Court Opinion

ID: 995864
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-07-04 00:43:00.479407+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:26:13.541279
License: Public Domain

UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.                                                                No. 96-4851

GREGORY ALLEN MILTON, a/k/a G,
Defendant-Appellant.

Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Western District of Virginia, at Harrisonburg.
Samuel G. Wilson, Chief Judge.
(CR-95-74-H)

Argued: April 10, 1998

Decided: August 4, 1998

Before MURNAGHAN, HAMILTON, and MICHAEL,
Circuit Judges.

_________________________________________________________________

Affirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.

_________________________________________________________________

COUNSEL

ARGUED: David Preston Baugh, Richmond, Virginia, for Appellant.
Anthony Paul Giorno, Assistant United States Attorney, Roanoke,
Virginia, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Robert P. Crouch, Jr., United
States Attorney, Roanoke, Virginia, for Appellee.

_________________________________________________________________
Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See
Local Rule 36(c).

_________________________________________________________________

OPINION

PER CURIAM:

In this case a defendant challenges his Hobbs Act conviction on the
basis that there was an insufficient nexus between his crime and inter-
state commerce to support federal jurisdiction. He also challenges his
sentence as violative of the Fourteenth Amendment Equal Protection
Clause.* Finding no error, we affirm.

I.

Gregory Milton had participated as a member of an interstate drug
dealing conspiracy. He fell into argument over the amount Ian Byron-
Cox, the leader of the conspiracy, should pay him for drug deliveries
from New York to Virginia. Milton believed he was entitled to
$2,000.00. Cox paid him only $300.00. As a result of the dispute,
Milton was no longer used to make such deliveries.

Milton then decided to rob Cox to collect from him at least the
$2,000.00 he believed was due. Breaking into Cox's home, he and an
accomplice tied Cox up, beat him, threw him onto a bed and shot him
to death. While beating him, Milton whispered to Cox sentiments
like: "You remember me? You should have paid me my money."

Milton was tried and convicted of conspiracy to traffick in crack
cocaine, 21 U.S.C. § 846, obstruction of interstate commerce by rob-
bery in violation of the Hobbs Act, 18 U.S.C. § 1951(a), and use of
a firearm to commit murder, 18 U.S.C. § 924(c). He was sentenced
_________________________________________________________________
*As the sentence is a federal one, the Equal Protection Clause does not
by its terms apply. But "[t]he Due Process Clause imposes on the Federal
Government requirements comparable to those that the Equal Protection
Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment imposes on the States." Regan v.
Taxation with Representation, 461 U.S. 540, 542 n.2 (1983).

                    2
to concurrent life terms on the conspiracy and Hobbs Act convictions
and a consecutive life term on the firearm charge; life imprisonment
was mandatory for Milton pursuant to 18 U.S.C. 3559(c) ("three
strikes and you're out"). Milton appeals his Hobbs Act conviction and
drug conspiracy sentence.

II.

The Hobbs Act prohibits interference with interstate commerce by
threats or violence:

          Whoever in any way or degree obstructs, delays, or affects
          commerce or the movement of any article or commodity in
          commerce, by robbery or extortion or attempts or conspires
          so to do, or commits or threatens physical violence to any
          person or property in furtherance of a plan or purpose to do
          anything in violation of this section shall be fined under this
          title or imprisoned not more than twenty years, or both.

18 U.S.C. § 1951(a). There are two essential elements of a Hobbs Act
conviction: interference with interstate commerce, and a crime of rob-
bery, extortion or violence. See United States v. Bailey, 990 F.2d 119,
125 (4th Cir. 1993) (quoting Stirone v. United States, 361 U.S. 212,
218 (1960)). In appealing his conviction, Milton does not challenge
the sufficiency of the evidence that he committed a violent robbery.
Rather he contends only that there was insufficient evidence that what
occurred affected interstate commerce.

The Supreme Court has held that the Hobbs Act "manifest[s] a pur-
pose to use all the constitutional power Congress has to punish inter-
ference with interstate commerce by extortion, robbery or physical
violence." Stirone, 361 U.S. at 215. Therefore, the jurisdictional pred-
icate -- that the crime affects commerce --"is not to be narrowly
construed nor is it `limited to conduct which directly and immediately
obstructs a particular movement of goods in interstate commerce' but
covers any [relevant crimes] which in any degree may reasonably be
regarded as affecting commerce." United States v. Spagnolo, 546 F.2d
1117, 1118-19 (4th Cir. 1976) (quoting United States v. Pranno, 385
F.2d 387, 389 (7th Cir. 1967)) (footnotes omitted)."Proof of a reason-
ably probable effect on commerce, however[ ] minimal" is enough to

                    3
bring a crime within the jurisdiction of the Hobbs Act. Id. at 1119;
see also United States v. Brantley, 777 F.2d 159, 162 (4th Cir. 1985);
United States v. Billups, 692 F.2d 320, 331 n.7 (4th Cir. 1982)
("[E]ven a de minimis effect on commerce resulting from a Hobbs Act
extortion is sufficient to bring the charged criminal activity within the
statute.").

Milton attempts to rely on United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549
(1995), and the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution, contending
that if his murder and robbery of Cox is deemed to affect interstate
commerce, then we will have "extend[ed] to the federal government
that plenary police power which is denied by the constitution." Lopez
taught that the Commerce Clause grants to Congress the power to reg-
ulate (1) the use of the channels of interstate commerce, (2) instru-
mentalities of or persons or things in interstate commerce, and (3)
those activities that substantially affect interstate commerce. See id.
at 558-59. But in discussing the "substantially affect" prong, the
Lopez opinion distinguished those statutes, such as the Hobbs Act,
which contain a jurisdictional element. See id. at 561-62; United
States v. Farrish, 122 F.3d 146, 149 (2d Cir. 1997), cert. denied, 118
S. Ct. 1056 (1998). Because such a statute requires with each invoca-
tion a showing of a specific effect on interstate commerce, albeit a
minimal one, it is a valid exercise of Congress's power. See id.;
United States v. Cobb, No. 96-4969, 1998 WL 246141, *2-*3 (4th
Cir. May 18, 1998).

The Hobbs Act has just such a jurisdictional element. See Farrish,
122 F.3d at 149. It does not purport to cover all robberies or acts of
violence, but only those that "obstruct[ ], delay[ ], or affect[ ] com-
merce or the movement of any article or commodity in commerce."
18 U.S.C. § 1951(a). It is therefore a valid exercise of Congress's
authority to regulate commerce between the states.

And Milton's crime had far more than the minimal connection to
interstate commerce required to invoke federal jurisdiction. The jury
was presented with evidence that the robbery was connected to his
role as an interstate drug courier and was motivated by his desire to
collect an alleged debt arising from Milton's work in transporting
drugs across state lines. Robbery and murder in an attempt to collect
on a debt arising out of interstate commerce certainly "affects com-

                     4
merce" for the purposes of the Hobbs Act. Hence, there was a suffi-
cient effect on interstate commerce to support a Hobbs Act
prosecution.

III.

Milton has also asserted a supposed equal protection violation
resulting from the disparity between the sentences authorized for vio-
lations involving crack cocaine and powder cocaine. However, that
question has been disposed of in numerous cases within this circuit.
See, e.g., United States v. Banks, 130 F.3d 621, 626 (4th Cir. 1997),
cert. denied, 118 S. Ct. 1400 (1998); United States v. Hayden, 85 F.3d
153, 157-58 (4th Cir. 1996).

IV.

We accordingly conclude that the judgment must be

AFFIRMED.

                    5