Court Opinion

ID: 4692888
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-06-04 14:06:57.970517+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:05:18.942659
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: MAY 28, 2021; 10:00 A.M.
                            NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

                   Commonwealth of Kentucky
                              Court of Appeals

                                  NO. 2020-CA-0484-MR

MARIO DEVON FREDRICK                                                           APPELLANT

                   APPEAL FROM CHRISTIAN CIRCUIT COURT
v.                    HONORABLE ANDREW SELF, JUDGE
                   ACTION NOS. 18-CR-00691 AND 19-CR-00383

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY                                                          APPELLEE

                                         OPINION
                                        AFFIRMING

                                       ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: COMBS, LAMBERT, AND MCNEILL, JUDGES.

COMBS, JUDGE: Appellant, Mario Fredrick,1 appeals as a matter of right from a

judgment of the Christian Circuit Court which was entered on a jury verdict

convicting him of indecent exposure, first degree, and of being a persistent felony

offender (PFO), first degree. On appeal, Fredrick seeks palpable error review

1
 The spelling “Frederick” also appears in the record. For purposes of this opinion, we use
“Fredrick,” the spelling that appeared in the notice of appeal.
under RCr2 10.26, arguing that: (1) his sentence was enhanced twice in violation

of KRS3 532.080(10); (2) even if the PFO enhancement stands, he is not a PFO,

first degree; (3) the evidence presented during the penalty phase violated KRS

532.055; (4) the Commonwealth presented irrelevant evidence of uncharged bad

acts; and (5) the Commonwealth committed prosecutorial misconduct.

                On October 13, 2017, a 911 caller reported that a man wearing light

clothing and driving a white or silver car was exposing his penis at a Pilot gas

station in Christian County, Kentucky. By the time the police arrived, the man was

gone. He was not identified.

                Several hours later, another 911 caller reported that a man in a light-

colored vehicle was exposing his penis at a Dollar General Store. The Dollar

General was located about half a mile from the Pilot Station. Jessica Montoya had

driven to the Dollar General Store. She parked her van next to a light-colored car

in front of the store and went inside. Her daughters, sixteen and six years of age,

stayed in the van. The older child was sitting in front, and the younger girl was

seated behind her playing video games on her mother’s phone.

                The 16-year-old noticed that the man in the next car was acting in a

strange manner. He had gotten got out of his car, walked to the passenger side, and

2
    Kentucky Rules of Criminal Procedure.
3
    Kentucky Revised Statutes.

                                            -2-
opened that door. From the corner of her eye, the 16-year-old saw the man pull out

his penis and begin touching it. Upon leaving Dollar General, Ms. Montoya

noticed a police car with blue lights. She got in the van and drove home. En route,

the 16-year-old told Ms. Montoya what had occurred. She dropped the children off

at home and returned to Dollar General to speak to the police. The police had Ms.

Montoya hold up her phone, and the 16-year-old identified the man she had seen

on Facetime. The man was Mario Fredrick, the driver of the car whom the police

had stopped in the parking lot of the Dollar General Store.

                On December 7, 2018, a Christian County grand jury indicted

Fredrick charging him with one count of indecent exposure, first degree, fourth

offense or greater pursuant to KRS 510.148.4 On April 5, 2019, the grand jury

issued a superseding indictment and additionally charged Fredrick with sexual

abuse, first degree, pursuant to KRS 510.110.5 On June 7, 2019, the grand jury

indicted Fredrick for being a PFO, first degree, pursuant to KRS 532.080 for

having been previously convicted of at least one felony sex crime against a minor:

“Solicitation of Sexual Exploitation of a Minor, 4 counts by judgment of the

4
    Indictment No. 18-CR-00691.
5
    Id.

                                          -3-
Criminal Circuit Court, Rutherford County, Tennessee, Case No. F-72726, entered

on or about December 14, 2015[.]”6

                Fredrick was tried on January 16-17, 2020. The Commonwealth

explains that the trial was bifurcated pursuant to KRS 532.080(1).7 In the first

phase, the jury found Fredrick guilty of indecent exposure. In the second phase,

the jury determined that Frederick had previously committed that offense on three

or more previous occasions. It also found that Fredrick was a PFO in the first

degree due to his previous conviction of four counts of solicitation of sexual

exploitation of a minor.

                On March 31, 2020, the trial court entered an amended judgment and

sentence on his plea of not guilty, reflecting that Fredrick was adjudged: guilty of

indecent exposure, first degree, fourth offense or greater; and guilty of persistent

felony offender, first degree. He was sentenced to “5 years on Indecent Exposure,

First Degree, Fourth Offense or Greater[;] however, this sentence is enhanced to 10

years on Persistent Felony Offender, First Degree.”

6
    Indictment No. 19-CR-00383.

7
  KRS 532.080(1) provides in relevant part that: “When a defendant is charged with being a
persistent felony offender, the determination of whether or not he is such an offender and the
punishment to be imposed pursuant to . . . this section shall be determined in a separate
proceeding from that proceeding which resulted in his last conviction.”

                                               -4-
                 Fredrick appeals as a matter of right. The first issue he raises is that

his sentence was enhanced twice in violation of subsection 10 of KRS 532.080,

Kentucky’s PFO sentencing statute. He seeks palpable error review under RCr

10.268 on the ground that he was sentenced contrary to statute.

                 In Turner v. Commonwealth, 538 S.W.3d 305 (Ky. App. 2017), the

appellant argued that his sentence for second-degree trafficking in a controlled

substance was impermissibly enhanced on the basis of his status as a PFO in

violation of KRS 532.080(10). This Court explained as follows:

                        Turner’s first claim of error challenges the
                 propriety of his sentencing. We agree with him that “an
                 appellate court is not bound to affirm an illegal sentence
                 just because the issue of the illegality was not presented
                 to the trial court.” Jones v. Commonwealth, 382 S.W.3d
                 22, 27 (Ky. 2011). Consequently, “true ‘sentencing
                 issue[s]’ . . . cannot be waived by failure to object” and
                 may be raised on appeal, even if for the first time.
                 Roberts v. Commonwealth, 410 S.W.3d 606, 611 (Ky.
                 2013). We also agree with Turner that his is a true
                 sentencing issue, and we shall address it notwithstanding
                 any challenge to its preservation.

Id. at 309.

8
    RCr 10.26 provides in relevant part that: “A palpable error which affects the substantial rights
of a party may be considered . . . by an appellate court on appeal, even though insufficiently
raised or preserved for review, and appropriate relief may be granted upon a determination that
manifest injustice has resulted from the error.”

                                                  -5-
              We must determine whether Fredrick was sentenced contrary to

statute. KRS 510.148, “Indecent exposure in the first degree,” provides that:

              (1) A person is guilty of indecent exposure in the first
              degree when he intentionally exposes his genitals under
              circumstances in which he knows or should know that his
              conduct is likely to cause affront or alarm to a person
              under the age of eighteen (18) years.

              (2) Indecent exposure in the first degree is a:

                  (a) Class B misdemeanor for the first offense;

                  (b) Class A misdemeanor for the second offense, if it
                  was committed within three (3) years of the first
                  conviction;

                  (c) Class D felony for the third offense, if it was
                  committed within three (3) years of the second
                  conviction; and

                  (d) Class D felony for any subsequent offense, if it
                  was committed within three (3) years of the prior
                  conviction.

              Fredrick explains that in his case, the penalty for indecent exposure

was already increased to the higher classification of a Class D felony under KRS

510.148. He argues that further enhancement is prohibited by the 2011

amendment to Kentucky’s PFO statute, KRS 532.080(10),9 which provides: “that

9
  “On June 8, 2011, the General Assembly enacted House Bill 463 (‘HB 463’), titled the Public
Safety and Offender Accountability Act. HB 463 overhauled the Commonwealth’s sentencing
policies . . . . Section 26 of HB 463 added a new provision to the persistent felony sentencing
statute, KRS 532.080[(10).]” Turner, 538 S.W.3d at 310.

                                              -6-
the PFO enhancement law ‘shall not apply’ to a person whose offense has been

increased from a lower misdemeanor classification to a higher felony classification

under the second or subsequent offense law[.]” (Appellant’s Brief, at page 4).

            Effective July 12, 2012, KRS 532.080(10) provides that:

            (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this
            subsection, this section shall not apply to a person
            convicted of a criminal offense if the penalty for that
            offense was increased from a misdemeanor to a felony,
            or from a lower felony classification to a higher felony
            classification, because the conviction constituted a
            second or subsequent violation of that offense.

            (b) This subsection shall not prohibit the application
            of this section to a person convicted of:

                    1. A felony offense arising out of KRS
                    189A.010, 189A.090, 506.140, 508.032, 508.140,
                    or 510.015; or

                    2. Any other felony offense if the penalty was not
                    enhanced to a higher level because the
                    Commonwealth elected to prosecute the person as
                    a first-time violator of that offense.

(Emphases added.)

            Under KRS 532.080(10)(a), PFO enhancement shall not apply to a

person convicted of a criminal offense where the penalty classification was

increased because the conviction was a second or subsequent violation offense.

However, under subsection (10)(b)1., PFO enhancement is not prohibited where

                                        -7-
the conviction arose out of certain enumerated felony offenses including those

arising out of KRS 510.015.

             KRS Chapter 510 governs sexual iffenses. KRS 510.015 is entitled

“Treatment of third or subsequent misdemeanor under KRS Chapter 510 as Class

D felony” and provides that:

             Unless a higher penalty is otherwise prescribed and
             notwithstanding any provision of this chapter to the
             contrary, a person who commits a third or subsequent
             misdemeanor offense under this chapter, except for
             violations of KRS 510.150, may be convicted of a Class
             D felony. If the Commonwealth desires to utilize the
             provisions of this section, the Commonwealth shall indict
             the defendant and the case shall be tried in the Circuit
             Court as a felony case. The jury, or judge if the trial is
             without a jury, may decline to assess a felony penalty in a
             case under this section and may convict the defendant of
             a misdemeanor.

(Emphases added.)

             In the case before us, Fredrick committed a third or subsequent

offense under KRS Chapter 510 -- specifically in violation of KRS 510.148 -- and

was convicted of a Class D Felony. Consequently, Fredrick is a person convicted

of a felony offense arising out of KRS 510.015, and application of the PFO

enhancement is not prohibited pursuant to KRS 532.080(10)(b)1.

             Next, Fredrick argues that even if his PFO enhancement stands, he

should be a PFO in the first degree.

             KRS 532.080(3) provides in relevant part that:

                                         -8-
             A persistent felony offender in the first degree is a person
             who is more than twenty-one (21) years of age and who
             stands convicted of a felony after having been convicted
             of two (2) or more felonies, or one (1) or more felony sex
             crimes against a minor as defined in KRS 17.500, and
             now stands convicted of any one (1) or more felonies.

             Fredrick explains that he was indicted as a PFO First for having four

prior felony convictions and that he was convicted of four counts of sexual

exploitation of a minor in a Rutherford County, Tennessee case No. F-72726,

which were stacked to run consecutively for a total of five years. He argues that

under KRS 532.080(4), he “was entitled to have his sentence from Tennessee

considered as one uninterrupted consecutive sentence and thus a single prior

conviction for PFO purposes.” (Appellant’s Brief, at p. 8). KRS 532.080(4)

provides that:

             For the purpose of determining whether a person has two
             (2) or more previous felony convictions, two (2) or more
             convictions of crime for which that person served
             concurrent or uninterrupted consecutive terms of
             imprisonment shall be deemed to be only one (1)
             conviction, unless one (1) of the convictions was for an
             offense committed while that person was imprisoned.

             The Commonwealth responds that Fredrick’s reliance on KRS

532.080(4) is misplaced because KRS 532.080(3) requires proof of only one prior

sexual offense felony involving a minor as defined by KRS 17.500.

                                         -9-
               Our Supreme Court explained in Bullitt v. Commonwealth, 595

S.W.3d 106 (Ky. 2019),10 as follows:

                      KRS 532.080(3) provides the elements for proving
               a defendant is guilty of being a PFO I. Pertinently, a
               person is guilty of being a PFO I when he stands
               convicted of committing one or more felony sex crimes
               against a minor as defined in KRS 17.500 and the
               previous felony conviction may include convictions in
               any other jurisdiction as long as certain conditions are
               met. As to other jurisdictions, KRS 17.500(8)(c) defines
               “sex crime” as a “felony offense from another state or a
               territory where the felony offense is similar to a felony
               offense specified in [KRS Chapter 510, Sexual
               Offenses].”

Id. at 109-10 (footnotes omitted).

               The appeal of Fredrick’s Rutherford County, Tennessee, case No. F-

72726, State v. Frederick, No. M201600737CCAR3CD, 2017 WL 2117026 (Tenn.

Crim. App. May 15, 2017), explains that:

               Mario Frederick was convicted of two counts of
               solicitation of sexual exploitation of a minor, a Class E
               felony, two counts of solicitation of sexual exploitation
               of a minor less than thirteen years of age, a Class C
               felony, and three counts of indecent exposure, a Class B
               misdemeanor. He received an effective sentence of five
               years’ incarceration.

Id. at *1.

10
   In Bullitt, the defendant’s sentence for first-degree rape was enhanced pursuant to the jury’s
finding him guilty of being a first-degree PFO based on a Georgia conviction for statutory rape.

                                              -10-
                 Copies of the judgments in the Tennessee case11 entered on December

14, 2015, reflect that Fredrick was convicted (inter alia) of an October 3, 2013,

offense of Solicitation of Sexual Exploitation of a Minor, TCA12 §39-13-529, a

Class C Felony.13 State v. Frederick discusses the statute at issue:

                 Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-13-529(b)(1)
                 (2013) defines the offense of soliciting sexual
                 exploitation of a minor as a person over the age of
                 eighteen directly and intentionally engaging in sexual
                 activity for the purpose of having the minor view the
                 sexual activity, including circumstances where the minor
                 is in the presence of the person. Additionally, if the
                 minor is less than thirteen years old, the violation is a
                 Class C felony. Id. § 39-13-529(f)(2) (2013). As relevant
                 here, the term “sexual activity” includes
                 “[m]asturbation.” Id. § 39-13-529(e)(4)(B) (2013). A
                 person “acts intentionally with respect to the nature of the
                 conduct or to a result of the conduct when it is the
                 person’s conscious objective or desire to engage in the
                 conduct or cause the result.” Id. § 39-11-302(a).

Id. at *9.

                 We are satisfied that the Tennessee statute is sufficiently similar to a

felony offense specified in KRS Chapter 510 -- namely, KRS 510.148, supra -- to

11
     Appendix “C” to Appellant’s Brief.
12
     Tennessee Code Annotated.
13
   For purposes of Kentucky’s PFO statute, a foreign conviction is a felony if it is for “a crime
for which the minimum sentence that could be imposed is one year or more . . . .” Clark v. Com.,
324 S.W.3d 747, 751 (Ky. App. 2010). The authorized term of imprisonment for a class C
felony in Tennessee is “not less than three (3) years nor more than fifteen (15) years.” TCA §40-
35-111(b)(3).

                                              -11-
be considered as a felony sex crime against a minor as defined in KRS 17.500 in

order for Fredrick to be convicted as a PFO in the first degree under KRS

532.080(3).

              Fredrick’s third argument is that the penalty phase evidence violated

KRS 532.055. The statute addresses sentencing by the jury in felony cases.

Fredrick requests palpable error review and contends that the use of improper

evidence resulted in manifest injustice.

              Fredrick explains that his “prior convictions were not read into

evidence as prescribed by KRS 532.055(2)(a).” Instead, the Commonwealth had

the court clerk read the probable cause affidavits from Fredrick’s prior felony

solicitation of sexual exploitation of minor charges to the jury, and the affidavits

were made an Exhibit. Fredrick contends that the jury was presented with

documents that named the victims, the location of the crime, and his sex-offender

status. Thus, he contends that reading the probable cause affidavits inflamed the

jury.

              Fredrick cites Robinson v. Commonwealth, 926 S.W.2d 853, 855 (Ky.

1996), in which our Supreme Court held that “all that is admissible as to the nature

of a prior conviction is a general description of the crime.” He also relies upon

Mullikan v. Commonwealth, 341 S.W.3d 99, 109 (Ky. 2011), which held that:

              [E]vidence of prior convictions is limited to conveying to
              the jury the elements of the crimes previously committed.

                                           -12-
                We suggest this be done either by a reading of the
                instruction of such crime from an acceptable form book
                or directly from the Kentucky Revised Statute itself.
                Said recitation for the jury’s benefit, we feel, is best left
                to the judge. The description of the elements of the prior
                offense may need to be customized to fit the particulars
                of the crime, i.e., the burglary was of a building as
                opposed to a dwelling. The trial court should avoid
                identifiers, such as naming of victims, which might
                trigger memories of jurors who may—especially in rural
                areas—have prior knowledge about the crimes.[14]

                The Commonwealth argues that Fredrick has not established that any

error was unduly prejudicial because he received only the minimum sentence

available under KRS 532.080(6)(b).15 We agree. Parker v. Commonwealth, 482

S.W.3d 394, 407-08 (Ky. 2016) (to be entitled to RCr 10.26 relief, defendant must

show likelihood that but for the error a different sentence would have been

imposed, where it was presumed jury had access to unredacted prior conviction

records including details such as victims’ names).

14
  It does not appear that the naming of victims would present the same concerns here because
the prior offenses occurred in Tennessee.

15
     KRS 532.080(6)(b) provides that:

         If the offense for which he presently stands convicted is a Class C or Class
         D felony, a persistent felony offender in the first degree shall be sentenced
         to an indeterminate term of imprisonment, the maximum of which shall
         not be less than ten (10) years nor more than twenty (20) years.

                                                 -13-
                Next, Fredrick argues that that the Commonwealth introduced

evidence of a prior uncharged crime -- police testimony regarding the earlier

incident at the Pilot gas station -- which was highly prejudicial in violation of

KRE16 402, 403 and 404 and his due process rights under the 5th and 14th

Amendments to the U.S. Constitution and Sections 2, 7, and 11 of the Kentucky

Constitution. He again requests palpable error review. “[W]hat a palpable error

analysis ‘boils down to’ is whether the reviewing court believes there is a

‘substantial possibility’ that the result in the case would have been different

without the error. If not, the error cannot be palpable.” Brewer v. Commonwealth,

206 S.W.3d 343, 349 (Ky. 2006).

                We do not believe there is a substantial possibility that the result in

the case before us would have been different without the evidence about the Pilot

gas station incident -- if indeed any error occurred. As the Commonwealth notes,

the 16-year-old who identified Fredrick as the man who had exposed himself to her

at the Dollar General testified at trial, her testimony was “basically unrefuted,” and

Fredrick received the minimal sentence under KRS 532.080(6)(b).

                Fredrick’s last argument is that the Commonwealth committed

prosecutorial misconduct. He again requests palpable error review. Fredrick

asserts that “[d]uring the penalty phase of trial, the Commonwealth argued that Mr.

16
     Kentucky Rules of Evidence.

                                            -14-
Fredrick had uncharged crimes that were forthcoming and that the jury should send

a message to Mr. Fredrick because of his criminal history[.]” (Appellant’s Brief, p.

20). He then quotes a portion of the prosecutor’s argument regarding Fredrick’s

prior convictions, which asks the jury to sentence him appropriately for his past

behavior. Fredrick fails to persuade us that a palpable error occurred. Moreover,

“a ‘send a message’ argument at the penalty phase of trial is not inappropriate so

long as it focuses on deterrence[.]” Little v. Commonwealth, 553 S.W.3d 220, 230

(Ky. 2018).

              We AFFIRM the judgment of conviction of the Christian Circuit

Court.

              ALL CONCUR.

BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT:                     BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:

Adam Meyer                                Daniel Cameron
Frankfort, Kentucky                       Attorney General of Kentucky

                                          Perry T. Ryan
                                          Assistant Attorney General
                                          Frankfort, Kentucky

                                        -15-