Court Opinion

ID: 2749026
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-11-07 16:05:30.35299+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:26:36.352376
License: Public Domain

[Cite as State v. Wilcox, 2014-Ohio-4954.]

                            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
                               SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                    CLARK COUNTY

 STATE OF OHIO                                        :
                                                      :        Appellate Case No. 2013-CA-94
          Plaintiff-Appellee                          :
                                                      :        Trial Court Case No. 13-CR-457A
 v.                                                   :
                                                      :
 ROBERT WILCOX                                        :        (Criminal Appeal from
                                                      :        (Common Pleas Court)
          Defendant-Appellant                :
                                                      :

                                                 ...........
                                             OPINION
                           Rendered on the 7th day of November, 2014.
                                                 ...........

RYAN A. SAUNDERS, Atty. Reg. #0091678, Clark County Prosecutor’s Office, 50 East
Columbia Street, Suite 449, Springfield, Ohio 45502
      Attorneys for Plaintiff-Appellee

ANTHONY S. VANNOY, Atty. Reg. #0067052, 130 West Second Street, Suite 1624, Dayton,
Ohio 45402
       Attorney for Defendant-Appellant

                                                          .............
                                                                                                          2

   HALL, J.

{¶ 1}       Robert Wilcox appeals from his convictions on six offenses, which netted him at total

   of 20.5 years in prison. He alleges that his trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance, that the

   trial court should have merged three offenses for sentencing purposes, that the convictions are

   against the manifest weight of the evidence, that the sentence is too long, that he should not

   have to serve the imposed terms consecutively, and that his conviction for tampering with

   evidence is not supported by sufficient evidence. Only in the last allegation do we find merit.

   We therefore reverse the tampering conviction and affirm the rest of the judgment.

                                               I. FACTS

{¶ 2}       Around 11 p.m. one evening in June 2014, Shadon McCoy picked up Wilcox in her

   SUV to get a drink. When Wilcox got in, McCoy asked him if he was “dirty,” if he had any

   drugs on him. Wilcox did not answer, and McCoy did not pursue the matter. They first

   stopped at the house of one of McCoy’s friends to see some puppies. She pulled up to the curb

   in front of the house and got out, leaving the vehicle running and Wilcox sitting in the

   passenger seat.

   {¶ 3}    Springfield police officers Tyler Elliott and Deric Nichols were patrolling the area

        around the house, an area that had high drug and crime activity, in a police van. They passed

        McCoy’s SUV and noticed the running engine and the passenger. They circled around the

        block, and as the vehicle came into view, they saw a woman leave the house in front of which

        it was parked and get into the vehicle. The SUV pulled away, and the officers decided to

        follow. At an intersection, they saw the SUV make a left turn without signaling, so the

        officers decided to make a traffic stop. As soon as the SUV started to pull over, one officer
                                                                                                      3

   turned on the police van’s spotlight and pointed it at the vehicle. Both officers testified that

   they saw the passenger reach, or lean, way over toward the driver’s side, appearing to go

   behind the driver’s seat. The officers found this suspicious. As Officer Nichols said, “It’s a

   high drug area. We’ve taken a lot of guns from that area; and to see someone reach over like

   that, it definitely seems suspicious.” (Tr. 141). Officer Elliott testified that he thought that the

   passenger “could have been concealing something, which is a danger cue for [him].” (Id. at

   224). The officers immediately got out of their van and approached the vehicle. Said Elliott,

   “[a]s the vehicle is coming to a stop, I’m seeing the passenger leaned over; and as soon as I

   got my patrol vehicle stopped, I get out and get up to the vehicle as quick as I could.” (Id. at

   211). Elliott took the driver’s side, Nichols the passenger’s.

{¶ 4}   Nichols and Wilcox “had a brief conversation and that was it.” (Id. at 143). Nichols then

   went back to the police van to check for warrants and to start on the driver’s citation. When

   he got into the van, Nichols called K-9 Officer Mike Fredendall and asked him to bring his

   dog to their location because of, as Nichols said, “the suspicions [he] had and everything

   during that night.” (Id. at 145). Officer Fredendall arrived 15-20 minutes later. When

   Fredendall pulled up, Wilcox got out of the SUV and the dog went to work. Officer Elliott

   testified that Wilcox had sweat on his forehead and his eyes moved around quickly while the

   dog sniffed the vehicle. It did not take the dog long to alert on the passenger door. Nichols

   and Fredendall searched the vehicle and found in the glove box a clear softball-sized bag

   inside of which was 0.63 grams of crack cocaine and 94.99 grams of heroin, which had a

   street value of roughly $20,000. They also found a handgun under the driver’s seat, toward

   the back-the area they earlier saw Wilcox reaching towards. Wilcox and McCoy were
                                                                                                   4

   arrested.

{¶ 5}      Wilcox was charged with trafficking in heroin, see R.C. 2925.03(A)(2); possession of

   heroin, see R.C. 2925.11(A); tampering with evidence, see R.C. 2921.12(A)(1); having

   weapons while under disability, see R.C. 2923.13(A)(3); receiving stolen property, see

   R.C. 2913.51(A); improper handling of firearms in a motor vehicle, see R.C. 2923.16(B); and

   possession of cocaine, see R.C. 2925.11(A). All but the having-weapons-under-disability

   charge carried a firearm specification, see R.C. 2941.141. Wilcox did not move to suppress

   the drugs or handgun found in the SUV.

{¶ 6}      McCoy took a plea deal to testify against Wilcox in exchange for a fifth-degree felony

   drug possession conviction. At his jury trial, she testified that, as the officers approached the

   SUV, Wilcox tried to give her a bag of drugs, but she pushed it back at him, refusing to take

   it. This bag, said McCoy, was the same bag that the officers found in the glove box. She

   testified that she did not see Wilcox put the bag into the glove box, nor did she see, or know

   about, the handgun until after police recovered it from her vehicle. McCoy also testified that

   while they were in the police van, after being arrested, Wilcox told her to stay quiet. She

   admitted that about three months before she and Wilcox were stopped she bought cocaine to

   sell.

{¶ 7}      The jury found Wilcox guilty of all the charged offenses, and attached firearm

   specifications, with the exception of the charge of receiving stolen property (and its

   specification). The trial court merged the trafficking in and possession of heroin charges for

   sentencing purposes and the state elected to proceed on the trafficking charge. After imposing

   a prison term for each offense and each firearm specification, the court ordered Wilcox to
                                                                                                 5

   serve the specification terms concurrent to each other and consecutive to the other terms and

   to serve the other prison terms consecutively–a total prison sentence of 20.5 years.

{¶ 8}   Wilcox appealed.

                                        II. ANALYSIS

{¶ 9}   Wilcox assigns five errors to the trial-court proceedings. The first alleges that trial

   counsel rendered ineffective assistance. The second alleges that the trial court should also

   have merged the offenses of tampering with evidence, having weapons under disability, and

   improper handling of firearms in a motor vehicle. The third alleges that the convictions are

   against the manifest weight of the evidence. The fourth alleges that the sentence is too long

   and that the trial court should not have ordered him to serve the prison terms consecutively.

   The fifth alleges that the tampering-with-evidence conviction is not supported by sufficient

   evidence.

                      A. The Claim of Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

{¶ 10} The first assignment of error alleges that Wilcox’s trial counsel rendered him ineffective

   assistance by not filing a motion to suppress the drugs and handgun. “Claims of ineffective

   assistance of counsel are assessed against the two part test of Strickland v. Washington (1984)

   466 U.S. 668,104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674.” In re Lakes, 149 Ohio App. 3d 128,

   2002-Ohio-3917, 776 N.E.2d 510, ¶ 30 (2d Dist.). The claimant first must show that

   “counsel’s performance was deficient.” Strickland at 687. Then the claimant must show that

   “the deficient performance prejudiced the defense.” Id.

{¶ 11} “The proper measure of attorney performance remains simply reasonableness under
                                                                                                6

   prevailing professional norms.” Id. at 688. The claimant must show that “counsel’s

   representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.” Id. “Because of the

   difficulties inherent in making the evaluation, a court must indulge a strong presumption that

   counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance; that is,

   the defendant must overcome the presumption that, under the circumstances, the challenged

   action ‘might be considered sound trial strategy.’ ” Id. at 689, quoting Michel v. Louisiana,

   350 U.S. 91, 101, 76 S. Ct. 158, 100 L. Ed. 83 (1955).

{¶ 12} Wilcox contends that there is a reasonable probability that the evidence found during the

   traffic stop would have been suppressed because the officers unreasonably prolonged the

   traffic stop to allow for the dog sniff. “[W]hen the search of a vehicle occurs during a

   reasonable period of time for processing a traffic citation, i.e., during a period of lawful

   detention, a police officer need not have a reasonable articulable suspicion of criminal

   behavior other than the traffic infraction.” State v. Ramos, 155 Ohio App. 3d 396,

   2003-Ohio-6535, 801 N.E.2d 523, ¶ 12 (2d Dist.), citing State v. Loffer, 2d Dist. Montgomery

   No. 19594, 2003-Ohio-4980. We have said that a search is reasonable if it occurs within 20

   minutes of a traffic stop. See State v. Dewitt, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 23735,

   2010-Ohio-6476, ¶ 45 (dog alerted less than 20 minutes after the traffic stop began, which is

   “within the normal amount of time for processing and issuing a traffic citation for a window

   tint violation”); State v. Pryor, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 20800, 2005-Ohio-2770, ¶ 16 (dog

   sniff occurred about 20 minutes after traffic stop began, which “is not an unusual length of

   time for a traffic stop”). The length of a stop may lawfully be lengthened, however, if

   reasonable, articulable suspicion of criminal activity arises during the stop:
                                                                                                        7

        If during the initial detention to ask the contraband question, the officer

        ascertained reasonably articulable facts giving rise to a suspicion of criminal

        activity, the officer may then further detain and implement a more in-depth

        investigation of the individual. For example, at a sobriety checkpoint an officer

        who detects slurred speech would be justified in detaining the individual to

        perform a field test.

State v. Robinette, 80 Ohio St. 3d 234, 241, 685 N.E.2d 762 (1997), citing State v. Eggleston, 109
Ohio App. 3d 217, 671 N.E.2d 1325 (2d Dist.1996). We have concluded that a delay of 20-25

minutes for a drug sniff is justified if after the traffic stop a police officer obtains information that

gives the officer “an enhanced suspicion of criminal activity.” State v. Rice, 2d Dist. Miami No.

2013-CA-5, 2013-Ohio-5056, ¶ 2.

{¶ 13} Here, the evidence shows that the time between the initial stop and dog’s arrival on the

    scene was 15-23 minutes and shows that the dog quickly got to work and quickly alerted on

    the SUV. The evidence also shows that the scope of criminal activity that the officers

    suspected when they decided to stop the SUV expanded after the stop was initiated. Both

    officers testified that when they saw the passenger lean over they suspected a weapon. Officer

    Nichols: “It’s a high drug area. We’ve taken a lot of guns from that area; and to see someone

    reach over like that, it definitely seems suspicious.” (Tr. 141). And Officer Elliott: “He went

    down to the point that he could have been concealing something, which is a danger cue for

    me.” (Id. at 224). Indeed, Nichols agreed that he called the canine officer “because of the

    suspicions [he] had and everything during that night.” (Id. 145).

{¶ 14} It is arguable here whether the dog sniff extended the traffic stop, and even if it did, the
                                                                                                    8

   extension was at most only a few minutes. We think that this very brief delay was reasonable

   under the totality of the circumstances and, more importantly, appellant has failed to

   demonstrate that it was unreasonable. Compare Rice at ¶ 22 (concluding that “the delay for

   the arrival of the drug sniffing dog was not unreasonable under the totality of the

   circumstances”).

{¶ 15} “[T]he failure to file a suppression motion is not per se ineffective assistance.” State v.

   Slaughter, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25270, 2013-Ohio-824, ¶ 19. “Failure to file a motion to

   suppress constitutes ineffective assistance of counsel only if, based on the record, the motion

   would have been granted.” (Citation omitted.) State v. Swanigan, 5th Dist. Richland No.

   08A19, 2009-Ohio-978, ¶ 74. “[T]he burden of proving ineffectiveness is on the defendant.”

   State v. Smith, 17 Ohio St. 3d 98, 100, 477 N.E.2d 1128 (1985). “ ‘Where the record contains

   no evidence which would justify the filing of a motion to suppress, the appellant has not met

   his burden of proving that his attorney violated an essential duty by failing to file the motion.’

   ” State v. Logan, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 88472, 2007-Ohio-2636, ¶ 66, quoting State v.

   Gibson, 69 Ohio App. 2d 91, 95, 430 N.E.2d 954 (8th Dist.1980). If there is a strong

   indication that had a motion to suppress been filed it would have been overruled, the strong

   presumption that counsel’s performance constituted reasonable assistance is not overcome,

   and counsel is not required to perform a futile act. State v. Lodge, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2004

   CA 43, 2005-Ohio-1908, ¶ 26-27. The evidence here does not show that the traffic stop was

   unlawfully prolonged, so counsel might reasonably have thought that filing a motion to

   suppress on this basis would be futile. Moreover, Wilcox has failed to demonstrate prejudice,
                                                                                                    9

   that there is a reasonable probability that but for his counsel’s failure to file the suppression

   motion, the result of the case would have been different.

{¶ 16} The first assignment of error is overruled.

                                           B. Merger

{¶ 17} The second assignment of error alleges that the trial court erred by not merging as allied

   offenses the offenses of tampering with evidence, having weapons while under disability, and

   improper handling of firearms in a motor vehicle. “[W]hen deciding whether to merge

   multiple offenses at sentencing pursuant to R.C. 2941.25, a court must review the entire

   record, including arguments and information presented at the sentencing hearing, to

   determine whether the offenses were committed separately or with a separate animus.” State

   v. Washington, 137 Ohio St. 3d 427, 2013-Ohio-4982, 999 N.E.2d 661, ¶ 24. “Merger is a

   sentencing question, not an additional burden of proof shouldered by the state at trial.” Id. at ¶

   18. It is the defendant who bears the burden of establishing his right to merger. Id.

{¶ 18} R.C. 2941.25 provides, in its entirety:

       (A) Where the same conduct by defendant can be construed to constitute two or

       more allied offenses of similar import, the indictment or information may contain

       counts for all such offenses, but the defendant may be convicted of only one.

       (B) Where the defendant’s conduct constitutes two or more offenses of dissimilar

       import, or where his conduct results in two or more offenses of the same or similar

       kind committed separately or with a separate animus as to each, the indictment or

       information may contain counts for all such offenses, and the defendant may be

       convicted of all of them.
                                                                                                   10

Division (A) states the conditions necessary for merger: the same conduct resulted in multiple

offenses, and the offenses are of similar import. Washington at ¶ 12. “Restated in the negative,

offenses do not merge if they were ‘committed separately’ or if the offenses have a ‘dissimilar

import.’ R.C. 2941.25(B). In addition to these restrictions, [division (B)] identifies another bar to

merger for offenses committed ‘with a separate animus as to each.’ ” Id. The first merger

consideration “is whether it is possible to commit one offense and commit the other with the

same conduct * * *.” (Citation omitted.) (Emphasis sic.) State v. Johnson, 128 Ohio St. 3d 153,

2010-Ohio-6314, 942 N.E.2d 1061, ¶ 48. “If the offenses correspond to such a degree that the

conduct of the defendant constituting commission of one offense constitutes commission of the

other, then the offenses are of similar import.” Id. The second consideration is “whether the

offenses were committed by the same conduct, i.e., ‘a single act, committed with a single state of

mind.’ ” Id. at ¶ 49, quoting State v. Brown, 119 Ohio St. 3d 447, 2008-Ohio-4569, 895 N.E.2d
149, ¶ 50 (Lanzinger, J., dissenting).

{¶ 19} The analyses of two courts in cases analogous to the present one are helpful. In the first

   case, State v. Bray, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2010 CA 14, 2011-Ohio-4660, the defendant was

   convicted of having weapons while under disability, possessing a firearm in a liquor-permit

   premises, and carrying a concealed weapon. He had acquired the handgun on which these

   offenses were based two or three years before the evening on which he committed the

   offenses. This, we said, was sufficient to support the charge of having weapons while under

   disability. His later act of concealing the handgun constituted “a separate and distinct act from

   initially acquiring it.” Bray at ¶ 23. This concealment was an act separate from his act of

   entering the liquor-permit establishment with the handgun. In the second case, State v.
                                                                                                 11

   Cowan, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 97877, 2012-Ohio-5723, the defendant was convicted of

   felonious assault, having weapons while under disability, improper handling of firearms in a

   motor vehicle, and discharge of a firearm near a prohibited premises. “[E]ach involved a

   separate animus and could not result in the commission of each other under these factual

   circumstances,” concluded the appellate court, because the conduct underlying each offense

   occurred at different times. Cowan at ¶ 39. The offense of having weapons while under

   disability occurred when the defendant acquired the handgun, and the felonious assault

   occurred when he shot at the victim. The discharge and improper handling of the firearm

   occurred about an hour before the shooting, respectively, when the defendant fired the gun at

   the ground while sitting in a vehicle and when the defendant then drove away with the gun.

   Said the appellate court, the fact that the defendant used the gun he had acquired to commit

   the other offenses “does not absolve [him] of the criminal liability that arises solely from his

   decision to illegally possess the weapon[].” Id.

{¶ 20} Wilcox committed the offenses of having weapons while under disability, improper

   handling of firearms in a motor vehicle, and tampering with evidence with different conduct,

   at different times, and therefore with separate animuses. He committed the offense of having

   weapons while under disability when he (necessarily) acquired the gun before he got into the

   SUV. Wilcox committed the improper-handling offense when he brought the gun into the

   SUV, and the evidence the State presented in support of the tampering offense occurred when

   he hid the gun under the driver’s seat. Therefore the trial court was correct not to merge these

   offenses.

{¶ 21} The second assignment of error is overruled.
                                                                                                  12

                              C. The Sufficiency of the Evidence

{¶ 22} Skipping to the fifth assignment of error, it alleges that the tampering-with-evidence

   conviction is not supported by sufficient evidence. “A sufficiency of the evidence argument

   challenges whether the State has presented evidence on each element of the offense alleged to

   allow the case to go to the jury or sustain the verdict as a matter of law.” Dewitt,

   2010-Ohio-6476, ¶ 8, citing State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St. 3d 380, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997).

{¶ 23} Wilcox was convicted of tampering with evidence for hiding the handgun under the

   driver’s seat, in violation of R.C. 2921.12(A)(1), which pertinently provides that “[n]o

   person, knowing that an official proceeding or investigation is in progress, or is about to be or

   likely to be instituted, shall * * * conceal, or remove any record, document, or thing, with

   purpose to impair its value or availability as evidence in such proceeding or investigation.”

   R.C. 2921.12(A)(1). “A person has knowledge of circumstances when he is aware that such

   circumstances probably exist.” R.C. 2901.22(B). Wilcox contends that there is no evidence

   that he knew that an investigation was in progress or likely to be instituted regarding the

   handgun.

{¶ 24} The Ohio Supreme Court recently considered the proof needed for a tampering

   conviction under R.C. 2921.12(A)(1). In State v. Straley, 139 Ohio St. 3d 339,

   2014-Ohio-2139, 11 N.E.3d 1175, detectives stopped the defendant after seeing the car she

   was driving travel left of center. The detective who spoke with the defendant smelled alcohol

   and asked her to step out of the car. He noticed that her speech was slurred, and she could not

   produce a driver’s license. The detectives decided not to charge her but would not let her

   drive home. While they were trying to arrange a ride for the defendant, she suddenly “trotted
                                                                                                 13

   20 to 30 feet away to the corner of a building, saying, ‘I’m not running; I just gotta pee. I

   don’t care if you have to arrest me; I gotta pee.’ ” Straley at ¶ 3. This she then did. After

   Straley returned, one of the detectives walked over to the building corner and found a baggie

   of crack cocaine covered with urine. The defendant was arrested and convicted of trafficking,

   possession, and tampering with evidence. The appellate court–this Court–reversed the

   tampering conviction, holding that “there was no proof of the third statutory element of

   purpose to impair the value or availability of evidence related to an ongoing or likely

   investigation.” Id. at ¶ 14. The Supreme Court affirmed, holding that “a conviction for

   tampering with evidence pursuant to R.C. 2921.12(A)(1) requires proof that the defendant

   intended to impair the value or availability of evidence that related to an existing or likely

   official investigation or proceeding.” Id. at ¶ 19. “Likelihood is measured at the time of the

   act of alleged tampering,” said the Court, and “[t]here is nothing in the record to suggest that

   the officers were conducting or likely to conduct an investigation into trafficking or

   possession of cocaine when [the defendant] discarded the baggie.” Id. Furthermore, the Court

   continued, “[t]he baggie of cocaine did not relate to either an ongoing investigation of driving

   while under the influence of alcohol or driving without a license and had no evidentiary value

   to a likely investigation of public urination * * *.” Id.

{¶ 25} The tampering offense has three elements: “(1) the knowledge of an official proceeding

   or investigation in progress or likely to be instituted, (2) the [impairment] * * * of the

   potential evidence, (3) the purpose of impairing the potential evidence’s availability or value

   in such proceeding or investigation.” Id. at ¶ 11. The issue in Straley is whether a conviction

   “ ‘requires proof that the defendant impaired evidence in an investigation by tampering with
                                                                                                    14

   evidence related to the investigation.’ ” (Emphasis added.) Id. at ¶ 1. And the Court’s

   decision emphasizes the defendant’s knowledge at the time she impairs the evidence.

   Interpreting the tampering statute, the Court concluded that “ ‘such’ investigation refers back

   to the investigation just specified, i.e., the one that the defendant knows is ongoing or is likely

   to be instituted.” Id. at ¶ 16. “Therefore,” said the Court, “the evidence must relate to that

   investigation.” Id.

{¶ 26} Here, there was arguably an investigation in progress when Wilcox hid the handgun. The

   police officers’ testimony shows that when they saw Wilcox lean over they immediately

   suspected a weapon. This suggests, at best,          that an investigation regarding Wilcox’s

   possession of a weapon was initiated a split-second before he actually placed the handgun

   under the driver’s seat. The problem is that there is no evidence that Wilcox knew about this

   investigation or knew that it was likely. Therefore a reasonable juror could not find that

   Wilcox’s purpose in putting the handgun under the seat was to impair its availability in the

   officer’s investigation. Given the Supreme Court’s decision in Straley, we must conclude that

   the record here does not support a conviction for tampering with evidence.

{¶ 27} The fifth assignment of error is sustained.

                           D. The Manifest Weight of the Evidence

{¶ 28} The third assignment of error alleges that Wilcox’s convictions–trafficking in heroin,

   possession of heroin, tampering with evidence, having weapons while under disability,

   improper handling of firearms in a motor vehicle, possession of cocaine–are against the

   manifest weight of the evidence. Wilcox argues that the weight of the evidence shows that

   these items belonged to McCoy and were in the SUV before he got in. The gun and drugs
                                                                                                  15

   were not found on him but in the SUV, Wilcox points out, and there were no fingerprints

   found on the gun. He further says that the officers did not see him hide the gun under the

   driver’s seat or put the drugs into the glove box. Wilcox contends that McCoy is not credible.

   He points out that McCoy admitted to previously dealing drugs, and he says that it is

   reasonable to believe that McCoy did not want to get caught with the gun and drugs. Wilcox

   also notes that the State offered McCoy a deal to testify against him. Furthermore, Wilcox

   says that he was wearing denim shorts and a T-shirt, so there was no way for him to have

   gotten the bag of drugs (which was about the size of a softball) and handgun into the SUV

   without McCoy’s seeing them. Wilcox also contends that the police officers were not credible

   when they testified that they saw him leaning over toward the driver’s seat. Wilcox points out

   that the officers testified that his leaning over made them concerned for their safety but that

   they left him in the vehicle until the dog arrived. If the officers had actually seen him leaning

   over toward the driver’s side, Wilcox asserts, they would have pulled him out for their safety.

{¶ 29} “A weight of the evidence argument challenges the believability of the evidence and asks

   which of the competing inferences suggested by the evidence is more believable or

   persuasive.” (Citation omitted.) Dewitt, 2010-Ohio-6476, ¶ 25. The manifest-weight test is

   familiar: “ ‘The court, reviewing the entire record, weighs the evidence and all reasonable

   inferences, considers the credibility of witnesses and determines whether in resolving

   conflicts in the evidence, the jury clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage

   of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.’ ” State v. Thompkins,

   78 Ohio St. 3d 380, 387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997), quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App. 3d
172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist. 1983). Although a weight-of-the-evidence challenge
                                                                                                      16

   permits a reviewing court to consider the credibility of witnesses, that review must be

   tempered by the principle that weight and credibility questions are primarily for the trier of

   fact. State v. Goldwire, 2d Dist Montgomery No. 19659, 2003-Ohio-6066, ¶ 13, citing State

   v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St. 2d 230, 227 N.E.2d 212 (1967), paragraph one of the syllabus. “

   ‘Because the fact finder * * * has the opportunity to see and hear the witnesses, the cautious

   exercise of the discretionary power of a court of appeals to find that a judgment is against the

   manifest weight of the evidence requires that substantial deference be extended to the fact

   finder’s determinations of credibility. The decision whether, and to what extent, to credit the

   testimony of particular witnesses is within the peculiar competence of the fact finder, who has

   seen and heard the witness.’ ” Id. at ¶ 14, quoting State v. Lawson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No.

   16288, 1997 WL 476684, *4 (Aug. 22, 1997). “This court will not substitute its judgment for

   that of the trier of facts on the issue of witness credibility unless it is patently apparent that

   the trier of facts lost its way in arriving at its verdict.” (Citation omitted.) Dewitt at ¶ 29.

{¶ 30} We are concerned here with all of the convictions except that for tampering with

   evidence, which we have concluded is not supported by sufficient evidence. Wilcox fails to

   convince us that the jury should not have believed McCoy or the officers. His arguments are

   merely his own inferential conclusions, drawn from the testimony, that these witnesses were

   lying. But we see no reason why the jury needed to draw the same inferences. With McCoy’s

   and the officers’ testimony, the manifest weight of the evidence is not against Wilcox’s

   convictions.

{¶ 31} The third assignment of error is overruled.

                                            E. Sentencing
                                                                                               17

{¶ 32} Lastly, the fourth assignment of error alleges that the trial court erred by ordering

   consecutive service.

{¶ 33} There is a statutory presumption in favor of concurrent sentences for most felony

   offenses, see R.C. 2929.41(A), but this presumption can be overcome by judicial fact-finding,

   State v. Bonnell, 140 Ohio St. 3d 209, 2014-Ohio-3177, 16 N.E.3d 659, ¶ 23. R.C.

   2929.14(C)(4) provides that a trial court may order consecutive service if it makes three

   findings:

       If multiple prison terms are imposed on the offender for convictions of multiple

       offenses, the court may require the offender to serve the prison terms

       consecutively if the court finds that consecutive service is necessary to protect the

       public from future crime or to punish the offender and that consecutive sentences

       are not disproportionate to the seriousness of the offender’s conduct and to the

       danger the offender poses to the public, and if the court also finds any of the

       following:

               (a) The offender committed one or more of the multiple offenses while the

       offender * * * was under post-release control for a prior offense.

               (b) At least two of the multiple offenses were committed as part of one or

       more courses of conduct, and the harm caused by two or more of the multiple

       offenses so committed was so great or unusual that no single prison term for any

       of the offenses committed as part of any of the courses of conduct adequately

       reflects the seriousness of the offender’s conduct.

               (c) The offender’s history of criminal conduct demonstrates that
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       consecutive sentences are necessary to protect the public from future crime by the

       offender.

{¶ 34} “On appeals involving the imposition of consecutive sentences, R.C. 2953.08(G)(2)(a)

   directs the appellate court ‘to review the record, including the findings underlying the

   sentence’ and to modify or vacate the sentence ‘if it clearly and convincingly finds * * *

   [t]hat the record does not support the sentencing court’s findings under division * * * (C)(4)

   of section 2929.14 * * * of the Revised Code.’ ” Bonnell at ¶ 28. “ ‘This is an extremely

   deferential standard of review.’ ” State v. Rodeffer, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25574,

   2013-Ohio-5759, ¶ 29, quoting State v. Venes, 2013-Ohio-1891, 992 N.E.2d 453, ¶ 21 (8th

   Dist.).

{¶ 35} The trial court here imposed these prison terms:

       · 11 years for heroin trafficking, a first-degree felony;

       · 3 years for tampering with evidence, a third-degree felony;

       · 3 years for having weapons under disability, a third-degree felony;

       · 18 months for improper handing of firearms in a motor vehicle, a third-degree felony;

       · 12 months for cocaine possession, a fifth-degree felony; and

       · 12 months for each firearm specification.

The court ordered concurrent service of the firearm-specification terms and consecutive service

of the remaining terms, for a total prison term of 20.5 years. Of course, the total is now 17.5

years, given our ruling on the fifth assignment of error. At the sentencing hearing, the trial court

reviewed Wilcox’s “lengthy history of criminal convictions.” (Sentencing Tr. 12). Between 1993

and 2013, Wilcox was convicted on numerous drug charges, multiple theft charges, a charge of
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assault, multiple charges of falsification, a charge of criminal trespass, and a number of OVI

charges. Wilcox, the court noted, “has not responded favorably to sanctions previously imposed.

The same or similar offenses continue.” (Id.). The court also noted that “there is no genuine

remorse.” (Id.). The court found that consecutive sentences are necessary to protect the public

from future crime and to punish Wilcox and found that they are not disproportionate to the

seriousness of his conduct and the danger he poses to the public. The court found that Wilcox

committed the offenses while he was under post-release control in two other courts. And the

court found that Wilcox’s criminal history demonstrates that consecutive sentences are necessary

to protect the public from future crime.

       7        Wilcox contends that consecutive sentences are disproportionate to his conduct

or the danger he poses to the public. However we are unable to find that the trial court was

clearly and convincingly wrong in its findings for imposing consecutive sentences, which is our

standard of review. He also says that he was not selling drugs and that nobody was harmed by

him. But Wilcox was found guilty of trafficking heroin, that is, guilty of “[p]repar[ing] for

shipment, ship[ping], transport[ing], deliver[ing], prepar[ing] for distribution, or distribut[ing]”

the heroin “know[ing] or ha[ving] reasonable cause to believe” that it “[wa]s intended for sale or

resale,” R.C. 2925.03(A)(2). Officer Elliot testified that one dose of heroin is 1/10 of a gram.

Which means that Wilcox, with 95.99 grams, was part of an effort to sell almost 1,000 doses of

heroin to the public. It is only because he was caught that no one was harmed.

       8        The fourth assignment of error is overruled.

       9        The conviction for tampering with evidence is reversed and vacated. The rest of

the judgment of conviction is affirmed. This case is remanded for the trial court to issue a
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Judgment Entry reflecting that the tampering conviction is vacated so an accurate aggregate

sentence can be communicated to the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Corrections.

                                                .............

FROELICH, P.J., and FAIN, J., concur.

Copies mailed to:

Ryan A. Saunders
Anthony S. Vannoy
Hon. Richard J. O’Neill