Court Opinion

ID: 9410364
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-07-21 05:06:51.570353+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:57.275667
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS

PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN,                                   UNPUBLISHED
                                                                   July 20, 2023
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                  No. 360613
                                                                   St. Clair Circuit Court
KIRK NEAL BROWN II,                                                LC No. 21-001191-FH

               Defendant-Appellant.

Before: GLEICHER, C.J., and JANSEN and HOOD, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

       A jury convicted defendant Kirk Neal Brown II of being a felon in possession of a firearm
and ammunition based on contraband found in his home during a search. The jury acquitted Brown
of charges of possession with intent to deliver less than 50 grams of cocaine, maintaining a drug
house, and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony. Brown contends that he
was entitled to a hearing to explore the search warrant’s validity and argues that his convictions
must be overturned based on entrapment. We discern no error and affirm.

                                      I. BACKGROUND

        On May 25, 2021, the St. Clair County Drug Task Force (DTF) executed a search warrant
at Brown’s house and uncovered cocaine in powder and crystal form, a cocaine dusted scale, more
than $4,000 in cash, and a loaded firearm. Earlier that day, United States Border Patrol Agent
Alan Merle submitted a search warrant affidavit, asserting that two confidential informants (CIs)
had purchased narcotics from Brown at his home in the past 30 days. Agent Merle learned from
fellow DTF member, St. Clair Sheriff’s Deputy Timothy McNabb, that Brown had been a CI in
the past but that “he was not living up to his end of the deal.” Specifically, although McNabb and
Brown had spoken on occasion, Brown “was not doing any controlled purchases.” This
information was not included in the search warrant affidavit.

       Earlier in May 2021, McNabb notified his CIs that the DTF was looking for Shondy
Baggetta, a fugitive with outstanding warrants. Brown told Deputy McNabb that he could lure
Baggetta to his house. On May 25, Brown sent a picture of Baggetta’s car in his driveway to
Deputy McNabb. McNabb was on sick leave and relayed the information to other DTF members.

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Unbeknownst to McNabb, some of the DTF members were preparing to execute the search warrant
at Brown’s home that day. As noted in the search warrant affidavit, that raid stemmed from
Brown’s sale of narcotics from his house, and not from Baggetta’s presence. Baggetta was not
mentioned in the warrant affidavit.

        When the DTF members searched Brown’s house, they found Baggetta and Brown in the
living room with baggies of cocaine on the couch. Brown told the officers where to find other
contraband, and was forthcoming about his activities in buying and selling drugs.

        After his arrest, Brown filed a motion for a Franks1 hearing. Brown contended that the
search warrant improperly entered as Agent Merle’s affidavit “contained deliberate falsehoods” or
statements made with “a reckless disregard for the truth.” Specifically, Brown asserted that Merle
“deliberately omitted pertinent information so as to make it appear that [Brown] was acting on his
own” in buying and selling narcotics “rather than as a [CI] for the [DTF].” The prosecution
retorted that Merle did not manipulate the affidavit. Even if Brown was a CI, this did “not provide
him a green light and an open door to commit crimes such as illegally possessing narcotics, selling
narcotics, and/or possessing handguns as a convicted felon whenever he so chooses.”

        The circuit court denied Brown’s motion for a Franks hearing. The matter proceeded to
trial with the admission of evidence uncovered during the search. As noted, the jury convicted
Brown of being a felon in possession of a firearm and ammunition, but acquitted him of the drug
and felony-firearm charges.

         Brown now appeals.

                                          II. ANALYSIS

        Brown contends that his convictions should be reversed because the DTF’s conduct in
effecting his arrest was reprehensible. Although Brown raised a reprehensibility argument below,
he did so in support of his motion for a Franks hearing, not as a defense to the charges at trial.
Therefore, this issue is not preserved and our review is limited to plain error affecting Brown’s
substantial rights. See People v Evans, 335 Mich App 76, 88; 966 NW2d 402 (2020). “Reversal
is warranted only when the plain, forfeited error resulted in the conviction of an actually innocent
defendant or when an error seriously affected the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial
proceedings independent of the defendant’s innocence.” People v Allen, 507 Mich 597, 614; 968
NW2d 532 (2021) (quotation marks and citation omitted).

       A criminal defendant bears “the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that
he was entrapped.” People v Vansickle, 303 Mich App 111, 115; 842 NW2d 289 (2013).
“Entrapment occurs if (1) the police engage in impermissible conduct that would induce an
otherwise law-abiding person to commit a crime in similar circumstances or (2) the police engage
in conduct so reprehensible that the court cannot tolerate it.” Id. (quotation marks and citation
omitted). Brown concedes that no law enforcement officer induced him to commit a crime.
Rather, he asserts that Agent Merle was aware of his plan to lure Baggetta to his house within the

1
    Franks v Delaware, 438 US 154; 98 S Ct 2674; 57 L Ed 2d 667 (1978).

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scope of his duties as a CI, and deliberately omitted that information from the warrant affidavit to
make it appear that Brown was acting on his own. Brown contends that this conduct was so
reprehensible that his convictions should be reversed.

        Reprehensible conduct alone can constitute entrapment; the defendant need not establish
that the reprehensible conduct instigated his commission of the charged crime. People v Fyda,
288 Mich App 446, 456; 793 NW2d 712 (2010); People v Fabiano, 192 Mich App 523, 528-529;
482 NW2d 467 (1992). Reprehensible police conduct constitutes entrapment when, “as a matter
of public policy, it could not be tolerated regardless of its relationship to the crime.” People v
Johnson, 466 Mich 491, 507; 647 NW2d 480 (2002). Merely providing a defendant with the
opportunity to commit a crime is not so reprehensible as to support an entrapment defense. Id. at
508.

        Brown never contended that he was dealing drugs on behalf of the DTF. He never claimed
that the drugs or weapon in his home were provided by a law enforcement officer to use in his role
as a CI. Brown suggests that he lured Baggetta to his home on the pretext of selling her drugs and
that he lured Baggetta on Deputy McNabb’s behalf. However, Brown admitted to officers on the
scene that he had sold drugs on other occasions. Indeed, the search warrant was based on Brown’s
sale of narcotics to two other CIs. Brown was not acting on behalf of any DTF officer during those
sales. Baggetta’s presence on the day of the search was completely irrelevant to the search.
Accordingly, even if Agent Merle knew about the plan to lure Baggetta, he would have no reason
to include that information in his search warrant affidavit. Although the agent could have
mentioned that Brown had been a CI in the past, any such statement would have included
information that Brown’s possession and delivery of controlled substances was not sanctioned.
The warrant was properly issued based on Brown’s independent criminal conduct, which had
nothing to do with his plan involving Baggetta or his role as a CI. Agent Merle did not act in a
reprehensible manner in authoring his search warrant affidavit.

        In his Standard 4 brief, Brown argues that the circuit court abused its discretion in denying
his motion for a Franks hearing based on the omission of information in the search warrant
affidavit. We review for an abuse of discretion a court’s decision whether to conduct an
evidentiary hearing. People v Franklin, 500 Mich 92, 100; 894 NW2d 561 (2017).

        A search warrant may only be issued if it is supported by probable cause. Id. “A
magistrate’s finding of probable cause and his or her decision to issue a search warrant should be
given great deference and only disturbed in limited circumstances.” Id. Pursuant to Franks, a
defendant may “challenge the veracity of a warrant affidavit after the warrant has been issued.”
Id. at 102 (emphasis omitted). Though a warrant affidavit is presumed to be valid, “a defendant is
entitled to an evidentiary hearing in order to show that the affidavit is void when the defendant
makes a substantial preliminary showing of a deliberate falsehood or reckless disregard for the
truth by the affiant.” Id. at 103.

       “To mandate an evidentiary hearing, the challenger’s attack must be more than
       conclusory and must be supported by more than a mere desire to cross-examine.
       There must be allegations of deliberate falsehood or of reckless disregard for the
       truth, and those allegations must be accompanied by an offer of proof . . . .

                                                -3-
       Allegations of negligence or innocent mistake are insufficient.” [Id., quoting
       Franks, 438 US at 171-172.]

If a defendant successfully challenges the veracity of the warrant affidavit, the defendant “may
then be entitled to have the warrant voided.” Franklin, 500 Mich at 104. However, if the affidavit
would still support the issuance of a warrant absent the challenged statements, no evidentiary
hearing is required and the warrant is not voidable. Id. at 103.

       The trial court incorrectly ruled below that Franks does not apply to omitted facts in search
warrant affidavits. “The rule from Franks is also applicable to material omissions from affidavits.”
People v Mullen, 282 Mich App 14, 24; 762 NW2d 170 (2008) (quotation marks and citation
omitted). “[O]nly when there have been material omissions necessary to the finding of probable
cause may the resulting search warrant be invalidated.” Id. (emphasis omitted). Simply proving
a warrant affiant omitted information is insufficient to invalidate a search warrant; the omission
must be material, meaning that the inclusion of the information would have precluded a finding of
probable cause. Id. “Probable cause does not require certainty. Rather, it requires only a
probability or substantial chance of criminal activity.” Id. at 27 (quotation marks and citations
omitted).

        Agent Merle’s failure to reveal that Brown was a CI for DTF was not a material omission.
As discussed previously, the warrant affidavit was based on Brown’s possession and sale of illegal
drugs, which did not fall within the scope of his duties as a CI. Brown’s activities as a CI were
unrelated to his criminal behavior, which formed the basis for the affidavit. Accordingly, Brown’s
status as a CI was immaterial to the magistrate’s finding of probable cause to issue the warrant.
As the omission was immaterial, whether Agent Merle knew Brown was a CI at the time he
authored the affidavit is inconsequential. Brown was not entitled to a hearing and the omission
could have no bearing on the warrant’s validity.

       We affirm.

                                                             /s/ Elizabeth L. Gleicher
                                                             /s/ Kathleen Jansen
                                                             /s/ Noah P. Hood

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