Court Opinion

ID: 9900174
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-18 22:01:40.408265+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:21:01.469263
License: Public Domain

ARMED SERVICES BOARD OF CONTRACT APPEALS
 Appeal of -                                   )
                                               )
 RLB Contracting, Inc.                         )    ASBCA No. 62779
                                               )
 Under Contract No. W9126G-17-C-0043           )

 APPEARANCES FOR THE APPELLANT:                     Michael H. Payne, Esq.
                                                    Casey J. McKinnon, Esq.
                                                     Cohen Seglias Pallas Greenhall
                                                      & Furman, P.C.
                                                     Philadelphia, PA

 APPEARANCES FOR THE GOVERNMENT:                    Michael P. Goodman, Esq.
                                                     Engineer Chief Trial Attorney
                                                    Clark Bartee, Esq.
                                                     Engineer Trial Attorney
                                                     U.S. Army Corps of Engineers District,
                                                       Galveston

                 OPINION BY ADMINISTRATIVE JUDGE SWEET

       This appeal involves dredging work that appellant RLB Contracting, Inc. (RLB)
performed for the United States Army Corps of Engineers (Corps or USACE) in the
Gulf Intracostal Waterway (GIWW), Texas Main Channel, San Antonio Bay, Texas.
While performing that work, RLB struck the Tomcat West Pipeline (Pipeline)—a
submerged natural gas pipeline—causing an explosion that damaged the dredger, and
allegedly delayed completion of the contract. The Corps imposed liquidated damages.
RLB submitted a claim to the contracting officer (CO) seeking a time extension and
remission of the liquidated damages due to the purported excusable delays of defective
specifications, differing site conditions, and a breach of the duty of good faith and fair
dealing. After the CO denied that claim, RLB filed this appeal. The Corps moves for
summary judgment on all of RLB’s causes of action. We grant that motion and
dismiss this appeal for the reasons discussed below.
       STATEMENT OF FACTS (SOF) FOR PURPOSES OF THE MOTION

    I. The Pipeline

        1. The Pipeline was a natural gas pipeline owned by Genesis Energy (Genesis)
that crossed the GIWW (R4, tabs 1 at 39, 10 at 277, 282-83).

      2. In a November 2016 email chain (Email Chain), Corps personnel expressed
concerns that the Pipeline and another pipeline were not adequately buried to -24 feet
MLWW, 1 and thus at risk of an accidental strike (app. resp. ex. 1 at 814-16).

       3. As a result, on November 23, 2016, the Corps forwarded its concerns to
Morris P. Herbert, Inc. (Herbert)—an engineering firm (app. resp. ex. 1 at 812-13;
SAGIMF ¶ 31; RSAGIMF ¶ 31). 2 Herbert forwarded the Corps’ concerns to Genesis
on November 23, 2016, with an email stating that the Corps was directing Genesis to
lower the pipelines as soon as possible (id. at 812).

       4. On November 29, 2016, Herbert wrote to the Corps that “[t]he pipeline will
be lowered to minimum 24 feet MLLW as directed by USACE.” (app. resp. ex. 1
at 809).

       5. On March 23, 2017, Herbert sent the Corps an as-built drawing (Genesis As-
Built Drawing) and stated that “[a]s shown on the drawing, the pipeline was lowered
as directed by USACE Operations” (app. resp. ex. 6 at 917). The Genesis As-Built

1
  “MLLW” stands for Mean Lower Low Water and means the “average of the lower
      low water height of each tidal day observed over the National Tidal Datum
      Epoch.” See
      https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/datum_options.html#:~:text=MLLW*,the%
      20National%20Tidal%20Datum%20Epoch.
2
  “SUMF” refers to the Corps’ statement of undisputed material fact. “RSUMF” refers
      to RLB’s response to the SUMF. “SAGIMF” refers to RLB’s statement of
      additional genuine issues of material fact. “RSAGIMF” refers to the Corps’
      response to the SAGIMF.
                                           2
Drawing indicated as follows:

(gov’t reply ex. 2 at 919). As the Genesis As-Built Drawing’s bottom drawing shows,
the Pipeline was adequately buried to at least -24 feet MLWW for all of the 325-foot
distance between the setbacks (id.). 3 That 325-foot distance was wider than the 300-
foot dredging area in this appeal (R4, tab 1 at 38-39).

      II. The 0043 Contract

       6. On April 7, 2017, the Corps issued Solicitation W9126G-17-B-0011, which
resulted in the award of Contract No. W9126G-17-C-0043 (0043 Contract) to RLB on

3
    RLB’s suggestion that the Genesis As-Built Drawing showed that Genesis only
        lowered the Pipeline across the 125-foot channel is incorrect (app. resp. at 7).
        The Genesis As-Built Drawing bottom drawing showed that Genesis lowered
        the Pipeline to at least -24 feet MLWW not just across the channel, but also
        between the “set back” lines (gov’t reply ex. 2 at 919). Those “set back” lines
        are 325 feet apart based upon: (1) the horizontal graphic scale; and (2) the fact
        that those two “set back” lines were just to the right of STA 671 +22 and STA
        674 + 53, respectively, which corresponded to the ends of the set backs that
        were 325 feet apart on the top drawing (125-foot channel, plus 100-foot slopes
        on setbacks on both sides) (id.).
                                             3
June 2, 2017 (R4, tab 1 at 6-7). The 0043 Contract was for the dredging of the GIWW
(id. at 12, 38).

       7. The 0043 Contract specification 1.8 assigned the task of locating pipelines
and utilities crossings the dredging area to RLB, stating that:

              It is the Contractor’s responsibility to investigate the
              location of utility crossings. The Contractor shall take
              precautions against damages which can result from
              dredging operations in the vicinity of the utility crossings.
              If damage occurs as a result of dredging operations, the
              Contractor will be required to suspend dredging until the
              damage is repaired and approved. Costs of these repairs
              and downtime of the dredge and attendant plant shall be at
              the Contractor’s expense.

(R4, tab 1 at 48). Similarly, the 0043 Contract incorporated by reference Federal
Acquisition Regulation (FAR) 52.236-9 (PROTECTION OF EXISTING
VEGETATION, STRUCTURES, EQUIPMENT, UTILITIES, AND
IMPROVEMENTS) (April 1984) (id. at 64), which stated, inter alia, that “[t]he
Contractor shall protect from damage all existing improvements and utilities . . . at or
near the work site . . . the locations of which are made known to or should be known
by the Contractor.” 48 C.F.R. § 52.236-9(b).

       8. The 0043 Contract specification 1.8.1 stated that:

              There are pipelines and or utilities which are within the
              work limits. The following pipeline/utilities cross the
              area(s) to be dredged:

        Approximate     Permit    Description              Owner
        Station         No.
        1101+763        16247     One 2 and 7/8-inch       General Atlantic
                                  pipeline                 Resources, Inc.
                                  One 4 and 1/2-inch
                                  pipeline
        1102+281        7461/     One 12-inch pipeline     Houston Pipe Line Co.
                        3371
        1108+419        16715     One 24-inch Pipeline     Northern Natural Gas Co.

              EVERY EFFORT HAS BEEN MADE TO GIVE ALL
              PERTINENT DETAILS ON THE LOCATION OF
              PIPELINES/UTILITIES. THE DATA FURNISHED
                                            4
              ON THE PLANS ARE BELIEVED TO BE
              SUBSTANTIALLY CORRECT. HOWEVER, THE
              EXACT LOCATIONS MAY VARY FROM THAT
              SHOWN: THEREFORE THE CONTRACTOR
              SHALL COOPERATE WITH THE RESPECTIVE
              OWNERS TO ESTABLISH THE ACTUAL
              POSITION OF THE PIPELINES/UTILITIES. THE
              U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS PERMITS OF
              THE RESPECTIVE PIPELINES AND PREVIOUS
              SURVEYS ARE AVAILABLE UPON REQUEST
              FROM THE CORPUS CHRISTI RESIDENT
              OFFICE.

              THE FOLLOWING IS FURNISHED FOR
              INFORMAITON ON VERIFYING PIPELINE
              OWNERSHIP:

              Lonestar Notification Center
              1-713-223-4567 or 1-800-669-8344

              Texas 811 (Dig-Tess)
              1/800-344-8377

(R4, tab 1 at 48-49 (emphasis in original)). Similarly, the 0043 Contract required RLB
to “[v]erify with the utility owner the size, depth, coordinates, and transported material
of any pipelines buried within the area of work” (id. at 188).

       9. Although the table above did omit the Pipeline, two drawings in the 0043
Contract—drawings C-19 and C-20—showed the Pipeline crossing Section No. 17 of
the dredging area (R4, tab 1 at 38-39).

       10. The 043 Contract incorporated by reference FAR 52.236-21
(SPECIFICATIONS AND DRAWINGS FOR CONSTRUCTION) (Feb. 1997) (R4,
tab 1 at 65), which stated, inter alia, that “[a]nything mentioned in the specifications
and not shown on the drawings or shown on the drawings and not mentioned in the
specifications, shall be of like effect as if shown or mentioned in both” 48 C.F.R. §
52.236-21(a).

       11. The 043 Contract required RLB to complete performance within 115
calendar days of the notice to proceed (R4, tab 1 at 28). The 043 Contract included a
liquidated damages clause under FAR 52.211-12, which required RLB to pay $1,673
for each calendar day of delay (id.). However, the 043 Contract also incorporated by
reference FAR 52.249-10 (DEFAULT (FIXED-PRICE CONSTRUCTION)) (April

                                            5
1984) (id. at 65), which stated that RLB shall not be charged with liquidated damages
if “the delay in completing the work arises from unforeseeable causes beyond the
control and without the fault or negligence of the Contractor” 48 C.F.R. § 52.249-
10(b)(1).

    III. Performance

      12. The Corps issued the notice to proceed on June 8, 2017 (R4, tab 3 at 248),
making the contract completion date (CCD) October 1, 2017 (SUMF ¶12; RSUMF ¶
12).

       13. RLB did not cooperate with Genesis to establish the actual position of the
Pipeline prior to dredging, or request the Pipeline permit or surveys from the Corps
(Hernandez Decl. ¶¶ 9-10; gov’t mot. at ex. 1; SUMF ¶ 18; RSUMF ¶ 18).

        14. On April 17, 2018, the Jonathon King Boyd—one of RLB’s dredgers—
struck the Pipeline while performing dredging in Section No. 17, causing a gas plume
to ignite and damage the Jonathon King Boyd (R4, tabs 4 at 251; 10 at 277).

        15. During a telephone call on April 18, 2018, Randy Boyd of RLB informed
Christopher Frabotta—Chief of the Corps’ Navigation Branch—“you know Chris, the
pipeline was clearly marked on the plans and this one’s on us. It’s on my guys; well
it’s on me. My guys should have performed better coordination” (R4, tab 4 at 251). 4

      16. RLB claims that, due to the damage, it was unable to perform dredging
work between April 17, 2018 and December 21, 2018 (R4, tab 11 at 289). RLB
completed the dredging work on April 17, 2019 (R4, tab 14 at 313). 5

4
  While RLB calls the above statement self-serving, it is not hearsay because it was an
       opposing party’s statement. FED. R. EVID. 801(d)(2). Moreover, RLB did not
       raise a genuine issue of material fact regarding that statement by submitting
       contradictory evidence, such as a declaration from Mr. Boyd (app. resp. at 2-3).
5
  The Corps points to a July 16, 2019 National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)
       report’s probable cause findings regarding the accident (R4, tab 10). However,
       “[n]o part of a report of the [National Transportation Safety] Board relating to
       an accident or an investigation of an accident may be admitted into evidence or
       used in a civil action for damages resulting from a matter mentioned in the
       report.” 49 U.S.C. § 1154(b); see also In re Air Crash Disaster at Sioux City,
       Iowa, 780 F.Supp. 1207, 1208-11 (N.D. Ill. 1991). Because we find in favor of
       the Corps anyway, we assume without deciding that that statute precludes our
       consideration of the NTSB report’s findings regarding probable cause.
                                           6
   IV. Procedural History

       17. On July 2, 2020, RLB submitted a certified claim to the CO (R4, tab 11
at 288-301).

       18. On October 30, 2020, the CO issued a final decision, denying the claim
(R4, tab 14 at 308-19).

       19. This appeal followed. The complaint alleges that RLB is entitled to a time
extension of 363 days and remission of liquidated damages in the amount of $585,550
due to the excusable delays of the Corps providing defective specifications, RLB
encountering differing site conditions, and the Corps breaching its duty of good faith
and fair dealing (compl. ¶¶ 33-52, WHEREFORE clause).

                                      DECISION

        The Corps properly imposed liquidated damages under the 0043 Contract
because there is no genuine issue of material fact suggesting that there was excusable
delay. Where—as here (SOF ¶ 11)—a contract authorizes the imposition of liquidated
damages, the government may impose reasonable liquidated damages for delays,
unless a contractor can show that the delays were excusable. Ken Laster Co., ASBCA
No. 61292, 20-1 BCA ¶ 37,659 at 182,855. The government bears the initial burden of
proving that the contractor failed to meet the CCD, and that the period of time for
which the government assessed liquidated damages was correct. Id. If the
government makes such a showing, then the burden shifts to the contractor to show
that its failure to timely complete the work was excusable. Id.

        Here, RLB does not dispute the Corps’ showing that RLB failed to meet the
CCD, and that the period of time for which the Corps assessed liquidated damages was
correct (see generally app. resp. 9-18). Rather, RLB argues that that delay was
excusable because the Corps provided defective specifications, there were differing
site conditions, and the Corps breached its duty of good faith and fair dealing (id.). As
discussed below, RLB has failed to raise a genuine issue of material fact suggesting
that there were defective specifications, differing site conditions, or a breach of the
duty of good faith and fair dealing.

   I. Summary Judgment Standard

        We grant summary judgment only if there is no genuine issue as to any material
fact, and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Celotex Corp. v.
Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23 (1986) (internal citations omitted). All significant doubt
over factual issues must be resolved in favor of the party opposing summary judgment.
Mingus Constructors, Inc. v. United States, 812 F.2d 1387, 1390 (Fed. Cir. 1987). In

                                           7
deciding summary judgment motions, we do not resolve controversies, weigh
evidence, or make credibility determinations. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.,
477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986). Moreover, we draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the
non-movant. Id. A genuine issue of material fact arises when the non-movant
presents sufficient evidence upon which a reasonable fact-finder, drawing the requisite
inferences and applying the applicable evidentiary standard, could decide the issue in
favor of the non-movant. C Sanchez & Son, Inc. v. United States, 6 F.3d 1539, 1541
(Fed. Cir. 1993).

   II. Defective Specifications Claim

      RLB has failed to raise a genuine issue of material fact suggesting that the
Corps provided defective specifications. As we have recognized:

              When the government provides a contractor with defective
              specifications, the government is deemed to have breached
              the implied warranty that satisfactory contract performance
              will result from adherence to the specifications, and the
              contractor is entitled to recover all of the costs proximately
              flowing from the breach.

Essex Electro Engineers, Inc. v. Danzig, 224 F.3d 1283, 1289 (Fed. Cir. 2000). A
contractor may not prevail on a defective specifications claim when it has assumed the
risk of performance, such as when the government uses specific—as opposed to
general—exculpatory language. Commercial Constr. Corp., ASBCA No. 24087, 80-1
BCA ¶ 14,312 at 70,532. In order to establish a defective specifications claim, the
contractor bears the burden of establishing the fundamental facts of liability, causation,
and resulting injury. Wunderlich Contracting Co. v. United States, 351 F.2d 956, 968
(Ct. Cl. 1965). As discussed below, RLB has failed to raise a genuine issue of material
fact regarding either liability or causation.

       A. Liability

        RLB has not presented sufficient evidence upon which a reasonable fact-finder
could decide the issue of liability in its favor. RLB first argues that specification 1.8.1
was defective because it omitted the Pipeline from the identified known pipelines and
utility crossings the dredging areas (app. resp. at 11; see also SOF ¶ 8). However, we
must read a contract as a whole. Medlin Constr. Group, Ltd. V. Harvey, 449 F.3d
1195, 1200 (Fed. Cir. 2006); A.R. Mack Constr. Co., ASBCA No. 49526, 97-1 BCA
¶ 28,742 at 143,464. In particular, even if a specification omits a condition, the
contract nevertheless accurately discloses the condition if the contract contains a
FAR 52.236-21 clause and drawings that accurately disclose the condition. Hobbs
Constr. & Develop., Inc., ASBCA No. 299910, 91-1 BCA ¶ 23,518 at 117,933;

                                             8
FAR 52.236-21. Here, the 0043 Contract contained a FAR 52.236-21 clause, which
stated that “[a]nything . . . shown on the drawings and not mentioned in the
specifications, shall be of like effect as if shown or mentioned in both” (SOF ¶ 10).
Moreover, drawings C-19 and C-20 accurately disclosed that the Pipeline crossed the
dredging area (SOF ¶ 9). Therefore, read as a whole, the 0043 Contract accurately
disclosed that the Pipeline crossed the dredging area, despite specification 1.8.1’s
omission of the Pipeline from the list of pipelines and utilities crossing the dredging
area.

        RLB next points to specification 1.8.1’s statement that “every effort has been
made to give all pertinent details on the location of pipelines/utilities. The data
furnished on the plans are believed to be substantially correct[.]” RLB argues that that
statement was defective because the Email Chain and the Genesis As-Built Drawing
show that the Corps knew that the Pipeline was not adequately buried to -24 feet
MLLW over the 300 feet dredging area, and failed to disclose that information to
RLB. (App. resp. at 11-12 (quoting SOF ¶ 8) (emphasis omitted)) However, the
Email Chain at most raises a genuine issue of material fact suggesting that the Corps
knew in November 2016 that the Pipeline was not adequately buried (SOF ¶ 2). It is
not reasonable to infer from that fact that the Corps knew when it issued the
solicitation and awarded the 0043 Contract on April 7, 2017 and June 2, 2017,
respectively, that the Pipeline was not adequately buried because there is no genuine
issue of material fact but that: (1) in the Email Chain, the Corps—through Herbert—
directed Genesis to lower the Pipeline as soon as possible in November 2016
(SOF ¶ 3); (2) Herbert confirmed to the Corps on March 23, 2017 that “the pipeline
was lowered as directed by USACE Operations” (SOF ¶ 5); and (3) Herbert provided
the Corps on March 23, 2017, the Genesis As-Built Drawing, showing that Genesis
adequately buried the Pipeline to at least -24 feet MLWW for all of the 325 feet of the
GIWW channel, slopes, and setbacks—which was wider than the 300 feet dredging
area (SOF ¶ 5). Thus, RLB has failed to raise a genuine issue of material fact
suggesting that the Corps knew when it issued the solicitation and awarded the 0043
Contract that the Pipeline was inadequately buried.

       In any event, RLB’s defective specifications claim would fail because there is
no genuine issue of material fact but that RLB assumed the risk of determining the
Pipeline’s location and depth, and specification 1.8.1 used specifically exculpatory
language regarding any representations as to the Pipeline’s location and depth. RLB
assumed the risk of determining the Pipeline’s location and depth through
specification 1.8.1, which stated that “the contractor shall cooperate with the
respective owners to establish the actual position of the pipelines/utilities” (SOF ¶ 8
(emphasis omitted)). Similarly, specification 1.8 stated that:

              It is the Contractor’s responsibility to investigate the
              location of utility crossings. The Contractor shall take

                                            9
               precautions against damages which can result from
               dredging operations in the vicinity of the utility crossings.
               If damage occurs as a result of the dredging operations, the
               Contractor will be required to suspend dredging until the
               damage is repaired and approved. Costs of these repairs
               and downtime of the dredge and attendant plant shall be at
               the Contractor’s expense.

(SOF ¶ 7). Likewise, the 0043 Contract required RLB to “[v]erify with the utility
owner the size, depth, coordinates, and transported material of any pipelines buried
within the area of work,” and provided that “[t]he Contractor shall protect from
damage all existing . . . utilities . . . at or near the work site.” (SOF ¶¶ 7-8). Further,
specification 1.8.1 used specific exculpatory language, stating that “the exact locations
[of pipelines and utilities] may vary from that shown.” (SOF ¶ 8 (emphasis omitted)).
Because there is no genuine issue of material fact but that RLB assumed the risk of
determining the Pipeline’s location and depth, and specification 1.8.1 used specifically
exculpatory language, RLB’s defective specifications claim must fail. Commercial
Constr., 80-1 BCA ¶ 14,312 at 70,532. 6

        B. Causation

       Nor has RLB presented sufficient evidence upon which a reasonable fact-finder
could decide that any defective specifications caused the injury. First, RLB does not
even argue—let alone presents sufficient evidence upon which a reasonable fact-finder
could decide—that any inadequate burial of the Pipeline caused the accident (app. br.
9-10).

        On the contrary, there is no genuine issue of material fact but that RLB’s failure
to satisfy its duty to determine the Pipeline’s location and depth caused the accident.
As discussed above, the 043 Contract required RLB to determine the Pipeline’s
location and depth (SOF ¶¶ 7-8). However, RLB failed to determine the Pipeline’s
location and depth (SOF ¶ 13).

      There is no genuine issue of material fact but that it was that failure by RLB to
determine the Pipeline’s location and depth that cause the injury. As Mr. Boyd of
RLB acknowledged after the accident that “the pipeline was clearly marked on the

6
    We do not enforce specific exculpatory language if the parties did not contemplate
        enforcement, or enforcement would be inconsistent with some other significant
        contract provision. Commercial Constr., 80-1 BCA ¶ 14,312 at 70,532. RLB
        does not argue that the parties did not contemplate enforcement of the specific
        exculpatory language, or that such enforcement would be inconsistent with
        some other significant contract provision (see generally app. resp.).
                                            10
plans and this one’s on us. It’s on my guys; well it’s on me. My guys should have
performed better coordination” (SOF ¶ 15). Therefore, there is no genuine issue of
material fact but that RLB’s failure to fulfill its contractual duty to determine the
Pipeline’s location and depth—and not any defective specifications—caused the
injury. As a result, the Corps is entitled to judgment as a matter of law on RLB’s
defective specifications claim.

      III. Differing Site Conditions Claim

       There is no genuine issue of material fact suggesting that there were differing
site conditions. The elements of a type I 7 differing site conditions claim are that:
(1) the contract contained a positive indication of the conditions at the site; (2) the
contractor reasonably interpreted and relied upon the indicated site conditions; (3) the
conditions encountered were materially different from those indicated; (4) the
conditions encountered were reasonably unforeseeable based upon the information
available to the contractor at the time of bidding; and (5) the differing site conditions
were the sole cause of the contractor’s injury. Nova Group, Inc., ASBCA No. 55408,
10-2 BCA ¶ 34,533 at 170,321 (citing H.B. Mac, Inc. v. United States, 153 F.3d 1338,
1345 (Fed. Cir. 1998); Stuyvesant Dredging Co. v. United States, 834 F.2d 1576, 1581
(Fed. Cir. 1987)).

        Here, RLB has failed to present sufficient evidence upon which a reasonable
fact-finder could decide that there was a positive indication in the 0043 Contract as to
the Pipeline’s depth (app. resp. at 10-16). Rather, RLB complains that the 0043
Contract failed to disclose that the Pipeline was inadequately buried (id. at 16).
However, because establishing a differing site conditions claim requires a positive
indication, the absence of an indication in the 0043 Contract regarding the Pipeline’s
depth does not support a differing site conditions claim. See David Boland, Inc.,
ASBCA No. 61923 et al., 21-1 BCA ¶ 37,822 at 183,656 (holding that the absence of
an indication in a contract regarding the state of a utility line did not support a
differing site conditions claim).

      Moreover, RLB has failed to present sufficient evidence upon which a
reasonable fact-finder could decide that the conditions encountered were reasonably
unforeseeable based upon the information available to RLB at the time of bidding.
If—as RLB alleges—the Genesis As-Built Drawing showed that the Pipeline was
inadequately buried (which is not the case) (app. resp. at 7, 11-12, 16), then the
purported fact that the Genesis As-Built drawing showed the Pipeline was

7
    Given RLB’s allegation that actual conditions differed materially from those
         indicated in the 0043 Contract, (compl. ¶ 49), it is clear that RLB is bringing a
         type I—and not a type II—differing site conditions claim. See Dennis T. Hardy
         Elec., Inc., ASBCA No. 47770, 97-1 BCA ¶ 28,840 at 143,870.
                                             11
inadequately buried would have been reasonably foreseeable based upon the
information available to RLB because the Genesis As-Built Drawing was available to
RLB. As specification 1.8 stated, “the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers permits of the
respective pipelines and previous surveys are available upon request from the Corpus
Christi Resident Office.” (SOF ¶ 8 (emphasis omitted)) Further, as discussed above,
RLB could have—and indeed was contractually required to—determine the Pipeline’s
depth by contacting Genesis (SOF ¶¶ 7-8). Thus, there is no genuine issue of material
fact suggesting that the conditions encountered were reasonably unforeseeable based
upon the information available to RLB at the time of bidding. See Control, Inc. v.
United States, 294 F.3d 1357, 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (holding that a differing site
conditions claim related to a pipeline failed when a reasonably prudent contractor
would have inquired about the pipeline’s location).

       Finally, there is no genuine issue of material fact suggesting that that failure to
disclose the Pipeline’s depth was the sole cause of RLB’s injury. Rather, as discussed
above, there is no genuine issue of material fact but that RLB’s failure to fulfill its
contractual duty to determine the Pipeline’s depth caused the injury (SOF ¶¶ 7-8, 13).
As a result, the Corps is entitled to judgment as a matter of law on RLB’s differing site
conditions claim.

   IV. The Duty of Good Faith and Fair Dealing Claim

        There is no genuine issue of material fact suggesting that the Corps breached its
duty of good faith and fair dealing. “Every contract imposes upon each party a duty of
good faith and fair dealing in its performance and enforcement.” Metcalf v. United
States, 742 F.3d 984, 990 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (internal citation omitted). However, a
party cannot use an implied duty of good faith and fair dealing to expand another
party’s contractual duties beyond those in the contract, or to create duties inconsistent
with the contract’s provisions. Agility Pub. Warehousing Co. KSCP v. Mattis, 852
F.3d 1370, 1384 (Fed. Cir. 2017) (internal citation omitted).

       Here, RLB argues that the Corps breached its duty of good faith and fair
dealing by failing to disclose its knowledge that the Pipeline was inadequately buried,
despite the Corps’ representation that it would “give all pertinent details on the
location of pipelines” and utilities and that the “data furnished on the plans are
believed to be substantially correct” (app. resp. at 14-15; see also SOF ¶ 8). However,
as discussed above, there is no genuine issue of material fact suggesting that the Corps
knew that the Pipeline was inadequately buried at the time of the solicitation and
contract award (SOF ¶ 5). In any event, RLB cannot use the duty of good faith and
fair dealing to impose upon the Corps a duty to disclose the Pipeline’s depth because
that would create a duty inconsistent with the 0043 Contract, which—as discussed
above—imposed upon RLB a duty to determine the Pipeline’s depth (SOF ¶¶ 7-8).

                                           12
  Therefore, the Corps is entitled to judgment as a matter of law on RLB’s breach of the
  duty of good faith and fair dealing claim.

                                      CONCLUSION

        For the foregoing reasons, the motion for summary judgment is granted and we
  dismiss this appeal.

            Dated: June 15, 2023

                                                   JAMES R. SWEET
                                                   Administrative Judge
                                                   Armed Services Board
                                                   of Contract Appeals

 I concur                                            I concur

 RICHARD SHACKLEFORD                                 J. REID PROUTY
 Administrative Judge                                Administrative Judge
 Acting Chairman                                     Vice Chairman
 Armed Services Board                                Armed Services Board
 of Contract Appeals                                 of Contract Appeals

      I certify that the foregoing is a true copy of the Opinion and Decision of the
Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals in ASBCA No. 62779, Appeal of RLB
Contracting, Inc., rendered in conformance with the Board’s Charter.

       Dated: June 16, 2023

                                                  PAULLA K. GATES-LEWIS
                                                  Recorder, Armed Services
                                                  Board of Contract Appeals

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