Court Opinion

ID: 9898300
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-11-14 19:29:46.889848+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:16:30.681796
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                            AUGUST 17, 2023
                                                       In the Office of the Clerk of Court
                                                      WA State Court of Appeals, Division III

            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
                               DIVISION THREE

STATE OF WASHINGTON,                          )
                                              )        No. 38872-7-III
                     Respondent,              )
                                              )
       v.                                     )
                                              )
WILLIAM P. MCBRIDE,                           )        UNPUBLISHED OPINION
                                              )
                     Appellant.               )

       SIDDOWAY, J.P.T.⁎ — William McBride appeals his conviction for possession of a

controlled substance (methamphetamine) with intent to deliver. Mr. McBride intended to

provide the methamphetamine to “Pauline Niner,” who turned out to be a fictitious social

media persona created as part of a sting operation by the Whitman County Sheriff’s

Office.

       Mr. McBride contends he should have been acquitted on the basis of his defense

of entrapment and, for the first time on appeal, that the conduct of law enforcement was

outrageous, in violation of his right to due process. He fails to make the required

       ⁎
        Judge Laurel H. Siddoway was a member of the Court of Appeals at the time
argument was held on this matter. She is now serving as a judge pro tempore of the court
pursuant to RCW 2.06.150.
No. 38872-7-III
State v. McBride

showings, however. For that reason and because he presents no meritorious issues in his

pro se statement of additional grounds, we affirm.

                    FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       During Sergeant (Sgt.) Michael Jordan’s employment by the Whitman County

Sheriff’s Office, he has attended a number of training programs focused on drug and

street-level crimes. As of 2022, the most recent training he had attended dealt with how

drug dealers and users are increasingly communicating through social media and how

officers can create a profile and participate in social media communication as a way of

interdicting drug dealing.

       In January 2022, Sgt. Jordan relied on his recent training to create a Facebook

profile for “Pauline Niner,” for the purpose of meeting people online who are willing to

sell drugs. “Pauline’s” Facebook profile characterized her as a woman living in Pullman.

At Mr. McBride’s trial, the sergeant explained that he set up a female profile because

“[i]t attracts more people. More—more guys are out looking for girls and girls are—

looking to—more guys sell drugs than girls.” Rep. of Proc. (RP) at 117.

       In 12 days’ communications that took place over two and one-half weeks in early

2022, Mr. McBride contacted “Pauline” and the two discussed meeting up. “Pauline”

wanted to procure methamphetamine and Mr. McBride said he could obtain some for her.

Problems with Mr. McBride’s vehicle, his suppliers, and his cash flow proved to be

obstacles to his attempts to provide her with methamphetamine on February 9 and 10,

                                            2
No. 38872-7-III
State v. McBride

and again on the evening of February 15, but on February 16 he informed “Pauline” he

had a “little bit” to bring to her. Ex. 101, at 28. Present to meet him when he arrived at

“Pauline’s” address was Sgt. Jordan, who arrested him.

       Mr. McBride was charged with possession of a controlled substance

(methamphetamine) with intent to deliver. At trial, he asserted the defense of

entrapment. His lawyer likened Sgt. Jordan’s sting to a Cold War, KGB1 “honey trap”:

using fictitious females to seduce men into doing something wrong. Defense counsel

also argued that on the day of his arrest, Mr. McBride had merely intended to share the

small amount of methamphetamine in his possession with “Pauline,” which was not the

statutorily-required “delivery.”

       The only witnesses called in the State’s case were Sgt. Jordan and a witness from

the Washington State Patrol Crime Laboratory. The crime lab witness had tested the

substance seized from Mr. McBride and testified that it was 0.4 grams of crystalline

material that contained methamphetamine. Mr. McBride did not testify.

       The most critical evidence at trial was exhibit 101, a complete collection of

screenshots that Sgt. Jordan had taken of “Pauline’s” and Mr. McBride’s communications

       1
          The transcript of closing argument reports counsel as saying KJB, but in context
it is clear he must have said KGB, the acronym for “Komitet Gosudarstvennoy
Bezopasnosti,” according to the Encyclopedia Brittanica. (Available at
https://www.britannica.com/topic/KGB). According to the encyclopedia, the KGB (in
English, “Committee for State Security”) was a security agency of the Soviet Union
established in 1954.

                                             3
No. 38872-7-III
State v. McBride

on Facebook Messenger. Apart from that, the two had only had one brief telephone

conversation.2

       In the briefing on appeal, Mr. McBride emphasizes communications from

“Pauline” that he contends were repeated inducement, while the State emphasizes

communications that it contends belie any reluctance on Mr. McBride’s part to provide

“Pauline” with methamphetamine. The communications themselves best illustrate Mr.

McBride’s point that “Pauline” was playfully offering to “party” with him as much as to

buy drugs, and the State’s point that the two-and-one-half-week delay in an actual

delivery of drugs was more attributable to mishaps befalling Mr. McBride than any

reluctance on his part to sell drugs. We therefore reproduce the communications.

       Mr. McBride’s communications are on the left and “Pauline’s” are on the right.

The extensive shorthand, misspellings, and run-on words are from the original. Early in

the communications, the slang terms “white christmas,” and “Clr” (short for “clear”) are

used, both of which Sgt. Jordan testified refer to methamphetamine:

       2
          Sgt. Jordan did not testify about the content of the call, but it is reflected on the
Facebook Messenger screen shots as having taken place at 10:46 a.m. on February 9.
The immediately preceding messages suggest the parties were confirming “Pauline’s”
interest in 2 ounces of methamphetamine estimated to cost $400. No explanation was
provided whether Sgt. Jordan participated himself in the call and, if so, how he passed
himself off as female.

                                                4
No. 38872-7-III
State v. McBride

                                     JAN 30, 4:31 PM
     Hi paulie whats up in pullman
                                      JAN 31, 9:35 PM
                                           Just new to the area tryn to meet new peeps.
                                                               Pullman seems cool tho.
                                     FEB 04, 12:22 AM
     Yes m n spokane
                                     FEB 04, 12:38 AM
                                                            Nice. Do you like Spokane
                                        FEB 04, 6:01 AM
     Its ok but latly with all the hpmeless its
     getting kinda ttashy but its ok
     What do you like to do walk or hike
     bike beaches bars cars laying
     together watching stars
                                        FEB 07, 4:06 PM
                                                                       Mainly party lol
                                      FEB 07, 7:41 PM
     Cool thats mainly what i do you like to drink
     smoke gfssn or do youblike the white christmas
                                                                       I like a little Clr
     Yep my choice. Also
                                                                 Well Pullman is dry af
                                     FEB 08, 6:01 PM
                                                                              Hey there
     It is i dont know anyone to sell to i
     can get as much as i want
                                        FEB 08, 6:46 PM
                                                                 Can you hook me up?
                                        FEB 08, 8:17 PM
     Im sure i could but i just got a motor home
     so im out on the rez at the moment
                                        FEB 08, 8:43 PM
     What ate you looking for
                                        FEB 08, 9:22 PM
                                                                                      Oz
                                     FEB 09, 8:05 AM
                                                                   Sry was just an idea

                                             5
No. 38872-7-III
State v. McBride

                                     FEB 09, 9:26 AM
     Ok they run 400 hundredish do you have a number
     so we dont have to be on messenger to talk ot
     we could meet and talk maybe we can work out
     an arrangment that works for both of us ?
                                    FEB 09, 10:33 AM
                                                                      Can I call you on here?
                                       FEB 09, 10:46 AM
                                          Audio Call
                                            1 min
                                                                             Sry my WiFi sux
                                                          I got paid today. Planning any trips
                                                                                   to Pullman?
                                        FEB 09, 11:34 AM
     I could this evening if thst would work for you
     what was you thinking how much
                                                                I think 2. My girl getting paid
                                                                                    tonight too
     Ok Im going to spokane in a few hrs i will call you
     befor i leave town to come see you so i know
     what to bring and when we meet i would like to
     talk to you about a maybe working together
                                                         Sweet what time you thinking about
                                                       coming down? Just want to make sure
                                                          my girl gets me the money by then
     Im not sure exactly but before it gets to late
     Yep that would be cool i will give you a heads
     up so you will have a little time to get it set up ok
                                         FEB 09, 12:17 PM
                                                                                      We good
                                                          [Photo of fingers holding currency,
                                                                    $100 and $20 bills visible]
     Yep
                                        FEB 09, 12:39 AM
     [Thumb up emoji]
                                         FEB 09, 3:58 PM
                                                                   We’re you able to get me 2
     I’m headed to Spokane right now since I get there
     I’ll check on it and I’ll let you know right away
                                                Thanks are you gonna party with me tonight

                                                 6
No. 38872-7-III
State v. McBride

                                        FEB 09, 5:42 PM
     I hope so
                                                        K I can order a pizza or something?
     Allright. Im working on my suburban got some
     bad gas i will get it together n get thare
                                                                     Oh no that sounds bad!
     No i will get it going
                                      FEB 09, 6:38 PM
     Im working on the other for you im sure
     it will be there when i dp
                                                                           K I’m hurting lol
     I will get you something ok
                                                                       I'm sorry about ur car
     Oh its no big deal i work on cars all the time.
     I will get it going
                                                        Nice! Maybe you could look at my
                                                                      car sometime haha
     What kind ofcar do you have
                                             A Honda ... I forget what year. Like 02 maybe
     I like hondas what do you think is wrong
     with it what did it do befor it died
                                                            It runs fine but shakes bad when
                                                                          I’m on the highway
                                         FEB 09, 7:18 PM
     Thats easy i would say you have a tire out of
     balance im sure i could figure thst out
                                                                            Oh is that serious
     No. I will check it out get it working right thats
     what i do when im not doing my reg job
                                                       Please don’t feel like you have to but
                                                   I really appreciate it [Smiley face emoji]
     No problem i like to doit. It gets me brownie
     points i hope lol
                                                            How has no girl scooped you up
     Some try to but im hard to tye down
                                                                                         Haha
     But its fun trying lol
                                         FEB 09, 8:41 PM
                                                                               How’s it going

                                                7
No. 38872-7-III
State v. McBride

                                     FEB 09, 9:54 PM
     Just got my suburbon started and running
     Im headed tp spplane in a vouple min it takes
     about 45 min to get thete
                                                                      You must be freezing
     No im ok its not too cold
                                                                                 I got 8 bills
     Ok let me get to town and i will let you know how
     much i can get so just hang with me
                                                                    K please don’t burn me
     Not even i will get ypu a good deal and im
     wanting to do something with you i will talk to you
     about ut more when i see you if your interested
                                                           Ya I’m interested. Just need help
                                                                              getting started
     Ok we will talk i will text you in a little while
     watch for me k
                                                                        [Smiley face emoji]
                                       FEB 10, 12:01 AM
                                                                              You still there
     Im in spokane now working on getting it for you
     would you be willing to come to spokane i could
     come down n pick you up anf we could come up here
     n pick it up my regular dude is out of town but I can
     still hook up but i woulf have to have cash so you
     would have to be with me
                                                               Idk kinda makes me nervous
     I understanfi dont want that i dont like drams um
     i kinda feel the same way i just know that i wouldnt let
     my money go i just dont have that much cash on hand
     at the moment but i was hoping we could do something
     thats why was wanting to get something going in other
     plaa es to exspand a little and make a little extra
                                                                      Ok so I guess it’s not
                                                         gonna happen [Disappointed emoji]
     Dont give up yet it can happen just have to figure out
     how to get it. To get it too you im tryi g a couple other
     people trying to get someone to let me run with them

                                                8
No. 38872-7-III
State v. McBride

                                                        I understand yo have been super cool
                                                       I’m just really hurting It doesn’t have
                                                          to be 2 we could do 1 and if my car
                                                           is working better I could meet you
                                                                             for another 1 later
     Ok im working on something. Now my homegirls
     person is there anf she is trying to do something so
     give me a couple min to ser it up k
                                                                                              K
                                        FEB 10, 12:53 AM
     Ok i know you want a oz but you said you was
     hurting i got a ball that i could bring you if you want
     to check it out that way we can. Meet and go from there
     its 60 and if you smoke with me i wont make anything
     but im hoping that it makes me some down the rd if you
     know what i mean
                                                                         Sure that sound good
                                                    I know you really tried and this will be a
                                                         great way to meet and go from there
     Thats what i was thinking. If you reallywant more
     we can do more tomorrow or something like that
                                                                          [Smiley face emoji]
     Now i just got to get some gas
                                         FEB 10, 1:21 AM
                                                                                             Ok
                                                                               U on your way?
                                         FEB 10, 4:03 AM
     Allmost im on my way to get it now I
                                         FEB 10, 4:28 AM
     Im low on gas so im ttot trying to run out
     i got it and headed your eay
                                         FEB 10, 5:21 AM
     Hello is 5here any way ypu could meet me
     half way
                                         FEB 10, 6:11 AM
                                                                   I thought u wanted to party
                                         FEB 10, 7:18 AM
     I do i have the ball but i can get the rest if
     you want it i didnt have enough gas last night j
     wad going to go any way but then i lost you fora
     mii. So do you still wanna party wuth me We can
     figure this out if we hook up right

                                                 9
No. 38872-7-III
State v. McBride

                                        FEB 10, 8:26 AM
     Do you still want me to come down
                                        FEB 10, 9:02 AM
                                                       Yes plea’s sorry I fell asleep waiting
     .i know my fault ok i got a couple little things to do
     then im on my way we will get this worked out k
                                                                              Are you sure lol
                                        FEB 10, 9:28 AM
     Im sure lol
                                                                      Ok what time seriously
     2hrs or by nooj
                                                 Ok are you cool if my homegirl is here too.
                                                       She’s legit. If not I can get rid of her
                                       FEB 10, 10:02 AM
     She can be there if you want her but it would
     be nice to be able to talk. Alone so maybe she could
     give us a couple hrs. To talk after i get there what you thinl
                                                                                      For sure
     We can smoke or whtever you like first
                                                   Ya that would be nice. Did you get the 2
                                       FEB 10, 10:45 AM
     ←William replied to you
     Ya that would be nice. Did you get the 2
     lgot themon hold i. need cash to be able to get thr
                                        FEB 10, 11:39 AM
                                                 Have them roll with you Listen I’m hurting
                                                  I’m gonna have to figure out another way.
                                                                          Thanks for trying
                                         FEB 10, 12:16 PM
     Im in oakesdale now if you could meet me i have
     some to get ypu high with you could check it out if
     you like it we could go grab whatever you want
                                                            So your not coming to Pullman
                                         FEB 10, 12:45 PM
     I will but i only got a little enough for you to try
     to get better but i need the cash to get the two they
     are waiting for me to come grt them
                                                               Ok well my car is fucked off
                                         FEB 10, 1:11 PM
                                                             I just found a little. Hit me up
                                                           sometime when you have some.

                                                10
No. 38872-7-III
State v. McBride

                                       FEB 10, 1:53 PM
     I will get some n bring we are still going.
     To party right
                                                          Maybe next week. I’m set up for
                                                                       the next few days
                                        FEB 10, 2:49 PM
     Ok if thats. Good for you hit me up if you eant to
                                                     Prob Monday or Tues. will you be able
                                                     to meet up then? Understand you can’t
                                                         really promise to get me set up. But
                                                           don’t want end up empty last min
     I here you my norm person is out of town so tjats
     why this i just shelled out money for motor home
     and going to get it and it kinda drained my pockets
     sprry this other person dont do fronts so. A sure i
     would like to mrrt you and get a to know you a little
     and i would still lookat your car fir you i think i could
     fix it for you pretty chea
     Cheap
                                       FEB 11, 11:15 AM
                                                                                     Hi there
                                       FEB 11, 12:21 PM
     .Hey whats up
                                                                    Not much. How are you
     Im good im glad your feeling better
                                       FEB 11, 12:55 PM
     What are you doing today
                                        FEB 11, 1:41 PM
                                                   Just cleaning house lol What are u doing
                                        FEB 11, 8:12 PM
                                                                           Have a good night
                                                                          [“Rock on” emoji]
                                       FEB 11, 11:52 PM
     You too maybe we will get a chance to
     kick it some nighy
                                        FEB 12, 4:41 PM
     Hello how are you today
                                       FEB 14, 10:53 AM
                                                                                  What’s up
                                        FEB 14, 4:16 PM
                                                                     Happy Valentine’s Day

                                               11
No. 38872-7-III
State v. McBride

                                      FEB 14, 5:17 PM
     Happy valentines day to you
     [Smiley heart eyes emoji and heart emoji]
                                                                         What you doing
     Nothing much finishing my motor home
     heading back to spokane soon
     What are you doing
                                                                             I’m so bored
     Sorry wish i was there to entertain you
                                                                                  Me too
     We will have to set up a time for me to come
     visut you
                                                              What’s a good time for you
     Well i would say any time but im way out of
     town now soon though would ve awsome
                                                    Sounds good..l’m not doing anything
     Ok i will let you know as soon as i can
                                                                                     Cool
                                      FEB 14, 6:18 PM
                                                    Did you get your motor home fixed?
     Im working on it got the tranny out now just
     gotta change the flywheel. And put it. Ack un
                                                            Oh that sounds like a big job
     Back in Nit too bad
                                      FEB 14, 7:26 PM
                                            Did you go to school to learn how to fix cars?

                                     FEB 15, 11:28 AM
                                                                                       Hi
                                   FEB 15, 12:24 PM
     Hi and moost of myeducationigot hands on
                                                                     That’s the best kind
     For sure i like hands on withveverything i do ha ha
                                                                     [Smiley face emoji]
     How about you would you like some hands on eclwrience
     Exspeeance
     Well looks like i need a typing classs lmao
     Would like to get with you and kick it
     i think rhat would be fun

                                               12
No. 38872-7-III
State v. McBride

                                                          Well let’s figure out when you can
                                                                  make a trip down here then
     For dure would like to do it soon i jave togo back
     down to oregon soon but i want to meet and hook
     up with you befor that happens
                                                     I got cash and don’t have plans tonight
     Ok let me see if i can make it there tonightf
                                                                                    I’m excited
     Me too i cant wait to see you I will get there as early
     as possible so thay. Ee have lots of toime
                                                                                  [Heart emoji]
                                                                And are you able to bring 2?
                                                                      [Fingers crossed emoji]
     I will see whats up for surr
                                                      K. Hopefully you can make it happen.
                                                       I gotta get back to work. I’m off at 4.
     Pk i will work on it ok
     [Thumb up emoji]
                                                          [Winking face with tongue emoji]
                                        FEB 15, 4:15 PM
                                                                                           Hello
                                        FEB 15, 6:30 PM
                                                                        You partying tonight?
                                        FEB 16, 8:24 AM
     Sorry
                                                                                        It’s fine
                                       FEB 16, 10:49 AM
                                                                                What happened
                                       FEB 16, 12:26 PM
     I hada flat tire and no spare and so i had to chang
     them all so it took awhile and i didnt have what you
     wanted we need to talk and if i could get you ti comme to
     spokane or i could come and you could ride with mr
                                                                                              Ok
                                                                    Well my car is messed up
                                                                        still so I’m stuck here
     So what do you think about going pn a little road trip
     withvme I got all nrw ntires now
                                                                                       Anytime
                                        FEB 16, 1:37 PM
                                                                    What’s your plan...if any

                                                 13
No. 38872-7-III
State v. McBride

                                        FEB 16, 4:23 PM
      Pk
                                                                                            ?
                                    FEB 16, 6:06 PM
      Okay so I’m headed your way you still want
      to do this right
                                                                                          Yes
                                        FEB 16, 6:45 PM
      O hope so cause i am on the bad guy list
      Will you be anle to p Greet me a little gas gss
                                                    Of course silly. Do you have a little shit
                                                                      to help me stay awake?
                                        FEB 16, 7:11 PM
      I ewill get a litttle
                                                                                       Sweet
      Im in oakeddale now and i will be lrsving soon
      Hey I’m driving now I’m just leaving Oakdale so
      maybe 40 45 minutes I’ll be there you’ll have to
      send me your address or something Then I got
      a little bit dumpling for you hopefully that’ll work it
      gives out there and I’ll jump into the guy when I
      get there all right
                                                        Ok let me know when you are close
      [Thumb up emoji]
                                        FEB 16, 7:40 PM
      They mean from those 14
      miles away
                                                                                         Huh
                                                                              Are you close?
      Im at dismores where do I go
      [Thumb up emoji]
                                                                          1155 SE Bypass dr
      Im on tpwn
      Ok
                                                  Go to the back of parking lot and you can
                                                   park by a shed there. Let me know when
                                                     you are here and I can meet you outside
                                                                     [Open smile face emoji]

Ex. 101, at 1-29 (duplicated messages omitted).

                                                14
No. 38872-7-III
State v. McBride

       The address provided by “Pauline” was that of an apartment complex. On Mr.

McBride’s arrival, Sgt. Jordan placed him under arrest and searched him, recovering

methamphetamine in his left front pocket and a broken methamphetamine pipe in his

sweatshirt pocket. He informed Mr. McBride that he was “Pauline.” Mr. McBride

protested that he brought the meth to share with “Pauline,” not to sell it.

       The jury returned a guilty verdict. Defense counsel later stated at sentencing that

it had taken the jurors almost two and one-half hours to return the guilty verdict on a

single count, which suggested they were troubled by the issues of entrapment and

whether there had been a delivery. He asked for a sentence at the bottom of the range,

but the court imposed a midrange sentence of 90 months total confinement, with 12

months of community custody. Mr. McBride appeals.

                                        ANALYSIS

       Mr. McBride challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support the jury’s

verdict on two theories: he contends (1) that no rational juror could have found that he

failed to prove the defense of entrapment, and (2) for the first time on appeal, that the

conduct of law enforcement was outrageous, in violation of his right to due process.

I.     THE EVIDENCE WAS SUFFICIENT TO PRESENT A JURY QUESTION ON THE
       ENTRAPMENT DEFENSE

       Washington courts have long recognized the existence of the common law defense

of entrapment. State v. Arbogast, 15 Wn. App. 2d 851, 868-69, 478 P.3d 115 (2020)

                                             15
No. 38872-7-III
State v. McBride

(Arbogast I) (quoting State v. Lively, 130 Wn.2d 1, 9, 921 P.2d 1035 (1996)), aff’d, 199

Wn.2d 356, 506 P.3d 1238 (2022) (Arbogast II). In 1975, the legislature codified the

common law definition of entrapment. Id. RCW 9A.16.070 provides:

       (1) In any prosecution for a crime, it is a defense that:
               (a) The criminal design originated in the mind of law enforcement
       officials, or any person acting under their direction, and
              (b) The actor was lured or induced to commit a crime which the
       actor had not otherwise intended to commit.
              (2) The defense of entrapment is not established by a showing only
       that law enforcement officials merely afforded the actor an opportunity to
       commit a crime.

       “The statute restates the subjective test of entrapment applied by federal and

Washington state courts, which focuses on the issue of whether the defendant was

predisposed to commit the crime rather than on the conduct of the State to induce or

entice the defendant.” Id. (citing Lively, 130 Wn.2d at 10 & n.2 (citing Sorrells v. United

States, 287 U.S. 435, 451, 53 S. Ct. 210, 77 L. Ed. 413 (1932); State v. Waggoner, 80

Wn.2d 7, 10, 490 P.2d 1308 (1971)).

       The Washington Supreme Court has held that RCW 9A.16.070(1)(b) requires

proof that the defendant “‘was tricked or induced into committing the crime by acts of

trickery by law enforcement agents,’” and “‘[s]econd, . . . that he would not otherwise

have committed the crime.’” Lively, 130 Wn.2d at 10 (quoting State v. Smith, 101 Wn.2d

36, 43, 677 P.2d 100 (1984)). The court also held in Lively that the burden of proving the

defense of entrapment is borne by the defendant. It is like other affirmative defenses that

                                              16
No. 38872-7-III
State v. McBride

are uniquely within the defendant’s knowledge and ability to establish, since the

predisposition of the defendant to commit the crime “is the focal element of the defense.”

Id. at 13. This distinguishes Washington’s law of entrapment from federal common law

and the law of many states, which require the government to disprove entrapment beyond

a reasonable doubt. Id. at 12-13 & n.3.

       Given Washington’s allocation of the burden of proof, when entrapment was

asserted and evidence sufficiency is challenged, we review the evidence in the light most

favorable to the State and determine whether a rational trier of fact could have found that

the defendant failed to prove entrapment by a preponderance of the evidence. Id. at 17.

“‘The preponderance of the evidence standard requires that the evidence establish the

proposition at issue is more probably true than not true.’” State v. Arredondo, 188

Wn.2d 244, 257, 394 P.3d 348 (2017).

       In any case involving a law enforcement sting operation, the evidence may well

support a finding that the criminal design originated in the mind of law enforcement

officials. As in this case, the outcome is more likely to turn on whether the defendant

proves that he was “lured” or “induced” to commit a crime or whether law enforcement

did no more than afford the defendant an opportunity to commit a crime.

       “Inducement evidence may be based on persuasion, fraudulent representations,

threats, coercion, harassment, promises of reward, pleas based on need, and sympathy or

friendship.” Arbogast II, 199 Wn.2d at 375. “There must be opportunity ‘plus’

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No. 38872-7-III
State v. McBride

something else, such as excessive pressure placed on the defendant.” Id. at 377. In

Arbogast I and II, which involved a Washington State Patrol Internet sting operation

targeting child predators, a fictitious mother implied that she might get sexually involved

with the defendant if he first had sexual sessions with her children. The trial court

viewed that enticement as only a “‘normal amount of persuasion.’” Id. at 375. Our

Supreme Court agreed that it might be only a normal amount of persuasion, but held,

“[T]hat is a jury question.” Id. The trial court’s error in Arbogast was to refuse to even

instruct the jury on the entrapment defense. Here, the jury was instructed on the defense,

but found it was not proved.

       The jury had a sufficient basis for concluding that Mr. McBride was not tricked

into committing a crime he would not otherwise have committed. Early in his

communications with “Pauline,” Mr. McBride said not only that he could get as much

methamphetamine as he wanted but “don[’]t know anyone to sell to”; he also suggested

that she and he embark on a joint enterprise. See Ex. 101, at 3 (speaking of “work[ing]

out an arrangment [sic] that works for both of us,” id. at 4, talking about “maybe working

together,” id. at 5, and stating, “im [sic] wanting to do something with you . . . if your

[sic] interested,” id. at 10). At least two attempts by Mr. McBride to acquire

methamphetamine for resale to “Pauline” failed not because of any reluctance on his part

but because people were out of town, or he was cash-strapped, or he had car trouble. At

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No. 38872-7-III
State v. McBride

no point in their communications did he express any reservation about selling drugs to

her.

       Substantial evidence supported the jury’s verdict.

II.    OUTRAGEOUS GOVERNMENT CONDUCT IS NOT SHOWN

       For the first time on appeal, Mr. McBride contends that the conduct of Sgt. Jordan

was so outrageous that it violated his right to due process under the Fifth and Fourteenth

Amendments to the United States Constitution. If manifest, the constitutional error may

be raised for the first time on appeal. RAP 2.5(a)(3); Lively, 130 Wn.2d at 19.

       A claim of outrageous government conduct “is founded on the principle that the

conduct of law enforcement officers and informants may be ‘so outrageous that due

process principles would absolutely bar the government from invoking judicial processes

to obtain a conviction.’” Lively, 130 Wn.2d at 19 (quoting United States v. Russell,

411 U.S. 423, 431-32, 93 S. Ct. 1637, 36 L. Ed. 2d 366 (1973)). “For the police conduct

to violate due process, the conduct must shock the universal sense of fairness,” a matter

that presents a question of law for the court. Id. Courts evaluate the government’s

actions under the totality of circumstances. Id. at 21.

       Lively identifies the following factors for determining whether police conduct was

outrageous:

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No. 38872-7-III
State v. McBride

       [(1)] whether the police conduct instigated a crime or merely infiltrated
       ongoing criminal activity; [(2)] whether the defendant’s reluctance to
       commit a crime was overcome by pleas of sympathy, promises of excessive
       profits, or persistent solicitation; [(3)] whether the government controls the
       criminal activity or simply allows for the criminal activity to occur;
       [(4)] whether the police motive was to prevent crime or protect the public;
       and [(5)] whether the government conduct itself amounted to criminal
       activity or conduct “repugnant to a sense of justice.”

Id. at 22 (citations omitted).

       When dealing with drug-related crimes, courts recognize that it is particularly

necessary to allow for the use of aggressive law enforcement mechanisms, such as using

paid informants or providing contraband or other necessary items to further the criminal

activity. Id. But Mr. McBride compares his case to United States v. Twigg, in which the

Third Circuit Court of Appeals held the government went too far when it spent months

encouraging and assisting the defendant to set up a methamphetamine laboratory.

588 F.2d 373 (3d Cir. 1978). The direct and continuous government involvement over a

long period of time was deemed too outrageous to allow for prosecution. Id. at 379.

       “Pauline” offered Mr. McBride no assistance in setting up a criminal enterprise.

He relied on his own contacts and resources in his efforts to procure and provide her with

methamphetamine. Mr. McBride never expressed resistance or reluctance to obtaining

methamphetamine for her. The only control that can be said to have been exercised by

Sgt. Jordan was balking when Mr. McBride suggested a delivery taking place in Spokane,

which was outside Sgt. Jordan’s jurisdiction.

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No. 38872-7-III
State v. McBride

       Mr. McBride repeatedly failed to deliver the amount of methamphetamine

“Pauline” was seeking, at the times she was seeking it. The amount and timing of the

eventual delivery was controlled by Mr. McBride. Mr. McBride implies on appeal that

he was targeted by Sgt. Jordan, but he presented no such evidence and any evidence that

he was a known or suspected drug dealer would cut against him in the due process

analysis. At most, Mr. McBride can point to only the fact that he was arrested in a law

enforcement sting operation, in which he failed to prove entrapment. This falls well short

of outrageous government conduct.

                      STATEMENT OF ADDITIONAL GROUNDS

       In an original and supplemental pro se statement of additional grounds (SAG), Mr.

McBride identifies what we discern to be five additional grounds for review. He includes

an “affidavit of facts,” but in a direct appeal, allegations of error must be based on the

record on review. See RAP 9.1(a).

       SAG 1, 3: Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

       Mr. McBride alleges that his trial lawyer provided ineffective assistance by

(1) not moving at trial for dismissal of the charge for insufficient evidence, (2) “failure to

investigate probable cause to investigate,” SAG at 1, and (3) failing to provide Mr.

McBride with discovery.

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No. 38872-7-III
State v. McBride

       The Washington and United States Constitutions guarantee a criminal defendant

the right to effective assistance of counsel. WASH. CONST. art. I, § 22; U.S. CONST.

amend. XIV, § 1; see also State v. Sardinia, 42 Wn. App. 533, 538, 713 P.2d 122 (1986).

To demonstrate ineffective assistance, a defendant must show that (1) defense counsel’s

representation was deficient, and (2) defense counsel’s deficient representation

prejudiced the defendant. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S. Ct. 2052,

80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984); State v. Kyllo, 166 Wn.2d 856, 862, 215 P.3d 177 (2009).

When alleging ineffective assistance based on defense counsel’s failure to make a

motion, the defendant must show that “the trial court likely would have granted the

motion if made.” State v. McFarland, 127 Wn.2d 322, 334, 899 P.2d 1251 (1995).

       Mr. McBride offers no explanation why he believes a motion to dismiss for

insufficient evidence would have been granted. We have already rejected appellate

counsel’s sufficiency challenge, so the contention merits no further consideration.

See RAP 10.10(c) (SAG must inform the court of the nature and occurrence of alleged

errors).

       The second and third allegations of ineffective assistance depend on facts outside

the record and must be considered, if at all, in a personal restraint petition. State v.

Norman, 61 Wn. App. 16, 27-28, 808 P.2d 1159 (1991).

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No. 38872-7-III
State v. McBride

       SAG 2: Trial Court Failure to Instruct the Jury

       Mr. McBride alleges that the trial court’s jury instructions failed to explain guilt

beyond a reasonable doubt, failed to explain entrapment, and failed to instruct on a lesser

charge when the evidence did not support the crime with which he was charged. While

we note that the first two concepts were addressed by the instructions and an instruction

on a lesser charge is required only when an identifiable lesser crime was arguably

committed, it is sufficient to point out that these objections were unpreserved at the time

the trial court entertained objections and exceptions.

       SAG 4: Evidentiary Error Regarding Phone Call

       Mr. McBride contends the trial court erred by allowing Sgt. Jordan to testify about

the occurrence of a phone call between the sergeant and himself because there was no

recording of such a call, no such call ever took place, and the sergeant’s testimony was

hearsay. The defense made no objection to the testimony, which was only that a call

occurred, not what was said. If there was any basis for an objection, error is unpreserved.

RAP 2.5(a).

       SAG 4: Prosecutorial Misconduct

       Mr. McBride labels his next ground as “prosecutorial misconduct,” but in

substance this is another challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence and specifically

whether there was evidence supporting an intent to deliver. Mr. McBride relies on cases

in which there is no evidence of delivery or a planned delivery to an identified person,

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No. 38872-7-III
State v. McBride

but only evidence of drug possession and other evidence (scales, ledgers, cash, packaging

materials) supporting an inference that the defendant is in the business of delivering

drugs. In this case, there was evidence of a planned delivery to “Pauline.” The cases on

which Mr. McBride relies are inapposite.

       SAG 5: Pretextual Arrest

       Mr. McBride asserts that he was first stopped in the Pullman apartment complex

parking lot by a deputy other than Sgt. Jordan, who pointed out that he had a taillight out

and suspected him of driving with a suspended license. He claims that this was a

pretextual stop, and only developed into the search and arrest by Sgt. Jordan.

       Whether there was a basis for a challenge to the stop and whether it was preserved

cannot be determined from our record. It must be considered, if at all, in a personal

restraint petition. Norman, 61 Wn. App. at 27-28.

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No. 38872-7-111
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       Affirmed.

       A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to

RCW 2.06.040.
                                                                                        i
                                                                                        I
WE CONCUR:

Pennell, J.

Staab, J.

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