Court Opinion

ID: 6325238
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-03-21 20:00:37.378726+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:19:53.755123
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                File Name: 22a0125n.06

                                           No. 21-3822

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                      FILED
 KEVIN DARAGO,                          )                                       Mar 21, 2022
                                        )                                   DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
       Plaintiff-Appellant,             )
                                        )
 v.                                     )                       ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                        )                       UNITED STATES DISTRICT
 LIVE NATION WORLDWIDE, INC., BRING THE )                       COURT FOR THE
 AWESOME, INC., MARK HOPPUS, TRAVIS )                           NORTHERN DISTRICT OF
 BARKER, MATT SKIBA,                    )                       OHIO
                                        )
       Defendants-Appellees.            )

Before: SILER, LARSEN, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.

       LARSEN, Circuit Judge. Kevin Darago performed security at Blossom Music Center, an

outdoor amphitheater that hosts concerts and is operated by Live Nation Worldwide, Inc. Part of

his job was to stop crowd surfers. Unfortunately, during a blink-182 concert, a crowd surfer kicked

him in the face while he attempted to stop her, resulting in vision loss. He sued the band and its

touring company for negligence. The district court granted summary judgment to the defendants.

We AFFIRM.

                                                I.

       Blossom Music Center is an outdoor amphitheater in Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, operated by

Live Nation. Live Nation employed Darago, part time during the summers, to perform crowd

management for concerts at Blossom.
No. 21-3822, Darago v. Live Nation Worldwide

       On August 9, 2016, blink-182, a pop-punk band composed of defendants Mark Hoppus,

Travis Barker, and Matt Skiba, headlined a concert at Blossom. The band toured under a touring

corporation, defendant Bring the Awesome, Inc. (BTAI).

       BTAI hired NPB Companies, Inc. to provide personal security for the band during its 2016

tour. BTAI and NPB agreed to have Anthony Robinson, an NPB employee, serve as Security

Director for the band. Robinson’s job was to protect the band. Live Nation, on other hand, ensured

the safety of its employees and guests.

       Before a concert at Blossom, a band’s touring personnel will often meet with Live Nation

management to discuss the production and any unique security issues the band might have.

Robinson did just that. He met with Ronald Tynan, Blossom’s General Manager, and Craig

Taylor, Blossom’s Venue Security Manager, before blink-182’s concert.              At the meeting,

Robinson told them to “[b]e aware of” crowd surfing because it would happen. Tynan and Taylor

explained that Live Nation prohibited crowd surfing. Robinson said he understood but was merely

warning them that it would happen. Robinson also gave Tynan and Taylor a “security rider,” a

list of various requests from blink-182 for the show. The rider stated that blink-182 also prohibited

crowd surfing.

       Following this meeting, Taylor met with Blossom’s crowd-management staff and briefed

them on expectations for the event. Darago didn’t attend, but his co-worker John Tussey did.

Taylor shared Robinson’s warning with the staff: “Be aware of possible crowd surfing.”

       When Darago arrived for work at Blossom the night of the concert, he went straight to the

“pit” where he usually worked. The pit is the standing-room-only area of the amphitheater in front

of the stage and is separated from the stage by a metal barricade. Darago’s job was to ensure no

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No. 21-3822, Darago v. Live Nation Worldwide

one got behind the barricade and onto the stage. He would also receive crowd surfers and help

them back down to the ground.

        Tussey filled Darago in on the staff briefing, explaining that they were “probably going to

have crowd surfing.” At this point, Darago and Tussey claim that Robinson approached their

group of security personnel. Robinson allegedly told them to allow crowd surfing and “let the kids

have fun.”     Although Darago pointed out that Blossom’s policy prohibited crowd surfing,

Robinson still said “to allow it to happen.” Robinson claims he never said this. After Robinson

walked away, Taylor approached the group. Tussey told Taylor that Robinson had said to allow

crowd surfing. Taylor responded, “Well, I guess we’ve got to let ’em have fun.”

        As the concert began, there were “one or two” crowd surfers. But as “[b]link started really

getting into their music,” Darago and Tussey claim that the band told the crowd, “Come on, let’s

get this thing started.” That “whipped” the crowd up, causing a lot more people to start crowd

surfing. One woman crowd surfed multiple times up to the barricade. After Darago helped her to

the ground for the third time, he told Tussey that they needed “to get rid of her.” Darago and

Tussey claim that Robinson approached them again and told them to let her return to the pit.

Unfortunately, she crowd surfed again. The last time, as Darago helped her to the ground, she

suddenly kicked him in the eye. As a result, Darago went blind in his left eye and has a large blind

spot in the right.

        Darago then filed for workers’ compensation benefits, which he received. He also sued

several defendants, including Live Nation, BTAI, and the individual band members, in state court,

alleging several state law tort claims. Darago did not name NPB or Robinson as defendants. The

defendants removed the action to federal court, invoking diversity jurisdiction.

                                                -3-
No. 21-3822, Darago v. Live Nation Worldwide

       Because Darago received his workers’ compensation benefits, the district court found that

Live Nation, as Darago’s employer, was immune from suit under Ohio law. Darago doesn’t

challenge that finding on appeal. BTAI and the individual band members (collectively “blink-

182”) moved for summary judgment, and the district court granted their motion. First, the court

found that blink-182 could not be liable for premises liability because they had no power to admit

or exclude people from Blossom. Second, the court determined that blink-182 could not be liable

for negligent hiring and supervision because Robinson lacked an employment relationship with

them. Third, the court found that blink-182 could not be vicariously liable for Robinson’s actions

because Robinson was an independent contractor; nor could they be liable under an agency theory

because they never represented to Darago that Robinson was their agent. The court also found

that Darago failed to show that Robinson was negligent. Finally, the court explained that blink-

182 could not be liable under any tort theory because Darago did not establish that blink-182

proximately caused his injuries. Darago now appeals.

                                                II.

       We review the district court’s summary judgment decision de novo. Franklin Am. Mortg.

Co. v. Univ. Nat’l Bank of Lawrence, 910 F.3d 270, 275 (6th Cir. 2018). “[S]ummary judgment

is warranted only if ‘there is no genuine issue as to any material fact’ and ‘the movant is entitled

to judgment as a matter of law.’” Id. (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a) and Villegas v. Metro. Gov’t

of Nashville, 709 F.3d 563, 568 (6th Cir. 2013)). Darago appeals the district court’s determination

on the following claims: supervisory liability, negligent hiring and supervision, and premises

liability. We address these in turn.

                                                -4-
No. 21-3822, Darago v. Live Nation Worldwide

                                    A. Supervisory Liability

       Ohio law holds employers “liable for the negligent acts of [their] employees committed

within the scope of employment,” but generally not for those of independent contractors. Pusey

v. Bator, 762 N.E.2d 968, 972 (Ohio 2002). “The chief test in determining whether one is an

employee or an independent contractor is the right to control the manner or means of performing

the work.” Id. (quoting Bobik v. Indus. Comm’n, 64 N.E.2d 829, 829 (Ohio 1946)). If the

employer exercises control, then an employer-employee relationship exists. Id. But if “the work

is left to one responsible to the employer for the result alone,” then an independent-contractor

relationship exists. Id.

       Robinson was, at best, an independent contractor because blink-182 did not exercise

control over the manner of his work. Robinson remained at all times an employee of NPB. Blink-

182 did not pay Robinson directly; NPB did. And Robinson received his training from NPB.

While blink-182 could make suggestions regarding security, neither NPB nor Robinson was

required to follow them. Blink-182 never interfered with Robinson’s work, other than by

instructing him not to permit crowd surfing; instead, they left Robinson alone to handle security

because he was an “expert[].” Even Darago admits that blink-182 “did not control Robinson’s

day-to-day operations with regard to how security should be implemented.” So Darago has failed

to show that Robinson was blink-182’s employee.

       Darago next argues that blink-182 is liable for Robinson’s negligence under the “loaned-

servant doctrine” because NPB loaned Robinson to blink-182. See Halkias v. Wilkoff Co., 47

N.E.2d 199, 205–06 (Ohio 1943), overruled on other grounds by Helmick v. Republic-Franklin

Ins. Co., 529 N.E.2d 464, 467 (Ohio 1988). Under this doctrine, “when one employer lends his

employee to another for a particular employment, the employee, for anything done in that

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No. 21-3822, Darago v. Live Nation Worldwide

employment, must be dealt with as the employee of the one to whom he has been lent, although

he remains the general employee of the loaning employer.” Ferguson v. Dyer, 777 N.E.2d 850,

852 (Ohio Ct. App. 2002); see also Halkias, 47 N.E.2d at 205. So the borrowing employer may

be vicariously liable for the acts of the loaned employee. Halkias, 47 N.E.2d at 205. Darago,

however, forfeited this argument by failing to raise it below. See Sheet Metal Workers’ Health &

Welfare Fund of N.C. v. Law Off. of Michael A. DeMayo, LLP, 21 F.4th 350, 355 (6th Cir. 2021).

And, in any event, whether one is a loaned servant turns on the same test used to determine whether

one is an independent contractor: control. See, e.g., Ferguson, 777 N.E.2d at 853. And there is

no evidence that blink-182 exercised control over Robinson.

       Changing course, Darago asserts agency by estoppel, which “allows a principal to be

vicariously liable for the torts of an independent contractor.” Brown-Spurgeon v. Paul Davis Sys.

of Tri-State Area, Inc., No. CA2012-09-069, 2013 WL 1883214, at *5 (Ohio Ct. App. May 6,

2013). An agency by estoppel is created “only where the principal holds the agent out as

possessing authority to act on the principal’s behalf, or the principal knowingly permits the agent

to act as though he had such authority.” McSweeney v. Jackson, 691 N.E.2d 303, 307 (Ohio Ct.

App. 1996) (citation omitted).      To prevail, Darago must show that (1) blink-182 “made

representations leading [him] to reasonably believe that [Robinson] was operating as” blink-182’s

agent; and (2) that he “was thereby induced to rely upon the ostensible agency relationship to

his . . . detriment.” Brown-Spurgeon, 2013 WL 1883214, at *5; see also Albain v. Flower Hosp.,

553 N.E.2d 1038, 1049 (Ohio 1990), overruled on other grounds by Clark v. Southview Hosp. &

Fam. Health Ctr., 628 N.E.2d 46, 48–50 (Ohio 1994). Darago fails to make that showing.

       Darago claims that he believed Robinson was acting as blink-182’s agent when he

instructed Darago and Tussey to allow crowd surfing. But Darago has not shown that he

                                                -6-
No. 21-3822, Darago v. Live Nation Worldwide

reasonably relied upon any agency relationship that might have existed. Even if Robinson

instructed Darago to allow crowd surfing, Darago’s reliance on that instruction could not have

been reasonable because he was Live Nation’s employee, not blink-182’s. Neither blink-182 nor

Robinson had any authority to order any Live Nation employees, like Darago, to allow crowd

surfing despite Live Nation’s ban on that conduct. If there is fault here, it lies with Live Nation,

whose Security Manager, Taylor, allegedly instructed Darago to “let ’em have fun,” in violation

of its anti-crowd surfing policy. Darago was justified in relying on the instructions from his own

boss; but Live Nation has been dismissed from this suit, and Darago does not appeal that judgment.

Darago, therefore, fails to establish agency by estoppel.

       In sum, blink-182 cannot be held vicariously liable for Robinson’s acts.

                               B. Negligent Hiring and Supervision

       To prevail on a negligent hiring or supervision claim under Ohio law, Darago must

establish five elements: “(1) [t]he existence of an employment relationship; (2) the employee’s

incompetence; (3) the employer’s actual or constructive knowledge of such incompetence; (4) the

employee’s act or omission causing the plaintiff’s injuries; and (5) the employer’s negligence in

hiring or retaining the employee as the proximate cause of plaintiff’s injuries.” Zanni v. Stelzer,

880 N.E.2d 967, 969 (Ohio Ct. App. 2007) (quotation marks omitted) (alteration in original).

       The parties focus primarily on the first element. They assume, as did the district court, that

Darago’s negligent hiring and supervision claims fail if Robinson was an independent contractor.

But that position misstates Ohio law. “[A]n employer may be directly liable for injuries resulting

from its own negligence in selecting or retaining an independent contractor.” Albain, 553 N.E.2d

at 1044. It is, therefore, “irrelevant if the worker is classified as an employee or an independent

contractor.” Jackson v. Hogeback, No. CA2013-10-187, 2014 WL 2742945, at *7 n.5 (Ohio Ct.

                                                -7-
No. 21-3822, Darago v. Live Nation Worldwide

App. June 16, 2014). So long as “some sort of employment relationship existed, regardless of its

type,” Darago can meet the first element of his negligent hiring and supervision claims. Id.

         Yet Darago’s claims still fail. To show negligent hiring, a plaintiff must provide evidence

that an employee “had a past history of criminal, tortious, or otherwise dangerous conduct about

which the [employer] knew or could have discovered through reasonable investigation.” Byrd v.

Faber, 565 N.E.2d 584, 590 (Ohio 1991); see also Groner v. deLevie, No. OOAP-1244, 2001 WL

438701, at *7 (Ohio Ct. App. May 1, 2001). Darago provides no evidence that Robinson had a

history of tortious or criminal conduct when he was hired; a fortiori, he cannot show that blink-

182 was aware of any unsavory propensity at that time. This theory, therefore, cannot survive

summary judgment.

         Darago presents a more developed theory of negligent supervision, but it also fails.

Darago’s theory goes like this: blink-182 must have been aware of the crowd surfing because it

was occurring in front of the band while it played. Robinson was responsible for the crowd surfing

because he allegedly told Darago and Tussey to permit it. So blink-182 behaved negligently by

failing to correct Robinson’s behavior during the concert. The flaw? Darago provides no evidence

that blink-182 was aware of Robinson’s alleged instruction to Darago and Tussey. The mere fact

that blink-182 saw crowd surfing—which Live Nation was responsible for managing—would not

have put the band on notice that Robinson was facilitating it. Absent proof that blink-182 was

aware of any negligent conduct by Robinson, Darago’s claim fails. See Groner, 2001 WL 438701,

at *8.

                                        C. Premises Liability

         “[T]o have a duty to keep premises safe for others” under Ohio law, “one must be in

possession and control of the premises.” Simpson v. Big Bear Stores Co., 652 N.E.2d 702, 704

                                                 -8-
No. 21-3822, Darago v. Live Nation Worldwide

(Ohio 1995). Possession and control means having “the power and right to admit people to the

premises and to exclude people from it, and involves a substantial exercise of that right and power.”

Id. (quoting Wills v. Frank Hoover Supply, 497 N.E.2d 1118, 1120 (Ohio 1986)).

        Darago believes that blink-182 “had the authority to seek removal of a Live Nation

employee or a guest if [they] had a problem with the employee or the guest.” Therefore, Darago

says, blink-182 controlled Blossom. But the record belies the claim. Blink-182 was “responsible

for the production of the performance itself, while Live Nation [was] responsible for the operation

of the venue,” including “crowd management and security.” Although blink-182 could “make

requests to Live Nation to facilitate the production of [their] performance, . . . all venue operations,

including crowd management and security,” were ultimately at the discretion of Live Nation.

Blink-182 confirmed that they did “not own, possess, control, and/or operate Blossom” and that

they were required “to abide by Live Nation’s venue policies and rules, including the prohibition

of crowd surfing.” Darago relies almost exclusively on Robinson’s purported authority to “request

a relocation of” security staff and “the ejection of crowd surfers.” But, even if Robinson were the

band’s agent, Darago offers no authority suggesting that the mere ability to request the removal of

an individual is sufficient control for purposes of premises liability. On this record, there is no

question that the ultimate authority to admit or remove people from the premises rested solely with

Live Nation.

        Darago also argues that Robinson “instructed pit crew members to allow crowd surfing”

and that Taylor acquiesced to this request. But this is not evidence of an ability to admit or exclude

people from Blossom. As a last resort, Darago also claims that blink-182 had control, at the very

least, over the pit. But the pit, like the rest of Blossom, is operated by Live Nation. And even

then, Darago has pointed to no evidence suggesting that blink-182 had any unique ability to admit

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No. 21-3822, Darago v. Live Nation Worldwide

or exclude people from the pit. In short, blink-182 did not control Blossom, which is fatal to

Darago’s premises-liability claim.

                                            ***

       We AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.

                                             -10-