Court Opinion

ID: 2648687
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-01-09 19:08:41.531299+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:26:16.591257
License: Public Domain

Filed 1/9/14 P. v. Schultz CA3
                                           NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                      THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                                    (San Joaquin)
                                                            ----

THE PEOPLE,                                                                                  C062100

                   Plaintiff and Respondent,                                    (Super. Ct. No. SF108413A)

         v.

RICHARD ORVILLE SCHULTZ,

                   Defendant and Appellant.

         In incidents almost five years apart, defendant shot and killed Antonio Perez in
2003 and Terry Chatman in 2008. Convicted by jury of manslaughter and murder,
defendant appeals. He contends: (1) his trial attorney violated his right to counsel by not
moving to dismiss the prosecution for the 2003 Perez homicide for prejudicial delay in
filing the charges; (2) the trial court violated his confrontation rights in allowing a
pathologist who did not perform the autopsy and toxicology tests to testify concerning the
results of those procedures; (3) the trial court violated his due process rights by denying a
motion to sever the trial of the 2003 Perez homicide from the trial of the 2008 Chatman
homicide; and (4) cumulative error requires reversal.

                                                             1
       Finding no error and no violation of defendant’s rights, we affirm.
                                           FACTS
       Our consideration of defendant’s contentions on appeal does not require a detailed
recounting of the evidence presented at trial. Instead, we provide a summary of the facts
in the light most favorable to the verdicts.
       Defendant is a retired engineer who bought, renovated, and rented houses in
Stockton.
       In 2003, Antonio Perez worked for defendant, renovating a house on South San
Joaquin Street. However, Perez found it difficult to get defendant to pay him for the
work Perez had done.
       On November 3, 2003, Perez went to the South San Joaquin Street house to talk to
defendant about getting paid. Defendant shot and killed Perez.
       In 2008, defendant was renovating a house on East Worth Street. He had a dispute
with Terry Chatman, who owned the house next door, over who would pay for a fence
between their properties.
       On May 19, 2008, the dispute turned physical. Defendant pushed Chatman, and
Chatman grabbed defendant in a choke hold. Defendant lost consciousness for a minute.
       On May 27, 2008, defendant approached Chatman from behind as Chatman was
working on the fence. Defendant pointed the gun at Chatman’s head and fired. Chatman
fell to the ground. After a pause, defendant shot Chatman three more times.
       Defendant claimed that each of the shootings was in self-defense.
                                       PROCEDURE
       The district attorney filed an information charging defendant with two counts of
murder. (Pen. Code, § 187; unreferenced code citations later in this opinion are also to
the Penal Code.) Count 1 alleged the 2008 Chatman homicide and count 2 alleged the
2003 Perez homicide. The information also alleged firearm enhancements (former §§

                                               2
12022.5, subd. (a); 12022.53, subd. (d)) and a multiple-murder special circumstance (§
190.2, subd. (a)(3)).
       A jury found defendant guilty of first degree murder of Chatman on count 1 and
found true the firearm enhancements. As to count 2, the jury found defendant guilty of
the lesser-included offense of voluntary manslaughter and found true one of the firearm
enhancements.
       The trial court sentenced defendant on count 1 to a term of 25 years to life, plus a
consecutive 25 years to life for discharge of a firearm resulting in death. The court
sentenced defendant on count 2 to a consecutive determinate term of six years in state
prison, with a consecutive four years for firearm use. The aggregate sentence was a
determinate term of 10 years, followed by an indeterminate term of 50 years to life in
state prison.
                                      DISCUSSION
                                                I
                              Effective Assistance of Counsel
       Defendant contends that his trial attorney violated his right to counsel by not filing
a motion to dismiss based on the delay in prosecuting him for Perez’s 2003 death. We
conclude that his right to counsel was not violated because a motion to dismiss based on
delay in prosecution would have been futile.
       A.       Background
       Defendant claimed that he did not know Perez and that he shot Perez in self-
defense after Perez ambushed him and started hitting him with a board. The Stockton
Police Department investigated, but eventually closed the investigation in December
2003 and destroyed or released the evidence it had gathered. Defendant’s gun he had
used to kill Perez was returned to defendant.
       Five years later, during the investigation of the 2008 Chatman homicide, the
Stockton Police Department reopened the investigation of the 2003 Perez homicide. In

                                             3
that renewed investigation, detectives located witnesses they did not know about before.
Abel Perez, the victim’s brother, put them in touch with the victim’s girlfriend, Teresa
Vasquez. She later testified that Perez had worked for defendant remodeling the home on
South San Joaquin Street and that Perez had difficulty getting defendant to pay him for
his work. The detectives also contacted William Maestas, who later testified that, on the
night of Perez’s death, Perez went to the South San Joaquin Street house to get paid.
       B.     Relevant Law
              1.     Effective Assistance of Counsel
       Under both the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I,
section 15 of the California Constitution, a criminal defendant has a right to the
assistance of counsel. (See Strickland v. Washington (1984) 466 U.S. 668, 684-685 [80
L. Ed. 2d 674, 691-692]; People v. Pope (1979) 23 Cal. 3d 412, 422.) This right “entitles
the defendant not to some bare assistance but rather to effective assistance.” (People v.
Ledesma (1987) 43 Cal. 3d 171, 215, original italics.) “To establish entitlement to relief
for ineffective assistance of counsel the burden is on the defendant to show (1) trial
counsel failed to act in the manner to be expected of reasonably competent attorneys
acting as diligent advocates and (2) it is reasonably probable that a more favorable
determination would have resulted in the absence of counsel’s failings. [Citations.]”
(People v. Lewis (1990) 50 Cal. 3d 262, 288.)
              2.     Delay in Prosecution
       “ ‘[T]he statute of limitations is usually considered the primary guarantee against
bringing overly stale criminal charges,’ and there ‘is no statute of limitations on murder.’
[Citation.]” (People v. Nelson (2008) 43 Cal. 4th 1242, 1250 (Nelson).) Beyond this rule
of thumb, “[d]elay in prosecution that occurs before the accused is arrested or the
complaint is filed may constitute a denial of the right to a fair trial and to due process of
law under the state and federal Constitutions. A defendant seeking to dismiss a charge on
this ground must demonstrate prejudice arising from the delay. The prosecution may

                                              4
offer justification for the delay, and the court considering a motion to dismiss balances
the harm to the defendant against the justification for the delay. [Citations.]” (People v.
Catlin (2001) 26 Cal. 4th 81, 107; Nelson, supra, 43 Cal.4th at p. 1250.)
       While “[a] claim based upon the federal Constitution also requires a showing that
the delay was undertaken to gain a tactical advantage over the defendant” (People v.
Catlin, supra, 26 Cal.4th at p. 107), “under California law, negligent, as well as
purposeful, delay in bringing charges may, when accompanied by a showing of prejudice,
violate due process.” (Nelson, supra, 43 Cal.4th at p. 1255.) As our Supreme Court has
explained: “ ‘The ultimate inquiry in determining a claim based upon due process is
whether the defendant will be denied a fair trial. If such deprivation results from
unjustified delay by the prosecution coupled with prejudice, it makes no difference
whether the delay was deliberately designed to disadvantage the defendant, or whether it
was caused by negligence of law enforcement agencies or the prosecution. In both
situations, the defendant will be denied his right to a fair trial as a result of governmental
conduct. [Citation.]’ [Citation.]” (Ibid.) However, “whether the delay was negligent or
purposeful is relevant to the balancing process. Purposeful delay to gain an advantage is
totally unjustified, and a relatively weak showing of prejudice would suffice to tip the
scales towards finding a due process violation. If the delay was merely negligent, a
greater showing of prejudice would be required to establish a due process violation.” (Id.
at p. 1256.)
       Whether delay in bringing charges is unjustified and prejudicial is a question of
fact, the trial court’s resolution of which “ ‘must be upheld on appeal if it is supported by
substantial evidence. [Citation.]’ [Citation.]” (People v. New (2008) 163 Cal. App. 4th
442, 460 (New).)
       C.      Analysis
       Defendant forfeited the argument that the delay in prosecution violated his due
process rights because he did not move in the trial court to dismiss count 2 based on

                                              5
delay in the prosecution. (People v. Lewis (2008) 43 Cal. 4th 415, 445.) Nonetheless, we
must consider the possible merit of such an objection because defendant claims his trial
attorney violated his right to counsel by failing to move to dismiss.
       Defendant’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel fails on both prongs of the
analysis – deficient performance and prejudice – because a motion to dismiss count 2
would have been futile, as there was no due process violation. (See People v. Lewis,
supra, 50 Cal.3d at p. 288.)
       The justification for the delay in charging defendant with the murder of Perez
outweighed any prejudice suffered by defendant. As noted, there is no statute of
limitations for murder, which clearly demonstrates the public’s interest in prosecuting
murders whenever sufficient evidence is gathered of the defendant’s guilt. Here,
defendant deliberately threw law enforcement off his trail by lying about his
confrontation with Perez – defendant told law enforcement that Perez was a stranger,
when the truth was that Perez was an employee to whom defendant owed money. Also,
defendant claimed he shot Perez in self-defense. Therefore, defendant’s own statements
caused law enforcement to believe that defendant should not be prosecuted. This
reasonable, good faith reason for delay in prosecution outweighed the prejudice
defendant claims he suffered from the delay.
       According to defendant, the prejudice he suffered from the delay in prosecuting
the Perez homicide was that the jacket he was wearing when he shot Perez may have
been helpful in his defense, but the jacket had been discarded and he did not document
injuries he claims to have sustained in the incident. Defendant testified that the jacket he
wore that evening was discarded because it was torn up and had bullet holes in it.
Defendant also testified that he sustained bruises during the incident which did not
become visible until about three days after the incident. On appeal, he claims that the
jacket and bruises would have supported his testimony. Citing his trial attorney’s
argument supporting the motion to sever, defendant also claims that there were other

                                             6
items collected by police but destroyed because it was believed there would be no
prosecution. He states those items possibly included gunshot residue, blood spatter, and
other evidence. This claim that there could have been additional evidence, however, is
nothing but speculation based on an assertion by defense counsel in support of the motion
to sever.
       Defendant argues: “The record is devoid of any justification for the delay. Police
closed their file on the 2003 shooting on December 8, 2003, destroying or releasing the
evidence. Nothing in the record even remotely suggests that the witnesses whom police
did not bother to contact until 2008 – Teresa Vasquez and William Maestas, were
unavailable in the exercise of reasonable diligence five years earlier. Had police bothered
to contact Vasquez or Maestas, they would have learned that Antonio Perez was a former
employee of [defendant] and that [defendant] owed him money. Instead, police waited
five years to interview either witness.”
       Contrary to defendant’s argument, the record is not devoid of a justification for
delay. That justification was defendant’s deceptive but plausible claim of self-defense,
which, of course, became less plausible when defendant killed another man, again
claiming self-defense. In addition to the claim of self-defense, defendant’s lies to
investigators in 2003 that he did not know Perez justified the delay in prosecution by
making the self-defense assertion believable. In light of what the police knew soon after
the homicide, there was no reason to go looking for people who may have contradicted
defendant’s claims.
       Balancing of the reasonable, good faith delay against the speculative claims of
prejudice leads us to conclude that, even if defendant had moved to dismiss count 2, the
motion would have been denied. Therefore, the claim of ineffective assistance of counsel
is without merit.
       Defendant also contends that we should apply cases from Tennessee and conclude
that the delay in prosecution violated his due process rights. In those cases, the courts

                                             7
held that a defendant could base his delay-in-prosecution argument on the victim’s delay
in reporting the crime. (See State v. Gray (Tenn. 1996) 917 S.W.2d 668; State v. Carico
(Tenn. 1998) 968 S.W.2d 280, 284; State v. Utley (Tenn. 1997) 956 S.W.2d 489, 496.)
Obviously, Perez did not cause a delay in prosecuting his own homicide, but defendant
asserts that we should consider that witnesses did not come forward to rebut defendant’s
claims that he did not know Perez. We need not consider these Tennessee cases because
the facts of this case do not support application of the holding in those cases. There is no
evidence here that there were potential witnesses who knew about defendant’s lies and
failed to come forward.
                                              II
                                  Testimony of Pathologist
       Defendant contends that his confrontation rights were violated because the
pathologist who conducted the autopsy on the victim did not testify at trial and, instead,
another pathologist testified, using the facts stated in the autopsy report and in reports on
toxicology tests. We conclude that the procedure did not violate defendant’s
confrontation rights.
       A.     Procedure
       Pathologist Bennet Omalu testified for the prosecution concerning Perez’s death.
He did not perform the autopsy or toxicology tests but he reviewed the autopsy report,
autopsy pictures, toxicology report, and police reports before testifying. He also
reviewed the preliminary hearing testimony of the pathologist, Dr. Lawrence, who
performed the autopsy. Defendant objected to Dr. Omalu’s testimony based on hearsay,
and the trial court overruled the objection. The autopsy report was not admitted as
evidence.
       Dr. Omalu based his testimony on the reports and photographs he reviewed. In
doing this, he noted Dr. Lawrence’s observations and findings. For example, Dr. Omalu
testified: “There was another bullet documented by Dr. Lawrence which grazed. And

                                              8
‘grazing’ simply means a bullet that tangentially . . . [a]braded the left forearm, and
abraded the chest without penetrating the body.” At one point, Dr. Omalu used the word
“opinion” in referring to the autopsy report, as follows: “Upon exiting [of the bullet],
from Dr. Lawrence’s opinion and disposition, the bullet entered the left side of the chest.
So it was one bullet, one gunshot, but first entered the left forearm and entered the chest.”
Despite this brief allusion to an opinion, Dr. Omalu testified that, “based on [the]
photographs, separate from anything Dr. Lawrence said,” the victim “died as a result of a
gunshot wound to the chest.”
       Other opinions expressed by Dr. Omalu in his testimony were along the same
lines. For example, he testified that, based on the toxicology results, the victim was
significantly impaired at the time of his death.
       The prosecutor showed Dr. Omalu a photograph which depicted, in Dr. Omalu’s
words, “Dr. Lawrence, who was most probably demonstrating a possibility – a possible
location of [the victim’s] upper extremity when he was shot.” Dr. Omalu agreed from the
evidence that the upper extremity may have been positioned as shown by Dr. Lawrence.
       B.     Relevant Law
       “Under the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, a defendant in a
criminal trial has the right to confront and cross-examine adverse witnesses (the
Confrontation Clause). This provision bars the admission at trial of a testimonial
statement made outside of court against a defendant unless the maker of the statement is
unavailable at trial and the defendant had a prior opportunity to cross-examine that
person. [Citation.]” (People v. Barba (2013) 215 Cal. App. 4th 712, 720-721.) The
California Supreme Court has considered confrontation clause arguments in several
recent cases, including People v. Dungo (2012) 55 Cal. 4th 608 (Dungo).
       In Dungo, the defendant was charged with murder. The trial court admitted
opinion testimony of a pathologist who had not done the autopsy but based his opinion on
the autopsy report and the accompanying photographs. The expert testified that the

                                              9
victim died as a result of strangulation. He noted elements of the autopsy report that
supported his conclusion. (Dungo, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 614.) The autopsy report itself
was not admitted into evidence. (Id. at p. 615.)
       The Supreme Court held that the admission of this evidence did not violate the
confrontation clause because the factual information in the autopsy report regarding the
condition of the body was not testimonial. (Dungo, supra, 55 Cal.4th at pp. 619-621.)
According to the court, “the prosecution’s use of testimonial out-of-court statements
‘ordinarily violates the defendant’s right to confront the maker of the statements unless
the declarant is unavailable to testify and the defendant had a prior opportunity for cross-
examination.’ . . . [T]estimonial out-of-court statements have two critical components.
First, to be testimonial the statement must be made with some degree of formality or
solemnity. Second, the statement is testimonial only if its primary purpose pertains in
some fashion to a criminal prosecution.” (Id. at p. 619.)
       The Dungo court concluded that an autopsy report’s observations about the
condition of the body — as opposed to any conclusions based on those observations —
are not so formal as to be testimonial. (Dungo, supra, 55 Cal.4th at pp. 619-620.)
Rather, “[t]hey are comparable to observations of objective fact in a report by a physician
who, after examining a patient, diagnoses a particular injury or ailment and determines
the appropriate treatment. Such observations are not testimonial in nature. . . .
[Citation.]” (Ibid..) The court also concluded that “criminal investigation was not the
primary purpose for the autopsy report’s description of the condition of [the victim’s]
body; it was only one of several purposes.” (Dungo, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 621, italics
omitted.) It explained that a coroner is statutorily required to determine the cause of
certain types of death, including types that are not related to criminal activity. (Id. at p.
620.) It also noted: “The usefulness of autopsy reports, including the one at issue here, is
not limited to criminal investigation and prosecution; such reports serve many other
equally important purposes.” (Id. at p. 621.)

                                              10
       Because Dungo is dispositive, we need not discuss People v. Lopez (2012) 55
Cal. 4th 569 (Lopez) and People v. Rutterschmidt (2012) 55 Cal. 4th 650, which are
companion cases to Dungo.
       C.     Analysis
       Defendant forfeited the confrontation clause issue by failing to object on that
ground in the trial court. Claims of evidentiary error, even of constitutional dimension,
will not be reviewed on appeal absent a specific and timely objection in the trial court.
(People v. Alvarez (1996) 14 Cal. 4th 155, 186.)
       In any event, the procedure did not violate defendant’s rights. Dr. Omalu’s
reliance on the autopsy report prepared by Dr. Lawrence did not violate the confrontation
clause because the autopsy report was not testimonial. Dr. Omalu relied on the autopsy
report (as well as autopsy photographs and other reports) to inform his own expert
opinion concerning the victim’s death. As noted in Dungo, that procedure does not
violate the confrontation clause.
       Defendant argues: “The expert testimony in [this] case went far beyond objective
facts describing the condition of the victim’s body, which was held not to violate the
Confrontation Clause in Dungo.” We disagree. Dr. Omalu did not simply parrot Dr.
Lawrence’s opinions; instead, Dr. Omalu looked at the objective facts as disclosed in the
various reports he reviewed before testifying and gave his opinions concerning the
victim’s condition when he died and the cause of death.
       Defendant also suggests that Dungo and Lopez were wrongly decided. He prefers
the dissents in those cases. We, of course, are bound by the majority holdings. (Auto
Equity Sales, Inc. v. Superior Court (1962) 57 Cal. 2d 450, 455.) Therefore, defendant’s
confrontation clause argument is without merit.

                                             11
                                              III
                                      Motion to Sever
       Defendant contends that the trial court abused its discretion and violated his
federal and state rights to due process when it denied his motion to sever count 2, the
2003 Perez homicide, from count 1, the 2008 Chatman homicide. We find no abuse of
discretion and no due process violation.
       A.     Relevant Law
       Section 954 permits the joinder of “two or more different offenses of the same
class of crimes or offenses.” The law favors joinder of counts because it promotes
efficiency. (People v. Myles (2012) 53 Cal. 4th 1181, 1200 (Myles).) Even when joinder
is proper, the trial court may, “in the interests of justice and for good cause shown,”
exercise its discretion to order that different offenses or counts be tried separately. (§
954; see People v. Thomas (2012) 53 Cal. 4th 771, 798 (Thomas).) “ ‘ “The burden is on
the party seeking severance to clearly establish that there is a substantial danger of
prejudice requiring that the charges be separately tried.” [Citation.]’ ” (People v.
Bradford (1997) 15 Cal. 4th 1229, 1315.)
       If the trial court denies a motion to sever, the ruling is reviewed on appeal for
abuse of discretion. (People v. Ramirez (2006) 39 Cal. 4th 398, 439.) In determining
whether a trial court abused its discretion, we consider the record before the trial court
when it made it ruling. (Thomas, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 798.) “We consider first
whether the evidence of the two sets of offenses would have been cross-admissible if the
offenses had been separately tried. [Citation.] If the evidence would have been cross-
admissible, then joinder of the charges was not prejudicial.” (Ibid., italics added.)
       If the evidence is not cross-admissible, “we next inquire ‘whether the benefits of
joinder were sufficiently substantial to outweigh the possible “spill-over” effect of the
“other-crimes” evidence on the jury in its consideration of the evidence of [the]

                                              12
defendant’s guilt of each set of offenses.’ [Citations.] We consider ‘[1] whether some of
the charges are likely to unusually inflame the jury against the defendant; [2] whether a
weak case has been joined with a strong case or another weak case so that the total
evidence may alter the outcome of some or all of the charges; and [3] whether one of the
charges is a capital offense, or the joinder of the charges converts the matter into a capital
case.’ [Citation.] ‘We then balance the potential for prejudice to the defendant from a
joint trial against the countervailing benefits to the state.’ [Citation.]” (Thomas, supra,
53 Cal.4th at pp. 798-799.)
       Finally, even when a trial court’s denial of severance was not an abuse of
discretion at the time it was made, we must consider the evidence actually introduced at
trial to determine whether the joinder resulted in a gross unfairness amounting to a denial
of fair trial or due process. (Thomas, supra, 53 Cal.4th at pp. 800-801; Myles, supra, 53
Cal.4th at p. 1202.)
       B.     Ruling
       The trial court carefully explained its reasons for exercising its discretion to deny
the motion to sever. We need not recount the entire ruling; however, of particular
importance to our review is the trial court’s comments concerning cross-admissibility. It
said: “Cross-admissibility, actually, is conceded by the defense here. Consequently, I’m
not going to go into an extensive [Evidence Code section] 1101(b) analysis. Suffice it to
say that intent is an active issue here, because of a self-defense claim. [¶] The lowest
degree of similarity is required to support admissibility of other evidence under 1101(b).”
       C.     Analysis
       Joinder under section 954 was proper because the two homicides were both
charged as murders. (Thomas, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 798.) Furthermore, it was not an
abuse of discretion because the two murders were cross-admissible. Because they were
cross-admissible, it is unnecessary to consider other factors relating to denial of a motion
to sever, such as the charges inflaming the jury, the weak case/strong case dichotomy, or

                                             13
whether there was a capital offense. Those factors do not come into play if the evidence
was cross-admissible. (Thomas, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 798.)
       As the defense conceded at trial, the homicides were cross-admissible on the issue
of intent. (See Evid. Code, § 1101, subd. (b) [evidence of other acts admissible to prove
intent].)
       Contrary to the concession in the trial court that the two homicides were cross-
admissible, defendant argues on appeal that the two homicides were not cross-admissible,
but his entire argument in this regard is that the facts of this case do not match the facts of
New, supra, 163 Cal. App. 4th 442. That case, however, is not the law of cross-
admissibility; instead, it is merely an application of that law. Regardless of the
application of the law of cross-admissibility to the specific facts of New¸ however, the
2003 Perez homicide was admissible to support the prosecution’s argument concerning
defendant’s intent in the 2008 Chatman homicide and vice versa.
       Evidence Code section 1101, subdivision (a) prohibits the use of evidence of a
person’s character, including evidence of character as manifested in prior uncharged
conduct, to prove conduct on a specific occasion. The Evidence Code, however,
recognizes that evidence of other criminal acts can be relevant for reasons other than to
prove bad character. Under subdivision (b) of section 1101, evidence of criminal acts
otherwise excludable under subdivision (a) may be admitted if the acts are “relevant to
prove some fact . . . other than [the defendant’s] disposition to commit [a criminal] act.”
Evidence is most commonly admitted under subdivision (b) to prove (1) motive or intent,
(2) a common design or plan between the uncharged and charged crimes, and (3) identity.
(People v. Ewoldt (1994) 7 Cal. 4th 380, 402-403 & fn. 6 (Ewoldt).)
       In order to justify admission under Evidence Code section 1101, the uncharged
conduct must bear some resemblance to the charged crime, although the requisite degree
of similarity will vary depending upon the purpose for which the evidence is admitted.
(Ewoldt, supra, 7 Cal.4th at p. 402.) “The least degree of similarity (between the

                                              14
uncharged act and the charged offense) is required in order to prove intent. [Citation.]
‘[T]he recurrence of a similar result . . . tends (increasingly with each instance) to
negative accident or inadvertence or self-defense or good faith or other innocent mental
state, and tends to establish (provisionally, at least, though not certainly) the presence of
the normal, i.e., criminal, intent accompanying such an act . . . .’ [Citation.] In order to
be admissible to prove intent, the uncharged misconduct must be sufficiently similar to
support the inference that the defendant ‘ “probably harbor[ed] the same intent in each
instance.” [Citations.]’ [Citation.]” (Ibid.)
       Here, evidence of each homicide was admissible as to the other because it tended
to negate defendant’s claims of self-defense. Under similar circumstances, defendant
shot and killed two men, claiming each time that he did so in self-defense. Thus, the
homicides were cross-admissible under Ewoldt to negate the claims of self-defense.
       Since the homicides were cross-admissible, the trial court did not abuse its
discretion in denying the motion to sever count 2 from count 1. Concerning defendant’s
due process argument, we need not consider that matter further because defendant does
not contend that evidence actually introduced at trial as a result of joinder resulted in a
gross unfairness amounting to a denial of fair trial or due process. (Thomas, supra, 53
Cal.4th at pp. 800-801; Myles, supra, 53 Cal.4th at p. 1202.) Furthermore, our review of
the case reveals no such gross unfairness resulting from the joinder of the two homicides
because, even if they had been severed, the evidence of the homicides was still cross-
admissible.
       In summary, joinder was proper under section 954. Denial of the motion to sever
was not an abuse of discretion because the two homicides were cross-admissible. And
joinder did not violate defendant’s due process rights because it did not result in gross
unfairness.

                                                15
                                          IV
                                    Cumulative Error
      Having found no error, we also conclude that there was no prejudice resulting
from cumulative error.
                                     DISPOSITION
      The judgment is affirmed.

                                                       NICHOLSON          , J.

We concur:

      RAYE                , P. J.

      BUTZ                , J.

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