Court Opinion

ID: 2792011
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-04-08 15:03:25.786027+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:29:00.029512
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                 No. 13-2086
                              Filed April 8, 2015

SALEM UNITED METHODIST CHURCH
OF CEDAR RAPIDS, IOWA,
     Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

CHURCH MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY,
     Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Linn County, Ian K. Thornhill,

Judge.

      An insurer contends the district court improperly construed clear and

unambiguous exclusions in the policy and erred in attempting to harmonize the

jury’s answers to the special verdict form. REVERSED AND REMANDED.

      Robert B. McMonagle of Lane & Waterman, L.L.P., Davenport, for

appellant.

      William H. Roemerman and Stephanie A. Legislador of Crawford, Sullivan,

Read & Roemerman, P.C., Cedar Rapids, for appellee.

      Considered by Danilson, C.J., and Potterfield and Bower, JJ.
                                        2

DANILSON, C.J.

       Salem United Methodist Church of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, sought coverage

from its insurer, Church Mutual Insurance Company, for damage sustained

during a flood. Following a jury trial, Salem prevailed. On appeal, Church Mutual

contends the district court improperly construed clear and unambiguous

exclusions in the policy and awarded damages in an amount contrary to the

terms of the policy and the jury’s answers to special interrogatories. Because we

find the court erred in construction of the insurance policy and we are unable to

harmonize the answers under the evidence and the law, we reverse the district

court’s judgment and remand for a new trial.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

       Salem had property insurance, but not flood insurance, through Church

Mutual. In 2008, the Cedar River overflowed its banks and inundated the City of

Cedar Rapids.

       Salem sought coverage from Church Mutual for losses resulting from

sewer backup. When the insurer denied coverage, Salem sued for breach of

contract. The case proceeded to jury trial. The jury completed a special verdict

form, as follows:

       Question No. 1: Did Salem prove that there was sewer back up that
       invaded its property through sewers or drains?

       Answer “yes” or “no”
            ANSWER: YES

       [If your answer is “no” do not answer Question No. 2, but proceed
       to Question 3]

       Question No. 2: Did Salem prove that the sewer back up was
       caused by an event away from its property?
                                  3

Answer “yes” or “no”

       ANSWER: YES

Question No. 3: Did Salem prove that water or other liquids leaked
or flowed from plumping equipment?

       ANSWER: YES

[If your answer to eithers Questions 1 or 2, and Question 3 were
“no”, do not answer any further questions].

Question No. 4: With respect to the claim of sewer back up
damage, did Church Mutual prove that the sole cause of the
damage to Salem’s property was flood?

Answer “yes” or “no.”

       ANSWER: NO

Question No. 5: Did Church Mutual prove that the leakage or
flowing of water or other liquids from plumbing equipment was
directly or indirectly caused by flood?

       ANSWER: NO.

[If you answer to both Questions 4 and 5 were “yes,” do not answer
any further questions.]

Question No. 6: State the total amount of loss sustained by Salem
in the basement of their facility as a result of the events of June 11
& 12, 2008.

       TOTAL: $705,765.07

Question No. 7: [Answer this question only if you answered “yes” to
Questions 1 and 2, and “no” to Question 4] What amount of the
total amount of loss sustained by Salem in the basement of their
facility as a result of the events of June 11 & 12, 2008, was caused
by the back up of the sewer?

       TOTAL: $0

Question 8: [Answer this question only if you answered “yes” to
Question 3 and “no” to Question 5] What amount of the total
amount of loss sustained by Salem in the basement of their facility
                                         4

      as a result of the events of June 11 & 12, 2008, was caused solely
      by the leakage or flowing of water or other liquids from plumbing
      equipment?

             TOTAL: $0

The district court accepted the verdict form, and the jury was dismissed.

      The district court concluded “that if a covered peril combines with any

other peril to cause the loss, there is coverage for the loss. The jury’s answers

do not require speculation on the part of the Court, and it is clear the jury’s

damages award was based on the combination of the two causes of [Salem’s]

loss.” (Internal citation excluded.) Additionally, the court found “the issues of

ambiguity and reasonable expectations are moot under these facts.” The court

entered judgment for Salem in the amount of $705,765.07.            Church Mutual

appeals.

II. Standard of Review.

      We review the district court’s construction of an insurance policy for

corrections of error at law. Postell v. Am. Family Mut. Ins. Co., 823 N.W.2d 35,

41 (Iowa 2012).

III. Discussion.

      Our supreme court has recently summarized our well-settled rules

governing the construction and interpretation of insurance policies as follows:

             The cardinal principle . . . is that the intent of the parties at
      the time the policy was sold must control. Except in cases of
      ambiguity, we determine the intent of the parties by looking at what
      the policy itself says. If a term is not defined in the policy, we give
      the words their ordinary meaning. We will not strain the words or
      phrases of the policy in order to find liability that the policy did not
      intend and the insured did not purchase.
             [A] policy is ambiguous if the language is susceptible to two
      reasonable interpretations when the contract is read as a whole. If
                                        5

      the policy is ambiguous, we adopt the construction most favorable
      to the insured. An insurance policy is not ambiguous, however, just
      because the parties disagree as to the meaning of its terms.
      Moreover, ambiguity is not present merely because the provision
      could have been worded more clearly or precisely than it in fact
      was. If an insurance policy and its exclusions are clear, the court
      will not write a new contract of insurance for the parties.    We
      construe exclusions strictly against the insurer. Nevertheless, we
      must enforce unambiguous exclusions as written.

Amish Connection, Inc. v. State Farm Fire and Cas. Co., ___ N.W.2d ___, 2015

WL 1260085, at *10 (Iowa 2015) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

      Here, the relevant policy language is as follows:

      EXCLUSIONS

      We will not pay for loss or damage caused directly or indirectly by
      any of the following. Such loss or damage is excluded regardless of
      any other cause or event that contributes concurrently or in any
      sequence to the loss.
              ....
      7. Water.
      a. Flood, surface water, waves, tides, tidal waves, overflow of any
      body of water, or their spray, all whether driven by wind or not;
              ....
      ADDITIONAL COVERAGE—BACK UP THROUGH SEWERS
      AND DRAINS
      Subject to all other terms and conditions of this policy, we will pay
      for direct physical loss or damage to Covered Property caused by
      back up of water or sewage through sewers or drains only if caused
      by an event away from the described buildings and when the
      damage is not caused by flood, surface water, waves, tides, tidal
      waves, overflow of any body of water, or their spray, all whether
      driven by wind or not, and which did not enter the building through
      foundations, walls, floors, windows, cracks, roofs, or through other
      opening of the building.
      Sewer or water damage occurring as a result of, either before or
      after, the excluded flood, surface water, waves, tides, tidal waves,
      overflow of any body of water, or their spray, all whether driven by
      wind or not, and entering the building through foundations, walls,
      floors, windows, cracks, roofs, or through other openings of the
      building is not covered.
                                              6

(Emphasis added.)          Church Mutual first contends the policy clearly and

unambiguously provides that there is no coverage for damages arising from

concurrent causes when one of the causes is excluded and the district erred in

ruling otherwise.1 Secondly, Church Mutual contends even if the anti-concurrent

cause language is not given effect under these facts, the district court erred as

the jury’s answers to the special verdict are inconsistent and may not be

harmonized to support a verdict for Salem.

         A. Policy Coverage for Concurrent Causes.

         The exclusion for flood damage is clear. The policy also unambiguously

excludes coverage for damages that are concurrently caused by a covered

cause—such as sewer back up—and an uncovered cause—such as flooding by

its language, “Such loss or damage is excluded regardless of any other cause or

event that contributes concurrently or in any sequence to the loss.”                   “If an

insurance policy and its exclusions are clear, the court will not write a new

contract of insurance for the parties.” Boelman v. Grinnell Mut. Reinsurance Co.,

826 N.W.2d 494, 502 (Iowa 2013). “Insurance coverage is a contractual matter

and is ultimately based on policy provision.” Jones v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins.

Co., 760 N.W.2d 186, 188 (Iowa 2008). And in a similar claim with identical

policy language, we concluded in Lifeline Ministries Church v. Church Mutual

Insurance Co., No. 12–1181, 2013 WL 2107408, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. May 15,

2013):

1
  Salem contends this alleged error is not preserved for our review. Church Mutual
argued that the policy “does not cover concurrent loss events where one cause is
excluded” in its post-trial brief, and the district court found there was coverage in spite of
this contention. Thus, the issue is preserved for review.
                                         7

       The policy plainly covers “damage to Covered Property caused by
       back up of water or sewage through sewers or drains only . . . when
       the damage is not caused by flood.” The policy reiterates “[s]ewer
       or water damage occurring as a result of, either before or after, the
       excluded flood . . . is not covered.” And, in its general exclusion
       section, the policy separately excludes “loss or damage caused
       directly or indirectly by . . . flood.”

       The district court relied on Kalell v. Mutual Fire and Auto Insurance Co.,

471 N.W.2d 865, 867 (Iowa 1991) for the proposition, “[I]f a covered peril

combines with any other peril to cause the loss, there is coverage for the loss.”

But Kalell did not create a maxim that the insurance company must provide

coverage when a covered and an uncovered peril combine to cause a loss. 471

N.W.2d at 868–69. Rather, Kalell holds that “[w]hen insurance policies lack . . .

an anticoncurrent-cause provision, . . . an accident that has two independent

causes, one of which is covered and one excluded, is covered unless the

excluded cause is the sole proximate cause.”         Amish Connection, Inc., ___

N.W.2d ___, 2015 WL 1260085, at *10 (discussing the court’s holding in Kalell).

Parties are free, as Salem and Church Mutual did here, to contract otherwise.

See Boelman, 826 N.W.2d at 506 (“[W]e allow insurers to limit coverage to only

specific claims.”); see also Kalell, 471 N.W.2d at 868 (“If [the insurer] intended to

exclude coverage of an incident simply because it involved a motor vehicle, it is

incumbent on it to say so in its policy.”). In this case, the policy in question does

contain an anticoncurrent-cause provision.      Both the facts and the policy in

question in Kalell are readily distinguishable from those in the present case. See

471 N.W.2d at 866 (considering a homeowner’s policy and the meaning of

“arising out of” language in exclusion clause). For these reasons, the district
                                         8

court erred in construing the policy and if a flood is a concurrent cause, there is

no coverage.

      B. Special Verdict.

      In our recent case of Lifeline Ministries, we recited the applicable law to

these proceedings as follows:

              “A special verdict consists entirely of questions that elicit
      special written answers to resolve the material issues of fact in the
      case, and the court then enters judgment based on the findings
      made by the jury.” Clinton Physical Therapy Servs., 714 N.W.2d at
      610. The answers to the questions “must be internally consistent.”
      Id. at 612 (noting that rule 1.933 is read in tandem with rule 1.934
      governing special interrogatories supplementing general verdicts,
      which specifically addresses inconsistent answers). If they are not
      consistent, “the court must either resume deliberations or grant a
      new trial.” Id. at 613.
              “[T]he process of determining whether answers are
      inconsistent focuses on the evidence and the law, and the court
      must decide if the two answers at issue can be harmonized in light
      of the evidence and the law.” Id. “When, under this analysis, two
      answers or findings by the jury would compel the rendition of
      different judgments, the answers are inconsistent.” Id. The
      “process of determining whether answers are inconsistent by
      attempting to harmonize the answers with the evidence and the law
      is separate from the process of reconciling two answers determined
      to be inconsistent.” Id. at 613–14.

2013 WL 2107408, at *4.

      Salem contends Church Mutual did not preserve error on the issue of

inconsistent answers. Although the parties agreed to a sealed verdict, the record

reflects that the district court opened the verdict and informed counsel before

discharging the jury. Because Church Mutual did not object to any inconsistency

in the jury’s answers, Salem contends it did not preserve error as the jury could

have been sent back in for further deliberations to correct any such errors.
                                           9

       We agree with Salem that there is some case law suggesting failure to

object when the opportunity to correct inconsistencies exists may not preserve

error. However, in Clinton Physical Therapy Services, P.C. v. John Deere Health

Care, Inc., 714 N.W.2d 603, 610 (Iowa 2006), our supreme court noted in cases

of special verdicts:

       [T]he jury resolves pertinent factual issues pursuant to the court’s
       instructions, and the trial court enters the general verdict by
       applying the applicable law to the jury’s factual determinations.
       Nevertheless, the rules governing inconsistent answers in a verdict
       are the same. Whether the answers are in response to special
       interrogatories or are answers to a special verdict, if they are
       inconsistent, then the court must either resume deliberations or
       grant a new trial.

(Internal citations omitted.)    The court also stated, “[A] sealed verdict may

constitute a waiver of the additional-deliberations option, but it would not

constitute a waiver of other remedies.” Id. at 610. Because the remedy of a new

trial remains, Church Mutual has not waived error.2

       Notwithstanding, we do not perceive Church Mutual’s arguments on

appeal as contending the jury’s answers were inconsistent. Rather, we construe

Church Mutual’s arguments as contending the district court erred in its attempt to

harmonize the answers with the applicable facts and law. As we have noted

from the principles cited in Clinton Physical Therapy, the process of harmonizing

the answers is a different process than reconciling conflicting answers.           714

N.W.2d at 610.         If the answers may be reasonably harmonized under the

2
   The court’s comments to the jury indicate counsel was given the opportunity to
complain about any inconsistency in the jury’s answers. But the better practice is to
make a record of the conversations with counsel, so we can be certain the district court
informed counsel that the jury had not yet been discharged and was available to
continue their deliberations if the answers were inconsistent.
                                         10

evidence and the instructions, they are not inconsistent.         Id. at 613.     The

supreme court explained:

      The test recognizes that the determination of whether two answers
      are inconsistent requires the court to consider how the jury could
      have viewed the evidence and how that view of the evidence fits
      into the requirements of the instructions or the law applicable to the
      case. See 66 C.J.S. New Trial § 82, at 172 (1998) (“In determining
      whether findings or answers are inconsistent or irreconcilable so as
      to warrant a new trial, the findings or answers are to be construed
      in light of the surrounding circumstances and in connection with the
      pleadings, instructions and issues submitted.”).

Id.

      The district court concluded the answers could be reasonably harmonized,

and both parties agree.    However, each contends the answers may only be

harmonized in support of a verdict in its favor. The district court reached the

following conclusions:

              The Court finds that when the policy is constructed as
      applied to the facts, as determined by the jury, judgment should be
      entered in favor of Plaintiff. Plaintiff admits that it has the burden to
      show that its loss fell within the general promise of coverage in the
      policy. The burden of pleading and proving an exclusion or
      exception in a policy of insurance is placed on the insurer. The
      jury’s response to Question 4 establishes that the jury did not
      believe Defendant met its burden of proof in showing that the sole
      cause of the damage to Salem's property was flood. The jury’s
      response to Question 5 establishes that the jury did not believe
      Defendant met its burden of proof in showing that the leakage or
      flowing of water or other liquids from plumbing equipment was
      directly or indirectly caused by flood.           The fact-finding was
      supported by the evidence, particularly the testimony of Mr. Pankey
      and Mr. Ransom. The jury’s answers to Questions 1 and 2 show
      that Plaintiff carried its burden of proof in establishing that there
      was sewer back up that invaded its property through sewers or
      drains, and that the sewer back up was caused by an event away
      from its property. These answers from the jury provide a factual
      basis for concluding that, under the terms of the policy, the loss fell
      within the general promise of coverage in the policy in that there
      was a covered loss due to leaking plumbing and back up through
      sewers and drains.
                                         11

               Further, the jury’s answers to Questions 7 and 8 show that
       the jury did not believe any part of the damages was caused solely
       by sewer back up or solely by plumbing leakage, but rather the
       damages were caused by a combination of these two causes.
       There is authority in Iowa supporting a finding that if a covered peril
       combines with any other peril to cause the loss, there is coverage
       for the loss. The jury’s answers do not require speculation on the
       part of the Court, and it is clear that the jury’s damages award was
       based on the combination of the two causes of Plaintiff’s loss.
               With respect to the arguments regarding ambiguity and
       reasonable expectations, the Court concludes that because the jury
       determined that the sewer back up damage and damage from
       leaking or flowing pipes is not damage that is excluded from
       coverage under the terms of the policy, the issues of ambiguity and
       reasonable expectations are moot under these facts. Based on the
       post-trial issues briefed by the parties, the Court finds judgment
       should be entered in favor of Plaintiff.

(Internal citations and quotation marks omitted.)

       Clearly the district court’s conclusions relied upon principles espoused in

Kalell, which we have found distinguishable.        We do not know the probable

resolution by the district court had it considered the fact that the policy prohibited

coverage when both a covered peril and an uncovered peril or perils jointly caused

the damage.

       We have reviewed the arguments of the parties and have painstakingly

considered the answers provided by the jury. It is our conclusion that we can

only speculate what verdict should have been entered and cannot harmonize the

answers with the evidence and the law.

       One concern we have is that the jury was never asked if Salem’s

damages were caused by concurrent causes and if so, whether Church Mutual

proved that the flood was a concurrent cause of Salem’s damages. See Farm

Bureau Life Ins., v. Chubb Custom Ins. Co., 780 N.W.2d 735, 742 (Iowa 2010)
                                           12

(“Insurers relying on exclusions from coverage have the burden to prove their

applicability.”).3

          Another difficulty we face relates to verdict form questions six, seven, and

eight, which refer to “the events of June 11 & 12, 2008.” The jury was not

instructed upon a definition of the phrase, and we can only surmise what it

means. We are unable to correlate this phrase with terms of the insurance

policy.

          Because we are unable to harmonize the answers under the evidence and

the law, we reverse the district court’s judgment and remand for a new trial.

          REVERSED AND REMANDED.

3
  The jury was only asked if Church Mutual proved the leakage or flowing of liquids from
plumbing equipment was directly or indirectly caused by flood. To this question the jury
answered “no.” However the jury was not asked if the sewer back up was directly or
indirectly caused by the flood. Further, we do not believe Church Mutual has met its
burden of proof by simply proving that neither of Salems’s two claimed causes were the
sole proximate cause for the damages without proving the flood was a concurrent cause.
Although it may be unlikely, the jury could have concluded the leakage and the sewer
back up were the only concurrent causes for Salem’s damages.