Court Opinion

ID: 4636503
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-24 22:37:14.409178+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:58:33.123361
License: Public Domain

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                               Appellate Court                           Date: 2020.06.08
                                                                         13:09:47 -05'00'

                  People v. Hinthorn, 2019 IL App (4th) 160818

Appellate Court     THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
Caption             CHRISTOPHER JAMES HINTHORN, Defendant-Appellant.

District & No.      Fourth District
                    No. 4-16-0818

Filed               October 1, 2019

Decision Under      Appeal from the Circuit Court of McLean County, No. 14-CF-1469;
Review              the Hon. Robert L. Freitag, Judge, presiding.

Judgment            Affirmed and remanded.

Counsel on          James E. Chadd, Patricia Mysza, and Michael Gentithes, of State
Appeal              Appellate Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.

                    Don Knapp, State’s Attorney, of Bloomington (Patrick Delfino, David
                    J. Robinson, and Kathy Shepard, of State’s Attorneys Appellate
                    Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.

Panel               JUSTICE DeARMOND delivered the judgment of the court, with
                    opinion.
                    Justices Steigmann and Harris concurred in the judgment and opinion.
                                             OPINION

¶1       In June 2016, a jury found defendant, Christopher James Hinthorn, guilty of predatory
     criminal sexual assault and criminal sexual assault. The trial court sentenced him to
     consecutive 18-year prison terms on three counts of predatory criminal sexual assault and
     imposed separate sexual assault and sex offender fines.
¶2       On appeal, defendant argues (1) the trial judge should have recused himself, (2) the judge
     improperly admitted evidence, (3) the State failed to prove him guilty beyond a reasonable
     doubt, and (4) the judge erred in the imposition of various fines. We affirm the trial court’s
     judgment and remand so defendant may file a motion regarding his fines pursuant to Illinois
     Supreme Court Rule 472 (eff. May 17, 2019).

¶3                                       I. BACKGROUND
¶4       In December 2014, a grand jury indicted defendant on three counts of predatory criminal
     sexual assault of a child (counts I, V, and VII) (720 ILCS 5/11-1.40(a)(1) (West 2012)),
     alleging defendant, being over 17 years of age, knowingly committed an act of sexual
     penetration involving his penis and R.H.’s vagina when R.H. was under 13 years of age. The
     State alleged defendant committed the offenses between April 1, 2005, and April 1, 2006
     (count I), and between April 2, 2006, and April 1, 2011 (count V). The State later amended the
     indictment to allege defendant committed the offenses set forth in count VII between April 1,
     2005, and April 1, 2012.
¶5       The grand jury indicted defendant on the offense of predatory criminal sexual assault based
     on an accountability theory (count III), alleging defendant, or one for whose conduct he was
     legally accountable, being over the age of 17, knowingly committed an act of sexual
     penetration involving the tongue of H.H. and R.H.’s vagina when R.H. was under 13 years of
     age. The State alleged defendant committed the offense set forth in count III between April 1,
     2005, and April 1, 2006.
¶6       The grand jury also indicted defendant on four counts of criminal sexual assault (counts II,
     IV, VI, and VIII) (720 ILCS 5/11-1.20(a)(3) (West 2012)). Count II alleged, between April 1,
     2005, and April 1, 2006, defendant knowingly committed an act of sexual penetration with
     R.H., a person under the age of 13, the act involved defendant’s penis and R.H.’s vagina, and
     defendant was a family member of R.H. Count IV alleged, between April 1, 2005, and April
     1, 2006, defendant, or one for whose conduct he was legally accountable, knowingly
     committed an act of sexual penetration with R.H., a person under the age of 18, the act
     involving H.H.’s tongue and R.H.’s vagina, and defendant was a family member of R.H.
¶7       Counts VI and VIII alleged defendant knowingly committed an act of sexual penetration
     with R.H., a person under the age of 18, the act involved defendant’s penis and R.H.’s vagina,
     and defendant was a family member of R.H. Count VI alleged defendant committed the offense
     between April 2, 2006, and April 1, 2011. Although count VIII alleged defendant committed
     the offense between April 1, 2011, and April 1, 2012, the State later amended the count to
     allege he committed the offense between April 1, 2005, and April 1, 2012.

                                                -2-
¶8                                          A. Pretrial Motions
¶9                           1. Motions for Substitution of Judge and Recusal
¶ 10        In August 2015, defendant filed a motion for substitution of judge pursuant to section 114-
       5 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (Procedure Code) (725 ILCS 5/114-5 (West
       2014)). The motion alleged Judge Robert Freitag was the assistant state’s attorney assigned to
       prosecute defendant on two counts of criminal sexual assault in McLean County case No. 97-
       CF-1189. The alleged victim in that case, H.H., who is defendant’s ex-wife, was disclosed as
       a witness against him in the current case. The motion also alleged then-prosecutor Freitag
       signed an information in October 1998 charging defendant with domestic battery and later
       signed a plea agreement. Defendant argued that, “although no actual prejudice is alleged
       against Judge Robert Freitag[,] the scenario certainly could and probably does pose an
       appearance of impropriety.” While the motion asked that Judge Freitag recuse himself, defense
       counsel later stated he was asking for the appointment of a new judge to make the
       determination on the motion.
¶ 11        Upon assignment, Judge Matthew J. Fitton conducted a hearing on defendant’s motion for
       substitution of judge. Per defense counsel’s request, Judge Fitton took judicial notice of
       McLean County case No. 97-CF-1189. Defense counsel argued, based on Judge Freitag’s prior
       involvement with defendant’s criminal case, he had knowledge of disputed evidentiary facts
       concerning the current proceeding and it would be improper for him to preside as judge.
¶ 12        Judge Fitton noted a judge’s previous position as a prosecutor involving a supervisory
       position over the case is insufficient, standing alone, to establish cause for substitution. He
       stated there had been “no showing that Judge Freitag has a personal bias or prejudice
       concerning a party” and Freitag’s position as prosecutor, without more, was insufficient to
       grant the motion. Thus, Judge Fitton denied the motion and ordered the case to remain before
       Judge Freitag.
¶ 13        In October 2015, defendant filed a motion asking Judge Freitag to recuse himself under
       Illinois Supreme Court Rule 63(C) (eff. July 1, 2013). Based on Judge Freitag’s previous
       involvement as a prosecutor in the prior charges against defendant and involving H.H., the
       motion claimed it could be necessary to interview Freitag as a potential witness who could
       impeach H.H.’s testimony at trial. Thus, “since there is a real possibility that Robert Freitag
       may be called or at least interviewed as to surrounding circumstances relevant to issues in this
       matter,” defendant argued it would be appropriate for Freitag to disqualify himself from further
       involvement in the case.
¶ 14        In January 2016, Judge Freitag conducted a hearing on defendant’s motion and took
       judicial notice of McLean County case No. 97-CF-1189. H.H. testified she was the named
       victim in the 1997 sexual assault indictments against defendant, who was her husband at the
       time. She had conversations with the prosecutor, Robert Freitag, but she did not recognize him
       at the hearing. She asked him to drop the charges against defendant, but Freitag declined to do
       so.
¶ 15        In his argument, defense counsel stated evidence would be presented in a future hearing on
       a motion in limine in which specific information from the 1997 case would be heard, which
       could impact Judge Freitag’s ruling on the motion. Further, if H.H.’s testimony needed to be
       impeached, the defense might have an obligation to disclose Freitag as a witness for
       impeachment purposes.

                                                  -3-
¶ 16       Judge Freitag noted that, if a judge was a potential witness in a case in which he or she was
       presiding, “recusal would be the appropriate remedy.” While acknowledging he was the
       prosecutor in the prior case, Freitag stated he had “no independent recollection of the matter
       in 1997.” He also stated, in part, as follows:
                   “Prior to this issue being raised in this court, [defendant] had appeared in front of
               the court several times with the Public Defender. I did not realize that I had once
               prosecuted [defendant] during any of those hearings. I had no realization of that until
               these motions were brought. These motions relate to contacts between this court and
               the alleged victim in that case, [H.H.], who testified here today. I will say frankly that
               I was very relieved when she said she didn’t recognize me because I didn’t want to
               disrespect her by indicating that I don’t recognize her either. She did testify that she
               believes that we met at one point, but what I think is very important here is that she
               also testified that other than her recollection that she asked me to drop the charges, she
               has no other recollection of what was discussed. She doesn’t recall the specifics of what
               was discussed. She doesn’t recall any reason she may have given for her request or
               anything further, and frankly, I have absolutely no memory of that meeting. I’m not
               saying it didn’t take place. Not by any means am I suggesting that. But I have absolutely
               no memory of specifically individually speaking with [H.H.] about anything.
                   The crux of the motion here today seems to be that this court, that I am a potential
               impeachment witness.
                   In order for me to be an impeachment witness, number one, [H.H.] would have to
               have some memory of statements she made, and I would have to have some memory
               of different statements or inconsistent statements that she made. Neither one of those
               are present in any of the evidence that the court has heard today because she has no
               recollection of what she said. I certainly have no recollection of meeting with her or
               anything she may have said if I did meet with her. So I don’t see how I could possibly
               be called as an impeachment witness under those circumstances.
                   Now, [defense counsel] has suggested that if this—if I were not presiding in this
               case that he could provide me with information that may refresh my recollection on
               some of these points. Well, maybe yes, maybe no, I don’t know. Certainly seeing her
               and hearing her testify that we met, that doesn’t jog my memory at all. I have no
               recollection of meeting with her.
                   The only recollection I have of this case now that it has been brought to my attention
               is I have some vague recollection that I believe the victim recanted and that had
               something to do with how the case was resolved. Other than that—and I don’t even
               know if that’s correct, frankly. But I have some vague memory that that may have been
               something that occurred in this case. Maybe I’m confusing it with a different case. I
               don’t even know—
                   SPECTATOR: No, it’s the correct one.
                   THE COURT: Ma’am, ma’am, please be quiet.
                   So the court has no recollection of that either. So I don’t know if that’s correct or
               that’s not correct. But that may be what happened in this case.

                                                   -4-
                   But the point I’m trying to make here is I don’t know how I could possibly testify
               when I have no memory of anything being said to me that could possibly impeach this
               witness if she were a witness.”
¶ 17       Referencing the pending pretrial motions, Judge Freitag stated that, if he had any
       knowledge of any facts relevant to those motions, he “wouldn’t hesitate to recuse” and “would
       do it in a heartbeat” because he had “plenty of cases to fill [his] docket.” As he had no
       recollection of the facts of defendant’s prior case, Freitag denied the motion. He added that, if
       during the motion hearings he recalled “something that may or may not be relevant to
       impeachment” or remembered facts that could arise in this case, he “would obviously recuse
       immediately.” Freitag also stated he was preparing to take an extended medical leave and a
       new judge would be hearing the motions.

¶ 18                                    2. Other-Crimes Evidence
¶ 19       In March 2015, the State filed a motion pursuant to section 115-7.3 of the Procedure Code
       (725 ILCS 5/115-7.3 (West 2014)) to admit testimony of other-crimes evidence involving the
       forcible vaginal penetration of H.H., a family or household member, after defendant had
       consumed alcohol.
¶ 20       Defendant filed a motion in limine, asking the trial court to prohibit the State from
       introducing at trial any evidence of unlawful or immoral acts perpetrated against H.H. by
       defendant during the course of their marriage or at any other time. Defendant claimed the
       State’s discovery included allegations from H.H. that defendant engaged in sexual activities
       with her that were against her will and those acts had no relevance to the pending charges.
¶ 21       The State also filed notice of its intent to use statements of R.H. to multiple witnesses
       pursuant to section 115-10 of the Procedure Code (725 ILCS 5/115-10 (West 2014)).
¶ 22       Judge Rebecca S. Foley conducted a hearing on the motions. On its section 115-10 motion,
       the State called P.H., who was 16 at the time of the hearing and a cousin of R.H., who was a
       year younger. P.H. testified regarding statements R.H. made about defendant touching her.
       J.H., P.H.’s mother, also testified regarding R.H.’s disclosures of sexual abuse. Judge Foley
       found three statements met the criteria of section 115-10 and allowed their use at trial.
¶ 23       In terms of the State’s section 115-7.3 motion and defendant’s motion in limine, both
       referring to defendant’s sexual assaults on H.H., Judge Foley heard the parties’ arguments and
       then recessed the hearing to watch video interviews of defendant and H.H. Thereafter, Foley
       acknowledged “some of those collateral offenses are acts of some probative value,” but “the
       prejudicial effect does outweigh any potentially probative effect.” Thus, Foley denied the
       State’s section 115-7.3 motion and allowed defendant’s motion in limine.
¶ 24       After the State filed a motion to reconsider the ruling on its section 115-7.3 motion, Judge
       Foley noted the parties could raise and address issues that arise during trial and that Judge
       Freitag could make a determination if information is appropriate as other-crimes evidence as
       opposed to evidence offered under section 115-7.3.

¶ 25                                             B. Jury Trial
¶ 26       Defendant’s jury trial commenced in June 2016. R.H., born in 2000 and 16 years old at the
       time of trial, testified defendant is her father and H.H. is her mother. When she was “[a]round
       five” years old, defendant came into her bedroom and she remembered “feeling that [her] pants

                                                   -5-
       were going down.” With defendant on top of her, she remembered “pain and the smell of
       alcohol.” She stated she felt pain in her “lower area.” R.H. testified defendant’s “lower part of
       the body” entered the front of hers. She thought she “passed out” because she did not “really
       remember anything else.”
¶ 27       R.H. testified defendant engaged in similar conduct on “three or four” occasions. During
       the last occurrence, she was “seven or eight” years old. She stated the incidents always
       occurred in her bedroom and she did not remember anyone else being there. When she was 12
       or 13 years old, R.H. stated she told her aunt and her cousin P.H. She also told her mother, her
       youth leader, and her boyfriend.
¶ 28       On cross-examination, R.H. testified she, her mother, and her brother moved out of the
       family home in 2009. She spoke with her youth leader, Candi Evans, in 2014, and then met
       with a representative of the Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS) and a police
       officer. She later spoke with Mary Whitaker at the Children’s Advocacy Center. When asked
       by defense counsel whether she remembered telling Whitaker that the first incident occurred
       on her bed, R.H. remembered saying it occurred on the floor because “there was a mattress on
       the floor.” She stated she was wearing Pink Panther pajamas at the time. Defendant pulled her
       pants down to her knees. She recalled seeing blood on her pajamas the next day, although she
       did not think she mentioned it to Whitaker. R.H. stated the incidents stopped when she moved
       out of the house in 2009. She also stated she did not tell Evans that the last time defendant
       touched her inappropriately was within a year of her conversation with Evans.
¶ 29       Dr. Helen Appleton, a clinical psychologist, testified as an expert in disclosure of child
       sexual abuse. She stated “very few children disclose” their experiences of sexual abuse “right
       away.” When delayed disclosure occurs, it is often made to a peer or the nonoffending parent
       after a triggering event and in a piecemeal fashion.
¶ 30       Maureen Hofmann testified as an expert in childhood sexual abuse trauma. When asked if
       a child were abused three or four times over the course of several years and made a delayed
       disclosure months after the last instance of abuse, would she expect to see any evidence of
       trauma, Hofmann opined she “would be surprised” to find any evidence because, outside a 72-
       hour window, 95% of the exams are normal.
¶ 31       Candi Evans, a youth minister at Heyworth Christian Church, testified she participated in
       a service in November 2014 in which families were discussed. She noticed R.H. became
       “visibly upset” and began crying. After the service and in Evans’s office, R.H. was still “very
       upset” and “sobbing.”
¶ 32       P.H., R.H.’s cousin, testified she and R.H. grew up and played together. When P.H. was
       between the ages of 8 and 12, she and R.H. were on the swings at a park near P.H.’s house. At
       the time, P.H. “knew what sex was,” as her mother “had the talk with” her, and R.H. had “been
       showing signs that something was wrong with her.” P.H. asked if defendant “had touched her
       sexually in any sort of way.” R.H. “didn’t give [P.H.] a direct answer,” but what she did say
       pointed in that direction. P.H. stated R.H. stuttered, became “emotional and upset,” and
       eventually said “yes.”
¶ 33       P.H. later told her mother that a “friend” made the disclosure. When her mother asked if
       the “friend” was R.H., P.H. “got upset and started crying.” P.H. and her mother went to R.H.’s
       house and picked her up. P.H. “hinted on the conversation that we had at the park to see if she
       would talk.” R.H. started “bawling” and became “really upset.” Eventually, after being asked
       if defendant touched her in any way, R.H. said he had without giving more detail.

                                                   -6-
¶ 34       On cross-examination, P.H. believed the conversation she had with R.H. took place in
       summer 2010, which was after defendant and H.H. split up in November 2009. When R.H.
       was asked if her mother had known about defendant’s touching, R.H. said she did know.
¶ 35       J.H., R.H.’s aunt, testified R.H. was seven or eight years old when she disclosed
       defendant’s touching. After P.H. told her that R.H. had been abused, J.H. and P.H. talked with
       R.H., who confirmed she had been abused by defendant. J.H. stated R.H. was “upset and she
       didn’t want to talk about it.” R.H. did not elaborate but “bottled up more and more and more.”
       After dropping off R.H., J.H. returned home and called H.H. J.H. did not call the police because
       she was unsure if R.H. “knew what sex was” and J.H. did not know “what exactly had
       happened.” She also recalled a phone conversation in which R.H. said not to tell her mother.
¶ 36       Bloomington police detective John Heinlen testified he specialized in investigating sex
       crimes. He watched an interview of R.H. conducted by Mary Whitaker in December 2014. He
       later interviewed H.H. at the police station, and she admitted her involvement in R.H.’s abuse.
       Thereafter, Heinlen and DCFS investigator Molly Mintus conducted an interview with
       defendant that lasted approximately six hours. Upon initial questioning, defendant stated he
       could not remember if he ever had sex with his wife in their daughter’s bedroom. Later,
       defendant stated they had probably had sex in their bedroom with R.H. present. Defendant
       admitted being a “very heavy drinker,” sometimes consuming 15 to 16 beers per night, and he
       drank to the point where he did not remember. When Heinlen told defendant that H.H. had
       admitted she was present and performed oral sex on R.H. while defendant was having sex with
       H.H., defendant denied being present. When confronted with R.H.’s allegations, defendant was
       “[p]retty cold.”
¶ 37       H.H. testified she and defendant were married in June 1995 when she was 18 years old.
       During the marriage, their sex life included role-playing games, including “daddy-daughter”
       and a “little bit of everything.” After R.H. was born, defendant “started accusing [H.H.] of
       having sex with her.” H.H. stated these accusations were made “very frequently,” anywhere
       from two to four times a week. Defendant did not express anger at her doing it; instead, he was
       angry that H.H. “would not let him participate.” Later, defendant indicated his desire to have
       sex with R.H. when she was approximately six or seven years old.
¶ 38       H.H. related an incident with defendant that took place during “the middle of the night”
       when R.H. was approximately five years old.
                    “She was in bed asleep. I wanted to go to bed. He wanted to do more than that. He
                wanted to go into her room and have sex with her. He made me go in there. Implying
                that if I didn’t, he was going to beat me and have me arrested. And he made me take
                off her clothes and get between her legs. And he wanted me to perform oral sex on her
                while he had sex with me.”
       H.H. stated she went into R.H.’s room and removed R.H.’s pajama pants. While H.H. was on
       her hands and knees, defendant was on his knees having sex with her. H.H. attempted to have
       oral sex with R.H., stating she touched her tongue to her vagina one time before wanting to
       throw up. Because her hair was in the way, defendant became angry because he could not see
       the act. H.H. refused defendant’s demand to do it again. H.H. testified she did not recall R.H.
       moving or waking up during the incident.
¶ 39       H.H. testified she left defendant around Thanksgiving 2009. She did not leave at the time
       of the described incident because defendant claimed to have proof that she molested the

                                                  -7-
       children. During the marriage, defendant drank “[a]t least a 12 pack a day” and “[m]ore on the
       weekend.”
¶ 40       When R.H. was approximately 11 or 12 years old, H.H. picked up her daughter from a
       friend’s house when the friend’s mother said that R.H. “ ‘told me that her dad raped her.’ ”
       After later questioning R.H. if something happened between her and defendant, R.H. said
       “ ‘dad molested me *** [a] long time ago.’ ” R.H. stated she did not want to talk about it.
¶ 41       A “couple months later,” R.H. returned home after being with her cousin P.H. H.H.
       received a call from J.H. stating defendant had raped R.H. H.H. stated she knew and then talked
       with R.H., who stated “ ‘dad raped me.’ ” R.H. again stated she did not want to talk about it
       and did not want them to go to the police.
¶ 42       On cross-examination, H.H. testified she had not made a formal report to DCFS or any
       police agency prior to being contacted by Candi Evans and DCFS around Thanksgiving 2014.
       She did not recall telling Evans, after Evans stated a report to authorities would have to be
       made following R.H.’s disclosure, that “it doesn’t matter, they already know.” H.H. stated it
       would have been a lie if she said that.
¶ 43       H.H. claimed she never forced R.H. to visit defendant and supported her when she came
       up with excuses not to do so. H.H. sought an order of protection in October 2014 and asked
       for visitation to be canceled. After failing to get the visitation canceled, H.H. told R.H. that if
       R.H. did not visit defendant, H.H. could go to jail for failing to abide by a court order. Upon
       hearing this, R.H. “had a meltdown.”
¶ 44       H.H. recalled telling Detective Heinlen and investigator Mintus that she did not know
       anything about sexual abuse during the divorce proceedings. She also told them she “would
       rather take a beating with a leather belt than have sex with [her] daughter.” When asked by
       investigators if defendant ever tried to force her to engage in sexual activity with R.H., H.H.
       told them he “tried multiple times.”
¶ 45       When investigators asked whether defendant forced her to do anything with R.H., H.H.
       stated she did not recall. H.H. described her answers as “hedging,” stating they were “not
       completely honest answers at that moment” because she was afraid. During cross-examination,
       the following exchange took place between H.H. and defense counsel:
                    “Q. Detective Heinlen was specifically asking questions about whether or not you
               had been forced by your husband to engage in sexual activity with your daughter at this
               stage of the interview, correct?
                    A. I don’t know.
                    Q. Do you remember Detective Heinlen saying to you, ‘Do you understand that
               people could—that this could be understood by people,’ saying, ‘I would hope so,’
               when talking about your sexual activity with your daughter?
                    A. Yeah.
                    Q. And do you remember Heinlen at that point in time saying, ‘I’m here to tell you
               it could be. I’m going to ask in a nonjudgmental way. Did he ever force you to do
               anything with [R.H.],’ and that you paused and said, ‘I don’t remember’? Do you
               remember saying that in response to that question?
                    A. Yeah.
                    Q. That wasn’t true either, was it?
                    A. No.”

                                                    -8-
¶ 46       Following H.H.’s cross-examination, the State reminded the trial court about Judge Foley’s
       prior ruling in regard to section 115-7.3 and the prior instances of sexual assault against H.H.
       by defendant. The State argued defense counsel had “opened the door to that” through
       Heinlen’s questioning of H.H., stating “[t]he entire context of that portion of the interview
       entirely circled around instances [of H.H.] reporting being raped by this defendant. That if she
       didn’t do what he said, he would rape her and beat her.” The State contended evidence of
       defendant’s sexual assault of H.H. “would appropriately be offered for the witness’ state of
       mind when she entered that room as to why she felt forced to do that in response to counsel’s
       questioning.”
¶ 47       Defense counsel argued Judge Foley’s ruling was the law of the case and disagreed that
       the door had been opened. Counsel believed the State had established there was domestic abuse
       in the home, which explained H.H.’s fear and why she did not call the authorities.
¶ 48       Judge Freitag stated he was not reviewing Judge Foley’s ruling, only considering the
       State’s request based on the testimony presented at trial. He ruled, in part, as follows:
                   “The issue here now, is there a limited purpose of this evidence to help explain
               those things that [defense counsel] was bringing out on cross-examination regarding
               some of those questions and the answers she gave. And I think, clearly, that the door
               has been opened for that. And I think I will allow that evidence to come in in a limited
               fashion for a limited purpose. And I will instruct the jury that they are to consider this
               evidence only for the limited purpose of explaining the witness’ state of mind and not
               as any evidence of the defendant’s guilt of these offenses. They are to consider it only
               for that purpose.”
       Freitag further clarified that the instruction would focus on H.H.’s state of mind in a general
       sense.
¶ 49       On redirect examination and following the trial court’s instruction to the jury, the
       prosecutor asked H.H. if there was abuse at the hands of defendant beyond physical beatings.
       H.H. said there had been such instances, including “[m]ore than one” rape.
¶ 50       After H.H.’s testimony, the State asked to call Detective Heinlen for the limited purpose
       of asking him whether defendant admitted raping H.H. Defense counsel objected, arguing
       defendant’s statements would not go to H.H.’s state of mind and would fall under Judge
       Foley’s ruling that the alleged sexual assaults were inadmissible.
¶ 51       Judge Freitag noted he was “very hesitant to go any further down this road at this point in
       time because that evidence [has] already been presented to the jury by [H.H.]” He also stated
       as follows:
               “But it is also clear to me from opening statements, from cross-examination of various
               witnesses, including, obviously, [H.H.], that the crux of the defense is, in fact, being
               suggestive that [H.H.] is sort of the motivation behind these allegations and that they
               are untrue. And therefore, I do believe that the probative value of this evidence is
               somewhat raised.
                   And while it’s a very close balance, given that the State is going to limit it basically
               to a single question and nothing further, I am going to allow it over objection.
                   I, again, will instruct the jury prior to the question being asked that it’s being offered
               only for the limited purpose for the state of mind of the witness, [H.H.], and not for any
               other purpose.”

                                                     -9-
¶ 52       After recalling Detective Heinlen, the State asked him whether defendant admitted over
       the course of his marriage with H.H. that he raped her multiple times. Heinlen stated defendant
       did make that admission. Following Heinlen’s testimony, the State rested.
¶ 53       Called as a witness by the defense, Candi Evans testified regarding her conversation with
       R.H. in November 2014. When the subject of physical abuse arose, Evans asked R.H. whether
       the abuse happened recently. R.H. eventually indicated the abuse had occurred within the last
       year. Since she was a mandatory reporter, Evans told R.H. and later H.H. that she would have
       to notify DCFS. H.H. said DCFS already knew about the abuse.
¶ 54       Defense counsel then recalled Detective Heinlen and questioned him about his interview
       of H.H. in December 2014. H.H. did not mention J.H. as being someone who talked to her
       about R.H.’s abuse. When asked about the allegation of oral sex having been performed on
       R.H. and who undressed her, H.H. stated she thought defendant undressed R.H. H.H. also
       stated she thought R.H. was awake during the incident and she placed a blanket over R.H.’s
       face.
¶ 55       Following closing arguments, the jury found defendant guilty on the allegations regarding
       contact between him and R.H. (counts I, II, V, VI, VII, and VIII) but not guilty on counts
       related to H.H. and R.H. (counts III and IV).
¶ 56       In August 2016, defense counsel filed a motion for judgment of acquittal or, in the
       alternative, a new trial. Counsel argued, inter alia, that Judge Freitag erred in (1) not recusing
       himself, (2) allowing H.H. to testify about the alleged forcible rapes committed by defendant,
       and (3) allowing Detective Heinlen to testify about defendant’s statements admitting he raped
       H.H. Judge Freitag denied the motion.
¶ 57       The trial court entered convictions on counts I, V, and VII. On each count, the court
       sentenced defendant to consecutive 18-year prison terms for a total of 54 years. The court also
       imposed separate sexual assault fines ($200) and sex offender fines ($500) for each conviction.
       Defense counsel filed a motion to reconsider the sentence, claiming it was excessive. The court
       denied the motion. This appeal followed.

¶ 58                                          II. ANALYSIS
¶ 59                                             A. Recusal
¶ 60        Defendant argues Judge Freitag should have recused himself from the case under Illinois
       Supreme Court Rule 63(C) (eff. July 1, 2013). We disagree.
¶ 61        Along with a motion for a substitution of judge under section 114-5 of the Procedure Code
       (725 ILCS 5/114-5 (West 2014)), a defendant may also file a motion to recuse pursuant to
       Illinois Supreme Court Rule 63(C)(1) (eff. July 1, 2013). See In re Marriage of O’Brien, 2011
       IL 109039, ¶ 43, 958 N.E.2d 647. Our supreme court has noted “recusal and substitution for
       cause are not the same thing.” O’Brien, 2011 IL 109039, ¶ 45. “Unlike a motion for
       substitution of judge, a motion for recusal does not trigger a duty on the part of the trial judge
       to transfer the motion to another judge for determination.” Kamelgard v. American College of
       Surgeons, 385 Ill. App. 3d 675, 681, 895 N.E.2d 997, 1003 (2008); see also People v. Klein,
       2015 IL App (3d) 130052, ¶ 84, 40 N.E.3d 720.
¶ 62        Rule 63(C)(1) directs a judge to voluntarily recuse himself where his impartiality may
       reasonably be questioned, including when he “has a personal bias or prejudice concerning a
       party *** or personal knowledge of disputed evidentiary facts concerning the proceeding,” has

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       “served as a lawyer in the matter in controversy,” is known “to have more than a de minimis
       interest that could be substantially affected by the proceeding,” or is “likely to be a material
       witness in the proceeding.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 63(C)(1)(a), (b), (e)(iii), (e)(iv) (eff. July 1, 2013).
       Additionally, “Rule 63(C)(1)’s direction to judges to voluntarily recuse themselves where their
       ‘impartiality might reasonably be questioned’ [citation] includes ‘situations involving the
       appearance of impropriety.’ ” O’Brien, 2011 IL 109039, ¶ 43.
¶ 63       “Judges, of course, are presumed impartial, and the burden of overcoming the presumption
       by showing prejudicial trial conduct or personal bias rests on the party making the charge.”
       O’Brien, 2011 IL 109039, ¶ 31. Our supreme court has stated “ ‘[m]erely having a previous
       involvement with a defendant does not, per se, require disqualification.’ ” People v. Storms,
       155 Ill. 2d 498, 503, 617 N.E.2d 1188, 1190 (1993) (quoting People v. Del Vecchio, 129 Ill.
       2d 265, 277, 544 N.E.2d 312, 318 (1989)). We note “the trial judge is in the best position to
       determine whether he or she is prejudiced against the defendant when presented with a motion
       for recusal.” People v. Antoine, 335 Ill. App. 3d 562, 570, 781 N.E.2d 444, 452 (2002). “When
       reviewing a trial judge’s recusal decision, we must determine whether the decision was an
       abuse of the judge’s discretion.” Barth v. State Farm Fire & Casualty Co., 228 Ill. 2d 163,
       175, 886 N.E.2d 976, 983 (2008); People v. Kliner, 185 Ill. 2d 81, 169, 705 N.E.2d 850, 894
       (1998).
¶ 64       In his brief, defendant argues Judge Freitag’s failure to disqualify himself from this case
       constituted judicial misconduct violating both due process and Rule 63(C). Initially, we note
       defendant did not raise a due process argument in his motion for recusal or in his posttrial
       motion. Thus, his argument is forfeited. See People v. Hestand, 362 Ill. App. 3d 272, 279, 838
       N.E.2d 318, 324 (2005) (a defendant must object at trial and raise the issue in a posttrial motion
       to preserve the issue for review). He did, however, raise his objection pursuant to Rule 63(C).
¶ 65       Defendant contends Judge Freitag should have disqualified himself because (1) his
       impartiality could reasonably be questioned given his lead role in prosecuting defendant on
       other sexual abuse allegations against a family member, (2) he had personal knowledge of
       evidentiary facts in the prior case and could have been a material witness in the current one,
       (3) he served as a lawyer in the matter in controversy since the 1997 allegations became central
       to the prosecution in this case, and (4) the prior prosecution gave him more than a de minimis
       interest that could be substantially affected by the proceeding.
¶ 66       At the hearing on the motion, Judge Freitag stated he had “no independent recollection of
       the matter in 1997.” He stated he had not realized he had once prosecuted defendant until the
       motions were filed. He also stated he did not recognize H.H. or remember meeting with her,
       and she could not recall the specifics of any prior meeting between them. Given the fact he had
       no memory of any statements she made, Freitag did not see how he “could possibly be called
       as an impeachment witness under those circumstances.” He continued as follows:
                   “The only recollection I have of this case now that it has been brought to my
               attention is I have some vague recollection that I believe the victim recanted and that
               had something to do with how the case was resolved. Other than that—and I don’t even
               know if that’s correct, frankly. But I have some vague memory that that may have been
               something that occurred in this case. Maybe I’m confusing it with a different case. I
               don’t even know—
                   SPECTATOR: No, it’s the correct one.
                   THE COURT: Ma’am, ma’am, please be quiet.

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                   So the court has no recollection of that either. So I don’t know if that’s correct or
               that’s not correct. But that may be what happened in this case.
                   But the point I’m trying to make here is I don’t know how I could possibly testify
               when I have no memory of anything being said to me that could possibly impeach this
               witness if she were a witness.
                   *** [I]f the court has any knowledge of those facts that may be relevant in those
               motion hearings, then I wouldn’t hesitate to recuse. I would do it in a heartbeat. I have
               plenty of cases to fill my docket. I would have absolutely no hesitation in doing that. It
               would be the right thing to do. But again, because I have absolutely no recollection of
               any of that or what those facts are or what they may be and nothing has been sparked
               by seeing [H.H.] or hearing her today, so again, I just don’t see a basis for the court to
               recuse when there is absolutely no memory or any facts related to these cases.”
¶ 67       We find defendant has failed to overcome the presumption of impartiality on the part of
       Judge Freitag. Defendant makes only conclusory claims without any basis in the record or law
       in support. Defendant claims Freitag “had personal knowledge of the evidentiary facts” in the
       prior case, even though Freitag himself stated he had nothing more than a vague recollection
       of the outcome of that case. Defendant claims Freitag “ ‘serv[ed] as [a] lawyer in the matter in
       controversy,’ ” but “the phrase ‘matter in controversy’ has been held to encompass the case
       currently pending before the court.” See Storms, 155 Ill. 2d at 504 (quoting Ill. S. Ct. R.
       63(C)(1)(b) (eff. Nov. 25, 1987)); see also People v. Phinney, 250 Ill. App. 3d 858, 861, 620
       N.E.2d 444, 446 (1993). Defendant also argues Freitag’s prior prosecution of defendant
       “demonstrates his strong interest in overseeing a successful felony prosecution in this case.”
       Defendant would have us start from the premise that Freitag’s integrity, impartiality, and
       candidness must be questioned simply by his prior position as a prosecutor. Such is not the
       law. It is defendant’s burden to overcome the presumption of impartiality, and he offers
       nothing more than speculation and conjecture that Freitag’s work nearly 20 years prior on a
       separate case involving a different victim would prejudice him in his current trial. As defendant
       failed to meet his burden, we find Judge Freitag did not err in denying the motion.

¶ 68                                     B. Prior Rape Allegations
¶ 69       Defendant argues the trial court improperly admitted evidence of prior rape allegations
       against him on the basis the evidence demonstrated H.H.’s state of mind. We disagree.
¶ 70       In his brief, defendant contends Judge Freitag erroneously permitted the State to introduce
       evidence of prior sexual assault allegations against him during trial, which created a mini-trial
       on those other crimes and prejudiced the jury against him because of his prior bad acts. Further,
       defendant argues Freitag’s ruling undermined Judge Foley’s denial of the State’s pretrial
       motion to admit such accusations. Defendant also argues Freitag’s reasoning for admitting the
       evidence—to demonstrate H.H.’s state of mind—was not a proper basis for admission and did
       not overcome the extreme prejudice the evidence caused.
¶ 71       The State argues the subject testimony was admissible for any one or all of three reasons—
       curative admissibility, the doctrine of completeness, and as other-crimes evidence.
                   “Under the doctrine of curative admissibility, in a criminal case, if the defendant
               on cross-examination opens the door to a particular subject, the State on redirect
               examination may question the witness to clarify or explain the subject brought out

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               during, or remove or correct any unfavorable inferences left by, the defendant’s cross-
               examination, even if this elicits evidence that would not be proper or admissible.
               [Citations.] The doctrine is protective, and only shields a party from unduly prejudicial
               inferences raised by the other side.” People v. Mandarino, 2013 IL App (1st) 111772,
               ¶ 29, 994 N.E.2d 138.
       Curative admissibility falls within the exception to the general inadmissibility of other-crimes
       evidence, which recognizes evidence of other offenses to be admitted where it is “procured,
       invited, or acquiesced to by the defendant.” People v. McGee, 268 Ill. App. 3d 582, 586, 645
       N.E.2d 329, 332 (1994). The doctrine allows a party under limited circumstances to “present
       inadmissible evidence when necessary to cure undue prejudice resulting from an opponent’s
       introduction of similar evidence.” 1 Justice Robert J. Steigmann & Lori A. Nicholson, Illinois
       Evidence Manual § 4:25, at 229 (4th ed. Supp. 2017-18).
¶ 72       Here, the defense precluded the State from introducing evidence of other rapes through its
       successful motion in limine. While cross-examining H.H. however, defense counsel asked
       about her earlier statements to investigators regarding being forced by defendant to perform a
       sexual act upon her own daughter. During direct examination and in obedience to the trial
       court’s order, the State’s direct examination of H.H. referenced statements about H.H.’s fear
       of being beaten if she did not comply. Although defense counsel, having won the pretrial
       motion, was aware H.H. said her fear of further rapes and beatings influenced her decision to
       succumb to defendant’s demands, he sought to unfairly create the inference it was only H.H.’s
       fear of a beating which caused her to acquiesce. He then sought to impeach her by noting her
       statement to investigators she “would rather take a beating with a leather belt than have sex
       with my daughter,” thereby implying a fear of a beating would not have been enough to force
       her to do defendant’s bidding. This is the exact situation for which curative admissibility was
       created. Defense counsel sought to use the pretrial ruling to preclude the State from fully
       disclosing the bases for H.H.’s fear of defendant and then infer she should not be believed
       since she had already indicated to investigators the possibility of a beating alone would not
       have been enough to cause her to perform the act. Discrediting H.H. was crucial to defendant’s
       case since his defense was based, in large part, on the claim H.H. was the source of the
       fabricated allegations by R.H. and was the motivating force behind his prosecution.
¶ 73       Where a defendant sought to falsely imply the absence of physical evidence connecting
       him to a crime due to the trial court’s ruling on a suppression motion, our supreme court held
       as follows:
                   “ ‘There is no gainsaying that arriving at the truth is a fundamental goal of our legal
               system’ [citation], and we consider that allowing the defense or prosecution to
               misrepresent to the jury the actual facts of the case is neither consistent with the proper
               functioning and continued integrity of the judicial system nor with the policies of the
               exclusionary rules.” People v. Payne, 98 Ill. 2d 45, 51-52, 456 N.E.2d 44, 47 (1983).
¶ 74       Ultimately, admissibility “turns on a balancing of the need to rebut the inference raised
       against the risk of unfair prejudice that would be posed by the introduction of the rebutting
       evidence.” Michael H. Graham, Graham’s Handbook of Illinois Evidence § 103.4, at 16 (10th
       ed. 2010). “The decision to allow curative evidence lies within the sound discretion of the trial
       court.” Mandarino, 2013 IL App (1st) 111772, ¶ 29.
¶ 75       Here, defendant sought to rely upon the trial court’s exclusion of any references to previous
       sexual assaults in the State’s case as a means to attack the credibility of one of the State’s key

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       witnesses. Thus, under the doctrine of curative admissibility, the State was permitted to point
       out how H.H.’s fears were grounded not only on beatings, but also rapes, by defendant.
¶ 76        The State’s reliance on the doctrine of completeness as an additional or alternative basis
       for admissibility of the previous rapes is misguided however. Illinois Rule of Evidence 106
       (eff. Jan. 1, 2011) provides:
                    “When a writing or recorded statement or part thereof is introduced by a party, an
                adverse party may require the introduction at that time of any other part or any other
                writing or recorded statement which ought in fairness to be considered
                contemporaneously with it.”
¶ 77        As explained in the Illinois Evidence Manual, the “completeness doctrine” relates to a
       particular writing or utterance and allows the opposing party to introduce the remainder or as
       much as may be required to place the original reference in proper context. 1 Justice Robert J.
       Steigmann & Lori A. Nicholson, Illinois Evidence Manual § 4:25, at 230 (4th ed. Supp. 2017-
       18). “Under the common law completeness doctrine, the remainder of a writing, recording, or
       oral statement is admissible to prevent the jury from being mislead, to place the admitted
       evidence in context to convey its true meaning or to shed light on the meaning of the admitted
       evidence.” (Emphasis in original.) People v. Kraybill, 2014 IL App (1st) 120232, ¶ 65, 14
       N.E.3d 1131.
¶ 78        Here, the State did not refer to any other portion of H.H.’s statements to investigators but
       instead asked whether in addition to the beatings she had been subjected to other abuse by
       defendant. H.H. said there had been instances of “more than one” rape. This was not an effort
       to rely upon other portions of H.H.’s statement to place defense counsel’s questions and
       inference he sought to draw in proper context. Had the State done so, the completeness doctrine
       would have permitted it. By referring to the actual instances themselves, as opposed to their
       reference in her statement, the State’s questions precluded application of the completeness
       doctrine.
¶ 79        Evidence of other crimes is generally inadmissible to show a defendant’s propensity to
       commit the charged criminal conduct. People v. Donoho, 204 Ill. 2d 159, 170, 788 N.E.2d 707,
       714 (2003). Such evidence, while relevant, is excluded because it “has ‘too much’ probative
       value.” Donoho, 204 Ill. 2d at 170 (quoting People v. Manning, 182 Ill. 2d 193, 213, 695
       N.E.2d 423, 432 (1998)). Moreover, a “[d]efendant is entitled to have his guilt or innocence
       evaluated solely on the basis of the charged crime.” Donoho, 204 Ill. 2d at 170. “If other crimes
       evidence is admitted, it should not lead to a mini-trial of the collateral offense; the court should
       carefully limit the details to what is necessary to illuminate the issue for which the other crime
       was introduced.” People v. Nunley, 271 Ill. App. 3d 427, 432, 648 N.E.2d 1015, 1018 (1995);
       see also People v. Bedoya, 325 Ill. App. 3d 926, 938, 758 N.E.2d 366, 377 (2001) (stating the
       other-crimes evidence “must not become a focal point of the trial”).
¶ 80        “Evidence of other offenses may be admissible to demonstrate ‘motive, intent, identity,
       absence of mistake, modus operandi, or any other relevant fact other than propensity.’ ” People
       v. Smith, 2015 IL App (4th) 130205, ¶ 21, 29 N.E.3d 674 (quoting People v. Vannote, 2012 IL
       App (4th) 100798, ¶ 37, 970 N.E.2d 72). Moreover, “[o]ther-crimes evidence is admissible if
       it is part of a continuing narrative of the event giving rise to the offense, intertwined with the
       charged offense, or explains an aspect of the charge which would otherwise be implausible or
       inexplicable.” People v. Patterson, 2013 IL App (4th) 120287, ¶ 58, 2 N.E.3d 642. “Where
       other-crimes evidence is offered for a permissible purpose, such evidence will not be admitted

                                                    - 14 -
       if its prejudicial impact outweighs its probative value.” Patterson, 2013 IL App (4th) 120287,
       ¶ 59.
¶ 81        A trial court’s decision to admit other-crimes evidence will not be reversed on appeal
       absent an abuse of discretion. Donoho, 204 Ill. 2d at 182. “An abuse of discretion has occurred
       when the trial court’s decision is arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable or when no reasonable
       person would take the position adopted by the trial court.” People v. Wilson, 2015 IL App (4th)
       130512, ¶ 75, 44 N.E.3d 632.
¶ 82        As stated, Judge Foley denied the State’s section 115-7.3 motion to admit other-crimes
       evidence and granted defendant’s motion to bar evidence of his sexual assaults of H.H. On
       direct examination, H.H. described how defendant “made [her] go in” R.H.’s bedroom,
       “[i]mplying that if [she] didn’t he was going to beat [her] and have [her] arrested.” She also
       related how defendant made her take off R.H.’s clothes, get between her legs, and told her to
       perform oral sex on R.H. while he had sex with H.H. H.H. testified she touched her tongue to
       R.H.’s vagina. When asked why she did it, H.H. stated she “was afraid of getting beaten again.”
¶ 83        On cross-examination, defense counsel questioned H.H. about her December 2014
       interview with Heinlen and Mintus. H.H. testified she told them in that interview that defendant
       tried to force her to have sex with R.H. but H.H. said no. Asked if she told them “I would rather
       take a beating with a leather belt than have sex with my daughter,” she responded “[t]hat did
       happen and, yes, I told them that.” When investigators asked whether defendant forced her to
       do anything with R.H., H.H. stated she did not recall. H.H. described her answer as “hedging,”
       stating they were “not completely honest answers at that moment” because she was afraid. The
       following exchange took place between H.H. and defense counsel:
                    “Q. Detective Heinlen was specifically asking questions about whether or not you
                had been forced by your husband to engage in sexual activity with your daughter at this
                stage of the interview, correct?
                    A. I don’t know.
                    Q. Do you remember Detective Heinlen saying to you, ‘Do you understand that
                people could—that this could be understood by people,’ saying, ‘I would hope so,’
                when talking about your sexual activity with your daughter?
                    A. Yeah.
                    Q. And do you remember Heinlen at that point in time saying, ‘I’m here to tell you
                it could be. I’m going to ask in a nonjudgmental way. Did he ever force you to do
                anything with [R.H.],’ and that you paused and said, ‘I don’t remember’? Do you
                remember saying that in response to that question?
                    A. Yeah.
                    Q. That wasn’t true either, was it?
                    A. No.”
       Counsel then questioned her regarding whether she remembered telling Heinlen about how
       defendant “made” her go into R.H.’s room and tried to “make” H.H. perform oral sex on her
       but she could not do it and that H.H. did not remember whether she actually touched R.H.
¶ 84        On redirect examination and following the trial court’s instruction to the jury, the
       prosecutor asked H.H. if there had been abuse at the hands of defendant beyond physical
       beatings. H.H. said there had been such instances, including “[m]ore than one” rape. After

                                                  - 15 -
       recalling Detective Heinlen, the State asked whether defendant admitted raping H.H. multiple
       times during the course of his marriage. Heinlen stated defendant did make that admission.
¶ 85       Given defense counsel’s questioning that opened the door to H.H.’s state of mind, the
       evidence of defendant’s sexual assaults of H.H. during the marriage was relevant to show why
       she committed the otherwise implausible and inexplicable act of licking her five-year-old
       daughter’s vagina. The evidence thus showed H.H.’s state of mind and explained why she felt
       compelled to engage in the sex act, i.e., her fear of being raped by defendant. While H.H. was
       unable to mention the sexual assaults during direct examination due to Judge Foley’s pretrial
       rulings, the State’s questions on redirect examination and questions to Detective Heinlen
       properly placed her answers to defense counsel on cross-examination in context.
¶ 86       We note Judge Freitag gave thoughtful consideration to the possible prejudice the proposed
       evidence could have on the outcome of the case. Before H.H. gave the subject testimony,
       Freitag instructed the jury that the evidence was being offered for the limited purpose of
       explaining H.H.’s state of mind and was not to be considered for any other purpose, including
       whether defendant was guilty on the charged offenses. Freitag gave a similar instruction after
       Heinlen’s testimony and after closing arguments. By limiting the questions asked and by
       instructing the jury on the limited purpose of the testimony, Freitag limited any prejudice the
       testimony could have had. Thus, we find no error in the limited admission of the other-crimes
       evidence.

¶ 87                                    C. Sufficiency of the Evidence
¶ 88       Defendant argues the State failed to prove him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of
       committing three separate acts of sexual penetration involving R.H. between 2005 and 2012,
       where the only testimony adduced at trial failed to specify the time, manner, and location of
       two of the alleged acts. We disagree.
¶ 89       “ ‘When reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence in a criminal case, the
       relevant inquiry is whether, when viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the
       prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
       beyond a reasonable doubt.’ ” People v. Ngo, 388 Ill. App. 3d 1048, 1052, 904 N.E.2d 98, 102
       (2008) (quoting People v. Singleton, 367 Ill. App. 3d 182, 187, 854 N.E.2d 326, 331 (2006)).
       The trier of fact has the responsibility to determine the credibility of witnesses and the weight
       given to their testimony, to resolve conflicts in the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences
       from that evidence. People v. Jackson, 232 Ill. 2d 246, 280-81, 903 N.E.2d 388, 406 (2009).
       When considering the sufficiency of the State’s evidence, the reviewing court does not retry
       the defendant. People v. Beauchamp, 241 Ill. 2d 1, 8, 944 N.E.2d 319, 322 (2011). Instead,
       “[a] conviction will be reversed only where the evidence is so unreasonable, improbable, or
       unsatisfactory that it justifies a reasonable doubt of the defendant’s guilt.” People v. Belknap,
       2014 IL 117094, ¶ 67, 23 N.E.3d 325.
¶ 90       To sustain a defendant’s conviction for predatory criminal sexual assault of a child under
       section 11-1.40(a)(1) of the Criminal Code of 2012 (720 ILCS 5/11-1.40(a)(1) (West 2012)),
       the State must show (1) the defendant is 17 years of age or older, (2) he committed an act of
       sexual penetration, and (3) the victim was under 13 years of age. “ ‘Sexual penetration’ means
       any contact, however slight, between the sex organ or anus of one person and an object or the
       sex organ, mouth, or anus of another person ***.” 720 ILCS 5/11-0.1 (West 2012).

                                                  - 16 -
¶ 91       In this case, defendant argues the State’s evidence failed to show he engaged in three
       separate sexual acts involving R.H., there was no physical proof of sexual penetration, and
       R.H. only provided vague testimony that could possibly support one conviction.
¶ 92       At trial, R.H., born in 2000, testified she was “[a]round five” years old when defendant
       came into her bedroom during the night. She remembered feeling “fear” and being on her back
       on her bed, which was a mattress on her bedroom floor. Then she began “feeling that [her]
       pants were going down” and, with defendant on top of her, she smelled alcohol and felt pain
       in her “lower area.” R.H. stated defendant’s “lower part of the body” entered the front of hers
       and the pain was “pretty bad.” She thought she “passed out” because she did not “really
       remember anything else.” She remembered wearing Pink Panther pajamas and seeing blood
       on them the next day.
¶ 93       While no physical evidence was presented, Hofmann testified it was not surprising to find
       a lack of evidence of trauma due to the delayed disclosure. See People v. Willer, 281 Ill. App.
       3d 939, 948-49, 667 N.E.2d 708, 715 (1996) (stating “there is no requirement that a victim’s
       testimony be corroborated by medical evidence to sustain a conviction for criminal sexual
       assault”). R.H.’s testimony clearly described penetration of her vagina by defendant’s penis,
       even though she did not use the names of those body parts, and thus the State’s evidence was
       sufficient to establish beyond a reasonable doubt defendant’s guilt of that sexual assault. See
       People v. Siguenza-Brito, 235 Ill. 2d 213, 228, 920 N.E.2d 233, 242 (2009) (stating “the
       testimony of a single witness, if positive and credible, is sufficient to convict”).
¶ 94       While admitting R.H. described one incident of sexual misconduct, defendant argues she
       failed to specify the time, manner, or location of the two other alleged incidents. Our supreme
       court has recognized “it is often difficult in the prosecution of child sexual abuse cases to pin
       down the times, dates, and places of sexual assaults, particularly when the defendant has
       engaged in a number of acts over a prolonged period of time.” People v. Bishop, 218 Ill. 2d
       232, 247, 843 N.E.2d 365, 374 (2006); see also People v. Guerrero, 356 Ill. App. 3d 22, 27,
       826 N.E.2d 485, 489 (2005) (stating “[t]he date of the offense is not an essential factor in child
       sex offense cases”); People v. Olivieri, 334 Ill. App. 3d 311, 317, 778 N.E.2d 714, 718 (2002)
       (stating “the type of sexual penetration is not an element of the offense”).
                   “ ‘The victim, of course, must describe the kind of act or acts committed with
               sufficient specificity, both to assure that unlawful conduct indeed has occurred and to
               differentiate between the various types of proscribed conduct (e.g., lewd conduct,
               intercourse, oral copulation or sodomy). Moreover, the victim must describe the
               number of acts committed with sufficient certainty to support each of the counts alleged
               in the information or indictment (e.g., “twice a month” or “every time we went
               camping”). Finally, the victim must be able to describe the general time period in which
               these acts occurred (e.g., “the summer before my fourth grade,” or “during each Sunday
               morning after he came to live with us”) to assure the acts were committed within the
               applicable limitation period. Additional details regarding the time, place or
               circumstance of the various assaults may assist in assessing the credibility or
               substantiality of the victim’s testimony, but are not essential to sustain a conviction.’ ”
               (Emphases in original.) People v. Letcher, 386 Ill. App. 3d 327, 334, 899 N.E.2d 315,
               322 (2008) (quoting People v. Jones, 792 P.2d 643, 655-56 (Cal. 1990)).
¶ 95       Along with the previously addressed sexual assault, R.H. also testified the assaults occurred
       “more than two” times and “[p]robably just around three or four times.” On each occasion, the

                                                   - 17 -
        assault took place in her bedroom and it involved, as described by the prosecutor and agreed
        to by R.H., the “lower body part in the front,” which she acknowledged was the “private part
        of her body.” She stated the assaults last occurred when she was seven or eight years old.
¶ 96        As stated, the trier of fact has the responsibility to determine the credibility of witnesses
        and the weight given to their testimony, to resolve conflicts in the evidence, and to draw
        reasonable inferences from that evidence. Jackson, 232 Ill. 2d at 280-81. The jury here could
        have rationally concluded defendant committed acts of sexual penetration of R.H.’s vagina in
        her bedroom on three occasions when R.H. was between five and eight years old. Viewed in
        the light most favorable to the State, the evidence proved defendant’s guilt of predatory
        criminal sexual assault beyond a reasonable doubt.

¶ 97                      D. Separate Sexual Assault Fines and Sex Offender Fines
¶ 98         Defendant argues the trial court erred in assessing separate sexual assault fines and sex
        offender fines for each conviction. We find remand is required.
¶ 99         While this case was pending on appeal, our supreme court adopted Illinois Supreme Court
        Rule 472 (eff. Mar. 1, 2019), which provides that the trial court retains jurisdiction to correct
        sentencing errors in the imposition or calculation of fines, fees, assessments, or costs at any
        time following judgment on the motion of any party. Moreover, Rule 472(c) states no appeal
        may be taken from a judgment of conviction on the ground of any sentencing error unless the
        error was first raised in the trial court. Subsequently, on May 17, 2019, Rule 472 was amended
        to provide that “[i]n all criminal cases pending on appeal as of March 1, 2019, or appeals filed
        thereafter in which a party has attempted to raise sentencing errors covered by this rule for the
        first time on appeal, the reviewing court shall remand to the circuit court to allow the party to
        file a motion pursuant to this rule.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 472(e) (eff. May 17, 2019).
¶ 100        In the case sub judice, defendant has raised his claim of error in the imposition of sexual
        assault fines and sex offender fines for the first time on appeal. Thus, in accordance with Rule
        472, we decline to reach the merits of the issue and remand to the trial court so that defendant
        may file a motion pursuant to Rule 472 and raise his claim of error. See People v. Morocho,
        2019 IL App (1st) 153232, ¶ 52.

¶ 101                                        III. CONCLUSION
¶ 102       For the reasons stated, we affirm the trial court’s judgment. Regarding defendant’s claim
        of error in the imposition of his fines, we remand the matter so he may file a motion pursuant
        to Rule 472.

¶ 103      Affirmed and remanded.

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