Court Opinion

ID: 4676402
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-04-12 15:00:17.166594+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:03:31.584448
License: Public Domain

20-1651-pr
Dixon v. von Blanckensee

                              UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                         August Term, 2020

                           Argued: March 12, 2021     Decided: April 12, 2021

                                        Docket No. 20-1651-pr

                                    MALE DIXON, AKA JAMES KING,

                                          Plaintiff - Appellee,

                                                — v. —

                       WARDEN BARBARA VON BLANCKENSEE, INDIVIDUALLY,

                                        Defendant - Appellant.*

B e f o r e:

              LYNCH and BIANCO, Circuit Judges, and HALPERN, District Judge.**

*
     The Clerk is respectfully directed to amend the official caption as shown above.
**
 Judge Philip M. Halpern, of the United States District Court for the Southern
District of New York, sitting by designation.
       Defendant-Appellant Warden Barbara von Blanckensee appeals from
orders of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
(Román, J.) granting in part and denying in part her motions to dismiss and
reconsider dismissal of Plaintiff-Appellee James King’s claims under Bivens v. Six
Unknown Named Agents of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388 (1999),
seeking money damages for, inter alia, an alleged violation of his Fifth
Amendment right to have meaningful access to the courts. We conclude that
King does not state a plausible claim under the Fifth Amendment and that the
district court thus erred in failing to grant qualified immunity to von Blanckensee
on that claim. We therefore REVERSE the district court’s orders to the extent
they denied the motion to dismiss King’s Fifth Amendment Bivens claim and
REMAND to the district court with instructions to dismiss that claim.

                   STEVEN J. KOCHEVAR, Assistant United States Attorney, for
                        Audrey Strauss, United States Attorney for the Southern
                        District of New York, New York, NY, for Defendant -
                        Appellant.

                   DAVID C. RUSSELL (Kent A. Yalowitz, on the brief), Arnold &
                        Porter Kaye Scholer LLP, New York, NY for Plaintiff -
                        Appellee.

                   Samuel Weiss, Washington, D.C., for Amicus Curiae Rights
                        Behind Bars.

                                         2
GERARD E. LYNCH, Circuit Judge:

      This case stems from actions that allegedly occurred during a civil case that

Plaintiff-Appellee James King1 filed in the Court of Common Pleas of Luzerne

County, Pennsylvania, in 2015. At the time of that filing, King was serving a

sentence at the Federal Correctional Institution at Otisville, New York (“FCI

Otisville”). King’s complaint alleged that Pennsylvania state officials violated his

rights by using excessive force during an arrest. In the course of proceedings in

that case, a state court judge issued a “transport order” that purported to

“authorize[]” officials at FCI Otisville to “release [King] into the temporary

custody of the Sheriff of Luzerne County . . . for the purpose of attending a

hearing scheduled for January 26, [2016].” J. App’x at 19. Warden Barbara von

Blanckensee did not transport King to the hearing; instead, arrangements were

made for King to appear telephonically. King’s complaint was ultimately

dismissed.

      King, proceeding pro se, filed the instant action against von Blanckensee in

her official and individual capacities asserting violations of his First, Fifth, Sixth,

1
 The name on King’s birth certificate is “Male Dixon.” He is generally known,
however, as “James King.” The parties and the district court so refer to him, as do
we in this Opinion.

                                           3
and Seventh Amendment rights stemming from her failure to transport him to

his hearing and requesting money damages under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and Bivens v.

Six Unknown Named Agents of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 388 (1999).

Warden von Blanckensee moved to dismiss the complaint, and the United States

District Court for the Southern District of New York (Nelson S. Román, J.)

dismissed all of King’s claims except for his First and Fifth Amendment claims.

She then moved for reconsideration, and the district court dismissed King’s First

Amendment claim.2

      Warden von Blanckensee appeals the district court’s denial of qualified

immunity as to King’s Fifth Amendment claim against her. She argues that, as a

matter of law, King has failed to allege a violation of a clearly established

constitutional right and she is thus entitled to qualified immunity. We agree.

Accordingly, we REVERSE the orders of the district court to the extent that they

denied von Blanckensee’s motion to dismiss King’s Fifth Amendment Bivens

claim and REMAND this case with instructions to dismiss that claim.

2
 Although the district court did not address von Blanckensee’s qualified
immunity defense in its order granting in part her motion to dismiss, it clarified
that it had concluded that she was not entitled to qualified immunity on King’s
Fifth Amendment claim in its order granting in part her motion for
reconsideration.

                                          4
                                   BACKGROUND

I.    The State Court Proceedings and King’s Federal Complaint

      While incarcerated at FCI Otisville, King, acting pro se, filed a complaint in

Pennsylvania state court alleging that Pennsylvania police officers used excessive

force against him during the course of an arrest. The presiding state judge

scheduled a pre-trial conference to be held on January 26, 2016 and issued a

“transport order” stating in relevant part that:

             the Superintendent of FCI Otisville is hereby authorized
             to release into the temporary custody of the Sheriff of
             Luzerne County or his proper Deputies for the purpose
             of attending a hearing scheduled for January 26, [2016]
             at 1:00 p.m. at the Luzerne County Courthouse, 200
             North River Street, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania 18711
             before the Honorable Tina Polachek Gartley.
                  Defendant shall be housed at the Luzerne County
             Correctional Facility until further Order of this Court.

J. App’x at 19 (emphasis omitted).

      King was not transported to that hearing. Instead, von Blanckensee (or

other officials at the prison subordinate to her) arranged for him to appear

telephonically. King’s state-court complaint was ultimately dismissed as barred

by the statute of limitations, for failure to state a claim, and for failure to

effectuate service on the defendants.

                                            5
      On September 25, 2017, King filed the instant action in the Southern

District of New York. King’s Second Amended Complaint (“SAC”), filed

February 5, 2018, asserts violations of his First, Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh

Amendment rights stemming from von Blanckensee’s failure to transport him to

his hearing. He alleges that von Blanckensee “refused to obey a court order” that

“directed her to deliver [him] to the court by allowing the local Sheriff to take

custody and control of [him].” Id. at 16. King further alleges that “[t]here existed

no legal reason for the defendant [to refuse] to permit [him] to attend the

scheduled court proceeding.” Id. “Consequently,” King alleges, “the . . . lawsuit

was dismissed due to the defendant’s conduct.” Id.

II.   Proceedings in the District Court

      On October 16, 2018, von Blanckensee moved to dismiss the SAC. She

argued that any claims made against her in her official capacity were barred by

sovereign immunity, that Bivens should not be extended to provide a cause of

action for money damages against her in her personal capacity, that King failed

to state any claim for relief, and that, in any event, she is protected by qualified

immunity.

                                          6
      On June 11, 2019, the district court granted the motion in part and denied it

in part. The district court held that King could not sue von Blanckensee in her

official capacity, that § 1983 does not provide a remedy against a federal officer,

and that King failed to allege a violation of his Sixth and Seventh Amendment

rights. However, the court allowed King to proceed with his Bivens claim for

violations of his First and Fifth Amendment rights.

      In its order, the court construed King’s pro se complaint liberally. It

characterized King’s complaint as alleging that “Defendant retaliated against

[King] for filing a lawsuit by preventing him [from] attending his scheduled

court proceedings” for no reason “other than retaliation, spite, and her desire to

inflict punishment on him” in violation of King’s First Amendment right to

petition the government for redress. Id. at 50. Further, the “Complaint alleges that

[King] was denied meaningful access to the courts” because of von Blanckensee’s

“unilateral[] and arbitrar[y]” decision not to comply with the state court transfer

order in violation of King’s Fifth Amendment right to due process. Id. at 39-41.

Accepting those allegations as true, the district court held that King properly

pleaded claims under the First and Fifth Amendments.

      Warden von Blanckensee timely moved for reconsideration, arguing, inter

                                          7
alia, that the district court failed to address qualified immunity in its order

addressing the motion to dismiss. On June 18, 2019, the district court sua sponte

directed the Clerk of Court to seek pro bono counsel to assist King in opposing

the motion for reconsideration.

      On October 7, 2019, King, through pro bono counsel, opposed the motion

for reconsideration.3 On March 26, 2020, the district court again granted the

motion in part and denied it in part. First, the district court held that King failed

to refute von Blanckensee’s qualified immunity defense as to his First

Amendment claim and granted the motion as to that claim. The district court,

however, denied the defense as to King’s Fifth Amendment claim because, in its

view, King might be able to defeat the defense after eliciting further facts through

discovery. This appeal followed.

                                   DISCUSSION

      Warden von Blanckensee argues that King’s allegations, taken as true, do

not state a violation of his Fifth Amendment right to due process because federal

3
 David Russell and Kent Yalowitz of Arnold & Porter represented King in his
opposition to the motion for reconsideration and continue to represent King pro
bono before this Court. We are grateful for their vigorous representation of their
client both here and in the court below.

                                          8
officials do not need to abide by orders from a state court. Next, she contends that

even if the acts alleged by King did violate the Constitution, the law was not

clearly established at the time of that violation. Lastly, von Blanckensee argues

that Bivens should not be extended to this context.4

I.    Standards of Review

      “We review a district court’s denial of qualified immunity on a motion to

dismiss de novo, ‘accepting as true the material facts alleged in the complaint and

drawing all reasonable inferences in plaintiffs’ favor.’” Garcia v. Does, 779 F.3d 84,

91 (2d Cir. 2015), quoting Johnson v. Newburgh Enlarged Sch. Dist., 239 F.3d 246,

250 (2d Cir. 2001). Because King filed his complaint pro se, we construe it

liberally. See Tracy v. Freshwater, 623 F.3d 90, 101 (2d Cir. 2010) (describing the

“special solicitude” that this Court affords to pro se litigants).

4
 We have jurisdiction over this interlocutory appeal because von Blanckensee
argues that the district court’s denial of her qualified immunity defense “turns on
an issue of law.” Garcia v. Does, 779 F.3d 84, 91 (2d Cir. 2015) (internal quotation
marks omitted). Whether we have jurisdiction to review the Bivens question
depends on whether the district court’s recognition of the Bivens claim “directly
implicate[s]” the qualified immunity defense. See Wilkie v. Robbins, 551 U.S. 537,
549 & n.4 (2007) (internal quotation marks omitted) (reasoning that where the
recognition of a new Bivens cause of action implicates qualified immunity, a court
may properly consider the issue on interlocutory appeal). Here, however, we
need not decide that question because we rest our decision on qualified
immunity grounds only and need not reach the Bivens issue.

                                           9
II.   Qualified Immunity

      “[Q]ualified immunity protects government officials from liability for civil

damages unless a plaintiff pleads facts showing (1) that the official violated a

statutory or constitutional right, and (2) that the right was clearly established at

the time of the challenged conduct.” McGowan v. United States, 825 F.3d 118, 124

(2d Cir. 2016) (internal quotation marks omitted). At the motion to dismiss stage,

the qualified immunity defense “faces a formidable hurdle . . . and is usually not

successful” because it is the defendant that must plead and prove the defense.

Estate of Chamberlain v. City of White Plains, 960 F.3d 100, 111 (2d Cir. 2020),

quoting Field Day, LLC v. County of Suffolk, 463 F.3d 167, 191-92 (2d Cir. 2006).

However, “[i]f the complaint does not allege a cognizable federal claim, the

defendant is entitled to have his qualified-immunity motion granted promptly as

a matter of law.” Munafo v. Metro. Transp. Auth., 285 F.3d 201, 211 (2d Cir. 2002).

      To determine whether King has alleged a cognizable claim we “accept as

true, as we must, all well-pleaded factual allegations in the complaint.”

Chamberlain, 960 F.3d at 103 n.8. We need not consider “conclusory allegations or

legal conclusions couched as factual allegations.” Rothstein v. UBS AG, 708 F.3d

82, 94 (2d Cir. 2013). However, “the complaint is deemed to include any written

                                          10
instrument attached to it as an exhibit or any statements or documents

incorporated in it by reference.” Chambers v. Time Warner, Inc., 282 F.3d 147, 152

(2d Cir. 2002) (internal quotation marks omitted). When ruling on a Rule 12(b)(6)

motion, we may also consider “matters of which a court may take judicial

notice.” Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rts., Ltd., 551 U.S. 308, 322 (2007).

      A. Motion to Strike

      As a preliminary matter, the parties disagree as to whether this Court may

properly consider the state court hearing transcript and dismissal order in

deciding whether King has alleged a plausible claim under the Fifth Amendment.

The SAC explicitly references the transport order, which King attached to his

complaint, and there is no doubt that we may consider that document as part of

the record. See Chambers, 282 F.3d at 152 (attachments to a complaint are

considered part of the complaint for the purposes of adjudicating a motion to

dismiss).

      King’s complaint does not attach or otherwise explicitly reference the state

court hearing transcript or the dismissal order. Instead, he simply alleges that

von Blanckensee caused him “to miss a court appearance . . . resulting in the

                                           11
dismissal of his” suit. J. App’x at 20.5 The district court adjudicated the motion to

dismiss and motion for reconsideration without referencing either the hearing

transcript or the dismissal order. Nevertheless, von Blanckensee includes the

hearing transcript and dismissal order in the Joint Appendix before this Court,

and King has moved to strike those documents from the record. Warden von

Blanckensee seeks notice of two facts supported by the documents. First, she asks

us to take judicial notice of the fact that King appeared telephonically at the

January 2016 hearing. Second, she seeks notice of the fact that the state court

dismissal order “did not mention any defect in his appearance at the January

2016 hearing as a reason for dismissal or otherwise.” Opp’n to Mot. to Strike at

10.

5
 It is worth noting, however, that while this allegation does not explicitly
reference the order dismissing the suit, it asserts that King’s failure to appear in
person for the hearing caused the dismissal of his suit. But a plaintiff cannot
allege a fact about a court proceeding and escape scrutiny of the record of that
proceeding simply by neglecting to attach the record that documents what
occurred there, any more than a party to a written contract can make assertions
about the terms of the contract and preclude a court from considering on a
motion to dismiss the undisputed document that embodies those terms. See, e.g.,
Int’l Audiotext Network, Inc. v. Am. Tel. & Tel. Co., 62 F.3d 69, 72 (2d Cir. 1995)
(holding that if a complaint “relies heavily upon [a contract’s] terms and effect”
the contract may be considered at the 12(b)(6) stage even if the contract is not
incorporated in or attached to the complaint).

                                         12
      This Court has discretion to determine whether to take judicial notice of

documents that are not part of the record on appeal. See, e.g., Young v. Selsky, 41

F.3d 47, 50-51 (1994) (taking judicial notice of the plaintiff’s submission of a

defendant’s prior testimony in other cases). Under Federal Rule of Evidence 201,

a “court may judicially notice a fact that is not subject to reasonable dispute.”

Fed. R. Evid. 201(b). “Such facts must either be (1) generally known within the

territorial jurisdiction of the trial court or (2) capable of accurate and ready

determination by resort to sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be

questioned.” Int'l Star Class Yacht Racing Ass'n v. Tommy Hilfiger U.S.A., Inc., 146

F.3d 66, 70 (2d Cir. 1998) (internal quotation marks omitted).

      King acknowledged to the district court that he was present at the hearing

telephonically, and he does not dispute on appeal that he appeared at the hearing

telephonically. Indeed, the state court transcript confirms that King so appeared,

and the document is otherwise “capable of accurate and ready determination by

resort to sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.” Id. (internal

quotation marks omitted). Thus, we may properly notice the hearing transcript

for the fact that King appeared telephonically at the hearing.

      We may also properly notice the fact – embodied in the state court

                                          13
dismissal order – that King’s action was dismissed because that court concluded

that his § 1983 claims were barred by the statute of limitations, his personal injury

claims failed to state a plausible claim for relief, and he failed to effectuate service

on the defendants in the case. The order did not mention King’s failure to appear

in person as a reason for dismissing his claims. These are facts that “cannot

reasonably be questioned” because they are apparent from the face of the state

court order. Id.6

      King further argues that absent “extraordinary circumstances” we should

decline to consider matters that were not part of the record below, even if those

matters are properly subject to judicial notice. King is correct that appellate courts

will not ordinarily consider matters outside the district court record, and we have

stated that “absent extraordinary circumstances, federal appellate courts will not

consider rulings or evidence which are not part of the trial record.” Int’l Bus.

6
 We do not take any position on whether King’s state court action was properly
dismissed, nor do we take judicial notice of any historical facts referenced in the
state court order. Cf. Int’l Star Class Yacht Racing Ass’n, 146 F.3d at 70 (“Facts
adjudicated in a prior case do not meet either test of indisputability contained in
Rule 201(b): they are not usually common knowledge, nor are they derived from
an unimpeachable source.”). We take notice only of the indisputable fact that the
state court dismissed King’s claims on specified grounds and did not reference
King’s failure to appear in person as a factor bearing on its decision.

                                          14
Machines Corp. v. Edelstein, 526 F.2d 37, 45 (2d Cir. 1975). However, we have

recited that standard primarily in cases in which a party moves to supplement

the record with new evidence that is not subject to judicial notice. See, e.g.,

Bleichert v. N.Y. State Educ. Dep’t, 793 F. App’x 32, 35 (2d Cir. 2019) (discussing the

extraordinary circumstances test regarding appellant’s motion to supplement the

record with 50 pages from a case file filled with factual matters that the district

court did not review and which were not relevant to the holding). Moreover, we

have denied motions to strike extra-record material that did not meet the

“extraordinary circumstances” standard but of which we could otherwise take

judicial notice. See Okoi v. El Al Israel Airlines, 378 F. App’x 9, 11 n.1 (2d Cir. 2010)

(applying “extraordinary circumstances” test to grant motion to strike

extra-record documents, but denying motion with respect to documents subject

to judicial notice). And indeed, almost any circumstance in which an appellate

court is asked to take judicial notice of a fact (as opposed to reviewing a district

court’s decision to take judicial notice) would likely be one in which the matter in

question was not already part of the record below.

      We need not undertake to formulate a “rule” about whether facts that may

be judicially noticed are subject to or exempt from the “extraordinary

                                           15
circumstances” test. Here, the basis for the dismissal of King’s state court

complaint is incontrovertibly demonstrated in the judicial record of that case,

which flatly contradicts the assertion in King’s complaint that the dismissal of the

case was caused by his failure to appear in person at the hearing. We can (and

do) give full weight to the principle that appellate courts will not ordinarily

consider matters not part of the record below, and still recognize that the

situation before us is sufficiently unusual that taking notice of the state court’s

actual ruling is consistent with that principle.

      B. Failure to Allege a Violation of King’s Constitutional Rights

      Our qualified immunity analysis “is guided by two questions: first,

whether the facts show that the [defendant’s] conduct violated plaintiff[’s]

constitutional rights, and second, whether the right was clearly established at the

time of the defendant[’s] actions.” Golodner v. Berliner, 770 F.3d 196, 201 (2d Cir.

2014) (internal quotation marks omitted). We may consider “these questions in

either order” and “[i]f we answer either question in the negative, qualified

immunity attaches.” Id. We begin by deciding whether King has adequately

alleged a claim under the Fifth Amendment. We hold that he has not.

      King’s complaint alleges that von Blanckensee “refused to honor or abide

                                          16
by the [transport order], thereby causing [King] to miss a court appearance and

resulting in the dismissal of his [suit].” J. App’x at 20. King further alleges that

von Blanckensee’s actions “deprived [him] of his right to pursue a Civil Rights

lawsuit.” Id. at 17. Finally, King contends that “[t]here existed no legal reason for

the defendant Warden’s refusal to permit [him] to attend the scheduled court

proceeding, except for retaliation, spite, and a desire to inflict punishment on

[him]” and to “frustrate and destroy [the] lawsuit.” Id. at 16, 20.

      The district court, reading King’s complaint liberally, held that he

adequately alleged that von Blanckensee “def[ied] the transport order, thereby

denying Plaintiff meaningful access to the courts” in violation of the Fifth

Amendment’s right to due process. Id. at 69. The district court further reasoned

that “absent any showing or proffered reason, a prison [official] cannot arbitrarily

deprive an inmate of a right to appear for litigation that he has received pursuant

to a court order.” Id. at 49. Thus, the district court concluded that King plausibly

alleged a violation of his constitutional rights and had satisfied the first element

of the qualified immunity analysis.

      On appeal, von Blanckensee argues that (1) “the Constitution does not

require a federal warden to comply with a transport order issued by a state court

                                          17
for a federal prisoner” and (2) even if it did, she “did not violate the state court

order in this case” because the order did not mandate King’s appearance but

merely “authorized” it. Appellant’s Br. at 15, 18. For his part, King argues that the

relevant question we must answer is whether “federal officials [may] exercise

their powers arbitrarily . . . impeding one’s ability to litigate a suit” in violation of

the Fifth Amendment right to due process. Appellee’s Br. at 2. He defines the

alleged violation as “not whether [von] Blanckensee should or should not have

abided by the state court’s order – it is that [von] Blanckensee arbitrarily refused

the order.” Id. at 12 (emphasis added). However the claimed right is defined,

King did not plead a cognizable constitutional violation in this case.

             1. State Court Authority

      We begin by putting to one side the complaint’s allegation that von

Blanckensee defied the state court’s order. Whether the order directed, or merely

authorized, the Warden of FCI Otisville to release her prisoner to the custody of

Pennsylvania state officials for transportation to a Pennsylvania state court, that

order is a nullity that has no effect one way or the other on King’s alleged right to

attend the hearing. Warden von Blanckensee is correct that the Supremacy

Clause renders a mandatory order from a state court to a federal officer void.

                                           18
Thus, even assuming that the transport order issued a directive that von

Blanckensee refused to obey, she had no obligation to obey it.7

      A principal tenet of the Supremacy Clause is that “the States have no

power . . . to retard, impede, burden, or in any manner control the operations of

the constitutional laws enacted by Congress.” McCulloch v. Maryland, 17 U.S. (4

       Wheat.) 316, 436 (1819). Indeed, federal law is the “supreme Law of the

Land,” U.S. Const. art. VI, cl. 2., and “the Constitution guarantees ‘the entire

independence of the General Government from any control by the respective

States,’” Trump v. Vance, 140 S. Ct. 2412, 2425 (2020), quoting Farmers and

Mechanics Sav. Bank of Minneapolis v. Minnesota, 232 U.S. 516, 521 (1914). That is

why courts “must not give effect to state laws that conflict with federal laws”

under the doctrine of preemption. Armstrong v. Exceptional Child Ctr., Inc., 575

U.S. 320, 324 (2015).

      But the Supremacy Clause goes beyond preemption of state laws. It is a

7
 Warden von Blanckensee argues that she did not violate the transport order
because the order authorized, but did not direct, her to produce King. She
therefore asks us to reject the complaint’s allegation that she violated the order as
“contradicted by the order itself.” Appellant’s Br. at 19. We need not resolve this
dispute because, as explained in the text, the state court lacked the power to
direct or authorize von Blanckensee to transport King to the hearing, and she had
no obligation to comply with the order however it is characterized.

                                         19
bedrock principle of our federalism, established even before the Civil War, that

the supremacy of federal law renders state courts “without authority of law” to

order the release of a federal prisoner, because “no State can authorize one of its

judges or courts to exercise judicial power, by habeas corpus or otherwise, within

the jurisdiction of another and independent Government.” Ableman v. Booth, 62

U.S. (21 How.) 506, 514-16 (1858).8

      That a state court has no authority to issue a mandatory order to the Bureau

of Prisons (“BOP”) to produce an inmate who is in federal custody does not mean

that the BOP lacks discretion to release that inmate into state custody. BOP

regulations provide that “[t]he Bureau of Prisons will consider a request made on

behalf of a state or local court that an inmate be transferred to the physical

custody of state or local agents pursuant to state writ of habeas corpus.” 28 C.F.R.

§ 527.30. However, those regulations direct that “[t]he Warden shall authorize

8
  The same is not true in reverse. Congress has authorized the federal courts to
issue writs of habeas corpus to state officers, thus empowering federal courts “to
inquire into the cause of [a prisoner’s] commitment, and to discharge him, if he
be restrained of his liberty in violation of the constitution” even when he “is held
under the authority of a state.” Ex parte Royall, 117 U.S. 241, 249 (1886). Indeed, a
federal court may order a state authority to produce a person in custody even for
a hearing on the writ. See 28 U.S.C. § 2243; Pa. Bureau of Corr. v. U.S. Marshals Serv.,
474 U.S. 34, 38-41 (1985) (discussing the writ of habeas corpus ad testificandum).

                                          20
transfer only when satisfied that the inmate’s appearance is necessary . . . and

that federal interests . . . will not be interfered with, or harmed.” Id. § 527.31(b).9

      Here, King – a federal inmate – alleges that a Pennsylvania state court

“directed” Warden von Blanckensee “to deliver [him] to . . . the local Sheriff” and

that she “refused to honor or abide by the . . . [o]rder” causing him injury. J.

App’x at 16, 20. But von Blanckensee had no obligation to obey that order. In fact,

on appeal, King himself no longer “assert[s] that [von] Blanckensee had a . . .

duty to obey the transport order[,]” and concedes that “a state court cannot

exercise its judicial power over a federal official.” Appellee’s Br. at 22. Therefore,

the district court erred to the extent that its orders allowed King to proceed on

the theory “that [von Blanckensee] violated his constitutional Fifth Amendment

due process rights by defying the transport order, thereby denying Plaintiff

meaningful access to the courts.” J. App’x at 69.

9
  Warden von Blanckensee’s authority to exercise discretion to accommodate a
prisoner’s involvement in state proceedings thus derives from the federal
regulations that govern her powers and duties as Warden of a Federal
Correctional Institution. A state court has no power either to enhance or restrict
her discretion to release a prisoner into state custody – though of course a state
court may properly issue directives to state police or jail custodians to provide
transportation or housing to a federal prisoner whose release to state custody has
been approved by a warden in accordance with governing federal regulations.

                                           21
             2. Access to the Courts

      Stripped of whatever rhetorical support the complaint may derive from the

allegation that von Blanckensee defied a court order, King’s argument resolves to

a claim that, by declining King’s request to be transported to Pennsylvania to

attend the hearing, von Blanckensee deprived him of his constitutional right of

access to the courts. But that claim must fail.

       Incarcerated individuals have a right to meaningful access to the courts. See

Lewis v. Casey, 518 U.S. 343, 350 (1996) (describing the right as “well-

established”). However, “meaningful access to the courts is the touchstone . . .

and the inmate therefore must go one step further and demonstrate that the

alleged shortcomings . . . hindered his efforts to pursue a legal claim.” Id. at 351

(internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Indeed, we have held that “[i]n

order to establish a violation of a right of access to courts, a plaintiff must

demonstrate that a defendant caused actual injury . . . i.e., took or was responsible

for actions that hindered a plaintiff’s effort to pursue a legal claim.” Monsky v.

Moraghan, 127 F.3d 243, 247 (2d Cir. 1997) (internal quotation marks, citations,

and alterations omitted).

      King makes no plausible allegation that he was denied meaningful access

                                          22
to the courts. He does not contend that von Blanckensee, or any other federal

correctional official, prevented him from filing his state court action, or from

filing whatever papers he wished in response to the motion made by defendants

in that action to dismiss his complaint. To the extent that his complaint can be

read to assert that von Blanckensee prevented him from participating in the

scheduled state court hearing, King has abandoned that contention on appeal,

and concedes the fact, incontrovertible in light of the undisputedly authentic

state court transcript, that he was able to participate fully, albeit remotely, in that

proceeding.10

      Nor has King plausibly alleged that his appearance at the hearing by

telephone rather than in person prejudiced him in any way. King alleges that his

“lawsuit was dismissed due to [von Blanckensee’s] conduct.” J. App’x at 16. But

that allegation is entirely conclusory, and may be disregarded on that ground

alone. See Rothstein, 708 F.3d at 94. In any event, it is conclusively refuted by the

state court’s order of dismissal, which dismissed the case for reasons totally

10
  Indeed, it is clear from the transcript that the state court at no point showed any
frustration with either the arrangement for telephonic participation or with
King’s absence, patiently heard and considered King’s arguments, and rejected
his perfunctory and conclusory objection to allowing the conference to continue
without his physical presence.

                                          23
unrelated to King’s physical absence from the hearing. Other than that, King

makes no concrete factual allegations creating a plausible inference that

appearing telephonically deprived him in any way of meaningful access to the

courts, or that his physical absence prejudiced him in any way. Thus, he has

failed to “demonstrate that [the] defendant caused actual injury . . . or was

responsible for actions that hindered [his] effort to pursue a legal claim.” Monsky,

127 F.3d at 247 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

      Nor can King get any mileage from his argument that his complaint

sounds in a right to be free from arbitrary governmental action. See Appellee’s Br.

at 22 (arguing that his claim is not that von Blanckensee refused to comply with

the state court order, but that she “arbitrarily refused [it], which violated [his]

Fifth Amendment rights”) (emphasis added). The district court appeared to rest

its decision at least in part on this theory, as it held that “absent any showing or

proffered reason, a prison [official] cannot arbitrarily deprive an inmate of a right

to appear for litigation that he has received pursuant to a court order.” J. App’x at

49; see also id. at 41 (“[King’s] grievance is that the Warden unilaterally and

arbitrarily decided not to honor a specific Court’s transportation order . . . .”).

      As it relates to the alleged arbitrariness of von Blanckensee’s actions,

                                          24
King’s complaint alleges that “[t]here existed no legal reason for the defendant

Warden’s refusal to permit [him] to attend the scheduled court proceeding,

except for retaliation, spite, and a desire to inflict punishment on [him]” and to

“frustrate and destroy [the] lawsuit.” Id. at 16, 20. King’s allegation that von

Blanckensee refused to permit him to attend the hearing, however, is refuted by

his own admission that he appeared at the hearing by telephone and by the

transcript of the hearing. See, e.g., Amidax Trading Grp. v. S.W.I.F.T. SCRL, 671

F.3d 140, 146-47 (2d Cir. 2011) (holding that a court may look to documents

attached to the complaint to determine whether an allegation should be

“accepted as true”). It is simply not true that von Blanckensee “refus[ed] to

permit [King] to attend the scheduled court proceeding.” J. App’x at 16. The

decision he challenges as “arbitrary” is the decision to permit him to appear by

telephone rather than in person.

      King does not, however, make any non-conclusory allegation permitting a

plausible inference that von Blanckensee’s decision was arbitrary. He

acknowledges that someone “arranged the telephonic appearance,” though he

did not know “who arranged [it], or on what basis the decision was made.” Id. at

28. But just because the decision to allow him to appear telephonically was not

                                          25
explained to him does not mean that it was arbitrary. Nothing in the complaint

indicates that other inmates were allowed to attend pre-trial hearings in state

court civil actions while King was not.

      Nor is there any basis for a contention that refusing a prisoner’s request to

appear in person at pre-trial, non-evidentiary proceedings is so arbitrary or

irrational as to violate a prisoner’s rights.11 To the contrary, it is obvious that

arranging for prisoners to be conveyed to state courts around the country would

disrupt normal prison management and create potential security concerns. That

is not to say that such concerns would necessarily justify prison officials in

denying a prisoner’s request to appear, with adequate security safeguards, where

his physical presence is necessary to the adjudication of a civil case. But the

federal regulation that explicitly permits a warden to “authorize transfer only

when [among other things] satisfied that the inmate’s appearance is necessary,”

28 C.F.R. § 527.31(b), is plainly reasonable. It is equally reasonable for a warden

11
  When courts assess whether governmental decisions or classifications are
arbitrary or unsupported by rational bases, “the burden is upon the challenging
party to negative any reasonably conceivable state of facts that could provide a
rational basis for the classification.” Bd. of Trs. of Univ. of Ala. v. Garrett, 531 U.S.
356, 367 (2001) (internal quotation marks omitted). Neither the allegations in
King’s complaint nor the arguments in his brief suggest that such a showing can
be made.

                                            26
to conclude that providing inmates with the ability to participate remotely in

court proceedings like the preliminary conference at issue in this case is an

adequate accommodation of prisoners’ rights to pursue a case in light of the

penological costs of transferring inmates out of federal custody for transportation

across the country to attend, in person, every pre-trial conference or hearing

whenever the inmate (or, for that matter, a state court judge) prefers that he be

present.

       At oral argument, counsel for King argued that, because the reason for von

Blanckensee’s decision does not appear on the record, there can be no penological

basis for it, and it is therefore arbitrary. But that argument asks this Court, in

effect, to rule that wardens must provide specific explanations of every decision

to deny an inmate’s request to attend a state court hearing in person. Indeed,

counsel contended that to hold otherwise would mean that the warden need not

consider any standard in making that decision.

      But that is not so. The governing federal regulations provide standards for

a warden to consider when determining, in her own discretion, whether to allow

a federal inmate to be transferred to the custody of state or local agents for court

proceedings: such a transfer may be approved provided that “the inmate’s

                                          27
appearance is necessary, that state and local arrangements are satisfactory, that

the safety or other interests of the inmate . . . are not seriously jeopardized, and

that federal interests . . . will not be interfered with, or harmed.” 28 C.F.R.

§ 527.31(b). The standards in effect require the warden to balance the necessity

for the inmate’s in-person presence in court against the penological interests in

avoiding unnecessarily disruptive and dangerous transportation of prisoners.

      In view of the apparent reasons that militate against routine transportation

of prisoners to distant courts, it is entirely reasonable under the federal

regulations, and not at all arbitrary, for wardens to seek accommodations short of

such transportation that would permit remote participation by prisoners in court

proceedings where their physical presence is not necessary. As demonstrated by

the transcript of the state court proceedings in this very case, such remote

participation will often be entirely satisfactory. Both in his complaint and on

appeal, King has eschewed any effort to explain why his physical presence at this

hearing was vital, or even significantly advantageous, to his ability to pursue his

lawsuit or to defend against the motion to dismiss.

      We need not decide in this case under what, if any, circumstances a

warden’s decision not to permit an inmate to appear in person at a judicial

                                          28
proceeding in a state court would deny the inmate’s right to meaningful access to

the courts. We express no view, for example, on whether a warden would violate

that right if she refused to permit an inmate to attend a trial of an action in which

he had no legal representation, was a vital trial witness, and was threatened with

default if he did not appear in person, despite the availability of secure, judicially

supervised custody arrangements for his transportation and housing. It suffices

to note that such a case would be a far cry from the facts of this one.

      In sum, Warden von Blanckensee had no obligation to comply with the

transport order from the state court, and King’s complaint does not plausibly

allege that the decision to permit King to appear at the pre-trial conference only

telephonically rather than in person was arbitrary, or in any way prejudicial to

his case. Thus, King has failed to state a “cognizable federal claim, [and] the

defendant is entitled to have [her] qualified-immunity motion granted promptly

as a matter of law.” Munafo, 285 F.3d at 211 (2d Cir. 2002). Given that King has

failed to state a cognizable claim, it follows a fortiori that von Blanckensee did

not violate a clearly established right, and we need not further address that issue.

Golodner, 770 F.3d at 201. Furthermore, we need not decide, and do not opine on,

whether Bivens should be extended to cover this type of claim.

                                          29
                                 CONCLUSION

      For the foregoing reasons, we REVERSE the district court’s orders on von

Blanckensee’s motions to dismiss and reconsider dismissal to the extent that

those motions were denied, and REMAND the matter to the district court with

instructions to dismiss King’s Fifth Amendment claim. It is further ORDERED

that Plaintiff-Appellee’s motion to strike is DENIED.

                                        30