Court Opinion

ID: 4912043
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-09-17 20:28:29.605361+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:13:36.868757
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Gapen, 2021-Ohio-3252.]

                             IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                                SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                   MONTGOMERY COUNTY

 STATE OF OHIO                                    :
                                                  :
         Plaintiff-Appellee                       :   Appellate Case No. 28808
                                                  :
 v.                                               :   Trial Court Case No. 2000-CR-2945
                                                  :
 LARRY JAMES GAPEN                                :   (Criminal Appeal from
                                                  :   Common Pleas Court)
         Defendant-Appellant                      :
                                                  :

                                             ...........

                                            OPINION

                         Rendered on the 17th day of September, 2021.

                                             ...........

MATHIAS H. HECK, JR. by ANDREW T. FRENCH, Atty. Reg. No. 0069384, Assistant
Prosecuting Attorney, Montgomery County Prosecutor’s Office, Appellate Division,
Montgomery County Courts Building, 301 West Third Street, 5th Floor, Dayton, Ohio
45422
    Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee

ALLEN L. BOHNERT, Atty. Reg. No. 0081544 & ADAM M. RUSNAK, Atty. Reg. No.
0086893, 10 West Broad Street, Suite 1020, Columbus, Ohio 43215
     Attorneys for Defendant-Appellant

                                            .............
                                                                                          -2-

EPLEY, J.

       {¶ 1} In this capital case, Defendant-Appellant Larry James Gapen appeals from

the judgment of the Montgomery County Court of Common Pleas, which overruled his

motion for leave to file a delayed motion for a new trial. For the reasons that follow, the

trial court’s judgment will be affirmed.

       I.     Facts and Procedural History

       {¶ 2} Around 7:30 p.m. on September 17, 2000, Gapen entered the home of his

ex-wife, Martha Madewell, and saw her lying on the couch in the basement with an

unfamiliar man. Instead of announcing his presence, he left unnoticed. After having dinner

with his son and his son’s girlfriend, he returned in the early morning hours of September

18 and found Madewell and the still-unknown man (he was later identified as Nathan

Marshall, Madewell’s ex-husband) asleep on the same basement couch.

       {¶ 3} This time Gapen did not leave. Instead, he produced a chopping maul (a type

of axe) and brutally beat the sleeping pair to death with the weapon. Gapen admitted to

investigators that after attacking Madewell, he had sexual relations with her. Forensic

evidence presented at trial confirmed the claim. Gapen then climbed two flights of stairs

to the bedroom of Madewell’s 13-year-old daughter, Jessica Young, where he beat her

with the maul as well because, as he told detectives, she had been disrespectful to him.

       {¶ 4} Gapen left the maul in the second-floor bedroom and departed the residence.

One of Madewell’s other children heard the commotion and found the bodies of his mother

and Marshall in the basement. He then went upstairs and found Jessica bleeding and

badly injured, but still alive. The police were called, and Jessica was taken to the hospital

where she later died from her injuries.
                                                                                            -3-

       {¶ 5} Approximately 7:30 the following morning, Gapen was arrested at a doughnut

shop in Vandalia. Officers found Madewell’s purse inside his vehicle. He later confessed

to detectives that he was not sorry and, in fact, felt relieved. He stated that it “felt like a

weight had been lifted from him,” and that “this [was] the best * * * he had felt in weeks.”

       {¶ 6} On October 18, 2000, Gapen was charged in a 16-count indictment with

escape, rape, aggravated burglary, aggravated robbery, and the aggravated murders of

Madewell, Marshall, and Young. There were four counts of aggravated murder pertaining

to each of the three victims and each count included five death specifications. The five

aggravating specifications were:

       (1) The offenses were committed while Gapen was under detention or at large from

       having broken detention;

       (2) The offenses were part of a course of conduct involving the purposeful killing

       of or attempt to kill two or more persons;

       (3) The offenses were committed while Gapen was committing, attempting to

       commit, or feeling immediately after committing or attempting to commit the

       offense of aggravated burglary and Gapen was the principal offender in the

       commission of the aggravated murder;

       (4) The offenses were committed while Gapen was committing, attempting to

       commit, or fleeing immediately after committing or attempting to commit the

       offense of rape and Gapen was the principal offender in the commission of the

       aggravated murder; and

       (5) The offenses were committed while Gapen was committing, attempting to

       commit, or fleeing immediately after committing the offense of aggravated robbery
                                                                                           -4-

       and Gapen was the principal offender in the commission of the aggravated murder.

       Trial Court Proceedings

       {¶ 7} Following a host of pretrial motions and other proceedings, the case

proceeded to a jury trial on May 21, 2001. The trial lasted several weeks and resulted in

the jury finding Gapen not guilty of rape, but guilty on all remaining counts and death

penalty specifications.

       {¶ 8} The penalty phase of the trial followed, and Gapen presented many

witnesses in mitigation. Dr. Robert Smith, a clinical psychologist, testified that at the time

of the offense, Gapen was in acute depression, was a functioning alcoholic, an obsessive,

and a perfectionist. It was his opinion, however, that Gapen had no anti-social tendencies

or any post-traumatic stress disorders. The defense also called “character witnesses,”

including family members, law enforcement officers with whom he had interacted over the

years, and men and women associated with youth football leagues in the area, as Gapen

was a long-time youth coach.

       {¶ 9} After several days of deliberations, the jury returned with a recommendation

of life imprisonment without parole for the murders of Madewell and Marshall. However,

they found beyond a reasonable doubt that the aggravating circumstances of which

Gapen was found guilty in the murder of Young outweighed the mitigating factors, and

recommended that Gapen be sentenced to death for the aggravated murder of Young by

prior calculation and design.

       {¶ 10} Gapen’s lead trial counsel believed the verdicts to be “inconsistent” because

the jury recommended the death sentence for only one of the three murder convictions
                                                                                         -5-

and suspected this was a case of juror misconduct or the jury’s violating the court’s

instructions. Counsel objected on the record immediately post-verdict and then filed a

motion a few days later to further his argument. The motion was overruled.

       {¶ 11} On July 3, 2001, the trial court accepted the jury’s recommendation and

sentenced Gapen to death for Young’s murder and life in prison without the possibility of

parole for the murders of Madewell and Marshall. In addition, the court imposed additional

terms of imprisonment on the underlying offenses totaling 25 years, to be served

consecutively to his aggravated murder sentences.

       Direct Appeal

       {¶ 12} On August 23, 2001, Gapen filed his direct appeal at the Ohio Supreme

Court and raised 14 propositions of law. That Court found one proposition relating to the

escape conviction (and the associated specifications) to be well-taken and dismissed that

specific conviction. The Supreme Court affirmed all of Gapen’s other convictions and

independently weighed the aggravating circumstances against the mitigating factors and

compared his death sentence to others imposed in similar cases. The death sentence

arising from Young’s murder was affirmed in December 2004. State v. Gapen, 104 Ohio

St.3d 358, 2004-Ohio-6548, 819 N.E.2d 1047. (Gapen I).

       2002 Post-Conviction Petition

       {¶ 13} While his direct appeal was ongoing, Gapen was appointed a team of

lawyers and investigators from the Ohio Public Defender’s office to litigate post-conviction

matters. By the fall of 2002, Gapen’s post-conviction team had begun the process of

finding and interviewing jurors, and in September 2002, the team spoke with several

jurors including Juror M.M., Juror R.S., and Juror D.N.
                                                                                        -6-

       {¶ 14} Armed with the information gleaned from the juror interviews, on October 4,

2002, Gapen filed a petition for post-conviction relief pursuant to R.C. 2953.21 and a

motion for discovery. The post-conviction petition alleged, among other things, that the

jurors ignored the trial court’s instructions and (1) improperly considered non-statutory

aggravating circumstances in deciding whether to impose the death penalty, (2)

improperly considered evidence other than what was admitted during trial, and (3) failed

to keep an open mind during the penalty phase. It also alleged ineffective assistance of

counsel for not offering a psychological explanation for Young’s murder and for not

presenting Gapen’s testimony during the guilt phase of the trial.

       {¶ 15} In support of the juror misconduct claim, Gapen attached the affidavit of

Kathryn Sandford, an attorney with the Ohio Public Defender’s office who attended two

juror interviews. Her statement averred that Juror R.S. said that the primary aggravating

circumstance that weighed in favor of the death penalty was the premeditation of the

crimes. According to Sandford’s affidavit, Juror R.S. also admitted that after the evidence

was presented at the guilt phase, he had already made up his mind to vote for the death

penalty. Further, Sandford reported that Juror R.S. claimed that another juror, D.N.,

conducted his own outside research on the death penalty and relayed that information

during deliberations.

       {¶ 16} While some information Sandford got from Juror R.S. was likely favorable

to Gapen, Juror R.S. also stated that Gapen’s attorneys “went to great lengths to explain

Mr. Gapen’s crime of passion as it related to Martha Madewell and the man she was

sleeping with[.] * * * [They] never addressed any reason for the death of Mr. Gapen’s

thirteen-year-old step-daughter.”
                                                                                           -7-

       {¶ 17} Gapen submitted a second Sandford affidavit, this time regarding her

interview with Juror M.M. In it, she averred that Juror M.M. said the most significant

aggravating circumstance was the “cold-bloodedness” of Gapen’s killing two people in

the basement, “calmly” talking to a step-daughter who noticed the commotion, then

“calmly” walking up the stairs to kill Young, and then “calmly” talking to another step-child.

Juror M.M. also relayed his opinion that the defense theory of a “crime of passion” fit the

killings of Madewell and Marshall, but not Young. Further, Juror M.M. stated that another

juror, Juror D.N., conducted independent research into the Biblical meaning of the death

penalty and shared his views with the rest of the jury. Finally, he revealed that Juror D.N.

read religious texts during side bars and while waiting for trial to resume during breaks.

       {¶ 18} The post-conviction motion had a third affidavit attached, from Dorian Hall,

an investigator with the Ohio Public Defender’s office who was present during the Juror

D.N. interview. According to Hall’s affidavit, Juror D.N. indicated that, in his view, if a

person is guilty of murder, the only appropriate sanction is death. Further, Hall indicated

that Juror D.N. stated that he made up his mind to vote for death at the conclusion of the

guilt phase.

       {¶ 19} According to the defense team affidavits, none of the jurors interviewed

were willing to sign an affidavit.

       {¶ 20} On December 16, 2002, the State filed a motion for summary judgment in

the post-conviction proceeding. The trial court granted the motion in March 2004 without

a hearing, and Gapen timely appealed. On appeal, we affirmed the trial court’s decision

as to the dismissal of the juror misconduct claims but reversed the court’s denial of

Gapen’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim for not presenting expert testimony
                                                                                            -8-

explaining why Young was killed. State v. Gapen, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 20454, 2005-

Ohio-441 (Gapen II).

       {¶ 21} Upon remand, the trial court held an evidentiary hearing, at which lead trial

counsel and Dr. Smith testified. After issuing a lengthy written opinion, the trial court again

overruled Gapen’s post-conviction petition, finding that Gapen could not demonstrate

either deficient performance by trial counsel or prejudice. Again, Gapen appealed, and

we affirmed, reasoning, in part, that “[t]he decision of what mitigating evidence to present

during the penalty phase of a capital trial is a matter of trial strategy.” State v. Gapen, 2d

Dist. Montgomery No. 21822, 2007-Ohio-4333, ¶ 22 (Gapen III).

       Federal Habeas Corpus Proceedings

       {¶ 22} In the summer of 2008, Gapen had federal counsel appointed, and on

March 10, 2009, he filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in the United States District

Court for the Southern District of Ohio. The petition alleged 23 grounds for relief. He then

filed several amended petitions. Under federal habeas procedures, Gapen’s attorneys

can be equipped with subpoena power with leave from the District Court, and in early

October 2010, federal counsel, for the first time, made a deposition request. The

discovery request was granted in late October 2011.

       {¶ 23} In December 2011 and January 2012, members of Gapen’s federal team

began informally interviewing jurors. Juror M.M. was interviewed twice in December 2011

by Jacob Cairns and Allen Bohnert, assistant federal public defenders. According to

Cairns’ affidavit, during the first interview on December 1, 2011, Juror M.M. disclosed that

a few years before sitting as a juror on the Gapen trial, there was an attempted murder-

suicide in a duplex property that he owned. He also told the attorneys that during
                                                                                           -9-

deliberations, jurors found a receipt in Gapen’s wallet that indicated Gapen had

purchased a gun. Cairns’ affidavit stated that Juror M.M. found this to be significant

because “it showed that Mr. Gapen had been plotting the homicides for some time and

that they were premeditated.” The affidavit also noted that Juror M.M. told Cairns that

after the conclusion of the trial, he and a few other jurors spoke with the trial judge. Juror

M.M. stated that he asked the judge about the gun receipt and the judge purportedly

responded that “it was irrelevant.”

       {¶ 24} On December 14, 2011, Juror M.M. was again interviewed by Cairns. This

second interview, according to the Cairns’ affidavit, centered around the gun receipt found

in Gapen’s wallet. Juror M.M. indicated that he believed Gapen had used a fake social

security number to purchase the gun because, he suspected, Gapen would have been

unable to use his own due to pending charges and because he was on home electronic

monitoring.

       {¶ 25} According to Cairns’ affidavit, Juror M.M. declined to sign an affidavit, and

in January 2012, he passed away.

       {¶ 26} Cairns was involved in the interviews of several other jurors during this time

period, including Jurors D.N., R.S., D.B., R.S.G., and H.R.

       {¶ 27} Following the informal interviews, several jurors were deposed in federal

court on January 26-27, 2012, and May 31, 2012. The depositions of Jurors V.T.,

Redacted Juror, and M.F. were all brief and they testified that they did not recall anything

out of the ordinary during the trial or deliberations. Juror D.N.’s deposition, however, was

lengthy and expanded on issues Gapen raises in his motion for leave to file a delayed

motion for a new trial.
                                                                                          -10-

       {¶ 28} Juror D.N. testified that when he learned he was going to be a juror in this

case, he did some internet research into crime and punishment, specifically the death

penalty. He was clear, though, that he did not bring any of that material with him to the

courthouse. Juror D.N. also testified that he brought a book with him into sequestration

entitled “Relativism, Feet Firmly Planted in Mid-Air.” This was a book, he said, that he

ordered prior to trial and it just happened to be delivered during that period. He further

stated that the book did not influence his thinking at the trial because he did not yet

understand its teaching.

       {¶ 29} There was also discussion during the deposition about Juror D.N.’s

adoption and understanding of the theory of “lex talionis,” which he described as a

philosophy which teaches that “the crimes should equal the punishment.” Juror D.N.

claimed, however, that the philosophy did not play a role in his deliberations. “11 years

ago, I was just becoming familiar with this stuff. * * * Back then I was convinced about

Gapen more on the evidence in the court. The evidence is what drove me to the decision.”

He did admit, though, that he mentioned “lex talionis” to the other jurors, but insisted that

he just defined the term and did not try to impose his views on them.

       {¶ 30} Juror D.N. also revealed that he sent an email to the judge shortly after the

trial’s conclusion. The email stated that to reach a verdict, the jury compromised. But as

to Young, “we all unanimously voted that there were no mitigating circumstances thus the

death penalty fit the crime (lex talionis).”

       {¶ 31} On September 30, 2013, Gapen filed a motion to stay and abey the habeas

process to pursue new state court proceedings. Gapen’s federal attorneys were granted

permission to litigate at the state level in October 2013, and on November 12, 2013, the
                                                                                             -11-

federal magistrate judge granted the stay of the habeas proceeding.

       Motion for leave to file motion for new trial

       {¶ 32} On October 16, 2013, Gapen filed a motion for leave to file a delayed motion

for a new trial with the Montgomery County Court of Common Pleas and alleged five

grounds for relief:

       (1) One of the jurors who was seated at his trial was biased against him and

       incapable of fairly deciding the case, because that juror failed to disclose

       information during voir dire about a crime that was committed against his neighbor;

       (2) The jury was in possession of prejudicial evidence during deliberations that had

       never been admitted or was specifically excluded at trial;

       (3) The trial judge failed to disclose evidence of constitutional violations that took

       place after the jury had retired to deliberate, namely that unadmitted evidence had

       made its way into the jury room, that the judge had impermissible communication

       with a juror, that an extra-judicial source of law had been relied upon by at least

       one juror, and that a biased juror believed that death was the only appropriate

       sentence for murder;

       (4) One of the jurors who was seated at his trial was biased against him and

       incapable of fairly deciding an appropriate sentence because he would

       automatically vote for death as a punishment for murder;

       (5) The juror who would automatically vote for death as a punishment for murder

       adhered to the principle of lex talionis, the “law of retaliation,” and shared his beliefs

       with the other jurors.

       {¶ 33} Following the State’s opposition memo, the trial court set the matter for a
                                                                                             -12-

hearing, which, due to scheduling conflicts, took place over the course of four dates,

spanning nearly a year (August 29, 2014 – August 14, 2015). The hearing featured

testimony from many members of Gapen’s defense team, including trial counsel and both

state and federal public defenders involved in post-conviction and habeas proceedings.

           {¶ 34} The first witness presented by Gapen was Alan Rossman, the director of

the habeas unit at the Federal Public Defender’s Office for the Northern District of Ohio.

(All federal proceedings in this case have taken place in the Southern District of Ohio.)

He testified about the federal habeas process and the interplay between state and federal

courts.

           {¶ 35} David Greer, Gapen’s lead trial counsel, took the stand next. He testified

that he learned in 2013 that excluded evidence somehow made it into the jury room for

deliberations. He further explained that had he known about it at the time, he would have

moved for a mistrial. Greer also stated that he filed a sentencing memo in June 2001

arguing that there was inconsistency with the life sentence recommendations for the

murders of Madewell and Marshall and the death penalty recommendation for Young’s

killing.

           {¶ 36} The court also heard testimony from Kathryn Sandford, an attorney with the

Ohio Public Defender’s Office who assisted with juror interviews in 2002. Specifically,

Sandford stated that she was involved with the interviews of Juror M.M. and Juror R.S.

She also testified that because the jurors were unwilling to sign affidavits, she completed

one. Sandford acknowledged that all the interviews done by the Ohio Public Defender’s

Office were done without subpoenas.

           {¶ 37} Dorian Hall, an investigator with the Ohio Public Defender’s Office, testified
                                                                                         -13-

that she attended the 2002 interview of Juror D.N., and that she signed an affidavit

because Juror D.N. would not. According to Hall, Juror D.N. revealed several things about

his world view and human behavior, specifically his notion that if one is guilty of murder,

death is the only appropriate sanction. Like Sandford before her, Hall testified that no

subpoena was necessary to speak with Juror D.N.

       {¶ 38} Jacob Cairns, an attorney at the Federal Public Defender’s Office in

Columbus, was the penultimate witness. Cairns participated in juror interviews in

December 2011 and January 2012, including interviews with Juror M.M, Juror D.N., Juror

H.R., Juror D.B, Juror R.S, and alternate Juror J.G. He testified that he did not use a

subpoena to speak with the jurors.

       {¶ 39} Finally, on August 14, 2015, William Moody testified. Moody was an

assistant Ohio Public Defender and was on Gapen’s original post-conviction team. He

also testified that he represented Gapen on direct appeal in 2001. One of Moody’s jobs

during the time he represented Gapen was to interview jurors. He noted that in 2002 he

interviewed Juror D.N. During that conversation, Juror D.N. had a document that Moody

described as: “[I]t was like a table that would – of his issues that – sort of his world view

of how he viewed our society and culture.” Most of the interview, Moody said, was about

theology and philosophy and how that world view impacted the case. According to Moody,

Juror D.N. also mentioned that he tried to contact the trial judge in the aftermath of the

verdict.

       {¶ 40} At the close of testimony, Gapen’s attorneys asked for written closing

arguments – a request granted by the trial court. The briefing schedule, however, was

quite expansive and was not completed until August 5, 2016, almost a full year after the
                                                                                             -14-

conclusion of the hearing.

       {¶ 41} On April 29, 2020, the trial court issued a 49-page decision overruling

Gapen’s motion for leave to file a delayed motion for a new trial. He has filed a timely

appeal.

       II. Gapen’s Motion for Leave to File a Motion for New Trial

       {¶ 42} In his first and second assignments of error, Gapen makes the following

related claims: the trial court abused its discretion when it found that Gapen was not

unavoidably prevented from discovering evidence, and it abused its discretion when it

found that the delay in filing his evidence was not reasonable or sufficiently explained.

We can distill his arguments down to this: the trial court abused its discretion when it

overruled his motion for leave to file a delayed motion for a new trial.

       {¶ 43} Crim.R. 33 states that motions for a new trial based on newly discovered

evidence must be filed within 120 days of the verdict. To file a motion for a new trial after

that threshold has passed, the petitioner must first file a motion for leave, demonstrating

by clear and convincing proof that he or she has been unavoidably prevented from filing

the motion in a timely fashion. State v. Lenoir, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26080, 2015-

Ohio-1045, ¶ 14.

       {¶ 44} Clear and convincing proof is the amount of proof that will produce in the

mind of the trier of fact a “firm belief or conviction as to the facts sought to be established.”

Cross v. Ledford, 161 Ohio St. 469, 120 N.E.2d (1954), paragraph three of the syllabus.

The standard is not satisfied by a mere allegation that the defendant has been

unavoidably prevented from discovering new evidence. State v. Smith, 2d Dist.

Montgomery Nos. 21463, 22334, 2008-Ohio-6330, ¶ 59. A petitioner must submit
                                                                                          -15-

documents that on their face support the proposition that he was unavoidably prevented

from discovering the evidence in a timely manner. State v. Lanier, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2009

CA 84, 2010-Ohio-2921, ¶ 16.

       {¶ 45} “[A] party is unavoidably prevented from filing a motion for new trial if the

party had no knowledge of the existence of the ground supporting the motion for new trial

and could not have learned of the existence of that ground within the time prescribed for

filing the motion for new trial in the exercise of reasonable diligence.” State v. Walden, 19

Ohio App.3d 141, 145-146, 483 N.E.2d 859 (10th Dist.1984). We have further explained

the concept by stating that “a defendant fails to demonstrate he or she was unavoidably

prevented from discovering new evidence when he would have discovered that

information earlier had he or she exercised due diligence and some effort.” Lenoir at

¶ 24, citing State v. Metcalf, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26101, 2015-Ohio-3507, ¶ 11.

       {¶ 46} If the petitioner meets his burden, but there has been an undue delay in

filing the motion after evidence was discovered, the court must then decide if the delay

was “reasonable under the circumstances or that the defendant has adequately explained

the reason for the delay.” State v. Stansberry, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 71004, 1997 WL

626063, *3 (Oct. 9, 1997); see also State v. York, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2000-CA-70, 2001-

Ohio-1.

       {¶ 47} We review the trial court’s ruling on a motion for leave to file a delayed

Crim.R. 33 motion for an abuse of discretion. Lenoir at ¶ 16. An abuse of discretion has

been described as an attitude that is unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. Id. “A

decision is unreasonable if there is no sound reasoning process that would support that

decision. It is not enough that the reviewing court, were it deciding the issue de novo,
                                                                                          -16-

would not have found that reasoning process to be persuasive.” AAA Ents., Inc. v. River

Place Community Urban Redevelopment Corp., 50 Ohio St.3d 157, 161, 553 N.E.2d 597

(1990).

       {¶ 48} We will address Gapen’s claims in a manner that facilitates our analysis.

       Evidence Issues

       {¶ 49} Gapen contends that several pieces of improper evidence were available to

the jurors during deliberations that he did not know about. The most-cited item by Gapen

is a receipt from a gun shop, an unadmitted piece of evidence. This evidence came to

light in 2002 when Gapen’s post-conviction counsel interviewed several jurors, including

Juror M.M. In his interview, Juror M.M. told Attorney Sandford that a receipt from a gun

shop was found in Gapen’s wallet (an admitted exhibit) in the jury room during

deliberations. The record is unclear as to how the receipt got there, but later interviews

and testimony from other jurors seem to confirm its existence.

       {¶ 50} Information also came to light, this time from a 2012 deposition from Juror

M.F., that an envelope of Young’s teeth, though excluded from evidence, allegedly made

its way into the jury room during deliberations. When pressed during deposition, though,

Juror D.N. did not recall seeing this excluded evidence. Further, Juror D.N., in his 2012

deposition, claimed that inflammatory pictures of Young’s bedroom, bed, and teeth, which

were excluded from trial, were present during deliberations.

       {¶ 51} It is Gapen’s argument that he was unaware of all the alleged improper

evidence and could not have discovered the items sooner. Therefore, he asserts that the

trial court erred when it overruled his motion for leave to file a motion for a new trial. We

disagree.
                                                                                            -17-

       {¶ 52} As to the gun receipt, it is undisputed that Gapen’s legal team learned of

this item in 2002 from an interview Attorney Sandford conducted with Juror M.M. And

while Gapen characterizes this fact as “a passing, cryptic reference,” it still put him on

notice of the possibility that the evidence existed at the time of the trial. At the very least,

the statement gave the defense team something to investigate further.

       {¶ 53} The outcome for the other alleged improper evidence is less settled, but

nevertheless compels the same conclusion. The record seems to indicate that Gapen first

learned in 2012 of the possibility that an envelope containing Young’s teeth and excluded

photographs of the crime scenes reached the jury during deliberations. While we have no

reason to believe that Gapen or his team had any idea about these alleged problems

during the trial or shortly thereafter, that is only half of the standard. He must still

demonstrate the second prong – that he could not have learned of the information with

the exercise of reasonable diligence. Lenoir at ¶ 19. We agree with the trial court that

Gapen has failed to meet this burden.

       {¶ 54} Having been put on notice in 2002 that the potentially improper evidence

was presented to the jury, it would have been reasonable for Gapen’s team (he has been

represented by multiple lawyers and investigators almost continuously since conviction)

to inquire whether other such evidence had made it into deliberations. Gapen argues that

digging deeper and asking more questions was impossible because the trial court stood

in the way by denying his post-conviction discovery requests. There are, however, at least

two problems with that claim.

       {¶ 55} First, as we stated in one of Gapen’s previous appeals in 2005, R.C.

2953.21, the post-conviction relief statute, does not grant a petitioner the right to conduct
                                                                                          -18-

discovery. Gapen I at ¶ 60. The trial court cannot be blamed for following the law. Second,

a lack of compulsory discovery did not limit Gapen’s team from asking follow-up questions

and investigating further. Being told that you cannot subpoena is not the same as being

told that you cannot interview. His team could have learned of the other pieces of improper

evidence from following up on Juror M.M.’s revelations about the gun receipt. Even

Gapen’s federal habeas counsel acknowledged that information from jurors that

unadmitted evidence was present during deliberations “creates a strong inference that

other unadmitted but highly inflammatory trial exhibits * * * were likewise sent to the jury.”

Gapen’s March 4, 2016 Post-Hearing Brief at 48-49. The inquiry is not just whether Gapen

had knowledge of all the alleged improper evidence – he likely did not know about the

teeth or photographs until 2012 – but rather if he could have learned of it. We agree with

the trial court that he could have.

       Juror Issues

       {¶ 56} Gapen also argues that he was unavoidably prevented from learning about

potential issues with individual jurors, specifically Jurors D.N. and M.M.

       {¶ 57} As to Juror D.N., Gapen’s claims “generally revolve around [the juror’s]

belief in, independent research about, and adherence to, principles of Lex Talionis, under

which the only acceptable penalty upon conviction of murder is death.” Appellant’s brief

at 23. Gapen further argues that Juror D.N. failed to disclose these beliefs in his juror

questionnaire and/or in voir dire.

       {¶ 58} While it is true that Juror D.N. did not use the term Lex Talionis in his jury

questionnaire or during voir dire, Gapen should not have been blindsided by Juror D.N.’s

pro-death penalty stance. His jury questionnaire made it very clear that he believed the
                                                                                          -19-

death penalty was “[a]ppropriate in every case where someone has been murdered.”

Further, when asked on the form to rate whether the death penalty should never be used

as the punishment for any murder, Juror D.N. responded “strongly disagree.” Similarly,

when asked to rate whether the death penalty should always be used as the punishment

for every murder, Juror D.N. selected “strongly agree” as his response. These responses

date back to 2001. Juror D.N.’s pro-death penalty views were known to Gapen and his

counsel prior to trial.

       {¶ 59} Even more information was discovered in 2002 during post-conviction

interviews done by Gapen’s team. Investigator Hall, who interviewed Juror D.N. in 2002,

confirmed during her 2012 testimony that Juror D.N. expressed the world view that “if one

is guilty of murder, then death is the only appropriate sanction.” Attorney Mooney, another

member of the post-conviction team, described a document that Juror D.N. possessed

during his 2002 interview. “[I]t was like a table * * * of his world view of how he viewed our

society and culture.” Mooney testified that most of their discussion was centered around

theology and philosophy and how Juror D.N.’s worldview impacted the case.

       {¶ 60} In September 2002, Attorney Sandford interviewed Juror M.M. Her affidavit

about the conversation established that “Juror [M.M.] confirmed that while the trial was

proceeding, juror [D.N.] conducted independent research into the biblical meaning of the

death penalty. [Juror D.N.] shared his views with other jurors.” Juror M.M. was not the

only member of the jury to tell Gapen’s post-conviction team about that. Juror R.S. told

investigators that Juror D.N. “conducted his own outside research on the death penalty

and the law and that [he] told the other jurors about his research during deliberations.”

       {¶ 61} A pro-death penalty worldview and the possibility of outside research on the
                                                                                          -20-

subject was not the only potentially problematic information about Juror D.N. that Gapen’s

team collected in 2001-2002. Juror D.N. informed Hall and Mooney during his 2002

interview that he had attempted to contact the trial court judge by email after the guilt

phase of the trial was completed. There is no evidence in the record, however, that the

judge received the email.

       {¶ 62} Gapen claims that the trial court erred when it denied his motion for leave

to file a motion for a new trial because he was “not aware of the full range of [Juror D.N.’s]

misconduct in 2002; much of the evidence about his strict adherence to the principles of

lex talionis, for instance, only came out in federal habeas discovery proceedings.”

Appellant’s brief at 24. While Gapen did gain some new evidence from deposing Juror

D.N. and from gaining some of his documents, Gapen should have been aware of

potential issues relating to Juror D.N. as early as the spring of 2001 when his trial counsel

received the juror questionnaires. Gapen was certainly aware in October 2002 because

the entire Fourth Ground for Relief in his original post-conviction motion is based on Juror

D.N. It is Gapen’s burden to demonstrate that he and his team had no knowledge of the

existence of the grounds supporting his motion for a new trial, but when it comes to

potential issues with Juror D.N., he had actual knowledge of many of the grounds. At the

very least, his team was armed with enough information to investigate further. And as

stated earlier, the inquiry is not just whether Gapen had knowledge, but rather if he could

have learned of it. We agree with the trial court that he could have.

       {¶ 63} Gapen also raises issues with Juror M.M. Specifically, he avers that Juror

M.M. was not truthful with the answers given in either the jury questionnaire or during voir

dire because years later, information came to light showing that an attempted murder-
                                                                                         -21-

suicide took place next door to his home, on property he owned. Gapen argues that the

outcome could have been different, and that Juror M.M. surely had an implicit bias

because of the incident next to his house. He further contends that had this information

been known at the time of the trial, Gapen’s counsel could have questioned Juror M.M.

about it. We disagree because the information regarding the crime is completely irrelevant

to this case.

       {¶ 64} Even assuming M.M.’s failure to disclose the attempted murder-suicide

constituted juror misconduct that was not discovered until December 2011, Gapen’s delay

in filing the motion was, as explained below, neither reasonable nor adequately explained.

       {¶ 65} While the details of the crime that happened on Juror M.M.’s property were

horrific, it cannot be said he was a victim of the crime in the normal sense of the word. He

did not see the attack (although he reports having seen the surviving victim afterwards),

he was not physically injured by it, and there is no report that he was even financially

harmed from the attempted murder-suicide. Juror M.M. had so little involvement that he

did not consider himself a victim and thus, did not report the incident in his questionnaire

or during voir dire. On the other hand, when he was a victim, he disclosed the information.

       {¶ 66} Gapen makes the claim that, when asked during voir dire if anyone had ever

been involved in any disputes about domestic violence, that Juror M.M. should have

disclosed to counsel the incident that happened on his property. He also argues that Juror

M.M. should have spoken up when the jury was asked whether any of them had witnessed

someone losing control or were present when that happened with someone else. Juror

M.M. reasonably did not answer either of those questions because he was not involved

in domestic violence or with someone “losing control.” Just because he owned the
                                                                                        -22-

property where a crime happened does not mean he experienced that crime in any way.

Whether Juror M.M. owned property where an attempted murder-suicide took place was

not relevant to this case, and we reject that argument here.

       {¶ 67} Gapen also addresses potential judicial misconduct. During a 2011

interview, Juror M.M. revealed that after the trial concluded, he and a few other jurors

spoke with the trial judge. During their conversation, Juror M.M. stated that the jurors

informed the court about the gun receipt being present during deliberations. The court,

according to Juror M.M., told the jurors that the receipt was “irrelevant.” Gapen alleges

that the trial court should have immediately informed counsel of the gun receipt and the

failure to do so prejudiced him.

       {¶ 68} While we agree that the court should have notified counsel after learning of

the receipt, we find that that evidence was discoverable years earlier. Even if it was not,

as we will discuss at length in the next section, there was an unreasonable delay in filing

Gapen’s motion for leave to file a motion for a new trial after discovering this evidence.

The evidence was discovered in 2011 and the motion was not filed until 2013.

       {¶ 69} Based on the evidence in the record, all the relevant issues that Gapen

points to were at least discoverable in 2002 and could have been raised in a motion for a

new trial by state post-conviction counsel. It appears, however, that Gapen and his team

made the decision to file for post-conviction relief and discovery instead. Regardless of

the reason, we find that Gapen had knowledge of the ground that would support a motion

for a new trial or could have discovered it in the exercise of reasonable diligence

approximately ten years before the motion was filed.

       Unreasonable Delay
                                                                                         -23-

       {¶ 70} Even assuming that Gapen could not have learned of the existence of the

facts underlying his motion, the delay in filing the motion for leave was neither reasonable

nor adequately explained.

       {¶ 71} Gapen places a great deal of emphasis on the actual knowledge of his

federal counsel and on the rules they were required to follow to litigate his case. He claims

that his federal team did not know about the allegations until 2012 and that federal

regulations did not permit the case to progress any faster than it did. The record, however,

suggests otherwise.

       {¶ 72} Federal counsel was appointed on August 11, 2008 to pursue federal

habeas corpus relief, and the writ of habeas corpus was filed in federal court on March

10, 2009. Between the time counsel was appointed and when the writ was filed, Gapen’s

team spent months pouring through the state court records. We know this because Gapen

cited 2002 post-conviction affidavits in the first habeas petition. Based on the information

learned to that point, Gapen’s federal team could have started interviewing jurors. They

were put on notice of the facts that could potentially support a motion for a new trial.

Gapen’s state team was aware of the facts and did not file for a new trial or leave to file,

and the same can be said for his federal team. Instead of starting to at least investigate

immediately, they waited.

       {¶ 73} On October 10, 2010, Gapen’s team filed a request for discovery with the

federal district court, 26 months after first being appointed. The request was granted

October 31, 2010, giving them subpoena power, but Gapen’s counsel did not begin its

interviews until December 2011. And, federal depositions were not held until the winter

and spring of 2012. Gapen’s federal counsel then filed his motion for leave to file a
                                                                                          -24-

delayed motion for new trial in state court on October 16, 2013 – over five years after

being appointed to the case and nearly two years after beginning interviews.

       {¶ 74} Gapen attributes this delay to the complexities and logistics of practice in

federal court. For instance, Gapen states that federal defenders are not permitted to

practice in state court without permission from the district court and that there are funding

restrictions on federal public defenders litigating in state court. Attorney Rossman testified

that federal public defenders cannot use federal funds for state court litigation without

authorization from the federal district court. Gapen also argues that it was not practical to

begin speaking with jurors until he got federal subpoena power in late October 2011.

       {¶ 75} While we understand that there are certain guidelines that federal public

defenders must work within, the rules did not prevent them from investigating further into

what they already knew.

       {¶ 76} Gapen’s federal team was aware in at least 2009 (from reviewing affidavits

and notes of state post-conviction and trial counsel) that as soon as the penalty phase

verdict was read, trial counsel, led by Attorney Greer, had suspicions that “[t]he jury, in

my mind, violated its oath, and I think that was clear without any jury affidavits.” Greer

also raised concerns in 2001 that the verdicts were “inconsistent.” By 2009, Gapen’s

federal team also would have been aware of potential misconduct allegations against

Juror D.N. and that the jury was exposed to improper evidence during deliberations. They

could have immediately interviewed or followed up with any of the jurors, but instead there

was a three-year delay.

       {¶ 77} Even without the discovery order, though, Gapen’s team could have spoken

with the jurors, and in some cases it did. Attorney Cairns testified that he interviewed
                                                                                                 -25-

Jurors D.N. and M.M. in late 2011 and early 2012 without needing subpoenas. He also

testified that he interviewed Jurors H.R. and D.B. without the use of a court order.

Rossman, likewise, testified that Gapen’s team would not have needed permission from

the district court to talk to state court counsel or jurors.

       {¶ 78} Even assuming they first learned of the underlying facts in late 2011 or early

2012, Gapen’s federal team would have known that it was not possible to achieve federal

habeas relief until their state claims were exhausted. See 28 U.S.C. §2254(b)(1)(A). But

instead of asking the federal court to stay and abey the habeas petition to go back and

practice in state court, Gapen continued with his habeas litigation. The “go-back” request

was filed on September 30, 2013 and was granted October 8, 2013 – well over a year

after Gapen claims he discovered the underlying facts.

       {¶ 79} Gapen’s case is similar to Lenoir, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26080, 2015-

Ohio-1045. In that case, Lenoir knew in April 2012 of new evidence upon which he

intended to rely in filing for a new trial. Instead of filing for a new trial, Lenoir kept litigating

in federal court and delayed filing his motion for leave for over a year. We stated, “Lenoir

asserts that he became aware of the telephone conversations between his sister and

Peterson on April 12, 2012. Lenoir, however, did not file his motion for leave to file a

motion for new trial until over a year later, on May 2, 2013. We note that in May of 2012,

Lenoir was focused on pursuing a writ of habeas corpus from the federal court based on

the recording of the telephone conversation. However, we cannot excuse the lengthy

delay in filing the motion for leave with the trial court. * * * Lenoir did not need permission

from the federal court to file his motion for leave in the trial court.” Id. at ¶ 24.

       {¶ 80} The same is the case here. Gapen could have filed his motion for leave in
                                                                                          -26-

state court in 2009, or in early 2012 after interviews and depositions were done. Instead,

much like Lenoir, it appears Gapen’s strategy was to play things out in federal court. It is

also true, like in Lenoir, that Gapen’s counsel did not need permission from the federal

court to file his motion for leave in the trial court. Gapen’s counsel admitted as much at

his August 29, 2014 motion hearing when he was asked directly by the trial court.

       Court: There’s nothing, procedurally, that if information is obtained, that, while he’s

       involved in any habeas or federal court proceedings, that prevent him from filing

       something in the state court.

       Counsel: There would not be necessarily a literal prohibition. *** [I]f the question is

       literally procedurally, there’s nothing.

       {¶ 81} The trial court did not abuse its discretion in finding that the delay was

unreasonable. That decision aligned with the Criminal Rules’ objective of “securing the

speedy and sure administration of justice and eliminating unjustifiable delay * * * by

discouraging a defendant from waiting to move for leave while the evidence against him

dissipates or disappears.” State v. Warren, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 28092, 2019-Ohio-

3522. See Crim.R. 1(B). “Delays in presenting evidence once discovered undermine the

overall objective of the criminal rules. Allowing a defendant to drag the process out while

the evidence and recollections of witnesses become increasingly stale defies the very

purpose of the criminal rules.” State v. McConnell, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24315, 2011-

Ohio-5555, ¶ 18. (Internal citations omitted).

       {¶ 82} Gapen failed to prove that he was unavoidably prevented from discovering

the grounds for his claims of alleged juror and judicial misconduct, juror bias, and

consideration of unadmitted evidence. He has likewise failed to demonstrate that he acted
                                                                                          -27-

within a reasonable time or adequately explained the delay. Therefore, the trial court did

not abuse its discretion when it overruled Gapen’s motion for leave to file a delayed

motion for a new trial. Gapen’s first and second assignments of error are overruled.

       III. Review of the Merits

       {¶ 83} In his third assignment of error, Gapen argues that the trial court erred by

not fully engaging in a merit review of the evidence.

       {¶ 84} We have previously stated that “[a]lthough a defendant may file his motion

for a new trial along with his request for leave to file such motion, the trial court may not

consider the merits of the motion for a new trial until it makes a finding of unavoidable

delay.” Lanier, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2009-CA-84, 2010-Ohio-2921, ¶ 17, citing State v.

Stevens, 2d Dist. Montgomery Nos. 23236 & 23315, 2010-Ohio-556, ¶ 11. Accord State

v. Wilson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 17515, 1999 WL 173551, *1 (March 31, 1999) (“If it

is not found that the defendant was unavoidably prevented from discovering the new

evidence or from filing his motion for a new trial, the trial court is precluded from

considering the untimely motion.”).

       {¶ 85} Gapen cites a new case from the United States Court of Appeals, Sixth

Circuit, Nian v. Warden, 994 F.3d 746 (6th Cir. 2021), to support his proposition that a

decision on the merits was warranted. While there appear to be some factual similarities,

we find that there are important distinctions that cut against Gapen’s conclusion.

       {¶ 86} In Nian, the defendant was accused and convicted of multiple counts of

rape. Soon after the trial, however, Nian alleged (by way of a juror affidavit) that a juror

had “improperly introduced extraneous information – including his criminal record and

national origin – into deliberations.” Id. at 750. After holding an evidentiary hearing on the
                                                                                          -28-

issue, the trial court excluded the whistle blower/juror’s testimony under Evid.R. 606(B),

which states: “A juror may testify on the question whether extraneous prejudicial

information was improperly brought to the jury’s attention or whether any outside influence

was improperly brought to bear on any juror, only after some outside evidence of that act

or event has been presented.” The Sixth Circuit ultimately held that the exclusion of the

juror’s testimony under Evid.R. 606(B) was a constitutional error and ordered the case

remanded back to the state trial court.

       {¶ 87} While the factual predicates of Gapen’s case and Nian are similar (a juror

allegedly brought in outside information into deliberations), the procedural postures are

very different. In Nian, the whistleblower juror alleged juror misconduct in the weeks

following the verdict and Nian promptly filed a motion for a new trial – well within the time

contemplated by Crim.R. 33. The court then conducted a hearing on the allegations

(within a month of the conclusion of the trial) and decided on the merits of the claim.

       {¶ 88} In this case, the jurors were interviewed more than a year after the trial –

outside of the Crim.R. 33 timeframe – and therefore Gapen had to demonstrate that he

was unavoidably prevented from filing his motion within the time limits. Only if he was

successful in clearing this preliminary hurdle could the trial court in this case assess the

merits. The trial court did not believe Gapen reached the required threshold and therefore

did not decide on the merits. Evid.R. 606(B) has no bearing on this case. Additionally,

Gapen’s cited case would only be persuasive authority, at best. “[T]he decisions of federal

courts constitute persuasive authority only and are not binding on this court.” State v.

Prom, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2004-07-174, 2005-Ohio-2272, ¶ 22. We find Nian to be

distinguishable and decline to follow it.
                                                                                           -29-

       {¶ 89} Given the trial court’s conclusions, it was not permitted to rule on the merits

of Gapen’s claims. The trial court did not err, and the assignment of error is overruled.

       IV. Conclusion

       {¶ 90} The trial court did not abuse its discretion when it found that Gapen failed

to prove by clear and convincing evidence that he was unavoidably prevented from

discovering the grounds for his claims. Likewise, the trial court did not abuse its discretion

when it found Gapen had failed to demonstrate that he acted within a reasonable time or

adequately explained the delay in filing his motion for leave to file a motion for a new trial.

Finally, the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it did not rule on the merits of

Gapen’s claims. The assignments of error are overruled, and the judgment of the trial

court will be affirmed.

                                           .. . . . . . . . . . . . .

TUCKER, P. J. and HALL, J., concur.

Copies sent to:

Mathias H. Heck, Jr.
Andrew T. French
Allen L. Bohnert
Adam M. Rusnak
Hon. Mary Katherine Huffman