Court Opinion

ID: 4106989
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-12-13 21:13:28.886026+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:33:50.010630
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
                          AT JACKSON
                           Assigned on Briefs April 12, 2016

                    IN RE: A-RIVER CITY BAIL BOND, INC.

                 Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County
           No. (No Number Assigned)       Lee V. Coffee, Presiding Judge
                     ___________________________________

              No. W2015-01578-CCA-R3-CD – Filed December 12, 2016
                     ___________________________________

The appellant, A-River City Bail Bond, Inc., appeals its suspension from writing bonds in
the Thirtieth Judicial District due to its failure to comply with the local rules. The
appellant argues that a local rule requiring the posting of at least $75,000 in cash or
certificate of deposit with the Criminal Court Clerk does not apply to it and that the trial
court failed to provide it with procedural due process when suspending its ability to write
bonds. Based upon the record and the parties‟ briefs, we affirm the judgment of the trial
court.

 Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed

THOMAS T. WOODALL, P.J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which ALAN E. GLENN
and ROBERT H. MONTGOMERY, JR., JJ., joined.

Ricky E. Wilkins and Sharon H. Loy, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, A-River
City Bail Bond, Inc..

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; James E. Gaylord, Senior
Counsel; Amy P. Weirich, District Attorney General; and Thomas D. Henderson,
Assistant District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

                                        OPINION

                          I.     Facts and Procedural History

       This appeal arises out of the appellant‟s failure to comply with the requirements of
the Local Rules of Practice and Procedure for Bail Bond Companies, effective March 1,
2015, found under Rule 7 of the Rules of Practice and Procedure for the Criminal Court
of Tennessee for the Thirtieth Judicial District (“Local Rule 7”). After the enactment of
these rules, the appellant received a letter dated March 16, 2015, stating, “In accordance
with the New Local Rules the Judges of Criminal Court have put in place, these rules will
go into effect Monday, March 23, 2015. If you are not in compliance on this day, you
will be suspended from writing bonds in Shelby County.” On March 23, 2015, the trial
court entered an order suspending the appellant and several other bonding companies
from writing bonds “[d]ue to the non-compliance of the New Local Rules for Bail Bond
Companies that were effective March 1, 2015[.]” The appellant filed a written answer
and motion to set aside the order on March 27, 2015.

       In the appellant‟s written answer and motion to set aside the order, it argued that
the order suspending the company for non-compliance with the new local rules did not
identify which rule it failed to comply with. The appellant asserted, however, that it
believed the suspension occurred because it did not post the $75,000 deposit required by
Local Rule 7.03(A). According to the appellant, as written, the rule does not require
those bonding companies already approved to write bonds in Shelby County to comply
with the requirement. The appellant further contended the order suspending its ability to
write bonds was constitutionally inadequate to satisfy due process concerns and violated
Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-11-125. Finally, the appellant argued the order
and amended local rules violated its liberty and property interests protected by the due
process clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States
Constitution and Article I, Section 8 of the Tennessee Constitution. Due to the alleged
failure of the trial court to put the bonding company on notice of the precise local rule
with which it failed to comply, the appellant then raised all of the provisions of the
recently-amended local rules it contended were unlawful or invalid.

        The trial court initially postponed hearing the appellant‟s motion due to the fact
that Memphis Bonding Company, Inc. v. Criminal Court of Tennessee 30th District, et al.,
490 S.W.3d 458 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2015) was pending before the Court of Appeals at the
time. The trial court and all criminal court judges in the Thirtieth Judicial District were
named defendants to the lawsuit, which sought injunctive relief and a declaration as to
the constitutionality and validity of Local Rule 7. Our review of the transcript from the
eventual hearing of the appellant‟s motion reveals that, despite the pendency of the Court
of Appeals matter, after confirming with its counsel in Memphis Bonding Company, Inc.
v. Criminal Court of Tennessee 30th District, et al. that the hearing could proceed, the
trial court set the appellant‟s motion for hearing on May 19, 2015. May 19 was a
mutually convenient date for the trial court and parties. We note that in an opinion dated
November 25, 2015, the Court of Appeals held chancery court does not have subject
matter jurisdiction to entertain an action for declaratory or injunctive relief regarding the
validity of local rules in criminal court, and the case was remanded for dismissal of the
complaint. Memphis Bonding Co., Inc., 490 S.W.3d at 467.

                                            -2-
        The trial court, sitting en banc, heard the appellant‟s motion on May 19, 2015, as
scheduled. During this hearing, the trial court confirmed that it suspended the appellant‟s
ability to write bonds due to its failure to post a minimum of $75,000 in cash or
certificate of deposit with the Criminal Court Clerk, stating:

      [The appellant] should have actual notice because I made it clear that the
      only reason any of those companies were being ordered to cease doing
      business in Shelby County was because of the failure to comply with the
      rule of having collateral on file . . . It had nothing to do with violations of
      any other local rules.

The trial court went on to state that in conversations with the appellant‟s attorney held
prior to the hearing, counsel had been told “the only reason that this bonding company
[is] being suspended [is] because of his failure to post that collateral with the Clerk‟s
Office[.]” The trial court then recounted the history behind the amendments to Local
Rule 7 and again addressed the notice given to the appellant, stating:

             This started in 2012 when Judge Craft was the Administrative Judge.
      It had been brought to the attention of the Criminal Court judges that some
      of the bonding companies felt that they were at a disadvantage, some of the
      bonding companies felt that some of the rules that were being applied were
      not being applied fairly, not being applied equally, and they asked the
      judges to please do something about trying to make sure that all bonding
      companies had a level, had an equal playing field.

                                           ...

              So when Judge Craft was the Administrative Judge, he asked me to
      take a look at it, asked me to rewrite a proposed revision of Rule 7.

             I started this process in 2012, completed this process on January 1,
      2013, and drafted amendments to the rule that indicated that those rules
      were effective on January 1, 2013. So this is how long these rules have
      been in this universe. This is not something anyone can say, “I am
      surprised by these rules and I ha[d] no idea this was coming.”

            We submitted those rules for – proposed rule for comments in April,
      May of 2013, got back many, many, many comments[.]

                                           ...

                                           -3-
             And this order was filed on November 21st, 2014. Under Tennessee
      Supreme Court rules, these rules could have been effective in thirty days,
      but, again, because of some concerns by some of my fellow Criminal Court
      judges, they did not want these rules effective in thirty days. They
      extended it with an effective date of March 1st, 2015.

             The first full Monday in 2015 – and . . . I don‟t know whether or not
      [the appellant] was here. I believe he was here. On or about January 5,
      2015, at the request of certain bonding companies and folks that
      represented those bonding companies, that said, “Judge Coffee, can we
      have a meeting with you so you can explain what these rules mean, when
      they are effective, what is required of bonding companies,” and those
      questions were all addressed.

             We answered – I answered those questions, and I had a courtroom
      full of folks, probably forty-five people here, including at least three
      lawyers. . . and I answered questions from bonding companies, from
      lawyers and other folks, and I made it crystal clear that these rules are
      effective on March 1st, 2015.

              And there were some questions as to whether or not all bonding
      companies had to have on file with the Clerk‟s Office seventy-five
      thousand dollars ($75,000), including those pre-existing bonding
      companies, and I referred them to and they should have had in their
      possession because these were filed in November, effective March the 1st,
      and made it clear to everyone at this meeting that, under 7.04(F), and it‟s
      stated, restated, in these rules twice that . . . [b]onding companies approved
      before the effective dates of these rules shall be in compliance with this rule
      by the effective date of March 1st, 2015.
                                           ...

              So these bonding companies have been on notice for over two years
      that these rules were changing. They‟ve been on notice for over two years,
      what was expected of them. The seventy-five thousand dollars ($75,000) is
      an amount that has been consistent. It is an amount that, frankly, I believe
      is probably not sufficient to protect the citizens and to protect the
      administration of justice, but it is an amount that my fellow judges said,
      “Let‟s set this amount at seventy-five thousand dollars ($75,000).”

      At the conclusion of the hearing, the trial court orally denied the appellant‟s
motion and directed it to file a petition for reinstatement after complying with Rule 7.03
                                           -4-
and paying the $100 reinstatement fee. The trial court then drafted a written order
documenting its ruling and circulated it to the other criminal court judges for signature.
On July 20, 2015, the trial court entered its order finding that the adoption of Local Rule
7 was a proper exercise of its authority due to the trial court‟s inherent authority to
regulate the bondsmen who write bonds before them. According to the trial court, this
authority includes the power to issue reasonable orders governing a bondsman‟s conduct
in the writing of bail bonds. The trial court ruled that the appellant received actual notice
of the local rule‟s mandates, including the requirement that it post a minimum $75,000
bond with the court clerk. The trial court found that actual notice occurred at the meeting
held on January 5, 2015, where the requirements of Local Rule 7 were discussed. The
trial court then analyzed each subpart of the local rule and found none of the
requirements to be in contravention with state law, arbitrary, or unconstitutional. In
explanation of its findings, the trial court stated:

       Given our responsibility to keep sacrosanct the Shelby County judicial
       system and all of those who come to it for redress and justice, this Court
       finds that [the appellant] shall remain suspended and prohibited from the
       privilege of writing bonds in Shelby County. [The appellant] has willfully
       refused to comply with Rule 7 which was effective March 1, 2015. This is
       the only bonding company which has failed to comply with this Rule. This
       willful land [sic] blatant failure has persisted for over two (2) years. [The
       appellant] is requesting that this company be given special treatment when
       all other companies, which chose to continue in the bail bonding industry,
       have satisfied their obligations as mandated by Rule 7 as amended.

 As a result, the trial court denied the appellant‟s motion for reinstatement and ordered
that, pursuant to Rule 7.10, the appellant “shall remain suspended unless the company
complies with all the requirements of Rule 7 and is reinstated upon Order from the
Court.” The trial court further ordered the appellant to pay a $100 reinstatement fee and
costs.

        The appellant timely filed its notice of appeal on August 13, 2015, and argues: (1)
the order suspending it violates Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-11-125, the Due
Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, and the Tennessee Constitution; (2) the
trial court‟s two-month delay in hearing the appellant‟s motion to set aside the order of
suspension and subsequent two-month delay in entering an order denying relief violated
Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-11-125, the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment, and the Tennessee Constitution; (3) Local Rule 7.03, as written, only
pertains to persons or companies “filing a petition for approval to open a professional bail
bond company in Shelby County;” (4) Local Rule 7.06(C) violates the First Amendment
to the United States Constitution and is unconstitutionally vague; (5) Local Rule 7.06(D)
                                            -5-
is unconstitutional; (6) Local Rule 7.07(C) contradicts Tennessee Code Annotated section
39-11-7154 and, as such, is invalid; (7) Local Rule 7.07(D) contradicts Tennessee Code
Annotated section 40-11-315, is arbitrary, and unconstitutional; and (8) Local Rule
7.08(B) improperly and unnecessarily results in a significant additional cost to bail bond
companies in Shelby County and is void for vagueness. The State contends that Local
Rule 7.03 requires all bonding companies doing business in Shelby County to deposit
$75,000 with the Criminal Court Clerk as security for the bonds written; the appellant
received adequate notice and opportunity to be heard concerning its suspension for failure
to post required security; and the appellant‟s remaining claims are not justiciable. We
agree with the State.

                                 II.    Law and Analysis

       A.     Justiciability

       At the outset, we conclude the trial court suspended the appellant‟s ability to write
bonds because it failed to comply with the requirement of Local Rule 7.03 that bonding
companies post a minimum of $75,000 in cash or certificate of deposit with the Criminal
Court Clerk as security. Based on our review of the record, the additional requirements
imposed by Local Rule 7 had no bearing on the trial court‟s decision to suspend the
appellant. Moreover, due to the appellant‟s suspension for failing to comply with Local
Rule 7.03, this Court does not know whether the appellant has or intends to comply with
Local Rules 7.06, 7.07, and 7.08, nor what actions will be taken by the trial court if the
appellant does not comply with the requirements of these subparts to Local Rule 7. The
questions raised by the appellant regarding the constitutionality and validity of Local
Rules 7.06, 7.07, and 7.08 are not justiciable and will not be considered by this Court.
See, e.g., State v. Rodgers, 235 S.W.3d 92, 97 (Tenn. 2007) (“Courts may not issue
advisory rulings.”); State v. Rogers, 703 S.W.2d 166, 169 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1985) (“An
appellate court will not pass on lawsuits when there is no justiciable controversy
presented, or render advisory opinions on questions which are premature and contingent
and may never arise in the future.”) The appellant is not entitled to relief based on the
alleged illegality and invalidity of Local Rules 7.06, 7.07, and 7.08.

       B.     Applicability of Local Rule 7.03

       The trial court has the authority to suspend or revoke a bondsman‟s authority to
act as a bonding agent, and this Court reviews the suspension or revocation under a de
novo standard of review. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-11-125(d); In re: Cox, 389 S.W.3d 794,
798 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2012). The trial court has full authority to determine who should
be allowed to make bonds in its courts. Gilbreath v. Ferguson, 260 S.W.2d 276, 278
(Tenn. 1953). It is within the inherent power of the trial court to administer their affairs,
                                            -6-
including the right to impose reasonable regulations regarding bail bonds. In re Hitt, 910
S.W.2d 900, 904 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995). “So long as these regulations [governing
bondsman] are not capricious, arbitrary or solely without basis of right, then these acts
may be properly supervised by the court in its ministerial capacity.” Taylor v. Waddey,
334 S.W.2d 733, 736 (Tenn. 1960)). The statutory requirements for bondsmen “do[] not
by any stretch of the imagination attempt to cover the whole field of what is necessary for
a bondsman before he is allowed to make bonds in the various courts.” Id. Therefore,
the legislature‟s enactment of statutes addressing bail bondsmen and their regulation does
not interfere with the trial court‟s inherent powers of regulation in addition to the statutes.
In re Hitt, 910 S.W.2d at 904.

       Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-11-125(a) provides that a professional
bondsmen‟s approval to write bonds may be withheld, withdrawn, or suspended if, after
investigation, it appears that the bondsman:

       (1) Has been guilty of violating any of the laws of this state relating to bail
       bonds;

       (2) Has a final judgment of forfeiture entered against the bondsman which
       remains unsatisfied;

       (3) Is guilty of professional misconduct as described in § 40-11-126; or

       (4) If applying for approval as a professional bondsman, has been convicted
       in any state of the United States of two (2) or more misdemeanors which
       are equivalent to Tennessee Class A or Class B misdemeanors; provided,
       however, that the misdemeanor convictions shall have occurred within five
       (5) years of the date the application for approval is filed.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-11-125(a). If a bondsman‟s ability to write bonds is withheld,
withdrawn, or suspended due to a violation of Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-11-
125(a), then the trial court must provide the bondsman written notice and a hearing in
accordance with Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-11-125(b), which states:

       (b) Any court withholding, withdrawing or suspending a bondsman or other
       surety under this section shall notify the bondsman in writing of the action
       taken, accompanied by a copy of the charges resulting in the court‟s action.
       If, within twenty (20) days after notice, the bail bondsman or surety files a
       written answer denying the charges or setting forth extenuating
       circumstances, the court shall call a hearing within a reasonable time for the
       purpose of taking testimony and evidence on any issues of fact made by the
                                             -7-
       charges and answer. The court shall give notice to the bail bondsman, or to
       the insurer represented by the bondsman, of the time and place of the
       hearing. The parties shall have the right to produce witnesses, and to
       appear personally with or without representation by counsel. If, upon a
       hearing, the court determines that the bail bondsman is guilty as alleged in
       the charges, the court shall thereupon withhold, withdraw or suspend the
       bondsman from the approved list, or suspend the bondsman for a definite
       period of time to be fixed in the order of suspension.

Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-11-125(b).

        In addition, Tennessee Supreme Court Rule 18 authorizes the judges in each
judicial district to adopt and publish local rules. These rules cannot be “inconsistent with
the statutory law, the Rules of the Supreme Court, the Rules of Appellate Procedure, the
Rules of Civil Procedure, the Rules of Criminal Procedure, the Rules of Juvenile
Procedure, and the Rules of Evidence.” Tenn. Sup. Ct. R. 18(a); see In re Int’l Fid. Ins.
Co., 989 S.W.2d 726, 729 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1998). The Criminal Court of Shelby
County has adopted local rules, including Local Rule 7, titled “Local Rules of Practice
and Procedure for Bail Bond Companies” and amended effective March 1, 2015.

       Local Rule 7 governs the practice and conduct of bail bondsmen writing bonds in
and transacting business before the Criminal Court of Shelby County, the General
Sessions Criminal Court of Shelby County, and all other courts of record in Shelby
County exercising criminal court jurisdiction. Shelby County Criminal Court Local Rule
7.01. Local Rule 7.03 requires bail bond companies to post a minimum of $75,000 with
the Criminal Court Clerk in cash or certificate of deposit, stating:

       7.03 Collateral

       A.     From the effective date of these rules, any person or company filing
              a petition for approval to open a professional bail bond company in
              Shelby County is required to post a minimum of Seventy-Five
              Thousand Dollars ($75,000.00) in cash with the Criminal Court
              Clerk as security for bonds written.

       B.     Said funds may also be deposited in a Certificate of Deposit in the
              sum of not less than Seventy-Five Thousand Dollars ($75,000.00) in
              the joint names of said bonding company and the Criminal Court
              Clerk of Shelby County, Tennessee.

                                           -8-
      C.     No real property collateral will be accepted by the Clerk, other than
             that property presently serving as collateral as of November 1, 2014.

      D.     The bonding company must obtain prior written approval from the
             Court before the bonding company will be allowed to post any
             additional security exceeding the minimum cash deposit to increase
             its bonding capacity.

      E.     Any bonding company approved by the Court may write total bonds
             in an amount equal to ten (10) times the amount of cash security
             posted with the Criminal Court Clerk. No bonding company shall be
             allowed to write any one single or blanket bond with any one (1)
             surety in excess of twenty (20) present of its available bonding
             capacity as determined by the Criminal Court Clerk on a weekly
             basis.

      F.     Collateral posted as security with the Clerk may not be withdrawn or
             applied to satisfy a forfeiture judgment except upon notice to the
             District Attorney General and an Order of the Court.

Shelby County Criminal Court Local Rule 7.01. Bonding companies approved prior to
the effective date of the amended local rules were to be in compliance by March 1, 2015.
Shelby County Criminal Court Local Rule 7.11 states as follows:

        7.11 AMENDMENTS

              Bonding companies approved before the effective dates of these
              Rules shall be in compliance with this Rule by the effective date
              of March 1, 2015. These Rules may be amended from time to
              time by the Criminal Court Judges. Upon amendment, the
              Criminal Court Clerk shall notify all approved bonding
              companies in Shelby County, by certified mail, return receipt
              requested, or by personal delivery with a signed receipt for the
              same. Upon receipt of notice, all bonding companies shall
              comply with any said amendments.

      We agree with the following assertions made by the State in its brief:

        Trial courts have inherent power to administer their affairs, “including
        the right to impose reasonable regulations regarding the making of
        bonds.” Hull v. State, 543 S.W.2d 611, 612 (Tenn. Crim. App.
                                          -9-
        1976)(citing Taylor v. Waddey, 334 S.W.2d 733 (1960)). In Taylor v.
        Waddey, the Tennessee Supreme Court considered the inherent authority
        of a court to regulate the actions of bondsmen writing criminal bonds
        before the court. The court concluded that such regulation was
        permissible:

             So long as the court in the conduct of its business makes
             requirements of this kind and these requirements are
             reasonable ones, and reasonable regulations, they clearly
             come within the reasonable police power and inherent power
             of these courts. . . . so long as these regulations of the
             applicant are not capricious, arbitrary or solely without basis
             of right, then these acts may be properly supervised by the
             court in its ministerial capacity as here.

        Taylor, 334 S.W.2d at 736. A trial court is given wide discretion in its
        regulation of bail bondsmen, and its actions will not be overturned
        absent a showing that they were arbitrary, capricious, or illegal. In re A
        Way Out Bonding, No. M2012-00423-CCA-R3-CD, 2013 WL 2325276,
        at *2 (Tenn. Crim. App. May 28, 2013), no perm. app. filed; In re Int’l
        Fid. Ins. Co., 989 S.W.2d 726, 729 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1998); In re Hitt,
        910 S.W.2d 900, 904 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1995).

       In the present matter, the appellant argues the plain language of Local Rule 7.03
only requires bail bond companies submitting applications March 1, 2015, or later, to
post $75,000 in cash or certificate of deposit with the Criminal Court Clerk. The State
disagrees and argues that pursuant to Local Rule 7.11, the requirement applies to all
bonding companies practicing before courts in Shelby County with criminal jurisdiction.
We agree with the State.

       “[T]he promulgation of the local rules is somewhat analogous to the legislative
actions and the interpretation and construction of the rules as guided by the rules
concerning statutory construction.” May v. Woodlawn Memorial Park, Inc., No. M2001-
02945-COA-R3-CV, 2002 WL 31059223, at *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2002). When
interpreting a statute or rule, we look first to the plain language of the rule, giving the
words their ordinary and plain meaning. See generally Mills v. Fulmarque, 360 S.W.3d
362, 368 (Tenn. 2012). When the meaning of a statute is clear, “[courts] apply the plain
meaning without complicating the task” and enforce the statute as written. Lind v.
Beaman Dodge, Inc., 356 S.W.3d 889, 895 (Tenn. 2011). “[S]tatues „in pari materia‟ –
those relating to the same subject or having common purpose – are to be construed
together, and the construction of one such statute, if doubtful, may be aided by
                                          - 10 -
considering the words and legislative intent indicated by the language of another statute.”
Graham v. Caples, 325 S.W.3d 578, 582 (Tenn. 2010) (internal quotations omitted).
Courts must adopt the most “reasonable construction which avoids statutory conflict and
provides for harmonious operation of the laws.” Carver v. Citizen Utils. Co., 954 S.W.2d
34, 35 (Tenn. 1997).

        After considering Local Rule 7 in its entirety, we conclude the requirement that
bonding companies in Shelby County post a minimum of $75,000 in cash or certificate of
deposit with the Criminal Court Clerk applies to all bonding companies practicing before
courts of record in Shelby County with criminal jurisdiction and not only to those filing
petitions March 1, 2015, or later. While the language of Local Rule 7.03, a subpart to
Local Rule 7, could have been more clearly written, Local Rule 7.11 plainly states that
“[b]onding companies approved before the effective dates of [this Rule] shall be in
compliance with this Rule by the effective date of March 1, 2015.” In order to be in
compliance with all requirements of Local Rule 7, bonding companies must post a
minimum of $75,000 cash or certificate of deposit with the Criminal Court Clerk.
Because this requirement applies to all bonding companies practicing in Shelby County,
not only those petitioning the trial court for approval before March 1, 2015, and later, this
local rule is not arbitrary or capricious and, as a regulation of the bondsmen practicing
before it, is appropriately within the province of the trial court. The appellant is not
entitled to relief on this issue.

       C.     Due Process

       The Due Process Clause of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United
States Constitution and article I, section 8 of the Tennessee Constitution embody similar
procedural protections and guarantees. See Doe v. Norris, 751 S.W.2d 834, 838 (Tenn.
1988). Both prevent the government from infringing upon significant property or liberty
interests without first providing notice and an opportunity to be heard at a meaningful
time and in a meaning manner. Cleveland Bd. of Educ. v. Loudermill, 470 U.S. 532, 542
(1985); Cooper v. Williamson County Bd. of Educ., 803 S.W.2d 200, 202 (Tenn. 1990),
cert. denied, 500 U.S. 916 (1991). Several factors must be established, however, before
these procedural safeguards are required. See State v. AAA Aaron’s Action Agency Bail
Bonds, Inc., 993 S.W.2d 81, 85 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1998).

              1.     Protected Interest

       First, before due process safeguards are required, the allegedly aggrieved party
must possess a constitutionally protected liberty or property interest. Board of Regents of
State Colleges v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 569-78 (1972). The right to engage in a chosen
business, occupation, or profession without unreasonable governmental interference or
                                           - 11 -
deprivation thereof is both a liberty and property interest, protected by the due process
clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments and article I, section 8 of the Tennessee
Constitution. See Cleveland Bd. of Educ. v. Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 543; see also Livesay
v. Tennessee Board of Examiners in Watchmaking, 322 S.W.2d 209 (1959). The bail
bonds industry is a business, albeit one that is closely regulated by the criminal courts.
State v. AAA Aaron’s Action Agency Bail Bonds, Inc., 993 S.W.2d at 85. Thus, once the
court approves a petition to engage in the bail bonds business, pursuing it becomes a
right, and the deprivation of that right is a judicial act that must meet the due process of
law. Id.

        Additionally, in order for due process rights to apply, there must be a deprivation
of the protected business interest by the government. See Rowe v. Board of Educ. of City
of Chattanooga, 938 S.W.2d 351, 354 (Tenn. 1996), cert. denied, 520 U.S. 1128 (1997)
(citation omitted). In the present matter, the trial court suspended the appellant‟s right to
write bail bonds. When doing so, it deprived the appellant of its right to engage in
business and earn a livelihood. Accordingly, the appellant was entitled to notice and a
hearing.

       After this Court determines that due process applies, it must weigh the interests of
the business and the government to determine what process is due and whether a
deprivation has occurred. Federal Deposit Ins. Corp. v. Mallen, 486 U.S. 230, 240
(1988); Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth, 408 U.S. at 569-570. The
constitutional guarantees to due process are flexible standards based on the concepts of
fairness and reasonableness. State v. AAA Aaron’s Action Agency Bail Bonds, Inc., 993
S.W.2d at 86. With the concepts of fairness and reasonableness in mind, we analyze the
notice and hearing requirements separately below.

              2.     Notice

        Due process requires “notice reasonably calculated under all the circumstances, to
apprise interested parties” of the claims of the opposing parties. McClellan v. Board of
Regents of State University, 921 S.W.2d 684, 688 (Tenn. 1996) (citing Mullane v.
Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306, 314 (1950)). The purpose of due
process requirements is to notify the individual in advance in order to allow adequate
preparation and reduce surprise. Id. (citing Memphis Light, Gas and Water Division v.
Craft, 436 U.S. 1, 14 (1978)). The notice must clearly inform the recipient of the charges
and cannot be ambiguous or obscure. See Turk v. Franklin Special School Dist., 640
S.W.2d 218, 220 (Tenn. 1982). To comport with these notions of fair play, the means
employed should equal or exceed that which one desirous of actually informing the
opposite party would employ. Id. (citations omitted). We have previously held that “[i]f
a trial court suspends a bondsman from making bonds, the bondsman has a right to
                                           - 12 -
receive notice of the action taken and a copy of the charges that brought about the
suspension.” Id. at 84.

        In the case at bar, the appellant appeals the trial court‟s July 20, 2015 order
denying its motion to set aside the March 23, 2015 order suspending the appellant‟s
ability to write bonds “[d]ue to the non-compliance of the New Local Rules for Bail
Bond Companies that were effective March 1, 2015[.]” According to the trial court, the
local rules with which the appellant failed to comply were filed and available for review
on November 21, 2014. The trial court then held a meeting on January 5, 2015. Local
bail bondsmen were invited to and did attend this meeting. During the meeting, the
attendees received copies of the amended local rules, and the trial court answered any
questions the bail bondsmen had regarding the new rules. In addition, the trial court
clarified that the requirement that each bail bonding company post $75,000 in cash or
certificate of deposit with the court clerk applied to all bonding companies, including
those approved prior to March 1, 2015. The appellant then received a letter dated March
6, 2015, notifying it that the new local rules would go into effect on Monday, March 23,
2015, and “[i]f you are not in compliance on this day, you will be suspended from writing
bonds in Shelby County.”

       After the appellant failed to comply with Local Rule 7.03, the trial court
suspended its ability to write bonds in Shelby County. While the trial court‟s order
simply says the appellant was suspended “[d]ue to the non-compliance of the New Local
Rules for Bail Bond Companies that were effective March 1, 2015[,]” in its motion to set
aside the order filed March 27, 2015, the appellant states, “A-River City believes,
however, that its authority to write bonds in Shelby County was suspended because it did
not post Seventy-Five Thousand Dollars ($75,000.00) in cash with the Criminal Court
Clerk as security for bonds written which it believes the Shelby County Criminal Courts
have interpreted amended [Local Rule] 7.03(A) to require.” Then, during the hearing on
May 19, 2015, the appellant reiterated its belief that the trial court suspended its ability to
write bonds due to its non-compliance with Local Rule 7.03. In response, the trial court
confirmed this to be the reason for the suspension and recounted its prior conversations
with the appellant‟s counsel where, prior to the hearing, the trial court informed him that
the reason for the suspension was the appellant‟s failure to post a minimum of $75,000 in
cash or certificate of deposit with the Criminal Court Clerk.

        In light of the appellant‟s articulation of the suspected reason for the suspension in
its March 27, 2015 motion, the March 23, 2015 order sufficiently apprised the appellant
of the charges against it. The constitutional guarantees of due process are flexible
standards based on the concepts of fairness and reasonableness. Here, the appellant was
given enough notice to enable it to assert why the suspension occurred and then defend
its failure to comply with Local Rule 7.03 in both its motion to set aside the order of
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suspension and at the hearing of the motion on May 19, 2015. Any purported
shortcomings in the March 16, 2015 letter and subsequent March 23, 2015 order were
remedied by the trial court‟s subsequent verbal communication with the appellant‟s
lawyer where, prior to the hearing, it notified counsel for the appellant that the reason for
the suspension was the appellant‟s failure to comply with Local Rule 7.03. Thus, notice
was constitutionally adequate.

              3.     Opportunity to be Heard

       Not only does due process guarantee a person to notice, it also provides the
opportunity to be heard. The opportunity to present a written or in-person argument
opposing a proposed action, however, is not a fundamental due process requirement.
Cleveland Bd. of Educ. v. Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 546 (citation omitted). Procedural due
process does not necessarily require a prior hearing. Federal Deposit Ins. Corp. v.
Mallen, 486 U.S. at 240; State ex rel. Hayes v. Civil Service Com’n of Metropolitan
Government of Nashville and Davidson County, No. 01-A-01-9002-CH00061, 1990 WL
165073 at *4-5 (Tenn. App. at Nashville, Oct. 31, 1990). Instead, due process requires
the provision of a hearing “at a meaningful time.” Cleveland Bd. of Educ. v. Loudermill,
470 U.S. at 547. A post-decision hearing will suffice as long as it is held within a
reasonable time in light of the issues and interests at stake. Id. (citations omitted).
While post-decision hearings are often sufficient, the timeliness in which one is held is of
constitutional concern. Civil Service Comm’n of Metropolitan Government of Nashville
and Davidson County, 1990 WL 165073 at *4 (citing Brock v. Roadway Express, Inc.,
481 U.S. 252, 267 (1987). While there is a point at which an unjustified delay in
completing a post-deprivation proceeding would become a constitutional violation, the
significance of such a delay cannot be evaluated in a vacuum. Federal Deposit Ins. Corp.
v. Mallen, 486 U.S. at 242. There is no precise method by which to determine whether a
delay in holding a hearing rises to the level of a constitutional violation. State v. AAA
Aaron’s Action Agency Bail Bonds, Inc., 993 S.W.2d at 86. Instead, the importance of
the private interest and the harm to this interest occasioned by the delay; the
government‟s interest and its reason for the delay; and the likelihood that the pre-hearing
decision is erroneous are examined and weighed against each other. Federal Deposit Ins.
Corp. v. Mallen, 486 U.S. at 242.

      In the case at hand, not only was the appellant entitled to constitutional due
process protection, but after the appellant filed an answer within twenty days of the
March 23, 2015 order, both Tennessee Code Annotated section 40-11-125(b) and Local
Rule 7.10 mandated a hearing. The appellant received this hearing on May 19, 2015.
The appellant argues this hearing came too late, and the trial court deprived it of due
process by failing to hold the hearing within a reasonable amount of time after the
suspension, failing to enter its post-hearing order within a reasonable amount of time
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after the hearing, and failing to lift appellant‟s suspension after it submitted a $75,000
certificate of deposit with the Criminal Court Clerk. We are not persuaded by these
arguments.

       The record is void of documentation that the appellant complied with the July 20,
2015 order. The appellant has not provided any support for its assertion that it complied
with Local Rule 7.03 and subsequently requested a lift of the suspension that the trial
court denied. This issue is not properly before this Court on appeal, and the appellant is
not entitled to relief on this basis.

         Moreover, other than referencing a general denial of its source of livelihood, the
appellant has not presented any evidence from which this Court can weigh the interests
involved, so we cannot conduct a thorough balancing of the competing interests. See
State v. AAA Aaron’s Action Agency Bail Bonds, Inc., 993 S.W.2d at 87 (holding that
even though the appellant bonding company was denied its source of livelihood, without
evidence from which the court can weigh the interests involved, it cannot conclude a
delay of sixteen days constituted an unreasonable delay). “„[I]nherent in any
bureaucracy, . . . is a certain amount of inefficiency and delay, and the mere allegation of
delay without an explanation of why the delay is unreasonable does not support a claim
for due process.‟” Id. (quoting Slugocki v. United States By and Through Dept. of Labor,
988 F.Supp. 1443, 1447 (S.D. Fla.1997)). The trial court attributed the hearing delay to
uncertainty regarding the propriety of hearing a challenge to Local Rule 7 while Memphis
Bonding Company, Inc. v. Criminal Court of Tennessee 30th District, et al. was pending
in the Court of Appeals. After the trial court received reassurance from its counsel in
Memphis Bonding Company, Inc. v. Criminal Court of Tennessee 30th District, et al.that
the hearing could proceed, the trial court worked with its own schedule, as well as that of
the parties, to find a mutually convenient hearing date. As of the date of the hearing, the
appellant had not posted the requisite $75,000 with the Criminal Court Clerk. By the
appellant‟s own admission, it knew the trial court suspended its ability to write bonds due
to its failure to make the payment, yet during the fifty-three days that lapsed between
filing its motion to set aside the order of suspension and the hearing of the motion, the
appellant did not take any steps to comply with Local Rule 7.03 and seek reinstatement at
the hearing. Likewise, the trial court denied the appellant‟s motion at the hearing on May
19, 2015, yet in the sixty-one days that lapsed between the hearing and the trial court‟s
entry of the per curiam order denying the appellant‟s motion to set aside the order of
suspension, the appellant made no apparent attempts to comply with Local Rule 7.03.
After considering the record as a whole, rather than the delays in isolation, we cannot
conclude the fifty-three day hearing delay and sixty-one day delay in entering an order
constituted unreasonable delay. The appellant was afforded appropriate due process
protections and is not entitled to relief on this issue.

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                                   CONCLUSION

       Based upon the record, the parties‟ briefs, and the foregoing analysis, we affirm
the judgment of the trial court.

                                 ____________________________________________
                                 THOMAS T. WOODALL, PRESIDING JUDGE

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