Court Opinion

ID: 5141985
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-12-31 01:02:51.437695+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:24:32.162681
License: Public Domain

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            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF ALASKA

JEREL TREMAYNE WILLIAMS,
                                                     Court of Appeals No. A-12826
                            Appellant,             Trial Court No. 3AN-14-08109 CR

                      v.
                                                              OPINION
STATE OF ALASKA,

                            Appellee.                 No. 2688 — January 15, 2021

             Appeal from the Superior Court, Third Judicial District,
             Anchorage, Jack W. Smith and Michael Spaan, Judges.

             Appearances: Marilyn J. Kamm, Attorney at Law, Anchorage,
             under contract with the Office of Public Advocacy, for the
             Appellant. Eric A. Ringsmuth, Assistant Attorney General,
             Office of Criminal Appeals, Anchorage, and Kevin G. Clarkson,
             Attorney General, Juneau, for the Appellee.

             Before: Allard, Chief Judge, and Wollenberg and Harbison,
             Judges.

             Judge WOLLENBERG.

             Following a jury trial, Jerel Tremayne Williams was convicted of second-
degree murder and first-degree robbery in connection with the shooting death of
Christopher Fulton.
              Williams raises six claims on appeal. His first claim requires us to construe
Alaska Evidence Rule 505(b) — the rule recognizing a confidential marital
communications privilege. Williams argues that the trial court erred in ruling that
conversations between him and his wife fell within the crime-fraud exception to this rule
and were therefore not privileged. In particular, Williams contends that his request for
his wife to buy him a plane ticket so he could flee the state was not made to enable or aid
the planning or commission of a crime in which both he and his wife were joint
participants, and as a result, his statements were not admissible under the crime-fraud
exception to the privilege.
              For the reasons explained in this opinion, we conclude that the crime-fraud
exception to the confidential marital communications privilege does not require evidence
of joint participation on the part of both spouses in an underlying criminal or fraudulent
endeavor. The exception applies whenever one spouse makes a communication to
enable or aid the planning or commission of a crime or fraud, regardless of the
complicity of the other spouse. Because Williams’s statements to his wife met this test,
we agree with the trial court that they were not protected by the confidential marital
communications privilege.
              Williams also raises four additional claims of error related to: (1) purported
deficiencies in the prosecutor’s grand jury presentment; (2) the admissibility of an
eyewitness identification; (3) restrictions on Williams’s ability to cross-examine a
witness about her expectations of favorable treatment in an unrelated criminal
prosecution; and (4) the propriety of Williams’s sentence. For the reasons explained in
this opinion, we reject each of these claims of error.
              Finally, Williams notes that his judgment erroneously reflects merger of his
two second-degree murder convictions “for sentencing” only. The State concedes error.
We conclude that this concession is well-founded.

                                           –2–                                         2688
             We therefore remand Williams’s case to the superior court with directions
to amend the judgment to reflect a single conviction for second-degree murder. In all
other respects, we affirm Williams’s convictions and sentence.

      Background facts and procedural history
             In September 2014, Williams and his girlfriend, Samantha Herbert, went
to an apartment belonging to Christopher Fulton. Williams had previously purchased
heroin from Fulton. According to later testimony from Fulton’s girlfriend, Josie
Pritchard, Williams and Herbert entered the apartment uninvited, with Williams
brandishing a handgun. While Herbert pilfered Fulton’s and Pritchard’s valuables,
Fulton fought Williams for control of the gun. At some point during the struggle,
Pritchard heard a “loud bang” and saw Fulton collapse, bleeding from a wound to the
head. Fulton died from his injuries shortly thereafter.
             Williams and Herbert fled the scene. At the time, Pritchard did not know
Williams’s name, although she had socialized with Williams and Herbert on a number
of prior occasions. A roommate told Pritchard that the name of Herbert’s boyfriend was
“Derrick Hall,” and it was this name that Pritchard conveyed to the police. Based on this
information, the police constructed a photo lineup, from which Pritchard selected a
suspect whose name was Derrick Hall.
             A few days later, after learning from acquaintances that Herbert’s boyfriend
was not Derrick Hall, Pritchard contacted the police to inform them that she had made
a mistake. In the interim, the police had located Derrick Hall in Las Vegas and verified
that he was not in Alaska at the time of Fulton’s death. Upon viewing a second photo
lineup that contained Williams, Pritchard “instantly” recognized Williams as the person
who had killed Fulton.

                                          –3–                                       2688
             Two days after Fulton’s death, Williams called his estranged wife, Laramie
Williams (who was living in Georgia), and he asked her to buy him a plane ticket out of
Alaska. Williams stated that he had shot someone in the face, and he referred Laramie
Williams to news reports of Fulton’s death and the resulting police investigation.
Unbeknownst to Williams, Laramie Williams allowed her mother to listen to and record
this conversation, and her mother later provided the recording to the police.
             Williams was indicted and proceeded to trial on charges of first-degree
murder, second-degree murder, and first-degree robbery.1 The State pursued two
theories of second-degree murder: (1) that Williams knowingly engaged in conduct that
resulted in the death of another person under circumstances manifesting an extreme
indifference to the value of human life, and (2) that in the course of committing or
attempting to commit robbery, Williams caused the death of another person.2
             At trial, Williams testified on his own behalf, and he offered an exculpatory
account of the shooting. According to Williams, he and Herbert had gone to Fulton’s
apartment to purchase heroin. After one of Fulton’s roommates let Williams and Herbert
into the apartment, however, Fulton drew a gun. The two men struggled for control of
the weapon, and during the course of the struggle, the gun went off. Williams then fled
the apartment without knowing the extent of Fulton’s injuries.
             The jury ultimately acquitted Williams of first-degree murder but found him
guilty of the remaining charges. At sentencing, the court merged the two second-degree
murder counts and imposed a composite sentence for the murder and robbery of 75
years’ imprisonment with 10 years suspended (65 years to serve).

   1
       AS 11.41.100(a)(1)(A); AS 11.41.110(a)(2) & (a)(3); and AS 11.41.500(a),
respectively.
   2
       AS 11.41.110(a)(2) and (a)(3), respectively.

                                          –4–                                        2688
              This appeal followed.

       Williams’s argument that his statements to his wife were protected by the
       confidential marital communications privilege
              Prior to trial, Williams moved to dismiss his indictment, arguing that his
statements to his wife were protected by the confidential marital communications
privilege, and that the grand jury therefore should not have considered the recording of
Williams’s phone call, or the testimony from his wife or her mother.
              The trial court denied Williams’s motion. The court concluded that
Williams had been attempting to persuade his wife to commit the crime of hindering
prosecution by assisting him in fleeing apprehension for a felony, and thus the crime-
fraud exception to the confidential marital communications privilege authorized
admission of his incriminating statements.
              Alaska Evidence Rule 505(b)(1) codifies the confidential marital
communications privilege. This privilege precludes either spouse from being “examined
as to any confidential communications made by one spouse to the other during the
marriage, without the consent of the other spouse.”3 But the privilege is not absolute.
Because it “impede[s] the normal truth-seeking function of court proceedings,” the
privilege is “strictly construed” and “accepted ‘only to the very limited extent that
permitting a refusal to testify or excluding relevant evidence has a public good
transcending the normally predominant principle of utilizing all rational means for
ascertaining truth.’”4

   3
       Alaska R. Evid. 505(b)(1).
   4
      Anderson v. State, 436 P.3d 1071, 1074 (Alaska App. 2018) (quoting Daniels v. State,
681 P.2d 341, 344 (Alaska App. 1984), which in turn quotes Trammel v. United States, 445
                                                                           (continued...)

                                          –5–                                        2688
              The rule sets out multiple exceptions to the confidential marital
communications privilege, including the crime-fraud exception. Under this exception,
“There is no privilege [for confidential marital communications] . . . [i]f the
communication was made, in whole or in part, to enable or aid anyone to commit or plan
to commit a crime or a fraud.”5
              On appeal, Williams disputes the trial court’s finding that he was soliciting
his wife to commit the crime of hindering prosecution, and its further conclusion that his
statements therefore fell within the crime-fraud exception to the privilege. Williams
instead characterizes his actions as a request for his wife’s “help in transporting her
husband back to the family home.” But the record amply supports the trial court’s
finding that Williams asked his wife to commit a crime. In discussing with his wife his
request for a plane ticket, Williams emphasized that he had “shot [someone] in the face”
and implied that he was the subject of a criminal investigation. And as Williams admits,
his request for a plane ticket did not involve discussion of a particular destination, simply
a desire to leave Alaska as soon as possible.6
              A person commits the crime of first-degree hindering prosecution by
“render[ing] assistance” to a person who has committed a felony with intent to “hinder

   4
       (...continued)
U.S. 40, 50 (1980)).
   5
       Alaska R. Evid. 505(b)(2)(B); see also Commentary to Alaska R. Evid. 505(b)(2)(B)
(“This exception does not permit disclosure of communications that merely reveal a plan to
commit a crime or fraud; it permits disclosure only of communications made to enable or aid
anyone to commit or plan to commit a crime or fraud.” (emphasis in original)).
   6
        We note that Williams and his wife were estranged, and had been separated for more
than fifteen months. Williams’s wife had already filled out divorce papers, which Williams
had apparently signed at her request, long before he asked her to fund his flight out of
Alaska.

                                            –6–                                         2688
the apprehension, prosecution, conviction, or punishment of that person.”7 Rendering
assistance includes “provid[ing] or aid[ing] in providing the other person with money,
transportation, . . . or other means of avoiding discovery or apprehension.”8
              Here, Williams asked his estranged wife to purchase a plane ticket for him
for the stated reason that he had shot someone in the face, and as a result, had to “get out
of here.” In other words, he told his wife that he had committed a felony offense, and
he solicited her to provide him with money or transportation to flee the jurisdiction to
avoid apprehension.9 Under these circumstances, we find no error in the trial court’s
conclusion that Williams’s communication with his wife was made, in whole or in part,
for the purpose of enabling the commission of a crime.
              Williams also argues that the trial court misconstrued the crime-fraud
exception. He urges this Court to interpret the exception to require joint participation by
both spouses in a criminal endeavor before permitting the introduction of a defendant’s
marital communications.
              Williams’s argument is based on federal case law recognizing, under
common law, a joint participation exception to the federal confidential marital
communications privilege.10 But the plain language of Alaska Evidence Rule 505(b),

   7
        AS 11.56.770(a)(1).
   8
        AS 11.56.770(b)(3).
   9
       AS 11.31.110(a) (“A person commits the crime of solicitation if, with intent to cause
another to engage in conduct constituting a crime, the person solicits the other to engage in
that conduct.”).
   10
       See, e.g., United States v. Bey, 188 F.3d 1, 5 (1st Cir. 1999); United States v. Sims,
755 F.2d 1239, 1243 (6th Cir. 1985); United States v. Byrd, 750 F.2d 585, 594 (7th Cir.
1984); United States v. Cooper, 85 F.Supp.2d 1, 31 (D.D.C. 2000).

                                            –7–                                         2688
which defines the scope of the privilege in Alaska law, contains no express requirement
of joint participation.11
               Moreover, as legal commentators have recognized, the federal joint
participation exception “is not the same as a crime-fraud exception.”12 While the joint
participation exception “requires that both spouses be criminally involved,” the crime-
fraud exception “requires only that one spouse be aware that the communication is for
some nefarious purpose; it makes no difference that the other spouse is totally ignorant
of the purpose.”13
               This approach is consistent with how other states have interpreted crime-
fraud exceptions in their own jurisdictions — that is, without any requirement of
complicity on the part of the non-defendant spouse.14

   11
        See Alaska R. Evid. 505(b)(2)(B).
   12
        United States v. Davis, 61 M.J. 530, 534 (A. Ct. Crim. App. 2005) (quoting 2 Stephen
A. Saltzburg et al., Federal Rules of Evidence Manual 743 (7th ed. 1998)); see 25 C. Wright
& A. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure: Evidence § 5594 (“[I]t is necessary to
distinguish at the outset the [crime-fraud exception from the] so-called ‘partners-in-crime’
exception that some federal courts have recently created. The two exceptions are so
hopelessly confused in the literature and the caselaw that it is doubtful that federal courts will
ever get them straight, but it is essential that state courts and federal courts not yet committed
to the error understand the differences between the two.”) (footnotes omitted).
   13
        25 C. Wright & A. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure: Evidence § 5594.
   14
        See, e.g., People v. Santos, 26 Cal.App.3d 397, 400, 402-03 (Cal. App. 1972) (holding
that a defendant’s request for his wife to “get rid of” a murder weapon was admissible under
California’s crime-fraud exception, regardless of the fact that the defendant’s wife did not
ultimately follow the defendant’s directive to “get rid of” the weapon, and instead informed
the police of its location); State v. Heistand, 708 S.W.2d 125, 126 (Mo. 1986) (en banc)
(holding that the crime-fraud exception applied when a husband sent his wife a letter asking
her to suborn perjury on his behalf); People v. Naylor, 120 A.D.2d 940, 940 (N.Y. App. Div.
1986) (holding that the defendant’s attempt to enlist his wife’s assistance in a criminal
                                                                                (continued...)

                                              –8–                                           2688
              This approach is also consistent with the Alaska Supreme Court’s
interpretation of the analogous crime-fraud exception to the attorney-client privilege.15
The supreme court has held that the exception applies regardless of whether the attorney
was aware of, or a joint participant in, the client’s criminal conduct: “Although the fraud
or crime must have been contemplated by the client at the time of the communication,
it is irrelevant whether the attorney was aware of the client’s purpose.”16
              We also note that reading a joint participation element into the crime-fraud
exception would be contrary to the policy of interpreting the confidential marital
communications privilege “as narrow[ly] as possible.”17 Broadening the scope of the
privilege to protect the type of communication at issue here — an attempt to persuade
an estranged spouse to fund a defendant’s flight from criminal prosecution — would not

   14
       (...continued)
scheme was made “in pursuit of a criminal enterprise” and therefore not entitled to the
protection of the confidential marital communications privilege); Henderson v. State, 2017
WL 4172591, at *18-19 (Tex. App. Sept. 21, 2017) (unpublished) (holding that Texas’s
crime-fraud exception applied to a defendant’s attempt to induce his wife to participate in
insurance fraud); State v. Smith, 726 P.2d 1232, 1236-37 (Utah 1986) (holding that a
defendant’s request for his wife’s assistance in pawning stolen property, without her
knowledge that it was stolen, was admissible under Utah’s crime-fraud exception).
   15
        Alaska R. Evid. 503(b) and (d)(1).
   16
        Munn v. Bristol Bay Housing Authority, 777 P.2d 188, 195 (Alaska 1989) (citations
omitted); see also Jorgens v. State, 2013 WL 6168561, at *4 (Alaska App. Nov. 20, 2013)
(unpublished) (addressing, in the context of a criminal prosecution, the crime-fraud exception
to the attorney-client privilege).
   17
        Salazar v. State, 559 P.2d 66, 78 (Alaska 1976).

                                             –9–                                         2688
advance “a public good transcending the normally predominant principle of utilizing all
rational means for ascertaining truth.”18
              We therefore reject Williams’s claim of error and uphold the trial court’s
ruling that the confidential marital communications privilege did not protect Williams’s
statements to his wife.19 We therefore uphold the trial court’s denial of Williams’s
motion to dismiss the indictment on this ground.

        Williams’s challenges to the prosecutor’s grand jury presentment
              Williams next argues that the prosecutor improperly instructed the grand
jury on the felony murder theory of second-degree murder and failed to present to the
grand jury exculpatory evidence regarding Fulton’s involvement in the drug trade.
              The State argues that any error with regard to the grand jury instructions
on the felony murder charge was necessarily harmless. We agree. Although Williams
was indicted, and later found guilty by a jury, on two theories of second-degree murder,
the court merged these counts into a single conviction for extreme indifference murder
under AS 11.41.110(a)(2). Thus, Williams stands convicted of a single count of second­

   18
       Anderson v. State, 436 P.3d 1071, 1075 (Alaska App. 2018) (quoting Daniels v. State,
681 P.2d 341, 344 (Alaska App. 1984), which in turn quotes Trammel v. United States, 445
U.S. 40, 50 (1980)).
   19
       Williams also challenges the trial court’s alternative finding that Williams waived the
privilege by knowingly making his statements in the presence of a third party on his end of
the phone call. Because we conclude that the statements were properly admitted under the
crime-fraud exception, we do not reach this alternative finding.

                                            – 10 –                                       2688
degree murder.20 Even if we reversed Williams’s conviction under the felony murder
theory, he would remain convicted of a single count of second-degree murder.21
              We also reject Williams’s claim that the grand jury heard insufficient
evidence of Fulton’s involvement with controlled substances to satisfy the prosecutor’s
duty to present exculpatory evidence.22 The grand jurors heard evidence that Williams
and Herbert went to Fulton’s apartment to steal money and drugs, and that the police
later found illegal drugs in the apartment. As the trial court noted, additional evidence
of Fulton’s involvement in the distribution of controlled substances did not tend to
negate Williams’s guilt “in and of itself.”23 Indeed, at trial, the State argued that
Williams’s knowledge of Fulton’s access to heroin was inculpatory and established
Williams’s motive for the robbery.
              Under these circumstances, we agree with the trial court that the prosecutor
did not violate his duty to present exculpatory evidence to the grand jury.

        Williams’s argument that the trial court erred in denying his motion to
        suppress Pritchard’s identification
              As we explained earlier, Pritchard initially misidentified the shooter as a
man named Derrick Hall. But Pritchard subsequently informed the police that, although

   20
        See Garhart v. State, 147 P.3d 746, 752-53 (Alaska App. 2006).
   21
       See Lawson v. State, 264 P.3d 590, 596 (Alaska App. 2011) (concluding that any error
with regard to the felony murder charge was harmless where a second count of second-
degree murder under alternative theories ultimately merged with the felony murder count).
   22
       See Frink v. State, 597 P.2d 154, 165 (Alaska 1979) (recognizing a prosecutor’s
affirmative duty to present exculpatory evidence to the grand jury).
   23
      See State v. McDonald, 872 P.2d 627, 639 (Alaska App. 1994) (defining exculpatory
evidence as evidence that “tends, in and of itself, to negate the defendant’s guilt”).

                                          – 11 –                                      2688
the person she had identified in the photo lineup had “look[ed] the most like” the shooter,
she did not believe she had correctly identified Fulton’s killer. The police, who had
independently verified that Derrick Hall was not in Alaska at the time of Fulton’s death,
ultimately prepared a second photo lineup, which now included Williams. Upon viewing
this lineup, Pritchard “instantly” recognized and identified Williams as the person who
had killed Fulton.
              Prior to trial, Williams filed a motion to suppress both Pritchard’s pretrial
identification and any subsequent in-court identification. After holding an evidentiary
hearing, the trial court denied Williams’s motion. The court noted that the second lineup
was “double blind” — i.e., neither Pritchard nor the officer presenting the lineup knew
whether the photo array included Williams. The lineup was constructed so that Williams
did not stand out from the other five potential suspects, and the officer gave Pritchard
appropriate cautionary instructions before showing her the lineup. In contrast to
Pritchard’s equivocal identification from the first lineup, the court found that Pritchard
was “exceptionally confident” in her identification of Williams. The court also found
that, at the time of the charged offense, Pritchard had a relatively lengthy opportunity to
observe Williams in “extremely strong” environmental conditions — i.e., indoors in
Pritchard’s own home with favorable lighting — and that Pritchard had “at least a
passing familiarity” with Williams from previous social encounters. After considering
these and other factors, the court concluded that the second photo lineup was not unduly
suggestive and that suppression was not warranted.24
              On appeal, Williams renews his argument that Pritchard’s identification was
unreliable and should have been suppressed. But as the State points out, Williams’s

   24
       See Young v. State, 374 P.3d 395, 417-26 (Alaska 2016) (identifying six “system”
variables and nine “estimator” variables that a court must consider when determining
whether to suppress an identification as unreliable).

                                          – 12 –                                      2688
identity was not a contested issue at trial. Williams himself admitted going to Fulton’s
apartment, struggling with Fulton over the gun, and having his hands on the gun at the
moment it discharged. Substantial additional evidence corroborated Williams’s identity,
including: Williams’s admission to his estranged wife shortly after the murder that he
had “shot [someone] in the face”; Williams’s similar admission to Herbert’s uncle that
it was “either me or [Fulton]”; testimony from Fulton and Pritchard’s roommate, who
identified the people responsible for Fulton’s death as Samantha Herbert and Herbert’s
boyfriend, and who saw Williams brandish a gun immediately before the shooting; and
testimony from Herbert, who pleaded guilty to criminally negligent homicide for her role
in the events leading to Fulton’s death, and confirmed her relationship with Williams and
their reliance on Fulton as a regular source of heroin.
               Given this testimony, we conclude that even without Pritchard’s
identification, conclusive independent evidence established Williams’s identity.25 Thus,
any error in declining to suppress Pritchard’s identification was harmless beyond a
reasonable doubt.

        Williams’s argument that the trial court improperly restricted his ability to
        cross-examine Pritchard about an unrelated criminal prosecution
               At trial, Williams sought to cross-examine Pritchard about a pending
petition to revoke probation that the State had filed against her following her conviction
for misconduct involving a controlled substance. The trial court allowed Williams to
question Pritchard about the petition to revoke probation and about any deal she had

   25
       See id. at 410 (holding that any error in admitting an unreliable identification was
harmless beyond a reasonable doubt where “‘conclusive independent evidence, apart from
the [unreliable] identification testimony,’” established the defendant’s identity (quoting
McCracken v. State, 521 P.2d 499, 504-05 (Alaska 1974)) (edit in Young)).

                                           – 13 –                                       2688
made or offers she had received from the State, but precluded any questions about the
facts that led to her underlying conviction.
              On appeal, Williams argues that the trial court’s restriction of his ability to
question Pritchard about the facts underlying her original charge violated his right to
cross-examination.
              In general, a defendant is entitled to “broad latitude” in cross-examining a
witness about potential bias.26 When an inference of bias arises from favorable treatment
in a separate prosecution, this Court has recognized that, “The test is the witness’
expectation or hope of a reward, not the actuality of a promise by the State.”27 However,
the trial court retains discretion to limit the specific questions allowed and the specific
evidence admitted, as long as the jury receives “information adequate to allow it to
evaluate the bias and motives of a witness.”28 We have previously upheld restrictions on
cross-examination related to the underlying facts of a witness’s criminal conviction,
where the defendant was able to elicit sufficient information to argue, and for the jury to
infer, that the witness was biased in favor of the State.29
              We reach the same conclusion in Williams’s case. The trial court allowed
Williams to fully develop the fact that Pritchard had an open criminal case and that she

   26
        Stumpf v. State, 749 P.2d 880, 901 (Alaska App. 1988).
   27
       Wood v. State, 837 P.2d 743, 747 (Alaska App. 1992) (quoting State v. Little, 350 P.2d
756, 760 (Ariz. 1960)) (additional citation omitted); see also Braund v. State, 12 P.3d 187,
191 (Alaska App. 2000) (holding that even if there was no formal agreement between a
witness and the State, the trial court impermissibly infringed on the defendant’s right to
cross-examine the witness about her subjective belief that her willingness to testify resulted
in dismissal of an unrelated criminal charge).
   28
        Stumpf, 749 P.2d at 901; Beltz v. State, 895 P.2d 513, 518 (Alaska App. 1995).
   29
        See Mustafoski v. State, 954 P.2d 1042, 1047 (Alaska App. 1998).

                                           – 14 –                                        2688
faced nearly a year in jail if she did not comply with the terms of her probation — as well
as the fact that she had arguably attempted to capitalize on her status as a prosecution
witness to curry favor in her probation proceedings. Although the trial court’s ruling
also allowed Williams to inquire about whether Pritchard had received, or believed she
had received, “any sort of deal [from] the state,” Williams chose not to inquire about
Pritchard’s understanding of any favorable treatment.
              This was not a case where “the jury did not otherwise receive information
adequate to allow it to evaluate the bias and motives of a witness.”30 We thus reject
Williams’s claim that the restriction on his ability to cross-examine Pritchard about the
facts of her underlying conviction violated his right to cross-examination.

        Williams’s challenge to his sentence
              At the time of sentencing, Williams was twenty-eight years old, and he had
two prior felony convictions — a third-degree assault conviction for shooting at his then
girlfriend and a third-degree weapons misconduct conviction for being a felon in
possession of a concealable firearm. Williams also had multiple prior violations of
probation.
              Williams faced a sentencing range of 10 to 99 years for his second-degree
murder conviction.31 And as a third felony offender, he faced a presumptive sentencing
range of 13 to 20 years for his first-degree robbery conviction, a class A felony.32

   30
        Stumpf, 749 P.2d at 901.
   31
        See former AS 12.55.125(b) (2014).
   32
        See AS 11.41.500(b); former AS 12.55.125(c)(4) (2017).

                                          – 15 –                                       2688
              At sentencing, the court discussed the Chaney criteria at length,
emphasizing the seriousness of Williams’s conduct and the need for isolation.33 The
court noted in particular that Williams was a third felony offender and that both of his
prior felony convictions involved firearms. Before imposing sentence, the court referred
to the parties’ sentencing memoranda as particularly helpful to the court’s determination
of an appropriate sentence. The court then imposed a composite sentence of 65 years to
serve: 65 years with 10 years suspended for the second-degree murder conviction, and
15 years for the first-degree robbery conviction, with 10 years running consecutively to
the murder sentence.
              Williams now challenges his sentence as excessive. Williams’s primary
contention is that the trial court’s failure to conduct an on-the-record review of sentences
imposed in similar second-degree murder cases requires a remand for resentencing.
              We have previously recognized the importance of a sentencing court’s
consideration of comparable cases when imposing sentence to ensure against unjustified
sentencing disparity.34 But at its core, sentencing is an individualized process, and
comparing one sentence with another is therefore not necessarily determinative of
whether a sentence is excessive.35 Rather, the absence of an explicit, on-the-record

   33
        State v. Chaney, 477 P.2d 441, 444 (Alaska 1970); AS 12.55.005.
   34
       See Graham v. State, 440 P.3d 309, 313 (Alaska App. 2019); Pusich v. State, 907 P.2d
29, 35 (Alaska App. 1995).
   35
       Long v. State, 772 P.2d 1099, 1102 (Alaska App. 1989). Indeed, appellate sentencing
decisions represent only a small subset of sentencing decisions in Alaska — typically, only
those longer sentences that defendants have elected to challenge. And our deferential
standard of review means that when we conclude that a sentence is not excessive, we have
simply concluded that the sentence is not “clearly mistaken” — i.e., that it is does not fall
outside “a permissible range of reasonable sentences.” Erickson v. State, 950 P.2d 580, 586
(Alaska App. 1997) (internal quotations and citations omitted). A more comprehensive
                                                                               (continued...)

                                           – 16 –                                       2688
comparison of sentences imposed in similar cases is most problematic when we are
unable to discern the basis for the trial court’s sentencing decision — that is, when the
record is so lacking in detail as to preclude meaningful appellate review, or when the
sentence itself appears arbitrary or disproportionate when examined against other cases.36
              This is not one of those situations. Here, the State cited extensively to
comparable cases in its sentencing memorandum, and the sentencing judge referred to
the parties’ memoranda during his sentencing remarks. The court engaged in a thorough
review of the Chaney criteria. The composite sentence that the court imposed was well
within both the sentencing ranges Williams faced, given his two prior felony convictions,
as well as the range of sentences previously upheld by this Court for similar offenses.37

   35
     (...continued)
comparison would include other trial court sentencing decisions, whether or not appealed.
   36
        See, e.g., Ross v. State, 836 P.2d 378, 384-85 (Alaska App. 1992) (remanding for
resentencing where “the sentencing court’s failure to make express findings concerning the
seriousness of Ross’ offenses in relation to other similar cases and the court’s consequent
failure to explain the apparent disparity of the sentence it elected to impose preclude[d]
meaningful appellate review”); West v. State, 727 P.2d 1, 5 (Alaska App. 1986) (recognizing
the importance of comparing the sentences imposed in similar cases and concluding, only
after conducting that review, that the sentence imposed by the trial court was excessive); see
also State v. Bumpus, 820 P.2d 298, 305 (Alaska 1991) (“A reviewing court cannot
determine the appropriateness of a sentence where the sentencing court has failed to make
adequate findings[.]”).
   37
        See, e.g., Smith v. State, 2009 WL 1039834, at *1, *4 (Alaska App. Apr. 15, 2009)
(unpublished) (affirming a composite sentence of 85 years’ imprisonment for a defendant
with two prior felony convictions who was found guilty of second-degree murder, first-
degree robbery, and first-degree assault); Morrell v. State, 216 P.3d 574, 579 (Alaska App.
2009) (affirming a sentence of 60 years with 10 years suspended for a defendant convicted
of second-degree murder for stabbing the victim following a minor traffic accident); Allen
v. State, 51 P.3d 949, 961 (Alaska App. 2002) (affirming a sentence of 66 years to serve for
second-degree murder where the defendant had three prior convictions for assault, including
                                                                               (continued...)

                                           – 17 –                                        2688
              Williams has not established that his sentence is clearly mistaken, or that
he suffered any prejudice from the absence of an on-the-record recitation of sentences
imposed in comparable cases.

        Williams’s argument that his judgment should be amended to reflect a
        single conviction for second-degree murder
              Williams’s final argument on appeal is that the trial court erred in
characterizing the two second-degree murder counts as merging only “for sentencing”
purposes.
              The State concedes that Williams’s convictions for two counts of second-
degree murder, based on two different legal theories of the same offense, must merge
into a single conviction.38 Having independently reviewed the record, we conclude that
the State’s concession is well-founded.39 We therefore direct the superior court to amend
the judgment to reflect the entry of a single conviction for second-degree murder.

   37
        (...continued)
two felony convictions); Gustafson v. State, 854 P.2d 751, 763-67 (Alaska App. 1993)
(affirming a 65-year sentence for a defendant convicted of second-degree murder for firing
a rifle at an unsuspecting car on the highway).
   38
       See Nicklie v. State, 402 P.3d 424, 426 (Alaska App. 2017) (“Alaska law does not
recognize the existence of a merger ‘for sentencing purposes only.’ . . . [W]hen a defendant
is found guilty of counts that must merge, the merger results in a single conviction of record
(and thus a single sentence).” (emphasis in original)); see also Wagner v. State, 2018 WL
5840510, at *5 (Alaska App. Nov. 7, 2018) (unpublished) (accepting the State’s concession
that the trial court erred in denoting on the judgment that two counts of second-degree
murder “merged for sentencing”).
   39
       See Marks v. State, 496 P.2d 66, 67-68 (Alaska 1972) (holding that an appellate court
must independently assess whether a concession of error “is supported by the record on
appeal and has legal foundation”).

                                           – 18 –                                        2688
      Conclusion
             We REMAND Williams’s case to the superior court to amend the judgment
to properly reflect the merger of the two counts of second-degree murder into a single
conviction. In all other respects, the judgment of the superior court is AFFIRMED.

                                        – 19 –                                   2688