Court Opinion

ID: 4645650
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-12-22 20:02:21.97236+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:00:53.954658
License: Public Domain

Filed 12/22/20 Brown v. Cal. Dept. of Corrections and Rehabilitation CA3
                                           NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                      THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                                     (Sacramento)
                                                            ----

 TERESA BROWN,                                                                                 C089340

                    Plaintiff and Appellant,                                              (Super. Ct. No.
                                                                                         34201500176321)
           v.

 CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS
 AND REHABILITATION,

                    Defendant and Respondent.

         Plaintiff Teresa Brown is a Seventh-day Adventist who observes the Sabbath from
sundown Friday through sundown Saturday. Defendant California Department of
Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) found her ineligible for employment as a
correctional officer based on her unwillingness to work during this time period. Brown
appeals from a judgment entered after a bench trial on her claim for failure to provide

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accommodation under Government Code section 12940, subdivision (l)(1).1 We
conclude the trial court erred by deciding Brown’s claim based on the bona fide
occupational qualification defense, which was unsupported by the evidence. We will
reverse the judgment and remand for further proceedings.
                                     I. BACKGROUND
        In California, all candidates for employment “in the state civil service shall . . .
conform to the conditions of work characteristic of the employment . . . . The [State
Personnel Board] may prescribe . . . qualifications for individual classes and such shall be
made a part of the class specifications.” (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 2, § 172.) The State
Personnel Board specification for the correctional officer class explains that it is an entry
level and training class that “provide[s] the public protection by enforcing State and
Federal laws and administrative regulations while supervising the conduct of inmates or
parolees of a State correctional facility or camp.” “In carrying out the primary duty of
public protection, the Correctional Officer class performs duties that vary among
institutions and among designated posts within an institution due to varying security
levels of inmates, design of correctional facilities, geographical location, watch
assignment, and the number of inmates. Assignments for this class include duty in
towers, housing units, reception centers, kitchens, outside crew supervision, search and
escort, control booths, yard, gun posts, and transportation.” Under “Special Personal
Characteristics,” the specification adds a “willingness to work day, evening, or night
shifts, weekends, and holidays, and to report for duty at any time emergencies arise.” As
part of the application process to become a correctional officer, Brown answered various
questions pertaining to this aspect of the class specification. Brown indicated a
“[w]illingness to work weekend shifts (e.g., Saturday, Sunday, and/or Holidays) in

1   Undesignated statutory references are to the Government Code.

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emergency situations, on an as-needed basis, and/or on a regular rotating basis,” a
“[w]illingness to work required overtime,” and a “willingness to work on-call hours as
required.” On a separate form, she checked a box indicating she was not “freely willing
to work split shifts, nights, weekends and holidays.” She submitted supplemental
information to this answer explaining that, because of her faith, she could not work
Friday after sunset or Saturday before sunset. In a subsequent interview conducted by an
investigator with CDCR’s Background Investigation Unit, Brown reiterated this
limitation and stated she could work at any other time.
       The interviewer reported Brown’s unwillingness to work from sundown Friday to
sundown Saturday to her supervisor. The supervisor considered the State Personal
Board’s class specification, the memorandum of understanding between the California
Correctional Peace Officers Association and the State, and CDCR’s apprenticeship
program in exploring whether CDCR could grant Brown’s accommodation request, and
ultimately decided to reject Brown’s application based on her unwillingness “to work
day, evening, or night shifts, weekends and holidays[,] and to report for duty at any time
emergencies arise” as specified by the State Personnel Board. CDCR sent Brown a letter
explaining that due to her inability to meet this criteria, her name had been removed from
the list of eligible candidates.
       Brown subsequently filed a complaint alleging two causes of action against CDCR
under the California Fair Employment and Housing Act: (1) religious discrimination
under section 12940, subdivision (a); and (2) failure to provide accommodation under
section 12940, subdivision (l)(1). The first cause of action did not survive summary
adjudication.
       After a bench trial on Brown’s second cause of action, the trial court found CDCR
was entitled to judgment in its favor. In its statement of decision, the court explained that
its ruling was based on the “bona fide occupational qualification” defense. The court
concluded that “the Correctional Officer availability standards, considered within the

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unique context of the mission and responsibilities of the California Department of
Corrections and the state prison system, constitute bona fide occupational qualifications
for the Correctional Officer position.” The court explained that the phrase “Correctional
Officer availability standards” “describe in summary form the various published
availability-for-work standards established by the State Personnel Board and CDCR.”
The standards include “the willingness to work day, evening, swing or night shifts,
weekends, (e.g., Saturday, Sunday, and/or Holidays); to report for duty at any time
emergencies arise, to report for duty on an as-needed basis or for on-call hours as
required, and/or to work required overtime as assigned.” The court found “the evidence
established that the availability standards were essential to the safe and efficient operation
of the prisons; they go to the ‘essence’ or ‘central mission’ of this unique employment.
The evidence established that a correctional officer’s willingness to report when called
and to remain on duty when required to do so directly affects the safety and security of
Correctional Officers, prison staff, prison inmates and the public.” The court concluded
Brown was required to establish that she could meet the availability standards, and her
failure to do so was fatal to her remaining cause of action.
       Additionally, the court noted Brown had otherwise established a prima facie case
for accommodation, but the applicability of the bona fide occupational qualification
defense eliminated any need to address whether CDCR adequately explored reasonable
means of accommodating Brown’s Sabbath observance.
       Judgment was entered in favor of CDCR, and Brown filed a timely appeal.
                                     II. DISCUSSION
A      Standard of Review
       “The statement of decision provides the trial court’s reasoning on disputed issues
and is our touchstone to determine whether or not the trial court’s decision is supported
by the facts and the law.” (Slavin v. Borinstein (1994) 25 Cal.App.4th 713, 718.) “In
reviewing a judgment based upon a statement of decision following a bench trial, we

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review questions of law de novo. [Citation.] We apply a substantial evidence standard of
review to the trial court’s findings of fact. [Citation.] Under this deferential standard of
review, findings of fact are liberally construed to support the judgment and we consider
the evidence in the light most favorable to the prevailing party, drawing all reasonable
inferences in support of the findings.” (Thompson v. Asimos (2016) 6 Cal.App.5th 970,
981.)
B.      Bona Fide Occupational Qualification Defense
        Section 12940 provides, in relevant part: “It is an unlawful employment practice,
unless based upon a bona fide occupational qualification . . . [¶] . . . [¶] (l)(1) For an
employer or other entity covered by this part to refuse to hire or employ a person or to
refuse to select a person for a training program leading to employment or to discharge a
person from employment or from a training program leading to employment . . . because
of a conflict between the person’s religious belief or observance and any employment
requirement, unless the employer or other entity covered by this part demonstrates that it
has explored any available reasonable alternative means of accommodating the religious
belief or observance, including the possibilities of excusing the person from those duties
that conflict with the person’s religious belief or observance or permitting those duties to
be performed at another time or by another person, but is unable to reasonably
accommodate the religious belief or observance without undue hardship, as defined in
subdivision (u) of Section 12926, on the conduct of the business of the employer or other
entity covered by this part. Religious belief or observance, as used in this section,
includes, but is not limited to, observance of a Sabbath or other religious holy day or
days . . . .”2 (Italics added.)

2 Section 12926, subdivision (u) defines “undue hardship” as “an action requiring
significant difficulty or expense, when considered in light of the following factors: [¶]
(1) The nature and cost of the accommodation needed. [¶] (2) The overall financial

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       On appeal, Brown essentially contends the trial court erred in deciding this case
under the prefatory part of section 12940 permitting discrimination based upon a bona
fide occupational qualification rather than engaging in the analysis set forth in
subdivision (l)(1). Specifically, Brown argues the bona fide occupational qualification
defense only applies to deliberate discrimination against a protected class. Even if the
defense could theoretically apply to a facially neutral job rule, Brown contends the trial
court’s decision omitted requirements for establishing the defense, and CDCR’s evidence
was insufficient to meet the requirements. Further, Brown contends CDCR waived the
affirmative defense by failing to plead it.
       We agree the trial court erred in resolving this case based on the bona fide
occupational qualification defense. “ ‘[B]ona fide occupational qualification’ is a term of
art with a distinct meaning” from occupational qualifications. (Nadaf-Rahrov v. Neiman
Marcus Group, Inc. (2008) 166 Cal.App.4th 952, 975, fn. 10.) California regulations
define the affirmative defense as applying “[w]here an employer or other covered entity
has a practice that on its face excludes an entire group of individuals on a basis
enumerated in the Act (e.g., all women or all individuals with lower back defects)” and
“prove[s] that the practice is justified because all or substantially all of the excluded
individuals are unable to safely and efficiently perform the job in question and because
the essence of the business operation would otherwise be undermined.” (Cal. Code
Regs., tit. 2, § 11010, subd. (a); accord West v. Bechtel Corp. (2002) 96 Cal.App.4th 966,
983-984.) CDCR notes Johnson Controls, Inc. v. Fair Employment & Housing Com.

resources of the facilities involved in the provision of the reasonable accommodations,
the number of persons employed at the facility, and the effect on expenses and resources
or the impact otherwise of these accommodations upon the operation of the facility. [¶]
(3) The overall financial resources of the covered entity, the overall size of the business
of a covered entity with respect to the number of employees, and the number, type, and
location of its facilities. [¶] (4) The type of operations, including the composition,
structure, and functions of the workforce of the entity. [¶] (5) The geographic
separateness or administrative or fiscal relationship of the facility or facilities.”

                                               6
(1990) 218 Cal.App.3d 517, 543, fn. 10 offers support for the proposition that a facially
neutral policy is also subject to a bona fide occupational qualification justification. That
theoretical support was limited to facially neutral policies that are the result of intentional
discrimination. (Ibid.; see also Harriss v. Pan American World Airways, Inc. (9th Cir.
1980) 649 F.2d 670, 674, fn. 2 [bona fide occupational qualification “is a warrant for
affirmative deliberate discrimination while a [Business Necessity Defense] is a defense to
the prima facie case made when an apparently neutral employment practice is shown to
have a discriminatory effect”].) Nonetheless, even if we assume that a facially neutral
policy may be a bona fide occupational qualification without any evidence of intentional
discrimination, as we will discuss next, the elements of the defense demonstrate their
inapplicability to these proceedings.
       To establish a defense based on its use of a bona fide occupational qualification,
an employer “ ‘must prove that the practice is justified because all or substantially all of
the excluded individuals are unable to safely and efficiently perform the job in question
and because the essence of the business operation would otherwise be undermined.’ ”
(West v. Bechtel Corp., supra, 96 Cal.App.4th at p. 984.) The trial court addressed the
latter portion of this standard by finding “that the evidence established that the
availability standards were essential to the safe and efficient operation of the prisons;
they go to the ‘essence’ or ‘central mission’ of this unique employment.” But a failure to
submit evidence to support a finding that all or substantially all of those in the excluded
class are unable to perform the job duties safely and efficiently is fatal to a bona fide
occupational qualification defense. (Sterling Transit Co., Inc. v. Fair Employment
Practice Com. (1981) 121 Cal.App.3d 791, 797.) To the extent the trial court concluded
CDCR denies the application of individuals who state they will not meet the availability
standards, we know nothing about this class of individuals beyond the fact it was
determined to include Brown. Further, the evidence demonstrates CDCR employs
correctional officers who are at times unavailable or unwilling to work. On this record,

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the evidence does not establish that the availability standard as construed by CDCR and
the court fits into the parameters of a bona fide occupational qualification analysis.
Moreover, even when the bona fide occupational qualification analysis applies, “the
employer must also ‘bear the burden of proving that because of the nature of the
operation of the business they could not rearrange job responsibilities . . .’ in order to
reduce the [bona fide occupational qualification] necessity.” (Bohemian Club v. Fair
Employment & Housing Com. (1986) 187 Cal.App.3d 1, 19.) In other words, a bona fide
occupational qualification analysis does not obviate the need for any inquiry into
accommodation or the appropriateness of excluding an entire class of individuals. Here,
the evidence presented by CDCR demonstrates the difficulty of accommodating a
correctional officer’s unavailability for work varies with the circumstances, and some
unavailability is accommodated. CDCR’s evidence was not directed at demonstrating the
difficulty of accommodating any unavailability, but the difficulty of accommodating the
unavailability presented by Brown. The trial court did not engage with the question of
accommodation at all, concluding that “the fact that the Corrections Officer availability
standards are bona fide occupational qualifications removes the question of
accommodation from consideration under section 12940[, subdivision ](l).” The court’s
application of the bona fide occupational qualification defense to the evidence before it
was error.3
C.     Section 12940, subdivision (l)(1)
       Perhaps recognizing the inapplicability of the bona fide occupational qualification
defense to its evidence, CDCR now urges “this case is better resolved as an inability to

3  In light of our conclusion, we need not address Brown’s waiver argument.
Nonetheless, we note the trial court’s conclusion that CDCR adequately raised the bona
fide occupational qualification defense in its answer also appears to be based on a
misunderstanding of the elements of the affirmative defense.

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reasonably accommodate or undue hardship because its Availability Standards do not
facially exclude any religious observance.” We concur, but we disagree with CDCR’s
suggestion that we may affirm based on theories and findings the trial court expressly did
not reach. “When a statement of decision does not resolve a controverted issue . . . it
shall not be inferred on appeal . . . that the trial court decided in favor of the prevailing
party as to those facts or on that issue.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 634; see also Reid v.
Moskovitz (1989) 208 Cal.App.3d 29, 32 [even without a statement of decision, appellate
court cannot imply findings the trial court expressly refused to make].) Here, the court
explained that because Brown “did not possess the required bona fide occupational
qualifications,” it was not “called upon to determine [whether] the evidence established
the initiation of a particularized inquiry as to whether [Brown]’s Sabbath observance
could somehow be accommodated, and whether CDCR had carried its resulting burden to
demonstrate that it explored any available reasonable means of accommodating the
conflict between [Brown]’s Sabbath observance and the employment requirement that
she be willing to work at any time, including nights, weekends, mandatory overtime, and
so forth.” The trial court’s discussion of this unresolved issue further reflects that the
ultimate outcome of this factual question is not a foregone conclusion. Likewise, it is
clear from the trial court’s passing reference to the business necessity defense and its
applicability in disparate impact cases, that the court was not relying on this defense or
concluding that it could be applicable to this case. (See Johnson Controls, Inc. v. Fair
Employment & Housing Com., supra, 218 Cal.App.3d at p. 543, fn. 10 [“where a facially
neutral policy yields a disparate impact upon the protected group,” the policy is subject to
the business necessity defense].) Thus, we must reverse the judgment and remand for the
trial court to analyze the evidence in the manner that CDCR concedes is more
appropriate—under section 12940, subdivision (l)(1).

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                                   III. DISPOSITION
       The judgment is reversed and the cause is remanded to the superior court for
further proceedings consistent with the views stated herein. Teresa Brown shall recover
her costs on appeal. (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.278(a)(1) & (2).)

                                                        /S/

                                                 RENNER, J.

       We concur:

       /S/

       DUARTE, Acting P. J.

       /S/

       HOCH, J.

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