Court Opinion

ID: 2771439
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-01-20 20:52:22.957851+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:30:24.422702
License: Public Domain

[Cite as Estate of Smith v. Western Brown Local School Dist., 2015-Ohio-154.]

                                     IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                           TWELFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO

                                            BROWN COUNTY

ESTATE OF CHANCE R. SMITH,                              :

        Plaintiff-Appellant,                            :          CASE NO. CA2014-06-012

                                                        :                   OPINION
   - vs -                                                                    1/20/2015
                                                        :

WESTERN BROWN LOCAL SCHOOL                              :
DISTRICT, et al.,
                                                        :
        Defendants-Appellees.
                                                        :

            CIVIL APPEAL FROM BROWN COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
                              Case No. 2013 CVH 0281

Becker & Cade, Dennis A. Becker, Richard G. Ellison, 526-A Wards Corner Road, Loveland,
Ohio 45140, for plaintiff-appellant, Estate of Chance R. Smith

McCaslin, Imbus & McCaslin, Bernard W. Wharton, R. Gary Winters, 632 Vine Street, Suite
900, Cincinnati, Ohio 45202-2442, for defendants-appellees, Christopher Burrows, Heather
Cooper and Dusty Gray

        PIPER, J.

        {¶ 1} Plaintiff-appellant, the Estate of Chance R. Smith ("the Estate"), appeals the

decision of the Brown County Court of Common Pleas granting summary judgment in a

wrongful death action to defendants-appellees, Christopher Burrows, Heather Cooper, and

Dusty Gray (collectively, "the defendants").
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        {¶ 2} We construe the facts from the record, which includes deposition transcripts

and the pleadings, in the light most favorable to the Estate because summary judgment was

granted in favor of the defendants. O'Toole v. Denihan, 118 Ohio St.3d 374, 2008-Ohio-

2574, ¶ 5.

        {¶ 3} The decedent, Chance Smith, was a sophomore at Western Brown High

School during the 2011-2012 school year, and Chance's girlfriend, B.L., was a freshman.

E.C., a male, was a classmate and acquaintance of B.L.

        {¶ 4} On Thursday, February 2, 2012, B.L. showed her homeroom teacher an

anonymous note she found in her locker ("Note 1"). In addition to calling B.L. a series of

vulgar names, Note 1 contained a threat to kill Chance and his family.1 The teacher

immediately dispatched B.L. to the office to share the note with Assistant Principal Dusty

Gray. Assistant Principal Gray spoke with B.L. briefly, and took possession of Note 1.

        {¶ 5} After lunch, B.L. met with Principal Heather Cooper. B.L. described the

contents of Note 1 and vaguely referred to other, similar notes she found in her locker over

the past several weeks, one of which appeared to be signed by E.C. She also informed

Principal Cooper of several disturbing text messages she purportedly received from another

male student at the school, C.R. Principal Cooper had B.L.'s locker combination changed,

and sent her back to class.

        {¶ 6} At the end of the school day on Thursday, Chance stopped briefly at the school

office to inform Principal Cooper that his cell phone had been stolen from B.L.'s locked

locker. At a school basketball game later that evening, Principal Cooper was standing with

Christopher Burrows, the Superintendent of Western Brown Local School District, when

1. The full text of Note 1 read:

                 Pregnet [sic] Bi*** You Dumb Cu** Cheating Bi***! Come Fu** me! Or I'll
                 Kill Chance + Chances [sic] family. I will tell everyone that you cheat on
                 Chance you whore, I hope he gets molested again.
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Chance and B.L. approached to inform Principal Cooper that B.L. had received a text

message from Chance's phone after it had been stolen.

        {¶ 7} Around 8:00 a.m. the next morning, Friday, February 3, Chance and B.L.

stopped in the office to inform Principal Cooper that B.L. had received a second message

from Chance's stolen phone at approximately 10:00 p.m. the prior evening.

        {¶ 8} Given the threatening note, the reported theft of Chance's cell phone, and the

subsequent text messages, Principal Cooper referred the two students down the hall to the

school's resource officer, Officer Reggie McKenzie of the Mount Orab Police Department, so

that he could follow-up on the information that been reported. She also retrieved Note 1 from

Assistant Principal Gray's office and gave it to Officer McKenzie for his review. Officer

McKenzie interviewed Chance and B.L. separately, took separate written statements, and

completed incident reports.

        {¶ 9} After referring Chance and B.L. to Officer McKenzie, Principal Cooper spoke

with E.C., who denied writing any of the threatening notes. Principal Cooper also spoke with

C.R. about the disturbing text messages B.L. reported he had sent. C.R. admitted to sending

the messages, but claimed he did so at Chance's request. C.R. then showed Principal

Cooper a text message he received from Chance's phone that instructed C.R. what to tell

school officials if questioned about the messages he was sending to B.L.

        {¶ 10} During the day on Friday, two other notes surfaced that were directed at B.L.

Officer McKenzie observed that one note ("Note 2") was found at 10:45 a.m. and turned over

to a teacher by another student, D.M.2 The other ("Note 3") was found by Chance at around

the same time.3 All three notes found on Thursday and Friday contained threats to kill

2. The full text of Note 2 read:

                 I heard you were taking people to the office [C.R.] Didn't do nothing [sic] I
                 will kill you Chance.

3. The full text of Note 3 read:
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Chance, and appeared to Officer McKenzie to be from the same notepad and written in the

same handwriting.

       {¶ 11} Superintendent Burrows was at the school at some point during the day on

Friday, and was generally aware of "some notes that were flying around the building," and

"that it was kind of a mystery what was going on with [the notes]." However, he was not

aware of the details, and he was not involved in efforts to gather additional information.

       {¶ 12} Also during the day on Friday, Assistant Principal Gray received a call from

E.C.'s mother. E.C.'s mother indicated that E.C. was "very upset," and insisted that E.C. had

not written the notes. After her call with E.C.'s mother, Assistant Principal Gray perceived a

situation that involved "you know, two boys after the same girl."

       {¶ 13} After school on Friday, Principal Cooper, Officer McKenzie, and a teacher

familiar with the situation had a conversation about Notes 1, 2, and 3. By the end of the

conversation, Principal Cooper and Officer McKenzie shared the suspicion that Chance was

the author of all three of the notes. Principal Cooper did not contact anyone's parents at that

time because she "needed to know more * * * of everything going on," and believed that if

Officer McKenzie felt anyone was in imminent danger he would have acted accordingly.

       {¶ 14} On Monday morning, February 6, Principal Cooper spoke with D.M., the student

who found Note 2. D.M. admitted that he had seen Chance writing one of the notes, and

corroborated his admission by identifying one of the vulgar names B.L. had been called in

Note 1. D.M. also informed Principal Cooper that Chance told him that he – Chance – was

writing the notes to draw B.L. closer to him. It appears on Monday morning school officials

confirmed their earlier suspicion that Chance was behind the notes due to what he thought

was a rivalry over his girlfriend.

              Hey I hope you know I'm going to get Chance in trouble cause [sic] I was
              texting [C.R.] acting like him so don't say nothing or I will kill Chance.
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                                                                     Brown CA2014-06-012

       {¶ 15} Around the same time Principal Cooper was speaking with D.M., Assistant

Principal Gray received another call from E.C.'s mother. E.C.'s mother informed Assistant

Principal Gray that she and E.C. had a phone conversation with Chance the previous night

(Sunday, February 5), and she expressed concern because Chance was "talking really

stupid." E.C.'s mother indicated E.C. would be able to provide Assistant Principal Gray with

more of the details. As the parties were ending the conversation, E.C.'s mother recalled

saying to Assistant Principal Gray, "no matter what Chance has done we do not want him to

hurt himself. And [E.C.] is worried that he's going to kill himself." Assistant Principal Gray

then had a brief conversation with E.C., but left it to Principal Cooper to talk with him at

greater length.

       {¶ 16} At lunchtime on Monday, Principal Cooper spoke with E.C. E.C. showed her

multiple threatening text messages he said he had received from Chance in recent months,

he believed due to his acquaintance with B.L. E.C. also described the bizarre phone

conversation he had with Chance the previous night (some of which E.C.'s mother was a

party to). Principal Cooper then followed-up with Assistant Principal Gray, who confirmed

that her conversation with E.C.'s mother was consistent with what E.C. told Principal Cooper.

       {¶ 17} Shortly after lunch, Principal Cooper learned that Chance had dropped B.L. off

at school that morning, but Chance was not at school because he said he had a doctor's

appointment. Sometime after 2:00 p.m., Principal Cooper attempted to contact Chance's

mother, Michelle Smith, but the phone continued to ring and failed to connect to a voicemail

service. School was ending, so Principal Cooper's responsibilities required that she attend to

bus duty.

       {¶ 18} When she returned from bus duty, Principal Cooper located a work number for

Mrs. Smith. The call went through, and Principal Cooper spoke directly with Mrs. Smith.

During this conversation, Principal Cooper told Mrs. Smith that Chance was not at school,

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that he had "some issues" with E.C., that he was suspected of writing threatening notes, and

that he had said bizarre things to E.C. and E.C.'s mother, such as threatening to kill E.C. and

then himself. However, Mrs. Smith testified that she "can't recall exactly * * * what [Principal

Cooper] said." Mrs. Smith assured Principal Cooper that she would speak with Chance to

"get to the bottom of it."

       {¶ 19} After speaking with Mrs. Smith, Principal Cooper called Superintendent Burrows

to inform him of the notes to B.L. and the situation with Chance.

       {¶ 20} Chance did not, in fact, have a doctor's appointment on Monday. Thus, after

speaking with Principal Cooper, Mrs. Smith called Chance on his cell phone to find out why

he was not at school and where he was. Chance answered his phone, and informed her he

was at a friend's house. Mrs. Smith told him that she had spoken with Principal Cooper, and

asked what was going on between Chance and E.C. It was concluded they would discuss

the situation when she and Chance's father, Burley Smith, returned home from work later that

evening. Mrs. Smith recalled that the call lasted "maybe two to three minutes," and "Chance

was fine" when they spoke.

       {¶ 21} Mr. Smith arrived home from work at approximately 7:30 p.m. on Monday

evening, and Mrs. Smith arrived home shortly thereafter. Although Chance's vehicle was in

the driveway, he was not in the house and did not respond to either Mr. or Mrs. Smith's calls

to his cell phone. Mrs. Smith drove to the houses of several of Chance's friends, but no one

knew where he might be. The Smiths continued their efforts to find or contact Chance

throughout the night, but were unsuccessful.

       {¶ 22} On Tuesday morning, February 7, Principal Cooper and Superintendent

Burrows had a further phone conversation to discuss a plan of action for Chance. The two

agreed that rather than disciplining Chance, he should be referred for a mental health

evaluation and placed in their virtual learning program.

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      {¶ 23} At some point during Tuesday morning, Principal Cooper learned that Chance

was not present for school, and again tried to call Mrs. Smith. As had happened the day

before, she was unable to reach Mrs. Smith at her primary phone number, and was not able

to leave a voicemail message. B.L. claimed that she had not heard from Chance Tuesday

morning, and that he had not responded to her text messages the evening before, so

Principal Cooper then tried the phone number on file for Chance's father. Mrs. Smith

answered the phone, and informed Principal Cooper that Chance did not return home on

Monday evening, and that they still could not find him. When Principal Cooper called back

later that morning, Mrs. Smith informed her that they had located Chance's body, and that he

was deceased. The subsequent autopsy confirmed that Chance had taken his own life.

      {¶ 24} In April 2013, the Estate filed a wrongful death action against Western Brown

Local Schools, Superintendent Burrows, Principal Cooper, Assistant Principal Gray, and the

teacher to whom B.L. first reported Note 1. Eventually, the Estate voluntarily dismissed its

claims against the teacher and against Western Brown Local Schools, and the action

proceeded with Superintendent Burrows, Principal Cooper, and Assistant Principal Gray as

the defendants.

      {¶ 25} In March 2014, the defendants filed a motion for summary judgment, and

attached the depositions of all three of the defendants, along with those of Mr. and Mrs.

Smith, B.L., E.C.'s mother, and the Estate's expert witness, Professor Deanna Wilkinson. At

the same time, they also filed a motion to strike the deposition testimony of Professor

Wilkinson and exclude her from being a witness in the case. In April 2014, the Estate

responded with two memoranda in opposition to the defendants' respective motions. On May

28, 2014, the trial court granted both of the defendants' motions.

      {¶ 26} The Estate now appeals, raising two assignments of error.

      {¶ 27} Assignment of Error No. 1:

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                                                                      Brown CA2014-06-012

       {¶ 28} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN STRIKING THE DEPOSITION TESTIMONY

OF PROFESSOR DEANNA WILKINSON.

       {¶ 29} In a letter summarizing her professional opinion on the events leading up to

Chance's death, Professor Deanna Wilkinson identified herself as "an expert on adolescent

development/violence prevention and a researcher who has examined the implementation of

the Ohio Anti-Harassment, Intimidation, and Bullying model policy." The defendants argued

below that Professor Wilkinson's deposition testimony should be stricken from the record for

purposes of summary judgment, and that she should be excluded from being a witness in the

case. They contended her opinion was neither relevant nor reliable.

       {¶ 30} In response, the Estate argued that Professor Wilkinson is a qualified expert,

and that her opinion ought to be allowed at trial because, "[i]n the present instance, the

identification of [the defendants'] duty is beyond the understanding or knowledge of a typical

lay juror." In addition, the Estate relied upon Professor Wilkinson's opinion letter and her

deposition testimony as a basis for contesting the defendants' motion for summary judgment.

       {¶ 31} In its decision regarding the defendants' respective motions, the trial court

began its analysis with a decision on the defendants' motion to strike due to the impact that

issue would have on its summary judgment decision. The trial court struck Professor

Wilkinson's letter and deposition testimony due to her lack of background, training, or

experience with the issues in the case. In so doing, the trial court pointed out that Professor

Wilkinson "demonstrated no reliable scientific, technical or other specialized information

about suicide or suicide prevention."     The court noted the Estate was "attempting to

bootstrap" Professor Wilkinson's expertise in anti-bullying policies into expertise in suicide

and suicide prevention, and found a "leap in logic" in her opinion that the defendants' alleged

noncompliance with the school's anti-bullying policies somehow contributed to Chance's

suicide.

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       {¶ 32} On appeal, the Estate argues the trial court abused its discretion when it struck

Professor Wilkinson's letter and deposition testimony for use in opposing the defendants'

motion for summary judgment. While the Estate concedes that Professor Wilkinson is not an

expert in suicide prevention, it asserts that her opinion as an expert in the field of

Harassment, Intimidation, and Bullying ("HIB") procedures and policies would assist the trier

of fact in determining whether the defendants had a duty to notify Chance's parents of the

threatening notes, and in discerning whether the defendants acted recklessly or wantonly.

                                  1. Standard of Review

       {¶ 33} Trial courts have broad discretion in determining the admissibility of expert

testimony. Battelle Mem. Inst. v. Big Darby Creek Shooting Range, 192 Ohio App.3d 287,

2011-Ohio-793, ¶ 27 (12th Dist.), citing Terry v. Caputo, 115 Ohio St.3d 351, 2007-Ohio-

5023, ¶ 16. So long as the court's discretion is exercised in line with the rules of procedure

and evidence, its judgment will not be reversed absent a clear showing of an abuse of

discretion with attendant material prejudice to a party. Theurer v. Foster-Theurer, 12th Dist.

Warren Nos. CA2008-06-074 and CA2008-06-083, 2009-Ohio-1457, ¶ 24. "Abuse of

discretion" suggests unreasonableness, arbitrariness, or unconscionability. Valentine v.

Conrad, 110 Ohio St.3d 42, 2006-Ohio-3561, ¶ 9.

                          2. Admissibility of Expert Testimony

       {¶ 34} In general, courts should admit expert testimony where it is relevant, material

and satisfies all of the requirements of Evid.R. 702. Batelle Mem. Inst. at ¶ 27. Evid.R. 702

requires:

              (A) The witness' testimony either relates to matters beyond the
              knowledge or experience possessed by lay persons or dispels a
              misconception common among lay persons;

              (B) The witness is qualified as an expert by specialized
              knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education regarding the
              subject matter of the testimony;

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              (C) The witness' testimony is based on reliable scientific,
              technical, or other specialized information.

This rule vests the trial court with a "gatekeeping function" which obliges the court "to assess

both the reliability of an expert's methodology and the relevance of any testimony offered

before permitting the expert to testify." Terry, 115 Ohio St.3d 351 at ¶ 24.

       {¶ 35} To be sure, Professor Wilkinson has impressive academic credentials. She is

an Associate Professor and the Associate Chair for Outreach and Engagement in the

Department of Human Sciences at The Ohio State University. She obtained a Master's

Degree in Criminal Justice from the University of Illinois at Chicago in 1992, and a Ph.D. in

Criminal Justice from Rutgers in 1998. Since that time, she has earned numerous awards

and honors, published a multitude of peer-reviewed articles and scholarly chapters in her

field, and served as the principal investigator for the Ohio Bullying Prevention Project

("OBPP") in 2011 and the OBPP follow-up study in 2013.

       {¶ 36} Nevertheless, a careful examination of the record raises significant questions

about whether Professor Wilkinson's deposition testimony satisfied the requirements of

Evid.R. 702, and about the relevance of her expertise in HIB policies and procedures.

       {¶ 37} To begin with, it is not clear that Professor Wilkinson possessed expertise

"beyond the knowledge or experience possessed by lay persons" with respect to the

defendants' duty to notify parents of the threatening notes.         Evid.R. 702(A) and (B).

Professor Wilkinson's description of her role as principal investigator for the OBPP in 2011,

and the follow-up study in 2013, is insufficient to establish that she possessed the requisite

expertise. The OBPP was simply a survey of Ohio schools, administered online and by

telephone, "to get an assessment of whether or not they were complying with the [HIB] Model

Policy * * * [and] what schools [sic] needs were in terms of finding out the policy, [and]

implementing it * * *." The OBPP did not examine the responsibilities of school officials in the

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HIB Model Policy or in particular HIB situations (such as the discovery of threatening notes);

it did not evaluate the effectiveness of the HIB Model Policy in preventing HIB behaviors;

and, perhaps most relevant here, it did not explore or link the effects of the HIB Model Policy

and the likelihood of student suicide.

       {¶ 38} Professor Wilkinson's account of her work outside of the OBPP survey is also

insufficient to establish that she possessed the requisite expertise. She explained that her

research has been almost exclusively focused on community policing, decision making

among inner city adolescent males, and "contributing to theory and * * * the knowledge base

of * * * the pecking order of what happens on the street and how boys are socialized into this,

particularly inner-city boys * * *." In fact, when asked to describe how she became involved

in the OBPP, Professor Wilkinson admitted that "[i]t's not particularly my area."

       {¶ 39} Additionally, Professor Wilkinson's deposition testimony raised significant

questions about whether she possessed the requisite "specialized knowledge, skill,

experience, training, or education" to offer expert testimony regarding the extent to which the

defendants' conduct was wanton or reckless. Evid.R. 702(B). For instance, when asked

whether "wanton misconduct" was a term that she had ever used before in her work,

Professor Wilkinson responded "[n]o, not really," and indicated she used the term mainly

because counsel for the Estate had informed her that it would be the "standard of proof" in

the case. Further, to the extent that Professor Wilkinson understood the import of the phrase

"wanton misconduct," she stated that her understanding was based on an email from the

Estate's counsel, a definition she found on Wikipedia, and criminal justice courses she took

in graduate school over a decade ago.

       {¶ 40} Lastly, the relevance of Professor Wilkinson's expertise in HIB policies and

procedures to the issues surrounding Chance's suicide appears nonexistent. An expert's

testimony is relevant if "it logically advances a material aspect of the proposing party's case."

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Terry, 115 Ohio St.3d 351 at ¶ 26, quoting Valentine v. PPG Industries, Inc., 158 Ohio

App.3d 615, 2004-Ohio-4521 (4th Dist.). In an effort to make the subject matter of HIB

relevant, the Estate characterizes the notes found at school as threatening to Chance, and

thus as creating a duty for the defendants to immediately involve Chance's parents. Yet,

however unfortunate, it rapidly appeared that Chance was the author of the notes, pretending

to be threatened as part of a ruse to draw B.L. closer to him. Therefore, the notes did not

reflect a situation involving HIB behaviors directed at Chance, but rather his own

machinations to secure the affection of his girlfriend.4

       {¶ 41} Given Professor Wilkinson's relative unfamiliarity with the subject matter central

to the issues involved, we do not find the court abused its discretion in determining Professor

Wilkinson lacked sufficient background, training, or experience to qualify her as an expert

regarding Chance's suicide. We are unconvinced that the proposed expert satisfied the

requirements of Evid.R. 702, and that her testimony was sufficiently developed to be

relevant. Being mindful of the deferential standard of review as applied to the facts and

circumstances sub judice, we do not find that the trial court's decision was unreasonable,

arbitrary, or unconscionable. Thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in striking

Professor Wilkinson's deposition testimony.

       {¶ 42} The Estate's first assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 43} Assignment of Error No. 2:

       {¶ 44} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GRANTING SUMMARY JUDGMENT IN

FAVOR OF DEFENDANTS, COOPER, GRAY AND BURROWS [SIC].

       {¶ 45} In its decision granting summary judgment to the defendants, the trial court

found the relationship between the defendants and Chance to be "analogous to one who

4. The ruse appears to have been designed with the dual purpose of securing the affection of B.L., and
distancing her from E.C. While E.C. and B.L. may have been harassed by the ruse, Chance was not.
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stands in loco parentis, with the result that a school is under a special duty to exercise

reasonable care to protect a pupil from harm." Hence, the trial court held that "School

Boards, Administrators, Teachers, Counselors, Coaches, School Resource Officers and any

other employee who has [sic] knowledge of a threat of suicide by a student has the duty to

notify the child's parents of the threat." Nevertheless, the trial court concluded that the

defendants were entitled to summary judgment because they discharged any existing duties

by investigating the notes and by contacting Mrs. Smith upon learning of Chance's threat to

kill E.C. and then kill himself.

       {¶ 46} The Estate argues the trial court erred by granting summary judgment to the

defendants because there existed genuine issues of material fact to be resolved at trial. In

particular, the Estate contends the record shows that by noon on Friday, February 3, the

defendants were aware of a great probability of harm arising from the situation involving

Chance, B.L., and E.C., or that a known or obvious risk of harm was evident. In other words,

the Estate contends there is a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the defendants

had a duty to contact the Smith family before Monday, February 6. In addition, the Estate

asserts there is a dispute of fact as to whether Principal Cooper actually informed Mrs. Smith

of Chance's threat to kill E.C. and then kill himself during their Monday phone conversation.

                                   1. Standard of Review

       {¶ 47} Appellate review of a trial court's decision granting summary judgment is de

novo. Roberts v. RMB Ents., Inc., 197 Ohio App.3d 435, 2011-Ohio-6223, ¶ 6 (12th Dist.).

In applying the de novo standard, the appellate court is required to use the same standard

the trial court should have used, and examine the evidence to determine whether, as a

matter of law, no genuine issues exist for trial. Deutsch v. Birk, 189 Ohio App.3d 129, 2010-

Ohio-3564, ¶ 7 (12th Dist.). Under Civ.R. 56(C), summary judgment is appropriate when (1)

there are no genuine issues of material fact to be litigated, (2) the moving party is entitled to

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judgment as a matter of law, and (3) when all evidence is construed most strongly in favor of

the nonmoving party, reasonable minds can come to only one conclusion, and that

conclusion is adverse to the nonmoving party. Zivich v. Mentor Soccer Club, Inc., 82 Ohio

St.3d 367, 369-70 (1998).

                              2. The Defendants' Duty of Care

       {¶ 48} To maintain a wrongful death action on a theory of negligence, a plaintiff must

show (1) the existence of a duty owing to plaintiff's decedent, (2) a breach of that duty, and

(3) proximate causation between the breach of duty and the death. Littleton v. Good

Samaritan Hosp. & Health Ctr., 39 Ohio St.3d 86, 92 (1988). The threshold question of the

existence of a duty in a negligence action is a question of law for the court to determine.

Profitt v. Tate Monroe Water Assn., Inc., 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2012-10-072, 2013-

Ohio-2278, ¶ 19; Mussivand v. David, 45 Ohio St.3d 314, 318 (1989).

       {¶ 49} Despite the trial court's determination regarding the existence of a special duty

in the present case, there is no controlling authority which holds that school officials stand "in

loco parentis" to their students, and are therefore bound by "a special duty to exercise

reasonable care." Indeed, it is well settled Ohio law that school officials are bound only

under the common law to exercise that care necessary to avoid reasonably foreseeable

injuries to their students, unless a more specific obligation is assumed. Nottingham v. Akron

Bd. of Edn., 81 Ohio App.3d 319, 322 (9th Dist.1992); see also Golden v. Milford Exempted

Vill. Sch. Dist. Bd. of Edn., 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2010-11-092, 2011-Ohio-5355, ¶ 40.

       {¶ 50} The test for foreseeability of an injury "is whether a reasonably prudent person,

under the same or similar circumstances as the defendant, should have anticipated that

injury to the plaintiff or to those in like situations is the probable result of the performance or

nonperformance of an act." Commerce & Industry Ins. Co. v. Toledo, 45 Ohio St.3d 96, 98

(1989). In determining whether the defendant should have anticipated the injury, only those

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circumstances which the defendant perceived, or should have perceived, at the time of his

respective actions should be considered. Menifee v. Ohio Welding Prods., Inc., 15 Ohio

St.3d 75, 77 (1984).

          {¶ 51} School officials acted quickly and efficiently to gather information about the

three notes to B.L. discovered on Thursday and Friday morning. By Friday afternoon, school

officials had formulated the suspicion that Chance was the author of the notes, and that the

notes were part of a ruse to "draw B.L. closer" to Chance. At that time, Chance had not

exhibited any signs of suicide, Chance's threatening text messages to E.C. over B.L. were

unknown to school officials, and his threat to kill E.C. and then himself had yet to occur. In

these circumstances, no reasonably prudent person would have, or should have, anticipated

Chance's suicide.

          {¶ 52} Therefore, we disagree with the Estate's contention that the defendants had a

duty to inform Mr. and Mrs. Smith of the situation involving Chance, B.L., and E.C. on either

Thursday or Friday.

          {¶ 53} Further, the Estate tries to create a question of fact by contending that Principal

Cooper never told Mrs. Smith that Chance threatened to kill E.C. and then kill himself.

However, when school officials learned on Monday of Chance's threats, he was not under

their care, custody, or control, and their information came only through hearsay. Moreover,

neither Chance's family nor school officials had any reason to believe that Chance would

actually harm himself. E.C. was at school, so it was apparent Chance had not acted on his

statement (i.e., that he would kill E.C. and then himself), and Mrs. Smith’s contact with

Chance did not establish need for alarm. Even on Monday, no reasonably prudent person

would have, or should have, anticipated that Chance's suicide was a probable or likely end

result.

          {¶ 54} Thus, although the standard of reasonable care to which we hold the

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defendants in our de novo review is different than the heightened duty imposed by the trial

court, we reach the same result.

                    3. Immunity of Political Subdivision Employees

       {¶ 55} Finally, it is undisputed that the alleged acts or omissions of the defendants

occurred within the scope of their employment for a political subdivision that performs a

government function. R.C. 2744.01(C) and (F) (identifying public education as a government

function, and including school districts within the definition of a political subdivision).

Therefore, regardless of our conclusions with respect to the duty owed to Chance, our de

novo review requires that we examine whether the defendants are entitled to immunity from

tort liability pursuant to R.C. 2744.03.

       {¶ 56} R.C. 2744.03(A)(6)(b) provides that an employee of a political subdivision is

immune from tort liability unless "[t]he employee's acts or omissions were with malicious

purpose, in bad faith, or in a wanton or reckless manner." Hence, the defendants are

immune from liability in this action unless the Estate can show that one of the exceptions to

immunity identified in R.C. 2744.03(A)(6)(b) applies. Golden, 2011-Ohio-5355 at ¶ 35.

Although the Estate alleges that the defendants' acts or omissions amounted to "wanton

and/or reckless misconduct," they have failed to show that an exception to immunity applies.

       {¶ 57} The Ohio Supreme Court recently clarified the definitions of "wanton

misconduct" and "reckless conduct" in the context of the immunity of political subdivision

employees:

              Wanton misconduct is the failure to exercise any care toward
              those to whom a duty of care is owed in circumstances in which
              there is a great probability that harm will result. * * *

              Reckless conduct is characterized by the conscious disregard of
              or indifference to a known or obvious risk of harm to another that
              is unreasonable under the circumstances and is substantially
              greater than negligent conduct.

(Citations omitted.) Anderson v. Massillon, 134 Ohio St.3d 380, 2012-Ohio-5711, ¶ 33-34;
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see also J.H. v. Hamilton City Sch. Dist., 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2012-11-236, 2013-Ohio-

2967, ¶ 20.

      {¶ 58} Demonstrating either "wantonness" or "recklessness" is subject to a high

standard. Fields v. Talawanda Bd. of Edn., 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2008-02-035, 2009-Ohio-

431, ¶ 16, citing Rankin v. Cuyahoga Cty. Dept. of Children and Family Servs., 118 Ohio

St.3d 392, 2008-Ohio-2567, ¶ 37. Thus, although the determination of wantonness or

recklessness is typically within the province of the jury, summary judgment is appropriate in

instances where the individuals' conduct does not demonstrate a disposition to perversity.

Fields at ¶ 16, citing O'Toole, 118 Ohio St.3d at ¶ 75; see also Fabrey v. McDonald Vill.

Police Dept., 70 Ohio St.3d 351, 356 (1994).

      {¶ 59} Although Chance's death was tragic and an immense loss, that tragedy does

not mean the standard for showing wantonness or recklessness is any less. "We must apply

the law without consideration of emotional ramifications and without the benefit of 20-20

hindsight." O'Toole at ¶ 76. We conclude that, in construing the facts most strongly in favor

of the Estate, reasonable minds can come to only one conclusion: that there is no evidence

the defendants acted in a wanton or reckless manner.

      {¶ 60} The defendants' conduct was not wanton or reckless because they did not fail

to exercise care in regard to Chance, and their conduct was not a conscious disregard of, or

indifference to, a known or obvious risk of harm to Chance. To the contrary, they went to

great lengths to gather information, assess the nature of the threats contained in the notes,

and ultimately to contact Chance's parents.

      {¶ 61} Upon learning of the threatening note found in B.L.'s locker on Thursday,

February 2, Principal Cooper immediately began to gather additional information to identify

the source of the note and determine whether there was a real threat to Chance or B.L. She

was aided in this effort by Assistant Principal Gray, who spoke with B.L., took possession of

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Note 1, conversed twice by phone with E.C.'s mother, followed up on both occasions with

E.C. himself, and relayed relevant information to Principal Cooper when necessary.

       {¶ 62} By the end of the day on Friday, February 3, school officials had interviewed

several students, and Principal Cooper had formulated the suspicion – shared by Officer

McKenzie – that Chance had authored the notes.            Thus, Principal Cooper could not

reasonably believe that the notes, instigated by Chance to secure the attention of his

girlfriend, constituted a real threat that Chance would hurt himself or his girlfriend, B.L.

Superintendent Burrows was generally aware of "some notes that were flying around the

building" on Friday, but he was not aware of any significant details. He did not seek

additional details because he was not the school official responsible for immediately

responding to such situations. He was aware that school officials responsible for the day-to-

day operation of the school, and students, were responding.

       {¶ 63} When Principal Cooper and Assistant Principal Gray learned, during the course

of the day on Monday, that Chance had purportedly threatened to kill E.C. and then kill

himself, additional action was immediately taken. Despite the fact that Chance had not been

on school premises in over 48 hours, and that the threat was made off school premises and

not during school hours, Principal Cooper took steps to contact Chance's parents in short

order so they could engage Chance and take any action necessary. When Superintendent

Burrows learned the details of the situation, Principal Cooper had already called Mrs. Smith

to bring the matter to the family's attention.

       {¶ 64} We note that the Estate asserts Mrs. Smith "specifically denies" being told by

Principal Cooper, during their Monday phone conversation, that Chance had threatened to kill

E.C. and then kill himself. However, there is no such specific denial in the record. Principal

Cooper's deposition testimony establishes that she did inform Mrs. Smith of Chance's threat

to kill E.C. and then himself. Mrs. Smith's deposition testimony reveals only that Mrs. Smith

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cannot "recall" exactly what Principal Cooper told her. Not recalling specific facts only means

the person does not remember the facts presented to her, it does not mean that the facts

were not presented. While Mrs. Smith specifically denies being told that Chance was

"suicidal," that is not a denial of the information Principal Cooper reported to Mrs. Smith.

Principal Cooper did not opine that Chance was actually suicidal, and never represented she

informed Mrs. Smith of such an opinion.

       {¶ 65} In short, the Estate has failed to show that the defendants acted in a wanton or

reckless manner. Thus, the defendants are entitled to the immunity from tort liability

generally applied to employees of a political subdivision pursuant to R.C. 2744.03.

       {¶ 66} For the foregoing reasons, the Estate's second assignment of error is overruled.

       {¶ 67} Judgment affirmed.

       RINGLAND, P.J., and HENDRICKSON, J., concur.

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