Court Opinion

ID: 4269107
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-04-24 00:12:58.753459+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:31:13.565271
License: Public Domain

STATE OF VERMONT

                                 ENVIRONMENTAL COURT

                In re: Appeal of Sno-Cross         }
                Appeal Group                       }
                                                   } Docket No. 206-9-00 Vtec
                                                   }
                                                   }

                                       Decision and Order

   Appellant group appealed from a decision of the Zoning Board of Adjustment (ZBA) of the
Town of Wilmington, granting a conditional use permit to Appellee-Applicants High Country
Snowmobile Tours and Mount Snow, Ltd. for a so-called > snow-cross= operation at the Lower
Haystack portion of the Haystack Ski Area. Appellee-Applicants did not appeal the denial of
their application to use the area in the summer season for motorcycle A moto-cross,@ therefore
that denial and the proposed summer operations will not be further discussed.

   Appellants are represented by Seth B. Bongartz; Appellee-Applicants are represented by
Thomas J. Montemagni, Esq. The Town of Wilmington, represented by Richard M. Gale, Esq.,
had entered an appearance but did not take an active role and did not participate in the trial. An
evidentiary hearing was held in this matter before Merideth Wright, Environmental Judge, who
also had taken a site visit with the parties. The parties were given a schedule to provide the Court
with requests for findings or permit conditions they wished the Court to impose in the event a
permit was granted, but did not do so until prompted by the Court. Upon consideration of the
evidence, the site visit, and the parties= filings, the Court finds and concludes as follows.

   The Haystack Ski Area, located in the Town of Wilmington, is owned and operated by Mount
Snow, Ltd. (A Mt. Snow@ ). The area of the Haystack Ski Area known as > Lower Haystack= is
located to the east of and at a lower elevation than the main portion of the Haystack Ski Area.
Lower Haystack has a separate base lodge, chairlift, T-bar lift, snowmaking capability, and five
ski trails. It is located in the Commercial zoning district.

   Mark and Wendy Pederson own and operate High Country Snowmobile Tours (A High
Country@ ). High Country and Mt. Snow applied for and received from the ZBA a conditional
use permit to operate a A snow-cross@ operation at Lower Haystack, which is on appeal in the
present case. The parties agree that the only conditional use criterion at issue in the present
appeal is whether the proposed activity will or will not A adversely affect the character of the
area.@
   Snow-cross as an activity is different from the more traditional snowmobiling activity of
traveling a distance along a trail through fields and forests. Rather, snow-cross is similar to the
motorcycle activity known as moto-cross, in which the riders compete with each other, or against
the clock, as they ride around a prepared track, loop or trail with turns, straight sections, uphill
and downhill stretches, and jumps.

   Appellee-Applicants propose to construct three snow-cross courses or loops on Lower
Haystack, as shown in Exhibit 3. They have changed the layout of the courses so that they do not
approach as close to the nearby homes as in the proposal before the ZBA.

   Appellee-Applicants now propose a relatively small > youth= track at the top of Lower
Haystack, on relatively level ground, on which children (ages 6 to 12) will ride their
snowmobiles. They propose to allow up to six snowmobiles at a time to operate on the > youth=
track.

    Appellee-Applicants now propose an > expert= and a > pro= course for snowmobile riders over
the age of 12, each to operate on one of the two existing ski trails on Lower Haystack. During
snow-cross operation, Lower Haystack is proposed to be used exclusively for snow-cross and
will be closed to skiing, so that the ski lifts would not be operating during snow-cross operation.
The > expert= and > pro= courses are proposed to be constructed with uphill sections, downhill
sections, jumps, banked turns and straightaways, in order to produce a varied experience for the
rider. Individual snowmobilers may race each other around the course. Appellee-Applicants
propose to allow up to twelve snowmobiles at a time to operate on each of the > expert= and the >
pro= courses, so that up to 24 snowmobiles may be operating simultaneously on those courses,
although they expect an average of 6 to 8 at a time on each of these courses.

   Appellee-Applicants propose to rent snowmobiles to riders for use on the snow-cross courses,
as well as to allow riders to bring their own snowmobiles to use on the snow-cross courses. The
snowmobiles available for rent will be adapted for snow-cross use, with superior shock absorbers
and heavy-duty springs. They propose to require each snowmobile used on the snow-cross
courses to meet a 82 decibel noise level federal manufacturing limit, which they propose to
enforce by examining the machines to see if the exhaust system has been modified.

    Appellee-Applicants propose to use the lower base lodge and its parking lots, which can
accommodate 900 vehicles. They propose to reopen food and beverage areas, restrooms and
retail space in the base lodge, and to use it for office space, storage, and a first aid station. They
estimate that they will have twelve to twenty employees. They propose that two fully-certified
emergency medical technicians will be on the premises at all times that the snow-cross courses
are in operation.

   Appellee-Applicants propose to operate, weather permitting, from November 1 through April
15 of each year, seven days a week within that period. They anticipate far heavier usage of the
courses on weekends and during the traditional holiday weeks of Thanksgiving week, the two
weeks including Christmas and New Year= s Day, the week in January containing the Martin
Luther King federal holiday, and the week in February containing the Presidents= Day federal
holiday. They propose to operate from 8:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. on weekends and during holiday
weeks, and from 9:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. on non-holiday weekdays.

    Appellee-Applicants and Appellants agree that there will be no loudspeakers on the premises
in connection with the proposed snow-cross operation, and that there will be a fuel tank at the
Upper Base Lodge. Appellee-Applicants propose that the fuel tank be a 2000-gallon above-
ground > fireguard= tank.

   Several groups of homes are located less than a thousand feet from the proposed snowmobile
tracks associated with the proposed snow-cross operation. The Powderhorn development of 26
units is located in the Commercial zoning district, approximately 800 feet from a proposed
snowmobile track. The Fanny Hill Drive development of 32 units is located in the Commercial
zoning district, approximately 400 feet from a proposed snowmobile track. The Village East and
Village East Circle development of 32 units is located in a residential zoning district 600 feet
across a small valley and across Coldbrook Road from the proposed snowmobile courses.
Coldbrook Road is a two-lane road with a speed limit of 40 miles per hour. These developments
were originally constructed as second homes for people interested in skiing at Haystack. Most of
these homes continue to be used as second homes, primarily in the winter months; some of them
have become year-round primary residences.

    The character of the area necessarily includes an operating ski area, including its related
commercial operations, and the roadways within the area and Coldbrook Road, as well as the
quieter townhome and single-family residences. The noise characteristic of the area includes the
noise of the ski lift machinery, the noise of snowmaking, the noise of snowmobiles necessary to
service the snowmaking system, the noise of trail grooming machinery, and the noise of people
talking, laughing and shouting on the ski slopes, as well as the vehicle noises in the parking lot
and roadway noise on Coldbrook Road. In the winter, the ski area operations are much busier
and therefore noisier on weekends, so that the area is ordinarily more peaceful and less noisy on
weekdays. When operated as a ski area, snowmaking on Lower Haystack would ordinarily occur
round the clock for 7 to 10 days at the beginning of the season (or if the base melted during the
season due to rain) to achieve an adequate base, and then two to three times a week, usually at
night, to refresh the snow as necessary. The technicians operating the snowmaking machinery go
to the nozzle locations by snowmobile as necessary to service the machinery.

    However, snowmobiles proceeding around a course as described for this proposal, emit sound
in a frequency range and of a type that is characteristically annoying to the human ear. It is a
buzzing whine that increases and decreases depending on factors such as the topography over
which the machines are traveling, the distance to the listener, whether there is an intervening
hillside or belt of trees between the machines and the listener, and the equipment of the
machines. Both as measured by Appellants= expert and as perceived outdoors at the site visit, the
two or three snowmobiles in the sound testing increased in noise during some segments of the
course, and were most noticeable and annoying at the Village East location across Coldbrook
Road, due to the open valley across which the noise was perceived as opposed to the other
locations protected by the topography and wooded areas from direct exposure to the noise. The
snow-cross operation when operating at peak capacity could have 10 to 12 times as many
machines operating at a time and therefore a substantial increase in the level of this annoying
noise compared to the levels measured during the noise testing. The noise of two snowmobiles is
capable of being heard indoors but is not substantially annoying, but the noise of the courses
when fully operating could potentially produce noise that would be annoying when perceived
from indoors at some of Appellants= residences.

   Given the character of the area around an operating ski area and the characteristics of the
snow-cross operation, we conclude that the proposal can be prevented from adversely affecting
the character of the area only by restricting the periods of operation and imposing other
conditions to give the residents some respite during the season from exposure to the annoying
noise.

   Based on the foregoing, it is hereby ORDERED and ADJUDGED that Appellee-Applicants=
application to construct and operate a > snow-cross= operation at Lower Haystack on the courses
as shown in Exhibit 3 is GRANTED, subject to the following conditions. Any future
modifications of the proposed operation require an application for amendment to be made to the
ZBA, as well as any other required state and municipal permits. Within 5 days of receipt of this
order, Appellee-Applicants shall file with the ZBA a copy of this order and a final copy of the
course layout as shown on Exhibit 3, for the Town= s zoning permit file for this project.

   1. Appellee-Applicants may operate the snow-cross operation from November 1 through
April 15 each year, on the courses as shown in Exhibit 3. No clearing of trees or vegetation on
the perimeter of the courses may occur without further amendment of this permit.

    2. Within the operating season, Appellee-Applicants may operate the snow-cross operation on
all Saturdays and Sundays and on two designated weekdays, for a total of 4 days a week, except
that for six designated weeks in the season Appellee-Applicants may operate 7 days a week. Any
changes to the designated weeks of operation made necessary by weather conditions may be
made during the season by Appellee-Applicants, provided that actual notice is made to the
members of the Appellant group in advance of the changed week or weeks of operation. Any
member of Appellant group entitled to receive such actual notice shall provide to Appellee-
Applicants= attorney the means (U.S. Mail (first class) or email) and address of such notice, and
shall keep such address current, or will be deemed to have waived the right to receive such
notice. On any day on which the snow-cross operation is not operating, Appellee-Applicants may
open Lower Haystack for skiing and may operate the base lodge and ski lifts in connection with
such skiing.

   3. Within any operating day, Appellee-Applicants may operate the snow-cross courses from 9
a.m. to 4 p.m., and may operate the base lodge until 5 p.m. The hours of operations do not limit
any trail grooming or snowmaking ordinarily done outside of operating hours as for a ski area.

   4. Appellee-Applicants shall prohibit motorcycles, off-road vehicles or other motorized
machines from using the courses at any time of year. Use of the courses for non-motorized
recreation, such as mountain biking or mountain running, in the off-season, is not addressed by
this permit but must be the subject of a separate application to the ZBA. Snowmobiles allowed
on the courses must be equipped with mufflers and/or other noise-control equipment capable of
meeting the 84 dB noise standard or quieter.
   5. Appellee-Applicants shall maintain at least two fully-certified emergency medical
technicians on-site during all hours of operation of the snow-cross operation.

    In addition, Appellee-Applicants did not propose, oppose or object to the imposition of the
following conditions imposed by the ZBA, but neither did the Appellant group request them or
provide evidence supporting the imposition of the following conditions imposed by the ZBA.
Accordingly, the following conditions are imposed only because they were contained in the ZBA
decision and not addressed on appeal. Any motions to amend to eliminate or change any these
conditions shall be filed promptly and within the 10 days provided by V.R.C.P. 52(b).

A. Appellee-Applicants shall run the > pro= course (nearest to Powderhorn) in a counterclockwise
direction.
B. Appellee-Applicants shall not hold any professional or A sanctioned@ snowmobile races on the
proposed courses, although individual snowmobilers may be allowed to race each other around
the course.

C. Appellee-Applicants shall install signage at their expense at the lower end of Fannie Hill Road
to indicate that it is a private road.

D. Appellee-Applicants shall not allow any overnight camping on the property or in the parking
lots; no recreational vehicles shall be allowed to stay overnight on the property, including in the
parking lots.

    Dated at Barre, Vermont, this 30th day of January, 2002.

_____________________________________
Merideth Wright
Environmental Judge

                                             Footnotes
1
  The "area" in this analysis is not restricted to the Commercial zoning district, but rather
includes the area affected by the proposal, regardless of zoning district.
2
  The Court expects from the testimony of Appellee-Applicants’ witnesses at trial that Appellee-
Applicants will designate these additional days as Fridays and Mondays or as Thursdays and
Fridays, to extend the weekend, but leaves that designation to Appellee-Applicants, to be
announced prior to the beginning of each annual season.
3
  The Court expects that from the testimony of Appellee-Applicants’ witnesses at trial that
Appellee-Applicants will designate these weeks as Thanksgiving week, two weeks at the period
including Christmas and New Year’s Day, the week in January containing the Martin Luther
King federal holiday, and the week in February containing the Presidents’ Day federal holiday,
and one additional week (possible Easter week if it occurs early enough in the season, or a week
advertised for a snow-cross tournament), but the Court leaves that designation to Appellee-
Applicants, to be announced prior to the beginning of each annual season.
4
  This term, found in the ZBA decision, must refer to a snow-cross organization or association,
but no evidence was presented of such organization.