Court Opinion

ID: 9781109
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-30 16:06:50.920529+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:10:02.140070
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                  No. 22-2006
                             Filed August 30, 2023

BERNARD A. NELSON, VICKI TOOMSEN, RODNEY NELSON, RICKY
NELSON, and SHERRI BROWN,
    Plaintiffs-Appellees,

vs.

BOBETTE CROSS and GIDGET CROSS TRASK,
     Defendants-Appellants.
________________________________________________________________

      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Humboldt County, Kurt L. Wilke,

Judge.

      Defendants appeal the boundary determination in favor of the plaintiffs.

REVERSED AND REMANDED.

      Brian L. Yung of Johnson, Mulholland, Cochrane, Cochrane, Yung & Engler,

PLC, Fort Dodge, for appellants.

      George A. Cady III of Cady & Rosenberg Law Firm, PLC, Hampton, for

appellees.

      Considered by Chicchelly, P.J., Buller, J., and Blane, S.J.*

      *Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206

(2023).
                                         2

BLANE, Senior Judge.

       In this boundary dispute, property owners Bobette Cross and Gidget Cross

Trask1 appeal the district court order finding adjoining property owners Bernard A.

Nelson, Vicki Toomsen, Rodney Nelson, Ricky Nelson, and Sherri Brown were

entitled to a boundary establishing their possession of a disputed 8.5-foot strip of

land between the properties.2 Finding the trial court misapplied the law as to

acquiescence and adverse possession, and the Nelsons failed in their proof as to

declaratory judgment, we reverse.

       I.     Factual background and proceedings.

       The sliver of land in dispute is in Renwick, Iowa. In 1999, the Nelsons first

acquired a home on a parcel with 130 feet of frontage on the west side of Smith

Street. In 2002, the Nelsons purchased 46 feet to the south so they could build a

garage. In 2010, they purchased an additional 20 feet to the north of their property.

Their frontage on Smith Street then consisted of 196 feet. In 2013, the Nelsons

purchased a 100-foot lot to the north of their 196-foot lot, which contained a house.

On May 12, 2014 the Nelsons sold the 100-foot lot and house to the Crosses,

legally described in the warranty deed as:

             A parcel of land in the Northeast Quarter of the Northwest
       Quarter (NE ¼ NW ¼) in Section Thirty-six (36), Township Ninety-
       three (93), Range Twenty-seven (27), West of the 5th P.M.,
       Humboldt County, Iowa, described as follows: Commencing at a

1 Bobette  owns a life estate in the real estate and Gidget has the remainder
interest.
2 Bernard and Anne Nelson purchased and sold all of the real estate as husband

and wife. On May 12, 2014, Bernard and Anne conveyed a remainder interest in
their property to their children Vicki Toomsen, Rodney Nelson, Ricky Nelson, and
Sherri Brown and retained a life estate. Anne Nelson died in 2018. For simplicity
we refer to them collectively as the Nelsons. And, except as otherwise noted, we
refer to Bobette and Gidget as the Crosses.
                                         3

       point 296 feet North of the Southeast corner of the Northeast Quarter
       of the Northwest Quarter, thence running West 165 feet, thence
       South 100 feet, thence East 165 feet, thence North 100 feet to place
       of beginning. Subject to easements and restrictions of record.[3]

The Nelsons and the Crosses got along as neighbors for a period. No fence, trees,

hedge row, or any other markings visibly delineated the property line.

       In 2020, Bernard became irritated with Bobette’s dog coming onto his

property. To resolve the problem, Bobette decided to fence her yard and hired a

professional land surveyor (PLS), David L. Wilberding, to survey her lot.

Wilberding located the lot lines and installed pins. Bobette marked her south lot

line pin with a visible stake. Bernard disputed the lot line, and the Nelsons filed

their petition in equity alleging a boundary had been established by acquiescence

for more than ten years and seeking an order establishing the boundary 8.5 feet

north of the surveyed boundary. The Nelsons later amended their petition to also

allege a claim of adverse possession and for declaratory judgment, seeking the

same remedy.

       At trial, the Nelsons called Susan Reed, an employee of the North Central

Title Company of Humboldt. Her work includes preparing new and continuing

existing abstracts, and performing lien searches. She identified the deeds filed

regarding the Nelsons’ purchases of the various properties as well as the original

city of Renwick plat map from 1882, and a survey filed in 1992. All of the Nelsons’

deeds as well as the Crosses’ deed contain legal descriptions that have their point

of beginning as “the Southeast corner of the Northeast Quarter of the Northwest

3 This is the identical legal description that is in the warranty deed that conveyed

the lot to the Nelsons.
                                          4

Quarter.” Reed also reviewed the 2020 survey plat and “corner certificate” filed

by Wilberding, the PLS who performed the 2020 survey and plat. The corner

certificate states:

             MONUMENT     DESCRIPTION    AND     REMARKS:
       SOUTHEAST CORNER NE ¼ - NW ¼. SEPT. 3, 1992 SURVEY
       CALLS FOR A NAIL AT THIS CORNER. FOUND A 1” PK NAIL
       WITH RED RIBBON 3” DEEP IN ACC ROAD. REMOVED NAIL
       AND REPLACED WITH A 5/8” X 30” BLUE CAPPED REROD
       FLUSH WITH ROAD SURFACE. CORNER MEASURES 1313.15
       SOUTH FROM THE N ¼ CORNER WHICH MATCHES SEPT. 3,
       1992 SURVEY.

Reed testified that quarter sections are usually 1320 feet square. Reed was of the

opinion that the 1992 survey misplaced the corner pin 8.5 feet further south than

as shown on the 1882 plat and so did the 2002 survey. Reed believed the 1992,

2002, and 2020 surveys did not start from a correct point of beginning. Reed did

not personally view the area in dispute, nor observe where the pins are located,

nor locate the southeast corner of the section, other than on the plat maps.

       Bernard testified that after he acquired the forty-six-foot parcel in 2002 he

had it surveyed to identify the south lot line since he was going to build a garage.4

The 2002 survey shows the south lot line of the forty-six-foot parcel (Tract 2) is

187 feet north of the north edge of McCurry Street and is the boundary line

between Tracts 1 and 2. He personally observed the four corner pins for this lot.

Exhibit 3 is a photo that shows a black pole that Bernard identified as the southwest

corner of the forty-six-foot lot (the southwest corner of his properties), which is

identified on the 1992 survey plat.

4 This is also referred to as the Sidwell survey.
                                           5

       Bernard relied on the 1992 survey to establish his southern boundary when

he built his garage. He agrees that his north lot line is 196 feet north from the pin

that marks the south lot line of his property, which is the south lot line of his forty-

six-foot lot. After the sale to the Crosses, Bernard did not put in any stakes or pins

to show his lot line on the north. There were no survey corner pins for the twenty-

foot lot. Bernard claims that he mowed the 8.5-foot area and the Crosses mowed

up to that line on her side.

       Bobette testified that when she purchased the property from the Nelsons in

2014, she did not know the specific location of her southern lot line and there were

no markers. She never discussed or agreed with Bernard where the lot line was

located. Bernard never identified or claimed the 8.5-foot area as his. The area

south of her house was mowed by both of them as there was no designation or

agreement on where the property line was located. Pursuant to the 2020 survey

and the pin placed for her north lot line, her propane tank is on her lot and the

neighbor to the north has his propane tank on his lot. If the lot line is moved south

8.5 feet as claimed by the Nelsons, then Bobette’s propane tank would be on the

north neighbor’s lot.

       Following the bench trial, on November 18, 2022, the district court found for

the Nelsons as follows.

               Here, Mr. Nelson purchased the land containing the disputed
       8.5 strip of land in 2010. Mr. Nelson testified that he solely
       maintained that property including the 8.5 foot strip until the 2020
       survey when Ms. Cross began mowing over the same strip. This
       court finds that Mr. Nelson should prevail in both arguments of
       acquiescence and adverse possession. In addition, this court further
       finds that Mr. Nelson had a right to rely on the Renwick city plat as
       well as the 1992 survey in determining what portion of land he was
       purchasing. So too did Ms. Cross. Ms. Cross purchased 100 feet of
                                           6

       frontage and there has been no significant evidence that she has
       received less.
              It Is Ordered that the boundary line between the parties’
       properties shall be established along a line 8.5 feet north of the 2020
       surveyed boundary line. Court costs assessed to Defendants.

The Crosses appeal.

       II.    Standard of review.

       We must first determine the appropriate standard of review. The Crosses

in their appeal brief acknowledge our review of an adverse-possession claim on

appeal is de novo. Sille v. Shaffer, 297 N.W.2d 379, 380 (Iowa 1980) (stating

“[a]dverse possession is established by a quiet title action, an equitable proceeding

under [Iowa Code] chapter 649”; our review of an adverse-possession claim on

appeal is de novo) As to acquiescence, the Crosses identify it “is a special action”

citing Ollinger v. Bennett, 562 N.W.2d 167, 170 (Iowa 1997) and Iowa Code §

650.4, and that the standard of review is for correction of errors at law. See Iowa

Code § 650.15. But the Crosses conclude by “request[ing] the appeal be reviewed

de novo because the case was tried as an equitable action” citing Albert v. Conger,

886 N.W.2d 877, 879–80 (Iowa Ct. App. 2016). As to the standard of review, the

Nelsons in their brief simply posit: “This is an equitable proceeding and with a de

novo standard of review.”

       In Albert, a panel of our court applied a de novo standard of review to the

appeal involving claims of adverse possession and acquiescence, stating:

       In any event, we will review the district court’s disposition of this claim
       de novo for two reasons: (1) the parties appear to be in agreement
       that the claims were equitable and tried in equity and (2) our ultimate
       resolution of this issue is the same under a de novo review as it would
       be if we were reviewing for correction of errors of law. See City of
       Davenport v. Shewry Corp., 674 N.W.2d 79, 82 (Iowa 2004)
       (choosing to review that case de novo for these reasons).
                                         7

886 N.W.2d at 879–80. Although technically not the correct standard for reviewing

the acquiescence claim, for the same reasons as set forth in Albert, we will apply

de novo review. We have a duty to examine the entire record and adjudicate anew

rights on the issues properly presented. We give weight to the fact findings of the

trial court, especially when considering the credibility of witnesses, but are not

bound by them. Iowa R. App. P. 6.904(3)(g).

       III.   Discussion.

       A. Acquiescence and adverse possession.

       Iowa Code section 650.14 (2022) provides: “If it is found that the boundaries

and corners alleged to have been recognized and acquiesced in for ten years have

been so recognized and acquiesced in, such recognized boundaries and corners

shall be permanently established.” A boundary line between two properties can

be established by acquiescence if the party seeking to establish the boundary

proves by clear evidence there is a “mutual recognition by two adjoining

landowners for ten years or more that a line, definitely marked by fence or in some

manner, is the dividing line between them.” Egli v. Troy, 602 N.W.2d 329, 333

(Iowa 1999) (citation omitted).       “Acquiescence exists when both parties

acknowledge and treat the line as the boundary. When the acquiescence persists

for ten years the line becomes the true boundary even though a survey may show

otherwise and even though neither party intended to claim more than called for by

his deed.” Id. (citation omitted).

       The doctrine of adverse possession is based on the ten-year statute of

limitations for recovery of real property in Iowa Code section 614.1(5).       See
                                          8

Carpenter v. Ruperto, 315 N.W.2d 782, 784 (Iowa 1982). “A party claiming title by

adverse possession must establish hostile, actual, open, exclusive and continuous

possession, under claim of right or color of title for at least ten years.” C.H. Moore

Tr. Est. v. City of Storm Lake, 423 N.W.2d 13, 15 (Iowa 1988). The doctrine of

adverse possession is strictly construed because the law presumes possession is

under regular title. Mitchell v. Daniels, 509 N.W.2d 497, 499 (Iowa Ct. App. 1993).

The burden is on the plaintiff to show all the elements of adverse possession by

clear and positive proof. Carpenter, 315 N.W.2d at 784.

       The district court found the Nelsons entitled to prevail based on both

acquiescence and adverse possession. The court found that the Nelsons had

purchased the twenty-foot parcel in 2010 and maintained it until 2020 when the

Crosses obtained the survey and disputed it. The evidence does not support this.

Bernard and Anne bought the 100-foot property to their north in 2013. Bobette

and Gidget bought it from them in 2014. Bobette had the property surveyed in

2020 and thereafter considered the disputed 8.5 feet as part of her lot. There is

no evidence that predecessor owners from whom the Nelsons purchased ever

agreed to a lot line now claimed by the Nelsons. Bernard testified about where he

mowed since selling to the Crosses in 2014, but did not testify about mowing it

before 2014. See Huebner v. Kuberski, 387 N.W.2d 144, 147 (Iowa Ct. App. 1986)

(finding that mowing in a disputed area did not establish adverse possession.)

       The Nelsons signed a warranty deed containing a legal description that, if

the survey is correct, conveyed the disputed 8.5 feet to the Crosses. The lot line

is not delineated by a fence, trees, or hedge row. Bernard testified there were no

pins, stakes, or other markers identifying the boundary between the properties.
                                          9

There is no basis to find that the Crosses acquiesced in a boundary as claimed by

the Nelsons. The law also requires adverse possession for a ten-year period. That

length of time simply has not existed between these parties as owners or

previously. The Nelsons failed to prove by clear and positive proof entitlement to

the disputed sliver of land.

       B. Declaratory Judgment.

       We then must turn to the Nelsons’ claim for a declaratory judgment raised

in their amended petition. The district court found: “In addition, this court further

finds that Mr. Nelson had a right to rely on the Renwick city plat as well as the 1992

survey in determining what portion of land he was purchasing. So too did Ms.

Cross.” The Nelsons argue

       [t]he dispute between the parties arises out of a 2020 survey
       obtained for Cross that had a different starting point than the previous
       surveys. The point of beginning of the Cross survey started at
       approximately 8.5 feet out into the middle of McCurry Street rather
       than at the corner of the lot abutting McCurry Street.[5]

This argument is based on comparing the 1882 Renwick city plat and the 1992

survey with the 2020 survey and the corner certificate. The general rule is that

“lines of a senior plat survey will prevail over conflicting lines in a junior survey.”

Pearson v. City of Guttenberg, 245 N.W.2d 519, 527 (Iowa 1976). The critical

question is whether the 2020 survey correctly identified the point of beginning from

which to conduct the measurements. The section platted in 1882 for the city of

Renwick is for the quarter section south of the section that contains the Nelson

5 We observe that the reference to “8.5 feet out into the middle of McCurry Street”

is not supported by the evidence. Exhibit 11, the 1992 survey shows the reference
to 8.5 is the corner pin in Smith Street.
                                         10

and Cross properties. A review of the 1882 plat shows McCurry Street, the last

east-west street platted on the north edge of Renwick. Smith Street had not yet

been created and is not platted. The 1882 plat does not specify the number of feet

in the section north of McCurry Street where the properties in question are located.

The north boundary of the platted section is shown to be 187 feet north of McCurry

Street, which would be the south boundary of the section in question.

       The 1992 survey platted Tracts 1 and 2. Tract 2 is the forty-six-foot lot later

purchased by the Nelsons in 2002. It shows “N.E. COR S.E. ¼ N.W. ¼ NAIL” at

a point in the street east of the north-south lot line with “8.5” shown on the survey

plat. The 1992 plat also states the distance from the northeast corner pin is

1313.15 feet from the “N. ¼ COR. SEC. 36 I PIN.” The lots along Smith Street

later purchased by the Nelsons and the Crosses are not specifically shown on the

1992 plat. The point of beginning (stated on the plat as “POB”) is at the southeast

corner of Tract 2, which is eventually the south boundary line of the Nelsons’ 196-

feet of frontage.

       The 2002 survey requested by the Nelsons as to their forty-six-foot tract,

shows Smith Street that runs north-south. Tract 1, with 187 feet of frontage on

Smith Street, is directly north of McCurry Street.6 To the north is the forty-six-foot

lot (Tract 2) the Nelsons purchased in 2002.7 To the north is the 130-foot lot and

house the Nelsons purchased in 1999. Next to the north is the twenty-foot lot the

Nelsons purchased in 2010. Finally, to the north, is the 100-foot lot (and house)

the Nelsons purchased in 2013 and sold to the Crosses in 2014.

6 The plat shows the number 187, as well as 185.7.
7 The plat shows the number 46, as well as 45.7.
                                          11

       From the 2020 Cross survey, the filed plat shows the surveyor located the

“government section” designated by the nail with a red ribbon consistent with the

1992 survey. This is represented by a triangle symbol.8 This is consistent with the

location of the point of beginning for the 1992 survey. Having determined the point

of beginning, that being the southeast corner of the section, surveyor Wilberding

measured 296 feet north, the frontage of the Nelson’s property, and then marked

the south lot line of the Cross lot. From there he measured north 100 feet on the

east line, west 165 feet, south on the west line 100 feet and then east to the starting

point 165 feet, installing his corner pins.

       In deciding the declaratory judgment in favor of the Nelsons, the district

court indicated that the Nelsons and the Crosses had “a right to rely on the Renwick

city plat as well as the 1992 survey in determining what portion of land he was

purchasing.” Yet, Reed testified that it was the 1992 survey that misidentified the

southeast corner and incorrectly placed the pin. She based her opinion on the

assumption that the section should have 1320 feet of boundary.              She also

acknowledged that there are exceptions to this distance.

       From our review, we cannot credit Reed’s opinion that the survey pin

installed by the surveyor in 1992 and located by Wilberding in performing the 2020

survey had shifted or moved. We also find that Reed’s opinion as an abstractor,

and one who has not viewed the properties, is not more credible than the surveyor.

8 The plat, as in the corner certificate, indicates surveyor Wilberding replaced the

nail with a blue capped thirty-inch rerod driven into the street. The 2020 survey
plat also shows the distance of this pin is 1313.15 feet from the north section pin,
the same distance as shown on the 1992 survey plat. This measurement indicates
that the location of the pin had not moved.
                                         12

The Nelsons did not establish clear and positive proof of the lot line and ownership

of the disputed land. The lot line established by the 2020 survey is the most clear

and positive evidence of its location. For this reason, we reverse the judgment of

the district court and remand for entry of a decree consistent with this opinion.

       REVERSED AND REMANDED.