Court Opinion

ID: 3188102
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-03-23 16:20:18.061751+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:20:50.878799
License: Public Domain

STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                    UNPUBLISHED
                                                                    March 22, 2016
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                   Nos. 323710; 323711
                                                                    Wayne Circuit Court
CORNELIUS WARE,                                                     LC Nos. 14-000562-FH;
                                                                            14-000563-FH
               Defendant-Appellant.

Before: GLEICHER, P.J., and JANSEN and SHAPIRO, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

        A jury convicted defendant of sending or delivering an explosive substance with the
intent to injure a person or destroy property, MCL 750.204(2)(b), second-degree arson, MCL
750.73(1), two counts of assault with intent to do great bodily harm less than murder, MCL
750.84(1)(a), aggravated stalking, MCL 750.411i(2)(a), and felon in possession of a firearm,
MCL 750.224f, for firebombing his ex-girlfriend’s family’s residence on two separate occasions
in September 2013. The court sentenced defendant as a fourth habitual offender, MCL 769.12,
to 26 to 50 years’ imprisonment for each conviction. Defendant raises several challenges to trial
counsel’s performance and to his sentences. We affirm defendant’s convictions, but remand to
the trial court to determine the need for resentencing as required by People v Lockridge, 498
Mich 358; 870 NW2d 502 (2015).

                                       I. BACKGROUND

       After a lengthy relationship marred by domestic violence, Iris Johnson broke up with
defendant in the summer of 2013. Displeased with this turn of events, defendant engaged in a
harassing course of conduct, frequently telephoning Johnson and threatening to kill her family
and blow up their residence. Johnson, who lived with her mother, siblings, and several nieces
and nephews, feared for everyone’s safety. In July 2013, someone fired shots at her home, and
in August, someone unsuccessfully attempted to firebomb the house on more than one occasion.
Johnson did not report these incidents to the police.

        On September 7, 2013, however, Johnson caught defendant in the act. As she sat on a
porch across the street, Johnson observed two men approach her house. One was dressed all in
black and threw a firebomb at the home. The second man dropped his firebomb on the lawn. As
the men ran away, Johnson recognized defendant as the man in black. Johnson summoned the
fire department and her friend burned his leg trying to assist the family. Following this incident,
                                                -1-
Johnson secured a personal protection order (PPO) against defendant but was unable to serve
him with it until after his September 27 arrest.

        On September 27, 2013, Johnson, her sister, and several nephews were sleeping in an
upstairs bedroom. Someone threw a brick through a second-floor window centered above the
home’s staircase to the main floor. A firebomb followed the brick and caught the curtains on
fire. Someone threw a second firebomb at the home’s back door. The women and children were
forced to skirt fire and smoke to descend the stairwell, their only means of escape. Johnson did
not observe defendant at the home that day, but based on the prior incident and his many threats,
Johnson identified defendant as the likely perpetrator. She described defendant and his vehicle, a
white van, to the responding officers. Johnson’s sister did observe defendant standing in the
yard, however. The officers found two additional unused “Molotov cocktails” in the backyard.

        Based on information provided by Johnson, Detroit police officers travelled to a home on
Waverly Street in Detroit. Defendant was standing outside, talking on a cell phone. Upon
seeing the police, defendant tried to go into the house, but the occupants denied him entry.
Defendant told the officers that he had been at the Waverly Street address all day, leaving only
briefly on foot to purchase gasoline. However, defendant could not produce the container that he
had allegedly filled. And defendant smelled strongly of gas. The police impounded defendant’s
van, which was parked in the street outside the house. Inside, they found a shotgun and two
shotgun shells.

                               II. ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL

                                                A

       Defendant contends that his trial counsel should have investigated and presented
witnesses to support his alibi defense. At trial, defendant claimed that he was with Eddie
McCampbell at McCampbell’s home on September 7 and with Jeffrey, Crystal and Sharon Hall,
Crystal’s mother, Marlon Carter and David Donnell Hughes at the Waverly Street address during
the September 27 incident. He asserts that his trial counsel never spoke to these individuals.

       Although defendant filed a motion to remand to the trial court for a hearing pursuant to
People v Ginther, 390 Mich 436, 443; 212 NW2d 922 (1973), this Court denied that motion.
People v Ware, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered July 23, 2015 (Docket Nos.
323710, 323711). As such, our review is limited to mistakes apparent on the existing record.
People v Payne, 285 Mich App 181, 188; 774 NW2d 714 (2009).

               “ ‘[T]he right to counsel is the right to the effective assistance of
       counsel.’ ” United States v Cronic, 466 US 648, 654; 104 S Ct 2039; 80 L Ed 2d
       657 (1984), quoting McMann v Richardson, 397 US 759, 771 n 14; 90 S Ct 1441;
       25 L Ed 2d 763 (1970). An ineffective assistance claim includes two
       components: “First, the defendant must show that counsel’s performance was
       deficient. . . . Second, the defendant must show that the deficient performance
       prejudiced the defense.” Strickland v Washington, 466 US 668, 687; 104 S Ct
       2052; 80 L Ed 2d 674 (1984). To establish the deficiency component, a defendant
       must show that counsel’s performance fell below “an objective standard of

                                               -2-
       reasonableness” under “prevailing professional norms.” People v Solmonson, 261
       Mich App 657, 663; 683 NW2d 761 (2004). With respect to the prejudice aspect,
       the defendant must demonstrate a reasonable probability that but for counsel’s
       errors, the result of the proceedings would have been different. Id. at 663-664.
       The defendant also must overcome the strong presumptions that “counsel’s
       conduct [fell] within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance” and
       that counsel’s actions were sound trial strategy. Strickland, 466 US at 689.
       [People v Galloway, 307 Mich App 151, 157-158; 858 NW2d 520 (2014), rev’d
       in part on other grounds 498 Mich 902; 870 NW2d 893 (2015).]

       Defense counsel possesses “wide discretion in matters of trial strategy.” People v Odom,
276 Mich App 407, 415; 740 NW2d 557 (2007). And decisions regarding what witnesses to
present are generally considered strategic, supporting relief only when the defendant is denied a
substantial defense based on a witness’s absence. Payne, 285 Mich App at 190. A defense is
substantial “if it might have made a difference in the outcome of the trial.” People v Chapo, 283
Mich App 360, 371; 770 NW2d 68 (2009) (quotation marks and citation omitted).

       “Strategic choices made after thorough investigation of law and facts relevant to
       plausible options are virtually unchallengeable; and strategic choices made after
       less than complete investigation are reasonable precisely to the extent that
       reasonable professional judgments support the limitations on investigation. In
       other words, counsel has a duty to make reasonable investigations or to make a
       reasonable decision that makes particular investigations unnecessary.” [Wiggins v
       Smith, 539 US 510, 521-522; 123 S Ct 2527; 156 L Ed 2d 471 (2003), quoting
       Strickland, 466 US at 690-691.]

See also People v Trakhtenberg, 493 Mich 38, 52; 826 NW2d 136 (2012); People v Grant, 470
Mich 477, 485; 684 NW2d 686 (2004). The failure to conduct an adequate investigation
comprises ineffective assistance if it undermines confidence in the outcome of the trial. People v
Russell, 297 Mich App 707, 716; 825 NW2d 623 (2012).

        The existing record does not support defendant’s claim that defense counsel failed to
conduct an adequate investigation. Defendant’s August 1, 2014 witness list included “David
Huges” as well as Jeffrey and Crystal Hall. Defendant’s appellate attorney presented an affidavit
to this Court, indicating that she spoke to David Donnell Hughes by telephone on June 10, 2015.
Hughes corroborated that he was with defendant at the time of the September 27 firebombing
and would have testified at defendant’s trial, but that trial counsel never contacted him. Hughes
promised to sign an affidavit prepared by appellate counsel, but thereafter failed to return
counsel’s calls and never signed an affidavit. Appellate counsel contacted trial counsel to
discuss the matter and trial counsel indicated that she never spoke to Hughes because the number
provided was “not in service.” Interestingly, appellate counsel made no mention of trying to
contact any of the other potential alibi witnesses identified by defendant.

                                               -3-
       It appears that trial counsel did attempt to investigate, just as appellate counsel tried to
do, but was blocked by uncooperative witnesses. Unable to speak to the potential alibi
witnesses, trial counsel likely chose not to file a notice of alibi defense as required by MCL
768.20(1).1 Given the circumstances, we cannot find trial counsel ineffective in this regard. In
the end, defendant was able to present his claim of alibi to the jury through his own testimony.
And in light of the eyewitness testimony placing defendant at the scene of the firebombings,
defendant’s odor when interviewed by police on September 27, and his inability to substantiate
that he had filled a benign container with gasoline, we cannot conclude that defendant likely
sustained prejudice as a result of the absence of his proposed alibi witnesses.

                                                    B

        Defendant contends that counsel should have sought to suppress the evidence discovered
in his van at the time of his arrest. The van was legally parked, defendant insists, and the police
had no valid reason to seize and search it, rendering the gun discovered during the search
inadmissible.

        US Const, Am IV and Const 1963, art 1, § 11 guarantee the right of persons to be secure
against unreasonable searches and seizures. As a general rule, officers must obtain a warrant
based on probable cause to seize and search property. People v Davis, 442 Mich 1, 10; 497
NW2d 910 (1993). If a search conducted in violation of this rule uncovers evidence, that
evidence usually must be suppressed. In re Forfeiture of $176,598, 443 Mich 261, 265; 505
NW2d 201 (1993). There are exceptions to the warrant requirement, however, and evidence
collected during a permitted warrantless search is admissible. Davis, 442 Mich at 10.

        One exception to the warrant requirement is for an “inventory search.” In South Dakota v
Opperman, 428 US 364, 370-371; 96 S Ct 3092; 49 L Ed 2d 1000 (1976), the United States
Supreme Court held that law enforcement officers do not violate the Fourth Amendment when
they follow standard procedures to inventory the contents of a lawfully impounded automobile,
as long as the impoundment and inventory search were not a pretext and as long as the scope of
the search was reasonable. The goal is to preclude inventory searches that are “a ruse for general

1
    The statute provides:
          If a defendant in a felony case proposes to offer in his defense testimony to
          establish an alibi at the time of the alleged offense, the defendant shall at the time
          of arraignment on the information or within 15 days after that arraignment but not
          less than 10 days before the trial of the case, or at such other time as the court
          directs, file and serve upon the prosecuting attorney a notice in writing of his
          intention to claim that defense. The notice shall contain, as particularly as is
          known to the defendant or the defendant’s attorney, the names of witnesses to be
          called in behalf of the defendant to establish that defense. The defendant’s notice
          shall include specific information as to the place at which the accused claims to
          have been at the time of the alleged offense.

                                                   -4-
rummaging in order to discover incriminating evidence,” not to impede the legitimate conduct of
inventory searches. People v Poole, 199 Mich App 261, 266; 501 NW2d 265 (1993).

         Highland Park Police Officer Michael Ochs testified that Johnson told him that defendant
lived on Waverly but she did not know the house number. She described defendant’s vehicle to
assist in locating him. Ochs and his partner travelled to Waverly and discovered the white van
parked in the street in front of a house. When defendant was placed under arrest, he “couldn’t
. . . give the [the officers] an answer on where he was staying so [they] decided to tow [the] van
for safekeeping for [defendant].” Ochs clarified that the officers did not want to leave the van in
the street and defendant offered no family member who could take custody of the vehicle so the
officers had the van towed to the impound lot “so nothing [would] happen to it.” Ochs testified
that it was department policy to conduct an inventory of all towed vehicles to protect the vehicle
owners’ property rights and to protect the police from false claims of theft or property damage.

        Here, as in Opperman, 428 US at 375, defendant could make no “other arrangements for
the safekeeping of his belongings” while he was in police custody. There is no record indication
that the vehicle was parked illegally, but it is possible that the officers were concerned the
vehicle might be stolen or vandalized, or that the vehicle would have to be moved on an
upcoming garbage day. However, regardless of whether the officers could validly conduct an
inventory search, they also had probable cause to conduct a search without a warrant. It is well
established that if police officers have probable cause, they are permitted to conduct a
warrantless search of a vehicle, “even after it has been impounded and [taken] in police
custody.” See Michigan v Thomas, 458 US 259, 260-261; 102 S Ct 3079; 73 L Ed 2d 750
(1982); People v Romano, 181 Mich App 204, 217; 448 NW2d 795 (1989).

       The officers in this case had probable cause to search defendant’s van for evidence of the
firebombings. “Probable cause exists when the facts and circumstances warrant a person of
reasonable prudence to believe that the evidence of a crime or contraband sought is in a stated
place.” People v Harmelin, 176 Mich App 524, 534; 440 NW2d 75 (1989), aff’d sub nom
Harmelin v Michigan, 501 US 957; 111 S Ct 2680; 115 L Ed 2d 836 (1991). The question is
“whether the facts and circumstances known to the officers would warrant a person of reasonable
prudence to believe that evidence of a crime or contraband sought is in a stated place.” People v
Carter, 194 Mich App 58, 61; 486 NW2d 93 (1992). “A search of an automobile when probable
cause exists ‘is not unreasonable if based on facts that would justify the issuance of a warrant,
even though a warrant has not actually been obtained.’ ” People v Levine, 461 Mich 172, 179;
600 NW2d 622 (1999), quoting United States v Ross, 456 US 798, 809; 102 S Ct 2157; 72 L Ed
2d 572 (1982). Eyewitnesses placed defendant at the scene of the firebombings. It was
reasonable for the officers to believe that defendant drove to the scene of the crime in his vehicle.
Accordingly, the officers were justified in searching defendant’s vehicle for evidence of his
involvement in these crimes, either at the scene of his arrest or following the vehicle’s
impoundment. Any motion to suppress the evidence would have been futile and counsel cannot
be deemed ineffective for failing to raise it. People v Mack, 265 Mich App 122, 130; 695 NW2d
342 (2005).

                                                 C

                                                -5-
       Defendant also challenges counsel’s failure to object to the admission of the PPO secured
by Johnson against defendant. He claims that this evidence was improperly used to bolster
Johnson’s credibility. This evidence was admissible, however, to establish the elements of the
aggravated stalking charge.

         “Stalking” is defined by statute as “a willful course of conduct involving repeated or
continuing harassment of another individual that would cause a reasonable person to feel
terrorized, frightened, intimidated, threatened, harassed, or molested and that actually causes the
victim to feel terrorized, frightened, intimidated, threatened, harassed, or molested.” MCL
750.411i(1)(e). The making of a “credible threat” enhances a charge to aggravated stalking and
is defined as “a threat to kill another individual or a threat to inflict physical injury upon another
individual that is made in any manner or in any context that causes the individual hearing or
receiving the threat to reasonably fear for his or her safety or the safety of another individual.”
MCL 750.411i(1)(b).

       The fact that Johnson secured a PPO was evidence that defendant’s threats against
Johnson were “credible” and caused Johnson to fear for the safety of her and her family. The
PPO itself proved that Johnson actually secured the legal document. The evidence was therefore
relevant and admissible. See MRE 401 (defining “relevant evidence” as “evidence having any
tendency to make the existence” of a material fact “more probable or less probable than it would
be without the evidence”); MRE 402 (“All relevant evidence is [generally] admissible.”).
Defendant does not contend that the PPO was rendered inadmissible under any exception to the
evidentiary rule in MRE 403. Admission of the PPO was also consistent with MCL 600.2106,
which states:

               A copy of any order, judgment or decree, of any court of record in this
       state, duly authenticated by the certificate of the judge, clerk or register of such
       court, under the seal thereof, shall be admissible in evidence in any court in this
       state, and shall be prima facie evidence . . . of all facts recited therein, and of the
       regularity of all proceedings prior to, and including the making of such order,
       judgment or decree.

Because the PPO was properly admitted into evidence, counsel had no ground to object and
defendant cannot support his ineffective assistance claim. Mack, 265 Mich App at 130.

                                 III. JUDICIAL FACT FINDING

       Defendant contends that the trial court improperly based his sentences on facts found by
the judge rather than the jury in violation of Alleyne v United States, 570 US ___; 133 S Ct
2151; 186 L Ed 2d 314 (2013). He specifically challenges the circuit court’s scoring of Offense
Variables (OVs) 4, 10, and 14. Defendant failed to preserve his challenge by objecting on this
ground in the trial court. Accordingly our review is limited to plain error. See People v
Lockridge, 498 Mich 358, 392-393; 870 NW2d 502 (2015).

       Recently, our Supreme Court relied on Alleyne in holding that Michigan’s
       sentencing scheme, which permits judicial fact-finding in scoring the offense and
       prior record variables, violates the Sixth Amendment. Lockridge, 498 Mich at

                                                 -6-
       388-389. The Michigan Supreme Court remedied that defect by rendering
       Michigan’s sentencing guidelines advisory, just as the United States Supreme
       Court had done with regard to the federal sentencing guidelines in United States v
       Booker, 543 US 220, 233; 125 S Ct 738; 160 L Ed 2d 621 (2005). Lockridge, 498
       Mich at 365.

               Although Michigan’s sentencing guidelines are “constitutionally
       deficient,” our Supreme Court decreed in Lockridge that trial courts must still
       score the offense and prior record variables and assess the “highest number of
       points possible” for each one. Lockridge, 498 Mich at 392 n 28. A sentencing
       court is obligated to “consult the applicable guidelines range and take it into
       account when imposing a sentence.” Id. at 392. [People v Masroor, ___ Mich
       App ___; ___ NW2d ___ (Docket No. 322280, issued November 24, 2015), slip
       op at 6.]

        In People v Stokes, ___ Mich App ___; ___ NW2d ___ (Docket No. 321303, issued
September 8, 2015), slip op at 8-9, this Court distilled the procedure set forth in Lockridge for
trial courts to reconsider sentences when faced with an unpreserved challenge:

               Noting that “virtually all” of these cases involve unpreserved challenges,
       our Supreme Court described a procedure, the goal of which is to determine
       whether a Lockridge error resulted in prejudice to any given defendant. Such an
       inquiry is necessary because unpreserved constitutional errors are subject to plain-
       error review, which requires a defendant to demonstrate not only that an error
       occurred, but that “the error affected the outcome of the lower court proceedings.”
       Our Supreme Court held that if a defendant is able to “establish a threshold
       showing of the potential for plain error,” the case must “be remanded to the trial
       court to determine whether that court would have imposed a materially different
       sentence but for the constitutional error. If the trial court determines that the
       answer to that question is yes, the court shall order resentencing.” The precise
       procedure to be followed, modeled on that adopted in United States v Crosby,
       [397 F3d 103 (CA 2, 2005),] is as follows:

               [O]n a Crosby remand, a trial court should first allow a defendant an
          opportunity to inform the court that he or she will not seek resentencing. If
          notification is not received in a timely manner, the court (1) should obtain
          the views of counsel in some form, (2) may but is not required to hold a
          hearing on the matter, and (3) need not have the defendant present when it
          decides whether to resentence the defendant, but (4) must have the
          defendant present, as required by [MCR 6.425], if it decides to resentence
          the defendant. Further, in determining whether the court would have
          imposed a materially different sentence but for the unconstitutional
          constraint, the court should consider only the circumstances existing at the
          time of the original sentence. [Citations omitted.]

      In calculating defendant’s total OV score of 80, the court relied on factors that were not
elements of the charged offenses and were therefore not decided by the jury.

                                               -7-
        In relation to OV 4, psychological injury to the victim, a 10-point score is appropriate if
the victim suffers “[s]erious psychological injury requiring professional treatment,” regardless of
whether such treatment is sought. MCL 777.34(1)(a), (2). The Department of Corrections
recommended no points be scored for this variable. The prosecution, however, requested a 10-
point score because Johnson’s four-year-old nephew, who was asleep in the home during the
September 27 firebombing, had been fearful at bedtime since the incident. The child’s
grandmother testified regarding his emotional condition at defendant’s sentencing hearing. The
court properly assessed points for OV 4 based on this evidence. See People v Williams, 298
Mich App 121, 124; 825 NW2d 671 (2012); People v Davenport (After Remand), 286 Mich App
191, 200; 779 NW2d 257 (2009). However, this was a judge-found fact.

        The DOC also recommended no score for OV 10, but the trial court assigned 15 points on
the prosecution’s request. OV 10, “exploitation of a vulnerable victim,” should be scored 15
points when the defendant engaged in “predatory conduct.” MCL 777.40(1)(a). “ ‘Predatory
conduct’ means preoffense conduct directed at a victim . . . for the primary purpose of
victimization.” MCL 777.40(3)(a). “To victimize is to make a victim of someone, and a victim
is a person who suffers from a destructive or injurious action.” People v Ackah-Essien, 311
Mich App 13, 37; ___ NW2d ___ (2015) (2015). “[P]redatory conduct” therefore references
“behavior that precedes the offense, directed at a person for the primary purpose of causing that
person to suffer from an injurious action or to be deceived.” People v Cannon, 481 Mich 152,
161; 749 NW2d 257 (2008). The primary concern in assessing points under this variable is “the
exploitation of vulnerable victims.” Id. at 157. Therefore, “points should be assessed . . . when
it is readily apparent that a victim was ‘vulnerable,’ i.e., was susceptible to injury, physical
restraint, persuasion, or temptation,” and that the vulnerable victim was exploited. Id. at 158-
159.

        In arguing in favor of this score, the prosecution stated, “This case is one of domestic
violence that initially started over a relationship, and the testimony is or was that there was
behavior on behalf of the defendant attempting to control her and that in terms of her leaving
him, and this is what accelerated or initiated all of this.” Indeed, defendant’s harassing phone
calls and threats primed the pump, making Johnson fearful. On September 27, defendant waited
until the family was asleep, throwing a firebomb into the home in a location that would impede
the escape of Johnson, her sister, and several young children. See Ackah-Essien, 311 Mich App
at 37 (“The timing and location of an offense—waiting until a victim is alone and isolated—is
evidence of predatory conduct.”) Accordingly, we discern no error in the scoring of this
variable.

        It is a closer question whether OV 10 was actually scored on judge-found facts. In
considering this issue, “[t]he touchstone for determining whether a fact must be found by a jury
beyond a reasonable doubt is whether the fact constitutes an ‘element’ or ‘ingredient’ of the
charged offense.” Alleyne, 133 S Ct at 2158.

       [T]he essential Sixth Amendment inquiry is whether a fact is an element of the
       crime. When a finding of fact alters the legally prescribed punishment so as to
       aggravate it, the fact necessarily forms a constituent part of a new offense and
       must be submitted to the jury. It is no answer to say that the defendant could have
       received the same sentence with or without that fact. [Id. at 2162.]

                                                -8-
       Here, the offense of aggravated stalking is equivalent to “predatory conduct” and
“victimization.” MCL 750.411i provides, in relevant part:

             (1) As used in this section:

         (a) “Course of conduct” means a pattern of conduct composed of a series of 2
      or more separate noncontinuous acts evidencing a continuity of purpose.

          (b) “Credible threat” means a threat to kill another individual or a threat to
      inflict physical injury upon another individual that is made in any manner or in
      any context that causes the individual hearing or receiving the threat to reasonably
      fear for his or her safety or the safety of another individual.

         (c) “Emotional distress” means significant mental suffering or distress that
      may, but does not necessarily, require medical or other professional treatment or
      counseling.

         (d) “Harassment” means conduct directed toward a victim that includes, but is
      not limited to, repeated or continuing unconsented contact that would cause a
      reasonable individual to suffer emotional distress and that actually causes the
      victim to suffer emotional distress. Harassment does not include constitutionally
      protected activity or conduct that serves a legitimate purpose.

         (e) “Stalking” means a willful course of conduct involving repeated or
      continuing harassment of another individual that would cause a reasonable person
      to feel terrorized, frightened, intimidated, threatened, harassed, or molested and
      that actually causes the victim to feel terrorized, frightened, intimidated,
      threatened, harassed, or molested.

          (f) “Unconsented contact” means any contact with another individual that is
      initiated or continued without that individual’s consent or in disregard of that
      individual’s expressed desire that the contact be avoided or discontinued.
      Unconsented contact includes, but is not limited to, any of the following:

                                             * * *

           (iii) Appearing at that individual’s workplace or residence.

            (iv) Entering onto or remaining on property owned, leased, or occupied by
      that individual.

           (v) Contacting that individual by telephone.

           (vi) Sending mail or electronic communications to that individual.

            (vii) Placing an object on, or delivering an object to, property owned, leased,
      or occupied by that individual.

                                              -9-
          (g) “Victim” means an individual who is the target of a willful course of
       conduct involving repeated or continuing harassment.

       (2) An individual who engages in stalking is guilty of aggravated stalking if the
       violation involves any of the following circumstances:

          (a) At least 1 of the actions constituting the offense is in violation of a
       restraining order and the individual has received actual notice of that restraining
       order or at least 1 of the actions is in violation of an injunction or preliminary
       injunction.

                                             * * *

           (c) The course of conduct includes the making of 1 or more credible threats
       against the victim, a member of the victim’s family, or another individual living
       in the same household as the victim. . . .

        The act of aggravated stalking amounted to predatory conduct directed at a victim for the
primary purpose of victimization, preceded the firebombing of the victim’s residence, and was
used to make Johnson vulnerable for the attacks. Accordingly, the trial court did not score this
factor based on judge-found facts and no Sixth Amendment violation occurred.

        Finally, although the circuit court correctly scored OV 14, that score was based on
judicially determined facts. MCL 777.44 provides for a 10-point score for this variable when the
defendant was the leader in a multiple offender situation. Johnson observed defendant with a
second individual during the September 7 incident and the court found that multiple individuals
were involved in the September 27 incident as firebombs were thrown in quick succession at
both the front and back of the house. The evidence supported that defendant was the leader in
both incidents as he was Johnson’s ex-boyfriend and had made threats to blow up the house
before the crimes. However, that multiple offenders were involved was not an element of any of
the charged offenses.

        Less 20 points for those variables based on judicially-found facts, defendant’s total OV
score is reduced to 60 and his OV Level reduced from VI to V. The reliance on judge-found
facts therefore increased defendant’s minimum sentencing guidelines range. This is the very
type of case governed by Lockridge and remand for consideration of the necessity of
resentencing consistent with Crosby is required.

                   IV. SENTENCES ABOVE STATUTORY MAXIMUMS

       Finally, defendant asserts that his sentences for aggravated stalking and felon in
possession of a firearm are invalid because, even with consideration of his status as a habitual
fourth offender, they exceed the statutory maximums. Defendant failed to preserve this
challenge by raising a timely objection below or filing a motion to correct an invalid sentence
under MCR 6.429(B). People v McGuffey, 251 Mich App 155, 165-166; 649 NW2d 801 (2002).
Our review is therefore limited to plain error affecting defendant’s substantial rights. Carines,
460 Mich at 763-764.

                                              -10-
       “A sentence is invalid when it is beyond statutory limits. . . .” People v Miles, 454 Mich
90, 96; 559 NW2d 299 (1997). “Although the authority of the court over a defendant typically
ends when a valid sentence is pronounced, the court may correct an invalid sentence after
sentencing.” Id. In accordance with MCR 6.429(A), “The court may correct an invalid sentence,
but the court may not modify a valid sentence after it has been imposed except as provided by
law.”

       Aggravated stalking is governed by MCL 750.411i. Subsection (3)(a) of the statute
provides for a maximum sentence of “imprisonment for not more than 5 years or a fine of not
more than $10,000.00, or both.” The statutory maximum sentence for felon in possession of a
firearm is set by MCL 750.224f(5) at “imprisonment for not more than 5 years or a fine of not
more than $5,000.00, or both.” Defendant was, however, sentenced as a fourth habitual
offender. MCL 769.12 provides for sentencing enhancement for such offenders:

       (1) If a person has been convicted of any combination of 3 or more felonies or
       attempts to commit felonies . . . and that person commits a subsequent felony
       within this state, the person shall be punished upon conviction of the subsequent
       felony and sentencing under section 13 of this chapter as follows:

       (a) If the subsequent felony is a serious crime or a conspiracy to commit a serious
       crime, and 1 or more of the prior felony convictions are listed prior felonies, the
       court shall sentence the person to imprisonment for not less than 25 years. Not
       more than 1 conviction arising out of the same transaction shall be considered a
       prior felony conviction for the purposes of this subsection only.

       (b) If the subsequent felony is punishable upon a first conviction by imprisonment
       for a maximum term of 5 years or more or for life, the court, except as otherwise
       provided in this section or section 1 of chapter XI, may sentence the person to
       imprisonment for life or for a lesser term.

        The trial court sentenced defendant to 26 to 50 years’ imprisonment for his aggravated
stalking and felon-in-possession convictions. Defendant had four additional felony convictions
connected with the underlying offenses. In addition, defendant’s presentence investigation
report listed 12 prior felony and four misdemeanor convictions. As such, defendant’s sentences
for aggravated stalking and felon in possession comported with the governing statutes.

       We affirm defendant’s convictions, but remand this matter to the trial court to determine
the necessity for resentencing in accordance with Lockridge. We do not retain jurisdiction.

                                                           /s/ Elizabeth L. Gleicher
                                                           /s/ Kathleen Jansen
                                                           /s/ Douglas B. Shapiro

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