Court Opinion

ID: 8407282
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-01 21:03:17.49385+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:47:25.877489
License: Public Domain

2022 IL App (5th) 210409-U
            NOTICE
                                                                                      NOTICE
 Decision filed 11/01/22. The
                                                                           This order was filed under
 text of this decision may be               NO. 5-21-0409
                                                                           Supreme Court Rule 23 and is
 changed or corrected prior to
 the filing of a Petition for                                              not precedent except in the

 Rehearing or the disposition of
                                               IN THE                      limited circumstances allowed
 the same.                                                                 under Rule 23(e)(1).
                                   APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

                               FIFTH DISTRICT
______________________________________________________________________________

DOUGLAS REIMER and DENNIS REIMER,               )     Appeal from the
                                                )     Circuit Court of
      Plaintiffs-Appellants,                    )     Shelby County.
                                                )
v.                                              )     No. 13-CH-8
                                                )
PURA VIDA HOLDINGS, INC., DONALD REIMER,        )
DAVID REIMER, and REIMER DEVELOPMENT, INC., )         Honorable
                                                )     Martin W. Siemer,
      Defendants-Appellees.                     )     Judge, presiding
______________________________________________________________________________

         JUSTICE MOORE delivered the judgment of the court.
         Presiding Justice Boie and Justice Vaughan concurred in the judgment.

                                            ORDER

¶1       Held: The trial court’s orders of May 22, 2020, and November 9, 2021, as they relate to
               trial court case No. 13-CH-8, were not against the manifest weight of the evidence
               and are affirmed. Following a de novo review of the trial court’s order of August
               28, 2019, it is affirmed.

¶2       This appeal follows two orders entered on May 22, 2020, and November 9, 2021, by the

circuit court of Shelby County finding in favor of the defendant-appellee, Donald Reimer, and

against the plaintiffs-appellants, Douglas Reimer (Douglas) and Dennis Reimer (Dennis).

Additionally, Douglas and Dennis appeal the order of August 28, 2019, granting the motion for

summary judgment on the issue raised in plaintiffs-appellants’ motion for disqualification of

attorneys. For the following reasons, we affirm the trial court’s orders of August 28, 2019, May

22, 2020, and November 9, 2021, as they relate to trial court case No. 13-CH-8.

                                                  1
¶3                                          I. BACKGROUND

¶4      Shelby County case No. 13-CH-8 was initiated by Douglas and Dennis when they filed a

complaint for declaratory judgment against Pura Vida Holdings, Inc. (Pura Vida), Donald Reimer

(Donald), David Reimer (David), and Reimer Development, Inc. (RDI) on March 11, 2013.

Previously, Shelby County case No. 12-CH-58 had been initiated by Pura Vida when it filed a

complaint for declaratory judgment to quiet title pursuant to section 2-701 of the Code of Civil

Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-701 (West 2012)) against Judy Reimer (Judy) and all unknown owners,

non-record claimants, occupants, heirs and legatees on October 15, 2012. Pura Vida filed a motion

to dismiss or, in the alternative, to consolidate 13-CH-8 with 12-CH-58 because the two actions

involved a common nucleus of operative facts, the same events, parties, property, and witnesses.

By agreement of the parties, the trial court consolidated the two cases by docket entry on July 29,

2014.

¶5      Although these matters were consolidated by the trial court, the claims, testimony, and

evidence are not so closely related that we can analyze them as one. Accordingly, we will examine

the issues raised in 13-CH-8 in this appeal, No. 5-21-0409, 1 and those raised in 12-CH-58 in

appellate case No. 5-21-0408.

¶6                          A. 13-CH-8: Cause of Action Alleging Fraud

¶7      The original complaint filed in 13-CH-8 sought an order declaring that the shares of stock

for Pura Vida be equally divided between Donald, Douglas, and Dennis, and that an order be

entered directing David and Donald to execute a warranty deed transferring property, identified in

        1
          Appellants’ brief asserts the following four issues are presented for review: I. Whether the trial
court erred in denying the motion for disqualification? II. Whether the trial court erred in failing to consider
Edward Heck’s deposition transcript contents as proof of value of 18 acres? III. Whether the trial court
erred in ruling in favor of the defendant in 13-CH-8; and IV. Whether the trial court erred in ruling in favor
of the plaintiff in 12-CH-58? Issues I, II, and III are related to 13-CH-8 and are addressed in this order.
Issue IV, regarding 12-CH-58, is addressed in appellate case No. 5-21-0408.
                                                       2
exhibits to the complaint, to Pura Vida. Several amended complaints were filed throughout the

course of ligation in 13-CH-8. At the time of trial, count I of the fourth amended complaint

(complaint) was the only remaining count, and it was brought by Douglas and Dennis against

Donald alleging fraud.

¶8     The complaint alleged that at all relevant times, Donald was the president of RDI and David

was the sole shareholder of RDI. It further alleged that a complaint to foreclose a mortgage was

filed by Prairie National Bank (PNB) against RDI and David on January 29, 2009, in Shelby

County case No. 09-CH-3, and a judgment of foreclosure of mortgage was entered in that matter

on May 24, 2010, in favor of PNB and against RDI and David. The judgment of foreclosure

established the debt owed by RDI and David to PNB as $752,832.42 plus interest and costs.

¶9     The complaint stated that RDI owned assets, including a mobile home park in Shelbyville,

Illinois, known as the Lake Shelbyville Mobile Home Park (park), and that to prevent a foreclosure

sale of the park and/or liquidation of RDI’s assets, Donald, as president of RDI, sought a new

mortgage loan from First National Bank of Nokomis (First National) to pay the foreclosed

mortgage loan from PNB. First National refused to make a loan to RDI, Donald, and David.

¶ 10   Following the refusal by First National, Donald contacted his two other brothers, Douglas

and Dennis, to seek their participation in obtaining a loan. The complaint alleged that to “induce

the plaintiffs [Douglas and Dennis] to participate in a new loan Donald promised to create a new

corporation, Pura Vida, into which the assets of RDI would be transferred, that Pura Vida would

be the primary business entity going forward after obtaining the loan, and that Donald, Douglas,

and Dennis would be equal one-third shareholders of Pura Vida.” Douglas and Dennis would each

make personal guarantees of the new loan being sought from First National in exchange for

                                                3
becoming one-third shareholders of Pura Vida. They alleged that they perceived one-third

ownership of Pura Vida to be an appropriate exchange for their personal guarantee of the loan.

¶ 11   The complaint further stated that at nearly the same time that Donald was inducing Douglas

and Dennis to participate in the new loan, he prepared a business plan for Pura Vida which stated

that Donald would be the 90% shareholder of Pura Vida and Douglas and Dennis would each be

5% shareholders. Accordingly, they alleged that Donald’s inducement to Douglas and Dennis of

one-third ownership of Pura Vida was false.

¶ 12   Douglas and Dennis alleged they were entitled to rely and did rely upon Donald’s

inducement of each receiving a one-third ownership interest in Pura Vida, and that such reliance

was “justified because at the time such new loan was sought, Donald was the president of RDI,

was president of Pura Vida, and was in personal contact with the prospective lender, First

National.” Douglas resided in the St. Louis metropolitan area and Dennis resided in the

Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. Douglas and Dennis claimed they were “too far removed

from Shelbyville and Nokomis, geographically, to do anything else other than rely on the

inducement made by Donald who resides in or adjacent to Shelbyville.”

¶ 13   The complaint alleged that Donald did not provide the Pura Vida business plan to Douglas

or Dennis, but that it was offered to First National. With the addition of more security, including

the personal guarantees from Douglas and Dennis, First National made the loan on June 25, 2010,

in the amount of $763,459. The loan was used, in large part, to pay the debt owed by RDI and

David to PNB, and a release of the judgment of foreclosure was entered on July 2, 2010.

¶ 14   Douglas and Dennis asserted that despite the inducement by Donald that each would

receive one-third ownership of Pura Vida in exchange for their personal guarantees for the new

                                                4
loan from First National, Donald issued no stock in Pura Vida to Douglas or Dennis. Instead,

Donald issued 100% of the stock in Pura Vida to his wife, Corrin Reimer.

¶ 15   Douglas and Dennis stated that by relying on Donald’s inducement and granting their

personal guarantees, they bound themselves to personal liability for repayment of as much as the

entire $763,459 loan and any accrued interest and costs and they did not receive one-third

ownership in Pura Vida or anything else of value in exchange for such guarantee. Further, they

asserted that each of them was required to have a security clearance as part of their employment

and that said “security clearance may or will be revoked if he receives no asset such as one-third

ownership in Pura Vida after it is more than a shell and is funded by receipt of the property held

by RDI to set off against personal liability for as much as the entire $763,459 loan and any accrued

interest and costs.” Additionally, they each alleged that their personal guarantees of the loan

significantly diminished their net worth and creditworthiness.

¶ 16   Donald’s answer to count I of the fourth amended complaint admitted some of the

allegations which provide a factual background and denied the allegations of fraud. Additionally,

Donald filed affirmative defenses that stated that assuming the allegations of Douglas and Dennis

were true, there was no reasonable reliance, and they suffered no damages. A review of the record

on appeal reveals that no response to the affirmative defenses was filed.

¶ 17   The first day of the consolidated bench trial took place on November 13, 2018. The parties

present on that date were: Donald, Judy, Douglas, and Dennis. As the bench trial was consolidated

for separate causes of actions with different burdens of proof, the parties agreed to a waiver of the

order of proof and scope. Additionally, they agreed that the plaintiffs-appellants, Douglas and

Dennis, would proceed with their case-in-chief in the matter of 13-CH-8 first. Then, the plaintiff,

Pura Vida, would present its case, followed by rebuttal from any party, as needed.

                                                 5
¶ 18    David was the first witness to testify. He was called as an adverse witness. The following

relevant testimony was presented to the trial court. David testified that in 2005 he was the sole

shareholder of RDI and the officers were David, James, and Judy. At this time, RDI owned rental

properties, including the park.

¶ 19    In 2007, David signed a mortgage with PNB, after his father, James F. Reimer (James),

approached PNB for the loan. In 2007, the officers of RDI were David, Judy, and Donald. At some

point in 2007, the loan with PNB became delinquent and a foreclosure action was filed by the

bank.

¶ 20    David testified that as the foreclosure matter was ongoing his brother, Donald, and father,

James, both looked into different types of financing for the corporation and the property. David

did not participate in those negotiations, but he did provide a financial statement and his credit

score to Edward Heck, president of First National. A loan was made in June of 2010, for

approximately $760,000. The collateral for the loan included the park, some additional rental

property real estate, equipment, and Donald’s home, and Douglas and Dennis signed as guarantors.

It was David’s understanding that RDI obtained the loan from First National and those funds were

used to pay the PNB mortgage that was in foreclosure. David did not know whether there were

any proceeds left after paying PNB.

¶ 21    David did not participate in any discussions with Douglas or Dennis regarding them serving

as guarantors, but he believed his father, James, did. David did not know if Donald had any

conversations with Douglas or Dennis regarding them serving as guarantors.

¶ 22    David agreed that he did not actively participate in the management of RDI and only held

the shares. His father James “mainly oversaw most of it,” and his brother, Donald, worked in the

park to keep it up as David was working out of state for his employment with Boeing.

                                                6
¶ 23   David testified that he loaned his personal funds to RDI. He estimated he had loaned over

$50,000 total over the course of four or five years. He testified that James requested money from

him both on behalf of RDI and in a personal capacity. Neither party stipulated what the funds were

to be used for.

¶ 24   A business plan for the park was presented to David. He testified that he did not participate

in generating the document, did not know the purpose it was generated for, nor who generated it.

¶ 25   David testified that after the First National loan was obtained, Douglas, Dennis, and James

requested that he transfer shares from RDI to Pura Vida; however, David refused to make the

transfer. David was not aware of any agreement made prior to the First National loan regarding

transferring the shares. He testified that he believed James made the statement to his brothers,

Donald, Dennis, and Douglas, regarding transferring the shares.

¶ 26   David testified that at the time of trial he was a shareholder and one of the directors of RDI.

He also testified that he has served as an officer, in the role of secretary, for Pura Vida since

sometime in 2012, 2013, or 2014. The other officers in Pura Vida were Donald and Corrin Reimer.

¶ 27   In 2012, David and Donald removed Judy as secretary for RDI. At this time, David was

still the sole shareholder and Donald was the president of RDI. In 2012 or 2013, the ownership

interests in RDI were split equally in thirds between David, Donald, and Willard Diener. Around

this same time, a loan was obtained from Crossroads Bank that paid off the First National loan. He

stated this was done to “get my brothers out as guarantors.” Mr. Diener invested $250,000 into

RDI so trailers could be purchased in exchange for his one-third ownership of the shares.

¶ 28   Dennis was the next witness to testify, and the following relevant information was

presented to the trial court. Dennis has lived in Virginia for the past 18 years, and he has been

employed by the Department of Homeland Security for the past 9 years.

                                                 7
¶ 29   Dennis testified that in 2010 he was approached by Donald, his brother, and James, his

father, concerning guaranteeing a mortgage for RDI. He testified that he initially received a phone

call from James who requested to borrow $10,000 to pay attorneys in order to secure the park.

Dennis testified he also had a follow up conversation with Donald, and that Donald was calling

him “in an individual capacity as my brother.” Dennis did loan the $10,000 to either James or

Donald, but he did not recall to whom the money was provided.

¶ 30   In late March or early April 2010, Dennis stated he was contacted by Donald and they

discussed a new corporation and repaying the $10,000 loan. Dennis testified that he was

approached about being a guarantor within a corporation for a loan with a new bank because of

financial trouble with PNB and that a loan was needed in order to secure the park. Dennis testified

he declined this request in early 2010 and that “I did not want to do business with [Donald].” He

elaborated that he was not interested in doing business with Donald because previously, in 2005,

he “loaned them *** $60,000, and that they’d never paid me back for that either.”

¶ 31   Dennis testified that after he initially declined to sign the guarantee that Donald contacted

him again and this time offered him a one-third share in Pura Vida so he would have assets and

the loan could be paid back from the profits of the park. He stated that he did not have anything to

do with the corporation of Pura Vida, but that he thought the park, an asset of RDI, would be

transferred to Pura Vida. Dennis testified that this was his understanding from talking with Donald.

Prior to depositions related to this litigation, Dennis had not seen any documents that demonstrated

the alleged agreement to transfer property from RDI to Pura Vida.

¶ 32   Dennis also discussed a conversation he had with his other brother, Douglas, regarding the

loan. He testified that “[Douglas] called me and said, ‘Look, we’re going to be equal shareholders.’

And so he convinced me to go in with [Donald] and with [Douglas] and myself. Because he said

                                                 8
the stock will be split three ways so there’s no way of one of [sic] just going off and doing

something stupid.” After testifying to the foregoing, Dennis testified, “That’s a quote originally

from [Donald] to me to my wife, yeah. ***And then [Douglas] repeated that to me.”

¶ 33   Dennis testified that he did ultimately decide to serve as a guarantor after he “saw the

corporate resolution and it showed both [Donald], [Douglas], and myself listed as officers in that

corporation.” The corporate resolution Dennis saw was for Pura Vida and it was signed in June

2010. Dennis testified that he signed the corporate resolution and returned it to Donald and the

bank. Donald told Dennis the bank needed the corporate resolution in order to secure the loan to

Pura Vida. There was a separate document that Dennis signed for the bank as guarantor.

¶ 34   Dennis was presented with defendant’s exhibit 14, the corporate resolution of Pura Vida.

He testified that the document stated “that the corporation will purchase from [RDI] certain real

property, which it lists the real estate property, which my understanding was the mobile home

park. And that we would be entering into a loan agreement under Pura Vida with First National

Bank of Nokomis.” Dennis signed the resolution on June 18, 2010, in Virginia, and Donald and

Douglas signed a separate document on June 25, 2010. Dennis’s understanding was that the assets

would be transferred from RDI to Pura Vida. He did not have any reason to question Donald as to

whether the assets would be transferred “[p]artly because he’s my brother, and also I saw

documents that conveyed to the fact that, you know, we were going to enter into this agreement.”

¶ 35   Dennis testified that he signed as guarantor for the new loan because he was to receive a

one-third interest in Pura Vida and be repaid the $70,000 he had previously loaned, and he would

not have agreed to sign as guarantor without these assurances. At the time he agreed to sign as

guarantor, the only RDI asset that Dennis was aware of was the park.

                                                9
¶ 36   Following the corporate resolution regarding the loan discussed above, Dennis testified

that the other time he participated in a corporate resolution for Pura Vida was “I believe it was

2012, that my father came to me and said, ‘We need to set up the corporation.’ ” Dennis testified

that he was listed as an officer of Pura Vida, but that he never attended meetings or anything else

to participate in the management of Pura Vida.

¶ 37   Dennis initially testified that the $760,000 loan, for which he signed as a guarantor,

impacted his security clearance for his employment. He stated that when reviewing his clearance,

a search for debts is conducted. He was told that a default on the loan could impact his security

clearance. Dennis later testified that the bank never took any adverse action against him on the

loan and neither did his employer. He stated, “The loan at First National Bank did not have any

effect on my security clearance.”

¶ 38   On cross-examination, Dennis reviewed defendant’s exhibit “B,” a letter dated August 30,

2005, on letterhead from Reimer Estates, Inc. (REI) written to him and signed by “Dad.” Dennis

testified that the $60,000 loan he made was to REI, and that corporation no longer exists after it

went through bankruptcy. Dennis testified he indicated the loan of $60,000 was to be a personal

loan to Donald and his father not a corporate loan. When asked if the obligation to repay the loan

survived bankruptcy, Dennis testified that “I believe family is stronger than court. That’s what I

believed at the time; that’s what I believe now.”

¶ 39   Prior to signing the guarantee, Dennis did not request to review any documents from RDI

or Pura Vida. He testified that “I trusted my brother. *** I didn’t ask because I felt like he was

gonna put it all together.”

                                                 10
¶ 40      Douglas was the next witness called to testify. He testified that he resides in Chesterfield,

Missouri. He has been employed in a sensitive government position for the past 10 years and prior

to that he was in the military.

¶ 41      Douglas did not have any interest in RDI as a shareholder, officer, or director. He did have

knowledge of the workings of RDI because he would assist with maintenance projects on the

weekends. He did not have knowledge of the running of the business, including the income and

assets.

¶ 42      In March or April of 2010, Douglas stated he received a telephone call from his brother,

Donald, regarding needing assistance for obtaining a loan. He explained the loan was needed to

refinance the park and other assets that RDI had. RDI had a loan being foreclosed on with PNB,

and it was coming to a critical stage. Douglas testified that he initially declined to assist with the

loan.

¶ 43      Approximately three months later, Douglas agreed to assist with obtaining the new

financing. Douglas testified that “[Donald] sold me on the idea by saying that Reimer Development

had substantial K-1’s, which was something that I could use to reduce my tax burden. He also said

that I would own a third of the assets of a new corporation. And that’s how I sold it to my wife.”

He was told that RDI was going to be dissolved and a new corporation created called Pura Vida.

¶ 44      Douglas stated that he saw several businesses plans during the course of negotiations. One

plan showed only Douglas and his wife would have 100% ownership of the new corporation. He

believed he saw this plan in late 2009 or early 2010.

¶ 45      Douglas agreed to sign as guarantor and to attend the closing of the loan. Prior to that, he

had discussions with Edward Heck because he needed financial statements and tax returns.

Douglas also stated he had a discussion with “[Edward Heck] on what was going to happen.” It

                                                   11
was explained to Douglas by Heck that he could be responsible for the entire loan if it was

defaulted on.

¶ 46   Sometime in 2014, Douglas stated he received notices of delinquencies on the loan. He and

Dennis discussed making payments to bring the loan current, but they did not make any payments

on the loan. The next notice that Douglas received from the bank was that the loan had been paid

off and he was relieved of his personal guarantee.

¶ 47   Douglas self-reported the three-month delinquency on the loan to his employer. As a result

he was required to undergo a counterintelligence polygraph. He felt he was highly scrutinized at

work; however, he did not testify to any other adverse consequences.

¶ 48   At the time of the loan closing, Douglas requested a copy of all the documents from Heck.

He did not make any requests for documents to Donald. When asked if he had any reservations

prior to signing the guarantee, Douglas stated, “Well I was kind of—I was hesitant that day when

I drove up because we hadn’t—we hadn’t got a new business plan and I hadn’t got any real

guarantees from [Donald] that I was going to get stock transfers. When I asked him about the

business plan that day, and he told me that he was too busy to get it done and he’ll do it later.”

¶ 49   Douglas testified that as of the time of trial that he believed the promise of the one-third

share to him and the one-third share to Dennis was false when it was made. Douglas concluded

that he and Dennis “were set up,” and Donald made the promises “with the intent that he not

provide you with that one-third interest.”

¶ 50   A recess of the proceedings was taken with the intent to continue the following day. The

next morning, on November 14, 2018, counsel for Douglas and Dennis made a motion to continue

the consolidated bench trial so they could file a written motion for disqualification of attorneys.

The bench trial was continued over the objection of counsel for Donald.

                                                 12
¶ 51     The second day of the bench trial was conducted 14 months later on January 28, 2020. On

the record, counsel for Douglas and Dennis indicated an agreement had been reached between the

parties regarding providing the discovery deposition of Edward Heck in lieu of his live testimony.

The trial court stated, “That discovery deposition, with all exhibits, will be admitted into evidence

as his testimony in lieu of his live testimony. A complete copy of that deposition and transcripts

to be on record within seven days. Once that is submitted, I will go on the assumption it is being

submitted by agreement, and that any discussions or issues regarding the contents have been

resolved prior to its submission to the clerk.”

¶ 52     Next, Pura Vida, plaintiff in 12-CH-58, began the presentation of testimony regarding the

allegations in its complaint. Only that testimony relevant to 13-CH-8 will be presented in this

order.

¶ 53     Donald was the next witness to testify. He testified that he was self-employed by RDI and

engaged in the buying and selling of mobile homes and the management of a mobile home

community.

¶ 54     Donald testified he was also the president of Pura Vida. He stated Pura Vida was

incorporated on June 16, 2010, and he has served as the president since that time. At the time Pura

Vida was created, it issued 1000 shares. Donald was initially the sole shareholder and paid $1000

for the 1000 shares he received. On February 25, 2012, Donald transferred all of his shares to his

wife.

¶ 55     Douglas was the secretary of Pura Vida and Dennis was the vice president. On June 16,

2011, they were removed as officers of Pura Vida and Judy was appointed as secretary. Donald

testified that numerous phone calls took place between himself, Douglas, Dennis, James, and Judy

                                                  13
regarding the change in officers. Donald testified that his brothers did not object to being removed

as officers at the time it occurred.

¶ 56    Donald testified that he did not promise to convey one-third of the shares of either RDI or

Pura Vida to his brothers. Additionally, he stated that in February 2015, the loan with First National

was paid and Douglas and Dennis were released from their guarantees.

¶ 57    All parties rested, and they agreed to submit written closing arguments to the court. The

trial court entered its order on May 22, 2020, finding that Douglas and Dennis failed to meet their

burden of proof to establish a claim of fraud against Donald. However, due to the consolidation of

this action, 13-CH-8, with the matter of 12-CH-58, in which the court found it did not have

jurisdiction due to lack of all necessary and indispensable parties, the trial court’s order stated, “As

2013-CH-8 and 2012-CH-58 were consolidated and remain consolidated, and as the issues raised

in 2012-CH-58 have not been fully disposed of herein, the judgment on issues raised in 2013-CH-

8 is not yet final and appealable.”

¶ 58    The case of 12-CH-58 was reopened, after the necessary service was obtained, and

additional evidence was presented regarding 12-CH-58 only. Following the additional

proceedings, the trial court entered a subsequent order on November 9, 2021. That order stated,

“With judgment having been previously entered on 05/22/2020 as to the issues raised in the

consolidated case, 2013-CH-8, each judgment and order in these consolidated cases are now final

and appealable.” This timely appeal followed. Additional facts will be presented as necessary in

the analysis section of this order.

¶ 59                        B. Motion for Disqualification of Attorneys

¶ 60    On November 21, 2018, Douglas and Dennis filed a motion for disqualification of attorneys

in 13-CH-8, seeking to disqualify Donald’s attorneys. Donald was represented by Brian Eck of

                                                  14
Featherstun, Gaumer, Stocks, Flynn & Eck, LLP (Featherstun firm). In the motion, Douglas

alleged that Brian Eck and/or members of the same law firm represented him in prior litigation,

namely Shelby County case No. 09-CH-4, Prairie National Bank v. Reimer Properties, et al. and

David J. Reimer. Attached as exhibit “C” to the motion was a facsimile transmission report that

indicated on February 15, 2012, Douglas sent a fax to Brian Eck. Exhibit “D” to the motion is a

letter dated March 31, 2012, from Douglas to Brian Eck regarding case No. 09-CH-4. James, who

was not a party to either 12-CH-58 or 13-CH-8, filed an affidavit in support of the motion for

disqualification averring that “on a Thanksgiving Day at his office in Decatur, Illinois, I met with

Jerrold H. Stocks, an attorney with Featherstun, Gaumer, Stocks, Flynn & Eck, LLP, concerning

Shelby County Case No. 2009-CH-4.”

¶ 61    On January 17, 2019, Donald filed a response to the motion for disqualification and a

motion for sanctions regarding the filing of the motion for disqualification. A response to the

motion for sanctions was filed on April 17, 2019.

¶ 62    On May 3, 2019, Donald filed a motion for summary judgment and a memorandum of law

on the disqualification issue. No response to the motion for summary judgment was filed. Donald’s

argument was that any issue as to disqualification had been waived due to the passage of time

without raising it.

¶ 63    The trial court scheduled a hearing on the motion for summary judgment on July 29, 2019.

On that date, on the record, the parties waived oral argument on the motion for summary judgment.

Additional facts will be set forth in the analysis section of this order.

                                                  15
¶ 64                                       II. ANALYSIS

¶ 65                                A. Judgment on Fraud Count

¶ 66   “The standard of review in a bench trial is whether the judgment is against the manifest

weight of the evidence.” Camelot, Inc. v. Burke Burns & Pinelli, Ltd., 2021 IL App (2d) 200208,

¶ 50. When sitting as the trier of fact in a bench trial, the trial court makes findings of fact and

weighs all of the evidence in reaching a conclusion. Nokomis Quarry Co. v. Dietl, 333 Ill. App. 3d

480, 483-84 (2002). “When a party challenges a trial court’s bench-trial ruling, we defer to the

trial court’s factual findings unless they are contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence.” Id.

at 484. When applying this standard of review, we give great deference to the trial court’s

credibility determinations, and we will not substitute our judgment for that of the circuit court

“ ‘because the fact finder is in the best position to evaluate the conduct and demeanor of the

witnesses.’ ” Staes & Scallan, P.C. v. Orlich, 2012 IL App (1st) 112974, ¶ 35 (quoting Samour,

Inc. v. Board of Election Commissioners, 224 Ill. 2d 530, 548 (2007)). “A factual finding is against

the manifest weight of the evidence when the opposite conclusion is clearly evident or the finding

is arbitrary, unreasonable, or not based on evidence.” Samour, 224 Ill. 2d at 544. The trial court’s

findings and judgment will not be disturbed “if there is any evidence in the record to support such

findings.” Brown v. Zimmerman, 18 Ill. 2d 94, 102 (1959).

¶ 67   The trial court’s order cited relevant authorities, set forth the requisite burden of proof, and

made findings of facts, consistent with its role in a bench trial. The order was approximately 4½

pages in length containing single-spaced text. Due to its length, only portions of the order will be

quoted. The order found as follows:

               “In Count I of the Fourth Amended Complaint filed in 2013-CH-8 against Donald,

       Douglas and Dennis seek damages for fraud. The elements of fraud that must be proven by

                                                 16
       Douglas and Dennis include: (1) a false statement of material fact; (2) known or believed

       to be false by the party making it; (3) made with the intent to induce the other party to act;

       (4) action by the other party in justifiable reliance on the truth of the statement; and

       (5) damage to the other party resulting from the reliance. Dloogatch v. Brincat, 396 Ill.

       App. 3d 842, 847 (2009); Abazari v. Rosalind Franklin Univ. of Medicine & Science, 2015

       IL App (2d) 140952.

              In a fraud cause of action, fraud is not presumed; rather, the law presumes that

       transactions are fair and honest. Avery v. State Farm Auto Ins. Co., 835 N.E.2d 801, 856

       (2005). The party attempting to prove fraud has a heavy responsibility. Gordon v. Dolin,

       434. N.E.2d 341, 345 (1982). The parties agree that Plaintiffs, Douglas and Dennis, have

       the burden of proving all elements by clear and convincing evidence, and this is found here

       to be plaintiff’s burden of proof on a common law fraud cause of action. [Citation.] Proof

       by clear and convincing evidence requires more than a preponderance of the evidence but

       does not quite approach the degree of proof necessary to convict a person of a criminal

       offense. Estate of Ragan, 79 Ill. App. 3d 8, 13-14 (1st Dist. 1979).”

¶ 68   The trial court examined each of the five elements of a fraud action in its order. The first

required element is a false statement of material fact. “This element encompasses three

requirements: the defendant (1) must make a misrepresentation, (2) it must involve a fact, and

(3) the misrepresentation must be material.” Miller v. William Chevrolet/GEO, Inc., 326 Ill. App.

3d 642, 649 (2001). Douglas and Dennis testified that Donald stated that in exchange for

guaranteeing the new loan they would each receive a one-third interest in Pura Vida or RDI.

Donald denied making this statement. The trial court stated, “Having considered the testimony

provided by all witnesses, this court finds that Douglas and Dennis did not meet their burden of

                                                17
proof on this issue. Specifically, this court finds that Donald’s testimony on this issue is more

credible.” The trial court elaborated on this finding and stated that it was troubling that the terms

of the alleged promise varied throughout the testimony. After finding that the statement that

Douglas and Dennis alleged Donald made, was not actually made, the trial court determined the

second element of a fraud claim, knowledge of falsehood of the statement, and third element, intent

to induce, were moot.

¶ 69   Next, the trial court examined the fourth element, justifiable reliance. The law does not

allow a party “to enter into a transaction with eyes closed to material facts and then claim fraud by

deceit.” Id. at 651. A party asserting fraud must show that they “justifiably relied on defendant’s

words or silence.” Central States Joint Board v. Continental Assurance Co., 117 Ill. App. 3d 600,

606 (1983). “The right to rely depends on consideration of all the surrounding circumstances.”

Miller, 326 Ill. App. 3d at 651. The trial court found, “Assuming the statements were actually

made by Donald as claimed, this court would conclude that the guarantees provided by Douglas

and Dennis were not provided in reliance on the truth of that statement. Further, even if there [was]

reliance, that reliance would not be justified.” The trial court pointed to Douglas’s testimony

regarding his initial hesitance to sign as a guarantor. Douglas also testified it was his family

relationship that led him to sign the guarantee. Further, the court found if there had been reliance

that it was not justified as neither Douglas nor Dennis sought any written confirmation of the

promise to transfer shares and “[v]arious terms of a possible agreement for the transfer of shares

in Pura Vida appear through the record.”

¶ 70   Finally, the trial court examined the element of damages. Damages are a necessary element

of the prima facie case for a common law fraud action. Id. at 652. The trial court found that

Douglas and Dennis failed to meet their burden of proof to establish their damages. They were

                                                 18
each seeking damages of one-third of the gross value of assets that were held by RDI that they

contend should have been transferred to Pura Vida, and they contended that this would be $223,440

for each of them. Douglas and Dennis asserted that the deposition testimony of Edward Heck was

sufficient to satisfy the underlying value of RDI. The trial court found that Mr. Heck, a bank

president, did not qualify as an expert to offer testimony to establish the valuation of a corporation

or as to the individual assets held within that corporation. The trial court found as follows:

                 “Douglas and Dennis point to no other damages suffered. They point to no other

       calculation for such damages. They experienced no loss in employment or damage to their

       security clearance. They provided no evidence of having to pay on the guarantees. In fact,

       it is clear from the record that the loan was paid off entirely without their having to pay

       any amount towards that guaranteed loan. No competent basis was provided to calculate

       any damages. Douglas and Dennis have failed to meet their burden of proof on the damages

       issue.”

¶ 71   On appeal, the plaintiffs-appellants point to their disagreements with the trial court’s

findings as to credibility. They are quick to criticize the trial court, stating, “[I]t seems the trial

court is diametrically opposed to logic and human nature.” However, the plaintiffs-appellants

failed to present any evidence that would make the opposite conclusion clearly evident. There is

nothing in the record to indicate that the trial court’s findings were arbitrary, unreasonable, or not

based on the evidence. On review, we will not substitute our judgment for that of the trial court.

Orlich, 2012 IL App (1st) 112974, ¶ 35. If we find any evidence in the record to support the trial

court’s findings, the judgment will not be disturbed. Brown, 18 Ill. 2d at 102.

¶ 72   Douglas and Dennis failed to present sufficient evidence to meet their burden of proving

each and every element of common law fraud by clear and convincing evidence. They failed to

                                                  19
demonstrate the trial court’s judgment was against the manifest weight of the evidence.

Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s orders of May 22, 2020, and November 9, 2021, as they

relate to 13-CH-8.

¶ 73                           B. Edward Heck’s Deposition Testimony

¶ 74   On appeal, the plaintiffs-appellants allege the trial court failed to consider Edward Heck’s

deposition testimony 2 to establish the value of RDI’s assets. They contend this was an abuse of

discretion. As the plaintiffs-appellants presented this testimony on the issue of damages of their

fraud count, and as we have already examined and affirmed the judgment on the fraud count for

other reasons, this issue is moot and will not be addressed further. “As a general rule, courts of

review in Illinois do not decide moot questions, render advisory opinions, or consider issues where

the result will not be affected regardless of how those issues are decided.” In re Barbara H., 183

Ill. 2d 482, 491 (1998).

¶ 75                          C. Motion for Disqualification of Attorneys

¶ 76   The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of Donald finding as a matter of law

that Douglas and Dennis waived their right to raise the issue of disqualification. Accordingly, the

motion for disqualification of attorneys was denied.

¶ 77   “Summary judgment is appropriate where the pleadings, depositions, admissions, and

affidavits show that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that the moving party is entitled

to judgment as a matter of law.” Direct Auto Insurance Co. v. Beltran, 2013 IL App (1st) 121128,

¶ 43. On appeal, we review the trial court’s entry of summary judgment de novo. Outboard Marine

Corp. v. Liberty Mutual Insurance Co., 154 Ill. 2d 90, 131-32 (1992). The party “moving for

summary judgment bears the initial burden of proof.” Siegel Development, LLC v. Peak

       2
           The deposition transcript of Edward Heck’s testimony was not included in the record on appeal.
                                                    20
Construction LLC, 2013 IL App (1st) 111973, ¶ 109. This burden of proof can be met either by

affirmatively showing that some element of the claim must be resolved in favor of the moving

party or by establishing an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party’s claim. Id.

¶ 78    “A party seeking disqualification based on prior representation must establish the existence

of a prior attorney-client relationship and then establish that the prior and subsequent

representations are substantially related.” In re Estate of Klehm, 363 Ill. App. 3d 373, 380 (2006).

A three-part test, adopted by our supreme court, is used to determine whether prior and subsequent

representations are substantially related. Id. “Under the ‘substantial relationship’ test, the court

first makes a factual reconstruction of the scope of the prior legal representation; second, the court

determines whether it is reasonable to infer that the confidential information allegedly given would

have been given to a lawyer representing a client in those matters; and third, the court determines

whether the information is relevant to the issue raised in the pending litigation against the former

client.” Id.

¶ 79    Because disqualification is a drastic measure that prevents a party from being represented

by the counsel of his choosing, courts should apply it only when absolutely necessary. Id. at 377.

Additionally, “motions to disqualify are generally viewed with caution since they can be used as

a tool to harass opposing counsel.” Id. “In an effort to discourage tactical gamesmanship, courts

have determined that motions to ‘disqualify should be made with reasonable promptness after a

party discovers the facts which [led] to the motion.’ ” Id. (quoting Central Milk Producers

Cooperative v. Sentry Food Stores, Inc., 573 F.2d 988, 992 (8th Cir. 1978)). As such, a motion for

disqualification may be denied on the basis of waiver. Id. “A party waives any objection to an

alleged attorney conflict of interest if it fails to assert that conflict promptly.” International

Insurance Co. v. City of Chicago Heights, 268 Ill. App. 3d 289, 302 (1994).

                                                 21
       “In determining whether a moving party has waived its right to object to an attorney’s

       representation of an adverse party on conflict of interest grounds in civil cases, courts have

       considered such factors as the length of the delay in bringing the motion to disqualify;

       when the movant learned of the conflict; whether the movant was represented by counsel

       during the delay; why the delay occurred; and whether disqualification would result in

       prejudice to the nonmoving party.” In re Estate of Klehm, 363 Ill. App. 3d at 377.

¶ 80   The motion for summary judgment on the issue of disqualification asserted that waiver

applied so the motion for disqualification should be denied. When considering a motion for

summary judgment, the trial court “has a duty to construe the record strictly against the movant

and liberally in favor of the nonmoving party.” Jackson v. TLC Associates, Inc., 185 Ill. 2d 418,

423-24 (1998). However, affidavits and deposition testimony offered in support or against a

motion for summary judgment may not contain conclusions, but evidentiary facts. Geary v. Telular

Corp., 341 Ill. App. 3d 694, 699 (2003); Perfection Corp. v. Lochinvar Corp., 349 Ill. App. 3d

738, 744 (2004). “Unsupported assertions, opinions, and self-serving or conclusory statements do

not comply with Supreme Court Rule 191(a).” Geary, 341 Ill. App. 3d at 699.

¶ 81   On review, for purposes of the motion for summary judgment, we will consider the

following allegations to be true: (1) an attorney-client relationship previously existed between

Douglas and Dennis and the Featherstun firm and Eck regarding 09-CH-4, (2) the issues in 09-

CH-4 and issues in the present litigation are substantially related, and (3) in February and March

of 2012, Douglas sent correspondence to Eck. With this in mind, we will next examine whether

waiver of the disqualification issue occurred.

¶ 82   The motion for disqualification filed by Douglas contains correspondence he sent to Eck

in 2012. The current action, 13-CH-8, was filed on March 11, 2013, approximately a year after

                                                 22
that correspondence was sent. Douglas’s 2012 correspondence indicates he believed Eck was his

attorney.

¶ 83     Eck and the Featherstun firm became involved in 13-CH-8 with the filing of the motion to

dismiss, or in the alternative consolidate, on March 18, 2013, on behalf of Pura Vida. The

consolidation was later agreed to by the parties at a status conference on July 29, 2014. The

plaintiffs-appellants, Douglas and Dennis, knew or should have known of the involvement of Eck

and the Featherstun firm at this time.

¶ 84     Throughout this litigation, Douglas and Dennis have been represented by counsel. Neither

Douglas nor Dennis alleged that they were unaware of the conflict prior to the first day of the

bench trial. Rather, their motion for disqualification states as follows:

                “24. That on the first day of the bench trial in the consolidated cases of 2013-CH-8

         and 2012-CH-58 Eck presented Doug with an exhibit which provided Doug with written

         evidence of a conflict of interest arising by Eck’s representation of Donald Reimer and

         David Reimer.

                25. That that [sic] this presentation provided the impetus for the records search

         which revealed the copy of the check which was shown to the Court and Eck prior to the

         beginning of testimony on the second day of the bench trial in the consolidated cases of

         2013-CH-8 and 2012-CH-58.”

They offer no reason why, if concerned about a conflict, even without the alleged “written

evidence,” this was not presented to the trial court earlier. The motion for disqualification was

addressed for the first time on November 14, 2018, what was to be the second day of the bench

trial.

                                                 23
¶ 85    While considering all of these facts in the light most favorable to Douglas and Dennis, a

delay of more than four years in this contentious litigation is not reasonable and results in waiver

of any argument of disqualification. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s order of August 28,

2019.

¶ 86                                   III. CONCLUSION

¶ 87    For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s orders of August 28, 2019, May 22,

2020, and November 9, 2021, as they related to 13-CH-8.

¶ 88    Affirmed.

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