Court Opinion

ID: 3166545
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-12-30 21:00:56.634826+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:58:57.492367
License: Public Domain

Case: 13-11537   Date Filed: 12/30/2015   Page: 1 of 4

                                                           [PUBLISH]

           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                   FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                     ________________________

                           No. 13-11537
                     ________________________

                D.C. Docket No. 1:12-cr-00223-WS-C-1

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                           Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                 versus

JEREMY CHRISTIAN NELSON,

                                                        Defendant-Appellant.

                     ________________________

                           No. 13-15012
                     ________________________

                D.C. Docket No. 1:13-cr-00102-CG-B-1

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                                           Plaintiff-Appellee,
                 Case: 13-11537      Date Filed: 12/30/2015    Page: 2 of 4

                                            versus

TED MCCALL SNOW,

                                                                    Defendant-Appellant.

                              ________________________

                      Appeals from the United States District Court
                         for the Southern District of Alabama
                             ________________________

                                   (December 30, 2015)

Before MARTIN, JULIE CARNES and BLACK, Circuit Judges.

MARTIN, Circuit Judge:

      Jeremy Christian Nelson and Ted McCall Snow appeal sentences imposed

under the Armed Career Criminal Act, 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(1), after they each

pleaded guilty to being a felon in possession of a firearm, id. § 922(g)(1). In

general, that crime carries a maximum sentence of 10-years imprisonment.

§ 924(a)(2). But if a defendant has at least three prior “serious drug offense” or

“violent felony” convictions, he instead faces a minimum of 15-years

imprisonment under the ACCA. § 924(e)(1).

      Defendants were sentenced under the ACCA after their sentencing courts

concluded they each had at least three prior violent felony convictions.1 Both

Defendants have prior convictions for third-degree burglary under Alabama law,

      1
          Mr. Nelson received the 15-year minimum, and Mr. Snow received 15 years and 8
months.

                                              2
                Case: 13-11537      Date Filed: 12/30/2015      Page: 3 of 4

Ala. Code § 13A-7-7(a). They argued at sentencing, as they do on appeal, that

these convictions are not violent felonies under the ACCA. Together, our decision

in United States v. Howard, 742 F.3d 1334 (11th Cir. 2014), and the United States

Supreme Court’s decision in Johnson v. United States, 576 U.S. ___, 135 S. Ct.

2551 (2015), compel the conclusion that Defendants are correct.2

       A “violent felony” is “any crime punishable by imprisonment for a term

exceeding one year” that meets one (or more) of three definitions:

       1. It “has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of
          physical force against the person of another.” § 924(e)(2)(B)(i)
          [elements-based definition].

       2. It “is burglary, arson, or extortion, or involves use of explosives.”
          § 924(e)(2)(B)(ii) [enumerated-offenses definition].

       3. It “otherwise involves conduct that presents a serious potential risk
          of physical injury to another.” Id. [residual clause].

Defendants’ third-degree burglary convictions do not qualify under any of the three

definitions.

       First, Defendants’ third-degree burglary convictions do not qualify under the

elements-based definition. The Alabama statute of conviction criminalizes

“knowingly enter[ing] or remain[ing] unlawfully in a building with intent to

commit a crime therein.” § 13A-7-7(a). The definitions of terms used in that

statute are found in § 13A-7-1 (1983). Based on these definitions, read together

       2
       The government first contended that these appeals are barred by appeal waivers in the
Defendants’ plea agreements, but it no longer makes this argument.

                                              3
                 Case: 13-11537       Date Filed: 12/30/2015        Page: 4 of 4

with § 13A-7-7(a), the crime does not “ha[ve] as an element the use, attempted

use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of another.”

§ 924(e)(2)(B)(i). Second, we have already held that convictions under the same

Alabama statute do not qualify under the enumerated-offenses definition. See

Howard, 742 F.3d at 1342, 1349.

       Third and finally, in Johnson the Supreme Court declared the residual clause

of the ACCA to be unconstitutionally vague. 135 S. Ct. at 2557. The Court wrote:

“imposing an increased sentence under the residual clause of the Armed Career

Criminal Act violates the Constitution’s guarantee of due process.” Id. at 2563.

Without the residual clause of the ACCA, there is no longer any basis for

characterizing the Alabama third degree burglary statute as a violent felony under

the ACCA.

       We therefore vacate Defendants’ sentences and remand for resentencing.3

       VACATED and REMANDED.

       3
         Mr. Nelson also argues that the District Court erred in calculating his criminal history
category of VI because it improperly treated two prior sentences as separate. See United States
Sentencing Guidelines § 4A1.2(a)(2) (multiple prior sentences imposed on the same day without
an intervening arrest should be treated as one). The government responds that even assuming
this argument to be meritorious, it would not result in a different calculation of Mr. Nelson’s
category because even if the convictions are treated as one conviction, he has at least 13 criminal
history points, which is the threshold for Category VI. Because we vacate and remand for
resentencing, we do not address this issue.

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