Court Opinion

ID: 4909226
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-09-08 19:05:46.473278+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:13:19.589968
License: Public Domain

Filed 9/8/21 Rocco v. SAP America CA4/3

                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
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                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION THREE

 THOMAS ROCCO,

      Plaintiff and Appellant,                                         G058937

           v.                                                          (Super. Ct. No. 30-2018-01011837)

 SAP AMERICA, INC., et al.,                                            OPINION

      Defendants and Respondents.

                   Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Orange County, Martha
K. Gooding, Judge. Affirmed in part, reversed in part.
                   Kasowitz Benson Torres and Jason Takenouchi for Plaintiff and Appellant.
                   Duane Morris and Stephen H. Sutro for Defendants and Respondents SAP
America, Inc., and SAP Public Services, Inc.
                   Hueston Hennigan, John C. Hueston, Joseph A. Reiter and Haoxiaohan Cai
for Defendant and Respondent Deloitte Consulting LLP.
                   Rob Bonta, Attorney General, Matthew Rodriguez, Chief Assistant
Attorney General, Martin Goyette, Assistant Attorney General, Jacqueline Dale and
Maria Ellinikos, Deputy Attorneys General as Amicus Curiae.
                                             *               *               *
              This is an appeal from a sustained demurrer to qui tam plaintiff Thomas
Rocco’s fourth amended complaint alleging causes of action under the California False
                                                    1
Claims Act (CFCA; Gov. Code, § 12650 et seq.). The City of San Diego (San Diego, or
the City) initiated an overhaul of the systems it uses to track its physical assets, such as
roads and sidewalks. It hired defendants SAP America, Inc., and SAP Public Services,
Inc. (collectively, SAP), to design the architecture for such a system, to draft a request for
proposal (RFP) to elicit bidders to implement the system, and to evaluate the bids as they
came in. Defendant Deloitte Consulting, Inc. (Deloitte), was one of the bidders on the
project. According to the complaint, SAP and Deloitte have extensive business dealings,
with Deloitte being among SAP’s top 14 customers worldwide. When a vice-president at
SAP heard Deloitte was bidding, he sought to tip the scales in its favor in order to secure
additional work on the San Diego project. Deloitte did not respond to SAP’s overtures,
but ultimately won the bid to implement the new system. Rocco contends SAP’s
conflicted advice in recommending Deloitte was a false claim under a theory of implied
certification, i.e., SAP sought payment knowing it had not complied with a material term
of the contract. We agree that Rocco has adequately pleaded his claim and thus reverse
the judgment of the trial court.
              As to Deloitte, Rocco contends it made a claim for payment on work that
was actually performed by SAP pursuant to a separate contract with the City (i.e., not a
subcontractor of Deloitte). We agree with Rocco that he adequately stated this claim as
well, and thus reverse the judgment of the trial court.
              Rocco raises several other contentions in his complaint that we deem
inadequately pleaded. Accordingly, we affirm the remainder of the judgment.

1
              All statutory references are to the Government Code unless otherwise
stated.

                                              2
                                      ALLEGATIONS

              Beginning in 2007, San Diego began utilizing software developed by SAP
to run several primary business operations, including finances, budgeting, purchasing,
and human resources management. From 2012 to April 2016, Rocco was the SAP
“trusted City Client Partner” assigned to servicing the City with respect to all of its
software consulting needs. As the city client partner, Rocco was responsible for SAP’s
day to day servicing of the City’s operational needs.
              In 2014, SAP was hired by San Diego to design the overall architecture of
an enterprise asset management (EAM) system to manage the City’s infrastructure assets,
such as roads, sidewalks, parks, storm drains, buildings, facilities, and wastewater assets.
Because San Diego already relied on a suite of SAP applications, the EAM system was to
be “SAP-centric” in order to integrate with San Diego’s existing SAP applications. The
eventual goal of the system was to manage the over $9.7 billion worth of infrastructure
assets. Pursuant to the design engagement, SAP designed an integrated EAM system
using the SAP suite of EAM tools. SAP was not tasked with actually implementing the
system. This was solely a design phase. The selection of a systems integrator to oversee
the implementation of the system would come later via a competitive bidding process. In
fact, SAP was prohibited from bidding on the systems integrator contract. We refer to
this contract as the EAM Design Contract.
              In 2015, SAP entered into a separate contract with San Diego to create a
request for proposal (RFP) to initiate the competitive bidding process to hire the system
integrator. As part of the same contract, SAP agreed to evaluate the proposals received in
response to the RFP, and act as a consultant to the City in choosing the winning bid. To
that end, SAP retained the services of Sai Kiran, who served as SAP’s formal evaluator to
serve beside city officials. Pursuant to that appointment, Kiran signed a “Confidentiality
Agreement” and agreed to “evaluate proposals submitted in response to [the EAM/SI]

                                              3
RFP fairly and impartially.” The agreement also specifies the obligation “[t]o notify the
[Public Works Contracts] Deputy Director immediately: i. if any person who is not a
member of the evaluation team . . . contacts . . . me about this procurement[;] ii. If a
conflict of interest occurs.” (Italics omitted.) The agreement further specifies that “[a]
conflict of interest occurs when a[n]…elected or appointed member of City government
participates directly or indirectly in the procurement process pertaining to an RFP
particularly if they: [¶] a. Have a financial interest or other personal interest which is
incompatible with the proper discharge of his or her official duties in the public interest
or would tend to impair his or her independence, judgment or action in the performance
of official duties.” (Italics omitted.) We refer to this contract as the RFP Contract.
              The RFP was posted in September 2015. Included in the RFP was the
statement, “the City anticipates retaining, under separate contracts, the services of SAP
Professional Services . . . to support the EAM project.” One of the bidders who
responded to the RFP was defendant Deloitte.
              SAP and Deloitte had extensive business dealings prior to the San Diego
project. Deloitte was dubbed a “Value-Added Reseller operating at the ‘Platinum’
partner level.” In 2015, Deloitte was amongst SAP’s top 14 international customers.
SAP did not disclose these dealings to San Diego.
              The two finalists for the EAM systems integrator position were Deloitte
and Labyrinth Systems, Inc. (Labyrinth). A director and vice-president at SAP, Scott
Porter, had a particularly low opinion of Labyrinth, describing Labyrinth in an internal e-
mail as “crooks and liars,” and directing SAP personnel not to provide LSI any assistance
on the San Diego project. Upon learning that Deloitte and Labyrinth were finalists,
Porter wrote an internal e-mail asking, “Any way we can buddy to Deloitte?” In another
e-mail he asked another department head, “do you guys work with Deloitte?” Porter later
directed an employee to send the following e-mail to Deloitte’s managing director: “Hey
Bob . . . it was mentioned that Deloitte is in the running for a project in San Diego on

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Asset Management [EAM Systems Integrator RFP]. Our SAP Delivery and Sales Teams
stand ready to support Deloitte in winning this opportunity and are happy to provide
background information. SAP set up the bid process and created the RFP.” That
employee then forwarded the e-mail to Porter, saying, “Scott, I tapped my west coast
Deloitte contact. I did not mention the partnering which I believe is implicit and will be
addressed by others on the SAP Team.”
              These e-mails had been forwarded to Rocco, who confronted Porter about
the legality of trying to partner with Deloitte. He reminded Porter that urging SAP
colleagues to derogate (Labyrinth) and/or promote Deloitte (let alone share confidential
City information about the RFP with Deloitte or anybody) constituted an unlawful
conflict of interest and a serious breach of SAP’s contractual obligations to the City.
Porter disagreed. Indicating to Rocco that SAP needed to guide the City in the right
direction, Porter contended it would be a mistake for the City to hire Labyrinth, and that
SAP should be able to leverage pre-existing relationships with a key partner such as
Deloitte in response to the RFP. Porter ended the call indicating to Rocco that this was a
subject to be discussed in a future conversation, which never happened. Instead, Rocco
was reassigned to a different department and instructed not to contact San Diego.
              In April 2016, San Diego’s City Council formally awarded the EAM
systems integrator contract to Deloitte. To reach that decision, the City’s
infrastructure/public works interview panel reviewed proposals from both Deloitte and
Labyrinth and interviewed both firms. Based on the interview panel’s ranking and
recommendation, the appointing authority selected Deloitte, which became a beneficiary
at that time of a 3-year phase funded agreement for the EAM project, valued at
approximately $20 million. We refer to this contract as the EAM/SI Contract.
              After the contract was awarded, at Deloitte’s urging, San Diego entered into
a separate contract with SAP that required SAP to perform work that was redundant to
the contract with Deloitte. In particular, Deloitte’s contract required it recommend a

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geographic information system to integrate with a mapping technology from a company
called ESRI for the purpose of geographically tracking San Diego’s assets (this is
referred to as the Geographic Information System, or GIS for short). The contract then
required Deloitte to deploy the chosen technology. In January of 2017, the City entered
into a contract with SAP to perform the exact deployment Deloitte was already
contractually obligated to perform. We refer to this as the GIS Contract. Deloitte never
performed the deployment services, but nevertheless billed San Diego $835,883.25 for
those services and was paid. Deloitte’s contract with San Diego required it to submit a
change order if the scope of its work were to change. Deloitte never submitted a change
order concerning the work that SAP ultimately performed relating to geographic
integration. SAP was ultimately paid approximately $1.6 million for the work it
performed. By virtue of having prepared the RFP, SAP knew it was performing work
Deloitte was contractually obligated to perform. It also knew that it was prohibited from
performing such work pursuant to the terms of the contract to create the RFP.
             SAP entered into two additional contracts during the implementation phase.
             First, the City needed a database software that could interface with the
City’s existing mapping service. The City was debating between SAP’s HANA software,
and Microsoft’s SQL software. Only Microsoft’s software was certified by ESRI to be
compatible. Nevertheless, SAP was able to outbid Microsoft by obtaining inside
information about the amount of Microsoft’s bid, which allowed SAP to undercut
Microsoft’s price. We refer to this as the Database Contract.
             Second, in February 2017 SAP entered into a contract with San Diego for
quality assurance and professional advice concerning the implementation of the EAM.
We refer to this as the Quality Assurance Contract. Under the Quality Assurance
Contract, SAP was to assess Deloitte’s work product as well as assess the functionality of
its own SAP software and its own predesign architecture.

                                            6
                               PROCEDURAL HISTORY

              Rocco initiated this action in April 2017. The court sustained demurrers
with leave to amend as to the second and third amended complaints (the record does not
reveal the disposition of the earlier complaints). The operative complaint is the fourth
amended complaint (4AC), filed in July 2019 against respondents SAP America, Inc.;
SAP Public Services, Inc.; and Deloitte Consulting LLP. The complaint includes the
following causes of action: (1) violation of the CFCA—presentation of false claims; (2)
violation of the CFCA—false statements; (3) violation of the CFCA—retention of
proceeds of inadvertently submitted false claims; (4) violation of the CFCA—conspiracy;
(5) violation of the CFCA—retaliation (against SAP only); (6) termination in violation of
public policy (against SAP only); (7) violation of Labor Code section 1102.5 (against
SAP only); and (8) violation of section 1090.
              SAP and Deloitte filed separate demurrers to the 4AC, and SAP filed a
motion to strike allegations concerning a violation of section 1090. In a prior round of
demurrers, the court had taken judicial notice of several of the agreements and relevant
documents, which were publicly available on San Diego’s Web site. The court sustained
the demurrer without leave to amend as to the first through fourth causes of action, as
well as the eighth cause of action. Rocco appealed.

                                      DISCUSSION

              The CFCA assesses treble damages for false or fraudulent demands for
payment on government entities. Section 12651, subdivision (a) enumerates eight
different types of conduct that are violations of the CFCA, including, as relevant here,
when the defendant: “(1) Knowingly presents or causes to be presented a false or
fraudulent claim for payment or approval;” or “(2) Knowingly makes, uses, or causes to

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be made or used a false record or statement material to a false or fraudulent claim.” A
claim under CFCA commonly takes one of two forms: either an express fraudulent
statement, or an implied certification, both of which are relevant to this appeal.
              An express fraudulent statement is the prototypical false claim. (See CACI
No. 4800; U.S. v. Science Applications Intern. Corp. (D.C. Cir. 2010) 626 F.3d 1257,
1266 [“In the paradigmatic case, a claim is false because it ‘involves an incorrect
description of goods or services provided or a request for reimbursement for goods or
services never provided’”].) For example, a claim is made describing services that were
not actually provided or describing goods or services in materially false ways.
              An implied certification, on the other hand, involves billing the
government, without making any express false statement, but with the claimant knowing
it had not complied with material terms of the contract. (See CACI No. 4801.) When a
party makes a claim for a payment under a contract, that party impliedly certifies that it
complied with all of its material obligations under that contract. If that implied
certification is false, liability attaches. (See San Francisco Unified School Dist. ex rel.
Contreras v. Laidlaw Transit, Inc. (2010) 182 Cal.App.4th 438, 453 (Contreras I) [“It is
reasonable for governmental entities to assume that contractors seeking payment are in
compliance with the material terms of their contracts. . . . . But if that same contractor is
aware of . . . noncompliance and chooses to seek payment without informing the
government, then it is a fraud appropriately within the scope of the CFCA”].)
              “Subject to certain limitations, the False Claims Act permits a private
person (referred to as a ‘qui tam plaintiff’ or a ‘relator’) to bring such an action on behalf
of a governmental agency.” (Rothschild v. Tyco Internat. (US), Inc. (2000) 83
Cal.App.4th 488, 495; § 12652, subds. (c)(1), (d).) If the action is successful, the qui tam
plaintiff is entitled to a percentage of the recovery. (§ 12652, subds. (g)(2)-(5).)
              “As in any action sounding in fraud, the allegations of a [CFCA] complaint
must be pleaded with particularity.” (State of California ex. Rel McCann v. Bank of

                                              8
America, N.A. (2011) 191 Cal.App.4th 897, 906.) “The specificity requirement serves
two purposes. The first is notice to the defendant, to ‘furnish the defendant with certain
definite charges which can be intelligently met.’ [Citations.] The pleading of fraud,
however, is also the last remaining habitat of the common law notion that a complaint
should be sufficiently specific that the court can weed out nonmeritorious actions on the
basis of the pleadings. Thus, the pleading should be sufficient ‘“to enable the court to
determine whether, on the facts pleaded, there is any foundation, prima facie at least, for
the charge of fraud.”’” (Committee on Children’s Television, Inc. v. General Foods
Corp. (1983) 35 Cal.3d 197, 216-217, superseded on other grounds as stated in Branick v.
Downey Savings & Loan Assn. (2006) 39 Cal.4th 235, 242.) We review a sustained
demurrer de novo. (Nealy v. County of Orange (2020) 54 Cal.App.5th 594, 600.)

A. Claims Against SAP
              We begin with Rocco’s claims against SAP. He asserts SAP violated the
CFCA in three ways: (1) SAP made a claim for conflict-free advice that SAP knew it
failed to provide; (2) SAP made a claim for payment on the GIS services contract that it
knew to be rigged and underpinned by fraud; and (3) SAP executed subsequent
agreements that flowed from SAP’s fraud during the EAM design and vendor selection
process. We address each contention in turn.

1. Conflict-free Advice
              We agree with Rocco that he has stated a claim based on a theory of
implied certification with regard to SAP’s conflict of interest in carrying out the RFP
Contract. According to the facts of the complaint, part of the RFP contract required SAP
to provide conflict-free advice in evaluating the bidders on the RFP, including Deloitte.
SAP had not merely cursory dealings with Deloitte, which might be assumed for
companies of their size, but substantial dealings. Deloitte was among SAP’s top 14

                                             9
customers worldwide. This degree of financial ties to Deloitte plainly presents a conflict
for SAP in deciding whether to recommend it over another bidder with whom SAP has
comparatively less lucrative ties. According to the complaint, this conflict was not
merely theoretical, but actual: during the evaluation period, a vice-president was
maneuvering behind the scenes to “leverage” SAP’s “partnership” with Deloitte into
additional lucrative contracts for SAP.
              U.S. v. Science Applications Intern. Corp. (D.C. Cir. 2010) 626 F.3d 1257
is on point. There, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission hired the defendant to provide
consulting advice for rulemaking concerning the disposition of radioactive materials. (Id.
at p. 1261.) The defendant signed an agreement that prohibited it from engaging in
transactions with entities that would create a conflict of interest. (Id. at p. 1262.) Despite
that agreement, the defendant engaged in transactions with entities that would be subject
to the very rules the defendant was helping to craft. (Id. at p. 1263.) A jury found the
defendant liable. (Id. at p. 1264.) On appeal, the defendant argued it could not be liable
because conflict-free advice was not a precondition of payment. The Science
Applications court disagreed, reasoning as follows: “[H]ere the government contracted to
buy conflict-free advice and technical assistance. . . . [T]he claims for nonconforming
counseling and technical assistance were false so long as the government can establish
                                                                                            2
that conflict-free services were a material condition of the contract.” (Id. at p. 1269.)
              SAP was being paid to deliver conflict-free advice. It made a claim for
payment which impliedly certified that it had given such advice. According to the
complaint, in the absence of a disclosure to San Diego, it did not give conflict-free
advice. The only remaining question is whether Rocco has adequately alleged that such
advice was a “material” requirement of the contract.

2
               The Science Applications court went on to reverse the judgment due to
instructional error. (U.S. v. Science Applications Intern. Corp., supra, 626 F.3d at pp.
1278-1279.) The court’s rationale for doing so is not relevant to this appeal.

                                             10
              A false implied certification is material if it “had a natural tendency to
influence, or was capable of influencing, the payment or receipt of [money] on the
claim.” (CACI No. 4801; Contreras I, supra, 182 Cal.App.4th at pp. 454-455.) Rocco
alleges that the conflict-free advice was material. To substantiate that point, he provided
detailed allegations of different mechanisms San Diego had for individuals to report
conflicts. He also detailed several examples of contracts the City voided after
discovering a conflict. He also alleges that an unrelated company, Arcadis, who had
performed ancillary consulting work on the EAM system, was precluded from bidding on
the systems integrator project under conflict of interest rules, as were all of Arcadis’s
subcontractors, regardless of their amount of participation. These allegations were
sufficient to allege materiality.
              In Contreras I, which was in the same procedural posture as we are, the
court required very little of the plaintiff in alleging materiality. (Contreras I, supra, 182
Cal.App.4th at p. 455 [“Plaintiffs further allege that Laidlaw’s invoices impliedly
certified compliance with the material terms of the Contract, that the terms violated were
material, and that the District was unaware of the falsity of Laidlaw’s implied
certification, resulting in a loss of District funds. Plaintiffs’ allegations are adequate to
survive a demurrer”].) In our view, that reflects the fact that materiality is not an issue
that is easily amenable to resolution on demurrer. While some breaches of contract are so
obviously trivial that we could say as a matter of law that they are not material, that is not
the case here. As a matter of common sense, conflict of interest requirements are
typically important to governmental entities. (See San Francisco Unified School Dist. ex
rel. Contreras v. First Student, Inc. (2014) 224 Cal.App.4th 627, 640 (Contreras II)
[relying on common sense to assess materiality at the pleading stage]; U.S. v. Triple
Canopy, Inc. (4th Cir. 2017) 857 F.3d 174, 178 [same].) Whether the particular conflict
at issue here was material will depend on the testimony of the decision makers, as well as
a robust understanding of the overall context of the transaction, which is not available at

                                              11
the demurrer stage. Rocco’s allegations went beyond what was deemed sufficient in
Contreras I and are thus sufficient to allege materiality. Accordingly, the court erred in
                                                                      3
sustaining the demurrer as to SAP’s rendering of conflicted advice.

2. GIS Contract
              Next, Rocco contends SAP presented a false claim by making a claim for
payment pursuant to the GIS Contract, which it knew to be “underpinned by fraud.” (See
City of Pomona (2001) 89 Cal.App.4th at 793, 802 [under the FCA “the claim itself need
not be false but only need be underpinned by fraud”]; see also U.S. ex rel. Hendow v.
University of Phoenix (2006) 461 F.3d 1166, 1173 [“liability will attach to each claim
submitted to the government under a contract, when the contract or extension of
government benefit was originally obtained through false statements or fraudulent
conduct”].) Rocco contends that SAP benefited from a quid pro quo whereby SAP
recommended Deloitte for the EAM system integrator, and in exchange Deloitte agreed
to recommend SAP products and services for the implementation. The problem is Rocco

3
               The Attorney General appeared in this proceeding as amicus curiae to
challenge defendants’ contention that a more stringent test for materiality, which was
announced for the federal False Claims Act, ought to apply in this case. (See Universal
Health Services, Inc. v. U.S. (2016) ___ U.S. ___ [136 S.Ct. 1989].) In Universal Health
Services, Inc., the United States Supreme Court described the materiality standard as
looking to “‘the effect on the likely or actual behavior’” of the government. (Id. at p.
2002.) The court described that standard as “demanding.” (Id. at p. 2003.) In
Contreras I, the materiality standard was described in terms of whether the implied
certification was capable of influencing the government actor. (Contreras I, supra, 182
Cal.App.4th at p. 454.) In a subsequent appeal from a summary judgment, the same court
said the materiality test “‘focuses on the potential effect of the false statement when it is
made, not on the actual effect of the false statement when it is discovered.’” (Contreras
II, supra, 224 Cal.App.4th at p. 642.) Because we decide that materiality is not easily
amenable to resolution at this stage, and because we conclude Rocco’s allegations were
sufficient under either standard, we decline to wade into the debate of whether there is
any conflict there at all between the federal and state standard, and, if so, which side is
better reasoned.

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has not alleged any particularized facts to substantiate that the quid pro quo actually
occurred. Rocco alleged facts indicating that SAP was open to such an arrangement, but
no facts to suggest that Deloitte actually accepted that under the table deal. When SAP e-
mailed Deloitte offering to help Deloitte win the contract, Deloitte’s response was
noncommittal: “Thanks, I’ve let everyone know about your offer.” This evidence was
sufficient to demonstrate SAP’s conflict of interest in the EAM consultation agreement,
as discussed above, but not to demonstrate any actual quid pro quo in securing the GIS
contract.

3. Subsequent Contracts
              In this argument, Rocco targets two contracts: The Database Contract and
the Quality Assurance Contract.
              As to the Database Contract, Rocco alleges SAP obtained the contract by
improperly utilizing inside pricing information about SAP’s competitor’s product,
Microsoft’s SQL software. However, Rocco never connects the dots to explain how that
amounts to a false claim. Ultimately, SAP set a price, which San Diego agreed to, and
SAP was paid for the exact product it promised at the exact price it promised. Utilizing
inside information may have been unethical, and to the extent Kiran disclosed that
information in violation of his confidentiality agreement, it may have subjected him to
discipline or liability, but Rocco has not offered any explanation as to how it amounts to
a false claim by SAP.
              As to the Quality Assurance Contract, which gave SAP an oversight role
over Deloitte’s implementation of the EAM project, Rocco contends SAP failed to
disclose its conflicts of interest. The Quality Assurance Contract required SAP to
provide an “independent and objective examination of [San Diego’s] business processes
and configuration, focusing on functional applications,” including the various SAP
products included therein. Rocco contends that SAP’s conflicts with Deloitte—its

                                             13
myriad financial ties—renders this contract fraudulent. We disagree. Because SAP
designed the architecture of the EAM system, wrote the RFP, and designed the software
to run the system, it was essentially a given that SAP would get this contract. Indeed, in
the RFP, which was issued before Deloitte even submitted a bid on the project, we find
the following statement: “the City anticipates retaining, under separate contracts, the
services of SAP Professional Services . . . to support the EAM project.” SAP was going
to get the Quality Assurance Contract regardless of who won the bidding contest, and
thus it is not infected by any conflict with Deloitte.

B. Claims Against Deloitte
              Rocco contends the complaint adequately alleged violations of the CFCA
against Deloitte in three ways: (1) Deloitte made a claim for GIS work that it did not
perform; (2) Deloitte convinced the City to pay SAP for GIS work that Deloitte was
contractually obligated to perform; and (3) Deloitte accepted payment based on the
EAM/IS contract (and a subsequent amendment), which was wrongfully awarded.

1. Deloitte Made a Claim for GIS Work That it Did Not Perform
              Rocco’s first contention presents the prototypical CFCA claim: Deloitte
made a claim, and got paid, for work it did not actually do. (See U.S. v. Scientific
Applications Intern. Corp. (D.C. Cir. 2010) 626 F.3d 1257, 1266 [“In the paradigmatic
case, a claim is false because it ‘involves an incorrect description of goods or services
provided or a request for reimbursement for goods or services never provided’”].) This
cause of action was adequately pleaded. Rocco specified the exact contracts involved,
described in great detail the extensive overlap between Deloitte’s obligations to
implement GIS and SAP’s contractual obligations to do the exact same thing, and
specified exactly which claims for payment are involved. That was sufficient to state a
claim.

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              Deloitte contends it was known all along that the City would hire SAP for
the GIS work, pointing to the portion of the RFP that said, “‘[T]he City anticipates
retaining, under separate contracts, the services of SAP . . . to support the EAM project.’”
However, that statement was not specific as to which contracts SAP would be retained to
perform. As we noted above, the most obvious contender was the Quality Assurance
Contract. More importantly, even if it was anticipated that SAP would perform the GIS
work, that does not explain why Deloitte allegedly billed the City for the exact same
services—services it did not actually perform.
              Deloitte also contends Rocco’s allegations are insufficiently specific. It
argues: “For example, Plaintiff does not identify the City employees who negotiated the
contracts or approved the invoices; nor does he explain how they could have been misled
or by whom.” We agree that those facts would have been helpful, and though we deem it
a close case, we conclude the allegations are, nonetheless, adequate. Rocco’s allegations
are highly specific in which aspects of the GIS Contract overlaps with the EAM/SI
contract, and the comparison is not a vaguely similar description, but instead very
specific and nearly identical in many respects. Paragraph 160 of the 4AC contains a side
by side comparison of several key provision of the contracts defining their scope. For
example: SAP: “Capability for GIS feature symbology based on SAP data attributes”;
Deloitte: “Capability for GIS feature symbology based on SAP data attributes”; SAP:
“Ability to navigate between GIS features and corresponding SAP Plant Maintenance
data objects”; Deloitte: “Ability to seamlessly navigate between GIS features and
corresponding SAP data objects”; SAP: “Ability to associate geometry for transactional
data (Work Order, Notification, Project WBS) without a reference master data object”;
Deloitte: “Ability to associate geometry for plant maintenance transactional data without
a reference master data object.” The list goes on, containing a total of 11 comparisons
that all appear to be asking the two companies to perform redundant work.

                                            15
              As we explained above, the purpose of the heightened pleading standard is
twofold: to apprise the defendant of exactly the nature of the claim, and to weed out
unmeritorious claims. Rocco’s allegations fulfill both of those purposes. Deloitte knows
exactly what the claim is, and Rocco’s allegations are specific enough to at least suggest
the possibility that Deloitte, in fact, billed for work it did not perform.

2. Deloitte Convinced the City to Pay SAP for GIS Work That Deloitte Was
Contractually Obligated to Perform
              There are insufficient allegations in the complaint to support this
contention. The entire argument hinges on a single line in the complaint: “Deloitte
advised City to hire SAP to perform [the GIS work] required to be performed by Deloitte
under contract H166584.” This allegation does not have the level of specificity required
of a fraud cause of action. There is no allegation regarding who at Deloitte made this
recommendation, who they spoke to at the City, and how they managed to achieve the
result of convincing the City to contract the exact same services twice.

3. Deloitte Accepted Payment Under a Wrongfully Awarded Contract
              This claim likewise fails. As we noted above, nothing in the complaint
indicates Deloitte ever accepted SAP’s alleged offer to improperly collude on the EAM
bid. And the complaint contains no particularized allegations to suggest that Deloitte was
conflicted in its performance of the EAM contract.

C. Section 1090

              “Under section 1090, government officials and employees cannot be
financially interested in any contract made by them in their official capacity or by any
body of which they are a member. The statute codifies the long-standing common law
rule prohibiting public officials from having personal financial interests in contracts they

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form in their official capacities.” (San Diegans for Open Government v. Public Facilities
Financing Authority of City of San Diego (2019) 8 Cal.5th 733, 736 (San Diegans for
Open Government).) “Every contract made in violation of any of the provisions
of Section 1090 may be avoided at the instance of any party except the officer interested
therein.” (§ 1092, subd. (a).) In San Diegans for Open Government, our high court held
that the expression “any party” in the foregoing statute means only parties to a contract
have standing under sections 1090 and 1092. (San Diegans for Open Government, at pp
740-741.) SAP contends this holding deprives Rocco of standing to pursue his section
1090 claims. Rocco contends San Diegans for Open Government does not apply to qui
tam plaintiffs such as himself.
              We agree with SAP. “A qui tam action has been defined as follows, ‘An
action brought under a statute that allows a private person to sue for a penalty, part of
which the government or some specified public institution will receive.’” (People ex rel.
Allstate Ins. Co. v. Weitzman (2003) 107 Cal.App.4th 534, 538.) Consistent with that
definition, the CFCA specifically authorizes a qui tam action: “A person may bring a
civil action for a violation of this article for the person and either for the State of
California in the name of the state, if any state funds are involved, or for a political
subdivision in the name of the political subdivision, if political subdivision funds are
exclusively involved. The person bringing the action shall be referred to as the qui tam
plaintiff.” (§ 12652, subd. (c)(1).) As our high court observed in San Diegans for Open
Government, however, section 1090 contains no such authorization, but instead only
authorizes a party to the contract to avoid it under section 1092. (San Diegans for Open
Government, supra, 8 Cal.5th at pp. 736-737.) Accordingly, there is no statutory
authority for Rocco to operate as a qui tam plaintiff for purposes of section 1090. He is
simply a private citizen, and under San Diegans for Open Government, he has no
standing. Accordingly, the court did not err in striking his causes of action and requests
for relief under section 1090.

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              In the alternative, Rocco asks us to deem his cause of action to be pursuant
to Code of Civil Procedure section 526a. “Code of Civil Procedure section 526a permits
a taxpayer to bring an action to restrain or prevent an illegal expenditure of public money.
No showing of special damage to a particular taxpayer is required as a requisite for
bringing a taxpayer suit. [Citation.] Rather, taxpayer suits provide a general citizen
remedy for controlling illegal governmental activity.” (Connerly v. State Personnel
Bd. (2001) 92 Cal.App.4th 16, 29.) In San Diegans for Open Government, our Supreme
Court agreed that “Code of Civil Procedure section 526a is, as a general rule, available to
taxpayers who wish to challenge government contracts affected by financial conflicts of
interest.” (San Diegans for Open Government, supra, 8 Cal.5th at p. 746.) Rocco did not
bring his claim pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 526a. However, because San
Diegans for Open Government was filed after the trial court’s ruling in this case, we will
instruct the court to give Rocco an opportunity to amend his complaint to attempt to state
a claim pursuant to Code of Civil Procedure section 526a.

                                      DISPOSITION

              Applying our analysis above to each of Rocco’s causes of action, we rule as
follows:
              First cause of action: the judgment is reversed as to SAP’s alleged
conflicted advice in performing the RFP Contract, and reversed as to Deloitte regarding
the claims it was alleged to have made under the EAM/SI Contract that were for work
performed by SAP pursuant to the GIS Contract.
              Second cause of action: the judgment is reversed as to Deloitte regarding
the claims it was alleged to have made under the EAM/SI Contract that were for work
performed by SAP pursuant to the GIS Contract.

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             In all other respects, the judgment is affirmed, except that the court is
instructed to permit Rocco an opportunity to amend his complaint to state a claim under
Code of Civil Procedure section 526a. Rocco is entitled to his costs incurred on appeal.

                                                 THOMPSON, J.

WE CONCUR:

BEDSWORTH, ACTING P. J.

FYBEL, J.

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