Court Opinion

ID: 9401695
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-06-13 19:14:10.340622+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:19:54.563083
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA

                                 January 2023 Term                                 FILED
                                 _______________                             June 13, 2023
                                                                                released at 3:00 p.m.
                                   No. 22-0074                              EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
                                                                            SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                 _______________                                 OF WEST VIRGINIA

                               JUSTINA GABBERT,
                             Plaintiff Below, Petitioner,

                                          v.

                         RICHARD T. COYNE, ESQ.,
                   TRUSTEE OF GERALD COYNE TRUST,
                         Defendant Below, Respondent.
         ________________________________________________________

                  Appeal from the Circuit Court of Berkeley County
                        The Honorable Michael D. Lorensen
                             Civil Action No. 21-C-137

                                    AFFIRMED

         ________________________________________________________

                              Submitted: April 18, 2023
                                Filed: June 13, 2023

Anthony I. Werner, Esq.                        Joseph L. Caltrider, Esq.
Joseph J. John, Esq.                           Hannah N. French, Esq.
John & Werner Law Offices, PLLC                Bowles Rice LLP
Wheeling, West Virginia                        Martinsburg, West Virginia
Counsel for Petitioner                         Counsel for Respondent

JUSTICE HUTCHISON delivered the Opinion of the Court.

CHIEF JUSTICE WALKER and JUSTICE BUNN concur and reserve the right to file
concurring opinions.

JUSTICE WOOTON dissents and reserves the right to file a dissenting opinion.
                              SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

              1.      “Appellate review of a circuit court’s order granting a motion to

dismiss a complaint is de novo.” Syl. Pt. 2, State ex rel. McGraw v. Scott Runyan Pontiac-

Buick, Inc., 194 W. Va. 770, 461 S.E.2d 516 (1995).

              2.      “‘The trial court, in appraising the sufficiency of a complaint on a

Rule 12(b)(6) motion, should not dismiss the complaint unless it appears beyond doubt that

the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to

relief.’ Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46, 78 S.Ct. 99, 2 L.Ed.2d 80 (1957).” Syl. Pt.

3, Chapman v. Kane Transfer Co., Inc., 160 W. Va. 530, 236 S.E.2d 207 (1977).

              3.      “The paramount principle in construing or giving effect to a trust is

that the intention of the settlor prevails, unless it is contrary to some positive rule of law or

principle of public policy.” Syl. Pt. 1, Hemphill v. Aukamp, 164 W. Va. 368, 264 S.E.2d

163 (1980).

              4.      “‘In construing a deed, will or other written instrument, it is the duty

of the court to construe it as a whole, taking and considering all the parts together, and

giving effect to the intention of the parties wherever that is reasonably clear and free from

doubt, unless to do so will violate some principal of law inconsistent therewith.’ Syl. Pt. 1,

Maddy v. Maddy, 87 W. Va. 581, 105 S.E. 803 (1921).” Syl. Pt. 2, Belcher v. Powers, 212

W. Va. 418, 573 S.E.2d 12 (2002).

              5.      “‘This Court may, on appeal, affirm the judgment of the lower court

when it appears that such judgment is correct on any legal ground disclosed by the record,

                                                i
regardless of the ground, reason or theory assigned by the lower court as the basis for its

judgment.’ Syllabus point 3, Barnett v. Wolfolk, 149 W.Va. 246, 140 S.E.2d 466 (1965).”

Syl. Pt. 2, Adkins v. Gatson, 218 W. Va. 332, 624 S.E.2d 769 (2005).

                                            ii
HUTCHISON, Justice:

              Petitioner Justina Gabbert appeals the dismissal of her complaint seeking

declaratory relief respecting the ownership of certain real property located in Martinsburg,

West Virginia. She contends this property was given to her by way of an amendment to a

revocable inter vivos trust executed by her betrothed, Gerald Coyne. The Circuit Court of

Berkeley County determined that the property did not pass to her upon Mr. Coyne’s death.

Upon review, we conclude that the circuit court did not err in dismissing petitioner’s

complaint. Accordingly, we affirm the ruling of the circuit court.

                         I.     Factual and Procedural Background

              On August 17, 2006, Mr. Coyne executed the Gerald Coyne Trust (“the

original trust”). Under its terms, Mr. Coyne was identified as both the “Grantor” and

“Trustee,” and Respondent Richard T. Coyne as “Successor Trustee.” Section 1.2 of the

original trust provided, in part:

              This is a revocable trust and I reserve the right to withdraw any
              part or all of the assets in this trust. I also reserve the right to
              amend or revoke this trust during my lifetime by a writing,
              other than a will or codicil to a will, signed by me and delivered
              to my Co-Trustee, or all trustees then acting, if more than one.
              At my death, the trust will become irrevocable.

              Regarding the administration of the original trust upon Mr. Coyne’s death,

Section 2.3, entitled “Disposition of Tangible Personal Property,” provided, in part:

                                               1
                     At my death, I direct my Trustee to dispose of my
              tangible personal property as follows:

                                    ....

              B.      Nonbinding Wishes. I may make a list or memorandum
              expressing how I wish certain items of my tangible personal
              property to be distributed. It is my hope that my wishes will be
              carried out, but the list or memorandum shall not be considered
              part of this trust or legally binding.

              The original trust also made specific provisions for petitioner, with whom

Mr. Coyne lived for fifteen continuous years leading up to his death and to whom he was

engaged to be married.1 The original trust directed that petitioner “be permitted to occupy

the residence which is owned by me or this trust at the time of my death, for a period of

one year from the time of my death, provided that we are living together in that residence

at the time of my death[,]” and that she be paid $3,000 per month for life provided they

were living together at the time of Mr. Coyne’s death.

              On August 27, 2006, ten days after executing the original trust, Mr. Coyne

prepared and signed a handwritten document (“the 2006 writing”) on which he wrote at the

top, “Gerald Coyne wishes to be carried out” followed by descriptions of certain items of

tangible personal property (including a watch, vehicle, tractor, and audio sound system)

and whom he wished to receive them. With respect to petitioner, Mr. Coyne wrote, “Justina

Gabbert get [sic] all household belongings except those that came from Elnors house [sic]

       1
        Mr. Coyne had never previously been married and he and petitioner never did
marry. Mr. Coyne had no children.

                                             2
& were promised. And the Lexus LS430.” The 2006 writing also provided that petitioner

was to receive certain real property: “155 Waverly Dr. brick house go to Justina Gabbert

free and clear after the one year at 1239 to live in or whatever.”2

              Approximately two years later, on April 16, 2008, Mr. Coyne conveyed 155

Waverly Drive to James W. Steptoe, Trustee, “in trust, nevertheless, to immediately

reconvey said real estate to Coyne Properties, LLC” by deed recorded in the Berkeley

County Clerk’s Office at Deed Book 896, Page 214. On that same date, James W. Steptoe,

Trustee, conveyed 155 Waverly Drive to Coyne Properties, LLC, by deed recorded in the

Berkeley County Clerk’s Office at Deed Book 896, Page 224.3

              Mr. Coyne subsequently executed an “Amended and Restated” trust,

effective November 18, 2016 (“the 2016 instrument”), that not only amended particular

terms of the original trust, but also restated all of the original trust terms.4 The later

instrument provided that any wishes Mr. Coyne were to express with respect to the

       2
        It is undisputed that “1239” refers to the residence at 1239 Showers Lane,
Martinsburg, West Virginia, where petitioner and Mr. Coyne were then residing together.
       3
        Copies of these deeds were attached to respondent’s motion to dismiss. Petitioner
does not challenge the authenticity of the deeds. See Mountaineer Fire & Rescue Equip.,
LLC v. City Nat’l Bank of W. Va., 244 W. Va. 508, 527, 854 S.E.2d 870, 889 (2020)
(“Before relying on extraneous materials attached to a motion to dismiss, a trial court must
be assured that the authenticity of the materials is undisputed.”).
       4
         The 2016 instrument is, like the original trust, entitled the “Gerald Coyne Trust.”
It specifically references the “Original Effective Date” as “August 17, 2006.” Respondent
was named as “Successor Trustee” under the 2016 instrument just as he was in the original
trust.

                                              3
distribution of his tangible personal property would be “binding” (as compared to the “non-

binding wishes” provision included in Section 2.3(B) of the original trust). Specifically,

Section 2.3 of the 2016 instrument, “Disposition of Tangible Personal Property,” states:

                At my death, I direct my Trustee to dispose of my tangible
                personal property as follows:
                                      ....

                B. Binding Wishes. I may make a list or memorandum
                expressing how I wish certain items of my tangible personal
                property to be distributed. It is my intent that my wishes will
                be carried out, and the list or memorandum shall be considered
                part of this trust and legally binding.

It is undisputed that Mr. Coyne never subsequently made “a list or memorandum

expressing how [he] wishe[ed] certain items of [his] tangible personal property to be

distributed.”

                With respect to Mr. Coyne’s provisions for petitioner, the 2016 instrument –

without mentioning either the 2006 writing or the Waverly Drive residence – directed that

petitioner have “full use of and access to our home located at Deep Creek Lake, for the rest

of her life[,]” so long as petitioner “has not remarried or cohabitated on a regular basis with

another man” after one year following Mr. Coyne’s death.

                                              4
                                                                            5
                Mr. Coyne died on September 27, 2019, at the age of 81, at which time the
                                                                     6
2016 instrument became irrevocable according to its own terms. Respondent has acted as

Successor Trustee ever since. Respondent subsequently informed petitioner that, despite

Mr. Coyne’s intention, as stated in the 2006 writing, to leave the Waverly Drive residence

to petitioner, the purported conveyance of the residence to her by way of that writing was

not valid because, while Section 2.3(B) of the trust permitted the distribution of tangible

personal property by external memorandum or list, it did not permit the distribution of real

property in that same manner.7 Petitioner was advised that, as a consequence, the Waverly

Drive residence did not pass to her upon Mr. Coyne’s death.

                Based upon the premise that the 2006 writing was not an external list or

memorandum made pursuant to Section 2.3(B) but, instead, an amendment to the trust,

petitioner filed suit against respondent on May 13, 2021, seeking a declaratory judgment

that, pursuant to that writing, she is entitled to legal ownership of the Waverly Drive

residence8 as well as the household belongings other than those items specifically excepted

       5
           At the time of the filing of the instant complaint, petitioner was 78 years old.
       6
        See Section 1.2 (“This is a revocable trust . . . . At my death, the trust will become
irrevocable.”).
       7
         See Section 2.3(B) (“I may make a list or memorandum expressing how I wish
certain items of my tangible personal property to be distributed.” (Emphasis added)).
       8
         In her complaint, petitioner quoted from, and referenced specific provisions of, the
2016 instrument. She also attached a copy of the 2016 instrument to the complaint as well
as a copy of the 2006 writing. Petitioner did not reference or attach a copy of the original
trust to her complaint. See n.9, infra.

                                                5
under the trust (Count 1), and alleging claims of breach of fiduciary duty (Count 2), the

tort of outrage (Count 3), conversion (Count 4), and “tort damages” (Count 5).

              Respondent thereafter filed a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of

the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure, to which he attached a copy of the original

trust. In this motion, respondent argued that petitioner was not entitled to ownership of the

Waverly Drive residence because: (1) the 2006 writing could not be a valid amendment to

the 2016 instrument as it was executed long before the 2016 instrument was created; (2)

neither the 2006 writing nor the Waverly Drive residence was referenced in, or recognized

by, the 2016 instrument; (3) Section 2.3(B) of the 2016 instrument, which provides that

Mr. Coyne “may make a list or memorandum expressing how [he] wish[es] certain items

of [his] tangible personal property to be distributed” is prospective in nature and only

contemplates a future list or memorandum, thereby nullifying the 2006 writing, which is

not referenced in the 2016 instrument; (4) Section 2.3(B) limits the list or memorandum

expressing Mr. Coyne’s wishes to the distribution of tangible personal property, which

would exclude the Waverly Drive residence; and (5) in any event, the Waverly Drive

residence, having been conveyed to Coyne Properties, LLC, in 2008, is no longer an asset

of the trust and so the purported gift adeemed.

                                             6
                                                              9
              In her response to the motion to dismiss, petitioner argued that she

sufficiently pled allegations in her complaint to survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion. She

claimed that, although the terms of the original trust permitted Mr. Coyne to “amend or

revoke” the trust, it did not permit him to “amend and restate” it as the 2016 instrument

purports to do; therefore, the 2016 instrument was itself merely an amendment to the

original trust that must be read in conjunction with the 2006 writing, which is likewise a

valid amendment giving petitioner the Waverly Drive residence. Petitioner further asserted

that respondent’s argument that the 2006 writing became a nullity once the 2016 instrument

was created is disingenuous because respondent admitted that he distributed certain items

of tangible personal property (i.e., a watch and vehicle) pursuant to Mr. Coyne’s wishes as

set forth in that writing. Additionally, petitioner argued that equitable principles of waiver

and/or estoppel should apply because (1) respondent distributed items pursuant to the 2006

writing despite his argument that the writing was a nullity (waiver) and (2) respondent,

who petitioner contends acted as Mr. Coyne’s attorney and/or confidante at the time the

       9
          In her response, petitioner acknowledged that she neither referenced nor attached
a copy of the original trust to her complaint because she did not have a copy in her
possession. However, she took exception to respondent’s argument that the complaint
“alleges that by the 2006 amendment[,] Gerald changed a prospective iteration of the trust”
[i.e., the 2016 instrument], arguing that any such argument “defies logic.” See Syl. Pt. 3, in
part, McCandless, J.B. & S. v. Warner, 26 W. Va. 754 (1885) (“The writing to prove such
trust need not be made at the time the trust is created, but may be made at any time
thereafter. . . .” (Emphasis added)). Petitioner argued that, to the extent the circuit court
agreed with respondent’s reading of the complaint, she would seek leave to amend the
complaint to clarify her position that the 2006 writing amended the original trust rather
than the 2016 instrument. Petitioner did not seek leave to amend below and, in any event,
as discussed in more detail below, this Court agrees with petitioner that the 2006 writing
was an amendment to the original trust.

                                              7
2006 writing was made, “allowed, or outright caused, Gerald to handle his Waverly

property in a manner which now serves to defeat Gerald’s clear intent to put the property

in [petitioner’s] hands” (estoppel). Finally, petitioner averred that, even though the

Waverly Drive residence was previously conveyed to Coyne Properties, LLC, it is possible

that the company’s assets passed back to the trust upon Mr. Coyne’s death, which would

obligate respondent to convey the residence to petitioner pursuant to the 2006 writing.

Petitioner contended that she should be permitted to conduct discovery and that dismissal

under Rule 12(b)(6) was not appropriate. Respondent submitted a reply reiterating his

position.

              While respondent’s motion to dismiss was pending before the circuit court,

petitioner served respondent with discovery requests, including requests for extensive

information about Coyne Properties, LLC. Petitioner also served respondent with a notice

of deposition. Respondent filed objections to the discovery requests as well as a motion for

protective order seeking, inter alia, a stay of all discovery (including respondent’s

deposition) until a ruling on respondent’s motion to dismiss has been made. By order

entered November 19, 2021, the circuit court granted respondent’s motion for protective

order.

              The circuit court granted respondent’s motion to dismiss by order entered

November 24, 2021, virtually adopting all of respondent’s arguments in support of his

                                             8
        10
motion. Petitioner subsequently filed a motion to alter or amend the circuit court’s

dismissal order pursuant to Rule 59(e), to which respondent filed a response. Petitioner

submitted a reply. The circuit court denied petitioner’s Rule 59(e) motion and this appeal

followed.11

                                   II. Standard of Review

                This case is before this Court upon an appeal from the circuit court’s order

denying petitioner’s Rule 59(e) motion to alter or amend the order dismissing her complaint

under Rule 12(b)(6). Our standard of review of a Rule 59(e) order “is the same standard

that would apply to the underlying judgment upon which the motion is based and from

which the appeal to this Court is filed.” Syl. Pt. 1, in part, Wickland v. American Travellers

Life Ins. Co., 204 W. Va. 430, 513 S.E.2d 657 (1998).

                It is well established that “[a]ppellate review of a circuit court’s order

granting a motion to dismiss a complaint is de novo.” Syl. Pt. 2, State ex rel. McGraw v.

Scott Runyan Pontiac-Buick, Inc., 194 W. Va. 770, 461 S.E.2d 516 (1995). We have also

held that “‘[t]he trial court, in appraising the sufficiency of a complaint on a Rule 12(b)(6)

motion, should not dismiss the complaint unless it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff

       10
            However, the circuit court did not address petitioner’s arguments of waiver and
estoppel.
       11
        Petitioner also appeals the November 19, 2021, order granting respondent’s
motion for protective order. Because we affirm the circuit court’s order granting
respondent’s motion to dismiss, we need not address the propriety of that ruling.

                                              9
can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief.’ Conley

v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46, 78 S.Ct. 99, 2 L.Ed.2d 80 (1957).” Syl. Pt. 3, Chapman v.

Kane Transfer Co., Inc., 160 W. Va. 530, 236 S.E.2d 207 (1977). With these standards to

guide us, we now consider the parties’ arguments.

                                       III. Discussion

              At issue in this appeal is whether petitioner is entitled to ownership of the

Waverly Drive residence by virtue of the 2006 writing that Mr. Coyne created after

executing the original trust. Petitioner argues that Mr. Coyne twice exercised his right to

amend the original trust: first, when he created the 2006 writing and, second, when he

executed the 2016 instrument. She contends that the original trust and the amendments

must be read as cumulative, resulting in the Waverly Drive residence passing to petitioner

upon Mr. Coyne’s death.12 According to petitioner, the original trust did not permit Mr.

Coyne to “amend and restate” the original trust, as the 2016 instrument purported to do,

only to “amend or revoke” it, and so the circuit court erred in concluding that the 2016

instrument “replaces all of Mr. Coyne’s prior trust document[s], represents a complete

statement of his intent, and provides all terms of his trust.”

       12
          Though not acknowledged by petitioner in any of her pleadings, the effect of
reading the original trust, the 2006 writing, and the 2016 instrument cumulatively is that
petitioner would receive both ownership of the Waverly Drive residence and full use of,
and access to, the home at Deep Creek Lake for life.

                                              10
              Assuming that the 2006 writing was intended to be an amendment to the

original trust, respondent counters that the 2016 instrument was not, as it “amended and

restated” the trust in the same instrument. Respondent argues that, by identifying the 2016

instrument as “this trust” throughout the document, Mr. Coyne demonstrated his intent that

it replace and, indeed, effectively revoke, both the original trust and 2006 amendment

entirely. According to respondent, given that the Waverly Drive residence was, at Mr.

Coyne’s direction, conveyed away in 2008 and no longer an asset of the trust in 2016, it

made sense that, in the 2016 instrument, Mr. Coyne would provide petitioner with a

substitute dwelling in which to live by giving her full use of a different home – the Deep

Creek Lake house. Respondent contends that because the 2016 instrument does not

incorporate the 2006 amendment by reference or otherwise revive it, petitioner is not

entitled to ownership of the Waverly Drive residence.

              We have long observed that “[t]he paramount principle in construing or

giving effect to a trust is that the intention of the settlor prevails, unless it is contrary to

some positive rule of law or principle of public policy.” Syl. Pt. 1, Hemphill v. Aukamp,

164 W. Va. 368, 264 S.E.2d 163 (1980). “‘In construing a deed, will or other written

instrument, it is the duty of the court to construe it as a whole, taking and considering all

the parts together, and giving effect to the intention of the parties wherever that is

reasonably clear and free from doubt, unless to do so will violate some principal of law

inconsistent therewith.’ Syl. Pt. 1, Maddy v. Maddy, 87 W. Va. 581, 105 S.E. 803 (1921).”

Syl. Pt. 2, Belcher v. Powers, 212 W. Va. 418, 573 S.E.2d 12 (2002). See Syl. pt. 2,

                                              11
Hemphill, 164 W. Va. 368, 264 S.E.2d 163 (“In ascertaining the intent of the settlor, the

entire trust document should be considered.”)

              With respect to Mr. Coyne’s power to amend or revoke the original trust, we

have held that “[t]he settlor of an inter vivos trust has power to revoke or modify the trust

to the extent the terms of the trust so provide.” Syl. Pt. 6, Proudfoot v. Proudfoot, 214 W.

Va. 841, 591 S.E.2d 767 (2003). “The grantor may revoke or amend a revocable trust. . .

[b]y substantially complying with a method provided in the terms of the trust instrument[.]”

W. Va. Code § 44D-6-602(c)(1) (2011). Under Section 1.2 of the original trust, Mr. Coyne

“reserve[d] the right to amend or revoke this trust during my lifetime by a writing, other

than a will or codicil to a will, signed by me and delivered to my Co-Trustee[.]” As a

threshold matter, we observe that by arguing that the 2006 writing and 2016 instrument are

valid amendments to the original trust, petitioner impliedly concedes that Mr. Coyne

complied with Section 1.2 by creating writings, other than a will or codicil to a will, signed

by him and delivered to his Co-Trustee.

              Turning to the language of the 2016 instrument and Mr. Coyne’s stated

intention that it “amend and restate” the original trust, we find that the later instrument

fully replaced and superseded both the original trust and the 2006 writing that amended it.

In In re Estate of Flake,13 the Supreme Court of Utah addressed the legal effect of a “1998

       13
         71 P.3d 589, 597 (Utah 2003), abrogated on other grounds by Mountaineer
Enterprises, Inc. v. Homeowners Assoc. for the Colony at White Plains Canyon, 422 P.3d
809 (Utah 2018).

                                             12
Restatement” of a revocable 1987 Trust Agreement that provided that the settlor could

“amend, modify, revoke, or remove from this Trust the property that he has contributed, in

whole or in part[.]” Id. at 592. The 1998 Restatement stated that the settlor “hereby amends

and restates in full” the original trust, resulting in a reduced benefit to the settlor’s second
            14
wife. Id. In holding that the 1998 Restatement fully superseded the original trust, the Flake

court explained that

                 [a]lthough it did not detail the provisions of the trust that were
                 specifically amended, as a restatement it merged all of the
                 operative provisions of the 1987 Trust Agreement together
                 with amendments in a single instrument, and therefore
                 superceded [sic] the 1987 Trust Agreement. The clear and
                 unambiguous language of the 1998 Restatement demonstrated
                 that it was intended to supplant the terms of the 1987 Trust
                 Agreement with amended and restated terms. The 1998
                 Restatement unambiguously references the “Almon J. Flake
                 Family Trust dated September 22, 1987” as “amend[ed] and
                 restate[d] in full,” and therefore reflects the settlor’s intent to
                 supplant the 1987 Trust Agreement. See Restatement (Second)
                 Trusts § 331, cmt. c (stating that if the settlor reserves a power
                 to modify or revoke the trust without specifying the method of
                 modification, the power can be exercised in any manner which
                 manifests the intent of the settlor to modify). In particular, the
                 1987 Trust Agreement provisions that provide for the “needs
                 of MARIAN R. FLAKE” and which state that “Marian shall
                 also enjoy Almon’s Social Security and all existing retirement
                 funds” were superceded [sic] due to their omission from the

       14
         In Flake, the original trust provided, upon the settlor’s death, that the trust “‘shall
care for the needs of [Mrs. Flake] including her living arrangements [and furnishings] in
the home of the [settlor] or other reasonable living quarters[,]’” and that she “‘shall also
enjoy [the settlor’s] social security and all existing retirement funds.’” Flake, 71 P.3d at
592. The 1998 Restatement stated that Mrs. Flake would receive “the Cadillac” and that
the “main part of [the settlor’s] home . . . shall be held in a separate trust as a life estate for
her benefit[,]” with the trust paying certain costs associated with the property and Mrs.
Flake paying other enumerated costs. Id. at 593.

                                                 13
              1998 Restatement. Mrs. Flake is entitled only to what was
              provided for in the operative provisions of the 1998
              Restatement.

Id. at 597. See also Merchants Nat. Bank of Mobile v. Cowley, 89 S.2d 616, 623 (Ala. 1956)

(“[I]t seems to us that the language of the 1952 agreement [which amended and restated a

prior trust agreement] clearly shows that it was considered by the parties as superseding

the prior existing agreement. . . . How can we say that this 1952 agreement is but an

amendment of the 1949 agreement, as amended? The 1952 agreement is in itself a complete

entity. Although it gives powers previously given and imposes duties previously imposed,

it embodies all the terms and conditions of a new trust.”); In re Estate of Kneznek, 727

N.Y.S.2d 180, 181 (N.Y. App. Div. 2001) (“whether we speak in terms of ‘revocation’ or

‘amendment,’. . . the clear and unambiguous language of the 1990 agreement demonstrates

that it was intended to . . . supplant the terms of the existing trust with amended and restated

terms”).

              Here, the title of the 2016 instrument declares that it “amended and restated”

the original trust. Substantively, it amended particular terms of the original trust and also

restated all of the original trust terms in full – those that were revised as well as those that

remained the same. As an amended and restated trust, the 2016 instrument “merged all of

the operative provisions of [the original trust] together with amendments in a single

instrument and therefore super[s]eded [the original trust].” Flake, 71 P.3d at 597. Indeed,

the clear and unambiguous language of the 2016 instrument demonstrates that it constitutes

the entire trust, rather than an amendment to the original trust. The 2016 instrument is

                                              14
identified throughout as “this trust.” For example, Section 1.1 states, “I declare and confirm

this trust, . . . and I agree to the terms and provisions of this trust agreement” (emphasis

added); Section 1.2 states, “I reserve the right to withdraw any part or all of the assets in

this trust [and] . . . . the right to amend or revoke this trust during my lifetime” (emphasis

added); Section 1.3 states, “I declare and assign ownership of my tangible personal

property . . . to this trust” (emphasis added); Section 1.4 states, “This trust will be treated

as a grantor trust for income purposes for my lifetime” (emphasis added); and Section

2.3(B) states, “It is my intent that my wishes [for the distribution of certain items of tangible

personal property as may be made by list or memorandum] will be carried out, and the list

or memorandum shall be considered part of this trust and legally binding” (emphasis

added). If we concluded that the 2016 instrument is merely an amendment to the original

trust rather than the complete statement of Mr. Coyne’s intentions at the time it was made,

the above-quoted trust provisions would be, at best, confusing, and at worst, meaningless,

a result at odds with both trust law in general, 90 C.J.S. Trusts § 215 (“If possible, effect

should be given to all the language of a trust instrument, with no part being treated as

meaningless, a nullity, or surplusage.”), and our law in particular. “In the construction of a

deed or other legal instrument, the function of a court is to ascertain the intent of the parties

as expressed in the language used by them.” Davis v. Hardman, 148 W.Va. 82, 89, 133

S.E.2d 77, 81 (1963) (internal citations omitted). Thus, taking and considering all of the

parts of the 2016 instrument together, see 76 Am. Jur. 2d Trusts § 34 (“[A] court should

construe the trust instrument to give effect to all provisions in it, so that no provision is

rendered meaningless, and all terms in a trust instrument must be harmonized to properly

                                               15
give effect to all parts of the trust instrument.”), it is abundantly clear that Mr. Coyne

intended that it would supersede all prior trust documents.

              In the final analysis, only the 2006 amendment to the original trust included

the gift of the Waverly Drive residence to petitioner. It is undisputed that the 2006

amendment was not incorporated by reference into the 2016 instrument and so, as a result,

petitioner was not entitled to ownership of the Waverly Drive residence (or any of the

household belongings also mentioned in the amendment) upon Mr. Coyne’s death. See Syl.

Pt. 4, Cyfers v. Cyfers, 233 W. Va. 528, 759 S.E.2d 475 (2014) (requiring that the intention

to incorporate the extrinsic document into the written instrument clearly appear from the

instrument and that the reference in the instrument identify the extrinsic document with

sufficient certainty that the extrinsic document referenced is the written document

proffered).

              Finally, we recognize that the circuit court did not find the 2006 writing to

be an amendment to the original trust and, so, our analysis diverges from that of the circuit

court. Nonetheless, we affirm the circuit court’s ultimate ruling that the Waverly Drive

residence did not pass to petitioner upon Mr. Coyne’s death because “‘[t]his Court may, on

appeal, affirm the judgment of the lower court when it appears that such judgment is correct

on any legal ground disclosed by the record, regardless of the ground, reason or theory

assigned by the lower court as the basis for its judgment.’ Syllabus point 3, Barnett v.

                                             16
Wolfolk, 149 W.Va. 246, 140 S.E.2d 466 (1965).” Syl. Pt. 2, Adkins v. Gatson, 218 W. Va.

332, 624 S.E.2d 769 (2005).15

       15
          Petitioner also argues on appeal that if the Court determines that the 2006 writing
was not a valid amendment to the original trust but, instead, an unsuccessful attempt by
Mr. Coyne to distribute real property by external list or memorandum under Section 2.3(B)
of the original trust, then the Court should exercise its authority to reform the trust to
conform to Mr. Coyne’s intent that petitioner receive the Waverly Drive residence upon
his death or at least permit discovery on the issue. See W. Va. Code § 44D-4-415 (2011)
(“The court may reform the terms of a trust, even if unambiguous, to conform the terms to
the grantor’s intention if it is proved by preponderance of the evidence that both the
grantor’s intent and the terms of the trust instrument were affected by a mistake of fact or
law, whether in expression or inducement.”). We need not address this argument because
(1) we agree with petitioner that the 2006 writing was an amendment to the original trust
rather than an external list or memorandum created pursuant to Section 2.3(B); (2) the 2016
instrument, being clear and unambiguous, superseded all prior trust instruments, including
the 2006 writing; and (3) in any event, petitioner waived the argument that any of the trust
documents should be judicially reformed because she failed to raise the issue before the
circuit court in the first instance. See Zaleski v. W. Va. Mut. Ins. Co., 224 W. Va. 544, 550,
687 S.E.2d 123, 129 (2009) (“Because this argument is now being raised for the first time
on appeal, we must necessarily find that the argument . . . has been waived.”); Barney v.
Auvil, 195 W. Va. 733, 741, 466 S.E.2d 801, 809 (1995) (“Our general rule is that
nonjurisdictional questions not raised at the circuit court level, but raised for the first time
on appeal, will not be considered.”).

       Finally, petitioner argues that discovery should be permitted to determine whether
she is entitled to legal ownership of the Waverly Drive residence under the equitable
doctrines of waiver and/or estoppel. Waiver applies where there is evidence “that a party
has intentionally relinquished a known right” while “[e]stoppel applies when a party is
induced to act or to refrain from acting to her detriment because of her reasonable reliance
on another party’s misrepresentation or concealment of a material fact.” Syl. Pt. 1, in part,
Potesta v. United States Fid. & Guar. Co., 202 W. Va. 308, 504 S.E.2d 135 (1998) (quoting
Syl. Pt. 2, in part, Ara v. Erie Ins. Co., 182 W. Va. 266, 387 S.E.2d 320 (1989)).

       As we have already determined, the 2016 instrument is the controlling trust
instrument and does not convey ownership of the Waverly Drive residence to petitioner.
Petitioner maintains that, even so, if discovery were to show that respondent (1) distributed
certain items of tangible personal property consistent with the 2006 writing even though
                                                                              Continued . . .
                                              17
                                       IV. Conclusion

              For all of the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the circuit court did not err

in dismissing petitioner’s complaint. Accordingly, the circuit court’s order denying

petitioner’s Rule 59(e) motion to alter or amend the dismissal order is hereby affirmed.

                                                                                    Affirmed.

respondent claimed that writing was a nullity once the 2016 instrument was executed, or
(2) advised Mr. Coyne that the 2006 writing would operate to convey the Waverly Drive
residence to petitioner, then equity would permit respondent to unilaterally modify the clear
and unambiguous terms of the 2016 instrument in order to convey that property to her. We
disagree. “[T]he trustee . . . of a trust [has] only such power to terminate the trust or to
change its terms as is granted by the terms of the trust.” Restatement (Third) of Trusts §
64, at 467 (2003). See also W. Va. Code § 44D-8-801 (2011) (“[T]he trustee shall
administer the trust . . . in accordance with its terms and purposes and the interests of the
beneficiaries, and in accordance with this chapter”). Petitioner offers no legal authority that
would permit respondent to administer the trust contrary to its clear and unambiguous
terms. See State ex rel. Ins. Com’r of State of W. Virginia v. Blue Cross & Blue Shield of
W. Virginia, Inc., 219 W. Va. 541, 549 n.27, 638 S.E.2d 144, 152 n.27 (2006) (“Blue Cross
could not unilaterally alter the requirement that the corpus of the trust be returned at the
end of the trust period.”). Accordingly, we find this argument to be without merit.

                                              18