Court Opinion

ID: 19342
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-25 07:23:40+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:34:25.223274
License: Public Domain

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                         FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT

                      __________________________

                             No. 97-30519
                      __________________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                   Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                versus

RICHARD EARL JOHNSON; RICKY PHILLIP;
NORWOOD JOSEPH JOHNSON,

                                              Defendants-Appellants.

          ___________________________________________________

              Appeal from the United States District Court
                  for the Western District of Louisiana
                              (96-CR-60031)
          ___________________________________________________

                            August 6, 1999

Before JONES, WIENER, Circuit Judges, and LITTLE,* District Judge.

PER CURIAM:**

     This appeal arises from the prosecution of three members of a

drug conspiracy who were found to have trafficked crack cocaine

from Houston, Texas to various areas in Louisiana and Texas.

Defendants-Appellants, Richard Earl Johnson (“R.E. Johnson”), Ricky

Phillip (“Phillip”), and Norwood Joseph Johnson (“N.J. Johnson”),

were charged with 11 other defendants in a 23-count indictment

consisting of one count of conspiracy to engage in narcotics

     *
     District Judge of the Western District of Louisiana, sitting
by designation.
     **
      Pursuant to 5th Cir. R. 47.5, the court has determined that
this opinion should not be published and is not precedent except
under the limited circumstances set forth in 5th Cir. R. 47.5.4.
offenses and various counts of substantive narcotics offenses.        In

a consolidated trial of these three defendants, the jury found each

guilty of different counts under the indictment. On appeal, each

defendant    raises   separate   challenges   to   the   district   court

proceedings, implicating sufficiency and admissibility of evidence,

as well as juror misconduct.      Concluding that the district court

acted well within its discretion and that the jury verdicts were

not against the weight of the evidence, we affirm.

                                   I.

                         FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS

     The facts of this case span seven years and involve countless

incidents of manufacturing, transporting, and distributing crack

cocaine. As each defendant played a different role in the criminal

enterprise and each challenges different aspects of the district

court’s conduct of the trial, we present separately the facts and

analysis pertinent to each defendant’s appeal.

     A.     Norwood Joseph Johnson

            1.   Factual Background

     As the leader of the drug conspiracy, N.J. Johnson was named

in 17 of the indictment’s 23 counts, including conspiracy to

possess and distribute cocaine base in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846

(count 1), possession with intent to distribute cocaine base on

February 4, 1995 in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) (count 19),

                                     2
carrying a firearm during and in relation to a drug crime in

violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1) (count 20), and assuming a

leadership role in a continuing criminal enterprise in violation of

21 U.S.C. § 848 (count 22).   On appeal, N.J. Johnson challenges the

sufficiency of the evidence to convict him of count 20, carrying a

firearm “during and in relation to” a drug trafficking offense.

     The specific drug trafficking offense referred to in count 20

took place on February 4, 1995.       Appellant N.J. Johnson and his

wife traveled in a Chevrolet Impala from Houston to a hotel in

Lafayette where, according to plan, they met three co-conspirators

to conduct a drug transaction.    These three co-conspirators were

also traveling from Houston, allegedly carrying over 37 ounces of

crack cocaine hidden in the door panel of their Crown Victoria.

Having been “tipped off” about this meeting, federal agents set up

surveillance in the hotel and its parking lot. The agents observed

the arrival and departure of different co-conspirators, including

N.J. Johnson and his wife, but did not witness the actual exchange

of drugs and money.

     Later that afternoon, when the Johnsons left the hotel in

their Impala, Lafayette police pulled them over for an improper

lane change. The officers conducted a lawful search of the vehicle

and recovered a 9mm semiautomatic pistol.     The officers testified

that, on careful scrutiny of the vehicle, they determined that the

plastic fasteners and metal screws securing the door panels were

marred and loose, indicative of frequent removal in the past. This

evidence, noted the officers, was consistent with the fact that the

                                  3
Johnsons drove a Chevrolet Impala, which is known as a high

performance vehicle having very large natural cavities for hiding

drug contraband.

     Later that evening, the Lafayette police stopped the other co-

conspirators’ Crown Vic, and from the officers’ lawful search of

that vehicle, marijuana residue and $12,000 in cash were recovered.

Federal agents also searched the then-empty hotel rooms in which

the drug transaction had transpired and found, among other things,

shredded paper, marijuana, cocaine residue, and duct tape.

     During trial, Mrs. Johnson testified that she had purchased

the pistol recovered from their Impala by the police on February 4

for personal protection at home.      She explained that, at the

request of her husband, she had purchased two firearms, one of

which was the 9mm pistol taken with them to Lafayette and later

recovered from the Impala by the Lafayette police, and the other of

which was seized that day from Mrs. Johnson’s brother.1        She

further testified that this was the first time they had taken any

gun with them while traveling in the car.      In contrast to his

wife’s testimony, N.J. Johnson stated that the couple always

carried a gun when traveling by car.     Based inter alia on this

conflicting testimony, the jury convicted N.J. Johnson of carrying

a firearm during and in relation to a drug trafficking offense.

     2.   Sufficiency of the evidence: § 924(c)(1)

     1
      Mrs. Johnson’s brother was not involved in this particular
drug transaction, but had been arrested on the same day in Mt.
Vernon, Alabama while in possession of 6 grams of crack and a 9mm
semiautomatic pistol.

                                4
     N.J. Johnson argues that the evidence adduced at trial was

insufficient to support his conviction of carrying a firearm during

and in relation to a drug trafficking crime.                   We review the

evidence in a light most favorable to the verdict to determine

whether a rational trier of fact could have found the essential

elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.2              Regardless of

whether the evidence presented is direct or circumstantial, we must

accept all reasonable inferences and credibility choices that

support the jury’s verdict.3

     Section 924(c)(1) criminalizes the use or carrying of a

firearm “during and in relation to any crime of violence or drug

trafficking crime.”4      In this circuit, transporting a firearm in an

automobile     constitutes    “carrying,”   regardless    of    the    specific

location of the gun in the vehicle.5            It is undisputed that the

police discovered the 9mm pistol in the automobile driven by N.J.

Johnson;     it   was   therefore   “carried”   for   purposes    of   section

924(c)(1).

     The thrust of N.J. Johnson’s argument is that, even if he

“carried” the gun, he did not do so “during and in relation to” a

     2
      Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 324 (1979); United States
v. Greenwood, 974 F.2d 1449, 1456 (5th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 113
S. Ct. 2354 (1993).
         3
       United States v. Gonzales, 866 F.2d 781 (5th Cir.), cert.
denied, 490 U.S. 1093 (1989); Greenwood, 974 F.2d at 1458
(“Assessing the credibility of witnesses and weighing the evidence
is the exclusive province of the jury.”).
     4
         11 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1) (1994).
         5
      United States v. Brown, 161 F.3d 256, 258 (5th Cir. 1998);
United States v. Harlan, 130 F.3d 1152, 1153 (5th Cir. 1997).

                                       5
drug trafficking offense on February 4, 1995.6                       He correctly

contends that the mere possession of a gun in the proximity of the

crime is insufficient to show that the gun was related to the

underlying drug offense.7            He claims that the only connection

between the car and the drug offense was that the car containing

the   gun     had    been   driven   to    and   from   the   site   of   the   drug

transaction.        As no drugs were found in the car, and at no time did

the pistol facilitate the drug transaction, argues N.J. Johnson,

the carrying of the pistol did not occur “during and in relation

to” the offense.

      We agree that the mere possession of a gun in the proximity of

the crime is not enough to support a conviction under section

924(c)(1).          We note, however, that the gun need not be in the

immediate vicinity of the drugs to satisfy the statute, either.8

In fact, to satisfy the statute, the firearm need only “have the

potential      of     facilitating        the    underlying   drug    trafficking

      6
      Regardless of whether the pistol was carried “during and in
relation to” the singular drug offense committed on February 4, it
was clearly carried “during and in relation to” the entire drug
trafficking conspiracy. Even though Appellant was not ultimately
convicted of conspiracy, as it is a lesser included offense of a
continuing criminal enterprise, the jury’s finding that Appellant
engaged in the conspiracy is sufficient to establish a predicate
offense. See United States v. Thomas, 12 F.3d 1350, 1362-63 (5th
Cir. 1994).
      7
      See Smith v. United States, 508 U.S. 223, 238 (1993) (“The
phrase ‘in relation to’ thus, at a minimum, clarifies that the
firearm must have some purpose or effect with respect to the drug
trafficking crime; its presence or involvement cannot be the result
of accident or coincidence.”).
          8
       See United States v. Tolliver, 116 F.3d 120, 126 n.6 (5th
Cir.), cert. denied, 118 S. Ct. 324 (1997).

                                            6
offense.”9     To determine whether the pistol had this potential, we

must consider the entire voyage embarked on by the Johnsons and the

three co-conspirators, rather than taking a snapshot view of only

the short time in which the drugs physically changed hands inside

the hotel.

     When the Johnsons and the three co-conspirators left Houston

in two separate cars, they planned to meet at a pre-determined

hotel where they believed their activities would be undetected. It

would be reasonable for a jury to infer that, as the kingpin of the

conspiracy, N.J. Johnson took care not to travel with the drugs or

the resulting proceeds in the car he was occupying. This inference

is supported by the testimonial evidence of the co-conspirators who

transported the drugs to Lafayette and left with the resulting

proceeds.    Even though the pistol remained in N.J. Johnson’s car,

it was available to him or his passenger at any time in the event

of   trouble    with   any   of   the       co-conspirators   or   unexpected

authorities.

     In fact, Mrs. Johnson testified, in direct contradiction to

her husband, that this was the only time the couple had carried the

pistol with them in the car.       She further testified that, at her

husband’s request, she had recently purchased two firearms, one of

which was the pistol seized in their car by the Lafayette police.

The proximity of this purchase to the drug transaction raises an

additional inference that it was purchased to carry along with the

Johnsons on this drug transaction.            Finally, the pistol was found

     9
      Id. at 126.

                                        7
in the middle console of the car and was easily accessible to N.J.

Johnson and his wife in the event the drug transaction went awry.

Viewing the drug transaction from portal to portal, i.e. from

Houston to Lafayette and back, we conclude that a reasonable jury

could infer that the pistol was used “during and in relation to”

the drug trafficking offense that took place on February 4.

B.   Ricky Phillip

     1.   Factual Background

     Phillip allegedly supplied cocaine to N.J. Johnson.    He was

indicted under count 1 for conspiracy to possess with intent to

distribute cocaine.   Phillip challenges the sufficiency of the

evidence to convict him of conspiracy and further argues that the

jury’s use of extrinsic evidence during the trial affected the

verdict and resulted in prejudice against him, mandating a new

trial.

     During trial, the government called eight co-conspirators who

had previously pled guilty but had yet to be sentenced, to testify

against Phillip.10    These eight witnesses, each of whom were

involved in different aspects of the cocaine trafficking operation,

identified Phillip but knew him only as “Rick” or “Slick Rick,”

absent any surname.    Most of the eight testified that “Rick”

     10
      The witnesses included (1) Reginald Bernard, N.J. Johnson’s
right-hand man; (2) Ernest Lowery, who was involved in “cooking”
the cocaine into crack and transporting the crack; (3) Shannon
Martin, N.J. Johnson’s prior girlfriend who rented apartments for
N.J. Johnson and participated in transporting crack; (4) Douglas
Green, N.J. Johnson’s gopher and bodyguard; (5) Mrs. Johnson,
N.J.’s wife; (6) Gregory Hancock, who transported crack; (7) Dion
Eaglin, who transported crack, and (8) Suzanne Moses Grueso, who
supplied N.J. Johnson with cocaine.

                                8
supplied cocaine to N.J. Johnson.                Although some of them observed

the     drugs    change   hands,     others          had    never   seen       an    actual

transaction.

      On his behalf, Phillip called his wife and his parents, who

testified that he maintained a full-time job at Brown & Root and

never    possessed    more    than    $30       or    $40    in   cash   at    any    time.

Additionally,      the    testimony    of        each      family   member     addressed

Phillip’s living arrangements. At some point during the four years

of his alleged involvement in the drug conspiracy, Phillip resided

in an apartment complex that was gated and protected by a full-time

security guard, facts not recalled by any witness who claimed to

have met Phillip at his apartment.                   Even though the evidence was

conflicting, the jury convicted Phillip of conspiracy to distribute

cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § § 841(b)(1)(A) and 846.

      At the end of trial but immediately before deliberations,

Phillip moved for a mistrial based on the discovery that jurors had

been using extraneous documents not placed into evidence during the

pendency of trial. A court security officer had discovered maps of

Houston    and    Lafayette    while        he       was    clearing     out    the    jury

deliberation room prior to formal deliberations.                         On learning of

the maps’ removal from the room, the jury had made it clear that

they wanted to use the maps during their deliberations.

      Defendants’ counsel would not agree to allow the jury to use

the maps during deliberations, and, instead, moved for a mistrial.

In connection with the denial of the mistrial motions, the court

admonished the jury members for their actions and instructed the

                                            9
sole juror who had attempted to locate particular addresses on the

maps        to   disregard      anything   he    had   learned      from    the    maps.

Ultimately, the court concluded that the jurors’ consideration of

two maps had not prejudiced any defendant.                   In passing, the court

noted that the maps could have been properly authenticated and

offered into evidence had either party so desired.

       2.        Sufficiency of the evidence: Conspiracy

       Phillip challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support

his conspiracy conviction.             We review this issue exactly as we did

regarding N.J. Johnson: There must be evidence from which a jury

could find each element of the offense charged beyond a reasonable

doubt.11

       To gain a conviction of conspiracy under 21 U.S.C § 841(a)(1)

and 846, the government had to prove that: (1) an agreement existed

between two or more persons to violate narcotics laws; (2) the

defendant         knew    of    the   conspiracy;      and    (3)    the    defendant

participated in the conspiracy.12               A person may be guilty as a co-

conspirator        even    if    he   plays     only   a   minor    role,    but   mere

association with other persons involved in a criminal enterprise is

insufficient to prove participation in a conspiracy.13 Proof of the

existence of the predicate agreement, however, may be tacit and

inferred from circumstantial evidence.14

       11
            Jackson, 443 U.S. at 307.
       12
            United States v. Asibor, 109 F.3d 1023, 1030 (5th Cir. 1997).
       13
            Greenwood, 974 F.2d at 1457.
       14
            Thomas, 12 F.3d at 1356-57.

                                           10
       Even though we discern minor variations in witness testimony,

we    must        defer    to   the    trier   of    fact   for    determinations       of

credibility.              The government presented evidence, through eight

witnesses, that Phillip supplied the cocaine, was aware that it was

“cooked” into crack, and knew that it was distributed throughout

Texas and Louisiana.             Additional evidence showed that Phillip met

with N.J. Johnson and provided him with cocaine base.                           Although

Phillip’s wife, mother, and father protested that they knew nothing

of his alleged drug dealing, the jury was entitled to discount this

testimony and credit the government’s witnesses.                       The testimony in

the    record       supports     the    jury’s      determination      that    Phillip’s

activities constituted conspiracy to possess with the intent to

distribute cocaine.

       3.         Juror impropriety: Extrinsic evidence in jury room

       Next, Phillip argues that he is entitled to a new trial

because the          jury’s     consideration       of   the   maps    of    Houston   and

Lafayette, which had not been admitted into evidence, resulted in

undue prejudice against him.               We review a denial of a motion for a

mistrial for abuse of discretion.15

       During trial, the jury is allowed to consider only evidence

that is offered by either party and deemed admissible by the court.

When        the    presence     of    extrinsic     material      in   the    jury     room

constitutes error, such error can be harmless if it “did not create

any reasonable possibility of prejudice.”16                    If, however, there is

       15
            United States v. Mitchell, 166 F.3d 748, 751 (5th Cir. 1999).
       16
            Llewellyn v. Stynchcombe, 609 F.2d 194, 195 (5th Cir. 1980).

                                               11
a    reasonable     possibility     that      consideration         of     the    extrinsic

material     had    a    prejudicial     effect    on    the    jury’s       verdict,      a

defendant is entitled to a new trial.17

       Phillip contends that the map of Houston had been used by the

jury as further “evidence” to support the testimony of government

witnesses as to the location of his apartment.                              Without this

evidence, Phillip claims, the jury could have inferred that the co-

conspirators identified him to gain favor with the government.                            We

find Phillip’s argument unavailing. Location was not a vital issue

at this trial, as reflected by the vague testimony of witnesses

concerning the places where Phillip allegedly delivered cocaine.

The prosecution’s evidence focused on the activities and persons

involved     in    the     drug   transaction,         rather       than    on     specific

locations.        Additionally, if the location of Phillip’s apartment

had the potential to affect the verdict, either side could have

entered the maps into evidence at trial.18                    Moreover, on learning

that the jury had studied the maps, the court instructed the jurors

to    disregard      any    information         they    had     gleaned          from   that

examination,       and     the    jury   is     presumed       to    follow        curative

instructions.       We therefore conclude that the trial court did not

abuse its discretion when it held that there was no reasonable

       17
      United States v. Ruggiero, 56 F.3d 647, 652 (5th Cir. 1995),
cert. denied, 516 U.S. 979 (1995).
        18
       The district judge correctly commented, “I really believe
those maps could have been authenticated and sent to the jury if
anybody would have wanted it.”

                                           12
possibility   that       the   jury’s     consideration   of    the    maps   had a

prejudicial effect on the verdict against Phillip.

C.   Richard Earl Johnson

     1.     Factual Background

      R.E. Johnson is the brother of N.J. Johnson.               He was indicted

on counts 6 and 9 for possession with the intent to distribute

crack cocaine.       R.E. Johnson argues that the court abused its

discretion in admitting Rule 404(b) evidence, under the Federal

Rules of Evidence (“FRE”), of his involvement in extrinsic drug

offenses, specifically this conspiracy, of which he had previously

been acquitted.19    He claims that the government used inadmissible

character evidence of his involvement in prior drug activities to

prove that he had a propensity to act in conformity therewith.

     The drug transaction indicted as count 6 allegedly took place

in May of 1993.      Ernest Lowery, a drug runner for N.J. Johnson,

testified   that    he    believed      crack   cocaine   was    cooked    at    R.E.

Johnson’s   apartment,         although    he   was   unable    to    describe   the

interior of the apartment.          Lowery further testified that when he

arrived at the apartment, everyone, including R.E. Johnson, left

the building while he and N.J. Johnson cooked the cocaine.                       The

jury acquitted R.E. Johnson on count 6.

     19
      R.E. Johnson had been indicted, tried, and acquitted in the
Eastern District of Louisiana on a conspiracy charge arising from
the same incidents alleged in count 1 of the instant indictment.
Although the government has collected extensive evidence supporting
the conspiracy, Defendant is protected from prosecution for
conspiracy on double jeopardy grounds.       Defendant remains an
acquitted co-conspirator and was only charged in this indictment
with two substantive drug offenses.

                                          13
     The activities underlying count 9 are alleged to have occurred

in August of 1993.       Lowery testified that he and R.E. Johnson

traveled from Houston to Lafayette on a Greyhound bus and stayed in

a Travelodge hotel. According to Lowery, R.E. Johnson was carrying

approximately    18   ounces     of   cocaine.        Reginald   Bernard,   N.J.

Johnson’s right-hand man, testified that he picked up Lowery and

R.E. Johnson at the bus station and took them to the Travelodge,

where there are records of Bernard’s stay and of a phone call made

to a number associated with N.J. Johnson.                The jury found R.E.

Johnson guilty of count 9.

     At trial, the prosecution presented additional “other crimes”

evidence pursuant to FRE 404(b) to demonstrate R.E. Johnson’s state

of mind at the time he participated in the offenses for which he

was charged.    Seven witnesses testified against R.E. Johnson and

provided numerous accounts of drug transporting, cooking, and

distributing in which he was involved.           He specifically complains

of testimony regarding an incident involving federal agents who

stopped a truck in which he was allegedly traveling with two other

persons.   In the truck, the agents discovered a bag containing

large quantities of cocaine and a handgun. The three suspects were

then ordered to get down on the ground, but one of them ——

allegedly R.E. Johnson —— ran away and evaded the agents.

     Prior to trial, R.E. Johnson filed a motion in limine to

exclude the “other crimes” evidence pursuant to Rule 404(b).                  The

district court denied the motion, concluding that (1) the extrinsic

evidence is     “relevant   to    the   issue    of    defendant’s   intent    to

                                        14
distribute a controlled substance as alleged in Counts Six and

Nine,” and (2) “the evidence’s probative value is not outweighed by

undue prejudice.”       Over objections at trial, the court admitted

testimony of other crimes involving R.E. Johnson, but issued

precautionary instructions.        Then, on the fourth day of testimony,

the district court ruled that the admission of more 404(b) evidence

would unfairly prejudice R.E. Johnson.          Accordingly, the court

forbade the government from referencing R.E. Johnson’s involvement

in other crimes, with the exception of the truck incident when he

allegedly evaded the federal agents.

     2.       Admission of evidence: Rule 404(b)

     R.E. Johnson challenges the district court’s admission of

other crimes evidence pursuant to FRE 404(b). The district court’s

decision to admit the evidence under FRE 404(b) will not be

disturbed absent an abuse of discretion.20

     R.E. Johnson advances three principal arguments: (1) the

government did not provide adequate notice of its intent to elicit

404(b) evidence from Gidget Jolivette, (2) the government invoked

no permissible use for the other crimes evidence, and (3) the

danger of unfair prejudice substantially outweighed the probative

value of this evidence.           FRE 404(b) permits the government to

introduce extrinsic offense evidence for the limited purpose of

establishing      “motive,   opportunity,   intent,   preparation,   plan,

knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident.”21             If

    20
         United States v. Bermea, 30 F.3d 1539, 1561 (5th Cir. 1994).
     21
          FED. R. EVID. 404(b).

                                      15
requested, the government is required to give notice “of the

general nature of any such evidence it intends to introduce at

trial.”22       Extrinsic evidence is properly admitted under FRE 404(b)

if the evidence is relevant to an issue other than defendant’s

character        and   the   probative   value   of   the   evidence   is   not

substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice under

FRE 403.23

     R.E. Johnson first insists that the government failed to

notify him of other crimes evidence that it intended to elicit from

Jolivette.        We find this argument tenuous at best, as the plain

language of the rule merely requires the government to provide

notice of the “general nature” of any extrinsic evidence that it

intends to offer.            In its response to R.J. Johnson’s motion in

limine, the government explained that the evidence it intended to

introduce “relates not only to the defendant’s involvement in an

incident at the Greyhound Bus Station . . . but other loads of

“crack” he transported. . . .”                It was not necessary for the

government to identify by name every witness that it believed would

substantiate R.E. Johnson’s involvement in other crimes.                    We

therefore reject R.E. Johnson’s first challenge under FRE 404(b).

     R.E. Johnson next claims that the government advanced no valid

need for introduction of other crimes evidence. The district court

concluded, however, that such extrinsic evidence was relevant to

     22
          Id.
    23
      United States v. Chavez, 119 F.3d 342, 346 (5th Cir.) (citing
United States v. Beechum, 582 F.2d 898, 911 (5th Cir, 1978)), cert.
denied, 118 S. Ct. 615 (1997).

                                         16
his intent and knowledge to commit the acts described in counts 6

and 9.           We agree.     We have frequently held that extrinsic drug

offense evidence is admissible in drug prosecutions, subject to the

limitations of FRE 404(b) and 403.24               R.E. Johnson was indicted in

two    substantive           offenses   of   possession     with   the   intent   to

distribute cocaine, and the government proceeded on the theory that

he was both a principal and an “aider and abettor.”25                    Evidence of

R.E. Johnson’s intent to join the enterprise supports a conviction

for aiding and abetting the offenses detailed in counts 6 and 9.26

Additionally, even though in his prior trial R.E. Johnson was

acquitted          on   the    charge   of    conspiracy,    extrinsic     evidence

surrounding that conspiracy is admissible under FRE 404(b) when the

prosecution proves the defendant’s involvement in the offense by a

preponderance of the evidence.27                  This the government did.        We

therefore conclude that R.E. Johnson’s second assignment of error

under FRE 404(b) is without merit.

       R.E. Johnson claims finally that even if the government’s

purpose in admitting the evidence was proper, the prejudicial

       24
            Bermea, 30 F.3d at 1562.
            25
        United States v. Dodd, 43 F.3d 759, 763 (1st Cir. 1995)
(concluding that the aider and abetter basis for criminal liability
is implicit in all indictments for substantive offenses and need
not be plead in the indictment); United States v. Bullock, 451 F.2d
884, 888 (5th Cir. 1971) (same).
      26
     See United States v. Phillips, 664 F.2d 971 (5th Cir.) (noting
that aiding and abetting requires a community of unlawful intent
between the principal and the aider and abetter), cert. denied, 457
U.S. 1136 (1981).
       27
            Huddleston v. United States, 485 U.S. 681, 687-88 (1988).

                                             17
nature of the evidence greatly outweighed its minimal probative

value.     The district court expressly found, however, that the

probative value of the extrinsic evidence was not outweighed by

undue prejudice.        In fact, the court’s continuing sensitivity to

maintaining      the    proper    balance      between   probative    value   and

prejudice was demonstrated when, on the fourth day of trial, the

district court prohibited the admission of any additional FRE

404(b)    evidence      against   R.E.    Johnson.       Presumably   the   court

determined that the probative value of the 404(b) evidence had

decreased   or    the    danger   of     unfair   prejudice   against   him   had

increased, or both.          The district court was well within its

discretion in making these determinations under FRE 403, so we

reject R.E. Johnson’s final argument.28

                                   CONCLUSION

     For the reasons expressed above, we affirm the convictions of

Norwood Joseph Johnson, Ricky Phillip, and Richard Earl Johnson.

AFFIRMED.

     28
      Even if the FRE 404(b) evidence was admitted in error, that
error was harmless.    As he himself points out, R.E. Johnson’s
conviction on count 9 was based solely on the jury’s evaluation of
the credibility of witnesses who provided an account of the events
that transpired at the time of the charged offense.         It is
axiomatic that determination of witness credibility is the
exclusive province of the jury, and we cannot overturn that
determination absent clear error. We conclude that the jurors were
presented with sufficient, non-404(b) evidence of R.E. Johnson’s
arrival at the bus station carrying drugs and the distribution of
these drugs from a Travelodge hotel room. Any error was therefore
harmless.

                                          18