Court Opinion

ID: 4625528
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-21 02:57:22.537091+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:56:43.174657
License: Public Domain

Estate of James E. Frizzell, Deceased, Roy Burns, E. A. Jackson and Mary George Frizzell, Executors, Petitioners, v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, RespondentFrizzell v. CommissionerDocket No. 6704United States Tax Court9 T.C. 979; 1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 20; November 28, 1947, Promulgated 1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 20">*20 Decision will be entered under Rule 50.  1. The decedent, at the age of 81 years, created an irrevocable trust to provide for an incompetent son who was made the sole beneficiary of the trust income for life.  The trustee was directed to distribute the trust income for the use of the son in such amounts as the trustee should determine to be necessary, and to accumulate all undistributed income.  Upon the facts, it is held that the transfer of property to the trust was made in contemplation of death and was a substitute for testamentary disposition of part of the estate under section 811 (c) of the I. R. C.2. The decedent transferred shares of stock of Coca-Cola Co. to the trustee when he created the trust, and thereafter no other property was transferred to the trust by the decedent. Under the holding made under issue 1, the transfer of the Coca-Cola stock was made in contemplation of death.  From the creation of the trust until decedent's death, the trustee accumulated part of the trust income. He invested most of the accumulated cash in stocks and bonds.  Respondent included in the gross estate all of the trust corpus at the date of death. Held that, since the decedent1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 20">*21  made complete inter vivos transfer of property to the trust and retained no interest in the trust income or corpus under the trust instrument, only the property of which the decedent made transfer, the shares of Coca-Cola stock, is includible in the gross estate under section 811 (c), I. R. C., relating to transfers made in contemplation of death, and that respondent erred in including in the gross estate other property in the corpus of the trust at the date of death which the trustee acquired from accumulations of trust income. Joseph B. Brennan, Esq., for the petitioners.Bernard D. Hathcock, Esq., for the respondent.  Harron, Judge.  HARRON 9 T.C. 979">*980  Respondent determined a deficiency in estate tax in the amount of $ 24,834.80.Two questions are presented for decision: First, whether an inter vivos transfer in trust of stock was made in contemplation of death.  Second, whether the entire corpus of the trust at the date of death is includible in the gross estate as the measure of estate tax.Certain adjustments were not contested by petitioners.  Petitioners abandoned one issue raised by their pleadings at the hearing.  Respondent has agreed that deductions are allowable for additional administrative expenses and attorneys' fees.  Effect will be given to the respective concessions of the parties in the recomputations under Rule 50.The estate tax return was filed with the collector for the district of Georgia.FINDINGS OF FACT.Petitioners are the1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 20">*23  executors of the estate of James E. Frizzell, who died testate on August 23, 1940, a resident of Waverly Hall, Georgia.Decedent was born January 24, 1856.  He died at the age of 84, after an illness of four weeks following a heart attack.On October 14, 1937, the decedent executed a trust agreement under which he created an irrevocable trust for the benefit of his son, William Pitts Frizzell.  On that date he transferred 1,132 shares of common stock of the Coca-Cola Co. to the Trust Co. of Georgia, trustee under the trust agreement.The decedent was 81 years old when he created the trust.  At that time his family consisted of his wife, who was 66 years old; a daughter, Mary George Frizzell, who was 38; and a son, William Pitts Frizzell, who was 40.  There was also a married daughter, Annie Frizzell Jackson, age 36, the wife of E. A. Jackson, who had a son 13 years old.The decedent's son William is an incompetent person.  His mental development had been retarded and his mind was that of a child of twelve years.  However, his physical condition, as distinguished from his mental condition, was good.  William was unable to care for himself or to earn a livelihood.  His parents bought1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 20">*24  his clothes and took 9 T.C. 979">*981  care of him in every way.  He was unable to take care of money or property.  He was never given any large sum of money.  William lived with his parents.The decedent directed the trustee not to distribute any income or corpus to William, but to make the distributions to his mother, sisters, or some person selected by the trustee.  The decedent directed the trustee to distribute whatever amounts of trust income it should determine, in its discretion, to be necessary to provide for the reasonable needs of William, during his life; and to accumulate in the trust all of the undistributed income.  He gave the trustee authorization to encroach upon the corpus for the benefit of William in the event of illness or emergencies which the trust income was insufficient to meet.  He authorized the trustee to make and change investments, and to receive and add to the trust corpus any additional property from the settlor.The trust could be terminated at any time after the death of William, and upon such termination the trust was to be distributed to the surviving sisters of William, or their lineal descendants.  Or, if the trust was not terminated after the death 1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 20">*25  of William, it was to be divided in equal parts and held in trust for the surviving sisters of William, or their lineal descendants.  Other provisions for the eventual termination of the trust and the distribution thereof are not material to the issues presented.The trust indenture is incorporated herein by this reference.The trustee did not distribute all of the annual trust income, but paid William's mother $ 50 per month, as follows:YearTrust incomeDistributions1937$ 3,113$ 15019385,09460019395,6606001/1/40 to 8/23/40(Not shown)400The trustee invested about $ 9,193 of the undistributed accumulated trust income during the period up to the decedent's death, about three years, in stocks and bonds; and when decedent died, the trustee held uninvested, accumulated cash in the corpus amounting to $ 4,792.  At the death of the decedent, the securities held in the trust consisted of the 1,132 shares of Coca-Cola stock, having a value of $ 108,592.28; 174 shares of stock of Lee Tire & Rubber Co., having a value of $ 4,219.50; and Federal Land Bank bonds having a value of $ 2,216.17, including accrued interest.  The value of the trust corpus at the date1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 20">*26  of death was $ 119,820.80.At one time the decedent was in the private banking business in Waverly Hall with W. I. H. Pitts, Sr.  In June 1937 he acquired a 9 T.C. 979">*982  one-third interest in a potato-selling business which was conducted as a partnership.  He was active in that business until the time of his fatal illness. During the period from 1937 until his death the decedent devoted time and attention to his investments; he followed the securities market and bought and sold securities.  He also dealt in commodities futures and negotiated about six transactions in 1937 in lard and cottonseed oil.During the year 1937, the decedent was not suffering from any illness. On and prior to October 14, 1937, the date of the trust, the decedent was in good health.  His health record in prior years, including 1935 and 1936, was good.  He did not suffer any serious illnesses during his lifetime or have any accidents or operations.  In 1938 he had some gall bladder disturbance caused by gall stones, for which he received treatment in an Atlanta hospital, but there was no operation; the gall stone passed, and there was no recurrence of gall bladder trouble.  In the latter part of 1938 the decedent1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 20">*27  had some disturbance from arthritis in leg joints, which was relieved by treatment.  In July 1940 the decedent suffered a heart attack, which was the cause of death.  He was ill about four weeks.  There had not been prior heart attacks.After 1930 Dr. Stewart Roberts of Atlanta was the physician of the decedent and of his family.  Decedent and his family went to Atlanta once a year for annual physical check-ups.  On September 17, 1937, the decedent was given a complete physical examination.  Dr. Roberts wrote to decedent on October 1, 1937, reporting the results of the examination.  The letter indicated that the decedent's physical condition was good and stated that the condition of the blood, urine, heart, and lungs was normal for a man 82, that "for your age of 82 on January 24, 1938, you are extraordinarily well preserved," and that the decedent did not need any medicines.During the period 1937 until his death the decedent was active in his business affairs and in his church.  He was active physically in 1937 and went down to his place of business every morning, where he stayed all day.  He walked to and from his office every day.  In 1937 the decedent was chairman of the board1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 20">*28  of stewards of his church, superintendant of the Sunday school, and leader of a Sunday school class.  He often led a prayer meeting.  He took trips to Florida.  The decedent had a bright and happy disposition.The decedent executed his last will and testament on April 22, 1940, four months before his death.  He executed a codicil to his will on July 24, 1940.  By the will and the codicil the decedent devised and bequeathed to a trustee of three trusts for the benefit of his wife and two daughters equal thirds of his residuary estate.  He did not make any bequests direct to his son.  He stated in clause 5 of his will that 9 T.C. 979">*983  the reason he had not made further provision in his will for his son was that he had theretofore made a gift in trust in which he had made full provision for his son's benefit and protection.The transfer in trust of 1,132 shares of Coca-Cola common stock on October 14, 1937, was made in contemplation of death.  The trust was established in contemplation of death.OPINION.The first issue presented is whether the transfer of stock to a trust in October 1937 was made in contemplation of death within the meaning of section 811 (c) of the Internal Revenue Code. 1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 20">*29  The respondent, on brief, does not contend that the transfer in trust comes within the scope of section 811 (d).  It is understood that he has abandoned the view that section 811 (d) applies.  The gift was not made within two years prior to the death of the decedent.The respondent contends that the donor's dominant motive in creating the trust was to make such provision for his incompetent son that he would be cared for after the father's death; and that the gift was testamentary in character and a substitute for a testamentary disposition of property.The controlling principles which are to be considered were set forth in United States v. Wells, 283 U.S. 102">283 U.S. 102. In each case it is necessary to scrutinize the circumstances surrounding the gift "to detect the dominant motive of the donor in the light of his bodily and mental condition." The chief purpose of the statutory provision "is to reach substitutes for testamentary dispositions and thus to prevent the evasion of the estate tax." Whether or not the gift was made in contemplation of death "is always to be found in motive." The problem is, therefore, to ascertain the controlling motive which prompted1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 20">*30  decedent's gift to the 1937 trust.One of the reasons for the respondent's determination was that he understood that the decedent was in ill health when he made the gift and had been in ill health during a period of prior years.  The evidence is substantial that the decedent had not been ill before the date of the gift. The evidence shows that the decedent was in good health for a man of his years.  The evidence relating to the physical condition and mental attitude of the decedent at the time he created the trust amounts to a neutral factor in deciding the issue.The reason the trust was created was to provide an income for life for an incompetent son.  The question must be decided by the considerations which the condition of the son make apparent.  He was in good health and 40 years old.  His financial needs were limited.  He could not use or manage property or money himself.  His unfortunate condition was such that his needs were that of a 12-year old person, 9 T.C. 979">*984  and would remain at that level for the rest of his life, devoid of the prospect of the larger needs which come as a person grows to maturity and takes on the responsibilities and develops the capacities of an adult. 1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 20">*31  The record indicates that as long as either parent lived the son would live in the home of his parents.  They were able to provide the small amount of money required for his maintenance while he lived at home.  The decedent possessed a considerable amount of assets and income.  As long as he lived, the childlike son would be amply cared for.  The situation was such that the son would require guarantees of care and support only after the decedent's death.  See City Bank Farmers Trust Co. v. McGowan, 323 U.S. 594">323 U.S. 594.The stock transferred in trust was productive of annual dividends of $ 3,000 per year or more.  During the two years and ten months during which the decedent lived after he created the trust, the trustee paid $ 50 a month to the son's mother.  The record does not show any need for making such payments, which were nominal.  During the three months of 1937, and the years of 1938 and 1939, the trustee received income totaling $ 13,867 (the trust income for 1940 is not shown), and he paid a total of $ 1,750 to the son's mother during the entire period, including 1940, up to the death of the decedent. The trust income, for the most part, was1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 20">*32  being accumulated during the remainder of the grantor's life.The decedent set aside a substantial part of his assets in the trust for William, about one-fifth of his estate.  1 Where a gift of a substantial amount of property is made by transfer before death to a child who is not in need, "the act itself is evidence tending to support the conclusion that the gift was made in contemplation of death." Updike v. Commissioner, 88 Fed. (2d) 807, 811.It was said in Igleheart v. Commissioner, 77 Fed. (2d) 704, 709 "A gift is to be regarded as made in contemplation of death where the dominant motive of the donor is to make proper provision 1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 20">*33  of the donee after the death of the donor." In this case, there is testimony that the trust was created so that the son would be provided for "if he were left alone in the world." The decedent had not made any separate provision for the son's care and support prior to the creation of the trust in 1937, and no provision was made for him in the decedent's will.  There is a strong inference that the decedent recognized that the time was approaching, because of his advanced age, when he should make the necessary arrangements through which the son would be provided for after the death of the decedent. When, finally, the decedent created the trust he set aside a substantial part of his assets, 9 T.C. 979">*985  large enough to provide for the son for the remainder of his life without the necessity of making any additional provisions for the son in the decedent's will.  Thus, it is evident that the transfer of a large block of stock to the trust was an advancement out of the decedent's estate to the son.  See Wilfley v. Hellmuth, 56 Fed. (2d) 845. Also, it is evident that, if the decedent had not created a trust for his son during his life, he would have made the1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 20">*34  same provision in his will under which a trust would have been established.We recognize that advanced age, in itself, does not furnish the test of whether the controlling motive of the donor in making a gift was associated with thoughts of death, 283 U.S. 102">United States v. Wells, supra;Rochester H. Rogers, Executor, 21 B. T. A. 1124. However, the age of the donor is an important fact and, if circumstances show that the donor must have had in mind realization that his remaining years were to be few because he had attained old age and that there was some relationship between thoughts of age and the decision to make the gift, then considerable weight must be given the fact of advanced age.Upon consideration of all of the evidence, we think the evidence shows the following: (1) That the son's needs in 1937 and during the remainder of the decedent's life would have been amply satisfied by the parents without resort to any trust fund, and that the decedent must have considered in 1937 that the trust was to provide for the son's needs after the settlor's death.  (2) That the decedent did not create the trust in 1937 to be relieved of1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 20">*35  responsibilities during his lifetime, nor to equalize any gifts among his children according to any plan of making his children independent, nor to meet any special need of the son in 1937.  (3) That the dominant motive in creating the trust was not related to purposes associated with life.  283 U.S. 102">United States v. Wells, supra.It is concluded that the dominant motive of the decedent in creating the trust was to establish an instrumentality which would supply the funds for the son's needs for life after the death of the decedent and would be in lieu of a testamentary trust under his will, and that the transfer of property in trust was a substitute for a testamentary disposition of part of the donor's estate.  It is held that the trust was created in contemplation of death within the meaning of section 811 (c).Petitioners rely upon Griffith v. United States, 32 Fed. Supp. 884. It is our view that the facts and the circumstances of this case require reaching a different conclusion.  See Estate of Millie Langley Wright, 43 B. T. A. 551, 554, where it was said with reference to the motive for1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 20">*36  the making of gifts to two daughters: "But this condition is shown to have been of long standing and no effort is made to account 9 T.C. 979">*986  for the bestowal * * * at that particular time." The same observation is pertinent here.Issue 2.  -- Upon the holding that the decedent created the trust for his son in contemplation of death and as a substitute for a testamentary disposition, a second question arises, which relates to the measure of the resulting estate tax. That is to say, the problem is to determine the value of "property" to be included in the gross estate for purpose of measuring the estate tax. Respondent included the value of the trust corpus at the date of death, which consisted of the original corpus, the gift stock of the Coca-Cola Co., plus increases in the corpus resulting from investment of undistributed income, and cash not yet invested.  The petitioners contend that the value of only part of the trust is includible in the gross estate, namely, the value of the Coca-Cola stock. The amount of the difference in value involved in the respective contentions of the parties is about $ 11,228.The question presented is one of first impression, relating as it does1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 20">*37  to a transfer in trust which was made in contemplation of death but was completed in every respect when the inter vivos transfer was made, and was not one in which the decedent retained any interests in the property transferred. In the Igleheart case, it appeared in the findings of fact made by the Board of Tax Appeals that reinvestments of trust corpus had been made by the trustee between the date of transfer and the date of death, but that fact was not discussed by the Circuit Court in Igleheart v. Commissioner, supra, and, although the Circuit Court sustained the Board's holding that the value of all of the assets of the trust at the date of death should be included in the gross estate, there was no issue raised, as is raised here, on the point that the value of the trust assets to be included in the gross estate should be limited to the value at the date of death of the property transferred in trust by the grantor, the decedent. Also, in this case, the question does not relate to reinvestments by the trustee of proceeds from the original property transferred by the grantor-decedent to a trust in contemplation of death, nor to accretions1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 20">*38  to the very property which the grantor-decedent transferred to the trust during his lifetime. We are unable to find, and neither party has cited, any authority which has considered the precise question presented in this case.  Petitioners cite no authorities to support their contention and confine their argument on brief to reliance upon the literal wording of section 811 (c).  21947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 20">*39  Under the holding in issue 1, the shares of Coca-Cola stock are 9 T.C. 979">*987  property to be included in the gross estate for computing the tax upon the estate.  Except for petitioners' position under issue 1, as it carries over to this issue, there is no real dispute with respect to this conclusion.  Thus the question which is in dispute relates primarily to the other property which made up the trust corpus at the date of death, and the question is whether such other property is includible in the gross estate under the holding that the transfer in trust at the time the trust was created was made in contemplation of death under section 811 (c).Section 811 (c) extends to transfers taking effect at death, but the transfer of property made by this decedent does not fall under the second broad category of section 811 (c).  The trust instrument under which this trust was created did not evidence any retention of interest in the decedent from which it could be held that his death operated to end any probabilities or contingencies upon the happening of which any interests in any of the property of the trust would become certain.  This trust is distinguishable from the trusts in the cases of1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 20">*40 Fidelity-Philadelphia Trust Co. v. Rothensies, 324 U.S. 108">324 U.S. 108, and Commissioner v. Field, 324 U.S. 113">324 U.S. 113, where it was held that "the retention of such a string * * *, subjected the value of the entire corpus to estate tax liability." 324 U.S. 108">Fidelity-Philadelphia Trust Co. v. Rothensies, supra.Here, the gift of the decedent to the trust was completed in every respect during his lifetime and was not affected by his death.  Only the testamentary character of the motive of the decedent in making the gift sweeps it into his estate under the first broad category of section 811 (c) relating to transfers made in contemplation of death.  The phrase "in contemplation of death," used in the statute, which governs the present case, "embraces gifts inter vivos, despite the fact that they are fully executed, are irrevocable and indefeasible." 283 U.S. 102">United States v. Wells, supra.3 But we do not perceive 9 T.C. 979">*988  that the motive, contemplation of death, of the gift in trust of one property sweeps into the gross estate other property which is found in the trust at the1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 20">*41  date of death which is derived from the operation of the trustee, independently of the grantor, in his discretionary accumulation of income and the investment thereof in new property.1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 20">*42 The estate tax is a tax on a transfer; it is not a tax on property. United States Trust Co. of New York v. Helvering, 307 U.S. 57">307 U.S. 57; Chase National Bank v. United States, 278 U.S. 327">278 U.S. 327, 278 U.S. 327">334; Central Hanover Bank Co. v. Kelly, 319 U.S. 94">319 U.S. 94; Milliken v. United States, 283 U.S. 15">283 U.S. 15, 283 U.S. 15">20, 283 U.S. 15">22, 283 U.S. 15">23. Although in the instance of property transferred in contemplation of death all interests have been completely determined upon the making of the inter vivos transfer and the property does not technically pass at death, the statute (section 811 (c)), for purposes of the estate tax, puts the property transferred in contemplation of death in "the same category as it would have been if the transfer had not been made and the transferred property had continued to be owned by the decedent up to the time of his death." Igleheart v. Commissioner, supra.It was stated in Helvering v. Hallock, 309 U.S. 106">309 U.S. 106: "Section 302 (c) deals with property not technically passing at death but with interests theretofore1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 20">*43  created. The taxable event is the transfer inter vivos. But the measure of the tax is the value of the transferred property at the time when death brings it into enjoyment." (Italics supplied.) This rule is, in our opinion, the decisive consideration in the question before us.  Value at the time of death provides the measure of the tax, but the tax is upon a transfer of property. 309 U.S. 106">Helvering v. Hallock, supra.Therefore, we think that where transfer of property has been completed during life and the death of the grantor does not operate upon the completion of the transfer, the estate tax is measured by the value of the property which the decedent transferred to a trust, only, and the tax is not measured by other property in the trust when death occurs.  The fact that transfers are made in trust may constitute one common element in both a transfer in contemplation of death and a transfer taking effect at death.  In both, a trust holds property at the time of death which is to provide the measure of the estate tax, but the differences in law between the two classes of transfers dictate the differences in the measure of the tax.  Perceiving1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 20">*44  this to be the underlying distinction in section 811 (c) for purposes of determining gross estate, it follows here that the "property" to be included in decedent's gross estate is only the value at the date of death of the Coca-Cola stock of which the decedent made transfer during his life, rather than the value of the entire trust corpus, as respondent has determined.The conclusion above reached is not in conflict with the holding in Estate of Daniel Guggenheim, 40 B. T. A. 181, 182, 183 (modified and 9 T.C. 979">*989  affirmed, 117 Fed. (2d) 499; certiorari denied, 314 U.S. 621">314 U.S. 621). In the Guggenheim case the entire trust corpus was included in the decedent's gross estate because of the reserved powers retained up to the time of his death, a different situation than we have here, where the decedent retained no interest in nor control over the property which he transferred in trust.Respondent has not presented any extended argument in support of his position under this issue and he, like petitioner, cites no authorities in support of his view other than a reference to Maas v. Higgins, 312 U.S. 443">312 U.S. 443,1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 20">*45  a case which we consider lacking in sufficient closeness to the situation in this case.  Nor does respondent cite his regulation, section 81.15 of Regulations 105, at page 45, where it is provided that "If the transferee has made additions to the property, or betterments, the enhanced value of the property due thereto should not be included." We have examined the pertinent section of Regulations 105 in our consideration of this question, but can not find anything which represents an administrative interpretation of section 811 (c) as it applies to the facts of this case.  In Estate of Daniel Guggenheim, supra, at page 184, we observed about the above quoted portion of the regulation as follows:* * * If the cited regulation has any applicability, which is doubtful, it does not require a different conclusion [than that reached in the Guggenheim case.] The words used therein -- "additions and betterments" -- indicate an intention to limit it to buildings or other physical properties * * *Petitioner has not cited the above regulation, and so it is our understanding that neither party relies upon it.  That being so, our reference to the regulation1947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 20">*46  is only to indicate part of the difficulty in our learning of any published ruling of the respondent which would serve to indicate to this Court what his interpretation of section 811 (c) has been in general in the application of section 811 (c) to the kind of situation here presented.  41947 U.S. Tax Ct. LEXIS 20">*47 9 T.C. 979">*990   It is held that there should be included in the gross estate under section 811 (c) only the value of the shares of Coca-Cola stock which the decedent transferred to the trust, and that respondent erred in including in the gross estate the value of other property in the trust at the date of death which the trustee acquired after the trust was created out of his accumulations of trust income.Decision will be entered under Rule 50.  Footnotes1. The value of the trust stock at the date of gift was $ 133,859.  The gross estate of the decedent at the time of his death was $ 442,348, according to the estate tax return, which included securities of $ 414,829, so that it appears that the decedent transferred to the trust in 1937 about one-fifth of his estate.↩2. The argument of petitioners is as follows:"* * * Respondent has included in gross estate not only the value of the particular property transferred by decedent, namely, 1132 shares of Coca Cola Company Common stock, but also cash and securities representing accumulated income derived from such stock after the date of the transfer.  * * * It is submitted that where property is includible in gross estate as having been transferred under circumstances described in Section 811 (c) or (d) I. R. C., only the value of the particular property transferred may be included, and the statute does not authorize the inclusion of income derived from the transferred property subsequent to the transfer and prior to the death of the decedent. * * *."The only property with respect to which the decedent made a transfer to the trust of October 14, 1937, was the 1132 shares of Coca Cola stock which was [sic] still held in the trust at the date of death. Even if the value of that stock should be included in gross estate under Section 811 (c) or (d)↩, which of course we deny, there would be absolutely no basis for including the other securities and cash held in the trust at the date of death."3. United States v. Wells, 283 U.S. 102">283 U.S. 102:"* * * The statutory description embraces gifts inter vivos, despite the fact that they are fully executed, are irrevocable and indefeasible.  The quality which brings the transfer within the statute is indicated by the context and manifest purpose.  Transfers in contemplation of death are included within the same category, for the purpose of taxation, with transfers intended to take effect at or after the death of the transferor.  The dominant purpose is to reach substitutes for testamentary dispositions and thus to prevent the evasion of the estate tax. Nichols v. Coolidge, 274 U.S. 531">274 U.S. 531, 274 U.S. 531">542; Milliken v. United States, 283 U.S. 15">283 U.S. 15↩, decided March 2, 1931.  As the transfer may otherwise have all the indicia of a valid gift inter vivos, the differentiating factor must be found in the transferor's motive. * * *"4. Although the facts in this case do not involve any reinvestment by the trustee of the property which the decedent transferred, the Coca-Cola stock, the following may be of interest, in general: Montgomery's Federal Taxes, Estates, Trusts and Gifts -- 1946-1947, p. 530:"Although there are no published rulings on this question, the author understands that the Treasury, at least in the case of transfers in contemplation of death, makes a distinction between transfers to an individual donee and transfers in trust.  In the case of transfers in trust, the property transferred is considered as being the trust fund as a whole, not the specific items making up the fund, and the property valued at the time of death is the property comprising the trust corpus at that time regardless of any reinvestments made by the trustee between the date of transfer and the date of death. On the other hand, in the case of a transfer to an individual, it is the Treasury's practice to value as of the date of death the specific property transferred by the decedent despite the fact that the donee may have disposed of that property prior to the time of the decedent's death."See also Humphrey v. Commissioner, 162 Fed. (2d) 1; certiorari denied, 332 U.S. 817">332 U.S. 817↩ (Nov. 10, 1947).