Court Opinion

ID: 4210402
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-10-10 18:07:31.210477+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:41:38.710945
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF IDAHO

                                        Docket No. 43901

STATE OF IDAHO,                                 ) 2017 Opinion No. 52
                                                )
       Plaintiff-Respondent,                    ) Filed: October 10, 2017
                                                )
v.                                              ) Karel A. Lehrman, Clerk
                                                )
JACOB JUAN HERNANDEZ, JR.,                      )
                                                )
       Defendant-Appellant.                     )
                                                )

       Appeal from the District Court of the Third Judicial District, State of Idaho,
       Canyon County. Hon. Christopher S. Nye, District Judge.

       Judgment of conviction, affirmed.

       Eric D. Fredericksen, State Appellate Public Defender; Elizabeth Ann Allred,
       Deputy Appellate Public Defender, Boise, for appellant. Elizabeth Ann Allred
       argued.

       Hon. Lawrence G. Wasden, Attorney General; Lori A. Fleming, Deputy Attorney
       General, Boise, for respondent. Lori A. Fleming argued.
                 ________________________________________________

GRATTON, Chief Judge
       Jacob Juan Hernandez, Jr., appeals from a judgment entered upon the jury’s verdicts
finding him guilty of voluntary manslaughter, Idaho Code § 18-4006(1) (with a gang
enhancement, I.C. § 18-8503(b)), two counts of aggravated battery, I.C. § 18-907 (with a gang
enhancement, I.C. § 18-8503(b)), and two counts of second degree kidnapping, I.C. § 18-4501.
He challenges the district’s court’s denial of his motion for a mistrial, the sufficiency of the
evidence supporting his kidnapping convictions, the denial of his motion to dismiss based on a
claimed speedy trial violation, the admission of certain evidence at trial, and the denial of his
motion for payment of co-counsel. Hernandez also contends that the cumulative error doctrine
applies here, necessitating a reversal of his conviction. We affirm.

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                                                 I.
                     FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       An altercation between two rival gangs broke out in front of an apartment building on
Christmas Eve 2014. Three of the individuals involved in the fight suffered stab wounds, one of
the men died as a result of his injuries. Thereafter, Hernandez and a fellow gang member, both
involved in the altercation, got into a minivan occupied by two women and four children who
were unknown to the men. The men directed the women to drive to another location and the
driver complied. The women reported the incident to police later that evening after learning that
Hernandez was a person of interest in the stabbing incident.
       Hernandez was arrested on January 9, 2015. On February 9, 2015, he was charged by
information with two counts of aggravated battery, both with a deadly weapon and gang
enhancements, in addition to two counts of second degree kidnapping. On April 9, 2015, a grand
jury returned a superseding indictment charging Hernandez with the original four counts in
addition to a second degree murder charge (as either a principal or an aider and abettor) with a
deadly weapon and gang enhancements.            Hernandez pled not guilty to the charges and
enhancements, and his trial was set for June 9, 2015. Prior to trial, the State filed a motion for a
continuance, which was granted, and the trial was rescheduled for September 28, 2015. On
August 11, 2015, Hernandez filed a motion to dismiss the aggravated battery and kidnapping
charges on the basis of an alleged speedy trial violation. The district court indicated that it
believed the speedy trial time ran from the superseding indictment and held that the State’s need
to conduct further investigation and obtain DNA evidence constituted good cause for the
continuance and denied the motion to dismiss.
       Hernandez filed a motion prior to trial seeking an order authorizing a second attorney to
represent him and for the district court fund to provide payment for the second attorney. The
district court held that the attorney Hernandez requested had a conflict of interest since he had
represented a co-defendant of Hernandez, and further that the matter was within the discretion of
the public defender not the court.
       The jury found Hernandez guilty of all charges. The court imposed an aggregate unified
term of twenty-five years, with thirteen years determinate. Hernandez timely appeals.

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                                                 II.
                                           ANALYSIS
A.     Motion for Mistrial
       Hernandez moved for a mistrial following testimony concerning gang retaliation for
individuals who cooperate with the police. In criminal cases, motions for mistrial are governed
by Idaho Criminal Rule 29.1. A mistrial may be declared upon motion of the defendant, when
there occurs during the trial an error or legal defect in the proceedings, or conduct inside or
outside the courtroom, which is prejudicial to the defendant and deprives the defendant of a fair
trial. I.C.R. 29.1(a). Our standard for reviewing a district court’s denial of a motion for mistrial
is well established:
       [T]he question on appeal is not whether the trial judge reasonably exercised his
       discretion in light of circumstances existing when the mistrial motion was made.
       Rather, the question must be whether the event which precipitated the motion for
       mistrial represented reversible error when viewed in the context of the full record.
       Thus, where a motion for mistrial has been denied in a criminal case, the “abuse
       of discretion” standard is a misnomer. The standard, more accurately stated, is
       one of reversible error. Our focus is upon the continuing impact on the trial of the
       incident that triggered the mistrial motion. The trial judge’s refusal to declare a
       mistrial will be disturbed only if that incident, viewed retrospectively, constituted
       reversible error.
State v. Urquhart, 105 Idaho 92, 95, 665 P.2d 1102, 1105 (Ct. App. 1983).
       The State called a police informant who testified about his specific concerns regarding
gang retaliation for cooperating with the police. The State also presented testimony of an officer
regarding gang retaliation generally. Defense counsel asked the officer, “so the consequences to
snitching aren’t nearly as bad as, perhaps, we perceive them to be?” The officer responded that
intimidation was a big factor but that young kids often believe the threat of death to be real.
Defense counsel then stated: “So a lot of intimidation, but it’s a question as to whether there’s
going to be some follow-through?” The officer answered, “it could go either way.” In an effort
to refute the inference that the police informants’ concern regarding the threat of retaliation was
not a valid concern, on redirect the State asked the officer if he was “familiar with a shooting that
happened Sunday night at [the first informant’s] grandmother’s house.” The officer stated he
was aware of the shooting, and Hernandez objected. The court instructed the jury to ignore the
testimony regarding the shooting at the police informant’s grandmother’s home. Hernandez
subsequently moved for a mistrial based on the question asked of the officer, which was denied.

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Thereafter, the court included in its jury instructions that the jury was not to consider “testimony
that has been excluded or stricken, or which you have been instructed to disregard or ignore” as
evidence.
       Hernandez asserts the State’s question was “incredibly prejudicial and likely had a
continuing impact on the trial.” He also points to evidence that a second police informant was
handed a note reportedly written by Hernandez stating the first informant was “a rat and that he
needs to be taken care of.” Hernandez contends the testimony was harmful in that it inferred
Hernandez was somehow involved in the shooting. Further, he asserts the evidence is prejudicial
since it involves the shooting at a “defenseless grandmother’s home.” Thus, not only does it
imply he was involved in the shooting, it also implies he would try to harm a helpless individual.
       The district court instructed the jury to ignore the officer’s testimony relating to the
shooting, and further instructed the jury it was not to consider any testimony it had been
instructed to ignore as evidence. However, Hernandez asserts this is an insufficient remedy. The
admission of improper evidence does not automatically require the declaration of a mistrial.
State v. Ruiz, 159 Idaho 722, 724-25, 366 P.3d 644, 646-47 (Ct. App. 2015). This Court
normally presumes that a jury will follow an instruction to disregard inadmissible evidence
unless there is an overwhelming probability that the jury will be unable to follow the court’s
instructions and a strong likelihood that the effect of the evidence would be devastating to the
defendant. Id.
       In this case, the challenged testimony was offered to boost the credibility of the police
informants after defense counsel inferred that the threat of gang retaliation was not a valid
concern. While the district court chose to exclude the testimony, the facts in this case do not
support a determination that the risk of prejudice was so great as to constitute reversible error.
The challenged testimony was extremely brief--it was a one-word answer during a seven-day
trial that included testimony of dozens of witnesses. Additionally, neither the question asked by
the State nor the answer provided by the officer directly stated that Hernandez was connected
with the shooting.    Details were not provided regarding the shooting, including who was
involved, how it happened, or whether anyone was injured. Therefore, there is not a strong
likelihood that the effect of the evidence was devastating to the defendant since it cannot be said
the shooting was intended for the grandmother, much less that Hernandez was responsible for it.
Even though the district court decided to instruct the jury to ignore the stricken testimony, the

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challenged testimony was not so prejudicial that a mistrial was required. The district court’s
instructions to the jury were a sufficient remedy, and the court did not err in denying his motion
for a mistrial.
B.      Sufficiency of Evidence
        Hernandez contends the State failed to present sufficient evidence to support his
convictions for second degree kidnapping, and therefore, the district court erred when it denied
his motion for judgment of acquittal. Idaho Criminal Rule 29 provides that when a verdict of
guilty is returned, the court, on motion of the defendant, shall order the entry of a judgment of
acquittal if the evidence is insufficient to sustain a conviction for the offense. Appellate review
of the sufficiency of the evidence is limited in scope. A finding of guilt will not be overturned
on appeal where there is substantial evidence upon which a reasonable trier of fact could have
found that the prosecution sustained its burden of proving the essential elements of a crime
beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Herrera-Brito, 131 Idaho 383, 385, 957 P.2d 1099, 1101
(Ct. App. 1998); State v. Knutson, 121 Idaho 101, 104, 822 P.2d 998, 1001 (Ct. App. 1991). We
will not substitute our view for that of the trier of fact as to the credibility of the witnesses, the
weight to be given to the testimony, and the reasonable inferences to be drawn from the
evidence. Knutson, 121 Idaho at 104, 822 P.2d at 1001; State v. Decker, 108 Idaho 683, 684,
701 P.2d 303, 304 (Ct. App. 1985). Moreover, we will consider the evidence in the light most
favorable to the prosecution. Herrera-Brito, 131 Idaho at 385, 957 P.2d at 1101; Knutson, 121
Idaho at 104, 822 P.2d at 1001.
        The charges for second degree kidnapping read as follows:
                That the defendant, Jacob Juan Hernandez Jr., on or about the 24th day of
        December, 2014, in the County of Canyon, State of Idaho, did willfully seize
        and/or detain [named victim] to be held to service and/or to be kept/detained
        against her will within Idaho.
        Hernandez contends the State failed to prove he seized or detained either alleged victim.
Evidence of the kidnappings consisted of testimony of the two women in the vehicle. The first
named victim, and her sister-in-law, the second named victim, were driving to the sister-in-law’s
home to pick up Christmas presents with their three young children and a baby. While they were
loading presents, they heard commotion coming from the apartment complex across the street
and someone yell, “take her to the hospital.” They heard what they initially thought were
gunshots, but later realized it was glass breaking, and saw two vehicles driving away. They

                                                  5
finished loading the presents and started to drive away slowly due to weather conditions when
Hernandez and a fellow gang member approached on either side of the minivan and opened the
doors. Hernandez asked if they could get a ride and both men entered the vehicle before they
were given an answer. He then directed the driver where to go and she complied. After several
minutes, she told the men they needed to get out of the van which they did and thanked her for
the ride.
        Hernandez asserts there was no evidence to show that he intended to hold to service or to
keep or to detain the women. He notes that one of the victims testified that when she first heard
noises from across the street while loading presents she “didn’t really think anything of it,
because there’s always things going on around that area, or in our neighborhood.” Hernandez
states that he believed they were willing to give him a ride because even though he and his
companion entered the minivan without waiting for an answer, they had not said “no” and
instead began to drive as he requested. He contends their actions after the men entered the
vehicle amounted to implied consent. He emphasized that he never threatened them, asserted his
dominance in the situation, or brandished a weapon. Instead he asserts, “he complied with all of
their requests and politely thanked them for the ride.” Further, he noted that neither woman
immediately reported the incident and only did so after learning he was a person of interest “to
make sure they were cleared of any involvement in the stabbing that had occurred.”
        While Hernandez points out that one of the victims initially was not alarmed by the
noises across the street, he fails to note that the other victim testified that while the car was being
loaded with gifts, “I thought I heard gunshots. And I was scared, and I told my sister-in-law we
needed to get out of here, because I didn’t know what was going on, and we had the kids.” She
also testified that when she heard the noises across the street that there was no doubt in her mind
that something bad was going on. When asked about whether she felt she had a choice in giving
Hernandez and his companion a ride, she stated: “At that point I didn’t have a choice, and I
wasn’t going to tell them get out of my car, because I didn’t know what reaction would have
happened. I just wanted to take them and drop them off and keep my kids safe and get home.”
This was echoed by the second victim who testified, “me and my sister-in-law looked at each
other like we had no choice . . . we didn’t know, you know, what they would do, because we had
the kids in the car.” While admittedly neither of the men showed any kind of weapon, there was
testimony that they had backpacks and the women did not know what was in them, and one of

                                                  6
the women testified she was concerned they contained weapons. One victim also testified that
she would not normally give a stranger a ride, especially with children in the car. The other
victim testified that she feared retaliation for testifying and even stated that the incident is one of
the reasons she moved from her residence.
       Given the testimony of the two women, there is clearly sufficient evidence from which
the jury could have concluded that Hernandez seized and/or detained both victims with the intent
to cause them to be held to service or kept and/or detained against their will. Hernandez and the
fellow gang member entered the minivan without permission and directed the women to take
them elsewhere. The State did not fail to present sufficient evidence for Hernandez to be found
guilty of two counts of second degree kidnapping, and the district court did not err in denying his
motion for judgment of acquittal.
C.     Motion to Dismiss
       Hernandez asserts his right to a speedy trial was violated when the district court denied
his motion to dismiss the aggravated battery and kidnapping charges, asserting these charges
should have been vacated and dismissed with prejudice. Whether there was an infringement of a
defendant’s right to a speedy trial presents a mixed question of law and fact. State v. Clark, 135
Idaho 255, 257, 16 P.3d 931, 933 (2000). We will defer to the trial court’s findings of fact if
supported by substantial and competent evidence; however, we will exercise free review of the
trial court’s conclusions of law. Id.
       Idaho Code § 19-3501 sets specific time limits within which a criminal defendant must be
brought to trial and provides, in pertinent part:
              The court, unless good cause to the contrary is shown, must order            the
       prosecution or indictment to be dismissed, in the following cases:
              ....
              (2)      If a defendant, whose trial has not been postponed upon             his
       application, is not brought to trial within six (6) months from the date that       the
       information is filed with the court.
              (3)      If a defendant, whose trial has not been postponed upon             his
       application, is not brought to trial within six (6) months from the date that       the
       defendant was arraigned before the court in which the indictment is found.
       Hernandez was initially charged with two counts of aggravated battery, both with a
deadly weapon and gang enhancements, in addition to two counts of second degree kidnapping
on February 9, the date the information was filed with the court.             If the charges against
Hernandez had remained under the information then his trial would have been required to be

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brought within six months from the date the information was filed pursuant to I.C. § 19-3501(2).
However, there was a subsequent indictment in this case. On April 9, a grand jury returned a
superseding indictment charging Hernandez with the original four counts in addition to a second
degree murder charge with a deadly weapon and gang enhancements. Therefore, we look to I.C.
§ 19-3501(3), which requires that Hernandez be brought to trial within six months from the date
he was arraigned and the indictment found. Because his trial was brought within the six-month
time period allowed under this subsection, there was no statutory speedy trial violation.
        Additionally, Hernandez argues his federal and state constitutional rights to a speedy trial
were violated. To determine whether a constitutional right to a speedy trial was violated under
the United States and Idaho Constitutions, we employ a four-prong balancing test as set forth in
Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514 (1972). While the State asserts that the delay of nine months in
this case is insufficient to trigger the Barker test, it also contends that an analysis of the factors of
the Barker test weigh against a finding of a speedy trial violation in this case. Those factors are:
(1) the length of the delay; (2) the reason for the delay; (3) the defendant’s assertion of his or her
right to a speedy trial; and (4) the prejudice occasioned by the delay. Id. at 530. The first factor,
the period of the delay, is measured from the initial arrest on January 9, 2015, to the date of trial
on September 28, 2015, a period of nearly nine months. However, this Court has held that a
nine-month delay between arrest and trial is not so excessive as to weigh significantly in a
defendant’s favor. State v. Avila, 143 Idaho 849, 853, 153 P.3d 1195, 1199 (Ct. App. 2006).
The parties dispute whether the second factor, the reason for the delay, weighs in favor or against
Hernandez. Hernandez concedes that twenty-four of the days were attributable to him since he
agreed to postpone the preliminary hearing for that length of time; however, the parties dispute
the State’s contention that it needed the continuance to conduct DNA processing, as discussed
above. The record supports the district court’s determination that the State’s need for the
continuance was justified. 1 The third factor weighs in favor of Hernandez as he timely asserted
his right to a speedy trial. The fourth and most compelling factor concerns whether Hernandez
was prejudiced by the delay. Prejudice is assessed in light of the interests of defendants, which
are preventing oppressive pretrial incarceration; minimizing anxiety and concern of the accused;

1
       While the district court rejected the State’s additional request for a continuance because
of problems getting the lab analysis, that does not affect the initial continuance to the date trial
occurred.
                                                   8
and limiting the possibility that the defense will be impaired. Id. at 854, 153 P.3d at 1200.
Hernandez asserts he was prejudiced since he was never released on bond and he was held in 23-
hour confinement which was more restrictive than the average incarcerated person. However,
while Hernandez was likely experiencing anxiety and concern during his incarceration while
awaiting trial, he has not claimed his defense was impaired by the delay, thus this factor does not
weigh in his favor. If a defendant does not attempt to make a showing of a reasonable possibility
of prejudice, the fourth factor should be given a very light weight, if any. Id.
          The four Barker factors, together with any other relevant circumstances, are balanced
and weighed to determine whether there has been a violation of the right to a speedy trial.
Barker, 407 U.S. at 533. Here, the length of the delay, the cause of the delay, and claim of
prejudice caused by the delay have little weight in this case. While Hernandez timely asserted
his right to a speedy trial, which weighs in his favor, we conclude that the nearly nine-month
delay between arrest and trial did not violate Hernandez’s constitutional right to a speedy trial.
D.     Admission of Evidence
       Hernandez asserts the district court abused its discretion when it allowed the admission of
video coverage taken from a body camera of an officer who responded to the scene where the
stabbing victims were located. The decision whether to admit evidence at trial is generally
within the province of the trial court. A trial court’s determination that evidence is supported by
a proper foundation is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. State v. Gilpin, 132 Idaho 643, 646,
977 P.2d 905, 908 (Ct. App. 1999). Therefore, a trial court’s determination as to the admission
of evidence at trial will only be reversed where there has been an abuse of that discretion. State
v. Zimmerman, 121 Idaho 971, 973-74, 829 P.2d 861, 863-64 (1992).
       The exclusion of relevant evidence on the ground of prejudice is governed by Idaho Rule
of Evidence 403, which provides:
               Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is
       substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the
       issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time,
       or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.
A lower court’s determination under I.R.E. 403 will not be disturbed on appeal unless it is shown
to be an abuse of discretion. State v. Enno, 119 Idaho 392, 406, 807 P.2d 610, 624 (1991); State
v. Clark, 115 Idaho 1056, 1059, 772 P.2d 263, 266 (Ct. App. 1989). When a trial court’s
discretionary decision is reviewed on appeal, the appellate court conducts a multi-tiered inquiry

                                                  9
to determine whether the lower court correctly perceived the issue as one of discretion, acted
within the boundaries of such discretion and consistently with any legal standards applicable to
the specific choices before it, and reached its decision by an exercise of reason. State v. Hedger,
115 Idaho 598, 600, 768 P.2d 1331, 1333 (1989).
       The video in question shows an officer giving chest compressions in an attempt to revive
the victim in this case. The victim is declared deceased and the video reveals his stab wound.
The video shows a discussion between an officer and another stabbing victim as that victim is
being initially treated. The officer collects information from citizens that had stopped to help
and finally the video shows the officer entering the ambulance with the stabbing victim that was
being treated. Hernandez argues the probative value is outweighed by its prejudicial effect
because the video is very disturbing. He asserts it does not aid the jury in determining whether
Hernandez was guilty of any of the charges. Conversely, the State argues that the portion of the
video that Hernandez takes issue with showing (the attempted revival of the victim) is actually
dark and that there is nothing to support a finding that it led the jury to convict Hernandez.
Additionally, the video reflects testimony the jury had heard regarding the officer giving chest
compressions to the victim.
       It is clear the district court perceived the issue of whether to admit the video into
evidence as one of discretion. After confirming that there was an issue that needed to be
discussed outside the presence of the jury, the judge listened to arguments from Hernandez and
the State regarding the proposed evidence. Both parties referenced the correct legal standard of
whether the probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.
Hernandez asserted that “although it might have some probative value, its prejudicial effect
substantially outweighs the probative value, and therefore the State has plenty of photos, they’ve
got plenty of exhibits, they’ve got plenty of witnesses to all explain that [the victim] passed away
that night.” The State did not dispute that the video was prejudicial, in fact it stated: “Obviously
it’s prejudicial. I don’t dispute that. The question is whether its prejudicial value substantially
outweighs its probative effect, and certainly does not. It’s highly probative evidence.” After
listening to the parties’ arguments, the court sided with the State’s position and admitted a
portion of the video into evidence. It questioned how to deal with statements made by other
people at the scene and after defense counsel stated he did not have any objection to one of the
stabbing victims stating he did not know who stabbed him, the court decided to include that as

                                                10
well and the video was stopped at that point and a redacted version was provided to the jury.
The court acted within the boundaries of discretion and consistently with the applicable legal
standard and by an exercise of reason. The district court did not abuse its discretion when it
allowed the admission of a portion of the video taken by an officer’s body camera; therefore, its
determination under I.R.E. 403 will not be disturbed on appeal.
E.     Motion for Payment of Co-Counsel
       Hernandez filed an I.C.R. 12.2 motion prior to trial seeking an order authorizing a second
attorney to represent him and for payment of that second attorney to be paid by the district court
fund. The statute provides in part:
               A defendant may submit a motion requesting public funds to pay for
       investigative, expert, or other services that he believes are necessary for his
       defense. The motion seeking public funds must be submitted to the court ex
       parte, except as provided in subsection (f) of this rule. The motion must be made
       before the defense incurs the costs and requires prior approval of the court. The
       court must decide the motion on the basis of the record in the case and the
       information submitted by the defendant.
I.C.R. 12.2(a). The court may not grant a request for public funds to obtain additional services in
the absence of a finding of the defendant being indigent. I.C.R. 12.2(c).
       The district court held a hearing on the matter. The State did not object to the extra
funding, but did take issue with the attorney Hernandez presented as an option for co-counsel
because the attorney had also represented a co-defendant of Hernandez. In denying Hernandez’s
motion, the district court held that the attorney Hernandez requested had a conflict of interest,
and further that the matter was within the discretion of the public defender. Defense counsel
asked if the motion would be granted if the defense were to present an alternate attorney. The
court stated it still would not grant the motion.
       On appeal, Hernandez does not dispute that the attorney identified to assist with the case
had a conflict of interest. Instead, he argues the district court abused its discretion by failing to
recognize it had the authority to address the merits of his motion under I.C.R. 12.2.
       The State concedes that the district court had the authority to grant Hernandez’s motion
for payment of co-counsel since he was indigent, but asserts any error was harmless since
Hernandez’s substantial rights were not affected. Hernandez asserts the error was not harmless,
contending his case was more complex than most and that a second attorney would have greatly
assisted in preparing for and during trial. The statutory right to representation by more than one

                                                    11
attorney at the expense of the public is reserved for capital offenses. The Idaho Criminal Rules
provide that two qualified trial attorneys must be appointed to represent an indigent defendant in
cases in which the death penalty may be imposed. I.C.R. 44.3. Where, as here, there are non-
capital charges, there is no statutory right to more than one attorney being appointed at the
public’s expense. Further, the Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution recognizes
the right to the assistance of counsel whether retained or appointed, and that the United States
Supreme Court has interpreted this to mean the right to effective assistance of counsel.
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 685-86 (1984). However, Hernandez does not assert
this right was adversely affected by the trial court’s failure to address the merits of his motion for
payment of co-counsel. Because Hernandez’s substantial rights were not affected, the district
court’s error in failing to recognize it had the authority to appoint an additional attorney was
harmless.
F.     Cumulative Error
       Hernandez also contends that the cumulative error doctrine applies here, necessitating a
reversal of his conviction. Under the doctrine of cumulative error, a series of errors, harmless in
and of themselves, may in the aggregate show the absence of a fair trial. State v. Adamcik, 152
Idaho 445, 483, 272 P.3d 417, 455 (2012). However, a necessary predicate to the application of
the doctrine is a finding of more than one error. Id. Hernandez has failed to demonstrate at least
two errors, a necessary predicate to the application of the cumulative error doctrine.
                                                 III.
                                          CONCLUSION
       The district court did not err in denying Hernandez’s motion for a mistrial based on
challenged testimony regarding gang retaliation. Because the State presented sufficient evidence
to support the convictions for second degree kidnapping, the district court did not err when it
denied his motion for judgment of acquittal. There was no statutory or constitutional violation of
Hernandez’s right to a speedy trial. The district court did not abuse its discretion when it
allowed the admission of video coverage taken from the body camera of a responding officer.
Because Hernandez’s substantial rights were not affected by the district court’s error in
recognizing it had the authority to appoint an additional attorney pursuant to I.C.R. 12.2, the
error was harmless. Hernandez failed to demonstrate at least two errors, a necessary predicate to

                                                 12
the application of the cumulative error doctrine. For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of
conviction is affirmed.
        Judge GUTIERREZ and Judge Pro Tem WALTERS CONCUR.

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