Court Opinion

ID: 9865406
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-09-25 17:07:58.070753+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:47:39.394146
License: Public Domain

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 1         IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO

 2 Opinion Number: _____________

 3 Filing Date: September 18, 2023

 4 No. A-1-CA-40161

 5 CARLA VALDEZ,

 6            Plaintiff-Appellant,

 7 v.

 8 BARBARA ERICKSON and RENTAL
 9 MANAGEMENT SERVICES, INC.,
10 a domestic corporation,

11            Defendants-Appellees,

12 and

13 STATE FARM FIRE AND CASUALTY
14 INSURANCE COMPANY,

15            Proposed Intervenor.

16 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF SANDOVAL COUNTY
17 James A. Noel, District Court Judge

18 Weems Hazen Law
19 Bridget J. Hazen
20 Dathan L. Weems
21 Albuquerque, NM

22 for Appellant
1 O’Brien & Padilla, P.C.
2 Daniel J. O’Brien
3 Albuquerque, NM

4 for Appellees

5 Guebert Gentile & Piazza, P.C.
6 Elizabeth M. Piazza
7 Lawrence A. Junker
8 Albuquerque, NM

9 for Intervenor
 1                                       OPINION

 2 BOGARDUS, Judge.

 3 {1}    This appeal requires us to consider a threshold jurisdictional question arising

 4 from an order granting an insurance company (Intervenor) leave to file a complaint

 5 in intervention. Although the district court granted the leave request, Intervenor

 6 never filed the complaint for declaratory relief that was attached to its intervention

 7 motion, and the district court eventually rendered summary judgment in favor of

 8 Defendants, which Plaintiff now seeks to appeal. Noting the presence of a party not

 9 addressed in the district court’s judgment, this Court ordered Plaintiff to brief the

10 question of how the presence of an intervenor who has not filed its complaint in

11 intervention affects the finality of the judgment on appeal. See Smith v. City of Santa

12 Fe, 2007-NMSC-055, ¶ 10, 142 N.M. 786, 171 P.3d 300 (noting that “it is incumbent

13 upon the appellate court to raise jurisdiction questions sua sponte when the Court

14 notices them”); see also State v. Lohberger, 2008-NMSC-033, ¶ 25, 144 N.M. 297,

15 187 P.3d 162 (explaining “[t]he requirement of an unambiguous filed final order is

16 important to the orderly administration of the law”). Plaintiff has filed a brief

17 addressing that question, which we have duly considered.

18 {2}    As more fully explained herein, recent changes to our rules governing finality,

19 along with a due consideration of the importance of certainty in the finality of orders

20 and judgments, requires us to conclude that the summary judgment in this case
 1 adjudicated “the rights and liabilities of fewer than all the parties,” Rule 1-054(B)

 2 NMRA, rendering it nonfinal for purposes of appeal. See Lohberger, 2008-NMSC-

 3 033, ¶ 34 (noting that both “[t]he rights of litigants and the integrity of our system

 4 of justice” require certainty with regard to finality).

 5 BACKGROUND

 6 {3}    Plaintiff filed this suit against two named Defendants, alleging personal

 7 injuries arising from the condition of a leased residential property. Defendants are

 8 the owner of that property and the rental management company responsible for

 9 maintenance of the leased premises. Following Defendants’ answers to Plaintiff’s

10 complaint, Intervenor filed a motion to intervene, asserting it had issued an insurance

11 policy to one of the defendants, that the other parties are potential third-party

12 beneficiaries of that policy, and seeking leave to file a complaint for declaratory

13 relief regarding its potential obligations to defend or indemnify Defendants. That

14 motion was unopposed, and the district court granted leave for Intervenor to file its

15 declaratory judgment complaint, a copy of which was attached to the motion.

16 Although Intervenor did not file the complaint, the litigation proceeded. Defendants

17 successfully filed a motion for summary judgment on grounds involving statutes of

18 limitation.

19 {4}    In response to our order directing Plaintiff to brief the question of whether

20 judgment is final for purposes of appeal, Plaintiff informs us both that Intervenor

                                               2
 1 has since filed its complaint as a separate declaratory judgment action and that

 2 Intervenor has no objection to this appeal moving forward. Plaintiff also asserts all

 3 issues that needed to be decided with regard to her complaint were, in fact, decided,

 4 and any questions involving Intervenor’s obligations under its insurance policy were

 5 mooted by the district court’s summary judgment in favor of Defendants.

 6 DISCUSSION

 7 {5}    Whether a judgment is final “is a jurisdictional question that an appellate court

 8 is required to raise on its own motion.” Khalsa v. Levinson, 1998-NMCA-110, ¶ 12,

 9 125 N.M. 680, 964 P.2d 844. In the absence of jurisdiction, this Court “must

10 dismiss.” Thornton v. Gamble, 1984-NMCA-093, ¶ 15, 101 N.M. 764, 688 P.2d

11 1268. The rule that appeals will lie only from final judgments “serves a multitude of

12 purposes, including the prevention of piecemeal appeals and the promotion of

13 judicial economy.” Handmaker v. Henney, 1999-NMSC-043, ¶ 7, 128 N.M. 328,

14 992 P.2d 879. Further, because this Court’s jurisdiction is limited to timely appeals

15 from final judgments or orders, uncertainty with regard to finality risks the

16 unintended forfeiture of appellate rights. See Lohberger, 2008-NMSC-033, ¶ 25.

17 Accordingly, we have long emphasized “the importance of requiring a clearly

18 recognizable final order that will serve its intended function as an avenue for

19 appellate review.” Id. ¶ 30. To the extent that Plaintiff asserts Intervenor has no

20 objection to this Court’s exercise of jurisdiction over this appeal, we note that subject

                                               3
 1 matter jurisdiction “cannot be waived or cured by the consent of the parties.” El

 2 Castillo Ret. Residences v. Martinez, 2015-NMCA-041, ¶ 14, 346 P.3d 1164.

 3 {6}    The question of whether a judgment or order is final for appellate purposes is

 4 governed by Rule 1-054, which underwent significant substantive revisions taking

 5 effect on December 31, 2016. Before that revision, that rule contemplated entry of

 6 separate final judgments with regard to different parties:

 7        When multiple parties are involved, judgment may be entered
 8        adjudicating all issues as to one or more, but fewer than all parties. Such
 9        judgment shall be a final one unless the court, in its discretion,
10        expressly provides otherwise and a provision to that effect is contained
11        in the judgment.

12 Rule 1-054(B)(2) NMRA (2016); see Rivera v. King, 1988-NMCA-093, ¶ 4, 108

13 N.M. 5, 765 P.2d 1187 (holding, under prior rule, that the dismissal of all claims

14 against one of multiple defendants constituted a final judgment as to that defendant);

15 see also Seaboard Fire & Marine Ins. Co. v. Kurth, 1980-NMCA-112, ¶ 5, 96 N.M.

16 631, 633 P.2d 1229 (dismissing an appeal as untimely under the prior rule because

17 “a judgment dismissing all claims of one plaintiff [was] final at that time, and such

18 party [could not] wait until the remaining claims [were] concluded before

19 appealing”).

20 {7}    As amended, however, the rule now contemplates the entry of a single final

21 judgment, even where multiple parties are involved, unless the district court

                                              4
 1 expressly certifies that a judgment resolving the rights and liabilities of a single party

 2 should be treated by the appellate court as a final judgment.

 3        If an action presents more than one claim for relief, whether as a claim,
 4        counterclaim, cross[-]claim, or third-party claim, or if multiple parties
 5        are involved, the court may direct entry of a final judgment about one
 6        or more, but fewer than all, claims or parties, only if the court expressly
 7        finds no just reason for delay. Otherwise, any order or other decision,
 8        however designated, that adjudicates fewer than all the claims, or the
 9        rights and liabilities of fewer than all the parties, does not end the action
10        for any of the claims or parties, and may be revised at any time before
11        the entry of a judgment adjudicating all the claims and all the parties’
12        rights and liabilities.

13 Rule 1-054(B). Following this amendment, the New Mexico rule now mirrors its

14 federal counterpart by requiring that final judgments address the claims of all parties

15 to the litigation. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b) (declaring nonfinal a decision “that

16 adjudicates fewer than all the claims or the rights and liabilities of fewer than all the

17 parties”); Camarena ex rel. Camarena v. Superior Contracting Corp., 2023-NMCA-

18 043, ¶ 15, 534 P.3d 186 (acknowledging the substantive similarity of the state and

19 federal finality rules), cert. denied, 2023-NMCERT-006 (S-1-SC-39836); Cordova

20 v. Cline, 2017-NMSC-020, ¶ 12 n.1, 396 P.3d 159 (explaining that the amendment

21 to Rule 1-054(B) avoids “the piecemeal litigation” that occurred prior to the

22 amendment).

23 {8}    The summary judgment at issue in this appeal contains no certification that it

24 constitutes the final judgment in this case. During the case, Intervenor sought and

25 was granted leave to have its rights and liabilities arising from an insurance policy

                                               5
 1 determined by the district court. As a result, Intervenor became a party to this case.

 2 See Ruybalid v. Segura, 1988-NMCA-084, ¶ 13, 107 N.M. 660, 763 P.2d 369

 3 (explaining that intervention is the process by which “a person is permitted to

 4 become a party in an action between other persons, after which the litigation

 5 proceeds with the original and intervening parties”); 7C Charles Alan Wright, Arthur

 6 R. Miller, & Mary Kay Kane, Federal Practice and Procedure § 1920 (database

 7 updated April 2023) (noting that an “intervenor is entitled to litigate fully on the

 8 merits once intervention has been granted”).

 9 {9}    Our conclusion that Intervenor is a party to this suit and thus its claims must

10 be adjudicated to establish finality is consistent with decisions from other

11 jurisdictions. See White v. Tex. Am. Bank/Galleria, N.A., 958 F.2d 80, 83 (5th Cir.

12 1992) (noting that upon being permitted to intervene, intervenors “became parties to

13 the action, equal in status to the original parties”); Narragansett Elec. Co. v.

14 Constellation Energy Commodities Grp., Inc., 526 F. Supp. 2d 260, 276 (D.R.I.

15 2007) (holding that an intervenor became a party to an action upon the grant of a

16 motion to intervene); Petrosian v. Frizell, 181 N.W.2d 10, 12 (Mich. Ct. App. 1970)

17 (noting that “[u]pon the compensation insurance carrier being permitted to intervene

18 it became a party to the litigation”); Deutschmann v. Sears, Roebuck, & Co., 183

19 Cal. Rptr. 573, 575 (Ct. App. 1982) (“An intervener becomes an actual party to the

20 suit by virtue of the order authorizing him to intervene.” (alteration, internal

                                             6
 1 quotation marks, and citation omitted)); In re J.D., 304 S.W.3d 522, 527 (Tex. App.

 2 2009) (concluding that an appeal was “premature due to the presence of the

 3 intervention”). Similarly, there is persuasive authority for the proposition that the

 4 pendency of an unresolved motion to intervene prevents the entry of a final

 5 judgment. See Ligon v. City of N.Y., 743 F.3d 362, 365 (2d Cir. 2014) (remanding in

 6 order that, inter alia, pending intervention motions could be adjudicated by the trial

 7 court); Applebaum v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 109 F.R.D. 661, 663 (M.D. Pa.

 8 1986) (treating a judgment as nonfinal because pending motions to intervene

 9 amounted to “unfinished business” that must be addressed by the trial court).

10 {10}   Because Intervenor did not proceed to file its complaint in this case, however,

11 the district court never had any occasion to declare its rights and liabilities. As a

12 result, we have a judgment before us that resolves all of the claims for relief asserted

13 below, but without adjudicating the rights and liabilities of all the parties. Summary

14 judgment in this case would have undoubtedly been a final judgment, pursuant to

15 the version of Rule 1-054 in effect prior to December 31, 2016. The current rule,

16 however, requires that Intervenor’s rights and liabilities be addressed in any final

17 order. See Rule 1-054(B).

18 {11}   Plaintiff asserts that the district court’s summary judgment is final because it

19 resolves the issues of law and fact raised in her complaint. See Cole v. McNeill, 1984-

20 NMCA-126, ¶ 3, 102 N.M. 146, 692 P.2d 532 (explaining that judgments are final

                                              7
 1 when “all issues of law and fact necessary to be determined are in fact determined,

 2 and the case is completely disposed of so far as the court has the power to dispose

 3 of it”). Although we agree that the issues raised by Plaintiff’s complaint have, in

 4 fact, been determined, the case has not been “completely disposed of so far as the

 5 court has the power to dispose of it,” see id., given the presence of a party who has

 6 yet to assert claims it has been granted leave to assert. Stated in terms of Rule 1-054,

 7 although the summary judgment adjudicates “all the claims” asserted, it nonetheless

 8 adjudicates “the rights and liabilities of fewer than all the parties” because it fails to

 9 address the status of a party—Intervenor—whose rights and liabilities have yet to be

10 adjudicated. See Rule 1-054(B). We note that there does not appear to be any

11 impediment to the entry of an order or judgment unambiguously resolving the

12 uncertain status of that party or certifying, if the district court deems it proper, that

13 there is “no just reason for delay.” Id.

14 {12}   Plaintiff further asserts that shortly after the district court granted its motion

15 to intervene, Intervenor chose to file its complaint for a declaratory judgment as a

16 separate action. As a result, Plaintiff suggests, Intervenor has a full and fair

17 opportunity to litigate its declaratory judgment claim independent of this lawsuit.

18 The inquiry is not, however, whether Intervenor’s claims could be addressed in

19 another proceeding. The inquiry is whether the claims Intervenor was permitted to

20 bring in this proceeding have been addressed. It does not appear—either from the

                                               8
 1 record before us or otherwise—that anything prevents Intervenor from pursuing

 2 declaratory relief in the present case, notwithstanding its apparent decision to seek

 3 that relief elsewhere. These circumstances, which represent potential unfinished

 4 business in the case tried below, may be easily resolved by the entry of an order or

 5 judgment addressing Intervenor.

 6 {13}   Finally, Plaintiff asserts that if Intervenor were to pursue its declaratory relief

 7 in this suit, the ruling contained in the summary judgment likely mooted any

 8 question involving its duty to defend or indemnify Defendants. Whether the

 9 summary judgment resolved the question Intervenor was granted leave to raise,

10 however, has not been addressed by the district court, and we decline to address that

11 question in the first instance.

12 {14}   Accordingly, Rule 1-054(B) requires the entry of a judgment or order

13 addressing Intervenor’s claims, or making the appropriate certification, before the

14 summary judgment Plaintiff seeks to appeal will be final for appellate purposes.

15 Requiring certainty with regard to finality serves the beneficial purpose of removing

16 any doubt regarding the status of the claims and parties below. See Lohberger, 2008-

17 NMSC-033, ¶ 25 (noting that uncertainty “may unintentionally forfeit a party’s right

18 to appellate review”). In the present case, certainty requires that the leave granted to

19 Intervenor to file its complaint in intervention be addressed by the district court.

20 Because finality determinations demand certainty, and cannot be the subject of case-

                                               9
 1 by-case adjudication, see id. ¶ 22, it is incumbent upon the parties and the district

 2 court to create an appellate record that demonstrates the finality of the judgment or

 3 order on appeal. See id. ¶ 25 (“The requirement of an unambiguous filed final order

 4 is important to the orderly administration of the law.”).

 5 CONCLUSION

 6 {15}   Because the summary judgment at issue in this appeal adjudicates the rights

 7 and liabilities of fewer than all of the parties below, we conclude that no final

 8 judgment has yet been entered. Accordingly, this appeal is premature and must be

 9 dismissed for lack of jurisdiction.

10 {16}   IT IS SO ORDERED.

11                                                _____________________________
12                                                KRISTINA BOGARDUS, Judge

13 WE CONCUR:

14 _________________________________
15 JENNIFER L. ATTREP, Chief Judge

16 _________________________________
17 KATHERINE A. WRAY, Judge

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