Court Opinion

ID: 4221586
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-11-17 17:02:41.069084+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:47:49.843870
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                      BID PROTEST
                                       No. 17-1080C
             (Filed Under Seal: November 2, 2017 | Reissued: November 17, 2017)*

                                         )          Keywords: Bid Protest; Motion for
    XPO LOGISTICS WORLDWIDE              )          Judgment on the Administrative Record;
    GOVERNMENT SERVICES, LLC,            )          Discussions; Past Performance; Corrective
                                         )          Action.
                    Plaintiff,           )
                                         )
         v.                              )
                                         )
    THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,        )
                                         )
                    Defendant,           )
                                         )
         and                             )
                                         )
    CROWLEY LOGISTICS, INC.,             )
                                         )
                   Defendant-Intervenor. )
                                         )

Frederick W. Claybrook, Jr., Claybrook LLC, Washington, DC, for Plaintiff. Daniel R. Forman,
Mark A. Ries, James G. Peyster, and Charles Baek, Crowell & Moring LLP, Washington, DC,
Of Counsel.

Christopher L. Harlow, Trial Attorney, U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Division, Commercial
Litigation Branch, Washington, DC, with whom were Patricia M. McCarthy, Assistant Director
Robert E. Kirschman, Jr., Director, and Chad A. Readler, Acting Assistant Attorney General, for
Defendant. Robert D. Bowers, Willie J. McAlister, and Peter B. Ries, Attorney-Advisors, Office
of the Staff Judge Advocate, United States Transportation Command, Of Counsel.

Kara M. Sacilotto, Wiley Rein LLP, Washington, DC, for Defendant-Intervenor. Rand L. Allen,
Brian G. Walsh, Gary S. Ward, Cara L. Lasley, Wiley Rein LLP, Of Counsel.

*
  This Opinion was originally issued under seal on November 2, 2017, and the parties were given
the opportunity to request redactions. In light of the suggested redactions, the Opinion is now
reissued, with redactions of potentially sensitive information indicated by brackets.
                                    OPINION AND ORDER

KAPLAN, Judge.

        This bid protest arises out of the award of a transportation services contract to Defendant-
Intervenor Crowley Logistics, Inc. The Department of Defense, through the United States
Transportation Command (USTRANSCOM or “the agency”), awarded the contract to Crowley
after taking corrective action recommended by the Government Accountability Office (GAO).
The agency took the GAO-recommended corrective action after this Court rejected bid protests
filed by Crowley and by Plaintiff XPO Logistics Worldwide Government Services, LLC (XPO),
in which each of them had objected to the proposed corrective action on various grounds. See
XPO Logistics Worldwide Gov’t Servs., LLC v. United States (XPO I), 133 Fed. Cl. 162, appeal
docketed, No. 17-2506 (Fed. Cir. Aug. 30, 2017).

        In the present case, XPO has filed a protest of the award to Crowley that followed the
corrective action. In its complaint, XPO reasserts certain arguments that this Court rejected in
XPO I. It also contends, among other things, that the agency engaged in misleading and unequal
discussions with XPO regarding XPO’s past performance and that the agency’s decision to
downgrade XPO’s confidence assessment rating from “Substantial” to “Satisfactory” when it
undertook its corrective action was arbitrary, capricious, and contrary to law.

        Currently before the Court are the parties’ cross-motions for judgment on the
administrative record, as well as XPO’s motion to supplement the administrative record. For the
reasons discussed below, XPO’s motion to supplement the administrative record and its motion
for judgment on the administrative record are DENIED. The government’s and Crowley’s
motions for judgment on the administrative record are GRANTED.

                                        BACKGROUND

I.     The Solicitation and Previous Protests

        The background of this solicitation and the subsequent bid protests was set forth in detail
in the Court’s opinion in XPO I. See 133 Fed. Cl. at 167–76. To briefly recap, USTRANSCOM
is a combatant command that provides support to the other United States combatant commands,
the military services, defense agencies, and other government organizations. Admin. R. (AR)
Tab 6 at 151. On March 25, 2015, it issued a solicitation seeking proposals for an indefinite-
delivery, indefinite-quantity contract to provide transportation coordination services throughout
the continental United States as well as in Alaska and Canada, in connection with the
Department of Defense Freight Transportation Services (DFTS) program. Id. at 87, 150. The
winning offeror would be required to provide these services to both the Defense Logistics
Agency and the Defense Contract Management Agency. Id. at 152. In addition, USTRANSCOM
anticipated that other government agencies would join the DFTS contract over its lifetime. See
id. The contract would have a two-year base period and five one-year option periods. Id. at 89–
96.

      The agency initially awarded the DFTS contract to GENCO Infrastructure Solutions, Inc.
on December 30, 2015. Id. Tab 57 at 11060; id. Tab 58 at 11061. Both XPO and Crowley

                                                 2
protested the award before GAO, and GAO ultimately sustained Crowley’s protest. See id. Tabs
67, 74. USTRANSCOM then reopened the competition and announced that it would hold
discussions with all offerors in the competitive range and would allow offerors to submit revised
proposals. See id. Tab 88 at 11982. GENCO withdrew following the reopening of the
competition, but both Crowley and XPO participated in discussions and submitted revised
proposals. See id. Tab 116 at 12273; id. Tab 120 at 12442–43.

         The agency evaluated the revised proposals and awarded the contract to Crowley on
November 22, 2016. See id. Tab 120 at 12442; see also id. Tabs 121–22. XPO then filed a bid
protest with GAO. Id. Tab 126. On March 14, 2017, GAO sustained XPO’s protest in part,
agreeing that the agency’s determination that Crowley’s past performance references should be
rated “Somewhat Relevant” was flawed. See id. Tab 148 at 13003–04.1 As explained in greater
detail in XPO I, GAO found: 1) that “it [was] not clear from the contemporaneous record how
the agency determined that the magnitude of Crowley’s past efforts supported the ratings of
somewhat relevant,” id. at 13013–14; and 2) that in any event, “the agency’s selection of only
the relatively low-value base period of the contract as awarded to Crowley unreasonably
distort[ed] the comparison of the magnitude of Crowley’s past efforts to the magnitude of the
solicitation,” id. at 13012; see also XPO I, 133 Fed. Cl. at 174–75. Accordingly, GAO
recommended that USTRANSCOM “reevaluate Crowley’s past performance in a manner that is
reasonable and consistent with both the solicitation and [GAO’s] decision, and then make a new
source selection determination.” AR Tab 148 at 13017.

II.    The Court’s Previous Decision

        Shortly after GAO issued its decision, the contracting officer announced that
USTRANSCOM would follow GAO’s recommendation and take corrective action. Id. Tab 176
at 15860. Both XPO and Crowley then filed bid protests in this Court challenging the proposed
corrective action.

        On June 30, 2017, this Court issued its decision, rejecting both Crowley’s and XPO’s
protests. The Court held that GAO’s decision was rational, and that USTRANSCOM’s decision
to take corrective action in accordance with GAO’s recommendation was therefore reasonable.
XPO I, 133 Fed. Cl. at 179–80. In particular, the Court concluded that GAO’s decision and
recommendation that USTRANSCOM take corrective action were rational because the record
did not reflect what factors the agency relied upon when it rated sixteen of Crowley’s past
performance references Somewhat Relevant. Id. at 179. The Court also agreed that the agency’s
proffered explanation before GAO, that the agency compared the dollar value of Crowley’s past
references to the value of the two-year base period of the DFTS contract, was not reasonable

1
  The solicitation provided four possible relevancy ratings for past performance references: Very
Relevant, meaning that the “effort involved essentially the same scope and magnitude of effort
and complexities th[e] solicitation requires”; Relevant, meaning the “effort involved similar
scope and magnitude of effort and complexities”; Somewhat Relevant, meaning the “effort
involved some of the scope and magnitude of effort and complexities”; and Not Relevant,
meaning the “effort involved little or none of the scope and magnitude of effort and
complexities.” AR Tab 20 at 9501.

                                                3
because the five option years were significantly higher in value and performing the options was
part of the “efforts” the “solicitation requires.” Id. at 179–80.

        With respect to XPO’s challenges to the agency’s corrective action, the Court found that
USTRANSCOM followed the requirements of the FAR for assessing unbalanced pricing by
comparing the prices received in response to the solicitation. Id. at 182. It also rejected both
XPO’s assertion that the solicitation required the agency to consider some other, undefined
concept of price beyond the total evaluated price and its argument that the agency changed its
consideration of price between the first and second evaluations. Id. at 182–84. Finally, the Court
rejected as contrary to the evidence in the record XPO’s claim that the agency did not look
beyond adjectival ratings in assessing the proposals. Id. at 185–86.

       Thereafter, on July 3, 2017, the contracting officer informed both XPO and Crowley that
“USTRANSCOM [was] taking corrective action in accord with [the] GAO decision.” See AR
Tab 194 at 16556–58; id. Tab 195 at 16559. He also informed the parties that “discussions
[were] closed and nothing [was] required to be submitted.” Id. Tab 194 at 16556.

III.   USTRANSCOM’s Re-Evaluation of Past Performance

       A.      Standards Applied

        In the meantime, on April 11, 2017, after GAO issued its recommendation but before the
Court issued its decision, USTRANSCOM’s Past Performance Evaluation Team (PPET)
completed a new analysis of the past performance references supplied by both XPO and
Crowley. Id. Tab 192 at 16352–95. The PPET noted that each past performance “effort was
evaluated independently to determine recency and relevancy.” Id. at 16352. It further explained
that “determination[s] of relevancy [were] made on the evaluation of scope and magnitude of
effort and complexities this solicitation requires for each evaluated past performance effort.” Id.

        With respect to the “magnitude” of past performance efforts, the PPET stated that it
“compared the Value Per Year Equivalency of each past performance effort to the average value
of transportation CLINS for each year of performance (including options) of the DFTS contract,
which equates to $370,166,666.67.” Id. at 16352–53. It also compared “the monthly number of
shipments for each past performance effort to the projected 20,000 monthly shipments to be
performed under the DFTS contract.” Id. at 16353. In addressing the “complexity” factor, the
PPET stated that it had examined whether an offeror’s past performance efforts included tasks
similar in complexity to the DFTS program.2 Id.

2
  The tasks identified included “supporting multiple agencies; the use of numerous shipping
systems; three tiers of pricing based on response and pickup times; the requirement to support
unit moves, FEMA shipments, and Foreign Military Sales shipments; the requirement to conduct
customs brokerage services; and utilization of specialized equipment such as flatbeds, lowboys,
stepdecks, goosenecks, and reefer vans.” AR Tab 192 at 16353.

                                                 4
       B.      Reevaluation of XPO’s Past Performance

       1.      The Defense Transportation Coordination Initiative Contract

        The PPET first addressed XPO’s work on the predecessor program to DFTS, the Defense
Transportation Coordination Initiative (DTCI). The DTCI effort (which was one of [***] past
performance references that XPO submitted) had been rated as Very Relevant during prior stages
of the procurement. Id. at 16353–54.

        In the new evaluation, the PPET remarked that the DTCI reference was recent (in fact,
contract performance was ongoing) and that XPO had been assigned “exceptional” and “very
good” quality ratings on the contract. Id. at 16353. It found, however, that the DTCI contract
requirements differed from the DFTS requirements in scope and complexity. Specifically, the
PPET noted that the DFTS contract, but not the DTCI contract, included “Time Definite
Delivery, three tiers of pricing, shipping into Canada and the potential of shipping into Alaska,
on-ramp[ing of] other federal government agencies outside of the DoD, and customs brokerage
services.” Id. Therefore, it found that the requirements of the DTCI contract were “similar, but
not essentially the same as the DFTS requirement.” Id.

        The PPET also compared the “magnitude” of the DTCI contract—i.e., its dollar value and
volume of shipments—with the magnitude of the DFTS requirements. It calculated the “value
per year equivalency” of the DTCI contract as [***], which it stated was approximately [***]%
of the average annual value of the DFTS contract.3 Id. at 16354. It further found that under the
DTCI contract, XPO had been coordinating [***] shipments per month, which was [***]% of
the number of shipments estimated under the DFTS contract. Id.

       Based on the foregoing, the PPET concluded that the DTCI contract “involv[es] similar
scope and magnitude of effort and complexities [to what] th[e] solicitation requires.” Id. It
therefore rated the DTCI reference as Relevant. Id.

       2.      The [***] Contract

       XPO’s [***] remaining past performance efforts, [***] of which had been rated as
Relevant during the prior stages of the procurement, were each found Not Relevant by the PPET
during the corrective action reevaluation. The PPET concluded that none of the [***] contracts
involved any of the complexities of effort required by the solicitation. Id. at 16354–55. In this

3
  XPO asserts, and the government and Crowley appear to concede, that the agency committed a
computational error when it determined the average annual value of the DFTS contract because it
divided the total contract value by six years, rather than seven. See XPO’s Br. in Supp. of Its
Mot. for J. on the Admin. R. (XPO’s Br.) at 24–25, ECF No. 30-1; Def.’s Cross-Mot. for J. on
the Admin. R. & Opp’n to Pl.’s Mot. for J. on the Admin. R. (Def.’s Mot.) at 18–19, ECF No.
35; Crowley’s Mem. in Supp. of Its Cross-Mot. for J. on the Admin. R. (Crowley’s Mem.) at 28–
29, ECF No. 36-2. As XPO points out, when seven is used as a divisor, the value per year
equivalency of the DTCI contract would be approximately [***]% of the annual value of the
DFTS contract, rather than [***]%. See XPO’s Br. at 25.

                                                 5
protest, XPO challenges the Not Relevant ratings assigned to its past contracts with [***] and
[***].

         The PPET concluded that XPO’s [***] performance reference was recent. It also noted
that in the past performance questionnaire, [***] had assigned XPO two “Marginal” quality
ratings, three “Satisfactory” quality ratings, and one “Very Good” quality rating, but that [***]
had stated that XPO “has made improvements” and that the areas to which the marginal ratings
applied were “not considered a concern regarding future performance.” Id. at 16354.

         The PPET turned next to an assessment of the scope and complexity of the [***]
contract. It observed that the contract did not include work involving “on time pick-up of freight,
on time delivery of freight, and availability of equipment, to include specialized equipment,” and
thus it only “involved some of the scope of the requirement” and “little or none of the
complexities of the DFTS effort.” Id.

       Turning to the magnitude of effort, the PPET calculated a value per year equivalency for
the [***] effort of [***], or [***]% of the value per year of the DFTS contract.4 Id. It noted,
however, that the [***] monthly shipments under the [***] contract were [***]% of the number
of monthly shipments expected under DFTS. Id.

        Nevertheless, the PPET found that “[w]hile the number of shipments [***] what is
anticipated . . . the dollar magnitude of the effort is minimal compared to the average value of
transportation CLINS of the DFTS contract.” Id. Thus, the team concluded that the [***]
contract “involv[ed] some of the scope and magnitude of the effort,” but “little or none [of its]
complexities,” and the PPET “therefore rated [the [***] contract] as Not Relevant.” Id.
(emphasis in original).

          3.     The [***] Contract

        The PPET found the [***] contract recent and determined that its value per year
equivalency was [***]. Id. It noted that the contract’s annual value was [***]% of the average
value of DFTS, but that the [***] contract’s monthly shipments amounted to [***]% of the
magnitude of shipments under DFTS.5 Id. at 16355. As with the [***] contract, the team
concluded that although the number of shipments exceeded what was expected under DFTS, “the
dollar magnitude of the effort is minimal compared to the average value of transportation CLINS
of the DFTS contract.” Id.

        The agency had not received a past performance questionnaire from [***], but requested
specific information from it. According to [***], XPO was “the lead logistics provider managing
[***]’s inbound transportation network to [***]’s North American production facilities,” whose
shipments included automotive parts for trucks and buses. Id. The PPET concluded that the
“reference demonstrates little or none of the complexities of the DFTS effort reflected in

4
 This value per year equivalency is subject to the same apparent error as noted above. See n.3,
supra.
5
    See n.4, supra.

                                                 6
paragraph I.E. above,” i.e., it did not involve supporting multiple agencies, the use of numerous
shipping systems, three tiers of pricing, and other complexities of the DFTS contract. Id. It
concluded therefore that “this reference . . . involv[ed] some of the scope and magnitude of the
effort” but “little or none [of its] complexities and [was] therefore rated as Not Relevant.” Id.
(emphasis in original).6

       4.      Confidence Assessment Rating

        The PPET then summarized its analysis of XPO’s efforts and assigned a confidence
assessment rating.7 It noted that it had “reviewed [***] past performance references which
demonstrated a broad range of performance ratings from Marginal to Exceptional.” Id. The team
observed that XPO received four Exceptional ratings, seven Very Good ratings, three
Satisfactory ratings, and two Marginal ratings in its past performance questionnaires. Id. at
16356. It then concluded that “[o]ne effort was rated as Relevant and the other [***] were rated
as Not Relev[a]nt.” Id. “Considering the relevancy of the references and the associated
performance ratings,” the agency then assigned XPO “an overall Confidence Assessment Rating
of Satisfactory Confidence; meaning, based on the Offeror’s recent/relevant performance
record, the Government has a reasonable expectation that the offeror will successfully perform
the required effort.” Id. (emphasis in original).

       C.      Reevaluation of Crowley’s Past Performance

         As noted, prior to GAO’s recommendation that the agency take corrective action it had
rated a number of Crowley’s past performance references Somewhat Relevant. It had not,
however, provided a sufficient justification for that conclusion. In taking corrective action, the
PPET examined in some detail fifty-six different past performance references, this time finding
each of them Not Relevant. Id. at 16358–88. The PPET report also listed over 150 additional past
performance references provided by Crowley for which the government either did not receive
past performance questionnaires, did not raise the references in evaluation notices, or did not
solicit additional information from the references. Id. at 16388–93. Each of these efforts was also
found Not Relevant. Id.

        The PPET concluded that “[a]lthough Crowley has demonstrated corporate experience
with this type of work and it has performed considerably well across the efforts it performed, all
past performance references were determined Not Relevant, or could not be validated or
determined recent. As such, Crowley’s recent/relevant performance record is so sparse that no

6
  The narrative also contains a seemingly contradictory and incomplete sentence which asserts
that information received from [***] “verified [that] the effort consists of some of the scope and
complexity of the DFTS requirement, but not similar.” AR Tab 192 at 16355. The parties do not
address the meaning of this language and the Court concludes that it should be disregarded as it
is inconsistent with the remainder of the paragraph.
7
 The solicitation included five possible confidence assessment ratings: Substantial Confidence,
Satisfactory Confidence, Limited Confidence, No Confidence, and Unknown Confidence. AR
Tab 20 at 9501–02.

                                                 7
meaningful confidence assessment rating can be reasonably assigned. Crowley is rated as
Unknown Confidence (Neutral).” Id. at 16395 (emphasis in original).

IV.    The New Source Selection Evaluation Board Report

        On July 11, 2017, after the Court issued its decision in the prior bid protest, the Source
Selection Evaluation Board (SSEB) issued a new report. Id. Tab 196 at 16560–619. It noted that
it was following “GAO’s recommendation to reevaluate Crowley’s past performance,” and that,
“in addition, to ensure equal treatment, the contracting officer decided to reevaluate both
Offerors[’] past performance.” Id. at 16571; see also id. at 16610–11. The SSEB reported that
“[i]t was determined unnecessary to re-open discussions” and that “no proposal revisions were
requested, nor received.” Id. at 16571. Additionally, it stated that “[t]he only factor re-evaluated
was Factor 4, Past Performance.” Id.

        The SSEB described its reevaluation as a “comprehensive review of each past
performance effort to determine recency and relevancy.” Id. at 16611. It referred to and relied
upon the PPET’s April 2017 past performance analysis discussed above, stating that “[t]he Past
Performance Summary dated 11 April 2017 details the scope, magnitude, and complexity of each
past performance reference.” Id. Additionally, it noted that “[t]he determination of relevancy was
made on the evaluation of scope and magnitude of effort and complexities th[e] solicitation
requires.” Id.

       The reevaluation, the SSEB noted, resulted in “both remaining Offerors’ confidence
assessment ratings [being] impacted.” Id. The results were as follows:

Id.8

        Whereas the agency previously assigned Crowley a rating of Satisfactory Confidence, id.
Tab 119 at 12441, the SSEB noted that the new rating was Unknown Confidence (Neutral), id.
Tab 196 at 16611. Similarly, whereas XPO previously had a confidence assessment rating of
Substantial Confidence, id. Tab 118 at 12398, the SSEB had now assigned it a rating of
Satisfactory Confidence, id. Tab 196 at 16611. For Crowley, the SSEB noted that all of its 217
references were determined Not Relevant. Id. Although the SSEB concluded that some of
Crowley’s recent references had “some of the scope . . . the effort requires,” others had “little or
none of the scope the effort requires.” Id. Tab 196 at 16611. Further, all of Crowley’s references

8
 The SSEB’s reference to Menlo refers to a prior corporate entity now known as XPO. See AR
Tab 126 at 12576 n.1.

                                                  8
“were found to involve little or none of the magnitude[]of effort and complexities of the DFTS
effort.” Id.

       For XPO, the SSEB concluded as follows:

               In all, the Government reviewed [***] past performance references
               for [XPO] which demonstrated a broad range of performance ratings
               from Marginal to Exceptional. Of the [***] references, only the
               DTCI effort was rated as relevant,[]the other [***] were rated as Not
               Relevant. The DTCI contract is considered Relevant as the effort is
               similar, but not essentially the same as the DFTS requirement. The
               scope and complexity of the DFTS solicitation differs from the
               scope of the DTCI contract because the DFTS solicitation is broader
               as it includes mode of Time Definite Delivery, three tiers of pricing,
               shipping into Canada and the potential of shipping into Alaska, on-
               ramps other federal government agencies outside of the DoD, and
               customs brokerage services. Furthermore, the DTCI contract is
               [***] percent of the average performance magnitude in dollars of
               the DFTS contract and [***] percent of the magnitude of shipments.
               Of the [***] determined Not Relevant, [***] involved some of the
               scope and magnitude of the effort; however, involved little or none
               of the complexity of the requirement. The other reference involved
               little of the scope and magnitude of effort and complexities of the
               requirement. Considering the relevancy of the references and the
               associated performance ratings, [XPO] has been assigned an overall
               Confidence Assessment Rating of Satisfactory Confidence.

Id. at 16611–12. Finally, the SSEB stated in its “draft comparative analysis for consideration by
the Source Selection Advisory Council” that XPO’s “past performance is the higher rated of the
two offerors. Crowley’s past performance is neither favorable nor unfavorable.” Id. at 16612,
16617.

V.     The Revised Source Selection Advisory Council Comparative Analysis

        On July 18, 2017, the Source Selection Advisory Council (SSAC) issued its updated
comparative analysis. Id. Tab 197 at 16970, 16983. The SSAC “reviewed the SSEB report and
the underlying evaluation documents and concur[red] in their findings.” Id. at 16972. The SSAC
also “verified [that] the SSEB’s evaluation followed the solicitation evaluation criteria and [that]
the ratings were consistently applied.” Id. Based upon this information, it conducted an
“integrated assessment,” taking into account “adjectival and risk ratings, past performance
confidence assessment ratings, and the Total Evaluated Price (TEP).” Id. at 16973.

         The SSAC first assessed the strengths and risks of each offeror’s technical proposal in
detail. Id. at 16974–80. Then, with respect to past performance, the SSAC reiterated the
conclusions of the SSEB report as to both Crowley and XPO. Id. at 16980. With respect to XPO,
the SSAC noted that its [***] past performance efforts “demonstrated a broad range of
performance ratings from Marginal to Exceptional,” but that the “Marginal ratings did not impact

                                                 9
[XPO’s] overall confidence assessment rating because the respondent indicated [XPO] had made
improvements in the areas receiving these ratings and are not considered a concern regarding
future performance.” Id. at 16980–81. It also noted that only “[o]ne effort was rated as
Relevant.” Id. at 16981.

        As to price, the SSAC noted that because “the solicitation provides all rated evaluation
factors (technical capability and past performance) when combined, are approximately equal to
price,” “price carries considerable weight in this acquisition.” Id. It concluded that both the TEPs
and unit prices for each offeror were “fair and reasonable based on adequate price competition”
and that there was “no indication of unbalanced pricing.” Id. It also found that XPO’s TEP was
8.4% higher than Crowley’s. Id.

        The SSAC concluded that “Crowley’s proposal [was] the best value to the government”
because “the tradeoff of Implementation risk and Satisfactory past performance is not worth the
additional Total Evaluated Price expenditure of $625M to award to [XPO].” Id. at 16973–74; see
also id. at 16981 (SSAC “recommend[ing] award of the DFTS [contract] to Crowley” because
the “difference of approximately $625M, or 8.4%, is disproportionate to the benefit associated
with [XPO’s] strengths and lower risk rating under Subfactor 2 and [XPO’s] past performance
confidence assessment rating of Satisfactory Confidence”). The SSAC found that “Crowley’s
moderate risk rating under” the second technical evaluation subfactor was not “so substantial that
it cannot be overcome with special contractor emphasis and close Government monitoring.” Id.
at 16981. Further, it found that:

               While it is noted there is some risk associated with awarding a
               contract to an Offeror with a Confidence Assessment Rating of
               Unknown Confidence, we are willing to accept that risk. Even
               though Crowley was unable to provide any individual referenced
               effort which was considered even Somewhat Relevant, they do
               provide numerous smaller transportation services, making the risk
               of successful performance worth the $625M lower price.

Id.

        Moreover, the SSAC noted that the government had “some built in mitigation factors in
place to significantly reduce any risk.” Id. Accordingly, the SSAC that found Crowley’s proposal
“avoids the Government’s payment of a disproportionate price premium to [XPO] for its slightly
favorable past performance rating . . . and its slightly favorable technical approach.” Id. at 16982.

VI.    The Source Selection Authority Decision

        On July 20, 2017, the Source Selection Authority (SSA) issued the Source Selection
Decision Document. Id. Tab 198. It contained the same analysis and conclusions as the SSAC
report. See id. When describing the history of the corrective action, the SSA noted that “the
Contracting Officer thought it unreasonable to evaluate one Offeror under conditions different
from the other Offeror, and to reconcile this consideration, the Contracting Officer, to ensure
equal treatment, decided to reevaluate both Offerors’ past performance under identical
conditions.” Id. at 16985. The SSA then affirmed the past performance conclusions of the SSEB

                                                 10
and SSAC. Id. at 16989. As pertinent to XPO’s protest, the SSA wrote that “[i]n all, the
Government reviewed [***] past performance references which demonstrated a broad range of
performance ratings from Marginal to Exceptional. One effort was rated as Relevant and the
other [***] were rated as Not Relevant.” Id. He also reiterated that XPO’s Satisfactory
Confidence assessment rating was “based on the Offeror’s recent/relevant past performance
record.” Id.

       After reviewing the solicitation’s other criteria, the SSA concluded that “the Total
Evaluated Price difference of $625,139,516, or 8.4%, is disproportionate to the benefit associated
with [XPO’s] technical strengths and lower risk rating under Subfactor 2 and [XPO’s] past
performance confidence assessment rating of Satisfactory Confidence.” Id. at 16989–90. Thus,
he wrote that “based on [his] integrated assessment of all proposals . . . it [was his] independent
assessment that the proposal submitted by Crowley Logistics represents the best overall value to
the Government.” Id. at 16991.

VII.   XPO’s New Bid Protest

        On July 24, 2017, USTRANSCOM notified both offerors that Crowley had again been
selected for the contract award. Id. Tab 199 at 16992–93; id. Tab 201 at 17012. The next day, on
July 25, 2017, Crowley and USTRANSCOM signed Modification Number 1 to the contract,
which lifted the previous stay of performance and revised the periods of performance. Id. Tab
202 at 17030.

      On August 8, 2017, XPO filed its complaint in this court. ECF No. 1. Two days later,
Crowley filed a motion to intervene, which the Court granted that same day. ECF Nos. 11, 18.
On September 5, 2017, XPO filed an amended complaint. ECF No. 32.

         In its amended complaint, XPO asserts five causes of action: 1) that the agency engaged
in misleading and unequal discussions with XPO regarding past performance; 2) that the agency
made a number of errors in downgrading XPO’s confidence assessment rating from Substantial
to Satisfactory and that its past performance evaluation was therefore arbitrary and capricious;
3) that the agency failed to evaluate unbalanced pricing in accordance with the FAR; 4) that the
agency’s best value determination was arbitrary and capricious because it failed to appropriately
consider the cost to the government; and 5) that the agency engaged in misleading discussions by
considering price in its best value tradeoff in a manner different from its previous best value
tradeoffs, and that it engaged in an irrational tradeoff analysis because it improperly relied upon
Crowley’s Corporate Experience. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 93–126.

        As noted above, the parties have now cross-moved for judgment on the administrative
record. The Court held oral argument on all pending motions on October 13, 2017. Order, ECF
No. 25.

                                         DISCUSSION

I.     Subject Matter Jurisdiction

       The Court of Federal Claims has jurisdiction over bid protests in accordance with the
Tucker Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1491, as amended by the Administrative Dispute Resolution Act of

                                                11
1996 § 12, 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b). Specifically, the Court has the authority “to render judgment on
an action by an interested party objecting to a solicitation by a Federal agency for bids or
proposals for a proposed contract or to a proposed award or the award of a contract or any
alleged violation of statute or regulation in connection with a procurement or a proposed
procurement.” 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(1); see also Sys. Application & Techs., Inc. v. United States,
691 F.3d 1374, 1380–81 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (observing that § 1491(b)(1) “grants jurisdiction over
objections to a solicitation, objections to a proposed award, objections to an award, and
objections related to a statutory or regulatory violation so long as these objections are in
connection with a procurement or proposed procurement”).

        To possess standing to bring a bid protest, a plaintiff must be an “interested party”—i.e.,
an actual or prospective bidder (or offeror) who possesses a direct economic interest in the
procurement. Sys. Application & Techs., Inc., 691 F.3d at 1382 (citing Weeks Marine, Inc. v.
United States, 575 F.3d 1352, 1359 (Fed. Cir. 2009)); see also Orion Tech., Inc. v. United States,
704 F.3d 1344, 1348 (Fed. Cir. 2013). An offeror has a direct economic interest if it suffered a
competitive injury or prejudice as a result of an alleged error in the procurement process. Myers
Investigative & Sec. Servs., Inc. v. United States, 275 F.3d 1366, 1370 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (holding
that “prejudice (or injury) is a necessary element of standing”); see also Weeks Marine, Inc., 575
F.3d at 1359.

        In post-award protests, like this one, a plaintiff may demonstrate competitive injury or
prejudice by showing that it would have had a “substantial chance” of winning the award “but
for the alleged error in the procurement process.” Weeks Marine, Inc., 575 F.3d at 1359–62
(quoting Info. Tech. & Applications Corp. v. United States, 316 F.3d 1312, 1319 (Fed. Cir.
2003)). In making the standing determination, the Court assumes well-pled allegations of error in
the complaint to be true. Square One Armoring Serv., Inc. v. United States, 123 Fed. Cl. 309,
323 (2015) (citing Digitalis Educ. Sols., Inc. v. United States, 97 Fed. Cl. 89, 94 (2011), aff’d,
664 F.3d 1380 (Fed. Cir. 2012)); see also Salmon Spawning & Recovery All. v. U.S. Customs
& Border Prot., 550 F.3d 1121, 1131–32 & n.9 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (citing Lujan v. Defs. of
Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561 (1992)); Linc Gov’t Servs., LLC v. United States, 96 Fed. Cl. 672,
694–95 (2010) (noting that the showing of prejudice as an element of standing “turns entirely on
the impact that the alleged procurement errors had on a plaintiff’s prospects for award, taking the
allegations as true,” and distinguishing “allegational prejudice” required to establish standing
from the “prejudicial error” required to prevail on the merits).

         Here, the Court has subject matter jurisdiction. XPO was an actual offeror and challenges
the award of a contract. It alleges, among other errors, that the agency wrongly downgraded its
past performance ratings and confidence assessment. Taking XPO’s allegations as true, and
considering XPO’s status as the incumbent on the predecessor contract and as the only other
offeror besides Crowley, it has sufficiently shown that absent the errors, it had a substantial
chance of securing the award. XPO is thus an interested party and the Court has jurisdiction over
its bid protest.

II.    XPO’s Motion to Supplement the Administrative Record

       XPO has filed a motion to supplement the administrative record with the affidavit of
Keith A. Dyer, its senior vice president of managed transportation. XPO’s Mot. to Suppl. the

                                                12
Admin. R. at 1, ECF No. 31. According to Mr. Dyer, the purpose of his affidavit is “to explain
certain aspects of the industry for the Court, to point out certain errors in USTRANSCOM’s
Round 3 past performance evaluation of XPO that may not be obvious or are difficult to compute
from the record, to explain how XPO could have addressed perceived deficiencies and improved
its score if it had been given the opportunity through discussions, and to explain how XPO would
be injured if it is unfairly denied award of the DFTS contract.” Dyer Aff. ¶ 3, ECF No. 31-2. The
government and Crowley oppose XPO’s motion. ECF Nos. 34, 37.

        It is well established that in a bid protest case the Court of Federal Claims is to “apply the
appropriate APA standard of review . . . to the agency decision based on the record the agency
presents” to it. See Axiom Res. Mgmt., Inc. v. United States, 564 F.3d 1374, 1379 (Fed. Cir.
2009) (emphasis in original). Therefore, “the focal point for judicial review should be the
administrative record already in existence, not some new record made initially in the reviewing
court.” Id. (quoting Camp v. Pitts, 411 U.S. 138, 142 (1973)). This limitation guards against the
possibility that the court’s scope of review will be transformed from an examination of the
reasonableness of the agency’s determination under APA standards “into effectively de novo
review.” Id. at 1380 (quoting Murakami v. United States, 46 Fed. Cl. 731, 735 (2000), aff’d, 398
F.3d 1342 (Fed. Cir. 2005)). In light of these principles, the court of appeals has held that in bid
protests, “supplementation of the record should be limited to cases in which the omission of
extra-record evidence precludes effective judicial review.” Id. (quotation omitted).

        Here, an examination of the assertions in Mr. Dyer’s affidavit shows that it does not fall
within that limited category of cases in which supplementation of the administrative record is
appropriate. First, paragraphs one through seven of the affidavit merely include identifying
information and a summary of the administrative record. Paragraphs eight through fifteen consist
of Mr. Dyer’s critique of the methodology the agency used to compare the value of the [***] and
[***] contracts to the value of the DFTS contract. Specifically, he argues that the agency should
have considered the value of the freight XPO handled under those contracts in addition to the
value of the logistics management services it provided. Mr. Dyer, however, is not an independent
expert; he is the XPO officer responsible for preparing its proposals. In any event, his views on
how the agency should have evaluated the proposal he helped prepare are not necessary for
meaningful review of the agency’s decision; rather, they represent an invitation for the Court to
substitute Mr. Dyer’s less-than-impartial views for the judgment of the agency.

        Similarly, in paragraphs eighteen through twenty-five, Mr. Dyer expresses his objections
to and disagreements with the agency’s conclusions regarding the differences in complexity
between the DFTS and DTCI contracts and the significance of those differences. XPO’s effort to
supplement the record with such material again ignores that the Court’s job is not to determine
de novo which past performance efforts were relevant and which were not, but rather to review
the reasonableness of the agency’s determination based on the administrative record before it.

        In paragraphs sixteen, seventeen, and twenty-six, Mr. Dyer attempts to identify the type
of information XPO would have provided to the agency if the agency had held discussions with
the offerors when conducting its reevaluation as part of the corrective action. These paragraphs
are irrelevant and not necessary for the Court to engage in meaningful review, given the Court’s
conclusion, infra, that the agency was not required to hold additional discussions.

                                                 13
        Finally, paragraph twenty-seven of the affidavit identifies what Mr. Dyer characterizes as
the irreparable harm XPO will suffer if it does not receive the contract award. These harms
include an unspecified amount of lost profits and the layoff of approximately twenty-five
employees. While it may sometimes be necessary to supplement the record with evidence
concerning irreparable harm, in this case Mr. Dyer’s observations are not necessary for the Court
to address irreparable harm because, as discussed below, XPO has not succeeded on the merits of
its claims. Even if it had, the loss of employees, in and of itself, does not constitute irreparable
harm, and the fact that XPO would not earn profits from the contract if the award to Crowley
stands is self-evident.

       Accordingly, XPO’s motion to supplement the administrative record is DENIED.

III.   Standard of Review

        Pursuant to Rule 52.1 of the Rules of the Court of Federal Claims (RCFC), the Court
reviews an agency’s procurement decision based on the administrative record. Bannum, Inc. v.
United States, 404 F.3d 1346, 1353–54 (Fed. Cir. 2005). The court makes “factual findings under
RCFC [52.1] from the record evidence as if it were conducting a trial on the record.” Id. at 1357.
Thus, “resolution of a motion respecting the administrative record is akin to an expedited trial on
the paper record, and the Court must make fact findings where necessary.” Baird v. United
States, 77 Fed. Cl. 114, 116 (2007). The Court’s inquiry is “whether, given all the disputed and
undisputed facts, a party has met its burden of proof based on the evidence in the record.” A&D
Fire Prot., Inc. v. United States, 72 Fed. Cl. 126, 131 (2006). Unlike a summary judgment
proceeding, genuine issues of material fact will not foreclose judgment on the administrative
record. Bannum, Inc., 404 F.3d at 1356.

        In a bid protest, the Court reviews challenges to procurement decisions under the same
standards used to evaluate agency actions under the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C.
§ 706. See 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(4) (stating that “[i]n any action under this subsection, the courts
shall review the agency’s decision pursuant to the standards set forth in section 706 of title 5”).
Thus, to successfully challenge an agency’s procurement decision, a plaintiff must show that the
agency’s decision was “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in
accordance with law.” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A); see also Bannum, Inc., 404 F.3d at 1351.

        This “highly deferential” standard of review “requires a reviewing court to sustain an
agency action evincing rational reasoning and consideration of relevant factors.” Advanced Data
Concepts, Inc. v. United States, 216 F.3d 1054, 1058 (Fed. Cir. 2000) (citing Bowman Transp.,
Inc. v. Ark.-Best Freight Sys., Inc., 419 U.S. 281, 285 (1974)). Thus, the Court cannot substitute
its judgment for that of the agency. See Honeywell, Inc. v. United States, 870 F.2d 644, 648
(Fed. Cir. 1989) (holding that as long as there is “a reasonable basis for the agency’s action, the
court should stay its hand even though it might, as an original proposition, have reached a
different conclusion” (quoting M. Steinthal & Co. v. Seamans, 455 F.2d 1289, 1301 (D.C. Cir.
1971))). Instead, the Court’s function is limited to “determin[ing] whether ‘the contracting
agency provided a coherent and reasonable explanation of its exercise of discretion.’” Impresa
Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi v. United States, 238 F.3d 1324, 1332–33 (Fed. Cir. 2001)
(quoting Latecoere Int’l, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Navy, 19 F.3d 1342, 1356 (11th Cir. 1994)); see
also Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983) (court

                                                14
should review agency action to determine if the agency has “examine[d] the relevant data and
articulate[d] a satisfactory explanation for its action”). A disappointed offeror “bears a heavy
burden” in attempting to show that a procuring agency’s decision lacked a rational basis. Impresa
Construzioni, 238 F.3d at 1338.

IV.    XPO’s Allegations of Misleading and Unequal Discussions Regarding Past
       Performance

        In Count I of its amended complaint, XPO alleges that the agency engaged in misleading
and unequal discussions. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 93–97. Specifically, according to XPO, prior to the
recent corrective action, “XPO’s past performance proposal remained unchanged, and the agency
provided XPO one, consistent message regarding its past performance: XPO’s references (at
least [***] of [***]) were recent, Very Relevant and Relevant, and supported the agency’s
unwavering Substantial Confidence rating.” XPO’s Br. at 4; see also id. at 5 (citing AR Tab 62)
(noting that the agency informed XPO during initial discussions in August 2015 that XPO’s
“past performance proposal had been assessed the highest possible rating under the past
performance factor” and that “the agency did not provide XPO with any evaluation notices
(‘ENs’) or otherwise address XPO’s past performance proposal”). Notwithstanding those
assurances, XPO complains, “in its most recent reevaluation undertaken without reopening
discussions, the agency abruptly changed course and . . . downgraded XPO’s past performance
evaluation, . . . assessing a reduced Satisfactory Confidence rating.” Id. at 4. It argues that this
“changed evaluation,” which USTRANSCOM conducted “without reopening discussions or
providing the offerors an opportunity to revise their proposals . . . . rendered [the agency’s
earlier] discussions with XPO misleading.” Id. at 8.

         As noted, XPO also contends that the agency engaged in unequal treatment. Specifically,
XPO notes that because the agency did not conduct discussions in connection with the most
recent corrective action, XPO did not have the opportunity to address USTRANSCOM’s
concerns about its past performance or to improve its proposal. By contrast, XPO observes that
prior to the previous evaluations “[t]he agency repeatedly informed Crowley that its references
were Not Relevant, resulting in a rating of Unknown Confidence/Neutral[,] and issued Crowley
at least one EN related to past performance”; moreover, the agency allowed Crowley to take
“advantage of those opportunities to make multiple proposal revisions in an attempt to improve
this area of its proposal.” Id. at 9.

        As discussed below, under Federal Circuit precedent, XPO has waived its misleading and
unequal discussions claims by failing to raise them when the agency announced its corrective
action plan. Further, even if the claims were not waived, they lack merit.

       A.      XPO’s Waiver of Misleading and Unequal Discussions Claims

        XPO’s argument that the agency should have held discussions as part of the corrective
action is barred by the doctrine of waiver set forth in Blue & Gold Fleet, LP v. United States, 492
F.3d 1308, 1313–15 (Fed. Cir. 2007). In that case, the court of appeals held that a party that is
aware of an error in the solicitation may not wait until after the government selects another
contractor to challenge that error. See id. at 1313.

                                                15
         Here, it is beyond dispute that XPO has been on notice since before XPO I was litigated
that its past performance ratings would likely change upon reevaluation and that the agency did
not intend to hold discussions as part of any corrective action. First, at XPO’s own urging, GAO
opined that past contracts whose values were less than 10% of the properly calculated average
annual value of the DFTS contract should presumptively be considered Not Relevant. See AR
Tab 148 at 13016. In light of GAO’s decision, XPO should have known that if and when the
agency took corrective action, the two XPO past performance references that the agency had
previously identified as Somewhat Relevant would be vulnerable to being downgraded to Not
Relevant based solely on their lack of comparable magnitude. In fact, the administrative record
in XPO I contained an internal agency email from the contracting officer in which he stated that
“[w]e will re-evaluate past performance for both Offerors utilizing what GAO considers a
reasonable benchmark” and that “we have already discovered this new benchmark will effect
[sic] both Offerors’ Confidence Assessment Ratings.” Id. Tab 175 at 15859.

       Further, the email also stated that “[i]t is determined unnecessary to . . . re-open
discussions as the evaluation criteria meets the requirement needs, no weaknesses or deficiencies
remain, discussions were held fairly, and each Offeror[’]s total evaluated price is indicative of
the benefit each Offeror provides.” Id. And, on July 3, 2017, just after the Court issued its
decision in the prior protest, but before the completion of the corrective action, XPO was directly
advised that no discussions would take place during the reevaluation. Id. Tab 194 at 16556–58.

        Notwithstanding the foregoing, XPO did not protest the agency’s decision not to hold
discussions until after USTRANSCOM again awarded the contract to Crowley. Accordingly,
XPO has waived its misleading and unequal discussions arguments. See Blue & Gold Fleet, LP,
492 F.3d at 1313 (noting that the “proper procedure [is] for the offeror . . . not to wait to see if it
is the successful offeror before deciding whether to challenge the procurement, but rather to raise
the objection in a timely fashion,” and that “[v]endors cannot sit on their rights to challenge what
they believe is an unfair solicitation, roll the dice and see if they receive award and then, if
unsuccessful, claim the solicitation was infirm” (internal quotations and alteration omitted)).

       B.      The Merits of XPO’s Misleading and Unequal Discussions Claims

        In any event, even assuming that XPO did not waive its misleading and unequal
discussions arguments, those arguments lack merit. “[M]isleading discussions are characterized
by communications from the government that are incorrect, confusing or ambiguous.” DMS All-
Star Joint Venture v. United States, 90 Fed. Cl. 653, 670 (2010). The requirement that
discussions be meaningful and not misleading means that an agency must not “misdirect the
protestor as it revises its proposal.” Greenland Contractors I/S v. United States, 131 Fed. Cl. 216,
225 (2017) (quoting DMS All-Star Joint Venture, 90 Fed. Cl. at 670) (alteration omitted); see
also Caddell Constr. Co. v. United States, 125 Fed. Cl. 30, 45 (2016) (“An error in
communicating a weakness that causes an offeror to revise its proposal is quintessentially a
misleading discussion.”).

        As noted above, during the two rounds of discussions that preceded the previous two
evaluations, the agency advised XPO that it intended to assign XPO a Substantial Confidence
rating and, in fact, it did so. Thus, XPO does not argue that the information regarding its past
performance efforts that the agency provided to it was incorrect, confusing, or ambiguous when

                                                  16
it was relayed to XPO during the discussions that accompanied the first and second rounds of the
evaluation process. Instead, it contends that the agency somehow rendered the past discussions
misleading on a retroactive basis when it later took corrective action and assigned a lower
confidence rating to XPO based on a reevaluation that XPO itself had urged.

         This argument—elements of which bring to mind the plot of the motion picture “Back to
the Future”—is illogical and unpersuasive. XPO could not have been misled by the agency’s
assurances regarding its initial two Substantial Confidence ratings either at the time of the
discussions (preceding the first and second evaluations) or later when USTRANSCOM
announced that it was going to take corrective action. At the time of the discussions, as explained
above, the information imparted to XPO was accurate. And when the agency announced and then
initiated corrective action, XPO could not have been misled by those prior discussions into
believing that the agency’s earlier assessments would remain the same after the reevaluation. In
fact, as described above, XPO had every reason to expect that its past performance rating would
be adversely affected by the corrective action.

         The decisions in Raytheon Co. v. United States, 121 Fed. Cl. 135, 142–44, aff’d, 809
F.3d 590 (Fed. Cir. 2015) and AshBritt, Inc. v. United States, 87 Fed. Cl. 344, 358, 372–73
(2009), upon which XPO relies, are inapposite. In those cases, during discussions the agencies
led at least some of the offerors to believe that their proposals would be evaluated based on a
particular methodology and those offerors revised their proposals or otherwise proceeded
accordingly. The agencies then applied different methodologies without ever notifying those
offerors of the change. In this case, by contrast, XPO was never misinformed about how it would
be evaluated at any stage. And, the discussions that took place in connection with stages one and
two of the evaluation process did not somehow become misleading at the final stage.

        For similar reasons, there is no merit to XPO’s argument that it was subjected to unequal
treatment. Unequal discussions are those which prejudicially favor one offeror over another, such
as where an agency provides one offeror a “crucial” or “advantageous” piece of information
during discussions, but does not provide the same to another offeror. DMS All-Star Joint
Venture, 90 Fed. Cl. at 672. In this case, the offerors were treated equally during each evaluation
round. In the earlier rounds, each was afforded the opportunity to engage in discussions and each
was accurately informed of the agency’s tentative view of its past performance. Further, the
offerors also received equal treatment during the most recent round of evaluations, pursuant to
the corrective action, because the agency neither held discussions with either party nor accepted
proposal revisions.

       Accordingly, based upon the foregoing, XPO’s motion for judgment on the
administrative record as to Count I is DENIED and Crowley’s and the government’s cross-
motions are GRANTED.

V.     XPO’s Challenges to the Agency’s Past Performance Reevaluation

       A.      USTRANSCOM’s Evaluation of XPO’s [***] and [***] Contracts

       In Count II of its amended complaint, XPO challenges the agency’s reevaluation of the
relevance of its past contracts with [***] and [***]. It contends that when comparing the

                                                17
magnitude of those contracts to the magnitude of the DFTS contract, the agency “did not do an
apples-to-apples comparison” because, although the value assigned to the DFTS contract was
based on “freight under management” (FUM), the agency did not use FUM as a measure of the
value of the [***] and [***] contracts. XPO’s Br. at 12–13; see also id. at 13–14. This contention
lacks merit.

        First, consistent with the solicitation, USTRANSCOM did not prescribe any particular
methodology for offerors to use when identifying the value of their past performance references.
During the evaluation process, it assigned dollar values to offerors’ past performance efforts on
the basis of the values the offerors themselves set forth in their proposals, and as reflected in the
past performance references the offerors submitted. Thus, in its proposal, XPO stated that the
[***] contract value was [***] for its five-year term, which translates to an approximate annual
value slightly less than [***]. See AR Tab 207 at 17172–73. And when [***] responded to
agency questions as part of the agency’s efforts to validate the past performance reference, it
similarly informed USTRANSCOM that the annual contract value was [***]. Id. Tab 187 at
16326. The agency, relying on these values, concluded that the “annual total contract value” of
XPO’s past contract with [***] was [***]. Id. Tab 192 at 16354.

       Similarly, XPO asserted in its proposal that the [***] contract value was “~[***]” over a
nine-year term. Id. Tab 207 at 17172–75. [***] reported to USTRANSCOM more specifically an
annual value of [***]. Id. Tab 188 at 16329. The agency then assigned the contract an annual
value of [***]. Id. Tab 192 at 16354. The agency’s valuation of XPO’s past efforts involving
[***] and [***] is thus supported by XPO’s own representations reflected in the record.

        Moreover, XPO’s argument that the agency considered FUM in the earlier evaluations
but ignored it during the corrective action has no support in the record. The values the agency
assigned to the [***] and [***] contracts during the corrective action match those assigned by
the agency in the two previous evaluation rounds. See id. Tab 115 at 12270–71 (concluding that
the [***] contract had an approximate total value of [***] and that the [***] contract had an
annual value of [***]). And, there is no mention of “freight under management” anywhere in the
solicitation or in the previous rounds’ evaluations. See id.9

        Finally, and in any event, XPO was not prejudiced by the alleged error regarding the
valuation of its past performance references. See Bannum, Inc., 404 F.3d at 1353 (in order to
prevail in a bid protest, the protester must “establish ‘significant prejudice’” by showing there
was a substantial chance it would have received the contract absent the error the court has
found). In determining that the [***] and [***] contracts were Not Relevant, the agency relied
primarily upon their lack of comparable complexity, not their magnitude, noting that they
“involve[d] little or none [of the] complexities [of the DFTS contract] and [were] therefore rated
as Not Relevant.” AR Tab 192 at 16354–55 (emphasis in original) (observing that the [***]
reference provided no evidence of XPO’s capabilities with respect to “on time pick-up of freight,
on time delivery of freight, and availability of equipment, to include specialized equipment,” and

9
  To the extent XPO is contending that the solicitation should have required the agency to
consider FUM in assessing the magnitude of past efforts, that argument is a challenge to the
terms of the solicitation and is untimely. See Blue & Gold Fleet, LP, 492 F.3d at 1314–15.

                                                 18
that the [***] reference “demonstrated little or none of the complexities of the DFTS effort”).
XPO accordingly has not demonstrated a substantial chance of obtaining the award absent the
error it alleges.10

       B.      USTRANSCOM’s Evaluation of XPO’s DTCI Contract

        XPO also challenges the agency’s decision to assign the DTCI contract a “Relevant”
rating rather than the “Very Relevant” rating it received in the first two evaluation rounds. It
argues that “[w]hile there are minor differences . . . in the DFTS program, [DFTS and DTCI] are
essentially the same in size, scope, and complexities.” XPO’s Br. at 17–18.

       Determining that a past performance reference involved “similar” as opposed to
“essentially the same” scope and magnitude of effort and complexities involves an exercise in
judgment that is best left to the expertise and discretion of the agency. Therefore, as noted above,
the Court’s review is limited to ascertaining whether the agency “provided a coherent and
reasonable explanation of its exercise of discretion.” Impresa Construzioni, 238 F.3d at 1332.

        In this case, the determination that the DTCI and the DFTS contracts were not essentially
the same in terms of scope and complexity was based on several differences between the two
efforts that the agency identified. First, the DFTS contract (but not the DTCI contract) provides a
shipping agency with the option of selecting a “Time Definite Delivery.” AR Tab 20 at 9538.
When this option is selected, shipment must occur “with delivery constraints less than the
standard transit time which require the Contractor to determine the appropriate level of service.”
Id.

        XPO observes that air delivery is the mode of transport that will generally be used for
time-definite deliveries under this requirement of the DFTS contract, and implies that it similarly
provided air freight services under the DTCI contract. XPO’s Br. at 19–20; see also XPO’s
Reply in Supp. of Its Mot. for J. on the Admin. R. & Opp’n to the Gov’t’s and Crowley’s Cross-
Mots. at 17, ECF No. 39 (claiming that between March 2008 and July 2013, the DTCI contract
provided for air freight services). But the version of the DTCI contract found in the record (dated
August 17, 2007), which appears to be the version of the DTCI contract submitted by XPO and
found recent by USTRANSCOM, expressly excluded such services. See AR Tab 181 at 16037,
16132–33, 16140. The agency was therefore entitled to find that the two efforts were similar, but
not essentially the same. See id. Tab 20 at 9501.

        Second, the agency reasonably concluded that the DFTS contract and the DTCI contract
are not essentially the same because the DFTS contract contains three pricing tiers that are based
on three possible response/pick-up times: a tier based on a four-hour response/eight-hour pick-up
time, a tier based on a twelve-hour response/twenty-four-hour pick-up time, and a tier based on a
twenty-four-hour response/forty-eight-hour pick-up time. Id. Tab 20A; see also id. Tab 5 at 73.

10
  For this same reason, XPO was not prejudiced by another error it alleges—that the agency
miscalculated the DFTS average annual value against which past efforts were measured. XPO’s
Br. at 23–25; see also n.3, supra. As noted, the relevancy ratings for the [***] and [***] contracts
were based primarily upon differences in complexity and scope, not magnitude.

                                                19
The DTCI contract, on the other hand, provides only [***]. Id. Tab 181 at 16143, 16174; see also
id. Tab 5 at 73; id. Tab 22 at 10122 (agency stating during DFTS solicitation question and
answer opportunity that “[t]he three tier pricing option is new to this requirement”).11

        The agency also noted that the DFTS requirement for shipping into Canada, and
potentially Alaska, differed from the DTCI contract, which involves shipping only within the
continental United States. XPO argues that shipping into Canada and Alaska is only a small part
of the contract and that it will involve the same transportation services that XPO provides under
DTCI in the continental United States. Notwithstanding these arguments, providing for shipping
services in Canada certainly adds an additional level of complexity into the contract, as such
services will be subject to different laws than those in the United States and may require a border
crossing. The agency acted within its discretion when it identified shipping outside the
continental United States under the DFTS but not the DCTI contract as another material
difference between the two contracts.12

        Finally, the agency concluded that DFTS is not essentially the same as DTCI because the
former “on-ramps other federal government agencies outside of the DoD.” Id. Tab 192 at 16353;
see also id. Tab 196 at 16611–12. According to XPO, this distinction “is something that only
potentially may happen”; further, it observes that “XPO held extensive, serious discussions with
USTRANSCOM and GSA about folding GSA into the DTCI program.” XPO’s Br. at 21. The
fact remains, however, that under the DFTS program the contractor may be required to on-ramp
additional agencies and that XPO never actually performed that service under DTCI. See AR
Tab 20 at 9521; see also id. Tab 5 at 73 (noting that DTCI does not have an “On-Ramp[] for
others to join,” while DFTS does). Thus this distinction is also supported by the record.

       In short, the record provides support for each of the scope and complexity distinctions
that USTRANSCOM drew between the DTCI contract and the DFTS contract. For that reason,
the Court concludes that the agency acted within its discretion when it determined that the scope
and complexities of the DTCI contract were “similar to” but not “essentially the same” as the
DFTS contract.

11
  XPO calls this a “false distinction” because “DTCI also has rate applications dependent upon
many criteria.” XPO’s Br. at 20. But the fact that both contracts include rates that depend on
multiple criteria does not speak to the distinction the agency identified, which concerns the
existence of multiple response/pick-up time options.
12
   Similarly, XPO quarrels with the significance the agency gave to the fact that the DFTS
contract requires customs brokerage services, although it admits that the DFTS requirement to
provide such services is a valid distinction. XPO’s Br. at 21. The agency, however, acted within
its discretion in finding that this undisputed difference between the programs contributed to its
conclusion that the contracts were not essentially the same.

                                                20
         C.       USTRANSCOM’s Alleged Consideration of XPO’s Not Relevant Past
                  Performance References

       XPO also contends that when assigning it a confidence rating of Satisfactory rather than
Substantial, the agency improperly considered certain marginal quality ratings contained in past
performance references that it had determined Not Relevant. XPO’s Br. at 26–30. XPO bases its
argument on a passage in the SSA’s decision that reads as follows:

                  [XPO’s] proposal under the Past Performance evaluation factor
                  received a Past Performance Confidence Assessment rating of
                  Satisfactory Confidence meaning, based on the Offeror’s
                  recent/relevant performance record, the Government has a
                  reasonable expectation that the offeror will successfully perform the
                  required effort. In all, the Government reviewed [***] past
                  performance references which demonstrated a broad range of
                  performance ratings from Marginal to Exceptional. One effort was
                  rated as Relevant and the other [***] were rated as Not Relevant.

AR Tab 198 at 16989.

         While XPO focuses on the summary description of XPO’s past performance references
contained in the second and third sentences of this passage, it ignores the topic sentence, which
explicitly states that XPO’s Satisfactory Confidence assessment rating was “based on the
Offeror’s recent/relevant past performance record.” Id. (emphasis added). Moreover, the SSEB
and SSAC reports, upon which the SSA explicitly relied and with which he concurred, each
reflect that their Satisfactory Confidence ratings were based solely on XPO’s one Relevant
effort, the DTCI contract. See id. Tab 196 at 16611–12; id. Tab 197 at 16980–81 (also
concluding that XPO’s Satisfactory Confidence rating was “based on the Offeror’s
recent/relevant performance record”). Accordingly, when read as a whole, the record does not
support XPO’s contention that the SSA relied upon quality ratings from XPO’s non-relevant past
performance efforts in assigning XPO a Satisfactory Confidence rating.13

     *        *      *      *       *       *      *       *       *      *       *       *    *

       For all of the foregoing reasons, XPO’s motion for judgment on the administrative record
as to Count II is DENIED and the government’s and Crowley’s cross-motions as to that count
are GRANTED.

VI.      XPO’s Challenge to the Agency’s Best Value Tradeoff

      Finally, XPO claims that in conducting its best value tradeoff analysis, the agency
improperly considered past performance efforts by Crowley that the agency had found Not
Relevant. Am. Compl. ¶ 125; see also XPO’s Br. at 30. Specifically, XPO cites the following

13
  In light of this conclusion, the Court will not address XPO’s alternative argument that if it was
appropriate for the SSA to consider irrelevant quality ratings, it failed to properly consider the
mitigation surrounding XPO’s marginal ratings. See XPO’s Br. at 30–34.

                                                   21
passage in the SSA’s decision, addressing the risk posed to the agency by Crowley’s Unknown
Confidence assessment:

               While it is noted there is some risk associated with awarding a
               contract to an Offeror with a Confidence Assessment rating of
               Unknown Confidence, I am willing to accept that risk. Because,
               even though Crowley was unable to provide any individual
               referenced effort which was considered Somewhat Relevant, it
               provided numerous smaller transportation services, making the risk
               of successful performance worth the $625M lower price.

AR Tab 198 at 16990.

         Notwithstanding XPO’s argument, there was nothing improper about the SSA
considering the “numerous smaller transportation services” Crowley had provided in conducting
its best value tradeoff. While those services were irrelevant in assessing Crowley’s Past
Performance, they nonetheless bear on a separate factor appropriately considered in making the
tradeoff decision—Crowley’s Corporate Experience.14 As GAO has recognized, “[g]enerally, an
agency’s evaluation under an experience factor is distinct from its evaluation of an offeror’s past
performance.” See, e.g., Shaw-Parsons Infrastructure Recovery Consultants, LLC, B-401679.4 et
al., 2010 WL 1180085, at *11 (Comp. Gen. Mar. 10, 2010).15 Where an agency includes separate
experience and past performance factors, the “former focuses on the degree to which an offeror
has actually performed similar work, whereas the latter focuses on the quality of the work.” CSI,
Inc., B-407332.5 et al., 2015 WL 468260, at *4 n.3 (Comp. Gen. Jan. 12, 2015).

        Here, the agency was required under the solicitation to consider both the Corporate
Experience and Past Performance factors in making its best value decision. See AR Tab 20 at
9494. Thus, the solicitation stated that “[t]o receive award, the offeror must . . . (3) represent a
best value to the Government, price and other factors considered.” Id. It also provided that
“[e]ach offeror’s proposal will be evaluated against the following criteria: a. Corporate
Experience . . . d. Past Performance . . . .” Id.

14
  Under the solicitation, offerors were to submit separate Corporate Experience and Past
Performance volumes which were subject to separate evaluation criteria. AR Tab 20 at 9494. For
Corporate Experience, the solicitation required offerors to “submit recent and relevant corporate
experience related to the tasks described within the [Performance Work Statement].” Id. at 9485.
Specifically, the agency sought prior contracts relevant to three specific sub-tasks: 1) carrier
management; 2) operational support; and 3) interfaces and data exchanges with government
systems. Id. at 9486.
15
  Although GAO opinions are not binding on the Court of Federal Claims, the Court “may draw
on GAO’s opinions for its application of [its] expertise.” See Allied Tech. Grp., Inc. v. United
States, 649 F.3d. 1320, 1331 n.1 (Fed. Cir. 2011); see also Univ. Research Co., LLC v. United
States, 65 Fed. Cl. 500, 503 (2005) (noting that GAO decisions are not binding on the court but
“are persuasive”).

                                                  22
       In short, based on the plain language of the solicitation, the agency was permitted to
consider Corporate Experience in its tradeoff analysis. Therefore, when the SSA weighed the
experience Crowley possessed on the basis of its smaller efforts against the risks of its Unknown
Confidence rating he was acting consistent with the solicitation.

VII.   XPO’s Claims Regarding Unbalanced Pricing and the Agency’s Consideration of
       Price

        With the exception of its claim that the agency improperly considered past performance
efforts by Crowley that the agency had found Not Relevant, which is made at the end of Count
V, XPO makes the same claims and relies upon the same legal arguments in Counts III, IV, and
V of its amended complaint that it pursued in its previous protest: namely, that the agency “did
not consider Crowley’s unbalanced pricing and improperly considered only the TEP in the price
tradeoff.” XPO’s Br. at 38; see also Am. Compl. ¶ 3; compare Am. Compl. ¶¶ 104–126, with
Am. Compl. ¶¶ 69–74, 83–89, 101–108, XPO I, No. 17-452 (Fed. Cl. Apr. 10, 2017), ECF No.
28. The Court rejected those claims on their merits in XPO I. See 133 Fed. Cl. at 180–84. “Under
the doctrine of claim preclusion [or res judicata], ‘a judgment on the merits in a prior suit bars a
second suit involving the same parties or their privies based on the same cause of action.’”
Acumed LLC v. Stryker Corp., 525 F.3d 1319, 1323 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (quoting Parklane Hosiery
Co. v. Shore, 439 U.S. 322, 327 n.5 (1979)) (footnote omitted). Accordingly, XPO’s motion for
judgment on the administrative record as to Counts III, IV, and V are DENIED and the
government’s and Crowley’s cross-motions as to those counts are GRANTED.

                                         CONCLUSION

       Based on the foregoing, XPO’s motion to supplement the administrative record is
DENIED. Its motion for judgment on the administrative record is DENIED and the
government’s and Crowley’s motions for judgment on the administrative record are GRANTED.
The Clerk is directed to enter judgment accordingly. Each side shall bear its own costs.

       IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                                     s/ Elaine D. Kaplan
                                                     ELAINE D. KAPLAN
                                                     Judge

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