Court Opinion

ID: 9409839
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-07-19 17:08:18.428727+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:53.844592
License: Public Domain

J-E01003-23

                                  2023 PA Super 126

    SHANNON CHILUTTI AND KEITH                 :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
    CHILUTTI, H/W                              :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                       Appellants              :
                                               :
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :   No. 1023 EDA 2021
    UBER TECHNOLOGIES, INC., GEGEN             :
    LLC, RAISER-PA, LLC, RAISER, LLC,          :
    SARAH'S CAR CARE, INC.                     :
    MOHAMMED BASHEIR                           :

                 Appeal from the Order Entered April 26, 2021
      In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Civil Division at
                              No(s): 200900764

BEFORE: BENDER, P.J.E., LAZARUS, J., OLSON, J., STABILE, J., DUBOW, J.,
        NICHOLS, J., McLAUGHLIN, J., McCAFFERY, J., and SULLIVAN, J.

OPINION BY McCAFFERY, J.:                                 FILED JULY 19, 2023

       This appeal arises out of a motor vehicle accident that occurred on March

20, 2019.     On that date, Shannon Chilutti, who is wheelchair bound, was

injured while riding in a car provided by the transportation service company,

Uber Technologies, Inc. (Uber), on the way home from a medical appointment

in Langhorne, Pennsylvania.1 Central to this case is whether a party should

be deprived of their constitutional right to a jury trial when they purportedly

____________________________________________

1 See Complaint, 9/17/20, at 5-6. Her husband, Keith Chilutti, was also in
the vehicle at the time of the accident. Id. We collectively refer to the
Chiluttis as “Appellants.”
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enter into an arbitration agreement via a set of hyperlinked “terms and

conditions” on a website or smartphone application that they never clicked on,

viewed, or read.

       In scrutinizing this question, we emphasize at the outset that this

Commonwealth guarantees its citizens a constitutional right to a jury trial:

“Trial by jury shall be as heretofore, and the right thereof remain

inviolate.” PA CONST. art. 1, § 6 (emphasis added).2 “Inviolate” is defined

as “[f]ree from violation; not broken, infringed, or impaired.”      Black’s Law

Dictionary, “INVIOLATE” (11th ed. 2019).         Since 1847, the Pennsylvania

Supreme Court has safeguarded this constitutional protection by recognizing

that a victim who has suffered personal injuries is guaranteed the right to a

jury trial:

       The bill of rights, which is forever excluded from legislative
       invasion, declares that the trial by jury shall remain as heretofore,
       and the right thereof be inviolate; that all courts shall be open,
       and that every man shall have redress by the due course of law,
       and that no man can be deprived of his right, except by the
       judgment of his peers or the law of the land.

Brown v. Hummel, 6 Pa. 86, 90 (1847).

____________________________________________

2 “This right, as preserved in the Seventh Amendment of the United States
Constitution, ‘is enshrined in the Pennsylvania Constitution,’ and . . . does not
differentiate between civil cases and criminal cases.’” Pisano v. Extendicare
Homes, Inc., 77 A.3d 651, 662 (Pa. Super. 2013), quoting Bruckshaw v.
Frankford Hospital of City of Philadelphia, 58 A.3d 102, 108-09 (Pa.
2012).

                                           -2-
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       As will be discussed below, when Appellants filed the underlying

negligence lawsuit, Uber, Gegen, LLC, Raiser-PA LLC, and Raiser, LLC3

(collectively, Uber Appellees) moved to compel arbitration, asserting that the

couple’s conduct on the company’s website and application — when they

registered for the ridesharing service — signified that they agreed to be bound

by the mandatory arbitration provision found in the hyperlinked terms and

conditions, thereby relinquishing their right to a jury trial.     The trial court

granted the petition, determining the parties had not been forced out of court.

In doing so, the court failed to consider this Commonwealth’s important and

protected constitutional right to a jury trial.        Because we conclude that

Appellants are legally entitled to relief, we reverse the trial court’s order

granting Uber Appellees’ petition.             We further opine that Appellants

demonstrated there was a lack of a valid agreement to arbitrate; therefore,

they are entitled to invoke their constitutional right to a jury trial. Accordingly,

we reverse and remand for further proceedings.

       The trial court recited the relevant facts and procedural history as

follows:

       [Appellant] Shannon Chilutti, who uses a wheelchair for mobility
       assistance, used the Uber software application to obtain a ride
       home from a medical appointment. The driver of the vehicle that
       responded to her Uber request, Mohammed Basheir, secured Mrs.
____________________________________________

3 Gegen, LLC, Raiser-PA LLC, and Raiser, LLC are wholly owned subsidiaries
of Uber. See Uber Appellees’ Substituted Brief at 4 n.1; see also Complaint
at 2-3.

                                           -3-
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       Chilutti’s wheelchair using pre-positioned retractable hooks but
       failed to provide a seatbelt for Mrs. Chilutti, despite her request
       for one. While driving, Basheir allegedly made an aggressive left-
       hand turn, causing Mrs. Chilutti to fall out of her wheelchair and
       strike her head, rendering her unconscious. [Appellant] Keith
       Chilutti was riding in the vehicle and observed his wife fall and
       strike her head.

             On September 17, 2020, [Appellants] filed a complaint
       seeking to recover for injuries sustained as a result of the March
       20, 2019 incident. [Uber Appellees] filed a petition to compel
       arbitration in which they argued the terms and conditions of the
       Uber application required [Appellants] to arbitrate their claims.
       Following extensive briefing by the parties, th[e trial] court
       granted the petition to compel arbitration and stayed this matter
       as to [Uber Appellees on April 26, 2021].

Trial Court Opinion, 6/2/21, at 1-2 (citations and some capitalization omitted).

Appellants timely appealed.4, 5 On October 12, 2022, a three-judge panel of

this Court published an opinion reversing the trial court’s order granting Uber

Appellees’ motion to compel arbitration. See Chilutti v. Uber Techs., Inc.,

1023 EDA 2021, 2022 PA Super 172 (Pa. Super. Oct. 12, 2022).                 Uber

Appellees subsequently filed an application for reargument en banc.           On

December 27, 2022, this Court issued a per curiam order granting reargument

and withdrawing the panel’s October 12, 2022, decision.        Pursuant to the

____________________________________________

4   The other defendants are not parties to this appeal.

5 The trial court did not order Appellants to file a concise statement of errors
complained of on appeal but did file an opinion in support of its order pursuant
to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a).

                                           -4-
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order, Appellants filed a supplemental brief6 on January 17, 2023, while Uber

Appellees filed a substituted brief7 on February 7, 2023.8

       Appellants raise one issue on appeal:

             Did the trial court err in granting [Appellees’] Petition to
       Compel Arbitration where the evidence before the trial court
       demonstrated that no valid agreement to arbitrate existed
       between the parties because [Appellees] failed to establish that
       Uber’s registration process and/or subsequent emails properly
       communicated an offer to arbitrate to [Appellants] under
       Pennsylvania law?

____________________________________________

6 In their supplemental brief, Appellants ask that this en banc Court adopt the
three-judge panel’s October 12, 2022, decision.               See Appellants’
Supplemental Brief at 5-8. Appellants specifically allege: (1) they would be
irreparably harmed if they were required to arbitrate their claims in the
absence of an enforceable arbitration provision; and (2) Uber Appellees failed
to establish mutual assent which is necessary to enforce the arbitration
provision. See id. at 8-17.

7 In their substituted brief, which advances similar arguments as in their
original brief, Uber Appellees request that this Court quash the appeal for lack
of jurisdiction because the order at issue is an interlocutory order that is not
appealable under Pa.R.A.P. 313. See Uber Appellees’ Substituted Brief at 21-
39. Moreover, Uber Appellees allege Appellants were afforded conspicuous
notice of their terms, and Appellants took actions that unambiguously
manifested their assent to those terms. See id. at 39-62.

8We acknowledge that amici curiae briefs have been filed by the Chamber of
Commerce of the United States of America, the Pennsylvania Chamber of
Business and Industry, the Pennsylvania Coalition for Civil Justice Reform,
Pennsylvania Institute of Certified Public Accountants, Pennsylvania
Manufacturers’ Association, Marcellus Shale Coalition, DFT, Inc., the
Philadelphia Association of Defense Counsel, and Match Group, Inc. — all in
support of the Uber Appellees.

      We also note the Pennsylvania Association for Justice has filed an amicus
curiae brief in support of Appellants, requesting that this Court adopt the
three-judge panel’s decision.

                                           -5-
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Appellants’ Brief at 4.

                 I.       Appealability and Pa.R.A.P. 313(b)

      Appellants first assert that the trial court’s order compelling arbitration

is immediately appealable as a collateral order pursuant to Pennsylvania Rule

of Appellate Procedure 313(b). See Appellants’ Brief at 26-30.

      Since this issue concerns appealability, we must determine whether we

have jurisdiction over this appeal. See N.A.M. v. M.P.W., 168 A.3d 256, 260

(Pa. Super. 2017) (citation omitted). Regarding jurisdiction,

      [t]his Court may address the merits of an appeal taken from “(a)
      a final order or an order certified as a final order; (2) an
      interlocutory order [appealable] as of right; (3) an interlocutory
      order [appealable] by permission; or (4) a collateral order.”
      Commerce Bank v. Kessler, 46 A.3d 724, 728 (Pa. Super.
      2012), quoting Stahl v. Redcay, 897 A.2d 478, 485 (Pa. Super.
      2006) (citations omitted); see also Pa.R.A.P. 341(b). “As a
      general rule, only final orders are appealable, and final orders are
      defined as orders disposing of all claims and all parties.” Am.
      Indep. Ins. Co. v. E.S., 809 A.2d 388, 391 (Pa. Super. 2002);
      see also Pa.R.A.P. 341(a) (“[A]n appeal may be taken as of right
      from any final order of a government unit or trial court.”).

Haviland v. Kline & Specter, P.C., 182 A.3d 488, 492 (Pa. Super. 2018).

      “Thus, to determine whether finality is achieved, ‘we must
      consider whether the practical ramification of the order will be to
      dispose of the case, making review appropriate.’” Friia v. Friia,
      780 A.2d 664, 667 (Pa. Super. 2001) (quoting Kulp[ v. Hrivnak,
      765 A.2d 796, 798 (Pa. Super. 2000)]). Typically, a trial court’s
      order directing a dispute to arbitration will not be deemed final,
      as it does not address the merits of the parties’ claims but merely
      transfers their existing dispute to another forum in accordance
      with the arbitration provision of the underlying contract. See
      Schantz v. Dodgeland, 830 A.2d 1265, 1266-67 (Pa. Super.
      2003).

                                      -6-
J-E01003-23

Fastuca v. L.W. Molnar & Assocs., 950 A.2d 980, 986 (Pa. Super. 2008).9

       As mentioned above, Appellants contend that we have jurisdiction to

review this appeal as a collateral order pursuant to Rule 313(b). Under Rule

313(b),

       [a] collateral order is an order separable from and collateral to the
       main cause of action where the right involved is too important to
       be denied review and the question presented is such that if review
       is postponed until final judgment in the case, the claim will be
       irreparable lost.

Pa.R.A.P. 313(b).

       The Pennsylvania Supreme Court has previously stated:

       Rule of Appellate Procedure 313 sets forth a narrow exception to
       the general rule that only final orders are subject to appellate
       review. Under this exception, an interlocutory order is considered
       “final” and immediately appealable if (1) it is separable from and
       collateral to the main cause of action; (2) the right involved is too
       important to be denied review; and (3) the question presented is
       such that if review is postponed until final judgment in the case,
       the claimed right will be irreparably lost. This third prong requires
       that the matter must effectively be unreviewable on appeal from
       final judgment.

Commonwealth v. Wells, 719 A.2d 729, 730 (Pa. 1998) (citations omitted).

See also Beltran v. Piersody, 748 A.2d 715, 718 (Pa. Super. 2000) (relying

on Wells).

____________________________________________

9 “There exists, however, a narrow exception to this oft-stated rule for cases
in which the appeal is taken from an order denying a petition to compel
arbitration.” Shadduck v. Christopher J. Kaclik, Inc., 713 A.2d 635, 636
(Pa. Super. 1998) (citations omitted).

                                           -7-
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       Here, the dispute involves the third prong ─ whether the question

presented is such that if review is postponed until final judgment, the claimed

right will be irreparably lost.10 See Beltran, 748 A.2d at 718.

       Appellants argue, “If this Court quashes the instant appeal and requires

[Appellants] to arbitrate their claims against the Uber [Appellees] in

accordance with the rule of the American Arbitration Association (‘AAA’), it will

result in the loss of appellate review regarding whether Uber’s arbitration

provision is valid under Pennsylvania law.” Appellants’ Brief at 28.11

       In concluding Uber Appellees’ petition to compel arbitration is non-

appealable, the trial court stated:

       Applying the long settled precedent as set forth in Maleski[ v.
       Mut. Fire, Marine & Inland Ins. Co., 633 A.2d 1143, 1145 (Pa.
       1993),12] it is clear this Court’s Order granting the Petition to
       Compel Arbitration filed by [the Uber Appellees] is not appealable
       at this time because the parties have not been forced “out of
       court.”
____________________________________________

10 It is evident that the two other prongs were satisfied: (1) the question of
whether the parties should be compelled to arbitration is separate from and
collateral to the main cause of action ─ whether the defendants’ negligence
caused the accident that injured Shannon Chilutti; and (2) the constitutional
right to jury trial is a right too important to be denied review.

11 We recognize that Appellants rely on United Servs. Auto. Ass’n v.
Shears, 692 A.2d 161, 163 (Pa. Super. 1997) (en banc), to support its claim.
However, we need not reach the merits of whether that case is applicable
based on Appellants’ overall argument and our ultimate conclusion.

12 In Maleski, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court recognized the following:
“[T]here is no express statutory authority providing for an appeal from an
interlocutory order in a case where arbitration is compelled[.]” Maleski, 633
A.2d at 1146 (footnote omitted).

                                           -8-
J-E01003-23

Trial Court Opinion, 6/2/21, at 2. Notably, the trial court (and the Maleski

Court) did not discuss appealability as a collateral order pursuant to Rule 313.

We find this omission to be critically problematic to the resolution of the

present matter.

       Preliminarily, it merits mention that the arbitration agreement in this

case is a matter of common law because the “Dispute Resolution” Section of

Shannon Chilutti’s agreement13 and the “Arbitration Agreement” Section of

Keith Chilutti’s agreement14 provide that any disputes arising under the

agreements are to be submitted to arbitration under the rules of the AAA and

that the agreements are binding. See 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 7302(a);15 Runewicz

v. Keystone Ins. Co., 383 A.2d 189, 191 (Pa. 1978) (stating that a clause

providing for arbitration pursuant to the AAA and indicating that the parties

are bound by the arbitration represents common law arbitration). See also

U.S. Claims, Inc. v. Dougherty, 914 A.2d 874, 876 (Pa. Super. 2006).

       The standard of review for a common law arbitration is very
       limited:

          The award of an arbitrator in a nonjudicial arbitration which
          is not subject to (statutory arbitration) or [to] a similar
          statute regulating nonjudicial arbitration proceedings is
____________________________________________

13   See R.R. 130a-31a.

14   See R.R. 172a-73a.

15See also 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 7301-7362 (Chapter 73 or the Uniform Arbitration
Act (UAA) governs statutory, common law, and judicial arbitration).

                                           -9-
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          binding and may not be vacated or modified unless it
          is clearly shown that a party was denied a hearing or
          that fraud, misconduct, corruption or other
          irregularity caused the rendition of an unjust,
          inequitable or unconscionable award.

       The arbitrators are the final judges of both law and fact, and
       an arbitration award is not subject to reversal for a mistake
       of either. A trial court order confirming a common law arbitration
       award will be reversed only for an abuse o[f] discretion or an error
       of law.

Sage v. Greenspan, 765 A.2d 1139, 1142 (Pa. Super.2000) (citations

omitted; emphases added).

       In accordance with Sage, a party must first demonstrate that a fraud,

misconduct, corruption or other irregularity occurred,16 before establishing

that those malfeasances caused an unjust, inequitable or unconscionable

arbitration award. The first part of this test focuses on “malfeasance” that led

to the arbitration award.        Notably, in a situation like here, an arbitrator’s

enforcement of an arbitration provision when the arbitration provision either

failed to meet basic contract principles or violated a party’s constitutional right

to a jury trial cannot be considered a malfeasance; rather, it is an incorrect

legal conclusion. Consequently, if the plaintiff cannot appeal the trial court’s

decision to enforce an arbitration provision, the plaintiff cannot challenge the

legality of the arbitration provision because the arbitrator’s interpretation of

____________________________________________

16The question of whether Appellants were denied a hearing is not at issue in
the present matter.

                                          - 10 -
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the legality of the arbitration is not the result of fraud, misconduct, corruption

or other irregularity. Rather, it is a misinterpretation of legal principles.

      Moreover, the second part of the test ─ that those malfeasances caused

an unjust, inequitable or unconscionable arbitration award ─ is also

problematic. The logical fallacy is that if a court determines there was no

agreement to arbitrate, and that a party submitted to arbitration only because

they were compelled to do so, the court could vacate an award based on a

finding that the award was unjust, inequitable or unconscionable ─ and thus,

the party would not irreparably lose their claim. However, there is always the

possibility that a court may find a subsequent arbitration award was fair ─

meaning it was not unjust, inequitable, or unconscionable ─ even if there was

no agreement to arbitrate between the parties; resultingly, the award would

remain binding on the parties. In that scenario, a party would be denied their

constitutional right to a jury trial, and accordingly, “forced out of court.” See

Maleski, supra. We find it should be clear that a party must be provided

every opportunity for a court to review the merits of the claims rather than

jumping over these extremely high hurdles to seek judicial review of an

arbitration award.

      In response to Appellants’ arguments, Uber Appellees assert that the

“collateral order doctrine is not an end run around Maleski.” Uber Appellees’

Substituted Brief at 23.    They contend, “That the Maleski Court did not

explicitly identify and reject each and every possible basis for appellate

                                      - 11 -
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jurisdiction does not diminish the strength of its categorical holding. There is

no statutory authority giving this Court appellate jurisdiction over orders

compelling arbitration. Full stop.” Id. at 23-24. Moreover, they state that it

is “implausible that the Supreme Court meant to leave open for future

consideration the question whether the collateral order doctrine might confer

jurisdiction over orders compelling arbitration.” Id. at 24. We disagree that

the collateral order doctrine as applied to arbitration agreements is

impenetrable. We reiterate there are times when a party is forced out of court

because the arbitration provision either failed to meet basic contract principles

or violated a party’s constitutional right to a jury trial — which does not qualify

as a “fraud, misconduct, corruption, or other irregularity” — and where the

arbitration award is deemed fair, and therefore unreviewable, even if there

was no agreement to arbitrate between the parties, which would result in the

irreparable loss to the party. Contrary to Uber Appellees’ assertions, these

situations would allow for review of an order compelling arbitration as a

collateral order.

      Moreover, it merits mention that Uber Appellees downplay the

appealable effect of these arbitration awards, stating “once an award is

confirmed, a final judgment is entered and the original order compelling

arbitration becomes appealable in the ordinary course, apart from the

operation (and standard of review derived from) [42 Pa.C.S. § 7341 (relating

to common law arbitration)].”        Uber Appellees’ Substituted Brief at 29

                                      - 12 -
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(emphasis added). However, as we explained above, the legal hurdles to seek

judicial review of an arbitration award are far more prohibitive than Uber

Appellees suggest. Accordingly, we conclude that the third requirement for

an appealable collateral order is satisfied because postponing review until final

judgment in the case may result in the irreparable loss of Appellants’ claims.

Therefore, the matter is properly before us.

      II.   Arbitration Provisions, Browsewrap Agreements, and
                           the Right to a Jury Trial

      Appellants next argue that the trial court erred in compelling them to

arbitrate their claims against Uber Appellees because no valid agreement to

arbitrate exists between the parties. See Appellants’ Brief at 30-45. They

state that Uber Appellees “failed to demonstrate that they properly

communicated an offer to arbitrate to [Appellants] under Pennsylvania law.”

Id. at 32. Appellants point to the assertion that there “was no meeting of the

minds . . . regarding an agreement to arbitrate[,] and “[a]t best, when [they]

registered to use Uber’s services, they agreed to exchange money for either

transportation or food delivery services from Uber.” Id. at 34-35.

      Appellants’ argument focuses on the registration process. They contend

that “Uber’s registration process failed to adequately communicate an offer to

arbitrate in a definite manner, so as to create a meeting of the minds on a

material and necessary detail of the bargained for exchange.”        Appellants’

Brief at 35. They state:

                                     - 13 -
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            When Mrs. Chilutti registered for an Uber account in 2016,
      there was nothing on Uber’s website which conveyed an offer to
      arbitrate or notified her that Uber’s Terms of Use contained an
      arbitration provision which would require her to waive her right to
      a jury trial. Nor was it by any means obvious to an individual, like
      Mr. Chilutti, who signed up to use Uber’s rideshare services in
      September 2018 that doing so would be accompanied by
      extensive terms and conditions, which included a mandatory,
      binding arbitration provision.

Id.   Appellants also assert Uber Appellees failed to properly communicate

amendments and revisions to the arbitration provisions in their subsequent

communications. Id. at 39-45.

      Uber Appellees respond to Appellants’ arguments by insisting they

“received reasonably conspicuous notice of Uber’s terms and took actions

demonstrating their assent to those terms.” Uber Appellees’ Substituted Brief

at 39. Specifically, they state:

            Appellants created Uber accounts on three occasions, twice
      for [Shannon] Chilutti and once for [Keith] Chilutti. Each time,
      Appellants received notice that, by creating an Uber account, they
      were agreeing to Uber’s terms. Each time, references to Uber’s
      terms were a different color font, which both called attention to
      the existence of the terms and indicated that they were
      hyperlinks. And each time, Appellants clicked on the buttons to
      create their accounts. By doing so, they agreed to and became
      bound by Uber’s terms.

Id. at 47.

      To determine whether arbitration should be compelled, we employ a

two-part test: “The first determination is whether a valid agreement to

arbitrate exists. The second determination is whether the dispute is within

the scope of the agreement.” Smay v. E.R. Stuebner, Inc., 864 A.2d 1266,

                                     - 14 -
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1270 (Pa. Super. 2004) (citations omitted).        “Whether an agreement to

arbitrate disputes exists is a question of law.” Neuhard v. Travelers Ins.

Co., 831 A.2d 602, 604 (Pa. Super. 2003). “When we review questions of

law, our standard of review is limited to determining whether the trial court

committed an error of law.” Id.

      To thoroughly analyze this argument, we begin with the interplay of

arbitration agreements and the constitutional right to a jury trial (a right that

has not been amended or modified for hundreds of years). We recognize the

following:

      Pennsylvania has a well-established public policy that favors
      arbitration, and this policy aligns with the federal approach
      expressed in the Federal Arbitration Act [(“FAA”)].        [T]he
      fundamental purpose of the [FAA] is to relieve the parties from
      expensive litigation and to help ease the current congestion of
      court calendars. Its passage was a congressional declaration of a
      liberal federal policy favoring arbitration agreements.

            This policy, however, was not intended to render arbitration
      agreements more enforceable than other contracts, and the FAA
      had not been designed to preempt all state law related to
      arbitration. Rather, when addressing the specific issue of whether
      there is a valid agreement to arbitrate, courts generally should
      apply ordinary state-law principles that govern the formation of
      contracts, but in doing so, must give due regard to the federal
      policy favoring arbitration.7

      _________________________

         7    The FAA, however, does preempt state law that
         categorically prohibits arbitration of particular types of
         claims, which is contrary to the terms and coverage of the
         FAA.

                                     - 15 -
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Pisano, 77 A.3d at 660-61 (citations, quotation marks, & some footnotes

omitted).17 See also Marmet Health Care Center, Inc. v. Brown, 565 U.S.

530, 531-33 (2012).

       Nevertheless, it must be noted that the evolution and effect of

arbitration provisions has substantially weakened the constitutional right to a

jury trial in civil proceedings. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court recognized

this development in Taylor, supra, opining:

              One of the striking consequences of the shift away from the
       civil justice system and toward private adjudication is that
       corporations are routinely stripping individuals of their
       constitutional right to a jury trial. See U.S. Const. amend. VII
____________________________________________

17 “Prior to the 1925 enactment of the FAA, courts across the country
disparaged arbitration as a renegade form of adjudication, and refused to
enforce private arbitration agreements.” Taylor v. Extendicare Health
Facilities, Inc., 147 A.3d 490, 500-01 (Pa. 2016) (citations omitted).
“During this time, when arbitration occurred primarily in the commercial
context between businesses of equal bargaining power, the business
interests that favored the enforcement of private arbitration agreements
began to lobby state governments and Congress for legislation compelling the
courts to enforce their bargains.” Id. (emphases added; citations omitted).
Congress responded by enacting the FAA. Indeed,

       [t]he FAA was designed to overrule the judiciary’s
       longstanding refusal to enforce agreements to arbitrate,
       and to place such agreements upon the same footing as other
       contracts[.] While Congress was no doubt aware that the Act
       would encourage the expeditious resolution of disputes, its
       passage was motivated, first and foremost, by a congressional
       desire to enforce agreements into which parties had
       entered.

Volt Info. Sciences, Inc. v. Bd. of Trustees of Leland Stanford Junior
Univ., 489 U.S. 468, 478 (1989) (emphases added; citations and quotations
marks omitted).

                                          - 16 -
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       (preserving the right to a trial by jury); Pa. Const. art. 1, § 6
       (same). While one’s right to a jury trial may be waived, it is not
       at all apparent that signatories to arbitration agreements are
       aware that they waive their right to a jury trial upon the execution
       of an arbitration agreement.

Taylor, 147 A.3d at 508 (footnote omitted).

       The sluggish recognition regarding the copious usage of arbitration

agreements in present day contracts and the ramifications of these

agreements on a party’s right to a jury trial raises concern, especially in the

context of Internet contracts — like the one at issue herein — where the

parties are of purported unequal bargaining power. To that end, Pennsylvania

courts have taken a small bite from the proverbial apple of arbitration law with

respect to wrongful death actions involving negligent nursing center facilities.

See i.e., Pisano, 77 A.3d at 661-62 (“compelling arbitration upon individuals

who did not waive their right to a jury trial would infringe upon wrongful death

claimants’ constitutional rights”); see also Taylor, supra.18      Nonetheless,

the need for greater scrutiny regarding a party’s waiver of their constitutional

right to a jury trial in terms of these arbitration agreement matters is

imperative.

____________________________________________

18  See also Valentino v. Phila. Triathlon, LLC, 150 A.3d 483, 494 (Pa.
Super. 2016) (en banc) (stating, “A non-signatory wrongful death claimant .
. . cannot be compelled to present his claim to an arbitrator since he has not
consented to arbitration and since he possesses an independent, non-
derivative right to air his claim in the forum of his choice”), aff’d by equally
divided court, 209 A.3d 941 (Pa. 2019).

                                          - 17 -
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      By comparison, we highlight the strict scrutiny that confessions of

judgment are accorded by Pennsylvania courts. A confession of judgment,

like an arbitration agreement, takes place in the commercial transaction

setting. This Court has previously described the compliance requirements for

a confession as follows:

            Historically, Pennsylvania law has recognized and permitted
      entry of confessed judgments pursuant to the authority of a
      warrant of attorney contained in a written agreement. [A] warrant
      of attorney is a contractual agreement between the parties and
      the parties are free to determine the manner in which the warrant
      may be exercised. Entry of a valid judgment by confession
      must be made in rigid adherence to the provisions of the
      warrant of attorney; otherwise, such judgment will be
      stricken. A warrant to confess judgment must be explicit and
      will be strictly construed, with any ambiguities resolved against
      the party in whose favor the warrant is given. A warrant of
      attorney to confess judgment must be self-sustaining and to be
      self-sustaining the warrant must be in writing and signed by
      the person to be bound by it. The requisite signature must
      bear a direct relation to the warrant of attorney and may not
      be implied.

Midwest Fin. Acceptance Corp. v. Lopez, 78 A.3d 614, 623 (Pa. Super.

2013) (citations and quotation marks omitted; emphases added).         “There

should be no doubt that the lessee signed the warrant and that he was

conscious of the fact that he was conferring a warrant upon the lessor to

confess judgment in the event of breach.” Ferrick v. Bianchini, 69 A.3d

642, 651 (Pa. Super. 2013).    For example, in Graystone Bank v. Grove

Estates, LP., 58 A.3d 1277 (Pa. Super. 2012), a panel of this Court concluded

that a warrant of attorney was valid because it “appeared conspicuously in all

caps on the very bottom of the penultimate page of the agreement and

                                    - 18 -
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immediately preceded where the executor . . .        signed at the top of the

following, final page.” Id. at 1283 (italics in original). The Graystone Court

“distinguish[ed]” the case “from precedent[,]” in which the warrant of

attorney was “located either altogether outside the body of the agreement,

too remote from the signature, or on pages subsequent to the signature.” Id.

      A court will only enforce a confession of judgment provision when the

court is satisfied that the party agreeing to it is aware that they waived their

right to a jury trial. Generally, courts make the “enforcement” determination

when the agreement clearly and plainly states that the party is waiving, inter

alia, their right to a jury trial.   Similarly, a court should not enforce an

arbitration provision in an Internet purchase agreement unless the court finds

that the party agreeing to an arbitration provision was aware that they were

waiving the right. It is reasonable to assume that if the arbitration provision

is buried deep in webpages in tiny print, the person was not aware of the

provision and it is unenforceable.

      However,    Internet   arbitration   agreements    are   reviewed    with

considerably less stringent requirements. As will be discussed below, a waiver

of a right to a jury trial in the context of an Internet arbitration agreement:

(1) can be inconspicuous; (2) may be contained in a hyperlink that is separate

from the binding action like a “click” of an “I agree to these terms” button;

(3) may not require a party’s signature to be in direct relation to the waiver;

                                     - 19 -
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and (4) may not require that a party even review the agreement to be bound

by it.

         At this juncture, we point out that courts have not addressed the

importance of ensuring that a party is aware of the consequences of waiving

a civil jury trial as they have in criminal proceedings. Notably, in criminal

matters, a defendant’s waiver to a jury trial must be explicit. A defendant

“may waive a jury trial with approval by a judge of the court in which the case

is pending.”     Commonwealth v. Houck, 948 A.2d 780, 787 (Pa. 2008)

(citation omitted). Moreover, the Rules of Criminal Procedure mandate “[t]he

judge shall ascertain from the defendant whether this is a knowing and

intelligent waiver, and such colloquy shall appear on the record. The waiver

shall be in writing, made a part of the record, and signed by the defendant,

the attorney for the Commonwealth, the judge, and the defendant’s attorney

as a witness.” Pa.R.Crim.P. 620. We advocate that in both contexts ─ criminal

and civil matters ─ it is critical that a party be fully informed of their right to

a jury trial and the effect of waiving that right. We are not suggesting that an

on-the-record colloquy is necessary in civil litigation like in criminal

proceedings ─ just that, again, a waiver must be clearly described and

understood to be giving up a constitutional right to a jury trial.

         With this in mind, we highlight that we live in an age where Internet

users are asked to form contracts with companies on a daily basis using web-

based or mobile application technology. These agreements run the gamut

                                      - 20 -
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from a mortgage loan to a clothing sales transaction to registration for a

transportation or ride-hailing service. Notably, “[d]ifferent Internet products

lead to different expectations and applications of legal doctrine.”     Paul J.

Morrow, Esq., Cyberlaw: The Unconscionability/Unenforceability of Contracts

(Shrink-Wrap, Clickwrap, and Browse-Wrap) on the Internet: A Multidistrict

Analysis Showing the Need for Oversight, 11 U.P.H. J. Tech. L. Pol’y 7 (Spring

2011).    With these Internet contracts, it is now easier than ever for

corporations to bind inexperienced, unaware, and unsuspecting consumers to

arbitration agreements with the simple click or swipe of their finger ─ all from

the convenience of 3-inch by 6-inch smartphone screen.

      Under Pennsylvania law, the elements of an enforceable contract are an

“offer, acceptance, consideration, consideration or mutual meeting of the

minds.”   Schreiber v. Olan Mills, 627 A.2d 806, 808 (Pa. Super 1993)

(citation and quotation marks omitted). “[T]here must be a meeting of the

minds; the very essence of an agreement is that the parties mutually assent

to the same thing.”   Id. (some punctuation omitted). “Whether particular

conduct expresses an offer and acceptance must be determined on the basis

of what a reasonable person in the position of the parties would be led to

understand by such conduct under all of the surrounding circumstances.”

Mountain Properties, Inc. v. Tyler Hill Realty Corp., 767 A.2d 1096, 1101

(Pa. Super. 2001), quoting Temple University Hospital, Inc. v. Healthcare

Management Alternatives, Inc., 764 A.2d 587 (Pa. Super. 2000).

                                     - 21 -
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     The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit has recently

described the two primary kinds of Internet contracts as follows:

           The[ ] elemental principles of contract formation apply with
     equal force to contracts formed online. Thus, if a website offers
     contractual terms to those who use the site, and a user engages
     in conduct that manifests her acceptance of those terms, an
     enforceable agreement can be formed.

           The most straightforward application of these principles in
     the online world involves so-called “clickwrap” agreements, in
     which a website presents users with specified contractual terms
     on a pop-up screen and users must check a box explicitly stating
     “I agree” in order to proceed. In that scenario, the consumer has
     received notice of the terms being offered and, in the words of the
     Restatement, “knows or has reason to know that the other party
     may infer from his conduct that he assents” to those terms.
     Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 19(2). As a result, courts
     have routinely found clickwrap agreements enforceable.

           At the other end of the spectrum are so-called “browsewrap”
     agreements, in which a website offers terms that are disclosed
     only through a hyperlink and the user supposedly manifests
     assent to those terms simply by continuing to use the website.
     Courts are more reluctant to enforce browsewrap agreements
     because consumers are frequently left unaware that contractual
     terms were even offered, much less that continued use of the
     website will be deemed to manifest acceptance of those terms.

            To avoid the unfairness of enforcing contractual terms that
     consumers never intended to accept, courts confronted with
     online agreements such as those at issue here have devised rules
     to determine whether meaningful assent has been given. Unless
     the website operator can show that a consumer has actual
     knowledge of the agreement, an enforceable contract will be found
     based on an inquiry notice theory only if: (1) the website provides
     reasonably conspicuous notice of the terms to which the consumer
     will be bound; and (2) the consumer takes some action, such as
     clicking a button or checking a box, that unambiguously manifests
     his or her assent to those terms.

                                   - 22 -
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Berman v. Freedom Fin. Network, LLC, 30 F.4th 849, 855-56 (U.S. 9th

Cir. 2022) (some citations omitted).19 See also Nguyen v. Barnes & Noble

Inc., 763 F.3d 1171, 1175-76 (9th Cir. 2014).

       This leads us to the agreements at issue in this case.

(a) Shannon Chilutti’s 2016 Uber Account

       Shannon Chilutti registered for an Uber rider account in February 2016

via the company’s website. R.R. 113a, 118a. The registration page requires

the user to input certain personal information and click on a blue “Create

Account” button at the bottom of the webpage. R.R. 113a-14a, 120a. Below

the “Create Account” button, a putative user would have seen the following:

“By clicking ‘Create Account’, you agree to Uber’s Terms and Conditions and

Privacy Policy.” R.R. 120a. The words, “Terms and Conditions” and “Privacy

Policy” were hyperlinks, which, if clicked on, would have redirected the user

to another website that would then display a 12-page document. R.R. 114a.

The hyperlinks are smaller than the other wording on the webpage and in a

blue-colored font that was not underlined. R.R. 114a, 207a-08a. Starting on

the ninth page, the “Terms and Conditions” contain a “Dispute Resolution”

Section, which included the following provision:

____________________________________________

19 Although decisions of the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, “the federal district
courts, and our sister states are not binding on this Court, they may provide
persuasive authority,” especially because there is limited case law on this
issue. Century Indem. Co. v. OneBeacon Ins. Co., 173 A.3d 784, 792 n.
14 (Pa. Super. 2017).

                                          - 23 -
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     Arbitration

     You agree that any dispute, claim or controversy arising out of or
     relating to these Terms or the breach, termination, enforcement,
     interpretation or validity thereof or the use of the Services
     (collectively, “Disputes”) will be settled by binding arbitration
     between you and Uber, except that each party retains the right to
     bring an individual action in small claims court and the right to
     seek injunctive or other equitable relief in a court of competent
     jurisdiction to prevent the actual or threatened infringement,
     misappropriation or violation of a party’s copyrights, trademarks,
     trade secrets, patents or other intellectual property rights. You
     acknowledge and agree that you and Uber are each waiving the
     right to a trial by jury or to participate as a plaintiff or class in any
     purported class action or representative proceeding. Further,
     unless both you and Uber otherwise agree in writing, the arbitrator
     may not consolidate more than one person’s claims, and may not
     otherwise preside over any form of any class or representative
     proceeding. If this specific paragraph is held unenforceable, then
     the entirety of this “Dispute Resolution” section will be deemed
     void. Except as provided in the preceding sentence, this “Dispute
     Resolution” section will survive any termination of these Terms.

     Arbitration Rules and Governing Law

     The arbitration will be administered by the American Arbitration
     Association (“AAA”) in accordance with the Commercial Arbitration
     Rule and the Supplementary Procedures for Consumer Related
     Disputes (the “AAA Rules”) then in effect, except as modified by
     this “Dispute Resolution” section. . . . The Federal Arbitration Act
     will govern the interpretation and enforcement of this Section.

R.R. 130a-31a. Uber’s legal program manager, Ryan R. Buoscio, admitted,

during his deposition, that a purported user could create an account with Uber

on its 2016 website without viewing the “Terms and Conditions” document.

R.R. 208a (“Depending on the device you’re using . . . if you did not complete

scrolling to the bottom of this page, it’s possible you may have not seen a

component of the page.”). Buoscio also acknowledged the website made no

                                      - 24 -
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reference to the fact that the “Terms and Conditions” document contained an

arbitration provision. Id. Lastly, he admitted that the terms, “arbitration,”

“waiver of jury trial,” and “waiver of constitutional rights” do not appear

anywhere on the general website. Id.

       Shannon Chilutti averred in an affidavit that she did “not see any

hyperlinks[,]” “click on any hyperlinks[,]” or “review” the “Terms and

Conditions” or “Privacy Policy” during the registration process and she was not

required to review them to complete the registration process. R.R. 222a.20

During her deposition, Shannon Chilutti testified that she did not see any

hyperlinks; rather, she only recalled clicking on the blue box to create the

account. R.R. 231a-32a.

(b) Keith Chilutti’s 2018 Uber Account

       Keith Chilutti registered for an Uber rider account in September 2018

with the Uber Rider App on his IPhone. R.R. 167a, 169a. When registering,

he provided personal information.          R.R. 185a-86a, 189a-98a.   Prior to his

account being created, Keith viewed a screen, which stated, “By tapping the

arrow below, you agree to Uber’s Term of Use and acknowledge that you have

read the Privacy Policy.” R.R. 200a. Below, in smaller font, it stated: “To

learn more, see our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy.” Id. “Terms of Use”

____________________________________________

20She also indicated that she did not receive, open, or read a November 2016
email from Uber, which it provided its users with its updated terms and
conditions. R.R. 222a.

                                          - 25 -
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and “Privacy Policy” were blue-colored hyperlinks that were not underlined.

R.R. 200a, 256a. To proceed with the process of registering, a user would not

have to click on the links to proceed to the next screen. R.R. 258. The “Terms

of Use” was a ten-page document that contained an “Arbitration Agreement”

on the second page. The provision stated, in pertinent part:

     By agreeing to the Terms, you agree that you are required
     to resolve any claim that you may have against Uber on an
     individual basis in arbitration, as set forth in this
     Arbitration Agreement. This will preclude you from
     bringing any class, collective, or representative action
     against Uber, and also preclude you from participating in
     or recovering relief under any current or future class,
     collective, consolidated, or representative action brought
     against Uber by someone else.

     Agreement to Binding Arbitration Between You and Uber.

     You and Uber agree that any dispute, claim or controversy arising
     out of or relating to (a) these Terms or the existence, breach,
     termination, enforcement, interpretation or validity thereof, or (b)
     your access to or use of the Services at any time, whether before
     or after the date you agreed to the Terms, will be settled by
     binding arbitration between you and Uber, and not in a court of
     law.

     You acknowledge and agree that you and Uber are each waiving
     the right to a trial by jury or to participate as a plaintiff or class
     member in any purported class action or representative
     proceeding. Unless both you and Uber otherwise agree in writing,
     any arbitration will be conducted only on an individual basis and
     not in a class, collective, consolidated, or representative
     proceeding. However, you and Uber each retain the right to bring
     an individual action in small claims court and the right to seek
     injunctive or other equitable relief in a court of competent
     jurisdiction to prevent the actual or threatened infringement,
     misappropriation or violation of a party’s copyrights, trademarks,
     trade secrets, patents or other intellectual property rights.

                                    - 26 -
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      Rules and Governing Law.

      The arbitration will be administered by the American Arbitration
      Association (“AAA”) in accordance with the AAA’s Consumer
      Arbitration Rules and the Supplementary Procedures for
      Consumer Related Disputes (the “AAA Rules”) then in effect,
      except as modified by this Arbitration Agreement. The AAA Rules
      are available at www.adr.org/arb_med or by calling the AAA at 1-
      800-778-7879. . . .

R.R. 172a-73a (emphasis in original).

      At his deposition, Keith Chilutti testified that he did not click on either

hyperlink during the registration process, so he never reviewed the

documents. R.R. 266a-67a.

      Based on the nature of the Uber’s two interfaces, it is clear the contracts

qualify as “browsewrap agreements” because both Appellants were “left

unaware that contractual terms were even offered, much less that continued

use of the website [would] be deemed to manifest acceptance of those terms.”

Berman, 30 F.4th at 856. Thus, we are faced with the question of whether:

“(1) the website provide[d] reasonably conspicuous notice of the terms to

which the consumer will be bound; and (2) the consumer [took] some action,

such as clicking a button or checking a box, that unambiguously manifest[ed]

his or her assent to those terms.” Id.

      In Berman, the Ninth Circuit addressed the issue of: “Under what

circumstances can the use of a website bind a consumer to a set of hyperlinked

‘terms and conditions’ that the consumer never saw or read?” Berman, 30

F.4th at 853 (citation omitted).      The case involved a defendant-digital

                                     - 27 -
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marketing company “that generate[d] leads for its clients by collecting

information about customers who visit[ed]” the company’s websites. Id. The

website offered “rewards like gift cards and free product samples as an

enticement to get consumers to provide their contact information and answer

survey questions.”       Id.    The plaintiffs visited websites operated by the

defendant that “contained a set of hyperlinked terms and conditions that

included a mandatory arbitration provision[.]”        Id.   After the defendant

received the information from the customers, it then used that data to conduct

a telemarketing campaign on behalf of a debit relief company, placing

“unsolicited telephone calls and text messages to hundreds of thousands of

customers,” including the plaintiffs. Id. at 854. Plaintiffs filed a putative class

action on behalf of consumers who received these calls and texts, alleging the

calls and texts were made without their consent and violated the Telephone

Consumer Protection Act.21 Id. The defendant moved to compel arbitration,

arguing that “by clicking on the ‘continue’ buttons, [the plaintiffs] had agreed

to the hyperlinked terms and conditions, including the mandatory arbitration

provision.” Id. The district court denied the motion, concluding “that the

content and design of the webpages did not conspicuously indicate to users

that, by clicking on the ‘continue’ button, they were agreeing to [the

defendant’s] terms and conditions.” Id.

____________________________________________

21   See 47 U.S.C. § 227 et seq.

                                          - 28 -
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      On appeal, the Ninth Circuit initially pointed out that the defendant did

not argue in its motion to compel that the “plaintiffs had actual knowledge of

any agreement to arbitrate.” Berman, 30 F.4th at 856. The Ninth Circuit

then opined that the defendant “failed to show” that both “conditions

necessary for finding an enforceable agreement based on inquiry notice were

satisfied.”   Id. Regarding whether the website provided “reasonably

conspicuous notice” of the terms to which the consumer will be bound, the

Court opined:

      First, to be conspicuous in this context, a notice must be displayed
      in a font size and format such that the court can fairly assume
      that a reasonably prudent Internet user would have seen it. The
      text disclosing the existence of the terms and conditions on these
      websites is the antithesis of conspicuous. It is printed in a tiny
      gray font considerably smaller than the font used in the
      surrounding website elements, and indeed in a font so small that
      it is barely legible to the naked eye. The comparatively larger font
      used in all of the surrounding text naturally directs the user’s
      attention everywhere else. And the textual notice is further
      deemphasized by the overall design of the webpage, in which
      other visual elements draw the user’s attention away from the
      barely readable critical text. Far from meeting the requirement
      that a webpage must take steps “to capture the user’s attention
      and secure her assent,” the design and content of these webpages
      draw the user’s attention away from the most important part of
      the page.

            Website users are entitled to assume that important
      provisions — such as those that disclose the existence of proposed
      contractual terms — will be prominently displayed, not buried in
      fine print. Because “online providers have complete control over
      the design of their websites,” “the onus must be on website
      owners to put users on notice of the terms to which they wish to
      bind consumers[.”] The designer of the webpages at issue here
      did not take that obligation to heart.

                                     - 29 -
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             Second, while it is permissible to disclose terms and
      conditions through a hyperlink, the fact that a hyperlink is present
      must be readily apparent. Simply underscoring words or phrases,
      as in the webpages at issue here, will often be insufficient to alert
      a reasonably prudent user that a clickable link exists. Because
      our inquiry notice standard demands conspicuousness tailored to
      the reasonably prudent Internet user, not to the expert user, the
      design of the hyperlinks must put such a user on notice of their
      existence.

            A web designer must do more than simply underscore the
      hyperlinked text in order to ensure that it is sufficiently “set apart”
      from the surrounding text. Customary design elements denoting
      the existence of a hyperlink include the use of a contrasting font
      color (typically blue) and the use of all capital letters, both of
      which can alert a user that the particular text differs from other
      plain text in that it provides a clickable pathway to another
      webpage. Consumers cannot be required to hover their mouse
      over otherwise plain-looking text or aimlessly click on words on a
      page in an effort to “ferret out hyperlinks.” The failure to clearly
      denote the hyperlinks here fails our conspicuousness test.

Id. at 856-67 (citations omitted).

      In   determining    whether    the   plaintiffs   took   some   action    that

unambiguously manifested their assent, the Court determined:

      In using the websites, [the plaintiffs] did not take any action that
      unambiguously manifested their assent to be bound by the terms
      and conditions. [The defendant relies] on plaintiffs’ act of clicking
      on the large green “continue” buttons as manifestation of their
      assent, but merely clicking on a button on a webpage, viewed in
      the abstract, does not signify a user’s agreement to anything. A
      user’s click of a button can be construed as an unambiguous
      manifestation of assent only if the user is explicitly advised that
      the act of clicking will constitute assent to the terms and
      conditions of an agreement. The presence of “an explicit textual
      notice that continued use will act as a manifestation of the user’s
      intent to be bound” is critical to the enforceability of any
      browsewrap-type agreement.

           The webpages here did provide advisals concerning the
      terms and conditions in proximity to the “continue” buttons. On

                                      - 30 -
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     the webpage [a plaintiff] visited, the notice appeared directly
     above the button, and on the webpage [the other plaintiff] visited
     it appeared above the button separated by several intervening
     lines of text. But “even close proximity of the hyperlink to relevant
     buttons users must click on — without more — is insufficient to
     give rise to constructive notice.”

            Rather, the notice must explicitly notify a user of the legal
     significance of the action she must take to enter into a contractual
     agreement. The notice did not do so here. Both webpages stated,
     “I understand and agree to the Terms & Conditions,” but they did
     not indicate to the user what action would constitute assent to
     those terms and conditions. Likewise, the text of the button itself
     gave no indication that it would bind plaintiffs to a set of terms
     and conditions.      This notice defect could easily have been
     remedied by including language such as, “By clicking the Continue
     >> button, you agree to the Terms & Conditions.”

            [The defendant asserts] that the presence of the phrase
     “which includes mandatory arbitration” in the textual notice
     distinguishes the webpages at issue here from those rejected by
     other courts. This argument is unavailing, as it fails to appreciate
     the key issue in this appeal. The question before us is not whether
     [the plaintiffs] may have been aware of the mandatory arbitration
     provision in particular, but rather whether they can be deemed to
     have manifested assent to any of the terms and conditions in the
     first place. Because the textual notice was not conspicuous and
     did not explicitly inform [the plaintiffs] that by clicking on the
     “continue” button they would be bound by the terms and
     conditions, the presence of the words “which includes mandatory
     arbitration” in the notice is of no relevance to the outcome of this
     appeal.

Berman, 30 F.4th at 857-58 (citations omitted). The Court of Appeals then

concluded the district court properly denied the motion to compel because

“the design and content of the webpages [the plaintiffs] visited did not

adequately call to their attention either the existence of the terms and

conditions or the fact that, by clicking on the ‘continue’ button, they were

                                    - 31 -
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agreeing to be bound by those terms[,]” and therefore, “an enforceable

agreement to arbitrate was never formed.” Id. at 858.

      Turing to the present matter, we conclude that Uber’s website and

application did not provide reasonably conspicuous notice of the terms to

which Appellants were bound. For example, in Shannon Chilutti’s case, the

“terms and conditions” agreement was encapsulated in tiny, blue font at the

very bottom of a cluttered webpage. The relevant text was not underlined or

capitalized. With respect to Keith Chilutti, he was on the fifth screen of the

registration process, after he had already provided substantive personal

information, when the “Terms and Conditions” page could be reviewed in small

font that, again, was not underlined or capitalized. Like in Berman, “[t]he

comparatively larger font used in all of the surrounding text naturally directs

the user’s attention everywhere else.        And the textual notice is further

deemphasized by the overall design of the webpage, in which other visual

elements draw the user’s attention away from the barely readable critical

text.” Berman, 30 F.4th at 857.

      Thus, the matter now turns on whether Appellants took any action that

unambiguously manifested their assent to be bound by the terms and

conditions. We acknowledge that the two agreements at issue herein would

arguably meet the standard recited by the Berman Court, which stated: “This

notice defect could easily have been remedied by including language such as,

‘By clicking the Continue >> button, you agree to the Terms & Conditions.’”

                                    - 32 -
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Berman, 30 F.4th at 858 (citation omitted).22           Here, the text did include

language like “By clicking ‘Create Account,’ you agree to Uber’s Terms and

Conditions” and “By tapping the arrow below, you agree to Uber’s Term of

Use[.]” R.R. 120a, 200a.

       However, as indicated above, because the constitutional right to a jury

trial should be afforded the greatest protection under the courts of this

Commonwealth, we conclude that the Berman standard is insufficient under

Pennsylvania law, and a stricter burden of proof is necessary to demonstrate

a party’s unambiguous manifestation of assent to arbitration.23             This is

accomplished by the following:           (1) explicitly stating on the registration

websites and application screens that a consumer is waiving a right to a jury

trial when they agree to the company’s “terms and conditions,” and the

____________________________________________

22 See also Meyer v. Uber Techs., Inc., 868 F.3d 66, 79-80 (2d Cir. 2017)
(stating that “[a] reasonable user would know that by clicking the registration
button, he was agreeing to the terms and conditions accessible via the
hyperlink, whether he clicked on the hyperlink or not” and concluding there
was an enforceable contract, in which the text on the screen “expressly
warned the user that by creating an Uber account, the user was agreeing to
be bound by the linked terms.”).

23 Uber Appellees contend that stricter burden of proof is not supported by
any authority. See Uber Appellees’ Substituted Brief at 55. We disagree as
we are applying the same scrutiny the Pennsylvania Supreme Court and this
Court did with respect to orders compelling arbitration in wrongful death
actions involving negligent nursing center facilities. See i.e., Pisano, supra;
Taylor, supra. We reiterate that Berman was a Ninth Circuit Court of
Appeals decision and therefore, not controlling in this matter. See Century
Indem. Co., 173 A.3d at 792 n. 14.

                                          - 33 -
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registration process cannot be completed until the consumer is fully informed

of that waiver; and (2) when the agreements are available for viewing after a

user has clicked on the hyperlink, the waiver should not be hidden in the

“terms and conditions” provision but should appear at the top of the first page

in bold, capitalized text.

       Indeed, as indicated in the record before us, Appellants did not click on

or access the terms and conditions before their registration process was

completed. These facts were admitted by the Uber representatives. Rather,

the evidence merely shows that they created a user account for the ride-

sharing service.24 Furthermore, we point out that the definition of arbitration

is not contained in the agreement and there is no link to the definition. See

R.R 130a-31a; R.R. 171a-72a. Likewise, there is no explanation as to the

difference between binding and non-binding arbitration in the agreement.

See id. Notably, if a party wants to review the AAA Rules that govern the

process, they are required to click on a second hyperlink to access that

document. See R.R. 131a, R.R. 172a. Further, we believe that the term,

“arbitration,” is ambiguous in that there is nothing to explain its meaning and

any non-lawyer subscriber could easily believe that arbitration is simply

____________________________________________

24We recognize there was purportedly a third account created by Appellants,
an “Uber Eats” account, which is for a food delivery service. See Appellant’s
Brief at 15-16. The account was apparently created by Appellants’ daughter
using Shannon Chilutti’s smartphone. See R.R. 236a. We need not reach a
determination on this account based on the above-stated analysis.

                                          - 34 -
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another step in the litigation process that does not involve relinquishing the

constitutional right to a jury trial in its entirety. As such, Appellants were not

informed in an explicit and upfront manner that they were giving up a

constitutional right to seek damages through a jury trial proceeding.25,   26

       Finally, we note that if the issue before us on appeal was a confession

of money judgment, this Court would have no qualms in finding the

circumstances require an opening or striking of said judgment based on the

____________________________________________

25   Furthermore, it should be noted that the agreements themselves are
ambiguous as to what each party believes the terms mean. For example, the
arbitration provision in the Shannon Chilutti agreement states it relates to
“disputes” related to “THESE terms” regarding the breach of the use of the
services. R.R. 130. However, this language could plainly be interpreted as
limited to claims for payment for services rendered. Moreover, there is
language in the terms and conditions for both contracts that carves out
arbitration to allow either party to proceed in small claims court but does not
explain the specifics of what circumstances would warrant that proceeding.
R.R. 10, 172. Lastly, nowhere does it say in either agreement that a consumer
is giving up a constitutional right to seek damages through a jury trial for
injuries sustained by the negligent provision of services.

      It is also worth mentioning that third-parties are bound by the terms of
the agreements even if they are not a subscriber or have their own account
with Uber. Uber Appellees acknowledged this in their brief and at the May 3,
2023, en banc argument session. See Uber Appellees’ Substituted Brief at
59. Therefore, even if Shannon Chilutti never created an account but received
an Uber ride from her husband or a friend, the language of the agreement
provided that she would be compelled to adhere to the arbitration terms.

26Uber Appellees offer an alternative argument that a greater scrutiny violates
the FAA’s standards. See Uber Appellees’ Substituted Brief at 52-53. We
point out that “the FAA does not require parties to arbitrate when they have
not agreed to do so[.]” Volt Info. Scis., 489 U.S. at 478 (citation omitted).
Here, the FAA is not pertinent because the parties never agreed to arbitrate
at the outset.

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inconspicuous use of the provision in question. The same would apply to a

criminal conviction where no colloquy was provided, or the defendant was not

advised of his right to a jury trial. We see no reason why similar analysis

should not be afforded herein where the constitutional right to a jury trial in a

civil action is “clicked away” without the benefit of any protections the law

provides.

      Accordingly, we hold that the trial court erred in granting Appellees’

petition to compel arbitration, and Appellants demonstrated there was a lack

of a valid agreement to arbitrate, and therefore, they are entitled to invoke

their constitutional right to a jury trial.

      In related matter, on May 10, 2023, following the en banc argument

session, Uber Appellees filed an application for leave to file supplemental

authority.    They seek to bring this Court’s attention to Carr v. First

Commonwealth Bank, 1130 WDA 2021/1180 WDA 2021, 2023 WL 1794264

(Pa. Super. Feb. 7, 2023) (unpub. memo.), and rely on it as persuasive

authority.   See Uber Appellees’ Application for Leave to File Supplemental

Authority, 5/10/23, at 1. We grant Uber Appellees’ application.

      Nevertheless, Carr is distinguishable from the matter sub judice

because it does not address the question of whether this Court may exercise

jurisdiction of the case pursuant to Rule 313. Rather, it involved the review

of an appeal from an order confirming in part and vacating in part an

arbitration award.    See Carr, 1130 WDA 2021/1180 WDA 2021, 2023 WL

                                       - 36 -
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1794264, at *2.    Moreover, the case involved a dispute between plaintiff-

depositors and their bank regarding the garnishment of moneys, not an

internet contract that included a “browsewrap agreement.” See Carr, 1130

WDA 2021/1180 WDA 2021, 2023 WL 1794264, at *1. Accordingly, we do

not find Carr to be dispositive or controlling.

      Order reversed. Case remanded for further proceedings. Application

for leave to file supplemental authority granted. Jurisdiction relinquished.

      President Judge Emeritus Bender, Judge Lazarus, Judge Dubow, Judge

Nichols and Judge McLaughlin join the opinion.

      Judge Stabile files a dissenting opinion in which Judge Olson and Judge

Sullivan join.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 7/19/2023

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