Court Opinion

ID: 9908304
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-12-08 15:06:37.349848+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:49:05.154731
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: DECEMBER 1, 2023; 10:00 A.M.
                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

               Commonwealth of Kentucky
                         Court of Appeals
                            NO. 2023-CA-0231-MR

BRE’ANNA KING; ERICA
JACKSON; MYISHA HUDDLESTON;
SANTAYANNA MITCHELL; AND
TRAQUANDA CLAY                                                  APPELLANTS

               APPEAL FROM JEFFERSON CIRCUIT COURT
v.                HONORABLE MITCH PERRY, JUDGE
                       ACTION NO. 22-CI-005618

JEFFERSON COUNTY BOARD OF
EDUCATION D/B/A JEFFERSON
COUNTY PUBLIC SCHOOLS; CHRIS
KOLB; CORRIE SHULL; DIANE
PORTER; JAMES CRAIG; JOE
MARSHALL; LINDA DUNCAN;
SARAH MCINTOSH; AND TIM
FRANKLIN                                                         APPELLEES

                                  OPINION
                                 AFFIRMING

                                ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: THOMPSON, CHIEF JUDGE; ECKERLE AND TAYLOR, JUDGES.

THOMPSON, CHIEF JUDGE: Bre’anna King, Erica Jackson, Myisha

Huddleston, Santayanna Mitchell, and Traquanda Clay (“Appellants”), as
representatives of their minor children, appeal from an opinion and order of the

Jefferson Circuit Court dismissing their action alleging that the Jefferson County

Board of Education (“the Board”) and its Board members negligently trained and

supervised school bus driver Tim Franklin. They also asserted a claim under the

Kentucky Civil Rights Act (“KCRA”); a claim alleging negligence against the

Board and its members; and a claim for negligence and outrageous conduct against

Franklin. Appellants argue that the circuit court erred in dismissing their claims

based on governmental immunity, qualified official immunity, and the failure to

state a claim upon which relief may be granted. After careful review, we find no

error, and affirm the opinion and order on appeal.

                   FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

             Franklin is a school bus driver employed by the Jefferson County

Board of Education d/b/a Jefferson County Public Schools. On August 26, 2022,

he was operating a school bus transporting elementary school students home from

Carter Traditional Elementary School in Jefferson County, Kentucky. The

students were 5 to 10 years old. Before leaving the school, Franklin became aware

of a dispute between two students on the bus. In order to reduce the risk of the

students arguing, Franklin seated them apart on the bus.

             When Franklin stopped the school bus at one of its scheduled stops,

an adult male, Delvantae King, and a minor child entered the school bus. King

                                         -2-
was belligerent and acting in a threatening manner toward one of the children on

the bus who apparently was involved in the dispute. In order to protect the

children from King, Franklin positioned himself in the aisle to block King’s

movement further into the bus. Franklin was not confrontational with King, whose

ire was focused on one of the children. In his anger, King was yelling and

gesturing in a threatening manner, and he said that he was going to flip the bus

over.

                 The incident was captured on a cell phone video, which was included

in a WDRB news story and was made part of the record. In the video, children can

be heard screaming and crying, with one child saying that she wanted her mother.

After the incident, King departed from the bus, and Franklin drove it back to Carter

Traditional Elementary School. King was later charged with various offenses

arising from the incident.

                 On October 27, 2022, Appellants, as guardians, mothers, and next

friends of their respective minor children1 on the school bus, filed the instant action

in Jefferson Circuit Court against the Board, individual Board members, and

Franklin.2 The complaint alleged that Franklin engaged in tortious, outrageous

1
    The five mothers represent six children.
2
  The record references the Board and Jefferson County Public Schools (“JCPS”)
interchangeably.

                                               -3-
conduct by knowingly stopping the bus where King – a convicted felon – could

enter the bus and threaten the children; that the JCPS negligently trained and

supervised Franklin; that Franklin was negligent in his actions that day; and, that

the JCPS violated the KCRA3 by failing to provide any security on the bus because

it was transporting African American children.

                 The matter proceeded in Jefferson Circuit Court, culminating with

Appellees filing a motion to dismiss the complaint. In support of the motion,

Appellees argued that governmental and qualified official immunity barred the

action against the Board and its individual members. It further asserted that the

record did not support a claim of negligence or outrageous conduct against

Franklin, who it argued performed his job duties in a professional manner and in

accordance with JCPS guidelines. On February 14, 2023, the circuit court entered

an order granting Appellees’ motion to dismiss, and this appeal followed.

                               STANDARDS OF REVIEW

                A Kentucky Rules of Civil Procedure (“CR”) 12.02 motion to dismiss

is a pure question of law; therefore, an appellate court reviews the issue de novo.

Fox v. Grayson, 317 S.W.3d 1, 7 (Ky. 2010).

                The issue of whether a defendant is entitled to the defense of

sovereign or governmental immunity is a question of law. See Rowan County v.

3
    Kentucky Revised Statutes (“KRS”) 344.020.

                                             -4-
Sloas, 201 S.W.3d 469, 475 (Ky. 2006) (citing Jefferson County Fiscal Court v.

Peerce, 132 S.W.3d 824, 825 (Ky. 2004)). This means “we owe no deference to

the legal conclusions” of the circuit court. Howard v. Big Sandy Area

Development District, Inc., 626 S.W.3d 466, 470 (Ky. 2020).

                         ARGUMENTS AND ANALYSIS

             Appellants, through counsel, argue that the Jefferson Circuit Court

committed reversible error in dismissing their complaint. They argue that they

stated a claim against Franklin sufficient to overcome Appellees’ motion to

dismiss. They also assert that the circuit court improperly failed to acknowledge

the special relationship between the Board and the children, which created an

affirmative duty to take all reasonable steps to avoid harm. Appellants go on to

argue that the circuit court erred in failing to allow them to move forward with

their KCRA claim, because they properly stated the cause of action and it is

supported by the record. Lastly, Appellants maintain that none of the Appellees

are entitled to governmental or qualified immunity. Specifically, they argue that

the Board’s duty to protect students is ministerial, i.e., implicating mandatory

rather than discretionary acts to ensure student safety. Because no immunity is

granted for the exercise of ministerial acts, Appellants argue that the circuit court

erred in shielding the Board members in their individual capacities with qualified

                                          -5-
official immunity. They seek an opinion reversing the judgment below and

remanding the matter to the Jefferson Circuit Court for further proceedings.

             Appellants first argue that the circuit court erred in concluding that

they failed to state a claim as to Franklin’s alleged negligence and outrageous

conduct. This issue centered on whether the record could support the claim if the

matter proceeded to trial, rather than on whether Franklin was immune from suit.

In answering this question in the negative, the circuit court determined that

Appellants’ claims against Franklin arose largely or exclusively from the news

story broadcast by a local media outlet. The court found that the record did not

support Appellants’ assertion that Franklin negligently drove to the bus stop where

King was waiting.

                    A motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim
             upon which relief may be granted admits as true the
             material facts of the complaint. Accordingly, a court
             should not grant such a motion unless it appears the
             pleading party would not be entitled to relief under any
             set of facts which could be proved[.] Since a motion to
             dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief may
             be granted is a pure question of law, . . . an appellate
             court reviews the issue de novo.

Tucker v. Tucker, 623 S.W.3d 142, 144-45 (Ky. App. 2021) (internal quotation

marks and citations omitted).

             When reviewing this issue de novo, we agree with the circuit court

that Appellants would not be entitled to relief under any set of facts which could be

                                         -6-
proved. Franklin stated that at the school, he became aware of a dispute or

“situation” between two students, which resulted in him seating them apart on the

school bus. The record does not demonstrate that Franklin was aware that King

would be waiting at a bus stop, nor that King would unlawfully enter the bus to

threaten and terrorize the students. To the contrary, Franklin’s actions are more

properly characterized as professional, if not heroic. He positioned his body in the

aisle to prevent King from moving further into the bus, while not becoming

confrontational with King. Franklin protected the students, diffused the situation,

encouraged King to leave the bus, and then returned the bus to the school rather

than proceeding to additional bus stops where King might try again to enter the

bus. The circuit court correctly determined that Appellants’ claims of negligence

and outrageous conduct against Franklin were unsupported by the record and were

properly subject to dismissal per CR 12.02. We find no error. For the same

reason, we are not persuaded by Appellants’ assertions that Franklin or the Board

breached a duty arising from a “special relationship” between Franklin and the

students.

             Appellants next argue that the Jefferson Circuit Court erred in failing

to address their KCRA claim. While acknowledging that the KCRA as currently

enacted does not apply to the instant facts, Appellants argue that the circuit court

should have modified or extended the KCRA to apply to the matter before us.

                                         -7-
They contend that the Board improperly failed to provide adequate security on the

school bus; that this failure was fueled by the Board’s racism against African

American students; and that the Board’s failure to protect the students should

properly fall within the scope of the KCRA.

             We must first note that Appellants have not complied with Kentucky

Rules of Appellate Procedure (“RAP”) 32(A)(4), which requires a statement at the

beginning of the Argument with reference to the record showing whether the issue

was properly preserved for review and, if so, in what manner. When a party fails

to demonstrate that an issue is preserved, we may ignore the deficiency and

proceed with the review; strike the brief or its offending portions; or, review the

issues raised in the brief for manifest injustice only. Hallis v. Hallis, 328 S.W.3d

694, 696 (Ky. App. 2010).

             Further, Appellants are limited on appeal to issues raised in their

Prehearing Statement. RAP 22(C)(2). It states, “[a] party shall be limited on

appeal to issues identified in the prehearing statement, except that upon a timely

motion demonstrating good cause, the Court of Appeals may permit additional

issues to be raised.” Id. Appellants’ Prehearing Statement lists 1) Franklin’s

negligence and 2) qualified sovereign immunity as the issues to be raised. Even

with an expansive interpretation of the issues listed, Appellants did not raise the

KCRA issue in their Prehearing Statement.

                                         -8-
             Additionally, the circuit court did not address this issue below. “[A]

party is not entitled to raise an error on appeal if he has not called the error to the

attention of the trial court and given that court an opportunity to correct it.” Little

v. Whitehouse, 384 S.W.2d 503, 504 (Ky. 1964) (citation omitted).

             Even when ignoring the failure to preserve per Hallis, since this issue

was not addressed by the circuit court and was not raised in the Prehearing

Statement as an issue to be considered, we have no basis for reversing the circuit

court’s opinion and order on this issue.

             Appellants’ remaining arguments center on whether the circuit court

properly determined that the Board, and the individual Board members in their

official and individual capacities, were shielded from liability by governmental

immunity and/or official immunity. Appellants contend that the individual Board

members failed in their ministerial duty set out in KRS 158.110(4) requiring them

to adopt rules and regulations to ensure the comfort, health, and safety of children

who are being transported. Appellants point out that the video of the incident

captured by a child on the bus clearly shows no security measures to prevent King

and the young girl from entering the bus. Appellants also argue that in its first

opportunity to do so via its motion to dismiss, the Board did not argue that King

broke through a security barrier to prevent him from entering the bus, nor that King

broke through a locked door or window. The focus of their argument on this issue

                                           -9-
is that the Board and its members had an affirmative ministerial duty to protect the

children, that they breached that duty with inadequate security measures, and that

the breach is not shielded by governmental nor official immunity.

                     [G]overnmental immunity is the public policy,
             derived from the traditional doctrine of sovereign
             immunity, that limits imposition of tort liability on a
             government agency. The principle of governmental
             immunity from civil liability is partially grounded in the
             separation of powers doctrine embodied in Sections 27
             and 28 of the Constitution of Kentucky. The premise is
             that courts should not be called upon to pass judgment on
             policy decisions made by members of coordinate
             branches of government in the context of tort actions,
             because such actions furnish an inadequate crucible for
             testing the merits of social, political or economic policy.
             Put another way, it is not a tort for government to govern.
             Thus, a state agency is entitled to immunity from tort
             liability to the extent that it is performing a
             governmental, as opposed to a proprietary, function.

Yanero v. Davis, 65 S.W.3d 510, 519 (Ky. 2001) (internal quotation

marks, citations, and footnote omitted).

             If a state agency is deemed to have governmental
             immunity, its officers or employees have official
             immunity when they are sued in their official or
             representative capacity. The immunity that an agency
             enjoys is extended to the official acts of its officers and
             employees. However, when such officers or employees
             are sued for negligent acts in their individual capacities,
             they have qualified official immunity.

Autry v. Western Kentucky University, 219 S.W.3d 713, 717 (Ky. 2007).

                                           -10-
                     “Official immunity” is immunity from tort liability
             afforded to public officers and employees for acts
             performed in the exercise of their discretionary functions.
             It rests not on the status or title of the officer or
             employee, but on the function performed. Official
             immunity can be absolute, as when an officer or
             employee of the state is sued in his/her representative
             capacity, in which event his/her actions are included
             under the umbrella of sovereign immunity . . . .
             Similarly, when an officer or employee of a
             governmental agency is sued in his/her representative
             capacity, the officer’s or employee’s actions are afforded
             the same immunity, if any, to which the agency, itself,
             would be entitled . . . . But when sued in their individual
             capacities, public officers and employees enjoy only
             qualified official immunity, which affords protection
             from damages liability for good faith judgment calls
             made in a legally uncertain environment. Qualified
             official immunity applies to the negligent performance by
             a public officer or employee of (1) discretionary acts or
             functions, i.e., those involving the exercise of discretion
             and judgment, or personal deliberation, decision, and
             judgment, (2) in good faith; and (3) within the scope of
             the employee’s authority. An act is not necessarily
             “discretionary” just because the officer performing it has
             some discretion with respect to the means or method to
             be employed. Qualified official immunity is an
             affirmative defense that must be specifically pled.

Yanero, 65 S.W.3d at 521-22 (citations omitted).

             Thus, governmental immunity shields governmental agencies when

performing a governmental function; official immunity protects employees of

governmental agencies when sued in their official capacities for acts performed in

the exercise of their discretionary authority; and qualified official immunity shields

employees of governmental agencies when sued in their individual capacities for

                                        -11-
discretionary acts made in good faith and within the scope of their employment.4

Id. at 519-23.

              In granting Appellees’ motion to dismiss, the Jefferson Circuit Court

determined that the Board, and its members in their official capacities, are entitled

to governmental immunity. After closely examining the record and the law, we

agree that the Board and its members in their official capacities are immune from

Appellants’ claims. The Jefferson County Board of Education is a political

subdivision of the Commonwealth. See Yanero, 65 S.W.3d at 527; Ammerman v

Bd. of Ed. of Nicholas Cnty., 30 S.W.3d 793, 797 (Ky. 2000). The parties

acknowledge that transporting schoolchildren is a governmental function. Thus,

and per Yanero, the Board and its individual members in their official capacities

are entitled to governmental immunity/official immunity on Appellants’ claims, as

they were performing a governmental function. The Jefferson Circuit Court

properly so found.

               Lastly, we must consider whether the Jefferson Circuit Court

properly determined that the Board members in their individual capacities are

entitled to qualified official immunity. As noted above, officials are entitled to

4
  The circuit court, the parties, and the case law sometimes use different terminology when
addressing the same form of immunity. “Sovereign immunity” and “governmental immunity”
are used interchangeably, as are “governmental immunity” and “official immunity” when applied
to governmental employees in their official capacities.

                                            -12-
qualified official immunity if their discretionary actions are done in good faith and

within the scope of their authority. Yanero, supra. We agree with the circuit court

that deciding how to best provide for safety and security on school buses is a

discretionary act. While the Board members have a ministerial duty to safeguard

the students, the implementation of that ministerial directive is discretionary

because it requires “good faith judgment calls made in a legally uncertain

environment.” Yanero, 65 S.W.3d at 522. That is to say, while the Board

members have a ministerial duty to safeguard students, the decisions as to how that

duty is carried out necessarily involve discretion. And as noted by the circuit

court, Appellants have not alleged that the Board members acted in bad faith nor

outside the scope of their authority. Under the facts before us, the Board members

in their individual capacities were entitled to qualified official immunity, and the

Jefferson Circuit Court properly so ruled.

                                  CONCLUSION

             Per CR 12.02 and Tucker, supra, Appellants would not be entitled to

relief on their claim against Franklin under any set of facts which could be proved.

Therefore, their action was properly dismissed as to Franklin. Appellants’ KCRA

claim was not addressed by the Jefferson Circuit Court, was not set out in

Appellants’ Prehearing Statement, and is not preserved for review in accordance

with RAP 22(C)(2). Accordingly, it was not subject to our review. Lastly, the

                                         -13-
Board is entitled to governmental immunity; the Board members in their official

capacities to official immunity; and the Board members in their individual

capacities to qualified official immunity. For these reasons, we affirm the opinion

and order of the Jefferson Circuit Court.5

               ALL CONCUR.

    BRIEF FOR APPELLANTS:                         BRIEF FOR APPELLEES:

    Jeffrey A. Sexton                             Matthew R. Palmer-Ball
    Louisville, Kentucky                          Daniel P. Reed
                                                  Jacob M. Abrahamson
                                                  Louisville, Kentucky

5
  In Appellants’ written argument, Hon. Jeffrey A. Sexton engaged in a series of ad hominem
accusations against Hon. Mitch Perry, Judge, including claims that Judge Perry “just punted this
case to the Court of Appeals”; refused to “expend any intellectual rigor beyond that required for
its daily docket of slip and fall and marijuana possession cases”; and, refused to properly
examine the legal issues because the children and King are African American. The record does
not support these serious accusations. Sexton is therefore urged to conform his conduct to
Supreme Court Rule 3.130(8.2) (Kentucky Code of Professional Responsibility – Judicial and
Legal Officials), which bars a lawyer from making “a statement that the lawyer knows to be false
or with reckless disregard as to its truth or falsity concerning the qualifications or integrity of a
judge.”

                                                -14-