Court Opinion

ID: 7989765
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-09 01:29:39.325507+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:35:19.186076
License: Public Domain

Whitfield, C. J.,
delivered the opinion of the court.
The third instruction given for the state is in the following words:
.■ “The court instructs the jury that every willful killing of a human being is either murder or manslaughter — murder, if done deliberately; manslaughter, if done without any deliberation whatever. And the deliberation necessary to constitute murder need only to exist for an instant before the fatal shot is fired.”
This is so palpably erroneous as to need no discussion.' Every killing in self-defense is deliberately and intentionally done.
The tenth instruction for the state is in the following words:
“The court instructs the jury that a reasonable doubt as to whether Hagan had a knife at or near the time of the killing is not such a doubt as would entitle the defendant to an acquittal; but, before he would be entitled to an acquittal by the verdict of the jury, they should have a reasonable doubt, from the evidence, or want of evidence, whether Hagan made such demonstration as would have caused a reasonably prudent man, *830situated as Murphy was, to have apprehended danger to his life or person at the hands of Hagan.”
This instruction manifestly meant that the reasonable doubt which the jury must entertain in order to acquit was a reasonable doubt as to whether Hagan made such demonstration with the knife as would have caused a reasonably prudent man, situated as Murphy was, to apprehend death or great bodily harm. It is clearly open to the objection that it reversed the rule of law which presumes the defendant innocent until his guilt is established beyond all reasonable doubt, and in effect instructs the jury that they must have no reasonable doubt of his guilt before they can acquit. The old paths, as so often said, are the safe paths. Defendant was entitled to acquittal, so far as this feature of the law is concerned, on this charge, unless they were satisfied beyond a reasonable doubt that Hagan made no such demonstration. The charge should be reframed •to express the law. The presumption which the law establishes is the presumption of innocence, which the state must overcome by.the proof of guilt beyond all reasonable doubt, and not a presumption of guilt which the defendant must overcome. There is no such thing as a presumption 'of guilt, and the charge is open to that criticism.
The evidence in the case is strongly conflicting, far too much • so to warrant us in saying on so grave an issue that no other result could reasonably have been reached, if the error indicated had not been committed. The ingenious argument by the learned assistant attorney-general that these erroneous instructions are cured, is not, we think, on this record tenable. It is not a case of defective or imperfect instructions, merely, for the state, the imperfections and defects being remedied and cured by the court’s instructions for the defense, instructions supplementing the mere defects in the charges for the state; but it is rather a plain case of directly conflicting instructions. Where an instruction for the state is, in some *831minor. particular, defective merely, and the instructions for the defense so supplement the instruction for the state as that, taken together, they constitute one harmonious statement of the law on the point, we have a ease where the imperfections and defects in the state’s instruction may be cured; but where the instruction for the state announces in positive terms a fundamental proposition in a wholly erroneous way, stating the direct reverse of the law, and the instructions for the defense simply state the law, on the point involved, in positive terms, as it ought to be, there is a case of a clear conflict — -a case in which the court has given the jury two standards, and a case, consequently, in which the court has left the jury utterly at sea as to what the law, on the point involved, really is. If we might make use of a mathematical illustration, by way of- putting our thought in concrete form, we would say this: That this third charge for the state, taken with the charges for the defense, on the point involved, is just as if the court had charged the jury for the state that two and two make five, and for the defense that two and two malee four — a case of utterly irreconcilable conflict.
We notice no other assignments of error, trusting that a more careful procedure will mark the next trial.
The judgment is reversed, and the cause remanded.