Court Opinion

ID: 3763242
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-07-06 07:18:47.450194+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:54:04.377627
License: Public Domain

Cleveland Home Improvement Council, d.b.a. Greater Cleveland Chapter of National Association of Remodeling Industry ("NARI"), appeals an order of the Common Pleas Court granting summary judgment in favor of the city of Bedford Heights and finding the city's uninvited door-to-door solicitation ordinance a constitutional limitation of commercial speech.
Appellant, an Ohio nonprofit corporation whose members engage in the business of residential remodeling and repair, filed a declaratory judgment action against the cities of North Olmsted, Maple Heights and Bedford Heights, challenging the constitutionality of the following Bedford Heights ordinance:
"733.01 PROHIBITION OF DOOR TO DOOR SOLICITATION.
"The practice of going in and upon private residences in the City, by solicitors, peddlers, hawkers, itinerant merchants and transient vendors of merchandise not having been requested or invited to do so by the owner or owners, occupant or occupants of such private residences for the purpose of soliciting orders for the sale of goods, wares, services, merchandise, periodicals and other articles or publications and/or disposing of and/or peddling or hawking the same is hereby declared to be a nuisance and punishable as provided in Section 733.99. (Ord. 76-45. Passed 3-2-76.)"
This legislation classifies a first offense as a third degree misdemeanor, subsequent offenses as first degree misdemeanors, and further provided:
"733.03 EXEMPTIONS.
"The prohibitions contained in this chapter shall not apply to any persons selling or delivering newspapers, to any duly authorized solicitor soliciting the purchase of goods, wares, merchandise or gifts for or on behalf of any recognized *Page 816 
educational, civic, religious or charitable organization nor to any person specifically exempted by law, except as to those provisions contained in this chapter relating to registration requirements of those hereby permitted to conduct such solicitations. (Ord. 76-163. Passed 10-19-76.)
"733.04 REGISTRATION REQUIRED.
"Registration is required for every person exempted by Section 733.03 who desires to engage in solicitation by means of calling upon places of residence or by means of direct personal contact in public places or upon public property. A registration certificate shall be obtained by an organization to cover each individual solicitor for the organization. Any peddling or soliciting which is carried on in connection with Section 733.03
is unlawful unless prior registration has been complied with as required herein. (Ord. 76-162. Passed 10-19-76.)"
On July 22, 1994, the city of Bedford Heights filed a motion with the trial court to dismiss the complaint, alleging that appellant lacked standing to pursue the action, and alternatively sought summary judgment on constitutional issues. Subsequently, appellant filed its own motion for summary judgment asking the court to declare that the solicitation ordinances in all three cities violated First Amendment protected rights of commercial speech.
On October 26, 1994, the trial court denied appellant's requested summary judgment and a week later published its opinion granting summary judgment in favor of the city of Bedford Heights. Appellant then voluntarily dismissed its case against both North Olmsted and Maple Heights and filed its notice of appeal seeking our review of the trial court's decision. Two errors are assigned:
"I. The lower court erred in granting Bedford Heights' motion for summary judgment.
"II. The lower court erred in denying NARI's motion for summary judgment."
On appeal, the city urges that appellant lacked standing to pursue declaratory judgment because no member of the Cleveland Home Improvement Council had ever been cited for violating its ordinance. The city relies upon Ohio Contractors Assn. v.Bicking (1994), 71 Ohio St.3d 318, 643 N.E.2d 1088, where the court considered whether that association had standing to pursue a cause of action since none of its members had submitted bids on a proposed project. The court cited Hunt v. Washington StateApple Advertising Comm. (1977), 432 U.S. 333, 343,97 S.Ct. 2434, 2441, 53 L.Ed.2d 383, 394, for the proposition that "to have standing, the association must establish that its members have suffered actual injury." Accordingly, the Ohio Supreme Court found that the Ohio Contractors Association lacked standing because no contractor had submitted a bid and been rejected and, thus, no aggrieved contractor existed in that case. *Page 817 
We are persuaded, however, that the controlling precedent in this case is Peltz v. S. Euclid (1967), 11 Ohio St.2d 128, 40 O.O.2d 129, 228 N.E.2d 320, where the court stated at paragraph one of its syllabus:
"Where a municipal ordinance imposing criminal penalties upon a contemplated act will be enforced against a person if he proceeds with that act, such person has standing to test the validity, construction and application of such ordinance by an action for declaratory judgment, and it is unnecessary to demonstrate the existence of an actual controversy for such a person to incur a violation of the ordinance. (Section 2721.03, Revised Code.) (Wilson v. Cincinnati [1960], 171 Ohio St. 104
[12 O.O.2d 129, 168 N.E.2d 147], approved and followed.)"
Accordingly, we shall consider the matter presented on its merits.
Review of a matter involving summary judgment is governed by Civ.R. 56, which provides that this relief shall be rendered if the pleading, depositions, answers to interrogatories, written admissions, affidavits, transcript of evidence and written stipulations show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. No other evidence may be considered. Further, the rule states that summary judgment shall not be granted unless it appears from such evidence that reasonable minds can come to but one conclusion, which is adverse to the party against whom the motion is made.
Finally, the rule further states in subsection (E):
"* * * When a motion for summary judgment is made and supported as provided in this rule, an adverse party may not rest upon the mere allegations or denials of his pleadings, but his response, by affidavit or as otherwise provided in this rule, must set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial. If he does not respond, summary judgment, if appropriate, shall be entered against him."
See, also, Dresher v. Burt (1996), 75 Ohio St.3d 280,662 N.E.2d 264, where the court limited Wing v. Anchor Media, Ltd.of Texas (1991), 59 Ohio St.3d 108, 570 N.E.2d 1095, in conformity with Mitseff v. Wheeler (1988), 38 Ohio St.3d 112,526 N.E.2d 798, where the syllabus states:
"A party seeking summary judgment must specifically delineate the basis upon which summary judgment is sought in order to allow the opposing party a meaningful opportunity to respond."
In conformity with this standard of review, we examine the substantive law involving commercial speech.
In Cent. Hudson Gas  Elec. Corp. v. Pub. Serv. Comm. of NewYork (1980), 447 U.S. 557, 100 S.Ct. 2343, 65 L.Ed.2d 341, the court held that a regulation of *Page 818 
the New York State Public Service Commission which completely banned electric utility promotional advertising violated the First Amendment commercial speech rights of the utility. In that case, after citing Virginia Pharmacy Bd. v. Virginia CitizensConsumer Council (1976), 425 U.S. 748, 96 S.Ct. 1817,48 L.Ed.2d 346, which defined commercial speech as an expression related solely to the economic interests of the speaker and its audience, the court stated that the First Amendment's concern for commercial speech is based on the informational function of advertising and then, at 566, 100 S.Ct. at 2351,65 L.Ed.2d at 351, set forth the following Cent. Hudson four-step procedure to analyze commercial speech:
"At the outset, we must determine whether the expression is protected by the First Amendment. For commercial speech to come within that provision, it at least must concern lawful activity and not be misleading. Next, we ask whether the asserted governmental interest is substantial. If both inquiries yield positive answers, we must determine whether the regulation directly advances the governmental interest asserted, and whether it is not more extensive than is necessary to serve that interest."
Thus, we will analyze each of these steps sequentially in this case. Regarding the first, we note that the trial court stated in its written opinion:
"It is undisputed or at least no evidence was submitted tothe contrary that under the first prong, the plaintiff is engaged in a lawful activity and the information provided by the solicitor to the consumer is not misleading." (Emphasis added.)
This finding is further supported by our review of the record, which reflects that both parties to this appeal sought summary judgment relief in the trial court — each, therefore, representing to the trial court that no genuine issues of material fact existed in the case. In fact, in its motion for summary judgment submitted to the trial court, appellant stated, "Even if all the facts as stated by the Defendants are construed most strongly in their favor and assumed to be true, thereremains no genuine issue as to any material fact * * *." And in its conclusion, appellant asserted in that motion, "Defendants * * * failed to create any genuine issues of material fact." (Emphasis added.)
Thus, we agree with the trial court regarding this part of the Cent. Hudson analysis.
Regarding the second step, whether the governmental interests are substantial, the trial court's opinion supports a determination of substantial interest in promulgating the ordinance, where, as the court notes, "the city determined [that] unregulated door-to-door solicitation unreasonably raised the risk of crime; *Page 819 
was the cause of continual annoyance and harassment; and unreasonably invaded the privacy of city residents."
Further, we believe that the city's interests in protecting its citizens are apparent from the circumstances of this case and therefore satisfy the city's obligation under Cent. Hudson
and Civ.R. 56. It is well established, for example, that a city may regulate solicitation as a necessary step in securing the safety of its citizens. As the court in Breard v. Alexandria
(1950), 341 U.S. 622, 71 S.Ct. 920, 95 L.Ed. 1233, noted:
"To the city council falls the duty of protecting its citizens against the practices deemed subversive of privacy and of quiet. A householder depends for protection on his city board rather than churlishly guarding his entrances with orders forbidding the entrance of solicitors." Id. at 640,71 S.Ct. at 931, 95 L.Ed. at 1246-1247. See, also, Project 80's, Inc. v.Pocatello (C.A. 9, 1987), 876 F.2d 711, 714; Wisconsin ActionCoalition v. Kenosha (C.A. 7, 1985), 767 F.2d 1248, 1251.
Indeed, in Breard, supra, the court stated, "Unwanted knocks on the door by day or night are a nuisance, or worse, to peace and quiet." Id., 341 U.S. at 627, 71 S.Ct. at 924,95 L.Ed. at 1239. Hence the city's "interest in protecting the well-being, tranquility, and privacy of the home is certainly of the highest order in a free and civilized society." Carey v. Brown (1980),447 U.S. 455, 471, 100 S.Ct. 2286, 2296, 65 L.Ed.2d 263, 276.
Because the trial court determined and we agree that the speech here concerns lawful activity and is not misleading and the asserted governmental interest is substantial, it is incumbent on us to consider the third and fourth steps in the analysis, i.e., whether the ordinance directly advances but is not more extensive than necessary to serve the stated governmental interests.
The trial court specifically found that the ordinance directly advanced the interests of "protecting homeowners from uninvited and harassing solicitation of home remodeling services and of deterring uninvited individuals from entering privateproperty for the purpose of canvassing the premises to perpetrate a burglary or other crime." (Emphasis added.) We agree. Regulation of door-to-door solicitation has been found to directly advance governmental interests in protecting privacy and preventing crime. See Project 80's, supra, 876 F.2d at 714.
Further, in accord with Civ.R. 56, which directs a court to review the pleadings to determine the existence of factual issues, we observe that Bedford Heights urged that "door to door solicitation directly caused a greater risk of crime and constituted an annoyance to the city residents and no alternativecould more directly advance the city's interest other thaneliminating the cause of the harm." (Emphasis added.) Although the city did not present further evidence *Page 820 
to support its claim, that fact alone does not foreclose summary judgment given the procedural posture of this appeal. Both parties sought summary judgment, representing to the court that there were no genuine issues of material fact and that judgment could be rendered as a matter of law. Nor has appellant questioned the sufficiency of the city's claimed interests in protecting its citizens, only that the means used to advance those interests are more extensive than necessary to achieve those ends.
Further, in Posadas de Puerto Rico Assoc. v. Tourism Co. ofPuerto Rico (1986), 478 U.S. 328, 106 S.Ct. 2968,92 L.Ed.2d 266, the court considered the constitutionality of a Puerto Rican statute restricting advertising of casino gambling to Puerto Rican residents. Rejecting the challenge that other kinds of gambling, viz., horse racing, cockfighting and the lottery, were not so restricted, the court stated that the casino restrictions directly advanced the legislature's interest in reducing demand for games of chance, and specifically, casino gambling. The court then stated at 343, 106 S.Ct. at 2977-2978,92 L.Ed.2d at 281-282:
"In other words, the legislature felt that for Puerto Ricans the risks associated with casino gambling were significantly greater than those associated with the more traditional kinds of gambling in Puerto Rico. In our view, the legislature's separateclassification of casino gambling, for purposes of theadvertising ban, satisfies the third step of the Central Hudsonanalysis." (Emphasis added.)
Similarly, we conclude, based upon the record presented to us and the foregoing analysis, that the Bedford Heights City Council's separate classification of uninvited door-to-door solicitation by those engaging in commercial speech directly advances its substantial governmental interests of reducing the risk of burglary and other crime, avoiding harassment and annoyance, and protecting the privacy of its citizens and, therefore, meets this third step in the Cent. Hudson analysis.
Concerning the fourth part of the Cent. Hudson test,i.e., whether the ordinance is more extensive than necessary to serve the city's interests, Justice Scalia, writing for the court in Bd. of Trustees of State Univ. of New York v. Fox
(1989), 492 U.S. 469, 480, 109 S.Ct. 3028, 3034-3035,106 L.Ed.2d 388, 403-404, further defined this requirement:
"[W]e have not gone so far as to impose upon [regulators] the burden of demonstrating * * * that the manner of restriction is absolutely the least severe that will achieve the desired end. What our decisions require is a `"fit" between the legislature's ends and the means chosen to accomplish those ends,' Posadas,supra [478 U.S.] at 341 [106 S.Ct. at 2977, 92 L.Ed.2d at 281] — a fit that is not necessarily perfect, but reasonable; that represents not necessarily the single best disposition but one whose scope is `in proportion to the interest served,' In *Page 821 re R.M.J., supra [455 U.S. 191] at 203 [102 S.Ct. 929, at 937 [71 L.Ed.2d 64 at 74]; that employs not necessarily the least restrictive means but, as we have put it in the other contexts discussed above, a means narrowly tailored to achieve the desired objective. Within those bounds we leave it to governmental decisionmakers to judge what manner of regulation may best be employed." (Emphasis added.)
Applying these explanatory words to the Cent. Hudson
analysis, the trial court found the Bedford Heights ordinance to be reasonable in that it did not abridge the freedom of speech or unduly burden customer solicitation. We agree that the ordinance is narrowly tailored to achieve the objectives of protecting privacy, reducing harassment and preventing crime.
Our determination conforms to the idea that this ban on commercial solicitation relates to the method of communication as opposed to the message intended to be conveyed because it is not a content-based ban. The Supreme Court articulated this distinction in Metromedia, Inc. v. San Diego (1981),453 U.S. 490, 101 S.Ct. 2882, 69 L.Ed.2d 800, where, in the plurality opinion written by Justice White, the court noted at 502,101 S.Ct. at 2890, 69 L.Ed.2d at 811:
"Billboards, then, like other media of communication, combine communicative and noncommunicative aspects. As with other media, the government has legitimate interests in controlling the noncommunicative aspects of the medium * * * but the First and Fourteenth Amendments foreclose a similar interest in controlling the communicative aspects."
This statement cogently sets forth the reason why the trial court in our case correctly ruled that this legislation meets the reasonable fit test of Cent. Hudson and is tailored to achieve the stated objectives of reducing the risk of crime, eliminating harassment, and protecting privacy of homeowners. This ordinance fits those ends in that it bans the method of marketing, a noncommunicative aspect of communication, not the content of the communication, thus leaving other forms of marketing and advertising available to appellant to utilize in delivery of its message: local newspapers, radio, television, and mail. Clearly, the communicative aspects of appellant's message are not infringed by this legislation, which does not seek to suppress the content of the speech but rather only to control the method of its delivery.
We recognize that Project 80's, supra, 876 F.2d 711, reached a contrary result when considering a similar ordinance involving an Idaho corporation providing work programs for teenage youth who sold confectioneries door-to-door. The Supreme Court, after deciding Fox, supra, 492 U.S. 469, 109 S.Ct. 3028,106 L.Ed.2d 388, considered Project 80's and remanded the cause to the circuit court for reconsideration of the fourth prong of theCent. Hudson test in light of its Fox pronouncements. On remand, the circuit court quoted its first opinion where *Page 822 
it had detailed less restrictive means available to cities to regulate door-to-door solicitation including use of a posted sign. The court in its second opinion, however, determined that a required "Solicitors Welcome" sign was "not permissible" and determined that commercial speech restrictions which disregard far less restrictive and more precise means are not narrowly tailored. Hence, the court considered but never actually applied the Fox "reasonable fit" test.
Here, the ban on door-to-door solicitation is a reasonable fit because it does not suppress appellant's speech or the ability to communicate proposals for profit-making transactions using other media of communication. The exceptions carved out by the Supreme Court for door-to-door solicitation relate only to religious, political and charitable rights, which receive greater constitutional protection than the purely commercial speech involved in this appeal. See, e.g., Village of Schaumburg v.Citizens for a Better Environment (1980), 444 U.S. 620,100 S.Ct. 826, 63 L.Ed.2d 73 (charitable solicitation including dissemination of views, ideas, and advocacy of causes are within First Amendment protection); Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940),310 U.S. 296, 60 S.Ct. 900, 84 L.Ed. 1213 (solicitation of contributions of any of value by religious, charitable or philanthropic organizations involves interests protected by First Amendment); Hynes v. Mayor of Oradell (1976),425 U.S. 610, 96 S.Ct. 1755, 48 L.Ed.2d 243 (same); Norton OutdoorAdvertising, Inc. v. Arlington Hts. (1982), 69 Ohio St.2d 539, 23 O.O.3d 462, 433 N.E.2d 198 (ordinance restricting billboard advertising to product sold or business conducted on premises held unconstitutional because it excluded all noncommercial messages).
Finally, we observe that inasmuch as this matter arose on cross-motions for summary judgment with both parties having independently moved for summary judgment, each, by implication, has averred that no genuine issues of material fact exist. Thus, the single question for our resolution is whether either party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
In accordance with the foregoing analysis of Cent. Hudson, we affirm the judgment of the trial court because the Bedford Heights ordinance directly advances substantial governmental interests and is tailored to achieve desired objectives.
Since we have affirmed the judgment of the trial court resolving these issues in favor of the city of Bedford Heights, by implication, we have overruled the assignment of error denying summary judgment to appellant. In our view, the trial court correctly denied this relief to appellant because the city is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. The judgment of the trial court is therefore affirmed.
Judgment affirmed. *Page 823 
PATTON, C.J., concurs.
PATRICIA ANN BLACKMON, J., dissents.