Court Opinion

ID: 5512897
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-10 04:25:30.183208+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:34:12.435032
License: Public Domain

By the Court,

Sutherland, J.
The only question in this case is, whether an action for use and occupation can be sustained against a defendant who, entering upon the plaintiff’s premises under a parol lease for a year, held over after the expiration of the year for two years, against the will of the landlord, and was finally turned out of possession by proceedings under the act of April 13, 1820; the proceedings having been commenced immediately after the expiration of the term. It was ruled at nisi prius, that the action could be sustained. In this opinion, I am inclined to think the learned judge erred. At common law, no action of assumpsit would lie for rent, except on an express promise made at the time of the demise. (3 Lev. 150. Bull. N. P. 138.)
The present action is given by the 31st section of our statute concerning distresses, rent, &c. (1 R. L. 444,) which was taken from the 11 Geo. 2, ch. 19, sect. 14. This statute has been held to apply only to the case of a demise, and when there exists the relation of landlord and tenant, founded on some agreement either express or implied. (Smith v. Stewart, 6 Johns. R. 46.) In Osgood v. Dewey, (13 Johns. R. 240,) the tenant entered under a parol demise for a year, at the rent of $9, which he paid at the end of the year, and continued in possession for three years more, without any new agreement, and without paying any rent; the action for use and occupation for the three years rent was sustained. It was remarked that this a lay as well where the holding was upon an implied ai a an express permission of the landlord, and that thoug new agreement was shewn for the three last years, yet continued possession of the tenant holding over was ckarac sed by the previous lease, and was to be deemed a holdin ¡y the implied permission of the original lessor. (Abeel v. R cliff, 13 Johns. R. 297.) In Bancroft v. Ward-well, (13 Johns. R. 489,) the doctrine wasagain repeated, that the action can only be maintained when the relation of landlord and tenant exists between the parties ; it has been held that it would not lie against a person who came in under the plaintiff as a purchaser. (2 Johns. C. 335. Woodfall, 350.)
*136The record of the proceedings under the act of April 13, 1820, by which the defendant was turned out of possession in this case, was given in evidence. The plaintiff’s affidavit furnished a part of the record, in which he swore that the holding over of the defendant was entirely without his assent or permission. The assent of the landlord cannot be implied, when he swears in terms that he did not assent to the holding over.
The proceeding under this statute, is in the nature of an ejectment suit; it is a summary mode of obtaining t.he possession of laud under certain circumstances. Now, it is well settled, that an action for use and occupation will not lie to recover rent accrued subsequent to the demise laid in the declaration in ejectment. The lessor denies that the relation of landlord exists after that period, and treats the defendant as a trespasser; he cannot, therefore, sustain an action which supposes the relation to have existed during the same period. (1 T. R. 378, 387. Cowp. 246.)
The same principle was maintained in Jackson v. Sheldon, (5 Cowen, 448,) where a lessor who had distrained for rent, though the distress proved insufficient, was held by the act of distraining to have affirmed the existence of the tenancy at the time when the rent fell due, so as to preclude him from bringing an action of ejectment for the non-payment of the same rent upon the claim of re-entry.
The affidavit of the plaintiff in this case, made in May, 1822, alleges the holding over, after the termination of the year,' to have been without his assent and against his will. This certainly is conclusive evidence against the plaintiff, that the relation of landlord and tenant was then at an end. It is equivalent to a demise in ejectment, and estops the plaintiff from maintaining an action which proceeds on the supposition that the relation of landlord and tenant then existed.
The plaintiff probably has his remedy by an action of trespass for the mesne profits, as for double rent under the statute.
New trial granted.