Court Opinion

ID: 8042403
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-09 03:41:42.634979+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:37:22.168343
License: Public Domain

McCarran, C. J.,
dissenting:
I dissent.
Inasmuch as this case was originally assigned to the writer to prepare the opinion of the court, we have transformed our original draft into this dissenting opinion, adding thereto such observations as we deem proper in view of the attitude of the prevailing opinion.
This is an original proceeding in prohibition. From the petition it appears that the state engineer, proceeding under the water law of this state as enacted in 1913 and as amended in 1915, has made and filed with the clerk of the district court of Elko County a certain order of determination, establishing certain water rights, or rights to the use of water on the Salmon River and its tributaries, among which are the water rights of petitioner.
Petitioner alleges that it and its predecessors in interest, being the owners of large tracts of land along the Salmon River, have acquired and maintained vested rights td the use of water upon these lands, and such acquisition was made prior to the enactment of a statute creating the office of state engineer and defining his *33powers and duties. As a basis for the petition, the unconstitutionality of the statute of 1913 and 1915 is declared. The statute itself contains some eighty-odd sections, many of which are not involved in the proceedings here. I shall limit my consideration in this dissenting opinion to those sections of the statute which by reason of the nature of the proceedings are directly involved. The reply to the petition for the writ admits the act of the state engineer in filing his orders of determination with the clerk of the district court. Hence that order of determination, the manner in which it was brought about, its force and effect, are the subjects of inquiry. For this purpose we review and set up certain sections of the statute, some of which, although disconnected or having intervening sections, must be considered together inasmuch as they operate jointly.
Section 29 provides :
“Should any person claiming any interest in the stream system involved in the determination of relative rights to the use of water, whether claiming under vested title or under permit from the state engineer, desire to contest any of the statements and proof of claims filed with the state engineer by any claimant to the waters of such stream system, as herein provided, he shall, within twenty days after said evidence and proofs, as herein provided, shall have been opened to public inspection, or within such further time as for good cause shown may be allowed by the state engineer upon application made prior to the expiration of said twenty (20) days, in writing notify the state engineer, stating with reasonable certainty the grounds of the proposed contest, which statement shall be verified by the affidavit of the contestant, his agent or attorney. * * *”
Section 30, as amended by the act of 1915, is as follows:
“The state engineer shall fix a time and place for the hearing of said contest, which date shall not be less than thirty (30) days nor more than sixty (60) days from the date the notice is served on the persons who are parties to the contest. ■ Said notice may be sent by registered *34mail to the person, and the receipt thereof shall constitute valid and legal service. Said notice may also be served by the state engineer, or by any person qualified and competent to serve subpenas as in civil actions, appointed by him, and returns thereof made in the same manner as in civil actions in the district courts of the state. The state engineer shall have power to adjourn hearings from time to time upon reasonable notice to all parties interested, and to issue subpenas and compel the attendance of witnesses to testify at such hearings, which shall be served in the same manner as subpenas issued out of the district courts of the state. He shall have the power to administer oaths to witnesses. In the case of neglect or refusal on the part of any person to comply with any order of the state engineer or any subpena, or on the refusal of any witness to testify to any matter regarding which he may be lawfully interrogated, it shall be the duty of the district court of any county, or any judge thereof, on application of the state engineer, to issue attachment proceedings for contempt, as in the case of disobedience of a subpena issued from such court, or a refusal to testify therein. Said witnesses shall receive fees as in civil cases, the costs to be taxed in the same manner as in civil actions in this state. The evidence in such proceedings shall be confined to the subjects enumerated in the notice of contest and answer and reply, when the same are permitted to be filed. All testimony taken at such hearings shall be reported and transcribed in its entirety.”
Section 33, as amended by the act of 1915, provides:
“As soon as practicable after the hearing of contests, it shall be the duty of the state engineer to make, and cause to be entered of record in his office, an order determining and establishing the several rights to the waters of said stream; provided, however, that within sixty days after the entry of an order establishing water rights, the state engineer may, for good cause shown, reopen the proceedings and grant a rehearing. Such order of determination shall be certified to by the state *35engineer, and as many copies as required printed in the state printing office. A copy of said order of determination shall be sent by registered mail, or delivered in person, to each person who has filed proof of claim, and to each person who has become interested through intervention or as a contestant under the provisions of section 26 or section 29 of this act.”
Section 34, as amended by the act of 1915, has to do with the filing of the order of determination made by the state engineer. It is as follows:
“As soon as practicable thereafter a certified copy of the order of determination, together with the original evidence and transcript of testimony filed with, or taken before, the state engineer, as aforesaid, duly certified by him, shall be filed with the clerk of the county, as ex officio clerk of the district court, in which said stream system is situated, or, if in more than one county but all within one judicial district, then with the said clerk of the county wherein reside the largest number of parties in interest. But if such stream system shall be in two or more judicial districts, then the state engineer shall notify the district judge of each of such judicial districts of his intent to file such order of determination, whereupon, within ten days after receipt of such notice, such judges shall confer and agree where the court proceedings under this act shall be held and upon the judge who shall preside, and on notification thereof the state engineer shall file said order of determination, evidence, and transcripts with the clerk of the court so designated; provided, that if such district judges fail to notify the state engineer of their agreement, as aforesaid, within five days after the expiration of such ten days, then, and in that event, the state engineer may file such order of determination, evidence, and transcript with the clerk of any county he may elect, and the district judge of such county shall have jurisdiction over the proceedings in relation thereto. In all instances a certified copy of the order of determination shall be filed with the county clerk of each county in which such stream system, or any *36part thereof, is situated. Upon the filing of the certified copy of said order, evidence, and transcript with the clerk of the court in which the proceedings are tó be had, the state engineer shall procure an order from said court setting the time for hearing. The clerk of such court shall immediately furnish the state engineer with a certified copy thereof. It shall be the duty of the state engineer immediately thereupon to mail a copy of such certified order of the court, by registered mail, addressed to each such party in interest at his last known place of residence, and to cause the same to be published at least once a week for four consecutive weeks in some newspaper of general circulation published in each county in which such stream system or any part thereof is located, and the state engineer shall file with the clerk of the court proof of such service by registered mail and by publication. And such service by registered mail and by publication shall be deemed full and sufficient notice to all parties in interest of the date and purpose of such hearing.”
Section 35, as amended by the act of 1915, provides:
“At least five days prior to the day set for hearing ail parties in interest who are aggrieved or dissatisfied with the order of determination of the state engineer shall file with the clerk of said court notice of exceptions to the order of determination of the state engineer, which notice shall state briefly the exceptions taken, and the prayer for relief, and a copy thereof shall be served upon or transmitted to the state engineer by registered mail. The order of determination by the state engineer and the statements or claims of claimants and exceptions made to the order of determination shall constitute the pleadings and there shall be no other pleadings in the cause. If no exceptions shall have been filed with the clerk of the court as aforesaid, then on the day set for the hearing, on motion of the state engineer, or his attorney, the court shall enter a decree affirming said order of determination. On the day set for hearing all parties in interest who have filed notices of exceptions as aforesaid shall appear in person or by counsel, and it *37shall be the duty of the court to hear the same or set the time for hearing, until such exceptions are disposed of, and all proceedings thereunder shall be as nearly as may be in accordance with the rules governing civil actions.”
Section 36, as amended by the act of 1915, provides:
“For further information on any subject in controversy the court may employ one or more qualified persons to investigate and report thereon under oath, subject to examination by any party in interest as to his competency to give expert testimony thereon. The court, may, if necessary, refer the case or any part thereof for such further evidence to be taken by the state engineer as it may direct, and may require a further determination by him, subject to the court’s instructions. After the hearing, the court shall enter a decree affirming or modifying the order of the state engineer. Upon the hearing the court may assess and adjudge against any party such costs as it may deem just and equitable, or may assess the costs in proportion to the amount of water right allotted. Appeals from such decree may be taken to the supreme court by the state engineer or any party in interest, in the same manner and with the same effect as in civil cases.”
Section 38, as amended by the act of 1915, provides
“From and after the filing of the order of determination, evidence, and transcript with the county clerk as aforesaid, and during the time the hearing of said order is pending in the district court, the division of water from the stream involved in such determination shall be made by the state engineer in accordance with said order of determination.”
Section 39, as amended by the act of 1915, provides:
“At any time after the order of determination, evidence and transcript has been filed with the clerk of the court, as aforesaid, the operation of said order of determination may be stayed in whole or in part by any party upon filing a bond in the court wherein such determination is pending in such amount as the judge thereof may prescribe, conditioned that such party will pay all *38damage that may accrue by reason of such determination not being enforced, pending decree by said court. Immediately upon the filing and approval of such bond, the clerk of the court shall transmit to the state engineer a certified copy of such bond, which shall be recorded in the records of his office, and he shall act in accordance with such stay.”
Section 45 of the act is as follows:
“In any suit which may be brought in any district court in the state for the determination of a right or rights to the use of water of any stream, all persons who claim the right to use the waters of such stream and the stream system of which it is a part shall be made parties. When any such suit has been filed, the court shall, by its order duly entered, direct the state engineer, to furnish a complete hydrographic survey of such stream system, which survey shall be made as provided in section 20 of this act, in order to obtain all physical data necessary to the determination of the rights involved. The cost of such suit, including the costs on behalf of the state and of such surveys, shall be charged against each of the private parties thereto in proportion to the amount of water right allotted. In the case of any such suit now pending or hereafter commenced the same may at any time after its inception, in the discretion of the court, be transferred to the state engineer for determination as in this act provided.”
Section 84 declares:
“Nothing in this act contained shall impair the vested right of any person to the use of water, nor shall the right of any person to take and use water be impaired or affected by any of the provisions of this act where appropriations have been initiated in accordance with law prior to the approval of this act. Any and all appropriations, based upon applications and permits now on file in the state engineer’s office, shall be perfected in accordance with the laws in force at the time of their filing.”
Stats. 1913, p. 192; Stats. 1915, p. 378.
Dwelling now on these statutory provisions as we find *39them, and especially these sections, inasmuch as they are the sections directly involved, we may inquire: With what does this statute deal? It deals with that vested estate which one may acquire by diverting water from a public stream and applying the same to a beneficial use. This is commonly termed a water right.
By reason of the nature of the soil and the climatic conditions attendant in western arid and semiarid states, it has been recognized, and rightfully so, that the waters of the public streams are indispensable to the land, the productiveness of the whole depending entirely, as it does, upon the beneficial application of the former. This being true, the land and the water as beneficially applied thereto must be, and indeed have been by courts and text-writers, regarded as one by reason of their correlation. Property in land acquires its value and importance, its very life in regions such as that encompassed by this state, from the application of water. A vested right to divert the waters from a public stream and apply them to a beneficial use in the way of irrigation applies to and is of the very nature of the realty itself. A deprivation of the land made valuable by the application of water diverted from a public stream would no more affect the property rights of the individual than would the deprivation of the water itself by reason of which the value of the estate was acquired and without which it would be worthless.
In the case of Conant v. Deep Creek & C. Valley Irrigation Co., 23 Utah, 627, 66 Pac. 188, 90 Am. St. Rep. 721, the supreme court of that state declared in effect that an action to ascertain, determine, and decree the extent and priority of water rights partakes of the nature of an action to quiet title to real estate. The same court, in the case of Taylor v. Hulett, 15 Idaho, 265, 97 Pac. 37, 19 L. R. A. (N. S.) 535, held that a water right appurtenant to irrigated land was real property.
The right to the flow and use of water, being a right in a natural resource, was held by the Supreme Court of Colorado, in the case of Travelers’ Insurance Co. v. *40Childs, 25 Colo. 360, 54 Pac. 1020, to be real estate; and to the same effect will be found Davis v. Randall, 44 Colo. 488, 99 Pac. 322, and Bates v. Hall, 44 Colo. 360, 98 Pac. 3.
In the case of Hill v. Newman, 5 Cal. 445, 63 Am. Dec. 140, the Supreme Court of California held that a justice of the peace, although conferred with jurisdiction to try and determine actions for damages for takn ing, detaining -and injuring personal property, had no 'jurisdiction over an action for diversion of water because it was an action concerning title to real estate. Holding to the same conclusion, we find the case of Griseza v. Terwilliger, 144 Cal. 456, 77 Pac. 1034.
In the case of Yankee Jim’s Union Water Co. v. Crary, 25 Cal. 504, 85 Am. Dec. 145, the Supreme Court of California held that water rights may be held, granted, abandoned, or lost by the same means as a right of the same character issuing out of lands to which a private title exists, saying that:
“The right of the first appropriator may be lost, in whole or in some limited portions, by the adverse possession of another. And when such person has had the continued, uninterrupted, and adverse enjoyment of the watercourse, or of some certain portion of it, during the period limited by the statute of limitations for entry upon lands, the law will presume a grant of the right so held and enj oyed by him.”
Supporting this general proposition of law may be found the cases of Lower Kings River Water Ditch Co. v. Kings River & F. C. Co., 60 Cal. 410, and Last Chance Co. v. Emigrant Ditch Co., 129 Cal. 278, 61 Pac. 960. See, also, Hayes v. Fine, 91 Cal. 398, 27 Pac. 772; Stanislaus Water Co. v. Bachman, 152 Cal. 716, 93 Pac. 858, 115 L. R. A. (N. S.) 359.
Mr. Kinney, in his work on Irrigation and Water Rights, summing up the subject, puts it thus :
“It is generally conceded by all the authorities that a water right, or an interest in a water right, is real property, and it is so treated, under all the rules of law *41appertaining to such property.” Kinney on Irrigation and Water Rights (2d Ed.), vol. 2, p. 1328.
The assertion of the author in this respect is supported by a line of authorities wherein the question has been discussed and determined in nearly every phase.
To the same effect will be found the holding of the courts in the cases of Hough v. Porter, 51 Or. 318, 95 Pac. 732, 98 Pac. 1083, 102 Pac. 728; Town of Sterling et al. v. Pawnee Ditch Extension Co., 42 Colo. 421, 94 Pac. 339, 15 L. R. A. (N. S.) 238; Fisher et al. v. Bountiful City, 21 Utah, 29, 59 Pac. 520.
Mr. Weil, in his work on Water Rights in the Western States (vol. 1), asserts the same general principle.
Our legislature has in but one instance, so far as we are able to ascertain, attempted to define the term “real property,” and in that instance they declared that:
“The term ‘real property’ shall include every estate, interest and right in lands, tenements, and heredita-ments, corporeal or incorporeal.” Section 6294, subd. 10, Rev. Laws.
In the case of Rickey Land and Cattle Co. v. Miller & Lux, 152 Fed. 11, 81 C. C. A. 207, Judge Wolverton, speaking for the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, analyzed the question at hand with a finesse which is to our mind unanswerable, and there the court, after a complete analysis in which he referred to numerous cases supporting the position, held that an appropriation of water from a public stream put to a beneficial use “savors of and is a part of the real estate.” Speaking of the nature of the suit, which was in that instance one to determine water rights on the Walker River, the court said:
“The suit, * * * in its purpose and effect, is one to quiet title to realty.”
This court, speaking through Mr. Justice Hawley, has declared to the same effect, holding that a right to the use of water diverted from a public stream should be regarded and protected as property. Dalton v. Bow-ker, 8 Nev. 190.
*42Hence, it may be asserted as the first and major premise of the position which we here take that the subject-matter dealt with by the sections of the act referred to is real property.
The validity of this act is challenged under the several sections of our constitution, as well as under the fourteenth amendment. Article 1, section 8, of our constitution provides, inter alia:
“No person shall be subject to be twice put in jeopardy for the same offense * * * nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law. * * * ”
Article 3, section 1, provides:
“The powers of the government of the State of Nevada shall be divided into three separate departments — the legislative, the executive, and the judicial; and no persons charged with the exercise of powers properly belonging to one of these departments shall exercise any functions appertaining to either of the others, except in the cases herein expressly directed or permitted.”
Article 4, sections 1 and 6, provide:
“Section 1. The judicial power of this state shall be vested in a supreme court, district courts, and injustices of the peace. The legislature may also establish courts, for municipal purposes only, in incorporated cities and towns.”
“Sec. 6. The district courts in the several judicial districts of this state shall have original jurisdiction in all cases in equity; also in all cases at law which involve the title or the right of possession to, or the possession of real property, or mining claims, or the legality of any tax, impost, assessment, toll or municipal fine, and in all other cases in which the demand (exclusive of interest) or the value of the property in controversy exceeds three hundred dollars. * * * They shall also have final appellate jurisdiction in cases arising in justices’ courts, and such other inferior tribunals as may be established by law. The district courts, and the judges thereof, shall have power to issue writs of *43mandamus, injunction, quo warranto, certiorari, and all other writs proper and necessary to the complete exercise of their jurisdiction. * * *”
The framers of our constitution, judging from the report of debates upon the subject, appear to have been most zealous and careful in the language selected and the terms used in each particular section and article. It was no haphazard selection of provisions thrown together for the purpose of forming the fundamental law for the government of a new state. Words were selected with regard to their true, usual, and ordinary acceptation and meaning; and we, in construing and applying these provisions, now may well give these terms the very broadest meaning of which they are susceptible, but none such as would be inconsistent with the spirit and intent of the framers of that organic law.
Mr. Chief Justice Marshall, in the case of Gibbons v. Ogden, 9 Wheat. 1, 6 L. Ed. 23, at page 188, expresses the idea when he says that the framers of the constitution must be understood to have employed words in their natural sense and to have intended what they have said. The application of this rule would forbid forced or unnatural- construction to be put upon the language found in the constitutional provisions. “This,” says Mr. Cooley, “seems so obvious a truism that one expects to see it universally accepted without question; but the attempt is made so often by interested subtlety and ingenious refinement to induce the courts to force from these instruments a meaning which their framers never held, that it frequently becomes necessary to redeclare this fundamental maxim.” Cooley, Constitutional Limitations, p. 93.
In so far as the sections of the water law of this state directly involved in the proceedings in the district court are concerned, and in our attempt to test them under the constitutional provisions, we may be mindful of the rule that we are bound to indulge in the presumption of the validity of the statute, and we should so construe unless we find in the constitution some specific inhibition *44which has been disregarded or some express command which has been disobeyed.
Reluctant as we may be to accept a responsibility wherein by reason of the nature of our duties we may be called upon to nullify the enactment of the legislative branch of the government, the seriousness of that responsibility impresses us all the more with the necessity that we should speak plainly and emphatically, and when we find some specific inhibition of the constitution which has been disregarded or some express command thereof which has been disobeyed, we should adopt no apologetic language, but declare the condition, that the future-may be benefited thereby.
Sections 25, 30, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, and 39 of the water law as amended seek to deal in a determinative way with the subject of real property. In this and in the results accomplished pursuant to these statutory provisions, has a specific inhibition of the constitution been disregarded, has some express command of the constitution been disobeyed? This is the scope and limit of our inquiry. The identical question here presented was up for consideration before the Federal District Court of the District of Nevada.but a short time since (Bergman v. Kearney [D. C.] 241 Fed. 884), and inasmuch as the view expressed there by the learned judge is the apparent inspiration of the prevailing opinion here, we deem both eminently worthy of review.
Certain sections of this act — and to these sections we confine ourselves entirely. — would confer upon the state engineer the power to determine in the first instance the title to and the right to possession of real property as such is founded in the use and beneficial application of water diverted from the public streams.
The framers of our constitution, recognizing that some tribunal or arbiter was necessary for the settlement of disputes and controversies having to do with the title to or possession of real property, designated in no uncertain language the district court as created by the constitution to be the tribunal that should have *45jurisdiction over such matters. The district court by the express provisions of the constitution (art. 6, sec. 6) is conferred with original jurisdiction of cases in equity, and cases at law “which involve the title or right of possession to or possession of real property.”
Sections 29, 30, 33, and 34 of the act provide for the institution, hearing, and determination of a contest, the subject of which is the right of the contestants to a stated appropriation of water. Under these sections the state engineer assumes functions of equal significance to a constituted court. The pleadings are provided for and the issues of fact and law are thereby made. Witnesses are required to testify before the state engineer. The subject-matter of the action is the independent, usufructuary estate in the use of water. Vested rights are set up and their validity passed upon by the state engineer. An order is made and caused to be entered of record by the engineer “determining and establishing” these rights, vested or otherwise. The order of the state engineer thus made becomes effective against the property of the parties contestant immediately on its being filed with the clerk of the district court. This is the original or initial proceeding involving property of the highest order. Is the function judicial? Is it “the exercise of that portion of judicial •authority appertaining to or belonging to the judicial department? Bergman v. Kearney, supra. It is not necessary for this court to answer this query. The organic law (sec. 6, art. 6) answers far above our power to add or detract. It is the exercise of that portion, of judicial authority belonging originally to the district court.
By section 35 the district court, the constituted court of original jurisdiction, is made a court of review only. The order of determination having already been made and filed by the state engineer pursuant to sections 29, 30, 33, and 34, and the establishment having been already set up and put into effect, the district court reviews the orders and establishments already made by *46the state engineer, and this review is limited to the orders of determination made, and is circumscribed as to those orders by the scope of the exceptions filed as provided in section 35. We say this because the pleadings as fixed by section 35 being “the order of determination of the state engineer and the statements or claims of claimants and exceptions made to the order of determination” limit and fix the scope of the review that may be conducted by the district court. Finally, the district court may, pursuant to section 36, do but one of two prescribed acts: “Affirm or modify the order of the state engineer.” So by these sections it is sought to transfer the court of original jurisdiction into a court of review, where its field of review is limited and its powers or relief are fixed, and where the greatest function that it can perform with reference to a subject-matter over which it was by the organic law given original jurisdiction is to affirm or modify orders made originally by another tribunal. If this statute is to be upheld, the district court ceases to be a court of first instance as to these matters and becomes a court invested with limited powers of review and yet more limited powers as to the making of orders therein. Instead of being a proceeding the initial stages of which are before the engineer and the final stages before the district court, the reverse is the fact, for it is the order of determination as initially and finally made by the. state engineer that is dealt with by the district court. Such order by the language of section 36 is final, subject only to modification by the district court. Modification has to do rather with degree of effectiveness than with finality. If that court affirms, it merely reasserts (Standard Diet.) an order in the making of which it had no part. Certainly, it will not be seriously contended that this is the original jurisdiction prescribed by section 6 of article 6 of the constitution as belonging to the district court.
The Supreme Court of the United States, in Pacific *47Live Stock Co. v. Lewis, referring to the Oregon law under the Oregon constitution, said:
“That the state, consistently with due process of law, may thus commit the preliminary proceedings to the board and the final hearing and adj udication to the court is not debatable.” Pacific Live Stock Co. v. Lewis, 241 U. S. 440, 36 Sup. Ct. 637, 60 L. Ed. 1084.
Such observations might, under the peculiar language of the Oregon constitution, making no mention of the matter of original jurisdiction over real property, be pertinent. Again, it' might apply by reason of the peculiar reviewing powers conferred on the circuit court of Oregon by their constitution. But under our constitution, which of itself “commits the preliminary proceedings” in matters involving title to real property specifically to the district court and limits the power of review by such court to certain matters arising in the justice’s court only (Anderson v. Kearney, 37 Nev. 314, 142 Pac. 803), such an observation as that made in the Lewis case is not to be anticipated.
It is asserted that the proceeding following the acts of the state engineer in making his determination and establishment is a special proceeding; that the transfer from the state engineer’s office to the district court is not an appeal.
Taking the first assertion as to special proceeding, it must be admitted that, if it is a special proceeding, it is one originating before a ministerial officer; and, if it is a special proceeding, it is one involving title to real property, a subject constitutionally assigned to the judicial branch of the government. If it is a special proceeding, its culmination is an order establishing rights to the possession of real property, an order, the finality of which can, by the terms of section 36, be disturbed by the district court to the extent only of modification.
Taking the second assertion, that the proceeding in the district court is not an appeal, the language of the statute (section 36) precludes the idea of a trial de novo. *48The latter term implies complete power to try and determine as of the first instance. The language of the statute here studiously avoids such, and makes the power of determination of the district court limited to affirmance or modification of an order of establishment already made and entered by a subordinate authority. Can it be seriously contended that this is the original jurisdiction reposed in the district court by the framers of article 6, section 6, of the constitution? However minutely the district court may review the proceedings under the exceptions taken (section 35), whatever evidence may be produced before the district court within the scope of the exceptions, however erroneous or unfounded the court may find the determination of the state engineer, such determination must stand in that court subject only to modification. The determination of the state engineer when filed in the district court under our statute (section 34) is not there as a matter of evidence (Pacific Live Stock Co. v. Lewis, supra; In Re Willow Creek, 74 Or. 592, 144 Pac. 505, 146 Pac. 475). It has passed beyond the realm of the evidentiary. It cannot be excluded. The rules of materiality, relevancy, competency, and general admissibility are inoperative, because the statute confirms it as a fixity which must be affirmed, or at most can be but modified. How in seriousness can it be said that this order of determination, made originally by the state engineer, the finality of which cannot be disturbed, but at most can be but modified, is not of the very essence of that which is the sine qua non of that judicial power vested in the original jurisdiction of the district court? True, the form of the procedure whereby the determination of the state engineer goes to the district court is not such as we are accustomed to recognize as an appeal, but the substance of the whole proceeding in the district court is that of review only, review looking only to affirmance or modification. An appeal or review, except where it is provided for hearing de novo, is not to be regarded as a trial. People v. McKemy, 168 Cal. 531, 143 Pac. 752. *49Hence, the trial, if there be one, in which is involved the title or right to possession of real property in so far as the same is involved in a vested water right is, under this statute, originally conducted, and the original order of determination is entered by the state engineer.
A review of that trial looking only to affirmance or modification of that order is conducted in the district court; and, whether this review be termed an appeal or a special proceeding, the substance and result are the same. Due process of law as affecting real property under our constitution (art. 6, sec. 6) placed the power of original trial and final determination in the district court; the whole matter was one for the judicial branch of the government only. This was a constitutional guaranty under section 8, article 1. The judicial authority of the state “may,” says the Supreme Court of the United States, “keep within the letter of the statute prescribing forms of procedure in the courts and giving the parties interested the fullest opportunity to be heard, and yet it might be that its final action would be inconsistent with the amendment (Fourteenth Amendment, United States Constitution). In determining what is due process of law, regard must be had to substance, not to form.” Chicago, Burlington and Quincy R. R. Co. v. City of Chicago, 166 U. S. 226, 17 Sup. Ct. 581, 41 L. Ed. 979.
And again in the case of Davidson v. New Orleans, 96 U. S. 97, 24 L. Ed. 616, that court made the pertinent observation:
“Can a state make anything due process of law which, by its own legislation, it chooses to declare such? To affirm this is to hold that the prohibition to the states is of no avail, or has no application where the invasion of private rights is effected under the forms of state legislation.”
By this statute and under the sections providing for the trial and determination by the state engineer of property rights in the contest proceeding (secs. 29, 80, 33, 34, 35, and 36), that officer is made to assume the *50powers properly belonging to the judicial branch of the government.
These sections of the water statute were taken largely from a similar statute found in the State of Oregon. In passing upon these sections of the act as they are now amended by our statute of 1915, the federal court, in Bergman v. Kearney, adopted the conclusion announced by the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of Pacific Live Stock Co. v. Lewis, supra, where like provisions of the Oregon statute were challenged. The constitution of Oregon (art. 7, sec. 9) provides:
“All judicial power, authority, and jurisdiction not vested by this constitution, or by laws consistent therewith, exclusively in some other court, shall belong to the circuit courts; and they shall have appellate jurisdiction and supervisory control over the county courts, and all other inferior courts, officers, and tribunals.”
In the Lewis case the appellant concluded, as does petitioner here, that the proceeding in the circuit court constituted an appeal and was therefore a proceeding, the nature of which was not properly belonging to the circuit court. The Supreme Court of the United States, reviewing this provision of the water law of Oregon, in response to the argument of appellant, said:
“A serious fault in this contention is that it does not recognize the true relation of the proceeding before the board to that before the court. They are not independent or unrelated, but parts of a single statutory proceeding, the earlier stages of which are before the board and the later stages before the court. In notifying claimants, taking statements of claim, receiving evidence, and making an advisory report, the board merely paves the way for an adjudication by the court of all the rights involved. As the supreme court of the state has said, the board’s duties are much like those of a referee.” Pacific Live Stock Co. v. Lewis, supra.
Speaking of this phase of our water law, Judge Farrington, in his opinion in the case of Bergman v. Kearney, said:
*51“There is no appeal from the determination of the engineer to the district court, but rather a continuation in that court of proceedings commenced by and before the state engineer.”
The decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of Pacific Live Stock Co. v. Lewis, while it appears to have afforded the thought which guided the learned judge of the federal court in the assertion just quoted, appears to our mind to afford no assistance in deciding the question as to the nature of the proceedings before the state engineer and as to the validity of sections 30, 33, 34, 35, 36, and 38 of the statute under the sections of our constitution. In that case the court was, as it expressly declares, guided by the decision of the Supreme Court of Oregon in the case of In Re Willow Creek, supra. This latter decision of the Supreme Court of Oregon was construing the statute of that state in the light of their constitution, wherein the jurisdiction of the circuit court is as stated. Under their constitutional provision the way was made clear for matters such as the investigation by the circuit court of the findings and determination of the water board, the latter being the “early stages” of a statutory proceeding, the “later stages” of which might be before the circuit court under its constitutional grant of “appellate jurisdiction and supervisory control over * * * officers and tribunals.”
It is said in the prevailing opinion that neither the constitution of Nebraska nor Nevada “has a word to say about irrigation.” Hence, the decision of the Supreme Court of Nebraska in the cases of Crawford v. Hathaway, 60 Neb. 754, 84 N. W. 271, and Enterprise Irrigation District v. Tri-State Land Co., 92 Neb. 121, 138 N. W. 171, should be guiding authorities here. True, neither the constitution of Nevada nor that of Nebraska mentions irrigation; in both, however, property rights are protected. But, singularly, in Nevada real property is a subject over which a given tribunal, the district court, is vested with original jurisdiction. No such provision is found in the constitution of Nebraska. This same distinction may be noted in comparing the constitution of *52Nevada with those of Wyoming and Oregon, and this distinction differentiates the effect of the water statute of those states from that of ours under our constitutional provisions. This differentiation takes from the force and effect of the decisions rendered in the states named.
The function exercised by the state engineer under sections 29, 30, 33, and 34 being an original “determination and establishment” of the right to possession and enjoyment of property arrived at after a trial conducted with all the formality with which such would be conducted in a court of established jurisdiction, attended with all the seriousness and responsibility that is always attendant where title and right to possession of property is involved, is one which by the express command of the constitution is placed in the district court, which by the specific inhibition of that organic law is denied to any other authority.
Keeping always in mind the nature of the proceeding contemplated by our water law and the character and nature of the subject-matter, and realizing that our water law was largely, drafted from the Oregon statute, we may dwell with more than usual seriousness on a comparison of the constitutional grant of jurisdiction of our district court with that of. the circuit court of Oregon. The constitution of Oregon (art. 7, sec. 1), vests the judicial power of the state in the supreme court, circuit court, and county courts. To the circuit court is granted general jurisdiction to be limited, regulated, and defined by law. Section 9 of article 7 makes clear the placing of all judicial power not otherwise vested by the constitution or by laws in the circuit court. The term “jurisdiction” as applied to courts has been-variously defined. It is:
“The power conferred on a court by constitution or statute to take cognizance of the subject-matter of a litigation and the parties brought before it, and to legally hear, try, and determine the issues * * * joined by them, either of law or of fact.” Brown on Jurisdiction, sec. 2. Western Union Tel. Co. v. Arnold, 33 Tex. Civ. App. 306, 77 S. W. 249.
*53“Jurisdiction is the right to put the wheels of justice in motion and to proceed to the final- determination of a cause upon the pleadings and evidence.” Illinois Central R. Co. v. Adams, 180 U. S. 28, 21 Sup. Ct. 251, 45 L. Ed. 410; Venner v. Great Northern Ry., 209 U. S. 24, 28 Sup. Ct. 328, 52 L. Ed. 666.
Jurisdiction is not only the power to hear and- determine, but also the power to render a particular judgment in a particular case. Charles v. White, 214 Mo. 187, 112 S. W. 545, 21 L. R. A. (N. S.) 481, 127 Am. St. Rep. 674.
Turning to our constitution (art. 6, sec. 6), we find specific conference of jurisdiction placed in the district court with reference to a given and specific subject-matter — to wit, title to real property and the right of possession thereto — so the right to put the wheels of justice in motion and proceed to final determination as to these specific subjects is vested in our district court. Moreover, the section of the organic law referred to gives the district court original jurisdiction. The word “original” is defined as:
“Of or belonging to the beginning; the first stage or existence of a thing.” Standard Dictionary.
“Of or pertaining to the origin or beginning; first in order or existence; belonging to or being the origin or source.” Webster.
“Pertaining to or characteristic of the first or earliest stages or state of anything.” Century.
“Proceeding immediately from its source; not arising from or dependent on any other thing; independent; underivative.” Oxford.
Our constitution not only specifies the branch of the state government in which that particular subject — to wit, title to and possession of real property — shall be determined, and specifically provides the forum in which such matters may be heard and determined, but with equal emphasis it declares that forum to be the situs of the first stage or existence of a case involving matters of this general character. It is a well-established doctrine that the extent, character, and completeness of jurisdiction of a court is ordinarily to be determined by the *54provisions of the organic law or by such statutory provisions as may be enacted thereunder. To give sanction to the expression found in the prevailing opinion, and taken from the opinion of the federal district court in the case of Bergman v. Kearney, wherein it is declared that the proceedings provided for by sections 36, 37, and 38 are but a continuation in the district court of proceedings commenced by and before the state engineer, we must close our eyes not only to the technical but to the ordinary acceptation and meaning of the term “original jurisdiction” as found in section 6 of article 6 of our constitution applicable to our district court. The term permits of no such interpretation as signifying the continuation of a something commenced before any other authority. This term is applied to a specific forum which is empowered to deal originally with specific subjects; it limits the place of first existence of actions with reference to the matters named. Actions commenced in a court endowed with original jurisdiction must, by reason of the very terms used, giving the words their very broadest scope and significance, be independent and unrelated to any primary' or inferior authorities. Original jurisdiction is a vested power which bears no relation to prior proceedings. It is a power independent and unrelated; hence, the view taken by the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of Pacific Live Stock Co. v. Lewis, supra, as to the validity of the Oregon law in the light of the Oregon constitution, cannot be binding or applicable, and we regret that it can be of no assistance in view of the vested power and emphatic exclusiveness thereof placed specifically in the district court by the constitution of this state as to the subject of real property, its title and possession.
Addressing himself to this phase of the question and to the same contention as that of petitioner here, the learned judge of the federal court in the case of Bergman v. Kearney, says:
“The insistence that the proceedings provided in the statute as amended are tántamount to an appeal to *55the district court, as authorized in the act of 1913, is not well founded. At no stage does the determination possess any of the characteristics of finality; it cannot be regarded as terminating between the parties litigation on the merits of the case.”
We dwell on the words of the learned judge, because they give force to our position both as to section 88 and also as to the effect of sections 34, 35, 36, and 37.
The very thing prescribed against by section 6 of article 6 of the constitution is here presented — to wit, a proceeding involving title to or possession of real property brought before the district court, the initial stage or existence of which was before another jurisdiction or officer. Moreover, by the operation of these sections in conjunction with section 38, not only are the initial' stages and existence of the proceedings brought before an authority other than that prescribed by section 6 of article 6 of the constitution, but the initial order of determination is before another authority, and more, the initial power of execution of such orders of determination (section 38), which execution lays hold on real property, divests of or confers possession, declares the right of possession to, and would deliver possession thereof; all of which powers are by the constitutional prescription placed originally in the district court.
In reference to this proceeding, the court, in Bergman v. Kearney, further comments:
“It [the order of determination] operates, not as a judgment, but as a pleading, or the findings of a referee.’-’
Again we dwell on the words of the learned federal court, for we may emphasize our thoughts thereby.
Section 33 requires the state engineer to “make, and cause to be entered of record in his office, an order determining and establishing the several rights to the waters of said stream. * * *” Section 34 provides for the filing of this order of determination and establishment in the office of the clerk of the court. This is made and entered prior to any court action.
A pleading is a statement of causes of action or *56grounds of defense; allegations of what is affirmed on one side or denied on the other, disclosing to the tribunal of trial the matter in dispute between the parties. It seems to us we are going far afield when we try to apply this definition to an order of determination filed in a court, subject to attack only within the scope of exceptions filed thereto, and which order of determination can only be affected in that court to the extent of modification or affirmance.
Section 38 commands the state engineer, after filing his order of determination with the clerk of the district court, to immediately assume the role of executioner, and without let or hindrance, as though clothed with all the equitable writs, enter upon private property, close and open headgates, confer or divest possession of property. Let us view section 38 under the theory of respondent that the state engineer might exercise the powers there sought to be conferred because his action in this respect was but temporary at most and was not final. If this ministerial officer can confer or divest title to property for the period of an hour, if he can for a day oust of or instate to possession of real property, what Is there to limit the time during which his order conferring or divesting title or ousting of or instating to possession may be enforced? If the determination and order and the execution thereof made by the state engineer affecting the title to and right to possession of real property can, under our constitution, be effective for the shortest period of time, can it not with equal sanction be made to be effective at the pleasure of that officer? When the constitution declared that where a controversy ¿rose involving the title or right to possession of real property it should originate in the district court, did it infer there that any other power than that tribunal could even temporarily oust of possession or divest of ownership? Was not the jurisdiction conferred on the district court by article 6, section 6, original and exclusively so? If so, then by what other means than the power and process of the district court may title to real property or the right *57to possession thereof be even temporarily determined? The prevailing opinion in dealing with section'S8 waives it aside by alluding to the provision of section 39, wherein it declares that the operation of the order of determination “may be stayed in whole or in part by any party upon filing a bond in the court wherein such determination is pending.” We deem it sufficient observation to say that we are here required to determine whether a law is contrary to constitutional prescription* rather than as to how the effect of the law may be avoided. Section 38 is before us in this proceeding more effectually than any other section of the statute. It is no answer to the question of constitutionality to say that the effect of the law may be stayed by the giving of a bond by the party against whom the operation of the law may be enforced. Such does not operate to make a void law valid, nor does the fact that by this means there is offered a simple way of avoiding the force of the law resolve the question of its constitutionality. This section deals with property of the highest order and of which no man may be deprived without due process of law. Const, sec. 8, art 1. The question is not, may the force of this statute be avoided by some court order, such as the issuance of an extraordinary writ, but, rather, does the statute when enforced place in the hands of some ministerial officer, power and privilege which by the organic law may only be exercised by the judicial branch of the government? We have declared that where the means for the exercise of a grant of power are given, no other or different means can be employed as being more effectual or convenient. State v. Hallock, 14 Nev. 202, 33 Am. Rep. 559; Fletcher v. Oliver, 25 Ark. 289.
Let us suppose that a statute was enacted authorizing the state engineer to inquire as to the title and right to possession of all lands contiguous to the natural watercourses in this state, and that as to a strip of land for one mile on each side of such watercourses he was empowered to inquire as to the ownership or right to *58possession and to “determine and establish” the same, and, after.filing his determination and establishment in the office of the clerk of the district court, he was empowered by the statute to issue his orders, putting, his determination and establishment into effect. Let us suppose that pursuant to such statute the state engineer, having determined and established title and right to possession of the lands adjacent and contiguous to the Carson River system, sought to exercise his orders, and in furtherance thereof directed that certain parties vacate a given tract, and that the same be turned over to another; that certain gates be thrown open and others permanently closed; that certain titles were good and sufficient and others were void — would such a statute be constitutional? Under section 6 of article 7 of our organic law, would such acts be recognized ? Manifestly not. A writ of injunction would no doubt lie to prevent the acts of the state engineer in this respect, but if the statute be challenged as to its constitutionality, would it be a sufficient answer for this court to say that, inasmuch as a remedy was available by way of injunction, the question of constitutionality might be overlooked? Would this court be warranted, when called upon to declare as to the constitutionality of the statute, in saying: “Assuming that this statute is unconstitutional, the parties are protected in their property rights, inasmuch as they may seek relief by injunction,” or would it suffice to say that, inasmuch as injunction might be sought to prevent the acts of the engineer, therefore the act was not in contravention of the organic law?
But there is another observation that might be made as to the availability of a remedy by injunction against the order determining and establishing water rights under section 33 of the statute under consideration and against the enforcement of such orders as provided for by section 38 of the statute. The learned judge of the federal court in the Bergman case, like the prevailing opinion in this case, passed lightly over sections 33 *59and 38 and laid emphasis on the so-called remedy offered by section 39. The prevailing opinion contents itself with the assumptive hypothesis that section 38 is unconstitutional. In order to typify the remedy suggested by section 39, relied upon in the prevailing opinion, let us assume that an appropriator on the upper waters of the North Fork of the Humboldt (a tributary of the Humboldt River system), finding his vested rights impaired by the state engineer, seeks the remedy of injunction to prevent his being deprived of his property by the acts of that officer. For immediate relief he must act under section 39 of the statute, which provides:
“At any time after the order of determination, evidence and transcript has been filed with the clerk of the court, as aforesaid, the operation of said order of determination may be stayed in whole or in part by any party upon filing a bond in the court wherein such determination is pending in such amount as the judge thereof may prescribe, conditioned that such party will pay all damage that may accrue by reason of s%ich determination not being enforced, pending decree by said court.- * * *” (We italicize.) ■
To whom may damage accrue by reason of such determination not being enforced ? All the appropriators on a stream system affected by the order of determination made by the state engineer whose order of determination the appropriator seeks to stay. The injunction proceedings must be and are none other than a proceeding for the determination of a water right and to relieve such water right of an order unjustly and illegally made. That being true, the party seeking injunctive relief, unless he brings in all the appropriators on the stream, will be met with the objection of defect of parties defendant, because by section 45 of the original act of 1913 it is provided that:
“In any suit which may be brought in any district court in the state for the determination of a right or rights to the use of water of any stream, all persons who *60claim the right to use the waters of such stream and the stream, system of which it is a part shall be made parties,” etc. Stats. 1913, p. 204.
So our appropriator on the North Fork seeking injunc-tive relief from the order affecting his property must bring in as parties defendant, under the authority of sections 39 and 45, not alone the state engineer, but “all persons who claim the right to use the waters of such stream and the stream system of which it is a part.” The stream system of which the North Fork is a part is the Humboldt River system, extending from northern Elko County to western Humboldt County, affecting a culture watered area of approximately 300,000 acres, with more than 400 water users and appropriators. The court in fixing the bond before the issuance of the injunction must do so with a view to the “damage that may accrue by reason of such determination not being enforced,” and the. condition must run accordingly. Injunctive relief under such conditions is the adequate protection suggested by the prevailing opinion, afforded by way of staying the order of determination. To him whose property has been taken, whose vested rights have been divested, whose possession has been ousted, whose title may have been set aside, an injunction under such conditions is said to be available. Section 39, taken, as it must be, in connection with section 45 of the act of 1913, makes injunctive relief a useless and impossible thing. However just may be the appropriator’s cause, however secure and well founded may be his vested right, immediate relief from the effects of an order, however unjust or unauthorized, is a thing impossible. A more effective plan of making the determination and order of the state engineer entered and put forth under sections 33 and 38 free from interference by court action could scarcely be conceived. By these sections a condition, and not a theory, is presented. The injunctive relief offered by section 39, when sought for, will, in the light of section 45, be found to be a remedy that does not relieve, a function without substance, a *61camouflage which serves the purpose of covering the hidden sting in section 38.'
Respondents contend that section 38 is put in force only by the properly constituted authority, and in furtherance of this they argue that not until the final order and decree of the state engineer are filed with the clerk of the district court may such order become operative. In this, they say, is due process.
The contention of respondents in this respect finds sanction only in the fact that the order of determination, evidence, and transcript are filed with the clerk of that tribunal wherein is vested the original power to determine matters of that nature. If we read the section correctly, it calls for no judicial investigation or sanction to put it in operation. From the time the state engineer files the orders of determination which he made, affecting certain property rights, he might set about under the sanction -of section 38 and from thence exercise all the jurisdiction and powers that by the organic law were reposed in the district court. The judge of the district court, that constituted officer whose judgment and decision is presumed to be exercised and in whom is reposed the powers and duties under the' law of determining title, possession, and right to possession of real property, might be in the remote ends of the state, yet by the mere act of filing his determination the state engineer becomes clothed with powers to fix, limit, regulate, establish, and set up the title or the right of possession or the possession of real property within that judicial district. This statute may give evidence of a studied effort to clothe the proceedings with the outward form of due process of law, but with that ingenious refinement of which Mr. Cooley makes mention, it is made devoid of the substance. Chicago, Burlington & Q. R. R. Co. v. City of Chicago, supra.
Section 38 ousts the district court of its constitutional function and seeks to repose in a ministerial officer powers which belong exclusively in that court. It is in contravention of the letter and spirit of the constitution, *62as expressed in section 6, article 6, as well as in article 3, section 1.
In the case of Bergman v. Kearney, supra, plaintiff contended, as does petitioner here, that these sections of the act were void as conferring judicial powers-on a non judicial officer. In the opinion in that case, the court took occasion to remark:
“Apparently it is not the exercise of all judicial authority, but the exercise of that portion of the judicial authority pertaining or belonging to the judicial department, which is forbidden.”
We would search in vain for an expression more cogent to the furtherance of our views. Real property, the title thereof, and questions involving the possession or right of possession thereof, are all matters which the constitution ordained should be originally dealt with, pertain to, and belong to the judicial department. These matters are exclusively and originally within the jurisdictional authority pertaining and belonging to the district court. The exercise of judicial authority to the extent of ousting from or conferring possession of real property is not only ultimately, but originally, in the district court, and any act which seeks to place this power to any extent in any other tribunal, board, body, or officer must fall by the force of the organic law, and especially under the view thereof as expressed by the learned judge of the federal court.
It is the exception found in section 1 of article 3 of our constitution that adds emphasis to the application of the expression of the learned judge of the federal court:
“No persons charged with the exercise of powers properly belonging to one of these deparments shall exercise any functions appertaining to either of the others, except in cases herein expressly directed or permitted.”
There are exceptions expressly directed and permitted by the organic law itself. These exceptions furnished the basis for the assertion in the Bergman-Kearney case that “a complete and perfect separation of powers is *63not made by the constitution itself.” The veto power of the governor is authorized by the constitution; likewise the lieutenant-governor is made the presiding officer of the senate. It is by constitutional provision that the legislature is made the judge of the qualifications of its own members, and the senate the high court of impeachment. By section 6, article 6, the original jurisdiction over the subject of real property, title thereto, and possession thereof, was specifically vested in the judicial branch, and no exception is expressly directed or permitted, nor can such exception be inferred from the language employed. The power of originally putting in motion the wheels of justice applicable to the title or right to possession of real property is seated in a designated branch of the government, and that without the remotest inference of exception:
“When the constitution defines the circumstances under which a right may be exercised or a penalty imposed, the specification is an implied prohibition against legislative interference to add to the condition.” Cooley, Constitutional Limitations, p. 99.
It is seriously contended here that the powers sought' to be conferred on the state engineer by section 29 and those sections following are not such as belong to judicial officers; and in furtherance of this argument it is said that all acts judicial in their nature are not within the exclusive province of the judicial department of the government. We are referred to instances where nonjudicial officers have been required to exercise functions which in a sense are judicial and courts have held statutes imposing such duties or powers to be constitutional. Perhaps the most striking illustration of this is found in the statutes creating our railroad commission, the constitutionality of which was passed upon in the case of Southern Pacific v. Bartine (C. C.) 170 Fed. 725. But there it was held that the power exercised by this commission, as by other boards similarly created, is, in a constitutional sense, legislative rather than judicial. “Judicial power in the constitutional sense,” says the *64court in the Bergman case, supra, “is something more than authority to hear and determine; it includes the power to decide finally and conclusively.” We would add to this expression by saying that when by constitutional mandate the power to hear originally and decide finally as to a specific thing, as in this instance the right to possession of real property, is placed in the judicial branch of the government, then a statute which seeks to confer these powers, either in the initial stage of determination or finally, in some other branch of the government, is void as against the constitutional mandate. If the original jurisdiction to determine reasonable rates to be charged for freight and fares by common carrier was a function which by the constitutional mandate could be exercised originally and finally only by the district court, would not the fixing of freights and fares by a board or officer other than the district court be a usurpation of judicial function?
It is absurd to argue that in the proceeding before the state engineer nothing is involved which belongs to the function of the district court under its constitutional grant of jurisdiction. A mere analysis of the matter dispels such a contention. From the very moment that the state engineer attempts to establish (secs. 29, 30, and 33), title and right to possession are involved. By reason of the force and effect of section 38, the immediate possession of and right of possession of a usufructuary estate is- to be determined. When the proceeding before the state engineer passes out of the realm of investigation into that of establishment or determination, the nature of thd proceedings changes; and the constitutional prescription, establishing the specific functions of the several branches of the state government, as a traffic officer on the avenue of governmental guaranties, calls a halt and points the way. Up to a given point the proceedings are ministerial; when they assume to establish or determine (secs. 25 to 38) they take on the nature of an action to quiet title (Rickey Land and Cattle Co. v. Miller & Lux, supra), and that *65function belongs, from the very initial step, to the, district court.
It has been suggested that the statute here under consideration is enacted under the police power of the state and for regulation; hence, the observations as to the application of the several sections of the constitution are not well taken. No authority of which we are aware has ever held that police regulation took the place of or superseded specific constitutional provision. Determination and establishment of individual or relative property rights is one thing; police regulation after determination and establishment is another. Where by the organic law itself the way is made and the machinery furnished for the carrying out of a given policy, that is final, and police regulation can only follow.
To those- who, believing in organized government, would adhere to a democracy, the constitution is looked to as the instrument of guaranty, and its specific inhibitions and commands are to be enforced and carried out. We are referred to the learned words coming by way of an excerpt from an address of Mr. George B. Rose, of the Arkansas bar. The language and thought therein expressed, in the midst of the prevailing opinion, is most refreshing and enlightening. In our humble way we might interpolate the words of the learned author by saying that the constitution is never a “dam to stem the tide of human progress,” when it points the way and paves the avenue by which that progress may be accomplished. It is the avoidance of that “broad channel” furnished by the organic law for human progress, and evasive constructions sanctioning such avoidance, that imperils the existence of constitutional government by-making the same a “mere scrap of paper” rather than a guaranty. It is the “constitution-be-damned” theory that wrecks the chariot of democratic government and makes the road of constitutional safety a quagmire of uncertainty.
In the proceeding before us it is sought to prohibit the district court from assuming jurisdiction of a matter *66involving title and right to possession of real property where a determination and establishment of that title has been already made by a ministerial officer and where, notwithstanding the' constitutional direction that such was the original function of the district court, the determination and establishment as originally made by the ministerial officer can only be affected to the extent of modification.
The order of determination was originally and finally made by a ministerial officer, and in this he exercised functions belonging to the district court.
The district court assumes to take jurisdiction of this matter after determination by a ministerial officer, and can only review to ultimately affirm or modify that determination. In this it permits itself to be divested of original jurisdiction and assumes an appellate jurisdiction forbidden by the constitution.
The order of determination which the lower court will act upon, and which it will modify or affirm, is a decree by which it is bound, and not of its own making. It is not due process of law.
This writ should have issued.