Court Opinion

ID: 9890877
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-10-16 18:03:30.776946+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:36:05.593023
License: Public Domain

Filed 10/16/23 P. v. Karlsen CA3
                                           NOT TO BE PUBLISHED
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
                                      THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
                                                      (Calaveras)
                                                            ----

 THE PEOPLE,                                                                                   C091740

                    Plaintiff and Respondent,                                       (Super. Ct. No. 14F6380)

           v.

 KARL HOLGER KARLSEN,

                    Defendant and Appellant.

         In 2020, defendant Karl Holger Karlsen was found guilty of the 1991 first degree
murder of his wife Christina K., which the jury found he committed for financial gain.
The jury also found defendant had been convicted in 2013 of the 2008 murder of his and
Christina’s son, Levi K. On appeal, defendant raises several contentions: (1) he was
denied due process by the extensive delay between Christina’s death and the filing of the
complaint; (2) the prosecution lost evidence that prejudiced his defense; (3) the trial court
committed multiple instances of instructional error, primarily related to the propensity
and character evidence instructions; (4) the trial court abused its discretion under

                                                             1
Evidence Code section 352 by admitting into evidence the entire interview between
himself and New York investigators questioning him about Levi’s death; (5) his attorney
was ineffective for failing to object on hearsay grounds to several of his interviews with
various investigators; (6) he was cumulatively prejudiced by the alleged errors; and (7)
the trial court erroneously imposed direct victim restitution, or in the alternative, imposed
too much restitution and interest.
       We agree too much restitution was imposed. Accordingly, we modify the
judgment to strike the statutory restitution fine of $10,000 under Penal Code1 section
1202.4, subdivision (b). We affirm the judgment as modified.
                   FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
                                              I
                                          The Fire
       On January 1, 1991, a fire started in the house defendant shared with his wife
Christina and their three children in Calaveras County. The house was old and the family
lived in it in exchange for agreeing to update and improve the house in the amount of at
least $300 a month. At the time of the fire, Christina was taking a bath in the hallway
bathroom; the children, who were between the ages of approximately four and six years
old, were napping; and defendant was outside the house in a nearby garage. Defendant
saved his three children but not Christina. Christina was unable to get out of the
bathroom and died from smoke inhalation.
       In the hours, days, weeks, and years after the fire, defendant told various people
how he believed the fire started, why Christina was unable to escape the bathroom, and
why he was unable to save her. Defendant’s accounting, and/or the witnesses’ memory
of it, differed in many details, most of which we do not recount. Essentially, defendant

1      Further section references are to the Penal Code, unless otherwise indicated.

                                              2
said that, in the days before the fire, the window in the bathroom broke, and he boarded it
with a piece of plywood secured by 17 nails hammered into the drywall surrounding the
window. Also in the days before the fire, over a gallon of kerosene was accidently
spilled in the hallway outside the bathroom. One person who visited the house before the
fire saw the boarded window in the bathroom and smelled the kerosene in the hallway,
while other visitors to the home did not. According to defendant, after the kerosene spill,
he brought down the family’s boxed winter clothes from the attic and filled the hallway
with dozens of boxes, inadvertently soaking up the kerosene still in the carpet. Defendant
and Christina saw how well the boxes absorbed the spilled kerosene from the carpet and
used more clothing and cardboard for that purpose. At some point, Christina washed the
kerosene-soaked clothing in the washing machine. According to defendant, when she put
the clothes in the dryer, the house filled with kerosene fumes and smoke, causing the
smoke detectors to sound.
       As for the day of the fire, defendant told people he took the children outside the
house before noon to burn the tree they had displayed during Christmas. While burning
the tree with kerosene as an accelerant, defendant made a point of telling his children to
pay attention, so they would know how quickly a house could burn. After burning the
tree, the family went into the house to rest before a planned shopping trip. The couple’s
daughters took a nap in the daughters’ room, and their son Levi napped in his room.
Christina eventually took a bath.
       While Christina was bathing, defendant decided to work on the fan in the attic.
The attic access was in the ceiling in the main hallway of the house. Defendant told
various people that he used a utility light to help him see while he was working in the
attic, but the utility light was broken and no longer had the hook at the top that would
secure it in place and allow it to hang. While working, defendant realized he needed
something from the nearby detached garage and left the house to get it. While in the
garage, defendant heard Christina call his name. At first, defendant thought nothing of it

                                             3
and continued working. Then, Christina called for defendant using his first and middle
names, which defendant thought was odd, so it got his attention. Christina also yelled for
defendant to “get the kids.”
       Defendant looked at the house and saw smoke coming out of it. He ran to the
front door to find a wall of flames that he could not penetrate because it was too hot.
Defendant then went to Levi’s bedroom window and broke it open. A ball of fire
exploded from the window and pushed defendant back, burning his forehead and
singeing his hair. Defendant then grabbed Levi, who had jumped down from his bunk
bed. Defendant put Levi in his truck and then went to his daughters’ bedroom window.
He broke the window to that room as well and removed his two daughters, who were
laying on the floor. Defendant put his daughters in the truck.
       Defendant told investigators as well as family and friends that, after saving the
children, he could not rescue Christina, so he drove to a neighbor’s house to call 911. He
then drove back to the house, at which point the house was engulfed in flames, and then
drove to the end of his driveway to wait for the emergency response.
       Defendant’s older daughter testified that, once she and her siblings had been
rescued from the house and placed in the truck, defendant went to the bathroom window
and kicked at the house below the window. Defendant did not attempt to remove the
board from the window or otherwise rescue Christina. Once defendant returned to the
truck, he watched the house burn for a “few moments” before his older daughter told him
they needed to get help.
       When firefighters arrived, they attempted to make entry into the house. One group
of firefighters entered the house through the back door but were blocked from searching
for Christina in the smoky house by obstructions in the hallway that prevented them from
proceeding. Because nobody was able to search the house, the firefighters surrounded
the house and sprayed it with water until the fire was extinguished.

                                             4
       During defendant’s interactions with first responders and family, he appeared
emotionless and calm. Christina’s body was discovered in the bathroom of the home.
She was not burned and was holding a washcloth to her face. While the walls to the
bathroom were black from smoke damage, it did not appear that flames had penetrated
the bathroom.
       For a few days after Christina’s death, defendant lived apart from his children and
barely saw them. When telling Christina’s sister that she could not see Christina’s body,
defendant described Christina as a “crispy critter,” even though Christina had not been
burned in the fire.
       Following Christina’s death, defendant’s brother and sister-in-law came into town
from New York for support. During their trip, they visited a national forest with
defendant on defendant’s recommendation. While visiting the national forest, defendant
decided to move with the children to New York to be near his large family. Defendant
and the children left for New York on the same day his brother and sister-in-law left,
which was January 5, 1991. While defendant had a large and close-knit family he lived
near in the years that followed, he rarely spent time with them and kept his children
isolated.
                                             II
                                       Investigations
       The night of the fire, the State Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL
FIRE)2 conducted a preliminary investigation through Deputy Warden Robert Monsen.
Deputy Warden Monsen found a utility light with a broken bulb on the carpeted floor at
the entry of the hallway that also contained the bathroom. He also found one smoke
detector that did not appear to be connected to the wall or contain batteries at the time of

2      At the time of the fire, CAL FIRE was known as the Department of Forestry.

                                              5
the fire. There were several items of clothing and a cardboard box in the hall that smelled
like kerosene. Burn patterns showed the fire originated in front of the bathroom and then
spread throughout the house. On April 15, 1991, defendant called Deputy Warden
Monsen asking why the fire investigation had not been released to State Farm Insurance
Company (State Farm), the insurance company that issued a life insurance policy on
Christina. Deputy Warden Monsen recorded the conversation and it was played for the
jury.
        CAL FIRE Investigator Carl Kent investigated the fire a little over a week after it
occurred. When he arrived, the house had already been overhauled and removed of
debris. Investigator Kent found two or three smoke detectors that did not appear to be
operational during the fire. There was cardboard on the carpet in the hallway and the
hallway had a strong smell of kerosene. Investigator Kent tested the carpet and it was
still flammable, indicating it was “well saturated with kerosene.” The burn patterns in the
carpet indicated the fire started in the hallway between the laundry room and the
bathroom. Investigator Kent found the utility light in the hallway outside the bathroom.
The bulb was elongated, meaning it had been heated by fire from underneath.
        Investigator Kent wanted to interview defendant and the children in person but
was unable to do so because defendant had moved to New York. Defendant, however,
called Investigator Kent on February 4, 1991, and Investigator Kent recorded the
conversation. The recording was played for the jury, wherein defendant recounted the
events of the day of the fire and voiced his hope that the process of getting his insurance
payout would be quick. Defendant also indicated he believed the utility light started the
fire.
        As part of his investigation, Investigator Kent compiled a report. CAL FIRE had a
records disposal policy that called for the disposal of files after seven years. Because of
the policy and the suspicious nature of the case, Investigator Kent kept portions of the file

                                              6
at his home believing he would be called to testify someday. The rest of the report was
destroyed per CAL FIRE’s policy.
       After the fire, defendant made a claim to State Farm on Christina’s life insurance
policy. The policy was only a few weeks old and still within the contestability period, so
State Farm initiated an investigation. Ultimately, the agent assigned to perform an
investigation recommended State Farm deny the claim because the fire appeared to have
been deliberately set. Management in State Farm’s corporate office did not follow the
agent’s recommendation and paid the claim on Christina’s life insurance. The State Farm
representative who testified about the payment of insurance proceeds said the check was
paid to defendant on January 31, 1992 or 1993, and that a document reflected the check
was paid in 1992.
       The agent who recommended denying the life insurance claim based her
recommendation on several factors. First, she believed the circumstances under which
defendant and Christina took out life insurance were suspicious in many ways. For
instance, defendant had initiated contact with a local insurance agent to purchase life
insurance. This was uncommon in the world of life insurance, which is typically
provided through an employer or business account. Further, defendant was alone when
he first inquired about life insurance, and Christina was not present until the time of
signing. Defendant was told that State Farm’s policy was to require married couples to
have the same amount of coverage, and he assured the local agent that he did have similar
coverage to the $100,000 policy he requested for Christina. But then when purchasing
the life insurance for Christina, defendant could not prove coverage and purchased life
insurance for himself as well to meet the requirement. While defendant initially said he
wanted to purchase a $100,000 policy on Christina and $50,000 policies on each of the
children, he ultimately purchased $200,000 policies for himself and Christina and
$100,000 policies for each of the children. Defendant’s and Christina’s policies were
whole life insurance policies that could be used as retirement accounts. The children’s

                                              7
policies could later be used as education accounts. It was also odd to the State Farm
agent that defendant took out policies requiring premiums that constituted such a large
percentage of the family’s household income. After Christina’s death, defendant opted
not to reinstate the life insurance policies for the children and stopped paying premiums
on his own life insurance policy.
       The insurance agent’s recommendation to deny defendant’s claim was also based
on the conclusion of an investigator retained by State Farm that the fire was deliberately
set. State Farm’s investigator determined the fire started in the hallway in front of the
bathroom and that the carpet in the hallway contained kerosene that had diffused
throughout a large area. State Farm’s investigator, however, noticed a horseshoe burn
mark on the carpet, and flooring beneath it, located outside the bathroom. The burn mark
indicated the fire had burned longer and more intensely on the horseshoe mark as
compared to other portions of the kerosene-soaked carpet. State Farm’s investigator
conducted tests to recreate the marking and did so by applying kerosene to carpet taken
from the house and letting the kerosene wick for a day or more. State Farm’s investigator
then applied more kerosene to the carpet in a distinctive marking and lit the carpet on
fire. The fire burned more intensely on, and mimicked the distinctive marking created
by, the fresh application of kerosene. Given these results, State Farm’s investigator
concluded that not only had kerosene been present on the carpet in the days before the
fire, but there had also been a fresh application of kerosene minutes before the fire. State
Farm’s investigator further concluded the fire was deliberately set because he disqualified
all potential sources of accidental fire, including the utility light and multiple heaters in
and around the house at the time of the fire.
       The insurance agent who recommended denying defendant’s claim lastly relied on
her March 1991 interview with defendant in New York. During that interview, defendant
related essentially the same story he had related to everyone else but left out minor details
until asked by the insurance agent. The insurance agent’s report that included her

                                                8
recommendation and the entire investigation compiled by State Farm’s investigator,
including the utility light, was retained by State Farm and disposed of seven years after
the investigation. State Farm’s investigator also disposed of the carpet samples from the
house upon the request of an employee of State Farm.
                                            III
                    Prior Acts Evidence And Defendant’s Admissions
       During defendant’s marriage to Christina, he called her names such as “fatty” and
“chubby.” Christina also acted differently when defendant was around her, compared to
when he was not around her. When Christina was without defendant, she was warm,
joyful, and relaxed. When defendant was around her, she was reserved and anxious.
Indeed, defendant’s older daughter testified that, while living in Calaveras County with
her parents, the atmosphere was always tense when defendant was around. If defendant
was in a good mood, everyone had fun. But if defendant was in a bad mood, then the rest
of the family would stay out of his way. Once, while in Calaveras County, defendant’s
older daughter saw her father kick a plastic egg crate through the front door leaving a
hole in the door.
       Defendant was also abusive towards Levi. Before Christina’s death, defendant’s
sister-in-law saw defendant hit Levi several times on the head with defendant’s knuckles.
Levi would grimace in pain and look afraid but would not cry. Around the time of the
fire, Christina’s cousin was visiting the family and saw Levi run into the house crying
and as though he were being chased. She saw defendant standing at the front door and
slam down a chair. After the fire, Christina’s cousin went to the burned house several
times and recorded the fire scene. The recordings were played for the jury without audio.
       After Christina’s death, defendant’s older daughter saw a “multitude of incidents”
where her father physically abused Levi. Once, her father broke a multi-inch cutting
board over Levi’s backside. Often, the abuse involved fists, but it also involved items
that could be used as weapons, such as “cattle prods, pipes, shovels, [and] pitchforks.”

                                             9
Defendant’s older daughter and Levi believed defendant murdered their mother. Once,
they confronted their father with their suspicions and defendant’s only concern was for
his image and what the community’s perception of him would be if word got around that
his own children thought he murdered their mother. Defendant and Levi then got into a
fist fight. Defendant’s older daughter never reported defendant’s abuse towards Levi
because defendant threatened the children that if they ever tried to “report [the abuse] to
the police[,] that [they] should call the police and call an ambulance because [they] would
be dead by the time [the police and ambulance] got there.”
       Defendant first received insurance proceeds in 1986 after he bought a new car.
Soon after purchasing the car, it burst into flames in his driveway and defendant collected
the insurance money he had obtained on the car. Before the fire started, defendant
removed car seats and opened the hood of the car to air out the gas fumes he smelled
emitting from the vehicle. The insurance company that held the policy on the car
approved defendant’s insurance claim and gave defendant money for his loss. It does not
appear the incident was ever criminally investigated.
       Defendant collected insurance proceeds again in 2002 when his barn completely
burned with several horses inside. Before the fire, defendant increased the amount of
coverage on the barn. Defendant and his father were both listed as beneficiaries on the
insurance policy. Defendant’s brother testified that defendant had rebuilt the barn after
the fire and perhaps replaced the horses. Upon investigation by the insurance company
that held the policy on the barn, no origin of the fire was determined and the fire was
ruled an accident. The interview between defendant and the insurance investigator was
played for the jury.
       In 2008, Levi died when a vehicle he was working on fell on top of him. A few
weeks before his death, Levi obtained life insurance on himself at defendant’s urging.
The two went into the insurance office together to purchase the policy, which paid

                                             10
$700,000 in the event of an accidental death. Defendant was listed as the beneficiary,
even though Levi had two young daughters.
       In 2012, investigators in New York reopened the investigation into Levi’s death
and interviewed defendant about it. Approximately eight and a half hours of the nine-
and-a-half-hour interview between defendant and the New York investigators was played
for the jury. Over the course of the interview, defendant made increasingly incriminating
statements, ultimately admitting he was inside the truck when it fell on Levi. According
to defendant, he panicked and left his son under the truck for more than four hours,
instead of calling for help. During the interview, defendant also described how he
assisted Levi in obtaining life insurance shortly before Levi’s death and how Levi named
defendant as the beneficiary of the policy, but had intended for defendant to administer
the funds for the benefit of Levi’s two daughters.
       In December 2012, after defendant was arrested for Levi’s murder but before
resolution of the case, defendant’s older daughter visited him while he was in police
custody. During the visit, she told defendant she knew he had killed her brother and her
mother. Defendant responded by “grin[ning] like a Cheshire cat and t[elling her] that it
had been 20 years and they hadn’t caught him yet” and “they’re not going to.”
       On November 6, 2013, defendant pled guilty to the second degree murder of Levi.
As part of the plea, defendant admitted “that on November 20th, 2008, he was at his
residence in a garage with his son . . . . He admitted that he had jacked up a vehicle with
a wobbly jack. He admitted that he knew it was dangerous for someone to be underneath
that vehicle. He admitted that he enticed Levi . . . to get under that vehicle. [¶] He
admitted that he caused that vehicle to fall on Levi . . . . He admitted that [Levi] was still
alive after this vehicle fell on him. And he admitted that he laughed [sic] knowing that
by leaving[,] it would result in the death of Levi.”
       Following defendant’s conviction for Levi’s murder, defendant was interviewed
by Calaveras County District Attorney Investigator Jerry Whitney. During the six-and-a-

                                              11
half-hour interview, an edited version of which was played for the jury, defendant again
described the events of the days before and after the 1991 fire, as well as his conduct
during the fire. Defendant also extensively described his marriage with Christina,
claiming she was the perfect wife and they were happy.
                                             IV
                                     Trial Proceedings
       The jury found defendant guilty of one count of murder during the commission of
arson or with premeditation, deliberation, and malice aforethought. It also found the
murder was carried out by defendant for financial gain and that he had previously been
convicted of a murder.
       The trial court sentenced defendant to life without the possibility of parole to be
served consecutive to the sentence imposed for Levi’s murder. During victim impact
statements, defendant’s daughters spoke about how their father and his second wife used
Christina’s life insurance proceeds and made them pay for their own necessities. The
trial court imposed direct victim restitution under section 1202.4, subdivision (f) to
Christina’s heirs in the amount of $200,000, plus 10 percent interest from the date the
check was received by defendant. The date appearing on the abstract of judgment is
February 1, 1992. When imposing direct victim restitution, the trial court reasoned the
$200,000 figure was the amount defendant unlawfully received in insurance proceeds for
Christina’s death.
       Defendant appeals.
                                       DISCUSSION
                                              I
   The Delay In Prosecution And Disposal Of Evidence Did Not Violate Due Process
       Defendant contends he was denied due process by the prosecution’s delay in
bringing charges against him and by the disposal or loss of evidence during the years of
the delay. We disagree.

                                             12
                                              A
                                         Background
       In the prosecution’s opposition to defendant’s motion to dismiss, it provided a
timeline of the investigation. The day after the fire, a pathologist performed an autopsy
on Christina and concluded her cause of death was smoke inhalation from a structure fire.
Based on this information, the Calaveras County coroner ruled Christina’s death an
accident. Two days after the fire, the Calaveras County Sheriff’s Office completed a
report, but deferred its criminal investigation pending the outcome of the fire
investigation.
       Deputy Warden Monsen and Investigator Kent conducted a fire investigation and
became suspicious that defendant could have intentionally set the fire to kill Christina
given the recent life insurance policy and the circumstances of the fire. Deputy Warden
Monsen and Investigator Kent briefly interviewed defendant and his older daughter, but
were prevented from conducting further interviews because defendant moved to New
York with his family four days after the fire. Based on the evidence collected at that
time, the Calaveras County District Attorney’s Office believed there was insufficient
evidence to charge defendant with his wife’s murder. Neither the district attorney’s
office nor CAL FIRE would cover the travel cost for Deputy Warden Monsen and
Investigator Kent to further interview defendant and his children.
       According to the prosecution, despite the district attorney’s office requesting the
men to continue their investigation, the case remained unsolved. When Investigator Kent
retired, he took a portion of the investigative file related to defendant’s case with him.
This portion included information he had gathered and information State Farm had
gathered as part of its investigation.
       In November 2012, defendant was charged in New York with the 2008 murder of
Levi, which occurred three weeks after defendant had assisted Levi in setting up a life
insurance policy naming defendant as the sole beneficiary. Upon learning of these

                                             13
allegations, the Calaveras County Sheriff’s Office assigned a detective to Christina’s
case, who learned the original investigative file no longer existed, and thus obtained the
portion kept by Investigator Kent. The district attorney’s office took over the
investigation in June 2013 and interviewed over 75 relevant witnesses, including
defendant’s older daughter and the investigator retained by State Farm. In those
interviews, the witnesses related information they could have related at the time of the
fire, except for defendant’s older daughter who recounted incidents of domestic violence
perpetrated by defendant against Levi. She also recounted the incriminating statement
her father made while in police custody in New York.
       The district attorney’s office also received information from New York
authorities, including that defendant had collected insurance money following a car fire
in 1986 and insurance money following a barn fire in 2002. Further, in December 2013,
defendant pled guilty to his son’s murder. Based on this new information, the coroner
who signed the victim’s death certificate recommended Christina’s cause of death be
changed to murder.
       Defendant was charged by complaint on August 29, 2014, and trial began on
January 8, 2020.
       In his motion to dismiss, defendant argued he was prejudiced by the prosecution’s
delay in bringing charges against him because “the fire scene with all the contents was
completely [destroyed]. A significant amount of the evidence gathered in the initial
investigation ha[d] been lost or destroyed. Medical records for [defendant], who was
transported to the hospital in an ambulance, no longer exist to show his injuries. Most of
the fire reports of the fire crew and investigators have been lost or destroyed. The
photographs of the fire scene taken by an expert hired by the insurance company (142 in
number) have been lost or destroyed. The emergency 911 call and dispatch records have
been destroyed, as have bank records of [defendant]. [And four] material witnesses have

                                            14
died.” Further, because of this missing or destroyed evidence, defendant did not believe
he could receive a fair trial.
       The prosecution urged the court to defer ruling on defendant’s delay contention
until after trial or, in the alternative, to deny the motion to dismiss. The prosecution
further urged the trial court to deny defendant’s motion to dismiss on the grounds the
government unlawfully disposed of evidence because the disposal was not intentional.
       Following argument on the motion, the trial court found that the prosecution “did
not delay the filing of the criminal charges in this case with any intent to prejudice the
defense.” Instead, it appeared to the trial court that the renewed investigation and filing
of charges was motivated by Levi’s murder for financial gain, which served as admissible
character evidence. The court recognized the prosecution was just as prejudiced by the
delay and unavailability of evidence as defendant was prejudiced, and much of the lost
evidence could be substituted by other evidence that was still available. Ultimately,
however, the trial court deferred the ruling on defendant’s motion to dismiss until the end
of trial so it could more accurately assess the prejudice to defendant.
       After the presentation of evidence, the trial court addressed defendant’s motion to
dismiss based on a due process violation. The trial court ruled defendant had not
demonstrated “there was any purposeful conduct by the district attorney to delay the
prosecution in order to [deprive] the defendant [of] a fair trial.” After brief argument by
the parties, the trial court denied the motion.
                                              B
                        The Justification For The Delay Outweighed
                          The Prejudice Resulting From The Delay
       Ordinarily, the statute of limitations is considered “the primary guarantee against
bringing overly stale criminal charges,” and “[t]here is no general right to a prosecution
speedier than that laid down by the statute of limitations.” (People v. Archerd (1970)
3 Cal.3d 615, 639.) Where, as here, however, the Legislature did not provide a

                                              15
limitations period for bringing the criminal charges (§ 799, subd. (a) [no statute of
limitations for offense punishable by imprisonment for life without the possibility of
parole]), “[t]he due process clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the
United States Constitution and article I, section 15 of the California Constitution protect a
defendant from the prejudicial effects of lengthy, unjustified delay between the
commission of a crime and the defendant’s arrest and charging” (People v. Cowan (2010)
50 Cal.4th 401, 430 (Cowan)).
       The due process analysis under the California Constitution is at least as favorable
to a defendant as the analysis under the federal Constitution. (Cowan, supra, 50 Cal.4th
at pp. 430-431.) We thus apply California law. (Id. at p. 431.)
       To establish a due process violation, “ ‘[a] defendant seeking relief for undue
delay in filing charges must first demonstrate resulting prejudice, such as by showing the
loss of a material witness or other missing evidence, or fading memory caused by the
lapse of time. [Citation.] Prejudice to a defendant from precharging delay is not
presumed. [Citations.] In addition, although “under California law, negligent, as well as
purposeful, delay in bringing charges may, when accompanied by a showing of prejudice,
violate due process. . . . If the delay was merely negligent, a greater showing of prejudice
would be required to establish a due process violation.” [Citation.] If the defendant
establishes prejudice, the prosecution may offer justification for the delay; the court
considering a motion to dismiss then balances the harm to the defendant against the
justification for the delay.’ ” (People v. Jones (2013) 57 Cal.4th 899, 921 (Jones I).)
“We review for abuse of discretion a trial court’s ruling on a motion to dismiss for
prejudicial prearrest delay [citation], and defer to any underlying factual findings if
substantial evidence supports them [citation].” (Cowan, supra, 50 Cal.4th at p. 431.)
       From the trial court’s statements, it is clear it considered the reason for the
prosecution’s delay, and we can thus infer it undertook a balancing analysis weighing the
prosecution’s justification for the delay against the prejudice to defendant, ultimately

                                              16
concluding defendant did not make a sufficient showing of prejudice to demonstrate a
due process violation. Thus, we will review for an abuse of discretion the trial court’s
decision that the justification for the delay outweighed the resulting prejudice.
       “Prejudice may be shown by ‘ “loss of material witnesses due to lapse of time
[citation] or loss of evidence because of fading memory attributable to the delay.” ’ ”
(Cowan, supra, 50 Cal.4th at p. 430.) The showing of prejudice must be made on
competent evidence and “must be supported by particular facts and not . . . by bare
conclusionary statements.” (Crockett v. Superior Court of Santa Clara County (1975)
14 Cal.3d 433, 442.)
       Defendant’s showing of prejudice is relatively weak. First, defendant points to the
loss of the fire scene; however, much of that loss was a consequence of firefighters’
efforts to suppress the fire and make the scene safe for inspection, and not because of the
delay in prosecuting defendant. For example, the cardboard on the hallway floor had
already been removed by the time State Farm’s investigator investigated the origin of the
fire five weeks after the fire, while Investigator Kent was still compiling his report.
Further, the removal of the cardboard did not have any effect on the investigation. State
Farm’s investigator testified that the nature of fire investigations is that an investigator
can tell when a relevant piece of material is missing from a fire scene. Here, Deputy
Warden Monsen and Investigator Kent testified to the presence of cardboard in the
hallway but based their opinion that the fire started in the hallway on markings on the
carpet and the flooring underneath. State Farm’s investigator also based his opinion of
the origin and ignition source of the fire on the flooring and found the presence of
cardboard irrelevant to that opinion. Thus, State Farm’s investigator would have made
the same conclusion regarding the origin and source of the fire had the cardboard still
been present in the hallway at the time of his investigation, contrary to defendant’s
assertions.

                                              17
       Defendant also points to the disposal of the utility light as being prejudicial. He
argues its absence eliminated his ability to refute State Farm’s investigator’s conclusion
that the utility light was not the ignition source of the fire. Similarly, defendant argues
the absence of the fire scene as a whole eliminated his ability to refute State Farm’s
investigator’s conclusion candles were not the ignition source of the fire. To be clear,
defendant does not argue the utility light and fire scene were never adequately examined,
only that his expert could not repeat the examinations to potentially challenge the
prosecution’s expert witness. That the evidence would have led to defendant’s ability to
impeach or challenge State Farm’s investigator’s conclusions is merely speculative, and
not the basis for a strong showing of prejudice, let alone a due process violation. (See
Crockett v. Superior Court of Santa Clara County, supra, 14 Cal.3d at p. 442; see
People v. Lewis (2015) 234 Cal.App.4th 203, 213 [“Our Supreme Court has repeatedly
found speculative arguments inadequate to establish the actual prejudice required for
delayed prosecution to constitute a due process violation”].) Indeed, a picture of the
utility light was admitted into evidence, as well as the testimony of Deputy Warden
Monsen, Investigator Kent, and State Farm’s investigator describing their observations of
the utility light. Several of defendant’s own statements describing the state of the utility
light at the time of the fire were also admitted into evidence. Defendant did not take
issue with State Farm’s investigator’s scientific process leading to his conclusion the
utility light did not ignite the fire—as defendant’s expert said was prudent, State Farm’s
investigator examined the utility light’s cord and the outlets in the home. As for the
possibility that candles ignited the fire, defendant’s expert testified that in many fires
started by candles, the remnants of the candles were not found. Thus, even if defendant’s
expert could examine the utility light and fire scene for possible ignition sources, the
possibility that he could challenge State Farm’s investigator’s conclusions as to the
ignition source of the fire is merely speculative.

                                              18
       In this same vein, defendant points to the loss of the original piece of carpet
depicting the horseshoe pattern that State Farm’s investigator compared to his own carpet
burning test. That piece of carpet was destroyed, which, according to defendant, made it
impossible to challenge State Farm’s investigator’s conclusion the horseshoe pattern
depicted a second kerosene pour that was lit soon after it was poured. The carpet can
fairly be described as a material piece of evidence. (See Cowan, supra, 50 Cal.4th at
p. 430 [loss or destruction of material physical evidence is prejudicial].) Indeed, it
provided a scientific basis for the prosecution’s theory that defendant deliberately set the
fire by applying an accelerant to the carpet right before igniting it. On the other hand,
defendant only claims his ability to challenge or confirm State Farm’s investigator’s
opinion was affected. He acknowledges the carpet was available for initial testing and
was tested by State Farm’s investigator. Thus, while the carpet is a material piece of
evidence, the consequences of its loss are merely speculative.
       Defendant points to other items from the house he was not able to independently
test, such as the washer and dryer. For the same reasons the loss of the utility light is not
prejudicial, neither is the loss of the washer and dryer. Again, defendant does not point
to faults in State Farm’s investigator’s testing,3 only the potential to challenge the
investigator’s conclusions after performing his own tests. The same is true as to
defendant’s claims he was prejudiced by the lack of multiple investigative and fire
reports. His claims of prejudice are limited to the possibility he could have used the lost
reports to challenge the testimony by the investigators and firefighters who compiled the

3       Defendant’s expert testified that he would have taken the washer and dryer into
evidence and requested an engineer to examine them, including an examination of the
machines’ wiring and internal components. Defendant’s expert was not an engineer and
could not provide competent testimony as to the proper method of testing whether the
washer and dryer ignited the fire. State Farm’s investigator was an engineer and he
testified that he externally examined the washer and dryer such that he was satisfied the
machines did not ignite the fire.

                                              19
reports or could have impeached the witnesses who contributed statements to the reports.
This basis of prejudice is speculative.
       Defendant also points generally to the witnesses’ fading memories. Witnesses
testified and were extensively questioned about their memories and ability to recall so
long after Christina’s death. The jury was able to assess the witnesses’ credibility.
Defendant does not explain how specific instances when witnesses lacked the ability to
recall prejudiced him besides to argue time adversely affects everyone’s memory. That is
not a basis for finding a due process violation. (See Serna v. Superior Court (1985)
40 Cal.3d 239, 250 [a “court need not accept a conclusory statement that the lack of recall
demonstrates prejudice where no effort has been made to ascertain the basis for the
charge. Lack of recall may establish prejudice, but only on a showing that the memory
loss persists after reasonable attempts to refresh recollection”].)
       Defendant claims he was prejudiced by the loss of records that tended to support
his version of events. Specifically, defendant points to the loss of his medical records, his
bank records, and the 911 call log, claiming he was prejudiced by the records’ absence
because they would have confirmed he was more than slightly injured by the fire, he was
desperately seeking help, his demeanor was odd in the days after the fire because he was
taking mood-altering medications, and he paid for himself and his family to move to New
York instead of taking advantage of his brother’s generosity. None of this evidence was
particularly material to undermining the prosecution’s case. (See Cowan, supra,
50 Cal.4th at p. 430 [due process violation can be shown through the loss of material
evidence].) The prosecution’s case hinged on scientific evidence demonstrating how the
fire started and defendant’s pattern of collecting insurance proceeds under suspicious
circumstances. Defendant’s demeanor and affect around the time of the fire and shortly
thereafter added little to, and did not refute, that body of evidence.
       Further, the suggestion that those records would support defendant’s version of
events is merely speculative. The evidentiary basis for defendant’s assertions that he was

                                              20
more than slightly injured and desperately seeking help during the fire and on medication
after the fire came from his own self-serving statements to fire and medical personnel.
Other witnesses testified to the minimal injuries they observed on defendant after the fire
and to his odd demeanor during and in the days following the fire. Further, defendant’s
brother testified he could not recall defendant ever repaying him for the flights to New
York after Christina’s death. That the records support defendant’s version of events as
opposed to all the other witnesses who testified at defendant’s trial is merely speculative
and not the basis for a finding beyond minimal prejudice. (See People v. Lewis, supra,
234 Cal.App.4th at p. 213.)
       Defendant also points to the loss of hundreds of pictures that were taken of the fire
scene. But again, defendant can demonstrate only minimal prejudice, if any, from the
loss of the photographs because other photographs were retained as well as a video
recording of the interior of the house. Further, witnesses who observed the burned
interior of the house testified as to their perceptions. Defendant points to specific
photographs that were lost, such as the exterior of the house, the burned Christmas tree,
and frozen pipes, but he has not demonstrated how those photographs serve as a
significant source of evidence for the jury’s consideration. Thus, defendant has not
demonstrated anything more than minimal prejudice in that regard.
       Finally, defendant points to the death of four witnesses as being prejudicial. First,
defendant points to a witness who would have purportedly testified that Christina told her
the kerosene spill was accidental and that defendant fixed the property where he and his
family lived in exchange for reduced rent. The witness would hypothetically also have
testified that Christina told her she wanted to move to New York, and thus, according to
defendant, the witness would have refuted the consciousness of guilt inference the jury
was permitted to draw from his prompt move following Christina’s death. We do not
discern any prejudice to defendant with the loss of this witness. It was not a contested
issue that at least some of the kerosene was spilled, likely accidently, and had remained

                                             21
in the house for several days before the fire. Indeed, a witness other than defendant
testified to that very fact. It was also not a contested issue that defendant and Christina
fixed the house they lived in for a reduction in rent. Finally, we do not see how
Christina’s willingness to move to New York pursuant to an unsettled future timeline
refutes the inference that defendant’s move after Christina’s death and in the early stages
of the fire investigation demonstrated a consciousness of guilt.
       The second witness defendant points to would have purportedly testified that
Christina told her the kerosene spill was an accident and that the witness had observed
nothing wrong in defendant and Christina’s relationship when dining with them the night
before the fire. As discussed, it was uncontested that at least some of the kerosene spill
had been accidental, and thus this witness would have added little to the body of evidence
presented at trial in that regard. Also, this witness’s observations of Christina and
defendant the night before the fire would have been of limited relevance and not central
to the prosecution’s case, which rested on scientific evidence and defendant’s similar
conduct with respect to the procurement of insurance proceeds. The fact that defendant
got along with his wife the night before her death does little to change the inferences
drawn from the bulk of the prosecution’s evidence.
       The final two witnesses who defendant believes were essential to his defense were
defendant’s neighbors who purportedly witnessed him frantically request that they call
911 and witnessed him help emergency personnel responding to the fire. According to
defendant, those witnesses would have testified he was not emotionless during the fire, as
other witnesses recounted. Again, defendant’s demeanor during the fire was not a critical
component of the prosecution’s case compared to the scientific evidence and defendant’s
pattern of collecting insurance proceeds under suspicious circumstances. But still, those
witnesses to whom defendant refers appear to be the only two witnesses who saw
defendant have an emotional reaction to his wife’s death and could have provided a more

                                             22
complete picture of defendant’s emotional state at the time of the fire. Thus, the loss of
these witnesses resulted in more than slight prejudice.
       As to defendant’s own faded memory, he has not established prejudice
whatsoever. Defendant contends his faded memory was used against him as an indicator
he had a guilty conscience. But the prosecutor’s argument was not that the jury should
consider defendant’s lack of recall against him, but instead that it should consider his
contradictions against him. Defendant has not pointed to actual evidence, only the
prosecution’s argument, which is not evidence, to demonstrate that he suffered from a
faded memory, and thus he has failed to meet his burden of demonstrating prejudice
related to his own faded memory. (Crockett v. Superior Court of Santa Clara County,
supra, 14 Cal.3d at p. 442 [prejudice must be shown by competent evidence and not be
bare conclusionary statements].)
       In total, most of defendant’s claims of prejudice center around immaterial
evidence or are based on speculation. Defendant points to a single material piece of lost
evidence—the carpet—but again the effect of the loss is speculative given that the carpet
was examined and tested around the time of the fire. The effect of the prejudice resulting
from the death of defendant’s neighbors is also uncertain. While they were the only
people to witness defendant showing emotion during the fire, defendant’s emotional state
while initially seeking help is subject to varying inferences and only minimally relevant
to defendant’s guilt when compared to the physical and character evidence presented at
his trial. As a result, defendant’s showing of prejudice is weak.
       In light of the weak showing of prejudice that resulted from the delay in
prosecuting defendant’s case, defendant must show more than negligence in the
prosecution’s delay. Indeed, “ ‘whether the delay was negligent or purposeful is relevant
to the balancing process. Purposeful delay to gain advantage is totally unjustified, and a
relatively weak showing of prejudice would suffice to tip the scales towards finding a due
process violation. If the delay was merely negligent, a greater showing of prejudice

                                             23
would be required to establish a due process violation.’ [Citation.] The justification for
the delay is strong when there is ‘investigative delay, nothing else.’ ” (Cowan, supra,
50 Cal.4th at p. 431.)
       As the People point out, New is instructive. (People v. New (2008)
163 Cal.App.4th 442 (New).) In New, the defendant killed his first wife with a rifle in
1973 by shooting her in the head. (Id. at pp. 442, 453.) At the time of his first wife’s
death, the defendant claimed he was cleaning the rifle when it accidentally fired, killing
his first wife who was asleep on the couch. (Id. at p. 453.) While certain measurements
were taken, no blood spatter analysis was performed because that technology did not
exist in 1973. (Id. at pp. 453-454.) The detectives who investigated the defendant’s first
wife’s death concluded the shooting was an accident. (Id. at p. 454.) In 2004, the
defendant killed his third wife by shooting her in the head while she was sleeping in bed.
(Id. at pp. 442, 447-448.) This time, the defendant claimed he went to the pharmacy to
buy migraine medicine for her, and when he returned, he found the home burglarized and
his third wife dead. (Id. at p. 449.) Following defendant’s third wife’s death,
investigators reviewed photographs and police reports from the 1973 investigation into
his first wife’s death, took additional measurements from the residence where the
shooting occurred, and reconstructed the crime scene using computer enhancement tools.
(Id. at pp. 454-455.) This new investigation revealed that the defendant’s account of his
first wife’s death was inconsistent with the physical evidence. (Id. at p. 455.) He was
subsequently tried and convicted of murdering both his first and third wives. (Id. at
p. 458.)
       The Court of Appeal rejected the claim that the 32-year delay in prosecuting the
defendant for his first wife’s murder deprived him of the right to a fair trial. (New, supra,
163 Cal.App.4th at p. 462.) The court acknowledged that the delay was prejudicial to the
defendant but explained that many of his claims of prejudice were overstated. (Id. at
pp. 462-464.) Turning to the justification for the delay, the court explained that

                                             24
defendant’s third wife’s death was “the critical factor that caused prosecutors to
reexamine the circumstances of [his first wife’s] death.” (Id. at p. 465.) Rejecting the
defendant’s assertion that the investigation into his third wife’s death uncovered no new
evidence that he murdered his first wife, the court explained the fact that “another of [the
defendant]’s wives was found dead in her home, shot in the back of the head while
sleeping,” amounted to “new evidence that could be used to establish that [the defendant]
did not accidentally shoot [his first wife], as he claimed, but rather, that he shot her
intentionally.” (Id. at pp. 465-466.)
       Acknowledging the possibility that “the delay in charging [the defendant] with
[his first wife]’s murder [was] in part attributable to the fact that the law enforcement
officers who conducted the initial investigation into [her] death were negligent in failing
to detect and/or pursue inconsistencies in [the defendant’s] version of how the shooting
occurred,” the court nevertheless found substantial evidence supporting the trial court’s
conclusion that, until defendant’s third wife’s death in 2004, “there was simply not a
prosecutable case” against the defendant. (New, supra, 163 Cal.App.4th at p. 466.) At
bottom, the appellate court concluded the trial court did not err by finding that, while the
“delay in prosecuting [the defendant] resulted in the loss of both physical evidence and
witness testimony, and was thus prejudicial,” “the justification for the delay outweighed
the prejudice.” (Id. at p. 462.)
       Similarly, the delay in filing charges against defendant cannot be said to have been
entirely for the purpose of investigating Christina’s murder and may, in part, have been
due to negligence. But substantial evidence still exists to support the trial court’s factual
determination that the delay was not a product of purposeful conduct on the part of the
prosecution or for the purpose of denying defendant a fair trial. Contrary to defendant’s
assertion, the prosecution did not have a “ready-made case” against defendant following
the fire and Christina’s death. Initially, we note that “it is important to remember that
prosecutors are under no obligation to file charges as soon as probable cause exists but

                                              25
before they are satisfied that guilt can be proved beyond a reasonable doubt or before the
resources are reasonably available to mount an effective prosecution. Any other rule
‘would subordinate the goal of orderly expedition to that of mere speed.’ [Citation.]”
(People v. Boysen (2007) 165 Cal.App.4th 761, 777.)
       It is true that the scientific evidence pertaining to the origin of the fire was known
around the time of the fire and did not change in the years that followed. But while State
Farm’s investigator believed kerosene had been poured on the carpet close in time to the
fire’s ignition, it would not have been unreasonable to consider that a jury might have
concluded the fire was accidental. It was accepted both at the time of the fire and at trial
that a substantial amount of kerosene was spilled on the carpet in the hallway days before
the fire. There was also evidence that the family used a kerosene heater to warm the
house and often carried kerosene throughout the house. The family had even burned a
Christmas tree the morning of the fire by using kerosene as an ignition source. Given the
use of kerosene in and around the house, its presence on the carpet from a more recent
pour could have been innocently accounted for.
       Further, while State Farm’s investigator ruled out all sources of accidental
ignition, defendant’s statements introduced the possibility of multiple potential accidental
sources of the fire. For instance, defendant credited the fire’s ignition to the broken
utility light he was working with at the time of the fire. Defendant also stated he was
working on a fan in the attic space above the hallway and had further claimed the dryer
was emitting fumes from drying kerosene-soaked clothing. The house was old and had
many components that did not work to modern-day standards. When weighing the
opinion of an investigator hired by an insurance company versus defendant, it is not
unreasonable that a jury would have given defendant the benefit of the doubt and
discredited State Farm’s investigator’s opinion of the fire’s origin.
       Indeed, the only other witnesses to the fire were defendant and Christina’s
children, who were extremely young. Defendant’s older daughter was the only one

                                             26
interviewed by investigators and her statements confirmed defendant’s basic version of
the events: There was a fire while he was outside of the house, he rescued his children
from the house, and was unable to rescue Christina from the bathroom. It was not until
years later that defendant’s older daughter looked back upon the events of that day and
realized the importance of certain details and defendant’s conduct that she originally had
not shared with investigators. While defendant and Christina had only recently taken out
life insurance policies before the fire, the life insurance policies were whole life policies
that could have been converted into retirement accounts for the adults and college
accounts for the children—signifying long-term goals for the policies and not just a
means of collecting money. On the whole, it was not unreasonable for the prosecution to
believe in 1991 that it could not prove defendant had murdered Christina beyond a
reasonable doubt.
       Accordingly, substantial evidence supports the trial court’s factual finding that the
prosecution did not delay prosecuting defendant’s case to gain a strategic advantage.
Like New, the prosecution’s initial belief as to defendant’s explanations may have been
negligent, but defendant’s subsequent similar criminal conduct provided a reasonable
justification to further scrutinize Christina’s death and defendant’s involvement. (New,
supra, 163 Cal.App.4th at p. 466.)
       On balance, the weak prejudice resulting from the delay in the prosecution
charging defendant was outweighed by the prosecution’s strong justifications for the
delay. Thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by finding no due process
violation based on prosecutorial delay.

                                              27
                                             C
                       The Government’s Disposal Of Evidence Did
                          Not Amount To A Due Process Violation
       In addition to challenging the delay in prosecution as a due process violation,
defendant also challenges the prosecution’s loss of evidence as constituting a due process
violation. We disagree.
       “ ‘Due process does not impose upon law enforcement “an undifferentiated and
absolute duty to retain and to preserve all material that might be of conceivable
evidentiary significance in a particular prosecution.” ’ [Citation.] At most, the state’s
obligation to preserve evidence extends to ‘evidence that might be expected to play a
significant role in the suspect’s defense.’ ” (People v. Duff (2014) 58 Cal.4th 527, 549.)
Whether the loss of evidence rises to the level of a due process violation is governed by
the principles set forth by the United States Supreme Court in California v. Trombetta
(1984) 467 U.S. 479 and Arizona v. Youngblood (1988) 488 U.S. 51. (People v. Alvarez
(2014) 229 Cal.App.4th 761, 771.) Under Trombetta, “ ‘[l]aw enforcement agencies
must preserve evidence only if [the evidence] possesses exculpatory value [that was]
“apparent before [it] was destroyed” ’ ” and if the evidence is of a type “ ‘not obtainable
“by other reasonably available means.” ’ ” (People v. Velasco (2011) 194 Cal.App.4th
1258, 1262; see Trombetta, at pp. 488-489.) As an alternative to establishing the
apparent exculpatory value of the lost evidence, Youngblood provides that a defendant
may show that “ ‘ “potentially useful” ’ ” evidence was destroyed as a result of bad faith.
(Velasco, at p. 1262; see Youngblood, at p. 58.)
       We review the trial court’s decision on a Trombetta/Youngblood motion under the
substantial evidence standard. (People v. Duff, supra, 58 Cal.4th at p. 549.)
       When ruling on defendant’s due process contention, the trial court found the
prosecution did not act intentionally to prejudice defendant’s case and that much of the
lost evidence could be substituted by other evidence that was still available. Defendant

                                             28
challenges the trial court’s finding pertaining to the prosecution’s intent by pointing out
that the prosecution claimed Christina’s murder case was an open case and that disposing
of evidence pertaining to an open investigation demonstrates bad faith. This is but one
inference. Another inference is that the government disposed of records related to an
inactive investigation pursuant to its disposal policies. That was the inference the trial
court believed more reasonable, and we conclude substantial evidence supports that
inference. Indeed, nothing indicates that an investigation into Christina’s death occurred
after 1991 and before defendant was charged with Levi’s murder. In 1991, the
prosecution declined to charge defendant with Christina’s murder and requested the
investigative agency to conduct further interviews. Because of funding concerns, no
further investigation appears to have occurred. Thus, while the prosecution may have
argued the investigation into Christina’s death was ongoing, the evidence demonstrates
an investigation was not being actively pursued and records were disposed of during the
normal course of business and after seven years. The length of the retention and
uncertainty in defendant’s prosecution distinguished this case from the ones relied on by
defendant. (Citing U.S. v. Cooper (9th Cir. 1993) 983 F.2d 928; People v. Alvarez,
supra, 229 Cal.App.4th 761.) In both of those cases, the government destroyed evidence
following a short retention period when it was apparent the defendants were going to be
criminally prosecuted. (Cooper, at pp. 929-931; Alvarez, at p. 777.)
       Defendant also points to Investigator Kent’s retention of only portions of his
report as demonstrating bad faith. There is no indication Investigator Kent saved only the
evidence pointing toward guilt, as defendant argues, and he was not asked about the
specific items from the report he saved and the reasons for saving those items. Defendant
does not argue with specificity about what leads him to the conclusion Investigator Kent
acted in bad faith when selecting the records that he chose to save from a voluminous
physical file. (Contra U.S. v. Yevakpor (N.D.N.Y. 2006) 419 F.Supp.2d 242, 245-250
[bad faith inferred when government saved only three one-minute clips from the

                                             29
defendant’s interview and search for the purposes of prosecution].) Given the lack of
evidence pertaining to Investigator Kent’s retention of his investigative file, we cannot
say the trial court’s finding the government acted in good faith is unsupported by
substantial evidence. Accordingly, defendant cannot rely on Youngblood and the
government’s purported ill intent to demonstrate a due process violation.
       Defendant does not argue the trial court erred under Trombetta in that the
government disposed of material exculpatory evidence. Thus, defendant has failed to
demonstrate a due process violation based on lost or disposed of evidence.
                                              II
                              Instructional Error Contentions
       Defendant raises several arguments of instructional error, some of which he
acknowledges he did not raise at trial. Because defendant contends the alleged errors
affected his substantial rights, we will address the merits of his claims. (See People v.
Lewis (2009) 46 Cal.4th 1255, 1315, fn. 43.)
       “We review a claim of instructional error de novo. [Citation.] ‘ “ ‘[T]he
correctness of jury instructions is to be determined from the entire charge of the [trial]
court, not from a consideration of parts of an instruction or from a particular
instruction.’ ” ’ [Citation.]” (People v. Fiore (2014) 227 Cal.App.4th 1362, 1378.) “ ‘If
a jury instruction is ambiguous, we inquire whether there is a reasonable likelihood that
the jury misunderstood and misapplied the instruction.’ [Citations.]” (People v. Young
(2005) 34 Cal.4th 1149, 1202.) “In particular, ‘ “ ‘[t]he absence of an essential element
in one instruction may be supplied by another or cured in light of the instructions as a
whole.’ [Citation.]” ’ [Citation.] ‘Jurors are presumed able to understand and correlate
instructions and are further presumed to have followed the court’s instructions.’
[Citation.]” (Fiore, at p. 1378.)
       The trial court is required to instruct on a lesser included offense “whenever
evidence that the defendant is guilty only of the lesser offense is ‘substantial enough to

                                             30
merit consideration’ by the jury.” (People v. Breverman (1998) 19 Cal.4th 142, 162.)
Ultimately, we conclude there is no merit to defendant’s contentions relying on these
standards of review.
                                            A
                  The Propensity And Character Evidence Instructions
                   Did Not Lessen The Prosecution’s Burden Of Proof
       Defendant argues the character and propensity evidence instructions, permitting
the jury to make adverse character and propensity inferences, lowered the prosecution’s
burden of proof because “it told jurors the [prosecution] only had to prove [defendant’s
son]’s murder, a charged special circumstance, by a preponderance-of-the-evidence and
then [it] could infer [defendant] had a propensity [or scheme] to commit other charged
offenses.” As support for this contention, defendant relies on our Supreme Court’s
opinion in People v. Villatoro (2012) 54 Cal.4th 1152, and the subsequent appellate
opinions of People v. Cruz (2016) 2 Cal.App.5th 1178 and People v. Jones (2018)
28 Cal.App.5th 316 (Jones II).
       In Villatoro, our Supreme Court held that Evidence Code sections 1108 and 1109
permit consideration of charged offenses to prove a defendant’s disposition. (People v.
Villatoro, supra, 54 Cal.4th at pp. 1161-1167.) In the context of uncharged offenses, the
jury must find that an offense was committed by a preponderance of the evidence before
it may be considered for propensity. (People v. Carpenter (1997) 15 Cal.4th 312, 382,
superseded by statute on another point as recognized in Verdin v. Superior Court (2008)
43 Cal.4th 1096, 1106.) Our Supreme Court has not yet addressed the question of which
standard the jury must apply before considering a charged offense as propensity or
disposition evidence.
       In Cruz, the defendant was convicted of three counts of committing a lewd act
against a child under the age of 14 years old. (People v. Cruz, supra, 2 Cal.App.5th at
p. 1180.) The trial court instructed the jury that it could consider charged and uncharged

                                            31
sexual offenses to draw the discretionary inference that the defendant had a propensity to
commit sexual offenses. (Id. at pp. 1183-1184.) The Cruz court held that it was error to
instruct the jury it could consider charged offenses to show the defendant’s propensity
based on a finding the defendant committed the charged offenses by a preponderance of
the evidence. (Id. at p. 1186.) The Cruz court reasoned the instruction “presented the
jury with a nearly impossible task of juggling competing standards of proof during
different phases of its consideration of the same evidence.” (Id. at p. 1187.) It
concluded, “[T]he ultimate effect is to lower the prosecution’s burden of proving guilt
beyond a reasonable doubt.” (Ibid.) The Cruz court found the error to be structural and
reversed the judgment. (Ibid.) In Jones II, the appellate court extended the Cruz holding
to instructions permitting character inferences based on charged offenses under Evidence
Code section 1101, subdivision (b), but concluded a harmless error analysis more
appropriate than per se reversal. (Jones II, supra, 28 Cal.App.5th at pp. 325, 328-329.)
       The problem with defendant’s reliance on Cruz and Jones II is that the jury here
was not instructed it could use a charged offense (or special circumstance, as the case
may be) to show defendant’s propensity or common scheme. Defendant’s charged
special circumstance was not that he killed Levi, but that he had been convicted of killing
Levi. In contrast to Cruz, where the jury was encouraged to consider the same facts
under different standards of proof to either demonstrate propensity or to prove a charged
but not proven offense (People v. Cruz, supra, 2 Cal.App.5th at pp. 1186-1187), the jury
here did not consider the same facts to determine propensity and also the truth of an
allegation. Defendant’s conviction of Levi’s murder, i.e., the special circumstance, was
proven by a certificate of conviction and by the contents of defendant’s plea agreement.
His propensity and common scheme were shown by witness testimony and his own
statements related to his domestic violence against Levi and murder of Levi for financial
gain. Thus, the instructional error detailed in Cruz and Jones II did not occur here.

                                             32
                                              B
                The Propensity Instruction Accurately Instructed The Jury
                    Pursuant To The Trial Court’s Evidentiary Rulings
       Defendant contends that, even though the jury could have considered acts of
domestic violence against Levi as propensity evidence, the jury was limited to
considering for that purpose only the acts that occurred within the five years before
Christina’s death. (Citing Evid. Code, § 1109, subd. (d)(3).) Defendant does not
challenge the trial court’s evidentiary ruling, and instead argues the trial court erred by
instructing the jury that it could consider acts of domestic violence against his son that
occurred outside the five-year window predating Christina’s death. We will review
defendant’s contention to the extent he argues the jury was permitted to consider only the
acts occurring five years before the charged offense as a matter of law, and that any
instruction permitting otherwise was a misstatement of the law. (See People v. Castillo
(1997) 16 Cal.4th 1009, 1015 [“when [a trial court] choose[s] to instruct, it must do so
correctly”]). We decline to revisit the trial court’s discretionary decision, especially here
where defendant insists that he is not requesting us to do so.
       Evidence Code section 1109 permits proof of a defendant’s character in the form
of evidence of a defendant’s commission “of other domestic violence.” (Evid. Code,
§ 1109, subd. (a)(1).) Among other things, the statute provides: “ ‘Domestic violence’ ”
has the meaning set forth in [s]ection 13700 of the Penal Code. Subject to a hearing
conducted pursuant to [Evidence Code] [s]ection 352, which shall include consideration
of any corroboration and remoteness in time, ‘domestic violence’ has the further meaning
as set forth in [s]ection 6211 of the Family Code, if the act occurred no more than five
years before the charged offense. [¶] (e) Evidence of acts occurring more than 10 years
before the charged offense is inadmissible under this section, unless the court determines
that the admission of this evidence is in the interest of justice.” (Evid. Code, § 1109,
subds. (d)(3) & (e).)

                                             33
       The parties appear to agree defendant’s domestic violence against Levi fell under
the Family Code’s definition of domestic violence and that the acts did not occur within
five years before Christina’s death. Defendant argues the jury was precluded from
considering the abuse. The People counter that, while the statute limits an offense’s
admission when it occurred before the charged crime, the statute does not include a
similar limitation when the offense occurred after the charged crime, and thus the
evidence’s admission was left to the sound discretion of the trial court. We agree with
the People.
       From a statutory construction standpoint, Evidence Code section 1109 includes the
definition of domestic violence under the Family Code with a five-year limitation, and
the definition of domestic violence under the Penal Code with a ten-year limitation.
(Evid. Code, § 1109, subds. (d)(3) & (e).) Both limitations guard against the use of
remote conduct. (See People v. Johnson (2010) 185 Cal.App.4th 520, 534 [“Remote
prior conduct is, at least theoretically, less probative of propensity than more recent
misconduct. [Citation.] This is especially true if the defendant has led a substantially
blameless life in the interim”].) Evidence Code section 1109 does not by its terms limit
the admissibility of conduct occurring after the charged crime, except through the
application of Evidence Code section 352. (Evid. Code, § 1109, subd. (a)(1).) Further,
the policy behind Evidence Code section 1109 supports a conclusion that acts occurring
after the commission of a charged crime are admissible. To be sure, conduct is not
remote if it occurs within a reasonable time period after the charged offense, just like it is
not remote if it occurs within a reasonable time period before the charged offense.
       Indeed, the purpose of Evidence Code section 1109 is to give probative value to a
specific pattern of behavior. “The propensity inference is particularly appropriate in the
area of domestic violence because on-going violence and abuse is the norm in domestic
violence cases. Not only is there a great likelihood that any one battering episode is part
of a larger scheme of dominance and control, that scheme usually escalates in frequency

                                              34
and severity. Without the propensity inference, the escalating nature of domestic
violence is likewise masked. If we fail to address the very essence of domestic violence,
we will continue to see cases where perpetrators of this violence will beat their intimate
partners, even kill them, and go on to beat or kill the next intimate partner. Since
criminal prosecution is one of the few factors which may interrupt the escalating pattern
of domestic violence, we must be willing to look at that pattern during the criminal
prosecution, or we will miss the opportunity to address this problem at all.” (Assem.
Com. on Public Safety, Analysis of Sen. Bill No. 1876 (1995-1996 Reg. Sess.) as
amended May 14, 1996, at pp. 3-4.) By enacting Evidence Code section 1109, the
intention of the Legislature was to provide a mechanism for allowing evidence of
domestic violence to be used by a jury to prove that the defendant committed a charged
offense of the same type; recidivist conduct the Legislature has determined is probative
because of its repetitive nature. This would include subsequent acts of domestic violence
occurring within a reasonable time of the charged offense. (See People v. Cordova
(2015) 62 Cal.4th 104, 133 [upholding the admission of subsequent acts of sexual
violence under Evid. Code, § 1108 because “evidence of subsequent crimes may bear on
a defendant’s character at the time of the charged offense”].) Ultimately, the admission
of subsequent acts is not prohibited by the text of Evidence Code section 1109 and the
purpose of the statute supports the admission of evidence establishing a pattern of
domestic violence, subject to an analysis under Evidence Code section 352.
       Thus, defendant has not demonstrated the jury was prohibited as a matter of law
from considering defendant’s acts of domestic violence perpetrated after Christina’s
death. Accordingly, the question was put to the sound discretion of the trial court.
Defendant does not challenge that discretionary decision on appeal. Thus, defendant has
failed to prove error.

                                             35
                                              C
           The Trial Court Accurately Instructed The Jury With CALCRIM No. 375
       Defendant contends the trial court erred when instructing the jury it “could use
evidence that [defendant] ‘fraudulently collected insurance proceeds following a 1986 car
fire [and] a 2002 barn fire” as character evidence when deciding whether he: “1) ‘acted
with the intent to collect insurance proceeds in this case’; 2) ‘had a motive to commit the
offense alleged in this case’; 3) to show his ‘alleged actions were not the result of mistake
or accident’; or 4) to show he ‘had a plan or scheme to commit the offense alleged in this
case.’ ”
       Defendant first argues that the trial court’s characterization of the car and barn
fires as defendant having “ ‘fraudulently collected insurance proceeds’ ” was not
supported by a preponderance of the evidence establishing defendant caused the fires,
and thus fraudulently collected insurance proceeds. That is not a claim that the trial court
misstated the law when instructing the jury, but is instead a claim that the trial court
admitted evidence for the wrong purpose, e.g., as character evidence. Indeed, in his
argument defendant cites to only admissibility of evidence cases and summarily
concludes the cases are applicable because evidence he committed insurance fraud with
the car and barn fires was speculative. (Citing People v. Winkler (2020) 56 Cal.App.5th
1102, 1151-1152 [because the actus reus of the prior act was in dispute, it was an abuse
of discretion to admit the prior act as character evidence under Evid. Code, § 1101,
subd. (b)]; People v. Albertson (1944) 23 Cal.2d 550, 580-581 [suspicious prior conduct
cannot be admitted to bolster a theory that because the defendant likely committed the
charged crime and also likely committed the prior crime, he must have committed the
charged crime].) We will not revisit the trial court’s discretionary decision to admit the
testimony pertaining to the car and barn fires as character evidence because defendant
does not challenge that ruling. (See Imagistics Internat., Inc. v. Department of General

                                             36
Services (2007) 150 Cal.App.4th 581, 593, fn. 10 [we need not, and do not, respond to
“ ‘lurking’ ” or tangential arguments not clearly presented under a heading].)
       Properly construed as an instructional error claim, it appears defendant argues that
the wording of the jury instruction was argumentative. A jury instruction is
impermissibly argumentative if “it would invite the jury to draw inferences favorable to
[one party] from specified items of evidence on a disputed question of fact.” (People v.
Wright (1988) 45 Cal.3d 1126, 1135.) Instead, a proper instruction “ ‘should contain a
principle of law applicable to the case, expressed in plain language, indicating no opinion
of the court as to any fact in issue.’ ” (Ibid.) We disagree that the instruction was
argumentative.
       The instruction did not tell the jury that defendant fraudulently collected insurance
proceeds from the car and barn fires, but instead informed the jury that the prosecution
presented evidence that defendant fraudulently collected insurance proceeds and it was
up to the jury to first decide by a preponderance of the evidence whether defendant in fact
fraudulently collected insurance proceeds.4 A reasonable jury would have interpreted the

4        The entire instruction provided: “The [prosecution] ha[s] presented evidence that
the defendant fraudulently collected insurance proceeds following a 1986 car fire, a 2002
barn fire, and the 2008 murder of Levi . . . . You may consider this evidence only if the
[prosecution] ha[s] proved by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant in fact
committed the uncharged acts. [¶] Proof by a preponderance of the evidence is a
different burden of proof than proof beyond a reasonable doubt. A fact is proved by the
preponderance of the evidence if you conclude that it is more likely than not that the fact
is true. If the [prosecution] ha[s] not met this burden, you must disregard this evidence
entirely. [¶] If you decide that the defendant committed the uncharged acts, you may,
but are not required to, consider that evidence for the limited purpose of deciding whether
. . . A, the defendant acted with an intent to collect insurance proceeds in this case; B, the
defendant had a motive to commit the offense charged in this case; C, the defendant’s
alleged actions were not the result of [a] mistake or accident; or D, the defendant had a
plan or scheme to commit the offense charged in this case. [¶] In evaluating this
evidence consider the testimony or lack of similarity between the uncharged acts and the
charged crime. Do not conclude from this evidence that the defendant had a bad

                                             37
jury instruction to require it to first assess the evidence to determine whether it showed
defendant more likely than not started the car and barn fires, and thus fraudulently
collected insurance proceeds, before using the evidence as character evidence. We
presume the jury followed those instructions. (People v. Fiore, supra, 227 Cal.App.4th at
p. 1378.)
       Even if the car and barn fires were properly considered by the jury, defendant
argues it was a misstatement of law to instruct the jury that it could consider the evidence
to prove he committed the “ ‘offense[s] alleged in this case,’ ” i.e., Christina’s murder for
financial gain. Defendant contends the instruction should have charged the jury to use
the evidence for the limited purpose of determining only whether he started a fire for
financial gain. We are not persuaded. In the context of defendant’s case pertaining to
Christina, the financial gain could only be accomplished by the murder of Christina and
receipt of her life insurance proceeds. The record does not reflect that defendant received
any other financial benefit from the house fire. Thus, defendant’s reliance on cases
prohibiting the use of prior felonies to show a motive or plan to commit murder is
misplaced. (People v. Williams (1988) 44 Cal.3d 883, 908-909 [evidence of the
defendant’s drug use before a theft was inadmissible under Evid. Code, § 352 to show his
drug use before a murder did not affect his capacity]; People v. Lewis (2001) 25 Cal.4th
610, 635-637 [evidence of the defendant’s prior robbery was admissible to show the
defendant’s intent to take money by force during a similar robbery as long as the trial
court instructed the jury it could not use the evidence “to prove [the] defendant was a
person of bad character or that he had a disposition to commit crime”].) In the context of

character or was disposed to commit the crime. If you conclude that the defendant
committed the uncharged acts, that conclusion is only one factor to consider, along with
all the other evidence. It is not sufficient by itself to prove that the defendant is guilty of
murder or that the special allegation or murder for financial gain has been proved. The
[prosecution] still must prove each charge and allegation beyond a reasonable doubt.”

                                              38
felony murder, the intent to commit the felony is different than the intent required to
commit the murder. Here, the intent to receive financial gain was the intent the
prosecution alleged defendant held during the prior fires and during his murder of
Christina. Accordingly, the instruction properly explained the purpose for which
evidence of the car and barn fires could be used.
                                              D
            No Harm Resulted From The Trial Court’s Failure To Instruct The
           Jury On The Lesser Included Offense Of Involuntary Manslaughter
       Defendant contends the trial court had a duty to sua sponte instruct the jury with
the lesser included offense of involuntary manslaughter based on criminal negligence and
that he was prejudiced by the court’s failure to do so. We disagree.
       As stated, the trial court is required to instruct on a lesser included offense
“whenever evidence that the defendant is guilty only of the lesser offense is ‘substantial
enough to merit consideration’ by the jury.” (People v Breverman, supra, 19 Cal.4th at
p. 162.) However, “the existence of ‘any evidence, no matter how weak’ will not justify
instructions on a lesser included offense.” (Ibid., italics omitted.) The court is not
required to instruct on theories that are not supported by substantial evidence. (Ibid.)
“ ‘ “Substantial evidence” in this context is “ ‘evidence from which a jury composed of
reasonable [persons] could . . . conclude[]’ ” that the lesser offense, but not the greater,
was committed.’ ” (People v. Romero (2008) 44 Cal.4th 386, 403.)
       Unlawfully causing a fire (§ 452) is a lesser included offense of arson (§ 451;
People v. Atkins (2001) 25 Cal.4th 76, 88; People v. Hooper (1986) 181 Cal.App.3d
1174, 1182, disapproved on another ground in People v. Barton (1995) 12 Cal.4th 186,
189, fn. 7). “A person is guilty of unlawfully causing a fire when he recklessly sets fire
to or burns or causes to be burned, any structure, forest land or property.” (§ 452.) In the
chapter of the Penal Code addressing arson, “ ‘[r]ecklessly’ ” means, in pertinent part,
that “a person is aware of and consciously disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk

                                              39
that his or her act will set fire to, burn, or cause to burn a structure, forest land, or
property. The risk shall be of such nature and degree that disregard thereof constitutes a
gross deviation from the standard of conduct that a reasonable person would observe in
the situation.” (§ 450, subd. (f).)
       “[T]he offense of unlawfully causing a fire covers reckless accidents or
unintentional fires, which, by definition, is committed by a person who is ‘aware of and
consciously disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk that his or her act will set fire
to, burn, or cause to burn a structure, forest land, or property.’ [Citations.] For example,
such reckless accidents or unintentional fires may include those caused by a person who
recklessly lights a match near highly combustible materials.” (People v. Atkins, supra,
25 Cal.4th at p. 89.)
       Defendant argues his theory of the case—that the fire was an accident caused by
the utility light—supported an instruction of involuntary manslaughter based on the
theory he recklessly started a fire. He points to the prosecutor’s closing argument
describing an accidental fire started by such means as constituting implied malice
murder, and argues the inference likewise supported an instruction on involuntary
manslaughter. We do not need to address defendant’s contention because we do not
discern any resulting prejudice. (People v. Breverman, supra, 19 Cal.4th at p. 165
[failure to instruct on a lesser included offense instruction is an error under state law]; see
id. at p. 178 [we review state law error to determine whether it was “ ‘reasonably
probable’ the defendant would have obtained a more favorable outcome had the error not
occurred”].)
       According to defendant’s own argument, the jury was told the precise factual
theory of guilt he argues would have supported an involuntary manslaughter instruction
actually supported an implied malice murder verdict. Instead of convicting defendant of
implied malice murder, the jury rejected the facts supporting that legal theory and found
him guilty of the greater offense of express malice murder. If the jury had been

                                               40
instructed on an involuntary manslaughter theory, it is certain it would have rejected that
theory as well because it already rejected the facts supporting it. (See People v. Wang
(2020) 46 Cal.App.5th 1055, 1072 [“ ‘It is well established that “[e]rror in failing to
instruct the jury on a lesser included offense is harmless when the jury necessarily
decides the factual questions posed by the omitted instructions adversely to [the]
defendant under other properly given instructions.” ’ ”].) Accordingly, any alleged error
was harmless.
                                             III
                               Evidentiary Error Contentions
       Defendant raises two evidentiary contentions pertaining to his many statements to
investigators over the years. First, he argues the trial court abused its discretion under
Evidence Code section 352 by admitting the entire interview between himself and
investigators in New York. And second, defendant argues his counsel was ineffective for
failing to object to the admission of the interviews between himself and Investigator
Kent, the New York investigators, District Attorney Investigator Whitney, and the
investigator of the barn fire because much of the interviews contained hearsay statements
and many of defendant’s statements were not inconsistent. We will address defendant’s
second contention on the merits, instead of through the ineffective assistance of counsel
lens, because we ultimately conclude the contention lacks merit and an attorney is not
ineffective for failing to bring a meritless objection. (People v. Lucero (2000) 23 Cal.4th
692, 732.) Accordingly, we review the trial court’s admission of defendant’s various
interviews with investigators for an abuse of discretion. (People v. Flores (2020)
9 Cal.5th 371, 409.)
                                              A
                                        Background
       As described, defendant gave many statements to investigators over the years.
The first of defendant’s challenged interviews occurred between himself and Investigator

                                             41
Kent a little over a month after the fire when defendant called Investigator Kent to ask
about the status of the investigation. During the phone call, defendant explained the
decision to obtain life insurance for himself and Christina, the events of the kerosene spill
and broken window, and the presence of numerous boxes in the hallway. He also
recounted the events of the day of the fire, his rescuing of his children, and his failings in
rescuing Christina. He further guessed at the possible causes of the fire and the reason
why the smoke detector did not function during the fire. Defendant ended the
conversation by telling Investigator Kent he hoped for a quick resolution to his insurance
claim. The interview was relatively short and minimally diverted from the topic of the
fire investigation.
       The next interview defendant challenges is his interview with the insurance
investigator who investigated the barn fire. That interview was short, lasting
approximately 11 minutes in total. Defendant told the insurance investigator that three of
his horses died in the fire and that the horses were separately insured from the barn.
Defendant also told the investigator that just prior to the fire he had increased the amount
of the insurance policy for the barn and removed coverage for his grain bins from the
policy. Defendant told the insurance investigator his father had upgraded the wiring in
half of the barn, but the other half had not been upgraded from the old wiring.
       Defendant was also interviewed by investigators in New York about Levi’s death.
This interview was nine and a half hours long, and eight and a half hours of it was played
for the jury. At the beginning of the interview, and several instances throughout,
defendant denied telling the truth when he told his then-wife that he had killed Levi.
Defendant admitted to being present in the house on the day Levi died, but only admitted
that he found Levi after he had returned from a funeral after 4:00 p.m. Defendant denied
killing Levi.
       Much of the interview consisted of investigators urging defendant to not lie to
them and to tell the truth about what happened the day of Levi’s death. They did this

                                              42
through several interrogation techniques. The investigators sympathized with defendant
over the difficulty of raising a son with so many behavioral issues and over defendant’s
many health challenges.
       Investigators confronted defendant about Levi’s insurance policy and defendant’s
role in Levi obtaining a life insurance policy. Defendant said it was Levi’s idea to take
out the policy, but that defendant had made the first payment because Levi did not have
the money at the time. Defendant explained why he was the beneficiary of the life
insurance policy and said most, if not all, of the money had been spent instead of
defendant administering it for Levi’s daughters’ benefit.
       Defendant continued to deny having killed Levi, claiming that at the time of
Levi’s death, defendant was taking a lot of medication and physically incapable of killing
his son. Defendant again went over his conduct the day of Levi’s death and the reasons
Levi took out a life insurance policy naming defendant as the beneficiary.
       Defendant spoke about Levi’s previous house that burned down after defendant
had done some work on it. He also talked about his own business raising horses and the
barn fire in 2002 that killed four horses. Defendant then talked to the investigators
extensively about his time in the military and how he met Christina and then moved to
Calaveras County. Defendant also described the circumstances of the house fire that
killed Christina, including the kerosene spill and boarded bathroom window. Defendant
told the New York investigators that Christina got life insurance several months before
her death. Defendant also claimed that nobody had ever been suspicious of him or
accused him of killing Christina.
       The New York investigators then told defendant that the timing of Levi’s death
corresponded with the time defendant was at the house and had not yet left for the funeral
he attended that day. Following this assertion, defendant admitted to checking on Levi
before leaving for the funeral and seeing the truck had fallen on him and he was dead.

                                            43
Instead of calling for help, according to defendant, he was in shock and left Levi under
the truck until he returned from the funeral nearly four hours later.
       When the investigators asked whether he had killed Christina, defendant denied
killing her, stating Christina was the perfect wife and that they were happy in their
marriage. Defendant acknowledged that Levi had been difficult as a child and teenager
but claimed Levi had turned his life around and there was no anger between them. As an
explanation for his conduct when he discovered Levi’s body trapped under a truck,
defendant pointed to the fact that he had been taking a lot of painkillers at the time and
was not thinking clearly.
       At this point, a new investigator came into the room to talk with defendant. He
claimed to be investigating a molestation charge against Levi. Defendant said he did not
know about allegations of molestation against Levi and then discussed Levi’s prior
allegations of abuse against defendant. Defendant then extensively discussed Christina’s
death with the new investigator, including the kerosene spill, boarded bathroom window,
Christina’s insurance policy, and the lawsuit brought by the owners of the house against
him. Defendant then discussed the 2002 barn fire, including the amount he was paid in
insurance proceeds, the property he lost, and the changes in the policy in the months
before the fire. Further, defendant discussed the 1986 car fire before quickly explaining
the origins of a small fire at his workplace. The conversation turned to Levi’s house fire
before it went back to Levi’s behavior and positive prospects in the year before his death.
       Defendant described Levi’s decision to get life insurance and why he named
defendant as the beneficiary. Defendant accounted for how the money from the life
insurance was spent by himself and his then-wife. Defendant then again recounted the
events of the day of Levi’s death, claiming he found Levi after the truck had already
fallen on him. In response, the investigator confronted defendant with a statement he
made to his then-wife that he had enticed Levi to come to the house to work on the truck.
Defendant further told his then-wife he had jacked up the truck on a wobbly jack and

                                             44
pushed the truck on Levi. The investigator also confronted defendant with the
inconsistencies in his story about when he boarded up the bathroom window before
Christina’s death, when the kerosene spill occurred, and when Christina’s life insurance
policy had been purchased. After the investigator accused defendant of killing Christina
and Levi, and defendant repeatedly denied those accusations, defendant admitted to
helping Levi fix the truck by climbing inside of it, which caused the truck to fall off of
the jack and crush his son who was under it. According to defendant, it was an accident.
       The final interview defendant challenges is the interview between himself and
District Attorney Investigator Whitney. The interview started with defendant’s narrative
about the events of the 1991 house fire that killed Christina, including how the kerosene
spilled in the house, how the bathroom window became boarded up, and defendant’s
suspicions about how the fire started. Defendant told District Attorney Investigator
Whitney that after the fire, his brother and sister-in-law came to California with the
purpose of taking him and his children to New York.
       Defendant then discussed his 1986 car fire and his 2002 barn fire. He also
described the efforts he undertook to save Christina, stating he wished he had done more.
Defendant then detailed the decision to get life insurance for himself, Christina, and the
children.
       Defendant spent much time discussing Christina’s character and his marriage to
her. At times, defendant also discussed his horse business, his relationship with his
father, and his welding experience. Defendant and District Attorney Investigator
Whitney then returned to the topic of the fire and defendant discussed the events after the
fire. He said he let others make decisions for him because he was on medication and lost
the will to live given Christina’s death. He also said that Christina’s family had never
accused him of killing Christina. Defendant then recounted the events of the fire again,
including how the window became boarded up, the kerosene spill, and defendant’s
suspicions about the origin of the fire.

                                             45
          The interview continued with a discussion of defendant’s volunteer firefighter
experience. District Attorney Investigator Whitney confronted defendant about the
inconsistencies in his statements and with State Farm’s investigator’s findings, ultimately
accusing defendant of murdering Christina. Defendant denied the accusation and
continued to claim Christina was the perfect wife and that he tried to save her during the
fire.
                                               B
        The Trial Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion Under Evidence Code Section 352
          Defendant contends the trial court abused its discretion under Evidence Code
section 352 by not requiring the prosecution to edit defendant’s interview with New York
investigators. Defendant does not argue the fact he killed Levi was irrelevant or
improper character and propensity evidence. Instead, defendant argues the New York
interview constituted an undue consumption of time and was cumulative to defendant’s
admissions at his plea hearing for Levi’s murder. He further argues the interview was
unduly prejudicial because it contained multiple statements from investigators calling
defendant a liar and professing defendant’s guilt, while also painting a very sympathetic
picture of defendant’s son, who was gruesomely murdered.
          The People argue defendant forfeited this claim by failing to make a timely and
specific objection. We disagree. Defendant made several objections and the issue was
thoroughly addressed by the prosecution and the trial court. Thus, we will address the
merits of defendant’s claim and conclude there was no abuse of discretion.
          Evidence is inadmissible under Evidence Code section 352, “if its probative value
is substantially outweighed by the probability that its admission will (a) necessitate undue
consumption of time or (b) create substantial danger of undue prejudice, of confusing the
issues, or of misleading the jury.” Evidence is unduly prejudicial “ ‘if it “ ‘uniquely tends
to evoke an emotional bias against a party as an individual[,]’ ” [citation] or if it would

                                              46
[lead] the jury to “ ‘ “prejudg[e]” a person or cause on the basis of extraneous
factors.’ ” ’ ” (People v. Foster (2010) 50 Cal.4th 1301, 1331.)
       As an initial matter, we note the prosecution played approximately eight and a half
hours of the nine-and-a-half-hour interview for the jury. The court did not send the video
of the interview into the jury room for the jury to view, waiting instead for the jury to
request the video. It does not appear the jury ever requested the video.
       We agree with defendant that the interview was long, but contrary to his
contention, it was not rife with irrelevant discussion. While true defendant made
statements pertaining to his physical health, a fire that destroyed his son’s house, and his
time in the military, which were not particularly relevant, those statements were brief
and, on the whole, defendant’s interview progressed from one relevant topic to another.
       Defendant talked about his relationship with Levi, which he painted in a much
different light than his older daughter painted it—thus relevant to his credibility
generally, as well as his pattern of claiming to investigators he had happy relationships
with family members in the aftermath of their deaths under suspicious circumstances that
financially benefited him. Defendant spoke of the circumstances of taking out the
insurance policy with Levi and how Levi’s intent was to give the life insurance proceeds
to his daughters under defendant’s care and direction, but how defendant and his then-
wife spent most of the money on their own interests. This was relevant to demonstrate
defendant’s pattern and scheme to use the death of his family members for financial gain.
Defendant spoke of the barn fire and the car fire, which provided most of the evidence
regarding these subjects, and thus were not cumulative nor required to be omitted from
the interview. Defendant also recounted taking out the life insurance policy on Christina
and the fire leading to her death. Defendant’s statements pertaining to Christina’s death
included multiple inconsistencies with his prior statements, thus pointing to the
credibility of his statements generally and probative to whether he killed Christina for
financial gain.

                                             47
       Importantly, the interview was not cumulative to defendant’s admissions at the
time of his plea to his son’s murder. Defendant admitted that he intentionally lured Levi
under a truck, made the truck fall on Levi, and then failed to help Levi escape death.
Defendant did not admit to these things during his prolonged interview. Instead, with
every retelling of the circumstances surrounding Levi’s death, defendant’s story changed
such that he accepted more and more responsibility, while all the while claiming Levi’s
death was an accident. Thus, defendant’s admissions pertaining to Levi’s death were not
cumulative. His admissions further demonstrated how defendant enacted a plan and
scheme to paint Levi’s death as an accident for the purpose of financial gain, and the jury
could use those admissions to compare them to defendant’s admissions during interviews
related to Christina’s death. Accordingly, the New York interview held significant
probative value.
       Comparatively, the interview was not unduly prejudicial. To the extent the
investigators interviewing defendant voiced their belief defendant was guilty of Levi’s
and Christina’s murders or alluded to evidence outside that presented at trial, those
statements were explained during testimony as interview techniques and having been
made for the purpose of the interview. Indeed, investigators’ questions are generally not
offered for the truth, but to provide context to defendant’s answers. (See People v.
Maciel (2013) 57 Cal.4th 482, 524.) We see no undue prejudice in this regard.
       Similarly, statements regarding the condition of Levi’s body when he was crushed
under the truck or statements painting defendant’s son in a good light did not serve to pull
upon the jury’s sympathy such that it would convict defendant of his wife’s murder
simply given his conduct towards his son. Defendant had already pled guilty to Levi’s
murder and was being punished for it, and the murder of his son was not more egregious
than the murder of Christina. (See People v. Balcom (1994) 7 Cal.4th 414, 427
[prejudicial impact of evidence lessened when the defendant had been convicted of the
prior bad act because “the jury was not tempted to convict [the] defendant of the charged

                                            48
offenses, regardless of his guilt, in order to assure that he would be punished for the
uncharged offenses”].) Thus, it is unlikely the jury would have let evidence pertaining to
Levi’s death prejudicially influence its determination of defendant’s guilt pertaining to
Christina’s death. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion under Evidence
Code section 352 by admitting the New Yok interview.
                                             C
                        Defendant’s Interviews Were Not Hearsay
       Defendant contends it was an abuse of discretion for the trial court to admit the
New York interview because the interview was hearsay since it did not constitute an
inconsistent statement as proffered by the prosecution. We agree the interview did not
constitute an inconsistent statement under Evidence Code sections 770 and 1235, but that
was not the only applicable hearsay exception. The New York interview was a party
admission (Evid. Code, § 1220), and the reason it was relevant was because it contained
detailed adverse evidence against defendant and several inconsistencies with defendant’s
prior statements regarding Christina’s death and with other witnesses’ statements
regarding defendant’s relationships with Christina and Levi. The New York interview
was further relevant for the reasons outlined in the previous subsection, and thus the trial
court did not abuse its discretion by admitting the interview, and counsel was not
ineffective for failing to object to its admission on hearsay grounds.
       Defendant further contends it was an abuse of discretion for the trial court to admit
the investigators’ statements and questions during his interviews with Investigator Kent,
the investigator of the barn fire, and District Attorney Investigator Whitney. Not so. The
questions posed and statements made by investigators to defendant during these
interviews are not hearsay because they were not being offered for their truth, but to give
context to defendant’s answers. (See People v. Maciel, supra, 57 Cal.4th at p. 524.)
Again, the trial court did not abuse its discretion, and counsel was not ineffective for
failing to object to various interviews on hearsay grounds.

                                             49
       Further, because defendant has not shown a violation of the state rules of
evidence, he cannot demonstrate a due process violation. (Jones I, supra, 57 Cal.4th at
p. 957 [“the routine application of provisions of the state Evidence Code law does not
implicate a criminal defendant’s constitutional rights”].) We accordingly reject
defendant’s claim in that regard.
                                            IV
                             There Was No Cumulative Error
       Defendant contends the accumulation of errors he argues on appeal rendered his
trial fundamentally unfair. Having presumed a single instance of error, which we
determined was harmless, we conclude there was no cumulative error.
                                             V
                     The Statutory Restitution Fine Must Be Stricken
       Defendant contends the restitution requiring him to pay the value of Christina’s
life insurance proceeds, plus interest, to the daughters he shared with her must be stricken
because the fine does not repay his daughters for any loss that they experienced but
disgorges defendant of an economic gain. We disagree.
       “Restitution is constitutionally and statutorily mandated in California.” (People v.
Keichler (2005) 129 Cal.App.4th 1039, 1045; see Cal. Const., art. I, § 28; § 1202.4.)
Section 1202.4, subdivision (f) provides in relevant part: “[I]n every case in which a
victim has suffered economic loss as a result of the defendant’s conduct, the court shall
require that the defendant make restitution to the victim or victims in an amount
established by court order, based on the amount of loss claimed by the victim . . . or any
other showing to the court.” A victim is defined not only as the person targeted by the
crime, but the immediate surviving family members of the victim, or a child of the
victim, or someone that lived in the household with the victim. (§ 1202.4, subd. (k)(1),
(3)(A).)

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       We review a trial court’s restitution order for abuse of discretion, which will be
found only when there is an absence of a factual and rational basis for it. (People v.
Giordano (2007) 42 Cal.4th 644, 663-664; People v. Jessee (2013) 222 Cal.App.4th 501,
507.) “[A]n order resting on a demonstrable legal error constitutes such an abuse.”
(People v. Hume (2011) 196 Cal.App.4th 990, 995.)
       A similar issue was addressed in Jessee, wherein the appellate court determined
whether a decedent’s estate could be awarded restitution from the defendant/wife who
received the decedent’s life insurance proceeds after killing him. (People v. Jessee,
supra, 222 Cal.App.4th at pp. 507-509.)
       The Jessee court answered in the affirmative, reasoning that “[t]he logic is quite
simple. [The wife] was convicted of conspiracy to commit murder and special-
circumstance first degree murder for financial gain. There is no doubt one immediate
object of those crimes was the life insurance and other assets which were owned by [the
decedent], and which became part of [the decedent]’s estate as a result of his death. So in
this sense, [the decedent]’s estate itself is an entity against which those crimes were
committed. Under these circumstances, we conclude [the decedent]’s estate is entitled to
restitution, on its own behalf, as an entity itself directly targeted and victimized by [the
wife]’s crimes.” (People v. Jessee, supra, 222 Cal.App.4th at p. 509.)
       Here too the jury found defendant killed Christina for financial gain, and thus
deprived her estate of the life insurance money that he was not entitled to collect. (See
Prob. Code, §§ 250-252.) That money rightfully belonged to Christina’s heirs as
beneficiaries of Christina’s estate as was testified to by the State Farm agent who
investigated defendant’s case. (See Prob. Code, § 252.) Further, Christina’s heirs are
victims entitled to restitution for their loss. (Pen. Code, § 1202.4, subd. (k)(1), (3)(A).)
       Still, defendant contends his daughters did not suffer an economic loss consisting
of the insurance proceeds because he used the proceeds to pay for their life in New York
following Christina’s death. We are not persuaded. Defendant’s daughters made victim

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impact statements detailing the life they lived with defendant after their mother’s death.
Both daughters indicated defendant did not financially support them and made them work
around the house and on their farm to earn their place in the home. These statements
support the trial court’s finding that defendant’s daughters suffered economic loss
because of defendant receiving Christina’s insurance proceeds. Thus, the trial court did
not err by imposing direct victim restitution to defendant’s daughters in the amount of
Christina’s life insurance policy.
       Given this outcome, defendant further contends that, because the trial court
imposed direct victim restitution exceeding $200,000, his statutory restitution fine of
$10,000 must be stricken pursuant to the law in effect at the time he committed the crime.
The People concede the point, and we accept their concession. “It is well established that
the imposition of restitution fines constitutes punishment, and therefore is subject to the
proscriptions of the ex post facto clause and other constitutional provisions.” (People v.
Souza (2012) 54 Cal.4th 90, 143.) “Former [Penal Code] section 1202.4 and Government
Code former section 13967 required setting a restitution fine of between $200 and
$10,000, but additionally provided that in a case in which a victim has suffered an
economic loss as a result of a defendant’s conduct, a court may order that restitution be
paid directly to the victim in the amount of the losses, ‘in lieu of imposing all or a portion
of the restitution fine.’ ” (Ibid.) Thus, defendant’s judgment must be modified by
striking the $10,000 statutory restitution fine imposed under Penal Code section 1202.4,
subdivision (b).
       Finally, as it pertains to defendant’s restitution, the trial court ordered defendant to
pay 10 percent interest on the amount of Christina’s life insurance proceeds from the date
defendant received the insurance money. The abstract of judgment reflects that day to be
February 1, 1992. The parties disagree about when defendant received the life insurance
check—defendant contends the check was paid to him on January 31, 1993, and the
People contend the check was dated January 31, 1992. Indeed, both parties cite to a State

                                              52
Farm representative who testified the check was issued to defendant on January 31, 1993,
but it may have been 1992. The State Farm representative, however, went on to explain
he saw that the check was paid in 1992 pursuant to the investigation timeline that he
reviewed. Thus, it is reasonable to infer that defendant received the check the day after
State Farm issued it on January 31, 1992. Accordingly, the record supports the abstract
of judgment’s notation that defendant received the insurance proceeds from Christina’s
life insurance policy on February 1, 1992.
                                     DISPOSITION
       The judgment is modified to strike the $10,000 restitution fine imposed under
section 1202.4, subdivision (b). The judgment is affirmed as modified. The trial court
shall forward a corrected abstract of judgment to the Department of Corrections and
Rehabilitation.

                                                  /s/
                                                  ROBIE, Acting P. J.

We concur:

/s/
DUARTE, J.

/s/
MESIWALA, J.

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