Court Opinion

ID: 2827735
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-08-17 20:03:57.285934+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:31:27.421840
License: Public Domain

T.C. Memo. 2015-160

                        UNITED STATES TAX COURT

               ETHEL MIRIAM PUTNAM, Petitioner v.
          COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

      Docket No. 29006-13.                        Filed August 17, 2015.

      Ethel Miriam Putnam, pro se.

      Michael A. Raiken, for respondent.

                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

      RUWE, Judge: This matter is before the Court on respondent’s motion to

dismiss for lack of prosecution and motion to impose sanctions. In a notice of

deficiency dated September 17, 2013, respondent determined deficiencies in
                                          -2-

[*2] petitioner’s Federal income tax and additions to tax under section 6651(f)1 as

follows:

                                                         Addition to Tax
               Year              Deficiency               Sec. 6651(f)

               2004              $222,027                  $166,520.25
               2005               328,652                   246,489.00
               2006               389,425                   292,068.75
               2007               350,067                   262,550.25
               2008               232,234                   174,175.50
               2009                 9,916                     7,437.00

                                      Background

         Petitioner resided in Maryland when she timely filed her petition with this

Court.

Respondent’s Answer

         In his answer filed March 14, 2014, respondent asserted additions to tax

under sections 6651(a)(2) and 6654 as follows:

                                             Additions to Tax
               Year              Sec. 6651(a)(2)            Sec. 6654

               2004               $55,506.75                 $6,362.65
               2005                82,163.00                 13,182.75
               2006                97,356.00                 18,429.15
               2007                87,516.75                 15,932.50

         1
      Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to the Internal
Revenue Code in effect for all relevant years, and all Rule references are to the
Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.
                                        -3-

[*3]         2008                58,058.50                   7,463.21
             2009                 2,330.26                     237.39

See infra Appendix B. Alternatively, respondent asserts that additions to tax

under section 6651(a)(1) should apply for the taxable years 2004, 2005, 2006,

2007, 2008, and 2009 (years in issue) if we decide that the section 6651(f)

additions to tax do not apply.

       On March 28, 2014, petitioner filed a motion to strike, alleging that nothing

in respondent’s answer proves that the “constitution and code” apply to her and

that a hearing should be conducted in order for respondent to prove his facts. The

Court subsequently denied petitioner’s motion to strike on April 3, 2014.2

Respondent filed, on April 29, 2014, a motion for entry of order that undenied

allegations in the answer be deemed admitted pursuant to Rule 37(c). On May 6,

2014, petitioner filed a reply to respondent’s answer in which she generally denied

the allegations set forth in respondent’s answer and further asserted that “the U.S.

Constitution or the Internal Revenue Code” do not apply to her. The Court denied

respondent’s April 29 motion under Rule 37(c) on May 14, 2014.

       2
      On April 21, 2014, petitioner filed a letter dated April 16, 2014, seeking
informal discovery from respondent.
                                         -4-

[*4] Respondent’s Request for Admissions

      On September 4, 2014, respondent filed with the Court and served on

petitioner a first request for admissions. See infra Appendix A.

      On September 19, 2014,3 petitioner filed a response to respondent’s first

request for admissions (first response), objecting to respondent’s requests because

“they are not relevant until the Respondent provides the evidence to prove its [sic]

allegations against the Petitioner.” In her first response petitioner also states:

             The petitioner has continually asked the Respondent to show
      with evidence and witnesses that the IRS has jurisdiction over the
      petitioner, the US Constitution and the tax laws apply to the
      petitioner, the petitioner had taxable income, and that the petitioner
      has a requirement to file.

            Given that the IRS and * * * [respondent] have knowingly
      proceeded with these allegations and collection process without any
      evidence or witnesses, the Respondent has shown bad faith and lacks
      the proper execution of due process.

      On October 7, 2014, respondent filed a motion to review the sufficiency of

petitioner’s response to first request for admissions (motion to review the

sufficiency) pursuant to Rule 90(e). Shortly thereafter, on October 14, 2014,

petitioner filed an amended response to respondent’s first request for admissions

(amended response). Petitioner again asserted in her amended response that

      3
       On September 19, 2014, petitioner also filed a motion to vacate or strike
any presumption of correctness, which the Court denied on September 30, 2014.
                                        -5-

[*5] respondent has not shown, inter alia, that “the US Constitution and the tax

laws apply to the petitioner, the petitioner had taxable income, and that the

petitioner has a requirement to file.” Because petitioner’s first response and

amended response did not comply with Rule 90, did not set forth any legitimate

objections or grounds for refusing to answer each request for admission, and did

not demonstrate that petitioner attempted in good faith to respond to respondent’s

first request for admissions, by order dated October 14, 2014, we granted

respondent’s motion to review the sufficiency and directed petitioner to answer

each of the admission requests included in respondent’s first request for

admissions on or before November 14, 2014. Petitioner was also advised that

failure to comply with our order may be grounds for sanctions, including an order

that respondent’s requested admissions be deemed admitted.

      On October 20, 2014, petitioner filed a response to respondent’s motion to

review the sufficiency. Because we determined that petitioner’s response did not

comply with our October 14, 2014, order, we directed petitioner by order dated

November 21, 2014, to file and serve on respondent a second amended response to

respondent’s first request for admissions. We also advised petitioner that the

Court would not be inclined to provide her with further opportunities to amend her

responses to respondent’s first request for admissions before imposing sanctions.
                                        -6-

[*6] On December 1, 2014, petitioner filed her second amended response to

respondent’s first request for admissions. On December 24, 2014, respondent

filed a motion to review the sufficiency of petitioner’s second amended response

to respondent’s first request for admissions. Petitioner filed an objection thereto

on January 7, 2015. By order dated January 9, 2015, we granted respondent’s

December 24 motion and directed petitioner to file amended responses to

respondent’s first request for admissions on or before January 23, 2015.

      Rule 90(g) provides for sanctions for failure to properly respond to

respondent’s request for admissions, including the sanctions in Rule 104(c) of

title X of the Rules. Our January 9, 2015, order cautioned petitioner as follows:

             Petitioner is advised that failure to comply with this order may
      result in the imposition of sanctions pursuant to Tax Court Rule
      104(c), which states:

             (c) Sanctions: If a party or an officer, director, or managing
             agent of a party or a person designated in accordance with Rule
             74(b) or (c) or Rule 81(c) fails to obey an order made by the
             Court with respect to the provisions of Rule 71, 72, 73, 74, 81,
             82, 83, 84, or 90, then the Court may make such orders as to
             the failure as are just, and among others the following:

                    (1) An order that the matter regarding which the order
             was made or any other designated facts shall be taken to be
             established for the purposes of the case in accordance with the
             claim of the party obtaining the order.
                                        -7-

[*7]               (2) An order refusing to allow the disobedient party to
             support or oppose designated claims or defenses, or prohibiting
             such party from introducing designated matters in evidence.

                   (3) An order striking out pleadings or parts thereof,
             staying further proceedings until the order is obeyed,
             dismissing the case or any part thereof, or rendering a judgment
             by default against the disobedient party.

Petitioner failed to comply with the Court’s order to file amended responses to

respondent’s first request for admissions.

Respondent’s Discovery Requests

       Respondent served interrogatories and a request for production of

documents on petitioner on September 4, 2014. On December 24, 2014,

respondent filed a motion to compel responses to interrogatories and a motion to

compel production of documents (motions to compel). Petitioner filed separate

objections to respondent’s motions to compel on January 7, 2015. By orders dated

January 9, 2015, we directed petitioner to furnish respondent answers to the

interrogatories and to provide respondent with the documents requested in the

request for production of documents on or before January 23, 2015. The orders

further advised petitioner

               that failure to comply with this order may result in the
       imposition of sanctions pursuant to Tax Court Rule 104(c), which
       states:
                                           -8-

[*8]          (c) Sanctions: If a party or an officer, director, or managing
              agent of a party or a person designated in accordance with Rule
              74(b) or (c) or Rule 81(c) fails to obey an order made by the
              Court with respect to the provisions of Rule 71, 72, 73, 74, 81,
              82, 83, 84, or 90, then the Court may make such orders as to
              the failure as are just, and among others the following:

                     (1) An order that the matter regarding which the order
              was made or any other designated facts shall be taken to be
              established for the purposes of the case in accordance with the
              claim of the party obtaining the order.

                    (2) An order refusing to allow the disobedient party to
              support or oppose designated claims or defenses, or prohibiting
              such party from introducing designated matters in evidence.

                    (3) An order striking out pleadings or parts thereof,
              staying further proceedings until the order is obeyed,
              dismissing the case or any part thereof, or rendering a judgment
              by default against the disobedient party.

Petitioner failed to comply with either January 9 order regarding respondent’s

motions to compel.

Failure To Appear at Trial

       On September 9, 2014, the Court served on the parties a notice setting case

for trial and a standing pretrial order, which advised that petitioner’s trial was set

for February 9, 2015, in Baltimore, Maryland. The notice setting case for trial

states, in pertinent part:

              The parties are hereby notified that this case is set for trial at
       the Trial Session beginning at 10:00 AM on Monday, February 9,
                                         -9-

[*9] 2015. The calendar for that Session will be called at that date and time, and
     the parties are expected to be present and to be prepared to try the case.
     Your failure to appear may result in dismissal of the case and entry of
     decision against you.

              *        *        *        *         *         *       *

             The parties should contact each other promptly and cooperate
      fully so that the necessary steps can be taken to comply with these
      requirements. Your failure to cooperate may also result in
      dismissal of the case and entry of decision against you.

      The standing pretrial order requires that all facts be stipulated to the

maximum extent possible, all documentary and written evidence be stipulated in

accordance with Rule 91(b), and each party prepare and submit pretrial

memoranda not less than 14 days before the first day of the trial session. The

standing pretrial order also warns the parties as follows:

             Sanctions. The Court may impose appropriate sanctions,
      including dismissal, for any unexcused failure to comply with this
      Order. See Rule 131(b). Such failure may also be considered in
      relation to sanctions against and disciplinary proceedings involving
      counsel. See Rule 202(a).

      On November 12, 2014, petitioner filed a notice of withdrawal, which was

recharacterized as a motion to dismiss, seeking to withdraw her petition from this
                                        - 10 -

[*10] Court. We subsequently denied petitioner’s motion as explained in our

order dated November 21, 2014.4

      On January 12, 2015, petitioner filed a motion for summary judgment and a

motion for continuance. By order dated January 14, 2015, we denied petitioner’s

January 12 motions and reminded the parties that the terms and conditions set

forth in our standing pretrial order remain in full force and effect.

      On January 21, 2015, petitioner filed a second notice of withdrawal,

informing the Court, among other things, that

      the Petitioner will not comply with the court order and will not attend
      the trial. The Petitioner refuses to participate is [sic] such a dishonest
      and corrupt proceeding. This “court” is merely a rubber-stamp of IRS
      crimes and no honest adult could participate.

      Petitioner did not appear at trial on February 9, 2015. Respondent appeared

and was heard. During the course of the Court’s session in Baltimore, Maryland,

respondent filed a written motion to impose sanctions for petitioner’s

noncompliance with Court orders concerning respondent’s first request for

admissions and the motions to compel. Shortly thereafter, on February 13, 2015,

respondent filed a written motion to dismiss for lack of prosecution.

      4
        The petition in this case is based upon a notice of deficiency, and therefore
petitioner may not withdraw the petition with or without prejudice. See Settles v.
Commissioner, 138 T.C. 372, 374 (2012).
                                         - 11 -

[*11]                                 Discussion

1. Requests for Admission

        Rule 90(a) permits a party to serve a written request for admission of

relevant and unprivileged matter upon the other party. Each matter in the request

is deemed admitted unless, within 30 days after service of the request, the party to

whom the request is directed serves upon the requesting party: (1) a written

answer specifically admitting or denying the matter involved in whole or in part or

asserting that it cannot be truthfully admitted or denied and setting forth in detail

the reasons why this is so or (2) an objection, stating in detail the reasons therefor.

Rule 90(c). Any fact deemed admitted under Rule 90(c) is conclusively

established. Rule 90(f).

        On September 4, 2014, respondent filed with the Court and served on

petitioner a first request for admissions. See infra Appendix A. Petitioner’s

responses to respondent’s first request for admissions did not set forth any

legitimate objections or grounds for refusing to answer each request for

admissions, were replete with tax-protester/tax-defier rhetoric,5 and did not

        5
       Throughout her pleadings petitioner continually advanced arguments
permeated with tax-protester and tax-defier rhetoric that have been universally
rejected by this and other courts. See Arnstein v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo.
1990-591, 1990 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 670, at *4-*5. We perceive no need to
                                                                      (continued...)
                                        - 12 -

[*12] demonstrate a good-faith attempt to respond. We issued orders directing

petitioner to respond to respondent’s first request for admissions in accordance

with Rule 90 and repeatedly warned petitioner that noncompliance may result in

the imposition of sanctions under Rule 104(c). Despite these warnings, petitioner

failed to make any effort to demonstrate a good-faith attempt to respond to

respondent’s first request for admissions. Therefore, all facts in respondent’s first

request for admissions are deemed admitted and incorporated herein by this

reference. See Rule 90(c).

2. Discovery and Failure To Appear at Trial

      On February 11, 2015, respondent filed a motion to impose sanctions, and,

on February 13, 2015, filed a motion to dismiss for lack of prosecution.

      Rule 123 provides, in pertinent part:

            (a) Default: If any party has failed to plead or otherwise
      proceed as provided by these Rules or as required by the Court, then
      such party may be held in default by the Court either on motion of
      another party or on the initiative of the Court. Thereafter, the Court
      may enter a decision against the defaulting party, upon such terms
      and conditions as the Court may deem proper, or may impose such
      sanctions (see, e.g., Rule 104) as the Court may deem appropriate.
      ***

      5
        (...continued)
refute petitioner’s contentions “with somber reasoning and copious citation of
precedent; to do so might suggest that these arguments have some colorable
merit.” Crain v. Commissioner, 737 F.2d 1417, 1417 (5th Cir. 1984).
                                          - 13 -

[*13]          (b) Dismissal: For failure of a petitioner properly to prosecute
        or to comply with these Rules or any order of the Court or for other
        cause which the Court deems sufficient, the Court may dismiss a case
        at any time and enter a decision against the petitioner. The Court
        may, for similar reasons, decide against any party any issue as to
        which such party has the burden of proof, and such decision shall be
        treated as a dismissal for purposes of paragraphs (c) and (d) of this
        Rule.

Rule 123(b) generally applies to situations where the taxpayer bears the burden of

proof. On the other hand, a Rule 123(a) default would be the proper sanction as to

those issues for which the Commissioner bears the burden of proof. See Smith v.

Commissioner, 926 F.2d 1470, 1476 (6th Cir. 1991), aff’g 91 T.C. 1049 (1988).

        Dismissal of a case is a sanction resting in the discretion of the trial court.

Levy v. Commissioner, 87 T.C. 794, 803 (1986). The Court may dismiss a case

and enter a decision against the taxpayer for failure to properly prosecute or to

comply with the Rules of this Court. Rule 123(b); see also Basic Bible Church of

Am. v. Commissioner, 86 T.C. 110, 112 (1986). The failure to appear at trial and

the failure to follow the provisions of our standing pretrial order are both grounds

upon which we may dismiss for lack of prosecution. See Gross v. Commissioner,

T.C. Memo. 2008-218, 2008 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 214, at *8.

        Similarly, the failure to appear at trial is a ground for default, and the Court

may enter a decision against the defaulting party. See, e.g., Ritchie v.
                                        - 14 -

[*14] Commissioner, 72 T.C. 126, 128-129 (1979); Tucker v. Commissioner, T.C.

Memo. 2012-309, at *8. Entry of default has the effect of admitting all well-

pleaded facts in the Commissioner’s answer. See Bosurgi v. Commissioner, 87
T.C. 1403, 1409 (1986). A taxpayer’s failure to appear at trial and failure to

comply with the orders of the Court are proper bases for deeming the affirmative

allegations in the answer to be true and entering a decision against the party in

default. See Smith v. Commissioner, 91 T.C. 1056-1057.

      Petitioner has consistently demonstrated her refusal to participate in these

proceedings by failing to properly respond to respondent’s first request for

admissions, not cooperating with respondent in the discovery process, not

complying with our detailed orders or the standing pretrial order, and failing to

appear at trial on February 9, 2015. By doing so, petitioner has failed to proceed

as provided by our Rules and as required by this Court. Moreover, as previously

discussed, petitioner’s pleadings are replete with tax-protester rhetoric. The Court

has shown leniency to petitioner by providing her ample opportunities to comply

with the Rules of this Court and to cooperate with respondent in the discovery

process. Furthermore, petitioner was warned numerous times that her failure to

comply with our orders and the Rules of this Court may result in sanctions,

including deeming certain facts as established for purposes of this case and
                                       - 15 -

[*15] rendering a judgment by default. Under the circumstances of this case,

petitioner’s conduct constitutes a failure to properly prosecute and a default under

Rule 123. Petitioner’s failure to appear at trial and to comply with our Rules and

the Court’s specific orders warrants holding her in default under Rules 123 and

104. Accordingly, we will deem the affirmative allegations in respondent’s

answer true. See infra Appendix B.

3. Deficiencies

      As a general rule, the Commissioner’s determinations in the notice of

deficiency are presumed correct, and the taxpayer bears the burden of proving that

the determinations are in error. Rule 142(a); Welch v. Helvering, 290 U.S. 111,

115 (1933).

      The term “gross income” includes all income from whatever source derived,

see sec. 61(a), and also includes “undeniable accessions to wealth, clearly realized,

and over which the taxpayers have complete dominion”, Commissioner v.

Glenshaw Glass Co., 348 U.S. 426, 431 (1955). Section 6012(a)(1)(A) requires

that every individual having for the taxable year gross income which equals or

exceeds the exemption amount, with certain exceptions not applicable in this

matter, file an income tax return. Respondent determined that petitioner received
                                       - 16 -

[*16] substantial gross income during the years in issue and failed to file Federal

income tax returns.

      Section 6001 requires taxpayers to keep books and records which are

sufficient to establish their gross income, deductions, and credits and which allow

the Commissioner to verify their correct tax liability. Sec. 1.6001-1(a), Income

Tax Regs. Section 446(b) gives the Commissioner broad authority to reconstruct a

taxpayer’s income using any method that in the Commissioner’s opinion clearly

reflects income when the taxpayer fails to maintain adequate books and records.

See also Petzoldt v. Commissioner, 92 T.C. 661, 686-687 (1989). When the

taxpayer fails to maintain or produce adequate records, the Internal Revenue

Service (IRS) may reconstruct his or her income using an indirect method of proof.

Choi v. Commissioner, 379 F.3d 638, 639-640 (9th Cir. 2004), aff’g T.C. Memo.

2002-183. The Commissioner’s reconstruction of a taxpayer’s income need “only

be reasonable in light of all surrounding facts and circumstances.” Petzoldt v.

Commissioner, 92 T.C. 687.

      Respondent reconstructed petitioner’s income for the years in issue using

the bank deposits method. The bank deposits method is a well-established and

proper method of income reconstruction. See DiLeo v. Commissioner, 96 T.C.
858, 867-868 (1991), aff’d, 959 F.2d 16 (2d Cir. 1992). The bank deposits method
                                       - 17 -

[*17] assumes that all cash deposited into a taxpayer’s bank accounts during a

specific period is gross income, and it requires that the Commissioner take into

account all nontaxable sources and deductible expenses that the Commissioner

knows of to arrive at the taxpayer’s taxable income. See Tokarski v.

Commissioner, 87 T.C. 74, 76-77 (1986). Bank deposits are prima facie evidence

of income, id. at 77, and the taxpayer has the burden of showing that the

determination is incorrect, Estate of Mason v. Commissioner, 64 T.C. 651, 656-

657 (1975), aff’d, 566 F.2d 2 (6th Cir. 1977). A bank deposits analysis is not

invalidated even if the Commissioner’s calculations are not entirely correct.

DiLeo v. Commissioner, 96 T.C. 868.

      Respondent determined using the bank deposits method that petitioner

failed to report taxable income for the years in issue. Respondent supports this

determination with the affirmative allegations in his answer which have been

deemed true as a result of petitioner’s default and the deemed admissions. The

affirmative allegations in respondent’s answer and the deemed admissions set

forth in detail the facts upon which respondent determined petitioner’s gross

receipts for each year in issue and account for nontaxable sources to arrive at

taxable income. Petitioner did not produce any evidence to refute respondent’s

bank deposits calculations. Therefore, on the basis of respondent’s affirmative
                                         - 18 -

[*18] allegations in his answer and the deemed admissions, we sustain

respondent’s determination as to petitioner’s income tax deficiencies for all years

in issue.

4. Additions to Tax

      a. Section 6654

      For all years in issue respondent determined that petitioner is liable for

additions to tax for failure to pay estimated tax under section 6654. Section

6654(a) imposes an addition to tax on an underpayment of estimated income tax

unless one of the exceptions in section 6654(e) applies. A taxpayer has an

obligation to pay estimated tax only if she has a “required annual payment”.

Wheeler v. Commissioner, 127 T.C. 200, 212 (2006), aff’d, 521 F.3d 1289 (10th

Cir. 2008). The required annual payment is equal to the lesser of: (1) 90% of the

tax shown on the taxpayer’s return for that year (or, if no return is filed, 90% of

her tax for such year), see sec. 6654(d)(1)(B)(i), or (2) if the individual filed a

return for the immediately preceding taxable year, 100% of the tax shown on that

return, see sec. 6654(d)(1)(B)(ii). The addition to tax is mandatory regardless of

extenuating circumstances or reasonable cause. See Dodge v. Commissioner, 96
T.C. 172, 183 (1991), aff’d in part, rev’d in part, 981 F.2d 350 (8th Cir. 1992);

Grosshandler v. Commissioner, 75 T.C. 1, 21 (1980).
                                        - 19 -

[*19] Petitioner failed to file Federal income tax returns for the tax years in issue.

Respondent’s affirmative allegations in the answer, which have been deemed true,

conclusively establish that petitioner failed to make estimated payments for the tax

years in issue. Furthermore, the affirmative allegations state that “[p]etitioner did

not file a return for taxable years 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, or 2009”

and that “[p]etitioner and * * * [her spouse] last filed a joint federal income tax

return for the taxable year ended December 31, 1989.” Petitioner did not offer any

evidence that she paid estimated tax for any of the years in issue. Accordingly we

sustain respondent’s determination regarding the section 6654 addition to tax for

each of the years in issue.

      b. Section 6651(a)(2)

      In his answer respondent asserted that petitioner is liable for additions to tax

under section 6651(a)(2) for failure to timely pay the amount of tax shown on a

return for each of the years in issue. Section 6651(a)(2) imposes an addition to tax

unless the taxpayer establishes that the failure was due to reasonable cause and not

due to willful neglect. The addition is calculated as 0.5% of the amount shown as

tax on the return but not paid, with an additional 0.5% for each month or fraction

thereof during which the failure to pay continues, up to a maximum of 25%. Id.

Section 6651(a)(2) applies only when an amount of tax is shown on a return,
                                         - 20 -

[*20] Cabirac v. Commissioner, 120 T.C. 163, 170 (2003), and the Commissioner

has the burden of production to show an “amount shown as tax on * * * [a]

return”, sec. 6651(a)(2). A substitute for return made by the Secretary pursuant to

section 6020(b) is treated as “the return filed by the taxpayer for purposes of

determining the amount of the addition” under section 6651(a)(2). Sec.

6651(g)(2). The record shows that, on April 16, 2012, the IRS prepared

substitutes for returns for the years in issue pursuant to section 6020(b).

Furthermore, the unanswered admissions which we have deemed admitted

establish that petitioner failed to pay any amounts of tax due for the years in issue.

Therefore respondent has met his burden of production, and petitioner is liable for

the addition to tax under section 6651(a)(2) for each of the years in issue.

      c. Section 6651(f)

      In the notice of deficiency respondent determined that petitioner is liable for

an addition to tax under section 6651(f) for fraudulent failure to file a return for

each of the years in issue. Section 6651(a)(1) imposes an addition to tax for

failure to timely file a tax return unless the taxpayer can show that the failure is

due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect. The addition equals 5% of

the amount required to be shown as tax on the return for each month that the return

is late, not to exceed 25%. Id. For purposes of section 6651(a)(1), the amount
                                        - 21 -

[*21] required to be shown on the return shall be reduced by (1) the amount of tax

which is paid on or before the date prescribed for payment and (2) the amount of

credit against the tax which may be claimed on the return. Sec. 6651(b)(1).

      The addition to tax under section 6651(f) provides:

      If any failure to file any return is fraudulent, paragraph (1) of
      subsection (a) shall be applied--

            (1) by substituting “15 percent” for “5 percent” each place it
      appears, and

             (2) by substituting “75 percent” for “25 percent”.

Respondent must establish, by clear and convincing evidence, that petitioner

underpaid her tax and that petitioner’s failure to file was fraudulent. See sec.

7454(a); Rule 142(b); Clayton v. Commissioner, 102 T.C. 632, 646-653 (1994).

      As previously explained, the underpayments of tax have been clearly

established by the deemed admissions. To establish fraudulent intent the

Commissioner must prove that a taxpayer intended to evade a tax known or

believed to be owed by conduct intended to conceal, mislead, or prevent the

collection of tax. Clayton v. Commissioner, 102 T.C. 647.

      The existence of fraud is a question of fact to be resolved upon

consideration of the entire record and the taxpayer’s entire course of conduct.

Petzoldt v. Commissioner, 92 T.C. 699. We have held that deemed admissions
                                         - 22 -

[*22] are sufficient to satisfy the Commissioner’s burden of proof with respect to

the issue of fraud. See Doncaster v. Commissioner, 77 T.C. 334, 336-338 (1981).

In the case of a default, facts alleged by the Commissioner in the answer are

deemed to be true, and judgment for the Commissioner is proper if those facts are

sufficient to show that the taxpayer fraudulently failed to file tax returns for the

years in issue. See Smith v. Commissioner, 91 T.C. 1056-1057. With respect to

the addition to tax under section 6651(f), the entry of a default judgment as a

sanction under Rule 104(c)(3) has the effect of deeming admitted all of the

Commissioner’s factual and conclusory allegations relating to section 6651(f) that

are set forth in the answer. Id. at 1056.

      Courts have developed several objective “badges” of fraud, including: (1)

understatement of income; (2) inadequate records; (3) failure to file tax returns; (4)

providing implausible or inconsistent explanations of behavior; (5) concealment of

assets; (6) failure to cooperate with taxing authorities; (7) engaging in illegal

activities; (8) a pattern of behavior that indicates an intent to mislead; (9) dealing

in cash; and (10) failure to make estimated tax payments. See Bradford v.

Commissioner, 796 F.2d 303, 307-308 (9th Cir. 1986), aff’g T.C. Memo. 1984-

601; Clayton v. Commissioner, 102 T.C. 647; Niedringhaus v. Commissioner,

99 T.C. 202, 211 (1992). No single factor is necessarily sufficient to establish
                                        - 23 -

[*23] fraud; however, a combination of several of these factors may be persuasive

evidence of fraud. Solomon v. Commissioner, 732 F.2d 1459, 1461 (6th Cir.

1984), aff’g T.C. Memo. 1982-603.

      Several “badges” of fraud are present in this case. First, petitioner engaged

in a six-year pattern of failing to report substantial amounts of income. Second,

petitioner and her spouse’s various bank accounts show a steady flow of deposits,

yet petitioner failed to provide records of these amounts. Third, petitioner did not

file Federal income tax returns or make estimated tax payments for the years in

issue. Finally, the affirmative allegations in the answer provide detailed facts

supporting the finding of fraud, including the following:

             (kkk) Petitioner and Mr. Putnam’s failure to maintain complete
      and accurate records of their income-producing activities and their
      failure to produce complete and accurate records to respondent in
      connection with the examination of petitioner and Mr. Putnam’s
      income tax returns for the taxable years 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007,
      2008, and 2009, was fraudulent with intent to evade tax.

             (lll) Petitioner and Mr. Putnam fraudulently and with intent to
      evade tax refused to provide documents and answer respondent’s
      agent’s questions during the examination of their income tax returns
      for the taxable years 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009.

             (mmm) Petitioner fraudulently and with intent to evade tax,
      failed to file her income tax returns for the taxable years 2004, 2005,
      2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009, and understated the amounts of income
      as follows:
                                                 - 24 -

[*24]                      2004           2005       2006             2007        2008      2009

        Unreported Inc.   $611,164    $898,062     $1,062,501        $957,439    $641,601 $43,241

               (nnn) Petitioner fraudulently and with intent to evade tax,
        failed to file her income tax liability on her 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007,
        2008, and 2009 returns as follows:

                                                           2004               2005          2006

           Total Correct Tax Liability                    $222,027           $328,652    $389,425
           Less: tax shown on return or
           as previously adjusted                               $0                 $0          $0
           Understatement of tax                          $222,027           $328,652    $389,425

                                                           2007               2008          2009

           Total Correct Tax Liability                    $350,067           $232,234      $9,916
           Less: tax shown on return or
           as previously adjusted                               $0                 $0          $0
           Understatement of tax                          $350,067           $232,234      $9,916

               (ooo) Petitioner’s failure to file her tax returns for each of the
        taxable years 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009, is due to
        fraud.

        For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that respondent has met his burden

with respect to the additions to tax under section 6651(f) by relying on the deemed

admissions and the affirmative allegations in the answer. Accordingly, we sustain

respondent’s determination of the addition to tax under section 6651(f) for fraud

for each year in issue.
                                        - 25 -

[*25] 5. Whipsaw

      Respondent issued separate notices of deficiency to both petitioner and her

spouse (Mr. Putnam) based on substitutes for returns prepared under section

6020(b). Mr. Putnam did not file a petition with this Court in response to his

notice of deficiency, and respondent subsequently assessed the deficiencies

against Mr. Putnam. Because respondent was unable to obtain adequate

information from petitioner as to whether the income at issue belongs to petitioner,

Mr. Putnam, or both, respondent has determined to attribute the income to both

petitioner and Mr. Putnam to the extent that the income could not specifically be

attributable to either. At trial on February 9, 2015, we directed respondent to file a

memorandum of law on or before April 10, 2015, detailing the Government’s

“whipsaw”6 position and explain what safeguards are in place to ensure that tax on

the same income is not collected twice, from both petitioner and Mr. Putnam.

      We begin by noting the functional importance of the Government’s

whipsaw position as it applies to the matter before us. Although Mr. Putnam did

      6
       “Whipsaw” is a situation where “there is one pool of income and two
potential taxpayers, and the income might escape taxation altogether if
Respondent were unsuccessful in pursuing only one taxpayer.” Fayeghi v.
Commissioner, 211 F.3d 504, 508 (9th Cir. 2000), aff’g T.C. Memo. 1998-297.
By asserting inconsistent positions against petitioner and Mr. Putnam respondent
can better facilitate the collection of the appropriate income tax deficiencies and
additions to tax.
                                        - 26 -

[*26] not file a petition in this Court, he is not precluded from paying the

determined amounts and filing an administrative claim for refund with the IRS.

See sec. 7422(a). Once the IRS acts upon the administrative refund claim (or after

six months pass from the date of filing) Mr. Putnam can file a refund suit in the

appropriate District Court or in the U.S. Court of Federal Claims. See sec.

6532(a). Thus, respondent’s whipsaw position protects the public fisc in the event

that Mr. Putnam prevails in a refund suit by establishing that the income at issue

belongs to petitioner. In situations such as this the Commissioner is entitled to

defend against inconsistent results by determining in separate notices of deficiency

that two parties are liable for the same deficiency. Maggie Mgmt. Co. v.

Commissioner, 108 T.C. 430, 446 (1997); Powell v. Commissioner, 91 T.C. 673,

679 (1988), rev’d on other grounds, 891 F.2d 1167 (5th Cir. 1990).

      On April 8, 2015, respondent filed a memorandum of law explaining that

the IRS “has procedures in place that are specifically set forth in the Internal

Revenue Manual to ensure that whipsaw assessments are only collected once.”

Internal Revenue Manual pt. 5.20.6.1.3(1) (Sept. 21, 2005) provides that “related

case(s) should be controlled by a single revenue officer to monitor payments and

prevent over-collection of the liability.” If more than one revenue officer is

assigned to the cases because of the localities of the taxpayers, the revenue
                                         - 27 -

[*27] officers are to closely coordinate their collection efforts to ensure that the

liability is collected only once. Id. Therefore, the IRS has safeguards in place to

ensure that a whipsaw assessment against both petitioner and Mr. Putnam will not

ultimately result in collecting tax from two separate individual taxpayers on the

same income.

      In reaching our decision, we have considered all arguments made by the

parties, and to the extent not mentioned or addressed, they are irrelevant or

without merit.

      To reflect the foregoing,

                                                            An appropriate order and

                                                      decision will be entered.
                                         - 28 -

[*28]                                APPENDIX A

                         Respondent’s Request for Admissions

        1. Petitioner did not file a federal income tax return for the following years:

              (a)   Taxable year 2003.
              (b)   Taxable year 2004.
              (c)   Taxable year 2005.
              (d)   Taxable year 2006.
              (e)   Taxable year 2007.
              (f)   Taxable year 2008.
              (g)   Taxable year 2009.

      2. Petitioner did not make any payments to respondent for taxes due for the
following years:

              (a)   Taxable year 2004.
              (b)   Taxable year 2005.
              (c)   Taxable year 2006.
              (d)   Taxable year 2007.
              (e)   Taxable year 2008.
              (f)   Taxable year 2009.

        3. In 1978, petitioner married Mr. Denis Putnam (“Mr. Putnam”).

       4. Petitioner and Mr. Putnam last filed a joint federal income tax return for
the taxable year ended December 31, 1989.

      5. On June 7, 1994, Mr. Putnam caused to be filed with the State of
Delaware, Secretary of State, Division of Corporations, a certificate of
incorporation for a closely held corporation called Western Enterprises, Inc.
(“Company”).

     6. On August 20, 1994, Mr. Putnam opened a small business checking
account under the name of the Company at Sandy Spring National Bank of
Maryland (“Company Checking Account”).
                                       - 29 -

[*29] 7. The Company Checking Account bank account number ends in the four
digits of 54-01.

      8. On January 9, 1995, petitioner and Mr. Putnam obtained signature
authority over the Company Checking Account.

    9. Petitioner is listed as the Assistant Treasurer on the signature card for the
Company Checking Account.

      10. Since 1994 through the end of 2009, the Company Checking Account’s
signature card was not updated.

     11. During the years 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009, petitioner
and Mr. Putnam paid for personal expenses out of the Company Checking
Account.

      12. The Company has never filed a federal income tax return.

      13. On January 27, 2005, the Company entered into a contract with Apex
Systems Inc. as an independent contractor.

    14. During 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009, Mr. Putnam and/or the
Company received payments from various entities via check.

      15. The checks referred to in paragraph 14 above were made out to either
Mr. Putnam or the Company.

     16. During 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009, petitioner and Mr.
Putnam maintained the following bank accounts:

            (a) Company Checking Account.
            (b) Bank account ending in 9569 at SunTrust Bank, held in the name
of Denis & Ethel Putnam (“Joint Account”).

      17. During 2004, Mr. Putnam also maintained a bank account ending in
6971 at M&T Bank (“Mr. Putnam’s Account”).
                                     - 30 -

[*30] 18. Petitioner and Mr. Putnam made regular deposits of the checks referred
to in paragraph 14 above into one or more of the Company Checking Account, the
Joint Account, and Mr. Putnam’s Account.

      19. During 2004, petitioner and Mr. Putnam made bank deposits in the
following amounts:

            (a) $611,164 into the Company Checking Account
            (b) $81,185 into the Joint Account
            (c) $62,086 into Mr. Putnam’s Account

      20. During 2005, petitioner and Mr. Putnam made bank deposits in the
following amounts:

            (a) $898,062 into the Company Checking Account
            (b) $745 into the Joint Account

      21. During 2006, petitioner and Mr. Putnam made bank deposits in the
following amounts:

            (a) $1,062,501 into the Company Checking Account
            (b) $73,806 into the Joint Account

      22. During 2007, petitioner and Mr. Putnam made bank deposits in the
following amounts:

            (a) $957,439 into the Company Checking Account
            (b) $52,199 into the Joint Account

      23. During 2008, petitioner and Mr. Putnam made bank deposits in the
following amounts:

            (a) $597,711 into the Company Checking Account
            (b) $99,822 into the Joint Account

      24. During 2009, petitioner and Mr. Putnam made bank deposits in the
following amounts:
                                        - 31 -

[*31]        (a) $6,865 into the Company Checking Account
             (b) $41,301 into the Joint Account

       25. Petitioner did not receive any gifts, inheritances, legacies, or devises in
the following years:

             (a)   Taxable year 2004.
             (b)   Taxable year 2005.
             (c)   Taxable year 2006.
             (d)   Taxable year 2007.
             (e)   Taxable year 2008.
             (f)   Taxable year 2009.
                                         - 32 -

[*32]                               APPENDIX B

                      Respondent’s Answer (paragraphs 8-10)

      8. FURTHER ANSWERING THE PETITION, and to assert the failure to
pay addition to tax for taxable years 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009,
under I.R.C. § 6651(a)(2), in the amounts of $55,506.75, $82,163.00, $97,356.00,
$87,516.75, $58,058.50, and $2,330.26, respectively, respondent alleges the
following:

            (a) Petitioner did not file a return for taxable years 2003, 2004, 2005,
2006, 2007, 2008, or 2009.

            (b) On April 16, 2012, respondent prepared substitute for returns
(“SFR”) on behalf of petitioner.

             (c) Petitioner did not make any payments to respondent for taxes due
for taxable years 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, or 2009.

      9. FURTHER ANSWERING THE PETITION, and to assert the failure to
make estimated payments addition to tax for taxable years 2004, 2005, 2006,
2007, 2008, and 2009, under I.R.C. § 6654, in the amounts of $6,362.65,
$13,182.75, $18,429.15, $15,932.50, $7,463.21, and $237.39, respectively,
respondent alleges the following:

            (a) Petitioner did not file a return for taxable years 2003, 2004, 2005,
2006, 2007, 2008, or 2009.

             (b) Petitioner did not make any payments to respondent for taxes due
for taxable years 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, or 2009.

      10. FURTHER ANSWERING THE PETITION, and in support of the
determination that petitioner’s failure to file her tax returns for the taxable years
2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009, is due to fraud, respondent alleges:

             (a) In 1978, petitioner married Mr. Dennis Putnam (“Mr. Putnam”).
                                        - 33 -

[*33]         (b) Petitioner and Mr. Putnam last filed a joint federal income tax
return for the taxable year ended December 31, 1989.

             (c) On June 7, 1994, Mr. Putnam caused to be filed with the State of
Delaware, Secretary of State, Division of Corporations, through The Company
Corporation, a certificate of incorporation for a close corporation called Western
Enterprises, Inc. (“Company”).

            (d) On August 20, 1994, Mr. Putnam opened a small business
checking account under the name of the Company at Sandy Spring National Bank
of Maryland (“Company Checking Account”).

              (e) The Company Checking Account bank account number ends in
the four digits of 54-01.

             (f) On January 9, 1995, petitioner and Mr. Putnam obtained signature
authority over the Company Checking Account.

          (g) Mr. Putnam is listed as the Treasurer on the signature card for the
Company Checking Account.

            (h) Petitioner is listed as the Assistant Treasurer on the signature card
for the Company Checking Account.

             (i) Since 1994 to date, the Company Checking Account’s signature
card has not been updated.

          (j) Petitioner and Mr. Putnam paid for personal expenses out of the
Company Checking Account.

             (k) The Company has never filed a federal income tax return.

           (l) During 2004, Mr. Putnam worked for America Online (“AOL”) as
an employee.

           (m) During 2004, Mr. Putnam's title at AOL was Principle Systems
Programmer.
                                      - 34 -

[*34]       (n) Mr. Putnam ceased working for AOL as of October 29, 2004.

           (o) On January 27, 2005, the Company entered into a contract with
Apex Systems Inc. as an independent contractor.

            (p) Mr. Putnam signed the contract as a “Contract Representative”.

            (q) Mr. Putnam agreed to the position of C/Perl Developer in the
Contract.

            (r) In 2005, Mr. Putnam represented himself as president of the
Company.

            (s) During the years at issue, Mr. Putnam and/or the Company
received payments from various entities via check.

             (t) Petitioner and Mr. Putnam made regular deposits of the checks
into the Company Checking Account, a bank account held jointly between
petitioner and Mr. Putnam, or (in 2004 only) a bank account held only in Mr.
Putnam’s name.

            (u) The deposited checks were made out to either Mr. Putnam or the
Company.

             (v) Neither petitioner nor Mr. Putnam maintained, or submitted to
respondent during respondent’s examination, complete and adequate books and
accounts of the income-producing activities for·each of the taxable years 2004,
2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009, as required by the applicable provisions of the
Internal Revenue Code (I.R.C.) and the regulations (Treas. Regs.) promulgated
thereunder.

              (w) Respondent is unable to determine whether the income deposited
into petitioner and Mr. Putnam’s joint bank account and the Company Checking
Account belongs to petitioner or Mr. Putnam or both, and therefore has proposed
to “whipsaw” the income to both to the extent that the income is not specifically
attributable to either petitioner or Mr. Putnam.
                                       - 35 -

[*35]        (x) Respondent has determined petitioner’s correct adjusted gross
income for the taxable years 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009, on the basis
of the bank deposits method.

           (y) During 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009, petitioner and
Mr. Putnam maintained the following bank accounts:

                   Bank                  Name on Accnt            Accnt No.

      (1)    Sand Spring Bank         Western Enterprises Inc.     *54-01
      (2)    M&T Bank/Provident       Dennis Putnam                *69711
      (3)    SunTrust Bank            Dennis & Ethal Putnam        *9569

           (z) During 2004, petitioner and Mr. Putnam made deposits in the
banks accounts in subparagraph (y) above in the following amounts:

                               Accnt No.        Deposits

                      (1)       *54-01          $611,164
                      (2)       *6971            $62,086
                      (3)       *9569            $81,185

             (aa) During 2004, petitioner and Mr. Putman made $754,435 of total
deposits into all of their bank accounts.

             (bb) During the taxable year 2004, petitioner’s reduction in total
deposits for amounts attributable to nontaxable sources was as follows:

                      Nontaxable Source

              Transfers between accounts                    $10,600
              Refinance                                      $38,779
              Misc. refunds/deposits                          $2,135
              Mr. Putnam's net wages deposited               $91,757
              Reductions for nontaxable sources             $143,271

      1
          Account was closed in August 2004.
                                        - 36 -

[*36]        (cc) During the taxable year 2004, petitioner’s net taxable deposits
into petitioner and Mr. Putnam’s bank accounts were as follows:

                                                                   2004

             Total Bank Deposits                               $754,435
             Less: reductions for nontaxable sources           $143,271
             Net Taxable Deposits                              $611,164

             (dd) Petitioner did not file a tax return for 2004.

             (ee) The unreported adjusted gross income of petitioner for the
taxable year 2004, as summarized from the allegations contained in subparagraphs
(z) through (dd) of this paragraph, are as follows:

                                                                   2004

             Total Bank Deposits                               $754,435
             Less: Reductions for nontaxable items             $143,271
             Net taxable deposits                              $611,164
             Less Gross Receipts as reported                      $0.00
             Unreported Gross Receipts                         $611,164

           (ff) During 2005, petitioner and Mr. Putnam made deposits in the
banks accounts in subparagraph (y) above in the following amounts:

                                Accnt No.        Deposits

                      (1)        *54-01          $898,062
                      (2)        *9569              $745

             (gg) During 2005, petitioner and Mr. Putman made $898,807 of total
deposits into all of their bank accounts.

             (hh) During the taxable year 2005, petitioner’s reduction in total
deposits for amounts attributable to nontaxable sources was as follows:
                                         - 37 -

[*37]                        Nontaxable Source

              Misc. refunds/deposits                               $745
              Reductions for nontaxable sources                    $745

             (ii) During the taxable year 2005, petitioner's net taxable deposits into
petitioner and Mr. Putnam’s bank accounts were as follows:

                                                                      2005

                Total Bank Deposits                                 $898,062
                Less: reductions for nontaxable sources                 $745
                Net Taxable Deposits                                $898,062

             (jj) Petitioner did not file a tax return for 2005.

             (kk) The unreported adjusted gross income of petitioner for the
taxable year 2005, as summarized from the allegations contained in subparagraphs
(ff) through (jj) of this paragraph, are as follows:

                                                                      2005

                Total Bank Deposits                                 $898,062
                Less: Reductions for nontaxable items                   $745
                Net taxable deposits                                $898,062
                Less Gross Receipts as reported                        $0.00
                Unreported Gross Receipts                           $898,062

           (ll) During 2006, petitioner and Mr. Putnam made deposits in the
banks accounts in subparagraph (y) above in the following amounts:

                                Accnt No.         Deposits

                      (1)        *54-01           $1,062,501
                      (2)        *9569               $73,806
                                        - 38 -

[*38]        (mm) During 2006, petitioner and Mr. Putman made $1,136,307 of
total deposits into all of their bank accounts.

             (nn) During the taxable year 2006, petitioner’s reduction in total
deposits for amounts attributable to nontaxable sources was as follows:

                       Nontaxable Source

               Transfers between accounts                          $69,701
               Misc. refunds/deposits                               $4,105
               Reductions for nontaxable sources                   $73, 806

              (oo) During the taxable year 2006, petitioner’s net taxable deposits
into petitioner and Mr. Putnam’s bank accounts were as follows:

                                                                     2006

               Total Bank Deposits                                 $1,136,307
               Less: reductions for nontaxable sources                $73,806
               Net Taxable Deposits                                $1,062,501

             (pp) Petitioner did not file a tax return for 2006.

             (qq) The unreported adjusted gross income of petitioner for the
taxable year 2006, as summarized from the allegations contained in subparagraphs
(11) through (pp) of this paragraph, are as follows:

                                                                     2006

               Total Bank Deposits                                 $1,136,307
               Less: Reductions for nontaxable items                  $73,806
               Net taxable deposits                                $1,062,501
               Less Gross Receipts as reported                          $0.00
               Unreported Gross Receipts                           $1,062,501

           (rr) During 2007, petitioner and Mr. Putnam made deposits in the
banks accounts in subparagraph (y) above in the following amounts:
                                        - 39 -

[*39]                           Accnt No.        Deposits

                      (1)        *54-01          $957,439
                      (2)        *9569            $52,199

             (ss) During 2007, petitioner and Mr. Putman made $1,009,638 of total
deposits into all of their bank accounts.

             (tt) During the taxable year 2007, petitioner’s reduction in total
deposits for amounts attributable to nontaxable sources was as follows:

                       Nontaxable Source

              Transfers between accounts                       $50,014
              Misc. refunds/deposits                            $2,185
              Reductions for nontaxable sources                $52,199

              (uu) During the taxable year 2007 petitioners’ net taxable deposits
into petitioner and Mr. Putnam’s bank accounts were as follows:

                                                                      2007

                Total Bank Deposits                                $1,009,638
                Less: reductions for nontaxable sources               $52,199
                Net Taxable Deposits                                $957,439

             (vv) Petitioner did not file a tax return for 2007.

             (ww) The unreported adjusted gross income for petitioner of the
taxable year 2007, as summarized from the allegations contained in subparagraphs
(rr) through (vv) of this paragraph, are as follows:

                                                                      2007

                Total Bank Deposits                                $1,009,638
                Less: Reductions for nontaxable items                 $52,199
                Net taxable deposits                                  957,439
                                        - 40 -

[*40]          Less Gross Receipts as reported                         $0.00
               Unreported Gross Receipts                            $957,439

           (xx) During 2008, petitioner and Mr. Putnam made deposits in the
banks accounts in subparagraph (y) above in the following amounts:

                                Accnt No.        Deposits

                      (1)        *54-01          $597,711
                      (2)        *9569            $99,822

             (yy) During 2008, petitioner and Mr. Putman made $697,533 of total
deposits into all of their bank accounts.

             (zz) During the taxable year 2008, petitioner’s reduction in total
deposits for amounts attributable to nontaxable sources was as follows:

                      Nontaxable Source

              Transfers between accounts                      $52,122
              Misc. refunds/deposits                           $2,810
              Reductions for nontaxable sources               $54,932

              (aaa) During the taxable year 2008, petitioner’s net taxable deposits
into petitioner and Mr. Putnam’s bank accounts were as follows:

                                                                    2008

               Total Bank Deposits                              $697,533
               Less: reductions for nontaxable sources           $54,932
               Net Taxable Deposits                             $642,601

             (bbb) Petitioner did not file a tax return for 2008.

             (ccc) The unreported adjusted gross income of petitioner for the
taxable year 2008, as summarized from the allegations contained in subparagraphs
(xx) through (bbb) of this paragraph, are as follows:
                                        - 41 -

[*41]                                                             2008

                Total Bank Deposits                             $697,533
                Less: Reductions for nontaxable items            $54,932
                Net taxable deposits                            $642,601
                Less Gross Receipts as reported                    $0.00
                Unreported Gross Receipts                       $642,601

           (ddd) During 2009, petitioner and Mr. Putnam made deposits in the
banks accounts in subparagraph (y) above in the following amounts:

                                Accnt No.        Deposits

                      (1)        *54-01           $6,865
                      (2)        *9569           $41,301

             (eee) During 2009, petitioner and Mr. Putman made $48,166 of total
deposits into all of their bank accounts.

             (fff) During the taxable year 2009, petitioner’s reduction in total
deposits for amounts attributable to nontaxable sources was as follows:

                       Nontaxable Source

              Transfers between accounts                      $4,905
              Misc. refunds/deposits                             $20
              Reductions for nontaxable sources               $4,925

              (ggg) During the taxable year 2009, petitioner’s net taxable deposits
into petitioner and Mr. Putnam's bank accounts were as follows:

                                                                  2009

                Total Bank Deposits                             $48,166
                Less: reductions for nontaxable sources          $4,925
                Net Taxable Deposits                            $43,241
                                          - 42 -

[*42]        (hhh) Petitioner did not file a tax return for 2009.

            (iii) The unreported adjusted gross income of petitioner of the taxable
years 2009 as summarized from the allegations contained in subparagraphs (ddd)
through (hhh) of this paragraph are as follows:

                                                                    2009

                Total Bank Deposits                               $48,166
                Less: Reductions for nontaxable items              $4,925
                Net taxable deposits                              $43,241
                Less Gross Receipts as reported                     $0.00
                Unreported Gross Receipts                         $43,241

            (jjj) Petitioner, during the taxable years 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007,
2008, and 2009, did not receive any gifts, inheritances, legacies, or devises.

              (kkk) Petitioner and Mr. Putnam’s failure to maintain complete and
accurate records of their income-producing activities and their failure to produce
complete and accurate records to respondent in connection with the examination
of petitioner and Mr. Putnam’s income tax returns for the taxable years 2004,
2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009, was fraudulent with intent to evade tax.

             (lll) Petitioner and Mr. Putnam fraudulently and with intent to evade
tax refused to provide documents and answer respondent’s agent’s questions
during the examination of their income tax returns for the taxable years 2004,
2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009.

             (mmm) Petitioner fraudulently and with intent to evade tax, failed to
file her income tax returns for the taxable years 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, and
2009, and understated the amounts of income as follows:

                      2004       2005        2006        2007         2008     2009

  Unreported Inc.   $611,164   $898,062   $1,062,501   $957,439     $641,601   $43,241
                                         - 43 -

[*43]        (nnn) Petitioner fraudulently and with intent to evade tax, failed to
file her income tax liability on her 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009 returns
as follows:

                                             2004           2005           2006

   Total Correct Tax Liability             $222,027        $328,652       $389,425
   Less: tax shown on return or
   as previously adjusted                        $0              $0             $0
   Understatement of tax                   $222,027        $328,652       $389,425

                                             2007           2008           2009

   Total Correct Tax Liability             $350,067       $232,234        $9,916
   Less: tax shown on return or
   as previously adjusted                        $0             $0            $0
   Understatement of tax                   $350,067       $232,234        $9,916

             (ooo) Petitioner’s failure to file her tax returns for each of the taxable
years 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009, is due to fraud.