Court Opinion

ID: 6221115
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-02-11 20:00:27.907787+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:57:20.629290
License: Public Domain

PUBLISHED

                           UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

                                          No. 21-1087

PIA MCADAMS,

                        Appellant,

                v.

DEMETRIUS ROBINSON; TAMARA ROBINSON,

                        Plaintiffs – Appellees,

                v.

NATIONSTAR MORTGAGE LLC,

                        Defendant – Appellee.

-------------------------------

NATIONAL CONSUMER LAW CENTER; MOUNTAIN STATE JUSTICE, INC.,
CONSUMERS LEAGUE OF NEW JERSEY; CONNECTICUT FAIR HOUSING
CENTER; NORTHWEST CONSUMER LAW CENTER,

                        Amici Supporting Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, at Greenbelt.
Timothy J. Sullivan, Magistrate Judge. (8:14−cv−03667−TJS)

Argued: October 28, 2021                                       Decided: February 10, 2022
                                  Amended: February 10, 2022
Before DIAZ and THACKER, Circuit Judges, and Thomas T. CULLEN, United States
District Judge for the Western District of Virginia, sitting by designation.

Affirmed by published opinion. Judge Diaz wrote the opinion, in which Judge Thacker
and Judge Cullen joined.

ARGUED: Michael T. Houchin, LAW OFFICES OF RONALD A. MARRON, APLC,
San Diego, California, for Appellant. Jonathan K. Tycko, TYCKO & ZAVAREEI LLP,
Washington, D.C.; Erik Wayne Kemp, SEVERSON & WERSON, San Francisco,
California, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: Ronald A. Marron, LAW OFFICES OF RONALD
A. MARRON, APLC, San Diego, California; Thomas J. Minton, GOLDMAN &
MINTON, P.C., Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellant. Dia Rasinariu, TYCKO &
ZAVAREEI LLP, Washington, D.C., for Appellee Tamara Robinson. Jan T. Chilton,
SEVERSON & WERSON, San Francisco, California, for Appellee Nationstar Mortgage
LLC. Scott C. Borison, BORISON FIRM LLC, Baltimore, Maryland; Jennifer S. Wagner,
MOUNTAIN STATE JUSTICE, Morgantown, West Virginia, for Amici Curiae.

                                        2
DIAZ, Circuit Judge:

       This case arises from a class action alleging that Nationstar Mortgage LLC violated

federal and state consumer-protection laws in servicing the class members’ mortgage loans.

Following protracted litigation, Nationstar, and the Robinsons negotiated a $3,000,000

settlement. Pia McAdams, a class member, objected to the settlement, arguing that the

class notice was insufficient; the settlement was unfair, unreasonable, and inadequate; the

release was unconstitutionally overbroad; and the attorneys’ fee award was improper.

       A magistrate judge (acting on a referral by the district court) overruled McAdams’s

objections.   On appeal, McAdams raises those same challenges and questions the

magistrate judge’s jurisdiction. We affirm.

                                              I.

                                              A.

       Demetrius and Tamara Robinson filed a class action against Nationstar in the

District of Maryland in 2014. The Robinsons claimed Nationstar violated federal and state

law by, among other things, failing to timely acknowledge receipt of class members’ loss

mitigation applications, 1 respond to the applications, and diligently obtain documents to

process them.

       The parties litigated the case for nearly six years. In 2020, the Robinsons and

Nationstar filed a notice of settlement and a joint motion to proceed before a magistrate

       1
         “A loss mitigation application is a request from a borrower to change the terms of
their payment obligations to avoid delinquency or foreclosure.” J.A. 27.
                                              3
judge. The magistrate judge (who had mediated the settlement), granted a motion for

preliminary approval of the settlement and scheduled a fairness hearing before final

approval.

      The negotiated settlement created a relief fund of $3,000,000. In order of priority,

the parties proposed that the fund pay for (1) administrative expenses up to $300,000, (2)

attorneys’ fees, (3) a service award to the class representative—Demetrius Robinson, and

(4) class claims. Any remainder would go to a nonprofit that advocates for consumers.

      The administrative expenses included the cost of providing class members with

notice of the settlement. The settlement proposed three types of notice—Email, Postcard,

and Longform. Both the Email and Postcard Notice informed class members of the amount

of the settlement fund, how to submit a claim, how to opt out of the class, and where to

find the Longform Notice. The Longform Notice notified class members of the attorneys’

fee arrangement. The notices didn’t estimate the recovery for each class member.

      As for attorneys’ fees, Nationstar agreed (in a so-called “clear sailing” provision)

not to oppose class counsel’s fee request so long as it didn’t exceed $1,300,000. Class

counsel submitted records accounting for over 3,000 billable hours. Using the District of

Maryland’s presumptively reasonable rates, the records supported $1,261,547.50 in fees.

Class counsel also submitted proof of $217,657.26 in unreimbursed expenses, for a total

of $1,479,204.76 in costs and fees. But counsel requested only a $1,300,000 award.

      The value of a class member’s claim is determined by a points system. Class

members receive points for answering two questions—the first about Nationstar’s

treatment of their mortgage account and the second about expenses the class member

                                            4
incurred.   The settlement funds remaining, after deducting administrative expenses,

attorneys’ fees, and the class representative’s service award, are divided by the number of

points claimed. That number is then multiplied by a class member’s points to arrive at the

settlement share for each claimant.

       The proposed settlement also includes a release of claims. It provides:

       Upon entry of the Final Approval Order and Judgment, each Settlement Class
       Member . . . will be deemed to have completely released and forever
       discharged the Released Parties, and each of them, from all actions . . . that
       were or could have been asserted by the Class Representative or Class
       Members in connection with the submission of loss mitigation applications
       during the Class Period.

J.A. 186.

                                         B.

       McAdams, an absent class member 2 who had sued Nationstar in California state

court, 3 objected to the settlement. She argued that the class notice was insufficient; the

       2
        An “absent class member” is one who isn’t named in the complaint. Frank v.
Goas, 139 S. Ct. 1041, 1045 (2019). Courts sometimes refer to absent class members as
“unnamed class members” or “nonnamed class members.” China Agritech, Inc. v. Resh,
138 S. Ct. 1800, 1804 (2018); Devlin v. Scardelletti, 536 U.S. 1, 6 (2002).
       3
         In that suit, McAdams asserted five claims against Nationstar: “(1) violation of
California’s Homeowner Bill of Rights; (2) intentional misrepresentation; (3) negligent
misrepresentation; (4) promissory estoppel; and (5) violation of California’s Unfair
Competition Law.” McAdams v. Nationstar Mortg. LLC, No. 20-cv-2202, 2021 WL
4462909, at *1 (S.D. Cal. Sept. 29, 2021). Those claims arose from Nationstar’s alleged
“dual tracking” of her loan modification application. Id. “Dual tracking occurs when [a]
servicer moves forward with foreclosure while simultaneously working with the borrower
to avoid foreclosure.” Wilkins v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 320 F.R.D. 125, 129 n.1 (E.D.
Va. 2017) (internal quotation marks omitted)

                                              5
settlement was unfair, unreasonable, and inadequate; the release was unconstitutionally

overbroad; and the attorneys’ fee award was improper.

       The magistrate judge overruled McAdams’s objections. The judge found that the

distribution of the notice was sufficient because over 97% of the nearly 350,000 class

members received notice. He also found that class members “had information to make the

necessary decisions and . . . the ability to even get more information if they so desired.”

J.A. 815. In support of that finding, the judge noted the low number of objectors (2), the

low opt-out rate (.04%), and the high claims rate (13.8%). 4

       Turning to the settlement terms, the magistrate judge found them fair, reasonable,

and adequate. The judge considered the three relevant criteria under Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 23(e)(2)(C) and addressed the five adequacy factors from In re Jiffy Lube

Securities Litigation, 927 F.2d 155, 159 (4th Cir. 1991). The judge found: (1) “plaintiffs

ha[d] viable claims”; (2) “Nationstar had very strong defenses”; (3) litigating the case to

trial “would have likely been lengthy and it would certainly be quite, quite expensive”; (4)

“Nationstar can pay the 3 million dollars”; and (5) “[o]nly 137 class members have opted

       4
          Whether a claims rate is high partially depends on class members’ expected
recovery. See Rawa v. Monsanto Co., 934 F.3d 862, 866–68 (8th Cir. 2019) (finding a
13% claims rate “considerably high” for a settlement refunding the purchase of weed
killer); Ward v. Flagship Credit Acceptance LLC, No. 17-2069, 2020 WL 759389, at *10–
13 (E.D. Pa. Feb. 13, 2020) (calling 20.5% “a very high claims rate” where class members
could have received a maximum of $900 but on average recovered $22.17); Couser v.
Comenity Bank, 125 F. Supp. 3d 1034, 1044 (S.D. Cal. 2015) (stating a claims rate of 7.7%
was “higher than average” for an expected recovery of $13.75); see also Roes,1–2 v.
SFBSC Mgmt., LLC, 944 F.3d 1035, 1046 n.7 (9th Cir. 2019) (calling an 18.5% claims rate
“low” where the class members “stood to receive hundreds of dollars”).

                                             6
out of the settlement, which is about 0.04 percent of the settlement class.” See J.A. 810–

14.

       The magistrate judge also addressed the breadth of the settlement’s release. He

found the release was “not too broad” because a class settlement can release “claims based

on the identical factual predicate[,] even if those claims” aren’t presented. J.A. 816. But

he didn’t opine whether the release would bar class members’ pending claims in other

jurisdictions, including McAdams’s California lawsuit.

       Finally, the magistrate judge approved the proposed $1,300,000 attorneys’ fee

request. The fee, he said, was based on a presumptively reasonable rate, and using that

rate, counsel had shown that their actual costs and fees exceeded their request. The judge

noted that concerns over Nationstar’s agreement not to object to the settlement were

misplaced. And he found “no collusion” between the parties because they negotiated the

settlement “at arm’s length in the midst of contentious litigation.” J.A. 812, 817.

       This appeal followed.

                                            II.

       McAdams first attacks the magistrate judge’s jurisdiction to approve the class action

settlement, alleging that she didn’t consent to have a magistrate judge hear her case.

There’s no dispute that the magistrate judge could approve the class action and enter

judgment only by consent of the parties. 28 U.S.C. § 636(c). McAdams asserts that

“parties” for purposes of § 636(c) include absent class members, like her.

                                             7
       This is a question of first impression in this circuit. But every other circuit to address

the issue has concluded that absent class members aren’t parties. Koby v. ARS Nat’l Servs.,

Inc., 846 F.3d 1071, 1076 (9th Cir. 2017); Day v. Persels & Assocs., LLC, 729 F.3d 1309,

1316 (11th Cir. 2013); Dewey v. Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft, 681 F.3d 170, 181 (3d

Cir. 2012); Williams v. Gen. Elec. Cap. Auto Lease, Inc., 159 F.3d 266, 269 (7th Cir. 1998).

We now join them, holding that the magistrate judge had jurisdiction to approve the

settlement.

                                              A.

       We review questions of law de novo, including questions of statutory interpretation.

In re Lumber Liquidators Chinese-Manufactured Flooring Prods. Mktg., Sales Pracs. &

Prods. Liab. Litig., 952 F.3d 471, 483 (4th Cir. 2020). Similarly, “[w]e review . . . a lower

court’s determination of its subject-matter jurisdiction[] de novo.” Barlow v. Colgate

Palmolive Co., 772 F.3d 1001, 1007 (4th Cir. 2014) (en banc).

                                               B.

       “We begin, as always in deciding questions of statutory interpretation, with the

text.” Othi v. Holder, 734 F.3d 259, 265 (4th Cir. 2013). 28 U.S.C. § 636(c) authorizes

magistrate judges to “conduct any or all proceedings in a jury or nonjury civil matter and

order the entry of judgment in the case . . . . [u]pon the consent of the parties.” Congress

didn’t define “parties” in § 636. Nor has the Supreme Court said whether absent class

members are parties in this context. See Devlin v. Scardelletti, 536 U.S. 1, 9–10 (2002)

(“Nonnamed class members, however, may be parties for some purposes and not for others.

                                               8
The label ‘party’ does not indicate an absolute characteristic, but rather a conclusion about

the applicability of various procedural rules that may differ based on context.”).

       “We give the words of a statute their ordinary, contemporary, common meaning,

absent an indication Congress intended them to bear some different import.” Williams v.

Taylor, 529 U.S. 420, 431 (2000) (cleaned up). When Congress adopted the relevant

language in § 636, the ordinary meaning of “party” included those whose names are

designated as a plaintiff or defendant and those who can control the proceedings. See Day,

729 F.3d at 1317. Absent class members aren’t named parties, and they can’t control

proceedings. See Phillips Petroleum Co. v. Shutts, 472 U.S. 797, 810 (1985) (“Unlike a

defendant in a normal civil suit, an absent class-action plaintiff is not required to do

anything. He may sit back and allow the litigation to run its course, content in knowing

that there are safeguards provided for his protection.”). So absent class members aren’t

within the contemporary, common meaning of the term “parties” as used in § 636.

       Nor do we believe Congress intended absent class members to be parties.

Interpreting “parties” to include absent class members would prevent magistrate judges

from entering judgment against absent class members who haven’t given their explicit

consent. That reading “would virtually eliminate § 636(c) referrals to magistrate judges”

by hindering the judgment’s preclusive effect. Williams, 159 F.3d at 269.

       Congress has limited the preclusive effect of judgments by restricting the definition

of a party in other contexts. See, e.g., 29 U.S.C. § 216(b) (“No employee shall be a party

plaintiff to any such action unless he gives his consent in writing to become such a party

and such consent is filed in the court in which such action is brought.”). But when it has

                                             9
done so, Congress has spoken clearly. Nothing in § 636 suggests Congress intended to

limit the preclusive effect of judgments entered by magistrate judges.

       McAdams doesn’t account for the adverse practical effects of administering class

actions if her reading were to prevail. The Ninth Circuit has observed that § 636 uses the

term “parties” “multiple times in a way that cannot sensibly be read to include absent class

members” because “[t]he identities of all absent class members will often not be known

until later in the case.” Koby, 846 F.3d at 1076; see, e.g., 28 U.S.C. § 636(c)(2) (“[T]he

clerk of court shall, at the time the action is filed, notify the parties of the availability of a

magistrate judge to exercise such jurisdiction.”). “Even if the identities of all absent class

members are known,” it would be unduly burdensome on the clerk of court to compile all

their contact information and prohibitively expensive “even for the most well-funded

district courts.” Koby, 846 F.3d at 1077.

       This case exemplifies the need to have a practical system for administering class

actions. The class here consists of almost 350,000 members. McAdams’s reading of

“parties” for purposes of § 636 would require notifying each of them of the intent to

proceed before a magistrate judge. “We doubt Congress would have imposed these

substantial budgetary and manpower burdens on clerks’ offices across the country without

making that intent explicit.” Id. at 1077.

       And to what end? In this case, over 97% of class members received notice of the

settlement. 13.8% submitted claims. Only .04% opted out. So over 80% of the class

received notice but didn’t act on it. Yet under McAdams’s reading of § 636, the magistrate

judge would be powerless to act.

                                               10
       Because the contemporary, common meaning of “parties” excludes absent class

members and the statute lacks signs showing any legislative intent to classify them as such,

we conclude “parties” as used in § 636 doesn’t include absent class members. Since

Nationstar and the Robinsons consented to having the magistrate judge preside over the

fairness hearing, McAdams’s jurisdictional claim fails. 5

                                            III.

                                            A.

       McAdams next asserts that the settlement notice was inadequate because it didn’t

include the attorneys’ fees to be deducted from the settlement fund, estimate individual

class members’ recovery, or explain the distribution method.

       The parties dispute our standard of review. We haven’t spoken on this question,

and our sister circuits are split. Two circuits review a district court’s finding on the

adequacy of class action notice for abuse of discretion. Pollard v. Remington Arms Co.,

896 F.3d 900, 905–06 (8th Cir. 2018); Masters v. Wilhelmina Model Agency, Inc., 473 F.3d

423, 438 (2d Cir. 2007). Three others review the issue de novo. In re Online DVD-Rental

       5
         McAdams also complains that this case “presents a potentially serious conflict of
interest” because the magistrate judge both mediated and approved the settlement.
Appellant’s Br. at 35. But she doesn’t support that assertion. Nor did she preserve the
issue for appeal. She didn’t move for the judge’s recusal or otherwise object. And a
judge’s recusal decision isn’t a matter of subject-matter jurisdiction; it can be waived.
Flame S.A. v. Freight Bulk Pte. Ltd., 807 F.3d 572, 592 (4th Cir. 2015). Because McAdams
takes a mere “passing shot” at the issue, we don’t consider it. Grayson O Co. v. Agadir
Int’l LLC, 856 F.3d 307, 316 (4th Cir. 2017).

                                            11
Antitrust Litig., 779 F.3d 934, 946 (9th Cir. 2015); DeJulius v. New England Health Care

Emp. Pension Fund, 429 F.3d 935, 942 (10th Cir. 2005); Fidel v. Farley, 534 F.3d 508,

513 (6th Cir. 2008). But even assuming de novo review is proper, the class notice was

adequate.

                                             B.

       McAdams’s challenge to the adequacy of the notice has both a constitutional and a

procedural component. To bind an absent class member, notice to the class must provide

“minimal procedural due process protection.” Phillips Petroleum Co., 472 U.S. at 811–

12. “The [absent class member] must receive notice plus an opportunity to be heard and

participate in the litigation.” Id. at 812. That notice must be “reasonably calculated, under

all the circumstances, to apprise [absent class members] of the pendency of the action and

afford them an opportunity to present their objections.” Mullane v. Cent. Hanover Bank &

Tr. Co., 339 U.S. 306, 314 (1950).

       On the procedural front, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(e) governs notice to

absent class members. It requires “direct notice in a reasonable manner to all class

members who would be bound by the proposal.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(1)(B). But it doesn’t

specify what the notice must say.       Rather, the notice need only “fairly apprise the

prospective members of the class of the terms of the proposed settlement and of the options

that are open to them in connection with the proceedings.” Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Visa

U.S.A., Inc., 396 F.3d 96, 114 (2d Cir. 2005) (cleaned up). Put another way, “Rule 23(e)

requires notice that describes the terms of the settlement in sufficient detail to alert those

                                             12
with adverse viewpoints to investigate and to come forward and be heard.” In re Online

DVD-Rental Antitrust Litig., 779 F.3d at 946 (cleaned up).

          Here, the magistrate judge approved three types of notice—Email, Postcard, and

Longform. 6 The settlement administrator emailed notice to class members for whom it had

an email address. It also mailed notice to class members for whom it had a physical

address. And it searched the National Change of Address database to update the addresses

for those whose Postcard Notice was returned as undeliverable.

          Both the Email and Postcard Notice informed class members that there was a

$3,000,000 settlement fund, explained how to file a claim, and presented the option to opt-

out. They also listed a website and telephone number where class members could get the

Longform Notice.

          The Longform Notice explained the settlement in greater detail. Among other

things, it stated that class counsel intended to request up to $1,300,000 in attorneys’ fees

and costs, that this amount would be deducted before any payout to the class, and that class

members submitting valid claims would receive proportionate shares of the settlement

fund. 7       In other words, the Longform Notice included two of the three pieces of

        All three notices included either hyperlinked text or a URL to reach the class action
          6

website, where the class member could review the full settlement agreement.

         McAdams faults the notice for not explaining the settlement’s points system. But
          7

a notice must “fairly apprise” class members; it need not give them every detail. Wal-Mart
Stores, 396 F.3d at 114. The Longform Notice’s statement that “[e]ach Settlement Class
Member who files a valid claim will receive a proportionate share of the Settlement Fund
remaining after [] deductions are made” is clear. J.A. 203. It doesn’t promise an equal or
per capita share. And as we emphasize later, it wasn’t possible to give class members an
exact breakdown of what a proportionate share would be when the notice was sent.
                                             13
information—the attorneys’ fees to be deducted from the settlement fund and the

distribution method—which McAdams complains is missing.

       Nor was the notice inadequate because it didn’t estimate the class members’

recovery. In general, it would be difficult, if not impossible, for parties to reliably predict

the number of valid claims when drafting notices.            Indeed, the Longform Notice

acknowledges this difficulty: “The amount of this payment will depend on how many

Settlement Class Members file valid claims and how each Settlement Class Member

answers questions in the Claim Form.” J.A. 203.

       And even if an estimated recovery is appropriate in some cases, McAdams makes

no compelling argument for one here. There’s nothing in the record suggesting the parties

had a reliable method of estimating the percentage of class members who would file claims,

let alone the average number of points they would claim. Nor could the parties know that

the magistrate judge would approve the proposed award of attorneys’ fees. Without some

evidence proving an average recovery calculation would be reliable, we think it

inappropriate to impose such a requirement. See, e.g, Does 1-2 v. Déjà Vu Servs., Inc., 925

F.3d 886, 901 (6th Cir. 2019) (“Objectors cite no authority that requires a notice to state

how much money each class member would receive, nor do they explain how the notice

could have accurately stated the amount each [class member] was eligible to receive from

the cash pool.”).

       In sum, we find the methods of notice here fairly apprised class members of the

proceedings as well as their options. Class members had access to information about the

                                              14
total settlement, attorneys’ fees, and distribution method. The notices also provided them

with the means to find more information if they wanted it. Thus, the notices were adequate.

                                             IV.

       McAdams next contests the magistrate judge’s finding that the settlement was fair,

reasonable, and adequate. She asserts that the magistrate judge neglected to estimate the

average recovery, and thus the settlement fund won’t adequately compensate the class

members. “We review a district court’s approval of a class-action settlement for an abuse

of discretion.” In re Lumber Liquidators, 952 F.3d at 483.

       Rule 23 requires courts to find that class settlements are “fair, reasonable, and

adequate” before approving them. Fed. R Civ. P. 23(e)(2). When reviewing the adequacy

of a settlement, the court must consider “(i) the costs, risks, and delay of trial and appeal;

(ii) the effectiveness of any proposed method of distributing relief to the class, including

the method of processing class-member claims; (iii) the terms of any proposed award of

attorneys’ fees, including timing of payment; and (iv) any agreement required to be

identified.” Id. at 23(e)(2)(C). We have identified five other factors for assessing a

settlement’s adequacy: “(1) the relative strength of the plaintiffs’ case on the merits; (2)

the existence of any difficulties of proof or strong defenses the plaintiffs are likely to

encounter if the case goes to trial; (3) the anticipated duration and expense of additional

litigation; (4) the solvency of the defendant[] and the likelihood of recovery on a litigated

judgment; and (5) the degree of opposition to the settlement.” In re Lumber Liquidators,

952 F.3d at 484 (citing In re Jiffy Lube, 927 F.2d at 159).

                                             15
       Here, the magistrate judge considered the three relevant Rule 23(e)(2) criteria. 8 He

found: (i) “[t]here was a great risk [for the plaintiffs] to proceed to trial given the logistical

difficulties and Nationstar’s defense”; (ii) “[t]he point system alloc[a]tion in the settlement

agreement ensure[d] that those with the greater loss will be compensated to a greater

degree”; and (iii) “the proposed attorneys’ fees and costs in this case [were] fair and

reasonable given the contentious nature of this case and the amount of time spent in

litigation.” J.A. 813–14.

       The magistrate judge also weighed the five Jiffy Lube factors. He found: (1)

“plaintiffs ha[d] viable claims”; (2) “Nationstar had very strong defenses”; (3) litigating

the case to trial “would have likely been lengthy and it would certainly be quite, quite

expensive”; (4) “Nationstar can pay the 3 million dollars”; and (5) “[o]nly 137 class

members have opted out of the settlement, which is about 0.04 percent of the settlement

class.” J.A. 810, 813–14.

       McAdams doesn’t claim that the magistrate judge failed to address these factors;

nor does she argue that he improperly weighed them. Instead, she complains that the

magistrate judge “failed to make a ‘rough estimate’ of what class members would have

received had they prevailed at trial.” Appellant’s Br. at 25. But we have never required

such an estimate. Even the out-of-circuit cases McAdams cites don’t require an estimate

in every case. See Lusk v. Five Guys Enters. LLC, No. 17-cv-00762, 2019 WL 7048791,

       8
        The parties haven’t argued that there’s any “agreement required to be identified”
here. Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2)(C)(iv).

                                               16
at *7 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 23, 2019) (explaining that a rough estimate of a plaintiff’s recovery

is “meaningless” when one of its components lacks “factual and evidentiary foundation”).

And we’re not persuaded to impose this new requirement here.

       In any event, while the magistrate judge didn’t estimate the potential recovery

should the case proceed to trial, he found that most class members “probably only had

nominal damages.” J.A. 812. That’s consistent with the resulting settlement. At the

fairness hearing, the judge said that 13.8% of the nearly 350,000 class members submitted

claims. He also noted that $1,300,000 in attorneys’ fees and costs would be deducted from

the $3,000,000 fund. Using only that information, one could roughly estimate that the

average class member would recover $35, an amount that would adequately compensate a

plaintiff with only nominal damages.

       We’re satisfied that the magistrate judge correctly analyzed all the relevant Rule 23

criteria and thus didn’t abuse his discretion in finding the settlement agreement adequately

compensated the plaintiffs.

                                            V.

       McAdams also argues that the settlement release is “ambiguous, overbroad, and

beyond the permissible scope of release for class action settlements.” Appellant’s Br. at

17. We disagree.

       A court can approve a release of claims that share an “identical factual predicate”

with claims alleged in a case. Berry v. Schulman, 807 F.3d 600, 616 (4th Cir. 2015).

Claims have an “identical factual predicate” when they “depend[] upon the very same set

                                            17
of facts.” TBK Partners, Ltd. v. W. Union Corp., 675 F.2d 456, 460 (2d Cir. 1982) (quoting

Nat’l Super Spuds, Inc. v. N.Y. Mercantile Exch., 660 F.2d 9, 18 n.7 (2d Cir. 1981)). We

have twice held that a class action settlement can dispose of unalleged claims relying on

an identical factual predicate. In re MI Windows & Doors, Inc., Prod. Liab. Litig., 860

F.3d 218, 225 (4th Cir. 2017); Berry, 807 F.3d at 616.

       Here, the release provides that “each Settlement Class Member . . . will be deemed

to have . . . discharged the Released Parties . . . from all actions . . . in connection with the

submission of loss mitigation applications during the Class Period.” J.A. 186. As the

magistrate judge recognized, this is “a broad release.” J.A. 816. It encompasses a large

swath of claims that might have been brought. But nothing on the face of the release

purports to apply to cases with a different factual predicate. Rather, the release is tied to

cases arising out of a set action and time frame.

       Our inquiry ends there. Neither we nor the magistrate judge can decide the outer

limit of the release’s scope. To do so would be advisory. See Pelt v. Utah, 539 F.3d 1271,

1285 (10th Cir. 2008) (“It is well settled that a court adjudicating a class action cannot

predetermine the res judicata effects of its own judgment; that can only be determined in a

subsequent suit.”). Whether the release covers claims not alleged in the class action

complaint is for a court enforcing the release to decide.

       In fact, that’s exactly what happened with McAdams’s California claims. In that

case, McAdams alleges that Nationstar violated California law by falsely telling her that it

was processing her loan modification application while it continued to foreclose on her

                                               18
home. McAdams, 2021 WL 4462909, at *1. The California court considered the release’s

scope and found that her claims weren’t barred. Id. at *4–6.

       The magistrate judge didn’t abuse his discretion in approving the release.

                                            VI.

       Finally, McAdams contends that the magistrate judge abused his discretion by

approving the $1,300,000 attorneys’ fee request. She raises three challenges to this ruling:

(1) the magistrate judge didn’t comply with Rule 23(h)(3)’s requirement that he “find the

facts and state [his] legal conclusions”; (2) the attorneys’ fee award constitutes an

unacceptably large portion of the overall award; and (3) the “clear sailing” provision is

impermissible. All three challenges fail.

       “We [] review an award of attorney’s fees for an abuse of discretion.” In re Lumber

Liquidators, 952 F.3d at 483. Thus, our “review is sharply circumscribed, and [the] fee

award must not be overturned unless it is clearly wrong.” Berry, 807 F.3d at 617 (cleaned

up).

                                            A.

       McAdams’s first argument is frivolous. True, the magistrate judge had to “find the

facts and state [his] legal conclusions.” Fed R. Civ. P. 23(h)(3). But he did so. He stated

at the fairness hearing: “Both sides are represented by skilled counsel[,] and I have

concluded that the proposed attorneys’ fees and costs in this case are fair and reasonable

given the contentious nature of this case and the amount of time spent in litigation.” J.A.

813. The judge elaborated:

                                            19
      I don’t accept and I reject Ms. McAdams’ suggestion that the settlement was
      somehow collusive with respect to plaintiffs’ attorney fees. The parties
      negotiated the settlement at arm’s length in the midst of contentious
      litigation. Ms. McAdams complained that because defendants do not object
      to the attorneys’ fees request, the Court is deprived of the necessary
      adversary process to determine a reasonable award, the whole clear sailing
      provision. But Ms. McAdams herself only presents general arguments about
      the fee award. She doesn’t cite to any work that counsel performed that was
      unwarranted or unnecessary or duplicative or provide evidence that the rates
      charged by counsel are unreasonable. An award of 1.3 million dollars for
      attorneys’ fees and expenses is reasonable in this case. Class counsels’ fee
      award is based on the presumptively reasonable rate set forth in our court’s
      local rules. Class counsel has supported their request of [sic] billing records
      and other competent evidence to support their request. Lawyers routinely
      complain that these rates are too low, especially the rates that pertain to more
      experienced attorneys. Counsel seeks 86 percent of their reasonable fee
      under the lodestar method. This is a significant reduction. The Court has
      reviewed class counsels’ motion for attorneys’ fees and finds that the fees
      claimed are reasonable.

J.A. 817–18.

      Because the magistrate judge “referred to Plaintiffs attorneys’ substantially

uncontradicted evidence and arguments that the requested fees are justified by their work

on the case,” he complied with Rule 23(h)(3). CLRB Hanson Indus., LLC v. Weiss &

Assocs., PC, 465 F. App’x 617, 619 (9th Cir. 2012).

                                            B.

      McAdams’s second argument, that the attorneys’ fees constitute an unacceptably

large portion of the overall settlement, fares no better. There are two main methods for

calculating the reasonableness of attorneys’ fees—the lodestar method and the percentage-

of-recovery method. The lodestar method calculates reasonable fees “by multiplying the

number of reasonable hours expended times a reasonable rate.” McAfee v. Boczar, 738

F.3d 81, 88 (4th Cir. 2013) (cleaned up). “[T]here is a ‘strong presumption’ that the

                                            20
lodestar figure is reasonable.” Perdue v. Kenny A. ex rel. Winn, 559 U.S. 542, 554 (2010).

The percentage-of-recovery method considers the portion of the total settlement fund that

will go to attorneys’ fees. In re Lumber Liquidators, 952 F.3d at 481. A district court may

choose the method it deems appropriate based on its judgment and the facts of the case.

See Jones v. Dominion Res. Servs., Inc., 601 F. Supp. 2d 756, 760 (S.D. W. Va. 2009)

(“The Fourth Circuit has neither announced a preferred method for determining the

reasonableness of attorneys’ fees in common fund class actions nor identified factors for

district courts to apply when using the percentage method.”).

       Here, the magistrate judge chose the lodestar method for assessing the fee request.

Using the presumptively reasonable rates set forth in the District of Maryland’s Local

Rules, class counsel documented earned fees of $1,261,547.50. See D. Md. Local R. App.

B(3). They also proved $217,657.26 in unreimbursed expenses, for $1,479,204.76 in costs

and fees. But counsel requested only $1,300,000. As the magistrate judge correctly

recognized, we presume that figure is reasonable because it’s less than the lodestar figure.

       McAdams doesn’t challenge counsel’s billing practices. Instead, she contends the

fee award isn’t reasonable under the percentage-of-recovery method. Counsel’s fees

totaled $1,300,000, 43% of the common fund. We acknowledge that this percentage

approaches the upper limit of a permissible recovery. But it isn’t unheard of. See In re

SmithKline Beckman Corp. Sec. Litig., 751 F. Supp. 525, 533 (E.D. Pa. 1990) (“Courts

have allowed attorney compensation ranging from 19 to 45% of the settlement fund

created.”). Because the fee award isn’t so far afield of a standard recovery, we can’t,

                                            21
without more, find that the percentage-of-recovery calculation outweighs the strong

presumption that the award is reasonable.

                                             C.

         Nor does McAdams’s third argument, that the fee award is unreasonable due to the

“clear sailing” provision, hold water. “[Clear sailing] agreements are troubling because

they demonstrate that class counsel negotiated some aspect of their fee arrangement with

the defendant, when counsel’s ethical obligation is to the class.” Newberg on Class Actions

§ 13:9 (5th ed.). But they are “not per se unreasonable.” Bezdek v. Vibram USA, Inc., 809

F.3d 78, 84 (1st Cir. 2015). “Rather, courts are directed to give extra scrutiny to such

agreements.” Id.; accord In re Southwest Airlines Voucher Litig., 799 F.3d 701, 712–13

(7th Cir. 2015); In re Bluetooth Headset Prods. Liab. Litig., 654 F.3d 935, 949 (9th Cir.

2011).

         That’s precisely what the magistrate judge did here. He rejected the “suggestion

that the settlement was somehow collusive” and found that the parties negotiated the

settlement “at arm’s length in the midst of contentious litigation” that spanned six years

and included “a Motion to Dismiss, two Motions for Summary Judgment, a contested

Motion for Class Certification, numerous discovery motions, [and] numerous depositions.”

J.A. 807, 817. And he noted that class counsel “supported their request [with] billing

records and other competent evidence.” J.A. 817.

         McAdams doesn’t challenge these findings. Offering only generalized objections

to clear sailing provisions, she doesn’t point to a single example in the over 150 pages of

billing records indicating class counsel breached their ethical obligations.

                                             22
We reject McAdams’s challenge to the fee award.

                                   VII.

For the reasons given, the magistrate judge’s judgment is

                                                            AFFIRMED.

                                    23