Court Opinion

ID: 5141966
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-12-31 01:02:36.941149+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:24:31.980785
License: Public Domain

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              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF ALASKA

BYRON F. GEISINGER,
                                                Court of Appeals Nos. A-12682 & A-12691
               Appellant / Cross-Appellee,          Trial Court No. 4FA-11-02842 CI

                      v.
                                                              O P I N I O N
STATE OF ALASKA,

               Appellee / Cross-Appellant.                No. 2707 — July 30, 2021

               Appeal from the Superior Court, Fourth Judicial District,
               Fairbanks, Bethany S. Harbison, Judge.

               Appearances: Brooke V. Berens, Assistant Public Advocate,
               and James Stinson, Public Advocate, Anchorage, for the
               Appellant. Nancy R. Simel, Assistant Attorney General, Office
               of Criminal Appeals, Anchorage, and Kevin G. Clarkson,
               Attorney General, Juneau, for the Appellee.

               Before: Allard, Chief Judge, Mannheimer, Senior Judge,* and
               McCrea, District Court Judge.**

   *
       Sitting by assignment made pursuant to Article IV, Section 11 of the Alaska
Constitution and Administrative Rule 23(a).
   **
       Sitting by assignment made pursuant to Article IV, Section 16 of the Alaska
Constitution and Administrative Rule 24(d).
              Judge MANNHEIMER.

              In the late afternoon of September 9, 2006, Byron F. Geisinger was driving
his truck on Chena Hot Springs Road outside of Fairbanks. In the road ahead of
Geisinger, at the bottom of a hill, a family of tourists had parked their car at the side of
the road to enjoy a view of the mountains. As Geisinger’s truck approached the bottom
of the hill where the tourists’ car was parked, Geisinger first moved left, as if to go
around the parked car, but then Geisinger steered sharply to the right, across the fog line
on the side of the road, and plowed dead-center into the rear of the rented car without
braking — striking it with such force that its trunk was completely crushed, like an
accordion, all the way to the back of the front seat. As described by one witness,
Geisinger’s truck was literally “embedded in the rear of the [other] vehicle.”
              The father of the family, who was sitting in the back seat of the car, was
killed instantly. The adult son of the family, who was driving the car, and his mother,
who was in the front passenger seat, both suffered significant injuries. After Geisinger
learned that the passenger in the back seat was dead, Geisinger walked away from the
scene of the collision, into the woods, without identifying himself. Geisinger hid from
the authorities for the next fifteen hours, until he finally contacted the state troopers and
gave himself up.
              Based on this episode, Geisinger was convicted of six offenses:
manslaughter, two counts of first-degree assault, driving under the influence, leaving the
scene of an injury accident, and second-degree forgery (based on the fact that, when the
state troopers examined Geisinger’s glove compartment, they found a forged auto
insurance document which falsely indicated that Geisinger’s truck was insured).
Geisinger received a composite sentence of 16½ years to serve (21½ years with 5 years
suspended).

                                            –2–                                         2707
               After the superior court entered judgement against him, Geisinger appealed
his sentence but not his convictions. This Court affirmed Geisinger’s sentence in
Geisinger v. State, unpublished, 2010 WL 5186081 (Alaska App. 2010).
               About one year later, in October 2011, Geisinger filed an application for
post-conviction relief in which he raised several claims that his trial attorney and his
appellate attorney had represented him incompetently. The superior court granted relief
on some of these claims, and the court rejected others.
               Geisinger now appeals several portions of the superior court’s decision that
are adverse to him, while the State has filed a cross-appeal challenging the portions of
the superior court’s order that granted relief to Geisinger.
               For the reasons explained in this opinion, we reverse the portions of the
superior court’s decision that granted relief to Geisinger, and we affirm the portions of
the superior court’s decision that denied relief to Geisinger.

       A summary of the trial evidence pertaining to the collision

               The collision in this case occurred on Chena Hot Springs Road, about eight
miles outside of Fairbanks. The weather was good, and a family of tourists — the Kim
family — parked their car at the side of the road to enjoy a view of the Alaska Range.
               Geisinger lived in a trailer on Chena Hot Springs Road, and he was driving
home in his truck after stopping for a couple of beers at the Hideout Lounge in
Fairbanks. Geisinger’s truck was not roadworthy: A few days earlier, Geisinger had
discovered that brake fluid was leaking from a hole in the brake hose leading to his left-
front wheel, so he attached vise grips to the brake hose to clamp it shut. This cut off the
flow of brake fluid to the left-front wheel — leaving the brake caliper on that wheel
inoperative.

                                           –3–                                        2707
              The two people who were in the vehicle directly behind Geisinger testified
that, during the ten or fifteen minutes before the collision, Geisinger’s truck repeatedly
“swerv[ed] back and forth [across the roadway] very erratically” for no apparent reason.
According to these witnesses, Geisinger would veer into the oncoming lane of travel for
a few seconds, then return to his proper lane, and then sometimes swerve so far to the
right so that his passenger-side wheels were in the gravel by the side of the road.
              Geisinger’s journey home took him past the Kims’ car. Although one
witness testified that the Kims’ car was parked completely off the road, the evidence
most favorable to Geisinger was that a portion of the Kims’ car — somewhat less than
half its width — remained in the lane of travel, while the rest of the car was over the fog
line to the right of the road.
              However, the traffic lanes of Chena Hot Springs Road were standard
highway width (12 feet between the fog lines and the center line). The motorist who was
traveling directly in front of Geisinger testified that she drove her minivan past the Kims’
parked car with plenty of room to spare — that, in fact, she could have gone past the
parked car without leaving her lane of travel.
              After this motorist drove her minivan around the Kims’ parked car, she
looked in her rearview mirror and saw Geisinger’s truck behind her. According to this
motorist’s testimony, it looked as if Geisinger was going to drive safely around the
parked car, when “all of a sudden, [Geisinger] veered [to the right] real fast, and that’s
when he rear-ended the [parked] car.” The motorist added that there was no traffic
coming from the opposite direction; in other words, there was no apparent reason for
Geisinger to suddenly veer his truck to the right.
              This motorist’s testimony was corroborated by the two people in the vehicle
directly behind Geisinger. According to these two witnesses, as Geisinger’s truck
approached the parked car, Geisinger steered his truck to the left, into the oncoming lane,

                                           –4–                                         2707
as if to go around the parked car — but then Geisinger veered to the right, slanting across
his proper lane of travel, all the way to the right side of the road where the parked car
was sitting. Geisinger then rammed his truck into the rear of the parked car, dead-center.
There was no damage to the side of the parked car; rather, Geisinger hit the car from
straight behind.
              Geisinger did not apply his brakes before the crash. According to the driver
of the vehicle behind him, Geisinger’s brake lights did not come on until after the crash.
              This driver’s testimony was corroborated by an accident investigator for the
Fairbanks Police Department who evaluated the crash site at the request of the state
troopers. The accident investigator found both gouge marks and tire skid marks on the
pavement — but, with one exception, all of those marks were left by the tires of the
Kims’ parked car when it was struck from behind by Geisinger’s truck.
              (The investigator concluded that, most likely, the Kims’ car had been in
“park” when Geisinger hit it — because, if the Kims’ car had been in “drive” when it
was hit, the car probably would have been pushed forward by the force of the collision
instead of being crushed.)
              The one tire skid mark that was not attributable to the Kims’ parked car was
a single “yaw” mark. (A yaw mark is a type of skid mark that is created when a still-
rotating tire is rubbed across the pavement at an offset angle — i.e., an angle that is
different from the vehicle’s direction of travel. Such marks may be left on the pavement
when, for example, a vehicle changes direction abruptly, or when a driver applies the
brakes but one wheel continues to rotate, and the vehicle veers to the side.)
              The accident investigator testified that the single yaw mark in the roadway
was created by Geisinger’s left-front tire — the tire which, as we have explained, was
mounted on a wheel that had no functioning brake. There were no other tire marks
associated with Geisinger’s truck. Because none of Geisinger’s other tires left skid

                                           –5–                                        2707
marks, the accident investigator concluded that Geisinger either did not brake, or did not
brake significantly, prior to the impact.
             Indeed, when Geisinger’s defense attorney hired an accident reconstruction
expert to analyze the evidence and formulate possible theories as to how and why the
collision took place, this expert concluded that, most likely, the collision was not an
accident — that, instead, Geisinger deliberately rammed into the back of the parked car.
             (Geisinger’s attorney did not call this witness to testify at trial. Rather, the
expert’s report came to light during the post-conviction relief proceedings, as we will
explain.)

      Why we reverse the superior court’s finding that Geisinger’s trial attorney
      was incompetent for failing to elicit testimony from a witness who heard
      Geisinger say that he was leaving the scene of the collision so that he could
      call 911

             One of Geisinger’s claims for post-conviction relief was that his defense
attorney performed incompetently when the attorney failed to elicit certain testimony
from Adam Sagers, a driver who came upon the scene of the collision and spoke with
Geisinger as he was walking away from the scene.
             At grand jury, Sagers testified that when he came upon the scene of the
collision, he saw a man (later identified as Geisinger) walking away from the scene.
According to Sagers’s testimony, he pulled his vehicle over, got out, and approached
Geisinger. Sagers said to Geisinger, “Hey, where [are] you going? You’re hurt; you
need to get back over here” — to which Geisinger replied that “he was going to call for
help, going to call 911.”
             But later, when Sagers testified at Geisinger’s trial, neither the prosecutor
nor the defense attorney asked Sagers about Geisinger’s statement that he was leaving

                                            –6–                                         2707
the crash site because he was “going to call 911”. Sagers testified only that he saw
Geisinger walking away from the scene, that he told Geisinger to come back because he
needed medical help, and that Geisinger then returned to the crash site with him.
              (The trial evidence also showed that Geisinger left the scene again soon
afterwards — and that, instead of calling 911 or engaging in other conduct to obtain aid
for himself or others, Geisinger went into the woods and hid from the authorities until
the next day.)

          (a) The litigation of this issue in the superior court

              In the superior court, Geisinger’s post-conviction relief attorney contended
that any reasonably competent defense attorney would have elicited hearsay testimony
from Sagers about Geisinger’s statement that he was “going to call 911”.
              According to the post-conviction relief attorney, Geisinger’s statement to
Sagers was admissible for the truth of the matter asserted under Alaska Evidence
Rule 803(3) (the hearsay exception for statements in which a person describes their then-
existing state of mind). And the post-conviction relief attorney argued that it was crucial
for Geisinger’s trial attorney to introduce this evidence, because Geisinger’s out-of-court
statement would have supported the argument that, even though Geisinger left the scene
of the collision, he was nevertheless trying to comply with his statutory duty of rendering
reasonable assistance to the other people who were injured in the collision.
              In response to this accusation of incompetence, Geisinger’s trial attorney,
William Spiers, testified (both in an affidavit and later at the evidentiary hearing) that he
had consciously decided not to elicit testimony from Sagers concerning Geisinger’s
statement that he was walking away from the scene because he was “going to call 911”.
Spiers gave two main reasons for this decision.

                                            –7–                                         2707
              One of Spiers’s reasons for not eliciting this hearsay evidence was Spiers’s
conclusion that the evidence would not materially aid the defense.
              Even though Geisinger told Sagers that he was leaving the scene so that he
could call 911, the evidence was uncontroverted that, after Geisinger accompanied
Sagers back to the scene of the collision, he soon learned that one of the passengers in
the other car was dead — and, upon learning this, Geisinger left the scene a second time.
This time, Geisinger slipped away unnoticed, and he made no attempt to summon
additional assistance. Rather, he hid from the authorities who came to his house and
tried to contact him, and he did not surrender himself until the next day.
              Spiers testified that, in light of this evidence, he concluded that it would not
appreciably help the defense case to elicit Sagers’s testimony concerning what Geisinger
initially said about his reason for leaving the scene.
              Spiers’s second reason for not eliciting this evidence was that Spiers
concluded that he would violate his ethical duty as an attorney if he elicited this hearsay
testimony from Sagers.
              At the post-conviction evidentiary hearing, Spiers testified that when he
interviewed Geisinger during the preparation of the defense case, Geisinger admitted that
he left the scene, not for the purpose of calling 911, and not because he wanted to help
anybody, but rather “because he was frightened, because ... he knew he had done
something horrible, and [because] he didn’t want anybody to come into contact with him,
and he didn’t want anybody to [administer] a DataMaster or a Breathalyzer [test]. He
didn’t want anybody to know what his physical condition was.”
              By the time of this evidentiary hearing (October 2015), Spiers could
no longer recall precisely why he decided not to use Sagers’s testimony to elicit
Geisinger’s out-of-court statement about calling 911. But in the pre-hearing affidavit
that Spiers submitted two years earlier (in November 2013), Spiers stated that he decided

                                            –8–                                          2707
not to elicit this hearsay testimony from Sagers because he “was unwilling to advance
a completely false statement of fact ... to the judge and jury in violation of my oath as an
Alaska attorney[.]”
              See Alaska Professional Conduct Rule 3.3(a)(3), which prohibits lawyers
from “offer[ing] evidence that the lawyer knows to be false”, and which also authorizes
lawyers to “refuse to offer evidence, other than the testimony of a defendant in a criminal
matter, that the lawyer reasonably believes is false.”
              On its face, Rule 3.3(a)(3) prohibits a lawyer from introducing evidence
“that the lawyer knows to be false”, and it grants lawyers the authority to “refuse to offer
evidence ... that the lawyer reasonably believes is false” (other than the testimony of a
criminal defendant). But during the post-conviction relief litigation in this case,
Geisinger’s attorneys took the position that Rule 3.3(a)(3) only prohibited an attorney
from knowingly introducing perjured testimony — i.e., testimony that the witness knows
to be false. Here is the pertinent excerpt from Geisinger’s pleading:

                     Under the relevant provisions of Alaska Rules of
              Professional Responsibility 3.3, an attorney must not
              knowingly make a false statement of fact or law or offer
              evidence the lawyer knows to be false. There is no reason to
              believe that Mr. Sagers committed perjury when he testified
              at grand jury that Mr. Geisinger said he was walking away to
              get help ... . [Thus], [c]ontrary to Mr. Spiers’ assertion,
              introducing Mr. Sagers’ exculpatory grand jury testimony
              would not have violated any ethical rules[, nor] would
              arguing the logical inferences from this evidence. Mr. Spiers
              was ineffective for failing to introduce this evidence which
              would have proved that Mr. Geisinger did not violate the
              statute [requiring motorists to render aid to the victims of an
              injury accident].

                                           –9–                                         2707
              When the superior court made its ruling on this issue, the court adopted
Geisinger’s interpretation of Rule 3.3(a)(3). The court concluded that even if Spiers
knew or reasonably believed that Geisinger’s statement to Sagers was false,
Rule 3.3(a)(3) did not apply to this situation because the witness who would be giving
the testimony, Sagers, did not know that the out-of-court statement was false. The
superior court reasoned that, because Sagers would be honestly reporting what Geisinger
had said to him, Rule 3.3(a)(3) did not authorize Spiers to decline to elicit this testimony
from Sagers — and that Spiers therefore acted unreasonably when he failed to elicit
Sagers’s testimony about Geisinger’s out-of-court statement:

                     Mr. Spiers’ explanation [for not eliciting this evidence]
              is not reasonable. Geisinger’s statements [to Sagers] could
              have been introduced through the testimony of Mr. Sagers
              because it was a description of Geisinger’s then-existing state
              of mind and/or was an excited utterance, which would avoid
              both the hearsay problem and any concern about perjured
              testimony. The court therefore concludes that there was
              admissible evidence that Geisinger [made this statement to
              Sagers].

              Based on this analysis, the superior court concluded that Spiers performed
incompetently when he failed to elicit testimony from Sagers concerning Geisinger’s
statement that he was leaving the scene for the purpose of calling 911.
              At the same time, however, the court concluded that the defense attorney’s
handling of this matter was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
              The court found that even if Sagers’s testimony had been elicited at trial,
there was “no reasonable possibility” that Geisinger would have been acquitted of failing
to render assistance, or that he would have received a lesser sentence. As the court
explained, “The evidence of failing to render reasonable assistance was overwhelming,

                                           – 10 –                                      2707
and the fact that Geisinger may have told Mr. Sagers that he was going for help does not
alter the uncontroverted evidence that he did not actually take any action to help the
victims.”
               (Although the superior court did not explicitly say so, this final portion of
the court’s ruling was, in effect, an endorsement of Spiers’s second reason for not
eliciting Sagers’s testimony about Geisinger’s out-of-court statement — i.e., Spiers’s
conclusion that, given the uncontradicted evidence that Geisinger hid from the authorities
instead of doing anything to seek help for the injured motorists, it would not appreciably
help the defense case to elicit Sagers’s testimony that Geisinger initially said he was
leaving the scene for the purpose of calling 911.)

            (b) The error in the superior court’s decision

               On appeal, both parties challenge the superior court’s ruling. The State
argues that the superior court was wrong to conclude that Spiers’s handling of this matter
was incompetent. Geisinger, for his part, argues that the superior court was wrong to
conclude that there was no prejudice to the defense’s case.
               For the reasons we are about to explain, we agree with the State that the
superior court was wrong to conclude that Geisinger’s defense attorney acted
incompetently with regard to this matter.
               It is true, as the superior court noted, that Geisinger’s statement to Sagers
was apparently admissible under Alaska Evidence Rule 803(1), because Geisinger’s
statement purported to be a description of his then-existing state of mind. See our
explanation of Evidence Rule 803(1) in Davis v. State, 133 P.3d 719, 727–29 (Alaska
App. 2006).

                                           – 11 –                                      2707
              But the remainder of the superior court’s ruling — the court’s conclusion
that Spiers should have elicited this testimony from Sagers — was based on a mistakenly
narrow interpretation of Alaska Professional Conduct Rule 3.3(a)(3).
              Contrary to the superior court’s ruling in this case, Professional Conduct
Rule 3.3(a)(3) is not limited to perjury — i.e., testimony that the witness knows to be
false. Rather, this rule covers all evidence that the lawyer knows or reasonably believes
to be false. 1 If the lawyer knows that the evidence is false, Rule 3.3(a)(3) prohibits the
lawyer from offering the evidence. And in cases of lesser certainty, where the lawyer
may not “know” that the evidence is false but the lawyer reasonably believes that the

   1
      See Ronald D. Rotunda and John S. Dzienkowski, Legal Ethics: The Lawyer’s
Deskbook On Professional Responsibility (2018–2019 edition, available on Westlaw), § 3.3-4
“The Lawyer’s Duties in Offering Evidence to a Tribunal”:

      When a lawyer has knowledge that evidence is false, the lawyer must refuse to
   offer the evidence. For example, if a client informs the lawyer that the client
   fabricated a document that is relevant and would be admitted into evidence if it were
   not made-up, the lawyer must refuse to [sub]mit the document.
      . . .

      The purpose of these provisions is clear. Lawyers as officers of the tribunal must
   not participate in misleading the court or jury even when the client insists that the
   lawyer do so.

      If a lawyer reasonably believes that evidence is false, but does not “know,”
   Rule 3.3(a)(3) provides that the lawyer may refuse to offer the evidence. This
   provision leaves up to the discretion of the lawyer whether to seek admission of
   questionable evidence. ... This Rule permits a lawyer’s decision to override client
   choice on whether to admit the evidence.

                                          – 12 –                                      2707
evidence is false, Rule 3.3(a)(3) authorizes the lawyer to refuse to offer the evidence
(unless the evidence in question is the personal testimony of a criminal defendant). 2
                 Returning to the facts of Geisinger’s case: Geisinger claimed that he was
entitled to post-conviction relief because his trial attorney, Spiers, failed to have Sagers
testify about Geisinger’s out-of-court statement that he was leaving the scene of the
collision for the purpose of calling 911. Geisinger asserted that, under Evidence
Rule 803(3), this out-of-court statement was admissible for the truth of the matter
asserted, and that this statement would therefore have given Geisinger a potential defense
to the charge that he failed to render reasonable assistance to the other people who were
injured in the collision. Geisinger further asserted that Spiers had no good reason to
refrain from eliciting this testimony from Sagers — and that Spiers’s failure to do so was
therefore incompetent.
                 When the superior court issued its ruling on this matter (the ruling that we
quoted earlier on page 10), the court did not dispute or otherwise call into question
Spiers’s testimony about his pre-trial conversations with Geisinger. And based on the
superior court’s reference to “concern about perjured testimony”, it appears that the court
found that Spiers either knew or reasonably believed that Geisinger’s statement to Sagers
was false — i.e., that Geisinger lied to Sagers about his reason for leaving the scene of
the collision.
                 If Spiers actually knew that Geisinger’s out-of-court statement was false,
then Professional Conduct Rule 3.3(a)(3) would prohibit Spiers from introducing
evidence of this out-of-court statement for the truth of the matter asserted. But even if

   2
       Rule 3.3(a)(3) also requires a lawyer to “take reasonable and timely remedial
measures, including, if necessary, disclosure to the tribunal”, if the lawyer later comes to
know of the falsity of any material evidence that the lawyer has introduced, or that the lawyer
has offered through the testimony of any witness (including their own client).

                                             – 13 –                                       2707
Spiers only reasonably believed that Geisinger’s statement to Sagers was false,
Rule 3.3(a)(3) authorized Spiers to refuse to elicit Sagers’s testimony about this
statement.
                We also note that, aside from a lawyer’s duty of candor to a tribunal, the
commentary to Alaska Professional Conduct Rule 3.3(a) recognizes that it is often
tactically advantageous for a lawyer to avoid offering evidence that the lawyer
reasonably believes to be false, because “offering such [evidence] may reflect adversely
on the lawyer’s ability to discriminate in the quality of evidence and thus impair the
lawyer’s effectiveness as an advocate.” Here, Spiers testified that he concluded that
Sagers’s testimony about Geisinger’s out-of-court statement would not materially aid the
defense, given the obvious incongruity between Geisinger’s statement to Sagers and
Geisinger’s ensuing actions (i.e., the undisputed evidence that Geisinger not only failed
to call 911 but also hid from the authorities for fifteen hours).
                We therefore conclude that Spiers acted reasonably (and competently)
when, under the authority of Professional Conduct Rule 3.3(a)(3), he declined to elicit
Sagers’s testimony about Geisinger’s out-of-court statement.
                We also note that the superior court appears to have implicitly endorsed
Spiers’s conclusion that introducing this evidence would not help Geisinger’s defense
— because the court concluded that even if Spiers had introduced this testimony, there
was no reasonable possibility that the testimony would have affected the outcome of
Geisinger’s case. As the court noted in its decision, the evidence that Geisinger failed
to render reasonable assistance to the victims of the collision “was overwhelming”, and
“the fact that Geisinger may have told Mr. Sagers that he was going for help does not
alter the uncontroverted evidence that [Geisinger] did not actually take any action to help
the victims.”

                                           – 14 –                                     2707
       Geisinger’s claim that Spiers was incompetent for failing to ask for a jury
       instruction on the potential defense that Geisinger was too injured to be
       able to render assistance to the other people involved in the crash

              One of the charges against Geisinger was that, having been the operator of
a vehicle involved in an injury accident, Geisinger failed to remain at the scene and
render reasonable assistance to the people injured in that accident. 3 The statute defining
this crime, AS 28.35.060(c), provides an exception if the operator of the vehicle is
“incapacitated by the accident to the extent that the person is physically incapable of
complying with the requirement [of providing reasonable assistance].”
              In his petition for post-conviction relief, Geisinger claimed that his trial
attorney, Spiers, was incompetent for failing to seek a jury instruction on this potential
defense to the charge of leaving the scene of the accident.
              When Geisinger’s post-conviction relief attorney questioned Spiers about
this matter, Spiers agreed that Geisinger had been injured in the collision (specifically,
that Geisinger’s mouth and front teeth were injured). But Spiers explained that these
injuries did not incapacitate Geisinger. Spiers testified that when he conferred with
Geisinger about these injuries, Geisinger told Spiers that “[he] didn’t really think it was
a big deal, except that it was painful.”
              Under questioning from Geisinger’s post-conviction relief attorney, Spiers
conceded that there was a possibility that Geisinger had sustained a closed-head injury
in the collision — not in the sense that there was any affirmative evidence that Geisinger
had suffered such an injury, but only in the sense that Spiers might plausibly argue that
the evidence failed to rule out this possibility.

   3
       See AS 28.35.060(a)–(c).

                                           – 15 –                                     2707
              (In fact, Geisinger initially raised a post-conviction relief claim based on
Spiers’s failure to present expert testimony regarding a potential closed-head injury, but
Geisinger withdrew this claim before the evidentiary hearing.)
              Spiers ultimately decided to argue to the jury, not that Geisinger was
physically incapacitated by the collision, but rather that he was excused from providing
assistance to the other people “because no more help was needed”, given the fact that
several other motorists quickly stopped at the scene, notified the authorities, and
rendered assistance to the injured people until EMTs arrived on the scene.
              Based on the evidence presented at the post-conviction relief evidentiary
hearing, the superior court ruled that Spiers was incompetent for failing to request a jury
instruction on incapacitation as a defense to the charge of leaving the scene of an injury
accident. However, the court concluded that Spiers’s failure to pursue such an
instruction was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Specifically, the superior court
found that “there was no reasonable possibility that Geisinger would have been acquitted
of this charge”, because the trial evidence “did not provide any reason to believe that
Geisinger was incapacitated by the accident to the extent that he was physically
incapable of complying with the requirement [of remaining at the scene and rendering
reasonable assistance].”
              We question whether the superior court was justified in declaring that
Spiers acted incompetently when he failed to seek a jury instruction on a defense that had
no reasonable support in the evidence. But in any event, we agree with the superior court
that there is no reasonable possibility that a jury would have acquitted Geisinger on this
basis, even if the jurors had received the proposed jury instruction.

                                          – 16 –                                      2707
       Geisinger’s claim that Spiers was incompetent for failing to seek a jury
       instruction on the lesser offense of third-degree assault under
       AS 11.41.220(a)(4) — negligent infliction of serious physical injury by
       means of a dangerous instrument

              Geisinger killed one person and injured two others in the collision. With
respect to the person who was killed, Yong-Ki Kim, the State charged Geisinger with
manslaughter under AS 11.41.120(a)(1), under the theory that Geisinger caused this
death through a reckless act.
              At Spiers’s request, the jury was instructed that they should consider the
potential lesser offense of criminally negligent homicide under AS 11.41.130(a) — a
crime that is defined by the less serious culpable mental state of criminal negligence (as
opposed to recklessness). 4
              With respect to the two people who were injured in the collision (Younghee
Kim and her son, Edward Kim), Geisinger was charged with first-degree assault under
AS 11.41.200(a)(1) — a crime defined as recklessly causing “serious physical injury”
to another person by means of a dangerous instrument. We have placed the phrase
“serious physical injury” in quotation marks because Alaska’s criminal code employs a
special meaning of this term. As defined in AS 11.81.900(b)(59), the term “serious
physical injury” means one of two things.
              Subsection (59)(A) of this statute defines “serious physical injury” as
“physical injury caused by an act performed under circumstances that create a substantial
risk of death”.

   4
       Loosely speaking, the distinction between criminal negligence and recklessness under
Alaska law is that a person acts with criminal negligence if they fail to perceive the danger,
while a person acts recklessly if they are aware of and consciously disregard the danger (or
if they fail to perceive the danger because of voluntary intoxication). See AS 11.81.­
900(a)(3)–(4).

                                           – 17 –                                        2707
              Subsection (59)(B) of this statute, on the other hand, defines “serious
physical injury” as “physical injury that causes serious and protracted disfigurement,
protracted impairment of health, protracted loss or impairment of the function of a body
member or organ, or that unlawfully terminates a pregnancy”.
              Proof of either subsection (A) or (B) is sufficient to establish the element
of “serious physical injury” under Alaska law. But in Geisinger’s case, the State did not
try to prove the theory defined in subsection (B) — protracted impairment of health or
loss of function. Rather, the State pursued only the theory defined in subsection (A) —
“physical injury caused by an act performed under circumstances that create a substantial
risk of death”. When, during the prosecutor’s summation, he recited the statutory
definition of “serious physical injury” from the jury instructions, the prosecutor expressly
told the jurors, “We’re not talking about the second part [of this definition]. We’re
talking about an act under circumstances that create a substantial risk of death.”
              Thus, to establish the two counts of first-degree assault in Geisinger’s case
(one count for each victim), the State asked the jury to find that Geisinger recklessly
caused physical injury to Younghee and Edward Kim by means of a dangerous
instrument, and that he did so under circumstances that created a substantial risk of death
for the Kims (thus making each of the victims’ injuries a “serious physical injury”).
              In his petition for post-conviction relief, Geisinger claimed that his trial
attorney, Spiers, was incompetent for failing to pursue the same strategy that he followed
with respect to the manslaughter charge — i.e., seeking a jury instruction that would
offer the jury the option of convicting Geisinger of a lesser degree of assault, one that
required proof only of criminal negligence instead of recklessness.
              Specifically, Geisinger claimed that Spiers was incompetent for failing to
seek a jury instruction on the lesser offense of third-degree assault as defined in
AS 11.41.220(a)(4). Under this statute, a person commits third-degree assault if, acting

                                           – 18 –                                      2707
with criminal negligence, they cause serious physical injury under AS 11.81.900­
(b)(59)(B) to another person by means of a dangerous instrument. 5
              At the post-conviction relief evidentiary hearing, Spiers could not recall
why he failed to seek a jury instruction on third-degree assault as defined in AS 11.41.­
220(a)(4). And when the superior court rendered its decision in the post-conviction
relief litigation, the court concluded that the trial judge would have been required to give
such an instruction if it had been requested — under the theory that third-degree assault
as defined in AS 11.41.220(a)(4) was a “lesser included offense” of the first-degree
assault charges against Geisinger.
              Under Alaska law, a trial judge is required to instruct a jury on any lesser
included offenses supported by the evidence if one of the parties requests it. 6 But in
Geisinger’s case, third-degree assault as defined in AS 11.41.220(a)(4) was not a lesser
included offense of the first-degree assault charges against Geisinger.
              Under Alaska law, a lesser offense is “included” in a greater offense if,
given the way the case was charged and litigated,

                    (1) the defendant necessarily committed the lesser
              offense if he or she committed the charged offense in the
              manner alleged by the State;

   5
       At the time of the proceedings in the trial court, the wording of the third-degree
assault statute, AS 11.41.220(a)(4), referred to “serious physical injury under AS 11.81.900­
(b)(58)(B)” (emphasis added) — because, before 2019, the definition of “serious physical
injury” was found in subsection (58) of AS 11.81.900(b).
   6
      See Heaps v. State, 30 P.3d 109, 115 (Alaska App. 2001); Bendle v. State, 583 P.2d
840, 843 (Alaska 1978) (defense request); Blackhurst v. State, 721 P.2d 645, 649–650
(Alaska App. 1986) (prosecution request).

                                           – 19 –                                       2707
                    (2) the defendant actually disputes the element or
              elements distinguishing the charged offense from the lesser,
              and

                    (3) the evidence would support a reasonable
              conclusion that the defendant is guilty of only the lesser
              offense and not the charged offense.

See State v. Minano, 710 P.2d 1013, 1016 (Alaska 1985); Elisovsky v. State, 592 P.2d
1221, 1225 (Alaska 1979); Petersen v. State, 930 P.2d 414, 433 (Alaska App. 1996);
Blackhurst v. State, 721 P.2d 645, 648 (Alaska App. 1986).
              Here, Geisinger’s proposed lesser offense fails the first part of this test.
Geisinger would not necessarily have committed third-degree assault under AS 11.41.­
220(a)(4) if he committed first-degree assault in the manner alleged by the State.
              As we have explained, a person commits third-degree assault under
AS 11.41.220(a)(4) if, acting with criminal negligence and using a dangerous instrument,
the person causes serious physical injury under AS 11.81.900(b)(59)(B).
              And as we have also explained, AS 11.81.900(b)(59)(B) — the second
portion of the definition of “serious physical injury” — requires proof that the defendant
inflicted an injury that led to serious and protracted disfigurement, protracted impairment
of health, protracted loss or impairment of the function of a body member or organ, or
the unlawful termination of a pregnancy. Under this portion of the definition, the State
must prove that the injury led to one of these enumerated results.
              But when the State prosecuted Geisinger for first-degree assault, the State
relied solely on the first portion of the definition of “serious physical injury” — the
portion found in subsection (59)(A) — which applies when a defendant causes physical
injury “by an act performed under circumstances that create a substantial risk of death”.

                                          – 20 –                                      2707
Here, the result of the injury is not determinative; rather, it is the circumstances under
which the injury was inflicted.
             In short, Geisinger did not necessarily commit third-degree assault under
AS 11.41.220(a)(4) if he committed first-degree assault in the manner alleged by the
State. While the evidence presented at Geisinger’s trial might conceivably have
supported a finding of “serious physical injury” as defined in subsection (59)(B), this
was not an element of the State’s proof. The State did not argue that the Kims’ injuries
were of the types listed in subsection (59)(B), and the jury had no reason to decide this
issue — or even to consider this issue — when it deliberated on the first-degree assault
charges in Geisinger’s case.
             For this reason, we conclude that Spiers was not incompetent for failing to
request a jury instruction on the lesser offense of third-degree assault under
AS 11.41.220(a)(4). Indeed, if Spiers had requested such an instruction, the trial judge
could properly have refused to give it. See State v. Minano, 710 P.2d at 1016.

       Geisinger’s claim that his appellate attorney was incompetent for failing
       to argue that the evidence presented at Geisinger’s trial was not legally
       sufficient to support Geisinger’s conviction for second-degree forgery

             Based on the forged car insurance document found in the glove
compartment of Geisinger’s truck, Geisinger was convicted of second-degree forgery.
Geisinger was charged with this crime under the theory that, with intent to defraud, he
knowingly possessed a forged instrument that purported to establish his status as an
insured motorist. 7

   7
       See AS 11.46.510(a)(2) (the basic crime of forgery) and AS 11.46.505(a)(1), which
elevates the crime to a C felony if the forged instrument “is or purports to be ... [any]
                                                                           (continued...)

                                          – 21 –                                     2707
              As we explained earlier in this opinion, Geisinger filed an appeal after he
was convicted but, in his appeal, Geisinger did not attack any of his convictions. Instead,
Geisinger only attacked his sentence.
              Later, when Geisinger applied for post-conviction relief, one of his claims
was that his appellate attorney, Colleen Libbey, was incompetent for failing to argue that
the evidence presented at Geisinger’s trial was not legally sufficient to support his
forgery conviction.
              At the post-conviction relief evidentiary hearing, Libbey testified that she
did not pursue a claim of insufficient evidence because she concluded that this claim was
unlikely to succeed. However, Libbey conceded that Geisinger’s post-conviction relief
attorneys had discovered some out-of-state court decisions which suggested that
Geisinger’s forgery conviction might have been attacked for insufficient evidence.
              The pertinent clause of Alaska’s forgery statute, AS 11.46.510(a)(2),
declares that a person commits forgery if, having an intent to defraud, the person
knowingly possesses a forged instrument.
              Geisinger’s post-conviction relief attorneys found out-of-state court
decisions which hold that a person’s knowing possession of a forged instrument,
standing alone, is never sufficient to establish the element of “intent to defraud” — that
this element must be established by additional evidence.
              At Geisinger’s underlying criminal trial, his attorney Spiers did in fact
argue to the jury that the evidence failed to show that Geisinger possessed the forged
insurance document with an intent to defraud. Spiers pointed out that the State had not
presented any evidence to definitively prove that Geisinger was the one who altered the

   7
     (...continued)
document which does or may evidence ... a legal right, interest, obligation, or status[.]”

                                           – 22 –                                       2707
insurance document, and Spiers also pointed out that the State had offered no evidence
to prove that Geisinger presented the insurance document to anyone.
              However, Geisinger’s post-conviction relief claim went farther. Geisinger
did not simply argue that the State’s evidence was unconvincing on the question of
“intent to defraud”; instead, Geisinger argued that, as a matter of law, the State’s
evidence was insufficient to prove this element.
              In the superior court’s post-conviction relief decision, the court adopted
Geisinger’s view of the law: that is, the court held that a person’s knowing possession
of a forged instrument, standing alone, was legally insufficient to establish the element
of “intent to defraud” under Alaska’s forgery statutes. And having adopted Geisinger’s
view of the law, the superior court concluded that Geisinger’s proposed sufficiency-of­
the-evidence attack on his forgery conviction “would likely have been successful.”
              Although the superior court did not expressly explain why it believed that
Geisinger’s attack on the forgery conviction would likely succeed, one may reasonably
infer that the court concluded that, aside from the mere fact that Geisinger possessed the
forged insurance document, no other evidence presented at Geisinger’s trial, either singly
or in combination, could reasonably support a finding that Geisinger possessed the
forged document with intent to defraud.
              The superior court therefore found that Libbey was incompetent when she
failed to raise this issue on appeal, and the court ruled that Geisinger was entitled to re­
open his appeal so that he could pursue this attack on his forgery conviction.
              At a basic level of analysis, it is obvious that the forgery statute lists “intent
to defraud” as an element separate from knowing possession of the forged instrument.
It is also obvious that a person’s knowing possession of a forged instrument does not
always betoken an intent to defraud. For instance, a museum devoted to the history of
law enforcement might have an exhibit of forged documents or counterfeit currency.

                                            – 23 –                                         2707
Similarly, a bank teller, recognizing that someone had just presented a forged check,
might seize the check and place it in a drawer for safekeeping until it could be retrieved
by a police officer.
              But just as the surrounding circumstances may negate any suggestion of
intent to defraud, the surrounding circumstances may establish this intent. Indeed, the
government will seldom be able to establish the possessor’s intent to defraud by direct
evidence. Instead, proof of this element will usually hinge on the circumstances
surrounding the defendant’s acquisition and possession of the forged document.
              The fact that proof of the “intent” element in forgery cases will typically
rest on circumstantial evidence does not alter the test for whether the evidence is
sufficient to support a criminal conviction. As this Court noted in Kangas v. State,

                     It is a long-standing tenet of Alaska law that there is
              no legal distinction between direct evidence and circum­
              stantial evidence. When assessing the sufficiency of the
              evidence to support a criminal conviction, courts apply the
              same standard regardless of whether the government’s case
              is based on direct or circumstantial evidence.

Kangas, 463 P.3d 189, 193 (Alaska App. 2020). 8
              And, as the Washington Supreme Court noted in State v. Vasquez, 309 P.3d
318 (Wash. 2013), even though “possession alone is not sufficient to infer intent to injure
or defraud in forgery cases, ... possession together with slight corroborating evidence
might be.” Id. at 321.
              With these principles in mind, we now turn to the evidence in Geisinger’s
case to evaluate whether, apart from the mere fact that Geisinger knowingly possessed

   8
       Citing Des Jardins v. State, 551 P.2d 181, 184 (Alaska 1976), and Ashley v. State,
6 P.3d 738, 743 (Alaska App. 2000).

                                          – 24 –                                      2707
the forged automobile insurance document, the evidence was legally sufficient to support
the jury’s finding that Geisinger possessed this forged document with an intent to
defraud. On this question, we are not required to defer to the superior court’s ruling;
rather, we assess the sufficiency of the evidence de novo. 9
             The evidence presented at Geisinger’s trial showed that the forged
insurance document was created by someone who used a valid insurance document
issued to another car owner, Davina Denny, as the template.
             Geisinger was a friend of Ms. Denny’s ex-husband. At Geisinger’s trial,
Denny testified that the head gasket blew out on her car, and that she then enlisted
Geisinger (who was an automobile mechanic) to work on her vehicle. To facilitate this
repair work, Denny had the vehicle towed to Geisinger’s residence on Chena Hot
Springs Road.
             Denny’s vehicle was insured through the Leader Infinity Insurance
Company, and the insurance documentation was in Denny’s vehicle when it was towed
to Geisinger’s residence.
             According to Denny’s testimony, when the car repairs were finished,
Geisinger told her that, in addition to the repair fees, she also owed him “towing fees”
and “lot fees”. Denny was having financial difficulties, and she could not afford to pay
all of Geisinger’s claimed fees, so — to satisfy her debt — she deeded the vehicle over
to Geisinger. Denny never retrieved the insurance documentation from her vehicle.
             When, following the collision, the state troopers searched the glove
compartment of Geisinger’s truck, they found a document that purported to show that
Geisinger’s truck was insured by the Leader Infinity Insurance Company. But the text

   9
       See, e.g., Marshall v. Peter, 377 P.3d 952, 956 (Alaska 2016) (declaring that the
sufficiency of the evidence to support a trial verdict is a question of law).

                                         – 25 –                                    2707
of this purported insurance document contained several inconsistencies and irregularities
— factors which prompted the Alaska Division of Insurance to contact the claims
manager for Leader Insurance.
              Although the document found in Geisinger’s truck purported to be proof
of a current insurance policy issued by Leader Insurance to Byron Geisinger, the claims
manager discovered that the policy number on this document belonged to an expired
automobile insurance policy that Leader Insurance had once issued to Davina Denny —
a policy that covered a different vehicle, housed at a different address. According to the
claims manager, the only authentic information on Geisinger’s insurance document was
the Leader policy number — and this number belonged to the expired policy previously
issued to Davina Denny. All the other information on the document was false: Leader
Insurance had never issued a policy to anyone named “Byron Geisinger”.
              Based on this evidence, a reasonable fact-finder could conclude that the
forged insurance document found in Geisinger’s truck was created either by Geisinger
himself or by someone working on his behalf, using Denny’s policy as a template.
              At Geisinger’s trial, his attorney, Spiers, repeatedly pointed out that
Geisinger had never presented this forged insurance document to anyone, nor had he
ever filed a claim on this purported insurance policy. But there was other circumstantial
evidence that Geisinger possessed this forged document with intent to defraud.
              Under AS 28.22.011, the owner of a motor vehicle is required to carry
insurance on their vehicle, but a driver is not required to produce documentary proof of
this insurance unless they are stopped by a police officer 10 or unless they are involved

   10
        AS 28.22.019.

                                          – 26 –                                     2707
in a motor vehicle accident that results in injury or that results in property damage
exceeding $501. 11
              (The reason Alaska law requires a driver to produce proof of insurance on
these occasions is precisely because it is impossible to predict when one might be
stopped by a police officer or one might be involved in an accident. As a practical
matter, this unpredictability forces drivers to have vehicle insurance — and to carry
proof of this insurance — at all times.)
              In Geisinger’s case, the evidence showed that Geisinger kept the forged
insurance document in the glove compartment of his Ford truck, and this forged
document purported to be proof that Geisinger’s truck was covered by automobile
insurance issued by Leader Insurance. Based on this evidence, one could reasonably
infer that Geisinger intended to use the forged document for fraudulent purposes if he
was ever asked to produce evidence of vehicle insurance — either by a police officer
during a traffic stop, or by another driver if Geisinger got into an accident.
              In sum, the State did not merely produce evidence that Geisinger knowingly
possessed a forged instrument. In addition to proving that Geisinger knowingly
possessed the forged document, the State presented evidence which strongly suggested
that, after Geisinger acquired the template for this forged document from Davina Denny,
Geisinger either personally created the forgery or he enlisted someone else to do it for
him. As the Alaska Supreme Court has noted, a person’s creation of a forgery is
circumstantial evidence that they acted with intent to defraud. 12

   11
        AS 28.22.021.
   12
       See Dapcevich v. State, 360 P.2d 789, 792–93 (Alaska 1961) (“[T]he record discloses
that the defendant had no legitimate reason for ever having the [treasury] warrant in his
possession, that he was unknown to the payee [named in the warrant], and that he had the
                                                                            (continued...)

                                           – 27 –                                    2707
              The State also presented circumstantial evidence suggesting that Geisinger
had a fraudulent purpose for retaining this forged document in his possession: the fact
that the forged document purported to be evidence of a vehicle insurance policy, and that
the vehicle purportedly insured by this policy was Geisinger’s own truck, and the fact
that Geisinger carried this forged insurance document in the glove compartment of his
truck — the normal place for a driver to carry proof of their vehicle insurance.
              As defined in AS 11.46.990(11), the phrase “intent to defraud” includes not
only “an intent to injure someone’s interest”, but also “an intent to use deception”. And
under AS 11.81.900(b)(18)(A), “deception” includes the act of “knowingly ... creat[ing]
or confirm[ing] another’s false impression that the defendant does not believe to be true”.
              Based on the evidence presented at Geisinger’s trial, reasonable jurors
could conclude, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Geisinger was carrying the forged
document so that he could use it to deceive a police officer, or to deceive another
motorist, if he was ever in a situation where he was required to produce proof of vehicle
insurance. Thus, apart from Geisinger’s mere possession of the forged document, the
evidence was sufficient to support the jury’s finding that Geisinger possessed this forged
document with “intent to defraud” as that phrase is defined in our criminal code.
              We therefore reverse the superior court’s decision to grant post-conviction
relief to Geisinger on this issue.

   12
       (...continued)
opportunity to purloin the warrant. Under such circumstances, if [the defendant] did forge
the warrant, it is very doubtful that he had any other intent than to injure and defraud from
the moment that he [stole] the warrant and [forged the name of the payee] until the time that
he uttered it.”).

                                           – 28 –                                       2707
       Geisinger’s claim that his trial attorney was incompetent for failing to seek
       a separate trial of the second-degree forgery charge

              In advance of Geisinger’s trial, the prosecutor asked the superior court to
consolidate the five collision-related charges (manslaughter and two counts of first-
degree assault, plus leaving the scene of an injury accident and driving under the
influence) with the second-degree forgery charge (the charge based on Geisinger’s
possession of the forged car insurance documentation). Geisinger’s attorney did not
oppose the prosecutor’s request, and the superior court granted the motion. Thus, all six
charges were tried in a single proceeding.
              When Geisinger’s attorney, Spiers, was asked about this during the post-
conviction relief evidentiary hearing, he replied that he had given thought to this matter,
and that he ultimately decided not to oppose the State’s motion for consolidation because
(1) there was little chance that the joinder of the forgery charge would alter the jury’s
verdicts on any of the six charges, and (2) it would be better, for sentencing purposes,
if the judge was imposing sentence on all of Geisinger’s convictions at the same time.
              When the superior court issued its decision, the court stated that “there was
no tactical reason for Mr. Spiers’ non-opposition to the motion to consolidate” —
apparently overlooking Spiers’s testimony on this matter. However, the superior court
also concluded that there was no reasonable possibility that holding a separate trial on
the forgery count would have made any difference to the outcome of either the forgery
count or the five collision-related counts. We agree, and we therefore uphold this portion
of the superior court’s decision.

                                          – 29 –                                       2707
        Geisinger’s claim that his appellate attorney was incompetent for failing
        to argue that Geisinger’s convictions for manslaughter and first-degree
        assault should be reversed because of a flaw in the jury instructions

               As we have explained, when Geisinger pursued his direct appeal, his
appellate attorney attacked Geisinger’s sentence but not his criminal convictions. In
Geisinger’s application for post-conviction relief, he argued that his appellate attorney
was incompetent for failing to attack his three most serious convictions (for the crimes
of manslaughter and first-degree assault) on the basis that there was a flaw in the jury
instructions describing the elements of those crimes.
               The crime of manslaughter, as defined in AS 11.41.120(a)(1), is committed
when a person “recklessly causes the death of another person”. As a legal matter, this
means that, in a prosecution for manslaughter, the State is required to prove (1) that the
defendant acted “recklessly”, as that term is defined in AS 11.81.900(a)(3), with respect
to the possibility that their conduct would result in the death of another person, and
(2) that the defendant’s reckless conduct was a “substantial factor” in causing the death
(as that term is defined in such cases as Rogers v. State, Johnson v. State, and State v.
Malone. 13 )
               Similarly, a charge of first-degree assault under AS 11.41.200(a)(1)
requires the State to prove (1) that the defendant, while using a dangerous instrument,
(2) acted recklessly with respect to the possibility that their conduct would result in the
infliction of “serious physical injury” on another person (as that term is defined in
AS 11.81.900(b)(59)), and (3) that the defendant’s reckless conduct was a substantial
factor in causing the serious physical injury.

   13
       Rogers v. State, 232 P.3d 1226, 1233–35 (Alaska App. 2010); Johnson v. State, 224
P.3d 105, 109–111 (Alaska 2010); State v. Malone, 819 P.2d 34, 36–38 (Alaska App. 1991).

                                          – 30 –                                      2707
             Unfortunately, at the time of Geisinger’s trial, the standard Alaska jury
instructions on the elements of these two crimes were potentially misleading with regard
to the required link between a defendant’s reckless conduct and the resulting death or
injury.
             For instance, in Geisinger’s case, the pertinent portion of the jury
instruction on the elements of manslaughter read as follows:

                   A person commits the crime of Manslaughter if,
             without legal justification, the person intentionally,
             knowingly, or recklessly causes the death of another person
             under circumstances not amounting to murder in the first or
             second degree.

                    In order to establish the crime of Manslaughter, it is
             necessary for the state to prove beyond a reasonable doubt
             the following:

                    First, that Byron F. Geisinger acted recklessly; and

                    Second, that [he] caused the death of [Yong-Ki Kim].

Similarly, the pertinent portion of the jury instructions on the elements of first-degree
assault read as follows:

                    A person commits the crime of Assault in the First
             Degree if the person recklessly causes serious physical injury
             to another person by means of a dangerous instrument.

                   In order to establish the crime of Assault in the First
             Degree, it is necessary for the state to prove beyond a
             reasonable doubt the following:

                    First, that Byron F. Geisinger acted recklessly;

                                         – 31 –                                     2707
                    Second, that [he] caused serious physical injury to
              another person, [Younghee Kim and Edward Kim]; and

                    Third, that [he] did so by means of a dangerous
              instrument, [to wit,] a motor vehicle.

              As can be seen, these instructions informed the jury that the State was
required to prove that Geisinger acted recklessly, and that Geisinger caused the results
forbidden by the manslaughter and first-degree assault statutes (human death and serious
physical injury, respectively), but these instructions were ambiguous as to the required
linkage between Geisinger’s reckless conduct and the unlawful results.
              Each instruction began correctly, by stating that the charged crime was
defined as “recklessly caus[ing] the death of another person” and “recklessly caus[ing]
serious physical injury to another person”. But then, when the instruction broke this
definition down to its constituent elements, the instruction failed to explicitly point to the
required link between Geisinger’s reckless conduct and the forbidden result.
              (We discussed this problem at some length in Pearson v. State,
unpublished, 1997 WL 129081 at *11–13 (Alaska App. 1997), and the pattern jury
instructions have since been amended in an effort to address this problem. For instance,
the pattern instruction on the elements of manslaughter now declares that the State must
prove that “(1) the defendant caused the death of another person; and (2) the defendant
did so recklessly.” See Alaska Criminal Pattern Jury Instruction 11.41.120(a)(1) (revised
2014).)
              In his application for post-conviction relief, Geisinger argued that the flaw
in these jury instructions was plain error (given this Court’s 1997 decision in Pearson),
and that his appellate attorney was incompetent for failing to pursue this claim of plain
error.

                                           – 32 –                                        2707
               Moreover, Geisinger also argues on appeal, based on the Alaska Supreme
Court’s decision in Jordan v. State, 420 P.3d 1143 (Alaska 2018), that all errors in jury
instructions describing the elements of a crime must now be deemed “structural” — that
is, such errors require reversal of a defendant’s conviction even when there is no specific
indication that the error affected the fairness of the defendant’s trial.
               Turning first to Geisinger’s argument that the flaw in the jury instructions
is “structural error”, we reject Geisinger’s broad reading of the supreme court’s decision
in Jordan.
               The defendant in Jordan was charged with possessing four ounces or more
of marijuana in his home. At trial, Jordan’s defense was that he reasonably believed that
his marijuana weighed less than four ounces — but the trial judge erroneously concluded
that this was not a valid defense to the charge. Because of the judge’s erroneous view
of the law, he refused to instruct the jury on Jordan’s defense, and the judge refused to
let Jordan testify about why he believed that his marijuana weighed less than four
ounces. 14
               Thus, as our supreme court put it, “the jury was not informed that [Jordan’s]
reasonableness was an issue”, and “the jury had no opportunity to decide ... whether
[Jordan’s] defense was a reasonable one”. 15
               In these circumstances, the supreme court held, the trial judge’s refusal to
instruct the jurors on this contested element of the offense was a structural error — i.e.,
an error that automatically required reversal of Jordan’s conviction. 16

   14
        Jordan, 420 P.3d at 1146–47.
   15
        Id. at 1156.
   16
        Id. at 1155–56.

                                           – 33 –                                      2707
              But we do not read Jordan as requiring automatic reversal of a criminal
conviction whenever there is some flaw in the jury instruction on the elements of the
crime, nor do we read Jordan as requiring reversal of Geisinger’s manslaughter and first-
degree assault convictions — because Geisinger’s case does not present the same kind
of structural error that was present in Jordan.
              Jordan involved a situation where the defendant was precluded from
presenting his defense. The trial judge refused to instruct the jury that it was a defense
if Jordan reasonably believed that his marijuana weighed less than four ounces, and the
judge refused to let Jordan testify in support of that defense.
              In Geisinger’s case, on the other hand, despite the flaw in the way the jury
instructions listed the individual elements of manslaughter and first-degree assault, those
instructions did refer (in the first sentence of each instruction) to the fact that the two
crimes were defined in terms of a defendant’s “recklessly caus[ing]” a particular result.
              This concept was repeated in a separate jury instruction that listed all of the
charges against Geisinger. This instruction informed the jurors that Count 1 of the
indictment charged that Geisinger “recklessly caused the death of another person”, while
Counts 3 and 4 of the indictment charged that Geisinger “recklessly caused serious
physical injury to another person ... by means of a dangerous instrument, [to wit] a motor
vehicle”.
              More importantly, when the prosecutor at Geisinger’s trial delivered his
summation to the jury, he repeatedly argued that Geisinger’s reckless conduct — his
impairment, his decision to drive when one of his brakes was not working, his manner
of driving (swerving on the road from one side to the other) — had been a proximate
cause of the death and the injuries.

                                           – 34 –                                       2707
             And just as important, the text of the jury instructions, combined with the
prosecutor’s characterization of the law, allowed Geisinger’s defense attorney to fully
argue his theories of the case when the attorney delivered his summation to the jury.
             Spiers pointed out that no witness had observed Geisinger drinking to
excess, and (for this reason) Spiers argued that the collision “was unrelated to any
drinking that happened in this case”.
             Spiers also argued that the collision was primarily caused by Edward Kim’s
negligent decision to park his rental car partially on the roadway, and Spiers suggested
that Kim might have started moving his car back into the lane of travel just as Geisinger
was approaching from behind. These actions, according to Spiers, provided an
explanation as to why Geisinger might reasonably initially steer his car to the left as he
approached the parked car, but then quickly veer back toward his right. Spiers also
argued that the yaw mark that was left on the roadway by Geisinger’s left-front tire was
an indication that Geisinger had applied his brakes to avoid the collision.
             All of this, Spiers argued, showed that the State had failed to prove beyond
a reasonable doubt that Geisinger was at fault in causing the collision. Rather, Spiers
argued, “Mr. Geisinger tried to avoid the accident, and he made a split-second decision,
or maybe he never made a [conscious] decision at all [because everything was happening
so fast].” Spiers asserted that Geisinger “made an effort to get around the [parked car],
and it didn’t work.”
             Spiers acknowledged that Geisinger’s actions had contributed to causing
the accident, but he suggested that the State had failed to prove that Geisinger’s actions
were reckless or even criminally negligent. He asked the jurors to remember that
“sometimes, an accident is just that: it’s an accident.”
             In other words, the prosecutor and the defense attorney explained the
correct law to the jury when they delivered their summations — and, unlike the situation

                                          – 35 –                                     2707
in Jordan, the flaw in the jury instructions did not prevent Geisinger’s attorney from
presenting his chosen defense to the manslaughter and first-degree assault charges. The
defense attorney was fully able to argue his defense, and the jury was fully able to
consider that defense.
               We addressed and rejected a similar claim of error in Brown v. State, 435
P.3d 989 (Alaska App. 2018) — a case that we decided four months after the supreme
court issued its decision in Jordan.
               The defendant in Brown was charged with criminal non-support of his
children. By mistake, the jury instructions on the elements of this crime failed to
expressly state that the government was required to prove that the defendant did not,
in fact, pay his child support. 17
               Nevertheless, the jury instructions did refer to this element of the State’s
proof: the jury was told that the State had to prove that “Brown’s failure to provide
support for his children was knowing” and that “Brown’s failure to provide support was
without lawful excuse.” Furthermore, the fact that Brown failed to pay his child support
was uncontested. Brown’s attorney affirmatively conceded that Brown had not paid his
child support. Brown’s entire defense was that he lacked the money to pay the child
support despite his reasonable, good-faith efforts. 18
               Thus, unlike the defendant in Jordan, Brown was allowed to present his
chosen defense, and the jury was allowed to fully consider that defense. For these

   17
        Brown, 435 P.3d at 991.
   18
        Id. at 991–92.

                                           – 36 –                                     2707
reasons, we concluded that the flaw in the jury instructions in Brown’s case did not
constitute structural error. 19 We reach the same conclusion in Geisinger’s case.
               Our discussion of Geisinger’s “structural error” claim also explains most
of our reasons for concluding that the error in the jury instructions did not prejudice
Geisinger.
               In his brief to this Court, Geisinger acknowledges that his trial attorney,
Spiers, was able to present his theory to the jury that, even if Geisinger acted recklessly,
Geisinger’s reckless conduct was not a significant factor in causing the collision. But
Geisinger argues that, because the challenged jury instructions did not explicitly identify
the required causal nexus between Geisinger’s reckless conduct and the ensuing
collision, the jury “could not apply this defense, and ... did not have to deliberate on this
element of the [crime].”
               Geisinger’s argument does not comport with two long-established rules of
Alaska law.
               The first of these rules is that a claim of error relating to jury instructions
must be evaluated by reference to the content of the instructions as a whole. As we
explained in Kangas v. State, 463 P.3d 189 (Alaska App. 2020), “the question is not
whether [a particular] challenged jury instruction might contain language that could be
misinterpreted. Rather, the question is whether the jury instructions, taken as a whole,
properly informed the jury of the applicable law.” (Emphasis in the original) 20

   19
        Id. at 992.
   20
       Kangas, 463 P.3d at 194. See also HDI-Gerling American Insurance Co. v. Carlile
Transportation Systems, Inc., 426 P.3d 881, 887 (Alaska 2018) (the test for reversible error
is whether “the jury instructions as a whole allow[ed] the verdict to rest on an erroneous legal
theory”); City of Hooper Bay v. Bunyan, 359 P.3d 972, 978 (Alaska 2015) (the test is
“whether the instructions [to the jury], when read as a whole, adequately inform[ed] the jury
                                                                                   (continued...)

                                             – 37 –                                        2707
                 The second of these rules is that an error in the jury instructions can be
cured by the arguments of the parties. 21 We have already explained how the other jury
instructions mitigated the claimed error, and how the arguments of the parties clarified
the State’s need to prove that Geisinger’s recklessness was a substantial factor in causing
the collision.
                 We therefore reject Geisinger’s claim that the jury would have been unable
to consider or evaluate his trial attorney’s arguments as to why Geisinger should be
found not guilty (or should be convicted only of criminally negligent homicide).
                 We also note that, in any event, the jury found Geisinger guilty of driving
under the influence. Because the jury reached this verdict, it was almost inevitable that
the jury would conclude that Geisinger acted recklessly when he drove his truck at
highway speeds on Chena Hot Springs Road, and that his recklessness was a substantial
factor in causing the collision. See Comeau v. State, 758 P.2d 108, 114 (Alaska App.
1988), where this Court held that, under Alaska law, a person who drives a motor vehicle
on a public roadway while impaired by alcohol, in the presence of other traffic, is
“necessarily guilty of driving recklessly or with criminal negligence, as those terms are
defined in [Alaska’s] criminal code.”
                 In his brief to this Court, Geisinger argues that this analysis is flawed
because, as we explain in the next section of this opinion, Geisinger’s post-conviction
relief attorney argued — and the superior court found — that Geisinger’s trial attorney,
Spiers, was incompetent for failing to attack the DUI charge by presenting expert

   20
        (...continued)
of the relevant law”).
   21
       See, e.g., Riley v. State, 60 P.3d 204, 208 (Alaska App. 2002); Norris v. State, 857
P.2d 349, 355 (Alaska App. 1993); O’Brannon v. State, 812 P.2d 222, 229 (Alaska App.
1991).

                                            – 38 –                                     2707
testimony regarding Geisinger’s likely blood alcohol level at the time of the collision.
Thus, Geisinger now argues, we must assume that he was wrongfully convicted of DUI,
and therefore the only theory the jury might properly have relied on, when it found that
Geisinger acted recklessly, was Geisinger’s act of clamping off the brake fluid to his left-
front wheel.
               Our first response to this argument is that (as we are about to explain in the
next section of this opinion) the superior court was wrong when it found that Spiers was
incompetent for failing to present expert testimony regarding Geisinger’s blood alcohol
level.
               But more importantly, Geisinger’s argument would be faulty even if he
were entitled to post-conviction relief from his DUI conviction.
               It must be remembered that this entire issue is raised as a claim that
Geisinger’s appellate attorney, Libbey, was incompetent for failing to attack Geisinger’s
manslaughter and first-degree assault convictions on direct appeal, based on the flaw in
the jury instructions.
               Geisinger argues that if Libbey had pursued such an attack, she would have
been successful. In particular, Geisinger argues that Libbey could have shown that
Geisinger was prejudiced by the flaw in the jury instructions, because Geisinger’s
conviction for DUI was also invalid (on the separate ground of Spiers’s purported
incompetence in defending Geisinger against that charge).
               But on direct appeal, Libbey would not have been allowed to argue that
Geisinger’s DUI conviction was invalid due to Spiers’s purported incompetence.
               Apart from those rare instances where an attorney’s incompetence is plain
from the record of the underlying trial (i.e., where it is clear that, even if the court held
an evidentiary hearing on this issue, there could be no plausible explanation for the
attorney’s conduct), Alaska law forbids a defendant from raising claims of ineffective

                                           – 39 –                                       2707
assistance of counsel on direct appeal. Instead, such claims must be litigated in an action
for post-conviction relief. See Grinols v. State, 10 P.3d 600, 613 (Alaska App. 2000);
Barry v. State, 675 P.2d 1292, 1295–96 (Alaska App. 1984).
                Thus, when Libbey drafted the arguments to be presented in Geisinger’s
direct appeal, she was stuck with the fact that the jury had convicted Geisinger of DUI.
Libbey was precluded from arguing that this DUI conviction should be reversed based
on the alleged incompetence of Geisinger’s trial attorney. This means that, if Libbey had
raised an appellate attack on the jury instructions pertaining to the elements of
manslaughter and first-degree assault, she would have been required to accept
Geisinger’s DUI conviction as valid. This, in turn, would severely undermine any
argument that Geisinger was prejudiced by the flaw in the jury instructions — because,
given the facts of Geisinger’s case, if Geisinger was driving under the influence, he
almost certainly was driving recklessly.
                For all of these reasons, Geisinger failed to establish that Libbey acted
incompetently when she failed to argue on direct appeal that Geisinger’s manslaughter
and first-degree assault convictions should be reversed based on the flaw in the jury
instructions.

       Geisinger’s claim that his trial attorney was incompetent for failing to
       present an expert witness to testify that, if Geisinger drank only four beers
       during the five or more hours preceding the collision, Geisinger would
       have had a low blood alcohol level at the time of the collision

                One of Geisinger’s claims for post-conviction relief was that his trial
attorney, Spiers, was incompetent for failing to present expert testimony regarding
Geisinger’s likely blood alcohol level at the time of the collision. Geisinger’s post-
conviction relief attorneys asserted that this kind of expert testimony was readily

                                           – 40 –                                      2707
available, and that it would have shown that Geisinger likely had a low blood alcohol
level at the time of the collision — information which, according to Geisinger’s
attorneys, would have altered the jury’s decision as to whether Geisinger was impaired
by alcohol at the time of the collision.
              The question of whether Geisinger was impaired by alcohol at the time of
the collision was important at Geisinger’s trial for two reasons.
              First, one of the charges against Geisinger was driving under the influence,
AS 28.35.030. Because Geisinger fled the scene of the collision and was not taken into
custody until some fifteen hours later, the State was not able to obtain a usable breath test
from Geisinger. Thus, the State could not charge Geisinger under subsection (a)(2) of
the DUI statute, which defines the offense in terms of a driver’s blood alcohol level.
Instead, Geisinger was charged under subsection (a)(1) of the statute — the subsection
requiring affirmative proof of a driver’s impairment.
              Second, the issue of Geisinger’s impairment was also relevant to the
manslaughter and first-degree assault charges against Geisinger, because those charges
required proof that Geisinger acted recklessly. If Geisinger was impaired by alcohol, this
would be relevant to the jury’s assessment of whether he acted recklessly. However, in
contrast to the DUI charge (where Geisinger’s impairment or lack of impairment was
dispositive), the manslaughter and assault charges did not stand or fall on the issue of
whether Geisinger was impaired by alcohol.
              The uncontradicted evidence at trial showed that Geisinger knowingly
drove his truck after he had disabled the brake on his left-front wheel.                The
uncontradicted evidence also showed that, in the minutes before the collision, Geisinger
was driving at high speeds, and that he was swerving back and forth across the entire
width of the roadway for no apparent reason. In the prosecutor’s summation to the jury,
he argued that Geisinger had been impaired by alcohol — but the prosecutor also argued

                                           – 41 –                                       2707
that, regardless of whether Geisinger was impaired by alcohol, the fact that Geisinger
drove at high speeds after disabling the brake on his front wheel, and the fact that
Geisinger was swerving back and forth across the road for no reason, showed that
Geisinger was acting recklessly.

          (a) The conflicting trial evidence pertaining to Geisinger’s alcohol
          consumption and his observed level of intoxication

             At Geisinger’s trial, there was conflicting evidence as to where, and how,
Geisinger spent the five or six hours leading up to the collision, and as to whether
Geisinger was intoxicated during that time.
             Two witnesses — Bryce Brown, who was one of Geisinger’s co-workers,
and Cale White, a friend of Brown’s — testified that, on the day of the collision, they
visited Geisinger at his residence in the middle of the day, arriving sometime around
noon and leaving Geisinger’s trailer sometime between 2:30 and 3:00 p.m. (The
collision occurred around 5:20 p.m.) Brown and White testified that they went to
Geisinger’s trailer because Brown was interested in buying a motorcycle from Geisinger.
             Both Brown and White testified that Geisinger drank only one or two beers
while they were with him at his trailer. However, even though Geisinger drank very little
alcohol in their presence, both Brown and White testified that Geisinger was already
obviously drunk. According to their testimony, Geisinger boasted that he had been out
all night the evening before, and that he had spent $300 on liquor and beer.
             When Brown was asked to explain why he thought that Geisinger was
drunk, Brown testified that when they arrived, Geisinger was staggering, he was
boisterous, he was slurring his words, and he “just kept repeating himself”. Both Brown
and White testified that when Geisinger decided to show Brown how the motorcycle

                                         – 42 –                                     2707
performed, Geisinger drove the motorcycle into a ditch. Then, after Geisinger managed
to extricate the motorcycle from the ditch, Geisinger proceeded to drive the motorcycle
down Chena Hot Springs Road at speeds of close to 90 miles an hour, wearing no helmet
or eye protection.
               In marked contrast to the testimony given by Brown and White, two of
Geisinger’s friends — Cory and Sara Kuryla — testified that Geisinger was visiting them
at their apartment during this same time period. The Kurylas asserted that Geisinger
arrived at their apartment promptly at 11:00 in the morning, that he stayed until about
4:00 in the afternoon, and that during these five hours Geisinger helped Cory repair some
of Cory’s vehicles.
               According to the Kurylas, Geisinger drank exactly two beers during the five
hours he spent at their apartment, and Geisinger never gave any indication that he was
intoxicated.
               Obviously, Geisinger could not simultaneously have been at his own
residence, talking to Brown and White, while also being at the Kurylas’ residence,
helping to repair Cory Kuryla’s vehicles. Thus, the testimony given by Brown and
White was totally inconsistent with the testimony given by Cory and Sara Kuryla — not
on the question of how many beers Geisinger drank in these witnesses’ presence (two),
but on the issue of where, and with whom, Geisinger spent the afternoon, and also on the
issue of whether Geisinger was already intoxicated before these witnesses had contact
with him.
               Nevertheless, wherever Geisinger may have spent those five hours, it was
undisputed that Geisinger arrived at the Hideout Lounge at around 4:00 in the afternoon,
where he drank another two beers and ate some food. Geisinger left the Hideout Lounge
shortly after 5:00 p.m. and started driving home on Chena Hot Springs Road. The
collision occurred about fifteen minutes later.

                                          – 43 –                                     2707
              These facts were undisputed because Geisinger’s presence and activities at
the Hideout Lounge were captured on the bar’s interior surveillance video.
              One of the people sitting at the same table as Geisinger, Don Bradley,
testified that even though he did not have much interaction with Geisinger, he did not
think that Geisinger was drunk.
              Another person sitting at that table, Kisha Zangger, testified that even
though she, too, did not have much interaction with Geisinger, she only saw him drink
one beer, and she did not think at the time that he was intoxicated. However, after
reviewing the surveillance video, Zangger testified that she now suspected that Geisinger
might have been intoxicated because, “at one point, it seemed like he almost fell asleep.”
              Two people who came into close contact with Geisinger about a half hour
later, shortly after the collision occurred, testified that there was no odor of alcohol about
him.
              Finally, another of Geisinger’s friends, Jennifer Davis, testified that
Geisinger called her after the collision, at around 10:00 p.m., while he was hiding from
the state troopers. In this conversation, Geisinger told Davis that he had had “a few
beers”, but that he wasn’t drunk. However, Davis noted that Geisinger was not speaking
in a normal tone, that his speech was rather slow, and that he was “obviously freaked
out”.
              When Davis was asked if Geisinger sounded drunk, Davis testified that she
knew how Geisinger talked when he was drunk, and that, in their phone conversation,
Geisinger sounded like he had been drinking. “But,” Davis noted, “[Geisinger] was
missing some teeth [from the accident].”
              The most significant aspect of all this testimony is that no witness, either
for the government or the defense, testified that they saw Geisinger drinking a quantity
of alcoholic beverages that would make a person intoxicated.

                                           – 44 –                                        2707
              Bryce Brown and Cale White, who claimed to have been with Geisinger at
his trailer that afternoon, said that Geisinger drank only two beers in their presence over
the course of two to three hours. Cory and Sara Kuryla, who claimed that Geisinger
spent the entire afternoon at their apartment, said that Geisinger drank only two beers in
their presence over the course of almost five hours.
              In other words, regardless of which pair of witnesses the jury believed,
these pairs of witnesses agreed that Geisinger only drank two beers in their presence.
And the video of Geisinger’s visit to the Hideout Lounge from 4:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m.
showed that he drank only two more beers — making a total of four, regardless of
whether the jury believed Brown and White or, instead, Cory and Sara Kuryla.
              Where the testimony crucially diverged was on the issue of how intoxicated
(or how sober) Geisinger was before he came into contact with these witnesses. Brown
and White testified that Geisinger was obviously intoxicated when they first arrived at
his trailer around noon. Cory and Sara Kuryla, on the other hand, testified that Geisinger
was clearly sober when he arrived at their apartment at 11:00 a.m., and that he remained
that way throughout the afternoon.

          (b) The expert testimony presented at the post-conviction relief
          evidentiary hearing relating to Geisinger’s likely blood alcohol level

              To support the claim that Geisinger’s trial attorney was incompetent for
failing to present expert testimony regarding Geisinger’s blood alcohol level at the time
of the collision, Geisinger’s post-conviction relief attorneys presented the testimony of
retired police officer Donald Mann. Mann had received advanced training on how to use
alcohol absorption and dissipation rates to calculate a person’s likely blood alcohol level,

                                          – 45 –                                       2707
based on the person’s consumption of a particular quantity of alcoholic beverages over
a given period of time.
              At the post-conviction relief evidentiary hearing, Mann testified that he had
reviewed the transcript of Geisinger’s criminal trial, as well as the surveillance video
from the Hideout Lounge. Based on his review of the trial evidence, Mann asserted that
Geisinger had consumed no more than six beers over the course of the five or six hours
before the collision.
              (Mann’s count of six beers was mistakenly high: it appears that Mann
erroneously added together the two beers that Bryce Brown and Cale White described
and the two beers that Cory and Sara Kuryla described. As we explained in the
preceding section, these two pairs of witnesses offered competing narratives of how and
where Geisinger spent that afternoon. Either Geisinger drank two beers in Brown and
White’s presence when they visited him at his trailer that afternoon, or Geisinger drank
two beers in the Kurylas’ presence when he spent the afternoon at the Kurylas’ apartment
— but not both. Thus, even including the two beers that Geisinger drank at the Hideout
Lounge, the trial evidence showed that Geisinger drank no more than four beers in
anyone’s presence over the course of the relevant five and a half hours.)
              In any event, Mann testified that, given the normal rates of alcohol
absorption and dissipation in a male of Geisinger’s size, any alcohol in the beers that
Geisinger drank before he arrived at the Hideout Lounge would have been eliminated
from Geisinger’s system by the time of the collision. The only alcohol in Geisinger’s
system would have been the alcohol in the two beers that Geisinger drank at the Hideout
Lounge. And according to Mann’s calculation, Geisinger’s blood alcohol level from
these two beers might have been .014 percent or lower, and could not have been greater
than .032 percent.

                                          – 46 –                                      2707
               Because Mann’s calculation of Geisinger’s blood alcohol level was
apparently at odds with any assertion that Geisinger was under the influence of alcohol
at the time of the collision, Geisinger’s post-conviction relief attorneys asserted that
Geisinger’s trial attorney, Spiers, was incompetent for failing to seek out an expert
witness like Mann and present this expert testimony.

            (c) The explanatory testimony offered by Geisinger’s trial attorney,
            Spiers

               When Spiers was asked why he failed to present expert testimony to show
that Geisinger’s blood alcohol level at the time of the collision was likely quite low,
Spiers testified that he made a conscious tactical decision to “stay away from that
[issue]”.
               Spiers explained that his decision was prompted by his consultation with
an accident reconstruction expert — an expert who Spiers ultimately chose not to call at
Geisinger’s trial, because the expert’s conclusions were so harmful to Geisinger’s
defense.
               The accident reconstruction expert told Spiers that, most likely, Geisinger
had deliberately rammed his truck into the back of the parked car. Thus, Spiers viewed
the evidence of Geisinger’s potential intoxication as favorable evidence for the defense
— since it offered some explanation for Geisinger’s behavior short of an intent to kill or
a deliberate indifference to the value of human life. As Spiers explained:

                      I didn’t want to attack the idea or the notion that
               [Geisinger] was under the influence ... . He’s seen to drive
               pretty much like a maniac, and then run into the back end of
               a [parked] car ... at 55 miles an hour to 60 miles an hour,
               without doing anything to avoid it. ... So let’s say that

                                          – 47 –                                     2707
              Mr. Geisinger was not intoxicated. What does that mean?
              And what does it mean in terms of sentencing? ...

                     This is where I take issue with the idea of attacking the
              DUI [charge]. It’s somewhat of a benefit to Mr. Geisinger
              for [the judge and jury] to believe that he was under the
              influence of alcohol — because, if he wasn’t, my God, where
              does that leave you?
                     . . .

                    I was told by my own expert to be very, very careful
              about how I approached that subject.

              Spiers acknowledged that he had called several witnesses to testify that
Geisinger had not been drinking that much, and that he did not seem to be intoxicated.
Spiers further acknowledged that, at the end of the trial, he argued that Geisinger could
not have been impaired for purposes of the DUI statute because he had drunk only a few
beers over the course of five or six hours.
              But when Spiers was asked whether it would have been better to support
that argument with expert testimony, Spiers replied that he “still would not call an
expert” — that he “didn’t want to call an expert then, [and] wouldn’t call an expert now.”
Spiers explained that he was convinced that Geisinger was inevitably going to be
convicted of some level of criminal homicide and assault — and that, given the
inevitability of conviction, it was especially important that the sentencing judge, at least,
believed that Geisinger had been intoxicated.
              Spiers therefore tried to walk a fine line — arguing to the jury that
Geisinger was not impaired for purposes of the DUI statute while, at the same time,
refraining from offering so much evidence of sobriety that the sentencing judge would
become convinced that intoxication had nothing to do with the collision.

                                           – 48 –                                       2707
            (d) The testimony offered by Geisinger’s attorney expert witness

               At the evidentiary hearing, Geisinger’s post-conviction relief attorneys
called another expert witness, attorney Karla Taylor-Welch. In her testimony, Taylor-
Welch echoed Spiers’s assessment that, because of the uncontradicted evidence of
Geisinger’s dangerous driving, it was inevitable that the jury would find Geisinger guilty
of criminal homicide and assault — although Taylor-Welch thought there was a realistic
possibility that Geisinger might be found guilty of lesser degrees of these offenses.
               Taylor-Welch declared that she viewed the DUI charge — a misdemeanor
offense — as “almost a secondary issue” in Geisinger’s case. According to Taylor-
Welch, the manslaughter charge was the “big issue” related to Geisinger’s intoxication
— because “when you have somebody [who] the State can prove is intoxicated, it makes
their [manslaughter] case a whole lot stronger”. Based on this view of the case, Taylor-
Welch believed that if Geisinger’s trial attorney had been “able to negate intoxication”,
this would have been crucially important — not because it would defeat the DUI charge,
but rather because it would “at least open[] the door for the argument that [Geisinger’s
offense] was something less than manslaughter” — i.e., that it was criminally negligent
homicide.
               (But as Spiers explained in his testimony, he saw Taylor-Welch’s proposed
litigation strategy as presenting an especial danger for Geisinger: the danger that, given
the evidence in Geisinger’s case, if Spiers presented evidence that totally negated
intoxication as an explanation for the collision, the remaining explanations were
substantially worse for Geisinger.)

                                          – 49 –                                     2707
          (e) The superior court’s ruling on this issue

             After hearing this testimony, the superior court concluded that Spiers acted
incompetently when he chose not to present expert testimony (in the form of blood
alcohol analysis) to establish that Geisinger was not intoxicated.
             The superior court acknowledged that Spiers had consciously decided not
to present the expert testimony because “he wanted the jury to believe that Geisinger was
impaired”. The court then noted that, “although Mr. Spiers felt that it was important that
the jury believe that Geisinger was impaired, he nevertheless argued in closing that
Geisinger was not impaired at the time of the collision. He additionally cross-examined
witnesses in a way that would tend to establish that Geisinger was not impaired.”
             On this record, the superior court concluded that “[Spiers’s] decision to
argue against impairment while simultaneously attempting to convince the jury that
Geisinger was impaired (by not seeking out an expert) was not a reasonable tactical
decision.” (Emphasis in the original) In other words, the superior court ruled that Spiers
acted incompetently when he failed to present expert testimony (like Mann’s) regarding
Geisinger’s likely blood alcohol level at the time of the collision.

          (f) Why we reverse the superior court’s decision

             We reverse the superior court’s decision because, even if Spiers acted
unreasonably when he decided not to present expert testimony like Mann’s, the record
shows that Mann’s blood alcohol analysis could not reasonably have had any influence
on the jury’s decision.
             As we have already pointed out, no witness (nor any combination of
witnesses) claimed to have observed Geisinger drink a quantity of alcohol that could

                                          – 50 –                                     2707
reasonably be expected to impair him. The total number of beers observed by all
witnesses was only four, and those four beers were consumed over the course of the
entire afternoon (five to six hours). No reasonable juror would have concluded that
Geisinger was impaired from drinking four beers over the course of five or six hours.
              There was, however, other evidence suggesting that Geisinger had
consumed enough alcohol to render him impaired. This was Bryce Brown’s and Cale
White’s testimony describing their interaction with Geisinger on the afternoon of the
collision, when they went to Geisinger’s trailer to inquire about purchasing his
motorcycle.
              According to Brown and White, Geisinger boasted to them that he had been
out all night the evening before, and that he had spent $300 on liquor and beer. The two
men further testified that Geisinger was already quite intoxicated when they arrived at
his trailer, around noon on the day of the collision. Brown and White described how,
when Geisinger decided to show them how his motorcycle performed, Geisinger drove
the motorcycle into a ditch — and then, after extricating the motorcycle from the ditch,
Geisinger drove his motorcycle down Chena Hot Springs Road at speeds of close to
90 miles an hour, wearing no helmet or eye protection. According to Brown, Geisinger
was staggering, he was boisterous, he slurred his words, and he kept repeating himself.
              Brown and White testified that they left Geisinger’s trailer sometime
between 2:30 and 3:00 p.m. It was undisputed that Geisinger arrived at the Hideout
Lounge at 4:00 p.m., that he drank two beers there, and that he left the Hideout Lounge
shortly after 5:00 p.m. The collision occurred about fifteen minutes later.
              When Mann performed his blood alcohol calculation, he ignored Brown
and White’s testimony about Geisinger’s pre-existing state of intoxication when the two
men arrived at Geisinger’s trailer at noon. Rather, when Mann calculated Geisinger’s
likely blood alcohol level at the time of the collision, he assumed that there had been

                                         – 51 –                                    2707
no alcohol in Geisinger’s system before Geisinger started drinking the beers that he
drank in the presence of the trial witnesses.
              Mann’s blood alcohol calculation, which was based solely on Geisinger’s
observed consumption of four beers, would have had little relevance if the jury believed
Brown and White’s testimony that Geisinger had already been drinking heavily, and was
obviously quite intoxicated, when the two men visited his trailer earlier in the afternoon
on the day of the collision.
              On the other hand, Mann’s blood alcohol calculation would have been
unnecessary if the jury rejected Brown and White’s testimony in favor of the version of
events offered by the Kurylas: that Geisinger was with the Kurylas at their apartment all
afternoon (and not at his trailer, as Brown and White claimed), that Geisinger was sober
when he arrived at the Kurylas’ apartment, that Geisinger drank only two beers between
his arrival at 11:00 a.m. and his departure at 4:00 p.m., and that Geisinger never gave any
indication that he was intoxicated during all that time.
              We therefore reverse the superior court’s ruling that Spiers was
incompetent for failing to present this kind of expert testimony.

       Conclusion

              For the reasons explained in this opinion, we AFFIRM those instances
where the superior court rejected Geisinger’s claims for post-conviction relief, and we
REVERSE those instances where the superior court granted Geisinger’s claims for relief.
In other words, the superior court should have denied Geisinger’s petition for post-
conviction relief in its entirety.

                                          – 52 –                                      2707