Court Opinion

ID: 9890451
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-10-13 00:00:42.24329+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:09:18.078129
License: Public Domain

Case: 22-60579        Document: 00516929686             Page: 1      Date Filed: 10/12/2023

             United States Court of Appeals
                  for the Fifth Circuit                                              United States Court of Appeals
                                                                                              Fifth Circuit

                                     ____________                                           FILED
                                                                                     October 12, 2023
                                      No. 22-60579                                     Lyle W. Cayce
                                     ____________                                           Clerk

   American Compensation Insurance Company,

                                                                    Plaintiff—Appellant,

                                            versus

   Hector Ruiz, doing business as Los Primoz Construction;
   Raul Aparacio; Jesco, Incorporated; Appalachian
   Underwriters, Incorporated,

                                              Defendants—Appellees.
                     ______________________________

                     Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Northern District of Mississippi
                               USDC No. 1:18-CV-213
                     ______________________________

   Before Stewart, Dennis, and Wilson, Circuit Judges.
   Per Curiam:*
         This workers’ compensation case arises from an accident suffered by
   Raul Aparacio during the course and scope of his work for Hector Ruiz d/b/a
   Los Primoz Construction (“Ruiz”). At the time of the accident, Ruiz had a
   workers’ compensation policy with American Compensation Insurance
   Company (“ACIC”) governed by Mississippi law. Despite providing
         _____________________
         *
             This opinion is not designated for publication. See 5th Cir. R. 47.5.
Case: 22-60579     Document: 00516929686           Page: 2   Date Filed: 10/12/2023

                                    No. 22-60579

   benefits to Aparacio under the policy, ACIC initiated this lawsuit to declare
   the policy void ab initio based on a material misrepresentation in Ruiz’s ap-
   plication for the policy. ACIC also sought damages from Appalachian Under-
   writers (“Appalachian”), an insurance wholesale outlet, based on Appala-
   chian’s failure to alert ACIC of the results of a phone survey indicating that
   ACIC had used the incorrect classification rating when issuing the policy.
   The district court dismissed all ACIC’s claims on summary judgment. ACIC
   now appeals. Because we cannot make a reliable Erie guess as to whether the
   Mississippi Workers’ Compensation Act (“MWCA”) allows ACIC to void
   Ruiz’s policy ab initio based on the material misrepresentation in the policy
   application, we CERTIFY that question to the Mississippi Supreme Court.
                             I. Factual Background
          In January 2017, Ruiz entered into a subcontractor agreement with
   JESCO, Inc. (“JESCO”) to provide temporary labor for a construction
   project in Starkville, Mississippi. As part of the subcontractor agreement,
   Ruiz was required to cover his employees under a workers’ compensation
   policy. In 2018, Ruiz enlisted the Van Wallace Agency—with whom he had
   previously worked—to help him procure a workers’ compensation policy for
   his work on the JESCO project. Jonathan Wallace, who prepared Ruiz’s
   insurance application, relied on Ruiz’s past applications with the agency to
   complete Ruiz’s 2018 application. In response to a question asking whether
   Ruiz performed work above two stories in height, Jonathan Wallace
   responded “no.” Wallace testified that he did not ask Ruiz whether he
   worked at heights and did not review this insurance application question with
   Ruiz. Ruiz confirmed that Wallace never reviewed the insurance application
   with him but testified that he had told Wallace that his company “[a]lways”
   performed work above the ground.

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          Wallace submitted the application to Appalachian, an insurance
   wholesale outlet for whom Van Wallace acted as an agent under a written
   agreement. Appalachian, in turn, acted as an intermediary between retail
   agents and ACIC pursuant to a Marketing Services and Agency Agreement
   (“MSAA”). Under the MSAA, Appalachian served as an “independent
   contractor” for ACIC and its authority was limited to the provision of
   “marketing responsibilities and duties.” Under a provision of the MSAA
   titled “Quality of Services,” ACIC and Appalachian agreed to “serve each
   other faithfully” and “perform all acts necessary for the proper conduct of
   the business on behalf of both parties.”
          Ruiz’s insurance application contained only a 5221 code, which is
   applicable to construction and concrete work that does not anticipate work at
   heights. During the process of binding the policy, however, questions arose
   as to whether Ruiz performed work at heights due to his prior workers’
   compensation policies. Before submitting Ruiz’s application to ACIC, for
   example, an Appalachian underwriter, Andrew Cook, solicited written
   confirmation from Wallace that the 5221 code indicating that Ruiz did not
   perform work at heights was correct. Maureen Carter, an underwriter for
   ACIC, also expressed skepticism about the inclusion of the 5221 code in
   Ruiz’s application after noting that four of Ruiz’s prior policies—available to
   ACIC through the National Council on Compensation Insurance database—
   contained a 5022 code, which contemplated work at heights. At ACIC’s
   request, Appalachian asked Wallace for confirmation that Ruiz did not
   perform work at heights. Wallace prepared a document stating the Ruiz did
   not perform work at heights and signed Ruiz’s signature on the document;
   Ruiz disputes that Wallace was authorized to use his signature. After Wallace
   submitted the statement, Ruiz told Wallace he did in fact perform work at
   heights, but Wallace never corrected the information he provided to
   Appalachian.

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          ACIC ultimately issued Ruiz a workers’ compensation policy
   governed by Mississippi law. ACIC’s policy for Ruiz included both the 5221
   (no work at heights) and 5022 (work at heights) codes in the policy, though
   Ruiz was not charged a premium under the 5022 code since it was marked
   “[if] any” under the policy. Carter included the 5022 code in the policy,
   based on the discrepancy between the information in the 2018 application
   and Ruiz’s prior policies, so ACIC could later re-classify the policy and
   premiums if Ruiz were at any point found to work at heights. Under the
   policy, ACIC had the right to inspect Ruiz’s workplace to confirm the
   “insurability of the workplace[s] and the premium to be charged,” though
   ACIC did not perform an inspection.
          After the policy issued, Risk Control Group (“RSG”), a loss control
   survey company hired by Appalachian to perform phone verification surveys
   for its clients, contacted Ruiz to perform a survey at Appalachian’s request.
   During the phone survey—for which Ruiz was charged $100—Ruiz
   disclosed to an RSG representative that his company performs work at
   heights of twenty to thirty feet above the ground. On or about May 10, 2020,
   RSG uploaded the results of the survey to a system shared with Appalachian.
   Appalachian did not share the results of the survey with ACIC, though the
   survey was available to ACIC upon request. Appalachian’s underwriting
   expert testified that under “generally accepted industry standards,”
   underwriters typically reviewed the results of phone surveys “within 30 to
   45 days” after receiving them. A representative of Appalachian further
   testified that generally it did not automatically forward survey results to
   insurance carriers, but rather referred to them if questions arose from
   carriers.
          On June 25, 2018, Aparacio fell and was injured while working at least
   fifteen feet above ground on the JESCO construction project. ACIC provided
   workers’ compensation benefits to Aparacio pursuant to the policy and

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                                        No. 22-60579

   Mississippi law because, as ACIC’s corporate representative testified,
   “[r]egardless of that code being there, any injury that happened would have
   been covered. It had nothing to do with the class code.” After learning that
   Aparacio was injured while working above ground, ACIC adjusted the class
   codes and premiums on Ruiz’s policy to account for work at heights. ACIC’s
   corporate representative testified that ACIC decided to seek to void Ruiz’s
   policy because it wanted to avoid further losses incurred in providing benefits
   to Aparacio under the policy.
                                 II. Procedural History
           ACIC initiated this lawsuit against JESCO and Ruiz seeking a
   declaration that under Mississippi law Ruiz’s workers’ compensation
   insurance policy is void ab initio and that ACIC has no duties under the
   policy. After some initial discovery, ACIC added RSG, Jonathan Wallace,
   and the Van Wallace Agency as defendants.1 ACIC further amended its
   complaint to seek damages against Appalachian based on Appalachian’s
   alleged breach of the MSAA, breach of its fiduciary duties to ACIC, and
   negligence. After completing discovery, the parties filed cross-motions for
   summary judgment. The district court granted Appalachian’s, Ruiz’s, and
   JESCO’s motions for summary judgment, denied as moot ACIC’s motion
   for summary judgment on its declaratory judgment claims, and entered final
   judgment in favor of Appalachian, Ruiz, and JESCO. ACIC timely appealed
   the district court’s entry of summary judgment dismissing its claims.
                                III. Standard of Review
           We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo,
   applying the same standard on appeal as was applied below. Tiblier v. Dlabal,
           _____________________
           1
            RSG was dismissed from this lawsuit by agreement of the parties, and ACIC later
   reached a settlement agreement with Jonathan Wallace and the Van Wallace Agency.

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   743 F.3d 1004, 1007 (5th Cir. 2014). Summary judgment is proper “if the
   movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the
   movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).
   The summary judgment movant bears the burden of proving that no genuine
   issue of material fact exists. Latimer v. SmithKline & French Labs., 919 F.2d
   301, 303 (5th Cir. 1990). However, if the non-movant ultimately bears the
   burden of proof at trial, the summary judgment movant need not support its
   motion with evidence negating the non-movant’s case. Celotex Corp. v.
   Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323–24 (1986). Rather, the summary judgment movant
   may satisfy its burden by pointing to the mere absence of evidence supporting
   the non-movant’s case. Id.
                                  IV. Discussion
          The district court granted the summary judgment motions of Ruiz,
   JESCO, and Appalachian, making an Erie guess that Mississippi law does not
   allow ACIC to void the workers’ compensation policy ab initio based on the
   material misrepresentation in Ruiz’s application for the policy. The district
   court further determined that ACIC failed to demonstrate that Appalachian
   breached any portion of the MSAA, owed ACIC any fiduciary duty, or
   proximately caused ACIC’s alleged injuries—based in part on its finding that
   ACIC could not rescind the policy under Mississippi law. The district court
   further denied ACIC’s motion for summary judgment on its declaratory
   judgment claims as moot in light of its conclusion that ACIC could not void
   the policy as a matter of law. On appeal, ACIC asks this court to reverse the
   district court, render judgment in favor of ACIC on its requests for
   declaratory judgment, and remand ACIC’s damages claims against
   Appalachian so they may proceed to trial.
          In evaluating whether Mississippi law allows ACIC to deem Ruiz’s
   policy void ab initio, the district court acknowledged that the issue presents a

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   question of first impression under Mississippi law. The Mississippi Supreme
   Court has found coverage to extend to employees performing work outside
   that contemplated by workers’ compensation policies at the time of their
   injuries. Nat’l Sur. Corp. v. Kemp, 64 So. 2d 723, 731, suggestion of error
   overruled, 65 So. 2d 840 (Miss. 1953) (carrier obligated to compensate
   employee injured while hanging political banners where workers’
   compensation policy only contemplated coverage for “gin operations”);
   Donald v. Whatley, 346 So. 2d 898, 900 (Miss. 1977) (carrier must cover
   injuries arising from injury related to construction of home where policy only
   contemplated work for pulpwood business operations). In Kemp, the
   Mississippi Supreme Court instructed that “the Workmen’s Compensation
   Law should be given a broad and liberal construction and that doubtful cases
   should be resolved in favor of compensation.” Kemp, 64 So. 2d at 725. Yet in
   2012 the Mississippi legislature amended the MWCA to remove any liberal
   interpretations favoring beneficiaries. MISS. CODE. ANN. § 71-3-1 (West
   2012) (“[N]otwithstanding any common law or case law to the contrary, this
   chapter shall not be presumed to favor one party over another and shall not
   be liberally construed in order to fulfill any beneficent purposes.”).
   Moreover, Kemp and Donald addressed the issue of coverage—not
   recission—and the state’s highest court has never addressed the specific
   question of whether the MWCA allows an insurer to void a policy based on a
   material misrepresentation.
          Because this appeal raises a question of first impression under state
   law, we must consider whether the appropriate course of action is to certify
   the issue for resolution by the Mississippi Supreme Court. See Accident Ins.
   Co. Inc. v. Kettley Trucking, Inc., No. 3:19-cv-730 at Doc. #95 at 13 (S.D. Miss.
   Sept. 2, 2020) (rescission of a worker’s compensation insurance policy under
   the MWCA is “an open question of Mississippi law”). The rules of the
   Mississippi Supreme Court allow for the certification of dispositive questions

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   of Mississippi law from federal courts of appeals. MISS. R. APP. P. 20. The
   issue presented here satisfies that condition.
          The issue presented also satisfies the three factors used by this court
   in deciding whether to certify:
          1) the closeness of the question and the existence of sufficient
             sources of state law;
          2) the degree to which considerations of comity are relevant in
             light of the particular issue and case to be decided; and
          3) practical limitations on the certification process: significant
             delay and possible inability to frame the issue so as to pro-
             duce a helpful response on the part of the state court.

   In re Gabriel Inv. Grp., 24 F.4th 503, 507 (5th Cir. 2022); see also Austin v.
   Kroger Tex. LP, 746 F.3d 191, 196 (5th Cir. 2014). Here, Mississippi law is
   unsettled on this issue, and “any Erie guess would involve more divining than
   discerning,” especially considering the 2012 amendments to the MWCA. See
   MISS. CODE. ANN. § 71-3-1; McMillan v. Amazon.com, Inc., 983 F.3d 194,
   202 (5th Cir. 2020). The district court in this case concluded that the
   MWCA does not allow for recission based on a material misrepresentation
   but indicated that it was “inclined” to certify the question if the Mississippi
   statute so allowed. Miss. R. App. P. 20 (indicating that only “the
   Supreme Court of the United States or [] any United States Court of
   Appeals” may certify “questions or propositions of law” to the Mississippi
   Supreme Court).
          Comity interests also favor certification. The question of whether the
   revised MWCA allows recission based on a material misrepresentation
   presents a novel issue “peculiarly calling for the exercise of judgment by the
   [Mississippi] courts.” McKesson v. Doe, 141 S. Ct. 48, 51 (2020).
   “Speculation by a federal court” about how the 2012 amendments to the

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   MWCA affect an insurer’s ability to void a policy ab initio based on a material
   misrepresentation is inappropriate “when . . . the state courts stand willing
   to address questions of state law on certification.” Arizonans for Official Eng.
   v. Arizona, 520 U.S. 43, 79 (1997) (alteration in original) (internal quotation
   marks and alteration omitted). Finally, we are unaware of any practical
   impediments to certification.
                                   IV. Conclusion
          For the foregoing reasons, we CERTIFY the following determinative
   question of law to the Mississippi Supreme Court:
          1) Does the Mississippi Workers’ Compensation Act
          (“MWCA”) allow an insurer to void ab initio a workers’
          compensation policy based on a material misrepresentation?
          We disclaim any intention or desire that the Mississippi Supreme
   Court confine its reply to the precise form or scope of the question certified.
   We will then resolve this case in accordance with any opinion provided on
   this question by the Mississippi Supreme Court. The Clerk of this Court is
   directed to transmit this certification and request to the Mississippi Supreme
   Court in conformity with the usual practice.
          QUESTION CERTIFIED.

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