Court Opinion

ID: 9925913
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-01-23 15:03:59.316837+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:21:47.806639
License: Public Domain

FOURTH DIVISION
                                DILLARD, P. J.,
                            RICKMAN and PIPKIN, JJ.

                    NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be
                    physically received in our clerk’s office within ten
                    days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.
                               https://www.gaappeals.us/rules

                                                                    January 23, 2024

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia
 A23A1709. MOYE v. NORTHHAVEN                            HOMEOWNERS
      ASSOCIATION, INC.

      DILLARD, Presiding Judge.

      Kenneth Moye appeals the trial court’s grant of a declaratory judgment in favor

of the NorthHaven Homeowners Association and the denial of his request for same

in their dispute over whether Moye’s construction of his residence in the NorthHaven

subdivision is exempt from certain covenants in the HOA’s “Declaration of

Covenants, Conditions, Restrictions, and Easements for North Haven Subdivision.”

Specifically, Moye argues the trial court erred because it failed to consider the entire

Declaration or whether the pertinent language was ambiguous. He also claims the

court failed to properly apply the rules of contract construction. For the following

reasons, we reverse the trial court’s grant of a declaratory judgment to the HOA,
reverse its denial of Moye’s motion for same, and remand this case for further

proceedings consistent with this opinion.

      L. E. Thames was the developer of the NorthHaven subdivision in Macon,

Georgia; and in 1999, he executed the Declaration at issue to be adopted by the HOA.

At the time the Declaration was executed, Thames’s lot—referred to as “Tract

One”—was the only one containing a residence. Indeed, all other lots located in the

subdivision were vacant and undeveloped. And relevant here, Article VIII, Section 17,

Paragraph (n) (6) (the “exemption provision”) provides as follows:

      The property designated “Tract One” on the recorded Subdivision plat
      referenced in Exhibit “A” has located thereon an existing single family
      residence known as 100 Primrose Walk. Any and all prerequisites set
      forth in this Declaration regarding the initial construction and erection of
      improvements theron shall not apply to “Tract One.” However, this
      property is intended to be a part of NorthHaven Subdivision. Its owners,
      as members hereof, and the ownership of the same shall be bound by and
      subject to all terms and conditions prevalent after construction. In this
      connection, for all purposes of counting the total number of lots in
      NorthHaven Subdivision, said Subdivision shall include a total of 43 lots
      being “Tract One” and lots enumerated 1 through 42 on Subdivision
      plat.1

      1
          (Emphasis supplied).
                                            2
      At some point after the Declaration went into effect, Thames’s house—which

was located on Tract One—burned down, and the lot was eventually cleared. Then,

in 2010, when Moye purchased Tract One, it was vacant with no house or other

structure on it. Years later, in 2021, Moye submitted plans to build a residence on

Tract One to the Architectural Control Committee, and the plans were “apparently

approved.”

      After Moye began building the home, the HOA sued him, alleging that he was

in violation of certain construction provisions in the Declaration and seeking a

declaratory judgment to enforce them.2 The HOA contended Moye had a duty to

abide by the covenants in the Declaration and “should be subject to the restrictions

and requirements therein, including but not limited to restrictions and controls related

to construction.”3 Moye filed an answer, denying many of the complaint’s allegations

and seeking a declaratory judgment that he was not subject to the Declaration’s

      2
        The complaint also sought an interlocutory injunction, temporary restraining
order, and mandatory injunction. But during the pendency of the litigation, the parties
consented to the imposition of an interlocutory injunction, preventing further
construction on Tract One until two weeks following the entry of the trial court’s
judgment. As a result, the trial court’s grant of a declaratory judgment to the HOA
and denial of same to Moye are the only rulings at issue on appeal.
      3
          (Emphasis supplied).
                                           3
provisions related to construction. Essentially, the parties disagreed as to whether the

exemption provision, detailed supra, exempted the construction of Moye’s home—to

be located on Tract One—from covenants in the Declaration related to the

construction of his residence or any other structures built on the property. Ultimately,

after holding a hearing on the matter, the trial court issued a declaratory judgment in

favor of the HOA, finding that Moye’s lot was subject to Declaration provisions

applicable to construction. Accordingly, the trial court denied Moye’s request for a

declaratory judgment that those provisions did not apply to any structure built on

Tract One. This appeal follows.

      In Georgia, a trial court’s findings of fact after a declaratory-judgment hearing

are “analogous to a jury verdict and will not be interfered with if there is any evidence

                                           4
to support them.”4 But we review the trial court’s conclusions of law de novo,”5 and

“the construction of a contract is a question of law for the court.”6

       Relevant here, restrictive covenants are “specialized contracts that run with the

land.”7 And as with other contracts, the interpretation of a restrictive covenant is a

“three-step process.”8 Specifically, the first step is “to decide whether the language

       4
        Brown v. Brown, 359 Ga. App. 511, 517 (1) (857 SE2d 505) (2021) (punctuation
omitted); accord Strange v. Towns, 330 Ga. App. 876, 876 (769 SE2d 604) (2015); cf.
Lowry v. Hamilton, 268 Ga. 373, 374 (2) (489 SE2d 827) (1997) (“The findings of fact
in a nonjury trial are analogous to a jury verdict and will not be interfered with if there
is any evidence to support them.”).
       5
        See Brown, 359 Ga. App. at 517 (1) (punctuation omitted); accord Strange, 330
Ga. App. at 876; see Unified Gov’t of Athens-Clarke Co. v. Stiles Apartments, Inc., 295
Ga. 829, 832 (1) (764 SE2d 403) (2014) (“[W]e review the trial court’s construction
of a contract de novo.”).
       6
         See Copeland v. Home Grown Music, Inc., 358 Ga. App. 743, 748 (1) (856 SE2d
325) (2021) (punctuation omitted); accord Shields v. RDM, LLC, 355 Ga. App. 409,
413 (1) (844 SE2d 297) (2020); see Unified Gov’t of Athens-Clarke Co., 295 Ga. at 832
(1) (“Generally, contract construction is a question of law for the court.”).
       7
         Gilbert v. Canterbury Farms, LLC, 346 Ga. App. 804, 810 (3) (815 SE2d 303)
(2018) (punctuation omitted); accord Skylake Prop. Owners Ass’n, Inc. v. Powell, 281
Ga. App. 715, 716 (1) (637 SE2d 51) (2006); see Bickford v. Yancey Dev. Co., 276 Ga.
814, 816 (3) (585 SE2d 78) (2003) (“In the area of real property law, rights and
restrictions relating to covenants that run with the land must be certain and
unequivocal.”).
       8
      Gilbert, 346 Ga. App. at 810 (3); Powell, 281 Ga. App. at 716 (1); see Langley v.
MP Spring Lake, LLC, 307 Ga. 321, 323 (834 SE2d 800) (2019) (noting that the
                                            5
of the contract is clear and unambiguous.”9 If so, the contract is “enforced according

to its plain terms, and the contract alone is looked to for meaning.”10 Next, if the

language of the contract is ambiguous in some respect, the rules of contract

construction “must be applied by the court to resolve the ambiguity.”11 Finally, if

ambiguity remains after applying the rules of construction, the issue of “what the

ambiguous language means and what the parties intended must be resolved by a

jury.”12 Importantly, when the language of a contract is plain and unambiguous,

“judicial construction is not only unnecessary but forbidden.”13 Lastly, to the extent

familiar framework of contract construction involves three steps).
      9
        Copeland, 358 Ga. App. at 748 (1) (punctuation omitted); accord Langley, 307
Ga. at 323 ; Shields, 355 Ga. App. at 413 (1).
      10
        Copeland, 358 Ga. App. at 748 (1) (punctuation omitted); accord Langley, 307
Ga. at 323; Shields, 355 Ga. App. at 413 (1).
      11
        Copeland, 358 Ga. App. at 748 (1) (punctuation omitted); accord Langley, 307
Ga. at 323; Shields, 355 Ga. App. at 413 (1).
      12
        Copeland, 358 Ga. App. at 748 (1) (punctuation omitted); accord Langley, 307
Ga. at 323; Shields, 355 Ga. App. at 413 (1).
      13
        SPI Holdco, LLC v. Mookerji, 361 Ga. App. 449, 453 (1) (864 SE2d 633) (2021)
(punctuation omitted); accord Six Flags Over Ga. v. Kull, 276 Ga. 210, 211 (576 SE2d
880) (2003).
                                          6
an ambiguity in a contract exists, we resolve it “by applying the statutory rules of

construction to ascertain the intent of the parties.”14

      Turning to the instant dispute, Moye argues the trial court erred in granting the

HOA’s request for a declaratory judgment and denying his own because it failed to

consider the entire Declaration or whether the pertinent language was ambiguous, and

it failed to properly apply the rules of contract construction. We agree.

      Both parties and the trial court acknowledge that construction and application

of the exemption provision in the Declaration is dispositive of this dispute. According

to Moye, the provision exempts his lot—Tract One—from any covenants or

requirements under the Declaration related to the construction of a residence or other

improvements, but not those applicable after construction. But the HOA argues—and

the trial court found—that the exemption provision does not exempt Moye’s home

or lot from any covenant in the HOA’s Declaration because it applied only to

      14
         Willesen v. Ernest Commc’ns, Inc., 323 Ga. App. 457, 459 (1) (746 SE2d 755)
(2013); see Magnetic Resonance Plus, Inc. v. Imaging Sys. Int’l, 273 Ga. 525, 526 (1) (543
SE2d 32)(2001) (explaining that a “jury question arises only when there appears to be
an ambiguity in the contract which cannot be negated by the court’s application of the
statutory rules of construction.” (punctuation omitted)).
                                            7
Thames’s residence, which was already built when the subdivision Declaration was

executed.

      Suffice it to say, this Court is only concerned with the plain language of the

Declaration provision at issue unless it is ambiguous. And here, the first portion of the

exemption provision provides as follows:

      The property designated “Tract One” on the recorded Subdivision plat
      referenced in Exhibit “A” has located thereon an existing single family
      residence known as 100 Primrose Walk. Any and all prerequisites set
      forth in this Declaration regarding the initial construction and erection of
      improvements theron shall not apply to “‘Tract One.’”15

Importantly, the first sentence plainly and unambiguously describes the tract of land

to which the exemption applies—it is the recorded plat referenced in Exhibit A and

it contains a single family residence. And both parties agree the land described as

Tract One was initially owned by Thames (the subdivision developer) and is currently

owned by Moye. Then, the provision plainly and unambiguously provides that any

prerequisites in the Declaration applicable to construction and erection of

improvements shall not apply to Tract One. And while the exemption provision

      15
           (Emphasis supplied).
                                           8
references Thames’s residence in describing Tract One, its plain language provides

that the construction prerequisites shall not apply to Tract One itself, thus exempting

all structures built on the tract in the future.

       Nevertheless, the HOA contends that the “mention of” or “reference to” the

100 Primrose Walk residence supports its view that the exemption provision is limited

to that residence. But simply referencing this residence to describe Tract One does not

negate the provision’s express language in the next sentence that the Declaration’s

prerequisites for construction do not apply to Tract One, not just the pre-existing

residence. The HOA also contends the phrase “initial construction” means the

exemption only applies to the home that existed on Tract One at the time the

Declaration was executed. But the exemption provision does not limit that phrase to

the initial construction of Thames’s home or any pre-existing structure. And without

such a limitation, the exemption broadly applies to any initial construction of a

structure or improvement on Tract One. 16

       16
         See Greenberg Farrow Architecture, Inc. v. JMLS 1422, LLC, 339 Ga. App. 325,
330 (1) (791 SE2d 635) (2016) (holding that absent language in an agreement limiting
the scope of operations on which profits would be allocated, the phrase “profits of
operation relating to the parking lot” encompassed the profits on all parking spaces
on the deck (excluding certain spaces subject to an easement)); Ayers v. Ass’n of Cnty.
Comm’rs of Ga.-Interlocal Risk Mgmt. Agency, 332 Ga. App. 230, 239 (2) (771 SE2d
                                             9
      Next, the provision at issue further clarified Tract One’s exemption by detailing

which covenants its owners would be bound by. Specifically, it provides that:

      [Tract One] is intended to be a part of NorthHaven Subdivision. Its
      owners, as members hereof, and the ownership of the same shall be bound
      by and subject to all terms and conditions prevalent after construction. In
      this connection, for all purposes of counting the total number of lots in
      NorthHaven Subdivision, said Subdivision shall include a total of 43 lots
      being “Tract One” and lots enumerated 1 through 42 on Subdivision
      plat.17

Significantly, in describing the covenants that would apply to Tract One, the provision

clarifies that those covenants would bind any of its owners, not just the tract generally

like the exemption. Needless to say, the plain language of the exemption provision

drafted by Thames provides that it applies to Tract One itself, not solely to Thames’s

743) (2015) (explaining that absent “clear and precise” language of an exclusion, none
exists).
      17
           (Emphasis supplied).
                                           10
pre-existing residence.18 And this comports with the general rule that restrictive

covenants run with the land.19

      Even so, the HOA maintains that, under the theory of implied covenants,

Moye’s tract must be subject to all prerequisites for construction delineated in the

Declaration. But the theory of implied covenants “does not apply when the subject

at issue is expressly covered by the contract.”20 Regardless, to the extent the

exemption provision can possibly be interpreted as being ambiguous as to whether it

      18
         In addition to arguing that the plain language of the exemption provision
supports the trial court’s judgment, the HOA contends other circumstances
warranted the court’s grant of the declaratory judgment. For example, it asserts that
(1) absent the judgment, Moye would have the potential to “wreak havoc” in an
established neighborhood; (2) Tract One is “smack-dab” in the middle of a well-
established platted residential subdivision; and (3) exempting Moye from the
provisions at issue would prove disruptive as it would allow a lot to be converted to
commercial use. But as explained supra, when interpreting the provisions of a
contract, we look only to the plain language of the relevant provisions, not to any
potential negative impacts that language might have on a party. See supra notes 9-10
& accompanying text.
      19
           See supra note 7 & accompanying text.
      20
          Overlook Gardens Properties, LLC v. Orix, USA, LP, 366 Ga. App. 820, 826
(1) (a) (i)(884 SE2d 433) (2023) (punctuation omitted); accord The Rainmaker Group
Ventures v. Bellack, 354 Ga. App. 847, 851 (841 SE2d 738) (2020); see Automatic
Sprinkler Corp. of Am. v. Anderson, 243 Ga. 867, 868 (257 SE2d 283) (1979) (“There
can be no breach of an implied covenant of good faith where a party to a contract has
done what the provisions of the contract expressly give him the right to do.”)
                                          11
applies to Tract One (rather than only to Thames’s original residence), we must

construe it in Moye’s favor. Indeed, as to this particular contract, we must bear in

mind “the general rule that the owner of land has the right to use it for any lawful

purpose and that Georgia law does not favor restrictions on private property.”21 And

      21
          Davista Holdings, LLC v. Cap. Plaza, Inc., 321 Ga. App. 131, 133 (741
SE2d266) (2013) (punctuation omitted); see Holbrook v. Davison, 258 Ga. 844, 845 (1)
(375 SE2d 840)(1989) (“The general rule is that the owner of land has the right to use
it for any lawful purpose. Restrictions upon an owner’s use of land must be clearly
established and must be strictly construed. Moreover, any doubt concerning
restrictions on use of land will be construed in favor of the grantee.” (citation
omitted)); Spencer v. Poole, 207 Ga. 155, 155 (1) (60 SE2d 371) (1950) (explaining that
the general rule is that the owner of land has the right to use it for any lawful purpose
and any claim that there are restrictions on land use must be clearly established);
Pasha v. Battle Creek Homeowners Ass’n, Inc., 350 Ga. App. 433, 437 (1) (829 SE2d 618
(2019) (“[I]f the intent of the parties cannot be discerned from the document as a
whole, any ambiguity must be strictly construed in favor of the property owner,
inasmuch as restrictions on private property are generally not favored in Georgia, and
generally speaking, an owner of land has the right to use it for any lawful purpose.
Consequently, restrictions upon an owner’s use of land must be clearly established,
and covenants restricting the use of real property may not be enlarged or extended by
judicial construction.” (punctuation and footnote omitted)); Summerour v. City of
Marietta, 338 Ga. App. 259, 262 (788 SE2d 921) (2016), reversed in part on other
grounds by City of Marietta Summerour, 302 Ga. 645 (807 SE2d 324)(2017) (noting that
private property rights are among the most basic of human rights, and that it is the
charge of the courts to defend them vigilantly) (cleaned up));Charter Club on River
Home Owners Ass’n v. Walker, 301 Ga. App. 898, 899 (689 SE2d 344) (2009) (“[T]he
general rule is that the owner of land has the right to use it for any lawful purpose. . .
. [R]estrictions on private property are not favored in Georgia.” (punctuation
omitted)).
                                           12
restrictions on an owner’s use of land must be clearly established and strictly

construed.22 As a result, any doubt concerning restrictions on the use of land must be

construed in favor of the grantee.23

      For all these reasons, we reverse the trial court’s grant of a declaratory

judgment in favor of the HOA, reverse its denial of Moye’s request for same, and

remand this case for the trial court to issue a declaratory judgment in a manner

consistent with this opinion.

      Judgment reversed and remanded with direction. Rickman and Pipkin, JJ., concur.

      22
           See supra note 21 & accompanying text.
      23
           See supra note 21 & accompanying text.
                                          13