Court Opinion

ID: 4431318
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-08-20 21:00:59.099083+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:23:19.218230
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                          FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

                             )
GRANT F. SMITH,              )
                             )
          Plaintiff,         )
                             )
    v.                       )                        Civil Action No. 1:15-cv-01431 (TSC)
                             )
                             )
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY, )
                             )
          Defendant.         )
                             )

                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Plaintiff Grant F. Smith, proceeding pro se, challenged the Central Intelligence Agency’s

(the “CIA”) refusal to confirm or deny records responsive to his request under the Freedom of

Information Act (“FOIA”). By Order dated March 30, 2017, the court denied the CIA’s motion

for summary judgment and ordered the CIA to process the FOIA request. (ECF No. 17.) The

CIA subsequently moved for reconsideration, and by Order dated August 23, 2017, the court

denied the motion, denied the motion for summary judgment on modified grounds, and granted

the CIA leave to supplement the record and again move for summary judgment. (ECF No. 24.)

       The CIA has again moved, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56, for summary

judgment. For the reasons set forth below, the CIA’s motion will be GRANTED.

                                    I.      BACKGROUND

       Smith is a public interest researcher and founder of the Institute for Research: Middle

Eastern Policy, Inc. (ECF No. 1 (“Compl.”) at ¶ 4.) On March 19, 2015, he filed a FOIA

request with the CIA for a copy of its intelligence budget, specifically, line items supporting

Israel from 1990 through 2015. (Id., Ex. 1.) Smith sought the information “for use in vital

                                                 1
public interest research into how nuclear weapons related know-how, material and technology

have been unlawfully diverted into Israeli entities conducting clandestine nuclear weapons-

related research and development.” (Compl. ¶ 4.) On April 15, 2015, the CIA issued a Glomar

response 1 that it could neither confirm nor deny the existence (or nonexistence) of any

responsive documents, pursuant to FOIA Exemptions 1 and 3. (Id. ¶ 24.) On May 5, 2015,

Smith filed an administrative appeal of the denial. (Id., Ex. 3.) The CIA received the appeal on

May 12, 2015 and sent a letter dated May 15, 2015 stating that due to the large number of

requests, it was “unlikely” that the CIA would be able to respond within 20 working days, but

that it would make “every reasonable effort” to respond as soon as possible. (Id., Ex. 4.) The

CIA eventually failed to respond within 20 working days. (Id. ¶¶ 27–32.) Then, on September

2, 2015, before the administrative appeal process was complete, Smith filed suit in this court.

       As set forth in the court’s March 30, 2017 Memorandum Opinion (ECF No. 16 (“Mem.

Op.”)), the court initially denied the CIA’s motion for summary judgment (ECF No. 12) because

the court determined that President Obama’s statement in an address at American University on

August 15, 2015 was an official acknowledgment of the line item sought. (Mem. Op. at 5–8.) In

his address, President Obama stated that, “partly due to American military and intelligence

assistance, which my administration has provided at unprecedented levels, Israel can defend

itself against any conventional danger.” (Compl. ¶ 26.) Based on the information available to

the court at the time, President Obama’s statement implied that the United States provided aid to

1
  A Glomar response is “[a] response to a FOIA request, in which an agency states that it can
‘neither confirm nor deny’ the existence of responsive records, [named] after a case concerning a
FOIA request for records relating to an underwater sea craft called the ‘Glomar Explorer.’”
Nation Mag., Wash. Bureau v. U.S. Customs Serv., 71 F.3d 885, 888 n.2 (D.C. Cir. 1995) (citing
Phillippi v. CIA, 546 F.2d 1009 (D.C. Cir. 1976)).

                                                 2
Israel, which requires financial support and thus would be reflected in an intelligence budget.

(Mem. Op. at 5–6.) The court inferred that the CIA retained this budgetary information because

the court was not aware of, and the CIA had not identified, any other agencies which provide

intelligence assistance to other countries. (Id. at 6.) The court also relied on the CIA’s reference

to “the intelligence budget” to mean that there is such a budget and that it is the CIA’s. (Id.)

Because the court determined that President Obama’s statement was an official acknowledgment

of the information sought, it could not accept the CIA’s Glomar response, and thus did not assess

the CIA’s invocation of Exemptions 1 and 3 in support of its Glomar response. (Id. at 8.)

Instead, the court ordered the CIA to process the FOIA request, inform Smith of the number of

records responsive to the request, and either release the records or identify exemptions that form

the basis of withholding. (ECF No. 17 (“March 30, 2017 Order”).)

       On April 21, 2017, the CIA moved for reconsideration of the March 30, 2017 ruling

because of “several factual misimpressions” that resulted in the court relying on the wrong

precedent. (ECF No. 18-1 (“Def.’s Mot. Recons.”) at 1–2.) The CIA refuted two inferences the

court drew from President Obama’s statement: (1) that the CIA provides intelligence support to

Israel, and (2) that it therefore must have some means of appropriating funds to do so, meaning

that the budget line items must exist. (Id.) The CIA corrected these “factual misimpressions” by

pointing out that there are seventeen intelligence agencies able to provide intelligence assistance,

and therefore it does not necessarily follow from President Obama’s statement that the CIA

provides intelligence assistance to Israel (id. at 4–6); and that because the intelligence

community does not have a single intelligence budget, the CIA cannot be assumed to have

budget line items pertaining to support for Israel, (id. at 6–7). In response, the court found that

while President Obama’s statement is not an official acknowledgment that the CIA is the actual

                                                  3
intelligence agency that provides support to Israel, it is an acknowledgment that some

intelligence agency does provide support, and therefore would have budget line items. (ECF No.

24 (“August 23, 2017 Order”) at 7–8.) Thus, the court declined to grant summary judgment to

the CIA because it was unclear whether the CIA either creates or obtains and retains under its

control other intelligence agencies’ budget line items. (Id.) The court invited the CIA to

supplement the record with additional information addressing the court’s concerns and move

again for summary judgment. (Id. at 8.) In its latest filings, the CIA has attempted to do so.

                                     II.     LEGAL STANDARD

       Summary judgment is proper where the record shows there is no genuine issue of

material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a);

Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986); Waterhouse v. District of Columbia, 298

F.3d 989, 991 (D.C. Cir. 2002). Courts must view “the evidence in the light most favorable to

the non-movant[] and draw[] all reasonable inferences accordingly,” and determine whether a

“reasonable jury could reach a verdict” in the non-movant’s favor. Lopez v. Council on Am.–

Islamic Relations Action Network, Inc., 826 F.3d 492, 496 (D.C. Cir. 2016). “Where the

nonmoving party is proceeding pro se, courts in this jurisdiction will construe the non-moving

party’s filings liberally.” Cunningham v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 40 F. Supp. 3d 71, 82 (D.D.C.

2014), aff’d, No. 14-5112, 2014 WL 5838164 (D.C. Cir. Oct. 21, 2014). “However, a pro

se litigant still has the burden of establishing more than ‘[t]he mere existence of a scintilla of

evidence’ in support of his position.” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Anderson v. Liberty

Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 252 (1986). “FOIA cases typically and appropriately are decided on

                                                  4
motions for summary judgment.” Georgacarakos v. FBI, 908 F. Supp. 2d 176, 180 (D.D.C.

2012).

         “FOIA provides a ‘statutory right of public access to documents and records’ held by

federal government agencies.” Citizens for Resp. & Ethics in Wash. v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 602

F. Supp. 2d 121, 123 (D.D.C. 2009) (quoting Pratt v. Webster, 673 F.2d 408, 413 (D.C. Cir.

1982)). FOIA requires that federal agencies comply with requests to make their records

available to the public, unless such “information is exempted under [one of nine] clearly

delineated statutory [exemptions].” Citizens for Resp., 602 F. Supp. 2d at 123 (internal quotation

marks omitted); see also 5 U.S.C. §§ 552(a)–(b).

         The district court conducts a de novo review of the government’s decision to withhold

requested documents under any of FOIA’s specific statutory exemptions. See 5 U.S.C.

§ 552(a)(4)(B). The burden is on the government agency to show that nondisclosed, requested

material falls within a stated exemption. See Petroleum Info. Corp. v. U.S. Dep’t of Interior, 976

F.2d 1429, 1433 (D.C. Cir. 1992) (citing 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B)).

         In FOIA cases, including those where a Glomar response is issued, summary judgment

may be based solely on information provided in the agency’s supporting declarations. See Wolf

v. CIA, 473 F.3d 370, 375 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (“Proper invocation of, and affidavit support for,

either Exemption, standing alone, may justify the CIA’s Glomar response.”); Am. Civ. Liberties

Union (ACLU) v. U.S. Dep’t of Def., 628 F.3d 612, 619 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (“An agency

withholding responsive documents from a FOIA release bears the burden of proving the

applicability of claimed exemptions. Typically it does so by affidavit.”). “If an agency’s

affidavit describes the justifications for withholding the information with specific detail,

demonstrates that the information withheld logically falls within the claimed exemption, and is

                                                  5
not contradicted by contrary evidence in the record or by evidence of the agency’s bad faith, then

summary judgment is warranted on the basis of the affidavit alone.” Id. “Ultimately, an

agency’s justification for invoking a FOIA exemption is sufficient if it appears ‘logical’ or

‘plausible.’” Id. (quoting Larson v. Dep’t of State, 565 F.3d 857, 862 (D.C. Cir. 2009) (internal

quotation marks omitted). “To successfully challenge an agency’s showing that it complied with

the FOIA, the plaintiff must come forward with ‘specific facts’ demonstrating that there is a

genuine issue with respect to whether the agency has improperly withheld extant agency

records.” Span v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 696 F. Supp. 2d 113, 119 (D.D.C. 2010) (citing Dep’t of

Justice v. Tax Analysts, 492 U.S. 136, 142 (1989)).

                                         III.    ANALYSIS

   A. The CIA’s Response to Smith’s FOIA Request

       The CIA issued a Glomar response to Smith’s FOIA request for a copy of intelligence

line-item budget information reflecting U.S. aid to Israel. (Compl., Ex 2.) In the CIA’s most

recent motion for summary judgment, it contends that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law

because: (1) it has adduced facts demonstrating that the CIA is not the only intelligence agency

to provide intelligence support abroad and does not control or maintain a single intelligence

budget, thereby refuting this court’s earlier finding that President Obama’s statement constitutes

an official acknowledgment; and (2) the information Smith seeks falls under Exemptions 1 and

3. (ECF No. 26 (“Def.’s Second Mot. Summ. J.”) at 5, 12.) In light of the representations made

in the supplemental declaration, the court agrees.

           1. The CIA’s Glomar response was proper.

       An agency’s Glomar response is proper if either confirming or denying the existence of

responsive records “would itself ‘cause harm cognizable under a[] FOIA exception.’” ACLU v.

                                                 6
CIA, 710 F.3d 422, 426 (D.C. Cir. 2013) (quoting Roth v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 642 F.3d 1161,

1178 (D.C. Cir. 2011)). A plaintiff may overcome an otherwise valid Glomar response,

however, by showing that the sought-after records have been officially acknowledged in the

public domain. See ACLU, 710 F.3d at 426–27.

       As detailed in the court’s earlier opinion, an official acknowledgment inquiry in the

Glomar context is not identical to a situation where an agency does acknowledge the existence of

a record and invokes a FOIA exemption. (Mem. Op. at 4–5.) In those situations, the information

requested must: (1) “be as specific as the information previously released,” (2) “match the

information previously disclosed,” and (3) “already have been made public through an official

and documented disclosure.” Wolf, 473 F.3d at 378 (quoting Fitzgibbon v. CIA, 911 F.2d 755,

765 (D.C. Cir. 1990)). However, in the Glomar context, where the official acknowledgment

demonstrates the existence of the records the requester seeks, “the prior disclosure necessarily

matches both the information at issue—the existence of records—and the specific request for

that information.” Wolf, 473 F.3d at 379. Accordingly, the court must analyze only whether the

prior disclosure acknowledges the existence of the records sought, not whether the content of the

records has been disclosed. See Marino v. Drug Enf’t Admin., 685 F.3d 1076, 1081 (D.C. Cir.

2012) (“[T]he public domain exception is triggered when ‘the prior disclosure establishes the

existence (or not) of records responsive to the FOIA request,’ regardless whether the contents of

the records have been disclosed.”) (quoting Wolf, 473 F.3d at 379) (emphasis in original).

       Here, having received additional information, the court must re-examine its determination

that President Obama’s statement is an official acknowledgment that the CIA possesses the line-

item budgetary information of United States aid to Israel. As the court elaborated on in its

August 23, 2017 Order, because the National Intelligence Program (NIP) develops the budget for

                                                 7
all intelligence agencies, if the CIA were to retain a copy of the NIP budget, then it would also

have access to the line item that supports the “intelligence assistance” referenced by President

Obama. (August 23, 2017 Order at 7.) Thus, the key issue is whether the CIA either creates,

obtains, or retains under its control other intelligence agencies’ budget line items.

       In support of its contention that the CIA does not possess the budget line items of other

intelligence agencies, the CIA submitted the supplemental declaration of Antoinette B. Shiner,

the Information Review Officer (“IRO”) for the Litigation Information Review Office of the

CIA. (ECF No. 26-2 (“Second Decl.”).) Shiner states that she has “confirmed with the

Agency’s Office of the Chief Financial Officer [CFO] that the CIA does not create, obtain,

access or retain under its control the budget line items of other intelligence agencies.” (Id. ¶ 5.)

Shiner further clarifies that once the NIP budget is completed, the CIA receives a broad overview

from the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) with only the top-line budget numbers and the

specific portion pertaining to the CIA budget. (Id.) The portions of the NIP budget that the CIA

receives from the DNI do not include the line item budgets of other intelligence agencies. (Id.)

       The Shiner supplemental declaration is sufficiently detailed, as it demonstrates that

Shiner consulted with the CIA’s CFO—the most logical person at the CIA to provide insight into

the agency’s finances—and confirmed that the CIA does not retain, obtain, or access the

budgetary information of other intelligence agencies. The declaration thus answers the narrow

question presented by the court in its August 23, 2017 Order. (See August 23, 2017 Order.)

       Smith—appearing to understand the strength of the declaration and the deference this

court must afford to it—asks this court to infer that the CIA has the budget line items because of

information that is publicly known. (ECF No. 33-1 (“Pl.’s Opp’n”) at 23–31.) Smith points to

the following as examples of such publicly accessible information: (1) the size of the CIA’s

                                                  8
budget; (2) the CIA’s involvement in various covert operations; (3) an interview with Michael

Hayden, the former CIA and National Security Agency director, in the film Zero Days, in which

Hayden discussed the United States’ coordination with Israel to sabotage Iran’s nuclear facilities

(such as the deployment of STUXNET to prevent an Israel-Iran war); (4) an article about

STUXNET; and (5) interviews of others in Zero Days, wherein they too discussed United States-

Israel coordination. (Id. at 21–27.) Smith also notes that President Obama made the remark

regarding the “unprecedented levels” of aid to Israel “during a speech intended” to secure

support for the Iran nuclear deal. (Id. at 24.)

       Smith is correct that courts “should not be ignorant as judges of what [they] know as men

and women,” ACLU, 710 F.3d at 431 (internal quotation marks omitted), when making the

official acknowledgement determination. However, here, the court cannot make the inference

Smith seeks.

       In ACLU, the plaintiff sought records held by the CIA regarding the use of drones to

carry out targeted killings. Id. at 425. In defending its Glomar response, the CIA argued solely

that confirming the existence of any documents at all in its possession would reveal that the CIA

was either involved in, or interested in, drone strikes. Id. at 427–28. The D.C. Circuit then

reviewed remarks made by President Obama, Assistant to the President for Homeland Security

and Counterterrorism John Brennan, and CIA Director Leon Panetta, and determined that it was

neither logical nor plausible for the CIA to claim that it had never disclosed its interest in drone

strikes. Id. at 429–30. Not only did Obama and Brennan explicitly confirm that the United

States used drones and drew “on the full range of [its] intelligence capabilities,” but Panetta also

noted that the drone operations had been “very effective because they have been very precise in

terms of the targeting,” and drone strikes were the only mechanism by which “to disrupt the al-

                                                  9
Qaeda leadership.” Id. Although these officials never explicitly stated that the CIA possessed

responsive documents, their remarks made it impossible for the CIA to convincingly maintain

that it had no interest in the use of drones and no documents relating to drone strikes. Id. at 428–

32. Thus, the CIA’s Glomar response, based solely on its concern that the existence vel non of

responsive documents would reveal its interest in drone strikes, was deemed improper. Id. at

430.

       In this case, Smith asks the court to make an inference beyond that made by the Circuit in

ACLU. President Obama’s statement regarding aid to Israel, however, does not rise to the level

of specificity necessary for the court to make such an inference. Smith argues that President

Obama’s statement about the intelligence community necessarily implies that the CIA retains a

budget line item of United States aid to Israel. (Pl.’s Opp’n at 28.) However, because, as noted

above, the CIA does not retain the intelligence budgets of other agencies, President Obama’s

statement is not specific enough to support such an inference. And President Obama’s remark

does not undermine or contradict the CIA’s proffered reasons for issuing the Glomar response,

such as a concern that confirmation would reveal not only that the CIA is the specific agency

administering aid to Israel, but also the specific type of aid being given and intelligence source

information. This case is therefore inapposite to ACLU.

       Accordingly, in light of the additional information submitted by the CIA in the

supplemental declaration and the findings set forth above, the court hereby vacates its March 30,

2017 Order requiring the CIA to process the records in the usual manner required by FOIA,

inform Smith of the number of records, and either release the records or justify its withholding

pursuant to FOIA’s exemptions. (March 30, 2017 Order.) The court also finds that President

Obama did not officially acknowledge that the CIA possessed a budget line item for intelligence

                                                 10
assistance to Israel because the CIA does not possess the intelligence budget line items of other

agencies. Thus, the CIA’s Glomar response was proper. 2

           2. The CIA properly invoked Exemptions 1 and 3.

       FOIA contains nine exemptions on which agencies may rely to withhold documents. The

Glomar response must show that confirming the existence of the requested records “would cause

harm cognizable under a[] FOIA exemption.” Gardels v. CIA, 689 F.2d 1100, 1103 (D.C. Cir.

1982). An affidavit claiming that the requested records fall within a FOIA exemption is

sufficient if the application of the exemption is “logical” or “plausible.” See ACLU, 628 F.3d at

619 (explaining that an agency’s reasoning to support a FOIA exemption is sufficient if it is

logical or plausible) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Larson, 565 F.3d at 862).

                    i.   Exemption 1

       FOIA Exemption 1 applies where the requested information is “specifically authorized

under criteria established by an Executive order to be kept secret in the interest of national

defense or foreign policy” and is “properly classified” under the Executive order. 5 U.S.C.

§ 552(b)(1)(A). Executive Order 13,526 governs proper classification under § 552(b)(1) and

requires that “the original classification authority determines that the unauthorized disclosure of

the information reasonably could be expected to result in damage to the national security . . . and

the original classification authority is able to identify or describe the damage.” Exec. Order No.

13,526 § 1.1(a)(4); 75 Fed. Reg. 707 (2007). Executive Order 13,526 also requires that the

2
  In his opposition to the CIA’s second motion for summary judgment, Smith again asks the
court to consider President Obama’s reference to “my administration” to include a timespan
(1994–2007) before President Obama’s inauguration (January 2009). (Pl.’s Opp’n at 28–29.)
President Obama’s statement explicitly references the support administered by his
administration, and thus the court reiterates that the CIA’s Glomar response was appropriate
concerning the CIA’s possession of any records pertaining to intelligence assistance for Israel
before January 2009 or after January 2017.
                                                 11
information sought be “owned by, produced by or for, or is under the control of the United States

Government.” Id. § 1.1(a)(2).

       Shiner is an original classification authority because she is the current IRO in the

Litigation Information Review Office at the CIA. (ECF No. 12-2 (“Shiner Decl.”) ¶¶ 3, 22.)

This court has relied on affidavits by IROs of sub-groups within the CIA to classify information

in support of Glomar response exemptions. See Int’l Counsel Bureau v. CIA, 774 F. Supp. 2d

262, 276–77 (D.D.C. 2011) (agreeing with CIA that IRO of the National Clandestine Service of

the CIA is proper classification authority to invoke exemptions supporting Glomar response).

The information sought is also “owned by and under the control” of the United States

government because it is the budgetary information of the United States intelligence community.

(Shiner Decl. ¶ 23.); Exec. Order No. 13,526 § 1.1(a)(4).

       While Executive order 13,526 demands that affidavits “identify or describe” the

reasonably expected “damage to the national security,” id. § 1.1(a)(4), the court is mindful that

“any affidavit or other agency statement of threatened harm to national security will always be

speculative to some extent,” Wolf, 473 F.3d at 374 (quoting Halperin v. CIA, 629 F.2d 144, 149

(D.C. Cir. 1980). And in analyzing government affidavits in the FOIA context, courts in this

Circuit approach affidavits with the awareness that the Executive has a fuller knowledge of what

information ought to be classified. Ray v. Turner, 587 F.2d 1187, 1194 (D.C. Cir. 1978)

(explaining that legislative history indicates that government affidavits should be given

substantial deference due to the expertise of the Executive in matters of national security).

Moreover, in regard to foreign affairs, “courts have little expertise in either international

diplomacy or counterintelligence operations” and thus “are in no position to dismiss [an

agency’s] facially reasonable concerns.” Frugone v. CIA, 169 F.3d 772, 775 (D.C. Cir. 1999).

                                                  12
       For example, in Baez v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, the D.C. Circuit determined that an

affidavit of an FBI official stating that “the acknowledgment of the details or specific targets and

methods described in [the requested] documents could lead to the disruption of foreign relations

by precipitating possible diplomatic confrontations which could damage national security,” in

conjunction with other reasoning at the same level of specificity, was sufficient to affirm

summary judgment for the FBI. 647 F.2d 1328, 1336–37 (D.C. Cir. 1980) (internal quotation

marks omitted). Similarly, in Frugone v. CIA, the Circuit found that an affidavit the CIA

produced in response to the plaintiff’s FOIA request for the records of projects worked on by the

plaintiff while at the CIA persuasively described the consequences of either confirming or

denying the existence of such records, because such information “could cause greater diplomatic

tension between Chile and the United States.” 169 F.3d at 775.

       However, courts in this Circuit do not rubber stamp any affidavit put forth by government

agencies. Indeed, the D.C. Circuit found an affidavit claiming that disclosure would “jeopardize

[the agency’s] national security functions” to be too conclusory because it did not adequately

describe the damage to national security. See Founding Church of Scientology, Inc. v. Nat’l Sec.

Agency, 610 F.2d 824, 831 (D.C. Cir. 1979). Furthermore, the Court found that the affiant failed

to elaborate on how compliance with the plaintiff’s request could negatively affect the agency’s

“functions or faculty for intelligence operations.” See id.

       In this case, the detail of the supplemental declaration and the accompanying

justifications provided are within the ambit of what the D.C. Circuit considers sufficient to

support the claimed exemption in the Glomar context. The supplemental declaration offers

similar detail to that offered in the affidavits deemed sufficient in Baez and Frugone, and far

surpasses the detail deemed inadequate in Founding Church, as it identifies four ways in which

                                                 13
acknowledging the existence or nonexistence of line-item budget information would damage

national security. First, line-item budget information reveals an agency’s priorities and its ability

to address those priorities. (See Shiner Decl. ¶ 27.) Revealing this information could reveal the

agency’s vulnerabilities and strengths to those who seek to exploit either. (See id. ¶ 28.)

Second, revealing whether the CIA has the line items at issue could reveal the nature of the

intelligence support provided by the United States to Israel because the CIA specializes in human

intelligence. (See Second Decl. ¶ 6.) Third, confirming the existence of such information could

damage relationships between the United States and foreign governments, hindering the CIA’s

collaboration with those governments. These relationships constitute intelligence sources and

methods, and depend on secrecy. (See Shiner Decl. ¶ 29.) Fourth, revealing budget line items

piece-by-piece could eventually create an entire United States aid to foreign powers blueprint

that is valuable to adversaries. (See id. ¶ 28.)

       Accordingly, the court finds that the CIA declarations are sufficiently detailed as to make

it logical or plausible that acknowledging the existence (or non-existence) of line-item budget

information could result in damage to national security.

                   ii. Exemption 3

       FOIA Exemption 3 applies where the information is specifically exempted from

disclosure by statute. 5 U.S.C. § 552 (b)(3). The statute must “require[] that the matters be

withheld from the public in such a manner as to leave no discretion on the issue” or “establish[]

particular criteria for withholding or refer[] to particular types of matters to be withheld.” See id.

§ 552(b)(3)(A)–(B). To prevail on summary judgment, the agency need only show that the

statute claimed is an exemption statute under Exemption 3 and that the withheld material falls

within the statute. See CIA v. Sims, 471 U.S. 159, 167 (1985) (explaining the first question is

                                                   14
whether the statute at issue is an exemption statute and the second is whether the materials

sought are intelligence sources).

       The National Security Act of 1947 (“Act”), as the CIA notes, is an exemption statute

under Exemption 3. See id. (“Section 102(d)(3) of the National Security Act of 1947, which

calls for the Director of Central Intelligence to protect ‘intelligence sources and methods,’ clearly

‘refers to particular types of matters,’ 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(3)(B), and thus qualifies as a

withholding statute under Exemption 3.”) The CIA argues that under § 102(A)(i)(1) of the Act it

can properly withhold a budget line item because doing so protects “intelligence sources and

methods from unauthorized disclosure.” (Def.’s Second Mot. Summ. J. at 24); 50 U.S.C. § 3024

(i)(1). The court agrees.

       Material is properly withheld under § 102(A)(i)(1) of the Act if it “can reasonably be

expected to lead to unauthorized disclosure of intelligence sources and methods.” Halperin, 629

F.2d at 147 (internal quotation marks omitted). Thus, only a showing that the requested

information could lead to revealing sources and methods is required, not a showing that the

information itself is a source or method. Furthermore, the Supreme Court has advised that “it is

the responsibility of the [intelligence community], not that of the judiciary, to weigh the variety

of complex and subtle factors in determining whether disclosure of information may lead to an

unacceptable risk of compromising the . . . intelligence-gathering process.” Sims, 471 U.S. at

180.

       In Leopold v. CIA, the plaintiff sought budgetary information on the CIA’s former

detention and interrogation program, and the CIA claimed that Exemption 3 applied to its

                                                 15
redactions. 3 106 F. Supp. 3d 51, 53, 56 (D.D.C. 2015). In her affidavit, the Chief of the CIA’s

Litigation Support Unit explained that disclosing such budgetary information risked revealing

intelligence sources and methods because “[d]isclosing intelligence expenditures would show the

level of funding devoted to certain activities, which in turn would reveal the resources available

to the Intelligence Community and the intelligence priorities of the U.S. Government.” Id. at 58

(internal quotation marks omitted). The district court found that the CIA’s argument that

revealing funding for a particular program “could shed light on the funds that were available for

particular activities, which could, in turn, divulge the agency’s capabilities and priorities” was

sufficient support for invoking Exemption 3. Id. Furthermore, the court in Leopold rejected the

plaintiff’s argument that disclosing an isolated sum of money could not reveal sources and

methods of intelligence. Id. at 59. The court explained that giving small pieces of data could,

over time, reveal a broader of picture of intelligence spending. Id.

       Smith’s request in this case raises an analogous issue. As in Leopold, where disclosing

the amount used for the detention and interrogation programming could reveal agency

capabilities and priorities, acknowledging the existence (or nonexistence) of a line item for aid to

Israel could reveal the priorities of the CIA and intelligence community. The CIA is one of

seventeen intelligence agencies, each of which has a particular specialty; the CIA specializes in

human intelligence. (ECF No. 18-2 (“Ewing Decl.”) ¶¶ 6, 8.) Thus, acknowledging that the CIA

has access to the line item sought could reveal the type of aid given to Israel and programmatic

priorities. (See Second Decl. ¶ 6); Larson, 565 F.3d at 864 (“Minor details of intelligence

information may reveal more information than their apparent insignificance suggests because,

3
 The CIA also successfully argued that Exemption 1 applied. See Leopold, 106 F. Supp. 3d at
61–64.
                                                 16
much like a piece of jigsaw puzzle, [each detail] may aid in piecing together other bits of

information.”) (internal quotation marks omitted).

       Accordingly, because the Act is a proper exemption statute under Exemption 3, and the

line item for United States aid to Israel is included in the expansive ambit of information that can

reasonably lead to an unauthorized disclosure of sources and methods, the CIA properly invoked

Exemption 3.

   B. Smith’s Allegations of Bad Faith and Illegality

       Smith claims that the CIA’s declaration is corrupt and that it seeks to conceal information

of illegal activity. (Pl.’s Opp’n at 15–21, 31–33.) Neither argument is availing.

           1. Smith has not met his burden of showing bad faith.

       Government affidavits are afforded a presumption of good faith and cannot be rebutted

“by ‘purely speculative claims about the existence and discoverability of other documents.’”

SafeCard Servs. v. SEC, 926 F.2d 1197, 1200 (D.C. Cir. 1991) (quoting Ground Saucer Watch,

Inc. v. CIA, 692 F.2d 770, 771 (D.C. Cir. 1981)). However, the affidavits can be challenged on

the basis that they were prepared in bad faith. See ACLU, 628 F.3d at 619.

       Smith contends that the court should not accept the CIA declarations at face value

because the CIA acted in bad faith in the past and therefore its declarations are tainted with

untrustworthiness. (See Pl.’s Opp’n at 15–21.) As examples of past misconduct, Smith

references the CIA’s alleged illegal destruction of videotapes depicting CIA detainee torture,

lying to the Senate committee about the effectiveness of torture methods, and withholding of

information regarding the JFK assassination. (See id. at 15–19.)

       In pressing this argument, Smith seeks to use past CIA actions, as well as unconfirmed

reports and theories about CIA activities—none of which are connected to aid given to Israel—to

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taint the declarations submitted in this case. But the fact that the CIA may have engaged in

misconduct in the past does not, without more, show that it acted in bad faith in preparing these

declarations. See Hayden v. Nat’l Sec. Agency/Cent. Sec. Serv., 608 F.2d 1381, 1387 (D.C. Cir.

1979) (“The sufficiency of the affidavits is not undermined by a mere allegation of agency

misrepresentation or bad faith, nor by past agency misconduct in other unrelated cases.”); see

also Ryan v. FBI, No. 16-5108, 2016 WL 6237841, at *1 (D.C. Cir. Sept 16, 2016) (holding that

plaintiff did not overcome presumption of good faith where FBI’s conduct did not support

inference of bad faith); Assassination Archives & Research Ctr. v. CIA, 177 F. Supp. 2d 1, 8

(D.D.C. 2001) (“[A] mere assertion of bad faith is not sufficient to overcome a motion for

summary judgment.”) Under Smith’s reasoning, the CIA would never be able to provide

affidavits untainted by past misconduct. That position cannot co-exist with the well-established

doctrine that government affidavits are given the presumption of good faith.

       Put simply, Smith has not met his burden of overcoming the presumption of good faith

afforded to affidavits because the alleged misconduct he relies on is unrelated to this case.

           2. Smith has not met his burden of showing illegality.

       Section 1.7(1) of Executive Order 13,526 bars classifying information in order to conceal

violations of the law. See Exec. Order 13,526 § 1.7(1). A plaintiff alleging that an agency has

classified information to conceal a violation “must provide something more than conjecture to

show that the agency’s withholding decision violates Executive Order 13,526.” Associated Press

v. FBI, 265 F. Supp. 3d 82, 96–97 (D.D.C. 2017). Credible evidence is required. See Canning v.

U.S. Dep’t of Justice, 848 F. Supp. 1037, 1047–48 (D.D.C. 1994) (rejecting plaintiff’s challenge

where plaintiff presented claims “based primarily on speculation” and failed to present “credible

                                                 18
evidence that the agency’s motives for its withholding decisions were improper or otherwise in

violation of E.O. 12356”). 4

       Smith relies heavily upon the Arms Export Control Act (“AECA”), 22 U.S.C. § 2799aa-

1, under which “no funds made available to carry out the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961” or

other provisions of the AECA “may be used for the purpose of providing,” economic or military

assistance to “any country which the President determines” to be engaged in nuclear weaponry.

22 U.S.C. § 2799aa-1(a)(1) (2012). The President may, however, waive such a sanction if he or

she decides that the sanction “would be seriously prejudicial to the achievement of United States

nonproliferation objectives or otherwise jeopardize the common defense and security.” Id.

§ 2799aa-1 (a)(2).

       Smith’s theory under the AECA is as follows: It is public knowledge that Israel has a

nuclear weapons program. Therefore, any United States aid to Israel is either economic or

military assistance and thus illegal under the AECA. (Pl.’s Opp’n at 31–33.)

       Smith offers no support for his assertion that the aid offered by United States intelligence

agencies is of the type considered by the AECA, let alone “all” of the aid offered to Israel by the

CIA or other agencies. (See id. at 32.) Moreover, the AECA only bars foreign aid to countries

that the President has determined to be delivering or amassing nuclear weapons. See 22 U.S.C.

§ 2799aa-1(a)(1) (2012). Smith has not shown that any United States President has found Israel

to be engaging in such activity, and he also lacks standing to compel such a determination. See

Smith v. United States, 715 F. App’x 10, 10 (D.C. Cir. 2018) (“The district court correctly

concluded that appellant lacked standing to seek a writ of mandamus directing the President to

4
 Executive Order 13,526, signed by President Obama on December 29, 2009, was previously
Executive Order 12,356, signed by President Reagan on April 2, 1982. Exec. Order No. 12,356,
47 Fed. Reg. 14,874 (1982).
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determine, pursuant to the Arms Export Control Act of 1961, 22 U.S.C. § 2799aa-1, whether

Israel has engaged in certain conduct related to the development of nuclear weapons.”). It must

necessarily follow that, because no United States President has made such a determination, no

President has had occasion to enter the waiver, and therefore Smith’s argument regarding the

lack of a waiver is irrelevant.

       Accordingly, Smith has not met his burden of showing that the declarations provided by

the CIA were intended to conceal illegal information and the CIA’s invocation of FOIA

Exemptions 1 and 3 was proper.

                                        IV.     CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the CIA’s Motion for Summary Judgment will be GRANTED.

The clerk of court is respectfully directed to close this case.

       A corresponding order will issue separately.

   Date: August 20, 2019

                                               Tanya S. Chutkan
                                               TANYA S. CHUTKAN
                                               United States District Judge

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