Court Opinion

ID: 9961262
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-04-18 15:10:37.772322+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:20:30.922913
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RENDERED: APRIL 18, 2024
                                                         TO BE PUBLISHED

               Supreme Court of Kentucky
                              2022-SC-0293-DG

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY                                            APPELLANT

                   ON REVIEW FROM COURT OF APPEALS
V.                  NOS. 2021-CA-0077, 2021-CA-0111,
                            & 2021-CA-0112
                 OLDHAM CIRCUIT COURT NO. 13-CR-00124

RICKY D. ULLMAN, JR.                                                    APPELLEE

              OPINION OF THE COURT BY JUSTICE LAMBERT

                REVERSING, REINSTATING, & REMANDING

      Ricky Ullman pled guilty to three counts of distribution of a matter

portraying a sexual performance by a minor and of being a second-degree

persistent felony offender (PFO). The Oldham Circuit Court sentenced him to

twelve years, probated for five years. The circuit court imposed several

conditions on Ullman’s probation including, inter alia, to complete a

community-based sex offender treatment program (SOTP), maintain sobriety,

and report to the Division of Probation and Parole as directed. The circuit

court later revoked his probation based on his failure to complete SOTP, his

multiple failed drug screens, and for absconding from probation and parole.
      Nearly two years after his probation was revoked, he filed a CR 1 60.02

motion challenging the circuit court’s revocation order on the basis that he

could not be legally required to complete SOTP. The circuit court granted him

CR 60.02 relief and vacated its revocation order. The Court of Appeals

affirmed. After thorough review, we hold that Ullman’s challenge to the

condition that he complete SOTP was untimely and order that the circuit

court’s revocation order be reinstated. We further hold that a sentencing court

may, in accordance with KRS 2 533.030, impose SOTP as a condition of

probation for defendants who have not been convicted of a “sex crime” as that

term is defined by KRS 17.500. Finally, we hold that that Ullman’s secondary

challenge to the circuit court’s revocation order under KRS 439.3106 was not

properly preserved for our review, and that this case must be remanded for

consideration of Ullman’s RCr 3 11.42 claim that has not yet been addressed by

the circuit court.

                 I.   FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

      On September 13, 2013, an Oldham County Grand Jury returned a

seven-count indictment against Ullman. Count I and Count II charged Ullman

with first-degree unlawful transaction with a minor; Count III charged use of a

minor in a sexual performance; Count IV charged rape in the third-degree;

Count V charged unlawful use of electronic means to induce a minor to engage

      1 Kentucky Rule of Civil Procedure.

      2 Kentucky Revised Statute.

      3 Kentucky Rule of Criminal Procedure.

                                            2
in sexual activity; Count VI charged sexual abuse in the first-degree; and

Count VII charged Ullman with being a first-degree PFO.

      Although this case was resolved by a plea agreement, this Court discerns

from the record before us that the factual basis for Ullman’s indictment can be

fairly recounted as follows. From approximately June 18, 2013, to June 23,

2013, Ullman, who was thirty-two years old, exchanged sexually explicit text

messages and photographs with the victim in this case, who was fourteen years

old. The victim, Jane, 4 lived in the same apartment complex as Ullman and

was a friend of Ullman’s twelve-year-old daughter. On June 23, 2013, Jane

had a sleepover with Ullman’s daughter at his apartment. After Ullman’s

daughter went to sleep, Jane stayed up with Ullman and at approximately 4:30

am she and Ullman went into his bedroom. Ullman then vaginally raped Jane

for approximately ten minutes and ejaculated on her stomach. Jane disclosed

what occurred to her mother five days later, and her mother reported the

incident to the Oldham County Police Department.

      In November 2014, after the Commonwealth made an initial plea offer

and had been engaged in plea negations with Ullman for several months, the

Commonwealth informed the circuit court that Jane had recanted some of her

allegations concerning the rape. The Commonwealth explained that Jane

recanted in text messages sent to Ullman’s daughter, but she did not recant to

law enforcement or anyone else. Nevertheless, the Commonwealth recognized

      4 The victim is referred to via pseudonym to protect her privacy.

                                          3
that Jane’s recantation “complicated” its ability to prove the non-cellphone

related offenses in Ullman’s indictment. It accordingly decided to revise its

initial offer on a plea of guilty and resume negotiations with Ullman. It

remained undisputed that Ullman had at least three sexually explicit

photographs of Jane on his cellphone.

      On April 2, 2015, Ullman accepted the Commonwealth’s revised offer,

which was as follows: Counts I, II, and III were each amended to distribution of

a matter portraying a sexual performance by a minor; 5 Counts IV, V, and VI

were dismissed; and Count VII was amended to charge Ullman with being a

second-degree persistent felony offender. The Commonwealth recommended a

ten-year sentence on Count I based on the persistent felony offender

enhancement of Count VII, two years on Count II, and two years on Count III.

Counts I and II would run consecutive to one another and concurrent with

Count III for a total of twelve years. 6 The Commonwealth required that Ullman

serve one year of imprisonment starting from the date of the entry of his guilty

plea with the balance probated for five years.

      Under the terms of the plea agreement, Ullman also agreed to several

recommended conditions of probation. Namely, that he: submit to a sex

offender presentence evaluation pursuant to KRS 439.265(6); submit to HIV

      5 A Class D felony.  KRS 531.340(3)(a). We clarify that KRS 531.340(2) provides
a rebuttable presumption of intent to distribute if an individual has more than one
unit of material of a matter portraying a sexual performance by a minor.
      6 We note that under the terms of the plea agreement, the twelve-year sentence

under the indictment in 13-CR-0124 was to run concurrent with an unrelated five-
year sentence for flagrant non-support, Oldham Circuit Court, No. 12-CR-0086.

                                          4
testing pursuant to KRS 510.320; submit a DNA sample to law enforcement

pursuant to KRS 17.170; successfully complete an SOTP pursuant to KRS

197.400, et seq; register as a sex offender pursuant to KRS 17.495, et seq; be

subject to a five-year period of postincarceration supervision pursuant to KRS

532.043; and not have “any missed, diluted, refused, or positive drug screens.”

After a thorough Boykin 7 colloquy, the circuit court accepted Ullman’s

unconditional guilty plea and postponed the entry of his sentence until after

his presentence sex offender evaluation was completed. On the same day, the

court also entered an order requiring him to submit to HIV and DNA testing.

      On June 5, 2015, following a sentencing hearing, the circuit court

entered a judgment and sentence on a plea of guilty on a standard AOC 8-445

Form (sentencing order) and an accompanying order of probation on an AOC-

455 Form (probation order).

      In accordance with the Commonwealth’s recommendation, the

sentencing order sentenced Ullman to “a maximum term of 12 years. . .

probated with an alternative sentence as stated in the attached Order of

Probation.” The sentencing order further mandated that Ullman be subject to

a five-year period of postincarceration supervision and that he submit a sample

of his DNA to law enforcement. The court also entered a separate judgment of

registration designation order on an AOC-454 Form wherein the court checked

separate boxes finding that Ullman was guilty of a “sex crime” and a “criminal

      7 Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238 (1969).

      8 Administrative Office of the Courts.

                                           5
offense against a victim who is a minor” and found that he was therefore

mandated to register as a sex offender. As he was adjudged guilty of “two or

more felony criminal offenses against a victim who is a minor,” he was required

to be a lifetime registrant.

      In the probation order the court sentenced Ullman to “probation with an

alternative sentence. . . under the supervision of the Division of Probation and

Parole [for] 5 years[.]” In accordance with his plea agreement, Ullman was to

serve one year with credit for time served beginning from April 2, 2015, the

date of his plea. The court ordered several “additional conditions” of probation.

In relevant part, it ordered Ullman to: “Avoid injurious or vicious habits”;

“Undergo available medical, substance abuse[,] or psychiatric treatment as

follows: S.O.T.P. offered by state (approved) in community based txt program.

Must complete successfully; no changing providers [without] court order”;

“Report to probation officer as directed”; “Obey all rules and regulations

imposed by Probation and Parole”; and “Other: 9 (1) 25 sup. fee (2) no new off,

prob. voil’n, missed refused positive diluted drug screens (3) all cond’ns of plea

offer are incorporated (4) all conditions listed in SORA 10 are incorporated

herein, see attached, (5) defendant allowed contact with his children[.]” The

SORA conditions referred to by the court were attached to the probation order

and stated, in relevant part:

      Supervision Considerations: For Mr. Ullman to maintain an offense-
      free lifestyle, in the context of his being found guilty of the charges

      9 What follows was handwritten by the court.

      10 Sex Offender Risk Assessment.

                                         6
      as described above, and to minimize his chances of acting out
      again, it is recommended that he:

          • Enter a counseling program that is specifically designed to
          address sexual deviancy and sex offender issues. It would
          be best for this counseling to be conducted by a professional
          who is experienced in working with sex offender issues and
          has been designated by the Sex Offender Risk Advisory
          Board as an “Approved Provider” of sex offender treatment.
          He should follow all program rules, maintain adequate
          treatment participation, and complete the program
          satisfactorily, as judged by the program therapist.

      ...

      NOTE: Unless these recommendations are made conditions of
      Mr. Ullman’s release plan, his adhering to these
      recommendations would be entirely voluntary, and there is no
      reason to expect that he would do so. 11

The parties agreed that Ullman would participate in a community based SOTP

program, meaning that he would not be enrolled in an SOTP program until

after he had served his one-year sentence.

      Following Ullman’s sentencing, the record is uneventful until March 28,

2017, when the Division of Probation and Parole filed a “violation of supervision

report.” The report recounted four separate violations of Ullman’s conditions of

probation. On January 10, 2017, Ullman reported to his probation officer for a

scheduled drug screen but stated he could not produce a sample. The officer

      11 An order concerning Ullman’s SORA dated June 8, 2015, and entered on

June 12, ruled in relevant part: “Based upon the victim’s recantation, and the
Commonwealth’s agreement to dismiss the charges as well as the Defendants (sic)
dispute of the accuracy of these allegations, the Court enters this Order to reflect that
the Presentencing Investigation Report should be stricken with regard to any
allegations of sexual intercourse or other facts which would lead to any inference of
guilt on Counts IV, V, and VI. Counts I, II, and III remain unchanged and those
consist of Matter Portraying Sex Performance by a Minor, First Offense, three counts,
as well as finally Count VII, plea of guilty status as [PFO 2nd].”

                                            7
instructed him to come back the next day for a drug screen, but he failed to

report. On March 1, 2017, he failed to report for a scheduled meeting with this

probation officer. On March 22, 2017, he reported for a drug screen and

admitted to using Lortab and the drug screen showed the presence of both

Lortab and methamphetamine. Ullman filled out an admission sanction form

acknowledging his use of both drugs and was taken into custody the same day.

Finally, the report notes that Ullman “was terminated from the sex offender

treatment program as directed, for violating the drug policy, by testing positive

on a drug test.” A separate report from the treatment program indicated this

occurred on March 27, 2017. Revocation of Ullman’s parole was requested

based on the foregoing violations.

      Two months later, on May 25, Ullman appeared before the circuit court

for a revocation hearing. The Commonwealth and Ullman’s counsel came to an

agreement, which was sanctioned by the court, that Ullman could be released

from custody that day and continue probation if he could later prove that he

was employed, that he had undergone a mental health assessment, and that he

had re-enrolled in SOTP. Apparently, the community based SOTP that Ullman

had been in would allow a terminated participant to re-enroll after 180 days if

it was the first time he or she had been terminated from the program. Over the

course of three subsequent court dates—one in June 2017, one in September

2017, and one in October 2017—Ullman was able to prove those three

requirements to the court’s satisfaction.

                                        8
      Later, the Division of Probation and Parole filed two additional violation

of supervision reports dated March 20, 2018, and April 18, 2018, respectively.

The violations alleged across both reports were as follows: Ullman began

substance use disorder treatment with an outpatient program on September 6,

2017, and was discharged from the program on September 28 for excessive

absences and multiple missed drug screens; on October 9, 2017, he missed a

scheduled meeting with his probation officer; on February 22, 2018, his drug

screen was positive for Oxycodone; he failed to report to his probation officer on

March 16, March 21, March 28, and April 17, 2018; on March 21, 2018, he

was discharged from his substance use disorder class for excessive absences;

on April 18, 2018, his probation officer attempted a home visit unsuccessfully

and left a note directing Ullman to report to the officer the next day and he did

not; and, finally, on April 4, 2018, Ullman was terminated from his SOTP for

the second time for violating the following terms of the program’s contract:

failing to take ownership of crime, having two unexcused absences within 90

days of one another, failing to complete a therapy task within 120 days, failing

a drug screen, failing to complete substance use disorder classes, and failing to

make any of the $5 per month payments for the SOTP classes. Ullman was

later taken into custody based on an arrest warrant for absconding from

supervision, and the Division of Probation and Parole again requested that his

probation be revoked based on the foregoing violations.

      On May 24, 2018, the circuit court held a revocation hearing and entered

a revocation order on the same day. The Commonwealth requested that

                                        9
Ullman’s probation be revoked as he had been given several chances and had

demonstrated he was not going to comply with the conditions of his probation.

The circuit court agreed and orally ruled, “I am going to revoke him on this. He

knows, he’s been in front of me many times, he knows he had to do this, and

he did not get it done so I’m going to go ahead and revoke his probation.” The

court’s revocation order simply stated that Ullman “stipulated to violations of

probation” and a handwritten annotation on the order said, “failure to complete

SOTP, + others.”

      On January 13, 2020, one year and eight months after Ullman’s

probation was revoked, Ullman filed a combined motion under CR 60.02 and

RCr 11.42. His CR 60.02 motion sought to vacate the June 5, 2015,

sentencing and probation orders as well as the May 24, 2018, revocation order.

His RCr 11.42 motion also sought to vacate the revocation order.

      Ullman asserted in his CR 60.02 motion, arguing under Phon v.

Commonwealth, 545 S.W.3d 284 (Ky. 2018), McClanahan v. Commonwealth,

308 S.W.3d 694 (Ky. 2010), and Ladriere v. Commonwealth, 329 S.W.3d 278

(Ky. 2010), that the sentencing and probation orders imposed sentences that

were illegal and therefore void by mandating that he: submit to a sexual

offender risk assessment, submit to HIV testing, complete an SOTP, and be

subject to a five-year period of postincarceration supervision. He further

argued that the revocation order was void because the court’s reason for

revocation was his failure to complete SOTP, which was an illegal condition of

probation. Relatedly, he asserted that he did not meet the criteria to be a

                                       10
lifetime sexual offender registrant and should have instead been classified as a

20-year registrant. Ullman also argued under RCr 11.42 that the revocation

order was void on the grounds that he was provided ineffective assistance of

counsel at his revocation hearing because his counsel did not move to vacate

the conditions of his probation he asserted were “illegal and void” and failed to

challenge the “illegal” revocation of his probation.

      In response, the Commonwealth conceded that Ullman could not be

subjected to a five-year period of postincarceration supervision because it

would have arguably extended his sentence when his crime of conviction did

not qualify for postincarceration supervision under KRS 532.043. Apart from

that concession, the Commonwealth argued that the remaining challenged

conditions of probation were valid and enforceable and, even assuming

arguendo that the conditions were improper, Ullman was barred from

challenging them. Relying on Butler v. Commonwealth, 304 S.W.3d 78 (Ky.

App. 2010) and Weigand v. Commonwealth, 397 S.W.2d 780 (Ky. 1965), it

asserted that Ullman was required to challenge any allegedly improper

condition of probation at the time it was imposed instead of agreeing to the

condition, receiving the benefit of probation, violating the condition, and then

challenging its validity only after his probation was revoked. It also asserted

that Ullman was correctly ordered to be a lifetime sex offender registrant.

      In July 2020, after oral argument was held on Ullman’s motion and

additional briefing was completed, Oldham Circuit Court Judge Karen Conrad,

who had presided over the case since Ullman’s arraignment, entered an order

                                        11
recusing herself from further participation in the case. The order explained

that Ullman’s revocation hearing attorney, against whom his RCr 11.42 motion

was leveled, now worked for Judge Conrad as a staff attorney. Special Judge

Charles Hickman was assigned to the case in her stead. In his order entered

on December 21, 2020, Judge Hickman ruled:

      [P]ursuant to CR 60.02(f) “for any reason of an extraordinary
      nature justifying relief,” the Court HEREBY VACATES the portion
      of the Judgment and Order on Plea of Guilty entered on June 5,
      2015, that required Ullman to undergo a sexual offender risk
      assessment, submit to HIV testing, complete [an] SOTP (Sexual
      Offender Treatment Program), and be subject to a five-year period
      of postincarceration supervision, as those requirements are not
      authorized by statute.[12] The Revocation Order entered on May 24,
      2018 is HEREBY VACATED, Ullman shall be immediately
      released from the custody of the Department of Corrections,
      and Ullman is hereby returned to probation for a term of five
      years subject to all his original conditions of probation, except
      for those conditions which have been determined herein to
      not be authorized by statute.

      The Court finds that the Oldham Circuit Court correctly
      determined that Ullman was a lifetime registrant for the Sexual
      Offender Registry, and makes no alteration on that matter.

Judge Hickman did not address Ullman’s RCr 11.42 argument in the order.

      Thereafter, the Commonwealth filed a motion for additional findings

under CR 52.02 and to alter, amend or vacate under CR 59.05. In its motion,

the Commonwealth asked the court to specifically address its argument under

      12 To clarify, the Commonwealth conceded that Ullman could not be subjected

to a five-year period of post incarceration supervision pursuant to KRS 532.043. That
portion of his sentence therefore remains vacated. In addition, as the Appellant in this
case the Commonwealth does not challenge the circuit court’s ruling to vacate the
condition that Ullman submit to HIV testing. We consequently do not address
Ullman’s arguments concerning either of those conditions and would further note that
the circuit court’s decision to revoke Ullman’s probation was not based on a violation
of either of those conditions.

                                          12
Butler and Weigand that Ullman was precluded from challenging his conditions

of probation after revocation occurred. In doing so, the Commonwealth noted

that this Court’s opinion in Commonwealth v. Jennings, 613 S.W.3d 14 (Ky.

2020), rendered four days before the circuit court’s December 2020 order was

entered, reaffirmed the holdings in Butler and Weigand, respectively. In the

alternative, the Commonwealth requested that the court make specific findings

regarding the timeliness of Ullman’s challenge to his probation conditions so

that the issue could be addressed on appeal.

      On January 14, 2021, the circuit court entered an order denying the

Commonwealth’s motion to alter, amend, or vacate, and granting its motion for

additional findings by making the following finding:

      [T]his Court FINDS that [Butler and Weigand] do not involve illegal
      and void sentences imposed in violation of the separation of powers
      doctrine and are, therefore, irrelevant to Mr. Ullman’s claims, and,
      instead, controlling precedents such as [Phon, McClanahan, and
      Ladriere], hold that a sentence imposed beyond the limitations of
      the legislature as statutorily imposed is unlawful, void, a legal
      nullity, an abuse of discretion, void (sic), correctable at any time,
      and a defendant’s consent to an unlawful sentence is irrelevant. As
      a result, defendant Ullman’s illegal sentences, as addressed in this
      Court’s December 21, 2020 Order, were required to be vacated
      without regard to the lack of any previous challenge to those
      sentences.

The order neither cited nor addressed the Jennings opinion. Following the

ruling, the Commonwealth appealed.

      A split Court of Appeals panel affirmed the circuit court’s December 2020

and January 2021 orders. Commonwealth v. Ullman, 2021-CA-0077-MR, 2022

WL 2182801, at *3 (Ky. App. June 17, 2022). Like the circuit court, the Court

                                       13
of Appeals summarily dismissed the Commonwealth’s argument that Ullman

was barred from challenging the conditions of his probation because he failed

to object to them at the time they were imposed. Id. at *2. The Commonwealth

again cited Jennings, Butler, and Weigand, in support of its argument, but the

court did not address any of those precedents. Id. Instead, the entirety of its

analysis on the issue was as follows:

      We do not agree with the Commonwealth's argument and instead
      quote the following in support of our decision:

         We hold today that a sentence imposed beyond the
         limitations of the legislature as statutorily imposed is
         unlawful and void. This holding is narrow: only a sentence
         that is illegal and was illegal at the time it was imposed
         would fall within this holding. It is because these
         sentences are void and unlawful that CR 60.02 provides
         the proper remedy for relief.

      Phon, 545 S.W.3d at 304 (emphasis added). The circuit court did
      not abuse its discretion in granting Ullman relief under CR 60.02.
      Phon, 545 S.W.3d at 290.

Ullman, 2022 WL 2182801, at *2. The Court of Appeals also rejected the

Commonwealth’s assertion that it should be permitted to renegotiate the 2015

plea agreement because it relied on Ullman’s acceptance of the conditions of

his probation to its detriment. Id. The court’s reasoning was that the plea

agreement was based on both the victim’s partial recantation of her allegations

and Ullman’s willingness to accept conditions that “were not statutorily

authorized.” Id. Further, it concluded, “[t]he conviction itself is not void, only

the order of revocation based upon violation of the illegally imposed conditions.

                                        14
[Phon, 545 S.W.3d at 309].” Id. The court declined to address Ullman’s RCr

11.42 argument, as his CR 60.02 relief was dispositive. Id. at *3.

      The Commonwealth appealed and now seeks further review from this

Court. Additional facts are discussed below as necessary.

                                 II.   ANALYSIS

      The Commonwealth asks this Court to reverse the Court of Appeals and

reinstate the circuit court’s May 24, 2018, revocation order. It argues that the

Court of Appeals erred by failing to apply the controlling precedents of

Jennings, Butler, and Weigand, all of which hold that a defendant may not

challenge a condition of probation for the first time after revocation and must

instead object to the condition at the time it is imposed by the sentencing

court. It asserts that Ullman’s challenge to the condition that he complete

community based SOTP was untimely in accordance with those precedents.

The Commonwealth further contends that even if Ullman’s challenge had been

timely, the circuit court acted within its broad discretion under KRS 533.030 to

impose any “reasonable condition” of probation. And, that under the facts of

this case, requiring Ullman to complete SOTP was reasonable.

      In response, Ullman contends that the circuit court and Court of Appeals

were correct in relying on Phon and McClanahan which both direct that an

illegal sentence is void and therefore may be challenged at any time. In the

alternative, he maintains that even if the circuit court did act within its

discretion in ordering that Ullman complete SOTP, the revocation order must

nevertheless remain vacated because the circuit court failed to make the

                                        15
required findings to revoke under KRS 439.3106. In the event that this Court

does not affirm the Court of Appeals, Ullman requests that we remand to the

circuit court for consideration of his argument that he received ineffective

assistance of counsel during his revocation hearing.

      We hold that Ullman’s challenge to his condition of probation was

untimely and should not have been considered by the circuit court or Court of

Appeals. The circuit court’s revocation order is accordingly reinstated. We

additionally hold that ordering Ullman to complete SOTP as a condition of his

probation was not improper. We decline to address Ullman’s arguments

concerning the circuit court’s failure to abide by KRS 439.3106, as that alleged

error was not properly preserved for our review, and he has not requested and

briefed review for palpable error. Nevertheless, we agree with his request for

remand so that the circuit court may address his RCr 11.42 claims.

A. Ullman’s challenge to the probation condition that he complete SOTP
   was untimely.

      To begin, we reiterate that the circuit court granted Ullman relief based

on a motion filed pursuant to CR 60.02. “Whether to grant relief pursuant to

CR 60.02 is a matter left to the ‘sound discretion of the [trial] court and the

exercise of that discretion will not be disturbed on appeal except for abuse.’”

Phon, 545 S.W3d at 290 (citing Brown v. Commonwealth, 932 S.W.2d 359, 362

(Ky. 1996) (quoting Richardson v. Brunner, 327 S.W.2d 572, 574 (Ky. 1959)).

This Court is therefore without authority to disturb the circuit court’s ruling

unless it was “arbitrary, unreasonable, unfair, or unsupported by sound legal

principles.” Commonwealth v. English, 993 S.W.2d 941, 945 (Ky.1999).
                                        16
      Predictably, we must next address the cases of Weigand, Butler, and

Jennings, which the Commonwealth asserts in favor of its argument, and

McClanahan and Phon, argued by Ullman. We also felt it necessary to include

a discussion of Commonwealth v. Moreland, 681 S.W.3d 102 (Ky. 2023).

Moreland was rendered after briefing was concluded in this appeal but is a

member of the McClanahan and Phon family of case law.

      First, in Weigand, Roland Weigand pled guilty to two counts of writing

bad checks and was sentenced to four years. 397 S.W.2d at 780. The trial

court probated his sentence on the sole condition that he be banished from the

country; Weigand was a German national and the legality of his presence in the

U.S. at that time was uncertain. Id. at 780-81. Weigand later violated that

condition, and the trial court revoked his probation. Id. at 781.

      As Ullman now agues to this Court, Weigand argued on appeal that “the

substantive effect of imposing a requirement on appellant ‘to remain out of the

country’ rendered the order void ab initio,” and, consequently, “[i]ts revocation

for a violation of its condition. . .[was] without authority in law.” Id.

Significantly, there was no question whatsoever that Weigand’s condition of

banishment was not legally imposable, as the Commonwealth conceded that “it

[was] beyond the power of a court to inflict banishment as an alternative to

imprisonment.” Id. But this Commonwealth’s then-highest court nevertheless

affirmed the trial court’s order of revocation, holding that

      although probation of a sentence may be a benefit conferred upon
      a convicted criminal for an invalid reason, the order of probation is
      separable from the conviction itself and the judgment entered

                                         17
      thereon. The fact that the probationary order is void does not
      render the conviction and the judgment void.

      The probation itself being a nullity there is nothing left for
      appellant to do but serve his sentences. Probation was granted
      upon his own motion with the advice of his counsel. He could
      have appealed from the original order had he disliked the condition
      imposed. Instead he chose to accept the void probation and,
      subsequently, to violate it. Appellant had the assistance of
      adequate counsel who was presumed to have known the
      limitations of the authority of the trial court.

Id. (internal citations omitted).

      In a very similar case, Butler—rendered forty-five years after Weigand—

Lakinda Butler pled guilty to possession of marijuana in Fayette County

District Court and was sentenced to one year which the court probated for two

years on the condition that Butler, a Tennessee resident, be banished from

Fayette County except to pay fines. 304 S.W.3d at 79. Less than one year

later Butler violated the condition of banishment, and her probation was

revoked. Id. Butler’s appeal to Fayette Circuit Court was unsuccessful, and

the Court of Appeals granted discretionary review to address whether the

district court’s revocation violated her constitutional right to free travel. 13 Id.

at 80. Relying on Weigand, the Butler Court agreed that the condition of

banishment was void, as “Kentucky courts have no authority to impose

banishment on a person as a condition of probation[.]” Id. Yet it still upheld

Butler’s probation revocation. Id. The Court of Appeals reasoned that

      [d]espite the fact that a convicted criminal may be subjected to an
      improper condition of probation, the judgment of conviction is

      13 U.S. Const. amend. XIV § 1.

                                         18
      separable and, thus, survives the void probation order. Weigand,
      397 S.W.2d at 781. Under such circumstances, “[t]he probation
      itself being a nullity there is nothing left for [an] appellant to do
      but serve [her sentence].” Id. To prevent this occurrence, a person
      must challenge the improper condition at the time it is imposed.
      Id.

      In this case, Butler accepted the benefit of an invalid probation
      order but violated the order and was sent to county jail. Although
      Butler now contends that her constitutional right to freely travel
      within the United States was violated by the probation condition,
      she was required to make this argument at the time the condition
      was imposed. Id. Rather, she accepted the void probation with the
      benefit of avoiding jail and, subsequently, violated it. Therefore,
      Butler's service of her twelve-month sentence is not a violation of
      her constitutional rights.

Id.

      Finally, in Jennings, rendered just four years ago, this Court

unanimously adopted the rationale of Weigand and Butler. Keith Jennings pled

guilty to failing to register as a sex offender and of being a PFO 1st and was

sentenced to seven and one-half years’ imprisonment. 613 S.W.3d at 15. The

trial court probated his sentence for five years on several conditions, one of

which was that he would have “no access to the internet.” Id. About one

month after his sentencing hearing, Jennings successfully moved to have the

circuit court modify two conditions of his probation, neither of which

concerned his ability to access the internet. Id. Less than four months later,

Jennings violated that condition of his probation by accessing social media

websites and the Commonwealth sought revocation of his probation. 14 Id. at

16.

      14 Initially, the Commonwealth asserted as a second grounds to revoke that

Jennings had been charged with violating a provision of the Kentucky Sex Offender
                                        19
      Following a revocation hearing, the circuit court found that Jennings had

violated the condition that he not access the internet and that the condition did

not violate his right to free speech, but it nevertheless declined to revoke his

probation. Id. Instead, the court sentenced him to four months’ incarceration,

the amount of time he had been incarcerated while waiting for the revocation

hearing, as a sanction for his violation. Id. Jennings appealed the circuit

court’s ruling to the Court of Appeals which vacated and remanded, holding

that “such a restriction was not narrowly tailored, burdened more First

Amendment rights than necessary to further the government’s interests, and

did not increase public safety,” and because the restriction was

unconstitutionally vague for various reasons. Id.

      The Jennings Court’s opinion seemed inclined to agree with Jennings’

contention that the total internet ban may have violated his First Amendment

Rights. Id. at 16-17. The Court agreed with the Court of Appeals’ holding that

“complete bans on internet use may, in certain extraordinary cases, pass

constitutional muster,” but cautioned that “[c]omplete bans should be

exceedingly rare.” Id. Nevertheless, this Court explicitly declined to address

whether Jennings’ internet ban was appropriate, because his challenge was

Registration Act that prohibited access to social media sites. Id. at 16. But, while
revocation was pending, the United States Supreme Court rendered Packingham v.
North Carolina, 582 U.S. 98 (2017), which had invalidated a state statute that
prohibited registered sex offenders from accessing certain commercial social media
websites on First Amendment grounds. Jennings, 613 S.W.3d at 15. The
Commonwealth withdrew the pending criminal charge in light of Packingham, making
Jennings’ violation of the condition that he not access the internet the sole ground
asserted for revoking his probation. Id. at 16.

                                         20
untimely. Id. at 17. The Court explained that “Jennings did not appeal the

probation order, did not object to inclusion of the restriction prohibiting

internet access, and did not otherwise seek to modify that condition although

he did challenge other terms of the probationary order[,]” and that “[i]t was not

until after he had violated the internet restriction that he raised any challenge.”

Id. It held:

      “[A]lthough probation of a sentence may be a benefit conferred
      upon a convicted criminal for an invalid reason, the order of
      probation is separable from the conviction itself and the judgment
      entered thereon. The fact that the probationary order is void does
      not render the conviction and the judgment void.” Weigand v.
      Commonwealth, 397 S.W.2d 780, 781 (Ky. 1965) (citations
      omitted). A probationer is required to challenge the offending
      provision at the time it is imposed. Butler v. Commonwealth, 304
      S.W.3d 78, 80 (Ky. App. 2010) (citing Weigand, 397 S.W.2d at
      781).

      Jennings does not challenge his conviction but merely contends
      the trial court's total ban on internet access was improper.
      However, by accepting the probation, Jennings evaded serving a
      lengthy jail sentence, only to face sanctions when he promptly
      violated its terms. Jennings’ failure to challenge the probation
      restriction prohibiting all access to the internet at the time it was
      imposed is fatal to his current request for relief. Id.

Jennings, 613 S.W.3d at 17. The Court held that Jennings’ constitutional

rights were not violated by the imposition of the four-month jail sentence as a

sanction for violating his probation, and that “[t]he Court of Appeals should not

have entertained the untimely challenge.” Id.

      Additionally, we highlight that KRS 533.020(6) provides that

“[n]otwithstanding the fact that a sentence to probation, probation with an

alternative sentence, or conditional discharge can subsequently be modified or

                                        21
revoked, a judgment which includes such a sentence shall constitute a final

judgment for the purposes of appeal.” This lends further credence to the

notion that the proper means for a probationer to attack an allegedly illegal

condition of probation is to object to the condition when it is imposed or within

a reasonable time thereafter and appeal if the sentencing court does not rule in

his or her favor.

      In this case, Ullman entered a guilty plea and agreed to a sentence of

twelve years probated for five years. As a condition of granting Ullman the

privilege of probation, 15 the circuit court ordered him to, inter alia, complete a

community based SOTP program. We need not address here whether imposing

SOTP as a condition of probation was appropriate 16 because, as in Weigand,

Butler, and Jennings, it is immaterial. The question is not whether the

sentencing court’s challenged condition was improper, as it unquestionably

was in Weigand and Butler and as it likely was in Jennings. Instead, the

question is whether Ullman challenged that condition at the time it was

imposed. He did not. His failure to do so rendered him unable to accept the

alleged invalid condition of probation to avoid serving a twelve-year sentence,

enjoy the privilege of probation for at least two years, violate the condition,

have his probation revoked based in part on that violation, and then challenge

the probation condition as illegal for the first time one year and eight months

      15 See Butler, 304 S.W.3d at 80 (citing Brown v. Commonwealth, 564 S.W.2d 21,

23 (Ky. App. 1977)).
      16 That argument is instead addressed in Section II(B) of this opinion.

                                          22
after his probation was revoked. The circuit court’s revocation order must

accordingly be reinstated.

      Moreover, even if we were to agree with Ullman that the condition was

improper, the outcome here would not change. “The fact that the probationary

order is void does not render the conviction and the judgment void.” Weigand,

397 S.W.2d at 781. So even if the probation order was void by virtue of it

requiring that Ullman complete SOTP, “there is nothing left for appellant to do

but serve his sentences.” Id.

      McClanahan, Phon, and Moreland do not compel us to conclude

otherwise. In McClanahan, Raymond McClanahan entered into a set of plea

agreements with the Commonwealth to resolve three separate indictments.

308 S.W.3d at 696. In exchange, the Commonwealth agreed to recommend a

ten-year sentence and objected to McClanahan receiving probation. Id.

However, pending sentencing, the Commonwealth agreed to release him on his

own recognizance if he agreed to “hammer clauses” in each of his plea

agreements that provided that if he did not return for sentencing, failed to

make himself available for a presentence investigation, or was charged with a

new offense, he would serve a much higher sentence than ten-years. Id.

McClanahan later failed to appear for sentencing and the circuit court

sentenced him to thirty-five years. Id. at 697.

      The McClanahan Court reversed the convictions because the “thirty-five-

year sentence exceeded the lawful range of punishment established by the

General Assembly” and violated the Separation of Powers Doctrine. Id. at 698.

                                       23
It therefore could not be upheld regardless of whether McClanahan agreed to it.

Id. The Court reasoned that, in accordance with KRS 532.110 17 and KRS

532.080 18, the maximum allowable sentence for McClanahan’s convictions was

twenty years and that the trial court did not have “leeway to impose a greater

sentence.” Id. at 699. Moreover, it held that “[a] sentence that lies outside the

statutory limits is an illegal sentence, and the imposition of an illegal sentence

is inherently an abuse of discretion.” Id. at 702. The Court therefore reversed

and remanded to the trial court to allow McClanahan to withdraw his guilty

pleas and resume plea negotiations with the Commonwealth. Id.

      The McClanahan Court relied upon several precedents to support its

holding. Id. at 698-701. For example, in Jones v. Commonwealth, 955 S.W.2d

363 (Ky. 1999), which involved a hammer clause similar to the one at issue in

      17 KRS 532.110(1)(c) states:

      (1) When multiple sentences of imprisonment are imposed on a
      defendant for more than one (1) crime, including a crime for which a
      previous sentence of probation or conditional discharge has been
      revoked, the multiple sentences shall run concurrently or consecutively
      as the court shall determine at the time of sentence, except that:
      (c) The aggregate of consecutive indeterminate terms shall not exceed in
      maximum length the longest extended term which would be authorized
      by KRS 532.080 for the highest class of crime for which any of the
      sentences is imposed. In no event shall the aggregate of consecutive
      indeterminate terms exceed seventy (70) years[.]
      18 KRS 532.080(6)(b) provides:

      (6) A person who is found to be a persistent felony offender in the first
      degree shall be sentenced to imprisonment as follows:
      (b) If the offense for which he presently stands convicted is a Class C or
      Class D felony, a persistent felony offender in the first degree shall be
      sentenced to an indeterminate term of imprisonment, the maximum of
      which shall not be less than ten (10) years nor more than twenty (20)
      years.

                                          24
McClanahan, the Court upheld a plea agreement that provided for six years’

imprisonment unless Jones failed to appear for sentencing, which would result

in the Commonwealth recommending a twenty-year sentence. McClanahan,

308 S.W.3d at 699. Jones failed to appear, the twenty-year sentence was

imposed, and the Jones Court upheld the sentence. Id. The McClanahan

Court noted that “[c]ritical to [the Jones] decision was our recognition of the

fact that the sentence of twenty years was within the range established by our

legislature for Jones’s crimes. . . [t]he same cannot be said for [McClanahan’s]

sentence in this case.” Id. The McClanahan Court further noted the cases of

Ratliff v. Commonwealth, 194 S.W.3d 258 (Ky. 2006) and Neace v.

Commonwealth, 978 S.W.2d 319 (Ky. 1998), of which it said:

      We have otherwise consistently recognized that sentences falling
      outside the permissible sentencing range cannot stand
      uncorrected. In Ratliff v. Commonwealth, 194 S.W.3d 258, 277
      (Ky. 2006), a trial judge failed to note in the final judgment which
      of the several multiple sentences totaling 105 years were to be
      served concurrently and which were to be served consecutively.
      We held, “[i]f the omission was a clerical error and the trial judge
      intended to impose a sentence in excess of seventy years, the
      sentence violates KRS 532.110(1)(c). The judgment must be
      vacated ... insofar as it imposes a maximum aggregate sentence in
      excess of seventy years.” In the opposite direction, Neace v.
      Commonwealth, 978 S.W.2d 319, 322 (Ky. 1998) holds that the
      trial court properly corrected a jury verdict setting a lower sentence
      than the minimum provided by the statutes. We recognized that
      “[a]ny other result would permit juries to re-write penalty statutes
      and effectively nullify the sentencing laws ... [T]he jury's sentencing
      recommendation fell outside the required statutory range, and the
      trial court properly corrected the sentence to conform to the law.”

McClanahan, 308 S.W.3d at 700-01.

                                        25
      In the same vein, in Phon, this Court vacated the imposition of life

without the possibility of parole (LWOP) for a juvenile after concluding that the

sentence violated our juvenile sentencing statutes. 545 S.W.3d at 299-307. In

1996, sixteen-year-old Sophal Phon entered the home of Khamphao

Phromratsamy and Manyavanh Boonprasert and killed them “execution style.”

Id. at 289. Phon also shot the victims’ daughter in the head, but she survived.

Id. In an attempt to avoid the death penalty, Phon agreed with his attorney’s

recommendation to enter a guilty plea and present a robust mitigation case to

a jury prior to sentencing. Id. Phon further agreed that LWOP, a then-newly

available punishment in the Commonwealth, be available as a sentencing

option before the jury. Id. Following Phon’s sentencing hearing, the jury was

presented with the following sentencing options: “death, LWOP, life without the

possibility of parole for 25 years (LWOP 25), life imprisonment, or twenty years

or more.” Id. The jury recommend a sentence of LWOP, and the trial court

imposed it. Id.

      After two attempts to overturn his conviction on other grounds, in June

2013 Phon filed for CR 60.02 relief, citing recent U.S. Supreme Court cases

concerning the imposition of LWOP for juvenile offenders. Id. at 290. Both the

circuit court and the Court of Appeals denied his request, and this Court

granted discretionary review to determine whether Phon’s sentence was legally

enforceable. Id. After thorough consideration, the Phon Court first concluded

that the U.S. Constitution’s Eighth Amendment did not categorically forbid

juvenile offenders from being sentenced to LWOP so long as the sentencing

                                       26
procedures complied with the U.S. Supreme Court’s directives in Miller v.

Alabama, 567 U.S. 460 (2012) and Montgomery v. Louisiana, 577 U.S. 190

(2016). Id. at 291-94. It further concluded that “the imposition of an LWOP

sentence for a juvenile under certain circumstances does not offend the

Kentucky Constitution.” Id. at 299.

      Instead, the Court held that Phon’s LWOP sentence had to be vacated

because it violated a Kentucky juvenile sentencing statute: KRS 640.040(1). Id.

at 299-307. At the time Phon was sentenced, KRS 640.040 provided that “[a]

youthful offender convicted of a capital offense regardless of age may be

sentenced to a term of imprisonment appropriate for one who has committed a

Class A felony and may be sentenced to life imprisonment without benefit of

parole for twenty-five (25) years.” Id. at 300. In the interim, the legislature

added LWOP to our penal code as an available penalty but “LWOP was never

added as an enumerated sentence within [KRS 640.040].” Id. This Court had

previously clarified in Shepherd v. Commonwealth, 251 S.W.3d 309 (Ky. 2008),

that LWOP was not an available sentence for a youthful offender convicted of a

capital crime pursuant to the plain language of KRS 640.040. Phon, 545

S.W.3d at 300. Instead, the Shepherd Court “interpreted the provision of KRS

640.040(1) to be an exhaustive listing of potential penalties for juveniles

convicted of a capital offense: all the penalties for Class A felonies (twenty to

fifty years or life) and LWOP 25.” Id.

      After concluding that Shepherd applied to Phon’s case retroactively, this

Court held that “applying Shepherd to Phon’s case leads to the conclusion that

                                         27
Phon’s sentence was statutorily prohibited[;]” at the time Phon was sentenced

“LWOP 25 would have been the maximum permissible sentence and LWOP was

not allowable under the juvenile code.” Id. at 300-01. Next, relying on

McClanahan, the Phon Court reversed the Court of Appeals’ holding that Phon’s

challenge was untimely, placing particular emphasis on the separation of

powers violation that occurs when a sentencing court imposes a sentence that

is not authorized by statute. Id. at 301. It held:

      What matters here is the judiciary's involvement. This Court
      cannot go beyond the limits that the legislature has placed upon
      the judicial branch. Part of this conscription of power is why, even
      when the issue of illegal sentence is not presented to the trial
      court, this Court is constrained from affirming a sentence found to
      be contrary to legislative boundaries. This limitation stems from
      the separation of powers doctrine. “Sections 27 and 28 of the
      Kentucky Constitution explicitly require separation of powers
      between the branches of government[.]” Prater v. Commonwealth,
      82 S.W.3d 898, 901 (Ky. 2002).

      ...

      Determining what should be a crime and setting punishments for
      such crimes is a legislative function. “[T]he legislature makes the
      laws, deciding what is a crime and the amount of punishment to
      impose for violations thereof.” Jones v. Commonwealth, 319
      S.W.3d 295, 299 (Ky. 2010) (citing Wilfong v. Commonwealth, 175
      S.W.3d 84, 92 (Ky. App. 2004) ). . . In contrast, “[t]he judiciary
      determines guilt and selects or implements a sentence within the
      legislative range.” Jones, 319 S.W.3d at 299 (citing Wilfong, 175
      S.W.3d at 92). This Court in McClanahan specifically held that the
      trial court's imposition of a sentence in violation of legislative
      directive was “a violation of the separation of powers doctrine
      embodied in Sections 27 and 28 of the Kentucky Constitution, and
      is an abuse of discretion.” McClanahan, 308 S.W.3d at 698.
      “Under our Constitution, it is the legislative branch that by statute
      establishes the ranges of punishments for criminal conduct. It is
      error for a trial jury to disregard the sentencing limits established
      by the legislature, and no less erroneous for a trial judge to do so

                                       28
      by the acceptance of a plea agreement that disregards those
      statutes.” Id. at 701.

Phon, 545 S.W.3d at 302-03. The separation of powers violation that results

from a sentence exceeding the available statutory range is what led the Phon

Court to conclude, reluctantly, that “the defendant’s timeliness in bringing the

attack is immaterial.” Id. at 303. It reasoned that “the timeliness issue is not

one of rewarding a defendant for an appeal that is lacking in form or

punctuality[,]” and was instead “about preventing the judiciary from

overstepping its bounds and legislating through inaction or, in the trial court's

case, action.” Id. Because of this, the Phon Court held that

      a sentence imposed beyond the limitations of the legislature as
      statutorily imposed is unlawful and void. This holding is narrow:
      only a sentence that is illegal and was illegal at the time it was
      imposed would fall within this holding. It is because these
      sentences are void and unlawful that CR 60.02 provides the proper
      remedy for relief.

Id. at 304. Accordingly, because the General Assembly made its policy clear

through KRS 640.040 that LWOP is not an appropriate sentence for juvenile

offenders, Phon’s sentence of LWOP was void and therefore unenforceable. Id.

at 307. The Court remanded the case for the trial court to correct the unlawful

sentence and to impose a sentence of LWOP 25. 19 Id. at 309.

      19 The Phon Court discussed that under Kentucky case law “even if an illegal

sentence is void, it is void only as to the excess portion of the sentence.” Id. at 306.
Phon’s sentencing jury had made an unchallenged fact finding that the
Commonwealth had proven the presence of aggravating factors sufficient to
substantiate the imposition of LWOP 25, LWOP, or death. Id. at 309. “Thus, the legal
aggravated sentences presented to the jury have been diminished to only one: LWOP
25.” Id.

                                          29
      Last, in Moreland, Daniel Moreland pled guilty in relation to two

indictments. 681 S.W.3d at 104. Under the terms of the first plea agreement,

he entered guilty pleas to two counts of first-degree sexual abuse and agreed to

a ten-year sentence of imprisonment for both counts to be served consecutively

for a total of twenty years. Id. Under the second, he pled guilty to one count of

first-degree sexual abuse and agreed to a sentence of ten years’ imprisonment.

Id. Both the Commonwealth’s offer on a plea of guilty and the trial court’s

judgment and sentence on a plea of guilty required that Moreland’s twenty-year

sentence be a “split sentence”: he would serve ten years’ imprisonment followed

by ten years of probation after the conclusion of his prison term. Id.

      After serving his ten-year sentence, Moreland was released from prison

and began supervised probation in accordance with his plea agreement. Id.

Three years later, the Commonwealth moved to revoke his probation and

Moreland objected, arguing that sentencing him to probation after serving his

sentence of imprisonment was illegal. Id. The trial court ruled it was without

authority to alter the sentence and revoked his probation, and Moreland

appealed the ruling. Id. The Court of Appeals reversed based on its holding

that the sentencing scheme established by the General Assembly did not allow

for a period of probation to be served after a sentence of imprisonment. Id.

Moreover, citing Phon, the Court of Appeals noted that an illegal sentence may

be set aside at any time, and a defendant’s consent to an illegal sentence was

irrelevant. Id. The Court of Appeals went on to hold that the only remedy was

to release Moreland from custody. Id. at 105.

                                       30
       This Court thereafter granted the Commonwealth’s motion for

discretionary review. Id. The Moreland Court affirmed the Court of Appeals

insofar as it held Moreland’s sentence was illegal and void. 20 Id. at 106-107.

The Court began by noting that because “‘probation is a statutory creature,

this Court is bound by the plain meaning of the probation statutes.’” Id. at 106

(quoting Conrad v. Evridge, 315 S.W.3d 313, 317 (Ky. 2010)). As was germane

to Moreland’s case, KRS 533.020(1) mandated that “when a person is convicted

of or pleads guilty to an offense, and ‘is not sentenced to imprisonment, the

court shall place him on probation if he is in need of the supervision, guidance,

assistance, or direction that the probation service can provide[,]’” while KRS

533.020(4) stated that, “[w]hen the offense is a felony, the period of probation

“‘shall not exceed five (5) years, or the time necessary to complete restitution,

whichever is longer[.]’” Id. Based on these statutory directives, the Court held

that

       the probation Moreland received violated the statute in that it was
       for ten years, contrary to the five-year limitation declared in KRS
       533.020(4). The trial court also violated the statute by supposing
       to begin the probationary period ten years in the future,
       consecutive to a term of imprisonment in state prison for another
       offense that Moreland had already been sentenced to serve. . .
       [T]he statutory language is unambiguous, that probation is only
       available “[w]hen a person . . . who has entered a plea of guilty to
       an offense is not sentenced to imprisonment[.]” KRS 533.020(1)
       (emphasis added). Moreland was sentenced to imprisonment for

       20 The Court reversed the Court of Appeals’ holding that the proper remedy was

to release Moreland from custody. Id. at 108-09. It instead ruled: “Given that we have
held this issue is one of illegal sentencing and is a failure to follow the statutory
parameters for when probation is available, we hold the remedy in this case is to
remand for resentencing.” Id. at 109.

                                         31
      twenty years and ordered to serve ten years of it. Therefore,
      probation was not available to him.

      ...

      [S]ince implementation of incarceration was ordered in Moreland's
      case, the sentence purporting to probate ten years of that prison
      sentence is unlawful. KRS 533.020(1). The statutory scheme
      creates an “either/or” option, not a “both/and” option.

Moreland, 681 S.W.3d at 106-07. Significantly, this Court went on to explicitly

state that “[o]ur ruling in [Jennings] does not control here.” Id. at 106. It

expounded that in that case “we held a probationer’s challenge to a condition of

probation ought to have been brought at the time probation was imposed[,]” as

“[a]cceptance of an improper condition of probation is tantamount to waiver.”

Id. In contrast, “Moreland [was] not challenging any conditions of probation[,]”

but rather “the imposition of probation in and of itself.” Id. And, because

Moreland’s “probation was imposed in conjunction with a term of

imprisonment,” the Court believed that the McClanahan rule allowing an illegal

sentence to be challenged at any time was applicable. Id. at 106-07.

Accordingly, it remanded Moreland’s case for resentencing. Id. at 110.

      Based on the foregoing, our jurisprudence clearly distinguishes between

when alleged illegal condition of probation may be challenged and when a

sentence that falls outside the available statutory range may be challenged. A

condition of probation must be challenged at the time it is imposed, or within a

reasonable time thereafter, and prior to revocation, whereas an illegal sentence

may be challenged at any time. Ullman’s sentence was not a “split sentence”

like the one at issue in Moreland, and what he challenges is a condition of

                                        32
probation, not the imposition of probation itself. He is accordingly entitled to

no relief pursuant to Moreland. And, he could only seek refuge under the

umbrella of McClanahan and Phon if his twelve-year sentence fell outside the

permissible statutory sentence range for his convictions on three counts of

distributing a matter portraying a sexual performance by a minor, enhanced by

his status as a PFO 2nd. It does not, nor has he ever claimed that it does.

Distributing a matter portraying a sexual performance by a minor, first offense,

is a Class D felony. 21 Class D felonies have an available sentencing range of

one to five years’ imprisonment, 22 which was enhanced to a potential sentence

of five to ten years for each count based on Ullman’s PFO 2nd status. 23 The

trial court could therefore have sentenced Ullman to a maximum of thirty

years’ imprisonment, meaning that his twelve year sentence was well-within

the available statutory range and was not an illegal and void under

McClanahan or Phon.

      Accordingly, because Ullman’s challenge to his condition of probation

was untimely, the circuit court’s decision to grant his motion for relief under

CR 60.02 was a clear abuse of discretion pursuant to Weigand, Butler, and

      21 KRS 531.340(3)(a).

      22 KRS 532.060(2)(d).

      23 KRS 532.080(5) provides that “[a] person who is found to be a persistent

felony offender in the second degree shall be sentenced to an indeterminate term of
imprisonment pursuant to the sentencing provisions of KRS 532.060(2) for the next
highest degree than the offense for which convicted.” Class C felonies carry a potential
sentence of five to ten years. KRS 532.060(2)(c).

                                          33
Jennings. We must therefore reverse the Court of Appeals and reinstate the

circuit court’s May 2018 revocation order.

B. A sentencing court may order a defendant not convicted of a “sex
   crime” under KRS 17.500 to complete SOTP as a condition of
   probation if the court deems the condition “reasonably necessary” in
   accordance with KRS 533.030.

      Notwithstanding our holding that the primary issue in this case is

resolved pursuant to the foregoing section of this opinion, this case presents us

with an opportunity to clarify an important point of law regarding the authority

of our sentencing courts to impose conditions of probation. We therefore take

this opportunity to address, as a matter of first impression, whether a trial

court’s broad discretion under KRS 533.030 includes the ability to order a

defendant that has not been convicted of a “sex crime” under KRS 17.500 to

complete an SOTP as a condition of probation. We conclude that it does.

      KRS 17.500(8)(a) defines a “sex crime,” in relevant part, as “[a] felony

offense defined in KRS Chapter 510, KRS 529.100 or 529.110 involving

commercial sexual activity, 530.020, 530.064(1)(a), 531.310, 531.320, or

531.335[.]” Ullman’s convictions for distribution of matter portraying a sexual

performance by a minor, KRS 531.340, is not included in KRS 17.500’s

definition of a “sex crime.” It is instead considered a “criminal offense against a

minor.” KRS 17.500(3)(a)(11). In turn, the statutes governing SOTPs provide

that “[t]he department [of corrections] shall operate a specialized treatment

program for sexual offenders,” and define “sexual offender” as an individual

that “has been adjudicated guilty of a sex crime, as defined in KRS 17.500[.]”

Consequently, Ullman argues that the circuit court erred by requiring him to
                                        34
complete SOTP as a condition of his probation because he was not convicted of

a “sex crime” under KRS 17.500. We disagree.

      While we do not dispute that Ullman was not convicted of a “sex crime,”

we hold that the trial court nevertheless did not err by requiring him to

complete an SOTP as a condition of his probation. “In the first place, it is

entirely within the discretion of the trial court whether a defendant shall be

given his liberty conditionally. This is regarded as a privilege or a ‘species of

grace extended to a convicted criminal’ for his welfare and the welfare of

organized society.’” Ridley v. Commonwealth, 287 S.W.2d 156, 158 (Ky. 1956)

(quoting Darden v. Commonwealth, 125 S.W.2d 1031, 1033 (Ky. 1939)”. See

also Burke v. Commonwealth, 506 S.W.3d 307, 314 (Ky. 2016) (noting “the

granting of probation is wholly within the discretion of the trial court.).” This

discretion has been codified by the General Assembly via KRS 533.030 which

states, in pertinent part:

      (1) The conditions of probation and conditional discharge shall
      be such as the court, in its discretion, deems reasonably
      necessary to ensure that the defendant will lead a law-abiding
      life or to assist him or her to do so. The court shall provide as
      an explicit condition of every sentence to probation or conditional
      discharge that the defendant not commit another offense during
      the period for which the sentence remains subject to revocation.

      (2) When imposing a sentence of probation or conditional
      discharge, the court may, in addition to any other reasonable
      condition, require that the defendant. . .

(emphasis added). The statute then provides a list of twelve potential

conditions of probation that may be imposed by the court. The “Kentucky

                                        35
Crime Commission/LRC Commentary” that accompanies KRS 533.030 clarifies

that

       It is not intended that the list [in subsection (2)] be exhaustive or
       that it limit in any way the discretion of a trial court in
       tailoring the conditions of probation or conditional discharge to
       the rehabilitative needs of individual offenders. . . The only
       limitation on the trial judges with respect to such conditions is
       contained in subsection (1). This provision requires that
       conditions imposed upon a convicted offender be considered
       “reasonably necessary to insure that the defendant will lead a
       law-abiding life or to assist him to do so.”

(Emphasis added). Accordingly, by statute, a sentencing court has the

discretion to impose any reasonable condition of probation that it deems

reasonably necessary to ensure that the defendant will lead a law-abiding life

or that will assist him or her in doing so.

       Here, the circuit court was presented with a defendant in his thirties

who, without question, had multiple sexually explicit images of a fourteen-year-

old girl on his cellphone 24 and pled guilty to distribution of a matter portraying

a sexual performance by a minor. Even if his crimes were not “sex crimes”

under KRS 17.500, they were indisputably of a sexual nature. Moreover, the

circuit court was advised by the Department of Corrections, via Ullman’s SORA

evaluation, that in order to ensure that Ullman “[maintains] an offense-free

lifestyle. . . and to minimize his chances of acting out again” he should

       24 Despite Ullman’s counsel’s attempt to victim blame during the oral

arguments held in this case by proclaiming that Jane sent the photographs to Ullman,
the fact remains that Ullman is an adult, the victim is a child, and having those
images is a felony offense.

                                          36
complete a treatment program for sexual offenders, and that he was unlikely to

do so in the absence of a court order.

      Furthermore, while the statutes that govern SOTP—KRS 197.400

through KRS 197.440—direct that the Department of Corrections “shall

operate a specialized treatment program for sexual offenders,” 25 i.e.,

individuals convicted of a “sex crime” under KRS 17.500, 26 nothing in those

statutes explicitly precludes individuals not convicted of a “sex crime” from

participating in an SOTP. Likewise, KRS 532.045, which mandates that

completion of a community based SOTP be ordered as a condition of probation

for defendants convicted of a sex crime, 27 does not explicitly state that those

not convicted of a sex crime cannot be ordered to complete SOTP. Put simply,

just because SOTP is mandated for certain offenses does not mean it is

precluded for others. This is a sensible conclusion because SOTP is not a

punishment, it is a rehabilitative treatment program that endeavors to ensure

that sex offenders do not commit additional sexual offenses. If the General

Assembly believes in the efficacy of SOTP to such an extent that it has

mandated it for certain offenses, why then would we preclude participation by

a defendant who may benefit from it simply because they were not convicted of

      25 KRS 197.400.

      26 KRS 197.410.

      27 KRS 532.045(4) (“If the court grants probation or conditional discharge, the

offender shall be required, as a condition of probation or conditional discharge, to
successfully complete a community-based sexual offender treatment program operated
or approved by the Department of Corrections or the Sex Offender Risk Assessment
Advisory Board.”).

                                         37
a crime for which it is mandated? We therefore hold that a sentencing court

may impose completion of SOTP as a condition of probation for defendants not

convicted of a “sex crime” under KRS 17.500 if the court finds that the

condition is reasonable and is reasonably necessary to ensure that the

defendant will lead a law-abiding life or that it will assist him or her in doing

so.

      There are two cases that give this Court pause in coming to this

conclusion: Ladriere, supra, and Miller v. Commonwealth, 391 S.W.3d 801 (Ky.

2013). They accordingly warrant discussion. In Ladriere, Robert Ladriere

watched a ten-year old girl use the bathroom in a restroom stall of a county

library. 329 S.W.3d at 279. Ladriere entered the girl’s stall before she could

leave and backed her against the wall but fled when the girl screamed. Id. at

279-80. He eventually entered a guilty plea to kidnapping and was sentenced

to twenty years’ imprisonment. Id. at 280. Although the sentencing court

acknowledged that kidnapping was not a sex offense per se, it further imposed

several conditions on his sentence based on his duty to register as a sex

offender, including that he complete SOTP. Id.

      The Ladriere Court, reviewing for palpable error, first held that Ladriere

could not be subjected to a five-year period of conditional discharge under KRS

532.043 because kidnapping is not listed as a qualifying offense. Id. at 282. It

then held that he could not be required to complete SOTP, and the entirety of

its analysis was as follows:

                                        38
      For the same reasons, ordering Ladriere to complete a Sex Offender
      Treatment Program (SOTP) was not statutorily authorized. SOTP is
      a treatment program for sexual offenders. Participation in the
      program may be ordered when the sentencing court, department
      officials, or both determine that a sexual offender may have a
      mental, emotional, or behavioral disorder and is likely to benefit
      from the program. KRS 197.010(4). However, “sexual offender” as
      used in KRS Chapter 197 is a person who has committed a “sex
      crime” as defined by KRS 17.500. KRS 197.410(1). Given that
      Ladriere did not commit an offense within the purview of the
      statute's definition of “sex crime,” it stands to reason that he is not
      a “sexual offender” for purposes of the SOTP provisions either.

Id. This Court vacated the portions of Ladiere’s sentencing order that imposed

the five-year period of conditional discharge and ordered him to complete

SOTP. 28 Id. at 283.

      But, as Ladriere was not granted probation and was instead required to

complete SOTP as part of his sentence, the trial court’s broad discretion under

KRS 533.030 was not implicated or considered. Further, as explained supra,

this Court does not believe it is prudent to bar defendants that would benefit

from SOTP from participation simply because they were not convicted of an

offense enumerated in KRS 17.500. This, likewise, was not explicitly

considered by the Ladriere Court.

      Next, in Miller, Elmer Miller pled guilty to criminal attempt to commit

first-degree unlawful transaction with a minor, victim over the age of sixteen, a

Class A misdemeanor. 391 S.W.3d at 803. He was sentenced to one year,

which the court probated for two years. Id. As a condition of probation, the

      28 It also vacated the requirement that he submit to HIV testing based on the

same reasoning. Id. at 283.

                                         39
court ordered him to “[a]ttend any counseling recommended by probation and

parole.” Id. In turn, probation and parole recommended that Miller enroll in

SOTP, and he did so. Id. However, SOTP typically took three years to

complete, and the length of Miller’s probation was only two years. Id. Shortly

before Miller’s probationary period expired, his parole officer informed the court

that Miller would be unable to complete the program before his probation

expired. Id. The court ordered briefing on the issue of whether his

probationary period could be extended beyond the two-year limit for

misdemeanor offenses provided by KRS 533.020(4), and ultimately found that

it could under KRS 532.045(4), which required the completion of SOTP as a

probation condition for sex crimes. Id.

      The Miller Court vacated the circuit court’s ruling and ordered that Miller

be discharged from probation. Id. at 809. The Court first held that the circuit

court could not extend Miller’s probation based on the plain language of KRS

533.020(4). Id. at 805. It further disagreed with the circuit court’s conclusion

that the two-year probation time limit in KRS 533.020(4) was “trumped” by

KRS 532.045’s requirement that SOTP be completed because Miller was not

convicted of a “sex crime” under KRS 17.500 and was therefore not “statutorily

required” to complete SOTP. Id. More importantly, though, the Court

concluded that Miller was never ordered to complete SOTP as a condition of his

probation. Id. at 808. Rather, “the trial court's probation order. . . conditioned

Miller's probation on his ‘[a]ttend[ing] any counseling recommended by

probation and parole[]’” and said nothing about completing SOTP. Id. Rather,

                                       40
“[t]hat condition only appeared when Probation and Parole recommended that

Miller complete sex offender treatment, which Probation and Parole believed,

incorrectly, was required by statute.” Id. Accordingly, the Court held that

Miller did not violate the imposed probation condition that he attend “any

counseling recommended by probation and parole.” Id. His probation could

therefore not be extended absent his consent, which he did not provide. Id. at

809.

       Miller is distinguishable from this case because Miller was never ordered

to complete SOTP as a condition of his probation. And, as in Ladriere, the

Miller Court did not consider the sentencing Court’s discretion under KRS

533.030. Though, even if the court had imposed SOTP, because Miller’s

conviction was for a misdemeanor, and he therefore could not complete SOTP

before the expiration of his probationary period, we would agree that it could

not have been considered a “reasonable condition” by the sentencing court.

       Based on the foregoing, we hereby hold that under KRS 533.030, a

sentencing court may impose SOTP as a condition of probation if the court

finds it is reasonable condition within the facts of the case before it and that it

is reasonably necessary to ensure that the defendant will lead a law-abiding life

or that it will assist him in doing so.

C. Ullman’s assertion that the circuit court’s revocation order failed to
   comply with KRS 439.3106 was not properly preserved for review.

       Ullman further asserts that, in the event that we reinstate the circuit

court’s revocation order based on the Commonwealth’s argument that his

                                          41
challenge was untimely, as we do in Section II(A) of this opinion, we must

nevertheless uphold the circuit court’s later decision to vacate the revocation

order because the circuit court did not make fact findings sufficient under KRS

439.3106 and Commonwealth v. Andrews, 448 S.W.3d 773 (Ky. 2014) to

support the revocation decision. Specifically, Ullman argues that the circuit

court failed to make any finding that Ullman’s failure to comply with the

conditions of his probation constituted a significant risk to his victim or the

community at large and that he could not be appropriately managed in the

community. KRS 439.3106(1)(a); Andrews, 448 S.W.3d at 780 (holding “that

KRS 439.3106(1) requires trial courts to consider whether a probationer's

failure to abide by a condition of supervision constitutes a significant risk to

prior victims or the community at large, and whether the probationer cannot be

managed in the community before probation may be revoked.”).

      However, Ullman failed to challenge this alleged error before the circuit

court, and it is therefore not preserved for our review. Accord Lainhart v.

Commonwealth, 534 S.W.3d 234, 237 (Ky. App. 2017). And, nowhere in

Ullman’s brief to this Court does he request review for palpable error pursuant

to RCr 10.26. 29 “Absent extreme circumstances amounting to a substantial

miscarriage of justice, an appellate court will not engage in palpable error

      29 RCr 10.26 provides that “[a] palpable error which affects the substantial

rights of a party may be considered by the court on motion for a new trial or by an
appellate court on appeal, even though insufficiently raised or preserved for review,
and appropriate relief may be granted upon a determination that manifest injustice
has resulted from the error.”

                                          42
review pursuant to RCr 10.26 unless such a request is made and briefed by the

appellant.” Shepherd v. Commonwealth, 251 S.W.3d 309, 316 (Ky. 2008)

(citing Thomas v. Commonwealth, 153 S.W.3d 772, 782 (Ky.2004); Bray v.

Commonwealth, 177 S.W.3d 741, 752 (Ky.2005), overruled on other grounds by

Padgett v. Commonwealth, 312 S.W.3d 336 (Ky. 2010)).

      We do not believe the circumstances presented by this case constitute

extreme circumstances amounting to a substantial miscarriage of justice and

therefore decline to address Ullman’s argument. The Division of Probation and

Parole first sought revocation of Ullman’s probation in March 2017 for several

violations of his probation conditions, namely: evading a drug screen and

failing to report to his probation officer as directed the following day; another

failure to report to his probation officer thereafter; failing a drug screen which

showed the presence of Lortab and methamphetamine; and for being

terminated from his SOTP for failing a drug screen.

      The circuit court nevertheless gave Ullman a second chance to comply

with the conditions of his probation, but by the following March the Division of

Probation and Parole was again seeking revocation, this time for even more

violations, specifically: being terminated from his outpatient substance use

disorder treatment program for excessive absences and missed drug screens;

failing to report to his probation officer as directed on six separate occasions;

failing a drug screen which showed the presence of Oxycodone; being

discharged from his substance use disorder treatment class for excessive

                                        43
absences; and being terminated from his SOTP for a second time based on six

distinct violations of that program’s contract.

      Based on the foregoing, we cannot conclude that the circumstances of

this case warrant sua sponte review for palpable error.

D. Ullman’s RCr 11.42 claims must be remanded for consideration by a
   fact-finding court.

      Ullman’s final argument is that his revocation hearing counsel’s

representation constituted prejudicial ineffective assistance of counsel

pursuant to RCr 11.42. He faults his revocation hearing counsel for failing to

challenge the conditions of his probation during his revocation hearing and for

failing to object to and/or appeal the circuit court’s failure to make the

required findings under KRS 439.3106 prior to revoking his probation. He

contends that if this Court reverses the Court of Appeals and reinstates the

circuit court’s revocation order, we should further order that the case be

remanded so that a fact-finding court may address his RCr 11.42 arguments in

the first instance. As noted, both the circuit court and the Court of Appeals

forewent addressing Ullman’s RCr 11.42 arguments on the basis that his CR

60.02 relief was dispositive. As we have already ruled in Section II(A) of this

Opinion that Ullman’s challenge to the conditions of his probation were

untimely, that issue need not be considered. Nevertheless, we agree that

remanding to allow the circuit court to address his argument regarding his

counsel’s failure to challenge the circuit court’s failure to make the required

findings under KRS 439.3106 prior to revocation is warranted.

                                        44
                              III.   CONCLUSION

      Based on the foregoing, we reverse the Court of Appeals and hereby

reinstate the circuit court’s May 24, 2018, revocation order. We further

remand this case to the circuit court for consideration of Ullman’s RCr 11.42

arguments.

      VanMeter, C.J.; Bisig, Conley, Keller, Lambert and Nickell, JJ., sitting.

VanMeter, C.J.; Bisig, Conley, and Nickell, JJ., concur. Keller, J.,

concurs in result only. Thompson, J., not sitting.

COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT:

Russell Coleman
Attorney General of Kentucky

Jacob Michael Abrahamson
Assistant Attorney General

Bryan Darwin Morrow
Assistant Attorney General

Courtney J. Hightower
Assistant Attorney General

COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE:

Joseph V. Aprile, II
Lynch, Cox, Gilman & Goodman, P.S.C.

                                       45