Court Opinion

ID: 4419763
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-07-24 20:01:37.897776+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:51:05.015248
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                           No. 13-1025C
                                       (Filed: July 24, 2019)

*************************************
JANIE WEEKS,                        *
                                    *
                  Plaintiff,        *
                                    *
                                                      Trial; Breach of Contract; Oral Agreement;
      v.                            *
                                                      Necessary Authority; Ratification
                                    *
THE UNITED STATES,                  *
                                    *
                  Defendant.        *
*************************************

Anthony B. Bush, The Bush Law Firm LLC, Montgomery, AL, for plaintiff.

Steven M. Mager and Agatha Koprowski, United States Department of Justice, Washington, DC,
for defendant.

                                     OPINION AND ORDER

SWEENEY, Chief Judge

       In this case, plaintiff Janie Weeks contends that the United States Department of Housing
and Urban Development (“HUD”) breached an oral contract to pay her $125,000 and provide six
months of health insurance in exchange for her voluntary resignation as executive director of the
Opp Housing Authority. As explained below, the court concludes that (1) no such contract was
ever consummated because no government official with the necessary authority agreed to Ms.
Weeks’s offer and (2) HUD did not subsequently ratify the alleged contract. Accordingly, the
court denies Ms. Weeks’s claim for relief.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

                             A. Statutory and Regulatory Context

      Congress created the federal public housing program when it passed the United States
Housing Act of 1937 (“Housing Act of 1937”).1 The purposes of the Housing Act of 1937 are to

       1
           Part I of this Opinion and Order contains the court’s findings of fact as required by
Rule 52(a)(1) of the Rules of the United States Court of Federal Claims. The court derives these
facts from the “Stipulated Facts” portion of the parties’ Amended Joint Stipulations of Fact
(“Stip.”); the transcript of testimony elicited at trial (“Tr.”); the exhibits admitted into evidence
during trial (“PX” or “DX”); relevant statutes, regulations, and prior decisions; and matters of
“assist States and political subdivisions of States to remedy the unsafe housing conditions and
the acute shortage of decent and safe dwellings for low-income families” and to “address the
shortage of housing affordable to low-income families.” 42 U.S.C. § 1437(a)(1) (2012). The
federal government advances these objectives through local public housing authorities.2 Id.
§ 1437(a)(1)(C). A public housing authority is “any State, county, municipality, or other
governmental entity or public body (or agency or instrumentality thereof) which is authorized to
engage in or assist in the development or operation of public housing.” Id. § 1437a(b)(6)(A).

        Under Section 8 of the Housing Act of 1937, as amended (“Section 8”), HUD provides
benefits to low-income families through rent subsidies paid by public housing authorities directly
to landlords. Id. § 1437f; 24 C.F.R. § 982.1(a)(1) (2019). The housing choice voucher program
administered pursuant to Section 8 is “the federal government’s major program for assisting very
low-income families, the elderly, and the disabled to afford decent, safe, and sanitary housing in
the private market.” Housing Choice Vouchers Fact Sheet, U.S. Dep’t of Hous. & Urban Dev.,
https://www.hud.gov/program_offices/public_indian_housing/programs/hcv/about/fact_sheet
[http://web.archive.org/web/20190724182914/https://www.hud.gov/program_offices/public_indi
an_housing/programs/hcv/about/fact_sheet]. Public housing authorities receive funds to
administer one or more Section 8 housing assistance payment programs via an “annual
contributions contract” wherein the public housing authority “agrees to administer the program
in accordance with HUD regulations and requirements.” 24 C.F.R. § 982.151(a)(1); see also id.
§ 982.153 (listing certain requirements). Public housing authorities are prohibited from using
program funds for expenditures not contained within HUD-approved budgets. Id. § 982.157.

        Section 9 of the Housing Act of 1937, as amended (“Section 9”), also assists low-income
families by allowing HUD to “make annual contributions to public housing [authorities] to assist
in achieving and maintaining the lower income character of [public housing authority] projects.”3
42 U.S.C. § 1437c(a)(1). A “project” is “housing [that is] developed, acquired, or assisted” by a

which the court may take judicial notice pursuant to Rule 201 of the Federal Rules of Evidence.
Citations to the trial transcript will be to the page number of the transcript and the last name of
the testifying witness.
       2
          The relevant statutes and regulations generally refer to “public housing agencies” rather
than “public housing authorities.” The distinction is purely semantic. Because the parties refer
to such organizations as “public housing authorities,” the court uses that term as well.
       3
          Congress established two sources of funds to accomplish its public housing objectives
under Section 9: the Capital Fund and the Operating Fund. 42 U.S.C. § 1437g(c)(1). The
purpose of the Capital Fund is to “mak[e] assistance available to public housing [authorities] to
carry out capital and management activities.” Id. § 1437g(d)(1). The purpose of the Operating
Fund is to “mak[e] assistance available to public housing [authorities] for the operation and
management of public housing.” Id. § 1437g(e)(1). Besides making annual contributions from
the Capital Fund and the Operating Fund, HUD may also award grants to public housing
authorities for the purpose of constructing public housing projects pursuant to forty-year
contracts. 42 U.S.C. § 1437c(a)(2). Such development grants are not at issue in the instant case.

                                                -2-
public housing authority, including “improvement of any such housing.” Id. § 1437a(b)(1).
Tenants living in public housing authority projects must generally qualify as “low-income” and
pay monthly rent (to the public housing authority that owns the project) in an amount that is
limited by their monthly income, which must be reviewed annually (or every three years for
families on fixed incomes). Id. § 1437a(a)(1). Each public housing authority that manages a
project receives, in addition to rents from tenants, operating subsidies from HUD pursuant to an
“[a]nnual contributions contract” in which the public housing authority “agrees to comply with
HUD requirements for the development and operation of its public housing projects.”4 24 C.F.R.
§ 990.115. Public housing authorities’ Section 9 program budgets are subject to HUD approval
and oversight. See id. § 990.315.

        The Office of Public and Indian Housing (“Public Housing”) is the HUD component
tasked with overseeing public housing authorities generally—including, as relevant here, the
housing choice voucher program and public housing authority projects. About PIH, U.S. Dep’t
of Hous. & Urban Dev., https://www.hud.gov/program_offices/public_indian_housing/about
[http://web.archive.org/web/20190724183337/https://www.hud.gov/program_offices/public_indi
an_housing/about]. Public Housing’s mission is to “ensure[] safe, decent, and affordable
housing, create[] opportunities for residents’ self-sufficiency and economic independence, and
assure[] the fiscal integrity of all program participants.” Id.

        Residents of public housing authority projects, recipients of Section 8 rent vouchers, and
prospective participants in those programs are protected by various civil rights statutes, including
the following:

               •   Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended
                   (“Section 504”), provides that “[n]o otherwise qualified
                   individual with a disability in the United States . . . shall, solely
                   by reason of her or his disability, be excluded from the
                   participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to
                   discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal
                   financial assistance or under any program or activity conducted
                   by [HUD].” 29 U.S.C. § 794 (2006).

       4
           A public housing authority is eligible to receive an operating subsidy from the
Operating Fund in an amount equal to the excess of its “formula expense” over its “formula
income,” subject to congressional appropriations. 24 C.F.R. § 990.110(a)(2), (b)(3). Formula
income is an estimate of the public housing authority’s income exclusive of any operating
subsidy—i.e., the rent charged to tenants and the length of time for which units are leased. Id.
§ 990.195(a). Formula expense is the “costs of services and materials needed by a well-run
[public housing authority] to sustain the project . . . such as administration, maintenance, and
utilities.” Id. § 990.160(a). HUD pays the annual operating subsidy to public housing
authorities in monthly installments. Id. § 990.210(a).

                                                  -3-
               •   Part A of Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act of
                   1990 (“ADA”) extends the same protections of Section 504 to
                   participants in state and local programs. 42 U.S.C.
                   §§ 12131-12132.

               •   Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (“Title VI”) prohibits
                   adverse treatment “on the ground of race, color, or national
                   origin” to participants in “any program or activity receiving
                   Federal financial assistance.” Id. § 2000d.

               •   The Fair Housing Act prohibits discrimination “against any
                   person in the terms, conditions, or privileges of sale or rental of
                   a dwelling, or in the provision of services or facilities in
                   connection therewith,” on the basis of “race, color, religion,
                   sex, familial status, or national origin,” id. § 3604(b), or
                   because of a handicap of “that person,” “a person residing in or
                   intending to reside in that dwelling,” or “any person associated
                   with that person,” id. § 3604(f)(2).5

Violation of these and other civil rights statutes can result in adverse action by HUD and other
federal agencies. 24 C.F.R. § 103.5. In addition to investigating complaints, HUD “may also
initiate compliance reviews [pursuant to] appropriate civil rights authorities.” Id.
§ 103.204(a)-(b). The HUD component responsible for implementing and enforcing civil rights
laws is the Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity (“Fair Housing”). About FHEO, U.S.
Dep’t of Hous. & Urban Dev., https://www.hud.gov/program_offices/fair_housing_equal_opp/
aboutfheo [http://web.archive.org/web/20190724184404/https://www.hud.gov/program_offices/
fair_housing_equal_opp/aboutfheo].

                                B. The Opp Housing Authority

        HUD components are divided into ten regions, and the regions are further divided into
field offices. Contact HUD: Alabama, U.S. Dep’t of Hous. & Urban Dev.,
https://www.hud.gov/states/alabama/offices [http://web.archive.org/web/20190724184524/
https://www.hud.gov/states/alabama/offices]. Region IV—which includes Alabama, Florida,
Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, Puerto Rico, South Carolina, Tennessee, and
the U.S. Virgin Islands—is based in Atlanta, Georgia. Id. The field office for Alabama is in
Birmingham. Id.

       5
          Discrimination includes “refusal to permit . . . reasonable modifications of existing
premises occupied or to be occupied” and “a refusal to make reasonable accommodations in
rules, policies, practices, or services.” 42 U.S.C. § 3604(f)(3).

                                                 -4-
        The Opp Housing Authority “is a public housing authority that provides housing for low-
income tenants in the town of Opp, Alabama.” Stip. ¶ 1. It administers approximately 100
Section 8 vouchers in cooperation with sixty landlords and operates five housing projects
consisting of 170 total units. DX 2 at 2, 17; DX 22 at 725. The Opp Housing Authority is a
public corporation under Alabama law and is subject to the “rules and regulations prescribed by
HUD and other Federal agencies.” Stip. ¶¶ 2-3. A five-member board of commissioners
(“board”) appointed by the mayor oversees the Opp Housing Authority. DX 2 at 13; Tr. 144
(Willis), 451 (Ringhausen). The board employs an executive director who is responsible for day-
to-day operations. DX 2 at 14. The executive director manages a staff of six employees that
have either front office or maintenance duties. Id. at 7, 14.

        Ms. Weeks first began working for the Opp Housing Authority as an occupancy clerk in
1999. Stip. ¶ 5. She was later promoted to the positions of Section 8 coordinator and general
operations manager before becoming the executive director in 2006. Id. ¶ 6; DX 22 at 733; Tr.
24-25 (Weeks). Ms. Weeks received several raises over the years and earned $74,713 per annum
as of June 2011. PX 23 at 1; DX 22 at 728; Tr. 71, 94-95 (Weeks). She also received health
insurance coverage and participated in a retirement program as part of her overall compensation
package. See PX 23 at 1. Specifically, the Opp Housing Authority paid Ms. Weeks $1,436.78
weekly (before deductions for taxes, retirement, and health insurance), and provided her with a
monthly travel allowance for using her personal vehicle for Section 8 inspections, out of the
general fund. Id. at 1-2; Tr. 94-96 (Weeks). In addition to amounts deducted from her pay for
required tax withholding, Ms. Weeks contributed $86.21 from each weekly paycheck towards
retirement and $230.00 from the last paycheck of each month for her share of health insurance
premiums. PX 20-23.

        On June 17, 2010, the Opp Housing Authority entered into an annual contributions
contract with HUD that superseded the prior such contract and incorporated by reference Title 24
of the Code of Federal Regulations. See generally PX 25 (containing an excerpt of the annual
contributions contract between the Opp Housing Authority and HUD). As part of that contract,
the Opp Housing Authority agreed to comply with all applicable civil rights laws and
regulations. Id. at 5. The Opp Housing Authority also agreed that it would “not incur any
operating expenditures except pursuant to an approved operating budget” absent unforeseen
exigencies. Id. Pursuant to the contract, the Opp Housing Authority maintained two bank
accounts at CCB Community Bank:6 a general fund for operating its public housing projects and

       6
          CCB Community Bank was known as Covington County Bank when the Opp Housing
Authority executed a General Depository Agreement on March 22, 2007. See CCB Community
Bank, Nat’l Info. Ctr., Fed. Fin. Insts. Examination Council, https://www.ffiec.gov/npw/
Institution/Profile/655839?dt=20170517 [http://web.archive.org/web/20190724184854/
https://www.ffiec.gov/npw/Institution/Profile/655839?dt=20170517] (reflecting the name
change); compare PX 14 (General Depository Agreement dated March 22, 2007, between the
Opp Housing Authority and Covington County Bank), with PX 22 (paycheck dated June 10,
2011, to Ms. Weeks drawn on CCB Community Bank).

                                              -5-
a separate Section 8 fund.7 Id. at 4; PX 14 at 1. Withdrawals from the general fund were
permitted only for operational costs in connection with the housing projects and “such other
purposes as may be specifically approved by HUD.” PX 25 at 4. To that end, the Opp Housing
Authority’s General Depository Agreement with CCB Community Bank provided:

                      If [CCB Community Bank] receive[s] written notice from
              HUD that no withdrawals by the [Opp Housing Authority] from
              the Accounts are to be permitted, [CCB Community Bank] shall
              not honor any check or other order to pay from the Accounts . . . ,
              or permit any withdrawals by the [Opp Housing Authority] from
              said accounts until [CCB Community Bank] is authorized to do so
              by written notice from HUD.

PX 14 at 1; accord 24 C.F.R. § 982.156(d).

                        C. HUD Reviews the Opp Housing Authority

        On June 7, 2010, HUD began reviews of the Opp Housing Authority’s program
management and civil rights compliance. Stip. ¶ 8. To lessen the burden on the Opp Housing
Authority, Fair Housing and Public Housing conducted simultaneous reviews. Tr. 245 (Watson).
Public Housing staff from the Birmingham field office were on site at the Opp Housing
Authority from June 7 through 11 to conduct a management and technical assistance review to
assess the Opp Housing Authority’s “management of HUD programs and services to residents.”
DX 14 at 320. The Public Housing review “focused on individual files, policies, and
procedures,” as well as on “performance evaluations” and other materials “that dealt with . . .
management” of the Opp Housing Authority. Tr. 318 (Peterson-Fields). In addition, Fair
Housing staff from the Birmingham field office were on site from June 8 through 11 to review
the Opp Housing Authority’s compliance with Section 504, the ADA, and Title VI. DX 2 at 2.
The Fair Housing review included examining documents, viewing units, and conducting
interviews with residents and staff. Tr. 247-50 (Watson).

       7
          For the 2010 fiscal year, HUD provided the Opp Housing Authority with a $498,573
operating subsidy from the Operating Fund and a $244,427 contribution from the Capital Fund
pursuant to Section 9. DX 22 at 725. That same year, HUD also provided the Opp Housing
Authority with $324,811 to administer the local housing choice voucher program under Section
8. Id. The record does not reflect the amount of rent that the Opp Housing Authority received
from its tenants. Public housing authorities are also permitted to maintain a certain amount of
reserves to cover unexpected expenses. The specific amount that the Opp Housing Authority
maintained in reserves is also not reflected in the record.

                                              -6-
        On August 26, 2010, Fair Housing sent its management confirmatory and technical
assistance review, which contained various “findings, recommendations, and concerns,” to each
member of the Opp Housing Authority board and Ms. Weeks, and directed the Opp Housing
Authority to submit a corrective action plan. DX 14 at 318. Fair Housing then issued a
preliminary letter of noncompliance on September 30, 2010. Stip. ¶ 9. In that letter, Fair
Housing indicated that it hoped to resolve the identified deficiencies as soon as possible, and
explained:

               Such resolution must be reduced to a written Voluntary
               Compliance Agreement . . . with a clear timetable for
               implementation. After you receive this [letter of finding], [Fair
               Housing] will contact you to coordinate mutually convenient dates
               . . . to negotiate the terms of the draft [Voluntary Compliance
               Agreement]. [Fair Housing] will send you a proposed [Voluntary
               Compliance Agreement] in advance of this meeting.

DX 2 at 19 (citation omitted) (relying on 24 C.F.R. § 8.56(j)(2)).

        The Opp Housing Authority did not request a review of the findings contained in Fair
Housing’s preliminary letter of noncompliance within the thirty-day period for doing so. DX 3
at 1. Accordingly, on November 10, 2010, Fair Housing issued a Letter of Determination of
Non-Compliance to the Opp Housing Authority indicating that Fair Housing had “sustain[ed]”
those earlier findings. Id.; Stip. ¶ 10. Fair Housing reiterated that it hoped to promptly resolve
the identified deficiencies:

               Such resolution must be reduced to a written Voluntary
               Compliance Agreement . . . with a clear timetable for
               implementation. . . . [Y]ou have ten (10) calendar days to
               voluntarily comply with this Letter of Determination, in the form
               of a Voluntary Compliance Agreement . . . . If you fail to meet
               this deadline, HUD shall proceed with formal means of compliance
               as outlined in 24 C.F.R. § 8.57.

DX 3 at 18 (citations omitted).

       Fair Housing sent a draft Voluntary Compliance Agreement to the Opp Housing
Authority on May 16, 2011, and then sent an updated version on June 7, 2011. Stip. ¶¶ 11-12.
The following individuals received copies of the updated draft Voluntary Compliance
Agreement: Allen Johnston, the Opp Housing Authority board chair; Ms. Weeks; H.D. Edgar,
the Opp mayor; Ed Sprayberry, the Public Housing director for Alabama; and Edward Jennings,
the HUD Region IV administrator. DX 4 at 179-80. The purpose of the Voluntary Compliance
Agreement, as explained by Fair Housing, was to “outlin[e] the remedies needed to bring the
Opp Housing Authority into compliance” with Section 504, the ADA, and Title VI. Id. at 179.
As relevant here, the updated draft Voluntary Compliance Agreement provided:

                                                -7-
               1. The [Opp Housing Authority] shall terminate the employment
                  of Executive Director, Janie Weeks, with an effective date no
                  later than June 23, 2011.

               2. As an alternative to the termination of [Ms. Weeks], the [Opp
                  Housing Authority] may certify prior to June 23, 2011, that
                  [Ms. Weeks] has submitted her resignation and the [Opp
                  Housing Authority] has accepted that resignation. Further that
                  the effective date of her resignation is a date prior to but no
                  later than June 23, 2011.

               3. The [Opp Housing Authority] shall not consider [Ms. Weeks]
                  for re-employment.

               4. The Board shall immediately initiate a search for a new
                  Executive Director whose employment will be subject to the
                  review and approval of [Fair Housing] and [Public Housing].

Id. at 191. The provisions pertaining to the termination of Ms. Weeks were not included in the
May 16, 2011 version of the draft Voluntary Compliance Agreement. See id. at 179; Tr. 32-33
(Weeks).

             D. Negotiations Regarding the Voluntary Compliance Agreement

        Fair Housing, Public Housing, and the Opp Housing Authority board convened at the
Opp Chamber of Commerce on Thursday, June 23, 2011, for the purpose of “reaching a
resolution to the findings needed to bring the Opp Housing Authority into compliance.” DX 4 at
179; accord Stip. ¶¶ 13, 15; Tr. 27 (Weeks). The following individuals were present for the June
23, 2011 meeting:8

               •   Brenda Shavers—center director, Fair Housing;

               •   Natasha Watson—field office director, Fair Housing;9

               •   Adrian Peterson-Fields—division director, Public Housing;

       8
          The positions noted next to each participant’s name reflects the participants’ positions
held as of the date of the meeting, i.e., June 23, 2011.
       9
          Ms. Watson reported to Ms. Shavers. Tr. 278 (Watson), 391 (Shavers). As field office
director, Ms. Watson oversaw civil rights enforcement for Fair Housing in Alabama. Id. at 240
(Watson). As center director, Ms. Shavers oversaw civil rights enforcement for Fair Housing in
Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi. Id. at 388 (Shavers).

                                                -8-
              •   Jacklyn Ringhausen—deputy regional counsel, HUD Region
                  IV;

              •   Samantha Holloway—staff attorney, HUD Region IV;

              •   Ms. Weeks—executive director, Opp Housing Authority;

              •   James Weeks—Ms. Weeks’s husband;

              •   Mr. Johnston—chair, Opp Housing Authority board;

              •   Charles Willis—member, Opp Housing Authority board;

              •   Glenda Presley—member, Opp Housing Authority board;

              •   Olean Nelson—member, Opp Housing Authority board;

              •   Danny Hall—member, Opp Housing Authority board; and

              •   Julie Moody—outside counsel, Opp Housing Authority board.

PX 15; Tr. 184-88 (Moody), 240 (Watson), 313-14 (Peterson-Fields), 387, 409 (Shavers), 511,
515 (Murray). Mr. Weeks left the meeting shortly after it began at approximately 8:00 a.m. and
did not return. Tr. 31-32 (Weeks), 192 (Moody). The remaining participants then discussed the
draft Voluntary Compliance Agreement. Id. at 33 (Weeks), 189 (Moody). The provisions other
than the termination of Ms. Weeks were quickly resolved; the discussion then focused on the
termination of Ms. Weeks, at which point she departed the meeting. Id. at 34 (Weeks), 141
(Willis), 190 (Moody), 280 (Watson), 424 (Shavers), 464 (Ringhausen). Ms. Nelson and Mr.
Hall also left early. Id. at 192 (Moody). Ms. Weeks returned to her office at the Opp Housing
Authority, and sought advice from Mickey McGinnis, who had been the executive director of the
Montgomery Housing Authority before receiving a severance package for his voluntary
resignation in lieu of termination. Id. at 36 (Weeks), 380 (Peterson-Fields).

        The board resisted Fair Housing’s demand to terminate Ms. Weeks because it had no
documentation in its files to justify that action. Id. at 148 (Willis), 330 (Peterson-Fields).
According to Mr. Willis, the board was “happy” with Ms. Weeks’s performance and had been
unaware, prior to the June 23, 2011 meeting, of any specific complaints regarding Ms. Weeks.
Id. at 145, 148 (Willis); accord id. at 26 (Weeks). According to Ms. Moody, the board was “very
disturbed” by the termination of Ms. Weeks being added to the Voluntary Compliance
Agreement, id. at 191 (Moody), because of the lack of grounds for doing so, id. at 217. The
topic of Ms. Weeks’s termination dominated the rest of the meeting that day. Id. at 193. The
meeting concluded in the late afternoon with the negotiations at a “stalemate” and a plan to meet
the next day, id. at 331 (Peterson-Fields); accord id. at 150 (Willis), to determine when
substantive negotiations would continue, id. at 470 (Ringhausen). There was no plan to
“conduct[] business” on the second day other than “agreeing to a date to reconvene.” Id. at 416

                                               -9-
(Shavers). The purpose of waiting until a later date to continue substantive negotiations
regarding the Voluntary Compliance Agreement was to allow the board to have time to discuss
matters internally. Id. at 470 (Ringhausen).

         After the meeting concluded, Ms. Moody met with the Opp Housing Authority board at
Ms. Presley’s home. Id. at 194 (Moody). The board did not want to “open[] themselves up to
liability for terminat[ing] Ms. Weeks without grounds.” Id. The board decided that it would not
terminate Ms. Weeks, but instead attempt to “reach a resolution of a voluntary resignation.” Id.
at 194-95. Ms. Moody spoke with Ms. Weeks that evening by telephone and asked her to tell the
board what she wanted in exchange for her voluntary resignation. Id. at 36 (Weeks), 195
(Moody).

        The following morning—Friday, June 24, 2011—Ms. Moody met with Ms. Weeks
outside the Opp Chamber of Commerce offices to ascertain whether Ms. Weeks had an offer to
present. Id. at 39-40 (Weeks), 196 (Moody). Ms. Weeks indicated that she would accept
monetary compensation of $175,000 and six months of health insurance coverage in exchange
for her voluntary resignation. Id. at 38-39, 80 (Weeks), 196-97 (Moody). The settlement offer
was based on the terms of Mr. McGinnis’s settlement with the Montgomery Housing Authority.
See DX 25 at 3. Ms. Moody then met with two of the board members outside before entering the
meeting. Tr. 40 (Weeks), 196-97 (Moody).

        Ms. Weeks returned to her office and did not attend the June 24, 2011 meeting. Id. at 40
(Weeks), 197 (Moody). Ms. Ringhausen and Ms. Holloway also did not attend the meeting,
instead returning to Atlanta—Ms. Ringhausen due to a personal matter and Ms. Holloway
because the meeting was not intended to cover any legal matters. Id. at 471-72 (Ringhausen).
Ms. Peterson-Fields from Public Housing and Ms. Shavers and Ms. Watson from Fair Housing
did, however, attend the June 24, 2011 meeting on behalf of HUD. Id. at 280 (Watson). A
quorum of the Opp Housing Authority board, including Mr. Johnston and Mr. Willis, was also
present, as was Ms. Moody. Id. at 168 (Willis), 199 (Moody).

        Mr. Johnston presented Ms. Weeks’s proposal at the outset of the meeting and
negotiations ensued. Id. at 197 (Moody). In the late morning, the parties agreed that (1) Public
Housing would provide the Opp Housing Authority with funds by Wednesday, June 29, 2011, to
pay Ms. Weeks $125,000 and provide six months of health insurance coverage for her family;
(2) Ms. Weeks would receive payment of approximately $5,700 for her accrued leave; (3) Ms.
Weeks would immediately vacate her position; (4) Fair Housing would obtain releases from
certain individuals who had filed complaints with HUD regarding Ms. Weeks; and (5) Ms.
Weeks would formally sign a voluntary resignation and liability release upon receiving payment.
Id. at 44 (Weeks), 197-203 (Moody), 284 (Watson), 344 (Peterson-Fields).

       Ms. Peterson-Fields indicated that she needed to speak with her supervisor, Mr.
Sprayberry, regarding the agreement, and used her cell phone to reach him at 10:32 a.m. Id. at
332 (Peterson-Fields); Stip. ¶ 14; DX 10 at 11. Only Public Housing was concerned with the
monetary portion of the settlement since Fair Housing does not disburse appropriated funds. Tr.
284-85 (Watson), 419 (Shavers). Mr. Sprayberry directed Ms. Peterson-Fields to report that

                                              -10-
Public Housing needed to confer with HUD officials at the regional level and that she would
return the following week to finalize the deal, and she reported as such. Id. at 332-33 (Peterson-
Fields). Ms. Moody recalled that after Ms. Peterson-Fields “indicate[d] there was an
agreement,” the meeting participants “began to make preparations in compliance with” the
agreement’s terms. Id. at 199 (Moody). Ms. Moody was determined to resolve the dispute. Id.
at 201. When Ms. Moody suggested that the Opp Housing Authority write a check for the
severance payment to Ms. Weeks on the spot, Ms. Peterson-Fields stated that Public Housing
had to “go through the regional process to see if it was approvable.” Id. at 333 (Peterson-Fields).
Neither Donnie Murray, regional counsel for HUD Region IV, nor Ms. Ringhausen, his deputy,
was contacted on June 24, 2011, to discuss terms, obtain approval of the agreement, or for any
other purpose. Id. at 511, 515 (Murray).

        Ms. Moody and Mr. Johnston went to Ms. Weeks’s office to notify her that HUD had
agreed to a severance payment that was less than the amount Ms. Weeks had requested;
specifically, Ms. Weeks would receive $125,000 and six months of health insurance, but she
would need to resign immediately. Id. at 43 (Weeks), 201 (Moody). To that end, Ms. Moody
and Mr. Johnston worked through lunch to assist Ms. Weeks in cleaning out her office. Id. at
43-44 (Weeks), 201 (Moody). Ms. Moody explained that “HUD” would return the following
week with the funds and “finalize everything then.” Id. at 44 (Weeks). Although Ms. Weeks
was skeptical that HUD would follow through with the agreement, Ms. Moody assured her that
HUD had “agreed to the severance package” and would be back. Id. Ms. Weeks finished
cleaning out her office, surrendered her keys, and returned home. Id. at 44, 52. Meanwhile, Ms.
Watson obtained releases from the aforementioned complainants after informing them that Ms.
Weeks had agreed to resign. Id. at 44 (Weeks), 285-86 (Watson). A meeting involving Mr.
Sprayberry, Ms. Peterson-Fields, Mr. Johnston, and Ms. Moody was scheduled for the following
Monday, June 27, 2011. DX 5 at 411.

        Also on Friday, June 24, 2011, the Opp Housing Authority issued Ms. Weeks her regular
weekly paycheck for the week ending Friday, June 24, 2011, PX 20, pursuant to its standard
practice, see PX 21 (June 17, 2011 paycheck for the week ending June 17, 2011); PX 22 (June
10, 2011 paycheck for the week ending June 10, 2011); PX 23 at 1 (June 3, 2011 paycheck for
the week ending June 3, 2011); Tr. 94 (Weeks). The Opp Housing Authority also issued a check
to Ms. Weeks for a gross amount of $5,747.12 (net amount $3,714.91) to compensate her for
accrued but unused leave.10 PX 19; Tr. 344 (Peterson-Fields).

       10
          Because the check number for the leave payout is 10247, PX 19, and the check
number for the June 24, 2011 paycheck is 10244, PX 20, the leave payout check was apparently
written sometime after the June 24, 2011 paycheck. However, the leave payout check is dated
one day earlier, i.e., June 23, 2011. PX 19. Since the Opp Housing Authority typically issued
paychecks to Ms. Weeks on Friday, the court assumes that the June 23, 2011 date for check
number 10247 reflects a typographical error.

                                               -11-
                       E. HUD Rejects Ms. Weeks’s Settlement Offer

      Over the weekend, Ms. Peterson-Fields corresponded with Mr. Sprayberry via e-mail.
See DX 5 at 410-11. On Sunday evening, June 26, 2011, Mr. Sprayberry asked: “Who from
HUD agreed on the settlement amount?” Id. at 410. The following morning—Monday, June 27,
2011—Ms. Peterson-Fields responded: “No one at all! Thus, this meeting to discuss.” Id.

        The meeting originally scheduled for Monday, June 27, 2011, was rescheduled for the
following day. Tr. 341-42 (Peterson-Fields). Ms. Peterson-Fields returned to Opp for the June
28, 2011 meeting. Id. at 336-37. Ms. Moody and Mr. Johnston were also present. Id. at 204
(Moody). Mr. Sprayberry, Mr. Murray, and other HUD staff participated by telephone. Id. at
204 (Moody), 340-41 (Peterson-Fields). The purpose of the meeting was to review “the different
elements of the proposal that the [Opp Housing Authority] board had put before [Public
Housing]” and compare the proposal to the “findings [by] Fair Housing.” Id. at 341 (Peterson-
Fields). During that meeting, Public Housing officials averred that “there was no agreement, and
they would not be providing any funds.” Id. at 205 (Moody); accord id. at 360-61 (Peterson-
Fields) (indicating that after Ms. Moody reviewed the terms of the settlement offer, both Mr.
Sprayberry and Mr. Murray stated that they did not agree to its terms). Ms. Moody noted that
the Opp Housing Authority had sufficient funds to pay the settlement amount, but Public
Housing “refused permission to use it.” Id. at 205 (Moody). Further negotiations ensued, but no
agreement was reached. Id. at 361 (Peterson-Fields). Mr. Murray offered a three-month
severance, asked Ms. Moody to communicate the offer to Ms. Weeks, and discussed HUD’s
authority to review and approve settlements. DX 22 at 731.

                F. Further Negotiations Regarding Ms. Weeks’s Resignation

        The following day—June 29, 2011—several HUD officials discussed the situation
regarding Ms. Weeks’s resignation via e-mail and during a conference call. See generally DX
25. Public Housing expressed reticence to pay the $125,000 amount based on Ms. Weeks’s
annual salary. Id. at 3. Ms. Peterson-Fields stated that Ms. Weeks should not receive any
payment, but if HUD was going to pay her, the amount should be equal to three to nine months’
salary. Id. at 2; Tr. 347-48 (Peterson-Fields). Ms. Peterson-Fields did not oppose paying for six
months of health insurance and allowing Ms. Weeks to retain her retirement benefits if Ms.
Weeks was going to receive a monetary payment, and suggested that the $5,747.12 accrued leave
payout that Ms. Weeks had received should count towards any settlement amount. DX 25 at 2;
Tr. 348-49 (Peterson-Fields).

        Ms. Moody contacted Ms. Peterson-Fields that same afternoon concerning Ms. Weeks’s
severance package. DX 25 at 1. Ms. Moody relayed Ms. Weeks’s (1) rejection of the June 28,
2011 offer of a three-month severance and (2) counteroffer of a $100,000 payment as the sole
financial consideration (i.e., no health insurance or retirement compensation) in exchange for her
voluntary resignation. Id. Ms. Peterson-Fields circulated the counteroffer to Mr. Sprayberry,
Ms. Holloway, Ms. Watson, and others. Id. Approximately two weeks later, on July 13, 2011,
the Opp Housing Authority board met to “discuss the situation” of “not having the agreement
culminated” because the board was concerned about needing to protect itself. Tr. 157-58

                                               -12-
(Willis); accord id. at 109 (Weeks). According to Mr. Willis, the board “determined that [Ms.
Weeks] must still be an employee . . . [b]ecause the agreement was not finalized” since “[s]he
did not receive the severance of $125,000.” Id. at 152-53 (Willis). The board placed Ms. Weeks
on paid administrative leave, meaning she “should have been fully compensated,” pending the
outcome of the dispute. Id. at 162-63; accord id. at 108-10, 113-14 (Weeks).

         On Friday, July 29, 2011, Mr. Willis suggested via e-mail that it was “in the best interest
of the [Opp Housing Authority] and all concerned” that the dispute regarding Ms. Weeks be
resolved. DX 15 at 423. He proposed that Public Housing allow the Opp Housing Authority to
settle the dispute for an amount equivalent to the remainder of Ms. Weeks’s salary and health
insurance for the year. Id. The record contains no indication that Public Housing ever responded
directly to Mr. Willis.

         On August 2, 2011, the Opp Housing Authority issued check number 10357 to Ms.
Weeks for a gross amount of $7,183.90 (net amount $3,973.39). PX 19. This check represented
five weeks of salary that had been unpaid since June 24, 2011—i.e., through Friday, July 29,
2011; it contained five weeks of retirement deductions and a deduction for one month of health
insurance coverage. Id.; accord DX 15 at 423. The check was successfully negotiated. DX 15
at 423; Tr. 104 (Weeks), 159 (Willis), 363 (Peterson-Fields), 496-97 (Ringhausen). That same
day, Mr. Sprayberry expressed concern that the Opp Housing Authority board would “issue other
checks without [Public Housing’s] approval” and suggested that Public Housing use the Opp
Housing Authority’s General Depository Agreement with CCB Community Bank to “lock
Federal Funds.” DX 15 at 423; see also 24 C.F.R. § 982.156(d) (discussing applicable
procedures). He indicated that Public Housing could do so with the concurrence of Ms.
Ringhausen (among others), who was part of that discussion. DX 415 at 23. Approximately one
week later, on or about August 9, 2011, Public Housing invoked its right to freeze the bank’s
ability to disburse Opp Housing Authority funds without Public Housing’s explicit approval. Id.
at 422; Tr. 114 (Weeks), 163 (Willis), 363-64 (Peterson-Fields), 494-95 (Ringhausen); see also
Tr. 166 (Willis) (agreeing that the Opp Housing Authority “does not operate any bank accounts
that are not controlled by HUD”).

        On Thursday, August 11, 2011, the Opp Housing Authority issued Ms. Weeks a check
for a gross amount of $2,873.56 to represent two additional weeks of salary—i.e., through
Friday, August 12, 2011. Tr. 104-05 (Weeks). Ms. Weeks received the check in the mail two
days later, i.e., on Saturday, August 13, 2011, and attempted to cash it at CCB Community Bank.
Id. at 57. The bank refused to honor the check, explaining that it had been instructed not to cash
any checks made payable to Ms. Weeks.11 Id. at 57-58 (Weeks), 364-66 (Peterson-Fields).

       11
             In her testimony regarding a dishonored check appearing on pages 57 and 58 of the
trial transcript, Ms. Weeks was responding to questions pertaining to the August 2, 2011 check
(number 10357). See Tr. 56-58 (Weeks). However, Ms. Weeks later testified that there was one
check issued in August 2011 that CCB Community Bank refused to honor, and she did not know
whether it was the August 2 check or the August 11 check. See id. at 104-06. Other testimony
indicates that the bank honored the August 2 check and refused to honor the August 11 check,
e.g., id. at 176-77 (Willis), 363-66 (Peterson-Fields), and the court so finds.

                                               -13-
        On Monday, August 15, 2011, Michael Cohan, an attorney representing Ms. Weeks in
her official capacity as executive director regarding complaints filed with HUD, wrote to Mr.
Murray concerning the unresolved situation regarding Ms. Weeks’s employment. DX 23 at 1;
Tr. 113-14 (Weeks). Mr. Murray responded four days later, and emphasized that “any settlement
that contemplates the use of funds controlled by the [annual contributions contract] must be
expressly approved by [himself] and [Mr. Sprayberry]” and that “[n]o such approval ha[d] been
granted.” DX 23 at 242. There is no evidence in the record to suggest that Ms. Weeks ever
demanded reinstatement to her position after her paychecks ceased to be honored or was ever
afforded the opportunity to address the charges asserted by HUD that formed the basis of the
agency’s decision to demand her termination over the Opp Housing Authority’s objections.

                                     G. Ending the Dispute

        Thus, the Opp Housing Authority board resolved, on October 20, 2011, to officially
terminate Ms. Weeks’s employment as executive director. DX 8; Tr. 162-63 (Willis). In its
resolution, the board explained that Public Housing would “not approve a search and/or
advertisement for an Executive Director for the Opp Housing Authority without the resignation
and/or termination” of Ms. Weeks and that the board needed to “take formal action to vacate the
position of Executive Director” so that a search could commence. DX 8. According to Mr.
Willis, the board decided to officially terminate Ms. Weeks’s employment because it had “gone
four months without an executive director” and it was “very difficult to operate the [Opp
Housing Authority] without someone in charge.” Tr. 163 (Willis). The board issued a formal
termination letter to Ms. Weeks on October 28, 2011. Id. at 162.

        Ms. Weeks also received a letter from her health insurance provider that her family’s
health insurance was cancelled due to the termination of her employment. See id. at 117
(Weeks). She then paid approximately $980 each month from October 2011 through January
2012 for COBRA health care continuation coverage.12 Id. at 117-18. Ms. Weeks would have
paid in advance for coverage for the following month; in other words, her COBRA continuation
coverage was in effect from November 2011 (the month following her termination, and also the
month after the month in which she made her initial payment) through February 2012 (the month
after the month in which she made her last payment). See 26 C.F.R. §§ 54.4980B-7 (discussing
the duration of COBRA continuation coverage), 54.4980B-8 (discussing payment for COBRA
continuation coverage).

       Shortly after Ms. Weeks’s formal termination, the Opp Housing Authority and HUD
entered into a Voluntary Compliance Agreement. See generally PX 26. The agreement was
signed on November 7, 2011, by Ms. Nelson, Mr. Johnston, and Mr. Willis on behalf of the Opp
Housing Authority board and on November 15, 2011, by Ms. Shavers on behalf of Fair Housing.

       12
           “COBRA continuation coverage” is an election, after a “qualifying event,” “to receive
the group health plan coverage that is provided to similarly situated nonCOBRA beneficiaries
(ordinarily, the same coverage that the qualified beneficiary had on the day before the qualifying
event).” 26 C.F.R. § 54.4980B-5 (2011). As relevant here, a “qualifying event” can include
termination of employment. Id. § 54.4980B-4.

                                               -14-
Id. at 42. As relevant here, the Voluntary Compliance Agreement contained provisions requiring
the board to provide written proof to Fair Housing that Ms. Weeks was no longer employed as
executive director and precluding the board “from ever hiring [Ms. Weeks] for re-employment
with [the Opp Housing Authority] in any capacity.” Id. at 11. Ms. Weeks was not a party to that
agreement.

                                     H. Procedural History

         Ms. Weeks filed suit against the Opp Housing Authority and members of the Opp
Housing Authority board in their official capacities on November 28, 2011, in the United States
District Court for the Middle District of Alabama (“Alabama district court”) to enforce the
alleged settlement agreement. Weeks v. Hous. Auth. of Opp, Ala., No. 2:11-cv-01011-MEF-
TFM (M.D. Ala. filed Nov. 28, 2011). Ms. Weeks later amended her complaint to add the
Secretary of HUD (in his official capacity) and HUD itself as defendants. Weeks v. Hous. Auth.
of Opp, Ala., 887 F. Supp. 2d 1232, 1235 (M.D. Ala. 2012). On August 24, 2012, the Alabama
district court held that although Ms. Weeks asserted various constitutional claims, including
denial of due process, her claims sounded in contract. Id. at 1236-37. The court emphasized that
the United States Court of Federal Claims (“Court of Federal Claims”) “has exclusive
jurisdiction over contract claims against the Federal Government,” id. at 1239, and dismissed the
Secretary of HUD and HUD as defendants, id. at 1239-40. The court explained:

               [Ms.] Weeks argues that she does not have an adequate remedy
               under the Tucker Act because the [Court of Federal Claims] cannot
               grant equitable relief. In her view, this prohibition on the [Court of
               Federal Claims’] jurisdiction expands the jurisdiction of [federal
               district courts] to accommodate what she wants—an equitable
               ruling that HUD must authorize [the Opp Housing Authority] to
               pay her under the contract. But this argument ignores that HUD
               was a party to the contract giving rise to her claim against [the Opp
               Housing Authority] for money damages . . . , so [HUD] can be
               sued in the [Court of Federal Claims] under the Tucker Act for
               contract damages.

Id. at 1239.

       On September 5, 2013, the Alabama district court found that “HUD [was] a required
party but [could not] be joined” since the court lacked jurisdiction to consider Ms. Weeks’s
breach-of-contract claim against HUD. Weeks v. Hous. Auth. of Opp, Ala., 292 F.R.D. 689, 693
(M.D. Ala. 2013). Based on its finding that HUD was an indispensable party, the court
determined that it could not “allow [the] case to proceed against [the Opp Housing Authority] in
HUD’s absence” and dismissed the case. Id. at 695.

       Following the dismissal of her Alabama district court case, Ms. Weeks filed her
complaint in the instant case on December 30, 2013, asserting only a breach-of-contract claim
and seeking injunctive relief thereunder. The parties engaged in discovery, and defendant moved

                                               -15-
for summary judgment. On January 15, 2016, the undersigned concluded that there was “a
genuine issue of material fact as whether the parties came to an express oral agreement” and
denied the summary judgment motion. Weeks v. United States, 124 Fed. Cl. 630, 636 (2016).
After several enlargements of the trial schedule due to the unavailability of Ms. Weeks and her
counsel, the court conducted a three-day trial in Montgomery, Alabama from March 5 through 7,
2018.13 The parties then submitted posttrial briefs, concluding on March 29, 2019, and then
requested that the court decide the matter on the record and the posttrial briefs.

                                II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

        To prove a breach of contract, a plaintiff must establish “(1) a valid contract between the
parties; (2) an obligation or duty arising from that contract; (3) a breach of that duty; and
(4) damages caused by the breach.” Century Expl. New Orleans, LLC v. United States, 110 Fed.
Cl. 148, 163 (2013) (citing San Carlos Irr. & Drainage Dist. v. United States, 877 F.2d 957, 959
(Fed. Cir. 1989)). Once a breach of contract is established, the burden shifts to the defendant to
plead and prove affirmative defenses that excuse the breach. Shell Oil Co. v. United States, 751
F.3d 1282, 1297 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (citing Stockton E. Water Dist. v. United States, 583 F.3d
1344, 1360 (Fed. Cir. 2009)).

       The requirements for establishing a contract with the federal government—whether
express or implied—are “(1) mutuality of intent to contract, (2) consideration, (3) lack of
ambiguity in offer and acceptance, and (4) actual authority of the government representative
whose conduct is relied upon to bind the government.” Moda Health Plan, Inc. v. United States,
892 F.3d 1311, 1328 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Lewis v.
United States, 70 F.3d 597, 600 (Fed. Cir. 1995)), cert. granted, 87 U.S.L.W. 3492 (U.S. June 27,
2019) (No. 18-1028).

               “Actual authority may be either express or implied.” Liberty
               Ammunition, Inc. v. United States, 835 F.3d 1388, 1402 (Fed. Cir.
               2016). A government representative “possesses express authority
               to obligate the government only when the Constitution, a statute, or
               a regulation grants it to that employee in unambiguous terms.”
               Abraham v. United States, 81 Fed. Cl. 178, 186 (2008) (emphases
               omitted). Implied authority, in turn, exists only when that
               authority is an “integral part of the duties assigned to the
               government employee,” i.e., “when the government employee
               could not perform his or her assigned tasks without such
               authority.” Liberty Ammunition, 835 F.3d at 1402.

Anoruo v. United States, 759 F. App’x 956, 961 (Fed. Cir. 2019) (unpublished per curiam
decision) (alterations omitted).

       13
           During trial, the court heard testimony from Ms. Weeks, Mr. Willis, Ms. Moody (who
was, at the time of trial, a state district judge in Covington County, Alabama), Ms. Watson, Ms.
Peterson-Fields, Ms. Shavers, Ms. Ringhausen, and Mr. Murray.

                                               -16-
                                        III. ANALYSIS

        The central issue in this case is whether a government representative with actual authority
to bind the government entered into a contract with Ms. Weeks. Ms. Weeks contends that Mr.
Sprayberry had express actual authority (or alternatively, implied actual authority) to bind HUD,
and that the other HUD officials who travelled to Opp on June 24, 2011, had, at a minimum,
implied actual authority to enter into agreements necessary to resolve the Voluntary Compliance
Agreement, including the resignation of Ms. Weeks. Defendant argues that there was no
enforceable contract between Ms. Weeks and HUD because no HUD official present at the June
24, 2011 meeting had either express or implied actual authority to enter into an oral agreement
regarding payment in exchange for Ms. Weeks’s resignation. Defendant is correct.

                             A. Authority to Approve a Settlement

       As an initial matter, it is important to distinguish between negotiating the terms of the
Voluntary Compliance Agreement and negotiating a settlement regarding Ms. Weeks’s
resignation. While Fair Housing insisted that the Opp Housing Authority end its affiliation with
Ms. Weeks, Fair Housing was not concerned with the particulars of doing so. Those details were
between the Opp Housing Authority, Public Housing, and Ms. Weeks. Further, no official from
Fair Housing—as relevant here, Ms. Watson and Ms. Shavers—had any authority, express or
implied, to approve a monetary settlement regarding Ms. Weeks’s resignation. As testified to by
both Ms. Watson and Ms. Shavers, Fair Housing’s mission concerns civil rights enforcement;
Fair Housing does not disburse appropriated funds to public housing authorities. Tr. 240, 284-85
(Watson), 388-89, 419 (Shavers). The expenditure of appropriated funds falls within the
purview of Public Housing. See id. at 519 (Murray).

         The HUD Litigation Handbook contains provisions that speak to the procedures for
approving settlements.14 See generally DX 1 (providing a complete copy of U.S. Dep’t of Hous.
& Urban Dev., Litigation Handbook 1530.1 REV-5 (May 18, 2004)). The HUD Litigation
Handbook contemplates threatened as well as instituted litigation, litigation against HUD
directly, and litigation in which HUD has an interest due to the involvement of HUD-funded
activities. Id. at 340-41. The regional counsel has primary responsibility for overseeing all
litigation activity within the geographic region. See id. at 382. As relevant here, with respect to
litigation involving public housing authorities, the regional counsel must approve any
settlements:

       14
           The current version of the HUD Litigation Handbook was issued on May 18, 2004,
and remains in effect. Litigation Handbook (1530.1), U.S. Dep’t of Hous. & Urban Dev.,
https://www.hud.gov/program_offices/administration/hudclips/handbooks/ogch/15301
[http://web.archive.org/web/20190724185947/https://www.hud.gov/program_offices/administrat
ion/hudclips/handbooks/ogch/15301].

                                               -17-
                       Regional Counsel is authorized to approve a proposal for
               settlement with the concurrence of the appropriate Program
               Official . . . where the amount of the settlement, including fees and
               costs, will not exceed $500,000.

Id. at 388. Indeed, public housing authorities may not unilaterally settle litigation without such
concurrence:

                       No settlement arising out of litigation shall be accepted by
               a [public housing authority] without the prior written concurrence
               of HUD. The terms of any such offer shall be communicated in
               writing to the Regional Counsel together with the
               recommendations of the [public housing authority] for disposition
               and the arguments in support of those recommendations.

Id. at 391. At the time of the events in question, Mr. Murray was the regional counsel. Tr. 511
(Murray). The appropriate program official with respect to the instant case was Mr. Sprayberry,
the director of Public Housing for the state of Alabama. Id. at 519, 522.

        Thus, approval of a settlement agreement regarding Ms. Weeks’s resignation would have
required the following steps: (1) transmission of a written proposal to Mr. Murray, the regional
counsel; (2) transmission of the Opp Housing Authority’s written recommendation and
supporting arguments to Mr. Murray; (3) concurrence of Mr. Sprayberry; and (4) Mr. Murray’s
written approval of the settlement proposal. See id. at 519-22; see also id. at 525-26 (describing
the purpose for requiring written documentation that “set[s] forth the reasons for the
settlement”). Mr. Murray would occasionally give preliminary oral approval for monetary
settlements, but still always required written documentation before finalizing his approval. Id. at
528.

       Ms. Ringhausen, as deputy regional counsel, had the “identical” position description as
Mr. Murray, acted for him in his absence, and was the point person for litigation issues. Id. at
443 (Ringhausen). Therefore, Ms. Ringhausen also had at least implied actual authority to
approve a written settlement proposal regarding Ms. Weeks’s resignation (with the concurrence
of Mr. Sprayberry and based upon Opp Housing Authority’s written recommendation). On the
other hand, there is no evidence to suggest that Mr. Sprayberry delegated his authority to Ms.
Peterson-Fields or that Ms. Peterson-Fields otherwise possessed implied actual authority.

                     B. Nobody With Authority Approved the Settlement

        The evidence in the trial record reflects that at most, the parties entered into a tentative
oral agreement on June 24, 2011. Indeed, Ms. Moody testified credibly that she was led to
believe that the offer of Ms. Weeks’s resignation in exchange for a $125,000 severance payment
plus six months of health insurance coverage had been orally accepted by Mr. Sprayberry as
communicated through Ms. Peterson-Fields. The parties do not dispute that the alleged oral
agreement was never reduced to writing. Unfortunately for Ms. Weeks, that fact is fatal to her

                                                -18-
claim. None of the HUD representatives who participated (in person or telephonically) in the
June 24, 2011 negotiations had any authority, express or implied, to orally approve a binding
settlement for three independent reasons.

        First, Mr. Sprayberry could not unilaterally approve any settlement, in writing or
otherwise. As outlined in the HUD Litigation Handbook, Mr. Sprayberry’s approval was only
one of several steps necessary for there to be a binding agreement. Mr. Murray’s or Ms.
Ringhausen’s approval was also necessary. See id. at 522 (Murray) (emphasizing that Mr.
Sprayberry’s approval without the concurrence of regional counsel would have been an “ultra[
vires] act”). However, neither Mr. Murray nor Ms. Ringhausen attended the June 24, 2011
meeting, and there is no evidence to suggest that either of them was contacted at any point that
day regarding a settlement pertaining to Ms. Weeks’s resignation.

        Second, there was no transmission of a written proposal or justifications in support
thereof on June 24, 2011. While the multiple e-mail messages sent the following week and
thereafter could arguably constitute such transmission, they were not sent prior to or
contemporaneously with the alleged oral agreement. Mr. Murray, or Ms. Ringhausen acting in
his stead, lacked the authority to officially approve a settlement offer without first receiving a
written proposal and justifications in support thereof. After the terms of Ms. Weeks’s offer were
communicated via e-mail to both Mr. Sprayberry and Mr. Murray, each of them promptly
rejected the offer.

        Finally, assuming for the sake of argument that HUD (i.e., the necessary officials from
both Public Housing and the regional counsel’s office) orally agreed to Ms. Weeks’s settlement
proposal on June 24, 2011, that agreement was preliminary in nature only. According to the
HUD Litigation Handbook, a settlement is not valid “without the prior written concurrence of
HUD.” DX 1 at 391 (emphasis added). In other words, HUD lacked the authority to orally enter
into a binding agreement to resolve the dispute surrounding Ms. Weeks’s resignation. To wit,

               if either party knows or has reason to know that the other party
               regards the agreement as incomplete and intends that no obligation
               shall exist until other terms are assented to or until the whole has
               been reduced to another written form, the preliminary negotiations
               and agreements do not constitute a contract.

Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 27 cmt. b (Am. Law Inst. 1981). Because the HUD
Litigation Handbook is a publicly available document, the Opp Housing Authority (including its
then-outside counsel, Ms. Moody) and Ms. Weeks had “reason to know” that the purported
acceptance of Ms. Weeks’s offer had to be reduced to writing before becoming a valid contract.
See, e.g., Central Pines Land Co. v. United States, 61 Fed. Cl. 527, 534 (2004) (“[A]ny matter of
public record is by definition knowable. A party will be charged with knowing any facts that are
discoverable in public records . . . .” (citation omitted)).

       Indeed, it is well settled that “agency procedures must be followed before a binding
contract can be formed.” Harbert/Lummus Agrifuels Projects v. United States, 142 F.3d 1429,

                                               -19-
1433 (Fed. Cir. 1998) (citing New Am. Shipbuilders, Inc. v. United States, 871 F.2d 1077, 1080
(Fed. Cir. 1989); Am. Gen. Leasing, Inc. v. United States, 587 F.2d 54, 57-58 (Ct. Cl. 1978)). In
American General Leasing, for instance, the parties allegedly reached an oral agreement that was
confirmed in writing but never became a binding contract. 587 F.2d at 57. The United States
Court of Claims (“Court of Claims”), the predecessor to the United States Court of Appeals for
the Federal Circuit (“Federal Circuit”), observed that (1) a letter confirming the oral agreement
included a notation that additional prerequisites needed to be met before the parties could “sign a
contract in accordance with the proposal” and (2) applicable regulations required any contracts to
be in writing. Id. at 57-58. The Court of Claims explained that “[t]he parties may have
completed the negotiations that would have led to a contract, but they had not taken the final and
essential step of executing an agreement,” and found that no valid contract existed. Id. at 58.

        In Harbert/Lummus, another decision that bears on the instant dispute, the Federal Circuit
held that a purported oral contract was invalid because it was not authorized under applicable
regulations:

               It appears evident that, if [the plaintiff] had examined the
               [contracting officer’s] delegation of authority, it could not have
               reasonably believed it had entered into a binding contract with the
               government in the absence of the required written approval by the
               [contracting officer]. Because there is no evidence of such prior,
               written approval by the [contracting officer] . . . , we hold that the
               [contracting officer] lacked the authority to enter into the oral
               contract and it is therefore not binding upon the government.

142 F.3d at 1433.

        In Doe v. United States, another judge of this court relied on Harbert/Lummus when
examining whether a valid oral contract existed. See 58 Fed. Cl. 479, 488-89 (2003), aff’d per
curiam, 112 F. App’x 54 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (unpublished decision). Under the plaintiff’s theory of
the case, certain government officials entered into an oral contract with him in violation of
agency regulations forbidding such contracts. Id. at 489. Accordingly, the court found that “no
contract [could] exist” because those officials “lacked the requisite authority” since “agency
procedures were not followed.” Id.

        In American General Leasing, Harbert/Lummus, and Doe, the government officials
involved all lacked the authority to enter into oral contracts because agency guidelines
proscribed such contracts; thus, the purported oral contracts were held invalid. Here, the HUD
officials involved in the June 24, 2011 negotiations similarly lacked the authority to enter into a
binding oral agreement based on the HUD Litigation Handbook’s requirements that HUD
approval must be in writing, and include the regional counsel’s concurrence, following receipt of
a written proposal containing justifications for its adoption. Failure to satisfy any of these three
requirements was sufficient to deprive the June 24, 2011 meeting participants of the necessary
authority to enter into such an agreement. See Flexfab, LLC v. United States, 424 F.3d 1254,

                                                -20-
1263 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (“[A]ssurances from a government agent, having no authority to give
them, cannot expose the government to risk of suit for nonperformance of an obligation that it
did not intentionally accept.”). Therefore, as in American General Leasing, Harbert/Lummus,
and Doe, the purported oral agreement at issue in the instant case is not a valid contract.15

                      C. HUD Did Not Ratify the Settlement Agreement

        Despite the lack of a valid contract on June 24, 2011, the court’s inquiry is not complete.
“Agreements made by government agents without authority to bind the government may be
subsequently ratified by those with authority if the ratifying officials have actual or constructive
knowledge of the unauthorized acts.” Harbert/Lummus, 142 F.3d at 1433. “Institutional
Ratification may occur when the Government seeks and receives benefits from an unauthorized
contract.” BioFunction, LLC v. United States, 92 Fed. Cl. 167, 174 (2010) (citing Janowsky v.
United States, 133 F.3d 888, 891-92 (Fed. Cir. 1998)); see also Restatement (Third) of Agency
§ 4.01 (Am. Law Inst. 2006) (defining ratification). “It requires the involvement of government
officials who have contracting authority and whose actions demonstrate ‘clear acceptance of an
unauthorized agreement.’” BioFunction, 92 Fed. Cl. at 174 (quoting Digicon Corp. v. United
States, 56 Fed. Cl. 425, 426 (2003)). In addition, “ratification is not effective unless it
encompasses the entirety of [a] contract.” Restatement (Third) of Agency, supra, at § 4.07;
accord id. § 4.01 cmt. b (“A principal must ratify a single transaction in its entirety, thereby
becoming subject to its burdens as well as its benefits.”).

        In Silverman v. United States, for instance, the Court of Claims concluded that the
government ratified an agreement “[b]y accepting the benefits flowing from [an unauthorized]
promise of payment . . . .” 679 F.2d 865, 870 (Ct. Cl. 1982). In contrast, in City of El Centro v.
United States, the Federal Circuit rejected the plaintiff’s institutional ratification theory by
explaining that (1) an implied-in-fact contract requires both the involvement of a government
official with contracting authority and consideration (i.e., benefits received) and (2) the plaintiff
had shown neither. 922 F.2d 816, 821-22 (Fed. Cir. 1990). Similarly, in BioFunction, another
judge of this court rejected the plaintiff’s institutional ratification theory because even assuming,
as the plaintiff argued, that the government had “received some benefit from the program” at
issue, the plaintiff failed to identify even “one employee with adequate contracting authority who
was involved.” 92 Fed. Cl. at 174.

       It is undisputed that, pursuant to the alleged oral contract, Ms. Weeks was to provide
consideration in the form of her resignation and a liability release in exchange for $125,000 and
six months of health insurance. HUD effectively received the benefit of Ms. Weeks’s
resignation on June 24, 2011, when Ms. Weeks vacated her position (or, in any event,
on October 28, 2011, when the Opp Housing Authority terminated her employment). In
addition, HUD received the benefit of not having its funds used to pay Ms. Weeks beyond July

       15
           Because Ms. Weeks failed to establish that a government official with actual authority
approved the purported oral agreement on June 24, 2011—one of the prerequisites to a finding of
a valid contract with the federal government—the court need not address defendant’s remaining
arguments that a valid contract did not exist on that date.

                                                -21-
29, 2011—even though Ms. Weeks was in a “paid” status up to her termination—after Public
Housing (which controls the Opp Housing Authority’s funds) froze the Opp Housing Authority’s
accounts at CCB Community Bank. Mr. Sprayberry and Ms. Ringhausen, who collectively
possessed the necessary authority to obligate Public Housing, participated in the decision to
freeze the accounts, which eventually led to Ms. Weeks’s termination. Further, Mr. Sprayberry
and Ms. Ringhausen had full knowledge of all the relevant facts when they did so.

         In other words, HUD received certain benefits due to the involvement of officials with
actual knowledge and the necessary authority. A principal “may ratify an act . . . by receiving or
retaining benefits” if the principal “has knowledge of material facts.” Restatement (Third) of
Agency, supra, at § 4.01 cmt. g. When “a principal retains a benefit” while “manifest[ing]
dissent to the agent’s act,” a “third party may elect to treat the principal’s retention of the benefit
as a ratification.” Id. Thus, a third party can hold a principal accountable under an unauthorized
agreement if the principal knowingly receives or retains the benefits of the agreement, even if the
principal expresses disapproval of such agreement or some portion thereof. See id. § 4.07 cmt. b
(“A person may not, by ratifying an act, obtain its economic benefits without bearing the legal
consequences that accompany the act.”). Ms. Weeks is attempting to do just that—i.e., treat
HUD’s knowing retention of the benefit of her resignation as ratification of the oral agreement to
pay her $125,000 in exchange for that resignation despite HUD’s rejection of any obligation to
approve or provide monetary compensation.

        Nevertheless, Ms. Week’s ratification theory fails for two independent reasons. First, a
principal does not ratify an act by receiving benefits when the principal has an “independent
claim to the benefit.” Id. § 4.01 cmt. g. Ultimately, HUD did not secure Ms. Weeks’s voluntary
resignation via a settlement agreement involving Public Housing. Rather, HUD secured the
termination of Ms. Weeks’s employment via the Voluntary Compliance Agreement executed
between Fair Housing and the Opp Housing Authority.

        Second, and more importantly, there was no agreement that could have been ratified.
HUD unambiguously rejected the tentative oral agreement shortly after it was supposedly
reached on June 24, 2011. Indeed, it was a mere four days later when Mr. Sprayberry and Mr.
Murray both stated, in a meeting with the Opp Housing Authority, that they did not support the
agreement. After that rejection, there were at least two more rounds of counteroffers, none of
which came to fruition. Two weeks later, in mid-July, the Opp Housing Authority board
acknowledged that there was no agreement in place when it retroactively placed Ms. Weeks on
paid administrative leave. Mr. Willis’s July 29, 2011 e-mail to Ms. Peterson-Fields expressing
his view that it would be “in the best interest of the [Opp Housing Authority] and all concerned
that we resolve this issue,” DX 15 at 423 (emphasis added), and Ms. Weeks’s August 2, 2011
paycheck (for salary through July 29, 2011), provide additional evidence that no settlement had
been reached. Since institutional ratification requires that government officials with contracting
authority “demonstrate clear acceptance of an unauthorized agreement,” BioFunction, 92 Fed.
Cl. at 174 (emphasis added) (internal quotation marks omitted), there must be an agreement in
place to be ratified. Here, HUD unambiguously rejected Ms. Weeks’s settlement offer while she
was still being paid, and thus HUD cannot be said to have accepted the benefits of a tentative or
unauthorized agreement.

                                                 -22-
       In sum, HUD did not subsequently ratify an agreement to compensate Ms. Weeks for her
voluntary resignation.

                                       IV. CONCLUSION

        The court has considered all of the parties’ arguments. To the extent not discussed
herein, they are unpersuasive, without merit, or unnecessary for resolving the issues currently
before the court.

        There can be no question that Ms. Weeks was mistreated by HUD and its employees and
did not receive due process prior to her termination. The Opp Housing Authority was presented
with a Hobson’s choice: terminate Ms. Weeks or have its funding withheld. Because the Opp
Housing Authority relied almost entirely on HUD for its funding, it had no economically viable
alternative but to terminate Ms. Weeks. The first time that Ms. Weeks became aware that her
tenure as executive director of the Opp Housing Authority was in jeopardy was after June 7,
2011, when Fair Housing sent the updated draft Voluntary Compliance Agreement in advance of
the planned negotiations that occurred approximately two weeks later. By that time, HUD had
already determined that Ms. Weeks could no longer effectively serve as executive director, and
there was no opportunity for her to answer that charge. (Although Ms. Weeks was aware of
certain complaints and compliance issues, the subject of her employment was never previously
mentioned.) Regardless of whether that determination was correct—which is beyond the scope
of this case—HUD’s efforts to secure Ms. Weeks’s termination without any due process are
unconscionable and cannot be justified. Indeed, Judge Mark E. Fuller of the Alabama district
court described HUD’s behavior as “deplorable,” “heavy-handed,” and evincing an “apparent
lack of appreciation for the crippling consequences of its actions,” and observed that “this
country has always respected, if not required, a fair process through which an aggrieved party
could respond to criticism before suffering such a significant setback as the one suffered by
[Ms.] Weeks here—losing her job.”16 Weeks, 292 F.R.D. at 694 n.3.

       16
            Due process claims are not cognizable in the Court of Federal Claims. Leblanc v.
United States, 50 F.3d 1025, 1028 (Fed. Cir. 1995). When the Court of Federal Claims lacks
jurisdiction over a claim, it is empowered to transfer such claim to an appropriate court if doing
so “is in the interest of justice.” 28 U.S.C. § 1631 (2012). “Transfer is appropriate when three
elements are met: (1) [t]he transferring court lacks subject matter jurisdiction; (2) the case could
have been filed in the court receiving the transfer; and (3) the transfer is in the interests of
justice.” Brown v. United States, 74 Fed. Cl. 546, 550 (2006). The court assumes, for the sake
of argument, that Ms. Weeks could have asserted a timely due process claim when she filed her
complaint in the instant case. However, because Ms. Weeks previously presented a due process
claim to the Alabama district court, the court finds that allowing Ms. Weeks to amend her
complaint (based on the evidence adduced at trial) to add a due process claim before transferring
the case would not “serve the interests of justice.” Khalil v. United States, 133 Fed. Cl. 390, 393
(2017) (declining to transfer the case because the plaintiff’s claims had already been considered
by a district court).

                                                -23-
      HUD’s unconscionable conduct and denial of due process does not, however, affect Ms.
Weeks’s burden of establishing the existence of an enforceable contract. The settlement
agreement discussed at the June 24, 2011 meeting did not constitute a valid, binding contract,
and HUD never ratified that agreement.

        Accordingly, the court denies Ms. Weeks’s claim for relief. No costs. The clerk is
directed to enter judgment accordingly. The clerk shall send a copy of this decision to the HUD
Office of Inspector General for review and consideration of next steps, if any.

       IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                                s/ Margaret M. Sweeney
                                                MARGARET M. SWEENEY
                                                Chief Judge

                                              -24-