Court Opinion

ID: 9773952
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-29 18:04:59.50836+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:31:59.914384
License: Public Domain

PALMER, J.,
dissenting. In Kelly v. Stop & Shop, Inc., 281 Conn. 768, 791-92, 918 A.2d 249 (2007), this court adopted the mode of operation rule, a rule of premises liability pursuant to which a business invitee, who is injured on the premises of a self-service business due to a dangerous condition that was a foreseeable consequence of the business’ self-service mode of operation, may recover without proof that the business had actual or constructive notice of the dangerous condition if the business failed to take reasonable measures to discover and remove the dangerous condition.1 Although the *442majority does not say so, it overrules our holding in Kelly that the mode of operation rule applies to any area of a self-service business in which there exists a foreseeable risk that dangerous conditions will result from the self-service manner in which the business is operated. In particular, the majority concludes that the mode of operation rule applies only when “a more specific method of operation within a self-service retail environment [gives] rise to a foreseeable risk of a regularly occurring hazardous condition . . . .” (Emphasis in original.) In other words, the majority reasons that a self-service mode of operation is not a mode of operation for purposes of the mode of operation rule. Thus, under the approach that the majority adopts, the rule does not apply to the entire premises of a self-service operation but, rather, only to discrete areas within a self-service store that are particularly or uniquely hazardous. Because fidelity to the policy concerns underlying the mode of operation rule that we adopted in Kelly requires that the rule be applied to all reasonably foreseeable hazards arising out of a business’ self-service mode of operation, wherever on the premises these hazards occur, and because those concerns are no less significant now than they were when we decided Kelly just three years ago, I would conclude that the trial court properly instructed the jury in accordance with Kelly. Accordingly, I respectfully dissent.
The facts, which are set forth in the majority opinion, are undisputed and straightforward, and need not be repeated in detail. It is sufficient merely to highlight some of the key facts, viewed in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, that the jury reasonably could have found. At approximately 4 p.m. on July 24, 2005, the plaintiff, Leo A. Fisher III, was shopping in an aisle of a self-service supermarket in East Windsor owned by *443the defendant, Big Y Foods, Inc., when he slipped on a puddle of what appeared to be fruit cocktail syrup that was one and one-half feet in diameter and fell, injuring his right knee and left shoulder. Although the plaintiff was unable to establish the source of the puddle, both the store manager, Michael Messer, and one of the store’s porters, John Kelley, acknowledged that customers sometimes create messes or spills as a result of moving and handling items. Messer also testified that the defendant had implemented certain policies to remedy these hazards.
On the day of the plaintiffs accident, Kelley was working as a porter. He testified that the defendant’s policy required porters to complete four sweeps of the premises each day at 10 a.m. and 1, 4, and 7 p.m. The porters complete their sweeps of each aisle, which is six feet wide, with a dry dust mop or broom approximately three feet wide. Once each sweep was completed, store policy required the porter to complete a “sweep log.” The sweep log from the day of the plaintiffs accident indicated that Kelley performed sweeps at 9:45 a.m., 1:15 p.m. and 3:50 p.m., and that each sweep took approximately fifteen minutes. He testified that, in performing his sweeps, he pushed the broom down the center of each aisle once and did not move the broom from the center unless he saw debris. He further testified that he made only one pass through each aisle, that is, he never swept the same aisle twice. Accordingly, Kelley conceded that there were portions of each aisle that did not get swept. Kelley also acknowledged that other porters typically take approximately thirty minutes to complete a sweep.2 Messer testified, like Kelley, that the broom that the porters used to complete *444each sweep is only three feet wide and that, in order to cover the entire aisle, a porter would have to make a second pass through the aisle. Messer added that store policy does not require porters to make a second pass through each aisle and that he was not surprised that Kelley made only one pass through each aisle.
The defendant’s policy also required the completion of an incident report whenever an accident occurrs. Messer acknowledged, however, that much of the incident report relating to the plaintiffs claim was incomplete. Messer did not explain why this was the case.
At the conclusion of trial, the court instructed the jury on the mode of operation rule,3 identifying the defendant’s mode of operation as a “self-service supermarket.”4 The trial court also submitted interrogatories *445to the jury. The first interrogatory provided in relevant part: “Do you find that the [p]laintiff has proven that the [defendant’s] mode of operation gave rise to a foreseeable risk . . . that the injury to the [p]laintiff was caused by an accident within that zone of risk and that the steps taken by the [defendant to prevent the accident were not reasonable under the circumstances?” The jury answered the first interrogatory in the affirmative. After finding that the defendant did not prove that the plaintiff had been contributorily negligent, the jury awarded damages to the plaintiff. This appeal followed.
I
My first point of disagreement with the majority stems from its interpretation of this court’s decision in Kelly. Specifically, the majority contends that, in Kelly, this court implicitly concluded that the self-service *446mode of doing business is not a mode of operation for purposes of the mode of operation rule. In support of this assertion, the majority reasons that, because we concluded in Kelly that the rule applies when the plaintiff sustains an injury that is proximately caused by an accident within the zone of risk created by the mode of operation of the business, if self-service constitutes a mode of operation, “then an entire store necessarily would be rendered a ‘zone of risk’ due to the readily established fact that merchandise, as a general matter, sometimes falls and breaks. Accordingly, the requirement of establishing that an injury occurred within some ‘zone of risk’ essentially would be rendered superfluous.” The majority further indicates that, because Kelly involved an accident near a salad bar, the scope of the rule announced in that case necessarily is limited to those facts. In support of this contention, the majority relies on the fact that, in Kelly, (1) we included a detailed description of the salad bar, its surrounding area and the way it operated when we described the facts of the case, (2) the plaintiff in Kelly alleged in her complaint that the mode of operation causing her injury was the supermarket’s operation of the salad bar, and (3) we concluded that the salad bar created a foreseeable risk of danger to customers. As a result, the majority concludes in the present case that, “in Kelly, we agreed with a claim that a particular method of operation within a generally self-service supermarket had created a regularly occurring hazardous condition, and our holding, which included the adoption of the mode of operation rule, necessarily corresponded to that claim.” (Emphasis in original.) For the reasons that follow, I disagree with the majority’s contentions.
The majority’s first contention, namely, that our inclusion of a “zone of risk” requirement would be rendered superfluous if the self-service operational method itself was deemed a mode of operation, fundamentally misap*447prehends the mode of operation rule that this court adopted in Kelly. The requirement that an accident occur within the zone of risk has no bearing on the question before this court, namely, whether self-service constitutes a mode of operation within the purview of the mode of operation rule. Instead, that requirement merely reflects the fact that not all hazardous conditions occurring on the premises of a self-service business arise out of the business’ self-service mode of operation. In other words, a customer of a self-service business may be injured by a dangerous condition on the premises of that business that simply has nothing to do with the self-service nature of the business’ operation. See, e.g., Overstreet v. Gibson Product Co., 558 S.W.2d 58, 61 (Tex. App. 1977, writ ref d) (grocery store owner not liable when patron bitten by rattlesnake on premises); Wiltse v. Albertson’s, Inc., 116 Wn. 2d 452, 454, 805 P.2d 793 (1991) (puddle of water resulting from hole in store’s roof not related to self-service operation of store). Thus, our articulation of the rule in Kelly as requiring that the customer’s injury be caused by a hazard within the “zone of risk” most certainly was not intended to suggest that self-service is not a mode of operation for purposes of the mode of operation rule. Rather, the zone of risk requirement, which is nothing more than a different way of expressing the foreseeability requirement, merely ensures that the dangerous condition that led to the injury was causally related to the business’ self-service mode of operation, such that the dangerous condition and the resulting injury were a foreseeable risk of that mode of operation.5
*448The majority’s second point, that is, that the breadth of the rule enunciated in Kelly necessarily is limited by the facts of that case, is similarly unavailing. The fact that the court in Kelly engaged in a factual analysis of the defendant’s claims is wholly unremarkable; see, e.g., Singh v. Singh, 213 Conn. 637, 654, 569 A.2d 1112 (1990) (“[l]aw suits are not determined by a consideration of philosophy in the abstract, but by the application of legal principles to the facts of a particular case” [internal quotation marks omitted]); and provides no support for the majority’s conclusion that self-service is not a mode of operation.6 Moreover, in Kelly, we framed the issue, as required, in accordance with the parties’ claims. See Kelly v. Stop & Shop, Inc., supra, 281 Conn. 769-70. Even though Kelly involved a salad bar, the majority in the present case refers to no language in that decision that supports its interpretation that the rule applies only to salad bars and produce departments. To the contrary, this court’s explanation of the rule and the public policies underlying it clearly indicate its broader application.7 As we stated in Kelly, “[t]he *449rule . . . evolved in response to the proliferation of self-service retail establishments . . . [and] is rooted in the theory that traditional notice requirements are unfair and unnecessary in the self-service context.” (Emphasis added.) Id., 778. We further explained: “The modem self-service form of retail sales encourages . . . patrons to obtain for themselves from shelves and containers the items they wish to purchase, and to move them from one part of the store to another in baskets and shopping carts as they continue to shop for other items, thus increasing the risk of droppage and spillage." (Emphasis added; internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. “[M]odem day supermarkets, self-service [markets], cafeterias, fast-food restaurants and other business premises should be aware of the potentially hazardous conditions that arise from the way in which they conduct their business. Indeed, the very operation of many of these types of establishments requires that the customers select merchandise from the store’s displays, which are arranged to invite customers to focus on the displays and not on the floors. ... In each of these cases, the nature of the defendant’s business gives rise to a substantial risk of injury to customers from slip-and-fall accidents . . . .” (Emphasis added; internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. “In a self-service operation, an owner has for his pecuniary benefit required customers to perform the tasks previously carried out by employees. Thus, the risk of items being dangerously located on the floor, which previously was created by employees, is now created by other customers. But it is the very same risk and the risk has been created by the owner by his choice of mode of operation.” *450(Emphasis added; internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., 781; see also id., 785 (“[the rule] frequently has been applied in cases involving slip and fall accidents in self-service establishments that were caused by the foreseeable behavior of other customers dropping or spilling merchandise on the floor” [internal quotation marks omitted]).8 It is abundantly clear from the foregoing language that the rule that we adopted in Kelly encompassed hazards throughout the store that represent foreseeable risks arising from the store’s self-service mode of operation.9 Indeed, if we had intended, in Kelly, to adopt a rule of the kind that the majority adopts in the present case, we would have used much different language; at no point, however, did we even hint that our holding was limited to a particularly dangerous mode of operation within a self-service business.
We also would have engaged in a much different analysis. The analysis that we did employ in Kelly was predicated on our determination that “the mode of operation rule provides the most fair and equitable approach to the adjudication of premises liability claims brought by business invitees seeking compensation for injuries arising out of a business owner’s self-service method of operation.” Id., 786. We then identified the following four reasons why we had reached that conclusion, each of which applies with full force to a mode of operation *451rule that includes the entire premises of self-service operations, such as supermarkets and department stores.
First, we explained that self-service retailers create foreseeable hazards because, for their own pecuniary benefit, they rely on customers, who generally are less careful than employees, to handle and carry products, increasing the risk of droppage and spillage.10 Id. Second, we observed that “the essential premise of the rule requiring a business invitee to prove actual or constructive notice of the unsafe condition is incompatible with the self-service method of operation.” Id. In support of this assertion, we observed that, because self-service retailers are aware that their method of operation creates a foreseeable risk of harm to customers, the reason for placing the burden on the injured customer to prove actual or constructive notice, namely, the unfairness inherent in imposing liability on a retailer that has no reason to know of a particular hazard, simply is inapplicable. See id., 786-87. Third, we explained that the requirement of actual or constructive notice imposes anearly “insuperable” burden on injured customers; id., 788; and one that is unfair considering that “premises owners are in a superior position to establish that they did or did not regularly maintain the premises in a safe condition and they are generally in a superior position to ascertain what occurred by making an immediate investigation, interviewing witnesses and taking photographs.” Owens v. Publix Supermarkets, Inc., 802 So. 2d 315, 330 (Fla. 2001); accord Kelly v. Stop & Shop, Inc., supra, 281 Conn. 788. Finally, we relied on the fact that a mode of operation rule “encourages self-service *452businesses to exercise reasonable care in their dealings with customers . . . [by] assigning liability as accurately as possible to those parties that reasonably may foresee harm on their premises. ... By contrast, a rule requiring proof that a self-service enterprise had actual or constructive notice of an unsafe, transitory condition caused by the foreseeable conduct of a customer would provide little incentive for such an enterprise to adopt and implement policies designed to prevent injuries stemming from that unsafe condition because actual or constructive notice frequently is so difficult to prove.” (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Kelly v. Stop & Shop, Inc., supra, 789.
These reasons for recognizing a mode of operation rule for self-service enterprises are no less applicable today, in the context of the present case, than they were in Kelly. Indeed, in the present case, the jury found that the hazard that had caused the plaintiffs fall was a foreseeable result of the defendant’s self-service mode of operation, a determination that was fully supported by the testimony of the porter, Kelley, who stated that he had seen customers create spills as a result of moving items from shelves, and by the testimony of the store manager, Messer, who acknowledged that customers caused items to fall to the floor and that, as a result, the defendant implemented policies to address such mishaps. In light of the foreseeable nature of the hazard in this case, it is both illogical and unfair to revert to the notice requirement that we expressly rejected in Kelly.
The majority’s construction of the mode of operation rule, however, renders the rule inapplicable to most areas of self-service supermarkets. This result is manifestly inconsistent with the policies that animated our decision in Kelly. As we stated in Kelly: “[T]he mode of operation rule is most consistent with the general rule that every person has a duty to use reasonable *453care not to cause injury to those whom he reasonably could foresee to be injured by his negligent conduct . . . .” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. In particular, the rule offers an appropriate incentive for a self-service business to implement reasonable measures to address the foreseeable consequences of its self-service mode of operation. Id. Conversely, a rule requiring a customer to prove actual or constructive notice of an unsafe condition resulting from his or her foreseeable conduct would not necessarily encourage a business to implement measures aimed at preventing injuries caused by that unsafe condition because it often is difficult to prove such notice. Id.
The majority simply ignores the policy considerations on which we relied so heavily in Kelly and therefore fails to explain why the rationale that we articulated in Kelly does not lead inescapably to the conclusion that Kelly applies to the present case and all others like it. For example, the majority provides no explanation why it is fair or equitable to require the plaintiff in the present case to prove notice but not the plaintiff in Kelly. The majority also makes no attempt to explain why, in light of its acknowledgment that the mode of operation rule is not a rule of strict liability, it would be unfair to the defendant to apply that rule in the present case.111 submit that the majority avoids these *454issues because it cannot address them and, at the same time, cannot assert that the extremely limited rule of premises liability that it adopts in the present case, which represents a reversion to this state’s pre-Kelly premises law, is compatible with our analysis and holding in Kelly.12
*455The trial court, on the other hand, properly applied Kelly to the facts and circumstances of the present case. Specifically, the trial court rejected the defendant’s argument that self-service is not a mode of operation within the meaning of the mode of operation rule, explaining: “[A]s I understand the Kelly decision, plaintiffs are allowed to make a mode of operation claim. They have to show that the mode of operation creates a hazardous risk, and the jury would be so instructed. And then also the question would be the reasonableness of the defendant’s efforts to ameliorate that risk. So I think . . . the implication of Kelly is that these cases *456are going to go to juries on this theory, and the notice is out that [a] plaintiff will have to prove that the mode of operation creates a hazardous condition. And the theory here is that it’s [a] self-service store [and] customers [are] taking things off the shelves [which] sometimes results in their dropping things and . . . the claim is that [that] creates a hazardous condition.” In my view, this analysis properly reflects both our reasoning and holding in Kelly. Because the evidence supported the jury’s verdict in favor of the plaintiff, I would affirm the judgment of the trial court, which it rendered in accordance with the jury’s verdict.
II
I also disagree with the majority’s assertion that a close examination of case law from other jurisdictions supports its conclusion that the mode of operation rule applies not upon a showing that a business is a self-service business but, rather, only when the plaintiff demonstrates that an aspect of the operation of that business is so inherently dangerous as to give rise to a materially greater risk of harm than that which may be foreseeable merely from the business’ self-service method of operation.13 The majority reaches this conclusion because (1) most mode of operation cases involve produce displays, unwrapped food, ready to eat food that customers were encouraged to handle, or particularly hazardous conditions that were likely to occur repetitively under the circumstances, and (2) in those cases, “[each] court related the hazardous condition to the particular method of operation at issue, rather than attributing it solely to the general [ly] self-service nature of the business establishment.” I disagree with the majority that these cases provide support for its asser*457tion that self-service is not a mode of operation for purposes of the mode of operation rule.14
As the cases on which the majority relies make clear, slips and falls are more likely to occur in the vicinity of a produce display or a salad bar than in other areas of a supermarket. Indeed, common sense dictates that this would be the case. This fact, however, does not answer the question presented in this appeal, namely, whether a self-service method of operation, standing alone, is sufficient to trigger the applicability of the mode of operation rule, or whether something more is required. Notably, that question did not present itself in any of the cases on which the majority relies in its lengthy string of citations. To the contrary, in most of those cases, each plaintiff alleged that a more specific method of operation within a self-service retail environment gave rise to his or her injury, and, therefore, those courts had no occasion to consider whether the defendant’s self-service operation triggered application of the rule. See, e.g., Jasko v. F. W. Woolworth Co., 177 Colo. 418, 420, 494 P.2d 839 (1972) (plaintiff contended that “[the] defendant’s method of selling pizza was one [that] leads inescapably to such mishaps as her own”); Jackson v. K-Mart Corp., 251 Kan. 700, 704, 840 P.2d 463 (1992) (plaintiff asserted premises liability claim on basis of defendant’s mode of operation, that is, allowing customers to take food and beverages purchased at in-store cafeteria to other parts of store); Dumont v. Shaw's Supermarkets, Inc., 664 A. 2d 846, 847 (Me. 1995) (plaintiff asserted that defendant’s mode of operation, namely, its display of unpackaged, bulk candy, led to her accident); F. W. Woolworth Co. v. Stokes, 191 So. *4582d 411, 412 (Miss. 1966) (“[the] [plaintiffs charge of negligence against the defendant, in substance, [was] that on the day she fell it had rained heavily for a considerable time, and the defendant knew or, by the exercise of reasonable care, should have known that customers would bring water into the store on their wearing apparel which would create a slippery condition on the floor hazardous to its customers”); Lingerfelt v. Winn-Dixie Texas, Inc., 645 P.2d 485, 486 (Okla. 1982) (plaintiff alleged that “[i]t was reasonably foreseeable that [a] dangerous condition was created by or might arise from the means used by a storekeeper to exhibit commodities for sale” [internal quotation marks omitted]); Corbin v. Safeway Stores, Inc., 648 S.W.2d 292, 296 (Tex. 1983) (“[the plaintiff] alleged that [the defendant’s] chosen self-service method for displaying green grapes in an open, slanted bin above a green linoleum tile floor resulted in an unreasonable risk of customers falling on grapes that have fallen or been knocked to the floor”); Canfield v. Albertsons, Inc., 841 P.2d 1224, 1225 (Utah App. 1992) (plaintiff asserted that store’s method of displaying lettuce caused her injury), cert. denied, 853 P.2d 897 (Utah 1993); Malaney v. Hannaford Bros. Co., 177 Vt. 123, 125-26, 861 A.2d 1069 (2004) (plaintiff asserted that grocery store’s method of displaying grapes created known hazardous condition).
I also do not agree with the majority’s reasoning that, because many mode of operation cases involve produce displays and the like, the rule applies only in such settings. Although it is true that more spills generally occur in produce sections than in other areas, I am unwilling to conclude that the self-service marketing approach employed in the produce department is so markedly different from that employed in other areas of a store that the mode of operation rule applies only to the former and not the latter. Indeed, the only relevant *459distinction between the self-service merchandising employed in the produce department and that in the rest of the store is, as the majority observes, the frequency with which accidents might occur.
By focusing on the frequency with which hazards arise and concluding that the mode of operation rule applies only to “particularly dangerous” modes of operation, the majority confuses the mode of operation rule’s applicability with the plaintiffs ability to prevail on a particular claim. This is so because it is axiomatic that the rule applies when the store’s self-service mode of operation made the development of a premise hazard foreseeable. See Kelly v. Stop & Shop, Inc., supra, 281 Conn. 791-92. When this principle is applied to the present case, it is clear that the fact that spills occur more regularly in the produce department than in the aisle in which the plaintiff fell says little about whether spills are, in fact, foreseeable in that aisle. Indeed, as the evidence adduced at trial and the jury’s verdict in the present case indicated, the defendant’s self-service mode of operation made it foreseeable that items would fall and spill anywhere in the store.
The frequency with which these hazards arise, however, is relevant in assessing whether the defendant adopted and implemented policies reasonably designed to remedy these foreseeable hazards and thus whether the plaintiff can prevail on his claim. Naturally, the area in which a spill occurred is a relevant fact in this analysis. Because spills and other incidents are likely to occur with greater frequency in a produce department than in other areas of a supermarket, the supermarket may need to adopt more exacting safety and precautionary measures in its produce department than in other areas of the store.
By making frequency the benchmark by which it is determined whether the mode of operation rule applies, *460rather than treating it as a factor to be considered in assessing whether a self-service store was negligent, the majority has replaced the rule with something else entirely, something that might be called a “particularly dangerous” mode of operation rule. Although other courts have adopted this approach,15 it is fundamentally inconsistent with the mode of operation rule that we adopted in Kelly. See part I of this opinion. Indeed, relying on the fundamental policies underlying the mode of operation rule, several other courts have applied the mode of operation rule to accidents similar to the one in the present case, that is, a relatively infrequent yet foreseeable premises hazard arising generally out of a store’s self-service mode of operation.
For example, in Safeway Stores, Inc. v. Smith, 658 P.2d 255, 256 (Colo. 1983), the plaintiff, Charles L. Smith, Jr., slipped and fell on a substance that resembled hand lotion while walking down an aisle in a grocery store owned by the defendant, Safeway Stores, Inc. (Safeway). Smith brought a negligence action against Safeway, and a jury found in his favor. Id. After the trial court denied Safeway’s motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict or for a new trial, Safeway appealed, claiming that the trial court improperly had denied the motion because Smith had failed to prove that Safeway had actual or constructive notice of the dangerous condition. Id. The Colorado Court of Appeals *461affirmed, and Safeway appealed to the Colorado Supreme Court, which affirmed. Id., 260.
The Colorado Supreme Court concluded that the mode of operation rule applied to the facts of Smith because, “[i]n a self-service grocery operation, the easy access to the merchandise often results in its spillage and breakage. This, along with the fact that a customer’s attention understandably is focused on the items displayed rather than on the floor, creates a dangerous condition.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., 257. In other words, the court concluded, first, that Safeway’s self-service mode of operation gave rise to a foreseeable risk of injury to customers and, second, that Smith’s injury had been caused by an accident that was within the zone of risk. See id., 257-58. Accordingly, it did not matter to the court that the slippery substance on which Smith slipped was not among the items shelved in the aisle in which the plaintiff was injured. See id., 257 n.3. Moreover, the court did not define the store’s mode of operation narrowly; instead, the court focused on the ease with which items were moved and the fact that a customer’s attention is focused away from the floor. Id., 257. Thus, the court concluded that the rule applied due to the store’s self-service method of operation. See id., 257-58.
The facts of Sheil v. T. G. & Y. Stores Co., 781 S.W.2d 778 (Mo. 1989), are similar. In Sheil, the plaintiff, Harold L. Sheil, was in the automotive section of a store belonging to the defendant, T. G. & Y. Stores Company (T. G. & Y.). Id., 779. As Sheil was approaching the end of an aisle, he tripped over a small, heavy box, close to a floor display. Id. The evidence indicated that management knew that there was a stack of four or five boxes near where Sheil fell but was not aware of an isolated box in that area. Id., 780. Sheil commenced an action, and a jury ultimately found in his favor. See id., 779. T. G. & Y. then appealed, and the Missouri Court of *462Appeals reversed the trial court’s judgment, concluding that Sheil had failed to establish that T. G. & Y. had notice of the box that had caused Sheil to fall. See id. On appeal to the Supreme Court of Missouri, that court reversed the judgment of the Missouri Court of Appeals. Id., 783.
Commenting on the operation of a self-service business, the Missouri Supreme Court observed that “customers are invited to traverse the aisles and to handle the merchandise. [A] storeowner necessarily knows that customers may take merchandise into their hands and may then lay articles that no longer interest them down in the aisle. If the item is heavy, it is particularly likely that the customer may not put it back from where it came, possibly because of fear of disarranging other merchandise. The storeowner, therefore, must anticipate and must exercise due care to guard against dangers from articles left in the aisle.” Id., 780. The court concluded that “the jury could have found that [Sheil] was injured by a hazard that could have been expected in the store by reason of [the] method of merchandizing and that [T. G. & Y.] was derelict in its duty to take reasonable steps to protect customers against the dangers presented by merchandise in the aisle.” Id., 782; see also Golba v. Kohl’s Dept. Store, Inc., 585 N.E.2d 14, 17 (Ind. App. 1992) (summary judgment improper when plaintiff claimed to have slipped on small round object, likely BB, because department store “is charged with the knowledge that its method of operation may result in customers dropping objects onto the ground as they browse through the merchandise”).16
*463The Kentucky Supreme Court reached the same conclusion in Lanier v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 99 S.W.3d 431, 435-37 (Ky. 2003). In that case, the plaintiff, Barbara Ruth Lanier, slipped and fell on a puddle of clear liquid in an aisle in the grocery department of a store owned by the defendant, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (Wal-Mart). Id., 433. Lanier claimed that “the spill should [have been] presumed attributable to Wal-Mart because of its self-service method of retail sales. She observe[d] that customers of all ages and abilities are encouraged by Wal-Mart to handle its merchandise and to move it about the store either by hand or by way of shopping baskets and carts that are provided by the store for that purpose. She argue[d] that this method of self-service sales facilitates the creation of hazardous conditions [and that] it is reasonably foreseeable [that those conditions] will result in harm to innocent customers.” Id., 434.
The Kentucky Supreme Court agreed, explaining that “[t]he modem self-service form of retail sales encourages the [business’] patrons to obtain for themselves from shelves and containers the items they wish to purchase, and to move them from one part of the store to another in baskets and shopping carts as they continue to shop for other items, thus increasing the risk of droppage and spillage.” Id., 435. The court explained further that “[i]t is . . . common knowledge that modem merchandising techniques employed by self-service retail stores are specifically designed to attract a customer’s attention to the merchandise on the shelves and, thus, away from any hazards that might be on the floor.” Id., 436. The court also stated, however, that, *464“[m]ost importantly . . . both logic and fairness mandate that, as between two apparently innocent parties, one being a business proprietor having a duty to maintain his premises in a reasonably safe condition for the use of his customers, and the other being the invited customer, the burden of proof with respect to the cause of an unsafe condition [on] the premises should be on the one with the duty to prevent it.” Id. In line with this expression of policy, the Kentucky Supreme Court adopted the following rule: “To balance the competing principles of notice versus duty, the issues of causation and notice should be treated not as elements of the customer’s case, but as affirmative defenses of the proprietor. The customer would retain the burden of proving that there was a foreign substance/object on the floor and that such [substance or object] was a substantial factor in causing his accident and injury. Such proof that the premises were unsafe would avoid a summary judgment or directed verdict and shift to the proprietor the burden of proving that his employees did not cause the substance/object to be on the floor and that it had been there for an insufficient length of time to have been discovered and removed or warned of by his employees.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., 435; see also Gonzales v. Winn-Dixie Louisiana, Inc., 326 So. 2d 486, 488 (La. 1976) (mode of operation rule properly applied to claim against grocery store arising from slip and fall on spilled olive oil because “the self-service grocery system requires customers to focus their attention on the shelves and to handle merchandise,” and, “[w]hen it appears that a third person dropped the foreign substance, the store owner must establish that periodic inspections made and other protective measures taken were reasonable”).17
*465It is thus apparent that the courts in each of the foregoing cases applied the mode of operation rule to transitory conditions in self-service retail establishments regardless of where in the store they happened to occur. Moreover, by applying the mode of operation rule in such circumstances, these courts have advanced all of the policy concerns that led this court to adopt the mode of operation rule in the first place. Accordingly, I see no reason why the mode of operation rule should not be applied in such circumstances.
Ill
The rule that the majority adopts no longer resembles the mode of operation rule that we adopted in Kelly. *466Under the new rule crafted by the majority, from today forward, customers injured while shopping at a large, self-service supermarket or department store will be required to prove that the store had actual or constructive notice of the hazard that caused the customer’s injury. This step backward is not warranted by anything that the majority has said about Kelly specifically or the mode of operation rule generally. Indeed, I see no reason to retreat to a rule that dispenses with foreseeability and applies only to those operations of a self-service business that are deemed to be especially or inordinately dangerous. Because I continue to believe that our analysis and holding in Kelly were correct, and that they apply with equal force in the present case, I respectfully dissent.18

 Specifically, we concluded that “a plaintiff establishes a prima facie case of negligence upon presentation of evidence that the mode of operation of the defendant’s business gives rise to a foreseeable risk of injury to customers and that the plaintiffs injury was proximately caused by an accident within the zone of risk. The defendant may rebut the plaintiffs evidence by producing evidence that it exercised reasonable care under the circumstances. Of course, the finder of fact bears the ultimate responsibility of determining whether the defendant exercised such care. . . . [T]he defendant’s burden in such cases is one of production, and . . . the ultimate burden of persuasion to prove negligence — in other words, that the defendant failed to take reasonable steps to address a known hazard — remains *442with the plaintiff.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Kelly v. Stop & Shop, Inc., supra, 281 Conn. 791-92.

 Although Kelley testified that he did not miss an aisle during his sweeps on the day of the plaintiffs accident, surveillance tapes revealed that Kelley missed at least two aisles during his sweep at 3:50 p.m. Kelley, however, did perform a sweep of the aisle in which the plaintiff fell at that time.

 The court’s charge to the jury on the mode of operation rule followed the civil jury instruction on the rule set forth on the judicial branch website. See Conn. Civil Jury Instruction 3.9-17, available at http://www.jud.ct.gov/ JI/Civi]/part3/3.9-17.htm (last visited September 7, 2010). I note that this form instruction, which cites to KeUy as governing authority, expressly includes self-service business operations within the mode of operation rule.

 The trial court instructed the jury in relevant part: “The plaintiff has alleged that his injuries were caused by the mode by which the defendant operated the business, in particular, by the way the defendant designed, constructed or maintained [its] self-service supermarket. This is called the mode of operation rule. Under this rule, the plaintiff need not show that the defendant had notice of the particular item or defect that caused the injury. In order to obtain damages under this rule, the plaintiff must prove [first] that the mode of operation of the defendant’s business gave rise to a foreseeable risk of injury to customers such as the plaintiff, and a foreseeable risk would be something that could regularly occur. Two, [there must be proof] that the plaintiffs injury was proximately caused by an accident within that zone of risk.
“The defendant may rebut the plaintiffs evidence by producing evidence that it exercised reasonable care under the circumstances. The defendant has presented evidence that it undertook measures to avoid accidents like the accident that resulted in the plaintiffs injury. Since the defendant has done so, in order to prevail, the burden is on the plaintiff to establish that those steps taken by the defendant to prevent the accident were not reasonable under the circumstances.
“Ultimately, the burden is [on] the plaintiff to prove that the defendant’s mode of operation created a foreseeable risk of injury. It is not the defen*445dant’s burden to disprove it. It is not the law that the defendant who runs a business guarantees the safety of those who come to the premises. If a customer, an invitee, is injured because of a negligent act that the defendant cannot reasonably be expected to foresee or guard against, then the defendant is not liable.
“[If] [i]n considering all the credible evidence, you find . . . one, the plaintiff has proved that the defendant’s mode of operation gave rise to a foreseeable risk of injury and, two, that the injury of the plaintiff was caused by an accident within the zone of risk and, three, that the steps taken by the defendant to prevent the accident were not reasonable under the circumstances, then you must find for the plaintiff and consider damages.
“If you find [that] the plaintiff has not proved that the defendant’s mode of operation gave rise to a foreseeable risk of injury or you find that the irqury to the plaintiff was not caused by an accident within that zone of risk or you find that, even though the defendant’s mode [of] operation gave rise to a foreseeable risk of injury and the injury of the plaintiff was caused by an accident within the zone of risk . . . the defendant exercised reasonable care under the circumstances, then you must find for the defendant.
“So there are three elements that the plaintiff must prove to make the mode of operation claim ....
“If the defendant can demonstrate that the liquid or spill on which the plaintiff allegedly slipped had fallen to the floor moments before the plaintiffs accident, you should find for the defendant.”

 Indeed, a mode of operation rule that does not include a zone of risk requirement would defeat the purpose of such a rule by eliminating the requirement of a nexus between the dangerous condition and the mode of operation. Moreover, such a rule would be fundamentally unfair to self-service businesses because it would render those businesses potentially liable for harm that was not a foreseeable risk of the business’ mode of operation.

 We were required to discuss the salad bar and the foreseeable risks that it created for the purpose of assessing whether the fact finder reasonably could have concluded that the defendant supermarket, Stop and Shop, Inc., failed to take adequate precautions commensurate with those foreseeable risks. See Kelly v. Stop & Shop, Inc., supra, 281 Conn. 793-94.

 The majority further asserts that “we concluded [in Kelly] that the plaintiff, who was injured by slipping on salad material, could recover without proof that the defendant [supermarket] had notice of that material because she had proven that the [supermarket’s] method of operating its salad bar created a foreseeable risk that salad material regularly would be dropped to the floor and the [supermarket] had failed to take reasonable measures to discover and remove it. In short, the plaintiff [in Kelly] had proven that the particular hazard [that] had caused her injury was a regularly occurring condition.” Footnote 18 of the majority opinion. To the extent the majority maintains, for purposes of the present case, that the plaintiff cannot prevail because he failed to prove that fruit cocktail syrup previously had fallen to the floor or that it reasonably was foreseeable that such syrup regularly would fall to the floor, I disagree with the majority’s analysis. This is because in mode of operation cases involving the presence on the floor of such hazards as spilled liquids, the issue is not whether it was foreseeable that that particular type of liquid would be on the floor; instead, the inquiry *449focuses on whether it is foreseeable that liquids generally could fall to the floor. See, e.g., Chiara v. Fry’s Food Stores of Arizona, Inc., 152 Ariz. 398, 401, 733 P.2d 283 (1987) (mode of operation rule potentially applicable to plaintiffs slip and fall on spilled creme rinse when defendant “reasonably could have anticipated that sealed bottles regularly were opened and spilled”).

 This court’s summary, in Kelly, of the plaintiffs burden of proof under the mode of operation rule also is expressed in language that belies the majority’s conclusion in the present case. Specifically, we concluded in Kelly that a plaintiff “will make out a prima facie case upon the presentation of evidence from which the fact finder reasonably could find that the defendant’s self-service mode of operation gave rise to aforeseeable risk of injury to customers and that the plaintiffs injury was proxdmately caused by an accident within the zone of risk . . . .” (Emphasis added.) Kelly v. Stop & Shop, Inc., supra, 281 Conn. 792.

 It is ironic, therefore, that the majority claims that Kelly “must be read as a whole, without particular portions read in isolation, to discern the parameters of its holding,” and yet completely ignores our explanation of the mode of operation rule contained therein.

 We stated that, in light of the fact that self-service retailers realize savings from their self-service mode of operation, “it is appropriate to hold them responsible for injuries to customers that are a foreseeable consequence of their use of that merchandising approach unless they take reasonable precautions to prevent such injuries.” (Emphasis in original.) Kelly v. Stop & Shop, Inc., supra, 281 Conn. 786.

 The majority does claim that “invocation of the mode of operation rule tilts the scale decidedly in a plaintiffs favor.” Footnote 16 of the majority opinion. To illustrate this otherwise unsubstantiated assertion, the majority refers to the present case, the facts of which, according to the majority, suggest that (1) the substance on which the plaintiff had slipped recently had been spilled, (2) the aisle in which the plaintiff fell had been swept and inspected minutes beforehand, and (3) “fruit cocktail [syrup] was not likely to spill . . . .” Id. The majority is incorrect both with respect to its general proposition and its purported illustration of that proposition. As to the former, the mode of operation rule does not tip the scales in either direction; as we expressly stated in Kelly, the rule “provides the most fair and equitable approach to the adjudication of premises liability claims brought by business invitees seeking compensation for injuries arising out of a business owner’s self-service method of operation.” Kelly v. Stop & Shop, Inc., supra, 281 *454Conn. 786. Indeed, we adopted the mode of operation rule in that case because it represented an approach that is far more fair and equitable than that under traditional premises liability principles-, see id., 786-91; principles to which the majority reverts in the present case. Moreover, even if it were appropriate for this court to be guided by anecdotal evidence in its resolution of the important issue raised by this appeal, the facts of the present case provide no support for the proposition that the majority advances. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the plaintiff — ■ a governing principle that the majority ignores — the jury reasonably could have concluded that the defendant had not taken reasonable measures to prevent the plaintiffs accident in light of the testimony of both Kelley and Messer that Kelley did not sweep each aisle in its entirety. Specifically, both Kelley and Messer conceded that Kelley made only one pass through each aisle with a broom roughly one half the width of each aisle. Thus, even though, at the time of the accident, the aisle in which the plaintiff fell recently had been swept, the jury reasonably could have concluded that Kelley’s performance of that task was deficient, especially in light of the testimony that other porters typically took approximately twice as long to conduct their sweeps. Furthermore, even though the testimony adduced at trial indicated that fruit cocktail syrup was not likely to spill onto the floor, the jury reasonably found that it was foreseeable that liquids of all kinds spilled onto the floor and, therefore, that the defendant was on notice of the need to take reasonable measures to address that hazard.

 The majority sets up the proverbial straw man in asserting that, because modem day retailers have no choice but to employ a self-service method of operation, the policy considerations that we found compelling in Kelly “must be balanced against . . . the competing policy consideration, often cited in slip and fall jurisprudence, that businesses are not general insurers of their customers’ safety.” Footnote 21 of the majority opinion. As the majority itself acknowledges, however, the mode of operation rule does not make businesses insurers of their customers’ safety. See footnote 16 of the majority opinion. Indeed, “[requiring the owner of a self-service operation to exercise reasonable care in protecting his business invitees from the foreseeable risks of his method of doing business does not make such owner an insurer of those on his premises. If [the owner] has taken all precautions reasonably necessary to protect his invitees from injury, he is not liable merely because someone is injured on his property.” Ciminski v. Finn Corp., 13 Wn. App. 815, 823, 537 P.2d 850, review denied, 86 Wn. 2d 1002 (1975); accord Kelly v. Stop & Shop, Inc., supra, 281 Conn. 791. To the *455contrary, the mode of operation rule, when it applies, merely dispenses with one element of the plaintiffs prima facie case, namely, that the defendant had actual or constructive notice of the hazardous condition that led to the plaintiffs injury. See Kelly v. Stop & Shop, Inc., supra, 275. The plaintiff always retains the burden of proving that the defendant was negligent. Id., 792.
The msyority further asserts that “a rule that presumptively established] a storekeeper’s negligence simply for having placed packaged items on shelves for customer selection and removal, without requiring any evidence that they were displayed in a particularly dangerous manner, would require us to ignore the modem day reality that all retail establishments operate in this manner and, given competitive considerations and customer demands, they have no other choice. ... [A] modem supermarket’s only method of operation is to place items on shelves for customer selection and removal. Accordingly, a defendant cannot be considered negligent solely on the basis that it has employed that method.” (Citation omitted; emphasis in original.) Part I of the majority opinion. This analysis fundamentally misconstrues the mode of operation rule, the policies underlying it, and this court’s decision in Kelly. Specifically, the majority ignores the fact that the application of the mode of operation rule cannot result in a finding of negligence unless the plaintiff can establish that the measures that the defendant employed were unreasonable. See Kelly v. Stop & Shop, Inc., supra, 281 Conn. 791-92. Indeed, application of the rule does not even give rise to a presumption of negligence. See id. Thus, this court made it clear in Kelly that the defendant supermarket in that case could be found liable only if its operation of the salad bar gave rise to foreseeable hazards and the plaintiff proved that the measures undertaken to ameliorate those hazards were not reasonable. Id., 792-93. We concluded that a reasonable fact finder could find the supermarket negligent because the evidence indicated that it had failed to follow its own policies for dealing with the foreseeable hazards attendant to its operation of the salad bar. See id., 793-94.

 In support of this assertion, the majority cites to approximately twenty cases from other jurisdictions.

 I note that, even if I were to agree that these cases provide support for the rule that the majority adopts, I would continue to apply the rule that this court adopted in Kelly because, in my view, the reasons that persuaded us to adopt the mode of operation rule in Kelly are equally applicable to the present factual scenario.

 See, e.g., Hembree v. Wal-Mart of Kansas, 29 Kan. App. 2d 900, 904, 35 P.3d 925 (2001) (“The evidence . . . was that on the date of the fall, [the defendant] was the type of store where shoppers were invited to come in and pick up, carry, examine, and purchase merchandise for themselves. There was no evidence presented that [the defendant’s] mode of operation was unique or created a situation in which dangerous conditions could regularly occur. . . . Instructing on the mode-of-operation rule in cases such as this would result in most establishments being held to a near strict liability standard. Most businesses [currently] operate in a manner that allows customers to serve themselves to some degree. The rule is not intended to uniformly cover all self-service situations.”).

 The majority attempts to diminish the import of Sheil and Golba because they both relied on broad language from the decision of the Washington Court of Appeals in Ciminski v. Finn Corp., supra, 13 Wn. App. 815, which the Washington Supreme Court subsequently “repudiated” in Pimentel v. Roundup Co., 100 Wn. 2d 39, 49-50, 666 P.2d 888 (1983). Sheil, however, was decided in 1989, and Golba was decided in 1992. Thus, the cases were decided approximately six and nine years after Pimentel, respectively. It stands to reason, therefore, that the courts in Sheil and Golba were aware *463of Pimentel but simply concluded that Ciminski was more persuasive. Indeed, although we decided Kelly approximately twenty-four years after Pimentel, we nevertheless relied expressly on Ciminski in adopting the mode of operation rule. See Kelly v. Stop & Shop, Inc., supra, 281 Conn. 778, 781, 786, 791. Pimentel, on the other hand, is relegated to two string citations in Kelly, and not once did we quote that decision. See id., 782, 787.

 Gonzales has been overruled by statute. See La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 9:2800.6 (2009). That provision reinstates the traditional requirement of actual or constructive notice.
In Owens v. Publix Supermarkets, Inc., supra, 802 So. 2d 315, the Florida Supreme Court adopted an approach similar to those adopted in Lanier *465and Gonzales. Specifically, the court concluded that “the existence of a foreign substance on the floor of a business premises that causes a customer to fall and [to] be injured is not a safe condition and the existence of that unsafe condition creates a rebuttable presumption that the premises owner did not maintain the premises in a reasonably safe condition.” Id., 331. The court further concluded that, “once the plaintiff establishes that he or she fell as a result of a transitory foreign substance, a rebuttable presumption of negligence arises. At that point, the burden shifts to the defendant to show by the greater weight of evidence that it exercised reasonable care in the maintenance of the premises under the circumstances. The circumstances could include the nature of the specific hazard and the nature of the defendant’s business. ” Id. Subsequently, the Florida legislature abrogated Owens in part when it enacted 2002 Fla. Laws, c. 2002-285, § 1, which is codified at Fla. Stat. § 768.0710 (2007) (repealed 2010). Recently, the Florida legislature restored traditional premises liability law with the passage of Fla. Laws, c. 2010-8, § 1 (to be codified at Fla. Stat. § 768.0755), which became effective on July 1, 2010. In light of this legislation, the majority suggests that we should accord Owens little weight. See footnote 26 and accompanying text of the majority opinion. I disagree. Although, for policy reasons, the Florida legislature elected to reject Owens, this court is required to make its own determination with respect to the persuasive value of Owens. Indeed, the court in Owens relied heavily on Gonzales in reaching its conclusion, even though the Louisiana legislature similarly has abrogated that case by statute. See Owens v. Publix Supermarkets, Inc., supra, 326-27. Similarly, the court in Lanier relied on Owens even though that case was decided after the Florida legislature passed 2002 Fla. Laws, c. 2002-285, § 1. Lanier v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., supra, 99 S.W.3d 435. Moreover, in Kelly, we relied on both Owens and Lanier. See Kelly v. Stop & Shop, Inc., supra, 281 Conn. 778-79.

 A review of the defendant’s remaining claims reveals that they are without merit. Specifically, the defendant contends that the trial court (1) improperly applied the mode of operation rule because the plaintiff had failed to allege it in his complaint, and (2) confused the jury by instructing it on traditional premises liability principles when the plaintiff had abandoned any claim based on those principles. With respect to the defendant’s first claim, my review of the plaintiff’s complaint indicates that it reasonably can be construed to allege a mode of operation claim, especially in view of the well established rule that complaints are to be construed liberally. See, e.g., Parsons v. United Technologies Corp., 243 Conn. 66, 83-87, 700 A.2d 655 (1997). With regard to the defendant’s second claim, I conclude that the trial court’s jury charge was proper.