Court Opinion

ID: 4545907
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-07-02 15:08:48.916305+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:49:32.807220
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF KANSAS

                                               No. 118,698

                                      JEFFREY ALAN HAMMOND,
                                             Appellant,

                                                      v.

                                  SAN LO LEYTE VFW POST #7515,
                                            Appellee.

                                    SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

1.
        One who holds his land open to the public for business purposes may be liable to
visitors for physical harm caused by the acts of others. His failure to exercise reasonable
care to discover such harmful acts, or give adequate warning to avoid or otherwise
protect against them, is a breach of that businessperson's duty to the public on such land.

2.
        For one holding his land open to the public for business purposes to be liable for a
visitor's injuries caused by others, it is enough that the duty arises and the breach occurs
on such land, even if the actual resulting physical harm takes place entirely outside the
boundaries of the land.

        Review of the judgment of the Court of Appeals in an unpublished opinion filed September 28,
2018. Appeal from Cloud District Court; KIM W. CUDNEY, judge. Opinion filed July 2, 2020. Judgment
of the Court of Appeals reversing the district court is affirmed. Judgment of the district court is reversed,
and the case is remanded with directions.

        Larry G. Michel, of Kennedy, Berkley, Yarnevich & Williamson, Chartered, of Salina, and Klint
A. Spiller, of the same firm, were on the brief for appellant.

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        Michelle R. Stewart, of Hinkle Law Firm LLC, of Overland Park, and Jennifer R. Johnson, of the
same firm, were on the brief for appellee.

The opinion of the court was delivered by

        WILSON, J.: This personal injury case arises from a bar fight at the San Lo Leyte
VFW Post #7515 in Clyde, Kansas, (VFW) between Jeffrey Hammond, plaintiff, and a
third party patron of the bar, Travis Blackwood. On appeal, a panel of the Court of
Appeals reversed the district court's summary judgment in favor of the VFW. In turn, the
VFW petitioned this court for review, arguing it owed Hammond no duty at the time he
sustained his injuries. For the reasons set forth below, we find that summary judgment
was not warranted, affirm the decision of the Court of Appeals, and remand the case to
district court for further proceedings.

                                                 FACTS

        Given the nature of summary judgment, the facts established in this case are
limited. The Court of Appeals panel compiled the following combined uncontroverted
facts submitted by both parties in their respective motion for summary judgment and
response. The panel's recitation of facts was accepted by both parties upon petition for
review.

        "1. At approximately 10 p.m. on February 20, 2016, plaintiff Jeffrey Alan Hammond, a
             resident of Lee's Summit, Missouri, visiting Clyde, Kansas, went with his wife to the
             Clyde VFW.

        "2. While at the VFW, Hammond went to the restrooms located in the rear of the club,
             where he encountered Travis Blackwood.

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"3. Hammond and Blackwood had a verbal argument in the bathroom, and according to
    Hammond, Blackwood wanted to beat him up in the bathroom but Hammond left
    the bathroom so that anything that occurred would be in public view. Hammond
    does not concede that he 'in any way caused or was a willing participant' in the
    argument.

"4. Neither Blackwood nor any of his friends laid hands on Hammond inside the VFW.

"5. After he left the bathroom, Hammond returned to his table at the club to finish his
    beer.

"6. After he finished his beer, Hammond walked up to the bar and ordered another beer.

"7. While he was at the bar, the VFW club manager, James Nease, approached
    Hammond from the back of the bar where Nease had been standing with
    Blackwood.

"8. When Nease reached Hammond, Nease told Hammond to leave the bar.

"9. Nease told Hammond he was barred from the Clyde club for life. Hammond
    responded, 'What are you talking about? I've only been here less than 20 minutes.'
    Nease responded that Hammond had been arguing with customers. At this point,
    Hammond said, 'This is bullshit. . . . This is B.S.' Blackwood and his companions
    crowded behind Nease and began to help the manager escort Hammond outside.

"10. Before Nease approached Hammond to banish him from the club, Hammond
    observed Blackwood and his companions communicate with Nease. Blackwood and
    his companions followed Nease as Nease approached Hammond. Shari Hammond
    overheard one of them say, '"Your husband's about to get kicked out of here."'
    Blackwood and his companions crowded around behind Nease as Nease announced
    Hammond's banishment from the VFW. Blackwood and his companions celebrated
    Nease's announcement of Hammond's banishment, as Hammond heard one of them
    say, '"Yeah, he's out of here. He's out of here."' Hammond agreed to leave, and
    Nease pushed him out the door of the club. Blackwood and his companions also

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    moved toward the door. They moved closely behind Nease and helped escort
    Hammond outside the VFW.

"11. Once outside of the bathroom, and until Nease and Blackwood and his companions
    escorted Hammond out of the club, Blackwood made no attempt to hit Hammond
    while Hammond was in the VFW.

"12. According to Hammond, Hammond, Nease, Hammond's wife, Blackwood, and
    several of Blackwood's friends exited the club.

"13. According to Hammond, Blackwood and his friends surrounded him and said
    something like, '"You're a mouthy son of a bitch."'

"14. Hammond testified that his wife, Shari Hammond, then came out and pushed
    Blackwood back and said, '"You two need to f'n grow up."'

"15. Shari Hammond testified that while the manager, Nease, was still outside, she saw
    Blackwood push her husband against the wall. In response, she pushed Blackwood
    and then someone pulled her off. According to Shari Hammond, they all got pulled
    apart and separated. At that point, Shari followed the manager inside because 'it
    seemed like it had calmed down.'

"16. According to Hammond's testimony, Shari Hammond and Nease then went back
    inside the VFW.

"17. Shari Hammond did not see anyone strike her husband.

"18. After Hammond's wife and Nease went back inside the VFW, and while on the
    sidewalk in front of the VFW, Hammond testified Blackwood head-butted him,
    pushing him against the wall so that his head hit the wall.

"19. Hammond made his way to his truck parked in the street in front of the VFW, and
    Blackwood and his friend started kicking him.

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"20. After kicking Hammond in the street, Blackwood and his friend went back inside the
    VFW.

"21. When Hammond's wife went back inside the VFW, she started talking with some of
    the girls who had gone outside with the group and about 5 to 10 minutes later, '"one
    of the guys comes up to [her] and says 'Your husband's laying [sic] in the middle of
    the street.'"'

"22. Hammond's wife went outside and investigated, saw her husband was bloody, and
    then called 911.

"23. Prior to February 20, 2016, Blackwood had only been involved in one physical
    altercation at the VFW which occurred in 2013. Blackwood instigated that fight.
    That assault occurred on January 31, 2013 after Bradley Czapanskiy arm wrestled
    Travis Blackwood's brother, Cody Blackwood. During their arm wrestling match,
    Czapanskiy's and Cody Blackwood's arms ended up falling off the edge of the table
    causing them both to stand up. At that point, Czapanskiy's mother, Deborah
    Czapanskiy, witnessed Travis Blackwood run across the room and '"blindside"'
    Bradley Czapanskiy with a punch, dropping Czapanskiy to the floor. After Bradley
    Czapanskiy was on the floor, Travis Blackwood and his two brothers proceeded to
    kick Czapanskiy, who was lying on the ground curled up in a ball. At no point did
    the staff of the VFW attempt to help the Czapanskiys during the assault, according
    to the Czapanskiys.

"24. Blackwood was banned from the VFW for a period of 90 days following the
    incident in 2013. James Nease was generally aware of the incident involving
    Blackwood in 2013 but had never observed Blackwood behave in a physically
    aggressive manner in the VFW since Nease began working there in late 2014."
    Hammond v. San Lo Leyte VFW Post #7515, No. 118,698, 2018 WL 4655891, at
    *1-3 (Kan. App. 2018) (unpublished opinion).

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                                               ANALYSIS

       The VFW argues that summary judgment was proper because any duty it might
have owed Hammond ended as soon as Hammond left the VFW-owned premises and it is
undisputed by both parties that the injury took place on the public sidewalk just outside
the VFW building.

       On the other hand, Hammond argues that despite the injury occurring off VFW-
owned premises, the VFW's duty to protect Hammond from the assault—and the
subsequent breach of that duty—arose while Hammond and Blackwood were both still
inside the bar. This argument was accepted by the Court of Appeals panel when it
reversed summary judgment, finding that negligence could have arisen when all parties
were on the VFW's premises.

Standard of Review

       In an appeal from the district court's ruling on a summary judgment motion, the
appellate court considers the motion de novo. Martin v. Naik, 297 Kan. 241, 246, 300
P.3d 625 (2013). This court applies all the same standards of the district court:

               "'"Summary judgment is appropriate when the pleadings, depositions, answers to
       interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, show that there is no
       genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as
       a matter of law. The trial court is required to resolve all facts and inferences which may
       reasonably be drawn from the evidence in favor of the party against whom the ruling is
       sought. When opposing a motion for summary judgment, an adverse party must come
       forward with evidence to establish a dispute as to a material fact. In order to preclude
       summary judgment, the facts subject to the dispute must be material to the conclusive
       issues in the case. On appeal, we apply the same rules and where we find reasonable

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       minds could differ as to the conclusions drawn from the evidence, summary judgment
       must be denied." [Citations omitted.]'" Warner v. Stover, 283 Kan. 453, 455-56, 153 P.3d
       1245 (2007).

See Osterhaus v. Toth, 291 Kan. 759, 768, 249 P.3d 888 (2011).

       For purposes of this appeal, we resolve all facts and inferences which may
reasonably be drawn from the evidence in Hammond's favor. We also recognize that
summary judgment should be granted with caution in negligence cases. Apodaca v.
Willmore, 306 Kan. 103, 106, 392 P.3d 529 (2017); Fettke v. City of Wichita, 264 Kan.
629, 632, 957 P.2d 409 (1998). Ultimately, whether a duty exists is a question of law
over which this court's review is unlimited. Sall v. T's, Inc., 281 Kan. 1355, 1360, 136
P.3d 471 (2006). Whether a duty has been breached is a question of fact. South v.
McCarter, 280 Kan. 85, 94, 119 P.3d 1 (2005).

Discussion

       The Restatement (Second) of Torts § 344 (1965), defines the scope of liability of
owner/operators of commercial enterprise:

       "A possessor of land who holds it open to the public for entry for his business purposes is
       subject to liability to members of the public while they are upon the land for such a
       purpose, for physical harm caused by the accidental, negligent, or intentionally harmful
       acts of third persons or animals, and by the failure of the possessor to exercise reasonable
       care to:

                  (a) discover that such acts are being done or are likely to be done, or

                  (b) give a warning adequate to enable the visitors to avoid the harm, or otherwise
                      to protect them against it."

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       Kansas caselaw is consistent with this general rule. Gould v. Taco Bell, 239 Kan.
564, 567-68, 722 P.3d 511 (1986). In Kimple v. Foster, 205 Kan. 415, Syl. ¶ 2, 469 P.2d
281 (1970), we held: "A proprietor of an inn, tavern, restaurant or like business is liable
for an assault upon a guest or patron by another guest or third party where the proprietor
has reason to anticipate such an assault and fails to exercise reasonable care to forestall or
prevent the same." Further, "[t]he duty of a proprietor of a tavern or inn to protect his
patrons from injury does not arise until the impending danger becomes apparent to him,
or the circumstances are such that a careful and prudent person would be put on notice of
the potential danger." 205 Kan. 415, Syl. ¶ 3.

       In Gould, which lays the analytical framework for this issue, the plaintiff and her
friend went to a Taco Bell for a late-night meal. Shortly after sitting down, they were
accosted by the only other group in the restaurant. After a brief verbal exchange, a
member of the group began to strike Gould. Gould and her friend were left to fend for
themselves while shouting to the assistant manager to call the police. The assistant
manager decided not to call the police because he did not think the situation warranted it,
although he also decided not to step in because he was afraid he would also be struck.
Eventually, Gould's companion was able to force her way behind the counter to call the
police herself, thus scaring away the aggressors. Despite the assault lasting only a series
of minutes, there was some evidence the aggressor had been involved in a similar attack
at this Taco Bell two weeks prior and that Taco Bell management had considered hiring
security personnel due to a history of "rowdyism" on the premises. The case was allowed
to go to jury, where Taco Bell was found 51% at fault. Gould, 239 Kan. at 565-69.

       This court found the jury's verdict was supported by the evidence. "'It is not
required that notice to the proprietor of such an establishment be long and continued in
order that he be subject to liability; it is enough that there be a sequence of conduct
sufficient to enable him to act on behalf of his patron's safety.'" Gould, 239 Kan. at 569
(quoting Kimple, 205 Kan. 415, Syl. ¶ 4).

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       Gould and its predecessor Kimple both involve altercations that happened on the
premises of the commercial establishment directly in front of the proprietors. But
negligence is not limited to these (sometimes literally) in-your-face circumstances and
can still be found where the premises owner and employees were not even aware of the
plaintiff, the attackers, or that there was an attack happening at all. The only requirements
are simple:

               "Negligence exists where there is a duty owed by one person to another and a
       breach of that duty occurs. Further, if recovery is to be had for such negligence, the
       injured party must show: (1) a causal connection between the duty breached and the
       injury received; and (2) he or she was damaged by the negligence." Seibert v. Vic Regnier
       Builders, Inc., 253 Kan. 540, 547, 856 P.2d 1332 (1993).

       In Seibert, the facts were simple and straightforward. The plaintiff was assaulted
in a shopping center's parking garage moments after parking her car and getting out.
There was no warning or initial confrontation. The plaintiff argued that the owner of the
shopping center should be liable on the basis of negligence for not providing security for
the area. In determining whether a duty was owed in that case, this court acknowledged
the general rules that: (1) the owner of a business is not the insurer of the safety of its
patrons; and (2) the owner ordinarily has no liability for injuries inflicted upon patrons or
customers by the criminal acts of a third party. However, this court further found that
such a duty can arise when circumstances exist from which the owner could reasonably
foresee that its customers have a risk of peril above and beyond the ordinary and that
appropriate security measures should be taken. 253 Kan. at 548.

       The Seibert court also determined that a totality of the circumstances approach is
the best basis for establishing foreseeability. While prior incidents of attack may be a
significant factor, other factors such as location, lighting, and security might also be
considered. "The circumstances to be considered must, however, have a direct
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relationship to the harm incurred in regard to foreseeability." 253 Kan. at 549. "'Whether
risk of harm is reasonably foreseeable is a question to be determined by the trier of fact.
Only when reasonable persons could arrive at but one conclusion may the court
determine the question as a matter of law.'" Nero v. Kansas State University, 253 Kan.
567, 583, 861 P.2d 768 (1993) (quoting Kansas State Bank & Tr. Co. v. Specialized
Transportation Services, Inc., 249 Kan. 348, 362, 819 P.2d 587 [1991]).

         In granting summary judgment, the district court cut off analysis of this case too
soon. There are still questions that need to be answered by the trier of fact. As the Court
of Appeals panel noted:

         "While the tortious conduct is consummated when the foreseeable conduct results in
         actual harm to the plaintiff, in the circumstances of our present case negligence can
         arise—based on the existence of a duty and the breach of that duty—while all the parties
         were still on the VFW's premises. It was there that Nease arguably could have foreseen
         the consequences of allowing Blackwood and his friends to join him in escorting
         Hammond from the premises. Under this scenario, if established at trial, any breach of
         Nease's duty would have occurred before Nease stepped over the threshold of the tavern
         door." (Emphases added.) Hammond, 2018 WL 4655891, at *8.

         In its petition for review, the VFW argued that the panel's holding creates a "new
duty . . . departing from long established Kansas law" that will "subject [restaurant, club,
and bar owners] to an ambiguous, undefined standard of care arguably impossible to
practically deal with in the operation of their businesses[,]" because it "extends" the
existing duty to cover the public sidewalk. We disagree, for the same reasons as the
panel.

         We reiterate that on appeal, we need only determine if a duty existed. Here, both
precedent and the Restatement inform us that the VFW owed Hammond a duty to protect
him from the harmful acts of Blackwood as soon as it reasonably became aware of the

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risk of harm. After that, there remain at least two questions of fact that render summary
judgment improper.

       First, was Hammond's injury foreseeable to the VFW? Based on the
uncontroverted facts interpreted in the light most favorable to Hammond, a reasonable
person might conclude that this harm was foreseeable. Blackwood clearly had contact
with Nease and said something that prompted Nease to kick Hammond out without
explanation. Nease was present for the hometown crowd cheering and jeering as
Hammond was kicked out. Nease was even present to see Blackwood shove Hammond
against the wall of the VFW once Hammond had been ejected.

       The second question of fact is whether a breach of the duty occurred. In this
instance, a breach could have occurred if the finder of fact determines that the VFW,
through Nease, did not take reasonable care either to warn against or otherwise prevent
the harm done to Hammond. For the VFW to be liable for Hammond's foreseeable
injuries, it is enough that the duty arises and the breach occurs on its property, even if the
actual resulting physical harm takes place entirely outside the boundaries of its land.

       Beyond the existence of a duty and a breach of that duty, recovery for negligence
also requires the injured party to show a causal connection between the duty breached
and the injury received. Hammond has the burden at trial to prove all these issues of fact
if he is to prevail, but he must be allowed the chance to do so. Summary judgment was
not appropriate. Because there are still necessary questions of fact left unanswered, we
affirm the decision of the Court of Appeals and remand this case for further proceedings
in the district court.

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      MICHAEL E. WARD, Senior Judge, assigned. 1

1
 REPORTER'S NOTE: Senior Judge Michael E. Ward was appointed to hear case No.
118,698 under the authority vested in the Supreme Court by K.S.A. 20-2616 to fill the
vacancy on the court by the retirement of Chief Justice Lawton R. Nuss.

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