Court Opinion

ID: 9607152
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-22 02:55:52.607319+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:02:37.340660
License: Public Domain

Lewis, Justice
(dissenting) :
Being of the view that the judgment below should be affirmed, I most respectfully dissent. The claimant-employee went to work at his father’s place of business on the afternoon of Wednesday, March 25, 1970, and as of the morning of March 26 was ordered placed on the regular payroll of the father’s business for the remainder of the son’s vacation period. In the early afternoon of March 26, when about the business of the employer, both father and son were seriously injured in an automobile accident; tire injuries to the son requiring quite extensive and expensive medical treatment.
For at least two years prior to March, 1970 the son from time to time was employed in and about the father’s business when not in school. On occasion he was paid by business check, but on other occasions the father paid the son in cash and made no record thereof. Inferentially, the latter was particularly true when the son had only worked several *83hours. Admittedly, and as stipulated, the past employment relationship was quite flexible, such relationship having commenced when the son was only 14 years of age. The father testified, however, that in view of the son’s interest in working in the business and his attained age in 1970, he contemplated that his son would become a full-time employee during the next summer vacation, but that they had made no definite agreement thereabout.
Apparently this Court has had occasion to consider or discuss what constituted a “casual employee” within the meaning of our Workmen’s Compensation Act in only four cases, to wit: Ward v. Ocean Forest Club, Inc., 188 S. C. 233, 198 S. E. 385; Jolly v. Atlantic Greyhound Corp., 207 S. C. 1, 35 S. E. (2d) 42; Benbow v. Edmunds High School, 220 S. C. 363, 67 S. E. (2d) 680; and DeBerry v. Coker Freight Lines, 234 S. C. 304, 108 S. E. (2d) 114. In the DeBerry case the three earlier, cited decisions were summarized and reviewed.
Due to differences in statutory language and the construction thereof in the various jurisdictions, decisions from other jurisdictions are not particularly helpful in determining just what constitutes a “casual employee” within the meaning of our act, Contrary to the conclusion reached by this Court in the Jolly case, it would appear that most jurisdictions apply the exemption with respect to a casual employee only when the employment is both casual and outside the usual business of the employer. Larson’s Workmen’s Compensation Law, Section 51. Apropos of the difficulty encountered in defining the term “casual employee”, in the absence of a statutory definition of that term, I quote the following language from Larson’s,
“In a few instances, an arbitrary statutory test of ‘casual’ employment is supplied, but in the great majority of jurisdictions, the courts have been expected to evolve a workable formula from this single ambiguous word. It is not surprising that the results have been less than satisfactory, and that *84several of the major compensation law states have taken the lead in deliberately eliminating the exclusion.”
None of the cited South Carolina decisions is precisely in point factually with the instant case, but I conclude that the latest thereof, DeBerry, is more nearly in point both factually and in principle than any of the others. Both Jolly and Benbow, strongly relied upon by the appellants, are clearly distinguishable on the facts. In both Ward and Jolly it was recognized that the adjective “casual”, in the absence of a statutory definition of the term, should be given the meaning of the usual and ordinary definition of that work by the lexicographers. In Ward we quoted from Webster the definition of “casual” as “happening without design and unexpectedly, coming without regularity, occasional.” In Jolly we quoted the definition of “casual” from Webster’s New International Dictionary Second Edition, 1939, as follows: “Happening or coming to pass without design, and without being foreseen or expected; coming by chance; coming without regularity; occasional; accidental.”
In Webster’s Third New International Dictionary, 1961, the adjective “casual” is defined as follows: “1 a: Subject to or producéd as a result of chance, b: occurring, appearing or singled out by chance or without calculated intent; without specific motivation, special interest, or constant purpose, c: without foresight, plan or method; not considered.”
In the Ward case, the Court quoted with approval the following from an annotation in 33 A. L. R. 1453,
“An employment is not rendered casual because it is not for any specified length of time, or because the injury occurs shortly after the employee begins work. Industrial Commission v. Funk, 1920, 68 Colo. 467, 191 P. 125. Nor does the fact that an injured employee was hurt upon the first day of his employment afford a test to determine whether his employment was casual. Doherty v. Grosse Isle Twp., 1919, 205 Mich. 592, 172 N. W. 596.”
*85In the DeBerry case the claimant was employed by one, Jordan, as a truck driver. Jordan as owner of a truck leased both the truck and the driver, DeBerry, to Coker for the purpose of transporting a load of plywood from Sumter, South Carolina to Lodi, New Jersey, and other points. The driver was injured while unloading plywood in Lodi, New Jersey. Contrary to the contention of Coker, this Court held that DeBerry was an employee of Coker; that he was not a casual employee and was entitled to compensation. We quote the following pertinent language from the opinion in DeBerry.
“The respondent, pursuant to an agreement, drove a truck to transport goods, which was in the course of the trade and business of Coker Freight Lines, Inc. His employment did not happen by chance or accident. It was the result of an agreement between the parties to perform a part of the regular service and business of Coker. The fact that the respondent was injured shortly after his employment began does not make him a casual employee.
“We think that the Industrial Commission and the trial Judge were correct in holding that the respondent was not a casual employee of Coker Freight Lines, Inc. If we had any doubt, which we do not, that the respondent was within the coverage of the Compensation Act, in order to effectuate the basic purpose of said act, we must resolve that doubt in favor of the respondent and find that he is covered by the said act. Doubt as to whether an employee is covered by the said act must be resolved in favor of coverage rather than exclusion. Ham v. Mullins Lumber Company, 193 S. C. 66, 7 S. E. (2d) 712; Adams v. Davison-Paxon Company, 230 S. C. 532, 96 S. E. (2d) 566.”
Here, as in DeBerry, the employment was for. a relatively brief period of time, but such did not happen by chance or accident. As in DeBerry it was the result of an agreement between the parties to perform services in the regular business of the employer and the fact that the claimant was in*86ju red shortly after his employment began does not make him a casual employee within the meaning of the act. Here as in DeBerry any doubt as to coverage has to be resolved in favor of coverage.
Admittedly there are definitions of the word “casual”, both dictionary and judicial, which if applied to the facts of this case would lead to excluding claimant from coverage. At the same time there are the usual and well accepted definitions of that term, both dictionary and judicial which, if applied, would result in a holding of coverage as is clearly demonstrated by the opinion of Mr. Justice Moss, now Chief Justice, in the DeBerry case. To avoid confusion on the part of the commission, the trial bench and the bar this Court should be consistent as to which definition or definitions of the word “casual” should be applied in determining whether a particular employee is a casual one.
Under the well established rule that any doubt as to coverage has to be resolved in favor of coverage rather than exclusion, it seems to me that we are bound to arrive at a conclusion of coverage since, in fact, there are well accepted definitions of the term “casual” which, if applied here, would result in coverage. The definition of the word “casual” most commonly accepted by lexicographers and others, briefly and simply stated, is that which occurs by chance or accident. Such is the primary definition. While our decisions have recognized the existence of other and secondary definitions, we have not till now, rejected the primary and most commonly accepted definitions, and resorted to a secondary one to arrive at an exclusion from coverage.
While no two cases are precisely alike I conclude that the rationale of the DeBerry case is controlling here and that there was no error on the part of the Industrial Commission, or the circuit judge in holding that the claimant was not a casual employee.
Bussey, J., concurs.