Court Opinion

ID: 6349713
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-06-14 19:01:41.131829+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:14:50.187080
License: Public Domain

Filed 6/14/22 P. v. Duenas CA3
                                           NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                      THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                                    (San Joaquin)
                                                            ----

 THE PEOPLE,                                                                                   C093873

                    Plaintiff and Respondent,                                       (Super. Ct. No. STK-CR-
                                                                                     FECOD-2019-0013731)
           v.

 ISMAEL SANDOVAL DUENAS,

                    Defendant and Appellant.

         Defendant Ismael Sandoval Duenas was charged with several offenses including
cultivating more than six cannabis plants (Health & Saf. Code, § 11358, subd. (c)—count
3) and possession of cannabis for sale (Health & Saf. Code, § 11359, subd. (b)—count 4).
The trial court also instructed the jury on the offense of possessing more than 28.5 grams
of cannabis (Health & Saf. Code, § 11357, subd. (b)), though that charge was not
included in the information. After trial, a jury found defendant guilty on count 3 and
possessing more than 28.5 grams of cannabis (Health & Saf. Code, § 11357, subd. (b)),
as a purported lesser offense of count 4. For these offenses, the trial court suspended
imposition of sentence and placed defendant on one year of probation.

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       On appeal, defendant contends his conviction for possessing more than 28.5 grams
of cannabis must be reversed because he was not charged with that offense, and it is not a
lesser of count 4. The People concede that possessing more than 28.5 grams of marijuana
is not a lesser included offense to the crime of possession for sale, but contend defendant
“implicitly consented to the jury’s consideration of” possessing more than 28.5 grams of
cannabis as an offense “related” to possession for sale, for which he was charged in count
4. Defendant has the better argument.
                           PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       The underlying facts of the case are irrelevant to the issue on appeal and we do not
recite them.
       In February 2020, the People charged defendant with felony theft of utility
services (Pen Code, § 498—count 1), felony vandalism (Pen. Code, § 594, subd. (b)(1)—
count 2), cultivation of more than six cannabis plants (Health & Saf. Code, § 11358,
subd. (c)—count 3), and possession of cannabis for sale (Health & Saf. Code, § 11359,
subd. (b)—count 4). Defendant pleaded not guilty to the charges.
       Prior to the close of evidence, the court proposed instructing the jury with
CALCRIM No. 2375, the instruction for possession of more than 28.5 grams of cannabis,
as a lesser included offense on counts 3 and 4. The court asked if there were any
objections and defense counsel responded: “That’s fine. And then just so the record’s
clear, I’m personally not requesting the lesser.
       “THE COURT: Yeah. I have to give it as a matter of law. But we’ll note your
objection.” The court instructed the jury accordingly.
       After trial, the jury found defendant not guilty on counts 1, 2, and 4, but found
defendant guilty on count 3 and guilty of possessing more than 28.5 grams of cannabis as
a lesser included offense of count 4. Identifying count 3 as the principal term, the trial
court subsequently suspended imposition of sentence and placed defendant on one year of

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informal probation with the court. The court also ordered defendant to complete 80 hours
of community service and pay a $500 fine along with statutory fines and fees.
       Defendant timely appealed.
                                       DISCUSSION
       Defendant contends his conviction on count 4, the uncharged offense of
possessing more than 28.5 grams of cannabis, was in error. In response, the People argue
defendant implicitly agreed to amend the information to add the uncharged offense when
he failed to object to the proposed jury instruction of possessing more than 28.5 grams of
cannabis on the ground that the offense was not charged in the information. The People
are mistaken.
       Lesser Included Offenses
       “Under California law, a lesser offense is necessarily included in a greater offense
if either the statutory elements of the greater offense, or the facts actually alleged in the
accusatory pleading, include all the elements of the lesser offense, such that the greater
cannot be committed without also committing the lesser.” (People v. Birks (1998)
19 Cal.4th 108, 117.) To ascertain whether one crime is necessarily included in another,
courts may look either to the accusatory pleading or the statutory elements of the crimes.
(People v. Robinson (2016) 63 Cal.4th 200, 207.) Here, the information charged
defendant in count 4 by merely incorporating the statutory definition of Health & Safety
Code section 11359, subdivision (b), and without referring to the particular facts, thus we
must rely on the statutory elements to determine if there is a lesser included offense. (See
Robinson, at p. 207.)
       The elements test is satisfied if the statutory elements of the greater offense
include all of the statutory elements of the lesser offense, such that all legal elements of
the lesser offense are also elements of the greater. (People v. Smith (1998)
64 Cal.App.4th 1458, 1471.) In other words, “ ‘ “[I]f a crime cannot be committed

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without also necessarily committing a lesser offense, the latter is a lesser included offense
within the former.’ ’ ” (People v. Bailey (2012) 54 Cal.4th 740, 748.)
       Here, the offense of possessing more than 28.5 grams of cannabis, of which the
trial court instructed the jury was lesser to the charged (greater) offense of possession of
cannabis for sale, includes the additional element of possessing cannabis weighing more
than 28.5 grams, which is not an element of the charged offense. Because the crime of
possession of cannabis for sale can be committed without necessarily possessing 28.5
grams, the crime of possessing more than 28.5 grams is not lesser thereof.
       Lesser Related Offenses
       The People concede this offense is not necessarily included in the charged offense
of possessing cannabis for sale, rather they contend it is a lesser related offense to which
the defendant impliedly consented be presented as an option to the jury. They rely on
People v. Toro (1989) 47 Cal.3d 966 (Toro), disapproved on another ground in People v.
Guiuan (1998) 18 Cal.4th 558, 568, footnote 3, in arguing that here defense counsel
stated that he was “personally not requesting the lesser,” he did not state that he had any
objection on notice grounds. In contrast, defendant argues that Toro is distinguishable as
here defendant did not consent, either expressly or impliedly, to an instruction from
which he could derive no benefit.
       “An accusatory pleading provides notice of the specific offense charged and also
of offenses included within the charged offense [citations], but it does not provide notice
of nonincluded offenses; consequently, ‘[a] person cannot be convicted of an offense
(other than a necessarily included offense) not charged against him by indictment or
information, whether or not there was evidence at his trial to show that he had committed
that offense’ [citation].
       “However, an exception to this rule has long been recognized in cases where a
defendant expressly or impliedly consents to have the trier of fact consider a nonincluded
offense: ‘Since a defendant who requests or acquiesces in conviction of a lesser offense

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cannot legitimately claim lack of notice, the court has jurisdiction to convict him of that
offense.’ [Citations.]” (Toro, supra, 47 Cal.3d at p. 973.) A defendant can consent to
conviction of a nonincluded offense “when the instructions are given by the court sua
sponte and no defense objection was raised, despite ample opportunity, to either the
instructions or the verdict forms by which the nonincluded offense was submitted to the
jury.” (Id. at pp. 974; see id at pp. 977-978.)
       Analysis
       Initially, we do not agree that defendant failed to object. In making the record
clear as to his position, defense counsel said he was “not requesting the lesser.” The trial
court stated that the instruction was required, “[b]ut we’ll note your objection.” There
was no need for defendant to further solidify his noted objection. Yet even if the
exchange was not sufficient to serve as an objection, as explained below, he is still
entitled to relief.
       In Toro, the defendant was charged with attempted murder (Pen. Code §§ 187,
664) and assault with a deadly weapon (Pen. Code, § 245, subd. (a)(1)). As to each
count, it was alleged that the defendant intentionally inflicted great bodily injury (Pen.
Code, § 12022.7). As to the attempted murder count, it was alleged that the defendant
had used a deadly weapon (Pen. Code, § 12022, subd. (b)). (Toro, supra, 47 Cal.3d at
p. 970.) After an unreported conference on jury instructions the trial judge, in the
absence of the jury, listed by CALJIC number each of the instructions he proposed to
give “ ‘absent any objection.’ ” (Id. at p. 977.) No objection was made, and in addition
to the charged offenses the jury was instructed on and received verdict forms for, the
offenses of attempted voluntary manslaughter (Pen. Code, §§ 192, 664), battery with
serious bodily injury (Pen. Code, § 243, subd. (d)), simple battery (Pen. Code, § 242) and
simple assault (Pen. Code, § 240), all of which were described in the instructions and
verdict forms as lesser included offenses. The jury found the defendant guilty of battery

                                              5
with serious bodily injury as a lesser offense to the attempted murder charge and not
guilty of the alternative charge of assault with a deadly weapon. (Toro, at p. 971.)
       As the Toro court found, “battery with serious bodily injury is not a lesser
included offense of attempted murder” and thus proceeded to analyze the case as a
nonincluded offense. (Toro, supra, 47 Cal.3d at p. 972.) The Toro court held that “A
conviction for a nonincluded offense implicates a defendant’s due process right to notice.
‘No principle of procedural due process is more clearly established than that notice of the
specific charge, and a chance to be heard in a trial of the issues raised by that charge, if
desired, are among the constitutional rights of every accused in a criminal proceeding in
all courts, state or federal.’ [Citations.] ‘A criminal defendant must be given fair notice
of the charges against him in order that he may have a reasonable opportunity properly to
prepare a defense and avoid unfair surprise at trial.’ [Citation.]” (Id. at p. 973.)
       The Toro court did not stop there however: “In summary, the due process notice
requirement precludes conviction for a lesser related offense when the defendant has not
consented to its consideration by the trier of fact, but fundamental fairness also requires
that the trier of fact be permitted to consider the lesser related offense when the defendant
requests it. Thus, the law recognizes that instructions on lesser related offenses may be
highly beneficial or prejudicial to the defendant, depending on the defendant’s trial
preparation, the nature of the defense presented, and other matters of trial strategy.
Because the defendant, assisted by counsel, is the only person who can assess the impact
of lesser related offense instructions in a given case, the decision to permit or preclude
consideration of the lesser related offense is a right accorded to the defendant.” (Toro,
supra, 47 Cal.3d at p. 975; see also People v. Birks, supra, 19 Cal.4th at p. 128 [“Unless
the defendant agrees, the prosecution cannot obtain a conviction for any uncharged,
nonincluded offense”].)

                                              6
       The Toro court ultimately held that the defendant’s failure to object constituted an
implied consent to the jury’s consideration of the lesser related offense and a waiver of
any objection based on lack of notice. (Toro, supra, 47 Cal.3d at p. 978.)
       However, the lesser offense doctrine has long been recognized as one intended to
benefit both the defense and the prosecution. (Toro, supra, 47 Cal.3d at pp. 969-970.)
The Supreme Court also recognized this when they emphasized in Toro that “submission
of lesser related offenses to the jury enhances the reliability of the fact-finding process to
the benefit of both the defendant and the People.” (Ibid., italics added.) And again,
“Lesser related offense instructions generally are beneficial to defendants and in a given
case only the defendant knows whether his substantial rights will be prejudicially affected
by submitting a lesser related offense to the jury.” (Id. at p. 977.) As such, we find the
holding in People v. Anderson (2020) 9 Cal.5th 946 (Anderson) provides clarity on the
evolution of the law as applicable to the instant case.
       The defendant in Anderson was charged with first degree murder and several
robberies. The murder charge included a 25-year-to-life firearm enhancement allegation
pursuant to Penal Code section 12022.53, subdivisions (d) and (e). By contrast, each of
the robbery counts included two personal use firearm enhancement allegations, one a 10-
year enhancement pursuant to Penal Code section 12022.53, subdivision (b), and a three-,
four-, or 10-year enhancement allegation pursuant to Penal Code section 12022.5,
subdivision (a). None of the robberies included a 25-year-to-life enhancement as the
murder charge did. (Anderson, supra, 9 Cal.5th at pp. 950-951.)
       At the close of evidence, the trial court instructed the jury that it could find that the
prosecution proved the elements of the 25-year-to life firearm enhancements under Penal
Code section 12022.53, subdivision (e) as to the robbery counts and submitted verdict
forms to the same effect. The record did not show how this occurred, but the Anderson
court concluded it appeared that the prosecution requested such at the close of evidence.
(Anderson, supra, 9 Cal.5th at p. 951.) The jury then convicted Anderson on all 10

                                               7
counts and returned true findings on all the enhancement allegations. At sentencing, the
trial court sentenced Anderson to a total of 189 years to life, including a total of 125 years
to life for the enhancements corresponding to the five robbery counts. (Id. at p. 952.)
       On appeal, Anderson argued for the first time that the trial court erred in imposing
the five unpleaded 25-year-to-life enhancements, arguing the enhancements had not been
adequately charged. The Court of Appeal rejected Anderson’s argument. (Anderson,
supra, 9 Cal.5th at pp. 952.)
       Before the Supreme Court, the Attorney General in Anderson acknowledged that
the charging information did not satisfy the applicable statutory pleading requirements
but urged the court to uphold Anderson’s sentence on the ground that the jury instructions
and verdict forms gave Anderson sufficient notice. The Attorney General argued, (as he
does here) that by not objecting to the instructions or verdict forms, Anderson impliedly
consented to an informal amendment of the information and alternatively, Anderson’s
failure to object forfeited his right to raise the issue on appeal. (Anderson, supra,
9 Cal.5th at pp. 957-958.) The Anderson court noted that the Attorney General’s
argument relied primarily on Toro. But the Supreme Court distinguished the situation in
Anderson, from that in Toro. “The situation in Toro, in which the jury was given the
option of convicting the defendant of a lesser offense, was quite different from the
situation we confront in this case. Unlike the defendant in Toro, Anderson derived no
possible benefit from submitting the unpleaded 25-year-to-life enhancements to the jury.
There is therefore no reason to presume from defense counsel’s silence that Anderson
consented to this procedure. (Cf., e.g., People v. Ramirez (1987) 189 Cal.App.3d 603,
623 [‘Conviction for an uncharged greater offense not only raises the problem of notice
but makes the inference of consent more difficult, as there is no reason why a defendant
should acquiesce in substitution of a greater for a lesser offense’]; People v. Haskin
(1992) 4 Cal.App.4th 1434, 1440 [applying same principle in context of sentence
enhancements].)” (Anderson, at p. 959.)

                                              8
       So too here. Duenas was convicted of possession of more than 28.5 grams of
cannabis. The penalty for possessing more than 28.5 grams of cannabis, however, is the
same as the penalty for possessing cannabis for sale: six months in jail, a $500 fine, or
both. (Health & Saf. Code, §§ 11359, subd. (b) & 11357, subd. (b).) While in Anderson
the uncharged enhancements resulted in the defendant being exposed to an increase in
penalty, and here the uncharged conviction resulted in a similar penalty, we see that as a
distinction without a difference. Defendant received no possible benefit from submitting
the uncharged offense to the jury, which is the foundational rationale for instructing the
jury on lesser related offenses. As did the Supreme Court in Anderson, we too conclude
that to treat defense counsel’s lack of specific objection as acquiescence or consent
“would go a long way toward eroding [defendant’s] right to notice of the potential
penalties he faced. We conclude no informal amendment of the information occurred
here.” (Anderson, supra, 9 Cal.5th at p. 960.)
                                     DISPOSITION
       Defendant’s conviction for possessing more than 28.5 grams of cannabis is
reversed. In all other respects the judgment is affirmed.

                                                     /s/
                                                 EARL, J.

We concur:

   /s/
MAURO, Acting P. J.

    /s/
DUARTE, J.

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