Court Opinion

ID: 2714533
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-08-06 16:05:01.314577+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:01:38.168512
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                            United States Court of Appeals
                                                                    Tenth Circuit

                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS August 6, 2014
                                                                Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                TENTH CIRCUIT                       Clerk of Court

 JAVIER ANDRADE-VALLE, a/k/a
 JAVIER VALLE-ANDRADE, also
 known as JAVIER ANDRADE,

              Petitioner,
                                                         No. 13-9607
 v.                                                  (Petition for Review)

 ERIC H. HOLDER, JR., United States
 Attorney General,

              Respondent.

                            ORDER AND JUDGMENT *

Before LUCERO, TYMKOVICH, and PHILLIPS, Circuit Judges. **

      Javier Andrade-Valle, a native and citizen of Mexico, seeks review of a

decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) denying his motion to reopen

      *
         This order and judgment is not binding precedent except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata and collateral estoppel. It may be cited,
however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th
Cir. R. 32.1.
      **
         After examining the briefs and the appellate record, this three-judge
panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not be of material
assistance in the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a); 10th
Cir. R. 34.1(G). The cause is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.
removal proceedings. Exercising our jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252, we

DENY the petition for review.

                                 I. Background

      Andrade-Valle entered the United States in 1999 on a visitor’s visa that

authorized him to remain in the United States for six months. He never returned

to Mexico and continued to remain in the United States in violation of his

temporary visa. In November 2012, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS)

commenced removal proceedings against Andrade-Valle. Andrade-Valle

conceded he was removable under 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(1)(B), as an alien who has

remained in the United States for a time longer than permitted. The government

also argued he was removable (1) as an alien convicted of a crime of moral

turpitude under 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(i), for a prior theft offense, and (2) as

an alien convicted of a violation relating to a controlled substance under 8 U.S.C.

§ 1227(a)(2)(B)(i). The latter two charges were based on Idaho state convictions

for petty theft and possession of drug paraphernalia in 2001 and 2002.

      On November 19, 2012, the immigration judge (IJ) ordered removal. The

IJ found that Andrade-Valle conceded removability under 8 U.S.C.

§ 1227(a)(1)(B) and that he was also removable based on the state convictions.

The IJ held that he was not eligible for cancellation of removal because he had

been convicted of more than one crime of moral turpitude and a crime relating to

                                         -2-
drug paraphernalia, denied his request for a continuance to pursue post-conviction

relief, and ordered him removed to Mexico.

      The BIA affirmed the removal order. The BIA found that Andrade-Valle

was removable based on his admission that he overstayed his tourist visa. The

BIA also affirmed the IJ’s conclusions that Andrade-Valle was removable under

§ 1227(a)(2)(A)(i) and § 1227(a)(2)(B)(i) based on the state convictions for petty

theft and possession of drug paraphernalia. The BIA then concluded that

Andrade-Valle had not carried his burden of establishing his eligibility for relief

from removal—he did not request any relief from removal—or grounds for

voluntary departure. The BIA dismissed Andrade-Valle’s appeal on March 28,

2013. He did not appeal that order to this court.

      Instead, Andrade-Valle filed a motion to reopen with the BIA on September

18, 2013. He asked the BIA to remand to the IJ based on changed circumstances

that materially affected his eligibility for relief—namely, that his state

convictions for petty theft and possession of drug paraphernalia had been vacated

as of July 19 and 23, 2013. Andrade-Valle nevertheless conceded he was still

removable for overstaying his tourist visa.

      The BIA denied Andrade-Valle’s motion to reopen. It concluded first that

the motion to reopen was untimely because it was not filed within 90 days of the

BIA’s final administrative decision regarding removability. Even assuming he

was no longer removable under §§ 1227(a)(2)(A)(i) and (a)(2)(B)(i) on the basis

                                          -3-
of his 2001 and 2002 state convictions, the BIA concluded he remained

removable under § 1227(a)(1)(B) for overstaying his visa. The BIA then found

that Andrade-Valle did not bear his burden of showing his eligibility for

cancellation of removal because his criminal record reflected 2012 convictions for

malicious injury to property and petty theft under Idaho state law. The BIA

accordingly denied his petition to reopen the proceeding.

      Andrade-Valle now challenges the denial of his motion to reopen, arguing

that the BIA abused its discretion in denying his motion to reopen and erred as a

matter of law in determining his 2012 conviction for malicious injury to property

was a crime of moral turpitude.

                                  II. Discussion

      We review the BIA’s discretionary decision to deny Andrade-Valle’s

motion to reopen his removal proceedings for abuse of discretion. See Infanzon v.

Ashcroft, 386 F.3d 1359, 1361–62 (10th Cir. 2004); see also Kucana v. Holder,

558 U.S. 233 (2010). “The BIA abuses its discretion when its decision provides

no rational explanation, inexplicably departs from established policies, is devoid

of any reasoning, or contains only summary or conclusory statements.” Infanzon,
386 F.3d at 1362 (internal quotation marks omitted). But there is no abuse of

discretion if “although the BIA’s decision is succinct, its rationale is clear, there

is no departure from established policies, and its statements are a correct

                                          -4-
interpretation of the law.” Galvez Pineda v. Gonzales, 427 F.3d 833, 838 (10th

Cir. 2005).

      The BIA may deny a motion to reopen on any of three independent

grounds: (1) the alien has not “established a prima facie case for the underlying

substantive relief sought”; (2) the alien has not “introduced previously

unavailable, material evidence”; or (3) in cases where the ultimate grant of relief

is discretionary, where the BIA “simply determine[s]” that the alien would not be

entitled to the discretionary grant of relief.” INS v. Abudu, 485 U.S. 94, 104–05

(1988).

      Absent certain exceptions which Andrade-Valle has not alleged here, a

motion to reopen must be filed within 90 days of the date of entry of the final

order of removal. See 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(7)(A)-(C)(i); 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(2).

Andrade-Valle filed his motion to reopen almost six months after the BIA’s final

order of removal on March 28, 2013. Thus, his motion was untimely. “Untimely

motions to reopen to pursue an application for adjustment of status [that] . . . do

not fall within any of the statutory or regulatory exceptions to the time limits for

motions to reopen before the [BIA] . . . will ordinarily be denied.” In re Yauri,

25 I. & N. Dec. 103, 105, 2009 WL 3497112 (BIA 2009). The BIA did not abuse

its discretion in denying Andrade-Valle’s untimely motion to reopen.

      Andrade-Valle then argues that the BIA erred as a matter of law in finding

that he had not shown he was eligible for cancellation because his 2012

                                          -5-
conviction for malicious injury to personal property was not a crime of moral

turpitude and that the BIA’s failure to remand deprived him of due process. We

disagree. 1

       To be eligible for cancellation, an alien who has conceded removability

bears the burden of establishing that he is eligible for cancellation. Garcia v.

Holder, 584 F.3d 1288, 1289 (10th Cir. 2009). Under the applicable section of 8

U.S.C. § 1229b, the alien must show he is of “good moral character” and has not

been convicted of an offense under 8 U.S.C. §§ 1182(a)(2), 1127(a)(2), or

1127(a)(3). See § 1229b(1)(B)-(C). Section 1127(a)(2) lists criminal offenses

rendering an alien removable, including, among others, crimes of moral turpitude.

It is the alien who bears the burden of showing that any past crime is not the type

of offense that would disqualify him for cancellation of removal. Garcia, 584
F.3d at 1290; Dzerekey v. Holder, No. 13-9570, 2014 WL 1509207 at *3 (10th

Cir. Apr. 18, 2014).

       The BIA concluded, based on Andrade-Valle’s 2012 criminal record

showing his convictions for malicious injury to property under Idaho Code § 18-

       1
         Although we lack jurisdiction to review discretionary determinations
under § 1229b, we retain jurisdiction to review “constitutional claims or questions
of law.” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D). The narrow category of “questions of law”
includes issues of statutory construction. Alzainati v. Holder, 568 F.3d 844, 850
(10th Cir. 2009); see also Garcia v. Holder, 584 F.3d 1288, 1289 n.2 (10th Cir.
2009). We review the BIA’s legal determinations of questions of law de novo.
Alzainati, 568 F.3d at 851.

                                         -6-
7001 and petty theft under Idaho Code § 18-2407(2), that Andrade-Valle had not

borne that burden:

             The respondent has not shown that these convictions
             have been vacated since his hearing, and his motion does
             not address the effect of these convictions. Based on the
             October 2012 criminal record, the respondent has not
             shown that he was not convicted of an offense under
             section 212(a)(2) or 237(a)(2) of the Act.

(citations omitted). App. 3. Andrade-Valle argues that the only crime the BIA

could have found constituted a crime of moral turpitude was the malicious injury

to property conviction, as the petty theft offense was exempt from consideration

under the “petty offense” exception in 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(2)(A)(ii). 2 Assuming

that inference is true, he asks us to conclude that the BIA erred as a matter of law

in determining that the malicious injury to property conviction was a crime of

moral turpitude.

      But under Garcia, Andrade-Valle’s attempt to shift the burden of proof

from himself to the BIA is impermissible. Andrade-Valle bore the burden of

showing that his petty theft came under the “petty offense” exception—which

      2
         He also argues that the BIA abused its discretion because its “cursory
language and mere citation to [the INA]” fail to show on which ground the BIA
denied his motion. Aplt. Br. 21. We disagree. The BIA’s statement citing to the
required elements for eligibility for cancellation show that the BIA found, based
on his 2012 convictions, that Andrade-Valle had not made out a prima facie case
for relief. Cf. Mickeviciute v. INS, 327 F.3d 1159, 1162 (10th Cir. 2003)
(appellate court was unable to determine which Abudu ground BIA relied on
where BIA simply stated that “it would not be appropriate” to grant relief alien
sought).

                                         -7-
only applies if the alien committed only one crime of moral turpitude,

§ 1182(a)(2)(A)(ii). And even if the “petty offense” exception applied, he still

bore the burden of showing that neither his petty theft conviction nor his

malicious injury to property conviction were crimes of moral turpitude under

§ 1127(a)(2). In re Pedroza, 25 I. & N. Dec. 312, 315, 2010 WL 3263415 at *4

(BIA 2010).

      “Moral turpitude refers to conduct which is inherently base, vile, or

depraved, contrary to the accepted rules of morality and duties owed between man

and man, either one’s fellow man or society in general.” Efagene v. Holder, 642
F.3d 918, 921 (10th Cir. 2011) (citations and internal quotations omitted). The

BIA has frequently held that “evil intent” is a touchstone of determining whether

a crime is one of moral turpitude. See Partyka v. Att’y Gen., 417 F.3d 408, 413

(3d Cir. 2005) (collecting cases). To determine if a particular conviction under

state law meets the definition of a removable offense, we analyze the elements of

the state law offense using the traditional categorical approach. Efagene, 642
F.3d at 921. Thus, we determine only whether the statutory definition of the

offense is a crime of moral turpitude without reference to the facts of conviction.

Id.

      The Idaho statute under which Andrade-Valle defines the offense as

“maliciously injur[ing] or destroy[ing] any real or personal property not his own,

or any jointly owned property without permission of the joint owner, or any

                                         -8-
property belonging to the community of the person’s marriage.” Idaho Stat. 18-

7001. 3 The required mens rea is the specific intent to injure the property of

another. State v. Nunes, 958 P.2d 34, 35 (Idaho Ct. App. 1998). The BIA has

held that intentional or malicious destruction of property qualifies as a crime of

moral turpitude. See In the Matter of P y M, 4 I. & N. Dec. 461, 462, 1951 WL
7041 at *2 (BIA 1951); In the Matter of M, 3 I. & N. Dec. 272, 274, 1948 WL
6270 at *2 (BIA 1948). Accordingly, the statute only reaches conduct that

qualifies as a crime of moral turpitude. Although the BIA’s conclusion could

have been more thorough, its conclusion was not contrary to law. We therefore

agree that Andrade-Valle did not bear his burden of demonstrating that he was not

convicted of a crime of moral turpitude, or that the “petty offense exception”

necessarily applied.

      Finally, Andrade-Valle appears to argue that the BIA’s reliance on his 2012

convictions violates due process because he was never “put on notice” that his

conviction for malicious injury to property could be considered a crime of moral

turpitude. Aplt. Br. at 22. This claim has no merit. An alien in removal

proceedings is entitled “only to procedural due process, which provides the

opportunity to be heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.”

Alzainati v. Holder, 568 F.3d 844, 851 (10th Cir. 2009) (citations and internal

      3
        On appeal, Andrade-Valle concedes that his petty theft crime was one of
moral turpitude. Aplt. Br. at 21.

                                         -9-
quotation marks omitted). Moreover, an alien may only prevail on a due process

claim if he establishes prejudice. Id.

      Andrade-Valle supplied his full criminal record, which included the 2012

convictions, to the IJ and the BIA. The IJ noted the 2012 convictions in the

initial hearing, but apparently chose to base its ruling on the 2001 and 2002

convictions. Andrade-Valle was aware of his 2012 convictions and the potential

for those convictions to bar his cancellation of removal request. But he did not

address these convictions in his motion to reopen, arguing that he was “no longer

removable” and was eligible to file a cancellation for removal. App. 24. Finally,

Andrade-Valle did not suffer any prejudice from the BIA’s decision not to reopen

based on the 2012 convictions, because the BIA would have denied the petition in

any event for being untimely. We accordingly find Andrade-Valle was not

deprived of due process.

      For the foregoing reasons, we DENY the petition for review.

                                                ENTERED FOR THE COURT

                                                Timothy M. Tymkovich
                                                Circuit Judge

                                         -10-