Court Opinion

ID: 9372002
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-02-17 16:00:46.698328+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:16:31.805651
License: Public Domain

Case: 22-1059    Document: 48        Page: 1   Filed: 02/17/2023

        NOTE: This disposition is nonprecedential.

   United States Court of Appeals
       for the Federal Circuit
                  ______________________

                  NEUROPTICS, INC.,
                    Plaintiff-Appellant

                                v.

                    BRIGHTLAMP, INC.,
                      Defendant-Appellee
                  ______________________

                        2022-1059
                  ______________________

    Appeal from the United States District Court for the
 Southern District of Indiana in No. 1:19-cv-04832-JMS-
 MG, Judge Jane Magnus-Stinson.
                 ______________________

                Decided: February 17, 2023
                 ______________________

    PETER R. AFRASIABI, One LLP, Newport Beach, CA, ar-
 gued for plaintiff-appellant. Also represented by NA-
 THANIEL L. DILGER.

     ALLAN J. STERNSTEIN, Intellectual Property Clinic, In-
 diana University Mauer School of Law, Bloomington, IN,
 argued for defendant-appellee.
                  ______________________

    Before LOURIE, TARANTO, and STARK, Circuit Judges.
Case: 22-1059    Document: 48      Page: 2     Filed: 02/17/2023

 2                       NEUROPTICS, INC.   v. BRIGHTLAMP, INC.

 STARK, Circuit Judge.
      NeurOptics, Inc. and Brightlamp, Inc. do not agree on
 whether they agreed. So now they are litigating over
 whether they should continue litigating. Because we agree
 with the district court that the parties entered into a bind-
 ing settlement agreement, we affirm that court’s dismissal
 of this patent infringement case – notwithstanding our dis-
 agreement with the district court as to the scope of the par-
 ties’ settlement.
                               I
     NeurOptics, Inc. (“NeurOptics”) manufactures pupil-
 lometers, which are devices that measure pupil size and an
 eye’s response to light. Brightlamp, Inc. (“Brightlamp”)
 produces a smartphone application, named Reflex, with
 pupillometer functionality. NeurOptics believes Bright-
 lamp’s Reflex infringes one or more of NeurOptics’ patents.
      On March 27, 2019, NeurOptics sent a cease-and-desist
 letter to Brightlamp’s Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”),
 Kurtis Sluss. In its letter, NeurOptics notified Brightlamp
 of its view that Reflex infringes “multiple NeurOptics pa-
 tents,” adding that NuerOptics “holds an extensive and
 wide-reaching intellectual property portfolio that is fo-
 cused on protecting all aspects of NeurOptics’ pupillometer
 technology.” J.A. 217. The letter listed twenty-two U.S.
 patents NeurOptics considers to be part of its “extensive
 patent portfolio protecting its pupillometer technology.”
 J.A. 217-19.
     NeurOptics expressly accused Brightlamp of infringing
 two of those patents: U.S. Patent Nos. 9,402,542 (the “’542
 patent”) and 6,820,979 (the “’979 patent”). J.A. 219-20. We
 will refer to the ’542 and ’979 patents collectively as the
 “Two Asserted Patents.” The letter provided claim charts
 comparing the limitations of one claim from each of the
 Two Asserted Patents to Brightlamp’s Reflex product. The
 letter emphasized that the two charted claims were “only
Case: 22-1059       Document: 48    Page: 3   Filed: 02/17/2023

 NEUROPTICS, INC.   v. BRIGHTLAMP, INC.                     3

 exemplary” and “not intended to be an exhaustive explana-
 tion of the patents or claims infringed by Brightlamp’s Re-
 flex product.” J.A. 222. NeurOptics went on to state that
 it “in fact believes that the Reflex product unquestionably
 infringes . . . additional NeurOptics Patents.” J.A. 222. Fi-
 nally, it urged Brightlamp, “[i]n choosing your next steps,”
 to “review not only the claims found in the ’542 and ’979
 patents, but also the claims found in U.S. Patent No.
 6,116,736; 6,260,968; 7,147,327; 7,670,002; and 8,235,526.”
 J.A. 222. We will refer to these five patents as the “Five
 Additional Patents.” Each of the Two Asserted Patents and
 the Five Additional Patents, which all descend from the
 same patent application, expired on or before August 1,
 2021. The Two Asserted Patents, the Five Additional Pa-
 tents, and the other fifteen patents listed in the NeurOptics
 letter (which we will refer to as the “Fifteen More Patents”)
 together make up the twenty-two patents NeurOptics noti-
 fied Brightlamp of in its letter.
      On December 6, 2019, NeurOptics sued Brightlamp.
 The complaint alleged that Brightlamp infringed “at least”
 the ’542 and ’979 patents, defining these Two Asserted Pa-
 tents as the “Asserted Patents.” J.A. 2 ¶ 4; see also J.A. 46
 (case management plan repeating allegation that Bright-
 lamp has infringed “at least” the Two Asserted Patents).
 As support, the complaint included claim charts “com-
 par[ing] Reflex’s function and operation against repre-
 sentative claims” of the Two Asserted Patents. J.A. 4-8 ¶
 13. The complaint culminated in two (and only two) claims
 for relief: one alleging infringement of the ’542 patent and
 the other alleging infringement of the ’979 patent. As re-
 lief, NeurOptics sought “[a]n adjudication that Defendant
 has willfully infringed and continues to infringe the ’542
 Patent and ‘979 Patent,” without referring to any other pa-
 tent. J.A. 13.
     While the complaint made explicit allegations of in-
 fringement of just the Two Asserted Patents – it contained
 no claim charts for any other patent nor any claim for relief
Case: 22-1059      Document: 48    Page: 4      Filed: 02/17/2023

 4                        NEUROPTICS, INC.   v. BRIGHTLAMP, INC.

 based on any other patent – it also stated that the two
 claim charts were “only exemplary” and “not intended to be
 an exhaustive explanation of the infringed patents or
 claims.” J.A. 8 ¶14. Much like the earlier notice letter sent
 to Brightlamp, paragraph 14 of the complaint stated:
                NeurOptics in fact believes that
                the Reflex pupillometer has
                likely    infringed   additional
                claims from both the [Two As-
                serted Patents] and may have
                infringed various claims from
                additional NeurOptics patents,
                including potentially [the Five
                Additional Patents]. As Neu-
                rOptics completes its investiga-
                tion, it expects to amend this
                complaint to identify any addi-
                tional infringed patents.
 J.A. 8 ¶14.
     In due course, Brightlamp filed an answer, denying in-
 fringement, and counterclaims for declaratory judgments
 of non-infringement, invalidity, and unenforceability of the
 Two Asserted Patents (as well alleging that NeurOptics vi-
 olated the Sherman Act). Brightlamp also filed a motion to
 strike the portions of the complaint alleging it infringed
 any patents other than the ’542 and ’979 patents (including
 the portion of the complaint excerpted above). In opposing
 the motion, NeurOptics explained that “the challenged lan-
 guage,” that is, paragraph 14, “is not an allegation of pa-
 tent infringement” but, instead, “states only that
 NeurOptics intends to do that which the law explicitly al-
 lows, i.e., investigate whether it has additional infringed
 patents and – if it does – to amend its complaint to assert
 those patents.” J.A. 447-48. The district court denied the
 motion.
Case: 22-1059       Document: 48    Page: 5   Filed: 02/17/2023

 NEUROPTICS, INC.   v. BRIGHTLAMP, INC.                     5

     NeurOptics never did amend its complaint. Both par-
 ties agree the case has never involved any allegation of in-
 fringement of any patents other than (at most) the Two
 Asserted Patents and the Five Additional Patents.
     In May 2020, the parties began discussing a possible
 settlement. Specifically, on May 15, 2020, NeurOptics’ at-
 torney, Nathaniel L. Dilger, sent a letter to Brightlamp’s
 attorney, Norman J. Hedges, providing “[t]he following set-
 tlement demand:”
           1. For a period of 6 years, Bright-
              lamp will agree to neither mar-
              ket nor knowingly offer for sale
              or sell its accused pupilometer
              application to hospitals or li-
              censed medical professionals.
           2. Brightlamp will pay NeurOptics
              $7,500[].
           3. In return for the above, NeurOp-
              tics will covenant not to sue
              Brightlamp on NeurOptic[s]’[]
              pupillometer patent portfolio,
              subject to the field of use re-
              striction above.
           4. The parties will dismiss with
              prejudice all claims and counter-
              claims, with each side bearing
              its own costs and fees.
 J.A. 107 (emphasis added). 1
     We have highlighted the term “NeurOptics’ pupillome-
 ter patent portfolio,” which is the term at the center of the

     1   The parties used “pupilometer” and “pupillometer”
 interchangeably in their communications.
Case: 22-1059    Document: 48      Page: 6    Filed: 02/17/2023

 6                      NEUROPTICS, INC.   v. BRIGHTLAMP, INC.

 parties’ dispute on appeal. The parties continued to use
 this term throughout their negotiations but, as we explain
 further below, never discussed it until after they had al-
 ready reached an agreement.
     On July 20, 2020, the district court granted Bright-
 lamp’s motion for a discovery conference and scheduled the
 conference for a week later, on July 27. This seems to have
 spurred renewed attention to their settlement efforts as
 the parties’ CEOs negotiated directly with one another over
 the following days. On July 22, 2020, NeurOptics’ CEO,
 William Worthen, emailed a revision of NeurOptics’ May
 settlement demand to Brightlamp CEO Sluss. The next
 day, July 23, Sluss sent back the following modified pro-
 posal to Worthen:
          1. Brightlamp will agree to neither
             market to hospitals nor know-
             ingly offer for sale or sell its ac-
             cused pupilometer application to
             hospitals, up to the expiration of
             the patents-in-suit (i.e. August
             1, 2021).

          2. In return for the above, NeurOp-
             tics will (a) forego its claim for
             damages and (b) covenant not to
             sue Brightlamp on NeurOptics’
             pupillometer patent portfolio,
             subject to the field of use re-
             striction above.

          3. Brightlamp to pay NeurOptics
             $2,500.

          4. Both parties will dismiss with
             prejudice all claims and counter-
             claims, with each side bearing
             its own costs and fees.
Case: 22-1059       Document: 48    Page: 7   Filed: 02/17/2023

 NEUROPTICS, INC.   v. BRIGHTLAMP, INC.                     7

 J.A. 114 (emphasis added). Sluss concluded his message
 with “[p]lease let me know if we’re in agreement so I can
 forward this on to my counsel.” J.A. 114.
      The next day, July 24, NeurOptics’ Worthen responded
 by addressing only the financial term of Sluss’ offer, para-
 graph 3, writing: “$4k and we[’]re done/good to go.” J.A.
 113. Sluss counteroffered: “If you can agree to $3,000 then
 we can wrap this up.” J.A. 113. Worthen responded “Ok,”
 to which Sluss replied: “Thanks, happy we can come to an
 arrangement.” J.A. 112 (emphasis added). Sluss then
 listed his understanding of the agreed-upon terms, which
 he indicated he would be sending to Brightlamp’s legal
 team:
          1. Brightlamp will agree to neither
             market to hospitals nor know-
             ingly offer for sale or sell its ac-
             cused pupilometer application to
             hospitals, up to the expiration of
             the patents-in-suit (i.e August 1,
             2021).
          2. In return for the above, NeurOp-
             tics will (a) forego its claim for
             damages and (b) covenant not to
             sue Brightlamp on NeurOptics’
             pupillometer patent portfolio,
             subject to the field of use re-
             striction above.
          3. Brightlamp to pay NeurOptics
             $3,000.
          4. Both parties will dismiss with
             prejudice all claims and counter-
             claims, with each side bearing
             its own costs and fees.
 J.A. 112 (emphasis added). We refer to these terms as the
 “July 24 Agreement.” Worthen did not reply, but instead
Case: 22-1059     Document: 48      Page: 8     Filed: 02/17/2023

 8                        NEUROPTICS, INC.   v. BRIGHTLAMP, INC.

 forwarded the terms to NeurOptics’ counsel, Dilger, who
 suggested to Brightlamp’s counsel that together “we con-
 tact Chambers and let them know that we’ve reached agree-
 ment and expect to be filing a notice of dismissal once we
 finalize the paperwork.” J.A. 289 (emphasis added).
      Counsel for the parties then called the district court to
 ask it to cancel the discovery conference, which was only
 one business day away. The district court did so, stating in
 its order that it had been “advised by counsel that a settle-
 ment has been reached in this action.” J.A. 463. The court
 further ordered that, within 30 days, “the plaintiff shall file
 a motion to dismiss this cause or a stipulation of dismissal.”
 J.A. 463. NeurOptics never filed either type of document.
 Instead, the parties’ efforts to execute formal settlement
 documents failed.
      NeurOptics attorney Dilger sent a “draft settlement
 agreement” to Brightlamp attorney Hedges on August 5.
 After noting in the recitals that NeurOptics alleged in the
 litigation that “certain of Brightlamp’s products infringe”
 the Two Asserted Patents, and that both parties “wish . . .
 to settle any dispute between them regarding alleged in-
 fringement of” those Two Asserted Patents, the draft
 agreement released Brightlamp and covenanted not to sue
 Brightlamp on “the NeurOptics Patents,” which the draft
 defined as the Two Asserted Patents plus “any and all Pa-
 tents existing or subsequently issuing from applications
 from which an Asserted Patent [i.e., the Two Asserted Pa-
 tents] claims priority.” J.A. 241. That definition covers the
 Two Asserted Patents and the Five Additional Patents but
 does not cover the Fifteen More Patents.
     The next day, Hedges, for Brightlamp, responded with
 a redline that reduced the proposed agreement to basically
 just the language Brightlamp CEO Sluss had provided as
 his understanding of the material terms in his July 24 con-
 firmatory email, including a “covenant not to sue Bright-
 lamp on NeurOptics’ pupillometer patent portfolio,”
Case: 22-1059       Document: 48    Page: 9   Filed: 02/17/2023

 NEUROPTICS, INC.   v. BRIGHTLAMP, INC.                     9

 without defining the scope of that portfolio. J.A. 249-50
 (emphasis added). Later that same day, Dilger, on behalf
 of NeurOptics, rejected this truncated version as “unac-
 ceptable,” contending it “le[ft] numerous terms open,” but
 without identifying any specific open terms. J.A. 254.
     Hedges replied on August 11 that his proposal was “ex-
 actly what was agreed by the parties.” J.A. 254. He further
 expressed his belief that “all issues are addressed and
 asked NeurOptics to identify “any terms in our agreement
 that you believe are left open.” J.A. 254. The attorneys for
 the two sides apparently spoke again on August 25. J.A.
 308. On August 28, Brightlamp sent NeurOptics a
 marked-up version of the August 5 draft settlement agree-
 ment NeurOptics had proposed. As relevant to us, this
 mark-up changed NeurOptics’ draft so that NeurOptics
 would be agreeing not to sue Brightlamp on claims arising
 from the “NeurOptics Pupilometer Patent Portfolio,” which
 Brightlamp’s draft defined as “any and all patents owned
 by NeurOptics as of the Effective Date that cover pupilome-
 ter products or components thereof, or the Accused Prod-
 ucts,” which would have expanded the scope of the
 covenant from what NeurOptics had proposed. NeurOptics
 had limited the covenant not to sue to the “NeurOptics Pa-
 tents,” which, as we have already noted, was defined in a
 manner that included the Two Asserted Patents and the
 Five Additional Patents but not the Fifteen More Patents.
 J.A. 281, 308. The Brightlamp proposal did not lead to any
 resolution between the parties.
     On September 23, 2020, Brightlamp filed a motion to
 enforce the settlement agreement and to dismiss the ac-
 tion. NeurOptics opposed, insisting that because the par-
 ties had not agreed on the scope of the “NeurOptics’
 pupillometer patent portfolio,” which was an essential
 term, there was no agreement. The district court denied
 the motion without prejudice, to allow the parties to confer
 with a magistrate judge in an attempt to reach an amicable
 disposition. When the discussions proved unfruitful,
Case: 22-1059    Document: 48      Page: 10    Filed: 02/17/2023

 10                      NEUROPTICS, INC.   v. BRIGHTLAMP, INC.

 Brightlamp brought a renewed motion to enforce the set-
 tlement agreement and to dismiss the case. This time the
 district court granted the motion, finding the parties had
 entered into a valid, binding, and enforceable settlement
 agreement.
      In doing so, the district court explained that the dis-
 pute before it was whether there had been a meeting of the
 minds as to which patents NeurOptics agreed it would not
 sue Brightlamp on and on which it would release Bright-
 lamp from any potential liability. NeurOptics argued it
 had only intended to release Brightlamp with respect to
 “any and all Patents existing or subsequently issuing from
 applications from which an Asserted Patent claims prior-
 ity,” which is the definition NeurOptics had included in its
 August 5 draft agreement, and which corresponds to the
 Two Asserted Patents and the Five Additional Patents.
 J.A. 257. In contrast, Brightlamp proposed that the release
 and covenant not to sue included “any and all patents
 owned by NeurOptics . . . that cover pupilometer products
 or components thereof, or the Accused Products,” the defi-
 nition it had written into its August 28 draft. J.A. 364.
     The district court concluded that “[n]one of the evi-
 dence presented supports NeurOptics’ contention that the
 parties had differing intentions regarding the covenant not
 to sue during the discussions leading up to the July 24,
 2020 email agreement.” J.A. 363. As part of its decision,
 the district court determined that the unambiguous mean-
 ing of the disputed term “NeurOptics’ pupillometer patent
 portfolio” is “the range or collection of pupillometer patents
 possessed by NeurOptics” but that the term did not extend
 to “patents for components of pupillometers, rather than
 pupillometers themselves.” J.A. 343-44. This definition
 appears to have been broader than what NeurOptics ar-
 gued for but somewhat narrower than what Brightlamp
 proposed. It plainly included the Two Asserted Patents
 and the Five Additional Patents but its scope beyond those
 seven patents is unclear.
Case: 22-1059    Document: 48        Page: 11   Filed: 02/17/2023

 NEUROPTICS, INC.   v. BRIGHTLAMP, INC.                     11

      The district court entered final judgment and NeurOp-
 tics timely appealed. 2
                                II
     We apply the law of the regional circuit, here the Sev-
 enth Circuit, to issues not unique to our exclusive jurisdic-
 tion. See Sanofi-Aventis v. Apotex Inc., 659 F.3d 1171, 1178
 (Fed. Cir. 2011). Enforcement of a settlement agreement is
 one such issue. See id. Seventh Circuit law, in turn, directs
 us to apply Indiana state contract law to NeurOptics’ chal-
 lenge to enforcement of a settlement agreement. See Bev-
 erly v. Abbott Labs., 817 F.3d 328, 333 (7th Cir. 2016).
     We also look to Seventh Circuit law for the appropriate
 standards of review. See Sokol Crystal Prod., Inc. v. DSC
 Commc’ns Corp., 15 F.3d 1427, 1432 (7th Cir. 1994).
 Whether a contract exists presents a question of law we re-
 view de novo. See Newkirk v. Vill. of Steger, 536 F.3d 771,
 774 (7th Cir. 2008). We review any underlying factual find-
 ings for clear error. See ReMapp Int’l Corp. v. Comfort Key-
 board Co., 560 F.3d 628, 633 (7th Cir. 2009). Indiana law
 recognizes that intent determinations, including assess-
 ments of the intentions of parties to a purported contract,
 are factual. See Zimmerman v. McColley, 826 N.E.2d 71,
 77 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005) (“The intention of the parties to a
 contract is a factual matter to be determined from all the
 circumstances.”). If we determine a settlement agreement
 exists, we review the decision to enforce that agreement for
 abuse of discretion. See Wilson v. Wilson, 46 F.3d 660, 664
 (7th Cir. 1995).

     2  The district court had subject-matter jurisdiction
 under 28 U.S.C. § 1338. We have jurisdiction over the ap-
 peal under 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a).
Case: 22-1059    Document: 48       Page: 12   Filed: 02/17/2023

 12                      NEUROPTICS, INC.   v. BRIGHTLAMP, INC.

                              III
      NeurOptics’ appeal presents two issues for us to ad-
 dress. First, we must determine whether the parties en-
 tered into an enforceable settlement agreement. We agree
 with the district court that they did, as the record evidence
 supports the conclusion that as of July 24 the parties had
 a shared intent to resolve their patent infringement dis-
 pute and reached agreement to do so. Second, we must as-
 sess whether the district court abused its discretion in
 enforcing the July 24 agreement and dismissing the par-
 ties’ claims and counterclaims. We find that it did not. The
 scope of the covenant not to sue and release – which turns
 on the meaning of “pupillometer patent portfolio” – is suf-
 ficiently definite to allow a reasonable and logical interpre-
 tation. As we explain, it includes only the Two Asserted
 Patents and the Five Additional Patents.
                               A
     Under Indiana law “[t]he basic requirements for a con-
 tract are offer, acceptance, consideration, and a meeting of
 the minds of the contracting parties.” Conwell v. Gray
 Loon Outdoor Mktg. Grp., Inc., 906 N.E.2d 805, 812-13
 (Ind. 2009). The parties do not dispute that the first three
 elements – offer, acceptance, and consideration – are pre-
 sent here. Thus, the question of whether there is a binding
 contract to settle this case turns on whether there was a
 meeting of the minds. This requirement is satisfied if the
 parties had the same intent in forming the agreement. See
 Zimmerman, 826 N.E.2d at 77. To evaluate this issue, we
 limit our analysis to the objective manifestations of the
 parties, including the contract and other extrinsic evi-
 dence, such as the parties’ statements during negotiations;
 subjective intent is immaterial. See id.
     NeurOptics insists there was no meeting of the minds
 because the parties did not have a shared understanding
 as to the meaning of “pupillometer patent portfolio.”
 Therefore, NeurOptics contends, there was no meeting of
Case: 22-1059    Document: 48       Page: 13   Filed: 02/17/2023

 NEUROPTICS, INC.   v. BRIGHTLAMP, INC.                     13

 the minds on the essential term of the agreement’s release
 and covenant not to sue. In the view of NeurOptics, the
 purported agreement is ambiguous as to whether the par-
 ties intended to settle disputes solely with respect to the
 Two Asserted Patents, the Five Additional Patents, and/or
 the Fifteen More Patents.
     We disagree. Our review of the objective manifesta-
 tions of the parties’ intentions persuades us, as it did the
 district court, that there was a meeting of the minds. In
 particular, the series of written documents exchanged be-
 tween the parties consistently demonstrate that both Neu-
 rOptics and Brightlamp intended that NeurOptics would
 release and covenant not to sue Brightlamp for infringe-
 ment of the Two Asserted Patents and of the Five Addi-
 tional Patents. The record shows that the parties mutually
 understood during their interactions leading up to and cul-
 minating in the July 24 Agreement that “pupillometer pa-
 tent portfolio” meant the Two Asserted Patents plus the
 Five Additional Patents. In short, the record evidence re-
 peatedly shows that the CEOs both intended to resolve the
 patent disputes that were potentially at issue in this litiga-
 tion and that those disputes related to these seven patents,
 and only these seven patents.
     When NeurOptics first contacted Brightlamp with its
 March 2019 letter, it provided notice that the Reflex prod-
 uct infringes “multiple NeurOptics patents” and charted
 how the Two Asserted Patents were allegedly infringed.
 J.A. at 217-22. While NeurOptics listed a total of twenty-
 two of its patents, including the Fifteen More Patents, it
 specifically urged Brightlamp to “review not only the
 claims found in the [Two Asserted Patents], but also the
 claims found in [the Five Additional Patents].” J.A. at 222.
 NeurOptics was communicating to Brightlamp that while
 it had an extensive patent portfolio, the patents it was most
 likely to assert against the Reflex were the Two Asserted
 Patents and the Five Additional patents.
Case: 22-1059    Document: 48      Page: 14    Filed: 02/17/2023

 14                      NEUROPTICS, INC.   v. BRIGHTLAMP, INC.

      When NeurOptics filed suit in December 2019, its con-
 centration on the Two Asserted Patents and Five Addi-
 tional Patents grew even stronger. The Two Asserted
 Patents and the Five Additional Patents are expressly ref-
 erenced in all the key documents filed in this litigation, in-
 cluding the complaint, answer and counterclaims, and
 motion to strike. NeurOptics formally accused Brightlamp
 of infringing only the Two Asserted Patents and also ex-
 plicitly identified, in the complaint, the Five Additional Pa-
 tents as patents Brightlamp “may have infringed” and for
 which it might add infringement claims in an amended
 complaint. J.A. 8. Brightlamp’s motion to strike was di-
 rected to this very statement, as Brightlamp tried – but
 failed – to limit the scope of this litigation to just the Two
 Asserted Patents.
     As to the Fifteen More Patents, they are not referenced
 in the complaint or in any other litigation document to
 which the parties have pointed us. We see no evidence that
 NeurOptics ever actually alleged that Brightlamp’s Reflex
 product infringes any claim in any of the Fifteen More Pa-
 tents. We cannot find any references in the record to these
 additional patents after the March 2019 notice letter. Dur-
 ing the course of negotiations leading up to the July 24
 Agreement, there is simply no objective manifestation of
 any intent by either party to enter into a release and cove-
 nant not to sue with respect to the Fifteen More Patents or
 with respect to any other patents NeurOptics might hold.
 Any undisclosed subjective intent Brightlamp might have
 privately held is not relevant to our inquiry. The district
 court’s conclusion that the parties intended to settle with
 respect to patents other than the Two Asserted Patents and
 the Five Additional Patents – including, potentially, the
 Fifteen More Patents – is, therefore, clearly erroneous.
     In sum, this case was always about the Two Asserted
 Patents as well as the Five Additional Patents. No effec-
 tive settlement agreement could have addressed anything
 less than these seven patents. As far as the record reveals,
Case: 22-1059    Document: 48       Page: 15    Filed: 02/17/2023

 NEUROPTICS, INC.   v. BRIGHTLAMP, INC.                      15

 the negotiations between the CEOs that led to the agree-
 ment to settle did not involve any discussion of the full
 scope of the term “pupillometer patent portfolio.” The cor-
 respondence between the two parties’ CEOs does not evince
 any disagreement or confusion about the scope of the pro-
 posed release and covenant not to sue. Dilger, NeurOptics’
 attorney, used the term “NeurOptics’ pupillometer patent
 portfolio” in his initial settlement offer, without providing
 a definition or offering clarifying language, and this same
 term appeared in nearly every proposal from either side
 without any change. The CEOs negotiated several other
 terms of the agreement but not this one. When Sluss, on
 behalf of Brightlamp, asked Worthen whether they were
 “in agreement” on July 23, Worthen thereafter addressed
 only the payment amount, indicating that the other terms
 were not in dispute. All of this objectively supports the con-
 clusion that the CEOs had a common understanding of the
 scope of the covenant not to sue.
     Most importantly, there is no indication in the record
 that either side believed, or acted as if it believed, that the
 term failed to extend to the Two Asserted Patents and the
 Five Additional Patents, which together made up a single
 patent family. 3 The negotiations, then, provide additional
 objective evidence that the parties had a meeting of the
 minds to resolve their disputes as to the Two Asserted Pa-
 tents and the Five Additional Patents. While we conclude
 that the district court erred in its reading of “NeurOptics’
 pupillometer patent portfolio,” we fully agree with its
 larger conclusion that the parties reached a binding agree-
 ment to settle this litigation.

     3   Indeed, the parties do not dispute that the term co-
 vers at least the Two Asserted Patents as well as the Five
 Additional Patents.
Case: 22-1059    Document: 48      Page: 16     Filed: 02/17/2023

 16                       NEUROPTICS, INC.   v. BRIGHTLAMP, INC.

                               B
      Indiana law provides that settlement agreements are
 enforceable if (1) the parties demonstrated an intent to be
 bound and (2) all essential terms are sufficiently definite to
 allow “‘a reasonable and logical interpretation.’” Sands v.
 Helen HCI, LLC, 945 N.E.2d 176, 180-81 (Ind. Ct. App.
 2011) (quoting Conwell, 906 N.E.2d at 813); see also Wolvos
 v. Meyer, 668 N.E.2d 671, 675 (Ind. 1996). Here, the dis-
 trict court did not abuse its discretion in concluding both
 requirements were met.
                               1
     The district court found that the “parties’ conduct . . .
 exhibited an intent to be bound,” J.A. at 345, a factual find-
 ing we review for clear error, see Jetz Serv. Co., Inc. v. Ven-
 tures, 165 N.E.3d 990, 994-95 (Ind. Ct. App. 2021). We find
 no such error. As the district court observed, after ex-
 changing a series of proposals on the essential terms of a
 settlement, the two CEOs reached agreement on July 24.
 Then “Mr. Sluss directed Mr. Worthen to notify counsel of
 the agreement, Mr. Worthen did so, and the parties noti-
 fied the Court the same day that a settlement had been
 reached.” J.A. at 345. The parties intended to be bound by
 the essential terms they negotiated, including the release
 and covenant not to sue provided by NeurOptics to Bright-
 lamp on the Two Asserted Patents and the Five Additional
 Patents.
      NeurOptics contends that the parties merely reached
 an agreement to agree rather than an enforceable agree-
 ment. As support, NeurOptics observes that after reaching
 the July 24 Agreement, both CEOs requested that their
 lawyers formalize the agreement. According to NeurOp-
 tics, this shows the CEOs did not believe the agreement
 they had reached was itself binding. We disagree. Indiana
 cases make clear that parties’ desire to formalize their
 agreement does not demonstrate they lacked an intent to
 be bound by what they had agreed to. See Sands, 945
Case: 22-1059    Document: 48       Page: 17   Filed: 02/17/2023

 NEUROPTICS, INC.   v. BRIGHTLAMP, INC.                    17

 N.E.2d at 181 (finding intent to be bound despite parties’
 stated desire to later formalize their agreement); see also
 MH Equity Managing Member, LLC v. Sands, 938 N.E.2d
 750, 757 (Ind. Ct. App. 2020) (explaining that contracts
 may obligate parties to “execute a subsequent final written
 agreement,” which “is understood to be a mere memorial of
 the agreement already reached”). “[A] well known rule pro-
 vides that mere reference to a more formalized contract
 does not void the presently existing agreement.” Wolvos,
 668 N.E.2d at 675.
     The CEOs’ correspondence demonstrates that they
 sought a binding settlement agreement and that both be-
 lieved they had obtained one by agreeing on its key terms.
 There is no indication in their discussions that they be-
 lieved their obligations were contingent upon the subse-
 quent execution of a final document. On July 23, Sluss
 asked Worthen whether they were “in agreement,” to
 which Worthen responded the next day by raising only the
 issue of the amount Brightlamp would pay NeurOptics, a
 matter the CEOs reached agreement on later that day.
 Sluss stated in an email to Worthen he was “happy we can
 come to an arrangement,” to which there was no objection
 from Worthen. J.A. 112. Indeed, in response, NeurOptics’
 counsel suggested telling the court that the parties had
 “reached agreement,” and the parties then did so. J.A. 289.
 From this evidence, we conclude that the district court did
 not abuse its discretion in concluding the parties intended
 to be bound.
                                2
     Under Indiana law, “[t]o be valid and enforceable, a
 contract must be reasonably definite and certain.” Con-
 well, 906 N.E. at 813. Thus, if an essential term is suffi-
 ciently unclear to leave the intention of the parties
 uncertain, the contract cannot be specifically enforced. See
 id. “[A]bsolute certainty in all terms is not required.” Id.
 “[A]n offer which appears to be indefinite may be given
Case: 22-1059    Document: 48      Page: 18    Filed: 02/17/2023

 18                      NEUROPTICS, INC.   v. BRIGHTLAMP, INC.

 precision by . . . [the] course of dealing between the par-
 ties.” Allen v. Clarian Health Partners, Inc., 980 N.E.2d
 306, 309-10 (Ind. 2012) (internal quotation omitted). “A
 court will not find that a contract is so uncertain as to pre-
 clude specific enforcement where a reasonable and logical
 interpretation will render the contract valid.” Conwell, 906
 N.E.2d at 813.
     As we have already explained, the term “NeurOptics’
 pupillometer patent portfolio” is amenable to a reasonable
 and logical interpretation: the Two Asserted Patents and
 the Five Additional Patents. These are the patents at issue
 in this infringement action, and these are the patents for
 which the parties needed resolution before this case could
 be dismissed. Because there was no genuine ambiguity in
 the July 24 Agreement, the district court did not abuse its
 discretion by enforcing the July 24 Agreement.
     Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s decision to
 enforce the settlement agreement and dismiss the parties’
 claims and counterclaims.
                              IV
     We have considered NeurOptics’ remaining arguments
 and find them unpersuasive. Hence, while we vacate the
 district court’s interpretation of “NeurOptics’ pupillometer
 patent portfolio,” because the term is properly understood
 in the July 24 Agreement as including only the Two As-
 serted Patents and the Five Additional Patents, we still af-
 firm the district court’s enforcement of the parties’
 settlement agreement and dismissal of this patent litiga-
 tion.
                         AFFIRMED
                            COSTS
 No costs.