Court Opinion

ID: 8595619
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-11-23 16:02:47.180146+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:54:54.763690
License: Public Domain

Per Curiam :
This case comes before the court on defendant’s exceptions to the recommended decision of Trial Judge Kenneth R. Harkins, filed October 22,1975, pursuant tp Rule 134(h),'having been submitted on the briefs and oral argument of counsel. Upon consideration thereof, since the court agrees with the trial judge’s recommended decision, as hereinafter set forth, it hereby affirms and adopts the same as the basis for its judgment in this case, It is, therefore, concluded that plaintiffs are entitled to an allowance for depreciation of the intangible asset represented by the insurance expira-tions purchased from, the Arch Insurance Agency in 1966, and that this intangible asset has a useful life of not more *435than 10 years and a value of $47,644.35. Plaintiffs.have overpaid their Federal income taxes for the years 1966, 1967, 1968, and 1969 and are entitled to refunds of this overpayment, plus interest, as allowed by law. This case is remanded to the Trial Division for further proceedings pursuant to Rule 131 (c).
OPINION OP TRIAL JUDGE
Harkins, Trial Judge:
In this tax case, plaintiff taxpayers, shareholders of Richard S. Miller & Sons, Inc. (Miller & Sons),1 seek refunds amounting to $8,782.75 from Federal income taxes paid in the 4-year period 1966-69. Returns for the years 1966 through 1969 were timely filed. Claims for refunds sought a depreciation allowance under the Internal Revenue Code,2 measured by a claimed 5-year useful life, for the value of an intangible asset that consisted of insurance expirations and related papers acquired by purchase. Plaintiffs’ refund claims were denied. This action has been properly and timely commenced, and the court has jurisdiction of the subject matter and of the parties. Trial was held at South Bend, Indiana, on May 28-29,1974.
Effective May 1, 1966,- Miller & Sons purchased the insurance business and agency, together with the goodwill and all current insurance records and papers, from the Arch Insurance Agency.3 The records involved were concerned only with fire and casualty insurance. Both agencies were small enterprises that also engaged in related activities such as real estate sales, income tax preparation, and licensing and collection services. Both were located in Bremen, Indiana, a rural community with a population in 1966 of approximately 2,700 persons and a trading population in a 15-mile radius of approximately 6,000.
The sales contract transferred to Miller & Sons the Arch business and agency, its goodwill, its insurance records and *436papers, which consisted primarily of 1,383 expirations or dailies, and the right to use the Arch name. Over the 60-month life of the. contract, Miller & Sons paid $15,000 for a covenant not to compete, $4,694.51 for interest, and $61,174.92 for the balance of the assets. An expiration (or daily) is a copy of the face of an insurance policy made when the policy is issued. It shows the name of the insured, address, type of insurance, premium, carrier, property covered, and expiration date. Its principal value in the insurance business is its indication of the most advantageous time to solicit a renewal.
At issue is whether plaintiffs’ evidence is sufficient to show that the indivisible asset represented by the 1,383 insurance expirations, as a factual matter, is separate from other elements of goodwill that concurrently were acquired by Miller & Sons as part of a going concern. For the reasons set forth below, plaintiffs have earned their burden and are entitled to depreciation deductions for this intangible asset. The 1,383 insurance expirations constitute a wasting mass asset that has a limited useful life, the duration of which can be ascertained with reasonable accuracy, and has a determinable value separate and distinct from goodwill.
I.
Section 167(a) of the Internal Revenue Code authorizes as a depreciation deduction a reasonable allowance for the exhaustion and wear and tear of property used in a trade or business. An intangible asset, such as insurance expira-tions, may be subject to a depreciation allowance, under the Treasury regulations, if it is “known from experience or other' factors to be of use in the business or in the production of income for only a limited period, the length of which can be estimated with reasonable accuracy.” 4
Whether a particular intangible capita1 asset may be. depreciated, when it is acquired by purchase of an ongoing operation, depends upon its identification with goodwill. Where the useful life of an intangible.readily can be shown to be limited, such as with a patent or a copyright, deprecia*437tion is available without question5 even though for some purposes it is an element of goodwill.
Goodwill is a concept that embraces many intangible elements and is presumed to have a useful life of indefinite duration. Collectively, these intangibles are associated with continuing favorable customer patronage and goodwill is seen as a self-regenerating asset whose economic value fluctuates but does not necessarily diminish. Since by definition goodwill has no ascertainable useful life, the presumption that this intangible is a nondepreciable capital asset is conclusive.6 The Treasury regulation specifically provides “[n]o deduction for depreciation is allowable with respect to goodwill.”7
The term “goodwill” has a varying content, depending on its usage. Goodwill sometimes is used to describe the aggregate of all of the intangibles of a business, including such items as patents, trademarks, leases, contracts, and franchises. Since a normal rate of return usually is calculated on tangible assets only, goodwill has been used as a synonym for the return on all the intangibles of a business.8 In a more-restricted sense, goodwill is the expectancy that the old customers will resort to the old place.9 It is the sum total of all the imponderable qualities that attract customers and bring patronage to the business without contractual compulsion.10 Another definition equates goodwill with a rate of return on investment which is above normal returns in the industry and limits it to the residual intangible asset that generates earnings in excess of a normal return on all other tangible and intangible assets.11 In this court, for tax purposes, the in*438tangible value of a business is divisible into its identifiable constituent elements.12
Both, the Internal Revenue. Service and many courts in cases that have considered depreciation allowances for insurance expirations have tended to identify such intangibles, with goodwill, either by viewing the expiration list as goodwill itself or by finding it so related to goodwill that it was inextricable therefrom. Revenue rulings in 1965 equated the price of insurance expirations with the price paid for goodwill and indicated as a matter of law that such could not be recovered by a purchaser through depreciation or amortization. Insurance expirations were treated as intangibles in the nature of goodwill that provided a customer structure that lasts an indefinite time in the future.13
The Tax Court, in a case that involved the transfer of an ongoing insurance agency and its goodwill, stated that any definition of goodwill would include “the concept of the advantage that the proprietor of an existing business enjoys resulting from the probabilities that old customers will continue their patronage” and that it is “difficult to see how any insurance agency could transfer its goodwill without delivering its insurance expiration list to the transferee.” The list of expirations was considered an integral part of the goodwill of a going insurance agency business.14
In most sales, the insurance expirations are valuable only collectively and they are considered to be a single intangible asset rather than a collection of individual policies. Under the “mass asset” rule, the value of the whole does not diminish by the loss of a component, a loss deduction is not appropriate for the loss of a component, and the single entity, unlike the components, has been considered in many cases to have no determinate useful life.15 The rationale and purpose of the mass asset rule “is to prevent taxpayers from increasing the value of depreciable property to offset the amount paid in *439excess of book value of assets purchased. This doctrine makes it possible to strike down depreciation deductions for amounts which should properly be allocated to good will.”16 As applied in cases dealing with depreciation for insurance expirations, the mass asset rule did not allow the acquisition cost to be depreciated because the expirations were so “inextricably” linked with goodwill that they could not be considered as having a separate existence.17 As noted by the dissent in Marsh c& McLennan, however, the mass asset rule does not prevent a depreciation deduction in a case where the expirations as a single asset can be valued separately and the requisite showing made that the useful life of the information contained in the intangible asset as a whole is of limited duration.18
'Identification of insurance expirations with goodwill, as a matter of law, either through equating with goodwill or through application of the “mass asset” concept, has been clarified. Entitlement to a depreciation allowance is a question of fact and not of law.19
There is no per se rule of nondepreciability or non-amortizability in every case that involves both goodwill and other intangible assets. The depreciability of assets such as customer and subscription lists, location contracts, insurance expirations, etc., is a factual question only.20 The taxpayer has a heavy burden to establish a right to an allowance for depreciation for insurance expirations. The evidence must establish that the expirations (1) have an ascertainable value separate and distinct from goodwill and (2) have a limited useful life, the duration of which can be ascertained with reasonable 'accuracy. In application of this test, precise exactitude is not required. As the court in Houston Chronicle states:
Our view — that amortizability for tax purposes must turn on factual bases — -is more in accord with the realities of modern búsiness technology in a day when *440lists are bartered and sold as discrete vendible assets. Extreme exactitude in ascertaining the duration of an asset is a paradigm that the law does not demand. All that the law and regulations require is reasonable accuracy in forecasting the asset’s useful life. [481 F. 2d at 1253-54.]
II.
The taxpayer bears all burdens in regard to establishing a right to claim a depreciation allowance for insurance expira-tions under section 167(a).21 In this case, this burden is particularly difficult because Arch goodwill in fact was transferred at the same time as the expirations. Cases that have recognized a depreciation deduction for insurance expira-tions generally have found no goodwill to be present in the sale, i.e., where the seller had “run-down” the agency, ruined its reputation, and no goodwill was left;22 where the seller had gone out of the fire and casualty business but remained in other insurance business and did not sell goodwill;23 or where the seller’s insurance business was primarily walk-in trade acquired as an incidental sideline to other activities.24

Goodwill

At the threshold, plaintiffs -must show that the 1,383 Arch insurance expirations are separate and distinct from the goodwill that was transferred in the sale. The most significant indication that an intangible asset is separate and distinct from goodwill is whether its useful life can be shown with reasonable accuracy to be of limited duration. The most important criterion is whether in fact it is a wasting asset.25
Plaintiffs contend, because the Arch Insurance Agency was a dying organization, goodwill in the sale was of minimal value or was nonexistent. It is clear that this was the sale of a going concern that had demonstrated a pattern of growth. In addition to the expirations, Miller & Sons acquired from *441Arch intangible factors for access to former Arch clients that warranted protection through a covenant not to compete that was separately bargained for and compensated. The value of these separate goodwill factors was a substantial part of the entire transaction.
The extent and nature of the goodwill transferred are delineated by the business, context of the transaction. Both Miller & Sons and Arch, with annual gross commissions in the $28,000 to $34,000 range, were small business enterprises in Bremen, Indiana. Each, in addition to the fire and casualty insurance agency business, provided additional related services. These additional services included real estate sales, income tax preparation, running a license bureau, and a gas collection service. Bremen, Indiana, is a rural community with a population of 2,700 persons at the time of the sale and a trading population, within a 15-mile radius accessible to both agencies, of approximately 6,000 persons. Richard Miller, the founder and principal solicitor of Miller & Sons, knew by sight approximately 85 percent of the population of Bremen, and the principal method of selling insurance in the marketing area was through face-to-face contacts.
The Arch Insurance Agency had been active in Bremen since the early 1930’s and had competed with Miller & Sons after that agency was founded in 1961. At the time of the sale, Bremen, Indiana, and the surrounding marketing area were served, in addition to Arch and Miller & Sons, by a State Farm Insurance Company agent and a part-time Allstate Insurance Company agent. Shortly after the sale, another independent agent became operative in the marketing area.
Fire and casualty insurance is more competitive than other types of insurance, and is characterized by the tendency of policyholders to change insurance companies more frequently than is the experience in life, health and accident, or medical insurance. For this reason, expirations in the fire and casualty insurance business, with their information on the most propitious time to solicit renewals, are particularly valuable assets that are bought and sold.
In the sale to Miller & Sons, goodwill specifically was transferred by the contract. Intangible assets acquired *442through the contract, in addition to goodwill, were a covenant not to compete for 5 years, the right to use the Arch name, and the information on the insurance expirations and related records.
The most significant indication that goodwill was transferred in the sale was the fact, with full knowledge of competition in the marketing area, Miller & Sons agreed to pay $15,000 to assure that neither Mrs. Teghtmeyer nor Charles Arch would do business in fire and casualty insurance in the marketing area for a 5-year period. A covenant not to compete, in a business where personal skill and individual reputation are major factors in the client relationship, is the primary protection for the buyer to assure that the ongoing business in fact is acquired.
Payments under the contract were to be 22.5 percent of the buyer’s gross commissions for 60 months, with allocations earmarked for interest and for the covenant not to compete. This method of payment is typical of the sale of an ongoing business and accompanying goodwill.
A general insurance agency is a personal service business and the attachment of a client to a particular agent is important. Superiority of service from personal skill and efforts provides a competitive advantage which is difficult to transfer in a sale. Notwithstanding the fact that the goodwill of a personal service business, in large part, is dependent upon the individual relationships and qualifications of the seller, the acquisition of a going concern does provide to the buyer several advantages which are essential elements of goodwill and which are separable from the expirations and related records. Through the purchase, Miller & Sons acquired the right to represent itself in the community as the successor to the Arch Insurance Agency’s business. Both Miller & Sons and Mrs. Teghtmeyer notified former Arch •clients of the sale and encouraged continued business with Miller & Sons. Although Miller & Sons did not need such introduction to identify the Arch clientele,' or to gain an entree into the marketing area, these communications were valuable and were sought by Miller & Sons to encourage renewals from former Arch clients.
*443Although goodwill was a substantial element in the sale, the transfer of an ongoing business was not the primary objective sought by Miller & Sons. The transfer of goodwill, during the negotiations, was not bargained for specifically. After the sale, Miller & Sons did not use the Arch name, its location, its sales personnel, or office procedures. The sales contract did not include office equipment, furniture, motor vehicles, or chattel personal property, nor did it include intangibles such as cash, notes, accounts receivable, or uncollected premiums. The use of the seller’s name in the single letter that each party sent to Arch clients, in the circumstances, is not sufficient to show that a major consideration was an attempt to trade on the name of Arch.

Limited Useful Life

In the Bremen marketing area, Miller & Sons did not need to purchase the Arch expirations in order to gain an entree into the market, nor did it need the expirations to identify Arch clients. Acquisition of the body of information that was contained in the expirations permitted Miller & Sons to incorporate in its files information that otherwise could have been acquired by internal growth. The purchase of the ex-pirations was a substitute for time and effort to develop and place on the books a comparable number of policies for the first time. In the realities of modern business technology, the expirations represented an intangible asset with an existence separate from other elements of goodwill.
An intangible asset is separate and distinct from goodwill when its useful life can be shown with reasonable accuracy to be of limited duration. The 1,383 insurance expirations and related records purchased by Miller & Sons constituted a single, indivisible asset. The useful life of this mass asset is determined from facts relative to the whole, and not from experience with any particular policy or account involved. Of the expirations purchased, 60 percent involved policies that expired 1 year from the date of sale and the remaining 40 percent expired 3 years from the date of sale. Accordingly, all of the information contained in the expirations would have been used for the first time by Miller & 'Sons, and either continued as renewals or abandoned because of nonrenewal, by the end of 3 years.
*444The information in the expirations was incorporated into Miller & Sons’ recordkeeping routines. Three identical labels wei’e made for each, with the name of the insured, address, type of insurance, premium, insurance carrier, billing date, and expiration date. One label identified the envelope, filed alphabetically, that contained the expiration. The second label was filed alphabetically in a 3-inch x 5-inch card index. The third label was filed alphabetically by month of expiration. Prior to each respective expiration- date, this information was used to solicit a renewal. If the policy was not renewed, no further use was made of the expiration by Miller & Sons.
Miller & Sons’ nonrenewal experience, in both accounts- and policies, in the 1,383 expirations was at a higher rate-in the years immediately following the sale than it was in later years. Of the 844 accounts in the expirations, 122 were not renewed in the remaining 8 months of -the first year, 161 additional were not renewed in the second year, so that by the end of 1967, 283 accounts or 33.53 percent had been losti By the end' of the first 5 years, an additional 144 accounts were not renewed. At that time, 427 accounts or 50.59 percent had been lost, and less than one-hálf remained active.
In the 24 months following the sale, the average annual nonrenewal rate for policies was 19.7 percent, with 545 (39.41 percent) of the 1,383 policies not renewed. In the 5-year period measured by 60 months from May 1, 1966, the average nonrenewal rate was 11.2 percent. At the end of 5 years, from the 1,383 expirations, 773 policies were no longer being written by Miller & Sons and 427’ of the 844 accounts no longer were using Miller & Sons for their insurance needs. The package of expirations demonstrably was a wasting asset.26
The Arch expirations purchased by Miller & Sons would have been exhausted in 5.08 years at the May 1966-April 1968 nonrenewal rate, and would have been exhausted in 8.92 years at the May 1966-April 1971 nonrenewal rate. By the end of April 1971, 60 months had elapsed from the date of sale. At that time, Miller & Sons’ obligations to make further payments under the contract ceased, and the covenant not to *445compete expired. The term of the covenant measures the period that the parties believed the goodwill acquired from Arch needed to be protected. After the 5 years, the goodwill acquired by Miller & Sons from Arch no longer is identifiable in Miller & Sons’ operations. Renewals thereafter are the product of the personal efforts, related services, and reputation of Miller & Sons. After the 5-year period, the information in the Arch expirations was amalgamated in Miller & Sons’ records and procedures, and Miller & Sons’ renewal experience would apply to the remaining policies and accounts acquired from Arch.
In the period January 1970 through April 1974, the average annual nonrenewal rate for all policies of Miller & Sons was 10 percent.
The Treasury regulations permit depreciation of an intangible asset when the knowledge of its limited useful life can be shown “from experience or other factors.” 27 “Useful life” for depreciation purposes is an estimate, and the length of the useful period must be shown by evidence that allows it to “be estimated with reasonable accuracy.” The law does not demand “[e]xtreme exactitude in ascertaining the duration of an asset.” 28 The appropriate test is whether the particular taxpayer adequately has demonstrated that, in his business, the useful life of the challenged intangible reasonably may be approximated.29
That the useful life of the collective information contained in the 1,383 expirations has limits is not impaired by the fact that, after the end of the 5-year period, 417 former Arch accounts continued to do business with Miller & Sons, and 581 policies had been renewed. In Marsh da McLennan, the court found that as long as a customer renews “the customer relationship is still derivative of the initial situation” as successor to the seller.30 In that case, however, the court disallowed depreciation for costs of acquiring the expiration lists because it found (1) the expirations were inextricably *446linked with goodwill as a matter of law and on the facts before it and (2) that the statistical evidence, on which the estimate of the useful life of the accounts involved was based, was insufficient because it was based on the buyer’s experience in a period prior to the sale and not based on the buyer’s experience with the accounts sold. Here, the estimate of the length of the useful life of the Arch expirations is based upon Miller & Sons’ experience with the former Arch clients during a 5-year period and thereafter based upon Miller & Sons’ loss experience on all of its policies.
Defendant claims that plaintiff cannot establish that the Arch expirations had a limited'useful life because Miller & Sons’ records do not reflect referrals made by former Arch clients, both those who had renewed or had not renewed their policies.' Defendant claims the record is clear that referrals by satisfied customers are a fruitful source of new customers and that referrals occur regularly and frequently.
The fact that Miller & Sons did not maintain records on referrals does not preclude the showing that the Arch expira-tions have a limited useful life. In the Bremen market, as in the case of renewals, referral business after the 5-year period would reflect the personal skill, integrity, and reputation of Miller & Sons, and would not derogate from limitations on the useful life of the Arch expirations. In this market, a referral from a former Arch client has no more significance than a referral from any other person in the area.
On the basis of Miller & Sons’ renewal experience with the information contained in the 1,383 Arch expirations, together with Miller & Sons’ 1970-14 experience on all policies, the useful life of the intangible asset represented by the Arch expirations can be estimated with reasonable accuracy to be not more than 10 years from the date of purchase on May 1, 1966.

Value

In addition to showing that the expirations had a limited useful life, plaintiffs also must show that this asset had an ascertainable value separate and distinct from goodwill. No allocation for goodwill was made in the negotiations to purchase the Arch Insurance Agency. An independent value was separately negotiated and established for the covenant not *447to compete. At the time the sales agreement was executed, the parties had manifested in a timely fashion their intention to allocate a portion of the purchase price to the covenant not to compete.31 Neither before, during, nor after the negotiations did Miller & Sons examine each individual name or policy among the acquired expirations, or separately appraise the value of each client or policy. No value was allocated by the parties to the expirations either as a single asset, or as a collection of independently valued parts. Exclusive of the amounts for the covenant not to compete and interest, the price paid by Miller & Sons was for two kinds of intangible assets: (1) goodwill or property in the nature of goodwill and (2) for the information in the 1,383 expirations and accompanying records.
By acquisition of the Arch expirations, Miller & Sons, at one stroke, nearly doubled its volume. The expirations represented policies in being' and were a substitute for the generation of an equivalent amount of business by Miller & Sons through internal growth. Individually, an expiration repre- ■ sents the one-time cost and expense of adding a new client and putting a policy on the books for the first time. Initial solicitation costs are a recognized category, of standard operating expense; one phase of the normal business of a general insurance agency consists of the development of new business. Costs associated with development .of new business normally are higher than costs required to retain or renew policies already on the books.
The value of the Arch expirations is measured by the costs Miller & Sons would have incurred to develop an equivalent quantity of new business. This requires information on three factors: (1) the number of new policies written; (2) the total expenses incurred by insurance operations; and (3) the proportion of total insurance operating expenses that are used to develop new business.
With the acquisition of the Arch Insurance Agency in 1966, Miller & Sons’ business, as measured by gross commissions, increased from $28,328 in 1965 to $63,399 in 1967, and remained relatively constant at this level until 1970, when new *448growth, commenced.' In the period between 1967 and 1970, Miller & Sons’ operations, as reflected by gross commissions and by the testimony of plaintiffs’ witnesses, were devoted to assimilation of the Arch business and reorganization and show no significant development of new business. Miller & Sons did not maintain records or information that establish the number of new policies written from 1966 through 1969.
Inasmuch as business in the period 1966-69 was relatively constant, and new growth did not start until after 1970, the period 1970-74 is more representative for purposes of computation of development costs. In the year 1970, Miller & Sons wrote 231 new policies, and 261, 282, and 325 new policies were written in 1971, 1972, and 1973, respectively. A total of 1,099 new policies were written in this period.
The total expense incurred by Miller & Sons in the period 1970-73 in its insurance business amounted to $228,102. Of this amount, the portion devoted to development of new business amounted to 16.6 percent, or a total of $37,865.32 The weighted average cost to Miller & Sons to develop each new policy in the period 1970-73 was $34.45. It is appropriate to apply this unit cost’ to the number of policies in the 1,383 expirations acquired in 1966 because the period is representative of Miller & Sons’ operations in a period characterized by internal growth rather than growth by acquisition. As so applied, the total cost Miller & Sons would have incurred to develop by internal growth the 1,383 policies acquired from the Arch Insurance Agency would have been $47,644.35 and is the value of this depreciable intangible asset. .
FINDINGS OF FACT
I.
1. (a) Plaintiff Bichard S. Miller & Sons, Inc. (Miller & Sons), is an Indiana corporation organized in 1961 with its principal place of business in Bremen, Indiana. The business had been operated since 1953 by Biohard S., Miller as a sole *449proprietorship. For Federal income tax purposes, its taxable year is October 1 through September BO. At all times relevant to this case, Miller & Sons was an electing small business corporation under sections 1371-79 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, as amended.
(b) Shareholders of Miller & Sons, with respective stock interests, have been as follows:
No. of shares No. of shares owned from date owned after of incorporation. Sept. 15,1911 to Sept. 15,1971 to present
Richard S. Miller_1_ 225 . 165
Edith V. Miller___ 225 225
Daniel L. Miller_ 136 196
Douglass W. Miller- 196 196
(c) Individual plaintiffs are married couples, shareholders of Miller & Sons, who reside in Bremen, Indiana, as follows:
Richard S. Miller and Edith Miller
Douglass W. Miller and Joyce M. Miller*
Daniel L. Miller and Janis R. Miller*
2. (a) The Commissioner of Internal Revenue assessed and collected from plaintiffs additional Federal income taxes for 1966 through 1969; plaintiffs’ respective claims for refunds have been denied as follows:
1968 1967 1968 1969 Total
Richard S. & Edith V. Miller_ *$816.24 $1,649.94 $1,616.48 $2,106.93 $6,218.59
Douglass W. & Joyce M. Miller_ *322.83 632.92 235.29 499.28 1,690.32
Daniel L. & Janis R. Miller. *187.44 273.75 131.09 281.56 873.84
Total. 1,355.51 2,556.61 1,982.86 2,887.77 8,782.75
(b) This action for refund of Federal income taxes has been properly and timely commenced. The court has jurisdiction of the subject matter and the parties.
II.
3. (a) Dewey Arch founded the Arch Insurance Agency in the early 19S0’s, and operated the agency until his death on June 26, 1955. Thereafter, his widow, who on November 26, 1981, was remarried to Loren Teghtmeyer, operated the Arch Insurance Agency. Additional services provided by the Arch Insurance Agency- included a license bureau, a gas collection service, and real estate sales.
*450(b) Mrs. Teghtmeyer, a resident of Bremen, Indiana, until her death, on October 26, 1968, was active in civic affairs and in local organizations, was well liked in Bremen, Indiana, and in the surrounding community, and had a good moral reputation. In 1966, Mrs. Teghtmeyer sought to sell to Miller & Sons the Arch Insurance Agency, including the agency’s name, goodwill, building, office equipment, and insurance expirations and accompanying records.
III.
4. (a) Bremen, Indiana, is a rural community, located in north-central Indiana, with a population of 2,700 persons in the middle 1960’s and a population at the time of trial of approximately 3,600 persons. The trading population within a 15-mile radius of Bremen, Indiana, was approximately 6,000. Prior to 1966, Bremen, Indiana, and the surrounding community was serviced by two independent insurance agencies (Arch Insurance Agency and Miller & Sons), a State Farm Insurance Company agent, and a part-time Allstate Insurance Company agent. Shortly after the sale, another independent agent began operations in the area.
(b) Since its creation in 1961, Miller & Sons has been engaged in the business of a fire and casualty insurance agency. Miller & Sons did not and does not sell life, health and accident, or medical insurance policies. Additional services provided by Miller & Sons include real estate sales and income tax preparation. During the years in issue, Bichard S. Miller was the principal solicitor of Miller & Sons and knew, by face and name, approximately 85 percent of the population of Bremen, Indiana. The business of Miller & Sons is, and was, a personal service business and the use of tangible capital was not a material income-producing element. The principal method of selling in its marketing area, an area within a radius of 15 miles from Bremen, Indiana, was face-to-face contact.
(c) In April 1966 and during the years in issue in this case, 73 percent of the policies of Miller & Sons were attributable to homeowners, fire, and automobile insurance policies. These policies contributed approximately 66 percent of the total gross premiums of Miller & Sons. 'Sixty percent of Miller & Sons’ policies were personal and the balance were *451commercial; personal policies counted for 59 percent of the dollar volume. 'Sixty percent of Miller & Sons’ policies were 1-year policies; 40 percent were 3-year policies. The existing policies of the Arch Insurance Agency in April 1966 were generally comparable.
(d) Miller & Sons never sold an insurance policy which expired more than 5 years from the date of sale; and, since approximately 1968, Miller & Sons has not sold an insurance policy which expired more than 3 years after date of sale. Miller & Sons never sold any insurance policy which contractually obligated the purchaser to maintain the policy in force until or after the expiration date. With the exception of direct bill or continuous policies (continued indefinitely upon payment of the premium), fire and casualty policies are written for periods of 3 years and 1 year. The trend at Miller & Sons is, and has been, for insurance policies to be written for shorter terms.
(e) Between 1961 and March 1966, Arch Insurance Agency had a pattern of growth. In 1966, the Arch Insurance Agency had 1,383 policies outstanding that involved 844 different accounts or insureds. The composition of Arch Insurance Agency policies as to type, term, and contribution to dollar volume was comparable to policies then being written by Miller & Sons. For each policy written, the insurance agency (Miller & Sons-Arch Insurance Agency) is entitled to receive approximately 20 percent of the annual premium paid by the insured. This amount is referred to as the agent’s “gross commission.” Current gross commissions, including contingent commissions, of Arch Insurance Agency at the time of the sale in 1966 were approximately $34,000.
(f) Gross premiums and gross commissions of Miller & Sons have been as follows:
Gross Gross Pre- Com-Flscal Year Ended September SO trmrm mission
1961. $70,444 $16,202*
1962. 70,340 16,645
1963. 102,399 21,025
1964. 118,317 27,019
1965. 121,562 28,328
1966. 237,621 42,214
1967. 370,710 63,399
1968. 348,081 62,049
1969. 319,654 62,074
1970. 342,571 65,833
1971.*. 375,575 75,187
1972. 421,660 93,004
1973. 455,597 95,811
*452(g) An expiration' (or daily) is a conformed or carbon copy of an insurance policy written when the insurance policy is issued. The information shown on an expiration consists of the name of the insured, the address, type of insurance, premium, insurance carrier, billing date, expiration date, and description of the property covered. An expiration is the property of the agent who writes the policy, is a valuable asset used in the business, and is necessary to the conduct of the business. The principal value of an expiration is the indication of the most advantageous time to solicit a renewal. Other values include competitive advantages derived from knowing the prior rates, amount of coverage, premiums, and conditions. Additionally, an expiration represents a policy in being and is a measure of the cost an insurance agency incurs in putting a policy on the books for the first time. Initial solicitation and acquisition costs are standard operating expenses which normally are higher than the cost of maintaining and renewing a policy once written. Insurance expirations are valuable business assets, which are bought and sold.
(h) Renewal is the act of the insured that continues a policy in force for an additional term after the lapse of the initial terms; a lost renewal results from the failure of the insured to renew a policy. Loss of renewals is a known and accepted economic fact in the general independent insurance agency business. The rate of loss of renewals varies among insurance agents. Loss of renewals occurs in the regular course of business from causes that include changes in the insured’s needs such as moving, getting old, going out of business, excessive losses, and dissatisfaction or competition from other agents. The nonrenewal rate for the first year after purchase of expirations in northern Indiana in the normal course would be expected to be between 20 percent and 35 percent.
(i) In the insurance industry, there is a rule of thumb formula for computation of the price to be paid for an agency in a sale. The rule of thumb is to multiply the gross com*453missions for tbe prior year, or an average for several prior years, by a factor tbat varies between one and two, dependent on bargaining between the parties.
IV.
5. (a) On March 17, 1968, Bernice Teghtmeyer, doing business as Arch Insurance Agency, entered into a contract of sale with Miller & Sons, Inc., to he closed on or before April 30,1966.
(b) Pursuant to the contract, Miller & Sons purchased from Arch Insurance Agency the insurance business and agency, together with the goodwill and all current insurance records and papers, but excluding all office equipment, furniture, motor vehicles, and chattel personal property used in connection with the operation of said business and insurance agency. The agreement did not include' cash or notes or accounts receivable, or uncollected premiums on policies written before the closing date, or accounts payable, but did include the seller’s business name. Miller & Sons never used the place of business, sales personnel, or the name of the Arch Insurance Agency.
(c) The agreement also included a covenant not to compete for a period ending 5 years from the closing date of the agreement. This covenant obligated Bernice Teghtmeyer and Charles Arch not to—
directly or indirectly own, manage, operate, control, lend money to, endorse the obligations of, or participate or become connected as an officer, stockholder, employee, partner or otherwise with any business engaged to any extent in the insurance business in the Town of Bremen, Marshall County, Indiana, or in any geographical area within a radius of fifteen (15) miles of said Town, or within the confines of Marshall County, State of Indiana.
(d) The agreement provided that the seller would receive $15,000 by the closing date and 22.5 percent of the purchaser’s total gross commissions, payable monthly over a 60-month period, but not less than $60,000. The monthly payment included one-third of 1 percent as payment on interest, *454and $250 as payment on the covenant not to compete. Over the 60-month life of the contract, Miller & Sons paid to the Arch Insurance Agency the following amounts:
Covenant not to compete_$16,000.00
Interest_ 4, 694. 61
Principal (assets purchased.)_ 61,174.92
Total_$80,869.43
(e) Miller & Sons and Bernice Arch Teghtmeyer did not negotiate with respect to allocating any amount to goodwill and no amount of the purchase price was allocated to goodwill. Before, during, and after the negotiations with Mrs. Teghtmeyer, Miller & Sons did not examine each individual name or policy on the Arch Insurance Agency’s expirations or separately appraise the value of each individual name or policy. Miller & Sons did not, on or before May 1,1966, make a statistical study, based on Arch Insurance Agency’s prior experience, to determine the useful life of the purchased expirations.
(f) The agreement provided that the seller would continue to operate its business without any change in general policy or manner of conduct prior to the closing and, after the closing, the purchaser would use its best efforts to continue and to increase the business. Both parties were obligated to continue to operate their respective insurance businesses in the same manner as heretofore operated, to cooperate fully in effectuating a smooth transition of business operations as of the closing, and both parties agreed—
to work together to make the necessary and appropriate press releases and other business changes in the interest of effecting the continuity of the Seller’s business to the best interests of the Purchaser and the continued operations of the Purchaser contemplated subsequent to the closing of this Agreement and during the term of this Agreement.
(g) After the sale, Bernice Arch Teghtmeyer retired and did not render consulting services to Miller & Sons. Mrs. Teghtmeyer instructed her former employee to ask people to stay with Miller & Sons, if the Arch client inquired, and she *455spoke with, her customers, when they asked, and urged them to stay with Miller & Sons.
(h) On April 15,1966, Miller & 'Sons sent a notice to Arch Insurance Agency clients that it would service their insurance needs in the future. The notice stated in part:
We have been fortunate in obtaining the services of Mrs. Norma Eobinett, presently with the Arch Insurance Agency and Mrs. Margaret Ellen Widmar, presently with the Dorsett Plastics Company. With these additions to our staff, we will 'be able to give you the best service possible on any type of insurance. If you have any questions regarding the existing insurance coverage or any other insurance problems, please do not hesitate to call on us.
Bernice Arch Teghtmeyer also sent one letter, which was comparable in content, to her insureds, advising them of the sale.
(i) Mrs. Teghtmeyer reported the sales transaction for Federal income tax purposes in the following manner:
(1) The amount paid for the covenant not to compete was treated as ordinary income;
(2) The amount paid as interest was treated as ordinary income; and
(3) The remaining amount, after being decreased by the basis of the business, was treated as capital gain.
V.
6. (a) Of the expirations purchased from the Arch Insurance Agency, 60 percent represented policies expiring 1 year from the date of sale; 35 percent represented installment policies expiring 3 years from the date of sale; and 5 percent represented prepaid policies expiring 3 years from the date of sale.
(b) Miller & Sons’ treatment of the expirations purchased from the Arch Insurance Agency was as follows: For each expiration, three labels, each identical, were made. Each contained the name of the insured, address, type of insurance, premium, insurance carrier, billing date, and expiration date. One label was attached to an envelope into which the expiration was inserted. This was filed alphabetically. The second *456label, fastened to a '3-inch x 5-inch card, was filed alphabetically. The third label was filed alphabetically by month ofexpiration. The expirations were then used prior to each respective expiration date to solicit a renewal. If a policy was not renewed, no further use was made of an expiration.
(c)Miller & Sons’ loss of renewal experience with respect to the 1,383 Arch Insurance Agency expirations was:
1986 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971
January,.. 13 14 5 4 2
February.■_. 28 4 7 3 2
March. 18' 5 8 6 4
April. 27 12 2 3 3
May. *13 13 12 7-5 4
June. 20 18 12 16 5 1
July.. 21 18 7 12 2 1
August. 16 20 9 3 4 7
September. 10 23 10 11 2 5
October. 16 10 7 10 2 6
November.. 20 13 9 14 3 4
December. 15 13 6 6 5 1
Total.... 131 214 107 101 44 40
(d)With respect to the 844 accounts, as distinguished from policies, that were contained in the acquired expira-tions, Miller & Sons’ loss of renewal experience was as follows:
Accounts Calendar Year: Not Renewed
1966 (from May 1)_ 122
1967 _1_ 161
1968 _ 52
1969 _ 45
1970 _ 28
1971_ 19
Total_ 427
At the end of 1967, a total of 283 .accounts (33.53 percent) had been lost; at the end of 1971, a total of 427 accounts (50.59 percent) had 'been lost and 417 accounts (49.41 percent) remained active.
(e)In the period from May 1,1966, through December 31, 1968, a total of 617 policies (44.61 percent) were not renewed. From May 1,1966, to January 1,1972, Miller & Sons did not renew 802 (57.99 percent) of the 1,383 policies contained in the acquired expirations. On January 1, 1972, 581 (42.01 percent) of the 1,383 policies had been renewed.
*457(f)For each 12-month, period after the May 1, 1966, acquisition date, loss experience was as follows:
Period Number oí Policies Percentage
May 1966-April 1967.. *217 ' 15.69
May 1967-April 1968.. May 1968-April 1969.. May 1969-Aprll 1970.. *163 11.79 94 6.'80 95 • 6.87
May 1970-April 1971.. 39 2.82
Subtotal.. 608 43.96
(May 1966-April 1968) 165.
Total.. 773 55.89
(g) In the period May 1966 through April 1968, a total of 545 (39.41 percent) of the policies were not renewed, and the average annual nonrenewal rate in this period was 19.7 percent. For the 5-year period May 1966 through April 30, 1971, the average annual nonrenewal rate of policies in the Arch expirations was 11.2 percent.
(h) Miller & Sons’ gain and loss experience on all policies in the period January 1970 through April 1974 is as follows:
Policies Policies Net Nonre-Year Lost Gained Policies newal rate
1970.. _ .. 207 231 2,224 9.3
1971... 237 261 2,248 10.5
1972..... 248 - 282 2,281 10.9
1973... 226 325 2,380 9.5.
1974 (4 mos.). 79 119 2,420 3.25
(9.8
annually)
Average..-.10.0
VI.
7. (a) The $61,174.92 principal amount paid by Miller & Sons was for two kinds of intangible assets: (1) goodwill or property in the nature of goodwill, and (2) the information in the 1,383 expirations and accompanying records. Goodwill is an intangible asset with an indeterminate useful life; the useful life of the asset comprised of the 1,383 expirations is reasonably determinable and its value is severable from the value of the goodwill.
(b) Acquisition of the 1,383 expirations by purchase was equivalent to the substitution by Miller & Sons of the sums that would have been required to generate an equivalent amount of new business by internal growth.
(c) The goodwill transferred by the Arch Insurance Agency in this sale was an asset of value. Between 1961 and *458March 1966, Arch Insurance Agency had a stable growth pattern and its gross commissions on policies at the time of the sale exceeded the gross commissions of Miller & Sons. By the purchase of the Arch Insurance Agency, Miller & Sons more than doubled its gross commissions from $28,328 in 1965 to $63,399 in 1967.
(d) Miller & Sons has no records nor information to establish the number of new policies written in the years 1966, 1967, 1968, or 1969. In the years 1970 through 1973, Miller & Sons wrote a total of 1,099 new policies; expenses allocated for the development of this new business totaled $37,865. The weighted average cost per policy written during this period equals $34.45.
(e) The following table shows the derivation of the weighted average cost for a new policy written during the period 1970-73, inclusive:
Average Number Insurance 16.6% Cost Per Date oí Policies Expense* Allocation Policy
1970. 231 $52,046 $8,640 $37.40
1971. 261 50,873 8,445 32.36
1972. 282 57,948 0,619 34.11
1973 — .*. 325 67,235 11,161 34.34
1,099 228,102 37,865
4-year average: $34.55.
Weighted average: $34.45.
The value of the 1,383 expirations on the basis of a simple 4-year average ($34.55) would be $47,782.65, and on the basis of a weighted average ($34.45), the value would be $47,644.35.
ULTIMATE BINDINGS
8. (a) The 1,383 Arch expirations purchased by Miller & Sons constituted an intangible business asset which would have been exhausted in 5.08 years at the May 1966-April 1968 nonrenewal rate, and in 8.92 years at the May 1966-April 1971 nonrenewal rate. The reasonably determinable useful life of the 1,383 Arch expirations is not more than 10 years from the date of purchase on May 1,1966.
(b) Miller & Sons would have incurred $47,644.35 to develop by internal growth 1,383 policies, the number in the expirations. The value of the goodwill purchased from Arch was $13,530.57; the value of the intangible asset represented *459by the 1,883 expirations and subject to depreciation was $47,644.35.
CONCLUSION OF LAW
Upon the trial judge’s findings and opinion, which are made a part of the judgment herein, the court concludes as a matter of law that plaintiffs are entitled to an allowance for depreciation of the intangible asset represented by the insurance expirations purchased from the Arch Insurance Agency in 1966, and that this intangible asset has a useful life of not more than 10 years and a value of $47,644.35. Plaintiffs have overpaid their Federal income taxes for the years 1966, 1967, 1968, and 1969 and are entitled to refunds of this overpayment, plus interest, as allowed by law. This case is remanded to the Trial Division for further proceedings pursuant to Eule 131 (c).
In accordance with the opinion of the court, a memorandum report of the trial judge and a stipulation of the parties as to the amounts due thereunder, it was ordered on September 3,1976 that judgments for the following plaintiffs be entered:
Eichard S. and Edith V. Miller $2,426.86
Douglass W. and Joyce M. Miller $1,032.41
Daniel L. & Janis E. Miller $611.91
plus interest as provided by law.

 Plaintiffs include the corporation, each of its shareholders, and two non-shareholding spouses who filed joint returns with their husbands. Miller & Sons is an electing small business association under sections 1371-79 of the •Internal Revenue Code of 1954, as amended. Miller & Sons has paid no Federal income taxes and only the natural plaintiffs seek relief.

 26 U.S.C. § 197(a) (1970).

 At the time of the sale, the Arch Insurance Agency was. owned and operated by Mrs. Loren Teghtmeyer, the widow of Dewey Arch, who had founded the agency in the early 1930’s and who had operated, it until his death In 1955.

 26 C.F.R. § 1.167 (a)-3. The allowance Is sometimes referred to as an "amortization” allowance when intangibles are involved. For uniformity, “depreciation” is used herein.

 Ibid.

 Miami Valley Broadcasting Corp. v. United States, 204 Ct. Cl. 582, 591, 499 F. 2d 677, 681 (1974) ; Houston Chronicle Publishing Co. v. United States, 481 F. 2d 1240, 1247 (5th Cir. 1973).

 26 C.F.R. § 1.167(a) — 3.

 Meredith Broadcasting Co. v. United States, 186 Ct. Cl. 1, 19, and cases there cited, 405 F. 2d 1214, 1224 (1968).

 Winn-Dixie Montgomery, Inc. v. United States, 444 F. 2d 677, 681 (5th Cir. 1971).

 Houston Chronicle Publishing Co. v. United States, supra note 6, 481 F. 2d at 1248 n. 5.

 Note, Amortization of Intangibles: An Examination of the Tax Treatment of Purchased Goodwill, 81 Harv. L. Rev. 859, 861 (1967-88).

 KFOX, Inc. v. United States, 206 Ct. Cl. 143, 164-65, 510 F. 2d 1365, 1376 (1975) ; Meredith Broadcasting Co. v. United States, supra note 8, 186 Ct. Cl. at 18, 405 F. 2d at 1224.

 Rev. Rul. 65-175 and 65-180, 65-2 Cum. Bull. 41 and 279.

 Thoms v. Commissioner, 50 T.C. 247, 256 (1968) ; see also Tomlinson v. Commissioner, 58 T.C. 570, 581-82 (1972), aff’d, 507 F. 2d 723 (1974).

 Winn-Dixie Montgomery, Inc. v. United States, supra note 9, 444 F. 2d at 686; Golden State Towel & Linen Serv. v. United States, 179 Ct. Cl. 300, 305, 373 F. 2d 938, 941 (1967).

 Commissioner v. Seaboard Finance Co., 367 F. 2d 646, 652 (9th Cir. 1966).

 Marsh & McLennan, Inc. v. Commissioner, 420 F. 2d 667, 668 (3d Cir. 1969).

 Id. at 672-73 n. 3.

 Houston Chronicle Publishing Co. v. United States, supra note 6, 481 F. 2d at 1249.

 Rev. Rul. 74-456, 74-2 Cum. Bull. 65.

 KFOX, Inc. v. United States, supra note 12, 206 Ct. Cl. at 151—52, 510 F. 2d at 1369 ; Houston Chronicle Publishing Co. v. United States, supra note 6, 481 F. 2d at 1245.

 Savings Assurance Agency, Inc., 22 T.C. Mem. 200 (1963).

 Weaver v. United States, 65-1 USTC § 9410 (W.D. Okla.).

 Vaaler Ins., Inc. v. United States, 68-1 USTC ¶ 9183 (N. Dak.). But see Stewart v. United States, 65-2 USTC § 9607 (N.D. Okla.).

 Detailed findings of fact on which the award to plaintiffs is based are filed herewith. Facts necessary for perspective and which control the decision are set forth in this opinion.

 Holden Fuel Co. v. Commissioner, 479 F. 2d 613, 615 (6th Cir. 1973).

 26 C.F.R. § 1.167(a) — 3.

 Houston Chronicle Publishing Co. v. United States, supra note 6, 481 F. 2d at 1253-54.

 Burnet v. Niagara Falls Brewing Co., 282 U.S. 648, 654-55 (1931) ; Super Food Services, Inc. v. United States, 416 F. 2d 1236, 1240 (7th Cir. 1969).

 Marsh & McLennan, Inc. v. Commissioner, supra note 17, 420 F. 2d at 670.

 General Ins. Agency, Inc. v. Commissioner, 401 F. 2d 324 (4th Cir. 1968) ; Robins & Weill, Inc. v. United States, 382 F. Supp. 1207, 1216 (M.D. N. Car. 1974).

 Plaintiffs contend that 20 percent of Miller & Sons’ time was devoted to development of new business in 1966-69 and that the total insurance expense should be allocated on that basis. In the period 1970-73. liowe'ver, the only period with relevant-.new .business statistics, only 16.6 percent of Miller & Sons’ resources was spent to develop this business.

 Not a shareholder; Federal Income tax returns filed jointly with husband.

 Includes assessed interost.

 Estimate.

 Between May 1, 1966, and approximately April 30, 1968, Miller & Sons lost an'additional 165 policies which cannot be pinpointed by month and year.

 Does not include 165 policies lost in the period May 1,1966, through April 30, 1968, but not identified by month and year.

 Includes a 5 percent reduction.