Court Opinion

ID: 17949
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-25 07:09:21+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:51:28.620518
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                    FIFTH CIRCUIT

                                            ____________

                                            No. 98-50645
                                            ____________

               NATCO, INC, doing business as Giorgio’s of San Antonio;
               RIVER CITY CABARET, LTD,

                                               Plaintiffs-Counter Defendants-Appellants,

               EDMUND BECK; JOHN BARRY GUTIERREZ, doing business as
               John Barry’s Design Construct,

                                               Plaintiffs-Appellants,

               versus

               CITY OF SAN ANTONIO; NELSON WOLFF, In his Official Capacity;
               WILLIAM THORNTON, Dr, Mayor of the City of San Antonio, In his
               Official Capacity; JACK JUDSON, Chairman of the Historical Review
               Commission of the City of San Antonio in his Official Capacity and
               Individually; ANN MCGLONE, Chief Historical Preservation Officer of
               the City of San Antonio in her Official Capacity and Individually; JOE
               MORAN, City Official in Charge of Issuing Building Permits for the City
               of San Antonio in his Official Capacity and Individually; ALFRED
               MARTINEZ, Chief Building Inspector of the City of San Antonio,
               Officially and in his Individual Capacity; GENE CARMAGO,
               Department Head of the City of San Antonio’s Buildings and Inspection
               Department, Officially and in his Individual Capacity,

                                               Defendants-Counter Plaintiffs-Appellees.

                             Appeal from the United States District Court
                                  for the Western District of Texas
                                        (SA-97-CV-188-HG)

                                             June 2, 1999

Before REAVLEY, JOLLY, and EMILIO M. GARZA, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:*

       Plaintiffs-Appellants, Natco, Inc., d/b/a Giorgio’s of San Antonio, and River City Cabaret Ltd.

   *
       Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not be
published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR. R. 47.5.4.
(collectively “NATCO”) appeal the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the City

of San Antonio (“the City”) and individual defendants Nelson Wolff, Dr. William Thornton, Jack

Judson, Ann McGlone, Joe Moran, Alfred Martinez, and Gene Camargo (collectively “the individual

defendants”). We affirm.

                                                   I

        In 1995, the City Council for the City of San Antonio enacted Ordinance #82135. Ordinance

#82135 regulates the locations available for the operation of sexually oriented businesses in San

Antonio, and specifically prohibits sexually oriented businesses from operating within 1,000 feet of

certain protected uses, primarily residential property, churches and schools. As a result of the

application of Ordinance #82135 to NATCO’s businesses, NATCO initiated suit in state court against

the City of San Antonio, two former mayors, three City employees, and against the Chairman and the

Secretary of San Antonio’s Historical Design and Review Commission. NATCO claimed that the

Ordinance was unconstitutional,1 and that the individual defendants had conspired to prevent and

delay NATCO from obtaining the licenses and permits necessary to operate one of its sexually

oriented businesses, the River City Cabaret. The City and the individual defendants removed the suit

to federal court.

        Before the district court, the City and the individual defendants moved for summary judgment.

The district court granted this motion. The district court noted that Ordi nance #82135 was

unconstitutional because it “did not provide a t ime frame in which the city must rule on the

application of [a] sexually oriented business to remain open.” The district court concluded, however,

that, subject to this deficiency, Ordinance #82135 was valid, and that all of NATCO’s other

   1
        NATCO offered sundry reasons for Ordinance #82135's unconstitutionality. Specifically,
NATCO alleged that Ordinance #82135 was void and/or unconstitutional because (1) the City failed
to give the required statutory notice to property owners affected by the passage of the Ordinance;
(2) the Ordinance failed to specify time limits within which city officials are required to issue permits
to operators of sexually oriented businesses; (3) the City discriminatorily enforced Ordinance #82135
against NATCO; (4) the City failed to enact any criteria for determining the amortization process;
and (5) the Ordinance disbursed NATCO’s businesses to areas within Bexar County where it is
impossible to operate.

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constitutional claims failed. The district court further held that, with respect to NATCO’s conspiracy

claim, the individual defendants were entitled to absolute, qualified, and/or official immunity. Finally,

the district court ordered each party to bear its own costs. NATCO timely appealed.

          We review a grant of summary judgment de novo. See United States v. Johnson, 160 F.3d
1061, 1063 (5th Cir. 1998). Summary judgment is proper when “there is no genuine issue as to any

material fact and . . . the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” FED. R. CIV. P.

56(c). Substantive law identifies those facts that are material. See Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc.,

477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S. Ct. 2505, 2510, 91 L. Ed. 2d 202, 211-12 (1986). The inquiry at the

summary judgment stage of litigation centers on whether the record evidence suffices for a reasonable

fact-finder to return a verdict in favor of the nonmoving party. See id. In reviewing the district

court’s grant of summary judgment, we only consider the evidentiary record before the district court.

See Topalian v. Ehrman, 954 F.2d 1125, 1131-32 n. 10 (5th Cir. 1992). We draw all

reasonable inferences from the evidence in favor of the nonmoving party, but we refrain from

weighing the evidence or making credibility determinations. See Eastman Kodak Co. v. Image

Technical Servs., Inc., 504 U.S. 451, 468-69, 112 S. Ct. 2072, 2083, 119 L. Ed. 2d 265, 284-85

(1992).

          NATCO contends that the district court erred in not granting its cross-motion for summary

judgment. According to NATCO, because the district court held that the licensing provisions of

Ordinance #82135 were unconstitutional, NATCO was entitled to summary judgment.

          Our independent review of the record shows that, before the district court, the City conceded

that the licensing pro visions of Ordinance #82135 were unconstitutional. In an unrelated case, a

district court judge had issued an order finding these provisions unconstitutional. As a result of this

other case, the City stopped enforcing the Ordinance. The record shows that the City has not

enforced the licensing provisions of Ordinance #82135 against NATCO, and therefore, on this issue

there is no case or controversy. Cf. Poe v. Ullman, 367 U.S. 497, 508, 81 S. Ct. 1752, 1758, 6 L.

Ed. 2d 989, __ (1961) (“The fact that Connecticut has not chosen to press the enforcement of this

                                                   -3-
statute deprives these controversies of the immediacy which is an indispensable condition of

constitutional adjudication. This Court cannot be umpire to debates concerning harmless, empty

shadows.”). The district court did not err when it declined to grant NATCO summary judgment.

       NATCO also argues that, because the district court found the licensing provisions of

Ordinance #82135 unconstitutional, NATCO was the “prevailing party.” NATCO asserts that, as the

prevailing party, it is entitled to attorney’s fees under 42 U.S.C. § 1988. A party that has “prevailed”

in an action brought under certain civil rights statutes becomes entitled to an award of attorney’s fees

under 42 U.S.C. § 1988. To qualify as the “prevailing party,” the plaintiff “must be able to point to

a resolution of the dispute which changes the legal relat ionship between itself and the defendant.”

Texas State Teachers v. Garland Indep. Sch. Dist., 489 U.S. 782, 792, 109 S. Ct. 1486, 1493, 103
L. Ed. 2d 866, __ (1989). In this case, because the City was not enforcing the licensing provisions

of Ordinance #82135, NATCO has not demonstrated that the district court’s decision changed the

legal relationship between NATCO and the City. Accordingly, the district court did not abuse its

discretion when it refused to grant NATCO attorney’s fees.

       NATCO further contends that the district court erred in finding that the location restrictions

in Ordinance #82135 were content-neutral time, place and manner restrictions. NATCO argues that

the City failed to “advance any evidence whatsoever that the ordinance was in fact content-neutral.”

NATCO also assert s that the district court erroneously placed the burden of proof on NATCO to

show the existence of adequate alternative avenues of communication.

       Ordinance #82135 is properly analyzed as a form of time, place and manner regulation. See

Lakeland Lounge of Jackson, Inc. v. City of Jackson, 972 F.2d 1255, 1257 (5th Cir. 1992) (noting

that an ordinance that limits the areas of a city in which adult businesses may operate is properly

analyzed as a time, place and manner regulation). The Ordinance presumptively violates the First

Amendment unless it is “designed to serve a substantial governmental interest,” and does not

“unreasonably limit alternative avenues of communication.” City of Renton v. Playtime Theatres,

Inc., 475 U.S. 41, 47, 106 S. Ct. 925, 928, 89 L. Ed. 2d 29, __ (1986). The City bears the burden

                                                  -4-
of justifying the challenged Ordinance. See J&B Entertainment, Inc. v. City of Jackson, 152 F.3d
362, 370 (5th Cir. 1998).

        The City has justified Ordinance #81235 as fulfilling a substantial governmental interest if it

has shown that the City passed the Ordinance to control bad “secondary effects” associated with

sexually oriented businesses. See Lakeland Lounge, 973 F.2d at 1257 (“Local governments can

restrict adult businesses in order to control the bad ‘secondary effects’”). We first note that the

preamble to the Ordinance explains with great detail and specificity the secondary effects that the

Ordinance was designed to address. Cf. J&B Entertainment, 152 F.3d at 374 (stating that “the mere

incantation of the words ‘secondary effects’ may not save a statute ‘formulated without specific

attention to specific secondary effects’”). Moreover, the record evidence shows that the City relied

on studies provided by the City Council relating to secondary effects, and that it obtained legal advice

before passing the Ordinance. Accordingly, we find that the City has justified Ordinance #82135 as

fulfilling a substantial government interest.

        We also find that the City has met its burden to show that alternative avenues of

communication exist. Although NATCO claims that Ordinance #82135 disburses sexually oriented

businesses to areas in Bexar county where it is impossible to operate, the record evidence shows that

the City has granted permits to five sexually oriented businesses allowing them to operate indefinitely.

NATCO has not offered any evidence that counters this summary judgment evidence.

        Finally, NATCO contends that the individual defendants reached a tacit agreement to prevent

and delay NATCO from obtaining the licenses and permits necessary to operate one of its sexually

oriented businesses. NATCO, however, has not offered summary judgment evidence sufficient for

a reasonable fact-finder to find that the individual defendants acted in concert to deprive NATCO of

a constitutional right. See Kerr v. Lyford, 171 F.3d 330, 340 (5th Cir. 1999) (“The elements of civil

conspiracy are (1) an actual violation of a right protected under § 1983 and (2) actions taken in

concert by the defendants with the specific intent to violate the aforementioned right.”). Moreover,

even if the evidence offered by NATCO did support a finding of conspiracy, we agree with the district

                                                  -5-
court that the individual defendants are entitled to absolute, qualified and/or official immunity.

                                                 III

       For the aforementioned reasons, we AFFIRM.

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