Court Opinion

ID: 4530341
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-04-30 16:04:06.775767+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:44:46.368015
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              DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA COURT OF APPEALS

                                  No. 17-CV-787

                       TRG CUSTOMER SOLUTIONS, INC. D/B/A
                       IBEX GLOBAL SOLUTIONS, APPELLANT,

                                         v.

                            THEODORE SMITH, APPELLEE.

                          Appeal from the Superior Court
                            of the District of Columbia
                                   (CA-8572-16)

                         (Hon. Neal E. Kravitz, Trial Judge)

(Argued October 16, 2018                                   Decided April 30, 2020)

      Nicholas T. Solosky, Fox Rothschild, LLP, with whom Rachel M. Severance,
and Alexander Hernaez, Fox Rothschild, LLP were on brief, for appellant.

      Mark G. Chalplin for appellee.

      Before THOMPSON and MCLEESE, Associate Judges, and EDELMAN, Associate
Judge of the Superior Court of the District of Columbia. *

      EDELMAN, Associate Judge: This case comes before the court on appeal of

the Superior Court’s denial of Appellant’s Motion to Compel Arbitration. The

      *
          Sitting by designation pursuant to D.C. Code § 11-707(a) (2012 Repl.).
                                         2

Appellant, TRG Customer Solutions, Inc. d/b/a Ibex Global Solutions (“TRG”),

claims that the trial court erred in denying its motion to stay Plaintiff Theodore

Smith’s employment discrimination lawsuit and to enforce an arbitration clause in

the parties’ employment agreement. We find, however, that TRG waived its right

to arbitrate through its unexplained delay in asserting its arbitration rights and

through its active participation in Smith’s lawsuit. Accordingly, we affirm.

                    I.     Factual and Procedural Background

        On November 28, 2016, Theodore Smith filed suit against his former

employer, TRG, alleging violations of the District of Columbia Human Rights Act.

Smith claimed that his termination in February 2016 resulted from discrimination on

the basis of his religion, as a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day

Saints, and on the basis of his weight and appearance.

        Smith began working for IBEX Global USA on March 5, 2012. As part of

the hiring process, Smith signed a Direct Dialogue Program and Mutual Agreement

to Mediate/Arbitrate. In 2013, Smith transferred to the Philippines at the request of

IBEX.     On June 15, 2013, IBEX asked Smith to sign two new employment

agreements – one for his employment with IBEX Global USA and another for his
                                           3

employment with IBEX’s entity in the Philippines, TRG Global Solutions

Philippines (d/b/a IBEX Global PH).            The agreements included a mandatory

arbitration clause and the same Direct Dialogue Program and Mutual Agreement to

Mediate/Arbitrate that Smith had signed in 2012. The arbitration agreement stated,

in part:

       The Company and Employee mutually consent to the resolution, by
       final and binding arbitration, of any and all claims or controversies
       (“claim”) that the Company may have against Employee or that
       Employee may have against the Company or its officers, directors,
       partners, owners, employees or agents in their capacity as such or
       otherwise, whether or not arising out of the employment relationship
       (or its termination), including but not limited to, any claims arising out
       of or related to this Agreement to Arbitrate (this “Agreement”) or the
       breach thereof.

       Mr. Smith was terminated from his position on February 3, 2016. Thereafter,

he filed a complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

(“EEOC”), alleging that his termination resulted from discrimination on the basis of

religion and on the basis of his weight and appearance. On August 30, 2016, the

EEOC closed its investigation and issued a Right to Sue letter to Smith, though TRG

evidently did not receive notice or a copy of the letter. In response, Smith filed this

lawsuit in Superior Court.
                                           4

      TRG responded to Smith’s lawsuit by filing two motions to dismiss. On

January 10, 2017, TRG filed its initial Motion to Dismiss, arguing that Smith’s

pending EEOC complaint divested the Superior Court of jurisdiction. While TRG’s

Motion to Dismiss referenced Smith’s employment agreements, it did not ask the

court to compel arbitration or mention the arbitration clause in any way. Smith filed

a written opposition on January 25, 2017. The trial court ultimately denied TRG’s

motion on January 31, 2017, noting that the EEOC had ceased processing Smith’s

administrative claim and had provided him a Right to Sue letter authorizing the

lawsuit.

      On February 21, 2017 – three weeks after the court’s denial of its first motion

to dismiss – TRG filed a Motion to Dismiss for Forum Non Conveniens. This

renewed effort to dismiss the case asked the Superior Court to dismiss Smith’s

lawsuit so that the parties could instead litigate the matter in the Philippines. In a

Memorandum of Points and Authorities appended to this Motion, TRG focused on

the substance of Smith’s claims and the facts underlying his employment to argue

that the relevant public and private interests favored resolution of this dispute in the

Philippines, a nation that TRG contended had “an incredibly strong interest in

adjudicating the claims [Smith] asserted in this matter.”         TRG cited specific

provisions of Philippine labor and employment law to argue that that country
                                          5

constituted an adequate alternative forum for litigation. While TRG attached a

portion of one of Smith’s employment contracts to its Memorandum of Points and

Authorities, it once again failed to demand arbitration or even make mention of the

arbitration clause. After Smith filed a written opposition (supported by an affidavit

and several dozen pages of exhibits), the trial court denied TRG’s forum non

conveniens motion on March 10, 2017.

      Its two motions to dismiss having been denied, TRG filed its Answer to

Smith’s Complaint on March 23, 2017. Although the Answer denied the bulk of the

factual assertions made in the Complaint, it admitted that Mr. Smith had signed two

employment agreements. TRG’s answer also pleaded twenty-three affirmative

defenses. None of these affirmative defenses asserted that the contractual arbitration

clause barred Smith’s lawsuit or otherwise referenced arbitration in any fashion.

      The day after TRG filed its Answer, the parties appeared before the trial court

for an initial scheduling conference. At that hearing, TRG agreed to a “Track 3”

Scheduling Order. Track 3 Orders set forth the lengthiest discovery period permitted

in the Superior Court Civil Division, and are thus reserved for complex cases

involving extensive discovery. See, e.g., Forti v. Ashcraft & Gerel, 864 A.2d 133,

135 (D.C. 2004). This Order scheduled discovery throughout the remainder of the
                                           6

2017 calendar year, with further dispositive motions to be filed in October 2017 and

a mediation session to occur in November or December.

       On May 3, 2017 – over five months after the filing of the Complaint – TRG

filed a Motion to Compel Arbitration. The Motion claimed for the first time that the

arbitration provision in Smith’s employment contract encompassed this dispute, and

requested that the Superior Court stay the lawsuit and instead compel arbitration.

TRG’s Motion did not attempt to explain or justify the five-month delay in asserting

its putative right to arbitration.

       The trial court denied TRG’s Motion to Compel in a written order issued on

June 9, 2017. The Order concluded that TRG’s “active litigation of the case

constitute[d] an implicit waiver of any rights the defendant may have had to enforce

the [arbitration] provisions.” The trial judge noted that in the five months that passed

between the filing of the lawsuit and the assertion of the right to arbitration, TRG

had been “a very active participant in the litigation” and “the driving force behind

all of the early motions practice in the case,” while Smith had “been forced to go
                                           7

toe-to-toe with [TRG] in the judicial arena for many months and almost certainly at

significant expense.” TRG timely appealed the Superior Court decision. 1

                                II.   Legal Framework

      On appeal, TRG argues that the trial judge erred in finding that it waived its

contractual right to arbitrate through its participation in this litigation. 2 Whether a

party has waived its right to arbitration constitutes a question of law that this court

considers de novo. Hercules & Co. v. Beltway Carpet Servs. Inc., 592 A.2d 1069,

1073 (D.C. 1991).

      As codified in the District of Columbia Revised Uniform Arbitration Act

(“RUAA”), D.C. Code §§ 16-4401 to 16-4432 (2012 Repl.), and the Federal

Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C. §§ 1-16 (1996), District of Columbia and federal law

      1
         A denial of a motion to compel arbitration is considered final, and is thus
subject to interlocutory appeal. Biotechpharma, LLC v. Ludwig & Robinson, PLLC,
98 A.3d 986, 990 (D.C. 2014).
      2
          TRG also maintains that the trial court erred in even reaching this issue
rather than leaving it to the arbitrator. TRG did not, however, raise this issue in the
Superior Court, and we therefore deem it waived for the purposes of this appeal.
2301 M St. Coop. Ass’n v. Chromium LLC, 209 A.3d 82, 88 (D.C. 2019) (citing
Cannon v. District of Columbia, 569 A.2d 595, 596-97 (D.C. 1990)).
                                         8

broadly protect the right of a party to contract for the use of arbitration as an

alternative dispute-resolution mechanism.       The RUAA provides that “[a]n

agreement contained in a record to submit to arbitration any existing or subsequent

controversy arising between the parties to the agreement is valid, enforceable, and

irrevocable,” D.C. Code § 16-4406, and permits judicial enforcement of agreement

to arbitrate, § 4407. Our case law has expressed a strong preference favoring

arbitration when a contract contains an arbitration clause. See, e.g., Carter v.

Cathedral Ave. Coop., Inc., 566 A.2d 716, 717 (D.C. 1989) (describing a

“presumption of arbitrability” when a contract contains a clause that covers the

asserted dispute); see also Moses H. Cone Mem’l Hosp. v. Mercury Constr. Corp.,

460 U.S. 1, 24-25 (1983) (“as a matter of federal law, any doubts concerning the

scope of arbitrable issues should be resolved in favor of arbitration”). Thus, “[a]

motion to compel arbitration invokes the well-established preference for arbitration

when the parties have expressed a willingness to arbitrate.” Friend v. Friend, 609

A.2d 1137, 1139 (D.C. 1992).

      However, like any contract right, the right to arbitrate may be waived – either

expressly or by implication. See Hercules, 592 A.2d at 1073; see also Nat’l Found.

for Cancer Research v. A.G. Edwards & Sons, Inc., 821 F.2d 772, 774 (D.C. Cir.

1987) (hereinafter “NFCR”). In evaluating whether such a waiver has occurred,
                                           9

“[t]he essential question is whether, under the totality of the circumstances, the

defaulting party has acted inconsistently with the arbitration right.” NCFR, 821 F.2d

774; see also Hercules, 592 A.2d at 1073 (citing cases). A party to a lawsuit can

effect such a waiver by actively participating in the litigation or by taking other

actions inconsistent with the right to arbitrate. Hossain v. JMU Props., LLC, 147

A.3d 816, 823 (D.C. 2016); Hercules, 592 A.2d at 1075; Cornell & Co. v. Barber &

Ross Co., 360 F.2d 512, 513 (D.C. Cir. 1966). In accordance with arbitration’s

favored status, courts must be “cautious” in concluding that a party to an arbitration

agreement has abandoned the right to enforce it, Hercules, 592 A.2d at 1075, and

must resolve any ambiguity regarding the scope of a waiver in favor of arbitration,

id. at 1073.

      This court has had few opportunities to evaluate the level of participation in a

lawsuit necessary to waive arbitration.        In Hercules, the defendant demanded

arbitration in one of its first acts after the initiation of the lawsuit, filing a motion

seeking to compel arbitration contemporaneously with the submission of its answer.

592 A.2d at 1070-71. The trial court ruled that the defendant waived its right to

pursue arbitration under the contract by answering the complaint, serving (and later

withdrawing) interrogatories, and filing a motion for summary judgment as to three

non-arbitrable tort claims.    Id. at 1071. This court disagreed, noting that the
                                            10

defendant had raised arbitration as part of its initial pleadings; sought summary

judgment and limited written discovery only as to claims not subject to arbitration;

and did not attempt to use the lawsuit to gain any advantage from discovery or

motions practice. Id. at 1074. In the end, we characterized the defendant’s actions

– filing an answer that allowed it to avoid the risk of a default accompanied by a

motion to dismiss invoking its right to arbitration – as “mere participation” as

opposed to “active participation” in the lawsuit, and held that such conduct did not

support a finding of waiver. Id. at 1075.

      This court and the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia

Circuit 3 have more frequently found, however, that a party’s engagement with the

litigation process waives its contractual right to arbitration. In Cornell, the D.C.

Circuit affirmed a finding of waiver in a case that had proceeded for four months

between the filing of the complaint and the motion for a stay in order to proceed to

arbitration. 4 360 F.2d at 513. In that time, the defendant had moved for a transfer

of venue; filed an answer and a counterclaim; and conducted a limited amount of

      3We have often found federal precedents interpreting the Federal Arbitration
Act to be highly persuasive in cases involving the right to arbitration. See, e.g.,
Hercules, 592 A.2d at 1073.
      4
       Cornell & Co. v. Barber & Ross Co., 360 F.2d 512 (D.C. Cir. 1966), remains
binding authority pursuant to M.A.P. v. Ryan, 285 A.2d 310, 312 (D.C. 1971).
                                          11

preliminary discovery. Id. The D.C. Circuit held that the defendant, through its

conduct, had waived its claim to arbitration, adopting the trial court’s conclusion that

“[t]he litigation machinery had been substantially invoked and the parties were well

into the preparation of a lawsuit by the time (some four months after the complaint

was filed) an intention to arbitrate was communicated by the defendant to the

plaintiff.” Id.

       In NFCR, a case often cited by this court, see Hossain, 147 A.3d at 822-23;

Hercules, 592 A.2d at 1073; Woodland Ltd. P’ship v. Wulff, 868 A.2d 860, 863 (D.C.

2005), the D.C. Circuit likewise found that the moving party had waived its right to

arbitration through its participation in the litigation. NFCR, 821 F.2d at 778.

Although the parties in that case disputed when the defendant could have asserted

its right to arbitrate, id. at 776, the defendant undoubtedly waited at least thirteen

months to do so, id. at 773-74. Standing alone, this delay in demanding arbitration

appeared inconsistent with an intent to arbitrate, as the defendant’s “extended silence

and much delayed demand for arbitration indicate[d] that [it] made a conscious

decision to continue to seek judicial judgment on the merits” of the arbitrable claims.

Id. at 777. In addition, the federal circuit based its finding of waiver on the

defendant’s conduct: filing an answer with fifteen affirmative defenses (and no

mention of arbitration); participating in discovery; filing and litigating a motion for
                                          12

summary judgment; and agreeing to set the case for trial. Id. at 775. In so doing,

the defendant “had invoked the litigation machinery to an even greater extent” than

did the defendant in Cornell. Id.

      Similarly, in Khan v. Parsons Global Servs., 521 F.3d 421 (D.C. Cir. 2008),

the D.C. Circuit reversed the trial court’s order to compel arbitration as a result of

the defendant’s waiver of its arbitration rights. Although the defendant had not

sought discovery, it had filed and litigated a motion for summary judgment

contending that the workmen’s compensation system provided the plaintiff’s only

avenue for relief. Id. at 426-27. This effort to obtain a ruling requiring the plaintiff

to pursue his claim in another forum waived the defendant’s arbitration right,

because “irrespective of other indicators of involvement in litigation, filing a motion

for summary judgment based on matters outside the pleadings is inconsistent with

preserving the right to compel arbitration.” Id. at 428.

      Our court most recently visited this issue in Hossain, 147 A.3d at 822. There,

the defendant company moved to dismiss the case and compel arbitration sixteen

months after the filing of a wrongful eviction action – and did so only after a nonjury

trial had already begun. Id. at 818. Because the commencement of the trial and the

defendant’s participation in it made the waiver question “eminently clear,” we saw
                                           13

no need, on those facts, to define a general rule as to “whether an action invoked

earlier than the beginning of trial can constitute ‘litigation conduct.’” Id. at 822.

         All of these decisions were deeply bound up in their individual circumstances;

as we have previously observed, “the facts of each case will present different

permutations of activities that may constitute ‘litigation conduct.’” Hossain, 147

A.3d at 822.       They do, however, set some parameters for separating “active

participation” in litigation that waives a party’s right to arbitrate from “mere

participation” in a lawsuit that does not. Our case law makes clear that filing an

answer or taking other steps to avoid the entry of a default cannot be characterized

as inconsistent with an intention to assert an arbitration right, and thus does not

establish a waiver. See Hercules, 592 A.2d at 1075. Beyond that, the relevant

precedents have classified a wide range of conduct beyond the filing of an answer

or initial responsive pleading – from filing a motion to change venue and conducting

limited discovery, see Cornell, 360 F.2d at 513; to litigating a summary judgment

motion aimed at forcing the plaintiff to rely on an alternative administrative remedy,

see Khan, 521 F.3d at 426-28; to participating in a trial, see Hossain, 147 A.3d at

822 – as so inconsistent with the assertion of a right to arbitrate as to waive such a

right.
                                           14

      In determining whether a party has waived its right to arbitration by actively

participating in a lawsuit or taking other action inconsistent with that right, see

Cornell, 360 F.2d at 512, these cases frequently return to the same themes. First, a

party’s unexplained delay in invoking a contractual right to arbitrate evinces an

intent not to exercise that right. Once a lawsuit has been filed, a party’s “dilatoriness

or delay,” id. at 514, or “extended silence and much delayed demand for arbitration,”

NFCR, 821 F.2d at 777, cut strongly in favor of a finding of waiver. 5 In addition, a

party’s attempt to use a judicial forum to obtain a favorable ruling before demanding

arbitration often represents the type of active participation in litigation that waives

that right. Thus, a party cannot make a “conscious decision to exploit the benefits

of pretrial discovery and motion practice with relation to the arbitrable claims, that

were fully available to it only in the judicial forum,” using arbitration as a “strategy

to manipulate the legal process” to get a “second bite” at a favorable outcome.

NFCR, 821 F.2d at 776. See also Khan, 521 F.3d at 427 (holding that a party that

has first sought relief through the judicial system “should not be able thereafter to

seek compelled arbitration”). This aspect of the case law reflects a concern with

gamesmanship, seeking to prevent a litigant from first resorting to judicial remedies

      5
         Indeed, Congress intended to discourage such delay in the Federal
Arbitration Act. Cornell, 360 F.2d at 514 and n.4.
                                            15

while holding an arbitration clause in its back pocket in case its opening gambits fall

short. 6

                                     III.    Analysis

       In denying TRG’s Motion to Compel Arbitration, the trial court found that

TRG’s conduct during the five months that the lawsuit had been pending waived its

right to invoke the arbitration clause in the employment agreements. We agree.

       To begin with, TRG’s entirely unexplained delay in demanding arbitration as

the lawsuit progressed cannot be squared with an intent to arbitrate. In contrast to

the defendant in Hercules, TRG did not invoke arbitration as part of its first response

to Smith’s lawsuit. See 592 A.2d at 1070, 1073-74. Instead, TRG responded with

two motions to dismiss; and while these motions referenced Smith’s employment

agreements, neither one of them demanded arbitration or even alluded to the

arbitration clause. When TRG finally answered Smith’s complaint, it did so in a

pleading that admitted the existence of the signed employment agreements and that

included twenty-three affirmative defenses – but that did not mention the agreement

       6
         While prejudice to the party opposing the arbitration demand may be a
relevant factor, prejudice need not be demonstrated in order to establish a waiver.
See, e.g., Hossain, 147 A.3d at 823.
                                           16

to arbitrate, assert the arbitration clause or TRG’s right to arbitrate as any type of

defense, or even reserve the issue for subsequent consideration. See Cornell, 360

F.2d at 513 n.3 (noting that a party’s participation in a lawsuit will not waive its right

to arbitrate if it has demanded arbitration in its answer). TRG then appeared before

the court for an initial scheduling conference and entered into a Track 3 Scheduling

Order setting out an extended timeline for discovery, motions practice, and trial.

Only after TRG had failed to prevail on two motions to dismiss, filed its answer, and

appeared for the initial scheduling conference did it first raise with the court its

supposed right to arbitration of this dispute.

      By the time that TRG finally filed its Motion to Compel Arbitration, five

months 7 had passed since the inception of the lawsuit, a period of time comparable

to that in other cases in which courts have found a waiver. See, e.g., Cornell, 360

F.2d at 513 (four months); Zuckerman Spaeder, LLP v. Aufenberg, 646 F.3d 919,

924 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (eight months). Significantly, TRG offers no explanation or

excuse for its delay in demanding arbitration. See NFCR, 821 F.2d at 777; Cornell,

      7
           TRG contends that its counsel communicated an intent to arbitrate to
Smith’s counsel somewhat earlier. As the D.C. Circuit has recognized, however,
“[i]n his pre-trial huffery and puffery a party may float all sorts of intentions, serious
or not; a court considering a question of forfeiture [of the right to arbitrate] is
properly concerned only with intentions placed upon the record.” Zuckerman
Spaeder, LLP v. Auffenberg, 646 F.3d 919, 923 (D.C. Cir. 2011).
                                           17

360 F.2d at 513-14. In short, as the litigation progressed for five months, TRG

undertook a number of responses to this lawsuit, but sat on its hands with regard to

whatever arbitration rights it had. This unexplained delay is plainly inconsistent

with an intention to resort to arbitration, and supports the trial court’s finding of a

waiver.

      On top of this extended period of unexplained silence, TRG actively litigated

this case in a manner that firmly established the waiver of its right to arbitration. As

noted supra, TRG submitted two separate dismissal motions, filed an answer

containing some two dozen affirmative defenses, and entered into a scheduling order

contemplating a lengthy discovery period and further pretrial motions. It is difficult

to disagree with the trial court’s conclusions that TRG acted as “a very active

participant in the litigation” and was in fact “the driving force behind all of the early

motions practice in the case.”

      TRG’s forum non conveniens motion perhaps best exemplified the way in

which it attempted to utilize the Superior Court’s litigation machinery in a manner

inconsistent with arbitration. Such a motion necessarily invokes the authority of the

trial judge to alter the course of the case, as “[t]he doctrine [of forum non

conveniens] is one of common law origin and involves the exercise of an inherent
                                           18

judicial power.” Walsh v. Crescent Hill Co., 134 A.2d 653, 655 (Mun. Ct. App. D.C.

1957). In this case, the motion argued that litigation should occur in a court in the

Philippines. It cited to the law and procedures of the Philippines to show remedies

available to Smith there. It maintained that a court in the Philippines should resolve

the dispute and articulated the nature of that country’s interest in resolving this case.

Given that the nature of any forum non conveniens motion centers on determination

of the most appropriate forum for resolving a dispute, Eric T. v. National Med.

Enters., 700 A.2d 749, 758 (D.C. 1997), the request to move litigation to another

legal forum appears inherently inconsistent with the intent to arbitrate. “Forum non

conveniens and arbitration are simply two divergent concepts.” Linea Naviera de

Cabotaje, C.A. v. Mar Caribe de Navegacion, C.A., 169 F. Supp. 2d 1341, 1350

(M.D. Fla. 2001).      TRG’s forum non conveniens motion engaged the court’s

authority in a manner akin to the motion for summary judgment in Khan and the

motion for change of venue in Cornell, and thus represents the type of active

participation in litigation that supports a finding of waiver. 8 See also, e.g., Tellez v.

      8   We are not convinced by TRG’s argument that, because its forum non
conveniens motion did not involve consideration of the merits of the case, it did not
actively participate in the lawsuit such that it waived its right to arbitrate. This court
has observed that the resolution of forum non conveniens motions often requires an
evaluation on the merits. Rolinski v. Lewis, 828 A.2d 739, 747 (D.C. 2003) (quoting
Van Cauwenberghe v. Biard, 486 U.S. 517, 527, 528 (1988)) (“In examining the
accessibility of sources of proof and the availability of witnesses, a court typically
‘must scrutinize the substance of the dispute between the parties to evaluate what
proof is required, and determine whether the pieces of evidence cited by the parties
                                          19

Madrigal, 292 F. Supp. 3d 749, 759-760 (W.D. Tex. 2017) (“While the Court is

mindful that Defendant did not necessarily seek a decision on the merits with his

various motions to dismiss, the timing of the instant motion [to dismiss for forum

non conveniens] strongly suggests that he was indeed relying on arbitration as a

backup plan.”).

      TRG’s vigorous motions practice and extensive participation in the lawsuit,

as it remained entirely silent as to any intent to arbitrate for five months, animates

our holding. TRG’s actions seem to be those of a party that realized its unasserted

arbitration rights too late, or that sought to resort to arbitration only upon realizing

that the proceedings in court would not result in quick dismissal of the matter. Either

way, we cannot characterize the totality of its actions as consistent with an intent to

arbitrate. Rather, TRG’s actions demonstrate the sort of “dilatoriness or delay” not

endorsed by the case law of our jurisdiction. See Cornell, 360 F.2d at 514. Allowing

a party to wait for five months before raising its right to arbitration, despite its

otherwise “active participation” in the matter, would encourage gamesmanship and

manipulation to the detriment of the opposing parties and the court’s time and

are critical, or even relevant, to the plaintiff’s cause of action and to any potential
defenses to the action.’”). Indeed, the forum non conveniens motion in this case
invited consideration of the aspects of the merits identified in Van Causwenberghe,
and both the motion and opposition relied upon extrinsic evidence attached as
exhibits.
                                           20

resources. Compare NFCR, 821 F.2d at 776. Arbitration clauses are not intended

to serve as a backup plan for failed efforts to invoke the authority of the Superior

Court, and may not be used as a “strategy to manipulate the legal process” to get a

“second bite” at a favorable outcome. Id. 9

      9
          The D.C. Circuit’s most recent discussion of this issue, in Zuckerman
Spaeder, adopted an approach that obviated the need for any examination of a party’s
motivations and intent. 646 F.3d 919, 920 (2011). Zuckerman Spaeder
acknowledged that the Circuit’s prior analysis of the question of waiver via litigation
conduct (from Cornell through Khan) employed an “inherently fact-bound analysis”
that “established few bright-line rules,” and recognized that its “reluctance thus far
to define the standard further has imposed a cost upon both litigants and the district
court.” 646 F.3d at 922. Refocusing the question as one turning on the concept of
forfeiture – the failure to assert a right in a timely manner – rather than on waiver,
the D.C. Circuit then established a bright-line rule governing the timeliness of the
assertion of the arbitration right in litigation: “A defendant seeking a stay pending
arbitration [under federal law] who has not invoked the right to arbitrate on the
record at the first available opportunity, typically in filing his first responsive
pleading or motion to dismiss, has presumptively forfeited that right.” Id. Under
this standard, a defendant can overcome this presumption of forfeiture by showing
that any delay did not prejudice the non-moving party. Id. at 923. The rule adopted
in Zuckerman Spaeder has also found favor in other federal courts. See, e.g., Nelson
v. Carl Black Chevrolet of Nashville, LLC, No. 3:17-cv-00687, 2017 U.S. Dist.
LEXIS 121714, at *8 (M.D. Tenn. Aug. 2, 2017); Growtech Partners v. Accenture
LLP, 118 F. Supp. 3d 920, 928 n.3 (S.D. Tex. 2015).
       We need not look to Zuckerman Spaeder to resolve this case, but nonetheless
encourage parties to abide by its strictures, and to raise issues of arbitrability on the
record at the first available opportunity. Such a practice will promote both judicial
efficiency and the underlying purpose of arbitration as an alternative dispute
resolution mechanism, and will avoid waiver or forfeiture of arbitration rights by
parties wishing to assert them.
                                            21

       We hold, given the totality of the circumstances, that TRG’s actions were

inconsistent with its purported right to arbitration. Accordingly, TRG waived its

right to invoke arbitration in this matter. 10

                                     IV.    Conclusion

       The trial court correctly found that TRG waived its right to invoke arbitration.

For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the Superior Court is affirmed.

                                                 So ordered.

       10
          Smith further argued, in the trial court and again on appeal, that the court
should declare the arbitration agreement unconscionable and thus unenforceable.
Because we find that TRG waived the right to interpose this agreement, we need not
reach these issues.