Court Opinion

ID: 4415233
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-07-10 15:00:05.08967+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:02:02.101344
License: Public Domain

ARMED SERVICES BOARD OF CONTRACT APPEALS

Appeals of --                                  )
                                               )
Watts Constructors, LLC                        )      ASBCA Nos. 61518, 61961
                                               )
Under Contract No. W9128F-14-C-0024            )

APPEARANCES FOR THE APPELLANT:                        Sara Beiro Farabow, Esq.
                                                      David A. Blake, Esq.
                                                      Michael E. Wagner, Jr., Esq.
                                                       Seyfarth Shaw LLP
                                                       Washington, DC

APPEARANCES FOR THE GOVERNMENT:                       Michael P. Goodman, Esq.
                                                       Engineer Chief Trial Attorney
                                                      Erin K. Murphy, Esq.
                                                      Stanley E. Tracey, Esq.
                                                       Engineer Trial Attorneys
                                                       U.S. Army Engineers District, Omaha

               OPINION BY ADMINISTRATIVE JUDGE MELNICK
         ON THE GOVERNMENT'S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT 1

         In ASBCA No. 61518, Watts Constructors, LLC (Watts), has appealed from the
government's termination for default of a construction contract at Fort Carson, Colorado.
First, it says it was excusably delayed beyond the contract completion date. Second, it
contends the government waived its right to terminate. Third and fourth, it argues that
the contracting officer abused her discretion by relying upon materially erroneous
information and permitting herself to be influenced by a government inspector who made
derogatory comments. Fifth, it maintains that, prior to terminating Watts, the government
breached the implied duty of good faith and fair dealing by overly inspecting its work.

       The government has moved for summary judgment, arguing that the Board may
not exercise jurisdiction over the portions of the amended complaint asserting excusable
delay or breach of contract. It also suggests that the undisputed facts fail to support either
waiver, abuse of discretion, or breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing. The
government's jurisdictional objections are rejected. Summary judgment is entered in

1
    The motion also sought a stay while this request for summary judgment remained
        pending. That was addressed in response to other filings by the parties. We also
        note as discussed more below that the motion for summary judgment also included
        portions that were a motion to dismiss.
favor of the government upon Watts' waiver and abuse of discretion counts. Summary
judgment is denied regarding Watts' allegation of breach of the duty of good faith and
fair dealing arising from over inspection.

          STATEMENT OF FACTS (SOF) FOR PURPOSES OF THE MOTION

        The following facts are not the subject of genuine dispute.

         1. On July 17, 2014, the United States Army Corps of Engineers (government)
awarded the contract identified above to Watts for the design and construction of buildings
on Fort Carson (am. compl. 11 18-20; gov't mot. at 2; R4, tabs 3-4). Among the
incorporated clauses were Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) 52.243-4, CHANGES
(JUN 2007); FAR 52.246-12, INSPECTION OF CONSTRUCTION (AUG 1996); and
FAR 52.249-10, DEFAULT (FIXED-PRICE CONSTRUCTION) (APR 1984) (R4, tab 3 at 155-56).
After extensions, and except for tangential issues not relevant, the parties established
November 22, 2016, as the deadline for contract completion (am. compl. 1140-45; gov't
mot. at 3-4).

       2. Watts failed to complete performance by November 22, 2016, but continued
working (am. compl. and answer 11102-03). 2 On June 19, 2017, the government
assessed and withheld from payment to Watts, liquidated damages for the period
December 22, 2016 through April 30, 2017 (am. compl. and answer 1103). On July 13,
2017, the parties bilaterally modified the contract, establishing December 21, 201 7 as the
new contract completion date (am. compl. and answer 11102, 105; R4, tab 176). The
terms of the modification provided that it "allow[ed] continued performance without
waiving the Government's rights, including the right to assess liquidated damages until
contract completion" (R4, tab 176). Eventually, the government released some
previously withheld liquidated damages but continued to assess them going forward,
leading to a net assessment ofliquidated damages from January 3 until November 30,
2017 (am. compl. and answer 1108; gov't prop. findings 16; app. stmt. gen. issues 16).

       3. In a September 6, 2017 letter to the contracting officer, Watts described a
meeting in which the government requested the designer to consider a new wall cavity for
a building under construction. Watts noted that if the government elected to proceed it
would submit a request for the costs and time related to the extra work (R4, tab 220).

       4. On September 20, 2017, the contracting officer sent Watts a cure notice based
upon its lack of progress and failure to maintain schedule milestones. According to the
notice, Watts 'jeopardized the successful completion of the contract by the contract
completion date of December 21, 2017." The contracting officer gave Watts ten days to

2
    The answer cited is the one filed November 19, 2018, in ASBCA No. 61518, which
        responds to the amended complaint of October 19.

                                             2
cure the condition, requiring that Watts provide a recovery plan to complete the work,
including an updated project schedule and description of mitigation efforts. She warned
that failure to comply could result in notification to Watts' surety of performance issues.
She also explained that Watts could be liable for reprocurement costs should the contract
be terminated for default. (Am. compl. and answer ,r 113; R4, tab 228) Watts'
September 30 response stated it would not complete the project until May 25,.2018,
because of labor shortages, government direction to refrain from energizing electrical
panels, and the government's suspension of work due to the wall cavity issue (am. compl.
and answer ,r 114; R4, tab 234). On December 20, 2017, the contracting officer notified
Watts' surety that a termination for default appeared imminent and inquired into whether
the surety would arrange to complete the work (gov't prop. findings ,r 7; app. stmt. gen.
issues ,r 7; R4, tab 268).

       5. Watts did not complete the project by the final extended completion date of
December 21, 2017 (am. compl. 115(a), 49; gov't prop. findings ,r 8; app. stmt. gen.
issues 1 8). On that date, the contracting officer informed Watts by letter that the
government deemed the schedule and completion date to remain in effect. She
emphasized that it was not waiving any of its contract rights, expressly reserving the right
to terminate for default and to continue assessing liquidated damages (gov't prop.
findings ,r 9; app. stmt. gen. issues ,r 9; R4, tab 270).

        6. During a January 8, 2018 meeting with Watts, the government agreed to review
a resource loaded schedule, to be provided by Watts by January 24, describing how Watts
would complete performance by May of 2018. The government doubted Watts could
complete the project by that time, but stated it was looking for a realistic proposal. (Am.
compl. and answer 11 116-18) A January 16 follow up letter from the contracting officer
found that Watts' response to the government's cure notice was not compelling or its
delay excusable. It did confirm the agreement to review a resource loaded schedule. The
contracting officer emphasized that the December 21, 201 7 completion date remained in
effect, that the government did not waive any of its contract rights, and it reserved the
right to terminate the contract for default. (Gov't prop. findings ,r 11; app. stmt: gen.
issues 1 11; R4, tab 281) On January 24, Watts submitted its proposed schedule for
completion by May 24 (am. compl. and answer ,r 120; R4, tab 294 at 8129).

       7. On January 30, 2018, the contracting officer terminated the contract for default
(gov't prop. findings 1 13; app. stmt. gen. issues 1 13; R4, tab 294). Repeating her
finding that Watts had failed to provide compelling reasons not to terminate, she
concluded that the delay in completion did not arise from unforeseeable causes beyond
the control and without the fault of both Watts and its subcontractors. She also found that
termination for default was in the government's best interest. The contracting officer
rejected the January 24 schedule, saying that it was not fully resource loaded since it did
not specify crew size for a given activity. She also concluded that the schedule
inaccurately listed activities as complete, that its forecasted durations for activities were

                                              3
unrealistic given prior progress, and it failed to provide adequate time to correct
deficiencies. The contracting officer concluded that it was not possible for Watts to
complete the project by May 24. (R4, tab 294) Watts appealed the termination on
February 6, 2018, which the Board docketed as ASBCA No. 61518.

         8. In addition to the above facts about contract performance, resolution of this
motion also requires consideration of the following facts regarding the proceedings
before us. The government has moved for summary judgment and to stay proceedings.
Among its arguments, the government seeks dismissal of Count I of Watts' amended
complaint, which contends that the default was excusable due to government delays,
because Watts had not submitted that defense as a claim to the contracting officer for a
decision. The Board ultimately granted an unopposed request by Watts for an extension
of time to respond to the government's motion until after Watts submitted a delay claim
to the contracting officer and sufficient time had elapsed for a decision. Watts then
submitted a certified delay claim to the contracting officer seeking $863,021.99 and a
154-day time extension until May 24, 2018. The contracting officer responded that she
lacked jurisdiction over the claim because the alleged delay was already at issue in
ASBCA No. 61518. (App. opp'n, ex. A4) Watts appealed from that letter, contending
that its claim should be deemed denied, which was docketed as ASBCA No. 61961. The
Board then granted Watts' unopposed request for consolidation with ASBCA No. 61518.

                                       DECISION

        Though only titled a motion for summary judgment, the government also seeks
dismissal of some of the counts of Watts' complaint for lack of jurisdiction. As the
proponent of the Board's jurisdiction over the defenses advanced in its complaint, Watts
bears the burden of proving jurisdiction by a preponderance of the evidence. However,
the Board must accept as true the complaint's undisputed facts and draw all reasonable
inferences in favor of Watts. See Trusted Integration, Inc. v. United States,
659 F.3d 1159, 1163 (Fed. Cir. 2011). For those counts subject to the request for
summary judgment, it should be granted when there are no genuine issues of material fact
and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett,
477 U.S. 317,322 (1986). A non-movant seeking to defeat the suggestion that there are
no genuine issues of material fact may not rest upon its pleadings, but "must set forth
specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial." Anderson v. Liberty Lobby,
Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986) (quoting First Nat. Bank of Ariz. v. Cities Serv. Co., 391
U.S. 253,288 (1968)). Summary judgment may be used "to isolate and dispose of
factually unsupported claims or defenses." Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323-24. Thus, it may be
entered upon individual portions of the appeal. See FED. R. CIV. P. 56(a).

       "Time is of the essence in any contract containing fixed dates for performance."
De Vito v. United States, 413 F.2d 1147, 1154 (Ct. Cl. 1969). This contract's default
clause permitted termination if Watts failed to complete the work within the time specified

                                            4
in the contract, including any extension. FAR 52.249-lO(a); ECC CENTCOM
Constructors, LLC, ASBCA No. 60647, 18-1 BCA ,i 37,133 at 180,718, appeal docketed,
No. 19-1157 (Fed. Cir. Nov. 5, 2018). Watts did not complete the project by the final,
extended completion date (SOF ,i 5). However, Watts' right to proceed could not be
terminated if the delay arose from "unforeseeable causes beyond the control and without
the fault or negligence of' Watts. FAR 52.249-lO(b)(l). Watts bears the burden to show
that its nonperformance was excusable. Marshall's Elec., Inc., ASBCA No. 59749, 16-1
BCA ,i 36,300 at 177,017. To defeat summary judgment, Watts "must 'make a showing
sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to' any matter 'on which
[Watts] will bear the burden of proof at trial."' Third Coast Fresh Distribution, L.L.C.,
ASBCA No. 59696, 16-1 BCA ,i 36,340 at 177,194 (quoting Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322-23).

         I.    Count I

       Watts' first basis to excuse its failure to perform on time is that it encountered
excusable delays. According to Watts, the government directed changes and a
suspension of work to the project's SCIF walls, door hardware, and to the security
system. 3 The government also failed to timely review and approve submittals for the
project's Hazardous Energy Control Plan, which delayed commissioning the project's
mechanical and electrical systems. (Am. compl. ,i,i 5(a), 49-101) Count I of the
amended complaint contends these delays were unforeseeable, beyond Watts' control,
and without its fault or negligence, entitling it to an extension of the contract completion
date past December 21, 2017 (am. comp 1. ,i,i 167-73 ).

        The government suggests the Board must dismiss Count I because it lacks
jurisdiction to consider Watts' allegations of excusable delay. Its reason is that Watts did
not submit its delay claim to the contracting officer in accordance with the terms of the
Contract Disputes Act (CDA), 41 U.S.C. § 7103, prior to appealing the default. It relies
upon three cases as support. They are M Maropakis Carpentry, Inc. v. United States,
609 F.3d 1323, 1331 (Fed. Cir. 2010) ("[A] contractor seeking an adjustment of contract
terms must meet the jurisdictional requirements and procedural prerequisites of the CDA,
whether asserting the claim against the government as an affirmative claim or as a
defense to a government action"); Securiforce Int'/ Am., LLC v. United States,
879 F.3d 1354, 1363 (Fed. Cir.), cert. denied, 139 S. Ct. 478 (2018) ("[T]o the extent the
affirmative defense seeks a change in the terms of the contract-for example, an
extension oftime .. .it must be presented to the [contracting officer]"); and ECC
CENTCOM, 18-1 BCA ,i 37,133 at 180,713 ("[A] contractor contesting ... a default
termination due to excusable delay must submit a claim for a time extension before
appealing to the Board").

3   A SCIF is a sensitive compartmented information facility.

                                              5
       Watts first responds that it did not have to submit a delay claim to defend against
the default on that ground, inviting the Board not to follow its recent decision in ECC
CENTCOM. It is not necessary to proceed down that path because, as Watts alternatively
emphasizes, it in fact submitted a delay claim to the contracting officer after the
government moved for summary judgment (SOF ,r 8). When the contracting officer
refused to decide it, claiming lack of authority to do so, Watts appealed to this Board.
Hence, Watts' delay claim is before the Board and, with the consent of the government,
that appeal has been consolidated with its appeal from the default termination.

         In an attempt to preclude this delay defense, the government advances two
 objections to the validity of Watts' delay claim. First, the government suggests the
 contracting officer lacked authority to decide the claim, implying therefore that it was
neither submitted nor deemed denied. The government advances a variation of a
principle applicable to suits in the United States Court of Federal Claims. There,
"[b]elatedly submitting a certified claim to a [contracting officer] once a claim is in
 litigation is not a cure for failing to present a claim to the [contracting officer] before
filing suit." Emiabata v. United States, 135 Fed. Cl. 213,218 (2017). This is because
once a claim is before that court, even if not proper because it was not first submitted to
the contracting officer, federal law divests the agency of authority to decide it. See
K-Con Bid. Sys., Inc. v. United States, 778 F.3d 1000, 1005 (Fed. Cir. 2015). The
government suggests one of the Army's own regulations, AFARS 5133.212-90, a
provision of the Army FAR Supplement, imposes the same rule for appeals here. That
regulation vests authority and responsibility for the conduct and control of Corps contract
litigation before this Board to the Army or Engineer Chief Trial Attorneys. However,
AFARS 513 3 .212-90 is not nearly as sweeping as the absolute transfer to the Department
of Justice "the function of decision whether and in what manner to prosecute, or to
defend, or to compromise, or to appeal, or to abandon prosecution or defense" of "any
case referred ... for ... defense." Exec. Order No. 6166 § 5 (1933), reprinted in 5 U.S.C.
§ 901, cited in Durable Metal Prods., Inc. v. United States, 21 Cl. Ct. 41, 45-46 (1990);
see also 28 U.S.C. §§ 516-20. AFARS 5133.212-90 does not transfer authority over
matters that are the subject of litigation here to an agency other than the Department of
the Army, nor does it purport to divest the contracting officer of her usual role as the
agency counsel's client official with authority over the claim's ultimate disposition.
Historically, Corps contracting officers have normally retained that power. See, e.g., J W
Bateson Co., ASBCA No. 24425, 84-1 BCA ,r 16,942. The government cites no
precedent interpreting the regulation as it suggests and its position is therefore rejected.
The contracting officer possessed authority to decide Watts' delay claim and her refusal
to do so is a deemed denial. See 41 U.S.C. § 7103(f)(5).

       The government's second objection to Watts' delay claim rests upon ECC
CENTCOM's statement that a defense to a default premised upon excusable delay "must
[be] submit[ ed] as a claim for a time extension before appealing to the Board." 18-1
BCA ,r 37,133 at 180,713. Watts did submit its certified delay claim to the contracting

                                             6
officer before appealing it to the Board (SOF 18). Contrary to the government's
suggestion, ECC CENTCOM did not squarely hold that, to pursue delay as a defense to
default, a contractor must submit its delay claim before it appeals the default termination.
No delay claim was submitted there. Additionally, nothing in the CDA constricts the
time period for submitting a delay claim to less than 90 days (the time period for
appealing a default termination to this Board under 41 U.S.C. § 7104(a)) when proffered
as a defense to a timely appealed default termination. Under 41 U.S.C. § 7103(a)(4),
contractors have six years after accrual to submit a claim.

        It is true that, after hearing ECC CENTCOM 's challenge to its default termination,
the Board raised the possibility that it lacked jurisdiction to consider a delay defense due
to the absence of a claim. 18-1 BCA 137,133 at 180, 711-13. After resisting that
prospect, ECC CENTCOM alternatively requested a stay so that it could pursue the claim
and consolidate a subsequent appeal with the existing one. The Board did not hold that
such a claim would be time-barred; it simply denied a stay due to the lateness of the
request. 4 It also emphasized that such a claim would be futile because the alleged delay
would not affect the validity of the default. ECC CENTCOM, 18-1BCA137,133
at 180,715. Here, the government agreed to an extension of time for Watts to respond to
the government's dispositive motion based upon the absence of a delay claim so that
Watts could submit that claim to the contracting officer. The time necessary for Watts to
submit the claim has already been granted with the government's consent. ECC
CENTCOM's reasoning for denying the time is therefore inapplicable.

         The government's request to dismiss Count I for lack of jurisdiction is denied.

         IL     Count II

       The second basis Watts advances to excuse its failure to perform on time is that
the government waived the contract completion date (am. compl. 11102-28, 174-86;
app. stmt. gen. issues 1127-43). Watts complains that the government waited seven
months after Watts missed its earlier, November 22, 2016 deadline before it assessed
liquidated damages in June of 2017. Similarly, it observes the government waited

4
    The Board's denial of a stay reflected its retention of power to control its docket and
        protect the parties from undue prejudice. See ECC CENTCOM, 18-1 BCA
        137,133 at 180,715. Thus, a delay claim submitted to the contracting officer long
        after a termination for default is appealed, though possibly not time-barred under
        the CDA, might be too prejudicial to the government to permit its consolidation
        with the default appeal and entertained as a defense. Conversely, the
        government's threat that it might game the proceedings and purposely postpone a
        motion to dismiss until late in the litigation, to avoid consolidation with the appeal
        of a subsequent delay claim, is beneath the standards expected of it (see govt.
        reply br. at 9). Such a strategy would likely fail.

                                               7
eight months, until July 13, 2017, to execute a bilateral modification with Watts to extend
the completion date to December 21, 2017. It contends that the government's net
assessment ofliquidated damages on January 3, 2017, is the date the government
believed Watts was in default. It suggests the government acquiesced to its eventual
declaration that the project would not be complete until May 25, 2018, by not objecting
to that date, agreeing to review a resource loaded schedule to support it, and stating it was
looking for a realistic completion date. In Count II of the amended complaint Watts
maintains that all of these facts show the government did not consider time of the essence
and induced Watts to incur additional costs performing the contract between
December 21, 2017, and January 30, 2018. It adds in response to the government's
motion that it was over 90 percent complete as of December 21 and spent over $1 million
after that date (app. stmt. gen. issues ,r,r 42-43). Watts argues that a failure by the
government to immediately terminate for default under those circumstances was also a
manifestation that it did not intend to enforce the completion date. The government seeks
summary judgment upon Count II, contending that the undisputed facts fail as a matter of
law to support a finding that it waived the completion date.

        Waiver is an affirmative defense that Watts bears the burden to prove. See
DayDanyon Corp., ASBCA No. 57681, 15-1BCAi136,073 at 176,152, aff'd,
673 F. App'x 997 (Fed. Cir. 2017). "The ... waiver doctrine ... protect[s] contractors who
are led to believe that time is no longer of the essence" when allowed '"to continue
[substantial] performance past a due date,' under circumstances that justify a conclusion
that the default has been excused." Fla. Dept. ofIns. v. United States, 81 F.3d 1093,
1096 (Fed. Cir. 1996) ( quoting De Vito, 413 F .2d at 1153-54 ). But, waiver of default does
not normally apply to construction contracts absent unusual circumstances. HK&S
Constr. Holding Corp., ASBCA No. 60164, 19-1BCAi137,268 at 181,352;
AmerescoSolutions, Inc., ASBCA No. 56811, 10-2 BCA ,r 34,606 at 170,549-50.
Essentially, waiver is only recognized in the case of such a default when the government
manifests that it no longer considers the contract completion date enforceable.
Technocratica, ASBCA No. 47992 et al., 06-2 BCA i133,316 at 165,187.

       Watts has failed to make a showing that there is anything unusual here. It is not
relevant that seven months passed before the government assessed liquidated damages for
Watts' failure to comply with the prior November 22, 2016 completion date. Nor does it
matter that the government waited eight months before it extended the completion date.
What matters is that the July 13, 2017 modification consented to by Watts established
December 21, 2017 as the new completion date "without waiving the Government's rights,
including the right to assess liquidated damages until contract completion" (SOF ,r 2). See
De Vito, 413 F.2d at 1154 (noting the government may reestablish that time is of the
essence after waiving a prior completion date by setting a new date). From then on, the
government consistently maintained that the December 21 date was binding. The
government's September 20 cure notice warned Watts that its lack of progress jeopardized
completion of the contract by December 21. On December 20, the contracting officer

                                             8
notified Watts' surety that termination for default appeared imminent. (SOF 14) On
December 21, upon Watts' failure to complete on time, the government informed Watts
that it deemed the schedule and completion date in effect, it was not waiving its contract
rights, and it reserved the right to terminate for default (SOF 1 5). On January 16, 2018,
the government stated that it did not find Watts' response to its cure notice compelling or
its delay excusable. While acknowledging that it would review a resource loaded schedule
for completion in May, the government repeated that it considered the December 21, 2017
completion date in effect, it did not waive its contract rights, and it reserved the right to
terminate the contract for default. (SOF 16) Two weeks later the government terminated
for default (SOF 17). Neither the government's willingness to consider Watts' resource
loaded schedule, nor its comment that it was looking for it to be realistic, retracted its
consistent communications that it was waiving nothing. See ASFA Int'! Constr. Indus. and
Trade, ASBCA No. 57880, 14-1BCA135,736 at 174,912 (stating that a government
encouragement to complete performance during a forbearance period is not a waiver absent
further indication that the completion date is considered unenforceable); see also
McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. United States, 182 F.3d 1319, 1327 (Fed. Cir. 1999)
(observing that a manifestation of desire to proceed with the contract is not itself a waiver).
These undisputed facts refute any suggestion that, to the extent Watts performed any work
after December 21, it was against the backdrop of a government manifestation that it no
longer considered that to be the completion date.

       Watts has not established a genuine issue of material fact respecting any of the
elements of Count II's waiver defense. The government is entitled to summary judgment
upon that count as a matter of law.

       III.   Count III

        Watts' third basis for relief challenges the validity of the termination for default on
the ground that the contracting officer erroneously interpreted its January 24, 2018
resource loaded schedule. Watts contests the contracting officer's conclusion that the
schedule was incomplete and that it was not possible to complete the project by May 25.
It also attacks the contracting officer's statement that the schedule inaccurately reflects
certain activities as complete, reduced the time for testing, air balancing and
commissioning activities, and eliminated required reviews (am. compl. 11 129-42). It
relies upon a letter it sent to the contracting officer challenging her conclusions. It also
relies upon the preliminary report of a consultant to its surety stating that the contracting
officer was in error. It further cites the opinion of the government's construction chief
that the schedule did not reduce testing time, appeared reasonable, and was resource
loaded. (App. stmt. gen. issues 1144-53) Count III of the amended complaint therefore
alleges that the contracting officer's decision to terminate was based upon materially
erroneous information, adding that the government's decision failed to consider Watts'
excusable delays. Watts says the contracting officer abused her discretion and that its
default termination should therefore be set aside. (Am. compl. 11187-93) The

                                              9
government seeks summary judgment on this count, arguing that Watts' evidence fails to
amount to an abuse of discretion.

       "The level of discretion that must be exercised by the government before
terminating a contract for default is a question of law." McDonnell Douglas, 182 F .3d
at 1325. The extent of that discretion is broad, but the decision can be set aside if it is
abused. Id. at 1326; Third Coast Fresh Distribution, 16-1 BCA 1 36,340 at 177,194.
"[T]he government may not use default as a pretext for terminating a contract for reasons
unrelated to performance; instead, there must be a nexus between the government's
decision to terminate for default and the contractor's performance." McDonnell Douglas,
182 F.3d at 1329.

        Much of Watts' argument flows from its contention that the contracting officer
partially based the default decision upon a belief that Watts' proposed new completion
date was unrealistic (app. opp'n, ex.Cat 104-05). That the contracting officer may have
been incorrect about Watts' proposal for a new completion date does not demonstrate that
she abused her discretion terminating it for defaulting upon the existing completion date.
That proposal was for the contracting officer's consideration. She made clear that her
willingness to review it was not a waiver of the government's rights, including the right
to terminate for default (SOF 16). The contracting officer could have terminated for
default regardless of whether Watts could complete the work later. See HK&S Constr.,
 19-1 BCA 1 37,268 at 181,352 ("However the contracting officer arrived at her
termination decision, the government may rely upon appellant's failure to do its job to
justify the termination.").

        Additionally, to find that a default termination reflects an abuse of discretion
because it was based upon "materially erroneous information" normally requires bad
faith. See Delfasco LLC, ASBCA No, 59153, 17-1 BCA 136,659 at 178,527-28; see also
McDonnell Douglas, 182 F.3d at 1326 (identifying bad faith as an element of abuse of
discretion). The contracting officer "is presumed to have acted in good faith." Empire
Energy Mgmt. Sys., Inc., ASBCA No. 46741, 03-1 BCA 132,079 at 158,553, ajf'd,
362 F.3d 1343 (Fed. Cir. 2004). To prove bad faith, Watts would have to "show with
convincing clarity a high probability that she acted from personal animus with specific
intent to injure" it. Id.; see also ADT Constr. Grp, Inc., ASBCA No. 55358,
13 BCA 135,307 at 173,313 ("[A]ppellant makes no assertion, and there is no evidence,
that the contracting officer acted out of a personal sense of bad faith"). Watts has failed
to even allege such facts, much less "make a showing sufficient to establish the existence
of [this] element...on which [Watts would] bear the burden of proof at trial." Celotex,
477 U.S. at 322. Furthermore, there is no evidence the termination was pretextual. See
McDonnell Douglas, 182 F.3d at 1326-27. There is also no evidence the contracting
officer exceeded the scope of the discretion vested in her, and Watts has not alleged that
the contracting officer violated any regulations or law. See Shubhada Indus., Inc.,
ASBCA No. 54016, 08-1BCA133,733 at 167,019. Finally, the contracting officer was

                                            10
not presented with an excusable delay claim at the time of the default. Her mere rejection
of Watts' allegations of it is not, by itself, bad faith.

       Watts has not established a genuine issue of material fact respecting any of the
elements of Count III' s allegations. The government is entitled to summary judgment
upon that count as a matter of law.

         IV.    Counts IV and V

                A. Request for Dismissal

       Both Counts IV and V assert breach of the implied duty of good faith and fair
dealing. The government contends that Watts must submit a CDA claim to the
contracting officer to pursue breach of contract as a defense to the contract's termination
for default and seeks dismissal of the counts for that reason. That is incorrect.
Securiforce Int'! Am., 879 F.3d at 1362-63 (stating that a common law affirmative
defense to a termination for default, such as prior material breach, is not a claim that must
be presented to the contracting officer). Accordingly, the request to dismiss is denied.

               B. Request for Summary Judgement upon Counts IV and V

                1. Count IV

       Watts' fourth basis for relief alleges that the government's quality assurance
representative (QAR) made offensive comments to it. Watts has presented the
declaration of a manager who states that the QAR threatened to "get rid" of Watts and
asked whether Watts was bankrupt. According to the declaration, the QAR referred to
Watts' project manager as a "liar" and said that the manager acted in "Watts' interest
only." The QAR also more generally called Watts' personnel "liars" and "crooks" and
said he was "going to take care of the government because the government always wins."
The QAR asked if "Watts had gone bust yet." He asked Watts to leave discussions,
excluded it from meetings, cancelled meetings, and declined to allow Watts to record
information in accordance with its preferences. He called one of Watts' superintendents
"fat." (App. opp'n, ex. B; app. supp. R4, tabs 108, 113-14) 5 Count IV of the amended
complaint alleges that these statements and actions show animus, improper motive, and
an intent to harm Watts, reflecting an abuse of discretion in terminating the contract that
breached the implied duty of good faith and fair dealing ( am. compl. ,i,i 194-202 ). The
government seeks summary judgment, observing that the QAR's behavior says nothing
about the motive of the contracting officer terminating the contract and therefore does not
demonstrate abuse of discretion.

5
    Additional allegations contained in the declaration of Watts' manager are rejected
        because they are not made on personal knowledge. FED. R. CIV. P. 56(c)(4).

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        Though rude conduct by the QAR might be unpleasant, it does not demonstrate
that the contracting officer abused her discretion terminating the contract for default.
Watts does not allege that the contracting officer was influenced by the QAR, even knew
about the QAR' s behavior toward it, much less that she shared any animosity that he
might have harbored. The QAR' s allegedly poor demeanor does not show that Watts'
default termination was issued by the contracting officer for reasons unrelated to Watts'
failure to perform on time. It does not demonstrate she "acted from personal animus with
specific intent to injure" it. Empire Energy Mgmt., 03-1BCA132,079 at 158,553.

        Similarly, the covenant of good faith and fair dealing contained in every contract
imposes a "duty not to interfere with the other party's performance and not to act so as to
destroy the reasonable expectations of the other party regarding the fruits of the
contract."' Dobyns v. United States, 915 F.3d 733, 739 (Fed. Cir. 2019) (quoting Centex
Corp. v. United States, 395 F.3d 1283, 1304 (Fed. Cir. 2005)). Mean behavior alone
would not destroy Watts' expectations regarding the contract's fruits. Watts has not
established a genuine issue of material fact respecting any of the elements of Count IV' s
allegations. The government is entitled to summary judgment upon that count as a matter
of law.

             2. Count V

        Watts' fifth basis for relief asserts that the government's inspectors were
overzealous. Its manager's declaration states the QAR "interfered" with stucco installation
and arbitrarily rejected it. The QAR allegedly over-inspected waterproofing, lathe and
finish. He made Watts scrape glue resin without justification, cleanout and brush the
interior of an electrical box, and paint wires. The QAR directed subcontractors without
Watts' knowledge. Also, government inspectors were slow, repetitive, covered work that
they should not have, and performed "multiple inspections." (App. opp'n, ex. B) Count V
alleges that over inspection by the government breached the implied duty of good faith and
fair dealing (am. compl. 11203-10).

       The government's request for summary judgment upon Count V contends that an
element of a claim for breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing is bad faith or
improper motive. It says Watts cannot make that showing. Breach of the covenant of
good faith and fair dealing does not require the violation of an express term of the
contract, "[b Jut a specific promise must be undermined for the implied duty to be
violated." Dobyns, 915 F.3d at 739. Contrary to the government's suggestion, improper
motive is not an element of such a breach. The duty may be breached "even if 'the actor
believes his conduct to be justified."' Labatte v. United States, 899 F.3d 1373, 1379
(Fed. Cir. 2018) (quoting RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF CONTRACTS§ 205 cmt. d (1981)).

                                            12
        The Inspection of Construction clause permits just that. But, "confusing and
vacillating" inspections, "multiple inspections to differing standards," or "arbitrary and
capricious" inspections leading to additional "work not required by the contract," have
established a basis for contractual recovery under a constructive change theory. See
WF. Kilbride Constr., Inc., ASBCA No. 19484, 76-1 BCA ,-r 11,726 at 55,884
(pre-CDA decision). There is precedent finding that a breach of contract theory is
foreclosed when a contract provision such as the Changes clause grants the necessary
remedy. See Hoel-Steffen Constr. Co. v. United States, 456 F.2d 760, 768 (Ct. Cl. 1972).
That said, the government does not contend that overzealous inspection fails to support a
breach of the implied duty of good faith and fair dealing, and the Board has somewhat
acknowledged the possibility while also entertaining a possible constructive change. See
Die-Matic Tool Co., ASBCA No. 31185, 89-1 BCA ,-r 21,342 at 107,601-03, ajf'd,
889 F.2d 1100 (Fed. Cir. 1989) (Table). Watts has presented adequate evidence of
interference, over-inspection, slow, redundant, and multiple inspections, to require more
factual development to determine the application of the good faith and fair dealing
doctrine. See Tkacz Eng'g, LLC, ASBCA No. 60358, 18-1 BCA ,-r 36,940 at 179,962-63
(concluding that mixed questions of fact and law preclude summary judgment).
Accordingly, summary judgment upon Count Vis denied.

                                     CONCLUSION

       The government's request to dismiss Count I of the amended complaint is denied.
The government's request for summary judgment upon Counts II and III is granted. The
government's request to dismiss Counts IV and Vis denied. The government's request
for summary judgment upon Count IV is granted. The government's request for
summary judgment upon Count V is denied.

      Dated: June 24, 2019

                                             ~    Administrative Judge
                                                  Armed Services Board
                                                  of Contract Appeals

(Signatures continued)

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                                                I concur

                                                J. REID PROUTY
                                                Administrative Judge
                                                Vice Chairman
                                                Armed Services Board
 of Contract Appeals                            of Contract Appeals

      I certify that the foregoing is a true copy of the Opinion and Decision of the
Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals in ASBCA Nos. 61518, 61961, Appeals of
Watts Constructors, LLC, rendered in conformance with the Board's Charter.

      Dated:

                                               PAULLA K. GATES-LEWIS
                                               Recorder, Armed Services
                                               Board of Contract Appeals

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