Court Opinion

ID: 4585919
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-12 22:01:43.537291+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:47:53.699008
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                   OFFICE OF SPECIAL MASTERS
                                           No. 17-1941V
                                          UNPUBLISHED

    JANICE GUNTER,                                              Chief Special Master Corcoran

                         Petitioner,                            Filed: October 13, 2020
    v.
                                                                Special Processing Unit (SPU);
    SECRETARY OF HEALTH AND                                     Decision Awarding Damages; Pain
    HUMAN SERVICES,                                             and Suffering; Influenza (Flu)
                                                                Vaccine; Shoulder Injury Related to
                         Respondent.                            Vaccine Administration (SIRVA)

Leah V. Durant, Law Offices of Leah V. Durant, PLLC, Washington, DC, for petitioner.

Wei Kit Tai, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for respondent.

                                 DECISION AWARDING DAMAGES1

       On December 13, 2017, Janice Gunter filed a petition for compensation under the
National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program, 42 U.S.C. §300aa-10, et seq.2 (the
“Vaccine Act”). Ms. Gunter alleges that she suffered a left shoulder injury related to
vaccine administration (SIRVA) as a result of an influenza (“flu”) vaccine administered on
November 16, 2016. Petition at 1. The case was assigned to the Special Processing Unit
(the “SPU”) of the Office of Special Masters.

       For the reasons described below, I find that Petitioner is entitled to an award of
damages in the amount $125,293.80, representing $125,000.00 for actual pain and
suffering, and $293.80 for past unreimbursable expenses.

1  Because this unpublished decision contains a reasoned explanation for the action in this case, I am
required to post it on the United States Court of Federal Claims' website in accordance with the E-
Government Act of 2002. 44 U.S.C. § 3501 note (2012) (Federal Management and Promotion of Electronic
Government Services). This means the decision will be available to anyone with access to the
internet. In accordance with Vaccine Rule 18(b), Petitioner has 14 days to identify and move to redact
medical or other information, the disclosure of which would constitute an unwarranted invasion of privacy.
If, upon review, I agree that the identified material fits within this definition, I will redact such material from
public access.

2National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986, Pub. L. No. 99-660, 100 Stat. 3755. Hereinafter, for ease
of citation, all section references to the Vaccine Act will be to the pertinent subparagraph of 42 U.S.C. §
300aa (2012).
    I.       Relevant Procedural History

       This case was initiated on December 13, 2017. ECF No. 1. On October 12, 2018,
Respondent filed a status report stating that he was willing to engage in discussions
regarding potential settlement. ECF. No. 18. One month later, Petitioner filed a motion to
stay proceedings due to upcoming shoulder surgery. ECF No. 20. After the stay was lifted,
on March 28, 2019, the parties attempted to informally settle this case but could not reach
agreement. ECF No. 32.

        On October 7, 2019, Respondent filed a Rule 4(c) Report opposing compensation
because he did not believe Petitioner had offered preponderant evidence that onset of
Petitioner’s left shoulder pain occurred within 48 hours of vaccination. ECF 34 at 7.
Subsequently, Petitioner submitted additional evidence supporting her onset contentions.
See Ex. 12. Following a status conference, on November 29, 2019, Petitioner filed a
motion for a ruling on the record on the onset issue. ECF No. 38 at 7. Respondent did not
oppose Petitioner’s motion, and on January 15, 2020, I issued a ruling finding Petitioner
entitled to compensation. ECF No. 40. Following this ruling, the parties attempted to
informally resolve the issue of damages, but again failed to do so. ECF No. 44.

       A status conference was held the next month, and a scheduling order was issued
on March 17, 2020, regarding the briefing of disputed damages issues. ECF No. 45. The
parties have now filed their respective briefs (ECF Nos. 46 (“Br.”), 48 (“Opp.”), and 50
(“Resp.”)). I proposed that the parties be given the opportunity to argue their positions at
a motions hearing, at which time I would decide the disputed damages issues. ECF. No.
51. That hearing was held on October 2, 2020,3 and the case is now ripe for a
determination. The parties are not in dispute as to Petitioner’s entitlement to $293.80 in
past unreimbursable expenses, leaving only the determination of the pain and suffering
component.

    II.      Relevant Medical History

       A complete recitation of the facts can be found in the Petition, the parties’
respective pre-hearing briefs, and in Respondent’s Rule 4(c) Report. In brief summary,
Petitioner had a pre-vaccination medical history significant for rectal carcinoma, and on
January 7, 2015, she underwent a procedure to address fecal incontinence, including
Hartmann’s procedure (proctosigmoidectomy) with small bowel resection and
anastomosis. Ex. 4 at 20-23. Petitioner was discharged to home health services following
the surgery for assessment and care of stoma and colostomy procedures. Id. at 2.
Petitioner was recertified for home health services on November 1, 2016, for wound care
as a result of continued issues with her incision since the January 2015 surgery. Id. at
468-471.

3
  At the end of the October hearing, I issued an oral ruling from the bench on damages in this case. That
ruling is set forth fully in the transcript from the hearing, which is yet to be filed with the case’s docket. The
transcript from the hearing is, however, fully incorporated into this Decision.

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       Petitioner received the flu vaccine on November 16, 2016. Ex. 1 at 1. On that same
day, Petitioner posted a message on Facebook stating, “. . . please agree with me in
prayer that my left (flu shot) arm is better tomorrow . . . Never hurt like this before. Giving
them higher now?” Ex. 12 at 1. Approximately four weeks later, on December 16, 2016,
Petitioner reported to a home health nurse that her biggest concern was her left arm
“where she received a flu shot about one month ago.” Ex. 4 at 644. Petitioner reported
that she instantly had pain following the vaccination, but had slowly lost range of motion
and the pain was increasing. Id. Petitioner’s arm pain was described as “soreness/sharp,”
she rated her pain at four out of five, severity was mild, and it was noted that she was not
taking anything for pain. Id. at 646.

        On February 15, 2017, Petitioner’s orthopedist assessed Petitioner with
impingement syndrome and she then received a Kenalog injection. Ex. 3 at 7. Petitioner
subsequently had a left shoulder MRI on April 17, 2017, which revealed high-grade
partial-thickness bursal surface tear of the distal supraspinatus/infraspinatus tendon
superimposed on mild to moderate tendinosis and mild to moderate
subacromial/subdeltoid bursitis. Id. at 12-13. On May 26, 2017, Petitioner received
another Kenalog injection after her pain returned from the previous injection. Id. at 14. On
July 5, 2017, Petitioner began physical therapy (“PT”) services, and was discharged on
October 6, 2017 for a total of thirteen (13) PT visits. Ex. 3 at 17, 54. On October 11, 2017,
Petitioner was re-evaluated for PT services, but there is no indication that she continued
with PT services. Id. at 40-42.

         There is a subsequent thirteen-month gap before (on November 2, 2018) Petitioner
again sought treatment relevant to this case, presenting to her orthopedist with complaints
of left shoulder pain. Ex. 7 at 1. Petitioner reported that she had been performing her PT,
but her pain was now waking her at night, and she had significantly limited range of
motion, and was prescribed a Medrol Pak. Id. at 1-3. Petitioner discussed possible
surgical options with her orthopedist. Id. at 3, 7.

       On January 11, 2019, Petitioner underwent a left shoulder arthroscopic rotator cuff
repair and left shoulder arthroscopic subacromial decompression with acromioplasty and
bursectomy. Ex. 8 at 1. On January 29, 2019, Petitioner began PT services for her
shoulder, and was discharged on May 10, 2019 to a home exercise program, for a total
of twenty-six (26) PT visits. Ex. 9 at 21-22; Ex. 10 at 46-47. On May 13, 2019, Petitioner
returned to her orthopedist and reported that she was doing well overall, noting some pain
and discomfort at times. Ex. 11 at 1. Petitioner noted that PT went well and she saw
improvement in her range of motion. Id. On October 30, 2019, Petitioner returned to her
orthopedist reporting continued pain in her shoulder, and she received another
subacromial injection. Ex. 13 at 1-4.

   III.   Legal Standard
       Compensation awarded pursuant to the Vaccine Act shall include “[f]or actual and
projected pain and suffering and emotional distress from the vaccine-related injury, an
award not to exceed $250,000.” Section 15(a)(4). Additionally, a petitioner may recover
“actual unreimbursable expenses incurred before the date of judgment award such

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expenses which (i) resulted from the vaccine-related injury for which petitioner seeks
compensation, (ii) were incurred by or on behalf of the person who suffered such injury,
and (iii) were for diagnosis, medical or other remedial care, rehabilitation . . . determined
to be reasonably necessary.” Section 15(a)(1)(B). The petitioner bears the burden of proof
with respect to each element of compensation requested. Brewer v. Sec’y of Health &
Hum. Servs., No. 93-0092V, 1996 WL 147722, at *22-23 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Mar. 18,
1996).

       There is no mathematic formula for assigning a monetary value to a person’s pain
and suffering and emotional distress. I.D. v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 04-1593V,
2013 WL 2448125, at *9 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. May 14, 2013) (“[a]wards for emotional
distress are inherently subjective and cannot be determined by using a mathematical
formula”); Stansfield v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 93-0172V, 1996 WL 300594,
at *3 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. May 22, 1996) (“the assessment of pain and suffering is
inherently a subjective evaluation”). Factors to be considered when determining an award
for pain and suffering include: 1) awareness of the injury; 2) severity of the injury; and 3)
duration of the suffering. I.D., 2013 WL 2448125, at *9 (quoting McAllister v. Sec’y of
Health & Hum. Servs., No 91-1037V, 1993 WL 777030, at *3 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Mar.
26, 1993), vacated and remanded on other grounds, 70 F.3d 1240 (Fed. Cir. 1995)).

       I may also consider prior pain and suffering awards to aid my resolution of the
appropriate amount of compensation for pain and suffering in this case. See, e.g., Doe
34 v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 87 Fed. Cl. 758, 768 (2009) (finding that “there is
nothing improper in the chief special master’s decision to refer to damages for pain and
suffering awarded in other cases as an aid in determining the proper amount of damages
in this case.”). And, of course, I may rely on my own experience (along with my
predecessor Chief Special Masters) adjudicating similar claims.4 Hodges v. Sec’y of
Health & Hum. Servs., 9 F.3d 958, 961 (Fed. Cir. 1993) (noting that Congress
contemplated the special masters would use their accumulated expertise in the field of
vaccine injuries to judge the merits of individual claims).

       Although pain and suffering in the past was often determined based on a
continuum, as Respondent argues, that practice was cast into doubt by the Court several
years ago. Graves v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., 109 Fed. Cl. 579, 489-90 (2013). In
Graves, Judge Merrow rejected a special master’s approach of awarding compensation
for pain and suffering based on a spectrum from $0.00 to the statutory $250,000.00 cap.
Judge Merrow maintained that to do so resulted in “the forcing of all suffering awards into
a global comparative scale in which the individual petitioner’s suffering is compared to the
most extreme cases and reduced accordingly.” Graves, 109 Fed. Cl. at 590. Instead,
Judge Merrow assessed pain and suffering by looking to the record evidence, prior pain
and suffering awards within the Vaccine Program, and a survey of similar injury claims
outside of the Vaccine Program. Id. at 595. Under this alternative approach, the statutory

4 From July 2014 until September 2015, the SPU was overseen by former Chief Special Master Vowell. For
the next four years, until September 30, 2019, all SPU cases, including the majority of SIRVA claims, were
assigned to former Chief Special Master Dorsey, now Special Master Dorsey. In early October 2019, the
majority of SPU cases were reassigned to me as the current Chief Special Master.

                                                    4
cap merely cuts off higher pain and suffering awards – it does not shrink the magnitude
of all possible awards as falling within a spectrum that ends at the cap.

    IV.     Appropriate Compensation for Petitioner’s Pain and Suffering

       In this case, Petitioner’s awareness of her injury is not disputed, leaving only its
severity and duration to be considered. In determining appropriate compensation for
Petitioner’s pain and suffering, I have carefully reviewed and considered the complete
record in this case. I have also considered prior awards for pain and suffering in both SPU
and non-SPU SIRVA cases, and relied upon my experience adjudicating such cases.5
However, my determination is ultimately based upon the specific circumstances of this
case.

       In his damages brief, Respondent cites to a syncope case to support his
recommended proffer for pain and suffering.6 I find, however, that SIRVA damages
decisions provide a more appropriate framework for analyzing Petitioner’s pain and
suffering – for the obvious reason that Petitioner’s symptoms, course of treatment, and
outcome are similar to those commonly found in SIRVA cases.

        Citing Reed7, Petitioner requests an award of $170,000.00 in past pain and
suffering, based primarily on the course of her SIRVA, physical and mental anguish, and
the long duration of her injury. Br. at 9. Petitioner asserts that her pain was severe for two
years after the vaccination, such that she could not pick up her infant granddaughter. Id.
In her affidavit, Petitioner explained that she also had not been able to care for her animals
like she could before, she could not mow her own yard anymore, she could no longer
carry in firewood, saddle and ride her own horse, or ride her Harley-Davidson motorcycle.
Ex. 14 at 1. Petitioner also detailed the impact of her SIRVA on her activities of daily living.
Id. at 2. Petitioner noted that she is a lot more dependent upon neighbors, family, and
friends for activities that she used to carry out independently. Id. at 1-2.

5 Statistical data for all SIRVA cases resolved in SPU from inception through January 2020 as well as a
brief description of any substantive decisions can be found in the following decisions: Vinocur v. Sec’y of
Health & Hum. Servs., No. 17-0598V, 2020 WL 1161173 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Jan. 31, 2020); Wilt v. Sec’y
of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 18-0446V, 2020 WL 1490757 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Feb. 24, 2020); Smallwood
v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 18-0291V, 2020 WL 2954958 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Apr. 29, 2020).

6See H.S. v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 14-1057V, 2015 WL 6155891 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Sept.
25, 2015) (Petitioner was a junior-high student who experienced syncope following a Tdap vaccination.
Petitioner was awarded $60,000.00 in pain and suffering.)

7Reed v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 16-1670V, 2019 WL 1222925 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Feb. 1,
2019) (awarding $160,000.00 for pain and suffering)

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       Pursuant to my oral ruling on October 2, 2020 (which is fully adopted herein), I find
that $125,000.00 represents a fair and appropriate amount of compensation for
Petitioner’s past pain and suffering.

        The overall severity of the injury at issue is not high enough to warrant the
magnitude of the award requested by Petitioner. I note that although Petitioner did not
report her shoulder pain immediately after her vaccination, her delay is understandable
considering the other medical treatment and pain she experienced during the time of her
vaccination, including an open wound to her abdomen. Moreover, the onset of Petitioner’s
pain is sufficiently corroborated by her Facebook post on the same day as her vaccination.
However, the record in this case also reflects more than a one-year gap in treatment for
Petitioner’s shoulder after the initial onset. This gap bears on the magnitude of pain and
suffering to be awarded in this case. In addition, Petitioner did eventually require shoulder
surgery, a fact that bulwarks the severity of the overall injury. All of these facts suggest
the severity was not so intolerable to justify one of the higher pain and suffering awards
for SIRVA – but also that the amount to be awarded should not be de minimis either.

       Petitioner argues that her case is comparable to Reed, where the petitioner was
awarded $160,000.00 in pain and suffering. While some of the facts in Reed are similar,
however, that case is mostly distinguishable – in particular due to Petitioner’s one-year
gap in treatment. The Reed petitioner’s pain following the Tdap vaccination was severe
enough to cause her to seek surgical intervention within six months – unlike this case,
where Petitioner did not have surgery for more than two years after her vaccination. The
fact that Petitioner’s injury did not merit more invasive treatment on a shorter timeframe
undercuts her allegations of its severity because of the longer duration, and therefore
supports a lesser pain and suffering award than Petitioner requests. Petitioner also
alleges that her case is similar to Reed because both petitioners found their ability to
perform childcare limited by their injury – but the cases are not truly comparable on this
issue either. As previously noted, Petitioner was unable to lift and carry her infant
granddaughter, while Ms. Reed was a single mother to an eight-year-old, and thus whose
physical deficits had a greater life impact.

       Respondent on the other hand, citing Selling,8 submits that an award of $97,500.00
is appropriate in this case (Opp. at 1), but it too is inapposite. The Selling petitioner had
severe and debilitating pain for ten months until he underwent a shoulder manipulation
procedure. In addition, he had far fewer physical therapy visits (18 PT visits compared to
Petitioner’s 39), and Mr. Selling’s shoulder was mostly back to normal approximately five
months after his surgery, whereas Petitioner here continues to experience shoulder pain.
Even discounting Petitioner’s gap in treatment, she received active treatment for at least

8Selling v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 16-588V, 2019 WL 3425224 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. May 2,
2019) (awarding $105,000.00 for pain and suffering).

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three years total, and her pain and suffering award should account for that time, even if
treatment was delayed.

       The circumstances in this case are, in my reasoned determination, most analogous
to those in Roberson and Meyers.9 In Roberson, the petitioner experienced immediate,
severe pain, attended multiple courses of PT, and underwent a significant surgical
procedure, but was doing very well twelve weeks post-surgery. The Meyers petitioner
received two steroid injections, underwent surgery eight months after vaccination, and
experienced pain that interfered with her ability to care for her dependents while adversely
impacting other activities of daily living. The petitioners in these cases thus had post-
vaccination experiences comparable to Ms. Gunter’s, and therefore the totality of the
circumstances in this case warrants a similar award of pain and suffering.

     V.     Conclusion

       For all of the reasons discussed above and based on consideration of the record
as a whole, I find that $125,000.00 represents a fair and appropriate amount of
compensation for Petitioner’s actual pain and suffering.10 I also find that Petitioner
is entitled to $293.80 in actual unreimbursable expenses.

       Accordingly, I award Petitioner a lump sum payment of $125,293.80 in the form
of a check payable to Petitioner. This amount represents compensation for all damages
that would be available under § 15(a).

The clerk of the court is directed to enter judgment in accordance with this decision.11

          IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                         s/Brian H. Corcoran
                                         Brian H. Corcoran
                                         Chief Special Master

9Roberson v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 19-90V, 2020 WL 5512542 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. August
7, 2020) (awarding $125,000.00 in pain and suffering); Meyers v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 16-
909V, 2020 WL 3755335 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. June 5, 2020) (awarding $122,500.00 in pain and suffering).

10Since this amount is being awarded for actual, rather than projected, pain and suffering, no reduction to
net present value is required. See § 15(f)(4)(A); Childers v. Sec’y of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 96-0194V,
1999 WL 159844, at *1 (Fed. Cl. Spec. Mstr. Mar. 5, 1999) (citing Youngblood v. Sec’y of Health & Hum.
Servs., 32 F.3d 552 (Fed. Cir. 1994)).

11Pursuant to Vaccine Rule 11(a), entry of judgment can be expedited by the parties’ joint filing of notice
renouncing the right to seek review.

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