Court Opinion

ID: 8187870
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-09 23:10:37.273655+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:40:29.389299
License: Public Domain

Marshall, J.
This case comes up on the record of the trial in the circuit court, consisting, at most, of the affidavit for the issuance of the summons, made the complaint by sec. 1101, Stats. 1898, the summons and return of service, the findings of fact and conclusions of law filed in the circuit court, and the judgment. There is no bill of exceptions.
Counsel for respondent contend that, irrespective of any merit in the propositions presented by appellant, the judgment should be affirmed because the justice before whom the action was commenced did not obtain jurisdiction of the subject-matter thereof. Most of the reasons assigned therefor are based on proceedings before the justice, shown by his ■docket entries, no part of which, by proper proceedings, was incorporated into the record in the circuit court and upon this appeal. ■ Had counsel desired to raise for consideration points •not so appealing ‘without a bill of exceptions, they should have presented the facts in respect thereto to the circuit court for consideration, taken rulings thereon and exceptions to such rulings, or in some way gotten such matters before the court, and embodied the same in a bill of exceptions. That -course not having been pursued, we can look only to the record, strictly so called, consisting of the papers to which we have referred. Sellers v. Lampman, 63 Wis. 257, 23 N. W. 131; Mathews v. Ripley, 101 Wis. 100, 77 N. W. 718; Crate v. Petipher, 112 Wis. 252, 87 N. W. 1104. No defect is claimed which in any view of the matter is disclosed thereby except in the service of the summons and the proof thereof, and such defects, if any there be, must be regarded as cured by the appeal to the circuit court. Barnum v. Fitzpatrick, 11 Wis. 81; Lowe v. Stringham, 14 Wis. 222. In Mathews *580v. Ripley, supra, it was distinctly beld that upon an appeal to this court from a judgment rendered in the circuit court on appeal from a justice’s court, where want of jurisdiction of the subject-matter by the justice is relied on to defeat the action, and the alleged facts in that regard do not appear by the pleadings, verdict or findings, and judgment rendered thereon, they cannot be considered unless made a part of the record by a bill of exceptions. Attention was there called to the fact that, in previous cases where the jurisdiction of the justice of the subject-matter was challenged upon appeal with effect, there was such a bill, showing the facts relied upon. Cooban v. Bryant, 36 Wis. 605; Henckel v. Wheeler & W. Mfg. Co. 51 Wis. 363, 7 N. W. 780.
Appellant’s counsel contend that error was committed in deciding, in effect, that the ten-year period, during which all town or municipal taxes assessed on the waterworks property were agreed to be paid by appellant, includes the assessment in question. The contract with the city is dated May 6, 1889. It provides, among other things, as follows: .
(1) “The rights and privileges herein granted to continue for a term or period of twenty-five years from and after the passage of this ordinance.”
(2) “The said waterworks shall be . . . completed to-successful operation on or before the 15th day of October, 1889.”
(3) “Upon the completion of said works they shall be tested, . . . and if successful the rental for fire service herein stipulated shall begin.”
(4) “The town of Washburn hereby agrees to and does rent from the said grantees or assigns for the term of twenty-five years . . . fifty double discharge frost proof fire-hydrants.”
(5) “The town of Washburn . . . hereby agrees and promises to pay an annual rental of $4,000 together with any town or municipal tax which may be assessed against the grantees or assigns for the first ten years, and an annual rental of $4,000 after the expiration of the said ten years *581. . . in semi-annual instalments of $2,000 on tbe first day of January and July of eacb yqar during sucb term.”
(6) “A sufficient tax shall be levied and collected annually upon all taxable property in tbe town subject by la-w to sucb taxation, to meet tbe payments under tbis law as tbey may respectively mature.”
Tbat sucb language is open to judicial construction at "many points seems clear, and especially on ,tbe subject of whether tbe words “first ten years” refer to tbe period of ten .years commencing with tbe acceptance of tbe waterworks by tbe town, or the period of like length commencing with tlio date of tbe franchise. In solving tbe ambiguity in tbat regard we must give due weight to tbe circumstance tbat the provision in question is in tbe nature of a favor to respondent not granted t'o taxpayers generally. While it cannot be deemed an exemption from taxation, respondent and its grantors were obviously thereby relieved for a long period of time from all danger of being burdened by an increase in tbe rate of taxation- — a very valuable privilege-. Upon .familiar principles, both because of sucb advantage not granted to taxpayers generally and because independently of tbat element the clause is in tbe nature of a grant from tbe people in their sovereign capacity notwithstanding tbe contract feature, reasonable doubts as to its meaning should be resolved in favor of tbe public, represented by appellant. State ex rel. Milwuakee St. R. Co. v. Anderson, 90 Wis. 550, 562, 63 N. W. 746; Yates v. Milwaukee, 92 Wis. 352, 66 N. W. 248; State ex rel. Bell v. Harshaw, 76 Wis. 230, 45 N. W. 308; Parsons, Contracts (9th ed.) 507.
The word “rental” in subd. 3, must mean tbe same as tbat term in subd. 5. Then tbe rental which was to begin as specified in tbe former, is tbe rental to be paid as specified in tbe latter. That it has reference only to tbe $4,000 per yeai-, not to tbe taxes to be paid by appellant, is strongly if not conclusively indicated .from tbe language, in close eon-*582nection witb the specification of the amount of tbe rental, of the promise of payment thereof in two insahnents of $2,000 each. It is pretty clear that the purpose of the contract was ‘not to obligate the town to pay the rental for the full period of twenty-five years, since otherwise the earning, period would date from the inception of the contract or would be' extended beyond the life of the franchise. The first would be unreasonable, the last absurd; so both should be rejected, at least "if some reasonable meaning can be discovered. We would feel bound to reject the latter because of its absurdity, and the former since the contract expressly provides that the earning period shall date from the acceptance of the works. Necessarily we must say, then, that it was contemplated that such period would be for a less term than twenty-five years; yet the obvious fact remains that the first ten years means a period of ten years carved out of a full period of twenty-five years. It will be seen by subd. 1, that the life of the franchise is twenty-five years, and by subd. 4 that appellant became the lessee of the water hydrants-for the full term of twenty-five years. The latter period must have been intended to be synonymous with the franchise period and to commence on the 6th day of May, 18S0. True, that involves the idea of a leasehold interest in the hydrants before they were in place; but the meaning as indicated is so unmistakable that we cannot well escape adopting it. The only “first ten years” of the period of twenty-five years mentioned in the contract, then, is the period of that length commencing with the life of the franchise and the town’s lease of the' hydrants. True, the first ten years as to the rental of $4,000 per year'is tied to the first ten years as to taxes, but it is followed by the provision for the payment of the rental of $4,000 per year after the expiration of the first ten years “during such term,” plainly, as it seems, referring to the balance of the term of twenty-five years for which the hydrants were leased. That indicates, *583as before stated, tbe incurring of an obligation to pay rental upon tbe lease of tbe hydrants before tbe waterworks were in service, standing alone; but it is modified by tbe provision as to wben tbe earning capacity of tbe works shall begin, to wit, wben tbe same shall have been tested and found satisfactory under tbe contract. Tbe necessary result of this reasoning is that tbe first ten years in question expired May 6, 1899. As tbe town did not agree to pay ten years’ taxes, it cannot be legitimately charged with the taxes in question unless tbe same were assessed for tbe last year of such ten-year period within tbe meaning of tbe contract.
It is considered that, in tbe term “tax which may be assessed,” tbe word “assessed” is' used in tbe sense of tbe levy of taxes rather than tbe mere determination to raise money by taxation; tbe proceedings requisite to charge property or tbe owners thereof with tbe payment of taxes, not tbe assessment of property for taxation. Tbe term “assess taxes” is commonly used as synonymous with tbe levying of taxes, as descriptive of tbe steps in their entirety necessary to charge specific property with taxes, or the owners with tbe payment thereof. There is no such thing as tbe assessment of a tax in tbe mere sense of tbe assessment of property for taxation. Chicago & N. W. R. Co. v. Forest Co. 95 Wis. 80, 70 N. W. 77. In tbe contract in question tbe term “assessed” plainly refers to tbe actual creation of an obligation upon tbe owner of tbe waterworks property to pay taxes, tbe actual extension-upon tbe tax roll of tbe tax apportioned its property, indicating tbe proportion of tbe public burdens to be paid on account thereof for any particular year, and steps essential to render tbe same payable. That was not done, as to tbe tax in question, till tbe latter part of 1899, or long after the first ten years of the franchise period of twenty-five years had expired. We take it that tbe -language “for tbe first ten years” means in tbe first ten years; not that the parties bad in mind-the splitting up of any year.
*584Counsel for respondent suggest that a solution of tbe foregoing question requires a decision of whether the waterworks property was first taxed in 1889 or 1890. Not so, as it seems to us. It is immaterial when the property was first taxbd. The town of Washburn did not agree to pay ten years’ taxes upon the property assessed, but did agree to pay the taxes assessed upon the property, or to the owner thereof because of such ownership, for or in the first ten years after May 6, 1889. If no taxes were assessed or levied upon the property for the first of such ten years, that gave respondent no legal right to charge appellant with taxes assessed upon the property in the year succeeding the expiration of such period.
But it is said that, irrespective of whether the taxes in question fall within or without the ten-year period mentioned in the contract, the judgment of dismissal is right because the findings made by the trial court are not sufficient to warrant a judgment in favor of appellant, since they do not pass favorably to it upon each of the questions to be answered under secs. 1102, 1105, Stats. 1898. True, the action could not legally deal with any but personal property taxes; and also true, it was essential to the legitimate rendition of a judgment in favor of appellant that respondent should either refuse to appear upon the trial and answer relevant questions, or that upon evidence warranting the same there should be a finding in appellant’s favor upon the three questions specified in sec. 1102, Id., such questions being as follows :
(1) Bid the defendant have any personal property liable to taxation at the time the assessment was made ?
(2) Has he money or property, real or personal, of any description, sufficient to pay such tax or any part thereof ?
(3) Is he justly liable for the payment of such tax or any part thereof ?
Counsel express doubt as to whether an affirmative answer *585to the first question can be read ont of tbe findings, insists that the second was not answered at all, and that the third was answered in favor of respondent. Such doubt springs front uncertainty, as counsel views the matter, as to whether lands, water mains, franchises and other property of a water company, in use and for use in performing the duties devolving upon it, are personal property for the purposes of ■taxation. That is not an open question in this state. Yellow River Imp. Co. v. Wood Co. 81 Wis. 554, 51 N. W. 1004; Fond du Lac W. Co. v. Fond du Lac, 82 Wis. 322, 52 N. W. 439; Monroe W. W. Co. v. Monroe, 110 Wis. 11, 85 N. W. 685; State ex rel. Milwaukee St. R. Co. v. Anderson, 90 Wis. 550, 63 N. W. 746. An examination of those and ■other cases decided here, that might be referred to, shows that it has been as firmly established as anything can be by judicial determinations, that all the property of a public service corporation, such as appellant, street and othe'r railway companies, and public lighting companies, whether real, personal or mixed, in thé ordinary sense of those terms, including franchises other than the mere right to be a corporation, is one entire indivisible thing; that all the parts partake of the nature of the franchise from which springs the public duty, and as that is deemed to be personalty, all should be regarded as such. In that view it would be the height of absurdity to consider value and impose a tax upon one part of such entire thing separate from the rest. There can be no separation without destruction... Therefore the separate value of the parts in the aggregate would not necessarily approximate to or be any legitimate measure of the value of all the parts, viewed as one complete machine, so to speak. The franchise by itself would be valueless. The plant in its parts as realty and personalty according to the character thereof, irrespective of the combination of all into one entire thing, might be of little'value, and probably would be, as compared to what they -would represent in the new form, *586produced by tbe union of many parts into one. Tbe great value is produced by tbe combination of parts into one complete -working machine, adapted in a high degree to tbe service of man. One might as well endeavor to value one part of any mechanical device by itself as to so value the franchise of a public service corporation by itself, or so value its land, or likewise its movables. To do so leaves out of view the great and often chief element of value which is produced by the combination. So in order to deal justly in the distribution of public burdens, the entire property in use and for use in the exercise of the public franchise, for the purposes of taxation, should be regarded as realty, the franchise and movables being viewed as appurtenant to the lands, or the intangible element regarded as personalty, and the physical elements, consisting of lands and movables, be regarded as appurtenant thereto and partaking of its character. The. latter seemed upon due consideration by this court in State ex rel. Milwaukee St. R. Co. v. Anderson, supra, to be the most consistent with, and really demanded by, the constitutional method of imposing public burdens in the form of taxation, as regulated by the legislation of this state. That was clearly declared and established in such case, ’ so far as the court could do so. It was said, -in effect, that the system in vogue-here contemplates that everything of value constituting a subject of private ownership and wealth, whether tangible or intangible, which the legislature shall select for the purpose, may be included in the aggregate of property to bear the public burdens of taxation, and in the manner best calculated to take account of values produced by the combination of franchises and other things of value; which can only be attained, as regards the former, which in their very nature are-inseparable from the latter without destruction, so to speak, of the body in which inheres the great value, by appraising them as integral parts of the combination, to be viewed in its entirety only, every element being impressed with the *587character of the one from -which springs the- public duty and the necessity for inseparable union with it of tangible things consisting of lands and movables, in order to perform it.
What has been said would be sufficient to show that the effect of findingthat the property of respondent, upon which the taxes in question were assessed, belonged to it at the time of the assessment, and consisted of its waterworks, franchise, plant, mains, hydrants, real estate, .and other property used in the operation of such works, was to decide that it owned at such time personal property liable to taxation,, fully satisfying the first statutory essential to the right of appellant to recover. But the character of the property, as to whether personalty or realty, 'does not necessarily rest on judicial policy or construction, since in the revision of the statutes of 1898 the principles laid down by the court as indicated, were embodied in a legislative enactment, sec. 1037a of such statutes, as regards water and lighting companies.
The. finding that respondent owned the waterworks property at the time of the assessment and continuously thereafter down to the time of the trial, in effect found the second statutory requisite to the right of appellant to recover judgment, if personalty, consisting of inseparable parts of a waterworks property, satisfies the call of. the statute for “property, real or personal, of any description, sufficient to pay such tax or any part thereof.” 'Counsel for respondent say the question in that'regard was not answered by the court at all. Whether counsel mean that it was not formally answered, or not answered because the fact that appellant possessed the waterworks property was not a finding that it owned real or personal property sufficient to pay the tax or any part thereof because there is no finding on the subject of value, or whether they mean that there is no finding th.at appellant possessed property sufficient to pay the tax or any part thereof because the plant, neither in its entirety nor in its parts, could be taken upon execution, we are left en*588tirely in the dark. True, the learned trial court did not follow the statute. Why the statutory questions were not made ■a part of its findings, and answered, as they clearly should have heen, instead of general findings being made, leaving it to he determined hy inference whether the statutory essentials were in fact found or not, we cannot perceive. However, the duty devolves upon us not to allow justice to miscarry if it' can be prevented hy disregarding errors and .defects, however palpable, numerous or inexcusable they may ho, which- do not affect substantial rights. Sec. 2829, Stats. 3898; Mauch v. Hartford, 112 Wis. 40, 62, 87 N. W. 816.
Now there can be no manner of doubt that the finding that respondent owned the property taxed at the time of the trial, in effect decided that it then possessed property, real or per■sonal, sufficient to pay the tax or some part thereof, unless, in order to satisfy the statutory call in that regard, the property must be of a character subject to actual seizure upon •execution, The statute does not seem to say that, either in terms or by reasonable inference.' The mere fact that the property of a public service corporation like the respondent, cannot 'be interfered with by a seizure under execution or tax warrant, as held in Chicago & N. W. R. Co. v. Forest Co. 95 Wis. 80, 70 N. W. 77, by no means militates against the right to recover judgment against it in the process of enforcing its legal liabilities. That is done necessarily and universally. Though such a judgment cannot be so enforced as to prevent the performance of the public duties incident to the possession of the public franchise, judicial machinery is ample for its enforcement; and just as ample, of course, in •a case of this kind as any other. It is considered that owner■ship of the property taxed by respondent at the time of the trial, is inconsistent with any other reasonable inference than that it then possessed property sufficient to pay the tax or some part thereof, satisfying the essentials of the statute.
*589Counsel say that the question as regards whether respondent was justly liable for the tax or any part thereof — the-third statutory question — was answered in its favor; and suggest that though such answer is a mere conclusion from the findings preceding it, the statute is thereby satisfied, entitling respondent to the judgment complained of. "We are unable to see why an obviously wrong finding can be relied upon by respondent, when properly challenged by appellant, to sustain a judgment in a case like this, any more than in-any other. As we have seen, the court should 1 ave decided, in answer to the third statutory question, that respondent was justly liable for the tax. That is the necessary conclusion from the verities in the findings. The error must be corrected accordingly. The correction being madej all the statutory essentials to entitle appellant to a judgment will clearly appear.
The judgment appealed from must be reversed, the decision that respondent was not bound to pay the tax in question changed to one that respondent was and is justly liable-for such payment, and the cause be remanded to the trial court with directions to render judgment in favor of appellant and against respondent for the amount of such tax, $2,294, with costs.
By the Gourt. — So ordered. -
A motion by appellant to modify the judgment so as to-provide for the payment of interest and a two per cent, collector’s fee in addition to the sum of $2,294, tax and costs,, was denied April 19, 1904.