Court Opinion

ID: 3214183
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-06-16 21:09:05.138962+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:49:11.353784
License: Public Domain

J-A06037-16

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

VERONICA HONIS                                 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                     PENNSYLVANIA
                            Appellant

                       v.

GIANT FOOD STORES, INC.

                            Appellee               No. 1245 MDA 2015

              Appeal from the Judgment Entered August 31, 2015
               In the Court of Common Pleas of Luzerne County
                        Civil Division at No: 9603-2012

BEFORE: LAZARUS, STABILE, and DUBOW, JJ.

MEMORANDUM BY STABILE, J.:                           FILED JUNE 16, 2016

       Appellant, Veronica Honis, appeals from the judgment entered on

August 31, 2015,1 following denial of her motion to remove the nonsuit

entered in her premises liability case against Appellee, Giant Food Stores
____________________________________________

1
  Although Appellant suggests she is appealing from the trial court’s July 1,
2015 order, the appeal properly lies from judgment entered on the order
denying removal of the nonsuit. See, e.g., Harvey v. Rouse Chamberlin,
Ltd., 901 A.2d 523, 524 n. 1 (Pa. Super. 2006).

We note that this case proceeded to trial on February 3, 2015. At the close
of Appellant’s case, Giant moved for a compulsory nonsuit, which the trial
court granted after hearing argument on the motion. By order dated July 1,
2015, the trial court denied Appellant’s post-trial motion seeking removal of
the nonsuit. Appellant filed a notice of appeal on July 21, 2105. By order of
this Court dated August 27, 2015, we quashed the appeal for failure to enter
final judgment on the July 1 order. By subsequent order entered September
3, this Court vacated the August 27 order and reinstated the appeal in light
of Appellant’s motion for reconsideration accompanied by evidence that
judgment was entered on the order on August 31, 2015.
J-A06037-16

(“Giant”).   Appellant argues there was sufficient evidence for a jury to

conclude Giant created a dangerous condition that caused her to fall and/or

failed to conduct a reasonable inspection that would have discovered the

dangerous condition. We disagree and, therefore, affirm.

      In its July 1, 2015 memorandum opinion, the trial court aptly

summarized the evidence Appellant presented in her case-in-chief at the

jury trial held on February 3, 2015. Trial Court Opinion (“T.C.O.”), 7/1/15,

at 3-6. We adopt the trial court’s summary as our own and incorporate it

herein by reference in this Memorandum.          Briefly, Appellant and her

husband testified that they went to the Giant on Locust Street in Hazelton on

June 23, 2010.     When they were in the checkout aisle, they realized they

forgot to get ice cream.     While her husband was bagging their groceries,

Appellant went to an end cap display where the on-sale ice cream was

located. She returned to the checkout aisle and, as she placed the ice cream

on the conveyor, she stepped on a small bottle of Red Bull and fell, causing

injuries to various parts of her body. Neither she nor her husband observed

the bottle in the aisle before Appellant fell.

      As part of her case-in-chief, Appellant called a Giant service associate

to testify as on cross-examination. The associate, who did not witness the

incident, explained the “clean sweep” procedure by which she and other

employees would survey the store for hazards.        She explained that she

would use a gun to swipe “tags” in the aisles, indicating the aisle was

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J-A06037-16

inspected. While there were no tags in the individual checkout aisles, those

aisles were inspected as part of the “front end” inspection. The employee

would swipe a tag in the front end indicating the aisles and other front end

areas were checked for hazards.      The associate also explained that there

were small refrigerators placed in front of the checkout aisles and that items

were stocked in and on them. However, as the trial court observed, “[t]here

was no testimony offered that the Red Bull was one of the items in the

refrigerator or on display.” T.C.O., 7/1/15, at 6.

      Following the grant of nonsuit, Appellant filed a motion seeking

removal of the nonsuit. The trial court denied the motion on July 1, 2015.

Appellant filed an appeal to this Court and filed a statement of errors

complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). Appellant presents

one issue for our consideration, which fairly embodies the errors alleged in

her Rule 1925(b) statement.

      A. Did the learned trial judge err in granting the motion for
         compulsory nonsuit of [Giant] by reason that, there existed
         sufficient evidence from which the jury could have reasonably
         concluded that [Giant] created the dangerous condition that
         caused [Appellant’s] injuries and/or that, [Giant] failed to
         conduct a reasonable inspection of the premises that would
         have discovered the dangerous condition?

Appellant’s Brief at 4.

      We begin by setting forth our standard of review.

      Our standard of review is well-established: “A nonsuit is proper
      only if the jury, viewing the evidence and all reasonable
      inferences arising from it in the light most favorable to the
      plaintiff, could not reasonably conclude that the elements of the

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     cause of action had been established.” Brinich v. Jencka, 757
     A.2d 388, 402 (Pa. Super. 2000), appeal denied, 565 Pa. 634,
     771 A.2d 1276 (2001) (citation and internal quotation marks
     omitted). Furthermore, all conflicts in the evidence must be
     resolved in the plaintiff’s favor.      See Gigus v. Giles &
     Ransome, Inc., 868 A.2d 459, 461 (Pa. Super. 2005), appeal
     denied, [895 A.2d 550 (Pa. 2006)]. In reviewing the evidence
     presented we must keep in mind that a jury may not be
     permitted to reach a verdict based on mere conjecture or
     speculation. See Brinich, 757 A.2d at 402. We will reverse
     only if the trial court abused its discretion or made an error of
     law. See Weiner v. Fisher, 871 A.2d 1283, 1285 (Pa. Super.
     2005).

Harvey v. Rouse Chamberlin, Ltd., 901 A.2d 523, 526 (Pa. Super. 2006).

     In its memorandum opinion, the trial court examined Pennsylvania law

applicable to premises liability cases and acknowledged that Pennsylvania

has adopted the Restatement (Second) of Torts § 343.            Section 343

(Dangerous Conditions Known to or Discoverable by Possessor) provides:

     A possessor of land is subject to liability for physical harm
     caused to his invitees by a condition on the land if, but only if,
     he

        (a) knows or by the exercise of reasonable care would
        discover the condition, and should realize that it involves
        an unreasonable risk of harm to such invitees, and

        (b) should expect that they will not discover or realize the
        danger, or will fail to protect themselves against it, and

        (c) fails to exercise reasonable care to protect them
        against the danger.

Restatement (Second) Torts § 343.     The trial court proceeded to examine

case law applying § 343 and reviewed the trial testimony to ascertain

whether Appellant presented evidence tending to prove that Giant deviated

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from the duty of reasonable care under the circumstances existing in

Appellant’s case. The trial court also reviewed and distinguished cases upon

which Appellant relied. Ultimately, the trial court determined that Appellant

failed to present evidence proving that Giant deviated from its duty of

reasonable care.

       We find the trial court’s analysis is sound and its conclusions are

properly based on appropriate and relevant authority.      As the trial court’s

analysis confirms, Appellant failed to present evidence that Giant either

created a dangerous condition that caused Appellant to fall or failed to

conduct a reasonable inspection of its premises.       We find no abuse of

discretion or error of law in the trial court’s conclusion. Therefore, we shall

not disturb it.

       We adopt the entirety of the trial court’s July 1, 2015 opinion as our

own and incorporate it herein by reference as it fully set forth. In the event

of further proceedings, the parties shall attach a copy of the opinion to any

filings.

       Judgment affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 6/16/2016

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               Veronica Honis,                                               In the Court of Common Pleas

                                Plaintiff                                              of Luzerne County

               vs.                                                                 Civil Action At Law

               Giant Food Stores, LLC,                                                 Jury Trial Demanded

                                Defendant                                          No. 2012      -   9603

                                                   MEMORANDUM OPINION

                         On June 23, 2010 the Plaintiff, Veronica Hanis, and her husband were shopping at

               the Defendant grocery store located at 70 South Locust Street, Hazleton, Luzerne County,

               Pennsylvania. On this date, as the Plaintiff entered the checkout aisle, she stepped on a

               can of Red Bull on the floor and fell, sustaining injuries to her lower back, right wrist and

               right ankle.    Plaintiff filed a lawsuit against the Defendant alleging that the Defendant

               failed to inspect the checkout aisle in order to insure that a dangerous condition did not

               exist.

                         The parties agree that Honis was at the Giant Food Store as an invitee, and thus

               the following principles of law are applicable.                                                                        c;n

                         Pennsylvania has adopted Section 343 of the Restatement (2d) of Torts, which                                 F
                                                                                                                                       '
               states:
                                                                                                                                      ~
                         A possessor of land is subject to liability for physical harm                                                 ..
                                                                                                                                      (..)

                         caused to his invitees by a condition on the land, if, but only                                              _,
                                                                                                                                      w
                         if, he:

                                a. knows or by the exercise of reasonable care would discover the
                                   condition, and should realize that it involves an unreasonable risk of
                                   harm to such invitees, and
                                b. should expect that they will not discover or realize the danger, or will
                                   fail to protect themselves against it, and
                                c. fails to exercise reasonable care to protect them against the danger.

                                       1111 ~1·:tti~rt~IJIIIf I
                                                        Filing ID: 2076676
                                                    2012-09603-0059    Opinion

                                                   Luzerne County Civil Records                                                            1
                                                       71212015 7:59:45 AM

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                         Restatement (2d) of Torts Section 343. Our Pennsylvania Court has explained the

                  import of this section as follows:

                                 The mere existence of a harmful condition in a public place of
                                 business, or the mere happening of an accident due to such a
                                 condition is neither, in and of itself, evidence of a breach of the
                                 proprietor's duty of care to his invitees, nor raises a presumption
                                 of negligence. In order to recover damages in a slip and fall case
                                 such as this, the invitee must present evidence which proves that
                                 the store owner deviated in some way from his duty ofreasonable
                                 care under the existing circumstances. This evidence must show
                                 that the proprietor knew, or in the exercise of reasonable care
                                 should have known, of the existence of the harmful condition.
                                 Section 343 also requires the invitee to prove either that the store
                                 owner helped to create the harmful condition, or that it had actual
                                 or constructive notice of the condition. Zito v. Merit Outlet Stores,
                                 647 A.2d 573, 575 (Pa. Super. 1994) (internal citations and quotations
                                 mark omitted).

                         The principle of law from which this rule of the Restatement was derived is that a

                  possessor of land is not an insurer of the safety of those on his premises. Martinov.

                  Great Atl. & Pac. Tea Co., 419 Pa. at 229, 213 A.2d 608 (1965); Winkler v. Seven

                  Springs Fann, Inc. 240 Pa. Super at 646, 359 A.2d at 442. As such the mere existence of

                  a harmful condition in a public place of business, or the mere happening of an accident

                  due to such a condition is neither, in and of itself, evidence of a breach of the proprietor's

                  duty of care to his invitees, nor raises a presumption of negligence. Amon v. Shernaka,

                  419 Pa. 314, 214 A.2d 238, 239 (1965); Calhoun v. Jersey Shore Hosp., 250 Pa. Super.

                  567, 571, 378 A.2d 1294 (1977); Jones v. Sanitory Mkt. Co., 185 Pa. Super. 163, 137

                  A.2d 859, (1958). Therefore, in order to impose liability on a possessor of land, the

                  invitee must present other evidence which tends to prove that the possessor deviated in

                  some particular way from his duty of reasonable care under the existing circumstances.

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                        Logically, the invitees case in chief must consist of evidence which tends to prove

               either that the proprietor knew, or in the exercise of reasonable care ought to have known,

               of the existence of the harm causing condition. Martino, Supra.; Katz v. John

                Wanamaker, Inc., 381 Pa. 477, 482, 112 A.2d 65 (1955); Markman v. Fred P. Bell Stores

                Co., 285 Pa. 378, 382, 132 A. 178, 180 (1926); McMilan v. Mountain Laurel Racing, Inc.

               240 Pa. Super. At 254, 367 A.2d at 1109; Winkler v. Seven Springs Fann, Inc. Supra.;

                Borsa v. Great Atl. & Pac. Tea Co., 207 Pa. Super. 63, 215 A.2d 289 (1965); Jones v.

                Sanitary Mkt. Co., Supra.

                        At trial, the Plaintiff, Veronica Hanis testified that she completed her shopping,

               and when she and her husband got to the checkout, she forgot the ice cream, so she went

                back for it. (N.T. P 31, L 25 - P32, L2). She then stated that when she returned to the

                aisle with the ice cream, she went to put the ice cream on the conveyor belt, and that

                when she stepped, she stepped on a small sport bottle. (N.T. P 32, LIJ-16).          Mrs.

                Honis testified that she never saw the bottle before she fell. (N.T. P 33, LB-14). Mrs.

                Hanis testified that she did not pay attention to the displays when she was entering the

                checkout aisle. (N.T. P60, L19-23). Mrs. Honis did not see any items on the floor when

                she went for the ice cream. (N.T. P 61, P 20). When Mrs. Honis left the checkout aisle

                there was nothing on the floor. (N.T. P 62, L4). She had no idea how long that bottle

                was on the floor prior to her fall. She could not testify as to how long the bottle was on

                the floor. (N.T. P 62, LI 1-16).

                        Robert Honis, the Plaintiffs husband, testified that he did not see the bottle until

                after his wife had fallen. He was already through the aisle when she fell. (N.T. P65,

                Ll7).

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                                     Interestingly, on cross, Mr. Honis testified as follows:

                                     Q. (By Mr. Connolly): I believe it was your deposition --- at your deposition you

                          testified you were checking out and you noticed the gentleman with an armful of

                          groceries approaching your checkout aisle; is that correct?

                                     A: Yes, sir.

                                     Q: Okay. And at your deposition it was your opinion that this gentleman decided

                          not to enter your checkout aisle once he saw you, correct?

                                     A: Yes.

                                     Q: And you believe this gentleman knocked the bottle from the display rack; is

                          that correct?

                                     A: I couldn't say he did and I can't say he didn't. But I was unloading the

                           groceries - or packing the groceries as they were coming toward the end and putting

                           them in bags, and he just walked away. So, I don't know if he saw the big order that we

                           had or he didn't want to wait.

                                     Q: Right.

                                     A: That's not for me to say that's the reason he left. I don't know.

                                     Q: Okay. But you believe that the gentleman knocked this energy bottle from the

                           display at the end.

                                     A: He may have. Idon't know.

                                     A: He may have. I didn't see him do that. (N.T. P 70 -71)

                                     The questioning continued. Counsel showed the witness his deposition testimony,

                           and the following colloquy occurred:

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                          Q: Question: "Did you see or hear him answer anything?" You answered:

                   "No." I'm sorry, the question was "Did you see or hear him drop anything?" The answer

                   was "No."

                          A: No.

                          Q: The question then continues: "Did you see or hear him knock anything over?"

                   Answer: "Not really, no." And then this question here: "Do you think that's when the

                   item fell?" Answer: "I surmise that's probably when it was knocked down, to be very

                   truthful with you." Did I read that correctly?

                          A: Yes, you did.

                          Q: From the time that gentleman left the area, it was a matter of seconds before

                   your wife came back with the ice cream?

                          A: Very shortly after, yes.

                          Q: And you have no idea how long that item was on the floor prior to your wife-

                          A: I have no idea.

                          Q: You don't know how long the item was on the floor prior to your wife's fall,

                   correct?

                          A: Correct.

                          The Plaintiff then offered the following testimony from Margaret Kasarda, a

                   service associate from Giant Market. Miss Kasarda testified that she worked at the

                   Defendant business for 15 years. She testified that the Defendant utilized a process of

                   "clean sweeping" to check the aisles. The employer would put a name on the board at the

                   premises each day and whoever was assigned to that duty would do a check. (N.T. P 76,

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                18-20). Miss Kasarda described the check as follows: "You take a gun, you put your

                name in it and your code, and they have little tags, and you start checking the areas and

               swiping the tags." She testified that she would go down the aisle and tag it so that the

               employer knew when she inspected the aisle. (N.T. P 77, L5-l l). She stated that the

               Defendant did not have a tag for the check out aisle. (N.T. P 77, Ll 7). The witness also

               indicated that there are tiny refrigerators placed in front of the aisles. They are waist high

                and all sorts of items are stocked on them. There was no testimony offered that the Red

               Bull was one of the items in the refrigerator or on display.

                       Moreover, on cross, the witness testified that it takes 35-40 minutes to do a clean

                sweep of the store. She specifically testified that there is a sweep of the checkout aisle.

                The sweep of the checkout aisle is included with the front end inspection of the store.

                (N.T. P. 79-80).

                       The Plaintiff argues that the display placed in front of the aisle was a harmful

                transitory condition. However, there was no testimony offered to prove that the red bull

                was part of a display. Moreover, the plaintiff fell as a result of a can of Red Bull. There

                was no evidence that this can or bottle was traceable to the possessor or his agent's acts,

                (that is, a condition created by the possessor or those under his authority).   There was no

                evidence offered that the condition is one which the owner knows has frequently

                recurred. Likewise, if a patron dropped the can, the law provides that if the transitory

                condition is traceable to persons other than those for whom the owner is, strictly

                speaking, ordinarily accountable, the jury may not consider the owner's ultimate liability

                in the absence of other evidence which tends to prove that the owner had actual notice of

                the condition or that the condition existed for such a length of time that in the exercise of

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               reasonable care the owner should have known of it. The Plaintiff could not show that the

               owner had actual notice of the condition or that the condition existed for such a length of

               time that in the exercise of reasonable care, the owner should have known of it.

                       The instant case is governed under the above rules and by Martino, Supra. In

               Martino, the plaintiff, an invitee, brought an action against a self service store for injuries

               sustained when she stepped on a grape on the floor. As in the instant case, there was no

               evidence as to how the fruit got onto the floor, or how long it had been there prior to the

               fall. The Court held that because there was no proof presented as to the cause of the

               grapes' being on the floor, there was no evidence from which a jury might conclude that

               the store breached its duty in not removing it. See also Mac Donald v. Gimbel Bros .• Inc.

               321 Pa. 25, 183 A. 804 (I936).

                       In the instant case the record is void of any evidence from which the jury could

               have inferred either that the presence of the drink on the floor was due to an act or acts by

               customers which had occurred in the past and remained uncorrected, or that the harm

               causing act or acts likely occurred because of the manner in which the can was packaged,

               displayed or sold.

                       There was no evidence that the drink was in the refrigerator or how many were in

               the refrigerator or if they were over stacked, etc. There was no testimony to suggest how

               the Red Bull got on the ground. On the other hand, the jury heard the testimony of a

                store manager that there were inspections performed on a daily basis, and that as part of

                the inspection of the front end of the store, the checkout aisles were "checked" by the

                employees.

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                         This case is similar to the case of Moultrey v. Great A&P Tea Co, 281 Pa. Super.

                 525, 422 A.2d 593 ( 1979), a case cited by the Plaintiff is his brief. There the court stated:

                                 While our research has revealed cases in other jurisdictions which
                                 have modestly expanded the grounds for liability in supermarket
                                 fall down cases, even if we were to accept their rationale, they would be
                                 unavailing for Ms. Moultrey. See generally, Note, Supermarket Liability:
                                 Problems in Proving the Slip and Fall Case in Florida, 18 U.Fla.L.Rev.
                                 440 (1965). One line of cases permits the fact finder to infer notice of a
                                 harmful condition from proof of the prior uncorrected existence of the
                                 continuing and recurrent condition, despite the absence of proof that such
                                 condition existed for an extended period of time immediately before the
                                 particular accident. Hetzel v. Jewel, 457 F.2d 527 (ih Cir. 1977).A second
                                 line of cases allows an inference of notice from circumstances within the
                                 proprietor's knowledge sufficient to create a reasonable probability that
                                 the specific harmful condition would occur. See F. W. Woolworth Co. v.
                                 Stokes, 191 So.2d 411 (Miss. 1966); Mahoney v. J.C. Penney Co., 71
                                 N.M. 244, 377 P.2d 633 (1962). Such circwnstances will arise from the
                                 nature of the business, the general conditions of the premises, a pattern of
                                 conduct or recurring incidents. Bozza v. Vornado, Inc. 42 N.J. 355, 200
                                 A.2d 777 (1964).

                         In Moultrey, Ms. Moultrey entered Defendant's store accompanied by her

                 teenaged children, Louis and Linda, to do some food shopping. As she entered the store,

                 she secured a shopping cart and proceeded to the produce counter. The vegetable counter

                 was to her right and the fruit counter was to her left. As she moved into the aisle between

                 the two counters, she observed some water and some leaves of lettuce and cabbage on the

                  floor. She maneuvered her cart to avoid the water in order to get to the banana stand,

                  intending to purchase some bananas. She pushed the cart to the left side of the aisle close

                  to the banana stand and circled the cart to obtain the bananas. After picking them up, she

                  ventured back toward her cart, slipped and fell to the floor. While on the floor, she

                  looked back and saw one squashed cherry, the seed of which was on her shoe. The

                  cherry was not in the water, but rather was in a dry area closer to the cart.

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       The court held:

               Accordingly, the Restatement 2d. ss 343 and 344 and our cases support the
               proposition that the invitee must prove either that the proprietor had a
               hand in creating the harmful condition, or that he had actual or
               constructive notice of such condition. Since such proof was absent, the
               appellee's motion for a compulsory nonsuit was granted.

       In the instant case, there was not any evidence offered from which the jury could

infer that the can of Red Bull on the floor was a recurring and uncorrected condition,

arising from the shopper's mishandling the bottle and the store's inadequate efforts to

clean the floor. Additionally, there was no evidence offered as to how the can was

displayed, whether this method of display had led to the can's falling to the floor in the

past, and whether the store had adopted any measures to prevent accidents of this type.

       Plaintiff relies upon a portion of the Restatement, wherein Pennsylvania Courts

have uniformly held that if the harmful transitory condition is traceable to the possessor

or his agent's acts, (that is, a condition created by the possessor or those under his

authority), then the plaintiff need not prove any notice in order to hold the possessor

accountable for the resulting harm. See Penn v. Isaly Dairy Co., 413 Pa. 548, 198 A.2d

322 () 964); Finney v. G.C. Murphy Co., 406 Pa. 555, 178 A.2d 719 (1962). In a related

context, where the condition is one which the owner knows has frequently recurred, the

jury may properly find that the owner had actual notice of this condition, thereby

obviating additional proof by the invitee that the owner had constructive notice of it. See,

Borsa v. Great Atl. & Pac. Tea Co., Supra.; Clark v. Glosser Bros. Dept. Stores, 156 Pa.

Super. 193, 39 A.2d 733 (1944).

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                      The case cited by the Plaintiff as most illustrative is the 2014 case from Monroe

               County, 31 D&C       5th   487, Signoule v. Femwood 426 4108 Court of Common Pleas of

               Monroe County on a Motion for Summary Judgment and is not precedential. The plaintiff

               cites this case mistakenly as a Commonwealth Court case. This case involved a rusty

               screw on the floor for an unknown length of time. In Signoule there were two witnesses

               who testified the screw came from a nearby sauna door. In other words, the witesses

               identified an area from where the defect came. The evaluation of the constructive notice

               factors is usually a task for the jury unless the evidence "requires the jury to resort to

               conjecture, guess or suspicion." Lanni v. Pennsylvania RR Co., 88 A.2d 889 (1952).

               That was the case in our matter subjudice.

                      In another case of Farina v. Miggsy Corp. Five and Six, cited in Plaintiffs brief at

               2010 WL 302 4752 (M.D. Pa. 2011), Judge James Munley denied a Motion for

               Summary Judgment because the Plaintiff fell on a sticky and gritty floor, which the court

               found as sufficient evidence of constructive notice. In the case herein, there was no such

               evidence presented concerning the condition of the floor, so Plaintiffs reference to the

               Middle District Court decision is neither controlling nor persuasive.

                       Where, however, the evidence indicates that the transitory condition is traceable

               to persons other than those for whom the owner is, strictly speaking, ordinarily

               accountable, the jury may not consider the owner's ultimate liability in the absence of

               other evidence which tends to prove that the owner had actual notice of the condition or

               that the condition existed for such a length of time that in the exercise ofreasonable care

               the owner should have known of it. Katz v. John Wanamaker, Supra., Parker v. McCrory

               Stores, 376 Pa. 122; 101 A.2d 377 (1954); Sheridan v. Horn & Hardart, 366 Pa. 485, 77

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                A.2d 362 (1951 ); Borsa v. Great Alt. & Pac Tea Co., Supra; Potter v. Glosser Bros. Dept.

                Stores, 146 Pa. Super. 129, 130-31, 22 A.2d 28, 29 (1941).

                        As   such, under Restatement 2d. ss 343 and 344 and the supporting case law, since

                such proof was absent from the record in the instant case, the trial court herein denies the

                post trial motion of Plaintiff.

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