Court Opinion

ID: 4704663
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-07-19 18:19:55.576313+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:05:28.972299
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                                  July 19, 2021
                             STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA                             EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
                                                                                SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                           SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS                                 OF WEST VIRGINIA

Jodie Long and Heather Simmons,
Plaintiffs Below, Petitioners

vs.) No. 20-0064 (Hardy County 17-C-9 and 18-C-2)

Hardy County Board of Education, Sheena VanMeter, Barbara Whitecotton, Individually,
and as Superintendent of Hardy County Board of Education,
Defendants Below, Respondents

                               MEMORANDUM DECISION

       Petitioners Jodie Long and Heather Simmons, the plaintiffs below, by counsel Mark W.
Carbone, appeal the December 30, 2019, order of the Circuit Court of Hardy County granting
summary judgment to respondents/defendants below, the Hardy County Board of Education,
Sheena Van Meter, and Barbara Whitecotton 1 in petitioners’ consolidated actions for intentional
and reckless infliction of emotional distress, and for tortious interference. 2 Respondent Sheena
Van Meter is represented by counsel Tamara J. DeFazio.

       The Court has considered the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal. The facts and legal
arguments are adequately presented, and the decisional process would not be significantly aided
by oral argument. Upon consideration of the standard of review, the briefs, and the record
presented, the Court finds no substantial question of law and no prejudicial error. For these reasons,
a memorandum decision affirming the circuit court’s order is appropriate under Rule 21 of the
Rules of Appellate Procedure.

       At all times relevant to this appeal, petitioners were employed by the Hardy County Board
of Education as teachers at the Moorefield Elementary School, Respondent Van Meter was the
Principal of the Moorefield Intermediate School, and Respondent Whitecotton was the
Superintendent of the Hardy County Board of Education.

       1
        Barbara Whitecotton was sued individually and as the Superintendent of the Hardy
County Board of Education.
       2
         Respondent Sheena Van Meter filed a response in opposition to Petitioner Long’s and
Petitioner Simmons’s petition for appeal. Neither Respondent Hardy County Board of Education
nor Respondent Barbara Whitecotton filed a response.
                                                  1
        On January 9, 2016, petitioners, who are both over the age of twenty-one, attended a non-
school-sponsored, women-only, social event in Hardy County known as the “Chick Feed.”
Petitioners admit that they consumed alcohol at that event. Thereafter, photographs of the event
were posted on Facebook. Petitioners contend that although neither of them posted any of the
Chick Feed photos, some of the photos nevertheless appeared on Petitioner Long’s Facebook page.
A couple of the photos depict petitioners consuming beverages. The Chick Feed pictures also show
a female adult under the age of twenty-one drinking what appears to be an alcoholic beverage.
Petitioners state that they did not organize the Chick Feed and did not invite any minors to the
event.

        Superintendent Whitecotton learned about the Chick Feed when she received copies of the
Facebook pictures from that event from an anonymous source. Whitecotton later testified that she
“guessed” the photos came from the Moorefield Intermediate School where Respondent Sheena
Van Meter is the principal. Whitecotton talked to Board of Education employees about the Chick
Feed photographs during her investigation of that event. Whitecotton also contacted the Chief of
Police of the Moorefield City Police Department, Steve Reckart, to discuss the photos and the
possibility that there were underage drinkers at the Chick Feed. Chief Reckart examined the photos
and determined that two female adults under the age of twenty-one attended the Chick Feed.
Petitioners state that Whitecotton eventually interviewed the under-aged adults about the event.

        Principal Van Meter called Superintendent Whitecotton three times to discuss the Chick
Feed photos and complaints from teachers at the Moorefield Intermediate School regarding the
Chick Feed photos. Van Meter stated that teachers at the Moorefield Intermediate School were
concerned that there was a dual standard of behavior, i.e., that some teachers could do certain
things, while other teachers could not. Principal Van Meter asked Superintendent Whitecotton
when she was going to do something about the pictures. Initially, Whitecotton took no action.
Later, however, Whitecotton accused petitioners of allowing a minor to attend the Chick Feed
where alcohol was served and declared that petitioners’ behavior violated the Hardy County
Schools’ Employee Code of Conduct. Specifically, Whitecotton alleged that petitioners’ actions
at the Chick Feed did not “demonstrate . . . responsible citizenship by maintaining a high standard
of conduct, self-control, or moral/ethical behavior.” Whitecotton recommended a three-day
suspension as punishment for petitioners’ actions. However, following a disciplinary hearing on
the matter, the Board of Education suspended both Long and Simmons for one day without pay.

        Both petitioners appealed their suspensions to the West Virginia Public Employees’
Grievance Board. Following a June 7, 2016, level three grievance hearing, the Grievance Board
overturned petitioners’ suspensions finding that the Hardy County Board of Education failed to
prove that petitioners’ behavior violated the Employee Code of Conduct by being unethical or
immoral. The Grievance Board based this decision on the following findings: C.L., a person over
the age of eighteen, but under the age of twenty-one, attended the Chick Feed. The record did not
show that petitioners knew C.L.’s age or that she was drinking alcoholic beverages at the Chick
Feed, or that petitioners invited C.L. to the Chick Feed. The Grievance Board also found that the
Board of Education was unable to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that either petitioner
had any part in posting the pictures of the Chick Feed on Facebook. The Grievance Board
highlighted that “it is possible to be ‘tagged’ in a picture and once tagged, the picture will show
up on the tagged individual’s [Facebook] page, possibly without the knowledge of the tagged

                                                2
individual.” The Grievance Board further found that Principal Van Meter shared her opinion with
the employees at the Moorefield Intermediate School that posting pictures of the Chick Feed on
Facebook was a violation of the Employee Code of Conduct. However, the principal at the
Moorefield Elementary School where petitioners worked testified that no one complained to him
about the Chick Feed pictures. The Grievance Board further found that Superintendent
Whitecotton concluded that petitioners violated the Employee Code of Conduct because she
believed there was “general upheaval” in the school system due to the Facebook pictures; however,
Whitecotton testified that no parents complained about the posted pictures. Finally, the Grievance
Board found that Whitecotton admitted that she could not prove that petitioners (1) were drinking
alcohol at the Chick Feed, (2) organized the event, or (3) that they knew C.L.’s age.

        Petitioners brought two separate actions in the circuit court against respondents. Petitioners
alleged that respondents intentionally or recklessly inflicted emotional distress, and tortiously
interfered with petitioners’ side businesses, i.e., Long’s gymnastics business and Simmons’ face-
painting business. Petitioners further alleged that (1) the Board of Education and/or Superintendent
Whitecotton failed to fully and properly investigate petitioners’ attendance at the Chick Feed and
the Facebook posts; (2) Principal Van Meter intentionally encouraged Whitecotton to take
disciplinary action when Van Meter knew petitioners had done nothing wrong; (3) Van Meter
made statements to other employees accusing petitioners of violating the Employee Code of
Conduct when she knew otherwise; (4) unfounded rumors regarding the Chick Feed damaged
petitioners’ reputations; and (5) respondents’ conduct was intentional, outrageous, and intolerable.
All three respondents answered petitioners’ complaints. The circuit court later consolidated
petitioners’ separate civil actions into a single consolidated action.

        Respondents filed motions for summary judgment and, by order entered December 30,
2019, the circuit court granted summary judgment to all three respondents as to the claims of each
of the petitioners. In that order, the circuit court noted that the question before it was not whether
the Grievance Board correctly overturned petitioners’ suspensions. Instead, the circuit court found
that the questions were (1) whether respondents recklessly or intentionally inflicted emotional
distress upon petitioners, and (2) whether respondents tortiously interfered with petitioners’
businesses.

         Regarding petitioners’ claims of intentional or reckless infliction of emotional distress, the
circuit court found that (1) petitioners did not claim that Superintendent Whitecotton violated any
policy or procedure; (2) petitioners presented no evidence showing that respondents intended to
harm or cause emotional distress to petitioners or that respondents knew harm or distress would
occur; (3) the evidence showed that petitioners themselves did not believe respondents intended to
harm them; and (4) petitioners failed to show that they reasonably suffered severe emotional
distress. The court also did not find any evidence that petitioners were deprived of due process
during the investigation or grievance process or that respondents released confidential information
regarding petitioners. The court concluded that the evidence showed respondents did not intend to
inflict emotional harm or distress upon petitioners, and that respondents’ conduct did not rise to a
level that could be considered extreme, outrageous, and beyond all decency as a matter of law. The
court therefore concluded that there was no genuine issue of material fact and that no rational trier
of fact could find that respondents engaged in the intentional or reckless infliction of emotional
distress upon petitioners.

                                                  3
        As for petitioners’ claims of tortious interference with their businesses, the court found that
petitioners presented no evidence (1) that respondents knew about petitioners’ businesses; (2) that
respondents acted with the intent to cause harm to their businesses; or (3) that their businesses
sustained financial losses. Thus, the court concluded that petitioners also failed to show the
essential elements of a claim for tortious interference with a business.

        Petitioners now appeal the circuit court’s summary judgment order. “A motion for
summary judgment should be granted only when it is clear that there is no genuine issue of fact to
be tried and inquiry concerning the facts is not desirable to clarify the application of the law.” Syl.
Pt. 3, Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co. v. Fed. Ins. Co. of New York, 148 W. Va. 160, 133 S.E.2d 770 (1963).
This Court reviews an order granting summary judgment de novo. See Syl. Pt. 1, Painter v. Peavy,
192 W. Va. 189, 451 S.E.2d 775 (1994).

        Petitioners raise two assignments of error challenging the circuit court’s order. In
petitioners’ first assignment of error, they argue that the circuit court erred in finding that
petitioners failed to make a sufficient showing of the essential elements of the tort of intentional
or reckless infliction of emotional distress. We established the elements of this cause of action,
also known as the “tort of outrage,” in Syllabus Point 3 of Travis v. Alcon Laboratories, Inc., 202
W. Va. 369, 504 S.E.2d 419 (1998), and required proof of the following four elements:

                In order for a plaintiff to prevail on a claim for intentional or reckless
       infliction of emotional distress, four elements must be established. It must be
       shown: (1) that the defendant’s conduct was atrocious, intolerable, and so extreme
       and outrageous as to exceed the bounds of decency; (2) that the defendant acted
       with the intent to inflict emotional distress, or acted recklessly when it was certain
       or substantially certain emotional distress would result from his conduct; (3) that
       the actions of the defendant caused the plaintiff to suffer emotional distress; and,
       (4) that the emotional distress suffered by the plaintiff was so severe that no
       reasonable person could be expected to endure it.

Id. We also noted in Travis that “[t]he employer-employee relationship should entitle an employee
to ‘a greater degree of protection from insult and outrage than if he were a stranger to defendants.’”
Id. at 377, 504 S.E.2d at 427 (quoting Alcorn v. Anbro Engineering, Inc., 468 P.2d 216, 218 n. 2
(Cal. 1970)).

       As to the first element of Travis, petitioners argue that the quality of the investigation
conducted by the respondents shows that respondents’ actions were “outrageous” because they
sought to punish petitioners for events that occurred outside of the workplace. Petitioners also
contend that their attendance at the Chick Feed was neither unethical nor immoral and, that under
any reasonable standard, they did not violate the Hardy County Board of Education’s Code of
Conduct. Petitioners therefore assert the circuit court erred in concluding that the respondents’
conduct was not outrageous as a matter of law.

       Upon our review of the record on appeal, we find no error in the circuit court’s order.
Syllabus Point 3 of Travis requires proof of conduct that “was atrocious, intolerable, and so

                                                  4
extreme and outrageous as to exceed the bounds of decency.” Further, we noted in Travis that
liability may not be imposed for “mere insults, indignities, threats, annoyances, petty oppressions,
or other trivialities” or for “occasional acts that are definitely inconsiderate and unkind.” Id. at
375-76, 504 S.E.2d at 425-26 (quoting Tanner v. Rite Aid of West Virginia, Inc., 194 W.Va. 643,
651, 461 S.E.2d 149, 157 (1995) (quoting Restatement of Torts (Second) § 46, cmt. d). Conduct
sanctionable under Travis is that which is “regarded as atrocious, and utterly intolerable in a
civilized community.” Id. at 375, 504 S.E.2d at 425. A defendant’s conduct “must be more than
unreasonable, unkind or unfair; it must truly offend community notions of acceptable conduct.”
Id. (quoting Grandchamp v. United Air Lines, Inc., 854 F.2d 381, 383 (10th Cir.1988)).

        We also determined in Travis that “[i]t is for the court to determine, in the first instance,
whether the defendant’s conduct may reasonably be regarded as so extreme and outrageous as to
permit recovery[.]” Id. at 377, 504 S.E.2d at 427. Here, the circuit court concluded that
respondents’ conduct could not reasonably be regarded as so extreme and outrageous as to permit
recovery. Although the circuit court acknowledged the deficiencies in respondents’ investigation,
it recognized that a reasonable principal, superintendent, and board of education would react to
concerns raised about possible underage drinking at an event like the Chick Feed, and would seek
to counter the disruption to the school system, particularly where the concerns were also raised
with law enforcement. The circuit court found that in a “civilized community,” school officials
would act and would seek to defend the governing standards of professional conduct. The circuit
court also found that although the actions of respondents might be “utterly unreasonable, unkind
and unfair,” they were not so atrocious and intolerable as to be actionable. On this record, we find
no error.

         Petitioners also challenge the circuit court’s finding regarding the fourth element of Travis:
“that the emotional distress suffered by the plaintiff was so severe that no reasonable person could
be expected to endure it.” The circuit court found that the petitioners offered no evidence that they
“reasonably suffered severe emotional distress.” While one petitioner claimed a lack of sleep as
her injury, the circuit court concluded that the scant evidence offered of petitioners’ claimed
injuries did not “rise to the level of severe emotional distress that no reasonable person would be
expected to endure.” Petitioners counter that their ability to withstand the treatment inflicted upon
them by respondents should not equate to a finding that they had no damages. We disagree. In
Travis, we noted that the cause of action for intentional or reckless infliction of emotional distress
requires proof of severe emotional distress. Severe distress includes “such reactions as mental
suffering and anguish, shock, fright, horror, grief, shame, humiliation, embarrassment, anger,
chagrin, disappointment, worry, and nausea.” Id. at 380, 504 S.E.2d at 430. “Complete emotional
tranquility is seldom attainable in this world, and some degree of transient and trivial emotional
distress is a part of the price of living among people. The law intervenes only where the distress
inflicted is so severe that no reasonable man could be expected to endure it.” Id. (quoting
Restatement of Torts (Second) § 46, cmt. j). While there is certainly a modicum of evidence in the
record that the respondents’ acts caused respondents some consternation, there is no evidence
establishing that they suffered severe emotional distress. While the “reasonableness of the
plaintiff’s reaction will normally be a jury question,” id., on this record, we find no error in the
circuit court’s determination that the petitioners failed to introduce evidence sufficient to constitute
a triable issue for a jury. We therefore find no error in the circuit court’s conclusion that petitioners

                                                   5
failed to establish their claim that respondents should be liable under Travis for intentionally or
recklessly causing severe emotional distress. 3

        Petitioners’ second assignment of error concerns the circuit court’s finding that there was
insufficient evidence that respondents tortiously interfered with petitioners’ businesses. We set
forth the elements of a cause of action for tortious interference in Syllabus Point 2 of Torbett v.
Wheeling Dollar Savings & Trust Company, 173 W. Va. 210, 314 S.E.2d 166 (1983):

       To establish prima facie proof of tortious interference, a plaintiff must show:
       (1) existence of a contractual or business relationship or expectancy;
       (2) an intentional act of interference by a party outside that relationship or
       expectancy;
       (3) proof that the interference caused the harm sustained; and
       (4) damages.

       If a plaintiff makes a prima facie case, a defendant may prove justification or
       privilege, affirmative defenses. Defendants are not liable for interference that is
       negligent rather than intentional, or if they show defenses of legitimate competition
       between plaintiff and themselves, their financial interest in the induced party’s
       business, their responsibility for another’s welfare, their intention to influence
       another’s business policies in which they have an interest, their giving of honest,
       truthful requested advice, or other factors that show the interference was proper.

        Petitioners argue it is undisputed that they had a “business relationship,” because petitioner
Long had a gymnastics business and petitioner Simmons had a face painting business. Petitioners
further argue that respondents must have intended to interfere with petitioners’ business
relationships because both of the businesses involved children. Finally, petitioners argue that
whether respondents acted with intent was a question of fact for a jury and therefore, resolution by
way of summary judgment was error.

        We find no error in the circuit court’s conclusion that petitioners failed to establish a
genuine issue of material fact regarding the elements of a tortious interference claim. The circuit
court found no material evidence of record upon which to show the respondents conducted
themselves in a manner intended to cause harm to petitioners’ businesses, and our review supports
this finding. Furthermore, petitioners admitted during their depositions that they believed
respondents did not intend to harm them or their business relationships. Petitioners also could not
establish that respondents knew that either petitioner owned a business. Most importantly,

       3
          Petitioners also argue, under the second element of Travis, that respondents acted
recklessly because it was certain or substantially certain that emotional distress would result from
their conduct. Petitioners contend that respondents’ recklessness is proven by the fact that
respondents’ investigation of the Chick Feed event was insufficient, and that respondents
effectively accused petitioners of doing something immoral or unethical. Given that the circuit
court correctly assessed that petitioners failed to establish the first and fourth elements of Travis,
we need not consider this argument because Travis requires that all “four elements must be
established” for the plaintiff to prevail. 202 W. Va. at 371, 504 S.E.2d at 421, Syl. Pt. 3.
                                                  6
petitioners failed to articulate any discernable information concerning the finances of their
businesses, and, therefore, they did not establish any damages caused by respondents’ actions. We,
therefore, find no error in the circuit court’s conclusion that petitioners failed to create a triable
issue on their claim for tortious interference.

       Accordingly, for the foregoing reasons, we affirm the circuit court’s December 30, 2019,
order granting summary judgment to all three respondents

                                                                                           Affirmed.

ISSUED: July 19, 2021

CONCURRED:

Chief Justice Evan H. Jenkins
Justice Elizabeth D. Walker
Justice Tim Armstead
Justice John A. Hutchison
Justice William R. Wooton

                                                  7