof that the attorney he engaged
     to prosecute or defend the underlying action was negligent in the
     handling of the underlying action and that negligence was the
     proximate cause of the plaintiff’s loss since it prevented the
     plaintiff from being properly compensated for his loss.

Kituskie v. Corbman, 714 A.2d 1027, 1029-30 (Pa. 1998) (cleaned up).

                                    - 21 -
J-S33001-23

      Here, Law Firm argued in its motion for summary judgment that

Appellant could not have succeeded in the underlying federal action for long-

term disability benefits due to extensive medical evidence that Appellant was

able to work. See, e.g., Law Firm’s Motion for Summary Judgment at ¶¶ 37-

38 (“[Appellant] cannot merely argue that [Attorney Abramowitz] should have

responded, but must establish that she would have ultimately prevailed based

on evidence that was available at the time.    After more than a decade of

litigation and a review of all available medical records dating back a quarter

century, … Law Firm is at a loss as to what evidence could possibly have

changed the outcome of the LTD benefits case….”). Regardless of any prior

inaction on the part of Attorney Abramowitz, it was Appellant’s burden in

this case to produce evidence showing that she would have prevailed in the

federal action. Communications Network International, Ltd., 187 A.3d

at 960 (“Where the non-moving party bears the burden of proof on an issue,

he may not merely rely on his pleadings or answers in order to survive

summary judgment.      Failure of a non-moving party to adduce sufficient

evidence on an issue essential to his case and on which it bears the burden of

proof … establishes the entitlement of the moving party to judgment as a

matter of law.”); see also Kituskie, supra (“A legal malpractice action is

different because … a plaintiff must prove a case within a case since he must

initially establish by a preponderance of the evidence that he would have

recovered a judgment in the underlying action….”). In her brief in opposition

to summary judgment, Appellant did not proffer, or point to, any evidence to

                                    - 22 -
J-S33001-23

demonstrate that she would have been successful in the federal litigation for

long-term disability benefits. As such, we would reject Appellant’s argument

that the trial court improperly ‘rewarded’ Law Firm for Attorney Abramowitz’s

alleged negligence. Thus, we affirm the part of the trial court’s order granting

summary judgment in favor of Law Firm with respect to Appellant’s legal

malpractice claim based on Attorney Abramowitz’s failure to respond to

Employer’s summary judgment motion in the federal litigation.

                                     Issue 2

      In Appellant’s second issue, she contends that the trial court erred in

determining that, with respect to her social security disability benefits, she

suffered no damages because she eventually obtained benefits back-dated to

March 2006.    Appellant’s Brief at 18.    Her only argument on appeal with

respect to this issue is that Law Firm and the trial court fail to “acknowledge

the simple fact that she had to go for approximately two (2) years without the

benefits to which she was entitled.” Id. at 18-19.

      No relief is due.    Again, in her brief, Appellant sets forth no legal

authority pertaining to legal malpractice actions and what she was required to

prove to sustain her claim relating to the social security disability benefits. As

such, this claim is waived. See In re S.T.S., Jr., supra; Hardy, supra.

      Nevertheless, even if not waived for her deficient appellate argument,

we would not grant relief. With respect to this claim, Law Firm set forth in its

summary judgment motion that Appellant engaged Attorney Abramowitz in

2006, to pursue her social security disability benefits claim for her. Law Firm’s

                                     - 23 -
J-S33001-23

Motion for Summary Judgment at ¶¶ 10, 44.          However, it explained that

Attorney Abramowitz became disabled that year and ceased practicing law.

Id. According to Law Firm, by July 2006, Appellant sought review of her social

security disability benefits claim through successor counsel. Id. at ¶¶ 13, 44-

45.   Law Firm says that, through successor counsel, Appellant received a

favorable decision in 2008, and was determined to be disabled as of March

2006. Id. at ¶¶ 11, 45, 46. As such, Law Firm claimed that no harm resulted,

as Appellant received the social security disability benefits she was seeking

and that such benefits covered the only period of time where Appellant was

actually able to establish evidence of a disabling and qualifying condition. Id.

at ¶ 46.

      Appellant does not point to any contrary evidence disputing any of the

above-stated facts.    Nevertheless, though, she claims that she suffered

through “two[]years of no benefits due to [Attorney] Abramowitz’s negligence

and then had to hire another attorney to pursue benefits[,]” and maintains

that “[t]his delay is specifically attributed to [Attorney] Abramowitz and [Law

Firm].” Appellant’s Brief at 19. We reiterate that, “[w]here the non-moving

party bears the burden of proof on an issue, he may not merely rely on his

pleadings or answers in order to survive summary judgment. Failure of a non-

moving party to adduce sufficient evidence on an issue essential to his case

and on which it bears the burden of proof … establishes the entitlement of the

moving party to judgment as a matter of law.” Communications Network

International, Ltd., 187 A.3d at 960. Here, in responding to Law Firm’s

                                     - 24 -
J-S33001-23

motion, Appellant did not proffer, or point to, any evidence to demonstrate

that she would have actually started receiving the benefits in 2006, had

Attorney Abramowitz properly pursued the matter for her, or to support any

of the consequential damages she suggests that she suffered because of

Attorney Abramowitz and the delay. Thus, based on the foregoing, we affirm

the part of the trial court’s order granting summary judgment to Law Firm

with respect to Appellant’s legal malpractice claim relating to the social

security disability benefits.

                                    Issue 3

      In Appellant’s third issue, she claims that the trial court erred in ruling

that there was no genuine issue of material fact as to the date that Appellant

discovered the negligence committed by Attorney Abramowitz regarding his

failure to submit paperwork for a formal claim reassessment process with

respect to Appellant’s long-term disability claim. See Appellant’s Brief at 15.

She says that her claim pertaining to Attorney Abramowitz’s failure to

complete, or inform Appellant of, the reassessment is not barred by the

statute of limitations, as the reassessment form came out in March of 2007,

and Appellant filed the praecipe for writ of summons on July 30, 2008, well

within the two-year statute of limitations. Id.

                                     - 25 -
J-S33001-23

       Initially, the trial court did not specifically address Appellant’s claim

about the 2007 reassessment form.12                Law Firm also gives it very little

attention in its brief, other than vaguely indicating that the claim could be

dismissed based on the statute of limitations or because Appellant has not

shown that she would have obtained any relief had the reassessment been

pursued. See Law Firm’s Brief at 26-27. As such, we do not have much

insight into why this claim was dismissed.13 However, because the other two

____________________________________________

12 We observe that, in Appellant’s brief in opposition to Law Firm’s summary

judgment motion and in her Rule 1925(b) statement, Appellant disputed
whether the statute of limitations barred her reassessment claim. See
Appellant’s Brief in Opposition to Motion for Summary Judgment at 6
(discerning that, in Law Firm’s argument that Appellant’s action should be
barred by the statute of limitations, it “skipped over the fact that [Appellant’s]
Amended Complaint also pursues negligence in regard to [Attorney]
Abramowitz’s failure to complete the reassessment form, which wasn’t even
issued until March of 2007”); Rule 1925(b) Statement, 3/14/23, at ¶ 3 (“A
genuine issue of material fact exists as to the date that [Appellant] discovered
the negligence committed by Attorney Abramowitz regarding his failure to
submit paperwork for a formal claim reassessment process with respect to
[Appellant’s] long-term disability claim.”). Yet, the trial court failed to
specifically address this issue in its January 31, 2023 order or subsequent Rule
1925(a) opinion.

13 Though not stated anywhere, it is possible that the trial court did not view

the reassessment form issue as part of Appellant’s legal malpractice claim
against Law Firm based on respondeat superior liability. We recognize that in
Count I of Appellant’s amended complaint — which relates to Appellant’s claim
against Law Firm based on respondeat superior liability — Appellant does not
specifically mention the reassessment form. However, in an earlier paragraph
of her complaint, which is incorporated into Count I, Appellant stated that
“neither [Attorney] Abramowitz nor [Law] Firm completed the [2007
reassessment form] or informed [Appellant] about its existence and, as a
result, [Appellant’s] claim was not placed in the reassessment program.”
Amended Complaint at ¶ 22 (emphasis added). Notably, Law Firm does not
(Footnote Continued Next Page)

                                          - 26 -
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grounds for summary judgment raised by Law Firm do not relate to the

reassessment claim, and Appellant suggests that it was dismissed based on

the statute of limitations, we will presume it was dismissed on that basis.

       On appeal, Appellant does not meet her burden to show why any

dismissal of this claim based on the statute of limitations was in error. While

she recognizes (without citation) that the statute of limitations period on legal

malpractice claims sounding in negligence is two years, she does not

meaningfully discuss any law pertaining to the statute of limitations for legal

malpractice claims, nor does she analyze how that law would apply in the

context of her claim regarding the 2007 reassessment form. Our own research

shows that “the trigger for the accrual of a legal malpractice action, for statute

of limitations purposes, is not the realization of actual loss, but the

occurrence       of   a   breach     of    duty.”   Communications     Network

International, Ltd., 187 A.3d at 960 (emphasis added); see also 42 Pa.C.S.

§ 5524(7) (imposing two-year statute of limitations period on legal

malpractice claims sounding in negligence). Further, the statute of limitations

is tolled “when the client, despite the exercise of due diligence, cannot

discover the injury or its cause.” Communications Network International,

Ltd., 187 A.3d at 961 (citation and emphasis omitted).

____________________________________________

complain about any insufficiency in Appellant’s pleadings with respect to the
reassessment claim she now raises and, consequently, we do not address the
propriety of Appellant’s complaint further.

                                          - 27 -
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       Appellant provides no analysis of when the occurrence of Attorney

Abramowitz’s breach of duty occurred to trigger the statute of limitations.

While the reassessment form was sent on March 27, 2007, Appellant does not

dispute the fact that Attorney Abramowitz was no longer her attorney at that

time. See Appellant’s Brief at 11-12 (Appellant’s recognizing that Law Firm

argued in its summary judgment motion that Appellant terminated Attorney

Abramowitz in July 2006, and not disputing that fact). 14 Appellant offers no

explanation as to what duty Attorney Abramowitz owed her with respect to

the March 27, 2007 reassessment form given that he no longer represented

her, how he breached any duty, and when he did so, which is all pertinent

information for determining if the claim is timely under the applicable statute

of limitations. We decline to craft this argument for Appellant. See In re

S.T.S., Jr., supra; Hardy, supra. Moreover, to the extent Appellant alleged

in her complaint that she was not aware that her claim could have been

reassessed until July 2008, she proffered no evidence below to support this

averment.     Communications Network International, Ltd., 187 A.3d at

960 (“Where the non-moving party bears the burden of proof on an issue, he

may not merely rely on his pleadings or answers in order to survive summary

judgment. Failure of a non-moving party to adduce sufficient evidence on an

issue essential to his case and on which it bears the burden of proof …

____________________________________________

14 We also note that any direct negligence claims against Law Firm have
already been dismissed, and Appellant does not challenge that ruling on
appeal.

                                          - 28 -
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establishes the entitlement of the moving party to judgment as a matter of

law.”). Accordingly, Appellant’s third issue does not warrant relief.15

       Order affirmed.

 12/22/2023

____________________________________________

15 Due to our disposition, we need not address Appellant’s remaining issues.

                                          - 29 -