Court Opinion

ID: 2953335
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-16 23:14:21.817096+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:41:51.953420
License: Public Domain

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

                                      NO. 03-10-00019-CV

     Appellants, Dr. Don Brantley, Belinda Castillo, Dr. Corinne Alvarez-Sanders and
   Patricia Logterman// Cross-Appellants, Texas Youth Commission; Cherrie Townsend
                       in her official capacity as Executive Director

                                                v.

     Appellees, Texas Youth Commission; Cherrie Townsend in her official capacity as
        Executive Director// Cross-Appellees, Dr. Don Brantley, Belinda Castillo,
                   Dr. Corinne Alvarez-Sanders and Patricia Logterman

    FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 126TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
    NO. D-1-GN-09-001812, HONORABLE MARGARET A. COOPER, JUDGE PRESIDING

                                          OPINION

               After allegations surfaced that employees of the Texas Youth Commission (TYC)

had sexually abused youths housed in that agency’s facilities, the Eightieth Texas Legislature

enacted Senate Bill 103, which amended a number of statutory provisions governing that agency.1

In section 37 of S.B. 103, the Legislature changed the basis of employment at TYC, which prior

statutes had previously made for-cause, to at-will.2 This appeal concerns attempts by a group of

present and former TYC employees to challenge the constitutionality of that change.

       1
         Act of May 25, 2007, 80th Leg., R.S., ch. 263, §§ 1-78, 2007 Tex. Gen. Laws 421, 421-57
(current version at Tex. Hum. Res. Code Ann. §§ 61.001-.130 (West 2001 & Supp. 2010)); see
Senate Research Center, Bill Analysis, Tex. S.B. 103, 80th Leg., R.S. (2007) (discussing background
of the amendments).
       2
          Act of May 25, 2007, 80th Leg., R.S., ch. 263, § 37, 2007 Tex. Gen. Laws 421, 439
(current version at Tex. Hum. Res. Code Ann. § 61.035(b)).
               Four current or former TYC employees who had begun working at the agency

before section 37 took effect—two of whom allegedly resigned under threat of termination before

section 37 took effect, one of whom was terminated after section 37 took effect, and one of whom

continues to work for the agency (collectively, Plaintiffs)—sued TYC and its executive director

seeking declaratory, injunctive, and monetary relief based principally on the allegation that

section 37 unconstitutionally deprived them of property rights in their employment. TYC and its

executive director (collectively, the TYC Defendants) interposed a plea to the jurisdiction, which the

district court granted in part and denied in part. Both Plaintiffs and the TYC Defendants appeal the

district court’s order. We will affirm the district court’s order in part and reverse in part.

                                    STANDARD OF REVIEW

               A plea to the jurisdiction challenges a trial court’s authority to decide the

subject matter of a specific cause of action. See Texas Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda,

133 S.W.3d 217, 225-26 (Tex. 2004). Analysis of whether this authority exists begins with the

plaintiff’s live pleadings. Id. at 226. The plaintiff has the initial burden of alleging facts that

affirmatively demonstrate the trial court’s jurisdiction to hear the cause. Id. (citing Texas Ass’n of

Bus. v. Texas Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440, 446 (Tex. 1993)). Whether the plaintiff met this

burden is a question of law that we review de novo. Id. We construe the pleadings liberally, taking

them as true, and look to the pleader’s intent. Id.; Texas Logos, L.P. v. Brinkmeyer, 254 S.W.3d 644,

659 (Tex. App.—Austin 2008, no pet.). Mere unsupported legal conclusions are insufficient. See

Creedmoor-Maha Water Supply Corp. v. Texas Comm’n on Envtl. Quality, 307 S.W.3d 505, 515-16

& nn.7 & 8 (Tex. App.—Austin 2010, no pet.). If the pleadings fail to allege sufficient facts to

                                                   2
affirmatively demonstrate the trial court’s jurisdiction but also fail to affirmatively demonstrate

incurable defects in jurisdiction, the issue is one of pleading sufficiency, and the plaintiff should

be afforded the opportunity to amend. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 226-27. If, on the other hand, the

pleadings affirmatively negate the existence of jurisdiction, then a plea to the jurisdiction may be

granted without allowing the plaintiff an opportunity to amend. Id. at 227.

                We must also consider evidence the parties presented below that is relevant to the

jurisdictional issues, Bland Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Blue, 34 S.W.3d 547, 555 (Tex. 2000), including

evidence that a party has presented to negate the existence of facts alleged in the plaintiff’s pleading.

See Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 227; see also Combs v. Entertainment Publ’n, Inc., 292 S.W.3d 712,

719 (Tex. App.—Austin 2009, no pet.) (summarizing different standards governing evidentiary

challenges to the existence of pleaded jurisdictional facts where such facts implicate both jurisdiction

and the merits versus where they implicate only jurisdiction). Our ultimate inquiry is whether

the plaintiff’s pleaded and un-negated facts, taken as true and liberally construed with an eye to

the pleader’s intent, would affirmatively demonstrate a claim or claims within the trial court’s

subject-matter jurisdiction. See Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 226; Creedmoor-Maha, 307 S.W.3d at 513,

516 n.8. This is a question of law that we review de novo. See Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 226;

Creedmoor-Maha, 307 S.W.3d at 513, 516 n.8.

                        STATUTORY AND PROCEDURAL CONTEXT

                Before turning to the record in this appeal, it is helpful first to briefly review the

changes to the statute and TYC procedures that provide the context for Plaintiffs’ claims and

the parties’ appellate issues. Prior to being amended by section 37 of S.B. 103, section 61.035 of

                                                   3
the human resources code provided that the TYC “may remove any employee for cause.” The

United States Supreme Court has held that state laws conferring to public employees more than

a unilateral expectation of continued employment create a property right in that employment, such

that an employee must be afforded procedural due process before being involuntarily terminated,

including receiving notice of the grounds for termination and an opportunity to respond. See,

e.g., Cleveland Bd. of Educ. v. Loudermill, 470 U.S. 532, 538-46 (1985). To implement these

requirements, TYC had promulgated policies and procedures requiring the agency, when terminating

an employee, to first provide the employee a written recommendation-to-terminate letter

giving notice of the basis for the proposed discharge and of the opportunity to be heard by the

decision-maker prior to a final decision. If the recommendation was adopted and the employee was

terminated, the employee then had access to a grievance process that entailed an evidentiary hearing

in which TYC had the burden of proof as to the basis for termination. After hearing evidence, the

hearing officer would then prepare a proposal for decision, including proposed findings of fact and

conclusions of law, and transmit it to TYC’s executive director. The executive director then made

the final decision on the grievance, and could either affirm the termination or reinstate the employee

with or without backpay and with or without discipline or other conditions.

               Section 37 of S.B. 103 amended the human resources code to replace the “for cause”

requirement with a provision stating that “an employee of the commission is employed on an at-

will basis.”3 The Legislature also mandated that TYC “establish procedures and practices governing:

       3
          Act of May 25, 2007, 80th Leg., R.S., ch. 263, § 37, 2007 Tex. Gen. Laws 421, 439
(current version at Tex. Hum. Res. Code Ann. § 61.035(b)).

                                                  4
(1) employment-related grievances submitted by commission employees; and (2) disciplinary

actions within the commission, including a procedure allowing a commission employee to elect to

participate in an independent dismissal mediation if the employee is recommended for dismissal.”4

Section 37, along with the other provisions of S.B. 103, took effect on June 8, 2007.5

                  After section 37 took effect, TYC, although retaining a grievance process for

employees who are involuntarily terminated, amended its policies and procedures to emphasize that

the process “does not create a property interest in agency employment, nor is it a promise or

guarantee of any particular procedure.” The agency also changed its grievance process to provide

that a termination decision made directly by the executive director—i.e., the same official who would

serve as the ultimate decisionmaker on any employee grievance concerning the termination—was

“final and not appealable” via that administrative process.

                                             THE RECORD

                  The record in this case consists of Plaintiffs’ live petition at the time of the hearing

on the TYC Defendants’ plea to the jurisdiction,6 evidence that the TYC Defendants attached to their

plea, and evidence that Plaintiffs attached to their response.

        4
            Id.
        5
            Act of May 25, 2007, 80th Leg., R.S., ch. 263, § 78, 2007 Tex. Gen. Laws 421, 457.
        6
            Plaintiffs’ live pleading was their first amended petition. The TYC Defendants have
attached to their appellate briefing what purports to be a copy of a second amended petition
that Plaintiffs filed after the district court’s ruling. The TYC Defendants cite this pleading to support
arguments that Plaintiffs cannot cure, via repleading, the jurisdictional defects that were identified
in the district court’s order. Strictly speaking, however, this pleading is not part of the record in this
case, nor was it before the district court at the time of the ruling on appeal.

                                                     5
Plaintiffs’ petition

               Two of the four Plaintiffs—Patricia Logterman and Dr. Corinne Alvarez-

Sanders—allege that on April 19, 2007 (which, it is undisputed, is the day on which S.B. 103 passed

the Texas Senate), they were each summoned to the office of TYC’s then-acting chief of staff,

Dimitria Pope, and given the choice of either resigning from their jobs with the agency or being

fired. “When asked why,” the two allege, “Pope replied that Plaintiffs would be told if and when

they chose to be terminated.” “Threatened with possible investigation by the Texas Rangers and

the Office of the Inspector General,” Logterman and Alvarez-Sanders further assert, they “chose

to be constructively discharged rather than face the possibility of being vilified in the media.” They

add that although they “subsequently requested to withdraw their resignations, Pope denied their

requests” and similarly denied grievances each subsequently attempted to file.

               A third Plaintiff, Dr. Don Brantley, alleges that “Pope also requested [that he]

quit or be fired on April 19, 2007.” In contrast to Alvarez-Sanders and Logterman, Brantley

demanded “due process and a hearing.” In response, Brantley complains, TYC did not proceed with

terminating him but instead suspended him until after section 37 took effect. Then, in July 2007,

TYC and its acting executive director at the time, Ed Owens, “informed Dr. Brantley that

because Senate Bill 103 took away his status as a for-cause employee, he was not entitled to

due process or a termination hearing,” and “then terminated Dr. Brantley without affording him

due process or a hearing.”

               The fourth Plaintiff, Castillo, alleges that she has “been continuously employed by

the TYC from 1994 to the date of the filing of this action.” Castillo asserts that, S.B. 103

                                                  6
notwithstanding, she “was and remains at all times a for cause employee” but that “[t]he TYC,

however, currently considers [her] to be an at will employee, despite the fact that she was employed

by the TYC before the effective date of Senate Bill 103.”7

               Based on these factual allegations, Plaintiffs collectively purport to assert three basic

sets of liability theories. First, Alvarez-Sanders and Logterman allege that (1) they were for-cause

employees as of the date of their resignations in April 2007; (2) they were constructively discharged;

and (3) TYC discharged them without complying with its procedures governing involuntary

termination of for-cause employees. Consequently, Alvarez-Sanders and Logterman reason, they

were “wrongfully terminated” by being dispossessed of their “vested property interest” in their jobs

without due process.

               Second, all four Plaintiffs pled that section 37 is invalid and unenforceable because

it violates constitutional prohibitions against retroactive legislation, ex post facto laws, and bills

of attainder.8 It thus follows, Plaintiffs further assert, that section 37 was ineffective to change

their respective employment statuses from for-cause to at-will. Also, predicated on these assertions,

Brantley further alleges that he continued to be a for-cause employee even after section 37’s effective

       7
         Castillo also purports to sue on behalf of a putative class of current TYC employees. The
record does not reflect that a class-certification motion has either been filed or ruled upon below.
       8
          See U.S. Const. art. I, § 9, cl. 2 (“No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be
passed.”); U.S. Const. amend. XIV, § 1 (“nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or
property, without due process of law”); Tex. Const. art. I, §§ 16 (“No bill of attainder, ex post facto
law, retroactive law, or any law impairing the obligation of contracts, shall be made.”), 19
(“No citizen of this State shall be deprived of . . . property, privileges or immunities . . . except by
the due course of the law of the land.”).

                                                   7
date and that he was “wrongfully terminated” without adherence to the procedural protections to

which for-cause TYC employees were entitled.

                 Third, Alvarez-Sanders, Logterman, and Brantley allege that in connection with the

complained-of personnel actions, Pope and Owens “made several public and private defamatory

statements” regarding them. In particular, the former employees complain, their TYC personnel files

were “coded” to reflect that Alvarez-Sanders and Logterman had “resigned in lieu of termination”

and that all three were “ineligible for rehire without reason.” They pled that these “defamatory

statements” have caused them to “be subject to public ridicule and hatred and . . . suffer severe

damage to their business and personal reputations.”

                 Based on these allegations, Plaintiffs sought relief from the TYC Defendants9 that

centered on two requested declarations under the Uniform Declaratory Judgments Act (UDJA):10

•       a declaration that section 37, which “attempted to remove the ‘for cause’ status of TYC
        employees employed before that [June 8, 2007] date,” violates constitutional prohibitions
        against retroactive legislation, ex post facto laws, and bills of attainder; and

        9
           In addition to naming the TYC and its current executive director, in her official capacity,
as defendants, Plaintiffs also sued Owens and Pope individually. Additionally, Plaintiffs purported
to sue Owens and Pope in their official capacities even though neither is currently employed by the
agency. Because none of the individual defendants are (or can be) parties to this appeal, and because
any formal distinctions between the TYC Defendants and the former officers in their official
capacities are not material to our analysis (the agency-versus-officers-in-official-capacity distinction
becomes relevant chiefly to prospective relief that would lie against the current executive director,
see City of El Paso v. Heinrich, 284 S.W.3d 366, 372-73 (Tex. 2009) (explaining that suits seeking
to restrain ultra vires acts of state officials “must be brought against the state actors in their official
capacity”)), we identify the defendants simply as the “TYC Defendants” for clarity and convenience.
We have similarly corrected our caption, which originally bore, in error, the names of additional
parties before the district court.
        10
             See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 37.004(a) (West 2008).

                                                    8
•      a declaration “that as a matter of law Plaintiffs were ‘for cause’ employees . . . after June 8,
       2007, the effective date[] of Senate Bill 103.”

Additionally, Alvarez-Sanders and Logterman sought “a declaratory judgment as to their ‘for cause’

status as TYC employees at the time of their termination, April 19, 2007.” With these declarations,

Plaintiffs prayed for attorney’s fees as the UDJA permits.11

                Plaintiffs further requested “prospective injunctive and/or equitable relief” barring

“TYC and its officials from enforcing Section 37 of Senate Bill 103” and “the TYC administrative

regulations that [are] derived from Section 37.” Finally, the three former employee Plaintiffs prayed

for money damages, including compensation for injury to reputation, lost earnings and earning

capacity, and past and future mental anguish, based on theories of wrongful discharge, defamation,

and the “taking” of their “property interests” in their TYC employment.

“Plea to the jurisdiction and motion for summary judgment”

                The TYC Defendants responded with a single filing styled as a “Plea to the

Jurisdiction and Motion for Summary Judgment.”12 In a section of the document titled “Plea to the

Jurisdiction,” the TYC Defendants asserted the following grounds challenging the district court’s

subject-matter jurisdiction over the claims against them:

•      Plaintiffs’ claims for money damages from the TYC Defendants implicate sovereign
       immunity and they have failed to plead a valid waiver of such immunity. In particular, the
       UDJA does not waive immunity to the extent of declaring a right to money damages,

       11
            See id. § 37.009 (West 2008).
       12
         The individual defendants also joined in the motion for summary judgment. Because only
the grounds asserted by the TYC Defendants are pertinent to this appeal, we discuss only those.

                                                  9
        Plaintiffs have not alleged any valid takings claim, and the Tort Claims Act does not waive
        immunity as to intentional torts like defamation.

•       While the Texas Constitution authorizes “direct claims for equitable relief against
        governmental agencies for violations of . . . the Texas Bill of Rights,” Plaintiffs have not
        asserted a request for equitable relief to remedy their alleged wrongful-termination/due-
        process violation concerning Alvarez-Sanders, Logterman, and Brantley.

•       Although “TYC concedes that it is a proper party to this suit and that the [UDJA] waives its
        immunity” to the extent “Plaintiffs’ declaratory judgment action challenges the validity of
        [section 37],” sovereign immunity bars any declaratory claims against TYC concerning
        alleged ultra vires conduct, which must instead be asserted against the executive director in
        his official capacity.

•       In any event, none of the four plaintiffs possess a justiciable interest that could support their
        claims challenging the constitutionality of section 37:

        •       Alvarez-Sanders and Logterman lack standing because they resigned prior to
                section 37’s effective date and “have simply not alleged any future harm” that could
                give rise to a live justiciable interest on their part.

        •       Castillo possesses no ripe justiciable interest.

        •       Brantley’s constitutional challenges are moot because he received all of the process
                to which he would have been entitled as a for-cause TYC employee.

•       The declaratory claims asserted by Alvarez-Sanders, Logterman, and Brantley are also barred
        because they seek declarations as to issues that are already presented by their wrongful-
        termination claims. Additionally, because the district court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction
        over these plaintiffs’ wrongful-termination claims, there is no justiciable controversy that
        could support their declaratory claims.

                In the “summary judgment” portion of the filing, the TYC Defendants asserted that

“Plaintiffs’ declaratory judgment claim against TYC [and its executive director], in her official

capacity . . . fails as a matter of law because [section 37] is not an ex post facto or retroactive law.”

In support of these grounds, the TYC Defendants asserted that the ex post facto law prohibition

applies only to penal statutes, Rogers v. Tennessee, 532 U.S. 451, 456 (2001); Barshop v. Medina

                                                   10
County Underground Water Dist., 925 S.W.2d 618, 633-34 (Tex. 1996), and that Plaintiffs

possessed no vested property right in the Legislature’s continuing to grant them for-cause

employment status, only a mere expectancy based on the anticipated continuation of current law.

See, e.g., McMurtray v. Holladay, 11 F.3d 499, 504 (5th Cir. 1993) (“The Supreme Court long

ago established that, when a legislature extinguishes a property interest via legislation that affects

a general class of people, the legislative process provides all of the process that is due.”) (citing

Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co., 455 U.S. 422, 433 (1982); Bi-Metallic Inv. Co. v. State Bd. of

Equalization, 239 U.S. 441, 445-46 (1915)).

               In support of their plea to the jurisdiction, the TYC Defendants attached evidence that

included, of relevance here, an affidavit from Dewey Poteet, a TYC in-house attorney who advises

the agency on personnel matters.13 Attached to Poteet’s affidavit were copies of TYC’s policies

and procedures governing grievances by involuntarily terminated employees both before and after

section 37’s implementation, previously described. Also attached was correspondence to and from

the agency relating to Brantley’s termination and a grievance that he subsequently attempted to file

with the agency. The documents and Poteet’s testimony reflect that:

•      On April 19, 2007, Pope provided Brantley a two-page recommendation-to-terminate letter
       advising him of what Pope perceived as several failures by Brantley to perform four
       “essential job functions” and her conclusion that his “continued employment is not in the
       best interest of the agency as it moves toward reform.” The letter further notified Brantley
       that he had the right to raise with Owens “any facts regarding why you believe your

       13
             The TYC Defendants also attached documents reflecting an abortive attempt by
Logterman and Alvarez-Sanders to litigate in federal court some of the same claims that Plaintiffs
assert in this proceeding.

                                                 11
       employment should not be terminated under these circumstances” before “any decision is
       made regarding your termination.”

•      On May 1, 2007, an attorney for Brantley wrote Owens asserting that the April 19, 2007
       letter was insufficiently clear and specific regarding the factual bases for Brantley’s
       termination, and requesting clarification.

•      On May 15, 2007, Pope responded with a four-page amended recommendation-to-terminate
       letter that cited specific examples of what Pope regarded as Brantley’s resistance to the
       reform initiatives of his superiors, failures to promptly respond to reports of physical abuse
       of youth in TYC facilities,14 and poor judgment in promoting a TYC employee who was later
       disciplined for failure to “detect and address [a] pattern of sexual abuse at his facility.”

•      On May 25, 2007, Brantley personally wrote Owens a seventeen-page letter taking issue with
       Pope’s assertions.

•      On the same day, Brantley and his attorney met with Owens. During this meeting, according
       to Poteet, “both Dr. Brantley and Mr. Durst [his attorney] addressed the recommendation to
       terminate and the reasons why they urged rejection of the recommendation.”

•      Thereafter, as previously noted, S.B. 103 took effect on June 8, 2007. Subsequently, TYC
       amended its grievance policies, effective June 20, 2007, to eliminate the right to a grievance
       for employees who are terminated by the executive director.

•      On June 22, 2007—two days after TYC amended its grievance policies to eliminate
       the right to a grievance for employees who (like Brantley) were terminated by the
       executive director—Owens wrote Brantley advising him that he was upholding Pope’s
       recommendation to terminate his employment, and terminated Owens on that day.
       According to Poteet, “Dr. Brantley’s response to the recommendation, both verbal and
       written, and the verbal and written response of Dr. Brantley’s attorney, were considered
       by Mr. Owens before he acted on and accepted Ms. Pope’s recommendation to terminate
       Dr. Brantley’s employment.”

              Following his termination, the TYC Defendants’ evidence reflects, Brantley

attempted to file a grievance regarding his termination, as had been permitted under the agency’s

       14
           Pope specifically cited Brantley’s failure to act on “some serious incident reviews
regarding the superintendent at a facility having reportedly sprayed water onto two youths who
had climbed a tree” and “complaints about a practice by which youth were kept at parade rest” for
55-minute intervals.

                                                12
prior policies. However, TYC, Poteet explained, dismissed the grievance “on July 13, 2007,

pursuant to the agency’s grievance policy . . . because under the agency’s grievance policy in effect

at the time of Dr. Brantley’s discharge . . . a decision to terminate employment made by the agency’s

executive director is not subject to the full grievance process.”

               Finally, in addition to his testimony regarding Brantley, Poteet further averred that

Castillo had been continuously employed by TYC since 1994, “remains a TYC employee in good

standing,” and that the agency “has not recommended that [her] employment be terminated, nor is

she under a threat of termination.”

Plaintiffs’ response

               Plaintiffs filed a response in which they joined issue with both the TYC Defendants’

“plea to the jurisdiction” and “summary judgment” grounds. In support, they attached evidence that

included affidavits from each Plaintiff.15 Material to our analysis, Alvarez-Sanders testified that,

consistent with her pleading allegations, Pope had given her the choice of either resigning or being

fired, gave her “15 minutes to make my decision,” and that she had opted to resign out of fear

of being “thrashed and humiliated in the press by the TYC and its officials.” Alvarez-Sanders added

that when she inquired as to the reason why Pope had taken this action, Pope “abruptly informed

me that if I chose to not resign, the reasons would be presented at my termination hearing.”

Plaintiffs also attached affidavits from a former TYC general counsel, Neil Nichols, and a former

       15
            The affidavits contain numerous unsupported legal conclusions to the effect that the
Plaintiffs’ for-cause status constitutes a “vested property right.” See City of San Antonio v. Pollock,
284 S.W.3d 809, 816 (Tex. 2009) (observing that unsupported legal conclusions are not competent
evidence and may not support a judgment even in the absence of an objection).

                                                  13
TYC human resources manager, Karen Giles, who purported to opine that the agency had not

followed its procedures for involuntary termination of for-cause employees in connection with its

“termination” of Alvarez-Sanders and Logterman. Furthermore, Alvarez-Sanders and Logterman

averred that under TYC’s personnel policies, the agency’s coding of their personnel files to

reflect that they resigned in lieu of termination and were ineligible for rehire implied that they had

committed misconduct.

               Also of relevance, Brantley averred that, generally consistent with the

TYC Defendants’ evidence, the agency had taken the position that he was not entitled to the

grievance process and evidentiary hearing because, as of the date of his termination, the agency’s

grievance policies had been changed to make Owens’s decision final. As for Castillo, she averred

that, consistent with her pleading allegations, “since the effective date of Senate Bill 103, the TYC

has classified me as an at-will employee” and “informed me that I no longer am a for cause employee

as it relates to my employment with the TYC and the State of Texas.” However, Castillo did not

controvert Poteet’s testimony that she had remained an employee in good standing and faced no

threat of termination.

Ruling

               A hearing was held at which no further evidence was presented. The record reflects

that the parties and the district court addressed only the grounds designated within the “plea to

the jurisdiction” portion of the TYC Defendants’ filing and did not reach those raised within the

“motion for summary judgment.” Following the hearing, the district court partially granted the plea

and dismissed all of the claims asserted by Brantley and Castillo, as well as Alvarez-Sanders’s and

                                                 14
Logterman’s “claims for defamation, constitutional takings, and declaratory judgment.” The court

did not elaborate as to the specific grounds on which it relied.

                The district court’s rulings left pending only Alvarez-Sanders’s and Logterman’s

“claim for wrongful discharge.” The court granted the plea and dismissed this “claim” “to the extent

they seek to recover money damages” but denied it “to the extent they seek to recover equitable

relief” under that theory. The court afforded Alvarez-Sanders and Logterman the opportunity

“to replead their wrongful discharge claim to assert a claim for equitable relief against a proper

state official, in his/her official capacity” within fifteen days thereafter. The district court did not,

however, purport to immediately dismiss Alvarez-Sanders and Logterman’s “claim for wrongful

discharge to the extent they seek to recover equitable relief” from TYC, although compliance with

the court’s order would result in Plaintiffs non-suiting the agency by omission.

                Both Plaintiffs and the TYC Defendants filed notices of appeal from the

district court’s order. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 51.014(a)(8) (West 2008); see also

id. § 51.014(b) (West 2008) (automatic stay of trial court proceeding upon filing of notice of appeal

under subsection (a)(8)).

                                             ANALYSIS

                Plaintiffs bring nine issues on appeal, while the TYC Defendants bring two.16 The

issues are most productively explained and analyzed according to the particular Plaintiff or Plaintiffs

to whom they pertain.

        16
           Several of the arguments asserted in the TYC Defendants’ briefing in support of their
cross-appeal are in substance responses to Plaintiffs’ appellate arguments rather than grounds for
altering the judgment in their favor or cross-points asserting alternative grounds for affirming the
district court’s judgment. We have analyzed them accordingly.

                                                   15
Castillo

                Castillo, the sole Plaintiff currently employed at TYC, seeks only declaratory

and injunctive relief predicated on a challenge to section 37’s constitutionality. In their third issue,

Plaintiffs urge that the district court erred in dismissing Castillo’s claims for lack of ripeness.

                Ripeness is in part an aspect of the justiciable controversy that is required

before the judicial branch is constitutionally empowered to resolve a dispute. See Patterson

v. Planned Parenthood, 971 S.W.2d 439, 442-43 (Tex. 1998) (observing that ripeness and other

justiciability doctrines derive in part from separation-of-powers principles and the constitutional

prohibition against advisory opinions). “To constitute a justiciable controversy, there must exist

a real and substantial controversy involving genuine conflict of tangible interests and not merely

a theoretical dispute.” Bonham State Bank v. Beadle, 907 S.W.2d 465, 467 (Tex. 1995) (quoting

Bexar-Medina-Atascosa Counties Water Control & Improvement Dist. No. 1 v. Medina Lake Prot.

Ass’n, 640 S.W.2d 778, 779-80 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1982, writ ref’d n.r.e.)). Ripeness is

“peculiarly a question of timing”—specifically, whether the facts have developed sufficiently that

a plaintiff has incurred or is likely to incur a concrete injury. Perry v. Del Rio, 66 S.W.3d 239, 249-

51 (Tex. 2001) (quoting Regional Rail Reorganization Act Cases, 419 U.S. 102, 140 (1974)).

Ripeness is thus said to be lacking where the case involves “uncertain or contingent future events

that may not occur as anticipated, or indeed may not occur at all.” Patterson, 971 S.W.2d at 442

(quoting 13A Charles A. Wright et al., Federal Practice & Procedure § 3532, at 112 (2d ed. 1984)).

                As the basis for her claimed justiciable interest in obtaining declaratory and injunctive

relief regarding section 37, Castillo pled that the agency “currently considers [her] to be an at

                                                   16
will employee, despite the fact that she was employed by the TYC before the effective date of

Senate Bill 103.” Similarly, as evidence of her justiciable interest, Castillo averred that “since the

effective date of Senate Bill 103, the TYC has classified me as an at will employee” and that agency

officials had advised her that they no longer considered her a for-cause employee. However, Castillo

has neither alleged nor presented evidence that section 37 has had or is threatening to have any

tangible impact on her. In fact, the TYC Defendants presented unconverted evidence negating

that fact. See Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 227. Namely, Poteet testified that Castillo “remains a

TYC employee in good standing” and that the agency “has not recommended that [her] employment

be terminated, nor is she under a threat of termination.”

                In urging that she nonetheless possesses a ripe, justiciable interest in her claims,

Castillo emphasizes that one’s status as a for-cause public employee is considered to create a

property right in continued employment that is protected by procedural due process requirements.

See, e.g., Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 538-39. Consequently, Castillo reasons, she incurred an immediate

concrete injury at the moment section 37 took effect and “divested” her of that property right. As

Castillo explains her view on appeal, “where once [she] was clothed in the protection of a vested

right and due process before termination, she has been stripped of her protection and stands naked

before TYC without the rights she previously enjoyed.” (Emphasis in original.) But this is merely

a restatement of the fact that Castillo comes within the class of individuals whose terms of

employment were altered by section 37—and that fact alone does not establish that she presently has

a ripe, justiciable interest in challenging that enactment. A justiciable interest in regard to a statute

requires more, “some actual or threatened restriction under that statute.” Texas Workers’ Comp.

                                                   17
Comm’n v. Garcia, 893 S.W.2d 504, 517-18 (Tex. 1995) (discussing the related concept of

standing). And whether section 37 will ever have anything more than merely a theoretical effect on

Castillo turns on at least two sets of contingencies: (1) whether her termination will ever occur or

be threatened, and (2) TYC’s specific actions in that event. Consequently, Castillo’s asserted interest

in the declaratory and injunctive relief rests upon the sorts of “uncertain or contingent future events

that may not occur as anticipated, or indeed may not occur at all” that characterize unripe claims.

Patterson, 971 S.W.3d at 442; see also Toilet Goods Ass’n v. Gardner, 387 U.S. 158, 162 (1967)

(holding that claims were not ripe where new regulations might never affect plaintiffs and where

the impact of the regulation was not “felt immediately by those subject to it in conducting their

day-to-day affairs”); Garcia, 893 S.W.2d at 33-34 (plaintiff lacked standing to assert constitutional

challenge to new workers’ compensation act where he “has submitted no claim for benefits under

the Act, may never do so,” and, if he ever did, “there is no way to predict what action the

Commission may take on that claim”). Because the unconverted jurisdictional evidence negates the

ripeness of Castillo’s claims, the district court properly dismissed them for want of subject-matter

jurisdiction. We overrule Plaintiffs’ third issue.

Alvarez-Sanders and Logterman

       “Wrongful termination”/due process

               Alvarez-Sanders and Logterman asserted theories of “wrongful termination”

predicated on allegations that they were deprived of their procedural due process rights in their

employment by being constructively discharged. While dismissing their claims under this theory

to the extent they sought money damages, the district court denied the plea to the jurisdiction to the

                                                  18
extent of permitting Alvarez-Sanders and Logterman to replead, if possible, a viable claim for

equitable relief against a state official. In their first issue on appeal, the TYC Defendants urge

that this ruling was error because the record demonstrates an incurable jurisdictional defect

such that repleading would be futile. See Texas A&M Univ. Sys. v. Koseoglu, 233 S.W.3d 835,

846 (Tex. 2007) (remanding to the trial court to dismiss claims with prejudice where pleadings

were incurably defective). Specifically, the TYC Defendants contend that Plaintiffs’ pleadings and

the jurisdictional evidence negate an essential element of a viable due-process claim predicated

on constructive discharge, that the employer forced the employees’ resignations with the intent

to deprive them of the procedural due process that would accompany involuntary termination.

See Fowler v. Carrollton Pub. Library, 799 F.2d 976, 981 (5th Cir. 1986); see University of Tex.

Med. Sch. at Houston v. Than, 901 S.W.2d 926, 929 (Tex. 1995) (holding that although

Texas Constitution refers to “due course” rather than the U.S. Constitution’s “due process,” the

phrases are not meaningfully distinct and federal interpretations of procedural due process are

persuasive authority when interpreting Texas’s “due course” guarantee).

               As a threshold matter, we question whether we have jurisdiction to consider this

ground for dismissal in the context of this interlocutory appeal where, as here, there is no indication

in the record that the TYC Defendants ever raised it before the district court. See Austin Indep. Sch.

Dist. v. Lowery, 212 S.W.3d 827, 834 (Tex. App.—Austin 2006, pet. denied) (we consider plea that

was filed and do not address whether the district court erred in denying the plea on a ground that

was not argued below); but see Texas State Bd. of Pub. Accountancy v. Bass, No. 03-09-00251-CV,

2011 Tex. App. LEXIS 294, at *14-15 n.2 (Tex. App.—Austin Jan. 14, 2011, no pet.) (noting

                                                  19
apparent exception where plaintiff purported to assert an ultra vires claim directly against a

state agency); Rusk State Hosp. v. Black, No. 12-09-00206-CV, 2010 Tex. App. LEXIS 4687, at *12

(Tex. App.—Tyler June 23, 2010, pet. granted) (declining to consider on interlocutory appeal

jurisdictional challenges not presented to or ruled on by the trial court). In any event, we would not

sustain the TYC Defendants’ issue because we find no error in the district court’s ruling as to these

claims. We agree with the TYC Defendants that Alvarez-Sanders and Logterman failed to allege

or present evidence that the TYC Defendants constructively discharged them with the intent

to deprive them of procedural due process. However, we disagree that the pleadings and evidence

affirmatively negate that element, as opposed to merely omitting it. Although Alvarez-Sanders and

Logterman did not assert that the TYC Defendants intended to deprive them of due process,

Plaintiffs asserted that they were given a choice to quit or be fired under “high-pressure”

circumstances, and that when they asked why, “Pope replied that Plaintiffs would be told if and when

they chose to be terminated.” They further asserted that their requests to withdraw their resignations

were denied, and they were not permitted to file grievances. Rather than demonstrating an incurable

defect, the record reflects that Alvarez-Sanders and Logterman purported to assert a claim predicated

on due-process violations through constructive discharge, but failed to include sufficient facts

or allegations to support an element of that claim. Where, as here, the record fails to affirmatively

demonstrate incurable defects in jurisdiction, the appropriate remedy is to grant leave to amend

rather than to dismiss. See Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 226-27.

               The TYC Defendants further object that allowing Alvarez-Sanders and Logterman

to replead to seek equitable relief under their wrongful-termination/due-process theory is futile

                                                 20
because they cannot seek reinstatement and would still lack standing to challenge section 37 in any

event. Although we ultimately agree that Alvarez-Sanders and Logterman’s claims for equitable

relief do not create a justiciable interest on their part in the constitutional challenges, as we explain

below, that conclusion alone does not render futile their opportunity to replead claims for equitable

relief based on their wrongful-termination/due-process theory. As the TYC Defendants emphasize,

these claims of Alvarez-Sanders and Logterman are based on facts that occurred months before

section 37 took effect. Furthermore, they could conceivably seek equitable remedies other than

reinstatement. See Than, 901 S.W.2d at 933 (“In general, . . . the remedy for a denial of due process

is due process.”).

                In short, the district court did not err in denying the TYC Defendants’ plea to

the jurisdiction to the extent of permitting Alvarez-Sanders and Logterman the opportunity to

replead their wrongful-termination/due-process claims to seek equitable relief from an appropriate

state official (i.e., TYC’s executive director). Having so held, however, the district court erred in

failing to dismiss Alvarez-Sanders and Logterman’s wrongful-termination/due-process claims to the

extent they sought equitable relief from TYC itself. As the Texas Supreme Court has recently made

clear, a suit for equitable relief to restrain official conduct that is ultra vires of an agency’s statutory

or constitutional powers must be asserted against a state official, in his or her official capacity,

and sovereign immunity bars such a claim if asserted against the agency itself. City of El Paso

v. Heinrich, 284 S.W.3d 366, 372-73 (Tex. 2009) (explaining that suits seeking to restrain illegal

acts of state officials “cannot be brought against the state, which retains immunity, but must be

brought against the state actors in their official capacity” because “‘acts of officials which are not

                                                    21
lawfully authorized are not acts of the State’” (citation omitted)); see Creedmoor-Maha, 307 S.W.3d

at 513, 516 n.8 (recognizing that a suit to restrain a state official’s unconstitutional conduct is a

type of ultra vires suit). Accordingly, we will reverse this portion of the district court’s judgment

and render judgment dismissing the wrongful-termination/due-process claims of Alvarez-Sanders

and Logterman to the extent they are asserted against TYC. See Bass, 2011 Tex. App. LEXIS 294,

at *14-15 n.2 (noting that Texas Supreme Court has apparently concluded that this ground for

dismissal can be raised on appeal even in the context of a section 51.014(a)(8) interlocutory appeal).

        “Defamation”

                In their fifth issue, Plaintiffs urge that the district court erred in dismissing the

defamation claims of Alvarez-Sanders and Logterman.17 Plaintiffs do not appear to dispute that

sovereign immunity would bar a common-law tort claim for defamation, particularly one seeking

money damages.18 Seemingly recognizing this, Plaintiffs have attempted to recast the defamation

claims they plead as instead seeking equitable relief to remedy constitutional violations. Before the

district court, Plaintiffs attempted to recast these claims as seeking injunctive or declaratory relief

to remedy “a lifelong scarlet letter/stigma” that amounted to a bill of attainder. On appeal, Plaintiffs

have shifted focus to suggest that “[d]efamation may be likened to a claim against an employer for

an unconstitutional deprivation of a liberty interest,” and cite cases recognizing that due process may

       17
          Within this issue, Plaintiffs also advance the same arguments with respect to the dismissal
of Brantley’s defamation claims.
        18
          See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 101.057 (2) (West 2011) (tort claims act does
not waive immunity as to claims arising out of an intentional tort); City of Hempstead v. Kmiec,
902 S.W.2d 118, 122 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1995, no writ) (acknowledging that the tort
claims act does not waive immunity for intentional torts, including defamation).

                                                  22
be violated by a public employer’s discharge of an employee under “stigmatizing” circumstances

without giving the employee the opportunity to clear his or her name. See Arrington v. County of

Dallas, 970 F.2d 1441, 1447 (5th Cir. 1992) (“A public employer may unconstitutionally deprive

its employee of a liberty interest if it discharges him under stigmatizing circumstances without giving

the employee an opportunity to clear his name.”). We cannot conclude that the district court erred

in dismissing these claims.

               As a threshold matter, any claim for equitable relief from a constitutional violation

would, again, be barred by sovereign immunity to the extent that Plaintiffs would purport to assert

it against TYC. See Heinrich, 284 S.W.3d at 372-73. If any such claim were viable, it would lie

instead against TYC’s executive director. See id. And, as demonstrated by our detailed review

of Plaintiffs’ pleadings, and however liberally we might construe those pleadings, Plaintiffs did

not plead any claim for equitable relief predicated on defamation or some related notion

of stigmatization, much less one predicated on due process, the theory on which Plaintiffs

apparently now rely. In this regard, we observe that, “[t]o assert a claim for the deprivation of this

constitutional right to a name-clearing hearing, a plaintiff must allege that he was a public employee,

that he was discharged, that stigmatizing charges were made against him in connection with his

discharge, that the charges were false, that the charges were made public, that he requested a

name-clearing hearing, and that the hearing was denied.” Id. at 1447 (citing Rosenstein v. City of

Dallas, 876 F.2d 392, 395-96 (5th Cir. 1989). Furthermore, as Plaintiffs recognize, the public

charges must be so stigmatizing that they create a “badge of infamy” that destroys the employee’s

ability to obtain other employment. Evans v. City of Dallas, 861 F.2d 846, 851 (5th Cir. 1988).

                                                  23
Additionally, injury to a plaintiff’s reputation does not, in itself, amount to a deprivation of

this liberty interest. See Siegert v. Gilley, 500 U.S. 226, 233 (1991) (“Defamation, by itself, is

a tort actionable under the laws of most States, but not a constitutional deprivation.”). The live

pleadings fall far short of alleging the facts required to assert a viable due-process claim based on

stigmatization. Nor can we find any indication in the record that Plaintiffs advanced such a

theory, or sought leave to replead it, before the district court.19 In short, we find no error in the

district court’s dismissal of Plaintiffs’ defamation claims, and overrule their fifth issue.

       “Takings”

               In their sixth issue, Plaintiffs urge that the district court erred in dismissing any of

their claims predicated on the alleged “taking” of their property rights in continued employment.20

However, as the TYC Defendants have pointed out, none of the Plaintiffs have asserted, or could

assert, a viable takings claim predicated on the “taking” of a public employee’s property right

in continued employment. See Bates v. Texas State Technical Coll., 983 S.W.2d 821, 826 n.8

(Tex. App.—Waco 1998, pet. denied) (rejecting takings claim by employee whose teaching contract

was not renewed and stating that the court could “find no cases that hold that ‘property’ applies to

an individual’s property interest in continued employment.”); see also Seals v. City of Dallas,

249 S.W.3d 750, 759 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008, no pet.) (relying on Bates for the proposition that

courts have refused to interpret the takings clause to protect an employee’s interest in public

       19
          We further observe that the second amended petition that is attached to the TYC
Defendants’ briefing does not purport to assert such a theory.
       20
          As with their fifth issue, within their sixth issue Plaintiffs advance the same arguments
with respect to the district court’s dismissal of Brantley’s takings claim.

                                                  24
employment); De Mino v. Sheridan, 176 S.W.3d 359, 368-69 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2004,

no pet.) (relying on Bates to conclude that non-renewal of teaching contract could not give rise to

takings claim; stating that “[plaintiff] directs us to no authority supporting his contention that his

personal interest in employment at UH or elsewhere constitutes a ‘property’ right for purposes

of the ‘takings’ clause”). Among other problems, the State cannot, as a matter of law, “take” a

public employee’s property right in continued employment “for public use” in the manner

contemplated by the takings clause. See Steele v. City of Houston, 603 S.W.2d 786, 789 (Tex. 1980)

(“The Constitution limits compensation to damages ‘for or applied to public use,’ and judicial

restraints have narrowed that phrase to damages which arise out of or as an incident to some kind of

public works.”). Because these jurisdictional defects are incurable, the district court did not err in

dismissing the takings claims. See Miranda, 133 S.W.3d at 227. We overrule Plaintiffs’ sixth issue.

       UDJA

               Alvarez-Sanders and Logterman assert two sets of claims for declaratory relief

under the UDJA. First, they seek declarations that they had the status of for-cause employees

in April 2007, as of the time of their alleged constructive discharges. The district court properly

dismissed these claims because the requested declarations overlap elements of their wrongful-

termination/due-process claims and “[a]n action for declaratory judgment will not be entertained if

there is pending, at the time it is filed, another action or proceeding between the same parties and

in which may be adjudicated the issues involved in the declaratory judgment action.” Texas Liquor

Control Bd. v. Canyon Creek Land Corp., 456 S.W.2d 891, 895 (Tex. 1970); see BHP Petroleum

Co. v. Millard, 800 S.W.2d 838, 841 (Tex. 1990) (“The Declaratory Judgments Act is ‘not available

                                                 25
to settle disputes already pending before a court.’” (citations omitted)). Although Plaintiffs appear

to question this rule in their seventh and eighth issues, those contentions are without merit, and we

overrule them.

                 Second, Plaintiffs urge in their fourth issue that even though Alvarez-Sanders

and Logterman were no longer TYC employees at the time section 37 took effect, their claims for

equitable relief give rise to standing on their part to obtain declaratory and injunctive relief

challenging that statute. Consequently, they reason, the district court erred in dismissing these

claims. These arguments fail for reasons similar to their arguments regarding Castillo’s claims.

                 As of the date section 37 took effect, Alvarez-Sanders and Logterman were no longer

employees of TYC, and had not been for approximately two months. At that juncture, it was thus

impossible for them to suffer the required “actual or threatened restriction under that statute”

necessary for standing. Garcia, 893 S.W.2d at 517-18. That condition would continue to exist

unless and until they could, in light of the foregoing holdings, (1) plead a viable claim for equitable

relief based on wrongful termination, (2) prevail, and (3) the equitable relief they ultimately obtained

would include reinstatement, such that section 37 would apply to them. These contingencies, to say

the least, are far too remote and speculative at the present time to give rise to a justiciable interest

on the part of Alvarez-Sanders and Logterman. Patterson, 971 S.W.2d at 442 (claim is unripe

where the case involves “uncertain or contingent future events that may not occur as anticipated, or

indeed may not occur at all”); see also Perry, 66 S.W.3d at 249-51 (even in instances where claim

might eventually ripen based on subsequent events, trial court must dismiss claim if, at time of

adjudication, it is not ripe). We overrule Plaintiffs’ fourth issue.

                                                  26
Brantley

                Unlike the other Plaintiffs, Brantley was (1) formally terminated and (2) this event

occurred after section 37 took effect. Like Alvarez-Sanders and Logterman, Brantley asserted

“defamation” and “takings” claims and Plaintiffs challenge the dismissal of those claims on the same

grounds they assert regarding the other two former employee Plaintiffs. We have already disposed

of these contentions above.

                Brantley also asserted a theory of wrongful termination predicated on the allegations

that TYC discharged him without “due process,” that is, without affording him the procedural

protections to which for-cause TYC employees had been entitled. Additionally, like the other

three Plaintiffs, Brantley asserted claims for declaratory and injunctive relief challenging section 37’s

constitutionality. The TYC Defendants attacked the district court’s jurisdiction over these claims

in part on the basis that the uncontroverted jurisdictional evidence establishes that Brantley

was terminated only after receiving the same process that a for-cause employee would have received,

rendering his claims moot. Consequently, they reasoned, there was no justiciable controversy

regarding Brantley’s claims. In his first issue, Brantley asserts that the district court erred in

dismissing his claims for declaratory and injunctive relief challenging section 37’s constitutionality.

In his second issue, Brantley contends in the alternative that the district court erred in dismissing his

wrongful-termination claim and that he should have been permitted to replead that claim to seek

equitable relief, in the same manner that Alvarez-Sanders and Logterman were. We agree in part.

                Although the jurisdictional evidence established that Brantley received pre-

termination notice and an opportunity to respond consistent with TYC’s former policies governing

                                                   27
involuntary terminations, it remains that Brantley did not receive all of the process to which

he claims due process would have entitled him as a for-cause employee. Namely, Brantley was

denied an evidentiary hearing on the grounds for his termination. The TYC Defendants tacitly

acknowledge this fact in emphasizing that Brantley was not entitled to an evidentiary hearing under

the grievance procedures in effect after the agency amended them effective June 20, 2007 to

eliminate the right to an evidentiary hearing where, as here, the executive director terminates the

employee. Consequently, whatever interest Brantley possessed in obtaining the judicial relief he

sought was not entirely extinguished by the process he received. The district court, therefore, would

have erred in dismissing Brantley’s claims based on a conclusion that they were moot.

                On appeal, the TYC Defendants, in a supplemental brief, suggest that Brantley’s

claims should nonetheless be dismissed because he did not, as a matter of law, allege facts

that constitute a constitutional violation. See Creedmoor-Maha, 307 S.W.3d at 513, 516 n.8. The

TYC Defendants essentially reurge their arguments—styled as “summary judgment” grounds in

the district court—that the ex post facto law prohibition applies only to penal statutes, see Rogers,
532 U.S. at 456; Barshop, 925 S.W.2d at 633-34, and that Plaintiffs possessed no vested

property right in the Legislature’s continuing to grant them for-cause employment status, only a

mere expectancy based on the anticipated continuation of current law. See, e.g., McMurtray, 11 F.3d

at 504. The mere fact that the TYC Defendants labeled this jurisdictional challenge as a “summary-

judgment” ground, as opposed to a ground in their plea to the jurisdiction, is not in itself dispositive

of the TYC Defendants’ contention. See Austin State Hosp. v. Graham, No. 10-0674, 2011 Tex.

LEXIS 611at *4-6 (Tex. Aug. 26, 2011) (explaining that an interlocutory appeal may be taken from a

                                                  28
refusal to dismiss for want of jurisdiction whether the jurisdictional argument is presented by plea to

the jurisdiction or some other procedural vehicle). But, as Plaintiffs emphasize, the district court

did not reach this ground for dismissal, however labeled. Under the precedents of this Court, as

previously noted, we do not have jurisdiction in the context of this interlocutory appeal to reach

this ground for dismissal, whatever its merits. Lowery, 212 S.W.3d at 834 (“we . . . do not address

whether the district court erred in denying the plea on a ground that was not argued below.”).

               Like Alvarez-Sanders and Logterman, Brantley should be permitted to replead his

wrongful-termination/due-process claim to seek equitable relief against a proper state official. To

this extent, the district court erred in dismissing Brantley’s wrongful-termination/due-process claim.

However, the district court properly dismissed this claim to the extent he seeks monetary relief

or seeks any relief from TYC. Heinrich, 284 S.W.3d at 372-74. Likewise, because Brantley’s

constitutional challenges under the UDJA seek declarations regarding issues that are already

elements of his wrongful-termination/due-process claim, the district court did not err in dismissing

his UDJA claims. See Texas Liquor Control Bd., 456 S.W.2d at 895.

                                          CONCLUSION

               We affirm the district court’s order except in two respects. First, we reverse the

district court’s order to the extent it fails to dismiss the wrongful-termination/due-process claims

of Alvarez-Sanders and Logterman against TYC. We render judgment dismissing those claims

for want of subject-matter jurisdiction. Second, we reverse the district court’s order dismissing

Brantley’s wrongful-termination/due-process claim to the extent it would seek equitable relief

                                                  29
against an appropriate state official. We render judgment that Brantley is to replead said claim

against a proper state official within fifteen days of the date of this Court’s judgment.

                                               __________________________________________

                                               Bob Pemberton, Justice

Before Justices Patterson, Pemberton and Henson;
  Justice Patterson not participating

Affirmed in part; Reversed and Rendered in part

Filed: October 12, 2011

                                                 30