Court Opinion

ID: 4285572
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-06-18 20:00:40.050327+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:36:20.239680
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION

                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                              FILED
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
                                                                               JUN 18 2018
                                                                          MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                            U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
WENDY CHOWNING,                                  No.   16-56272

              Plaintiff-Appellant,               D.C. No.
                                                 2:15-cv-08673-RGK-SP
 v.

KOHL’S DEPARTMENT STORES, INC.;                  MEMORANDUM*
KOHL’S CORPORATION; DOES, 1-20,
inclusive,

              Defendants-Appellees.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Central District of California
                   R. Gary Klausner, District Judge, Presiding

                       Argued and Submitted May 17, 2018
                            San Francisco, California

Before: N.R. SMITH and FRIEDLAND, Circuit Judges, and LYNN,** Chief
District Judge.

      Wendy Chowning appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment to

Kohl’s Department Stores, Inc. and Kohl’s Corporation (collectively “Kohl’s”) in

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The Honorable Barbara M. G. Lynn, Chief United States District
Judge for the Northern District of Texas, sitting by designation.
her putative class action regarding alleged advertising misrepresentations. We have

jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.

      California’s Unfair Competition Law (UCL)1 “is equitable in nature;

damages cannot be recovered.” Korea Supply Co. v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 63
P.3d 937, 943 (Cal. 2003). Remedies are “generally limited to injunctive relief and

restitution.” Id. (quoting Cel-Tech Commc’ns, Inc. v. L.A. Cellular Tel. Co., 973
P.2d 527, 539 (Cal. 1999)). Though restitution is possible, “[i]njunctions are ‘the

primary form of relief available under the UCL to protect consumers from unfair

business practices,’ while restitution is a type of ‘ancillary relief.’” Kwikset Corp.

v. Superior Court, 246 P.3d 877, 895 (Cal. 2011) (quoting In re Tobacco II Cases,

207 P.3d 20, 34 (Cal. 2009)).2

      1
         The remedies under the UCL and California’s False Advertising Law
(FAL) are “interpreted in the same fashion and allow for the same type of relief.”
In re Tobacco Cases II, 192 Cal. Rptr. 3d 881, 887 n.2 (Cal. Ct. App. 2015).
Similarly, “[t]here is nothing to suggest that the restitution remedy provided under
the [Consumer Legal Remedies Act (CLRA)] should be treated differently than the
restitution remedies provided under the [FAL] or [UCL].” Colgan v. Leatherman
Tool Grp., Inc., 38 Cal. Rptr. 3d 36, 58 (Cal. Ct. App. 2006). Therefore, although
we refer only to the UCL, this disposition is applicable to all three statutory
schemes at issue.
      2
        Another class action against Kohl’s has already been certified regarding
injunctive relief. Therefore, with the “primary form of relief” gone, Chowning’s
only additional remedies are the “ancillary relief” found in restitution. Kwikset
Corp., 246 P.3d at 895.
                                           2
      1. The proper calculation of restitution in this case is price paid versus value

received. Under California law, where a plaintiff obtains value from the product,

the proper measure of restitution is “[t]he difference between what the plaintiff

paid and the value of what the plaintiff received.” In re Vioxx Class Cases, 103
Cal. Rptr. 3d 83, 96 (Cal. Ct. App. 2009); see also In re Tobacco Cases II, 192 Cal.

Rptr. 3d at 894.3 Here, Chowning admits that she received value. Therefore, the

appropriate calculation for restitution is the price Chowning paid for the articles

versus the value of the articles she received.

      2. “Rule 56(c) mandates the entry of summary judgment, after adequate time

for discovery and upon motion, against a party who fails to make a showing

sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and

      3
        Chowning argues that we should follow our earlier decision in Pulaski &
Middleman, LLC v. Google, Inc., 802 F.3d 979, 988-89 (9th Cir. 2015). But she
does not explain why Pulaski requires a different result than the one we reach here.
Pulaski explains that “[r]estitution is ‘the return of the excess of what the plaintiff
gave the defendant over the value of what the plaintiff received.’” Id. at 988
(quoting Cortez v. Purolator Air Filtration Prods. Co., 999 P.2d 706, 713 (Cal.
2000)). That is the same measure of restitution identified by In re Tobacco Cases II
and is the same measure that applies here. To the extent that Pulaski is inconsistent
with In re Tobacco Cases II, however, we must follow In re Tobacco Cases II. In
re Tobacco Cases II was decided after Pulaski, and “[d]ecisions by state
intermediate appellate courts are data which are not to be disregarded by a federal
court unless it is convinced by other persuasive data that the highest court of the
state would decide otherwise.” Dimidowich v. Bell & Howell, 803 F.2d 1473, 1482
(9th Cir. 1986) (quotation marks and citation omitted).
                                           3
on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett,

477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). Here, Chowning failed to meet her burden to prove she

was entitled to restitution. First, Chowning’s expert testified that he was not

expressing an opinion on retail value. Second, Chowning introduced no competent

evidence regarding the value of articles of clothing of similar style, quality, etc.

Restitution requires that the “value of what the plaintiff received” was more than

what the “plaintiff paid.” In re Vioxx Class Cases, 103 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 96; see also

In re Tobacco Cases II, 192 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 894. Without evidence of the

“value . . . received,” that calculation is impossible. Therefore, Kohl’s is entitled to

summary judgment.

      3. Rescission or “full refund” is unavailable in this case. “A full refund may

be available in a UCL case when the plaintiffs prove the product had no value to

them.” In re Tobacco Cases II, 192 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 895; see also Cortez, 999 P.2d

at 713 (holding restitution is “the return of the excess of what the plaintiff gave the

defendant over the value of what the plaintiff received”). If the product is truly

valueless, then the “price paid minus the value actually received equals the price

paid.” In re Tobacco Cases II, 192 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 895. Chowning admits that she

received some value from the articles of clothing and, thus, rescission is not

available.

                                           4
      4. Disgorgement is unavailable in this case. Under California law, there are

two forms of disgorgement: “restitutionary disgorgement, which focuses on the

plaintiff’s loss, and nonrestitutionary disgorgement, which focuses on the

defendant’s unjust enrichment.” In re Tobacco Cases II, 192 Cal. Rptr. 3d at 899

(quoting Meister v. Mensinger, 178 Cal. Rptr. 3d 604, 618 (Cal. Ct. App. 2014)).

Nonrestitutionary disgorgement is unavailable in UCL actions. Id. (citations

omitted). Therefore, since the focus is on Chowning’s loss, the appropriate

calculation for restitution is the traditional restitution formula articulated supra.

      5. Transaction percentage or “actual discount” is not available as a method

for calculating restitution.4 First, this measure would effectively seek damages

sounding in contract, not equity. “A UCL action is equitable in nature; damages

cannot be recovered.” Korea Supply, 63 P.3d at 943. Second, Chowning’s

argument for this form of restitution is based on standing cases. See, e.g., Hinojos

v. Kohl’s Corp., 718 F.3d 1098, 1103 (9th Cir. 2013). Standing and the calculation

of restitution have different standards. Kwikset, 246 P.3d at 894 (holding “the

      4
         This method argues that the appropriate measure of restitution would be to
take the percentage discount implied on the tag (original price versus discount
price), apply that percentage discount to the prevailing market price for the item,
and then award the difference between that amount and the amount the plaintiff
paid.
                                            5
standards for establishing standing under section 17204 and eligibility for

restitution under section 17203 are wholly distinct”).

      AFFIRMED.

                                          6