Court Opinion

ID: 2774277
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-01-28 21:05:10.709836+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:27:53.651671
License: Public Domain

REPORTED

IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS

          OF MARYLAND

               No. 325

        September Term, 2013

  CORYEA DOMINIQUE WEBSTER

                  v.

      STATE OF MARYLAND

   Berger,
   Arthur,
   Kenney, James A., III,
         (Retired, Specially Assigned)

                  JJ.

        Opinion by Kenney, J.

       Filed: January 28, 2015
       Appellant, Coryea Dominique Webster, was charged in the Circuit Court for

Frederick County with possession with intent to distribute cocaine, possession of cocaine,

possession of marijuana, possession of MDMA, possession of drug paraphernalia,

possession of a rifle by a person with a disqualifying offense, possession of a firearm in

connection with a drug trafficking offense, and allowing a minor access to a firearm.1 Tried

by a jury and convicted on all counts, appellant was sentenced to twenty years for possession

with intent to distribute cocaine; a consecutive twenty years, with all but five years

suspended, for possession of a firearm in connection with a drug trafficking offense; a

consecutive fifteen years, all suspended, for illegal possession of a rifle; a consecutive four

years, all suspended for possession of BZP; and, a consecutive one year, all suspended, for

possession of marijuana. Appellant timely appealed and presents the following questions

for our review:

               1. Did the trial court abuse its discretion when it permitted the State to
       introduce into evidence a notebook, when its probative value was outweighed
       by its potential for unfair prejudice?

              2. Did the trial court err and abuse its discretion when it permitted an
       officer to testify that Mr. Webster’s nickname was “Yeah-O” and that “Yeah-
       O” means cocaine in Spanish?

             3. Did the trial court err when it permitted the State, over objection, to
       amend Count 5 of the indictment from possession of MDMA to possession of
       BZP?

       1
         Before trial, the State nol prossed several counts, including one count of possession
with intent to distribute PCP, one count of possession of PCP, and two counts of illegal
possession of a regulated firearm. As will be discussed in response to the third question, the
State also was permitted to amend the possession of MDMA count to possession of BZP.
              4. Was the sentence imposed for possession of marijuana illegal?

              5. Must Mr. Webster’s sentences for possession of a rifle by a person
       with a disqualifying conviction and possession of a firearm in connection with
       a drug trafficking offense be merged, where they were based on the
       possession of a single firearm?

       For the following reasons, we shall reverse appellant’s conviction for possession of

BZP. We also shall vacate appellant’s sentence for possession of marijuana and remand for

resentencing on that count. Otherwise, the judgments shall be affirmed.

                                    BACKGROUND

       At approximately 2:30 p.m. on April 27, 2012, members of the Maryland State Police

responded to an address in Frederick as a result of appellant’s failure to appear in court.

After knocking on the apartment door and receiving no response, the police obtained a key

for the apartment, made entry, and discovered appellant back in the rear bedroom with his

two-year-old child. At no point during the entry did appellant make his presence known to

the police.

       When they made entry into the apartment, police recovered a loaded rifle inside a

closet near the front door of the residence. After securing that weapon, the police then

obtained a search warrant. Police then recovered ammunition, drugs, and drug paraphernalia

throughout the apartment.

       Trooper First Class Jason Stevens, of the Maryland State Police, offered further

details during trial. The rifle recovered from the closet was a Hi-Point nine millimeter

semiautomatic rifle. Recovered from the medicine cabinet in the bathroom were 28 small

                                             2
bags of suspected cocaine, a small amount of marijuana, and a suspected half pill of Ecstasy.

A razor blade and a digital scale with suspected cocaine residue were recovered from a

dresser in the bedroom. In the kitchen, police recovered hundreds of baggies that the trooper

testified were consistent with packaging materials for controlled dangerous substances.

Hundreds of rounds of ammunition were recovered from two plastic bags found underneath

a television in the apartment.

       In addition, a Frederick County Detention Center identification card with appellant’s

picture was located on a nearby nightstand in the bedroom, as were two notebooks.2

Trooper Stevens testified, without objection, that one of the notebooks contained a list

labeled “fiens,”3 and that, “[a] fiend is a drug addict and many times people involved in

distribution of controlled dangerous substances will use a fiend to drive them around to pick

up packages and normally the fiend is paid either through cash, or, um, more commonly in

drugs.”

       As for the items recovered from the medicine cabinet, the parties stipulated that: the

tablet was .2 grams of benzylpiperazine (BZP), a schedule one drug; the plant material was

.5 grams of marijuana; and, the total gross weight of the 28 bags of cocaine was 9.1 grams.

Senior Trooper Austin Fogle, who was accepted as an expert, testified that the cocaine

recovered from the apartment was consistent with possession with the intent to distribute.

       2
           Only one of these two notebooks was admitted into evidence at trial.
       3
       While the label of the list in the notebook is spelled “fiens,” the common spelling of
the word is “fiends” and the transcript refers to it as such.

                                              3
The parties also stipulated that the rifle was an operable nine-millimeter Luger caliber Hi-

Point semiautomatic rifle, and that appellant had two prior convictions of second-degree

assault which prohibited him from possessing a rifle.

       After the State rested, the defense called Kathleen Bedel, who resided at the

apartment in question. She confirmed that appellant had stayed with her the week before the

arrest, but not the day before. On April 27, 2012, she called appellant early in the morning

and asked him to babysit their son. Bedel was unaware of any cocaine being in her

apartment and of the rifle in the closet. She testified that appellant’s older brother

sometimes stayed in her apartment. He, however, had moved out of the apartment about a

month prior to this incident. She also testified that the lock to her apartment was broken

and, on three prior occasions, she had found evidence indicating that someone had been in

her apartment. According to Bedel, her apartment door could be opened with a credit card

and appellant knew he could access her residence in that manner. She confirmed that, at

times, appellant slept over with her in the master bedroom and that he kept clothing at the

apartment.

       Appellant testified on his own behalf that he was in the apartment at the time the

police arrived, but he claimed that he did not have any knowledge of the contraband

recovered from the apartment. He also denied that his nickname was Yeah-O and that the

notebook admitted into evidence belonged to him. He did agree that boxer shorts found in

the master bedroom most likely belonged to him. He kept clothes in the apartment and had

                                             4
been in an “on and off” relationship with Bedel for three years. He also testified that he had

been unemployed for the last year and did not have any fixed address.

       We shall include additional detail in the following discussion.

                                        DISCUSSION

                                               I.

       Appellant first contends the court erred in admitting a notebook because its probative

value was greatly outweighed by its potential for unfair prejudice. The State responds that

the grounds asserted on appeal are different from those that were raised at trial and that the

argument is without merit in any event. We agree with the State.

       Prior to trial, the court granted a motion in limine to preclude any testimony

concerning gang-related activity after defense counsel noted that one of the two notebooks

recovered mentioned rules for the East Side Bounty Hunters, a subset of the Bloods gang.

Thereafter, when Trooper Stevens was asked about the contents of the notebooks, the court

sustained an objection when the officer replied that there were rules for that gang in one of

the notebooks. Subsequently, the State offered to admit the other notebook, identified as

State’s Exhibit 9 at trial. Defense counsel objected on the grounds that “[i]t has a lot of gang

stuff.” The court reviewed the notebook being proffered and the following ensued:

              THE COURT: It, it almost looks like rap poems to me. Obviously
       there’s some pictures and some drawings.

              [PROSECUTOR]: Mmm-hmm. There’s testimony –

              THE COURT: There’s a picture of a gun.

                                               5
       [PROSECUTOR]: There’s –

       THE COURT: Like a drawing of a gun. Some drawings. Face with
a – there’s a gun, there’s a face with a tongue sticking out. (Unclear - one
word) . . . (unclear - one word), looks like a grocery list.

       [PROSECUTOR]: Mmm-hmm.

       THE COURT: Wipes, bottle, milk, (unclear - one word) cups, (unclear
- one word) drinks. Katie, emails, another picture of a gun and a face, an
address, (unclear - one word), some math, one gram plus one gram. Some
more math. Pictures. Looks like another, phone numbers, another picture of
a gun, picture of a shirt, and I don’t know, some pictures of some writing with
some flames coming out of it.

        [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: And there’s a, there’s a second one and I
just, and these are the copies they gave me, but –

       THE COURT: Well, this is the one, what’s this marked? Has it got a
sticker on it –

       [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Nine –

       [PROSECUTOR]: This is nine –

       [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: That’s nine.

       THE COURT: Are you objecting to nine?

      [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Yes because I think the books may contain
information or, or the witness may speculate that and interpret some of the
information as being gang-related or something like that.

        [PROSECUTOR]: Actually the purpose of this book is for drug-related
activity. Your Honor pointed out the grams.

       THE COURT: Yeah.

       [PROSECUTOR]: The word fiends was also in there –

                                      6
             THE COURT: Yes, I did see –

             [PROSECUTOR]: – which was testified to previously –

             THE COURT: Yeah.

             [PROSECUTOR]: The list with the names and the phone numbers.

             THE COURT: Right.

             [PROSECUTOR]: This is the evidence of that. I believe this is –

             THE COURT: Okay, I –

             [PROSECUTOR]: – extremely probative.

(Emphasis added).

      The court then overruled the objection to State’s Exhibit 9 as follows:

             THE COURT: I, um, I’ve reviewed Exhibit Number 9 and stated for
      the record some of the things that I was seeing in it. I do believe it is relevant
      as to drug activity and I don’t see anything that to this Court, this looks like
      some poems and luminati [sic], some poems and things and rap type poems
      and pictures, phone numbers, grocery list, emails. Nothing to this Court that
      is overtly gang-related. Nevertheless I don’t think the, there’s anything about
      any prejudicial information in here. There’s fiends under a bunch of phone
      and then above phone numbers, several, looks like seven –

             [PROSECUTOR]: Appear to be phone numbers –

            THE COURT: – phone numbers. So I don’t find that prejudicial value
      outweighs the probative value. I’m overruling the objection, allow you –

             [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Okay, thank you, Your Honor –

                                              7
              THE COURT: – to submit it. You’re welcome –4

       Maryland Rule 8-131(a) provides, in pertinent part:

       Ordinarily, the appellate court will not decide any other issue unless it plainly
       appears by the record to have been raised in or decided by the trial court, but
       the Court may decide such an issue if necessary or desirable to guide the trial
       court or to avoid the expense and delay of another appeal.

       The purposes of Rule 8-131 are:

       “(a) to require counsel to bring the position of their client to the attention of
       the lower court at the trial so that the trial court can pass upon, and possibly
       correct any errors in the proceedings, and (b) to prevent the trial of cases in a
       piecemeal fashion, thus accelerating the termination of litigation.”

Fitzgerald v. State, 384 Md. 484, 505 (2004) (quoting County Council v. Offen, 334 Md. 499,

509 (1994)); accord Robinson v. State, 404 Md. 208, 216-17 (2008).

       Moreover, “[w]here a party asserts specific grounds for an objection, all other grounds

not specified by the party are waived.” Thomas v. State, 183 Md. App. 152, 177 (2008)

(citing Klauenberg v. State, 355 Md. 528, 541 (1999)); Ayala v. State, 174 Md. App. 647,

665 (2007) (“It is well-settled that when specific grounds are given at trial for an objection,

the party objecting will be held to those grounds and ordinarily waives any grounds not

specified that are later raised on appeal.”) (quotation and citation omitted); see also Gutierrez

v. State, 423 Md. 476, 488 (2011) (reiterating that “when an objector sets forth the specific

grounds for his objection . . . the objector will be bound by those grounds and will ordinarily

       4
          The court admitted State’s Exhibit 9. The notebook not admitted, State’s Exhibit
10, is the one that contains rules for the East Side Bounty Hunters. Both notebooks, State’s
Exhibits 9 and 10, are included with the record on appeal.

                                               8
be deemed to have waived other grounds not specified”) (quotation and citation omitted).

       Our review of the record in this case persuades us that appellant’s objection was to

any “gang-related” evidence that may have been admitted, either through one of the

notebooks or the testimony of Trooper Stevens. It was this concern that informed the trial

court’s analysis. We are unable to conclude, as appellant now asks us to do, that defense

counsel’s addition, “or something like that,” raised additional, unstated grounds beyond the

explicit concern about gang evidence. Therefore, this issue was not properly preserved.

       But, even if preserved, we conclude that the trial court properly exercised its

discretion in admitting the notebook identified as State’s Exhibit 9. This Court has stated:

       “A ruling on the admissibility of evidence ordinarily is within the trial court’s
       discretion. Blair v. State, 130 Md. App. 571, 592 (2000). This Court generally
       reviews such rulings for an abuse of discretion. State v. Simms, 420 Md. 705,
       724-25 (2011). “An abuse of discretion occurs ‘where no reasonable person
       would take the view adopted by the [trial] court,’ or when the court acts
       ‘without reference to any guiding rules or principles.’” Brass Metal Prods. v.
       E-J Enters., 189 Md. App. 310, 364 (2009) (quoting King v. State, 407 Md.
682, 697 (2009)).

Hajireen v. State, 203 Md. App. 537, 552 (2012) (internal parallel citations omitted); see also

Gordon v. State, 431 Md. 527, 533 (2013) (“[O]rdinarily a trial court’s rulings on the

admissibility of evidence are reviewed for abuse of discretion.” (citing Hopkins v. State, 352
Md. 146, 158 (1998))).

       Maryland Rule 5-401 provides that:

              “Relevant evidence” means evidence having any tendency to make the
       existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action
       more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.

                                              9
       Further:

               “Relevant evidence” is “evidence having any tendency to make the
       existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action
       more or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” Md. Rule 5-401;
       accord Snyder v. State, 361 Md. 580, 591 (2000). In addition, evidence, even
       if relevant, “may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed
       by the danger of unfair prejudice.” Md. Rule 5-403. “[T]he admission of
       evidence is committed to the considerable discretion of the trial court.” Sifrit
       v. State, 383 Md. 116, 128 (2004) (citing Merzbacher v. State, 346 Md. 391,
       405 (1997)). “The discretion necessarily entrusted to the umpire on the field
       embraces, by definition, a range of rational decisions. Within that range a trial
       judge may freely rule in either direction without fear of being overturned.”
       Tate v. State, 176 Md. App. 365, 408 (2007), vacated on other grounds, 405
       Md.106 (2008).

Allen v. State, 192 Md. App. 625, 651-652 (2010) (internal parallel citations omitted).

       But, even relevant evidence may be excluded:

               Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is
       substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the
       issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of
       time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.

Maryland Rule 5-403; see Decker v. State, 408 Md. 631, 640 (2009) (“Relevant evidence

may be excluded, however, if it is unfairly prejudicial, confusing to the fact finder, or a waste

of time.”); see also Tipton v. State, 39 Md. App. 578, 585 (1978) (even if relevant, trial judge

should weigh factors going to probative value, such as likelihood jury may be aroused by

emotion or otherwise distracted; that evidence will consume an undue amount of time; and

the danger of unfair surprise).

       On appeal, appellant identifies four areas of particular concern from the admission

of the notebook: (1) the word “gram” and a heading labeled “fiens;” (2) drawings of guns;

                                               10
(3) rap poems containing violent references and provocative language; and, (4) one passage

suggesting prior contact with law enforcement. As for appellant’s concern about the word

“fiens,” it appears that was waived because, as set forth in our background discussion,

Trooper Stevens testified, without objection, to the meaning of fiends in the context of drug

distribution. See Yates v. State, 429 Md. 112, 120-21 (2012) (“Where competent evidence

of a matter is received, no prejudice is sustained where other objected to evidence of the

same matter is also received.” (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)); see also

DeLeon v. State, 407 Md. 16, 30-31 (2008) (holding that a defendant waived an objection to

what he claimed was not relevant and also highly prejudicial testimony about his purported

gang affiliation because “evidence on the same point [was] admitted without objection”

elsewhere at trial).

       As for appellant’s remaining contentions, we are not persuaded that the trial court

abused its discretion. Certainly, no objection or argument was raised that the notebook

contained inadmissible other crimes evidence, as appellant now asserts on appeal. And, we

are not persuaded that the probative value of the drawings of guns, the calculation of grams,

and the listing of “fiens” was substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice

given the relevance of such evidence to the issues before the jury. As to the drawings, it has

been often stated, “[t]here can be no serious dispute that there is an intimate relationship

between violence and drugs.” Marks v. Criminal Compensation, 196 Md. App. 37, 70

(2010); see also Burns v. State, 149 Md. App. 526, 542 (2003) (“The intimate connection

                                             11
between guns and narcotics is notorious”); Whiting v. State, 125 Md. App. 404, 417 (1999)

(“we have acknowledged a nexus between drug distribution and guns”); Banks v. State, 84
Md. App. 582, 591 (1990) (“[p]ossession and indeed, use, of weapons, most notably,

firearms, is commonly associated with the drug culture”). The trial court neither erred nor

abused its discretion in admitting the notebook into evidence.

                                             II.

       Appellant next asserts the trial court erred in admitting evidence of his alleged

nickname because that evidence amounted to inadmissible hearsay and improper propensity

evidence. The State responds that, to the extent preserved, the trial court properly exercised

its discretion.

       Prior to jury selection, appellant moved in limine to prevent Trooper Stevens from

testifying that appellant’s nickname was a slang Spanish word for cocaine. The court denied

the motion, noting that it would consider objections to that effect during trial. Thereafter,

during Trooper Stevens’ testimony about the seizure of evidence from appellant’s apartment,

the following ensued:

       There were also two notebooks which were located. The notebooks had
       information, ah, they, they had the name Yeah-O, which I know to be a
       nickname for Mr. Webster. Yeah-O is a slang term for cocaine.

             [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Ob, objection, Your Honor, it’s . . . non-
       responsive.

               THE COURT: All right. Sustain. Strike. Ask you to continue. Please
       strike that.

                                             12
                 BY [PROSECUTOR]:

              Q. So you said you found a book that had the name Yeah-O in it? Is
       that correct?

                 A. Yes sir. Two books.

                 Q. Okay. And you said Yeah-O’s a name you know as who?

                 [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Objection.

                 THE COURT: Overrule.

                 THE WITNESS: Um, Coryea Webster’s known as Yeah-O on the
       street.

                 BY [PROSECUTOR]:

                 Q. Okay. And you said you know that word to mean what?

                 A. Cocaine.

       Appellant’s primary argument is that the evidence that his nickname was “Yeah-O”

amounted to inadmissible hearsay.5 Under the Maryland Rules, hearsay is defined as “a

statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing,

offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted.” Md. Rule 5-801(c). A

“statement” is “(1) an oral or written assertion or (2) nonverbal conduct of a person, if it is

intended by the person as an assertion.” Md. Rule 5-801(a). A “declarant” is “a person who

       5
        Appellant’s second objection on this issue was general. The Court of Appeals has
recognized that “a party basing an appeal on a ‘general’ objection to admission of certain
evidence, may argue any ground against its inadmissibility.” Johnson v. State, 408 Md. 204,
223 (2009) (citations omitted).

                                              13
makes a statement.” Md. Rule 5-801(b). Further, “[e]xcept as otherwise provided by these

rules or permitted by applicable constitutional provisions or statutes, hearsay is not

admissible.” Md. Rule 5-802. “Thus, a circuit court has no discretion to admit hearsay in

the absence of a provision providing for its admissibility. Whether evidence is hearsay is

an issue of law reviewed de novo.” Bernadyn v. State, 390 Md. 1, 8 (2005); accord Thomas

v. State, 429 Md. 85, 98 (2012).

       Courts generally begin by identifying the proposition that the evidence was offered

to prove. See Bernadyn, 390 Md. at 10 (“We therefore begin our inquiry by identifying the

proposition that the medical bill was offered to prove.”) (citation omitted); Murphy,

Maryland Evidence Handbook § 702, at 305 (4th ed. 2010) (“When an out-of-court

statement is offered in evidence, the trial judge must first determine why it is being

offered”).

       In this case, the State sought to establish that the notebook admitted into evidence,

State’s Exhibit 9, was circumstantially linked to appellant because the front cover of the

notebook lists the name “Ya Yo,” and the testimony of Trooper Stevens was that appellant

was known by the similar nickname “Yeah-O.” Appellant contends his nickname qualified

as hearsay. Many authorities suggest that is not the case. Professor Wigmore explains:

       A person’s name is the title by which he himself and others habitually call him.
       To know a person’s name, therefore, is to have heard him so called by himself
       and by others. In strictness, such an utterance is not hearsay, except where it
       is made as an assertion of fact. But, though it may be hearsay, as a source of
       information, yet is universally relied upon as a source of knowledge. Courts
       have commonly accepted the testimony founded upon it.

                                             14
2 Wigmore, Evidence § 667a, at 928 (Chadbourne rev. 1979) (emphasis in original).

       Further:

       One virtually always learns a name – even one’s own – by being told what it
       is. See United States v. May, 622 F.2d 1000, 1007 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 449
U.S. 984 (1980). Nevertheless, evidence as to names is commonly regarded
       as either not hearsay because it is not introduced to prove the truth of the
       matter asserted, . . ., or so imbued with reliability because of the name’s
       common usage as to make any objection frivolous.

U.S. v. Allen, 960 F.2d 1055, 1059 (D.C. Cir. 1992) (some internal citations omitted); see

also State v. Shields, 619 S.W.2d 937, 940 (Mo. Ct. App. 1981) (“Evidence of the name by

which a person is known is not within the rule excluding hearsay evidence.”); State v.

Barnett, 254 S.E.2d 199, 201 (N.C. Ct. App. 1979) (“The name a person is called is a fact,

and in this case the witness was testifying to such a fact within his own knowledge”); State

v. Johnson, 13 A.3d 1064, 1066 (R.I. 2011) (“[A] multitude of courts have held that evidence

about a person’s nickname, in this context, does not constitute hearsay because the use of

such a name does not rise to the level of an assertion”); State v. Feyereisen, 345 N.W.2d 58,

60 (S.D. 1984) (“[T]here is substantial authority that evidence of a name by which a person

is known is not within the rule excluding hearsay evidence.”).

       Under the circumstances in this case, Trooper Stevens’ testimony regarding a

notebook with a particular nickname on it that was found in the apartment was not offered

as circumstantial evidence of appellant’s involvement in the drug trade. Neither his on and

off again presence in the apartment nor his actual presence when the police arrived was an

issue. As to the nickname that tied appellant to the notebook being hearsay, the Ninth

                                             15
Circuit has recognized:

       We do not think that the name is hearsay. In a sense, it is. We can know a
       person’s name only by being told, either by the person or someone else, unless,
       of course, we happen to have christened the person. But a name, however
       learned, is not really testimonial. Rather, it is a bit of circumstantial evidence.

May, 622 F.2d at 1007; see also U.S. v. Weeks, 919 F.2d 248, 251 (5 th Cir. 1990) (holding

that witness’s testimony about a person’s nickname reported non-assertive oral conduct and

was not hearsay); U.S. v. Day, 591 F.2d 861, 884-85 (D.C. Cir. 1978) (concluding that note

bearing defendant’s name found on coconspirator is nonhearsay) (collecting similar cases);

U.S. v. Snow, 517 F.2d 441, 443-44 (9th Cir. 1975) (holding that a name tag bearing

defendant’s name affixed to machine gun case treated as circumstantial evidence only and

nonhearsay).

       We recognize that an important part of appellant’s argument is that the State also used

Trooper Stevens’ testimony to suggest that appellant’s nickname was slang for “cocaine.”

In other words, appellant’s contention is that the State sought to have the evidence admitted

for the truth of the matter asserted. However, appellant’s only objection to that testimony

at trial was that the testimony was non-responsive. And, as appellant concedes, he waived

any objection to this evidence by not objecting when Trooper Stevens testified a second time

that Yeah-O was slang for cocaine. As the Court of Appeals has reaffirmed, “[o]bjections

are waived if, at another point during the trial, evidence on the same point is admitted

without objection.” DeLeon, 407 Md. at 31 (citing Peisner v. State, 236 Md. 137, 145-46

(1964)); see also Klauenberg v. State, 355 Md. 528, 545 (1999) (“This also requires the party

                                               16
opposing the admission of evidence to object each time the evidence is proffered by its

proponent”). Thus, the only issue properly before this Court is whether Trooper Stevens’

testimony about the presence of appellant’s alleged nickname on the notebook amounted to

hearsay, and we conclude that there was no error when the trial court overruled the objection

and admitted the evidence at issue.

       Moreover, we are persuaded that if there was any error it was harmless beyond a

reasonable doubt. See Bellamy v. State, 403 Md. 308, 332 (2008) (“Once it has been

determined that error was committed, reversal is required unless the error did not influence

the verdict; the error is harmless only if it did not play any role in the jury’s verdict.”)

(quotation and citation omitted). As indicated, the State was offering appellant’s nickname

and its alleged meaning as circumstantial evidence connecting appellant to other evidence

recovered in the apartment. And yet, that evidence, i.e., appellant’s purported nickname on

a notebook found there, was cumulative to other evidence establishing appellant’s

relationship to the apartment and its contents. See Dove v. State, 415 Md. 727, 743-44

(2010) (“In considering whether an error was harmless, we also consider whether the

evidence presented in error was cumulative evidence. Evidence is cumulative when, beyond

a reasonable doubt, we are convinced that there was sufficient evidence, independent of the

[evidence] complained of, to support the appellant[’s] conviction[].”) (quotation and citation

omitted). Other evidence tying appellant to the apartment included Trooper Stevens’

testimony that he was familiar with appellant and had spoken with him on prior occasions.

                                             17
He also knew appellant’s address, and that appellant lived at that location with his child and

the mother of his child. There was also Bedel’s testimony confirming that appellant had

stayed in her apartment, specifically sleeping over in the master bedroom and keeping clothes

there, and that she had invited him over on the day in question to babysit their two-year-old

son. Moreover, in addition to the direct evidence that appellant was present in the apartment

when the police arrived, a Frederick County Detention Center identification card with

appellant’s picture was located on the nightstand in the bedroom, and appellant admitted that

he stayed there on occasion and kept clothes in the apartment. Accordingly, there was other

evidence beyond the notebook that demonstrated a strong connection between appellant and

the apartment. And, to the extent that appellant’s defense was that he just happened to be

present when the police arrived and that the contraband belonged to someone else, a rational

finder of fact could nevertheless conclude that appellant jointly and constructively possessed

the items in question. See Moye v. State, 369 Md. 2, 14 (2002) (“The State did not need to

show that Moye exercised sole possession of the drugs and paraphernalia. Rather, a person

may have actual or constructive possession of the CDS, and the possession may be either

exclusive or joint in nature”).

                                             III.

       Appellant argues that, prior to jury selection, the court erred in permitting the State

to amend Count 5 of the indictment, which provided as follows:

                            COUNT 5 - POSSESSION OF CDS

                                             18
             And, the Jurors aforesaid, do on their oaths and affirmations present
      that Coryea Dominique Webster, on or about April 27, 2012, at Frederick
      County, Maryland, unlawfully did possess a controlled dangerous substance
      to Schedule I, to wit: Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), a non-
      narcotic drug; contrary to the form of the Act of Assembly in such cases made
      and provided and against the peace, government, and dignity of the State.
      (Criminal Law 5-601) CJIS Code: 4 3550.

      The State sought to amend the count because the results of drug testing indicated that

the pill found in appellant’s apartment actually contained benzylpiperazine, “BZP,” as

opposed to methylenedioxymethamphetamine, “MDMA.” The State noted that the count

charged illegal possession of a controlled dangerous substance and that both MDMA and

BZP were identified under Schedule I. See Md. Code (2002, 2012 Repl. Vol., 2014 Supp.)

§ 5-402(d)(1)(xviii) of the Criminal Law Article (“Crim. Law”), (MDMA is a Schedule I

drug); Crim. Law § 5-402(a)(3) (Maryland Schedule I drugs include drugs classified as such

under federal law); 21 C.F.R. 1308.11(f)(2) (BZP is a Schedule I drug). The State also

noted that the penalty remained the same whether the count listed MDMA or BZP. See

Crim. Law § 5-601 (prohibiting the possession of controlled dangerous substances and

penalizing such illegal possession by up to four years’ incarceration). After appellant

objected, the court permitted the amendment, noting that possession of both substances was

illegal under Crim. Law § 5-601.

      Maryland Rule 4-204 provides:

      On motion of a party or on its own initiative, the court at any time before
      verdict may permit a charging document to be amended except that if the
      amendment changes the character of the offense charged, the consent of the
      parties is required. If amendment of a charging document reasonably so

                                            19
       requires, the court shall grant the defendant an extension of time or
       continuance.

       As this Court stated in Albrecht v. State, 105 Md. App. 45 (1995):

       Generally speaking, amendments that have been deemed to be merely changes
       of form have been such things as a clerical correction with respect to the name
       of a defendant, the substitution of one name for another as a robbery victim,
       a change in the description of money, changing the name of the owner of
       property in a theft case, and changing the date of the offense. An amendment
       as to substance, by contrast, would change the very character of the offense
       charged.

Albrecht, 105 Md. App. at 68; accord Holbrook v. State, 133 Md. App. 245, 259 (2000).

       In considering the “character of the offense,” the Court of Appeals has explained:

               We thus think it clear that there is a change in the character of the
       offense charged where the amendment “change[s] the basic description of the
       offense,” Gray v. State, [216 Md. 410,] 416 [(1958)]; it is equally clear that the
       basic description of the offense is indeed changed when an entirely different
       act is alleged to constitute the crime.

Thanos v. State, 282 Md. 709, 716 (1978).

       In arguing that the court erred in permitting the amendment, appellant relies on

Johnson v. State, 358 Md. 384 (2000). In that case, the defendant was charged with

possession with intent to distribute marijuana and simple possession of marijuana. Id. at 386.

Prior to trial, the State was allowed to amend the charge to allege that the substance was

crack cocaine. Id. The Court of Appeals concluded that the character of the offense changed

and the amendment should not have been permitted. The Court of Appeals reasoned that

changing the identity of a controlled dangerous substance changes the identity of the

offense. Id. at 392. The Court reasoned:

                                              20
       “the identification of the particular controlled dangerous substance involved
       in a given offense is so inextricably tied to the critical matters of the
       appropriate unit of prosecution and the permissible or mandated punishment
       that it must be treated as an element of the offense.”

Id. at 391 (quoting State v. Simpson, 318 Md. 194, 198 (1989)).

       We are persuaded that Johnson controls the outcome in this case. Accordingly, we

hold that the trial court erred in permitting the amendment and reverse appellant’s conviction

on this count.

                                             IV.

       Appellant next contends the trial court erred in imposing a one year sentence for

possession of marijuana because that exceeded the applicable penalty provision at the time

of sentencing.6 Appellant cites Waker v. State, 431 Md. 1 (2013) in support of his argument.

The State disagrees, arguing that Waker is inapplicable and that Stubbs v. State, 406 Md. 34

(2008) is controlling. We agree with appellant.

       Appellant was arrested on April 27, 2012. The indictment against him was filed on

June 1, 2012. The parties stipulated that the amount of marijuana seized in this case was .5

grams. Appellant was convicted by a jury on October 12, 2012 and then subsequently

sentenced on February 21, 2013.

       Earlier, on May 2, 2012 Governor Martin O’Malley had signed Senate Bill 214,

       6
         We note that appellant’s sentencing arguments are preserved for our review even
though he did not object to the sentences when imposed. When a court imposes a sentence
that is not authorized by law, the sentence is illegal. Waker v. State, 431 Md. 1, 7 (2013).
Under Md. Rule 4-345(a), an illegal sentence may be corrected at any time.

                                             21
which repealed and reenacted with amendments the penalty provision for possession of

marijuana. 2012 Md. Laws, ch. 193. The law, which took effect on October 1, 2012, was

enacted for “the purpose of establishing a reduced penalty for a person convicted of the use

or possession of less than a certain quantity of marijuana[.]” The law added the following

language to the penalty section for possession of marijuana: “A person convicted of the use

or possession of less than 10 grams of marijuana is subject to imprisonment not exceeding

90 days or a fine not exceeding $500 or both.” See Crim. Law § 5-601(c)(2)(ii). Thus, this

penalty provision was in effect on the day appellant was convicted and on the day of his

sentencing.

       We are guided in our conclusion that appellant’s sentence should be vacated by

Waker, supra. There, on March 30, 2009, Waker committed what was then a felony theft

– theft of property valued at more than $500, the penalty for which was, at that time, a

maximum sentence of 15 years imprisonment and/or a $25,000 fine. See Waker, 431 Md.

at 5; Crim. Law § 7-104(g)(1) (superseded). During the 2009 session, the Maryland General

Assembly amended the Maryland theft statute. Waker, 431 Md. at 2. The bill, which

became effective October 1, 2009, changed the dividing line between misdemeanor and

felony thefts. Id. Under the new law, the dividing line was $1,000, with a maximum

sentence for misdemeanor theft under $1,000 being 18 months, a $500 fine or both, and a

maximum sentence for felony theft between $1,000 and $10,000 being 10 years, a $10,000

fine, or both. See Crim. Law § 7-104(g).

                                            22
       Six weeks after the law took effect, on December 11, 2009, Waker was tried on an

agreed statement of facts and found guilty of theft of property having a value of $615 and

sentenced to 10 years of imprisonment. Waker, 431 Md. at 2. He appealed arguing that his

sentence was illegal because the trial court should have applied the penalty in effect at the

time of trial and sentencing, which allowed for a maximum sentence of 18 months of

imprisonment and/or a $500 fine. See Waker, 431 Md. at 6; Crim. Law § 7-104(g)(2). The

Court of Appeals agreed, holding that it is “the penalties . . . in effect at the time the trial

court imposed sentence” which control. Id. at 11. Thus, Waker could only be sentenced to

no more than 18 months in prison and/or a $500 fine because that was the law in effect when

he was sentenced. Id. at 13.

       The State responds that Waker is inapplicable and that Stubbs v. State, 406 Md. 34

(2008) controls. Stubbs concerned the Maryland General Assembly’s addition in 2004 of

a new provision for theft of property valued at less than $100. See Stubbs, 406 Md. at 36;

Crim. Law § 7-104(g)(3). Two years after the amendment went into effect, Stubbs stole a

set of wrenches from Home Depot, which were valued at $139.86. Stubbs, 406 Md. at 39.

He was charged with theft of property valued at less than $500. Id. at 40. However, the only

evidence presented at trial regarding value was that the stolen wrenches were worth $69.93.

Id. at 40-41. Stubbs argued that the State should have charged him with theft of property

valued at less than $100, and the State had not met its burden of proving beyond a

reasonable doubt that he was guilty of theft of less than $500. Id. at 41-42. The trial court

                                              23
denied the motion, and upon conviction of theft under $500, sentenced him to 18 months

imprisonment. Id. at 42.

       The Court of Appeals affirmed Stubbs’ conviction and sentence. Id. at 44. In

reaching this conclusion, the Court looked to the legislative history and the language of the

2004 amendment to the theft statute. Specifically, the Court looked to the recommendations

of an appointed ad hoc committee formed to analyze jury prayers from the district court.

The committee concluded that more matters would be resolved at the district court level if

the State had greater discretion in charging certain misdemeanors. Id. at 45. The Court

additionally noted that, unless the offense of theft under $100 was specifically charged by

the State, the offense was not be a lesser included offense of theft of property. Id. at 47; see

also Crim. Law § 7-108(d).

       Stubbs is distinguishable from appellant’s case. The issue there concerned the

charging of a crime and penalty imposed. Here, we are only concerned with the penalty

imposed. Moreover, the purposes of the amended statutes differ. In Stubbs, the purpose of

amending the penalty provision of the theft statue was jurisdictional – to give the State’s

Attorney’s Office the discretion to bring certain theft cases in district court rather than the

circuit court. Here, the purpose of amending the penalty provision for possession of

marijuana was to decriminalize and reduce the penalties for possession of small amounts of

marijuana.

       For the above reasons, we are persuaded that trial court erred in imposing a sentence

                                              24
of one year on appellant’s possession of .5 grams of marijuana. Accordingly, we shall vacate

that sentence and remand for re-sentencing. See Md. Rule 8-604(d)(2) (“In a criminal case,

if the appellate court reverses the judgment for error in the sentence or sentencing

proceeding, the Court shall remand the case for resentencing”).7

                                              V.

       Finally, appellant contends that his sentence for possession of a firearm in nexus to

a drug trafficking crime, pursuant to Crim. Law § 5-621, must merge with his sentence for

possession of a rifle after being convicted of a crime of violence, pursuant to Md. Code

(2003, 2011 Repl. Vol., 2014 Supp.), § 5-206 of the Public Safety Article (“P.S.”), under

either the rule of lenity or fundamental fairness. We disagree.8

       Crim. Law § 5-621 provides, in pertinent part:

             (a) Definitions. – (1) In this section the following words have the
       meanings indicated.

              (2) “Drug trafficking crime” means a felony or a conspiracy to commit
       a felony involving the possession, distribution, manufacture, or importation

       7
          We note that the General Assembly has again amended Section 5-601(c)(2)(ii), and
that provision now provides, effective October 1, 2014, in pertinent part: “A first violation
of this section involving the use or possession of less than 10 grams of marijuana is a civil
offense punishable by a fine not exceeding $100.” To the extent there is any question which
version of the statute controls on remand, we simply note that “at a resentencing, ‘the
sentencing court must approach its task as if no sentence had ever been imposed.’ Therefore,
the ‘trial court is charged ... with ‘exercising its sentencing discretion’ as if the sentencing
was occurring for the first time.’” Parker v. State, 193 Md. App. 469, 489 (2010) (quoting
Bartholomey v. State, 267 Md. 175, 193 (1972)); accord Twigg v. State, 219 Md. App. 259,
286 (2014).
       8
           Appellant did argue for merger of these sentences at the disposition hearing.

                                              25
of a controlled dangerous substance under §§ 5-602 through 5-609 and 5-614
of this subtitle.

       (3) “Forfeiting authority” means the office or person designated by
agreement between the State’s Attorney for a county and the chief executive
officer of the governing body that has jurisdiction over the assets subject to
forfeiture.

      (b) Prohibited. – During and in relation to a drug trafficking crime, a
person may not:

       (1) possess a firearm under sufficient circumstances to constitute a
nexus to the drug trafficking crime; or

       (2) use, wear, carry, or transport a firearm.

        (c) Penalty. – (1) In addition to the sentence provided for the drug
trafficking crime, a person who violates subsection (b) of this section is guilty
of a felony and on conviction is subject to:

      (i) for a first violation, imprisonment for not less than 5 years and not
exceeding 20 years; or

       (ii) for each subsequent violation, imprisonment for not less than 10
years and not exceeding 20 years.

      (2) (i) The court shall impose a minimum sentence of 5 years under
paragraph (1)(i) of this subsection.

      (ii) The court shall impose a minimum sentence of 10 years under
paragraph (1)(ii) of this subsection.

      (3)(i) A court may not suspend any part of a mandatory minimum
sentence.

       (ii) Except as provided in § 4-305 of the Correctional Services Article,
a person sentenced under this subsection is not eligible for parole.

      (iii) A sentence imposed under paragraph (1)(ii) of this subsection shall
be consecutive to and not concurrent with any other sentence imposed by

                                       26
       virtue of the commission of the drug trafficking crime.

Crim. Law § 5-621.

       At the time of sentencing in this case, P.S. § 5-206 provided:

             (a) In general. – A person may not possess a rifle or shotgun if the
       person was previously convicted of:

                (1) a crime of violence; or

             (2) a violation of § 5–602, § 5–603, § 5–604, § 5–605, § 5–612, §
       5–613, or § 5–614 of the Criminal Law Article; or

             (3) an offense under the laws of another state or the United States that
       would constitute one of the crimes listed in item (1) or (2) of this subsection
       if committed in this State.

             (b) Penalty. – A person who violates this section is guilty of a felony
       and on conviction is subject to imprisonment not exceeding 15 years.

              (c) Violation is separate crime. – Each violation of this subsection is
       a separate crime.

P.S. § 5-206.

       Clearly, the offenses do not merge under the required evidence test. “Under federal

double jeopardy principles and Maryland merger law, ‘the principal test for determining the

identity of offenses is the required evidence test.’ The required evidence test prohibits

separate sentences for each offense if only one offense requires proof of a fact which the

other does not.” Christian v. State, 405 Md. 306, 321 (2008) (quoting Dixon v. State, 364
Md. 209, 26-37 (2001)). Each offense in this case includes different elements. For instance,

Crim. Law § 5-621 requires the illegal possession of a firearm to be in connection with a

                                              27
drug trafficking offense. P.S. § 5-206 requires the illegal possession of a rifle or shotgun

to be by a person previously convicted of a disqualifying offense.

       Recognizing this, appellant contends the sentences merge under the rule of lenity or

the principle of fundamental fairness. This Court stated the rule of lenity as follows:

       “Even though two offenses do not merge under the required evidence test,
       there are nevertheless times when the offenses will not be punished separately.
       Two crimes created by legislative enactment may not be punished separately
       if the legislature intended for the offenses to be punished by one sentence. It
       is when we are uncertain whether the legislature intended one or more than one
       sentence that we make use of an aid to statutory interpretation known as the
       ‘rule of lenity.’ Under that rule, if we are unsure of the legislative intent in
       punishing offenses as a single merged crime or as distinct offenses, we, in
       effect, give the defendant the benefit of the doubt and hold that the crimes do
       merge.”

Clark v. State, 188 Md. App. 185, 207-208 (2009) (quoting Monoker v. State, 321 Md. 214,

222 (1990)).

       The prior version of Crim. Law § 5-621, Article 27 § 281A, a statute that did not

prohibit the mere possession of a firearm in connection with a drug trafficking offense, was

enacted in 1989 as part of the Drug Kingpin Act. As the Court of Appeals explained in

considering that prior version:

       Its purpose was “to reduce the supply of drugs in Maryland by establishing
       harsher penalties for drug dealers and by decreasing the profitability of
       participation in a drug trafficking crime.” Floor Report for S.B. 400. That
       purpose is similar to that attending the passage, in 1971, of the Maryland
       Controlled Dangerous Substance Act: “to turn the screw of the criminal
       machinery—detection, prosecution and punishment—tighter and tighter.”
       Cunningham v. State, 318 Md. 182, 189 (1989).

Harris v. State, 331 Md. 137, 150-51 (1993).

                                             28
       The Floor Report for the Senate Bill continues:

               The firearms component of the bill is based on the recognition that
       firearms are readily available and that those involved in drug trafficking
       crimes are quite willing to use such weapons to resolve disputes with their
       rivals or their customers. Testimony indicated that there has over the years
       been a dramatic increase in the number of drug related homicides especially
       among innocent victims.

Floor Report, Senate Bill 400, Senate Judicial Proceedings Committee (1989).

       P.S. § 5-206 was enacted in 2011 as part of the Restrictions Against Use and

Possession of Firearms. 2011 Md. Laws chs. 164, 165. The bill was designed to close

loopholes in the Public Safety article to ensure that the penalties applicable to illegal use and

possession of handguns also applied equally to those that used or possessed rifles or

shotguns:

             This bill brings state law closer to federal law, under 18 U.S.C. Section
       922, which prohibits the possession of any firearm or ammunition by a person
       convicted in any court of a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term
       exceeding one year.

Fiscal and Policy Note (Revised), Senate Bill 174, Department of Legislative Services.

       Much of the Senate Bill concerned expanding the prohibition of the illegal use of

handguns to rifles and shotguns. Testimony in support of companion House Bill 241 also

acknowledged the need to expand prohibition of illegal possession to these sorts of weapons.

For instance:

              We believe this legislation is needed, as part of that broader strategy,
       to increase the probability that an arrest for illegal gun possession will result
       in convictions that will take criminals off the street and serve as a deterrent,
       which is missing today, against future violent crimes.

                                               29
Testimony in Support of House Bill 241 by Presidents of Johns Hopkins University,

University of Maryland, and Morgan State University, House Judiciary Committee (March

8, 2011).

      Further, the House Judiciary Committee heard the following:

              Baltimore’s efforts to reduce illegal gun possession could yield greater
      reductions in shootings if offenders convicted of illegal gun possession face
      stiffer penalties. Last year, 44% of Baltimore’s homicide suspects had prior
      arrests for illegal gun possession. But too many of these offenders spent little
      time in jail following convictions. Research has shown that the number of
      prior gun offenses is one of the best predictors for which offenders
      subsequently murder.

              Studies which have examined the effects of sentence enhancements for
      illegal gun possession on city crime rates have found that these policies tend
      to lead to reductions in gun violence. When cities combine stiffer sentences
      for gun crime with focused deterrence of illegal gun possession research has
      shown even more dramatic reductions in homicide.

Testimony in Support of House Bill 241 by Daniel W. Webster, Professor and Co-Director,

Center for Gun Policy and Research, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins

University, House Judiciary Committee (March 8, 2011) (footnotes omitted).

      Additionally, there was the following testimony from the Baltimore City Police

Commissioner:

      [T]he bill expands the current prohibition against the possession of regulated
      firearms to include long guns and shotguns by those persons who have
      previously been convicted of a crime of violence and CDS felony crimes and
      strengthens the current penalty provision associated with this crime.

                                           ***

             While the bill would have statewide applicability, it will have a

                                            30
       significant impact in Baltimore City. In 2010, the Baltimore Police
       Department seized 647 long guns which accounted for over 27% of the total
       firearms recovered. Since 2008, the Department has seized over 2000 long
       guns and 98 assault weapons. Each year there are incidents, including the
       crimes of aggravated assault and robbery, which are perpetrated with long
       guns, shotguns, or assault weapons. . . .

             . . . Maryland law (PS 5-133 (c)) currently penalizes only the
       possession of a regulated firearm (handguns and assault weapons) when
       possessed by prohibited offenders and there is no similar provision in
       Maryland law if a prohibited person possesses a shotgun or long gun.

                                            ***

              The expansion of the prohibitions proposed in HB 241 to include all
       firearms and the revisions to the sentencing structure would also support
       Baltimore’s efforts to crack down on illegal guns and gun violence. Maryland
       has the responsibility to keep all firearms from convicted felons and to impose
       strong penalties that take into consideration the prior criminal history of these
       offenders for these violations.

Testimony of Frederick H. Bealefeld, III, Baltimore City Police Commissioner, in Support

of House Bill 241, House Judiciary Committee (March 8, 2011) (emphasis omitted).

       We have found nothing in the legislative history suggesting that the General

Assembly meant for these two offenses, Crim. Law § 5-621, and P.S. § 5-206, to merge

under the rule of lenity. Both laws were enacted to expand criminal culpability for the

illegal possession of firearms under their respective circumstances. As the Court of Appeals

has stated, “it is most unlikely that the General Assembly would promulgate, on the one

hand, a statutory scheme designed, in part, to increase sentences, while, on the other hand,

and at the same time, intending that the doctrine of merger would apply and, thereby, reduce

the total sentences.” Pye v. State, 397 Md. 626, 637 (2007). Indeed, the sentencing structure

                                              31
of both offenses are distinct, as Crim. Law § 5-621 calls for mandatory minimum sentences

while P.S. § 5-206 provides for up to 15 years and specifically mandates that each violation

of that subsection is a separate crime.

       Moreover, as argued by the State, Johnson v. State, 154 Md. App. 286 (2003), is

instructive. There, this Court declined to merge sentences for use of a firearm in relation to

drug trafficking and the unlawful wearing, carrying, or transporting of a handgun, under

either the required evidence test or as a result of legislative intent. Johnson, 154 Md. App.

at 311. Indeed, what this Court stated in regards to the handgun offense at issue in Johnson

applies equally here to the illegal possession of a rifle offense:

       The rule of lenity, however, applies only when criminal statutes are
       ambiguous. There is no ambiguity in these statutes. The Legislature’s
       concern about the use and possession of handguns, and its additional concern
       about the aggravating circumstance of weapons being used by persons
       transacting in drugs, is apparent. Because we are persuaded that the
       Legislature intended to authorize the imposition of a separate punishment for
       each of the offenses at issue, Judge Hennegan did not err or abuse his
       discretion when he refused to merge appellant’s “unlawful wearing” and “use”
       convictions for purposes of sentencing.

Id. at 312.

       Nor are we persuaded that the sentences merge under principles of fundamental

fairness.     Indeed, we question whether this argument was properly presented to us

considering that, other than a brief citation to the doctrine, appellant has not adequately

briefed the issue. See Bert v. Comptroller of the Treasury, 215 Md. App. 244, 269 n. 15

(2013) (“Appellant’s ‘argument’ could also be rejected out of hand because it is inadequately

                                              32
briefed”).

       In any event, were we to consider the doctrine, the Court of Appeals has explained

that

       [i]n deciding whether fundamental fairness requires merger, we have looked
       to whether the two crimes are “part and parcel” of one another, such that one
       crime is “an integral component” of the other. Monoker, 321 Md. at 22. This
       inquiry is “fact-driven” because it depends on considering the circumstances
       surrounding a defendant’s convictions, not solely the mere elements of the
       crimes. Pair v. State, 202 Md. App. 617, 645 (2011).[]

Carroll v. State, 428 Md. 679, 694-95 (2012) (internal parallel citations omitted). Illegal

possession of a rifle by a person previously convicted of a disqualifying offense is not “part

and parcel” of a case of illegal possession of a firearm under sufficient circumstances to

constitute a nexus to a drug trafficking crime. One could be convicted under either statute

standing alone. And, under the circumstances of this case, including, but not limited to the

presence of appellant’s two-year-old child in an apartment containing drugs and a loaded

rifle, we are not persuaded that it was fundamentally unfair to separately sentence appellant

in this case.

                                                  THE CONVICTION ON COUNT 5,
                                                  POSSESSION OF BZP, REVERSED.
                                                  T H E S E N T EN C E F O R T H E
                                                  CONVICTION ON COUNT 6,
                                                  POSSESSION OF MARIJUANA,
                                                  VACATED AND REMANDED FOR
                                                  RESENTENCING. JUDGMENTS
                                                  OTHERWISE AFFIRMED. COSTS
                                                  TO BE ASSESSED 3/5 TO APPELLANT
                                                  AND 2/5 TO FREDERICK COUNTY.

                                             33