Court Opinion

ID: 9916463
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-01-10 01:07:10.875529+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:25:29.173594
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Brooklyn Union Gas Co. v Century Indem. Co.
               2024 NY Slip Op 30032(U)
                     January 5, 2024
           Supreme Court, New York County
        Docket Number: Index No. 403087/2002
                 Judge: Gerald Lebovits
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                                                                                                                     INDEX NO. 403087/2002
  NYSCEF DOC. NO. 566                                                                                          RECEIVED NYSCEF: 01/05/2024

                                   SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK
                                             NEW YORK COUNTY
            PRESENT:             HON. GERALD LEBOVITS                                              PART                          07
                                                                                      Justice
            ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------X     INDEX NO.         403087/2002
                BROOKLYN UNION GAS COMPANY,                                                        MOTION SEQ. NO.     053 054
                                                         Plaintiff,

                                                 -v-
                                                                                                     DECISION + ORDER ON
                CENTURY INDEMNITY CO. and MUNICH REINSURANCE                                               MOTION
                AMERICA INC,

                                                         Defendants.
            ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------X

            The following e-filed documents, listed by NYSCEF document number (Motion 053) 467, 468, 536, 537,
            538, 539, 540, 541, 542, 543, 544, 545
            were read on this motion to                                            MODIFY DECISION/ORDER/JUDGMENT                .

            The following e-filed documents, listed by NYSCEF document number (Motion 054) 469, 470, 471, 472,
            473, 474, 475, 476, 477, 478, 479, 480, 481, 482, 483, 484, 485, 486, 487, 488, 489, 490, 491, 492, 493,
            494, 495, 496, 497, 498, 499, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504, 505, 506, 507, 508, 509, 510, 511, 512, 513, 514,
            515, 516, 517, 518, 519, 520, 521, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526, 527, 528, 529, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534, 535,
            546, 547, 548
            were read on this motion to                                                          SET ASIDE VERDICT               .

            O’Melveny & Myers LLP, New York, NY (Jonathan Rosenberg, Anton Metlitsky, and Leah
            Godesky of counsel), and Los Angeles, CA (Daniel Petrocelli and Craig P. Bloom of counsel),
            for plaintiff.
            Covington & Burling LLP, Washington, D.C. (Benjamin Razi and Michael Lechliter of counsel),
            and San Francisco, CA (Gretchen Hoff Varner and Ryan Buschell of counsel), for defendant
            Brooklyn Union Gas Company.

            Gerald Lebovits, J.:

                     These motions arise from a jury verdict entered in two insurance-coverage actions joined
            for trial: this action and Century Indemnity Co. v Brooklyn Union Gas Co., Index No.
            603405/2001 (Sup Ct, NY County).1 As relevant here, Century Indemnity Company provided
            excess-insurance coverage to Brooklyn Union Gas Company for nearly three decades in the
            middle of the last century. The two coverage actions concern the extent, if any, of Century’s
            obligations to provide coverage for costs incurred by Brooklyn Union in government-mandated

            1
             A version of this decision has also been filed in the Century Indemnity docket. The NYSCEF
            citations given in this decision correspond to that docket.

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            cleanup of three former manufactured-gas plants (MGPs) located on the Gowanus Canal in
            Brooklyn, New York.

                    With respect to whether Century must cover some portion of these cleanup costs under
            the policies it issued to Brooklyn Union, the jury found that Brooklyn Union had proven that it
            provided timely notice to Century with respect to each of the three occurrences at issue.2 (See
            NYSCEF No. 1281 at 26-27, 36-37, 45-46 [verdict sheet].) The jury also found that Brooklyn
            Union had proven that most of (but not all) the property damage for which Brooklyn Union seeks
            coverage was “accidental” (not “expected or intended”) and thus within the scope of coverage of
            the various Century insurance policies at issue. (See id. at 1-18.)

                     The length of the periods of property damage at the three MGP sites is important for
            determining the pro rata share of Brooklyn Union’s total cleanup costs that Century must cover
            under the policies at issue. (See Century Indem. Co. v Brooklyn Union Gas Co., 170 AD3d 632,
            633 [1st Dept 2019], citing Consolidated Edison Co. of N.Y. v Allstate Ins. Co., 98 NY2d 208,
            223 [2002] [discussing pro rata allocation].) The jury found that property damage at the Citizens
            MGP site began in 1860 and ended in 2017 (NYSCEF No. 1281 at 19-21); that property damage
            at the Fulton MGP site began in 1879 and ended in 2015 (id. at 29-31); and that property damage
            at the Metropolitan MGP site began in 1872 and ended in 2002 (id. at 39-41).

                    The total cleanup costs allocated to each year in which the Century policies were in effect
            are subject, under the policies, to per-occurrence coverage limits. This court held as a matter of
            law during trial that with respect to the policies that had multi-year terms (or, in one case,
            contained a multi-year renewal), those per-occurrence limits were limits for these policies’ entire
            terms and did not reset annually. (See Century Indem. Co. v Brooklyn Union Gas Co., 2022 NY
            Slip Op 50388[U], at *7-15 [Sup Ct, NY County 2022].3)

                    Brooklyn Union and Century each now move under CPLR 4404 to challenge some of the
            jury findings and rulings set forth above. On motion sequence 055, Brooklyn Union seeks to set
            aside this court’s ruling that the multi-year policies’ per-occurrence limits apply on a term, rather
            than annual basis. (See NYSCEF No. 1221 [notice of motion].) On motion sequence 056,
            Century asks the court to set aside the jury’s verdict with respect to the end dates of property
            damage at the three MGP sites (and the Gowanus Canal), and to grant Century judgment as a
            matter of law or, alternatively, order a new trial. (See NYSCEF No. 1227 [notice of motion].)
            Century also challenges the court’s trial ruling that the costs of the Gowanus Canal’s remediation
            should be apportioned equally among the three MGP sites for purposes of the policies’ per-
            occurrence limits.

                   The parties’ respective motions are denied.

            2
              Each occurrence consists of environmental contamination at a particular MGP site and the
            related contamination of the Gowanus Canal. (See Century Indem. Co. v Brooklyn Union Gas
            Co., 2018 NY Slip Op 52018[U], at *4-6 [Sup Ct, NY County 2018], affd as mod on other
            grounds 170 AD3d 632 [1st Dept 2019].)
            3
              That decision explains in more detail several of the court’s trial rulings. (See 2022 NY Slip Op
            50388[U], at *1.)

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                                                       DISCUSSION

               I.      Brooklyn Union’s Challenge to this Court’s Ruling on Whether the Century
                       Policies’ Per-Occurrence Limits Apply on a Term or Annual Basis (Mot Seq
                       055)

                    CPLR 4404 (a) provides that “[a]fter a trial of a cause of action or issue triable of right by
            a jury,” a court may on motion “set aside a verdict or any judgment entered thereon” and direct
            entry of judgment in favor of a party as a matter of law. Alternatively, the court may “order a
            new trial of a cause of action or separable issue where the verdict is contrary to the weight of the
            evidence” or “in the interest of justice.” (CPLR 4404 [a].) Brooklyn Union moves under CPLR
            4404 (a) to challenge this court’s ruling that the multiyear Century policies’ per-occurrence
            limits are applied on a term, not annual, basis.

                    As a procedural matter, this motion is slightly unusual: Brooklyn Union is not
            challenging the jury’s verdict, and final judgment on that verdict has not yet been entered. But
            Brooklyn Union persuasively contends that this court may (and should) rule on its challenge to
            the court’s per-occurrence-limits ruling now, because resolving that challenge will have an
            important effect on the court’s future calculation of the final judgment. (NYSCEF No. 1222 at 1
            [mem. of law].) It is, in effect, a preemptive request to set aside (part of) the judgment that would
            otherwise be entered on the jury’s verdict, and a request to rule for Brooklyn Union as a matter
            of law about how to calculate that aspect of the judgment. Century does not raise a procedural
            objection to the relief requested on this motion, nor the vehicle by which Brooklyn Union is
            seeking that relief. This court therefore proceeds to the merits of the motion.

               A. Background

                   The Century policies at issue do not contain aggregate coverage limits; only per-
            occurrence limits. The language of those per-occurrence limits does not specify the period of
            time over which they apply. It is undisputed that for the policies having a one-year term, the per-
            occurrence limits apply on an annual basis. But the parties disagree about whether policies with a
            multi-year term (or renewed for a multi-year period) also have annual per-occurrence limits, or
            whether the limit applies for the policy’s full term.

                    The Appellate Division, First Department, held in 2019 that the multi-year policies are
            ambiguous about the period over which their per-occurrence limits apply. (See Century Indem.,
            170 AD3d at 633.) Before trial, this court held, over Brooklyn Union’s objection, that Century
            could introduce expert testimony at trial that would bear on this interpretive question. (See
            Century Indem. Co. v Brooklyn Union Gas Co., 2022 NY Slip Op 50083[U], at *2-5 [Sup Ct,
            NY County 2022] [ruling on motion in limine].) After hearing the trial testimony of Century’s
            expert, however, the court concluded that the testimony was insufficiently probative to raise a
            jury question that might resolve the policies’ ambiguity. (See NYSCEF No. 1296 at Tr. 2813,
            2898-2900 [trial transcript].) And Brooklyn Union did not introduce extrinsic evidence on how
            the policies should be interpreted. As a result, this court concluded that resolving the ambiguity
            in the policies was for the court to determine as a matter of law. (Id. at Tr. 2813-2814; see

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            Century Indem. Co., 2022 NY Slip Op 50083[U], at *2-3 [discussing legal framework for
            resolving ambiguous insurance-policy provisions].)

                    This court’s resolution of the issue involved two steps. First, the court rejected Brooklyn
            Union’s argument that the court’s interpretation of the policy should be undertaken in light of the
            principle of “contra proferentem”—that policy ambiguities should be construed against the
            drafter (here, Century). (See Century Indem., 2022 NY Slip Op 50388, at *9-14 [explaining this
            ruling].) Second, the court concluded that, absent application of contra proferentem, the best
            interpretation of the multi-year policies is that their per-occurrence limits apply on a term, not
            annual, basis. (See id. at *14-15 [same].)

                   Brooklyn Union now challenges both steps of this court’s analysis. This court is not
            persuaded that it erred at either step. Brooklyn Union’s motion is denied.

               B. Brooklyn Union’s Argument that the Contra Proferentem Interpretive Doctrine
                  Should be Applied in Construing the Century Policies

                       1. Whether Appellate Division Decisions Construing Insurance Policies
                          Foreclose Application of Contra Proferentem Here

                    This court’s explanation of its contra-proferentem holding—that this doctrine did not
            apply to the Century policies because Brooklyn Union was a sophisticated policyholder—
            focused most closely on two decisions interpreting insurance policies: Loblaw, Inc. v Employers’
            Liab. Assur. Corp. (85 AD2d 880, 881 [4th Dept 1981], affd on other grounds 57 NY2d 872
            [1982]) and Westchester Fire Ins. Co. v MCI Communications Corp. (74 AD3d 551, 551 [1st
            Dept 2010]). (See Century Indem., 2022 NY Slip Op 50388[U], at *9-12.) Brooklyn Union now
            argues that this court erred in holding that these decisions are on point and require a conclusion
            that contra proferentem is inapplicable to the Century policies. (See NYSCEF No. 1222 at 7-11.)
            This court disagrees.

                    Brooklyn Union contends that the scope of the Fourth Department’s holding on this issue
            in Loblaw is limited to the proper construction of ambiguous exclusionary clauses. (See id. at
            10.) Brooklyn Union bases this contention on Loblaw’s citation to three appellate decisions
            construing policy exclusions. (Id., citing Loblaw, 85 AD2d at 881.) But Loblaw cites those
            decisions in describing the policyholder’s argument, not the court’s conclusion. (See 85 AD2d at
            881.) Additionally, that argument itself, as described, is not that ambiguous exclusions must be
            construed in favor of coverage, but that ambiguities must generally be construed against the
            insurer. (See id.) And at least two of those cited decisions draw on the broader principle of
            construing ambiguities against the insurer, not merely construing ambiguous exclusions in favor
            of coverage. (See Breed v Insurance Co. of N. Am., 46 NY2d 351, 353 [1978]; Hollander v
            National Wide Mut. Ins. Co., 60 AD2d 380, 384 [4th Dept 1978].)

                   More fundamentally, the dispute in Loblaw was about how broadly to construe a notice
            requirement in the policy at issue—a requirement for obtaining defense or indemnification even
            for concededly covered occurrences, not an ouster of coverage for certain kinds of occurrences

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            regardless of timely notice. In that context there would be no reason for Loblaw to have relied on
            interpretive principles applicable only to construing exclusionary clauses.4

                    Brooklyn Union is also mistaken in arguing that Standard Marine Ins. Co. Ltd. v Federal
            Ins. Co. (39 AD2d 444, 446 [1st Dept 1972]), the decision on which Loblaw relies for its
            interpretive conclusion, did not involve application of contra proferentem. (See NYSCEF
            No. 1222 at 10.) Indeed, Standard Marine expressly considered and rejected the argument by
            defendant insurer that plaintiff insurer’s policy covered the loss because “the clause in question
            is ambiguous and therefore must be construed against the [plaintiff] in favor of the party seeking
            coverage”—i.e., contra proferentem. (39 AD2d at 446.) Brooklyn Union asserts on reply that this
            principle, as described in Standard Marine, Loblaw, and other decisions, is not “a shorthand for
            contra proferentem.” (NYSCEF No. 1303 at 9 [italics omitted].) But Brooklyn Union does not
            identify what the principle is, if not contra proferentem. In any event, that bare, unsupported
            assertion is contradicted by some of the Court of Appeals decisions from which Brooklyn Union
            itself quotes in the following paragraph of its reply.5 (See id. at 10, quoting Taylor v. United
            States Cas. Co., 269 NY 360, 364 [1936] [“[A]mbiguity will be resolved against the insurer,
            under the principle of contra proferentem.”].)

                    Brooklyn Union also argues that this court misconstrued the First Department’s decision
            in Westchester Fire to apply beyond cases in which insured and insurer jointly draft the policy at
            issue. (See NYSCEF No. 1222 at 8-9.) Brooklyn Union is correct that on appeal to the First
            Department, the insurer’s first argument against application of contra proferentem was that the
            policies in question were jointly drafted. (See id. at 8-9, quoting Br. for Defendants-Respondents,
            Westchester Fire, 2010 WL 8899052, at *32.) But as this court has previously noted, the next
            sentence of the insurer’s brief contended that “[w]here the insured is a sophisticated entity,
            acting as a self-insurer and represented by a large corporate broker, the contra proferentem rule
            of construing a policy against the insurer is not applicable.” (Br. for Defendants-Respondents,
            Westchester Fire, 2010 WL 8899052, at *32.) And it was that contention, not the joint-drafting
            argument, that the First Department accepted in its decision. (See Westchester Fire, 74 AD3d at
            551 [“[C]ontra proferentem . . . would be inapplicable to this sophisticated policyholder.”)

                   Further, as this court pointed out in its post-trial ruling, (Century Indem., 2022 NY Slip
            Op 50388[U], at *10), the First Department held again in 2017 that “the doctrine of contra
            proferentum . . . is inapplicable to [defendant], a sophisticated policyholder.” (Certain
            Underwriters at Lloyd’s, London v Essex Global Trading, Inc., 147 AD3d 595, 596 [1st Dept

            4
              Brooklyn Union’s suggestion on reply that Loblaw “may have misapplied these ‘exclusion’
            cases” in addressing a dispute over a notice provision (NYSCEF No. 1303 at 11 n 2) begs the
            question.
            5
              For similar reasons, this court disagrees with Brooklyn Union’s claim that New Amsterdam
            Casualty Co. v Fidelity & Casualty Co. of N.Y. (400 F2d 237 [9th Cir 1968]), relied on by
            Standard Marine, “did not mention or apply contra proferentem.” (NYSCEF No. 1222 at 10
            [italics omitted].) As Brooklyn Union acknowledges in quoting from that decision, New
            Amsterdam carefully distinguishes “the rule of liberal construction in favor of an insured” in a
            “contest between insured and insurer” as inapposite to an action between insurers like the one
            then before the court. (NYSCEF No. 1222 at 10, quoting New Amsterdam, 400 F2d at 239.)

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            2017], citing Westchester Fire, 74 AD3d 551.) Brooklyn Union contends that this statement is
            “pure dicta” because the court reached that conclusion on its own, without briefing from the
            parties. (NYSCEF No. 1303 at 13-14.) But that contention does not follow.6 Brooklyn Union
            also asserts, in effect, that this court should disregard Essex Global Trading as erroneous because
            it “simply misreads the admittedly vague reasoning in Westchester Fire, and does not engage
            with any other contra proferentem decision.” (Id. at 13 [italics omitted].) This court does not
            agree that Westchester Fire’s reasoning is vague. Nor, in any event, could this court ignore an
            on-point Appellate Division decision based on a disagreement with that decision’s analysis.

                       2. Whether Appellate Division Decisions Construing Contracts More Generally
                          Foreclose Application of Contra Proferentem Here

                    This court’s prior explanation of its trial ruling about contra proferentem focused on
            decisions construing insurance policies, because those decisions most directly govern here.
            Brooklyn Union suggests this focus was error because the “doctrine of contra proferentem
            applies to all contracts, not merely insurance policies.” (NYSCEF No. 1222 at 3 [italics
            omitted].) This court agrees with that characterization of the doctrine—but it does not aid
            Brooklyn Union here.

                    The First Department has held twice in the last four years in non-insurance contract cases
            that contra proferentem does not apply when the contracting parties are sophisticated—each time
            citing Westchester Fire for that proposition.7 (See Western & S. Life Ins. Co. v U.S. Bank N.A.,
            209 AD3d 6, 14 [1st Dept 2022] [“[W]e need not reach plaintiffs' contra proferentem argument
            because it is inapplicable to sophisticated parties such as plaintiffs.”];8 Churchill Real Estate
            Holdings LLC v CBCS Washington St. LP, 171 AD3d 426, 427 [1st Dept 2019] [“[T]he doctrine
            of contra proferentem is inapplicable here . . . because the parties are sophisticated.”] [internal
            citation omitted].)

                    Brooklyn Union provides no countervailing authority for the proposition that contra
            proferentem applies even when the parties are sophisticated. It identifies a number of decisions
            in which courts have held that contra proferentem does not apply when the parties have jointly
            drafted the contract at issue. (See NYSCEF No. 1222 at 4-6; NYSCEF No. 1303 at 2-3.) That
            proposition, though, is neither here nor there for present purposes. And these decisions do not,
            as Brooklyn Union asserts, hold that “the only recognized exemption from contra proferentem

            6
              As this court explained in its post-trial explanatory ruling, that the decision’s rejection of contra
            proferentem rests on multiple grounds (lack of ambiguity and a sophisticated policyholder) does
            not render either of those grounds nonbinding dicta. The two grounds are alternative holdings,
            each binding on this court. (See Century Indem., 2022 NY Slip Op 50388[U], at *10.)
            7
              Given this contrary Appellate Division authority, Brooklyn Union’s reliance on a 20-year-old
            decision of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit applying New York law, and
            statements from Restatements and treatises about what that law should be, is unavailing. (See
            NYSCEF No. 1222 at 6.)
            8
              Western & Southern, though brought by an insurance company, did not involve insurance
            policies. It was a breach-of-contract challenge to the conduct of a trustee in managing various
            residential-mortgage-backed-security trusts. (See 209 AD3d at 8-10.)

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            for all ambiguous contracts requires the parties to have jointly drafted the ambiguous language.”
            (NYSCEF No. 1303 at 4 [emphasis added].) That the presence of joint drafting is sufficient to
            render contra proferentem inapplicable does not make it necessary before the doctrine will be
            rendered inapplicable. Brooklyn Union provides no case holding that it is.

                    In short, this court adheres to its ruling at trial, as explained in its post-trial decision, that
            contra proferentem is inapplicable here.

                C. Determining the Scope of the Policies’ Per-Occurrence Limits Absent Contra
                   Proferentem

                    The question now becomes whether Brooklyn Union has identified an error in this court’s
            conclusion that, absent the contra-proferentem presumption, the per-occurrence limits should be
            understood as applying on a term (not annual) basis. This court concludes that Brooklyn Union
            has not identified any errors.

                     As an initial matter, Brooklyn Union repeats its prior argument that the per-occurrence
            limits in the Century policies should be understood as exclusions, such that Century bears the
            burden of proving the applicability of those limits—not than the other way around. (NYSCEF
            No. 1222 at 13.) The court rejects Brooklyn Union’s argument here for the same reasons set forth
            in its post-trial explanatory decision. (See Century Indem., 2022 NY Slip Op 50388[U], at *14 &
            n 20, *21 & n 36.)

                    Brooklyn Union also contends again that because the multiyear policies are silent on the
            scope of the per-occurrence limits, without giving an “indication anywhere in [the] polic[ies] that
            the referenced ‘policy period’ governs the amount of per-occurrence limits available to the
            policyholder,” the limits should be interpreted as applying on an annual basis. (NYSCEF No.
            1222 at 14.) This court adheres to its prior rejection of that argument: “The most reasonable way
            to interpret a policy limit that does not specify the period over which it applies is that the limit
            applies for the length of time the policy is in effect—whether that be a year, two years, or five.”9
            (Century Indem., 2022 NY Slip Op 50388[U], at *15.)

                    Brooklyn Union contends that this reading of the policy is inconsistent with the
            determination of the Century policies’ premiums, because “Century charged Brooklyn Union the
            same premium rates for periods with annual limits as it charged for periods during which
            Century asserted term limits applied.” (NYSCEF No. 1222 at 15.) In other words, that “Century
            charged the same amount for each year of coverage from 1959 through 1965 is overwhelming
            evidence that the parties intended the same [per-occurrence] limits to apply.” (Id.; see also
            NYSCEF No. 1303 at 17-18 [same].) This argument rests on premises that Brooklyn Union did
            not establish at trial.

            9
              This court also adheres to its trial ruling excluding as unreliable and not probative excerpts
            from Century’s Major Claims System, on which Brooklyn Union sought to rely to show that
            Century understood its multiyear policies as having annual per-occurrence limits. (See NYSCEF
            No. 1222 at 15 [renewing Brooklyn Union’s argument that those excerpts should have been
            admitted].)

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                    In particular, Brooklyn Union’s argument assumes that in excess policies lacking
            aggregate limits, changes in the amount of those policies’ per-occurrence limits will (or should)
            meaningfully affect the amount of the annual policy premiums. This assumption may be
            intuitive; but intuition alone is not enough to meet a party’s interpretive burden of proof. And
            Brooklyn Union did not attempt to satisfy this burden through evidence about how excess-
            insurance markets functioned in the 1940s and 1950s.10 The absence of evidence on these points
            is especially noticeable because the relevant regulatory environment has changed greatly since
            then. As Century points out, a question exists—which Brooklyn Union did not attempt to answer
            at trial—whether, at the time the policies were entered into (i.e., before modern environmental-
            cleanup liability), a realistic possibility existed that losses from individual occurrences might
            approach or exceed a policy’s per-occurrence limit, such that a change in those limits would
            meaningfully affect a policyholder’s exposure to risk.11

                    To be clear, the court does not mean to suggest any particular conclusion about how
            insurance companies and policyholders at the relevant times understood per-occurrence limits,
            excess-policy premiums, or the relationship between them. It is possible that Brooklyn Union is
            correct in its assumption that a change in policy-term length, coupled with a lack of change in
            policy premium, indicates that the policy’s per-occurrence limit did not change. (See NYSCEF
            No. 1222 at 15.) But on the evidence introduced at trial, Brooklyn Union did not meet its burden
            of proof. The court adheres to its prior ruling that the per-occurrence limits in the multiyear
            Century policies applied on a term rather than annual basis.

            10
               As noted above in the Background section, Century attempted to introduce that evidence
            through testimony of an expert witness, Robert M. Anderson. This court concluded, however,
            that Century’s proffered expert testimony on this issue was insufficiently probative to reach the
            jury. (See Century Indem., 2022 NY Slip Op 50388[U], at *7-8.) And Century’s arguments on
            Anderson’s behalf notwithstanding (see NYSCEF No. 1294 at 19-22), this court remains of that
            view now.
            11
               Brooklyn Union points out that Century, in opposing Brooklyn Union’s motion in limine to
            preclude Anderson from testifying, stated that Anderson would opine that “[p]olicyholders
            routinely select term-limit policies to obtain higher limits at a lower cost that they would
            otherwise pay for annual-limit policies.” (NYSCEF No. 1303 at 19-20, quoting NYSCEF No.
            687 at 1.) To the extent that Brooklyn Union is raising an argument in the nature of judicial
            estoppel, this court is unpersuaded. This court’s ruling denying the motion in limine did not rely
            on the substance of Anderson’s likely opinions. (See Century Indem. 2022 NY Slip Op
            50083[U], at *4-5.) it is difficult, therefore, to see why Century should be estopped now to
            adhere to those opinions—particularly since this court later found Anderson’s testimony, once
            delivered, insufficient to raise a jury question. (NYSCEF No. 1296 at Tr. 2813, 2898-2900; see
            All Terrain Props., Inc. v Hoy, 265 AD2d 87, 93 [1st Dept 2000] [discussing requirements for
            application of judicial estoppel.])
            In any event, this court’s conclusion here does not rest on the factual premise that “there would
            have been little difference between the cost of annual and term limits,” as Brooklyn Union
            describes Century’s argument (see NYSCEF No. 1303 at 19, citing NYSCEF No. 1294 at 18),
            but on Brooklyn Union’s failure to introduce evidence one way or the other on this issue.

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                       Brooklyn Union’s motion is denied.

                 II.      Century’s Challenges to the Jury’s Verdict (Mot Seq 056)

                    In moving under CPLR 4404 to set aside the jury’s verdict and grant judgment as a
            matter of law or a new trial, Century advances a range of arguments challenging the verdict.
            Some of these arguments relate to asserted trial errors about what evidence was (and was not) put
            before the jury, and the instructions provided by the court to the jury; some relate to the
            sufficiency of the evidence supporting the jury’s findings. This decision addresses first Century’s
            arguments about trial error, and then considers its sufficiency challenge.

                 A. Century’s Trial-Error-Based Challenges to the Jury’s Verdict

                       1. Century’s challenges to this court’s pretrial and trial rulings on the relationship
                          between notice and pro-rata allocation

                    The Century excess policies at issue “require Brooklyn Union to provide written notice
            ‘as soon as practicable’ following ‘the happening of an occurrence or accident that appears
            reasonably likely to involve liability on the part of [the insurer].’” (Century Indem. Co. v
            Brooklyn Union Gas Co., 74 Misc 3d 733, 735 [Sup Ct, NY County 2022], quoting NYSCEF
            No. 615 at 13 [bates-number CEN000405].) The policies’ liability threshold (often called the
            attachment point) is $100,000. (Id.) It is law of the case that, allocating pro rata Brooklyn
            Union’s losses across the total period of injury at each site, the Century policies do not kick in
            for liability purposes until Brooklyn Union has incurred losses well above that attachment
            point.12 (See Century Indem., 170 AD3d at 633.)

                     This court held, in resolving a pretrial motion in limine, that the jury must also take pro
            rata allocation into account in considering when Brooklyn Union was required to provide
            Century with notice of an occurrence, as well. (Century Indem., 74 Misc 3d at 744.) Century now
            argues that the court’s pretrial notice holding, and several evidentiary and instructional rulings at
            trial that followed from that holding, were materially erroneous and prejudicial. This court is
            unpersuaded.

                   Some of Century’s contentions on this motion mirror arguments it made to the court—
            and which the court rejected—during briefing on the notice-related motion in limine. (Compare
            NYSCEF No. 1228 at 17-21, and NYSCEF No. 1304 at 17-18, with Century Indem., 74 Misc 3d
            at 736-744.) With respect to those contentions, this court adheres to its earlier analysis.13

            12
               The parties disagree about how to determine the amount by which the losses must exceed
            $100,00 in order to implicate the Century policies. (See Century Indem., 2022 NY Slip Op
            50388[U], at *18-20.) That issue is not before the court on the current motion, however.
            13
               For that reason, the court is also not persuaded by Century’s argument that the court should
            have permitted testimony from a potential expert witness “that a reasonable utility in Brooklyn
            Union’s position would have known before 1992 that the Citizens, Fulton, and Metropolitan
            MGPs would require significantly more than $100,000 in environmental response costs.”
            (NYSCEF No. 1228 at 20.)

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                     Additionally, Century’s motion papers repeat a contention it raised only at oral argument
            the first time around. (See Century Indem., 74 Misc 3d at 744 n 16 [discussing this argument].)
            The court discusses that contention at slightly more length. Century contends that “notice under
            the policies is due once an occurrence that is likely to involve the policies happens,” and that the
            “occurrences at issue happened decades ago,” i.e., when the MGP sites and the Gowanus Canal
            were contaminated. (NYSCEF No. 1228 at 19.) Therefore, Century says, Brooklyn Union
            needed to provide an excuse for its delay in giving notice based on a good-faith, reasonable
            belief that the Century policies would not be reached—and that the application of pro rata
            allocation could not furnish such an excuse because Brooklyn Union had not taken it into
            account in delaying notice. (Id. at 18-19.)

                    As this court noted in its ruling in limine (see Century Indem., 74 Misc 3d at 744 n 16),
            the problem with this argument is that it considers only half of the policies’ notice requirement.
            Notice is not due when an occurrence (such as property damage due to environmental
            contamination) happens. Notice becomes due when that occurrence “appears reasonably likely to
            involve liability on the part of” Century (id. at 735)—that is, once it is reasonably likely that
            Brooklyn Union will suffer covered losses exceeding the policy’s attachment point. Brooklyn
            Union was not required to justify its failure to provide timely notice in the 1950s, as would be
            the case under Century’s argument. That is because notice was not due in the first place until it
            became reasonably likely, decades later, that Brooklyn Union would have to pay amounts for
            government-mandated environmental remediation that would exceed the post-allocation
            attachment point of the policy.14

                    Century also now contends that this court erred in precluding evidence that “a reasonable
            policyholder in Brooklyn Union’s position [in the late 1980s and early 1990s] would not have
            assumed that pro rata allocation would have applied, and thus would not have withheld notice on
            that ground.” (NYSCEF No. 1228 at 19-20.) This contention misapprehends the nature of the
            post-allocation notice inquiry. The question is not whether a reasonable policyholder in Brooklyn
            Union’s position would have considered how allocation might affect the likelihood of the policy

            14
               Century disclaims any suggestion that “Brooklyn Union was required to provide notice, for
            example, in the early or mid-twentieth century.” (NYSCEF No. 1228 at 19.) But Century also
            characterizes the notice issue here as one involving an excuse. (Id. at 18.) The issue of excuse
            comes into play when the policyholder has failed to provide timely notice but contends that it is
            entitled to coverage anyway because a good-faith, reasonable basis existed for its failure. (See
            Security Mut. Ins. Co. of N.Y. v Acker-Fitzsimons Corp., 31 NY2d 436, 440-441 [1972]; accord
            Kim v Maher, 226 AD2d 350, 350 [2d Dept 1996]; Reynolds Metal Co. v Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co.,
            259 AD2d 195, 199-200 [3d Dept 1999].) If, as Century says, Brooklyn Union must now provide
            an excuse for delaying in providing notice from the 1940s or 1950s until 1993 (see NYSCEF No.
            1228 at 19), that position necessarily entails the view that notice was due 80-odd years ago.
            Century’s additional assertion that “this is an excuse case” because “Brooklyn Union offered
            reasons for why it did not provide notice earlier—i.e., excuses” is no more than too-clever
            wordplay. (Id. at 18 [emphasis in original].) This assertion elides the material difference between
            (i) offering reasons why notice was not due until a particular point in time, and (ii) offering
            reasons why notice, although due earlier, was not provided until that point in time.

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            attachment points being reached. The question remains when a reasonable policyholder would
            find it reasonably likely that Brooklyn Union would incur an amount in environmental-cleanup
            liability that would equal each policy’s attachment point. The only effect of considering
            allocation is to alter what dollar figure in cleanup liability would equal the attachment point.

                    Take, for example, the Metropolitan MGP site, as covered by the Century excess policy
            in effect from 1941 to 1946. Absent allocation, the notice inquiry is the point in time at which a
            reasonable policyholder in Brooklyn Union’s position would believe it reasonably likely that
            Brooklyn Union would suffer $100,000 in covered cleanup liability for that site. As found by the
            jury, the post-allocation notice inquiry considers when a reasonable policyholder would believe
            it reasonably likely that Brooklyn Union would suffer $2.6 million in covered cleanup liability
            for that site. (See NYSCEF No. 1281 at 43.) The dollar amount needed to reach the attachment
            point for notice purposes might change. The nature of the notice inquiry itself does not.

                    Century claims that if this court were correct that “a jury deciding whether notice of
            occurrence is timely must consider allocation, then surely there would be other jury trials where
            this actually happened”—and that there are not. (NYSCEF No. 1228 at 20.) But the parties, and
            this court, have found only four reported instances in which this issue was even contested by the
            parties.15 Given the obvious incentives for policyholders to raise this argument if application (or
            not) of allocation would affect the timeliness of notice, the court views the dearth of prior on-
            point precedent as indicating more that the issue is rarely presented by coverage litigation than
            that this court is wrong in connecting allocation and notice.

                   Century also argues that this court’s notice-and-allocation ruling led to unfair prejudice to
            Century from two references during the four-week trial to the effects of allocation. (Id. at 21.)
            This court is not persuaded that Century was meaningfully prejudiced by these references16—let
            alone so prejudiced as to support setting aside the verdict and granting a new trial.

            15
               See Century Indemnity Co. v Keyspan Corp., 2007 NY Slip Op 50957[U] [Sup Ct, NY County
            2007]; Long Is. Light Co. v Allianz Underwriters Ins. Co., Sup Ct, NY County, Dec. 30, 2003,
            Gammerman J., Index No. 604715/1997, affd as mod. Long Is. Light. Co. v Allianz Underwriters
            Ins. Co., 24 AD3d 172 [1st Dept 2005]; New York State Elec. & Gas Corp. v Century Indem.
            Co., 767 F. App’x 188 [2d Cir 2019]; Travelers Indem Co. v Northrup Grumman Corp., 2020
            WL 1469550 [SD NY Mar. 26, 2020].) Justice Gammerman’s decision in Long Island Lighting
            Co. is reproduced on the docket of the current action at NYSCEF No. 621.
            16
               To the contrary, considered in context the second of the two statements Century cites, made by
            Brooklyn Union’s counsel during summation, emphasized the limits of the damages that
            Brooklyn Union was seeking from Century, so as to persuade the jury that Brooklyn Union’s
            claimed damages were reasonable. Counsel said that although “under any outcome in this case,
            no matter what you [decide], Brooklyn Union is bearing the lion’s share of the costs . . . . [t]his is
            a Brooklyn Union problem.” (NYSCEF No. 1296 at Tr. 3083 [emphasis added].) Century, on the
            other hand, “only provided insurance for that 28-year period,” so “that’s all they have to pay for.
            But that’s their fair share.” (Id.) This statement is not unfairly prejudicial to Century in the way
            Century now suggests.

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                   2. Century’s challenges to this court’s trial rulings on notice-related evidence

                    Century argues that during trial, the court improperly prevented Century from responding
            to testimony by Brooklyn Union’s witness Tracey Bell about New York City regulatory interest
            in Brooklyn Union’s Coney Island MGP site—to which Century did not object when it was
            offered (NYSCEF No. 1296 at Tr. 1209-1210)—with memos written by Bell about the Coney
            Island site. (NYSCEF No. 1228 at 22-25.) With respect to the Bell memos identified as CX-0692
            and CX-0807, this court remains of the view that Brooklyn Union did not open the door to
            admission of these memos and questioning of Bell about these memos beyond what was
            permitted by the court at trial. Additionally, the memos carried limited probative value with
            respect to the issues at trial for which they were relevant; and permitting Century to introduce the
            memos and ask more questions about environmental contamination and investigations at the
            Coney Island site had the potential to confuse the jury. Exclusion of these two memos did not
            unfairly prejudice Century in any event.17

                     Century also argues that the court should have let Century tell the jury about pre-1993
            communications between Brooklyn Union and another insurer, AEGIS, and with the Public
            Service Commission; and about the full contents of an internal memo sent by a Brooklyn Union
            vice president. (NYSCEF No. 1228 at 25-26; NYSCEF No. 1304 at 21-24.) With respect to the
            AEGIS-related communications, this court held pretrial that those documents should be
            excluded. (See Century Indem. Co. v Brooklyn Union Gas Co., 2022 NY Slip Op 50080[U], at
            *2-3 [Sup Ct, NY County 2022].) This court adheres to that conclusion now. The court similarly
            adheres to its conclusion at trial that the 1992 communication from Brooklyn Union to the Public
            Service Commission should be redacted in part, Century’s objections to those redactions
            notwithstanding. (See NYSCEF No. 1296 at Tr. 2568-2569.) And this court continues to believe
            that it properly excluded, as more prejudicial than probative, the parts of the memo on which
            Century now relies. (See id. at Tr. 2496.)

                     Additionally, Century maintains that the court erred, and prejudiced Century, by
            permitting Brooklyn Union to introduce evidence that “Century waited years—including years
            after it disclaimed coverage in 2001 by filing this declaratory judgment complaint—before
            determining that Brooklyn Union’s notice was late.” (NYSCEF No. 1228 at 29-30.) The court
            disagrees. A delay in disclaiming, standing alone, will not effect a waiver. But that does not

            17
               Century also argues that it was prejudiced by the exclusion of a third memo prepared by Bell,
            identified as CX-0680. (NYSCEF No. 1228 at 24-25.) But as Brooklyn Union points out,
            Century never sought admission of this particular memo. Nor did this court ever exclude it.
            Century contends on reply that the memo was one of several Coney Island-related memos that it
            sought to introduce at the same time, and suggests that it understood CX-0680 to be excluded on
            the same grounds as CX-0692 and CX-0807. But Century did not put CX-0680 before the court
            in the same way as the other memos; and there is no indication in the record that the court
            understood itself as ruling on CX-0680 in addition to the other two. To the contrary, the court’s
            statement, relied on by Century, that a document is inadmissible because it “concerns Coney
            Island” (NYSCEF No. 1296 at Tr. 1293) is, in context, referring only to CX-0692—not Bell’s
            Coney-Island-related memos more broadly. (See id. at Tr. 1286-1293 [discussion of relevance
            and admissibility of CX-0692].)

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            mean that the passage of time is irrelevant, as Century suggests (id. at 29). (See Long Is. Light.
            Co. v American Re-Ins. Co., 123 AD3d 402, 403-405 [1st Dept 2014] [considering a reinsurer’s
            delay in disclaiming as a relevant factor in the waiver inquiry].) And this court already rejected
            Century’s arguments (NYSCEF no. 1228 at 29-30) that the filing (and contents) of the complaint
            in this action in 2001 rendered any post-2001 waiver evidence immaterial. (See Century Indem.
            Co. v Brooklyn Union Gas Co., 2022 NY Slip Op 50076[U], at *2-4 [Sup Ct, NY County 2022];
            Century Indem., 2018 NY Slip Op 52018[U], at *10.)

                   3. Century’s challenge to this court’s refusal to give the jury a duty-to-investigate
                      instruction

                    This court instructed the jury that under the Century policies, Brooklyn Union had to give
            notice “upon the happening of an accident or occurrence that was reasonably likely, based on the
            information available to Brooklyn Union,” to cause Brooklyn Union “to be required by law to
            pay an amount of money large enough to trigger the Century policies.” (NYSCEF No. 1296 at
            Tr. 3151-3152.) Century contended during the process of drafting the charge (see NYSCEF No.
            1172 at 7-9; NYSCEF No. 1182 at 3-4), and argues again now (NYSCEF No. 1228 at 26), that
            Century was entitled to an additional instruction that “a policyholder has a duty reasonably to
            investigate the possibility of claims against it.” This court disagrees.

                    Century’s position, as this court understands it, is essentially that a policyholder cannot
            rest on the information available to it, but also must affirmatively act to increase the available
            information. (See NYSCEF No. 1228 at 26-29 [arguing that Brooklyn Union’s asserted lack of
            knowledge of the extent of contamination or potential liability would not absolve Brooklyn
            Union from the duty to give notice “because Brooklyn Union could have gained knowledge
            through reasonable investigation”] [emphasis added]; NYSCEF No. 1304 at 24-26.) But Century
            has not, whether at trial or on this motion, pointed to record evidence that would warrant a jury
            instruction on this issue.

                    In arguing that a duty to investigate existed here, Century cites decisions of the Court of
            Appeals and the First Department. (See NYSCEF No. 1304 at 24-25, citing Security Mut. Ins.
            Co. of N.Y. v Acker-Fitzsimons Corp., 31 NY2d 436, 443 [1972], and Travelers Indem. Co. v
            Orange & Rockland Utils., Inc., 124 AD3d 436, 437 [2015].) But those decisions hold only that
            a policyholder’s duty to investigate arises when the policyholder is placed on inquiry notice of a
            potentially covered loss—not that a policyholder owes a freestanding duty to investigate in every
            case.18 (See Acker-Fitzsimons, 31 NY2d at 441-442; Orange & Rockland., 124 AD3d at 436-

            18
              Century also relies on language from Christiania General Insurance Corp. of New York v
            Great American Insurance Co. (979 F2d 268, 275-276 [2d Cir. 1992]) that a policyholder’s
            obligation to provide its insurer notice arises when the policyholder, “complying with its duty to
            use due diligence in investigating potential claims against it[,] would believe from the
            information available that its policy would be involved.” (NYSCEF No. 1228 at 27; NYSCEF
            No. 1304 at 25.) But Christiania did not (and did not have occasion to) discuss when and under
            what circumstances that duty to investigate exists or may arise. The Second Circuit’s decision in
            Christiania (a reinsurance case) makes clear that the record gave rise to a material dispute of fact

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            437; accord Empire City Subway Co. v Greater N.Y. Mut. Ins. Co., 35 NY2d 8, 12 [1974];
            Travelers Indem. Co. v Orange & Rockland Utils., Inc., 73 AD3d 576, 576-577 [1st Dept 2010].)
            The trial record in this case does not show that Brooklyn Union was placed on inquiry notice of
            potential claims against the Century excess policies before 1993.

                   For these purposes, the question is whether (and when) Brooklyn Union would have been
            placed on inquiry notice of occurrences that appeared reasonably likely to involve the Century
            excess policies—that is, a reasonable likelihood of property damage leading to government-
            mandated cleanup costs large enough to exceed those policies’ attachment points. (See Century
            Indem. Co., 74 Misc 3d at 738, citing Century Indem. Co. v Keyspan Corp., 2007 NY Slip Op
            50957[U], at *8 [Sup Ct, NY County 2007]; cf. Orange & Rockland., 73 AD3d at 577
            [contrasting the “standard with regard to a primary liability policy, such as involved here,” which
            is “simply awareness of a reasonable possibility that the policy will be implicated,” with the
            “much more lenient standard for the timing of notice applicable in excess insurance cases”].)

                    At trial and on this motion, Century relies on three principal categories of evidence. (See
            NYSCEF No. 1228 at 28; NYSCEF No. 1174 at 3-4 [letter to the court about what the jury
            charge should say].) But this evidence, without more, does not show that Brooklyn Union was
            placed on inquiry notice of (i) environmental contamination at the three MGP sites at issue here
            (or related contamination of the Gowanus Canal) that would (ii) entail government-mandated
            remediation that would (iii) cost more than the attachment points of the Century policies.

                    Two of these three categories comprise (i) internal documents from the 1960s relating to
            the decommissioning of the Citizens MGP, and (ii) testimony from Brooklyn Union’s engineer,
            Bell, that she was aware before 1993 that it was possible that the three MGP sites were
            contaminated. (See NYSCEF No. 1228 at 28.) This evidence demonstrates, at most, that had
            Brooklyn Union gone looking, it might have found evidence of contamination on the MGP sites
            at issue.19 But these categories of evidence do not show that Brooklyn Union was put on notice
            of the need to go looking for contamination before 1993, never mind looking into the likelihood
            that federal, state, or local environmental regulators would require costly cleanup of those sites.
            The third category relates to consideration by Brooklyn Union of the possibility of trying to
            recover costs (whether through insurance coverage or rate recovery) that it might have to incur to
            remediate its MGP sites. (See id., citing NYSCEF No. 1238 and NYSCEF No. 1296 at Tr. 2707.)
            This evidence does not relate to the MGP sites at issue in this case (as opposed to Brooklyn
            Union’s MGP sites generally), nor show that Brooklyn Union received information prior to 1993
            pointing to the existence of contamination on those sites, in particular, that environmental
            regulators would require Brooklyn Union to remediate.

                   In short, one could reasonably conclude from the trial record that Brooklyn Union was
            not proactive in seeking information about the extent of contamination on the three MGP sites at

            about whether the insurer had been on inquiry notice of potential claims well before it provided
            notice of those claims to its reinsurer. (See 979 F2d at 272-273, 275-276.)
            19
               Assuming, of course, that Brooklyn Union had been able to gain access to the Fulton and
            Metropolitan MGP sites, which it concededly did not own or control in the late 1980s and early
            1990s. (See NYSCEF No. 1228 at 28; NYSCEF No. 1296 at Tr. 1252-1253.)

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            issue here. But that is far short of the showing made in cases like Orange & Rockland that a
            policyholder engaged in a “willful failure to investigate . . . despite the overwhelming evidence
            of potential contamination” at former MGP sites. (124 AD3d at 437.) Century did not show at
            trial, and does not show now, that Brooklyn Union received evidence before 1993 putting it on
            inquiry notice of potential contamination at the three MGP sites that could entail remediation
            costs implicating the Century policies—as required to warrant a duty-to-investigate jury
            instruction.

                 B. Century’s Sufficiency/Weight of the Evidence Challenges to the Jury’s Verdict

                    Century also argues that insufficient evidence supports the jury’s findings with respect to
            the end date of property damage at the three MGP sites and the Gowanus Canal—an important
            issue for allocation purposes—or that those findings are against the weight of the evidence.
            Century requests entry of judgment as a matter of law in its favor “as to the end of property
            damage at the three MGP sites,” or “at least a new trial.” (NYSCEF No. 1228 at 1.) Century’s
            request is denied.20

                    1. Background

                    As discussed in the introduction to this decision, the jury was asked at trial to decide
            when property damage at the three MGP sites, and the associated property damage to the
            Gowanus Canal, began and ended, so as to determine what share of Brooklyn Union’s cleanup
            costs must be borne by Century. Only the jury’s findings about the end dates of property damage
            at each site are at issue on this motion.

                    At trial, the parties offered starkly different understandings of whether and when property
            damage ended. Century contended on summation that the jury should find an end date of 2050,
            because Brooklyn Union’s expert had testified that tar in the subsurface “is still moving today,”
            and will continue “slow movement” at least “until 2050, let’s say, or 2060.” (NYSCEF No. 1296
            at Tr. 2987-2988.) Century also argued that this end date would be appropriate based on “all of
            the work that remains to be done” on the three MGP sites and the Canal, asserting that “this
            contamination is pollution still happening every day,” and that it “is going to happen for years to
            come . . . until all of this work is done.” (Id. at Tr. 2988.)

                    Brooklyn Union, on the other hand, argued that the end date should be “the dates that
            Brooklyn Union committed,” or was ordered, to “clean this stuff up,” because it was “at that
            point that the damage at those sites was identified” and was “fixed in the sense that it was
            isolated.” (Id. at Tr. 3062.) Brooklyn Union has “been working to clean [the damage] up since
            then,” with those efforts “stop[ping] the damage,” rather than “causing new damage” or “making

            20
              The parties contest whether any supplemental trial could be conducted solely by the court or
            would have to be held before a jury. (Compare NYSCEF No. 1228 at 11-13 & n 6 and NYSCEF
            No. 1304 at 12-13 [Century, arguing that this court could hold a bench trial], with NYSCEF
            No. 1284 at 11-12 & n 2 [Brooklyn Union, arguing that a jury trial is required].) Given this
            court’s resolution of Century’s challenge to the jury’s verdict, the court does not reach that
            question.

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            the problem worse.” (Id. at Tr. 3062-3063.) Those dates, Brooklyn Union said, were 2002 for the
            Citizens site, and 2007 for the Fulton and Metropolitan sites. (Id. at Tr. 3062.)

                     The jury agreed with neither side. The jury found that property damage at each MGP site
            had ended—and to that extent rejected Century’s position that property damage will continue
            until at least 2050. (See NYSCEF No. 1281 at 20 [Citizens site], 30 [Fulton site]; 40
            [Metropolitan site].) But the jury did not adopt Brooklyn Union’s assumption-of-responsibility
            theory of the end dates of property damage, either. Instead, the jury found that property damage
            ended in 2017 at the Citizens site, in 2015 at the Fulton site, and in 2002 at the Metropolitan site.
            (Id. at 21, 31, 41.) Century now challenges those findings.

                    2. Legal standard

                    To set aside a jury verdict on sufficiency grounds and enter judgment for the moving
            party as a matter of law, a court must conclude that “there is simply no valid line of reasoning
            and permissible inferences which could possibly lead rational [people] to the conclusion reached
            by the jury on the basis of the evidence presented at trial,” such that it would be “utterly
            irrational for a jury to reach the result it has determined upon.” (Cohen v. Hallmark Cards, Inc.,
            45 NY2d 493, 499 [1978].) In assessing this issue, the court must consider the evidence in the
            light most favorable to the nonmoving party, affording that party “every inference that may
            properly be drawn from the evidence presented.” (Dinardo v. City of New York, 13 NY3d 872,
            874 [2009].) Alternatively, if a party is challenging the jury’s verdict as against the weight of the
            evidence (and therefore seeking only a new trial, not entry of judgment as a matter of law), that
            party must establish that “the evidence so preponderate[d] in favor of the [moving party] that [it]
            could not have been reached on any fair interpretation of the evidence.” (Killon v Parrotta, 28
            NY3d 101, 107 [2016] [internal quotation marks omitted; alterations in original].)

                    This court concludes that Century has not met either of these heavy evidentiary burdens.

                    3. Century’s challenge to the jury’s findings

                    On this motion, Century contends that “no rational juror could have concluded that
            property damages has ended at any of the three MGP sites.” (NYSCEF No. 1228 at 5.) Century
            does not, however, claim that it is entitled to a judgment that property damage at all three sites
            will continue until 2050—as it had maintained at trial. It asserts that it is “entitled to judgment
            that property damage at all three sites is continuing,” and that it is “further entitled to a new trial
            to determine when [that] property damage will end.” (Id.)

                    Century’s position on this motion is in tension with its arguments at trial. Beyond arguing
            to the jury that property damage would continue at least until 2050, Century expressly argued to
            the court, in opposing Brooklyn Union’s directed-verdict motion, that no reasonable jury could
            find property damage to have ended before 2050—and sought a directed verdict in Century’s
            favor to that effect. (See NYSCEF No. 1296 at Tr. 2881 [arguing that “there is just no dispute
            here that . . . property damage is still continuing for sure,” and that although “there could be a
            factual dispute [about property damage ending] after 2050 . . . I don’t see how there could be a
            factual dispute before.”]; Tr. 2884 [“[W]e think for those reasons that they haven’t offered any

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            evidence from which a reasonable jury could conclude that the property damage ended before or
            will end before 2050”]; Tr. 2886-2887 [arguing that “again we think no reasonable juror could
            conclude that that factual question [about property damage ending] could be answered with any
            date before 2050,” and that “[f]or purposes of efficiency[,] we would ask for a directed verdict
            that 2050 is the end of the allocation period.”].21)

                    At the same time, this court concludes that Century’s attack on the jury’s factual findings
            should not be considered waived. As noted above, the jury rejected each side’s proffered end
            dates; and neither Century nor Brooklyn Union contend on this motion that the jury was required
            to have adopted those respective end dates. If Century were correct that no valid line of
            reasoning, or any fair interpretation of the evidence, could support the jury’s own chosen dates,
            the jury’s special verdict on this issue would be unsustainable. The court declines to look past the
            possibility that the verdict is fundamentally flawed in this respect. Nor, in any event, does
            Brooklyn Union argue that Century’s challenge to this aspect of the jury’s verdict should fail as
            unpreserved.

                    This court therefore reaches Century’s challenge to the verdict. On the merits, this court
            holds that the jury’s findings are supported by a valid line of reasoning and represent a fair
            interpretation of the evidence at trial.

                       a. Defining “ongoing property damage”

                    In disputing whether and when property damage on the MGP sites ended, the parties each
            employ a legal framework laid out in the decision of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second
            Circuit, applying New York law, in Olin Corp. v Certain Underwriters at Lloyd’s London (468
            F3d 120 [2d Cir 2006].) (See NYSCEF No. 1228 at 6 and NYSCEF No. 1304 at 2-3 [Century];
            NYSCEF No. 1284 at 4-5 [Brooklyn Union].) This court sees no basis to depart from that
            framework, especially in light of the parties’ evident agreement.

                    In Olin, the district court had instructed the jury that for allocation purposes, property
            damage occurred only during the period of active pollution, in the sense of a factory or plant
            continuing to dispose of or discharge contaminants into soil or groundwater. (468 F3d at 127.)
            The court instructed that migration of contamination within the soil and groundwater after the
            end of active pollution, on the other hand, would not constitute ongoing property damage. (Id. at
            127-128.) In appealing from the jury’s verdict, the insurer argued that this instruction was
            erroneous, and that property damage should be deemed to continue until remediation begins. (Id.
            at 128, 131.)

                   The Second Circuit rejected both these positions. It held, for allocation purposes, that
            property damage should be understood to continue to occur “as long as contamination continues

            21
               At oral argument on the current motions, Century contended, citing page 2881 of the
            transcript, that its position on the directed-verdict motion preserved an argument that property
            damage ended at some point between 2020 and 2050. Century’s statements on page 2881, as
            quoted above, do not bear out that contention. Nor do Century’s statements on the ensuing
            transcript pages.

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            to increase or spread, whether or not the contamination is based on active pollution or the passive
            migration of contamination into the soil and groundwater.” (468 F3d at 131.) Under this
            approach, property damage does not necessarily continue until remediation begins, if the
            pollution first “reaches its maximum point”—i.e., if the “total extent of contamination” has
            ceased to spread, or ceased to increase in intensity within the existing three-dimensional volume
            of contamination. (Id.) As a corollary, that soil or groundwater continues to be polluted does not,
            standing alone, mean that property damage is ongoing for allocation purposes, as long as the
            volume or intensity of pollution does not increase. (See id.) That pollution is instead, in essence,
            the continuing effects of completed property damage.

                    Applying this framework, the Olin court concluded that “a new trial is almost certainly
            required” to determine “the period in which property damage occurred.” (Id. at 132.) The Second
            Circuit declined, however, to direct a new trial outright, but remanded for the district court to
            decide whether a new trial was needed. It explained that remand would give the district court an
            opportunity to examine the record to see whether the policyholder had “introduced any evidence
            by which a rational juror could conclude property damage, including the passive spread of
            contaminants, ended before remediation.” (Id.)

                   The question before this court, then, is whether a rational juror could fairly conclude
            based on the trial record that the property damage at each of the three MGP sites—and the
            associated damage to the Gowanus Canal—has already ended, and did so no later than the dates
            found by the jury. The court holds that a rational juror could fairly reach that conclusion.

                    The court’s analysis of this question proceeds in four parts, considering the status of each
            of the three MGP sites, and then the Gowanus Canal as a whole.22

                       b. Applying the Olin definition to the Citizens MGP site

                   As noted above, the jury found that property damage at the Citizens site ended in 2017.
            To show that this finding was supported by the record, Brooklyn Union points to a 2016 report,
            admitted at trial, prepared by one of its environmental-remediation contractors. (See NYSCEF
            No. 1284 at 7-8, citing NYSCEF No. 1290 [BX527].) This report states that, among other things,
            between 2011 and 2016, “over 30,000 gallons of fluid,” the vast majority of it consisting of
            NAPL (non-aqueous-phase liquid),23 “have been removed from the subsurface as part of the on-

            22
               Under the language of the policy, the environmental damage to the Canal due to MGP
            operations is not itself a separate occurrence, but forms part of the occurrences at each MGP site.
            (See Century Indem. Co., 2018 NY Slip Op 52018[U], at *4-6.) As reflected in the parties’
            arguments on this motion, however, the evidence at trial dealt with the harm to (and remediation
            of) the Canal as a whole, and did not split out the particular harms to the Canal that resulted from
            each of the three MGPs. The court concludes that it is most economical, and clearest, to consider
            separately the question whether and when property damage to the Canal ended. Doing so also
            tracks the approach taken by the parties in their post-trial briefing.
            23
               Non-aqueous-phase liquids are chemical substances, such as coal tar, that are in liquid form
            but are not soluble in water. (See NYSCEF No. 1296 at Tr. 474, 522; accord NYSCEF No. 1231
            at ii n 2 [BX506] [same].)

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            going interim . . . recovery program at the Site.” (NYSCEF No. 1290 at 4.24) The report also
            reflects the contractors tested the rate at which NAPL moves through subsurface soil. Those tests
            determined that in many areas of the Citizens site, it was moving quite slowly—to the point that
            many recovery wells there would recover minimal amounts of NAPL. (See id. at 4-5.)

                    This evidence is not overwhelming. Nonetheless, this court agrees with Brooklyn Union
            that, considered in the light most favorable to the verdict, it is sufficient to support the jury’s
            findings on the Citizens site. A rational jury could fairly understand the evidence to indicate that
            remedial measures undertaken by Brooklyn Union had, by 2017, meaningfully reduced the
            intensity of contamination at the Citizens site within the existing polluted volume of soil; that
            this contamination was continuing to be reduced; and that it was unlikely that passive subsurface
            migration of NAPL or other contaminants would expand the volume of pollution. Under the Olin
            framework, these findings would support a conclusion that pollution of the soil at the Citizens
            site had reached its maximum extent by 2017, such that property damage had ended for
            allocation purposes.

                     Century, in challenging this finding, does not contend that a rational juror would be
            unable to interpret the evidence described above in the manner that Brooklyn Union proposes.
            Nor does Century identify other evidence in the record calling this interpretation into question—
            for example, by showing that subsurface pollution in the Citizens site had continued to expand
            (or increase in intensity) after 2017. Century argues only that the conclusion lacks a proper basis
            because “there is no trial evidence suggesting that the remediation at this site was completed by
            2017.” (NYSCEF No. 1228 at 11; accord NYSCEF No. 1304 at 11 [same].) But that is not the
            governing legal test. Olin does not say that remediation must be complete before property
            damage is considered to have ended (at least for allocation purposes). Indeed, Olin carefully
            leaves open the possibility that in some circumstances property damage will end before
            remediation even begins. (See 468 F3d at 131.) The relevant question, under Olin, is whether
            “contamination continues to increase or spread,” or has “reach[ed] its maximum point.” (Id.) In
            the latter scenario, property damage has ended in the relevant sense, even if polluted soil or
            groundwater remains to be remediated.

                   This court agrees with Brooklyn Union that sufficient trial evidence supports the jury’s
            finding that the subsurface pollution at the Citizens site had reached its maximum extent by
            2017.

                       c. Applying the Olin definition to the Fulton MGP Site

                   The jury found that property damage at the Fulton site ended in 2015. In defending this
            finding, Brooklyn Union points to the 2015 record of decision for the site issued by the State
            Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC). (See NYSCEF No. 1284 at 6-7, citing
            NYSCEF No. 1232 [BX522].) Brooklyn Union argues that a rational jury, considering the
            remedial measures directed by this decision, could find that those measures “reflected a

            24
               Citations in this opinion to remediation-related decisions and reports use those documents’
            internal pagination, not the PDF pagination assigned by the parties for purposes of the
            documents’ use as trial exhibits (and used in the parties’ post-trial memorandums of law).

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            determination [by DEC] that any limited subsurface migration was not actively contributing to
            ongoing property damage, let alone expanding the footprint of such damage, by 2015.” (Id. at 7.)
            Considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, this court agrees.

                     The DEC decision directs two remedial measures with respect to Fulton-MGP-related
            contamination occurring on land—as opposed to contamination of the Gowanus Canal and the
            sediments under the Canal stemming from the Fulton site.25 One measure involves construction
            of “coal tar recovery wells . . . behind [a] barrier wall” that will be built between the Fulton site
            and the Canal, “to collect coal tar that accumulates behind the wall”; and “[c]oal tar collection
            wells . . . in upland areas where mobile coal tar is identified by [DEC] in the subsurface.”
            (NYSCEF No. 1232 at 2-3.) The other measure—to be undertaken at some point in the future—
            consists of “[e]xcavation of MGP structures” on the site, “including gas holder foundations and
            tanks, and immediately adjacent source areas and grossly contaminated soil,” with the supports
            for this excavation process to be “left in place as a coal tar migration barrier to prevent mobile
            NAPL from re-contaminating the remediated areas.” (Id. at 5.)

                     Century contends that it is “is impossible for property damage to have ended at the
            upland Fulton site before Brooklyn Union even began the process of containing and removing all
            the tar its MGP operations left behind.” (NYSCEF No. 1228 at 10.) But Century does not point
            to evidence demonstrating (or even suggesting) that this tar will continue to spread (or will later
            spread) beyond the existing volume of subsurface pollution on the Fulton site until Brooklyn
            Union builds the required recovery and collection wells. Considering the evidence in the light
            most favorable to the verdict, a rational jury could find that the coal-tar removal measures
            represent efforts not to prevent the expansion of environmental contamination, but to reduce that
            contamination from its present maximum extent.

                    Century similarly points to Brooklyn Union’s obligation to “excavate approximately
            30,000 cubic yards of tar-contaminated soil”—work that “has not yet begun, and that has no date
            certain by which it will occur.” (Id. at 11.) But, as Olin makes clear, the continued presence of
            contaminated soil in the Fulton subsurface does not itself mean that property damage is ongoing:
            The material question is whether the soil is becoming more contaminated or whether water (or
            NAPL) migrating through that soil “flow[s] on to contaminate new areas.” (468 F3d at 131.)
            Century does not point to any evidence that either of these scenarios is occurring. And, as
            Brooklyn Union points out (NYSCEF No. 1284 at 7), DEC’s “decision to defer addressing
            subsurface MGP structures” and the surrounding soil suggests that the scenarios are not
            occurring.26

            25
               The DEC also directed Brooklyn Union to build a barrier wall between the Fulton MGP site
            and the Gowanus Canal. This measure is discussed in the Gowanus Canal-specific section, infra.
            26
               Century argues that one could see this decision by the DEC differently, as “simply mean[ing]
            that other remedial measures took regulatory priority.” (NYSCEF No. 1304 at 11.) But it would
            not be irrational, or a fundamentally unreasonable interpretation of the evidence, for a jury to
            adopt Brooklyn Union’s view over Century’s. On a CPLR 4404 motion, no more is required to
            sustain the verdict.

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                     Additionally, Century argues that because the coal-tar wells, and soil-excavation
            structures, are intended in part to prevent “recontamination of previously remediated third-party
            property,” property damage in the form of that recontamination remains ongoing. (NYSCEF No.
            1304 at 10; see also NYSCEF No. 1228 at 11 [arguing that the “whole point of [the soil-
            excavation] remedy is to prevent further NAPL contamination”].) Century provides no authority
            for this proposition. Nor does it follow as a matter of logic. For purposes of assessing the jury’s
            finding, the relevant baseline in applying Olin’s maximum-extent-of-pollution standard would be
            the condition in 2015 of the soil and groundwater in the Fulton subsurface. Post-2015
            recontamination might halt a remediation-based decrease in the extent of pollution. But it would
            not necessarily bring about an increase in the spread or intensity of pollution above the 2015
            baseline.27 And Century does not identify evidence in the trial record compelling a conclusion
            that recontamination would have that effect here.

                   This court agrees with Brooklyn Union that sufficient trial evidence supports the jury’s
            finding that the subsurface pollution at the Fulton site had reached its maximum extent by 2015.

                       d. Applying the Olin definition to the Metropolitan MGP site

                     The jury found that property damage at the Metropolitan site ended in 2002. Brooklyn
            Union contends that this finding is rational and fairly supported by a 2003 remediation report
            reflecting extensive remediation efforts that had been undertaken on the site through the end of
            2002. (See NYSCEF No. 1284 at 6, citing NYSCEF No. 1282 [BX429].) This court, considering
            the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, agrees.

                   Century advances two arguments for why a rational jury could not have relied on this
            evidence to find that property damage ended in 2002. Neither is persuasive.

                    First, Century points out that the efforts through 2002 on which Brooklyn Union relies
            did not completely remediate the Metropolitan site; and that more investigation (and likely more
            remediation) of the remaining areas of pollution still remains to be undertaken. (NYSCEF No.
            1304 at 8.) But again, the Olin standard does not require that pollution-remediation be completed
            before property damage will be considered to have ended (at least for allocation purposes)—only
            that the pollution have reached its maximum extent.28 (See Olin, 460 F3d at 131.)

            27
               Alternatively, when dealing with soil and groundwater that is contaminated as of 2015, then
            remediated, then recontaminated, one might take the baseline to be the condition of that soil and
            groundwater immediately before its recontamination. In that scenario, the recontamination would
            increase the intensity of pollution in the formerly remediated area, thereby constituting property
            damage under Olin. At most, though, that increase would be future property damage that has
            begun to reoccur after a gap in time, not property damage ongoing in 2015. Century does not
            explain why the possibility of such not-yet-begun property damage should undermine the jury’s
            verdict.
            28
               Century also relies on the fact that the DEC required Brooklyn Union in 2020 to build a barrier
            wall between the Metropolitan MGP site and the Gowanus Canal; and that this wall had not been
            completed as of the time of trial. (See NYSCEF No. 1228 at 9-10.) This barrier-wall remedy is
            discussed in the Gowanus Canal-specific section, infra.

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                    Second, Century argues that the jury’s finding of a 2002 end date is irrational, because
            Brooklyn Union itself argued on summation that property damage only ended at Metropolitan in
            2007. (NYSCEF No. 1228 at 9, citing NYSCEF No. 1296 at Tr. 3062; NYSCEF No. 1304 at 8
            [same].) But the trial transcript reflects that Brooklyn Union’s position on this point did not rest
            on a factual contention about the state of the soil and groundwater at Metropolitan in 2007 (or
            2002). Rather, Brooklyn Union advocated for a 2007 end date for Metropolitan as part of a
            broader argument that property damage at the three sites should be treated as having ended when
            Brooklyn Union accepted responsibility for remediating that damage—“the dates that Brooklyn
            Union committed to clean this stuff up . . . or committed and [was] ordered to” undertake clean-
            up. (NYSCEF No. 1296 at Tr. 3062.) This is much closer to being a legal argument about how to
            define the end of property damage than a factual characterization of the volume of coal-tar-based
            contamination in the soil and groundwater, as Century now suggests.

                   Crucially, the jury rejected Brooklyn Union’s commitment-to-cleanup argument.
            (Compare id. [proposing end dates of 2002 for Citizens and 2007 for Fulton and Metropolitan],
            with NYSCEF No. 1281 at 21, 31, 41 [finding end dates of 2017 for Citizens, 2015 for Fulton,
            and 2002 for Metropolitan].) The jury’s rejection of Brooklyn Union’s argument worked in
            Century’s favor with respect to the Citizens and Fulton sites—just not with respect to the
            Metropolitan site. (See id.) That difference, though, does not make the jury’s Metropolitan
            findings irrational or against the weight of the evidence.29 As discussed above, this court
            concludes that they were neither.

                       e. Applying the Olin definition to the Gowanus Canal

                     Century argues that the jury’s verdict was irrational, or at least could not be reached on a
            fair interpretation of the evidence, because “undisputed evidence shows that the Gowanus Canal
            property damage that regulators are requiring Brooklyn Union to clean up is ongoing.”
            (NYSCEF No. 1228 at 6.) That is, remediation measures directed by the EPA and the DEC with
            respect to the Canal—both the dredging of the Canal and capping of Canal sediments, and the
            construction of barrier walls between the Canal and the Fulton and Metropolitan MGP sites—
            had not been completed as of 2017. (Id. at 6-7.) As a result, Century argues, damage to the
            Canal—and thus also to the three MGP sites—necessarily remains ongoing for allocation
            purposes. (Id. at 6.) This argument, although not without force, is ultimately unpersuasive in the
            specific factual circumstances present here.

                   As an initial matter, Century suggests that the jury might have erred out of confusion
            about whether damage to the Canal counted as property damage for allocation purposes, because
            “the verdict-form questions concerning the property damage beginning and end dates at each
            MGP site” did not expressly mention the Gowanus Canal sediments. (Id. at 7-8.) This suggestion

            29
               There is also no merit to Century’s assertion that the jury’s 2002 end date is “logically
            impossible” because “Brooklyn Union did not even agree to a clean-up remedy at Metropolitan
            until 2007.” (NYSCEF No. 1228 at 2.) As Olin emphasizes, property damage can, in appropriate
            circumstances, end for allocation purposes before the start of remediation. Whether those
            circumstances are present in any particular case is a factual question. (Olin, 468 F3d at 131-132.)

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            is unpersuasive. The court’s charge to the jury repeatedly emphasized that the property damage
            at issue in the case included both harm “to the groundwater of the three MGP sites and damage
            to the sediments of the Gowanus Canal.” (NYSCEF No. 1296 at Tr. 3145-3146; accord id. at
            3146, 3147, 3151, 3153.) Century does not identify a basis in the record, other than the jury’s
            findings, to believe that the jury was nonetheless confused. (See NYSCEF No. 1228 at 7-8;
            NYSCEF No. 1304 at 7.) But, as discussed below, those findings constitute a rational and fair
            reading of the trial record in this case.

                    Dredging the Canal. As previously discussed, the question for allocation purposes is not
            whether contaminants remain at a polluted site, but whether the volume of that contamination, or
            the intensity of contamination within that volume, is increasing. It is not the case, as Century
            suggests, that property damage necessarily continues because “the Canal sediments have not yet
            been dredged, the sediment has not been capped, and . . . there are still pollutants in the Canal.”
            (NYSCEF No. 1228 at 7.) One must instead consider the purposes those uncompleted remedial
            measures will serve—that is, whether the measures are necessary to halt further expansion or
            intensification of pollution of (or under) the Canal or, alternatively, to reduce pollution from a
            maximum extent that has already been reached.

                    A rational jury could find that the EPA- and DEC-mandated measures are needed only to
            reduce the contamination of the Canal. For example, EPA’s report of its decision with respect to
            required remedial measures reflects that the Canal’s groundwater and its surface and subsurface
            sediments are already thoroughly contaminated with, among other things, NAPL and associated
            chemical compounds. (See NYSCEF No. 1231 [BX506] at 20-22, 24, 26-27, 29, 49.) Dredging
            the Canal to remove the entire top layer of sediments (so-called “soft sediment”30) is required
            because that entire layer is already “grossly[] contaminated” (id. at 80), such that “[p]artial
            removal” of that layer would “leave a large volume of impacted sediments with a broad range
            and high levels of residual contamination” (id. at 51 [emphasis added]; accord id. at 49-51.) And
            laying down a multilayer cap on the next layer down of sediment (the “native sediments”31) is
            required, not because of the possibility of intensification of pollution of the soft sediments as
            they now exist, but to prevent existing contamination from working its way upward in the future
            to pollute the uppermost sediment layer beneath the Canal (see id. at 51, 58-61, 70-71).32

                    The need to take remedial measures to reduce the current volume and intensity of
            pollution is fully consistent with existing pollution having already reached its maximum extent
            before the completion of those measures. And as discussed in the analysis above of the Fulton
            MGP site, this court does not agree with Century’s contention that a remedial goal of preventing
            future, not-yet-occurred contamination, or recontamination, is relevant to the allocation question
            asked of the jury—whether prior property damage is continuing to occur. (See NYSCEF No.
            1304 at 5.) That Brooklyn Union, the EPA, and the DEC have not yet completed steps needed to
            prevent potential property damage from occurring in 2033 does not compel a conclusion that
            property damage is ongoing in 2023, or indeed was ongoing in 2018. And Century does not point

            30
               See NYSCEF No. 1231 at 15 & n 16 (defining this “soft sediment” layer).
            31
               See id. at 15 (defining the “native sediment” layer).
            32
               Complete removal of the soft sediments will also “reduc[e] the risk of recontamination in the
            event of a cap failure” in the future. (NYSCEF No. 1231 at 80.)

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            to trial evidence conclusively showing that potential future recontamination would be worse than
            the pollution present as of the end of 2017 (the latest property-damage end date found by the
            jury).

                    Century also does not identify evidence in the trial record that would compel a rational
            jury to find that contamination within the Canal and its underlying sediments will continue to
            grow in volume until the dredging and capping measures are completed. Nor does Century point
            to evidence compelling a finding that continued pre-dredging seepage of NAPL and other
            contaminants into the Canal into the three MGP sites constitutes a meaningful increase in the
            intensity of Canal-related contamination within its existing volume—whether assessed in terms
            of requiring more extensive remedial measures or otherwise. On the record at trial, that dredging
            and capping had not yet begun as of 2017 does not undermine the jury’s finding that property
            damage ended no later than that date for allocation purposes.

                    Building Barrier Walls. For similar reasons, there is no merit to Century’s argument
            that property damage necessarily ended later than found by the jury because barrier walls
            remained to be built between the Gowanus Canal and the upland portions of the Fulton and
            Metropolitan MGP sites. (See NYSCEF No. 1228 at 9-10; NYSCEF No. 1304 at 3-4.)

                    It is true, as Century emphasizes, that the record contains evidence that these barrier walls
            are intended in part to prevent further seepage of coal tar and other contaminants into the
            Gowanus Canal. (See NYSCEF No. 1232 at 2 [Fulton]; NYSCEF No. 1247 at 1-2 [BX827]
            [Metropolitan].) But again, Century does not show that a jury on this trial record would be
            compelled to conclude this seepage would increase the pre-dredging intensity of MGP-related
            pollution in the Canal. As discussed above, the Canal is already thoroughly contaminated with
            coal tar, NAPL, and similar compounds. Additionally, evidence before the jury indicates that
            environmental regulators see preventing more movement of pollutants into the Canal as
            important to prevent future recontamination of the Canal and Canal sediments after the
            completion of dredging. (See NYSCEF No. 1231 at ii, 83; NYSCEF No. 1232 at 16-17.) The
            record also reflects that building the barrier walls before dredging is necessary to ensure Canal
            “bank stability during the upcoming dredging” project. (NYSCEF No. 1232 at 2, 17; see
            NYSCEF No. 1247 at 1; cf. NYSCEF No. 1231 at 16 [discussing the possibility that dredging
            would threaten the stability of existing walls and bulkhead structures along the length of the
            Canal].)

                     Measures taken to prevent future, not-yet-realized, property damage (i.e.,
            recontamination of remediated sediments and groundwater) would not undermine the jury’s
            finding that the existing property damage ended no later than 2017. Nor would efforts quite
            literally to support the dredging project’s removal of contaminated sediments from beneath the
            Gowanus Canal. As with dredging itself, a rational jury could fairly conclude that building the
            barrier walls is needed to help reduce pollution of the Canal from its maximum extent, not
            prevent the spread or intensification of that pollution.33

            33
              Century’s claim on this motion that no rational jury could conclude that property damage at
            the Fulton and Metropolitan MGP sites ended before completion of the barrier walls (see
            NYSCEF No. 1304 at 9-10) is also in tension with Century’s position in prior MGP-related

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                     Century also contends that “Brooklyn Union’s argument about when property damage
            ends is irreconcilable with its claim that Century is responsible for the costs of remediation at the
            three MGP sites.” (NYSCEF No. 1304 at 3.) That is, Century says, Brooklyn Union is entitled to
            coverage for the costs of government-mandated remediation of property damage. If property
            damage ended no later than 2017, Century’s argument goes, Brooklyn Union is not entitled to
            coverage for post-2017 remedial measures. (Id. at 3-4.) But that does not follow. That property
            damage ended in 2017 does not mean later remediation is unrelated to property damage—merely
            that it is ameliorating the continuing effects of past, completed property damage, as opposed to
            ongoing damage. Requiring Century to cover the costs of post-2017 remediation would be no
            different, in that way, from requiring it to cover the costs of excavation of contaminated soil that
            is not (or is no longer) contributing to the spread of contamination. (Cf. Olin, 468 F3d at 131
            [describing scenario in which presence of contaminated soil would not lead to additional
            property damage].) The connection required under the policy language between property damage
            and government-mandated cleanup costs remains under either scenario.

                   4. Century’s challenge to this court’s apportionment of the Gowanus Canal
                      remediation costs among the three MGP sites

                    Finally, Century argues that this court erred in ruling at trial that for purposes of the
            Century policies’ per-occurrence limits, the Gowanus Canal-related remedial costs “should be
            apportioned equally among the three [MGP] sites.” (NYSCEF No. 1296 at Tr. 2927.) Century
            argues that “costs associated with cleaning up the Gowanus Canal must be divided among the
            three MGPs based on each MGP’s relative contribution to the contamination.” (NYSCEF No.
            1228 at 14.) This court adheres to its ruling that, in the circumstances of this case, equal
            apportionment is the appropriate approach.

            litigation. In 2014, at summary judgment in coverage litigation over Long Island MGP sites,
            Century took the position (and the trial court agreed) that property damage from one of those
            sites had continued until 2012. (See Keyspan Gas E. Corp. v Munich Reins. Am., Inc., Index No.
            604715/1997, NYSCEF No. 36 [mem. of law]; Keyspan Gas E. Corp. v Munich Reins. Am., Inc.,
            46 Misc 3d 395, 397 [Sup Ct, NY County 2014], revd on other grounds 143 AD3d 86 [1st Dept
            2016].) Century based that position on expert testimony that tar migration from MGP sites would
            continue until the building of a barrier wall—a barrier wall that was still uncompleted as of 2012.
            (Keyspan Gas, 46 Misc 3d at 397.)
            In other words, Century accepted in that case—unlike here—that property damage from an MGP
            site had ended for allocation purposes, notwithstanding that a barrier wall needed to halt tar
            migration still remained to be built. This court does not mean to suggest that Century is now
            estopped, formally speaking, from arguing otherwise now. A certain irony exists, though, in
            Century’s now arguing that it would be irrational for a jury to accept a position that Century
            itself previously accepted in similar litigation. That is particularly true given that, unlike other
            instances in which the stances of parties to MGP litigation have changed over time, Century’s
            litigation interests then (arguing for a longer allocation period) are aligned with its current
            interests.

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                    The policy language at issue provides excess coverage “[f]or damages because of injury
            to or destruction of property . . . caused by occurrence.” (NYSCEF No. 1300 at 53.) Century
            contends that this language connects (i) the amount of harm to the Canal due to each MGP’s
            respective operations and (ii) Brooklyn Union’s liability for the costs of cleaning up the Canal;
            and that it requires the court to “apportion damages between occurrences accordingly.”
            (NYSCEF No. 1304 at 14; see id. at 15 [arguing that the question is how much of the Canal
            “property damage for which Brooklyn Union is being held liable was caused by” each MGP].)

                    The difficulty is that, as Century conceded at trial (see NYSCEF No. 1174 at 17), no
            factual connection exists between the respective harm to the Gowanus Canal from each MGP site
            and Brooklyn Union’s Canal-related cleanup liability. Brooklyn Union has not been held liable
            to remedy the particular damage to the Canal that resulted from Fulton MGP contamination, or
            from Metropolitan MGP contamination, or Citizens MGP contamination. Brooklyn Union is
            being required to pay the costs of dredging and capping the Canal as a whole. The need for, and
            nature of, that remedy is not apportioned by, or connected to, particular point sources of
            pollution, factually speaking.34

                   Absent a factual basis permitting a more precise allocation of Canal cleanup costs to each
            MGP site, this court adheres to its earlier conclusion that those costs should be apportioned
            evenly among the three MGPs. As Brooklyn Union points out (NYSCEF No. 1284 at 12),
            Century provides no authority suggesting that this approach is impermissible. To the contrary,
            doing so is consistent with the policy language, because it will require Century to pay to cover
            damages (in the form of cleanup costs) for property damage (in the form of pollution) stemming
            from occurrences at each MGP site. And, as a practical manner, this is the only reasonable
            approach.

                   Accordingly, it is

                  ORDERED that Brooklyn Union’s CPLR 4404 motion to set apart one aspect of the
            judgment (mot seq 053) is denied; and it is further

                    ORDERED that Century’s CPLR 4404 motion to set aside the jury’s verdict and award
            Century judgment as a matter of law on the issue of the length of property damage or,
            alternatively, to direct a new trial on that issue (mot seq 054), is denied; and it is further

            34
               In its opening memorandum of law on this motion, Century describes its expert, Dr. Suuberg,
            as testifying “that the Citizens site was responsible for approximately 60% of the Gowanus Canal
            cleanup costs, whereas the other two sites were responsible for approximately 20% each.”
            (NYSCEF No. 1228 at 15.) But, as Century tacitly concedes on reply (see NYSCEF No. 1304 at
            14), that description is inaccurate. The cited portions of Dr. Suuberg’s testimony did not concern
            the proportion of cleanup costs attributable to each MGP site; they dealt with the relative
            volumes of tar assertedly deposited into the Canal by each MGP through their discharges of
            wastewater—in other words, the amount of pollution from each MGP. (See NYSCEF No. 1296
            at Tr. 1752-1767.) Dr. Suuberg’s calculations, which Brooklyn Union contests (see NYSCEF
            No. 1284 at 14), do not address whether a connection exists between each MGP site’s
            contamination of the Canal and the later need to dredge and cap the Canal.

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                                                                                                 INDEX NO. 403087/2002
  NYSCEF DOC. NO. 566                                                                      RECEIVED NYSCEF: 01/05/2024

                    ORDERED that the parties shall meet and confer on the issue of the amount of Brooklyn
            Union’s monetary recovery under each Century policy in light of the jury’s verdict and the
            court’s rulings, set forth above, on motion sequences 053 and 054; and it is further

                    ORDERED that the parties shall, within 30 days of service of a copy of this order with
            notice of its entry, jointly submit to the court (by e-filing on NYSCEF and email to SFC-Part7-
            Clerk@nycourts.gov) a proposed form of judgment with respect to the three occurrences at issue
            in the 2022 trial in this action; and it is further

                     ORDERED, in the alternative, that if the parties cannot, within 30 days of service of
            notice of entry, reach agreement on a proposed form of judgment, the parties shall submit a joint
            letter (by e-filing on NYSCEF and email to SFC-Part7-Clerk@nycourts.gov) identifying the
            areas of disagreement and briefly describing the parties’ respective positions on those
            disagreements); and it is further

                    ORDERED that Brooklyn Union shall serve notice of entry on all parties.

                     1/5/2024
                                                                                      It
                                                                             HON, GERALD
                                                                                    $SIG$
                                                                                          LESO'l'lfS
                                                                                                    J.S.C . -
                      DATE
             CHECK ONE:              X   CASE DISPOSED                 NON-FINAL DISPOSITION

                                                         □                                      □
                                         GRANTED          X   DENIED   GRANTED IN PART              OTHER

             APPLICATION:                SETTLE ORDER                  SUBMIT ORDER

                                                                                                □
             CHECK IF APPROPRIATE:       INCLUDES TRANSFER/REASSIGN    FIDUCIARY APPOINTMENT        REFERENCE

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