Court Opinion

ID: 9867768
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-09-26 17:00:53.712192+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:14:23.412358
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       SEP 26 2023
                                                                     MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                       No.   22-50074

                Plaintiff-Appellee,             D.C. No.
                                                8:13-cr-00001-DOC-1
 v.

MOMOUD AREF ABAJI,                              MEMORANDUM*

                Defendant-Appellant.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Central District of California
                    David O. Carter, District Judge, Presiding

                      Argued and Submitted August 24, 2023
                              Pasadena, California

Before: RAWLINSON and BRESS, Circuit Judges, and ZOUHARY,** District
Judge.

      Momoud Abaji challenges the district court’s imposition, on remand from this

court, of a 20-level sentencing enhancement for losses exceeding $9.5 million, see

U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(1)(K), and an order of restitution in the amount of $10,042,638.

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
            The Honorable Jack Zouhary, United States District Judge for the
Northern District of Ohio, sitting by designation.
We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We affirm.

      1.   The district court properly found the facts underlying Abaji’s loss

enhancement by a preponderance of the evidence. While the government bears the

burden of proof on the facts underlying a sentence enhancement, generally those

facts need only be proven under the preponderance standard. United States v.

Lonich, 23 F.4th 881, 910 (9th Cir. 2022). But when a sentencing enhancement has

“an extremely disproportionate impact on the sentence,” due process may require

the underlying facts to be proven by clear and convincing evidence. Id. (quoting

United States v. Valle, 940 F.3d 473, 479 (9th Cir. 2019)).

      To determine whether a sentencing enhancement has an extremely

disproportionate impact, we consider a set of non-exhaustive factors, sometimes

referred to as the “Valensia factors.” See id. at 910–12 (citing United States v.

Valensia, 222 F.3d 1173, 1182 (9th Cir. 2000)). The fourth Valensia factor proves

central here. Under that factor, “if a defendant has already been convicted of certain

conduct (whether through a jury verdict or a guilty plea), enhancements that are

based on the conduct of conviction do not require proof by clear and convincing

evidence.” Id. at 913. When the enhancement at issue is based on the extent of the

conspiracy for which defendant was convicted, the fourth factor is dispositive and

the preponderance of evidence standard applies. Id. at 914.

      The jury in this case found Abaji guilty of conspiracy to commit wire fraud

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and bank fraud. The scope of the conspiracy included the purchase of over 100

condominium units and a series of fraudulent activities and kickbacks relating to

those properties. Because the enhancement in this case was based on the scope of

the conspiracy, and thus conduct for which Abasi was already convicted by a jury,

the fourth Valencia factor dictates that a preponderance of the evidence standard

should apply. See Lonich, 23 F.4th at 913–16.

      This is not a case in which in which a “substantial amount” of acquitted

conduct supported the loss calculation. Id. at 915. Abaji was acquitted on only one

count of substantive wire fraud relating to one of the over one hundred properties

involved in the fraudulent scheme. That loan accounted for only $126,000 of the

approximately $12 million in Guideline losses found by the district court. Nor does

this case involve a “substantial intermediate causation question” affecting the loss

calculation.   Id.   For all these reasons, the district court properly applied a

preponderance of the evidence standard in calculating loss for sentencing

enhancement purposes.1

      2. The district court used the proper formula to calculate the loss amount.

“[I]n a mortgage fraud case, loss under U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b) is calculated in two

steps.” United States v. Morris, 744 F.3d 1373, 1375 (9th Cir. 2014). First, the court

      1
        Because the preponderance standard applies, there is no need to hold this
case for en banc proceedings in United States v. Lucas, No. 22-50064.

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must “calculate the greater of actual or intended loss, where actual loss is the

reasonably foreseeable pecuniary harm from the fraud. This amount will almost

always be the entire value of the principal of the loan. . . .” Id. Second, the court

must “deduct from the initial measure of loss any amount recovered or recoverable

by the creditor from the sale of the collateral.” Id. The final loss number should not

include “[i]nterest of any kind, finance charges, late fees, penalties, amounts based

on an agreed-upon return or rate of return, or other similar costs.” U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1

cmt. n.3(D)(i).

      On remand, the district court consulted the government’s schedules, which

took the principal loan amount for the properties and subtracted the amount

recovered on resale. Those figures were obtained using bank records or publicly

available property records. The final loss amount included only properties that had

been sold, while excluding those where resale data was unavailable and also

excluding any transaction costs. The district court correctly applied Morris. See

United States v. Hymas, 780 F.3d 1285, 1293 (9th Cir. 2015) (“We conclude that the

district court correctly calculated the losses by taking the principal amount of the

loan and subtracting any credits from the subsequent sale of the property.”). Finally,

while Abaji contends that his co-defendant Khatib was sentenced using a lower loss

amount, Khatib was sentenced pursuant to a loss calculation based on an earlier

assessment of loss that was included in a plea agreement.

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        3. Whether we review de novo or for plain error, Abaji has not established

error in the district court’s restitution order. “The Mandatory Victims Restitution

Act requires that defendants be ordered to pay restitution to any victim ‘directly and

proximately harmed as a result of the commission of an offense.’” Id. (citing 18

U.S.C. § 3663A(a)(2)). Here, the district court determined the amount of restitution

using the actual loss calculations that Agent Campbell made using victim reports.

Our previous decision remanding for resentencing did not address the validity of the

restitution order. Thus, the district court’s calculation does not violate the law of the

case.

        While Abaji believes it is improper to include interest and indemnity

payments when calculating restitution under the MVRA, our case law indicates

otherwise. See United States v. Yeung, 672 F.3d 594, 601 (9th Cir. 2012), abrogated

on other grounds by Robers v. United States, 572 U.S. 639 (2014); United States v.

Catherine, 55 F.3d 1462, 1465 (9th Cir. 1995). Abaji’s challenge fails.

        4.   The judgment form wrongly states under “Finding” that Abaji was

convicted on all counts, even as it later indicates he was acquitted on Count 4. The

district court on remand should amend the form to clearly indicate the acquittal on

Count 4.

        SENTENCE AFFIRMED; CASE REMANDED FOR CORRECTION

OF JUDGMENT FORM.

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