Court Opinion

ID: 4156726
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-03-30 15:13:37.461923+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:29:56.113803
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

SIMON-MILLS II, LLC, ARUNDEL          )
MILLS MEZZANINE GP, L.L.C.,           )
GRAPEVINE MILLS OPERATING             )
COMPANY, L.L.C., CONCORD              )
MILLS MALL GP, L.L.C., KATY           )
MILLS MALL GP, L.L.C.,                )
COLORADO RETAIL                       )
DEVELOPMENT COMPANY, L.L.C.,          )
and DENVER WEST DEVELOPMENT           )
COMPANY, LLC,                         )
                                      )
         Plaintiffs / Counterclaim    )
         Defendants,                  )
                                      )
    v.                                ) C.A. No. 8520-VCG
                                      )
KAN AM USA XVI LIMITED                )
PARTNERSHIP, KAN AM USA XII           )
LIMITED PARTNERSHIP, KAN AM           )
USA XIV LIMITED PARTNERSHIP,          )
KAN AM USA XIX LIMITED                )
PARTNERSHIP, KAN AM USA XVIII         )
LIMITED PARTNERSHIP, KAN AM           )
USA TIER II LIMITED                   )
PARTNERSHIP, KAN AM USA XV            )
LIMITED PARTNERSHIP, KAN AM           )
USA XX LIMITED PARTNERSHIP,           )
and KAN AM USA XVII LIMITED           )
PARTNERSHIP,                          )
                                      )
          Defendants / Counterclaim   )
          Plaintiffs.                 )

                    MEMORANDUM OPINION

                 Date Submitted: December 16, 2016
                   Date Decided: March 30, 2017
Donald J. Wolfe, Jr., Matthew E. Fischer, Timothy R. Dudderar, Berton W. Ashman,
Jr., Matthew F. Davis, J. Matthew Belger, Jacqueline A. Rogers, Elizabeth H. Mellon,
of POTTER ANDERSON & CORROON LLP, Wilmington, Delaware, Attorneys for
Plaintiffs.

Jon E. Abramczyk, Matthew R. Clark, of MORRIS, NICHOLS, ARSHT &
TUNNELL LLP, Wilmington, Delaware; OF COUNSEL: L. Joseph Loveland,
Letitia A. McDonald, Emily Shoemaker Newton, J. Andrew Pratt, of KING &
SPALDING LLP, Atlanta, Georgia, Attorneys for Defendants.

GLASSCOCK, Vice Chancellor
      This post-trial Memorandum Opinion involves interpretation of a series of

contracts. The case presents a cautionary tale of strategic silence, or more charitably

incomplete contractual terms, in structuring and negotiating complex economic

relationships among sophisticated investors. This litigation arises from a series of

Joint Venture Agreements (the “JV Agreements”), the parties to which include the

Plaintiffs (collectively “Simon” or the “Simon Entities”) and the Defendants

(collectively “KanAm” or the “KanAm Entities”). The JV Agreements permit

Simon to purchase KanAm’s interests, at a time and for a price set out in the

Agreements. The parties dispute the consideration that must be tendered in order

for the Plaintiffs to exercise this call provision.        The contract requires that

consideration be paid in units of a specific partnership, Mills Partnership, but Mills

Partnership, and its units (“Mills Units”), are defunct. The issue is whether the

Plaintiffs’ inability to tender Mills Units gives the Defendants an effective veto

power over the contractual call provision. That is, can the Defendants insist on

receiving non-existent units under the contractual language, and thus frustrate

exercise of the call? Or, in the alternative, can the Plaintiffs pursuant to the contracts

and Delaware law effectively tender units similar to Mills Units, and thereby compel

the Defendants to sell under terms to which it did not agree?

      The parties could have, but failed to, address this situation in the contractual

language. My task, now, is to apply the contracts the parties did agree to, consistent

                                            1
with their intent as expressed in those contracts. The difficulty with this task is

exacerbated in that the obligations seeking to be enforced under the JV Agreements

arise out of several different contracts, negotiated at various times going back to the

1990’s, with several different contractual parties involved.

       At first blush, this situation seems to call for an application of the implied

covenant of good faith and fair dealing, which is inherent in every contact. The

implied covenant is inapplicable here, however. Instead, it is my view, developed

through the trial record, that the parties engaged in a strategic game of musical

chairs, dancing around the contractual silence in the hope that the music would stop

at a period of time advantageous to their own purposes. The music has stopped.

       I examined this matter on cross motions for summary judgment, and reached

the conclusion in Simon I1 that a full record was necessary to answer the questions

presented here. The contractual language is clear; under the conditions here, the

Plaintiffs had the right to call the Defendants’ interest in the joint ventures, but unless

the Defendants chose to accept cash, the Plaintiffs could only complete the

transactions by tendering contractually-compliant consideration, which here (with a

single exception) meant Mills Units. Those units were unavailable to the Plaintiffs

from the time it acquired the joint ventures. Thus, although the contract was not

1
 Simon-Mills II, LLC v. Kan Am USA XVI Ltd. P'ship, 2014 WL 4840443 (Del. Ch. Sept. 30,
2014).

                                            2
ambiguous, I required a record to examine whether the parties had a meeting of the

minds that some other consideration could be tendered, or, conversely, as to whether

the call right would be rendered nugatory. The parties have created such a plenary

record.

          The Plaintiffs seek relief on several grounds.        First, they argue that a

contractual agreement was reached, as demonstrated by the record, that units of the

Plaintiffs’ entity (“Simon Units”) replaced Mills Units as tender. I read the record

otherwise. The record makes it abundantly clear that both the Plaintiffs and the

Defendants were aware that, once the Plaintiffs absorbed and dissolved the Mills

Partnership, contractually-compliant Mills Units would become permanently

unavailable. Rather than solve this issue by negotiation, however, both sides, for

what must have been strategic reasons, elected to take their chances with the

contracts as written rather than solve the obvious problem through negotiation.

Having made that choice, the Plaintiffs are stuck with the contractual language, as it

exists.

          Next, the Plaintiffs argue that Simon Units are similar to Mills Units, and thus,

in tendering Simon Units, they have not “materially breached” the contracts. But

such an analysis itself is inapt. Under the contracts, the notice of exercise of the call

                                              3
right is conditioned on an ability to tender the appropriate consideration.2 Since the

Plaintiffs are unable to do so, their notices are voidable under the contracts at issue,

and KanAm has no obligation to perform. In other words, failure to tender Mills

Units is not a “breach,” it simply renders the call ineffective. In any event, while the

Simon Units have many characteristics identical to compliant Mills Units, they have

differences as well. The extent of these differences, and the consequences thereof

to the Defendants, should have been the subject of the negotiation that the parties

eschewed.

       Finally, as already briefly discussed, the Plaintiffs ask me to supply a term to

the contract—substituting Simon Units for Mills Units—under the implied covenant

of good faith and fair dealing. But the implied covenant exists to supply terms that

were not anticipated and not considered by the parties, to avoid frustration of the

intent of those parties. As I have stated, the parties were well aware of the issue, but

declined to address it; the implied covenant is therefore inapplicable.

       For all these reasons, the Plaintiffs’ request to enforce its call right is denied.

       The Defendants, via counterclaim, seek damages.                    They note that the

Plaintiffs, through attempting these calls, triggered contractual duties on the part of

2
  See, e.g., JX0152 § 11.6(e)(iv) (providing that “if at the time of Closing, either party fails to
perform as required, then and in such event the non-breaching party shall have the right to void
the Buy/Sell Notice attributable thereto or to pursue any rights at law or in equity (including
without limitation, instituting a suit for specific performance)”) (emphasis added).
                                                4
the Defendants, which were expensive to comply with. They seek to recover these

expenses, and allege that the unsuccessful call notices breached the parties’

agreements. In giving contractual notice of the exercise of the call, the Plaintiffs did

not breach the Agreements. The Plaintiffs had the right to call, the Defendants had

the right to elect cash or Mills Units. The Defendants elected units; the Plaintiffs are

unable to tender, but this does not itself amount to a breach.

      I have found that the call rights in the JV Agreements require tender of Mills

Units. One JV Agreement in particular tends to prove the rule. In the Orange City

Mills Agreement (but no other JV Agreement), the parties defined “Mills” in such a

way as to include its successor, Simon, and Simon Units are eligible to be

contractually-compliant consideration. With respect to Orange City Mills, the

Plaintiffs may have effectively called the Defendants’ interest. The Plaintiffs argue

that this fact shows the parties must have intended their units to be acceptable tender

in the other agreements as well; to me, in light of the fact that the parties to the

Orange City Mills venture provided for Mills’ successor units to function as tender,

the lack of such a provision in all other joint ventures demonstrates the opposite.

      I note that construing the contracts as written does not work a forfeiture of a

primary interest or destroy value here. The Plaintiffs cannot force the Defendants to

sell their interests for appraised value, but they may negotiate for a sale, or proceed

as they have as joint venturers.

                                           5
       My reasoning follows.

                              I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND

       The following are the facts as I find them following a seven-day trial spanning

over nine hundred exhibits. Below I first describe the necessary background

information underlying this dispute, including importantly the evolution of the

parties’ relationship, before turning to my findings regarding what the extrinsic

evidence at trial showed.

       A. The Parties and Relevant Non-parties3

       The Plaintiffs (and Counterclaim Defendants), the Simon Entities, are a series

of Delaware limited liability companies focused on retail shopping developments.

They are Simon-Mills II, LLC, Arundel Mills Mezzanine GP, L.L.C., Grapevine

Mills Operating Company, L.L.C., Concord Mills Mall GP, L.L.C., Katy Mills Mall

GP, L.L.C., Colorado Retail Development Company, L.L.C., and Denver West

Development Company, LLC. Each Plaintiff is wholly owned, either directly or

indirectly, by Simon Property Group, L.P. (the “Simon Partnership”).4 The Simon

Partnership “owns, develops, and manages retail real estate properties.”5

       The sole general partner of the Simon Partnership is a real estate investment

trust (“REIT”), structured as an umbrella partnership real estate investment trust

3
  Unless the context requires a more specific designation, the Plaintiffs will be referred to as Simon,
and the Defendants as KanAm.
4
  Pretrial Stip. 2, 6 (May 4, 2016).
5
  Id. at 6.
                                                  6
(“UPREIT”), the Simon Property Group, Inc. (“Simon Corp”).6 In addition to being

the sole general partner of the Simon Partnership, all of Simon Corp’s “assets are

owned, directly or indirectly, by its operating partnership, Simon Partnership.” 7

Simon Corp, however, owns a majority interest in Simon Partnership.8 Common

stock of Simon Corp trades on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”).9

       The Defendants (and Counterclaim Plaintiffs), the KanAm Entities, are a

series of nine “closed-end funds, structured as Delaware limited partnerships, with

German investors as limited partners.”10 They are, Kan Am USA XVI Limited

Partnership, Kan Am USA XII Limited Partnership, Kan Am USA XIV Limited

Partnership, Kan Am USA XIX Limited Partnership, Kan Am USA XVIII Limited

Partnership, Kan Am USA Tier II Limited Partnership, Kan Am USA XV Limited

Partnership, Kan Am USA XX Limited Partnership, and Kan Am USA XVII

Limited Partnership.11 The Defendants are an investment vehicle for German

investors to deploy capital in American-based retail-store development projects.12

The KanAm Entities’ investments in America have been managed by James

Braithwaite and Kent Hammond since the 1980’s.13

6
  Id. at 7.
7
  Id.
8
  Id.
9
  Id.
10
   Id.
11
   Id. at 2.
12
   See Trial Tr. 845:6–846:8 (Braithwaite).
13
   See id. at 649:16–650:12 (Braithwaite); id. at 938:10–939:21 (Hammond).
                                              7
       The parties have stipulated that Simon and KanAm hold interests in the

following projects at issue here: Orange City Mills Mezzanine II Limited Partnership

(“Orange City Mills”), Arundel Mills Mezzanine Limited Partnership (“Arundel

Mills”), Grapevine Mills Limited Partnership (“Grapevine Mills”), Concord Mills

Mall Limited Partnership (“Concord Mills”), Katy Mills Mall Limited Partnership

(“Katy Mills”), Mills-Kan Am Colorado Limited Partnership (“Colorado Mills”),

and Mills-Kan Am Denver West, L.P. (“Denver West”) (collectively the “JV

Limited Partnerships”).14        All of the JV Limited Partnerships are “a limited

partnership organized under the laws of the state of Delaware. Each of the JV

Limited Partnerships is governed by a limited partnership agreement” (the “JV

Agreements”).15

       Non-party The Mills Limited Partnership (the “Mills Partnership”)16 and the

Mills Corporation (“Mills Corp” and together with “Mills Partnership,” “Mills”)

were also real estate investment vehicles.17 Mills Corp was a REIT “based in Chevy

Chase, Maryland, which developed, owned, and managed retail real estate

properties.”18 Mills Corp, like Simon Corp, was structured as an UPREIT. 19 Mills

14
   Pretrial Stip. 9.
15
   Id.
16
   Sometimes referred to in the original text of documents as “TMLP.”
17
   Unless context requires a more specific designation Mills Partnership and Mills Corp will simply
be referred to as “Mills.”
18
   Pretrial Stip. 8.
19
   Id.
                                                8
Partnership served as the operating partnership and “directly or indirectly owned all

of Mills” Corp’s assets.20 Mills Corp served as the general partner to, and the

majority owner of Mills Partnership.21 Mills Corp’s “stock formerly traded on the

NYSE.”22 As discussed below, Mills was acquired and ultimately dissolved by a

joint venture of Simon and an unrelated third-party in 2007.

       B. The Evolution of the Parties’ Relationship

               1. Mills Corp’s IPO

       In the mid-1980’s KanAm together with the Western Development

Corporation (“Western”) started developing four “Mills” complexes (not at issue

here) which were envisioned and marketed as a new shopping experience.23 This

shopping “experience” has been referred to as the “Mills Concept” which consisted

of “race track” style retail spaces where pedestrians would come and shop “like

walking down a street.”24 The Mills Concept shopping experience was styled to

include a variety of price points for shoppers and a “larger entertainment component

than you would typically find in a mall.”25 “Between 1983 and 1991, certain Kan

20
   Id.
21
   Id.
22
   Id.
23
   See Trial Tr. 839:7–839:22 (Braithwaite); JX0004 at 5, 8, 13 (advertising certain “Mills” as “The
Next Generation of Retailing”).
24
   See Trial Tr. 842:20–843:20 (Braithwaite); id. at 844:1–844:10 (Braithwaite).
25
   See id. at 467:18–468:17 (Sokolov).
                                                 9
Am limited partnerships provided [Western] with more than $210 million in equity

to finance projects, including the first four ‘Mills’ shopping centers. . . .”26

       The four “Mills Concept” properties that KanAm and Western developed

were contributed to the Mills Partnership at the time of Mills Corp’s 1994 IPO. 27

KanAm held approximately 41% of the outstanding partnership units of the Mills

Partnership at the time of the Mills Corp IPO.28 Mills Corp held a 51.3% interest in

the Mills Partnership at the time of the IPO.29 Additionally, three principals of

KanAm served as directors of Mills Corp from its inception through its financial

problems in the mid-2000’s, and ultimate dissolution: James Braithwaite, Franz von

Perfall, and Dietrich von Boetticher.30 Following the 1994 IPO, the Mills Corp

Board and its shareholders approved a proposal in early 1995 that set out a

framework whereby KanAm could contribute equity to certain projects going

forward as joint ventures with Mills Corp (the “Shareholder Resolution”).31 Mills

Corp Chairman and CEO, Herbert Miller, indicated that KanAm “was a likely party

26
    Pretrial Stip. 7. The four original “Mills” shopping centers, none of which are at issue in this
litigation are Potomac Mills, Franklin Mills, Sawgrass Mills, and Gurnee Mills. See id.
27
   Trial Tr. 839:19–840:14 (Braithwaite); JX0004 at 8–9. See Pretrial Stip. 7–8 (“In 1994, Western
Development and certain Kan Am limited partnerships jointly contributed the four Mills centers
and other projects to The Mills Limited Partnership . . . in conjunction with the creation and
formation of the Mills Corporation . . . , which went public in an IPO.”).
28
   JX0004 at 21.
29
   Id.
30
   Trial Tr. 854:6–16 (Braithwaite).
31
   See JX0011 at 10–11; Pretrial Stip. 9.
                                                10
to supply some of the required capital” due to the then “17-year relationship”

between Mills Corp and its predecessors, and KanAm.32

                2. The Early JV Agreements

        The February 16, 1995 Shareholder Resolution of Mills Corp, discussed

above, provided the “general terms” governing the future Joint Ventures (“JVs”)

between Mills affiliates and KanAm.33 Among various other provisions,34 the

“general terms” provided certain exit mechanisms including that each partner would

have “a right of first refusal to purchase the other’s interest.”35 Importantly, the

solicitation for the Shareholder Resolution provided the consideration for the put and

call rights would include units of the Mills Partnership and stated that:

        either partner will have the right to require the purchase by [Mills
        Partnership] of [KanAm’s] interest in the Partnership after the end of
        the fifth anniversary of the substantial completion of the Project . . . at
        a price to be determined by the amount [KanAm] would receive if the
        Project were sold at its appraised value. . . . The purchase price for
        [KanAm’s] interest may be paid for in any combination of cash or
        [Mills Units] as agreed to by the parties.36

The solicitation indicated that KanAm would “have significant consent rights . . .

which could, in certain cases, prevent [the Mills Partnership] from selling a project

when it wished or operating a project exactly as it desired . . . .”37 Mills Corp

32
   See JX0011 at 1–2.
33
   Pretrial Stip. 9.
34
   Not discussed in detail here as they are less relevant to this litigation.
35
   JX0011 at 12.
36
   Id. (emphasis added).
37
   Id. at 13.
                                                  11
explained that the consents were acceptable because they were not greater than what

similar investors would require, that the parties’ interests were “generally” aligned,

and that if the consent rights became a problem, KanAm could be bought out for

“appraised value once the project is mature.”38

       The consideration required for the put/call of KanAm’s interest was to “be

paid for in any combination of cash or [Mills Units] as agreed to by the parties.”39

Mills Corp was structured as an UPREIT, and the limited partnership units of the

operating partnership, Mills Partnership, were redeemable and could be converted

into publicly traded stock of Mills Corp.40 This consideration structure had benefits

in addition to liquidity; it would permit KanAm to secure non-recognition tax

treatment pursuant to Internal Revenue Code Section 721.41

       In September 1995, KanAm and Mills signed a JV Agreement for Ontario

Mills (not at issue here).42 Prior to execution of that JV Agreement, Simon and Mills

executed an agreement on August 16, 1995, providing the “principal terms and

conditions” for “proposed joint venture” arrangements regarding certain future

projects.43 This marked the beginning of Simon’s involvement in Mills projects.

KanAm and Mills added Simon as a partner to the Ontario Mills JV in December

38
   Id.
39
   Id. at 12 (emphasis added).
40
   See Trial Tr. 15:8–17:12 (Simon).
41
   See, e.g., id. at 941:3–9 (Hammond).
42
   See JX0017.
43
   See JX0014 at 1; Pretrial Stip. 9.
                                          12
1995 following the execution of the original agreement between Mills and KanAm.44

This was the first JV including Simon, Mills, and KanAm.45

       The September 1995 Ontario Mills agreement between Mills and KanAm

provided a buy/sell provision consistent with the February 1995 Mills’ Shareholder

Resolution. Section 11.3 of the Ontario Mills JV Agreement, titled “Buy/Sell

Arrangements of KanAm Partnership Interests” provided that after the project has

been open for five years,46 Mills or KanAm could trigger the buy/sell provisions.47

If Mills exercised the call, KanAm “shall be paid in full in units of limited

partnership in [the Mills Partnership] unless KanAm elects to receive cash.”48 If

KanAm exercised its put the consideration was to be paid in cash, unless Mills

elected to pay in Mills Units.49 Further, the original agreement provided that if

KanAm were to receive Mills Units, those units “shall have the same rights

(including redemption, conversion, registration and anti-dilution protection) as

attached to Units issued in connection with the formation transactions of [the Mills

Partnership].”50 Among other things, this provides that the units would be liquid and

convey tax benefits.

44
   See JX0025.
45
   See Trial Tr. 163:23–164:3 (Barkley).
46
   JX0017 § 11.3(a).
47
   Id. at §§ 11.3(b), 11.3(c).
48
   Id. at § 11.3(d) (emphasis added).
49
   Id.
50
   Id. at § 11.3(f).
                                           13
       The Ontario Mills agreement was amended on December 29, 1995, to add

Simon as a partner.51 Upon Simon joining Ontario Mills, the ownership break down

was as follows: 50% by Mills, 25% by Simon, and 25% by KanAm. 52 The

amendment changed the buy/sell provision’s consideration clause to provide that if

Mills exercised the call, “unless KanAm[] elects to receive cash, the Buy/Sell Price

shall be paid in full as follow: two-thirds (2/3) in units of limited partnership in [the

Mills Partnership] and one-third (1/3) in units of limited partnership in Simon.”53

The amendment added a provision to protect KanAm regarding Simon Units, similar

to that regarding Mills Units in the original agreement. Any Simon Units tendered

to KanAm were required to have “the same rights” as units issued in connection with

the formation of Simon.54         Additionally, the provision governing the buy/sell

requirements was amended to add that any such exchange of units was “intended to

be a tax-free transaction” under Section 721.55

       From the late 1990’s to early 2000’s Simon reviewed each investment

opportunity and elected not to participate in the development of three of the other

projects at issue in this litigation: Katy Mills, Colorado Mills, and Orange City

Mills.56 That is, Mills and certain KanAm parties formed Orange City Mills in 1996,

51
   See JX0025.
52
   See Trial Tr. 374:3–19 (Foxworthy).
53
   JX0025 § 11.3(d).
54
   Id. at § 11.3(f).
55
   Id. at § 11.3(d).
56
   See JX0041; JX0050; JX0089.
                                           14
Katy Mills in 1998, and Colorado Mills in 2001.57                  Simon eschewed initial

investment; as discussed below, Simon’s interests in these three projects arose later,

in 2007, as a result of its acquisition of Mills. The buy/sell provisions of these

projects—Orange City Mills, Katy Mills, and Colorado Mills—never referenced

Simon Units.

       Simon did, however, together with Mills and KanAm, participate in three

other JVs at issue here from their inception: Grapevine Mills, Concord Mills, and

Arundel Mills.58 Each of these projects consisted of two separate agreements; first,

an LLC agreement between the Mills Partnership and the Simon Partnership

governing their relationship (a “Simon-Mills LLC”),59 and second, a JV Agreement

where a Simon-Mills LLC was the managing general partner, and the applicable

KanAm party was a general and limited partner, while the Mills Partnership and the

Simon Partnership were also limited partners.60

       Generally, the JV Agreements in Concord Mills, Grapevine Mills, and

Arundel Mills tracked the amended JV Agreement for Ontario Mills providing

KanAm call-right consideration in both Simon and Mills Units.61 There were,

however, certain differences regarding the buy/sell provisions. Specifically, the

57
   Pretrial Stip. 10.
58
   See JX0027; JX0058; JX0071.
59
   See, e.g., JX0082; JX0063.
60
   See JX0027; JX0058; JX0071.
61
   See, e.g., Trial Tr. 680:5–11 (Braithwaite); id. at 942:24–943:7 (Hammond).
                                              15
three later agreements provided a ten-year lock-out period instead of the five-year

period provided for in Ontario Mills.62 Additionally, the buy/sell consideration

provisions were somewhat different from that in Ontario Mills. First, rather than the

specified two-thirds, one-third unit consideration set out in the Ontario Mills JV, the

new agreements provided that unit consideration would be paid “ratably in

proportion to the ownership interests” based on Simon and the Mills Partnership’s

respective ownership interest.63 Consideration paid in Units remained the default in

the event of a call, but KanAm continued to have the option to elect to be paid in

cash.64 Additionally, KanAm contracted for the right to receive consideration

partially in cash, and partially in units.65 Thus, implicitly, at the time these deals

were struck, in case Mills was bought out by Simon, and then Simon called the

KanAm interest, KanAm had bargained to accept, in that case, only Simon Units as

non-cash consideration.

       If the buy/sell consideration for KanAm’s interest in Concord, Arundel or

Grapevine Mills was to be paid in units, those Simon Units and Mills Units were

required to meet specific requirements.66 As with the agreement governing Ontario

62
   JX0027 § 11.3(a); JX0058 § 11.3(a); JX0074 § 11.3(a).
63
   JX0027 § 11.3(d); JX0058 § 11.3(d); JX0074 § 11.3(d). I note there is evidence in the record
that the parties had at one time planned to amend the Ontario Mills JV to change the fixed
percentage provision to a proportional buy/sell consideration like those in Concord, Grapevine and
Arundel Mills. See JX0024 at 3.
64
   See JX0027 § 11.3(d); JX0058 § 11.3(d); JX0074 § 11.3(d).
65
   See id.
66
   JX0027 § 11.3(f); JX0058 § 11.3(f); JX0074 § 11.3(f).
                                               16
Mills, Mills Units were required to have “substantially the same rights (including

redemption, conversion, registration and anti-dilution protection) as” units issued by

the Mills Partnership at its initial formation.67 Simon Units had to meet a similar

requirement but had the additional condition that “[i]f there exists more than one

class of Simon Units, then any Simon Units received by [KanAm] pursuant to this

Section 11.3 shall have the most favorable rights (including redemption, conversion,

registration and anti-dilution protection) as are attached, as of the date of this

Agreement, to the various classes of Simon Units issued to other limited partners of

Simon . . . .”68 I note that the JV Agreements were later amended to allow KanAm

to accelerate its put rights, that is, exercise them prior to the ten-year lockout, in the

event of a change-in-control transaction involving Mills.69 A similar change for the

call right was made in the Grapevine Mills agreement, but not in the agreements

covering the other JVs.70

      Simon points to prospectuses KanAm disseminated during this time period to

German investors from whom KanAm sought to raise capital for each of these JVs.71

Those prospectuses do not disclose any particular distinction between Mills Units

67
   See, e.g., JX0027 § 11.3(f).
68
   See, e.g., id. (emphasis added).
69
    Compare JX0071 §§ 1.13, 11.3(a) with JX0058 § 11.3(a). See Trial Tr. 873:6–874:8
(Braithwaite).
70
   See JX0109.
71
   See Simon’s Post-Trial Opening Br. 17 (citing JX0031; JX0037; JX0060; JX0070).
                                           17
and Simon Units, such as tax risks.72 Additionally, two prospectuses in the record

make no mention of the currency to be used in the buy/sell transactions,73 and the

two that do mention the buy/sell currency do not mention Simon Units.74

              3. The 2002 “Shotgun” Exit

       By 2002, disputes arose between Simon and Mills regarding the management

of their JVs.75 The applicable LLC Agreements that governed Mills’ and Simon’s

relationship in Ontario, Grapevine, Concord, and Arundel Mills contained a

“shotgun” buy/sell mechanism which could be invoked to cure deadlocks.76

Pursuant to the shotgun buy/sell provision, the party that triggered the shotgun was

required to make an offer to the counterparty—the counterparty then either had a

choice to buy at that price or sell at that price.77 Simon triggered the shotgun buy/sell

provision, and Mills ultimately elected to purchase Simon’s interests.78

       However, before Mills bought Simon’s interest, Braithwaite of KanAm wrote

a letter to Simon’s CEO, David Simon, on March 4, 2002 inquiring about the Ontario

Mills buy/sell provision in Section 11.3 of the JV Agreement.79 Specifically,

Braithwaite indicated KanAm “would be interested in discussing with [Simon] how

72
   See JX0031; JX0037; JX0060; JX0070. See also Trial Tr. 726:22–727:13 (Braithwaite).
73
   See JX0031; JX0037.
74
   See JX0060 at 32; JX0070 at 44.
75
   Trial Tr. 386:1–387:11 (Foxworthy).
76
   See id.
77
   See id. at 387:12–388:11 (Foxworthy).
78
   See id. at 17:20–18:22 (Simon).
79
   See JX0099 at 2.
                                            18
Section 11.3 of the Ontario Mills Agreement might be implemented if there has been

a buy/sell between Mills and Simon of your interests in Ontario Mills, L.L.C.”80

David Simon responded via letter on March 5, 2002, stating that following the

removal of either Simon or Mills, KanAm’s rights under the Ontario Mills

agreement would be to receive the appropriate units “of whichever of Mills or Simon

[remained] your partner.”81 There was no direct objection by Braithwaite or KanAm

to Simon’s explanation of what Section 11.3 would mean following the shotgun

buy/sell.82 Braithwaite testified that even though he disagreed with Mr. Simon’s

position in the letter at the time, he did not respond.83 According to Braithwaite,

there was “no point” in taking issue with Simon’s statement because he ‘knew’ that

Simon would be bought out.84 The record tends to support Braithwaite’s position

that the response was unnecessary, as the general consensus at the time was that

Mills would buy out Simon.85

80
   Id.
81
   JX0100 at 1.
82
   See Trial Tr. 23:20–24:13 (Simon).
83
   See id. at 732:22–737:13 (Braithwaite).
84
   See id.
85
   See, e.g., id. at 389:4–23 (Foxworthy) (testifying that while Simon was willing to buy, and that
it was possible they might have to be the buyer, “[w]e expected—I would have to say we expected
to be the seller because for them to have lost the four assets that we were dealing with would have
been a terrible infringement of their franchise”); JX0101 (indicating in a March 7, 2002, internal
Mills Memorandum, which Braithwaite received, that Mills would continue negotiating in
pursuing the acquisition and that the “benefits of such a transaction are numerous”).
                                                19
       On April 29, 2002, affiliates of Simon executed an agreement to sell their

interests in Ontario, Grapevine, Concord, and Arundel Mills to affiliates of Mills.86

Shortly thereafter in 2002, certain KanAm entities acquired part of Simon’s former

interests in Ontario, Grapevine, Concord, and Arundel Mills from Mills following

its successful purchase of Simon’s interests.87

       Following Simon’s exit from the four JVs, Mills and KanAm amended the

governing documents, to remove references to Simon.88 On May 31, 2002, the

operative Ontario Mills JV agreement, a project not at issue here, was amended to

delete references to Simon.89 Also on May 31, 2002, the Grapevine Mills JV

Agreement was amended to delete references to Simon.90 On November 22, 2002,

KanAm and Mills entered a new partnership agreement for Concord Mills.91 In the

resulting agreement for Concord Mills, Section 11.3’s buy/sell provision only

references Mills Units, and provides that they are the default consideration if Mills

exercised its call right, unless KanAm elected to receive cash or a mix of cash and

units.92 Additionally, the Arundel Mills JV underwent similar changes. On May 31,

2002, the JV Agreement was amended to remove references to Simon.93 A new

86
   JX0104; Pretrial Stip. 10.
87
   Pretrial Stip. 10. See JX0111.
88
   See, e.g., JX0111 § 9(f).
89
   See JX0108 §§ 2(e), 10.
90
   See JX0109 §§ 2(e), 13.
91
   See JX0120.
92
   Compare JX0120 §§ 11.3(d), 11.3(f) with JX0058 §§ 11.3(d), 11.3(f).
93
   See JX0106 §§ 2(e), 15.
                                             20
partnership document was executed for Arundel Mills on August 4, 2004, and like

the new partnership agreement in Concord Mills, provided that Mills Units were the

default buy/sell consideration, and contained no reference to Simon Units.94 Thus,

either through deletion of references to Simon, or via new partnership agreements

which do not provide for Simon Units, the default consideration for the buy/sell

provisions under each JV was modified to provide that consideration be paid in Mills

Units meeting certain specifications. While Simon admits Mills and KanAm acted

to delete references to it from the JV Agreements from which it exited, Simon argues

the amendments were “ministerial.”95 As described below, Simon eschewed such

amendments, ministerial or otherwise, when it acquired Mills’ interests a few years

later.

         From 2003 to 2004 certain KanAm entities “distributed approximately 11

million Mills Units to German investors in the respective KanAm limited

partnerships.”96 These distributions presented certain logistical challenges, such as

the language barrier between German-speaking investors and Mills as well as

redemption and tax compliance challenges.97          In an attempt to streamline the

administrative issues,98 KanAm and the Mills Partnership executed a services

94
   See JX0152 §§ 11.6(d), 11.6(f).
95
   Simon’s Post-Trial Opening Br. 20.
96
   Pretrial Stip. 10.
97
   See, e.g., Trial Tr. 1004:22–1007:15 (Hammond).
98
   See id.
                                             21
agreement on December 1, 2004.99 Under the services agreement KanAm provided

certain administrative functions such as managing cash distributions, redemptions,

and tax withholdings on behalf of investors, in exchange for a nominal fee.100

Additionally, KanAm orchestrated a multi-step process that effectively allowed

German investors to redeem Mills Units for Mills stock, a taxable event, and

streamlined a rather winding process in order to meet all the regulatory and tax

burdens.101 The redemption process alone required that over nineteen steps be taken

on behalf of the investor.102 KanAm did not have a similar services agreement with

Simon during Simon’s participation in the JVs.

             4. Mills Faces Trouble

      While KanAm originally held 41.1% ownership in the Mills Partnership at the

time of the 1994 IPO of Mills Corp, by March 2004 KanAm’s ownership had

dropped to 2.17%.103 In February 2005, Mills Corp disclosed it would “would restate

financial results for 2002 through 2004 to correct accounting errors primarily

relating to its treatment of equity in earnings from joint ventures, the capitalization

of interest and certain other costs, and the timing of gains on sales of partnership

interests.”104 Following the February 2005 disclosure, Mills Corp announced in

99
   JX0171.
100
    See id. at §§ 2, 5.
101
    See Trial Tr. 1009:13–1013:3 (Hammond).
102
    See id.; JX0162.
103
    Pretrial Stip. 10.
104
    Id.
                                              22
January 2006 that additional accounting problems were uncovered, and that it would

restate its financial results from 2000 through 2004.105 By March 2006, the SEC

informed Mills Corp “that it had commenced a formal investigation.”106

       Due to these accounting issues, Mills Corp “never filed its 2005 annual report

on Form 10-K or any subsequent annual report, and it never filed a quarterly report

after its Form 10-Q for the third quarter of 2005.”107 The failure to file required SEC

reports had the additional consequences of preventing Mills Corp from registering

its common stock, and preventing holders of Mills Partnership Units from seeking

conversion of their units into Mills Corp stock.108 This development was disclosed

to certain KanAm investors by April 2006.109 Thus, because the units could not

convert during this period if the buy/sell provisions were triggered, Mills would not

have been able to provide Mills Units that were convertible into publicly-traded

stock, a necessary quality of units to exercise the call. In other words, contractually-

compliant Mills Units were unavailable for exercise of any call right.

       By August 2006, Mills Corp “announced that the accounting errors were

expected to reduce stockholders’ equity . . . by $296 million and reduce . . . net

income for 2003, 2004, and the first three quarters of 2005 by $210 million.”110 The

105
    Id. at 11.
106
    Id.
107
    Id.
108
    See Trial Tr. 765:16–766:8 (Braithwaite).
109
    See JX0220 at 4.
110
    Pretrial Stip. 11.
                                                23
price of Mills Corp stock declined significantly,111 almost 75% from February 2005

to January 2007.112 During this time period it was unclear whether Mills Corp could

continue operating as a going concern.113              Also in August 2006, Mills Corp

“announced that its auditor believed that there was ‘substantial doubt’ that Mills

Corp could stay in business because of looming deadlines for repayment of

approximately $2 billion in debt.”114

               5. Mills Markets Itself

       Due to the accounting scandal and the financial difficulty it was facing, Mills

announced in February 2006, “that its board had decided to explore strategic

alternatives and had retained financial and legal advisors to assist in that process.”115

Mills would sell either the entire company or carve out portions of its assets. 116 In

the interim, before any sale occurred, Mills secured a “rescue loan of about $2

billion” from Goldman Sachs, which Mills would likely not have the ability to

repay.117 In addition to obtaining the rescue loan, Mills continued to consider its

strategic options.118 Mills ultimately divested several “problem” assets including the

111
    See Trial Tr. 764:14–765:3 (Braithwaite).
112
    JX0615 ¶ 49. See id. at Ex. 7.
113
    Pretrial Stip. 11. See JX0237.
114
    Pretrial Stip. 11.
115
    Id.
116
    See, e.g., Trial Tr. 602:5–603:1 (Ordan) (testifying that from Mills’ perspective, the “goal of
the [strategic] process was to sell the company, either to one buyer or to multiple buyers”).
117
    Id. at 593:19–594:18 (Ordan).
118
    See, e.g., JX0256.
                                                24
Meadowlands Project in New Jersey, its international properties, and certain other

investments.119

       KanAm was involved in the sales process of Mills via its directors on the Mills

Board along with the advisors KanAm retained. KanAm retained its own financial

advisor, and also considered selling its interests in the JVs.120 KanAm’s advisors

spoke directly with certain potential purchasers, including Simon.121 Ultimately, the

three KanAm representatives on the Mills Corp board, Messrs. Braithwaite, von

Boetticher, and von Perfall, were asked to recuse themselves from the Mills sales

process due to alleged conflicts of interest.122 The KanAm representatives resisted

the request.123 KanAm’s representatives on Mills’ board did step out of the room

when they believed it appropriate, and abstained from voting on the ultimate

transaction, however they remained involved in the strategic process.124

       Early in the sales process, in April 2006, Mills Corp, together with Goldman

Sachs and J.P. Morgan, assembled a “Descriptive Memorandum” which was

transmitted to “a limited number of parties who have expressed an interest in

submitting proposals” to enter a deal with Mills Corp.125 Simon received the

119
    See Trial Tr. 436:14–437:1 (Sokolov).
120
    See id. at 767:12–768:3 (Braithwaite).
121
    See id. at 894:11–896:2 (Braithwaite).
122
    JX0222 at 3.
123
    See JX0226. See also Trial Tr. 590:7–592:15 (Ordan).
124
    See Trial Tr. 615:4–17 (Ordan).
125
    See JX0293 at 1, 3.
                                             25
Descriptive Memorandum, and it was circulated by certain Simon employees,

including senior legal officers.126 Under the heading “KanAm joint venture key

terms and rights summary,” the Memorandum described that the “Put-call rights

enable . . . Mills to require KanAm to sell its interests to Mills for cash or partnership

units of Mills LP, the choice of consideration to be made in KanAm’s sole discretion

. . . .”127

        Along with other potential buyers, Mills entered discussions with Brookfield

Asset Management Inc. (“Brookfield”) regarding a potential purchase.128 This

discussion led to an (ultimately-unconsummated) merger agreement. “Brookfield

was not a publicly traded REIT.”129 Because of its entity structure, Brookfield

clearly did not have partnership units which would be convertible into publicly

tradable stock.       Brookfield recognized the specified currency in the buy/sell

provisions would not work.130 Braithwaite, on behalf of KanAm, agreed with

Brookfield to negotiate in good faith the means to effectuate the put-call currency

were Brookfield to acquire Mills.131 Even though Braithwaite was on Mills Corp’s

Board, the agreement to further negotiate that he reached with Brookfield on behalf

126
    See id.
127
    Id. at 88.
128
    Pretrial Stip. 12.
129
    Id.
130
    See Trial Tr. at 776:7–18 (Braithwaite). I note that Mr. Braithwaite also testified that they “had
been questioned by a number of other potential buyers about the subject.” Id. at 782:9–23
(Braithwaite).
131
    Id. at 773:18–776:18 (Braithwaite).
                                                 26
of KanAm was never disclosed to Mills Corp.132 This is in spite of the fact that Mills

and Brookfield had executed a merger agreement.133 Simon also negotiated to

acquire, and ultimately, as described below, did (with a partner) acquire, Mills.

Despite this issue of consideration of call right currency having been the subject of

a discussion between Braithwaite and Brookfield, it was not raised by Braithwaite

in his discussions with Simon, allegedly because “Simon chose to have very limited

discussions with [KanAm] before the merger.”134 There are no contemporaneous

documents from this 2007 sales period by KanAm evincing a specific concern about

receiving Simon Units.

       Mills Corp’s outside counsel, Willkie Farr & Gallagher, recognized that the

unavailability of Mills Units could present a challenge for future acquirers trying to

exercise a call of KanAm’s interest.135 Mills Corp’s outside counsel indicated, in a

memorandum to Mills, that “[o]f note, the joint venture agreements strictly call for

the OP Units to be those of [the Mills Partnership], and do not contain language

authorizing the use of similar OP-type securities in the event [the Mills Partnership]

no longer issues Units or ceases to exist as the result of a Mills corporate

restructuring or corporate-level transaction.”136    Mills Corp’s outside counsel

132
    Id. at 777:13–778:23 (Braithwaite).
133
    See id.
134
    Id. at 778:6–780:20 (Braithwaite).
135
    JX0193 at 2; JX0241 at 3–4.
136
    JX0241 at 4 (emphasis added).
                                          27
recognized the risk that KanAm may insist that it must receive the Mills Units it

bargained for, and thus the call right would be frustrated.137 Mills’ counsel presented

alternatives to deal with this situation. One was to make Mills’ successors agree that

they may not exercise the call due to the unavailability of Mills Units, “however,

deletion of this ability to buy-out KanAm presumably will be unattractive to

potential buyers and will negatively impact pricing for Mills’ interests.”138

       Similarly, Simon’s general counsel testified that its due diligence process

recognized that Mills and KanAm had deleted references to Simon from the JV

Agreements, and had included that the only non-cash consideration for the call was

Mills Units.139 Both the internal legal team at Simon, and its outside counsel were

aware that the specified (default) consideration was Mills Units, but the general

counsel testified that they were not concerned because KanAm had accepted call

provisions which included Simon Units in the past.140 Simon’s general counsel

directly discussed the issue with Mr. Simon during due diligence, but Simon decided

not to raise and discuss the issue with KanAm at the time.141

137
    Id. See JX0192 at 2.
138
    JX0241 at 4.
139
    Trial Tr. 291:7–292:18 (Barkley).
140
    Id. at 292:16–293:7 (Barkley); id. at 302:22–306:17 (Barkley) (testifying that “we weren't
concerned so much about the legal point because we knew KanAm had accepted a call provision
with our units in the past. Our units had not changed.”).
141
    Id. at 311:16–312:14 (Barkley).
                                             28
                6. Simon-Farallon Joint Venture Buys Mills

        Mills received several offers from potential acquirers. On January 15, 2007,

Farallon Capital Management (“Farallon”), who like Brookfield was not a publicly

traded REIT, submitted a proposal for a recapitalization transaction whereby

Farallon would buy $499 million in additional Mills Corp shares at $20.00 per

share.142 At the time, Farallon owned 10.9% of Mills Corp’s outstanding shares.143

Shortly thereafter, on January 17, 2007, Mills Corp announced that a merger

agreement with Brookfield had been reached “pursuant to which Brookfield would

acquire Mills Corp. and the Mills Partnership for cash at a price of $21.00 per

share.”144 A joint venture of Simon Corp and Farallon then submitted an unsolicited

topping proposal to acquire Mills Corp for $24.00 cash per share.145 Brookfield

countered, but Simon/Farallon ultimately submitted a successful bid of $25.25 per

share.146

        SPG-FCM Ventures LLC (the “Simon-Farallon JV”), a 50/50 joint venture

between a Simon Corp subsidiary and certain Farallon funds, executed a merger

agreement with Mills Corp on February 16, 2007.147 A subsidiary of the Simon-

Farallon JV merged into the Mills Partnership, with the Mills Partnership being the

142
    Pretrial Stip. 12.
143
    Id.
144
    Id. at 13.
145
    Id.
146
    Id.
147
    Id. at 13–14.
                                          29
surviving entity and the Simon-Farallon JV indirectly owning the Mills

Partnership.148 Mills did not merge into Simon, but, due to the structure of the

transaction, following the merger Mills Units convertible into common publicly

tradable stock—that is, Mills Units suitable as consideration for a call on KanAm—

remained unavailable, as they had been since trading was suspended on Mills Corp’s

stock.149 The transaction closed on April 3, 2007.150 I note that pursuant to the

merger agreement, “180 German KanAm investors holding approximately 3.4

million Mills Units were eligible to exchange their Mills Units for either cash or

Simon Units” in this transaction.151 Of these, however, only “[f]ive investors

holding approximately 53,000 Mills Units, which represented approximately 1.6

percent of the 3.4 million eligible units, chose to convert to Simon Units.” 152 Mills

Corp was later dissolved in August 2007.153 The Mills Corp liquidation had been

provided for in the merger deal structure,154 and Mills Partnership Units convertible

into Mill Corp common stock were permanently unavailable, thereafter.

       At the time of the transaction with the Simon-Farallon JV, KanAm executives,

including Braithwaite, did not voice a concern about the transaction with Simon.155

148
    Id. at 14.
149
    See, e.g., Trial Tr. 832:11–18 (Braithwaite).
150
    Pretrial Stip. 14–15.
151
    Id. at 14.
152
    Id.
153
    Id. at 14–15.
154
    See JX0275.
155
    Trial Tr. 781:7–23 (Braithwaite); id. at 973:15–19 (Hammond).
                                              30
Similarly, prior to the Simon-Farallon JV transaction, KanAm insiders, such as Mr.

Hammond, were not able to identify any instance of KanAm suggesting to Simon or

Farallon the need to amend the buy/sell consideration provisions in the JV

Agreements.156 KanAm did not notify Mills’ CEO, Mark Ordan, either; Ordan does

not specifically recall the buy/sell consideration being raised by KanAm, but

testified that if it were raised he “would have alerted [Mills’] attorneys” and taken it

“very seriously” and would have “absolutely” disclosed such information to the

SEC.157 However, as described above, Simon along with its outside counsel, was

already aware of the consideration issue. They independently identified the issue

and raised it to Mr. Simon. Simon decided not to raise or discuss it with KanAm,

however.158 This is despite the fact that the Simon-Farallon JV Agreement went as

far as to address the situation in which either Simon or Farallon sought to exercise

call rights in a project against the wishes of the other.159

       KanAm represented to investors during this time that as a result of the Mills

sale “[n]othing has changed either for the economic or the legal situation” of the

KanAm funds.160 KanAm representatives, including Braithwaite, met with Simon

to confirm that each side would honor the obligations under the contracts and “live

156
    Id. at 974:6–14 (Hammond).
157
    See id. at 611:20–614:22 (Ordan).
158
    Id. at 311:23–312:14 (Barkley).
159
    See JX0297 §§ 5.12, 1.6.
160
    JX0311 at 2.
                                           31
by the contracts.”161 According to Mr. Simon, the Simon-Farallon JV at the time

believed that despite the language of the contracts, the call right continued to be

viable.162 Braithwaite, for his part, testified that KanAm chose not to inform Simon

of its understanding that the call right was subject to KanAm’s discretion to elect

Mills Units, because the lockout periods had not run, and thus the discussion was

not yet “ripe.”163

       Between Simon’s exit in 2002 until the Simon-Farallon JV’s acquisition of

Mills in 2007 the Simon Entities were not involved in the joint ventures subject to

the present dispute. The 2007 acquisition, however, caused the Simon-Farallon JV

to become counter-parties to KanAm in three of the original JVs which the Simon

Entities had invested in with KanAm, and then exited: Grapevine, Concord and

Arundel Mills. Additionally, with the acquisition of Mills, the Simon-Farallon JV

became parties to JVs in which Simon had never before had an interest, that is, those

developed by Mills and KanAm without Simon’s involvement, but acquired by the

Simon-Farallon JV as a result of the sale of Mills. Those projects, at issue here, are

Orange City, Katy, and Colorado Mills. The buy/sell consideration provisions were

not renegotiated even though Mills Units meeting the specifications set out in the JV

Agreements were no longer available, as all parties were aware. Similarly, the JV

161
    See Trial Tr. 795:10–23 (Braithwaite).
162
    See id. at 36:22–38:20 (Simon).
163
    Id. at 792:9–793:4 (Braithwaite).
                                             32
Agreements were not updated to reflect, in any way, the unavailability of Mills

Units.

               7. Denver West

         In October 2007 the Simon-Farallon JV, following its acquisition of Mills,

and a KanAm entity entered into a new JV known as Denver West.164 Denver West,

like the other projects at issue in this litigation, was a retail development project. It

was located adjacent to a property covered by a separate JV Agreement at issue here,

Colorado Mills. Denver West was the only JV entered between KanAm and Simon

following the Simon-Farallon JV’s acquisition of Mills.165 Additionally, it was the

first new JV entered since Mills Units became unavailable.166

         The starting point for the negotiations of the Denver West JV Agreement was

the Colorado Mills JV Agreement; the Denver West JV Agreement initial drafts

were red-lines of the Colorado Mills document.167 An early draft of the agreement

circulated by Simon Senior Staff Attorney, Melissa Breeden, changed various terms

of the contract, but kept in place Mills Units as the default buy/sell consideration in

the event the call was exercised, despite the fact that compliant Mills Units were

unavailable.168    Breeden later circulated a revised draft of the Denver West

164
    Pretrial Stip. 15. The KanAm participant was KanAm USA XX Limited Partnership. Id.
165
    See Trial Tr. 190:2–11 (Barkley).
166
    Id.
167
    See JX0324.
168
    See id. at 53.
                                           33
agreement and included a comment from Brian Warnock, Simon’s Senior Vice

President for Acquisitions regarding Section 11.3’s buy/sell provision, stating that

“Simon and Farallon would like the Buy/Sell Price to be paid in cash only, since

upon the dissolution of Mills Corp. payment in [Mills Partnership] units no longer

works.”169 Thus, Simon initially took the position that the buy/sell consideration

should only be paid in cash, and, implicitly, that the consideration prescribed, Mills

Units, could not be tendered.170

       The negotiations continued, involving a number of issues. Eventually, Rick

Zeckel, Simon’s Vice President of Property Management, intervened due to delays

in the negotiation process and reached out to Braithwaite at KanAm on October 2,

2007.171 Zeckel expressed his opinion that the attorney reviewing the agreement for

KanAm was holding up the deal through the “attorney’s desire to put his fingerprints

on all the documents . . . .”172 Zeckel also shared his “understanding that [KanAm

has] agreed that there is no need to retain the concept of Mills Units in the buy-sell

provisions, yet [the KanAm attorney] has insisted this remains.”173 The same day,

Braithwaite responded that while “Denver West is a relatively simple transaction[,

169
    JX0328 at 1 (emphasis added).
170
    See id.
171
    See JX0330 at 1–2.
172
    Id. at 1.
173
    Id.
                                         34
it] has raised some broader issues between Kan[A]m and Simon/Farallon that have

not previously been addressed.”174 Braithwaite continued that he had:

       two or three conversations with Brian Warnock about these issues and
       we are trying to keep these much broader and significant issues from
       complicating this simpler trans[ac]tion. The Simon attorneys did not
       seem to understand these issues and drafted the documents in an
       unacceptable manner. We are . . . trying to draft documents around
       these issues in a manner that will be acceptable to both sides that will
       leave the issues open without compromising either side[’s] position.
       Therefore it is not as simple as it would initial[ly] seem. 175

Braithwaite added that “[i]t might be helpful if someone on your side could explain

to your attorneys that these are not insignificant issues and that it would be helpful

if they could understand what we are trying to achieve for all parties.”176 The next

day, October 3, 2007, Melissa Breeden of Simon circulated a revised draft agreement

that again included the reference to Mills Units as the consideration for the buy/sell

provision.177 KanAm’s position was that it wanted the language to track that of other

partnership agreements, specifically Colorado Mills.178

       Due to time pressures and an impending deadline, the parties executed a JV

Agreement for Denver West effective as of October 10, 2007, which provided that

cash would be the sole currency for payment of the buy/sell consideration in the

174
    Id.
175
    Id.
176
    Id.
177
    JX0333 at 1, 52.
178
    Trial Tr. 800:17–801:11 (Braithwaite).
                                             35
event the call was triggered.179 On October 9, 2007, a draft of a “side letter” was

circulated by Hammond of KanAm to Warnock of Simon.180 The side letter was

directly targeted at Section 11.3’s required buy/sell consideration.181 This initial

draft proposed that KanAm’s rights would be the same as they were in the Colorado

Mills JV Agreement, which provided for Mills Units as the default consideration.182

The initial draft side letter indicated that the acquisition of Mills by Simon created

“a disagreement as to the form of the non-cash consideration under Section 11.3”

including “whether the units are to be units of [the Simon Partnership] instead of

units of [the Mills Partnership] . . . .”183 Additionally, it sought to affirm that

KanAm, by entering the Denver West Agreement, would be deemed “not [to have]

waived any of its rights or claims as to the form of non-cash consideration under

Section 11.3 of any of the Limited Partnership Agreements or the Denver West

Agreement.”184 The draft concluded that “[t]he parties hereby agree to engage in

good faith negotiations to resolve the disagreement as to the form of non-cash

consideration.”185

179
    See JX0342 § 11.3(d).
180
    JX0340.
181
    Id. at 2–3.
182
    Id.
183
    Id. at 2.
184
    Id. at 2–3.
185
    Id. at 3.
                                         36
       The parties continued to revise the side letter, and a revised draft was

circulated by Breeden of Simon on October 11, 2007,186 followed by subsequent

negotiations and revisions by KanAm individuals.187 The final version of the side

letter was executed on October 17, 2007, and removed the reference that the parties

would “agree to engage in good faith negotiations to resolve the disagreement as to

the form of non-cash consideration” which was in the earlier circulated draft.188 The

executed version provided that “if the parties agree, or it is later determined, that

non-cash consideration may be paid under the payment provision” of the Colorado

Mills agreement, then that same consideration would be applied to the Denver West

agreement.189 In other words, the parties identified the non-cash consideration issue,

negotiated over it, but ultimately avoided reaching a resolution of it in entering the

Denver West JV. They punted.

       As discussed further in the extrinsic evidence analysis section below, the

parties heavily disputed at trial the meaning and relevance of the Denver West

negotiations and the side letter, along with certain non-contractual statements made

by KanAm representatives to investors.

186
    See JX0344.
187
    See JX0345.
188
    Compare JX0348 with JX0340.
189
    JX0348 at 5 (emphasis added).
                                         37
               8. Grapevine Mills

       A refinancing was required in the Grapevine Mills project, a JV at issue here,

in 2008. In connection with that refinancing Breeden of Simon prepared and had

circulated a draft of an amendment to the Grapevine Mills JV.190 Simon’s September

9, 2008 draft amendment deleted references to Mills Units in the buy/sell

provisions.191 Breeden indicated that Simon’s position was “[w]e want to have all

cash here as well” like in Denver West.192 The parties successfully amended the

Grapevine Mills agreement in light of the refinancing, but the buy/sell consideration

of Mills Units was not changed.193 There appears to be no documentary evidence at

the time of the Grapevine refinancing and amendment that Simon offered to, or

sought to, change the non-cash consideration in Grapevine to Simon Units.194

               9. Simon-Farallon Break-up

       In March of 2012, Simon acquired Farallon’s interests in the Mills

Partnership.195 Following the transactions, the JV “interests that were previously

directly or indirectly owned by the Mills Partnership were indirectly owned by

190
    See JX0366.
191
    See id. at 66–70.
192
    JX0367.
193
    See JX0369.
194
    See, e.g., Trial Tr. 258:1–20 (Barkley). I note one potential difficulty Simon faced at the time
with agreeing to provide Simon Units is that they were involved in these properties with KanAm
in conjunction with their JV Partner, Farallon, who could not clearly offer units with the
characteristics of Mills Units. See id. 258:21–263:1 (Barkley); id. at 38:17–39:9 (Simon).
195
    See JX0440.
                                                38
Simon Partnership.”196 In connection with the acquisition, Simon and KanAm

executed the “Agreement and Indemnity.”197 The Agreement and Indemnity (the

“2012 Agreement”) was initially presented to KanAm by Mr. Barkley, Simon’s

General Counsel, with the representation that “[t]here would be no changes required

to existing venture agreements at property level companies . . . .”198

       Shortly thereafter the parties executed the 2012 Agreement.199 The 2012

Agreement affirmed that Simon had stepped into the shoes of the Mills Partnership

together with all rights the Mills Partnership had.200 The Agreement also confirmed

that it “shall not be construed as a modification of such organizational documents,

nor be construed to diminish, enlarge or in any way affect such rights, if any, which

. . . shall remain in full force and effect in accordance with their terms.”201 Once

again, the parties failed to raise the issue of call consideration during the 2012

Agreement negotiations—that is, KanAm did not affirmatively disclose its position

that despite Simon stepping into the shoes of Mills Partnership, Simon would not be

able to exercise the call provision due to the unavailability of contractually-

compliant Mills Units.202 Simon, for its part, recognized that the 2012 Agreement

196
    Pretrial Stip. 16.
197
    Id.
198
    JX0430 at 1; Trial Tr. 216:4–23 (Barkley); id. at 225:1–5 (Barkley).
199
    JX0450.
200
    See id. at §§ 1(b), 1(d). See also Trial Tr. 210:13–211:7 (Barkley).
201
    JX0450 § 1(d).
202
    Trial Tr. 211:8–20 (Barkley).
                                               39
did not change any of the rights or obligations that the Mills Partnership owed

KanAm.203 Similarly, prior to the commencement of this litigation, Simon admits

that it did not discuss with KanAm its position, advanced in this litigation, that an

intended purpose or effect of the 2012 Agreement was to modify the buy/sell

currency in the JV Agreements or permit the substitution of Simon Units.204

       C. Simon Triggers the Call

       In April 2012 Braithwaite and Hammond of KanAm visited Simon’s

headquarters to meet with several high-level Simon officials.205 At the April

meeting, the possibility of Simon exercising its call right in certain JVs at issue in

this litigation was raised.206 KanAm purportedly was “surprised” by this discussion,

but did not inform Simon at that time of its view that KanAm could thwart Simon’s

ability to consummate the call by the election of Mills Units.207

       Pursuant to the buy/sell provisions of the JV Agreements there was a ten-day

buy/sell notice period which would open on May 1, 2012.208 The parties negotiated

and executed two letter agreements extending the window for 2012.209 The first

agreement executed on May 3, 2012, extended the start of the ten day period until

203
    See, e.g., id. at 220:16–221:21 (Barkley).
204
    See, e.g., JX0684 at Resp. Nos. 2, 3.
205
    See Trial Tr. 40:21–41:15 (Simon); Pretrial Stip. 16.
206
    See Trial Tr. 813:6–814:16 (Braithwaite).
207
    See id. at 990:11–991:4 (Hammond).
208
    See JX0456 at 1.
209
    Id.; JX0462.
                                                40
June 1, 2012 and the second agreement dated June 4, 2012 extended the ten-day

window until June 19, 2012.210 During these initial extension negotiations, KanAm

did not raise its ability to defeat the call provisions by electing Mills Units.211 Simon

ultimately agreed to not trigger the buy/sell provisions in 2012.212

       The record reflects that on June 21, 2012, Braithwaite of KanAm sent von

Perfall and other KanAm principals a legal memorandum, prepared by KanAm’s

litigation counsel, regarding the put/call consideration issue.213 A later memo

distributed internally at KanAm on June 27, 2012, from KanAm’s litigation counsel

indicates that Simon “must offer us Mills Units and that they cannot substitute”

Simon Units.214 The remaining substance of these memoranda was redacted to

protect attorney-client privilege.215

       On June 27, 2012, Braithwaite circulated an email to Simon, which advised

Simon that, in exercising the call, it “is required to deliver” Mills Units in accordance

with the JV Agreements.216 Braithwaite opined in the email that KanAm “does not

believe that Simon can perform such obligation and deliver the specified and

required” Mills Units.217           Braithwaite communicated KanAm’s willingness to

210
    JX0456 at 1; JX0462 at 1–2.
211
    See Trial Tr. 45:2–7 (Simon).
212
    Id. at 45:8–14 (Simon).
213
    See JX0469 at 1.
214
    JX0470.
215
    See JX0469; JX0470.
216
    JX0471 at 1.
217
    Id.
                                              41
negotiate with Simon acceptable non-cash consideration; Simon indicated that it

would get back to KanAm regarding renegotiation.218 It appears this was the first

documented notice from KanAm to Simon that it was taking this position regarding

the contractual language.219         During the time this disclosure was made by

Braithwaite, the parties were attempting to negotiate a letter agreement to resolve

several administrative disputes arising under the JVs.220 Part of the consideration

for the executed letter agreement in late June was that Simon would not trigger the

buy/sell provisions that year.221 In delivering the executed copy of the June 28, 2012

letter agreement, KanAm indicated in its cover letter that the buy/sell consideration

issues had not been resolved.222

       Later that year, in October 2012, KanAm and Simon amended the Concord

Mills JV Agreement.223 This amendment did not change the buy/sell consideration

under Section 11.3 of the JV Agreement.224 Additionally, the amendment ratified

and affirmed all the pre-existing agreements except as modified—thus it ratified and

affirmed the unchanged consideration portion of Section 11.3.225

218
    See Trial Tr. 834:15–23 (Braithwaite).
219
    See id. at 822:3–824:3 (Braithwaite).
220
    See JX0474.
221
    See id. at 5.
222
    See id. at 2.
223
    JX0488.
224
    See id.; Trial Tr. 346:21–347:11 (Barkley).
225
    See JX0488 at ¶ 40; Trial Tr. 346:21–347:11 (Barkley).
                                              42
       In 2013, Braithwaite of KanAm again communicated with Simon, this time

directly to Mr. Simon at an in-person meeting on April 15, 2013, regarding KanAm’s

willingness to negotiate non-cash consideration.226 Similarly, Braithwaite sent a

follow-up letter to Mr. Simon reflecting the same position.227 This April 16, 2013

letter states that KanAm had a “long history, familiarity and special relationship”

with Mills and that Mills Units were “a material reason” that KanAm entered the JV

Agreements and agreed to the put/call consideration.228 The letter concluded that

KanAm remained open to negotiate amendments to the put/call consideration.229

Mr. Simon indicated that he would follow up, but after two extensions rather than

negotiating, Simon initiated this action.230 The same day this action was filed, Simon

sent notices that it was triggering the call for four of the JVs on May 2, 2013.231

KanAm in response insisted on the specified default consideration, Mills Units, and

refused to close.232 In 2014, Simon sent KanAm notices with respect to the three

remaining JVs at issue here.233 KanAm again insisted on Mills Units and declined

226
    Trial Tr. 835:7–836:10 (Braithwaite).
227
    JX0500.
228
    Id. at 1.
229
    Id. at 2.
230
    Trial Tr. 835:7–836:10 (Braithwaite).
231
    JX0504; JX0508.
232
    JX0811.
233
    See JX0557; JX0558; JX0559.
                                            43
to close.234 The pleadings were amended to add these three additional JVs to the

present action.

                            II. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

          Simon initiated this action on May 3, 2013. Shortly thereafter, KanAm moved

for judgment on the pleadings.        Significant motion practice ensued, which is

discussed elsewhere. The parties subsequently cross-moved for summary judgment

on March 28, 2014. Those motions were then briefed and, following oral argument,

I denied both motions by Memorandum Opinion of September 30, 2014 for reasons

I briefly revisit in the analysis section below. This first period of litigation involved

only four JVs for which notice was given in 2013—Orange City Mills, Arundel

Mills, Grapevine Mills, and Concord Mills.

          Following the summary judgment decision, the Plaintiffs filed a Second

Amended Complaint (the “Amended Complaint”).235 The Amended Complaint

added three additional JVs—Katy Mills, Colorado Mills, and Denver West—for

which Simon attempted to exercise its call rights on in May 2014. The Amended

Complaint pleads four counts. First, through Count I, the Plaintiffs seek declaratory

judgments on a number of issues regarding the JV Agreements and the Defendants

purported breaches. Second, through Count II, the Plaintiffs assert a breach of

234
      JX0813.
235
      See Dkt. No. 119.
                                           44
contract claim alleging that by failing to close on the transactions after Simon

provided notice and offered Simon Units, KanAm breached the JV Agreements.

Next, through Count III, the Plaintiffs assert a claim that KanAm breached the

implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing through its conduct in refusing to

accept Simon Units and insisting on delivery of the call consideration in Mills Units.

Finally, Count IV seeks specific performance of the applicable JV Agreements.

Along with the remedy of specific performance, the Plaintiffs seek damages for the

Defendants alleged breaches including the purported improper distributions paid to

the Defendants after the call was triggered. Additionally, the Plaintiffs seek costs,

expenses and attorneys’ fees pursuant to the JV Agreements, along with an award of

interest.

          The Defendants, through their Supplemental Verified Counterclaim (the

“Counterclaim”) assert two counts.236 Count I asserts a breach of contract by Simon

for triggering the call with knowledge that the default consideration was not

available, and that by failing to provide valid buy/sell notices Simon breached the

JV Agreements.            Count II seeks a declaratory judgment that the required

consideration in the applicable JV Agreements is Mills Units, and that Simon cannot

force KanAm to accept Simon Units. KanAm seeks damages arising from Simon’s

236
      See Dkt. No. 110.
                                           45
alleged breaches, litigation costs including attorneys’ fees pursuant to the JV

Agreements, and interest.

          I tried this matter over seven days, with the first five days occurring on May

16 through May 20, 2016, and the remaining two days on August 16, and August

17, 2016. The parties engaged in post-trial briefing, and a post-trial oral argument

was held on December 16, 2016. What follows is my analysis of the merits of the

parties’ claims in light of the proof shown at trial.

                                        III. ANALYSIS

          Several issues remain to be decided in this post-trial decision. This is a

contract action. Therefore, the threshold inquiry is what are the terms of the

applicable contracts—the parties’ JV Agreements? Specifically, what are the terms

of the buy/sell provisions?

          These terms have previously been reviewed in this case. When ruling on the

parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment I found that:

          [t]he JV Agreements unambiguously provide that the default
          consideration when exercising the call is Mills Units meeting certain
          criteria. However, these Agreements do not address the unavailability
          of Mills Units due to a change in control or restructuring transaction.
          Accordingly, I cannot conclude from this unambiguous language
          whether the parties intended the call right to lapse if and when Mills
          Units satisfying the contractual criteria became unavailable. Instead, I
          must resort to extrinsic evidence to determine how the parties intended
          to proceed in the circumstances in which they now find themselves.237

237
      Simon I, 2014 WL 4840443, at *14 (citations omitted).
                                                46
I denied summary judgment because there was some evidence in the record that

KanAm considered Simon Units as contractually-compliant. Thus, I was not able to

“conclude that the Defendants intended only to accept Mills Units, and, accordingly,

that the call right was meant to lapse when those Units became unavailable.”238 I

found that this, and other issues raised by the parties’ cross-motions for summary

judgment “require[d] further factual development to ascertain the parties' intent.”239

I explained that “where the contract does not address the matter in dispute, the Court

may resort to extrinsic evidence to ascertain the parties’ intent, such as the overt

statements and acts of the parties, the business context, prior dealings between the

parties, and other business customs and usage in the industry.”240 Similarly, the

summary judgment decision in this matter left open Simon’s claim for breach of the

implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing for further factual development.241

       The parties have created a full record at trial. The determinative question here

is whether there was ever a meeting of the minds between the parties about whether

Simon Units were a contractual substitute for Mills Units in the present

circumstances.

238
    Id.
239
    Id. Those other issues included, at the time, whether KanAm demonstrated a contractual
indifference to the type of units it would receive, whether there was a special relationship between
KanAm and Mills such that Mills Units are unique and whether Mills and Simon Units are
materially different in terms of tax treatment and other risks. See id.
240
    Id. at *15 (internal quotations omitted).
241
    Id. at *14.
                                                47
       This Memorandum Opinion first reviews the relevant extrinsic evidence in an

attempt to derive the parties’ intent and determine whether there was a meeting of

the minds regarding the unavailability of Mills Units. Next, I examine the arguments

raised under the substantial performance doctrine before turning to the equitable

issues raised by the parties. Finally, I address KanAm’s Counterclaims and the

appropriate relief under the circumstances present here.

       A. The Contractually Required Buy/Sell Consideration

              1. General Principles

       I first examine the general legal principles applicable here. Plaintiffs (and,

with respect to the Counterclaim, Defendants/Counterclaim Plaintiffs) bear the

burden of proof, to demonstrate entitlement to relief by a preponderance of the

evidence.242 Thus, “Plaintiffs, as well as Counterclaim-Plaintiffs, have the burden

of proving each element, including damages, of each of their causes of action against

each Defendant or Counterclaim-Defendant, as the case may be, by a preponderance

of the evidence.”243 “Proof by a preponderance of the evidence means proof that

something is more likely than not.”244 The burden with respect to the remedy of

242
    See, e.g., In re Mobilactive Media, LLC, 2013 WL 297950, at *9 (Del. Ch. Jan. 25, 2013).
243
    inTEAM Assocs., LLC v. Heartland Payment Sys., Inc., 2016 WL 5660282, at *13 (Del. Ch.
Sept. 30, 2016) (citation omitted).
244
    Id. (citation omitted).
                                            48
specific performance of a contract is that a plaintiff must make a showing by clear

and convincing evidence.245

       Delaware follows the objective theory of contracts. “Because Delaware

adheres to the objective theory of contract interpretation, the court looks to the most

objective indicia of that intent: the words found in the written instrument.”246

Therefore, “[a] contract’s express terms provide the starting point in approaching a

contract dispute.”247 Further, Delaware law requires that contracts are to be read as

a whole.248

       I have already determined that the JVs unambiguously provide that Mills

Units—defined as Units of Mills Partnership with certain characteristics—are the

contractually required default consideration.249 However, where a contract is silent

on an issue, such as what was to happen upon the unavailability of Mills Units, the

Court “may resort to extrinsic evidence to ascertain the parties' intent.”250 Even

when reviewing extrinsic evidence, the text remains important. This Court will

245
    See In re IBP, Inc. Shareholders Litig., 789 A.2d 14, 52 (Del. Ch. 2001) (observing Delaware
law “requires that a plaintiff demonstrate its entitlement to specific performance by clear and
convincing evidence”).
246
    Sassano v. CIBC World Markets Corp., 948 A.2d 453, 462 (Del. Ch. 2008) (citations omitted).
247
    Ostroff v. Quality Servs. Labs., Inc., 2007 WL 121404, at *11 (Del. Ch. Jan. 5, 2007).
248
    Salamone v. Gorman, 106 A.3d 354, 368 (Del. 2014) (“When interpreting a contract, this Court
‘will give priority to the parties' intentions as reflected in the four corners of the agreement,’
construing the agreement as a whole and giving effect to all its provisions.”) (quoting GMG Capital
Inv., LLC. v. Athenian Venture Partners I, L.P., 36 A.3d 776, 779 (Del. 2012)).
249
    Simon I, 2014 WL 4840443, at *14.
250
    Id. at *15 (citing Senior Hous. Capital, LLC v. SHP Senior Hous. Fund, LLC, 2013 WL
1955012, at *41 (Del. Ch. May 13, 2013)).
                                               49
enforce contracts to effectuate the intent of the parties as demonstrated through the

text, that is, “the introduction of extrinsic, parol evidence does not alter or deviate

from Delaware's adherence to the objective theory of contracts.”251 When reviewing

the extrinsic evidence submitted, it should be reconciled, to the extent possible, with

the text of the contract. Generally, the parties’ undisclosed and private views of a

contract’s meaning “are irrelevant and unhelpful to the Court's consideration of a

contract's meaning, because the meaning of a properly formed contract must be

shared or common.”252 Similarly, when “considering extrinsic evidence, the Court

should uphold, to the extent possible, the reasonable shared expectations of the

parties at the time of contracting.”253 Further, “[i]n giving effect to the parties'

intentions, it is generally accepted that the parties' conduct before any controversy

has arisen is given great weight.”254

       Where there is an ambiguity or contractual silence on an issue the Court will

examine the extrinsic evidence presented by the parties “which may include

statements and conduct of the parties, business circumstances surrounding the

execution of the contract, any course of dealing between the parties, and any usage

251
     United Rentals, Inc. v. RAM Holdings, Inc., 937 A.2d 810, 835 (Del. Ch. 2007) (citation
omitted).
252
    Id. (citations omitted).
253
    Shareholder Representative Services LLC v. Gilead Sciences, Inc., et al., 2017 WL 1015621,
at *16 (Del. Ch. Mar. 15, 2017) (internal quotations omitted).
254
    Ostroff, 2007 WL 121404, at *11 (internal quotations omitted).
                                             50
of trade or industry custom.”255 Finally, the Court should, “where possible, avoid an

interpretation that would render any provision illusory or meaningless.”256

             2. The Parties’ Contentions

      Simon’s position, based on the evidence developed at trial, is that evidence

extrinsic to the JV Agreements demonstrates that by “Mills Units” the contracts

really mean “Mills Units or similar, including Simon Units.” Further, Simon argues

that its ability to call KanAm’s interest is a “fundamental right” that the parties did

not intend to lapse.257      Simon observes that qualifying Mills Units became

unavailable due to Mills’ own financial difficulties,258 and questions why KanAm

waited five years to “first communicate its current position.”259 Simon argues that

“KanAm’s interpretation effectively nullifies Simon’s call right, a result no party to

the JV Agreements intended.”260 Further, Simon argues that there is no evidence

that the call right, and buy/sell provisions which are a “fundamental aspect of the JV

Agreements,” were intended to “simply lapse if Mills Units became unavailable.”261

      KanAm relies heavily on the plain and unambiguous provisions in the JVs

specifying that Mill Units meeting certain requirements are the default currency.

255
    Delaware Exp. Shuttle, Inc. v. Older, 2002 WL 31458243, at *6 (Del. Ch. Oct. 23, 2002)
(citations omitted).
256
    Id. (citations omitted).
257
    Simon’s Post-Trial Opening Br. 55.
258
    Id. at 57 n.20.
259
    Id. at 61.
260
    Id. at 62.
261
    Id. at 63.
                                           51
KanAm attempts to focus the scope of extrinsic evidence by pointing to the

“operative JV Agreements” and pointing out that only one of such “operative”

agreements ever included a reference to Simon Units.262 KanAm officials have

testified that their position is that Simon could exercise the call right but could not

“consummate the transaction” if KanAm chooses to receive Mills Units.263 That is,

it is KanAm’s position that the call right has not entirely lapsed; their position,

however, leads to the conclusion that the “call right” is no right, but only an

opportunity to seek KanAm’s agreement to sell its interest for cash. KanAm

contends that the parties are free to renegotiate the applicable buy/sell consideration,

and that the sole reason there has been no agreement as to “substitute non-cash

consideration [is] because Simon refused to address the issue.”264

       Ultimately, KanAm asserts that the factual record developed at trial

demonstrates that “these sophisticated parties never mutually agreed to substitute

Simon Units for Mills Units.”265 For the reasons below, I agree.

              3. The Extrinsic Evidence

       I now turn to an examination of the most relevant extrinsic evidence presented

by the parties. I find it helpful to group the extrinsic evidence presented in this

262
    See KanAm’s Post-Trial Sur Reply Br. 8–11.
263
    See Trial Tr. 822:3–19 (Braithwaite).
264
    KanAm’s Post-Trial Sur Reply Br. 2 (emphasis removed).
265
    Id. at 6.
                                            52
litigation into four general time periods: first, the 1990’s and the initial agreements;

second, the events surrounding Simon’s exit in 2002; third, the events surrounding

Mills’ financial trouble and Simon’s return via its JV with Farallon in 2007; and

finally Farallon’s exit from the JV in 2012. Each will be reviewed in turn. When

reviewed as a whole the extrinsic evidence shows that the Plaintiffs have failed to

establish by a preponderance of the evidence that the parties mutually agreed to the

substitution of Simon Units for Mills Units—that is, they have failed to show there

was ever a meeting of the minds.266

                     a. The 1990’s through 2002

       As discussed in the factual background section, Ontario Mills, while not at

issue in this litigation, was the original template for certain of the JV Agreements at

issue here, including the original three JV Agreements where Simon and KanAm

were counter-parties: Arundel Mills, Concord Mills, and Grapevine Mills.

Additionally, three other JVs at issue in this litigation were formed during this period

between Mills and KanAm, in which Simon did not participate: Orange City Mills

in 1996, Katy Mills in 1998 and Colorado Mills in 2001.267

266
    While certain portions of the record are analyzed in more detail below, I also rely in this
determination on the factual background that I have laid out previously in this Memorandum
Opinion.
267
    I note Simon admits the buy/sell provision in the agreements governing these three JV
Agreements generally mirror those in Grapevine, Arundel and Concord Mills and only reference
Mills Units. See, e.g., Simon’s Post-Trial Presentation Slide 36. See also JX0041 § 11.3(d);
JX0050 § 11.3(d); JX0089 § 11.3(d).
                                              53
       KanAm initially entered the Ontario Mills agreement with Mills as a counter-

party; when Simon was later added to the Ontario Mills JV, the JV Agreement was

amended to reflect that circumstance.268 The amendment revised the buy/sell

consideration section to provide that the default consideration was to be two-thirds

Mills Units, and one-third Simon Units in the event the call was exercised.269

Additionally, the amendment added the description that such an exchange of units

was intended to be tax free under Section 721. The reason for the amendment to the

buy/sell consideration to include Simon Units was made clear by trial testimony:

Simon Units were required consideration in order for the Section 721 tax deferral

feature to function.270 Braithwaite and Hammond, KanAm’s principal negotiators,

testified that at the time of these negotiations the only real tax concern about

receiving Simon Units was to ensure that the transaction “would get the same sort

of tax deferral.”271 Nonetheless, the fact of the amendment demonstrates that, at this

stage at least, the parties did not intend the term “Mills Units” to mean “partnership

units similar to Mills, including Simon Units.”

       While the Ontario Mills JV Agreement contained a fixed percentage of Simon

to Mills Units as the call consideration, the subsequent agreements in Concord Mills,

268
    See JX0025.
269
    See id. at § 11.3(d).
270
    Trial Tr. 945:19–946:14 (Hammond). See id. at 693:7–694:8 (Braithwaite).
271
    Id. at 949:9–18 (Hammond). See id. at 679:13–23 (Braithwaite).
                                             54
Grapevine Mills, and Arundel Mills provided that unit consideration would be paid

“ratably in proportion to the ownership interests.”272 The three agreements at issue

during this time period, however, did draw certain distinctions between Simon and

Mills Units, including the extra requirement that contractually-compliant Simon

Units must “have the most favorable rights (including redemption, conversion,

registration and anti-dilution protection) . . .” of any units of Simon.273 However,

KanAm negotiators do not recall expressing any particular concern about receiving

Simon Units at that time.274 Similarly, no convincing evidence exists about why the

“most favorable rights” provision was inserted only for Simon Units and not for

Mills Units. In other words, the inclusion of the most favorable rights provision for

Simon Units only indicates that the parties considered that Simon and Mills Units

were not necessarily equivalent, but does not explain why. The evidence also shows

that KanAm was willing to take solely the “best” Simon Units if Simon bought out

Mills.

         Simon makes much of the fact that KanAm, at the time, impliedly agreed to

potentially accept only Simon Units; if Simon had bought out Mills, Simon Units

would have been the operative consideration.              Additionally, Simon points to

prospectuses distributed by KanAm to investors during this time that either do not

272
    See JX0027 § 11.3(d); JX0058 § 11.3(d); JX0074 § 11.3(d).
273
    See, e.g., JX0027 §§ 11.3(d), (f).
274
    See Trial Tr. 694:11–14 (Braithwaite).
                                             55
mention the buy/sell currency at all,275 or, when they do so, do not draw a particular

distinction between Simon and Mills Units.276         KanAm asserts that any early

evidence of relative contractual indifference towards Simon Units is less relevant as

it was at the “infancy” of the REIT industry.277 Similarly, KanAm observes that the

contracts themselves show KanAm took care to specify only certain units of Simon

or Mills with specific qualities “would pass muster.”278

       I find that the parties’ course of conduct and other extrinsic evidence from this

period is largely unpersuasive. Simon has shown that there was, early on and at a

general level, contractual indifference by KanAm to receiving either Simon or Mills

Units. However, KanAm has also shown that when it agreed to accept Simon Units

during this time period, the parties modified the contracts to expressly so state, and

to provide what qualities the Simon Units had to have, including the most favorable

rights provisions. That is, the record from this period does not support the idea that

KanAm agreed to automatic substitution of any successor operating partner units, or

that the parties meant “Mills Units or similar” when they specified Mills Units.

275
    See JX0031; JX0037.
276
    See JX0060 at 31; JX0070 at 44.
277
    KanAm’s Post-Trial Answering Br. 30.
278
    KanAm’s Post-Trial Sur Reply Br. 14.
                                           56
                     b. Simon’s 2002 Exit and the Subsequent Amendments

       As discussed in the factual background section, in 2002 Simon exited three

JVs at issue here, Grapevine Mills, Concord Mills and Arundel Mills, after it reached

an impasse with Mills. These were the only KanAm/Mills JVs in which Simon had

an interest at the time. The exit was achieved via a “shotgun” exit mechanism.

When Simon triggered the exit, it was not contractually clear who would remain in

the JVs—that is, Simon named the price at which it would either buys Mills out or

sell its interest to Mills, at Mills’ option.279

       In the interim, before it became clear who would remain in the JVs,

Braithwaite of KanAm sent Simon’s CEO, David Simon, a letter on March 4, 2002,

to inquire about the buy/sell consideration in the Ontario Mills JV Agreement.280

Braithwaite indicated KanAm “would be interested in discussing with [Simon] how

Section 11.3 of the Ontario Mills Agreement might be implemented if there has been

a buy/sell between Mills and Simon of your interests in Ontario Mills, L.L.C.” 281

The Ontario Mills agreement, unlike the other JVs actually at issue here, provided

for a fixed consideration ratio of one-third Simon Units and two-thirds Mills Units

upon exercise of the call. David Simon responded on March 5, 2002, stating that

following the exit of Simon or Mills, KanAm’s right under the Ontario Mills

279
    See Trial Tr. 387:18–388:11 (Foxworthy).
280
    See JX0099.
281
    Id. at 2 (emphasis added).
                                               57
agreement was to receive the appropriate units “of whichever of Mills or Simon

[remained] partner.”282 Neither Braithwaite nor anyone else at KanAm responded

to Simon’s explanation of what Section 11.3 would mean for Ontario Mills

following the shotgun buy/sell, nor was there further discussion.283

       KanAm argues it did not respond because the issue, to Braithwaite’s mind,

was mooted shortly after the letter exchange when he learned that Mills’

management had recommended Mills acquire Simon’s interests.284 KanAm also

points out that, had the parties had a pre-existing understanding that Simon Units

would be automatically substituted for Mills Units, Braithwaite’s letter to Simon

would have been unnecessary, and the question would never have been asked.285

Simon points to the exchange regarding Ontario Mills, and KanAm’s silence in

response to Mr. Simon’s assertion that Simon Units would serve as currency, as

strong evidence that KanAm was indifferent to the units it received so long as they

provided for non-recognition tax treatment.286 I find this exchange less helpful than

Simon does with respect to showing a meeting of the minds regarding the present

issues before me. First, Ontario Mills features a unique JV Agreement, with a fixed

exchange ratio not at issue in the JV Agreements here. I note that, with respect to

282
    JX0100 at 1.
283
    See Trial Tr. 23:20–24:13 (Simon).
284
    See JX0101; Trial Tr. 735:16–737:18 (Braithwaite).
285
    See KanAm’s Post-Trial Sur Reply Br. 16.
286
    See Simon’s Post-Trial Opening Br. 59.
                                              58
the JV Agreements in issue, all references to Simon Units were subsequently

removed, as discussed below. Second, with respect to Simon’s argument that

KanAm’s silence—in response to Simon’s written assertion that Simon Units would

substitute for Mills Units—connotes KanAm’s agreement with or indifference to the

assertion, I am unpersuaded. The record tends to support KanAm’s mootness

point—that no response was necessary in light of Braithwaite’s awareness that Mills

would acquire Simon’s interest.

       Instructive to the issue before me—whether there was a meeting of the minds

regarding the effect of the unavailability of Mills Units—is what happened once

Simon exited the JVs. Mills and KanAm amended the governing documents to

remove references to Simon.287 On May 31, 2002, the Ontario Mills JV Agreement,

a project not at issue here, and the Grapevine Mills JV Agreement were amended to

delete references to Simon.288 Similarly, later in 2002, KanAm and Mills formed a

new partnership for Concord Mills.289 The Concord Mills JV Agreement, thereafter,

only makes reference to Mills Units, and provides that they are the default

consideration except if KanAm elected to receive cash or a mix of cash and units.290

The Arundel Mills JV Agreement underwent similar changes: first, the JV

287
    See, e.g., JX0111 § 9(f).
288
    See JX0108 §§ 2(e), 10; JX0109 §§ 2(e), 13.
289
    See JX0120.
290
    Compare JX0120 §§ 11.3(d), 11.3(f) with JX0058 §§ 11.3(d), 11.3(f).
                                             59
Agreement was amended to remove references to Simon,291 second a new

partnership document was executed for Arundel Mills in August 2004, and as with

Concord Mills, explicitly provided that Mills Units were the default buy/sell

consideration, and contained no reference to Simon Units.292

       In sum, Simon was written out of all JV Agreements to which they were

previously counter-parties to KanAm, either through deletion of references to

Simon, or by new partnership agreements which do not provide for Simon Units.

The default consideration for each JV became Mills Units meeting certain

specifications. Unsurprisingly, Simon and KanAm disagree as to the significance of

these amendments. Simon admits Mills and KanAm acted to delete references to it

from the JV Agreements during this time period but asserts that the amendments

were simply “ministerial.”293 Simon further argues that “there is no evidence in the

record regarding the amendments to the JV Agreements in 2002 other than that they

occurred” and that “KanAm is not entitled to a post-trial inference that these

amendments were intended to do anything more than remove references to Simon to

reflect its recent exit from the JVs.”294 KanAm’s view, as stated through the

testimony of Braithwaite, is that the amendments took the issue of Simon Units as

291
    See JX0106 §§ 2(e), 15.
292
    See JX0152 §§ 11.6(d), 11.6(f).
293
    Simon’s Post-Trial Opening Br. 19–20.
294
    Simon’s Post-Trial Reply Br. 13.
                                            60
consideration off “the table.”295 Further, Braithwaite testified that the amendments

reflect a decision post-2002 to not accept Simon Units.296 Similarly, KanAm asserts

the amendments and restated JV Agreements were not ministerial changes as they

evince a conscious choice to limit the appropriate consideration to Mills Units

meeting certain qualifications—that is, they address (in KanAm’s view) an

“essential element” of the contract and “they reflect in the clearest way possible that

Mills and KanAm intended to limit the non-cash consideration to Mills Units.”297

       I find that the record tends to support KanAm’s position regarding the post-

2002 amendments, though not to the extent KanAm contends. To the extent those

contractual revisions shed light on the meaning of “Mills Units” as the default

contractual consideration, and whether there was a meeting of the minds to accept

alternative consideration, the amendments tend to show the unambiguous language

means exactly what it says—Mills Units meeting specified requirements are the

proper consideration. To the extent these rather stale events are persuasive regarding

the JV Agreements in question, they indicate that KanAm thought it important to

denote what units could evoke its obligations in the event of a call. I note, in support

295
    Trial Tr. 758:20–759:13 (Braithwaite).
296
    See id. at 758:11–19 (Braithwaite) (“QUESTION: Okay. But there was no feeling internally at
KanAm that we would no longer accept Simon units post-2002? ANSWER: There certainly was
that decision as it applied to these partnerships [Ontario, Arundel, Concord, and Grapevine Mills].
And since it didn't exist in any other circumstance, we didn't think about it. It wasn't something
we spent a lot of time thinking about because it wasn't a real-world circumstance.”).
297
    KanAm’s Post-Trial Answering Br. 34.
                                               61
of this interpretation of the evidence, that in 2006, in negotiating an unrelated

project, Mills requested that KanAm amend the buy/sell provision to allow for units

of any future UPREIT operating partner to substitute for Mills Units, a request which

KanAm declined.298

                      c. Simon’s 2007 Return

       Following Mills’ financial struggles, the Simon-Farallon JV acquired Mills.

Simon, through its JV with Farallon, returned to the three projects at issue discussed

above. The parties failed to renegotiate or alter the buy/sell consideration provisions

to account for Simon-Farallon’s entry, and Mills’ exit. Thus, there are three JVs at

issue here—Grapevine, Concord, and Arundel Mills—for which Simon Units were

(1) identified as tender for the call right and (2) then removed by amendment as

tender in favor solely of Mills Units when Simon exited. Those JVs, however,

retained Mills Units as tender when Mills dissolved and Simon, with Farallon,

became the counterparty.          The Simon-Farallon JV’s acquisition of Mills also

included three JVs at issue here to which Simon was not an original party,299 that is,

the projects which Simon declined to invest in originally—Colorado, Katy, and

Orange City Mills. The buy/sell consideration provisions in these agreements also

298
    See Trial Tr. 770:16–772:1 (Braithwaite); JX0206 at 18 (proposing revisions to Section 11.3 of
the Meadowlands agreement to state that Mills’ successor so long as it was structured as an
UPREIT, with publicly traded stock “may deliver its operating partnership units or other available
securities instead of TMLP Units as consideration . . .”).
299
    See JX0170; JX0122; JX0155.
                                               62
called for Mills Units and were not revised despite the entry of the Simon-Farallon

JV—there was silence regarding this issue.            While there is no smoking gun

demonstrating why such changes were not made, common sense, commercial

realities, and experience tends to support that such a negotiation of these provisions

could have been costly, time consuming, and uncertain—therefore, the parties

consciously decided to avoid it. If the alterations were merely “ministerial” as

Simon argues the 2002 deletions were, they could have been performed by a stroke

of a pen with no negotiation necessary; if this is true it is hard to understand why the

alterations failed to occur. I find the former proposition—that both parties made

strategic decisions to avoid the issue—more plausible.

          The parties point to additional facts from this period as persuasive. Simon

points to Braithwaite’s negotiations with an alternative potential acquirer,

Brookfield, as evidence that KanAm was content accepting Simon Units.300 In

support of this argument Simon observes that Braithwaite affirmatively reached out

to Brookfield, an entity with which Mills reached a merger agreement before the

Simon-Farallon JV submitted a topping bid, and agreed to negotiate the issue of

successor consideration for the call right.          Braithwaite admits to reaching an

“agreement in principle” on behalf of KanAm to negotiate in good faith with

300
      See Simon’s Post-Trial Reply Br. 15–16.
                                                63
Brookfield on this issue.301 Simon argues the reason for this negotiation was clear:

Brookfield, due to its entity structure (not an UPREIT), could not offer partnership

units in a tax-deferred way.302 According to Simon, KanAm’s failure to reach out to

Simon in a similar way is telling. To me, nothing about KanAm’s willingness to

negotiate with Brookfield indicates an indifference to the consideration it would

receive, however. Next, in an appeal to equity, Simon points to KanAm’s then-

silence about what it now maintains was its position—that only Mills Units, and not

successor units, would evoke the call right—and Simon asserts that the “multi-

billion dollar transaction was priced” on the basis that the purchaser had an operative

call right.303

       Braithwaite and KanAm were not the only parties with knowledge who were

silent, however. Mills’ outside counsel, Willkie Farr & Gallagher, produced a

memorandum during this time period which indicated:

       [o]f note, the joint venture agreements strictly call for the OP Units to
       be those of [the Mills Partnership], and do not contain language
       authorizing the use of similar OP-type securities in the event [the Mills
       Partnership] no longer issues Units or ceases to exist as the result of a
       Mills corporate restructuring or corporate-level transaction.304

301
    See Trial Tr. 775:10–776:18 (Braithwaite).
302
    See Simon’s Post-Trial Reply Br. 15–16.
303
    Id. at 15.
304
    JX0241 at 4 (emphasis added).
                                                 64
Despite the plain language of the contract which resulted in this analysis, Mills did

not raise the issue directly with Simon. However, a Descriptive Memorandum

created by Mills, together with Goldman Sachs and J.P. Morgan and distributed to

potential acquirers (including Simon), provided that the “Put-call rights enable . . .

Mills to require KanAm to sell its interests to Mills for cash or partnership units of

Mills LP, the choice of consideration to be made in KanAm’s sole discretion . . . .”305

       Importantly, Simon’s general counsel also recognized that the JV Agreements

did not refer to Simon Units, and provided that the only non-cash consideration was

Mills Units.306 The internal legal team at Simon, and its outside counsel, knew that

the specified default consideration was Mills Units. Simon’s current explanation for

why it chose to proceed without resolution of this issue is, to me, unsatisfying;

Simon’s general counsel, Mr. Barkley, testified that Simon was not concerned,

because KanAm had agreed to accept Simon Units in the past.307 If true, this was

unwise. I also note that Barkley directly discussed the issue with Mr. Simon during

the due diligence process surrounding the Simon-Farallon JV, but Simon still

decided not to raise and discuss the issue with KanAm at the time. 308 In short, it

appears each legal eye which read these contracts identified the issue. The decision

305
    JX0293 at 1, 88 (emphasis added).
306
    Trial Tr. 291:7–292:18 (Barkley).
307
    Id. at 292:16–293:7 (Barkley); id. at 302:22–306:17 (Barkley).
308
    Id. at 311:16–312:14 (Barkley).
                                               65
to leave the issue open by all involved appears strategic and does not support a

finding of a meeting of the minds regarding an automatic substitution of Simon

Units.

         The negotiation surrounding the Denver West JV Agreement, the only

agreement executed following Simon’s re-entry, is instructive. Simon initially

insisted that the buy/sell consideration be paid only in cash.309 A senior staff attorney

at Simon, Breeden, circulated an email with comments that cash needed to be paid

since “payment in [Mills] units no longer works.”310 This comment appears to have

originated from Brian Warnock, Simon’s Senior Vice President for Acquisitions.311

Thus, at this time it is clear that there was no widespread or absolute understanding

within Simon itself that a reference to Mills Units in a JV Agreement’s buy/sell

provision actually meant Simon Units. During the discussion of the JV, KanAm

continued to negotiate the terms and seek some form of non-cash consideration, until

Rick Zeckel, Simon’s Vice President of Property Management, expressed his

frustration with delays over the negotiations regarding the buy/sell provisions.312

Braithwaite responded that these negotiations raised “much broader and significant

issues” that the parties were trying to avoid for the “simpler” deal that Denver West

309
    Simon also initially took this position in 2008 during the Grapevine Mills refinancing.
310
    JX0328 at 1.
311
    See id.
312
    JX0330 at 1–2.
                                                66
represented.313 Due to time pressures the Denver West agreement was signed with

cash as the only currency.

       However, the parties ultimately executed a unifying side letter qualifying the

cash currency. The executed side letter provides that “if the parties agree, or it is

later determined” that non-cash consideration would be payable with respect to an

existing JV, Colorado Mills, then that same non-cash consideration would apply to

Denver West.314 Prior to execution of the side letter, several drafts were circulated.

Early KanAm drafts included the following language: “a disagreement as to the form

of the non-cash consideration under Section 11.3” exists including “whether the

Units are to be units of [the Simon Partnership] instead of units of [the Mills

Partnership] . . . .”315 Further, the draft provided that by entering the Denver West

Agreement KanAm “has not waived any of its rights or claims as to the form of non-

cash consideration under Section 11.3 of any of the Limited Partnership Agreements

. . . .”316 Finally, the draft stated that “[t]he parties hereby agree to engage in good

faith negotiations to resolve the disagreement as to the form of non-cash

consideration.”317 The executed side letter, however, removed the reference that the

313
    Id. at 1.
314
    JX0348 at 5. The parties do not dispute that this language simply means that if non-cash
consideration is payable in Colorado Mills, then that same non-cash consideration applies to
Denver West. See, e.g., Simon’s Post-Trial Opening Br. 33–34.
315
    JX0340 at 2.
316
    Id. at 2–3.
317
    Id. at 3.
                                            67
parties would “agree to engage in good faith negotiations to resolve the disagreement

as to the form of non-cash consideration” which was in the earlier circulated draft

and, as set forth above, pegged the issue to resolution of the same issue in the

Colorado Mills JV.318

       The reference in the final side letter to the consideration in the Colorado Mills

JV is telling, and the Denver West negotiations indicate strongly that there was not

a definitive agreement or common understanding reached between Simon and

KanAm regarding a substitute for Mills Units as non-cash consideration.319 As I

noted in the summary judgment opinion in this matter, the side letter suggests that

further negotiations were contemplated.320 There would be nothing to later “agree”

upon or “later determine” if the parties understood at that time that the units called

for under the Colorado Mills agreement, to which the side letter was pegged, and

which, like all of the other JVs here provided for Mills Units, simply meant

“successor units” or “units similar to Mills Units.” Further supporting the absence

of a meeting of the minds during this period, as Simon’s General Counsel testified,

318
    Compare JX0348 at 5 with JX0340. See JX0170.
319
    See Trial Tr. 909:18–910:19 (Braithwaite). It is difficult to see what non-cash consideration
KanAm would be seeking at this time other than Simon Units. It is an irony of this case that in
this negotiation KanAm appears to have sought a modification to let it elect Simon Units, while
Simon sought to modify the call right to specify cash. If in fact KanAm was seeking Simon Units,
I find it nonetheless unhelpful to Simon. Simon declined to agree to provide Simon Units, rather
leaving the issue open by entering a side letter pegged to non-existent Mills Units.
320
    Simon I, 2014 WL 4840443, at *16–17.
                                               68
there are no internal Simon communications indicating that Simon would provide

its units to KanAm if it exercised a call right under the JV Agreements.321

       I next briefly address the non-contractual statements by KanAm during this

time period to investors and in audited financial statements, upon which Simon relies

in an attempt to show the parties intended and understood that Simon Units were

automatically substituted as consideration. Simon points to an October 9, 2007,

meeting in Dusseldorf, Germany (the “Dusseldorf Meeting”) where according to

Simon, KanAm communicated to certain investors and sales people that Simon Units

were the required non-cash currency following Mills’ exit.322                  The deposition

testimony of three investors and sales partners at the Dusseldorf Meeting supports

Simon’s assertion.323 Each alleges that Mr. von Boetticher, a KanAm principal and

former Mills board member, informed those at the Dusseldorf Meeting, essentially,

that there would be no changes to the exit mechanisms and that Simon Units would

be substituted.324 At trial, Mr. von Boetticher did not recall making such statements

to investors or any specifics of the meeting itself.325

321
    Trial Tr. 258:12–258:20 (Barkley) (“QUESTION: And isn't it the case, sir, as we've talked
about in your deposition, that you cannot identify a single internal memorandum or e-mail at Simon
where Simon people said to each other during this period of time, from 2007 through and including
2012, ‘Simon units will be provided to KanAm under the joint venture agreements’? ANSWER:
I don't recall there being anything like that, yes.”); id. at 285:2–9 (Barkley).
322
    See Simon’s Post-Trial Opening Br. 36–39.
323
    See id. (quoting depositions of Norbert Geisen, Reiner Michael Cramer, Jeorg Dudel).
324
    See id.
325
    See Trial Tr. 532:8–536:8 (von Boetticher).
                                               69
       Next, Simon points to communications between Juergen Goebel, a KanAm

employee, and a KanAm investor, Albert Hoeller.326 Hoeller contacted Goebel and

inquired about the procedure for liquidation in the future in light of Simon’s entry.327

Goebel replied via email explaining, essentially, that nothing had changed, and that

if the buy/sell provisions were triggered “the countervalue [would] be paid out in

cash or in the form of Simon units.”328            Simon argues this email is strong

contemporaneous evidence of KanAm’s understanding of the buy/sell provisions.329

       Additionally, Simon points to KanAm’s audited financial statements

following Simon’s return,330 which indicated that there was no impact on the KanAm

partnership and that the JV Agreements “under certain conditions may require the

sale of [KanAm’s] interests.”331 KanAm made similar disclosures for several years,

from 2008 through 2012, before later updating the financial statements.332 KanAm

asserts that the above language simply reflects that Simon could still exercise the

call but KanAm retained the discretion to select units, and that it was simply a

“conservative position about what might be ‘required.’”333

326
    See Simon’s Post-Trial Opening Br. 40–41 (citing JX0352).
327
    See JX0352 at 3.
328
    Id. at 1.
329
    See Simon’s Post-Trial Opening Br. 60 (citing JX0352); Simon’s Post-Trial Reply Br. 21
(arguing “[t]he information conveyed in Mr. Goebel’s email reflected KanAm’s contemporaneous
understanding”).
330
    See Simon’s Post-Trial Reply Br. 21–22.
331
    See, e.g., JX0392 at 8–9.
332
    See, e.g., JX0370; JX0392; JX0399; JX0419; JX0467; JX0521 at 13.
333
    See KanAm’s Post-Trial Sur Reply Br. 30.
                                            70
       The evidence Simon has put forward regarding the Dusseldorf Meeting, the

Goebel email, and KanAm’s financial filings is some evidence that KanAm expected

that Simon could successfully call based on a tender of Simon Units. It does create

conflict in the record about whether it was mutually understood that Simon Units

were a viable tender in place of Mills Units. KanAm has asserted that these are

“random comments gleaned from non-contractual documents” and that “[t]he

contracts, at all times, spoke for themselves and should be enforced as written.”334

While “random comments” is an overstatement, the references are not so widespread

within KanAm as to convince me that KanAm had a corporate understanding that

Simon Units were acceptable tender, in light of the other evidence cited above.

Importantly, as KanAm observes, this information does not present a course of

dealing between two contractual parties,335 and there is no evidence in the record

that this information was relied on by Simon. Rather, during this time period, there

were no internal communications at Simon reflecting their understanding that Simon

Units were appropriate,336 let alone a reliance on the above statements. I find that

when viewed as a whole the extrinsic evidence during this time period, in light of

the unambiguous contractual terms, is insufficient to demonstrate that there was a

334
    KanAm’s Post-Trial Answering Br. 6.
335
    See KanAm’s Post-Trial Sur Reply Br. 27–28 (quoting Restatement (Second) of Contracts, §
223(1) “[a] course of dealing is a sequence of previous conduct between the parties to an agreement
which is fairly to be regarded as establishing a common basis of understanding for interpreting
their expressions and other conduct”).
336
    See, e.g., Trial Tr. 258:12–258:20 (Barkley); id. at 285:2–9 (Barkley).
                                               71
mutual intent, or meeting of the minds, between KanAm and Simon regarding the

automatic substitution of Simon Units.

                      d. Farallon’s Exit and Simon’s Attempt to Call

       Following Simon’s break up with Farallon, the 2012 Agreement and

Indemnity was reached between KanAm and Simon. Simon points to the 2012

Agreement as supportive of its position that Simon Units were substituted as the

appropriate buy/sell consideration despite the language of the contracts.337 KanAm

points out this agreement arose when Simon asked for KanAm’s consent regarding

its acquisition of Farallon, and in exchange agreed to indemnify KanAm against

losses. KanAm observes that there is no mention of the buy/sell provisions in the

indemnity agreement nor is there any evidence that the parties intended this

agreement to work such a change.338

       I find the record supports KanAm regarding the 2012 Agreement. First, the

Agreement was presented initially to KanAm by Simon’s General Counsel, who

advised that “[t]here would be no changes required to existing venture agreements

at property level companies . . . .”339 Similarly there is no testimony in the record

that the parties understood or intended for such a substantial change to be worked to

the buy/sell consideration by the 2012 Agreement.                 In other words, the 2012

337
    See Simon’s Post-Trial Opening Br. 60–61.
338
    See KanAm’s Post-Trial Answering Br. 36–37.
339
    JX0430 at 1; Trial Tr. 216:4–23 (Barkley); id. 225:1–5 (Barkley).
                                               72
Agreement preserved existing contract rights, including KanAm’s right to insist on

a tender of Mills Units. The 2012 Agreement did not create new rights regarding

the call.

       I next briefly address the circumstances surrounding the agreements under

which KanAm agreed to an extension of the buy/sell exercise period, and Simon’s

eventual attempted call. When Simon first indicated its interest in exercising the

call, KanAm did not immediately raise its current position that it could insist on

Mills Units, and could thus thwart the call’s operation. KanAm did not raise this

issue to Simon until after it signed two extensions to the buy/sell window in 2012.

The call was not triggered that year, and in the fall of 2012 the Concord Mills JV

Agreement was amended; however, no change was made to the buy/sell provision.

During this period KanAm offered to renegotiate the buy/sell consideration—

including at an in-person meeting with Mr. Simon in 2013. Simon declined, and

ultimately initiated this suit while triggering the call provisions. I take from these

facts that KanAm, like Simon, was unsure of its ability to insist on Mills Units; it

does not demonstrate to me that the parties understood that Simon Units were an

agreed to substitute, therefore.

                    e. The Contractual Terms

       In sum, the JV Agreements unambiguously provide for Mills Units meeting

certain specifications. There is insufficient extrinsic evidence to demonstrate, by a

                                         73
preponderance of the evidence, that Simon and KanAm shared a mutual intent or

reached a meeting of the minds that, despite this unambiguous language, Simon

Units could satisfy the call right. No doubt, there has been gamesmanship and

strategic silence by both sides spanning their long relationship. While Simon Units

were initially contractually-compliant in the three original JVs to which KanAm was

an original partner with Simon and Mills, those agreements were amended or

restated to remove references to Simon Units. The three other JVs to which Simon

was not an original investor never mentioned Simon Units. When the Simon-

Farallon JV acquired Mills there was contractual silence regarding these provisions.

All sides knew consideration for the call was an unresolved issue, but failed to

bargain for a substitute tender. Compounding the problem, in the best chance to

address and fully settle the issue, Denver West—the only post-Simon-return JV—

Simon as well as KanAm punted on the issue. Unfortunately for Simon, I must

therefore enforce the Agreements as written. Absent a showing of mutual intent

regarding the substitution of Simon Units, I cannot add an additional term to the

unambiguous contractual provisions.

      Before leaving a discussion on the meaning of the Agreements, I note that one

of the JV Agreements at issue here, Orange City, includes what the parties have

identified as unique language relating to successor interests and the substitution of

                                         74
successor units as the proper buy/sell consideration.340 Simon was not an initial party

to the Orange City JV,341 but became a party following its acquisition of Mills. Like

the other JVs at issue, Orange City provides that the default consideration in the

event of a call is Mills Units meeting certain specifications.342 However, the

definition of “Mills” or “TMLP”343 in this JV Agreement was not like the others.

Specifically, Section 11.2 of the Orange City JV Agreement contains a clause that

defines Mills as follows: “[Mills] (which term, for purposes of this Section 11.2 and

Section 11.3 shall be deemed to include Mezz II GP LLC and any other Mills

Partners).”344 The JV further defines Mills Partners as follows: “Mills Partner(s):

Collectively, [Mills] and Mezz II GP LLC and their respective Affiliates, successors

and/or assigns who or which become Partners in accordance with this

Agreement.”345        Finally, the buy/sell consideration provision in Section 11.3

provides that: “[i]f [Mills] is the Offeror . . . unless [KanAm] elects to receive cash,

340
    See Post-Trial Oral Argument Tr. 96–97 (arguing on behalf of KanAm that “the fact that it's in
one and not in the others doesn't mean I take it from this one and read it into all the others. It tells
me that they agreed in this one to this provision and affirmatively did not agree in any other
agreement to that term. . . . the language that exists in Orange that does not exist in any of the other
joint ventures, and Simon never asked to have it included”); Simon’s Post-Trial Opening Br. 17
n.9 (identifying the unique language in the Orange City JV Agreement).
341
    See JX0155.
342
    Id. at §§ 11.3(d), 11.3(f).
343
    The Orange City JV Agreement’s short term for The Mills Partnership is “TMLP”—for clarity
I have substituted “[Mills]” for “TMLP” when quoting the JV Agreement.
344
    JX0155 § 11.2(a) (emphasis added).
345
    Id. at § 1.39 (emphasis added); id. at § 1.2 (defining Affiliate, “[w]ith respect to any Person, a
Person who, directly or indirectly, controls, is under common control with, or is controlled by, that
Person,” with control meaning “the possession, directly or indirectly, of the power to direct or
cause the direction of the management and policies of such Person”).
                                                  75
the Buy/Sell Price shall be paid in full in [Mills] [U]nits of limited partnership . . .

.”346 Mills Units is not a separately-defined term. In other words, uniquely with

respect to the JV Agreements at issue, under this Orange City Agreement, successors

of Mills—like Simon—are specifically included in the definition of Mills, and thus

“TMLP [Mills] Units” includes units of any successor of Mills (so long as they

otherwise possess the requisite characteristics, including liquidity and tax avoidance,

required of compliant Mills Units).

          Under this contractual language, Simon points out that, as the successor to

Mills, and via Section 11.2’s modifier of the definition of “[Mills]” for Sections 11.2

and 11.3, its units are eligible to be explicitly contractually-compliant. As a result,

Simon attempts to make a universal point; it asserts that, since KanAm appears to

have been indifferent to accepting successor operating partnership units in the

Orange City Mills JV, it must be indifferent generally, and I should construe all of

the JV Agreements consistent with Orange City Mills. I find the opposite. The fact

that KanAm and Mills bargained for successor units to be tender in one JV

Agreement makes more significant the fact that they omitted the same provision in

the other Agreements. Moreover, in another JV negotiation not at issue here, Mills

sought a similar provision, which KanAm rejected.347

346
      Id. at § 11.3(d).
347
      See Trial Tr. 770:16–772:1 (Braithwaite); JX0206 at 18.
                                                 76
       KanAm, for its part, argues that the definition of Mills to include successors

“means only that Simon as a successor to [the Mills Partnership] can exercise the

rights that [the Mills Partnership] had; it does not change the specified consideration

from Mills Units to Simon Units.”348 I disagree. The parties to the Orange City JV

could have, but did not, separately define Mills Units. They could have, but did not,

provide that, notwithstanding that Mills is defined as Mills and any successors for

the purposes of the buy/sell provision, “Mills Units” excluded successor units.349

       I construe the Orange City JV Agreement as follows: Simon as a successor is

to be construed as “TMLP” [“Mills”]; and its units, if otherwise contractually-

compliant, are effective Mills Units, which are contractual tender for the call for

KanAm’s interest in this JV. In support of this finding I note the broad modifier to

the Mills definition is located directly within the Article of the JV Agreement

covering transfers. The only question remaining is whether Simon, once read into

the agreement per the definition, can offer compliant units pursuant to Section

11.3(f). Section 11.3(f) provides that: “[a]ny Units received by [KanAm] pursuant

348
    KanAm’s Post-Trial Answering Br. 56 n.204. See Post-Trial Oral Argument Tr. 96 (arguing
on behalf of KanAm that “the language doesn’t track” to a substitution of Simon Units for Mills
Units).
349
    I note that certain other JV Agreements without the broader definition present in Orange City
provide in their corresponding payment provisions that “[a]ny TMLP Units received . . . .” rather
than the “[a]ny Units received . . . .” language present in the Orange City JV. Compare JX0155 §
11.3(f) with JX0152 § 11.6(f); JX0170 § 11.3(f). That is, unlike with other JVs, the payment
provision in Section 11.3(f) of Orange City omits the direct reference to TMLP Units, indicating
that successor units were contemplated.
                                               77
to this Section 11.3 shall have substantially the same rights (including redemption,

conversion, registration and anti-dilution protection) as attached to units issued in

connection with the formation transactions of [Mills Partnership] and Mills Corp . .

. .”350 The majority of the briefing in this matter did not focus on this narrow issue.

The evidence at trial made clear that there are differences, from KanAm’s

perspective, between Simon and Mills Units. The parties differ as to the materiality

of those differences. To be compliant, however, successor units in the Orange City

JV need not be identical to any particular Mills Units; they only need to provide

substantially the same rights in the four delineated areas.

       Simon asserts that both parties agree these narrower requirements are met with

respect to Simon Units.351 While the record as it has been presented tends to support

this assertion,352 in light of the absence of an explicit focus on this issue I will permit

the parties to submit supplemental memoranda referencing the record on this issue

if a stipulation cannot be reached as to whether compliant successor units have been

tendered with respect to the Orange City JV.353

350
    JX0155 § 11.3(f).
351
    See Simon’s Post-Trial Reply Br. 33 (asserting that “[t]he parties agree that Simon Units satisfy
[the tax deferral] central purpose and are indistinguishable with respect to redemption, conversion,
registration, and anti-dilution – the only other characteristics of units identified in the buy/sell
provisions”).
352
    See, e.g., Trial Tr. 1168:4–1169:15 (Fick); id. at 1275:10–1276:1 (Croker).
353
    I note my commentary here is limited only to these particular factors.
                                                78
      B. The Material Breach Doctrine

      I next turn to a discussion of the doctrine of material breach. Simon argues

that “[e]ven if the Court were to find that the extrinsic evidence does not show that

the parties intended for the call right to be operative under the present circumstances,

KanAm’s effort to escape its obligations independently fails because Simon’s

willingness to deliver the buy/sell price in cash or Simon Units is not a material

breach of the JV Agreements that would excuse KanAm’s performance.”354 Simon’s

argument is perhaps better stated as that it stands ready to substantially perform, and

thus I should specifically enforce KanAm’s reciprocal obligation to sell.

Nonetheless, I will in this discussion refer to Simon’s position as one of “non-

material breach.” KanAm, for its part, asserts that the buy/sell provisions are

contractual options to purchase and pursuant to Delaware law are to be strictly

construed.355 Further they assert that specific contractual “default provisions” in the

JV Agreements bar the doctrine of substantial performance.356

      I first note that the call provision operates as an option; Simon has the right to

purchase KanAm’s interest in each JV at certain contractually-provided times. The

price to be paid is pegged to appraised value, and must be paid (absent an election

by KanAm to take cash) in the equivalent value of units of the Mills Partnership. In

354
    Simon Post-Trial Opening Br. 64.
355
    KanAm’s Post-Trial Answering Br. 51–52.
356
    Id. at 52–53.
                                              79
order to trigger its right to purchase, Simon must comply with the conditions set

forth in the contract. Specific performance of an option contract requires strict

adherence to these conditions. I find Simon’s argument that it is not in material

breach to be inapposite. Having failed to satisfy the conditions for the call, it cannot

enforce the contract, as contractual provisions in option contracts are construed

strictly. Moreover, specific contract language reinforces the point—the notice of the

call, per the JV Agreements, is voidable absent compliance with the conditions

necessary to compel the sale. My reasoning is explained in more detail below.

       Simon’s argument that it is not in material breach turns on a doctrine designed

to prevent a non-material deviation from the requirements of a contract from

depriving a party of its expectations thereunder. Stated simply, it is a doctrine to

prevent oppression through fortuity. Generally, under Delaware law, a breach will

be deemed material if “touches the fundamental purpose of the contract and defeats

the object of the parties in entering into the contract.”357 If a breach is not material,

performance by the injured party is generally not excused and refusal to perform by

the injured party may itself constitute a breach.358 That is, “a slight breach by one

party, while giving rise to an action for damages, will not necessarily terminate the

357
    Preferred Inv. Servs., Inc. v. T & H Bail Bonds, Inc., 2013 WL 3934992, at *11 (Del. Ch. July
24, 2013) (citations omitted).
358
    See BioLife Sols., Inc. v. Endocare, Inc., 838 A.2d 268, 278 (Del. Ch. 2003).
                                              80
obligations of the injured party to perform under the contract.”359 The question of

whether a breach is material sufficient to justify non-performance entails a fact-

specific weighing analysis.360 To determine whether a breach is material, Delaware

courts have looked to the factors provided by Section 241 of the Restatement

(Second) of Contracts.361 The Restatement factors are as follows:

       (a) the extent to which the injured party will be deprived of the benefit
       which he reasonably expected;

       (b) the extent to which the injured party can be adequately compensated
       for the part of that benefit of which he will be deprived;

       (c) the extent to which the party failing to perform or to offer to perform
       will suffer forfeiture;

       (d) the likelihood that the party failing to perform or to offer to perform
       will cure his failure, taking account of all the circumstances including
       any reasonable assurances; and

       (e) the extent to which the behavior of the party failing to perform or to
       offer to perform comports with standards of good faith and fair
       dealing.362

       The parties spent much time at trial on this issue, establishing by evidence the

similarities and differences between Mills and Simon Units, which I summarize

briefly below. As stated above, among the prime concerns of KanAm is that the

consideration provide tax benefits as well as liquidity for its members. Simon Units,

359
    Id. (citations omitted).
360
    See id.
361
    See, e.g., id.
362
    Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 241 (1981).
                                              81
I note, do provide liquidity and are congruent, but not identical, with respect to tax

consequences and risks.

          Both Simon and Mills were structured as umbrella partnership real estate

investment trusts (“UPREITS”). This entity structure, for both Simon and Mills,

facilitated liquidity and tax benefits. As an UPREIT, Simon could provide limited

partnership units of the Simon Partnership (Simon Units) that were redeemable for

cash or stock. The assets themselves, the interests in the properties, were held at the

partnership level. Upon redemption, the distributed Simon Units could convert into

either cash or publicly traded stock of the parent REIT—Simon Corp. This process

would generally permit a counterparty in a JV to secure non-recognition tax

treatment—that is, generally speaking, an exchange of an interest in a JV for such

units is not a taxable event under the United States tax code.363 Mills’ entity structure

generally mirrored that of Simon, it offered units of Mills Partnership (Mills Units)

that were redeemable and upon redemption could convert into publicly traded shares

of Mills Corp.364 Thus, at a general level the operation and purpose of Mills Units

and Simon Units was similar.

363
      See Trial Tr. 154:5–155:3 (Simon).
364
      See id.
                                           82
       Simon and Mills as entities, however, were distinct in terms of size, portfolio

composition,365 and their historical relationship to KanAm. The record supports that

KanAm investors had a level of familiarity with Mills which they did not possess

with Simon. KanAm contributed assets to Mills at Mills’ inception. Historically,

KanAm had a large ownership stake in Mills—up to 41% at the time of the original

Mills IPO; thus, the record supports a finding that when KanAm bargained to receive

Mills Units, it had some reasonable expectation that it could influence the actions of

Mills. Additionally, for almost two decades KanAm had three representatives on

Mills’ Board, which evinces a special ability to monitor and participate in Mills that

did not exist with Simon. Mills, as a smaller entity, had a higher proportion of

projects that were core to its business and unlikely to be sold, which sales themselves

could trigger negative tax consequences.366 Simon, on the other hand, had a strategy

of “aggressively recycling capital” which means they were more likely to exit JV

projects, an event which could trigger tax consequences.367 Further, empirically,

when given the chance upon Simon’s re-entry, only a small minority of KanAm

investors elected to exchange their Mills Units for Simon Units. 368 KanAm asserts

365
    I note that the investments were generally in specific projects, however, upon conversion the
broader portfolio would be relevant because a particular unit or stock’s value would be tied to the
broader portfolio.
366
    See Trial Tr. 389:14–17 (Foxworthy) (testifying that were Mills to lose certain of the JVs at
issue here, it would have been “a terrible infringement of their franchise”); JX0613 at 47.
367
    See Trial Tr. 107:8–108:14 (Simon).
368
    See Pretrial Stip. 14; Trial Tr. at 1016:23–1018:24 (Hammond).
                                                83
that its contracts did not reflect an agreement to put its tax and economic destiny in

the hands of the larger, and less familiar, Simon Entities. Simon points out, however,

that none of this alleged unique relationship was disclosed contemporaneously to

KanAm investors when it entered certain JVs that provided for both Mills and Simon

Units.369

       The evidence indicates that payment in Simon Units could result in

administrative and tax consequences for KanAm and its investors, beyond those

inherent in Mills Units.370 If so, the injury to KanAm, for the most part, is not

calculable ex ante, as the tax consequences are in the form of heightened tax risks

that would depend on later determinations by regulatory authorities or actions by

Simon.371 For example, German regulators would look to Simon’s approximately

600 US based LLCs and apply a multi-factor test to each LLC for “opacity,” a

finding of which would trigger additional tax consequences.372 KanAm observes

that German tax authorities have already reviewed certain joint tax filings of KanAm

and Mills, on the other hand, and accepted the classifications of taxation provided.373

369
    See Simon’s Post-Trial Reply Br. 34–35. KanAm chalks this up to being a “simple omission”
and asserts these “1990s statements do not relate to the operative JV Agreements.” KanAm’s Post-
Trial Sur Reply Br. 38.
370
    I note that there was not a similar services agreement reached between Simon and KanAm, in
contrast to the services agreement between KanAm and Mills discussed in the factual background
section. See Trial Tr. 1018:15–22 (Hammond).
371
    See generally JX0614.
372
    See, e.g., Trial Tr. 1358:10–1359:16 (Riha); id. at 1366:7–1368:8 (Riha).
373
    See JX0614 at 19.
                                              84
Similarly, KanAm argues that if Simon were to add 6,000 German investors as

limited partners further tax risks—arising from potential classification as a publicly-

traded-partnership—would be triggered.374

       In rebuttal, Simon points out that the only relevant tax protection actually

contained in the JV Agreements is non-recognition tax treatment pursuant to Section

721, and argues that KanAm’s professed current concern about these additional tax

risks is litigation-driven.375 Simon observes that none of the tax risks now raised in

litigation were communicated to KanAm investors via the prospectuses issued when

Simon was a counter-party, and that KanAm did not bargain for the protections they

now seek.376 Simon also observes that its units provide the requisite liquidity,

conversion, and redemption qualities specified in the JV Agreements.

       Finally, for the reasons laid out in painful detail in the factual background and

extrinsic evidence analysis above, the record is unhelpful to Simon with respect to

the equitable considerations under the Restatement analysis. Simon will not be

deprived of a reasonable expectation of a benefit; the problem of the appropriate

call-right tender was known by Simon from the time of the Simon-Farallon JV, and

374
    See KanAm’s Post-Trial Answering Br. 70 (citing JX0613 at 71–80).
375
    See Simon’s Post-Trial Reply Br. 33 (arguing Simon Units satisfy the tax deferred central
purpose and are “indistinguishable” with respect to the other listed characteristics).
376
    Id. at 34. Simon also denies that such tax risks are legitimate.
                                             85
it chose to roll the dice rather than negotiate the issue. For similar reasons, KanAm’s

position is equitably weak.

       The foregoing recitation should demonstrate that a determination of the

materiality of the difference between Simon and Mills Units, from the point of view

of the parties under the factors discussed above, is an issue both fact-intensive and

difficult. Here, however, I need not reach a conclusion under the material breach

doctrine, as under the terms of the contracts, I find the analysis inapt.377

       The call right functions as an option. KanAm has contractually agreed to sell

its interest in each JV to Simon, at Simon’s option, in exchange for a number of

Mills Units to be determined by the appraised value of KanAm’s interest at the time

sold. Regarding option contracts, the treatises indicate that precise compliance with

the terms of the option is required before the sale is enforced. The doctrine of non-

material breach (or substantial compliance) is generally inapplicable to option

contracts because a true forfeiture is not involved—each party retains its original

interest—and the one–sided nature of such contracts, if not strictly construed, could

allow, in effect, unilateral modification. As Williston on Contracts states:

       [w]hen the optionee decides to exercise its option, it must act
       unconditionally and according to the terms of the option . . . . Nothing

377
   I note, in any event, were I to invoke the doctrine, it is exceedingly difficult for me to see how
providing consideration not in the form bargained for under the terms of the applicable contracts,
between sophisticated parties, would not be a material breach. With respect to the buy/sell
provisions, the nature of the consideration is naturally material; it is the gravamen of the
agreement.
                                                86
       less than an unconditional and precise acceptance will suffice unless
       the optionor waives one or more of the terms of the option. . . . Because
       the option itself affords the offeree protection against the offeror's
       inconsistent action, the general attitude of the courts is to construe the
       attempt to accept the terms offered under the option strictly. The
       problem of a potential forfeiture does not enter into the matter.378

The Restatement (Second) of Contracts is similar:

       [d]espite equity's dislike of forfeitures, . . . requirements governing the
       time and manner of exercise of a power of acceptance under an option
       contract are applied strictly. It is reasoned that any relaxation of terms
       would substantively extend the option contract to subject one party to
       greater obligations than he bargained for.379
       Here, KanAm bargained for Mills Units. To the extent I treat the call right as

an option, deviation from the terms of the offer cannot be excused as a non-material

breach. Simon argues strenuously that it would be unfair to treat the call right as a

simple option. It rightly points out that I must read contracts as a whole, and that

the call right is but a bargained-for portion of a larger contract; it argues that it has

already performed under the contract and that it will be denied the full benefit of its

bargain if the call can only be consummated with non-existent Mills Units. Treating

a call right imbedded in a larger contract with other reciprocal obligations as an

option is problematic, as Simon points out. The record indicates that the right to buy

out counterparties as the projects mature was an important part of the JVs. Simon’s

378
    1 WILLISTON ON CONTRACTS § 5:18 (4th ed. 2006) (footnotes omitted).
379
    Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 25, Rpt. Note cmt. d (2008). See Liberty Prop. Ltd. P'ship
v. 25 Massachusetts Ave. Prop. LLC, 2008 WL 1746974, at *17 n.75 (Del. Ch. Apr. 7, 2008)
(quoting id.).
                                               87
contentions would be more persuasive here, however, if a reasonable expectation of

Simon was that Simon Units would be accepted by KanAm. The record, however,

shows that Simon was aware that at least an issue existed with respect to proper

consideration, yet elected to proceed with the JVs regardless.

       Treatment of the call under these particular JV Agreements as an option—

acceptance of which must be strictly construed—finds support in the provisions of

the JV Agreements themselves. The contracts at issue require strict compliance with

the buy/sell provisions in order to consummate the call. The “default provision,”

which is contained in each agreement at issue,380 provides that “if at the time of

Closing, either party fails to perform as required, then and in such event the non-

breaching party shall have the right to void the Buy/Sell Notice attributable thereto

or to pursue any rights at law or in equity (including without limitation, instituting a

suit for specific performance).”381 As I have already found, the Plaintiffs have failed

to show by a preponderance of the evidence that there was a meeting of the minds

with respect to Simon Units being contractually-compliant substitute units. Rather,

the contracts unambiguously require tender of Mills Units meeting certain

380
    See JX0027 § 11.3(e)(iv); JX0122 § 11.3(e)(iv); JX0120 § 11.3(e)(iv); JX0152 § 11.6(e)(iv);
JX0155 § 11.3(e)(iv); JX0170 § 11.3(e)(iv); JX0342 § 11.3(e)(iv).
381
    JX0152 § 11.6(e)(iv) (emphasis added). I note that while Simon asserts that this section alone
is insufficient to void the buy/sell notices absent a showing of material breach, it relies on the
second clause of this section in support of its argument that this contractual provision “alone is
sufficient” to grant specific performance. See Simon’s Post-Trial Opening Br. 75; Simon’s Post-
Trial Reply Br. 47.
                                               88
specifications. The Plaintiffs are trying to perform the contract by offering non-

compliant Simon Units. Simon has therefore failed to perform as required under the

JV Agreements, and the bargained-for provision that if “at the time of Closing, either

party fails to perform as required, then and in such event the non-breaching party

shall have the right to void the Buy/Sell Notice attributable thereto . . .” has been

triggered.382

          KanAm has a contractual right to void non-compliant notices pursuant to the

JV Agreements. Enforcement of the call right under the doctrine of non-material

breach would render this bargained-for contractual right surplusage. Stated another

way, the non-breaching party always has a right to avoid performance in the event

of a material breach. If the contractual right to void the buy/sell notice simply meant

KanAm may avoid closing only in the event of a material breach, it would do no

actual work in the contract. A fair reading of this provision is that in the event a

party fails to comply with the requirements to exercise the buy/sell provision, the

non-breaching party can void the notice. I find KanAm’s assertion that such a

provision was put into these contracts, at least in part, to avoid a “close enough”

argument persuasive.

          Finally, I pause to briefly address Simon’s requested relief. The agreements

in question were to conduct joint ventures. The call right gives Simon the right to

382
      See JX0152 § 11.6(e)(iv) (emphasis added).
                                                   89
buy out its counterparty for a specific consideration at a specific time. Simon seeks

specific performance of that contractual right to purchase the KanAm interests, with

Simon Units or cash, thereby forcing KanAm out of the JVs.383

       In order for equity to force KanAm to sell, Simon must demonstrate that it has

complied with the contract and is able to perform. Delaware courts will specifically

enforce a contract only if the party seeking relief establishes that “(1) a valid,

enforceable, agreement exists between the parties; (2) the party seeking specific

performance was ready, willing, and able to perform under the terms of the

agreement; and (3) a balancing of the equities favors an order of specific

performance.”384        Further, “[t]he decision as to the availability of specific

performance rests within the sound discretion of this Court.” 385 Additionally,

“specific performance [is] an extraordinary remedy, not to be awarded lightly,” and

a “party seeking specific performance must prove by clear and convincing evidence

that she is entitled to specific performance and that she has no adequate remedy at

law.”386

383
    While enforcement of the contract specifically is the primary relief requested, I note that Simon
has also pursued damages on the theory that Simon Units are contractually-compliant and that by
refusing to accept them and exit the JVs, KanAm breached—it seeks restitution for distributions
after the attempted exercise of the call.
384
    BAE Sys. Info. & Elec. Sys. Integration, Inc. v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 2009 WL 264088, at
*7 (Del. Ch. Feb. 3, 2009) (citations omitted).
385
    Id. (citation omitted).
386
    Halpin v. Riverstone Nat'l, Inc., 2015 WL 854724, at *5 (Del. Ch. Feb. 26, 2015) (citations
omitted) (emphasis added).
                                                90
          As detailed above, Simon was not capable of performing under the terms of

the agreements—it failed to provide the contractually required currency. Further, in

light of its knowledge of, but failure to address, the issue of consideration in the JV

Agreements, Simon would find difficult its burden to show by clear and convincing

evidence that equity would favor specific performance even if I had found that

Simon Units were contractually-compliant.

          C. The Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing

          I next turn to Simon’s claim arising under Count III of its Complaint, which

asserts that KanAm violated the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing by

demanding non-existent Mills Units. This Court’s summary judgment opinion

briefly addressed this issue stating that “as the JV Agreements do not address the

unavailability of Mills Units, the Plaintiffs' allegation that the Defendants have

breached their implied duty of good faith and fair dealing is not precluded by our

case law.”387 I now revisit this issue in light of the fully developed factual record

from trial.

          As our Supreme Court has explained the implied covenant “is a limited and

extraordinary legal remedy.”388 Generally, “the implied covenant requires a party in

a contractual relationship to refrain from arbitrary or unreasonable conduct which

387
      Simon I, 2014 WL 4840443, at *14.
388
      Nemec v. Shrader, 991 A.2d 1120, 1128 (Del. 2010).
                                               91
has the effect of preventing the other party to the contract from receiving the fruits

of the bargain.”389 The implied covenant, however, is limited to a gap filling role.

The “implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing involves . . . inferring

contractual terms to handle developments or contractual gaps that . . . neither party

anticipated.”390 However, “[i]t does not apply when the contract addresses the

conduct at issue.”391 In the same vein, “[t]he implied covenant only applies to

developments that could not be anticipated, not developments that the parties simply

failed to consider . . . .”392 Additionally, the covenant is “not an equitable remedy

for rebalancing economic interests after events that could have been anticipated, but

were not, that later adversely affected one party to a contract.”393 Finally, “[a] party

does not act in bad faith by relying on contract provisions for which that party

bargained where doing so simply limits advantages to another party.”394

       Simon asserts “that KanAm has violated the implied covenant of good faith

and fair dealing by attempting to defeat Simon’s exercise of the call right by

purporting to ‘choose’ payment in non-existent Mills Units.”395 Simon argues that

389
    Dunlap v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 878 A.2d 434, 442 (Del. 2005) (internal quotations
omitted).
390
    Nationwide Emerging Managers, LLC v. Northpointe Holdings, LLC, 112 A.3d 878, 896 (Del.
2015) (quoting Nemec, 991 A.2d at 1125) (alterations provided by the Supreme Court in
Northpointe Holdings).
391
    Id. (citation omitted).
392
    Nemec, 991 A.2d at 1126.
393
    Id. at 1128.
394
    Id.
395
    Simon’s Post-Trial Opening Br. 69.
                                            92
“KanAm has intentionally frustrated Simon’s fundamental rights” to exercise the

call by voiding the buy/sell notices arbitrarily and unreasonably. 396 Simon alleges

that KanAm’s interpretation is “especially unreasonable given KanAm’s position

that its put right remains fully intact” and that “the parties did not and never would

have agreed to such an unfair arrangement had they thought to negotiate with respect

to the matter.”397 KanAm counters that there is no gap to be filled here—that the

parties expressly were aware that the JV Agreements required tender of Mills Units,

and yet there was a decision on both sides to not address a replacement currency.

       Simon’s position, in my view, is not supported by our law or the facts of this

matter. This is not a case where the parties never considered that exercise of an

option would be frustrated by an unexpected happenstance. Dispositive, I think, of

Simon’s claim is the fact that while there was contractual silence on this issue from

both sides, the issue was not unknown to the parties—each side independently

identified the potential issue, attempts were made to negotiate it, but no agreement

was ever reached. That is, the circumstances the parties found themselves in—a call

provision that explicitly provides the seller the option to require unavailable units as

consideration—was recognized by all, but no agreement was reached. A party, after

396
    Id.
397
    Id. at 70. I note, in light of my findings, which effectively render the call right unenforceable,
it remains to be determined whether KanAm’s put right remains operative, and whether, in equity,
it could enforce such a right. The put and call were obviously negotiated to be reciprocal, and the
continued vitality of the put is problematic.
                                                 93
consciously avoiding an issue, cannot seek rescue through the implied covenant, and

I may not provide through equity what the parties failed knowingly to provide for

themselves. Further, nothing in the record supports the implication that the parties

would have agreed to the automatic substitution that Simon seeks through the

implied covenant. Since I cannot know what resolution the parties would have

reached through negotiation, relief via the implied covenant is unavailable.

      D. Waiver/Estoppel

             1. Waiver

      Simon asserts that KanAm waived any right it had to insist on Mills Units via

its words or conduct over the course of several years, during which, according to

Simon, KanAm demonstrated an understanding that Simon Units were acceptable

non-cash consideration.      KanAm observes that Simon was aware of the JV

Agreements’ terms and that KanAm “had no duty to tell Simon that the contractual

Buy/Sell Provisions meant what they say.”398

      It is well-settled that a party may waive her contractual rights; as our Supreme

Court has explained, “[w]aiver is the voluntary and intentional relinquishment of a

known right.”399 Delaware Courts will find a waiver upon a showing “(1) that there

is a requirement or condition capable of being waived, (2) that the waiving party

398
  KanAm’s Post-Trial Answering Br. 79.
399
  Realty Growth Inv'rs v. Council of Unit Owners, 453 A.2d 450, 456 (Del. 1982) (citations
omitted).
                                           94
knows of that requirement or condition, and (3) that the waiving party intends to

waive that requirement or condition.”400 Waiver involves “knowledge of all material

facts and an intent to waive, together with a willingness to refrain from enforcing

those contractual rights.”401       The standard for demonstrating waiver is “quite

exacting;” because waiver is redolent of forfeiture, “the facts relied upon to

demonstrate waiver must be unequivocal.”402

       In support of its waiver claim, Simon points to statements allegedly made at

the Dusseldorf Meeting and the Goebel email exchange, as both representing

“unequivocal expression of KanAm’s intent to waive any right to insist on receiving

non-existent Mills Units.”403 Additionally, Simon points to KanAm’s dealings with

Brookfield, including Braithwaite’s undisclosed agreement in principle, to negotiate

in good faith the buy/sell consideration, despite his service on the Mills board.404

Simon asserts that “KanAm had an obligation in good faith to raise” the issue in

connection with the Simon-Farallon JV’s acquisition of Mills.405

400
    Amirsaleh v. Bd. of Trade of City of N.Y., 27 A.3d 522, 530 (Del. 2011) (citation omitted).
401
    AeroGlobal Capital Mgmt., LLC v. Cirrus Indus., Inc., 871 A.2d 428, 444 (Del. 2005) (citation
omitted).
402
    Amirsaleh, 27 A.3d at 529 (internal quotations omitted). See Kallop v. McAllister, 678 A.2d
526, 532 (Del. 1996) (“Waiver, however, requires more than mere inaction. To substantiate his
waiver defense, [the defendant] needed to show that [the plaintiff] intentionally relinquished his
right to rely on the Letter Agreement.”) (citations omitted).
403
    Simon’s Post-Trial Reply Br. 44–45.
404
    Simon’s Post-Trial Opening Br. 71.
405
    Id. at 72.
                                               95
      Simon has failed to demonstrate KanAm’s knowing and unequivocal waiver

of the right to insist on receiving Mills Units; that is, the facts relied upon in an

attempt to prove waiver are not unequivocal in nature. While the allegations

surrounding the Dusseldorf Meeting and the Goebel email do indicate that certain

individuals at KanAm thought it might be compelled to accept Simon Units, they do

not demonstrate an intentional and knowing relinquishment of a right. These

statements were not made directly to Simon—there were no such communications

by KanAm to Simon. However, during the general time period of the Goebel email

and Dusseldorf Meeting, in late 2007,406 the Denver West negotiations occurred

where Simon itself refused to provide Simon Units and insisted on cash

consideration for the buy/sell agreement. KanAm informed Simon there were

broader issues at play arising under the buy/sell provisions awaiting resolution.

Similarly, the executed Denver West side-letter was pegged to resolution of an

existing dispute, that is, what the parties might later “agree” or “determine” would

apply to the Colorado Mills JV Agreement, which itself provided for Mills Units.

The Denver West negotiation clearly reveals that the parties were aware that the

consideration issue was unsettled and required “agreement,” or judicial

“determination,” and cuts strongly against a clear and unequivocal waiver.

406
    The Goebel email exchange occurred in December 2007. JX0352. The Dusseldorf meeting
was held on October 9, 2007. See Simon’s Post-Trial Opening Br. 36. The Denver West side
letter was executed on October 17, 2007. JX0348.
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Following Denver West, Simon simply points to several years of silence on the issue.

This is insufficient to demonstrate waiver. I note that the condition to be waived—

payment in Mills Units—would not arise until the buy/sell was triggered, making

KanAm’s silence on this issue less persuasive. I find Simon has failed to make a

sufficient showing of the required elements of waiver.

               2. Quasi-Estoppel

       Simon has also asserted that KanAm is estopped from insisting on the

contractually required default consideration.407 Specifically, Simon argues that the

doctrine of quasi-estoppel prevents KanAm from asserting a position “inconsistent

with a position it has previously taken.”408 Generally, quasi-estoppel “precludes a

party from asserting, to another's disadvantage, a right inconsistent with a position

it has previously taken.”409 Importantly, unlike traditional estoppel, this Court has

explained that a “party does not need to show reliance for quasi-estoppel to apply.”410

However, the standard remains high, as our Supreme Court has explained “the

doctrine of quasi-estoppel applies when it would be unconscionable to allow a person

407
    See Simon’s Post-Trial Opening Br. 73–75; Dkt. No. 115. While the doctrine of equitable
estoppel was specifically pled, it was not clearly pursued in post-trial briefing and to the extent it
is not deemed waived, the elements have not been proven. Reasonable reliance, an element of
equitable estoppel, is lacking under the facts here.
408
    Simon’s Post-Trial Opening Br. 73.
409
    Pers. Decisions, Inc. v. Bus. Planning Sys., Inc., 2008 WL 1932404, at *6 (Del. Ch. May 5,
2008) (internal quotations omitted).
410
    Barton v. Club Ventures Investments LLC, 2013 WL 6072249, at *6 (Del. Ch. Nov. 19, 2013)
(citation omitted).
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to maintain a position inconsistent with one to which he acquiesced, or from which

he accepted a benefit.”411 Further, quasi-estoppel requires a showing that the “party

against whom the estoppel is sought must have gained some advantage for himself

or produced some disadvantage to another.”412

       In support of its quasi-estoppel argument, Simon again points to the Goebel

email exchange and the Dusseldorf Meeting.413 Again, Simon’s reliance is not at

issue, so the fact that these representations were not made to Simon is of little

moment. The record, including the Denver West negotiation, shows, however, that

there was a legitimate disagreement at the time, between these parties, regarding

non-cash consideration. I decline to find that KanAm’s conduct here, via certain

statements to investors, rises to the level of unconscionability needed to invoke the

doctrine of quasi-estoppel. KanAm, while strategically silent at certain points, has

not engaged in a shocking shift in position amounting to unconscionable action; in

other words, a decision to stand on the bargained-for language of the contracts does

not shock the conscience. I find there is an absence of the type of “self-interested

180 degree turn” which has led to the application of the doctrine in prior cases.414

Enforcing the contracts as written here would not offend equitable principles.

411
    RBC Capital Markets, LLC v. Jervis, 129 A.3d 816, 872–73 (Del. 2015) (internal quotations
omitted) (emphasis added).
412
    Id. at 873 (internal quotations omitted).
413
    See Simon’s Post-Trial Opening Br. 74.
414
    See Pers. Decisions, Inc., 2008 WL 1932404, at *7.
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       E. KanAm’s Counterclaim

       I now turn to KanAm’s Counterclaim.415 The Counterclaim alleges breach of

contract by Simon for knowingly providing invalid buy/sell notices in breach of the

buy/sell provisions of the JV Agreements and seeks a declaratory judgment.416

KanAm seeks damages arising from this purported breach, including but not limited

to the cost of the appraisal process that was triggered following Simon’s delivery of

the notices.417 Finally, in addition to a request for damages, KanAm seeks fees

pursuant to the JV Agreements along with pre- and post-judgment interest.418 Each

remaining aspect of the Counterclaim is briefly addressed below.

              1. Breach of Contract and Damages

       KanAm bears the burden of proving every element of its breach of contract

claim, including damages, by a preponderance of the evidence. KanAm’s theory for

breach appears to be as follows: the buy/sell notices were defective because Simon

could not tender the default consideration, the notices still triggered the mandatory

appraisal process, and KanAm incurred the costs of that appraisal process.419 But

KanAm has not demonstrated breach of the agreement. KanAm acknowledges that

Simon had the right to call, which it did. A contractual appraisal of KanAm’s interest

415
    I need not address KanAm’s affirmative defenses in light of my findings above.
416
    See Dkt. No. 110 ¶¶ 44–54. I note the timeliness of the Concord Mills notice was not pursued
in post-trial briefing.
417
    See id. at ¶ 50.
418
    Id. at Prayer For Relief; Pretrial Stip. 33.
419
    See KanAm’s Post Trial Sur Reply Br. 51.
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resulted. At that point, KanAm had the option to accept cash or demand Mills Units.

It elected the latter. Simon was unable to perform, triggering KanAm’s right to void

the call. No breach occurred. Similarly, the costs of the appraisal are not “damages”

but rather an expense of the JV triggered pursuant to contract.

       While this is a legal, not an equitable, claim, I note that KanAm, like Simon,

avoided bringing the consideration issue to a head by its strategic silence; it can

hardly complain equitably that Simon sought to tender Simon Units.

       Finally, the Counterclaim seeks declaratory relief on two remaining points

which were litigated to conclusion:420 first, that the JV Agreements require Simon to

pay in Mills Units unless KanAm elects cash, and second, that Simon cannot enforce

its call right by tendering Simon Units.421 In light of my discussion above, and

setting aside the Orange City JV, KanAm’s request for declaratory relief is granted.

              2. Fees and Interest

       Each side has sought fees in connection with this action pursuant to the fee

shifting provisions in the JV Agreements.422 The fee provision both parties rely on

provides “[i]n the event the Partnership or any Partner (or its Affiliates) institutes

litigation” which asserts a claim arising out of the JV Agreements or relating to the

project, or the partnerships, “the parties hereto agree that the prevailing party in such

420
    See Dkt. No. 110 at ¶ 54.
421
    Id.
422
    See Simon’s Post Trial Opening Br. 76–77; KanAm’s Post Trial Sur Reply Br. 52–53.
                                            100
litigation or administrative action shall be entitled to recover its out-of-pocket costs

and expenses of defending or maintaining such litigation or administrative action,

including without limitation, attorneys’ fees.”423

       The JV Agreements thus provide a broad fee-shifting provision to a covered

party who is successful in litigating issues arising out of the JV Agreements. Both

sides assert that the present litigation is covered by the provision.424 Our Supreme

Court has explained that:

       [u]nder the American Rule and Delaware law, litigants are normally
       responsible for paying their own litigation costs. An exception to this
       rule is found in contract litigation that involves a fee shifting provision.
       In these cases, a trial judge may award the prevailing party all of the
       costs it incurred during litigation. Delaware law dictates that, in fee
       shifting cases, a judge determine whether the fees requested are
       reasonable.425

KanAm, as the prevailing party, is entitled to fees with respect to the bulk of Simon’s

claims. Simon, in turn, prevailed on the Counterclaim and may yet prevail on the

Orange City claim. If, after resolution of the Orange City matter, the parties cannot

agree on a fee award, they should so inform me, and I will address the issue.

423
    See JX0066 § 14.9 (emphasis added). See also Simon’s Post Trial Opening Br. 77 (citing
JX0066 § 14.9). Because the parties have not differentiated the fee provisions in the JV
Agreements, I assume they are sufficiently similar to the above cited language by the Plaintiffs.
424
    See Simon’s Post Trial Opening Br. 76–77; KanAm’s Post Trial Sur Reply Br. 52–53.
425
    Mahani v. Edix Media Grp., Inc., 935 A.2d 242, 245 (Del. 2007) (citations omitted).
                                              101
                                IV. CONCLUSION

      For the reasons set forth above, I find that the Plaintiffs’ request to enforce its

call right (setting aside the Orange City JV) is denied; that the Defendants’ request

for declaratory judgment is granted, and that the Counterclaim is otherwise

dismissed. The parties should confer and agree on a method to address the

outstanding issues regarding the Orange City JV, as well as fees and costs.

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