Court Opinion

ID: 6554925
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-20 18:56:34.154535+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:56:16.497010
License: Public Domain

Whiteley, J.,
charging the jury:
This is an action of tresspass by plaintiff against Sheriff Lacey for levying on and selling her goods, hay, &c., on executions against her husband and another.
Her claim is, as she declares under oath, that the hay levied and sold was hers—her property; and gave account of how she obtained money to buy it after her husband’s failure, she borrowed money from Seward, $100, at two different times, from bank on Swane’s & Pickering’s endorsement, $700; and money from her mother, and rent of farm, sale of wood and rails and posts.
S. J. Fowler proves that he was sent by Kirkley to Mrs. Kirkley, the plaintiff, several times to- get money to pay for hay bought by him.
Then his declaration to several persons, to all from whom he bought, that he was buying for his wife.
Proof of agency by parol and power of attorney.
The defendant contends on the other hand, that the hay was the property of James Kirkley; that the plaintiff’s claim is a sham, and a fraud upon James Kirkley’s creditors; that James Kirkley failure in 1878, and all of his property, personal and real, was sold, and he was left indebted thousands of dollars, and that he continued his business the same as he did before the failure, *216only adding to his name the word “ Agent.” That the plaintiff had no' means of her own to engage in business, and only derived from loans small sums of money, which were insufficient to carry on such large purchases of hay as were handled by her husband. That the sums she borrowed from the bank and different persons were all absorbed in purchases of real estate which she made.
That Kirkley being agent for his wife was unknown to most of the citizens of the neighborhood.
That portions of hay bought at the time he alleged he was agent for his wife were sent to Philadelphia to commission merchants and charged by them against his old debts, or otherwise went to his credit.
That Mrs. Kirkley admitted to one of the witnesses that the property was put in her name to keep off husband’s creditors.
The point of the case is, is this engagement in business by the plaintiff, Mrs. Kirkley, a real bona fide engagement in business, or is it, as is contended by defendant, a sham and fraud upon her husband’s, Jas. Kirkley’s, creditors ? As you find this fact will determine for which party your verdict should be. The law of the case is this: Prior to certain Acts of Assembly, beginning in 1865 and running up to this time, a married woman could have no property distinct and separate from her husband. It was as limited and controlled exactly as it was at common law. A married woman had really no legal rights of property. But in 1865 and in several succeeding legislatures, the General Assembly has passed laws releasing and emancipating married women from this marital bondage. They began first by releasing certain property from the control of her husband, relieving it from liability for her husband’s debts, &c. Then in 1871 they released certain money and other personal and real property from liability for her husband’s debts, leaving it liable for her own debts. Then in 1873 they passed a more enlarged act, amended* in 1875, protecting her property from *217her husband’s debts, and releasing it from his control and putting it altogether under her own control and management.
These two acts gave her power to sue, and made her liable to be sued, and made it lawful to make any and all contracts necessary to be made with respect to her own property, and suits by her and against her might be maintained as though she was a “ femme sole” i. e., a single woman. The effect of this amended act is that she can, with her own money or property, become a trader, merchant, or in fact follow any of the occupations or business of life, and with the same rights, powers and liabilities as though she were a single woman, or as though she were a man. The plaintiff therefore had, under our law, the right with her own money, to enter into the business of buying and selling hay. Though a married woman, she was a femme sole hay merchant, and we say, in the language of Judge Cooley in the case of Rankin v. West, reported in 25 Mich., that “ the fact that the husband, by reason of financial embarrassments, is unable to carry on business and support the family in his own name, is no impediment to the wife’s engaging in business for that purpose. It would seem, on the other hand, to constitute a very sufficient and laudable motive for her doing so.”
If she then can carry on business for herself, she certainly can carry on her business through an agent. But it is objected that her husband cannot be her agent, or being so it is a fraud upon his creditors. We do not think so. What is more natural or more safe for the wife than that her husband should be the agent, in the management of her property or her business. He is bound by greater obligations for its careful and prudent management of it, than would bind a stranger. The legal capacity of the husband to be such agent has been recognized and admitted by all text writers upon the subject, and by the decisions of most of the States where they have what is called a “ married woman’s act,” and where the question has been raised. Nor in our judgment is a business of the wife’s thus carried on through the agency of the husband any evidence in itself in law of a fraud upon the creditors of such husband, even if its purpose was to keep the property from the reach of such "creditors. If the entire capital was contributed by her from her separate estate, or by loans made by herself, and by profits in the business, how are the husband’s creditors defrauded ? They *218have every remedy which they had before, and it is no cause of complaint that the wife chooses to make her own arrangements so that her husband’s debts shall not be enforced against her purchases. And such arrangement, if the property was hers, is not fraudulent in law or fact. If the money, however, with which the hay was bought, was the husband’s, or came from him, that would be a badge of fraud.
This you are to determine and decide accordingly.
(Reviewed authorities cited by defendant.)
How as to what constitutes Fraud, and how it is to be proven. The law will not suffer or permit it to be inferred. It must be proven, actual fraud, or fraud in the ordinary sense and meaning of the term is never presumed by law to exist; it is a matter of fact to be proved to the satisfaction of the jury by the evidence in the case; and such proof must be made by the party alleging, asserting and relying upon it. This proof usually consists in proof of acts or conduct which the courts call badges of fraud. It is impossible to get direct proof of it. Ho one is foolish enough to admit that he is committing a fraud. It is for the court to judge and decide what is such a badge. We have said that constituting the husband as agent is not such a badge; neither do we think that the husband, it having been previously proven that he was the agent, had a power of attorney to attend to the business for his wife, that his selling, buying and attending generally to the business is such badge for such conduct was in the line of his agency.
This is all, gentlemen, which I think necessary to say on the law.
If your verdict should be -for the plaintiff, the plaintiff is entitled to damages for the seizure and sale of the hay.
It was sold by sheriff for the sum -of $659.50, interest from --21, 1881, this sum then with its interest, is the proper measure of such damages.
If verdict, however, should be for defendant, your verdict should be simply not guilty, or for the defendant.
Verdict for plaintiff.

 Note.—Amendment of act of 1873, by Chap. 165, of 1875, is in following words:
That the real and personal property of any married woman, which has been heretofore acquired, is now held, or which she may hereafter acquire in any manner whatever, from any person, other than her husband, shall be her sole and separate property, and the rents, issues and profits thereof shall not be subject to the disposal of her husband, nor liable for his debts.