Court Opinion

ID: 9892632
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-10-24 17:08:07.219047+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:29:34.247873
License: Public Domain

Filed 10/24/23 P. v. Rickleffs CA1/5
                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication or
ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

          IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                      FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                  DIVISION FIVE

 THE PEOPLE,
                                                                        A163456
           Plaintiff and Respondent,
 v.                                                                     (San Francisco County
                                                                        Super. Ct. No. SCN222057)
 JAMES RICKLEFFS,
           Defendant and Appellant.

         James Rickleffs (appellant) appeals his convictions, following a jury
trial, for murder, robbery, burglary, and theft. We reverse and remand the
convictions for robbery and for murder, and otherwise affirm.
                                                   BACKGROUND
Information
         The operative amended information charged appellant with the murder
of Steven Eric Escalon (Pen. Code, § 187, subd. (a)),1 first degree robbery of
Escalon (§ 211), first degree burglary of Escalon’s bedroom (§ 459), and first
degree burglary of the bedroom of Escalon’s roommate, Ryan Hohn (ibid.).

         1 All undesignated section references are to the Penal Code.

                                                               1
The information also alleged multiple prior strikes (§ 667, subds. (d) & (e);
§ 1170.12, subds. (b) & (c)) and prior prison terms (§ 667.5, subd. (b)).
Eyewitnesses
      On June 11, 2012, Escalon and a friend had drinks at Escalon’s
apartment before going out to bars in the Castro neighborhood of San
Francisco. Escalon’s friend eventually lost track of Escalon.
      About 1:30 a.m., a cab driver picked up appellant and another man
outside a bar in the Castro. While the cab driver drove to a residential
address in the Diamond Heights neighborhood, the two men argued because
appellant wanted to stop and pick up drugs, but the other man refused. The
two men also discussed appellant providing a sexual service to the other man.
The driver dropped them off outside Escalon’s apartment. After the men left
the cab, the driver noticed a foldable knife on the back seat, which appellant
returned to retrieve.
      About 3:00 a.m., Ryan Hohn, one of Escalon’s roommates, got up to use
the bathroom, saw a light on in Escalon’s bedroom, and heard someone
talking in a whisper. Hohn woke up at 6:00 a.m. and left for work at 7:30
a.m. During that time, he did not see Escalon or hear anything from
Escalon’s bedroom.
      When Hohn returned home from work about 5:30 p.m., the door to their
apartment was slightly ajar, and Hohn’s TV and video game system were
missing from the living room. Hohn’s computer, social security card, and
other items were missing from his room. Hohn went into Escalon’s room and
saw him lying on his bed covered by a duvet. Hohn moved the duvet, saw
that Escalon’s face was blue, and called the police.

                                        2
Crime Scene
      The first responding officer found Escalon blindfolded with a blanket
wound around his body and a cloth tightly wrapped around his head and in
his mouth. Duct tape covered the cloth in his mouth, and his hands and feet
were bound with duct tape. Underneath the blanket he was dressed. His
skin was warm but he was not breathing and had no pulse. Paramedics
arrived soon after but were unable to revive him.
      Sergeant Scott Warnke and Inspector Kevin Jones responded to
Escalon’s apartment that evening. Jones noticed an overwhelming smell of
amyl nitrate coming from a scarf wrapped around Escalon’s neck. Amyl
nitrate, also known as “ ‘poppers,’ ” is sold over the counter for other uses, but
when inhaled provides “a head rush.” An uncapped bottle with the same
shape as bottles that contain amyl nitrate was tipped over on a table next to
the bed. Warnke did not initially smell amyl nitrate, but when the medical
examiner rolled Escalon onto his side, Warnke smelled its odor emanating
from a scarf underneath Escalon’s body. The medical examiner, Ellen
Moffatt, also smelled amyl nitrate when she approached Escalon’s body.
Moffatt testified the scarf was moist at the scene and dry by the time it was
taken back to the medical examiner’s office.
Forensic Evidence
      A knife Hohn found in his closet about a week after Escalon’s death had
DNA consistent with Hohn and appellant as possible contributors.
      The medical examiner, Moffatt, performed an autopsy on Escalon.
There was foam in his trachea, indicating he was not breathing normally
before he died. He had abrasions on his wrists consistent with being bound

                                        3
by zip ties.2 The abrasions could have been caused by Escalon struggling
against the bindings or could have been caused because the bindings were
tight. The autopsy photographs showed bruising on his lips, although
Moffatt did not note the bruising in her autopsy report.3 Moffatt found no
other trauma or injuries. She found no evidence of sperm.
      A toxicology report analyzed blood drawn by Moffatt. Luke Rodda, the
medical examiner’s office’s chief forensic toxicologist at the time of trial,
testified as an expert in forensics toxicology and the effects of amyl nitrate
and gamma hydroxybutyrate, also known as GHB.4 He reviewed the
toxicology report, which showed Escalon had elevated levels of GHB and
nitrates. Because amyl nitrate rapidly converts to nitrates inside the body,
toxicology testing is for nitrates rather than amyl nitrate. Nitrates naturally
appear in the body at levels between 0.5 and 5 milligrams per liter, and
Escalon had 37 milligrams per liter. GHB naturally appears in the body at
levels up to 5 milligrams per liter, and Escalon had 14 milligrams per liter.
These figures do not indicate the levels at the time of Escalon’s death,
because both GHB and nitrates redistribute in the body after death.
      If a living person had the level of GHB indicated in Escalon’s toxicology
report, the person would still be awake and might not exhibit any effects. If a
living person had the level of nitrates indicated in Escalon’s toxicology report,

      2 When Moffatt arrived at the crime scene, she saw zip ties on the floor

close to Escalon’s body.
      3 A defense expert in forensic pathology testified Escalon’s lips were not

bruised, but rather showed signs of postmortem changes. The defense expert
also testified standard forensic practice is to document any bruising in the
autopsy report.
      4 Rodda and other witnesses testified GHB is a recreational drug that is

usually found as a liquid and ingested by drinking it.

                                         4
the person would likely be feeling light-headed and have decreased motor
functioning. Although it is not known at what levels GHB or nitrates are
lethal, at a certain point either can lead to sedation, coma, and death. Rodda
opined that having a scarf with amyl nitrate over one’s mouth for a prolonged
period of time could have such effects.
      Moffatt, the medical examiner, reached her conclusions about cause of
death after considering the toxicology report, the crime scene, and the
autopsy. She concluded Escalon’s death was caused by GHB and nitrate
intoxication, with possible asphyxia from the cloth in his mouth.
Appellant’s Possession of Stolen Items and Police Interview
      On the afternoon of June 13, 2012, the day after Escalon died, police
apprehended appellant for an unrelated incident. Appellant was carrying a
suitcase that was booked into property control at the police station. On
August 31, after appellant became a suspect in Escalon’s murder, police
reviewed the contents of the suitcase and found, among other items, Escalon’s
checkbook and Hohn’s ATM card.
      On September 2, 2012, police interviewed appellant. The entire
interview lasted almost six hours. Approximately two and one-half hours of
the interview was played for the jury, and a transcript was provided.
      Initially, appellant told police he got the suitcase containing the stolen
items from a drug dealer, had never been to Diamond Heights, and was not
in the Castro on the night of June 11. Police then told appellant his DNA
was found on a knife in the Diamond Heights apartment where the property
had been stolen, a cab driver identified appellant as a man the driver had
picked up in the Castro and dropped off at the Diamond Heights apartment,
and the theft victim had died. Appellant then told police he met Escalon at a
Castro bar and Escalon offered to pay appellant to take nude photographs of

                                          5
him. Initially Escalon offered three or four hundred dollars, but in the cab he
said two hundred. Then, after Escalon took the photographs, he gave
appellant a hundred dollars. Escalon made other sexual demands which
appellant refused. Appellant took a shower but, when he got dressed, the
money Escalon had given him was missing from his pants pocket.
      Escalon and appellant were both drinking, and Escalon was sniffing a
substance that “[g]ives you a headrush.” Appellant thought Escalon had done
something like ecstasy because he kept mentioning it, and Escalon also said
he wanted to do some “G.”5 Escalon wanted appellant to tie Escalon up and
appellant did so. Escalon complained appellant was being too “ ‘nice’ ” and
wanted appellant to be “ ‘rough.’ ” Then Escalon asked appellant to gag him
with a rag that had been used to wipe up spilled poppers; appellant also said
after Escalon was bound and gagged he leaned over the table where poppers
had spilled to sniff more. Appellant threw a blanket or a bathrobe over
Escalon.
      Because Escalon had taken back the money he had given appellant,
appellant took Escalon’s computer and phone. He went into Escalon’s
roommate’s room but denied taking anything from that room. When
appellant left, Escalon was still alive; he had had the gag on for about 15
minutes and appellant heard him breathing or snoring.
Defense Evidence
      An expert in forensic toxicology testified for the defense. The expert
testified that if a person takes a fatal amount of amyl nitrite, a chemical
change occurs that turns their blood chocolate brown. The blood will remain
chocolate brown after death despite being exposed to oxygen. Because the

      5 During closing argument, defense counsel construed this as referring

to GHB.

                                       6
blood drawn from Escalon was not brown, despite having an elevated nitrate
level, the death was not caused by an overdose of amyl nitrite. Vomiting is
another sign of excessive amyl nitrate consumption; therefore, a death with
no indication of vomiting is inconsistent with amyl nitrate overdose. GHB
can cause coma and death. Mixing GHB and alcohol will cause GHB levels to
go up. GHB levels in postmortem blood samples decrease over time, and the
level of GHB found in Escalon’s blood tested months after death is consistent
with death caused by a GHB overdose.
      The defense presented redacted online communications made by
Escalon. One referred to “poppers,” and another stated, “I’ll be blindfolded”
and “I have porn and poppers ready.”
Verdict, New Trial Motion, and Sentence
      The jury found appellant guilty of first degree murder; guilty of first
degree robbery of Escalon; not guilty of first degree burglary of Escalon’s
bedroom, but guilty of the lesser included offense of petty theft (§ 484); and
guilty of first degree burglary of Hohn’s bedroom. In a bifurcated proceeding,
the court found true prior conviction and prior prison term allegations.
      After the verdict, appellant retained new counsel and filed a motion for
a new trial. The court denied the motion and sentenced appellant to 50 years
to life in state prison.
                                 DISCUSSION
I.    Murder Conviction
      A.     Murder By Poison Instructional Error
      The jury was instructed on two alternative theories of first degree
murder: murder by poison and felony murder. Appellant argues the jury
instructions for the murder by poison theory were erroneous.

                                       7
      After appellant’s convictions, the California Supreme Court held in
People v. Brown (2023) 14 Cal.5th 453 (Brown) that “to prove first degree
murder by means of poison, the prosecution must show the defendant
deliberately gave the victim poison with the intent to kill the victim or inflict
injury likely to cause death.” (Id. at p. 457.) Because the jury was instructed
the defendant was guilty of first degree murder if she “ ‘murdered by using
poison,’ ” and was “not instruct[ed] . . . that it needed to find that [the
defendant] had any particular, heightened mental state in giving the poison
to the victim to find her guilty of murder in the first degree rather than in the
second degree,” the instructions were federal constitutional error. (Id. at
pp. 460, 472–473.)
      The People properly concede that the erroneous instructions given in
Brown were also given in this case. The People also properly concede the
error was not harmless beyond a reasonable doubt as to the murder by poison
theory and requires reversal of the first degree murder conviction. (In re
Lopez (2023) 14 Cal.5th 562, 580 [“Where a jury is instructed on alternate
theories of liability, one legally valid and one legally invalid, a federal
constitutional error has occurred. . . . The error therefore requires reversal
unless we determine the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.”].)
      B.    Laboratory Test Results
      Appellant raises another challenge to the murder conviction: the
admission of the laboratory report showing the levels of nitrates and GHB in
Escalon’s system, and testimony about the report. We agree this evidence
was inadmissible hearsay and find the error prejudicial as to appellant’s

                                         8
murder conviction, requiring a reduction to involuntary manslaughter unless
the People elect to retry the murder charge.6
            1.    Additional Background
      The only evidence of the levels of nitrate and GHB in Escalon’s system
came from a report created by a Pennsylvania laboratory, NMS Labs, which
processed samples provided by the medical examiner’s office. The NMS Labs
report did not include any raw data, but just listed the results of the testing
performed. Rodda, the prosecution’s toxicology expert, could not
independently reach a conclusion about the levels of nitrate and GHB, but
instead relied solely on the levels identified in the NMS Labs report.
      No one from NMS Labs testified at trial; instead, Rodda testified about
the NMS Labs report. The NMS Labs report was also admitted into
evidence. Defense counsel objected to both Rodda’s testimony about the
report and the admission of the report.
            2.    Hearsay
      “[A]n expert may not relate inadmissible ‘case-specific facts about
which the expert has no independent knowledge.’ [Citation.] ‘Case-specific
facts are those relating to the particular events and participants alleged to
have been involved in the case being tried.’ [Citation.] Testimony relating
such facts, unlike testimony about non-case-specific background information,
is subject to exclusion on hearsay grounds.” (People v. Veamatahau (2020)
9 Cal.5th 16, 26 [quoting People v. Sanchez (2016) 63 Cal.4th 665, 676].) The
NMS Labs report contained case-specific facts about which Rodda had no
personal knowledge. The People do not contend otherwise. Thus, the
admission of the report and Rodda’s testimony about its contents was state-

      6 Appellant also challenges the evidence as violating the confrontation

clause. We need not and do not decide this issue.

                                        9
law error. (See People v. Valencia (2021) 11 Cal.5th 818, 840 (Valencia)
[“ ‘improper admission of hearsay may constitute state law statutory
error’ ”].)
       Appellant argues he was prejudiced by the error. We have already
concluded the first degree murder conviction must be reversed for
instructional error. At oral argument, appellant’s counsel conceded we could
allow the People to accept a reduction to involuntary manslaughter on
remand. Accordingly, we focus our prejudice analysis on whether it is
reasonably probable that, without the erroneously admitted evidence, the
jury would have found appellant guilty of involuntary manslaughter rather
than second degree murder. “ ‘ “[A] ‘probability’ in this context does not mean
more likely than not, but merely a reasonable chance, more than an abstract
possibility.” ’ ” (Richardson v. Superior Court (2008) 43 Cal.4th 1040, 1050.)
       The jury was instructed that to find appellant guilty of implied malice
second degree murder,7 it must find appellant intentionally committed an act
that caused Escalon’s death, the natural and probable consequences of the act
were dangerous to human life, appellant knew the act was dangerous to
human life, and appellant deliberately acted with conscious disregard for
human life. (See CALCRIM No. 520.) “To suffice for implied malice murder,
the defendant’s act must not merely be dangerous to life in some vague or
speculative sense; it must ‘ “involve[ ] a high degree of probability that it will
result in death.” ’ ” (People v. Reyes (2023) 14 Cal.5th 981, 989.)
       As to involuntary manslaughter, the jury was instructed, “The
difference between other homicide offenses and involuntary manslaughter
depends on whether the person was aware of the risk to life that his or her

       7 The prosecutor relied exclusively on implied malice, arguing to the

jury, “Malice aforethought, in this case, it’s implied malice.”

                                        10
actions created and consciously disregarded that risk. An unlawful killing
caused by a willful act done with full knowledge and awareness that the
person is endangering the life of another, and done in conscious disregard of
that risk, is voluntary manslaughter or murder. An unlawful killing
resulting from a willful act committed without intent to kill and without
conscious disregard of the risk to human life is involuntary manslaughter.”
(See CALCRIM No. 580.) Thus, the jury was instructed that, to find
appellant guilty of involuntary manslaughter, it must find appellant acted “in
a reckless way that creates a high risk of death or great bodily injury” and “A
reasonable person would have known that acting in that way would create
such a risk.”
      The prosecutor argued evidence of conscious disregard included
appellant’s acts of binding Escalon, gagging him, covering him with a
blanket, and leaving him alone. The prosecutor also argued conscious
disregard was demonstrated because appellant “knew he had amyl nitrate on
that rag” he put in Escalon’s mouth, and appellant “knew what he was doing
was dangerous. He had taken some of the poppers and the amyl nitrate
himself, and he knew it was dangerous, but he didn’t do anything.” During
argument, the prosecutor referenced the levels of nitrate found in Escalon’s
body: “There’s bottles at the -- in the bedroom, there’s the smell that
witnesses who had experience with poppers recognized, and there is a
presence of nitrate in the decedent’s blood. So that there was exposure to
poppers, that’s a fact that’s been proved beyond a reasonable doubt” (italics
added), and “the level of amyl nitrate and the suffering that [Escalon] was
going through, is evidence that this was against his will” (italics added).
      In other words, one of the prosecutor’s arguments was that Escalon’s
consumption of a substantial amount of amyl nitrate created a high risk of

                                       11
death if Escalon were unable to seek help, and appellant consciously
disregarded that risk. To be sure, as the People note, there was admissible
evidence that Escalon ingested amyl nitrate before his death: law
enforcement officers and the medical examiner responding to the scene
smelled amyl nitrate coming from Escalon and/or a scarf that had been
wrapped around his mouth; an empty amyl nitrate bottle was found on a
table next to Escalon’s bed; and appellant told police Escalon had been
inhaling “poppers.” But this evidence does not indicate the quantity of
nitrates he consumed, which the People’s experts testified was significant to
the level of risk. Moffatt, the medical examiner, testified Escalon had a “fatal
amount of amyl nitrate and GHB in his system,” and he possibly could have
died from the “levels of nitrates and GHB alone,” even absent any
asphyxiation. Rodda testified about the effects the levels of nitrates found in
the NMS Labs report would have on a living person. The NMS Labs report
and attendant testimony was the only evidence about the levels of nitrates in
Escalon’s system.8
      We conclude there is a reasonable probability the jury would not have
found appellant acted with conscious disregard if the inadmissible evidence

      8 The People argue Rodda and Moffatt could have testified that they

reviewed a toxicology report and relied on it to reach their expert opinions,
without discussing the evidence contained in the NMS Labs report or
admitting the report itself. We need not decide whether such opinion
testimony would be admissible. (People v. Moore (2011) 51 Cal.4th 386, 406
[“[P]roposed expert testimony [that] rests on an assumption without any
support in the trial evidence, . . . has little or no probative value, bears the
potential to mislead the jury into accepting the unsupported assumption and
drawing from it unwarranted conclusions, and thus cannot significantly ‘help
the trier of fact evaluate the issues it must decide.’ ”].) It is sufficient for our
purposes that the expert opinions would carry substantially less weight with
the jury absent the supporting toxicology report.

                                         12
had been excluded. Specifically, absent evidence from the NMS Labs report
that Escalon consumed a significant amount of drugs, there is a reasonable
probability the jury would have found appellant’s acts of binding, gagging,
and leaving Escalon did not demonstrate conscious disregard, but rather only
satisfied the lower standard for involuntary manslaughter. Accordingly, on
remand, the People may elect to accept a reduction to involuntary
manslaughter, or to retry the murder charge.9
      Appellant argues the error was also prejudicial as to the robbery
conviction. We need not decide this issue because we are reversing the
robbery conviction on other grounds (post, part II). Appellant does not
contend the error was prejudicial as to the burglary or theft counts.
II.   Force Instruction
      Appellant argues instructional error on the robbery charge. The jury
was instructed that an element of robbery is “The defendant used force or
fear to take the property or to prevent the person from resisting.” (CALCRIM
No. 1600.) Appellant argues this instruction was erroneous in the context of
this case because it allowed the jury to conclude the requisite force could be
consensual.10

      9 We need not decide appellant’s separate challenge that the felony

murder theory was legally invalid because of erroneous jury instructions. We
also need not decide appellant’s challenge relating to evidence of misconduct
by a medical examiner’s office employee, which appellant argues was
material only as to the murder-by-poison theory of first degree murder.
      10 Although appellant did not object to the instruction below, the People

do not contend the claim is forfeited. (See People v. Hillhouse (2002)
27 Cal.4th 469, 503 [“Instructions regarding the elements of the crime affect
the substantial rights of the defendant, thus requiring no objection for
appellate review.”].) As appellant notes, even if the contention were forfeited,
it would be reviewable pursuant to an ineffective assistance of counsel claim.

                                       13
      The parties dispute whether the force required for robbery must be
nonconsensual. Appellant relies on People v. Kelley (1990) 220 Cal.App.3d
1358 (Kelley), where the defendant told a witness he and a coconspirator
planned to play a drinking game with the victim, get the victim drunk, and
then take his money. (Id. at pp. 1363–1364.) The victim was subsequently
found dead from blunt trauma. (Id. at p. 1364.) Evidence at the scene
indicated a drinking game had been played; the victim’s blood-alcohol level
was .21 percent; and the victim’s wallet was lying on the floor, empty. (Ibid.)
The defendant was convicted of conspiracy to commit robbery and murder.
(Id. at p. 1363.)
      The Court of Appeal held, “Since the facts here could support a finding
[the defendant and his coconspirator’s] plan was to get [the victim] so drunk
that he would pass out and thus they would not need to use any force or fear
to take [the victim’s] money and that a charged overt act occurred making a
culpable conspiracy complete, the jury should have been instructed on
conspiracy to commit theft as a lesser included offense of conspiracy to
commit robbery.” (Kelley, supra, 220 Cal.App.3d at p. 1369; see also id. at
p. 1366 [“Theft is a lesser included offense of robbery since theft does not
require the use of force or fear in the taking.”].) The court contrasted cases
finding force when “the defendant administered a drug to an unsuspecting
victim and the victim was involuntarily intoxicated.” (Id. at p. 1368.) The
court reasoned, “In cases where the victim’s lack of resistance or
unconsciousness is not due to the defendant surreptitiously drugging the
victim, but due to the victim’s own actions, the legal authorities and courts of

                                       14
this and other states have found the force element lacking when the
defendant takes property from an unconscious victim.” (Id. at p. 1368.)11
      The People argue any consent to the use of force is irrelevant to
whether a robbery has occurred; the only act that must be against the
victim’s will is the taking. The People argue Kelley is distinguishable because
no force was used in that case. Kelley would only apply, the People argue, “if
Escalon had tied himself up and thereby rendered himself unable to resist
the taking of his property.”12
      We disagree. Kelley focused on whether the victim knowingly and
willingly rendered himself incapacitated. This reasoning applies here:
whether Escalon tied himself up, as in the People’s example, or whether
appellant tied him up at his request, Escalon would have knowingly and
willingly taken action to render himself unable to resist. In either instance,
his resistance would not have been overcome “ ‘without the voluntary co-
operation of the subject whose resistance is repressed.’ ” (Kelley, supra,
220 Cal.App.3d at p. 1368; see also People v. Dreas (1984) 153 Cal.App.3d
623, 628 [“ ‘ “Force” is the power or energy by which resistance is
overcome.’ ”].) We thus agree with appellant that the force required for a

      11 Appellant argues Kelly’s holding was incorporated into CALCRIM

No. 1600, which includes the following bracketed language: “An act is done
against a person’s will if that person does not consent to the act.” This
language appears to relate to the taking element, which requires a finding
that “The property was taken against that person’s will.” (CALCRIM
No. 1600, italics added.)
      12 At trial, the prosecutor argued appellant “drugg[ed]” Escalon and

bound him, both of which could constitute the requisite force. The People
apparently do not dispute that if Escalon voluntarily ingested amyl nitrate,
the force element would not be satisfied.

                                       15
robbery must be nonconsensual and the court erred in failing to so instruct
the jury.
      “[A] trial court’s failure to instruct on an element of a crime is federal
constitutional error that requires reversal of the conviction unless it can be
shown beyond a reasonable doubt that the error did not contribute to the
jury’s verdict.” (People v. Cole (2004) 33 Cal.4th 1158, 1208.) Contrary to the
People’s argument, the evidence did not overwhelmingly demonstrate
Escalon resisted being bound.13 The medical examiner testified the abrasions
on his wrists could indicate a struggle, but were also consistent with lack of
struggle; she further testified that she did not conclude the lip bruising was a
sign of struggle. There were no other signs of struggle or defensive injuries.
Appellant consistently told the police Escalon asked to be tied up. In
addition, the prosecutor argued the jury could convict appellant of robbery
even if it found Escalon consented to being bound: “Why did [appellant] tie up
Eric Escalon? Because Eric Escalon consented; does that matter? Does the
intent of the victim matter for robbery? [¶] No. The defendant’s intent
matters. His intent to steal, the fact that he’s using that word to steal, that’s

      13 That “[t]here was also overwhelming evidence that Escalon did not

want appellant to take his property,” as the People argue, is immaterial to
whether the use of force was consensual.

                                       16
what matters. He’s guilty of that robbery.”14 We have little difficulty finding
appellant prejudiced by the instructional error.15
       Accordingly, we will reverse and remand the robbery conviction. On
remand, the People may elect to accept a reduction of the conviction to petty
theft or to retry the robbery charge.16
III.   Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436
       Appellant argues his September 2, 2012 statement to police was
obtained in violation of Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436 (Miranda),
and that the trial court erred in denying appellant’s motion to exclude the
statement.17 We disagree.

       14 The People do not argue the murder conviction establishes the jury

necessarily found Escalon resisted being bound. We agree with the implied
concession. As with the robbery charge, the prosecutor argued the jury could
convict appellant of murder even if Escalon consented to being bound: “You
believe there was consent for being tied up? Is there any evidence of consent
to being left that way? Is there any evidence of consent to dying? To being
found that way? No. And those actions by [appellant], that’s what caused
Eric Escalon to die. Leaving Eric Escalon helpless, it caused Eric Escalon to
die.” Accordingly, the jury could have convicted appellant of murder without
finding Escalon resisted the binding.
       15 Appellant also argues the prosecutor’s argument constituted

prosecutorial misconduct and the trial court failed to adequately respond to a
jury question about force. We need not and do not decide these issues. We
also need not decide whether the error was prejudicial as to the murder
conviction, because we are reversing that conviction on other grounds.
       16 Appellant’s contention there was insufficient evidence Escalon

resisted the binding is unavailing. Sufficient evidence was present, including
the wrist abrasions and the extent of the binding, which the prosecution
argued alone indicated it was not consensual.
       17 Although we are reversing the murder and robbery convictions, this

claim remains relevant as to appellant’s burglary and theft convictions, as

                                          17
      “As a prophylactic safeguard to protect a suspect’s Fifth Amendment
privilege against self-incrimination, the United States Supreme Court, in
Miranda, required law enforcement agencies to advise a suspect, before any
custodial law enforcement questioning, that ‘he has the right to remain
silent, that anything he says can be used against him in a court of law, that
he has the right to the presence of an attorney, and that if he cannot afford
an attorney one will be appointed for him prior to any questioning if he so
desires.’ [Citations.] If the suspect knowingly and intelligently waives these
rights, law enforcement may interrogate, but if at any point in the interview
he invokes the right to remain silent or the right to counsel, ‘the interrogation
must cease.’ ” (People v. Martinez (2010) 47 Cal.4th 911, 947 (Martinez).)
“ ‘On appeal, we review independently the trial court’s legal determinations
of whether a defendant’s . . . Miranda waivers were knowingly, intelligently,
and voluntarily made [citation], and whether his later actions constituted an
invocation of his right to silence [citation]. We evaluate the trial court’s
factual findings regarding the circumstances surrounding the defendant’s
statements and waivers, and “ ‘accept the trial court’s resolution of disputed
facts and inferences, and its evaluations of credibility, if supported by
substantial evidence.’ ” ’ ” (People v. Krebs (2019) 8 Cal.5th 265, 299 (Krebs).)
      A.    Prior Invocation of Right to Remain Silent
      At an evidentiary hearing on appellant’s motion to exclude his
statement to police, Inspector Warnke testified that he understood appellant
was arrested on August 31, 2012 for an unrelated theft offense. The officer
who interviewed appellant on August 31 told Warnke that appellant said he

well as to a reduction of the murder conviction to involuntary manslaughter
that the People may choose to accept on remand.

                                        18
did not want to talk to police, but did not ask for an attorney.18 On
September 2, Warnke was present when another officer read appellant his
Miranda rights. Appellant acknowledged he understood his rights and
proceeded to answer questions from Warnke and the other officer.
      “In Michigan v. Mosley (1975) 423 U.S. 96, 104 [46 L.Ed.2d 313,
96 S.Ct. 321] (Mosley), the high court held ‘the admissibility of statements
obtained after the person in custody has decided to remain silent depends
under Miranda on whether his “right to cut off questioning” was
“scrupulously honored.” ’ ” (Krebs, supra, 8 Cal.5th at p. 314.) “In Mosley,
despite the defendant’s invocation of the right to remain silent, the high court
declined to find a Miranda violation because ‘the police here immediately
ceased the interrogation, resumed questioning only after the passage of a
significant period of time and the provision of a fresh set of warnings, and
restricted the second interrogation to a crime that had not been a subject of
the earlier interrogation.’ [Citation.] In Mosley, the time elapsed between
the invocation of the right to silence and the reinterrogation was ‘more than
two hours.’ ” (Martinez, supra, 47 Cal.4th at p. 950.) “[A]s Mosley made
clear, a suspect’s decision to cut off questioning, unlike his request for
counsel, does not raise the presumption that he is unable to proceed without
a lawyer’s advice.” (Arizona v. Roberson (1988) 486 U.S. 675, 683.)
      The parties dispute whether appellant was arrested on August 31 only
for an unrelated offense or also for the Escalon homicide.19 But the pertinent

      18 This officer did not testify because of a health issue.
                                                              Although
appellant initially objected to the hearsay statements, defense counsel
subsequently questioned Warnke about them with no prosecution objection
and the trial court ruled they were therefore admitted for the truth.
      19 At the evidentiary hearing, appellant presented the August 31 police

“booking card” which listed murder as the last of four charges.

                                        19
issue is not whether he was arrested for the homicide at that time, but
whether he was questioned about it during the August 31 interview before he
invoked his right to remain silent. On this question, most significantly,
Warnke testified the officer who conducted the August 31 interview was not
involved in the homicide investigation, and appellant cites no evidence to the
contrary. Warnke further testified this officer told him appellant had been
arrested for an unrelated theft offense on August 31. This is consistent with
the officers’ statement in the September 2 interview that appellant “got
picked up this past Friday” but “we don’t really care about” that. The
available evidence thus establishes that appellant was not questioned about
the Escalon incident on August 31.
      Even if the evidence were inconclusive, appellant’s suggestion that this
issue is dispositive is incorrect. “In Mosley the second interrogation related to
an entirely different crime . . . . To our mind, the issue does not revolve
around the fact the second interview of defendant was not for another
separate crime. That is but one factor to be considered in applying the
factual test of Mosley. . . . [¶] The real issue is whether defendant’s Miranda
right to cut off the questioning was respected in the totality of the
circumstances.” (People v. Warner (1988) 203 Cal.App.3d 1122, 1130–1131;
see also Krebs, supra, 8 Cal.5th at pp. 315–316 [no Mosley violation even
though post-invocation interview was about the same crime, reasoning that,
“[w]ithout suggesting that all of the above must be present or that any of
those factors is sufficient, we conclude that under these circumstances, the
trial court did not err in admitting the post-advisement confession [following
a prior invocation]”].) Appellant’s contention that a suspect must make an
express waiver prior to the second interview is also not supported by the
caselaw. (See Mosley, supra, 423 U.S. at pp. 104–105 [“[The defendant] was

                                       20
given full and complete Miranda warnings at the outset of the second
interrogation. He was thus reminded again that he could remain silent and
could consult with a lawyer, and was carefully given a full and fair
opportunity to exercise these options.”]; Krebs, supra, 8 Cal.5th at p. 297
[prior to the post-invocation interrogation, the officer “read defendant his
Miranda rights, and defendant acknowledged that he understood them”].)
      In Krebs, the defendant invoked his right to remain silent while being
questioned about the disappearance of two victims. (Krebs, supra, 8 Cal.5th
at pp. 295–296, 312.) The officer continued to question him, but eventually
ended the interview; when the officer asked if he could return the following
day, the defendant responded “ ‘ “Maybe.” ’ ” (Id. at p. 296.) The following
morning the officer returned and continued to ask questions about the
victims’ disappearance. (Id. at pp. 296–297.) Eventually, after two
additional Miranda advisements, the defendant confessed. (Id. at p. 297.)
The California Supreme Court held the confession admissible: “[The
defendant] was given an 18-hour break from interrogation after invoking his
right to remain silent; he left open the possibility for the officer to reinitiate
contact, and upon being contacted, cooperated with the interrogation. When
he confessed, his confessions were preceded by Miranda warnings that
effectively apprised him of his rights.” (Id. at p. 316; see also id. at pp. 315–
316 [the 18-hour break in that case “was substantially longer than the two-
hour period in Mosley in which the suspect was left alone and the court found
questioning could be reinitiated”].)
      In Martinez, the California Supreme Court held the defendant’s
Miranda rights were not violated after the defendant invoked the right to
remain silent, under the following circumstances: “the detectives waited
overnight to approach defendant again, and their questioning shifted quickly

                                        21
from Sabrina P.’s assault [the focus of the prior interview] to a different
crime, Sophia’s murder. Although the detectives did not reread defendant his
Miranda rights verbatim, they did remind him of the admonition given the
night before and then specifically asked him if he remembered those rights
and whether he still wanted to talk. Defendant responded affirmatively.
Given that defendant had been read his Miranda rights the night before and
on at least four prior occasions, the record fails to support any inference that
defendant was unaware of his rights and the significance of his waiver.”
(Martinez, supra, 47 Cal.4th at p. 950.)
      Here, police waited two days after appellant invoked his right to
remain silent before approaching him—longer than the time in Mosley, Krebs,
and Martinez. At that time, appellant was readvised of his Miranda rights,
acknowledged that he understood them, and proceeded to answer the officers’
questions. The evidence indicates the questions were about different offenses
than those asked during the August 31 interview. Considering the totality of
the circumstances, we find the officers did not violate appellant’s Miranda
rights by interviewing him on September 2 following his August 31
invocation of his right to remain silent.
      B.    New Invocation of Right to Remain Silent
      Appellant also argues that he invoked his right to remain silent during
the September 2 interview.
      “In order to invoke the Fifth Amendment privilege after it has been
waived, and in order to halt police questioning after it has begun, the suspect
‘must unambiguously’ assert his right to silence or counsel. [Citation.] It is
not enough for a reasonable police officer to understand that the suspect
might be invoking his rights. [Citation.] Faced with an ambiguous or
equivocal statement, law enforcement officers are not required under

                                       22
Miranda, supra, 384 U.S. 436, either to ask clarifying questions or to cease
questioning altogether.” (People v. Stitely (2005) 35 Cal.4th 514, 535
(Stitely).) “ ‘A defendant has not invoked his or her right to silence when the
defendant’s statements were merely expressions of passing frustration or
animosity toward the officers, or amounted only to a refusal to discuss a
particular subject covered by the questioning.’ ” (People v. Williams (2010)
49 Cal.4th 405, 433 (Williams).)
      Two of the statements appellant relies on took place during an
exchange in which the officers probed whether appellant ever went to the
Castro neighborhood of San Francisco. They asked whether appellant ever
“hook[ed] up with someone there” to “get a place to crash for the night.”
Appellant vehemently responded no, adding “That’s really not me.” The
officers continued, saying, “people that are down on their luck do things that
they--they normally wouldn’t do” that are “out of their comfort zone just to
make ends meet . . . .” Appellant again responded strongly, “No. I haven’t.
No way;” “No. Nuh-uh. I’m like, uh--uh-uh. That’s just not even me ever,
ever, ever, ever.” The officers then asked whether, “just to party,” he ever
“just hook[ed] up with gay guys.” Appellant responded, “I feel like, uh, right
now, it just--you know what I’m sayin’? I’m uncomfortable right now. Just
talkin’ about it. Let alone somebody--some other guy, whatever. It’s like, uh-
uh.” (Italics added.)
      The officers continued, “How about as a ruse, like, say, you know not
saying that you did, but saying you wanted to swipe something from
someone, would you be the type of person that would say, play along,” “to
kind of play along like, yeah, yeah, yeah. You know, I’m into that. Let’s go
back to your house and then if you see something kind of snatch it and boom,
out the door.” Appellant responded, “Hell, no. What would everybody else

                                      23
think? You crazy? Yeah, then, you know, you’re with a girl and the next
thing you know you’ve got other guys coming up to you and like, what the
hell? Nuh-uh. No. Uh-uh. I don’t want to answer that kind of weird shit.”
(Italics added.)
      In context, a reasonable officer could understand the italicized
statements as an expression of appellant’s discomfort with being identified as
or perceived to be gay rather than a blanket statement that appellant did not
want to talk about the Escalon investigation.20 (See Williams, supra,
49 Cal.4th at p. 434 [“In our view, the statement italicized above—‘I don’t
want to talk about it’—was an expression of defendant’s frustration with [the
officer’s] failure to accept defendant’s repeated insistence that he was not
acquainted with the victim as proof that he had not encountered her on the
night of the crime, rather than an unambiguous invocation of the right to
remain silent. [Citations.] A reasonable officer could interpret defendant’s
statement as comprising part of his denial of any knowledge concerning the
crime or the victim, rather than an effort to terminate the interrogation.”].)
Appellant’s reliance on People v. Case (2018) 5 Cal.5th 1 is therefore
inapposite. (Id. at pp. 17, 21 [the defendant’s statement, when asked if he
would talk to officers, “ ‘No, not about a robbery/murder. Jesus Christ,’ ” was
an unambiguous invocation, and was not solely a partial invocation because
“[t]he robbery murder was the only subject under discussion”].)
      Appellant also relies on his statement, after the officers told him
Escalon was dead, appellant’s DNA was found on a knife in the apartment,
and the cab driver identified appellant, that, “I shouldn’t talk to you people,

      20 Warnke testified he understood the statements to mean appellant

“didn’t want to acknowledge being the type of person who would hang out
with the gay crowd.”

                                       24
though,” adding “That’s why you read the Miranda [r]ights, you say all this
shit in court . . . .” (Italics added.) Similarly equivocal statements have been
held to not constitute an invocation of the right to remain silent. For
example, in People v. Bacon (2010) 50 Cal.4th 1082, the defendant told police,
“ ‘I think it’d probably be a good idea for me to get an attorney.’ ” (Id. at
p. 1105.) The California Supreme Court held, “Because defendant’s
statement contains several ambiguous qualifying words (‘I think,’ ‘probably,’
and ‘it’d’), we do not consider defendant’s statement to be sufficiently clear in
and of itself.” (Ibid.; see also Stitely, supra, 35 Cal.4th at p. 535 [“A
reasonable officer in Detective Coffey’s position would have concluded that
defendant’s first remark (‘I think it’s about time for me to stop talking’)
expressed apparent frustration, but did not end the interview.”].) Appellant’s
statement was similarly equivocal, ambiguously providing that he “shouldn’t”
talk to police. (Cf. People v. Henderson (2020) 9 Cal.5th 1013, 1023 [“ ‘[I]
want to, speak to an attorney first’ ” was unequivocal invocation].)
      In sum, the trial court did not err in rejecting appellant’s Miranda
claims.
IV.   Coercion
      Appellant argues his statements to police were involuntary because the
officers engaged in coercive tactics. The evidence at the pretrial hearing on
this issue was the complete video of the interview, Warnke’s testimony, and
the testimony of a defense expert in police interrogation and involuntary
admissions. Appellant alternatively argues the trial court erred in
precluding the admission of some of this evidence at trial. We find
appellant’s statements were not involuntary and any evidentiary error was
harmless.

                                        25
      A.    Involuntariness
      “Both the federal and state Constitutions bar prosecutors from
introducing into evidence a defendant’s involuntary statement to government
officials. [Citation.] This prohibition bars the admission of an involuntary
confession, as well as an involuntary admission. [Citation.] In determining
whether a statement is involuntary, ‘we consider the totality of the
circumstances to see if a defendant’s choice to confess was not “ ‘ “ ‘essentially
free’ ” ’ ” because his will was overborne by the coercive practices of his
interrogator.’ [Citation.] Coercive police conduct includes physical violence,
threats, direct or implied promises, or any other exertion of improper
influence by officers to extract a statement. [Citation.] The presence of
coercion is a necessary, but not always sufficient, predicate to finding a
confession was involuntary. [Citation.] We also consider other surrounding
circumstances apparent from the record, including both the details of the
interrogation and the characteristics of the accused.” (People v. Battle (2021)
11 Cal.5th 749, 790 (Battle).)
      “When a defendant challenges the admission of a statement on the
grounds that it was involuntarily made, the state bears the burden of
showing by a preponderance of the evidence that a defendant’s statement
was, in fact, voluntary. [Citation.] On appeal, we accept the trial court’s
factual findings as to the circumstances surrounding the confession, provided
they are supported by substantial evidence, but we review de novo the
ultimate legal question of voluntariness.” (Battle, supra, 11 Cal.5th at
p. 790.)
      We begin by noting “various indicia of voluntariness that [appellant]
doesn’t dispute”: there is “no allegation that he suffered any physical abuse,”
“[t]here were breaks during the interview and [appellant] was given water”

                                        26
and food. (Battle, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 791.) In addition, appellant was a
mature adult in his 40s with a criminal record at the time of his
interrogation, and therefore was not “ ‘unskilled and uncounseled in the
law.’ ” (People v. Cahill (1994) 22 Cal.App.4th 296, 317 (Cahill); cf. ibid.
[“defendant was a youth raised in other states, who had just attained his
majority, and whose education extended only to the eighth grade”].)
Throughout the interrogation appellant consistently denied intending to steal
from Escalon when they went to Escalon’s apartment, binding him in order to
steal from him, or intending to do him any physical harm, indicating that
appellant’s will was not overcome. (See Battle, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 792
[the defendant’s “admission also potentially reflects a desire to cooperate for
the purposes of exculpating himself” by “continu[ing] to tell a version of
events that minimized his involvement,” supporting a conclusion that the
defendant’s will was not overcome].) “These circumstances of the interview
and the accused buttress the trial court’s conclusion that [appellant’s]
statements to [police] were voluntary.” (Battle, at p. 791.)
      Appellant’s arguments do not persuade us otherwise. Appellant makes
passing reference to the length of the interrogation: six hours, including four
breaks. Appellant points to testimony of his defense expert that 95 percent of
interrogations are less than two hours, but the expert also testified he did not
know the typical length of a homicide interrogation. In any event, the length
of an interrogation alone does not render it coercive. (See People v.
Carrington (2009) 47 Cal.4th 145, 175 (Carrington) [“In the present case,
although the questioning continued over the course of eight hours, it does not
appear that defendant’s will to resist was overborne.”]; People v. Peoples
(2016) 62 Cal.4th 718, 739, 741 [interrogation lasting more than 12 hours not
coercive “under the ‘ “totality of the circumstances” ’ ”].)

                                        27
       Appellant points to the officers’ promises to help appellant get into a
residential drug program. Early in the interview, the officers told appellant,
“I don’t know if I can get--if I can get you into a program? I can definitely
look into it, though. And find resources;” “I can definitely try to facilitate
that for you. If that’s something you’re interested in. I can help you out with
that;” “I’m gonna try to get you--you want to get into a program.” These
statements were not coercive. The officers did not condition their assistance
on appellant’s confession. Moreover, the statements occurred long before
appellant’s admissions, and therefore any conceivable coercive effect is not
causally connected. (See Battle, supra, 11 Cal.5th at pp. 794–795 [police
statement “had no proximate causal connection to [the defendant’s]
subsequent admission” because “[i]mmediately after [the challenged
statement] . . . , [the defendant] did not change the story he was then
telling”].)
       Appellant also relies on the officers’ delay in letting him smoke
cigarettes, despite his repeated requests. But many of these delays took
place well before appellant’s admission, and appellant had cigarette breaks
before his admission, indicating no causal connection between any delay in
providing cigarette breaks and his admission. Appellant references the
provision of food and drink, but the officers offered and promptly provided
appellant with food and drink.
       Finally, appellant contends the officers threatened harsher treatment if
appellant did not cooperate. After telling appellant about his DNA in the
apartment and the cab driver’s identification, the officers told him, “You
know what went down. I don’t think you necessarily know the aftermath of--
of what--of course--what happened afterwards. It’s pretty evident to me that
that’s a very real possibility. You know? But us not knowing what

                                        28
happened, the only thing we have to speculate is your intention was to go
there to kill him and rip--and rip off,” which is “pre-meditation.” The officers
continued, “there’s a difference between plannin’ on doin’ something or doing
things in the heat of passion, or--or--you know what I mean? Or as an after-
thought or, you know, sometimes--it wasn’t even your intention.” Shortly
thereafter, they said, “Just tell us what happened, dude. The--there is a huge
difference of going there for one thing and--then meeting this happen, it’s--
it’s--and there is a big difference. And you asked what’s does--what’s the
difference? There’s a huge difference. Help us help you. Help us go to the
DA” and say “this is what happened. He told us what happened. He was
honest about what happened.”
      Appellant argues that, because premeditated murder and felony
murder are both first degree murder, there is not in fact a difference between
the two, and the police therefore falsely told appellant he would receive more
lenient treatment if he confessed. Appellant relies on Cahill, supra, in which
the officer investigating a burglary-murder gave the defendant a detailed
summary of the law of homicide that was “materially misleading in omitting
any reference to the felony-murder doctrine.” (Cahill, supra, 22 Cal.App.4th
at pp. 306–307, 315.) The officer also told the defendant, “ ‘if there’s
mitigating circumstances and if you were caught in there, that changes the
whole thing. That’s gonna—that’s gonna have an affect on how much time
you do.’ ” (Id. at p. 307.) The Court of Appeal held the statements
improperly constituted “an implied promise that if the defendant did admit a
role in the killing but had not premeditated he might avoid trial and
conviction of first degree murder.” (Id. at p. 314.)
      This case is distinguishable from Cahill. Instead, it is more akin to
People v. Holloway (2004) 33 Cal.4th 96, another burglary-murder case, in

                                       29
which the Supreme Court held the officers’ “suggestions that the killings
might have been accidental or resulted from an uncontrollable fit of rage
during a drunken blackout, and that such circumstances could ‘make[ ] a lot
of difference,’ fall far short of being promises of lenient treatment in exchange
for cooperation. The detectives did not represent that they, the prosecutor or
the court would grant defendant any particular benefit if he told them how
the killings happened.” (Id. at p. 116.) Holloway specifically distinguished
Cahill because unlike that case, “[n]o specific benefit in terms of lesser
charges was promised or even discussed, and [the officer’s] general assertion
that the circumstances of a killing could ‘make[ ] a lot of difference’ to the
punishment, while perhaps optimistic, was not materially deceptive.”
(Holloway, at p. 117.) Similarly, in Carrington, supra, the officer told the
defendant “that he wanted to present a package to the district attorney in
which he would be able to say ‘that in all cases that you have been charged
with, all the cases you’ve been involved with, that you helped and assisted
the police in their investigation.’ ” (Carrington, supra, 47 Cal.4th at p. 173.)
The Supreme Court rejected the argument that this constituted a promise of
leniency, finding “[t]he interviewing officers did not suggest they could
influence the decisions of the district attorney, but simply informed
defendant that full cooperation might be beneficial in an unspecified way.”
(Id. at p. 174.) As in Holloway and Carrington, the officers’ statements to
appellant that cooperation could be beneficial in an unspecified way was not
coercive.
      In sum, considering the totality of the circumstances, we find
appellant’s will was not overcome in the interrogation.

                                        30
      B.    Admissibility of Evidence at Trial
      Appellant argues in the alternative that the trial court erred in
excluding evidence of coercion at trial: excluded portions of the interview,
testimony of the defense expert, and cross-examination of Warnke on the
issue. (See People v. Page (1991) 2 Cal.App.4th 161, 185 [“[A] finding that the
confession is voluntary does not render such evidence irrelevant or
inadmissible. Rather, ‘evidence about the manner in which a confession was
secured will often be germane to its probative weight, a matter that is
exclusively for the jury to assess.’ ”].) Appellant also challenges the trial
court’s refusal to instruct the jury that they may consider “the physical and
psychological environment that yielded the defendant’s statements in
determining whether they are believable.” We find any error harmless as to
the remaining convictions of the burglary of Hohn’s room and theft, and as to
involuntary manslaughter if the People accept the reduction on remand.
      First, as discussed above, the evidence of coercive tactics was minimal
at best. To the extent there was evidence of coercion, appellant argues his
expert testified at the pretrial hearing that coercive tactics generally increase
the risk of unreliability, but the expert also testified coercion does not
necessarily mean an admission is unreliable.
      Second, at trial the defense relied on many of appellant’s statements to
the police, and on appeal appellant fails to identify why the jury would have
found specific statements unreliable but for the asserted error. For example,
appellant refers to his statement that Escalon was alive when appellant left
the apartment.21 But appellant fails to explain why, absent the assumed
error, the jury could have found this statement unreliable but still believed

      21 Defense counsel argued at trial that if Escalon was no longer alive at

the time appellant committed the felony, it was not felony murder.

                                        31
other statements relied on by the defense, such as that appellant did not
initially intend to steal from Escalon.
      In sum, any error in excluding evidence about the conditions
surrounding appellant’s admission and in refusing the requested jury
instruction was harmless under any standard.
V.    Evidence of Escalon’s Interest or Lack of Interest in Sexual Submission
      Appellant argues the trial court erred in admitting evidence that
Escalon did not have an interest in being sexually submissive and that his
binding was not consistent with consensual bondage,22 and/or in excluding
evidence that Escalon did have an interest in being sexually submissive. We
find any error harmless.
      As an initial matter, we reject appellant’s contention that any of the
asserted errors were violations of federal constitutional rights. Appellant’s
right to confront and cross-examine witnesses was not violated by the trial
court’s rulings limiting the scope of his cross-examination. (People v. Carter
(2005) 36 Cal.4th 1114, 1172 [“the federal Constitution guarantees an
opportunity for effective cross-examination, not a cross-examination that is
as effective as a defendant might prefer”].) Appellant was allowed to present
some evidence of Escalon’s interest in being sexually submissive, and
therefore was not deprived of a meaningful opportunity to present a complete
defense.23 (People v. Bacon, supra, 50 Cal.4th at p. 1104, fn. 4 [“only

      22 Appellant also argues prosecutorial error by the presentation of this

evidence.
      23 For example, Hohn testified Escalon was “obsessed with being a

bottom;” an online communication from Escalon saying he would “be
blindfolded” and “have porn and poppers ready” was admitted; photographs
of Escalon wearing a blindfold and posing with a man holding a whip were

                                          32
evidentiary error amounting to a complete preclusion of a defense violates a
defendant’s federal constitutional right to present a defense”].) In short,
“[w]e reject defendant’s attempt ‘to inflate garden-variety evidentiary
questions into constitutional ones.’ ” (Ibid.) Instead, we review under the
state law prejudice standard, which “inquires whether ‘it is reasonably
probable that a result more favorable to the appealing party would have been
reached in the absence of the error.’ ” (Valencia, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 840.)
      As appellant argues, the challenged errors were relevant to the issue of
whether Escalon consented to being bound by appellant. With respect to an
involuntary manslaughter conviction that the People may accept on remand,
a conviction would not depend on Escalon’s lack of consent to being bound.
As to appellant’s convictions for theft and for burglary of Hohn’s bedroom,
appellant does not contend the asserted errors were prejudicial, apart from a
generalized argument that they impacted the jury’s assessment of appellant’s
credibility. But the jury credited appellant’s statement that he did not intend
to steal from Escalon when he entered the apartment, as evidenced by the not
guilty verdict on the count of burglary of Escalon’s bedroom. And, given the
additional overwhelming evidence supporting the theft offenses, any impact
on the jury’s credibility assessment was not reasonably likely to change the
outcome on these counts.
VI.   Claim-of-Right Defense
      Appellant argues the trial court erred in failing to sua sponte instruct
the jury on the claim-of-right defense. “ ‘The claim-of-right defense provides
that a defendant’s good faith belief, even if mistakenly held, that he has a
right or claim to property he takes from another negates the felonious intent

admitted; and the trial court ruled any witness with personal knowledge of
Escalon’s sexual preferences could testify.

                                       33
necessary for conviction of theft or robbery.’ [Citation.] A trial court,
however, is not required to instruct on the defense ‘ “unless there is evidence
to support an inference that [the defendant] acted with a subjective belief he
or she had a lawful claim on the property.” ’ ” (People v. Covarrubias (2016)
1 Cal.5th 838, 872 (Covarrubias).) “The good faith belief in a claim of right
. . . must relate to specific property.” (Id. at p. 874.)
      Appellant concedes there was no evidence he had a good faith claim of
right in the property he took from Escalon and Hohn. Instead, he argues the
claim-of-right defense was relevant to the timing of his intent to commit
theft. Burglary is committed when a person “enters any house, room,
apartment, . . . or other building . . . with intent to commit grand or petit
larceny or any felony . . . .” (§ 459.) “In order to constitute burglary, the
defendant must intend to commit the theft or felony at the time of entry.” (In
re Matthew A. (2008) 165 Cal.App.4th 537, 540.)24 Appellant points to
evidence that Escalon agreed to pay appellant for nude photographs, gave
appellant $100, but then took the cash back from appellant. Appellant
argues that if he intended to take the cash Escalon previously gave him at
the time he entered Hohn’s bedroom, and only decided to take other property
afterwards, he was guilty of theft rather than burglary.
      We assume without deciding the claim-of-right defense can be so
applied, and reject the argument. First, appellant did not request the claim-
of-right instruction below. “[B]ecause the asserted claim of right served only
to negate the intent to steal element of the robbery [or burglary] charges and
the trial court otherwise properly instructed the jury on this element, it was

      24 Because we are reversing the robbery conviction on other grounds

(ante, part II), we address this issue solely as to the burglary conviction.

                                         34
not required to instruct on the defense in the absence of a request by trial
counsel.” (Covarrubias, supra, 1 Cal.5th at p. 874.)25
      Second, appellant has not established trial counsel was ineffective in
failing to request the instruction. (See People v. Zaheer (2020)
54 Cal.App.5th 326, 335 [“To prevail in a claim of ineffective assistance of
counsel, the appellant must first demonstrate that the defense attorney’s
performance was deficient—meaning it ‘fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness’ under ‘prevailing professional norms’—and then show
prejudice resulted.”].) Even assuming counsel’s performance was deficient,
appellant cannot establish prejudice. There is no evidence appellant
reasonably thought the cash Escalon previously gave him would be in Hohn’s
bedroom.26 Even if substantial evidence supported a claim-of-right
instruction as to this count, it is not reasonably probable the outcome would
have been more favorable to appellant with such an instruction. Accordingly,
appellant has failed to establish error or ineffective assistance of counsel with
respect to the claim-of-right instruction.

      25 Appellant’s suggestion that a subsequent Supreme Court decision

calls this aspect of Covarrubias into question is unavailing. Appellant points
to People v. Powell (2018) 6 Cal.5th 136, 164, which held, “A trial court is
required to instruct sua sponte on a duress defense if there is substantial
evidence of the defense and if it is not inconsistent with the defendant’s
theory of the case.” This is not inconsistent with Covarrubias, which
explained, “ ‘ “ ‘when a defendant presents evidence to attempt to negate or
rebut the prosecution’s proof of an element of the offense, a defendant is not
presenting a special defense invoking sua sponte instructional duties.’ ” ’ ”
(Covarrubias, supra, 1 Cal.5th at p. 873, italics omitted; see also id. at p. 874
[“the asserted claim of right served only to negate the intent to steal element
of the robbery charges”].)
      26 Appellant points to his statement to police that he “looked for the

money.” But there is no indication he looked for it anywhere outside of
Escalon’s bedroom.

                                       35
VII. Expectation of Privacy
      Appellant argues the trial court erred in refusing to instruct the jury it
must find a reasonable expectation of protection from intrusion as to Hohn’s
bedroom in order to convict appellant of a second count of burglary.
      “Where a burglar enters a structure enumerated under section 459
with the requisite felonious intent, and then subsequently enters a room
within that structure with such intent, the burglar may be charged with
multiple burglaries only if the subsequently entered room provides a separate
and objectively reasonable expectation of protection from intrusion relative to
the larger structure.” (People v. Garcia (2016) 62 Cal.4th 1116, 1119–1120
(Garcia).)
      Appellant was charged with separate counts of burglary for Escalon’s
bedroom and Hohn’s bedroom. Appellant requested the jury be instructed, as
to the burglary of Hohn’s bedroom, that it must find Hohn had a reasonable
expectation of privacy and security in his bedroom. The trial court rejected
the request on the ground that the matter was “a legal issue that the Court’s
already decided.” We agree with appellant that the question is a factual one
for the jury to decide. (See Garcia, supra, 62 Cal.4th at pp. 1132–1133 [issue
was whether “a fact finder could consider the [internal room] to provide a
heightened expectation of privacy and security beyond what the [structure]
itself provided;” review was for “substantial evidence”].)
      However, in light of the jury verdict, the error is harmless under any
standard. The jury found appellant not guilty of the burglary of Escalon’s
bedroom; in other words, it did not find that appellant formed the intent to
commit theft before he entered the apartment. Garcia held the burglary
statute “does not necessarily suggest that a room must be separately
possessed or secured to be burgled” and expressly “cast no doubt on the many

                                       36
Court of Appeal decisions upholding burglaries of rooms that do not fit this
definition when the defendant entered the enclosing structure without
felonious intent.” (Garcia, supra, 62 Cal.4th at p. 1124.) Because Garcia
does not prohibit the jury from convicting appellant of a single count of
burglary of Hohn’s bedroom regardless of whether Hohn had a reasonable
expectation of privacy and security in his bedroom, the instructional error
was harmless.27
                                  DISPOSITION
       Appellant’s murder conviction is reversed, although the People may
accept a reduction of the conviction to involuntary manslaughter. Appellant’s
conviction of robbery is reversed, although the People may accept a reduction
of the conviction to petty theft. If, after the filing of the remittitur in the trial
court, the People do not bring appellant to retrial on murder and robbery
within the time set forth in Section 1382, subdivision (a)(2)—60 days unless
waived by appellant—the trial court shall proceed as if the remittitur
constituted a modification of the judgment to reflect a conviction of
involuntary manslaughter and petty theft and shall resentence appellant
accordingly. The trial court’s judgment is otherwise affirmed.

                                                    SIMONS, Acting P. J.

WE CONCUR:
BURNS, J.
CHOU, J.
(A163456)

       27 Appellant argues he was cumulatively prejudiced by trial errors.As
to the convictions we are not reversing, we have found all errors or assumed
errors harmless. Considered together, the errors and assumed errors are still
harmless. (See People v. Cain (1995) 10 Cal.4th 1, 82 [“Defendant was
entitled to a fair trial, not a perfect one.”].)

                                         37