Court Opinion

ID: 4200095
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-08-30 16:09:29.791034+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:41:31.619862
License: Public Domain

IMPORTANT NOTICE
        NOT TO BE PUBLISHED OPINION

THIS OPINION IS DESIGNATED "NOT TO BE PUBLISHED."
PURSUANT TO THE RULES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE
PROMULGATED BY THE SUPREME COURT, CR 76.28(4)(C),
THIS OPINION IS NOT TO BE PUBLISHED AND SHALL NOT BE
CITED OR USED AS BINDING PRECEDENT IN ANY OTHER
CASE IN ANY COURT OF THIS STATE; HOWEVER,
UNPUBLISHED KENTUCKY APPELLATE DECISIONS,
RENDERED AFTER JANUARY 1, 2003, MAY BE CITED FOR
CONSIDERATION BY THE COURT IF THERE IS NO PUBLISHED
OPINION THAT WOULD ADEQUATELY ADDRESS THE ISSUE
BEFORE THE COURT. OPINIONS CITED FOR CONSIDERATION
BY THE COURT SHALL BE SET OUT AS AN UNPUBLISHED
DECISION IN THE FILED DOCUMENT AND A COPY OF THE
ENTIRE DECISION SHALL BE TENDERED ALONG WITH THE
DOCUMENT TO THE COURT AND ALL PARTIES TO THE
ACTION.
                                               RENDERED: FEBRUARY 16, 2017
                                                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

JEFFREY LEE KOLLEY                                                     APPELLANT

                     ON APPEAL FROM HARDIN CIRCUIT COURT
V.                      HONORABLE KEN HOWARD, JUDGE
                                NO. 15-CR-00586

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY                                                APPELLEE

                      MEMORANDUM OPINION OF THE COURT

                                    AFFIRMING.

       A circuit court jury convicted Jeffrey Lee Kalley of Receiving Stolen

Property (RSP), $10,000 or more; Operating a Motor Vehicle Under the

Influence of Alcohol (DUI), first-offense; and of being a first-degree Persistent

Felony Offender (PFO). The trial court accepted the jury's recommendation

regarding punishment and imposed an enhanced sentence of twenty-years'

imprisonment. Kalley appeals the resulting judgment to this Court as a matter

of right. 1

       1   Ky. Const.§ 110(2)(b).
       On appeal, Kolley cites six separate errors in the proceedings below: (1)

the trial court failed to conduct a proper Faretta hearing before allowing him to

represent himself at trial, (2) the trial court denied his directed-verdict motion

on the DUI charge, (3) the trial court allowed improper testimony to establish

the value of the stolen school bus, (4) the trial court failed to instruct the jury

on possible lesser-included offenses to the RSP charge, (5) the trial court

allowed the Commonwealth to introduce a "summary. sheet" as evidence in the

penalty phase of the trial, and (6) the prosecutor made an improper closing

argument in the guilt phase of the trial. Only the first two claims of error are

preserved in the record for appellate review. The remaining claims of error are

unpreserved, and Kolley requests palpable-error review of them.

               I.   FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND.

       Trooper Luke Dubin arrived at the scene where a stalled school bus was

impeding the flow of traffic on a busy highway. He found Kolley standing a few

feet away from the bus. Kolley told the Trooper that he was a school-bus

mechanic and the driver of the bus. The Trooper soon decided that Kolley was

intoxicated, that he was not properly licensed to operate a bus, and that he

had probably hotwired the bus. School officials who came to the scene

confirmed that Kolley was neither the school-system mechanic he claimed to be

nor the authorized driver of this bus. Other school officials confirmed that the

bus had been stolen from its parking place on school grounds. Kolley

attempted to flee the scene on foot, but Trooper Dubin restrained and arrested

him.

                                          2
      Initially, Kolley had appointed counsel, and he waived grand-jury

presentment of the original charges arising out of the facts of the present case.

Prosecution proceeded against him by an Information that charged him with

Receiving Stolen Property, More than $500 but Less than $10,000, and first-

offense DUI. When resolution of those charges by plea agreement failed, the

grand jury indicted Kolley on those same charges, and the case proceeded

toward trial.

      At a scheduled pretrial conference, the trial court inquired about the

status of Kolley's defense counsel. Kolley then indicated that he intended to

represent himself at trial. After engaging Kolley in a colloquy concerning his

ability to represent himself, the trial court granted Kolley's request for self-

representation in all further proceedings.

      Shortly before the scheduled trial, the grand jury returned a

supplemental indictment charging RSP, $10,000 or more, the DUI charge as

originally stated, and the PFO charge. At a pretrial conference two days before

trial, the trial court appointed stand-by counsel from the Kentucky Department

of Public Advocacy, who assisted Kolley at trial.

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                                     II.    ANALYSIS.

   A. The trial court did not err by allowing Kolley to waive

      representation by counsel.

      A defendant's right to counsel is guaranteed by both the Sixth

Amendment of the United States Constitution and Section Eleven of the

Kentucky Constitution. 2 A defendant also has the right to represent himself, if

he so chooses, by waiving his right to counsel. 3 If a defendant chooses to

exercise his right to proceed without legal representation, the trial court must

investigate further by conducting a Faretta inquiry. 4 The purpose of this

hearing is to ensure that the defendant's decision to proceed without counsel is

made knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily. 5 As we stated in Commonwealth

v. Terry, "Because the colloquy between a defendant and the trial court need
not follow a script, a determination of whether the eyes of a defendant who

seeks to represent himself were sufficiently opened is a determination that

must be made on a case-by-case basis."6 At a minimum, the defendant must

be "made aware of the dangers and disadvantages of self-representation, so

that the record will establish that he knows what he is doing and his choice is

made with eyes open."7 We are convinced from this record that Kolley, an

      2   U.S. Const. amend. VI; Ky. Const.§ 11.
      3   Id.
      4   See Depp v. Commnnwealth, 278 S.W.3d 615, 617 (Ky. 2009).
      s   Id.
      6   Commnnwealth v. Terry, 295 S.W.3d 819, 822 (Ky. 2009).
      1   Id. (quoting Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806, 835 (1975)).

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experienced criminal litigant in both state and federal courts, was adequately

apprised of the risks associated with his decision to proceed to trial in this case

without counsel. The record reflects that the trial court took appropriate steps

to inform Kolley of the potential perils associated with self-representation.

      At the initial pretrial conference, when asked if he had counsel, Kolley

responded that he would be moving forward as his own counsel. The trial court

then engaged in a colloquy with Kolley asking if he had been threatened in any

way, whether he was under or had any past care for mental illness or disease,

whether he presently had any mental disease or illness, whether he was under

treatment for drug usage, or if he was in any type of rehabilitation treatment.

The answer to each was in the negative. The trial court asked Kolley if he knew

how to file motions, court procedure, and the rules of evidence. And he again

answered in the affirmative. The trial court then proceeded to inform Kolley

that if he chose to represent himself that the court would not be able to assist

him in his defense or answer questions. Furthermore, the trial court

admonished Kolley that "you would be better off to have an attorney."

      In addition to these warnings, the Commonwealth asserts that there was

an additional Faretta-type hearing that took place two days before trial. 8 We

know from the record before us that after this hearing, the Commonwealth

       a The Commonwealth's brief notes that this hearing was not furnished to us in
the record on appeal and urges us to assume, as our precedent allows, that the
omitted portion of the record supports the trial court's decision. Commonwealth v.
Thompson, 697 S.W.2d 143,145 (Ky. 1985) (citing Commonwealth, Dept. of Highways
v. Richardson, Ky., 424 S.W.2d 601 (1968)).

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asserts took place two days before trial, Kolley was given stand-by counsel who

assisted him at trial.

      Given the above facts, reflected in the briefs and record, we are satisfied

that the trial court did not err in its handling of Kolley's waiver of

representation.

   B. The trial court did not err in denying Kolley's directed-verdict

      motion.

      The parties disagree about whether this alleged error is preserved. Kolley

asserts the error is not preserved for appellate review, but the Commonwealth

claims that the alleged error is indeed preserved. Having reviewed the record,

we find that the error is preserved for our review. More specifically, as Kolley

argues, we are asked to review the trial court's denial of Kolley's directed

verdict motion on the DUI charge.

      When deciding a directed-verdict motion, the trial court must take as

true all evidence favoring.the Commonwealth (non-moving party) and

determine whether the evidence is sufficient to induce a reasonable jury to

believe beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant is guilty.9 In

Commonwealth v. Benham we stated that "On appellate review, the test of a

directed verdict is, if under the evidence as a whole, it would be clearly

unreasonable for a jury to find guilt, only then the defendant is entitled to a

      Pollini v. Commonwealth, 172 S.W.3d 418, 429 (citing Commonwealth v.
      9
Benham, 816 S.W.2d 186, 187 (Ky. 1991)).

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directed verdict of acquittal." 10 In applying this standard, we reject Kolley's

argument that he was improperly denied a directed verdict.

      The Commonwealth introduced sufficient evidence to survive a directed

verdict motion as it applies to the DUI charge. The Commonwealth notes it

produced both testimony of intoxication and physical evidence that Kolley

operated the stolen bus.

      Trooper Durbin testified about his initial encounter with Kolley at the

location of the stalled school bus. Trooper Durbin testified Kolley was acting

"bizarre," "confused," "inappropriate[ly]," with the odor of alcohol "coming off of

him." Although Kolley told the Trooper he had only had consumed two beers,

the Trooper thought the level of the alcohol odor indicated ingestion of quite a

bit of alcohol. Furthermore, the Trooper concluded that Kolley had hotwired the

bus because inside the bus the Trooper observed "a bunch of shredded wire

and there were no keys in the ignition." And tools used to strip plastic from

wires were found on Kolley's person. Lastly, Kolley actually admitted to Trooper

Durbin that he had been operating the vehicle.

      ·In light of the evidence presented at trial, we conclude that it would not

be clearly unreasonable for a juror to find Kolley guilty of DUI. Accordingly, we

conclude that the trial court did not err in denying Kolley's motion for directed

verdict.

      10   Benham, 816 S.W.2d at 187.

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   C. The trial court did not err in admitting evidence of the value of the

       school bus.

       Admitting that the remainder of alleged trial errors are unpreserved,

Kolley requests review under RCr 10.26, 11 under which relief may be granted

upon a showing of"palpable error." 12 A finding of palpable error requires a

showing that the alleged error affected the "substantial rights" of a defendant,

for whom relief may be granted "upon a determination that manifest injustice

has resulted from the error. " 13 To find manifest injustice, the reviewing court

must conclude that the error so seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or

public reputation of the proceeding as to be "shocking or jurisprudentially

intolerable. "14

       Having set forth the standard, we will discuss Kolley's alleged error

involving the testimony of Brad Patterson, the school system's bus-garage

supervisor, concerning the value of the stolen bus. Kolley argues that Patterson

was not qualified to provide testimony to the value of the school bus. The

entirety of the evidence establishing the value of the stolen school bus came via

Patterson's testimony.

       During Patterson's testimony the Commonwealth established that he had

worked on the school's buses for the last twelve years. During that time, he

       11   Kentucky Rules of Criminal Procedure 10.26.
       12   Id.
       13   Id.
       14 Mart. v. Commonwealth, 207 S.W.3d 1, 4 (Ky. 2006).

                                            8
became knowledgeable about school buses. While Patterson was not directly

involved in purchasing the buses, he testified that he was aware of the price

paid for a new bus, approximately $86,000. And he testified that the stolen bus

was a 2000 model-year diesel manufactured by International. He stated that it

was in "good shape" and had a value of $11,000 to $15,000 and a useful-life

expectancy of 19-20 years.

      Because of Patterson's familiarity with bus maintenance and associated

costs and his personal knowledge of the condition of the stolen bus, in

particular, we see no basis to conclude that allowing his testimony concerning

the approximate value of the stolen bus was palpable error.

   D. The trial court did not err by failing to give lesser-included offense

      instructions.

      Kolley contends that the court erred when it failed to give a lesser-

included offense instruction for the RSP charge. Specifically, Kolley contends

that the trial court should have given an instruction for RSP, More than $500

but Less than $10,000.15 Kolley further contends he should have had an

instruction for unauthorized use of an automobile or other propelled vehicle.16

We disagree.

      While Kolley admits that his alleged error is unpreserved, RCr 9.54(2)

helps guide our analysis.1 7 RCr 9.54(2) provides "No party may assign as error

      1s KRS 514.110.
      16   KRS 514.100.
      11   RCr 9.54(2).

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the giving or the failure to give an instruction unless the party's position has

been fairly and adequately presented to the trial judge by an offered instruction

or by motion, or unless the party makes objection before the court instructs

the jury, stating specifically the matter to which the party objects and the

ground or grounds of the objection." Kolley failed to object to the proposed

instructions, and he failed to offer alternative instructions.

      Additionally, the Commonwealth notes that all the evidence produced

indicated that the value of the bus was over $10,000.00. Because there was no

other evidence disputing this, even if Kolley had suggested to the trial court

that he wanted the lesser-included instruction given, there was no evidence

produced at trial to support it. Nor did Kolley advance his position of a lesser-

included offense of unauthorized use of an automobile or other propelled

vehicle.

      Finding that Kolley failed to advance his claim, and had no basis to do

so, we find no palpable error.

   E. The trial court did not err by admitting a written summary of

      Kolley's prior convictions in the penalty phase.

      Once again, this error is unpreserved. The Commonwealth draws our

attention to the fact that, not only is this error unpreserved, Kolley waived any

possible objection to its use by agreeing to the introduction of the summary

sheet of Kolley's six prior convictions during the penalty phase of the trial.

      We have examined the summary sheet of Kolley's prior convictions that

was submitted to the jury. It contains a barebones summary of the properly

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certified copies of final judgments rendered against Kolley in state and federal

courts, which also appear separately as exhibits in the trial record. The

summary sheet appears to provide admissible information for the jury to

consider in the penalty phase of the trial. We find no basis for palpable error.

      F. The prosecutor did not err by making improper remarks during

        closing arguments in the guilt phase.

        Lastly, Kolley contends that the prosecutor made improper remarks
  \

during closing arguments of the guilt phase. Kolley argues that remarks made

by the Commonwealth were an attempt to shift the burden of proof from the

Commonwealth to the defendant. After reviewing the record, we do not find

that the Commonwealth impermissibly shifted any burden to the defendant.

        During the Commonwealth's· closing, the prosecutor stated, "we're all

responsible for our own actions, and that's simply what I'm asking you to do,

hold this man responsible. If we're not responsible for our own actions we live

in chaos .... " We find no improper argument in this statement. Consequently,

there is no palpable error.

                                   III. CONCLUSION.
        For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court.

        All sitting. All concur.

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COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT:

Robert C. Bishop

COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE:

Andy Beshear
Attorney General of Kentucky

Leilani K.M. Martin
Assistant Attorney General

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