Court Opinion

ID: 1061206
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-09 19:03:46.962444+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:34:27.754202
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

              Present: Judges Beales, Alston and Senior Judge Willis
UNPUBLISHED

              Argued by teleconference

              BRENT C. BOUSMAN
                                                                              MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY
              v.      Record No. 1109-12-4                                    JUDGE RANDOLPH A. BEALES
                                                                                    MARCH 19, 2013
              CAITLIN K. LHOMMEDIEU

                                     FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FAIRFAX COUNTY
                                                Michael F. Devine, Judge

                                K. Stewart Evans, Jr. (EvansStarrett PLC, on briefs), for appellant.

                                Stephen G. Cochran (Roeder, Cochran & Haight, PLLC, on brief),
                                for appellee.

                      Brent C. Bousman (“father”) appeals the trial court’s finding that he acted in contempt of its

              April 28, 2011 order awarding attorneys’ fees to Caitlin K. Lhommedieu (“mother”), and father also

              appeals the trial court’s finding that he was not entitled to an award of attorneys’ fees from mother.

              Disagreeing with the arguments that father presents on appeal, we affirm the trial court in all

              respects and remand the matter to the trial court solely for a determination of the amount of

              appellate attorneys’ fees to be awarded to mother for the successful litigation of this appeal.

                                                          I. BACKGROUND1

                      In July 1996, mother and father entered into a “Stipulation of Agreement” stating, inter alia,

              that the parties “agree to divide equally, and each pay one-half, of all costs associated with” their

              son’s undergraduate college education (“college expenses provision”). In February 1996, the

                      *
                          Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication.
                      1
                       “According to well-settled principles, we recite the relevant facts in the light most
              favorable to” mother, “the prevailing party in the [trial] court.” Nichols Constr. Corp. v. Va. Mach.
              Tool Co., LLC, 276 Va. 81, 84, 661 S.E.2d 467, 468 (2008).
parties entered into a property settlement agreement (PSA) that incorporated their earlier Stipulation

of Agreement and that also contained the following provision concerning costs and attorneys’ fees

(“attorneys’ fees provision”):

               The parties agree that any costs, including but not limited to counsel
               fees and court costs incurred by a party in the substantially successful
               enforcement of any of the agreements, covenants or provisions of
               this Agreement, whether through litigation or otherwise shall be
               borne by the defaulting party. Any such costs incurred by a party in
               the substantially successful defense of any action for enforcement of
               any of the agreements, provisions or covenants of this Agreement
               shall be borne by the party seeking to enforce compliance.

       The February 21, 1996 final divorce decree entered by the trial court affirmed, ratified, and

incorporated the PSA (including the attorneys’ fees provision) – which, in turn, had incorporated by

reference the parties’ Stipulation of Agreement (including the college expenses provision). See

Code § 20-109.1 (“Where the court affirms, ratifies and incorporates by reference in its decree such

agreement or provision thereof, it shall be deemed for all purposes to be a term of the decree, and

enforceable in the same manner as any provision of such decree.”).

         A. BOUSMAN I: DISPUTE CONCERNING FALL SEMESTER 2010 COLLEGE EXPENSES

       The parties’ son began attending college in the fall semester of 2010. When father refused

to pay one-half of that semester’s college expenses, mother filed a petition for a rule to show cause

in the trial court seeking enforcement of father’s obligation to pay one-half of that semester’s

expenses under the college expenses provision of the Stipulation of Agreement. In addition,

pursuant to the attorneys’ fees provision of the PSA, mother sought an assessment of attorneys’ fees

against father for her costs incurred enforcing the college expenses provision.

       In a written order dated March 30, 2011, the trial court ordered father to pay mother “the

sum of $27,312.45 on or before June 1, 2011 as and for his one-half share” of the fall semester 2010

college expenses, consistent with the terms of the college expenses provision. The trial court noted

                                                 -2-
in the same order that it would “take under advisement” mother’s claim for attorneys’ fees under the

attorneys’ fees provision of the PSA.

        Father then appealed to this Court, referencing the trial court’s March 30, 2011 order in his

notice of appeal. See Bousman v. Lhommedieu, No. 0932-11-4, 2012 Va. App. LEXIS 20 (Va. Ct.

App. Jan. 24, 2012) (hereinafter “Bousman I”). Thus, the issue on appeal in Bousman I was limited

to the trial court’s ruling that father was obligated to pay one-half of the fall semester 2010 college

expenses under the Stipulation of Agreement’s college expenses provision – and did not include

mother’s claim under the attorneys’ fees provision of the PSA, given that the trial court had only

taken that claim under advisement in its March 30, 2011 order. This Court on appeal in Bousman I

affirmed the trial court’s finding that father was obligated to pay one-half of the fall semester 2010

college expenses ($27,312.45).

                             B. APRIL 28, 2011 ATTORNEYS’ FEES ORDER

        On April 28, 2011 (after the final order was entered by the trial court in Bousman I), the trial

court addressed mother’s claim under the attorneys’ fees provision of the PSA. The trial court

stated in its April 28, 2011 order:

                This matter came to be heard upon [mother’s] request for attorney’s
                fees arising from the March 30, 2011 hearing on the Rule to show
                cause. At the conclusion of the hearing, at which [mother] was the
                prevailing party, the Court took under advisement [mother’s] request
                for attorney’s fees. Upon consideration of the same, and the
                evidence presented at the March 30, 2011 hearing, it is

                Hereby ORDERED that [father] shall pay to [mother] $20,000.00
                (twenty thousand dollars) on or before September 1, 2011.

Accordingly, under the terms of the April 28, 2011 order, mother was awarded $20,000 under the

attorneys’ fees provision of the PSA – and father was obligated to pay mother this amount for her

attorneys’ fees by September 1, 2011.

                                                  -3-
       The trial court then considered issues raised by the parties that related to father’s underlying

fall semester 2010 college expenses obligation under the college expenses provision of the

Stipulation of Agreement. Granting mother’s June 16, 2011 petition for a rule to show cause, the

trial court entered an order on July 7, 2011 directing father to show cause why he had not paid

mother $27,312.45 – i.e., the amount of college expenses that father was directed by the March 30,

2011 order to pay on or before June 1, 2011. Approximately a month later, on August 9, 2011, the

trial court entered an order on mother’s motion “grant[ing] judgment against [father], in the amount

of $27,312.45 with interest at the judgment rate from June 1, 2011 until paid.” Thus, father’s fall

semester 2010 college expenses obligation that was the subject of the trial court’s March 30, 2011

order was reduced to a judgment at mother’s request on August 9, 2011. Thereafter, on November

4, 2011, the trial court granted father’s motion to dismiss the July 7, 2011 show cause order against

father -- finding that mother “elected her remedy by reducing the 3/30/11 award to a judgment

order entered August 9, 2011.” 2

           C. JANUARY 9, 2012 SHOW CAUSE ORDER AND MAY 31, 2012 CONTEMPT ORDER

       After considering those matters related to father’s college expenses obligation, the trial

court then returned its attention to father’s obligation to pay the $20,000 attorneys’ fees award to

mother under the attorneys’ fees provision of the PSA. On January 9, 2012, on mother’s motion,

the trial court entered an order directing father “to show cause, if any you can, why you should

not be held in contempt of court for your failure to pay the $20,000 in counsel’s fees required by

this Court’s order of April 28, 2011” (in which father had been ordered to pay that sum on or

before September 1, 2011).

       2
         Neither the July 7, 2011 show cause order nor the August 9, 2011 judgment order
concerned father’s obligation to pay mother $20,000 under the attorneys’ fees provision of the
PSA, as ordered by the trial court on April 28, 2011 – given that father was not obligated to satisfy
the terms of the April 28, 2011 order until September 1, 2011.
                                                 -4-
       Father moved to dismiss the January 9, 2012 show cause order, contending that it was

barred by the doctrine of merger because mother had “elected her remedy” when she reduced

father’s college expenses obligation to a judgment through the entry of the August 9, 2011 order.

The trial court denied father’s motion to dismiss in a February 16, 2012 bench ruling, finding

that the August 9, 2011 judgment order only affected mother’s $27,312.45 award for fall

semester 2010 college expenses under the March 30, 2011 order (i.e., the final order in Bousman

I). The trial court denied reconsideration in a March 8, 2012 written order.

       On May 31, 2012, the trial court held a hearing on the January 9, 2012 show cause order.

Following the May 31, 2012 hearing (the transcript of which is not part of the record on appeal

here), the trial court entered a written order finding father in contempt of the April 28, 2011

order requiring him to pay $20,000 in attorneys’ fees to mother by September 1, 2011. The trial

court ordered father to pay a minimum of $250 per pay period plus an additional $95 on the last

day of each month, until the $20,000 award of attorneys’ fees to mother was paid in full.

           D. DENIAL OF FATHER’S REQUEST FOR ATTORNEYS’ FEES AGAINST MOTHER

       In a May 21, 2012 ruling that is also pertinent to this appeal, the trial court denied

father’s motion for an assessment of attorneys’ fees against mother. Father had asserted in this

motion that the entry of the trial court’s November 4, 2011 order was proof of a substantially

successful defense by father of an enforcement action by mother under the college expenses

provision of the Stipulation of Agreement – thereby triggering the PSA’s attorneys’ fees

provision entitling him to “[a]ny such costs incurred . . . in the substantially successful defense of

any action for enforcement of any of the agreements, provisions or covenants of” the parties.

                                                -5-
                                          II. ANALYSIS 3

       This appeal is not about the already resolved question of the fall semester 2010 college

expenses that father owes to mother. That question was resolved by this Court’s opinion in

Bousman I. Instead, this appeal is simply about the attorneys’ fees and costs that the trial court

awarded to mother (assignments of error one through eleven) and the trial court’s denial of

father’s request for an award of attorneys’ fees and costs (assignments of error sixteen and

seventeen).

                    A. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR 1-11: DOCTRINE OF MERGER

       In his first through eleventh assignments of error, father challenges the trial court’s

enforcement of the April 28, 2011 attorneys’ fees award of $20,000 to mother through the

January 9, 2012 show cause order and its subsequent May 31, 2012 contempt order. Father

contends that the August 9, 2011 order reducing father’s $27,312.45 fall semester 2010 college

expenses obligation to a judgment “merged” mother’s college expenses claim and attorneys’ fees

claim into a single monetary judgment only for that amount of money ($27,312.45).

       Father relies on the doctrine of merger, a judicially created doctrine that the Supreme

Court has described as reflecting one of “four preclusive effects, each conceptually distinct,

which a final personal judgment may have upon subsequent litigation.” Bates v. Dever, 214 Va.

667, 670, 202 S.E.2d 917, 920 (1974).

               Merger occurs when a valid and final personal judgment for money
               is entered for plaintiff. His original cause of action is merged into
               the judgment and is extinguished. Plaintiff can maintain a

       3
          Father raises seventeen assignments of error on appeal – but he concedes that his
twelfth through fifteenth assignments of error cannot be considered on appeal because the
transcript of a June 15, 2012 hearing in the trial court was not made part of the record on appeal.
We have an adequate record on appeal to review father’s remaining assignments of error, and we
apply settled principles of appellate review for those assignments of error. We review issues of
law de novo, see Ahari v. Morrison, 275 Va. 92, 95, 654 S.E.2d 891, 893 (2008), and we do not
disturb the trial court’s factual findings unless they are plainly wrong or without evidence to
support them, see Code § 8.01-680.
                                                  -6-
               subsequent action only on the judgment and not on the original
               cause of action. Restatement of Judgments § 47 (1942).

Id. at 670 n.3, 202 S.E.2d at 920 n.3; see also Beazley v. Sims, 81 Va. 644, 648 (1886)

(explaining that, under the doctrine of merger, the original cause of action “is drowned in the

judgment and must henceforth be regarded as functus officio”).

       Father contends that the January 9, 2012 show cause order relating to his $20,000

attorneys’ fees obligation is simply void because it was entered after the August 9, 2011

judgment order – which, according to father’s argument, reduced mother’s college expenses

claim and mother’s attorneys’ fees into a single monetary judgment under the doctrine of merger.

Therefore, father asserts that the trial court lacked authority to enter the May 31, 2012 contempt

order at the conclusion of that date’s show cause hearing on the January 9, 2012 show cause

order. We disagree with father’s reasoning and conclusion for several reasons.

               1. THE DOCTRINE OF MERGER APPLIES TO CONTRACTUAL REMEDIES

       “The law of merger is well settled and applies to acceleration of contractual remedies.”

Bazzle v. Bazzle, 37 Va. App. 737, 746, 561 S.E.2d 50, 55 (2002) (emphasis added).

Established case law from the Supreme Court of Virginia addressing the doctrine of merger

holds, “‘[a] demand arising from an entire contract cannot be divided and made the subject of

several suits; and if several suits are brought for a breach of such a contract, a judgment upon the

merits in either will bar a recovery in the others.’” Jones v. Morris Plan Bank, 168 Va. 284, 293,

191 S.E. 608, 611 (1937) (quoting Hancock v. White Hall Tobacco Warehouse Co., 102 Va. 239,

242-43, 46 S.E. 288, 289 (1904)); see Sands v. Roller, 118 Va. 191, 193, 86 S.E. 857, 858 (1915)

(“[W]hen the judgment was rendered on the contract in this case, such contract and all rights

under it ceased to exist and the judgment became the only and superior evidence of the

defendant’s liability.”). The effect of a judgment under the doctrine of merger is to “merge[] the

entire contract upon which the suit was brought,” such that “the plaintiff [can]not afterwards
                                                -7-
maintain a suit for another recovery under that contract.” Sands, 118 Va. at 192-93, 86 S.E. at

858 (emphasis added).

          Here, however, the issues raised in this litigation are not purely contractual. The parties’

agreements were incorporated in the final divorce decree under Code § 20-109.1. The terms of

those agreements – i.e., the PSA and the Stipulation of Agreement – are “enforceable in the same

manner as any provision of such decree.” Code § 20-109.1.

          As the Supreme Court has held, the purpose of Code § 20-109.1 “is to facilitate

enforcement of the terms of an incorporated agreement by the contempt power of the court.”

Morris v. Morris, 216 Va. 457, 459, 219 S.E.2d 864, 866-67 (1975). Thus, when a trial court

exercises its authority to incorporate an agreement of the parties into the final decree, “the

parties’ agreement ‘shall be deemed for all purposes to be a term of the decree, and enforceable

in the same manner as any provision of such decree.’” 4 Rogers v. Rogers, 51 Va. App. 261, 273,

656 S.E.2d 436, 442 (2008) (quoting Code § 20-109.1). Furthermore, “[i]n a show cause

hearing, the moving party need only prove that the offending party failed to comply with an

order of the trial court.” Alexander v. Alexander, 12 Va. App. 691, 696, 406 S.E.2d 666, 669

(1991).

          In this case, the attorneys’ fees provision of the PSA was incorporated into the final

decree. When mother prevailed in the trial court on her claim to enforce the parties’ agreement

concerning college expenses (which this Court affirmed in Bousman I), mother became entitled

to an award of attorneys’ fees under the attorneys’ fees provision of the PSA, as incorporated

          4
          This Court’s prior opinion in Bousman I directly addresses this same point. “Where, as
here, the trial court has incorporated the agreement of the parties into the final decree of divorce,
the agreement acquired a dual nature as both a contract and an order of the court.” Bousman I,
2012 Va. App. LEXIS 20, at *5 (emphasis added). “As this Court has noted, when a party
invokes a court’s contempt authority and seeks to bring a party into compliance with the court’s
order, ‘[i]t is not the contract but rather the decree that is being enforced.’” Id. (emphasis
added) (quoting Doherty v. Doherty, 9 Va. App. 97, 99, 383 S.E.2d 759, 760 (1989)).
                                                  -8-
into the final decree. She was awarded $20,000 in attorneys’ fees in the April 18, 2011 order.

When father failed to comply with the terms of that order and pay the attorneys’ fees award by

September 1, 2011, the trial court issued the January 9, 2012 show cause order. The trial court

then found father in contempt of the court’s attorneys’ fees order on May 31, 2012.

       Mother’s decision to have father’s college expenses obligation reduced to a judgment – as

reflected in the August 9, 2011 judgment order – simply could not and did not negate father’s

obligation to pay mother the $20,000 attorneys’ fees award under the terms of the April 28, 2011

order. As the trial court noted in its bench ruling on February 16, 2012, the August 9, 2011

judgment order only served to reduce father’s $27,312.45 obligation for the fall semester college

expenses to a judgment. 5 The entry of the August 9, 2011 judgment order in no way altered

mother’s right to an attorneys’ fees award under the attorneys’ fees provision of the PSA, as

incorporated into the final decree – and did not somehow erase father’s $20,000 attorneys’ fees

obligation under the April 18, 2011 order, which was entered pursuant to the final decree’s

incorporation of the PSA’s attorneys’ fees provision. Therefore, contrary to father’s argument

on appeal, the August 9, 2011 judgment order reducing father’s college expenses obligation to a

judgment could not and did not render the trial court’s January 9, 2012 show cause order

pertaining to father’s attorneys’ fees obligation void.

        2. THE AGREEMENT IN BAZZLE WAS NOT INCORPORATED INTO THE FINAL DECREE

       During oral argument before this Court, father’s counsel could not cite any Virginia

appellate decision applying the doctrine of merger in a domestic relations context where the

       5
          Trial courts “have the authority to interpret their own orders,” and appellate courts
“give deference to the interpretation adopted by the lower court.” Fredericksburg Constr. Co.,
Inc. v. J.W. Wyne Excavating, Inc., 260 Va. 137, 144, 530 S.E.2d 148, 152 (2000). Here, the
trial court interpreted the August 9, 2011 judgment order based on its plain language. The trial
court also reasonably interpreted the August 9, 2011 judgment order so as not to contradict its
April 28, 2011 order – which gave father until September 1, 2011 to pay mother the $20,000
attorneys’ fees award.
                                                 -9-
parties’ agreements have been affirmed, ratified, and incorporated into the final decree. Father’s

reliance on this Court’s decision in Bazzle, 37 Va. App. at 744-47, 561 S.E.2d at 53-55, where

the doctrine of merger was held to be applicable, is misplaced. There, the pertinent portions of

the Bazzles’ property settlement agreement concerning spousal support were not incorporated

into their final divorce decree. Id. at 744-45, 561 S.E.2d at 54. Thus, as this Court noted in

Bazzle, “the provisions of the support agreement d[id] not have the full force and effect of a

court’s decree and [were] not enforceable by the court’s contempt powers.” Id. at 745, 561

S.E.2d at 54 (emphasis added).

       Unlike a purely contractual scenario (such as Bazzle), the trial court’s January 9, 2012

show cause order on attorneys’ fees and then its May 31, 2012 contempt order for failure to pay

those attorneys’ fees were entered to enforce the trial court’s April 18, 2011 order on attorneys’

fees. Those orders did not merely enforce the parties’ contract, i.e., the attorneys’ fees provision

of the PSA, as that provision was duly incorporated into the final decree under Code § 20-109.1

and was enforceable under that statute in the same manner as any other provision of the decree.

See Carswell v. Matterson, 224 Va. 329, 332, 295 S.E.2d 899, 901 (1982) (explaining that a trial

court “has the authority to hold [an] offending party in contempt for acting in bad faith or for

willful disobedience of its order”). Here, unlike in Bazzle, the parties’ agreements were

incorporated into the final decree under Code § 20-109.1, making the attorneys’ fees provision of

the PSA fully and validly “enforceable by the [trial] court’s contempt powers.” Bazzle, 37

Va. App. at 745, 561 S.E.2d at 54. There is no support under Virginia law for the conclusion

that a trial court’s statutory enforcement authority under Code § 20-109.1 is somehow nullified

by the judicially created doctrine of merger – and we certainly decline to hold that the doctrine of

merger somehow applies under the circumstances of this case.

                                               - 10 -
                      3. NO PURPOSE FOR THE DOCTRINE OF MERGER HERE

       Father also fails to establish any proper purpose for applying the doctrine of merger in

this case. In Jones, 168 Va. at 292, 191 S.E. at 610, the Supreme Court discussed the underlying

purposes supporting the application of the doctrine of merger, explaining:

               The object of the rule against splitting causes of action is to
               prevent a multiplicity of suits. The law does not favor such a
               multiplicity; instead it favors any action that will prevent other
               actions involving the same transaction. The rule exists mainly for
               the protection of defendant, is intended to suppress serious
               grievances, and is applied to prevent vexatious litigation and to
               avoid the costs and expenses incident to numerous suits on the
               same cause of action. It is based on the maxims, Interest
               reipublicae ut sit finis litium (It concerns the commonwealth that
               there be a limit to litigation), and Nemo debet bis vexari pro una et
               eadem causa (No one ought to be twice vexed for one and the
               same cause).

Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

       While such purposes were present in Bazzle, they are not present here. In Bazzle, the

doctrine of merger barred potentially vexatious litigation by Mrs. Bazzle – a subsequent cause of

action initiated by Mrs. Bazzle under the parties’ (unincorporated) settlement agreement, which

the trial court there characterized as an attempt to “double dip” against Mr. Bazzle. Bazzle, 37

Va. App. at 744, 561 S.E.2d at 54. Mother here does not seek any kind of similar “double dip”

against father, and father requires none of the protections that the doctrine of merger afforded

Mr. Bazzle. Mother prevailed on her claim under the college expenses provision of the

Stipulation of Agreement, and, therefore, by operation of the attorneys’ fees provision of the

PSA, she was entitled to an award of the attorneys’ fees (and costs) that she expended in her

enforcement of the college expenses provision. Father does not dispute the validity of the

attorneys’ fees provision of the PSA, but he instead argues that mother waived her ability to

                                               - 11 -
obtain the $20,000 in attorneys’ fees awarded to her through what father perceives was a

procedural misstep taken by mother. 6

        However, the focus of the doctrine of merger certainly is not to ensnare a party in

perceived procedural technicalities. Instead, the doctrine of merger “is a salutary principle,” is

“a rule of justice, not to be classed among technicalities, and is not altogether a rule of original

legal right, but is rather an equitable interposition of the courts to prevent a multiplicity of suits

through reasons of public policy.” Jones, 168 Va. at 292, 191 S.E. at 610 (internal quotation

marks and citation omitted) (emphasis added). Simply put, father fails to demonstrate any

appropriate purpose for applying the doctrine of merger based on the circumstances of this case.

                           4. THE EFFECT OF THE APPEAL IN BOUSMAN I

        We also observe that father’s appeal of the fall semester 2010 college expenses award

(but not the attorneys’ fees award) in Bousman I further renders the circumstances here

incompatible with applying the doctrine of merger. Father appealed the trial court’s March 30,

2011 award to mother of $27,312.45, representing half of the fall semester 2010 college

expenses, in Bousman I. In the March 30, 2011 order, the trial court took “under advisement”

mother’s request for attorneys’ fees – without including specific language indicating that it

retained jurisdiction over the entirety of the case until it addressed mother’s pending request for

attorneys’ fees.

        Both this Court and the Supreme Court have held:

                “[W]hen a trial court enters an order, or decree, in which a
                judgment is rendered for a party, unless that order expressly
                provides that the court retains jurisdiction to reconsider the
                judgment or to address other matters still pending in the action

        6
         On brief, father argues that mother could (and should) “have requested a judgment for
$47,312.45” in the August 9, 2011 judgment order – to reflect the $27,312.45 college expenses
award as well as the $20,000 attorneys’ fees award. Consequently, father asserts that, “[h]aving
made the election of remedies, [mother] cannot rectify her mistake by splitting her cause of
action.” (Emphasis added).
                                              - 12 -
               before it, the order renders a final judgment and the twenty-one
               day time period prescribed by Rule 1:1 begins to run.”

Carrithers v. Harrah, 60 Va. App. 69, 73-74, 723 S.E.2d 638, 640 (2012) (quoting Johnson v.

Woodard, 281 Va. 403, 409, 707 S.E.2d 325, 328 (2011)); see Super Fresh Food Markets of Va.,

Inc. v. Ruffin, 263 Va. 555, 561, 561 S.E.2d 734, 737 (2002) (same). “[I]f a trial court wishes

such an order not to be a final order, it must ‘includ[e] specific language [in the order rendering

judgment] stating that the court is retaining jurisdiction to address matters still pending before

the court.’” Carrithers, 60 Va. App. at 74-75, 723 S.E.2d at 640 (quoting Johnson, 281 Va. at

409-10, 707 S.E.2d at 328).

       Father could have requested that the trial court retain jurisdiction over mother’s fall

semester 2010 college expenses claim until the court also ruled on mother’s attorneys’ fees

claim, but father made no such request. Father instead initiated the appeal in Bousman I, which

concerned only mother’s fall semester 2010 college expenses claim. Thus, father contributed to

bifurcating mother’s claims under the college expenses provision and the attorneys’ fees

provision. However, father also asserts that mother’s claims merged with the entry of the August

9, 2011 judgment order. A party “‘may not approbate and reprobate by taking successive

positions in the course of litigation that are either inconsistent with each other or mutually

contradictory. Nor may a party invite error and then attempt to take advantage of the situation

created by his own wrong.’” Rowe v. Commonwealth, 277 Va. 495, 502, 675 S.E.2d 161, 164

(2009) (quoting Cangiano v. LSH Bldg. Co., 271 Va. 171, 181, 623 S.E.2d 889, 895 (2006)).

       Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court certainly did not err when it found that the

doctrine of merger is inapplicable here.

                                                - 13 -
       B. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR 16 AND 17: FATHER’S REQUEST FOR ATTORNEYS’ FEES

       Father also argues that the trial court committed reversible error when it denied father’s

motion for attorneys’ fees against mother. Father relies on the following portion of the PSA’s

attorneys’ fees provision:

               Any such costs incurred by a party in the substantially successful
               defense of any action for enforcement of any of the agreements,
               provisions or covenants of this Agreement shall be borne by the
               party seeking to enforce compliance.

Father contends that the trial court’s November 4, 2011 order dismissing the July 7, 2011 rule to

show cause against him was evidence of a “substantially successful defense” under the terms of

the PSA’s attorneys’ fees provision.

       In most situations, “a prevailing party generally cannot recover attorneys’ fees from the

losing party.” Ulloa v. QSP, Inc., 271 Va. 72, 81, 624 S.E.2d 43, 49 (2006). However, this

general rule “does not prevent parties to a contract from adopting provisions that shift the

responsibility of attorneys’ fees to the losing party in disputes involving the contract.” Dewberry

& Davis, Inc. v. C3NS, Inc., 284 Va. 485, 495, 732 S.E.2d 239, 243 (2012). “[T]he contract is to

be ‘construed as written, without adding terms that were not included by the parties.’” Id.

(quoting PMA Capital Ins. Co. v. US Airways, Inc., 271 Va. 352, 357-58, 626 S.E.2d 369, 372

(2006)). “When the terms of a contract are clear and unambiguous, the terms will be given their

plain and ordinary meaning.” Marina Shores, Ltd. v. Cohn-Phillips, Ltd., 246 Va. 222, 225-26,

435 S.E.2d 136, 138 (1993).

       Here, the attorneys’ fees provision of the PSA entitles a party who has made a

“substantially successful defense of any action for enforcement” of the parties’ agreements an

award of “costs, including but not limited to counsel fees and court costs,” which “shall be borne

by the party seeking to enforce compliance.” The word “substantially” means “in a substantial

manner,” “so as to be substantial.” Webster’s Third New International Dictionary 2280 (1981).
                                               - 14 -
The word “substantial,” in turn, is defined in pertinent part as “something of moment: an

important or material matter, thing, or part.” Id. (emphasis added). Based on the plain and

ordinary meaning of these terms, the trial court’s finding that father was not entitled to an award

of attorneys’ fees is supported by evidence in the record on appeal – and, therefore, is not plainly

wrong. See Code § 8.01-680. The dismissal of the July 7, 2011 show cause order against father

simply did not relate to “an important or material matter” – or so the trial court reasonably could

have concluded, in light of all of the circumstances and issues presented in this case.

       In support of this conclusion, we emphasize the purpose of the July 7, 2011 show cause

order – which was to enforce compliance with the March 30, 2011 order awarding $27,312.45 in

fall semester 2010 college expenses to mother. There is no question that father owes this amount

of money to mother, as that issue was resolved in Bousman I. Mother simply chose not to pursue

payment of father’s debt to her through further action under the July 7, 2011 show cause order

when she instead had that college expenses award against father reduced to a judgment in the

August 9, 2011 order. The August 9, 2011 order awarding judgment to mother on the college

expenses claim essentially superseded the July 7, 2011 show cause order pertaining to that same

claim. Father’s obligation to pay the $27,312.45 in college expenses remained unaffected.

       Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to mother (as we must, since she was

the prevailing party below), all the November 4, 2011 order reflects is mother’s election of a

remedy – nothing more and nothing less. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in finding that

this November 4, 2011 order was an insufficient basis upon which to award father attorneys’ fees

under the PSA.

                                         III. CONCLUSION

       The trial court appropriately invoked its contempt authority to enforce the terms of its

April 28, 2011 order awarding attorneys’ fees to mother. In addition, the trial court committed

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no error in concluding that father was not entitled to an award of attorneys’ fees, as father did not

raise “a substantially successful defense” to an action enforcing the parties’ agreements.

Therefore, we affirm the trial court’s judgment in all respects.

       Finally, under the attorneys’ fees provision of the PSA, “any costs, including but not

limited to counsel fees and court costs incurred by a party in the substantially successful

enforcement of any of the agreements, covenants or provisions of this Agreement, whether

through litigation or otherwise shall be borne by the defaulting party.” In light of this provision,

we award appellate attorneys’ fees and costs related to this appeal to mother. Accordingly, we

remand to the trial court solely for a determination of the amount of attorneys’ fees and costs to

be awarded for mother’s successful litigation of this appeal.

                                                                           Affirmed and remanded.

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