Court Opinion

ID: 4151092
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-03-08 17:15:12.477302+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:09:06.162571
License: Public Domain

J-A05011-17

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                      Appellee                 :
                                               :
               v.                              :
                                               :
    MICHAEL LOWMAN                             :
                                               :
                      Appellant                :       No. 791 WDA 2016

           Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence December 22, 2015
              In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County
             Criminal Division at No(s): CP-02-CR-0001423-2015

BEFORE:      GANTMAN, P.J., BENDER, P.J.E., and MOULTON, J.

MEMORANDUM BY GANTMAN, P.J.:                            FILED MARCH 08, 2017

        Appellant, Michael Lowman, appeals from the judgment of sentence

entered in the Allegheny County Court of Common Pleas, following his bench

trial convictions for simple assault, recklessly endangering another person,

official oppression, and criminal conspiracy.1 We affirm.

        In its opinion, the trial court fully and correctly set forth the relevant

facts and procedural history of this case. Therefore, we have no reason to

restate them.

        Appellant raises the following issues for our review:

           WHETHER THE [TRIAL] COURT COMMITTED AN ERROR OF
           LAW OR ABUSED ITS DISCRETION BY IGNORING ACT 49
           OF 2009 TITLE 44, AND THE CONSTABLE’S AUTHORITY TO
____________________________________________

1
    18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 2701(a)(1); 2705; 5301(1); 903(c), respectively.
J-A05011-17

          TAKE [VICTIM]           INTO     CUSTODY   AND   TRANSPORT
          FORTHWITH[?]

          WHETHER THE [TRIAL] COURT COMMITTED AN ERROR OF
          LAW OR ABUSED ITS DISCRETION BY IGNORING
          PENNSYLVANIA CRIMES CODE TITLE 18 § 508(A)(1)(I)[?]

          WHETHER THE [TRIAL] COURT COMMITTED AN ERROR OF
          LAW OR ABUSED ITS DISCRETION BY IGNORING
          PENNSYLVANIA RULES OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE, RULE
          431(B)(1)(A-C)[?]

          WHETHER THE [TRIAL] COURT COMMITTED AN ERROR OF
          LAW OR ABUSED ITS DISCRETION BY IGNORING OR THE
          MISAPPLICATION OF FACT[?]

          WHETHER THE [TRIAL] COURT COMMITTED AN ERROR OF
          LAW OR ABUSED ITS DISCRETION BY IGNORING THE
          POWER OR THE ABILITY OF THE INDIVIDUAL OFFICER’S
          DISCRETION[?]

(Appellant’s Brief at 5).2

       After a thorough review of the record, the briefs of the parties, the

applicable law, and the well-reasoned opinion of the Honorable Beth A.

Lazzara, we conclude Appellant’s issues merit no relief.       The trial court

opinion comprehensively discusses and properly disposes of the questions

presented. (See Trial Court Opinion, filed April 29, 2016, at 12-33) (finding:

while constables possess power to arrest for unpaid parking tickets,

Appellant and co-defendant’s convictions stem from egregious manner in
____________________________________________

2
  The statute at 18 § 508(a)(1)(i) refers to the use of force in law
enforcement, allowing use of force in lawful arrest where necessary to effect
the arrest but limiting the use of deadly force; Pa.R.Crim.P. 431(B)(1)(A-C)
covers the procedure for enforcing an arrest with a warrant in a summary
case.

                                           -2-
J-A05011-17

which they executed arrest, as well as gross abuse of power they

demonstrated in connection with what was ultimately unnecessary arrest;

constable handbook expressly provides that constables          must accept

payment if defendant is able to pay; constables shall take defendants into

custody only when payment cannot be made; nothing in constable

handbook restricts constables’ ability to accept payment by cash or check;

constables often take personal checks and many have “swipe cards” on their

cell phones which allow payment by credit card; constables may also

transport defendant to ATM to collect payment on warrant; arrest warrant

itself gave Appellant and co-defendant ability to accept payment at Victim’s

home; Rule 431 also states constable’s authority to transport defendant to

court is restricted only to situations where defendant is unable to make

payment of any type; Appellant and co-defendant had direct financial motive

to take Victim into custody and bring her to court because they are paid

more if they physically bring defendant to court, and they do not get paid

until personal check offered from defendant clears; Appellant and co-

defendant violated procedure outlined in Rule 431 and their convictions stem

not only from Victim’s unnecessary arrest, given her ability to pay, but also

from Appellant’s and co-defendant’s hyper-aggressive conduct and gross

mistreatment of Victim; Victim and her daughter both testified they made

numerous attempts to pay via various methods, and Appellant and co-

defendant refused to tell them amount owed; Appellant and co-defendant

                                    -3-
J-A05011-17

also refused to produce paperwork or actual warrant at issue to Victim or her

daughters; Victim testified that co-defendant handcuffed her, pushed her

several times towards the front door, and pulled her backwards and down to

the ground using handcuffs; Appellant then grabbed Victim by her foot and

dragged her out of house through front door, down step, and onto landing;

Victim’s daughters confirmed that Appellant dragged Victim outside by her

foot; Appellant and co-defendant deliberately placed Victim improperly into

police vehicle because she was positioned on her side and no attempt was

made to sit her upright, which violates mandated policy and could have

caused serious bodily injury to Victim; testimony from Victim and her family

members was consistent, highly credible, and worthy of belief; court

rejected Appellant’s version of events as contrived, self-serving, and

unworthy of belief; Appellant came across as disingenuous, sarcastic,

combative, and arrogant; court also personally witnessed Appellant’s temper

flare during trial; evidence was sufficient to sustain Appellant’s convictions,

and verdict was not against weight of evidence). Accordingly, we affirm on

the basis of the trial court’s opinion.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

                                          -4-
J-A05011-17

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 3/8/2017

                          -5-
                                                                      Circulated 02/22/2017 03:56 PM

              IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
                                       CRIMINAL DIVISION

             COMMONWEALTH     OF PENNSYLVANIA,       CC# 2015-1446

                       v.
             CHRISTIAN CONSTANTINI,

                        Defendant.

             COMMONWEALTH      OF PENNSYLVANIA,       CC# 2015-1423

                        v.
             MICHAEL LOWMAN,

                        Defendant.
                                                      OPINION

                                                      BETH A. LAZZARA, JUDGE
                                                      Court of Common Pleas

                                                      Copies Sent To:
    ·-~,--
    (.)...
                                                      Mike Streily, Esquire
      Cl'                                             Office of the District Attorney
-     ('.!
       c::;
       ~
        ·-
                                                      Allegheny County Courthouse
                                                      Pittsburgh, PA 15219

                                                      Lawrence E. Bolind, Jr., Esquire
                                                      238 Main Street
                                                      Imperial, PA 15126
IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

                              CRIMINAL DIVISION

COMMONWEAL TH OF PENNSYLVANIA                   )   CC#2015-1446
                                                )
                    v.                          )
                                                )
CHRISTIAN CONSTANTINI,                          )
                                                )
                    Defendant                   )
                                                )
                                                )
                                                )
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                   )    cc s 2015-1423
                                               )
                    v.                         )
                                               )
MICHAEL LOWMAN,                                )
                                               )
                    Defendant.                 )

                                   OPINION

      This is a direct appeal following the judgment of sentence that was entered on

December 22, 2015, following a non-jury trial that took place between September 22,

2015, and September 25, 2015. The Defendants were charged with Simple Assault (18

Pa. C.S.A. §2701 (a)(1) (Count One); Recklessly Endangering Another Person (18 Pa.

C.S.A. §2705) (Count Two); Official Oppression (18 Pa. C.S.A. §5301(1)) (Count

Three); and Criminal Conspiracy (18 Pa. C.S.A. §903) (Count Four). After meaningful

consideration of the evidence and arguments that were presented at the non-jury trial,

this court found the Defendants guilty of all counts on September 29, 2015. Sentencing

was scheduled for December 22, 2015 to allow for the preparation of Presentence

Investigation Reports.

                                           1
       On October 9, 2015, Lawrence E. Bolind, Jr., Esq. entered his appearance on

behalf of both Defendants and filed a "Motion to Stay Court Proceedings," an

"Application for Emergency Stay of Trial Court Proceedings," and a "Motion for Post-

Conviction Relief" in each case. Counsel also filed a Notice of Appeal in the Superior

Court of Pennsylvania that same day. Given that the Notice of Appeal was premature

since it had been filed prior to the imposition of sentence, the Commonwealth filed in the

Superior Court of Pennsylvania a "Motion to Quash Appeal" on October 20, 2015. The

Superior Court granted relief and quashed the appeal on November 10, 2015.

       In light of the Defendants' decision to proceed with Attorney Bolind, trial counsel

for each Defendant sought leave to withdraw from the case .. On December 3, 2015, a

hearing was held to address these motions, as well as the motions that were filed by

Attorney Bolind. At the conclusion of the hearing, this court granted trial counsels'

motions to withdraw, and denied the Defendants' motions to stay proceedings.        The

motions for post-conviction relief were denied without prejudice to refile at the

appropriate time (i.e. after the judgment of sentence was imposed).

      On December 22, 2015, Defendant Constantini was sentenced to a two (2) year

term of probation at Count One (Simple Assault) and a consecutive one (1) year term of

probation at Count Three (Official Oppression). No further penalty was imposed at the

remaining counts of conviction. The Defendant was ordered to have no contact with the

victim, Esther Peyton, her husband, her children, and her residence. Court costs were

also imposed. Defendant Lowman was sentenced to a two (2) year term of probation at

                                             2
Count One and a consecutive two (2) year term of probation at Count Three. The

Defendant was ordered to have no contact with the victim, Esther Peyton, her husband,

her children, and her residence. Court costs were imposed.

       Post-sentence motions subsequently were filed, and a post-sentence hearing

was scheduled to take place on February 3, 2016.      However, on January 21, 2016, the

Defendants filed a Notice of Appeal and divested the court of jurisdiction to entertain the

post-sentence motions.

       On February 18, 2016, the Defendants each filed a timely Concise Statement of

Matters Complained of on Appeal ("Concise Statement"), raising numerous issues for

review. In essence, the Defendants allege that this court erred by misapplying and/or

misinterpreting the law relating to constables and their arrest powers and by

misapplying the facts of the case. (Concise Statement, pp. 1-3). The Defendants also

challenge the weight and sufficiency of the evidence. (~ at 3).

      The allegations of error raised by the Defendants are without merit. For the

reasons set forth below, this court did not commit error in finding the Defendants guilty

of the charged offenses. Additionally, the evidence was more than sufficient to convict

the Defendants of the charged offenses, and the verdicts were not against the weight of

the evidence.

                                            3
,
\

     I.    FACTUAL BACKGROUND

           On October 14, 2014 at approximately 3:00 p.m., the victim, Esther Peyton, was

    at home with her five-year old grandson and her two daughters, Kimberly and Christina,

    when she heard a knock on her door. (Trial Transcript ("TI"), 9/22/15-9/24/15, pp. 27-

    28, 67). With her grandson by her side, Mrs. Peyton opened her door and saw two (2)

    men, whom she later identified as the Defendants, dressed in blue jumpsuits. (TI, pp.

    28, 57, 68-69). Mrs. Peyton asked the Defendants how she could help them, and

    Defendant Lowman stated that "they had an arrest warrant for an Esther Peyton." (TI,

    pp. 28-29, 55, 69-70). After being told that the warrant was for unpaid parking tickets,

    Mrs. Peyton believed that something was not right because she had never before

    received any sort of parking or driving ticket. (TT, p. 29). She attempted to explain to

    the Defendants that she did not have any outstanding tickets, and she told them that her

    third daughter, Melissa, had some tickets, but that she was not at home. (TI, pp. 27,

    29, 55). Realizing that the situation would need to be addressed at greater length, Mrs.

    Peyton told the Defendants that she would be right back so that she could place her

    grandson in front of the TV and ensure that her dog was secured. (TT, pp. 30, 59, 70).

           Mrs. Peyton closed the front door and immediately asked her daughter Kimberly

    Peyton, who had been downstairs, whether she had any unpaid parking tickets. (TI, p.

    30). Kimberly came upstairs to the kitchen to speak with her mother and answered that

    she did not have any outstanding tickets. (TT, pp. 30, 72, 100-101). Before mother and

    daughter could finish their conversation, they heard the sound of their dog barking,

    which was unusual. (TT, pp. 30-31, 72, 101 ). The dog was restrained in the back yard,

                                                4
so Mrs. Peyton and Kimberly looked out the kitchen window into the back yard and saw

Defendant Lowman standing there with his gun drawn on the dog. (TI, pp. 30, 57, 70-

72, 101-102, 127-28).

      At the same time that Mrs. Peyton saw D~fendant Lowman with his gun drawn,

she heard someone pounding on the front door. (TT, pp. 31, 57). Only a minute or two

had passed since she had closed the door and told the Defendants that she would be

right back. (TI, p. 31 ). After seeing Defendant Lowman with his gun drawn and

hearing the pounding on her door, Mrs. Peyton and Kimberly became very frightened

and Mrs. Peyton decided to call her cousin, Chris Deasy, for advice on, and

understanding of, the situation. (TT, pp. 31-32, 92, 102). Mr. Deasy at the time was the

Chief of Police of West Homestead and lived very close by. (TI, pp. 31-32, 55, 57-58,

72, 92). Mrs. Peyton informed Chief Deasy of the situation and told him that she did not

know what was going on. (IT, p. 31). She relayed to him that there was a man in the

back yard with a gun drawn and a man pounding at the front door and that the men had

said something about tickets. (TT, pp. 31-32). After speaking briefly with her cousin,

Mrs. Peyton partially opened the front door and handed the phone, with Chief Deasy still

on the line, to Defendant Constantini. (TT, pp. 33-35, 72, 103). She explained that her

cousin was the Chief of Police of West Homestead, and she asked the Defendant if he

could please talk to Chief Deasy and explain what was happening. (TT, p. 33).

      Defendant Constantini grabbed the phone from Mrs. Peyton's hand and "went

ballistic." (TI, pp. 33-34). He hung up the phone, began screaming, yelling and

                                           5
swearing, and said that he does not "have to F'ing talk to anybody." (TI, pp. 34, 103).

At that point, Defendant Constantini shoved the door open on Mrs. Peyton, who had

been standing partially behind the door. (TI, pp. 34, 73, 103-104). The force with

which the Defendant shoved the door had the effect of pushing Mrs. Peyton backwards

towards her kitchen. (TI, pp. 35, 73). Defendant Constantini entered the home and

began telling Mrs. Peyton that she was "going to jail." (TT, pp. 35, 104). Mrs. Peyton

was frightened by the Defendants' behavior. (TI, pp. 35¥36, 104-05).

       Although Mrs. Peyton was still confused about the outstanding parking tickets,

she told Defendant Constantini that she was able to, and would, pay for any kind of

ticket. (TT, pp. 36, 75). Specifically, Mrs. Peyton said, "I don't know what this is about,"

and "I don't know who the tickets are [for]', but "1 can pay for any of the tickets. I can pay

for them. I can give you a check. I can give you cash. I can give you a credit card. I can

pay for the tickets." (TI, pp. 36, 75-76). Despite Mrs. Peyton's pleas, Defendant

Constantini did not acknowledge her repeated offers to pay the outstanding tickets and

instead kept telling her that she was going to jail. (TI, p. 36).

        Kimberly Peyton was also pleading with Defendant Constantini. She attempted

to inform him that they were willing and able to pay for the ticket, and she asked

Defendant Constantini how much money was owed. (TT, pp. 36, 76, 105, 107-08, 115).

Further, Kimberly Peyton asked whether she could see the paperwork relating to the

situation. (TI, pp. 36, 105). Instead of answering her questions, Defendant Constantini

                                               6
told her that he did not have to show her anything, and he threatened to arrest her as

well. (TT, pp. 36-37, 105).

       After ignoring the repeated offers by both Mrs. Peyton and Kimberly to make

payment, Defendant Constantini placed Mrs. Peyton in handcuffs. She was still in the

kitchen when this occurred. (IT, pp. 36, 75-76, 129). As she was being cuffed, Mrs.

Peyton was crying, and she continued to beg the Defendants to let her pay the tickets.

(TT, pp. 39, 75).   Defendant Lowman entered the kitchen shortly after Mrs. Peyton was

handcuffed and also refused to acknowledge Mrs. Peyton's offers to make the payment

(TT, pp. 37, 77). Neither of the Defendants ever showed Mrs. Peyton any paperwork

relating to the ticket or the warrant. (TT, pp. 53-54, 78).

       At one point during this ordeal, Defendant Constantini told Kimberly that she

could pay the ticket. Kimberly immediately left the kitchen and ran downstairs to

retrieve a check. (IT, p, 77, 105-06, 119). Kimberly wrote a check for $1500 because

the Defendants refused to give her an amount for the ticket, even though she had asked

for the amount multiple times. (TT, pp. 106, 117-18). Kimberly assumed that the ticket

had to be for an "outlandish amount" since the Defendants were arresting her mother.

Therefore, she wrote a check for the entire amount of money that she had in her bank

account.   (TT, p. 106). However, by the time Kimberly came back upstairs with the

check, her mother was already in the entryway, being moved towards the front door.

(IT, pp. 77, 106). Kimberly attempted to hand Defendant Constantini the check, but he

threw it on the ground and told her ''we don't accept checks." (TI, pp. 107, 144).

                                              7
Kimberly told Defendant Constantini that she could pay with cash, a debit card, or a

credit card, and she even offered to go to the ATM machine that was located only three

(3) blocks from the house. (TI, pp. 107-08, 115). Defendant Constantini responded by

pushing Kimberly and saying "If you don't get out of my way, I'm going to take you to jail

too." (TI, pp. 108, 111, 120).

        As the situation was unfolding, Mrs. Peyton's ten-year old daughter, Christina,

heard the commotion and came downstairs to see what was happening.          {TI, pp. 38-39,

108, 136). She started crying when she saw her mother in handcuffs.      (TT pp. 139,

141). Christina heard Defendant Constantini tell her mother that she was under arrest

and that she was going to jail. (TI, p. 142). Mrs. Peyton instructed Christina to go back

upstairs to her room because she did not want her young daughter to witness the

situation.   {TI, pp. 39-40, 143). Christina walked back upstairs, but she did not go back

to her room. Instead, she remained at the top of the stairs by the balcony, which

overlooked the front door. (TI, pp. 40-41, 143).

        As Mrs. Peyton was being escorted out of the kitchen and towards the front door,

she repeatedly told the Defendants that the handcuffs were hurting her and causing her

substantial pain because they were put on too tight. (TI, pp. 40-41). Christina

overheard her mother's complaints and was crying hysterically. (TT, pp. 42, 108). She

yelled down to the Defendants, "You're hurting my mom. You're hurting my mom. Let

my mom go." (TI, pp. 40-42, 108). Christina also was able to see Defendant

Constantini take the check that was offered by Kimberly, crumple it up, and throw it to

                                              8
the ground. (TT, p. 144). Christina knew that Kimberly had offered   a check because she
could see that "it was blue and had lines." (TI, p. 144).

      As Mrs. Peyton was escorted towards the front door, Defendant Constantini was

positioned next to her, holding her by the arm and shoulder. (TI, pp. 41, 79-80, 109).

Defendant Lowman was a few feet ahead of them in the entryway. (TI, pp. 41, 79-80).

Kimberly saw Defendant Constantini push her mother multiple times as they were

walking. (TI, p. 109). As Mrs. Peyton was telling Christina to go inside of her room,

she felt Defendant Constantini pull her backwards and down to the ground. (TT, pp. 40-

42, 61-62, 82, 108). Mrs. Peyton fell and landed hard on her rear-end and hands. (TI,

pp. 42, 62, 82-83, 108-09,114-15, 144).

       As a result of being pulled down backwards, Mrs. Peyton's foot reflexively went

up into the air. (TT, pp. 43, 82, 86, 146). Instead of helping Mrs. Peyton back up to her

feet, Defendant Lowman grabbed her right foot and pulled her across the entryway floor

and outside of the front door of the house, pulling her down the step between the front

door and the outside landing. (TI, pp. 43, 83-84, 86-87, 108, 113-14, 146, 147). While

this was occurring, Mrs. Peyton implored the Defendants to "Please just let me walk.

Please just let me walk." (TI, pp. 43, 87). Defendant Lowman let go of Mrs. Peyton's

foot, and Defendant Constantini picked Mrs. Peyton up by her arms and allowed her to

walk to the vehicle. (TT, pp. 43, 111-12).

                                             9
       When Defendant Constantini placed Mrs. Peyton inside the vehicle, he laid her

on her left side, instead of placing her in an upright and seated position, and he did not

secure her with a seatbelt.   (TI, pp. 43, 87-88, 300, 391 ). Mrs. Peyton remained in that

position for the entirety of the ride. She was terrified and assumed that this was how

she was supposed to be positioned. Additionally, she was never told to sit up. (TI, pp.

44, 88). Throughout the ride, Mrs. Peyton did not know where the vehicle was going.

She assumed that she was being taken to the Allegheny County Jail because that is

what Defendant Constantini had repeatedly told her in front of her children.   (TI, pp. 35-

36, 45, 104, 142). For the entirety of the ride, Mrs. Peyton was crying, and her hair

caught in her mouth since she was lying on her left side. (TT, pp. 44-45, 88). She tried

telling the Defendants that she was having trouble breathing and that she was getting

sick because she was crying and choking on her hair, but the Defendants repeatedly

told her to shut up and turned up the volume on their radio.   (TI, pp. 45, 88).

       When they arrived at Pittsburgh Municipal Court, Defendant Constantini removed

Mrs. Peyton from the vehicle and switched her handcuffs around so that she was cuffed

from the front in a waist chain belt. (TI pp. 44, 46, 302). Mrs. Peyton was visibly

distraught and upset when they entered the courtroom, a fact noted by the presiding

judicial officer. (TT, pp. 46, 63). Mrs. Peyton saw that Chief Deasy, was in the

courtroom, along with Officer Campbell, the Chief of Police of Munhall, the municipality

in which her home is located. (TI, pp. 47, 174). Mrs. Peyton heard Chief Deasy ask

Defendant Constantini for the paperwork related to her arrest, but the Defendant

refused to provide him with it. (TI, pp. 47, 175, 179). When she was finally brought

                                             10
before the magisterial district judge, Mrs. Peytonheard     the judge say to the Defendants,

"You brought her down here for a $50 parking ticket?" (TI, p. 48). Mrs. Peyton

completed some paperwork and was released from custody shortly thereafter. (TI, pp.

48, 67).

       That evening, Mrs. Peyton went to Presbyterian Hospital with her daughter

Kimberly because she was experiencing numbness in her right wrist. (TI, pp. 48-49).

Mrs. Peyton's husband also took photographs of the redness, bruising, and abrasions

that resulted from the incident. (TI, pp. 50-52); (Commonwealth Exhibits 1 through 7).

Mrs. Peyton subsequently followed up with a neurologist for suspected nerve damage to

her right wrist, and she was informed that it could take months for the numbness in her

wrist to resolve, if it resolved at all. (TI, pp. 48-49, 60). At the time of trial, Mrs. Peyton

and her physician were taking a "wait and see" approach to determine if the numbness

was permanent. (TT, p. 49).

       Mrs. Peyton eventually learned that her daughter Kimberly had incurred the

parking ticket that was at issue. (TI, pp. 64, 129). The vehicle that incurred the ticket

was registered to Mrs. Peyton, but her daughter Kimberly had the vehicle in her

possession at the time. Mrs. Peyton ultimately paid the outstanding ticket that had been

issued in her name as a result of her daughter's parking violation. (TT, pp. 64-65, 129).

                                               11
II.    DISCUSSION

       A. This court did not misapply or misinterpret the law with respect to
          constables and their arrest powers, and It did not misapply the facts in
          reaching Its verdict.

       As an initial matter, this court is compelled to note that it did not "misapply" the

facts in this case simply because it ultimately rejected the Defendants' versions of

events. Rather, this court was charged with the duty of finding the facts, and, as the

fact-finder, it ultimately concluded that the testimony provided by the Peyton family was

consistent, highly credible, and worthy of belief. This court rejected the Defendants'

versions of events as not believable or credible. This court was well within its duty and

power to assess the credibility of the witnesses and to choose to believe some and

disbelieve others.

       Furthermore, the court is well aware that, as a general matter, constables

possess the power to arrest individuals over unpaid parking tickets. However, the

Defendants' allegations of error set forth in paragraphs (1) through (6) of their Concise

Statements entirely overlook the fact that the basis for their convictions stems not from

their lack of authority to effectuate the arrest in question, but rather from the egregious

manner in which the arrest was executed, as well as the gross abuse of power that was

demonstrated in connection with what ultimately was an unnecessary arrest.

       Indeed, notwithstanding the Defendants' power to arrest an individual over an

unpaid parking ticket, the incident that occurred on October 14, 2014 easily could have

been avoided if the Defendants did not abuse their power and simply complied with the

                                              12
directives set forth in the Allegheny County Constable Handbook (Commonwealth's

Exhibit 11) and in Pa. R. Crim. P. 431(8)(1)(c).    The Constable Handbook directs that

the constables MUST accept payment if the defendant is able to pay. Specifically,

Section Four, Part II (Summary Arrest Warrants Procedures), subsections (A) and (B)

state in relevant part:

       A. Issuance Procedures

               If the defendant   Is able to pay:

               1. Warrant is issued to a particular constable.

               2. When the constable makes contact with the defendant, the constable

               must accept from the defendant a signed guilty plea and the full

               amount of the fine and costs If stated on the warrant; or

               3. Accept from the defendant a not. guilty plea and the full amount of

               collateral if stated on the warrant.

       B. When Constable Should Bring Defendant in Custody to PMC

               1. When a constable serves a summary arrest warrant and has a person

       in custody that is not able to pay pursuant to Pa. R.Crlm. P. 431 (B)(1)(c)

       and the original issuing authority is unavailable the constable may bring the

       defendant to PMC.

               2. The constable should bring the person to Arraignment Courtroom #1

       and notify a staff member.

               3. The constable must have a copy of the arrest warrant and if possible

                                              13
        accompanying      paperwork such as a signed copy of a citation or criminal

        complaint.

(TI, pp. 212-14) (emphasis added).1        This handbook is drafted by the Fifth Judicial

District Court of Pennsylvania and is made available to the constables both online and

in hard copy form. (TI, pp. 210-211).

        Pa. R. Crim. P. 431 (B)(1) further makes clear that constables SHALL accept

payment in situations where the defendants are able to pay and SHALL take the

defendant into custody only when payment cannot be made:

        (B) Arrest Warrants Initiating Proceedings

           (1) When an arrest warrant is executed, the police officer shall either:

                     (a) accept from the defendant a signed guilty plea and the full amount

                     of collateral if stated on the warrant;

                     (b) accept from the defendant a signed not guilty plea and the t ull

       amount of collateral if stated on the warrant; or

                     (c) If the defendant is unable to pay, cause the defendant to be

       taken without unnecessary delay before the proper issuing authority.

Pa. R. Crim. P. 431 (8)(1 )(a)-(c) (emphasis added).

       With respect to the manner of payment, Detective Darrel Parker, who is

employed by the Allegheny County District Attorney's Office and is responsible for

1
 See also (https://www.alleghenycourts.us/downloads/administration/ConstableHandbook.pdf) (last
visited April 19, 2016).

                                                 14
overseeing matters relating to constables, explained that there are "several ways to

[obtain] payment on a warrant'' and that there is nothing in the Constable Handbook that

would restrict the constable's ability to accept payment by cash or check. (TT, pp. 214-

15, 222). He confirmed that constables often take personal checks, and many of them

even have "swipe cards" on their cell phones which allows defendants to pay with a

credit card. (TT, pp. 214-15, 222). He confirmed that constables are even permitted to

transport a defendant to an ATM in order to collect payment on the warrant.    (TT, pp.

215, 222).

       Notwithstanding the language of the Constable Handbook and Pa. R. Crim. P.

431, the Defendants will attempt to argue that the actual arrest warrant gave them the

authority to transport Mrs. Peyton to municipal court in lieu of accepting payment at the

residence. The Arrest Warrant for Esther Peyton was issued by the County of

Allegheny and states the following:

      TO THE SERVER: Christian Constantini .

      In the name of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, you are commanded
      to take the defendant, Esther Peyton, into custody. When the defendant is
      taken into custody, either (a) accept a signed guilty plea and the full
      amount of fines and costs, (b) accept a signed not guilty plea and the full
      amount of collateral, or (c) bring the defendant before me at the court
      address shown above to answer the Commonwealth upon the complaint
      or citation of Becky L. McKown charging the defendant with the offense(s)
      set forth above and further to be dealt with according to law.

(Commonwealth's Exhibit 10) (TT, pp. 209-1O). While the arrest warrant does not

contain the same qualifying language as the Constable Handbook and Pa. R. Crim. P.

431, the warrant itself clearly gave the Defendants the ability to accept payment at Mrs.

                                            15
 Peyton's home. Moreover, the Constable Handbook, in conjunction with Pa. R. Crim. P.

431, unequivocally qualifies the language of the warrant and makes clear that a

constable's ability to transport a defendant to court is restricted to situations where a

defendant is unable to make any type of payment.          (TT, p. 221 ). While the Constable

 Handbook may be considered as advisory, surely the same cannot be said of the Rules

 of Criminal Procedure.

        The Defendants had a direct financial motive to take Mrs. Peyton into custody

 and transport her to municipal court, as will be explained below. As such, it is not

· difficult to understand why the Defendants opted to reject the multiple offers of payment

 that were made by Mrs. Peyton and her daughter Kimberly at their home. Indeed, Todd

 Lesesne, Assistant Manager for the Pittsburgh Municipal Court, explained the process

 for the collection of unpaid parking tickets and noted that constables are permitted to

 take personal checks, but are not required to do so; such a decision is left at their

 discretion. (IT, pp. 153-54, 162, 214). He further explained that constables do not like

 to accept checks because lt directly affects the timing of when they get paid. (IT, pp.

 153-55). Specifically, constables do not get paid "until and unless the check clears" so

 it is "against their financial interest to take a check." (TI, pp. 155-57).

        The Allegheny Constable Payment Form (Defense Exhibit A) also indicates that

 the constables are paid more if they physically bring someone to the Pittsburgh

 Municipal Court to make payment on an outstanding ticket. (TI, pp. 157-58). As Mr.

 Lesesne explained, "the constable fees would be higher'' in that scenario "because

                                                16
there's more services being performed rather than if payment is collected at the

defendant's home or[] residence." (TI, pp. 158, 161 ). Specifically, the constables

receive a $25 fee to execute the warrant by transporting the defendant to the municipal

court as well as a $2.50 fee for returning the warrant to the court in that situation. (TI,

p, 158). The constables also receive an additional fee to account for the mileage

incurred by transporting the defendant to court. (TI, p. 159).

       Accordingly, the Defendants could claim additional fees by hauling Mrs. Peyton

to municipal court even though she was willing and able to make payment at her house.

In this court's estimation, the Defendants clearly violated the summary arrest policy and

procedure set forth in the Constable Handbook and in Pa. R. Crim. P. 431(B)(1}(c).

However, even though the arrest and transport to court was unnecessary given Mrs.

Peyton's ability to pay, the court wishes to be crystalclear that Defendants' convictions

did not stem solely from fact that they merely violated any policy or procedure. Indeed,

as explained in detail below, the Defendants' convictions were a product of their hyper-

aggressive conduct and their gross mistreatment of Mrs. Peyton in the course of their

duties.

          B. The Verdictwas not Againstthe Weightof the Evidence, and the
             Evidence was more than Sufficientto Sustain the Defendants'
             Convictions.

          It is well established that a "challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence is entirely

distinct from a challenge to the weight of the evidence." Commonwealth v. Smith, 853

                                                 17
A.2d 1020, 1028 (Pa. Super. 2004). Our appellate court has explained the "critical"

distinction as follows:

              A claim challenging the sufficiency of the evidence, if granted,
       would preclude retrial under the double jeopardy provisions of the Fifth
       Amendment to the United States Constitution, and Article I, Section 10 of
       the Pennsylvania Constitution, whereas a claim challenging the weight of
       the evidence if granted would permit a second trial.

               A claim challenging the sufficiency of the evidence is a question of
       law. Evidence will be deemed sufficient to support the verdict when it
       establishes each material element of the crime charged and the
       commission thereof by the accused, beyond a reasonable doubt. Where
       the evidence offered to support the verdict is in contradiction to the
       physical facts, in contravention to human experience and the laws of
       nature, then the evidence is insufficient as a matter of law. When
       reviewing a sufficiency claim the court is required to view the evidence in
        the light most favorable to the verdict winner giving the prosecution the
       benefit of all reasonable inferences to be drawn from the evidence.

               A motion for new trial on the grounds that the verdict is contrary to
       the weight of the evidence, concedes that there is sufficient evidence to
       sustain the verdict. Thus, the trial court is under no obligation to view the
       evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict winner. An allegation
       that the verdict is against the weight of the evidence is addressed to the
       discretion of the trial court. A new trial should not be granted because of a
       mere conflict in the testimony or because the judge on the same facts
       would have arrived at a different conclusion. A trial judge must do more
       than reassess the credibility of the wltnesses and allege that he would not
       have assented to the verdict if he were a juror. Trial judges, in reviewing a
       claim that the verdict is against the weight of the evidence do not sit as the
       thirteenth juror. Rather, the role of the trial judge is to determine that
       notwithstanding all the facts, certain facts are so clearly of greater weight
       that to ignore them or to give them equal weight with all the facts is to
       deny justice.

Smith, supra, at 1028 (quoting Commonwealth v. Widmer, 744 A.2d 745, 751-52 (Pa.

2000) (emphasis added).

                                             18
                              Weight of the Evidence

       It is beyond question that "[t]he weight of the evidence is exclusively for the finder

of fact, which is free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence, and to assess the

credibility of the witnesses ....   It is not for [the appellate court] to overturn the

credibility determinations of the fact-finder." Commonwealth v. Blackham, 909 A.2d 315,

320 (Pa. Super. 2006).

       As this court noted at the time of trial, there were two diametrically opposed

versions of what transpired on October 14, 2014. A decision in the case turned

squarely on a determination of witness credibility. As the fact-finder in this case, this

court had ample opportunity to observe the demeanor of each witness. The court paid

close attention to the testimony and evidence presented. As is this court's consistent

practice, copious notes were taken during the testimony so that the testimony could be

meaningfully reviewed and comparisons of testimony made. Ultimately, this court found

that Mrs. Peyton and her two (2) daughters were very credible and consistent with their

testimony and that their testimony was genuine and worthy of belief. Mrs. Peyton's

account was substantially corroborated by her two (2) daughters, as well as her cousin,

Officer Deasy.

        Mrs. Peyton and Kimberly both testified that they made numerous attempts to

make payment at the residence, that there were several different methods of payment

available in the house. and that the Defendants never provided them with the amount of

the ticket or with an actual opportunity to make any payment. (TI, pp. 36, 75-77, 91,

                                                19
105-06, 108, 115, 119). Mrs. Peyton and Kimberly both confirmed that they were never

provided with any paperwork or presented with the actual warrant. (IT, pp. 53, 78,

105).   Kimberly and Christina both testified that Defendant Constantini crumpled up and

threw the check that Kimberly had attempted to offer. (IT, pp. 107, 144). Mrs. Peyton

and Kimberly testified that Defendant Constantini pushed the door open, barged into the

house, and threatened to take Mrs. Peyton to jail. (IT, pp. 34-36, 45,103-06).    Christina

also heard Defendant Constantini threaten to take Mrs. Peyton to jail. (TT, p.142).

        Mrs. Peyton, Kimberly, and Christina each testified that Defendant Constantini

was the one who handcuffed Mrs. Peyton, and Kimberly corroborated her mother's

testimony that Defendant Constantini pulled her backwards and down to the ground.

(IT, pp. 37-40, 61, 108-09, 129, 142). Kimberly and Christina both saw Defendant

Lowman grab Mrs. Peyton's foot and drag her out of the house, down a step, and onto

the landing. (TI, pp. 37-40, 109, 113-14, 146-47).   Kimberly testified that the doormat

was outside of the house after her mother was drug outside, and Officer Deasy

confirmed that, when he arrived at the residence minutes after the Defendants had left,

the indoor mat was outside of the house. (TT, pp. 11 o, 168). Furthermore, Officer

Deasy testified that, when he arrived at city court, he saw that Mrs. Peyton's hands

were incredibly red, and he noticed that the handcuffs were ''very tight on her wrists."

(IT, p. 174).

        The evidence also established that Mrs. Peyton was deliberately placed into the

vehicle improperly because she was positioned on her side, and no attempt was made

                                            20
by the Defendants to have her sit upright or to secure her with a seatbelt. (IT, pp. 44,

88, 300, 391-92). This seating position was contrary to mandated policy and directly

placed Mrs. Peyton in danger of serious bodily injury because it put her at risk of

"positional asphyxiation."   (TT, pp. 409-1 O). As Detective Parker explained, positional

asphyxiation occurs when an individual who is handcuffed with their hands behind them

and who is not secured with a seatbelt falls facedown and is unable to adjust

themselves. (TT, p. 409). In that situation the individual may experience difficulty

breathing and may even die. (TT, p. 409).

       Although the Defendants relayed a radically different story at trial, the court found

their testimony to be contrived, self-serving, not credible, and completely unworthy of

belief. Indeed, this court had little troubling rejecting their accounts as the Defendants

came across as disingenuous, sarcastic, combative, and arrogant. The court also

personally witnessed flashes of their temper flare throughout their testimony, particularly

with Defendant Lawman's testimony.

       The Defendants claimed that Mrs. Peyton was the individual responsible for

escalating the situation because her behavior was so irrational, hysterical and

uncontrollable that it justified the amount of force that was used. They testified that Mrs.

Peyton answered the door, told them that Esther Peyton was not home, and told them

they could leave the paperwork with her. {TI, pp. 280-81, 344). They claimed that she

then said "my dog, my dog", after which she shut and locked the door. (TI, pp. 281,

344). Defendant Lowman continued to speak with Mrs. Peyton through the door and

                                              21
told her that they needed to see her identification.    (TI, pp. 281, 345). Defendant

Lowman testified that he then went to secure the back of the house. As he reached the

back of the house, he saw Mrs. Peyton standing at the back door with her hands on her

dog's collar. (TI, pp. 282-83, 322-23, 345).        Defendant Lowman claimed that the dog

began growling and ran at him. Defendant Lowman testified that, in the process of him

running from the dog, he retrieved his firearm and had his finger on the trigger. (TI, pp.

283-84). Defendant Lowman also acknowledged that the dog was on a chain. (TI, pp.

284, 347).

       While Defendant Lowman was at the back of the house, Defendant Constantini

testified that Mrs. Peyton came back to the front door with a cell phone. (TI, p. 347).

Defendant Constantini testified that he told her that "this is not anything serious. This is

just, you know, for traffic. I just need you to sign some paperwork." (TI, p. 347). He

claimed that Mrs. Peyton said "You can't arrest me, You have to talk to this person" and

then handed her phone to him. (TI, p. 347). Defendant Constantini testified that he

took the phone and opened the door just wide enough to gain entry. (TI, p. 348). He

claimed that Kimberly Peyton appeared, asked what was going on, and confirmed that

Esther Peyton was the female he and Defendant Lowmanthat            had been interacting with

at the door. (TI, pp. 348-49). Defendant Constantini stated that Mrs. Peyton

"immediately ran down the hallway11 and into her kitchen.      (TT, p. 349). She was sitting
at the kitchen table when he entered the room. (TI, p. 349). Defendant Constantini

then told Defendant Lowman to come back to the front of the house. (TI, pp. 285, 349).

                                               22
       Before Defendant Lowman entered the house, Defendant Constantini testified

that he tried to explain to Mrs. Peyton that "This is just a ticket. It's nothing serious.

You're not going to jail. I just need you to plead guilty or not guilty and we'll be out of

here in a couple of minutes.'.' (TT, pp. 349-50). He claims that Mrs. Peyton responded

by saying "I don't have any tickets. I'm not going anywhere. I'm not paying for anything."

(TT, p. 350). At that point, Defendant Lowman entered the kitchen and presented Mrs.

Peyton with the warrant. (TT, pp. 286-89, 326, 350).

       Defendant Lowman testified that he explained to Mrs. Peyton that she could

"either pay the fines here or we bring you downtown in front of a judge and get you on a

payment plan." (TT, p. 288-89). Defendant Lowman testified that Mrs. Peyton "just kept

saying 'I don't have any warrants. I don't have any warrants."' (TT, p. 289). Defendant

Lowman claims that he told Mrs. Peyton that the amount for the unpaid ticket would be

"around $200." (TT, pp. 331, 333, 337, 350). Defendant Constantini testified that after

Defendant Lowman showed Mrs. Peyton the warrant, Mrs. Peyton "continued to be

uncooperative" and "wouldn't acknowledge the warrant." (TT, p. 350). The Defendants

also testified that Mrs. Peyton put "both of her hands behind her back, and started to []

slide under the table" in order to avoid being handcuffed. (TT, pp. 289, 351).

Defendant Constantini claimed that Defendant Lowman repeatedly "tried to show her

the warrant'' but "she would just turn her head, kind of like lash away. She was kind of

like yelling, but there weren't really any legible words." (TT, p. 352).

                                               23
        Defendant Constantini testified that Defendant Lowman tried to plead with her for

"about a minute" and then told Mrs. Peyton "If you're not going to pay this, you're not

going to sign anything or cooperate, I don't' have any other choice but to take you to

Municipal Court Building and you're going to have to see a judge about this." (TI, p.

352). Defendant Lowman claims that he went to handcuff Mrs. Peyton behind her back

because she had her "fingers interlocked behind her back." (TI, pp. 289, 327, 352).

Defendant Lowman asked Defendant Constantini to help him stand her up and they

each were holding on to one of her arms. (TI, p. 290).

         Defendant Lowman claimed that Mrs. Peyton was pushing backwards and

refusing to walk. (TI, p. 291 ). Defendant Lowman testified that Mrs. Peyton finally told

them "I'll pay. I'll pay. I have money upstairs" and he said "Okay, Well let's go get it."

(TI, pp. 291, 355). The Defendants claimed that after they offered to allow her to go

get money, "nothing happened" and nobody moved. (TI, p. 355). The Defendants

testified that Kimberly approached Defendant Lowman and was waving a white piece of

paper in his face that did not look like a check, asking if she could pay with a check.

(TI, pp. 292, 327·28, 353). Defendant Lowman told her they do not accept checks, but

that they accept cash or money orders. (TI, pp. 292, 329, 354). Defendant Constantini

testified that he never touched the paper that was in Kimberly Peyton's hand. (TI, p.

354).

        As they approached the front door, Mrs. Peyton allegedly "dropped straight

down" to the ground and told them that they were not going to take her "out of the house

                                             24
like a ~og" in front of her neighbors. (TI, pp. 292, 355). The Defendants testified that

she was "on her knees sitting on her feet'' and that they kept telling her to stand up and

walk, but that she refused. (TT, pp. 293, 356). Defendant Lowman asked Defendant

Constantini for assistance in standing her up, but she kept resisting. (TI, pp. 293-94,

356). Defendant Lowman told Mrs. Peyton to "quit acting like this in front of the kids"

because the kids were crying at that point. (TI, pp. 294, 357). He claimed that Mrs.

Peyton then laid down on her right shoulder and kicked him in his right shin with her

right foot. (TI, pp. 294-95, 357). Defendant Lowman claimed that he went to grab her

foot because she started doing "a bicycle kick" and "both legs were kicking." (TT, p.

295). As he bent down to grab her foot, he claims that she then kicked him in the chest.

(TT, pp. 295, 357). The Defendants denied that Mrs. Peyton was pushed down or

dragged across the floor and out of the house. (TT, pp. 357-58).

       Defendant Lowman also claimed that Kimberly Peyton "jumped around behind"

him and demanded that they leave her mother alone. (TT, pp. 296, 358). Kimberly

allegedly shut the front door, and the Defendants told her to "get away from the door'' or

else she was "going to go too" because she was "hindering apprehension." (TI, pp.

296, 358). Defendant Lowman claims that Mrs. Peyton agreed to stand up and walk

while they were still in the entryway of the house. (TT1 p. 297). The Defendants

testified that they gave Mrs. Peyton one more chance to pay and offered to let her 11go

upstairs and get the money," but Mrs. Peyton refused to respond and just continued to

cry. (TT, pp. 297, 359). Defendant Lowman then told her "if you're not going to talk to

me, I can't help you. let's go." (TI, pp. 297-99). Defendant Lowman said that he asked

                                            25
Mrs. Peyton one more time if she wanted to go get cash when they got to the car. (TI,

pp. 299, 359).   Defendant Lowman testified that he gave Mrs. Peyton a total of four (4)

opportunities to pay the ticket before she was placed inside of the vehicle, but she

refused each time. (TI, pp. 298-99). He also stated that no one ever offered to go to an

ATM to retrieve cash. (IT, p. 335}.

        The Defendants testified that Mrs. Peyton was the one who dropped over to her

left side and was laying down in the back of the car, and that they tried to tell her to sit

up numerous times. (TI, pp. 300, 359). They claimed that they could not secure her

with a seat belt because they were afraid she would bite or spit on them. (TI, pp. 300,

392). They were also afraid she would kick out the back window. (TI, p. 392).

Defendant Lowman testified that she never spoke to them in the car, and she just cried

the entire time. (TI, p. 300). Defendant Lowman testified that, when they got to city

court, they uncuffed her and put her in a waist chain belt. (TI, pp. 302, 367).

Defendant Lowman then went to take care of some paperwork and did not go into the

courtroom at all. (TT, pp. 303, 367).

       After observing the witnesses and their demeanor, this court completely rejected

the Defendants' version of what transpired at the home as not credible and fabricated.

The court found it illogical that Mrs. Peyton would behave so hysterically and irrationally,

much less in the presence of her own children and grandchild.       It also found completely

lacking in credibilty that she would rather be taken into custody than comply with the

Defendants' supposed multiple attempts to obtain payment from her. The court also did

                                              26
not believe that the Defendants provided her with multiple opportunities to make

payment at her residence, nor did the court believe that the Defendants were as calm

and accommodating as they claimed to have been. Based on the testimony provided

by the Peyton family, the Defendants were overly aggressive and escalated the

situation into an unacceptably hostile encounter which resulted in the gross

mistreatment of Mrs. Peyton.

        The court notes that Defendant Constantini's testimony was inconsistent with

his own statement that he prepared on October 15, 2014 at 3:15 a.m. and e-mailed to

Detective Parker. (Commonwealth's Exhibit 12). Among the multiple inconsistent and

not credible statements contained therein were the following: (1) Mrs. Peyton told the

Defendants that "she did not have any money on her;" (2) she "began screaming and

thrashing about'' in the presence of her children; (3) Kimberly "made multiple attempts to

remove [Mrs. Peyton] from custody"; (4) Mrs. Peyton kicked Defendant Lowman "in the

chest leaving a shoe print on his uniform shirt;" (5) Kimberly "grabbed the right arm" of

Defendant Lowman; (6) medical treatment was offered to Mrs. Peyton two (2) times

before she was brought inside of the courtroom; and (7) multiple attempts were made to

explain to Mrs. Peyton where she was being transported.     (Commonwealth's Exhibit

12).

       This court remains steadfast in its belief that Mrs. Peyton and her daughters

provided a truthful, genuine, and compelling account of the events that took place.

Their testimony convinced this court that the Defendants: (1) never showed Mrs. Peyton

                                            27
any kind of paperwork; (2) never provided an opportunity to make payment at the home

despite the multiple methods of payment that were available to them; (3) never informed

anyone of the amount for the ticket; and (4) repeatedly threatened that Mrs. Peyton was

going to jail. The court also believed the testimony that Mrs. Peyton was pulled down

and physically dragged out of her house by her foot.

       The Defendant's attempt to challenge the weight of the evidence is nothing more

than an attempt to attack this court's credibility determinations.   This court respectfully

urges the appellate court to decline the Defendants' invitation to second-guess its

credibility assessments.   Accordingly, based on the testimony of the Commonwealth

witnesses, the verdict was not against the weight of the evidence and the verdicts

should, therefore, be upheld.

                             Sufficiency of Evidence

       As set forth above, the evidence presented at trial, viewed in the light most

favorable to the Commonwealth as verdict winner, was sufficient to establish beyond a

reasonable doubt that the Defendants were guilty of Simple Assault, Recklessly

Endangering Another Person, Official Oppression, and Criminal Conspiracy.

       The Simple Assault statute set forth in 18 Pa. C.S.A. § 2701(a) states that "[a]

person is guilty of assault if he: (1) attempts to cause or intentionally, knowingly, or

recklessly causes bodily injury to another." 18 Pa. C.S.A. § 2301 defines "bodily injury"

                                              28
as "[i]mpairment of physical condition or substantial pain." Regardless of whether the

Defendants had a valid basis to arrest Esther Peyton, they committed a simple assault

upon her when: (1) Defendant Constantini put the handcuffs on Mrs. Peyton so tightly

that it caused her a substantial amount of pain and redness and potentially permanent

numbness on her wrists; (2) Defendant Constantini pulled her down to the ground as

she was walking out of the kitchen which caused her to fall on her hands and rear-end;

and (3) Defendant Lowman grabbed her foot and dragged her across the entryway, out

the front door, over a step, and onto the landing. The Defendants actions were

intentional, and they constituted a substantial step in attempting to cause bodily injury

on Mrs. Peyton. The Defendant's actions cannot be viewed as incidental contact

attendant to a lawful arrest because Mrs. Peyton was not resisting arrest or attempting

to struggle with the Defendants.   It was the Defendants who chose to behave

aggressively with their gross mishandling and mistreatment of Mrs. Peyton.

       Furthermore, the court notes that the significant amount of pain Mrs. Peyton felt

after the incident caused her to seek medical treatment that very night for numbness

and potential nerve damage.    Photographs taken on the same day of the incident also

demonstrated that she had bruises on her arms and wrists. (Commonwealth Exhibits 1

through 7). The Defendants' actions completely transcended the bounds of a lawful

arrest and evinced an actual intention to cause bodily injury to Mrs. Peyton when they

pulled her down, grabbed her foot, and dragged her out of the house.

                                             29
       A person is guilty of.Recklessly Endangering Another Person C'REAP") "if he

recklessly engages in conduct which places or may place another person in danger of

death or serious bodily injury." 18 Pa. C.S.A. § 2705. Our law defines "serious bodily

injury'' as "bodily injury which creates a substantial risk of death or which causes

serious, permanent disfigurement or protracted loss or impairment of the function of any

bodily member or organ." To sustain a REAP conviction, "the Commonwealth must

prove that the defendant had an actual present ability to inflict harm and not merely the

apparent ability to do so. Danger, not merely the apprehension of danger, must be

created. The mens rea for recklessly endangering another person is 'a conscious

disregard of a known risk of death or great bodily harm to another person.'"

Commonwealth v. Hopkins·, 747 A.2d 910, 915-916 (Pa. Super. 2000) (citations and

quotation omitted).

       The evidence was sufficient to sustain the Defendants' convictions for REAP

because their actions placed Mrs. Peyton in great danger of serious bodily injury. Mrs.

Peyton was a fifty (50) year old woman who was handcuffed, purposefully pulled down

to the ground, and not only physically dragged across her floor, but dragged outside and

down an actual step. As noted above, the Defendants also placed her in danger of

serious bodily injury when they put her in the back of the vehicle on her side, did not

instruct her to sit up, did not secure her with a seat belt, and ignored her pleas from the

backseat of the vehicle that she was having difficulty breathing.

                                             30
       The Defendants actions were incredibly reckless and created a serious and

dangerous situation where Mrs. Peyton could have suffered serious bodily harm from

the manner in which they arrested her. The "Commonwealth need only establish that

the defendant's conduct placed or may have placed another in danger of serious bodily

injury or death.'' Commonwealth v. Vogelsang, 90 A.3d 717, 721 (Pa. Super. 2014)

(quoting Commonwealth v. Cordoba, 902 A.2d 1280, 1288-1289 (Pa. Super. 2006)

(emphasis in original). The Defendants' actions unquestionably may have placed Mrs.

Peyton in danger of seriously injuring her back, tail bone, etc., and they could have

caused even more damage to her arms and wrists since they were behind her back as

she was being pulled outside by her foot.

       The evidence is also more than sufficient to establish that the Defendants are

guilty of Official Oppression as set forth in 18 Pa. C.S.A. § 5301. The statute defines

Official Oppression as follows: "A person acting or purporting to act in an official

capacity or taking advantage of such actual or purported capacity commits a

misdemeanor of the second degree if, knowing that his conduct is illegal, he:

             (1) subjects another to arrest, detention, search, seizure,
       mistreatment,dispossession, assessment, lien or other infringement of
       personal or property rights; or

               (2) denies or impedes another in the exercise or enjoyment of any
       right, privilege, power or immunity.

18 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 5301. The court in Commonwealth v. Checca, 491 A.2d 1358 (Pa.

Super. 1985), recognized that "the statute was broadlydrafted to include all

opportunities for oppressive use of official power," and it specifically found that the

statute applies to "aggressive action against the individual." (citations omitted).

                                             31
       Thus, regardless of whether the arrest warrant provided the Defendants with

authority to take Mrs. Peyton into custody, the Defendants grossly abused their power

by choosing to take her into custody despite her ability to make payment at the

residence, and that fact, combined with the hyper-aggressive manner in which the

arrest was effectuated, rose to the level of official oppression. As detailed earlier, the

Defendants' drew their firearm in the backyard, barged into the house, repeatedly

threatened that they were ~oing to take Mrs. Peyton to jail despite knowing they could

only take her to municipal court, handcuffed her behind her back, repeatedly refused to

allow her to make any form of payment despite the multiple offers that were made and

despite her ability to do so, pulled her down to the ground, and quite literally dragged a

fifty (50) year old woman out of her house, all in the presence of her children and

grandchild, and all within a matter of five (5) minutes.

       The court completely rejects the Defendants' version of events, and it found that

they never attempted to calmly and rationally explain the situation as they so claimed.

The Defendants' aggressive actions, in combination with the Defendants' ability to

simply accept the payment that was being offered in lieu of arrest, constituted a gross

mistreatment of Mrs. Peyton and a gross abuse of their power that cannot be tolerated.

       Finally, the evidence was sufficient to prove the Defendants guilty of Conspiracy

to Commit Official Oppression because the Defendants clearly were acting in concert.

Their words and actions demonstrated a united effort to behave aggressively and

grossly abuse their constable power by mistreating Mrs. Peyton in the manner

                                              32
described above. Neither Defendant attempted to de-escalate the situation. They

made repeated and empty threats to take Mrs. Peyton to jail, despite being well-aware

that they were only taking her to municipal court. The Defendants certainly did not

behave like "peace officers". The manner in which they executed the arrest warrant

was egregious-   regardless of their authority to effectuate an arrest.

Ill.   CONCLUSION

       This court did not misapply the facts or misinterpret the law in finding the

Defendants guilty. The verdict was not against the weight of the evidence, and the

evidence was more than sufficient to sustain the Defendants' convictions.

                                           BY THE COURT:

                                           DATE

                                             33