Court Opinion

ID: 3000711
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-24 20:08:16.417414+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:35:42.294739
License: Public Domain

In the
 United States Court of Appeals
              For the Seventh Circuit
                         ____________

No. 06-2083
CENTRAL MANUFACTURING, INCORPORATED,
a Delaware corporation, doing business as
Central Manufacturing Company and Central
Manufacturing Company of Illinois, and
STEALTH INDUSTRIES, INCORPORATED,
                                           Plaintiffs-Appellants,
                                v.

GEORGE BRETT and BRETT BROTHERS SPORTS
INTERNATIONAL, INCORPORATED,
                                Defendants-Appellees.
                   ____________
           Appeal from the United States District Court
      for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
             No. 04 C 3049—David H. Coar, Judge.
                         ____________
       ARGUED MAY 2, 2007—DECIDED JULY 9, 2007
                    ____________

 Before EVANS, WILLIAMS, and SYKES, Circuit Judges.
 EVANS, Circuit Judge.

                  The Pine Tar Incident
  It’s undisputed: George Brett was a great baseball
player. The statistics from his 21 years in The Show, all
with the Kansas City Royals, seal the deal: 3,154 hits, 317
2                                             No. 06-2083

home runs, and a career batting average of .305. Only
three other players—Stan Musial, Hank Aaron, and Willie
Mays—ended their careers with more than 3,000 hits
and 300 home runs, while still maintaining a lifetime
batting average over .300. Brett’s selection to the Hall of
Fame, on the first ballot in 1999, was richly deserved. Yet
for all his accomplishments, many who love baseball will
always think of the “Pine Tar Incident” as the capstone
of his career. It is a joy to recall.
  It was July 24, 1983, and the Royals, trailing 4-3 to the
New York Yankees, had a man on first but were down to
their final out in the top half of the ninth inning. Brett
was at the plate. The Yankees’ ace closer, “Goose” Gossage,
was on the mound. And Brett crushed an 0-1 fastball over
the 353-foot mark into the right field seats, giving Kansas
City the lead, 5-4. Pandemonium broke out in the
Royals’ dugout. The Yankee Stadium crowd fell silent.
But things were about to change.
  While the Royals were celebrating, the Yankees’ fiery
manager, Billy Martin, walked calmly (unusual for him) to
home plate where he engaged the umpire, Tim McClelland,
in quiet conversation. Martin pointed to an obscure rule
(and we sometimes think the Federal Rules of Appellate
Procedure are obscure!), which provides that any sub-
stance (including pine tar) that a player might rub on his
bat handle for a better grip cannot extend more than
18 inches. See Major League Baseball Official Rules
§ 1.10(b). Martin, pointing to a lot of pine tar on the bat
Brett left behind as he circled the bases, asked McClelland
to check it out. McClelland, using home plate as a ruler,
determined that pine tar covered 24 inches of the bat
handle. So the bat, McClelland ruled, was illegal.
  With his ruling ready for delivery, McClelland took a
few steps toward the jubilant Royals’ dugout and gave
the signal: for using an illegal bat, the home run was
No. 06-2083                                             3

nullified, and Brett was out. Game over. Yankees win 4-3.
And all hell broke loose. An infuriated George Brett
charged out of the dugout and rushed McClelland as
Martin, who looked like the cat who ate the canary, stood
off to the side. It was one of the great all-time rhubarbs
in baseball history. And that’s how it ended, at least for
July 24, 1983.
  But baseball, like our legal system, has appellate re-
view. The Royals protested the game and, as luck would
have it, American League President Lee MacPhail (to use
a phrase with which we are accustomed) “reversed and
remanded for further proceedings.” The game resumed
three weeks later with Kansas City ahead, 5-4. It ended
after 12 minutes when Royals’ closer Dan Quisenberry
shut the door on the Yankees in their half of the ninth to
seal the win. The whole colorful episode is preserved, in
all its glory, on YouTube, at http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=4Cu1WXylkto (last visited June 6, 2007). See also
Retrosheet Boxscore, Kansas City Royals 5, New York
Yankees 4, at http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1983/
B07240NYA1983.htm (last visited June 6, 2007).

                   Our Case Today
  And so, at last, we come to this case which presents
another (albeit a less compelling) appeal of a dispute
involving George Brett and a baseball bat. We begin with
the facts.
  In 2001, Brett joined Tridiamond Sports, Inc., a manu-
facturer of baseballs, baseball bats, gloves, and other
related accessories, to form Brett Brothers Sports Inter-
national, Inc. (Brett Brothers). Tridiamond was incorpo-
rated in 1997 by Joe Sample, a former airline executive
who had served as vice-president and president of Inter-
national Ambassador, a company specializing in the
4                                                 No. 06-2083

organization of travel programs. International Ambassador
was purchased in 1996 by former Major League Baseball
Commissioner Peter Ueberroth, and informal conversa-
tions with Ueberroth soon gave Sample an idea. Ueberroth
mentioned the difficulty some players had in adjusting
from the use of metal baseball bats at the high school and
collegiate levels to the wood bats of professional baseball.
Initially introduced in the early 1970s as a cost-saving
alternative for leagues operating under a smaller budget
due to the breakability of wood bats, metal bats were
eventually believed to generally outperform wood ones,
Joseph J. Crisco et al., Batting Performance of Wood and
Metal Baseball Bats, 34 Med. & Sci. in Sports & Exercise
1675, 1675 (2002), a consensus more or less confirmed by
scientific studies, see, e.g., id. at 1683; Fred O. Bryant et
al., Dynamic and Performance Characteristics of Baseball
Bats, 48 Research Quarterly 505 (1977).1 Because the use
of metal bats may inflate hitting statistics, a player’s
professional prospects may be misevaluated, and the
shift to wood bats may reveal a great player to be merely
a very good one—the difference, potentially, between a
highly compensated major league career and a decade
spent on buses shuttling from Appleton to the Quad Cities.
  Sample realized that the uncertainty of the switch
potentially created a market niche for a bat that com-
bined the best of both worlds: the production and feel of
the wood bat with the break-resistance of the metal bat.
He thus formed Tridiamond and initiated research on the
construction of a more durable wood bat. Eventually the

1
  This consensus has played a role in the recent movement
against the use of metal bats in youth and high school baseball,
which is motivated by the concern that the use of metal bats
might increase the risk of serious or even fatal injury for a
player hit by a batted ball. Jim Ritter, Aluminum Bat Backlash,
Chi. Sun-Times, May 10, 2007, at 6.
No. 06-2083                                               5

company developed a specialized process of grading,
lamination, and fiberglass reinforcement that enabled the
product they were looking for. Tridiamond initially sold
three bat models with names inspired by Sample’s back-
ground in aviation: the Mirador, the Stealth, and the
Bomber.
  Brett Brothers now sells eight different models of wood
bats used throughout all levels of amateur and profes-
sional baseball. Relevant for our purposes is the Stealth
model, which the Brett Brothers’ Web site describes as
follows:
    The stealth bats are constructed of laminates from
    hand selected and graded hardwoods. The patented
    “Boa” reinforcement on the handle significantly
    enhances durability. The choice of wood for the barrel
    has proven to greatly reduce the chipping and flaking
    characteristic in one-piece ash bats.
    This model has NCAA approval for all levels of play
    and is also BESR Certified.
    The Stealth bat is available in 31", 32", 33", and 34”
    lengths with weight drops up to -3 ounce.
Brett Bros. Sports International, Inc.—The Very Best in
Baseball—Bats, at http://shopsite.brettbats.com/shopbats.
html (last visited June 6, 2007). The first recorded sale of
the Stealth bat occurred on July 13, 1999, when twelve
bats were sold to Tim Nolan of Pro-Cut in Rockford,
Illinois. Brett Brothers has since sold more than 25,000
Stealth bats to all manner of customers worldwide,
including through retail outlets in 48 states and via its
Web site.
  The plaintiffs in this action, Central Manufacturing,
Inc. and Stealth Industries (collectively “Central”), are
both controlled by Leo Stoller, who serves as president and
sole shareholder. Stoller similarly operates a number of
6                                              No. 06-2083

other companies, including Rentamark.com, S Industries,
Inc., and Sentra Manufacturing. Stoller alleges that his
companies have been using the “Stealth” trade name and
mark for a wide range of products since at least 1982.
Indeed, Stoller has registered the Stealth mark for things
like boats, motorcycles, bicycles, microwave-absorbing
automobile paint, billiard and dart equipment, auto locks,
window locks, comic books, lawn sprinklers, metal alloys,
pest elimination devices, and other products. S Industries,
Inc. v. Ecolab, Inc., 1999 WL 162785, at *1 (N.D. Ill.). In
1984, Stoller, through Sentra Manufacturing, filed a
trademark registration with the United States Patent
and Trademark Office (PTO) claiming ownership of the
Stealth mark for “[s]porting goods, specifically, tennis
rackets, golf clubs, tennis balls, basketballs, baseballs,
soccer balls, golf balls, cross bows, tennis racket strings
and shuttle cocks.” Sentra was awarded the mark in 1985;
it was eventually transferred to Central in 1997.
  In 2001, Central filed a mark application with the PTO
for using the Stealth word mark on “baseball bats, softball
bats and t-ball bats.” Later that year, Central entered
into a licensing agreement with Blackwrap, Inc. for the use
of the Stealth word mark on its bats; a similar agree-
ment was reached (for $800) with Easton Sports, Inc. in
2003. In 2004 (five years after the first Brett Brothers
sale of Stealth-model bats), the U.S. PTO granted the
mark for baseball bats. Central soon became aware of
Brett Brothers’ use of the Stealth word mark and filed suit
in the Northern District of Illinois, alleging violations of
the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1051 et seq., and the Illinois
Deceptive Trade Practices Act, 815 ILCS 510/1 et seq.
Central believes that because they registered the “Stealth”
mark for baseballs and other sporting goods in 1985, they
have priority of use of the mark for baseball bats, and
Brett Brothers is guilty of infringement and unfair compe-
tition. See 15 U.S.C. §§ 1114, 1125(a). (The inquiry under
No. 06-2083                                                7

Illinois law mirrors the federal. See James Burrough Ltd.
v. Sign of Beefeater, Inc., 540 F.2d 266, 274 (7th Cir.
1976)).
   Leo Stoller is no stranger to trademark litigation.
Indeed, one might say it is the essential part of his busi-
ness strategy. In fact, were there a Hall of Fame for
hyperactive trademark litigators, Stoller would be in it.
And, like George Brett, he would have gotten in on the
first ballot. Acting as a sort of intellectual property
entrepreneur, Stoller has federally registered scores of
trademarks with the U.S. PTO (Central lists upwards of
50 that are actual or pending for just the “Stealth” mark),
many containing everyday words that regularly pop up
in commercial enterprise. When other companies or
individuals inevitably make use of these words, Stoller
issues cease-and-desist letters in the hopes that the user
will blanche at the prospect of litigation and either agree
to pay him a “licensing fee” or yield to his claims of
ownership and stop using the alleged mark altogether.
“Essentially, if an entity markets a product with some
version of the name ‘Stealth’ or otherwise with a
‘stealth’-like description, Plaintiff has elected to sue that
entity.” S Industries, Inc. v. JL Audio, Inc., 29 F. Supp. 2d
878, 881 (N.D. Ill. 1998).
  In a small handful of cases this has paid off. The elec-
tronics makers JVC and Panasonic and the retailer Kmart,
for example, have each removed the word “stealth” from
their respective Web sites after receiving letters from
Stoller or one of his companies. Northrop Grumman, the
maker of the famed stealth bomber fighter plane, even
agreed to pay Stoller $10 and refrain from using the term
on any spinoff products. See generally, Colin Moynihan, He
Says He Owns the Word “Stealth” (Actually, He Claims
“Chutzpah,” Too), N.Y. Times, July 4, 2005, at C5.
  More often, however, Stoller has resorted to litigation in
the face of “noncompliance”—usually without success. See,
8                                                No. 06-2083

e.g., S Industries, Inc. v. Ecolab, Inc., 1999 WL 162785
(N.D. Ill.) (rejecting claim that Ecolab infringed the
“Stealth” mark in conjunction with certain pest elimination
products); S Industries, Inc. v. JL Audio, Inc., 29 F. Supp.
2d at 888 (“At a minimum, Plaintiff has failed to estab-
lish . . . that it has conducted sufficient use of any kind but
particularly use as to audio products to justify the validity
of its trademark.”); S Industries, Inc. v. Stone Age Equip.,
Inc., 12 F. Supp. 2d 796, 820 (N.D. Ill. 1998) (declining to
find trademark infringement against athletic shoe manu-
facturer because of SI’s failure to produce evidence it ever
used such a mark); S Industries, Inc. v. Centra 2000, Inc.,
1998 WL 157067 (N.D. Ill.); S Industries, Inc. v. Diamond
Multimedia Sys., Inc., 991 F. Supp. 1012 (N.D. Ill. 1998);
S Industries, Inc. v. Hobbico, Inc., 940 F. Supp. 210 (N.D.
Ill. 1996). In fact, Stoller’s cases have generally proven so
frivolous and wasteful of court resources that since this
appeal was filed the Northern District of Illinois has
enjoined him or any of his companies from filing any new
civil action in the district’s courts without first obtaining
the court’s permission. See Executive Committee Order, In
re Leo Stoller, No. 07 C 1435 (N.D. Ill. Mar. 8, 2007).
  A similar sequence of events unfolded here. Upon
learning of Brett Brothers’ Stealth bat, Stoller sent the
company a cease-and-desist letter claiming ownership of
the “Stealth” mark for use on baseball bats, alleging
infringement, and demanding a $100,000 licensing fee.
Brett Brothers refused, and Stoller (through Central)
instituted this litigation.
   An action for trademark infringement can only succeed
if, among other things, the plaintiff owns the mark.
Registration provides prima facie evidence of ownership,
but this can be rebutted by competent evidence. See 15
U.S.C. § 1115(a). Ultimately, it is not the fact of registra-
tion that matters so much as the use of the mark in
No. 06-2083                                               9

commerce; “[b]y insisting that firms use marks to obtain
rights in them, the law prevents entrepreneurs from
reserving brand names in order to make their rivals’
marketing more costly.” Zazu Designs v. L’Oreal, S.A., 979
F.2d 499, 503 (7th Cir. 1992). Established use by a
nonregistrant is a valid defense to a registrant’s infringe-
ment claim. 15 U.S.C. § 1115(b)(5).
   With this in mind, the district court judge (the Honor-
able David H. Coar) had no trouble concluding that
Brett Brothers’ established use of the “Stealth” mark on
baseball bats since 1999 precluded any infringement on the
basis of Central’s 2004 registration (thus also destroying
the probative value, if any, of Central’s 2003 and 2004
licensing agreements with Blackwrap and Easton). Central
relies instead on the theory that its 1985 registration of
the “Stealth” mark for baseballs and other sporting goods
gave it rights to the mark on baseball bats as “closely
related” products. See Sands, Taylor & Wood Co. v. Quaker
Oats Co., 978 F.2d 947, 958 (7th Cir. 1992), cert. denied,
507 U.S. 1042 (1993). Rather than address the relationship
between bats and balls, Brett Brothers challenged the
validity of the 1985 trademark in the first place and
sought to introduce evidence establishing that Central and
its predecessors never used the mark in commerce.
  As part of this effort, Brett Brothers requested that
Stoller produce any documents related to the development,
commercial use, and sales volume of any goods bearing the
“Stealth” mark. Receiving no answer, they moved to
compel compliance. Judge Coar granted the motion and
gave Stoller three weeks to respond. Stoller missed the
deadline, and his eventual response made only vague
promises of documents to come. Finally, at his deposition,
Stoller produced a single softball bearing the “Stealth”
mark and an advertising flyer with a picture of a similar
ball. He testified that he had at various points sold
baseball bats to Walmart, Kmart, Montgomery Ward,
10                                             No. 06-2083

Venture, Sears, Sportmart, Brown’s Sporting Goods, and
Zaire’s, among others. He insisted that he had some
invoices and purchase orders related to these sales, but he
could not specify where these were or to which customers
they corresponded. (Stoller never followed through on
promises to produce these documents.) Asked for a sales
total of Stealth bats, Stoller offered the number $10,000
from “memory” but could not confirm possession of records
to support that figure. He also could not name the bat
manufacturer.
   Stoller eventually produced several documents. First
was a sheet titled “Stealth Brand Baseball Sales” (not
“Baseball Bat Sales”) that simply provided a dollar amount
for each year from 1996 to 2003. It offered nothing about
any specific transactions—nothing about quantity, particu-
lar products, names of buyers, or dates of sale. Next were
four similar looking “Sales Quote Sheets”—effectively price
lists for four different alleged customers, all of whom are
now out of business. One was addressed to Best Products
in 1988, another to Venture Stores in 1991, a third to F.W.
Woolworth in 1994, and one more to Montgomery Ward in
1997. Despite the apparent three-year interval between
each document, the prices varied little. The aluminum
bats were listed at $102 per bat in 1988, $103 in 1991,
$104 in 1994, and $105 in 1997. Other products were also
priced with small changes of identical increment. None of
the quote sheets evidenced any actual orders or sales of the
listed products. Finally, Stoller produced a spread-
sheet listing itemized annual sales of a wide array of
“Stealth” sports-related products. Though it lists base-
balls, no baseball bats are referenced anywhere.
 Judge Coar rejected this evidence in an analysis that
warrants repeating:
     Plaintiffs produced a table of “Stealth Brand Baseball
     Sales” between 1996 and 2003, but could provide
No. 06-2083                                              11

   absolutely no information to justify the lump sum
   “sales” figures listed. There is no way for this Court to
   know that this alleged sales sheet bears any relation
   to reality and is not simply something Plaintiffs
   generated on a home computer for the purposes of this
   litigation. This spreadsheet is conclusory and, in any
   event, makes no attempt to itemize sales by product
   description or type. Without documentation to show to
   whom the alleged sales were made or whether the
   goods involved were in fact “Stealth” brand, it is not
   valid evidence. The alleged “Sales Quote Sheets”
   Plaintiffs claim they provided to various corporations
   between 1988 and 1997 are likewise inadmissible.
   They purport to be a list of various Stealth products
   with corresponding prices. There is absolutely no
   evidence that these products ever existed except as
   lines on a piece of promotional paper or that any of
   these corporations ordered even one item from Plain-
   tiffs. Moreover, these “Sales Quote Sheets” fail to rise
   above “mere advertising of a product” and are insuffi-
   cient to establish continuous use. In short, Plaintiffs
   have failed completely to support their claim that
   they actually used the “Stealth” mark in connection
   with an established, presently existing, and ongoing
   business prior to Brett Bros. use of the word “Stealth”
   on baseball bats in 1999.
   (Citation omitted.)
We agree. As the Lanham Act defines in relevant part:
   The word “commerce” means all commerce which may
   lawfully be regulated by Congress.
     ....
   The term “use in commerce” means the bona fide use of
   a mark in the ordinary course of trade, and not made
   merely to reserve a right in a mark. For purposes of
12                                             No. 06-2083

     this Act, a mark shall be deemed to be in use in
     commerce—
        (1) on goods when—
          ....
            (B) the goods are sold or transported in com-
            merce . . . .
15 U.S.C. § 1127 (emphasis added). Even if the sufficiency
of Central’s use were not a question of fact warranting
deferential treatment on appellate review, see Zazu
Designs, 979 F.2d at 505, it would not be a close
question: there is absolutely nothing in the record upon
which any reasonable person could conclude that Central
and its predecessors actually sold “Stealth” baseballs
prior to Brett Brothers first use of the mark in 1999.
Stoller has repeatedly sought ways to get around trade-
mark law’s prohibition on the stockpiling of unused marks,
and this case is no different. It is unfathomable that a
company claiming to have engaged in thousands of dollars
of sales of a product for more than a decade would be
unable to produce even a single purchase order or invoice
as proof. Self-serving deposition testimony is not enough to
defeat a motion for summary judgment. By exposing
Central’s failure to make bona fide use of the “Stealth”
mark for baseballs, Brett Brothers met its burden to
overcome the presumption afforded by the 1985 registra-
tion, and summary judgment in its favor was the ap-
propriate course.
  Judge Coar went further. Invoking the authority granted
by 15 U.S.C. § 1119, he ordered the cancellation of Cen-
tral’s 2005 registration of the “Stealth” mark for baseball
bats. We find no error in this decision, which we review
for abuse of discretion. Brett Brothers could have as-
serted its rights earlier by petitioning the PTO for cancel-
lation, see id. § 1064, but nothing in § 1119 requires such
No. 06-2083                                               13

a step. Instead, the provision arms courts with the power
to effectively put the public on notice of its trademark-
related judgments. Because a court’s decision may raise
doubts about the validity of a trademark registration,
§ 1119 arms the court with the power to update the fed-
eral trademark register to account for a mark’s actual legal
status (or lack thereof) after it has been adjudicated,
thereby reducing the potential for future uncertainty over
the rights in a particular mark. Where, as here, a regis-
trant’s asserted rights to a mark are shown to be invalid,
cancellation is not merely appropriate, it is the best course.
  Finally, we consider the award to Brett Brothers of
attorney fees and defense costs under 15 U.S.C. § 1117,
which permits the court to award fees to the prevailing
party “in exceptional circumstances.” We review a grant
of attorney fees to a prevailing party defendant under the
Lanham Act only for clear error. Door Systems, Inc. v. Pro-
Line Door Systems, Inc., 126 F.3d 1028, 1031 (7th Cir.
1997). And we will not reverse a determination for clear
error unless it “strike[s] us as wrong with the force of a 5-
week-old, unrefrigerated dead fish.” Parts and Elec.
Motors, Inc. v. Sterling Elec., Inc., 866 F.2d 228, 233 (7th
Cir. 1988) (Bauer, C.J.).
  The question (notwithstanding Central’s completely
unsubstantiated allegation that the award was motivated
by judicial bias) is whether Central’s actions in bringing
this lawsuit were “oppressive.” Door Systems, 126 F.3d at
1032. And for the answer to that question, citing another
Leo Stoller case, we evaluate whether the case “lacked
merit, had elements of an abuse of process claim, and
[whether] plaintiff ’s conduct unreasonably increased the
cost of defending against the suit.” S Industries, Inc. v.
Centra 2000, Inc., 249 F.3d 625, 627 (7th Cir. 2001).
  Central’s actions qualify on all counts! It filed an in-
fringement lawsuit without evidence of any sales of
14                                           No. 06-2083

baseballs or baseball bats to support its claim to rights
in the “Stealth” mark for such products. It ignored re-
quests to produce documents to support its claim, forcing
the defendants’ lawyers to go to court to compel action.
Stoller offered confused, misleading deposition testimony
with unfulfilled promises of cooperation. And the docu-
ments eventually produced effectively made a mockery of
the entire proceeding. We have no trouble upholding the
award of fees and costs.
 The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

A true Copy:
      Teste:

                      ________________________________
                      Clerk of the United States Court of
                        Appeals for the Seventh Circuit

                  USCA-02-C-0072—7-9-07