Court Opinion

ID: 6343195
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-05-23 22:02:42.758785+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:21:49.805867
License: Public Domain

Filed 5/23/22 P. v. Lopez CA5

                  NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

           IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                     FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

 THE PEOPLE,
                                                                                             F080312
           Plaintiff and Respondent,
                                                                                 (Super. Ct. No. 1050255)
                    v.

 ANDREW RICK LOPEZ,                                                                       OPINION
           Defendant and Appellant.

                                                   THE COURT*
         APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of Stanislaus County. Scott T.
Steffen, Judge.

         Jenny M. Brandt, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
         Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Lance E. Winters, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney General, Eric L. Christoffersen and
Ward A. Campbell, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
                                                        -ooOoo-

         *Before Levy,      Acting P. J., Peña, J. and Meehan, J.
                                     INTRODUCTION
       In 1991, a jury convicted defendant Andrew Rick Lopez of second degree murder
and the jury found true an enhancement allegation that defendant used a dangerous and
deadly weapon in the commission of the crime (a knife) (Pen. Code, § 12022, subd. (b)).
(Undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.) Defendant also admitted he
served a prior prison term for purpose of a section 667.5 enhancement.
       After the passage of Senate Bill No. 1437 (2017–2018 Reg. Sess.) (Senate Bill
1437), defendant filed a petition for resentencing pursuant to section 1170.95. The
superior court appointed the public defender to represent defendant in the petition
proceedings. A few months later, defendant filed a “Notice of Lack of Meaningful
Contact From Appointed Counsel” in pro se, requesting a hearing on whether he was
entitled to a new attorney. He asserted defense counsel failed to make any meaningful or
substantial contact with him since being appointed. The court did not rule on defendant’s
request and denied his petition, finding defendant’s conviction was solely based on a
theory of malice because defendant was the actual killer and the jury was not instructed
on the felony-murder rule or the natural and probable consequences doctrine.1
       On appeal, defendant contends the trial court erred in failing to hold a hearing
pursuant to People v. Marsden (1970) 2 Cal.3d 118 (Marsden) or to rule on his request
for substitute counsel before denying his petition in violation of defendant’s rights to due
process and effective assistance of counsel. He also argues the court erred in denying his
petition.
       We affirm the court’s order denying defendant’s petition.

       1Defendant’s  previous counsel filed a brief pursuant to People v. Wende (1979) 25 Cal.3d
436 in our court. Defendant filed a supplemental letter brief and a request to augment the record
in response. Per defense counsel’s request, she was relieved. Our court then appointed
defendant new counsel, who moved to strike the Wende brief and to instead file a brief on the
merits. Because defendant’s request to augment the record is not relevant nor necessary to our
disposition on appeal, we deny it as moot.

                                               2.
                  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       On April 3, 2019, defendant submitted a petition for resentencing pursuant to
section 1170.95, using a preprinted form. He checked boxes stating a charging document
had been filed against him allowing the prosecution to proceed under a felony-murder
theory or the natural and probable consequences doctrine; at trial, he was convicted of
first or second degree murder under a felony-murder theory or the natural and probable
consequences doctrine; and he could not now be convicted of murder in light of changes
made to sections 188 and 189, effective January 1, 2019 (pursuant to Senate Bill 1437).
He checked another box stating he was convicted of second degree murder under the
natural and probable consequences doctrine or under the second degree felony murder
doctrine and could not now be convicted of murder because of changes to section 188,
effective January 1, 2019. He indicated there was a prior determination by a court under
section 1118.1 and attached a minute order dated December 11, 1991, reflecting the court
granted defendant’s motion for acquittal of first degree murder. He also checked a box
stating, “I request that this court appoint counsel for me during this re-sentencing
process.” The court subsequently appointed the public defender to represent defendant.
       The People responded to the petition, arguing defendant failed to establish a prima
facie case he is entitled to relief because the facts of the case established he was the
actual killer. They asserted the court’s dismissal of the first degree murder charge during
trial did not negate the jury’s finding of guilt as to the second degree murder charge.
They noted the jury found true an allegation defendant personally used a knife in the
commission of the second degree murder. They asserted, because defendant was found
by a jury to be the actual killer, he is not entitled to resentencing under section 1170.95
and his petition must be summarily denied. They cited the unpublished appellate opinion
from defendant’s direct appeal, which stated defendant stabbed and killed the victim.
They asserted defendant was barred by res judicata and collateral estoppel “from
relitigating the issue of the legal theory for his second-degree murder conviction.” They

                                              3.
also argued Senate Bill 1437 is unconstitutional. The People attached the unpublished
appellate opinion and portions of the trial transcript to their response to defendant’s
petition. The excerpts from the trial transcript reflected, in part, a forensic pathologist’s
testimony the victim’s cause of death was stab wounds to the chest.
       Defendant filed a reply on August 14, 2019, arguing Senate Bill 1437 gave him “a
clear avenue to relitigate his murder conviction.” He urged the court not to weigh
evidence before holding an evidentiary hearing, and he argued his petition made a prima
facie showing he was entitled to relief.
       Defendant filed a notice of lack of meaningful contact from his appointed counsel
on August 19, 2019, which he stated was his “second notice that the appointed Stanislaus
County Public Defender’s Office has failed to make any meaningful or substantial
contact with [him] since being appointed.” He requested a Marsden hearing and
appointment of conflict counsel. He stated, in response to his motion for new trial on
January 13, 1992, the court had appointed him another attorney since his motion included
claims of ineffective assistance by the public defender’s office.
       He further claimed he filed a motion with the court on June 11, 2019, notifying it
of a lack of contact by his appointed counsel.2 He stated, on June 24, 2019, the public
defender’s office notified him he had filed a section 1170.95 petition; it was appointed to
represent him; the district attorney’s office opposed the petition: and it was “‘important
that [he] get in contact with [his counsel] so [they] can communicate.’” According to
defendant, the letter stated it was best to reach his counsel by telephone and provided a
phone number where defendant could reach the appointed public defender. It notified
defendant he could write, but that would delay the process. Defendant then represented
to the court he did not have phone privileges in prison and, prior to receiving the form
notice from the public defender’s office, he had written a minimum of five letters to the

       2He asserted   the “filed” date stated was based upon the “Prison Mail Box Rule.”

                                                4.
office with information. Upon receipt of the letter, he wrote another letter to the public
defender and explained the public defender needed to arrange a legal call through the
prison litigation coordinator. He stated, “[I]n a July 18, 2019 letter, … the prison
Litigation Coordinator refused to afford [them] a confidential legal call and, again,
suggest[ed] that [defendant] call the Public Defender’s Office. (Among other claims that
[he could not] put in the open record, but which shocked [defendant]).”
       On October 30, 2019, the court issued an order denying defendant’s section
1170.95 petition for resentencing, stating in relevant part:

              “According to the record in this case, [defendant]’s conviction was
       based on evidence that John Amaral was engaged in a fist fight with the
       victim, and [defendant] came to Amaral’s aid and stabbed and killed the
       victim. The jury was not instructed on the felony-murder rule, or the
       natural and probable consequence[s] doctrine. Accordingly, [defendant] is
       not eligible for relief under … section 1170.95.

               “[Defendant]’s counsel filed an opposition to the People’s motion to
       dismiss, arguing that [defendant] has made a prima facie showing that he is
       entitled to relief and that this court should therefore issue an order to show
       cause. However, simply filing a paper stating grounds upon which relief
       could be based, even under oath, is not sufficient where the petitioner is not
       eligible for relief. The statute could not be more clear. A person convicted
       of first or second degree murder may file a petition if, and only if, the
       prosecutor was able to proceed under a theory of felony murder or murder
       under the natural and probable consequences doctrine. That is simply not
       the case here. [Defendant]’s conviction was based solely on a theory of
       malice.”
                                      DISCUSSION
       Defendant challenges the denial of his petition, asserting the court erred in failing
to hold a Marsden hearing before denying his petition for resentencing, improperly
relying on hearsay, and concluding he was categorically ineligible for relief. We
conclude the record of conviction establishes defendant is ineligible for resentencing;
thus, any alleged procedural errors below were harmless.

                                             5.
1.     Senate Bill 1437 and Senate Bill 775 (2021–2022 Reg. Sess.)
       On September 30, 2018, the Governor signed Senate Bill 1437, which became
effective on January 1, 2019. Senate Bill 1437 “amend[s] the felony murder rule and the
natural and probable consequences doctrine, as it relates to murder, to ensure that murder
liability is not imposed on a person who is not the actual killer, did not act with the intent
to kill, or was not a major participant in the underlying felony who acted with reckless
indifference to human life.” (Stats. 2018, ch. 1015, § 1, subd. (f).) It amends section
188, which defines malice, and section 189, which defines the degrees of murder to
address felony-murder liability. (Stats. 2018, ch. 1015, §§ 2–3.)
       Accordingly, section 188 now provides that, “[e]xcept as stated in subdivision (e)
of Section 189, in order to be convicted of murder, a principal in a crime shall act with
malice aforethought. Malice shall not be imputed to a person based solely on his or her
participation in a crime.” (§ 188, subd. (a)(3), italics added.) The change reflects the
Legislature’s intent that “[a] person’s culpability for murder must be premised upon that
person’s own actions and subjective mens rea.” (Stats. 2018, ch. 1015, § 1, subd. (g).)
       Additionally, section 189 previously stated, “All murder … which is committed in
the perpetration of, or attempt to perpetrate, arson, rape, carjacking, robbery, burglary,
mayhem, kidnapping, train wrecking, or any act punishable under Section 206, 286, 288,
288a, or 289, or any murder which is perpetrated by means of discharging a firearm from
a motor vehicle, intentionally at another person outside of the vehicle with the intent to
inflict death, is murder of the first degree.” Senate Bill 1437 amended section 189, in
part, by adding subdivision (e), which provides:

       “A participant in the perpetration or attempted perpetration of a felony
       listed in subdivision (a) in which a death occurs is liable for murder only if
       one of the following is proven: [¶] (1) The person was the actual killer.
       [¶] (2) The person was not the actual killer, but, with the intent to kill,
       aided, abetted, counseled, commanded, induced, solicited, requested, or
       assisted the actual killer in the commission of murder in the first degree.
       [¶] (3) The person was a major participant in the underlying felony and

                                              6.
       acted with reckless indifference to human life, as described in subdivision
       (d) of Section 190.2.”
       The legislation also added section 1170.95, providing a procedure by which
defendants whose cases are final can seek retroactive relief if the changes in the law
affect their previously sustained convictions. (Stats. 2018, ch. 1015, § 4.) Initially,
section 1170.95 permitted those “convicted of felony murder or murder under a natural
and probable consequences theory [to] file a petition with the court that sentenced the
petitioner to have the petitioner’s murder conviction vacated and to be resentenced on
any remaining counts ….” (Stats. 2018, ch. 1015, § 4, subd. (a).)
       In Senate Bill No. 775 (2021–2022 Reg. Sess.) (Senate Bill 775), effective
January 1, 2022, the Legislature amended the language of section 1170.95 to expand the
scope of the petitioning procedure to defendants convicted of attempted murder or
manslaughter under a now prohibited theory. The legislation also clarified some of the
procedural requirements in the statute.
       Under the amended version of section 1170.95, “[a] person convicted of felony
murder or murder under the natural and probable consequences doctrine or other theory
under which malice is imputed to a person based solely on that person’s participation in a
crime, attempted murder under the natural and probable consequences doctrine, or
manslaughter may file a petition” to have their conviction vacated and to be resentenced
when all of the following conditions apply:

              “(1) A complaint, information, or indictment was filed against the
       petitioner that allowed the prosecution to proceed under a theory of felony
       murder, murder under the natural and probable consequences doctrine or
       other theory under which malice is imputed to a person based solely on that
       person’s participation in a crime, or attempted murder under the natural and
       probable consequences doctrine.

             “(2) The petitioner was convicted of murder, attempted murder, or
       manslaughter following a trial or accepted a plea offer in lieu of a trial at
       which the petitioner could have been convicted of murder or attempted
       murder.

                                              7.
             “(3) The petitioner could not presently be convicted of murder or
       attempted murder because of changes to Section 188 or 189 made effective
       January 1, 2019.” (§ 1170.95, subd. (a).)
       Pursuant to amended section 1170.95, upon receiving a petition, if the petitioner
has requested counsel, the court must appoint counsel to represent the petitioner.
(§ 1170.95, subd. (b)(3).) “After the parties have had an opportunity to submit briefings,
the court shall hold a hearing to determine whether the petitioner has made a prima facie
case for relief.” (Id., subd. (c).) If the petitioner has made such a showing that the
petitioner is entitled to relief, the court “shall issue an order to show cause.” (Ibid.) “If
the court declines to make an order to show cause, it shall provide a statement fully
setting forth its reasons for doing so.” (Ibid.)
       Within 60 days after the order to show cause has issued, the trial court must then
hold a hearing “to determine whether to vacate the murder, attempted murder, or
manslaughter conviction and to recall the sentence and resentence the petitioner on any
remaining counts in the same manner as if the petitioner had not previously been
sentenced, provided that the new sentence, if any, is not greater than the initial sentence.”
(§ 1170.95, subd. (d)(1).) At the hearing, the burden of proof is on the prosecution to
prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the petitioner is guilty of murder or attempted
murder under the amended laws. (§ 1170.95, subd. (d)(3).)
       The admission of evidence at the evidentiary hearing “shall be governed by the
Evidence Code, except that the court may consider evidence previously admitted at any
prior hearing or trial that is admissible under current law, including witness testimony,
stipulated evidence, and matters judicially noticed. The court may also consider the
procedural history of the case recited in any prior appellate opinion.” (§ 1170.95, subd.
(d)(3).) The prosecutor and the petitioner may offer new or additional evidence to meet
their respective burdens. (Ibid.) “If the prosecution fails to sustain its burden of proof,
the prior conviction, and any allegations and enhancements attached to the conviction,
shall be vacated and the petitioner shall be resentenced on the remaining charges.” (Ibid.)

                                              8.
       Denial of the statutory right to counsel in a section 1170.95 proceeding implicates
state law only and is evaluated for harmless error under People v. Watson (1956) 46
Cal.2d 818, 836. (See People v. Lewis (2021) 11 Cal.5th 952, 973–974 (Lewis).)
2.     Analysis
       Defendant argues the court erred in dismissing his petition without first holding a
hearing or ruling on his motion to substitute counsel. He argues the right to counsel
during section 1170.95 resentencing proceedings stems from the United States and
California Constitutions. He further asserts the Constitutions guarantee him the right to a
hearing on whether counsel rendered ineffective assistance; but, here, the court did not
even rule on his motion. He contends he is entitled to remand for the court to a hold a
Marsden hearing in the first instance and for the court to exercise its discretion on
whether he is entitled to new counsel, even absent a showing of prejudice. Notably, he
concedes “the court correctly found that the jury was not instructed on natural and
probable consequences or felony murder theories of liability,” but he asserts the record
“did not conclusively establish [he] was the actual killer so as to render him ineligible for
relief as a matter of law.” He also asserts the trial court’s review of the jury instructions
violated due process because the “jury instructions were not attached to any of the briefs
before the court” and “[t]he court did not take judicial notice of them.” In response, the
People assert any alleged Marsden error was harmless because defendant was ineligible
for resentencing as a matter of law. They argue defendant was neither prosecuted nor
convicted under the felony murder or natural and probable consequences doctrine.
Rather, “the jury found that [defendant] personally committed second degree murder with
malice.” They argue because the California Supreme Court has held any prejudice
stemming from the erroneous failure to appoint counsel is analyzed by the reasonable
probability standard, “[i]t logically follows that any error in failing to conduct a Marsden
hearing in a section 1170.95 proceeding must also be judged under the same reasonable

                                              9.
probability standard.” On reply, defendant asserts the People are barred from arguing
defendant was not prosecuted under a felony-murder theory or under a natural and
probable consequences doctrine because, in their response below, they conceded
defendant met the first two conditions to establish eligibility for relief. In supplemental
briefing, defendant further contends Senate Bill 775 clarified it is not a prerequisite to
relief that a jury was instructed on the natural and probable consequences doctrine or on
felony murder. Rather, a defendant is eligible for relief if convicted of murder under any
imputed malice theory. Because we conclude the record establishes defendant is
ineligible for relief as a matter of law, we affirm the court’s order denying the petition
and conclude any error in failing to hold a Marsden hearing was harmless.
       A.     The Court Did Not Err in Relying on the Record of Conviction and
              Concluding Defendant Was Categorically Ineligible for Relief
       In Lewis, the California Supreme Court stated the trial court may rely on the
record of conviction in determining whether a defendant has made a prima facie showing
of entitlement to relief. (Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 971 [“The record of conviction
will necessarily inform the trial court’s prima facie inquiry under section 1170.95,
allowing the court to distinguish petitions with potential merit from those that are clearly
meritless”].) “‘[I]f the record, including the court’s own documents, “contain[s] facts
refuting the allegations made in the petition,” then “the court is justified in making a
credibility determination adverse to the petitioner.”’ [Citations.]” (Ibid.)
       And here, based upon its review of the record, the trial court denied defendant’s
petition after concluding the jury was not instructed on the felony-murder rule or the
natural and probable consequences doctrine, but instead convicted defendant of second
degree murder based on a theory of malice. Notably, defendant concedes the jury was
not instructed on felony murder or the natural and probable consequences doctrine.
However, defendant asserts “nothing in section 1170.95, provides that a petitioner who

                                             10.
has otherwise made a prima facie showing for relief is ineligible for an evidentiary
hearing if the jury was not given certain instructions.” We disagree.
       Rather, where, as here, the instructions provide no basis from which the jury could
have convicted defendant based upon a now invalid theory, the record refutes defendant’s
contention he is eligible for relief.3 (See People v. Daniel (2020) 57 Cal.App.5th 666,
677; People v. Soto (2020) 51 Cal.App.5th 1043, 1055.) Put differently, here, the jury
was instructed it could only convict defendant of murder if it found defendant acted with
express or implied malice. Thus, the jury necessarily concluded defendant personally
harbored malice in convicting him of murder because there was no basis for it to convict
defendant under a now invalid theory of liability. Accordingly, the record of conviction
establishes defendant is categorically ineligible for relief under section 1170.95 as a
matter of law. (See People v. Soto, supra, at p. 1055 [“[T]he jurors were not provided
any instruction on which they could have found [the defendant] guilty of murder under
[the natural and probable consequences] doctrine. Rather, under the instructions, the jury
necessarily found [the defendant] culpable for murder based on his own actions and
mental state”]; People v. Coley (2022) 77 Cal.App.5th 539, 548 [affirming denial of
§ 1170.95 petition on attempted murder convictions where jurors were not instructed on
natural and probable consequences doctrine].)
       In supplemental briefing, defendant relies upon Senate Bill 775’s amendments to
section 1170.95 and People v. Langi (2022) 73 Cal.App.5th 972 (Langi) to argue the
instructions in his case coupled with the prosecutor’s argument suggest the jury could
have convicted him of second degree murder based upon a theory of imputed malice,
making him eligible for relief. He also argues the court considered hearsay evidence
(facts in the appellate opinion, portions of the reporter’s transcript from trial, and an

       3Our review    of the jury instructions comports with the trial court’s conclusion and the
parties’ representations.

                                                11.
unauthenticated transcript from a parole hearing) in denying his petition in violation of
the amendments to 1170.95 pursuant to Senate Bill 775. The People respond, though
Senate Bill 775’s amendments to section 1170.95 apply retroactively, they do not alter or
affect defendant’s ineligibility for resentencing as a matter of law. They assert, unlike in
Langi, here, the jury was not instructed on vicarious liability or aiding and abetting and
“there was no instruction on any theory of objective liability that would have preempted
the court’s instructions requiring the jury to find that [defendant] had subjectively
intended the victim’s death or acted with a conscious disregard for his victim’s life.” We
agree with the People.
       In Langi, the defendant was one of four men who beat and robbed a group that
included the murder victim. (Langi, supra, 73 Cal.App.5th at p. 975.) The murder victim
died after someone in the defendant’s group punched him, causing the victim to fall and
hit his head. (Ibid.) The defendant argued in his petition, though the jury was not
instructed on a natural and probable consequences theory, the instructions were
ambiguous and allowed the jury to find defendant guilty of murder under a theory of
imputed malice based solely on his participation in a crime. (Id. at pp. 975, 980.) The
court concluded, though the jury was not instructed on the natural and probable
consequences doctrine, the instructions (i.e., CALJIC Nos. 8.31 & 3.01) were ambiguous
and permitted the jury to find the defendant guilty on a theory under which malice was
imputed to the defendant based solely on his participation in the crime. The court
explained:

       “The aiding-and-abetting instruction stated that a person aids and abets a
       crime if he or she acts ‘with knowledge of the unlawful purpose of the
       perpetrator, and … with the intent or purpose of committing or
       encouraging or facilitating the commission of the crime.’ (CALJIC
       No. 3.01, italics added.) However, … the second degree murder instruction
       specified that the direct perpetrator of that crime need not act with the
       unlawful intent of causing death. Thus, while the perpetrator must have
       deliberately performed the fatal act ‘with knowledge of the danger to, and

                                             12.
       with conscious disregard for, human life’ (CALJIC No. 8.31), his purpose
       may have been only to strike or to injure, or conceivably only to embarrass,
       the victim. Since the perpetrator’s purpose need not have been to kill the
       victim, the aider and abettor’s knowledge of that purpose similarly need not
       have been knowledge that the perpetrator aimed to kill. If the perpetrator
       need not have had ‘murderous intent,’ certainly the aider and abettor need
       not have had such an intent. Although the definition of second degree
       murder in CALJIC No. 8.31 states that the perpetrator must have acted with
       conscious disregard for human life, the definition of an aider and abettor in
       CALJIC No. 3.01 does not include the same requirement. Thus, under the
       instructions that were given, the jury was entitled to conclude that, to be
       guilty as an aider and abettor of second degree murder, [the defendant] need
       only have intended to encourage the perpetrator’s intentional act—in this
       case, punching [the victim]—whether or not [the defendant] intended to aid
       or encourage [the victim]’s killing, and whether or not he personally knew
       of and disregarded the risk of such a killing.” (Langi, supra, 73
       Cal.App.5th at pp. 982–983.)
       The Langi court held the instructions given were inadequate to negate the
possibility malice was imputed to the defendant because the instructions did not specify
that to be guilty of second degree murder as a direct aider and abettor, an accomplice
must have also acted with implied malice. (Langi, supra, 73 Cal.App.5th at pp. 983–
984.) Accordingly, the record did not establish the defendant was categorically ineligible
for relief; rather, an evidentiary hearing was required. (Ibid.) The Langi court also
concluded a statement in the appellate opinion that “‘“[the defendant] then punched [the
victim] directly in the face, causing [the victim] to fall to the ground, landing on his back,
and striking the rear of his head on the sidewalk”’” did not conclusively establish
defendant was the actual killer. (Id. at p. 977.) The Langi court held, despite this
statement “that appellant threw the punch leading to the victim’s death, for which the
record does include evidence, the record as a whole leaves room to question that
conclusion.” (Id. at p. 980.) The Langi court noted the appellate opinion did not include
an express finding the defendant threw the fatal punch, and the jury could have found
defendant guilty as an aider and abettor even if it found that someone else threw the fatal

                                             13.
punch. (Ibid.) Accordingly, the First Appellate District, Division Four, reversed the trial
court’s order denying the defendant’s section 1170.95 petition.
       Here, defendant concedes the jury “was not instructed with the problematic aiding
and abetting CALJIC” as in Langi. But, he argues, Senate Bill 775 extended section
1170.95’s scope of relief to actual killers who were convicted on a theory under which
malice was imputed based on that person’s participation in a crime. He asserts the
implied malice instruction given in his case “coupled with the prosecutor’s argument to
the jury that they could imply malice from the fact that [defendant] committed the alleged
stabbing … leaves open the door of whether the jury convicted [defendant] of murder
under an invalid theory.” He argues “an instruction which would permit a jury to impute
malice from a defendant[’]s lesser criminal act (here, assault with a deadly weapon),
could lead to a conviction of murder on an invalid theory.” He contends “[t]he act of
stabbing someone, in and of itself, does not constitute implied malice as a matter of law.”
We are not persuaded.
       Here, the record of conviction establishes the jury was instructed, and defendant
was convicted of second degree murder, on a theory of malice based upon defendant’s
own actions and his own mens rea—not the malice of another person imputed to him.
The jury was not instructed on a felony-murder theory or the natural and probable
consequences doctrine. Indeed, the jury was not instructed on aiding and abetting
principles, nor did the other instructions permit the jury to otherwise conclude defendant
was guilty of murder without finding, beyond a reasonable doubt, that he personally acted
with malice aforethought.
       Rather, the jury was instructed, “Murder of the second degree is the unlawful
killing of a human being with malice aforethought when there is manifested an intention
unlawfully to kill a human being but the evidence is insufficient to establish deliberation
and premeditation.” It was further instructed, “‘Malice’ may be either express or
implied,” and the jury could find implied malice murder where the killing resulted from

                                            14.
an intentional act; the natural consequences of the act are dangerous to human life; and
the act was performed with knowledge of the danger to, and with conscious disregard for,
human life. And, as defendant acknowledges, implied malice is still a valid theory of
murder despite Senate Bill 1437’s amendments to sections 188 and 189. (See People v.
Gentile (2020) 10 Cal.5th 830, 850 [“notwithstanding Senate Bill 1437’s elimination of
natural and probable consequences liability for second degree murder, an aider and
abettor who does not expressly intend to aid a killing can still be convicted of second
degree murder if the person knows that his or her conduct endangers the life of another
and acts with conscious disregard for life,” meaning an aider and abettor can still be
convicted of second degree murder under a theory of “implied malice”]; accord, People
v. Powell (2021) 63 Cal.App.5th 689, 713 [interpreting Gentile to “suggest[] an aider and
abettor can be liable for implied malice murder as a theory independent of the natural and
probable consequences doctrine”].)
       Thus, to the extent the jury convicted defendant of second degree murder based on
the act of stabbing the victim, it necessarily found defendant himself harbored malice.
His liability was not derived from another person’s mens rea but based solely on his own.
(Cf. People v. Chiu (2014) 59 Cal.4th 155, 164 [“‘By its very nature, aider and abettor
culpability under the natural and probable consequences doctrine is not premised upon
the intention of the aider and abettor to commit the nontarget offense because the
nontarget offense was not intended at all. It imposes vicarious liability for any offense
committed by the direct perpetrator that is a natural and probable consequence of the
target offense’”].) Accordingly, the record of conviction establishes defendant is
categorically ineligible for relief.4 (See People v. Cortes (2022) 75 Cal.App.5th 198, 205

       4In  supplemental briefing, defendant argues the court considered hearsay evidence (facts
in the appellate opinion, portions of the reporter’s transcript from trial, and an unauthenticated
transcript from a parole hearing) in denying his petition in violation of the amendments to
section 1170.95 pursuant to Senate Bill 775. Because defendant is ineligible for relief as a
matter of law, we conclude even if the court erred by considering evidence outside of the record

                                               15.
[court did not err in concluding defendant was ineligible for resentencing under
§ 1170.95, subds. (a) & (b) where “jury was not instructed on any theory of liability for
murder or attempted murder that required that malice be imputed to him”]; People v.
Daniel, supra, 57 Cal.App.5th at pp. 677–678 [defendant was categorically ineligible for
relief where jury instructions established he was directly, not vicariously, liable for
murder]; see generally People v. Roldan (2020) 56 Cal.App.5th 997, 1002 [“A primary
purpose of Senate Bill 1437 was to align a person’s culpability for murder with his or her
mens rea”].) Thus, the trial court did not err in denying his petition without issuing an
order to show cause and holding an evidentiary hearing. (See Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at
p. 971 [“‘if the record, including the court’s own documents, “contain[s] facts refuting
the allegations made in the petition,” then “the court is justified in making a credibility
determination adverse to the petitioner”’”].)
       B.     Because Defendant Is Categorically Ineligible for Relief, Any Alleged
              Error in Failing to Hold a Marsden Hearing Is Harmless
       Under Marsden, when a defendant in some manner moves to discharge his counsel
during criminal proceedings, the trial court has a duty to give the defendant an
opportunity to state any grounds for dissatisfaction with the current appointed attorney.
(People v. Sanchez (2011) 53 Cal.4th 80, 90; accord, People v. Lucky (1988) 45 Cal.3d
259, 281; Marsden, supra, 2 Cal.3d at p. 124.) If, during the Marsden hearing, the
defendant shows his right to counsel has been “substantially impaired,” substitute counsel
must be appointed as attorney of record for all purposes. (People v. Sanchez, supra, at p.
90; accord, Marsden, supra, at p. 123.) The California Supreme Court has held “the
standard expressed in Marsden and its progeny applies equally preconviction and
postconviction.” (People v. Smith (1993) 6 Cal.4th 684, 694.)

of conviction at the prima facie stage, any purported error was harmless—that is, it is not
reasonably probable defendant would have obtained a more favorable result absent the alleged
error.

                                             16.
       Here, we have already concluded the record of conviction establishes defendant is
ineligible for relief from his conviction under section 1170.95 as a matter of law. Thus,
even if we were to assume, arguendo, the court erred in failing to hold a Marsden hearing
based upon defendant’s letter to the court, we cannot conclude defendant was prejudiced.
       Notably, in Lewis, the California Supreme Court stated, “There is no unconditional
state or federal constitutional right to counsel to pursue collateral relief from a judgment
of conviction.” (Lewis, supra, 11 Cal.5th at p. 972.) The court clarified, “[A] petitioner
is not constitutionally entitled to counsel at the outset of the subdivision (c) stage of the
section 1170.95 petitioning process” because “[a]t that point, the petitioner has not yet
‘stated facts sufficient to satisfy the court that a hearing is required,’ but merely
endeavors to do so.” (Id. at p. 973.) The Lewis court explained, “[T]he Legislature,
weighing the costs in favor of broader access to counsel …, created a purely statutory
right to counsel that attaches before the issuance of an order to show cause.” (Ibid.,
italics added) The Lewis court held the failure to appoint counsel at the prima facie stage
of the section 1170.95 petitioning process is “state law error only” subject to the Watson
harmless error test. (Lewis, at p. 973.) Thus, the complete lack of counsel at the prima
facie stage can be rendered harmless if it is not reasonably probable the defendant would
have obtained a more favorable outcome if he or she had been represented by counsel.
       Defendant relies on Conservatorship of David L. (2008) 164 Cal.App.4th 701, 710
and People v. Hill (2013) 219 Cal.App.4th 646, 652–653 to argue the failure to hold a
Marsden hearing violated his constitutional due process rights. In David L., the Third
Appellate District declined to consider “whether a proposed conservatee has a
constitutional right to effective assistance of counsel.” (Id. at p. 710.) The David L.
court held, however, “[e]ven if a proposed conservatee has no constitutional right to
effective assistance of counsel, once such a right has been conferred, a proposed
conservatee has an interest in it which is protected by the due process clause of the
federal Constitution.” (Ibid.) In considering the procedures required to protect a

                                              17.
conservatee’s interest, the court emphasized the substantial private liberty interest at stake
in a conservatorship proceeding. (Id. at p. 711.) The court further noted it saw “no
meaningful distinction between criminal and [conservatorship] proceedings insofar as the
procedures required to guard against the erroneous deprivation of the right to effective
assistance of counsel.” (Ibid.) The court further noted permitting a proposed conservatee
the chance to seek replacement counsel furthers the purpose of the conservatorship
statutes, and the failure to provide such an opportunity “necessarily ‘disable[s] him from
presenting his side of the story before a responsible government official.’” (Id. at p. 712.)
Accordingly, the court held the proposed conservatee’s due process rights were violated
by the court’s failure to permit him to be personally heard during a Marsden hearing, but
the appeal was dismissed as moot because the conservatorship had terminated. (Id. at pp.
712–713; see People v. Hill, supra, 219 Cal.App.4th at pp. 652–653 [concluding a
defendant in a sexually violent predator proceeding has a due process right to Marsden
hearing for same reasons articulated in David L.].)
       Irrespective, here, because defendant was categorically ineligible for relief as a
matter of law, we conclude any error by the trial court in failing to hold a Marsden
hearing was not prejudicial under any standard of review. (See People v. Chavez (1980)
26 Cal.3d 334, 349 [court erred in denying defendant’s request for continued appointment
of counsel without affording defendant an opportunity to explain but error was harmless
beyond a reasonable doubt, noting Marsden did not enunciate a per se reversible error
test]; Marsden, supra, 2 Cal.3d at p. 126 [reversing defendant’s conviction where court
denied motion to substitute counsel without hearing reasons for request and the error was
not harmless beyond a reasonable doubt]; accord, People v. Hill, supra, 219 Cal.App.4th
at pp. 652–653 [concluding “although the right to effective assistance of counsel in
[sexually violent predator] proceedings is statutory, that right is protected by the due
process clause” and “reversal is required unless we can find the denial of defendant’s
right to bring a Marsden motion harmless beyond a reasonable doubt”]; accord, Chapman

                                             18.
v. California (1967) 386 U.S. 18, 24 [before a federal constitutional error can be held
harmless, the reviewing court must be able to declare a belief the error was harmless
beyond a reasonable doubt].) Any alleged error by the trial court in failing to hold a
Marsden hearing was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt because defendant was
ineligible for relief as a matter of law. (See People v. Winn (2020) 44 Cal.App.5th 859,
871 [trial court’s erroneous denial of Marsden motion without conducting a further
inquiry held “harmless beyond a reasonable doubt” because evidence of defendant’s guilt
was “overwhelming”].)
       Accordingly, we reject defendant’s contentions.
                                     DISPOSITION
       The court’s order denying the section 1170.95 petition is affirmed.

                                            19.