Court Opinion

ID: 6340288
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-05-12 20:00:52.180309+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:49:14.553437
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                       MAY 12 2022
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

DANIEL CISNEROS,                                No.    21-15363

                Plaintiff-Appellant,            D.C. No. 4:16-cv-00735-HSG

 v.
                                                MEMORANDUM*
J. VANGILDER; J. VASQUEZ,

                Defendants-Appellees,

and

J. CUSKE; K. OHLAND; D. MELTON; S.
CUPP,

                Defendants.

DANIEL CISNEROS,                                No.    21-15405

                Plaintiff-Appellee,             D.C. No. 4:16-cv-00735-HSG

 v.

J. VANGILDER; J. VASQUEZ,

                Defendants-Appellants,

and

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

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J. CUSKE; K. OHLAND; D. MELTON; S.
CUPP,

                Defendants.

                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Northern District of California
                Haywood S. Gilliam, Jr., District Judge, Presiding

                      Argued and Submitted March 8, 2022
                           San Francisco, California

Before: WALLACE, S.R. THOMAS, and McKEOWN, Circuit Judges.

      Plaintiff-Appellant Daniel Cisneros, a prisoner at Pelican Bay Prison, brought

an action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and under state law against several correctional

officers, including Defendants-Appellees Justin Vangilder and Juan Vasquez

(Defendants). For purposes of trial, the district court consolidated Cisneros’s case

with that of Daniel Manriquez, another prisoner at Pelican Bay, who brought

identical claims. The jury found that Vangilder was negligent and awarded the

Plaintiffs $1,000 each in damages. The jury also found Vasquez negligent and that

he violated the Eighth Amendment, and awarded the Plaintiffs an additional $1,500

each in damages.     Manriquez and Cisneros appealed separately.        See Daniel

Manriquez v. J. Vangilder, et al., No. 21-15403, 2022 WL 1184164 (9th Cir. Apr.

21, 2022). Cisneros appeals from the district court’s order denying him attorneys’

fees under California Code of Civil Procedure § 1021.5 and 42 U.S.C. § 1988.

      After final judgment was entered in favor of Cisneros and Manriquez, their

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respective counsel moved for attorneys’ fees as prevailing parties under both federal

and California law. The district court held that both plaintiffs were eligible for

attorneys’ fees under both California Code of Civil Procedure § 1021.5 and 42

U.S.C. § 1988. However, despite granting Manriquez $259,237.50 in attorneys’ fees

under § 1021.5, the court declined to award any fees to Cisneros. The court did not

award any fees under § 1988 to either plaintiff.

      Although Defendants received a favorable judgment, they protectively cross-

appeal from the same order, arguing that the district court erred in ruling that

Cisneros is eligible for attorneys’ fees under § 1021.5 in the first place. We have

jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review “a district court’s decision to deny

attorneys’ fees for abuse of discretion.” Indep. Living Ctr. of S. Cal., Inc. v. Kent,

909 F.3d 272, 278 (9th Cir. 2018) (citation omitted). For the following reasons, we

affirm in part (on the cross-appeal) and reverse in part and remand (on the appeal).

Thus, we affirm the district court’s conclusion that Cisneros is eligible for attorneys’

fees under § 1021.5, but we reverse the district court’s decision to deny attorneys’

fees under both § 1021.5 and § 1988. We remand for the district court to determine

the appropriate amount of fees to award.

                                           A.

      We first address the issue on cross-appeal and hold that the district court did

not err in concluding Cisneros is eligible for attorneys’ fees under § 1021.5.

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Applying § 1021.5, the district court determined that the statutory standard is

satisfied and held that “(a) a significant benefit . . . has been conferred on the general

public or a large class of persons, (b) the necessity and financial burden of private

enforcement . . . are such as to make the award appropriate, and (c) such fees should

not in the interest of justice be paid out of the recovery, if any.” Cal. Civ. Proc. Code

§ 1021.5. “We review the factual determinations underlying an award of attorneys’

fees for clear error” and “the legal premises a district court uses to determine an

award de novo.” Ferland v. Conrad Credit Corp., 244 F.3d 1145, 1147–48 (9th Cir.

2001) (citations omitted).

      For the same reasons detailed in our decision in the related case, Manriquez,

No. 21-15403, we conclude that the district court did not clearly err in its analysis

for Cisneros. See Manriquez, 2022 WL 1184164 at *1. The district court did not

clearly err in its determination that Cisneros’s verdict has “larger implications”

beyond his individual case. The district court explicitly considered the fact that

indirect exposure to chemical agents is not uncommon among inmates and that

Defendants’ own witnesses testified at trial about the frequency with which chemical

agents are used in prison facilities. Moreover, the district court highlighted that there

are approximately 95,000 men and women incarcerated in California, including

approximately 1,900 inmates in Pelican Bay, where Cisneros was in custody. The

second part of § 1021.5 is also readily satisfied because Cisneros was awarded a total

                                            4
of $2,500 while his counsel requested a total of $454,137.30 in attorneys’ fees for

over 1,200 hours of work. Had counsel not agreed to represent Cisneros pro bono,

the value of the recovery for Cisneros’s injury would not have justified the costs of

litigating this case. For the same reason, we agree with the district court that the

interests of justice require the fees to not be paid out of Cisneros’s recovery.

      We next turn to the issue on appeal and address whether the district court

abused its discretion in ultimately denying Cisneros attorneys’ fees under § 1021.5.

At the outset, it appears that the district court denied attorneys’ fees mainly because

counsel for Cisneros, Reed Smith, represented Cisneros pro bono. In addition, the

district court considered relevant that Reed Smith is a large law firm with over 1,500

lawyers in 32 offices, and that, given the size and reputation of the firm, the

representation did not jeopardize the profitability of the firm. Indeed, the only

difference between the case of Cisneros and Manriquez is that Reed Smith is a large

firm representing Cisneros pro bono, while counsel for Manriquez is a small firm

with fewer than 30 attorneys who represented him on contingency. Both Plaintiffs

achieved the same result, received the same judgment and award, and there was no

evidence that the quality of representation differed materially between the two

plaintiffs. In fact, the district court explicitly stated that it “deeply appreciates Reed

Smith’s zealous advocacy and professionalism, and very much hopes counsel will

continue to provide high-quality pro bono legal representation in future cases.”

                                            5
Under California law, counsel’s pro bono status cannot be used to justify a reduction

of fees under § 1021.5. See Rogel v. Lynwood Redevelopment Agency, 125 Cal.

Rptr. 3d 267, 278 (Cal. Ct. App. 2011) (“We reject the proposition that a law firm’s

willingness to provide its services on a pro bono basis to low income clients justifies

a diminishment in the fee award when that pro bono representation proves

successful.”). “The reason for such a rule is straightforward: public interest litigation

should not have to rely on the charity of counsel.” Id. at 277 (citation and internal

quotation marks omitted). Based on the same reasoning, a firm’s pro bono status on

a case cannot be used to justify a complete denial of fees either.

      To be sure, the district court acknowledged that “representing a party pro bono

does not, on its own, preclude counsel from recouping attorneys’ fees.” In addition,

the court emphasized in its subsequent order denying Cisneros’s motion to vacate

order denying attorneys’ fees that it did not conclude that Reed Smith could not

recover fees because it represented Cisneros on a pro bono basis. Rather, it

“considered the totality of the circumstances ‘to balance the interests of fairness and

proportionality’ in deciding whether and how to exercise its discretion to award

attorneys’ fees.” Indeed, the district court stated that it considered “(1) the modest

jury verdict and scale of the public benefit derived from this case; (2) the risk counsel

took representing Plaintiff Cisneros in this action, including the risk to its work for

existing clients, the development of new work, and the profitability of the large,

                                           6
nationwide firm; and (3) counsel’s performance throughout the litigation.”

Notwithstanding the fact that counsel’s pro bono status should not have been a

consideration at all in the district court’s analysis, see Rogel, 125 Cal. Rptr. 3d at

278, the other factors subsequently articulated by the district court also do not

warrant a denial of attorneys’ fees. Again, the modest jury verdict compared to the

attorneys’ fees requested is the same for Manriquez and the district court was not

able to articulate any material difference in the performance of Cisneros’s counsel

compared to Manriquez’s counsel. There is also no support under California law for

denying fees based on a law firm’s profitability and size. Cf. Serrano v. Priest, 569

P.2d 1303, 1316–17 (Cal. 1977) (listing relevant factors for the determination of

attorneys’ fees). Moreover, the quality of representation and the ratio between the

award and fees requested are factors that are more appropriate to consider for

determining the amount of fees awarded, not the threshold issue of whether fees

should be awarded at all. Indeed, the Defendants agree with Cisneros and concede

that “counsel’s pro bono status, firm size, and profitability are not circumstances that

justify a wholesale denial of fees under section 1021.5.” Thus, the district court was

not able to provide any justifiable reason for denying Cisneros attorneys’ fees while

awarding fees to Manriquez.

      Because the district court improperly denied Cisneros attorneys’ fees based

on his pro bono representation status and counsel’s firm size and profitability, we

                                           7
hold that the district court abused its discretion in denying attorneys’ fees to

Cisneros. Accordingly, we reverse and remand for the district court to determine

the appropriate amount of attorneys’ fees to award.

                                             B.

      42 U.S.C. § 1988(b) provides that “the court, in its discretion, may allow the

prevailing party . . . a reasonable attorney’s fee as part of the costs” for “any action

or proceeding to enforce” an enumerated list of claims, including § 1983 claims. 42

U.S.C. § 1988(b). The Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA), however, limits the

amount of attorneys’ fees that may be awarded for actions brought by a prisoner and

requires a portion of the judgment to be applied to satisfy the fee award. See 42

U.S.C. § 1997e(d) (limiting the total amount of attorneys’ fees to 150% of the

judgment and requiring up to 25% of the judgment to be applied to satisfy the fee

award). The requirements of § 1997e(d) are mandatory, not discretionary. See

Murphy v. Smith, 138 S. Ct. 784, 790 (2018) (“In cases governed by § 1997e(d), we

hold that district courts must apply as much of the judgment as necessary, up to 25%,

to satisfy an award of attorney’s fees.”).

      Here, it is undisputed that Cisneros is eligible for attorneys’ fees under § 1988

because he prevailed on his Eighth Amendment claim against Defendant Vasquez.

Nevertheless, the district court “decline[d] to exercise its discretion to award any

fees under § 1988” because the court “does not find that the interest of justice is

                                             8
served by requiring Plaintiff Cisneros to pay any portion of the fees from his modest

award.”   But requiring Cisneros to pay up to 25% of his award is simply a

requirement under § 1997e(d) on how the fees should be enforced and not a valid

reason for denying the award of fees altogether. We conclude that the district court

abused its discretion in denying attorneys’ fees solely on this basis. After all, “a

court’s discretion to deny fees under § 1988 is very narrow and . . . fee awards should

be the rule rather than the exception.” Herrington v. County of Sonoma, 883 F.2d

739, 743 (9th Cir. 1989) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

Accordingly, the Supreme Court has stated that “a prevailing plaintiff should

ordinarily recover an attorney’s fee unless special circumstances would render such

an award unjust.” Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 429 (1983) (citation and

internal quotation marks omitted). Faithfully following the statutory requirements

of the PLRA is not a “special circumstance” that makes an award unjust. Indeed,

Defendants agree with Cisneros that the district court erred by denying those fees

solely to obviate the PLRA’s requirement, and both parties have requested us to

reverse the district court on its denial of fees under § 1988. Thus, we reverse the

district court’s decision to deny attorneys’ fees under § 1988, and we remand for

further consideration of what fees to award under § 1988.

      Costs are awarded to Cisneros. See Fed. R. App. P. 39(a)(4).

      AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part, and REMANDED.

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