Court Opinion

ID: 73051
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-26 07:53:31+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:39:34.243260
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals,

                                         Eleventh Circuit.

                                           No. 96-5336.

                        UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,

                                                 v.

              Raul TRUJILLO, Francisco Nelson Fuentes, Defendants-Appellants.

                                           July 14, 1998.

Appeals from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida. (No. 95-428-CR-
UNGARO-BENAGES), Ursula Ungaro-Benages, Judge.

Before HATCHETT, Chief Judge, and RONEY and LAY*, Senior Circuit Judges.

       HATCHETT, Chief Judge:

       In this cocaine trafficking case, appellants Raul Trujillo and Nelson Fuentes challenge the

district court's handling of voir dire, various evidentiary rulings, jury instructions and a modified

Allen charge at trial. Fuentes also challenges the district court's imposing a two-level enhancement

at sentencing for possession of a firearm. We affirm.

                                        I. BACKGROUND

       In 1994, co-defendant Luis Ruiz approached fellow employee Carlos Chirino (Carlos),

seeking his help in an illegal drug transaction. Carlos, aware that his brother Jose Chirino (Jose)

worked as a government informant, told Ruiz that his brother was a boat captain and could assist

him. In January 1995, Carlos introduced Ruiz and Jose. Approximately one month later, Ruiz

introduced Carlos and Jose to co-defendant Narcisco Rodriguez. Jose informed Special Agent

Nestor Duarte of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) of this meeting, and they decided that

   *
    Honorable Donald P. Lay, Senior U.S. Circuit Judge for the Eighth Circuit, sitting by
designation.
Jose would pose as a captain of a boat with access to a crew who would act as transporters of

cocaine.

       In subsequent meetings, which included appellant Raul Trujillo, Rodriguez, and

co-defendants Juan Castellanos and Rafael Herryman-Perez, Jose learned that the defendants had

arranged for a cocaine delivery to take place near the Turks and Caicos Islands. The defendants

instructed Jose to pick up the cocaine, bring it to Miami and deliver it to them. On May 16, 1995,

Jose met with and recorded the co-defendants, and then met with Agent Duarte. Jose gave Agent

Duarte a paper bag containing $10,000 that Jose said was from Trujillo. Jose, the FBI and the Coast

Guard traveled to the Turks and Caicos Islands, and eventually recovered 31 of the 32 air-dropped

bales of cocaine on May 23, 1995. The 31 bales contained 773 kilograms of cocaine. On May 25,

the agents shipped the cocaine to Miami, and on May 30, Jose met with Rodriguez, Ruiz, Trujillo

and Herryman-Perez to discuss the missing bale of cocaine and the price of the cocaine. On June

2, Jose again met with Rodriguez, Ruiz, Trujillo and Herryman-Perez. Jose taped both meetings,

which revealed Trujillo and others discussing the division of the cocaine. Jose agreed to deliver

portions of the 773 kilograms of cocaine on June 3. Before this meeting, Castellanos gave appellant

Francisco Nelson Fuentes the key to a van that Jose had provided.

       On June 3, 1995, the FBI and Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) placed 300 kilograms of

cocaine in two coolers and placed them in the rear of a van. They sprayed the cocaine with Clue

Spray.1 Jose, wearing white pants and a green shirt, drove the van to a supermarket parking lot. The

parties had agreed that the person picking up the van would also be dressed in white pants and a

   1
   Clue Spray is a material that cannot be seen with the naked eye, but adheres to objects that it
comes into contact with and becomes visible through the use of ultraviolet light.

                                                 2
green shirt. Fuentes arrived, wearing white pants and a green shirt, and drove the van to a

warehouse. The law enforcement agents waited outside of the warehouse for approximately 31/2

hours, watching the only exit. The agents then requested that the occupants of the warehouse exit,

and Fuentes and co-defendant Juan Lasarte exited the building. Soon after being taken into custody,

the law enforcement officials took each of them into a dark area and exposed them to ultraviolet

light. Their hands and clothing reacted from exposure to the Clue Spray.

       Upon entering the warehouse, the agents found 75 of the 300 kilograms of cocaine. Lasarte

and Fuentes had transferred the cocaine to three boxes with 25 kilograms per box. Additional

searches of the warehouse revealed: (1) a hidden door to a marijuana-growing lab; (2) the missing

225 kilograms of cocaine under a work bench; and (3) in a room adjacent to the discovery of the

boxes of cocaine, a leather pouch that contained a loaded pistol and a concealed weapon permit

belonging to Fuentes.2 Law enforcement agents thereafter arrested Trujillo.

       On June 14, 1995, a grand jury in the Southern District of Florida indicted Trujillo, Fuentes

and five co-defendants for conspiracy to import cocaine into the United States, in violation of 21

U.S.C. §§ 952(a) and 963; conspiracy to possess cocaine with intent to distribute, in violation of 21

U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 846; and possession of cocaine with intent to distribute, in violation of 21

U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and 18 U.S.C. § 2. Rodriguez and Castellanos entered into plea agreements.

Herryman-Perez remained a fugitive. Trujillo, Fuentes, Ruiz and Lasarte went to trial.

       The jury acquitted Lasarte on all counts, was unable to reach a verdict on Ruiz, and convicted

Trujillo of all three counts. The court sentenced Trujillo to 235 months of imprisonment on each

   2
    Fuentes testified at trial that he had no knowledge that cocaine was in the van when he
picked it up at the supermarket.

                                                 3
count to run concurrently, 5 years of supervised release and a $150 special assessment. The jury

acquitted Fuentes of Counts I and II, and convicted him of Count III. Fuentes's presentence

investigation report (PSI) set his base offense level at 38. Prior to the sentencing hearing, the

government filed a written objection to the PSI, urging the district court to impose a two-level upward

adjustment, pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1) (1997), because Fuentes had possessed a firearm

during the commission of the drug trafficking crime. At the sentencing hearing, the district court

imposed the two-level adjustment, raising Fuentes's total offense level to 40. This two-level

adjustment made Fuentes ineligible to qualify for the Safety Valve Provision under section 5C1.2 or

the downward departure in section 2D1.1. The district court sentenced Fuentes to 292 months of

imprisonment, 5 years of supervised release and a $50 special assessment.

                                          II. CONTENTIONS

        Trujillo and Fuentes contend that the district court abused its discretion in refusing to dismiss

the panel of prospective jurors during voir dire after a prospective juror made comments concerning

their custodial status. They additionally contend that the district court abused its discretion in failing

to grant their motion for mistrial after the government's rebuttal closing argument, erred in issuing

its jury instruction for conspiracy and erred in issuing a modified Allen charge.

        Trujillo contends that the district court abused its discretion in admitting evidence. He also

contends that the government presented insufficient evidence to sustain his convictions and that the

district court abused its discretion in denying his motions for mistrial. Fuentes contends that the

district court abused its discretion in admitting the testimony of Agent Shamas and erred in enhancing

his sentence pursuant to Sentencing Guidelines section 2D1.1(b)(1).

                                           III. DISCUSSION

                                                    4
A. Voir Dire

        At voir dire, prospective juror Heron (juror number 54), a Metro-Dade Corrections Officer,

commented that,

       from time to time we have to house federal prisoners and it places someone like myself in a
       very inviduous position. I don't think that that would affect my impartiality in any way, but
       I just wanted to point this out to the Court .... from time to time ... I have to enter cells where
       defendants are housed, inmates are housed, and I am not sure who is housed where I enter,
       and I don't know if any of these defendants have ever been housed in the county system. Two
       faces do look slightly familiar to me.

Trujillo and Fuentes objected, contending that these comments showed "actual bias" and suggested

that Heron believed that they were in custody. They claimed that these comments tainted the entire

panel although Heron did not serve as a member of the jury panel, and they argue that the district

court erred in not granting a mistrial. We review the district court's determination whether to strike

an entire jury panel for manifest abuse of discretion. See United States v. Simmons, 961 F.2d 183,

184 (11th Cir.1992) (citing United States v. Muller, 698 F.2d 442, 444 (11th Cir.1983)), cert. denied,

507 U.S. 989, 113 S.Ct. 1591, 123 L.Ed.2d 156 (1993). The party challenging the refusal to strike

a panel "must demonstrate that the juror in question exhibited actual bias: That is, either an express

admission of bias, or proof of specific facts showing such a close connection to the circumstances

of the case that bias must be presumed." United States v. Khoury, 901 F.2d 948, 955 (11th Cir.1990)

(internal quotations and citations omitted).

        After Heron made these comments, Trujillo's and Fuentes's lawyers asked the court to excuse

Heron for cause. The court then questioned Heron, and allowed the lawyers to question Heron. This

questioning did not reveal any bias on Heron's part; in fact, Heron repeatedly stated that he could

                                                   5
conduct himself in an impartial manner.3 The district court refused to strike Heron, but he was not

selected for the jury panel. Based on this questioning, along with the separate questioning of other

prospective jurors, the district court refused to strike the entire panel or grant a mistrial. Additionally,

the district court issued the following curative instruction:

        There was a comment made during jury selection by one of the potential jurors who was
        involved in his—his work was in corrections, that he might have seen one of the defendants.
        There is absolutely no basis for thinking that these defendants have been in custody, are in
        custody or anything like that. So, please put anything like that out of your mind.

        We hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion in failing to strike the entire jury

panel or grant a mistrial. Trujillo and Fuentes have failed to demonstrate that the voir dire

proceedings did not comply with the essential demands of fairness. See United States v. Schlei, 122

F.3d 944, 994 (11th Cir.1997), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 118 S.Ct. 1523, 140 L.Ed.2d 674 (1998).

They additionally failed to show any type of bias on behalf of Heron or the jury. See Khoury, 901

F.2d at 955. The district court questioned Heron outside of the presence of the jury, allowed

Trujillo's lawyer to question Heron, allowed Trujillo's and Fuentes's lawyers to question other

members of the jury and issued a curative instruction. We find that this voir dire examination

detected no juror bias as a result of Heron's comments. Once the jurors took their oath, and "absent

evidence to the contrary, we must presume that they were fair and impartial, as indeed they were

sworn to be." Khoury, 901 F.2d at 955.

B. Evidentiary Rulings

   3
    Heron stated that he had "no problem" believing that the defendants were not incarcerated,
"no problem" having seen Trujillo's lawyer in the Metro Justice Building and that he believed
some inmates that are incarcerated are innocent.

                                                     6
       Trujillo next contends that the district court erred in admitting certain evidence, specifically:

(1) a note (Government's Exhibit 63) that Metro Dade Detectives Romero and Hopkins removed from

Trujillo's mouth and gave to DEA Agent Thomas Velez; (2) Rodriguez's testimony that Trujillo and

Herryman-Perez had been incarcerated together in Cuba and had previously engaged in the drug

trade; and (3) Rodriguez's testimony that Fuentes admitted in a post-arrest statement that he knew

that 300 kilograms of cocaine were in the van. We review the district court's admission of evidence

for abuse of discretion. See United States v. Mendez, 117 F.3d 480, 484 (11th Cir.1997).4

        Trujillo argues that the district court abused its discretion in admitting the note because the

government had failed to authenticate the document pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 901. At

trial, Special Agent Velez testified that he along with Detectives Romero and Hopkins "booked"

Trujillo—that is, secured Trujillo's property, read him his Miranda rights and asked him other

booking and administrative questions. Trujillo then asked to use the restroom. While in the

restroom, Velez heard Romero yell that Trujillo was eating something, and Velez rushed into the

bathroom. He observed Romero and Hopkins pulling Trujillo out of the toilet area, and saw a piece

of paper "flutter" into the toilet. A piece of paper taken from Trujillo's mouth matched the piece of

paper that dropped into the toilet. The paper had the number "591" written on it. At trial, the

government introduced taped conversations discussing, the fact that 591 kilograms of the air-dropped

cocaine belonged to "the Colombians." Rodriguez also testified to this fact. Velez testified that he

retrieved the paper from the toilet, and that Hopkins gave him the paper retrieved from Trujillo's

   4
    Trujillo additionally contends that the district court abused its discretion in admitting various
types of evidence over their hearsay objections. We find that the district court did not abuse its
discretion. See Mendez, 117 F.3d at 484.

                                                  7
mouth approximately two to three minutes later. Velez, however, did not see Romero or Hopkins

obtain this piece of paper.

        According to Federal Rule of Evidence 901(b), "[a]ppearance, contents, substance, internal

patterns, or other distinctive characteristics, taken in conjunction with [the] circumstances[,]" satisfies

the authentication requirement. Fed.R.Evid. 901(b)(4). The district court found that, given the

proximity of time and the circumstances surrounding the obtaining of this evidence, the government

had authenticated this evidence properly. We agree. In United States v. Smith, this court held that

"[t]he government may authenticate a document solely through the use of circumstantial evidence,

including the document's own distinctive characteristics and the circumstances surrounding its

discovery." 918 F.2d 1501, 1510 (11th Cir.1990), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 849, 112 S.Ct. 151, 116

L.Ed.2d 117 (1991).

        Trujillo also challenges the district court's admission of Rodriguez's testimony concerning

Trujillo's and Herryman-Perez's having been incarcerated together previously in Cuba and their prior

drug involvement. Immediately after Rodriguez testified as to Trujillo's prior incarceration, the

district court issued the following curative instruction: "The reference to Cuba and incarceration is

stricken and the jury is instructed to disregard that portion of the witness' testimony." We hold that

the district court's curative instruction assuaged any potential prejudice that Rodriguez's testimony

caused. See United States v. Perez, 30 F.3d 1407, 1411 (11th Cir.) ("When a court gives a direct and

explicit curative instruction regarding improper testimony, it supports the court's decision not to grant

a mistrial by decreasing the possibility of undue prejudice."), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1005, 115 S.Ct.

521, 130 L.Ed.2d 426 (1994). We additionally find that the government provided the district court

and Trujillo with sufficient notice that it would rely on evidence of other crimes, including Trujillo's

                                                    8
prior drug dealing. Since this evidence meets the requirements of Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b)

and United States v. Miller, 959 F.2d 1535, 1538 (11th Cir.1992), we hold that the district court's

evidentiary ruling was not an abuse of discretion.

        Trujillo finally challenges Rodriguez's testimony that Fuentes while in custody admitted

knowing of the 300 kilograms of cocaine in the van. Trujillo contends that even if the statement was

admissible against Fuentes as an admission of a party opponent under Federal Rule of Evidence

801(d)(2)(A), it was inadmissible against Trujillo because it was a hearsay statement not made in the

scope of, or in furtherance of, a conspiracy under Federal Rule of Evidence 801(d)(2)(E), because

Fuentes made the statement in jail after the conspiratorial activities had ceased. Once again, the

district court issued a curative instruction, stating that "any statements made by Mr. Fuentes after his

arrest can only be considered against Mr. Fuentes and cannot be considered as to any other

defendant." We hold that this instruction cured any prejudice that Rodriguez's testimony may have

caused to Trujilllo. See Perez, 30 F.3d at 1411.

C. Agent Shamas's Testimony

        During the government's rebuttal, and several hours before he testified, Agent Michael

Shamas returned to the warehouse where he had arrested Fuentes. At the warehouse, Agent Shamas

inspected the warehouse door, and later testified that he was unable to see anything from the door

when it was closed. This testimony contradicted Fuentes, who had testified that he had looked

through cracks in the door on the date of his arrest to determine that he was in danger. Fuentes

contends the district court abused its discretion in admitting this evidence, because the government

did not qualify Shamas as an expert to render expert testimony concerning this "experiment." We

hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion, because Shamas's observation of the door did

                                                   9
not require the skill of an expert, as it was not beyond the understanding and experience of an average

citizen. See Fed.R.Evid. 702; United States v. Webb, 625 F.2d 709, 711 (5th Cir. Unit B 1980).

D. Sufficiency of the Evidence

       Trujillo next contends that the government presented insufficient evidence to sustain his

convictions for conspiracy to import cocaine into the United States, conspiracy to possess with intent

to distribute cocaine and possession with intent to distribute cocaine. In essence, Trujillo argues that

the government failed to link him to any conspiracy or possession of cocaine, because: (1) after

conducting a search of his home, arresting officers discovered no contraband or items suggesting drug

activity; (2) the government presented no evidence that Trujillo gave Jose the brown paper bag with

$10,000 to finance the airdrop, and instead relied on Jose's telling Agent Duarte that Trujillo gave

him this money; (3) the testimony of Rodriguez and Castellanos that implicated Trujillo with

conspiracy and possession was unreliable because they were government witnesses; (4) the piece

of paper detectives took from Trujillo's mouth was erroneously admitted, and the government could

not identify Trujillo as the voice on its surveillance tape stating that the Columbians would receive

591 kilograms of cocaine; and (5) Trujillo was not at the warehouse when Fuentes delivered the

cocaine.

           We review sufficiency of the evidence de novo, viewing the evidence in the light most

favorable to the government and drawing all reasonable inferences and credibility choices in favor

of the jury's verdict. See United States v. Lumley, 135 F.3d 758, 759 (11th Cir.1998) (citing United

States v. Chirinos, 112 F.3d 1089, 1095 (11th Cir.1997)). The relevant question in reviewing a

sufficiency of the evidence claim is "whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable

to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime

                                                  10
beyond a reasonable doubt." United States v. Suba, 132 F.3d 662, 671 (11th Cir.1998) (quoting

Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979)). After reviewing the

overwhelming evidence presented against Trujillo and other participants in the conspiracy, we hold

that the government presented sufficient evidence to sustain all of Trujillo's convictions. The

government presented the testimony of various law enforcement agents and conspiracy participants,

as well as surveillance tapes to establish that Trujillo played a pivotal role in the conspiracy—namely,

providing money and decision-making authority about how the conspirators would distribute the

cocaine.

E. Motions for Mistrial

       Trujillo argues that the following aspects of Agent Duarte's testimony warranted a mistrial:

(1) Agent Duarte testified that the FBI had reimbursed Jose's expenses and relocated him "for his own

protection"; (2) Agent Duarte testified that meetings between several coconspirators occurred at a

cock-fighting farm; and (3) Agent Duarte testified during redirect that the purpose of testifying

before a grand jury is to determine if probable cause exists to indict someone.5 Trujillo and Fuentes

also assign error to the government's rebuttal closing, when the prosecutor stated that the defense

could have but failed to call Jose as a witness. The district court issued curative instructions after

each of these instances.

        We review the district court's refusal to grant a mistrial for abuse of discretion. See United

States v. Lozano-Hernandez, 89 F.3d 785, 789 (11th Cir.1996). When a district court issues a

curative instruction, we will reverse only if the evidence "is so highly prejudicial as to be incurable

   5
    We note that Trujillo also contends that the district court abused its discretion in failing to
grant a mistrial after Rodriguez testified about Trujillo's prior incarceration with Herryman-Perez
in Cuba. We hold that the district court's curative instruction assuaged any potential prejudice.

                                                  11
by the trial court's admonition." Lozano-Hernandez, 89 F.3d at 789 (quoting United States v. Funt,

896 F.2d 1288, 1295 (11th Cir.1990)). We find that the district court's issuing of curative instructions

remedied any potential prejudice that this evidence and the prosecutor's statement caused. See Perez,

30 F.3d at 1411. Thus, we hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to

declare a mistrial for Trujillo and Fuentes.

F. Conspiracy Instruction

       Trujillo and Fuentes contend that the district court erred in using a pattern jury instruction on

conspiracy, because the word "scheme" in the instruction had a negative connotation, and the phrase

"to try" provided the jury with a lesser standard for actions in furtherance of a conspiracy. The jury

instruction, as adopted directly from this circuit's pattern jury instructions, read:

       [U]nder the law, a conspiracy is an agreement, or a kind of partnership in criminal purposes
       in which each member becomes the agent or partner of every other member. In order to
       establish a conspiracy offense it is not necessary for the Government to prove that all of the
       people named in the indictment were members of the scheme, or that those who were
       members had entered into any formal type of agreement. Also, because the essence of the
       conspiracy is the making of the scheme itself, it is not necessary for the Government to prove
       that the conspirators actually succeeded in accomplishing their unlawful plan. What the
       evidence in the case must show beyond a reasonable doubt is: First, that two or more persons
       in some way or manner came to a mutual understanding to try to accomplish a common and
       unlawful plan; and second, that the defendant knowingly and willfully became a member of
       such conspiracy.

(Emphasis added.)

        This court applies a deferential standard of review to a district court's jury instructions. If

the instructions accurately reflect the law, this court gives the trial judge wide discretion in

determining the style and wording of the instructions. See United States v. Starke, 62 F.3d 1374,

1380 (11th Cir.1995) (citing McElroy v. Firestone Tire & Rubber Co., 894 F.2d 1504, 1509 (11th

Cir.1990)). We review a district court's refusal to give a requested jury instruction for abuse of

                                                   12
discretion. See United States v. Condon, 132 F.3d 653, 656 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 118

S.Ct. 1547, 140 L.Ed.2d 694 (1998). Mindful of this deferential standard, we hold that the district

court did not abuse its discretion in using this pattern jury instruction, because this instruction

accurately reflects the elements of a conspiracy.

G. Modified Allen Charge

       After deliberating for three days, the jury returned a partial verdict acquitting Lasarte on all

counts, acquitting Fuentes on counts one and two and convicting Trujillo on count two. The district

court then issued a modified Allen charge, adopted from this circuit's pattern instructions. See

Committee on Pattern Jury Instructions, District Judge's Ass'n of the Eleventh Circuit, Pattern Jury

Instructions (Criminal Cases), Trial Instruction n. 6 (West 1997); Allen v. United States, 164 U.S.

492, 17 S.Ct. 154, 41 L.Ed. 528 (1896); United States v. Chigbo, 38 F.3d 543, 544-45 (11th Cir.),

cert. denied, 516 U.S. 826, 116 S.Ct. 92, 133 L.Ed.2d 48 (1995). Four days later, the jury convicted

Trujillo on the remaining two counts, convicted Fuentes on the third count and could not reach a

verdict as to Ruiz. Trujillo and Fuentes argue that the district court erred in giving the modified Allen

charge, because it coerced the jury into believing that only a unanimous agreement was acceptable.

        Our review of a district court's decision to give an Allen charge is limited to evaluating the

coercive impact of the charge. See United States v. Beasley, 72 F.3d 1518, 1525 (11th Cir.) (citing

United States v. Elkins, 885 F.2d 775, 783 (11th Cir.1989), cert. denied, 494 U.S. 1005, 110 S.Ct.

1300, 108 L.Ed.2d 477 (1990)), cert. denied, 517 U.S. 1027, 116 S.Ct. 2570, 135 L.Ed.2d 1086

(1996). Since the district court did not poll the jurors to determine the extent of their numerical

division, we can reverse their verdict only if we find that the giving of the Allen charge was

inherently coercive. See Chigbo, 38 F.3d at 545. We hold that the modified Allen charge given here

                                                   13
did not unduly coerce any of the jurors into rendering a verdict. This court has adopted this pattern

charge, and it specifically requests that "no juror is expected to give up an honest belief he or she may

have as to the weight or effect of the evidence."6

H. Fuentes's Sentencing Enhancement

        At sentencing, the district court found that Fuentes possessed a dangerous weapon during a

drug-trafficking crime, and enhanced his sentence two levels pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1(b)(1),

which provides, "[i]f a dangerous weapon (including a firearm) was possessed, increase by 2 levels."

Fuentes contends that because he left his gun in a separate office near the front of the warehouse, the

district court's finding was clearly erroneous. We review the district court's application of the

Sentencing Guidelines de novo, and its findings of fact for clear error. See United States v. Hall, 46

F.3d 62, 63 (11th Cir.1995).

        According to Hall, "[o]nce the prosecution has shown by a preponderance of the evidence

that the firearm was present at the site of the charged conduct, the evidentiary burden shifts to the

defendant to show that a connection between the firearm and the offense is clearly improbable."

Hall, 46 F.3d at 63. At Fuentes's sentencing hearing, the probation office reintroduced photographs

depicting the warehouse at the time of Fuentes's arrest. These photographs revealed that Fuentes's

gun was in the office area of the warehouse, with the 300 kilograms of cocaine found nearby in and

around the warehouse. We hold that Fuentes's gun was present in the warehouse while Fuentes

involved himself in the cocaine transaction, and that the district court's finding was not clearly

erroneous. See, e.g., United States v. Smith, 127 F.3d 1388, 1390 (11th Cir.1997) (holding that this

   6
   We also note that this charge could not have been too unduly coercive, as the jury was
unable to reach a verdict as to Ruiz after the district court gave it.

                                                   14
court applies this enhancement whenever a firearm is possessed during conduct relevant to the

offense of conviction).

       Fuentes next argues that the connection between his gun and the cocaine transaction was

clearly improbable because he left the gun in a separate office, and because he carried his gun legally

as a security guard (he possessed a concealed weapon permit). The district court rejected this

argument, finding that this "just indicates that the gun was there for personal security in the event

something went wrong in connection with the drug trafficking transaction." We hold that the district

court's finding was not clearly erroneous. See, e.g., United States v. Hansley, 54 F.3d 709, 716 (11th

Cir.) (finding that a section 2D1.1 enhancement was applicable when agents found a gun in the house

where the defendant had engaged in conspiratorial conversations), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 999, 116

S.Ct. 539, 540, 133 L.Ed.2d 444 (1995); Hall, 46 F.3d at 64 (finding that a gun located near several

drug-related objects in a house where conversations concerning drug importation occurred satisfied

section 2D1.1 enhancement). Thus, we hold that the district court did not err in enhancing Fuentes's

sentence.7

                                         IV. CONCLUSION

       Based on the foregoing analysis, we affirm the judgments.

       AFFIRMED.

   7
    Fuentes also contends that the district court erred in not granting him a downward departure
pursuant to Sentencing Guidelines section 2D1.1(b)(4). Since we hold that the district court did
not err in enhancing Fuentes's sentence pursuant to 2D1.1(b)(1), this contention is moot.

                                                  15