Court Opinion

ID: 4643286
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-12-15 22:02:49.148766+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:00:38.886501
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

PRESTON HOLLOW CAPITAL LLC, )
                              )
     Plaintiff,               )
                              )
  v.                          )
                              )
NUVEEN LLC, NUVEEN            ) C.A. No. N19C-10-107-MMJ [CCLD]
INVESTMENTS, INC., and NUVEEN )
ASSET MANAGEMENT LLC,         )
                              )
     Defendants.              )

                        Submitted: September 24, 2020
                         Decided: December 15, 2020

     On Plaintiff Preston Hollow Capital LLC’s Motion for Partial Summary
                                  Judgement

                GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART

                                  OPINION

R. Scott Thompson, Esq. (Argued), David H. Wollmuth, Esq., Michael C. Ledley,
Esq., Sean P. McGonigle, Esq., Nicole C. Rende, Esq., Wollmuth, Maher &
Deutsch LLP, New York, New York, R. Judson Scaggs, Jr., Esq., Elizabeth A.
Mullin, Esq., Morris, Nichols, Arsht & Tunnell LLP, Wilmington, Delaware,
Attorneys for Plaintiff Preston Hollow Capital LLC.

Leonard A. Gail, Esq. (Argued), Alejandra Contreras Macias, Esq., Massey & Gail
LLP, Chicago, Illinois, Jonathan S. Massey, Esq. (Argued), Jeremy Mallory, Esq.,
Massey & Gail LLP, Washington, DC, Peter J. Walsh, Jr., Esq., Jennifer C.
Wasson, Esq., David A. Seal, Esq., Robert J. Kumor, Esq., Potter, Anderson &
Corroon LLP, Wilmington, Delaware, Attorneys for Defendants Nuveen LLC,
Nuveen Investments, Inc., and Nuveen Asset Management LLC.

JOHNSTON, J.

                                       1
                  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL CONTEXT

                                         Parties

       This is a defamation action based on statements made by one business

competitor about another. Plaintiff Preston Hollow Capital LLC (“Preston Hollow”)

is a Delaware limited liability company that operates nationally. 1            Defendants

Nuveen LLC and Nuveen Asset Management LLC are Delaware limited liability

companies that operate globally. 2        Defendant Nuveen Investments, Inc. is a

Delaware corporation that operates globally as well (collectively, “Nuveen”).3

                             The Municipal Bond Market

       Preston Hollow and Nuveen are both institutional investors involved in the

high-yield municipal bond market. Preston Hollow currently has approximately

$2.1 billion in assets and $1.3 billion in equity capital. 4 Nuveen has approximately

$150 billion in assets.5

       Municipal bonds are classified as either “investment-grade” or “high yield”

depending on the default risk and return rate. 6 Bonds can be issued as: (1) public

offerings, which are open to all investors; (2) limited public offerings, which are

1
  Preston Hollow Capital LLC v. Nuveen LLC, et.al., 2020 WL 1814756, *2 (Del. Ch.) (“Nuveen
I”).
2
  Id.
3
  Id.
4
  Id.
5
  Id.
6
  Id. at 5-6.
                                             2
open to a select group of investors who meet established standards; or (3) private

placements, which are non-publicized offers made directly to an individual investor. 7

A “100% placement” transaction occurs when a single investor purchases the

entirety of a bond’s issuance. 8

       Municipal bond issuances generally involve an issuer, a broker-dealer, and an

investor.9 The nature of this business requires investors to have close relationships

with broker-dealers in order to receive the most competitive opportunities. Preston

Hollow and Nuveen work closely with a number of broker-dealers.10                     These

relationships are vital to their continued success and participation in the municipal

bond market.

               Communications Between Nuveen and Broker-Dealers

       During late 2018 and early 2019, three Nuveen employees, John Miller, Karen

Davern, and Steven Hlavin, spoke with various broker-dealers about Preston

Hollow.11 Audio tapes exist for the conversations between: (1) Hlavin and Deutsche

Bank on December 20, 2018; (2) Miller and Deutsche Bank on December 21, 2018;

and (3) Miller and Goldman Sachs (“Goldman”) on December 21, 2018.12 Three

7
  Id. at 6-7.
8
  Id. at 7.
9
  Id. at 6.
10
   Id. at 8.
11
   Defendant’s Answering Brief in Opposition to Plaintiff’s Partial Summary Judgment Motion
(“AB”), at 6.
12
   Id. at 6-7.
                                              3
particular sets of conversations are at issue in this motion.13 Where necessary, the

contents of all conversations Nuveen had regarding Preston Hollow are referred to

collectively as “Nuveen’s Statements.”14

           Recorded Conversations Between Nuveen and Deutsche Bank

       During two recorded calls made on December 20, 2018, Hlavin told Deutsche

Bank that “Preston Hollow was ‘demonstrating predatory lending practices’ toward

borrowers and would ‘take the [borrowers] into bankruptcy.’”15 Hlavin additionally

told Deutsche Bank that “he possessed ‘direct evidence’” that Preston Hollow “lied

to issuers.”16 The next day, Miller called Deutsche Bank and stated in another

recorded conversation that “Preston Hollow conducted unethical business practices,

or ‘dirty deals.’”17      Miller “labeled Preston Hollow’s lending practices as

‘predatory’” and claimed that Preston Hollow “‘rushed’ broker-dealers through

deals without allowing for proper evaluation.” 18 The contents of these conversations

will be referred to collectively as the “Statements Made to Deutsche Bank.”

              Recorded Conversations Between Nuveen and Goldman

13
   Preston Hollow and Nuveen have grouped these statements together in their briefs. However,
the Court finds that it is necessary to break up Nuveen’s conversations with the broker-dealers
based on whether the calls were recorded or not and who the listener was.
14
   The statements from all conversations were grouped together cumulatively as “the Adjudicated
Statements” in Preston Hollow’s briefs and “the Alleged Statements” in Nuveen’s briefs.
Regardless of the label, each grouping is substantively the same.
15
   Nuveen I, at *6.
16
   Id.
17
   Id.
18
   Id.
                                              4
        During a recorded phone call on December 21, 2018, “Miller told Goldman

that Preston Hollow lied to issuers.”19 Miller additionally told Goldman that: (1)

“issuers fell for Preston Hollow’s ‘predatory practices’ after hearing its ‘predatory

sales pitch’”; (2) “issuers are being told things that are not true”; (3) “Preston Hollow

would ‘rush the issuer into’ unfair or suspect transactions”; and (4) “he had ‘a lot of

evidence’ to support the allegations.”20 As part of his “evidence,” Miller stated that

“multiple states’ attorneys general had contacted Preston Hollow over ‘unethical

practices,’ sent it ‘nastygrams,’ and told it ‘[d]on’t come into my town again.’”21

The contents of this conversation will be referred to as the “Statements Made to

Goldman.”

                                 Unrecorded Conversations

        In addition to the recorded conversations, Nuveen discussed Preston Hollow

in a series of conversations which were not recorded. Between December 2018 and

February 2019, Nuveen employees discussed Preston Hollow in unrecorded

conversations with JPMorgan Chase & Co., Mesirow Financial, Stifel Nicolaus, and

Wells Fargo. 22    Nuveen additionally discussed Preston Hollow with KeyBanc

19
   Id. at *8.
20
   Id.
21
   Id.
22
   Id. at *5.
                                           5
Capital Markets in April 2018.23 The contents of these various conversations will

be referred to collectively as the “Statements Made in Unrecorded Conversations.”

                   Preston Hollow Responds to Nuveen’s Statements

       On January 15, 2019, Preston Hollow wrote a letter to Nuveen demanding that

it “cease and desist from what [Preston Hollow] characterize[d] as unlawful and

tortious communication” and “undertake other steps to prevent asserted harms.”24

Nuveen responded by sending letters to the legal departments of several broker-

dealers, which stated in part:

          Nuveen does not and will not seek any arrangement or
          commitment from your firm concerning the counterparties it does
          business with. We fully acknowledge your firm is free to conduct
          its trading business in a manner and with firms and counterparties
          of your choosing… With respect to [Preston Hollow] specifically,
          and for the avoidance of doubt, Nuveen seeks no agreement or
          commitment from your firm regarding [Preston Hollow]… of
          course, Nuveen reserves the right to conduct its trading business
          with firms within its lawful discretion and to hold and express its
          views and judgments in pursuing its investment advisory and
          trading activities.25

                                 Procedural History

       Following the issuance of Nuveen’s letter, Preston Hollow filed suit against

Nuveen in the Court of Chancery on February 28, 2019. 26 Preston Hollow asserted

23
   Id.
24
   AB at 7.
25
   AB at 8.
26
   Nuveen I, at *11.
                                          6
claims for: (1) tortious interference with contract; (2) tortious interference with

prospective business relations; (3) violation of New York’s Donnelly Act; and (4)

defamation. 27     Preston Hollow additionally sought preliminary and permanent

injunctions to prevent Nuveen from further discussing Preston Hollow with any

broker-dealers.28

       The Court of Chancery denied preliminary injunctive relief on March, 14,

2019.29 The Court of Chancery dismissed Preston Hollow’s claim for tortious

interference with contract on May 14, 2019. 30 Preston Hollow’s defamation claim

was dismissed on July 11, 2019, with leave to transfer the claim to this Court.31

Preston Hollow re-filed its defamation claim in this Court on October 11, 2019.32

       On November 5, 2019, this Superior Court action was stayed while the

litigation continued in the Court of Chancery. The parties went to trial for the

tortious interference of prospective business relations and Donnelly Act claims on

July 29-30, 2019.33 Vice Chancellor Glasscock issued his opinion on April 9,

2020.34

27
   Id.
28
   Id.
29
   Id.
30
   Id. at *12.
31
   AB at 9.
32
   Id. at 9-10.
33
   Nuveen I, at *12.
34
   Id.
                                         7
      After the conclusion of the Court of Chancery action, Preston Hollow filed

the present Motion for Summary Judgment on June 29, 2020. 35 The Court heard

oral argument on September 17, 2020. Counsel for Preston Hollow and Nuveen

submitted post-argument letters on September 24, 2020.36

                           Chancery Decision in Nuveen I

      After the parties lodged 37 depositions, submitted 832 joint exhibits, and

presented witnesses over two days of trial, the Court of Chancery: (1) declined to

rule on the Donnelly Act claim; (2) held that Nuveen committed tortious interference

with Preston Hollow’s prospective business relations; and (3) held that Preston

Hollow was not entitled to a permanent injunction.37

      The Court of Chancery found “that Nuveen used threats and lies in a

successful attempt to damage [Preston Hollow] in its business relationships.”38

When analyzing the tortious interference claim, the Court of Chancery first found

that Preston Hollow had a reasonable probability of business opportunity because it

either already had a formalized relationship with each broker-dealer or it had

transactions in the works.39 Second, the Court of Chancery found that Nuveen

intentionally interfered with Preston Hollow’s business opportunities through

35
   Trans. ID 65731736.
36
   Trans. ID 659663167 and 65962666.
37
   Nuveen I, at *22.
38
   Id. at *1.
39
   Id. at *13.
                                         8
economic pressure.40 Vice Chancellor Glasscock stated that there was a “common

theme” where “Nuveen called broker-dealers and told them to stop doing business

with Preston Hollow or face consequences—including . . . losing their business with

Nuveen.”41 Third, Nuveen’s interference proximately caused Preston Hollow harm

by causing it to lose business with Goldman, JPMorgan, KeyBanc, Mesirow, Stifel,

and Wells Fargo.42 The Court of Chancery did not find causation for Deutsche Bank

or Morgan because neither broker-dealer reduced its business with Preston Hollow

after speaking with Nuveen. 43 Finally, the Court of Chancery found that Preston

Hollow demonstrated it was harmed by Nuveen’s actions because broker-dealers

quit working with Preston Hollow altogether, reduced the number of deals with

Preston Hollow, and refused to conduct 100% placements with Preston Hollow

without letting Nuveen review the deals first.44 Therefore, Preston Hollow had met

the elements for its claim.

        The Court of Chancery pointed out that tortious interference with prospective

business relations is “unusual” because “its application, even if [the] elements are

met, is circumscribed by consideration of competing rights. Thus, the elements of

the tort must be considered in light of a defendant’s privilege to compete in a lawful

40
   Id. at *14-15.
41
   Id. at *14.
42
   Id. at *15.
43
   Id. at *16.
44
   Id. at *17.
                                          9
manner.”45 However, the privilege to compete does not apply where a defendant’s

actions are “wrongful.” 46        In this context, “wrongful” action includes

misrepresentations and economic pressure. 47

        With respect to the Statements Made to Goldman, the Court of Chancery

found:

           Nuveen told Goldman that Preston Hollow lied to its issuers, and
           it promised it had evidence to support this allegation when it had
           only rumors from the trading desk. This amounts to a reckless
           indifference to the truth. Similarly, allegations that Preston
           Hollow’s “unethical practices” had “caught the attention of the
           states’ attorney[s] general[]” who sent “nastygrams,” was a
           misrepresentation of the “evidence” Miller actually possessed: a
           single letter from a single city attorney. Miller’s testimony that
           this lie was “a little bit of a shortcut” does not keep it from
           constituting a knowing misrepresentation intended to interfere
           with Preston Hollow’s business.48

        With respect to the economic pressure applied by Nuveen, the Court of

Chancery found:

           [C]ommunications with each of the individual broker-dealers may
           evince limited—that is, non-tortious—economic pressure; the
           choice to refrain from business with a third-party who conducts
           business with a competitor. The facts revealed in litigation,
           however, show that as Preston Hollow was becoming a contender
           in the high-yield municipal bond market, Nuveen, the self-styled
           “largest high-yield [municipal] fund in the world,” sought an
           industry-wide agreement not to conduct business with Preston
           Hollow. Although part of Nuveen’s motive was its interest in

45
   Id. at *12.
46
   Id. at *17.
47
   Id.
48
   Id. at *17.
                                          10
          “seeing all the deals,” its behavior shows that its object was also
          an attack directed at Preston Hollow’s ability to operate. The
          evidence demonstrated an aggressive and widely dispersed
          campaign to use almost any pressure necessary to cut off a
          competitor from its chief source of business as well as its
          financing. I find that Nuveen was not simply attempting to
          achieve a competitive edge; it meant to use the leverage resulting
          from its size in the market to destroy Preston Hollow. 49

       The misrepresentations and economic pressure amounted to “wrongful”

conduct.50 Thus, the Court of Chancery held that Nuveen remained liable for its

tortious interference with prospective business relations. 51

                      SUMMARY JUDGEMENT STANDARD

       Summary judgment is granted only if the moving party establishes that there

are no genuine issues of material fact in dispute and judgment may be granted as a

matter of law.52 All facts are viewed in a light most favorable to the non-moving

party.53 Summary judgment may not be granted if the record indicates that a material

fact is in dispute, or if there is a need to clarify the application of law to the specific

circumstances.54 When the facts permit a reasonable person to draw only one

inference, the question becomes one for decision as a matter of law. 55 If the non-

49
   Id. at *19.
50
   Id. at *17-19.
51
   Id. at *19.
52
   Super. Ct. Civ. R. 56(c).
53
   Burkhart v. Davies, 602 A.2d 56, 58–59 (Del. 1991).
54
   Super. Ct. Civ. R. 56(c).
55
   Wooten v. Kiger, 226 A.2d 238, 239 (Del. 1967).
                                              11
moving party bears the burden of proof at trial, yet “fails to make a showing

sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case,” then

summary judgment may be granted against that party. 56

                                           ANALYSIS

                                 Preston Hollow’s Contentions

          Preston Hollow moves for partial summary judgment on defamation liability

for Nuveen’s Statements. Preston Hollow contends that the factual findings made

by the Court of Chancery in its decision are binding on this case through the

application of either collateral estoppel or law of the case. Preston Hollow further

contends that the Court of Chancery’s findings should be used to meet the first three

elements of defamation, specifically, that Nuveen made and published defamatory

statements concerning Preston Hollow. Finally, Preston Hollow urges the Court to

find that the fourth element of its defamation claim—that the third-parties

understood the communication to be defamatory—is met because Nuveen’s

Statements constitute defamation per se.

                                     Nuveen’s Contentions

          Nuveen argues in response that neither collateral estoppel nor law of the case

are applicable here. Further, even if one of those doctrines applied, Preston Hollow

56
     Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986).
                                                 12
still would not be entitled to partial summary judgment. Nuveen insists that law of

the case does not apply here because that doctrine concerns only legal findings, not

factual findings. As the Court of Chancery’s findings at issue here are factual, and

not purely legal, they are not the law of the case. Further, Nuveen maintains that

collateral estoppel should not apply because: (1) the Court of Chancery’s judgement

rested on two independent bases, therefore neither basis is preclusive; (2) the factual

findings were not necessary or essential to the result; and (3) factual findings made

by a judge cannot be binding on a subsequent jury. Finally, even if the findings

related to Nuveen’s Statements are binding on this case, there are remaining factual

disputes which prevent the entry of summary judgment, including how the third-

parties understood Nuveen’s Statements and whether Preston Hollow is a limited

purpose public figure.

                                       Law of the Case

         Law of the case is a judicially-created doctrine which prevents parties from

relitigating issues that have been decided at a prior point. “The law of the case

doctrine, like the stare decisis doctrine, is founded on the principle of stability and

respect for court processes and precedent.” 57 “Once a matter has been addressed in

a procedurally proper way by a court, it is generally held to be the law of that case

57
     Gannett Co. v. Kanaga, 750 A.2d 1174, 1181 (Del. 2000).
                                               13
and will not be disturbed by that court unless a compelling reason to do so appears.” 58

For law of the case to apply, the case must be “one continuous action within the

same court system.”59

       A point of contention in the post-argument letters submitted by the parties is

whether law of the case applies only to legal determinations or whether it applies to

both legal and factual determinations. Preston Hollow cited a number of cases that

held factual findings are subject to law of the case.60 Nuveen cited a number of cases

that held the doctrine applies only to legal findings. 61

       Application of the law of the case doctrine is not dependent upon whether the

same judge presides throughout all proceedings. As a general matter, a successor

judge will adhere to the prior rulings of other judges who have acted in the same

case. This is necessary to “prevent the harassing of the court with matters which

have been once heard and decided.” Such deference is “founded upon additional

considerations of courtesy and comity.” 62

       This case was transferred by the Court of Chancery to the Superior Court

pursuant to 10 Del. C. § 1902. Although the docket numbers and judicial officers

58
   Zirn v. VLI Corp., 1994 WL 548938, at *2 (Del. Ch.).
59
   Carlyle Inv. Mgmt. L.L.C. v. Moonmouth Co., 2015 WL 5278913, at *8 (Del. Ch.).
60
   See Ins. Corp. of America v. Barker, 628 A.2d 38, 40 (Del. 1993); Williams Cos., Inc. v.
Energy Transfer LP, 2020 WL 3581095, at *1 n.3 (Del. Ch.); Kleinberg v. Aharon, 2017 WL
4444216, *1 (Del. Ch.).
61
   See Advanced Litigation, LLC v. Herzka, 2006 WL 2338044, at *5 (Del. Ch.); Izquierdo v.
Sills, 2004 WL 2290811, at *4 n.28 (Del. Ch.).
62
   Frank v. Carol, 457 A.2d 715, 719 (Del. 1983) (citing 132 A.L.R. 14, 15 (1941)).
                                              14
are different, such a transfer does not create an entirely new action. For purposes of

law of the case, the prior rulings of the Court of Chancery are treated as if they were

made by a Superior Court judge.

      The Court finds that there is no meaningful distinction between factual

findings and legal conclusions when applying law of the case. Particularly when a

judicial officer acts as both factfinder and presiding judge, there is no reason to give

greater deference to legal determinations than to factual findings.

      It is clear that Vice Chancellor Glasscock carefully and fully considered the

issues presented to him. This Court holds that appropriate deference must be given

to decisions made by the Court of Chancery. The law of the case doctrine applies to

the Chancery Court’s factual determinations. This Court further finds that the Vice

Chancellor did not have wholly separate and distinct bases for his conclusions.

Rather, the findings were considered in combination and were necessary to prior

decisions.

      However, applying law of the case to the Court of Chancery’s prior rulings is

not the same as this Court finding that those evidentiary conclusions are defamation.

Whether or not the established evidence proves defamation is a matter left to the

Superior Court. This Court must determine the legal impact and consequences of

conduct found by the Court of Chancery to be a “lie” or “wrongful” or “unethical.”

                                          15
                                    Collateral Estoppel

       “Pursuant to the doctrine of collateral estoppel, if a court has decided an issue

of fact necessary to its final judgment, that decision precludes relitigation of the issue

in a suit on a different cause of action involving a party to the first case.”63 “The test

for applying the collateral estoppel doctrine requires that (1) a question of fact

essential to the judgment (2) be litigated and (3) determined (4) by a valid and final

judgment.”64 Even where a party meets the elements for collateral estoppel, its

preclusive effect will not be applied if “its application causes an injustice to the

precluded party.” 65 Courts retain the discretion to not apply collateral estoppel if

doing so would be unfair to the precluded party.66

       Preston Hollow asks this Court to find that collateral estoppel applies to all of

the statements made by Nuveen. However, the statements cannot be grouped

together entirely and must be addressed separately.

       Collateral Estoppel Does Not Apply to Statements Made to Deutsche Bank

       Preston Hollow only seeks to apply collateral estoppel to one statement made

by Nuveen to Deutsche Bank. Preston Hollow argues that Nuveen should be

“estopped from disputing either the existence, falsity, or malicious nature of”

63
   M.G. Bancorporation, Inc. v. Le Beau, 737 A.2d 513, 520 (Del. 1999), as modified on denial
of reargument (May 27, 1999) (quoting Messick v. Star Enterprise, 655 A.2d 1209, 1211 (Del.
1995)).
64
   Id.
65
   Ingram v. 1101 Stone Assocs., LLC, 2004 WL 691770, at *8 (Del. Super.).
66
   Chrysler Corp. v. New Castle Cty., 464 A.2d 75, 81-84 (Del. Super. 1983).
                                              16
Hlavin’s statement to Deutsche Bank that he had “direct evidence” that Preston

Hollow “lied to borrowers.”67 Preston Hollow contends that Hlavin’s statement is

“materially identical to statements to Goldman deemed by Vice Chancellor

Glasscock to be fraudulent.”68

       This statement to Deutsche Bank was not part of Vice Chancellor Glasscock’s

analysis. The full extent of the Court of Chancery’s discussion of this statement is

one sentence from the facts section: “In a second call with Deutsche later that day,

Hlavin claimed he possessed ‘direct evidence’ of Preston Hollow’s lies, though it is

apparent from his testimony that he based this statement on what he overheard at

Nuveen’s trading desk.”69         Even if this could be properly characterized as a

“finding,” it is not the sort of finding that is meant to be covered by collateral

estoppel. Because the Court of Chancery determined that Nuveen had not tortiously

interfered with Preston Hollow’s relationship with Deutsche Bank, Hlavin’s

statement was not included in the discussion of Nuveen’s “wrongful” conduct. It is

apparent from the opinion that Hlavin’s statement was not necessary or essential to

the Court of Chancery’s final judgment. Therefore, the portion of Preston Hollow’s

motion requesting that collateral estoppel be applied to the Statements Made to

Deutsche Bank must be denied.

67
   Plaintiff’s Opening Brief in Support of its Motion for Summary Judgment (“OB”), at 25.
68
   Id. at 26.
69
   Nuveen I, at *6.
                                              17
          Collateral Estoppel Does Not Apply to Statements Made in Unrecorded
                                   Conversations

       Nuveen discussed Preston Hollow with: (1) JPMorgan around December 20,

2018; (2) Wells Fargo in January 2019; (3) Keybank in April 2018; (4) Stifel in

October 2018; and (5) Mesirow around December 2018. 70 The Court of Chancery

found that “the meetings and phone calls that went unrecorded were cut from the

same cloth [as the recorded conversations] and demonstrate a specific intent to

disrupt the relationships between broker-dealers and Preston Hollow.”71 While Vice

Chancellor Glasscock considered the contents of these unrecorded conversations

when finding that Nuveen committed tortious interference, there was no in-depth

analysis of individual statements. 72

       Preston Hollow asks this Court to find Nuveen is “estopped from disputing

either the existence, falsity, or malicious nature” of the statements made in the

unrecorded conversations. 73 However, Preston Hollow has failed to point to any

specific statement. The Court simply will not bar Nuveen from litigating the

“existence, falsity, or malicious nature” of statements if it does not know what the

precise statements are. As defamation relies on specific statements, it would be

fundamentally unfair to Nuveen to bar them from disputing that any statements were

70
   Nuveen I, at *15.
71
   Id.
72
   Id., generally.
73
   OB at 26.
                                        18
made during the unrecorded conversations. Whether or not Preston Hollow could

meet the elements of collateral estoppel for the Statements Made in Unrecorded

Conversations, the Court will not apply collateral estoppel offensively because its

application would cause an injustice to Nuveen. Therefore, the portion of Preston

Hollow’s motion requesting that collateral estoppel be applied to the Statements

Made in Unrecorded Conversations must be denied.

                  Collateral Estoppel Applies to Statements Made to Goldman

        The only substantive statements that the Court of Chancery analyzed in-depth

were the statements made by Miller to Goldman. When determining whether

Nuveen’s conduct was “wrongful,” such that it would negate Nuveen’s privilege to

complete in a lawful manner, Vice Chancellor Glasscock considered whether the

statements were misrepresentations.74      A misrepresentation is improper if it is

fraudulent.75 Fraudulent intent is shown where a misrepresentation is “made either

knowingly, intentionally, or with reckless indifference to the truth.”76 The Court of

Chancery found that the statements made by Nuveen were wrongful

misrepresentations because: (1) Miller’s statement that Preston Hollow lied to

issuers, when all he had as evidence was a rumor from the trading desk, was made

with reckless indifference to the truth; and (2) Miller’s statement that Preston

74
   Nuveen I at *17.
75
   Id.
76
   Id. (internal citation omitted).
                                          19
Hollow’s “unethical practices” had “caught the attention of the states’ attorneys

general” who sent “nastygrams” was a knowing misrepresentation. 77

         Nuveen first argues that the elements of collateral estoppel are not met

because Vice Chancellor Glasscock’s factual findings about the Statements Made to

Goldman were not necessary or essential to the judgement. Nuveen next argues that

even the elements of collateral estoppel are met, it cannot be applied because nonjury

factual findings are not binding on a subsequent jury factfinder. The Court will

address each argument separately.

                               A. Essential to Judgment

         Almost all of the elements for collateral estoppel are undisputed. Findings

related to the Statements Made to Goldman were questions of fact, litigated and

determined by the Court of Chancery. As the time for appeal has passed, Vice

Chancellor Glasscock’s opinion is a valid and final judgment. Nuveen’s argument

against applying collateral estoppel rests on the final element—whether the findings

were necessary and essential to the Court of Chancery’s judgment.

         Nuveen argues that “the fact that the ultimate judgment was the denial of

[Preston Hollow]’s petition demonstrates that the subsidiary findings [about the

statements to Goldman] were not necessary for the judgment.”78 However, the Court

77
     Id.
78
     AB at 13.
                                          20
of Chancery’s judgment was not limited to the denial of Preston Hollow’s petition

for injunctive relief. The Court of Chancery’s final judgment had three parts: (1) a

holding that Nuveen committed tortious interference with Preston Hollow’s

prospective business relations; (2) a refusal to address the alleged violation of New

York State’s Donnelly Act; and (3) a holding that Preston Hollow was not entitled

to a permanent injunction because it failed to prove that Nuveen was continuing to

contact broker-dealers about it.79 This Court finds that the Statements Made to

Goldman, and the related findings, were necessary for the first part of the Court of

Chancery’s         judgment—determining         whether     Nuveen    committed    tortious

interference with prospect business relations.

          Nuveen         next   argues   that    the      findings—that   Nuveen     made

misrepresentations—are not preclusive.               Nuveen contends that the Court of

Chancery had two separate and distinct bases for concluding that Nuveen committed

tortious interference—that Nuveen made misrepresentations and that it applied

improper economic pressure. 80            Nuveen cites the Restatement (Second) of

Judgments which states that “[i]f a judgment of a court of first instance is based on

determinations of two issues, either of which standing independently would be

sufficient to support the result, the judgment is not conclusive with respect to either

79
     Nuveen I, at *22.
80
     AB at 14-19.
                                                21
issue standing alone.”81 Therefore, Nuveen argues, since the Court of Chancery

could have found tortious inference based on its misrepresentations or its economic

pressure, standing alone, neither issue is preclusive.

          This Court finds that there is nothing in the opinion to suggest that the Vice

Chancellor        viewed    Nuveen’s   misrepresentations   and    economic    pressure

independently. Rather, the related findings were considered in combination. The

Court of Chancery took all of Nuveen’s actions and viewed them cumulatively when

considering whether Nuveen committed tortious interference with prospective

business relations. While the Court of Chancery did analyze both issues separately

when determining whether Nuveen’s tortious actions were “wrongful,” 82 it is

important to note that this discussion was part of a seven factor balancing test. The

balancing test required the Court of Chancery to view different factors of Nuveen’s

actions cumulatively to determine whether they were “wrongful.”

          The Court finds that Nuveen’s misrepresentations were necessary and

essential to the Court of Chancery’s judgment. Therefore, Preston Hollow has met

all the elements of collateral estoppel with regard to the Statements Made to

Goldman.

81
     § 27, cmt. i.
82
     Nuveen I, at *17-19.
                                            22
                               B. Nonjury Factual Findings

       Having found that the Statements Made to Goldman meet the elements for

collateral estoppel, the Court must turn to Nuveen’s second argument. Nuveen

posits that the Court of Chancery’s factual findings are not subject to collateral

estoppel because of the nature of the Court of Chancery proceeding. Nuveen argues

that nonjury factual findings are not binding on a subsequent jury factfinder.

Therefore, the Vice Chancellor’s findings cannot be given deference in this Superior

Court action, which will be before a jury.83 This is especially true, Nuveen states, in

a defamation claim because “‘longstanding public policy’ recognizes that ‘[c]harges

of slander are peculiarly adapted to and require trial by jury’”84 which “is why courts

‘historically have reserved determinations of falsity and malice for the collective

wisdom of a jury rather than cast a judge as the sole arbiter of defamation.’”85

       The Court recognizes the unique policy considerations which surround a

defamation claim and agrees that defamation findings ideally are left to a jury.

However, the preference for findings to be made by a jury does not necessarily mean

that factual findings made by a judge cannot ever be binding on a subsequent jury.

83
   AB at 22-25.
84
   Id. at 23 (quoting Organovo Holdings, Inc. v. Dimitrov, 162 A.3d 102, 125 (Del. Ch. 2017)).
85
   Id. (quoting Perlman v. Vox Media, Inc., 2019 WL 2647520, at *5 & n.50 (Del. Ch.)).
                                               23
                 U.S. Supreme Court Precedent Supports Collateral Estoppel

       In Parklane Hosiery Co., et. al. v. Shore,86 the United States Supreme Court

was faced with “the question whether a party who has had issues of fact adjudicated

adversely to it in an equitable action may be collaterally estopped from relitigating

the same issues before a jury in a subsequent legal action brought against it by a new

party.”87 Stockholders had brought a class action suit against Parklane, as well as

13 of its officers and its directors, after the corporation issued a materially false and

misleading proxy statement.88 Before the stockholders’ lawsuit went to trial, the

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) brought its own suit against the same

defendants in a Federal District Court, alleging that the proxy statement was

materially false and misleading. 89 The SEC sought injunctive relief, which was

granted following a determination that the statement was materially false and

misleading as alleged. 90

       Following the resolution of the SEC’s case, the stockholders filed a motion

for summary judgment arguing that Parklane was collaterally estopped from

relitigating issues which had been resolved against it in the SEC case. 91 The District

Court denied the motion on the grounds that applying collateral estoppel would

86
   439 U.S. 322 (1979).
87
   Id. at 324.
88
   Id.
89
   Id. at 324.
90
   Id. at 324-25.
91
   Id. at 325.
                                           24
deprive Parklane of its Seventh Amendment right to a jury trial. 92 The Court of

Appeals for the Second Circuit reversed the decision, stating that “the Seventh

Amendment preserves the right to jury trial only with respect to issues of fact, [and]

once those issues have been fully and fairly adjudicated in a prior proceeding,

nothing remains for trial, either with or without a jury.” 93 Parklane appealed and the

Supreme Court granted certiorari. 94

       In its analysis, the Supreme Court looked to the history of the right to a jury

and how that right has been addressed in case law. First, the Supreme Court stated

that “the thrust of the [Seventh] Amendment was to preserve the right to jury trial as

it existed in 1791” and “[a]t common law, a litigant was not entitled to have a jury

determine issues that had been previously adjudicated by a chancellor in equity.”95

The Supreme Court then discussed Beacon Theatres, Inc. v. Westover.96 The Court

found that “[i]t is . . .clear that the Court in the Beacon Theatres case thought that if

an issue common to both legal and equitable claims was first determined by a judge,

relitigation of the issue before a jury might be foreclosed by res judicata or collateral

estoppel.”97     Finally, the Supreme Court cited Katchen v. Landy,98 which

92
   Id.
93
   Id. (citing Shore v. Parklane Hosiery, Inc., 565 F.2d 815, 819 (2nd Cir. 1977)).
94
   Id.
95
   Id. at 333 (internal citations omitted).
96
   359 U.S. 500 (1959).
97
   Parklane, 439 U.S. at 334.
98
   382 U.S. 323 (1966).
                                                25
“recognized that an equitable determination can have collateral-estoppel effect in a

subsequent legal action and that this estoppel does not violate the Seventh

Amendment.”99 Despite Parklane’s arguments to the contrary, the Supreme Court

ultimately held that the factual findings from the equitable SEC action were subject

to collateral estoppel in the stockholders’ legal action. 100

                       Delaware Precedent Supports Collateral Estoppel

       Delaware courts echo the holding of Parklane and have found that factual

findings made by the Court of Chancery are binding in subsequent Superior Court

actions.101 In Stephenson v. Capano Development, Inc., the Delaware Supreme

Court addressed how collateral estoppel applied to a fraud claim.102 Stephenson

purchased a townhouse from Capano Development.103 When there was an issue with

the sale—numerous people had paid deposits for the same townhouse as

Stephenson—Stephenson sued Capano for specific performance in the Court of

Chancery. 104 Two days before trial was set to begin, Stephenson amended her

complaint to add a claim for violations of the Deceptive Trade Practices Act and

99
   Parklane, 439 U.S. at 335.
100
    Id. at 337.
101
    See Stephenson v. Capano Dev., Inc., 462 A.2d 1069, 1075 (Del. 1983) (giving collateral
estoppel effect to factual findings made by the Court of Chancery in a subsequent Superior Court
action); Arch Ins. Co. v. Murdock, 2017 WL 1129110, at *8 (Del. Super.) (same).
102
    462 A.2d at 1069.
103
    Id. at 1072.
104
    Id.
                                              26
Consumer Fraud Act. 105 Because this amendment was untimely, the Court of

Chancery declined to address the violation claims but noted that this refusal should

not be construed as any finding on the merits of Stephenson’s claims. 106 The Court

of Chancery did, however, find that Stephenson had an option contract to purchase

the townhouse and entered a decree of specific performance against Capano. 107

        Following the Court of Chancery’s decision, Stephenson filed an action before

this Court raising the same claims for violation of the Acts. 108 This Court concluded

that the factual findings made by the Court of Chancery were to be given collateral

estoppel effect in the subsequent action but that the judgment would not be subject

to res judicata because the Court of Chancery did not reach the merits of the fraud

claims. 109 This Court entered judgment for Capano and Stephenson appealed. 110

        Upon review, the Delaware Supreme Court agreed that the factual findings

made by the Court of Chancery were entitled to collateral estoppel. 111 Since Capano

was “collaterally estopped from denying that it misrepresented the circumstances

[related to the sale of the townhouse],” the Supreme Court found Stephenson had

shown that Capano violated the Consumer Fraud Act.112

105
    Id.
106
    Id.
107
    Id.
108
    Id.
109
    Id.
110
    Id.
111
    Id. at 1073.
112
    Id. at 1075.
                                          27
                        The Restatement Supports Collateral Estoppel

       As a final source of guidance, the Court looks to the Restatement (Second) of

Judgments. Delaware courts often have turned to the Restatement. 113 Nuveen and

Preston Hollow both rely on this source.114 The Restatement provides that “[t]he

determination of an issue by a judge in a proceeding conducted without a jury is

conclusive in a subsequent action whether or not there would have been a right to a

jury in that subsequent action if collateral estoppel did not apply.”115 Under the

Restatement, the findings made by the Vice Chancellor, without a jury, are

conclusive in this subsequent action even though Nuveen has demanded a jury trial.

       The Court holds that nonjury factual findings may be binding on a subsequent

jury factfinder. The Court of Chancery’s findings that are entitled to collateral

estoppel treatment are binding on this Court and any jury factfinder.

                       Applying Collateral Estoppel is Not Unfair

       The Court finds that applying collateral estoppel to the Statements Made to

Goldman would not be unfair to Nuveen. 116 Unlike with the Statements Made in

Unrecorded Conversations, Nuveen is well aware of the substance of the statements

113
    See Stephenson, 462 A.2d at 1073 (citing § 27 cmt. e); Pagliara v. Fed. Nat'l Mortg. Ass'n,
2017 WL 2352150, at *3 (Del. Ch.) (citing § 27); Riley v. Hershey, 1988 WL 40015, at *2 (Del.
Super.) (same); Danner v. Hertz Corp., 1985 WL 552292, at *2 (Del. Super.) (same); Pritchett v.
Heym, 1988 WL 47307, at *1 (Del. Super.) (same).
114
    OB at 28-29; AB at 13, 15-16, 22.
115
    § 27 cmt. d (emphasis added).
116
    See Chrysler, 464 A.2d at 81-84.
                                              28
made by Miller to Goldman. These statements were recorded and adequately

addressed by the Court of Chancery. Nuveen had an opportunity to fully litigate the

“existence, falsity, and malicious nature” of the Statements Made to Goldman, and

it did so vigorously. Therefore, Nuveen is not unfairly impacted by applying

collateral estoppel to this narrowly tailored set of statements.

          The Court finds that the statements made by Miller to Goldman shall be given

collateral estoppel effect in this action. Nuveen is estopped from relitigating the

“existence, falsity, and malicious nature” of either of these statements: (1) that

Preston Hollow lied to its issuers and that Nuveen had evidence of such lies; and (2)

that Preston Hollow’s “unethical practices” had “caught the attention of the states’

attorneys general” who sent “nastygrams.”             Therefore, the portion of Preston

Hollow’s motion requesting that collateral estoppel be applied to the Statements

Made to Goldman must be granted.

                                               Defamation

          In order to succeed on a claim for defamation, a plaintiff must show that: “(1)

the defendant made a defamatory statement; (2) concerning the plaintiff; (3) the

statement was published; and (4) a third party would understand the character of the

communication as defamatory.”117 The defendant’s defamatory statements must

117
      Doe v. Cahill, 884 A.2d 451, 463 (Del. 2005).
                                                 29
cause the “plaintiff’s standing in the community [to be] grievously fractured.” 118

Where the plaintiff is a corporation, it must additionally “show that the defamatory

statements tend to prejudice the corporation in its business or to deter others from

dealing with it.”119 Finally, where the plaintiff is a limited purpose public figure, it

must show that the defamatory statement is false and that the defendant made the

statement with actual malice.120

       While the Court of Chancery’s findings related to the Statements Made to

Goldman will be given deference in this action, it does not follow that this Court

must necessarily find Nuveen liable for defamation at this stage. The Court of

Chancery’s findings are certainly relevant to Preston Hollow’s defamation claim,

but are not sufficient to impose liability. It is left to the Superior Court to determine

the legal impact of Nuveen’s conduct.

       The Court of Chancery’s findings show that Preston Hollow meets the first

three elements of the defamation claim.           Nuveen I decided that Nuveen made

damaging statements concerning Preston Hollow and that the statements were

published when Nuveen communicated them to Goldman. Preston Hollow argues

that the final element—that Goldman understood the statements as defamatory—is

118
    Q-Tone Broad., Co. v. Musicradio of Maryland, Inc., 1994 WL 555391, at *4 (Del. Super.)
(citation and quotation omitted).
119
    Id.
120
    Doe, 884 A.2d at 463.
                                             30
met by the Court of Chancery’s finding that Nuveen committed tortious interference

with Preston Hollow’s prospective business relations.

       However, this finding is not the legal equivalent of a third-party understanding

for the purposes of this motion. The Court of Chancery did not directly address how

the statements were understood by Goldman. The Court of Chancery did not

specifically consider how the statements were understood and thus could not have

made any subsequent findings. Third-party understanding is a separate and distinct

element of defamation which Preston Hollow must prove and Nuveen must be

permitted to challenge. Therefore, the Court finds that a genuine issue of material

fact exists precluding a ruling of defamation liability as a matter of law.

       There are a number of additional factual disputes that make summary

judgement inappropriate. One question is whether Preston Hollow suffered any

reputational loss. “A communication is defamatory ‘if it tends to so harm the

reputation of another as to lower him in the estimation of the community or to deter

third persons from associating or dealing with him.’”121 Nuveen states that discovery

is necessary to “elicit evidence on…whether [Preston Hollow’s] already poor

reputation in the municipal bond market meant that [Nuveen’s Statements] could not

121
  Agar v. Judy, 151 A.3d 456, 470 (Del. Ch. 2017) (quoting Spence v. Funk, 396 A.2d 967, 969
(Del. 1978)).
                                             31
have defamed it.”122 Preston Hollow does not address this argument in its briefs but

alleges in its complaint that Nuveen’s Statements caused irreparable harm. 123

       Another dispute is whether Nuveen’s Statements constitute defamation per se.

“The general rule is that oral defamation is not actionable without special

damages.”124 However, statements which “malign one in a trade, business or

profession” are a “category of defamation, commonly called slander per se, which

[is] actionable without proof of special damages.”125 Preston Hollow posits that

Nuveen’s Statements are defamation per se because they “malign[ed] [Preston

Hollow] in a trade, business, or profession.”126 Nuveen argues that “the evidence

from the Chancery trial shows that [Nuveen’s Statements] did not prejudice [Preston

Hollow] in its business or deter others from dealing with it”127 and thus Preston

Hollow must show special damages. Nuveen further states that whether a given

statement qualifies as defamation per se is a question of fact that must be proven by

Preston Hollow, not merely alleged.128

       A further dispute is whether Preston Hollow is a limited purpose public figure.

Where a plaintiff suing based on defamation is a limited purpose public figure, the

122
    AB at 3.
123
    Compl. ¶ 85.
124
    Spence, 396 A.2d at 970-71.
125
    Id.
126
    Compl. ¶ 92; OB at 22.
127
    AB at 32-33.
128
    Id.
                                          32
plaintiff has a higher burden of proof. In addition to proving the standard elements

of a defamation claim, the plaintiff must show that the statement at issue is false and

that the defendant made the statement with actual malice. 129 Nuveen contends that

Preston Hollow is a limited purpose public figure because it has “‘thrust [itself]’ to

the forefront of a debate over trading practices in municipal bonds, with important

implications for taxpayers and the public at large.” 130 Preston Hollow argues in

response that the press coverage related to this case is not enough to transform it into

a limited purpose public figure because “asserting one’s legal rights against

defamation and tortious interference by an aggressor who happens to be well-known

is hardly thrusting oneself into a public controversy.” 131

       The Court need not, and indeed cannot, resolve these disputes now. For the

purpose of determining whether Preston Hollow is entitled to summary judgment, it

is enough that these disputes simply exist.            Therefore, the portion of Preston

Hollow’s motion seeking a ruling of defamation liability must be denied.

                                      CONCLUSION

       The doctrines of law of the case and collateral estoppel are both rooted in the

same policy considerations of fairness, judicial efficiency, and respect for the

129
    Doe, 884 A.2d at 463.
130
    AB at 34 (quoting Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., 418 U.S. 323, 345 (1974)).
131
    Plaintiff’s Reply Brief in Support of its Motion for Summary Judgment at 22.
                                               33
considered decisions of the judiciary.        Functionally, both doctrines prevent

relitigation of issues by parties.

       The Court finds that there is no meaningful distinction between factual

findings and legal conclusions when applying the law of the case. The law of the

case doctrine applies to the Chancery Court’s factual determinations. This Court

further finds that the Vice Chancellor did not have wholly separate and distinct bases

for his conclusions. Rather, the findings were considered in combination and were

necessary to prior decisions.

       However, applying law of the case to the Court of Chancery’s prior rulings is

not the same as this Court finding that those evidentiary conclusions are defamation.

Whether or not the established evidence proves defamation is a matter left to the

Superior Court. This Court must determine the legal impact and consequences of

conduct found by the Court of Chancery to be a “lie” or “wrongful” or “unethical.”

THEREFORE, the law of the case doctrine applies as set forth herein.

       The Court finds that collateral estoppel does not apply equally to all of the

statements made by Nuveen. The first set of statements, those made by Nuveen to

Deutsche Bank, were not necessary and essential to the Court of Chancery’s final

judgment. The statements made in the unrecorded conversations have not been

sufficiently identified and thus cannot be given deference.         The final set of

statements, those made to Goldman, are entitled to collateral estoppel because they

                                         34
were necessary and essential to the Court of Chancery’s decision. THEREFORE,

Preston Hollow’s motion requesting collateral estoppel is hereby DENIED as to the

Statements Made to Deutsche Bank and the Statements Made in Unrecorded

Conversations; and GRANTED as to the Statements Made to Goldman.

      While the Court of Chancery’s findings apply to a portion of Preston Hollow’s

defamation claim, the Court finds that genuine issues of material fact exist: first,

how the statements made by Nuveen were understood by Goldman; second, whether

Preston Hollow suffered any reputational loss; third, whether the statements made

by Nuveen constitute defamation per se; and fourth, whether Preston Hollow is a

limited purpose public figure. These issues preclude a holding of defamation

liability as a matter of law. THEREFORE, Preston Hollow’s motion requesting a

finding of defamation liability is hereby DENIED.

      Nuveen is barred from relitigating: (1) the existence of the Statements Made

to Goldman; (2) the falsity of those statements; and (3) the fact that those statements

were made with either knowledge of their falsity or reckless indifference to the truth.

      THEREFORE, Preston Hollow’s Motion for Partial Summary Judgment is

hereby GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART.

      IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                             /s/ Mary M. Johnston
                                        The Honorable Mary M. Johnston

                                          35