Court Opinion

ID: 4667718
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-03-15 18:03:13.004276+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:02:58.760849
License: Public Domain

Filed 3/15/21 P. v. Garrison CA4/1
                 NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

                COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION ONE

                                         STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THE PEOPLE,                                                          D077149

         Plaintiff and Respondent,

         v.                                                          (Super. Ct. No. SCN388393)

DANNY RAY GARRISON,

         Defendant and Appellant.

         APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County,
Blaine K. Bowman, Judge. Reversed in part, modified in part, and remanded
for resentencing.
         Alissa Bjerkhoel, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for
Defendant and Appellant.
         Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant
Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Arlene A.
Sevidal and Susan Elizabeth Miller, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff
and Respondent.
      Defendant Danny Ray Garrison was charged with two counts of forcibly
committing lewd acts on his niece (Pen. Code, § 288, subd. (b)),1 five counts of
nonforcibly committing lewd acts on his niece’s friend (§ 288, subd. (a)), one
count of having unlawful sexual intercourse with his minor daughter
(§ 261.5, subd. (c)), and three counts of possessing child pornography
(§ 311.11).2 All the counts involving Niece and Friend (but not Daughter)
included multiple-victim allegations under the One Strike law (§ 667.61),
which potentially subjected Garrison to 15-year-to-life sentences on each of
those counts. The jury found Garrison guilty on all counts, and initially
found the multiple-victim allegations true as to some counts, but not true as
to others. The trial court informed the jury that its findings were
inconsistent, that they should be “either true for all or not true for all,” and
directed the jury to deliberate further. After deliberating for a few more
minutes, the jury returned true findings on all of the multiple-victim
allegations. The trial court sentenced Garrison to 60 years to life, plus 25
years four months.
      Garrison raises two issues on appeal. First, he contends that by
directing the jury to reconsider its initial not true findings on certain of the
multiple-victim allegations, the trial court violated section 1161, which states
that “the Court cannot require the jury to reconsider” “a verdict of acquittal,”
even if “it appears to the Court that the jury have mistaken the law.” Second,
Garrison contends his conviction in count 7 for forcibly committing a lewd act
on Niece (§ 288, subd. (b)) must be reduced to the lesser included offense of

1     Further unspecified statutory references are to the Penal Code.

2     To protect their privacy and for readability, we refer to Garrison’s niece
as “Niece”; to Niece’s friend as “Friend”; and to Garrison’s daughter as
“Daughter.”

                                        2
nonforcibly committing a lewd act (§ 288, subd. (a)) because insufficient
evidence supports the forcible element of his conviction.
       For reasons we will explain, we conclude both of Garrison’s contentions
have merit. Accordingly, we (1) reverse the true findings on the multiple-
victim allegations for which the jury initially returned not true findings
(counts 2, 3, 4, and 5); (2) reduce the conviction on count 7 to nonforcibly
committing a lewd act on a child under 14 (§ 288, subd. (a)); and (3) remand
for resentencing. In all other respects, we affirm the judgment.
             FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       Garrison’s conduct toward Niece and Friend occurred in the late 1980’s
to mid-1990’s, and came to light in 2017 when Friend contacted the police
after Garrison contacted her through social media. During the course of the
ensuing investigation, police found recent videos on Garrison’s cellphone
depicting him having sex with 16-year-old Daughter, which resulted in his
remaining charges.
                              Prosecution Case
Counts Involving Niece (Counts 6 and 7)
       Garrison is Niece’s paternal uncle, and is about 12 years older than
her.
       In the mid to late 1980’s, when Niece was about four or five, she lived
with her parents in Lemon Grove. Garrison lived next door with his mother
(Niece’s paternal grandmother). Niece and Garrison did activities together,
and she looked up to him “[k]ind of like a big brother.”
       One day when Niece’s mother was taking a nap, Garrison told Niece “to
run and hide.” Niece was scared and did not want to. Garrison threatened
that if Niece did not comply, “he was going to end up doing things to [her]
mom” instead. Niece “didn’t want him to” do that, so she ran and hid under a

                                        3
bed. Garrison “yanked” her out from under the bed by her waistband, pulled
down her pants and underwear, and rubbed her vagina with his fingers.
        On more than 10 occasions while Niece lived in Lemon Grove, Garrison
rubbed her vagina over and under her clothing. Niece was scared when
Garrison did this.
        When Niece was around six or seven, she and her parents moved to
Escondido, where they eventually moved into a house on Begonia Street
when Niece was about eight. Garrison moved in with them for a while.
There, he rubbed Niece’s vagina on at least five occasions. Niece was afraid
of Garrison when she was alone with him.
        When Niece was 11, she moved with her parents to Valley Center. She
often slept over on weekends with her paternal grandmother, who had moved
to Escondido. Garrison no longer lived with his mother, but would sometimes
stay over when Niece was there. Niece would sleep in shorts on a couch in
the living room. On several occasions when she was sleeping, Niece “would
wake up to [Garrison] touching [her] vagina” by reaching up the leg of her
shorts. Niece “would kind of roll over to reposition” herself so Garrison would
stop.
        The final time Garrison touched Niece in this manner was when she
was 15. The morning after it occurred, Niece called and told her mother, who
picked her up. Niece also told her grandmother, who called Niece “a liar.”
After this incident, Niece never saw Garrison again, and her relationship
with her grandmother ended.
        The only threat Niece remembered Garrison ever making was on the
first occasion when he said he would do things to her mother if Niece did not
comply. Niece thought of this threat on some other occasions when Garrison
was touching her, but not every time. Niece “was afraid of him when he was

                                       4
doing those things to [her]” because he “was an adult” and was bigger and
stronger than her.
      Based on this conduct, Garrison was charged with two counts of
forcibly committing a lewd act on a child under 14 (§ 288, subd. (b)), each
with a multiple-victim allegation (§ 667.61).
Counts Involving Friend (Counts 1 through 5)
      Friend is about 15 years younger than Garrison.
      When Friend was eight, she moved near Niece on Begonia Street in
Escondido. Friend spent a lot of time at Niece’s house, and Garrison was
often there.
      When Friend was almost nine, Garrison touched her genitals
underneath her underwear with his bare hand.
      When Friend was nine or 10, Garrison began touching his penis to her
face and the outside of her vagina. He progressed to inserting “ ‘just the tip’ ”
of his penis into her vagina, and then to full-blown intercourse. Garrison had
intercourse with Friend between 10 and 30 times while she was in
elementary school.
      When Friend was 10 or 11, Garrison inserted his penis into her anus on
more than one occasion.
      Friend was 13 when Garrison sexually abused her for the last time.
      Friend reported Garrison to the police in 2017 after he contacted her
through social media and eventually sent her a threatening pornographic
video. During the ensuing police investigation, Friend participated in a
controlled phone call and in-person meeting with Garrison, during which he
apologized for “everything [he] did in the past.” Police arrested Garrison at
the end of the in-person meeting.

                                        5
      Based on his conduct toward Friend, Garrison was charged with five
counts of committing a lewd act on a child under 14 (§ 288, subd. (a)), each
with a multiple-victim allegation (§ 667.61).
Counts Involving Daughter (Counts 9 through 11)3
      After the police arrested Garrison at his meeting with Friend, he
consented to a search of his cellphone. Police eventually discovered on his
phone three videos of him having sex with 16-year-old Daughter.
      Garrison was charged with one count of unlawful sexual intercourse
with a minor (§ 261.5; count 8), and three counts of possessing child
pornography (§ 311.11; counts 9 through 11).
Garrison’s Admissions
      In an interview with police the day of his arrest, Garrison admitted he
had sexually abused Niece and Friend.
      Later, during a nonconfidential consultation with a jailhouse nurse,
Garrison spontaneously admitted he had had sex with Daughter.
                                 Defense Case
      The defense called no witnesses, and primarily challenged the accuracy
of Friend’s and Niece’s recollections of the alleged decades-old events.
                          Verdicts and Sentencing
      The jury found Garrison guilty on all counts, and eventually returned
true findings on all special allegations.
      The trial court sentenced Garrison to 60 years to life, plus 25 years four
months, consisting of the following:
         Count 1 (lewd act on Friend):              15 years to life
         Count 2 (lewd act on Friend):              8 years

3     Garrison’s convictions on these counts are not at issue in this appeal.

                                         6
          Count 3 (lewd act on Friend):                 15 years to life
          Count 4 (lewd act on Friend):                 15 years to life
          Count 5 (lewd act on Friend):                 15 years to life
          Count 6 (forcible lewd act on Niece):         8 years
          Count 7 (forcible lewd act on Niece):         8 years
          Count 8 (unlawful sex with Daughter):         8 months
          Count 9 (child pornography):                  8 months
          Count 10 (child pornography):                 3 years (concurrent)
          Count 11 (child pornography):                 3 years (concurrent)

                                   DISCUSSION
                I. Trial Court Erred by Directing the Jury
                    to Reconsider its Not True Findings

      The jury found Garrison guilty on all counts, and initially found the
multiple-victim allegations true as to some counts but not true as to others.
Garrison contends that by directing the jury to reconsider these inconsistent
true/not true findings—after which the jury returned all true findings—the
trial court violated section 1161, which authorizes courts to direct juries to
reconsider seemingly erroneous verdicts of conviction, but prohibits
reconsideration of verdicts of acquittal. We agree.
                                 A. Background
      Each count as to Niece and Friend included a multiple-victim allegation
under the One Strike law, which potentially subjected Garrison to a sentence

of 15 years to life, per count. (§ 667.61, subds. (b), (c), (e)(4).)4

4     Subject to exceptions not applicable here, section 667.61, subdivision (b)
specifies that “any person who is convicted of an offense specified in
subdivision (c) under one of the circumstances specified in subdivision (e)
shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison for 15 years to life.”
Forcibly (as to Niece) and nonforcibly (as to Friend) committing a lewd act on
                                          7
      After deliberating for several hours, the jury reported it had reached
verdicts on all counts. The trial court reviewed the verdict forms, which
showed the jury had found: (1) Garrison guilty on all counts; (2) the multiple-
victim allegations true as to counts 1 (lewd act on Friend), 6 (forcible lewd act
on Niece), and 7 (forcible lewd act on Niece); and (3) the multiple-victim
allegations not true as to counts 2 through 5 (lewd act on Friend).
      Without divulging the contents of the verdict forms, the trial court
stated in open court, “All right. I hesitate because it appears as though the
jury has reached inconsistent verdicts with respect to . . . the multiple victim
allegation. So it’s either true for all or not true for all, and there are
inconsistent verdicts.” The court sent the jury to the jury room and conferred
with counsel.
      Defense counsel urged the court to “record the verdicts as they are,”
arguing the court essentially directed a verdict by advising “the jury that
they were inconsistent” and “by saying that it’s either all or none.” The court
responded that if the jury meant for the findings “to be not true for all then I
think your client should get the benefit of that . . . .” The prosecutor deferred
to the court, but added that there were “audible gasps when the Court said
there [were] inconsistent verdicts.” The court clarified that it appeared “the
jurors . . . were all nodding their heads and looking back at the foreperson . . .
as if they had discussed this fact in the jury room.” The court stated it would
take a brief recess to research how to handle the situation.

a child under 14 are offenses specified in subdivision (c) of section 667.61.
(§ 667.61, subd. (c)(4), (8).) Being “convicted in the present case . . . of
committing [a qualifying offense] against more than one victim” is a
circumstance specified in subdivision (e) of section 667.761. (§ 667.61, subd.
(e)(4).)

                                         8
      After the recess, the court informed counsel it had read People v.
Carbajal (2013) 56 Cal.4th 521 (Carbajal), but found it “was a much
different” case because it “involved a multiple victim allegation . . . where the
jury hung on one of the victims and convicted on the other.” The court then
announced its findings that the “verdicts are unintelligible” and
“inconsistent, because either they are all not true or they are all true.” The
court added, “If they made an error and intended to find them not true I have
a duty to investigate that and see if your client is going to avoid a life term.”
      The court advised counsel it would seal the verdicts on the unaffected
counts (counts 8 through 11), modify the jury instruction regarding the
multiple-victim allegation to clarify that it relates to multiple victims “in the
present case,” and send the jury back to deliberate with new verdict forms for
the affected counts (counts 1 through 7). Defense counsel again requested
that the court accept the verdicts as-is, reiterating his view that “the Court
may have inadvertently influenced the jury by . . . saying it’s either all or
none.” The court denied the request, reasoning the findings were
“unquestionably . . . unintelligible . . . and inconsistent.”
      The court brought the jury back into the courtroom and explained that
because “the Court feels that . . . the verdicts are inconsistent when it comes
to the allegation,” the court would read a slightly modified jury instruction
and send the jury “back in the jury room [to] continue your deliberations.”
      After deliberating for about 12 minutes, the jury returned true findings
on all the multiple-victim allegations.
      At the sentencing hearing, defense counsel again requested that the
court record the jury’s initial not true findings. The court denied the request,
explaining it had allowed the jury to reconsider its findings because the court
was “concern[ed]” that the jury “intended to find the allegation not to be

                                          9
true,” and the court did not want Garrison “facing a life term if there was
some misunderstanding of the law that [he] should have the benefit of.”
      As noted, the trial court sentenced Garrison to 60 years to life, plus 25
years four months. This sentence included one-strike sentences of 15 years to
life on three of the four counts for which the jury initially returned not true
findings on the attached multiple-victim allegations (counts 3, 4, and 5).5
                             B. Legal Principles
      In Carbajal, supra, 56 Cal.4th 521, the Supreme Court clarified the
scope of a trial court’s authority to address conflicting jury verdicts or
findings. The court explained that “[t]he Legislature has set forth in
prescriptive detail the procedures that trial courts must follow in receiving a
jury verdict,” which “are intended to reduce the likelihood of a trial court
unduly, even if inadvertently, influencing the jury to reach a particular
outcome. [Citations.] The mechanical, prescriptive character of the process
for eliciting and receiving a jury verdict reflects the Legislature’s judgment
that the risk of jury coercion outweighs the risk of jury error.” (Id. at pp. 530-
531 [discussing §§ 1147, 1149, 1161, 1163, 1164].)
      Section 1161, which governs the aspect of the verdict procedure at issue
here, states in part: “When there is a verdict of conviction, in which it
appears to the Court that the jury have mistaken the law, the Court may
explain the reason for that opinion and direct the jury to reconsider their
verdict, and if, after the reconsideration, they return the same verdict, it
must be entered; but when there is a verdict of acquittal, the Court cannot
require the jury to reconsider it.” (Italics added.) The courts have treated not

5     It appears the court did not impose a one-strike sentence on count 2
because it was unclear from Friend’s testimony whether that offense occurred
on a separate occasion.

                                        10
true findings as verdicts of acquittal. (See Carbajal, supra, 56 Cal.4th at
p. 529; People v. Avila (2006) 38 Cal.4th 491, 600 (Avila); People v. Guerra
(2009) 176 Cal.App.4th 933, 941, fn. 2 (Guerra).)
      The Carbajal court explained that although section 1161 bars
reconsideration of verdicts of acquittal, this bar does not apply to verdicts
that are “ ‘ambiguous’ ” or “unintelligible.” (Carbajal, supra, 56 Cal.4th at
p. 532, italics added.) These types of verdicts occur, for example, “if a jury
returns a verdict finding the defendant guilty and not guilty on the same
count,” or “where a jury finds the defendant guilty of a greater offense but not
guilty of a lesser included offense.” (Ibid.) “In these cases, asking the jury to
clarify its verdict [does] not contravene the procedural requirements of the
statutory scheme because it [is] not possible to understand whether the jury
[has] actually convicted or acquitted the defendant of the specified counts.
Clarification [is] necessary to determine whether there [is] an intelligible
verdict at all.” (Ibid.)
      By contrast, the Carbajal court clarified that “[m]ere inconsistency does
not provide a valid reason for courts to reject a jury verdict.” (Carbajal,
supra, 56 Cal.4th at p. 532, italics added; Avila, supra, 38 Cal.4th at p. 600
[“As a general rule, inherently inconsistent verdicts are allowed to stand.”].)
As the Supreme Court explained in an earlier case: “ ‘[I]f an acquittal of one
count is factually irreconcilable with a conviction on another, or if a not true
finding of an enhancement allegation is inconsistent with a conviction of the
substantive offense, effect is given to both.’ [Citation.] Although ‘ “error,” in
the sense that the jury has not followed the court’s instructions, most
certainly has occurred’ in such situations, ‘it is unclear whose ox has been
gored.’ [Citation.] It is possible that the jury arrived at an inconsistent
conclusion through ‘mistake, compromise, or lenity.’ ” (Avila, at p. 600, italics

                                        11
added; see Carbajal, at p. 532.) “ ‘[A]n individualized assessment of the
reason for the inconsistency would be based either on pure speculation, or
would require inquiries into the jury’s deliberations that courts generally will
not undertake . . . .’ ” (Carbajal, at p. 532; see Guerra, supra, 176
Cal.App.4th at p. 942 [“ ‘If what went on in the jury room were judicially
reviewable for reasonableness or fairness, trials would no longer truly be by
jury, as the Constitution commands.’ ”].)
      “Thus, apart from the limited circumstance specified in section 1161—
where ‘it appears to the Court that the jury have mistaken the law’ in
initially rendering ‘a verdict of conviction’—a trial court may not decline to
accept a jury verdict, or refuse to hear the verdict, simply because it is
inconsistent with another verdict rendered by the same jury in the same
case.” (Carbajal, supra, 56 Cal.4th at pp. 532-533.) Rather, “when a trial
court is confronted with a verdict that it believes to be at odds with the jury’s
true intent, the court may, at the request of any party, poll the jury . . . . In
so doing, the trial court may not express its own opinion of the verdict or
otherwise invite the jury to reconsider its verdict unless permitted by section
1161.” (Carbajal, at pp. 536-537.)
                                  C. Analysis
      Applying section 1161 as construed in Carbajal, supra, 56 Cal.4th 521,
we conclude the trial court erred by directing the jury to reconsider its not
true findings on the multiple-victim allegations attached to counts 2 through
5. Although these findings were seemingly inconsistent with the jury’s true
findings on the multiple-victim allegations attached to counts 1, 6, and 7 (as
well as the jury’s guilty verdicts on all counts involving Niece and Friend),
the findings were not unintelligible—as the trial court believed—because
none of the inconsistencies pertained to the same count. (See Carbajal, at

                                        12
p. 532.) Thus, while the trial court could have polled the jurors to determine
whether the verdict forms accurately reflected their findings, the court could
not, as it did here, “express its own opinion of the verdict” and “invite the jury
to reconsider its verdict.” (Id. at pp. 536-537.)
      Our conclusion is supported by the closely analogous case of Guerra,
supra, 176 Cal.App.4th 933, on which Garrison heavily relies. The Guerra
jury found the defendant guilty of molesting his daughter and another girl,
but initially returned not true findings on the multiple-victim allegations
associated with these victims. (Id. at p. 936.) The trial court directed the
jury to reconsider its “inconsistent” findings and suggested that, based on the
guilty verdicts pertaining to more than one victim, “the answer to those
allegation questions should be true.” (Id. at p. 939.) After briefly
deliberating further, the jury returned true findings on all the allegations.
(Id. at 940.)
      The Court of Appeal reversed, finding the trial court exceeded its
authority under section 1161 by “invit[ing] the jury to ‘reconsider’ its not true
findings and allow[ing] the jurors to deliberate anew.” (Guerra, supra, 176
Cal.App.4th at p. 944.) The court found that instead, to protect the
defendant’s rights under section 1161, the trial court was limited to polling
the jurors. “If each answered that the verdicts and findings reflected the
juror’s individual verdicts and findings, then the court’s task was complete
under section 1161—the jury had rendered inconsistent verdicts and the
court was required to accept and record all of them, thereby satisfying the
rule that ‘ “if a not true finding of an enhancement allegation is inconsistent
with a conviction of the substantive offense, effect is given to both.”
[Citation.]’ ” (Guerra, at p. 944, quoting Avila, supra, 38 Cal.4th at p. 600.)

                                        13
      Similarly here, the trial court could have polled the jurors to determine
whether “the verdicts and findings reflected [each] juror’s individual verdicts
and findings.” (Guerra, supra, 176 Cal.App.4th at p. 944.) But the court
could not, consistent with its authority under section 1161, direct the jury to
reconsider its not true findings, which were tantamount to verdicts of
acquittal. (Guerra, at p. 944; see People v. Espiritu (2011) 199 Cal.App.4th
718, 721-722, 726-727 [holding the trial court erred by directing the jury to
reconsider its not true finding on a weapon-use enhancement allegation that
was seemingly inconsistent with the jury’s guilty verdicts and true finding on
a great bodily injury allegation].)
      The Attorney General correctly observes that the Guerra trial court
expressed a stronger opinion about what the jury’s reconsidered findings
should be (“the answer to those allegation questions should be true” (Guerra,
supra, 176 Cal.App.4th at p. 939)) than did the trial court here (“it’s either
true for all or not true for all”). But regardless of its comments to the jury,
the trial court ran afoul of section 1161 by directing the jury to reconsider its
not true findings. The fact that the court also “express[ed] its own opinion of
the verdict” merely compounded the error. (Carbajal, supra, 56 Cal.4th at
p. 536.)
      To support its contention that the trial court complied with section
1161, the Attorney General cites Bigelow v. Superior Court (1989) 208
Cal.App.3d 1127, in which the appellate court posited that the trial court
could have attempted to resolve inconsistent jury verdicts by “inform[ing] the
jury that [its] acquittal [on a murder charge] was not consistent with findings
of special circumstances and asked it to clarify its verdict to show its true
intent.” (Id. at p. 1136, italics added.) But as the Guerra court observed, the
cited passage in Bigelow is unpersuasive because “[i]n the next sentence, . . .

                                        14
Bigelow disapproved of what the trial court there actually did: ‘the court sent
the jury back to deliberate.’ ” (Guerra, supra, 176 Cal.App.4th at p. 944.)
Moreover, the quoted passage from Bigelow appears irreconcilable with the
Supreme Court’s more recent clarification in Carbajal that the trial court
may neither “express its own opinion of the verdict,” nor “invite the jury to
reconsider its verdict.” (Carbajal, supra, 56 Cal.4th at pp. 536-537.)
      With Garrison potentially facing multiple life sentences, the trial court
understandably was concerned with ensuring that the jury’s inconsistent
findings reflected its true intent. But because the jury’s verdicts and findings
were merely inconsistent and not unintelligible, section 1161 barred the court
from directing the jury to reconsider its not true findings. At most, the court
could have polled the jurors to confirm that the verdict forms accurately
reflected each juror’s findings. (See Carbajal, supra, 56 Cal.4th at pp. 532-
533, 536-537.)
      Accordingly, we reverse the true findings on the multiple-victim
allegations that the jury initially found not true (counts 2 through 5).
 II. Insufficient Evidence Supports Forcible Lewd Act Conviction
      Garrison contends his conviction in count 7 for forcibly committing a
lewd act on Niece (§ 288, subd. (b)) should be reduced to the lesser included
offense of nonforcibly committing a lewd act (§ 288, subd. (a)) because
insufficient evidence supports the forcible element of his conviction. We
agree.
                              A. Background
      According to the charging document, count 7 was based on the “last
time” Garrison touched Niece’s vagina, sometime between September 1994

                                       15
and September 1997.6 Based on Niece’s testimony, this date range covers the
period when she was 11 through 13 years old and lived in Valley Center. The
only conduct Niece described as occurring during this period was Garrison
touching her vagina by reaching “up the leg of [her] shorts” while she was
sleeping on her grandmother’s couch. When this woke Niece, she “roll[ed]
over to reposition” so Garrison would stop.
                             B. Legal Principles
      Section 288, subdivision (b) makes it a felony for any person to willfully
and lewdly commit a lewd or lascivious act upon or with the body of a child
under the age of 14 “by use of force, violence, duress, menace, or fear of
immediate and unlawful bodily injury on the victim or another person.”
      “ ‘Force, in this context, means physical force that is “ ‘substantially
different from or substantially greater than that necessary to accomplish the
lewd act itself.’ ” ’ [Citation.]” (People v. Jimenez (2019) 35 Cal.App.5th 373,
391 (Jimenez); accord People v. Soto (2011) 51 Cal.4th 229, 242.)
      “ ‘Duress,’ ” in this context, means “ ‘ “a direct or implied threat of force,
violence, danger, hardship or retribution sufficient to coerce a reasonable
person of ordinary susceptibilities to (1) perform an act which otherwise
would not have been performed or, (2) acquiesce in an act to which one
otherwise would not have submitted.” ’ [Citations.]” (People v. Veale (2008)
160 Cal.App.4th 40, 46 (Veale); see People v. Leal (2004) 33 Cal.4th 999,
1004.) The existence of duress is determined by objectively evaluating the
totality of the circumstances, including: the victim’s and perpetrator’s

6     Because this count was based on events that occurred when Niece “was
under the age of 14” (§ 288, subd. (b)), our analysis does not take into account
her testimony regarding the truly “last time” Garrison abused her when she
was 15.

                                        16
relative ages and sizes; their relationship, including the perpetrator’s position
of dominance or authority; the perpetrator’s past and present conduct toward
the victim; threats to harm the victim, or that revealing the molestation will
jeopardize the family; and physically controlling the victim when he or she
attempts to resist. (See Veale, at p. 46; People v. Thomas (2017) 15
Cal.App.5th 1063, 1072; People v. Senior (1992) 3 Cal.App.4th 765, 775.)
      “ ‘When considering a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence to
support a conviction, we review the entire record in the light most favorable
to the judgment to determine whether it contains substantial evidence—that
is, evidence that is reasonable, credible, and of solid value—from which a
reasonable trier of fact could find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable
doubt.’ ” (People v. Powell (2018) 5 Cal.5th 921, 944.) In doing so, we
“ ‘presume[ ] in support of the judgment the existence of every fact the trier
could reasonably deduce from the evidence.’ ” (Ibid.)
                                 C. Analysis
      Having reviewed the appellate record under the applicable deferential
review standard, we find no substantial evidence indicating Garrison used
force or duress in committing the lewd act covered by count 7.
      There is no substantial evidence of force because the only force
Garrison used was reaching up the leg of Niece’s shorts. This was not
“ ‘ “ ‘substantially different from or substantially greater than that necessary
to accomplish the lewd act itself.’ ” ’ [Citation.]” (Jimenez, supra, 35
Cal.App.5th at p. 391.) Garrison did not remove or reposition her clothing,
nor did he restrain or otherwise touch Niece when she awoke and
repositioned herself to end the touching. (See, e.g., People v. Kusumoto (1985)
169 Cal.App.3d 487, 494 (Kusumoto) [“ ‘force’ in section 289(a) simply cannot
be stretched to encompass the type of conduct involved in this case, where the

                                        17
victim was penetrated while asleep and where the victim’s will was not
overcome by any physical force substantially different from or greater than

that necessary to accomplish the act itself”].)7
      Likewise, there is no substantial evidence that Garrison used duress in
committing this offense because Niece was asleep and, thus, Garrison made
no requisite “ ‘ “direct or implied threat.” ’ ” (Veale, supra, 160 Cal.App.4th at
p. 46) To be sure, there were many relevant circumstances Garrison could
have exploited to exert duress over Niece—he had previously threatened to
harm her mother; he used force against Niece the first time he molested her;
he was older, bigger, and stronger; and he was her uncle, and she looked up
to him like a brother. But because Niece was asleep when Garrison
committed the act covered by count 7, Garrison never undertook a predicate
act that would result in duress.
      Because substantial evidence does not support Garrison’s conviction for
forcibly committing a lewd act as alleged in count 7, his “conviction must be
reduced to reflect a conviction of the lesser included offense of violating . . .
section 288, subdivision (a).” (People v. Espinoza (2002) 95 Cal.App.4th 1287,
1321-1322; see §§ 1181(6), 1260; People v. Navarro (2007) 40 Cal.4th 668, 671
[“an appellate court that finds that insufficient evidence supports the
conviction for a greater offense may, in lieu of granting a new trial, modify

7     Although the California Supreme Court later held that the
substantially different from or substantially greater standard of force did not
apply to the statute at issue in Kusumoto (see People v. Griffin (2004) 33
Cal.4th 1015, 1028; People v. McCann (2019) 41 Cal.App.5th 149, 157), we
are nonetheless persuaded by the Kusumoto court’s underlying logic that the
standard was not satisfied where the victim was asleep and the perpetrator
used no more force than was necessary to accomplish the unlawful act.

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the judgment of conviction to reflect a conviction for a lesser included
offense”].)
                                DISPOSITION
      The true findings on counts 2, 3, 4, and 5 are reversed. The conviction
on count 7 is modified to reflect a conviction of violating section 288,
subdivision (a). The matter is remanded to the trial court for resentencing.

                                                           HALLER, Acting P. J.

WE CONCUR:

O'ROURKE, J.

AARON, J.

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