Court Opinion

ID: 4691099
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-05-28 14:08:28.92678+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:05:05.768414
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: MAY 21, 2021; 10:00 A.M.
                         NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

                Commonwealth of Kentucky
                          Court of Appeals

                             NO. 2020-CA-1158-MR

ISAIAH TYLER                                                        APPELLANT

                APPEAL FROM FRANKLIN CIRCUIT COURT
v.              HONORABLE PHILLIP J. SHEPHERD, JUDGE
                        ACTION NO. 19-CI-01267

DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS                                             APPELLEE

                                    OPINION
                                   AFFIRMING

                                  ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: CLAYTON, CHIEF JUDGE; DIXON AND MAZE, JUDGES.

MAZE, JUDGE: Isaiah Tyler appeals from an order of the Franklin Circuit Court

dismissing his declaratory judgment action against the Kentucky Department of

Corrections (the Department). He argues that the Department improperly

classified him as a violent offender for purposes of determining his parole
eligibility. We conclude that Tyler was subject to the terms of the violent offender

statute as a matter of law. Hence, we affirm.

                The relevant facts of this matter are not in dispute. Following a jury

trial in the Henderson Circuit Court, Tyler was convicted of complicity to first-

degree robbery and of being a second-degree persistent felony offender (PFO II).

The jury fixed his sentence at a total of forty years’ imprisonment, which the trial

court imposed. The Kentucky Supreme Court affirmed his conviction on direct

appeal. Tyler v. Commonwealth, No. 2015-SC-000064-MR, 2016 WL 3370931

(Ky. Jun. 16, 2016). Thereafter, Tyler filed a motion to vacate, set aside, or correct

the judgment and sentence pursuant to RCr1 11.42 and CR2 60.02. The trial court

denied the motions, and this Court affirmed the denial on appeal. Tyler v.

Commonwealth, No. 2017-CA-001228-MR, 2019 WL 3990995 (Ky. App. Aug.

23, 2019). Tyler also filed a second CR 60.02 motion, which was denied as

successive. Tyler v. Commonwealth, No. 2018-CA-001788-MR, 2019 WL

4732515 (Ky. App. Sept. 27, 2019).

                On March 30, 2020, Tyler filed a petition for declaration of rights

pursuant to KRS3 418.040 in the Franklin Circuit Court. He asserted that the

1
    Kentucky Rules of Criminal Procedure.
2
    Kentucky Rules of Civil Procedure.
3
    Kentucky Revised Statutes.

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Department improperly classified him as a violent offender and thus required him

to serve at least 85% of his sentence before being eligible for parole. In lieu of an

answer, the Department filed a motion to dismiss pursuant to CR 12.02(f), arguing

that Tyler was a violent offender as a matter of law. The circuit court agreed and

dismissed Tyler’s complaint. This appeal followed.

               This Court conducts a de novo review of the circuit court’s dismissal

under CR 12.02(f) for failure to state a claim. Carruthers v. Edwards, 395 S.W.3d

488, 491 (Ky. App. 2012). “Since a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim

upon which relief may be granted is a pure question of law, a reviewing court owes

no deference to a trial court’s determination; instead, an appellate court reviews the

issue de novo.” Fox v. Grayson, 317 S.W.3d 1, 7 (Ky. 2010) (citing Morgan v.

Bird, 289 S.W.3d 222, 226 (Ky. App. 2009)). The pleadings are to be “liberally

construed in a light most favorable to the plaintiff[,]” and all allegations in the

complaint are to be taken as true. Mims v. Western-Southern Agency, Inc., 226

S.W.3d 833, 835 (Ky. App. 2007) (citing Gall v. Scroggy, 725 S.W.2d 867, 869

(Ky. App. 1987)).

               The sole issue on appeal is whether the Department properly classified

Tyler as a violent offender under KRS 439.3401(3)(a),4 which provides:

4
 KRS 439.3401 has been amended several times since Tyler’s conviction in 2014. The current
version of the statute, which was in effect at the time Tyler filed this action, was enacted by 2019
Ky. Laws ch. 136, § 1 (eff. Jun. 27, 2019).

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             A violent offender who has been convicted of a capital
             offense or Class A felony with a sentence of a term of
             years or Class B felony shall not be released on probation
             or parole until he has served at least eighty-five percent
             (85%) of the sentence imposed.

             Robbery in the first degree is a Class B felony. KRS 515.020(2).

Furthermore, the definition of “violent offender” includes any person who has been

convicted of or pled guilty to the commission of robbery in the first degree. KRS

439.3401(1)(n). Consequently, the Department argues, and the circuit court

agreed, that Tyler’s conviction is clearly subject to the parole eligibility provisions

of the violent offender statute.

             However, Tyler notes that he was convicted of complicity to first-

degree robbery, which he argues is a separate offense. We disagree. As the circuit

court noted, “a person who is ‘guilty of complicity to a crime occupies the same

status as one being guilty of the principal offense.’” Commonwealth v. Combs,

316 S.W.3d 877, 881 (Ky. 2010) (quoting Wilson v. Commonwealth, 601 S.W.2d

280, 286 (Ky. 1980)). Thus, complicity is not a separate offense but is an

alternative theory of the charged offense. Futrell v. Commonwealth, 471 S.W.3d

258, 277 (Ky. 2015). As a result, Tyler’s conviction for first-degree robbery is

clearly subject to the provisions of the violent offender statute.

             Tyler also argues that the violent offender statute should not apply

because the trial court did not specifically find that his conduct resulted in the

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death of the victim or serious physical injury to the victim. However, this Court

recently rejected that argument in Campbell v. Ballard, 559 S.W.3d 869 (Ky. App.

2018). Like Tyler, the appellant in Ballard challenged his classification as a

violent offender following a plea of guilty to first-degree robbery. Similarly, the

appellant in Ballard also argued that Class B felonies are only classified as violent

offenses when a court’s judgment designates that a victim has suffered death or

serious physical injury. This Court disagreed, holding as follows:

                    Some Class B felons cannot be classified as violent
             offenders unless the crime involved the death or serious
             injury to the victim, and the trial court so designates.
             However, where the Class B felony is robbery, the felon
             is automatically considered a violent offender. The
             violent offender statute is clear that any person who has
             been convicted of or pled guilty to the commission of
             robbery in the first degree qualifies as a violent offender.
             No designation by the trial court is required. See Benet v.
             Commonwealth, 253 S.W.3d 528, 533 (Ky. 2008); see
             also Pollard v. Commonwealth, 2017-CA-000608-MR,
             2018 WL 2277170, at *2 (Ky. App. May 18, 2018)
             (“Pollard became a violent offender upon pleading guilty
             to robbery in the first degree, and the trial court correctly
             found its failure to designate whether a victim suffered
             death or serious physical injury did not provide grounds
             to modify his sentence.”).

                    Campbell became a violent offender when he pled
             guilty to robbery in the first degree. When the crime
             involved is first-degree robbery, the violent offender
             statute applies even without a designation by the trial
             court regarding whether the victim suffered death or
             serious injury. The relief Campbell sought from the
             circuit court, a determination that he does not qualify as a
             violent offender, is not authorized. Accordingly, the

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              circuit court properly dismissed Campbell’s action for
              failure to state a claim.

Id. at 871.

              For the same reasons, since Tyler was convicted of complicity to first-

degree robbery, he was automatically considered a violent offender for purposes of

KRS 439.3401. See also Lee v. Kentucky Dep’t of Corr., 610 S.W.3d 254, 263

(Ky. 2020). Thus, the trial court was not obligated to make additional findings.

Therefore, the Department correctly designated Tyler as a violent offender

following his conviction for complicity to first-degree robbery. Consequently, we

conclude that the circuit court properly dismissed Tyler’s complaint.

              Accordingly, we affirm the order of the Franklin Circuit Court

dismissing Tyler’s complaint.

              ALL CONCUR.

 BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT:                     BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:

 Isaiah Tyler, pro se                      Allison R. Brown
 Eddyville, Kentucky                       Frankfort, Kentucky

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