Court Opinion

ID: 4514560
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-03-11 00:01:40.008676+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:48:17.577809
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                            SEP 27 2019
                            NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                       SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK
                                                                          U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
                                                                          OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT

              UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
                        OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT

In re:                                               BAP No. NV-18-1219-KuLB

FREDRIK ABULYAN (Deceased) and                       Bk. No. 2:15-bk-15667-GS
KARINE GHADYAN,
                                                     Adv. No. 2:15-ap-01197-GS
                 Debtors.

COLBY IRISH,

                 Appellant,
v.                                                    MEMORANDUM*

KARINE GHADYAN,

                  Appellee.

               Submitted Without Argument** on September 26, 2019
                             at Pasadena, California

                              Filed – September 27, 2019

                 Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court

         *
        This disposition is not appropriate for publication. Although it may be cited for
whatever persuasive value it may have, see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1, it has no precedential
value, see 9th Cir. BAP Rule 8024-1.
         **
         By order entered on July 8, 2019, a motions panel determined this appeal
suitable for submission on the briefs and record without oral argument.
                             for the District of Nevada

            Honorable Gary A. Spraker, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding

Appearances:         Appellant Colby Irish pro se on brief; David Olshan of
                     Nevada Legal Services on brief for appellee Karine
                     Ghadyan.

Before: KURTZ, LAFFERTY, and BRAND, Bankruptcy Judges.

                                 INTRODUCTION

      Appellant-creditor, Colby Irish, filed a nondischargeability complaint

against chapter 71 debtors, Karine Ghadyan and her husband,

Mr. Abuylan,2 alleging claims for fraud and embezzlement, among others.

The claims were based on acts committed while Ms. Ghadyan was

operating a wedding clothing rental business owned by Mr. Irish.

      The parties settled their disputes for $48,000. However, Ms. Ghadyan

had the option to pay a discounted amount of $30,000 by making monthly

payments over a three-year period. If she defaulted on a monthly payment

and failed to cure within a 15-day grace period, Mr. Irish could seek entry

of judgment for the full amount of the settlement ($48,000 less any amounts

paid), which would be nondischargeable. Ms. Ghadyan was one day late

      1
      Unless specified otherwise, all chapter and section references are to the
Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532.
      2
          Mr. Abulyan passed away in March 2017.

                                           2
with her April 2018 payment. Although she timely cured the payment, she

did not pay the $25 late fee until after the grace period expired. Mr. Irish

sought entry of judgment based on Ms. Ghadyan’s breach. The bankruptcy

court denied his request, finding that payment of the $25 late fee outside

the grace period was not a material breach of the settlement. This appeal

followed. For the reasons set forth below, we AFFIRM.

                                       FACTS

      Although there is an extensive factual and procedural background to

this appeal, the issue on appeal is narrow: whether the $25 late fee payment

outside the grace period constitutes a material breach which entitles

Mr. Irish to entry of judgment. The few salient facts relevant to this issue

are briefly summarized below.

A.    The Settlement Agreement

      In December 2017, Mr. Irish, his mother, Lori Irish, Bridal Elegance

and Tuxedos, Inc., and the Lortex Trust3 entered into a settlement and

mutual release with Ms. Ghadyan and Bridal Elegance, LLC,

Ms. Ghadyan’s company. The parties settled the remaining claims4 alleged

      3
         Lori Irish was the trustee of the Lortex Trust which was presumably established
for the benefit of her son Colby. At the time of the acts complained of in the
nondischargeability complaint, Mr. Irish was a minor and the owner of Bridal Elegance
and Tuxedos, Inc. The business was eventually sold to Ms. Ghadyan. It was after the
sale that the alleged fraud was discovered.
      4
          Ms. Ghadyan filed a motion for summary judgment which the bankruptcy
                                                                       (continued...)

                                           3
in Mr. Irish's nondischargeability complaint.

      The settlement amount was $48,000, payable, without interest, at the

rate of $500 per month over 96 months. Ms. Ghadyan had the option to pay

the discounted amount of $30,000 (in monthly or lump sum payments)

within three years after the bankruptcy court approved the agreement. The

agreement also provided: "Payments should be made by electronic

transmission to the account of Colby Irish at: TO BE SUPPLEMENTED." In

addition, a fee of $25 was due with any payment made after the payment

due date, which was the 25th of each month.

      The agreement further provided: "In the event Ghadyan fails to make

a payment when due, Irish may mail and transmit by email a Notice of

Default to Ghadyan . . . . If Ghadyan fails to cure a default (including

payment of any applicable late fee) within the 15 days after Irish mails and

emails the Notice of Default, Colby Irish may file with the Court" a notice of

default and request for entry of judgment. (Emphasis added.) Finally, the

agreement contained a confidentiality/nondisparagement provision and a

broad release.

      The bankruptcy court approved the settlement in January 2018 and

the adversary proceeding was closed.

      4
       (...continued)
court granted in part, eliminating many of the claims.

                                            4
B.    Notice of Failure to Cure Default

      In May 2018, Mr. Irish filed a notice of failure to cure default and

request for entry of judgment in the bankruptcy court. Mr. Irish

complained that the February and March payments violated the settlement

agreement because Ms. Ghadyan made them by check instead of

electronically. He also argued that Ms. Ghadyan's check dated April 24,

2018, was returned because of insufficient funds and he was charged $12

by his bank. Although Ms. Ghadyan had deposited another check into his

account by April 26, 2018, Mr. Irish contended that this payment was late

as payments were due on the 24th or 25th of each month. Accordingly,

Ms. Ghadyan owed a $25 late fee which she did not pay within the grace

period. Mr. Irish attached proof that he emailed and mailed a notice of

default to Ms. Ghadyan, notifying her of the default and giving her 15 days

to cure it.

      Ms. Ghadyan opposed the request, arguing that she did not breach

the settlement agreement with regard to any payment. She contended that

electronic payments were not required under the plain language of the

settlement agreement, but were permissive. She also emphasized that

Mr. Irish did not provide bank account information until after the signing

of the agreement. Therefore, the electronic payments were permissive

based on the impossibility or impracticality of making the electronic

payments without the required bank account information.

                                       5
      Ms. Ghadyan conceded that payments were due on the 25th of each

month, but noted that her April payment was made on the 26th and

payment of the $12 fee was made on May 7, 2018. Therefore, she contended

that both payments were made within the grace period. However, she

admitted that the $25 late fee was paid on May 25, 2019, which was after

the grace period ended. Nonetheless, she argued that this violation was not

a material breach and, therefore, Mr. Irish was not entitled to entry of

judgment.

C.    The Bankruptcy Court's Findings

      On July 20, 2018, the bankruptcy court held a hearing on Mr. Irish's

request for entry of judgment and entered its findings of fact and

conclusions of law on the record. First, the court confirmed that payments

were due on the 25th of each month. Ms. Ghadyan did not dispute that this

was the due date. Next, in construing the settlement agreement, the court

agreed with Ms. Ghadyan that electronic payments were not a requirement

and obligatory as shown by the use of the word "should" in the agreement,

which was permissive. The court thus concluded that payment by check

was not a per se breach. Third, the court found that the April payment and

payment for the $12 insufficient funds fee were made within the grace

period and therefore could not constitute a default under the terms of the

agreement. Last, the bankruptcy court addressed the payment of the $25

late fee outside the grace period. The court found that this breach was not

                                      6
material as it was de minimus in the grand scheme of things and cured.

The bankruptcy court entered an order denying Mr. Irish’s request for

entry of judgment and Mr. Irish timely appealed.

                               JURISDICTION

      The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334

and 157(b)(2) (A) and (I). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 158.

                                     ISSUE

      Whether the bankruptcy court erred in determining that

Ms. Ghadyan's failure to cure the $25 late fee payment within the 15-day

grace period was not a material breach of the settlement agreement.

                         STANDARDS OF REVIEW

      Under Nevada law, a settlement agreement is a contract governed by

general principles of contract law. The Power Co. v. Henry, 321 P.3d 858, 863

(Nev. 2014) (citing May v. Anderson, 119 P.3d 1254, 1257 (Nev. 2005)). Like a

contract, the interpretation of a settlement agreement is reviewed de novo.

Id.

      To succeed on a breach of contract claim in Nevada, a plaintiff must

prove, among other elements, that there was a material breach by the

defendant. Laguerre v. Nev. Sys. of Higher Educ., 837 F. Supp. 2d 1176, 1180

(D. Nev. 2011). Generally, whether a breach is material is a question of fact.

FDIC. v. Air Fla. Sys., Inc., 822 F.2d 833, 840 (9th Cir. 1987) (explaining that

ordinarily whether a party has breached a contract and whether that breach

                                        7
is material are triable questions of fact); see also Nev. First Bancorp v.

Highland A.V.A., LLC, 367 P.3d 803 (Table), 2010 WL 3291754 at *1 (Nev.

2010) ("[W]hether the actions of a party constitute a material breach is a

question of fact, not a question of law); Thornton v. Agassiz Constr., Inc., 799

P.2d 1106, 1108 (Nev. 1990) (same).

      However, "where there is no dispute about the facts and the parties

only dispute 'the meaning and effect of the [provisions in a settlement

agreement] [,the question] is a matter of law for the court to decide.'"Nev.

First Bancorp, 2010 WL 3291754 at *1; Gilbert v. Dep’t of Justice, 334 F.3d 1065,

1072 (Fed. Cir. 2003) ("[W]here . . . facts are undisputed, the determination

of whether there has been a material non-compliance with the terms of a

contract, and hence breach, necessarily reduces to a question of law.")

(citation omitted).

      A factual finding is clearly erroneous if illogical, implausible, or

without support in the record. TrafficSchool.com, Inc. v. Edriver Inc., 653 F.3d

820, 832 (9th Cir. 2011). "If two views of the evidence are possible, the trial

judge's choice between them cannot be clearly erroneous." Anderson v.

Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564, 573–575(1985); Hansen v. Moore (In re Hansen),

368 B.R. 868, 874–875 (9th Cir. BAP 2007).

       We may affirm "on any ground supported by the record.” ASARCO,

LLC v. Union Pac. R. R. Co., 765 F.3d 999, 1004 (9th Cir. 2014).

                                         8
                                  DISCUSSION

A.    Legal Standards: Materiality

      This is a breach of contract matter and Nevada law controls.

Commercial Paper Holders v. Hine (In re Beverly Hills Bancorp), 649 F.2d 1329,

1333 (9th Cir. 1981) (instructing that bankruptcy settlement agreements are

contracts to be construed under state law); In re Worldcom, Inc., 343 B.R. 486,

495 (S.D.N.Y. 2006) (citations omitted) (Materiality is a question resolved

through application of state law.).

      The elements of a cause of action for breach of contract under Nevada

law are: "(1) formation of a valid contract; (2) performance or excuse of

performance by plaintiff; (3) material breach by the defendant; and (4)

damages." Laguerre, 837 F. Supp. 2d at 1180. A breach of contract is the

material failure to perform "a duty arising under or imposed by agreement."

State Dep’t of Transp. v. Eighth Jud. Dist. Court in and for Cty. of Clark, 402

P.3d 677, 682 (Nev. 2017) (citation omitted).

      Nevada recognizes that a material breach by one party to a contract

discharges the non-breaching party’s duty to perform. Cain v. Price, 415

P.3d 25, 29 (Nev. 2018); Young Elec. Sign Co. v. Fohrman, 466 P.2d 846, 847

(Nev. 1970). Conversely, a non-material breach may give rise to a claim for

damages, but will not relieve the non-breaching party from performing its

obligations under the contract. See, e.g., Sheehan & Sheehan v. Nelson Malley

and Co., 117 P.3d 219, 224 (Nev. 2005) (even if a party's failure to provide

                                         9
monthly reports was a breach of the agreement, the breach was not

material); Gibby's Inc. v. Aylett, 615 P.2d 949, 950-51 (Nev. 1980) (no

material breach of the covenants and conditions in a lease such as to work a

forfeiture of the lease); Robert J. Gordon Constr. Co., Inc., v. Meredith Steel

Constr., Inc., 537 P.2d 1199, 1201 (Nev. 1975) (finding that while a

construction company may have breached an agreement by supplying

some girders made of composite steel rather than one-piece steel beams,

the trial judge did not err in finding such breach non-material). These

authorities demonstrate that in a variety of contexts a material default or

breach does not result simply because a party to a contract violates one of

the agreement’s provisions.

       Nevada also recognizes that equity requires something more than a

trivial breach to justify forfeiture.5 See Mosso v. Lee, 295 P. 776 (Nev. 1931)

(discussing the maxim that "Equity abhors a forfeiture," including equity’s

preference for compensation, rather than forfeiture); Davenport v. Republic

Ins. Co., 625 P.2d 574, 575 (Nev. 1981) (delay by insured did not preclude

recovery under the contract). "Even where time is made material, by

express stipulation, the failure of one of the parties to perform a condition

       5
        Forfeiture is defined as "The loss of a right . . . because of a . . . breach of
obligation. . . . A destruction or deprivation of some . . . right because of the failure to
perform some contractual obligation or condition." BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (11th
ed. 2019). Here, if Ms. Ghadyan’s payment of the late fee outside the grace period is
deemed a material breach, she would lose not only the right to pay the discounted
settlement amount but also her discharge.

                                             10
within the particular time limit will not in every case defeat his right to

specific performance, if the condition be subsequently performed, without

unreasonable delay, and no circumstances have intervened that would

render it unjust or inequitable to give such relief." Mosso, 295 P. at 777. The

Mosso court went on to say, "[t]he granting of relief against forfeitures is

one of legal discretion." Id. at 780. Nevada courts often apply the equitable

principal against forfeiture in cases involving sales or leases of real

property.

      Against this background, there is no precise definition of what

constitutes a material breach under Nevada law, nor is there a categorical

rule stating when and to what extent a court may refuse to enforce a

forfeiture on equitable grounds since the decision is a discretionary one.

While we look at the language of the contract in the first instance, the

proper analysis of materiality may also be informed by commentaries and

decisions outside Nevada state law. See Strother v. S. Cal. Permanente Med.

Group, 79 F.3d 859, 865 (9th Cir. 1996) ("If the state has not addressed the

particular issue, a federal court must use its best judgment to predict how

the highest state court would resolve it using intermediate appellate court

decisions, decisions from other jurisdictions, statutes, treatises, and

restatements as guidance."). Accordingly, the bankruptcy court properly

considered case law outside of Nevada state law when determining

whether Ms. Ghadyan had materially breached the settlement agreement.

                                       11
      This case law is informative, setting forth various usable definitions

of what constitutes a material breach under a variety of circumstances. The

Ninth Circuit has stated: "A material breach is a breach which is so

substantial as to defeat the purpose of the entire transaction relieving the

non-breaching party of its duty to perform under the contract." Watermill

Ventures, Ltd. v. Cappello Capital Corp., 671 F.App'x 492, 493 (9th Cir. 2016)

(quoting Lipsky v. Commonwealth United Corp., 551 F.2d 887, 895 (2d Cir.

1976)); see also FDIC, 822 F.2d at 840 (breach is material if it goes to the

essence of the agreement).

      Two unpublished Nevada district court decisions offer further

guidance. "A material breach of a contract occurs when there is a breach of

an essential and inducing feature of the contract."6 Gamage v. Nev. Board of

Regents of Nev. System of Higher Educ., Case No. 2:12-cv-00290-GMN-VCF,

2014 WL 250245 at *12 (D. Nev. Jan. 21, 2014) (citing Restatement (Second)

of Contracts section 237).

      Whether a party has committed a material breach of contract
      turns upon the seriousness of the breach and the likelihood that
      the injured party received substantial performance of the
      contract promise. Generally, a material breach occurs when
      there is a breach of an essential element of the contract which
      induced the party to enter into it. Further, the breach must go to

      6
        Although not binding precedent, unpublished decisions have persuasive value
and may be relied upon. See Employers Ins. of Wausau v. Granite State Ins. Co., 330 F.3d
1214, 1220 n.8 (9th Cir. 2003) ("[W]e may consider unpublished . . . decisions, even
though such opinions have no precedential value").

                                           12
      the substance of the contract, or defeat an essential purpose of
      the contract.

BZ Clarity Tent Sub LLC v. Ross Mollison Int'l Pty, Ltd., No. 2:15-CV-1065

JCM, 2015 WL 3657249, at *4 (D. Nev. June 12, 2015) (citing AMJUR

Contracts section 706). Other courts apply variations of these tests. See e.g.,

Mitchell v. Straith, 698 P.2d 609, 612 (Wash. Ct. App. 1985) (stating that a

material breach of contract is often defined "as one that substantially

defeats the purpose of the contract"); Specialized Commercial Servs., Inc. v.

Welsh, Case No. 1 CA-CV 08-0181, 2009 WL 532603 at *3 (Ariz. Ct. App.

Mar. 3, 2009) ("A generally accepted definition of material breach is a

breach that goes to the essence of the contract, defeating the parties'

purpose in entering the contract.") (emphasis omitted); Marion Family

YMCA v. Hensel, 897 N.E.2d 181, 186 (Ohio Ct. App. 2008) (defining a

material breach as "a failure to do something that is so fundamental to a

contract that the failure to perform defeats the essential purpose of the

contract”); Stansbury v. Fed. Home Loan Mortg. Corp., No. 7:16-cv-00516, 2017

WL 3821669 at *3 (W.D. Va. Aug. 31, 2017) ("The Supreme Court of Virginia

has defined a 'material breach of contract' as 'a failure to do something that

is so fundamental to the contract that the failure to perform the obligation

defeats an essential purpose of the contract.'") (citation omitted).

      The Restatement (Second) of Contracts is also a helpful resource

because Nevada courts have frequently turned to the Restatement for

                                       13
guidance. Cain, 415 P.3d at 29 (material breach of promise discharges the

non-breaching party’s duty to perform) (citing Restatement (Second) of

Contracts section 237 (Am. Law Inst. 1981)); Dynalectric Co. of Nev., Inc. v.

Clark & Sullivan Constructors, Inc., 255 P.3d 286, 288 (Nev. 2011) (following

the Restatement (Second) of Contracts in holding that a court may award

expectation, reliance, or restitutionary damages for promissory estoppel

claims). The Restatement (Second) of Contracts section 241 sets forth

several circumstances for courts to consider when determining whether a

breach is material.

      In the end, the standard for deciding materiality always starts with

the language of the contract under a de novo standard of review. If there is

no definite language, the court then determines as a factual matter whether

the breach is material by applying the circumstances set forth in the

Restatement and applicable case law. In any event, the duty must be an

essential and inducing feature of the contract and its breach must be so

substantial as to defeat the entire transaction.

B.    Analysis

      1.    The plain language of the settlement agreement

      It is undisputed that Ms. Ghadyan breached the settlement

agreement by paying the late fee outside the grace period. To determine

whether this breach was material, we look to the express terms of the

agreement to determine the intent of the parties.

                                       14
      Nevada courts construe contracts from the written language and

enforce them as written. The Power Co., 321 P.3d at 863; Kaldi v. Farmers Ins.

Exch., 21 P.3d 16, 20 (Nev. 2001). "[N]either a court of law nor a court of

equity can interpolate in a contract what the contract does not contain."

Traffic Control Servs., Inc. v. United Rentals Nw., Inc., 87 P.3d 1054, 1059 (Nev.

2004); see also 23 Richard A. Lord, Williston on Contracts section 63:3 (4th

ed. July 2019) ("Where the contract itself is clear in making a certain event a

material breach of that contract, a court must ordinarily respect that

contractual provision.") (citations omitted).

      On appeal, Mr. Irish argues that the clear language of the settlement

agreement states when payments were to be made, the procedure to

follow, and the consequence of late payments. According to Mr. Irish, these

provisions went to the essence of the contract and, without them, neither he

nor his mother would have signed the agreement. In contrast,

Ms. Ghadyan contends that the settlement does not reflect the timing of

payment as a "central aspect" because there was no "time is of the essence"

language. She maintains that the timely payments were "accessory and not

material."

      We start from the premise that, under Nevada law, "a fundamental

principle of contract law is that the time for performance under a contract

is not considered of the essence unless the contract expressly so provides or the

circumstances of the contract so imply." Mayfield v. Koroghli, 184 P.3d 362, 366

                                        15
(Nev. 2008) (emphasis added). The Nevada Supreme Court explained: "[I]n

the absence of a clause making time of the essence, a party's failure to

perform within a reasonable time generally does not constitute a material

breach of the agreement." Id. Although Mayfield is factually distinguishable

from this case, there is no indication that this "fundamental principle of

contract law" has limited applicability in Nevada.

      Contrary to Mr. Irish’s belief, the plain language of the agreement

does not make Ms. Ghadyan’s payment of the late fee within the grace

period an essential element of the parties’ agreement. We reach this

conclusion for several reasons. First, the settlement agreement does not

contain an explicit "time is of the essence" clause nor does it plainly say that

Ms. Ghadyan’s failure to pay amounts past due, including the late fee,

within the grace period will be considered a material default. If the time of

payment is essential, the agreement should clearly and expressly say so.

Mayfield, 184 P.3d at 366.

      Next, the agreement does not make timely payments so essential that

any delay gives Mr. Irish the immediate right to entry of judgment. There

are further acts required. Under the plain terms of the agreement, if

Ms. Ghadyan was late with her monthly payment, Mr. Irish had the

unilateral discretion to provide notice of the default thereby triggering the

15-day grace period ("Irish may mail and transmit by email a Notice of

Default . . . ."). He also had the unilateral discretion to file the notice of

                                         16
default and request for entry of judgment after the 15-day period expired

without a cure ("Irish may file with the Court . . . .").

      In other words, explicit in the agreement is that Mr. Irish had the

discretion to extend the 15-day grace period if he wished. See Jama v.

Immigration & Customs Enf’t, 543 U.S. 335, 346 (2005) ("The word 'may'

customarily connotes discretion.” (citation omitted)); Conant v. Wells Fargo

Bank, N.A., 60 F. Supp. 3d 99, 117-18 (D.D.C. 2014) (concluding that contract

stating that "Lender may send [Plaintiff] a written notice" does not impose

mandatory obligation); State v. Am. Bankers Ins. Co., 802 P.2d 1276, 1278

(Nev. 1990) (in statutory construction endeavor, construing "may" as

permissive and "shall" as mandatory, absent contrary legislative intent).

The possibility of Mr. Irish exercising his discretion is contrary to a "time is

of the essence" intent. See Katemis v. Westerline, 120 Cal. App. 2d 537, 544

(Cal. Ct. App. 1953) (buyer's agent's power to extend the performance of

any act to a time beyond the date involved was "inconsistent" with the

supposition that the precise time specified for buyers’ performance was "of

the essence of the contract.").

      In sum, although Mr. Irish argues otherwise, the plain language of

the settlement agreement did not make the timeliness of Ms. Ghadyan’s

payments an essential part of the bargain. Nor do the circumstances of the

agreement require us to so imply. The parties were in litigation. Mr. Irish

agreed to the settlement of the adversary proceeding in exchange for the

                                        17
payment of money. The essential purpose of the settlement agreement was

for Mr. Irish to avoid the risks and costs of litigation and get paid either the

discounted amount of the settlement or the full amount. Here,

Ms. Ghadyan’s breach was not so fundamental or substantial as to defeat

the essential purpose of the agreement. She paid the $25 within a

reasonable time after expiration of the grace period. In sum, we cannot find

that the agreement itself made Ms. Ghadyan’s breach a material one under

these circumstances.

      2.    The Restatement Factors

      The bankruptcy court’s application of the factors in the Restatement

(Second) of Contracts section 241 gives us a better understanding as to why

this was not a material breach. The Restatement lists five factors that may

be considered in determining whether a breach is material: (a) the extent to

which the injured party will be deprived of the benefit which he reasonably

expected; (b) the extent to which the injured party can be adequately

compensated for the part of that benefit of which he will be deprived; (c)

the extent to which the party failing to perform or to offer to perform will

suffer forfeiture; (d) the likelihood that the party failing to perform or to

offer to perform will cure his failure, taking account of all the

circumstances including any reasonable assurances; and (e) the extent to

which the behavior of the party failing to perform or to offer to perform

comports with standards of good faith and fair dealing. The comments to

                                       18
the Restatement underscore that these "circumstances" are not rules and are

to be applied "in such a way as to further the purpose of securing for each

party [its] expectation of an exchange of performances."

      Here, the bankruptcy court properly applied these factors when

deciding, as a matter of fact, whether Ms. Ghadyan’s breach was material.

With regards to factors (a) and (b), the court considered the degree of harm

caused by Ms. Ghadyan’s breach as compared to the reasonable

expectations of Mr. Irish. The court found that the $25 in the grand scheme

of things was a de minimus amount and was paid. Therefore, the harm to

Mr. Irish was slight and he received all the performance that was due. In

applying factor (c), the bankruptcy court implicitly considered the harm to

Ms. Ghadyan if it granted Mr. Irish’s request for entry of judgment.

Ms. Ghadyan would be required to pay a substantial amount over and

above the discounted amount of the settlement and that amount would be

nondischargeable. As to factor (d), Ms. Ghadyan had cured. All these

findings are plausible, logical, and supported by inferences drawn from the

record.

      Regarding factor (e), Mr. Irish contends that Ms. Ghadyan violated

the standards of good faith and fair dealing. He raises this issue for the first

time on appeal. Generally, we do not consider issues raised for the first

time on appeal. See Kieslich v. United States (In re Kieslich), 258 F.3d 968, 971

(9th Cir. 2001); Price v. Lehtinen (In re Lehtinen), 332 B.R. 404, 411 (9th Cir.

                                         19
BAP 2005). We have discretion to consider arguments raised for the first

time on appeal, but do so only if there are "exceptional circumstances.” El

Paso City of Tex. v. Am. W. Airlines, Inc. (In re Am. W. Airlines), 217 F.3d 1161,

1165 (9th Cir. 2000). There are no exceptional circumstances here, especially

when Ms. Ghadyan’s good faith is a factual question.

      3.    Slight delay of payment is not always a material breach.

      Finally, we observe that numerous courts outside Nevada have

found in different contexts that a slight delay of payment is not a material

breach. Although not binding and factually distinguishable, these cases

support the outcome here. See, e.g., Korb v. Cutler Trucking, Inc., Case No.

A099775, 2003 WL 21766238, at *1 (Cal. App. July 30, 2003) (affirming the

trial court's conclusion that "neither Cutler's delay in paying the relatively

small sum overdue for June 1998 nor its relatively short delay in paying

Korb's earnings for July 1998 constituted a material breach of the oral

agreement"); Associated Builders, Inc. v. Coggins, 722 A.2d 1278, 1280–81 (Me.

1999) (finding that a short delay in payment, absent any aggravating

circumstances, was not a material breach); Jenkins v. U.S.A. Foods, Inc., 912

F. Supp. 969, 974 (E.D. Mich. 1996) (contract payment made two days after

expiration of grace period not a material breach where payee suffers little

or no prejudice); Edward Waters College, Inc. v. Johnson, 707 So. 2d 801, 802

(Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1998) (one day delay in paying settlement agreement

not a material breach where agreement did not state that time is of the

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essence and payee incurred no hardship because of delay); A.E. Giroux, Inc.

v. Contract Servs. Assocs., 299 N.W.2d 20, 21 (Mich. Ct. App. 1980) (accord

satisfied by one-day delay of payment where no material damage to

obligee and payment amounted to substantial performance); compare

Servicios Aereos del Centro S.A. de C.V. v. Honeywell Intern., Inc., 252 Fed.

Appx. 849 (9th Cir. Oct. 31, 2007) (late payments constituted a material

breach); Placo Inv., LLC v. Ibarra, Case No. B196846, 2008 WL 2347730 at *5

(Cal. App. June 10, 2008) (noting that "it is reasonable to infer any delay in

the payment of money amounts to a substantial breach when the party

now denying breach earlier acknowledged (in writing) that the delay

would constitute an 'incurable' and 'material' breach as the appellants so

recognized in the negotiated settlement agreement").

      In sum, as a matter of law we find the complained of breach to be

non-material under the plain language of the settlement agreement. We

further conclude that the bankruptcy court applied the proper standards

for determining whether Ms. Ghadyan’s breach was material and its

findings of fact were not clearly erroneous. Accordingly, the bankruptcy

court did not err by denying Mr. Irish’s request for entry of judgment

under these circumstances.7

      7
        We emphasize that our decision is limited to the facts before us. Continual
payments outside the grace period may dictate a different result. The bankruptcy court
wisely urged Ms. Ghadyan to make electronic and timely payments for the duration.

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                      CONCLUSION

For the reasons explained above, we AFFIRM.

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