Court Opinion

ID: 4432490
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-08-22 20:00:38.291306+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:37:07.597104
License: Public Domain

Case: 19-13149    Date Filed: 08/22/2019   Page: 1 of 37

                                                                         [PUBLISH]

                IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                         FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                           ________________________

                                No. 19-13149-P
                           ________________________

In re: GARY RAY BOWLES,

                                                                          Petitioner.
                           ________________________

               Application for Leave to File a Second or Successive
                  Habeas Corpus Petition, 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)
                          ________________________

Before: ED CARNES, Chief Judge, TJOFLAT, and MARTIN, Circuit Judges.

ED CARNES, Chief Judge:

      Proceeding under 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(3)(A), Gary Ray Bowles has filed an

application seeking an order authorizing the district court to consider a second or

successive petition for a writ of habeas corpus. Because he is scheduled to be

executed by the State of Florida on August 22, 2019, at 6:00 p.m., he has also filed

an emergency motion to stay his execution so that he can pursue his second or

successive habeas petition. We deny those requests.
             Case: 19-13149     Date Filed: 08/22/2019   Page: 2 of 37

                          I. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

      We have set out the facts of Bowles’ crimes in our order denying his motion

for a stay of execution based on his §1983 claim. See Bowles v. DeSantis, No. 19-

12929-P, -- F.3d --, 2019 WL 3886503, at *1–3 (11th Cir. Aug. 19, 2019).

           A. Sentencing, Re-Sentencing, And Bowles’ Direct Appeals

      In November of 1994 Bowles murdered Walter Hinton by dropping a 40-

pound concrete block on his head while Hinton was sleeping. Bowles v. State, 716
So. 2d 769, 770 (Fla. 1998) (per curiam). Bowles pleaded guilty to the crime and

was sentenced to death. Id. The Florida Supreme Court affirmed the conviction

but vacated the death sentence because of an evidentiary error at the original

sentence proceeding. Id. at 773. On remand, a jury unanimously recommended

death and the trial court again imposed that sentence. Bowles v. State, 804 So. 2d
1173, 1175 (Fla. 2001) (per curiam). This time the Florida Supreme Court

affirmed the sentence. Id. at 1184. The United States Supreme Court denied

certiorari on June 17, 2002, and Bowles’ conviction and death sentence became

final. See Bowles v. Florida, 536 U.S. 930 (2002) (mem).

                       B. First State Postconviction Motion

      Following the conclusion of his direct appeals, Bowles sought relief in state

postconviction proceedings under Rule 3.851 of the Florida Rules of Criminal

Procedure. See Bowles v. State, 979 So. 2d 182, 184 (Fla. 2008) (per curiam). He

                                          2
              Case: 19-13149     Date Filed: 08/22/2019   Page: 3 of 37

filed his first collateral motion on August 29, 2003, asserting claims of ineffective

assistance of counsel, improper jury instructions, and the unconstitutionality of

Florida’s death penalty scheme. Id. at 186 & n.2. In one of the claims he said that

his trial counsel were ineffective because they failed to present an expert witness at

his sentence hearing to discuss various mitigating factors related to his mental

health. See id. at 186–87. He admitted that his counsel had retained a

psychologist, Dr. Elizabeth McMahon, to evaluate him, but argued that the lawyers

were ineffective because they did not have her testify. Id. at 187.

      The postconviction trial court held an evidentiary hearing and admitted the

deposition testimony of Dr. McMahon. Id. She stated that Bowles was “probably

not working with what we would say is an intact brain” and that he had “some very

mild dysfunction.” Id. But she also said that Bowles had told her of three

additional murders he had committed. Id. She explained that Bowles’ trial counsel

made the strategic decision not to have her testify so that she would not be asked

about those additional murders on cross-examination. Id. The postconviction

court denied Bowles’ motion, and the Florida Supreme Court affirmed. Id. at 187–

89, 94.

                          C. First Federal Habeas Petition

      Bowles filed his first petition for habeas corpus relief under 28 U.S.C.

§ 2254 in federal district court on August 8, 2008. See Petition, Bowles v. Sec’y,

                                          3
              Case: 19-13149     Date Filed: 08/22/2019   Page: 4 of 37

Dep’t of Corr, 3:08-cv-791 (M.D. Fla. Aug. 8, 2008), ECF No. 1. He raised ten

grounds for relief. Id. None of them contained an intellectual disability claim.

The district court denied the petition but granted Bowles a certificate of

appealability on one issue based on the State’s use of peremptory challenges at the

resentencing trial. See Order, Bowles v. Sec’y, Dep’t of Corr, 3:08-cv-791 (M.D.

Fla. Dec. 23, 2009), ECF No. 18. This Court affirmed the district court’s denial of

relief, see Bowles v. Sec’y, Dep’t of Corr, 608 F.3d 1313, 1317 (11th Cir. 2010),

and the United States Supreme Court denied Bowles’ petition for a writ of

certiorari, see Bowles v. McNeil, 562 U.S. 1068 (2010) (mem).

                D. Second and Third State Postconviction Motions

      In March 2013 Bowles brought a successive Rule 3.851 postconviction

motion in Florida state court, raising two claims of ineffective assistance of

appellate counsel based on the Supreme Court’s decision in Martinez v. Ryan, 566
U.S. 1 (2012). The postconviction trial court denied that motion in July 2013 and

Bowles did not appeal. See Order Denying Defendant’s Successive Motion to

Vacate Judgment of Conviction and Sentence, State v. Bowles, No. 16-1994-CF-

012188-AXXX-MA, (Fla. 4th Cir. Ct. Jul. 17, 2013), Doc. D1573.

      About four years later, on June 14, 2017, Bowles filed another successive

motion for postconviction relief in Florida state court. This one was based on the

Supreme Court’s decision in Hurst v. Florida, 136 S. Ct. 616 (2016). The state

                                          4
              Case: 19-13149     Date Filed: 08/22/2019   Page: 5 of 37

trial court denied that motion and the Florida Supreme Court affirmed. See

Bowles v. State, 235 So. 3d 292, 292–93 (Fla. 2018), cert. denied, Bowles v.

Florida, 139 S. Ct. 157 (2018) (mem).

                       E. Fourth State Postconviction Motion

      Bowles filed his fourth motion for postconviction relief in Florida state court

on October 19, 2017. That motion raised a single claim of intellectual disability

based on the Supreme Court’s decisions in Moore v. Texas, 137 S. Ct. 1039

(2017), Hall v. Florida, 572 U.S. 701 (2014), and Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304

(2002). Bowles amended his intellectual disability claim on July 1, 2019, which

was after the Governor had denied his clemency application and had set an

execution date for August 22, a little more than seven weeks later. In his amended

motion Bowles asserted that he “is now, and has always been, an intellectually

disabled person.” As a result, he claimed, his death sentence must be vacated

because the Supreme Court in Atkins had created a “categorical rule” making

intellectually disabled offenders “ineligible for the death penalty.”

      The Florida postconviction trial court summarily denied the motion as

untimely and the Florida Supreme Court affirmed. See Bowles v. State, Nos.

SC19-1184 & SC19-1264, 2019 WL 3789971, at *1–3 (Fla. Aug. 13, 2019). The

Florida Supreme Court also denied Bowles’ habeas petition claiming that the death

penalty is cruel and unusual punishment barred by the Eighth Amendment of the

                                          5
               Case: 19-13149      Date Filed: 08/22/2019     Page: 6 of 37

United States Constitution. Id. at *4. Bowles filed a petition for a writ of certiorari

in the United States Supreme Court and asked that Court for a stay of execution.

See Bowles v. State, Nos. 19-5617 & 19A183 (U.S. Aug. 16, 2019).

               F. Second Federal § 2254 Petition And Motion To Stay

       On August 14, 2019, Bowles filed his second 28 U.S.C. § 2254 petition in

federal district court, raising a claim of intellectual disability for the first time in a

federal postconviction proceeding. He also filed a motion for a stay of execution.

The district court dismissed the petition for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and

denied the motion for a stay as moot. The court concluded that because Bowles

had already filed a § 2254 petition in 2008 he could not file another one without

first obtaining this Court’s authorization, which he had not done. Bowles appealed

the district court’s dismissal in a separate action before this Court. See Notice of

Appeal, Bowles v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., No. 19-13150-P (11th Cir. Aug. 19,

2019).

                                   II. DISCUSSION

       Bowles asks us for authorization to file a second or successive habeas

petition so that he can bring a claim that he is intellectually disabled and thus

ineligible for the death penalty. He asserts that he has taken two full-scale

intelligence tests, and they show that his intelligence is well below average. On

                                             6
                Case: 19-13149        Date Filed: 08/22/2019        Page: 7 of 37

the first, which was administered in 1995, he received a score of 80.1 On the

second, which was administered in 2017, he received a score of 74. He also

presents affidavits from various psychologists who have determined that “it is

likely” that he is intellectually disabled. And he includes the written observations

of lay witnesses who knew him when he was young; those witnesses said that

Bowles was forgetful and aimless and showed signs of intellectual disability.

       Under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA),

we may authorize the filing of a second or successive § 2254 petition only if the

applicant makes a “prima facie showing” that: (1) his claim “relies on a new rule of

constitutional law, made retroactive to cases on collateral review by the Supreme

Court, that was previously unavailable,” or (2) “the factual predicate for the claim

       1
           Our concurring colleague addresses the merits of Bowles’ claims and accepts his
assertions that he has provided “evidence of significant deficits in adaptive functioning that had
their onset during his developmental period” and that his IQ score of 80 could be “as low as
appro[ximately] 70” if lowered for the standard error of measurement and if “properly normed,”
which is to say if lowered even further for what is called the Flynn effect. For the reasons
explained later in this opinion, see infra at 14, we do not consider the merits of Bowles’ claim at
this time.

        We will, however, note that these assertions and the affidavits tendered in support of
them are not uncontested. The State has presented evidence that Bowles does not have
significant deficits in adaptive functioning, and that he was not intellectually disabled as a minor.
For example, Bowles has obtained his GED diploma while incarcerated, and his grades in the
early years of elementary school were standard. And the Flynn effect that Bowles relies on,
which “adjusts for the empirical observation that IQ scores are rising over time,” is not “required
in this Circuit” because “there is no consensus about the Flynn effect among experts or among
the courts.” See Raulerson v. Warden, 928 F.3d 987, 1008 (11th Cir. 2019).

                                                  7
              Case: 19-13149     Date Filed: 08/22/2019   Page: 8 of 37

could not have been discovered previously through the exercise of due diligence;

and the facts underlying the claim, if proven and viewed in light of the evidence as

a whole, would be sufficient to establish by clear and convincing evidence that, but

for constitutional error, no reasonable factfinder would have found the applicant

guilty of the underlying offense.” 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(2), (b)(3)(C).

      Neither of those routes is open to Bowles. As to the first, he does not rely

“on a new rule of constitutional law, made retroactive to cases on collateral review

by the Supreme Court, that was previously unavailable,” § 2244(b)(2)(A), because

all the cases he relies on were either previously available to him or were not made

retroactive to cases on collateral review.

      The first and primary Supreme Court case Bowles relies on is Atkins, 536
U.S. 304. That case did announce a new rule of constitutional law made

retroactive by the Supreme Court to cases on collateral review within the meaning

of § 2244(b)(2)(A). In re Holladay, 331 F.3d 1169, 1172–73 (11th Cir. 2003). But

the Supreme Court announced that rule in 2002, which was six years before

Bowles filed his first federal habeas petition. See Atkins, 536 U.S. at 304. That

means that the decision was not “previously unavailable” to him because he could

have included it in his original habeas petition. See In re Everett, 797 F.3d 1282,

1291–92 (11th Cir. 2015) (noting that petitioner could not rely on Supreme Court

decision that was decided years before his habeas petition as a “rule of law that

                                             8
              Case: 19-13149     Date Filed: 08/22/2019    Page: 9 of 37

was previously unavailable, as required by the statute”); In re Hill, 113 F.3d 181,

182–83 (11th Cir. 1997) (“In general, we have interpreted the term ‘previously

unavailable’ with reference to the availability of the claim at the time the first

federal habeas application was filed.”). It also means that Bowles cannot now rely

on Atkins as a “new” rule of constitutional law. At 17 years old the rule is no

longer new. See In re Hill, 437 F.3d 1080, 1083 (11th Cir. 2006) (denying Atkins-

based second or successive application because it was filed more than a year after

the Supreme Court decided Atkins).

      Bowles tries to get around those barriers by arguing that Atkins was not

actually “available” to him when he filed his first habeas petition in 2008 because

then-existing Florida law would have doomed his petition. His argument goes like

this. In Atkins the Supreme Court held that the Eighth Amendment prohibits the

execution of intellectually disabled offenders, but the Court left to the states the

task of developing the processes for determining which offenders are intellectually

disabled. 536 U.S. at 317. And under post-Atkins Florida law for an inmate to

qualify as intellectually disabled he must have had an IQ score that was two or

more standard deviations below the mean score on a standard intelligence test. See

Hall 572 U.S. at 711. The Florida Supreme Court interpreted that law to create a

hard cutoff at two deviations below the mean, meaning an IQ score of 70 or below.

See id. at 721. Bowles argues that it would have been useless for him to bring his

                                           9
               Case: 19-13149   Date Filed: 08/22/2019    Page: 10 of 37

intellectual disability claim in his first habeas petition because his IQ score of 74

(as measured by the test he took in 2017) would not have qualified under Florida

law at the time.

       Bowles asserts that Atkins first became available to him in 2014 when the

Supreme Court struck down Florida’s rigid cutoff as unconstitutional in Hall v.

Florida, 572 U.S. 704 (2014). In Hall the Court explained that Florida’s hard

cutoff did not account for the IQ test’s standard error of measurement of plus or

minus 5 points, which meant that an inmate who scored between 70 and 75 on the

test might actually have a true IQ of 70 or below. Id. at 722–23. The Court also

relied heavily on the latest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of

Mental Disorders (DSM-5), which was published in 2013, to hold that “an

individual with an IQ test score between 70 and 75 or lower may show intellectual

disability by presenting additional evidence regarding difficulties in adaptive

functioning.” Id. at 722. Bowles insists that “[i]t was not until Hall that Florida

was forced to adapt to current medical standards,” and that change made his “IQ

score [of 74] qualifying, thus making an intellectual disability claim viable for the

first time.”

       For that argument Bowles also points us to two Fifth Circuit decisions in

which that court granted second or successive applications based on Atkins claims

that were not raised in initial habeas petitions which were filed, or could have been

                                          10
               Case: 19-13149       Date Filed: 08/22/2019      Page: 11 of 37

timely amended, after the Supreme Court decided Atkins. See In re Johnson, No.

19-20552, -- F.3d --, 2019 WL 3814384 (5th Cir. Aug. 15, 2019); In re Cathey,

857 F.3d 221, 229 (5th Cir. 2017). In those cases the Fifth Circuit determined that

it would not have been “feasible” for the petitioners to have raised timely Atkins

claims because the claims would have been found meritless under the state’s rigid

IQ cutoff that existed at the time. See In re Johnson, 2019 WL 3814384, at *5; In

re Cathey, 857 F.3d at 229. As the In re Cathey court stated: “We think a claim

must have some possibility of merit to be considered available.” 857 F.3d at 232.

“[W]e are not bound by the decisions of our sister circuits.” OSI, Inc. v. United

States, 285 F.3d 947, 952 n.3 (11th Cir. 2002). Those decisions are not

retroactively applicable decisions of the Supreme Court, which is what the AEDPA

requires. § 2244(b)(2)(A).

       To the extent that Bowles argues that his Atkins claim was not previously

available to him because it lacked merit under case law existing at that time, we

reject that contention. There is no futility exception to the AEDPA’s restrictions

on second and successive petitions.2

       2  There is also no futility exception that explains why Bowles could not have timely
raised his Atkins claim in Florida state court. The concurring opinion faults the Florida Supreme
Court’s denial of Bowles’ intellectual disability claim as untimely because, the opinion says,
Bowles should not be penalized for “fail[ing] to press a claim that would have been deemed
frivolous” after Atkins. It asserts that we know the Florida courts would have deemed such a
claim frivolous because of how those courts handled Atkins claims “during the twelve years after
Atkins was decided.” But when Florida promulgated Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.203 and gave
inmates like Bowles until October 1, 2004 to bring an Atkins claim, the future was not known.
                                               11
                Case: 19-13149        Date Filed: 08/22/2019         Page: 12 of 37

       Under § 2244(b)(2)(A), an applicant seeking authorization to file a second or

successive habeas petition must show “that the claim relies on a new rule of

constitutional law, made retroactive to cases on collateral review by the Supreme

Court, that was previously unavailable.” See Tyler v. Cain, 533 U.S. 656, 662

(2001). Congress did not say that the claim could proceed if it relied on any other

type of change in case law. Congress knew how to say that if it had wanted to.

Bowles could not tell how the Florida courts would handle his claim because he did not know
then what the next “twelve years” might hold. There is no reason Bowles could not have
amended his state postconviction motion to add an Atkins claim during the time frame specified
in Florida’s Rules of Criminal Procedure.

         The concurring opinion also faults the Florida Supreme Court for denying Bowles’
postconviction motion as untimely because, the opinion asserts, he should have been allowed to
rely on the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Hall, which the Florida Supreme Court
later made retroactive to certain Florida inmates in Walls v. State, 213 So. 3d 340, 345 (Fla.
2016) (per curiam). But again, there is no reason that Bowles could not have made the same
arguments that Hall or Walls made. Under the concurring opinion’s logic, those inmates also did
not have meritorious claims. If such a claim by Bowles would have been frivolous, their claims
would also have been frivolous in the concurring opinion’s view. But Hall and Walls brought
the claims anyway, and they won. Why couldn’t Bowles? He could have and should have
brought the same claim. Cf. Smith v. Murray, 477 U.S. 527, 535 (1986) (“[I]t is the very
prospect that a state court ‘may decide, upon reflection, that the contention is valid’ that
undergirds the established rule that ‘perceived futility alone cannot constitute cause.”) (citation
and quotation marks omitted); Engle v. Isaac, 456 U.S. 107, 130 (1982) (“If a defendant
perceives a constitutional claim and believes it may find favor in the federal courts, he may not
bypass the state courts simply because he thinks they will be unsympathetic to the claim. Even a
state court that has previously rejected a constitutional argument may decide, upon reflection,
that the contention is valid.”) (footnote omitted); Turner v. Crosby, 339 F.3d 1247, 1281 (11th
Cir. 2003) (“Although Ring was decided several years subsequent to the termination of Turner’s
state post-conviction proceedings, he was free, prior to Ring, to make a federal constitutional
challenge to Florida’s capital sentencing structure in the state courts but failed to do so.”);
Waldrop v. Jones, 77 F.3d 1308, 1315 (11th Cir. 1996) (“According to the Supreme Court, the
‘futility of presenting an objection to the state courts cannot alone constitute cause for a failure to
object at trial.’”) (quoting Engle, 456 U.S. at 130).
                                                  12
              Case: 19-13149     Date Filed: 08/22/2019     Page: 13 of 37

      Likewise, Congress knew how to provide for second and successive

petitions based on factual developments, such as the publication of a new DSM

manual. In § 2244(b)(2)(B), Congress allowed a second or successive petition to

proceed if “the factual predicate for the claim could not have been discovered

previously through the exercise of due diligence” and the facts underlying the

claim “would be sufficient to establish . . . that, but for constitutional error, no

reasonable factfinder would have found the applicant guilty of the underlying

offense.” (Emphasis added). It could have said “or ineligible for the death

penalty,” but it did not. “It is well settled that where Congress includes particular

language in one section of a statute but omits it in another section of the same Act,

it is generally presumed that Congress acts intentionally and purposely in the

disparate inclusion or exclusion.” Ela v. Destefano, 869 F.3d 1198, 1202 (11th

Cir. 2017) (quotation marks omitted). Bowles reads into the statute words that are

not there when he argues that the publication of a new diagnostic manual can serve

as a predicate to make a claim newly available under § 2244(b)(2)(A). That’s not

the statute Congress wrote.

      Instead, under the statute Congress enacted, whether a claim is “previously

unavailable” depends on when a “new rule of constitutional law” is made

retroactive by the Supreme Court, because it is that new rule that the claim must

rely on. See In re Thomas, 823 F.3d 1345, 1349 (11th Cir. 2016) (denying

                                           13
             Case: 19-13149     Date Filed: 08/22/2019    Page: 14 of 37

application for leave to file a second or successive habeas petition based on

Descamps v. United States, 570 U.S. 254 (2013), because Descamps did not

announce a new rule of constitutional law). That a claim has become meritorious

for some other reason has no bearing on whether the claim was “previously

unavailable” for § 2244(b)(2)(A) purposes. When considering a second or

successive application, we are not making an ultimate determination on the merits,

so we do not search for outside factual predicates that may have made a claim

meritorious. See In re Moss, 703 F.3d 1301, 1303 (11th Cir. 2013). That is simply

not part of our analysis.

      This is a flaw in Bowles’ application, which equates the word “cognizable”

with the word “meritorious.” Those words do not mean the same thing. Compare

Cognizable, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019) (“Capable of being judicially

tried or examined before a designated tribunal; within the court’s

jurisdiction . . . .”), and Cognizable, Merriam-Webster Online,

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cognizable (last visited Aug. 22,

2019) (“[C]apable of being judicially heard and determined[.]”), with Meritorious,

Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019) (“(Of a case, etc.) worthy of legal victory;

having enough legal value to prevail in a dispute . . . .”), and Meritorious,

Merriam-Webster Online, https://www.merriam-

webster.com/dictionary/meritorious (last visited Aug. 22, 2019) (“[H]aving merit

                                          14
             Case: 19-13149     Date Filed: 08/22/2019    Page: 15 of 37

. . . a meritorious claim[.]”). We choose instead to follow the terms of the statute,

which requires that we look to see: (1) whether the claim relies on a new rule of

constitutional law that was made retroactive to cases on collateral review by the

Supreme Court, and (2) whether the petitioner could have relied on that “new rule”

in his initial habeas petition. If he could have, then that claim was previously

available to him and his application must be denied. See, e.g., In re Henry, 757
F.3d 1151, 1158 n.10 (11th Cir. 2014) (stating that prisoner could not rely on the

rule from Atkins to support a second or successive habeas petition because that

rule was not “previously unavailable” to him, where the prisoner filed his first

habeas petition two years after Atkins was decided); Felker v. Turpin, 83 F.3d
1303, 1306 (11th Cir. 1996) (“[W]e cannot find that [the prisoner’s] Cage claim

was ‘previously unavailable’ to him when he filed his first habeas petition in 1993,

which was long after Cage was decided.”). Bowles filed his first federal habeas

petition six years after the Atkins decision.

      For the same reason, our feasibility analysis does not focus on whether the

claim would have been a winning one at the time of the first petition, but on

whether it would have been feasible for the petitioner to bring the claim then. See

In re Everett, 797 F.3d at 1288 (noting that “[i]f the new rule was announced while

the original § 2254 petition was pending, the applicant must demonstrate that it

was not feasible to amend his or her pending petition to include the new claim”); In

                                          15
              Case: 19-13149         Date Filed: 08/22/2019   Page: 16 of 37

re Hill, 113 F.3d at 183 (“[O]ur precedent establishes that a petitioner intent upon

establishing the ‘unavailability’ of a claim based upon a new rule of constitutional

law may also be required to demonstrate the infeasibility of amending a habeas

petition that was pending when the new rule was announced.”). The existence of a

“new rule of constitutional law, made retroactive to cases on collateral review by

the Supreme Court,” depends solely on Supreme Court decisions, not on the

issuance of a new diagnostic manual by the American Psychiatric Association or

on a decision of a sister circuit.

       In any event, the more fundamental problem with Bowles’ argument is that

it does not rely on Atkins so much as it does on Hall. Despite what he calls it, his

claim actually is a Hall claim, not an Atkins claim. See Shoop v. Hill, 139 S. Ct.
504, 508 (2019) (“While Atkins noted that standard definitions of mental

retardation included as a necessary element ‘significant limitations in adaptive

skills . . . that became manifest before age 18,’ Atkins did not definitively resolve

how that element was to be evaluated but instead left its application in the first

instance to the States.”) (quoting Atkins, 535 U.S. at 318). Hall did announce a

new rule of constitutional law, but the Supreme Court has not made that new rule

retroactive to cases on collateral review. In re Henry, 757 F.3d at 1159 (denying

petitioner leave “to file a second or successive petition because the Supreme Court

has not made the new rule announced in Hall retroactive to cases on collateral

                                              16
               Case: 19-13149        Date Filed: 08/22/2019       Page: 17 of 37

review”); see In re Hill, 777 F.3d 1214, 1223 (11th Cir. 2015) (“[O]ur binding

panel precedent, In re Henry, forecloses [the petitioner’s] argument that Hall

applies retroactively on collateral review and entitles him to file a second or

successive habeas petition.”); Kilgore v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 805 F.3d 1301,

1314–15 (11th Cir. 2015) (holding in initial habeas appeal that Hall did not create a

new rule of constitutional law that was made retroactive under Teague v. Lane, 489
U.S. 288 (1989)).3 As a result, Bowles cannot now bring a Hall claim, even one

that is dressed up to look like an Atkins claim.

       3
          We recently noted in dicta that the Supreme Court’s reasoning in Montgomery v.
Louisiana, 136 S. Ct. 718 (2016), “undermined the reasoning of Kilgore and In re Henry.” Smith
v. Comm’r, Ala. Dep’t of Corr., 924 F.3d 1330, 1339 n.5 (11th Cir. 2019). We had said in In re
Henry that a new Supreme Court rule “guarantee[ing] only a chance to present evidence, not
ultimate relief,” is necessarily a non-retroactive procedural rule under Teague. 757 F.3d at 1161.
But in Montgomery the Supreme Court “deemed a rule substantive in nature — the rule of Miller
v. Alabama, 567 U.S. 460 (2012), which prohibited mandatory life without parole sentences for
juveniles — even though all that rule guaranteed was ‘[a] hearing where youth and its attendant
characteristics are considered as sentencing factors,’ not a shorter sentence or parole.” Smith,
924 F.3d at 1339 (quoting Montgomery, 136 S. Ct. at 735) (quotation marks omitted). Given the
Supreme Court’s reasoning in Montgomery, in Smith we were cautious not to base our decision
solely on our earlier reasoning in Kilgore and In re Henry to determine whether the Supreme
Court’s decision in Moore v. Texas, 137 S. Ct. 1038 (2017), applied retroactively. See 924 F.3d
at 1339 n.5.
        Our statements in Smith do not help Bowles because our holdings in In re Henry and
Kilgore remain binding precedents in this Circuit. “While an intervening decision of the
Supreme Court can overrule the decision of a prior panel of our court, the Supreme Court
decision must be clearly on point.” Garrett v. Univ. of Ala. at Birmingham Bd. of Trs., 344 F.3d
1288, 1292 (11th Cir. 2003). The Supreme Court’s decision in Montgomery was not “clearly on
point” as to the retroactivity of its decision in Hall. And, in any event, our reasoning in In re
Henry and Kilgore did not rely only on the rule that was called into question by Montgomery
anyway. Instead, those decisions relied on the fact that Hall does not expand the class of people
(the intellectually disabled) who are entitled to relief under Atkins. See In re Henry, 757 F.3d at
1161. By contrast, the Supreme Court in Montgomery determined that Miller announced a
substantive rule because it forbade the states from imposing a certain penalty on an entire class
of offenders: juveniles whose crimes do not reflect permanent incorrigibility. See Montgomery,
136 S. Ct. at 734.
                                                17
             Case: 19-13149     Date Filed: 08/22/2019   Page: 18 of 37

      Not only that, but even if Hall did apply retroactively, Bowles’ claim would

not be timely anyway. The Supreme Court decided Hall on May 27, 2014,

meaning that under § 2244(d)(1)(C) Bowles would have had one year from then to

file his Hall-based claim. But he did not file his § 2254 petition until August 14,

2019, more than five years later. And he did not even file his state postconviction

motion until October 19, 2017, more than three years after Hall was decided.

Because of his delay, his claim has ended up in this Court three and a half days

before his execution is scheduled to take place. See In re Hill, 437 F.3d at 1083

(denying Atkins-based second or successive application because it was filed more

than a year after the Supreme Court decided Atkins); see also In re Jackson, 826
F.3d 1343, 1350 n.8 (11th Cir. 2016) (noting that “[a]n imminent execution”

constitutes a valid reason to consider the untimeliness of a claim in a second or

successive application).

      Bowles also relies on Moore v. Texas, 137 S. Ct. 1038 (2017), but we have

held that Moore “cannot be applied retroactively,” either. Smith v. Comm’r, Ala.

Dep’t of Corr, 924 F.3d 1330, 1338–39 (11th Cir. 2019). As a result, Bowles has

not shown that his claim “relies on a new rule of constitutional law, made

retroactive to cases on collateral review by the Supreme Court, that was previously

unavailable.” § 2244(b)(2)(A).

                                         18
             Case: 19-13149      Date Filed: 08/22/2019    Page: 19 of 37

      That leaves § 2244(b)(2)(B) as the only possible gateway left for Bowles,

but that gate is closed too. Although he argues that he is innocent of the death

penalty, his intellectual disability claim “challenges only his eligibility for a death

sentence, and not whether he is ‘guilty of the underlying offense,’ and thus does

not fall within the narrow statutory exception in § 2244(b)(2)(B)(ii).” In re Hill,

715 F.3d 284, 285 (11th Cir. 2013). The concurring opinion takes issue with our

precedent in Hill and encourages our Court to recognize an exception to § 2244(b)

for claims asserting actual innocence of the death penalty. But as we have

explained, while the Supreme Court in Sawyer v. Whitley, 505 U.S. 333, 346–47

(1992), a pre-AEDPA case, recognized an actual innocence exception for state

prisoners challenging their death sentences in successive § 2254 applications,

AEDPA completely stripped federal district courts of jurisdiction to hear

successive claims unless the prisoner first received authorization from the court of

appeals. That means that “post-AEDPA there is no . . . exception to the bar on

second or successive habeas petitions for claims asserting ‘actual innocence of the

death penalty.’” In re Hill, 715 F.3d at 301; see § 2244(b)(3)(A).

      The concurring opinion also relies on Holland v. Florida to argue that

barring an innocent-of-the-death-penalty claim would “undermin[e] basic habeas

corpus principles,” 560 U.S. 631, 648 (2010), but Holland is not on point. It

recognized that the one-year statute of limitations for filing original habeas

                                           19
             Case: 19-13149     Date Filed: 08/22/2019    Page: 20 of 37

petitions was not jurisdictional and could be equitably tolled. But it did not

recognize an equitable exception for the limits on filing successive petitions set out

in § 2244(b). See Holland, 560 U.S. at 645–49. Nor has Congress created an

unnamed third exception to the two gateways for filing successive habeas petitions

that are set out in § 2244(b)(2). To the extent that Bowles is foreclosed from

seeking habeas relief in the lower federal courts, he still “may petition the Supreme

Court directly for a writ of habeas corpus under that Court’s original jurisdiction.”

In re Hill, 715 F.3d at 301 n.20.

      Finally, Bowles has also not pointed to a “factual predicate for the claim

[that] could not have been discovered previously through the exercise of due

diligence.” § 2244(b)(2)(B)(i). If, as he claims, he is an intellectually disabled

person, then that factual predicate has existed for long enough that he could have

brought his Atkins claims in his first habeas petition. But that he did not do.

                                    III. CONCLUSION

      Finally, we have not overlooked our concurring colleague’s belief that our

decision, which she concedes faithfully applies the law as it exists, is “tragic[]” and

not “a just one.” Concurring Op. at 27, 37. Bowles was convicted of brutally

bashing and strangling to death three men after convincing each of them to let him

live with them. See Bowles, 2019 WL 3886503, at *1–3. Their only offense

                                          20
               Case: 19-13149        Date Filed: 08/22/2019        Page: 21 of 37

apparently was their sexual orientation. He hated gay men. 4 It has been 23 years

since he was convicted of murder in the first degree and 18 years since he was

resentenced to death. Under the law, his sentence is now due to be carried out.

We do not feel compelled to join our colleague’s criticism that what is tragic and

unjust in this case is the application of the law to it.

       Because Bowles has failed to make a prima facie showing that his claim

satisfies the requirements of § 2244(b)(2), we DENY his application for leave to

file a second or successive habeas petition. Having denied the application, we also

DENY Bowles’ motion for a stay. See In re Hill, 437 F.3d at 1083–84.

       4
            Bowles pleaded guilty to the murder of all three of the victims. At his first sentencing
trial for the murder of Walter Hinton the State’s primary theory of the case was he killed Hinton
“because Hinton was a homosexual and hated homosexuals.” Bowles, 716 So. 2d at 771.
Although the Florida Supreme Court did not question the overwhelming evidence that Bowles
hated gay men, see id. at 771–73, it vacated the death sentence because there was insufficient
evidence linking that motive to the murder. At the resentencing trial, the jury unanimously
recommended a death sentence, the judge imposed it, and the Florida Supreme Court affirmed.
See Bowles, 804 So. 2d at 1175, 1184.
                                                 21
               Case: 19-13149     Date Filed: 08/22/2019   Page: 22 of 37

MARTIN, Circuit Judge, concurring:

         In Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304, 122 S. Ct. 2242 (2002), the Supreme

Court “held that the Constitution ‘restricts the State’s power to take the life of’ any

intellectually disabled individual.” Moore v. Texas, 581 U.S. __, 137 S. Ct. 1039,

1048 (2017) (alterations adopted) (quoting Atkins, 536 U.S. at 321, 122 S. Ct. at

2252). But that categorical bar is not so categorical in this Circuit. No court has

considered the merits of Gary Bowles’s claim that he is intellectually disabled and

thus exempt from the death penalty. Yet the State of Florida is set to execute him

today.

         I wish it were not so, but this Court’s precedent constrains me to deny Mr.

Bowles’s application for leave to file a successive habeas petition and his request

for a stay of his execution. I write separately to describe the hurdles Mr. Bowles

faced at the state and federal level in his efforts to have a court review the merits of

his claim of intellectual disability. For me, the hurdles Mr. Bowles has faced

present unacceptable (perhaps unconstitutional) barriers to vindicating the right

articulated in Atkins.

                                           I.

         Mr. Bowles was convicted of first-degree murder in 1996. After a series of

proceedings in Florida state court, he was sentenced to death in 1999. On direct

appeal, the Florida Supreme Court affirmed his sentence. See Bowles v. State, 804

                                           22
              Case: 19-13149       Date Filed: 08/22/2019     Page: 23 of 37
So. 2d 1173, 1184 (Fla. 2001) (per curiam). The United States Supreme Court

denied certiorari on June 17, 2002. Bowles v. Florida, 536 U.S. 930, 122 S. Ct.
2603 (2002). Three days later, the Supreme Court issued Atkins, which declared

for the first time that the execution of intellectually disabled prisoners violates the

Eighth Amendment’s ban on cruel and unusual punishments. 536 U.S. at 321, 122
S. Ct. at 2252.

       After Atkins, there was reason to believe Mr. Bowles’s execution may be

barred by this new constitutional rule. Although Mr. Bowles had not specifically

been evaluated for intellectual disability before his sentencing, a clinical

psychologist did test him using a then-current, full-scale intelligence assessment

called the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Revised (WAIS-R). Mr. Bowles got

an IQ score of 80 on the WAIS-R. Accounting for errors in the methodology of

the WAIS-R 1 and the standard error of measurement involved in all IQ testing,

doctors gave affidavits saying this score may indicate Mr. Bowles’s IQ is as low as

appropriately 70. The Supreme Court observed in Atkins that an IQ of around or

below 70 may reveal potential intellectual disability. See 536 U.S. at 309 n.5, 122
S. Ct. at 2245 n.5 (“[B]etween 1 and 3 percent of the population has an IQ between

70 and 75 or lower, which is typically considered the cutoff IQ score” for

       1
          According to doctors’ affidavits, the WAIS-R was not properly normed and thus
overstates IQ in certain populations.
                                             23
             Case: 19-13149     Date Filed: 08/22/2019    Page: 24 of 37

intellectual disability). Thus, given Mr. Bowles’s score on the WAIS-R and other

indicators, he may well be among those whose executions are barred by Atkins.

      Typically, a state prisoner in Mr. Bowles’s position could raise his Atkins

claim in a state postconviction motion. In the wake of Atkins, Florida gave

offenders like Mr. Bowles, whose cases were in postconviction litigation, 60 days

from October 1, 2004—the date Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.203 was

promulgated—to assert an Atkins claim. See Amendments to Fla. R. of Crim. P. &

Fla. R. of Appellate P., 875 So. 2d 563, 570 (Fla. 2004). But we know from

Florida’s handling of those claims during the twelve years after Atkins was

decided, it would have been utterly fruitless for Mr. Bowles to bring his Atkins

claim in the Florida courts.

      The Atkins Court left to the States the job of “developing appropriate ways

to enforce the constitutional restriction upon their execution of sentences.” Id. at

317, 122 S. Ct. at 2250 (alteration adopted and quotation marks omitted). And

with this discretion, Florida courts established that the State ban on executing the

intellectually disabled, Fla. Stat. § 921.137, covered only those with “an IQ of 70

or below.” Zack v. State, 911 So. 2d 1190, 1201 (Fla. 2005) (per curiam); see also

id. (citing Cherry v. State, 781 So. 2d 1040, 1041 (Fla. 2000) (per curiam)

(accepting expert testimony that an offender must score 70 or below to qualify as

“[mentally] retarded”)). Litigants repeatedly tested this hard cutoff in Florida’s

                                          24
             Case: 19-13149     Date Filed: 08/22/2019    Page: 25 of 37

courts, saying it undermined Atkins’s mandate. See, e.g., Cherry v. State, 959 So.
2d 702, 712–14 (Fla. 2007) (per curiam), abrogated by Hall v. Florida, 572 U.S.
701, 134 S. Ct. 1986 (2014). But the Florida Supreme Court affirmed time and

again that “a Florida defendant with an IQ score above 70 could not be deemed

intellectually disabled and, therefore, was barred from presenting evidence

regarding the other two prongs of the test for intellectual disability: adaptive

functioning deficits and manifestation before age 18.” Walls v. State, 213 So. 3d
340, 345 (Fla. 2016) (per curiam) (describing the state of the law in Florida after

Atkins, but before Hall). Under Florida’s then-well-established criteria, Mr.

Bowles knew his IQ score of 80 would disqualify him from relying on Atkins, no

matter what other evidence he marshalled supporting a claim of intellectual

disability. It made sense, therefore, for Mr. Bowles to not pursue an Atkins claim

in the time limits proscribed by Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.203.

      Then twelve years after Atkins issued, the U.S. Supreme Court gave Mr.

Bowles renewed hope about the viability of his claim of intellectual disability. In

Hall v. Florida, the Supreme Court held that Fla. Stat. § 921.137, as interpreted by

Florida’s courts, was unconstitutional. 572 U.S. at 721, 134 S. Ct. at 2000. Florida

had, according to Hall, wrongly “take[n] an IQ score as final and conclusive

evidence of a defendant’s intellectual capacity, when experts in the field would

consider other evidence.” Id. at 712, 134 S. Ct. at 1995. Also, Florida had

                                          25
             Case: 19-13149      Date Filed: 08/22/2019    Page: 26 of 37

improperly “relie[d] on a purportedly scientific measurement of the defendant’s

abilities, his IQ score, while refusing to recognize that the score is, on its own

terms, imprecise.” Id. In setting this straight, the Supreme Court said “when a

defendant’s IQ test score falls within the test’s acknowledged and inherent margin

of error, the defendant must be able to present additional evidence of intellectual

disability, including testimony regarding adaptive deficits.” Id. at 723, 134 S. Ct.

at 2001 (emphasis added). Surely, Hall would give Mr. Bowles a chance to press

his claim that his execution might be unconstitutional. Turns out, this was not to

be.

      On October 19, 2017, Mr. Bowles filed a successive motion for state

postconviction relief, arguing he is intellectually disabled and that his execution

would violate the Eighth Amendment in light of Atkins and Hall. Around the same

time, Mr. Bowles was tested using the WAIS-IV, the most widely used and current

IQ assessment instrument available. He received a full-scale IQ score of 74, which

falls within the range for intellectual disability. Also supporting Mr. Bowles’s

motion was evidence of significant deficits in adaptive functioning that had their

onset during his developmental period.

      Mr. Bowles’s October 19, 2017 motion had been pending for 600 days when

Florida’s Governor signed his death warrant and scheduled his execution. Only

after Mr. Bowles’s execution was scheduled did the Florida Supreme Court direct

                                          26
             Case: 19-13149     Date Filed: 08/22/2019   Page: 27 of 37

Florida’s lower courts to give him some indication whether he would be able to

present his claim that his execution might be unconstitutional.

      Tragically, in my view, the Florida courts refused to even consider the

merits of Mr. Bowles’s claim. Instead, the circuit court summarily denied Mr.

Bowles’s claim as time-barred, and the Florida Supreme Court affirmed this

decision. See Bowles v. State, __ So. 3d __, 2019 WL 3789971, at *2–3 (Aug. 13,

2019). The Florida Supreme Court explained that Mr. Bowles could not present

his potentially viable Atkins claim because he failed to present it within 60 days of

Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.203 being promulgated. Id. at *2 (citing

Harvey v. State, 260 So. 3d 906, 907 (Fla. 2018); Rodriguez v. State, 250 So. 3d
616 (Fla. 2016)). This time restriction applies, the Court held, even though Mr.

Bowles did not have a meritorious claim until (at the earliest) Hall held Florida’s

rigid IQ cutoff unconstitutional. See Bowles, 2019 WL 3789971, at *2–3. The

Court also imposed the time limit even though it had ruled that Hall is retroactively

applicable to Florida litigants. See Walls v. State, 213 So. 3d at 346–47; see also

Harvey, 260 So. 3d at 907.

      I believe Florida’s time bar “creates an unacceptable risk that persons with

intellectual disability will be executed.” Hall, 572 U.S. at 704, 134 S. Ct. at 1990.

For more than a decade after Atkins, Florida law denied every offender who scored

above 70 on an IQ test any exploration of the merits of a claim of intellectual

                                          27
             Case: 19-13149      Date Filed: 08/22/2019   Page: 28 of 37

disability. It wasn’t until Hall was decided that Mr. Bowles could get the benefit

of Atkins’s pronouncement. Nevertheless, the Florida courts say Mr. Bowles’s

failure to press a claim that would have been deemed frivolous means he forever

gave up any chance to present evidence of his potential intellectual disability. This

rule dilutes Atkins’s constitutional mandate for Florida death row inmates.

      Hall requires that “[p]ersons facing that most severe sanction [of the death

penalty] must have a fair opportunity to show that the Constitution prohibits their

execution.” Id. at 724, 134 S. Ct. at 2001 (emphasis added). Although the

Supreme Court acknowledged “the States play a critical role in advancing

protections and providing the Court with information that contributes to an

understanding of how intellectual disability should be measured and assessed,”

“Atkins did not give the States unfettered discretion to define the full scope of the

constitutional protection.” Id. at 719, 134 S. Ct. at 1998. Neither did Atkins afford

States the liberty to construct procedural rules that gut the constitutional

requirement. See In re Hill, 715 F.3d 284, 304–05 (11th Cir. 2013) (Barkett, J.,

dissenting) (arguing no “procedural hurdle . . . can be constitutionally enforced

when doing so will eviscerate the constitutionally-protected right that a juvenile,

mentally retarded, or insane offender has not to be executed.”); Hill v. Humphrey,

662 F.3d 1335, 1367–70 (11th Cir. 2011) (en banc) (Barkett, J., dissenting)

(describing Supreme Court precedent establishing that “a State cannot create

                                          28
             Case: 19-13149     Date Filed: 08/22/2019    Page: 29 of 37

procedures that effectively eviscerate a substantive constitutional right, but rather

must provide procedures which are adequate to safeguard against infringement of

the constitutionally protected right” (alteration adopted and quotation marks

omitted)); cf. Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 21, 87 S. Ct. 824, 826 (1967)

(“With faithfulness to the constitutional union of the States, we cannot leave to the

States the formulation of the authoritative laws, rules, and remedies designed to

protect people from infractions by the States of federally guaranteed rights.”). The

Florida courts designed a rule that has denied Mr. Bowles any meaningful

opportunity to have his claim considered on the merits. Because neither Mr.

Bowles nor his counsel predicted a change in the law or anticipated that he would

need to pursue a then-frivolous claim, the Florida courts say he must forgo the

protections afforded to him by Atkins and Hall.

      “[T]o impose the harshest of punishments on an intellectually disabled

person violates his or her inherent dignity as a human being.” Hall, 572 U.S. at

708, 134 S. Ct. at 1992. We cannot pretend to avoid this violation simply by

failing to learn whether an offender is intellectually disabled. “The States are

laboratories for experimentation, but those experiments may not deny the basic

dignity the Constitution protects.” Id. at 724, 134 S. Ct. at 2001. The Florida

courts may have done exactly that. Mr. Bowles should have been permitted to

                                          29
             Case: 19-13149      Date Filed: 08/22/2019   Page: 30 of 37

develop the record supporting his claim of intellectual disability. Now, we will

never know whether his execution defies Atkins’s categorical mandate.

                                           II.

      When the Florida courts refused all evaluation of the merits of Mr. Bowles’s

claim of intellectual disability, he next looked to the federal courts to consider his

claim. Yet, because of the strictures of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death

Penalty Act of 1996 (AEPDA) and precedent in this Circuit, he finds no audience

for the merits of his claim here either.

      Mr. Bowles seeks to file a successive federal habeas corpus petition under

28 U.S.C. § 2254. It is successive because he already filed one § 2254 petition

raising claims that are not at issue here. This being the case, he must meet the

requirements of 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b) before filing a second federal petition. Under

AEPDA, this court may not grant authorization to file a successive habeas petition

unless an applicant satisfies one of two narrow statutory exceptions in

§ 2244(b)(2):

      (A) [T]he applicant shows that the claim relies on a new rule of
         constitutional law, made retroactive to cases on collateral review by the
         Supreme Court, that was previously unavailable; or

      (B) (i) the factual predicate for the claim could not have been discovered
          previously through the exercise of due diligence; and

          (ii) the facts underlying the claim, if proven and viewed in light of the
          evidence as a whole, would be sufficient to establish by clear and
          convincing evidence that, but for constitutional error, no reasonable
                                           30
             Case: 19-13149     Date Filed: 08/22/2019    Page: 31 of 37

          factfinder would have found the applicant guilty of the underlying
          offense.

Under this Circuit’s precedent, Mr. Bowles can meet neither exception.

      Use of the first exception is foreclosed by In re Henry, 757 F.3d 1151 (11th

Cir. 2014), which held that the Supreme Court did not make the new rule

announced in Hall retroactive to cases on collateral review. Id. at 1159. I

dissented from Henry’s holding, explaining my view that “if Atkins is retroactively

applicable to cases on collateral review—and that conclusion is beyond any

debate—then the Supreme Court’s decision in Hall must also apply retroactively,

to the extent it merely represents an application or clarification of the Atkins

decision.” Id. at 1165 (Martin, J., dissenting). I continue to believe Henry was

wrongly decided.

      The Majority Opinion also says Mr. Bowles cannot make a prima facie

showing under § 2244(b)(2)(A) based on his argument that his Atkins claim was

“previously unavailable” until Hall issued. To make a prima facie showing, a

petitioner need only make “a sufficient showing of possible merit to warrant a

fuller exploration by the district court.” In re Holladay, 331 F.3d 1169, 1173–74

(11th Cir. 2003) (quotation marks omitted). Absent the strictures of our precedent,

I would hold that Mr. Bowles has made a prima facie showing under

§ 2244(b)(2)(A).

                                          31
              Case: 19-13149     Date Filed: 08/22/2019    Page: 32 of 37

        The Fifth Circuit recognized a prima facie case for an inmate who had been

afforded a path to relief, yet that path offered no actual possibility of relief. See In

re Cathey, 857 F.3d 221 (5th Cir. 2017) (per curiam). It found that a Texas

petitioner “presented sufficiently ‘cogent arguments’ that Atkins was previously

unavailable” because at the time he filed his first federal habeas petition he

“believed his IQ score to be 77—outside of the range that was then understood to

satisfy the subaverage intellectual functioning prong of an Atkins claim.” Id. at

230. Like Florida, Texas courts then used a cutoff for IQ scores, so the petitioner

“had no reason to believe his known score of 77 . . . would satisfy an Atkins

claim.” Id. The Fifth Circuit recognized the petitioner’s claim was practically

unavailable even if he technically could have asserted it. See id. at 232–34. The

Court permitted him to file his successive habeas petition because he made a prima

facie showing that Atkins was previously unavailable to him. Our Court has not

recognized such an exception. However, we could have, and I would have done so

here.

        As for Mr. Bowles’s reliance on the second exception, his argument is

foreclosed by In re Hill. Hill is another decision of this Court I believe was

wrongly decided. Hill established that the exception in § 2244(b)(2)(B)

concerning newly discovered evidence “is a narrow exception for claims that call

into question the accuracy of a guilty verdict” and not Atkins claims that go to a

                                           32
             Case: 19-13149     Date Filed: 08/22/2019    Page: 33 of 37

prisoner’s eligibility for the death penalty. Hill, 715 F.3d at 296–97 (alterations

adopted and emphasis and quotation marks omitted). The Hill panel said that the

exception for newly discovered evidence “does not authorize the filing of a

successive application under § 2244(b)(2)(B) based on a sentencing claim even in

death cases.” Hill, 715 F.3d at 297. Hill also rejected the idea that equitable

exceptions to the bar on successive petitions that existed before AEDPA survived

the enactment of AEDPA. See id. at 299–301. I believe this Court should have

recognized that we may authorize petitioners to file a successive application for

federal habeas relief raising an innocent-of-the-death-penalty claim. Either

§ 2244(b)(2)(B) or equitable exceptions to AEDPA’s filing limitations would, in

my view, allow for consideration of these claims in death penalty cases.

      Before AEDPA became law, the Supreme Court recognized that in a

“narrow class of cases,” “[f]ederal courts retain the authority to issue the writ of

habeas corpus” despite a petitioner’s procedural default and “despite a petitioner’s

failure to show cause for a procedural default.” McCleskey v. Zant, 499 U.S. 467,

494, 111 S. Ct. 1454, 1470 (1991). “This rule, or fundamental miscarriage of

justice exception, [wa]s grounded in the equitable discretion of habeas courts to see

that federal constitutional errors do not result in the incarceration of innocent

persons.” Herrera v. Collins, 506 U.S. 390, 404, 113 S. Ct. 853, 862 (1993)

                                          33
             Case: 19-13149     Date Filed: 08/22/2019    Page: 34 of 37

(quotation marks omitted). To prove a miscarriage of justice, a petitioner had to

make a “colorable showing” of actual innocence. Id.

      In Sawyer v. Whitley, 505 U.S. 333, 112 S. Ct. 2514 (1992), the Supreme

Court held that the “actual innocence” exception applied to claims asserting

innocence of the facts required to show the petitioner’s eligibility for the death

penalty. Id. at 346–47, 112 S. Ct. at 2522–23. To bring a claim of actual

innocence of the death penalty, a petitioner had to present evidence establishing “a

fair probability that a rational trier of fact would have entertained a reasonable

doubt as to the existence of those facts which are prerequisites under state or

federal law for the imposition of the death penalty.” Id. at 346, 112 S. Ct. at 2523

(quotation marks omitted).

      Circuits have divided over whether Sawyer’s actual innocence exception

survived the passage of AEDPA. In Hill, a divided panel of this Court said the

Sawyer exception did not survive. 715 F.3d at 299–300. The Hill panel reasoned

that Congress could have, but did not, expressly codify the Sawyer exception in

AEDPA. Id. at 300. For that reason, it said Congress did not intend the Sawyer

exception to remain viable. See id. At least one other circuit has agreed. Hope v.

United States, 108 F.3d 119, 119–20 (7th Cir. 1997). But this Court’s holding in

Hill contrasts with decisions of the Fourth, Sixth, and Ninth Circuits. See Prieto v.

Zook, 791 F.3d 465, 469 (4th Cir. 2015); Frazier v. Jenkins, 770 F.3d 485, 497 (6th

                                          34
             Case: 19-13149      Date Filed: 08/22/2019    Page: 35 of 37

Cir. 2014); Thompson v. Calderon, 151 F.3d 918, 924 (9th Cir. 1998) (en banc). I

find the rulings of those circuits to express the better view. Cf. In re Holsey, 589

F. App’x 462, 466 (11th Cir. 2014) (Martin, J.) (unpublished) (noting “compelling

arguments that Sawyer’s ‘innocence of the death penalty’ exception should survive

§ 2244(b)’s restrictions”).

      In contrast to this Circuit, those courts recognized that the passage of

AEDPA did not mean Congress intended for courts to wholly abandon all

equitable habeas doctrines. As the Supreme Court explained in Holland v. Florida,

560 U.S. 631, 130 S. Ct. 2549 (2010), “AEDPA seeks to eliminate delays in

federal habeas review” but it “seeks to do so without undermining basic habeas

corpus principles and while seeking to harmonize the new statue with prior law,”

including “equitable principles.” Id. at 648, 130 S. Ct. at 2562. Although

“Congress codified new rules governing this previously judicially managed area of

law, it did so without losing sight of the fact that the writ of habeas corpus plays a

vital role in protecting constitutional rights.” Id. at 649, 130 S. Ct. at 2562

(quotation marks omitted). The Supreme Court thus cautioned that “[t]he

importance of the Great Writ, the only writ explicitly protected by the Constitution,

Art. I, § 9, cl. 2, along with congressional efforts to harmonize the new statute with

prior law, counsels hesitancy before interpreting AEDPA’s statutory silence as

                                           35
             Case: 19-13149     Date Filed: 08/22/2019    Page: 36 of 37

indicating a congressional intent to close courthouse doors that a strong equitable

claim would ordinarily keep open.” Id.

      This Court’s decision in Hill did not heed Holland’s warning. Instead, Hill

relied almost exclusively on congressional silence to foreclose equitable claims.

This is the very thing Holland told us not to do. Neither did the Hill panel seek to

harmonize AEDPA’s restrictions with existing equitable doctrines, as it was

required to do. These errors produced what I view as an inherently flawed decision

and an equally flawed conclusion that AEDPA eliminated the Sawyer exception.

      The Majority Opinion is right when it notes that Holland did not expressly

address the application of the Sawyer exception after the passage of AEDPA. I

rely on it here not for that proposition, but for the idea that AEDPA did not wipe

away the existing equitable doctrines related to the writ of habeas corpus.

      I note, too, the Hill panel failed to appreciate that the language of

§ 2244(b)(2)(B) does not compel an interpretation as narrow as the one this Court

assigned it. See Thompson, 151 F.3d at 924. As the Ninth Circuit explained, “the

words ‘underlying offense’ [in § 2244(b)(2)(B)(ii)] encompass a charge of capital

murder.” Thompson, 151 F.3d at 924. “[T]he difference in the language between

the Sawyer standard and . . . § 2244(b)(2)(B)(ii)” was not intended to obliterate the

Sawyer exception. Thompson, 151 F.3d at 924. Instead, it “was to accommodate

non-capital as well as capital habeas petitions.” Id. Again, the Ninth Circuit offers

                                          36
             Case: 19-13149      Date Filed: 08/22/2019    Page: 37 of 37

a more sound interpretation of § 2244(b)(2)(B). It harmonizes AEDPA with

preexisting equitable doctrines, as the Supreme Court instructed us to do. See

Holland, 560 U.S. at 649, 130 S. Ct. at 2562.It is this Court’s flawed precedent that

stands in the way of any merits review of Mr. Bowles’s intellectual disability

claim. Cases like Mr. Bowles’s demonstrate the need for the Supreme Court or

this Court sitting en banc to revisit the decisions that deny Bowles and others like

him any chance to have their constitutional claims reviewed.

                                          III.

      The time bar imposed by the Florida courts and this Court’s interpretation of

the requirements of AEDPA mean that Florida will end Mr. Bowles’s life without

ever knowing whether his execution violates the Eighth Amendment. I am bound

by the law of this Circuit to concur in the denial of his application for leave to file

a successive habeas petition. But I do not consider this decision to be a just one.

                                           37