Court Opinion

ID: 2981698
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 19:46:50.858893+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:49:04.976969
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                           File Name: 13a0246n.06

                                           No. 11-2632                                   FILED
                                                                                     Mar 08, 2013
                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                      DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

IN RE: SETTLEMENT               FACILITY       DOW       )
CORNING TRUST                                            )        ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                                         )        UNITED STATES DISTRICT
DOW CORNING CORPORATION,                                 )        COURT FOR THE EASTERN
                                                         )        DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
       Interested Party-Appellant,                       )
                                                         )                           OPINION
v.                                                       )
                                                         )
CLAIMANTS’ ADVISORY COMMITTEE,                           )
                                                         )
       Interested Party-Appellee.                        )
                                                         )

BEFORE: BATCHELDER, Chief Judge; McKEAGUE and GRIFFIN, Circuit Judges.

       McKEAGUE, Circuit Judge. In this case arising from its Chapter 11 reorganization, Dow

Corning Corporation seeks Time Value Credits to account for the timing of certain payments it made

to the Depository Trust set up for the benefit of breast implant tort claimants. The district court

denied Dow’s requests except for the instances where the Funding Payment Agreement expressly

provides for Time Value Credits. We affirm.

                                       I. BACKGROUND

       Bankruptcy

       The saga of the Dow Corning silicon breast implant litigation settlement has been told before,

so we will not repeat it here. See, e.g., In re Dow Corning Corp., 255 B.R. 445 (E.D. Mich. 2000),
No. 11-2632
In re: Settlement Facility Dow Corning Trust

aff’d and remanded, 280 F.3d 648 (6th Cir. 2002). Suffice it to say that faced with thousands of

lawsuits brought by women who had received silicon breast implants that it manufactured, Dow

Corning Corporation (“Dow”) filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on May 15, 1995. The Bankruptcy

Court confirmed the Amended Joint Plan of Reorganization (the “Plan”) on November 30, 1999.

Much litigation followed, and the Plan finally took effect on June 1, 2004.

        The Plan outlines the procedures for resolving breast implant claims. Claimants can choose

to settle their claims through a Settlement Facility or litigate their claims against a Litigation Facility.

Plan § 5.4. Claims and administrative expenses are paid with monies held in a trust known as the

Depository Trust (the “Trust”). Plan § 5.3. The responsibilities of the Trustee are enumerated in a

Depository Trust Agreement (the “Trust Agreement”), the first version of which was dated March

27, 2001.

        The Funding Payment Agreement

        Dow’s payment obligations are set forth in a Funding Payment Agreement (the “Funding

Agreement”), which is the document at the center of this appeal. The Funding Agreement requires

Dow to make payments to the Trust1 up to a maximum aggregate amount of $3.172 billion. Funding

Agreement § 2.01. However, the Funding Agreement does not require Dow to make this payment

all at once, but spreads out Dow’s payment obligations over time. To account for the timing of these

payments, the Funding Agreement provides that Dow’s funding obligation cannot exceed a net

present value of $2.35 billion, calculated as of the Effective Date (June 1, 2004). Funding

        1
         Although the Funding Agreement uses the term “Settlement Facility,” it means the same
thing as the Depository Trust. Funding Agreement § 1.03.

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In re: Settlement Facility Dow Corning Trust

Agreement § 2.01. To compare the net present value of Dow’s payment stream with the net present

value funding cap, all payments—with a possible exception identified below—must be discounted

to the Effective Date using a rate of 7% per year compounded annually. Funding Agreement § 2.01;

Plan §§ 1.102, 5.3.2

       The method by which Dow fulfills its payment obligations under the Funding Agreement is

remarkably complicated. We need not describe all the details of the Funding Agreement, but several

aspects of the Funding Agreement are important for purposes of this appeal.

       First, before the Effective Date, Dow made a series of payments totaling $985 million.

Funding Agreement § 2.01(a). When executing the Plan, the parties anticipated that appeals might

be filed that would delay the Plan’s implementation. Plan § 7.4. To prepare for that contingency,

the Plan provided that Dow would make an initial payment of $985 million to the Trust to “be held

in escrow pending the outcome of the appeal, with any interest accruing thereon to be held as part

of the fund.” Plan § 7.4. The Plan further provided that these funds could be used for administrative

expenses by the Settlement Facility to prepare “to begin processing Claims promptly after the

Effective Date.” Plan § 7.4. If the confirmation of the Plan was upheld on appeal, these funds would

be disbursed to pay claims; if the confirmation of the Plan was overturned on appeal, the remaining

       2
         “Net Present Value” is defined in the Plan as “the value of an amount of money to be paid
in the future or over a period of time that has been adjusted or discounted to reflect that amount as
of a single earlier date.” Plan § 1.102. The time value of money is a concept central to the Funding
Agreement. Simply put, “[t]he time value of money refers to what the value of a dollar amount is
today (present value) versus what the value of that same dollar amount will be in X amount of time
(future value).” James A. Elfter, Discounted Cash Flow, in The Portable MBA in Finance and
Accounting 103, 103 (Theodore Grossman & John Leslie Livingstone, eds., 4th ed. 2009).

                                                -3-
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funds would be returned to Dow. Plan § 7.4. Of course, the confirmation of the Plan was in fact

appealed, so these payments were made—mostly in 2001—pursuant to a detailed provision in the

Trust Agreement. See Trust Agreement § 4.01(a). Collectively, they are referred to as the “Initial

Payment.” Funding Agreement § 2.01(a).

       Another important aspect of the Funding Agreement is that Dow’s payment obligations are

spread out over time. The Funding Agreement creates a series of sixteen “Funding Periods.”

Funding Agreement § 2.01(b). Each Funding Period lasts exactly one year, and the first begins

exactly one year after the Effective Date. Funding Agreement § 2.01(b). Each Funding Period has

a corresponding “Annual Payment Ceiling” which determines Dow’s maximum payment obligation

during that Funding Period. Funding Agreement § 2.01(b). Every three months, the Claims

Administrator sends Dow a notification informing Dow of the amount of claims and expenses

expected to be paid out in excess of reserves each month. Funding Agreement § 2.02(a). At the end

of each month, the Claims Administrator sends Dow a notification informing Dow of the actual

claims and expenses paid out in excess of reserves during the preceding month. Funding Agreement

§ 2.02(b). Dow must promptly pay that amount. Funding Agreement § 2.02(b)(i). Dow is not

required to pay more than necessary to cover the actual claims and expenses paid in excess of

reserves, Funding Agreement § 2.02(b)(iii), and cannot be required to pay more than the Annual

Payment Ceiling. Funding Agreement § 2.02(b)(i).

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In re: Settlement Facility Dow Corning Trust

       But the Annual Payment Ceilings really only limit Dow’s obligations with respect to cash

payments. “Insurance Proceeds”3 received by Dow before the Effective Date were required to be

held in trust by Dow and paid to the Trust 90 days after the Effective Date. Funding Agreement

§ 2.01(a)(ii). After the Effective Date, Insurance Proceeds are supposed to be paid by the insurers

directly to the Trust, and if Dow receives Insurance Proceeds, it must transfer them to the Trust

immediately, whether or not they exceed the applicable Annual Payment Ceiling. Funding

Agreement §§ 2.01(a)(i), 2.02(c). Of course, requiring Insurance Proceeds to be paid to the Trust

without regard to the Annual Payment Ceilings means that Dow’s payment of cash and Insurance

Proceeds during a Funding Period could exceed the Annual Payment Ceiling. Recognizing this fact,

the Funding Agreement provides that when Dow’s payments during a Funding Period exceed the

applicable Annual Payment Ceiling, Dow receives a credit for the excess amount that operates to

reduce the Annual Payment Ceiling in a future funding period.4 As explained in more detail below,

sometimes this credit is applied to the very next Annual Payment Ceiling, and sometimes it is

applied to an Annual Payment Ceiling farther in the future.

       In addition to crediting the nominal value of the excess amount against a future Annual

Payment Ceiling, the Funding Agreement sometimes also expressly credits the time value of the

       3
        “Insurance Proceeds” is a defined term with a complicated definition in the Funding
Agreement. Funding Agreement § 1.02(a). It essentially means funds received from Dow’s
insurance providers.
       4
        Similarly, if the expenditures are less than the Annual Payment Ceiling so that Dow is
required to pay less than the Annual Payment Ceiling, the very next Annual Payment Ceiling is
increased by the difference, plus 7%. Funding Agreement § 2.02(e).

                                               -5-
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excess amount. This so-called “Time Value Credit” recognizes that Dow has essentially paid its

obligation early, and credits Dow for the timing of the payment as well as the nominal amount. The

Time Value Credit is calculated at the rate of 7% per year—the same rate used to calculate the net

present value of the total payments for purposes of comparing it with the net present value funding

cap.

       Dispute

       The Claims Administrator is charged with the responsibility of adjusting the Annual Payment

Ceilings. In 2004, Dow requested that the Claims Administrator adjust the Annual Payment Ceilings

to take into account several different payments it had made. Dow claimed it was entitled to Time

Value Credits for making these payments early. Specifically, Dow sought Time Value Credits for

the following eight payments:

       (1) The $985 million Initial Payment, paid mostly in 2001.
       (2) $18.4 million paid in 2001 to settle Class 6D claims.
       (3) $211,456,278 in Insurance Proceeds that were received by Dow before the Effective Date
       and paid in June 2004.
       (4) $2.9 million paid from Dow’s MDL 926 escrow account in June 2004.
       (5) $2,180,656 paid from Dow’s MDL 926 escrow account in June and September 2004.
       (6) $7.2 million paid in June 2004 to Class 4A claimants.
       (7) $214,363,369 in Insurance Proceeds that were received by Dow after the Effective Date
       and paid in June 2004.
       (8) $57,736,990 in Insurance Proceeds paid in Funding Period 3.

       The Claimants’ Advisory Committee (“Committee”), which represents the tort claimants,

objected to Dow’s request for Time Value Credits for most of these payments. When the Claims

Administrator did not grant its request, Dow filed a motion in the United States District Court for

                                               -6-
No. 11-2632
In re: Settlement Facility Dow Corning Trust

the Eastern District of Michigan requesting that the court require the Claims Administrator to award

the Time Value Credits.

       The district court found that the Funding Agreement is unambiguous. It determined that Dow

is entitled to Time Value Credits only in those instances where the Funding Agreement expressly

provides for them. It concluded that if the parties had intended Dow to receive Time Value Credits

for particular payments, the Funding Agreement would specifically provide for them. Since the

Funding Agreement specifically provides a Time Value Credit for the $214,363,369 in Insurance

Proceeds that were received by Dow after the Effective Date and paid in June 2004 (payment number

7 above), the district court found that Dow was entitled to one. It further found that the Funding

Agreement specifically provides a Time Value Credit for the $211,456,278 in Insurance Proceeds

received before the effective date and paid in June 2004 (payment number 3 above), but only for the

period from the date of payment until the beginning of Funding Period 1. The Funding Agreement

does not specifically provide a Time Value Credit for the other payments, so the district court denied

Dow’s request for Time Value Credits for these payments. Unsatisfied with this outcome, Dow

appealed the district court’s order.

                                          II. ANALYSIS

A. Standard of Review

       We apply principles of contract interpretation when interpreting a confirmed bankruptcy plan.

See In re Dow Corning Corp., 456 F.3d 668, 676 (6th Cir. 2006). New York law governs our

interpretation of the Plan and related documents. Id.; Plan § 6.13. Under New York law, the first

step in interpreting a contract is to determine whether the contract is ambiguous. See Space Imaging

                                                -7-
No. 11-2632
In re: Settlement Facility Dow Corning Trust

Europe, Ltd. v. Space Imaging L.P., 38 F. Supp. 2d 326, 333-34 (S.D.N.Y. 1999). “A contract is not

ambiguous when the language in it has a definite and precise meaning, unattended by danger of

misconception in the purport of the contract itself, and concerning which there is no reasonable basis

for a difference of opinion.” Id. at 334 (quotation marks omitted). “Where an agreement is

unambiguous on its face, it must be enforced in accordance with the plain meaning of its terms.”

Vintage, LLC v. Laws Const. Corp., 920 N.E.2d 342, 343 (N.Y. 2009) (mem.). In this case, the

district court found that the Funding Agreement is unambiguous.

       The district court judge whose order Dow is appealing has presided over the Dow Corning

settlement since 1995. Another panel of this Court recently discussed the standard of review we

apply when reviewing this judge’s determination that a plan document in the Dow Corning

bankruptcy is not ambiguous. See In re Settlement Facility Dow Corning Trust, 628 F.3d 769, 771-

73 (6th Cir. 2010). The majority observed that “[o]ur court is reasonably well-equipped to determine

whether a plan provision is ambiguous—we construe contracts all the time.” Id. at 772. But it noted

that when slogging through the morass of the Dow Corning settlement, we should recognize this

judge’s many years’ experience in exploring this potentially treacherous area. Id. Ultimately,

though, the majority concluded that “the determination whether a plan provision is ambiguous is not

a point on which we substantially defer.” Id. If we stay within the bounds of the plan documents

and do not stray into extrinsic evidence, we can traverse the Dow Corning slough as well as the

district court. We thus evaluate de novo the district court’s determination that the Funding

Agreement is unambiguous.

B. Nature of the Dispute

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No. 11-2632
In re: Settlement Facility Dow Corning Trust

       As a preliminary matter, we think it is important to note what is and is not disputed in this

case. What is NOT disputed is Dow’s total payment obligation. The plan documents clearly state

that Dow is not required to pay a net present value in excess of $2.35 billion, calculated as of the

Effective Date and using a discount rate of 7% per year.5 Plan § 5.3; Funding Agreement § 2.01.

       What is disputed here is the method used to ensure that Dow’s payments do not exceed this

funding cap. The gist of Dow’s position is that if a Time Value Credit is not awarded for every early

payment, its payments might exceed the net present value funding cap. Dow contends that the

Annual Payment Ceilings must be reduced every time it makes a payment early. In other words,

Dow argues that Time Value Credits are impliedly provided for all early payments, regardless of

whether they are expressly set forth in the Funding Agreement, as they are for some payments but

not for others. The Committee, on the other hand, contends that except in those instances where the

plan documents explicitly provide for a credit to an Annual Payment Ceiling, the net present value

funding cap is accomplished through the “true-up” provision which takes effect after the last Funding

Period. See Funding Agreement § 2.05(a)(ii). The first issue we must resolve, then, is whether Time

Value Credits are necessary for all early payments to enforce the net present value funding cap.

C. Meaning and Operation of “Time Value Credit”

       “Time Value Credit” is the term at the center of this dispute, so the logical point to begin our

analysis is by figuring out exactly what it means. Since “Time Value Credit” is capitalized in the

Funding Agreement, it is a defined term. Funding Agreement § 1.01. Unfortunately, it is a very

       5
           As discussed below, there is a possible exception to this funding cap.

                                                 -9-
No. 11-2632
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poorly defined term. The Funding Agreement incorporates definitions from several other plan

documents, including the Plan itself, Funding Agreement § 1.01, but Time Value Credit is not

defined in those documents. The term appears only in the Funding Agreement. And it appears in

the Funding Agreement three times—twice in § 2.01(a)(ii) and once in § 2.02(d)—before it is finally

defined in § 2.03(b). The term also appears several times after § 2.03(b), but only in a section

governing modification, which is not relevant to this appeal.

       The first two appearances of Time Value Credit are in a provision dealing with Insurance

Proceeds received by Dow before the Effective Date. Funding Agreement § 2.01(a)(ii). It provides

that Dow receives a credit for the nominal amount of Insurance Proceeds it held in trust on the

Effective Date and paid immediately after the Effective Date. The credit is to be applied toward the

Annual Payment Ceiling in Funding Period 1. In addition to crediting the nominal amount of the

Insurance Proceeds, Dow is entitled to a Time Value Credit of 7% per year calculated from the date

the Insurance Proceeds were received by the Trust until the beginning of Funding Period 1.

       The third appearance of Time Value Credit is in a provision dealing with payments received

by the Trust after Funding Period 2. Funding Agreement § 2.02(d). It provides that if during any

Funding Period after Funding Period 2 the total amount of cash and Insurance Proceeds received by

the Trust exceeds the applicable Annual Payment Ceiling, the excess amount will be credited against

the Annual Payment Ceiling in the next Funding Period, “together with a Time Value Credit

calculated at the rate of 7% per annum from the date of receipt of the excess by the [Trust] until the

beginning of the next Funding Period.” Funding Agreement § 2.02(d).

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       The two provisions described above refer to payments—either cash or Insurance

Proceeds—received before the Effective Date or after Funding Period 2. Insurance Proceeds

received between the Effective Date and the end of Funding Period 2 receive special treatment in the

Funding Agreement, and Time Value Credit is finally defined in the provision dealing with these

Insurance Proceeds.

       If Insurance Proceeds received between the Effective Date and the end of Funding Period 2

exceed the Annual Payment Ceilings of Funding Periods 1 and 2, the excess amount receives its own

defined term: “Excess Insurance Proceeds.” Funding Agreement § 2.03(a). Insurance Proceeds and

cash received in other Funding Periods that exceed the Annual Payment Ceilings of those Funding

Periods are described generically as “excess,” see Funding Agreement § 2.02(d), and are not within

the definition of “Excess Insurance Proceeds.”

       “Excess Insurance Proceeds” are credited against future Annual Payment Ceilings in a unique

way. Although received before the end of Funding Period 2, they are not credited toward the Annual

Payment Ceiling of Funding Period 3. Instead, they are credited in Funding Periods 5-8 in specified

proportions, thereby “smoothing out” the effect these credits have on the Annual Payment Ceilings,

as discussed at oral argument. Funding Agreement § 2.03(b)—the only instance where Time Value

Credit is defined—provides the following:

               Excess Insurance Proceeds shall be credited against future Annual Payment
       Ceilings as provided in this Section 2.03 to adjust the Annual Payment Ceilings in
       Section 2.01(b) so as to maintain a net present value for the aggregate maximum
       payments of $2,350,000,000, discounted at the rate of 7% per annum, to the Effective
       Date. To achieve this, the amount of such credit shall equal the amount of the Excess
       Insurance Proceeds plus an additional amount (the “Time Value Credit”) calculated
       at the rate of 7% per annum, compounded annually, from the date of receipt of the

                                               - 11 -
No. 11-2632
In re: Settlement Facility Dow Corning Trust

        Excess Insurance Proceeds until the first day of the Funding Period for the Annual
        Payment Ceiling against which they are to be credited becomes due. Excess
        Insurance Proceeds together with the applicable Time Value Credit will be credited
        against Annual Payment Ceilings due in each of Funding Periods 5 through 8, in the
        following proportions:

                Funding Period 5: 50% of Excess Insurance Proceeds and the applicable
                Time Value Credit thereon;

                Funding Period 6: 30% of Excess Insurance Proceeds and the applicable
                Time Value Credit thereon;

                Funding Period 7: 10% of Excess Insurance Proceeds and the applicable
                Time Value Credit thereon;

                Funding Period 8: 10% of Excess Insurance Proceeds and the applicable
                Time Value Credit thereon.

               To the extent that the amount to be credited under this subsection exceeds the
        relevant Annual Payment Ceiling obligation, the excess amount will be credited
        against Annual Payment Ceilings due in the immediately succeeding Funding
        Period(s) including the applicable Time Value Credit.

        This provision is obtuse to be sure, but it does provide some insight into the meaning of

“Time Value Credit.” Viewing together this provision dealing with “Excess Insurance Proceeds”

and the other provisions dealing with generic excess payments, the following meaning of Time Value

Credit can be discerned: If a payment is to be credited against a future Annual Payment Ceiling, the

Funding Agreement sometimes provides that the amount credited shall include both the nominal

amount of the payment and an additional amount—a Time Value Credit—that accounts for some

or all of the period between the receipt of the payment by the Trust and the time the credit is applied.

But the Funding Agreement does not provide a Time Value Credit for every payment credited against

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No. 11-2632
In re: Settlement Facility Dow Corning Trust

a Future Annual Payment Ceiling, and as will be seen below, the Time Value Credits provided for

are not always calculated in the same way.

D. Time Value Credit and Net Present Value Adjustment Distinguished

       When considering the meaning of “Time Value Credit,” it is also crucial to distinguish

between a credit to a future Annual Payment Ceiling and a net present value adjustment. Dow

asserts that the concepts are the same, but they clearly are not. The Funding Agreement refers to

adjusting Dow’s payments to the Effective Date to compare their net present value with the net

present value funding cap. Funding Agreement § 2.01. “Net present value adjustment” is a

convenient way to refer to this adjustment calculation, but it is not a defined term. As mentioned

above, with a possible exception identified below, all payments must be adjusted to the Effective

Date to ensure that the net present value of all the payments does not exceed a total net present value

of $2.35 billion. Time Value Credits, on the other hand, perform a different function altogether. A

Time Value Credit is only applicable when a payment is required by the Funding Agreement to be

credited against a future Annual Payment Ceiling. The key word is “credit.”

       In an effort to equate Time Value Credits with net present value adjustments, Dow has

created a hybrid term. Dow’s briefs refer to a “Time Value Credit adjustment.” But this term does

not appear in the Funding Agreement itself, and it conflates the distinct concepts of credits and

adjustments. Although the Claims Administrator must “adjust” the Annual Payment Ceilings when

Dow receives a Time Value Credit, by its terms and by its operation, a Time Value Credit is a

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No. 11-2632
In re: Settlement Facility Dow Corning Trust

“credit,” not an “adjustment.” A Time Value Credit is only applicable when Dow is entitled to credit

a payment against a future Annual Payment Ceiling. In that situation, sometimes Dow is entitled to

credit the time value of the payment as well as the nominal amount, and sometimes it is not.

Crediting the time value of an excess payment against a future Annual Payment Ceiling is a separate

calculation from adjusting Dow’s total payments to the Effective Date to compare their net present

value with the net present value funding cap.

       Furthermore, and most importantly, Time Value Credits are not necessary to ensure that the

net present value of Dow’s total payments does not exceed the $2.35 billion net present value

funding cap. The cornerstone of Dow’s position in this case is that unless it receives the Time Value

Credits it seeks, it may be required to pay an amount greater than the net present value funding cap.

Dow states that “[o]nly by giving [Time Value Credit] adjustments for both pre- and post-Effective

Date funding in excess of or at a time when there was no outstanding Annual Payment Ceiling can

the Plan’s net present value funding cap be enforced.” Appellant Br. 15.

       Time Value Credits certainly benefit Dow because they operate to reduce the Annual

Payment Ceilings and thus reduce its obligation to make cash payments to cover any deficiencies in

reserves and Insurance Proceeds. But Time Value Credits are not necessary to enforce the net

present value funding cap because the Funding Agreement contains two other provisions that

perform this function. First, the Funding Agreement contains a “true-up” provision that requires the

Claims Administrator, after the final Funding Period, to calculate the net present value as of the

Effective Date of all payments Dow has made.             See Funding Agreement § 2.05(a)(ii). This

provision ensures that at the end of the last funding period, with a possible exception identified

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No. 11-2632
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below, all Dow’s payments will be adjusted to the Effective Date to compare their net present value

with the net present value funding cap.

       Of course, Dow might legitimately worry that this true-up will be performed too late. If it

turns out that the net present value of Dow’s payments exceeds the net present value funding cap,

Dow might not be able to recover funds already paid out to claimants. But this potential problem

is solved by another provision in the Funding Agreement—a provision that neither Dow nor the

Committee has cited in their briefs. Funding Agreement § 2.01(c) provides that at any time, if Dow

has paid “all amounts required by this Agreement”—that is, if the net present value of its total

payments equals $2.35 billion—then Dow can seek confirmation from the district court that its

funding obligations are terminated. This provision completely undermines Dow’s position that Time

Value Credits are necessary to enforce the net present value funding cap. So long as Dow keeps

track of the net present value of its payments and promptly petitions the district court to declare its

funding obligations terminated, it will never be required to pay more than it agreed to pay.

       When a Time Value Credit is viewed as a credit that merely benefits Dow in the short run

but is not designed to enforce the net present value funding cap in the long run, Dow’s position

evaporates. The true-up and termination provisions protect Dow from paying more than it agreed

to pay. Time Value Credits are an additional benefit that Dow should receive only where the

Funding Agreement specifically provides for them. The next issue, then, is whether the district court

failed to award Time Value Credits for payments when the Funding Agreement specifically provided

for them. As explained below, the answer is no, although we must correct one erroneous conclusion

in the court’s order.

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E. Payments at Issue

         1. Initial Payment ($985 million)

         Before the Effective Date, Dow made an Initial Payment of $985 million. See Funding

Agreement § 2.01(a). Dow claims that it was not required to make this payment until the Effective

Date and therefore should receive a “Time Value Credit adjustment” for making the payment early.

The district court found that Dow is not entitled to a Time Value Credit for the Initial Payment. We

agree.

         As explained above, a Time Value Credit is not an adjustment. The nominal amount of the

Initial Payment is not credited against any of the Annual Payment Ceilings, so neither should its time

value be credited against those ceilings. Because the Funding Agreement does not provide a Time

Value Credit for the Initial Payment, Dow is not entitled to one.

         2. Pre-Effective Date Payment for Class 6D Claims ($18.4 million)

         Dow paid $18.4 million to settle Class 6D claims before the Effective Date. It claims that

it is entitled to a “Time Value Credit adjustment” for this payment. The district court found that

because this provision does not use the term Time Value Credit, Dow is not entitled to a Time Value

Credit for this payment. We agree.

         The Funding Agreement provides:

                 All payments to be made by Dow Corning directly to the 6A-6D Funds on or
         before ninety (90) days after the Effective Date shall be deducted from the next
         payment due from Dow Corning under this Agreement, and Dow Corning shall
         receive appropriate credit, including [a net present value] adjustment in its funding
         obligation in this Funding Payment Agreement.

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Funding Agreement § 2.10(c). If Dow were entitled to a Time Value Credit for these payments, the

Funding Agreement would say so. The parties certainly knew how to specify when a Time Value

Credit was required, since they did so elsewhere in the Funding Agreement.

       However, the phraseology in this provision is admittedly confusing. The provision says that

Dow “shall receive appropriate credit, including [a net present value] adjustment in its funding

obligation.” We have explained that Time Value Credits and net present value adjustments are

separate concepts, but this phrase almost appears to conflate the two. But it is important to note the

nature of the payment to which this phrase refers. In contrast to most of the other payments

described in the Funding Agreement, this phrase refers to payments that Dow is making not to the

Trust but instead directly to separate funds. Funding Agreement § 2.10(c). Since § 2.01 says that

Dow agreed to make payments “to the Settlement Facility”—i.e. the Trust—up to a maximum net

present value of $2.35 billion, § 2.10(c) needed to specify that Dow would receive “credit” for its

direct payments to these other funds for purposes of the net present value funding cap.

       Furthermore, it is noteworthy that the provision does not say that Dow will receive the “[net

present value] adjustment” in the “next payment due”—the point at which it receives credit for the

nominal value of the payment. Instead, the phrase “appropriate credit, including [a net present value]

adjustment in its funding obligation” is best read to mean that both the nominal amount and the

timing of these payments will be taken into account through a net present value adjustment to Dow’s

total “funding obligation.” In short, the nominal value of this payment is credited against the “next

payment due,” and the net present value of the payment is included when determining the net present

value of Dow’s total payments.

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       3. Insurance Proceeds Paid in Funding Period 3 ($57,736,990)

       The Trust received $57,736,990 in Insurance Proceeds in Funding Period 3. Dow claims that

this payment exceeded the Annual Payment Ceiling of Funding Period 3 ($374 million), and

therefore it is entitled to have this excess amount, with a “Time Value Credit adjustment,” credited

against successive Annual Payment Ceilings. The district court found that Dow was not entitled to

a Time Value Credit for this payment. We agree.

       This payment would only have exceeded the Annual Payment Ceiling of Funding Period 3

if we held that Dow was entitled to a Time Value Credit for the Initial Payment and that amount was

credited against the Annual Payment Ceilings of Funding Periods 1-3. Otherwise the money

received in Funding Period 3 would fall below the Annual Payment Ceiling . Having concluded

above that Dow is not entitled to a Time Value Credit for the Initial Payment since the Funding

Agreement does not provide for one, the $57,736,990 in Insurance Proceeds paid in Funding Period

3 did not exceed the Annual Payment Ceiling, and Dow is not entitled to a Time Value Credit for

this payment.

       Although Dow is not entitled to a Time Value Credit for these specific Insurance Proceeds

because they did not exceed the Annual Payment Ceiling, we disagree with the district court to the

extent it found that Dow is never entitled to Time Value Credits in Funding Periods after Funding

Period 2. See R. 836, Order, PageID # 14197. This finding ignores Funding Agreement § 2.02(d),

which provides:

              In any Funding Period after Funding Period 2 in which the total amount of
       cash and Insurance Proceeds received by the Settlement Facility exceeds the
       applicable Annual Payment Ceiling (as adjusted pursuant to Sections 2.03-2.05), the

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No. 11-2632
In re: Settlement Facility Dow Corning Trust

       excess over the Annual Payment Ceiling will be credited against the Annual Payment
       Ceiling in the next Funding Period(s), together with a Time Value Credit calculated
       at the rate of 7% per annum from the date of receipt of the excess by the Settlement
       Facility until the beginning of the next Funding Period.

       This provision clearly entitles Dow to Time Value Credits if the Trust receives funds in

excess of the Annual Payment Ceiling in any Funding Period after Funding Period 2. Therefore, to

the extent the district court’s order says that Dow will never be entitled to a Time Value Credit for

Insurance Proceeds received after Funding Period 2, the order is in error. Although we have

determined that the Annual Payment Ceiling was not exceeded in Funding Period 3, we have no way

of knowing whether a future Annual Payment Ceiling might be exceeded.

       4. Pre-Effective Date Insurance Proceeds ($211,456,278)

       Dow received $211,456,278 in Insurance Proceeds before the Effective Date. Funding

Agreement § 2.01(a)(ii) required the following:

               Insurance Proceeds held by Dow Corning on the Effective Date shall
               be held in trust for the benefit of the Trust and paid to the Trust 90
               days after the Effective Date and credited against the Annual Payment
               Ceiling for Funding Period 1, together with a Time Value Credit
               calculated at the rate of 7% per annum from the date of receipt of
               such excess by the Settlement Facility until the beginning of Funding
               Period 1. To the extent the amount to be credited (including the Time
               Value Credit) exceeds the Annual Payment Ceiling for Funding
               Period 1, such excess shall be credited against the Annual Payment
               Ceiling for Funding Period 2.

       The district court found that “Dow Corning is entitled to Time Value Credit on Insurance

Proceeds upon receipt by the Settlement Facility only until the beginning of Funding Period 1, to be

credited, if in excess of the Annual Payment Ceiling for Funding Period 1, against the Annual

Payment Ceiling for Funding Period 2.” R. 836, Order, PageId # 14194. In other words, it found

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No. 11-2632
In re: Settlement Facility Dow Corning Trust

that Dow was not entitled to a second Time Value Credit for the excess that rolled over into Funding

Period 2.

       Having found that a Time Value Credit is a benefit that Dow receives only when the Funding

Agreement explicitly provides it, we agree. The Funding Agreement says that Dow gets a Time

Value Credit from the date of receipt of the excess Insurance Proceeds until the beginning of

Funding Period 1. It does not provide another Time Value Credit for the amount that rolls over into

Funding Period 2. Therefore, we conclude that Dow receives only the Time Value Credit

specifically provided for in the Funding Agreement.

       5. Payment for Settlement Facility Access to MDL 926 Claims Office Materials ($2.9
       million); Payment from Dow’s MDL 926 Escrow Account ($2,180, 656); Payment to Class
       4A Claimants ($7.2 million)

       The parties each briefly address whether Dow should receive Time Value Credits for these

three relatively small payments, all of which were made after the Effective Date and before the start

of the first Funding Period. The district court found that Dow was not entitled to a Time Value

Credit for these payments because the Funding Agreement does not provide for one. We agree.

Because the Funding Agreement does not provide a Time Value Credit for these payments, Dow is

not entitled to one.

F. Net Present Value Adjustment for the Initial Payment

       In addition to disputing the eight Time Value Credits sought by Dow, the parties also dispute

whether Dow should receive a net present value adjustment for the Initial Payment which was paid

several years before the Effective Date. (Recall that the Initial Payment was placed into escrow with

the interest accruing to the benefit of the Trust.) The Funding Agreement has a special provision

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No. 11-2632
In re: Settlement Facility Dow Corning Trust

addressing the effect the actual interest received on $905 million of the Initial Payment would have

on the net present value funding cap. It provides that the interest received on this amount “shall not

be included in calculating the payment of the net present value of $2,350,000,000 under this

Agreement.” Funding Agreement § 2.01(a). Although clearly the actual interest is disregarded when

calculating the net present value, the parties dispute whether the $905 million should be adjusted to

the Effective Date using the 7% discount rate used to adjust the other payments.

        This issue was first raised and argued in the briefs on appeal. At oral argument, it was

unclear whether the parties think this issue needs to be decided now. They informed us that they

need to know how much room remains under the net present value funding cap so that they can plan

how to allocate payments to different classifications of claimants. However, they also indicated that

the issue on this appeal is how to calculate the Annual Payment Ceilings, not how to calculate the

net present value of the total payments. Because the issue of a net present value adjustment for the

Initial Payment was not argued below and resolved in the first instance by the district court, we

decline to address it for the first time on appeal. See Elkins v. Richardson-Merrell, Inc., 8 F.3d 1068,

1072 (6th Cir. 1993) (“This court does not normally address issues raised for the first time on

appeal.”).

                                        III. CONCLUSION

        The district court was correct to distinguish between Time Value Credits and net present

value adjustments. Time Value Credits are credits that operate to reduce the Annual Payment

Ceilings when expressly provided for in the Funding Agreement. Net present value adjustments, on

the other hand, are the adjustments made to compare the net present value of Dow’s total payments

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No. 11-2632
In re: Settlement Facility Dow Corning Trust

with the $2.35 billion net present value funding cap. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the district court’s

order with respect to every finding except its determination that Dow is never entitled to a Time

Value Credit for Funding Periods after Funding Period 2. The Funding Agreement clearly states that

if the cash and Insurance Proceeds received by the Trust during these Funding Periods exceeds the

applicable Annual Payment Ceiling, Dow is entitled to a Time Value Credit for the excess. We hold

that the Funding Agreement is unambiguous and that Dow is entitled to Time Value Credits only

where expressly provided by the Funding Agreement. We express no opinion as to whether Dow

is entitled to a net present value adjustment for the Initial Payment.

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