Court Opinion

ID: 62388
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-26 04:43:42+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:39:29.180015
License: Public Domain

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                 FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT United States Court of Appeals
                                                Fifth Circuit

                                                                  FILED
                                                                  May 12, 2008
                               No. 07-30869
                             Summary Calendar               Charles R. Fulbruge III
                                                                    Clerk

KATHLEEN M. BILBE,

                                           Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.

DONALD BELSOM; STATE FARM FIRE AND CASUALTY COMPANY,

                                           Defendants-Appellees.

                Appeal from the United States District Court
                   for the Eastern District of Louisiana

Before SMITH, BARKSDALE and ELROD, Circuit Judges..
JERRY E. SMITH, Circuit Judge:

      Kathleen Bilbe’s house was destroyed by Hurricane Katrina. She submit-
ted claims under a homeowners policy and a flood insurance policy issued by
State Farm Fire and Casualty Company (“State Farm”). For the latter policy,
State Farm paid Bilbe the policy limit of $96,400, but, after accounting for the
deductible, paid only $1,466.27 under the homeowners policy, citing the Water
Damage Exclusion.
      Bilbe, appearing pro se in the district court and on appeal, sued State
                                  No. 07-30869

Farm and its agent in state court; the agent was dismissed, and State Farm re-
moved to federal court, where Bilbe alleged that the Water Damage Exclusion
does not apply because it was the storm surge, not a flood, that had caused the
damage. The district court granted summary judgment for State Farm, and we
affirm.

                                        I.
      We review de novo a grant of summary judgment under Federal Rule of
Civil Procedure 56. See, e.g., TIG Ins. Co. v. Sedgwick James, 276 F.3d 754, 759
(5th Cir. 2002). Summary judgment will be affirmed “only if ‘the pleadings, de-
positions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the
affidavits, if any,’ when viewed in the light most favorable to the non-movant,
‘show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact.’” Id. (quoting Ander-
son v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249-50 (1986)). “Once the moving party
has initially shown ‘that there is an absence of evidence to support the non-mov-
ing party’s cause,’ the non-movant must come forward with ‘specific facts’ show-
ing a genuine factual issue for trial.” Id. (quoting Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477
U.S. 317, 325 (1986)).
      “Under Louisiana law, ‘[a]n insurance policy is a contract between the par-
ties and should be construed by using the general rules of interpretation of con-
tracts set forth in the Louisiana Civil Code.’” In re Katrina Canal Breaches
Litig., 495 F.3d 191, 206 (5th Cir. 2007) (quoting Cadwallader v. Allstate Ins.
Co., 848 So. 2d 577, 580 (La. 2003)), cert. denied, 128 S. Ct. 1230, and cert. de-
nied, 128 S. Ct. 1231 (2008). “If the policy wording at issue is clear and unam-
biguously expresses the parties’ intent, the insurance contract must be enforced
as written.” Id. at 207 (quoting Cadwallader, 848 So. 2d at 580).

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                                   No. 07-30869

                                        II.
      In her statement of undisputed material facts, Bilbe conceded that “[t]he
subject property was struck by a storm surge,” and the “dwelling and contents
received water to a height of 13.5'.” In the joint pre-trial order, it was uncon-
tested that “[t]he force of water would have been sufficient to destroy petitioner’s
family dwelling even if it was undamaged at the time the water impacted it” and
that “following Hurricane Katrina, all of the contents on the first floor of Plain-
tiff’s home were covered by standing water.”
      The homeowners policy’s Water Damage Exclusion limits insurance cover-
age thusly:
      2. We do not insure under any coverage for any loss which would
      not have occurred in the absence of one or more of the following ex-
      cluded events. We do not insure for such loss regardless of: (a) the
      cause of the excluded event; or (b) other causes of the loss; or
      (c) whether other causes acted concurrently or in any sequence with
      the excluded event to produce the loss; or (d) whether the event oc-
      curs suddenly or gradually, involves isolated or widespread damage,
      arises from natural or external forces, or occurs as a result of any
      combination of these:

              ....

              c. Water Damage, meaning: (1) flood, surface water,
              waves, tidal water, tsunami, seiche, overflow of a body
              of water, or spray from any of these, all whether driven
              by wind or not.

      The district court, after reviewing State Farm’s and Bilbe’s motions for
summary judgment, and the respective motions in opposition, found in favor of
State Farm:
      The damage to Plaintiff’s home was caused by the inundation of her
      home by what was clearly tidal water from Lake Pontchartrain (her
      home was in the Venetian Isles subdivision of Orleans Parish) driv-
      en ashore during Hurricane Katrina. The Court determines that
      this is water damage within the meaning of State Farm’s policy

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                                       No. 07-30869

       exclusion. . . . State Farm’s water damage exclusion clearly and
       unambiguously excludes damage for all floodingSSwhether driven
       by hurricane winds or not.

       We agree. We have repeatedly held that the term “flood” includes storm
surges.1 Indeed, we have addressed this very issue, involving this very clause,
in reference to Mississippi law, explicitly rejecting the argument that “damages
caused by storm surge are not excluded from coverage by the Water Damage
Exclusion.” Tuepker v. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co., 507 F.3d 346, 352-53 (5th
Cir. 2007). Louisiana courts, like those in Mississippi, construe insurance un-
ambiguous contracts according to their plain language.2 Consequently, prece-
dent dictates that “[t]he phrase ‘storm surge’ is little more than a synonym for
a ‘tidal wave’ or wind-driven flood, both of which are excluded perils. The omis-
sion of the specific term ‘storm surge’ does not create ambiguity in the policy re-
garding coverage available in a hurricane and does not entitle the [homeowner]
to recovery for . . . flood-induced damages.” Leonard, 499 F.3d at 437-38.

       1
         See, e.g., Leonard v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 499 F.3d 419, 437 (5th Cir. 2007)
(“Courts have interpreted water-damage exclusions like the one found in the Leonards’ policy
to encompass the peril of wind-driven inundation by water, or storm surge, for ages. . . . No
decision of this court or any other of which we are aware endorses the Leonards’ view that
storm surge is a unique meteorological phenomenon not contemplated by water-damages exclu-
sions like Nationwide’s.”), cert. denied, 2008 U.S. LEXIS 3106 (U.S. Apr. 14, 2008).
       2
          Compare id. at 429 (“Mississippi courts give effect to the plain meaning of an insur-
ance policy’s clear and unambiguous language. No rule of construction requires or permits
[Mississippi courts] to make a contract differing from that made by the parties themselves, or
to enlarge an insurance company’s obligations where the provisions of its policy are clear.”)
(internal citations and quotations omitted) with Katrina Canal, 495 F.3d at 207 (“[Under Loui-
siana insurance law, t]he words of a contract must be given their generally prevailing mean-
ing. When the words of a contract are clear and explicit and lead to no absurd consequences,
no further interpretation may be made in search of the parties’ intent. If the policy wording
at issue is clear and unambiguously expresses the parties’ intent, the insurance contract must
be enforced as written.”) (internal citations and quotations omitted).

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                                       No. 07-30869

                                              III.
       On appeal, Bilbe asserts several arguments that were not adequately
raised in the district court, including those relating to the efficient proximate
cause doctrine, Louisiana’s Valued Policy Law, personal property payments,
sanctions, and which party bears the burden of proof.3 These arguments are
waived. See, e.g., Nissho-Iwai Am. Corp. v. Kline, 845 F.2d 1300, 1307 (5th Cir.
1988).
       Bilbe likewise argues that the district court abused its discretion when it
denied several of her pre-trial motions. We see no abuse of discretion. If Bilbe
believed that she was unable to respond effectively to the motion for summary
judgment, she should not have offered her own motion for summary judgment
but instead should have moved for a continuance pursuant to Federal Rule of
Civil Procedure 56(f). We also afford district courts a great deal of deference in
determining whether to modify scheduling orders, especially where, as here, the

       3
        In Bilbe’s memorandum in opposition to summary judgment, she mentions that wind
damage occurred before the storm surge arrived. This perhaps is a vague allusion to proximate
cause. Even if this is issue is not waived, however, precedent is against her. In Leonard, we
held that

       [there are] three discrete categories of damage at issue . . . : (1) damage caused
       exclusively by wind; (2) damage caused exclusively by water; and (3) damage
       caused by wind ‘concurrently or in any sequence’ with water. The classic exam-
       ple of such a concurrent wind-water peril is the storm-surge flooding that follows
       on the heels of a hurricane’s landfall. The only species of damage covered under
       the policy is damage caused exclusively by wind. But if wind and water
       synergistically caused the same damage, such damage is excluded.

Leonard, 499 F.3d at 430.

        The contract states that the Water Damage Exclusion applies regardless of “whether
other causes acted concurrently or in any sequence with the excluded event to produce the loss.”
As noted, in the joint pre-trial order, it was uncontested that “[t]he force of water would have
been sufficient to destroy petitioner’s family dwelling even if it was undamaged at the time the
water impacted it,” and Bilbe conceded that a storm surge “struck” the home. Therefore, even
if her proximate cause argument is considered, summary judgment was appropriate.

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                                        No. 07-30869

record suggests that the movant repeatedly demonstrated a lack of diligence.4
Finally, because the district court’s decision is correct as a matter of law, it did
not err in denying Bilbe’s motion to alter or amend the judgment, to grant a new
trial, or to grant relief from judgment.
       AFFIRMED.

       4
         As the district court observed in denying her motion to modify the scheduling order,
Bilbe “admitted that she had missed three cutoff dates that had been set forth in the schedul-
ing order,” and the court pointed to numerous examples of Bilbe’s deficient filing practices.
“Finding this conduct unacceptable, the Court denied Ms. Bilbe’s request to reset deadlines.
Thereafter, in an apparent attempt to obtain the same relief from a different source, Ms. Bilbe
filed a Motion to Extend Deadlines for Delivering Expert Reports, Discovery, and filing witness
and exhibit lists” with the magistrate judge, without mentioning “that she had previously been
denied similar relief by the district judge.” “Although the Court [acknowledged] that the sim-
ple solution would be to continue the trial and set new deadlines, [it rejected that solution be-
cause] such a ruling would condone Ms. Bilbe’s behavior, and the Court [was] unwilling to do
so.” The district court did not abuse its discretion in finding no good cause to amend the sched-
uling order.

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