Court Opinion

ID: 9632811
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-22 11:25:43.291925+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:00:11.273844
License: Public Domain

HOWE, Justice:
The defendant, Clint Ruple, appeals his jury conviction of the crime of production of a controlled substance (marijuana) in violation of § 58-37-8(1)(a)(i), U.C.A.1958 as amended, for which he was sentenced to serve not more than five years in the Utah State Prison.
In the spring of 1980, the defendant was renting an apartment from Earl Johnson. When he failed to pay his rent, Johnson asked him to vacate. Johnson testified at the trial that he watched the defendant move his belongings out of the apartment and saw him carry out some plants. When Johnson went into the apartment to clean, some three days later, he found a storage room filled with growing plants. The room was partially lined with tinfoil and equipped with heat lamps. Suspecting that *875the plants might be marijuana, Johnson called the police. Following an investigation, the defendant was arrested and charged.
After the prosecution had presented its case, counsel for the defendant asked for and received a recess in order to confer with his client. Approximately ten minutes later, the defendant and his attorney re-entered the courtroom and asked to speak with the judge in his chambers. In chambers, counsel stated that defendant wished to change his plea to guilty, but when asked by the judge if that were true, the defendant said, "No." The court then recessed for lunch. At the end of that recess, the judge again met with the defendant and his counsel in chambers. Counsel said that he would continue with the defense, but that he had advised the defendant to plead guilty. Counsel stated:
I have no inclination to go forward with it. He's now indicated to me he wishes to change and plead guilty, but he's being railroaded into it. I'd like to protect myself on this thing to let the record show that it's his choice entirely, I'm not forcing him to plead guilty. I would continue the case, but I don't have testimony to present nor a viable closing argument in my opinion. The decision is yours.
Thereafter, the judge told the defendant that the trial would not be continued but that the defendant had three options:
May I explain the things you can do, of course. We can't continue the trial, we have to go forward with it. We've started and the State has put on their evidence. You have certain options and it's up to you, no one else. You have to decide it. Whether you want to change your plea to guilty, whether you want to proceed with the trial with Mr. Low to represent you in whatever manner he feels he can, or you may proceed on your own with the trial.
The defendant chose to represent himself but to allow counsel to sit with him at the counsel table. Counsel did not participate in the remainder of the trial, however. The defendant called his mother as a witness, and after briefly questioning her and after cross-examination by the prosecution, he rested his case. Closing arguments were given by both the prosecution and the defendant personally. The jury returned its verdict of "guilty" after deliberating for 20 minutes.
Defendant contends that he was denied his right to counsel as guaranteed by the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution of the United States. The Sixth Amendment provides: "In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right ... to have the assistance of counsel for his defense." He also relies on the Utah Constitution, Article I, Section 12 which states: "In criminal prosecutions the accused shall have the right to appear and defend in person and by counsel...."
-It is a basic principle of our law that a defendant in a criminal case may defend himself without counsel. Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806, 95 S.Ct. 2525, 45 L.Ed.2d 562 (1975). However, in that case the court added the following words of caution:
When an accused manages his own defense, he relinquishes, as a purely factual matter, many of the traditional benefits associated with the right to counsel. For this reason, in order to represent himself, the accused must "knowingly and intelligently" forgo those relinquished benefits. Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. [458], at 464-465 [58 S.Ct. 1019, at 1023, 82 L.Ed. 1461]. Cf. Von Moltke v. Gillies, 332 U.S. 708, 723-724 [68 S.Ct. 316, at 323, 92 L.Ed. 309] (plurality opinion of Black, J.). Although a defendant need not himself have the skill and experience of a lawyer in order competently and intelligently to choose self-representation, he should be made aware of the dangers and disadvantages of self-representation, so that the record will establish that "he knows what he is doing and his choice is made with eyes open." Adams v. United States ex rel. McCann, 317 U.S. [269], at 279, [63 S.Ct. 236, at 241, 87 L.Ed. 268].
*876422 U.S. at 835, 95 S.Ct. at 2541. We recognized and applied those principles in State v. Dominguez, Utah, 564 P.2d 768 (1977). We there observed that the trial judge had been meticulous in his questioning of the defendant, had gone to great lengths to explain the trial procedure and what would be expected of him at the trial, and apprised him of the dangers and disadvantages of proceeding without the aid of an attorney. We accordingly concluded that the defendant had competently, intelligently and voluntarily waived his right to counsel.
In the instant case, the record reveals that the trial judge gave the defendant the options of pleading guilty, proceeding with the trial with his attorney representing him, or proceeding pro se. After the defendant chose to represent himself, the trial judge briefly explained to him the procedure he would have to follow in the conduct of the balance of the trial, but unlike Dominguez he did not discuss with the defendant the dangers and disadvantages of self-representation. He did not advise the defendant that it is generally advisable to have a lawyer who is skilled and trained in the law, and he did not point out to the defendant any of the hazards he may encounter by acting pro se. U. S. ex rel. Martinez v. Thomas, 526 F.2d 750 (2nd Cir. 1975). The record reveals that the defendant here at the time of trial had not finished the twelfth grade of school and suffered from minimal brain disfunction as well as dyslexia. While the defendant had been in court before, mostly on juvenile charges, the record does not reveal that he had ever gone through a trial or had even witnessed a trial the likes of which he was about to conduct.
The record does not demonstrate that the defendant "knowingly and intelligently" made his choice to represent himself. The judgment below is reversed and the case is remanded for a new trial.
STEWART and OAKS, JJ., concur.