Court Opinion

ID: 4551209
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-07-27 07:07:13.077313+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:01:10.466922
License: Public Domain

Michigan Supreme Court
                                                                                            Lansing, Michigan

Syllabus
                                                             Chief Justice:               Justices:
                                                              Bridget M. McCormack        Stephen J. Markman
                                                                                          Brian K. Zahra
                                                             Chief Justice Pro Tem:
                                                                                          Richard H. Bernstein
                                                              David F. Viviano            Elizabeth T. Clement
                                                                                          Megan K. Cavanagh

This syllabus constitutes no part of the opinion of the Court but has been                Reporter of Decisions:
prepared by the Reporter of Decisions for the convenience of the reader.                  Kathryn L. Loomis

                         BISIO v THE CITY OF THE VILLAGE OF CLARKSTON

             Docket No. 158240. Argued March 5, 2020 (Calendar No. 4). Decided July 24, 2020.

              Susan Bisio sued the City of the Village of Clarkston in the Oakland Circuit Court for
      allegedly violating the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), MCL 15.231 et seq. Bisio filed a
      FOIA request with Clarkston seeking documents related to city business, including
      correspondence between Clarkston’s city attorney and a consulting firm concerning a
      development project and vacant property in the city. Clarkston denied Bisio’s request with
      regard to certain documents in the city attorney’s file. The city attorney, a private attorney who
      contracted with the city to serve as its city attorney, claimed that the requested documents were
      not “public records” as defined by MCL 15.232(i). The city attorney reasoned that he was not a
      “public body,” as defined by MCL 15.232(h), and because the requested documents were never
      in the possession of the city, which was a public body, the requested documents were not public
      records subject to a FOIA request. The trial court, Leo Bowman, J., granted summary
      disposition in favor of Clarkston, concluding that the documents at issue were not public records
      because there was no evidence to show that Clarkston had used or retained them in the
      performance of an official function or that the city attorney had shared the documents with
      Clarkston to assist the city in making any decision. The Court of Appeals, BECKERING, P.J., and
      M. J. KELLY and O’BRIEN, JJ., affirmed the trial court’s ruling in an unpublished per curiam
      opinion but reasoned that Bisio’s FOIA request was properly denied because the city attorney
      was merely an agent of Clarkston and the definition of “public body” in MCL 15.232(h) did not
      encompass an agent of a public body. The Supreme Court granted Bisio’s application for leave
      to appeal. 504 Mich. 966 (2019).

            In an opinion by Justice MARKMAN, joined by Justices ZAHRA, BERNSTEIN, CLEMENT,
      and CAVANAGH, the Supreme Court held:

               1. The purpose of FOIA is to facilitate full participation in the democratic process by
      providing the people of Michigan with full and complete access to information regarding the
      affairs of government, public officials, and public employees. Except in cases of specifically
      delineated exceptions, a person who submits a FOIA request to a public body for a public record
      is entitled to inspect, copy, or receive copies of the requested public record. What ultimately
      determines whether a writing is a public record under FOIA is whether a public body prepared,
      owned, used, possessed, or retained it in the performance of an official function. MCL
      15.232(h)(i) provides that “public body” means a state officer, employee, agency, department,
division, bureau, board, commission, council, authority, or other body in the executive branch of
the state government. Thus, while the term “public body” suggests a collective entity, the
statutory language provides that a single officer or individual may be considered a public body
under FOIA. Moreover, MCL 15.232(h) indicates that a single office may also be considered a
“public body” for purposes of FOIA. MCL 15.232(h)(i) expressly excludes the governor and
lieutenant governor from the definition of public body, as well as “the executive office of the
governor or lieutenant governor” and employees of those offices. Because these two executive
offices do not constitute a state officer, employee, agency, department, division, bureau, board,
commission, council, or authority under MCL 15.232(h)(i) as those terms are commonly
understood, it must be that these two executive offices are “other bod[ies]” under MCL
15.232(h)(i). Therefore, an “other body” under this provision of the statute must include an
“office” within the executive branch of state government, which is consistent with MCL
15.232(h)(iv). Under MCL 15.232(h)(iv), a public body includes any “other body that is created
by state or local authority or is primarily funded by or through state or local authority,”
excluding “the judiciary, including the office of the county clerk and its employees when acting
in the capacity of” circuit court clerk. The exclusion of the office of the county clerk from the
statutory definition of public body indicates that the office constitutes an “other body” that would
otherwise be included in the definition. Therefore, an “other body” in both MCL 15.232(h)(i)
and MCL 15.232(h)(iv) must include an “office.”

        2. Clarkston’s city charter expressly recognizes several administrative officers, including
“the City Attorney.” The charter further provides that the named administrative officers occupy
“offices” within the city. Because the charter thus creates an office of the city attorney, this
office is a public body in that it constitutes an “other body” created by local authority under
MCL 15.232(h)(iv). It cannot be reasonably disputed that the office of the city attorney retained
the documents at issue in the performance of an official function pursuant to MCL 15.232(i).
Therefore, the documents were public records for the purposes of FOIA.

       Judgment of the Court of Appeals reversed and case remanded.

         Chief Justice MCCORMACK, concurring, agreed with the majority that the documents
requested by Bisio were public records subject to disclosure under FOIA, but she wrote
separately to address the issue the court granted leave to decide: whether common-law agency
principles apply to FOIA such that the records created by a public body’s agent while
representing the public body in government affairs are subject to disclosure. She concluded that
common-law agency principles are applicable. Therefore, Clarkston’s city attorney was an agent
of the city, and as such his written communications with third parties were public records,
regardless of whether the documents were ever in the city’s possession. Because the city
attorney created the requested documents while representing Clarkston in the course of
conducting government business, the documents were subject to disclosure under FOIA.
Common-law agency principles apply to FOIA because the common law applies to statutory law
unless it is affirmatively abrogated by the Legislature. Because there was no evidence that the
Legislature intended that the common-law theory of agency not apply to FOIA, she presumed
that it is applicable. Further, because a city is an artificial entity that can only act through its
agents and employees, if agency principles were not applicable to FOIA, no records from a
municipal corporation would be subject to disclosure.
        Justice VIVIANO, dissenting, disagreed with the majority’s decision to adopt a theory of
the case presented in an amicus brief and believed that the dispute in the case concerned whether
Clarkston was required to turn over its city attorney’s files on the basis of an agency theory. The
parties conceded that the city attorney was not, individually, a public body, and moreover, that
an individual does not qualify as a public body under MCL 15.232(h)(iv). Justice VIVIANO
disagreed that Clarkston’s city charter created an “office of the city attorney” and instead
concluded that the charter established the city attorney as an administrative officer of the city.
As used in the charter, an “office” is simply a position of public authority occupied by an officer.
Because the city attorney was not a collective entity, but an individual, the city attorney could
not be a public body under FOIA. Further, the majority’s holding would radically expand the
definition of “public body” under FOIA such that it would be interpreted to encompass all
officers of local governmental units. Justice VIVIANO would have affirmed the Court of Appeals
because it reached the right result for the right reasons on the issue presented.

                                    ©2020 State of Michigan
                                                                             Michigan Supreme Court
                                                                                   Lansing, Michigan

OPINION
                                                    Chief Justice:                 Justices:
                                                     Bridget M. McCormack          Stephen J. Markman
                                                                                   Brian K. Zahra
                                                    Chief Justice Pro Tem:         Richard H. Bernstein
                                                     David F. Viviano              Elizabeth T. Clement
                                                                                   Megan K. Cavanagh

                                                                     FILED July 24, 2020

                              STATE OF MICHIGAN

                                       SUPREME COURT

  SUSAN BISIO,

                Plaintiff-Appellant,

  v                                                                  No. 158240

  THE CITY OF THE VILLAGE OF
  CLARKSTON,

                Defendant-Appellee.

 BEFORE THE ENTIRE BENCH

 MARKMAN, J.
        This case concerns the definition of “public record” set forth in MCL 15.232(i) of

 the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), MCL 15.231 et seq. This definition provides that

 “public record,” as used within the act, means “a writing prepared, owned, used, in the

 possession of, or retained by a public body in the performance of an official function, from

 the time it is created.” Here, plaintiff Susan Bisio sent a FOIA request to defendant seeking

 documents pertaining to city business. Defendant, through its city attorney, denied the
request with respect to certain documents contained in the files of the city attorney,

reasoning that the city attorney did not constitute a “public body” for purposes of MCL

15.232(i) and therefore that the requested documents were not “public records” subject to

disclosure under FOIA. Both the trial court and the Court of Appeals upheld the denial.

For the reasons set forth herein, we conclude that those documents do satisfy the statutory

definition of “public records.” Because the Court of Appeals concluded to the contrary,

we respectfully reverse its judgment and remand to the trial court for further proceedings

consistent with this opinion.

                                I. FACTS & PROCEEDINGS

       In June 2015, plaintiff filed a FOIA request with defendant seeking, in pertinent

part, correspondence between its city attorney, Thomas J. Ryan, and a consulting firm

concerning a development project and vacant property within the city. Defendant denied

the request with respect to documents contained within the city attorney’s file, and the city

attorney explained his reasoning to plaintiff in an October 2015 letter:

              [MCL 15.232(i)] states: “Public record” means a writing prepared,
       owned, used, in the possession of, or retained by a public body in the
       performance of an official function, from the time it is created.[1] The basis
       for the denial was, in my opinion as city attorney, [that] I am not a “public
       body”. Thus, the information sought was neither created nor obtained by a
       public body, i.e. The City of the Village of Clarkston and thus was not a
       public record. . . . Thus, the very touchstone of a request for a “public
       record” by a “public body,” your information requested was never received
       or in the possession of the public body, i.e. The City of the Village of
       Clarkston . . . .

1
 The subsections in MCL 15.232 that are relevant to this case were relettered in June 2018,
although their language remained virtually unchanged. See 2018 PA 68. For the purposes
of this opinion, we refer to the present lettering and language.

                                             2
       In December 2015, plaintiff sued defendant for an alleged FOIA violation with

respect to the requested documents in an effort to compel their disclosure. The parties filed

competing motions for summary disposition; plaintiff argued that the documents

constituted “public records” under MCL 15.232(i), while defendant argued to the contrary.2

The trial court ultimately granted summary disposition in favor of defendant and denied

plaintiff’s motion for summary disposition as moot. In addressing this matter, the trial

court agreed with plaintiff that “[i]t is sufficient . . . for a document to be considered a

‘public record’ if a public body’s agent (such as a public body’s attorney) prepared, owned,

used, possessed, or retained documentation in the performance of an official function.”

The trial court then framed the issue as whether “defendant used the contested records (the

actual correspondence) as a basis for its decision or merely used Attorney Ryan’s advice

or oral report for a decision.” The trial court continued:

              Having reviewed the documentary evidence, this Court finds that the
       contested records are not “public records” because there is no evidence to
       support that defendant used or retained them in the performance of an official
       function or that Attorney Ryan shared the contested records (the actual
       correspondence) to assist defendant in making a decision. Summary
       disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10) is, therefore, appropriate.

Plaintiff appealed and the Court of Appeals unanimously affirmed on somewhat different

grounds. Bisio v City of the Village of Clarkson, unpublished per curiam opinion of the

Court of Appeals, issued July 3, 2018 (Docket No. 335422). The Court observed that under

2
  MCL 15.243(1)(g) of FOIA provides that a public body may exempt from disclosure as
a public record “[i]nformation or records subject to the attorney-client privilege.”
Although this exemption was discussed below, we do not address the exemption today.
Instead, we address only the threshold question whether the documents at issue constitute
“public records” under MCL 15.232(i).

                                              3
FOIA, only “public records” are subject to disclosure, and it noted that a “public record”

is defined as “ ‘a writing prepared, owned, used, in the possession of, or retained by a

public body in the performance of an official function, from the time it is created.’ ” Id. at

4, quoting what is now MCL 15.232(i) (emphasis added). The Court reasoned that the

statute’s definition of “public body,” now set forth in MCL 15.232(h), does not encompass

an agent of a public body. Bisio, unpub op at 5. Therefore, the Court concluded that

because the city attorney was merely an agent of the defendant public body and not himself

a “public body,” the documents at issue in his possession were not “public records”

properly subject to disclosure. Id. at 5-6.

       Plaintiff next sought leave to appeal in this Court, which we granted, directing the

parties to address the following two issues:

               (1) whether the Court of Appeals erred in holding that the documents
       sought by the plaintiff were not within the definition of “public record” in
       § 2(i) of the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), MCL 15.231 et seq.; and
       (2) whether the defendant city’s charter-appointed attorney was an agent of
       the city such that his correspondence with third parties, which were never
       shared with the city or in the city’s possession, were public records subject
       to the FOIA, see Breighner v Michigan High Sch Athletic Ass’n, 471 Mich.
217, 233 nn 6 & 7 (2004); Hoffman v Bay City School Dist, 137 Mich. App.
333 (1984). [Bisio v City of the Village of Clarkston, 504 Mich. 966 (2019).]

                              II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       “This Court reviews de novo the trial court’s decision to grant a motion for summary

disposition.” Mich Federation of Teachers & Sch Related Personnel v Univ of Mich, 481
Mich. 657, 664; 753 NW2d 28 (2008). “This Court [also] reviews de novo as a question of

law issues of statutory interpretation.” State News v Mich State Univ, 481 Mich. 692, 699;

753 NW2d 20 (2008). “We give effect to the Legislature’s intent as expressed in the

                                               4
language of the statute by interpreting the words, phrases, and clauses according to their

plain meaning.” Id. at 699-700.

                                     III. ANALYSIS

       “The purpose of FOIA is to provide to the people of Michigan ‘full and complete

information regarding the affairs of government and the official acts of those who represent

them as public officials and public employees,’ thereby allowing them to ‘fully participate

in the democratic process.’ ” Amberg v Dearborn, 497 Mich. 28, 30; 859 NW2d 674

(2014), quoting MCL 15.231(2). “As a result, except under certain specifically delineated

exceptions, see MCL 15.243, a person who ‘provid[es] a public body’s FOIA coordinator

with a written request that describes a public record sufficiently to enable the public body

to find the public record’ is entitled ‘to inspect, copy, or receive copies of the requested

public record of the public body.’ ” Amberg, 497 Mich. at 30, quoting MCL 15.233(1).

       MCL 15.232(i) defines “public record” as follows:

              “Public record” means a writing prepared, owned, used, in the
       possession of, or retained by a public body in the performance of an official
       function, from the time it is created. Public record does not include computer
       software. This act separates public records into the following 2 classes:

              (i) Those that are exempt from disclosure under [MCL 15.243].

            (ii) All public records that are not exempt from disclosure under
       [MCL 15.243] and that are subject to disclosure under this act.[3]

And MCL 15.232(h) defines “public body” as follows:

3
  The predecessor to MCL 15.232(i)(ii), in effect when this case was originally filed in the
trial court, stated as follows: “All public records that are not exempt from disclosure under
[MCL 15.243] and which are subject to disclosure under this act.” See 1996 PA 553. In
all other respects, the definition of “public record” was unchanged by the June 2018
amendments of MCL 15.232. See 2018 PA 68.

                                             5
              “Public body” means any of the following:

              (i) A state officer, employee, agency, department, division, bureau,
       board, commission, council, authority, or other body in the executive branch
       of the state government, but does not include the governor or lieutenant
       governor, the executive office of the governor or lieutenant governor, or
       employees thereof.

               (ii) An agency, board, commission, or council in the legislative branch
       of the state government.

             (iii) A county, city, township, village, intercounty, intercity, or
       regional governing body, council, school district, special district, or
       municipal corporation, or a board, department, commission, council, or
       agency thereof.

               (iv) Any other body that is created by state or local authority or is
       primarily funded by or through state or local authority, except that the
       judiciary, including the office of the county clerk and its employees when
       acting in the capacity of clerk to the circuit court, is not included in the
       definition of public body.[4]

“In short, what ultimately determines whether records . . . are public records within the

meaning of FOIA is whether the public body prepared, owned, used, possessed, or retained

them in the performance of an official function.” Amberg, 497 Mich. at 32.5

4
  The predecessor to MCL 15.232(h)(iv), in effect when this case was originally filed in the
trial court, stated as follows: “The judiciary, including the office of the county clerk and
employees thereof when acting in the capacity of clerk to the circuit court, is not included
in the definition of public body.” See 1996 PA 553. In all other respects, the definition of
“public body” was unchanged by the June 2018 amendments of MCL 15.232. See 2018
PA 68.
5
  “The language ‘from the time it is created’ in the definition of the term ‘public record’
was initially included in [MCL 15.232(i)] to make clear that FOIA applied to records
‘irrespective of the date the documents were prepared,’ i.e., to records created before FOIA
took effect.” Amberg, 497 Mich. at 31 n 1, quoting OAG, 1979–1980, No. 5500, pp 255,
263–264 (July 23, 1979).

                                             6
       The parties here do not dispute that the documents at issue are “writing[s]” or that

the documents were “prepared, owned, used, in the possession of, or retained” by the city

attorney under MCL 15.232(i). The crux of the dispute is simply whether the documents

may be deemed “prepared, owned, used, in the possession of, or retained” by a “public

body” for the purposes of MCL 15.232(i).6 To resolve this dispute, we must consider the

definition of “public body” set forth in MCL 15.232(h).

       In doing so, we initially note that MCL 15.232(h) defines the term “public body” in

a somewhat unorthodox fashion. As we recognized in Herald Co v Bay City, 463 Mich.
111; 614 NW2d 873 (2000), “the ordinary definition of ‘body’ ” includes definitions such

as “ ‘a group of individuals regarded as an entity’ and ‘a number of persons, concepts, or

things regarded collectively; a group.’ ” Id. at 129-130 & n 10, quoting The American

Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (New College ed). That is, the term “public

body” suggests a “collective entity.” See id. at 129. However, MCL 15.232(h) provides

that a single officer or individual may, in particular circumstances, be considered a “public

body” for purposes of FOIA. See MCL 15.232(h)(i) (providing that “public body” includes

“[a] state officer [or] employee”).

6
  Defendant does not concede that the documents in dispute were “prepared, owned, used,
in the possession of, or retained . . . in the performance of an official function” for the
purposes of MCL 15.232(i). However, we conclude that the “in the performance of an
official function” requirement was satisfied here because the office of the city attorney
“retained” the documents in furtherance of the municipal regulatory interests of defendant.
Id.

                                             7
      But more importantly, MCL 15.232(h) indicates that a single office may also be

considered a “public body” for purposes of FOIA.7 MCL 15.232(h)(i) provides that “public

body” means a “state officer, employee, agency, department, division, bureau, board,

commission, council, authority, or other body in the executive branch of the state

government . . . ,” while MCL 15.232(h)(i) further provides that, notwithstanding these

terms, “public body” does not include “the governor or lieutenant governor, the executive

office of the governor or lieutenant governor, or employees thereof.” It is thus noteworthy

that MCL 15.232(h)(i) separately excludes “the governor [and] lieutenant governor,” as

7
  We recognize that this argument was offered only by amici-- specifically, the Michigan
Press Association and other related press organizations-- on behalf of plaintiff.
Nonetheless, we exercise our judgment to take cognizance of this argument because the
instant case implicates a pure question of statutory interpretation and may correctly be
resolved, in our judgment, on the basis of this argument. See, for example, Council of the
Village of Allen Park v Allen Park Village Clerk, 309 Mich. 361, 363; 15 NW2d 670 (1944)
(affirming an earlier case that was decided on the basis of an argument “not argued by
counsel representing the parties,” but instead “argued in the brief amicus curiae”). See
also Mapp v Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 646 n 3; 81 S. Ct. 1684; 6 L. Ed. 2d 1081 (1961) (overruling
Wolf v Colorado, 338 U.S. 25; 69 S. Ct. 1359; 93 L. Ed. 1782 (1949), in a case in which,
“[a]lthough appellant chose to urge what may have appeared to be the surer ground for
favorable disposition and did not insist that Wolf be overruled, the amicus curiae, who was
also permitted to participate in the oral argument, did urge the Court to overrule Wolf”)
(emphasis added). Furthermore, we note that plaintiff has consistently argued throughout
this case that the documents at issue constitute “public records” because, among other
reasons, the city attorney holds an “office” within defendant and therefore the documents
were retained “in the performance of an official function.” See MCL 15.232(i). In this
regard, our decision to address the argument offered by the amici is similar to the
circumstances in Teague v Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 300; 109 S. Ct. 1060; 103 L. Ed. 2d 334 (1989),
in which the United States Supreme Court explained that “[t]he question of retroactivity
with regard to petitioner’s fair cross section claim has been raised only in an amicus
brief. . . . Nevertheless, that question is not foreign to the parties, who have addressed
retroactivity with respect to petitioner’s Batson claim.” And Teague favorably cited Mapp
as another instance of the Court reaching a decision “even although such a course of action
was urged only by amicus curiae.” Id.

                                            8
well as “the executive office of the governor [and] lieutenant governor.” By expressly

distinguishing between the individual state officers-- the governor and the lieutenant

governor-- and the executive offices of those officers, the Legislature, we believe, has

communicated that those individual officers are, for purposes of FOIA, separate and

distinct entities from their respective “offices.”

       Furthermore, because the Legislature apparently believed that the governor and

lieutenant governor should not be included within the definition of “public body,” it

expressly provided that those two officers were to be excluded from the definition. MCL

15.232(h)(i) provides that “public body” includes “[a] state officer,” and obviously, the

governor and lieutenant governor are both state officers. Therefore, if the Legislature had

not expressly excluded the governor and the lieutenant governor from the definition of

“public body,” these two officers would certainly have been included within the definition.

       Yet the reason for expressly providing that the definition of “public body” does not

include “the executive office of the governor or lieutenant governor” is less obvious or

apparent.   Those two executive offices do not seem to constitute a “state officer,”

“employee,” “agency,” “department,” “division,” “bureau,” “board,” “commission,”

“council,” or “authority.” MCL 15.232(h)(i).8 Therefore, it must be that “the executive

office of the governor or lieutenant governor” is presumptively an “other body” under MCL

15.232(h)(i). That is, if the Legislature had not expressly provided that the respective

executive offices of the governor and lieutenant governor are excluded from the definition

8
 Webster’s New World Dictionary (1974) defines “office,” in relevant part, as “a position
of authority or trust, esp. in a government, business, institution, etc. [the office of
president].” None of the specifically listed individuals or entities in MCL 15.232(h)(i)
satisfies this definition.

                                               9
of “public body,” then they would presumably have been included within the definition

because they are necessarily and logically “other bodies.” A contrary interpretation of

MCL 15.232(h)(i)-- that the respective executive offices of the governor and lieutenant are

not a “state officer, employee, agency, department, division, bureau, board, commission,

council, authority, or other body in the executive branch of the state government”-- would

render the exclusory language pertaining to those offices surplusage because it would

simply be unnecessary to exclude from coverage those offices that would not otherwise be

included within the definition of “public body.” “Courts must give effect to every word,

phrase, and clause in a statute and avoid an interpretation that would render any part of the

statute surplusage or nugatory.” State Farm Fire & Cas Co v Old Republic Ins Co, 466
Mich. 142, 146; 644 NW2d 715 (2002). Thus, under MCL 15.232(h)(i), an “other body”

must include an “office” within the executive branch of state government.

       Our understanding of “other body” in MCL 15.232(h)(i) as including an “office” is

consistent with MCL 15.232(h)(iv). Under MCL 15.232(h)(iv), “public body” signifies

“[a]ny other body that is created by state or local authority or is primarily funded by or

through state or local authority,” but “the judiciary, including the office of the county clerk

and its employees when acting in the capacity of clerk to the circuit court, is not included

in the definition of public body.” (Emphasis added.) As with the express exclusion of the

executive offices of the governor and lieutenant governor within MCL 15.232(h)(i), the

express exclusion of “the office of the county clerk . . . when acting in the capacity of clerk

to the circuit court” in MCL 15.232(h)(iv) indicates that the office of the county clerk would

be included within the definition of “public body” absent that exclusion. And because

MCL 15.232(h)(iv) refers only to “[a]ny other body that is created by state or local authority

                                              10
or is primarily funded by or through state or local authority,” it must be that the office of

the county clerk constitutes such an “other body.” Put simply, MCL 15.232(h)(iv), as with

MCL 15.232(h)(i), indicates that an “other body” in each provision includes an “office.”

       With this understanding of MCL 15.232(h) in mind, we then consider the

relationship between defendant and its city attorney. Chapter 5 of defendant’s City Charter

expressly recognizes the following administrative officers:

              The administrative officers of the City of the Village of Clarkston
       shall be the City Manager, the clerk, the Treasurer, the City Attorney, the
       Assessor, and the Financial Officer. [City of the Village of Clarkston Charter
       (the City Charter), § 5.1(a).]

Section 5.6(a) of the City Charter then specifically identifies the duties of the city attorney:

             (1) Advise the Council on all matters of law and changes or
       developments therein, affecting the City;

              (2) Act as legal advisor and be responsible to the Council[;]

              (3) Advise the City Manager concerning legal problems affecting the
       city administration and any officer or department head of the City in matters
       relating to official duties when so requested in writing, and file with the Clerk
       a copy of all written opinions;

              (4) Prosecute ordinance violations and represent the City in cases
       before the Courts and other tribunals[.]

And §§ 5.1(d) and (h) of the City Charter provide that the administrative officers identified

in the City Charter, including the city attorney, occupy “offices” within the institutional

defendant:

              (d) In making appointments of administrative officers, the appointing
       authority shall consider only the qualifications of the appointee and that
       person’s ability to discharge the duties of the office to which he/she is
       appointed.

                                            * * *

                                              11
              (h) In the event of a vacancy in an administrative office the Council
       shall appoint a replacement within one hundred twenty (120) days or may
       appoint an acting officer during the period of a vacancy in the office.
       [Emphasis added.]

       This is consistent with the common understanding that an “officer” generally

occupies an “office.”      Compare Webster’s New World Dictionary (1974) (defining

“officer,” in relevant part, as “anyone elected or appointed to an office or position of

authority in a government, business, institution, society, etc.”) with Hallgren v Campbell,

82 Mich. 255, 258-259; 46 N.W. 381 (1890) (“A person actually obtaining office with the

legal indicia of title is a legal officer until ousted.”) (quotation marks and citations omitted).

       Accordingly, we conclude that the City Charter creates the “office of the city

attorney.”9 Such office is therefore a “public body” because the office constitutes an “other

9
  In People v Freedland, 308 Mich. 449; 14 NW2d 62 (1944), this Court identified five
“indispensable” elements for a “public office of a civil nature”:

               (1) It must be created by the Constitution or by the legislature or
       created by a municipality or other body through authority conferred by the
       legislature; (2) it must possess a delegation of a portion of the sovereign
       power of government, to be exercised for the benefit of the public; (3) the
       powers conferred, and the duties to be discharged, must be defined, directly
       or impliedly, by the legislature or through legislative authority; (4) the duties
       must be performed independently and without control of a superior power
       other than the law, unless they be those of an inferior or subordinate office,
       created or authorized by the legislature, and by it placed under the general
       control of a superior officer or body; (5) it must have some permanency and
       continuity, and not be only temporary or occasional. [Id. at 457-458, quoting
       State ex rel Barney v Hawkins, 79 Mont. 506, 528-529; 257 P. 411 (1927).]

Although Freedland concerned the common-law offense of misconduct in office and is not
directly controlling in this case, the office of the city attorney comports with Freedland’s
standards for a “public office of a civil nature.” Briefly stated, the office of the city attorney
is (1) created by a municipality; (2) possesses a portion of the sovereign power of

                                               12
body that is created by . . . local authority” under MCL 15.232(h)(iv).10 Furthermore, it

cannot reasonably be disputed that the office, at a minimum, “retained” the documents at

government; (3) retains powers and duties defined by the municipality; (4) exercises duties
under the general control of the City Council; and (5) constitutes a permanent position.
10
   Concerning the dissent, we respectfully disagree with its conclusion that the office of the
city attorney does not constitute a “public body” under MCL 15.232(h)(iv) and offer the
following in response. First, the dissent states that “[t]he statutory context . . . makes it
clear that, as it pertains to local governmental units, an individual does not qualify as an
other ‘body’ under Subdivision (iv).” But we do not conclude that the city attorney,
individually, is himself a “public body” under MCL 15.232(h)(iv). Rather, we conclude
that the entity, the “office of the city attorney,” constitutes the pertinent “public body”
under MCL 15.232(h)(iv). Second, the dissent states that “ ‘body’ [as used in MCL
15.232(h)(i) and (h)(iv)] could reasonably be interpreted to include a government office
that is, like the other governmental units on the list, a collective and distinct entity.” Yet
the dissent also acknowledges that it “could not locate a definition describing an ‘office’
as a collective and distinct entity.” And furthermore, we do not agree that an “office”-- or
any of the other governmental entities specifically listed in MCL 15.232(h)-- is necessarily
limited to “collective and distinct” entities. For instance, MCL 15.232(h)(iii) provides that
a municipal “department” is a “public body.” And while it is true that a department is
ordinarily a “collective and distinct” entity, it may also be the case that in a smaller
municipality, a relatively minor department may consist of a single individual that
nevertheless constitutes a “collective” entity. In such a case, we discern no principled
reason why that “department” would be any less of a “public body” under MCL
15.232(h)(iii) than a “department” consisting of multiple persons. Third, the dissent asserts
that “[t]he majority’s holding today portends a radical expansion of the definition of ‘public
body’ under FOIA such that it will now encompass all local officers (not just city
attorneys).” To the extent the dissent is concerned with the practical implications of our
decision, we again disagree that it will effect any radical change in the operation of FOIA.
Consider, for example, how FOIA applies at present to the office of the city mayor. MCL
15.232(i) defines a “public record” obtainable under FOIA as “a writing prepared, owned,
used, in the possession of, or retained by a public body in the performance of an official
function, from the time it is created.” (Emphasis added.) That is, virtually all records
“prepared, owned, used, in the possession of, or retained” by the office of the city mayor
“in the performance of an official function” would also consist of records fairly
characterized as “prepared, owned, used, in the possession of, or retained” by the city itself
“in the performance of an official function.” And a “city” indisputably constitutes a “public
body” under MCL 15.232(h)(iii). We therefore struggle to conceive of an example or
illustration of a “public record” subject to disclosure under FOIA in which the pertinent

                                             13
issue. MCL 15.232(i).11 Consequently, we conclude that the documents at issue are

“public records” because they are comprised of “writing[s] prepared, owned, used, in the

possession of, or retained by a public body in the performance of an official function, from

the time [they were] created.”12 Id.

“public body” is the “office of the city mayor” but is not also understood to be the city
itself. Whether the interpretation of FOIA yielded by this opinion is “broad” or “narrow,”
or “too broad” or “too narrow,” from the perspective of the dissent, it is, in our judgment,
fully compatible with the law enacted by the Legislature. In the words of this Court, “FOIA
provides Michigan citizens with broad rights to obtain public records, limited only by the
coverage of the statute and its exemptions.” Kent Co Deputy Sheriff’s Ass’n v Kent Co
Sheriff, 463 Mich. 353, 362; 616 NW2d 677 (2000) (citations omitted). We respectfully
believe this opinion to be faithful to the decisive terms of FOIA, and we conclude that the
records in question here are “public records” retained by a “public body.”
11
 “Retain” is defined, in relevant part, as “to hold or keep in possession.” Webster’s New
World Dictionary (1974).
12
   We acknowledge that plaintiff sent the FOIA request here to defendant itself, not to the
office of the city attorney, as the pertinent “public body” under MCL 15.232(h) and (i).
However, that plaintiff’s argument accordingly focused on MCL 15.232(h)(iii) rather than
MCL 15.232(h)(iv) is not determinative because “this Court may review an unpreserved
issue if it is one of law and the facts necessary for resolution of the issue have been
presented.” McNeil v Charlevoix Co, 484 Mich. 69, 81 n 8; 772 NW2d 18 (2009). See also
Steward v Panek, 251 Mich. App. 546, 554; 652 NW2d 232 (2002) (“[T]his Court may
overlook preservation requirements where failure to consider the issue would result in
manifest injustice, if consideration of the issue is necessary to a proper determination of
the case, or if the issue involves a question of law and the facts necessary for its resolution
have been presented.”) (citations omitted). Moreover, “[w]e allow an issue to be raised for
the first time on appeal if persuaded that its consideration ‘is necessary to a proper
determination of a case.’ ” Sands Appliance Servs, Inc v Wilson, 463 Mich. 231, 239 n 5;
615 NW2d 241 (2000), quoting Prudential Ins Co v Cusick, 369 Mich. 269, 290; 120 NW2d
1 (1963).

      We note that FOIA contemplates that a “public body” may exist within a “public
body.” See, e.g., MCL 15.240(7):

              If the court determines in an action commenced under this section that
       the public body has arbitrarily and capriciously violated this act by refusal or

                                              14
                                   IV. CONCLUSION

       Under MCL 15.232(i) of FOIA, a “public record” is “a writing prepared, owned,

used, in the possession of, or retained by a public body in the performance of an official

function, from the time it is created.” We reiterate that such “public records” must be

“prepared, owned, used, in the possession of, or retained by a public body” and not by a

private individual or entity. In the instant case, the office of the city attorney constitutes

such a “public body” because it is an “other body that is created by state or local authority”

pursuant to MCL 15.232(h)(iv).             Furthermore, the documents at issue are

“writing[s] . . . retained” by that public body and “in the performance of an official

function” under MCL 15.232(i), and they are therefore “public records” for the purposes

of FOIA. The lower courts erred by ruling otherwise. Accordingly, we reverse the Court

of Appeals’ judgment and remand the case to the trial court for further proceedings

consistent with this opinion.

                                                         Stephen J. Markman
                                                         Brian K. Zahra
                                                         Richard H. Bernstein
                                                         Elizabeth T. Clement
                                                         Megan K. Cavanagh

       delay in disclosing or providing copies of a public record, the court shall
       order the public body to pay a civil fine of $1,000.00, which shall be
       deposited into the general fund of the state treasury. The court shall award,
       in addition to any actual or compensatory damages, punitive damages in the
       amount of $1,000.00 to the person seeking the right to inspect or receive a
       copy of a public record. The damages shall not be assessed against an
       individual, but shall be assessed against the next succeeding public body that
       is not an individual and that kept or maintained the public record as part of
       its public function. [Emphasis added.]

                                             15
                             STATE OF MICHIGAN

                                      SUPREME COURT

 SUSAN BISIO,

               Plaintiff-Appellant,

 v                                                             No. 158240

 THE CITY OF THE VILLAGE OF
 CLARKSTON,

               Defendant-Appellee.

MCCORMACK, C.J. (concurring).
       I concur with the majority because I agree that the requested records are “public

records” subject to disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), MCL 15.231

et seq. But this Court specifically granted leave to decide “whether the defendant city’s

charter-appointed attorney was an agent of the city such that his correspondence with third

parties, which were never shared with the city or in the city’s possession, were public

records subject to the FOIA.” Bisio v City of the Village of Clarkston, 504 Mich. 966

(2019). I believe the answer is yes and would decide that way, as this issue was thoroughly

litigated in the lower courts and is a matter of jurisprudential significance. In my view, the

Legislature did not abrogate the common law of agency when it enacted the FOIA.

Therefore, common-law agency principles apply to the FOIA so that “the agent stands in

the shoes of the principal.” In re Capuzzi Estate, 470 Mich. 399, 402; 684 NW2d 677

(2004). I would hold that because the city attorney created the requested records while
representing the City of the Village of Clarkston (the City) in conducting government

business, they are subject to disclosure.

       The question is not who is a public body, but what is a public record? Under the

FOIA, a public record is “a writing prepared, owned, used, in the possession of, or retained

by a public body in the performance of an official function, from the time it is created.”

MCL 15.232(i). Thus, if the requested records are writings prepared, owned, used, in the

possession of, or retained by the City in the performance of an official function, they are

subject to disclosure.1

       Only one aspect of this definition is seriously in dispute here. The plaintiff

submitted her FOIA request to the City, a public body. MCL 15.232(h)(iii). The records

are “writing[s]” because they are written communications between the city attorney and

third parties. MCL 15.232(l) (“writing” includes “every other means of recording”). The

city attorney created the records “in the performance of an official function,” MCL

15.232(i), because they involved his communications on behalf of the City about the

application and enforcement of local zoning, environmental, and historical ordinances.

The city attorney is an agent of the City. St Clair Intermediate Sch Dist v Intermediate Ed

Ass’n/Mich Ed Ass’n, 458 Mich. 540, 557; 581 NW2d 707 (1998) (an agency relationship

exists when “ ‘one person acts for or represents another by his authority’ ”) (citation

omitted). Thus, to resolve this case, the Court need only answer one question: do common-

1
  Unless public records are exempt under MCL 15.243, they must be disclosed. See MCL
15.232(i)(i) and (ii); Herald Co v Bay City, 463 Mich. 111, 119 n 6; 614 NW2d 873 (2000)
(“[The FOIA] requires the public body to disclose records unless they are exempt . . . .”).
The City has not, even in the alternative, argued in this Court that the records fall within
an exemption.

                                             2
law principles of agency apply to the FOIA so that the records created by a public body’s

agent while representing the public body in government affairs are subject to disclosure?

       I would hold that they do. The common law applies unless it is affirmatively

abrogated by our Constitution, the Legislature, or this Court. Const 1963, art 3, § 7; People

v Woolfolk, 497 Mich. 23, 25; 857 NW2d 524 (2014). We presume that the Legislature is

aware of the common law when it acts. Wold Architects & Engineers v Strat, 474 Mich.
223, 234; 713 NW2d 750 (2006). Although the Legislature can amend or repeal the

common law by statute, it “should speak in no uncertain terms” when it does. Hoerstman

Gen Contracting, Inc v Hahn, 474 Mich. 66, 74; 711 NW2d 340 (2006). This Court will

not lightly presume that the Legislature has abrogated the common law. Velez v Tuma, 492
Mich. 1, 11; 821 NW2d 432 (2012).

       Whether the Legislature has abrogated the common law is a question of legislative

intent. Wold Architects, 474 Mich. at 233. And there is no evidence that the Legislature

intended to amend the common law of agency as it applies to the FOIA; there is no

reference in the FOIA’s text to suggest that agency principles do not apply, let alone

language to make that clear. We presume that the Legislature is aware of the common-law

rule that an agent stands in the shoes of the principal so that the acts of the agent (here, the

city attorney) are attributed to the principal (here, the City). In re Estate of Capuzzi, 470
Mich. at 402. If the Legislature had intended to shield records prepared or retained by a

                                               3
public body’s agent in the performance of an official function, it would have said so. It

hasn’t; I would presume that common-law agency principles apply.2

       Moreover, applying common-law agency principles is the only way that the FOIA

works. The plaintiff submitted her FOIA request to the City, an artificial entity that can

only act through others. That corporations act through agents is well settled. See Fox v

Spring Lake Iron Co, 89 Mich. 387, 399; 50 N.W. 872 (1891). If agency principles did not

2
  Justice VIVIANO believes that this issue has already been resolved by Breighner v Mich
High Sch Athletic Ass’n, Inc, 471 Mich. 217; 683 NW2d 639 (2004). I respectfully disagree.
The question in Breighner was whether the Michigan High School Athletic Association
(MHSAA) was a “public body” under the FOIA. Id. at 219 (“Public body” was defined at
MCL 15.232(d) when Breighner was decided; the definition was moved to MCL 15.232(h)
with the enactment of 2018 PA 68. I refer to the current citation when discussing Breighner
in this opinion). The plaintiffs in that case submitted their FOIA request directly to the
MHSAA. Id. at 222. The trial court held that the MHSAA was “primarily funded by or
through state or local authority” and thus was subject to the FOIA as a public body under
MCL 15.232(h)(iv). Id. at 219. This Court disagreed. Id. at 225-231.

        Alternatively, the plaintiffs argued, id. at 231-232, that the MHSAA was a public
body under MCL 15.232(h)(iii): “A county, city, township, village, intercounty, intercity,
or regional governing body, council, school district, special district, or municipal
corporation, or a board, department, commission, council, or agency thereof.” (Emphasis
added.) This Court rejected that argument, reasoning that “there is a fundamental
difference between the terms ‘agent’ and ‘agency’ as the latter term is used in the statute.”
Breighner, 471 Mich. at 232. Although this definition includes an “agency,” the Court
explained, “In this specific context, the word ‘agency’ clearly refers to a unit or division of
government and not to the relationship between a principal and an agent.” Id. The Court
concluded that the Legislature did not intend that any “agent” of the listed governmental
entities qualify as a public body under MCL 15.232(h)(iii). Id. at 232-233.

        Common-law abrogation was not before the Breighner Court. And since the
plaintiffs submitted their FOIA request directly to the MHSAA, which is not a public body,
the Breighner Court did not have the opportunity to consider whether an agent of a public
body could create public records. Here, the plaintiff’s FOIA request was submitted to the
City—the public body—not to the city attorney. Thus, Breighner’s analysis is neither
helpful nor controlling.

                                              4
apply, how could citizens obtain public records from a municipal corporation? The FOIA’s

definition of a “public body” for local governmental units does not include employees. See

MCL 15.232(h)(iii). Yet a city can only act through its agents and employees. Thus, if

agency principles did not apply to the FOIA, no records from a municipal corporation

would be subject to disclosure; it can’t prepare, use, or retain records on its own.

       Refusing to apply agency principles to the FOIA would frustrate its stated purpose

“that all persons . . . are entitled to full and complete information regarding the affairs of

government and the official acts of those who represent them as public officials and public

employees, consistent with this act. The people shall be informed so that they may fully

participate in the democratic process.” MCL 15.231(2). It would allow local governments

to contract out official government work to private attorneys, shield their records from

disclosure, and keep the affairs of government secret. One of the City’s council members

understood this well, as shown by her remarks at a city council meeting after the Court of

Appeals’ ruling issued:

       What did we win? . . . We get to keep some emails secret that apparently no
       one in the city is aware of the contents. We get to keep information away
       from the residents and taxpayers of the city, who pay for the city to
       function . . . . We can hide things with our attorney? We will forever be
       known as the city who fought FOIA and won. Not a good reputation.
       [Custodio, Council Member Concerned with FOIA-Lawsuit Ruling, Clarkston
       News (July 19, 2018), available at  (accessed July 16, 2020)]
       [https://perma.cc/R4SH-6MDT].

       I would decide this important issue today. The FOIA is “a broadly written statute

designed to open the closed files of government.” Kent Co Deputy Sheriff’s Ass’n v Kent

Co Sheriff, 463 Mich. 353, 359; 616 NW2d 677 (2000). Consistent with this aim and with

                                              5
our common-law abrogation jurisprudence, I would reverse the Court of Appeals and apply

common-law agency principles to hold that the city attorney’s records are “public records”

subject to disclosure.

                                                       Bridget M. McCormack

                                            6
                             STATE OF MICHIGAN

                                      SUPREME COURT

 SUSAN BISIO,

               Plaintiff-Appellant,

 v                                                             No. 158240

 THE CITY OF THE VILLAGE OF
 CLARKSTON,

               Defendant-Appellee.

VIVIANO, J. (dissenting).
       This vigorously litigated FOIA action has never been about whether a fictional

entity the majority calls “the office of the city attorney” is a “public body” under the

Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), MCL 15.231 et seq. Instead, it has been about

whether the City of the Village of Clarkston (the city) must turn over nonprivileged

portions of its city attorney’s files on the basis of an agency theory. Remarkably, the

majority declines even to address the agency theory and instead adopts an amicus argument

that was injected into this case at the eleventh hour, without input from the parties or

scrutiny from the lower courts. Because I believe that the amicus theory is utterly without

merit and will have serious ramifications beyond this case, I respectfully dissent.

                               I. THE CASE PRESENTED

       The question presented by plaintiff is relatively simple: are the nonprivileged

portions of the city attorney’s files involving his conduct of official city business “public

records” subject to FOIA even though he kept them in a separate off-premises file and did
not forward copies of the records to the city offices or other city officials? From the start,

this case has centered on plaintiff’s argument that she is entitled to the records because the

city attorney is an agent of the defendant city. Accordingly, she contended the documents

are “public records” because they are “in the possession” of the city and because the city

attorney, as an agent of the city, “used” them to conduct city business and “retained” them.

The trial court held that, although agency principles were applicable, there was no evidence

the city used or retained the records in performing an official function and therefore they

were not “public records.” The Court of Appeals unanimously affirmed on the alternate

basis that plaintiff’s agency theory was “unsupported by the plain language of the relevant

statutes, by Michigan caselaw, and by the foreign caselaw relied upon by plaintiff.”1

1
  Because Chief Justice MCCORMACK has indicated in her concurrence that she would
reverse the Court of Appeals on this issue, I will briefly explain why I agree with the Court
of Appeals that plaintiff’s agency theory is without merit. First, we rejected this theory in
Breighner v Mich High Sch Athletic Ass’n, Inc, 471 Mich. 217; 683 NW2d 639 (2004), in
which we held that FOIA does not extend to agents of public bodies. In Breighner, the
plaintiffs argued that “the [Michigan High School Athletic Association, Inc. (MHSAA)]
acts as an ‘agent’ for its member schools and that it is therefore a public body as defined
by [MCL 15.232(h)(iii)].” Id. at 231 (while the term “public body” was formerly defined
in MCL 15.232(d), the definition was moved to MCL 15.232(h) with the enactment of
2018 PA 68, and I have substituted the current citation into quotations in this opinion for
ease of reference when appropriate). We rejected the Breighner plaintiffs’ argument,
explaining as follows:

              Although the noun “agency” may be used to describe a business or
       legal relationship between parties, it is wholly evident from the context of
       § 232[(h)(iii)] that this is not the sense in which that term is used. Section
       232[(h)(iii)] designates several distinct governmental units as public bodies,
       and proceeds to include in this definition any “agency” of such a
       governmental unit. In this specific context, the word “agency” clearly refers
       to a unit or division of government and not to the relationship between a
       principal and an agent. Had the Legislature intended any “agent” of the
       enumerated governmental entities to qualify under § 232[(h)(iii)], it would

                                              2
                       II. THE CASE THE MAJORITY DECIDES

       Inexplicably, the majority opinion fails even to mention the agency issue at the heart

of this case. Instead, the majority opinion reaches for an argument more to its liking, i.e.,

the notion that “a single office may also be considered a ‘public body’ for purposes of

FOIA.” The majority traces this argument to the amicus brief filed by the Michigan Press

Association (MPA) on behalf of itself and a number of other news organizations.2 And it

       have used that term rather than “agency.” [Id. at 232-233 (emphasis in
       original).]

Indeed, we went so far in a footnote as to declare that “it would defy logic (as well as the
plain language of [MCL 15.232(h)(iii)] to conclude that the Legislature intended that any
person or entity qualifying as an ‘agent’ of one of the enumerated governmental bodies
would be considered a ‘public body’ for purposes of the FOIA.” Id. at 233 n 6. Breighner
applies with full force here and precludes us from finding that an agent of one of the
governmental agencies enumerated in MCL 15.232(h)(iii) is a “public body.” Unlike Chief
Justice MCCORMACK, I do not see how we can reach a different conclusion about the
meaning of “public body” as that term is used in the very next subsection, which defines
“public record.” See MCL 15.232(i) (“ ‘Public record’ means a writing prepared, owned,
used, in the possession of, or retained by a public body in the performance of an official
function, from the time it is created.”) (emphasis added). It would be passing strange to
conclude that agency principles were not imported into the definition of “public body,” as
Breighner in essence held, but that those principles should inform the meaning of that term
as used in the very next subsection.

       Breighner also rejected the plaintiff’s argument that the MHSAA was a public body
under MCL 15.232(h)(iv), holding that it was not “ ‘created’ by any governmental
authority.” Id. at 231. Here, I would conclude that plaintiff’s agency theory also fails
under MCL 15.232(h)(iv) but for a different reason. As discussed below, to qualify as an
“other body that is created by . . . local authority,” whether as an agent of the city or
otherwise, the city attorney must be a collective entity. See MCL 15.232(h)(iv). See also
Herald Co v Bay City, 463 Mich. 111, 129; 614 NW2d 873 (2000) (noting that “[public
body] connotes a collective entity”). No one seriously contends that is the case here.
2
 In addition to the MPA, the MPA’s amicus brief was filed on behalf of the Michigan
Association of Broadcasters; the Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press; the
Detroit Chapter of the Society of Professional Journalists; The New York Times Company;
The Detroit News; The Detroit Free Press; the E.W. Scripps Company; New World

                                             3
is true that the basic outline of this argument was inserted as an alternative theory at the

very end of the MPA’s amicus brief. The problem is that until the MPA filed its brief, and

even afterward, no one thought this case was about whether a fictional entity known as “the

office of the city attorney” was a “public body” under FOIA. The issue was not addressed

in any party’s briefing, and it was not discussed at oral argument.3

       Although we value input from amici and sometimes adopt assertions they make,

deciding a case by adopting an argument that neither party has made or responded to and

none of the lower courts has addressed is quite a departure from the principle of party

presentation.4 But that does not stop the majority, or even slow it down. Instead, finding

the parties’ framing inconvenient, the majority swallows the MPA’s theory whole—even

though, as discussed below, it has serious interpretive gaps and will have serious

consequences far beyond this case.

Communications of Detroit, Inc., on behalf of its television station WJBK—FOX 2 Detroit;
Nexstar Media Group, Inc.; Zillow Group, Inc.; the Better Business Bureau of Eastern
Michigan; Meredith Corporation; and the Michigan Coalition on Open Government.
3
 Nothing in the record or procedural history supports the majority’s assertion that “plaintiff
has consistently argued throughout this case that the documents at issue constitute ‘public
records,’ because, among other reasons, the city attorney holds an ‘office’ within
defendant . . . .”
4
  See United States v Sineneng-Smith, 590 US ___, ___; 140 S. Ct. 1575, 1579; ___ L Ed 2d
___ (2020) (“In our adversarial system of adjudication, we follow the principle of party
presentation. As this Court stated in Greenlaw v. United States, 554 U.S. 237 [; 128 S. Ct.
2559; 171 L. Ed. 2d 399] (2008), ‘in both civil and criminal cases, in the first instance and
on appeal . . . , we rely on the parties to frame the issues for decision and assign to courts
the role of neutral arbiter of matters the parties present.’ Id., at 243.”).

                                              4
                            A. INTERPRETIVE ANALYSIS

       FOIA defines “public record” in pertinent part to mean “a writing prepared, owned,

used, in the possession of, or retained by a public body in the performance of an official

function, from the time it is created.” MCL 15.232(i). The act defines a “public body” as

“any of the following”:

              (i) A state officer, employee, agency, department, division, bureau,
       board, commission, council, authority, or other body in the executive branch
       of the state government, but does not include the governor or lieutenant
       governor, the executive office of the governor or lieutenant governor, or
       employees thereof.

               (ii) An agency, board, commission, or council in the legislative branch
       of the state government.

             (iii) A county, city, township, village, intercountry, intercity, or
       regional governing body, council, school district, special district, or
       municipal corporation, or a board, department, commission, council, or
       agency thereof.

               (iv) Any other body that is created by state or local authority or is
       primarily funded by or through state or local authority, except that the
       judiciary, including the office of the county clerk and its employees when
       acting in the capacity of clerk to the circuit court, is not included in the
       definition of public body. [MCL 15.232(h).]

       All parties concede, and in its unanimous opinion the Court of Appeals held, that

the city attorney is not himself a public body.5 This widespread agreement is not surprising

5
  Defendant has argued throughout this case that the city attorney is not himself a “public
body” under FOIA, and plaintiff has repeatedly and emphatically conceded the point and
indeed even argued it herself for strategic advantage. See Bisio v The City of The Village
of Clarkston, unpublished per curiam opinion of the Court of Appeals, issued July 3, 2018
(Docket No. 335422), p 6 (“Plaintiff argues that the Breighner Court’s holding is irrelevant
to the case at bar because she has never claimed that the city attorney was a public body.”).
Plaintiff also asserted at oral argument: “[W]e are not claiming that the city attorney is a
public body. Obviously, he’s not. Because as you point out, the definition doesn’t include

                                             5
because it accords with the ordinary meaning of “body” as used in the statute. See

Coalition Protecting Auto No-Fault v Mich Catastrophic Claims Ass’n (On Remand), 317
Mich. App. 1, 13; 894 NW2d 758 (2016) (interpreting “body” in this context “as ‘[a]n

artificial person created by a legal authority. See [corporation],’ and ‘[a]n aggregate of

individuals or groups.’ Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed).”). See also Herald Co, 463
Mich. at 129 (interpreting “public body” under the Open Meetings Act, MCL 15.261 et

seq., and noting that it “connotes a collective entity”).6 The statutory context also makes

officers and employees of municipalities.” In light of the plain language of the statute and
the parties’ repeated concessions, the Court of Appeals’ position is hardly remarkable. See
Bisio, unpub op at 5 (“The definition of ‘public body’ provided by MCL 15.232[(h)(iii)]
does not include officers or employees acting on behalf of cities, townships, and villages.
By contrast, MCL 15.232[(h)(i)], which provides the definition of ‘public body’ relevant
to the executive branch of state government, does include officers and employees acting
on behalf of the public body. Had the Legislature so intended, it could have included
officers or employees, or agents, in the definition of public body that pertains to cities,
townships, and villages. That it did not indicates the Legislature’s intent to limit ‘public
body’ in § 232[(h)(iii)] to the governing bodies of the entities listed.”).
6
  See also Herald Co, 463 Mich. at 130 n 10 (“The American Heritage Dictionary of the
English Language (New College ed), p 147, defines ‘body’ as ‘[a] group of individuals
regarded as an entity’ and ‘[a] number of persons, concepts, or things regarded collectively;
a group.’ Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary (7th ed), p 94, similarly defines the term
as ‘a group of persons or things’ and ‘a group of individuals organized for some
purpose . . . (a legislative [body]).’ ”). While “public body” is a defined term under the
act, “body” is not. Thus, it is appropriate to look to the dictionary for assistance in
determining its meaning. See Krohn v Home-Owners Ins Co, 490 Mich. 145, 156; 802
NW2d 281 (2011). Since the definitions in both lay and legal dictionaries are the same, it
is proper to rely on both types of dictionaries. See Hecht v Nat’l Heritage Academies, Inc,
499 Mich. 586, 621 n 62; 886 NW2d 135 (2016).

                                             6
it clear that, as it pertains to local governmental units, an individual does not qualify as an

other “body” under Subdivision (iv).7

7
  This is true whether the subdivisions of MCL 15.232(h) are read together or separately.
First, reading them together, the word “other” as used in the MCL 15.232(h)(iv) statutory
phrase “[a]ny other body” is used to refer to a “thing that is different or distinct from
one already mentioned.”           Lexico, Oxford English and Spanish Dictionary
          (accessed       July      14,      2020)
[https://perma.cc/49ZU-DXEP]. Under this reading, any fair examination of the language
of the statute must begin with the recognition that the Legislature included individuals like
“officer[s]” and “employee[s]” in MCL 15.232(h)(i), which deals with the state
government, but the Legislature did not include these terms in MCL 15.232(h)(iii), which
concerns local governmental units. When the Legislature chooses to include a term in one
place but not another in the same statute, courts should not read the term into the part where
it was omitted. Nickola v MIC Gen Ins Co, 500 Mich. 115, 125; 894 NW2d 552 (2017).
Finding that local officers constitute public bodies under Subdivision (iv) would, in
essence, undo the Legislature’s exclusion of those officers from Subdivision (iii). Because
“officer” was expressly listed in MCL 15.232(h)(i), it could not be added to MCL
15.232(h)(iv) by use of the catchall phrase “[a]ny other body” with regard to local
governmental units.

        There is also a good argument that MCL 15.232(h)(i) should not be read in
conjunction with the other subdivisions of MCL 15.232(h). MCL 15.232(h)(i), which
relates to the executive branch of the state government, is the only subdivision that includes
individuals (“state officer[s]” and “[state] employee[s]”) in the definition of “public body.”
But it has its own catchall phrase. MCL 15.232(h)(i) (“A state officer, employee, agency,
department, division, bureau, board, commission, council, authority, or other body in the
executive branch of the state government . . . .”) (emphasis added). The next two
subdivisions, MCL 15.232(h)(ii) and (h)(iii), relating to the legislative branch of state
government and local governmental units, respectively, do not include any individuals.
See, e.g., Breighner, 471 Mich. at 232 (noting that “[Subdivision (iii)] designates several
distinct governmental units as public bodies . . . .”). Thus, an argument may be made that
the catchall phrase in the following subdivision, Subdivision (iv), only applies to the two
subdivisions which immediately precede it, and which do not have their own catchall
provisions. Applying the doctrine of ejusdem generis, then, would give us another reason
to conclude that an individual working in the legislative branch of state government or in
a local governmental unit cannot be deemed a “public body” under FOIA. See Sands
Appliance Servs, Inc v Wilson, 463 Mich. 231, 242; 615 NW2d 241(2000) (quotation marks
and citation omitted) (“[Ejusdem generis] is a rule whereby in a statute in which general
words follow a designation of particular subjects, the meaning of the general words will

                                              7
       But, in a sleight of hand, the MPA’s argument switches the focus from the city

attorney himself being an “officer” to the city attorney occupying an “office.” Relying on

MCL 15.235(h)(iv), a provision it concedes “has received no attention in this case,” the

MPA contends that the contested documents must be turned over because “the office of the

city attorney is a public body . . . .” In particular, the MPA asserts that “the office of the

city attorney” fits within the catchall phrase “[a]ny other body that is created by . . . local

authority.” MCL 15.232(h)(iv). Thus, according to the MPA, “[a]ny entity created by

local authority is a public body that must abide by FOIA’s disclosure requirements.”

       This argument has some intuitive appeal, so far as it goes. But it sows the seeds of

its own destruction. The MPA appears to recognize that a “body” must be an entity. Thus,

its assertion that the act expressly contemplates that individuals can be “public bodies” is

irrelevant since (1) the parties agree the city attorney is not himself a “public body” and (2)

the question here is whether “the office of the city attorney” is a “public body” under MCL

15.232(h)(iv) because it is an entity created by local authority.

       The majority opinion’s contextual analysis does not add to the equation. The

exemptions in Subdivisions (i) and (iv) at most show that since a “public body” includes

other entities that one might think of as similar to a government office (such as an “agency,

department, division [or] bureau” at the state level, MCL 15.232(h)(i), and a

“department . . . or agency” at the local level, MCL 15.232(h)(iii)), the Legislature thought

it necessary to expressly exclude certain offices from its catchall phrases (i.e., “the

ordinarily be presumed to be and construed as restricted by the particular designation and
as including only things of the same kind, class, character or nature as those specifically
enumerated.”) (alteration in original).

                                              8
executive office of the governor or lieutenant governor,” MCL 15.232(h)(i), and “the office

of the county clerk . . . when acting in the capacity of clerk to the circuit court,” MCL

15.232(h)(iv)). For this reason, I agree that “body” could reasonably be interpreted to

include a government office that is, like the other governmental units on the list, a collective

and distinct entity.

                                     B. APPLICATION

       So if a department or other entity known as the “office of the city attorney” was

created by local authority in the city, it might constitute a “public body.” The question

then becomes: was such an office ever created by the city? The MPA makes the conclusory

assertion that Section 5.1(a) of defendant’s charter creates the office of city attorney. See

City of the Village of Clarkston Charter (City Charter), § 5.1(a). But that is a blatant

misreading of the charter. As noted above, to qualify as a “body,” an office must be a

collective entity. Section 5.1(a) of the City Charter establishes the city attorney as one of

the administrative officers of the city. It also gives the city council the power to establish

additional administrative officers or departments or to combine them and prescribe their

duties. The city attorney in this case is a private attorney who contracts with the city to

serve as its city attorney. No one contends that either the City Charter or the city council

created a law department or corporation counsel’s office headed by the city attorney.

       The majority attempts to supplement the MPA’s argument with additional citations

to the charter. Thus, the majority notes that, not surprisingly, another provision of the

charter sets forth the duties of the city attorney. See City Charter, § 5.6. But nothing in

that provision creates an entity within the city (such as a department) to be run by the city

                                               9
attorney. But alas, the majority finally identifies two provisions that use the word “office”

in relation to the administrative officers of the city. The first, relating to appointments of

administrative officers, says that “the appointing authority shall consider only the

qualifications of the appointee and that person’s ability to discharge the duties of the office

to which he/she is appointed.” City Charter, § 5.1(d) (emphasis added). The second,

related to vacancies, provides that “[i]n the event of a vacancy in an administrative office

the Council shall appoint a replacement within one hundred twenty (120) days or may

appoint an acting officer during the period of a vacancy in the office.” City Charter,

§ 5.1(h) (emphasis added).

       The majority spikes the football a little too soon and, in the process, has massively

expanded the scope of FOIA. It is true in a sense that, as the majority asserts, “an ‘officer’

generally occupies an ‘office.’ ” But as used in the City Charter, an “office” is simply a

position of public authority occupied by an officer. See Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate

Dictionary (11th ed) (defining “office” in pertinent part as “a special duty, charge, or

position conferred by an exercise of governmental authority and for a public purpose[;] a

position of authority to exercise a public function and to receive whatever emoluments may

belong to it.”). Such a position cannot qualify as a “body” because it is not a collective

entity. To the extent the charter describes an office, it is filled by a solitary officer—the

city attorney; it is an office only in the sense that the position is occupied by an officer. It

is unlike, say, the Executive Office of the Governor, which includes various divisions and

other offices within it, all staffed with employees in addition to any “officer.” See, for

example, House Speaker v Governor, 443 Mich. 560, 589 n 35; 506 NW2d 190 (1993); see

also MCL 10.151 (“The Office of Regulatory Reform is created within the Executive

                                              10
Office of the Governor.”).8 The City Charter gives the city attorney no such trappings.

Thus, it simply cannot be disputed that while the charter established the position of city

attorney as an administrative officer of the city having certain public duties, it did not create

a collective entity or department to assist him in performing them.

       Under the majority’s reasoning, any legal authority creating an officer position ipso

facto creates an office subject to FOIA. Of course, this flies in the face of the parties’

concession and the Court of Appeals’ holding that the city attorney is not himself a public

body. And it flies in the face of our interpretive principles. Why, one might ask, would

the Legislature include officers and employees in the definition of “public body” pertaining

to state governmental entities but not in the definition pertaining to local governmental

entities if it intended them to be included in both? Ordinarily, we would give meaning to

this legislative choice. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, the majority’s reasoning

distorts the meaning of the key terms, “body” and “office”—the majority never explains

why the type of office created by the City Charter should be considered a collective entity

such that it would qualify as an “other body” under FOIA.

       The majority’s holding today portends a radical expansion of the definition of

“public body” under FOIA such that it will now encompass all local officers (not just city

8
  See also MCL 50.67(1) (“The county clerk shall keep his or her office at the seat of justice
for the county[.]”). I could not locate a definition describing an “office” as a collective and
distinct entity. The closest definition I found is “a place where a particular kind of business
is transacted or a service is supplied . . . [such as] a place in which the functions of a public
officer are performed.” Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed). This
description would seemingly apply to the Executive Office of the Governor and the office
of the county clerk.

                                               11
attorneys).9 As the majority makes clear by citing People v Freedland, 308 Mich. 449; 14

NW2d 62 (1944), all public officers occupy offices created by some legal authority. See
id. at 457-458 (noting as one of the “indispensable” elements of a “public office of a civil

nature” that “[i]t must be created by the Constitution or by the legislature or created by a

municipality or other body through authority conferred by the legislature”) (quotation

marks and citation omitted). It is virtually unheard of for a court to adopt an amicus’s

interpretation having such a widespread impact without allowing an opportunity for input

from the parties or the many thousands of local officers who will be directly affected by

our decision.10 The majority’s mangling of the meaning of “body” and “office” will, I am

afraid, have many serious consequences beyond this case.

9
  The new categories of local officers subject to FOIA as public bodies would appear to
include, at a minimum, county officials (such as county executives, prosecutors, clerks,
treasurers, and county commission members); local government officials (such as mayors,
city council members, supervisors, trustees, clerks, treasurers, city attorneys, city assessors,
city managers, and police and fire chiefs); and thousands of police officers, deputy sheriffs,
assistant prosecutors, and assistant attorneys general. See People v Coutu, 459 Mich. 348,
357-358; 589 NW2d 458 (1999) (holding that deputy sheriffs are public officials for
purposes of the common-law offense of misconduct in office); Tzatzken v Detroit, 226
Mich. 603, 608; 198 N.W. 214 (1924) (holding that police officers are public officers for
purposes of tort immunity). It will also likely include any person who is elected or
appointed to “[a] department, board, agency, institution, commission, authority, division,
council, college, university, school district, intermediate school district, special district, or
other public entity of this state or a city, village, township, or county in this state.” MCL
15.181(e)(iii) (defining “public officer” for purposes of the Incompatible Public Offices
Act, MCL 15.181 et seq.). Chief Justice MCCORMACK would expand the reach of FOIA
even further to encompass records maintained by agents of public bodies, including private
individuals and companies who contract to provide goods or services to one of the listed
governmental units.
10
  There are many groups who I am sure would like to provide input on this issue, including
the Michigan Municipal League and the Michigan Townships Association, who filed a
joint amicus brief in this case in our Court but have not had an opportunity to address this

                                               12
                                     III. CONCLUSION

       It is impossible to take the theory the Court has now landed on seriously, given that

it was not raised by the parties or addressed by the lower courts and is incompatible with

the plain language of the statute. It depends on a conclusion that a fictional entity known

as “the office of the city attorney” was created by the City Charter, even though it clearly

was not. And I believe the majority’s detour will have serious consequences far beyond

this case. Even if it seems to some like good public policy for FOIA to encompass

individual actors at the local level like private attorneys who contract to serve as city

attorneys, I would leave it to the Legislature to include such “local officers” in the statute

by amending it.

       We do much better when we let the parties and the lower courts sharpen the issues

for us to decide. We should do that here. I would affirm the Court of Appeals decision

because it reached the right result for the right reasons on the issue presented. I respectfully

dissent.

                                                           David F. Viviano

point since the MPA’s amicus brief was filed on the same day. But other groups
representing local officers may also appreciate the opportunity to be heard, such as the
Fraternal Order of Police, the Police Officers Association of Michigan, the Prosecuting
Attorneys Association of Michigan, and the Michigan Association of Counties.

                                              13