Court Opinion

ID: 4079710
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-10-05 12:02:12.177829+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:45:22.591360
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                                           No. 15-1563C
                                       Filed October 4, 2016

                                                )
 CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF                       )
 WATER RESOURCES,                               )
                                                )
                        Plaintiff,              )              28 U.S.C. § 1491(a); Contract
                                                )              Disputes Act, 41 U.S.C. §§ 7101-
 v.                                             )              09.
                                                )
 THE UNITED STATES,                             )
                                                )
                        Defendant.              )
                                                )

        Matthew Goldman, Deputy Attorney General, Tracy L. Winsor, Supervising Deputy
Attorney General, Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General of California, Sacramento, CA, for
plaintiff.

      Geoffrey M. Long, Trial Attorney, Douglas K. Mickle, Assistant Director, Robert E.
Kirschman, Jr., Director, Benjamin C. Mizer, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General,
Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington,
DC; Koji Kawamura, Attorney, Western Area Power Administration; Tosh Sagar, Attorney-
Advisor, Department of the Interior, for defendant.

                          MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

I.     INTRODUCTION

       The California Department of Water Resources (“CDWR”) brought this breach of
contract action to recover scheduling coordinator charges arising from its operation of certain
water storage and distribution facilities located in the State of California on behalf of the United
States Bureau of Reclamation, pursuant to the Contract Disputes Act (“CDA”), 41 U.S.C.
§§ 7101–09. The government has moved to dismiss this matter for lack of subject-matter
jurisdiction, pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) of the Rules of the United States Court of Federal Claims
(“RCFC”), and for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, pursuant to RCFC
12(b)(6). For the reasons discussed below, the CDWR has not demonstrated that it has entered
into a contract with the United States that falls within the scope of the CDA. And so, the Court
GRANTS the government’s motion to dismiss this matter for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.

                                                    1
II.     FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND1

        A. Background

        In this Contract Disputes Act matter, the California Department of Water Resources,
seeks to recover $10,473,957 in damages from the United States Bureau of Reclamation
(“USBR”) and the Western Area Power Administration (“WAPA”), as reimbursement for
scheduling coordinator charges that the CDWR incurred in connection with its operation of
certain water storage and distribution facilities (“Scheduling Coordinator Charges”). Compl. at
¶¶ 38, 100-101.

        The CDWR maintains and operates the California State Water Project (“SWP”), which is
a multipurpose water project that includes water storage facilities, aqueducts, pipe lines,
pumping plants and power plants located in California. Id. at ¶ 3. The CDWR operates the
Banks Pumping Plant, a state-owned facility, as part of the SWP. Id. at ¶ 92.

        The USBR is responsible for the Central Valley Project (“CVP”), a federal multipurpose
water project in California that includes the San Luis Unit, which consists of certain water
storage and distribution facilities that are jointly used by the CDWR and the USBR (“Joint-Use
Facilities”) and certain water storage and distribution facilities that are used solely by the federal
government (“Federal-Only Facilities”). Compl. at ¶¶ 4, 6; Def. Mot. at 4; Supp. Agreement,
Art. 9(e), 22, Explanatory Recitals.

        The CDWR operates and maintains the Joint-Use Facilities, and it periodically pumps
federal water through the state-owned Banks Pumping Plant on behalf of the USBR. Compl. at
¶ 14. During the period 1998 to 2004, the CDWR paid Scheduling Coordinator Charges to the
California Independent Systems Operator (“CAISO”) to schedule energy for delivery to the
Joint-Use Facilities and the state-owned facilities, including the Banks Pumping Plant, on behalf
of the USBR. Id. at ¶¶ 38-39, 100-01.

1
  The facts recited in this Memorandum Opinion and Order are taken from the complaint (“Compl.”); the
government’s motion to dismiss (“Def. Mot.”); plaintiff’s response to the government’s motion to dismiss
(“Pl. Resp.”); the government’s reply in support of its motion to dismiss (“Def. Rep.”); the Joint Use
Agreement (“Joint Use Agreement”); the Supplemental Agreement (“Supp. Agreement”), and the
Coordinated Operation Agreement (“COA”).

                                                   2
        In this action, the CDWR seeks to recover the Scheduling Coordinator Charges that it
paid on behalf of the USBR during the period 1998 to 2004 to operate the Joint-Use Facilities
and the Banks Pumping Plant.2 Id. at ¶¶ 100-01. The CDWR further alleges that the USBR and
the WAPA are contractually obligated to reimburse the CDWR for a portion of these charges
under three agreements that the CDWR and the United States entered into between 1961 and
1986. Id. at ¶¶ 91-92. A discussion of these agreements follows.

                1. The San Luis Act And The Joint Use Agreement

        In 1960, Congress enacted the San Luis Act, which authorized the Secretary of the
Interior to “construct, operate, and maintain” the San Luis Unit. Pub. L. 86-488 at § 1, 74 Stat.
156. The Act provides that “for the principal purpose of furnishing water for the irrigation of
approximately five hundred thousand acres of land. . . hereinafter referred to as the Federal San
Luis [U]nit service area. . . the Secretary of the Interior is authorized to construct, operate and
maintain the San Luis [U]nit.” Id. at § 1(a). The Act further authorized the Secretary of the
Interior to negotiate and enter into an agreement with the State of California to provide for the
coordinated operation of the Joint-Use Facilities, so that the State may deliver water in areas
located outside the Federal San Luis Unit service area without cost to the United States. Id. at
§ 2.

        The San Luis Act provides that, if the Secretary and the State of California enter into
such an agreement, the parties would design and construct the Joint-Use Facilities to permit
“immediate integration and coordinated operation with the State’s water projects.” Id. at § 3(a).
In this regard, the Act requires the State of California to “convey to the United States title to any
lands, easements, and right-of-way which it then owns and which are required for the joint-use
facilities.” Id. at § 3(e). The Act also requires the State of California and the United States to
each pay “an equitable share of the operation, maintenance, and replacement cost of the [J]oint-
[U]se [F]acilities.” Id. at § 3(d).

2
 The CDWR alleges that, to the extent that it is the federal agency responsible for the Central Valley
Project, the Western Area Power Administration is liable to the CDWR for the Scheduling Coordinator
Charges at issue in this case. Compl. at ¶¶ 5, 101.

                                                   3
        Pursuant to the San Luis Act, the United States and the CDWR entered into the Joint Use
Agreement in December 1961. See generally Joint Use Agreement. The explanatory recitals for
the Joint Use Agreement provide, in pertinent part, that:

        [C]onstruction, operation, and maintenance of the joint-use facilities of the San Luis
        [U]nit will bring about substantial reductions in cost outlays otherwise required of
        both the State and the United States, will efficiently develop water resources for the
        benefit of the people of California and the United States, will provide incidental
        recreational opportunities, and will make possible the furnishing of water to water-
        short areas in both the Federal and State service areas at the earliest possible date.

Id. at Explanatory Recitals. Under the terms of the Joint Use Agreement, the United States is
responsible for the construction of the Joint-Use Facilities and the State of California and the
United States share the costs of construction. Id. at Art. 13(a), 16.

        The Joint Use Agreement also requires that the State of California convey title to the land
required for the Joint-Use Facilities to the United States. Id. at Art. 14. The agreement further
provides that the State of California would begin operating and maintaining the Joint-Use
Facilities after the facilities become operable. Id. at Art. 20(a), (d). In this regard, the agreement
provides that the State of California and the United States would:

        [E]ach pay annually an equitable share of the operation . . . . The method of
        computation of the share to be paid by each agency shall be mutually agreed to by
        the State and the United States before the transfer of care, operation, and
        maintenance of joint-use facilities.

Id. at Art. 21(a). And so, under the Joint Use Agreement, the United States is responsible for a
share of the costs related to the total cost of care, operation, maintenance and replacement of any
joint-use facility. Id. at Art. 21(a).

                2. The Supplemental Agreement

        On January 12, 1972, the United States and the CDWR entered into the “Supplemental
Agreement between the United States and the State of California for the Operation of the San
Luis Unit” (“Supplemental Agreement”) to resolve several outstanding issues related to the Joint
Use Agreement. See Supp. Agreement, Explanatory Recitals; see also Compl. at ¶ 7. To that
end, the Supplemental Agreement addresses certain requirements and responsibilities of the State
of California and the United States in operating the Joint-Use and Federal-Only Facilities. See
Supp. Agreement, Art. 12-16.

                                                  4
       Specifically, under the Supplemental Agreement, the United States and the State of
California are jointly responsible for preparing forecasts of proposed water and power operations
related to the Joint-Use Facilities. Id. at Art. 11. The agreement also requires that each party
supply the power necessary to pump its own water at certain Joint-Use Facilities. Id. at Art. 17.
In addition, the Supplemental Agreement provides that the State of California is “responsible for
reading, maintaining, and repairing meters necessary for capacity, energy, and reactive
measurements at” certain Joint-Use Facilities. Id. at Art. 27. The agreement also provides that
“the costs of the care, operation, maintenance, and replacement of the joint-use facilities . . . shall
be allocated 55 percent to the State and 45 percent to the United States.” Id. at Art. 34(b).

       The Supplemental Agreement also sets forth the obligations of the State of California and
the United States with respect to certain facilities which are also part of the San Luis Unit. Id. at
Explanatory Recitals, Art. 22. In this regard, the agreement provides that “the State shall operate
and maintain certain facilities which are part of the Federal San Luis Unit, but are not part of the
joint-use facilities, upon the terms set forth in [the] supplemental agreement.” Id. at Explanatory
Recitals. The Supplemental Agreement further provides that the United States will be charged
for all costs “incurred by the State chargeable to the Federal-only facilities.” Id. at Art. 34(a);
see also Pl. Resp. at 14.

               3. The Coordinated Operation Agreement

       Lastly, on October 27, 1986, President Reagan signed into law Public Law 99-546, which
authorized the Secretary of the Interior to enter into an agreement with the State of California for
the coordinated operation of the CVP and the SWP. Pub. L. 99-546 § 103, 100 Stat. 3050; see
Compl. at ¶ 8. Pursuant to this legislation, the CDWR and the United States entered into the
“Agreement Between the United States of America and the Department of Water Resources of
the State of California for Coordinated Operation of the Central Valley Project and the State
Water Project” (“COA”) on November 24, 1986. See generally COA.

       The COA provides that the United States and the CDWR will coordinate the operation of
the CVP and the SWP. Id. at Art. 2, 6(a)(1). To that end, the agreement further provides that the
State of California and the United States are “dedicated to utilizing their existing and future
water conservation facilities so as to provide the maximum benefits to the people of California
and the Nation and believe that through the coordinated and cooperative operation of State and

                                                  5
Federal facilities, these benefits can be maximized.” Id. at Art. 2. The COA also addresses how
the CDWR and the United States will coordinate operations for the CVP and the SWP to meet
the legal uses of water, maintain annual water supplies and make available water storage
withdrawals. Id. at Art. 3(a), 6(a)(1), 6(c), (d), (g). In this regard, Article 10(a) of the COA
provides that “[e]ither party may make use of its facilities available to the other party for
pumping and conveyance of water by written agreement.” Id. at Art. 10(a).

               4. The California Independent System Operator

       On March 1, 1998, the State of California established the California Independent System
Operator to act as a balancing authority that manages the flow of electricity across the power
transmission lines that make up the bulk of the state’s power grid. Compl. at ¶ 12; Def. Mot. at
9. To that end, the CAISO manages the balance between electricity generation and demand for
the state. Compl. at ¶ 12. The CAISO also requires participants in the state’s energy markets to
schedule their purchases and sales for transmission on the CAISO-managed grid. Id. at ¶ 13;
Def. Mot. at 9. Only scheduling coordinators−CAISO-certified participants that agree to
perform functions in line with CAISO procedures and rules−or those that enlist the services of a
scheduling coordinator, may participate in the CAISO market. Compl. at ¶ 13; Def. Mot. at 9.
The “CAISO charges scheduling coordinators a wide range of fees and penalties related to
transacting energy in the CAISO market and transmitting” energy via the CAISO-managed grid.
Compl. at ¶ 34.

       Specifically relevant to this dispute, in 1998, the CDWR entered into a scheduling
coordinator agreement with the CAISO in order to participate in the CAISO market. Id. at ¶ 14.
Under that agreement, the CAISO certified the CDWR as a scheduling coordinator for the SWP,
including the Banks Pumping Plant, and the Joint-Use Facilities. Id. Since 1998, the CDWR has
been performing the responsibilities of the scheduling coordinator for the Joint-Use Facilities and
the Banks Pumping Plant. Id. And so, since 1998, the CDWR has incurred the fees and other
costs associated with scheduling energy purchases and sales on behalf of the USBR for the Joint-
Use Facilities and the Banks Pumping Plant. Id. at ¶ 36.

               5. The CDWR’s Certified Claim

       Prior to commencing this litigation, the CDWR submitted a certified claim to the USBR
and the WAPA to recover the Scheduling Coordinator Charges that it incurred on behalf of the

                                                  6
USBR for the Joint-Use Facilities and the Banks Pumping Plant. Compl. at Ex. 1. In its claim,
the CDWR sought to recover $10,473,957 in costs related to the Scheduling Coordinator
Charges that the CDWR maintains that it has incurred on behalf of the United States. Id. at ¶ 98,
Ex. 1.

         On January 7, 2015, a contracting officer denied the CDWR’s claim upon the grounds
that, among other things: (1) the contracts that the CDWR relied upon to bring its claim are not
subject to the CDA; (2) the CDWR’s claim is time barred; and (3) the Scheduling Coordinator
Charges are not covered by the contracts. Id. at ¶ 99, Ex. 4. This litigation commenced
thereafter.

         B. Procedural History

         The CDWR filed the complaint in this matter on December 22, 2015. See generally
Compl. On March 7, 2016, the government filed a motion to dismiss for lack of subject-matter
jurisdiction, pursuant to RCFC 12(b)(1), and for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be
granted, pursuant to RCFC 12(b)(6). See generally Def. Mot.

         On April 21, 2016, the CDWR filed a response and opposition to the government’s
motion to dismiss. See generally Pl. Resp. The government filed a reply in support of its motion
to dismiss on June 10, 2016. See generally Def. Rep. The Court held oral argument on the
government’s motion to dismiss on September 27, 2016. See generally Tr. The matter having
been fully briefed, the Court resolves the pending motion to dismiss.

III.     STANDARDS FOR DECISION

         A. RCFC 12(b)(1)

         When deciding a motion to dismiss upon the ground that the Court does not possess
subject-matter jurisdiction pursuant to RCFC 12(b)(1), this Court must assume that all
undisputed facts alleged in the complaint are true and must draw all reasonable inferences in the
non-movant’s favor. Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007); see also RCFC 12(b)(1). But,
plaintiff bears the burden of establishing subject-matter jurisdiction, and plaintiff must do so by a
preponderance of the evidence. Reynolds v. Army & Air Force Exch. Serv., 846 F.2d 746, 748
(Fed. Cir. 1988). And so, should the Court determine that “it lacks jurisdiction over the subject
matter, it must dismiss the claim.” Matthews v. United States, 72 Fed. Cl. 274, 278 (2006).

                                                 7
       In this regard, the United States Court of Federal Claims is a court of limited jurisdiction
and “possess[es] only that power authorized by Constitution and statute . . . .” Kokkonen v.
Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994). The Tucker Act grants the Court
jurisdiction over:

       [A]ny claim against the United States founded either upon the Constitution, or any
       Act of Congress or any regulation of an executive department, or upon any express
       or implied contract with the United States, or for liquidated or unliquidated
       damages in cases not sounding in tort.

28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(1). The Tucker Act, however, is a “jurisdictional statute; it does not create
any substantive right enforceable against the United States for money damages . . . . [T]he Act
merely confers jurisdiction upon [the United States Court of Federal Claims] whenever the
substantive right exists.” United States v. Testan, 424 U.S. 392, 398 (1976). And so, to pursue a
substantive right against the United States under the Tucker Act, a plaintiff must identify and
plead a money-mandating constitutional provision, statute, or regulation; an express or implied
contract with the United States; or an illegal exaction of money by the United States. Cabral v.
United States, 317 F. App’x 979, 981 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (citing Fisher v. United States, 402 F.3d
1167, 1173 (Fed. Cir. 2005)); Norman v. United States, 429 F.3d 1081, 1095 (Fed. Cir. 2005).
“[A] statute or regulation is money-mandating for jurisdictional purposes if it ‘can fairly be
interpreted as mandating compensation for damages sustained as a result of the breach of the
duties [it] impose[s].’” Fisher, 402 F.3d at 1173 (quoting United States v. Mitchell, 463 U.S.
206, 217 (1983)) (brackets in original).

       B. RCFC 12(b)(6)

       When deciding a motion to dismiss based upon failure to state a claim upon which relief
may be granted pursuant to RCFC 12(b)(6), this Court must also assume that all undisputed facts
alleged in the complaint are true and draw all reasonable inferences in the non-movant’s favor.
Erickson, 551 U.S. at 94; see also RCFC 12(b)(6). To survive a motion to dismiss pursuant to
RCFC 12(b)(6), a complaint must contain facts sufficient to “state a claim to relief that is
plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007); see also Ashcroft v.
Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). And so, when the complaint fails to “state a claim to relief that
is plausible on its face,” the Court must dismiss the complaint. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (citation
omitted). On the other hand, “[w]hen there are well-pleaded factual allegations, a court should

                                                 8
assume their veracity” and determine whether it is plausible, based upon these facts, to find
against defendant. Id. at 679.

       C. The Contract Disputes Act

       The Contract Disputes Act is a money-mandating statute, and so, this Court possesses
jurisdiction to consider claims arising under the CDA. Palafox St. Assoc., L.P. v. United States,
114 Fed. Cl. 773, 780; 41 U.S.C. §§ 7101-09. In order to bring a CDA claim in this Court, a
plaintiff must meet two prerequisites. First, a plaintiff must have submitted a proper claim to the
relevant contracting officer, which must be properly certified if the amount requested exceeds
$100,000. 41 U.S.C. § 7103(a)-(b); Reflectone, Inc. v. Dalton, 60 F.3d 1572, 1575-76 (Fed. Cir.
1995); RSH Constructors, Inc. v. United States, 14 Ct. Cl. 655, 657 (1988). Second, a plaintiff
must have obtained either an actual or a deemed final decision on that claim. 41 U.S.C. §§ 7103-
04; Orbas & Assocs. v. United States, 26 Cl. Ct. 647, 649 (1992) (“Absent an actual or ‘deemed’
final decision, this [C]ourt cannot exercise jurisdiction over the controversy.”); Claude E. Atkins
Enters., Inc. v. United States, 27 Fed. Cl. 142, 143 (1992).

       In addition, the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has long
recognized that the CDA does not apply to every government contract. G.E. Boggs & Assocs.,
Inc. v. Roskens, 969 F.2d 1023, 1026 (Fed. Cir. 1992); see also Anchor Tank Lines, LLC v.
United States, 127 Fed. Cl. 484, 495 (2016). Rather, the CDA applies only to contracts made by
an executive agency for:

       (1) the procurement of property, other than real property in being;
       (2) the procurement of services;
       (3) the procurement of construction, alteration, repair, or maintenance of real
           property; or
       (4) the disposal of personal property.

41 U.S.C. § 7102(a). And so, only a “conventional contract for the direct procurement of
property, services and construction, to be used directly by the [g]overnment” is covered by the
CDA. Delta S.S. Lines v. United States, 3 Cl. Ct. 559, 569 (1983); see also Lublin Corp. v.
United States, 84 Fed. Cl. 678, 683 (2008) (“[C]ourts have refused to stretch the language of the
CDA to cover contracts that do not arise from a typical ‘acquisitive’ relationship and the
expenditure of appropriated funds or some other exchange of recognized value. . . .”).

                                                 9
        To determine whether a contract falls within the purview of the CDA, the Court looks
first to the definition of the term procurement and then the Court examines the purpose and
legislative history of the CDA. See Int’l Indus. Park, Inc. v. United States, 95 Fed. Cl. 63, 67
(2010) (“To determine if the contract is one for the procurement of property, the Court . . . will
examine the definition of ‘procurement’ [and] . . . the purpose and legislative history of the
CDA.”). Although the term procurement is not defined in the CDA, the Office of Federal
Procurement Policy Act has defined procurement to mean “all stages of the process of acquiring
property or services.” See 41 U.S.C. § 111; Int’l Indus. Park, 95 Fed. Cl. at 67. The United
States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has also held that the term procurement refers to
the “acquisition by purchase, lease or barter, of property or services for the direct benefit or use
of the Federal Government.” New Era Constr. v. United States, 890 F.2d 1152, 1157 (Fed. Cir.
1989), reh’g denied (Fed. Cir. 1990) (emphasis in original, citation omitted); see also Laudes
Corp. v. United States, 86 Fed. Cl. 152, 161 (2009).

        With regards to the purpose and legislative history of the CDA, the Federal Circuit has
held that:

         [E]ven where a statute is clear on a purely linguistic level, interpretation may be
        necessary if that interpretation does not do justice to the realities of the situation. .
        . . To determine whether the applicability of the CDA to the pleaded contracts is
        within the intention of Congress, we must look to the purpose of the Act and its
        legislative history.

Institut Pasteur v. United States, 814 F.2d 624, 627 (Fed. Cir. 1987) (quoting Texas State
Comm’n for the Blind v. United States, 796 F.2d 400, 406 (Fed. Cir. 1986)). In this regard, the
Federal Circuit has also held that:

        The CDA is an implementation of recommendations made by the Commission on
        Government Procurement, created by Congress in 1969, to promote economy,
        efficiency, and effectiveness in the procurement of goods, services and facilities
        by and for the executive branch of the Federal Government by—
                (1) establishing policies, procedures, and practices which will require the
                Government to acquire goods, services, and facilities of the requisite
                quality and within the time needed at the lowest reasonable cost, utilizing
                competitive bidding to the maximum extent practicable. . . .

Id. (quoting Pub. L. 91-129, § 1, 83 Stat. 269, as amended by Pub. L. 92-47, 85 Stat. 102). The
Federal Circuit also noted that the Senate Report on the CDA states that:

                                                   10
       Both [the economy of our society and the success of many major Government
       programs] can be affected by the existence of competition and quality contractors—
       or by the lack thereof. The way potential contractors view the disputes-resolving
       system influences how, whether, and at what prices they compete for Government
       contract business.

Id. (quoting S. Rep. 95-1118 (1978)) (brackets in original). And so, the Court looks to whether
the contract comports with the cost and competition policy considerations set forth in the
legislative history for the CDA to determine whether a contract falls within the scope of the Act.
Id.; see also Anchor Tank Lines, 127 Fed. Cl. at 495.

       In addition, this Court has recognized that the CDA should not apply “where application
of complex, burdensome, and inevitably time-consuming procurement regulations . . . would ‘not
do justice to the realities of the situation.’” Institut Pasteur, 814 F.2d at 627 (citing Texas State
Comm’n for the Blind, 796 F.2d at 406). The Federal Circuit has also held that cooperative
agreements are typically not considered procurement contracts that fall under the purview of the
CDA. Rick’s Mushroom Serv., Inc. v. United States, 76 Fed. Cl. 250, 258 (2007), aff’d 521 F.3d
1338 (Fed. Cir. 2008) (upholding the trial court’s analysis but not specifically addressing the trial
court’s cooperative agreement analysis or reliance upon 31 U.S.C. § 6305).

IV.    LEGAL ANALYSIS

       The government has moved to dismiss this Contract Disputes Act action upon the ground
that the agreements relied upon by the CDWR are not contracts that fall within the purview of
the CDA. See generally Def. Mot. In its opposition to the government’s motion to dismiss, the
CDWR counters that the Court possesses jurisdiction to consider its CDA claim, because the
claim is based upon government contracts for the procurement of property, services, or the
construction, alteration, repair, or maintenance of real property. See generally Pl. Resp. For the
reasons discussed below, the CDWR has not demonstrated that the relevant agreements fall
within the purview of the CDA. And so, the Court must dismiss this action for lack of subject-
matter jurisdiction. RCFC 12(b)(1).

                                                  11
        A. The Agreements Are Not Contracts For
           The Procurement Of Property, Services, Or The
           Construction, Repair Or Maintenance Of Real Property

        As an initial matter, a plain reading of the Joint Use Agreement, the Coordinated
Operation Agreement and the Supplemental Agreement demonstrates that these agreements are
not contracts for the procurement of services, property, or the construction, alteration, repair, or
maintenance of real property that could fall within the scope of the Contract Disputes Act. It is
well established that when determining whether the CDA applies to a contract, the Court applies
a two-step analysis. First, the Court considers whether the contract at issue is made by an
executive agency for the procurement of property, services, the construction, alteration, repair, or
maintenance of real property, or the disposal of personal property. 41 U.S.C. § 7102(a). If the
contract at issue involves such a procurement, the Court then examines whether the contract
comports with the legislative history of the CDA. Institut Pasteur, 814 F.3d at 627. For the
reasons discussed below, the contracts at issue in this dispute do not satisfy either step in the
Court’s analysis.

                 1. The Joint Use Agreement Is Not A Contract
                    For The Procurement Of Property, Services, Or The
                    Construction, Alteration, Repair, Or Maintenance Of Real Property

        A reading of the Joint Use Agreement makes clear that the purpose of this agreement is
not to procure services, property, or the construction, alteration, repair, or maintenance of real
property. Rather, the purpose of this agreement is plainly stated in the agreement’s explanatory
recitals, which provide, in pertinent part, that:

        [C]onstruction, operation, and maintenance of the joint-use facilities of the San Luis
        unit will bring about substantial reductions in cost outlays otherwise required of
        both the State and the United States, will efficiently develop water resources for the
        benefit of the people of California and the United States, will provide incidental
        recreational opportunities, and will make possible the furnishing of water to water-
        short areas in both the Federal and State service areas at the earliest possible date.

Joint Use Agreement, Explanatory Recitals. And so, the purpose of the Joint Use Agreement is
to reduce the costs to be incurred by the United States and the State of California for the
operation and maintenance of water storage and distribution facilities and to efficiently develop
water resources in the State of California to benefit the public.

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       The language of the Joint Use Agreement also makes clear that this agreement is intended
to facilitate the sharing of responsibilities and costs associated with the construction and
operation of the Joint-Use Facilities between the State of California and the United States. See
generally id. In this regard, the Joint Use Agreement provides that the United States is
responsible for the construction of the Joint-Use Facilities and that the State of California and the
United States will share the costs associated with the construction of the Joint-Use Facilities. Id.
at Art. 13(a), 16. The agreement further provides that, after construction is complete, the State of
California will operate the facilities and that the State and the United States will share the costs
associated with operating the facilities. Id. at Art. 20(a), (d), 21(a) (“The State of California and
the United States will each pay annually an equitable share of the operation [of the joint-use
facilities].”). And so, the text of this agreement demonstrates that the State of California with a
cost-effective opportunity to use the Joint-Use Facilities to develop water resources for the
benefit of the public. See Joint Use Agreement.

       Given the plain language of the Joint Use Agreement, the CDWR’s argument that this
agreement is a government contract for either the procurement of construction, alteration, repair,
or maintenance services is simply without merit. First, with respect to CDWR’s argument that
the Joint Use Agreement is a contract for the procurement of construction services, the
agreement clearly provides that the construction of the Joint-Use Facilities will be performed by
the United States. Id. at Art. 13(a), 16. It is without dispute that the State of California did not
provide any construction services to the United States related to the construction of the Joint-Use
Facilities. In this regard, this Court has long recognized that, “[b]y its terms, the CDA does not
apply to the provision of services by the government, but only to the procurement of such
services.” Fl. Power & Light Co. v. United States, 307 F.3d 1364, 1371 (Fed. Cir. 2002). And
so, the Joint Use Agreement cannot be reasonably construed to be a contract for the procurement
of construction services under the CDA.

       The CDWR’s argument that the Joint Use Agreement is a contract for the procurement of
repair and maintenance services is similarly without merit. See Tr. at 42-43, 61. The agreement
makes clear that the State of California and the United States will share the cost of operating and
maintaining the Joint-Use Facilities. Joint Use Agreement, Art. 21(a). The agreement also
makes clear that the State of California may use these facilities for the state’s own purpose and
benefit. Id. at, e.g., Explanatory Recitals, Art. 19. Given this, the Joint Use Agreement cannot
                                                  13
be reasonably construed to be a contract for the procurement of repair or maintenance services
under the CDA.

          In addition, the provisions of the Joint Use Agreement also demonstrate that this
agreement is the kind of cooperative agreement that the Court has traditionally found to fall
outside the scope of the CDA. See Int’l Indus. Park, 95 Fed. Cl. at 69; see also Bailey v. United
States, 46 Fed. Cl. 187, 211 (2000).3 Title 31, United States Code, Section 6305 defines a
cooperative agreement as an agreement between a state, local government, or other recipient and
an executive agency, for which the principal purpose of the agreement is to transfer a thing of
value to the recipient and where substantial involvement between the executive agency and the
recipient in carrying out the activity contemplated by the agreement is expected to occur. 31
U.S.C. § 6305. The Joint Use Agreement is such an agreement. The agreement provides that the
United States will “transfer a thing of value” to the State of California, namely, the ability to use
the Joint-Use Facilities to deliver water outside of the San Luis Unit federal service area for the
benefit of the public. Id.; see generally Joint Use Agreement; Pub. L. 86-488 §§ 1-4; see also Tr.
at 7, 32. The agreement similarly provides that the United States and the State of California will
both be substantially involved in carrying out the activities contemplated by the Joint Use
Agreement, as the United States will construct the Joint-Use Facilities and the State of California
will operate and maintain these facilities. See generally Joint Use Agreement; 31 U.S.C. § 6305.

3
    Title 31, United States Code, section 6305 provides that:
          An executive agency shall use a cooperative agreement as the legal instrument reflecting a
          relationship between the [United States Government] and a State, a local government, or
          other recipient when—
                   (1) the principal purpose of the relationship is to transfer a thing of value to the
                   State, local government, or other recipient to carry out a public purpose of support
                   or stimulation authorized by a law of the United States instead of acquiring (by
                   purchase, lease, or barter) property or services for the direct benefit or use of the
                   United States Government; and
                   (2) substantial involvement is expected between the executive agency and the
                   State, local government, or other recipient when carrying out the activity
                   contemplated in the agreement.
31 U.S.C. § 6305; see Rick’s Mushroom Serv., 76 Fed. Cl. at 257-58; see also Trauma Serv. Group, Ltd.
v. United States, 33 Fed. Cl. 426, 429-30 (1995) (differentiating between cooperative agreements and
procurement contracts).

                                                       14
       In Rick’s Mushroom Serv. v. United States, this Court held that a similar kind of
agreement was a cooperative agreement that fell outside the scope of the CDA. In that case, the
Court held that an agreement between a mushroom grower and the Department of Agriculture,
pursuant to which the mushroom grower would construct and operate a facility according to
Department of Agriculture specifications in return for cost-share payments, is not considered to
be a contract that falls under the purview of the CDA. 76 Fed. Cl. at 258. Specifically, the Court
determined that the principal purpose of the agreement in Rick’s Mushroom was “to ‘carry out a
public purpose of support or stimulation authorized by a law of the United States.’” Rick’s
Mushroom Serv., 76 Fed. Cl. at 258 (quoting 31 U.S.C. § 6305). The agreement in Rick’s
Mushroom also required substantial involvement between the Department of Agriculture and the
mushroom grower for construction of the facility at issue. Id. at 253. And so, like the agreement
in Rick’s Mushroom, the Joint Use Agreement at issue here is akin to a cooperative agreement
between the State of California and the United States that does not fall within the purview of the
CDA. Id. at 258; 31 U.S.C. § 6305.

                2. The COA Is Not A Contract For The Procurement Of Services

       A plain reading of the Coordinated Operation Agreement similarly demonstrates that this
agreement is not a contract for the procurement of services. In its opposition to the
government’s motion to dismiss, the CDWR argues that the COA is a contract for the
procurement of services, because this agreement permits the United States to use the Banks
Pumping Plant, and other state-owned water storage and distribution facilities, to pump and
convey federal water. Pl. Resp. at 5; COA, Art. 10(a). To support this argument, the CDWR
points to Article 10(a) of the COA, which provides that “either [the State of California or the
United States] may make use of its facilities available to the other party for pumping and
conveyance of water by written agreement.” COA, Art. 10(a). The CDWR’s reliance upon this
provision is misplaced.

       Again, a plain reading of the agreement shows that the United States is not procuring any
services under the COA. Rather, Article 10 of the COA simply permits the State of California
and the United States to use the other’s water storage and distribution facilities if the parties
agree and enter into a separate agreement. COA, Art. 10(a). This provision simply does not

                                                  15
create any obligation upon the State of California to provide a service to the United States. Id.
And so, the COA cannot be read to be a contract for the procurement of services.

                3. The Supplemental Agreement Is Not A
                   Contract For The Procurement Of Services,
                   Property, Or The Construction, Alteration, Repair, Or
                   Maintenance Of Real Property For The Joint-Use Facilities

       The CDWR’s arguments with respect to the final agreement at issue in this matter −the
Supplemental Agreement−suffer from many of the same deficiencies discussed above. Much
like the Joint Use Agreement and the COA, the primary purpose of the Supplemental Agreement
is to clarify the responsibilities and obligations of the State of California and the United States
with respect to the operation, maintenance and cost-sharing for water storage and distribution
facilities. See Supp. Agreement, Explanatory Recitals. The Supplemental Agreement also
addresses the operation and maintenance of certain Federal-Only Facilities for water storage and
distribution. See Supp. Agreement, Explanatory Recitals, Art. 12-16; see also Compl. at ¶ 7.

       With respect to these Federal-Only Facilities, the CDWR argues that the Supplemental
Agreement is a contract for the procurement of services, because the agreement requires that the
CDWR operate the Federal-Only Facilities for the sole benefit of the United States. Pl. Resp. at
11-14; see Oroville-Tonasket Irrigation District v. United States, 33 Fed. Cl. 14, 22 (1995)
(citing 29 C.F.R. § 4.130(a)(38)). The CDWR’s argument is a reasonable one. In fact, this
Court has held previously that the “operation, maintenance, or logistic support of a Federal
facility” is a typical “service” for which the government contracts under the CDA. See Oroville-
Tonasket Irrigation District, 33 Fed. Cl. at 22 (citing 29 C.F.R. § 4.130(a)(38)); cf. New Era
Constr., 890 F.2d at 1157 (holding that “procurement” refers to the “acquisition by purchase,
lease or barter, of property or services for the direct benefit or use of the Federal Government.”)
(citation omitted).

       But, the weakness in CDWR’s argument is that the CDWR’s claim here is not based
upon the services that the State of California provided at the Federal-Only Facilities. See Compl.
at ¶¶ 100-01; Tr. at 9-10, 39. In fact, it is undisputed that the State of California did not pay the
Scheduling Coordinator Charges incurred for the Federal-Only Facilities. Compl. at ¶ 5; Ex. 4;
Tr. at 39. And so, to the extent that the Supplemental Agreement can be construed as a contract

                                                  16
for the procurement of services, this agreement cannot be the basis for the CDWR’s CDA claim
in this case. Compl. at ¶ 100.

       B. The CDA’s Legislative History Also Demonstrates
          That The Act Does Not Apply To The Subject Agreements

       Even if the three agreements discussed above could be construed to be contracts for the
procurement of services, property, or the construction, alteration, repair, or maintenance of real
property under the CDA, the legislative history of the CDA demonstrates that the agreements do
not fall within the scope of the Act. See Int’l Indus. Park, 95 Fed. Cl. at 67 (“To determine if the
contract is one for the procurement of property, the Court . . . will examine the definition of
‘procurement’ [and] . . . the purpose and legislative history of the CDA.”).

       As a threshold matter, the agreements do not implicate the cost and competition policy
considerations underlying the CDA. In Institut Pasteur, the United States Court of Appeals for
the Federal Circuit held that “[t]o determine whether the applicability of the CDA to the pleaded
contracts is within the intention of Congress, we must look to the purpose of the Act and its
legislative history.” 814 F.2d at 627. With respect to the CDA’s legislative history, the Federal
Circuit observed that the recommendations to Congress of the Commission on Government
Procurement proposed that Congress:

       (1) establish[ ] policies, procedures, and practices which will require the
       Government to acquire goods, services, and facilities of the requisite quality and
       within the time needed at the lowest reasonable cost, utilizing competitive bidding
       to the maximum extent practicable . . . .

Id. (citing Pub. L. No. 91–129, § 1, 83 Stat. 269, as amended by Pub. L. No. 92–47, 85 Stat.
102). The Senate Report accompanying the legislation that would become the CDA also
emphasized the need to promote competition and attract quality contractors. See S. Rep. 95-
1118. The Senate Report provides that “‘[t]he way potential contractors view the disputes-
resolving system influences how, whether, and at what prices they compete for Government
contract business.’” 814 F.2d at 627 (quoting S. Rep. 95-1118). And so, the Federal Circuit
determined that Congress intended to promote certain cost and competition policy considerations
by enacting the CDA. Id. at 627-28.

       Such policy considerations do not apply to the agreements at issue here. First, it is
without dispute that the agreements at issue are not the result of competitive bidding for a

                                                 17
government contract. Tr. at 51; Pl. Resp. at 18, 32-33. Rather, the parties to the agreements
have been statutorily prescribed in the San Luis Act and Public Law 99-546. See generally Pub.
L. 86-488; Pub. L. 99-546; Tr. at 51. And so, the fact that the agreement have been mandated by
statute makes clear that typical competition policy considerations are not at issue here.

       In addition, the exclusion of the subject agreements from coverage under the CDA
neither impairs nor promotes Congress’s intent to “design[ ] an efficient disputes resolution
system to encourage quality contractors to competitively provide goods and services to the U.S.
[G]overnment. . . .” G.E. Boggs & Assocs., 969 F.2d at 1028. Only the State of California could
enter into these specific agreements with the United States. Pub. L. 86-488; Pub. L. 99-546; Tr.
at 51. Given this, the CDA’s dispute resolution procedure is not implicated by these agreements.
No other contractors would have been eligible to compete for the award of these contracts, nor
would there be a need to resolve disputes arising under the agreements according to the CDA.
See Institut Pasteur, 814 F.2d at 627 (quoting S. Rep. 95-1118 (1978) (“‘[t]he way potential
contractors view the disputes-resolving system” would “influence[ ] how, whether, and at what
prices they compete for Government contract business.”). In fact, the agreements provide for a
separate dispute resolution process. See COA, Art. 10(h)(5) (providing that the parties may
negotiate for a unilateral termination of the agreement).

       Third, the application of the federal procurement regulations to the agreements at issue
would also “‘not do justice to the realities of the situation’” in this case. Institut Pasteur, 814
F.2d at 628 (quoting Texas State Comm’n for the Blind, 796 F.2d at 406); see also Int’l Indus.
Park, 95 Fed. Cl. at 69. For example, the application of Federal Acquisition Regulation (“FAR”)
Subpart 9.1−which requires that a contracting officer make an affirmative determination of
responsibility with respect to the prospective awardee of a government contract−would be
inappropriate under the circumstances presented here. See 48 C.F.R. § 9.103 (“No purchase or
award shall be made unless the contracting officer makes an affirmative determination of
responsibility”). Indeed, it would be illogical to require a contracting officer to make a FAR 9.1
determination within the context of the subject agreements, because Congress has enacted
legislation that expressly provides that the United States and the State of California enter into
agreements to provide for the coordinated operation of the Joint-Use Facilities and the Banks
Pumping Plant. Pub. L. 86-488; Pub. L. 99-546.

                                                  18
        Lastly, applying the federal regulations pertaining to contracting on a noncompetitive
basis to these agreements would be equally inappropriate. As discussed above, the agreements at
issue have been entered into pursuant to legislation enacted by Congress. See Pub. L. 86-488;
Pub. L. 99-546; compare with 48 C.F.R. §§ 6.301, 6.303-1 (allowing for the award of a contract
when there is other than full and open competition if the government writes a justification for
contracting on a noncompetitive basis). And so, applying such procurement regulations in these
circumstances simply would not do justice to the realities of the situation.

        In sum, a plain reading of the agreements relied upon by the CDWR to bring its CDA
claim demonstrates that these agreements are not the type of contracts that the Congress intended
to fall within the scope of the CDA. Institut Pasteur, 814 F.2d 627-28. Given this, the CDWR
has not met its burden to demonstrate that the Court possesses subject-matter jurisdiction to
consider its CDA claim. RCFC 12(b)(1).4 And so, the Court must grant the government’s
motion to dismiss and dismiss the CDWR’s claim. RCFC 12(b)(1).

V.      CONCLUSION

        Because the CDWR has not met its burden to show that any of these agreements at issue
in this dispute are covered by the Contract Disputes Act, the CDWR has not established that the
Court possesses subject-matter jurisdiction to consider its claim. And so, for the foregoing
reasons, the Court GRANTS the government’s motion to dismiss for lack of subject-matter
jurisdiction.

        The Clerk is directed to enter judgment accordingly.

        Each party to bear its own costs.

        IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                                          s/Lydia Kay Griggsby
                                                          LYDIA KAY GRIGGSBY
                                                          Judge

4
 The government also argues that the CDWR has failed to state a claim upon which relief may be granted
with respect to the portion of plaintiff’s claim that pertains to the Banks Pumping Plant. Because the
Court concludes that it does not have subject-matter jurisdiction to consider this claim, the Court does not
address the government’s motion pursuant to RCFC 12(b)(6).

                                                    19