Court Opinion

ID: 4027301
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-08-22 22:02:28.72835+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:34:19.606095
License: Public Domain

Filed 8/22/16 In re Christopher T. CA2/7
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
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              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                DIVISION SEVEN

In re CHRISTOPHER T., a Person Coming                                B265596
Under the Juvenile Court Law.
                                                                     (Los Angeles County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. CK83863)

LOS ANGELES COUNTY
DEPARTMENT OF CHILDREN AND
FAMILY SERVICES,

         Plaintiff and Respondent,

         v.

CLARK T. et al.,

         Defendants and Appellants.

         APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, Julie Fox
Blackshaw, Judge. Affirmed.
         Pamela Deavours, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant Clark T.
         Maryann M. Goode, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant Sherry A.
       Mary C. Wickham, County Counsel, R. Keith Davis, Acting Assistant County
Counsel, Kim Nemoy, Principal Deputy County, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
                                     __________________
       Sherry A. and Clark T., the mother and presumed father of now-seven-year-old
Christopher T., appeal the juvenile court’s July 6, 2015 order pursuant to Welfare and
                                 1
Institutions Code section 366.26 terminating their parental rights and identifying
adoption as the permanent plan for Christopher. Clark contends the juvenile court erred
in ruling he had failed to establish the parent-child relationship exception to termination
of parental rights (§ 366.26, subd. (c)(1)(B)(i)). Sherry contends the court and the
Los Angeles County Department of Children and Family Services (Department) failed to
comply with the inquiry and notification requirements of the Indian Child Welfare Act
(ICWA) (25 U.S.C. § 1901 et seq.). We affirm.
                 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       1. Removal of Christopher and the Provision of Reunification Services
       Dependency proceedings were initiated on August 31, 2010 after Christopher fell
down a flight of stairs in the family home while under Sherry’s supervision. On
December 1, 2010 the juvenile court sustained an amended petition under section 300,
subdivision (b) (failure to protect), finding two-year-old Christopher was at risk of
serious physical harm due to Sherry’s long history of substance abuse (prior
methamphetamine abuse and current alcohol abuse), which interfered with her ability to
provide appropriate care for the child; Sherry’s failure to follow through sufficiently with
Christopher’s medical and developmental needs (subsequent medical evaluations
disclosed symptoms consistent with spina bifida and fetal alcohol syndrome); and Clark’s
failure to intervene to protect Christopher from the dangers created by Sherry’s alcohol
abuse while he, Sherry and Christopher resided together. The court removed Christopher

1
       Statutory references are to this code unless otherwise stated.
                                             2
from the custody of Sherry and Clark, ordered the Department to provide them with
reunification services and limited the parents to monitored visitation.
       At the six-month review hearing (§ 366.21, subd. (e)) in May 2011, the court
found Sherry and Clark were only in partial compliance with their case plans and ordered
additional reunification services. Clark’s individual therapist had previously reported to
the Department that Clark was in denial about Sherry’s substance abuse, Christopher’s
developmental delays and the reason the Department and the juvenile court had
intervened in the family’s life; the therapist recommended a mental health assessment, in
part, to consider Clark’s anger management issues. At the hearing the court ordered
mental health evaluations for both parents and for Christopher pursuant to Evidence Code
section 730.
       Following the Evidence Code section 730 assessment ordered by the court, the
evaluator concluded, while the parents were engaging and affectionate with Christopher,
they were overwhelmed by his diagnosis of spina bifida and possible fetal alcohol
syndrome and needed help understanding and accepting his special needs. At a progress
hearing two months after the six-month review hearing, the court permitted Sherry and
Clark to have unmonitored visits with Christopher, jointly or separately, two times a
week for a minimum of three hours per visit.
       By the time of the 12-month permanency hearing (§ 366.21, subd. (f)) in
November 2011, Sherry and Clark were allowed overnight visits with Christopher,
provided Clark was present during the visit. Prior to the hearing the Department held a
team decision meeting to consider the possibility of returning Christopher home.
However, at the meeting Sherry repeatedly denied she had a drinking problem or that she
had been drinking when Christopher was injured. Clark continued to work from
4:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. as a maintenance employee at McDonalds, creating an on-going
issue of Christopher’s safety when he was not there. (The paternal grandmother, who
was an alcoholic, also resided in the home with Sherry and Clark.) The Department
recommended that Clark move to a safe home so Christopher could be returned to his

                                             3
custody. At the 12-month hearing the court ordered the Department to provide further
reunification services and increased the number of permitted weekly visits.
       Prior to the 18-month permanency review hearing (§ 366.22) the Department
reported that Clark had complied with all court orders but Sherry had failed to participate
consistently in drug and alcohol testing and tested positive for alcohol in February 2012.
Because of concerns about overnight visitation with two alcoholics (Sherry and paternal
grandmother) in the home, the court ordered monitored visitation until it was confirmed
that Clark was no longer living with Sherry. The Department recommended termination
of reunification services for both Sherry and Clark. However, after Clark moved to a
new residence, his visits with Christopher were again modified by the court to permit
unmonitored visitation. The 18-month permanency review hearing was continued to July
2012 and again to mid-August 2012 for a contest.
       2. The Section 342 Subsequent Petition and Termination of Reunification Services
       On July 22, 2012—two days after the mass shooting during a midnight screening
of The Dark Knight Rises in Aurora, Colorado—Clark was arrested for making criminal
threats inside a movie theatre showing the same film. Clark threatened to “go off like
Colorado” and asked other patrons whether they had a gun. The Department filed a
supplemental petition (§ 342) on July 27, 2012, alleging that Clark’s “violent threatening
behavior” endangered Christopher’s physical health and safety and placed him at risk of
serious physical harm. The Department reiterated its prior recommendation for
termination of family reunification services for both parents and asked that visitation with
Christopher be monitored for Clark, as well as Sherry.
       Clark was released from custody on September 12, 2012. He immediately
resumed counseling and monitored visits with Christopher. Clark was subsequently
convicted of a misdemeanor, placed on three-year summary probation and ordered to
complete a 25-week anger management program.
       At a combined section 366.22 and section 342 hearing on October 3, 2012, the
court terminated family reunification services and set a selection and implementation

                                             4
hearing (§ 366.26) for January 29, 2013. Monitored visitation by both parents
(separately) with Christopher was to continue at least two times per week. The court
                                        2
deemed the section 342 petition moot.
       3. Reinstatement of Clark’s Reunification Services
       Prior to the selection and implementation hearing Clark petitioned for
reinstatement of reunification services (§ 388). After several continuances and following
a contested hearing in June 2013, the court granted the petition and ordered six months of
additional services for Clark. The court acknowledged that the foster parents who had
been caring for Christopher for two years wanted to adopt him and had an approved
home, but felt there was little likelihood that opportunity would be lost if Clark failed to
reunify with the child during the additional reunification period. The court also noted the
foster mother had candidly described not only her own difficulties dealing with Clark but
also Christopher’s obvious affection for his father. Based on the evidence presented at
the hearing, the court observed that Clark might well be suffering from frontal lobe
damage (perhaps due to fetal alcohol syndrome) that could be the cause of his lack of
impulse control. The court directed a neuropsychological assessment be performed and
concluded Clark deserved a chance “to make one final effort to see if the issues that
brought us here can be ameliorated and Christopher can be returned to the care and
custody of his father.”
       In early August 2013 the superior court issued a restraining order against Clark at
the request of Sherry’s boyfriend, who alleged Clark had told him he was going to pay
someone to beat him up/kill him, followed him in his car, and threw a can of beer at him
while he was waiting at a bus stop. As reflected in a status review report filed on
January 27, 2014 by the Department, Clark, now homeless and unemployed, continued to

2
        Both Sherry and Clark challenged the order setting the selection and
implementation hearing by petitioning this court for extraordinary writ relief (case
no. B244492). The petitions were dismissed as inadequate after their attorneys filed
letters indicating there were no viable issues.
                                              5
visit with Christopher twice each week for one hour. Clark told the social worker he was
not well and could not keep up with Christopher. In meetings with the Department Clark
acted erratically and emotionally, angry one moment, crying over his failed relationship
with Sherry the next. In June 2014, after Clark had received a full year of renewed
reunification services, the court again terminated reunification services, confirmed
Christopher’s placement with the foster family and scheduled a selection and
                                                  3
implementation hearing for October 14, 2014. That date was continued several times,
                                                            4
and a contested hearing was finally held on July 6, 2015.
       4. The Section 366.26 Hearing: Termination of Parental Rights and
          Identification of Adoption as Christopher’s Permanent Plan
       In an interim review report submitted to the court on March 16, 2015, the
Department indicated Clark was still unemployed but was now living in the home of
childhood friends. According to the report, Clark was inconsistent in his participation in
drug testing, attendance at Al-Anon meetings and parenting programs. In addition,
because of Christopher’s on-going developmental and medical needs, the child required
consistent help from a caregiver available to take him to, and participate in, medical
appointments, school meetings and regional center services appointments, as well as to
administer and monitor his medication. Yet Clark insisted that there was nothing wrong
with Christopher and that he acted delayed only because he was living in a foster home
where there was also a child who had been diagnosed with Down Syndrome. In addition,
Clark did not have a childcare plan for Christopher if the child were to be returned to his
care. Although the Department acknowledged Clark loved his son, based on its overall
3
       Sherry and Clark again petitioned for extraordinary writ relief (case no. B257195),
and this court again dismissed the petitions after counsel filed letters indicating there
were no viable legal arguments.
4
       In addition to the contested section 366.26 hearing, on July 6, 2015 the juvenile
court heard and denied separate petitions pursuant to section 388 filed by Sherry (on
October 27, 2014) and Clark (on January 14, 2015) seeking additional reunification
services or, alternatively in Clark’s petition, the return of Christopher to his custody. The
parents’ briefs on appeal do not challenge the denial of these section 388 petitions.
                                              6
assessment of Christopher’s special needs and Clark’s abilities, the Department
concluded Clark was not capable of caring for Christopher and did not believe it was in
the child’s best interest to reunite with his father.
       At the March 16, 2015 hearing—one of the dates set for the section 366.26 hearing
that was ultimately continued—the court appointed Dr. Chuck Leeb to evaluate the
relationship bond between Clark and Christopher, as well as between Christopher and the
foster parents with whom he had been living and who were prepared to adopt him, and to
assess the perceived negative effects if the relationship between Clark and Christopher
was terminated (a “bonding study”). In his report submitted to the court on May 14,
2015, Dr. Leeb noted that Clark had admitted he was an alcoholic and had previously
used cocaine and marijuana, asserted that he had “quit before,” and stated, “Christopher
is my new drug. My new alcohol.” Dr. Leeb confirmed it was Clark’s view that
Christopher did not have special-needs and was exhibiting developmental delays only
because he was imitating the special needs child in the foster home where he was placed.
Dr. Leeb concluded that Clark had not demonstrated he was capable of providing for
Christopher’s well-being and his disregard for medical advice concerning Christopher’s
needs suggested he was not able to do so. In addition, Clark’s statement concerning
Christopher as his new drug could be seen as evidence Clark needed Christopher to make
him whole: “Father’s level of narcissism does not allow him to be flawed and therefore
Christopher cannot be seen as having flaws. Father needs to blame others rather than
accept the reality.” Dr. Leeb observed a positive interaction between Clark and
Christopher when they were together, but noted it was “devoid of any decisions of
consequence. The interaction is more like a ‘play date.’” With respect to termination of
the relationship, Dr. Leeb opined, “Minor will miss father for awhile but [will] not be
devastated by the loss.”
       On June 16, 2015 Clark’s counsel notified the court that Dr. Alfredo Crespo had
been retained to conduct an additional bonding study; and, at counsel’s request, the court
ordered the Department to facilitate Dr. Crespo’s evaluation. Dr. Crespo’s report, dated

                                                7
June 29, 2015, was received into evidence by the juvenile court at the contested hearing
on July 6, 2015. As part of his evaluation of Clark, Dr. Crespo administered the
Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory -2 and two other psychological tests.
Dr. Crespo wrote, “[S]imilar MMPI-2 results are often found among individuals with a
history of acting out in unsocialized, aggressive and sometimes even bizarre ways (such
as may be exemplified by the movie theatre incident in his history). . . . They usually
have a substance abuse history associated with poorly thought out behaviors underlying a
pattern of uneven achievement also often found among them.”
       According to Dr. Crespo, “Though the father presented relatively well during the
present evaluation, his history and current test results raise obvious concerns about his
parenting capacity. These very same concerns undermine his expressed commitment to
reunify with his son . . . .” With respect to the potential adverse consequences of
terminating the father-son relationship, Dr. Crespo agreed with Dr. Leeb that “the minor
may experience short-term distress if adopted by his caregivers. However, given the
minor’s relationship with his father for almost three years has been limited to visits, the
intensity of the loss may be predicted to be manageable through supportive family
counseling . . . .”
       Clark testified at the contested hearing on July 6, 2015, and the court considered
the reports and recommendations from Dr. Leeb and Dr. Crespo, as well as the several
reports (with attachments) the Department had prepared for the hearing. (Although
Christopher was called to testify in chambers, he would not answer any questions.)
During his testimony Clark appeared to acknowledge that Christopher was a special-
needs child but still insisted his condition was aggravated by being placed in a home with
another special-needs child and stated he should be treated like a “normal” child. Clark
described his consistent, twice-a-week visits with Christopher, his daily telephone calls
with his son and their affectionate relationship. Clark believed Christopher would be
crushed if their visits ended.

                                              8
       After considering the reports and testimony, as well as the arguments of counsel,
the court found by clear and convincing evidence that Christopher was adoptable and that
it would be detrimental to the child to be returned to his parents. The court additionally
found that no exception to adoption applied. Accordingly, the court terminated Sherry’s
and Clark’s parental rights and transferred Christopher’s care, custody and control to the
Department for adoptive planning and placement. The court explained, although it was
apparent that Clark loved Christopher very much, its task was not to assess the detriment
to Clark, but to the child: “And it is clear to me that [Clark] needs Christopher more than
he needs his father.” The court recognized that Clark and Christopher had frequent
contact but found “the quality of the visits [was] really, as Dr. Leeb has said, like play
dates. Christopher enjoys your company, but the role was not terribly parental. And the
emotional attachment between you, again, I believe really goes very much more in one
direction, from you to Christopher, than back again.” The court also emphasized that
neither Dr. Leeb nor Dr. Crespo believed Christopher would suffer any long-term
detriment as a result of the termination of his relationship with Clark; and the court itself
believed that the long-term care, support and stability that will result from adoption “far
outweighs any short-term emotional reaction that he will have.”
       5. Investigation of Indian Ancestry and ICWA Notice
       In the initial detention report dated August 31, 2010, the Department stated ICWA
“does or may apply,” explaining that Sherry had stated in an interview she has Cherokee
and Muscogee [misspelled “Maskobi”] in her family although the family was not
“registered”; Clark stated his family did not have Indian ancestry. On September 8, 2010
Clark filed the mandatory Judicial Council form ICWA-020 stating he had no Indian
ancestry as far as he knew. Sherry, however, stated on her ICWA-020 form, filed the
                                                                              5
same date, that she may have “Cherokee, Creek, Mascogee [sic]” ancestry. According to
the minute order from the arraignment hearing held on September 8, 2010, the juvenile

5
      The Muscogee (Creek) Nation is a federally recognized tribe. (See 9 Fed.Reg.
5019-5025 (Jan. 29, 2016).)
                                              9
court ordered the Department to give notice of the dependency proceedings to the
                                       6
Cherokee, Creek and Muscogee tribes.
       In the jurisdiction/disposition report dated October 13, 2010, the Department
advised the court that Sherry had informed the dependency investigator that she was
Muscogee (Creek) and provided a family tree she was using as part of her application for
enrollment in the tribe. Sherry explained the information on the family tree was all the
information she had regarding her Indian ancestry. Based on this material the
Department sent certified mail notice of the proceedings to The Muscogee (Creek) Nation
of Oklahoma, the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Department of the Interior with
biographical data for Sherry’s lineal ancestors. The report does not indicate whether
Sherry was specifically asked about her earlier statement concerning possible Cherokee
ancestry or whether there were maternal relatives who might have additional information
about the family’s ancestry.
       By the time of the continued jurisdiction/disposition hearing, The Muscogee
(Creek) Nation stated Christopher was not an Indian child within the meaning of ICWA
based on the information provided. The Department of the Interior and Bureau of Indian
Affairs confirmed receipt of the ICWA notice and checked the line stating no response or
action was required: “The county has provided an appropriate notice to the tribe or
tribes.” At a status hearing on December 6, 2010, the court found that ICWA did not
apply to this case.
       At the section 366.26 hearing on July 6, 2015 the court stated it wanted to be sure
all the appropriate ICWA findings had been made. Counsel for the Department stated a
no-ICWA finding had been made on December 6, 2010, but explained he did not have
that volume of his court file with him, so he was unsure of the basis for the finding. No

6
       The record on appeal does not contain a reporter’s transcript from the arraignment
hearing.
                                            10
                                                                7
other party made any comment regarding the earlier finding. The court observed that the
December 2010 finding had been made by a prior bench officer and said, “I am certain
that the court went through all of the necessary steps to make an appropriate finding.”
                                       DISCUSSION
       1. The Juvenile Court Did Not Err in Ruling Clark Had Failed To Establish the
          Parent-child Relationship Exception to Termination of Parental Rights
           a. Governing law and standard of review
       Section 366.26 governs the juvenile court’s selection and implementation of a
permanent plan for a dependent child. The express purpose of a section 366.26 hearing is
“to provide stable, permanent homes” for dependent children. (§ 366.26, subd. (b).)
Once the court has decided to end parent-child reunification services, the legislative
preference is for adoption. (§ 366.26, subd. (b)(1); In re S.B. (2009) 46 Cal.4th 529, 532
[“[i]f adoption is likely, the court is required to terminate parental rights, unless specified
circumstances compel a finding that termination would be detrimental to the child”];
In re Celine R. (2003) 31 Cal.4th 45, 53 [“[I]f the child is adoptable . . . adoption is the
norm. Indeed, the court must order adoption and its necessary consequence, termination
of parental rights, unless one of the specified circumstances provides a compelling reason
for finding that termination of parental rights would be detrimental to the child.”]; see
In re Marilyn H. (1993) 5 Cal.4th 295, 307 [once reunification efforts have been found
unsuccessful, the state has a “compelling” interest in “providing stable, permanent homes
for children who have been removed from parental custody” and the court then must
“concentrate its efforts . . . on the child’s placement and well-being, rather than on a
parent’s challenge to a custody order”]; In re Noah G. (2016) 247 Cal.App.4th 1292,
1299-1300; In re G.B. (2014) 227 Cal.App.4th 1147, 1163.)

7
       In Dr. Crespo’s bonding study, which was before the court at the section 366.26
hearing, Clark was quoted as stating Sherry was “Native American. . . . I don’t [know]
what Tribe.” As far as Clark knew, Sherry was not a “‘registered’ member of a Tribe,”
but “her dad and her sister are Registered American Indians.”
                                              11
       Section 366.26 requires the juvenile court to conduct a two-part inquiry at the
selection and implementation hearing. First, it determines whether there is clear and
convincing evidence the child is likely to be adopted within a reasonable time.
(Cynthia D. v. Superior Court (1993) 5 Cal.4th 242, 249-250; In re D.M. (2012)
205 Cal.App.4th 283, 290.) Then, if the court finds by clear and convincing evidence the
child is likely to be adopted, the statute mandates judicial termination of parental rights
unless the parent opposing termination can demonstrate one of the enumerated statutory
exceptions applies. (§ 366.26, subd. (c)(1)(A) & (B); see Cynthia D., at pp. 250, 259
[when child is adoptable and declining to apply one of the statutory exceptions would not
cause detriment to the child, the decision to terminate parental rights is relatively
automatic].)
       One of the statutory exceptions to termination is contained in section 366.26,
subdivision (c)(1)(B)(i), which permits the court to order some other permanent plan if
“[t]he parents have maintained regular visitation and contact with the child and the child
would benefit from continuing the relationship.” The “benefit” prong of the exception
requires the parent to prove his or her relationship with the child “‘promotes the well-
being of the child to such a degree as to outweigh the well-being the child would gain in a
permanent home with new, adoptive parents.’” (In re Marcelo B. (2012)
209 Cal.App.4th 635, 643; accord, In re Amber M. (2002) 103 Cal.App.4th 681, 689; see
In re Autumn H. (1994) 27 Cal.App.4th 567, 575 [“the court balances the strength and
quality of the natural parent/child relationship in a tenuous placement against the security
and the sense of belonging a new family would confer”].)
       A showing the child derives some benefit from the relationship is not a sufficient
ground to depart from the statutory preference for adoption. (See In re Angel B. (2002)
97 Cal.App.4th 454, 466 [“[a] biological parent who has failed to reunify with an
adoptable child may not derail an adoption merely by showing the child would derive
some benefit from continuing a relationship maintained during periods of visitation with
the parent”].) No matter how loving and frequent the contact, and notwithstanding the

                                             12
existence of an “‘emotional bond’” with the child, “‘the parents must show that they
occupy “a parental role” in the child’s life.’” (In re K.P. (2012) 203 Cal.App.4th 614,
621; In re I.W. (2009) 180 Cal.App.4th 1517, 1527.) Factors to consider include “‘[t]he
age of the child, the portion of the child’s life spent in the parent’s custody, the ‘positive’
or ‘negative’ effect of interaction between parent and child, and the child’s particular
needs.’” (In re Marcelo B., supra, 209 Cal.App.4th at p. 643.)
       The parent has the burden of proving the statutory exception applies. (In re I.W.,
supra, 180 Cal.App.4th at p. 1527; In re Derek W. (1999) 73 Cal.App.4th 823, 826.) The
court’s decision a parent has not satisfied this burden may be based on either or both of
two component determinations—whether a beneficial parental relationship exists and
whether the existence of that relationship constitutes “a compelling reason for
determining that termination would be detrimental to the child.” (§ 366.26,
subd. (c)(1)(B); see In re K.P., supra, 203 Cal.App.4th at p. 622; In re Bailey J. (2010)
189 Cal.App.4th 1308, 1314.) When the juvenile court finds the parent has not
established the existence of the requisite beneficial relationship, our review is limited to
determining whether the evidence compels a finding in favor of the parent on this issue as
                                                   8
a matter of law. (In re I.W., at pp. 1527-1528.) When the juvenile court concludes the
benefit to the child derived from preserving parental rights is not sufficiently compelling
to outweigh the benefit achieved by the permanency of adoption, we review that

8
       Because the juvenile court’s factual determinations are generally reviewed for
substantial evidence, it has often been posited a challenge to a finding that no beneficial
relationship exists is similarly reviewed for substantial evidence. (See, e.g.,
In re Bailey J., supra, 189 Cal.App.4th at p. 1314; In re Jasmine D. (2000)
78 Cal.App.4th 1339, 1351.) The parent’s failure to carry his or her burden of proof on
this point, however, is properly reviewed, as in all failure-of-proof cases, for whether the
evidence compels a finding in favor of the appellant as a matter of law. (In re Aurora P.
(2015) 241 Cal.App.4th 1142, 1163; In re I.W., supra, 180 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1527-1528;
see Dreyer’s Grand Ice Cream, Inc. v. County of Kern (2013) 218 Cal.App.4th 828, 838
[“where the issue on appeal turns on a failure of proof at trial, the question for a
reviewing court becomes whether the evidence compels a finding in favor of the
appellant as a matter of law”].)
                                              13
determination for abuse of discretion. (In re K.P., at pp. 621-622; In re Bailey J., at
pp. 1314-1315.)
           b. The juvenile court did not abuse its discretion in concluding the long-term
              benefits of adoption for Christopher outweighed any short-term detriment
              from the termination of his relationship with Clark
       As all parties and the juvenile court acknowledged, Clark maintained regular
visitation with Christopher during the five years this dependency case has been pending;
and Christopher plainly enjoyed his visits with his father. For that reason, the court
extended reunification services on several occasions, giving Clark ample opportunity to
reunify with his son. Nonetheless, based primarily on Dr. Leeb’s expert evaluation, the
court found the quality of those visits did not rise to the level of a “parental relationship,”
as required to establish the subdivision (c)(1)(B)(i) parent-child exception to adoption.
On this record, we cannot say the evidence before the juvenile court compelled a finding
on this point in favor of Clark as a matter of law. Accordingly, for this reason alone, the
juvenile court’s ruling must be affirmed. (See In re I.W., supra, 180 Cal.App.4th at
pp. 1527-1528.)
       Even if we were to accept Clark’s contention that he proved he enjoyed a
beneficial parental relationship with Christopher, however, based not only on Dr. Leeb’s
evaluation but also on the assessment of Clark’s own expert, Dr. Crespo, concerning the
potential impact of terminating Christopher’s relationship with his father, the juvenile
court did not abuse its discretion in concluding the long-term benefits of adoption for
Christopher outweighed any short-term detriment he might suffer. Unlike
In re S.B. (2008) 164 Cal.App.4th 289, cited by Clark, in which the appellate court found
the parent-child exception had been established, Christopher has spent most of his life
with his current foster parents (since February 2011); and Clark was not his primary
caregiver during the first two years of his life prior to his removal from Sherry and
Clark’s custody. (Cf. In re Jason J. (2009) 175 Cal.App.4th 922, 937 [explaining the
court’s earlier opinion in In re S.B. “does not, of course, stand for the proposition that a
termination order is subject to reversal whenever there is ‘some measure of benefit’ in
                                              14
continued contact between parent and child”].) In addition, the juvenile court properly
weighed in the balance Christopher’s special needs, Clark’s steadfast refusal to
acknowledge them, the foster family’s experience with special-needs children and its
willingness to adopt Christopher, and the experts’ opinions that Clark was unable to do
provide the care Christopher required. In light of all these factors, the court acted well
within its discretion in ordering termination of parental rights and identifying adoption as
Christopher’s permanent plan.
       2. The Department and the Juvenile Court Satisfied Their Obligations
          Under ICWA
           a. The ICWA investigation and notice requirements
       ICWA reflects a congressional determination that it is in the best interests of
Indian children to retain tribal ties and cultural heritage and in the interest of the tribe to
preserve its future generations. (25 U.S.C. § 1902; In re Isaiah W. (2016) 1 Cal.5th 1, 8;
see In re H.G. (2015) 234 Cal.App.4th 906, 909-910; In re Alexandria P. (2014)
228 Cal.App.4th 1322, 1355-1356; see also § 224, subd. (a).) It is intended to protect
Indian children and to promote the stability and security of Indian tribes and families.
(In re Karla C. (2003) 113 Cal.App.4th 166, 173-174; see also In re Suzanna L. (2002)
104 Cal.App.4th 223, 229.) For purposes of ICWA, an “Indian child” is a child who is
either a member of an Indian tribe or is eligible for membership in an Indian tribe and is
the biological child of a member of an Indian tribe. (25 U.S.C. § 1903(4); see § 224.1,
subd. (a) [adopting federal definitions].)
       ICWA provides, “In any involuntary proceeding in a State court, where the court
knows or has reason to know that an Indian child is involved, the party seeking foster
care placement of, or termination of parental rights to, an Indian child shall notify the
parent or Indian custodian and the Indian child’s tribe” of the pending proceedings and its
right to intervene. (25 U.S.C. § 1912(a).) Similarly, California law requires notice to the
Indian custodian and the Indian child’s tribe in accordance with section 224.2,
subdivision (a)(5), if the Department or court knows or has reason to know that an Indian
child is involved in the proceedings. (§ 224.3, subd. (d).) The circumstances that may
                                            15
provide reason to know the child is an Indian child include, without limitation, when a
member of the child’s extended family provides information suggesting the child is a
member of a tribe or eligible for membership in a tribe or one or more of the child’s
parents, grandparents or great-grandparents are or were a member of a tribe. (§ 224.3,
subd. (b)(1); see In re Isaiah W., supra, 1 Cal.5th at p. 15 [“section 224.3, subdivision (b)
sets forth a nonexhaustive list of ‘circumstances that may provide reason to know the
child is an Indian child’”]; see also In re Kadence P. (2015) 241 Cal.App.4th 1376, 1386-
1387 & fn. 9 [because only the tribe may make the determination whether the child is a
member or eligible for membership, there is no general blood quantum requirement or
“remoteness” exception to ICWA notice requirements]; In re B.H. (2015)
241 Cal.App.4th 603, 606-607 [“a person need not be a registered member of a tribe to
be a member of a tribe—parents may be unsure or unknowledgeable of their own status
as a member of a tribe”].)
       Juvenile courts and child protective agencies have “an affirmative and continuing
duty” to inquire whether a dependent child is or may be an Indian child. (In re Isaiah W.,
supra, 1 Cal.5th at p. 9; § 224.3; Cal. Rules of Court, rule 5.481.) As soon as practicable,
the social worker is required to interview the child’s parents, extended family members,
the Indian custodian, if any, and any other person who can reasonably be expected to
have information concerning the child’s membership status or eligibility. (§ 224.3,
subd. (c); In re Shane G. (2008) 166 Cal.App.4th 1532, 1539; Cal. Rules of Court,
rule 5.481(a)(4).)
           b. Notice to The Muscogee (Creek) Nation was adequate
       The ICWA notices sent to The Muscogee (Creek) Nation on October 5, 2010 and
October 26, 2010 contained Sherry’s name, address, birthdate and place of birth, and the
names of Christopher’s maternal grandmother and grandfather, maternal great-
grandmother and maternal great-great grandmother, and indicated that the maternal great-
great grandmother, Bessie S., was listed on the tribe’s 1906 final roll. Challenging the
sufficiency of these notices, Sherry explains her Indian ancestry descended through her

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maternal grandfather, not her maternal grandmother as reflected on the Department’s
notices. She also criticizes the failure of the notices to include the names of three other
possible relatives who were listed in the material she provided the social worker. Sherry
acknowledges “[e]xactly who these relatives were and how they were related to
Christopher was unknown,” but contends the Department should have interviewed the
maternal grandparents or other maternal relatives to determine whether additional
                           9
information was available.
       Sherry’s argument is without merit. Section 224.2, subdivision (a)(5)(C), requires
ICWA notice to a tribe to include “All names known of the Indian child’s biological
parents, grandparents, and great-grandparents, or Indian custodians, including maiden,
married and former names or aliases, as well as their current and former addresses,
birthdates, places of birth and death, tribal enrollment numbers, and any other identifying
information, if known.” California Rules of Court, rule 5.481(a)(4)(A) directs the social
worker to conduct interviews “to gather the information listed in Welfare and Institutions
Code section 224.2(a)(5), . . . which is required to complete the Notice of Child Custody
Proceeding for Indian Child (form ICWA-030).” The Department complied with these
obligations, sending The Muscogee (Creek) Nation all available information regarding
Christopher’s parents, maternal (and paternal) grandparents, maternal great-grandmother
and maternal great-great grandmother. Although the notice did indicate it was the
maternal grandmother, rather than the maternal grandfather, who may be Muscogee
(Creek), the notice provided information regarding a maternal great-grandmother—
whose last name was the same as the maternal grandfather’s and presumably was his
mother—as well as the name, date of birth and some form of enrollment information for
the great-great grandmother. The Department properly terms its mistake “hyper-

9
        Although Sherry did not appeal from the no-ICWA finding originally made on
December 6, 2010 until this appeal from the July 6, 2015 order terminating parental
rights, the Supreme Court in In re Isaiah W., supra, 1 Cal.5th at page 6 held “a parent
may challenge a finding of ICWA’s inapplicability in an appeal from the subsequent
order, even if she did not raise such a challenge in an appeal from the initial order.”
                                             17
technical” and correctly insists it would not deprive the tribe of the ability to ascertain
whether Christopher was an Indian child within the meaning of ICWA.
       Similarly, the Department’s omission of the names of other individuals, who may
or may not have been relatives of Christopher, did not make the ICWA notice defective.
An ICWA notice need only include the child’s direct lineal ancestors. (In re J.M. (2012)
206 Cal.App.4th 375, 381; see 25 C.F.R. § 23.111(d)(3) (eff. Dec. 12, 2016) [if known,
ICWA notice must contain the names, birthdates, birthplaces, and Tribal enrollment
information “of other direct lineal ancestors of the child, such as grandparents”].) Sherry
herself does not know who the omitted individuals are, and there is no indication they are
Christopher’s lineal ancestors. In sum, the notices to The Muscogee (Creek) Nation
contained all information needed to make them meaningful; any omissions were, at most,
harmless error. (In re J.M., at p. 380; see In re E.W. (2009) 170 Cal.App.4th 396, 402-
403 [“where notice has been received by the tribe, as it was in this case, errors or
omissions in the notice are reviewed under the harmless error standard”].)
           c. Neither further investigation of Sherry’s possible Cherokee ancestry nor
              notice to the Cherokee Nation was required
       Sherry initially indicated she may have Cherokee, as well as Muscogee (Creek)
ancestry. When she was interviewed by the Department on September 17, 2010,
however, Sherry provided details relating only to her possible Muscogee ancestry,
supplying the Department’s investigator with a partial family tree, and stated she had no
further information about her possible Indian ancestry. Although Sherry now contends
the Department did not adequately investigate her possible Cherokee ancestry, she does
not affirmatively represent that she has Cherokee ancestry (or even that she has any
reason to believe she may) or suggest that further inquiry by the Department would have
developed any relevant information on the subject. It would have been far better practice
for the Department to have interviewed other family members to confirm Sherry’s initial
statement was in error and there were no Cherokee ancestors and to report the absence of
such information to the court, to explain why notice had not been provided to the
Cherokee tribe as the court had ordered at the arraignment hearing. Nonetheless, any
                                            18
error in this regard was harmless. (See In re H.B. (2008) 161 Cal.App.4th 115, 122 [“‘the
rules do not permit [parents] to cause additional unwarranted delay and hardship, without
any showing whatsoever that the interests protected by the ICWA are implicated in any
way’”]; In re Rebecca R. (2006) 143 Cal.App.4th 1426, 1431 [same].)
                                    DISPOSITION
      The juvenile court’s July 6, 2015 order is affirmed.

                                                PERLUSS, P. J.

      We concur:

             ZELON, J.

             SEGAL, J.

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