Court Opinion

ID: 4434196
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-08-28 20:02:11.916279+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:53:06.402744
License: Public Domain

Filed 8/28/19
                         CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION*

                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                             (Placer)
                                               ----

GREGORY M. MOORE,                                                    C082231

                  Plaintiff and Appellant,                (Super. Ct. No. SCV0031530)

        v.

WELLS FARGO BANK, N.A.,

                  Defendant and Respondent.

      APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Placer County, Mark S. Curry,
Judge. Reversed.

        C. Athena Roussos for Plaintiff and Appellant.

      Anglin Flewelling Rasmussen Campbell & Trytten, Robert A. Bailey and D.
Dennis La, for Defendant and Respondent.

* Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rules 8.1105 and 8.1110, this opinion is certified
for publication with the exception of parts II, III, IV, and V of the Discussion.

                                                1
       “As authorized by Congress, the United States Department of the Treasury
implemented the Home Affordable Mortgage Program (HAMP) to help homeowners
avoid foreclosure during the housing market crisis of 2008. ‘The goal of HAMP is to
provide relief to borrowers who have defaulted on their mortgage payments or who are
likely to default by reducing mortgage payments to sustainable levels, without
discharging any of the underlying debt.’ ” (West v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. (2013)
214 Cal. App. 4th 780, 785.)
       In this case, plaintiff Gregory Moore contacted defendant Wells Fargo, N.A.
(Wells Fargo)1 to discuss possible assistance programs while he was unemployed. Wells
Fargo recommended the forbearance plan (Plan) under the Home Affordable
Unemployment Program (Unemployment Program) outlined in the United States
Department of the Treasury’s HAMP supplemental directive 10-04 dated May 11, 2010
(Directive 10-04). Wells Fargo explained the Plan would allow Moore to make reduced
monthly payments for a period of time and said there was “no downside” to the Plan -- if
Moore qualified for a permanent loan modification at the conclusion of the Plan, the
arrears would be added to the modified loan balance and, if Moore did not qualify for a
permanent loan modification, he would return to making his normal monthly payments.
       Moore applied for and was accepted to participate in the Plan. When he received
the approval letter, entitled Unemployment Program Forbearance Plan Notice (Notice),
Moore confirmed the Notice said the reduced monthly payments would be made “in

1       Although it is unclear, it appears that some or all of the transactions at issue in this
litigation involved Wachovia Bank, which was merged into Wells Fargo. (See DeLeon v.
Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (N.D.Cal. 2010) 729 F. Supp. 2d 1119, 1121 [“World Savings had
changed its name to Wachovia Mortgage, FSB and then merged into Wells Fargo Bank,
N.A.”].) The trial court’s pertinent rulings pertain only to Wells Fargo and Wells Fargo
does not dispute that it is the proper defendant to defend against Moore’s allegations
asserted herein.

                                               2
place of” and “instead of” his normal monthly payments. Moore made the Plan payments
and later applied for a permanent loan modification.
        Three days after receiving a denial of his permanent loan modification application,
Moore received a letter from Wells Fargo stating he was in default on his loan,
demanding immediate payment of his normal mortgage payment and the arrears
consisting principally of the difference between his normal mortgage payments and the
reduced Plan payments (i.e., a balloon payment), and threatening foreclosure. Moore
sued to stop the foreclosure and asserted the following causes of action: (1) declaratory
relief; (2) negligence; (3) breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing; (4) fraud;
and (5) violation of Business and Professions Code section 17200, the unfair competition
law.2
        In pretrial rulings, the trial court, among other things, adjudicated Moore’s
declaratory relief cause of action in favor of Wells Fargo’s contractual interpretation
permitting it to demand the balloon payment and dismissed Moore’s negligence cause of
action in response to Wells Fargo’s motion for judgment on the pleadings. The case then
proceeded to a jury trial.
        After Moore rested his case at trial, the trial court granted Wells Fargo’s motion
for nonsuit as to Moore’s breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing
cause of action. The trial court further granted Wells Fargo’s motion for judgment
notwithstanding the verdict after the jury found Wells Fargo had committed fraud. The
trial court also adjudicated the unfair competition law cause of action posttrial, finding in
favor of Wells Fargo, and granted Wells Fargo’s motion for costs and attorney fees.

2      Plaintiff filed an authorized amendment to the third amended complaint. The
amendment was not provided in the appellate record, and Moore asserts it is irrelevant to
the issues on appeal.

                                              3
       On appeal, Moore challenges the foregoing pretrial and posttrial rulings. We
reverse.
                            THE GENERAL ALLEGATIONS
       We provide a summary of the pertinent general allegations in the third amended
complaint here as background and include the detailed factual background pertaining to
each issue (including the trial evidence) in the applicable portion of the Discussion.
       Moore purchased his home in 1995 with a home loan by World Savings & Loan;
he refinanced the loan with the same lender in 2004. World Savings & Loan was
subsequently acquired by or merged with Wachovia Bank, which, in turn, was later
acquired by or merged with Wells Fargo.
       In or about April 2009, Moore lost his job. Moore argued he continued making
his full mortgage payments through October 2010.3 In or about October 2010,
anticipating difficulty in continuing to make full mortgage payments, Moore called Wells
Fargo to discuss recommendations for financial relief until he became reemployed.
       A Wells Fargo representative described and recommended the Plan under
HAMP’s Unemployment Program. Moore provided the necessary financial and personal
information, and, in approximately October 2010, Moore received an approval letter from
Wells Fargo outlining the terms and conditions of the Plan. Under the Plan, Moore’s
monthly payments were reduced from approximately $2,500 to $599.42. Moore “did not
undertake alternative financial remedies he could have pursued including but not limited
to: the seeking of alternative sources of financing; increasing his income with the taking-
on of renters; the listing and sale of his residence; or filing for bankruptcy, because of the
representations made to him by [Wells Fargo] about the Plan.”

3     At oral argument, the parties agreed Moore did not make the September payment
and was technically in default.

                                              4
       During phone calls with Wells Fargo, Moore inquired into the likely benefits or
liabilities upon completion of the Plan. Based on those conversations, Moore
“understood that if he remained in compliance with the Plan requirements, he would
likely be approved for a modified loan upon completion of the Plan. At no time [when he
applied for the Plan or] during [the monthly] phone calls or in any discussion with any
[Wells Fargo] employee prior to March 2, 2011 was [Moore] advised that he would be
responsible for immediate repayment of the difference between the Plan’s forbearance
payments and the financially greater, pre-forbearance mortgage payments, i.e. a ‘balloon’
payment.” Moore also received no written notice regarding the balloon payment
requirement. Rather, in response to his inquiries, Wells Fargo repeatedly assured Moore
that he would not incur any additional liabilities under the Plan.
       Moore made the six Plan payments and three agreed-upon additional payments
through extension of the Plan. In August 2011, however, Wells Fargo refused to accept
another reduced Plan payment and advised Moore he was liable for immediate payment
of his normal full mortgage payment and the arrears of $19,000, consisting of the
difference between his full mortgage payments and the reduced Plan payments plus fees
and penalties. Wells Fargo considered Moore’s Plan payments to constitute a default
under the loan, and had reported the Plan payments as such to the credit reporting
bureaus.
       Moore advised Wells Fargo that payment of the $19,000 would constitute a
financial hardship; Wells Fargo responded his failure to pay the amount would result in
commencement of foreclosure proceedings. It further said any payment made “would be
applied to the payment most in ‘arrears’, namely the payment due November, 2010, the
month in which the Plan had begun.” Moore received a notice of default and election to
sell in March 2012, and a notice of sale in June 2012.

                                             5
       Moore filed suit to avoid the foreclosure and asserted various causes of action.
The trial court issued a restraining order precluding a trustee sale during the pendency of
the litigation.
                                       DISCUSSION
                                              I
                                      Contract Claims
       Moore’s contract-based claims -- as set forth in his declaratory relief and breach of
the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing causes of action -- are grounded in the
premise that the Notice modified the loan’s deed of trust and note; a premise not
challenged or disputed by Wells Fargo. Indeed, Wells Fargo agrees the Notice must be
read in conjunction with the deed of trust and note to understand the parties’ respective
rights, duties, and obligations, and asserted in the trial court that the Notice modified the
note and deed of trust. The Notice, deed of trust, and note are collectively referred to as
contract documents.
       The principal dispute between the parties is whether Wells Fargo could, pursuant
to the contract documents, deem Moore in default and, accordingly, demand a balloon
payment at the end of the Plan term, as it did. The trial court found the terms of the
contract documents unambiguous in favor of Wells Fargo’s interpretation.
       The trial court’s ruling on the threshold question of ambiguity “is a question of
law subject to our independent review.” (Curry v. Moody (1995) 40 Cal. App. 4th 1547,
1552.) We do not read the contract documents the same way as the trial court; we find
them ambiguous.
                                              A
                       Contract Interpretation Principles Generally
       “A modification of a contract is a change in the obligations of a party by a
subsequent mutual agreement of the parties.” (West v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.,
supra, 214 Cal.App.4th at p. 798.) The language in the contract, as modified, must be

                                              6
interpreted as a whole and in the circumstances of the case; it cannot be found ambiguous
in the abstract. (Producers Dairy Delivery Co. v. Sentry Ins. (1986) 41 Cal. 3d 903, 916,
fn. 7.) “The proper interpretation of a contract is disputable if the contract is susceptible
of more than one reasonable interpretation, that is, if the contract is ambiguous. An
ambiguity may appear on the face of a contract, or extrinsic evidence may reveal a latent
ambiguity.” (Fremont Indemnity Co. v. Fremont General Corp. (2007) 148 Cal. App. 4th
97, 114.) As our Supreme Court made clear in Pacific Gas & E. Co., however, “[a] court
cannot determine based on only the four corners of a document, without provisionally
considering any extrinsic evidence offered by the parties, that the meaning of the
document is clear and unambiguous.” (Fremont Indemnity Co., at p. 114 [discussing
Pacific Gas & E. Co. v. G. W. Thomas Drayage etc. Co. (1968) 69 Cal. 2d 33, 37].)
       “[W]here the terms of an agreement are ambiguous, they ‘should be interpreted
most strongly against the party who caused the uncertainty to exist.’ [Citation.] Finally,
‘when different constructions of a provision are otherwise equally proper, [the
construction] to be taken [is the one] most favorable to the party in whose favor the
provision was made.’ ” (Sutherland v. Barclays American/Mortgage Corp. (1997) 53
Cal. App. 4th 299, 310 (Sutherland).)
                                              B
                                    Contract Documents
                                              1
                                          The Note
       The note provides Moore agreed to make principal and interest payments on the
15th day of every month from October 15, 2004, through September 15, 2034, to repay
the $310,000 principal at a variable interest rate. Any amount remaining on
September 15, 2034, would be paid in full on that date -- the maturity date. If Moore’s
“monthly payments [were] insufficient to pay the total amount of monthly interest that
[wa]s due[,] . . . the amount of interest that [wa]s not paid each month, called ‘Deferred

                                              7
interest,’ w[ould] be added to [his] Principal and w[ould] accrue interest at the same rate
as the Principal.” In the event the unpaid balance exceeded 125 percent of the principal
originally borrowed, Moore’s monthly payment would be recalculated such that Moore
“w[ould] pay a new monthly payment which [wa]s equal to an amount that w[ould] be
sufficient to repay [his] then unpaid balance in full on the Maturity Date at the interest
rate then in effect, in substantially equal payments.”
       Pertinent to the issue at hand, Moore would be in default if “[he] d[id] not pay the
full amount of each monthly payment on the date it [wa]s due.” In that case, “the Lender
[could] send [him] a written notice, called ‘Notice of Default,’ telling [him] that if [he]
d[id] not pay the overdue amount by a certain date, the Lender [could] require [him] to
pay immediately the amount of Principal which ha[d] not been paid and all the interest
that [he] owe[d] on that amount, plus any other amounts due under the Security
Instrument.” The lender’s decision not to require Moore to pay immediately the full
amount owed at the time of default would not preclude the lender from “do[ing] so if
[Moore] [was] in default at a later time.”
       The note further states the “the Security Instrument dated the same date as th[e]
Note g[ave] the Lender security against which it [could] proceed if [Moore] d[id] not
keep the promises which [he] made in th[e] Note.”
                                               2
                                     The Deed Of Trust
       The deed of trust secured the note for the maximum aggregate principal balance of
$387,500 -- 125 percent of the original principal note amount. It contains two provisions
outlining the lender’s rights in the event of default. The first provision is entitled
“Lender’s Rights” and states: “Even if Lender does not exercise or enforce any of its
rights under this Security Instrument or under the law, Lender will still have all of those
rights and may exercise and enforce them in the future. Even if Lender obtains
insurance, pays taxes, or pays other claims, charges or liens against the Property, Lender

                                               8
will have the right under Paragraph 28 below to demand that [Moore] make immediate
payment in full of the amounts that [Moore] owe[s] to Lender under the Secured Notes
and under this Security Instrument.”
       The second provision is contained in paragraph 28, entitled “Rights of the Lender
if There is a Breach of Duty.” That provision states that, if Moore breached his duty by
failing to, among other things, “pay the full amount of each monthly payment on the date
it [wa]s due,” the “Lender [could] demand an immediate payment of all sums secured . . .
[and] [¶] . . . [could] take action to have the Property sold under any applicable law. [¶]
Lender [would] not have to give [him] notice of a Breach of Duty. If Lender d[id] not
make a demand for full payment upon a Breach of Duty, Lender [could] make a demand
for full payment upon any other Breach of Duty.”
                                              3
                                         The Notice
       The Notice was dated October 8, 2010. It states, in pertinent part:
       “After carefully reviewing the information you have provided, you are approved to
enter into a forbearance plan under the Home Affordable Unemployment Program.
Please read this letter so that you understand the terms and conditions of the forbearance
plan (the ‘Plan’).
       “What_you_need_to_do . . .
       “You must make the new monthly ‘forbearance plan payments’ in place of your
normal monthly mortgage payment. Send your monthly forbearance plan payments -
instead of your normal monthly mortgage payment - as follows: [six payments of
$599.42 each to be made on the first day of each month starting on November 1, 2010,
and ending April 1, 2011]
       “[¶] . . . [¶]

                                              9
       “While you are performing under the terms of this Plan, your home will not be
referred to foreclosure or sold at a foreclosure sale, if allowed by state law and/or investor
guidelines.
       “This Plan will be terminated, regardless of payments received, if the Borrower
fails to submit timely, complete documentation as required by the Home Affordable
Program(s) or by lender.
       “The lender is under no obligation to enter into any further agreement, and this
Plan shall not constitute a waiver of the lender’s right to insist upon strict performance in
the future.
       “All of the provisions of the note and security instrument, except as herein
provided, shall remain in full force and effect. Any breach of any provision of this Plan
or non-compliance with this Plan, shall render the forbearance null and void, and at the
option of the lender, without further notice to you, may terminate this Plan. The lender,
at its option, may institute foreclosure proceedings according to the terms of the note and
security instrument without regard to this Plan. In the event of foreclosure, you may
incur additional expenses of attorney’s fees and foreclosure costs.
       “The due date of your loan will continue to be reported to the credit bureaus on a
monthly basis.”
                                              C
                              The Contract Causes Of Action
                                              1
                                     Declaratory Relief
       In his declaratory relief cause of action, Moore alleged an actual controversy
existed regarding the parties’ “respective rights and duties under the applicable
promissory note and deed of trust, as modified by the Plan,” because Moore had not
missed a loan payment and was not in default.

                                             10
       Moore sought a judicial determination of his rights and duties, and declarations
that the Notice was a binding contract; Wells Fargo was precluded from seeking the
balloon payment “both by the express terms of the Plan and by [its] failure to disclose
that additional terms were in effect” and because it “failed to provide [Moore] with other
loss mitigation options”; Moore was not actually in default on his loan; the pending
foreclosure proceedings were invalid; and Wells Fargo’s refusal to accept Moore’s
tendered payment excused him from his payment obligation and precluded the accrual of
interest and late charges.
                                             2
            Breach Of The Implied Covenant Of Good Faith And Fair Dealing
       To frame Moore’s breach of implied covenant allegations, we begin with a brief
background of the law. The implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing is implied by
law in every contract to prevent a contracting party from depriving the other party of the
benefits of the contract. Thus, “ ‘ “[e]very contract imposes upon each party a duty of
good faith and fair dealing in its performance and its enforcement.” ’ ” (Carma
Developers (Cal.), Inc. v. Marathon Development California, Inc. (1992) 2 Cal. 4th 342,
371.) The failure to deal fairly or in good faith gives rise to an action for damages. (See
Sutherland, supra, 53 Cal.App.4th at p. 314.) “The covenant of good faith finds
particular application in situations where one party is invested with a discretionary
power affecting the rights of another.” (Carma Developers (Cal.), Inc., at p. 372.)
       “It is universally recognized the scope of conduct prohibited by the covenant of
good faith is circumscribed by the purposes and express terms of the contract.” (Carma
Developers (Cal.), Inc. v. Marathon Development California, Inc., supra, 2 Cal.4th at
p. 373.) Violation of an express provision is not, however, required. (Ibid.) “Nor is it
necessary that the party’s conduct be dishonest. Dishonesty presupposes subjective
immorality; the covenant of good faith can be breached for objectively unreasonable
conduct, regardless of the actor’s motive.” (Ibid.) “A party violates the covenant if it

                                             11
subjectively lacks belief in the validity of its act or if its conduct is objectively
unreasonable. [Citations.] In the case of a discretionary power, it has been suggested the
covenant requires the party holding such power to exercise it ‘for any purpose within the
reasonable contemplation of the parties at the time of formation -- to capture
opportunities that were preserved upon entering the contract, interpreted objectively.’ ”
(Id. at p. 372.)
       “The issue of whether the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing has been
breached is ordinarily ‘a question of fact unless only one inference [can] be drawn from
the evidence.’ ” (Hicks v. E. T. Legg & Associates (2001) 89 Cal. App. 4th 496, 509.)
       Moore alleged an implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing was included in
the Notice, precluding Wells Fargo from depriving Moore of the benefits of the
agreement. He alleged the Plan was entered into pursuant to the HAMP guidelines and
Wells Fargo was impliedly required to comply with the guidelines, including: notice,
minimum duration of the forbearance period, extension and termination, and offering loss
mitigation options upon expiration of the Plan.
       Moore alleged Wells Fargo breached the implied covenant by, among other things:
“misle[ading] [him] regarding the terms of the Plan and extensions thereof, including
leading [him] to believe that the Plan payments constituted full payments of his loan as
implied by the Plan agreement as opposed to partial and incomplete payments, resulting
in arrearages and default, and that the Plan would protect [him] from the foreclosure of
the Property”; failing to provide notice of Moore’s duty to pay the balloon payment
despite his inquiries “as to any additional liabilities he might incur relative to the Plan
contract”; purposely limiting the training of its agents; and failing to comply with the
HAMP guidelines regarding the minimum Plan forbearance period of 12 months, various
notice requirements, and criteria for considering a HAMP application.
       As a result of this alleged breach of the implied covenant, Moore was damaged in
an amount to be shown according to proof.

                                               12
                                               D
                          The Trial Court Arguments And Rulings
                                               1
                                      Declaratory Relief
       On the first day of trial, prior to jury selection, the trial court asked the parties to
argue their respective positions relating to the interpretation of the contract documents.
The trial court explained it would exercise its power in equity by examining the contract
documents to determine whether there was a contract and what the provisions or
conditions of the contract were. If the trial court found no meeting of the minds or that
the contract terms were ambiguous, the court would permit the introduction of extrinsic
evidence at trial to avoid duplication of testimony.
       Moore argued the contract was ambiguous because the Notice required him to
make the reduced payments “in place of” the normal payments and there was no
indication that his payment of the reduced amounts would result in a default on the loan
or trigger a balloon payment obligation at the end of the Plan term. Wells Fargo argued
the term forbearance means the giving of further time to pay a debt or an agreement not
to enforce a claim when it is due. It further argued the Notice had to be read in
conjunction with the note, because it modified the note. Various note provisions, it
argued, expressly vested Wells Fargo with the authority to deem Moore in default and to
demand a balloon payment; Wells Fargo did not waive any rights under the note in the
Notice.
       The trial court issued a written ruling on October 26, 2015. Initially, the trial court
expressed doubt as to whether the Notice qualified as a contract modification due to the
lack of consideration; however, the court did not ultimately rule on the issue and
presumed the existence of a valid modification.
       The trial court considered Moore’s offer of proof as to the extrinsic evidence he
would introduce relating to the ambiguity in the contract terms, but concluded the

                                               13
proffered parol evidence was unnecessary because it “d[id] not aid in the interpretation of
[the] contractual obligations of the parties in this case” given “[t]he issue in this case is
not ambiguous terms in the Plan, but rather the absence of specificity or terms in the
Plan.” The court explained “[i]t is well settled that extrinsic evidence cannot be used to
add a provision to the contract that was omitted by the parties.”
       The court framed the issue as “whether this [Notice] was meant to modify the
terms of the note such that the defendant was willing to forgive or waive the full amounts
due for each month during the forbearance period or whether the Plan merely permitted
reduced monthly payments, but the plaintiff was still otherwise contractually obligated to
become fully current when the plan terminated.” The court concluded “the later [sic] is a
more reasonable interpretation given the nature of a forbearance. A forbearance occurs
when the creditor, in exchange for consideration, agrees to wait for a period of time to
collect the debt. It is the giving of further time for the payment of a debt. [Citation.] A
forbearance is not the modification of the loan terms or the forgiveness of debt. There is
nothing in the written terms of this [Notice] providing that the defendant was willing to
waive, forgive, or agree to otherwise amortize back into the principal the past due full
amounts. . . . [¶] While it is true the [Notice] received by the plaintiff [did] not explain
how the shortage would be considered, neither did it contain a promise by the defendant
to waive or [forgive the debt].” The trial court further noted Moore had a duty to make a
reasonable inquiry regarding the terms and was bound by the terms of the deed of trust
and the note even if he did not read them.
       The trial court disagreed with Moore’s argument that the HAMP guidelines set
forth in Directive 10-04 were incorporated into the terms of the Notice. The court
explained “th[o]se directives are actually part of a contractual agreement between the
Federal government and servicers” and Moore “has no private right of action . . . to
enforce HAMP guidelines [because it] is not a third party beneficiary to HAMP
contracts.”

                                              14
       The trial court interpreted the rights and obligations of the parties as follows:
       “That when the plaintiff began making reduced payments in accordance with the
Plan notice, the defendant could not declare the plaintiff in default or commence
foreclosure proceedings if payment and notice requirements were met;
       “That the [plaintiff] could not be charged late fees or other charges related to a
delinquency during the time the plaintiff was making reduced payments under the plan;
       “That the defendant could unilaterally terminate the plan at any time;
       “That upon termination of the plan by the defendant, the plaintiff was obligated to
become fully current by paying the full amounts then due under the terms of the note and
deed of trust;
       “That upon termination of the plan, if the plaintiff did not become fully current
under the terms of the note and deed of trust, it would constitute a breach of contract and
the defendant could commence foreclosure proceedings in accordance with the terms of
the note and/or deed of trust.”
                                              2
            Breach Of The Implied Covenant Of Good Faith And Fair Dealing
       After Moore rested his case at trial, Wells Fargo verbally moved for nonsuit on the
breach of the implied covenant cause of action. “ ‘A nonsuit in a jury case or a directed
verdict may be granted only when disregarding conflicting evidence, giving to the
plaintiffs’ evidence all the value to which it is legally entitled, and indulging every
legitimate inference which may be drawn from the evidence in plaintiffs’ favor, it can be
said that there is no evidence to support a jury verdict in their favor. [Citations.]’
[Citation.] Nonsuit is appropriate where the plaintiff’s proof raises nothing more than
speculation, suspicion or conjecture.” (Hernandez v. Amcord, Inc. (2013) 215
Cal. App. 4th 659, 669.)
       Wells Fargo argued nonsuit was appropriate because Moore did not demonstrate
his compliance with the contract terms, did not show a breach by Wells Fargo (either

                                              15
because the trial court had already found the basis for the claim preempted or it would
impose an obligation different from the express terms of the contract as interpreted by the
trial court), and Moore did not prove any damages resulting from such breach. Moore
responded Wells Fargo had waived any noncompliance by Moore when it agreed to
extend the Plan period and the balloon payment, among other things, constituted damages
because it was a debt not otherwise owed by Moore in the absence of Wells Fargo’s
breach. Wells Fargo disagreed the balloon payment could constitute damages because:
(1) Moore had not yet paid the balloon payment; and (2) the trial court already ruled
Wells Fargo was expressly permitted by contract to demand the balloon payment.
       The trial court granted nonsuit, finding “there ha[d] been no evidence of a breach
of contract in light of the Court’s interpretation of the contract” and “no evidence as a
matter of law as to appropriate damages.”
       We review the trial court’s nonsuit ruling de novo, resolving all presumptions,
inferences and doubts in favor of the plaintiff. (Hernandez v. Amcord, Inc., supra, 215
Cal.App.4th at p. 669.)
                                             E
                      The Contract Interpretation Issue Is Not Moot
       Wells Fargo argues the nonjudicial foreclosure of Moore’s property after trial
rendered Moore’s appeal of the declaratory relief ruling moot because the foreclosure
“terminated the contractual relationship between him and Wells Fargo” leaving no
present or ongoing controversy for our determination.4 It is true, as Wells Fargo urges,
declaratory relief operates prospectively and there is no basis for declaratory relief where
only past wrongs are involved. (Baldwin v. Marina City Properties, Inc. (1978) 79
Cal. App. 3d 393, 407.) “ ‘It necessarily follows that when, pending an appeal from the

4      Moore does not address the argument.

                                             16
judgment of a lower court, and without any fault of the defendant, an event occurs which
renders it impossible for this court, if it should decide the case in favor of plaintiff, to
grant him any effectual relief whatever, the court will not proceed to a formal judgment,
but will dismiss the appeal.’ ” (Consol. etc. Corp. v. United A. etc. Workers (1946) 27
Cal. 2d 859, 863.)
       “The general rule regarding mootness, however, is tempered by the court’s
discretionary authority to decide moot issues. When an action involves a matter of
continuing public interest that is likely to recur, a court may exercise an inherent
discretion to resolve that issue, even if an event occurring during the pendency of the
appeal normally would render the matter moot. [Citations.] Another exception exists
when, despite the happening of a subsequent event, material questions remain for the
court’s determination. [Citations.] This exception has been applied to declaratory relief
actions on the basis that the court must do complete justice once jurisdiction has been
assumed.” (Building a Better Redondo, Inc. v. City of Redondo Beach (2012) 203
Cal. App. 4th 852, 867.) “[T]he relief thus granted may encompass future and contingent
legal rights.” (Eye Dog Foundation v. State Board of Guide Dogs for the Blind (1967) 67
Cal. 2d 536, 541.)
       Here, the foreclosure did not occur without any fault of the defendant; indeed,
Wells Fargo affirmatively took steps to complete the nonjudicial foreclosure following
trial. More importantly, even though the foreclosure may have mooted any prospective
declaration with respect to the contractual relationship between the parties, a material
question remains for our determination. We must reach the merits of the trial court’s
contract interpretation ruling because it materially impacts the trial court’s ruling on the
breach of the implied covenant cause of action -- to which Wells Fargo correctly does not
raise a mootness challenge. The foreclosure did not render impossible our ability to grant
Moore effectual relief on his contract interpretation claim. Accordingly, we reach the
merits of the trial court’s contract interpretation ruling.

                                               17
                                             F
                  The Terms Of The Contract Documents Are Ambiguous
       The question before us is whether the contract documents (as modified by the
Notice) interpreted together are reasonably susceptible to the interpretations urged by
Wells Fargo -- that it could deem Moore in default and demand a balloon payment at the
end of the Plan term -- and Moore -- that the Notice “provided that Wells Fargo would
accept reduced payments during the [Plan] period, modifying the loan requiring larger
payments” such that Wells Fargo “had no basis to put Moore in default, report his
deficiency to credit agencies, or demand that Moore make a balloon payment at the end
of the period.”
       As previously indicated, our review as to ambiguity is independent of the trial
court’s decision. We conclude the contract documents are susceptible to each party’s
interpretation, rendering the language ambiguous.
       The note defines default as the failure to pay the full amount of each monthly
payment on the date it is due and the deed of trust defines breach of duty as the same. It
was the default and breach of duty provisions in the note and deed of trust that provided
Wells Fargo with the right to demand a balloon payment and to deem Moore in default of
the loan agreement. The Notice stated it was a forbearance agreement (without defining
that term) and required Moore to “make the new monthly ‘forbearance plan payments’ in
place of [his] normal monthly mortgage payment” on the first of each of the six months
identified therein (as opposed to the 15th day of each month, as stated in the note).
(Italics added.) The Notice further stated: “All of the provisions of the note and security
instrument, except as herein provided, shall remain in full force and effect.”
       The language could be read, as the trial court found, that Moore’s in-lieu payments
under the Plan were merely forbearance payments in exchange for the promise not to
foreclose on the property. That is that the payments “in place of” the normal monthly
payment were not the “full amount of each monthly payment” under the terms of the note

                                             18
and deed of trust but rather a payment for giving of further time to pay the debt and to not
enforce the default when it was due. Under this interpretation, Moore would be in default
for failing to pay the full amount of each monthly payment and the “no waiver” provision
in the Notice would have preserved Wells Fargo’s right to demand a balloon payment at
the end of the Plan period as provided in the note.
       The language is also reasonably susceptible to the interpretation that the new
monthly reduced payments were the “full amount of each monthly payment” due on the
first day of each of the six months identified in the Notice. The change in the payment
amount and the due date would be the provisions “as herein provided” for purposes of the
clause, “[a]ll of the provisions of the note and security instrument, except as herein
provided, shall remain in full force and effect.” Under this interpretation, if Moore paid
the $599.42 each month as required in the Notice (and any extension thereof), Moore
could not be deemed in default or in breach of duty because he was paying the “full
amount of each monthly payment” required under the modified contract. It follows that,
if Moore complied with the terms of the Notice, Wells Fargo could not demand a balloon
payment for the difference between the regular and modified monthly payments at the
end of the Plan term.
       Moore’s interpretation does not negate the “no waiver” language in the Notice.
That provision is reasonably susceptible to the interpretation that Wells Fargo retained its
rights to deem Moore in default and breach of duty for any reason stated in the note and
deed of trust after the Plan term expired, and for any reason not modified in the Notice
during the Plan term (e.g., if Moore made a misrepresentation on his loan application).
Under such circumstances, while Wells Fargo could not deem Moore in default for
failing to pay the difference between the regular and reduced monthly payments, it could
deem Moore in default for several other reasons -- for example, if Moore had failed to
timely pay the reduced monthly payments.

                                             19
       Moore’s interpretation is also not inconsistent with the definition of forbearance.
The existing note provisions would allow Moore additional time to pay the sum of the
difference between the normal and reduced monthly payments either by allowing him
until the end of the loan term to do so or by increasing his monthly loan payment in equal
amounts at some point in the future to bring the amount owed below 125 percent of the
principal at the beginning of the loan. Both scenarios are consistent with the concept of
forbearance. Such an interpretation does not result in a partial forgiveness of the debt. It
also does not constitute a restructuring of the loan because the interpretation is based on
the existing terms of the loan agreement.
       Moore’s interpretation further does not lead to an impossibility. Wells Fargo
argues “as a matter of simple arithmetic, it would not be possible for [Moore] to go back
to his original payments if the arrearage was applied to the principal.” Thus, Wells Fargo
posits, “the proffered parol evidence that he would go back to his old payment does not
support an interpretation that the arrearage would be put back on the principal.” Wells
Fargo fails to account, however, for the express provisions in the note providing any
amount remaining on September 15, 2034, would be paid in full on that date and, if the
balance exceeded 125 percent of the original principal, the monthly payment would be
recalculated. Applying those provisions to Moore’s interpretation, if Moore resumed his
normal monthly payments following the expiration of the Plan term, the sum of the
difference between the normal and reduced monthly payments would be due on or before
September 15, 2034, or could lead to the recalculation of his monthly payment if the
amount owed exceeded 125 percent of the original principal. Whether such an
interpretation is reasonable under the circumstances is a decision left to the trier of fact.
       This case bears similarities to Sutherland. In Sutherland, the plaintiff “owned a
condominium that sustained severe damage in an earthquake. Sutherland contacted her
mortgage company, explained what had happened, and stated that she had to move out of
the damaged unit and rent another residence. The mortgage company agreed to put a

                                              20
‘stop’ on her account for three months, during which time she did not have to make any
payments. Sutherland believed that the ‘stop’ period was intended to give her a financial
break to deal with the unexpected costs of the earthquake. She thought that, at the end of
the three-month period, her mortgage payments would resume in the regular amounts,
thereby extending the life of the mortgage by three months. [¶] A week before the end
of the ‘stop’ period, [however,] the mortgage company informed Sutherland that her next
scheduled payment had to include not only the regular monthly amount but also the sum
of the three months’ payments not made during the ‘stop’ period” -- i.e., a balloon
payment. (Sutherland, supra, 53 Cal.App.4th at pp. 303-304.)
       Sutherland sued the mortgage company for, among other things, breach of oral
contract. (Sutherland, supra, 53 Cal.App.4th at p. 308.) Barclays moved for summary
judgment, which the trial court granted. (Id. at p. 309.) The Court of Appeal reversed.
(Id. at p. 318.)
       The Court of Appeal explained the circumstances surrounding the oral agreement
supported Sutherland’s position because Barclays should have understood that “if an
earthquake victim needs immediate relief from her loan payments, it does little good to
require that the excused payments be made three months later in a lump sum.”
(Sutherland, supra, 53 Cal.App.4th at p. 310.) It further said: “Even if we ignore the
circumstances surrounding the parties’ oral agreement, we cannot conclude that an
agreement to ‘stop’ a loan account for three months means that, as a matter of law, the
excused payments will all be due in the fourth month. A mortgagee’s statement that it
will temporarily ‘stop’ an account does not indicate with reasonable certainty when the
excused payments have to be made. Such a statement is ambiguous and should arguably
be construed in favor of the borrower. [Citation.] Moreover, to the extent the parties’
competing interpretations of the ‘stop’ payment agreement are equally plausible, the
agreement should be interpreted in favor of the borrower, since it was for her benefit that
the agreement was made.” (Id. at p. 311.)

                                            21
       The same is true here. Nothing in the Notice (or the note or deed of trust for that
matter) indicates “with reasonable certainty when the [difference between the reduced
and normal payments] ha[d] to be made.” (Sutherland, supra, 53 Cal.App.4th at p. 311.)
The contract documents are therefore ambiguous with respect to that term and should
arguably be construed in favor of the borrower. (Ibid.)
       Having found the language of the modified contract documents ambiguous, we
reverse the trial court’s ruling on the declaratory relief cause of action and remand the
contract interpretation issue to the trial court for resolution by the trier of fact. In its
analysis, the trier of fact shall consider the proffered extrinsic evidence of the parties’
conduct before the controversy arose, including their communications before and after
the contract modification. (Universal Sales Corp. v. Cal. etc. Mfg. Co. (1942) 20 Cal. 2d
751, 761 [“[W]hen a contract is ambiguous, a construction given to it by the acts and
conduct of the parties with knowledge of its terms, before any controversy has arisen as
to its meaning, is entitled to great weight, and will, when reasonable, be adopted and
enforced by the court”].)
       We reverse the trial court’s nonsuit ruling on the breach of the implied covenant
cause of action for the same reason because it was based entirely on the trial court’s
interpretation of the contract documents. In essence, the trial court concluded Moore
could not imply a covenant into the contract documents precluded by the express terms,
as interpreted by the trial court. Indeed, the trial court found there had been no evidence
of a breach of contract and no evidence of damages “as a matter of law” “in light of the
Court’s interpretation of the contract.” The breach of the implied covenant cause of
action can be resolved only after a trier of fact resolves the contract interpretation issue.
The trier of fact must then determine whether Wells Fargo’s actions (including its balloon
payment demand) deprived Moore of the benefit of the modified contract documents.

                                               22
                                              II
                                         Negligence
       Moore appeals the trial court’s finding that the Home Owners’ Loan Act (HOLA)
(12 U.S.C. § 1461 et seq.) preempted his negligence cause of action. The ruling was in
response to Wells Fargo’s motion for judgment on the pleadings. “ ‘A motion for
judgment on the pleadings is equivalent to a demurrer and is governed by the same de
novo standard of review.’ [Citation.] ‘All properly pleaded, material facts are deemed
true, but not contentions, deductions, or conclusions of fact or law . . . .’ ” (People ex rel.
Harris v. Pac Anchor Transportation, Inc. (2014) 59 Cal. 4th 772, 777.) “ ‘[W]e give the
complaint a reasonable interpretation by reading it as a whole and all of its parts in their
context. [Citations.] We are not concerned with a plaintiff’s possible inability to prove
the claims made in the complaint, the allegations of which are accepted as true and
liberally construed with a view toward attaining substantial justice.’ ” (Lovejoy v. AT&T
Corp. (2001) 92 Cal. App. 4th 85, 91.) Extrinsic evidence is not properly presented on a
motion for judgment on the pleadings. (Burnett v. Chimney Sweep (2004) 123
Cal. App. 4th 1057, 1063.)
       Like a demurrer, a motion for judgment on the pleadings “does not lie as to a
portion of a cause of action, and if any part of a cause of action is properly pleaded, the
[motion] will be overruled.” (Fire Ins. Exchange v. Superior Court (2004) 116
Cal. App. 4th 446, 452.) “We affirm the judgment if it is correct on any ground stated in
the [motion], regardless of the trial court’s stated reasons.” (Mexia v. Rinker Boat Co.,
Inc. (2009) 174 Cal. App. 4th 1297, 1303.)
       Before we delve into the substance of the preemption issue, we note a couple of
important parameters to the analysis that follows. First, we presume Moore states valid
and cognizable elements for a negligence cause of action based on the allegations in the
third amended complaint. We do so because Wells Fargo did not challenge the cause of
action for failure to state a claim on any grounds other than HOLA preemption in its

                                              23
motion for judgment on the pleadings.5 While we presume Moore states valid elements
for negligence for purposes of this analysis, we do not decide that he does. Second, the
trial court’s ruling on the motion applied to several other causes of action. Moore appeals
the ruling only with respect to the negligence cause of action. Our analysis is therefore
limited to that cause of action alone.
                                             A
                                   Preemption Generally
       “ ‘The supremacy clause of the United States Constitution establishes a
constitutional choice-of-law rule, makes federal law paramount, and vests Congress with
the power to preempt state law.’ ” (Quesada v. Herb Thyme Farms, Inc. (2015) 62
Cal. 4th 298, 307-308.) Congress may expressly preempt state law through an explicit
preemption clause, or courts may imply preemption under three doctrines: (1) field
preemption, when “Congress intended, by comprehensive legislation, to occupy the entire
field of regulation, leaving no room for the states to supplement federal law”; (2) conflict
preemption, “when compliance with both federal and state regulations is an
impossibility”; or (3) obstacle preemption, “when state law ‘stands as an obstacle to the
accomplishment and execution of the full purposes and objectives of Congress.’ ”
(Bronco Wine Co. v. Jolly (2004) 33 Cal. 4th 943, 955.)

5       We are aware of the footnote in the trial court’s ruling that states: “Even if
plaintiff’s negligence claims are not preempted by Federal law, they may suffer from
another fatal legal deficiency; the absence of a duty of care.” This notation does not
constitute a ruling on the issue, as indicated by the use of “may” in the sentence. More
importantly, Wells Fargo did not raise a challenge to Moore’s asserted duty of care in its
motion. We, therefore, do not address the parties’ arguments as to whether Moore
articulated a duty of care. We decline, for the same reason, to address Wells Fargo’s
argument that Moore’s negligence claim fails because he conceded the claim is based
entirely on contractual duties.

                                             24
       Preemption may result, not only from action taken by Congress itself, but also
from action by a federal agency. (Louisiana Public Service Com. v. FCC (1986) 476
U.S. 355, 369 [90 L. Ed. 2d 369, 382]; Quesada v. Herb Thyme Farms, Inc., supra, 62
Cal.4th at p. 308 [“federal agencies, acting pursuant to authorization from Congress, can
issue regulations that override state requirements”].) “A regulation’s preemptive effect
‘does not depend on express congressional authorization to displace state law.’
[Citation.] Instead, the determinative issues are whether (1) the agency intended its
regulation to have a preemptive effect and (2) the agency acted within the scope of its
congressionally delegated authority by issuing the preemptive regulation. [Citation.] So
long as those conditions are met, ‘[f]ederal regulations have no less pre-emptive effect
than federal statutes.’ ” (Gibson v. World Savings & Loan Assn. (2002) 103 Cal. App. 4th
1291, 1297 (Gibson).)
       “In determining whether federal law preempts state law, a court’s task is to discern
congressional [or federal agency] intent.” (Bronco Wine Co. v. Jolly, supra, 33 Cal.4th at
p. 955; Quesada v. Herb Thyme Farms, Inc., supra, 62 Cal.4th at p. 308.) While we
generally conduct this analysis “through the lens of a presumption against preemption”
(Quesada, at p. 312), the presumption does not apply in the field of banking because it
concerns regulations in an area where there has been a history of significant federal
presence (Silvas v. E*Trade Mortg. Corp. (9th Cir. 2008) 514 F.3d 1001, 1004-1005).
       The construction of statutes and administrative regulations, and the ascertainment
of preemptive intent are pure questions of law. (Gibson, supra, 103 Cal.App.4th at
p. 1297.) “Accordingly, we determine the preemptive effect of either statutes or
regulations independently [citation], without deferring to the trial court’s conclusion or
limiting ourselves to the evidence of intent considered by the trial court.” (Ibid.)

                                             25
                                               B
                             The HOLA Preemption Regulation
        “Enacted to provide emergency relief from massive home loan defaults during the
Great Depression, HOLA ‘empowered . . . the Office of Thrift Supervision [(OTS)] in the
Treasury Department to authorize the creation of federal savings and loan associations, to
regulate them, and by its regulations to preempt conflicting state law.’ ” (Wigod v. Wells
Fargo Bank, N.A. (7th Cir. 2012) 673 F.3d 547, 576.) “In 1996, the OTS adopted its now
superseded lending preemption regulation (12 C.F.R. § 560.2), which is at issue in this
case.” (Akopyan v. Wells Fargo Home Mortgage, Inc. (2013) 215 Cal. App. 4th 120, 138-
139.)
        12 Code of Federal Regulations,6 section 560.2(a) previously read, inter alia:
“OTS hereby occupies the entire field of lending regulation for federal savings
associations.[7] OTS intends to give federal savings associations maximum flexibility to
exercise their lending powers in accordance with a uniform federal scheme of regulation.
Accordingly, federal savings associations may extend credit as authorized under federal
law, including this part, without regard to state laws purporting to regulate or otherwise
affect their credit activities, except to the extent provided in paragraph (c) of this

6       All further section references are to the Code of Federal Regulations.
7       Wells Fargo is not a federal savings association, but is the successor to World
Savings Bank, FSB, the originator of Moore’s loan. (See DeLeon v. Wells Fargo Bank,
N.A., supra, 729 F.Supp.2d at p. 1121 [“World Savings had changed its name to
Wachovia Mortgage, FSB and then merged into Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.”].) Courts are
split over whether Wells Fargo would have standing to assert preemption under the
circumstances presented here, as a successor to World Savings Bank. (See Metzger v.
Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (C.D.Cal. Apr. 28, 2014, No. LA CV14-00526 JAK (SSx)) 2014
U.S. Dist. LEXIS 59427 [collecting cases].) Moore does not, however, challenge Wells
Fargo’s standing to raise the preemption challenge and we need not consider it because
we conclude preemption does not apply.

                                              26
section . . . . For purposes of this section, ‘state law’ includes any state statute,
regulation, ruling, order or judicial decision.” (§ 560.2(a), italics added.)
       Section 560.2(b) provided examples of the types of laws HOLA preempts,
including terms of credit, loan-related fees, disclosure and advertising, and processing,
origination, servicing, sale or purchase of, or investment or participation in, mortgages.
(§ 560.2(b)(4), (5), (9), (10).) And, section 560.2(c) contained the savings clause, listing
the types of state laws (e.g., contract and tort law) not preempted “to the extent that they
only incidentally affect the lending operations of Federal savings associations or are
otherwise consistent with the purposes of paragraph (a) of [section 560.2].” (§ 560.2(c).)
       To aid in the preemption analysis, OTS issued a final rule instructing: “When
analyzing the status of state laws under § 560.2, the first step will be to determine
whether the type of law in question is listed in paragraph (b). If so, the analysis will end
there; the law is preempted. If the law is not covered by paragraph (b), the next question
is whether the law affects lending. If it does, then, in accordance with paragraph (a), the
presumption arises that the law is preempted. This presumption can be reversed only if
the law can clearly be shown to fit within the confines of paragraph (c). For these
purposes, paragraph (c) is intended to be interpreted narrowly. Any doubt should be
resolved in favor of preemption.” (61 Fed.Reg. 50951, 50966-50967 (Sept. 30, 1996).)
       Section 560.2 was superseded in 2011 by the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and
Consumer Protection Act and its implementing regulations. (Akopyan v. Wells Fargo
Home Mortgage, Inc., supra, 215 Cal.App.4th at p. 136, fn. 8.) OTS’s supervisory
authority over federal savings associations was transferred to the Office of the
Comptroller of the Currency. (Meyer v. One West Bank, F.S.B. (C.D.Cal. 2015) 91
F. Supp. 3d 1177, 1180.) Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act,
however, applied prospectively only to loans originated after July 21, 2011; section 560.2
remained applicable to loans originated prior to that date. (Meyer, at pp. 1180-1181;
Brown v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. (D.D.C. 2012) 869 F. Supp. 2d 51, 56, fn. 5.)

                                               27
       Section 560.2 was also recently removed from the Code of Federal Regulations.
On October 11, 2017, the Department of Treasury published a final rule titled, “Removal
of Office of Thrift Supervision Regulations.”8 (82 Fed.Reg. 47083 (Oct. 11, 2017).) The
final rule states: “In order to eliminate the confusion that may arise from having
inoperative and superseded regulations of an abolished agency published in the CFR, the
Department of the Treasury is removing chapter V of title 12 of the CFR.” (Ibid.) The
final rule further states notice and comment were “not required with respect to the
removal of the parts of chapter V that govern the organization and administrative
functions of the OTS because those parts have been inoperative since the OTS was
abolished in 2011” and “[i]t simply removes obsolete provisions that are likely to be a
source of confusion.” (Id. at pp. 47083-47084, italics added.) No court has considered
the potential impact of this final rule. We need not do so here because we conclude that,
even if section 560.2 applies, Moore’s negligence cause of action is not preempted.
                                            C
                                     The Allegations
       The negligence cause of action incorporated 41 preceding paragraphs, including
allegations that Moore had not missed a loan payment, Wells Fargo erroneously
determined Moore to be in default of the modified mortgage contract, and Wells Fargo
failed to disclose to Moore that he could be responsible for making a balloon payment at
the conclusion of the Plan term.
       Moore further alleged: Wells Fargo was negligent as a result of its “erroneous
beliefs and records” in commencing an improper foreclosure sale, and erroneously

8       We requested supplemental briefing from the parties regarding the impact and
application of this final rule. As explained post, however, we need not address the scope
of the final rule because we conclude that, even if section 560.2 applies, Moore’s
negligence cause of action is not preempted.

                                            28
reporting Moore had defaulted on the loan; Wells Fargo owed Moore a duty to “inter alia,
provide accurate information to credit reporting bureaus” and “breached that duty by
providing erroneous information to such credit agencies and by failing to provide
[Moore] with accurate notice of what it deemed to be a default on the loan in question”;
“[a]ny default on the part of [Moore] asserted by [Wells Fargo] [wa]s the result of
(1) [Wells Fargo’s] wrongful refusal to accept [Moore’s] tendered payment pursuant to
the Plan[,] (2) [Wells Fargo’s] erroneous assertion of its right to immediate payment of
the difference between the full mortgage payments and the Plan payments, despite no
notice of such a right in the Plan documents[,] and (3) [Wells Fargo’s] failure to comply
with HAMP guidelines in initiating and administering the Plan”; Moore “ha[d] been
damaged in that his credit rating ha[d] been negatively impacted, he [wa]s in danger of
losing his home to a wrongful foreclosure and [Wells Fargo] s[ought] to enforce an
alleged, but undisclosed, contract term requiring [Moore] to repay sums equivalent to a
‘balloon payment,’ a term to which [Moore] would not have agreed had such term been
disclosed by [Wells Fargo].”
                                            D
                               The Arguments And Ruling
       Wells Fargo argued HOLA preempted the negligence cause of action under
section 560.2(b)(9) and (b)(10) because his claims were based on the adequacy of the
disclosures given in connection with his loan and Wells Fargo’s servicing of the loan. In
opposition, Moore argued his common law claims against Wells Fargo were based on its
failure to follow the HAMP guidelines, precluding the application of section 560.2.
       The trial court’s written ruling states: “The gravamen of the plaintiff’s complaint
for negligence is the defendant’s failure or omission to inform or explain to him the terms
of the forbearance Plan. Specifically, he complains that when he agreed to enter the Plan,
he was not informed that upon termination of the Plan he would be required to become
fully current and also required to pay a lump sum (‘balloon payment’) of all the past due

                                            29
amounts; he complains that he was not informed that by not paying the full monthly
payments during the forbearance period that he would be considered in default. As an
example of defendant’s improper conduct, the plaintiff cites the Treasury directive
requiring servicers to provide a ‘brief explanation regarding what will occur when the
borrow [sic] is re-employed or when the forbearance plan ends . . . .’ [Citation.] It is
uncontested in this case that the forbearance plan notice received by the plaintiff did not
provide this explanation.”
       The trial court found the allegations of nondisclosure were preempted under
section 560.2(b)(9) and added “the defendant’s noncompliance with the HAMP
guidelines does not change the analysis that the cause of action for negligence is related
to ‘disclosure’ and specifically preempted under [section] 560.2(b)(9).” The trial court
found it pertinent that “[a] private citizen has no cause of action to enforce a HAMP
regulation.” The trial court further found the remaining allegations in the negligence
cause of action preempted under section 560.2(b)(4), (5), and (10), because they
concerned “the manner in which the defendant determined the plaintiff’s loan balance,
due dates, and the ‘circumstances under which a loan may be called due,’ ” and
implicated the terms of credit, loan-related fees, and the processing or servicing of the
mortgage.
                                             E
                                   The Trial Court Erred
       We consider the issue by applying the three-step formula outlined by the OTS.
Under the first step of the preemption analysis, we consider “whether the type of law in
question is listed in [section 560.2,] paragraph (b).” (61 Fed.Reg. 50966 (Sept. 30,
1996).) Under that subdivision, “state laws purporting to impose requirements”
regarding 13 enumerated categories are the “types of state laws preempted.”
(§ 560.2(b).) Although Wells Fargo is alleged to have violated its state law duty in the

                                             30
context of a lending relationship with Moore, the state law claim does not relate to any of
the subjects listed in subdivision (b).
       A jury’s finding that Wells Fargo negligently determined Moore to have missed
loan payments or to have been in default under the terms of the modified contract would
not impose any state law requirements on Wells Fargo’s processing or servicing of loans
under section 560.2(b)(10). Moore’s claim is not that state law required Wells Fargo to
apply his payments in any specific way, but that Wells Fargo erroneously determined and
reported him to be in default when he was not.9 Such claims are not preempted under
HOLA. (See Harris v. Wachovia Mortgage, FSB (2010) 185 Cal. App. 4th 1018, 1026
[breach of contract claim based on allegation servicer misapplied payments not
preempted under section 560.2(b)(10) because it was not predicated on a state law
requiring the servicer to apply payments in a particular way, but on the premise that it
failed to credit the account at all -- a matter of ordinary contract law with no impact on
the servicer’s lending activities]; see also Ayala v. World Savings Bank, FSB (C.D.Cal.
2009) 616 F. Supp. 2d 1007, 1013-1014 [where claim falls on the common law side rather
than on the regulatory side and the state law does not concern the extension of credit, the
cause of action does not fall within section 560.2(b)].) It is further established that a
claim of negligence based on credit reporting violations is also not preempted by HOLA.
(Hussey-Head v. World Savings & Loan Assn. (2003) 111 Cal. App. 4th 773, 775-783.)
Moore raised such allegations in support of his negligence cause of action.
       We need not and do not consider whether the other allegations in support of the
negligence cause of action relate to any of the subjects listed in subdivision (b) of
section 560.2 because a motion for judgment on the pleadings “does not lie as to a

9      An allegation we accept as true for purposes of ruling on the motion for judgment
on the pleadings. (People ex rel. Harris v. Pac Anchor Transportation, Inc., supra, 59
Cal.4th at p. 777.)

                                              31
portion of a cause of action, and if any part of a cause of action is properly pleaded, the
[motion] will be overruled.” (Fire Ins. Exchange v. Superior Court, supra, 116
Cal.App.4th at p. 452.)
       “Moving to the second step, the [negligence cause of action] do[es] affect lending
businesses, just as they affect any other business that [applies payments to a debt] during
the course of its operations. Therefore, under the OTS’s interpretation of the regulation,
a presumption of preemption arises.” (Gibson, supra, 103 Cal.App.4th at p. 1303.)
       Under the third step, however, the presumption is rebutted if the state law at issue
is a general tort law that incidentally affects only lending operations. (61 Fed.Reg. 50966
(Sept. 30, 1996); § 560.2(c)(4).) In determining whether the effect is more than
incidental, “we are guided by OTS’s own explanation of the intended scope of its
regulatory preemption. At the time section 560.2 was issued, OTS stated that ‘the
purpose of paragraph (c) is to preserve the traditional infrastructure of basic state laws
that undergird commercial transactions . . . .’ [Citation.] Accordingly, section 560.2
does not ‘preempt basic state laws such as state uniform commercial codes and state laws
governing real property, contracts, torts, and crimes.’ [Citation.] The limitation that the
effect of those laws on lending cannot be more than incidental is intended to catch ‘state
laws that may be designed to look like traditional property, contract, tort, or commercial
laws, but in reality are aimed at other objectives, such as regulating the relationship
between lenders and borrowers, protecting the safety and soundness of lenders, or
pursuing other state policy objectives.’ ” (Gibson, supra, 103 Cal.App.4th at p. 1303.)
       The alleged duties to accurately and appropriately apply payments to a debt in
accordance with the parties’ agreement and to appropriately determine and report a
debtor’s payment status (i.e., whether he is in default) are principles of general
application. It is “not designed to regulate lending and do[es] not have a disproportionate
or otherwise substantial effect on [federal savings association’s] lending. To the
contrary, [it is] part of the legal infrastructure that undergird [numerous] contractual and

                                             32
commercial transactions.” (Gibson, supra, 103 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1303-1304.) The
effect of the negligence cause of action is, therefore, incidental and not preempted.
       Wells Fargo believes Moore’s negligence claim is like the preempted breach of
contract claim in Akopyan. (Akopyan v. Wells Fargo Home Mortgage, Inc., supra, 215
Cal. App. 4th 120.) We disagree. In Akopyan, the plaintiffs argued a California statute
(Bus. & Prof. Code, § 10242.5, subd. (b)) was implicitly incorporated into their loans,
imposing on servicers a payment application requirement and limitation on late payment
charges. (Akopyan, at pp. 129, 132.) The breach of contract claim was preempted
because it sought to apply state law “to limit [a servicer’s] ability to service the loans
according to [the] express terms [of the loan] and to require that it service them in
accordance with the specific state statute that applies to the loans.” (Id. at p. 147.) Here,
in contrast, we know of no express loan term negated by Moore’s negligence claim and
Wells Fargo identifies none.
       That Moore seeks to introduce and rely upon the HAMP guidelines to support his
cause of action does not transform the whole cause of action into a disclosure claim
preempted by section 560.2(b)(9). If a jury were to find that Wells Fargo breached its
duty of care because it was required to disclose or do certain things pursuant to the
HAMP guidelines,10 such requirements would not be state imposed requirements.11 The

10     Even if, as the trial court found, HAMP does not create a duty of care (an issue we
need not decide for purposes of this appeal), some courts have said “violation of a
regulation such as HAMP may provide evidence of a breach of duty otherwise owed.”
(Brown v. Bank of America Corp. (D.Mass. Mar. 31, 2011, Civ. A. No. 10-11085) 2011
U.S. Dist. LEXIS 36235, *12; Markle v. HSBC Mortgage Corp. (D.Mass. 2011) 844
F. Supp. 2d 172, 185 [citing Brown].)
11      None of the federal district court cases cited by Wells Fargo in its motion for
judgment on the pleadings or its reply addressed a similar situation -- where prevailing on
the state law cause of action would merely impose federal requirements already
applicable or voluntarily assumed contractual obligations.

                                              33
requirements would either be imposed under federal law (Bushell v. JPMorgan Chase
Bank, N.A. (2013) 220 Cal. App. 4th 915, 923 [“[l]enders must perform HAMP loan
modifications in accordance with Treasury regulations”]) or pursuant to voluntarily
assumed contractual obligations (Wigod v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., supra, 673 F.3d at
p. 556 [the federal government and Wells Fargo entered into a servicer participation
agreement, which requires Wells Fargo to comply with, among other things, the HAMP
guidelines]; see West v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., supra, 214 Cal.App.4th at pp. 796-
797 [“[w]hen Chase Bank received public tax dollars under the troubled asset relief
program, it agreed to offer [programs] under HAMP according to guidelines, procedures,
instructions, and directives issued by the Department of the Treasury,” fn. omitted]). In
either case, preemption does not apply. (McKell v. Washington Mutual, Inc. (2006) 142
Cal. App. 4th 1457, 1485-1486 [unfair competition cause of action not preempted under
HOLA where plaintiffs were “using it to enforce federal law governing the operation of
federal savings associations” rather than to enforce a state law purporting to regulate the
lending activities of a federal savings association]; Gibson, supra, 103 Cal.App.4th at
p. 1302 [HOLA preemption did not apply to contractual duties voluntarily assumed by a
federal savings association].)
       Wells Fargo further argues reversal of the ruling would be inappropriate because
Moore has not shown prejudice. We disagree. Moore was precluded from presenting his
negligence claim to the jury at trial; he was, therefore, prejudiced by the trial court’s
erroneous ruling. (See Deeter v. Angus (1986) 179 Cal. App. 3d 241, 251 [error in
sustaining demurrer without leave to amend is reversible per se because it effectively
deprived the affected party of the opportunity to prove his or her cause of action and
amounted to denial of a fair hearing].)
       The ruling on the motion for judgment on the pleadings is reversed.

                                              34
                                             III
                                           Fraud
                                               A
                                    Factual Background
                                               1
                                  Pertinent Trial Evidence
       After Moore became unemployed in April 2009 due to layoffs, he paid his
mortgage through a combination of unemployment benefits and savings. He called Wells
Fargo at the end of September 2010 to discuss potential borrower assistance programs
because he knew that, if he did not find employment, he would have difficulty paying his
mortgage in a year or two. He also considered renting out his house and moving in with
family or a friend, or taking on a roommate.
       Moore spoke to two unknown Wells Fargo representatives during the same call in
September 2010. He discussed his concerns regarding his unemployment with the first
representative, who responded Wells Fargo had a program that “allows you to make a
reduced payment, and it’s something that can lead to the possibility of a permanent loan
modification.” Moore was then transferred to the second representative. The second
representative said “they had a program called the unemployment forbearance program,
that under the terms of the program the bank would establish a reduced payment for a
period of some time. . . . And at the end of that period of time, [he] would be evaluated
for a permanent loan modification.” When Moore asked what the reduced payment was
likely to be, the representative said they would require additional financial information to
determine the amount.
       Moore also asked: “what’s the downside; what happens if for some reason I’m
unable to meet the terms of that forbearance period?” While Moore could not recall the
exact response to his question, “the gist of it was [not to] worry about it, there [wa]s no
downside to the program. If [Moore] for some reason [did not] get in the program, [he

                                             35
would] just go back to [his] regular monthly payment.” The representative further said
that when “the modified permanent modification was made, that any amount owing
would be rolled back into the new modification or stuck on the end of it,” and, if he did
not qualify for the modification, “worse case [wa]s [he would] just go back to the
payments that [he was] making [then].” There was no further discussion about what
would happen to the arrearage if he did not get a permanent modification. Moore
understood that, at the end of the successful completion of the Plan, he would be
evaluated for a permanent modification. If unsuccessful, he would go back to paying his
normal payments.
       Moore mentioned he needed to make his normal monthly mortgage payment, but
the representative told him: “Don’t worry about that. Just hang on to that payment.
We’ll figure out how that will work out, depending upon whether you are accepted into
the forbearance program or not.” The representative then took down Moore’s financial
information and told him they would send a written application, which he got within
several days. Moore filled out the application and later received the Notice.
       Moore read the Notice, which he understood established the terms of the
agreement between himself and Wells Fargo. He understood the payments under the
agreement would replace his regular full payments for the period of the forbearance.
Nothing in his subsequent conversations with Wells Fargo representatives contradicted
this understanding. Moore made his first Plan payment on November 1, 2010.
       On November 30, 2010, Moore called Wells Fargo to provide an update on his
employment status, as required under the Plan. During that conversation, Moore spoke
with David and mentioned he had received two notices indicating he was in arrears on his
normal monthly payment. David told Moore to disregard the notices because they were
computer generated and did not account for his participation under the Plan. Moore
expressed concern: “Okay. I’m just, you know, in terms of that affecting credit or, you

                                            36
know, the bank taking action against me, not being aware of this program, I just want to
make sure that that doesn’t happen.” David responded, “[n]o.”
       Moore called Wells Fargo again on December 31, 2010, this time speaking with
Stephen. Moore reiterated his concern that his regular monthly billing statement showed
“an increasing amount as overdue” and that he did not want it to impact his credit.
Stephen explained Moore would continue to receive those monthly payments indicating
he was past due, “[b]ut when you’re done with this plan and you do get -- do get approval
for modification, whatever then is owed will be put back into the loan so you’re still
going to receive those, those statements, sir.” Like David, Stephen assured Moore the
Plan payments would not impact his credit.
       Although Moore recalled having made a call to Wells Fargo in January 2011, there
was no transcript of that call. The next transcribed call was Moore’s discussion with
Emma on February 2, 2011. Moore told her he continued to receive statements under the
normal payment schedule and letters from the bank regarding alternatives to assist with
payments. Emma responded he was receiving those because the system showed he was
past due; however, they knew he was in the Plan.
       Moore spoke to Luz, another Wells Fargo representative, on March 2, 2011. A
recording of the call was played for the jury and a transcript was provided. After Luz
processed Moore’s payment, Moore asked: “are you familiar with the program beyond
the period of six months, exactly what happens at that point?” Luz responded: “Well,
this is just allowing you time to -- for you to gain employment. [If] [f]or any reason you
don’t gain employment or you’re not receiving unemployment benefits, you’re going to
have to come up with the balloon payment that is due at the end of the program.” Moore
said: “Now, I have nothing anywhere, nor has anyone previously indicated that that
would be the case.” Moore explained he had called Wells Fargo several times asking
questions about the Plan and was never advised about the balloon payment. Luz said, at
different times, “[t]hey should have advised [Moore] once [he] applied for this program”

                                             37
and “this should have been explained to [him] at the beginning of the program.”
“Because these are the terms and conditions of the program.”
       When Moore asked whether she knew why he had not previously been notified of
the balloon payment, Luz said “because they were expecting for you to gain employment
within the next six months.” Moore expressed his shock and dismay regarding the new
information several times, including: (1) “So rather than paying $2400 a month to the
bank, I could have been paying $600 a month, improving my financial position, you
know, throughout the course of that entire time. Was never notified until the very end of
this, you know, almost reluctantly by the bank. [¶] And now you’re telling me for the
first time in all my conversations, you know, over these past five months, where I’ve
done exactly what you folks have asked me to do, which is to call if [I] have questions,
and I’ve asked the specific questions I’ve asked, you’re the first person [who’s] telling
me the balloon payment is due. And I’ve got nothing on paper in that regard. That’s,
you know, unbelievable to me”; and (2) “But you -- you know, can you understand my
predicament at all here, Luz? Because, I mean, this -- this comes as a bit of a shock, and
that’s a fairly severe financial shock after five months to know that that payment is -- that
that amount would be -- would be due at this point. You know, and quite frankly, I
probably would have handled this whole thing very differently if I had had that
knowledge.”
       Luz apologized that Moore was not “given this information at the beginning[,]”
explaining “[b]ecause when I -- when I take these kinds of applications, I let them know,
you know. I let them know exactly what they’re getting themselves into.” She said she
had previously advised her supervisors when she received calls from other “people
stating to [her] that they were not advised of a balloon payment.” She brought it to their
attention because it was a training issue. She had also taken “elevated calls” from
borrowers upset that they had not been advised the Plan would affect their credit.

                                             38
       Luz further told Moore she did not believe he would get an extension under the
Plan because he was no longer receiving unemployment income. He also would not
qualify for a modification unless he received a “steady income,” like social security.
Moore asked whether social security income would qualify him for a continuation of the
Plan; Luz responded it would not, but it could be considered to determine if he was
eligible for a modification. Luz said she did not know whether Moore would qualify for
a modification because he would have to meet the specific guideline requirements.
       Moore did not believe Luz regarding the balloon payment because “as [he]
indicated many times in that conversation, [he] over and over again asked about the end
result” and “this information that [he] was hearing from her for the first time completely
contradicted all of those conversations.” He further reviewed the Notice again and did
not see any mention of a balloon payment. He also did not believe Luz that Wells Fargo
was reporting him as a deficient borrower to the credit bureaus, or that he was considered
to be in default on his mortgage. Moore, however, filed for retirement social security
benefits the day following his discussion with Luz; Moore was 63 years old.
       On April 1, 2011, Moore made his monthly call to Wells Fargo and spoke with
Javier. After Moore made his payment, Javier asked whether Moore wanted to be
reviewed for a modification. Moore said he did, and Javier said someone would contact
him to discuss his income and expenses. Moore, thereafter, spoke to a representative to
discuss his finances. Moore also made payments under the Plan in May, June, and July
2011. His expectation was he would continue to make Plan payments until he was
advised otherwise and would be considered for a permanent loan modification.
       In a letter dated June 20, 2011, Wells Fargo notified Moore he did not qualify for a
loan modification. Three days later, Moore received a notice of intent to foreclose stating
Wells Fargo had “not received the last nine mortgage payment(s).” The letter further
stated the “loan [wa]s in default and due for the October 15, 2010 payment, and all
subsequent payments that have come due and late charges,” and demanded a balloon

                                            39
payment of $20,624.56, which included $163.38 in late charges,12 to be paid by July 23,
2011.
        In terms of damages, Moore testified the dispute with Wells Fargo affected his
mental and physical health, causing, among other things, headaches, ringing ears, rapid
heartbeats and elevated blood pressure, stomach distress, nervousness, changes in
demeanor, memory impacts, problems sleeping, and weight loss. His friend echoed his
testimony, identifying various physical and emotional changes in Moore after he was
informed about the balloon payment.
        Moore’s clinical psychologist testified he diagnosed Moore with a high level of
stress, signs and symptoms of depression, and possible anxiety. Moore had seen the
psychologist multiple times and paid for the treatment at a rate of $250 for the first
session and $200 for each subsequent session. The psychologist recommended
psychotherapy and a consultation with a psychiatrist for medication. He estimated the
psychotherapy would cost between $2,200 and $5,000, and the psychiatric treatment
between $1,300 and $2,900.
        Moore estimated the value of his house was approximately $540,000 in September
2010, when he owed between $325,000 and $330,000 on his mortgage. Moore estimated
the value of his house had decreased by approximately $100,000 during the Plan period.
Moore also briefly testified his credit was affected; however, he acknowledged he
occasionally paid his mortgage late in 2010 and knew it would affect his credit.
        Brian Kelley, a banking expert, testified forbearance is defined as “somebody not
exercising rights or remedies that [he or she] could otherwise exercise.” He explained the
Program was part of HAMP and intended to assist people temporarily unemployed until

12     The late fee was charged for the missed September 2010 payment, before Moore
started making the Plan payments. Wells Fargo did not charge any late charges during
the Plan.

                                             40
they found a new position, as “a Band-Aid” for three to six months. When they found a
new position, they would file for a loan modification under HAMP. He framed the
Program as “an interim bridge to get somebody into HAMP” and said “[o]bviously if
someone is not qualified under HAMP, there is absolutely no reason to put them into a
UP program.” While a servicer could get up to $4,500 from the Department of Treasury
under the HAMP agreement for a loan modification plus at least $1,000 per year for five
years thereafter, a servicer does not receive compensation for a borrower’s participation
in the Program.
       The ideal candidate for the Program, Kelley explained, is someone recently
unemployed with little or no equity or upside down on the loan, someone who has
already missed payments or is in default under the loan, and someone anticipating
reemployment in a short period of time. In contrast, a poor candidate for the Program is
someone with substantial equity who had not defaulted on the loan and someone
unemployed for a long period of time or who does not anticipate reemployment in a short
timeframe. Participation in the Program would be detrimental to such a candidate
because equity in the home would preclude qualification under HAMP, he or she would
continue to accrue the unpaid payments, and the lender would report the borrower to be
in default under the loan despite the interim payments, essentially reporting the interim
payments as missed payments. The credit reporting “could have a real impact to the
borrower’s FICO score and [his or her] credit standing and certainly the availability of
credit.” The other downside risk for a poor candidate is the balloon payment that would
be due at the end of the Plan period. And, interest would continue to accrue on the
difference between the normal and reduced payments.
       Based on Kelley’s calculations, Moore never would have qualified for a HAMP
modification. He also explained the bank would make more money foreclosing on a
property with substantial equity than by making a HAMP modification. The deposition
testimony of a Wells Fargo representative, a portion of which was played via video for

                                            41
the jury, supported this point; the representative said a person with substantial equity “is
never [going to] get [his or her] loan modified.” The person would “be told to sell the
property, get your cash, and move on.”
       In Kelley’s opinion, Wells Fargo should have accurately told Moore what he was
getting into and what was expected, and should have disclosed the risks of the Program.
He explained Directive 10-04 required Wells Fargo to include in the Notice a brief
explanation of what would occur if Moore was reemployed or when the forbearance
period ended.
       A portion of the deposition testimony of Barbara Valdez, a Wells Fargo employee,
was read into the record. Valdez was Wells Fargo’s person most knowledgeable of,
among other things, the policies and practices regarding the Program during the pertinent
timeframe, communications with Moore regarding the Plan, preparation of the Notice,
and Moore’s eligibility for modification under HAMP. She testified Wells Fargo agreed
to follow Directive 10-04 and set up the “UP program” in response. Wells Fargo
prepared a process “for the representatives to be aware of the program and as to when to
offer the program as well.” When asked: “In the documents you reviewed, in the
training that you participated in, do you recall any training or guidelines that applicants
for the UP program were to be told that they would be subject to balloon payments if they
did not qualify for a HAMP modification”? Valdez responded: “I don’t recall balloon
payments being mentioned with the UP program.”
       Valdez explained the Notice received by Moore was populated from a form
document; the representative only inputted the monthly payment amount and the payment
dates, the remainder of the language remained unchanged. The representative who spoke
with Moore determined the term of the Plan period. Valdez acknowledged the Notice did
not include a brief explanation of what would occur when Moore was reemployed or
when the Plan ended, as required under Directive 10-04.

                                             42
       She further testified Moore was considered in default under the loan during his
participation in the Plan because he was not making the full payments; however, she
acknowledged the Notice did not mention default. She further acknowledged the Notice
made no mention of a balloon payment and did not specifically state Moore was liable for
the difference between the Plan payments and the normal payments at the end of the Plan
period.
                                              2
                              Jury Instructions And Findings
       The trial court instructed the jury on fraud by intentional misrepresentation and
fraud by concealment. The jury instruction regarding the intentional misrepresentation
claim limited the scope of that claim as follows: “Gregory Moore claims that Wells
Fargo employees he spoke with before entering into the [unemployment] forbearance
plan and after entering into the [unemployment] forbearance plan made false
representations that harmed him.” Moore did not object.
       The jury found in favor of Moore on the intentional misrepresentation claim, but
did not find fraud by concealment. The jury awarded Moore $500 in damages for past
economic loss (medical expenses), $2,800 for future economic loss (medical expenses),
and $100,000 for past noneconomic loss, including physical pain and emotional distress.
The jury found no damages for, among other things, a reduction in social security
benefits.
                                              B
                                    Standard Of Review
       The trial court’s discretion in granting a motion for judgment notwithstanding the
verdict is severely limited. “ ‘The trial judge’s power to grant a judgment
notwithstanding the verdict is identical to his power to grant a directed verdict [citations].
The trial judge cannot reweigh the evidence [citation], or judge the credibility of
witnesses. [Citation.] If the evidence is conflicting or if several reasonable inferences

                                             43
may be drawn, the motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict should be denied.
[Citations.] “A motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict of a jury may properly
be granted only if it appears from the evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the
party securing the verdict, that there is no substantial evidence to support the verdict. If
there is any substantial evidence, or reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom, in
support of the verdict, the motion should be denied.” ’ ” (Clemmer v. Hartford Insurance
Co. (1978) 22 Cal. 3d 865, 877-878.)
       “An appellate court reviews the grant or denial of a motion for [judgment
notwithstanding the verdict] de novo using the same standard as the trial court.”
(Oakland Raiders v. Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum, Inc. (2006) 144 Cal. App. 4th
1175, 1194.) “When reviewing the validity of a judgment notwithstanding the verdict, an
appellate court must resolve any conflict in the evidence and draw all reasonable
inferences therefrom in favor of the jury’s verdict.” (Czubinsky v. Doctors Hospital
(1983) 139 Cal. App. 3d 361, 364.)
                                              C
                                   The Trial Court Erred
       “The essential elements of a count for intentional misrepresentation are (1) a
misrepresentation, (2) knowledge of falsity, (3) intent to induce reliance, (4) actual and
justifiable reliance, and (5) resulting damage.” (Chapman v. Skype, Inc. (2013) 220
Cal. App. 4th 217, 230-231.) Moore identifies five misrepresentations he claims supports
the jury’s verdict: (1) “[n]o downside to program; just go back to regular payments”;
(2) “[j]ust hang onto the September 2010 payment”; (3) statements in the Notice; (4) the
statement in November 2010 that the overdue statement did not reflect the agreement
under the Plan; and (5) the calls between November 2010 and February 2011 regarding
the statements showing Moore was in arrears.
       Based on the evidence produced at trial, we conclude there was substantial
evidence from which the jury could reasonably find or infer Wells Fargo made

                                             44
intentional misrepresentations to Moore based on the September 2010 statements that
there was no downside to the program and Moore would just go back to regular payments
if he did not qualify for a modification.13 Accordingly, we do not consider whether the
other statements qualified as misrepresentations as well.
        First, the statement that there would be “no downside to the program” was a
misrepresentation of a fact. Wells Fargo argues the statement was an expression of
opinion as to possible future acts or events that could have changed during the Plan term.
We disagree. “When a statement, although in the form of an opinion, is ‘not a casual
expression of belief’ but ‘a deliberate affirmation of the matters stated,’ it may be
regarded as a positive assertion of fact. [Citation.] Moreover, when a party possesses or
holds itself out as possessing superior knowledge or special information or expertise
regarding the subject matter and a plaintiff is so situated that it may reasonably rely on
such supposed knowledge, information, or expertise, the defendant’s representation may
be treated as one of material fact.” (Bily v. Arthur Young & Co. (1992) 3 Cal. 4th 370,
408.)
        In this vein, the trial court appropriately instructed the jury that “Wells Fargo’s
opinion is considered a representation of fact if Gregory Moore proves that Wells Fargo
claimed to have special knowledge about the subject matter that Gregory Moore did not
have or Wells Fargo made a representation, not as a casual belief or not as a casual
expression of a belief, but in a way that declared the matter to be true; or Wells Fargo had
a relationship of trust and confidence with Gregory Moore; or Wells Fargo had some
other reason to expect that Gregory Moore would rely on [its] opinion.”

13    We do not consider whether the language in the Notice gave rise to an affirmative
misrepresentation as urged by Moore. The trial court expressly limited the intentional
misrepresentation jury instruction to verbal statements and Moore did not object.

                                              45
       Wells Fargo certainly had superior knowledge and special information regarding
the terms and conditions of the Plan it recommended to Moore -- there was no evidence
introduced at trial to show Moore independently had access to such information. Luz, a
Wells Fargo representative, explained the Plan’s downside risks of negative credit
reporting and potential liability for the balloon payment were “terms and conditions of
the program” and that “[t]hey should have advised [Moore of these risks] once [he]
applied for this program” and “this should have been explained to [him] at the beginning
of the program.” Kelley, a banking expert, echoed these statements, also identifying
negative credit reporting and potential liability for the balloon payment as downside risks
of the Program.
       This evidence supports a finding that the “no downside” risks representation was a
false statement of fact not a statement of opinion, and a deliberate affirmation of the
matters stated. It was not merely an opinion as to some future event because the terms
and conditions of the Plan were existing facts when the statement was made. Indeed, the
representative explained some of the terms to Moore during that phone conversation,
when he or she said “they had a program called the unemployment forbearance program,
that under the terms of the program the bank would establish a reduced payment for a
period of some time. . . . And at the end of that period of time, [he] would be evaluated
for a permanent loan modification.” The “no downside” statement was further made in
response to a direct question seeking to elicit information regarding the terms and
conditions of the Plan to evaluate whether the Plan was a good fit under the
circumstances. A jury could thus reasonably infer Wells Fargo had a reason to expect
Moore would rely on the “no downside” statement in rendering his decision.
       We also disagree with Wells Fargo’s assertion that the “no downside” statement
was true. Wells Fargo believes the statement was accurate because Moore was not
charged fees or additional interest while in the program, he “owed no more money after
entering the plan than before,” and there was no credible evidence of any resultant credit

                                             46
impact.14 Wells Fargo attempts to read the evidence in its favor; however, “ ‘[i]f the
evidence is conflicting or if several reasonable inferences may be drawn, the motion for
judgment notwithstanding the verdict should be denied.’ ” (Clemmer v. Hartford
Insurance Co., supra, 22 Cal.3d at pp. 877-878.) As explained ante, there was
substantial evidence from which the jury could find or infer the statement was false.
       The representative’s statement that, if Moore did not qualify for a modification,
“worse case [wa]s [Moore would] just go back to the payments that [he was] making
[then],” also qualifies as a misrepresentation. Like the “no downside” statement, this
statement was an explanation of the terms and conditions of the Plan. In Wells Fargo’s
view, the statement was true because, if Moore had paid the balloon payment, he would
have gone back to his normal payments. The problem with this argument is that the
representative did not say anything about having to pay a balloon payment. That gives
rise to a “ ‘misleading half-truths’ situation,” which qualifies as a misrepresentation.
(Randi W. v. Muroc Joint Unified School Dist. (1997) 14 Cal. 4th 1066, 1082, 1084.) As
our Supreme Court said, one who undertakes to provide some information is obliged to
disclose all other facts which “ ‘materially qualify’ ” the limited facts disclosed. (Id. at
p. 1082.) The failure to disclose a “reservation or qualification” to the facts given, as
here, amounts to an affirmative misrepresentation. (Id. at p. 1084.) As Wells Fargo
acknowledged in its brief, “the only way [Moore] could go back to his regular payments
was if he paid the arrearage.”
       Wells Fargo also argues the entire September 2010 conversation should be
disregarded for the following reasons: (1) Moore failed to specifically identify the

14     Wells Fargo argues Kelley’s testimony regarding the credit impact was “without a
valid foundation.” We note the trial court overruled Wells Fargo’s objections to Kelley’s
testimony on this ground and, on appeal, Wells Fargo does not challenge the trial court’s
ruling or explain why the ruling was in error.

                                              47
conversation in his complaint and did not rely on the conversation in opposition to the
motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict; (2) Moore is attempting to litigate a
different theory on appeal because the allegations in the complaint and Moore’s counsel’s
closing argument show Moore did not present the September 2010 conversation to the
jury as a basis for the fraud claim; and (3) Moore presented no evidence of who made the
statements or whether he or she had authority to speak on behalf of Wells Fargo. These
arguments need not detain us long.
       We focus on the evidence presented to the jury at trial to determine whether the
trial court erred in granting the motion. The allegations in the complaint were not
presented to the jury and an attorney’s closing argument is not evidence. (Evid. Code,
§ 140; People v. Kiney (2007) 151 Cal. App. 4th 807, 815 [“[u]nsworn statements of
counsel are not evidence”].) In contrast, testimony regarding the September 2010
conversation was presented to the jury, as discussed ante, and the trial court considered
the September 2010 testimony in its ruling (including the “no downside” statement). We
do the same.
       Regarding the “identity issue,” we note Moore introduced Valdez’s deposition
testimony at trial. In her testimony, Valdez reviewed an internal Wells Fargo document,
which showed two entries reflecting phone calls between Moore and Wells Fargo
representatives on September 30, 2010. The document contained the initials of the Wells
Fargo agents who spoke with Moore. For example, the log showed “JJB” spoke with
Moore during the first call on September 30, 2010. This testimony shows Wells Fargo
could have identified its own representatives if it chose to do so.
       Further, based on Moore’s and Valdez’s testimony, the jury could have reasonably
inferred the representatives had authority to speak on Wells Fargo’s behalf given the
context of the discussion and Wells Fargo introduced no evidence to refute any such
inference. Wells Fargo also did not object to Moore’s testimony regarding the September
2010 conversations on the grounds it now attempts to assert.

                                             48
       Turning to the second requisite element for intentional misrepresentation --
knowledge of the falsity -- we note the element may be satisfied when, as the jury was
properly instructed, the representation was made recklessly or without regard for the
truth. (Engalla v. Permanente Medical Group, Inc. (1997) 15 Cal. 4th 951, 974
[“ ‘[F]alse representations made recklessly and without regard for their truth in order to
induce action by another are the equivalent of misrepresentations knowingly and
intentionally uttered’ ”].) Given that the negative credit reporting and balloon payment
were part of the terms and conditions of the Plan, which it appears the Wells Fargo
representatives had access to, the jury could reasonably infer from the evidence that
Wells Fargo made the statements recklessly or without regard for the truth.
       Luz explained the Plan’s downside risks of negative credit reporting and potential
liability for the balloon payment were “terms and conditions of the program” and that
“[t]hey should have advised [Moore of these risks] once [he] applied for this program”
and “this should have been explained to [him] at the beginning of the program.” She also
explained that she provided this information to applicants to “let them know exactly what
they’re getting themselves into,” but some representatives did not follow the guidelines
like she did. The scienter requirement is satisfied if the statements were recklessly made
in a manner not warranted by the information available to the defendant. (Yellow Creek
Logging Corp. v. Dare (1963) 216 Cal. App. 2d 50, 57.)
       The third element is satisfied if the defendant intended to induce reliance or where
it was reasonably expected to occur. (Lovejoy v. AT&T Corp., supra, 92 Cal.App.4th at
p. 93.) As we explained in Lovejoy, “[f]ew defrauding defendants give any serious
thought to the nature or quality of the harm which could befall the victims who rely on
their deceptive acts. It would be unconscionable and nonsensical for such perpetrators to
escape liability because of their indifference to the consequences of their opprobrious
behavior.” (Id. at p. 94.) Here, Moore’s testimony regarding his conversation with the
first Wells Fargo representative shows he asked about borrower assistance programs

                                             49
given his unemployment and the representative recommended the Plan. The second
representative then made misrepresentations regarding the terms and conditions of the
Plan in response to Moore’s questions. And, at the conclusion of that conversation, the
representative took down Moore’s financial information and told him Wells Fargo would
send an application, which he got within several days. From these facts, the jury could
have inferred Wells Fargo reasonably expected Moore to rely on the misrepresentations
by encouraging him to believe that the Plan would function appropriately for his
circumstance. (See Engalla v. Permanente Medical Group, Inc., supra, 15 Cal.4th at
p. 976 [statements misrepresenting the workings of an arbitration program could
plausibly be viewed as reflecting an intent to induce subscription or renewal of
subscription in a plan because it could reasonably be inferred that the misrepresentations
touting the virtues of the program were made to encourage subscribers to believe the
program would function efficiently].)
       The fourth element requires actual and justifiable reliance on the
misrepresentation.15 “ ‘Actual reliance occurs when a misrepresentation is “ ‘an
immediate cause of [a plaintiff’s] conduct, which alters his legal relations,’ ” and when,
absent such representation, “ ‘he would not, in all reasonable probability, have entered
into the contract or other transaction.’ ” ’ ” (Conroy v. Regents of University of
California (2009) 45 Cal. 4th 1244, 1256.) “ ‘Besides actual reliance, [a] plaintiff must
also show “justifiable” reliance, i.e., circumstances were such to make it reasonable for
[the] plaintiff to accept [the] defendant’s statements without an independent inquiry or

15     The jury was instructed that Moore relied on the misrepresentations if: “1. The
misrepresentation or concealment substantially influenced him to enter into the
Unemployment Forbearance Program as part of his request for consideration for a HAMP
loan modification offered by Wells Fargo; and [¶] 2. He would probably not have
entered into the Unemployment Forbearance Program as part of his request for
consideration for a loan modification offered by Wells Fargo without the
misrepresentations or concealment.”

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investigation.’ [Citation.] The reasonableness of the plaintiff’s reliance is judged by
reference to the plaintiff’s knowledge and experience.” (OCM Principal Opportunities
Fund, L.P. v. CIBC World Markets Corp. (2007) 157 Cal. App. 4th 835, 864.)
       A presumption or inference of reliance “arises wherever there is a showing that a
misrepresentation was material.” (Engalla v. Permanente Medical Group, Inc., supra, 15
Cal.4th at p. 977.) A misrepresentation is material if a reasonable person “ ‘would attach
importance to its existence or nonexistence in determining his choice of action in the
transaction in question.’ ” (Ibid.) During the conversation with Luz, Moore said he
“probably would have handled this whole thing very differently if [he] had had th[e]
knowledge” about the negative implications of participating in the Plan. This testimony
indicates the misrepresentation was material to Moore’s decision to enter into the Plan;
we conclude a reasonable person would also attach importance to the terms and
conditions of a program in determining whether to enter into a transaction. Wells Fargo
points to no evidence in the record “to conclusively rebut the inference” of reliance on
the misrepresentations. (Id. at p. 979.)
       Moore’s testimony further supports the jury’s finding of actual reliance because,
but for his conversations with the Wells Fargo representatives in September 2010, Moore
would have been unaware of the Plan and would not have entered into it. The
representatives recommended and described the Plan to Moore, and Moore provided his
financial information to commence his application under the Plan. Moore then filled out
the paperwork shortly after the conversations and the Notice was issued on October 8,
2010. The September 2010 conversations were, therefore, an immediate cause of
Moore’s participation in the Plan, which altered his legal rights and duties.
       There is also substantial evidence of justifiable reliance. Wells Fargo was in a
superior position to know the terms and conditions of the Plan it was offering to Moore,
as Luz explained. Moore reviewed the Notice and found nothing contradictory therein
based on the information he received during the September 2010 conversations, and

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Valdez, a Wells Fargo representative, acknowledged in her deposition testimony that the
Notice did not mention a balloon payment or that the reduced payments would be
considered a default under the loan. That Moore “is a law school graduate,” as Wells
Fargo asserts, does not change the reasonableness of his reliance. As we explained ante,
the contract documents were ambiguous and could reasonably be read in favor of
Moore’s interpretation.
       The final element of resultant damage was supported by the testimony of Moore,
his clinical psychologist, and his friend relating to Moore’s mental and physical health
impacts arising from Wells Fargo’s actions. Wells Fargo argues Moore had no
cognizable damages because the jury awarded emotional distress damages without
finding a separate economic loss. It posits the medical costs awarded by the jury “flowed
from [Moore’s] emotional distress” and “Moore cannot bootstrap an economic loss onto a
claim purely for emotional distress by paying $500 for treatment.” We disagree.
       Moore correctly points out that past and future medical costs are economic
damages. (Civ. Code, § 1431.2, subd. (b)(1) [“the term ‘economic damages’ means
objectively verifiable monetary losses including medical expenses, loss of earnings,
burial costs, loss of use of property, costs of repair or replacement, costs of obtaining
substitute domestic services, loss of employment and loss of business or employment
opportunities”]; DaFonte v. Up-Right, Inc. (1992) 2 Cal. 4th 593, 600.) The jury’s award
of $500 for past medical expenses and $2,800 for future medical expenses was based on
“objectively verifiable monetary losses,” and fell within the reasonable range permitted
by the evidence given the testimony by Moore’s clinical psychologist. (Abbott v. Taz
Express (1998) 67 Cal. App. 4th 853, 857 [“We do not question the discretionary
determinations of jury and judge, so long as they fall within a reasonable range permitted
by the evidence”].)

                                             52
       For these reasons, the trial court erred in granting Wells Fargo’s motion for
judgment notwithstanding the verdict. The trial court’s ruling is reversed and the jury’s
verdict reinstated.
                                              IV
                                  Unfair Competition Law
       In his unfair competition law cause of action, Moore generally alleged Wells
Fargo: “engaged in unfair and deceptive business practices in inducing [Moore] to enter
into the Plan[,] in the creation of the [Notice], and in the administration of the Plan during
the forbearance period”; “withheld disclosure of material terms of the Plan, the disclosure
of which would have deterred [him] from entering the Plan”; engaged in unfair and
deceptive business practices in the manner it applied Moore’s Plan payments; and
engaged in deceptive business practices relating to the improper foreclosure and the
demand for fees, penalties, and interest.
       Following the jury’s verdicts, the trial court permitted the parties to file points and
authorities relating to their positions on the unfair competition law cause of action. The
trial court entered judgment in favor of Wells Fargo based on: (1) its finding the jury
erred in finding an affirmative misrepresentation; (2) the jury’s verdict of no fraud by
concealment; (3) “the Court’s interpretation of the contractual agreement whereby the
Court ha[d] found, as a matter of law, that the defendant was permitted to require the
plaintiff to become fully current when the [P]lan ended and could commence foreclosure
proceedings if the plaintiff defaulted,” which indicated “plaintiff’s damages for emotional
distress were not caused by any misstatements of the defendant, but rather by Moore’s
own erroneous misinterpretation of the forbearance plan terms and his election to remain
in the forbearance plan after being informed of the nature and terms of it”; and (4) other
equitable considerations, including “evidence that the plaintiff provided materially
inaccurate information during his depositions and also in the declaration he submitted to
the court to obtain the restraining order in this case.”

                                              53
       We reverse the ruling because we have reversed the pretrial and posttrial rulings
upon which the trial court relied in reaching its conclusion. We disagree with Wells
Fargo that the claim is moot. While it is true, as Wells Fargo contends, “Moore
acknowledges that the home has been foreclosed upon and that an injunction barring
foreclosure is no longer an option,” Business and Professions Code section 17203 allows
a trial court to make such orders and judgments “as may be necessary to restore to any
person in interest any money or property, real or personal, which may have been acquired
by means of such unfair competition.” The trial court should be given an opportunity to
consider its discretion in light of our reversal to determine whether it can fashion an
equitable remedy, if it finds in favor of Moore on the unfair competition law cause of
action. (See, e.g., ABC Internat. Traders, Inc. v. Matsushita Electric Corp. (1997) 14
Cal. 4th 1247, 1271 [“section 17203 authorizes a trial court to order restitution of money
lost through acts of unfair competition”].)
                                              V
                           Motion For Costs And Attorney Fees
       The trial court granted Wells Fargo’s motion for costs and attorney fees, awarding
it $25,548.43 in costs and $312,197 in attorney fees, because Wells Fargo was the
prevailing party at trial. Because we reverse the judgment on appeal, we reverse the costs
and attorney fees ruling as well.
                                       DISPOSITION
       We reverse: (1) the amended final judgment in favor of Wells Fargo “on the Third
Amended Complaint and all causes of action alleged therein” filed April 4, 2016; (2) the
trial court’s ruling on Moore’s declaratory relief cause of action as set forth in the
October 26, 2015 written decision titled, “Trial Court Ruling on Defendant’s Motion For
Judgment on the Pleadings and Rulings on Motions in Limine”; (3) the trial court’s ruling
on Moore’s breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing as orally
pronounced on November 12, 2015; (4) the trial court’s ruling on Wells Fargo’s motion

                                              54
for judgment on the pleadings with regard to Moore’s negligence cause of action as set
forth in the October 26, 2015, written decision titled, “Trial Court Ruling on Defendant’s
Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings and Rulings on Motions in Limine”; (5) the trial
court’s ruling in favor of Wells Fargo on its motion for judgment notwithstanding the
verdict as set forth in the February 18, 2016, written decision titled, “Trial Court Ruling
Granting the Defendant’s Motion for Judgment Not Withstanding [sic] the Jury
Verdicts”; (6) the trial court’s ruling in favor of Wells Fargo on the unfair competition
law cause of action as set forth in the December 21, 2015, written decision titled, “Trial
Court Ruling and Finding Re: Plaintiff’s Seventh Cause of Action - Violation of Business
and Professions Code [section] 17200; Entry of Judgment”; and (7) the trial court’s ruling
granting Wells Fargo’s motion for costs and attorney fees as set forth in the August 23,
2018, written decision titled, “Trial Court Determination and Order Re: Costs and
Attorney Fees.”
       The jury’s verdict in favor of Moore on the intentional misrepresentation cause of
action is reinstated. Moore shall recover his costs on appeal. (Cal. Rules of Court,
rule 8.278(a)(1), (2).)

                                                  /s/
                                                  Robie, J.
We concur:

/s/
Raye, P. J.

/s/
Duarte, J.

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