Court Opinion

ID: 9661202
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-23 22:32:09.815354+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:14:26.230984
License: Public Domain

OPINION
SAM NUCHIA, Justice.
Appellants, The Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) and Glenda Pier-son (Pierson), bring this interlocutory appeal of the orders of the trial court denying TDCJ’s plea to the jurisdiction and Pierson’s motion for summary judgment.1 TDCJ’s plea asserted sovereign immunity from suit, and Pierson’s motion for summary judgment asserted qualified immunity. We reverse and render.
BACKGROUND
The deceased, Damon Hollimon, was incarcerated in TDCJ’s Estelle Unit in *215Huntsville, Texas and was in a sex-offender treatment program. He had been diagnosed as paranoid-schizophrenic, but had been in remission and was not taking any medication. However, because his condition was deteriorating and he was becoming increasingly tense, agitated, defensive, and violent, the decision was made to transfer Hollimon to a psychiatric unit. A “move team” of five officers was sent to Hollimon’s cell. Pierson, a University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB) nurse, was called in to advise whether there was any reason that pepper spray should not be used to subdue Holliman and to provide medical assistance as needed during the move. Pierson and the members of the move team were wearing gas masks. After reviewing Holliman’s medical chart, Pierson found no reason why chemical restraint should not be used. Pierson, in her notes, recorded the time of various events in this forced move.
The move team first asked Holliman to leave his cell at 3:21 p.m., and Holliman refused. At 3:22, a member of the team discharged a canister of pepper spray in Holliman’s direction. Holliman coughed, but refused to move. The officer waited two minutes, then discharged a second canister of pepper spray, with the same result. After another two minutes, the officer discharged a third canister, but Hollimon still refused to move. At 3:28 p.m., the officers entered the cell to force Hollimon out, and Hollimon, who was described as having a “well developed, well nourished, muscular” body, resisted. The ensuing struggle resulted in a “major use of force” by the team, with Hollimon face-down on the floor and an officer pressing his knee down on the back of Hollimon’s neck as other officers secured Hollimon’s hands and feet. At 3:31 p.m., the hand and leg restraints were in place, and Holli-mon was on his side in the cell. A second 3:31 entry, the last entry by Pierson, noted that Hollimon was brought out of the cell and summarized the actions that resulted in Hollimon’s arrival at the medical department.2
As the officers picked Hollimon up and moved him out of the cell, Pierson saw that his neck was limp and his head was “wobbly” and thought that his neck had been broken. She checked his vital signs and found that he had no carotid pulse, no heart rate, was not breathing, and had fixed and dilated pupils. Pierson testified that she did not remove her gas mask to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation because she would then have been exposed to the pepper spray and would have needed medical attention herself and thus would not have been of any assistance to Holli-mon. After checking Hollimon’s vital signs, Pierson told the officers to take Hollimon to the medical department “now.”
The move team carried Hollimon toward the prison medical department, which, according to trial testimony, was a one-and-one-half to two-and-one-half minute walk from the cell. They had to go down a flight of stairs and pass through a “wing picket gate,” which was locked. However, the guard was not on duty, and they had to find another guard to unlock the gate. Medical personnel were waiting on the other side of the gate with a stretcher and took Hollimon across the hall to the medical department. Hollimon arrived at the *216medical department at 3:38 p.m., seven minutes after he was removed from the cell. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was attempted, but Hollimon did not respond and was pronounced dead. An autopsy disclosed that Hollimon died from asphyxiation, and Pierson and members of the move team wrote reports of the incident. TDCJ investigated the incident, and the Walker County District Attorney conducted a criminal investigation, but no charges were filed.
On June 12, 1998, four months after Hollimon’s death, an attorney wrote to the warden of the Estelle Unit as follows:
I write this letter on behalf of the surviving daughter, and the personal representative of the Estate of Damon L. Hollimon. Ashley D. Hollimon, a minor, is the sole surviving child of Damon L. Hollimon. Linda Thomas, Ashley’s mother, is the personal representative of the Estate of Damon L. Hollimon. Please see attached Affidavit of Personal Representative, Affidavit of Heirship, and Death Certificate of Damon L. Hol-limon.
As evidenced by the Death Certificate, Mr. Hollimon died of asphyxiation on February 18, 1998, while an inmate at the Estelle Unit of the Texas Department of Corrections.
At this time, I request copies of medical records, investigative reports, and video tapes relating in any way to the death and the circumstances surrounding the death of Mr. Hollimon. If there is a charge for these documents, please advise.
On February 12, 1999, appellees3 sued TDCJ, its executive director, the warden of the Estelle Unit, and unnamed prison guards, asserting causes of action under the Texas Tort Claims Act,4 wrongful death and survival statutes,5 and section 19836 for violations of civil rights. In an amended petition, appellees added UTMB, Pierson individually and in her capacity as nurse for UTMB, and nine employees of TDCJ. UTMB filed a plea to the jurisdiction, asserting sovereign immunity from suit for the wrongful death claim and arguing that appellees’ claims against UTMB did not fall under the Texas Tort Claims Act. The trial court granted UTMB’s plea and dismissed the claims against UTMB. Pierson filed a similar plea to the jurisdiction, which the court granted, and the claims against her in her official capacity were dismissed. Appellees filed a second amended petition in which they asserted only a section 1983 claim against Pierson individually and a claim under the Texas Tort Claims Act against TDCJ. TDCJ filed a plea to the jurisdiction asserting sovereign immunity and a motion for summary judgment asserting lack of notice. The trial court denied these motions. Pierson filed a motion to dismiss and motion for summary judgment, which the court also denied. This appeal followed.
DISCUSSION

TDCJ’s Appeal: Notice

In September 2005, TDCJ filed a supplemental brief, asserting for the first time lack of notice as a jurisdictional bar to the suit. See Tex. Ass’n of Bus. v. Tex. Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440, 445 (Tex.*2171993) (“Subject matter jurisdiction is an issue that may be raised for the first time on appeal; it may not be waived by the parties.”). Therefore, we first consider TDCJ’s notice issue. TDCJ asserts, “The absence of notice under Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code § 101.101 divests the trial court of subject-matter jurisdiction.” Section 101.101 provides as follows:
(a) A governmental unit is entitled to receive notice of a claim against it under this chapter not later than six months after the day that the incident giving rise to the claim occurred. The notice must reasonably describe:
(1) the damage or injury claimed;
(2) the time and place of the incident; and
(3) the incident.
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(c) The notice requirements provided or ratified and approved by Subsections (a) and (b) do not apply if the governmental unit has actual notice that death has occurred, that the claimant has received some injury, or that the claimant’s property has been damaged.
Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code Ann. § 101.101 (Vernon 2005). Texas courts of appeals have been divided in determining what constitutes “actual notice” for the purpose of this statute and in how they treat the lack of notice. The supreme court settled the issue of what constitutes actual notice in Texas Department of Criminal Justice v. Simons, 140 S.W.3d 338 (Tex.2004). In that case, the court held “that actual notice under section 101.101(c) requires that a governmental unit have knowledge of the information it is entitled to be given under section 101.101(a) and a subjective awareness that its fault produced or contributed to the claimed injury.” Id. at 348 (emphasis added). The court explained that the purpose of the statute is “to enable governmental units to gather information necessary to guard against unfounded claims, settle claims, and prepare for trial.” Id. at 347 (quoting Cathey v. Booth, 900 S.W.2d 339, 341 (Tex.1995)). However, investigation of an incident alone is not enough to show that a governmental unit has actual knowledge of an injury. Id. “If a governmental unit is not subjectively aware of its fault, it does not have the same incentive to gather information that the statute is designed to provide, even when it would not be unreasonable to believe that the governmental unit was at fault.” Id. at 347-48. The court recognized that, although “actual notice is a fact question when the evidence is disputed,” it is, in many instances, a question of law. Id. at 348. The court also stated that subjective awareness may sometimes be proved by circumstantial evidence, but the subjective awareness must be actual subjective awareness of its fault. Id. (emphasis added).
On the same day that it decided Simons, the supreme court decided University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center v. Loutzenhiser, 140 S.W.3d 351 (Tex.2004). In Loutzenhiser, another section 101.101 notice case, the court held “that the plaintiff did not give notice within the six-month period as required, that lack of notice is a complete defense to suit but does not deprive the court of subject matter jurisdiction, and that the defendant did not waive its complaint of no notice by delaying to raise it.” Id. at 354. Thus, under Loutzenhiser, lack of notice would have been asserted as a defense in a motion for summary judgment or some other pleading. It would not have been asserted in a plea to the jurisdiction. However, after the court decided Loutzenhiser, the legislature amended the Government Code to clarify the legislature’s intent with regard to the relationship between statutory prerequisites to a suit and sovereign immunity. *218The legislature added to section 311.034 of the Government Code the following language: “Statutory prerequisites to a suit, including the provision of notice, are jurisdictional requirements in all suits against a governmental entity.” Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 311.034 (Vernon Supp.2006). This amendment took effect on September 1, 2005.
TDCJ contends that it did not have notice as required under section 101.101, and that, therefore, the trial court did not have jurisdiction over appellees’ complaint. Appellees respond that TDCJ had both statutory notice and actual notice of their claim. Appellees argue that the letter sent by their counsel to the warden of the Estelle unit was the formal notice of their claim as required by section 101.101(a).
Counsel’s letter to the warden is not a notice of a claim by appellees against TDCJ. Although it refers to Hollimon’s death (the damage or injury) and gives the date of the death at the Estelle Unit (the time and place), it does not describe the incident. Thus, the letter does not meet the requirements of section 101.101(a), but is merely a request for additional information regarding Hollimon’s death.
Appellees contend that a letter from TDCJ’s general counsel acknowledging receipt of appellees’ letter and advising that the matter was being investigated and that the “releasability of information” would depend on the results of the investigation is a “clear and unequivocal] admission ... that TDCJ may have fault” in the death of Hollimon. Appellees find additional evidence of TDCJ’s subjective awareness of fault in a second letter from TDCJ stating that the information they were seeking was contained in “an on-going criminal investigation” and that TDCJ was unable to release any information at that time.
The fact that TDCJ investigated the circumstances of Holliman’s death or that the Walker County District Attorney also investigated the death is not evidence that TDCJ had subjective awareness that it was at fault in that death. See Simons, 140 S.W.3d at 347-48 (“It is not enough that a governmental unit ... did investigate ... or that it should have known from the investigation it conducted that it might have been at fault. If a governmental unit is not subjectively aware of its fault, it does not have the same incentive to gather information that the statute is designed to provide.... ”).
Appellees’ contention that the occurrence of an event provides actual notice if fault is obvious and an investigation is triggered is without merit. Appellees support this contention by quoting Angleton Danbury Hospital District v. Chavana, a pre-Simons case. 120 S.W.3d 424 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.] no pet.). Appel-lee’s contention is in direct conflict with Simons, which states that “actual notice that an injury has occurred is not enough to satisfy section 101.101(c) [actual notice].”
Appellees’ argument that the reprimand of a guard who was not at his station at the wing picket gate is evidence that TDCJ had subjective awareness of its fault is without support in the record. There is no evidence of whether, how, or why any TDCJ employee was reprimanded in connection with Hollimon’s death. Likewise, there is no evidence that TDCJ had subjective awareness that it was at fault in Hollimon’s injury or death.
Accordingly, we sustain TDCJ’s issue regarding notice. Because the notice requirement is jurisdictional, we need not reach TDCJ’s issue regarding sovereign immunity.

Pierson’s Appeal

In two issues, Pierson contends that her motion for summary judgment should have *219been granted because (1) she did not violate Hollimon’s rights under the Eighth Amendment and (2) she is entitled to qualified immunity. Because these issues are closely related, we consider them together.
Section 1988 creates a private right of action for violations of an individual’s federally guaranteed rights by those acting under color of state law. See Richardson v. McKnight, 521 U.S. 399, 403, 117 S.Ct. 2100, 2103, 138 L.Ed.2d 540 (1997). The doctrine of qualified immunity shields an official performing discretionary functions from liability for civil damages under section 1983, provided the official’s conduct does not violate clearly established constitutional or statutory rights of which a reasonable person would have been aware. Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 2738, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982); Thomas v. Collins, 860 S.W.2d 500, 503 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, writ denied). A legal right is “clearly established” when the “contours of the right [are] sufficiently clear that a reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates that right.” Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 640, 107 S.Ct. 3034, 3039, 97 L.Ed.2d 523 (1987).
When a governmental official asserts the affirmative defense of qualified immunity by pleading good faith and demonstrating that his actions were within his discretionary authority, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to show that the defendant’s conduct violated clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have been aware. Thomas, 860 S.W.2d at 503; see also Whatley v. Philo, 817 F.2d 19, 20 (5th Cir.1987). The plaintiff must show that (1) the official’s conduct violated a federally guaranteed right, (2) the right was clearly established, and (3) the official’s conduct was objectively unreasonable in light of the clearly established right. Thomas, 860 S.W.2d at 503. Objective reasonableness is a question of law for the court. Hare v. City of Corinth, 135 F.3d 320, 328 (5th Cir.1998); see also Poteet v. Sullivan, 218 S.W.3d 780 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth, 2007, pet. filed) (recognizing that objective reasonableness is matter of law).
An official is not hable for the failure to provide medical care to an inmate unless that failure was due to deliberate indifference to his medical needs. Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 104, 97 S.Ct. 285, 291, 50 L.Ed.2d 251 (1976). The test for determining deliberate indifference is subjective, not objective. Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 837, 114 S.Ct. 1970, 1979, 128 L.Ed.2d 811 (1994). “[T]he official must both be aware of facts from which the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm exists, and he must also draw the inference.” Id. To establish that an official acted with deliberate indifference, a plaintiff must prove that the official acted with subjective recklessness by consciously disregarding a substantial risk of serious harm. Scott v. Britton, 16 S.W.3d 173, 181 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2000, no pet.) (citing Farmer, 511 U.S. at 838-39, 114 S.Ct. at 1979-80). An official’s failure to perceive and to alleviate a risk is not an infliction of punishment. Id. Moreover, negligent medical treatment is not a violation of section 1983. Estelle, 429 U.S. at 106, 97 S.Ct. at 292.
In their second amended original petition, appellees asserted a claim against Pierson individually under section 1983, alleging that her actions violated Holli-mon’s Eighth Amendment rights. Appel-lees alleged that Pierson’s failure to attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on Hollimon cell-side or at the wing picket gate showed her conscious indifference to Hollimon’s condition.
*220In her motion for summary judgment, Pierson asserted, among other things, that she was protected from appel-lees’ claims by the doctrine of qualified immunity. She attached her own affidavit in which she asserted that her actions were taken in good faith. Her affidavit and that of Klean the Caruso, Director of Nursing, Medical/Surgical Services and TDCJ Hospital Nursing for UTMB, who had almost 20 years of experience in correctional nursing, established that Pier-son’s actions were within her discretionary authority. Caruso’s affidavit also stated that she had reviewed the medical records of Hollimon, and that, based upon her training and experience, it was her opinion that Pierson’s actions were appropriate, that there was no medical reason why pepper spray could not be used to subdue Hollimon, that Pierson could not have performed CPR cell-side because of the pepper spray in the air, that Pierson should not have attempted CPR in the absence of any personal protective equipment, that it was appropriate for Pierson to have Holli-mon transferred to the medical unit for CPR, and that Pierson could not have anticipated the delay in getting Hollimon to the medical unit.
In response, appellees argued that Pier-son’s failure to attempt CPR was “wholly unreasonable” and reiterated the facts of the case. Appellees attached as summary judgment proof Caruso’s affidavit; deposition excerpts of Pierson, Marc Rodriquez, a prison guard, and Dr. Sparks Veasey, the pathologist who performed the autopsy on Hollimon; and Pierson’s affidavit. These attachments generally confirmed the facts as already stated.
In their brief, appellees state that from the cell to the medical department was “about a two minute trip” and that the group moving Hollimon waited “approximately] five minutes ... for the gate to be unlocked.” The record does not support these statements. When asked how long it would take to go from the cell to the medical department if one “just walked it,” M. Rodriguez, one of the guards, answered, “Between a minute and a half, two minutes, two and a half minutes.” However, the guards were not “just” walking the distance; they were carrying Hollimon, a well-developed, well-nourished, muscular man. Moreover, they did not begin their walk at 3:31 p.m. They brought Hollimon out of the cell and put him on the floor. Pierson then checked his carotid pulse, his pupils, his breathing, and his heartbeat, and, finding no response, directed the guards to take him to medical, “now.” After the wing picket gate was opened, Holli-mon was lifted onto a stretcher and taken to the medical department. There is no evidence in the record to establish how long the group waited for the gate to be unlocked, but it was clearly less than five minutes.
When asked how long they waited for the gate to be unlocked, Pierson answered, “I don’t know how long it was. It didn’t seem like very long.” When asked why she did not give Hollimon CPR at the bottom of the stairs (at the gate), she responded, “I felt like it was probably better to get him on over to medical, right across the hall, with help.” She testified that a person becomes brain dead after six minutes without oxygen. When asked if it took six minutes to get Hollimon from the cell to the medical department, she said, “I was not aware of the time element. All I can say is I remember it — it just didn’t seem like it was long at all. It’s just like it happened so fast.”
Pierson’s actions in checking Hollimon’s vital signs and her reasons for not giving him CPR do not show subjective deliberate indifference to Hollimon’s condition. Because appellees have not established that *221Pierson acted with deliberate indifference, Pierson cannot be liable for the failure to provide medical care to Hollimon. See Estelle, 429 U.S. at 104, 97 S.Ct. at 291. Moreover, considering her actions in the context of the deliberate-indifference standard, we hold that her decision not to give Hollimon CPR was not objectively unreasonable.
Because appellees have not proved that Pierson was deliberately indifferent to Hollimon’s condition, they have not met their burden of rebutting Pierson’s qualified-immunity defense. Accordingly, we sustain Pierson’s issues.
CONCLUSION
We reverse the trial court’s order denying TDCJ’s plea to the jurisdiction and render judgment dismissing appellees’ claims against TDCJ for want of jurisdiction.
We reverse the trial court’s order denying Pierson’s motion for summary judgment and render judgment that appellees take nothing by their suit against Pierson.
Justice KEYES, dissenting.

. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code Ann. § 51.014(a)(5), (8) (Vernon Supp.2006).

. That final entry consisted of the following: 1531 Offender is brought out of the cell by SORT, and noted head wobbly. Unable to palpate carotid pulse.... Pupils dilated 4-5mm. Unable to ausculate heart beat. Security informed carry to medical department now. Medical assistance upon arrival to door out of A wing. Placed on stretcher and to med dept. — SPierson RN

. During the pendency of this lawsuit, Ashley Dominique Hollimon reached her majority and joined the suit in her individual capacity.

. Tex Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code Ann. §§ 101.001-109.109 (Vernon 1997 & Supp.2006).

. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.Code Ann. §§ 71.001-71.052 (Vernon 1997 & Supp.2006).

. 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (2000).