Court Opinion

ID: 9897827
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-14 19:25:37.219627+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:16:03.111618
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

              Present: Judges Beales, Huff and Chaney
UNPUBLISHED

              Argued at Norfolk, Virginia

              SHAWN WILLIAM WHITE
                                                                            MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY
              v.     Record No. 0802-22-1                                   JUDGE VERNIDA R. CHANEY
                                                                                AUGUST 29, 2023
              COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

                               FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF CHESAPEAKE
                                             Stephen J. Telfeyan, Judge

                               (Andrew K. James; Andrew K. James, P.C., on brief), for appellant.
                               Appellant submitting on brief.

                               David A. Mick, Assistant Attorney General (Jason S. Miyares,
                               Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

                     Following a bench trial, the trial court convicted Shawn William White of the felony offense

              of third or subsequent petit larceny, misdemeanor property damage, and misdemeanor vehicle

              tampering. On appeal, White contends that the trial court erred in (i) admitting into evidence

              “impermissible expert opinion” identifying White as the perpetrator depicted in surveillance images

              and (ii) convicting White based on insufficient evidence to prove that he perpetrated or participated

              in the crimes.

                     White also appeals the trial court’s sentencing order in a probation revocation case heard in

              combination with White’s sentencing on the three appealed convictions. The trial court found

              White in violation of the conditions of his probation based, in part, on new criminal convictions that

              White had appealed or intended to appeal. White contends that the trial court abused its discretion

                     *
                         This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413(A).
in ordering him to serve two years and three months of his previously suspended sentence based on

new convictions that he appealed.

       For the following reasons, this Court affirms the trial court’s judgment.

                                         BACKGROUND

       On appeal, we recite the facts “in the ‘light most favorable’ to the Commonwealth, the

prevailing party in the trial court.” Hammer v. Commonwealth, 74 Va. App. 225, 231 (2022)

(quoting Commonwealth v. Cady, 300 Va. 325, 329 (2021)).

       On April 1, 2019, Phallyn Jimenez was shopping in a drug store when someone broke into

the pickup truck that she had parked and locked outside the store. The back window of

Jimenez’s truck was kicked out, and her purse was stolen.

       The drug store’s surveillance video showed the following: Around 8:51 p.m., a black

sedan parked next to the driver’s side of Jimenez’s truck. A woman—subsequently identified as

White’s cousin, Erica Baker—exited the driver’s door of the sedan, walked around to the driver’s

door of Jimenez’s truck, and tried to open the driver’s door. Baker then opened the sedan’s front

passenger door, and a man—subsequently identified as White—exited the sedan wearing his

jacket hood over his head. White peered into Jimenez’s truck through the driver’s window as

Baker walked around the rear of the truck and pulled her jacket hood over her head. After White

punched the driver’s side window, he climbed into the truck bed, and Baker moved to the

passenger side of Jimenez’s truck and stood watch. White then entered Jimenez’s truck through

the rear window and exited through the driver’s door. When the alarm lights on Jimenez’s truck

started blinking, Baker ran back to the sedan and sat in the driver’s seat. After White entered the

sedan on the passenger side, Baker and White drove away.1

       1
         The trial court admitted into evidence only a two-minute segment of the store’s
surveillance video and six still photos—three of each suspect—created from surveillance videos.
                                               -2-
       The following day, the police executed a search warrant at Baker’s residence. During the

search, the police found a pink designer purse that Jimenez subsequently identified as the purse

stolen from her truck. Baker’s co-tenant, Vuong McCoy, saw White at Baker’s residence in the

afternoon on April 1.

       At White’s trial, the drug store’s assistant manager, Kurt Oldroyd, testified that he made

fair and accurate still photos of the suspects from the store’s surveillance video. Oldroyd

testified that he saw the suspects inside the store on the night of April 1, and he identified White

as one of the suspects depicted in the surveillance photos. Oldroyd observed White walking

around the store with a woman for a couple of minutes. Ten minutes after they left the store,

Oldroyd was informed about the vehicle break-in. On cross-examination, Oldroyd testified that

he was “pretty sure”—but “[n]ot 100 percent” sure, “[n]ot absolutely positive”—that White was

the same person he saw in the store that night.

       At trial, Detective David Todd testified that he had investigated White in relation to crimes

in Norfolk, and he identified White in the courtroom. White did not object to Detective Todd’s

in-court identification. After Detective Todd identified White in court, White objected when the

Commonwealth asked the detective whether he could identify the person depicted in three of the

store’s surveillance photos. White objected that the Commonwealth was eliciting impermissible

expert opinion testimony because the trier of fact should determine for itself whether White was

the person in the surveillance photos. White argued that the only witnesses who could

permissibly testify about the identity of the person in the surveillance photos were the witnesses

who were present at the time of the alleged offenses and had personal knowledge of the events at

issue. Because the detective was not present at the time of the alleged offenses, White argued

that he could not permissibly testify—based on the surveillance photos—whether White was in

the drug store that night. The trial court noted that Detective Todd’s testimony indicated that he

                                                  -3-
was familiar with White. Given this, the trial court allowed the detective to testify whether he could

identify the individual in the surveillance photos; but the trial court did not allow Detective Todd to

testify whether the person depicted in the surveillance photo was the suspect in the store that night.

Over White’s objection, Detective Todd identified White in all three surveillance photos.

        Detective Todd’s partner, Detective Alyce Clark, testified at trial that she had

investigated crimes in Norfolk involving White, and she also identified White in the courtroom.

White did not object to this in-court identification. After Detective Clark identified White in

court and in the three surveillance photos, White made the same objection that he made to

Detective Todd’s identification of the suspect in the surveillance photos. Again, the trial court

overruled White’s objection.

        After the Commonwealth rested its case-in-chief at trial, White moved to strike the

evidence and argued that there was no credible evidence identifying him as the person who broke

into Jimenez’s truck and stole her purse. After the trial court denied White’s motion to strike,

White presented no evidence in his defense. White renewed and incorporated his motion to

strike in his closing argument. Following closing arguments, the trial court found that White

acted in concert to commit the charged offenses with the female suspect depicted in the

surveillance videos. Accordingly, the trial court found White guilty as charged.

        White’s sentencing hearing in May 2022 was combined with a probation revocation

hearing that had been continued from October 2019. At the October 2019 revocation hearing,

the trial court found White in violation of the conditions of his probation on his underlying

conviction for grand larceny of a motor vehicle. At the May 2022 revocation hearing, White

admitted additional alleged probation violations based on new criminal convictions that he

incurred while on probation. White stated that “the Norfolk matters” were then on appeal, and

the “Chesapeake matters” likely would be appealed as well. The trial court found White guilty of

                                                 -4-
additional probation violations based on his additional new convictions, including the convictions

that were on appeal or still subject to appeal.2 After finding White guilty of the additional alleged

probation violations, the trial court revoked and reimposed White’s previously suspended ten-year

sentence and resuspended seven years and nine months of that sentence.

       On the three appealed convictions, the trial court sentenced White to incarceration for

5 years with 3 years suspended for petit larceny, third or subsequent offense, 12 months with 10

months suspended for misdemeanor property damage, and 12 months with 9 months suspended

for vehicle tampering. This appeal followed.

                                             ANALYSIS

       A. Admissibility of the Detectives’ Identifications of White in the Surveillance Photos

       White contends that the trial court erred in allowing two detectives to testify that he was

the person depicted in three surveillance photos of one of the suspects. White argues that this

testimony “amounted to impermissible expert opinion that invaded the purview of the trier of

fact.” Amended Op. Br. 3. Because neither detective personally knew White before March or

April 2019 and both detectives had minimal contact with White, White contends that the

detectives’ identifications of White in the surveillance photos were not “reasonably based upon

the[ir] personal experience and observations,” as required for admissible lay opinion testimony.

Amended Op. Br. 13 (quoting Va. R. Evid. 2:701). Therefore, White argues, the detectives’

identifications of White in the surveillance photos were inadmissible expert opinions.

       2
          An addendum to the probation officer’s major violation report alleged that White had
incurred 12 new convictions since January 2019. In addition to the three convictions appealed
here, the addendum lists the following new convictions: felony credit card theft in Norfolk
Circuit Court, three convictions for grand larceny in Norfolk Circuit Court (including a
conviction for grand larceny of an automobile), burglary and conspiracy to commit burglary in
Norfolk Circuit Court, grand larceny of an automobile and vehicle tampering in Hampton Circuit
Court, and driving on a suspended license in Virginia Beach General District Court).
                                                -5-
       White did not raise at trial the issue of each detective’s ability to identify him in the

surveillance photos based on his or her personal experience or observations. Rather, White

objected that it was for the trier of fact to determine whether he was the person depicted in the

surveillance photos. White contended that it was “totally impermissible” “for the

Commonwealth to bring in a witness who’s giving opinion testimony that the individual in the

photographs is [White].” R. 446. Additionally, White objected that the detectives were not

present to witness any events at issue and thus lacked the requisite personal knowledge to

testify—based on the surveillance photos—whether White was the male suspect in the drug store

around the time of the offenses. The trial court agreed that the detectives should not be allowed

to testify that White was in the drug store that night. Noting that the detectives testified that they

were familiar with White, the trial court allowed the detectives to testify that White was the

person depicted in the surveillance photos. Because White did not object at trial that the

detectives’ identifications of him in the surveillance photos were not reasonably based upon their

personal experience and observations, this Court will not consider this issue on appeal. See

Bowman v. Commonwealth, 30 Va. App. 298, 301 (1999) (refusing to consider on appeal the

issue of a witness’s ability to identify the defendant in a video because the defendant did not

raise the objection at trial); see also Rule 5A:18.

                      B. Sufficient Evidence that White was the Perpetrator

       When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain a criminal conviction, “[t]he

judgment of the trial court is presumed correct and will not be disturbed unless it is plainly

wrong or without evidence to support it.” McGowan v. Commonwealth, 72 Va. App. 513, 521

(2020) (alteration in original) (quoting Smith v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 450, 460 (2018)). On

review of the trial court’s factual findings underlying a conviction, “[t]he Court does not ask

itself whether it believes that the evidence at the trial established guilt beyond a reasonable

                                                 -6-
doubt.” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Secret v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 204, 228 (2018)).

“Rather, the relevant question is whether ‘any rational trier of fact could have found the essential

elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Vasquez v. Commonwealth, 291 Va. 232,

248 (2016) (quoting Williams v. Commonwealth, 278 Va. 190, 193 (2009)). “If there is

evidentiary support for the conviction, ‘the reviewing court is not permitted to substitute its own

judgment, even if its opinion might differ from the conclusions reached by the finder of fact at

the trial.’” McGowan, 72 Va. App. at 521 (quoting Chavez v. Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 149,

161 (2018)).

       This Court’s deference to the trial court’s factual findings stems, in part, from the trial

court’s “opportunity to observe the witnesses’ testimony and demeanor.” Lopez v.

Commonwealth, 73 Va. App. 70, 82 (2021). Accordingly, settled principles dictate that

“[d]etermining the credibility of witnesses . . . is within the exclusive province of the

[fact-finder], which has the unique opportunity to observe the demeanor of the witnesses as they

testify.” Dalton v. Commonwealth, 64 Va. App. 512, 525 (2015) (second alteration in original)

(quoting Lea v. Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 300, 304 (1993)). “[T]he conclusions of the fact

finder on issues of witness credibility may be disturbed on appeal only when we find that the

witness’[s] testimony was ‘inherently incredible, or so contrary to human experience as to render

it unworthy of belief.’” Ragsdale v. Commonwealth, 38 Va. App. 421, 429 (2002) (quoting

Ashby v. Commonwealth, 33 Va. App. 540, 548 (2000)). Evidence is not inherently incredible

“unless it is ‘so manifestly false that reasonable men ought not to believe it’ or ‘shown to be false

by objects or things as to the existence and meaning of which reasonable men should not

differ.’” Gerald v. Commonwealth, 295 Va. 469, 487 (2018) (quoting Juniper v.

Commonwealth, 271 Va. 362, 415 (2006)).

                                                -7-
        White contends that “[i]f you remove the identifications made by Detectives Todd and

Clark of the defendant being the individual in the still photographs, there is no evidence to

support a finding that the defendant was the individual who perpetrated these crimes or acted in

concert with someone who perpetrated these crimes.” Amended Op. Br. 16. However, the

evidence does not support a finding that the detectives’ identifications of White in the

surveillance photos were inherently incredible. Before identifying White in the surveillance

photos, both detectives testified at trial that they had investigated White for other crimes in

Norfolk and identified White in the courtroom. Based on the detectives’ testimony about their

investigations of White and their in-court identifications of White, a rational fact-finder could

infer, as the trial court did, that the detectives were sufficiently familiar with White to testify

whether he was the person depicted in surveillance photos. Given (i) the detectives’

identifications of White as the person depicted in the surveillance photos and (ii) the surveillance

videos showing what appears to be that same person breaking into Jimenez’s truck while the

female suspect stood watch, a rational fact-finder could find beyond a reasonable doubt that

White perpetrated or acted in concert with another to commit the charged offenses. Therefore,

this Court holds that the evidence is sufficient to sustain White’s convictions.

                C. Probation Revocation Sentence Based on Appealed Convictions

        White argues that the trial court abused its discretion in imposing an active sentence of

two years and three months of his previously suspended sentence based on convictions that he

appealed—including the convictions at issue in this appeal and some convictions in Norfolk.3

        3
         In his third assignment of error, White contends that the trial court also improperly
relied on convictions appealed from the Hampton Circuit Court. In his brief, however, White
concedes that the record demonstrates that he did not appeal his Hampton convictions and he
made that assertion “in error.” Amended Op. Br. 18. “While concessions of law are not binding
on an appellate court, we may accept concessions of fact.” Williams v. Commonwealth, 71
Va. App. 462, 488 n.9 (2020) (quoting Logan v. Commonwealth, 47 Va. App. 168, 172 (2005)
                                               -8-
White contends that if those convictions are reversed, this Court must remand the probation

revocation case for resentencing because the sentence was based, in part, on these appealed

convictions.

       Assuming without deciding that White adequately raised this issue in the trial court, this

Court declines to consider it because the issue is moot. See McGinnis v. Commonwealth, 296

Va. 489, 501 (2018) (“[I]n cases where the ability of the Court to review an issue on appeal is in

doubt, we may ‘assume without deciding’ that the issue can be reviewed provided that this

permits us to resolve the appeal on the best and narrowest grounds.”).4 Because this Court

affirms White’s convictions in this appeal, the issue of the trial court’s consideration of these

convictions in imposing the probation revocation sentence is moot. See Patterson v.

Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 1046, 1050 (1991) (holding defendant’s appeal of revocation based

on new conviction was moot where the underlying conviction was affirmed on appeal).

       The issue of imposing the probation revocation sentence based, in part, on White’s

appealed Norfolk convictions is also moot. “Where the criminal conviction underlying the

revocation is affirmed on appeal, the appeal is considered without merit; or is considered moot.”

Id. at 1049 (citations omitted). This Court affirmed White’s Norfolk convictions for burglary,

grand larceny, larceny of a firearm, conspiracy to commit burglary, and credit card theft, and the

Supreme Court of Virginia refused his petition for appeal. See White v. Commonwealth,

(en banc)). This Court accepts White’s concession that he did not appeal his Hampton
convictions.
       4
          “The ‘best’ answer to a legal question is” the answer with which “the greatest number
of jurists would agree[,]” and “[t]he ‘narrowest’ answer to a legal question is the one affecting
the least number of cases.” Butcher v. Commonwealth, 298 Va. 392, 396 (2020). Rather than
determining whether Rule 5A:18 bars this Court from reaching the merits of White’s argument,
“we limit our holding to what we consider to be ‘the best and narrowest grounds available,’”
which in this case is the mootness of White’s argument. Grayson v. Westwood Bldgs. L.P., 300
Va. 25, 58 (2021) (quoting Butcher, 298 Va. at 396).
                                                -9-
No. 0918-21-1, slip op. at 8 (Va. Ct. App. July 19, 2022); White v. Commonwealth, No. 220512

(Va. Nov. 29, 2022). Consequently, White’s appeal of his revocation sentence in this case is

moot and we do not consider it.

                                        CONCLUSION

       For the above reasons, this Court affirms the trial court’s judgment.
                                                                                       Affirmed.

                                              - 10 -