Court Opinion

ID: 6325035
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-03-21 07:14:53.754832+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:21:57.696516
License: Public Domain

Opinion issued March 15, 2022

                                   In The

                            Court of Appeals
                                  For The

                        First District of Texas
                          ————————————
                            NO. 01-20-00777-CV
                          ———————————
    NATIONWIDE COIN & BULLION RESERVE, INC. AND DALLAS
    PASKELL, TURNER JONES, LAWRENCE KUYKENDALL, AND
                 MELIDA JONES, Appellants
                                     V.
                     WILLIAM CIARLONE, Appellee

                  On Appeal from the 281st District Court
                           Harris County, Texas
                     Trial Court Case No. 2019-57418

                        MEMORANDUM OPINION

     This case concerns coins purchased by William Ciarlone. In this

interlocutory appeal, Nationwide Coin and Bullion Reserve, Inc. and four

individuals associated with the company (collectively “Nationwide”) appeal the
denial of their motion to compel arbitration. We conclude that the appellants failed

to establish the existence of an arbitration agreement. We affirm the trial court’s

denial of the motion to compel arbitration.

                                   Background

      In November 2017, Ciarlone spoke with a Nationwide sales representative

on multiple occasions regarding his interest in purchasing coins. Some of the calls

were lengthy. Eventually, Ciarlone told the representative that he had $83,295

cash. The representative offered to sell a set of five coins for $83,295. The

representative stated that the coins were worth more than the price offered but that

Nationwide was willing to offer Ciarlone a special deal at a reduced price. In a

November 29, 2017 phone call with the representative, Ciarlone agreed to pay

$83,295 for the coin set. During the call, they finalized the payment method and

delivery schedule. Ciarlone agreed to mail a check through a shipping service the

same day.

      The following day, after Ciarlone had sent the check, another Nationwide

representative called him purporting to verify the previously agreed upon

transaction. Ciarlone stated that he had postdated his check for $83,295 to

December 1, 2017 to ensure that sufficient cash was in his checking account.

During the brief confirmation call the following exchange took place:

      Nationwide:         Okay sir, well I have one last closing statement.
                          The precious metals and rare coin markets are

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                         speculative, unregulated, and prices for these items
                         may rise or fall over time. All claims or disputes
                         related to this sale are subject to binding arbitration
                         in Harris County, Texas. Do you agree and
                         understand these terms and conditions?

      Ciarlone:          Yes.

      Nationwide:        And do you authorize Nationwide Coin and
                         Bullion Reserve to deposit your check once it’s
                         received for the full amount of $83,295?

      Ciarlone:          $83,295.00. Yes.

      Nationwide.        Great, thank you so much for your time, sir. Hope
                         you have a great day.

      Ciarlone:          Bye.

Ciarlone received the coins on December 1, 2017. Nationwide included an

invoice/packing slip with the coins. On the back of the invoice/packing slip was

the following:

      ARBITRATION: All claims and disputes arising under or relating to
      this Agreement are to be settled by binding arbitration in the State of
      Texas, County of Harris. The arbitration shall be conducted on a
      confidential basis pursuant to the Commercial Arbitration Rules of the
      American Arbitration Association. Any decision or award as a result
      of any such arbitration proceeding shall be in writing and shall
      provide an explanation of all conclusions of law and fact and shall
      include the assessment of costs, expenses and reasonable attorneys’
      fees. Any such arbitration shall be conducted by an arbitrator
      experienced in precious metals and shall include a written record of
      the arbitration hearing. The parties reserve the right to object to any
      individual who shall be employed by or affiliated with a competing
      organization or entity. An award of arbitration may be confirmed in a
      court of competent jurisdiction.

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      Sometime later, a dispute arose about the coins. On August 19, 2019,

Nationwide sought a declaratory judgment that the arbitration provision on the

back of the invoice/packing slip was enforceable. Ciarlone answered and included

affirmative defenses. He also filed counterclaims against the company and

individuals associated with it. In April 2020, Ciarlone propounded written

discovery requests upon Nationwide. In July 2020, Ciarlone moved for summary

judgment. In September 2020, Ciarlone moved to compel Nationwide’s responses

to his interrogatories and requests for production.

      Nationwide moved to compel arbitration under the Texas Arbitration Act

and abate the proceedings.1 Nationwide argued that there was a valid agreement to

arbitrate, the agreement assigned arbitrability to the arbitrator, and it had not

waived arbitration by engaging in the judicial process. Specifically, Nationwide

argued that the arbitration clause was on the back of the invoice/packing slip and

was confirmed in the November 30, 2017 confirmation call. Ciarlone responded,

denying the existence of an agreement to arbitrate. Ciarlone also argued that

Nationwide had waived its right to compel arbitration by participating in litigation.

After a non-evidentiary hearing, the trial court denied Nationwide’s motion to

compel arbitration. Nationwide now appeals the trial court’s decision.

1
      See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 171.001—.098.
                                          4
                       Existence of Agreement to Arbitrate

      Nationwide argues that the question of arbitrability should be decided by the

arbitrator because the parties had a valid agreement to arbitrate. Ciarlone responds

that the trial court did not err because Nationwide did not establish the existence of

a valid agreement to arbitrate. We agree with Ciarlone.

      Nationwide seeks to compel arbitration under the Texas Arbitration Act (the

“TAA”), which provides that “[a] written agreement to arbitrate is valid and

enforceable if the agreement is to arbitrate a controversy that (1) exists at the time

of the agreement; or (2) arises between the parties after the date of the agreement.”

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 171.001(a). A party seeking to compel arbitration

under the TAA must first establish, as a threshold matter, that there exists a valid

arbitration agreement and that the claims in dispute fall within the scope of that

agreement. See In re Kellogg Brown & Root, Inc., 166 S.W.3d 732, 737 (Tex.

2005); see also J.M. Davidson, Inc. v. Webster, 128 S.W.3d 223, 227 (Tex. 2003).

If the party seeking arbitration establishes the existence of a valid agreement, the

burden shifts to the party resisting arbitration to raise an affirmative defense to

enforcement. J.M. Davidson, Inc., 128 S.W.3d at 227.

A.    Standard of Review

      “When reviewing a denial of a motion to compel arbitration, we defer to the

trial court’s factual determinations that are supported by evidence but review the

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trial court’s legal determinations de novo.” Rachal v. Reitz, 403 S.W.3d 840, 843

(Tex. 2013). Whether a valid arbitration agreement exists is a question of law that

we review de novo. In re Labatt Food Service, L.P., 279 S.W.3d 640, 643 (Tex.

2009).

      The trial court signed an order denying Nationwide’s motion to compel

arbitration and did not issue written findings of fact or conclusions of law.

Therefore, we affirm the court’s judgment “if it can be upheld on any legal theory

that finds support in the evidence.” Worford v. Stamper, 801 S.W.2d 108, 109

(Tex. 1990).

B.    Applicable Law

      Ordinary principles of state contract law determine whether there is a valid

agreement to arbitrate. Kellogg Brown & Root, 166 S.W.3d at 738. The elements

of a valid contract are: (1) an offer; (2) an acceptance; (3) a meeting of the minds;

(4) each party’s consent to the terms; and (5) execution and delivery of the contract

with the intent that it be mutual and binding. Prime Prods., Inc. v. S.S.I. Plastics,

Inc., 97 S.W.3d 631, 636 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, pet. denied).

      “An order or other offer to buy goods for prompt or current shipment shall

be construed as inviting acceptance either by a prompt promise to ship or by the

prompt or current shipment of conforming or non-conforming goods.” TEX. BUS. &

COM. CODE § 2.206(a)(2). Additional terms are construed as proposals for addition

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to the contract. Id. § 2.207(b). In transactions between merchants, such proposed

additional terms may automatically become part of the contract. Id.2

C.    Analysis

      There is no valid agreement to arbitrate because the arbitration provision

was not part of the original contract between the parties nor was it part of an

accepted new or modified contract.

      1.    The arbitration provision was not part of the sales contract.

      On November 30, 2020, Ciarlone sent a check to pay for the coins to

Nationwide. When Ciarlone received the coins the next day, he received an

invoice/packing slip. The arbitration provision on which Nationwide relies was

printed on the back of the invoice/packing slip along with other terms and

conditions. At the time Ciarlone received the invoice/packing slip, the sales

contract had already been completed.

      A sales contract was formed upon the promise to ship, or at the latest the

shipment of, the coins. See TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE § 2.206(a)(2); see also Hatch

v. Jones, 4:18-CV-4146, 2019 WL 6137389, at *4 (S.D. Tex. Oct. 30, 2019), report

and recommendation adopted, 2019 WL 6135119 (S.D. Tex. Nov. 15, 2019). In

Hatch, the plaintiff sued Nationwide and its sales representatives based on

evidence that is nearly identical to the evidence presented here. Nationwide sought

2
      Neither party contends that Ciarlone is a merchant.
                                           7
to compel arbitration based on an affidavit from a sales representative and on the

terms and conditions that appeared on the back of the invoice/packing slip received

by the purchaser with the shipment of coins. Hatch, 2019 WL 6137389, at *1. The

sales representative attested that the plaintiff agreed to the terms and conditions by

phone. The court concluded that the arbitration provision printed on the invoice

and sent to the purchaser was insufficient because it was sent to the purchaser after

the contract was formed. Id. at *4.

      The Fourteenth Court of Appeals reached the same conclusion regarding the

existence of an arbitration agreement in a similar case. See Nationwide Coin &

Bullion Reserve, Inc. v. Thomas, 625 S.W.3d 498, 506 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th

Dist.] 2020, pet. denied). In that case, an individual sued Nationwide regarding

multiple coin purchase transactions. Id. at 502. Nationwide moved to compel

arbitration, and the trial court denied the motion. Id. On appeal, the Fourteenth

Court upheld the trial court’s denial of the motion. Id. at 507. The court held that

the arbitration provision was not part of the sales contract. Id. at 506. The provision

appeared only on the back of the invoice given to the individual after each

transaction was complete. Id. There, as here, Nationwide argued that the plaintiff

agreed to the terms and conditions by phone. Id. The court held that the contract to

purchase and ship the coins was formed and completed before the invoice with the

arbitration provision was sent. Id. (citing TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE § 2.206(a)(2)).

                                          8
The court held that the written arbitration agreement was not sent to the purchaser

until after the sales contract had already been completed. Id. Therefore, it was

insufficient to bind the purchaser. Id.

      Ciarlone offered to buy coins from Nationwide, and Nationwide accepted

that offer when it either promised shipment or actually shipped the coins. See TEX.

BUS. & COM. CODE § 2.206(a)(2). Ciarlone paid Nationwide and received the coins

before he received the written agreement to arbitrate. See Stewart & Stevenson,

LLC v. Galveston Party Boats, Inc., No. 01-09-00030-CV, 2009 WL 3673823, at

*7–9 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Nov. 5, 2009, no pet.) (mem. op.) (holding

that arbitration agreement on the back of invoices was not a meeting of the minds

to form contract). Ciarlone and the Nationwide sales representative had established

the terms for an oral contract for the exchange of the coins during the

November 27, 2019 phone call. Ciarlone then sent his check to Nationwide, and

Nationwide delivered the coins. See TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE § 2.201(c)(3)

(contract which does not satisfy the statute of frauds is enforceable with respect to

goods “for which payment has been made and accepted or which have been

received and accepted.”). Accordingly, the sales contract was fully performed

before Ciarlone received the arbitration clause on the packing slip.

      Under the evidence presented, the arbitration clause was a mere proposal for

an additional term. Nationwide has failed to demonstrate Ciarlone’s acceptance of

                                          9
the proposed terms. Ciarlone received the additional terms on the back of the

invoice/packing slip after the sales contract had been completed. Nationwide

argues that there is a valid agreement to arbitrate because signature and delivery

are not required to demonstrate the existence of a contract. See Phillips v. Carlton

Energy Grp., LLC, 475 S.W.3d 265, 277 (Tex. 2015) (stating contract need not be

signed to be executed if written document is submitted to both parties and each

expresses unconditional assent). Nationwide has not provided any evidence to

show that Ciarlone expressed his assent to the additional terms he received on the

invoice. Id. As Ciarlone was not a merchant, the additional terms were not

automatically added to the contract. See TEX. BUS. & COM. CODE § 2.207(b). There

is no evidence indicating that Ciarlone saw and assented to the additional terms.

See Stewart & Stevenson, LLC, 2009 WL 3673823 at *9; Hatch, 2019 WL

6137389 at *4.

      2.    The arbitration agreement was not part of an accepted
            modification or new contract.

      The arbitration clause was also not a modification to the existing contract or

a new contract. A new contract or a modification of the parties’ existing contract

requires a meeting of the minds. Hatch, 2019 WL 6137389 at *5; Hathaway v.

Gen. Mills, Inc., 711 S.W.2d 227, 228–29 (Tex. 1986) (“A modification must

satisfy the elements of a contract: a meeting of the minds supported by

consideration. Whether a contract is modified depends on the parties’

                                        10
intentions[.]”) (citations omitted). “The determination of a meeting of the

minds . . . is based on the objective standard of what the parties said and did.”

Stewart & Stevenson, LLC, 2009 WL 3673823, at *7 (citing Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.

v. Lopez, 93 S.W.3d 548, 556 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, no pet.)).

      Nationwide did not demonstrate that there was a meeting of the minds after

Ciarlone received the written proposal. Evidence of mutual assent in written

contracts generally consists of signatures of the parties and delivery with the intent

to bind. Baylor Univ. v. Sonnichsen, 221 S.W.3d 632, 635 (Tex. 2007). There is no

evidence that Ciarlone signed the invoice/packing slip indicating his assent to the

additional arbitration term. Nationwide also has not submitted evidence that

demonstrates that Ciarlone assented to the arbitration provision after he received

the invoice. Under these facts, an arbitration agreement on the back of an invoice,

which is provided to the buyer after the transaction is complete, is not enough to

show a meeting of the minds for contract formation and modification. Hatch, 2019

WL 6137389, at *5.

      Finally, to the extent Nationwide argues that the verification call

demonstrates an agreement to arbitrate, it is insufficient. The TAA applies only to

                                         11
written agreements to arbitrate. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 171.001. The

parties could not be compelled to arbitration based on purported oral agreements.3

      Nationwide did not meet its burden to prove that an agreement to arbitrate

existed. Kellogg Brown & Root, Inc., 166 S.W.3d at 737 (party seeking to compel

arbitration under the TAA must first establish existence of arbitration agreement);

J.M. Davidson, Inc., 128 S.W.3d at 227. The trial court did not abuse its discretion

in denying the motion to compel arbitration.

      Because we affirm the denial of arbitration on the basis that there was no

agreement to arbitrate, we need not reach Nationwide’s alternative grounds for

reversing the trial court. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.

3
      The arbitration clause did not reference the Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”). See
      9 U.S.C. §§ 1–16 (FAA). Nationwide only sought to compel arbitration under the
      TAA. To the extent Nationwide also argues that the FAA applies, it does not. The
      FAA only preempts the TAA in specific situations, which are not found here. See
      In Re D. Wilson Constr. Co., 196 S.W.3d 774, 780 (Tex. 2006) (“For the FAA to
      preempt the TAA, state law must refuse to enforce an arbitration agreement that
      the FAA would enforce, either because (1) the TAA has expressly exempted the
      agreement from coverage, or (2) the TAA has imposed an enforceability
      requirement not found in the FAA.”) (internal citations removed).

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                                    Conclusion

      We affirm the trial court’s order.

                                                Peter Kelly
                                                Justice

Panel consists of Justices Kelly, Hightower, and Farris.

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