Court Opinion

ID: 7806099
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-02 20:00:23.766279+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:30:09.830672
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                     For the First Circuit

Nos. 21-1505, 21-1535, 21-1539

                 JOHN DOE; JANE DOE; DAVID DOE,

            Plaintiffs, Appellees, Cross-Appellants,

                                 v.

   NEWTON PUBLIC SCHOOLS; BUREAU OF SPECIAL EDUCATION APPEALS,

            Defendants, Appellants, Cross-Appellees.

          APPEALS FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS

           [Hon. Patti B. Saris, U.S. District Judge]

                             Before

                      Barron, Chief Judge,
                Selya and Howard, Circuit Judges.

     Eileen M. Hagerty, with whom Alicia M.P. Warren and Kotin,
Crabtree & Strong, LLP were on brief, for appellees/cross-
appellants.
     Jill Murray Grady, with whom Carolyn A. Weisman and City of
Newton Law Department were on brief, for appellant/cross-appellee
Newton Public Schools.
     LaRonica K. Lightfoot, Assistant Attorney General, with whom
Maura Healey, Attorney General, was on brief, for appellant/cross-
appellee Bureau of Special Education Appeals.

                        September 2, 2022
             BARRON, Chief Judge.         These appeals concern a civil

action   under     the   Individuals   with     Disabilities     Education   Act

("IDEA"), 20 U.S.C. § 1400 et seq., that two residents of Newton,

Massachusetts, John and Jane Doe, and their child, David, brought

in the District of Massachusetts.             The plaintiffs' action alleges

that   the   Massachusetts     Bureau    of     Special   Education     Appeals

("BSEA") erred in rejecting their administrative complaint that

the Newton Public Schools ("Newton") violated the IDEA by failing

to provide David with a "free appropriate public education," 20

U.S.C. § 1412(a)(1), also known as a "FAPE."                    They thus seek

reimbursement from Newton for the costs that they incurred in

sending David to a private residential school in Connecticut,

Franklin Academy ("Franklin").

             The   District   Court    agreed     with    the   Does,   granted

judgment to them on their claim that Newton had denied David a

FAPE in violation of the IDEA, and ordered Newton to reimburse

them for expenses that they incurred in placing him at Franklin.

Newton and the BSEA now bring appeals to challenge that ruling.

The Does also cross-appeal, as they take issue with the District

Court's decision to exclude boarding- and travel-related expenses

from the order of reimbursement.          We affirm the District Court's

rulings across the board.

                                      - 2 -
                                    I.

                                    A.

            The IDEA provides states federal funds "in exchange for

a commitment" to "furnish . . . all children with certain physical

or intellectual disabilities" with a FAPE.       Fry v. Napoleon Cmty.

Schs., 137 S. Ct. 743, 748 (2017).         A FAPE comprises "special

education and related services" that are, among other things,

"provided at public expense" and meet the educational standards of

the state that receives funds pursuant to the IDEA.            20 U.S.C.

§ 1401(9); see Johnson v. Boston Pub. Schs., 906 F.3d 182, 185

(1st Cir. 2018).       The IDEA defines "related services" to include

such "psychological services . . . as may be required to assist a

child with a disability to benefit from special education."           20

U.S.C. § 1401(26)(A).

            Massachusetts has accepted federal funds under the IDEA,

and it has conferred upon local school districts in the state,

such as Newton, the responsibility to provide eligible students

with a FAPE.     See Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 71B, §§ 1, 12; 603 Mass.

Code Regs. 28.03. The primary means through which school districts

must   deliver   the    "special   education   and   related   services"

necessary to provide such children with a FAPE is an Individualized

Education Program ("IEP").      G.D. ex rel. Jeffrey D. v. Swampscott

Pub. Schs., 27 F.4th 1, 5 (1st Cir. 2022) (internal quotation

omitted).

                                   - 3 -
             An IEP is "a comprehensive statement of the educational

needs of a [student] and the specially designed instruction and

related services to be employed to meet those needs."             Sch. Com.

of Burlington v. Dep't of Educ., 471 U.S. 359, 368 (1985).                 The

IEP   must   be   developed   through   a    "collaborative    process   that

involves" the members of the child's "IEP team," including the

student's parents, teachers, and school officials.             D.B. ex rel.

Elizabeth B. v. Esposito, 675 F.3d 26, 35 (1st Cir. 2012); see

also Endrew F. ex rel. Joseph F. v. Douglas Cty. Sch. Dist. RE-1,

137 S. Ct. 988, 994 (2017).       To "ensure the continued adequacy of

a child's IEP," the IEP team must meet at least annually to

reevaluate    the   special   education      and   related   services    being

offered by the school district.             Esposito, 675 F.3d at 35; 20

U.S.C. § 1414(d).     If a school district is "unable to furnish" the

services necessary to provide an eligible child a FAPE "through a

public school placement, it may be obliged to subsidize the

child['s placement] in a private program."            C.G. ex rel. A.S. v.

Five Town Cmty. Sch. Dist., 513 F.3d 279, 284 (1st Cir. 2008).

             Parents are free to consent to or reject the IEP that is

offered by the school district.         But, if the IEP is "reasonably

calculated" at that time "to enable [the] child to make progress

appropriate in light of the child's circumstances," then the IEP

suffices to satisfy the school district's substantive obligation

                                   - 4 -
under the IDEA to provide that child with a FAPE.                       Endrew F., 137

S. Ct. at 999.

           The    IDEA   also    expresses      a    preference         for   educating

eligible students in the "[l]east restrictive environment."                            20

U.S.C.   § 1412(a)(5).          We   addressed       this     requirement,          often

referred to as the "LRE requirement," in Lenn v. Portland School

Committee, while determining whether an IEP that a local school

district proposed that would have placed an eligible child in a

day   program    after   his    parents   had       removed       him   to    a   private

residential school was "reasonably calculated" to provide that

child with a FAPE.        998 F.2d 1083, 1086 (1st Cir. 1993).                        In

concluding that the proposed IEP was so calculated, we explained

that, given the LRE requirement, an eligible child "'who would

make educational progress in a day program' is not entitled to a

residential placement even if the latter 'would more nearly enable

the child to reach his or her full potential.'"                          Id. (quoting

Abrahamson v. Hershman, 701 F.2d 223, 227 (1st Cir. 1983)).

           If the IEP process fails to produce an IEP upon which a

school district and the child's parents can agree, the parents

"may challenge either the school [district's] handling of the IEP

process or the substantive adequacy of the IEP itself" -- that is,

whether the IEP is reasonably calculated to enable the child to

make progress in light of their circumstances -- "by demanding an

administrative     due   process     hearing    before        a    designated       state

                                      - 5 -
educational      agency."      Esposito,       675   F.3d     at    35;     20   U.S.C.

§ 1415(f)(1)(A).         The entity that conducts such hearings for

Massachusetts is the BSEA.         Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 71B, § 2A(a); 603

Mass. Code Regs. 28.08(3)-(6).

                If,   following   such   a    hearing,       the    BSEA    renders   a

decision adverse to either the parents or the school district,

then the aggrieved party may "bring a civil action challenging the

outcome . . . in either state or federal court."                       Johnson, 906

F.3d at 186; 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(2)(A).                   The court in which such

an action is brought may consider not only the "records of the

administrative proceedings" but also "additional evidence at the

request of a party."         20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(2)(C)(i)-(ii).

            Parents may place their child in a private educational

program while their IDEA claims are being adjudicated "without the

consent    of    or   referral    by    the    public      agency."         20   U.S.C.

§ 1412(a)(10)(C)(ii).         "But, the parents make that decision 'at

their     own    financial    risk,'"     G.D.,      27     F.4th    at 6    (quoting

Burlington, 471 U.S. at 373-74), pending the outcome of their IDEA

action.    If the court adjudicating that action concludes that the

school district "violated [the] IDEA and that the [parents']

private school placement was proper under the" IDEA, then the court

may order appropriate relief, including that the school district

reimburse the parents of the child for expenses that the parents

                                       - 6 -
incurred due to that placement.       Florence Cty. Sch. Dist. Four v.

Cater, 510 U.S. 7, 15 (1993).

                                  B.

                                  1.

           David Doe attended Newton Public Schools starting in

kindergarten.   Newton determined during David's kindergarten year

that he was eligible for special education services under the IDEA.

           Newton later identified David's primary disability as an

autism   spectrum   disorder.    It    determined   that   his   secondary

disability was a generalized emotional disorder.

           David continued to attend and receive special education

services from Newton during the years that he spent in grammar and

middle school in Newton's public school system.            And, about a

decade after he had begun kindergarten in that system, he began

high school in it, as a ninth grader at Newton North High School

("Newton North").

           Toward the end of David's ninth-grade year at Newton

North, in March 2016, Newton proposed an IEP for David, which we

will refer to as the March 2016 IEP.            The IEP provided for

consultation by a speech language pathologist in social pragmatics

once a month for 30 minutes, and services from a speech language

pathologist once a week for 15 minutes.         The proposed IEP also

provided for various testing, classroom, and assignment-related

accommodations.     The Does consented to the March 2016 IEP in full.

                                 - 7 -
          Then, during David's tenth-grade year at Newton North,

in January 2017, he reported to his Latin teacher that he was

"drowning," was "getting little sleep," and was "often sick."

David attributed these difficulties to his course load, which

included two Honors-level classes.

          The Latin teacher, as well as other teachers at Newton

North, expressed concerns about David to members of his IEP team.

Collectively, the concerns pertained to David's performance in the

classroom, including his grades, and his emotional presentation.

          On March 8, 2017, David's IEP team met to discuss the

concerns that the teachers had raised and David's progress to that

point under his IEP.   David was informed at this meeting that his

teachers would not recommend him for honors classes, a position

that -- in light of David's deteriorating emotional state -- his

parents had supported.    This news caused David to become quite

upset.

          Shortly after this meeting, Newton proposed a new IEP

for David. The new IEP that Newton proposed, which we will refer

to as the March 2017 IEP, would continue to provide David with the

services that the March 2016 IEP had provided him, along with some

additional speech and social supports.   For several months, while

the Does reconsidered David's placement at Newton North, they

neither accepted nor rejected that IEP.       As a result, David

continued receiving services under the March 2016 IEP.

                              - 8 -
           That spring, as the end of David's tenth-grade year at

Newton North approached, David told his parents that he planned to

kill himself by jumping out of a fourth-floor window at Newton

North.   The Does sought an emergency meeting with David's guidance

counselor, who is a member of David's IEP team, and expressed their

concern for David's safety at the school.     David was evaluated at

that time and diagnosed with major depressive disorder, although

the doctor who treated him did not find him to be at imminent risk

of self-harm. The Does thereafter found David a private therapist.

           Later   that   tenth-grade   spring,   David   ran   for   a

leadership position in Newton North's Model United Nations Club -

- a group in which he had been active.        He was not selected,

however, and his distress increased greatly thereafter.     Moreover,

in June of that year, a group of students accosted and threatened

David for reporting a potential instance of cheating on an online

study forum.

           David's IEP team reconvened on June 21, 2017, to discuss

the March 2017 IEP that the Does had not yet accepted or rejected.

As a result of that meeting, Newton amended the proposed March

2017 IEP to add academic support sessions with a special education

teacher, which David's educators hoped would help David complete

his academic assignments.       The amended   plan did not include

counseling or therapy services.

                                - 9 -
             Sometime during the summer after David's tenth-grade

year, his parents discovered a large bottle of Tylenol in his

bedroom.     Upon learning from David that he had kept the bottle in

his bedroom because he was contemplating suicide, his parents

brought him to Dr. Michelle Palumbo, a psychiatrist at the Lurie

Center for Autism at Massachusetts General Hospital.            Dr. Palumbo

concluded from her evaluation that David presented with "symptoms

of major depressive disorder, severe with active suicidal ideation

and a history of suicidality ideation with plan," and that he

required immediate hospitalization.

             David was admitted to North Shore Medical Center, where

he was held in a locked pediatric ward for twelve days.                  He

thereafter was admitted to McLean Hospital ("McLean"), where he

spent approximately two weeks in the hospital's Adolescent Acute

Residential Treatment Program.

             Around   the   time    of   David's   first   hospitalization,

David's parents sent an email to two members of the Newton IEP

team in which the parents informed the two team members that David

had   been    hospitalized,        was   experiencing   frequent   suicidal

ideation, and was adamantly opposed to enrolling at Newton North

in the fall.     Then, on August 18, 2017, before David was to begin

his eleventh-grade year at Newton North, the Does informed Newton

that they would not consent to David's receipt of services under

the March 2017 IEP, even as it had been revised in June.

                                     - 10 -
          The Does indicated at that time that David required "an

appropriate therapeutic placement for his continued schooling."

They then attended a meeting with David's IEP team to discuss next

steps on August 31.

          In preparation for the meeting, the Does provided Newton

with a letter from David's treating clinicians at McLean Hospital,

Dr. Peter Adams, a child psychiatrist, and Catherine Lopes, a

social worker.     A portion of that letter stated:

     Our recommendation would be to strongly consider and
     anticipate   that    [David]   will   need   significant
     therapeutic school supports. [David] would benefit from
     a program with experience in working with teens with
     high functioning Autism spectrum disorder and ongoing
     mood crises.    [David] will need daily mental health
     check-ins and therapy support.     [David] will need to
     have access to staff and therapeutic supports in order
     to develop flexibility of thinking, and combat his
     current thought rigidity that: school performance is the
     only predictor of a life worth living.      Secondarily,
     [David] would benefit from learning healthy coping
     skills to manage mood crisis, rejection and unwanted
     feelings. We strongly recommend [David] be considered
     for services offered at a therapeutic school given his
     ongoing emotional difficulties, coupled with suicidal
     thinking, which will continue to require intensive
     interventions.

     Around this time, and prior to the upcoming IEP team meeting,

the Does also began exploring a number of day and residential

school placements for David that could provide him with the kind

of   therapeutic    support   that   the   clinicians   at   McLean   had

recommended.

                                 - 11 -
            At the August 31, 2017, meeting, Newton proposed another

IEP for David's eleventh-grade year at Newton North. We will refer

to this IEP as the August 2017 IEP.

            The new IEP would place David in "LINKS," which is an

educational program that is offered at Newton North that would

give David access to a social worker for counseling on a daily as-

needed basis as well as two set counseling sessions per week.

Under the August 2017 IEP, David also would receive increased

speech and language services, and academic support.

            The Does informed Newton that they would reject the

August 2017 IEP and unilaterally place          David at Franklin, a

private, residential school in Connecticut.        They also requested

that Newton reimburse them for the expenses associated with his

enrollment at Franklin.

            The Does did not inform Newton that they had already

accepted an offer from Franklin on David's behalf at the time of

the August 31 IEP meeting.    Days later, David enrolled at Franklin

for his eleventh-grade year as a full-time residential student.

            In a letter dated September 7, 2017, Newton denied the

Does'   request   for   reimbursement    for   David's   enrollment   at

Franklin.    The letter restated Newton's assertion that the August

2017 IEP would provide David with a FAPE.        Newton also proposed

placing David in a 45-day "extended evaluation" in a therapeutic

                                - 12 -
day program.    The Does rejected the proposal and chose to keep

David enrolled at Franklin.

            In February 2018, the Does engaged Dr. Jason McCormick,

a neuropsychologist who specializes in treating children and young

adults with autism, to evaluate David.    Based on that evaluation,

Dr. McCormick recommended that David be placed in an educational

program that has a specific focus on students with autism "who

present with both social and executive challenges, along with

emotional   disabilities."    Dr.   McCormick   also   concluded   that

David's "need for social instruction throughout the entire day"

along with the "near certainty that he would not participate in

unstructured social activities were he to be placed in a day

program, necessitates his placement in a residential setting."

Dr. McCormick's evaluation further stated that he would "be highly

concerned [if David] return[ed] to Newton North," especially given

his prior ideations of suicide, and concluded that the risk of

David harming himself would also be significant if he were to

transition to any other traditional public high school because his

needs "far outstrip what can be accommodated within the context of

a mainstream setting."

            Newton proposed a revised IEP for David in April 2018

and then proposed     another revised IEP   in March 2019, as his

twelfth-grade year was winding down.      Under the April 2018 and

March 2019 IEPs, David would have been placed in a therapeutic day

                               - 13 -
school (rather than the LINKS program at Newton North), though

Newton did not identify that new school.   Under each of these IEPs,

David would have had to leave Franklin, as he was a boarder at

Franklin.    The Does rejected the April 2018 and March 2019 IEPs.

                                  2.

            On January 3, 2019, the Does filed a due process hearing

request with the BSEA.       The request alleged that Newton had

violated the IDEA by failing to offer David an IEP reasonably

calculated to provide him with a FAPE during the period spanning

from March 2017 to June 2019.    More specifically, the Does sought

an order from the BSEA declaring that the IEPs proposed by Newton

in March 2017 (as it was ultimately amended in August 2017) and in

April 2018 were not reasonably calculated to provide David with a

FAPE,1 and requiring Newton to reimburse them for costs associated

with their placement of David at Franklin "since August 2017 to

the present."

            The BSEA conducted a due process hearing on May 20 and

21, 2019.    The BSEA heard testimony from, among others, David's

medical providers, members of his IEP       team, and Dr. Colleen

Meigher, a school psychologist employed by Newton.

     1 Newton had not yet proposed the March 2019 IEP at the time
the Does filed their due process hearing request. However, after
the school district proposed (and the Does rejected) the March
2019 IEP, the Does amended their BSEA hearing complaint to
challenge the sufficiency of that plan as well.
                                - 14 -
            The BSEA denied the Does' claim for reimbursement in a

written decision issued on August 9, 2019.         The BSEA did so on the

ground that the IEPs proposed by Newton were reasonably calculated

to provide David with a FAPE in the least restrictive environment

for the relevant periods.2

            The Does thereafter filed a complaint in the United

States District Court for the District of Massachusetts under the

IDEA.     The complaint alleged, among other things, that the BSEA

erred in concluding that Newton had provided David with a FAPE for

the time in question.         The complaint sought relief in the form of

an order declaring that Newton "failed to provide a FAPE to David"

for his eleventh- and twelfth-grade school years, that the Does

"acted    reasonably"    in    unilaterally   placing    him   in   Franklin's

residential program for those years, and an order requiring that

Newton reimburse the Does for all costs that the Does had incurred

in   connection   with   David's    enrollment   at     Franklin,    including

travel and boarding expenses.

      2The BSEA order explained that the proposed August 2017 IEP,
because it would have placed David in Newton North's LINKS program,
provided David with a FAPE, and thus that the BSEA need not address
the school's subsequent offer to conduct a 45-day evaluation of
David in a therapeutic day school. The order also determined that
it would not have been appropriate for the BSEA to address that
offer in determining whether Newton provided David a FAPE because
the proposal was made outside of the "IEP Team" process. See 20
U.S.C. § 1414(d); see also Burlington, 471 U.S. at 368 (explaining
that the IDEA requires an IEP "to be developed jointly" by the
members of the child's IEP team).

                                    - 15 -
              The Does, Newton, and the BSEA simultaneously moved for

summary judgment.3 Following a hearing, the District Court granted

the Does' motion and denied the motions by Newton and the BSEA.

The District Court did so based on its conclusion that the IEPs

offered by Newton in August 2017, April 2018, and March 2019 were

not reasonably calculated to provide David with a FAPE.               Doe v.

Newton Pub. Schs., 537 F. Supp. 3d 56, 68-70 (D. Mass. 2021).

              The District Court also held that the Does' placement of

David    at   Franklin   was   "appropriate"    because    it   provided   the

"therapeutic support [David] needed," resulting "in significant

benefits to his mental health."            Id. at 68.     The District Court

acknowledged      that   Franklin    was     "not   the    least-restrictive

environment for David," but it also ruled that this fact did not

in and of itself "bar reimbursement under the IDEA" for the costs

that the Does' incurred in placing David there.             Id. at 69.     The

District Court reasoned that a parent's unilateral placement of a

child in a private program is not subject to the LRE requirement

where, as the District Court determined was the case here, the

school district failed to provide the student with a FAPE.                 Id.

     3 As we recently observed, in "civil actions of this sort," a
motion for summary judgment is "simply a vehicle for providing
review of the underlying administrative ruling." G.D., 27 F.4th
at 6 n.1 (quoting S. Kingstown Sch. Comm. v. Joanna S., 773 F.3d
344, 349 (1st Cir. 2014) (internal quotation omitted)).
                                    - 16 -
The   District   Court    therefore      granted    the    Does'    request    for

reimbursement.      Id. at 70.

           Even though the District Court ruled that the Does'

placement of David at Franklin was "appropriate" under the IDEA,

id.   at 69,   it   rejected     their    request    for       reimbursement   for

residential    expenses    (i.e.,   boarding       and    travel)    for   David's

eleventh- and twelfth-grade years at Franklin.                 The District Court

concluded that the requests for reimbursement of those expenses

was "unreasonable" on the ground that David did not require a

residential placement in order to receive a FAPE under the IDEA

and a therapeutic day program would have been suitable to meet his

needs, id. at 70-71 (quoting Florence Cty., 510 U.S. at 16).

           Newton and the BSEA timely filed appeals. The Does filed

a   cross-appeal    in   which   they    challenge       the    District   Court's

exclusion from the order of reimbursement the costs related to

boarding David at Franklin during his eleventh- and twelfth-grade

years.

                                        II.

           We begin with the challenge that Newton and the BSEA

make to the District Court's ruling that Newton denied David a

FAPE for his eleventh-grade year at Newton North.                 With respect to

this ruling, we review questions of law de novo and findings of

fact for clear error.          Johnson, 906 F.3d at 191; Doe v. Cape

Elizabeth Sch. Dist., 832 F.3d 69, 76 (1st Cir. 2016).                       Where

                                    - 17 -
issues involve mixed questions of law and fact, we have employed

a "degree-of-deference continuum," calling for "non-deferential

plenary review" of "law-dominated questions" and more "deferential

review" where the questions are "fact-dominated."           Cape Elizabeth,

832 F.3d at 76-77 (quoting Mr. I ex rel L.I. v. Me. Sch. Admin.

Dist. No. 55, 480 F.3d 1, 10 (1st Cir. 2007)).

           In undertaking this review, we must keep in mind that

the District Court's role in addressing a challenge under the IDEA

to an administrative ruling is an exercise of "involved oversight"

of the agency's factual findings and conclusions.             S. Kingstown

Sch. Comm. v. Joanna S., 773 F.3d 344, 349 (1st Cir. 2014) (quoting

Sebastian M. v. King Philip Reg'l Sch. Dist., 685 F.3d 79, 84 (1st

Cir. 2012)).     In accord with that role, the District Court must

afford    "due   weight"     to    the    determinations     made   in    the

administrative proceedings.        Lenn, 998 F.2d at 1087 (quoting Bd.

of Educ. of Hendrick Hudson Cent. Sch. Dist. v. Rowley, 458 U.S.

176, 206 (1982)); see id. ("Although the exact quantum of weight

is subject to the district judge's exercise of informed discretion,

the judge is not at liberty either to [ignore] administrative

findings or to discard them without sound reason.") (internal

citations omitted).        In determining whether a proposed IEP is

reasonably calculated to provide a student with a FAPE under the

IDEA,    the   District    Court   must     base   its   decision   "on   the

                                   - 18 -
preponderance of the evidence."    G.D., 27 F.4th at 6 (quoting 20

U.S.C. § 1415(i)(2)(C)(iii)).

                                  A.

            Newton and the BSEA first assert that the District Court

committed legal error in ruling that Newton had denied David a

FAPE for his eleventh-grade year at Newton North because the

District Court failed to give, in Newton's words, "any deference"

to the factual findings that the BSEA hearing officer made based

on the testimony that various educators at Newton North had given

in the "due process" hearing.    But, insofar as Newton and the BSEA

mean to argue that the District Court failed to apply the proper

standard of review in considering the record at hand, we cannot

agree.

            As will become clear below, the District Court carefully

explained the findings that the BSEA hearing officer made with

which it disagreed, and why it disagreed with them.      See Newton

Pub. Schs., 537 F. Supp. 3d at 68-71.       And, before undertaking

that analysis of the BSEA hearing officer's findings, the District

Court correctly recounted the "due weight" standard of review.

See id. at 66.   The District Court then went on to apply that same

standard.    Id. at 68, 70.   We thus see no basis for concluding

                                - 19 -
that the District Court committed a legal error by failing to apply

the "due weight" standard of review.4

                                       B.

           We proceed, then, to the closely related contention that

Newton and the BSEA make that concerns how the District Court

applied the "due weight" standard of review, even assuming that

the District Court did in fact apply it.               We are not persuaded.

           Specifically,      Newton   and       the   BSEA   contend   that    the

District Court's error in applying that deferential standard of

review   inhered   in   its   decision      to    give   more   weight    to    the

recommendation     by   David's   treating        clinicians    that    David   be

considered for placement in a therapeutic school than to the

recommendation that had been made by Newton educators that Newton

North's LINKS program would be appropriate for David.

           But, we are reviewing the way that the District Court

resolved a "fact-dominated" mixed question of law and fact.                    Cape

Elizabeth, 832 F.3d at 76.         Thus, while the District Court was

required to give "due weight" to the findings of the BSEA in the

administrative proceedings, Newton and the BSEA must show more

     4 While Newton and the BSEA, pointing to Sebastian M., 685
F.3d at 86, argue that this court has held that it is "entirely
proper" for a District Court to "give deference to the hearing
officer's weighing of the testimony," we note that it may also be
entirely proper for a District Court, after having given such "due
weight" to a hearing officer's finding, to nevertheless reach a
different conclusion based on the facts in the record.
                                  - 20 -
than that there is evidence in the record that could support a

ruling different from the one that the District Court made in

rejecting the BSEA's conclusion that David had been given a FAPE

during    the   year   in     question.     Id.     They   must   show    that,

notwithstanding the deference that we owe to the District Court on

such a fact-laden legal question, the record requires us to

overturn it.       They fail to do so.5

            Newton and the BSEA do point to testimony from multiple

members of David's IEP team and other Newton educators at the BSEA

hearing that the August 2017 IEP's inclusion of the LINKS program

made that IEP suitable for David, notwithstanding the McLean

letter's recommendation that David attend a therapeutic school.

For example, Dr. Meigher testified, among other things, that the

LINKS    program    provided    adequate    therapeutic    support   to   meet

David's   needs     because    it   would   have   provided   a   "home   base"

throughout the school day, with access to staff experienced in

working with children with autism, in addition to individual and

group counseling.

            But, the District Court did not dispute that the evidence

in the record showed that the LINKS program that the August 2017

     5 We do not understand Newton and the BSEA to be claiming that
the District Court made any particular, purely factual finding
that is clearly erroneous on the record. To the extent they are
making such an argument, we see no fact upon which the District
Court relied in reaching its decision that is not adequately
supported by the record.
                                     - 21 -
IEP proposed for David would have provided "some therapeutic

benefit."   Newton Pub. Schs., 537 F. Supp. 3d at 67.      It determined

only that, in light of the evidence in the record, that IEP was

nevertheless not reasonably calculated to provide David with a

FAPE because it would have required his participation in the "full-

inclusion model" at Newton North.         Id. at 67-68.     And there is

substantial record support for that conclusion.

            Specifically, the record contains a recommendation by

David's treating clinicians at McLean that David be placed in "a

therapeutic school."      It also contains the Does' corresponding

concern at the time that the LINKS program was insufficient to

ensure that David would see educational gains, in addition to their

concern for his safety in light of his ideations of suicide if he

were required to return to Newton North.       And, there was a strong

basis for giving this latter set of evidence about the need for

David to be placed in a therapeutic school greater weight than the

evidence about the adequacy of LINKS that had been provided through

testimony from the Newton educators on which the BSEA had relied

so   heavily.     After   all,   the   professionals      who   made   the

recommendation that David be placed in a therapeutic school had

conducted the most recent evaluations of David.           Id. at 67.    As

the District Court explained: "Dr. Meigher testified that she had

seen David for only one psychological evaluation, in 2016, during

his time at Newton," and that "Dr. Adams and Lopes from McLean

                                 - 22 -
. . . were responsible for David's psychiatric care during the

events of the summer leading to his unilateral placement, and . .

. were better positioned than Dr. Meigher to understand David's

needs at the time that the August 31, 2017 IEP was developed."

Id.   Thus, we see no merit to this aspect of the challenge by

Newton and the BSEA.

                                 C.

          Newton and the BSEA also challenge the District Court's

purported reliance in ruling that David had been denied a FAPE for

his eleventh-grade year on the fact that the later IEPs proposed

by Newton in April 2018 and March 2019 recommended that David be

placed in an "out-of-district public/private day school."    Newton

and the BSEA argue that the District Court's consideration of the

2018 and 2019 IEPs to assess the adequacy of the August 2017 IEP

conflicts with our command that the determination of whether an

IEP was reasonably calculated to provide a FAPE "must take into

account what was, and was not, objectively reasonable . . . at the

time the IEP was promulgated."    Roland M. v. Concord Sch. Comm.,

910 F.2d 983, 992 (1st Cir. 1990).       To support this argument,

Newton and the BSEA point to the following passage in the District

Court's opinion and, in particular, its second sentence: "Based on

an intermediate level of review, I find that the IEP in August

2017 was not adequate given David's severe mental health needs and

crisis during the summer of 2017.     This conclusion is buttressed

                             - 23 -
by Newton's decision in the two subsequent IEPs . . . ."       Newton

Pub. Schs., 537 F. Supp. 3d at 68.

          The District Court's use of the word "buttressed" in

that passage, however, does not show that the District Court

premised its determination that the August 2017 IEP          was not

adequate on the recommendations that the subsequent IEPs that

Newton proposed made.   As we have explained, there is evidence in

the record that Newton had on hand at the time that it proposed

the August 2017 IEP that in and of itself sufficed to support the

District Court's determination that the August 2017 IEP was not

"reasonably calculated" to provide David with a FAPE.      Id. at 66-

68.   Against that backdrop, the District Court's use of the word

"buttressed" comfortably may be read to indicate only that the

subsequent   IEPs   that   Newton    proposed   accorded   with   the

determination that the District Court independently reached based

only on the evidence in the record that showed what Newton knew at

the time that the August 2017 IEP was proposed.     Id. at 68.6

      6Because we do not understand the District Court to have
relied on the subsequent IEPs as a necessary predicate for its
determination that the August 2017 IEP was not reasonably
calculated to provide David with a FAPE for his eleventh-grade
year, we need not address Newton's and the BSEA's contention that
the record does not support the District Court's assessment of the
import of the subsequent IEPs.
                              - 24 -
                                      III.

               Newton and the BSEA next turn their attention to the

District Court's reimbursement order, which requires Newton to

reimburse the Does for certain expenses associated with David's

enrollment at Franklin Academy for his eleventh- and twelfth-grade

years.     Newton and the BSEA make a number of distinct arguments,

which we address in turn.

                                        A.

               Newton and the BSEA first rely on Florence County, 510

U.S. at 15, which requires a District Court to undertake a two-

step inquiry in determining whether to order reimbursement for a

parent's       unilateral   placement      of    their   child      in   a   private

educational setting for which they incur costs.                     That two-step

inquiry requires the District Court first to determine whether the

child    has    been   denied   a   FAPE     and,   then,    only    after    having

determined that the child has been denied a FAPE, to determine

whether the unilateral placement of the child in the private

educational setting was "proper."               Id. at 15.

               Newton and the BSEA contend that, at least with respect

to David's twelfth-grade IEPs, the April 2018 and March 2019 IEPs,

the District Court skipped the first step of the inquiry and jumped

right to the second.        But, Newton and the BSEA misread the opinion

of the District Court.

                                     - 25 -
          Consistent with Florence County, the District Court did

take step one before proceeding to step two.    It found that the

proposed April 2018 and March 2019      IEPs were not reasonably

calculated to provide David with a FAPE and thus that he had been

denied one during his twelfth-grade year in violation of the IDEA.

Newton Pub. Schs., 537 F. Supp. 3d at 70 ("I determine . . . that

the April 25, 2018 IEP and the March 25, 2019 IEP did not provide

David with a FAPE.").   The District Court reasoned that "removing

a student like David from a supportive academic environment" at

Franklin "would likely pose emotional and social disruption," and,

on that basis, the District Court then concluded that Newton's

proposed IEPs -- including the ones that had offered a placement

at a therapeutic day program -- were not reasonably calculated to

provide David a FAPE.   Id.7

                                 B.

          Newton and the BSEA next turn their attention to the

District Court's holding that the proposed April 2018 and March

2019 IEPs were not reasonably calculated to provide David a FAPE

on the distinct ground that     this holding   conflicts with   the

"snapshot in time" principle (citing Lenn, 998 F.2d at 1086 and

     7 We also note that, on at least two occasions, the BSEA
acknowledges in its briefing to us that the District Court found
that "David's twelfth-grade year IEPs, recommending a therapeutic
day school, did not provide David with a FAPE."

                               - 26 -
Roland M., 910 F.2d at 992).8          But, while it is true that the

testimony the District Court cited regarding the negative impact

that a transfer out of Franklin would have on David's social-

emotional wellbeing "was not available to David's [IEP] Team at

the time of the April 25, 2018 IEP meeting and the March 25, 2019

IEP meeting," the District Court noted that this testimony merely

spoke to the "common-sense notion" that a school transfer out of

"a supportive academic environment" would be detrimental to "a

student   like   David"   --   a   notion   that,   in   light   of   David's

particular circumstances, would have been apparent to Newton at

the time the IEPs were offered.        Newton Pub. Schs., 537 F. Supp.

3d at 70.   Moreover, Newton and the BSEA do not contend that the

record contradicts the finding that Newton would have been aware

of the harms that David would suffer from a school transfer at the

time of the April 2018 and March 2019 IEPs, and our review of the

     8We note that, although Newton's brief presents this argument
in connection with its challenge to the District Court's asserted
"error" in "ordering Newton to reimburse parents for the day
portion of tuition at Franklin," this argument appears to lodge a
challenge to the District Court's determination that the April
2018 and March 2019 IEPs were inadequate, assuming the District
Court made such determinations. In line with the way that Newton
has chosen to brief the case on appeal, however, we address this
contention alongside Newton's and the BSEA's other challenges to
the District Court's reimbursement order.        Our reasons for
rejecting this argument in connection with Newton's challenge to
the reimbursement order, however, suffice to explain why we also
reject the argument insofar as Newton makes it in service of a
challenge to the District Court's determinations regarding the
inadequacy of those IEPs.

                                   - 27 -
record   satisfies   us   that   Newton    was.9   Thus,   we   reject   the

contention that the District Court's ruling violated the snapshot

in time principle.10

                                    C.

           Newton and the BSEA next challenge the portion of the

District Court's reimbursement order that requires Newton to pay

for David's twelfth-grade tuition costs at Franklin.            Newton and

the BSEA contend that, by imposing this requirement, the District

Court created a rule that ties the hands of school districts and

"threatens to impose unduly burdensome financial obligations on

public school districts."        They assert that, under the District

Court's ruling, "school districts face a near-blanket edict that,

once parents unilaterally move a student to another placement,

local school districts cannot move the student back, solely due to

potential concerns with transitioning itself -– for which a local

     9  We do note that Newton and the BSEA take issue with the
Does' purported failure to raise the concerns about David's
transition from Franklin at the April 2018 and March 2019 IEP team
meetings, which they suggest could have prompted the IEP team to
affirmatively address such concerns in the IEPs.        That said,
neither the BSEA nor Newton has developed an argument to us as to
why such a failure would require reversal (or remand) if the record
otherwise supports the conclusion that Newton was on notice of
such concerns. We therefore consider any such argument waived.
See United States v. Zannino, 895 F.2d 1, 17 (1st Cir. 1990).
     10 To the extent one might suggest that further fact finding

as to the substantive adequacy of the April 2018 and March 2019
IEPs in question may have been appropriate in these circumstances,
neither Newton nor the BSEA have asked for such relief, and we
therefore do not consider the question.
                                  - 28 -
school district can, in fact, provide additional supports to assist

the student."

           But, the District Court made no such categorical ruling.

It premised its holdings that the April 2018 and March 2019 IEPs

were   inadequate    and   that   David's   placement   at   Franklin   was

appropriate on the "limited" circumstances of "David's case."

Newton Pub. Schs., 537 F. Supp. 3d at 70.           Those circumstances

included the fact that the record supportably showed that David

would have suffered emotionally and academically had he been

required to transfer from Franklin -- where he had been making

demonstrable gains -- due to his particular disability.          Id.

           Thus, the District Court's reasoning is consistent with

the highly individualized inquiry into the "unique needs" of the

child that the IDEA mandates, Forest Grove Sch. Dist. v. T.A., 557

U.S. 230, 244-45 (2009) (quoting 20 U.S.C. § 1400(d)(1)(A)); see

also Florence Cty., 510 U.S. at 15–16, given that the District

Court assessed the specific impact that the transition out of

Franklin would have for David -- and appropriately cabined its

reasoning to the facts of this case, see Newton Pub. Schs., 537 F.

Supp. 3d at 70.     We note, too, that, in recognizing that an IEP in

some cases may not be reasonably calculated to provide a FAPE due

to circumstances related to a transfer from an appropriate private

placement, we are in harmony with both our own precedent, see

Parent/Pro. Advoc. League v. City of Springfield, 934 F.3d 13, 29

                                   - 29 -
(1st Cir. 2019), and that of courts outside of this circuit that

have addressed the subject, see, e.g., S.H. v. State Op. Sch.

Dist., 336 F.3d 260, 272 (3d Cir. 2003) ("[I]f a change in her

placement will be detrimental, this is a factor in determining

whether the new placement will achieve a meaningful educational

benefit."); see also Dall. Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Woody, 865 F.3d

303, 317 (5th Cir. 2017).

                                     D.

           Finally, Newton and the BSEA contend that the District

Court   erred   in   ordering   reimbursement   by   failing   to   account

properly for the IDEA's principle that students should be placed

in the "least restrictive environment," and that "a student 'who

would make educational progress in a day program is not entitled

to a residential placement even if the latter would more nearly

enable the child to reach his or her full potential'" (citing Lenn,

998 F.2d at 1086) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).

But, as the District Court correctly recognized, "the least-

restrictive     environment     principle   [and]    the   'mainstreaming'

provision of the IDEA [do] not require [parents] to place [their

child] in the least restrictive environment if [the] IEP does not

provide [a] FAPE," such that parents who make such a placement for

their child are not necessarily barred from seeking reimbursement

for the costs that they incur in consequence of such a placement.

Newton Pub. Schs., 537 F. Supp. 3d at 69 (citing Frank G. v. Bd of

                                   - 30 -
Educ. of Hyde Park, 459 F.3d 356, 364 (2d Cir. 2006), and Warren

G. ex rel. Tom G. v. Cumberland Cty. Sch. Dist., 190 F.3d 80, 84

(3d Cir. 1999)); see also Florence Cty., 510 U.S. at 9-10 (holding

that unilateral private placement may be "proper under [the] IDEA"

even if a placement does not meet all the requirements that school

districts face in providing a FAPE).       Thus, we reject this ground

for challenge to the reimbursement order as well.

                                  IV.

          We now turn our attention to the Does' challenge, as

cross-appellants,   to   the   District   Court's   exclusion   of   costs

related to David's residence at Franklin (i.e., boarding and travel

expenses) from the reimbursement order.       We do not find it to be

persuasive.

          "Courts fashioning discretionary equitable relief under

IDEA must consider all relevant factors, including the appropriate

and reasonable level of reimbursement that should be required.

Total reimbursement will not be appropriate if the court determines

that the cost of the private education was unreasonable." Florence

Cty., 510 U.S. at 16.    We review "discretionary equitable relief"

determinations under the IDEA for "abuse of discretion."             Diaz-

Fonseca v. Puerto Rico, 451 F.3d 13, 31-32 (1st Cir. 2006); see

also, e.g., Ashland Sch. Dist. v. Parents of Student E.H., 587

F.3d 1175, 1183 (9th Cir. 2009) ("[B]ecause the district court had

equitable discretion to craft appropriate relief in this case, we

                                 - 31 -
review its decision to deny reimbursement for abuse of that

discretion.").    We find none here.

                                           A.

            The Does primarily contend that the District Court's

award reduction must be reversed because it has no "basis in the

record," which, they argue, "contained no evidence regarding the

reasonableness of Franklin tuition."                   This argument, however,

misunderstands the nature of the District Court's order.

            The District Court did not purport to make a finding as

to   the   reasonableness      of    Franklin's       cost    based       on   a    price-

comparison    analysis.        The    District       Court    found       that     it   was

unreasonable to expect Newton to pay for "any" of David's housing

or travel expenses at Franklin.                 Newton Pub. Schs., 537 F. Supp.

3d at 70-71 (emphasis added). And, the District Court did so based

on its determination that David was not entitled to a residential

placement under the IDEA.        See id. at 70. Thus, particularly given

that even David's treating clinicians had not recommended him for

a residential placement at the time that the Does unilaterally

selected Franklin, we see no merit to this ground of challenge.

                                           B.

            The Does also claim that we should reverse the District

Court's decision to exclude boarding and travel costs from the

reimbursement    order    on   the     ground       that   the    District         Court's

determination    that    David       was   not     entitled      to   a    residential

                                      - 32 -
placement under the IDEA was erroneous.11    They appear to argue

that the record evidence compels a determination that he did

require such a placement in order to receive a FAPE.      In their

view, had the District Court correctly determined that David

required a residential placement, there would have been no basis

for its decision to reduce the reimbursement by excluding travel

and boarding-related expenses.

          But, as we noted above, to show that the District Court's

ruling warrants reversal on a "fact-dominated" mixed question of

law and fact, which we conclude that this question is, a party

must show more than that there is contrary evidence in the record.

See Cape Elizabeth, 832 F.3d at 76.    And as we will explain, the

Does have failed to do so here.

          The Does do point to a February 2018 letter from Dr.

McCormick recommending a residential placement.    They also point

to testimony from two Franklin educators who expressed support for

such a placement. But, other evidence in the record supports the

District Court's finding that David could have made progress in a

less restrictive environment, such as a therapeutic day program,

     11We note that the Does also make the argument that the record
compels the determination that David required a residential
placement as an alternative ground for affirming the District
Court's rulings that the April 2018 and March 2019 IEPs, which
offered David a placement in a day school, were not reasonably
calculated to provide David a FAPE. But, we affirmed those rulings
on other grounds.
                              - 33 -
and the District Court adequately explained why the McCormick

letter was insufficient to overcome that contrary evidence. Newton

Pub. Schs., 537 F. Supp. 3d at 70 (noting that Dr. McCormick's

recommendation was "speculative" in nature, and that Dr. McCormick

"never observed David outside his office"); see also Lenn, 998

F.2d at 1086 (A student "who would make educational progress in a

day program is not entitled to a residential placement even if the

latter would more nearly enable the child to reach his or her full

potential.") (internal quotations omitted).     Thus, we decline to

disturb the District Court's reimbursement order on this ground.

                                 C.

          As a fallback argument, the Does assert that, by denying

reimbursement for David's residential expenses at Franklin, the

District Court effectively imposed a requirement that a unilateral

placement must comply with the "least restrictive environment"

principle to qualify for reimbursement -- something that, as noted,

is not required by the IDEA.   Again, we disagree.

          As the District Court recognized, a parent's unilateral

placement need not represent the "least restrictive environment"

for the parents to qualify for reimbursement.    Newton Pub. Schs.,

537 F. Supp. 3d at 69.   But, it does not follow that in assessing

whether the "cost of the private education" that the parents

selected in their unilateral private placement was "unreasonable,"

a District Court must treat as irrelevant whether the child could

                               - 34 -
have been placed in a less restrictive environment (i.e., a non-

residential environment) under an adequate IEP.          Florence Cty.,

510 U.S. at 16; see also Burlington, 471 U.S. at 370–71 (reviewing

the reimbursement provision of the IDEA and its legislative history

and   stating   that   reimbursement    "merely   requires   the   [school

district] to belatedly pay expenses that it should have paid all

along and would have borne in the first instance had it developed

a proper IEP" (emphasis added)).       In consequence, we conclude that

the District Court did not err in exercising its discretion to

reduce the Doe's reimbursement upon finding that the boarding

"cost[s] of [David's] private education w[ere] unreasonable,"

Florence Cty., 510 U.S. at 16, based on its determination that

David could have been provided a FAPE in a non-residential setting.

           In so holding, we also reject the Does' contention that

their position draws support from Leggett v. District of Columbia,

793 F.3d 59, 75 (D.C. 2015).           The Does contend that Leggett

establishes that once a District Court concludes that the school

system failed to provide a FAPE and that the parents' unilateral

placement was appropriate, the IDEA "requires reimbursement for

tuition, room and board, and other related educational expenses -

- even if costly."     Id.   But, the holding in that case is expressly

limited to circumstances in which the school program that the child

needed to be placed in to be provided a FAPE was only shown to

have been available at a residential placement.       Id.    at 74.   Thus,

                                  - 35 -
we do not see how Leggett can support the Does' position here,

given that the District Court supportably found that David did not

need a placement at a residential school to receive a FAPE, at

least given that the Does develop no argument that there was no

nonresidential alternative to Franklin in which he would have

received the kind of therapeutic schooling that the District Court

determined that he required to receive a FAPE.

                               V.

     Affirmed.

                             - 36 -