Court Opinion

ID: 2899920
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-09 00:20:07.136555+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:36:59.363441
License: Public Domain

NO. 07-07-0327-CR

                           IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                     FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                                   AT AMARILLO

                                      PANEL D

                                 JANUARY 15, 2009

                        ______________________________

                    DESMOND DE-RON JOHNSON, APPELLANT

                                         V.

                        THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE

                      _________________________________

            FROM THE 108TH DISTRICT COURT OF POTTER COUNTY;

                 NO. 54,577-E; HONORABLE ABE LOPEZ, JUDGE

                       _______________________________

Before QUINN, C.J., and CAMPBELL and PIRTLE, JJ.

                             MEMORANDUM OPINION

      Following a plea of not guilty, Appellant, Desmond De-Ron Johnson, was convicted

by a jury of possession of marihuana in an amount of five pounds or less but more than

four ounces, a state jail felony. See Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. § 481.121(b)(3)

(Vernon 2003). The jury’s finding that the offense was committed in a drug-free zone

formed the basis of punishment as a third degree felony. See § 481.134(d)(1) (Vernon
Supp. 2008). Appellant was sentenced to eight years confinement and an $8,000 fine.

By his first four issues, Appellant maintains he was denied due process and a fair trial by

the trial court’s (1) denial of his motion to suppress; (2) refusal to instruct the jury pursuant

to article 38.23 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure; (3) refusal to instruct the jury

pursuant to article 38.41 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure; and (4) refusal to

enforce its own discovery order and allowing testimony of witnesses and expert witnesses

when they had not been disclosed by the State. By issues five and six, Appellant

challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence to support the drug-free zone

enhancement to his conviction. By his seventh and final issue, Appellant asserts he was

denied his constitutional right to confront witnesses through the introduction of hearsay

testimony regarding the county where the offense was alleged to have occurred. For the

reasons that follow, we affirm.

                                    Factual Background

       Officers Sammy Martinez and Scott Chappel are members of a community-oriented

problem solving squad. The squad is designed to work on long-term problems arising from

complaints from citizens and businesses. While on patrol on the afternoon of October 16,

2006, the officers were flagged down by a citizen who believed individuals were dealing

drugs at San Jacinto Park. The individual identified the suspects by name and gave a

description of the clothing the two suspects were wearing. The officers drove to the park

and saw two males who fit the description walking in a southerly direction. According to

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the officers, numerous other persons were in the park, but no one else fit the descriptions

given. As they drove in the direction of the suspects, Appellant’s companion, Dustin Baker,

ducked behind a tree momentarily, threw something down, then reappeared. The officers

exited the patrol car and approached the individuals.

       Baker’s furtive movement in ducking behind a tree was suspicious to Officer

Martinez and caused him safety concerns. He initiated a pat down search of Appellant for

weapons while Officer Chappel tended to Baker. During the search, Officer Martinez

detected a strong odor of marihuana and notified Appellant of the anonymous complaint

he had received and asked if he was carrying drugs. Appellant admitted he had drugs in

his coat pocket. Officer Martinez reached into the coat pocket and pulled out a plastic

baggie containing marihuana and a set of digital scales.

       A search behind the tree where Baker had concealed himself turned up a

marihuana blunt (a cigar that has had the tobacco removed and replaced with marihuana).

Appellant and Baker were both arrested. Appellant was charged with, and convicted of,

possession of marihuana in a drug-free zone.

                                  Motion to Suppress

       By his first issue, Appellant contends he was denied due process and a fair trial by

the trial court’s denial of his motion to suppress. We disagree. Appellant filed his motion

to suppress one week prior to commencement of trial urging among other items,

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suppression of the marihuana on the ground that it was seized without a warrant, probable

cause, or other lawful authority in violation of his constitutional rights.

       According to the record, a pretrial hearing on Appellant’s motion to suppress was

scheduled to take place at docket call, however, no hearing was held because Appellant’s

counsel failed to appear. After the jury was seated, but before voir dire began, defense

counsel urged his motion to suppress explaining his absence at docket call was due to lack

of notice. In response, the trial court stated:

       And I indicated to you in chambers that we waited for you and you took off
       somewhere. The Prosecutor had witnesses here in the courtroom. We were
       in the courtroom with witnesses and I was here and you were gone. We
       went looking for you and my bailiff said you took off. So if I have time, I’ll
       hear it later on, otherwise, it’s overruled.

       Following this exchange, Appellant’s counsel did not object to the denial of a hearing

or to the trial court’s ruling. Furthermore, during the State’s case-in-chief, Appellant’s

counsel did not object to the introduction of the evidence sought to be suppressed on the

same grounds alleged in the motion. After the State rested its case-in-chief, defense

counsel conferred with Appellant and then rested without presenting evidence or reurging

his motion to suppress. The following morning, the trial court announced:

       I see your motion to suppress, and according to the evidence from the
       officers covered, I gave you sufficient leeway there for me to get all the data
       that I needed. And based on what I heard from the officers, although it was
       before the jury, I would have denied that motion.

                                               4
       Generally, in order to preserve error, the record must show that Appellant made a

timely request, objection, or motion, and that the trial court ruled on it. Tex. R. App. P.

33.1(a)(1). Appellant’s failure to appear and timely urge his motion to suppress when

scheduled constitutes a waiver of that motion. Therefore, the trial court did not err when

it overruled Appellant’s motion to suppress prior to the commencement of voir dire.

       However, our inquiry does not stop there. In the exchange immediately prior to the

commencement of voir dire, the trial court did express an intent to consider the motion at

a later time. Furthermore, at the end of the trial, the trial court indicated that, based upon

the evidence that it did hear during trial, it would have denied the motion. Under such

circumstances, it can be said that the trial court carried the motion with the trial and

subsequently reconsidered its merits. Although such an unorthodox course of proceedings

is inappropriate in a jury trial setting, when a trial court allows a motion to suppress to be

conducted in a unitary proceeding with the trial itself, the appellant does not waive his

motion by failing to object to the admission of the evidence he seeks to suppress. Garza

v. State, 126 S.W.3d 79, 84 (Tex.Crim.App. 2004). Therefore, assuming without deciding

that Appellant adequately preserved error, we will address the merits of his motion to

suppress.

       A trial court's ruling on a motion to suppress is reviewed for abuse of discretion

standard. Balentine v. State, 71 S.W.3d 763, 768 (Tex.Crim.App. 2002). Where, as here,

the facts are undisputed, we conduct a de novo review of the trial court’s application-of-

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law-to-fact questions that do not turn on the credibility and demeanor of the witnesses.

Amador v. State, 221 S.W.3d 666, 673 (Tex.Crim.App. 2007); Estrada v. State, 154
S.W.3d 604, 607 (Tex.Crim.App. 2005). If the trial court’s decision is correct on any theory

of law applicable to the case, it will be sustained. State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 855-56

(Tex.Crim.App. 2000).

       The Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution and Article I, § 9 of the

Texas Constitution protect against unreasonable searches and seizures by government

officials. See Wiede v. State, 214 S.W.3d 17, 24-25 (Tex.Crim.App. 2007); Johnson v.

State, 912 S.W.2d 227, 232-34 (Tex.Crim.App. 1995); Martinez v. State, 72 S.W.3d 76,

81 (Tex.App.–Amarillo 2002, no pet.). A pedestrian is entitled to the protection of the

Fourth Amendment as he walks down the street. See Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 9, 88
S. Ct. 1868, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889 (1968). Reasonableness of a search is a question of law that

is reviewed de novo and is evaluated by the totality of the circumstances. Kothe v. State,

152 S.W.3d 54, 62 (Tex.Crim.App. 2004);            Woods v. State, 956 S.W.2d 33, 38

(Tex.Crim.App. 1997).

       An investigative detention occurs when an individual is encountered by a police

officer, yields to the officer’s display of authority, and is temporarily detained for purposes

of an investigation. Johnson, 912 S.W.2d at 235. A person “yields to an officer’s display

of authority” when a reasonable person would not feel free to continue walking or otherwise

terminate the encounter. Florida v. Bostick, 501 U.S. 429, 436, 111 S. Ct. 2382, 115

                                              6
L. Ed. 2d 389 (1991); State v. Velasquez, 994 S.W.2d 676, 679 (Tex.Crim.App. 1999);

Johnson, 912 S.W.2d at 234-35. An investigative detention is constitutionally permissible

if, under the totality of the circumstances, the officer has reasonable suspicion supported

by articulable facts that the person detained is, has been, or soon will be engaged in

criminal activity. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. at 21-22; Ford v. State, 158 S.W.3d 488, 492

(Tex.Crim.App. 2005). These facts must amount to more than a mere inarticulable hunch

or suspicion. Williams v. State, 621 S.W.2d 609, 612 (Tex.Crim.App. 1981). Whether

reasonable suspicion exists is determined by considering the facts known to the officer at

the moment of detention. Davis v. State, 947 S.W.2d 240, 243 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997).

Additionally, a determination of reasonable suspicion must be based on common sense

judgments and inferences about human behavior. See Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119,

125, 120 S. Ct. 673, 676, 145 L. Ed. 2d 570 (2000).

       Relying on Florida v. J.L., 529 U.S. 266, 270, 120 S. Ct. 1375, 146 L. Ed. 2d 254

(2000), Appellant argues that an anonymous tip by a person of undisclosed reliability is

insufficient to justify an investigative detention. See State v. Steelman, 93 S.W.3d 102,

108 (Tex.Crim.App. 2002). However, such a tip coupled with observations by police may

ultimately present reasonable suspicion and probable cause. Alabama v. White, 496 U.S.
325, 329-31, 110 S. Ct. 2412, 110 L. Ed. 2d 301 (1990); Turner v. State, 261 S.W.3d 129,

134 (Tex.App.–San Antonio 2008, no pet.). Police can provide other indicia of reliability

by independent corroboration of the informant’s information. Flores v. State, 172 S.W.3d
742, 751 (Tex.App.–Houston [14th Dist. 2005, no pet.). However, corroboration of only

                                            7
innocent details which do not indicate criminal activity are usually insufficient. Id., citing

Parish v. State, 939 S.W.2d 201, 203 (Tex.App.–Austin 1997, no pet.).

       While we agree with Appellant that the anonymous tip identifying him and Baker and

the officers’ corroboration of innocent details, i.e., the description of the clothing they were

wearing, are insufficient to justify an investigative detention, nothing prevented the officers

from merely seeking to engage in a lawful encounter with Appellant and his companion.

While seeking to engage in a lawful encounter, Officers Martinez and Chappel observed

Baker make a furtive movement by concealing himself behind a tree. This conduct made

Officer Martinez suspicious that Baker might be concealing a weapon, which tended to

corroborate their suspicion that Appellant and Baker were either involved in, or about to be

engaged in, criminal activity.

       Citing officer safety concerns, Officer Martinez initiated a pat down search of

Appellant for weapons. He informed Appellant that he was investigating a complaint

against him and asked him if he had drugs on him. Appellant was compliant and answered

affirmatively. He told Officer Martinez the drugs were in his coat pocket. Upon further

investigation the officer then discovered a plastic baggie containing marihuana and digital

scales. Nothing about this sequence of events implicates a violation of Appellant’s

constitutional rights.

       A pat down search is permissible when an officer reasonably believes that a citizen

about to be lawfully encountered by the officer might be armed. Terry, 392 U.S. at 29-30.

                                               8
The officer does not have to be absolutely certain that the individual is armed; rather, the

issue is whether a reasonable prudent person in the same circumstances would be

warranted in the belief that his safety or that of others was in danger. Id. at 27. Officer

Chappel, a peace officer with eighteen years experience, testified that based on his

training, persons who deal in narcotics often arm themselves for protection from rival

dealers and law enforcement.

       Based on the totality of the circumstances and the facts known to the officers at the

moment of the initial encounter, we find that there was a reasonably prudent concern for

officer safety, that the resultant weapons pat-down was justified, and that the subsequent

discovery of the controlled substance was constitutionally permissible. Given that the

record demonstrates great leeway to defense counsel in questioning both officers, we

conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Appellant’s motion to

suppress. Issue one is overruled.

                                 Article 38.23 Instruction

       By issue two, Appellant contends he was denied due process and a fair trial by the

trial court’s refusal to instruct the jury pursuant to article 38.23 of the Texas Code of

Criminal Procedure on the issue of probable cause for the stop, search, and seizure after

contradictions in the State’s witnesses’ testimony gave rise to the issue. We disagree.

       Article 38.23 provides, in relevant part, as follows:

                                              9
      (a) No evidence obtained by an officer or other person in violation of any
      provisions of the Constitution or laws of the State of Texas, or of the
      Constitution or laws of the United States of America, shall be admitted in
      evidence against the accused on the trial of any criminal case.

      In any case where the legal evidence raises an issue hereunder, the jury
      shall be instructed that if it believes, or has a reasonable doubt, that the
      evidence was obtained in violation of the provisions of this Article, then and
      in such event, the jury shall disregard any such evidence so obtained.

Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 38.23(a) (Vernon 2005).

      The triggering mechanism for an article 38.23 instruction is complex.            See

Oursbourn v. State, 259 S.W.3d 159, 177 (Tex.Crim.App. 2008). A defendant must

establish the following requirements: (1) the evidence must raise an issue of fact; (2) the

evidence on that fact must be affirmatively contested; and (3) the contested factual issue

must be material to the lawfulness of the challenged conduct in obtaining the evidence

sought to be excluded. Id.

      “A fact issue about whether evidence was legally obtained may be raised ‘from any

source, and the evidence may be strong, weak, contradicted, unimpeachable, or

unbelievable.’” Garza v. State, 126 S.W.3d at 85 (quoting Wilkerson v. State, 933 S.W.2d
276, 280 (Tex.App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 1996, pet. ref’d)). No instruction is required when

the evidence fails to raise a fact question on how the evidence was obtained by the State.

Wilkerson, 933 S.W.2d at 276. A disagreement with the trial court’s conclusion that

                                            10
probable cause was shown as a matter of law is not the same as a defendant controverting

the facts. Garza, 126 S.W.3d at 86.

       By his argument, Appellant asserts that “[i]n view of the inconsistencies in the

testimony of the State’s witnesses,” he requested an instruction under article 38.23 which

the trial court denied. He then references this Court to the State’s argument during the

charge conference that Officer Martinez was “vigorously cross-examined, and the issue

was clouded.” (Emphasis in Appellant’s Brief). Appellant argues here, “[a] clouded issue

is an issue raised.” However, Appellant nowhere in his argument in support of issue two

describes what inconsistencies in the officers’ testimony entitled him to a jury instruction

under article 38.23. As we are left to speculate, the only inconsistency in the record is

whether Appellant was wearing his coat or whether he was carrying it when approached

by Officer Martinez. Regardless, there was no issue raised by the evidence as to how the

marihuana was obtained. (Emphasis added). When the evidence fails to raise a fact

question on how the evidence was obtained by the State, no instruction is necessary.

Thomas v. State, 723 S.W.2d 696, 707 (Tex.Crim.App. 1986). Thus, no error was

committed by the trial court in denying Appellant’s request for an article 38.23 instruction.

Issue two is overruled.

                                Article 38.41 Instruction

       By issue three, Appellant contends he was denied due process and a fair trial by the

trial court’s refusal to instruct the jury pursuant to article 38.41 of the Texas Code of

                                             11
Criminal Procedure on the issue of whether a certificate of analysis regarding physical

evidence may be considered by the jury after non-compliance on the face of the certificate

gave rise to the issue. He argues the trial court’s error is of constitutional dimension.

       The State maintains on appeal that there was no violation of article 38.41 and thus,

Appellant’s argument lacks merit. Additionally, the State contends the trial court did not

err in refusing Appellant’s requested jury instruction because Appellant failed to object to

the certificate, in writing, as required by article 38.41, § 4. We agree with the State.

       Article 38.41, § 3 lists the requirements that a certificate of analysis must contain

and be certified under oath to be admissible. One of those requirements is a statement

that the laboratory employing the analyst be accredited by a nationally recognized board

or association. Id. at §3(2). Article 38.41, § 5 provides that a certificate of analysis is

sufficient if it substantially complies with the requirements.

       The certificate of analysis offered by the State as Exhibit 12 does not itself contain

a statement of accreditation by a nationally recognized board or association. However, the

drug analysis laboratory report, which was typed on letterhead from the Texas Department

of Public Safety and introduced as part of Exhibit 12, does contain the following statement:

“ACCREDITED BY THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CRIME LABORATORY DIRECTORS

– LAB ACCREDITATION BOARD.”

                                             12
       Appellant argues that the certificate is not in substantial compliance with the statute.

At trial, Appellant objected to the certificate on the ground that the Texas Department of

Public Safety is not a nationally recognized board. After the trial court examined the

documents and confirmed the laboratory case number on the certificate of analysis and

the attached DPS laboratory report were the same, the exhibit was admitted into evidence.

During the charge conference, Appellant requested a jury instruction on whether the jury

should be permitted to consider the certificate of analysis, which the trial court denied.

       Article 38.41, § 4 provides in relevant part:

       [n]ot later than the 20th day before the trial begins in a proceeding in which
       a certificate of analysis . . . is to be introduced, the certificate must be filed
       with the clerk of the court and a copy must be provided . . . to the opposing
       party. The certificate is not admissible under Section 1 if, not later than the
       10th day before the trial begins, the opposing party files a written objection
       to the use of the certificate with the clerk of the court and provides a copy of
       the objection . . . to the offering party.

(Emphasis added). The State filed its Notice of Filing of Certificate of Analysis, the

certificate, and the DPS drug analysis laboratory report with the trial court clerk on January

31, 2007. The certificate of service recites that defense counsel was served with a copy

on that date. Trial commenced on July 18, 2007. There is nothing in the record to show

that Appellant filed a written objection ten days before the trial began. By failing to timely

file a written objection, Appellant has not preserved his contention for review. See Tex. R.

App. P. 33.1(a). See also Deener v. State, 214 S.W.3d 522, 526 (Tex.App.–Dallas 2007,

pet. ref’d) (concluding that by failing to file a timely written objection to a certificate of

                                              13
analysis, the defendant forfeited his constitutional right to confront witnesses against him

under Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 124 S. Ct. 1354, 158 L. Ed. 2d 177 (2004)).

Issue three is overruled.

                                     Discovery Order

       By issue four, Appellant contends he was denied due process and a fair trial by the

trial court’s refusal to enforce its own Order of Discovery and allowing testimony of

witnesses and expert witnesses when same had not been disclosed by the State as

subject to its intention to be called at trial. We disagree.

       Pursuant to Appellant’s Motion for Discovery and article 39.14 of the Texas Code

of Criminal Procedure, the trial court signed a discovery order requiring the State to

“produce and permit counsel for Defendant to inspect,” among other items, a list of names

and addresses of all witnesses and expert witnesses the prosecution intended to call at

trial. When the State called its first witness to the stand, defense counsel objected to any

State witnesses claiming no notice of witnesses had been provided as required by the

discovery order. The State responded by reminding the trial judge of the State’s open-file

policy which the trial judge had previously found sufficient to cover any discovery motions

and which defense counsel had agreed to. Defense counsel argued that the open-file

policy was insufficient and did not cover notice on witness lists. He further argued:

       they remove their work product before they allow us to see it – and an
       intention of who they intend to call. That is a work product issue which is

                                             14
       discoverable by the motion. And the only way we can get it is through the
       motion.

In response, the State remarked that this was a three-witness case, two officers and the

person who tested the narcotics, and that the parties had engaged in a discussion to that

effect the Friday before trial.

       Initially, we address defense counsel’s argument that the discovery order entitled

Appellant to work product. Article 39.14 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure

specifically excludes discovery of the prosecuting attorney’s work product. Moreover,

Appellant did not argue at trial nor does he argue on appeal that he suffered actual

prejudice by the State’s open-file policy. No allegations of unfair surprise or inability to

effectively cross-examine any of the witnesses were made. See Heiselbetz v. State, 906
S.W.2d 500, 511-512 (Tex.Crim.App. 1995). See also Ross v. State, 133 S.W.3d 618,

(Tex.Crim.App. 2004).      Neither did defense counsel move for a continuance.          Cf.

Heiselbetz, 906 S.W.2d at 511. Additionally, there is nothing in the record to establish

whether defense counsel did or did not avail himself of the State’s open-file policy. See

Vega v. State, 898 S.W.2d 359, 361-62 (Tex.App.–San Antonio 1995, pet. ref’d).

       Considering that the discovery order did not specify the time, place, and manner of

inspecting documents as required by article 39.14, we find that under the circumstances

of this case, the State’s open-file policy was sufficient to satisfy the requirements of the

order. We conclude there was no refusal by the trial court to enforce its discovery order

                                            15
and that Appellant’s rights were not violated by the trial court permitting the State’s

witnesses to testify. Issue four is overruled.

           Legal and Factual Sufficiency of Drug-free Zone Enhancement

       By issues five and six, Appellant asserts the evidence is legally and factually

insufficient to support the enhancement provision that he possessed marihuana in a drug-

free zone. Specifically, he contends the State never offered proof delineating the real

property necessary for a determination that he committed the offense in a drug-free zone

nor proof of the nature of the property relationship necessary for a determination that he

committed the offense in a drug-free zone. Appellant does not, however, challenge the

sufficiency of the evidence to support possession. Relying on § 481.135 of the Texas

Health and Safety Code, which allows the State to introduce a map produced or

reproduced by a municipal or county engineer for establishing the location and boundaries

of a drug-free zone, and the fact that the State did not offer such a map, Appellant

maintains the State failed to meet its burden. We disagree.

       The State was required to prove that Appellant intentionally and knowingly

possessed the stated quantity of marihuana within 1,000 feet of real property that is owned,

rented, or leased by a school or school board. See Tex. Health & Safety Code Ann. §§

481.121(b)(3) (Vernon 2003) and 481.134(d)(1) (Vernon Supp. 2008).

                                            16
       In determining the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support proof of punishment

enhancement, we determine whether a rational trier of fact could have found beyond a

reasonable doubt that the enhancement provision is true. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S.
307, 318, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560, 573 (1979); Hooper v. State, 214 S.W .3d

9, 13 (Tex.Crim.App. 2007); Coleman v. State, 145 S.W.3d 649, 652 (Tex.Crim.App. 2004).

In conducting a factual sufficiency review, we view the evidence in a neutral light and

reverse only if we conclude, from some objective basis in the record, that the great weight

and preponderance of evidence contradicts the fact finder’s determination. Watson v.

State, 204 S.W.3d 404, 414, 417 (Tex.Crim.App. 2006). In conducting our review, we must

discuss the evidence that the appellant contends most undermines the jury’s verdict. Sims

v. State, 99 S.W.3d 600, 603 (Tex.Crim.App. 2003). The principles of Malik v. State, 953
S.W.2d 234 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997), apply equally to the affirmative findings necessary to

sustain the imposition of an enhancement provision. See Young v. State, 14 S.W.3d 748,

750 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000).

       We must determine whether a rational trier of fact could have found beyond a

reasonable doubt that Appellant possessed marihuana within 1,000 feet of real property that

is owned, rented, or leased by a school or school board. Officer Martinez testified that he

measured the distance between where Appellant was arrested and a nearby school, San

Jacinto Elementary School. Diagraming the straight line distances from where Appellant

was arrested to San Jacinto Elementary School, of 182 feet in one direction and 725 feet

in another direction, with the two directions being at a right angle to one another, and then

                                             17
calculating the hypotenuse, Martinez testified that the distance between where Appellant

was arrested and the school was approximately 747 feet.

       Appellant argues that the State was required to provide a sufficient description by

which the land may be identified, i.e., monuments, maps and lot numbers, stated

occupancies, metes and bounds, or quantity, and that its “straight line distance” is

insufficient to support enhancement of punishment.

       The State is not required to admit into evidence deeds or maps showing that a

location is school property.      See Fluellen v. State, 104 S.W.3d 152, 159-60

(Tex.App.–Texarkana 2003, no pet.). The State may rely on any other evidence or

testimony to establish any element of an offense for which punishment is increased under

§ 481.134. See § 481.135(d)(1). See also Fluellen, 104 S.W.3d at 160. Additionally, the

name of the premises alone may be sufficient to raise a presumption that the property is a

private or public school. Id. at 754. Officer Martinez’s testimony that Appellant was

arrested within 1,000 feet of San Jacinto Elementary is legally and factually sufficient to

support punishment enhancement for possession of marihuana in a drug-free zone. Issues

five and six are overruled.

                                            18
                          Right to Confrontation of Witnesses

       By issue seven, Appellant asserts he was denied his right to confront witnesses

against him through the introduction of hearsay testimony regarding the county where the

offense was alleged to have occurred. We disagree.

       While establishing venue during direct examination of both officers, the prosecutor

asked which county San Jacinto Park was located in to which both responded, “Potter

County.” Defense counsel objected to both officers’ testimony based on hearsay and took

the witnesses on voir dire to determine the basis of their knowledge of the location of the

park. Officer Martinez testified that he had knowledge of the Potter County boundaries from

a sign on the freeway. Officer Chappel testified that his knowledge was based on a map

and his experience working north of Interstate 40, which is Potter County. Appellant argues

that because the sign relied upon by Martinez and the map relied upon by Chappel were

nothing more than some other person’s representations, then Martinez’s and Chappel’s

testimony were hearsay. He then argues that the trial court’s admission of this hearsay

testimony denied him the right to confront the person who originally declared the boundaries

of Potter County.

       Venue in a criminal case need only be proven by a preponderance of the evidence.

Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 13.17 (Vernon 2005). Proof of venue may be established

through direct or circumstantial evidence. Hernandez v. State, 198 S.W.3d 257, 268

                                            19
(Tex.App.–San Antonio 2006, pet. ref’d). Additionally, admission of evidence is reviewed

for abuse of discretion. McDonald v. State, 179 S.W.3d 571, 576 (Tex.Crim.App. 2005).

      Hearsay is a statement made by someone other than the witness, offered in

evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted. Tex. R. Evid. 801(d). The testimony of

Officers Martinez and Chappel to the effect that San Jacinto Park is located in Potter

County is not hearsay. Here, the officers were merely testifying from their personal

knowledge and that testimony was subject to cross-examination. This evidence was

sufficient for a jury to find by a preponderance of the evidence that venue of the offense

was Potter County. We conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion in admitting

either officers’ testimony regarding venue. Issue seven is overruled.

                                      Conclusion

      Having overruled all seven of Appellant’s issues, the trial court’s judgment is

affirmed.

                                                Patrick A. Pirtle
                                                    Justice

Do not publish.

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