Court Opinion

ID: 2960113
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-17 17:41:46.261167+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:42:03.050931
License: Public Domain

06-4895-cv
N.Y. Civil Liberties Union v. Grandeau

                                  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                      FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

                                           August Term, 2007

(Argued: March 7, 2008                                                   Decided: June 6, 2008)

                                         Docket No. 06-4895-cv

                                _____________________________________

                                   NEW YORK CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION,

                                                                             Plaintiff-Appellant,
                                                 –v.–

                   DAVID GRANDEAU, Executive Director of the New York State
                           Temporary State Commission on Lobbying,

                                                                            Defendant-Appellee.

                                _____________________________________

       Before:        SOTOMAYOR and RAGGI, Circuit Judges, GLEESON, District Judge.*

                                _____________________________________

       Plaintiff-appellant the New York Civil Liberties Union (“NYCLU”) appeals from a
September 28, 2006 judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of
New York (Preska, J.), dismissing as moot its complaint against defendant-appellee David
Grandeau, in his capacity as Executive Director of the New York Temporary State Commission
on Lobbying. Unlike the district court, we do not conclude that this case was moot, but we
nevertheless uphold the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the defendant and
dismissal of the complaint because the NYCLU’s First Amendment challenge is not, as a
prudential matter, ripe for judicial review. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the district court’s
judgment.

         *
        The Honorable John Gleeson of the United States District Court for the Eastern District
of New York, sitting by designation.

                                                  -1-
                                                     CHRISTOPHER DUNN (Arthur Eisenberg,
                                                     on the brief), New York Civil Liberties
                                                     Union Foundation, New York, New York,
                                                     for plaintiff-appellant.

                                                     SASHA SAMBERG-CHAMPION,
                                                     Assistant Solicitor General (Barbara D.
                                                     Underwood, Solicitor General, Michelle
                                                     Aronowitz, Deputy Solicitor General, on the
                                                     brief), for Andrew M. Cuomo, Attorney
                                                     General of the State of New York, New
                                                     York, New York, for defendant-appellee.

SOTOMAYOR, Circuit Judge:

       Plaintiff-appellant the New York Civil Liberties Union (“NYCLU”) appeals from a

September 28, 2006 judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern District of

New York (Preska, J.), dismissing as moot its complaint against defendant-appellee David

Grandeau, in his capacity as Executive Director of the New York Temporary State Commission

on Lobbying (“Grandeau” and the “Commission”). See N.Y. Civil Liberties Union v. Grandeau,

453 F. Supp. 2d 800 (S.D.N.Y. 2006). This case arises out of the Commission’s inquiry into

whether the NYCLU incurred reportable lobbying expenses in connection with a billboard

promoting awareness of free speech issues in private shopping malls erected near the Crossgates

Mall in Albany, New York. After receiving the Commission’s request for additional information

on its billboard expenses, the NYCLU filed a complaint alleging that the Commission’s demand

for reporting on expenses for non-lobbying advocacy activity violates the First Amendment.

Although the Commission ultimately abandoned its demand for additional reporting by the

NYCLU on the billboard, we cannot agree with the district court’s finding that this case moot

because the NYCLU’s complaint challenged an alleged Commission policy beyond the specific

billboard controversy. Nevertheless, we conclude as a prudential matter that the NYCLU’s

                                               -2
                                                2-
policy challenge is not ripe for judicial review. We therefore AFFIRM the district court’s grant

of summary judgment in favor of the defendant and dismissal of the complaint.

                                         BACKGROUND

       In 1981, the New York State Assembly enacted the Lobbying Act (the “Act”), designed

“to preserve and maintain the integrity of the governmental decision-making process in the state”

by requiring disclosure of the “identity, expenditures, and activities” of people or organizations

involved in influencing state decision-making processes in certain ways. N.Y. Legis. Law § 1-a.1

The Act contains a series of restrictions and reporting requirements for individuals and entities

that engage in lobbying activities. “Lobbying activities” are defined as “any attempt to

influence” governmental decision-making in a variety of forms, including, inter alia, “the

passage or defeat of any legislation by either house of the state legislature or approval or

disapproval of any legislation by the governor.” § 1-c(c). The Act requires every lobbyist to

register with the Commission and file regular reports containing detailed information on its

lobbying activities. See, e.g., § 1-h(b)(3) (requiring a description of the subject matter and

legislative bill numbers associated with lobbying activities). These reports must also list “any

expenses expended, received or incurred by the lobbyist for the purposes of lobbying,” § 1-

h(b)(5)(i), and, except for expenses under seventy-five dollars, detail those expenses “as to

amount, to whom paid, and for what purpose,” § 1-h(b)(5)(ii).

       The NYCLU is a not-for-profit membership organization that engages in “a full range of

       1
           The Act was recently amended by the Public Employee Ethics Reform Act, effective
April 25, 2007. 2007 N.Y. Sess. Laws ch. 14, A. 3736-A (McKinney). None of the substantive
provisions at issue in this case were amended, although the New York State Temporary
Commission on Lobbying was abolished and its duties have been replaced by the Commission on
Public Integrity. See id. § 2. For the sake of consistency, we refer simply to “the Commission.”

                                                 -3
                                                  3-
advocacy, including lobbying, litigation, and public education.” Compl. ¶ 10. It routinely files

reports with the Commission about its lobbying activities. According to the NYCLU, “[o]n

many issues about which it lobbies, the NYCLU also engages in a range of advocacy that is not

lobbying: that is, does not involve communications with lawmakers or other relevant public

officials. That advocacy includes, but is not limited to, public rallies, reports, newsletters,

communications through media outlets, op-ed pieces, websites, reports, films, and flyers.”

Appellant’s Br. 8.

       One such advocacy initiative was the Crossgates Mall billboard. In March 2003, Stephen

Downs was arrested at the Crossgates Mall for wearing a t-shirt bearing the words “Give Peace a

Chance,” in reference to the impending war in Iraq, and for refusing to take it off when told to do

so by mall security. Compl. ¶ 14. His arrest triggered a wave of media attention, and the

NYCLU became involved in challenging what it deemed to be an abridgement of Mr. Downs’

free speech rights.2 According to the NYCLU, a third party approached it seeking to collaborate

on a billboard, to be placed near the Crossgates Mall, promoting free-speech rights at shopping

malls. Compl. ¶ 19. Independently and subsequent to that solicitation, a New York State

Assembly Member prepared a bill proposing to entitle New Yorkers to exercise certain free-

speech rights in shopping malls in the state. “Consistent with its position on this issue and with

its longtime participation in legislative advocacy, the NYCLU extensively communicated with

the Assembly Member about development of this proposal and publicly endorsed the proposal at

       2
            The NYCLU wrote to the private management company that owned the mall, and the
NYCLU’s Legal Director spoke out publicly against the arrest. In addition, shortly after the
criminal charges against Mr. Downs were withdrawn, he retained the NYCLU to represent him in
possible civil proceedings associated with the arrest. At the time the NYCLU filed its complaint,
it still represented Mr. Downs. Compl. ¶¶ 16-18.

                                                 -4
                                                  4-
a news conference” in March 2003. Compl. ¶ 21. At the same time the NYCLU endorsed the

legislative proposal, it announced the unveiling of the billboard near Crossgates Mall. The

billboard featured an image of a person who was gagged and included the following text:

“Welcome to the mall. You have the right to remain silent. Value free speech. www.nyclu.org.”

The billboard did not mention any legislative proposal or call upon anyone to take action with

respect to the proposal. It remained up for one month. Compl. ¶ 22.

       In its semi-annual report on lobbying activities in July 2003, the NYCLU reported “all

lobbying work done in conjunction with the New York State Assembly bill, including its

appearance at the [March] press conference.” Compl. ¶ 25. It did not, however, include

information about the billboard or any of NYCLU’s “nonlobbying work concerning free speech

rights in shopping malls.” Id.

       On October 28, 2003, the NYCLU received a letter from a program analyst at the

Commission stating, in pertinent part, “reportable lobbying expenses include the funding of

parties, receptions, and all events which are hosted by the client with a special interest in pending

legislation. . . . The Commission is aware of an expense for advertising on a billboard. It appears

that certain costs of this event are reportable lobbying expenses and, therefore, must be reported

as such.” Five days later, the NYCLU filed its complaint. The complaint was assigned to Judge

Preska as a case related to another matter pending on her docket, Hip-Hop Summit Action

Network v. New York Temporary State Commission on Lobbying, No. 03-civ-5553, 2003 WL

22832569 (S.D.N.Y. Nov. 25, 2003), which principally involved a First Amendment challenge to

the Commission’s investigation of certain individuals alleged to be lobbyists but who failed to

                                                 -5
                                                  5-
register with the Commission.3 Id. The NYCLU’s complaint in the instant action alleged that

the Commission violated the First Amendment by insisting that it “report as lobbying advocacy

that makes no mention of pending legislation nor exhorts any action with respect to pending

legislation, including but not limited to its erection of the billboard outside the Crossgates Mall.”

Compl. ¶ 41 (emphasis added). The NYCLU sought a declaratory judgment along with a

preliminary and permanent injunction to prevent the Commission from forcing the NYCLU to

report such alleged non-lobbying advocacy activities.

       Two days after the NYCLU filed its complaint, on November 5, 2003, Grandeau sent a

letter to the NYCLU stating that it did not need to respond to the Commission’s request for

reporting on the billboard because “[i]t has been determined that the billboard in question was

not paid for by NYCLU; and as such it should not be included as a reportable lobbying expense

on your . . . Semi-Annual Report.” The next day, the NYCLU sent a letter to Assistant Attorney

General James Henly explaining that withdrawal of the Commission’s request “does not resolve

the controversy that led us to file our federal challenge earlier this week” because resolution

“cannot and should not be based on the incorrect conclusion that the NYCLU did not incur

expenses with respect to the billboard.” The NYCLU stated that it had incurred expenses on the

       3
          The plaintiffs in Hip-Hop Summit were the subject of an investigation by the
Commission, allegedly prompted by their role in organizing a rally at City Hall in Manhattan that
was intended to raise public awareness of the Rockefeller Drug Laws. See Hip-Hop Summit,
2003 WL 22832569, at *1. The plaintiffs, two individuals who co-founded Hip-Hop Summit
Action Network, alleged that “the Commission’s investigation of [their] activities and threat of
subpoenas, civil fines, additional investigations and the prospect of being required to register as
lobbyists penalize [them] for exercising their First Amendment rights and have a chilling effect
on their exercise of those rights.” Id. Judge Preska dismissed the case on abstention grounds
under Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37 (1971), and therefore did not reach the merits of their
challenge. Id. at *6.

                                                 -6
                                                  6-
billboard4 and therefore “any resolution of this dispute must be based on an acknowledgment that

the NYCLU’s free speech billboard is not lobbying activity subject to reporting.” The Attorney

General’s office responded with a two-sentence letter reiterating that the Commission did not

seek reporting related to the billboard, and that the office considered the case moot. The NYCLU

followed with another letter stating its belief that the case was not moot because the Commission

continued to assert the billboard was part of a lobbying effort. On December 4, 2003,

Commission counsel Ralph Miccio sent the NYCLU a letter stating that the Commission’s

position “has never been that the billboard in and of itself constitutes lobbying, but rather, its use

as part of a lobbying campaign would make the cost of the billboard a reportable lobbying

expense if paid for by a registered lobbyist.” Miccio stated that the Commission’s investigation

revealed that the NYCLU had not paid for the billboard.

           On December 15, 2003, the Commission moved to dismiss the action on Younger

abstention grounds because a proceeding before the Commission was ongoing. In a reply

memorandum on December 19, 2003, the Commission then “took the contradictory position that

its inquiry into the [b]illboard was closed and that the action should be dismissed as moot.” See

N.Y. Civil Liberties Union v. Grandeau, 453 F. Supp. 2d 800, 803 (S.D.N.Y. 2006) (“Grandeau

II”). The district court denied the Commission’s motion to dismiss the case as moot, citing four

factors:

            (1) the contradictory positions taken by the Commission in this matter; (2) the
           disputed basis on which the Commission has withdrawn its request/demand for
           filing regarding the Billboard; (3) the appearance that the Commission’s
           withdrawals have been in response to litigation brought by the NYCLU; and (4)

           4
          It is unclear whether the NYCLU maintains that it paid for the billboard or merely
incurred expenses in connection with its collaboration with whoever actually paid for the
billboard. Resolution of this issue is not relevant to this appeal.

                                                  -7
                                                   7-
       the narrowly drawn “present intention” declaration provided by the Commission
       in support of the present motion.

N.Y. Civil Liberties Union v. Grandeau, 305 F. Supp. 2d 327, 330-31 (S.D.N.Y. 2004)

(“Grandeau I”).

       Following this decision, the Commission passed a resolution affirming that it did not

seek, and would not seek, additional information from the NYCLU regarding the Crossgates

Mall billboard. The case also moved forward in the district court with depositions and limited

discovery, after which both parties moved for summary judgment. The district court granted the

defendant’s motion for summary judgment, concluding that the case was moot for two reasons.

First, the district court reasoned that the Commission’s resolution indicated that it had closed the

billboard inquiry “complete[ly] and irrevocabl[y], obviating the concern that it will recur.”

Grandeau II, 453 F. Supp. 2d at 806. Second, in response to the NYCLU’s claim that the

Commission’s alleged policy of seeking information on non-lobbying activity was likely to recur,

the court found that “the alleged Commission policy . . . is not presented on the facts of this

case.” Id. The court therefore concluded that “there is, therefore, no substantial, real, and

immediate controversy between the parties,” and “[a]ny decision construing the reach of the

Commission’s policy would amount to an advisory opinion.” Id.

       The NYCLU appeals, urging us to reverse the district court’s mootness determination and

to decide the merits of its First Amendment challenge.

                                          DISCUSSION

       We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, construing the evidence

in the light most favorable to the non-moving party and drawing all permissible inferences in its

favor. Niagra Mohawk Power Corp. v. Jones Chem., Inc., 315 F.3d 171, 175 (2d Cir. 2003).

                                                 -8
                                                  8-
Whether a case is moot presents a legal issue that we also review de novo. White River

Amusement Pub, Inc. v. Town of Hartford, 481 F.3d 163, 167 (2d Cir. 2007).

I.     Mootness

       The NYCLU is not appealing the district court’s determination that its challenge to the

Commission’s billboard inquiry is moot.5 Our mootness review therefore encompasses only

whether, in the absence of a dispute about the Crossgates Mall billboard, the NYCLU’s entire

case is moot.

       The district court’s mootness determination appears to rest on a premature assumption

that certain facts were not in dispute. The court stated that “[b]oth sides are in agreement that

expenses incurred as part of the NYCLU’s non-lobbying activities, including placement of the

Billboard at issue in this case, are not reportable as lobbying expenses unless they are part of a

lobbying effort.” Grandeau II, 453 F. Supp. 2d at 806. The court then stated that “[t]he

undisputed facts at the summary judgment stage show that the NYCLU’s Billboard effort was

separate and apart from [its] lobbying activity.” Id. In fact, the parties did not agree on whether

the billboard could be deemed part of a lobbying effort. The NYCLU maintained that any

expenses incurred in erecting the billboard were not reportable because the billboard was non-

lobbying advocacy. The Commission, however, never agreed that the billboard expenses, if

       5
          The NYCLU does not, however, concede mootness of the billboard dispute. Rather, it
suggests that the Commission may not have met its “formidable burden” under the “stringent”
standard for determining whether “a case has been mooted by the defendant’s voluntary
conduct.” Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl. Servs., Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 189-90 (2000);
see also Lamar Adver. of Penn, LLC v. Town of Orchard Park, 356 F.3d 365, 375 (2d Cir. 2004)
(stating that “voluntary cessation of allegedly illegal conduct usually will render a case moot if
the defendant can demonstrate that (1) there is no reasonable expectation that the alleged
violation will recur and (2) interim relief or events have completely and irrevocably eradicated
the effects of the alleged violation” (emphasis added) (internal quotation marks omitted)).

                                                 -9
                                                  9-
incurred by NYCLU, were not reportable; its retreat was based on a determination that the

NYCLU had not paid for the billboard. Indeed, the Commission assiduously maintained that

billboard expenses were reportable if paid for by a registered lobbyist and part of a lobbying

effort. In short, the parties were (and, as best we can tell on the current record, continue to be) in

disagreement about what activities are reportable, either because they were lobbying or because

they were in support of a lobbying effort.

       This ongoing disagreement about what activities are reportable is reflected in the

complaint as a challenge to the Commission’s alleged policy of targeting non-lobbying advocacy

work for reporting and investigation and supports the NYCLU’s argument that this case is not

moot. For example, the complaint alleges, inter alia, that the Commission’s “effort to extend the

. . . lobbying reporting and disclosure regime to advocacy that makes no mention of any pending

legislation and that calls for no action on any such legislation substantially and unnecessarily

burdens the First Amendment rights of advocacy organizations.” Compl. ¶ 4. The NYCLU

sought an injunction to prevent the Commission from “further inquiry . . . into [its] non-lobbying

advocacy work,” id., as well as a preliminary and a permanent injunction “enjoining the

defendant from forcing the NYCLU to report as lobbying advocacy that makes no mention of

pending legislation nor exhorts any action with respect to pending legislation, including but not

limited to its erection of the billboard outside the Crossgates Mall.”6 Compl. ¶ 41 (emphasis

added). In addition, the complaint describes the Commission’s investigation of Hip-Hop Summit

Action Network’s advocacy activities, Compl. ¶¶ 34-35, and expresses concern about the

       6
         The NYCLU also sought a declaratory judgment that the Commission “violated the
First Amendment by demanding that the NYCLU report as lobbying advocacy that makes no
mention of pending legislation nor exhorts any action with respect to pending legislation.”
Compl. ¶ 41.

                                                 -1
                                                  10-
potential chilling effects of allowing the Commission to target non-lobbying advocacy work in

the future, Compl. ¶¶ 30, 36, 37. The NYCLU also asserted in its statement of allegedly

undisputed facts, submitted pursuant to Rule 56.1 of the Local Civil Rules of the United States

District Courts for the Southern and Eastern Districts of New York (“Rule 56.1”), that the

Commission construes the lobbying law to “require[] reporting about all forms of nonlobbying

advocacy . . . by an organization also engaged in lobbying if that advocacy addresses a topic

about which the organization is engaged in lobbying and the organization believes the

nonlobbying advocacy will have some beneficial effect on its lobbying.”

       These allegations, read in the light most favorable to the NYCLU, plainly challenge

conduct beyond the Commission’s request for reporting with respect to the Crossgates Mall

billboard.7 They demonstrate the existence of a live controversy between the parties regarding

what constitutes reportable activity “in support of a lobbying effort,” and how broadly the

Commission may interpret that phrase without running afoul of the First Amendment. We

therefore conclude that the district court erred in finding that this case was moot.

II.    Ripeness

       Grandeau argues that even if we read the complaint to challenge a policy of targeting non-

lobbying advocacy efforts for reporting and investigation, the alleged policy “has not been

adopted by the Commission, let alone enforced against the NYCLU or anyone else.” Invoking

the ripeness doctrine, Grandeau contends that this challenge is unfit for judicial review because

       7
          Grandeau has provided no support for the assertion that pleading a facial challenge
requires the allegations or request for relief to take a particular form, and we find his argument
that the NYCLU’s complaint is somehow deficient in this regard unavailing. As discussed
above, it is enough here that the complaint challenges an alleged Commission policy, rather than
simply the application of that policy to the billboard incident.

                                                -1
                                                 11-
“a court cannot coherently rule on a policy’s constitutionality where, as here, it is at best unclear

to what extent an agency has actually adopted a policy or how stringently the agency will enforce

it.”8 We agree.

       “The ripeness doctrine is drawn both from Article III limitations on judicial power and

from prudential reasons for refusing to exercise jurisdiction.” Nat’l Park Hospitality Ass’n v.

Dep’t of Interior, 538 U.S. 803, 808 (2003) (internal quotation marks omitted). A central

purpose of this doctrine “is to prevent the courts, through avoidance of premature adjudication,

from entangling themselves in abstract disagreements over administrative policies.” Abbott

Labs. v. Gardner, 387 U.S. 136, 148 (1967), overruled on other grounds by Califano v. Sanders,

430 U.S. 99, 105 (1977). There are “two overlapping threshold criteria for the exercise of a

federal court’s jurisdiction” that fall under the term “ripeness.” Simmonds v. INS, 326 F.3d 351,

356-57 (2d Cir. 2003).

       Both [criteria] are concerned with whether a case has been brought prematurely,
       but they protect against prematureness in different ways and for different reasons.
       The first of these ripeness requirements has as its source the Case or Controversy
       Clause of Article III of the Constitution, and hence goes, in a fundamental way, to

       8
           Grandeau further argues that the NYCLU lacks standing “[f]or essentially the same
reasons already described” with respect to ripeness—because the NYCLU has “not shown that
any Commission policy has harmed it or threatens imminent harm.” Standing and ripeness are
closely related doctrines that overlap “most notably in the shared requirement that the
[plaintiff’s] injury be imminent rather than conjectural or hypothetical.” Brooklyn Legal Servs.
Corp. v. Legal Servs. Corp., 462 F.3d 219, 225 (2d Cir. 2006); see also United States v. Fell, 360
F.3d 135, 139 (2d Cir. 2004) (“At the core of the ripeness doctrine is the necessity of ensur[ing]
that a dispute has generated injury significant enough to satisfy the case or controversy
requirement of Article III of the U.S. Constitution . . . .” (internal quotation marks omitted;
brackets in original)). Because Grandeau focuses his argument on ripeness, we consider standing
within the constitutional ripeness challenge. See Brooklyn Legal Servs., 462 F.3d at 225-26
(considering ripeness within standing inquiry); see also Bronx Household of Faith v. Bd. of
Educ., 492 F.3d 89, 111 (2d Cir. 2007) (Leval, J., concurring) (noting the overlap in ripeness and
standing doctrines and focusing discussion “on those decisions which concern the ripeness of the
dispute, regardless of whether they speak in terms of ‘ripeness’ or of ‘standing’”).

                                                 -1
                                                  12-
       the existence of jurisdiction. The second is a more flexible doctrine of judicial
       prudence, and constitutes an important exception to the usual rule that where
       jurisdiction exists a federal court must exercise it.

               These two forms of ripeness are not coextensive in purpose.
       Constitutional ripeness is a doctrine that, like standing, is a limitation on the
       power of the judiciary. It prevents courts from declaring the meaning of the law
       in a vacuum and from constructing generalized legal rules unless the resolution of
       an actual dispute requires it. But when a court declares that a case is not
       prudentially ripe, it means that the case will be better decided later and that the
       parties will not have constitutional rights undermined by the delay. It does not
       mean that the case is not a real or concrete dispute affecting cognizable current
       concerns of the parties within the meaning of Article III. . . . Prudential ripeness
       is, then, a tool that courts may use to enhance the accuracy of their decisions and
       to avoid becoming embroiled in adjudications that may later turn out to be
       unnecessary or may require premature examination of, especially, constitutional
       issues that time may make easier or less controversial.

Id. at 357 (internal citations omitted); see also Suitum v. Tahoe Reg’l Planning Agency, 520 U.S.

725, 733 n.7 (1997) (noting that ripeness derives “both from Article III limitations on judicial

power and from prudential reasons for refusing to exercise jurisdiction” (internal quotation marks

omitted)).

       Despite Grandeau’s arguments to the contrary, there can be little dispute that the NYCLU

has demonstrated the existence of a “case or controversy” over the Commission’s alleged

reporting requirements sufficient to establish standing and constitutional ripeness. At the time of

the complaint, the NYCLU was charged with providing additional information on the expenses

incurred in connection with the Crossgates Mall billboard. It argued that to allow the

Commission to demand reporting on non-lobbying advocacy, including but not limited to the

billboard controversy, would greatly increase its administrative burden and would infringe its

First Amendment rights. These facts demonstrate a “concrete dispute affecting cognizable

current concerns of the parties” sufficient to satisfy standing and constitutional ripeness.

                                                -1
                                                 13-
Ehrenfeld v. Mahfouz, 489 F.3d 542, 546 (2d Cir. 2007) (internal quotation marks omitted).

       The real issue is one of prudential ripeness: whether the alleged policy at this stage is

sufficiently definite and clear to permit sound review by this Court of the NYCLU’s First

Amendment challenge. To determine whether a challenge to administrative action is ripe for

judicial review, we proceed with a two-step inquiry, “requiring us to evaluate both the fitness of

the issues for judicial decision and the hardship to the parties of withholding court

consideration.” Abbott Labs., 387 U.S. at 149.9

               A.      Fitness for Judicial Review

       “[T]he ‘fitness’ analysis is concerned with whether the issues sought to be adjudicated are

contingent on future events or may never occur.” Simmonds, 326 F.3d at 359 (internal quotation

marks omitted). For example, in Isaacs v. Bowen, 865 F.2d 468 (2d Cir. 1989), this Court

deemed unripe a challenge to a proposed policy change in Medicare administration. We

explained that plaintiffs’ challenge was “directed at possibilities and proposals only, not at a

concrete plan which has been formally promulgated and brought into operation.” Id. at 477. We

thus drew a distinction between pre-enforcement judicial review of “specific regulations”

promulgated by the agency and judicial review of a nonfinal proposed policy. Id. at 478.

       Similarly, in American Savings Bank, FSB v. UBS Financial Services, Inc., 347 F.3d 436

(2d Cir. 2003) (per curiam), we dismissed a company’s motion to enforce subpoenas served on a

broker’s former employees under the prudential ripeness doctrine. We held that the case was

“ill-suited for judicial resolution” principally because (1) the plaintiff had not exhausted its

administrative remedies; (2) judicial review would “only benefit by awaiting [the agency]’s

       9
        The two-step inquiry is relevant for both constitutional and prudential ripeness analysis.
See Simmonds, 326 F.3d at 359.

                                                 -1
                                                  14-
views” of how best to interpret its own regulations, id. at 440; and (3) it would be unwise to

“prematurely address[] the novel issues of first impression,” id. In contrast, “issues have been

deemed ripe when they would not benefit from any further factual development and when the

court would be in no better position to adjudicate the issues in the future than it is now.”

Simmonds, 326 F.3d at 359.

       The Commission policy in this case is vague at best. Other than the billboard

controversy, the NYCLU purports to demonstrate the existence of a policy principally from: (1)

paragraph 49 of its unopposed Rule 56.1 statement in support of summary judgment, crafted

largely from statements Grandeau made in a deposition after the NYCLU filed this case;10 (2) the

Commission’s investigation of nonlobbying advocacy activities relating to the Hip-Hop Summit

Action Network; and (3) certain statements in the Commission’s Guidelines on the Lobbying

Law. None of these sources suffices to establish the existence of a Commission policy that is fit

for judicial review.

       First, an opposing party’s failure to controvert a fact in a Rule 56.1 statement “does not

absolve the party seeking summary judgment of the burden of showing that it is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law, and a Rule 56.1 statement is not itself a vehicle for making factual

assertions that are otherwise unsupported in the record.” Holtz v. Rockefeller & Co., Inc., 258

F.3d 62, 74 (2d Cir. 2001). In this case, the summary judgment record itself must support the

       10
           Paragraph 49 reads in full: “As construed by the Lobbying Commission, the lobbying
law requires reporting about all forms of nonlobbying advocacy—including radio spots, public
rallies, op-ed pieces, websites, organizational newsletters, letters to the editor, books, and even
flyers handed out on street corners—by an organization also engaged in lobbying if that advocacy
addresses a topic about which the organization is engaged in lobbying and the organization
believes the nonlobbying advocacy will have some beneficial effect on its lobbying.” (citations
omitted).

                                                -1
                                                 15-
existence of the Commission policy the NYCLU alleges. Grandeau’s deposition responses to

hypothetical questions about whether certain expenses would be reportable, which form the basis

of the NYCLU’s assertion in its Rule 56.1 statement, adopt a view of the Commission’s reach

that is troublingly broad, but those deposition statements do not amount to an established

Commission policy. Cf. Marchi v. Bd. of Coop. Educ. Servs., 173 F.3d 469, 479 (2d Cir. 1999)

(refusing to rely on deposition statements to establish “credible fear of enforcement” of an

allegedly unconstitutional policy when statements were described as “personal opinion”).11

       Second, the Commission’s investigation of the co-founders of Hip-Hop Summit Action

Network principally concerned who must register and report to the Commission as a lobbyist.

The plaintiffs’ First Amendment claim in that case emphasized the chilling effect of the

Commission’s threats to subpoena, levy fines, and bring criminal charges against entities who

were suspected lobbyists because of their public activities, but who had not registered as such.

Here, the NYCLU’s challenge concerns the extent to which non-lobbying activities may

constitute a reportable expense for registered lobbyists when those activities are in support of a

lobbying effort. While these two issues overlap to some extent, the NYCLU cannot establish the

existence of a policy regarding when a lobbyist’s non-lobbying activities are reportable based on

the Commission’s investigation into whether certain parties were lobbyists.

       The NYCLU’s best effort to demonstrate the alleged policy is the Commission’s

Guidelines, posted on its website, which state that “reportable expenses” include:

       any expenditure incurred by or reimbursed to the lobbyist for the purpose of
       lobbying[.] Reportable expenses include, but are not limited to the following:

       11
          Indeed, although Grandeau’s position as executive director made him the “chief
administrative officer of the commission,” N.Y. Legis. § 1-d(b) (McKinney 2004), nothing in the
Lobbying Act gives the executive director the authority to set Commission policy.

                                                -1
                                                 16-
       advertising, telephone, electronic advocacy, food, beverages, tickets,
       entertainment, parties, receptions or similar events, advocacy rallies, consultant
       services, expenses for non-lobbying support staff, and courier services when said
       expenses are part of a lobbying effort.

New York State Commission on Public Integrity, Guidelines to New York State Lobbying Act,

http://www.nyintegrity.org/law/lob/guidelines.html (last visited June 5, 2008). We recognize

that this reference to electronic advocacy, advocacy rallies, receptions, and advertising creates a

basis for concern that the Commission will require the NYCLU and other organizations to report

non-lobbying advocacy that is only loosely related to lobbying. But the potential breadth of

“reportable expenses” depends on how the Commission determines what is “part of a lobbying

effort,” and the Guidelines offer no indication of a Commission policy on this point. Nor was the

NYCLU able to point this Court to any evidence, other than in Grandeau’s deposition, of how the

Commission interprets this principle.

       In short, judicial review of the NYCLU’s First Amendment challenge would certainly

benefit from additional factual development and is in many ways contingent on future events,

such as an inquiry by the Commission into activity that the NYCLU deems non-lobbying

advocacy. See Simmonds, 326 F.3d at 359; see also Marchi, 173 F.3d at 478 (finding First

Amendment claim unripe when the court “would be forced to guess at how [the defendant] might

apply the [challenged] directive and to pronounce on the validity of numerous possible

applications of the directive, all highly fact-specific and, as of yet, hypothetical”); Bronx

Household of Faith, 492 F.3d at 114 (Leval, J., concurring) (“The ripeness principles elaborated

in the foregoing cases bear heightened importance when, as in the present case, the potentially

unripe question presented for review is a constitutional question.”).

               B.      Hardship to Plaintiff of Withholding Judicial Review

                                                 -1
                                                  17-
       The second step in our ripeness analysis is “whether and to what extent the parties will

endure hardship if decision is withheld.” Simmonds, 326 F.3d at 359. In assessing this

possibility of hardship, “we ask whether the challenged action creates a direct and immediate

dilemma for the parties.” Marchi, 173 F.3d at 478. “The mere possibility of future injury, unless

it is the cause of some present detriment, does not constitute hardship.” Simmonds, 326 F.3d at

360. The hardship standard is relaxed somewhat in the First Amendment context “to avoid the

chilling of protected speech,” but “some credible fear of enforcement must exist.” Marchi, 173

F.3d at 479.

       This Court recently found unripe a claim by a consortium of national banks that

enforcement of the Fair Housing Act against its members was preempted by the National Bank

Act because the New York Attorney General had threatened but not filed an FHA action. See

Clearing House Ass’n L.L.C. v. Cuomo, 510 F.3d 105, 124 (2d Cir. 2007). The panel held that

“[b]ecause Clearing House challenges the Attorney General’s right to enforce the FHA against its

members, but does not contest the validity of the federal statute itself or its applicability to

national banks, there is no risk that the threat of enforcement would chill conduct in which the

banks could otherwise legally engage.” Id. Moreover, the banks would not be required to violate

an allegedly unconstitutional state regulation in order to challenge the FHA enforcement action

nor “incur immediate expenses, make changes in their daily activity, or otherwise . . . affect their

primary conduct.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

       For similar reasons, the NYCLU has not demonstrated that it will suffer hardship by our

withholding judicial review. Although the NYCLU must grapple with some ambiguity in

preparing its regular reports, it has not shown that this lack of clarity is the cause of “present

                                                 -1
                                                  18-
detriment,” rather than a “mere possibility of future injury” if the Commission initiates another

inquiry or enforcement action. See Simmonds, 326 F.3d at 360. In the meantime, the NYCLU

may seek an advisory opinion regarding whether a particular activity is reportable. See N.Y.

Legis. Law § 1-d(f) (stating that the Commission has the power to “issue advisory opinions to

those under its jurisdiction” and that such opinions are binding “with respect to the person to

whom such opinion is rendered”). Moreover, even though the NYCLU faces the contingent

possibility of an inquiry into its reporting decisions, the Lobbying Act provides penalties for

statements only if they are found to be “knowingly and wilfully” false, N.Y. Legis. Law § 1-o,

after investigation and a hearing at which the parties are entitled to present evidence addressing

“the basis for and the amount of an assessment,” Chavis v. N.Y. Temporary State Comm’n on

Lobbying, 791 N.Y.S. 2d 707, 709 (3d Dep’t 2005). Finally, the NYCLU has not alleged that our

withholding of judicial review will deter it from its usual advocacy efforts, see Clearing House,

510 F.3d at 124, thereby threatening to chill activity protected by the First Amendment. Under

these circumstances, we conclude that the NYCLU will not suffer significant hardship from delay

in adjudication of the issue it presents.

        Because the NYCLU’s policy challenge is not fit for judicial review at this time, and

because the NYCLU has not demonstrated that withholding judicial review will subject it to

hardship, we hold that its First Amendment claim is not ripe for adjudication.

                                            CONCLUSION

        For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s grant of summary judgment in

favor of the defendants and dismissal of the complaint under our prudential ripeness doctrine.

                                                -1
                                                 19-