Court Opinion

ID: 9915923
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-01-09 00:00:58.83489+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:21:41.493793
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                                 FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

 JESSICA KAYLL,
           Plaintiff,

             v.                                                  Civil Action No. 22-2830 (JDB)

 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND
 SECURITY and U.S. CUSTOMS &
 BORDER PROTECTION,
           Defendants.

                                       MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Plaintiff Jessica Kayll brings this action under the Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”)

to compel production of records relating to U.S. Customs and Border Protection’s (“CBP”)

determination that she is “inadmissible” to enter the United States. Kayll’s suit alleges that CBP

and its parent agency the Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”) have unlawfully withheld

agency records. Before the Court are the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment. 1 For the

reasons explained below, the Court will grant defendants’ motion, deny Kayll’s motion, and enter

judgment for defendants.

                                                  Background

       Kayll is a citizen of the United Kingdom who formerly held a F-1 student visa to study at

the Pratt Institute in Manhattan, New York. See Decl. of Jessica Kayll [ECF No. 19-3] (“Kayll

Decl.”) ¶¶ 2–3. When she attempted to reenter the United States following a brief trip home to

visit family in February 2022, she was interrogated by CBP officers who deemed her inadmissible

and canceled her student visa. Id. ¶ 3.

       1
           The Court refers primarily to CBP as the defendant.
                                                         1
       A foreign national deemed “inadmissible” by government officials generally may not enter

the United States. 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a). Grounds for inadmissibility include criminal activity,

national security concerns, or prior unlawful presence, among others. See id. As relevant here,

certain grounds for inadmissibility can be waived by CBP, upon the recommendation of a consular

officer or the Secretary of State. Id. § 1182(d)(3). A CBP waiver clears a hurdle in the applicant’s

path to obtaining a visa (or other immigration-related relief). See 22 C.F.R. § 40.301 (regulations

describing process); 9 FAM 305.4 (State Department policy manual describing the same).

       In April 2022, Kayll applied for a new F-1 student visa. See Kayll Decl. ¶ 4. After an

interview, the consular officer at the U.S. embassy requested an inadmissibility waiver from CBP.

Id. ¶ 4; Decl. of Laura R. Stein [ECF No. 16-3] (“Stein Decl.”) ¶ 8. CBP’s Admissibility Review

Office denied the request. Stein Decl. ¶ 8. In advance of preparing a new application to enter the

United States, Kayll sought information about why CBP denied the waiver. See Kayll Decl. ¶ 7.

On May 20, 2022, Kayll’s counsel filed the following FOIA request with CBP:

       We are requesting any and all information and documents pertaining to Ms. Jessica
       Kayll’s admissibility and the revocation of her F-1 visa. We are also requesting
       information regarding the April 2022 denial of her nonimmigrant visa waiver by
       the Admissibility Review Office. Please provide any and all (1) information
       contained in TECS and/or other databases relating to Ms. Jessica Kayll; and (2)
       related communications between CBP and/or US Department of State and/or
       Immigration and Customs Enforcement.

Defs.’ Statement of Material Facts Not in Genuine Dispute [ECF No. 16-1] (“Defs.’ Statement of

Material Facts”) ¶ 1.

       CBP acknowledged the request on June 7, 2022, but did not produce any documents until

plaintiff filed this suit. Id. ¶¶ 2–8; see Pl.’s Statement of Undisputed Material Facts [ECF No. 19-

1] ¶ 8. Kayll alleges in her lawsuit that the agencies failed to timely respond to her request and

unlawfully withheld agency records under FOIA.           Compl. [ECF No. 1] ¶¶ 20–27.          CBP

subsequently made two productions totaling 31 pages of records in fall 2022. Defs.’ Statement of

                                                 2
Material Facts ¶¶ 6–7. After a supplemental search with the Admissibility Review Office, CBP

produced an additional three-page record in May 2023. Id. ¶ 8. Only the response from the

Admissibility Review Office remains at issue. See Joint Status Report [ECF No. 15] at 1.

         The three-page record from the Admissibility Review Office is a printout from CBP’s

internal system (known as TECS) pertaining to Kayll. As relevant here, the document includes a

remark that “the Admissibility Review Office disapproved a [INA §] 212(d)(3)(A)(i) waiver for

the subject. Discretion was not warranted at this time. See waiver link on CCDI NIV page.” Ex.

to Pl.’s Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. [ECF No. 19-2] (FOIA return) at 1. 2 The agency did not produce

any further explanation of why “[d]iscretion was not warranted at th[at] time.”

         The issue at this juncture is whether CBP must produce the record available at the “waiver

link on CCDI NIV page.” “CCDI NIV” refers to the Consolidated Consular Database Non-

Immigrant Visa System, a State Department database containing documents relating to visa

applications. See Stein Decl. ¶¶ 3–4 (explaining that the Consular Consolidated Database is a

State Department “data warehouse that stores current and archived data from all the [Bureau of

Consular Affairs] databases at U.S. embassies and consulates around the world”); Rasinski Decl.

¶¶ 7–9. A State Department consular officer seeking CBP approval for an inadmissibility waiver

begins by creating a form in the database’s Admissibility Review Information System. Stein Decl.

¶ 4. The form includes the applicant’s biographical information and the consular officer’s

justification for recommending a waiver. Id. The consular officer then refers the form to CBP’s

Admissibility Review Office through the Admissibility Review Information Service. Id. A CBP

         2
           According to CBP, “through an inadvertent omission, [this] record was not created at the time of the waiver
decision” but has “since been created to correct this oversight.” Decl. of Amanda Rasinski [ECF No. 16-2] (“Rasinski
Decl.”) ¶ 15.

                                                          3
officer logs into the Consular Consolidated Database and enters his or her “approval or denial, and

the grounds for doing so” into the form. Rasinski Decl. ¶ 6.

        CBP claims that this form, which includes the agency’s decision, is not a CBP “agency

record” under FOIA but is instead a State Department record. See Defs.’ Mot. for Summ. J. &

Mem. in Supp. Thereof [ECF No. 16] (“Defs.’ Mot.”) at 1–2. 3 Kayll has filed a cross-motion for

summary judgment claiming that this form is an “agency record” of CBP that must be produced

under FOIA. See Mem. of P. & A. in Supp. of Pl.’s Mot. for Summ. J. & Resp. to Defs.’ Mot.

[ECF No. 20] (“Pl.’s Cross-Mot. & Opp’n”) at 1–4. Kayll also urges the Court to deny CBP’s

summary judgment motion because defendants have excerpted from, but not produced, the

memorandum of agreement concerning information-sharing between the State Department and

DHS. Id. at 9–10. The motions are fully briefed and ripe for decision.

                                                Legal Standard

        “In enacting the FOIA . . . , Congress sought to open agency action to the light of public

scrutiny.”    U.S. Dep’t of Just. v. Tax Analysts, 492 U.S. 136, 142 (1989) (cleaned up).

Accordingly, “[i]t is the agency’s burden to prove that it has complied with its obligations under

FOIA.” Democracy Forward Found. v. Ctrs. for Medicare & Medicaid Servs., Civ. A. No. 18-635

(JDB), 2019 WL 6344935, at *1 (D.D.C. Nov. 27, 2019). “Unlike the review of other agency

action that must be upheld if supported by substantial evidence and not arbitrary or capricious, the

FOIA expressly places the burden ‘on the agency to sustain its action’ and directs the district courts

to ‘determine the matter de novo.’” U.S. Dep’t of Just. v. Reps. Comm. for Freedom of Press, 489

U.S. 749, 755 (1989) (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B)).

        3
            Earlier in this litigation, CBP advised Kayll’s counsel that “the information [Kayll is] seeking for this
portion of the request is under the purview of the Department of State, not CBP.” Letter from Patrick Howard, Branch
Chief, CBP, FOIA Div. to Carl W. Hampe [ECF No. 23-2]. There is no evidence that she has filed a corresponding
FOIA request with the State Department.
                                                         4
       “FOIA cases typically and appropriately are decided on motions for summary judgment.”

Defs. of Wildlife v. U.S. Border Patrol, 623 F. Supp. 2d 83, 87 (D.D.C. 2009). Summary judgment

is warranted when the pleadings and evidence demonstrate that “there is no genuine dispute as to

any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).

“In a FOIA case, the Court may award summary judgment solely on the basis of information

provided in [agency] affidavits or declarations when the affidavits or declarations are ‘relatively

detailed and non-conclusory.’” Defs. of Wildlife, 623 F. Supp. 2d at 87 (quoting Safecard Servs.,

Inc. v. Secs. & Exch. Comm’n, 926 F.2d 1197, 1200 (D.C. Cir. 1991)). Such documents are

accorded a presumption of good faith, which can be rebutted where the requestor “come[s] forward

with specific facts demonstrating that there is a genuine issue with respect to whether the agency

has improperly withheld extant agency records.” Span v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 696 F. Supp. 2d 113,

119 (D.D.C. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted).

                                              Analysis

       Under FOIA, district courts may “enjoin the agency from withholding agency records and

. . . order the production of any agency records improperly withheld.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B).

FOIA does not define “agency records,” but courts have interpreted the term as extending to “those

documents that an agency both (1) creates or obtains, and (2) controls at the time the FOIA request

was made.’” Cause of Action Inst. v. Off. of Mgmt. & Budget, 10 F.4th 849, 855 (D.C. Cir. 2021)

(cleaned up) (quoting Jud. Watch, Inc. v. U.S. Secret Serv. (“Judicial Watch II”), 726 F.3d 208,

216 (D.C. Cir. 2013)). “[T]he burden is on the agency to demonstrate, not the requestor to

disprove, that the materials sought are not ‘agency records . . . .’” Id. at 854 (quoting Tax Analysts,

492 U.S. at 142 n.3).

       As a preliminary matter, the Court notes that the “agency records” test is somewhat

inapposite here. Because CBP seems to lack actual or constructive possession of the document at

                                                  5
issue, the case raises the question whether CBP can fairly be said to have “withheld” a record at

all. The most analogous precedent may be Kissinger v. Reporters Committee for Freedom of the

Press, 445 U.S. 136 (1980), where the Supreme Court concluded that an agency did not “withhold”

agency records that were “removed from the possession of the agency prior to the filing of the

FOIA request.” Id. at 150; see also Tax Analysts, 492 U.S. at 148 n.9 (“Although a control inquiry

for ‘withheld’ replicates part of the test for ‘agency records,’ the FOIA’s structure and legislative

history make clear that agency control over requested materials is a ‘prerequisite to triggering any

duties under the FOIA.’” (quoting Kissinger, 445 U.S. at 151)). And, as discussed further below,

other “agency records” cases largely take agency possession (whether actual or constructive) of

the documents as prerequisite, with the “control” aspect of the inquiry serving to further restrict

disclosure of documents within an agency’s possession rather than to expand disclosure

requirements to documents outside an agency’s possession.

       However, because the parties have briefed this as an “agency records” case, the Court will

proceed using the parties’ proffered framework despite its ill-fitting application to the facts of this

case. The Court will ultimately conclude that CBP has met its burden of proving that the document

at issue is not an “agency record” of CBP.

  I.   Creation

       The parties first dispute whether CBP “created” the document that includes its rationale for

denying the inadmissibility waiver request. 4 In its summary judgment motion, CBP did not

address the issue of creation. But after Kayll presumed the issue was conceded, Pl.’s Cross-Mot.

& Opp’n at 9, CBP asserted that the “State Department created the record, and CBP contributed

to it with input in a few fields,” Defs.’ Reply in Supp. of Mot. for Summ. J. & Opp’n to Pl.’s Cross

       4
           Neither party argues that CBP “obtained” the record.

                                                         6
Mot. for Summ. J. [ECF No. 23] (“Defs.’ Reply & Opp’n”) at 3 & n.2. CBP submitted a

declaration from Amanda Rasinski, a Branch Chief in CBP’s Admissibility Review Office,

detailing the process:

       [Department of State] creates the document related to a traveler’s waiver, which is
       then referred to CBP in [the State Department’s] Consular Consolidated Database
       (CCD), Admissibility Review Information System (ARIS). Once referred, CBP,
       through the [Admissibility Review Office], will input information into certain
       fields in the system to aid [the State Department] in making its determination of
       whether to issue the visa.

Suppl. Decl. of Amanda Rasinski [ECF No. 23-1] (“Suppl. Rasinski Decl.”) ¶ 5.

       Kayll argues that the declaration does not suffice to carry CBP’s burden to show it did not

create the document. She claims that CBP is “tr[ying] to downplay [its] role” as the agency with

an independent, statutory duty to adjudicate inadmissibility waivers and “transmit that

determination to the State Department.” Pl.’s Reply in Supp. of Cross-Mot. for Summ. J. [ECF

No. 24] (“Pl.’s Reply”) at 11–12; see 8 U.S.C. § 1182(d)(3) (conferring responsibility on DHS to

approve or deny inadmissibility waivers upon recommendation of a consular officer); 40 C.F.R. §

40.301 (describing process whereby the State Department refers visa waiver request to DHS).

       Neither party has pointed the Court to any case law directly addressing the issue of

creation-by-contribution. The Court’s own review suggests that disputes as to whether an agency

“created” a record have arisen in two largely inapposite circumstances. First, when “external

entities . . . have ‘acted on behalf of [the agency],’” courts look to whether the agency exercised

“extensive supervision and control” over the third-party. Cause of Action Inst. v. Nat’l Oceanic

& Atmospheric Admin. (“NOAA”), Civ. A. No. 19-1927 (TSC), 2023 WL 3619345, at *4 (D.D.C.

May 24, 2023) (alteration in original) (quoting Burka v. U.S. Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., 87

F.3d 508, 515 (D.C. Cir. 1996)). Second, when records are produced by agency employees in a

personal capacity, courts look to the “creation, maintenance and use of the documents” to

determine if the records are “attribut[able] to the agency.” Bureau of Nat’l Affs., Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t
                                                    7
of Just., 742 F.2d 1484, 1494–95 (D.C. Cir. 1984). Neither line of case law directly applies, since

CBP’s contribution was made by agency officials in their official capacity. 5 The Court considers

this a close question.

        On the one hand, what CBP “contributed” to the form was the reasoning for its statutorily

mandated adjudication. Disclosure of the document would, therefore, “open[] agency action to

the light of public scrutiny” and help the public generally, and Kayll specifically, learn about the

agency’s decision-making. Jud. Watch, Inc. v. Fed. Hous. Fin. Agency (“Judicial Watch I”), 646

F.3d 924, 927 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted). Moreover, CBP’s contribution

is a written response composed by agency officials. Were this decision contained in a separate

document, CBP would have likely created an agency record. Further, as a general matter, “[t]he

focus of the FOIA is information, not documents, and an agency cannot justify withholding an

entire document simply by showing that it contains some exempt material.” Mead Data Cent., Inc.

v. U.S. Dep’t of Air Force, 566 F.2d 242, 260 (D.C. Cir. 1977). Accordingly, when the D.C.

Circuit has considered how the contribution of Congress (which is not subject to FOIA) or an

employee in a personal capacity has affected creation of an “agency record,” the D.C. Circuit has

asked whether the agency’s information can be segregated from the information provided by the

non-covered entity or individual. See United We Stand Am. v. I.R.S., 359 F.3d 595, 601 (D.C.

Cir. 2004) (concluding documents could only be withheld to the extent they would disclose a

congressional request); Bureau of Nat’l Affs., 742 F.2d at 1496 (holding that the inclusion of

personal information in documents did not preclude them from being “agency records” where the

“personal information can be redacted”).             At least to the extent that the information CBP

        5
           The D.C. Circuit sidestepped the “ambiguous” question of creation-by-contribution in Judicial Watch II
when considering who created White House visitor records (as between the White House employee who requested
access, the visitor who swiped his pass, or the Secret Service who may add background check information). 726 F.3d
at 217.
                                                        8
contributed can be segregated from the information the State Department contributed, there is

support for concluding that CBP created the record here.

       On the other hand, CBP did not “create” a record in the ordinary sense. Beyond the brief

remark in TECS, CBP did not draft its own document memorializing the reasons for denying the

inadmissibility waiver request. The document at issue here was initially created by the State

Department, and it includes sensitive information from the consular officer about why he or she

believed a waiver was warranted. CBP input an explanation into that document, but it did not

create any separate record of the rationale for its decision. Moreover, CBP’s input is likely closely

related to, and perhaps even logically intertwined with, the request and justification of the State

Department.

       The Court is concerned that finding that CBP created the record could have wide-ranging

consequences for documents produced as a result of inter-agency cooperation. Indeed, it is

difficult to distinguish CBP’s contribution to the record here from the contribution an agency might

make by phone or email if it was consulted on another agency’s decision. Wary of these

implications, and in light of the parties’ shallow briefing of this issue, the Court will assume

without deciding that CBP has created a record and proceed to the issue of control, which is

decisive in any event.

 II.   Control

       The D.C. Circuit has identified four factors relevant to whether an agency has “control”

over a document:

       (1) the intent of the document's creator to retain or relinquish control over the
       records;
       (2) the ability of the agency to use and dispose of the record as it sees fit;
       (3) the extent to which agency personnel have read or relied upon the document;
       and
       (4) the degree to which the document was integrated into the agency's record system
       or files.

                                                 9
Cause of Action Inst., 10 F.4th at 855 (quoting Burka, 87 F.3d at 515). A court must apply the

factors “in light of the ‘totality of the circumstances,’” id. (quoting Consumer Fed’n of Am. v.

Dep’t of Agric., 455 F.3d 283, 287 (D.C. Cir. 2006)), mindful that the “burden is on the agency to

demonstrate . . . that the materials sought are not ‘agency records,’” Tax Analysts, 492 U.S. at 142

n.3.

           A. Intent of the Document’s Creator to Retain or Relinquish Control

        CBP’s submissions show that the agency intended to relinquish control over the disputed

record to the State Department. To begin, CBP has chosen to record its decision within a State

Department database. Rasinski Decl. ¶¶ 5–6. CBP does not even make a copy within a CBP

system beyond a brief remark “not[ing] the granting or denial of a waiver” and pointing the officer

to the Consular Consolidated Database. Id. ¶¶ 12–13. Indeed, in Kayll’s case, CBP seemingly

forgot to make any note of its decision at all until she filed a FOIA request. Id. ¶ 15.

        CBP’s intent to relinquish control is further supported by the agreement it has entered with

the State Department, which gives the State Department control over how the document is used in

the future. Under this agreement, CBP may not disclose or otherwise disseminate the document.

Rasinski Decl. ¶ 10. Further, the agreement provides that the State Department’s retention policies

determine whether and when the document can be deleted. Stein Decl. ¶ 6. Indeed, Kayll’s

contention that CBP “hid[] the results of its decisionmaking within another agency’s files,” Pl.’s

Cross-Mot. & Opp’n at 1, nearly concedes that CBP has made an intentional decision to place its

record of the inadmissibility waiver in the State Department’s—not CBP’s—files. 6

         6
           The Court rejects Kayll’s argument that CBP’s motion for summary judgment must be denied due to the
agency’s failure to produce “an apparently secret Memorandum of Agreement (‘MOA’) between the agencies for its
positions here.” Pl.’s Cross-Mot. & Opp’n at 9. The agency’s declarations are sufficiently detailed and non-
conclusory to support an award of summary judgment in this case. Kayll has not given the Court any substantive
reason to doubt CBP’s portrayal of the memorandum agreement, or to undermine the “presumption of good faith” that
this Court accords the agency’s declarations. Span, 696 F. Supp. 2d at 119.
                                                       10
       That CBP retains an ability to access the document and even points its officers to it through

TECS does not create a genuine dispute as to whether CBP intended to relinquish control. Where

the agency’s intent is apparent, a document’s creator may retain access to, or copies of, records

while still demonstrating an intent to relinquish control. See Judicial Watch II, 726 F.3d 218

(concluding that the Secret Service did not intend to retain control over White House visitor

records when it entered an agreement with the White House to transfer the records on a regular

basis, notwithstanding the fact that the Secret Service sometimes retained copies of those records);

Judicial Watch I, 646 F.3d at 927 (holding that document creators “intentionally relinquished

control” over their records when they agreed to conservatorship by the Federal Housing Finance

Agency, even though they seemingly retained access to the documents).

          B. Ability of the Agency to Use and Dispose of the Record

       The second factor weighs in favor of CBP as well, though less strongly than the first. On

the one hand, CBP and DHS officials are authorized to “engage in routine use of visa records

maintained in the [Consular Consolidated Database] ‘for uses within (DHS’s) statutory mission,

including to process, approve or deny visa petitions and waivers.’” Stein Decl. ¶ 5. This suggests

an ability to continue using the documents and some degree of control. On the other hand, the

agency’s declarations clearly indicate that CBP’s ability to use and dispose of the documents is

circumscribed.    Indeed, CBP officers must obtain the State Department’s consent before

“disclosing, reproducing, transmitting, or copying for disclosure” the record. Id. ¶ 5. And the

State Department ultimately controls the retention policies governing those documents, including

the schedule on which they are deleted. Id. ¶ 6.

       CBP’s ability to continue accessing the document is less relevant to control than the State

Department’s authority to decide how that document is disclosed or deleted in the future because

an agency may remain able to access documents without having control over them. CBP’s ability

                                                11
to review consular records within the Consolidated Consular Database does not give rise to any

strong inference that CBP controls them. In Judicial Watch II, for example, the D.C. Circuit

expressed skepticism about the district court’s conclusion that the Secret Service could “use and

dispose of [the records] as it sees fit” when the Secret Service agreed to transfer the records to the

White House within 60 days, despite the fact that the Secret Service could use the White House

visitor records for the purpose of performing background checks and verifying visitor

admissibility. 726 F.3d at 218–19 (quotation marks omitted). Similarly here, the “restrictions on

[CBP’s] ability to use and dispose of,” id. at 218, the inadmissibility waiver record suggests that

CBP lacks control over the document.

          C. Extent to Which Agency Personnel Used the Document

       The third factor of the test weighs in favor of Kayll, however. This factor has alternately

been characterized as “actual use” or as whether “agency personnel have read or relied upon the

document.” See Cause of Action Inst., 10 F.4th at 857 (quoting Burka, 87 F.3d at 515). The D.C.

Circuit has suggested that both the agency’s creation of a document and the subsequent reference

to or consultation of that document are relevant to the “use” factor. See Judicial Watch I, 646 F.3d

at 928 (“[W]here an agency has neither created nor referenced a document in the ‘conduct of its

official duties,’ the agency has not exercised the degree of control required to subject the document

to disclosure under FOIA.” (quoting Tax Analysts, 492 U.S. at 145)); Bureau of Nat’l Affs., 742

F.2d at 1491 (considering “the extent to which the document is used to conduct agency business”).

       Here, the record at issue memorializes the reasons for CBP’s denial of the inadmissibility

waiver and was used to transmit that information to the State Department. Even if CBP never

again consulted or relied upon the document, it employed the document to communicate its

decision and hence to conduct its business. Moreover, disclosure of the document would “further

FOIA’s purpose of ‘open[ing] agency action to the light of public scrutiny.’” Judicial Watch I,

                                                 12
646 F.3d at 927 (alteration in original) (quoting Dep’t of Air Force v. Rose, 425 U.S. 352, 372

(1976)).

       However, the agency’s subsequent reliance on the document is slightly more equivocal. If

the State Department seeks a second waiver of inadmissibility, a CBP adjudicator “may . . . review

prior approvals or denials [of CBP inadmissibility waivers] within [the Consular Consolidated

Database] to obtain a full application picture.” Suppl. Rasinski Decl. ¶ 7. And indeed, CBP has a

practice of placing a note in its own TECS system referring the user to the full document contained

in the Consular Consolidated Database, suggesting it may use the document again. Rasinski Decl.

¶ 13. At the same time, CBP “has not received any subsequent waiver referral from [the State

Department] for the plaintiff,” Suppl. Rasinski Decl. ¶ 8, and the Court can infer that Kayll’s

specific record has not been reviewed except as part of this FOIA litigation. But because Kayll

suggests she will seek a waiver again, see Kayll Decl. ¶ 7; Pl.’s Reply at 12–13, it is more than

“possibl[e]” that the agency will read or rely on the record at issue in this case. See Cause of

Action Inst, 10 F.4th at 857; see Defs.’ Reply & Opp’n at 4–6.

       Because CBP has used the document to convey its decision to the State Department, and

there is more than a possibility that it will use the document again while reviewing a further request

from Kayll, the Court finds that the “use” factor weighs in plaintiff’s favor.

           D. Degree of Integration Into the Agency’s Record System or Files

       The final factor in the control analysis—whether the document was integrated into CBP’s

record system or files—firmly weighs in favor of the agency. The record Kayll seeks is housed in

the Consular Consolidated Database, a system controlled, operated, and primarily populated by

data from the State Department. See Stein Decl. ¶¶ 1–3. The fact that CBP makes a brief mark in

its own TECS system noting its decision and the existence of a corresponding explanation in the

State Department system does not “integrate” the document into CBP’s systems. Judicial Watch

                                                 13
II, 726 F.3d at 220 (weighing “the degree to which [documents] were or are integrated into the

[agency’s] overall record system”). Since CBP does not maintain even a copy of the record in its

own files, Rasinski Decl. ¶ 12, the record is not so integrated into the agency’s record system as

to suggest control.

                                                   *        *         *

         At this stage in the analysis, the Court has assumed that CBP “created” the records Kayll

seeks. When it comes to the issue of “control,” the result is not altogether clear: two of the four

factors weigh strongly in favor of the agency, one weighs somewhat in favor of the agency, and

one weighs in favor of Kayll. Broadly speaking, the agency’s lack of possession points in one

direction; the agency’s use points the other way.

         The D.C. Circuit has observed that “where a document is created by one agency and

transferred to a second agency, control or possession is the critical analysis” to determine whether

the document is an “agency record.” Bureau of Nat’l Affs., 742 F.2d at 1490. This makes sense:

it would be counterintuitive to say that an agency “controls” a record simply because it uses the

document. We would not say that a library patron “controls” a book just because she reads it or

cites it in a report. Rather, we would look for evidence that she also owns the book or has the

authority to lend it out or rip up the pages. Indeed, the Court is not aware of cases holding that

“use” alone can overcome evidence that the agency lacks actual or constructive possession of a

document. 7

         7
           The Court is not using the term constructive possession in a technical sense, but rather to point to the element
of control that turns on an agency’s ability to control or take possession of records in the hands of a third-party. For
example, in Burka the D.C. Circuit concluded an agency was in “constructive control” of tapes in the physical
possession of a government contractor when the agency “plan[ned] to take physical possession of [them] at the
conclusion of the project” and “prohibited [the contractor] from making any independent disclosures [of them].” 87
F.3d at 515. Likewise, courts have considered an agency to be in control of documents in the personal possession of
acting agency officials. See NOAA, 2023 WL 3619345, at *5 (concluding emails in personal accounts of regional
council members were agency records); cf. Competitive Enter. Inst. v. Off. of Sci. & Tech. Pol’y, 827 F.3d 145, 149–
50 (D.C Cir. 2016) (concluding agency improperly withheld agency head’s emails maintained in a private account).
Similar circumstances are not presented here.
                                                           14
       It is true, as the parties argue, that the D.C. Circuit has sometimes referred to “use” as the

decisive factor. But a review of the case law reveals that the “use” factor is “decisive,” Cause of

Action, 10 F.4th at 857, only when there is already evidence that the agency possesses or could

take possession of the records. Because “possession” or “ownership” do not alone suffice to show

control, see Judicial Watch I, 646 F.3d at 927, “use” separates “agency records” from records an

agency merely happens to possess. See, e.g., id. (considering “use” the decisive factor when FHFA

obtained records via its position as the conservator of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac); Bureau of

Nat’l Affs., 742 F.2d at 1490 (focusing on the “use of the document” when determining if

employees’ quasi-personal records were also agency records); Cause of Action Inst. v. Nat’l

Archives & Recs. Admin., 753 F.3d 210, 216 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (observing that documents

“warehouse[d]” by the National Archives were not agency records, because Archives “does not

use documents created in the three branches in any operational way”); cf. Kissinger, 445 U.S. at

157 (“We simply decline to hold that the physical location of the notes of telephone conversations

renders them ‘agency records.’”). But the “use” factor is not decisive when the agency lacks

possession or does not exercise similar control over the record. See Forsham v. Harris, 445 U.S.

169, 185–87 (1980) (holding that records of federal grantees were not “agency records” even

though the agency relied on reports based on this data, and the agency had a “right of access to the

data, and a right if it so chooses to obtain permanent custody of the [grantees’] records”).

       In this case, the undisputed facts demonstrate that CBP lacks possession of the document,

and the lack of possession points clearly to a lack of control. The record Kayll seeks is held only

in a State Department system; CBP does not even have a copy in its own files. Moreover, once

the decision is inputted, CBP is limited in what it can do with the record. CBP cannot share or

delete the record without permission from the State Department. And the record is so integrated

into the State Department’s system that it is included in a document prepared by the State

                                                 15
Department. Without some quantum of possession or similar control, CBP’s use of the form to

communicate its decision to the State Department and potential reliance on the rationale

memorialized there to make future decisions does not make it an agency record. While the

possession and use factors are both relevant to determining which agency is in “control” of a

document, CBP’s lack of possession here is decisive.

       One final consideration influences the Court’s analysis. If Kayll sought these same records

from the State Department, her request would probably be denied. The D.C. Circuit has long held

that the confidentiality provision for “records of the Department of State and of diplomatic and

consular offices of the United States pertaining to the issuance or refusal of visas or permits to

enter the United States,” 8 U.S.C. § 1202(f), qualifies as a nondisclosure statute under Exemption

3 of FOIA. Medina-Hincapie v. Dep’t of State, 700 F.2d 737, 740–43 (D.C. Cir. 1983). That

exemption “is not limited to information supplied by the visa applicant[;] it includes information

revealing the thought-processes of those who rule on the application.” Id. at 744. Courts have

extended this exemption to documents created by other agencies but held and relied upon by the

State Department in adjudicating a visa. See, e.g., Spadaro v. U.S. Customs & Border Prot., 978

F.3d 34, 44 (2d Cir. 2020) (FBI documents reviewed by the State Department in the course of

adjudicating a visa application were exempt from disclosure).

       The Court is concerned that ordering disclosure here would amount to an end run around

this confidentiality provision. The document at issue was created in part by the State Department

and in part by CBP, for the purpose of deciding whether the State Department could issue a visa.

Hence, it would likely be exempt if sought through a FOIA request to the State Department. See

Defs.’ Reply & Opp’n at 9–12. Cognizant of Congress’s express determination that visa records

of the State Department should be kept confidential, the Court is hesitant to conclude that the

CBP’s contribution to those records eradicates the exemption. Cf. Judicial Watch II, 726 F.3d at

                                               16
231 ( “Congress did not intend to authorize FOIA requesters to obtain indirectly from the Secret

Service information that it had expressly barred requesters from obtaining directly from the

President.”); Democracy Forward Found v. U.S. Gen. Servs. Admin., 393 F. Supp. 3d 45, 56

(D.D.C. 2019) (refusing to order disclosure of Trump presidential transition team records held by

the General Services Administration when such records would be exempt if sought from the

Department of Justice). 8

                                                     Conclusion

         For the reasons stated above, defendants’ motion for summary judgment will be granted,

and Kayll’s cross-motion for summary judgment will be denied. A separate Order will issue

consistent with this Memorandum Opinion.

                                                                                                 /s/
                                                                                          JOHN D. BATES
                                                                                      United States District Judge
Dated: January 8, 2024

         8
            Kayll accuses CBP of “hid[ing] the results of its decisionmaking within another agency’s files” in a “blatant
attempt to broaden a FOIA exemption statute that applies only to the State Department.” Pl.’s Cross-Mot. & Opp’n
at 1. She argues that FOIA does not “permit one agency to store its records in the files of another agency . . . when
the first agency has been specifically tasked by Congress with generating the documents in question.” Id. The Court
rejects the argument.
           To begin, Kayll’s allegations of nefarious behavior and bad faith are not supported by any facts suggesting
that CBP’s process is anything other than inter-agency cooperation. Further, FOIA does not create a private right of
action to reclaim agency records. As the Supreme Court has explained, FOIA “does not obligate agencies to create
or retain documents; it only obligates them to provide access to those which it in fact has created and retained.”
Kissinger, 445 U.S. at 969. Thus, FOIA does not create any private right to sue an agency for failing to “create or
retain documents” or to “retrieve documents which have escaped its possession.” Id.; see Folstad v. Bd. of Governors
of Fed. Rsrv. Sys., No. 00-1056, 2000 WL 1648057, at *2 (6th Cir. 2000) (holding that legal requirement for an agency
to maintain a document “do[es] not establish that the defendant actually has possession of the [document], which is a
prerequisite for FOIA liability”); Piper v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 294 F. Supp. 2d 16, 22 (D.D.C. 2003) (“Even where the
Government was obligated to retain a document and failed to do so, that failure would create neither responsibility
under FOIA to reconstruct those documents nor liability for the lapse.” (internal quotation marks omitted)); Energy
Pol’y Advocs. v. U.S. Dep’t of Interior, Civ. A. No. 21-1411 (JDB), 2023 WL 2585761, at *4 (D.D.C. Mar. 21, 2023)
(concluding that the agency did not “create[] an impermissible ‘loophole to FOIA’” by failing to save Zoom chats).
While the Court appreciates Kayll’s desire to better understand the basis for CBP’s decision, she may not use FOIA
to challenge CBP’s record retention policies.
                                                          17