Court Opinion

ID: 2713961
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-08-06 14:40:29.417328+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:01:37.503359
License: Public Domain

#26463-rev & rem-GAS

2013 S.D. 63

                            IN THE SUPREME COURT
                                    OF THE
                           STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA

                                   ****
EDWARD D. THURMAN and
KATHY L. THURMAN, AS NAMED
PLAINTIFFS ON BEHALF OF A CLASS,            Plaintiffs and Appellants,

v.

CUNA MUTUAL INSURANCE
SOCIETY and BLACK HILLS
FEDERAL CREDIT UNION,                       Defendants and Appellees.

                                   ****

                  APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF
                    THE SEVENTH JUDICIAL CIRCUIT
                  PENNINGTON COUNTY, SOUTH DAKOTA

                                   ****

                   THE HONORABLE ROBERT A. MANDEL
                               Judge

                                   ****

JAMES D. LEACH
Rapid City, South Dakota

and

MICHAEL A. WILSON of
Barker Wilson Law Firm, LLP
Rapid City, South Dakota                    Attorneys for plaintiffs
                                            and appellants.

                                   ****

                                            ARGUED APRIL 23, 2013

                                            OPINION FILED 08/14/13
ROGER K. HEIDENREICH of
Dentons US LLP
St. Louis, Missouri

and

CATHERINE M. SABERS
THOMAS G. FRITZ of
Lynn, Jackson, Shultz & Lebrun, PC
Rapid City, South Dakota                Attorneys for defendant and
                                        appellee CUNA Mutual
                                        Insurance.

FRANK A. BETTMAN
TODD LOVE of
Bettman, Hogue & Diedrich, Prof., LLC
Rapid City, South Dakota                Attorneys for defendant and
                                        appellee Black Hills Federal
                                        Credit Union.
#26463

SEVERSON, Justice

[¶1.]         Edward D. and Kathy L. Thurman filed a class action lawsuit against

CUNA Mutual Insurance Society and Black Hills Federal Credit Union for changing

their credit disability insurance policy. The lawsuit alleges that CUNA Mutual

Insurance Society and Black Hills Federal Credit Union wrongfully switched the

credit disability insurance policies of 4,461 borrowers. The Thurmans filed a motion

for class certification, which was denied by the trial court. The Thurmans

petitioned this Court for a discretionary appeal of the class certification order and

we granted the intermediate appeal. We reverse and remand the trial court’s denial

of class certification because the trial court erred in its application of class

certification statutes to the facts in this case.

                                    BACKGROUND

[¶2.]         In October 1995, Edward and Kathy Thurman obtained a home equity

loan of $30,114.47, payable over 15 years from Black Hills Federal Credit Union

(BHFCU). The Thurmans’ loan was a closed-end loan, meaning that the payments

would be the same amount every month over the 15 year period. At the time they

finalized the loan, the Thurmans’ pay-off date was August 27, 2010. When

obtaining their loan at BHFCU, the Thurmans purchased credit disability

insurance to cover Edward, who worked in the construction industry, often with

heavy machinery. The credit disability insurance was a 30-day non-retroactive

policy issued by CUNA Mutual Insurance Society (CUNA).

[¶3.]         Credit disability insurance is a product offered by BHFCU in

conjunction with loans to protect insureds against the risk of being unable to make

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loan payments due to the insured’s total disability. A 30-day non-retroactive

disability insurance policy pays the insured if the insured is disabled for 30 days,

but is not retroactive to the first day of the disability.

[¶4.]         The credit insurance application / contract, which appeared at the

bottom of the note and disclosure statement signed by the Thurmans, stated that

the Thurmans would pay $4,140.79 for the insurance over the life of their home

equity loan. The contract also stated that the rate charged was subject to change,

but that written notice would be provided prior to any increase going into effect.

The monthly premium charged for the policy was based on a rate per $100 of

outstanding loan balance. The contract did not state the rate that the Thurmans

would pay, but the rate was later determined to be $0.14 per $100 of outstanding

loan balance.

[¶5.]         In July 1999, BHFCU unilaterally changed its group credit disability

insurance policy, not just the rate as authorized by the contract. BHFCU changed

its credit disability insurance from a 30-day non-retroactive policy to a 14-day

retroactive policy. Under the new policy, an insured’s payments begin after the

insured is disabled for 14 days and are retroactive to the first date of the disability.

The new policy was accompanied by a rate increase to $0.235 per $100 of

outstanding loan balance.

[¶6.]         BHFCU announced the change in the insurance policy in their July

1999 newsletter. The newsletter was a trifold document, which included

advertisements for BHFCU’s member auto sale and an investment adviser, a report

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from the president of BHFCU, and current loan rates. On the bottom of the interior

center page, there was a “Notice to Members,” which stated:

             This Notice is to be attached to and made a part of the Monthly
             Premium Certificate of Insurance issued under the Group Credit
             Insurance Policy.

             Effective July 1, 1999, Black Hills Federal Credit Union has
             changed the Credit Disability plan of coverage from 30 Day Non-
             Retroactive to 14 Day Retroactive. This affects the “Total
             Disability Benefits” provision of the Certificate previously given
             to you. The new provision will provide that instead of being
             disabled for 30 days with benefits beginning on the 31st day, you
             must be disabled for 14 days with benefits retroactive to the 1st
             day. All other provisions will remain the same. Your new
             Single Credit Disability rate will increase to $.235 per $100 of
             outstanding loan balance and your Joint Credit Disability rate
             will be $.411 per $100 of outstanding loan balance.

             The Credit Life rate per $100 of outstanding loan balance is
             $.075 for the Single Insured Plan and $.124 for the Joint
             Insured Plan.

             Loans originated through our Dealer Direct Program have, if
             insurance is included, always had 14 days retroactive disability
             insurance, therefore, they are not affected by the certificate
             endorsement notice.

Aside from the notice in the newsletter, no notice of the policy change was provided

to the Thurmans. The Thurmans testified that they did not recall reading or

receiving the newsletter containing the notice.

[¶7.]        In August 1999, the Thurmans filed a voluntary Chapter 7 bankruptcy

petition. As part of the bankruptcy proceedings, the Thurmans reaffirmed their

loan with BHFCU because they did not want to lose their home. The reaffirmation

agreement, which was signed by the Thurmans and a representative of BHFCU,

stated that the Thurmans’ original note and security agreement from October 1995

were unchanged. However, the reaffirmation agreement’s payment schedule

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reflected the changed credit disability insurance policy and its higher premium rate.

The Thurmans new payment schedule included 150 monthly payments of $355 and

one final payment of $32.80, for a total of $53,282.80.

[¶8.]        In 2009, the Thurmans became interested in paying off their loan

before the original contract pay off date of August 27, 2010. The Thurmans believed

that they owed $4,260 on the loan, or twelve payments of $355. Kathy contacted

BHFCU and a BHFCU representative told her that the outstanding balance was

more than $10,000. The Thurmans allege they worked with BHFCU

representatives for a period of days to up to two weeks until they found that the

reason for the higher outstanding balance was the credit disability policy change

and corresponding rate increase. After discovering the credit disability policy

switch, Kathy complained to the South Dakota Department of Revenue’s Division of

Insurance and the National Credit Union Administration. The subsequent

investigation by the South Dakota Department of Revenue’s Division of Insurance

resulted in a consent order detailing the Division of Insurance’s allegations against

CUNA, which CUNA neither admitted nor denied, and a fine of $116,000 paid by

CUNA.

[¶9.]        In June 2011, the Thurmans filed a class action lawsuit against CUNA

and BHFCU for breach of contract, unjust enrichment, violations of South Dakota’s

unfair trade and deceptive trade practices laws, deceit and breach of duty,

conversion, and implied trust. The Thurmans allege that 4,461 borrowers at

BHFCU were wrongfully switched from the 30-day non-retroactive insurance policy

to the 14-day retroactive insurance policy. In addition, the Thurmans contend that

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because of the change in the insurance policy, BHFCU garnered $6,838,414 in total

profits as of June 2011, when this lawsuit was filed.

[¶10.]          On July 10, 2012, the trial court held a motion hearing to consider

class certification. The trial court denied the motion for class certification and

wrote a memorandum decision letter. Specifically, the trial court found that the

Thurmans did not meet the adequacy requirement of Rule 23(a). Further, the trial

court found that even if the Thurmans met the adequacy requirement, they did not

meet the predominance and superiority requirements of Rule 23(b)(3). The trial

court entered an order denying the motion for class certification on August 16, 2012.

The Thurmans then petitioned this Court to hear an intermediate appeal of the

order denying class certification. We granted the discretionary appeal on

September 21, 2012.

                                STANDARD OF REVIEW

[¶11.]          We have said in general terms that “‘[o]n review of an order denying or

granting a motion to maintain a class, the lower court may be reversed only for an

abuse of discretion.’” In re S.D. Microsoft Antitrust Litig., 2003 S.D. 19, ¶ 4, 657
N.W.2d 668, 671 (quoting Trapp v. Madera Pac., Inc., 390 N.W.2d 558, 560-61 (S.D.

1986)). 1 A trial court abuses its discretion when it makes an error of law.

1.       Trapp cited to Weiss v. York Hospital, 745 F.2d 786 (3d Cir. 1984), for the
         standard of review. 390 N.W.2d at 560-61. Weiss set out the standard of
         review for a motion to grant or deny a class action certification in footnote 33.
745 F.2d at 807 n.33.

         Footnote 33 states, in part, “‘[i]f the district court properly applies the relevant
         criteria, we may reverse its order only for an abuse of discretion.’” Id.
         (quoting Paton v. La Prade, 524 F.2d 862, 875 (3d Cir. 1975)) (emphasis
                                                                     (continued . . . )
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Hendrickson v. Wagners, Inc., 1999 S.D. 74, ¶ 14, 598 N.W.2d 507, 510-11 (citing

Koon v. United States, 518 U.S. 81, 100, 116 S. Ct. 2035, 2047, 135 L. Ed. 2d 392

(1996)). In applying the abuse of discretion standard of review, we no longer rely on

language, which we have previously used, stating “we do not determine whether we

_______________________________
( . . . continued)
          added) (footnote 33 misattributes the quote to Mazus v. Dep’t of Transp.,
          Commonwealth of Pa., 629 F.2d 870, 876 (3d Cir. 1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S.
1126, 101 S. Ct. 945, 67 L. Ed. 2d 113 (1981)).

      Footnote 33 also cites Katz v. Carte Blanche Corp., 496 F.2d 747, 756-57 (3d
      Cir.) (en banc), cert. denied, 419 U.S. 885, 95 S. Ct. 152, 42 L. Ed. 2d 125
      (1974), which includes a lengthy discussion on the standard of review for
      class certification motions under Rule 23(b)(3).

      In Katz, the Third Circuit held that when reviewing a class action
      certification, the Court must determine first if the four prerequisites of Rule
      23(a) are met. “These are mandatory requirements, and our review decides
      whether the mandates have been met.” Katz, 496 F.2d at 756. Then, if class
      action certification is sought under Rule 23(b)(3), the trial court should have
      made two additional findings:

             (1) that the questions of law or fact common to the members of
             the class predominate over any questions affecting only
             individual members, and (2) that a class action is superior to
             other available methods for the fair and efficient adjudication of
             the controversy. Both findings require the exercise of an
             informed judgment as to the application of defined legal
             standards.

      Id. On the question of predominance, an appellate court must assess if the
      trial court has “properly identified the factual or legal issues, and has
      properly identified those which are common.” Id. If the trial court “has not
      properly identified the issues, and not properly evaluated which are common,
      the order is not entitled to such deference.” Id. at 756-57. On the question of
      superiority, again an appellate court should review whether the trial court
      “properly applied the relevant criteria to the facts of the case.” Id. at 757. If
      the trial court has done so, the appellate court will defer to the trial court’s
      discretion. Id. If not, the trial court’s “determination is not entitled to such
      deference.” Id.

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would have made a like decision, only whether a judicial mind, considering the law

and the facts, could have reached a similar decision.” In re S.D. Microsoft Antitrust

Litig., 2003 S.D. 19, ¶ 5, 657 N.W.2d at 671 (citations omitted). Though we have

used the “judicial mind” definition in applying the abuse of discretion standard, the

definition has been shortened to the point of losing much of its original meaning. 2

The original use of the definition was grounded in the application of law and

circumstances in an effort to protect litigants from trial courts exceeding the bounds

of reason. More recently, the Court has stated: “‘Although we have repeatedly

invoked stock definitions, the term ‘abuse of discretion’ defies an easy description.

It is a fundamental error of judgment, a choice outside the range of permissible

choices, a decision, which, on full consideration, is arbitrary or unreasonable.’”

State v. Lemler, 2009 S.D. 86, ¶ 40, 774 N.W.2d 272, 286 (quoting Burley v. Kytec

Innovative Sports Equip., Inc., 2007 S.D. 82, ¶ 12, 737 N.W.2d 397, 402). See also

2.    This Court first used the language in F.M. Slagle & Co. v. Bushnell, 70 S.D.
250, 16 N.W.2d 914 (1944). We stated:

             When a ruling upon such a motion is presented for review, the
             question is not whether the judges of this court would have
             made an original like ruling, but rather whether we believe a
             judicial mind, in view of the law and the circumstances, could
             reasonably have reached that conclusion. Our function in
             reviewing matters which rest in the discretion of the trial court
             is to protect litigants from conclusions which exceed the bounds
             of reason.

      F.M. Slagle & Co., 70 S.D. at 254-55, 16 N.W.2d at 916 (citing 5 C.J.S. Appeal
      and Error § 1583) (cited material is now found in 5 C.J.S. Appeal and Error §
      906 (2007)).

                                          -7-
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State v. Caruso, 2012 S.D. 65, ¶ 6, 821 N.W.2d 386, 388; Arneson v. Arneson, 2003
S.D. 125, ¶ 14, 670 N.W.2d 904, 910.

[¶12.]       However, here we are asked to review the trial court’s application of

the class certification statutes to the facts of this case. This presents a mixed

question of law and fact and requires a different analysis.

             If application of the rule of law to the facts requires an inquiry
             that is ‘essentially factual’—one that is founded ‘on the
             application of the fact-finding tribunal’s experience with the
             mainsprings of human conduct’—the concerns of judicial
             administration will favor the [trial] court, and the [trial] court’s
             determination should be classified as one of fact reviewable
             under the clearly erroneous standard. If, on the other hand, the
             question requires us to consider legal concepts in the mix of fact
             and law and to exercise judgment about the values that animate
             legal principles, then the concerns of judicial administration will
             favor the appellate court, and the question should be classified
             as one of law and reviewed de novo.

McNeil v. Superior Siding, Inc., 2009 S.D. 68, ¶ 6, 771 N.W.2d 345, 347-48 (quoting

Permann v. S.D. Dep’t of Labor, 411 N.W.2d 113, 119 (S.D. 1987)).

                                    DISCUSSION

[¶13.]       This appeal addresses only the issue of class certification and not the

merits of the lawsuit. “‘Class actions serve an important function in our judicial

system.’” Trapp, 390 N.W.2d at 560 (quoting Eisen v. Carlisle & Jacquelin, 391
F.2d 555, 560 (2nd Cir. 1968)).

             By establishing a technique whereby the claims of many
             individuals can be resolved at the same time, the class suit both
             eliminates the possibility of repetitious litigation and provides
             small claimants with a method of obtaining redress for claims
             which would otherwise be too small to warrant individual
             litigation.

Id. (quoting Eisen, 391 F.2d at 560). In order to obtain certification as a class suit,

plaintiffs in South Dakota must satisfy all of the requirements of SDCL 15-6-23(a)
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(Rule 23(a)) and at least one of the provisions of SDCL 15-6-23(b) (Rule 23(b)). Rule

23(a) provides that:

              One or more members of a class may sue or be sued as
              representative parties on behalf of all only if:

              (1) The class is so numerous that joinder of all members is
              impracticable;
              (2) There are questions of law or fact common to the class;
              (3) The claims or defenses of the representative parties are
              typical of the claims or defenses of the class;
              (4) The representative parties will fairly and adequately protect
              the interests of the class; and
              (5) The suit is not against this state for the recovery of a tax
              imposed by chapter 10-39, 10-39A, 10-40, 10-41, 10-43, 10-44,
              10-45, 10-46, 10-46A, 10-46B, or 10-52.

SDCL 15-6-23(a). If all of the prerequisites of Rule 23(a) are met, a class may be

certified if it satisfies one of the following three subsections:

              (1) The prosecution of separate actions by or against individual
              members of the class would create a risk of:
                     (A) Inconsistent or varying adjudications with respect to
                     individual members of the class which would establish
                     incompatible standards of conduct for the party opposing
                     the class; or
                     (B) Adjudications with respect to individual members of
                     the class which would as a practical matter be dispositive
                     of the interests of the other members not parties to the
                     adjudications or substantially impair or impede their
                     ability to protect their interests; or
              (2) The party opposing the class has acted or refused to act on
              grounds generally applicable to the class, thereby making
              appropriate permanent injunctive relief or corresponding
              declaratory relief with respect to the class as a whole; or
              (3) The court finds that the questions of law or fact common to
              the members of the class predominate over any questions
              affecting only individual members, and that a class action is
              superior to other available methods for the fair and efficient
              adjudication of the controversy. The matters pertinent to the
              findings include:

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                      (A) The interest of members of the class in individually
                      controlling the prosecution or defense of separate actions;
                      (B) The extent and nature of any litigation concerning the
                      controversy already commenced by or against members of
                      the class;
                      (C) The desirability or undesirability of concentrating the
                      litigation of the claims in the particular forum;
                      (D) The difficulties likely to be encountered in the
                      management of a class action.

SDCL 15-6-23(b).

[¶14.]         In general, class certification “is favored by courts in questionable

cases.” Beck v. City of Rapid City, 2002 S.D. 104, ¶ 12, 650 N.W.2d 520, 525. “[A]

court is required to conduct a rigorous analysis to determine if the elements of Rule

23 have been met.” In re S.D. Microsoft Antitrust Litig., 2003 S.D. 19, ¶ 8, 657
N.W.2d at 672 (citing Gen. Tel. Co. of the Sw. v. Falcon, 457 U.S. 147, 161, 102 S.

Ct. 2364, 2372, 72 L. Ed. 2d 740 (1982)) (footnote omitted). Plaintiffs in class action

suits “must make a ‘threshold showing’ . . . [of] a common impact on the class

members.” Id. ¶ 12, 657 N.W.2d at 673 (citing Bellinder v. Microsoft Corp., No. 99-

CV-17089, 2001 WL 1397995, at *7 (Kan. Dist. Ct. Sept. 7, 2001); In re Catfish

Antitrust Litig., 826 F. Supp. 1019, 1041-42 (N.D. Miss. 1993)). But, plaintiffs “are

not required to prove their case on the merits at the class certification stage.” Id.

(citing Eisen, 417 U.S. at 177-78, 94 S. Ct. at 2152-53; Bellinder, 2001 WL 1397995,

at *7). 3

3.       In defining the concepts of “rigorous analysis” and “threshold showing,” we
         stated:

               The term “threshold showing” based upon a “rigorous analysis”
               is probably not subject to a more specific legal definition than its
               generic understanding because of the various types of potential
                                                                  (continued . . . )
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[¶15.]         Rule 23(a)(4) Adequacy Requirement

[¶16.]         In this case, the trial court found that the Thurmans met the first

three requirements of Rule 23(a), but failed to meet the requirements of Rule

23(a)(4) and Rule 23(b)(3). The trial court found that the Thurmans would not be

adequate representatives of the class under SDCL 15-6-23(a)(4) because of the

potential for conflicts of interest.

[¶17.]         In evaluating whether a plaintiff has fulfilled the adequacy of

representation requirement of Rule 23(a), a trial court should consider two factors:

“‘(a) the plaintiff’s attorney must be qualified, experienced, and generally able to

conduct the proposed litigation, and (b) the plaintiff must not have interests

antagonistic to those of the class.’” Trapp, 390 N.W.2d at 561-62 (quoting Weiss,
745 F.2d at 811). The adequacy of the Thurman’s attorneys was not disputed. As to

the adequacy of the Thurmans as representatives, the trial court found:

_______________________________
( . . . continued)
               evidence that could be submitted to the court in the certification
               controversy. We are mindful that if the standard is set too low,
               it invites non-meritorious claims to be filed as class actions,
               which may force a potential defendant to evaluate the case more
               on economic costs of defending a class action rather than the
               case on the merits. On the other hand, should too high a
               standard be set, potential plaintiffs with valid claims, but
               limited means, are economically precluded from redress to the
               courts because they cannot each financially maintain individual
               actions. SDCL 15-6-1 is a guide to [Rule 23] certification
               questions. It states in part that our civil procedure code is to “be
               construed to secure the just, speedy and inexpensive
               determination of every action.”

         In re S.D. Microsoft Antitrust Litig., 2003 S.D. 19, ¶ 16, 657 N.W.2d at 675
         (citations omitted).

                                           -11-
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             [T]he class as defined in the Complaint almost certainly includes
             some members who either had actual notice of the change in
             policy and desired the change, or had actual notice of the change
             and did not act on the information. These factual discrepancies,
             while not necessarily creating animus between the interests of
             the Thurmans and those of the remaining class members, it does
             call into question the adequacy of the Thurmans’ ability to fairly
             represent the interests of the class.

Importantly, “[t]he adequacy inquiry under Rule 23(a)(4) serves to uncover conflicts

of interest between named parties and the class they seek to represent.” Amchem

Prods., Inc. v. Windsor, 521 U.S. 591, 625, 117 S. Ct. 2231, 2250, 138 L. Ed. 2d 689

(1997). “‘A class representative must be part of the class and possess the same

interest and suffer the same injury as the class members.’” Id. at 625-26, 117 S. Ct.

at 2250-51 (quoting E. Tex. Motor Freight Sys., Inc. v. Rodriguez, 431 U.S. 395, 403,

97 S. Ct. 1891, 1896, 52 L. Ed. 2d 453 (1977)) (internal quotation marks and citation

omitted).

             The adequacy-of-representation requirement “tends to merge”
             with the commonality and typicality criteria of Rule 23(a), which
             “serve as guideposts for determining whether . . . maintenance of
             a class action is economical and whether the named plaintiff’s
             claim and the class claims are so interrelated that the interests
             of the class members will be fairly and adequately protected in
             their absence.”

Id. at 626 n.20, 117 S. Ct. at 2251 n.20 (quoting Gen. Tel. Co. of the Sw., 457 U.S. at

157 n.13, 102 S. Ct. at 2370 n.13) (alterations in original).

[¶18.]       The trial court found that the Thurmans, as class representatives, had

claims common and typical of other class members, as required by Rule 23(a)(2)-(3).

Then the trial court found that there were potential factual differences between the

Thurmans and other class members that could create conflicts of interest. However,

the trial court failed to identify those potential conflicts or explain why the conflicts

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could exist. In Trapp, we determined that although there were potential factual

differences between the class representatives and other members of the class, the

named class representatives would “fairly and adequately protect the interests of all

class members.” 390 N.W.2d at 562. In this case, there is no evidence that any

potential factual differences between the Thurmans and other class members would

result in the Thurmans failing to protect the interests of the other class members.

Thus, on the facts presented, the trial court erred in ruling that the Thurmans

failed to meet the adequacy requirements of Rule 23(a)(4).

[¶19.]       Rule 23(b)(3) Predominance Requirement

[¶20.]       In addition, the trial court found that even if the Thurmans could

satisfy the adequacy requirement of Rule 23(a)(4), they could not satisfy the

predominance and superiority requirements of Rule 23(b)(3) and thus, the class

could not be certified. In finding “that the questions of law or fact common to the

members of the class predominate over any questions affecting only individual

members, and that a class action is superior to other available methods for the fair

and efficient adjudication of the controversy[,]” the trial court may find pertinent:

             (A) The interest of members of the class in individually
             controlling the prosecution or defense of separate actions;
             (B) The extent and nature of any litigation concerning the
             controversy already commenced by or against members of the
             class;
             (C) The desirability or undesirability of concentrating the
             litigation of the claims in the particular forum;
             (D) The difficulties likely to be encountered in the management
             of a class action.

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SDCL 15-6-23(b). “The Rule 23(b)(3) predominance inquiry tests whether proposed

classes are sufficiently cohesive to warrant adjudication by representation.”

Amchem Prods., Inc., 521 U.S. at 623, 117 S. Ct. at 2249.

             The common questions need not be dispositive of the entire
             action. In other words, “predominate” should not be
             automatically equated with “determinative.” Therefore, when
             one or more of the central issues in the action are common to the
             class and can be said to predominate, the action may be
             considered proper under Rule 23(b)(3) even though other
             important matters will have to be tried separately, such as
             damages or some affirmative defenses peculiar to some
             individual class members.

7AA Wright & Miller’s Fed. Prac. & Proc. Civ. § 1778 (3d ed.) (footnotes omitted).

[¶21.]       Here the trial court found that “the predominance issue centers around

the point in time at which each class member’s claim accrued.” The trial court also

found that “individualized proof is patently required to litigate the defendants’

statute of limitations defense” and concluded that individual questions would

predominate over class questions. We disagree. The predominance question

focuses on whether the members of a class have enough in common to have their

claim adjudicated together. At the point of class certification, the primary focus is

not on BHFCU and CUNA’s potential affirmative defenses, but whether the

proposed class of plaintiffs shares more common issues of fact or law than

individual issues to be adjudicated in this case. The issues common to the class

members are that all were customers of BHFCU with loans through the credit

union and all elected to purchase a 30-day non-retroactive credit disability

insurance policy through CUNA. Without providing a new policy document and

only providing notice through a member newsletter, BHFCU and CUNA changed

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the credit disability insurance policy for all policyholders to a 14-day retroactive

policy. This policy change, which lacked specific authorization from the individual

customers, increased the premium for disability insurance, decreased the amount

paid to the loan principle every month, and extended the time and money it took for

customers to pay back their loans.

[¶22.]       In this case, the statute of limitations issue is predominant over

individual issues. CUNA and BHFCU assert a statute of limitations affirmative

defense and argue that the trial court would have to determine the notice of claim

accrual for each individual in the suit in order to find whether the statute of

limitations had expired for each individual in the case. The trial court accepted

CUNA and BHFCU’s argument that notice of claim accrual for each individual

would need to be determined.

[¶23.]       We acknowledge that the statute of limitations is a significant defense

asserted by CUNA and BHFCU. When asserting a statute of limitations

affirmative defense, the defendants have to establish that the lawsuit was brought

beyond the statutory period. One Star v. Sisters of St. Francis, Denver, Colo., 2008
S.D. 55, ¶ 12, 752 N.W.2d 668, 675 (quoting Peterson v. Hohm, 2000 S.D. 27, ¶ 7,

607 N.W.2d 8, 10) (stating, in the context of a motion for summary judgment, that

when “‘the defendant asserts the statute of limitations as a bar to the action and

presumptively establishes the defense by showing the case was brought beyond the

statutory period, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to establish the existence of

material facts in avoidance of the statute of limitations.’”). Because the trial court

determined that a jury will need to decide the question of notice of claims accrual,

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CUNA and BHFCU will need to establish that the Thurmans and other plaintiffs

brought the suit beyond the statutory period.

[¶24.]       In order to shift the burden to the Thurmans, CUNA and BHFCU

must establish that the Thurmans and other plaintiffs’ causes of action accrued

more than six years before the statutory period expired because the plaintiffs

received notice of the policy change causing the statute of limitations to run.

“Notice is either actual or constructive.” SDCL 17-1-1. “Actual notice consists in

express information of a fact.” SDCL 17-1-2. “Constructive notice is notice imputed

by the law to a person not having actual notice.” SDCL 17-1-3. “Every person who

has actual notice of circumstances sufficient to put a prudent man upon inquiry as

to a particular fact, and who omits to make such inquiry with reasonable diligence,

is deemed to have constructive notice of the fact itself.” SDCL 17-1-4.

[¶25.]       Here, constructive notice of claims accrual can be determined on a

class-wide basis because the test to determine constructive notice is objective,

applying a reasonable person standard. Strassburg v. Citizens State Bank, 1998
S.D. 72, ¶ 13, 581 N.W.2d 510, 515 (citations omitted) (noting that “[s]tatutes of

limitations begin to run when plaintiffs first become aware of facts prompting a

reasonably prudent person to seek information about the problem and its cause.”);

SDCL 17-1-4. See also Minter v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 279 F.R.D. 320, 327 (D.

Md. 2012). All of the borrowers and insureds in this case went through roughly the

same process to obtain their loans and credit disability insurance. Because BHFCU

used a uniform process to sell credit disability insurance, changed the policy at the

same time, sent out its newsletter to all of the borrowers, and sent statements to all

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borrowers, the claims regarding constructive notice may be decided by a jury

applying the objective test to the circumstances in this case. See Strassburg, 1998
S.D. 72, ¶ 13, 581 N.W.2d at 515. See also Minter, 279 F.R.D. at 327 (stating that

“due diligence is evaluated using an objective standard, so a borrower’s level of

sophistication is irrelevant to the inquiry.”).

[¶26.]         We also recognize that actual notice may involve an individualized

inquiry because unlike constructive notice, actual notice is dependent on what each

class member actually knew. But here, CUNA and BHFCU’s only argument

supporting actual knowledge is based on common facts. CUNA and BHFCU argue

that actual notice may have arisen from the newsletter, the debtors’ monthly

statements, and some debtors’ changes in the amount of their monthly loan

payments or the number of payments necessary to pay off the loans. 4 Each of these

facts is common to the entire class or limited subclasses. Therefore, the actual

notice defense can be determined by the trier of fact in one common proceeding. As

one of the defendant’s own primary authorities recognizes, when the statute of

limitations defense is based on common features such as claimed notice through

mailings, the defense is dependent upon facts applicable to the class, and class

4.       CUNA and BHFCU also argued that eight putative class members
         “presumably” cancelled their credit disability insurance due to the plan
         change given that their insurance stopped shortly after the plan. But there is
         no evidence that is the case. We cannot find individual predominance based
         on a “presumption” that eight of 4,461 putative class members may have
         canceled their loans because they learned of the policy change in time to
         preclude their current claim.

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certification may predominate. Thorn v. Jefferson-Pilot Life Ins. Co., 445 F.3d 311,

327 n.19 (4th Cir. 2006).

[¶27.]         Moreover, “‘[c]ourts have been nearly unanimous in holding that

possible differences in the application of a statute of limitations to individual class

members . . . does not preclude certification of a class action so long as the necessary

commonality and, in a 23(b)(3) class action, predominance, are otherwise present.’”

Steinberg v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 224 F.R.D. 67, 78 (E.D.N.Y. 2004) (quoting In

re Energy Sys. Equip. Leasing Sec. Litig., 642 F. Supp. 718, 752-53 (E.D.N.Y. 1986)).

               The existence of a statute of limitations issue does not compel a
               finding that individual issues predominate over common ones.
               Given a sufficient nucleus of common questions, the presence of
               the individual issue of compliance with the statute of limitations
               has not prevented certification of class actions in [certain] cases.

Hoxworth v. Blinder, Robinson & Co., 980 F.2d 912, 924 (3d Cir. 1992) (quoting

Cameron v. E.M. Adams & Co., 547 F.2d 473, 478 (9th Cir. 1976)). In this case,

there is a nucleus of common questions regarding liability for the defendants’

conduct. Because the record also indicates that the notice issues are based on facts

common to the class, individualized notice questions do not predominate. 5

5.       We also note that our decision does not prevent CUNA and BHFCU from
         further pursuing a more individualized statute of limitations defense based
         on actual notice. After the predominant and common issues have been
         decided, CUNA and BHFCU may present evidence that certain class
         members had actual notice in additional individualized proceedings. Cf. Wal-
         mart Stores v. Dukes, ___ U.S ___, ___, 131 S. Ct. 2541, 2561, 180 L. Ed. 2d
374 (2011) (noting that class actions that involve individualized relief usually
         require additional individualized proceedings where “the burden of proof will
         shift to the [defendant], but it will have the right to raise any individual
         affirmative defenses it may have[.]”); Smillow v. Sw. Bell Mobile Sys., Inc.,
         323 F.3d 32, 39-40 (1st Cir. 2003) (“If . . . evidence later shows that an
         affirmative defense is likely to bar claims against at least some class
                                                                    (continued . . . )
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[¶28.]       There also may be individual questions as to damages calculations, but

the predominant issues in this case are those common to the class, rather than

individuals. In addition, a certified class is subject to modification if there are new

developments in the course of a trial. Beck, 2002 S.D. 104, ¶ 14 n.5, 650 N.W.2d at

526 n.5 (quoting Boudreaux v. State Dep’t of Transp. & Dev., 690 So. 2d 114, 122 (La.

Ct. App. 1997)). Thus, on the facts presented, the trial court erred in ruling that the

Thurmans failed to meet the predominance requirement of Rule 23(b)(3).

[¶29.]       Rule 23(b)(3) Superiority Requirement

[¶30.]       In considering the superiority requirement of Rule 23(b)(3), the trial

court must evaluate whether the class action is a better method than others for the

“fair and efficient adjudication of the controversy.” SDCL 15-6-23(b)(3). The trial

court found that “as the class is currently defined, the necessity of numerous

hearings to determine the propriety of Defendants’ statute of limitations defense

does not make class resolution of this case superior to any other method of

adjudication.” The trial court failed to consider common issues in the statute of

limitations defense we described above and to make findings regarding which other

methods of adjudication that it considered and found to be superior. The trial court

did not address why those methods were fair or an efficient use of judicial resources.

The trial court also failed to address why individually trying 4,461 cases is a

_______________________________
( . . . continued)
          members, then a court has available adequate procedural mechanisms.”);
          George v. Nat’l Water Main Cleaning Co., 286 F.R.D. 168, 181 (D. Mass. 2012)
          (“[T]o the extent that there are relevant individual issues, the [defendants]
          will be entitled, as due process requires, later in [the] proceedings to show
          that they were in fact not liable to a particular plaintiff . . . .”).

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superior method to the use of a class action. The trial court did not use any of the

factors outlined in Rule 23(b)(3)(A)-(D) in its consideration of the superiority issue.

Thus, on the facts presented, the trial court erred in ruling that the Thurmans

failed to meet the superiority requirement of Rule 23(b)(3).

[¶31.]          Because we hold that the trial court erred in denying the class

certification, we need not reach the issue of redefinition of the class argued by the

Thurmans.

                                      CONCLUSION

[¶32.]          The trial court erred in its application of Rule 23(a) and 23(b) to the

facts in this case. We reverse and remand to the trial court for certification of the

class.

[¶33.]          GILBERTSON, Chief Justice, and ZINTER and WILBUR, Justices,

and SMITH, Circuit Court Judge, concur.

[¶34.]          SMITH, Circuit Court Judge, sitting for KONENKAMP, Justice,

disqualified.

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