Court Opinion

ID: 3074299
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-16 01:00:51.242101+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:46:44.820321
License: Public Domain

Opinion issued May 12, 2015

                                       In The

                                Court of Appeals
                                      For The

                           First District of Texas
                             ————————————
                               NO. 01-13-01007-CV
                             ———————————
                             TU NGUYEN, Appellant
                                          V.
                      SLK & ASSOCIATES, LLC, Appellee

                     On Appeal from the 56th District Court
                           Galveston County, Texas
                       Trial Court Case No. 13-CV-0796

                           MEMORANDUM OPINION

      Appellant, Tu Nguyen, challenges the trial court’s judgment entered in favor

of appellee, SLK & Associates, Inc. (“SLK”), declaring that SLK has title to and

possession in fee simple of the entirety of certain real property and quieting title in

and to SLK. In three issues, Nguyen contends that the trial court “exceeded its
authority” in entering its judgment in favor of SLK on its counterclaim that it had

filed in response to Nguyen’s “Amended Motion for Judicial Review of

Documentation or Instrument Purporting to Create a Lien or Claim” 1; erred in

deeming admitted the authentication of certain documents; and erred in “not

conforming” with court rules and cited authority. In its briefing, SLK “suggests”

that Nguyen’s appeal is frivolous. 2

      We affirm.

                                       Background

      In his Amended Motion for Judicial Review, filed on July 3, 2013, Nguyen

alleged that Relative Lending, LLC (“Relative”) had filed in the real property

records of Galveston County a fraudulent deed of trust regarding real property

located at 22509 Kennedy Drive, Galveston, Texas (the “property”). He attached

to his motion a copy of the deed of trust, which does not include the signature

page, but otherwise reflects that it was executed on December 21, 2012 to secure a

loan of $150,000.00 from Relative to Nguyen’s company, N Investment Group,

LLC (“N Investment”). Nguyen also attached to his motion a copy of a Trustee’s

Deed, which reflects that, after N Investment failed to repay the loan, Relative

1
      See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 51.903 (Vernon 2013).
2
      See TEX. R. APP. P. 45.

                                           2
foreclosed on its deed of trust and SLK purchased the property at the foreclosure

sale.

        Nguyen argued that Relative’s deed of trust, which he executed on behalf of

N Investment in 2012, was “fraudulent” because N Investment did not actually

exist after 2008.    He further asserted that SLK’s Trustee’s Deed, which was

derived from the foreclosure on Relative’s deed of trust, was likewise invalid. And

Nguyen attached to his motion copies, certified by the Nevada Secretary of State,

of N Investment’s May 5, 2006 articles of organization; its Operating Agreement,

showing that Nguyen was its sole member and owner; and a “Certificate of

Existence with Status of Revocation,” showing that N Investment was in

revocation as of June 1, 2008. After the trial court concluded in a July 13, 2013

order that SLK’s Trustee’s Deed was invalid,3 Nguyen sent to SLK a letter,

informing it that it was “no longer the legal owner” of the property.

        On July 15, 2013, SLK moved for a new trial, asserting that on December

21, 2012, Nguyen, as sole member and owner of his limited liability company, N

Investment, had “signed a collection of documents” to obtain a loan from Relative

in the amount of $150,000.00; the loan was secured by a deed of trust on the

property, which Nguyen had previously conveyed to N Investment; after N

Investment did not repay the loan, Relative foreclosed on the property; and SLK

3
        See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 51.903.

                                          3
then purchased the property at the foreclosure sale and obtained the Trustee’s

Deed. SLK further asserted that Nguyen had improperly used the trial court to

invalidate the deed of trust, which he had executed to obtain the loan from

Relative, and SLK’s Trustee’s Deed. After a hearing, the trial court vacated its

July 13, 2013 order in which it had concluded that SLK’s Trustee’s Deed was

invalid, and it granted SLK a new trial.

      SLK then filed its counterclaim, asserting that after Nguyen had improperly

obtained the trial court’s July 13, 2013 order to invalidate the deed of trust, he

recorded the order in the real property records of Galveston County, impairing the

marketability of the property. SLK noted that Nguyen had also sued it in the 212th

District Court of Galveston County, making essentially the same allegations that he

had made in the trial court below and seeking a judgment to invalidate the

foreclosure sale to SLK. And he had filed a notice of lis pendens on the property.

SLK further noted that after it had answered the lawsuit in the 212th District Court

and the trial court below had directed the consolidation of the two lawsuits,

Nguyen, without notice to SLK, obtained the dismissal of his lawsuit in the 212th

District Court. SLK sought a declaration that its Trustee’s Deed is valid, it owns

record title to the property, and neither Nguyen nor N Investment has any interest

in the property. It also sought removal of Nguyen’s notice of lis pendens.

                                           4
      At an evidentiary hearing, SLK offered into evidence a certified, complete

copy of Relative’s deed of trust, which includes the signature page bearing

Nguyen’s signature. After Nguyen affirmatively stated that he did not object to the

document, the trial court admitted it into evidence. Nguyen did not testify at the

hearing, but objected to the trial court’s deeming admitted by him the

authentication of certain documents. And he contended that the trial court did not

have jurisdiction to consider SLK’s counterclaims.

      In its final judgment, the trial court ordered that SLK have and recover from

Nguyen and N Investment “title to and possession in fee simple” of the property,

unencumbered by any claim or cloud that arose as a result of its July 13, 2013

order or Nguyen’s notice of lis pendens. It awarded SLK attorney’s fees in the

amount of $3,500. And it subsequently issued findings of fact and conclusions of

law. The trial court specifically found:

      (1)    [Nguyen] claims to own certain real property legally described
             as follows: Lots 14 and 39 of Sea Isle, Section 23, a
             subdivision of Galveston County, Texas . . . .

      (2)    [N Investment] is a Nevada Limited Liability company of
             which [Nguyen] is the sole owner and member. On December
             21, 2012, [N Investment] borrowed $150,000.00 from a lender,
             [Relative]. The loan was secured by a deed of trust lien on the
             property. However, the Secretary of State had forfeited or
             canceled [N Investment’s] existence for failure to file an annual
             list of managing members and a designation of registered agent,
             and for failing to pay the applicable fee for those filings.

                                           5
(3)   In order to obtain the $150,000.00 loan from [Relative],
      [Nguyen] provided certain assurances to the title company
      [that] closed the transaction that his corporate entity was
      reinstated, so that his loan could be secured by a deed of trust
      lien on the property. The title company that insured the
      loan . . . did so based on [Nguyen’s] purported proof that he had
      reinstated his company with the state of Nevada, plus his
      affidavit that his LLC owned the property, and that the
      mortgage documents would be valid and enforceable
      obligations. . . .

(4)   The title company . . . wired $105,779.01 into a bank account in
      the name of [Nguyen]. Another $28,456.51 was paid to the
      Galveston County tax assessor to pay off a judgment against
      [Nguyen] and [N Investment] . . . .

(5)   [Nguyen] did not repay the loan, so [Relative] foreclosed its
      deed of trust lien. SLK . . . purchased the property at the
      foreclosure sale on June 4, 2013, for $185,000.00.

(6)   On June 18, 2013, [Nguyen] filed a motion with this court
      under section 51.903 of the Texas Government Code, asking
      the court to find that the deed of trust that created the lien on the
      property in favor of [Relative] was fraudulent on its face, on the
      ground that N Investment, LLC, was no longer an active
      corporate entity when it executed the deed of trust. Proceeding
      ex parte, [Nguyen] obtained [the trial court’s grant of] relief.
      [Nguyen] then recorded that Order in the Real Property Records
      of Galveston County. That Order was subsequently vacated
      and set aside on motion for new trial filed by [SLK].

(7)   Then, [Nguyen] brought suit in the 212th District Court of
      Galveston County, asserting essentially the same allegations
      made in this proceeding, and seeking that Court’s judgment
      invalidating the foreclosure sale to [SLK]. After [SLK]
      answered that suit, and after this Court directed the transfer or
      consolidation of that lawsuit with these proceedings. [Nguyen]
      moved for the dismissal of that suit and, without providing any
      notice to [SLK], caused that suit to be dismissed, without
      prejudice. However, when [Nguyen] filed his petition in the

                                    6
            212th District Court, he also filed a notice of lis pendens in the
            Galveston County Real Property Records. [Nguyen] presented
            an order to the 212th District Court, providing for the dismissal
            of his case, but that order failed to expunge, remove or
            otherwise address the notice of lis pendens which he had caused
            to be filed in the Real Property Records.

      (8)   [SLK’s] reasonable attorney’s fees amount to the sum of
            $3,500.00.

The trial court concluded:

      (1)   Because [Nguyen] has asserted his own personal claim of
            ownership of the property [and] because he has allowed his
            Nevada limited liability company to become defunct, which
            [Nguyen] purposefully caused to happen, and then misled a title
            company into believing that he had arranged to have his
            corporate entity reinstated, and then personally received a
            substantial sum of money from a lender based on those
            misrepresentations, [Nguyen] is now estopped form making the
            assertions that he has made in this proceeding, and in the 212th
            District Court, and in the Galveston Real Property Records, that
            the title to the property was vested in him in his individual
            capacity, free and clear of the deed of trust lien created to
            secure the loan.

      (2)   The unresolved lis pendens, coupled with the recordation of this
            Court’s prior order (since vacated), constitute a cloud on
            [SLK’s] title to the property, which [SLK] is entitled to have
            removed, so that title to the property may be quieted in [SLK].

      (3)   [SLK] is entitled to recover reasonable attorney’s fees from
            [Nguyen] or [N Investment] . . . .

                             Scope of the Proceeding

      In his first issue, Nguyen argues that the trial court “acted outside its

jurisdiction” in ruling on SLK’s counterclaim because in doing so it “exceeded the

                                         7
scope and purpose” of his Amended Motion for Judicial Review, which was

governed by statute. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 51.903 (Vernon 2013).

      Section 51.903 provides a statutory scheme to “quickly identify and remove

liens and encumbrances that are on their face patently without basis in recognized

law.” David Powers Homes, Inc. v. M.L. Rendleman Co., 355 S.W.3d 327, 338

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, no pet.). A person who is a “purported

debtor or obligor or who owns real . . . property or an interest in real . . . property

and who has reason to believe that [a] document purporting to create a lien or a

claim against the real . . . property . . . is fraudulent” may file a motion for judicial

review with a district clerk. TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 51.903(a). A trial court’s

finding on the issue “may be made solely on a review of the documentation or

instrument attached to the motion” and “made ex parte without delay or notice of

any kind.”     See id. § 51.903(c).        Section 51.903 limits the trial court’s

determination as to whether the document or instrument is fraudulent as defined by

section 51.901. See id. § 51.903(a), (g). A trial court may not rule on the validity

of the underlying lien or claim between the parties. See David Powers Homes, Inc.,
355 S.W.3d at 337.

      A document or instrument is presumed to be fraudulent if it purports to

create a lien or assert a claim or interest against property and it:

      (A)    is not a document or instrument provided for by the
             constitution or laws of this state or of the United States;

                                            8
      (B)    is not created by implied or express consent or agreement
             of the obligor, debtor, or the owner of the
             real . . . property or an interest in the real . . . property, if
             required under the laws of this state, or by implied or
             express consent or agreement of an agent, fiduciary, or
             other representative of that person; or

      (C)    is not an equitable, constructive, or other lien imposed by
             a court with jurisdiction created or established under the
             constitution or laws of this state or of the United States.

TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 51.901(c)(2)(A)-(C) (Vernon 2013).

      Here, in his Amended Motion for Judicial Review, Nguyen argued that

Relative’s lien was “fraudulent” because it had “accepted and caused to be

recorded a certain Deed of Trust signed by a non-existen[t] entity named N

Investment Group, LLC.” He further argued that, because the documents that he

had attached to his motion “conclusively confirmed . . . that N Investment has been

in non-existence since June 1, 2008,” Relative, “as a matter of law,” had “no legal

standing to claim to be the beneficiary of the original deed of trust” that he had

executed on behalf of N Investment in 2012. And Nguyen asserted that, although

Relative transferred the deed of trust to SLK, a “void instrument passes no title”

and “the fact that the grantee-mortgagee [SLK] is an innocent purchaser makes no

difference.” Nguyen asked the trial court to “review the attached documentation or

instrument” and “enter an order determining whether it should be accorded lien

status, together with such other orders as the court deems appropriate.”

                                            9
      We first note that the legislature enacted section 51.903 to protect citizens

from harassment and intimidation by providing an expedited review process to

address an onslaught of fraudulent liens on real and personal property being filed

in the offices of the secretary of state and district and county clerks by individuals

and organizations who refused to recognize the authority and sovereignty of the

government of the State of Texas. See Senate Research Ctr., Bill Analysis, Tex.

H.B. 1185, 75th Leg., R.S. (1997). In this case, Nguyen has not provided any

authority to support his use of section 51.903 to remove a lien that could only be

considered “fraudulent” by virtue of his own admittedly false representations made

to the lienholder to induce it to loan him $150,000.00. Indeed, he does not allege

that Relative or SLK perpetrated a fraud of any kind to obtain the lien on the

property.

      Nguyen’s Amended Motion for Judicial Review does contain the

“suggested” language provided in section 51.903(a), namely, that he did “not

request the court to make a finding as to any underlying claim of the parties

involved and acknowledge[d] that this motion d[id] not seek to invalidate a

legitimate lien.” See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 51.903(a). However, the substance

of Nguyen’s motion reflects that he sought much more than a determination of

whether the deed of trust and Trustee’s Deed were facially fraudulent. Nguyen in

fact asked the trial court to review the many documents that he had attached to his

                                         10
motion, determine that N Investment did not exist at the time that he signed the

deed of trust, and declare the invalidity of Relative’s deed of trust and SLK’s

Trustee’s Deed. See David Powers Homes, Inc., 355 S.W.3d at 338 (noting section

51.903 provides statutory scheme to quickly identify and remove only liens and

encumbrances patently without basis in recognized law).

      “[T]he legal effect of a pleading in Texas is not determined by its style or

name, but by its contentions and purpose.” Krishnan v. Ramirez, 42 S.W.3d 205,

224 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2001, pet. denied) (citations omitted). Here,

Nguyen, based on documents extrinsic to the four corners of the deed of trust,

requested that the trial court declare that N Investment did not exist in 2012. He

also asked that the court declare that the underlying deed of trust and Trustee’s

Deed were invalid, converting his motion into a declaratory-judgment action. See

Becker v. Tropic Isles Ass’n, No. 13–08–00559–CV, 2010 WL 877569, at *3 (Tex.

App.—Corpus Christi 2010, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (noting “by asking the trial

court to issue rulings beyond whether the challenged documents were fraudulent,”

movant, under Government Code, “converted his Motion for Judicial Review into

an action seeking a declaration” of rights). Indeed, Nguyen specifically requested

that the trial court “enter an order determining whether [SLK’s Trustee’s Deed]

should be awarded lien status, together with such orders as the court deems

appropriate.”

                                       11
      The purpose of the Declaratory Judgments Act (“DJA”) is “to settle and to

afford relief from uncertainty and insecurity with respect to rights, status, and other

legal relations; and it is to be liberally construed and administered.” TEX. CIV.

PRAC. & REM. CODE § 37.002(b) (Vernon 2015). The DJA provides in relevant

part, “A person interested under a deed . . . may have determined any question

of . . . validity arising under the instrument . . . and obtain a declaration of rights,

status, or other legal relations thereunder.”      TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE

§ 37.004(a) (Vernon 2015). A trial court may allow a defensive counterclaim for

declaratory judgment if it presents more than a mere denial of the plaintiff’s claim

and has “greater ramifications than the original suit.” See BHP Petroleum Co. v.

Millard, 800 S.W.2d 838, 841–42 (Tex. 1990); Guniganti v. Kalvakuntla, 346
S.W.3d 242, 251–52 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2011, no pet.).                    A

counterclaim has greater ramifications than the original suit if it seeks affirmative

relief, in that it alleges a cause of action independent of the plaintiff’s claim on

which the defendant could recover benefits, compensation, or relief, even if the

plaintiff were to abandon or fail to establish his cause of action. BHP Petroleum,
800 S.W.2d at 841–42.

      Here, SLK filed its counterclaim to obtain a declaration of the validity of its

Trustee’s Deed, to settle future disputes by removing the clouds created by the trial

court’s July 13, 2013 order and Nguyen’s notice of lis pendens, and to obtain an

                                          12
award of attorney’s fees.4 Thus, SLK sought relief beyond that sought by Nguyen.

See Guniganti, 346 S.W.3d at 251–52. Accordingly, we hold that the trial court

had jurisdiction to address SLK’s counterclaim for declaratory relief.

      We overrule Nguyen’s first issue.

                                Deemed Admissions

      In his second issue, Nguyen argues that the trial court erred in deeming

admitted by him the authentication of certain documents because SLK “failed to

establish” that he “actually received” its requests for admissions. See Payton v.

Ashton, 29 S.W.3d 896, 898 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2000, no pet.) (noting “duty to

respond does not ripen until service has been perfected”).

      When a party does not respond to requests for admissions within thirty days,

the matters in the requests are deemed admitted against him and conclusively

established unless the trial court permits withdrawal or amendment of the

admissions. TEX. R. CIV. P. 198.2, 198.3; Wal–Mart Stores, Inc., v. Deggs, 968
S.W.2d 354, 355 (Tex. 1998). Withdrawal or amendment of an admission is
4
      We note that the trial court awarded SLK its requested attorney’s fees, and an
      award of attorney’s fees is generally not permissible in a suit to remove a cloud on
      a title. See Sw. Guar. Trust Co. v. Hardy Road 13.4 Joint Venture, 981 S.W.2d
951, 957 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1998, pet. denied). Here, however,
      SLK sought more than to remove a cloud on its title to the property—it sought a
      declaratory judgment concerning the validity of its Trustee’s Deed. See TEX. CIV.
      PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 37.004(a) (Vernon 2015); see also Guniganti v.
      Kalvakuntla, 346 S.W.3d 242, 253 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2011, no
      pet.). In a proceeding under the DJA, as here, a trial court may award costs and
      reasonable attorney’s fees as are equitable and just. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.
      CODE ANN. § 37.009 (Vernon 2015).

                                           13
permitted on a showing of good cause and a finding by the trial court that (1) the

party relying on the deemed admission will not be unduly prejudiced, and

(2) presentation of the merits of the action will be served thereby. TEX. R. CIV. P.

198.3; Deggs, 968 S.W.2d at 356; Boulet v. State, 189 S.W.3d 833, 836 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.). “Good cause is established by showing

[that] the failure involved was an accident or mistake, not intentional or the result

of conscious indifference.” Wheeler v. Green, 157 S.W.3d 439, 442 (Tex. 2005).

      Although a trial court has broad discretion to permit or deny the withdrawal

of deemed admissions, it cannot do so arbitrarily, unreasonably, or without

reference to guiding rules or principles. Id. at 443. We review a trial court’s ruling

for an abuse of discretion. Stelly v. Papania, 927 S.W.2d 620, 622 (Tex. 1996).

      At the evidentiary hearing, SLK requested that the authentication of the

following documents be deemed admitted by Nguyen’s failure to answer its

requests for admissions:

      (1)    The documents attached to this Request as Exhibit “A” are true
             copies of documents which:

             a. purport[] to reflect action taken, including the payment of
                sums necessary to reinstate [N Investment], to active
                corporate status with the State of its incorporation; [and]

             b. were presented to [title company] in order to obtain a
                mortgage loan in the name of [N Investment], from
                [Relative] and secured by the property.

                                         14
      (2)   The document attached to this Request as Exhibit “B” is a true
            copy of a document generated by [title company] . . . reflecting
            its disbursement of the proceeds of a mortgage loan in the name
            of [N Investment] from [Relative] and secured by the property.

      (3)   The document attached to this Request as Exhibit “C” is a true
            copy of one “Borrower’s Affidavit,” signed by [Nguyen], in
            order to obtain a mortgage loan in the name of [N Investment],
            from [Relative] and secured by the property.

      (4)   The document attached to this Request as Exhibit “D” is a true
            copy of one “Affidavit as to Debts and Liens,” signed by
            [Nguyen] in order to obtain a mortgage loan in the name of [N
            Investment], from [Relative] and secured by the property.

See TEX. R. CIV. P. 198.2(c). SLK’s requests for admissions contain a certificate

of service signed by counsel certifying that it was served on Nguyen via certified

mail, with a copy by regular mail. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 21a. After Nguyen verified

the address noted in SLK’s certificate of service, the trial court deemed admitted

the authentication of the documents as requested by SLK over Nguyen’s objection

that the certified mail receipt was returned “unclaimed” and he did not receive

SLK’s requests because he “travels.”

      Nguyen argues that SLK failed to show that it perfected service of its

requests for admissions on him because it is undisputed that the certified mail

receipt was returned as “unclaimed.” However, even if we were to conclude that

the trial court erred in deeming admitted the authentication of SLK’s documents,

we will not reverse a trial court’s erroneous evidentiary ruling unless the error

                                       15
probably caused the rendition of an improper judgment. See TEX. R. APP. P. 44.1;

Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp. v. Malone, 972 S.W.2d 35, 43 (Tex. 1998).

      SLK, through its requests for admissions, sought only to authenticate the

documents, which the trial court admitted into evidence. See Wheeler, 157 S.W.3d

at 443 (stating requests for admissions intended to “address[] uncontroverted

matters or evidentiary ones like the authenticity or admissibility of documents”).

Nguyen, in his brief on appeal, makes only a bare assertion that the trial court’s

“error requires reversal as it was reasonably calculated to cause and did cause the

rendition of an improper judgment.”

      We note that this is not a case in which merits-preclusive matters were

admitted. See id. Further, the matters in SLK’s requests were either admitted

through other evidence or do not affect the outcome of this case. By his affidavit

attached to his Amended Motion for Judicial Review, Nguyen asserts that he

“owned 100%” of N Investment, and his other evidence shows that he was its sole

member. And he did not object to the admission into evidence of the certified

copy of the complete deed of trust bearing his signature, which reflects that, on

December 21, 2012, Relative loaned N Investment $150,000.00 in exchange for a

security interest in the property. Whether Nguyen represented to Relative that N

Investment had been reinstated or that the title to the property was free of prior

encumbrances does not affect the outcome of this case.

                                        16
       Accordingly, we hold that Nguyen has not shown that the trial court’s ruling

probably caused the rendition of an improper judgment. See TEX. R. APP. P. 44.1.

       We overrule Nguyen’s second issue.

                Failure to “Conform” with Rules and Cited Authority

       In his third issue, Nguyen contends that the trial court, in addressing the

matters raised in his first and second issues, erred in “not conforming with the

Rules of Court [and] ignoring the cited authorities thus, the trial [court] abused its

discretion.”

       Having overruled his first and second issues, we further overrule Nguyen’s

third issue.

                                 Frivolous Appeal

       In its brief, SLK “suggests” that Nguyen’s appeal is frivolous. See TEX. R.

APP. P. 45. Other than noting “the potential application of Rule 45 in this case,”

“submit[ting] the context provided by the records and the briefs,” and providing a

reference to a summary calendar in a federal case, SLK does not offer a legal

argument in support of its suggestion. And SLK has not proferred an amount to

compensate it for any just damages incurred as a result of Nguyen’s appeal.

       To obtain requested relief in a court of appeals, a litigant’s brief must

contain a clear and concise argument for the contentions made, with appropriate

citations to authorities and to the record.      TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i).       “This

                                         17
requirement is not satisfied by conclusory statements.”          Marin Real Estate

Partners, L.P. v. Vogt, 373 S.W.3d 57, 75 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2011, no

pet.). A failure to provide substantive analysis of an issue or cite appropriate

authority waives the complaint. Id.; Cervantes–Peterson v. Tex. Dep’t of Family &

Protective Servs., 221 S.W.3d 244, 255 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no

pet.).

         Accordingly, we decline to award SLK damages in this appeal.

                                      Conclusion

         We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                                                Terry Jennings
                                                Justice

Panel consists of Chief Justice Radack and Justices Jennings and Keyes.

                                           18