Court Opinion

ID: 6343290
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-05-24 13:01:45.208838+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:41:55.130240
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

THOMAS EMERY, Individually    )
and as the Administrator Ad   )
Prosequendum of the Estate of )
HEATHER EMERY, Decedent;      )
CONNIE COULBOURN;             )
PASQUALE RUBINO as Guardian   )
for PASQUALE ROBERT RUBINO    )
                              )
                Plaintiffs,   )
                              )
    v.                        )           C.A. No. N17C-09-165 JRJ
                              )
CHRISTIANA CARE HEALTH,       )
SERVICES, INC. and CHRISTIANA )
CARE HEALTH SYSTEM, INC.,     )
                              )
                Defendants.   )
                              )

                        MEMORANDUM OPINION

                        Date Submitted: April 12, 2022
                         Date Decided: May 23, 2022

  Upon Christiana Care Health Services Inc.’s Motion for Summary Judgment:
                                 DENIED.

Phillip M. Casale, Esq., Morris James LLP, 500 Delaware Ave., Suite 1500, P.O.
Box 2306, Wilmington, DE 19899-2306, Attorney for Defendant.

Onofrio de Gennaro, Esq., Maron Marvel Bradley Anderson & Tardy LLC, 1201
North Market St., Suite 900, P.O. Box 288, Wilmington, DE 19899-0288, Attorney
for Plaintiffs.

Jurden, P.J.
                                 I.     INTRODUCTION

       Plaintiffs allege medical negligence, wrongful death and survivorship claims

against Defendants Christiana Care Services, Inc., and Christian Care Health

System, Inc. (collectively “CCHS”) related to the death of Heather Emery. CCHS

seeks summary judgment suggesting that all those claims are time-barred by the two-

year statute of limitations under 18 Del. C. § 6856.1 Having now considered

Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment, Plaintiffs’ Response in Opposition,

and the record in this case, Defendants’ Motion is DENIED.

                 II.    FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       A. Heather Emery’s Medical Treatment
       On August 29, 2015, Heather Emery sustained a severe injury to her spinal

cord that caused traumatic quadriplegia and left her without control or sensation in

her upper and lower extremities.2 She underwent surgery to correct and stabilize the

spinal cord injury on the following day.3 Following the surgery, it was noted that

she would benefit from a tracheostomy and PEG tube placement.4                That was

performed on September 4, 2015.5           Because the tube suffered from repeated

1
  Motion for Summary Judgment (“Def.’s Mot.”) ¶¶ 3-4 (Trans. ID. 66867333).
2
  First Amended Complaint (“FAC”) ¶¶ 16-19, 23 (Trans. ID. 61175951).
3
  Id. at ¶ 22.
4
  Id. at ¶ 25.
5
  Id. at ¶ 26.
                                             2
clogging, it was removed with plans to instead have Ms. Emery undergo surgery to

place a gastronomy tube into her remnant stomach.6

       This surgery was performed on September 11, 2015, by Luis Cardenas, Jr.,

D.O., with the assistance of Irfan Rhemtulla, M.D.7 A discharge plan called for

Ms. Emery to be transferred to a neurorehabilitation facility on September 16.8

Unfortunately, on September 15, 2015, she displayed increasing signs of outward

sepsis.9

       On September 16, 2015, at 2:30 a.m., a chest x-ray revealed images that raised

concerns of a bowel perforation.10 One hour later, Dr. Cardenas performed an

exploratory laparotomy based on a preoperative diagnoses of pneumoperitoneum,

abdominal compartment syndrome, and sepsis.11 He discovered copious amounts of

pneumoperitoneum and purulent material confirmed to be tube feed,12 along with a

gastric perforation surrounding the previous gastronomy tube placement.13                    In

response, Dr. Cardenas removed approximately two liters of gastric contents as well

6
  FAC at ¶¶ 27-28.
7
  Drs. Cardenas and Rhemtulla, originally named as Defendants in this action, were dismissed by
stipulation on May 3, 2018. See Partial Stipulation of Dismissal as to Defendants Luis Cardenas,
Jr., D.O. and Irfan Rhemtulla, M.D., with Prejudice (Trans. ID. 61989578).
8
  FAC at ¶¶ 29-30.
9
  Id. at ¶ 31.
10
   Id. at ¶ 32.
11
   Id. at ¶¶ 33-34.
12
   Id. at ¶ 35.
13
   Id. at ¶ 36.
                                               3
as the previous gastronomy tube,14 surgically repaired the previous tube site and the

gastric perforation,15 but the sepsis persisted post-surgically.16

       On that same day, September 16, 2015, at approximately 8:00 a.m.,

Drs. Cardenas, Liporaci, and Laurence decided to operate again, and performed a

second laparotomy.17 They discovered a foul odor emanating from Decedent’s

abdomen and noted that there were no healthy-appearing areas on her small or large

bowel or abdomen.18 Ms. Emery’s bowel and multiple organ ischemia were too

severe, and she died at approximately 10 a.m. on September 16, 2015.19 The Death

Notice listed her cause of death as Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (“DIC”)

caused by tube feed peritonitis, gastric perforation, and sepsis.20

       B. Procedural History
       Plaintiffs filed their Complaint on September 15, 2017, alleging medical

negligence against Defendants. An Amended Complaint was filed September 28,

2017. Defendants filed this pending Motion for Summary Judgment on August 20,

14
   FAC at ¶¶ 37-38.
15
   Id. at ¶ 39.
16
   Id. at ¶ 40.
17
   Id. at ¶ 41.
18
   Id. at ¶ 42.
19
   FAC at ¶¶ 43-44.
20
   Id. at ¶ 46.
                                           4
2021.21 Plaintiffs filed their response on December 13, 2021. On April 12, 2022,

this Court scheduled oral arguments.22 The matter is now ripe for consideration.

                             III.    PARTIES’ CONTENTIONS

       CCHS argues that since the allegations of negligence stem from the first

surgical procedure, namely the gastronomy tube placement performed on September

11, 2015, all claims are barred by the two-year statute of limitations under 18 Del.

C. § 6856,23 and that the Continuous Negligent Medical Treatment Doctrine

(“CNMT Doctrine”) is inapplicable.24 This argument is two-fold: 1) that Plaintiffs

fail to establish a continuous course of negligent medical treatment as originally

pled; and 2) that any allegations of negligence related to the subsequent repair

laparotomies were not sufficiently pled with particularity in violation of Superior

Court Civil Rule 9(b), and thus similarly time-barred under 18 Del. C. § 6856.25

       Plaintiffs argue their claims were timely filed under the “Continuous Medical

Treatment” Doctrine.26 As to the Rule 9 notice challenge, Plaintiffs argue dismissal

is inappropriate where CCHS’s own expert disclosures addressed the subsequent

21
   Proceedings in this matter were delayed on multiple occasions due to both the Covid-19
pandemic and trial scheduling conflicts.
22
   Due to the unavailability of the parties, oral arguments were scheduled to take place on June 6,
2022. Upon further review of the pleadings and the record, the Court determines that oral
arguments are not required.
23
   Def.’s Mot. at ¶¶ 3-4.
24
   Id. at ¶¶ 5-7.
25
   Id. at ¶¶ 8-10.
26
   Plaintiffs’ Opposition to the Motion for Summary Judgment (“Pls.’ Opp.”), ¶ 2 (Trans. ID.
67162717).
                                                5
surgical procedures performed through September 16, 2015.27 Alternatively, they

seek leave to amend to include the specific subsequent treatment.28 For the reasons

that follow, the Court need only review this Motion for Summary Judgment under

Rule 56.29

                            IV.     STANDARD OF REVIEW

       Summary judgment is appropriate if the moving party establishes there are no

genuine issues of material fact in dispute and judgment may be granted as a matter

of law.30 All facts are viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party to

determine if there is any dispute of material fact.31 Once the moving party meets its

burden, the burden shifts to the non-moving party to establish the existence of

material issues of fact.32 The non-movant cannot create a genuine issue of material

fact with bare assertions or conclusory allegations, but must produce specific

evidence that would sustain a verdict in their favor.33

27
   Id. at ¶ 13.
28
   Id. at ¶ 14 n.2.
29
    Since the Court makes its determination under Rule 56, and for the reasons more fully
discussed in this ruling, the Court does not need to consider the arguments presented under
Superior Court Civil Court Rules 9 or 15.
30
   Del. Super. Ct. Civ. R. 56.
31
    AeroGlobal Capital Mgmt., LLC v. Cirrus Indus., Inc., 871 A.2d 428, 444 (Del. 2005)
(quotations omitted).
32
   Moore v. Sizemore, 405 A.2d 679, 681 (Del. 1979).
33
   Williams v. United Parcel Serv. of America, Inc., 2017 WL 10620619, at *2 (Del. Super. Nov.
9, 2017) (citing Citimortgage, Inc. v. Stevenson, 2013 WL 6225019, at *1 (Del. Super. 2013)).
                                              6
                                      V.      DISCUSSION

       Under 18 Del. C. § 6856, “[n]o action for the recovery of damages upon a

claim against a healthcare provider for personal injury, including personal injury

which results in death, arising out of medical negligence shall be brought after the

expiration of two years from the date upon which such injury occurred . . . .”34 Here,

Plaintiffs argue that the two repair surgeries performed on September 16, 2015 were

part of the medical continuum that began on September 11, 2015, and were

“inexorably linked” such that they constitute “‘Continuous [Negligent] Medical

Treatment’ pursuant to Ewing v. Beck . . . .”35 Accordingly, they maintain their filing

was timely.

       Both sides cite to Ewing and G.I. Associates of Delaware, P.A. v. Anderson36

in support of their respective arguments related to the Continuing Negligent Medical

Treatment (CNMT) Doctrine. Notably, Ewing and Anderson37 involved medical

negligence cases related to deaths caused by cancer. In both cases, the trial and

34
   18 Del. C. § 6856. Section 6856 provides three exceptions to the general two-year statute of
limitations, but Plaintiffs do not contend that any of the exceptions apply to the circumstances of
this case.
35
   Pls.’ Opp. at ¶ 2. Although Plaintiffs refer to the doctrine as the “Continuous Medical Treatment
Doctrine,” the Court accepts that they intended to assert the “Continuous Negligent Medical
Treatment (CNMT) Doctrine in light of their reliance on Ewing v. Beck. See generally Ewing, 520
A.2d 653 (Del. 1987).
36
   247 A.3d 674 (Del. 2021).
37
   Anderson has been remanded to the Superior Court to make further factual findings related to
the date of injury. That issue is not before this Court. Anderson is mentioned solely for the
purposes of its general discussion regarding the Continuous Negligent Medical Treatment
Doctrine as presented here by the parties.
                                                 7
appellate reviews focused primarily on those defendants’ general failures to advise

or initiate timely treatment that extended for years. These failures affected the

applicable two and three-year statute of limitations such that the judicial

considerations in those cancer cases included not only determinations of the dates of

the alleged negligent acts but also dates of injury, and the time periods when

plaintiffs became aware of their injuries to trigger their causes of action. Those

issues are not before this Court. The alleged negligence here involves a five-day

course of inpatient treatment, not a five-year course of treatment related to cancer.38

       Nevertheless, for purposes of analyzing the applicability of CNMT, Ewing

and Anderson are discussed briefly. Ewing discussed the applicability of both the

Continuous Treatment Doctrine and CNMT and held that Delaware recognizes the

latter for purposes of tolling considerations related to the statute of limitations.39

More recently, the Supreme Court again distinguished the applicability of the

doctrines in Anderson.40 The important distinction for purposes of the statute of

limitations is that the CNMT Doctrine looks to the “last act in the negligent

continuum, not the last act in treatment.”41

38
   See generally Anderson, 247 A.3d 674.
39
   See generally Ewing, 520 A.2d 653.
40
   See Anderson, 247 A.3d at 681 (citing Ewing, 520 A.2d at 659–61).
41
   Id. (emphasis added).
                                              8
       As the Delaware Supreme Court explained in Anderson:

       When there is a continuum of negligent medical care related to a single
       condition occasioned by negligence, the plaintiff has but one cause of
       action—for continuing negligent medical treatment. If any act of
       medical negligence within that continuum falls within the period during
       which suit may be brought, the plaintiff is not obliged to split the cause
       of action but may bring suit for the consequences of the entire course
       of conduct.42
       According to CCHS, the Plaintiffs’ pleading sets the last negligence in the

continuum as September 15, 2015—i.e. the non-surgical treatment involved in

diagnosing and treating the sepsis that resulted from the gastric perforation.43 CCHS

suggests that fatal to Plaintiffs’ claims is the absence of evidence to support this

assertion. Specifically, that Plaintiffs’ expert disclosures do not reference any

alleged failure to diagnose or address the sepsis,44 and Plaintiffs’ medical expert

testified there was no delay in diagnosing the signs and symptoms of a gastric

perforation.45 With this the Plaintiffs agree—to a point—that the failure-to-diagnose

assertion cannot support their theory of liability.46 Where the parties diverge is on

42
   Id. at 680 (citing Ewing, 520 A.2d at 662) (emphasis added).
43
   Reply in Support of the Motion for Summary Judgment, at ¶ 2 (Trans. ID. 67218353) (citing
FAC at ¶¶ 49, 57).
44
   See Def.’s Mot. at ¶ 6; Def.’s Mot., Exh. A.
45
   Def.’s Mot., Exh. B at 155:8-21 (“Q: …[I]t sounds like you are not going to be offering the
opinion at trial that there was a delay in diagnosing the signs and symptoms of a gastric perforation
in this case; is that correct? A: Absolutely not. It was picked up as quick as she presented, and they
operated expeditiously. . . I was impressed with that actually.”).
46
   Pls.’ Opp. at ¶ 10 n.1 (though they will not pursue claims related to the timeliness of
identification of the sepsis, they do not abandon the claims “related to the cause and method of
the repairs of the gastric perforation.”).
                                                  9
what one should consider to be the continuum of care. And here, Defendants’

attempt to compartmentalize Ms. Emery’s five-day course of treatment fails.

   A. Genuine Issues of Material Fact Remain as to Whether CNMT Applies
      First, CCHS medical personnel chose to insert a gastronomy tube that required

two exploratory surgeries within five days to surgically remove it and repair the site

of its placement.    Unlike the cancer cases that spanned years, these medical

responses to the alleged negligence were initiated within days of one hospitalization

period. And unlike those cancer cases, what linked the beginning and final negligent

treatment here was an active and accurate diagnosis of sepsis caused by the

misplaced tube. Accepting the rationale under Ewing, the record supports a finding

that a negligent medical act on September 11, 2015, resulted in further medical

treatment through these laparotomies that would have not otherwise occurred.

      The Court finds that when viewed in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs,

summary judgment is inappropriate. The record establishes a genuine issue of fact

exists as to whether the treatment was inexorably related so as to constitute one

continuing wrong with the last act in the negligence continuum taking place on

September 16, 2015—the repair. If so, their claims were timely filed.

                                         10
       Next, Defendant relies on Anderson to suggest that “CNMT does not apply

when a second act in the continuum of care was not negligent.”47 Even if this were

an accurate read, Anderson is inapplicable where this record suggests that perhaps

the last acts during the continuum of care were also injurious. So, although the

medical experts agree that no liability attaches to the diagnosis and non-surgical

treatment of sepsis on September 15, 2015, Plaintiffs expect to present evidence that

the medical providers injured Ms. Emery’s superior mesenteric artery during a

surgical repair on September 16, 2015.48

       In July of 2020, Plaintiffs tendered their standard of care and causation expert,

Dr. Stephen Cohen.         When asked about this surgical repair, namely the first

laparotomy, he stated:

               Q. Assuming there was no injury to the superior mesenteric artery on
               the morning of September 16, 2015, do you believe more likely than
               not Mrs. Emery would have survived her gastric perforation?

               A. Yes, absolutely. And so did the surgeons taking care of her. . . . O]f
               course they thought she was going to survive otherwise they wouldn’t
               have operated. You don’t operate if you’re not going to survive or in
               an operation you open and you close. . . and you tell the family. . . .
               [T]hat’s why they did what they did which on the morning of the 16th
               was appropriate.

               Q. As it relates to your opinion that there was an injury of the
               [superior mesenteric artery] during that first laparotomy on September
               16, 2015, is it your opinion that causing that injury itself was a breach

47
   Since this matter is currently pending this Court does not accept Defendants’ representations
regarding the Anderson ruling.
48
   Def.’s Mot., Exh. A at 1.
                                                11
              of the standard of care or are we going back to your opinion that a
              breach happened by not identifying the injury?

              A. Well I think the breach is the injury itself. No doubt. The only way
              you know you injured -- if you staple across the SMA or you do
              something bad to it. . . . 49

       Dr. Cohen opines that the cause of Ms. Emery’s death was dead bowel from

septic shock from tube feed peritonitis.50 This is consistent with the allegations in

the FAC that the cause of death, DIC, was caused by tube feed peritonitis, gastric

perforation, and sepsis.51 To the extent that Ms. Emery may have suffered an arterial

injury that caused her death, there is a genuine issue of fact as to whether more than

one act of negligence occurred in this timeframe. Since there are issues of material

fact related to the existence of malpractice from the continuum of negligent medical

care in this case, viewed in the light most favorable to the Plaintiffs, summary

judgment is not appropriate.

     B. Defendants Had Sufficient Notice
       Finally, the Court disagrees that Plaintiffs are asserting a new cause of action.

The opinions related to an alleged arterial injury are not new allegations of

negligence that would compel dismissal under Superior Court Civil Rule 9(b) for

lack of particularity where CCHS was placed on notice of the claims that arose

49
   Def.’s Mot., Exh. B, at 177:13-178:21.
50
   Id. at 184:20-22.
51
   FAC at ¶ 46.
                                            12
during Ms. Emery’s five days of continual treatment for her gastric issues.

Defendants have known through Plaintiffs’ Rule 26 Expert Witness Disclosure from

January of 2020 that Dr. Cohen’s testimony would cover not only the gastric

perforation but also the arterial damage caused in repairing it.52 It is not unusual for

liability theories to dissipate or develop more clearly during the discovery stages of

litigation.

       Moreover, Defendants’ expert disclosures specifically address the September

16, 2015, laparotomies:

       The 9/16/15 exploratory laparotomies were indicated and performed within
       the standard of care. The surgeons did not cause an arterial injury when
       exploring Mrs. Emery’s abdomen . . . . The 9/16/15 exploratory laparotomies
       were indicated and performed within the standard of care. There is no
       evidence that the surgeons caused an arterial injury when exploring Mrs.
       Emery’s abdomen.53

Thus, it is clear Defendants had sufficient notice of claims relating to potential

arterial damage during the laparotomies; they addressed the very claims through

their experts.

52
  Def.’s Mot., Exh. A at 1.
53
  Pls.’ Opp. at ¶ 13 (quoting Defendants’ Rule 26(b)(4) Expert Disclosure). Defendants’ Rule
26(b)(4) Expert Disclosure was not provided to this Court for review.
                                              13
                                   CONCLUSION

      Genuine issues of material fact exist as to whether Ms. Emery suffered a

medically negligent course of care that began with the faulty placement of the

gastronomy tube causing the gastric perforation, led to the development of sepsis,

the need for two attempts at surgical treatment, and resulted in the death of her bowel

and demise on September 16, 2015. CCHS’s attempt to compartmentalize this

course temporally to defeat a claim of negligence for the whole is unavailing. And

judgment as a matter of law under Rule 56 is undue.

      Plaintiffs’ medical negligence claims are not time-barred under 18 Del. C. §

6856. So, Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment is DENIED.

      IT IS SO ORDERED.

                                                     /s/ Jan R. Jurden
                                               Jan R. Jurden
                                               President Judge

JRJ:vlm

cc:   Prothonotary

                                          14