Court Opinion

ID: 1046803
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-08 02:39:39.204583+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:29:52.544721
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                            AT NASHVILLE
                                 August 23, 2011 Session

 MICHAEL H. GAW, ET AL. v. THE VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY, ET AL.

                  Appeal from the Circuit Court for Davidson County
                    No. 05C-3671     Hamilton V. Gayden, Judge

                 No. M2011-00306-COA-R3-CV - Filed April 19, 2012

This is an appeal from a jury verdict in a medical malpractice case. A surgeon performed a
procedure on an infant to repair a birth defect at the defendant hospital. The infant sustained
permanent injuries after the surgery. The parents filed suit on the infant’s behalf against the
hospital for failing to adhere to the expected standard of care. At the conclusion of trial, the
hospital moved for a directed verdict on all claims, with only the claims for informed consent
and post-operative negligence being denied. The jury entered a judgment in favor of the
infant. The hospital has appealed. We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

        Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court
                            Affirmed; Case Remanded

J OHN W. M CC LARTY, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which H ERSCHEL P. F RANKS,
P.J., and D. M ICHAEL S WINEY, J., joined.

Steven E. Anderson and Sara F. Reynolds, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellants, The
Vanderbilt University d/b/a Vanderbilt University Medical Center d/b/a Vanderbilt
Children’s Hospital.

Todd A. Rose, Paris, Tennessee, and Les Jones, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellees,
Michael H. Gaw, a Minor, By Next Friends and Parents, Howard Gaw and Beth Gaw.

                                          OPINION

                                    I. BACKGROUND

     On December 3, 2002, Michael H. Gaw, the plaintiff, was born with a condition
known as bladder exstrophy. Bladder exstrophy is a rare birth defect that causes an infant
to be born with the bladder open and on the outside of the body with neither the abdominal
wall nor pelvic bones fused together. In a male infant, the penis is foreshortened and split
in half.

       Due to the complexity of the condition, Gaw was transferred within hours after his
birth to Vanderbilt University Children’s Hospital (defendant entities collectively
“Vanderbilt”). The next day, Gaw was cared for by John C. Pope IV, M.D., a pediatric
urologist at Vanderbilt. Dr. Pope determined that the infant had a penile length sufficient to
attempt to perform a “primary repair” of the bladder and penis.

        In the United States, there are two recognized surgical methods for the repair of
bladder exstrophy in male infants. The first, which is called “the modern staged repair,”
involves the closure of the bladder shortly after birth, with the repair of the penis occurring
approximately six months later. This method separates the repair of the bladder and the
repair of the penis into two separate surgeries. The second method, the “complete repair,”
involves the repair of the bladder as well as the penis in the same surgery. During this
procedure, the bladder is closed, the pubic bones are brought together, and the urethra is put
in place to drain urine as far toward the tip of the penis as its length will allow. Then, the
penis is repaired in a process called “degloving” the penis. Essential, the penis is divided and
disassembled, then reconstructed by bringing the halves of the penis together, complete with
stitches all around the penis and under the glans. The complete repair is also known as the
Mitchell repair, named after Michael Mitchell, M.D., and has become widely adopted for
bladder exstrophy procedures.

       After examining Gaw and determining he had an adequate bladder plate and penile
length of closure, Dr. Pope performed a complete repair on Gaw on December 5, 2002. At
the end of the surgery, Gaw was taken to the recovery room, where he was attended by Dr.
Pope and his urology team. During this time, several nurses and at least two physicians
recorded observations regarding the color and condition of Gaw’s penis. In the days after
surgery, Gaw’s penis looked bruised and “congested” and was described as “purple,”
“black,” and “necrotic.” Despite these observations, Dr. Pope insisted that there was no basis
for surgical intervention in the days following the surgery. At trial, he testified that after a
complete repair surgery, the penis is not typically pink:

       Q.    Now, is the penis after this reconstruction typically pink and healthy
       looking?

       A.     No.

       Q.     Is -- Doctor, is that -- is that even possible given what you have done

                                              -2-
       in the operating room?

       A.     Well, I mean, we -- just demonstrated the complexity of taking the penis
       apart and putting the penis back together again. And any time there’s that
       degree of dissection and work and reconstruction of the penis, it’s going to
       look like it’s been -- it’s not going to be just pink and fresh and happy and
       beautiful looking immediately after surgery.

        Gaw’s parents, Beth and Howard Gaw (“Parents”), were concerned about their son
and asked Dr. Pope about the condition of the infant’s penis. According to their testimony,
Dr. Pope responded that the discoloration and “crusty” appearance of the penis was due to
a scab that would eventually fall off. He did not tell Parents that Gaw had sustained an injury
to his penis at that time. When Gaw was discharged on December 28, 2002, he had lost a
portion of the left corporal body (or shaft) of the penis and most of the left side of the glans
(or head) of the penis.

        Following Gaw’s discharge from Vanderbilt, Parents transferred his care to Dr. John
Gearhart, M.D., the Chief of the Department of Pediatric Urology at The Johns Hopkins
School of Medicine at The Johns Hopkins Medical Center in Maryland. In his experience
as a surgeon, he had performed over two hundred bladder exstrophy closures and had
“reclosed” approximately one hundred twenty bladder exstrophy patients. When Dr.
Gearhart first saw Gaw in 2003, he noted that part of Gaw’s penis was missing and explained
this to Parents. Parents claim that Dr. Gearhart was the first physician to tell them that Gaw
had sustained an injury to his penis.

      On December 2, 2005, Parents filed suit on Gaw’s behalf against The Vanderbilt
University and Dr. Pope. Pursuant to Rule 26 of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure,
Gaw designated an expert from Nashville, Tennessee, Victor Braren, M.D. But prior to trial,
Gaw sought and obtained a waiver of the contiguous state requirement contained in
Tennessee Code Annotated section 29-26-115(b) to also allow the expert testimony of Dr.
Gearhart, who, as stated above, practices in Maryland.

        In September 2010, the jury trial was commenced. Dr. Pope was voluntarily
dismissed as a defendant during the trial. Dr. Gearhart asserted that Gaw’s injury was
attributable to Dr. Pope’s post-operative negligence. Although he had never performed a
complete repair, which was the surgery performed on Gaw, Dr. Gearhart testified that
following this type of surgery, Gaw’s penis should have been “pink,” not “purple” or
“black.” Dr. Gearhart asserted that when Dr. Pope brought Gaw’s pubic bones together with
sutures, he was “stitched too tightly,” which put pressure on the erectile bodies. Dr. Gearhart
explained that Dr. Pope’s failure to return Gaw to surgery and let the pressure off the erectile

                                              -3-
bodies caused the harm that otherwise would not have occurred:

       Q.     Do you have an opinion, Dr, Gearhart, as to whether or not it would
       have made a difference if Dr. Pope had complied with the standard of care and
       gone back in and taken Michael Gaw to surgery? Do you have an opinion as
       to whether it would have made a difference with respect to the loss of the
       penile tissue?

       A.     I think, early on, when they were talking about it being bluish and then
       light purple and things like that in the nursing notes, I think had they taken
       Michael back to the operating room, removed the suture from the pubic bones,
       observed the penis in the operating room under anesthesia and then taken
       corrective measures, I think more likely than not he would not have lost as
       much of his penis as he did.

But, Dr. Gearhart was not able to articulate exactly how much of Gaw’s penis would have
been saved if Dr. Pope had taken him back into surgery:

       Q.     And you can’t tell this jury how much would have been spared if
       surgery had been -- if some sort of surgical procedure had been instituted on
       the 6th or the 7th or the 8th of December, can you?

       A.      Well, I can say more likely than not he wouldn’t have lost as much
       tissue as he had. And the earlier they would have done it on the 6th, 7th, the
       earlier, the better. I think he would have lost less tissue.

       Q.     Right. And “less” is an undefined term here?

       A.     Well, when your penis is 50 percent shorter than normal, every little bit
       is important.

       Q.     And I’m not quibbling with you over that, Doctor. The question is: You
       can’t tell this jury with any kind of precision what amount would have been
       spared, can you?

       A.     No. But I think he would not have lost as much as he did.

       Vanderbilt made an oral motion for directed verdict on all claims at the close of Gaw’s
proof, and the court granted the motion in part, dismissing the claim for negligent supervision

                                              -4-
of the surgical procedure at issue and denying the motion as to the claims of informed
consent and post-operative negligence. The jury returned a verdict for Vanderbilt with
respect to the informed consent issue but found that Dr. Pope had departed from the
recognized standard of acceptable professional practice in the post-operative care and
medical treatment of Gaw. Finding for Gaw on the issue of causation, the jury awarded
$1,300,000 in damages.

        The court entered a judgment in accordance with the jury’s verdict. Vanderbilt filed
a motion for judgment in accordance with motion for directed verdict, motion for new trial,
or, in the alternative, for remittitur in November 2010. The court denied Vanderbilt’s
post-trial motion in its entirety. Vanderbilt timely filed its notice of appeal on February 7,
2010.

                                        II. ISSUES

       Vanderbilt raises the following five issues on appeal:

       (1)    Whether the trial court erred in granting a waiver from the
              geographic restriction of Tennessee Code Annotated section
              29-26-115(b) for expert witness Dr. Gearhart.

       (2)    Whether the trial court erred in denying Vanderbilt’s motion for
              directed verdict on the grounds that Gaw’s causation proof was
              insufficient as a matter of law.

       (3)    Whether the trial court erred in allowing the testimony of Dr.
              Gearhart on the issue of causation, pursuant to Rule 703 of the
              Tennessee Rules of Evidence.

       (4)    Whether the trial court erred in denying Vanderbilt’s motion for
              a remittitur of the jury’s $1,300,000 verdict.

       (5)    Whether the trial court erred by precluding Vanderbilt from
              presenting demonstrative photographs of a male child before
              and after bladder exstrophy surgery to refute the testimony of
              Dr. Gearhart.

                                             -5-
                              III. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       In considering a motion for a directed verdict, the trial court must take the strongest
legitimate view of the evidence in favor of the nonmoving party, allow all reasonable
inferences in favor of that party, and discard all countervailing evidence. Newcomb v. Kohler
Co., 222 S.W.3d 368, 390 (Tenn. 2006) (quoting Crain v. Benton, 823 S.W.2d 187, 195
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1991)); Johnson v. Tennessee Farmers Mut. Ins. Co., 205 S.W.3d 365, 370
(Tenn. 2006). Directed verdicts are appropriate when the evidence supports only one
conclusion. Gann v. International Harvester Co., 712 S.W.2d 100, 105 (Tenn.1986); see
Gaston v. Tenn. Farmers Mut. Ins. Co., 120 S.W.3d 815, 819 (Tenn. 2003). They are
inappropriate when the material facts are in dispute or when there is substantial disagreement
concerning the conclusions to be drawn from the evidence. Long v. Mattingly, 797 S.W.2d
889, 892 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1990).

        Once a trial court has approved a jury verdict, the standard to be applied on appeal to
review the jury verdict is stringent. Shropshire v. Roach, No. M2007-02593-COA-R3-CV,
2009 WL 230236, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 30, 2009). The applicable standard of review
is set out in Rule 13(d) of the Tennessee Rules of Appellate Procedure, which provides,
“[f]indings of fact by a jury in civil actions shall be set aside only if there is no material
evidence to support the verdict.” Appellate courts should not reweigh evidence or decide
where the preponderance of the evidence lies. Whaley v. Perkins, 197 S.W.3d 665, 671
(Tenn. 2006). If the record contains “any material evidence to support the verdict, [the jury’s
findings] must be affirmed. Crabtree Masonry Co. v. C & R Constr., Inc., 575 S.W.2d 4, 5
(Tenn. 1978).

                                    IV. DISCUSSION

                            A. Contiguous State Requirement

       Tennessee Code Annotated section 29-26-115(b) provides:

       No person in a health care profession requiring licensure under the laws of this
       state shall be competent to testify in any court of law to establish the facts
       required to be established by subsection (a), unless the person was licensed to
       practice in the state or a contiguous bordering state a profession or specialty
       which would make the person’s expert testimony relevant to the issues in the
       case and had practiced this profession or specialty in one (1) of these states
       during the year preceding the date that the alleged injury or wrongful act
       occurred. This rule shall apply to expert witnesses testifying for the defendant

                                              -6-
       as rebuttal witnesses. The court may waive this subsection (b) when it
       determines that the appropriate witnesses otherwise would not be available.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-26-115 (b) (Supp. 2011). The Tennessee Medical Malpractice Act
requires all experts to have been licensed and practicing in Tennessee or a contiguous state
in the year preceding the events alleged in the action. Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-26-115(b). But
the trial court may waive the contiguous state requirement when it determines “that the
appropriate witnesses otherwise would not be available.” Id.

        Trial courts have broad discretion in determining the competency of experts. Pyle v.
Morrison, 716 S.W.2d 930, 933 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1986) (quoting Ayers v. Rutherford Hosp.,
Inc., 689 S.W.2d 155, 162 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1984)); Rose v. HCA Health Servs., 947 S.W.2d
144, 147 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996) perm. app. denied (Tenn. 1997). Appellate courts will not
reverse the ruling of a trial judge on the issue of competency of a witness unless it is shown
that the trial judge was clearly in error, and the decision was an abuse of discretion. Id. The
abuse of discretion standard of review is a less rigorous review of the lower court’s decision.
Lee Med., Inc. v. Beecher, 312 S.W.3d 515, 524 (Tenn. 2010); Beard v. Bd. of Prof’l
Responsibility, 288 S.W.3d 838, 860 (Tenn. 2009). It does not permit reviewing courts to
second-guess the court below, White v. Vanderbilt Univ., 21 S.W.3d 215, 223 (Tenn. Ct.
App. 1999), or to substitute their discretion in place of the lower court’s, Henry v. Goins, 104
S.W.3d 475, 479 (Tenn. 2003), because the decision being reviewed involved a choice
among several acceptable alternatives. Overstreet v. Shoney’s, Inc., 4 S.W.3d 694, 708
(Tenn. Ct. App. 2000).

        Vanderbilt asserts on appeal that the trial court erred when it waived the contiguous
state requirement to allow the testimony of the additional expert witness Dr. Gearhart.
Vanderbilt cites Ward v. Glover , 206 S.W.3d 17, 37-38 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006), where the
plaintiff’s counsel sought waiver of the contiguous state requirement in order to introduce
the testimony of a New York physician, although the plaintiff already had two experts who
met the requirement. The crux of the plaintiff’s argument was that the out-of-state doctor
was more qualified as an expert witness. We upheld the trial court’s denial of the waiver
based on the holding of a Tennessee federal district court case, Ralph v. Nagy, 749 F. Supp.
169, 174 (M.D. Tenn. 1990), that held when a plaintiff has “appropriate” expert witnesses,
the locality rule will not be waived to allow the plaintiff to “ice his cake” with the testimony
of an expert who is allegedly more qualified. See Ward, 206 S.W.3d at 37. Vanderbilt
contends that allowing Gaw to bring in a “world-renowned” expert would, in essence, allow
Gaw to “ice his cake” with the testimony of a more qualified witness.

        In response, Gaw argues that, given the trial court’s wide discretion in allowing
testifying experts, Dr. Gearhart’s testimony was properly admitted pursuant to Pyle v.

                                              -7-
Morrison, 716 S.W.2d 930 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1986). In Pyle, the trial court waived the locality
rule to admit the testimony of an expert witness from Maryland when the plaintiff already
had one expert witness from a bordering state. Id. at 932. The plaintiff’s counsel submitted
an affidavit to the effect that after diligent search and inquiry, he was able to find only one
witness within a contiguous state. Id. In upholding the waiver, the court noted that the
“statute contemplates that there may be more than one appropriate witness when it uses the
plural, ‘witnesses.’” Furthermore, the statute “places some discretion with the trial court to
allow or disallow testimony in the interest of equity and justice.” Id. at 933.

        Even though the court in Ward found it inappropriate to waive the locality rule under
the facts of that case, this does not mean that the trial court’s decision in this case constitutes
an abuse of discretion. Pursuant to Pyle, the court can waive the requirement when a
plaintiff shows that, after diligent search and inquiry, the plaintiff can only find one expert
witness from a bordering state. Pyle, 716 S.W.2d at 932. Even though Gaw’s counsel
retained Dr. Braren, who fell within the requirement, they submitted an affidavit evidencing
a good-faith, reasonable search for an appropriate expert witness.1 The trial court’s decision
to waive the requirement was within the “range of acceptable alternatives,” and, as stated in
Ward, we will not “second-guess a trial court’s exercise of its discretion simply because the
trial court chose an alternative” that this court would not have chosen. See Ward, 206
S.W.2d at 38; White v. Vanderbilt Univ., 21 S.W.3d 215, 223 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1999).
Therefore, we find that the trial court’s decision in this case to waive the contiguous state
requirement was not an abuse of discretion.

                       B. Causation for Negligent Post-Operative Care

      In order to succeed in a malpractice action, a plaintiff must prove that “[a]s a
proximate result of the defendant’s negligent act or omission, the plaintiff suffered injuries
which would not otherwise have occurred.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 29-26-115 (a)(3); see also
Payne v. Caldwell, 769 S.W.2d 142, 143 (Tenn. 1990), Taylor v. Jackson-Madison County
Gen. Hosp., 231 S.W.3d 361, 365 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006). The trial court denied Vanderbilt’s
motion for directed verdict on the issue of whether Dr. Pope’s negligent post-operative care
of Gaw was the legal cause of Gaw’s injuries. Under the directed verdict standard,
Vanderbilt must show that there is no material evidence contrary to the proposition that Gaw

        1
         Gaw’s search for an expert witness within a contiguous state began in 2005 and included: reviewing
legal publications, reviewing direct mailings from organizations that serve as liaisons between attorneys and
expert witnesses, consultation with other attorneys, reviewing opinions from state and federal medical
malpractice cases, sending letters to 14 medical schools in Tennessee and seven surrounding states, and
communicating directly with five pediatric urologists.

                                                    -8-
would have sustained the same loss if Dr. Pope had returned Gaw to surgery.

        Causation must be proved by a preponderance of the evidence, whereby the plaintiff
must demonstrate that the negligence more than likely caused the injury. Kilpatrick v.
Bryant, 868 S.W.2d 594, 598-99 (Tenn. 1993), Lindsey v. Miami Dev. Corp., 689 S.W.2d
856, 861 (Tenn. 1985) (“[p]laintiff must introduce evidence which affords a reasonable basis
for the conclusion that it is more likely than not that the conduct of the defendant was a cause
in fact of the result.”). The mere occurrence of an injury does not prove negligence. See
Kilpatrick, 868 S.W.2d at 599. Moreover, even when a defendant has breached a duty of
care owed to the plaintiff, the plaintiff must still establish that the defendant’s conduct caused
the plaintiff’s injury. Id.

        Vanderbilt argues that Dr. Gearhart’s testimony on causation evidences a “loss of
chance” case, and because Tennessee does not recognize loss of chance claims, the directed
verdict should have been granted. See Kilpatrick, 868 S.W.2d at 602. The loss of chance
doctrine permits recovery where the delay in proper treatment of a medical condition causes
a patient to be deprived of a less than even chance of recovering. Id. at 599. But
“[c]ausation in fact is a matter of probability, not possibility, and in a medical malpractice
case, such must be shown to a reasonable degree of medical certainty.” Id. at 602 (citing
White v. Methodist Hosp. South, 844 S.W.2d 642, 648-49 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1992)). Because
showing the possibility of causation is not sufficient to establish the nexus between a
plaintiff’s injuries and a defendant’s conduct, the Court in Kilpatrick stated that “the loss of
chance theory of recovery is fundamentally at odds with the requisite degree of medical
certitude necessary to establish a causal link” in a medical malpractice case. Kilpatrick, 868
S.W.2d at 602. Therefore, in Tennessee, a plaintiff must prove that the physician's act or
omission more likely than not was the cause in fact of the harm. Id. at 599.

        Accordingly we must determine whether Dr. Gearhart’s testimony in fact established
a reasonable basis for the conclusion that it was more likely than not the conduct of Dr. Pope
that was a cause in fact of Gaw’s injury. If Dr. Gearhart’s testimony, instead, establishes a
loss of chance case, whereby Dr. Pope’s actions deprived Gaw of a less than even chance of
recovering, Vanderbilt should have been entitled to judgment as a matter of law in
accordance with its motion for directed verdict.

        At trial, Dr. Gearhart testified that if Gaw would have been returned to surgery, he
“more likely than not . . . would not have lost as much of his penis as he did.” This
conclusion was supported by the opinion that Gaw’s pubic bone sutures were the cause of
the loss of blood to the penis, not the surgical repair of the penis itself. As foundation for his
opinion, Dr. Gearhart offered an anecdote, whereby one of his patients was prevented from
losing any penile tissue following a surgical repair of the bladder when he was returned to

                                               -9-
surgery shortly after his penis became discolored.

       Vanderbilt claims this anecdote is irrelevant because it involved a surgical repair of
the bladder only, with no penile repair. In this case, Gaw underwent a procedure to repair
both the bladder and penis in one operation, not merely a repair of the bladder. But Dr.
Gearhart’s conclusion rested on the belief that the loss of blood to the penis resulted from
Gaw being closed too tightly during the surgical repair of the bladder, not the repair of the
penis. Dr. Gearhart testified that Dr. Pope should have taken Gaw back into surgery to
remove sutures from the pubic bone, which were put in during the bladder repair. Because
the complication was a result of the bladder repair, and not the penile repair, Dr. Gearhart’s
anecdote regarding a patient that was returned to surgery after a bladder repair was relevant.
Therefore, this anecdote goes toward the resolution of the issue of whether Dr. Gearhart’s
testimony consisted of material evidence that refutes the proposition that Gaw would have
sustained the full extent of his loss even if Dr. Pope had returned Gaw to surgery.

        Vanderbilt also asserts that Dr. Gearhart’s testimony is directly contrary to his
incantation of “more likely than not” language. Vanderbilt claims that there is no factual or
scientific basis for his “more likely than not” conclusion. Dr Gearhart conceded that he was
unaware of “any data, any scientific basis for the opinion that the infant would have suffered
less tissue loss” if he had been taken back to surgery on December 6, 2002. Moreover, while
Dr. Gearhart testified that Gaw “would not have lost as much of his penis as he did,” he
could not articulate what the precise amount of tissue loss would have been if there was post-
operative intervention:

       “We might have ended up in the same boat that we’re in today, but we don’t
       know that. And I think that he had a chance of possibly saving some soft
       tissue, saving part of that penis had they done something earlier, before it
       turned black 48 hours after surgery.”

(Emphasis added). Vanderbilt claims that this testimony on causation with respect to the
alleged post-operative negligence evidences a loss of chance theory. His failure to articulate
how much tissue the infant allegedly lost from Dr. Pope’s negligence and the lack of
scientific evidence supporting his conclusion creates, according to Vanderbilt, an insufficient
basis for the conclusion that it was more likely than not the conduct of Dr. Pope that caused
the result.
        As recognized in White v. Vanderbilt University, 21 S.W.3d 215 (Tenn. Ct. App.
1999) perm. app. denied (Tenn. 2000), “[t]he law does not require the level of specificity and
certainty” that Vanderbilt advocates. Id. at 232. Instead, Gaw need only produce evidence
showing that Dr. Pope’s negligence, more likely than not, caused Gaw’s injuries. See id.
The evidence presented by Dr. Gearhart is sufficient to create a jury-submissible issue of fact

                                             -10-
and overcome the standard for a directed verdict. As shown from his anecdote, he
encountered a similar complication and, because of his decision to take his patient back into
surgery, no penile tissue was lost. And, as stated by Dr. Gearhart on cross-examination, his
opinion testimony stems from his extensive experience with bladder exstrophy complications
and “25 years of experience on how [he] would treat [this].” Although Dr. Gearhart could
not precisely articulate how much tissue the infant lost due to Dr. Pope’s negligence, Dr.
Gearhart testified that Gaw would have experienced less tissue loss if Dr. Pope had returned
him to surgery, particularly if he had been returned to surgery soon after the penis began to
show signs of oxygen deprivation.

        A similar type of causation testimony was shown to be sufficient to survive a directed
verdict in White, whereby an expert testified that “it’s more likely than not that the sooner
that the blood clot was removed, the better off the patient would end up.” White, 21 S.W.3d
at 232. Dr. Gearhart’s testimony, while lacking complete certainty on the exact loss
sustained due to Dr. Pope’s negligence, is sufficient to overcome a directed verdict on the
issue of causation.

        We do not find that Dr. Gearhart’s testimony set forth a loss of chance theory whereby
the alleged acts of Dr. Pope “might have” or “possibly” resulted in Gaw’s injuries.
Construing the testimony of Dr. Gearhart in a light most favorable to Gaw, we cannot say
that the only conclusion that a reasonable person can draw is that Dr. Pope was not negligent
and that his conduct did not cause Gaw to suffer damages that he would not otherwise had
suffered. Therefore, the denial of the directed verdict is affirmed.

                 C. Admission of Dr. Gearhart’s Causation Testimony

        Questions regarding the admissibility of testimony are left to the discretion of the trial
court. See McDaniel v. CSX Transp., 955 S.W.2d 257, 263 (Tenn. 1997). But a trial court’s
ruling on the admissibility of evidence may be overturned on appeal where the discretion is
arbitrarily exercised. Id. at 263-64. A trial court abuses its discretion if it applies an
incorrect legal standard or reaches an illogical or unreasonable decision that causes an
injustice to the complaining party. State v. Stevens, 78 S.W.3d 817, 832 (Tenn. 2002).

      In Tennessee, Tennessee Rules of Evidence 702 and 703 govern the issue of
admissibility of scientific proof. These rules determine how the trial court should decide
what expert testimony a jury will hear. Rule 702 provides:

       If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will substantially assist
       the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a

                                              -11-
       witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or
       education may testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise.

Tenn. R. Evid. 702. Rule 703 provides:

       The facts or data in the particular case upon which an expert bases an opinion
       or inference may be those perceived by or made known to the expert at or
       before the hearing. If of a type reasonably relied upon by experts in the
       particular field in forming opinions or inferences upon the subject, the facts or
       data need not be admissible in evidence. Facts or data that are otherwise
       inadmissible shall not be disclosed to the jury by the proponent of the opinion
       or inference unless the court determines that their probative value in assisting
       the jury to evaluate the expert’s opinion substantially outweighs their
       prejudicial effect. The court shall disallow testimony in the form of an opinion
       or inference if the underlying facts or data indicate lack of trustworthiness.

Tenn. R. Evid. 703. Based on these two rules, the trial court must determine that the expert
testimony is reliable in that the evidence will substantially assist the trier of fact to determine
a fact in issue and that the underlying facts and data appear to be trustworthy. Pursuant to
Rule 703, Vanderbilt moved in limine to exclude the causation testimony of Dr. Gearhart
regarding the post-operative care claim, but the trial court denied Vanderbilt’s motion.
Vanderbilt argues that Dr. Gearhart’s opinions are “baseless speculation” and not based on
relevant scientific methods, process, and data, in violation of Rule 703.

       First, Vanderbilt asserts that the trial court admitted Dr. Gearhart’s testimony based
on the length of his resume, not on the scientific reasoning and methodology underlying his
testimony. Vanderbilt provided the trial court’s order as proof of this error:

       In denying this motion, the Court finds that Dr. Gearhart’s extensive
       experience in treating patients with bladder exstrophy as well as his extensive
       academic endeavors and publications on the topic of bladder exstrophy qualify
       him to render his opinions in this matter . . . .

Because the trial court did not base its holding on whether “the reasoning or methodology
underlying the testimony [wa]s scientifically valid,” Vanderbilt argues that Rule 703 was
violated and the court abused its discretion by admitting Dr. Gearhart’s causation testimony.

      Second, Vanderbilt asserts that Dr. Gearhart had no data and no scientific basis to
support his opinion on causation. During his discovery deposition, Dr. Gearhart testified as
follows:

                                               -12-
       Q.     Doctor, do you have any data, any scientific basis for the opinion that
       the child would have suffered less tissue loss if he had been operated or
       reoperated on when this nurse made that note?

       A.     No.

When asked whether he was attempting to change that deposition testimony during trial, Dr.
Gearhart said, “No. I think – again, I think that – I don’t have any scientific basis for it, but
I have 25 years of experience and [have] seen a lot of exstrophy children, and I think that not
doing anything for this child resulted in more tissue loss.” Vanderbilt argues that because
Dr. Gearhart’s experience and academic credentials cannot act as substitutes for scientific
methods, processes, and data, his causation testimony was baseless speculation.

      In determining the reliability of scientific testimony, the Tennessee Supreme Court
in McDaniel listed several nonexclusive factors that courts could consider, including:

       (1) whether scientific evidence has been tested and the methodology with
       which it has been tested; (2) whether the evidence has been subjected to peer
       review or publication; (3) whether a potential rate of error is known; (4)
       whether . . . the evidence is generally accepted in the scientific community;
       and (5) whether the expert’s research in the field has been conducted
       independent of litigation.

955 S.W.2d at 265.

        A trial court has great latitude in assessing the reliability of the expert testimony and
is not required to rigidly apply the McDaniel factors. Brown v. Crown Equipment Corp., 181
S.W.3d 268, 277 (Tenn. 2005). The reasonableness of the McDaniel factors in assessing
reliability depends on the particular issue, the witness’s expertise, and the subject of the
expert’s testimony. Id. The McDaniel factors may apply when they are reasonable measures
of the reliability of the expert testimony. State v. Stevens, 78 S.W.3d 817, 834 (Tenn. 2002).

       The Tennessee Supreme Court has also stated that a trial court may consider other
factors in assessing the reliability of the expert’s testimony. First, the trial court may
consider the expert’s qualifications for testifying on the issue. Stevens, 78 S.W.3d at 834-35;
see Brown, 181 S.W.3d at 274. This factor is applicable particularly where the expert’s
personal experience is essential to the methodology or analysis underlying the opinion.
Brown, 181 S.W.3d at 274. Second, the trial court may consider the straightforward
connection between the expert’s knowledge and the basis for the opinion such that no
“analytical gap” exists between the data and the opinion offered. Stevens, 78 S.W.3d at 835.

                                              -13-
       While these factors are helpful to the trial court in determining the reliability of the
testimony, a trial court need not consider all these factors in making its determination.
Brown, 181 S.W.3d at 274. These nonexclusive factors aid the court in its gatekeeping
function, but upon admission, the expert testimony will be subject to vigorous cross-
examination and countervailing proof. Stevens, 78 S.W.3d at 835; McDaniel, 955 S.W.2d
265. The trier of fact is entrusted with the responsibility of weighing the importance of
expert opinions.

        In this case, Vanderbilt has not shown that Dr. Gearhart’s opinion lacked
trustworthiness under Rule 703 of the Tennessee Rules of Evidence. His opinion was based
on his practical experiences, his extensive experience in treating patients with bladder
exstrophy, and his academic endeavors and publications on the topic of bladder of exstrophy.
As the Tennessee Supreme Court has stated, an expert’s opinions are reliable “if the expert’s
conclusions are sufficiently straightforward and supported by a ‘rational explanation which
reasonable [persons] could accept as more correct than not correct.’” Brown, 181 S.W.3d
at 275 (quoting Wood v. Stihl, 705 F.2d 1101, 1107-08 (9th Cir. 1983)). Dr. Gearhart
testified that the pressure on Gaw’s pubic bones diminished the blood supply to his penis,
which caused Gaw to sustain an injury that he otherwise would not have sustained. He
reached this conclusion based on his extensive experience treating bladder exstrophy and on
a specific instance where taking a patient back to surgery prevented the loss of any penile
tissue. His testimony was subject to vigorous cross-examination by Vanderbilt, and the jury
was given the opportunity to weigh the countervailing proof.

       Upon reviewing the record, we conclude that Dr. Gearhart’s scientific testimony was
sufficiently reliable. Therefore, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in
admitting Dr. Gearhart’s testimony and finding that the testimony was not so unreliable that
is should be precluded under Rule 703.

                          D. Court’s Approval of Jury’s Verdict

       Although the calculation of damages is primarily for the jury, the trial court has the
statutory prerogative to adjust damage awards to accomplish justice between the parties and
to avoid the time and expense of a new trial. Tenn. Code Ann. §§ 20-10-101, 102; Long v.
Mattingly, 797 S.W.2d 889, 896 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1990). Pursuant to this power, the trial
court, acting as the thirteenth juror, may grant remittitur “when the trial judge is of the
opinion that the verdict in favor of a party should be reduced.” Bates v. Jackson, 639 S.W.2d
925, 926 (Tenn. 1980); Benson v. Tennessee Valley Elec. Co-op., 868 S.W.2d 630, 639
(Tenn. Ct. App. 1993).

                                             -14-
       But where a trial judge has approved a jury award and denied a defendant’s motion
for remittitur, the reviewing court should afford deference to those who heard the evidence.
See Thrailkill v. Patterson, 879 S.W.2d 836, 841 (Tenn. 1994). When the defendant seeks
remittitur on appeal, appellate review is subject to the rule that if there is any material
evidence to support the award, it should not be disturbed. Pettus v. Hurst, 882 S.W.2d 783,
788 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1993) (citing Tenn. R. App. P. 13(d)). Therefore, we must limit our
factual review to determining whether the record contains material evidence that supports an
award of $1,300,000. Poole v. Kroger Co., 604 S.W.2d 52, 54 (Tenn. 1980); Pettus v. Hurst,
882 S.W.2d 783, 788 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1993).

       In the instant case, the jury awarded Gaw, who was only a few days old at the time of
injury, $500,000 in past and future pain and suffering and $800,000 for permanent
impairment and disfigurement. Given the permanent nature of the injury sustained by Gaw
and the fact that he sustained this injury so early in life, we find that the record contains
material evidence in support of the jury verdict.

       Vanderbilt argues that due to the weakness of Gaw’s causation proof, the jury’s
verdict should be subject to remittitur and substantially reduced. Because we have held that
Dr. Gearhart’s testimony consisted of material evidence that refutes the proposition that Gaw
would have sustained the full extent of his loss even if Dr. Pope had returned Gaw to surgery,
we are not persuaded by this argument. Therefore, we hold that the motion for remittitur was
properly denied.

   E. Exclusion of Vanderbilt’s Intro-Operative and Post-Operative Photographs

        The final issue brought before this court is whether the trial court erred in prohibiting
Vanderbilt from presenting to the jury several intra-operative and post-operative photographs
of a male child undergoing a complete repair procedure. The admissibility of photographs
lies within the discretion of the trial court and reviewing courts will not disturb these
decisions on appeal unless the trial court has abused its discretion. State v. Banks, 271
S.W.3d 90, 115 (Tenn. 2008). Reviewing courts will find an abuse of discretion only when
the trial court applied incorrect legal standards, reached an illogical conclusion, based its
decision on a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence, or employed reasoning that
causes an injustice to the complaining party. Konvalinka v. Chattanooga-Hamilton County
Hosp. Auth., 249 S.W.3d 346, 358 (Tenn. 2008).

       One of the issues at trial was the appearance of the penis following a complete repair,
particularly whether the penis would be pink in color or turn purple or blue. Vanderbilt was
precluded from showing five photographs that depicted the steps a pediatric urologist takes

                                              -15-
in reconstructing the bladder, which included degloving the penis, reconstructing it, and a
picture of what the penis looked like after such a surgery. Vanderbilt claims Dr. Gearhart’s
testimony regarding what a penis should look like after being “degloved” went unchecked
because Vanderbilt was precluded from showing photographs that depicted the steps of the
procedure. According to Vanderbilt, because the jury did not get to see what it really looked
like to take apart a penis intra-operatively, the jury’s verdict was adversely affected.

       We do not agree. The trial court allowed Vanderbilt to show twenty-five color
diagrams that depicted various stages of a bladder exstrophy patient and the repair process.
These diagrams gave the jury an accurate understanding of what the surgery consisted of
without exposing them to, arguably, less helpful real-life photographs of someone other than
the patient in this case. Out of the seven photographs Vanderbilt sought to introduce, the
court allowed Vanderbilt to show two surgical photographs. This demonstrates that the court
did in fact exercise its discretion to let in certain photographs while excluding others.
Vanderbilt has not shown that the court applied incorrect legal standards, erroneously
assessed the evidence, or caused injustice to Vanderbilt. Vanderbilt was allowed to try its
case within the bounds of what the court thought was appropriate. Since abuse of discretion
was not proved, we will not disturb the decisions of the trial court on appeal.

                                    V. CONCLUSION

       The judgment of the trial court is affirmed in all respects. The costs on appeal are
assessed against the appellants, The Vanderbilt University d/b/a Vanderbilt University
Medical Center d/b/a Vanderbilt Children’s Hospital.

                                                   _________________________________
                                                   JOHN W. McCLARTY, JUDGE

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