Court Opinion

ID: 3212159
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-06-10 22:01:09.744544+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:50:36.938244
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                           FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                   )
                                            )
              v.                            )         No. 1:10-cr-00265-RCL-3
                                            )
SAQUON K. BETHEA,                           )
Defendant.                                  )         ECF

   GOVERNMENT’S RESPONSE TO COURT’S ORDER, DOCKET ENTRY NO. 246
             REGARDING PROBATION OFFICE ANALYSIS

       COMES NOW, the United States of America to respond to the United States Probation

Office's Memorandum on Resentencing Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2), Docket Entry No.

245, pursuant to the Court’s Order of May 24, 2016, D.E. No. 246. Defendant is ineligible for a

sentence reduction because of the “wired” plea agreement he made under Fed.R.Crim.P.

11(c)(1)(C). As set forth in the government’s previous opposition to defendant’s pending sentence

reduction motion, this specific “wired” Rule 11(c)(1)(C) agreement’s terms foreclose granting

defendant’s motion. This is consistent with the points made in the USPO memorandum. In further

support whereof, the United States respectfully submits as follows:

       1.     Before the Court is defendant’s motion under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c), originally

brought pro se and later supplemented by counsel. The motion seeks a reduction in sentence based

upon Amendments 782 and 788 to the United States Sentencing Commission Guidelines Manual,

the amendments often being colloquially called “All Drugs Minus Two.” See D.E. Nos. 227, 243.

The government previously opposed defendant’s pro se motion, D.E. No. 242, and opposes the

supplemented motion. Defendant is ineligible for a sentence reduction because his current

84-month sentence was based upon the terms of his “wired” Rule 11(c)(1)(C) plea agreement,

rather than a sentencing guideline range that has been retroactively lowered by a subsequent

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guidelines amendment. Therefore, defendant’s claim for a reduced sentence runs into the

proscription in U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10 that “a reduction in the defendant’s term of imprisonment is . . .

not authorized” if Amendments 782 and 788 are not “applicable to the defendant[.]” Logically,

when a sentence is based upon the specific terms of a Rule 11(c)(1)(C) plea agreement, which

stipulate a particular sentence independent of the sentencing guidelines, as opposed to a being

based upon a sentencing guideline range, no amendment to any guideline range can be applicable

to that defendant. See United States v. Santana-Villanueva, No. 1:08-cr-00374-RCL-4, –

F.Supp.3d --, (D.D.C. Nov. 17, 2015), available at 2015 WL 7274025. According to the Federal

Bureau of Prisons Inmate Locater website, https://www.bop.gov/inmateloc/, defendant’s current

(pre-motion projected release date is March 2, 2017. 1

         2.       Defendant’s pro se motion contends that he is eligible for a sentence reduction to a

term as short as 70 months, presumably based upon the PSI’s statement that, but for defendant’s

Rule 11(c)(1)(C) plea agreement, his range would be calculated based upon a total offense level of

23, Criminal History Category V, and a resulting range of 84 to 105 months. This was based upon

the sentencing guidelines in effect at the time.

         3.       Earlier in the litigation over defendant’s sentence reduction motion, the USPO

prepared a Memorandum on Resentencing Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2), D.E. No. 245. This
         1
             Even when defendant is deemed eligible for a U.S.S.G. Amendments 782/788 sentence reduction, the
Court possesses the discretion to deny one, based upon the sentencing factors set forth in 18 U.S.C. § 3553. See United
States v. Butler, Nos. 1:89-cr-00162-RCL-2 & 1:89-cr-00162-RCL-4, -- F. Supp.3d – (D.D.C. Sept. 16, 2015),
available at 2015 WL 5513484. The government’s previous opposition to defendant Bethea’s motion did not argue
that, if defendant were eligible for a sentence reduction, the Court should exercise its discretion to decline to grant him
one. This response does not make such an argument either. There appears to be no dispute that governing law under §
3582(c) and U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10 precludes defendant’s sentence from being reduced to a prison term of less time than
70 months, a year and two months shorter than his present sentence.

        Butler, of course, does not deal with Rule 11(c)(1)(C) plea agreements, but does clearly state that when a
defendant is eligible for a sentence reduction, the Court has the discretion to decline to grant a sentence reduction
motion nevertheless.

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is done in every case in which a defendant has advanced a claim for a reduced sentence premised

upon U.S.S.G. Amendments 782 and 788. Something similar was done for many dozens of cases

during two rounds of earlier sentence reduction litigation involving amendments to U.S.S.G §

2D1.1, the guideline usually governing crimes involving illegal drugs or controlled substances. In

its resentencing analysis, the USPO concluded that, under the Guidelines Manual’s 2015 edition,

which reflects U.S.S.G. Amendments 782 and 788, defendant’s total offense level would be 21 –

that is, two levels fewer than his previous total offense level of 23. With the same Criminal

History Category V, the USPO concluded that defendant would face a guideline range of 70 to 87

months in prison. Thus, defendant’s current 84-month prison sentence would be a sentence in that

revised range, of course.

       4.        The USPO analysis goes on to state:

       Review of available records does not necessarily support a sentence reduction . . . . The
       defendant pled guilty pursuant to Rule 11(c)(1)(C) of the Federal Rules of Criminal
       Procedure and the plea agreement was “wired” to the plea agreements of four additional
       codefendants. . . . The agreement is silent as to a specific computation and analysis,
       although the agreement sets forth non-specific drug quantity ranges of 28 to 112 grams of
       cocaine base and 500 grams to two kilograms of cocaine.

       The Court accepted the plea agreement and imposed the agreed upon sentence of 84
       months imprisonment which was the bottom of the previously applicable guideline range.
       Pursuant to Amendment 782 to the United States Sentencing Guidelines, Mr. Bethea’s
       applicable guideline range is reduced to 70 months to 87 months imprisonment. The agreed
       upon and imposed term remains within the amended guideline range.

D.E. No, 245 at 2.

       5.        In responding to the USPO analysis, the government must first observe that the

USPO deserves full marks for its exceptional diligence, dedication, and professionalism, both as

shown in this case, and in more than 150 other cases that have arisen or will arise in this Court. 2

       2
           In addition to Ms. Gennine Hagar, USPO chief, and her former deputy, Ms. Shari McCoy, recently retired

                                                      3
         6.       Second, the USPO is a neutral arbiter whose analysis is performed for the Court and

not one of the litigants. Therefore, circumspection and diplomacy constrain the USPO’s

submission of analyses such as these. The government’s opposition to defendant’s sentence

reduction motion is wholly consistent with the USPO analysis. That opposition takes the USPO

analysis one step further, because as an active litigant the government is free to advocate its

position that defendant is ineligible for a sentence reduction. The USPO’s position also reflects the

considerable complexity of the issues confronting any Court in this jurisdiction deciding a claim

for a 3582(c) sentence reduction motion when the claiming defendant’s sentence reflects a plea

agreement made under Rule 11(c)(1)(C). That was the question confronting the United States

Supreme Court in Freeman v. United States, -- U.S. -- , 131 S. Ct. 2685 (2011), and it produced

three different opinion, none of which commanded a full majority. As a result, in this Circuit,

United States v. Epps, 404 U.S.App.D.C. 39, 707 F.3d 337 (D.C. Cir. 2013), governs whether

defendants who enter into 11(c)(1)(C) plea agreements are eligible for sentence reductions under

18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2). See also In re Sealed Case, 406 U.S.App.D.C. 100, 722 F.3d 361, (D.C.

Cir. 2013). In particular, Epps concluded that the eligibility of a Rule 11(c)(1)(C) defendant for a

3582(c) sentence reduction should be determined based upon Freeman’s “plurality opinion.” The

Epps view is an alternative to the analysis indicated in a concurring opinion by Justice Sotomayor.

Justice Sotomayor’s opinion asserted that a Rule 11(c)(1)(C) agreement is “based on” the

Guidelines only if the agreement either (1) explicitly “call[s] for the defendant to be sentenced

within a particular Guidelines range” or (2) “make[s] clear that the basis for the specified term is a

from federal service, especially well earned praise for their efforts belongs to Ms. Deborah Stevens-Panzer and Ms.
Kathie McGill, who are doing the nuts-and-bolts labors. Before leaving for another position in a different jurisdiction,
Ms. Megan Noe Chester also did outstanding work on these sorts of analyses. Undersigned counsel apologizes if
others worthy of recognition have been omitted, but these five individuals singularly warrant kudos.

                                                         4
Guidelines sentencing range applicable to the offense to which the defendant pleaded guilty” and

“that sentencing range is evident from the agreement itself.” Aside from this Circuit’s Epps ruling,

the other circuits have followed Justice Sotomayor’s concurrence. See United States v.

Rivera-Martinez, 665 F.3d 344, 348 (1st Cir. 2011); United States v. White, 429 Fed. App’x 43, 47

(2d Cir. 2011) (unpublished); United States v. Thompson, 682 F.3d 285, 289 (3d Cir. 2010);

United States v. Brown, 653 F.3d 337, 338 (4th Cir. 2011); United States v. Smith, 658 F.3d 608,

611 (6th Cir. 2011); United States v. Dixon, 387 F.3d 356, 359 (7th Cir. 2012); United States v.

Browne, 698 F.3d 1042, 1045 (8th Cir. 2012); United States v. Austin, 676 F.3d 924, 927 (9th Cir.

2012); United States v. Graham, 704 F.3d 1275, 1278 (10th Cir. 2013); United States v. Lawson,

686 F.3d 1317, 1321 n.2 (11th Cir. 2012).

       7.      Consequently, judicial precedent from outside this Circuit has only limited

application to cases of defendant’s sort, and the precedent from this Circuit is scarce, although an

increasing number of District Judges are having to confront the issue. In recognition of this, the

USPO’s analysis is most praiseworthy for its prudent circumspection as well as for its

professionally competent quality. The government’s opposition builds upon the USPO analysis

and carries it a step further forward. So should the Court do, by denying defendant’s motion.

       WHEREFORE, the United States respectfully prays this Honorable Court to accept this

response as complying in full with the Court’s order and to deny defendant’s pro se motion for a

sentence reduction.

                              Respectfully submitted,

                               /s/ Channing D. Phillips              _______________
                              CHANNING D. PHILLIPS, D.C. Bar No. 415793
                              United States Attorney for the District of Columbia

                              /s/ Leslie Ann Gerardo

                                                5
                              LESLIE ANN GERARDO, D.C. Bar No. 419823
                              Chief, Special Proceedings Division
                              (202) 252-6603
                              Leslie.Gerardo@USDoJ.Gov

                               /s/ Barry Wiegand
                              BARRY WIEGAND, D.C. Bar No. 424288
                              Assistant United States Attorney
                              Special Proceedings Division,
                              555 Fourth Street, N.W.,
                              Washington, D.C. 20530
                              (202) 252-7723
                              William.B.Wiegand@USDoJ.Gov

                              CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

I certify that I caused service of the foregoing to be made through the Court’s ECF system. Further,
on or before Tuesday, June 7, 2016. Defendant’s postal address is Inmate Saquon Bethea, Reg. No.
39239-007, FCI Cumberland, Federal Correctional Institution, Post Office Box 1000,
Cumberland, Maryland 21501 which is the information I obtained on Sunday, June 5, 2016, from
the Federal Bureau of Prisons Inmate Locater Website http://www.bop.gov/inmateloc/.

                                               /s/ Barry Wiegand
                                              BARRY WIEGAND

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