Court Opinion

ID: 2688948
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-08-01 14:54:05.850092+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:18:11.727035
License: Public Domain

FILED BY CLERK
                           IN THE COURT OF APPEALS                    OCT 29 2004
                               STATE OF ARIZONA                        COURT OF APPEALS
                                 DIVISION TWO                            DIVISION TWO

ALEX ORFALY, JANET GEORGE,                  )         2 CA-CV 2003-0153
HANNAH ALBRECHT, and EDWARD                 )         DEPARTMENT B
REID,                                       )
                                            )         OPINION
                   Plaintiffs/Appellants,   )
                                            )
                   v.                       )
                                            )
THE TUCSON SYMPHONY SOCIETY,                )
a non-profit corporation, and THE           )
TUCSON SYMPHONY ORCHESTRA                   )
MUSICIANS’ ORGANIZATION, a                  )
chapter of the International Guild of       )
Symphony, Opera and Ballet Musicians,       )
                                            )
                  Defendants/Appellees.     )
                                            )

           APPEAL FROM THE SUPERIOR COURT OF PIMA COUNTY

                               Cause No. C-20012811

                          Honorable John M. Quigley, Judge
                          Honorable Deborah Bernini, Judge

                                     AFFIRMED

Ellinwood, Langley & Plowman, LLP
 By Ralph E. Ellinwood                                                        Tucson

   and

Law Office of Bruce A. Burke, P.C.
 By Bruce A. Burke                                                            Tucson
                                                   Attorneys for Plaintiffs/Appellants
Fennemore Craig
 By Erwin D. Kratz                                                              Tucson
                                                       Attorneys for Defendant/Appellee
                                                          The Tucson Symphony Society

Snell & Wilmer
 By James K. Mackie and Erica K. Rocush                                         Tucson
                                                       Attorneys for Defendant/Appellee
                                                       The Tucson Symphony Orchestra
                                                               Musicians’ Organization

P E L A N D E R, Chief Judge.

¶1            Appellants Alex Orfaly, Janet George, Hannah Albrecht, and Edward Reid

appeal from the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of appellees Tucson

Symphony Society (TSS) and Tucson Symphony Orchestra Musicians’ Organization

(TSOMO) and from the trial court’s denial of appellants’ various post-judgment motions.

Appellants, symphony musicians, sought recovery of treble damages under A.R.S. § 23-355

for allegedly unpaid wages, claiming they were entitled to all of their outstanding annual

salary following their last performance of the symphony season. They also sought a

judgment declaring invalid a twelve-month payment provision in the master labor agreement

(MLA) between TSS and TSOMO. The trial court ultimately ruled in favor of appellees and

also awarded attorney fees to them under A.R.S. § 12-341.01(A). Finding no reversible

error, we affirm.

                                            2
                                    BACKGROUND

¶2            Although the pertinent facts are essentially undisputed, in reviewing a grant

of summary judgment, “we view all facts and reasonable inferences therefrom in the light

most favorable to the party against whom judgment was entered.” Bothell v. Two Point

Acres, Inc., 192 Ariz. 313, ¶ 2, 965 P.2d 47, 49 (App. 1998). Appellants were salaried

musicians employed by TSS for the 2000-01 and 2001-02 seasons who worked under

individual contracts that incorporated the terms of the MLA between TSS and TSOMO.1

The MLA provides for payment of salaries to musicians on a twelve-month basis, with their

annual salaries paid biweekly over twenty-six pay periods, and defines the symphony season

as beginning September 1 and ending August 31 of each year. Musicians are not required

to perform after the last engagement in June and not at all in July or August.

¶3            The last performance of the 2000-01 season was on May 11, with the

coinciding pay period ending on May 25, 2001. The final performance of the 2001-02

season was on May 24, 2002, and the pay period ended that day. Appellants were paid in

full by the end of August for each season in accordance with the MLA. Appellants,

however, signed their 2001-02 individual contracts under protest, complaining that this pay

structure violated state law. They took that complaint to TSOMO, the sole and exclusive

bargaining agent for all TSS musicians.

       1
        Under the MLA, a salaried musician is “[a] contracted [Tucson Symphony
Orchestra] musician paid a flat annual salary over 26 pay periods and offered health benefits
by the Society.”

                                             3
¶4              The MLA provides a grievance and arbitration procedure. In pertinent part,

it states:

                All questions, complaints or disputes concerning the
                interpretation or application of any provision of this Agreement
                will be presented in writing by the Union to the Executive
                Director of the Symphony or his/her designee within 90 days of
                the event giving rise to the question, or the same will be deemed
                waived.

TSOMO did not submit appellants’ grievance in writing to the Executive Director, but on

May 31, 2001, TSOMO presented the complaint to TSS at a regular meeting between TSS

management and TSOMO representatives. After discussing the matter, TSS and TSOMO

determined that the MLA’s twelve-month payment provision was legal. TSOMO considered

the matter resolved and did not take any further action.

¶5              Appellants then filed this action, seeking recovery of wages, treble damages,

and a declaratory judgment that the twelve-month payment provision violated A.R.S. § 23-

351(C). Appellees moved for dismissal of the complaint pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), Ariz.

R. Civ. P., 16 A.R.S., Pt. 1. The trial court (J. Quigley) denied those motions, despite

finding “nothing in the individual contracts or the [MLA] that is invalid under state or

federal law.”

¶6              More than one year later, appellants having conducted no discovery and the

discovery deadline having passed, TSS and TSOMO moved for summary judgment on

multiple grounds. In granting the motions on all grounds raised, the trial court ruled that

the MLA’s twelve-month payment provision did not violate state law; § 301 of the Labor

                                               4
Management Relations Act (the Act), 29 U.S.C. § 185(a), preempted appellants’ claims;

appellants had been paid according to their contract; and TSOMO had contractual authority

to determine what claims to submit to formal arbitration. The trial court also awarded all

of appellees’ requested attorney fees pursuant to § 12-341.01(A). This appeal followed the

trial court’s entry of formal judgments and denial of appellants’ post-judgment motions

under Rule 59, Ariz. R. Civ. P., 16 A.R.S., Pt. 2, for a new trial and to amend the judgments,

and for relief under Rule 60(c), Ariz. R. Civ. P., 16 A.R.S., Pt. 2.

                                      DISCUSSION

I. Summary judgment ruling

¶7            Appellants first contend the trial court erred in granting summary judgment on

their claim that the MLA violates § 23-351(C). In pertinent part, that statute provides:

“Each employer shall, on each of the regular paydays, pay to the employees, . . . all wages

due the employees up to such date.” Appellants argue TSS violated that statute by paying

them in twenty-six pay periods over twelve months, pursuant to the MLA, rather than paying

the balance of their wages for the season at the end of May, when their performance

obligations ended.

¶8            Conversely, appellees argue the MLA’s twelve-month payment provision is

legal and enforceable and, therefore, the trial court correctly found no violation of § 23-

351(C). Appellees also argue the federal Act preempts appellants’ state-law claims. We

review de novo the trial court’s summary judgment ruling and related issues of statutory and

                                              5
contract interpretation. See Andrews v. Blake, 205 Ariz. 236, ¶ 12, 69 P.3d 7, 11 (2003);

Taylor v. Graham County Chamber of Commerce, 201 Ariz. 184, ¶ 6, 33 P.3d 518, 521

(App. 2001). “We will affirm [a summary judgment] if the trial court’s ruling is correct on

any ground.” Rowland v. Great States Ins. Co., 199 Ariz. 577, ¶ 6, 20 P.3d 1158, 1162

(App. 2001).

       A. State law wage claim

¶9             As noted above, § 23-351(C) requires employers to pay to employees “on each

of the regular paydays . . . all wages due the employees up to such date.” In support of their

argument that TSS violated that statute, appellants rely in part on A.R.S. § 23-350(5), which

defines “[w]ages” as “nondiscretionary compensation due an employee in return for labor

or services rendered by an employee for which the employee has a reasonable expectation

to be paid whether determined by a time, task, piece, commission or other method of

calculation.” Appellants argue that the balance of their wages was due when they

completed their performance obligations each May and that thereafter they no longer were

rendering “labor or services” in return for “nondiscretionary compensation.” They further

contend that, despite the MLA’s “twelve month pay out scheme,” they “desire[d] to be paid

immediately following completion of their work under the law” and that “their wishes must

be honored.” We find no such meaning in § 23-351(C).

¶10            In interpreting statutes, “[w]e focus first on the statutory wording and, if it is

ambiguous or inconclusive, we consider the statute’s ‘context, subject matter, historical

                                               6
background, effects, consequences, spirit, and purpose.’” Bothell, 192 Ariz. 313, ¶17, 965
P.2d at 53, quoting Mailboxes, Etc. v. Indus. Comm’n, 181 Ariz. 119, 122, 888 P.2d 777,

780 (1995). We find the language of § 23-351(C) clear: All employers must pay, on each

pay day, all “wages” that are then “due” up to such date. The statutory definition of

“wages” is based on compensation that an employee has a reasonable expectation to be paid.

§ 23-350(5). That compensation can be determined by “time, task, piece, commission or

other method of calculation.” Id.

¶11           Through the MLA, TSS and its musicians agreed that compensation would be

paid over a twelve-month period. Nothing in the language of §§ 23-351(C) or 23-350(5)

prevents such an agreement. Cf. Swanson v. The Image Bank, Inc., 206 Ariz. 264, ¶ 12, 77
P.3d 439, 443 (2003) (“Generally speaking, . . . parties do have the power to determine the

terms of their contractual engagements,” particularly when the parties have relatively equal

bargaining power); Southwest Sav. & Loan Ass’n v. SunAmp Sys., Inc., 172 Ariz. 553, 558,

838 P.2d 1314, 1319 (App. 1992) (“If contracting parties cannot profitably use their

contractual powers without fear that a jury will second-guess them under a vague standard

of good faith, the law will impair the predictability that an orderly commerce requires.”);

Villegas v. Transamerica Fin. Servs., Inc., 147 Ariz. 100, 103, 708 P.2d 781, 784 (App.

1985) (“Courts have no right to remake contracts to comport with some unspecified notion

of fairness nor to refuse enforcement on that ground.”).

                                             7
¶12           Moreover, neither the record nor the law supports any contention that

appellants reasonably expected to be paid in a manner different than that described in the

contract. See Consumers Int’l, Inc. v. Sysco Corp., 191 Ariz. 32, 38-39, 951 P.2d 897,

903-04 (App. 1997) (plaintiff’s “reasonable expectations” theory did not preclude summary

judgment when parties’ negotiated contract was not based on unequal bargaining power and

contained explicit no-cause termination provision of which parties were aware); cf.

Philadelphia Indem. Ins. Co. v. Barerra, 200 Ariz. 9, ¶ 12, 21 P.3d 395, 400 (2001),

quoting Darner Motor Sales, Inc. v. Universal Underwriters Ins. Co., 140 Ariz. 383, 394,

682 P.2d 388, 399 (1984) (“First announced in Darner, the doctrine of reasonable

expectations relieves a party from ‘certain clauses of an agreement which he did not

negotiate, probably did not read, and probably would not have understood had he read

them.’”).

¶13           In sum, § 23-351(C) required no “wages” beyond those paid by TSS, in

accordance with the MLA, to be “due” at the close of the musicians’ performance

requirements in May of each year. Because we find the language of the statutes in question

clear, we need not address appellants’ arguments concerning the purposes or underlying

policies of § 23-351(C). See State v. Fell, 203 Ariz. 186, ¶ 9, 52 P.3d 218, 221 (App. 2002)

(when statutory language is clear, “no further inquiry is required”). The MLA’s twelve-

                                             8
month payment provision does not violate Arizona law, and the trial court properly granted

summary judgment in favor of appellees on that basis.2

      B. Contractual authority of TSOMO

¶14          Appellants also contend the trial court erred in ruling that TSOMO had

contractual authority to determine what claims to submit to formal arbitration under the

terms of the MLA. The dispute in this case unquestionably falls within the scope of the

grievance procedure set forth in the MLA because it involves a “question, complaint or

dispute” concerning the MLA. See ¶ 5, supra. According to appellants, the phrase “will

      2
         We need not address appellees’ preemption argument because, even if correct, it
would not divest this court of subject matter jurisdiction. See Livadas v. Bradshaw, 512
U.S. 107, 122, 114 S. Ct. 2068, 2077, 129 L. Ed. 2d 93, 109 (1994) (“§ 301 does not
preclude state courts from taking jurisdiction over cases arising from disputes over the
interpretation of collective-bargaining agreements” (CBA)); Charles Dowd Box Co. v.
Courtney, 368 U.S. 502, 506, 82 S. Ct. 519, 522, 7 L. Ed. 2d 483, 486 (1962) (§ 301 of the
Act “does not state nor even suggest” that federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction over
cases involving interpretation of CBAs). In view of that fact and our disposition of this
appeal on state-law grounds, we do not address appellees’ contention, or the trial court’s
ruling, that § 301 of the Act, 29 U.S.C. § 185(a), preempted appellants’ claims. Compare
Balcorta v. Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp., 208 F.3d 1102 (9th Cir. 2000) (no
preemption when court did not need to interpret CBA’s provision for payment of wages
upon discharge because California statute overrode any contractual attempt to bargain away
a nonnegotiable state-law right), with Atchley v. Heritage Cable Vision Assocs., 101 F.3d
495 (7th Cir. 1996) (considering Indiana wage law similar to A.R.S. § 23-351(C), court
found state-law claim preempted because determination of when wages were due required
interpretation of CBA); see also Lingle v. Norge Div. of Magic Chef, Inc., 486 U.S. 399,
405-06, 108 S. Ct. 1877, 1881, 100 L. Ed. 2d 410, 418-19 (1988) (if resolution of state-law
claim substantially depends on interpretation of CBA, claim is preempted); Allis-Chalmers
Corp. v. Lueck, 471 U.S. 202, 210-13, 105 S. Ct. 1904, 1911-12, 85 L. Ed. 2d 206, 214-16
(1985) (noting that “the meaning given a contract phrase or term [must] be subject to
uniform federal interpretation”).

                                            9
be presented in writing” in the MLA means that TSOMO has “no discretion” and must

present any grievance to the Executive Director. But that interpretation of the grievance and

arbitration provision ignores its final phrase, which states, “or the same will be deemed

waived.” The MLA defines rights between TSS as employer and its employees, not between

TSOMO and the employees it represents. The language in question, therefore, merely

provides that all claims not presented in writing to the Executive Director will be deemed

waived. Based on a plain reading of its language, we conclude that the MLA did not

obligate TSOMO to bring all questions, complaints, or disputes to the Executive Director

in writing.

¶15           Appellants also argue that TSOMO’s decision not to present their grievance

in writing breached its duty of fair representation. Because of that failure, appellants

maintain, the trial court should have deemed their arbitration rights under the MLA

exhausted, rather than waived. We agree with appellees, however, that appellants waived

these issues and arguments by not adequately presenting them below in their complaint, in

response to appellees’ motions for summary judgment or in appellants’ various post-

judgment motions. See Van Loan v. Van Loan, 116 Ariz. 272, 274, 569 P.2d 214, 216

(1977) (arguments raised for first time on appeal are untimely and, therefore, deemed

waived).3

       3
       Even had appellants not waived this claim, it is dubious. The law did not require
TSOMO, as the exclusive collective bargaining agent for all employees, to process a
grievance it determined, in good faith, to be without merit. See Vaca v. Sipes, 386 U.S. 171,

                                             10
¶16           In sum, the record and applicable law support the trial court’s summary

judgment ruling on the foregoing grounds. Therefore, we affirm the summary judgments

entered in favor of appellees.

II. Attorney fee awards

¶17           In granting summary judgment in favor of appellees, the trial court also

awarded them attorney fees both as a sanction under A.R.S. §§ 12-341.01(C) and 12-349,

and as prevailing parties in a contract action under § 12-341.01(A). Later, however, the

court vacated the sanction-based awards. Rather, based solely on § 12-341.01(A), the court

ultimately awarded attorney fees to TSS and TSOMO in the amounts of $16,659.50 and

$38,539 respectively, the precise amounts they had requested.

¶18           Appellants contend the trial court “abused [its] discretion in awarding fees,

and in granting fees in such huge sums based on the amount of work performed.” An award

of attorney fees is left to the sound discretion of the trial court and will not be reversed on

190-91, 87 S. Ct. 903, 916-17, 17 L. Ed. 2d 842, 857-58 (1967) (breach of duty of fair
representation occurs only when union’s conduct toward member of collective bargaining
unit is “arbitrary, discriminatory, or in bad faith”; individual employee does not have
absolute right to have meritless grievance taken to arbitration); Slevira v. Western Sugar
Co., 200 F.3d 1218, 1222 (9th Cir. 2000) (no breach of duty of fair representation when
union deliberates grievance and can provide explanation for its decision not to pursue it).
The undisputed facts here reflect that TSOMO presented appellants’ grievance to TSS in
May 2001, and TSOMO provided an explanation for its decision not to pursue the claim in
a letter to appellants in June, citing several legal opinions it received stating the MLA’s
twelve-month payment provision complied with state law. Finally, we deem unnecessary
any remand of the case for the trial court to specifically determine whether appellants
“exhausted or waived their arbitration rights,” as appellants suggest.

                                              11
appeal absent an abuse of discretion. Rogus v. Lords, 166 Ariz. 600, 603, 804 P.2d 133,

136 (App. 1991); see also Rowland, 199 Ariz. 577, ¶ 31, 20 P.3d at 1168. “We will not

disturb the trial court’s discretionary award of fees if there is any reasonable basis for it.”

Hale v. Amphitheather School Dist. No. 10, 192 Ariz. 111, 117, 961 P.2d 1059, 1065

(App. 1998); see also Rowland, 199 Ariz. 577, ¶ 32, 20 P.3d at 1168.

¶19           Our supreme court has prescribed the following pertinent factors courts should

consider in determining whether to award fees under § 12-341.01(A): (1) the merits of the

claim or defense the unsuccessful party presented; (2) whether the parties could have

avoided or settled the litigation and whether “the successful party’s efforts were completely

superfluous in achieving the result”; (3) whether assessing fees against the unsuccessful party

will cause an extreme hardship; (4) whether the successful party prevailed on all relief

sought; (5) the novelty of the legal questions presented; (6) whether the claims or defenses

had been previously adjudicated in Arizona; and (7) whether an award of fees would

discourage other parties with tenable claims or defenses from litigating or defending

legitimate contract issues for fear of incurring liability for substantial amounts of attorney

fees. Associated Indem. Corp. v. Warner, 143 Ariz. 567, 570, 694 P.2d 1181, 1184 (1985).

¶20           In challenging the fee awards, appellants focus primarily on factors (5), (6),

and (7) above and contend the trial court “disregarded these legal principles.” According

to appellants, no fee award was appropriate here because they “pursu[ed] issues of substance

                                              12
which have never been addressed by Arizona’s appellate courts.” Appellants also warn of

the fee awards’ “chilling effect on [their] pursuit of meritorious claims” involving “important

wage claims and employment issues.” The fee awards here, appellants argue, “threaten[]

harm to [the] balance” of “competing interests” between employers and employees and

trample the needed “sensitivity to keeping the playing field level when one type of litigant

typically has less financial strength than another.”

¶21           Appellants’ arguments do not persuade us to overturn or modify the attorney

fee awards. Although we have some concerns about the trial court’s initial, procedural

handling of appellees’ fee requests and might not have awarded all of the fees the trial court

did, we cannot say the fee awards are unsupported by any reasonable basis. See Rowland,

199 Ariz. 577, ¶ 32, 20 P.3d at 1168; Hale, 192 Ariz. at 117, 961 P.2d at 1065. And,

because a reasonable basis exists for the award, we may not substitute our discretion for that

of the trial court. Associated Indem. Corp., 143 Ariz. at 571, 694 P.2d at 1185. Again,

although reasonable minds might balance the Associated Indemnity factors differently, we

cannot say the trial court abused its discretion in granting fees or in awarding the full

amounts appellees requested.

¶22           Citing Schweiger v. China Doll Restaurant, Inc., 138 Ariz. 183, 673 P.2d 927

(App. 1983), appellants also contend appellees’ fee applications had inadequate time

records, contained only broad summaries (or “block billing”) of work performed, were

inconsistent with each other, and reflected unnecessary “duplication of effort.” The nature

                                              13
of appellees’ billing, appellants argue, “made it impossible for the trial court and [them] to

analyze the reasonableness of time spent.” According to appellants, the trial court “failed

to heed the dictates of China Doll.” We disagree.

¶23           “[C]ounsel should indicate the type of legal service provided, the date the

service was provided, the attorney providing the service, . . . and the time spent in providing

the service.” Id. at 188, 673 P.2d at 932. Those requirements allow the court to determine

whether the hours claimed are justified. Therefore, the fee application must contain

sufficient detail so as to enable the court to assess the reasonableness of the time incurred.

Id. The applications appellees filed below complied with China Doll and contained

sufficient detail to support a reasonableness finding. And appellees adequately explained

the alleged discrepancies in their respective services and bills. Again, we cannot say the trial

court abused its discretion in awarding the fees requested.

¶24           Still relying on China Doll, appellants contend the fee award was excessive

because appellees were not successful in all aspects of the litigation. As the court in China

Doll stated, “[w]here a party has achieved only partial or limited success, . . . it would be

unreasonable to award compensation for all hours expended, including time spent on the

unsuccessful issues or claims.” Id. at 189, 673 P.2d at 933. But appellants disregard the

court’s other statement in China Doll that, “where a party has accomplished the result

sought in the litigation, fees should be awarded for time spent even on unsuccessful legal

theories.” Id. Here, TSS and TSOMO clearly achieved the result sought in the litigation

                                              14
by obtaining summary judgments on all grounds raised and, therefore, were successful under

the China Doll standard. And that is so despite another trial judge’s initial denial of

appellees’ motion for dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6), Ariz. R. Civ. P., particularly when

appellants undertook no discovery or other development of their claims after that ruling.

¶25           Appellants’ other arguments relating to the fee awards are unpersuasive. They

contend the trial court did not adequately explain its analysis and resolution of each

Associated Indemnity factor in awarding fees. But neither Associated Indemnity nor Grand

Real Estate, Inc. v. Sirignano, 139 Ariz. 8, 676 P.2d 642 (App. 1983), which appellants

cite, requires a court to set forth a detailed factual basis for a fee award. As long as the

record reflects a reasonable basis for the award, we will uphold it.

¶26           Nor does a clear abuse of discretion emerge from the fact that the trial court

initially awarded fees as sanctions before ultimately basing the awards solely on § 12-

341.01(A). And, contrary to appellants’ suggestion, that the trial court denied their motion

for relief under Rule 60(c) does not show that the court “never considered [their] opposition

to TSS’s fee award on the merits.” Before ultimately denying appellants’ various post-

judgment motions that challenged the attorney fee requests and awards, and after all briefing

on that issue was complete, the trial court held a hearing on all pending motions and ordered

supplemental briefing on insurance coverage issues. Only after that and after specifically

noting that it had read all pertinent filings did the trial court deny appellants’ Rule 60(c)

motion and affirm the attorney fee awards. In view of that entire procedural sequence, that

                                             15
the trial court initially ruled on appellees’ fee requests before it received and considered

appellants’ objections thereto does not necessarily invalidate the awards ultimately made.

¶27           Finally, that some portions of appellees’ attorney fee expense was covered by

insurance does not preclude the fee awards to appellees or otherwise establish any abuse of

discretion in those awards. See Catalina Foothills Ass’n, Inc. v. White, 132 Ariz. 427, 428,

646 P.2d 312, 313 (App. 1982); see also Willcox v. Waldman, 154 Ariz. 532, 538, 744
P.2d 444, 450 (App. 1987). Appellants cite no authority for a contrary proposition.

Accordingly, the trial court’s attorney fee awards to appellees are affirmed.

                                     DISPOSITION

¶28           The trial court’s judgments, including the attorney fee awards, in favor of

appellees are affirmed.4 In our discretion, we deny appellees’ requests for an award of

attorney fees on appeal. See Hale, 192 Ariz. at 117, 961 P.2d at 1065.

                                             _______________________________________
                                             JOHN PELANDER, Chief Judge

CONCURRING:

_______________________________________

       4
        Having found no error in the trial court’s summary judgment ruling or its award of
attorney fees to appellees, we also find no abuse of discretion in the court’s denial of
appellants’ various post-judgment motions. See Cervantes v. Rijlaarsdam, 190 Ariz. 396,
402, 949 P.2d 56, 62 (App. 1997) (ruling on motion for new trial reviewed for clear abuse
of discretion); Delbridge v. Salt River Project Agric. Improvement & Power Dist., 182
Ariz. 46, 53, 893 P.2d 46, 53 (App. 1994) (ruling on Rule 60(c) motion to vacate and set
aside judgment reviewed for clear abuse of discretion).

                                            16
M. JAN FLÓREZ, Presiding Judge

_______________________________________
PHILIP G. ESPINOSA, Judge

                                          17