Court Opinion

ID: 819249
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-02-05 02:36:38.053982+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:23:32.060856
License: Public Domain

Slip Op. 01 - 147

 UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

                                                :
AVENUES IN LEATHER, INC.,                       :
                                                :
                               Plaintiff,       :
                                                :
                      v.                        :       Before: MUSGRAVE, JUDGE
                                                :
THE UNITED STATES,                              :       Court No. 99-09-00603
                                                :
                               Defendant.       :
                                                :

[On classification of “Presentation Calcu-Folios,” judgment for defendant.]

                                                                        Decided: December 13, 2001

       Fitch, King and Caffentzis, New York, New York (James Caffentzis), for the plaintiff.

        Robert D. McCallum, Jr., Assistant Attorney General; Joseph I. Liebman, Attorney-in-
Charge, International Trade Field Office, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, United
States Department of Justice, (Amy M. Rubin); Yelena Slepak, Attorney, Office of the Assistant Chief
Counsel, International Trade Litigation, U.S. Customs Service, of counsel, for the defendant.

                                               OPINION

       Plaintiff Avenues in Leather, Inc. (“Avenues”) invokes this Court’s jurisdiction under 28

U.S.C. § 1581(a) to determine the correct classification of style numbers 3532 and 3533

“Presentation Calcu-Folios” entered at the Port of New York in 1997. The defendant United States

Customs Service (“Customs”) moves for summary judgment, arguing that the merchandise at bar

is substantially identical to that considered in Avenues in Leather, Inc. v. United States, 22 CIT 404,

11 F. Supp.2d 719 (1998) (“Avenues I”), aff’d 178 F.3d 1241 (Fed. Cir. 1999) (“Avenues II”). For

the reasons set forth herein judgment is awarded in favor of Customs.
Court No. 99-09-00603                                                                         Page 2

                                                  I

       The imported articles are : (1) zippered on three sides; (2) measure 13 1/2 inches in height

by 11 1/2 inches in width by 1 1/2 inches in depth when closed; (3) have one exterior open flat

pocket; (4) have a single padded carrying handle fitted to the exterior spine; (5) are constructed of

paperboard covered plastic foam and a vinyl/plastic exterior and interior; (6) contain a three-ring

metal binder in the interior that is permanently affixed to the spine; (7) have a horizontal sleeve in

the interior right side, into which has been placed a cardboard backed 3-hole lined pad of paper

measuring 8 1/2 inches by 11 inches; and (8) contain in the interior left side an open flap pocket on

top of which are a zippered pocket, one large slot of approximately 11 3/4 inches in length by 4 1/4

inches in height, two smaller slots sized to hold computer disks, two loops for writing instruments,

and a permanently attached calculator measuring 3 inches in width by 5 1/2 inches in height. See

Def.’s Statement of Material Facts As To Which There Are no Genuine Issues To Be Tried ¶ 4

(“Def.’s Statement”). Counsel for Customs state they have not reviewed a sample of style 3532 or

the packaging or tags with which the merchandise was imported, however counsel argues that

according to the complaint in this action, all of the merchandise in issue possess the same features.

See Def.’s Mem. in Supp. of Mot. for Summ. J. (“Def.’s Mem.”) Exhibit A (sample style 3533).

       The entries were classified by Customs under subheading 4202.12.20, Harmonized Tariff

Schedules of the United States (“HTSUS”), which provides as follows:

               4202: Trunks suitcases, vanity cases, attache cases, briefcases, school
                     satchels, spectacle cases, binocular cases, camera cases, musical
                     instruments cases, gun cases, holsters and similar containers;
                     traveling bags, toiletry bags, knapsacks and backpacks, handbags,
                     shopping bags, wallets, purses, map cases, cigarette cases, tobacco
                     pouches, tool bags, sports bags, bottle cases, jewelry boxes, powder
Court No. 99-09-00603                                                                                         Page 3

                       cases, cutlery cases and similar containers, of leather or of
                       composition material, of sheeting of plastics, of textile materials, of
                       vulcanized fiber or of paper board, or wholly or mainly covered with
                       such materials or with paper:

                               Trunks, suitcases, vanity cases, attache cases, briefcases,
                               school satchels and similar containers

               4202.12                With outer surface of plastics or of textile materials

               4202.12.20                     With outer surface plastics. . . . . . . . . . 20%

       Avenues claims that its merchandise is properly classifiable as binders under subheading

4820.30.00, HTSUS, which provides as follows:

               4820:           Registers, account books, notebooks, order books, receipt
                               books, letter pads, memorandum pads, diaries and similar
                               articles, exercise books, blotting pads, binders (looseleaf and
                               other), folders, file covers, manifold business forms,
                               interleaved carbon sets and other articles of stationary, of
                               paper or paperboard, albums for samples or for collections,
                               and book covers (including cover boards and book jackets) of
                               paper or paperboard):

               4820.30.00                     binders (other than book covers), folders and
                                              file covers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2%1

See Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Def.’s Mot for Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Mem”).

       Customs argues summary adjudication of this matter is appropriate because there are no

factual disputes regarding the construction, features, or general purpose of the subject imported

articles, and only legal issues remain, i.e. determining the scope of any potentially relevant tariff

       1
        In Avenues I, the claim was that imported merchandise was classifiable under 4820.10.20,
HTSUS, which provides for “Registers, account books, notebooks, order books, receipt books, letter
pads, memorandum pads, diaries and similar articles: . . . Diaries, notebooks and address books,
bound; memorandum pads, letter pads and similar articles . . . 3.2%.”
Court No. 99-09-00603                                                                         Page 4

provisions. Except for the calculator, Customs notes that the dimensions and features of the

Presentation Calcu-Folios at bar are “very similar” to three of the four styles of importations

previously considered in Avenues I. See 22 CIT at 406-407, 11 F. Supp.2d at 722.

       Rule 1 of the General Rules of Interpretation, HTSUS (“GRI”), states that “for legal

purposes, classification shall be determined according to the terms of the headings and any relevant

section or chapter notes” and therefore Customs argues that before subheadings may be examined,

GRI 1 requires an initial determination on which heading encompasses the article. In heading 4820

the drafters used the general terms “similar articles” and “other articles of stationary” to group the

various exemplars into three distinct categories: (1) “articles” such as registers, account books,

notebooks, order books, receipt books, letter pads, memorandum pads, and diaries; (2) “articles of

stationary” such as exercise books, blotting pads, binders (looseleaf or other), folders, file covers,

manifold business forms, interleaved carbon sets; and (3) albums and book covers. Since the

claimed classification is for “binders,” Customs argues Avenues is necessarily contending that the

Presentation Calcu-Folios are “articles of stationary.” Customs argues that the “many other features”

of the imported articles “do not immediately suggest a connection to writing” and therefore when

viewed in their entirety do not constitute articles of stationary. Def.’s Mem at 16. By contrast,

classification under heading 4202 was correct, Customs argues, because heading 4202 encompasses

attache or brief cases and “similar containers” designed to carry business or other documents together

with additional items such as pens, compact or floppy discs, an address book, and so forth.

Therefore, Customs argues headnote 4202 best describes the articles at bar. Furthermore, Customs

notes that Note 1(h) to Chapter 48, HTSUS, states: “this chapter does not cover: Articles of heading
Court No. 99-09-00603                                                                                 Page 5

4202 (for example travel goods).” According to Customs, neither Chapter 42 nor Heading 4202

elucidates similar exclusions for articles described under Chapter 48 so therefore Avenues’ claimed

classification must fail because the doctrine of relative specificity is inapplicable. Customs lastly

argues that even if the Court determines that heading 4202 does not encompass the merchandise at

issue, this matter may be resolved simply by determining the meaning and scope of the term

“binders” in the claimed provision, a matter of legal construction, and trial is therefore unnecessary.

       Avenues opposes summary judgment on the ground that it is conclusory to assume the

imported merchandise is “very similar” to that considered in Avenues I. Avenues argues it can prove

at trial that the primary purpose of the subject merchandise is different from the “containers”

described by heading 4202, and in support of its opposition Avenues submits the affidavit of Otniel

Shor, the designer of the imported Presentation Calcu-Folios and also of “containers” of the type

covered by heading 4202. Mr. Shor avers the following:

                                                ***

               6. Each of the subject articles is designed as a DIRECT office assistant. That
               is to say, the user utilizes the feature in the article by indirect interaction with
               such features in the article – for example, by writing on the note-pad, by
               using the built-in calculator and by inserting papers in the spring loaded 3-
               ring binder.

               7. The subject articles are not designed to hold small books, newspapers or
               similar items. Placing such items in Zippered Ring Binder/Pad Holders
               would be completely out of the norm and would diminish the articles
               intended utility and purpose. It would certainly cause strain on their structure
               and eventually ruin and render them useless.

               8. Avenues . . . distributes the imported subject articles to national office
               supply retailers such as Staples, OfficeMax and Office Depot.
Court No. 99-09-00603                                                                              Page 6

              9. Avenues . . . also imports and distributes carrying cases that belong to the
              industry product class known as Attache Cases, Briefcases, and similar cases
              (hereinafter “Cases”) all of which I also design.

              10. Cases are designed with a distinctive holding capacity to carry and
              transport miscellaneous personal and office paraphernalia. The holding
              capacity of Cases is made in such a way to also permit the carrying of
              Executive Accessories such as the Zippered Ring Binder/Pad Holders in issue
              within them. Therefore, the designated use of Cases is fundamentally
              different from the articles in issue.

              11. In my 25 years of experience in this industry, I have yet to come across
              a Case that has any of the following: a bound spring loaded 3-ring binder, a
              built-in calculator, or a slip-in note pad.

              12. The inclusion of a bound 3-ring binder, a built-in calculator, or a slip-in
              note-pad in Cases would be inconsistent with the purpose and design of
              Cases, which is to organize, store, protect or carry various and sundry articles,
              for business and/or travel.

              13. Cases are not dedicated to the organization and carrying of business and
              personal papers such as loose-leaf papers

              14. Avenues . . . distributes Cases to national office supply retailers such as
              Staples, OfficeMax and Office Depot.

              15. In such retail stores, Cases are sold in an area specifically designated
              only for Cases. Likewise, the articles in issue are merchandised in a separate
              area in the stores specifically designated for such articles.

              16. Cases do not compete with the articles in issue

              17. I am familiar with the articles provided for in Heading 4202 of the
              [HTSUS] and am prepared to testify that the essential character or purpose
              of the articles in issue is different from that of the articles described therein.

                                              ***

Pl.’s Mem. (attachment).
Court No. 99-09-00603                                                                          Page 7

       Avenues argues that the use of the Presentation Calcu-Folios is analogous to the use of the

loose-leaf day planners considered in Mead Corporation v. United States, 185 F.3d 1304 (Fed. Cir.

1999) vacated and remanded, 533 U.S. 218 (2001), which the Court of Appeals for the Federal

Circuit (“CAFC”) opined were neither “diaries” nor “bound” within the meaning of the tariff item

4820.10.20.2 Pl.’s Resp. at 3-4. Avenues contends it should be afforded the opportunity to present

evidence to establish that Presentation Calcu-Folios, like the “containers” in Mead, are not “similar

to” the containers of Heading 4202. Avenues submits that if the Court were to accept this

proposition, Note 1(h) to Chapter 48 would not preclude consideration of its claim, and it further

contends that to the extent the Avenues courts relied on the “more than” doctrine, JVC Company of

America, Division of US JVC Corp. v. United States, 234 F.3d 1348 (Fed. Cir. 2000) now controls.

       Customs replies that Avenues offers no proof that the merchandise at bar is not very similar

to the merchandise at issue in Avenues I, the government’s statement of undisputed facts here, and

Avenues admission as to each element thereof. As additional support, attached to Customs’ reply

are certain portions of Otniel Shor’s deposition relating to Avenues I and certain other declarations.

See Def.’s Statement; Pl.’s Resp. to Def’s Statement. Avenues moves to strike the attachments,

arguing that Shor’s prior deposition would only be admissible for impeachment and that the other

declarations do not relate to the merchandise at bar.

       2
           Mead Corporation v. United States, 22 CIT 707, 17 F.Supp.2d 1004 (1998), affirmed
Customs’ classification of certain imported day planners as bound diaries under 4820.10.40. The
CAFC found the day planners properly classifiable under 4820.10.40 as other diaries and similar
articles. The Supreme Court granted certiorari to the CAFC’s reversal of that decision, and vacated
and remanded to the CAFC, albeit in order to afford the CAFC the opportunity to apply Skidmore
deference to the specific ruling letter at issue. Briefing has just begun on that matter on remand, but
vacatur effects judgments, see 28 U.S.C. § 2106, therefore the appellate rationale is of some moment.
Court No. 99-09-00603                                                                          Page 8

                                                  II

       Summary judgment is appropriate if “there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and

. . . the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” CIT Rule 56(c); Anderson v. Liberty

Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247 (1986). All reasonable inferences are to be resolved against the party

whose motion is under consideration. McKay v. United States, 199 F.3d 1376, 1380 (Fed.Cir.1999).

       The motion to strike the attachments to Customs’ reply is denied since they were submitted

as part of the public record of Avenues I. The Court also finds the merchandise at bar substantially

the same as that considered therein. Avenues is not estopped from presenting evidence and

relitigating a prior decision upholding the identical classification of similar merchandise, United

States v. Stone & Downer, 274 U.S. 225 (1927), but judgment for the government is required unless

it can be shown that Avenues I was “clearly erroneous.” Schott Optical Glass Inc. v. United States,

750 F.2d 62 (Fed. Cir. 1984). Examining Defendant’s Exhibit A and all relevant papers in a light

most favorable to the non-moving party, the Court concludes that Avenues has not overcome its

burden. The factual observation in Mead to which counsel directs attention does not compel the

conclusion that the imported articles are not “similar to” the broad eo nomine heading of 4202, and

Avenues does not offer additional evidence beyond the assertion that Mr. Shor’s testimony would

offer “facts[ ] additional to or different than those found by the [CIT] in Avenues I.” Pl.’s Mem at

2. If the extent of Avenues’ case-in-chief is testimony that Presentation Calcu-Folios are designed

for a specific use, are capable of “containing” just so much, and are sold in distinct areas of retail

stores apart from “Cases” (as defined by Avenues), that is an insufficient basis for concluding that

Avenues I does not control, was clearly erroneous, or that JVC, supra, overturns.
Court No. 99-09-00603                                                                    Page 9

                                       CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the Court concludes that entry of summary judgment in favor of

the government is appropriate. Judgment will enter accordingly.

                                              ________________________________________
                                                    R. KENTON MUSGRAVE, JUDGE

Dated: December 13, 2001
       New York, New York