Court Opinion

ID: 4389404
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-04-22 18:00:20.409604+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:23:09.043033
License: Public Domain

Case: 15-60526      Document: 00514924575    Page: 1   Date Filed: 04/22/2019

        IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                 FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT  United States Court of Appeals
                                                 Fifth Circuit

                                                                    FILED
                                                                  April 22, 2019
                                   No. 15-60526
                                                                  Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                       Clerk
MELIDA TEREZA LUNA-GARCIA DE GARCIA, also known as Melida
Luna-Garcia, also known as Melina Luna Garcia de Garcia,

             Petitioner,

v.

WILLIAM P. BARR, U. S. ATTORNEY GENERAL,

             Respondent.

                            Petitions for Review of Orders
                        of the Board of Immigration Appeals
                                BIA No. A097 831 833

Before JOLLY, ELROD, and WILLETT, Circuit Judges.
JENNIFER WALKER ELROD, Circuit Judge:
      Melinda Tereza Luna-Garcia de Garcia, a citizen of Guatemala, petitions
for review of her reinstated removal order, the order of the Board of
Immigration Appeals (BIA) denying withholding of removal and protection
under the Convention Against Torture (CAT), and the BIA’s order denying her
motion to reopen based on purportedly new evidence. We deny Luna-Garcia’s
petitions for review.
                                        I.
      In 2004, Luna-Garcia entered the United States without inspection and
was detained by U.S. Customs and Border Protection (Border Patrol) shortly
    Case: 15-60526     Document: 00514924575   Page: 2   Date Filed: 04/22/2019

                                No. 15-60526
thereafter. The Border Patrol issued a Notice to Appear (NTA) and initiated
removal proceedings against Luna-Garcia. On June 10, 2004, an immigration
judge (IJ) held a hearing, but Luna-Garcia failed to appear. The IJ found that
because Luna-Garcia failed to provide an address at which she could receive
notice, no notice could be sent. The IJ subsequently ordered Luna-Garcia to be
removed in absentia.
      Luna-Garcia voluntarily departed the United States in 2007, attempted
to return to the United States in 2014, and was detained by the border agents.
The Department of Homeland Security sought to reinstate the prior removal
order. During the reinstatement proceeding, Luna-Garcia expressed a fear of
returning to Guatemala, but an asylum officer determined that she did not
have a reasonable fear of persecution or torture. The IJ disagreed and allowed
Luna-Garcia to apply for relief from removal. Before the IJ, Luna-Garcia
contended that she faced future persecution because Luna-Garcia’s mother-in-
law and sister-in-law testified against a Guatemalan national—believed to be
a gang member—who raped and murdered Luna-Garcia’s other sister-in-law
in New York. Luna-Garcia alleged that she was in danger of future persecution
based on three incidents in Guatemala: (1) three unknown men appearing at
her sister-in-law’s funeral; (2) anonymous phone calls threatening her father-
in-law; and (3) someone breaking windows at her brother’s home.          These
allegations formed the basis of Luna-Garcia’s application for withholding of
removal and protection under the CAT.
      The IJ denied Luna-Garcia’s application for withholding of removal and
protection under the CAT. In denying withholding of removal, the IJ found
that Luna-Garcia did not “testify as to who those men [present at the funeral]
were, why they passed by the funeral, or any reason they would harm her,
apart from her speculation.” The IJ further found that unfulfilled threats to
Luna-Garcia’s father-in-law did not establish persecution and that she failed
                                      2
    Case: 15-60526      Document: 00514924575     Page: 3   Date Filed: 04/22/2019

                                   No. 15-60526
to connect the broken windows at her brother’s home to her family members’
testimony. In denying CAT protection, the IJ found that Luna-Garcia failed to
show that the Guatemalan government would acquiesce in her torture as her
own testimony showed that the police responded to her calls. The BIA affirmed
the denial of relief, and Luna-Garcia petitioned this court for review in July
2015.
        After Luna-Garcia filed her first petition for review, she also filed a
motion to reopen before the BIA, claiming to have found additional evidence.
Luna-Garcia sought to introduce, as additional evidence, the entire transcript
of her family members’ testimony and an affidavit from Dr. Max Manwaring
regarding Guatemala’s conditions. The BIA concluded that the trial transcript
would not materially alter the finding that she would not be persecuted or
tortured, and that the pertinent information contained in Dr. Manwaring’s
affidavit was not previously unavailable. The BIA thus denied Luna-Garcia’s
motion to reopen because, in its view, the additional evidence was immaterial
and not previously unavailable. In October 2015, Luna-Garcia sought review
of the BIA’s denial of her motion to reopen.
        In the petitions for review before this court, Luna-Garcia (1) collaterally
attacks the underlying 2004 removal order that was reinstated when she
illegally re-entered the United States in 2014; (2) seeks review of the BIA’s
2015 order dismissing her appeal of the IJ’s denial of withholding of removal
and CAT protection; and (3) requests review of the BIA’s order denying her
motion to reopen based on purportedly new evidence.
                                         II.
        We first turn to Luna-Garcia’s collateral attack on the underlying 2004
in absentia removal order. Luna-Garcia argues that she did not receive written
notice of the hearing and that the in absentia removal order resulted in a gross
miscarriage of justice. But see 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(b)(5)(B) (“No written notice
                                         3
     Case: 15-60526       Document: 00514924575          Page: 4     Date Filed: 04/22/2019

                                       No. 15-60526
shall be required . . . if the alien has failed to provide the address required
under [8 U.S.C. § 1229(a)(1)(F)].”). Luna-Garcia seeks to use this collateral
attack as a vehicle for us to decide a legal question whether an alien may
satisfy her obligation to provide an address to immigration officials to receive
notice by providing a foreign address rather than a U.S. address. 1                        The
government argues that we lack jurisdiction to entertain Luna-Garcia’s
collateral attack. Reviewing “questions of law as to jurisdiction de novo,” we
agree with the government that we lack jurisdiction to consider Luna-Garcia’s
collateral attack on the underlying removal order. Ramirez-Molina v. Ziglar,
436 F.3d 508, 513 (5th Cir. 2006).
       Under 8 U.S.C. § 1231(a)(5), if an alien “has reentered the United States
illegally after . . . having departed voluntarily, under an order of removal, the
prior order of removal is reinstated from its original date and is not subject to
being reopened or reviewed.” Despite § 1231(a)(5)’s sweeping jurisdiction-
stripping language, we have observed that “§ 1231(a)(5)’s effect of stripping
appellate jurisdiction is subject to the INA’s ‘savings provision for
constitutional claims or questions of law’ ” in 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D). Mejia
v. Whitaker, 913 F.3d 482, 488 (5th Cir. 2019) (quoting Rodriguez-Saragosa v.
Sessions, 904 F.3d 349, 354 (5th Cir. 2018)); see also Ramirez-Molina, 436 F.3d
at 513–14. The savings provision in § 1252(a)(2)(D) states:

       1 This collateral attack is not the only vehicle through which Luna-Garcia seeks our
answer on this question. Luna-Garcia also filed a motion to reopen and rescind with the IJ
and the BIA pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(b)(5)(C), which allows her to seek rescission of an
in absentia removal order “at any time if [she] demonstrates that [she] did not receive notice.”
As we have previously explained, collateral attacks are separate and distinct from motions
to reopen. Mejia, 913 F.3d at 488 (“[M]otions to reopen are not ‘collateral’; they are attempts
to revisit an order made within the same matter, akin to an appeal or motion for
reconsideration.” (quoting Rodriguez-Saragosa, 904 F.3d at 353 n.1)). Luna-Garcia’s motion
to reopen and rescind thus forms the basis of a separate set of petitions for review docketed
in this court as No. 16-60847. This current set of petitions for review—No. 15-60526—
concerns Luna-Garcia’s collateral attack.
                                               4
    Case: 15-60526    Document: 00514924575     Page: 5   Date Filed: 04/22/2019

                                 No. 15-60526
      Nothing in subparagraph (B) or (C), or in any other provision of
      this chapter (other than this section) which limits or eliminates
      judicial review, shall be construed as precluding review of
      constitutional claims or questions of law raised upon a petition for
      review filed with an appropriate court of appeals in accordance
      with this section.

8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D). While recognizing that § 1252(a)(2)(D) preserves our
jurisdiction for constitutional claims and questions of law, we have also held
that § 1252(a)(2)(D) “does not . . . foreclose the applicability of two other
jurisdictional barriers:   the requirement that administrative remedies be
exhausted before an alien seeks judicial review of a removal order and the fact
that the initial removal proceedings must constitute a gross miscarriage of
justice for this court to entertain a collateral attack on a removal order.”
Ramirez-Molina, 436 F.3d at 514 (citing Lara v. Trominski, 216 F.3d 487, 491
(5th Cir. 2000)).
      The government argues that there is an additional barrier for an alien,
whose removal order has been reinstated, to overcome in order to preserve our
jurisdiction under the savings provision in § 1252(a)(2)(D): The alien must file
a petition for review within 30 days of the removal order.         See 8 U.S.C.
§ 1252(b)(1) (“The petition for review must be filed not later than 30 days after
the date of the final order of removal.”). We have not yet determined whether
the 30-day deadline also applies to § 1252(a)(2)(D)’s savings provision. See
Ibarra-Leyva v. Johnson, 623 F. App’x 163, 170 n.44 (5th Cir. 2015) (“Because
we dismiss this appeal on [other] jurisdictional grounds, we need not decide
whether 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(1)’s [30-day filing deadline] independently divests
our court of jurisdiction.”). We agree with the government that it does.
      The 30-day filing deadline in 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(1) is jurisdictional.
Ramos-Lopez v. Lynch, 823 F.3d 1024, 1027 (5th Cir. 2016). The text of the
savings provision in § 1252(a)(2)(D) has not altered this jurisdictional

                                       5
    Case: 15-60526     Document: 00514924575      Page: 6   Date Filed: 04/22/2019

                                  No. 15-60526
requirement.    The savings provision states that “[n]othing in [8 U.S.C.
§ 1252(a)(2)(B) or (C)], or in any other provision of this chapter (other than this
section) which limits or eliminates judicial review shall be construed as
precluding review of constitutional claims or questions of law raised upon a
petition for review filed . . . in accordance with this section.”        8 U.S.C.
§ 1252(a)(2)(D) (emphasis added). The “other than this section” phrase means
that the limitations on judicial review in § 1252—except for § 1252(a)(2)(B) or
(C) that concerns denials of discretionary relief and orders against criminal
aliens—can preclude review of constitutional and legal claims.          One such
limitation in § 1252 is the 30-day filing deadline found in § 1252(b)(1).
Additionally, even if that “other than this section” phrase did not exist, the
savings provision plainly contemplates that a constitutional or legal claim
would be raised in “a petition for review filed . . . in accordance with this
section.” Id. A petition for review not filed within 30 days of the removal order
is not a petition for review filed “in accordance with this section.”
      Our sister circuits that have examined the interplay between the savings
provision and the 30-day filing deadline have reached the same conclusion. In
reviewing a petition for review filed by an alien who unlawfully re-entered the
United States, the Tenth Circuit observed that “with two stated exceptions,
the savings clause in § 1252(a)(2)(D) permitting review of such claims does not
apply to jurisdictional limitations within that section.”        Cordova-Soto v.
Holder, 659 F.3d 1029, 1031 (10th Cir. 2011).         Because the 30-day filing
deadline is a jurisdictional limitation within § 1252, “[t]his jurisdictional
limitation . . . ‘survived the enactment of . . . § 1252(a)(2)(D).’ ” Id. at 1032
(quoting Lorenzo v. Mukasey, 508 F.3d 1278, 1281 n.4 (10th Cir. 2007)); see also
Sharashidze v. Mukasey, 542 F.3d 1177, 1178–79 (7th Cir. 2008) (although not
in the context of an alien who unlawfully re-entered the United States, noting
that the savings provision “is explicitly constrained by the 30-day time limit in
                                        6
     Case: 15-60526       Document: 00514924575         Page: 7    Date Filed: 04/22/2019

                                      No. 15-60526
§ 1252(b)(1)”). The Third Circuit adopted the Tenth Circuit’s interpretation
and further concluded that the 30-day filing deadline requires the alien to file
a petition for review within 30 days of the original removal order, not within
30 days of the reinstatement of that removal order. 2                Verde-Rodriguez v.
Attorney Gen., 734 F.3d 198, 203 (3d Cir. 2013). The Third Circuit observed
that § 1252(b)(1) required this result but also noted that allowing an alien to
file a petition for review within 30 days of the reinstatement would “create a
new and wholly unwarranted incentive for aliens who have previously been
removed to re-enter the country illegally in order to take advantage of this self-
help remedy.” Id. (quoting Morales-Izquierdo v. Gonzales, 486 F.3d 484, 498
(9th Cir. 2017)). The Sixth Circuit, in an unpublished opinion, also relied on
the Third and Tenth Circuits’ cases to hold that the failure to comply with the
30-day filing deadline divested the court of its jurisdiction to review the
constitutionality of the underlying removal order. Ovalle-Ruiz v. Holder, 591
F. App’x 397, 400–01 (6th Cir. 2014). 3
       Finally, applying the 30-day filing deadline in § 1252(b)(1) to the savings
provision in § 1252(a)(2)(D) is consistent with our case law. We previously
observed in Ramirez-Molina that “in the context of a petition for review of a
reinstatement decision, we can review the validity of the underlying removal
order only if [the alien] establishes that there was a gross miscarriage of justice

       2 This observation is consistent with our case law analogizing reinstatement orders to
removal orders. Even under our case law, our review of reinstatement orders is limited to
“the lawfulness of the reinstatement order,” and we cannot “ ‘reopen or review’ the merits of
[the underlying] deportation order.” Ojeda-Terrazas v. Ashcroft, 290 F.3d 292, 295 (5th Cir.
2002). In other words, we may review whether the DHS validly determined that the
prerequisites for reinstatement have been met, Rodriguez-Saragosa, 904 F.3d at 353, but not
whether the underlying removal order itself was valid except through the narrow exceptions
in the savings provision, § 1252(a)(2)(D).

       3Luna-Garcia has not pointed us to a case from a court of appeals that has disagreed
with the Third, Sixth, and Tenth Circuits’ interpretation of 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D).
                                             7
    Case: 15-60526    Document: 00514924575     Page: 8   Date Filed: 04/22/2019

                                 No. 15-60526
in the initial proceedings.” 436 F.3d at 514 (emphasis added). The phrase
“only if” denotes “a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition.” In re U.S. for
Historical Cell Site Data, 724 F.3d 600, 619 (5th Cir. 2013) (quoting California
v. Hodari D., 499 U.S. 621, 627–28 (1991)). Thus, Ramirez-Molina has not
foreclosed the possibility that there may be other requirements that must also
be satisfied. See Verde-Rodriguez, 734 F.3d at 202 (the Third Circuit observing
that “neither [a previous Third Circuit case] nor [the Fifth Circuit’s decision
in] Ramirez-Molina addressed the thirty-day time limit of § 1252(b)(1).”). Our
decision in Martinez v. Johnson, 740 F.3d 1040 (5th Cir. 2014), which also
concerned an alien’s collateral attack on his underlying removal order after its
reinstatement, is similarly inapposite as it turned on Martinez’s failure to
demonstrate a gross miscarriage of justice, a jurisdictional requirement apart
from the 30-day filing deadline. See id. at 1042–43.
      In sum, if an alien illegally re-enters the United States and his prior
removal order is reinstated, then, pursuant to the jurisdiction-stripping
provision in § 1231(a)(5), the underlying removal order cannot be reviewed,
except through the savings provision in § 1252(a)(2)(D). In order to preserve
our jurisdiction under § 1252(a)(2)(D)’s savings provision, an alien must file a
petition for review within 30 days of the removal order as required by
§ 1252(b)(1), in addition to exhausting all available administrative remedies
and demonstrating that the initial proceedings constituted a gross miscarriage
of justice. See Ramirez-Molina, 436 F.3d at 514. Here, because Luna-Garcia’s
petition for review as it pertains to the underlying 2004 in absentia removal
order was not filed within 30 days, we lack jurisdiction to consider Luna-
Garcia’s collateral attacks.

                                       8
    Case: 15-60526         Document: 00514924575        Page: 9    Date Filed: 04/22/2019

                                       No. 15-60526
                                            III.
      We now turn to Luna-Garcia’s petition for review concerning the BIA’s
denial of withholding of removal and protection under the CAT. 4 “We review
the BIA’s decision and only consider the IJ’s decision to the extent that it
influenced the BIA.” Shaikh v. Holder, 588 F.3d 861, 863 (5th Cir. 2009). We
review questions of law de novo and factual findings under the substantial
evidence standard, which “requires only that the BIA’s decisions be supported
by record evidence and be substantially reasonable.”                 Id.   “[R]eversal is
improper unless we decide ‘not only that the evidence supports a contrary
conclusion, but also that the evidence compels it.’ ” Revencu v. Sessions, 895
F.3d 396, 401 (5th Cir. 2018) (quoting Chen v. Gonzales, 470 F.3d 1131, 1134
(5th Cir. 2006)).
                                             A.
      Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s conclusion that Luna-Garcia
was not entitled to withholding of removal as her own testimony shows that
she was never harmed and that her fear of future harm is speculative. “Under
8 U.S.C. § 1231(b)(3)(A), withholding of removal is a mandatory form of relief
if an alien’s life or freedom would be threatened in the country of removal
because of the alien’s race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular
social group, or political opinion.” Id. at 402 (quoting Shaik, 588 F.3d at 864).
Here, Luna-Garcia testified that she was never harmed or threatened in the
past. Furthermore, although Luna-Garcia stated that she fears returning to
Guatemala for various reasons, the IJ properly determined, and the BIA
properly affirmed, that those fears were speculative. Accordingly, the BIA’s
findings were “substantially reasonable,” and the record evidence does not
compel a contrary conclusion. Shaik, 588 F.3d at 863.

      4   The government agrees that we have jurisdiction to review these claims.
                                              9
   Case: 15-60526      Document: 00514924575        Page: 10   Date Filed: 04/22/2019

                                   No. 15-60526
                                          B.
        The BIA’s denial of CAT protection was also supported by substantial
evidence. Under the CAT, immigration officials “may not remove an alien to a
country in which the alien is more likely than not to be tortured.” Morales v.
Sessions, 860 F.3d 812, 817 (5th Cir. 2017). “ ‘Torture is defined as any act by
which     severe   pain   or   suffering . . . is   intentionally   inflicted   on    a
person’ . . . with the acquiescence of a public official.”      Id. (quoting Roy v.
Ashcroft, 389 F.3d 132, 140 (5th Cir. 2004)). The IJ found, and the BIA upheld,
that Luna-Garcia failed to show that she would be tortured and that the
Guatemalan government would acquiesce in her torture. Luna-Garcia’s own
testimony showed that the Guatemalan police came and investigated her
complaints that someone broke the windows at her brother’s home. Therefore,
the denial of CAT protection was supported by substantial evidence.                  See
Shaik, 588 F.3d at 863.
                                         IV.
        Next, we turn to the BIA’s the denial of Luna-Garcia’s motion to reopen
based on allegedly new evidence, which we review for an abuse of discretion.
Zhao v. Gonzales, 404 F.3d 295, 303 (5th Cir. 2005). “A motion to reopen is a
form of procedural relief that ‘asks the [BIA] to change its decision in light of
newly discovered evidence or a change in circumstances since the hearing.’ ”
Dada v. Mukasey, 554 U.S. 1, 12 (2008) (quoting 1 Gordon § 3.05[8][c], at 3-
76.32). Under the relevant regulation, “[a] motion to reopen proceedings shall
not be granted unless it appears to the [BIA] that evidence sought to be offered
is material and was not available and could not have been discovered or
presented at the former hearing.” 8 C.F.R. § 1003.2(c)(1). Luna-Garcia sought
to introduce, as additional evidence, the entire transcript of her family
members’ testimony and an affidavit from Dr. Max Manwaring regarding
Guatemala’s conditions. The BIA concluded that the trial transcript would not
                                          10
   Case: 15-60526    Document: 00514924575     Page: 11   Date Filed: 04/22/2019

                                No. 15-60526
materially alter the finding that she would not be persecuted or tortured, and
that the pertinent information contained in Dr. Manwaring’s affidavit was not
previously unavailable. Discerning no error, we hold that the BIA did not
abuse its discretion in denying Luna-Garcia’s motion to reopen. See Zhao, 404
F.3d at 303.
                                     V.
      For the foregoing reasons, we DENY Luna-Garcia’s petitions for review.

                                     11