Court Opinion

ID: 9911596
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-12-20 16:00:44.598776+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:51:32.278169
License: Public Domain

23-14-cv
Phillips 66 Co. v. Marine Petrobulk Ltd.

                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                             FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                      SUMMARY ORDER

Rulings by summary order do not have precedential effect. Citation to a summary order
filed on or after January 1, 2007, is permitted and is governed by Federal Rule of Appellate
Procedure 32.1 and this court’s Local Rule 32.1.1. When citing a summary order in a
document filed with this court, a party must cite either the Federal Appendix or an
electronic database (with the notation “summary order”). A party citing a summary order
must serve a copy of it on any party not represented by counsel.

        At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit,
held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the
City of New York, on the 20th day of December, two thousand twenty-three.

        PRESENT:          John M. Walker, Jr.,
                          Steven J. Menashi,
                          Eunice C. Lee,
                                    Circuit Judges.
____________________________________________

PHILLIPS 66 CO.,

                  Plaintiff-Appellant,

           v.                                                  No. 23-14-cv

MARINE PETROBULK LTD.,

                  Defendant-Appellee.
____________________________________________
For Plaintiff-Appellant:               JASON E. WILLIAMS, Bissinger, Oshman,
                                       Williams & Strasburger LLP, Houston, TX
                                       (John B. Strasburger, Bissinger, Oshman,
                                       Williams & Strasburger LLP, Houston, TX,
                                       and Jacob Gardener, Walden Macht &
                                       Haran LLP, New York, NY, on the brief).

For Defendant-Appellee:                ROBERT A. O’HARE JR. (Andrew C. Levitt, on
                                       the brief), O’Hare Parnagian LLP, New York,
                                       NY.

      Appeal from a judgment entered in the United States District Court for the
Southern District of New York (Cote, J.).

      Upon due consideration, it is hereby ORDERED, ADJUDGED, and
DECREED that the judgment of the district court is REVERSED IN PART and
AFFIRMED IN PART.

      Plaintiff-Appellant Phillips 66 Co. appeals the judgment of the district court
dismissing its breach of contract, breach of implied covenant, and unjust
enrichment claims against Marine Petrobulk Ltd. Phillips 66’s claims arise out of
an alleged invoicing error. Phillips 66 sold marine fuel to Marine Petrobulk in a
series of 37 transactions. Phillips 66 issued an invoice after each transaction, which
Marine Petrobulk paid. After the final transaction, Phillips 66 discovered that it
had mistakenly underbilled Marine Petrobulk by about $4 million because it had
used the wrong conversion rate to convert the contract price—set as a price per
metric ton—to a price per barrel. Upon discovering the error, Phillips 66 issued
revised invoices. Marine Petrobulk refused to pay the increased amount, claiming
that the original invoices had been calculated correctly. Phillips 66 filed suit and
this appeal followed.

                                          2
      We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural
history of the case, and the issues on appeal.

                                    BACKGROUND

      Between August 2020 and April 2021, Phillips 66 sold very low sulfur fuel
oil (“VLSFO”) to Marine Petrobulk in 37 separate transactions. The transactions
were governed by Phillips 66’s General Terms and Conditions (the “GTCs”) and
Non-Crude Oil Products Marine Provisions. The GTCs require the application of
New York law. For each transaction, Phillips 66 issued a “Confirmation” that set
out the terms of the transaction.

      The Confirmations did not specify a fixed price. Instead, each Confirmation
set forth a pricing formula, which generally appeared as follows:

      100.0000% of the PLATTS ASIA/ARAB MKT - GASOIL 10PPM @
      SINGAPORE - AVERAGE Index, for the Pricing Period defined as the
      day of the Completion of Loading (the “Pricing Event”) (Pricing
      Event excludes weekends & holidays) including a differential of –/+
      [Dollar Amount] USD per Metric Ton(s) in Air.
J. App’x 145-246 (Confirmations at 1). Under this formula, the price equaled the
Platts Singapore Gasoil 10ppm index (“Platts Gasoil index”) price as adjusted by
a differential. The Platts Gasoil index is a publicly available commodity index for
gasoil—which is a different type of fuel than VLSFO. The Platts Gasoil index
reports prices in dollars per barrel of gasoil, with a listed conversion rate of 7.45
barrels per metric ton of gasoil. The differential varied by transaction based on
market conditions and could be a discount or a premium in relation to the index
price, or it could be zero. The differential was always stated in the Confirmation
in dollars per metric ton.

      According to Phillips 66, this pricing formula set forth a price per metric ton
of VLSFO: The contract price was equal to the Platts Gasoil index price converted
to a price per metric ton using the 7.45 rate and adjusted by the differential.
However, because Marine Petrobulk requested to be invoiced in barrels, Phillips

                                         3
66 converted the contract price into a price per barrel in its invoices to Marine
Petrobulk.

      In its original invoices, Phillips 66 converted the contract price from metric
tons to barrels using the same conversion rate—7.45 barrels per metric ton of
gasoil—that it had used to convert the Platts Gasoil index price. Phillips 66 now
argues that this calculation was erroneous and that it should have used the VLSFO
barrels-per-metric-ton conversion rate rather than the gasoil conversion rate to
calculate the final contract price. VLSFO is denser than gasoil, so one metric ton of
VLSFO fits into fewer barrels than does one metric ton of gasoil. 1 Because Phillips
66 used the higher gasoil conversion rate in the original invoices to convert the
price per metric ton of VLSFO into a price per barrel—which yielded a lower price
per barrel than the VLSFO conversion rate would yield—Phillips 66 billed Marine
Petrobulk at a lower price for the same quantity of VLSFO than it would have if it
had billed Marine Petrobulk in metric tons.

      Some time after Phillips 66 issued the final invoice, Phillips 66 discovered
its alleged error. Phillips 66 then issued revised invoices that used the VLSFO
conversion rate to convert the price per metric ton into a price per barrel. Marine
Petrobulk refused to pay the revised invoices; it maintains that the original
invoices were calculated correctly under the terms of the contract.

      The district court dismissed Phillips 66’s claims, holding that “the [p]arties
agreed to use the rate of 7.45 as the rate to convert the price per barrel into the
price per metric tons” and that, “[m]athematically, the same rate must be applied
to reconvert metric tons into barrels.” Phillips 66 Co. v. Marine Petrobulk Ltd., No.
22-CV-1121, 2022 WL 17417260, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Dec. 5, 2022). In fact, mathematics
does not require that the same rate be used to convert metric tons of VLSFO into
barrels that was used to convert metric tons of gasoil into barrels. We reverse the

1 Phillips 66 alleges that the barrels-per-metric-ton conversion rate for VLSFO is between
6.38 to 6.73, depending on the particular shipment.

                                            4
district court’s dismissal of the breach of contract claim, but we affirm the
dismissal of the implied covenant and unjust enrichment claims. We conclude that
Phillips 66 plausibly alleged that the contract set forth a price per metric ton of
VLSFO and that accordingly the VLSFO conversion rate should have been used to
invoice Marine Petrobulk.

                                    DISCUSSION

      “We review a district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss de novo, accepting
as true all factual claims in the complaint and drawing all reasonable inferences in
the plaintiff’s favor.” Henry v. County of Nassau, 6 F.4th 324, 328 (2d Cir. 2021)
(internal quotation marks omitted).

      To survive a motion to dismiss, a “complaint must plead ‘enough facts to
state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Green v. Dep’t of Educ., 16 F.4th
1070, 1076-77 (2d Cir. 2021) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570
(2007)). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content
that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable
for the misconduct alleged.” Charles v. Orange County, 925 F.3d 73, 81 (2d Cir. 2019)
(quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009)). “A complaint is deemed to
include any written instrument attached to it as an exhibit or any statements or
documents incorporated in it by reference.” Green, 16 F.4th at 1077 (internal
quotation marks omitted).

                                            I

      Phillips 66 first argues that Marine Petrobulk breached the parties’ contract
by refusing to pay the revised invoices that reflect the agreed-upon price.
According to Phillips 66, the Confirmations set out a price per metric ton of
VLSFO. To convert that contract price to a price per barrel, the barrels-per-metric-
ton conversion rate of the fuel sold—VLSFO—must be used. Phillips 66’s use of
the gasoil conversion rate resulted in Marine Petrobulk being billed for, and
paying, a price that was lower than the contract price.

                                            5
      “Under New York state law, a breach of contract claim must allege: ‘(i) the
formation of a contract between the parties; (ii) performance by the plaintiff;
(iii) failure of defendant to perform; and (iv) damages.’” Orchard Hill Master Fund
Ltd. v. SBA Commc'ns Corp., 830 F.3d 152, 156 (2d Cir. 2016) (quoting Orlander v.
Staples, Inc., 802 F.3d 289, 294 (2d Cir. 2015)). “[T]he first principle of contract
interpretation is that where the language of the contract is clear and unambiguous,
the contract is to be given effect according to its terms.” Glob. Reinsurance Corp. of
Am. v. Century Indem. Co., 22 F.4th 83, 94 (2d Cir. 2021) (internal quotation marks
omitted); see also N.Y. U.C.C. § 2-202. “At the motion to dismiss stage, a district
court may dismiss a breach of contract claim only if the terms of the contract are
unambiguous” as to the issue disputed by the parties. Orchard Hill, 830 F.3d at 156.

      “Whether or not a writing is ambiguous is a question of law to be resolved
by the courts.” Id. (quoting Orlander, 802 F.3d at 294). A contract is ambiguous
when it “suggest[s] more than one meaning when viewed objectively by a
reasonably intelligent person who has examined the context of the entire
integrated agreement and who is cognizant of the customs, practices, usages and
terminology as generally understood in the particular trade or business.” Glob.
Reinsurance, 22 F.4th at 94 (internal quotation marks omitted). A contract is not
“made ambiguous simply because the parties urge different interpretations,” id.
(quoting Seiden Assocs., Inc. v. ANC Holdings, Inc., 959 F.2d 425, 428 (2d Cir. 1992)),
and we will not find a contract ambiguous when “the interpretation urged by one
party would strain the contract language beyond its reasonable and ordinary
meaning,” Steiner v. Lewmar, Inc., 816 F.3d 26, 32 (2d Cir. 2016) (internal quotation
marks and alteration omitted). Finally, in interpreting a contract under New York
law, we aim to “give full meaning and effect to all of its provisions” and to avoid
an interpretation that “render[s] … [a] clause superfluous or meaningless.” LaSalle
Bank Nat. Ass’n v. Nomura Asset Cap. Corp., 424 F.3d 195, 206 (2d Cir. 2005) (quoting
Shaw Group, Inc. v. Triplefine Int’l Corp., 322 F.3d 115, 121, 124 (2d Cir. 2003)).

                                            6
       We conclude that Phillips 66 has plausibly alleged a breach of contract
claim. 2 We agree with the district court that “the Confirmations govern the
contract price.” Phillips 66 Co., 2022 WL 17417260, at *3. But we disagree that
Phillips 66 has failed to state a breach of contract claim. The Confirmations set
forth a price per metric ton of VLSFO. As Phillips 66 argues, converting that price
to a price per barrel using the gasoil conversion rate alters the agreed-upon price
because gasoil and VLSFO have different densities.

                                                  A

       First, the Confirmations govern the contract price. Each Confirmation states
that “[t]his Transaction shall be governed by the terms set forth in this
confirmation and the [GTCs and Non-Crude Oil Products Marine Provisions].”
J. App’x 145-246 (Confirmations at 3). Each Confirmation further states that
“Phillips 66 Company does not accept any different or additional provisions or

2 Phillips 66 argued before the district court and in its appellate brief that the audit
provision in the GTCs gives Phillips 66 the right to revise its invoices for a two-year
period. The district court disagreed, holding that because the audit provision gives each
party only the “right to audit the books and records of the other Party,” it “does not allow
a party to revise its own records and seek to enforce them under the contract.” Phillips 66
Co., 2022 WL 17417260, at *3; see App’x 34. We do not reach this issue here. Whatever the
correct interpretation of the audit provision, the provision is not necessary to Phillips 66’s
claim for breach of contract. As the parties conceded at oral argument, Phillips 66’s breach
of contract claim turns on what the agreed-upon price was and whether Marine Petrobulk
paid that price—not on the audit provision. See Oral Argument Audio Recording at 09:36
(Judge Menashi: “Let’s say that [the audit] provision was not in the contract, couldn’t you
be making the same argument? … Do you need to have a provision that says there’s an
audit period in which invoices remain open?” Counsel for Plaintiff: “No, Your Honor.”);
id. at 19:01 (Judge Menashi: “Do you agree with what I just said with opposing counsel
that the audit provision is not really consequential? … Let’s say you agree that the
invoices were mistaken and you actually had agreed to pay a different price, you’d still
owe that price, right? You wouldn’t need a separate provision of the contract that says
they have a right to come back and correct the invoices.” Counsel for Defendant: “I would
agree with that, Your Honor.”).

                                              7
conditions other than what is contained in this transaction confirmation and
her[e]by rejects … any inconsistent or additional provisions.” Id.

      Marine Petrobulk contends that each transaction is governed not only by the
Confirmations but also by all documents relating to that transaction—including
the invoices, the parties’ email exchanges, and load confirmations. In support of
that argument, Marine Petrobulk points to Section 1(g) of the GTCs, which defines
a “Confirmation” as “any writing evidencing the Transaction.” Id. at 17. Yet
Section 1(g) does not mean that “all” writings evidencing the transaction are
together defined as a “Confirmation.” Rather, Section 1(g) indicates that a
Confirmation is any particular writing evidencing the Transaction. In fact, the
GTCs clearly contemplate that each transaction would be governed by a particular
document titled “Confirmation.” See id. at 18 (defining “Transaction” as “the
agreement for the purchase or sale of Products which may be evidenced by a
Confirmation and shall be governed by these [GTCs]”). Moreover, even if we were
to adopt Marine Petrobulk’s interpretation of Section 1(g), each Confirmation
states that its terms govern its respective transaction and supersede any contrary
contractual terms, which would again establish that the Confirmations govern.

                                              B

      Second, the Confirmations set forth a price per metric ton of VLSFO. The
price of VLSFO is given in terms of the Platts Gasoil index price as adjusted by a
differential. This pricing formula states the differential in dollars per metric ton,
which means that—in order to calculate the price of VLSFO—the Platts Gasoil
index price must be converted to a price per metric ton. Furthermore, nearly all
the Confirmations list the quantity of VLSFO in metric tons, which indicates that
the contract’s pricing was set in terms of metric tons.

      The fact that the Platts Gasoil index reports its prices in dollars per barrel of
gasoil does not mean that the Confirmations set forth a price for the VLSFO in
barrels. For the pricing formula to yield a price per barrel, one would need to
convert the differential using the Platts Gasoil index’s 7.45 conversion rate. But the

                                          8
Confirmations do not suggest that the 7.45 conversion rate would apply to
anything other than the index price. In fact, the 7.45 conversion rate is not
identified anywhere in the Confirmations; it is incorporated only via the
Confirmations’ reference to the Platts Gasoil index.

          The parties’ agreement to use the 7.45 conversion rate to convert the index
price to a price in metric tons does not require that the parties use the same rate to
convert the resulting contract price from metric tons of VLSFO to barrels. As
Phillips 66 notes, such an interpretation would have the “absurd result” of altering
the contract price based on whether the purchaser was billed by weight (metric
tons) or by volume (barrels). Appellant’s Br. 23. Furthermore, Phillips 66’s
agreement to invoice Marine Petrobulk in barrels does not somehow result in the
pricing formula in the Confirmations setting forth a price per barrel. Phillips 66
alleges that Marine Petrobulk’s request to be billed in barrels was an
“administrative accommodation” that did not change the substantive terms of the
contract. Compl. ¶ 19. More importantly, the pricing formula is given in metric
tons, and when a contractual term is “clear and unambiguous” it will be “given
effect according to its terms.” Glob. Reinsurance, 22 F.4th at 94; see also N.Y. U.C.C.
§ 2-202.

          Finally, Marine Petrobulk argues that Phillips 66’s revised calculations must
be incorrect because the calculations “render the agreed discount superfluous.”
Appellee’s Br. 35; see also LaSalle Bank, 424 F.3d at 206. Marine Petrobulk points out
that, even when the differential is negative, the revised invoices often state a
VLSFO price per barrel that is higher than the Platts Gasoil index price per barrel.
We are not persuaded. The negative differential is not rendered superfluous; it
always reduces the index price by the stated dollar amount per metric ton. In other
words, the final VLSFO price would be even higher if there were no differential.
The revised VLSFO price per barrel was higher than the index price per barrel
because the contract price was in terms of metric tons and because gasoil and
VLSFO have different densities—not because the agreed-upon discount has no
effect.

                                            9
       Because we conclude that the Confirmations state a price per metric ton of
VLSFO, we do not need to consider evidence of the parties’ course of
performance—in particular, the original invoices issued and payments made—
that may contradict the contract’s plain terms. Under Article 2 of the UCC, when
a sales contract “involves repeated occasions for performance,” a “course of
performance accepted or acquiesced in without objection shall be relevant to
determine the meaning of the agreement.” N.Y. U.C.C. § 2-208(1). However, when
we cannot reasonably construe the contract’s express terms and the parties’ course
of performance “as consistent with each other,” then the “express terms shall
control.” Id. § 2-208(2); see also id. § 1-303(e)(1); Lion Oil Trading & Transp., Inc. v.
Statoil Mktg. & Trading (US) Inc., 728 F. Supp. 2d 531, 535 (S.D.N.Y. 2010) (“[W]hen
considering a sale of goods contract under the U.C.C[.], the determination of a
contract’s meaning … is done in conjunction with evidence about course of dealing,
usage of trade, and the parties’ course of performance so long as that extrinsic
evidence does not contradict the contract’s language.”); Kolmar Americas, Inc. v.
Bioversal Inc., 932 N.Y.S.2d 460, 461 (App. Div. 2011) (explaining that “Article 2 of
the UCC does not authorize the introduction of parole evidence to vary the plain
meaning of [a] clause” when the evidence “actually contradicts the unambiguous
contractual terms”). The Confirmations and the invoices state two different prices
for the same quantity of fuel. Thus, the invoices constitute “parole evidence [that]
var[ies] the plain meaning” of the pricing formula and are therefore not relevant
to interpreting the contract. Kolmar Americas, Inc., 932 N.Y.S.2d at 461. 3

3 We note that, although contradictory extrinsic evidence cannot alter the plain meaning
of the agreement, such evidence may be relevant to affirmative defenses such as
modification, waiver, or estoppel. See N.Y. U.C.C. § 2-208(3) (providing that a “course of
performance shall be relevant to show a waiver or modification of any term inconsistent
with such course of performance”); id. § 2-209; Dallas Aerospace, Inc. v. CIS Air Corp., 352
F.3d 775, 783 (2d Cir. 2003) (“Under New York law, parties may modify a contract by
another agreement, by course of performance, or by conduct amounting to a waiver or
estoppel.”) (internal quotation marks omitted). To the extent that Marine Petrobulk may
assert that Phillips 66’s claim is waived because it accepted payments under the original

                                            10
                                              II

       Phillips 66 also claims that Marine Petrobulk breached the implied covenant
of good faith and fair dealing by not paying the increased amounts in the revised
invoices. We affirm the district court’s dismissal of this claim as duplicative of the
breach of contract claim.

       “Under New York law, implicit in every contract is a covenant of good faith
and fair dealing which encompasses any promises that a reasonable promisee
would understand to be included.” Spinelli v. Nat’l Football League, 903 F.3d 185,
205 (2d Cir. 2018) (internal quotation marks and alteration omitted). The implied
covenant provides that neither party may “do anything that has the effect of
destroying or injuring the right of the other party to receive the fruits of the
contract, or to violate the party’s presumed intentions or reasonable expectations.”
Id. (internal quotation marks and alteration omitted). A claim for breach of the
implied covenant “survives a motion to dismiss only if it is based on allegations
different from those underlying the breach of contract claim, and the relief sought
is not intrinsically tied to the damages that flow from the breach of contract.” JN
Contemp. Art LLC v. Phillips Auctioneers LLC, 29 F.4th 118, 128 (2d Cir. 2022). While
a party may pursue claims in the alternative when, for example, there is a dispute
over the meaning of contractual terms, “[a] party certainly cannot succeed on
claims for both breach of an express contract term and breach of the implied
covenant based on the same facts.” Spinelli, 903 F.3d at 206.

       Phillips 66 argues that Marine Petrobulk “acted in bad faith when it knew
the correct price but attempted to circumvent its obligation to pay for the actual

invoices without objection or is equitably estopped because Marine Petrobulk set resale
prices for the fuel it purchased based on Phillips 66’s original prices, see Appellee’s Br.
35-36, the merits of such affirmative defenses may be considered by the district court on
remand. See, e.g., Beth Israel Med. Ctr. v. Horizon Blue Cross & Blue Shield of N.J., Inc., 448
F.3d 573, 585 (2d Cir. 2006) (holding that whether a hospital’s failure to object to a lower
reimbursement rate over a period of eight years constituted a waiver of its contractual
right to the higher reimbursement rate was a question of fact).

                                              11
fuel it received.” Appellant’s Br. 26-27. These allegations are not “different from
those underlying the breach of contract claim.” JN Contemp. Art LLC, 29 F.4th at
128. Furthermore, because we have now held that the Confirmations
unambiguously set forth a price of VLSFO in metric tons, Phillips 66’s breach of
the implied covenant claim must be dismissed as duplicative.

                                          III

      Finally, Phillips 66 claims that Marine Petrobulk was unjustly enriched by
accepting the delivered fuel without paying the total price reflected in the revised
invoices. We also affirm the district court’s dismissal of Phillips 66’s unjust
enrichment claim as duplicative.

      “To recover under a theory of unjust enrichment, a litigant must show that
(1) the other party was enriched, (2) at that party’s expense, and (3) that it is
against equity and good conscience to permit the other party to retain what is
sought to be recovered.” Columbia Mem’l Hosp. v. Hinds, 38 N.Y.3d 253, 275 (2022)
(internal quotation marks and alteration omitted). Unjust enrichment “is available
only in unusual situations when, though the defendant has not breached a contract
…, circumstances create an equitable obligation running from the defendant to the
plaintiff.” Corsello v. Verizon New York, Inc., 18 N.Y.3d 777, 790 (2012). It is “not
available where it simply duplicates, or replaces, a conventional contract …
claim.” Id. Thus, “[t]he existence of a valid and enforceable written contract
governing a particular subject matter ordinarily precludes recovery in quasi
contract for events arising out of the same subject matter.” Beth Israel Med. Ctr., 448
F.3d at 587 (quoting Clark-Fitzpatrick, Inc. v. Long Island R.R. Co., 70 N.Y.2d 382, 388
(1987)).

      Phillips 66 argues that it is entitled to plead an unjust enrichment claim in
the alternative because “there is a bona fide dispute about whether the contract
covers the full scope of Phillips 66’s allegations.” Appellant’s Br. 30. However, the
dispute involves the proper calculation of the invoice price under the contract and

                                          12
the contract clearly encompasses the price calculation. The district court properly
dismissed this claim as well.

                                      *    *     *

      For the foregoing reasons, we REVERSE IN PART and AFFIRM IN PART
the judgment of the district court.

                                          FOR THE COURT:
                                          Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court

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