Court Opinion

ID: 4707563
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-07-29 17:02:43.463345+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:06:44.648264
License: Public Domain

FILED
                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                                JUL 28 2021
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                         MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                             U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

                            FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                        No.   19-50313

              Plaintiff-Appellee,                D.C. No.
                                                 2:16-cr-00401-ODW-1
 v.

JULIO CESAR GOMEZ,                               MEMORANDUM*

              Defendant-Appellant.

                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Central District of California
                    Otis D. Wright II, District Judge, Presiding

                       Argued and Submitted April 16, 2021
                              Pasadena, California

Before: M. SMITH and IKUTA, Circuit Judges, and STEELE,** District Judge.

      Julio Cesar Gomez appeals his convictions, and subsequent sentence, for

conspiracy with intent to distribute at least 50 grams of methamphetamine,

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
            The Honorable John E. Steele, United States District Judge for the
Middle District of Florida, sitting by designation.
distribution of methamphetamine, and being a felon in possession of a firearm. We

have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.1

      The district court did not abuse its discretion in deciding not to ask the jury

the specific voir dire questions proposed by Gomez regarding their pro-law-

enforcement bias or gang bias, because those questions were adequately covered

by the court’s other voir dire questions and statements, see United States v.

Baldwin, 607 F.2d 1295, 1298 (9th Cir. 1979), and Gomez’s proposed questions

were not “reasonably calculated to discover an actual and likely source of

prejudice,” United States v. Jones, 722 F.2d 528, 530 (9th Cir. 1983) (citation and

internal quotation marks omitted). Moreover, “[i]f there are particular questions

that counsel deems essential, and such that refusal to put them may be reversible

error, counsel must tell the court so, and state his reasons, before the examination

of the jurors is completed.” United States v. Blosvern, 514 F.2d 387, 389 (9th Cir.

1975). Because Gomez failed to do so here, his objections to the court’s failure to

give his proposed instructions are forfeited. Id.

      1
        This memorandum addresses Gomez’s challenges to the district court’s
voir dire and failure to provide a Sears instruction. We address Gomez’s
remaining challenges in an opinion filed concurrently with this memorandum
disposition. See ___ F.3d. ___ (9th Cir. 2021).
                                          2
      The district court did not plainly err in its management of voir dire. The

district court has “ample discretion” in how it manages voir dire. Rosales-Lopez v.

United States, 451 U.S. 182, 189 (1981). Given the total context of the voir dire

proceeding, the district court’s statements did not chill the jurors’ responses to voir

dire questions or affect Gomez’s substantial rights. See United States v.

Davenport, 519 F.3d 940, 943 (9th Cir. 2008). Further, the district court’s

comments, questions, and subsequent jury instructions adequately explained the

presumption of innocence and the need to avoid bias.

      Finally, the district court did not plainly err by declining to give a jury

instruction that an individual must conspire with at least one co-conspirator who is

not a government agent or informant before being convicted of conspiracy

(referred to as a “Sears instruction,” after Sears v. United States, 343 F.2d 139, 142

(5th Cir. 1965), which first established this rule). Given the evidence that Gomez

conspired with Carmona and Gonzales, neither of whom was a government agent,

it was not “clear and obvious,” as required for plain error, see United States v.

Sanders, 421 F.3d 1044, 1050 (9th Cir. 2005), that Gomez was entitled to a

Sears instruction, see United States v. Barragan, 871 F.3d 689, 710 (9th Cir. 2017)

                                           3
(“If at least one co-conspirator is not a government agent, a conspiracy conviction

is permitted.”).2

      AFFIRMED.

      2
        The district court’s instruction that “[l]aw enforcement officials may
engage in stealth and deception such as the use of informants and undercover
agents in order to investigate criminal activities,” is a correct statement of law, and
did not undermine the rule that a defendant must conspire with someone other than
a government agent to be guilty of conspiracy. We therefore reject Gomez’s
argument to the contrary.
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