Court Opinion

ID: 4651143
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-01-13 18:00:25.262134+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:01:36.931235
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                               File Name: 21a0029n.06

                                        Case No. 20-5216

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                    FILED
                                                                               Jan 13, 2021
VICTORIA CUNNINGHAM, Individually and )                                    DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
as Next Friend for A.C. (a minor child), )
                                         )
        Plaintiff-Appellant,             )                 ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                         )                 STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
v.                                       )                 THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF
                                         )                 TENNESSEE
DEPARTMENT OF CHILDREN’S SERVICES, )
et al.,                                  )
                                         )
        Defendants-Appellees.            )

BEFORE: ROGERS, DONALD, and BUSH, Circuit Judges.

       BERNICE BOUIE DONALD, Circuit Judge. Victoria Cunningham raises various

constitutional claims related to a Tennessee county juvenile court judge’s issuance of an ex parte

order requiring her to seek professional psychological services and imposing limits on her

interactions with her child. She filed suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against the judge, prosecutor,

and family service worker involved in the preparation and service of the order. The district court

granted Defendants’ motions to dismiss Cunningham’s claims. For the reasons below, we

AFFIRM the district court’s decision.

                                                I.

       Plaintiff-Appellant Victoria Cunningham (“Cunningham”) is the mother of A.C., one of

her two minor children. On June 7, 2019, the Tennessee Department of Children’s Services
Case No. 20-5216, Cunningham v. Dep’t of Children’s Servs., et. al.

(“DCS”) received a report that A.C.’s father had sexually abused her. A.C. was living in

Rutherford County when the alleged sexual abuse took place. On the same day, Cunningham

temporarily separated from her husband in Rutherford County and took her children to the home

of her mother, Connie Reguli (“Reguli”), in Williamson County.

       On June 8, 2019, a police detective contacted Cunningham and stated that he wanted to

meet with her regarding A.C. Reguli later spoke with the detective, and “the understanding was

that DCS would be following up.” (R. 38 at PageID 214). Upon receiving the referral of alleged

sexual abuse, DCS Investigator Tameika Gray (“Gray”) contacted Cunningham and discussed the

allegations with her. Gray informed Cunningham that DCS would need to conduct a face-to-face

interview with the minor A.C. Cunningham, however, stipulated that she would not allow that

interview to occur without Reguli’s being present. Gray then contacted Reguli, and after a brief

conversation, Reguli agreed to bring A.C. to see Gray the following day.

       On June 11, 2019, Reguli brought the two children to meet Gray at the Rutherford County

DCS office. Reguli declined Gray’s request to meet with A.C. privately, and informed Gray that

“an appointment had previously been set for June 13, 2019 for A.C. to meet with psychologist Dr.

Janie Berryman and that it was the desire of [Cunningham] that A.C. meet with the psychologist

prior to any other forensic interviews.” (R. 38 at PageID 215).

       Gray subsequently submitted a verified application to the Rutherford County Juvenile

Court a verified application, which asserted that the report of harm to A.C. involved “allegations

of sexual abuse [by the child’s father] John Cunningham.” (R. 38-6 at PageID 261-65). On June

12, 2019, the juvenile court—through Defendant-Appellee Matthew Wright (“Wright”), a DCS

attorney, and Defendant-Appellee Donna Davenport (“Davenport”), a state court judge—issued

an ex parte order. The order stated that DCS had received a report of harm concerning A.C. and

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Case No. 20-5216, Cunningham v. Dep’t of Children’s Servs., et. al.

had “been unable to complete its investigation due to the actions of the Mother, Victoria

Cunningham, and Maternal Grandmother, Ms. Connie Reguli.” (R. 38-4 at PageID 255).

        The ex parte order required, inter alia, that Cunningham and Reguli allow DCS to enter

the home or place where A.C. was located for the purposes of an examination and/or to complete

its investigation; allow DCS to conduct a face-to-face interview with A.C. outside of their presence

and outside of the presence of other third parties; and allow A.C. to be forensically interviewed by

representatives of the Child Advocacy Center (“CAC”). The order also allowed DCS to take

temporary custody of A.C. if necessary to complete the investigation. On June 12, 2019, Gray

went to Reguli’s home. Thinking Gray was there to inspect the home, Reguli invited Gray into

the home and introduced her to Cunningham. Gray stated that she was not there for a home visit;

instead, she served Reguli with the ex parte order.

        On June 14, 2019, Cunningham filed an action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 in the district court,

asserting claims against Davenport, Gray, and Wright (collectively “Defendants”) for violations

of the Fourth, Ninth, and Fourteenth Amendments. Proceedings in the juvenile court continued,

and after holding a hearing on August 30, 2019, the juvenile court issued a final order on

September 3, 2019, ruling, inter alia, that DCS was authorized to speak with A.C., view the home

in which A.C. resided, and conduct a CAC interview of the child.1

        Cunningham then filed an Amended Complaint in the district court in which she alleges

that “the deceptive, and false preparation, execution, and service of the Ex Parte Order” violated:

(1) her right to parent her child; (2) her substantive and procedural due process rights; and

(3) A.C.’s right to be free from unreasonable search and seizure. (R. 38 at PageID 225-26).

        1
          On motion of DCS, the juvenile court issued a slightly amended final order on September 27, 2019 (R. 56-
2 at PageID 422), which is currently on appeal.

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Case No. 20-5216, Cunningham v. Dep’t of Children’s Servs., et. al.

Cunningham also claims that Gray, Wright, and Davenport acted in concert and could not have

accomplished these alleged violations without the overt acts of one another.

         On January 23, 2020, the district court dismissed all of Cunningham’s claims, concluding

that the Rooker-Feldman doctrine barred all claims against Davenport, Gray, and Wright that were

based on the ex parte order. The district court alternatively held that even if Rooker-Feldman did

not preclude the district court’s subject matter jurisdiction, Davenport, Gray, and Wright were each

entitled to immunity for any claims in which the ex parte order was the source of the alleged

constitutional violations—judicial immunity for Davenport, prosecutorial immunity for Wright,

and social worker immunity for Gray. The district court also dismissed Cunningham’s remaining

claims against Gray and Wright—that they made false statements in the verified application for

the ex parte order—concluding that Gray and Wright were entitled to absolute immunity for that

conduct. To the extent that Cunningham based her claims on Gray’s and Wright’s execution of

the ex parte order and not the petition for it, and assuming the Amended Complaint adequately

alleged such a claim, the district court concluded that Gray and Wright enjoyed qualified

immunity. Finally, in an abundance of caution, the district court dismissed—in a footnote—any

claim that Cunningham might have brought for conspiracy under 42 U.S.C. § 1985.2

         This appeal followed.

         2
          Although the district court was uncertain as to whether Cunningham actually attempted to assert a
conspiracy claim against Defendants, it noted as follows:
         The Amended Complaint is not a model of clarity, and thus, the Court has struggled to identify the
         conduct underlying each of the claims. Plaintiff cites 42 U.S.C. § 1985 in the introduction to her
         Amended Complaint, but the factual allegations regarding any alleged conspiracy appear to focus
         on the issuance of the Ex Parte Order. As such, the conspiracy claim would be barred by Rooker
         Feldman. To the extent Plaintiff sought to allege the defendants engaged in a conspiracy
         independent of the Ex Parte Order, that conduct is not described in the factual allegations, and
         therefore, such a claim is dismissed as inadequately pled. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a).
(R. 73 at PageID 560 n.4) (citation omitted). Cunningham does not challenge the district court’s ruling on this issue,
so we do not discuss it further.

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Case No. 20-5216, Cunningham v. Dep’t of Children’s Servs., et. al.

                                                 II.

       On appeal from a grant of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, we review the district court’s

decision de novo, construing the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. See Theile

v. Michigan, 891 F.3d 240, 243 (6th Cir. 2018); Logsdon v. Hains, 492 F.3d 334, 340 (6th Cir.

2007). For a plaintiff’s claim to survive a motion to dismiss, the plaintiff must present a facially

plausible complaint that asserts more than bare legal conclusions. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S.

662, 677–78 (2009); Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555–56 (2007). When reviewing

a plaintiff’s claim, we accept as true all factual allegations, but not “legal conclusions or

unwarranted factual inferences.” Mixon v. Ohio, 193 F.3d 389, 400 (6th Cir. 1999) (citing Morgan

v. Church’s Fried Chicken, 829 F.2d 10, 12 (6th Cir. 1987)).

                                                 III.

       We begin by addressing the district court’s jurisdiction. Under the Rooker-Feldman

doctrine, district courts may not consider “cases brought by state-court losers complaining of

injuries caused by state-court judgments rendered before the district court proceedings commenced

and inviting district court review and rejection of those judgments.” Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi

Basic Indus. Corp., 544 U.S. 280, 284 (2005). The doctrine is derived from 28 U.S.C. § 1257,

which “vests sole jurisdiction” to “conduct[] appellate review of final state-court judgments” in

the Supreme Court. Berry v. Schmitt, 688 F.3d 290, 298 (6th Cir. 2012).

       “We determine whether Rooker-Feldman bars a claim by looking to the ‘source of the

injury the plaintiff alleges in the federal complaint.’ If the source of the plaintiff’s injury is the

state-court judgment itself, then Rooker-Feldman applies.” VanderKodde v. Mary Jane M. Elliott,

P.C., 951 F.3d 397, 402 (6th Cir. 2020) (quoting McCormick v. Braverman, 451 F.3d 382, 393

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Case No. 20-5216, Cunningham v. Dep’t of Children’s Servs., et. al.

(6th Cir. 2006)). To determine the source of a plaintiff’s injury, a court must look to the requested

relief. Id.

        We faced a similar situation in Reguli v. Guffee, 371 F. App’x 590, 595-96 (6th Cir. 2010),

where the plaintiff, like Cunningham, alleged two categories of injuries—those stemming from an

ex parte order itself and those stemming from the defendants’ conduct in the preparation and

issuance of the order. In Reguli, we concluded that Rooker-Feldman barred consideration of the

first category of injuries, because they were based on “allegations [that were] a direct result of the

judicial order and fail[ed] to assert an ‘independent claim’ that would bring the case outside the

ambit of Rooker-Feldman.” Id. at 596.

        As in Reguli, Rooker-Feldman barred the district court’s consideration of Cunningham’s

claims to the extent that the ex parte order was the main source of her injury. In other words,

Rooker-Feldman prevented the district court from reviewing or otherwise addressing any aspect

of the contents of the ex parte order. That would include Cunningham’s claim that Davenport

violated the Constitution by acting outside of the juvenile court’s jurisdiction. See id. at 597

(“Even if issued without jurisdiction the [ex parte] order was still issued by a state court, and

Rooker-Feldman bars a federal court from reviewing the constitutionality of that order.”)

        But Cunningham, like the plaintiff in Reguli, also makes several allegations against

Defendants based on their conduct leading up to the issuance of the ex parte order and executing

that order. Rooker-Feldman does not deprive us of jurisdiction to address those claims. See

Kovacic v. Cuyahoga Cnty. Dep’t of Child. & Fam. Servs., 606 F.3d 301, 310 (6th Cir. 2010)

(drawing similar distinction and noting that Rooker-Feldman did not apply to the plaintiffs’ claims

that “focus[ed] on the conduct of Family Services and of the social workers that led up to the

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Case No. 20-5216, Cunningham v. Dep’t of Children’s Servs., et. al.

juvenile court’s decision[.]”) (emphasis in original). However, for the reasons explained below,

Cunningham’s claims are still subject to dismissal, because each Defendant is immune from suit.

                                                  IV.

        First, to the extent that Cunningham challenges Davenport’s actions as leading up to the

issuance of the ex parte order and not the issuance itself, we affirm the district court’s finding that

Davenport is entitled to judicial immunity. Cunningham argues against the application of judicial

immunity because, according to her, the Rutherford County juvenile court—and, by extension,

Davenport—lacked jurisdiction to issue the ex parte order. Cunningham’s argument focuses on

the fact that she and A.C. resided in Williamson County during the proceedings, thus making

Rutherford County an improper venue. However, we agree with the district court’s conclusion

that Tennessee law provided Davenport with jurisdiction over proceedings involving “delinquent,

unruly or dependent and neglected” children, and that, to the extent that venue might have been

improper in Rutherford County, there were no indications that Davenport acted in the “complete

absence of all jurisdiction.” (R. 73 at PageID 562-63).

        It is a well-settled principle in our system of jurisprudence that judges are generally

absolutely immune from civil actions for money damages. Bright v. Gallia County, 753 F.3d 639,

648 (6th Cir. 2014). Absolute judicial immunity can be overcome only in two instances: (1) non-

judicial actions, i.e., actions not taken in the judge’s judicial capacity; and (2) actions taken in the

complete absence of jurisdiction. Id. at 649. Cunningham does not argue that Davenport acted

outside of her judicial capacity. Thus, we look only to the second exception to determine whether

judicial immunity applies.

        The term “jurisdiction” is to be broadly construed to effectuate the purposes of judicial

immunity. Id. A judge will not be deprived of judicial immunity because the action she took was

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Case No. 20-5216, Cunningham v. Dep’t of Children’s Servs., et. al.

in error, was done maliciously, or was in excess of her authority; rather, she will be subject to

liability only when she has acted in the clear absence of all jurisdiction.” Savoie v. Martin, 673

F.3d 488, 492 (6th Cir. 2012) (citing Stump v. Sparkman, 435 U.S. 349, 356-57 (1978)). Only in

the absence of subject matter jurisdiction are judicial actors devoid of the shield of

immunity. Leech v. DeWeese, 689 F.3d 538, 542 (6th Cir. 2012).

       As we recently stated in Norfleet v. Renner, 924 F.3d 317, 319 (6th Cir. 2019):

       The line between the category of actions that protects [the judge] (acting in excess
       of jurisdiction) and the category that does not (acting in the complete absence of
       jurisdiction) is not self-revealing. Two illustrations come to mind. If a judge with
       general criminal jurisdiction ruled that an act amounted to a crime when it did not,
       he would merely act in excess of jurisdiction and thus be immune from a § 1983
       lawsuit challenging his decision. But if a probate judge assumed authority over a
       criminal case, the judge would act in the clear absence of jurisdiction because he
       “is invested only with authority over wills and the settlement of estates of deceased
       persons.”

(internal citations omitted) (quoting Bradley v. Fisher, 80 U.S. (13 Wall.) 335, 352 (1871)).

       Here, the verified petition stated that there was reason to believe that A.C. was dependent

and neglected based on allegations that her father had sexually abused her. These allegations

undoubtedly triggered the subject matter jurisdiction conferred upon Tennessee juvenile courts by

Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-103, which provides, in relevant part:

       (a) The juvenile court has exclusive original jurisdiction of the following
       proceedings, which are governed by this part:

               (1) Proceedings in which a child is alleged to be delinquent, unruly
               or dependent and neglected . . . .

       While it is true that Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-103(a)(1) does not explicitly grant juvenile

courts jurisdiction over matters involving out-of-county children, the statute also does not

explicitly prohibit such jurisdiction, and the latter is our primary concern in determining whether

the “complete absence of any jurisdiction” exception to judicial immunity applies. See Mills v.

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Case No. 20-5216, Cunningham v. Dep’t of Children’s Servs., et. al.

Killebrew, 765 F.2d 69, 71 (6th Cir. 1985) (“A judicial officer acts in the clear absence of

jurisdiction only if he knows that he lacks jurisdiction, or acts despite a clearly valid statute or

case law expressly depriving him of jurisdiction.”) (emphasis added)). Cunningham has not

provided the Court with any Tennessee statute or case law that would have expressly deprived

Davenport of jurisdiction to issue an ex parte order regarding this matter. To the extent that

Davenport may have committed error by finding venue to be proper, it was merely procedural

error, which is protected by judicial immunity. See Stern v. Mascio, 262 F.3d 600, 607 (6th Cir.

2001) (“Even grave procedural errors or acts taken when no statute purports to confer on the court

the authority purportedly exercised will not deprive a judge of judicial immunity.”); see also

Ireland v. Tunis, 113 F.3d 1435, 1441 (6th Cir. 1997). At most, Davenport acted in excess of

jurisdiction rather than in the clear absence of jurisdiction.3 Accordingly, Davenport was entitled

to absolute judicial immunity.

                                                          V.

         Next, we affirm the district court’s determination that prosecutorial immunity protects

Wright from Cunningham’s claims stemming from the ex parte order. The Supreme Court has

extended absolute immunity to prosecutors from a suit for damages under Section 1983 when the

activity involved is “intimately associated with the judicial phase of the criminal process.” Imbler

v. Pachtman, 424 U.S. 409, 430 (1976). As this Court has summarized:

         3
          Although we will leave it to the Tennessee Supreme Court to determine whether the jurisdictional limitation
advocated by Cunningham actually exists, we note that a definitive ruling on that issue would not change our
determination of the application of judicial immunity in this particular case. Tenn. Code Ann. § 37-1-103(d)(1)-(2)
provides that “[a] juvenile court in any county of this state shall have temporary jurisdiction to issue temporary orders
pursuant to this section upon a petition on behalf of a child present or residing in that county . . . only in a neglect,
dependency or abuse proceeding[].” (emphasis added). Here, although Cunningham and A.C. had relocated to
Williamson County by the time Davenport issued the ex parte order, the facts—as alleged—indicate that they did so
only temporarily (R. 38 at PageID 214), meaning that they had not relinquished their residence in Rutherford County,
where the underlying abuse was alleged to have occurred. Thus, even if venue would have otherwise been improper
in Rutherford County, Davenport had the authority to assert temporary jurisdiction over the matter.

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Case No. 20-5216, Cunningham v. Dep’t of Children’s Servs., et. al.

       [A]s the doctrine has emerged, absolute prosecutorial immunity protects only those
       acts falling within a prosecutor’s role as advocate for the state and intimately
       associated with the judicial process, and not for administrative or investigative acts
       antecedent or extraneous to the judicial process. Investigative acts undertaken in
       direct preparation of judicial proceedings, including the professional evaluation of
       evidence, warrant absolute immunity, whereas other acts, such as the preliminary
       gathering of evidence that may ripen into a prosecution, are too attenuated to the
       judicial process to afford absolute protection.

Ireland, 113 F.3d at 1445 (citing Buckley v. Fitzsimmons, 509 U.S. 259, 273 (1993)).

       Cunningham argues that prosecutorial immunity does not apply for three reasons, none of

which has merit.     First, Cunningham argues that Wright “provided false and misleading

information to the [juvenile] court to obtain ex parte authority over [Cunningham].” (Appellant

Br. at 26). However, aside from this conclusory assertion, Cunningham fails to set forth any

specific allegations to support this claim. Suffice it to say, however, Cunningham’s overall

allegations suggest that whatever Wright did, he did so in the course of representing the state of

Tennessee during juvenile court proceedings and as an advocate for the state.

       Second, Cunningham argues that our recent decision in Rieves v. Town of Smyrna,

959 F.3d 678 (6th Cir. 2020) supports her position that absolute immunity does not apply to

Wright. In Rieves, we held that prosecutors did not enjoy absolute immunity for engaging in the

practice of advising law enforcement officers. Id. at 692. However, we did so on narrow grounds,

explaining that immunity was lacking because the prosecutors’ conduct “occurred prior to the

initiation of judicial proceedings and without probable cause.” Id. Ultimately, we determined that

the prosecutors in that case were not acting as legal advocates but, instead, were functioning as

investigators aiding law enforcement officers rather than the judicial process. Id. at 694. Here,

Cunningham has made no allegations that Wright took any action in a manner that was outside of

the judicial process. The only specific allegations Cunningham makes against Wright are that he

assisted in the preparation of the verified application and then signed it. Cunningham has neither

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Case No. 20-5216, Cunningham v. Dep’t of Children’s Servs., et. al.

demonstrated nor even argued how Wright’s actions were outside of those typically associated

with a family court attorney. Accordingly, Rieves is inapplicable and does not undermine Wright’s

enjoyment of prosecutorial immunity.

       Third, Cunningham argues that the same jurisdictional limitations that she believed applied

to Davenport’s jurisdiction to issue the ex parte order also applied to Wright. To that end,

Cunningham argues that Wright knew or should have known that Tennessee Code Ann. §§ 37-5-

512(b), 37-1-406(e), and 37-1-111 did not “g[i]ve him jurisdiction over [Cunningham] nor her

child.” (Appellant Br. at 28). However, as explained above, the absence of an express grant of

jurisdiction is not equivalent to a clear deprivation of jurisdiction, and even if Wright had prepared

and signed the verified application in a court that lacked proper venue—an issue which, again, we

do not opine—“the general nature of [Wright’s actions] is part of the normal duties of a

prosecutor.” Pittman v. Cuyahoga Cnty. Dep’t of Child. & Fam. Servs., 640 F.3d 716, 725 (6th

Cir. 2011) (quoting Cady v. Arenac Cnty., 574 F.3d 334, 340 (6th Cir. 2009)).

       For these reasons, Wright was entitled to absolute immunity for any injuries Cunningham

may have suffered by way of the ex parte order itself or by Wright’s actions in the preparation and

signing of the verified complaint.

                                                 VI.

       Cunningham also argues that the district court erred in granting Gray absolute immunity.

Social workers, like prosecutors and probation officers, enjoy absolute immunity when they

engage in conduct “intimately associated with the judicial process.” Id. This means that “[s]ocial

workers are absolutely immune only when they are acting in their capacity as legal advocates.”

Holloway v. Brush, 220 F.3d 767, 775 (6th Cir. 2000) (en banc). “A social worker acts as a legal

advocate when initiating court proceedings, filing child-abuse complaints, and testifying under

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Case No. 20-5216, Cunningham v. Dep’t of Children’s Servs., et. al.

oath,” Barber v. Miller, 809 F.3d 840, 844 (6th Cir. 2015), but not when “perform[ing]

administrative, investigative, or other functions; for example, when they give legal advice to the

police, hold a press conference, or fabricate evidence.” Holloway, 220 F.3d at 774-75.

       Social workers enjoy broad immunity—ranging from immunity not only for negligent

misrepresentations to the court, see Rippy ex rel. Rippy v. Hattaway, 270 F.3d 416, 422-23 (6th

Cir. 2001), but to knowing and intentional misrepresentations as well. Barber, 809 F.3d at 844.

Even though we have held that the investigative and administrative acts of social workers are not

entitled to absolute immunity, we have defined those actions quite narrowly—holding, for

example, that a plaintiff cannot recover against a social worker for her alleged failure to “properly

investigate” the facts supporting a petition for removal. Pittman, 640 F.3d at 726. We have also

granted a social worker immunity from claims that she could have facilitated the return of a

removed child “had [she] performed an adequate investigation at any time” between issuance of

an initial removal order and the ultimate juvenile dependency hearing. Rippy, 270 F.3d at

422 (emphasis added).

       These principles control the claims against Gray. Most of Cunningham’s accusations

against Gray are based on the same conduct that underpin Cunningham’s claims against Wright.

The claims against Gray are based solely on her alleged representations in preparing the verified

application for submission to the juvenile court. Cunningham argues that Gray “provided false

and misleading information to the [juvenile] court to obtain ex parte authority over

[Cunningham].” (Appellant Br. at 26). Cunningham’s specific accusations against Gray are

scattered and admittedly challenging for the Court to read, but, as best the Court can decipher,

Cunningham alleges that: (1) Gray falsely stated that Reguli refused to have A.C. participate in a

forensic interview; (2) Gray falsely informed Reguli that “if the forensic interview [was] not done

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Case No. 20-5216, Cunningham v. Dep’t of Children’s Servs., et. al.

by   the   CAC     or   conform[ed]    to   the     CAC   model    that   it   would   hinder    law

enforcement”; (3) Gray falsely stated that the juvenile court had jurisdiction under Tennessee

Code Ann. §§ 37-5-512(b) and 37-1-103; and (4) that Gray was not authorized by Tennessee law

to conduct an investigation of A.C. (R. 38 at PageID 222-35).

       As an initial matter, Cunningham has not meaningfully contradicted any of the facts alleged

by Gray in the verified application. Thus, it is not apparent that any potential falsehoods—whether

negligent or intentional—formed the basis for the ex parte order. More importantly, Gray’s

actions—as alleged by Cunningham—are entirely consistent with those in which we have in the

past found social worker immunity. We have explained that the function of making

recommendations to the juvenile court “including the underlying investigation, is . . . intimately

related to the judicial phase of child custody proceedings and therefore protected by absolute

immunity.” Pittman, 640 F.3d at 726 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted) (emphasis in

original). While it is obvious that Cunningham is dissatisfied with the process, she has made no

assertions to suggest that Gray, in procuring the verified application, was acting in any role other

than as a child protective service investigator pursuing an investigation that was part of a juvenile

court proceeding. Accordingly, Gray was entitled to social worker immunity.

                                                  VII.

       The district court also granted Wright and Gray qualified immunity to the extent that

Cunningham alleged constitutional violations based on the execution of the ex parte order.

Cunningham argues that it was error to do so, because, according to her, this Court “clearly

established in 2018 that obtaining removal by ex parte process was a substantive due process

violation.” (Appellant Br. at 32).

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       The doctrine of qualified immunity protects government officials “from liability for civil

damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional

rights of which a reasonable person would have known.” Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818

(1982). “Qualified immunity balances two important interests—the need to hold public officials

accountable when they exercise power irresponsibly and the need to shield officials from

harassment, distraction, and liability when they perform their duties reasonably.” Pearson v.

Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 231 (2009). Qualified immunity is an affirmative defense; once a

defendant raises the defense, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to demonstrate that: (1) the

defendant’s acts violated a constitutional right; and (2) the right at issue was clearly established at

the time of the defendant’s alleged misconduct. T.S. v. Doe, 742 F.3d 632, 635 (6th Cir. 2014).

To defeat the qualified immunity defense, the plaintiff is required to plead facts demonstrating a

violation of a constitutional right that is clearly established in a “particularized sense.” Johnson v.

Moseley, 790 F.3d 649, 654 (6th Cir. 2015) (finding that the right to be free from malicious

prosecution, though a clearly established constitutional right, is not sufficiently particularized in

the context of a qualified immunity defense). That is, the right said to have been violated must be

defined “in light of the specific context of the case, not as a broad general proposition.” Id. (citing

Brosseau v. Haugen, 543 U.S. 194, 198 (2004)).

       The Court can quickly determine that Wright is entitled to qualified immunity on this claim

because Cunningham does not offer a single allegation as to any activity engaged in

by Wright after he signed the verified application form. The Amended Complaint does not contain

a plausible claim that Wright had any involvement—much less that he committed a constitutional

violation—in the execution of the ex parte order. The Court can almost as quickly dispose of

Cunningham’s claim against Gray; although, unlike with the claim against Wright, Cunningham

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Case No. 20-5216, Cunningham v. Dep’t of Children’s Servs., et. al.

does offer at least a threadbare allegation that Gray served the ex parte order. Assuming without

deciding whether this amounts to a constitutional violation—a proposition that we are dubious

of—we find no support in our cases to indicate that the mere service of an ex parte order—rather

than actual removal of a minor child—amounts to a violation of clearly established law.

       Cunningham relies heavily on Brent v. Wayne Cnty. Dep’t of Human Servs., 901 F.3d 656,

685-86 (6th Cir. 2018), where we held “that a social worker, like a police officer, cannot execute

a removal order that would not have been issued but for known falsities that the social worker

provided to the court to secure the order[.]” Cunningham is correct in stating that in Brent we did

deny qualified immunity to a social worker who orchestrated the removal of minor children from

a home. However, the social worker in that case actually enlisted police officers to remove the

children and recruited them to do so under false pretenses. Id. at 668. The police officers then

actually removed the children from the home, despite the fact that the order was facially defective.

Id.

       Here, the ex parte order permitted DCS to interview A.C. outside the presence of a third

party, enter any place where A.C. was located in order to conduct the examination, forensically

interview A.C. at the CAC, and take temporary custody of A.C. if necessary to complete the

investigation. However, Gray did none of these things, nor did she engage in any activity that

would have been tantamount to “removal” of A.C. Accordingly, Cunningham has not alleged

that Gray has violated clearly established law in her service of the ex parte order.

                                               VIII.

       Because all Defendants were entitled to immunity on Cunningham’s claims not barred by

Rooker-Feldman, the district court did not err in granting the defendants’ motions to dismiss.

We therefore AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

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