Court Opinion

ID: 4204294
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-09-18 20:09:17.274836+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:41:11.239365
License: Public Domain

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                                  Appellate Court                       Date: 2017.09.18
                                                                        08:45:23 -05'00'

                    People v. Evans, 2017 IL App (1st) 143268

Appellate Court    THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v.
Caption            SHANNON EVANS, Defendant-Appellant.

District & No.     First District, Second Division
                   Docket No. 1-14-3268

Filed              June 6, 2017
Rehearing denied   July 6, 2017

Decision Under     Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 06-CR-12790; the
Review             Hon. Thaddeus L. Wilson, Judge, presiding.

Judgment           Affirmed.

Counsel on         Michael J. Pelletier, Patricia Mysza, and Stephen Gentry, of State
Appeal             Appellate Defender’s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.

                   Kimberly M. Foxx, State’s Attorney, of Chicago (Alan J. Spellberg,
                   Christine Cook, and Claire Wesolik Connolly, Assistant State’s
                   Attorneys, of counsel), for the People.

Panel              JUSTICE MASON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                   Presiding Justice Hyman and Justice Neville concurred in the
                   judgment and opinion.
                                             OPINION

¶1       Defendant Shannon Evans was convicted of first degree murder in the October 13, 2005,
     shooting death of Robert Duffy. He filed a postconviction petition asserting (1) actual
     innocence based on affidavits from two witnesses stating that Evans was not present when
     Duffy was shot and (2) ineffectiveness of trial counsel for failing to investigate witnesses who
     could have testified for Evans at trial. The trial court dismissed Evans’s petition at the second
     stage of postconviction proceedings, finding that in light of the State’s strong evidence of
     Evans’s guilt, his “new” witnesses did not conclusively disprove the State’s theory of the case
     nor was Evans prejudiced by the alleged mistakes of counsel. Evans now appeals. We agree
     with the trial court and affirm.

¶2                                           BACKGROUND
¶3        Because Evans purports to raise an actual innocence claim, it is necessary to set forth the
     trial testimony in some detail. Tina Mosley, Duffy’s longtime girlfriend, testified that Duffy
     and Evans were friends and members of the Gangster Disciples street gang. They sold drugs
     together out of a house at 12210 South Parnell Avenue. One of their customers was Rashad
     Bethany, and Mosley frequently saw the three of them together.
¶4        The day after Duffy’s death, Mosley met with Bethany and Evans. Evans had bloodshot
     eyes, was trembling, and appeared nervous. He told Mosley that he and Duffy had been
     conducting a drug deal at the Parnell house with members of another street gang. One of the
     other gang members pulled out a gun, and a fight ensued, during which Duffy was shot. Evans
     told Mosley he shot one of the other gang members and then fled to hide his gun. When he
     returned, he saw two bodies being placed in an ambulance. Mosley later learned that Duffy had
     been killed.
¶5        Eischa Toney testified that she lived about a block from the Parnell drug house. She had
     known Evans and Bethany since childhood. On the night of October 13, Evans, Bethany, and
     two other men known as Little Ricky and Peanut were drinking on her porch, as they often did.
     Shortly before Duffy was shot, all four left, heading in the direction of Parnell Avenue. Five to
     ten minutes later, Toney heard gunshots and saw the four men running away from Parnell
     Avenue, along with “everybody on the block.” All of them ran in different directions.
¶6        Toney next saw Evans on the day of Duffy’s funeral. Evans said that he was worried about
     being framed for Duffy’s murder because the Parnell house was “his dope spot.” He asked
     Toney whether she had heard anything about the shooting or if she knew people who were
     talking about it. Toney said she had not heard anything. A month or two later, when the four
     men returned to her home, Bethany bragged about robbing and shooting Duffy. Toney testified
     that she could not recall what, if anything, Evans said on that occasion. The State reminded
     Toney of her grand jury testimony, in which she stated that Evans admitted being “part of it”
     and also said that he helped to steal Duffy’s money and drugs. Toney said, “I was asked those
     questions, and you say I answered that. Evidently, I answered that.” After Toney’s grand jury
     testimony, the State helped her relocate for her safety and paid her relocation expenses.
¶7        Patrick Fallie testified that he had known Evans since childhood. He claimed not to recall
     his whereabouts on the night of October 13, and he denied having any knowledge related to

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       Duffy’s murder. He was then impeached with his grand jury testimony in which he testified
       that he was an eyewitness to the shooting and gave a detailed account of the murder.
¶8          In his grand jury testimony on April 12, 2006, Fallie stated that on the night of October 13,
       he was sitting in his car across the street from the Parnell house, waiting for two friends named
       Mike and Markina to purchase cigarettes from a neighboring house. As Fallie waited, he saw
       Duffy limp out of the front of the house, followed closely by Evans and another man. Both of
       the men following Duffy were holding handguns. Duffy turned to face Evans, holding his
       hands in front of his face as if to block a bullet and saying, “Don’t shoot, don’t shoot, it ain’t
       worth it, don’t kill me.” Evans shot him four or five times, then picked up a bag that Duffy was
       carrying and ran away. Fallie told the grand jury that he did not tell this information to the
       police sooner because he was afraid for his life.
¶9          A forensic investigator with the Chicago police department testified that he recovered
       casings from two different caliber weapons at the Parnell house.
¶ 10        Evans’s sole witness was Markina Polk, who testified that she witnessed the murder.
       Together with a friend she referred to as “Mike Mike,” she went to the house next to the Parnell
       drug house to purchase cigarettes. Fallie, whom Polk knew, was sitting across the street in his
       car and waved to her. As Polk approached the cigarette house, she saw Duffy on the lawn of the
       house next door, arguing with two men whom she did not recognize, one of whom was armed.
       Polk did not see Evans on the scene. One of the men pushed Duffy, and the other man began
       shooting Duffy, at which point Polk ran into the cigarette house. She heard around five shots in
       total.
¶ 11        Some time later, Polk learned that Evans had been arrested for Duffy’s murder. She
       attempted to contact authorities to tell them what she knew, but she did not pursue the matter
       because she was afraid of the real murderers. Additionally, Polk admitted that shortly before
       trial, Fallie asked her to deny seeing him at the scene of the murder.
¶ 12        Evans was found guilty of first degree murder with a firearm. He was sentenced to 45
       years’ imprisonment, plus a consecutive 20-year add-on for personally discharging a firearm.
       On direct appeal to this court, he argued that he was denied his right to a speedy trial, the trial
       court improperly admitted hearsay evidence, and the State failed to prove him guilty beyond a
       reasonable doubt. We affirmed his conviction in People v. Evans, 2011 IL App (1st)
       091389-U, and his petition for leave to appeal to the Illinois Supreme Court was denied on
       November 30, 2011 (People v. Evans, No. 113097 (Ill. Nov. 30, 2011)).
¶ 13        Nine months later, on August 30, 2012, Evans filed his pro se postconviction petition.
       After Evans obtained counsel, his amended petition raised (1) an actual innocence claim and
       (2) an ineffective assistance of counsel claim based on trial counsel’s alleged failure to
       investigate and present available evidence of Evans’s innocence. The petition also raised
       various other claims that Evans does not pursue on appeal.
¶ 14        Evans’s actual innocence claim is based upon the affidavits of Mike Miles and Tiara
       Murph. In Miles’s affidavit, he stated that on the night of October 13, 2005, he drove Polk to
       the cigarette house. While he was waiting outside, he saw Duffy limping out of the house next
       door, being chased by two men. Miles recognized one of the men as “Gutta.” He saw Gutta
       shoot Duffy in the head, and then the two men both shot Duffy three or four more times.
       Afterwards, the two men ran away; one of them made eye contact with Miles while running.
       Miles stated that he did not see Evans at any time during the incident. He never contacted the

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       police because he feared for his life. Nevertheless, he said that he was willing to testify for
       Evans at an evidentiary hearing and would have testified for him if called at trial.
¶ 15       In Murph’s affidavit, she stated that she was walking home when she observed two men
       with guns chasing Duffy out of the house next to the cigarette house. She heard shooting and
       ran. Because she was scared for her life, she told nobody about the incident except for her
       grandmother, who moved Murph to Indiana for her safety. A few years ago, Murph moved
       back to Chicago because she thought “enough time had passed that it would be okay,” although
       she was still afraid. Four months ago, she learned that Evans had been convicted of Duffy’s
       murder. She knew Evans from the neighborhood and knew that she did not see him on the day
       of the murder, so she decided to come forward to tell what she had witnessed.
¶ 16       Regarding his ineffective assistance of counsel claim, Evans argued that his trial counsel
       should have called Miles to testify on his behalf. He stated that counsel should have been
       aware of Miles’s existence because both Fallie and Polk named “Mike” as a witness to the
       crime.
¶ 17       Evans also argued that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate Hosea West as
       a potential exculpatory witness. In pretrial discovery, the State disclosed a police report
       detailing an interview with West on October 23, 2005. West told police that he was in the area
       of the shooting on the evening of the murder. He saw Bethany and spoke briefly with him; then
       Bethany left, accompanied by Little Ricky and Peanut. Later, West heard gunshots. He saw
       Little Ricky and Peanut running toward him from the direction of Parnell Avenue, followed by
       Bethany, who glared at him. West did not see Evans on that day. According to West, word on
       the street was that Bethany “set up” Duffy to be killed, but Evans did the actual shooting.
¶ 18       The State filed a motion to dismiss Evans’s postconviction petition, which the circuit court
       granted on August 5, 2014. The court found that Evans’s petition was untimely, having been
       filed two days after the statutory deadline. The court also found that Evans’s claims were not
       meritorious. Regarding the actual innocence claim, the court found that Miles’s and Murph’s
       affidavits were cumulative of Polk’s testimony and did not add anything to the theory of the
       case Evans advanced at trial. It also found that Miles’s affidavit was not newly discovered
       since multiple witnesses referenced “Mike” at trial, indicating that counsel could have
       discovered Mike through due diligence. Regarding the ineffective assistance of counsel claim,
       the court found that since Miles’s testimony would have been cumulative of Polk’s testimony,
       Evans was not prejudiced by counsel’s failure to call Miles at trial. The court did not
       specifically address the police interview with West.
¶ 19       Evans filed a motion to reconsider, arguing that he was not culpably negligent for his
       untimely filing because he relied on the erroneous advice of counsel. Before Evans filed his
       postconviction petition, his mother contacted Evans’s current postconviction counsel for
       advice, although she was unable to pay the required retainer. Counsel incorrectly informed
       Evans that the filing deadline was nine months from the denial of his petition for leave to
       appeal, and Evans relied on that advice in filing his petition. Evans attached an affidavit from
       his postconviction counsel in which she corroborated Evans’s allegations.
¶ 20       On September 30, 2014, the trial court found that Evans was not culpably negligent for his
       untimely filing, but it ruled that the portion of the court’s order dismissing his petition on the
       merits would stand.

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¶ 21                                            ANALYSIS
¶ 22       The Post-Conviction Hearing Act sets forth a three-stage process for adjudicating a
       postconviction petition. 725 ILCS 5/122-1 et seq. (West 2014). At the first stage, the court
       independently reviews the petition to determine whether it sets forth the gist of a constitutional
       claim. People v. Hodges, 234 Ill. 2d 1, 9 (2009). If so, the petition advances to the second stage,
       where the petitioner may amend his petition with the assistance of appointed counsel and the
       State may move to dismiss or answer the petition. People v. Gaultney, 174 Ill. 2d 410, 418
       (1996). To survive a motion to dismiss, the petition must make a “substantial showing of a
       constitutional violation.” People v. Edwards, 197 Ill. 2d 239, 246 (2001). All well-pleaded
       facts not positively rebutted by the trial record are taken as true, and the trial court is not to
       engage in factfinding or credibility determinations. People v. Coleman, 183 Ill. 2d 366, 385
       (1998); People v. Hall, 217 Ill. 2d 324, 334 (2005). Credibility determinations are reserved for
       the third stage of postconviction proceedings, where the trial court holds an evidentiary
       hearing on petitioner’s claims. People v. Pendleton, 223 Ill. 2d 458, 473 (2006). We review the
       second-stage dismissal of a postconviction petition de novo. Id.

¶ 23                                    Timeliness of Evans’s Petition
¶ 24        Initially, the State argues that Evans’s postconviction petition was untimely since it was
       filed two days after the statutory deadline. This deadline does not apply to actual innocence
       claims, which are not subject to time constraints (725 ILCS 5/122-1(c) (West 2014)), but it
       does apply to Evans’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim. Evans concedes untimeliness,
       but he argues that his late filing was not due to his culpable negligence, since he was relying on
       the erroneous advice of postconviction counsel. We agree with Evans.
¶ 25        After Evans’s conviction was affirmed on direct appeal, his petition for leave to appeal to
       the Illinois Supreme Court was denied on November 30, 2011. From that date, Evans had 90
       days to file a petition for a writ of certiorari to the United States Supreme Court (Sup. Ct. R.
       13) and an additional six months to commence postconviction proceedings (725 ILCS
       5/122-1(c) (West 2012))—i.e., until August 28, 2012. But Evans relied on the advice of his
       postconviction counsel, who erroneously told him that he had nine months in which to file his
       petition. Evans therefore filed his petition two days after the deadline, on August 30, 2012.
¶ 26        Thus, we can only consider Evans’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel if Evans
       demonstrates that his late filing was not due to his culpable negligence. Id. Culpable
       negligence is “something greater than ordinary negligence and is akin to recklessness.” People
       v. Boclair, 202 Ill. 2d 89, 108 (2002). To show a lack of culpable negligence, a defendant must
       present allegations of specific fact showing why his tardiness should be excused (People v.
       Hobson, 386 Ill. App. 3d 221, 233 (2008)); vague or conclusory assertions will not suffice
       (People v. Gunartt, 327 Ill. App. 3d 550, 552 (2002)).
¶ 27        Under the circumstances, we find that Evans’s untimely filing was not due to his culpable
       negligence. Our supreme court dealt with a similar situation in People v. Rissley, 206 Ill. 2d
       403, 410 (2003), where defendant’s counsel erroneously informed him that he had three years
       from the date of his sentencing to file a postconviction petition. Defendant had no reason to
       question the advice of his counsel and had every reason to believe his petition was timely filed.
       Id. at 421. Thus, the Rissley court held that defendant was not culpably negligent for his late
       filing. Id.; see also Hobson, 386 Ill. App. 3d at 237 (finding a lack of culpable negligence upon
       similar facts). Likewise, Evans was not culpably negligent for relying upon the erroneous

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       advice of his postconviction counsel regarding the filing deadline.

¶ 28                                           Actual Innocence
¶ 29        Evans argues that the trial court erred in dismissing his actual innocence claim because, he
       contends, the eyewitness accounts of Miles and Murph were new and noncumulative evidence
       that he did not kill Duffy. The State contends that the facts contained in their affidavits were
       not newly discovered, and in any event, their affidavits were cumulative of the testimony of
       Polk, who also stated that Evans was not present when Duffy was shot.
¶ 30        We first take issue with Evans’s characterization of his claim as one asserting his actual
       innocence. An actual innocence claim does not merely challenge the strength of the State’s
       case against the defendant. People v. Collier, 387 Ill. App. 3d 630, 636 (2008). Indeed, it is
       well-established that sufficiency of the State’s evidence is not a proper issue for a
       postconviction proceeding. Id. at 638. Rather, the hallmark of an actual innocence claim is
       “ ‘total vindication’ ” or “exoneration” (id. at 636 (quoting People v. Savory, 309 Ill. App. 3d
       408, 414-15 (1999))); it is a claim that the defendant is free of any criminal involvement, either
       in the crime for which he was convicted or any lesser included offense. People v. Barnslater,
       373 Ill. App. 3d 512, 520 (2007).
¶ 31        In light of (i) Evans’s admission to Mosley that he was present at the time Duffy was shot,
       he was armed, and he fired his weapon, (ii) Toney’s and Fallie’s grand jury testimony admitted
       substantively during Evans’s trial, and (iii) Polk’s trial testimony that Evans was not the man
       pointing a gun at Duffy, Miles’s and Murph’s affidavits bear only on the sufficiency of the
       evidence. Evans has already advanced—and lost—a sufficiency of the evidence argument in
       his direct appeal. Evans, 2011 IL App (1st) 091389-U, ¶ 33. And, as we discuss below, the
       evidence Evans proffers is cumulative of Polk’s testimony to the effect that Evans was not
       present when Duffy was shot and that, in fact, someone else was pointing a gun at Duffy. Thus,
       we could dispose of the issues in this appeal (save for Evans’s ineffective assistance claim) on
       res judicata grounds. People v. Fair, 193 Ill. 2d 256, 267 (2000) (res judicata precludes issues
       that were raised on direct appeal from being raised again in postconviction petition (citing
       People v. Emerson, 153 Ill. 2d 100, 106 (1992) (postconviction petitioner cannot avoid the bar
       of res judicata simply by rephrasing claims raised on direct appeal))); see also Collier, 387 Ill.
       App. 3d at 638 (rejecting petitioner’s actual innocence claim where “it is inescapable that the
       defendant has repackaged the reasonable doubt arguments advanced at trial, on direct appeal,
       and collateral review and placed them upon the altar of actual innocence”).
¶ 32        But even if we accepted the “actual innocence” label Evans attaches to his petition, we
       would reach the same result. Because the conviction of an innocent person violates due
       process, a postconviction petitioner has the right to assert a claim of actual innocence based
       upon newly discovered evidence. People v. Coleman, 2013 IL 113307, ¶ 84 (citing People v.
       Washington, 171 Ill. 2d 475, 488-89 (1996)). To obtain relief, defendant must present evidence
       that is (1) new, in that it could not have been discovered prior to trial through due diligence, (2)
       material to the issue of defendant’s innocence, (3) noncumulative of the evidence presented at
       trial, and (4) sufficiently conclusive that it would probably change the result on retrial. Id. ¶ 96.
       Defendant bears the burden of demonstrating these elements by a preponderance of the
       evidence. Id. ¶ 92.
¶ 33        Miles’s affidavit was not newly discovered because defendant has not shown that his
       testimony was undiscoverable prior to trial. On the contrary, both Polk and Fallie (via his grand

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       jury testimony) testified that Polk was accompanied to the cigarette house by her friend
       “Mike.” Thus, defense counsel should have been aware of “Mike” as a potential witness to the
       shooting. Miles, for his part, never averred that after the shooting he made himself unavailable
       to investigators. On the contrary, he stated that he would have testified for Evans if called at
       trial. Accordingly, Evans has failed to make a substantial showing that Miles’s testimony could
       not have been discovered prior to trial through due diligence.
¶ 34        As for Murph’s affidavit, Evans argues that it is newly discovered because he could not
       have discovered prior to trial that Murph was a witness to the crime: she told nobody about the
       incident except for her grandmother and moved to Indiana afterwards. The State argues that,
       regardless of Murph’s availability, her affidavit is not new because the facts she alleges were
       already known to defendant at the time of trial. See Barnslater, 373 Ill. App. 3d at 523
       (“evidence is not ‘newly discovered’ when it presents facts already known to the defendant at
       or prior to trial, though the source of those facts may have been unknown, unavailable, or
       uncooperative” (emphasis added)).
¶ 35        We need not resolve this issue because, regardless of whether Murph’s affidavit qualifies
       as newly discovered, it is readily apparent that it is cumulative of Polk’s trial testimony. Both
       witnesses had substantially the same version of events. Polk stated that she saw Duffy on the
       lawn of the Parnell house, arguing with two men, neither of whom were Evans. One of the men
       shoved Duffy, and then the other man shot him. Murph averred that she saw Duffy being
       chased out of the Parnell house by two men, and then she heard gunshots. Evans, whom Murph
       knew, was not one of the men. Murph’s testimony does not differ from Polk’s testimony in any
       material aspect, except that she describes the confrontation in less detail and did not see the
       actual shooting. Presenting her testimony at trial would not have added anything to the
       evidence that was already before the jury.
¶ 36        Evans argues that Murph’s testimony should not be considered cumulative because Polk
       was “substantially impeached” at trial and, therefore, Murph’s testimony would have been
       more convincing. We note that this argument is directly contrary to Evans’s position on direct
       appeal, where he argued that Polk’s testimony “was not impeached or inconsistent in any
       manner.” In any event, Evans does not provide any authority for the proposition that an actual
       innocence claim is valid when a newly discovered witness, whose testimony is cumulative of
       exculpatory testimony presented at trial, is “better” than the witness who actually testified. The
       sole case cited by Evans on this issue is In re Lane, 71 Ill. App. 3d 576, 580 (1979), which did
       not concern a postconviction proceeding, but the court’s exclusion of an alibi witness at a
       probation hearing. Finding the exclusion of the witness to be an abuse of discretion, the court
       in Lane noted that the alibi witness that had been permitted to testify had been “clearly
       discredited” because he admitted to being drunk. Id. No such circumstances are present here.
¶ 37        We disagree that Murph’s testimony was “better” than Polk’s. Most critically, because
       Murph did not see the actual shooting, her testimony is of limited value in determining whether
       Evans was the shooter. On the issue of credibility, Evans argues that Polk’s credibility was
       impaired by her statement on cross-examination that she did not come forward sooner because
       she feared for her life. But Murph’s testimony suffers the same alleged infirmity: she also
       initially chose not to contact authorities out of fear for her life.
¶ 38        Evans also lists various other ways in which Polk’s testimony was purportedly impeached:
       she purchased marijuana from Fallie, she was an acquaintance of Evans, and she only saw one
       of Duffy’s assailants holding a gun (unlike Murph, who stated that both men were armed). We

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       would not characterize any of this as substantial impeachment. First, the trial court struck
       Polk’s testimony about purchasing marijuana, and the jury is therefore presumed not to have
       considered that statement. City of Chicago v. Eychaner, 2015 IL App (1st) 131833, ¶ 105. In
       any event, there was no implication that Polk was under the influence of marijuana at the time
       she witnessed Duffy’s murder. Furthermore, the fact that she only saw one of the assailants
       holding a gun is a minor discrepancy that does not significantly discredit her testimony that
       Evans was not present. And Murph, like Polk, was acquainted with Evans.
¶ 39       Finally and most importantly, Miles’s and Murph’s affidavits, whether viewed individually
       or together, are not sufficiently conclusive that they would likely change the result on retrial,
       given the strength of the State’s evidence against Evans. See People v. Sanders, 2016 IL
       118123, ¶ 47 (“the conclusiveness of the new evidence is the most important element of an
       actual innocence claim”). First, according to Mosley’s unimpeached testimony, Evans
       admitted the day after the murder that (i) he was present when Duffy was shot (supposedly by
       a rival gang member), (ii) he had a gun, and (iii) he shot someone. Thus, Evans’s own
       admissions contradict the testimony of his witnesses that he was not present during the
       shooting.
¶ 40       Second, both Fallie and Toney directly implicated Evans in their grand jury testimony,
       which was admitted as substantive evidence at trial. Fallie, who was sitting in his car across the
       street from the Parnell house, testified that he saw Evans shoot Duffy four or five times. Toney
       testified that on the night of the murder, she saw Evans, Bethany, and two other men heading
       for the Parnell house; shortly thereafter, gunshots were fired, and Toney saw all four men
       running away from the house. Evans later admitted to her that he was “part of it” and helped to
       steal Duffy’s money and drugs.
¶ 41       Although Fallie and Toney recanted their grand jury testimony at trial, recantations are
       considered inherently unreliable (People v. Morgan, 212 Ill. 2d 148, 155 (2004)). Fallie’s
       recantation is particularly incredible under the circumstances: before the grand jury, he gave a
       detailed eyewitness account of the murder that was consistent with the physical evidence and
       the testimony of the State’s other key witness, but, at trial, he claimed to have no memory of
       that evening. The jury was entitled to disregard Fallie’s claimed lack of memory and to credit
       his grand jury testimony. As for Toney, she admitted that after her grand jury testimony, the
       State paid to relocate her for her safety—which would only be necessary if she did, in fact,
       implicate Evans.
¶ 42       Thus, in light of the State’s evidence against Evans, the testimony of Miles and Murph
       would not have changed the jury’s verdict. See Sanders, 2016 IL 118123, ¶ 53 (evidence was
       not so conclusive as to change the probable result on retrial where it “merely contradict[ed] the
       testimony of other occurrence witnesses”). For this reason, as well as our earlier findings that
       Miles’s testimony was not newly discovered and Murph’s testimony was cumulative of Polk’s
       testimony, Evans has not established the necessary elements for a claim of actual innocence.

¶ 43                              Ineffective Assistance of Trial Counsel
¶ 44       Evans next argues that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to investigate and present
       Miles and West as exculpatory witnesses. The State argues that Evans failed to establish a
       reasonable probability that their testimony would have changed the outcome of the trial, given
       the strength of the State’s case against Evans.

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¶ 45        Both the United States Constitution and the Illinois Constitution provide that a criminal
       defendant has the right to effective assistance of counsel. U.S. Const., amends. VI, XIV; Ill.
       Const. 1970, art. I, § 8. Under the two-prong test articulated in Strickland v. Washington, 466
       U.S. 668, 687 (1984), a defendant is deprived of the effective assistance of counsel when (1)
       counsel’s performance was deficient, in that it fell below an objective standard of
       reasonableness and (2) the deficient performance prejudiced the defense. See People v. Lee,
       2016 IL App (1st) 152425, ¶ 54 (applying Strickland).
¶ 46        To establish the first Strickland prong, a defendant must show that “counsel’s performance
       was objectively unreasonable under prevailing professional norms.” People v. Domagala,
       2013 IL 113688, ¶ 36. A mistake in trial strategy, without more, does not satisfy this prong; on
       the contrary, counsel’s strategic decisions are afforded considerable deference. People v.
       McGee, 373 Ill. App. 3d 824, 835 (2007). As the Strickland Court stated, “strategic choices
       made after thorough investigation of law and facts relevant to plausible options are virtually
       unchallengeable; and strategic choices made after less than complete investigation are
       reasonable precisely to the extent that reasonable professional judgments support the
       limitations on investigation.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690-91. Deciding whether to call a
       witness at trial is a matter of trial strategy, and accordingly, there is a strong presumption that
       such decisions reflect sound strategy rather than incompetence. People v. Enis, 194 Ill. 2d 361,
       378 (2000).
¶ 47        For the second Strickland prong, the defendant must show that there is a reasonable
       probability that the outcome of the proceeding would have been different if not for counsel’s
       unprofessional errors. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. A reasonable probability is “a probability
       sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome” (People v. Colon, 225 Ill. 2d 125, 135
       (2007)), but it need not be over 50% (People v. McCarter, 385 Ill. App. 3d 919, 935 (2008)
       (citing Miller v. Anderson, 255 F.3d 455, 459 (7th Cir. 2001))).
¶ 48        It is not clear from the record whether trial counsel ever talked to West about appearing as
       a defense witness. But even if counsel did not, we do not believe he may be faulted for that
       decision. Based upon the police report adduced by Evans, West’s testimony would have been
       of little value to the defense. West did not see any part of the altercation with Duffy, let alone
       the actual shooting. Additionally, his statement that he saw Bethany, Little Ricky, and Peanut
       after the shooting—but not Evans—is consistent with Toney’s testimony that after the
       shooting, everyone (including Evans) fled the scene in different directions. Thus, it is unlikely
       that West’s testimony would have changed the outcome of the trial, and counsel’s decision not
       to pursue this avenue of investigation would have been reasonable.
¶ 49        As for Miles, Evans has not demonstrated that his testimony would have created a
       reasonable probability of a different outcome. As discussed, the State’s case against Evans was
       strong; if the jury chose to disbelieve Polk, it is unlikely that calling her friend to the stand to
       recite a similar account of events would have changed their minds. Because Evans has not
       satisfied the prejudice prong of Strickland, his ineffective assistance claim necessarily fails.
       See People v. Garman, 2016 IL App (3d) 150406, ¶ 13 (if counsel’s actions did not prejudice
       defendant, a court need not decide whether counsel’s performance was constitutionally
       deficient (citing People v. Griffin, 178 Ill. 2d 65, 74 (1997))).

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¶ 50                                      CONCLUSION
¶ 51      For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s second-stage dismissal of Evans’s
       postconviction petition.

¶ 52      Affirmed.

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