Court Opinion

ID: 8268231
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-10-16 19:15:04.066045+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:43:26.243711
License: Public Domain

The opinion of the court was delivered by
Magie, J.
The appellant in this cause was the complainant below. Her bill of complaint stated the following facts, viz., that she had commenced an action in the supreme court of the State of New York, which court had “jurisdiction in the case,” against re-: spondent, her former husband, for the purpose of dissolving the marriage previously entered into by them; that respondent was personally served with process and duly appeared in said action ; that such proceedings were had thereon that- a judgment was rendered in her favor, whereby it was adjudged that said marriage should be dissolved; that respondent should pay to her, as alimony, $100 on the first day of each month, commencing June 1st, 1892, and should execute a mortgage as security for such payments, upon lands in the State of New Jersey, of such form and containing such provisions as the court should subsequently direct and approve; that said court, by a subsequent order, directed respondent to execute, acknowledge and deliver to appellant a mortgage of a specified form and containing specified provisions, upon lands in this state which were particularly described in the order; that respondent had failed and refused to execute and deliver the mortgage as directed, and made various mortgages and conveyances of said lands without consideration and with the fraudulent purpose of defeating appellant’s rights.
*563It was charged in the bill that appellant, by virtue of the decree and order of the New York court, acquired an equitable lien on said lauds prior to the lien and interest of the mortgagees and grantees of respondent, and an equitable right to a mortgage on said lands in accordance with the decree and order.
Upon these statements and charges the prayers of the bill were for answer and discovery, for a decree setting aside the mortgages and conveyances of respondent, and that he be “ decreed, pursuant to the said decree and order of the New York supreme court, to execute and deliver” to her “the mortgage on said premises therein directed to be made and delivered, according to the form therein provided.” There was a general prayer for relief.
Respondent moved the court of chancery to dismiss the bill pursuant to the practice established by rule 215 of that court, upon the ground that the bill exhibited no equity entitling appellant to the relief she prayed for. The notice of the motion specifically set forth the grounds of objection.
The motion was heard by 'Vice-Chancellor Bird, and upon his advice a decree was made dismissing the bill. The opinion of the vice-chancellor is reported in 6 Dick. Ch. Rep. 444. this decree appellant has prosecuted the appeal which is now to be decided.
A motion to dismiss a bill under chancery rule 215 is a substitute for a demurrer. The rule was designed to furnish a speedy mode of bringing to adjudication questions which, before its adoption, could only be raised by demurrer. Obviously, all facts stated in the bill which are relevant and well pleaded must be deemed to be admitted to be true upon such motion as upon a demurrer, of which it is the substitute.
Looking at the bill to discover what facts must have been taken to be true upon the hearing of the motion to dismiss, I find difficulty in determining how extensive a jurisdiction is thereby asserted to have inhered in the supreme court of New York. It is expressly stated that the action commenced in that court was for the purpose of dissolving the marriage of the parties, and there is a conjoined statement that the court had *564jurisdiction of the case. From these statements it was obviously to be assumed, that the court in question had jurisdiction to-decree a divorce and annul a marriage.
But is it to be inferred — for there' is no express averment of it — that the same court possessed jurisdiction to fix the amount and require payment of alimony, and especially to require a defendant to secure the payment of alimony by a charge upon lands lying beyond the territorial jurisdiction of the court?' Alimony is, in general, an incident of divorce.- It may be justifiable to infer that a court empowered to dissolve the bonds of matrimony would also be clothed with authority to determine on the amount of alimony and to render judgment therefor. But how, without some further averment, is an inference to be drawn that the same court was authorized to require security for the payment of alimony to be given by- the mortgage of lands and of lands beyond its jurisdiction ?
If, however, the bill is defective in the respect suggested, the defect was not included in the causes set out in the notice of the motion to dismiss, and no objection upon that ground was made in the court below or here. From this, I think, we must deem it to have been conceded that the bill properly averred the jurisdiction of the supreme court of New York to make the decree aud order mentioned in the bill, and copies of which were annexed to and made a part thereof.
The decree, in this respect, ordered respondent to pay to appellant the alimony from time to time during her natural life, and to execute and deliver to her.¿mortgage on his real estate, and particularly that located in the state of New Jersey, to secure-such payments. The order simply required respondent to perform the decree by executing, acknowledging and delivering to appellant a mortgage bn particular lands in New Jersey, of a form shown in a schedule annexed to the order. .The order and requirement of the court was therefore directed in personam, and there was no attempt to adjudicate or enforce an adjudication ■ in rem.
It is scarcely necessary to observe that a court of New York could not have been empowered to affect by its decree or judg*565■ment lands lying within another state. For no principle is more fundamental or thoroughly settled than that the local sovereignty, by itself or its judicial agencies, can alone adjudicate upon and ■determine the status of lands and immovable property within its borders, including their title and its incidents and the mode in which they may be charged or conveyed. Neither the laws of another sovereignty, nor the judicial proceedings, decrees and judgments of its courts, can in the least degree affect such lands and immovable property. Story Confl. L. §§ 543, 591. The concession as to the jurisdiction of the supreme court of New York in this case must therefore be deemed to be limited .to a jurisdiction to proceed in personam and not to extend to a determination, adjudication or decree in rem.
The jurisdiction thus conceded to the supreme court of New York is exactly analogous to the jurisdiction which, since the ■decision of Penn v. Lord Baltimore, 1 Ves. 444, has been universally recognized as inherent in courts administering equity. This recognized jurisdiction extends to making decrees in cases of equitable cognizance, such as fraud, trust and specific performance against persons brought into those courts, notwithstanding such decrees incidentally affect lands beyond the court’s jurisdiction. But the exercise of this jurisdiction has been supported solely on the ground that it operated in personam only, and did not extend to the utterance of decrees in rem. In the leading American case, Chief-Justice Marshall declared that the question was whether the question presented was an unmixed question of title, or a case of fraud, trust or contract. Massie v. Watts, 6 Cranch 148. If relief cannot be effectively given by the decree in personam, such courts will not retain the bill. Morris v. Remington, Pars. Eq. 387; Lindley v. O’Reilly, 21 Vr. 636. Nor will the power be exerted in personam to compel an act affecting lands in another jurisdiction of doubtful legality. Blount v. Blount, 1 Hawks 365. The power of such courts to make effective such decrees is limited to their process operating upon the party, such as sequestration of property within jurisdiction, attachment for contempt and the like; it will not extend to validating a conveyance of the foreign lands made by its *566master or commissioner, in default of the performance of the decree by the party. Watts v. Waddle, 6 Pet. 390; Burnley v. Stevenson, 24 Ohio St. 474. When by the process of the court acting upon the party obedience to the decree is enforced as by tiie conveyance, it is the conveyance, not the decree, that affects the lands in the foreign jurisdiction. Davis v. Headley, 7 C. E. Gr. 115.
The long line of cases illustrating this doctrine and its limitations is collected in 22 Am. & Eng. Encycl. L. 918. Nowhere-has the doctrine been more clearly stated than in our own courts. Wood v. Warner, 2 McCart. 81; Davis v. Headley, ubi supra; Potter v. Hollister, 18 Stew. Eq. 508; S. C., 1 Dick. Ch. Rep. 609; Lindley v. O’Reilly, 21 Vr. 636.
In my judgment it does not admit of doubt that the jurisdiction of the supreme court of New York, if properly averred in-the bill, was a jurisdiction to make a decree as to alimony and its being secured by mortgage on lands in New Jersey only inpersonam, and to enforce it by any process against respondent which is proper in that state. Nor was the decree which was-pronounced by that court capable of any other construction than one which showá it to have been within such conceded jurisdiction.
From these considérations I deem it evident that the theory of this bill that, by virtue of the decree and order of the supreme court of New York, appellant acquired an equitable lien on lands in. New Jersey and a right to have such lands disposed in a certain manner, cannot be sustained without a disastrous violation of fundamental principles. The decree and order of that court does not pretend to have any such purpose or effect, nor could that court be empowered to make a decree having such an effect.
But it is ingeniously contended in this court that the decree- and order of the supreme court of New York imposed upon respondent a personal obligation to do what that decree and-order had directed him to do, and that a court of equity in New Jersey ought to compel him to perform that obligation as it-would compel him to perform his contract to convey or mort*567gage lands in its jurisdiction. Moreover, it is contended that the provisions of section 1 of article 4 of the constitution of the United States, requiring full faith and credit to be given in each state to the records and judicial proceedings of every other state, impart to this decree and order a conclusive force with respect to the mortgage directed to be given on lands here, which compels our courts to enforce it by decrees in conformity therewith.
Doubtless the judgment of the New York court must be accorded in our courts a conclusive effect in certain respects. Thus it has conclusively determined the status of the parties to that action, and that the marital relation previously existing between them has been absolutely dissolved. If. by tha-dheetien to payjilimony an indebtedness arises from timeTo-time as such payments become due, an action at law wou!d-lie-feh«reon-and--the/' decree w.Q.iúd fhriiish_conclusive evidence of such-indebtedness.
But the question, upon the solution of which this case must turn, is whether the courts of New Jersey must give conclusive effect to the decree or judgment of the courts of New York made in a case where they had acquired jurisdiction of the parties but affecting lands situated here, and disposing of the title thereto in whole or in part. If this question is to be answered in the affirmative, it seems evident that we accord jurisdiction over lands in New Jersey to the courts of other states, and, as was said by Chancellor Zabriskie, in Davis v. Headley, supra, “ leave to the courts of this state only the ministerial duty of executing their decrees.” For the doctrine that jurisdiction respecting lands in a foreign state is not in rem but only in personam is .bereft of all practical force if the decree in personam is conclusive and must be enforced by the courts of the situs.
If such is the effect which must be given to the judgments and decrees of the courts of a sister state respecting lands situated here, it is extraordinary that no trace of the doctrine can be found in text-books or in adjudicated decisions. My researches have not disclosed any support of the doctrine by any text-writer of repute or by any decision in point. The very indus*568trious counsel who maintained this view in argument has produced no authority which, in my judgment, sustains his position.
In Elizabeth Savings Institution v. Gerber, 8 Stew. Eq. 151, the question was as to the effect to be attributed by our courts to an order of a court of New York directing a New Jersey corporation to pay money due from it to one Ahern, in part satisfaction of a judgment which the savings institution had recovered against Ahern in New York. The decision of this court went upon the ground that the New York court had not acquired jurisdiction of the New Jersey corporation, which had been ordered to pay, and that its order was consequently void. -What was said by the learned chief-justice who wrote the opinion respecting the power of our court of chancery to enforce a right to money under such an order was unnecessary to the decision, but can doubtless be supported, because the New York order was for the payment of money raising an indebtedness, which in that case required to be enforced in the,court of chancery, as the debt which was the subject of the order had then been paid into that court. Bpt-the effect of a foreign judgment or decree as to money in another state must differ from the effe'ct of such a judgment and decree as to lands in another state.
Cheever v. Wilson 9 Wall. 108, presents a closer parallel to the case in hand. In that case a divorce court in Indiana made an order that one of the parties to an action for divorce should pay to the other party a certain proportion of the rents to accrue from real estate situated in the District of Columbia, and should execute to him a sufficient power to collect such rents. She executed the_ power^asjrescñbed, and the question before the court was what interest in the rents passed thereby. Mr. Justice Swayne, delivering the opinion of the court, incidentally said that the order “could have been enforced in the situs rei by proper proceedings conducted there for that purpose.” But this statement is not supported by the cases cited, and was unnecessary to the decision, as the learned judge immediately pointed out by showing that the party had executed an assignment which vested in. the other party the interest in the rents which *569■she had been ordered to convey. The whole question was as to the effect of that assignment.
The contention that such an order requiring lands in New Jersey to be charged with alimony created a personal obligation on respondent is, in my judgment, without forge. It is a misuse of terms to call the burden thereby imposed on respondent a personal obligation. At the most, the decree and order imposed a duty on him, which duty he owed to the court making them. That court cau enforce the duty by its process, but our courts ■cannot be required to issue such process or to make our decrees operate as process. Moreover, the substantial part of the decree is comprised in the dissolution of the marriage and the direction to pay alimony. The charge of the alimony upon lands. is rather in the nature of process to enforce the substantial decretal order for alimony.
The establishment of the contrary doctrine would result in practically depriving a state of jdiat exclusive control over' immovable property therein which has always been accorded. For example, by our statutes, contracts respecting lands, to be enforceable, must be entered into and evidenced in a particular mode, but our courts, upon equitable grounds, sometimes enforce contracts that are without the statute. It is the province of our legislature to prescribe the rule for such contracts and for our courts to'construe the rule so prescribed and to determine when such contracts, whether within or without the statute, may be ■enforced. It is true that the courts of another state, proceeding in personam to enforce a contract for lands in New Jersey, would be bound to determine whether the contract was enforceable under our laws. But they would construe those laws, and if their decree in pei'sonam may and must be conclusive in our ■courts and compel a decree in conformity therewith,.it is obvious that the contract will be enforced according to whatever construction the foreign court put upon our laws, and not according to the construction of our own courts. Other examples will occur to anyone considering the subject.
For these reasons I shall vote to affirm the decree below.