Court Opinion

ID: 3007347
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-06 13:07:23.083351+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:12:26.239705
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                    No. COA15-180

                                 Filed: 6 October 2015

Brunswick County, No. 14 CVD 95

EMILY JEAN BURGER, Plaintiff,

             v.

MATTHEW GEOFFREY SMITH, Defendant.

      Appeal by plaintiff from order entered 29 August 2014 by Judge Pauline

Hankins in Brunswick County District Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 9

September 2015.

      Wyrick Robbins Yates & Ponton LLP, by K. Edward Greene and Tobias S.
      Hampson, for plaintiff-appellant.

      J. Albert Clyburn for defendant-appellee.

      ZACHARY, Judge.

      Emily Burger (plaintiff) appeals from a permanent child custody order

awarding her the primary physical care and custody of the parties’ minor child and

Matthew Smith (defendant) secondary physical care and custody with visitation

privileges with the parties’ minor child. On appeal, plaintiff argues that the trial court

erred and abused its discretion in the trial court’s award of visitation privileges to

defendant. We disagree.

                                        I. Background
                                 BURGER V. SMITH

                                 Opinion of the Court

      Defendant is a Canadian citizen and resident of Ontario. Plaintiff is a resident

of Brunswick County, North Carolina. In 2006 defendant traveled to Malawi, Africa,

to work as a construction manager for a missionary group. In addition to construction

work, defendant assisted with the mission’s orphanage and worked with the children

in the mission’s care. Defendant has a long-term personal and religious commitment

to his work in Malawi. In 2010 plaintiff traveled to Malawi to teach English at the

orphanage. Initially, plaintiff volunteered for a three month term; later, she and

defendant began a romantic relationship and plaintiff decided to remain in Malawi

indefinitely. On 29 August 2011, plaintiff and defendant held a marriage ceremony

in Malawi. On 15 October 2011, they were married in North Carolina and then

returned to Malawi. In 2012, the parties conceived a child while living in Malawi.

They traveled to the United States for the birth of their son, which occurred on 24

January 2013, and in April 2013 the family returned to Malawi.

      On 9 July 2013, when the parties’ son was about six months old, plaintiff

returned to North Carolina with the child. On 14 September 2013, plaintiff informed

defendant that she wanted to separate.        On 17 January 2014, plaintiff filed a

complaint seeking sole custody of the child, asking the court to order that defendant

have no overnight visits with the child until he was two years old, and requesting

that all visitation between defendant and the child take place in North Carolina. On

5 February 2014, defendant filed an answer, a motion to dismiss plaintiff’s complaint

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                                   BURGER V. SMITH

                                   Opinion of the Court

for lack of jurisdiction, and a counterclaim for custody of the child. On 23 April 2014,

the trial court entered an order denying defendant’s motion to dismiss plaintiff’s

complaint. Following a hearing conducted on 7 March 2014, the trial court entered a

temporary custody order on 9 May 2014. In its temporary custody order the trial

court awarded the parties joint custody of the child, with plaintiff to have primary

physical custody and defendant secondary physical custody with visitation privileges.

The order also provided that defendant was not to take the child to Malawi. On 2

June 2014, defendant filed a motion to show cause asserting that plaintiff was in

contempt of the temporary custody order by failing to allow him visitation with the

child as ordered by the court. On 9 June 2014, the trial court granted plaintiff’s

motion for psychological evaluations of the parties.

      On 7 August 2014, the trial court conducted a hearing on the issue of

permanent child custody and on defendant’s show cause motion. On 29 August 2014,

the trial court entered an order denying defendant’s motion to show cause and

awarding the parties joint legal care and custody of the child. The court awarded

plaintiff primary physical care and custody of the parties’ minor child, and defendant

secondary physical care and custody of the minor child, with visitation privileges.

Additional details of the trial court’s order are discussed below.        Plaintiff has

appealed from the permanent custody order.

                                   II. Standard of Review

                                          -3-
                                   BURGER V. SMITH

                                   Opinion of the Court

      The standard of review “when the trial court sits without a jury is ‘whether

there was competent evidence to support the trial court's findings of fact and whether

its conclusions of law were proper in light of such facts.’ ” Barker v. Barker, __ N.C.

App. __, __, 745 S.E.2d 910, 912 (2013) (quoting Shear v. Stevens Building Co., 107

N.C. App. 154, 160, 418 S.E.2d 841, 845 (1992)). “In a child custody case, the trial

court’s findings of fact are conclusive on appeal if supported by substantial evidence,

even if there is sufficient evidence to support contrary findings. . . . Unchallenged

findings of fact are binding on appeal.” Peters v. Pennington, 210 N.C. App. 1, 12-13,

707 S.E.2d 724, 733 (2011) (citing Koufman v. Koufman, 330 N.C. 93, 97, 408 S.E.2d

729, 731 (1991)) (other citation omitted). “Whether [the trial court’s] findings of fact

support [its] conclusions of law is reviewable de novo.” Hall v. Hall, 188 N.C. App.

527, 530, 655 S.E.2d 901, 904 (2008) (citation omitted).          “ ‘If the trial court’s

uncontested findings of fact support its conclusions of law, we must affirm the trial

court’s order.’ ” Respess v. Respess, __ N.C. App. __, __, 754 S.E.2d 691, 695 (2014)

(quoting Mussa v. Palmer-Mussa, 366 N.C. 185, 191, 731 S.E.2d 404, 409 (2012)).

      In addition, “[i]t is a long-standing rule that the trial court is vested with broad

discretion in cases involving child custody.” Pulliam v. Smith, 348 N.C. 616, 624, 501

S.E.2d 898, 902 (1998) (citation omitted). “A trial court may be reversed for abuse of

discretion only upon a showing that its actions are manifestly unsupported by reason

. . . [or] upon a showing that [its order] was so arbitrary that it could not have been

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                                    BURGER V. SMITH

                                    Opinion of the Court

the result of a reasoned decision.” White v. White, 312 N.C. 770, 777, 324 S.E.2d 829,

833 (1985) (citation omitted).

                                        III. Discussion

                                        A. Introduction

       As a preliminary matter, it is helpful to clarify the extent of plaintiff’s

challenge to the permanent custody order. Plaintiff does not assert that the trial

court erred by awarding the parties joint legal custody, by giving plaintiff primary

physical custody and defendant secondary physical custody with visitation privileges,

or by concluding that it was in the child’s best interest to have visitation with

defendant. Plaintiff’s sole challenge on appeal is to certain features of the trial court’s

order respecting defendant’s visitation with the child.            Specifically, plaintiff

challenges the provisions that establish the visitation schedule and that allow

defendant to exercise visitation with the minor child in Malawi. Because plaintiff

does not contend that the trial court’s findings of fact were not supported by record

evidence, the trial court’s findings of fact are conclusively established on appeal.

Therefore, the issue before this Court is whether the trial court’s findings of fact

support its conclusions of law and the provisions of its order with regard to the trial

court’s award of visitation.

                 B. Defendant’s Discretion to Exercise Visitation in Malawi

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                                       BURGER V. SMITH

                                       Opinion of the Court

       Plaintiff argues first that the trial court erred by allowing defendant discretion

to exercise his visitation privileges with the child in Malawi. Plaintiff contends that

some of the trial court’s findings of fact are simply recitations of witness testimony,

that the trial court’s findings of fact do not reflect its consideration of the dangers of

Malawi,    and that the trial court’s findings of fact cannot support an “ultimate

finding” or conclusion of law “that it is in the best interest of the minor child to travel

to Malawi.” We conclude that the trial court was not required to make a finding or

conclusion that “travel to Malawi” was, as an abstract proposition, in the child’s best

interest. Instead, the trial court’s task was to fashion a custody arrangement that

was in the child’s best interest in the context of the extremely unusual factual

circumstances of the parties’ lives.        We further conclude that, disregarding any

findings that consisted of a summary of witness testimony, the trial court’s remaining

findings of fact demonstrate its consideration of the possible dangers of travel to

Malawi and reflect an appropriate custody award, including the trial court’s award

of visitation.

       Under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-13.1(a) “the word ‘custody’ shall be deemed to

include custody or visitation or both.”         N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-13.2(a) provides in

relevant part that:

                 An order for custody of a minor child . . . shall award the
                 custody of such child to such person . . . as will best promote
                 the interest and welfare of the child. In making the
                 determination, the court shall consider all relevant factors

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                                   BURGER V. SMITH

                                   Opinion of the Court

             . . . and shall make findings accordingly. An order for
             custody must include findings of fact which support the
             determination of what is in the best interest of the child.

Moreover, it is undisputed that:

             Findings of fact as to the characteristics of the competing
             parties must be made to support the necessary conclusions
             of law. These findings may concern physical, mental, or
             financial fitness or any other factors brought out by the
             evidence and relevant to the issue of the welfare of the
             child.

Steele v. Steele, 36 N.C. App. 601, 604, 244 S.E.2d 466, 468 (1978). Regarding the

necessity for findings, N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1 Rule 52(a)(1) provides in relevant part

that in “all actions tried upon the facts without a jury” the trial court “shall find the

facts specially and state separately its conclusions of law thereon and direct the entry

of the appropriate judgment.” In Quick v. Quick, 305 N.C. 446, 451, 290 S.E.2d 653,

657 (1982), however, our Supreme Court held that

             Rule 52(a) does not, of course, require the trial court to
             recite in its order all evidentiary facts presented at
             hearing. The facts required to be found specially are those
             material and ultimate facts from which it can be
             determined whether the findings are supported by the
             evidence and whether they support the conclusions of law
             reached. . . . “There are two kinds of facts: Ultimate facts,
             and evidentiary facts. Ultimate facts are the final facts
             required to establish the plaintiff's cause of action or the
             defendant's defense, and evidentiary facts are those
             subsidiary facts required to prove the ultimate facts. [N.C.
             Gen. Stat. § 1A-1 Rule 52(a)] requires the trial judge to find
             and state the ultimate facts only.”

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                                   BURGER V. SMITH

                                   Opinion of the Court

(quoting Woodard v. Mordecai, 234 N.C. 463, 472, 67 S.E.2d 639, 645 (1951) (internal

citations omitted). Thus, “[a]lthough a custody order need not, and should not,

include findings as to each piece of evidence presented at trial, it must resolve the

material, disputed issues raised by the evidence.” Carpenter v. Carpenter, 225 N.C.

App. 269, 273, 737 S.E.2d 783, 787 (2013). Applying Rule 52 in the context of

visitation rights in a child custody order, we have held that “[t]o support an award of

visitation rights the judgment of the trial court should contain findings of fact which

sustain the conclusion of law that the party is a fit person to visit the child and that

such visitation rights are in the best interest of the child.” Montgomery v.

Montgomery, 32 N.C. App. 154, 157, 231 S.E.2d 26, 29 (1977) (citations omitted).

      In this case, the trial court’s conclusions of law included, in relevant part, the

following:

             1. That Plaintiff and Defendant are properly before this
             Court; that the Court has jurisdiction over the parties and
             of the subject matter; and that the claim for child custody
             was properly filed and noticed for hearing in this matter.

             2. Joint legal care and custody of the minor child is
             appropriate and in the best interests of the minor child.

             3. Plaintiff is a fit and proper person to exercise primary
             care and custody of the minor child.

             4. Defendant is a fit and proper person to exercise
             secondary care and custody of the minor child, by way of
             visitation.

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                                   BURGER V. SMITH

                                   Opinion of the Court

             5. The visitation schedules and provisions ordered herein
             below are reasonable, the parties are fit and appropriate to
             exercise the visitation as ordered, and the visitation is in
             the best interests of the minor child.

      We conclude that the trial court made the appropriate conclusions of law

required under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-13.2.         On appeal, plaintiff challenges only

Conclusion of Law No. 5, respecting visitation, arguing that the trial court’s findings

of fact do not support this Conclusion. We have carefully considered, but ultimately

rejected, plaintiff’s arguments concerning the trial court’s findings and conclusions.

      “ ‘[T]he trial courts have the duty to decide domestic disputes, guided always

by the best interests of the child and judicial objectivity. To that end, trial courts

possess broad discretion to fashion custodial and visitation arrangements appropriate

to the particular, often difficult, domestic situations before them.’ ” Lovallo v. Sabato,

216 N.C. App. 281, 285, 715 S.E.2d 909, 912 (2011) (quoting Glesner v. Dembrosky,

73 N.C. App. 594, 598, 327 S.E.2d 60, 63 (1985)) (internal citation omitted). In this

case, it is important to remember that the trial court’s decision to allow defendant to

exercise visitation with the child in Malawi was reached in the context of the

extraordinarily uncommon circumstances of the parties’ relationship.            It is not

disputed that plaintiff and defendant met when plaintiff traveled to Malawi to teach

English at the mission where defendant had been living and working for several

years. Plaintiff became involved with defendant, a Canadian citizen who has a long

term commitment to his work in Africa. Plaintiff remained in Malawi and the parties

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                                  BURGER V. SMITH

                                  Opinion of the Court

conducted a wedding ceremony in Malawi as well as in North Carolina. Their child

was conceived in Malawi and, after returning to the United States for his birth, the

family went back to Malawi. The child lived in Malawi until he was about six months

old, with no ill effects reported by either party. Plaintiff then decided to separate

from defendant and live in Brunswick County, North Carolina. On appeal, plaintiff

argues that the trial court erred by allowing defendant the option of exercising his

right to visitation with the minor child in Malawi. Plaintiff fails to acknowledge that

the factual circumstances of the parties’ lives, which arose from their personal

decisions, would not permit a conventional visitation schedule in which, for example,

defendant had visitation with the child every Wednesday and every other weekend.

      Essentially, plaintiff argues that the trial court’s findings of fact do not

demonstrate proper consideration of the dangers of allowing defendant to take the

child to Malawi. We do not agree. Plaintiff urges that in resolving this issue we must

disregard findings that consist of recitation of witness testimony without making

findings based on that testimony. We conclude that the following findings, which do

not consist of the recitation of witness testimony, establish that the trial court

considered the factors relevant to the child’s best interest, including the

characteristics of the parties and the plaintiff’s concerns about the child’s travel to

Malawi:

                                         - 10 -
                     BURGER V. SMITH

                     Opinion of the Court

1. Plaintiff is a citizen and resident of Brunswick County,
North Carolina, and has resided [there] since July 9,
2013[.] . . .

2. Defendant is a citizen and resident of Canada, residing
. . . [in Ontario], Canada.

3. The Defendant went to Malawi, Africa to work for Iris
Ministries Africa on a full time basis in 2006 as a
missionary, working as a construction manager. In
addition to that work he has assisted in the care of children
living at the orphanage and/or attending school there,
serving as a role model and mentor.

4. The parties met in January of 2010 when the Plaintiff
went to volunteer at the orphanage in Malawi for three (3)
months to teach English. Plaintiff then decided to stay on
as a full-time missionary and teacher, and did so until July
2013.

5. Plaintiff and Defendant held a marriage ceremony on
August 29, 2011 in Malawi, Africa. The parties . . . were
[also] married in Brunswick County, North Carolina on
October 15, 2011. . . . The parties have lived separate and
apart since July 9, 2013 . . . [and have] stipulated that they
separated for purposes of divorce on September 14, 2013,
the date Plaintiff notified Defendant that she wanted a
separation.

6. There was one (1) minor child born of the marriage of
Plaintiff and Defendant, to wit: Eli James Smith, born on
January 24, 2013, in the state of Maryland. . . .

7. The parties’ minor child has resided with Plaintiff in
Brunswick County, North Carolina since July 9, 2013, . . .
[and] North Carolina is the home state of the minor child.

8. The parties remained in the state of Maryland from the
minor child’s birth until March 1, 2013[,and then stayed] .

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                     BURGER V. SMITH

                     Opinion of the Court

. . for a month with the Defendant’s parents in [Canada.] .
. . [On April 8, 2013] they flew back to Malawi.

9. On July 9, 2013, the Plaintiff returned to the United
States with the minor child, with the Defendant planning
to follow a few weeks later[.] . . .

10. On August 16, 2013, Plaintiff notified Defendant by
Email that she had decided that she could not return with
the child to Malawi. From August 24 - 31, 2013, the
Defendant travelled to Ocean Isle Beach, North Carolina,
and had daytime visits with Plaintiff and [the] minor child,
who at that time was seven months old.

11. From August 2013 until May 15, 2014, Defendant
continued to reside at his parents’ home in Canada. He
then returned to Malawi for four weeks.

12. On September 14, 2013, the Plaintiff expressed to
Defendant her desire to separate. The Defendant returned
to Brunswick County, North Carolina to visit with the
minor child from November 9 - 23, 2013. At this time,
Plaintiff arranged for him to have daily daytime visits
ranging from three to six hours in length with the baby but
refused any overnight visits, citing the fact that the baby
still was nursing at night. Defendant had no choice but to
oblige with any and all of her demands.

                             ...

14. By agreement of the Defendant, Plaintiff has been
breastfeeding the minor child since birth. She has been the
child’s primary caregiver since birth. During the three
months the child resided with both parties in Malawi,
Plaintiff didn’t work but rather devoted herself full-time to
the child’s care. . . .

15. The court conducted a temporary hearing on March 7,
2014. . . . The Court’s Order, entered on May 9, 2014,
placed the minor child in the parties’ temporary joint legal

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                      BURGER V. SMITH

                      Opinion of the Court

custody and ordered that Defendant would visit for ten
days each month with fourteen days written notice to
Plaintiff of the dates he wished to visit The visits were to
occur within either the United States or Canada and
Defendant was ordered not to take the minor child to
Malawi during the term of the temporary custody order.

16. After the temporary custody hearing, Defendant opted
to remain in Canada rather than return to his work in
Malawi in order to exercise all visitations that were
allowed to him under the Order.

17. Pursuant to the Temporary Order, Defendant had the
minor child for a seven-day visit here in North Carolina
from March 9 - 16[.] . . . Defendant then had the minor child
for visitation with him in Canada from March 20th through
March 27th, and April 17th through April 27th.

18. Pursuant to the Temporary Order, Defendant notified
Plaintiff that he wished to have his May visit from May 3
to May 13, 2014. Plaintiff objected . . . [and] refused to allow
the Defendant to exercise his visitation as ordered. . . .

19. Plaintiff did allow the Defendant to exercise his
visitation for the months of June and July.

20.    Since March of 2014, Defendant has incurred
approximately $5,500.00 in travel expenses to exercise his
visitation with the minor child.

21. The minor child has been more “clingy” with the
Plaintiff after the ten (10) day visits with the Defendant[.]
...

22. The Plaintiff is 26 years old. Plaintiff graduated from
college in December 2009[, and] was employed . . . as a
Teacher’s Assistant from April until June, 2014, earning
high praises from . . . a first grade teacher at the school who
testified on Plaintiff’s behalf. Plaintiff will begin working
as a Teacher’s Assistant . . . for this upcoming school year,

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                     BURGER V. SMITH

                     Opinion of the Court

and has enrolled in graduate school . . . to earn a Master’s
degree in teaching.

23. Plaintiff has a close and loving relationship with her
parents, with whom she has resided in a very nice home in
Ocean Isle Beach, North Carolina since . . . July 2013.
Plaintiff is scheduled to move into a two (2) bedroom condo
she will be renting in the same neighborhood as her current
residence[.] . . .

24. The Defendant is 36 years old. He is a citizen of
Canada, but has been living in Malawi since 2006.
Defendant testified that his faith is extremely important to
him, and that he has been involved in church and church
activities all of his life. Defendant appears to be a man of
character, integrity, and commitment, who has a strong
love for the less fortunate.

25. Defendant has a close and loving relationship with his
parents. His parents have been married to each other for
forty-four (44) years and reside in Canada.

26.  Defendant has always demonstrated a strong
commitment to his family and marriage.

                             ...

28. Plaintiff is concerned about the minor child traveling
to Malawi to visit with the Defendant due to health
reasons, parasite disease, the threat of malaria, the
presence of poisonous snakes, extreme heat, and the
unreliability of the hospitals located there. When the
parties lived together with the minor child in Malawi, they
took extra precautions to guard themselves against
mosquitos[.] . . .

29. The Court believes that Defendant will provide
carefully for the protection and safety of the minor child if
visitation is allowed in Malawi.

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                     BURGER V. SMITH

                     Opinion of the Court

30. Malawi does have a high death rate for infants and
children as compared to [the] United States. Malaria is
common in Malawi . . . [and the] U.S. State Department
recommends that travelers to Malawi take a course of
Malaria prophylaxis medication which should be initiated
prior to travel and taken while there. It is recommended
that the minor child be vaccinated for Hepatitis A,
Hepatitis B, rabies and typhoid before any visits to Malawi.

31. The healthcare is not as good in Malawi as it is in the
United States.

32. Defendant is a citizen of Canada, and due to the
immigration laws of the United States, relocating to North
Carolina to be closer to the child is not an option for him.

33. The Plaintiff is currently breastfeeding the minor child
and has been doing so since his birth.

                             ...

37. Plaintiff made allegations that Defendant had anger
management issues and requested a psychological
evaluation of both parties. Plaintiff testified that she
separated from the Defendant due to him being controlling,
angry, impossible to please, and having rages toward her
during the marriage, however the court did not find this
testimony persuasive. . . .

                             ...

43. Both parties are excellent parents and both have
provided exceptional care for the minor child. Both parties
have strong support systems from family and friends. Both
parties had adequate housing arrangements. Both parties
are very connected to the minor child.

44. Both parties are fit and proper persons to have custody
of the minor child. It is in the child's best interest to be
placed in the primary physical custody of the Plaintiff-

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                                   BURGER V. SMITH

                                   Opinion of the Court

             Mother, with the Defendant-Father having secondary
             physical custody by way of visitation.

      We hold that the trial court’s findings demonstrate its evaluation of a complex

and unusual domestic situation and reflect appropriate awareness of the possible

dangers to the child of travel to Malawi. In the decretal portion of its order the trial

court further demonstrated its concern for the child’s health and safety by directing

in relevant part that:

             6. During the times that the minor child is in the custody
             of the Defendant, it is at the Defendant's discretion
             whether he wants to have the visit take place in Canada or
             Malawi. If he chooses to bring the minor child to Malawi,
             Defendant is to take all necessary precautions that have
             previously been taken for protection of the child.

             7. Plaintiff is to have the minor child vaccinated in order
             to prepare for his trip to Africa, if the Defendant shall
             choose to exercise his visitation in Malawi.

                                           ...

             14. Both parties shall keep the other party apprised of the
             minor child’s medical conditions, treatment, and any other
             relevant information pertaining to the child’s wellbeing
             and activity.

                                           ...

             20. Each party shall have direct access to the child’s doctor,
             dentist or other physical or mental health care provider. . .
             as if the parent were the sole custodian of the child. . . .

                                           ...

             22. Medical care providers, educational personnel and any
             other person deemed by law to have a confidential

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                                    BURGER V. SMITH

                                    Opinion of the Court

             relationship to the minor child as patient or pupil are
             hereby authorized to discuss with both Plaintiff and
             Defendant all matters regarding the child’s health,
             education, religious rearing and general welfare as if he or
             she was the full legal custodian of the child.

             23. Each party shall promptly inform the other of any
             serious injury or illness sustained by the child requiring
             medical treatment. Each party shall inform the other of
             any medical or health problem that arose while the child
             was in their respective custody. . . .

      Plaintiff asserts, however, that the trial court’s “findings of fact do not support

the trial court’s ultimate decision that it is in the best interest of the minor child to

travel to Malawi.” We disagree with plaintiff’s premise that the trial court’s “ultimate

decision” was that “it is in the best interest of the minor child to travel to Malawi.”

The trial court’s “ultimate decision” was that it was in the child’s best interest for his

parents to have shared custody, with plaintiff having primary physical custody and

defendant secondary physical custody with visitation privileges. Plaintiff also argues

that the trial court’s “ultimate” findings of fact are not supported by its “evidentiary”

findings of fact. As discussed above, our task is to determine whether the trial court’s

unchallenged findings of fact support its conclusions of law. We conclude that the

“ultimate finding” that is challenged by plaintiff is supported by the trial court’s other

findings of fact. Plaintiff identifies the following as “ultimate” findings of fact:

             29. The Court believes that Defendant will provide
             carefully for the protection and safety of the minor child if
             visitation is allowed in Malawi.

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                                  BURGER V. SMITH

                                  Opinion of the Court

             43. Both parties are excellent parents and both have
             provided exceptional care for the minor child. Both parties
             have strong support systems from family and friends. Both
             parties had adequate housing arrangements. Both parties
             are very connected to the minor child.

             44. Both parties are fit and proper persons to have custody
             of the minor child. It is in the child's best interest to be
             placed in the primary physical custody of the Plaintiff-
             Mother, with the Defendant-Father having secondary
             physical custody by way of visitation.

      Plaintiff has not made any arguments challenging Findings Nos. 43 or 44.

Plaintiff’s appeal is instead focused exclusively on Finding No. 29, in which the trial

court found that “Defendant will provide carefully for the protection and safety of the

minor child if visitation is allowed in Malawi.” We conclude that this finding is amply

supported by other findings tending to show that defendant is a person of good moral

character who has assiduously sought to exercise his right to visitation and who has

several years of experience with the conditions in Malawi. While we appreciate

plaintiff’s concerns about the child’s health and safety, we conclude that the trial

court’s findings of fact reflect its consideration of this issue and support its

conclusions of law.

      Plaintiff also contends that in assessing whether the trial court’s findings of

fact support its conclusions of law we should apply the factors that are used to

evaluate cases in which one parent seeks to permanently relocate a child. Plaintiff

has not articulated a rationale for treating visitation of one or two months as the

equivalent of a permanent relocation, and we conclude that we do not need to

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                                   Opinion of the Court

determine this issue as if it were a permanent relocation. We hold that plaintiff is

not entitled to relief on the basis of this argument.

                                    C. Visitation Schedule

      Plaintiff argues next that the trial court abused its discretion by ordering a

visitation schedule of alternating periods of a month with defendant followed by two

months with plaintiff and by directing that when the minor child, who was eighteen

months old at the time of the hearing, begins kindergarten, defendant will then have

visitation during the school’s summer break and during the winter and spring breaks.

Plaintiff contends that this schedule is so “harsh” and “arbitrary” that it constitutes

an abuse of discretion. We disagree.

      The decretal portion of the trial court’s order for permanent child custody

provides in relevant part that:

             4. The visitation schedule for the minor child will consist
             of one month custodial period with Defendant-Father,
             followed by two months of custodial time with Plaintiff-
             Mother. This schedule will continue until the summer
             before the minor child is scheduled to begin kindergarten.

                                           ...

             8. When the minor child is scheduled to start school and
             for the summer prior to school commencing, during the
             summer every year the Defendant will have custodial time
             with the minor child from the day after school ends for the
             summer until one week (consisting of seven (7) days) prior
             to when school starts. For every year thereafter, Defendant
             will have custodial time with the minor child from the day

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                                   BURGER V. SMITH

                                   Opinion of the Court

              after school is released for the year until the one week prior
              to when school recommences.

              9. In addition to the summer visitation, after the minor
              child starts school, the Defendant will exercise custodial
              time with the minor child for Christmas Break and Spring
              Break every year from the day school recesses until the day
              before school recommences.

        On appeal, plaintiff contends that the visitation schedule is so arbitrary that

it “could not have been the result of a reasoned decision.” Plaintiff does not, however,

challenge the trial court’s conclusion that “[d]efendant is a fit and proper person to

exercise secondary care and custody of the minor child, by way of visitation.” Nor

does plaintiff dispute the existence of evidence to support the trial court’s finding

that:

              43. Both parties are excellent parents and both have
              provided exceptional care for the minor child. Both parties
              have strong support systems from family and friends. Both
              parties [have] adequate housing arrangements. Both
              parties are very connected to the minor child.

        The trial court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law demonstrate an

intention to fashion a custody plan that would foster the development of a close and

meaningful relationship between the minor child and both of his parents.             As

discussed above, to achieve this goal the trial court was necessarily required to

deviate from the most commonly employed custody schedules. Plaintiff’s appellate

arguments fail to acknowledge the value in the child’s relationship with defendant.

Thus, plaintiff describes the visitation schedule as “removing [the child] from his

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                                   BURGER V. SMITH

                                   Opinion of the Court

home and friends” during every period of visitation with defendant, without

considering that the child could benefit from having a home and friends with both

plaintiff and defendant. We conclude that, rather than being arbitrary, the visitation

schedule was an appropriate response to the parties’ unusual living situation.

      Plaintiff also speculates that in the future the visitation schedule may prove

incompatible with extracurricular activities in which child might participate. For

example, plaintiff contends that if the child were to play football or soccer in high

school, the visitation schedule would interfere with summer tryouts and practice.

Given that the child is not yet three years old, we decline to speculate on his possible

activities or schedule in high school. Moreover:

             It is well established in this jurisdiction that a trial court
             may order a modification of an existing child custody order
             between two natural parents if the party moving for
             modification shows that a “substantial change of
             circumstances affecting the welfare of the child” warrants
             a change in custody.

Shipman v. Shipman, 357 N.C. 471, 473, 586 S.E.2d 250, 253 (2003) (quoting

Pulliam, 348 N.C. at 619, 501 S.E.2d at 899). See also N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-13.7(a)

(“an order of a court of this State for custody of a minor child may be modified or

vacated at any time, upon motion in the cause and a showing of changed

circumstances by either party or anyone interested.”). If the child’s future high school

activities render a change of visitation advisable, plaintiff may seek a modification of

the visitation schedule at that time.

                                          - 21 -
                                  BURGER V. SMITH

                                  Opinion of the Court

      Plaintiff also argues that testimony from her expert witness would have

supported a different schedule. It is, however, the “duty of the trial judge ‘to weigh

and consider all competent evidence, and pass upon the credibility of the witnesses,

the weight to be given their testimony and the reasonable inferences to be drawn

therefrom.’ ‘It is not the function of this Court to reweigh the evidence on appeal.’ ”

Sauls v. Sauls, __ N.C. App. __, __, 763 S.E.2d 328, 330 (2014) (quoting In re

Whisnant, 71 N.C. App. 439, 441, 322 S.E.2d 434, 435 (1984) (citation omitted), and

Garrett v. Burris, __ N.C. App. __ , __ , 735 S.E.2d 414, 418 (2012), aff'd per curiam,

366 N.C. 551, 742 S.E.2d 803 (2013)).

      We hold that the trial court did not err in its permanent child custody order

and that its order should be

      AFFIRMED.

      Judges STEPHENS and McCULLOUGH concur.

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