Court Opinion

ID: 1045743
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-08 02:29:35.338755+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:30:21.914294
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                             AT NASHVILLE
                                 November 15, 2012 Session

                  PAMELA MURRAY v. JAMIE HOLLIN, ET AL.

               Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Davidson County
                   No. 10C3063     D.J. Alissandratos, Special Judge

               No. M2011-02692-COA-R3-CV - Filed December 10, 2012

This is a libelous defamation case. Appellant, a public figure, filed suit against Appellees for
publication and distribution of allegedly defamatory comments. The trial court granted
summary judgment in favor of Appellees upon its finding that Appellees had negated the
essential element of actual malice, and that Appellant had not met her burden to provide
sufficient countervailing evidence so as to survive summary judgment. Discerning no error,
we affirm.

  Tenn. R. App. P. 3. Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed

J. S TEVEN S TAFFORD, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which A LAN E. H IGHERS, P.J.,
W.S., and D AVID R. F ARMER, J., joined.

Joseph Howell Johnston, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellant, Pamela Murray.

Mark W. Honeycutt, II and C. David Briley, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellees, Jamie
Hollin, Jan Morrison, Priscilla Eaton, Larry Eaton, and Teri Missildine.

                                            OPINION

       On August 9, 2010, Appellant Pamela Murray filed a complaint for defamation
against Jamie Hollin, Jan Morrison, Larry Eaton, Priscilla Eaton, and Terry Missildine
(together, “Appellees”).1 An amended complaint was filed on or about August 13, 2010.
The amended complaint states that, from 2003 to November 2009, which includes the period

       1
        The complaint also named Mike Peden, Andy Reuter, Sam McCulloch, Amy Bryson, Tom Hazelip,
James Harney, and Brenda Ross, individually and as a member of “We the People District 5.” These
defendants were dismissed from the lawsuit by order of April 27, 2011. No appeal is taken as to these
defendants.
of time relevant to the instant case, Ms. Murray was an elected District 5 Representative to
the Metropolitan Council of Nashville and Davidson County. Mr. Hollin, an attorney by
profession, is also the chief organizer of the unincorporated political association known as
“We the People of District 5.” At all relevant time, Ms. Morrison, Ms. Missildine, Ms. Eaton,
and Mr. Eaton were active participants in the “We the People of District 5” organization.
According to the complaint, in the Spring of 2009, Mr. Hollin publically criticized Ms.
Murray in local print and media “for allegedly misrepresenting her residency status in. .
.District 5 and her employment status as being in Tennessee.” Ms. Murray avers that each
of the Appellees was unhappy with her sponsorship of various zoning legislation, and that
each conspired to defame her character and to organize a petition for recall election to unseat
her. To this end, and beginning in August 2009, Appellees allegedly published election
campaign materials that contained “false and defamatory statements impugning [Ms.
Murray’s] character, veracity, and integrity.” According to the complaint, these “materials”
included the following:

•      Flyers, which were allegedly hand-delivered, door-to-door to each registered voter in
       District 5. The flyers stated:

              “Detroit City Limit Home of Metro Council Member”

              Our Current Council Member:

              <      Lives and works in Detroit, Michigan
              <      Supports out-of-town landlords instead of our neighbors
              <      Misused nearly $40,000 of your tax dollars
              <      Is under investigation for lying about working in Detroit
                     since 2003

•      Petition cards, stating that Ms. Murray should be removed as Council Representative
       “because of the dereliction of her duties and responsibilities to represent the citizens
       and residents of [District 5] while living and working in Detroit, Michigan.” These
       petition cards were allegedly hand-delivered to registered voters in District 5.

•      Internet postings of the foregoing statements.

        The complaint goes on to state that the Appellees knew the foregoing statements were
false when they were made, and that the statements “inflicted devastating harm to [Ms.
Murray’s] personal and professional reputation.” In her complaint, Ms. Murray concedes
that, for purposes of the lawsuit, she is a public figure so that actual malice must be shown
to sustain her defamation case, see discussion infra. Accordingly, Ms. Murray avers that the

                                              -2-
Appellees acted with actual malice because they “knew the statements to be false and they
acted maliciously and recklessly in their lack of care and disregard for the truth and accuracy
of their statements about [Ms. Murray].” Ms. Murray’s libel case is brought under Tennessee
Code Annotated Section 2-19-142, which provides:

                 It is a Class C misdemeanor for any person to publish or
                 distribute or cause to be published or distributed any campaign
                 literature in opposition to any candidate in any election if such
                 person knows that any such statement, charge, allegation, or
                 other matter contained therein with respect to such candidate is
                 false.

       On September 13, 2010, Ms. Murray filed an amendment to the amended complaint
as to Mr. Hollins only.2 This amendment incorporates the allegations contained in the
amended complaint and goes on to state that, on or after September 15, 2009, Mr. Hollin
published the following “false and/or misleading statements” about Ms. Murray on the “We
the People of District 5" website:

                 We find it entirely unacceptable for our representative [Pamela
                 Murray] on the most important lawmaking body in
                 Nashville—the Metro Council—to spend a majority of their
                 [sic] time away from us, to fail to respond to over 7,000 email
                 inquiries from constituents, to receive thousands upon thousands
                 of dollars in grants from Metro for the community and have to
                 return the money for lack of use.

       In addition, the amendment to the amended complaint states that, on September 18,
2009, at a public press conference that was held after a meeting of the Davidson County
Election Commission, Mr. Hollin appeared on camera, where he stated: “Council Lady

        2
            Ms. Murray’s pleadings are titled: (1) “Complaint for Defamation of Character” (filed on August
9, 2010); (2) “Amended Complaint for Defamation of Character (filed August 12, 2010;” and (3) “Second
Amended Complaint as to Defendant Jamie Hollin (filed September 13, 2010). As noted, the “Second
Amended Complaint” as to Mr. Hollin specifically incorporates all of the allegations and averments as set
out in the “Amended Complaint.” It is clear from the content of the so-called “Second Amended Complaint,”
that it is, in fact, an amendment to the “Amended Complaint.” By way of edification, an “amended”
complaint and an “amendment to” a complaint are two different things. An "amended complaint" is complete
in itself without adoption or reference to original; as such, it supersedes and destroys the original complaint
as a pleading. McBurney v. Aldrich, 816 S.W.2d 30 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1991). An "amendment" to a
complaint merely modifies the existing complaint, which remains before the trial court as modified. Id.

                                                     -3-
Murray owes $76,000.00 to the City and Mayor Karl Dean wants to know where the money
is.” Ms. Murray claims that Mr. Hollin made both the website statement, and the on-camera
statement, with knowledge that the statements were untrue, and with actual malice. By her
complaint, and amendments thereto, Ms. Murray sought $500,000.00 in compensatory
damages, and $500,000.00 in punitive damages.

        Although each Appellee filed separate answers (except Mr. and Mrs. Eaton, who filed
a joint answer), all denied the material allegations made in the amended complaint, and
amendments thereto, and each raised, as an affirmative defense, the truth of the allegedly
defamatory statements.3 On October 1, 2010, the Eatons filed a motion for summary
judgment, alleging, in relevant part, that Ms. Murray had failed to present clear and
convincing evidence of actual malice. On October 15, 2010, Ms. Morrison filed a motion
for summary judgment, also alleging that Ms. Murray had failed to meet her burden to show
actual malice. On May 3, 2011, Ms. Missildine also filed a motion for summary judgment,
wherein she, too, asserts that Ms. Murray has not shown actual malice. And, on May 4,
2011, Mr. Hollin filed a motion for summary judgment, claiming that the allegedly
defamatory statements were opinion rather than fact, and thus not actionable. In the
alternative, Mr. Hollin asserted that, to the extent the statements at issue were statements of
fact, the undisputed evidence shows that these statements were true. Finally, Mr. Hollin
avers that, even if the statements were not true, Ms. Murray cannot show actual malice. Ms.
Murray opposed all of the motions for summary judgment.

       Following discovery, Ms. Murray filed a motion for voluntary dismissal, without
prejudice, as to the Eatons and Ms. Morrison. Therein, she states that:

                After completion of all. . .depositions and review of the e-mails
                that have been produced by [these Appellees], [Ms.Murray] has
                obtained proof of falsity as to some of the statements in
                question, and publication and malice on the part of most, if not
                all [Appellees]. [Ms. Murray] has developed circumstantial
                evidence of actual malice but not enough to meet the burden of
                proof by clear and convincing evidence as to these [Appellees].

        3
            Concurrent with his answer, Mr. Hollin also filed a counter-complaint against Ms. Murray,
alleging that he and Ms. Murray had each engaged in a contested election campaign from September 21, 2009
to November 12, 2009 for the District 5 Metro Council Representative position. During that campaign, Mr.
Hollin alleged that Ms. Murray had defamed him in various ways. Mr. Hollin’s counter-complaint was
dismissed upon grant of summary judgment in this case. In its November 1, 2011 order, the trial court notes
that Mr. Hollin “concedes that his claims were brought ‘in the alternative,’” meaning that, if Ms. Murray’s
defamation claims were allowed, then her statements against Mr. Hollin would also constitute defamation.
Mr. Hollin does not appeal the dismissal of his counter-complaint.

                                                   -4-
The Eatons and Ms. Morrison opposed the voluntary dismissal if it was to be had without
prejudice. Because the motions for summary judgment, supra, were pending, , Tenn. R. Civ.
P. 41.01(1), the trial court gave Ms. Murray the option to dismiss her claims against the
Eatons and Ms. Morrison with prejudice, or to proceed with the hearing on the motions for
summary judgment.4 Ms. Murray chose to proceed with the hearing.

       Following that hearing, on August 8, 2011, Judge James G. Martin, III entered an
order, denying Appellees’ motions for summary judgment. 5 Relying upon Hannan v. Alltel,
270 S.W.3d 1 (Tenn. 2007), Judge Martin ruled that Appellees had not affirmatively negated
the essential element of actual malice, and that Ms. Murray could still have an opportunity
to prove actual malice by clear and convincing evidence at trial. On September 1, 2011, Mr.
Hollin filed a motion to alter or amend the August 8, 2011 order, arguing that Judge Martin
had erroneously interpreted Hannan. On September 7, 2011, by order of the Tennessee
Supreme Court, Judge Martin was replaced by Special Judge D. J. Alissandratos. Thereafter,
on September 9, 2011, the Eatons, Ms. Morrison, and Ms. Missildine filed a joint motion for
leave to join Mr. Hollin’s motion to alter or amend. Sitting by interchange, Judge Martin
denied the motion to alter or amend by order of September 20, 2011. On October 5, 2011,
having consulted regarding the status of the case, Judge Alissandratos and Judge Martin
entered an order, setting aside the order entered on September 20, 2011, which had denied
Appellees’ motion to alter or amend. The motion to alter or amend was set for hearing on
October 21, 2011. On November 1, 2011, Judge Alissandratos entered an order, granting
Appellees’ motion to alter or amend, and dismissed all claims. Specifically, the November
1, 2011 order provides:

                2. This is a case involving the First Amendment right of
                expression, and more particularly, political expression. Plaintiff
                Murray was an elected official at the time of the statements and
                actions of the defendants at issue. The historical context in
                which the First Amendment was crafted makes clear that central
                to its purpose was the protection of political expression,
                regardless of whether that expression is for or against the
                government, the individual representatives in government, or

        4
         Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 41.01(1) allows a plaintiff to enter a voluntary dismissal
“except when a motion for summary judgment made by an adverse party is pending,” which was the case
here.
        5
         The case was assigned to The Honorable James G. Martin, III, sitting as a special judge, because
of concerns over the appearance of a conflict of interest among the Davidson County Circuit Judges. The
administrative budgets of the Davidson County Circuit Judges are subject to approval by the Metropolitan
Council. Because Mr. Hollin is a representative for District 5, Judge Martin was assigned to the case.

                                                  -5-
candidates for government office. The First Amendment
jurisprudence establishes that, among other essential elements
that a plaintiff must prove, Plaintiff Murray must establish by
clear and convincing evidence that the statements of the
defendants are false, and that the defendants knew they were
false or recklessly disregarded their falsity. . . .

*                              *                           *

[4.] The defendants have submitted evidence of their genuine,
good-faith belief that their statements were true. Plaintiff
Murray has failed to offer countervailing evidence to create a
genuine issue of material fact that must be resolved by a jury.
This Court is not weighing evidence in this ruling. Rather, when
faced with a motion for summary judgment, a non-moving party
must come forward with evidence from which a reasonable
finder of fact could rule in her favor. Plaintiff Murray has not
done so. The Court finds that the defendants’ evidence is not
materially in dispute from the record and negates an essential
element of Plaintiff Murray’s case to such a degree that she
cannot prove her case.

[5.] This Court does not rule in derogation of Hannan. . . .[T]his
ruling flows from the language of Hannan itself. This Court
does not impose a summary judgment standard by which a
movant may be entitled to summary judgment by merely
asserting that the non-movant cannot prove an essential element
of her claim. . . . Rather, this case falls within those cases
identified in Hannan in which the moving party offers evidence
to affirmatively negate an essential element of the non-moving
party’s claim, which then triggers an obligation on the part of
the non-moving party to come forward with countervailing
evidence at that time. However, should this Court’s ruling be
interpreted as being in derogation of Hannan, this Court is
comforted with the knowledge that under the Supremacy Clause,
the United States Constitution takes precedence over any
procedural construction that a state may create in the form of its
rule. The Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure are procedural,
not substantive law. Moreover, even if they were substantive,
they would be subject to the First Amendment of the U.S.

                               -6-
                Constitution, as interpreted by the United States Supreme Court.
                In any event, this Court does not believe it is necessary to rule
                in a manner that is in conflict with Hannan.

        Ms. Murray appeals. She raises three issues for review, as stated in her brief:

                1. Whether, under the Hannan v. Alltel standard, proof of
                actual malice by clear and convincing evidence is required to
                defeat a motion for summary judgment on a defamation claim by
                a public figure.

                2. Whether, under the Hannan v. Alltel standard, proof of
                disputed issues of material fact as to actual malice is sufficient
                to defeat summary judgment in a defamation claim by a public
                figure.

                3. Whether, under the Supremacy Clause, the First Amendment
                to the U.S. Constitution takes precedence over any procedural
                construction that Tennessee may create in the form of its rules
                of civil procedure so as to deprive a public figure of due
                process.6

        6
          As a point of practice, we note that Tennessee Rule of Appellate Procedure 24(a) provides, in
relevant part, that:

                The following papers filed in the trial court are excluded from the record:
                (1) subpoenas or summonses for any witness or for any defendant when
                there is an appearance for such defendant; (2) all papers relating to
                discovery, including depositions, interrogatories and answers thereto,
                reports of physical or mental examinations, requests to admit, and all
                notices, motions or orders relating thereto; (3) any list from which jurors
                are selected; and (4) trial briefs; and (5) minutes of opening and closing of
                court. Any paper relating to discovery and offered in evidence for any
                purpose shall be clearly identified and treated as an exhibit. No paper need
                be included in the record more than once.

Id. (Emphasis added). This record contains several volumes, comprising 1272 pages of technical record, not
counting the depositions, which are included in unedited form so as to comprise an additional four volumes
of record. The length of this record is, in large part, due to the same papers being filed numerous times, the
inclusion of extraneous discovery materials, and irrelevant portions of the deposition transcripts being
included in our record—all of which is in direct contravention of the foregoing Rule of Appellate Procedure.
The problem with inclusion of extraneous filings that are clearly excluded from the appellate record is that
                                                                                                (continued...)

                                                     -7-
        Because this case was adjudicated by summary judgment, we first note that a trial
court's decision on a motion for summary judgment presents a question of law. Our review
is, therefore, de novo with no presumption of correctness afforded to the trial court's
determination. Bain v. Wells, 936 S.W.2d 618, 622 (Tenn.1997). “This Court must make a
fresh determination that the requirements of Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 56 have been
satisfied.” Mathews Partners, L.L.C. v. Lemme, No. M2008–01036–COA–R3–CV, 2009
WL 3172134, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App.2009) (citing Hunter v. Brown, 955 S.W.2d 49, 50–51
(Tenn.1997)).

         When a motion for summary judgment is made, the moving party has the burden of
showing that “there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and the moving party is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.04. The moving party may
accomplish this by either: (1) affirmatively negating an essential element of the non-moving
party's claim; or (2) showing that the non-moving party will not be able to prove an essential
element at trial. Hannan v. Alltel Publ'g Co., 270 S.W.3d 1, 8–9 (Tenn. 2008). However,
“[i]t is not enough for the moving party to challenge the nonmoving party to ‘put up or shut
up’ or even to cast doubt on a party's ability to prove an element at trial.” Id. at 8. If the
moving party's motion is properly supported, “[t]he burden of production then shifts to the
nonmoving party to show that a genuine issue of material fact exists.” Id. at 5 (citing Byrd
v. Hall, 847 S.W.2d 208, 215 (Tenn.1993)). The non-moving party may accomplish this by:
“(1) pointing to evidence establishing material factual disputes that were overlooked or
ignored by the moving party; (2) rehabilitating the evidence attacked by the moving party;
(3) producing additional evidence establishing the existence of a genuine issue for the trial;
or (4) submitting an affidavit explaining the necessity for further discovery pursuant to Tenn.
R. Civ. P. 56.06.” Martin v. Norfolk S. Ry. Co., 271 S.W.3d 76, 84 (Tenn. 2008) (citations
omitted).

       When reviewing the evidence, we must determine whether factual disputes exist. In
evaluating the trial court's decision, we review the evidence in the light most favorable to the
nonmoving party and draw all reasonable inferences in the nonmoving party's favor. Stovall
v. Clarke, 113 S.W.3d 715, 721 (Tenn. 2003). If we find a disputed fact, we must “determine
whether the fact is material to the claim or defense upon which summary judgment is
predicated and whether the disputed fact creates a genuine issue for trial.” Mathews

        6
          (...continued)
it places upon this Court a duty that falls to the Appellant—to prepare a correct and complete record on
appeal. Tenn. R. App. P. 24(b). In making that record, the Appellant should adhere to the mandates contained
in Tennessee Rule of Appellate Procedure 24(a). This Court endeavors to file its opinions in a timely manner;
however, when placed in the position of having to review volumes of extraneous, unnecessary, and irrelevant
filings, our goal is hindered and the interests of judicial economy are stymied.

                                                    -8-
Partners, 2009 WL 3172134, at *3 (citing Byrd, 847 S.W.2d at 214). “A disputed fact is
material if it must be decided in order to resolve the substantive claim or defense at which
the motion is directed.” Byrd, 847 S.W.2d at 215. A genuine issue exists if “a reasonable jury
could legitimately resolve the fact in favor of one side or the other.” Id. “Summary
[j]udgment is only appropriate when the facts and the legal conclusions drawn from the facts
reasonably permit only one conclusion.” Landry v. South Cumberland Amoco, et al., No.
E2009–01354–COA–R3–CV, 2010 WL 845390, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. March 10, 2010)
(citing Carvell v. Bottoms, 900 S.W.2d 23 (Tenn.1995)).

       In Lewis v. News Channel 5 Network, L.P., 238 S.W.3d 270 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2007),
this Court specifically addressed the issue of summary judgment in defamation and false light
cases where actual malice applies:

              Summary judgments are particularly well-suited for false light
              and libel claims because the determination concerning whether
              the plaintiff is a public figure is a question of law, see Ferguson
              v. Union City Daily Messenger, Inc., 845 S.W.2d 162, 166
              (Tenn. 1992); McDowell v. Moore, 863 S.W.2d 418, 420 (Tenn.
              Ct. App. 1992), as is the determination of whether a public
              figure has come forward with clear and convincing evidence
              that the defendant was acting with actual malice. Flatt v. Tenn.
              Secondary Schs. Athletic Ass'n, No. M2001-01817-COA-R3-
              CV, 2003 WL 61251, at *3 (Tenn. Ct. App. Jan. 9, 2003);
              Tomlinson v. Kelley, 969 S.W.2d 402, 405 (Tenn. Ct. App.
              1997); Trigg v. Lakeway Publishers, Inc., 720 S.W.2d 69, 74
              (Tenn. Ct. App. 1986) . . .
                      Accordingly, where the actual malice standard applies,
              the “burden is upon plaintiff to show with ‘convincing clarity’
              the facts which make up the ‘actual malice.’” Trigg v. Lakeway
              Publishers, Inc., 720 S.W.2d at 75. Thus, “a public figure
              cannot resist a . . . motion for summary judgment under Tenn. R.
              Civ. P. 56 by arguing that there is an issue for the jury as to
              malice unless he [or she] makes some showing, of the kind
              contemplated by the Rules, of facts from which malice may be
              inferred.” Trigg v. Lakeway Publishers, Inc., 720 S.W.2d at 74.
              When reviewing a grant of summary judgment to a defendant in
              such a case, we must “determine, not whether there is material
              evidence in the record supporting [the plaintiff’s case], but
              whether or not the record discloses clear and convincing
              evidence upon which a trier of fact could find actual malice.”

                                              -9-
                 Piper v. Mize, No. M2002–00626–COA–R3–CV, 2003 WL
21338696, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 10, 2003) (No Tenn. R.
                 App. P. 11 application filed).

Lewis, 238 S.W.3d at 283. Accordingly, in reviewing the trial court's grant of summary
judgment to Appellees, we must determine “whether reasonable minds must agree that
malice, as defined in the context of libel suits against public figures, has not been proven by
clear and convincing evidence.” Hibdon, 195 S.W.3d at 63 (citing McCluen v. Roane
County Times, Inc., 936 S.W.2d 936, 939 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996)).7 Clear and convincing
evidence “establishes that the truth of the facts asserted is highly probable ... and eliminates
any serious or substantial doubt about the correctness of the conclusions drawn from the
evidence.” In re M.J.B., 140 S.W.3d 643, 653 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2004). Such evidence
“produces in a fact-finder's mind a firm belief or conviction regarding the truth of the facts
sought to be established.” Id. at 653.

        To establish a prima facie case of defamation, a plaintiff must prove that: (1) a party
published a statement; (2) with knowledge that the statement was false and defaming to the
other; or (3) with reckless disregard for the truth of the statement or with negligence in
failing to ascertain the truth of the statement. Hibdon v. Grabowski, 195 S.W.3d 48, 58
(Tenn. Ct. App. 2005) (citing Sullivan v. Baptist Mem ‘l Hosp., 995 S.W.2d 569, 571 (Tenn.
1999) (relying on Restatement (Second) of Torts § 580 B (1977))). In West v. Media Gen.
Convergence, Inc., 53 S.W.3d 640, 645 (Tenn. 2001), the Tennessee Supreme Court
expressly recognized the tort of false light invasion of privacy as set forth in Section 652E

        7
          The summary judgment analysis applicable when Lewis and Hibdon were decided was clarified
in the Tennessee Supreme Court opinions in Martin v. Norfolk Southern Railway Co., 271 S.W.3d 76
(Tenn.2008) and Hannan v. Alltel Publ'g Co., 270 S.W.3d 1 (Tenn.2008). We have reviewed those opinions
in our resolution of the instant case and do not consider that the holdings in either case abrogate the holding
of Lewis as to what the plaintiff must show in responding to a motion for summary judgment and of Hibdon
as to the role of this Court in reviewing the grant of summary judgment. Instead, we conclude that the
Hannan Court’s abrogation of the “put up or shut up” standard clarifies the procedure in Lewis so that the
non-moving party’s burden to produce “clear and convincing evidence upon which a trier of fact could find
actual malice,” Lewis, 238 S.W.3d at 238, is only triggered after the element of actual malice has been
affirmatively negated by the moving party. See Hannan, 270 S.W.3d at 8 (“ It is not enough for the moving
party to challenge the nonmoving party to “put up or shut up” or even to cast doubt on a party's ability to
prove an element at trial.”); Mills v. CSX Transp. Inc., No. E2006-01933-COA-R3-CV, 2007 WL 2262052,
at *6 (Tenn. Ct. App. Aug. 8, 2007) (no perm. app. filed) (“[A] defendant seeking summary judgment must
actually negate an essential element of the plaintiff's claim . . . before the plaintiff's burden to produce
evidence establishing the existence of a genuine issue of material fact is triggered.”).

                                                     -10-
of the Restatement (Second) of Torts.8

       The Hibdon Court adopted the standard set forth in New York Times Co. v. Sullivan,
376 U.S. 254, 279–80 (1964)), stating that, where the plaintiff in a defamation case is a
public official or public figure, he or she must also prove that the libelous statement was
made with “‘actual malice’—that is, with knowledge that it was false or with reckless
disregard of whether it was false or not.” Hibdon, 195 S.W.3d at 58 (citing New York Times
Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 279–80 (1964)). Likewise, the Court in West held that the
standard at Section 652E(b), which mirrors the actual malice standard employed in Hibdon
and New York Times Co. v. Sullivan for defamation cases, applies in false light invasion of
privacy claims where the plaintiff is a public official or public figure, or when the claim is
brought by a plaintiff, who is a private individual, concerning a matter of public concern.
West, 53 S.W.3d at 647. In this case, Ms. Murray concedes that she is a public figure for
purposes of her defamation case; consequently, our focus is on whether “the record discloses
clear and convincing evidence upon which a trier of fact could find actual malice.” Piper v.
Mize, No. M2002-00626-COA-R3-CV, 2003 WL 21338696, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 10,
2003).

        Turning to the complaint, as set out above, Ms. Murray avers that the Flyer and
campaign literature that were distributed by Appellees defames her. Specifically, Ms.
Murray asserts that the following statements were false, and that Appellees, jointly or
severally, knew that they were false at the time they were made: (1) that Ms. Murray had
failed to respond to over 7,500 emails; (2) that Ms. Murray lives and works in Detroit; (3)
that Ms. Murray supports out-of-town landlords instead of Nashville residents; (4) that Ms.
Murray misused tax and/or grant monies; (5) that Ms. Murray is under investigation for ethics
violations. Although Ms. Murray’s burden at trial to show actual malice is by clear and
convincing proof, under Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 9.02, at the pleadings stage,
“malice may be averred generally.” So, Ms. Murray’s averment that the foregoing

       8
           The definition of the tort from Section 652E of the Restatement (Second) of Torts is as follows:

                 One who gives publicity to a matter concerning another that places the
                 other before the public in a false light is subject to liability to the other for
                 invasion of his privacy, if
                 (a) the false light in which the other was placed would be highly offensive
                 to a reasonable person, and
                 (b) the actor had knowledge of or acted in reckless disregard as to the
                 falsity of the publicized matter and the false light in which the other would
                 be placed.

Restatement (Second) of Torts § 652E (1977).

                                                       -11-
statements were made with knowledge that they were false and with actual malice is
sufficient at the outset.

       Turning to the summary judgment, in support of their motions, the Appellees filed
depositions, along with myriad documentation, all of which this Court has carefully
reviewed. As is relevant to each of the averments above, Appellees’ evidence in support of
their motions for summary judgment shows:

                                  A. Unanswered emails

        In his affidavit, filed in support of the motion for summary judgment, Mr. Hollin
states that:

              Based upon a Public Records Requests for Ms. Murray’s
              Outlook email information, I obtained Ms. Murray’s Outlook
              information, which reflected 7,580 unopened emails. [Mr.
              Hollin attaches Exhibit 14 to his affidavit, which shows three
              “screenshots reflecting the [unopened] emails.”]. Scrolling
              down through them, I recognized many of [the] neighbors I
              knew in the 5th District. Because it is a “live” document, when
              an email is clicked on[,] the number of unopened emails goes
              down, which is why the screenshot shows 7,577. The snapshop
              also shows that weeks would go by without her sending an
              email.

                              B. Lives and Works in Detroit

        Exhibit 1 to Mr. Hollin’s affidavit is a copy of an April 27, 2009 NewsChannel 5
investigative report concerning Ms. Murray. The title of the story, as reported by Phil
Williams, is Council Member Spends Days, Nights in Detroit. The article states that Ms.
Murray does not spend her days in her district, but spends them 539 miles away in Detroit.
It goes on to state that Ms. Murray works for the Sunshine Treatment Institute, a methadone
clinic located in Detroit, where she is the admissions coordinator, with Monday through
Friday hours of 6:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. Mr. Williams’ article indicates that, when he called
the Sunshine Treatment Institute in Detroit, the receptionist said that Ms. Murray was there,
but she refused to talk with him. The article further states that Ms. Murray lists a Michigan
address on credit applications, and “among social worker regulators.”

      Exhibit 2 to Mr. Hollin’s affidavit is a follow-up story, in which Ms. Murray
“defended” herself by stating that she did not spend more than 60% of her time in Detroit.

                                            -12-
According to his affidavit, Mr. Hollin based his belief that Ms. Murray does not live in
Nashville on these news reports. In addition, Mr. Hollin cites his own research. According
to the affidavit, Mr. Hollin performed several internet searches that revealed the following:
(1) A State of Michigan Social Worker license, verifying that Ms. Murray worked in Detroit;
(2) A Lexis-Nexis public records search on Pam Murray revealing that one of her residences
is in Detroit, and that Ms. Murray is the owner of that property; (3) The Sunshine Treatment
Institute website indicating that Ms. Murray holds the positions of Program Director and
Admissions Coordinator, working 60 hours per week at the Detroit facility. Mr. Hollin
provided documentation in the form of print-outs of the various websites.

      In her deposition testimony, Ms. Missildine states that she made frequent calls to Ms.
Murray’s office in Nashville and was unable to reach her. Ms. Missildine stated that it
“made sense that she wasn’t in Nashville.”

                           C. Support of Out of Town Landlords

       This allegation arises from Ms. Murray’s support of a zoning ordinance, benefitting
landlords Sheridath N. Blackwood and Charles R. “Friday” Blackwood, who are from
Madison, Tennessee. Mr. Hollin provided evidence that Ms. Murray had, in fact, supported
the zoning variance that the Blackwoods requested in order to permit them to subdivide the
property at 837 Cleveland Street, in Nashville, into a “quad plex.”

                          D. Misuse of Tax and/or Grant Monies

      The statements concerning alleged misuse of these funds involves a grant by Metro
Nashville to Ms. Murray’s organization, North Edgefield Organized Neighborhoods
(“NEON”). In his affidavit, Mr. Hollin states that:

              I, like many others in District 5, saw Pam Murray as
              synonymous with NEON, because she touted herself as having
              formed and run it, as having procured money for it from Metro,
              had apparently been an officer and regularly used its facilities
              for other types of meetings she wished to conduct, when she was
              in town.

        Exhibit 10 to Mr. Hollin’s affidavit is a portion of the NEON website, which touts Ms.
Murray’s involvement with certain NEON projects. The website further indicates that Ms.
Murray has been involved with NEON from its 1981 inception; that she has procured funding
for the organization. Mr. Hollin’s affidavit goes on to state that:

                                             -13-
              Pam Murray took credit for procuring Metro money for NEON,
              and I believe that any procurement to an organization as
              irresponsible as NEON is a misuse of taxpayer dollars.

        Exhibit 11 to the affidavit is an Office of Financial Accountability (“OFA”)
“Monitoring Report” of Neon. Exhibit 12 is a letter from OFA, reflecting NEON’s failure
to use $76,000 of the Metro Money given to it. Based upon these exhibits, Mr. Hollin states
that:

              Pam Murray helped procure hundreds of thousands of dollars to
              NEON over the years. . . . I, along with other citizens,
              attempted to communicate with OFA about NEON’s numbers,
              but once OFA became aware that these citizens were
              scrutinizing how poorly it had overseen NEON’s sloppy use of
              money, OFA began to stonewall, frustrating my attempts to get
              clarification and updates on the NEON financial issue. Because
              I believe [Ms. Murray] is intrinsically involved in NEON, I see
              her as culpable in NEON’s failure to properly use the money.

        Mr. Hollin also attaches Exhibit 13 to his affidavit, which is a NEON expense report,
allegedly showing “how little of NEON’s money actually went to programs.” Mr. Hollin
states that subsequent reports, specifically the 2008 report, included a line-item for
$20,559.85 for “Occupancy,” which OFA identified as typically including rent and utilities.
Because NEON allegedly enjoyed free rent, Mr. Hollin cites this line-item as proof of
misappropriation. Mr. Hollin further notes the OFA “Monitoring Report,” which found that
NEON did not have necessary accounting resources or an accounting system to track grant
funds. Moreover, the report indicates: (1) that NEON did not have documentation to support
expenditures reported to Metro; (2) that NEON had failed to comply with a requirement to
submit program outcome reports; (3) that it was unable to provide necessary financial reports
so as to allow the OFA to confirm whether grant funds were used in the manner reported; (4)
that NEON over reported its expenses, and failed to maintain adequate documentation on
grant-related expenses, which made it impossible for OFA to “determine if the expenditures
charged to the grant were reasonable, necessary, and allowable.” According to the report,
NEON failed to use all of the grant money in the community per the grant agreement.
Accordingly, OFA demanded the unused monies to be returned.

                           E. Investigation for Ethics Violations

    On May 6, 2009, Terry Dale Vibbert filed a complaint with the Tennessee Ethics
Commission (“TEC”), asserting that Ms. Murray had made false statements on her disclosure

                                            -14-
of interest forms for 2008 and 2009. Copies of the complaint are included as addenda to Mr.
Hollin’s affidavit. Therein, Mr. Vibbert asserts that, when required to disclose all sources
of income, Ms. Murray falsely stated only “self-employed,” and did not mention her
employment at Sunshine Treatment Institute.

        A separate ethics complaint was later filed by Ms. Missildine. The second complaint
alleged that Ms. Murray used public property (i.e., copy machines and paper) for personal
campaign use. Ms. Missildine’s allegations were based upon events that occurred on
Saturday, August 15, 2009. That was the kick-off day for the recall petition drive, supra.
Ms. Missildine alleges that, when Ms. Murray discovered the recall canvassers were going
door-to-door in the district, Ms. Murray went to the Metro Nashville Courthouse, where she
used the copy machine and Metro paper to print her own flyers, which she then proceeded
to put on the doors previously visited by recall canvassers. According to the complaint, Ms.
Murray was tracked by police going to the courthouse. The Metro Courthouse security logs
for August 15, 2009, which are in the record, reflect that Ms. Murray entered the courthouse
at 11:22 a.m., and entered the Metro Council mailroom (where the copy machines are
located) at 11.24 a.m. Mr. Hollin, upon discovering these facts, stated that they formed his
good-faith belief that Ms. Murray had misappropriated public resources for her private
campaign.

        As set out immediately above, the affidavits and materials filed in support of the
motions for summary judgment indicate that the allegations were based on actual
documentation. Because the allegations were supported by documentation, tending to affirm
the truth of the assertions, Appellees successfully negated the element of actual malice that
was essential to Ms. Murray’s claims, thereby shifting the burden to Ms. Murray to produce
evidence of specific facts establishing genuine issues of material fact on that issue. Martin
v. Norfolk Southern Railway Co., 271 S.W.3d 76, 84 (Tenn.2008). Ms. Murray could satisfy
her burden by: (1) pointing to evidence establishing material factual disputes that were
over-looked or ignored by the moving party; (2) rehabilitating the evidence attacked by the
moving party; (3) producing additional evidence establishing the existence of a genuine issue
for trial; or (4) submitting an affidavit explaining the necessity for further discovery pursuant
to Tenn. R. Civ. P., Rule 56.06. Id. (citing McCarley v. W. Quality Food Serv., 960 S.W.2d
585, 588 (Tenn.1998); accord Byrd v. Hall, 847 S.W.2d 208, 215 n.6 (Tenn.1993)).

        In response to materials filed in support of the motions, Ms. Murray filed her
deposition. The question, then, is whether the answers proferred therein are sufficient to
satisfy Ms. Murray’s burden to establish a genuine issue of material fact under Martin.

                                   A. Unanswered emails

                                              -15-
In her deposition testimony, Ms. Murray explains the unanswered emails as follows:

      Q. Now, if you look down at the inbox. . .there is [sic] over
      7,500 unopened e-mails. . . . Do you see that?

      A. Right.

      Q. Do you understand those are e-mails that have not been
      opened?

      A. It couldn’t been from the whole council term. . . . And let
      me tell you, let me explain why. . . . Of those e-mails, there is
      [sic] less than 100 from our constituents. . . .

      *                                 *                        *

      Q. Okay. So I understand your point to be that not all of the. .
      .7500 or more unopened e-mails were from constituents. Is that
      the thing about that statement that you feel makes it false and
      defamatory.

      A.    No.    What marks it false and defamatory is the
      misrepresentation to the public that I do not respond to my
      constituent concerns.

      Q. Well, there are two different comments, one is a more
      general comment that you don’t respond to your constituents ,
      but then, there was a specific comment that you’ve identified as
      defamatory, as well, that you had 7000 unopened e-mails from
      constituents, right?

      A. Right.

      Q. So, with regard to the second of those two, that there were
      7000 unopened e-mails from constituents, is your complaint
      about that statement the fact that it says constituents when, in
      fact, they’re not actually all constituents; is that what makes it
      false and defamatory?

      A. Right.

                                     -16-
                              B. Lives and Works in Detroit

       When asked to explain the contents of the Sunshine Treatment Institute website in her
deposition, Ms. Murray did not specifically deny that she works there. Rather, she indicated
generally that the site contained “misinformation.” She did not elaborate on what website
content was specifically incorrect. When asked whether a reasonable person could have
looked at the website and believed that she worked and lived in Detroit, Ms. Murray
conceded: “Sure.” Ms. Murray provided no other evidence to negate the proof offered by
Mr. Hollin concerning the fact that she owned property in Detroit, or that she used that
address for work and credit information.

                          C. Support of Out of Town Landlords

In her deposition, Ms. Murray testified concerning her support of the zoning variance in
favor of the Blackwoods. First, she attempts to state that, because Madison (where the
Blackwoods reside) and Nashville are both in Davidson County, Madison is not “out of
town;” however, eventually Ms. Murray admits that they are two different cities. Concerning
her support of the zoning variance, Ms. Murray states:

              Q. Did he [Blackwood] seek a zoning variance to permit him to
              subdivide the property. . .into a quad plex?

              A. Yes.

              Q. Did his request take the form of Ordinance No. BL 2009
              429?

              A. Yes.

              *                                *                          *

              Q. And you supported Mr. Blackwood in that effort?

              A. No.

              Q. No, you did not?

              A. No.

                                            -17-
             Q. Did you not speak on behalf of Ordinance No. BL 2009 429
             at repeated Metro Council hearings?

             A. Yes. I supported the neighbors of the Greenwood
             Neighborhood Association.

             Q. Did you support the ordinance?

             A. I supported the Ordinance after I supported the neighbors of
             the Greenwood Neighborhood Association.

             Q. Okay. Let’s be very clear about this. Did you support
             Ordinance No. BL 2009 429, which sought to change. . .the
             zoning [on the Blackwood property]?

             A. Yes.

No further evidence was proffered to refute the allegation that Ms. Murray supported the
Blackwoods, who were out-of-town landlords.

                         D. Misuse of Tax and/or Grant Monies

      In her deposition, Ms. Murray attempts to distance herself from NEON, stating:

             My relationship with NEON. I was more like an advisor to try
             to help them. I didn’t, didn’t really originally organize NEON.
             I did organize community meetings back in the early ‘80s. I was
             having a lot of meetings at Cleveland Park because I was trying
             to clean up the neighborhood. I been [sic] trying to clean up that
             neighborhood ever [sic] since I got there. . . . But as far as like
             on the board, I was more, I was on the board as more I guess as
             an advisor. But as far as a voting member or anything like that,
             I couldn’t be a part of that because, you know, I am a city
             council member. . . .

        Later in her testimony, Ms. Murray admits that, “[s]ince January of 2010 or
somewhere along in that area, [NEON] asked me to become vice-president and I accepted
that. So I have been with them since January of last year or somewhere along in that line
to try to help get things back on track. It is a lot of volunteer work. . . .”

                                            -18-
        Concerning the alleged misappropriation of grant funds by NEON, Ms. Murray
testified:

              Q. Okay. You advocated for money to go to NEON when you
              were on the council, right?

              A. Yes.

              Q. Okay. And you believed that that was a good use of that
              money, didn’t you?

              A. Yes.

              Q. Okay. Others could have believed that it was a misuse of
              that money, couldn’t they?

              A. Yes.

                          E. Investigation for Ethics Violations

       In her deposition testimony, Ms. Murray admits that Mr. Vibbert did, in fact, file an
ethics complaint against her:

              Q. And you were the subject of that investigation [i.e.,
              instigated by Mr. Vibberts with the TEC], correct?

              A. I would say that my, my self-employment income was the,
              was the question of investigation for, I think Mr. Vibbert was
              asking did I report all of my income.

              Q. Right.    So, you were the subject of that investigation,
              correct?

              A. Right.

      Concerning the ethics investigations, which was instigated by Ms. Missildine, Ms.
Murray states:

              Q. That morning, that Saturday, August 15, when you first saw
              those [recall flyers] on the doors, did you go to the Metro

                                            -19-
Council Office for anything?

A. No, no.

Q. You made no visit whatsoever to the Metro office?

A. No.

Q. Okay. Are you aware that, when they were canvassing that
morning, that they had undercover police officers on both Jamie
Hollin and you?

A. Yes. I mean, I saw all the police officers there.

Q. Did you know that one was assigned to you. . .at all times?

A. One was not assigned to me, no.

A. Huh?

*                                     *                   *

Q. Okay. I might have said this in a way that you could have
misunderstood. I don’t mean to say you knew there was [an
officer with you]. I mean, a plain clothed police officer
watching you without your knowledge, have you ever since then
learned that or know that or heard that?

A. No.

Q. Okay. And so, if they traced you to the Metro Council
Office that morning, does that change your testimony about
whether you went to the Metro Council office?

A. Let me say this. I don’t remember going there. . . . If they
say I was there, I was there. . . .

Q. Well, isn’t it true you left the council office with a stack of
fliers [sic] that you then proceeded to put on the doors?

                               -20-
              A. I don’t know. I don’t know. . . . I made my fliers [sic] at
              Kinko’s on West End.

       Although she continued to deny that the flyers she put on doors were made with Metro
resources, Ms. Murray provided no receipt or other documentation to indicate that the flyers
were, in fact, made at Kinko’s.

       We have reviewed the entire record in this case and conclude that, from the evidence
provided in opposition to the motions for summary judgment, Ms. Murray did not meet her
burden under Martin, supra. As noted above, when she made her motion for voluntary
dismissal without prejudice, Ms. Murray conceded that she could not, at that time, meet her
burden of proof as to the Eatons and Ms. Morrison. Even after further time for discovery,
from our review, Ms. Murray has failed to: (1) point to evidence establishing material factual
disputes that were over-looked or ignored by the moving party; (2) rehabilitate the evidence
attacked by the moving party; or (3) produce additional evidence establishing the existence
of a genuine issue for trial. Martin, 271 S.W.3d at 84. Based upon the foregoing deposition
responses, and lack of supporting evidence, we also conclude that Ms. Murray has failed to
provide sufficient countervailing evidence to meet her burden to rebut the factual allegations
offered by Mr. Hollin and Ms. Missildine in support of their motions for summary judgment.

        Ms. Murray also raises an issue concerning application of the Supremacy Clause in
this case. From the trial court’s order, supra, it did not, in fact, rely upon the Supremacy
Clause in reaching its conclusion that summary judgment in favor of Appellees was required.
Rather, the court clearly states that it applied the mandates of Hannan in reaching its
conclusion that Ms. Murray had failed to meet her burden to provide countervailing evidence
showing actual malice. Having determined above that the trial court correctly orchestrated
the Hannan burden-shifting analysis in reaching its decision on summary judgment, we need
not discuss the applicability of the Supremacy Clause. Accordingly, Ms. Murray’s third issue
is pretermited.

        For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the order of the trial court. The case is remanded
for such further proceedings as may be necessary and are consistent with this Opinion. Costs
of this appeal are assessed against the Appellant, Pamela Murray, and her surety.

                                                    _________________________________
                                                    J. STEVEN STAFFORD, JUDGE

                                             -21-