Court Opinion

ID: 7360986
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-26 22:05:32.440639+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:20:33.950791
License: Public Domain

07/26/2022

                                     DA 21-0402
                                                                               Case Number: DA 21-0402

           IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

                                    2022 MT 150

THOMAS MANN POST NO. 81 OF THE
AMERICAN LEGION, DEPARTMENT OF
MONTANA, a Montana public benefit corporation,
and the TOWN OF CULBERTSON, a political
subdivision of the State of Montana,

           Plaintiffs, Counterdefendants,
           and Appellees.

     v.

KNUDSEN FAMILY LIMITED PARTNERSHIP,

          Defendant, Counterclaimant,
          and Appellant.

APPEAL FROM:       District Court of the Fifteenth Judicial District,
                   In and For the County of Roosevelt, Cause No. DV-16-13
                   Honorable David Cybulski, Presiding Judge

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

            For Appellant:

                   Emily Jones, Jones Law Firm, PLLC, Billings, Montana

            For Appellee American Legion:

                   Gregory G. Schultz, Jeffrey R. Kuchel, Crowley Fleck PLLP,
                   Missoula, Montana

            For Appellee Town of Culbertson:

                   Laura Christoffersen, Christoffersen & Knierim, P.C., Culbertson,
                   Montana
                               Submitted on Briefs: April 13, 2022

                                         Decided: July 26, 2022

Filed:
                Vir-6A.-if
         __________________________________________
                          Clerk

                           2
Justice James Jeremiah Shea delivered the Opinion of the Court.

¶1      Defendant and Counterclaimant Knudsen Family Limited Partnership (“KFLP”)

appeals the following: (1) the February 18, 2021 Order granting summary judgment to

Thomas Mann Post No. 81 of the American Legion, Department of Montana (“Legion”)

and denying KFLP’s motion for summary judgment against the Town of Culbertson

(“Town”); (2) the July 26, 2021 Order awarding costs and attorney fees to Legion; and

(3) the September 7, 2021 Final Judgment quieting title in favor of Legion by the Fifteenth

Judicial District Court, Roosevelt County. We restate and address the following issues:

     1. Whether the scope of the Town Strip easement is limited to the express terms of the
        written instrument granting a right-of-way only for a water pipeline and access
        thereto.

     2. Whether the District Court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of Legion
        by finding the existence of an implied easement by preexisting use.

     3. Whether the District Court abused its discretion in granting attorney fees without
        holding an evidentiary hearing.

¶2      We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings consistent

with this Opinion.

                  FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶3      KFLP owns and operates a ranch in Roosevelt County. This action concerns a

property dispute as to whether Legion has an easement across KFLP’s property to access

Legion Park, located along the banks of the Missouri River in Culbertson.

                                             3
                                        History of Ownership

¶4    Prior to 1911, Augusta Bruegger owned the real property now owned by KFLP and

Legion. In 1911, Bruegger conveyed a tract of land to Valley County (“County Strip”)

following a petition to open a new public highway. The County Strip was granted “to that

purpose and for the use of such highway.” In 1913, Bruegger granted an express easement

to the Town. The easement (“Town Strip”) is described in relevant part as:

      A right of way only (together with the right of access thereto at all reasonable
      times and places) for that certain pipeline of the second party over and upon
      the northeast quarter . . . , and being a strip of land twenty (20) feet wide,
      to-wit, ten (10) feet wide on each side of the center line of the water main
      pipe of the Town of Culbertson, as the same is now located and
      constructed . . . .

The County Strip and Town Strip easements are indicated in the image below:

                  29 28                                                                    28 27
                                                                                           _
                  32 ! 33                                                                  33 , 34

                                                       Sec. 33
                                                  T. 28 N., R. 56 E.

                               CW1/16             CY.

                                                                'Coon Strip
                                                            Dorooect County Road
                                                               Doc No 19706
                                                               October 3, 1911
                                                                                              I
                                                                             NPASE%

                            SWASW%

                  32.433                    Sys                                            3334
       T. 28 N.
                                                                                            4-
       T. 27 N.   54
                                                                                   GOV'T
                                                                                   Lot 1
                                                                                           4 3

                                                        4
¶5     At some point prior to 1944, James and Edna Swindle obtained the property from

Bruegger, Edna Swindle’s mother. In 1944, the Swindles donated to Legion a parcel of

their property (“Legion Park Parcel”) along the Missouri River for use as a park in tribute

to returning service members from World War II. The document of conveyance did not

include an express easement to access the Legion Park Parcel. At the time the Swindles

severed the parcel from their property, an existing road (“Access Road”), also used as the

driveway to their home, provided access to the Legion Park Parcel. The Access Road

overlaps the Town Strip and a portion of the County Strip.

¶6     In 1956, the Swindles conveyed the real property to Archie Lewis by deed,

eventually recorded in 1963. In 1991, Wayne and Janice Knudsen took title to the real

property, described as:

       Township 27 North, Range 56 East, M.P.M.:
       Section 4: NW¼NW¼, Lots 1 and 3, portions of Lots 2 and 5

       Township 28 North, Range 56 East, M.P.M.:
       Section 33: E½SW¼, W½SE¼

In 2010, Wayne and Janice Knudsen conveyed the property to KFLP by a quit claim deed,

which expressly noted the Town Strip and County Strip easements.

¶7     From severance and creation of the park in 1944, Legion and the public have

accessed the Legion Park Parcel along the Access Road. The Access Road commenced at

the northwest corner of the Legion Park Parcel, traveled about 400 feet over Section 4 of

KFLP’s property, then crossed into Section 33 overlapping a portion of the County Strip,

and continued over the Town Strip heading northwest, finally connecting to Road 1020

                                            5
and exiting the KFLP property at the northwest corner of Section 33. In 1992, the Access

Road was realigned, as pictured below, to accommodate the installation of irrigation pivots

on the KFLP property.

                          29 28                                                 28 27
                                                        C4),

                          32 1 33                                               33 ! 34

                                                               Realigned Road

                                    Original Road                                    1

                          32 i 33                                               33 134
               T. 28 N.
                            ♦
               T. 27 N.
                           5 4                                                   4       3

¶8    After the Swindles donated the Legion Park Parcel, Legion constructed a hall open

to the public, which served as its headquarters until the 1950s. In the 1960s, Legion

installed a shed for public nature observation. The park has frequently been used by the

Legion members, Boy Scouts, and the public for civic events, camping, hunting, and nature

observation.

¶9    In 1994, Legion and Miles Knudsen, a member of KFLP, entered into an agreement

wherein Knudsen agreed to move the existing Access Road effective January 1, 1995. The

agreement recognized the historic use of the Access Road by Legion and that its use as

                                                    6
ingress and egress to the Legion Park Parcel would continue for Legion and its invitees,

subject to Legion’s permission. Knudsen never relocated the road.

¶10   Beginning in the mid to late 1990s, Knudsen began impeding access to the Legion

Park Parcel. In 2016, Knudsen installed a locked gate over the Access Road to prevent

Legion, its invitees, and the public from accessing the Legion Park Parcel.

¶11   In August 2016, Legion brought this action to quiet title and to obtain a declaratory

judgment that it owns an easement across KFLP’s property for public access to the Legion

Park Parcel. The Town joined the suit, seeking to quiet title to the Town Strip granted in

1913 by Bruegger. KFLP answered the Complaint, denying Legion had an easement across

its property. KFLP filed counterclaims for quiet title against Legion and the Town.

¶12   On February 18, 2021, the District Court granted summary judgment in favor of

Legion and denied KFLP’s summary judgment motion against the Town. The District

Court held that Legion had an implied easement by preexisting use, and in the alternative,

the undisputed facts established a prescriptive easement or an easement by necessity. The

District Court granted judgment in favor of the Town after finding that “[t]aken together,

the Town Strip and the County Strip constitute a publicly-owned roadway.”

¶13   On February 26, 2021, following the grant of summary judgment in its favor, Legion

moved for an award of attorney fees and costs. In its brief opposing the award, KFLP

requested an evidentiary hearing on the reasonableness of any attorney fees granted. KFLP

also noted its request for a hearing in an April 19, 2021 email to the District Court. The

District Court, after noting “[n]either party has requested a hearing,” awarded Legion its

costs, and as supplemental relief under § 27-8-313, MCA, granted Legion its attorney fees,

                                            7
concluding the amount sought was “reasonable” and supported by Legion’s counsel’s

detailed affidavit.

                              STANDARDS OF REVIEW

¶14    We review a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. Waters v. Blagg,

2008 MT 451, ¶ 8, 348 Mont. 48, 202 P.3d 110, overruled on other grounds by Earl v.

Pavex, Corp., 2013 MT 343, 372 Mont. 476, 313 P.3d 154. Legal conclusions and mixed

questions of law and fact are also reviewed de novo. Waters, ¶ 8 (citations omitted).

¶15    A district court’s award of reasonable attorney fees is a discretionary act we will not

reverse absent an abuse of discretion. Rothing v. Kallestad, 2007 MT 109, ¶ 53, 337 Mont.

193, 159 P.3d 222 (citations omitted).

                                      DISCUSSION

   1. Whether the scope of the Town Strip easement is limited to the express terms of the
      written instrument granting a right-of-way only for a water pipeline and access
      thereto.

¶16    KFLP argues the District Court’s findings of fact regarding the Town Strip are

clearly erroneous because they exceed the scope expressed in the written instrument of

conveyance. KFLP asserts that by declaring that the Town Strip and County Strip “[t]aken

together” constitutes “a publicly-owned roadway,” the District Court incorrectly

transformed a right-of-way utility easement into a public roadway owned by the Town in

fee simple. On appeal, the Town concedes that the water pipeline easement “granted in

1913 by Augusta Bruegger remains ‘as is,’” and argues the District Court did not expand

the scope of the easement.

                                              8
¶17    “Where an easement is specific in nature, the breadth and scope of the easement are

strictly determined by the actual terms of the grant.” Mason v. Garrison, 2000 MT 78,

¶ 21, 299 Mont. 142, 998 P.2d 531 (citing Bridger v. Lake, 271 Mont. 186, 191, 896 P.2d

406, 408 (1995); § 70-17-106, MCA; Titeca v. State, 194 Mont. 209, 214, 634 P.2d 1156,

1159 (1981)). If the grant of an easement “is specific in its terms, it is decisive of the limits

of the easement.” Titeca, 194 Mont. at 214, 634 P.2d at 1159 (quoting 25 Am. Jur. 2d

Easements and Licenses § 73, at 479).

¶18    On appeal, the Town and KFLP, in all material respects, are in agreement: the terms

of the 1913 written easement define the scope of the Town Strip easement as a “right of

way only” to the Town’s water pipeline and “the right of access thereto at reasonable times

and places.” To the extent the District Court ostensibly expanded the 1913 written

easement defining the scope of the Town Strip by granting summary judgment against

KFLP on the Town’s complaint, this was in error. Because the parties are not in material

dispute, we need not address this issue further.1

    2. Whether the District Court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of Legion
       by finding the existence of an implied easement by preexisting use.

¶19    The District Court held Legion had an implied easement by preexisting use, or in

the alternative, an easement by necessity or by prescription. Because we conclude the

1
  Withholding further analysis regarding whether the District Court erred by expanding the Town
Strip’s scope to allow public access is also warranted because, in any event, public access to the
Legion Park Parcel is available via the implied easement by preexisting use, which overlaps with
the Town Strip, as discussed in the next section.
                                                9
District Court correctly held Legion has an implied easement by preexisting use, we need

not address the District Court’s alternative holdings.

¶20     An easement by implication is created by operation of law at the time of severance,

rather than by written instrument. Albert G. Hoyem Tr. v. Galt, 1998 MT 300, ¶ 17, 292

Mont. 56, 968 P.2d 1135. An implied easement by preexisting use arises if “a use exists

on the ‘servient part’ that is reasonably necessary for the enjoyment of the ‘dominant part,’

and a court determines that the parties intended the use to continue after division of the

property.” Waters, ¶ 14 (quoting Wolf v. Owens, 2007 MT 302, ¶ 16, 340 Mont. 74, 172

P.3d 124). The party asserting an implied easement by preexisting use must show the

following three elements: (1) the tracts at issue were severed from common ownership; (2)

the use that exists on the servient tract is apparent, continuous, and reasonably necessary

for the beneficial use and enjoyment of the dominant tract at the time of severance, and (3)

the parties to the deed intended the use to continue after division of the property. Waters,

¶ 14.

¶21     To establish the intent element, the court may make an inference “from the use

itself.” JRN Holdings, LLC, v. Dearborn Meadows Land Owners Ass’n, 2021 MT 204,

¶ 31, 405 Mont. 200, 493 P.3d 340 (citations omitted). An inference of intent must stem

from use that “continued so long and was so obvious or manifest as to show that it was

meant to be permanent.” Graham v. Mack, 216 Mont. 165, 174, 699 P.2d 590, 596 (1984)

(quoting 2 Thompson on Real Property, § 351 (1980)).

¶22     KFLP argues the District Court erred by resolving multiple material issues of

disputed fact. In particular, KFLP asserts that the Swindles’ intent is disputed and cannot

                                             10
be established only through articles published by the local newspaper, and that Legion

failed to provide any other evidence that Legion and the Swindles intended for the Access

Road to continue to serve as access to the Legion Park Parcel after severance. KFLP also

takes issue with the court’s reliance on the “nature of [the] gift” when it determined the

parties’ intent. In response, Legion argues that in addition to historical newspaper articles,

it provided multiple historic lay witness affidavits and two expert affidavits to support its

assertion of the historical use of the Access Road, aerial photography dating back to the

1940s, and expert testimony from a local title examiner to support its claim of an implied

easement. Legion asserts KFLP offered no evidence to controvert the evidence it provided

the District Court.

¶23    It is undisputed that both parcels at issue were owned by the Swindles at the time of

severance and that the Swindles used the Access Road as their driveway and for ingress

and egress to the Legion Park Parcel prior to severance. Prior to severance, use of the

Access Road was reasonably necessary to access the Legion Park Parcel—the servient

Road acted as a quasi-easement for the dominant Parcel. It is from the existence of that

use prior to severance, “that it may be inferred that the parties intended the use to continue,

and thus the quasi-easement ripens into a true easement upon severance.” Yellowstone

River, LLC v. Meriwether Land Fund I, LLC, 2011 MT 263, ¶ 36, 362 Mont. 273, 264 P.3d

1065. Use by Legion, its invitees, and the public, obviously and manifestly continued as

intended for decades prior to KFLP obtaining ownership of its property in the 1990s.

¶24    KFLP has not provided any evidence to dispute the ongoing use of the Access Road,

but instead asserts it “discovered evidence of other routes used to access the Legion Park

                                              11
Parcel, including signs with arrows pointing to the park that had fallen down.” This

evidence does nothing to controvert that the Access Road was intended to be used to access

the Legion Park Parcel and only serves to expand the areas in which Legion and the public

have historically crossed KFLP’s property, rather than limit it. While KFLP may speculate

that other routes in addition to the Access Road have been used over the years, it has failed

to meet its burden to controvert the evidence that the location as asserted by Legion, namely

the Access Road, has been historically used by Legion and the public to access the park for

decades. Conclusory statements, speculative assertions, and mere denials are insufficient

to defeat a motion for summary judgment. Tin Cup Cty. Water v. Garden City Plumbing

& Heating, Inc., 2008 MT 434, ¶ 54, 347 Mont. 468, 200 P.3d 60. KFLP has failed to

provide contradicting evidence that the Access Road was intended—and has, in fact, been

used—to access the Legion Park Parcel; speculative guesses as to other potential routes

periodically used are insufficient to defeat Legion’s motion for summary judgment. The

District Court did not err in finding the intent element of an implied easement by

preexisting use.

¶25    KFLP additionally argues the District Court resolved disputed material facts as to

the scope of the easement. The scope of an implied easement is “controlled by the apparent

intent of the landowner who effected a severance of the dominant and servient estates.”

Waters, ¶ 20 (citing Tungsten Holdings, Inc. v. Kimberlin, 2000 MT 24, ¶ 27, 298 Mont.

176, 994 P.2d 1114, overruled on other grounds by Shammel v. Canyon Res. Corp., 2003

MT 372, 319 Mont. 132, 82 P.3d 912); see also JRN Holdings, ¶ 38. The original owner’s

intent as to the scope of an implied easement is determined by “not only the actual uses

                                             12
being made at the time of the severance, but also to such uses as the facts and circumstances

show were within reasonable contemplation of the parties at the time of the conveyance.”

Tungsten Holdings, ¶ 25 (citation omitted).       The extent of an easement created by

implication “is to be measured . . . by such uses as the parties might reasonably have

expected from future uses of the dominant tenement.” Tungsten Holdings, ¶ 27 (quoting

Restatement of Prop.: Servitudes, § 484 cmt. b (Am. Law Inst. 1944)). Thus, the court’s

role in determining the scope of an implied easement is limited to the reasonable uses at

the time of severance and those future uses that the parties might have reasonably expected.

¶26    The District Court did not err by determining that the undisputed facts establish the

scope of the easement to provide ingress and egress to the Legion Park Parcel to Legion,

its invitees, and the public. KFLP has failed to provide any evidence that limits the scope

of that easement—there is nothing in the record to support an intent of any other uses for

the Access Road other than general access to Legion Park.

¶27    The District Court did not err in granting summary judgment to Legion and in

quieting title in favor of Legion’s implied easement by preexisting use of the Access Road.

The Access Road has and shall continue to provide access to the Legion Park Parcel to

Legion, its invitees, and the public.

   3. Whether the District Court abused its discretion in granting attorney fees without
      holding an evidentiary hearing.

¶28    The District Court awarded Legion its attorney fees as supplemental relief pursuant

to § 27-8-313, MCA, in the Uniform Declaratory Judgments Act. KFLP appeals this

decision, arguing the District Court erred in awarding fees without holding an evidentiary

                                             13
hearing to demonstrate the proper amount of fees. KFLP asserts it requested a hearing not

only on the amount of fees awarded but also on whether the award was “appropriate.”

Legion agrees with KFLP that the District Court should have held an evidentiary hearing

on the amount of attorney fees, but argues KFLP limited its request for a hearing in the

proceedings below to the reasonableness of the amount of the award. Legion further argues

KFLP has not provided any legal authority to support its claim that it is entitled to a hearing

on the propriety of the award itself.

¶29    KFLP has limited its objection below and on appeal as to the amount of attorney

fees and not the appropriateness of the grant itself. In the briefing below, KFLP’s request

for a hearing was expressly limited to the reasonableness of any fee award contingent on

the court first granting attorney fees: “[I]f the Court is inclined to award fees to the Legion,

KFLP requests an evidentiary hearing on the reasonableness of those fees.” In its opening

brief on appeal, KFLP did not provide any reasoning, nor provide any citation to authority,

as to why the grant of attorney fees itself was an abuse of discretion. The burden to

establish a district court’s error lies with the appellant and “cannot be established in the

absence of legal authority.” State v. Hicks, 2006 MT 71, ¶ 22, 331 Mont. 471, 133 P.3d

206 (quoting State v. Bailey, 2004 MT 87, ¶ 26, 320 Mont. 501, 87 P.3d 1032). It is not

this Court’s “obligation to conduct legal research on appellant’s behalf, to guess as to his

precise position, or to develop legal analysis that may lend support to his position.”

In re Estate of Bayers, 1999 MT 154, ¶ 19, 295 Mont. 89, 983 P.2d 339 (citation omitted).

Therefore, we limit our review to whether the District Court erred in holding a

reasonableness hearing as to the amount of attorney fees awarded.

                                              14
¶30    We have consistently held that a court must hold an evidentiary hearing rather than

award attorney fees “based solely on the affidavit of counsel.” Rothing, ¶ 53 (citing Rossi

v. Pawiroredjo, 2004 MT 39, ¶ 29, 320 Mont. 63, 85 P.3d 776). An award of attorney fees

“must be based on competent evidence” and proper determination of the amount of fees is

“central to the efficient administration of justice and maintenance of public confidence in

the bench and bar.” Rossi, ¶ 29 (quoting First Sec. Bank of Bozeman v. Tholkes, 169 Mont.

422, 429, 574 P.2d 1328, 1332 (1976)).

¶31    KFLP requested an evidentiary hearing in its brief opposing Legion’s application

for attorney fees. The court awarded Legion its attorney fees as supplemental relief under

§ 27-8-313, MCA, but based the amount of those fees solely on the affidavit of Legion’s

counsel.   The District Court failed to hold an evidentiary hearing regarding the

reasonableness of the award. Without consideration of evidence to support the amount

requested, the award in this case was improper. Rothing, ¶ 54.

                                    CONCLUSION

¶32    The parties agree the Town’s easement is limited by the express terms of the written

conveyance. To the extent the District Court ostensibly expanded the scope of the 1913

written easement by granting summary judgment against KFLP on the Town’s complaint,

this ruling is reversed. We affirm the District Court’s ruling that Legion has an implied

easement by preexisting use. We reverse the District Court’s grant of attorney fees to

Legion as to the amount of fees awarded, and remand for an evidentiary hearing as to the

reasonableness of those fees.

                                            15
                            /S/ JAMES JEREMIAH SHEA

We Concur:

/S/ LAURIE McKINNON
/S/ INGRID GUSTAFSON
/S/ DIRK M. SANDEFUR
/S/ JIM RICE

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