Court Opinion

ID: 3131322
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-16 19:02:59.775979+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:53:52.259959
License: Public Domain

Filed 10/16/15 O’Connor v. Pletcher CA2/5
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION FIVE

BRITTANY O’CONNOR,                                                   B259610

         Plaintiff and Respondent,                                   (Los Angeles County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. BC517543)
         v.

MITCHELL PLETCHER et al.,

         Defendants and Appellants.

         APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, Robert L.
Hess, Judge. Affirmed.
         Long & Delis, John A. Delis and Warren B. Campbell and Mitchell Pletcher, in
pro. per., for Defendants and Appellants.
         Herrera & Associates and Alex H. Herrera for Plaintiff and Respondent.
                                    I. INTRODUCTION

       Defendants, Mitchell Pletcher and Kyle Aaron, appeal from an order denying their
motion to compel arbitration. Plaintiff, Brittany O’Connor, was employed by Mr.
Pletcher’s production company as a dancer and choreographer for a theatrical show.
Plaintiff filed a complaint against defendants and other individuals for various causes of
action, including violations of the Fair Employment and Housing Act.
       Defendants moved to compel arbitration, citing an arbitration agreement signed by
plaintiff and a codefendant, Mitchell Anthony Productions, LLC (the production
company.) Plaintiff argued the agreement was unconscionable. The trial court denied
defendants’ motion. The trial court found the contract was adhesive and imposed by
defendants who were in a superior bargaining position. The trial court also found the
arbitration provision required plaintiff to pay arbitration costs for her Fair Employment
and Housing Act claims, which was impermissible.
       Defendants contend the arbitration provision was not unconscionable and should
be enforced. In the reply brief, defendants contend for the first time in this litigation in
the alternative that any unconscionable provision should be severed. We affirm the order
denying the motion to compel arbitration..

                                    II. BACKGROUND

                                  A. Plaintiff’s Complaint

       Plaintiff filed her complaint on August 8, 2013. She alleges the following. Mr.
Pletcher resides in Irvine, California. He is the sole shareholder, director, and officer of
the production company. He is also the sole shareholder, director, and officer of Concord
Investment Counsel, Incorporated, an investment company (the investment company).
Both companies are businesses based in Irvine, California. Mr. Aron is the senior analyst

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and portfolio manager for the investment company. Mr. Aron is accused of being a
coconspirator and accomplice of Mr. Pletcher.
       Plaintiff was hired by defendants to perform in a musical theater production called
“Beautiful” in Manhattan Beach, California. Mr. Pletcher is the owner and producer of
the musical. Defendants made misrepresentations regarding the production team’s
experience and false promises regarding compensation and work schedules. Defendants
breached contracts by not performing, including promises regarding compensation and
work schedule. Mr. Pletcher sexually harassed plaintiff and defendants created a hostile
work environment for this to occur.
       Plaintiff alleges numerous causes of action against defendants, including: fraud;
constructive fraud; conspiracy to defraud; intentional and negligent misrepresentation;
intentional interference with economic advantage; written and oral contract breach;
contract breach by failure of consideration; breach of the good faith and fair dealing
implied covenant; anticipatory breach; violations of the Fair Employment and Housing
Act (disparate impact, failure to prevent harassment and discrimination, hostile work
environment, and sexual harassment); intentional emotional distress infliction; sexual
battery; intentional misclassification as an independent contractor; and unfair business
practices in violation of Business and Professions Code section 17200.

                            B. Motion to Compel Arbitration

       On September 24, 2013, Mr. Pletcher filed a motion to compel arbitration.      Mr.
Pletcher cited to an independent contractor’s agreement (the agreement) signed by
plaintiff with the production company. Mr. Pletcher signed on behalf of the production
company. The agreement contains an arbitration provision, which provides: “In the
event of any dispute arising under or involving any provision of this Agreement or any
dispute regarding claims involving unlawful discrimination and/or unlawful harassment,
not arising out of the termination of employment, or the termination of employment . . . ,
contractor [plaintiff] and the Company agree to submit any such dispute to binding

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arbitration pursuant to the provisions of the Federal Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C. section 1,
et. Seq. [sic], if applicable, or the provisions of Title of Part III [sic] of the California
Code of Civil Procedure, commencing at Section 1280 et. seq. . . . if the Federal
Arbitration Act does not apply to contractor’s employment . . . .” The arbitration
provision further provides, “The contractor and the Company shall each bear their own
costs for legal representation at any such arbitration and the cost of the arbitrator, court
reporter, if any, and any incidental costs of arbitration.” Mr. Pletcher contended that
under both state and federal law, the arbitration provision should be enforced as to all of
plaintiff’s claims. On May 15, 2014, Mr. Aron joined in Mr. Pletcher’s motion to compel
arbitration. Mr. Pletcher later moved to reschedule the motion to compel arbitration
hearing and re-filed his motion on June 3, 2014.
       On August 5, 2014, plaintiff filed her opposition. Plaintiff argued the arbitration
provision was unconscionable. Plaintiff contended procedural unconscionability was
present based on the take-it-or-leave-it nature of the contract. Plaintiff argued the
agreement was substantively unconscionable because the arbitrator selection process
would always produce one favored by defendants. And plaintiff asserted the arbitration
provision apportioned arbitration costs to the employee. Plaintiff also argued defendants
waived arbitration and the arbitration provision did not apply to several claims. Plaintiff
submitted a declaration in support in which she declared: “As a condition of my
employment, Mr. Pletcher forced me, and every cast member, to sign an Independent
Contractor Agreement. Mr. Pletcher did not allow for any negotiations, and presented the
agreement on a ‘take it or leave it’ basis. The [agreement] was drafted entirely by Mr.
Pletcher . . . . The process of signing the agreement and agreeing to the terms presented
were dictator like in that Defendants had overwhelming bargaining power, and I had
none. I was left with no choice but to either accept it as is, or not get the job.”

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                     C. Order Denying Motion to Compel Arbitration

       On August 21, 2014, the trial court heard argument on the motion to compel
arbitration. The trial court subsequently issued an order denying the motion. First, the
trial court found: “Plaintiff has met her burden to demonstrate the agreement is
procedurally unconscionable as having been presented to her on a take-it-or-leave-it basis
as a condition of her employment, as set forth in her declaration. At oral argument, Mr.
Pletcher suggested that [plaintiff’s] experience gave her superior bargaining power to
him. The Court is not persuaded that this was the case. While there is no direct evidence
either way, the background facts pleaded in this case make it appear that there were more
dancers who had appropriate professional qualifications looking for work than there were
available places in this production. There is no evidence to suggest that [plaintiff] was
the only person who could serve as a dancer and/or dance captain on this production.
The Court does not find the assertion that [plaintiff] was in an equal or even superior
bargaining position to be persuasive.” The trial court was not persuaded that plaintiff
was the one who demanded an arbitration provision to be included in the agreement.
Finally, the trial court found the arbitration provisions to be substantively
unconscionable. The arbitration provision provides that plaintiff would always bear her
own legal fees and the costs of arbitration. The trial court found such a provision,
especially as they pertained to plaintiff’s Fair Employment and Housing Act claims,
would be impermissible. Additionally, the trial court found the arbitration provision
failed to unambiguously provide for discovery. The trial court found the arbitration
provision unenforceable, citing Wherry v. Award, Inc. (2011) 192 Cal. App. 4th 1242,
1246-1250.    Defendants appealed the order.

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                                    III. DISCUSSION

                                    A. Legal Standards

       Both state and federal laws favor enforcement of valid arbitration agreements.
(Armendariz v. Foundation Health Psychcare Services, Inc. (2000) 24 Cal. 4th 83, 97
(Armendariz); Wagner Construction Co. v. Pacific Mechanical Corp. (2007) 41 Cal. 4th
19, 25 [strong public policy in favor of arbitration].) However, courts will not enforce
arbitration provisions that are unconscionable or contrary to public policy. (Pinnacle
Museum Tower Assn. v. Pinnacle Market Development (U.S.), LLC (2012) 55 Cal. 4th
223, 247 (Pinnacle Museum); Armendariz, supra, 24 Cal.4th at p. 114.) Under the terms
of the arbitration provision, the Federal Arbitration Act applies. The United States
Supreme Court has held: “[Title 9, United States Code, section 2] permits arbitration
agreements to be declared unenforceable ‘upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity
for the revocation of any contract.’ This saving clause permits agreements to arbitrate to
be invalided by ‘generally applicable contract defenses, such as fraud, duress, or
unconscionability,’ but not by defenses that apply only to arbitration or that derive their
meaning from the fact that an agreement to arbitrate is at issue. [Citations.]” (AT&T
Mobility LLC v. Concepcion (2011) 563 U.S. ___, ___ [131 S. Ct. 1740, 1746] quoting
title 9 U.S.C. § 2; accord, Sonic-Calabasas A, Inc. v. Moreno (2013) 57 Cal. 4th 1109,
1143 (Sonic-Calabasas) [“[I]t has long been the proper role of courts enforcing the
common law to ensure that the terms of a bargain are not unreasonably harsh, oppressive,
or one-sided.”]; see Code Civ. Proc., § 1281 [ “A written agreement to submit to
arbitration an existing controversy or a controversy thereafter arising is valid, enforceable
and irrevocable, save upon such grounds as exist for the revocation of any contract.”].)
The party opposing arbitration, in this case plaintiff, bears the burden of proving that an
arbitration agreement is unenforceable based on unconscionability. (Pinnacle Museum,
supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 247; Chin v. Advanced Fresh Concepts Franchise Corp. (2011)
194 Cal. App. 4th 704, 708.)

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       Our Supreme Court has stated: “Unconscionability consists of both procedural
and substantive elements. The procedural element addresses the circumstances of
contract negotiation and formation, focusing on oppression or surprise due to unequal
bargaining power. [Citations.] Substantive unconscionability pertains to the fairness of
an agreement’s actual terms and to assessments of whether they are overly harsh or one-
sided. [Citations.]” (Pinnacle Museum, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 246; Armendariz, supra,
24 Cal.4th at p. 114.) Both procedural and substantive unconscionability must be shown.
However, they need not be present to the same degree and are evaluated on a sliding
scale. (Pinnacle Museum, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 246; Armendariz, supra, 24 Cal.4th at
p. 114.) Our Supreme Court explained: “‘[T]he more substantively oppressive the
contract term, the less evidence of procedural unconscionability is required to come to the
conclusion that the term is unenforceable, and vice versa.’ [Citation.]” (Pinnacle
Museum, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 247; accord, Armendariz, supra, 24 Cal.4th at p. 114.)
       The trial court’s arbitrability determination is reviewed de novo if there is no
disputed extrinsic evidence. (Pinnacle Museum, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 236; Suh v.
Superior Court (2010) 181 Cal. App. 4th 1504, 1511.) The unconscionability of an
arbitration provision is ultimately a question of law. (Parada v. Superior Court (2009)
176 Cal. App. 4th 1554, 1567; Suh v. Superior Court, supra, 181 Cal.App.4th at p. 1511.)
Thus, we review the agreement to arbitrate de novo to determine unconscionability when
the extrinsic evidence is undisputed. (Ibid.; Gatton v. T-Mobile USA, Inc. (2007) 152
Cal. App. 4th 571, 579.) To the extent the trial court’s determination of unconscionability
is based upon resolution of disputed evidence, its rulings are reviewed for substantial
evidence. (McCaffrey Group, Inc. v. Superior Court (2014) 224 Cal. App. 4th 1330, 1347;
Gutierrez v. Autowest, Inc. (2003) 114 Cal. App. 4th 77, 89.)

                                  B. Inadequate Record

       Defendants have failed to provide a reporter’s transcript or a suitable substitute of
the hearing on the motion to compel arbitration. Hence, the appropriate course of action

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is to affirm the order under review. (Maria P. v. Riles (1987) 43 Cal. 3d 1281, 1295; In re
Kathy P. (1979) 25 Cal. 3d 91, 102.) In numerous situations, appellate courts have
refused to reach the merits of an appellant’s claims because no reporter’s transcript of a
pertinent proceeding or a suitable substitute was provided. (Walker v. Superior Court
(1991) 53 Cal. 3d 257, 273-274 [transfer order]; Maria P. v. Riles, supra, 43 Cal.3d at pp.
1295-1296 [attorney fee motion hearing]; Ballard v. Uribe (1986) 41 Cal. 3d 564, 574-
575 (lead opn. of Grodin, J.) [new trial motion hearing]; In re Kathy P., supra, 25
Cal.3d at p. 102 [hearing to determine whether counsel was waived and the minor
consented to informal adjudication]; Boeken v. Philip Morris Inc. (2005) 127 Cal. App. 4th
1640, 1672 [transcript of judge’s ruling on an instruction request]; Vo v. Las Virgenes
Municipal Water Dist. (2000) 79 Cal. App. 4th 440, 447 [trial transcript when attorney
fees sought]; Estate of Fain (1999) 75 Cal. App. 4th 973, 992 [surcharge hearing]; Hodges
v. Mark (1996) 49 Cal. App. 4th 651, 657 [nonsuit motion where trial transcript not
provided]; Interinsurance Exchange v. Collins (1994) 30 Cal. App. 4th 1445, 1448
[monetary sanctions hearing]; Hernandez v. City of Encinitas (1994) 28 Cal. App. 4th
1048, 1076-1077 [legal issue arising during preliminary injunction hearing]; Null v. City
of Los Angeles (1988) 206 Cal. App. 3d 1528, 1532 [reporter’s transcript fails to reflect
content of special instructions]; Buckhart v. San Francisco Residential Rent etc. Bd.
(1988) 197 Cal. App. 3d 1032, 1036 [hearing on Code Civ. Proc., § 1094.5 petition]; Sui v.
Landi (1985) 163 Cal. App. 3d 383, 385-386 [motion to dissolve preliminary injunction
hearing]; Rossiter v. Benoit (1979) 88 Cal. App. 3d 706, 713-714 [demurrer hearing];
Calhoun v. Hildebrandt (1964) 230 Cal. App. 2d 70, 71-73 [transcript of argument to the
jury]; Ehman v. Moore (1963) 221 Cal. App. 2d 460, 462 [failure to secure reporter’s
transcript or settled statement as to offers of proof]; Wetsel v. Garibaldi (1958) 159
Cal. App. 2d 4, 10 [order confirming arbitration award].)

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              C. Fair Employment and Housing Act Claims and Arbitration

       Our Supreme Court explained: “[A]rbitration agreements that encompass
unwaivable statutory rights must be subject to particular scrutiny.” (Armendariz, supra,
24 Cal.4th at p. 100; see D.C. v. Harvard-Westlake School (2009) 176 Cal. App. 4th 836,
850.) Our Supreme Court stated: “It is indisputable that an employment contract that
required employees to waive their rights under the [Fair Employment and Housing Act]
to redress sexual harassment or discrimination would be contrary to public policy and
unlawful.” (Armendariz, supra, 24 Cal.4th at pp. 100-101; see Ellis v. U.S. Security
Associates (2014) 224 Cal. App. 4th 1213, 1220-1221.) In the context of Fair
Employment and Housing Act claims, our Supreme Court required certain protections to
prevent such waiver: the arbitration agreement may not limit the damages normally
available under the statute (Armendariz, supra, 24 Cal.4th at p. 103); there must be
discovery sufficient to adequately arbitrate the employee’s statutory claim (id. at p. 106);
there must be a written arbitration decision and judicial review “‘sufficient to ensure that
arbitrators comply with the requirements of the statute’” (ibid.); and the employer must
“pay all types of costs that are unique to arbitration” (id. at p. 113). (Accord, Sonic-
Calabasas, supra, 57 Cal.4th at p. 1130; Little v. Auto Stiegler, Inc. (2003) 29 Cal. 4th
1064, 1076 (Little).)
       Here, the arbitration provision explicitly requires that the employer and the
employee shall bear: “their own costs for legal representation at any such arbitration”;
“the cost of the arbitrator, court reporter, if any”; and “any incidental costs of
arbitration.” The arbitration provision applies to Fair Employment and Housing Act
claims and requires the plaintiff to: pay her legal fees; pay all arbitration costs including
arbitrator and court reporter fees; and pay all incidental costs. This is a violation of
public policy as a matter of law under controlling California Supreme Court authority.
(Armendariz, supra, 24 Cal.4th at pp. 103, 113; see Broughton v. Cigna Healthplans
(1999) 21 Cal. 4th 1066, 1087.)

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                                    D. Unconscionability

                              1. Procedural Unconscionability

       Defendants contend the arbitration provision is not procedurally unconscionable.
Plaintiff asserts oppression is present because the contract was adhesive and provided on
a take-it-or-leave-it basis. Defendants assert the trial court erred by finding procedural
unconscionability because contracts of adhesion are not necessarily procedurally
unconscionable.
       As previously stated, procedural unconscionability focuses on oppression or
surprise because of unequal bargaining power. (Pinnacle Museum, supra, 55 Cal.4th at
p. 246; Armendariz, supra, 24 Cal.4th at p. 114.) Substantial evidence supports the trial
court’s finding that the agreement is an adhesive contract and thus oppressive. Plaintiff
declared the contract was imposed on her and other performers by Mr. Pletcher as a
condition of employment with no opportunity to negotiate. The trial court found that the
background facts indicated Mr. Pletcher had the superior bargaining position over
plaintiff. Given the facts accepted by the trial court, it could correctly rule the arbitration
provision was procedurally unconscionable.

                             2. Substantive Unconscionability

       Substantive unconscionability focuses on overly harsh or unfairly one-sided
results. (Sanchez v. Valencia Holding Co., LLC (2015) 61 Cal. 4th 899, 910-911; Sonic-
Calabasas, supra, 57 Cal.4th at p. 1133; Little, supra, 24 Cal.4th at p. 1071.) As noted,
the arbitration provision, which applies to Fair Employment and Housing claims, violates
public policy. Under these circumstances, the arbitration provision which violates public
policy qualifies as an overly harsh or one-sided result. (See Armendariz, supra, 24
Cal.4th at p. 111; Ontiveros v. DHL Express (USA), Inc. (2008) 164 Cal. App. 4th 494,
510.) The arbitration provision required each party to bear his or her own arbitration

                                              10
costs. As previously stated, this provision violates the Fair Employment and Housing
Act. (See Little, supra, 29 Cal.4th at p. 1076; Armendariz, supra, 24 Cal.4th at p. 113.)
       The arbitration provision also required each party to bear his or her own legal
representation costs. This requirement abrogates plaintiff’s right to the discretionary
recovery of attorney’s fees as a prevailing party to a Fair Employment and Housing Act
claim. (Gov. Code, § 12965, subd. (b) [“In civil actions brought under this section, the
court, in its discretion, may award to the prevailing party . . . reasonable attorney’s fees
and costs, including expert witness fees.”].) “‘In [Fair Employment and Housing Act]
actions, attorney fee awards, which make it easier for plaintiffs of limited means to
pursue meritorious claims . . . “are intended to provide ‘fair compensation to the
attorneys involved in the litigation at hand and encourage[] litigation of claims that in the
public interest merit litigation.’” [Citation.]’ (Chavez v. City of Los Angeles [(2010)] 47
Cal.4th [970,] 984.” (Trivedi v. Curexo Technology Corp. (2010) 189 Cal. App. 4th 387,
394.) Because the arbitration provision requires plaintiff to pay her own attorney’s fees
in violation of her Fair Employment and Housing Act rights, the provision is
substantively unconscionable. (See id. at pp. 394-396; accord, Wherry v. Award, Inc.,
supra, 192 Cal.App.4th at p. 1249.)
       Defendants rely on Boghos v. Certain Underwriters at Lloyd’s of London (2005)
36 Cal. 4th 495, 499-508 (Boghos), to contend that requiring parties to share arbitration
costs is proper. Boghos involved an arbitration provision in an insurance policy and
contract breach claims. (Id. at pp. 499-500.) The plaintiff argued the policy’s arbitration
clause was unenforceable under Armendariz and Little because it required him to pay
costs he would not have to pay by suing in court. (Id. at p. 505.) Our Supreme Court
held: “[W]e have not extended the Armendariz/Little cost-shifting rule to common law
claims generally. The rule is a judicially created exception to Code of Civil Procedure
section 1284.2, which provides that the parties to an arbitration agreement do share costs
‘[u]nless the arbitration agreement otherwise provides or the parties to the arbitration
otherwise agree . . . .’ We justified our creation of the exception in Armendariz, supra,
24 Cal. 4th 83, by reasoning that section 1284.2 ‘is a default provision and the agreement

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to arbitrate a statutory claim [e.g., a [Fair Employment and Housing Act] claim] is
implicitly an agreement [by the employer] to abide by the substantive remedial provisions
of the statute’ (Armendariz, at p. 112), and to pay ‘all types of cost that are unique to
arbitration.’ (Id. at p. 113.) . . . To extend Armendariz to the arbitration of claims not
carefully tethered to statutory or constitutional provisions would seem an arbitrary refusal
to enforce section 1284.2, a legislative act . . . .” (Boghos, supra, 36 Cal.4th at pp. 507-
508 [fn. omitted].) Boghos is inapposite. (See Parada v. Superior Court (2009) 176
Cal. App. 4th 1554, 1579; D.C. v. Harvard-Westlake School, supra, 176 Cal.App.4th at pp.
853-855, 861.) Here, plaintiff brought Fair Employment and Housing Act claims against
her former employer, Mr. Pletcher. The requirements stated in Armendariz, including the
cost-shifting rule, apply to this action. The trial court did not err by finding substantive
unconscionability.

                                         E. Severance

       Defendants contend that any unconscionable provision can be severed and the
matter proceed to arbitration. Civil Code section 1670.5 provides, “If the court as a
matter of law finds the contract or any clause of the contract to have been unconscionable
at the time it was made the court may refuse to enforce the contract, or it may enforce the
remainder of the contract without the unconscionable clause, or it may so limit the
application of any unconscionable clause as to avoid any unconscionable result.” (See
Carmona v. Lincoln Millennium Car Wash, Inc. (2014) 226 Cal.App.4th 74,83.) Our
Supreme Court held: “[T]he statute [Civil Code section 1670.5] appears to give a trial
court some discretion as to whether to sever or restrict the unconscionable provision or
whether to refuse to enforce the entire agreement. But it also appears to contemplate the
latter course only when an agreement is ‘permeated’ by unconscionability.”
(Armendariz, supra, 24 Cal.4th at p. 122; see also Civ. Code, § 1599 [“Where a contract
has several distinct objects, of which one at least is lawful, and one at least is unlawful, in
whole or in part, the contract is void as to the latter and valid as to the rest.”].) There is

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no evidence defendants raised the severance issue in the trial court. Defendants raise this
issue for the first time on appeal in their reply brief.
       First, based on the record provided, the severance issue is being raised for the first
time on appeal. There is no evidence plaintiff sought to sever any improper contractual
terms in the trial court. The severance issue is thus forfeited. (Samaniego v. Empire
Today LLC (2012) 205 Cal. App. 4th 1138, 1149; see Gutierrez v. Autowest, Inc. (2003)
114 Cal. App. 4th 77, 93 [plaintiff waived the right to argue that severance of
unconscionable terms could not occur by failing to raise the issue in the trial court].)
       Second, issues raised for the first time on appeal in a reply brief will not be
considered absent good cause shown for the failure to present the issue before. (Kasem v.
Dion-Kindem (2014) 230 Cal. App. 4th 1395, 1401-1402; Series-AGI West Linn of Appian
Group Investors DE, LLC v. Eves (2013) 217 Cal. App. 4th 156, 168; Scott v. CIBA Vision
Corp. (1995) 38 Cal. App. 4th 307, 322.) Defendants have presented no good cause. We
decline to consider the merits of severing the unlawful terms here as these contentions
were forfeited..

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                                    IV. DISPOSITION

        The order denying the motion to compel arbitration is affirmed. Plaintiff, Brittany
O’Connor, may recover her appeal costs from defendants, Mitchell Pletcher and Kyle
Aron.
                            NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

                            TURNER, P. J.

We concur:

        KRIEGLER, J.

        KIRSCHNER, J.*

*
        Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to
article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.

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