Court Opinion

ID: 7838005
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-08 15:00:39.787207+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:53:52.225791
License: Public Domain

Case: 21-1757    Document: 84    Page: 1   Filed: 09/08/2022

   United States Court of Appeals
       for the Federal Circuit
                  ______________________

                  VICTOR B. SKAAR,
                Claimant-Cross-Appellant

                            v.

       DENIS MCDONOUGH, SECRETARY OF
              VETERANS AFFAIRS,
               Respondent-Appellant
              ______________________

                   2021-1757, 2021-1812
                  ______________________

      Appeals from the United States Court of Appeals for
 Veterans Claims in No. 17-2574, Chief Judge Margaret C.
 Bartley, Judge Amanda L. Meredith, Judge Michael P. Al-
 len.
                  ______________________

                Decided: September 8, 2022
                  ______________________

     CAROLINE MARKOWITZ, Veterans Legal Services Clinic,
 Jerome N. Frank Legal Services Organization, Yale Law
 School, New Haven, CT, argued for claimant-cross-appel-
 lant. Also represented by MEGHAN BROOKS, MATTHEW
 HANDLEY, ADAM HENDERSON, JOSHUA HERMAN, MICHAEL
 JOEL WISHNIE. Also argued by ANTHONY PICCIRILLO, Simp-
 son Thacher & Bartlett LLP, New York, NY. Also repre-
 sented by LYNN K. NEUNER.

    SOSUN BAE, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil
Case: 21-1757    Document: 84    Page: 2   Filed: 09/08/2022

 2                                    SKAAR   v. MCDONOUGH

 Division, United States Department of Justice, Washing-
 ton, DC, argued for respondent-appellant. Also repre-
 sented by BRIAN M. BOYNTON, MARTIN F. HOCKEY, JR.,
 PATRICIA M. MCCARTHY; BRIAN D. GRIFFIN, JONATHAN
 KRISCH, Office of General Counsel, United States Depart-
 ment of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC.

     JONATHAN D. SELBIN, Lieff, Cabraser, Heimann &
 Bernstein, LLP, New York, NY, for amici curiae Maureen
 S. Carroll, Zachary Clopton, Brooke D. Coleman, Robin Ef-
 fron, Maria Glover, Andrew Hammond, Deborah R. Hens-
 ler, Helen Hershkoff, Alexandra D. Lahav, Elizabeth G.
 Porter, Alexander Reinert, Judith Resnik, Michael D.
 Sant'Ambrogio, Joan E. Steinman, Adam S. Zimmerman.
 Also represented by YAMAN SALAHI, Edelson PC, San Fran-
 cisco, CA.

    DORIS JOHNSON HINES, Finnegan, Henderson,
 Farabow, Garrett & Dunner, LLP, Washington, DC, for
 amicus curiae National Veterans Legal Services Program.
                 ______________________

     Before MOORE, Chief Judge, NEWMAN and HUGHES,
                     Circuit Judges.
 HUGHES, Circuit Judge.
     United States Air Force veteran Victor B. Skaar was
 exposed to ionizing radiation while participating in a
 cleanup operation in Palomares, Spain. Thirty years later,
 he was diagnosed with leukopenia. He filed a claim with
 the Department of Veterans Affairs for service-connected
 benefits, and the Board of Veterans’ Appeals denied his
 claim. Mr. Skaar appealed the Board’s denial to the United
 States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims. There, he
 challenged the soundness of the radiation dose estimates
 provided by the Air Force and relied upon by the Board in
 denying his claim. By motion for class certification,
 Mr. Skaar sought to make this challenge on behalf of all
Case: 21-1757     Document: 84     Page: 3    Filed: 09/08/2022

 SKAAR   v. MCDONOUGH                                        3

 similarly situated veterans who had participated in the
 Palomares cleanup operation. The Veterans Court certified
 a class, with Mr. Skaar serving as its representative, that
 includes veterans who had not received a Board decision
 and that excludes veterans whose claims had been denied
 but not timely appealed. See Skaar v. Wilkie, 32 Vet. App.
 156, 201 (2019) (Class Certification). The Secretary of Vet-
 erans Affairs appeals, and Mr. Skaar cross-appeals, the
 Veterans Court’s class definition.
     On appeal, the Secretary asserts that the Veterans
 Court lacked authority to certify a class that includes vet-
 erans who had not received a Board decision—a statutory
 prerequisite for the court’s jurisdiction pursuant to
 38 U.S.C. § 7252(a)—because jurisdiction over Mr. Skaar’s
 individual claim did not create further jurisdiction over a
 class of similarly situated veterans whose individual
 claims were beyond the court’s jurisdiction. We agree. By
 certifying a class that includes veterans who had not re-
 ceived a Board decision, the Veterans Court exceeded its
 jurisdiction. We accordingly vacate the court’s class certifi-
 cation and remand for further proceedings.

      On cross-appeal, Mr. Skaar contends that the Veterans
 Court should have equitably tolled the appeal period for
 veterans whose claims had been denied but not timely ap-
 pealed and thus should have included such veterans as
 members of the certified class. We disagree. The Veterans
 Court rightly declined to equitably toll the appeal period
 for claimants who had not timely appealed their denied
 claims since none of the claimants had alleged, let alone
 established, the requisite due diligence in pursuing their
 rights. See Toomer v. McDonald, 783 F.3d 1229, 1237–38
 (Fed. Cir. 2015). Thus, should the Veterans Court choose to
 reconsider on remand whether class certification is appro-
 priate, the court shall confine the proposed class to include
 only Palomares veterans who had timely appealed, or were
 still able to timely appeal, Board decisions denying their
 radiation exposure claims.
Case: 21-1757    Document: 84      Page: 4    Filed: 09/08/2022

 4                                      SKAAR   v. MCDONOUGH

                               I
                              A
      In January 1966, a United States Air Force B-52
 bomber carrying four thermonuclear weapons collided mid-
 air with another aircraft. Two of the weapons crashed into
 the ground near Palomares, Spain, and released “radioac-
 tive plutonium dust over the area, contaminating soil and
 crops, and spreading radioactive debris for miles.” Class
 Certification, 32 Vet. App. at 168. “Mr. Skaar, along with
 nearly 1,400 other U.S. military personnel,” assisted in the
 cleanup. Id. They also provided urine and nasal swab sam-
 ples while on site “to assess possible radioactive exposure.”
 Id. A group of service members “determined to be among
 the most exposed,” including Mr. Skaar, were monitored
 for signs of radiogenic conditions for 18 to 24 months after
 the accident. Id.
     Monitoring efforts for Mr. Skaar continued until De-
 cember 1967, when the Air Force concluded that his health
 was not in “jeopardy from retention of radioactive materi-
 als as a result of participation in the [Palomares cleanup]
 operation.” Id. (alteration in original) (citation omitted).
 Three decades later, in 1998, Mr. Skaar was diagnosed
 with leukopenia, a blood disorder characterized by a de-
 crease in white blood cell count. His doctor opined that ex-
 posure to ionizing radiation “appear[s] to be the positive
 agent” that historically causes leukopenia, but “concluded
 [that] ‘we have been unable to prove this.’” Id. Mr. Skaar
 subsequently filed a claim for service-connected benefits,
 which the agency denied in February 2000.
     Mr. Skaar moved to reopen his claim in March 2011,
 and the regional office requested a radiation exposure opin-
 ion. The Air Force—the service branch responsible for
 providing the agency with exposure data and dose esti-
 mates    for   Palomares      veterans—estimated       “that
 Mr. Skaar’s maximum total effective dose during the Palo-
 mares cleanup was 4.2 rem with a bone marrow committed
Case: 21-1757    Document: 84      Page: 5    Filed: 09/08/2022

 SKAAR   v. MCDONOUGH                                       5

 dose of 1.18 rem, compared to annual dose limits of 5 and
 50 rem, respectively, for occupations typically involving ra-
 diation exposure.” Id. at 169. Relying on these estimates,
 the Under Secretary for Benefits found it unlikely that
 Mr. Skaar’s leukopenia was caused by radiation exposure
 while in military service and shared these findings in a
 dose estimate opinion provided to the regional office in
 May 2012. Shortly thereafter, the regional office denied
 Mr. Skaar’s claim, and he appealed the denial to the Board.
     “In October 2013, a private physician opined that
 Mr. Skaar’s leukopenia ‘is likely related to exposure to
 heavy radioactive material in [1966].’” Id. at 170 (altera-
 tion in original) (citation omitted). Two months later, while
 Mr. Skaar’s appeal was still pending before the Board, the
 Air Force discovered errors in its radiation dose methodol-
 ogy, which was underestimating doses for some individuals
 including Palomares veterans. Consequently, “the Air
 Force intended to ‘formally standardize [its] response
 methodology for radiation dose inquiries involving Palo-
 mares participants’ by establishing dose estimates based
 on each veteran’s specific duties.” Id. (alteration in origi-
 nal) (citation omitted).
     After reevaluating its dose estimate methodology, the
 Air Force provided the agency with revised dose estimates
 for Mr. Skaar, “assigning him a new maximum total effec-
 tive dose of 17.9 rem and a bone marrow committed dose of
 14.2 rem.” Id. The Board found that these revised dose es-
 timates amounted to new and material evidence warrant-
 ing another dose estimate opinion and remanded the claim.
 The regional office obtained and considered a new dose es-
 timate opinion from August 2016. Nonetheless, the re-
 gional office again found it unlikely that Mr. Skaar’s
 “leukopenia was caused by exposure to ionizing radiation
 during military service,” and denied his claim. Id.
 Mr. Skaar appealed to the Board.
Case: 21-1757     Document: 84      Page: 6    Filed: 09/08/2022

 6                                        SKAAR   v. MCDONOUGH

      “[I]n September 2016, a private physician opined that
 Mr. Skaar’s leukopenia was ‘a result of exposure to ionizing
 radiation/plutonium.’” Id. Even so, the Board denied
 Mr. Skaar’s claim. In the Board’s view, the August 2016
 dose estimate opinion was “‘highly probative’ because it
 ‘was based on a review of the entire record,’ while
 Mr. Skaar’s private medical opinions were not as probative
 because ‘none offered any rationale for their statements.’”
 Id. (citation omitted). Mr. Skaar appealed the Board’s de-
 cision denying his claim.
                               B
       Before the Veterans Court, Mr. Skaar challenged the
 agency’s “omission of the Palomares cleanup from the
 . . . radiation-risk activities” listed in 38 C.F.R.
 § 3.309(d)(3)(ii), as well as the Board’s reliance on allegedly
 unsound dose estimates, in violation of 38 C.F.R. § 3.311(c),
 “when adjudicating Palomares veterans’ claims.” Class
 Certification, 32 Vet. App. at 171. Mr. Skaar moved to
 make these challenges on behalf of similarly situated vet-
 erans who were present during the Palomares cleanup. Id.
 at 170. The Veterans Court granted in part Mr. Skaar’s
 motion and certified a class to litigate the § 3.311 chal-
 lenge. 1 Id. at 201.
      Relying on its existing authority to certify class actions
 in the petition context under Monk v. Shulkin, 855 F.3d
 1312, 1318–20 (Fed. Cir. 2017), the Veterans Court deter-
 mined that it “possess[es] the power to aggregate claims
 and certify class actions in the appeal context.” Class Cer-
 tification, 32 Vet. App. at 178. The court further acknowl-
 edged that class composition depends on whether it has

     1   The Veterans Court held that Mr. Skaar lacks
 standing to bring the § 3.309 challenge but has standing to
 pursue the § 3.311 challenge. Class Certification,
 32 Vet. App. at 172. He has not appealed this holding.
Case: 21-1757     Document: 84     Page: 7    Filed: 09/08/2022

 SKAAR   v. MCDONOUGH                                         7

 jurisdiction over each class member, that the court has
 “only one source of jurisdiction: 38 U.S.C. § 7252,” and that
 “a final Board decision operates as the jurisdictional ‘trig-
 ger’ that gives [the Veterans Court] the authority to hear a
 particular appeal.” Id. at 180. Breaking down the proposed
 class into five subgroups, the court then considered
 whether it has jurisdiction over the putative class compris-
 ing all veterans who were present at the 1966 Palomares
 cleanup that
     (1) had filed a radiation exposure claim with the
     agency, but had not timely appealed the regional
     office’s denial to the Board (past claimants);
     (2) had filed a radiation exposure claim with the
     agency and appealed the regional office’s denial to
     the Board, but had not timely appealed the Board’s
     denial to the Veterans Court (expired claimants);
     (3) had appealed, or were still able to timely ap-
     peal, the Board’s denial of a radiation exposure
     claim to the Veterans Court (present claimants);
     (4) had filed a radiation exposure claim that was
     still pending either before the regional office or the
     Board (present-future claimants); or
     (5) have developed a radiogenic condition but have
     not yet filed a radiation exposure claim with the
     agency (future-future claimants).
 Id. at 179–180. The court determined that it has jurisdic-
 tion over present claimants “because they possess final
 Board decisions and either their 120-day windows to ap-
 peal those decisions to [the Veterans] Court have not yet
 expired or these claimants have already appealed within
 the 120-day time period.” Id. at 180 (citing 38 U.S.C.
 §§ 7252(a), 7266(a)).
    As for present-future and future-future claimants, the
 Veterans Court recognized that these claimants “pose a
Case: 21-1757     Document: 84      Page: 8    Filed: 09/08/2022

 8                                        SKAAR   v. MCDONOUGH

 unique jurisdictional issue” since none of them have re-
 ceived final Board decisions. Id. Still, the court concluded
 that its “jurisdictional statute does not prohibit the[] inclu-
 sion” of such claimants as class members. Id. Instead, the
 Veterans Court held that, “pursuant to [its] statutory au-
 thority under 38 U.S.C. §§ 7252 and 7261,” it has “the au-
 thority to certify class actions that include veterans who
 have not yet received a final Board decision and those who
 have not yet filed a claim.” Id. (citing Monk, 855 F.3d at
 1318). In the court’s view, “Mr. Skaar, as class representa-
 tive, ha[d] obtained a final Board decision pursuant to
 [§] 7252,” and his “satisfaction of [this] jurisdictional re-
 quirement” vested the court with jurisdiction over other
 class members, “much in the same way a named plaintiff’s
 consent to proceed before a magistrate is sufficient to grant
 the magistrate jurisdiction to enter final judgment as to all
 class members.” Id. at 181–82. Moreover, the court ex-
 plained, Mr. Skaar’s Board decision had opened a “jurisdic-
 tional door” that allowed the Veterans Court to “use [its]
 other authorities, as explained in Monk [], to aggregate
 Mr. Skaar’s claims with those of the remaining class mem-
 bers.” Id. at 181.
     Then, turning to Bowen v. City of New York, 476 U.S.
 467 (1986) for support, the Veterans Court held that it has
 “jurisdiction to certify a class action that includes members
 who do not have a final Board decision” so long as “(i) the
 challenged conduct is collateral to the class representa-
 tive’s administratively exhausted claim for benefits—i.e.,
 the class representative has obtained a final Board deci-
 sion; (ii) enforcing the exhaustion requirement would ir-
 reparably harm the class; and (iii) the purposes of
 exhaustion would not be served by its enforcement.” Id. at
 184–85. The court applied this standard here, and deter-
 mined that it had jurisdiction over present-future and fu-
 ture-future claimants “and [need] not require exhaustion
 of administrative remedies by each and every class mem-
 ber.” Id. at 185. The Veterans Court accordingly included
Case: 21-1757     Document: 84     Page: 9    Filed: 09/08/2022

 SKAAR   v. MCDONOUGH                                        9

 present-future and future-future claimants, along with
 present claimants, in the class. Id. at 186.
      Next considering past and expired claimants, the court
 declined to equitably toll the appeal period for claimants
 who failed to timely appeal their denied claims and ex-
 cluded both subgroups from the proposed class on that ba-
 sis. Id. at 189. These claimants, the court observed, “could
 have challenged [the agency’s] treatment of Palomares vet-
 erans just like Mr. Skaar, yet each chose not to.” Id. at 187.
 And, the court noted, Mr. Skaar did not present any reason
 “to depart from Bove’s principle that the 120-day Notice of
 Appeal window to [the Veterans Court] will only be waived
 ‘when circumstances precluded a timely filing despite the
 exercise of due diligence.’” Id. (quoting Bove v. Shinseki,
 25 Vet. App. 136, 140 (2011) (per curiam), overruled on
 other grounds by Dixon v. McDonald, 815 F.3d 799
 (Fed. Cir. 2016)). Thus, the court confined the class to pre-
 sent, present-future, and future-future claimants.
     The Veterans Court then invoked Federal Rule of Civil
 Procedure 23 “as a guide for class certification in the ap-
 peal context,” and considered whether the class met the
 requisites for class certification pursuant to Rule 23. Id. at
 189. Finding that it did, the court certified the class, ex-
 cluding past and expired claimants. Id. at 201. It defined
 the class as follows:
     [a]ll U.S. veterans who were present at the
     1966 cleanup of plutonium dust at Palomares,
     Spain, and whose application for service-connected
     disability compensation based on exposure to ion-
     izing radiation [the agency] has denied or will deny
     by relying, at least in part, on the findings of dose
     estimates requested under 38 C.F.R. § 3.311, ex-
     cept those whose claims have been denied and rel-
     evant appeal windows of those denials have
     expired . . . .
 Id. at 189.
Case: 21-1757     Document: 84       Page: 10   Filed: 09/08/2022

 10                                       SKAAR   v. MCDONOUGH

     A year after certifying the class, the Veterans Court is-
 sued a decision on the merits of Mr. Skaar’s § 3.311 chal-
 lenge on behalf of the certified class. Skaar v. Wilkie,
 33 Vet. App. 127 (2020) (Merits Decision). The court held
 that the Board had “provided an inadequate statement of
 reasons or bases for concluding that the Air Force’s dose
 estimate constituted sound scientific evidence.” Id. at 141.
 And as a result, the court set aside the April 2017 Board
 decision denying service connection for leukopenia and re-
 manded the matter for the Board to readjudicate
 Mr. Skaar’s § 3.311 challenge, further stating that “[t]his
 portion of [its] decision applies to the class certified in this
 matter.” Id. at 143–44, 149. Following its merits decision,
 the Veterans Court entered judgment on January 12, 2021
 and denied Mr. Skaar’s motion for immediate issuance of
 mandate. Judgment at 1, Skaar v. Wilkie, 33 Vet. App. 127
 (2020) (No. 17-2574); Judge’s Stamp Order, for the Panel,
 Denying Appellant’s Opposed Motion for Immediate Issu-
 ance of Mandate at 1, Skaar v. Wilkie, 33 Vet. App. 127
 (2020) (No. 17-2574).
     The Secretary appeals and Mr. Skaar cross-appeals,
 both challenging the Veterans Court’s class definition.
                                II
                                A
     Our jurisdiction to review decisions of the Veterans
 Court is governed by 38 U.S.C. § 7292. Unlike other statu-
 tory provisions that govern our jurisdiction, § 7292 does not
 expressly premise appellate review on the finality of the
 Veterans Court’s decision. Compare 28 U.S.C. § 1295(a)(1)
 (conferring jurisdiction over “an appeal from a final deci-
 sion of a district court”), with 38 U.S.C. § 7292(a) (“After a
 decision of the [Veterans Court] is entered in a case, any
 party to the case may obtain a review of the decision . . . .”).
 Nevertheless, we have “generally declined to review non-
 final orders of the Veterans Court.” Williams v. Principi,
 275 F.3d 1361, 1363 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (citation omitted). So
Case: 21-1757     Document: 84      Page: 11    Filed: 09/08/2022

 SKAAR   v. MCDONOUGH                                          11

 “remand orders from the Veterans Court ordinarily are not
 appealable because they are not final.” Adams v. Principi,
 256 F.3d 1318, 1320 (Fed. Cir. 2001). We will, however, de-
 part from this strict rule of finality when the Veterans
 Court remands a matter for further proceedings if the fol-
 lowing conditions are satisfied:
     (1) there must have been a clear and final decision
     of a legal issue that (a) is separate from the remand
     proceedings, (b) will directly govern the remand
     proceedings[,] or, (c) if reversed by this court, would
     render the remand proceedings unnecessary;
     (2) the resolution of the legal issues must adversely
     affect the party seeking review; and
     (3) there must be a substantial risk that the deci-
     sion would not survive a remand, i.e., that the re-
     mand proceeding may moot the issue.
 Williams, 275 F.3d at 1364 (footnotes omitted). The class
 certification satisfies these criteria.
      First, the Veterans Court issued a clear and final deci-
 sion regarding its jurisdiction to certify a class that in-
 cludes veterans who had not received a Board decision. See
 Travelstead v. Derwinski, 978 F.2d 1244, 1247–49
 (Fed. Cir. 1992) (holding that when “the court rendered a
 ‘decision’ interpreting a statute . . . and compelling action
 of the Secretary, on remand, . . . [t]his ‘decision’ was a final
 disposition of the proceeding,” and was appealable). That
 decision addressed a legal issue involving the Veterans
 Court’s jurisdictional statute that is separate from the re-
 mand proceeding involving 38 C.F.R. § 3.311(c) and dose
 estimates. Compare Class Certification, 32 Vet. App. at
 166 (“We do not today address the merits of Mr. Skaar’s
 claim.”), with Merits Decision, 33 Vet. App. at 132 (“Today
 we address the merits of Mr. Skaar’s appeal . . . . Begin-
 ning with the class claim concerning radiation dose esti-
 mates, we hold that the Board failed to meet its obligation
Case: 21-1757    Document: 84      Page: 12     Filed: 09/08/2022

 12                                       SKAAR   v. MCDONOUGH

 under 38 C.F.R. § 3.311(c) to ensure that dose estimates
 [the agency] received from the Air Force constitute ‘sound
 scientific evidence.’ We will remand this issue to the
 Board . . . .”).
     Second, the Veterans Court’s resolution of the jurisdic-
 tional issue will adversely affect the Secretary by requiring
 the Secretary to expend time and resources addressing in-
 dividuals beyond the Secretary’s statutorily-permitted
 reach, i.e., veterans who have not filed claims for benefits. 2

      2   The Veterans Court’s resolution of the jurisdic-
 tional issue not only affects the Secretary but also affects
 Mr. Skaar and similarly situated Palomares veterans who
 might benefit from a precedential opinion regarding the
 § 3.311 challenge. See Merits Decision, 33 Vet. App. at 151
 (Meredith, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part) (“I
 am compelled to comment that the result here demon-
 strates that the en banc Court’s resurrection of the limited
 remand mechanism, for the purpose of deciding
 [Mr. Skaar’s] motion for class certification, turned out not
 to be an effective tool. More than 3 years after [Mr. Skaar]
 appealed the April 2017 Board decision, the panel is left
 with no choice but to conclude that the Board provided an
 inadequate statement of reasons or bases for its decision
 and to remand the matter for readjudication—the same re-
 lief that the en banc Court could have, and in my view,
 should have initially provided. Instead, the parties and the
 en banc Court expended considerable time and resources
 debating the efficacy of conducting class actions in the ap-
 pellate context and the bounds of the Court’s jurisdiction,
 without bringing [Mr. Skaar] any closer to receiving a de-
 cision that adequately addresses the merits of whether the
 dose estimates relied on by [the agency] are based on a
 methodology that complies with 38 C.F.R. § 3.311(c).” (ci-
 tations omitted)); see also Class Certification, 32 Vet. App.
Case: 21-1757    Document: 84      Page: 13     Filed: 09/08/2022

 SKAAR   v. MCDONOUGH                                        13

 See 38 U.S.C. § 5101(a)(1)(A); Travelstead, 978 F.2d at
 1248.
      Third, there is a substantial risk that the remand pro-
 ceeding may deprive the Secretary of an opportunity to
 later contest the Veterans Court’s jurisdiction over the cer-
 tified class since the Secretary is statutorily precluded from
 appealing to the Veterans Court any Board decision, in-
 cluding a grant of the class claim. See 38 U.S.C. § 7252(a);
 see also Merits Decision, 33 Vet. App. at 154 (Meredith, J.,
 concurring in part and dissenting in part) (“[T]he Board’s
 inadequate statement of reasons or bases frustrates judi-
 cial review, precluding [the Veterans Court’s] ability to pro-
 vide the requested class-wide relief and compelling [the
 court] to remand the matter for full readjudication without
 retaining jurisdiction. And, [the court] ha[s] no reason to
 assume that further adjudication of the [veteran’s] claim
 will lead to a final Board decision adverse to the [veteran]
 or subsequent appellate review of the class issue for which
 he is the representative.”). Thus, we may exercise jurisdic-
 tion over the court’s class certification decision. See Dam-
 bach v. Gober, 223 F.3d 1376, 1379 (Fed. Cir. 2000) (“We do
 have jurisdiction . . . when there is a statutory

 at 209 (Falvey, J., dissenting) (“We believe that the major-
 ity has created a class that exceeds our jurisdiction and of-
 fers a comparable outcome to members of that class that a
 precedential decision could provide without the managea-
 bility and preclusion problems inherent in class litiga-
 tion.”); id. at 221 (“If we had an adequate record, a panel
 might have, months ago, found that the dose methodology
 [the agency] used in Mr. Skaar’s case was flawed and coun-
 ter to 38 C.F.R. § 3.311. Its decision, a nationwide prece-
 dent, would have fixed any such systemic dose estimate
 problem and [the agency] would have been required to ap-
 ply the Court’s holding consistently to all veterans’ cases.”).
Case: 21-1757     Document: 84        Page: 14   Filed: 09/08/2022

 14                                        SKAAR   v. MCDONOUGH

 interpretation that will affect the remand proceeding and
 that legal issue might evade our future review.”).
                                B
     By statute, we may “review and decide any challenge
 to the validity of any statute or regulation or any interpre-
 tation thereof . . . and . . . interpret constitutional and stat-
 utory decisions, to the extent presented and necessary to a
 decision.” 38 U.S.C. § 7292(c). But our jurisdiction does not
 extend to challenges either to factual determinations or to
 the application of the law to the facts of a particular case,
 absent a constitutional issue. Id. § 7292(d)(2). Whether the
 Veterans Court had jurisdiction is a matter of statutory in-
 terpretation, see id. § 7252(a) (defining the Veterans
 Court’s jurisdiction), which we review de novo, In re Wick,
 40 F.3d 367, 370 (Fed. Cir. 1994). Likewise, whether the
 Veterans Court applied the correct legal standard for equi-
 table tolling is a question of law we review de novo. James
 v. Wilkie, 917 F.3d 1368, 1372 (Fed. Cir. 2019).
                                III
      The Veterans Court certified a class that includes pre-
 sent, present-future, and future-future claimants but ex-
 cludes past and expired claimants. The primary question
 before us, on appeal and cross-appeal, is which subgroups
 of claimants should the Veterans Court have included in,
 or excluded from, the certified class. The Secretary would
 have us confine the class to only present claimants, while
 Mr. Skaar would define the class broadly to include past,
 expired, present, present-future, and future-future claim-
 ants. We agree with the Secretary. The certified class
 should have included only present claimants because the
 Veterans Court did not have jurisdiction over past, pre-
 sent-future, or future-future claimants, and because the
 expired claimants cannot benefit from equitable tolling to
 revive claims that they could have timely appealed follow-
 ing the Board’s denial.
Case: 21-1757    Document: 84      Page: 15    Filed: 09/08/2022

 SKAAR   v. MCDONOUGH                                       15

                               A
      The Veterans Court exceeded its jurisdiction when it
 certified a class to include veterans who had not received a
 Board decision and veterans who had not yet filed a claim.
 While the Veterans Court correctly acknowledged that “a
 final Board decision operates as the jurisdictional ‘trigger’
 that gives [it] the authority to hear a particular appeal,”
 the court held “that because Mr. Skaar, as class repre-
 sentative, ha[d] obtained a final Board decision pursuant
 to [§] 7252, the jurisdictional door ha[d] been opened, and
 [the Veterans Court] may use [its] other authorities, as ex-
 plained in Monk [], to aggregate Mr. Skaar’s claims with
 those of the remaining class members.” Class Certification,
 32 Vet. App. at 181. This was error. See Weinberger v. Salfi,
 422 U.S. 749, 753 (1975) (“[W]hile [the court] had jurisdic-
 tion of the claims of the named appellees under the provi-
 sions of 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), it had no jurisdiction over the
 claims asserted on behalf of unnamed class members.”).
     The Veterans Court cannot predicate its jurisdiction
 over the claims of unnamed class members on its jurisdic-
 tion over Mr. Skaar’s claim or its power to aggregate claims
 and certify class actions. See Burris v. Wilkie, 888 F.3d
 1352, 1361 (Fed. Cir. 2018) (“[T]he Veterans Court cannot
 invoke equity to expand the scope of its statutory jurisdic-
 tion. Indeed, a court cannot write its own jurisdictional
 ticket.” (cleaned up)). Class certification is merely a proce-
 dural tool that allows the court to aggregate claims, see
 Wick, 40 F.3d at 1370 (explaining that neither the Veterans
 Court’s scope of review nor its rules of practice and proce-
 dure “provide an independent basis for jurisdiction”); it
 does not itself confer on the court jurisdiction to review in-
 dividual claims it would otherwise lack, Chula Vista City
 School District v. Bennett, 824 F.2d 1573, 1579 (Fed. Cir.
 1987) (“The claim of each member of the class must be ex-
 amined separately to determine whether it meets the juris-
 dictional requirement.”). Nor does our decision in Monk, in
 which we held only that the “Veterans Court has the
Case: 21-1757    Document: 84      Page: 16     Filed: 09/08/2022

 16                                       SKAAR   v. MCDONOUGH

 authority to establish a class action mechanism or other
 method of aggregating claims.” 855 F.3d at 1322; id.
 at 1321–22 (declining to decide or address the circum-
 stances in which a class certification would be appropriate).
 Monk does not provide a cognizable basis for circumnavi-
 gating the limits of the Veterans Court’s statutory jurisdic-
 tion. Cf. Mahaffey v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs.,
 368 F.3d 1378, 1381 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (explaining that nei-
 ther the Court of Federal Claims’ scope of review nor its
 rules of practice and procedure confer authority on a court
 “to enlarge its jurisdiction” (citation omitted)). And the Vet-
 erans Court cannot invoke its authority to certify a class
 action in the appeal context unless the court has “jurisdic-
 tion over the claim of each individual member of the class.”
 Califano v. Yamasaki, 442 U.S. 682, 701 (1979) (“[C]lass
 relief is consistent with the need for case-by-case adjudica-
 tion emphasized by the Secretary, at least so long as the
 membership of the class is limited to those who meet the re-
 quirements of [the judicial review statute]. Where the dis-
 trict court has jurisdiction over the claim of each individual
 member of the class, Rule 23 provides a procedure by which
 the court may exercise that jurisdiction over the various
 individual claims in a single proceeding.” (emphasis added)
 (citation omitted)).
     Here, the Veterans Court has “only one source of juris-
 diction: 38 U.S.C. § 7252(a).” Class Certification,
 32 Vet. App. at 180 (citing Henderson v. Shinseki, 562 U.S.
 428, 434 (2011)); see Burris, 888 F.3d at 1357 (“The Veter-
 ans Court, as an Article I tribunal, is a creature of statute
 by definition. As such, the court can only act through an
 express grant of authority from Congress.” (citations omit-
 ted)). This jurisdictional statute empowers the Veterans
 Court to review decisions of the Board and confers upon the
 court “the power to affirm, modify, or reverse a decision of
 the Board or to remand the matter, as appropriate.”
 38 U.S.C. § 7252(a) (emphasis added). Thus, the Veterans
 Court’s jurisdiction is “premised on and defined by the
Case: 21-1757    Document: 84      Page: 17    Filed: 09/08/2022

 SKAAR   v. MCDONOUGH                                       17

 Board’s decision concerning the matter being appealed,”
 Ledford v. West, 136 F.3d 776, 779 (Fed. Cir. 1998), where
 “‘decision’ of the Board, for purposes of the Veterans
 Court’s jurisdiction under [§] 7252, is the decision with re-
 spect to the benefit sought by the veteran,” Maggitt v. West,
 202 F.3d 1370, 1376 (Fed. Cir. 2000) (emphasis added).
 This means that “a veteran must first present a request for
 a benefit to the Board, then receive a decision on that re-
 quest, in order to vest jurisdiction in the Veterans Court to
 consider the veteran’s request and arguments in support
 thereof.” Id. By definition, therefore, a class must be lim-
 ited to veterans who satisfy the jurisdictional requirements
 of having requested a benefit and of having received a
 Board decision on that request. 3 See, e.g., Matthews v. El-
 dridge, 424 U.S. 319, 328 (1976) (“The nonwaivable ele-
 ment is the requirement that a claim for benefits shall have
 been presented to the Secretary. Absent such a claim there
 can be no ‘decision’ of any type. And some decision by the
 Secretary is clearly required by the statute.”); Salfi,
 422 U.S. at 750, 764 (“The [d]istrict [c]ourt had no

     3    We emphasize that the requirements of having re-
 quested a benefit and of having received a Board decision
 on that request are “purely ‘jurisdictional’ in the sense that
 [they] cannot be ‘waived.’” Matthews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S.
 319, 328 (1976). Both the statutory language and the pro-
 vision’s “placement within the [Veterans’ Judicial Review
 Act]” make clear “that Congress wanted that provision to
 be treated as having jurisdictional attributes,” since § 7252
 “governs [the Veterans Court’s] adjudicatory capacity.”
 Henderson, 562 U.S. at 434–35, 439–40 (comparing § 7252
 with § 7266 and holding that § 7266 is not jurisdictional).
 Thus, in relying on Bowen as a basis for jurisdiction over
 present-future and future-future claimants, see Class Cer-
 tification, 32 Vet. App. at 184, the Veterans Court errone-
 ously conflated jurisdiction and exhaustion, see Matthews,
 424 U.S. at 328.
Case: 21-1757     Document: 84      Page: 18    Filed: 09/08/2022

 18                                       SKAAR   v. MCDONOUGH

 jurisdiction over the unnamed members of the class under
 42 U.S.C. [§] 405(g), . . . since the complaint as to such class
 members is deficient in that it contains no allegations that
 they have even filed an application for benefits with the
 Secretary, much less that he has rendered any decision, fi-
 nal or otherwise, review of which is sought.”).
      Thus, the Veterans Court exceeds its jurisdiction when
 it certifies a class to include, as it did here, veterans who
 have not yet filed a claim—over whom even the Board
 would not have jurisdiction, see 38 U.S.C. §§ 7104(a) (juris-
 diction of the Board to review the Secretary’s final deci-
 sions), 511 (decisions of the Secretary)—and veterans who
 have not received a Board decision, see id. § 7252(a). That
 is, the Veterans Court lacked jurisdiction over past, pre-
 sent-future, and future-future claimants, since none of
 these claimants had received a Board decision. Cf. Wick,
 40 F.3d at 370 (“Since it is clear that the action of the Sec-
 retary in denying payment to Wick was not a decision of
 the Board, it would seem equally clear that the court lacks
 jurisdiction over Wick’s petition from that denial.”).
      Mr. Skaar argues that the Veterans Court can exercise
 jurisdiction over class members who have not received
 Board decisions because district courts routinely certify
 classes including future claimants. Cross-Appellant’s
 Br. 26–30 (collecting cases). While district courts may in-
 deed exercise jurisdiction over future claimants, that is be-
 cause Congress explicitly conferred the district courts with
 supplemental jurisdiction encompassing such claims. See
 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a) (“[I]n any civil action of which the dis-
 trict courts have original jurisdiction, the district courts
 shall have supplemental jurisdiction over all other claims
 that are so related to claims in the action within such orig-
 inal jurisdiction that they form part of the same case or
 controversy . . . . Such supplemental jurisdiction shall in-
 clude claims that involve the joinder or intervention of ad-
 ditional parties.”); Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Allapattah Servs.,
 Inc., 545 U.S. 546, 560 (2005) (explaining that “§ 1367
Case: 21-1757    Document: 84      Page: 19    Filed: 09/08/2022

 SKAAR   v. MCDONOUGH                                       19

 confers supplemental jurisdiction over claims by . . . Rule
 23 plaintiffs,” i.e., members of a class action, over which it
 may lack original jurisdiction as long as it has original ju-
 risdiction over at least one class member’s claim). Criti-
 cally, Congress has not enacted any comparable
 jurisdictional statute for the Veterans Court. While district
 courts may exercise supplemental jurisdiction over future
 claimants by virtue of their explicit statutory authority, the
 Veterans Court lacks such jurisdictional authority. Each
 court is limited to the jurisdiction bestowed upon it by Con-
 gress. Thus, the cases Mr. Skaar cites about the scope of
 district court jurisdiction are inapplicable where, as here,
 the Veterans Court has its own jurisdictional statute.
     We accordingly vacate the Veterans Court’s class certi-
 fication. Should the court choose to reconsider on remand
 whether class certification is appropriate, the court shall
 exclude past, present-future, and future-future claimants,
 since no such claimants have received a Board decision.
                               B
      On cross-appeal, Mr. Skaar contends that the Veterans
 Court should have included past and expired claimants as
 members of the certified class. He challenges the Veterans
 Court’s decision declining to equitably toll the statutory pe-
 riod to appeal for these claimants. According to Mr. Skaar,
 the court misconstrued the legal standard for equitable
 tolling—set out in Bowen—“as creating a categorical rule
 that challenged policies must be ‘secretive’ to grant equita-
 ble tolling and waiver of exhaustion,” and then improperly
 applied this rule to the “more claimant-friendly [Veterans’
 Judicial Review Act].” Cross-Appellant’s Br. 46–47. We dis-
 agree. 4

     4    Although we vacate the class certification for lack
 of jurisdiction, our decision does not bar the Veterans Court
Case: 21-1757    Document: 84      Page: 20     Filed: 09/08/2022

 20                                       SKAAR   v. MCDONOUGH

      To benefit from equitable tolling, a claimant must
 demonstrate “(1) extraordinary circumstance; (2) due dili-
 gence; and (3) causation.” Toomer, 783 F.3d at 1238; see
 also Holland v. Florida, 560 U.S. 631, 649 (2010) (requiring
 a petitioner to show “(1) that he has been pursuing his
 rights diligently, and (2) that some extraordinary circum-
 stance stood in his way and prevented timely filing”
 (cleaned up)). We have made clear that “due diligence must
 be shown in addition to an extraordinary circumstance.”
 Toomer, 793 F.3d at 1238 (cleaned up). We have also
 acknowledged, as Mr. Skaar points out, “the need for flexi-
 bility,” “for avoiding mechanical rules,” and for “pro-
 ceed[ing] on a ‘case-by-case basis.’” Id. at 1239; Cross-
 Appellant’s Br. 49.
     Contrary to Mr. Skaar’s contentions, the Veterans
 Court suggested neither that Bowen established a categor-
 ical rule restricting equitable tolling to challenges involv-
 ing “secretive” policies nor that Bowen dictated the court’s
 decision. Indeed, it was Mr. Skaar who had requested that
 the Veterans Court “equate [the agency’s] adjudication of
 Palomares veterans’ claims with the secretive conduct the
 Supreme Court found so reprehensible in [Bowen]” and

 from considering again on remand whether class certifica-
 tion is appropriate, provided that the court has jurisdiction
 over each individual member of the proposed class. The
 court could, for example, consider whether certifying a
 class of present claimants is proper. It follows then that our
 decision to vacate the class certification does not moot
 Mr. Skaar’s cross-appeal challenging the class definition.
 Thus, we still must consider whether expired claimants—
 the only other subgroup of claimants, besides present
 claimants, that satisfies the jurisdictional requirements
 under 38 U.S.C. § 7252—were improperly excluded from
 the certified class, i.e., whether the court should have tolled
 the appeal period for expired claimants.
Case: 21-1757    Document: 84      Page: 21    Filed: 09/08/2022

 SKAAR   v. MCDONOUGH                                       21

 permit equitable tolling for past and expired claimants on
 this basis. Class Certification, 32 Vet. App. at 187. And the
 Veterans Court unambiguously denied this request. The
 court instead identified several examples of the extraordi-
 nary circumstances for which waiver may be warranted,
 clarified that these examples do not present “an exhaustive
 list because there are no bright line rules in the equitable
 tolling context,” and reiterated that “the extraordinary cir-
 cumstances element [of equitable tolling] necessarily re-
 quires a case-by-case analysis and not a categorical
 determination.” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting James
 v. White, 917 F.3d 1368, 1373 (Fed. Cir. 2019)).
     Moreover, the Veterans Court observed that Mr. Skaar
 had never alleged that past and expired claimants “were
 precluded from timely filing appeals . . . for any reason
 other than [the agency’s] historical practice in adjudicating
 claims from Palomares veterans.” Class Certification,
 32 Vet. App. at 187–89. And, as the court correctly rea-
 soned, it’s hardly surprising that the agency “will always
 (presumably) adjudicate claims in accord with its own in-
 terpretation of that law and [the Veterans Court’s] legal
 pronouncements” “before a claimant succeeds in changing
 the law.” Id. at 187. So “there is no principled way to dis-
 tinguish” these claimants from “any other claimants who
 have been denied benefits, failed to appeal to [the Veter-
 ans] Court, and later discovered their benefits denial was
 based on an incorrect reading of the law.” Id. at 187–88.
 Thus, the Veterans Court’s analysis does not evince any le-
 gal error or misinterpretation of the law surrounding equi-
 table tolling. We conclude that the court did not err in
 declining to equitably toll the appeal period for past and
 expired claimants and thus rightly excluded such claim-
 ants from the class.
                              IV
    The Veterans Court’s jurisdictional statute limits its
 authority to certify a class action in the appeal context, and
Case: 21-1757    Document: 84     Page: 22   Filed: 09/08/2022

 22                                     SKAAR   v. MCDONOUGH

 the court must have jurisdiction over the claims of every
 member of a class the court certifies. By certifying a class
 that includes veterans who had not received a Board deci-
 sion and veterans who had not yet filed a claim, the Veter-
 ans Court exceeded its jurisdiction. We vacate the court’s
 class certification and remand for further proceedings con-
 sistent with this opinion. Because we vacate the class cer-
 tification, we also limit the application of the merits
 decision to Mr. Skaar’s claim.
                VACATED AND REMANDED
                           COSTS
 No costs.