Court Opinion

ID: 9542521
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-07 16:35:17.896164+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:08:11.337503
License: Public Domain

JOHNSON, Justice,
dissents.
I respectfully dissent from part III(B) (The Use of the Handcuffs on DuValt Was a Reasonable Means to Execute the Investigatory Stop) and part III(C) (The Discovery of the Vial in DuValt’s Pocket and the Seizure of the Vial Did Not violate the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution) of the Court’s opinion.
In my view, using the totality of the circumstances test employed in State v. Johns, 112 Idaho 873, 736 P.2d 1327 (1987) and State v. Pannell, 127 Idaho 420, 901 P.2d 1321 (1995), leads me to the conclusion that the handcuffing did constitute an arrest. In the present case there was no evidence of (1) prior or threatened violence, (2) the presence of weapons, (3) suspects outnumbering officers, or (4) investigation prior to handcuffing. In my view, Johns and Pannell require that the Court overturn the trial court’s determination that the handcuffing was a reasonable means to execute the investigatory stop. As I read Johns and Pannell, we do not apply a substantial and competent evidence standard to this finding, but review the correctness of the finding based on the totality of the circumstances.