Court Opinion

ID: 9456703
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-04 20:00:34.829108+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:39:58.476587
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                _______________

                                       No. 22-1576

                  ROBERT CUVO, on behalf of the minor child A.C.;
                   LISA CUVO, on behalf of the minor child A.C.,
                                                           Appellants

                                            v.

                  POCONO MOUNTAIN SCHOOL DISTRICT;
              WILLIAM HANTZ; JOSH HAINES; MICHAEL HOLLAR

                                    _______________

                    On Appeal from the United States District Court
                         for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
                           (District Court No. 3:18-cv-01210)
                    District Judge: Honorable Joseph F. Saporito, Jr.
                                    _______________

                   Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                 On March 30, 2023

             Before: MATEY, FREEMAN, and FUENTES, Circuit Judges.

                            (Opinion Filed: August 4, 2023)
                                  _______________

                                       OPINION*
                                    _______________

*
 This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and, under I.O.P. 5.7, is not binding
precedent.
FUENTES, Circuit Judge.

          A high school wrestler suffered a severe injury during a football-like game allegedly

organized by his coaches. The District Court granted the coaches qualified immunity from

suit because the student’s asserted constitutional right to be free from state-created dangers

in this context was not clearly established at the time of his injury. We agree and will

affirm.

                                         I. Background

          Plaintiff-Appellant A.C. wrestled for Defendant-Appellee Pocono Mountain School

District (the “District”) during high school. Defendant-Appellees Josh Haines and Mike

Hollar (the “Coaches”) coached the District’s wrestling team. On December 18, 2017, the

Coaches held an indoor practice in a room covered in two-inch-thick floormats. During

the practice, the Coaches asked the team members whether they wanted to lift weights or

play a game. Most wrestlers, including Plaintiff, elected to play a game.

          The Coaches then taught the team how to play a game much like tackle football:

one team tried to advance the ball to the other end of the room by passing and running,

while the other team tried to tackle the ball carrier.1 While playing, the students wore

wrestling shoes designed to grip the floormats but no protective equipment. The Coaches

1
  Among other factual disputes, the parties disagree on (a) whether the students performed
wrestling-like “takedowns” on each other or football-like “tackles”; and (b) whether there
is a material difference between “takedowns” and “tackles” in this context. See, e.g.,
Appellee’s Br. at 9–11. Viewing the record in the light most favorable to Cuvo, as we
must, we accept his characterization that the game closely resembled tackle football
without protective equipment.

                                                2
reportedly expected the students to “[h]it each other hard” and did not specifically forbid

any moves.2

          The team played football for about twenty minutes while the Coaches watched.

When Plaintiff tackled another student during the game, the Coaches purportedly told the

other student to target Plaintiff in retaliation. Later, that student ran “[h]alfway across the

room” and forcefully tackled Plaintiff while Plaintiff’s leg was planted on the mat.3

Plaintiff’s torso moved forward but his leg did not, resulting in a snapped femur and

debilitating injuries. No student was injured besides Plaintiff, though Plaintiff testified that

students were tackled, which “[o]bviously . . . hurts.”4 And as the wrestling team had never

played this game before, the Coaches were unaware of any similar injuries in the past.

         Plaintiff sued the Coaches and the District for his injuries, asserting (1) civil rights

claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for the Coaches’ alleged violation of Plaintiff’s substantive

due process right to be free from state-created dangers; and (2) pendent state law tort claims

against both the Coaches and the District.5 On Defendants’ motion for summary judgment,

the District Court held that the Coaches were entitled to qualified immunity from Plaintiff’s

2
    JA76, at 69:12–19.
3
    JA79, at 83:7–10.
4
    JA88, at 119:20–120:5.
5
  The District Court dismissed Cuvo’s constitutional claims against the District and
Defendant William Hantz earlier in the litigation. See Cuvo v. Pocono Mountain Sch. Dist.,
No. 3:18-cv-1210, 2019 WL 7105560, at *3–5 (M.D. Pa. Dec. 23, 2019). That decision
has not been appealed.

                                                3
constitutional claims and declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the remaining

state-law claims.6

         Plaintiff now appeals the District Court’s grant of qualified immunity and entry of

summary judgment for the Coaches.

                           II. Jurisdiction and Standard of Review

         The District Court had federal question jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331. We

have appellate jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 to review the District Court’s entry of

summary judgment, exercising plenary review.7 “We will affirm if, drawing all inferences

in favor of the nonmoving party, ‘the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to

any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.’”8

                                          III. Analysis

         The sole issue on appeal is whether the Coaches are entitled to qualified immunity

from Plaintiff’s state-created danger claim. The existence of qualified immunity depends

on the answers to two questions: “(1) whether the [state actor] violated a constitutional

right, and (2) whether the right was clearly established, such that it would have been clear

to a reasonable [state actor] that his conduct was unlawful.”9 Plaintiff claims he had a

substantive due process “right to be free from playing dangerous sports without protective

6
 Cuvo v. Pocono Mountain Sch. Dist., No. 18-cv-1210, 2022 WL 836821, at *3–9 (M.D.
Pa. Mar. 21, 2022).
7
    Jefferson v. Lias, 21 F.4th 74, 80 (3d Cir. 2021).
8
 N.J. Dep’t of Env’t Prot. v. Am. Thermoplastics Corp., 974 F.3d 486, 492 (3d Cir. 2020)
(quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a)).
9
    El v. City of Pittsburgh, 975 F.3d 327, 334 (3d Cir. 2020) (cleaned up) (citation omitted).

                                                4
equipment where injury is foreseeable,” and that the Coaches violated it.10 Because the

District Court correctly held that this right was not clearly established on the date of

Plaintiff’s injury, we will affirm.11

           A right is clearly established when “existing precedent [has] placed the . . .

constitutional question beyond debate,” but the Supreme Court has cautioned against

defining clearly established law “at a high level of generality.”12 We will deny qualified

immunity only where settled law—drawn from either binding precedent or a robust

consensus of persuasive authority—squarely governs the facts at issue.13

           Plaintiff’s asserted right stems from the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth

Amendment, which protects a substantive liberty interest in “personal bodily integrity.”14

While due process generally “does not impose an affirmative obligation on the state to

protect its citizens,” it occasionally requires action to defend against dangers of the state’s

own creation.15 A state-created danger claim has four elements: (1) a harm that foreseeably

and fairly directly resulted from the state actor’s conduct; (2) state conduct that “shocks

10
     Appellant’s Br. at 15.
11
  We need not determine whether the District Court correctly held that a reasonable jury
could find a constitutional violation. See Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 236 (2009).
12
   White v. Pauly, 580 U.S. 73, 79 (2017) (citations omitted). Because we hold that the
right Plaintiff asserts was not clearly established at the time of his injury, we assume
without deciding that Plaintiff framed the right with sufficient particularity. See Spady v.
Bethlehem Area Sch. Dist., 800 F.3d 633, 638 (3d Cir. 2015).
13
  See Peroza-Benitez v. Smith, 994 F.3d 157, 165–66 (3d Cir. 2021); James v. New Jersey
State Police, 957 F.3d 165, 169 (3d Cir. 2020).
14
     Phillips v. Cnty. of Allegheny, 515 F.3d 224, 235 (3d Cir. 2008) (citations omitted).
15
     Id.

                                               5
the conscience”; (3) a relationship with the state that placed the plaintiff in a “discrete class

of persons subjected to the potential harm brought about by the state’s actions”; and (4) an

affirmative use of state authority to place the plaintiff in greater danger than had the state

not acted.16

          The purposefully high standard of “conscious-shocking” behavior ensures that

ordinary torts do not amount to due process violations whenever “someone cloaked with

state authority causes harm.”17 Where, as here, a state actor makes an “unhurried

judgment[ ]” that leads to injury, his decision shocks the conscious if made with deliberate

indifference, meaning a “conscious disregard of a substantial risk of serious harm.”18

          The parties agree that the most analogous binding precedent addressing a state-

created danger claim is Mann v. Palmerton Area School District.19 There, a high school

football player suffered a hard blow to the head during a practice session and began

showing concussion-like symptoms.20 The coach then sent the student back into practice,

where he suffered another violent collision and a traumatic brain injury.21 We recognized

that “an injured student-athlete participating in a contact sport has a constitutional right to

be protected from further harm,” and that a state actor violates that right by requiring the

16
     Bright v. Westmoreland Cnty., 443 F.3d 276, 281 (3d Cir. 2006) (citations omitted).
17
     Cnty. of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833, 848 (1998).
18
     L.R. v. Sch. Dist. of Phila., 836 F.3d 235, 246 (3d Cir. 2016) (citation omitted).
19
     872 F.3d 165 (3d Cir. 2017).
20
     Id. at 168.
21
     Id. at 169.

                                                6
student-athlete to continue practicing or competing.22 Here, however, nothing suggests

that Plaintiff suffered a prior injury that would trigger the Coaches’ duty to protect him

under Mann.

          Notably, in a similar factual context we rejected the notion that state actors display

deliberate indifference simply by allowing uninjured minors to play tackle football without

protection. In Betts v. New Castle Youth Development Center, a juvenile in a state detention

facility suffered an injury during a football game against other detainees.23 He alleged a

violation of his Eighth Amendment right to reasonable safety while in state custody,

which—like Plaintiff’s substantive due process claim—requires a showing of “deliberate[ ]

indifferen[ce] to a substantial risk of serious harm.”24

          The plaintiff in Betts cited examples of serious injuries suffered by professional

football players, and the defendants conceded that the risk of injury increases without

proper equipment.25 Still, we explained “[t]he mere possibility that an injury may result

. . . does not mean that there is a ‘substantial risk’ of that injury occurring.”26 Because the

plaintiff provided neither general evidence about the “frequency or likelihood” of serious

football injuries nor specific evidence of prior serious injuries at the plaintiff’s facility, he

22
     Id. at 172.
23
     621 F.3d 249, 253 (3d Cir. 2010).
24
     Id. at 256 (citation omitted).
25
     Id. at 257, 259.
26
     Id. at 257 (emphasis added) (citation omitted).

                                                7
could not establish deliberate indifference by state officials.27 We need not today decide

how far our reasoning in Betts applies to state-created danger claims brought by non-

prisoners.28 Nonetheless, its holding cuts significantly against Plaintiff’s claim to a clearly

established right. Here too, the record reveals neither general evidence of the frequency of

serious injury nor specific evidence of prior injuries in the District.29

         Against this backdrop, there is no robust consensus of persuasive authority

recognizing a “right to be free from playing dangerous sports without protective equipment

where injury is foreseeable.”30 True, some courts have allowed state-created-danger claims

to proceed even without evidence of prior injuries; there are of course additional factors

27
     Id. at 257, 259.
28
  The plaintiff in Betts also brought a state-created danger claim under the Due Process
Clause, but we dismissed that count under the “more-specific-provision rule,” in favor of
the Eighth Amendment claim. Id. at 259–61.
29
   Cuvo is thus unaided by reliance on decisions that found viable state-created danger
claims when the state actor had notice of similar injuries to other students. See, e.g., Hall
v. Martin, No. 17-cv-523, 2017 WL 3298316, at *1 (W.D. Pa. Aug. 2, 2017) (student
blinded by flying puck while playing goalie without protection during floor hockey game,
after other students playing goalie had been injured by flying pucks); Sciotto v. Marple
Newton Sch. Dist., 81 F. Supp. 2d 559, 562, 564–65 (E.D. Pa. 1999) (high school wrestler
paralyzed while wrestling with an older and heavier alumnus, after parents had complained
about this practice and at least one other student had been injured while wrestling an
alumnus).
30
     Appellant’s Br. at 15.

                                               8
that may render a future injury foreseeable.31 But other courts have rejected such claims,32

and we discern no clearly established line between injuries that are actionable under the

Due Process Clause and those that are not. At bottom, precedent has not placed the

existence of Plaintiff’s asserted constitutional right “beyond debate.”33

                                        IV. Conclusion

         For these reasons, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court.

31
   See, e.g., B.D. v. Downingtown Area Sch. Dist., No. 15-cv-6375, 2016 WL 3405460, at
*4 (E.D. Pa. June 21, 2016) (two athletes collided while running at high speeds on
intersecting courses with blind corners, after coaches had observed “minor collisions or
near misses”); Hinterberger v. Iroquois Sch. Dist., 898 F. Supp. 2d 772, 777 (W.D. Pa.
2012) (cheerleader seriously injured while performing a new, advanced stunt without
proper safety precautions), rev’d on other grounds, 548 F. App’x 50 (3d Cir. 2013). On
appeal in Hinterberger, we held that the plaintiff’s asserted due process right was not
clearly established and did not opine on the presence of a constitutional violation.
Hinterberger v. Iroquois Sch. Dist., 548 F. App’x 50, 52 (3d Cir. 2013).
32
   See, e.g., Lesher v. Zimmerman, 822 F. App’x 116, 120 (3d Cir. 2020) (softball player
practicing without safety equipment struck by a line drive hit by her coach); Leonard v.
Owen J. Roberts Sch. Dist., No. 08-cv-2016, 2009 WL 603160, at *1 (E.D. Pa. Mar. 5,
2009) (student impaled by a javelin thrown by another student, which coaches allegedly
failed to prevent).
33
     White, 580 U.S. at 79 (citation omitted).

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