Court Opinion

ID: 9362938
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-01-13 15:09:16.738056+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:15:26.537396
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: JANUARY 6, 2023; 10:00 A.M.
                        NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

                 Commonwealth of Kentucky
                           Court of Appeals

                              NO. 2020-CA-1620-MR

BRADLEY WILLIAMS                                                       APPELLANT

                   APPEAL FROM HARDIN CIRCUIT COURT
v.                 HONORABLE KELLY M. EASTON, JUDGE
                         ACTION NO. 20-CR-00231

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY                                                 APPELLEE

                            OPINION
      AFFIRMING IN PART, VACATING IN PART, AND REMANDING

                                   ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: CALDWELL, MCNEILL, AND TAYLOR, JUDGES.

MCNEILL, JUDGE: Bradley Williams (“Williams”) appeals from the final

judgment of the Hardin Circuit Court sentencing him to fifteen years’

imprisonment. At trial, Williams was convicted of second-degree assault, second-

degree strangulation, first-degree unlawful imprisonment (two counts), second-

degree disorderly conduct, alcohol intoxication in a public place, resisting arrest,

fourth-degree assault, and being a first-degree persistent felony offender. After our
review, we vacate the portion of the judgment imposing jail fees and affirm the

remainder of the judgment.

             On the evening of January 12, 2020, Williams and his girlfriend,

Elizabeth Lewis (“Lewis”), were sitting at her apartment watching football and

drinking alcohol when an altercation ensued between them over Lewis’ cell phone.

Williams pushed Lewis onto the stairs, banged her head into the steps, and began

choking and hitting her. When Williams stopped assaulting Lewis to check on a

pizza they were cooking, Lewis grabbed her son and ran outside to find help.

             Williams followed Lewis outside, seized her by the hair, and dragged

her back to the apartment. A neighbor heard Lewis screaming and called the

police. Back inside the apartment, Williams continued assaulting Lewis. The

police arrived and arrested Williams, and Lewis was taken to the hospital.

Williams was charged with first-degree strangulation, second-degree disorderly

conduct, public intoxication, resisting arrest, second-degree assault, first-degree

unlawful imprisonment (two counts), fourth-degree assault, and being a first-

degree persistent felony offender.

             At trial, Williams admitted to all the allegations except strangulation.

Following the evidence, the jury convicted Williams on all charges and the trial

court sentenced him to fifteen years’ imprisonment. This appeal followed.

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               Williams first argues he is entitled to a new trial based upon Juror

406’s failure to disclose her acquaintance with the prosecutor,1 citing Gullett v.

Commonwealth, 514 S.W.3d 518 (Ky. 2017). During voir dire, the trial court

questioned the jury panel about their potential familiarity with either of the parties:

“Do any of you know them, on some way that is not just acquaintance, you know

this person in some way that might influence how you would listen to a case they

are involved in. Anybody know these six people?” The prosecutor followed up

with a similar question: “The folks that were not with us last week and were [sic]

able to hear these questions, do any of you all think that you know me, on some

personal level, or professionally, either from when I was in private practice or now

that I am a prosecutor?”

               Juror 406 did not answer either of the questions. On day two of the

trial, defense counsel learned that Juror 406 knew the prosecutor through her job as

secretary at the school the prosecutor’s children attended. Juror 406 had served on

a jury the prior week and disclosed this information and another defense attorney

had used a preemptory strike to remove her. Based upon this knowledge,

Williams’ attorney asked the trial court to make Juror 406 an alternate. The trial

1
  We note that, technically, Williams never moved for a new trial, but instead requested the trial
court to use Juror 406 as an alternate, effectively striking her for cause. However, because the
trial court essentially conducted a juror mendacity analysis, we consider this argument preserved
for appellate review.

                                               -3-
court denied the motion, finding there was no evidence Juror 406 should have been

stricken for cause or answered untruthfully any question asked by the judge or the

parties.

             “To obtain a new trial because of juror mendacity, ‘a party must first

demonstrate that a juror failed to answer honestly a material question on voir

dire, and then further show that a correct response would have provided a valid

basis for a challenge for cause.’” Adkins v. Commonwealth, 96 S.W.3d 779, 796

(Ky. 2003) (quoting McDonough Power Equip., Inc. v. Greenwood, 464 U.S. 548,

556, 104 S. Ct. 845, 850, 78 L. Ed. 2d 663 (1984)). Here, Williams cannot show

that Juror 406 failed to honestly answer any question posed during voir dire. The

trial court asked the jurors if anyone knew the prosecutor in a way “that might

influence how you would listen to a case they are involved in.” The question

specifically excluded relationships based upon mere acquaintance. There is no

evidence that Juror 406’s relationship with the prosecutor was anything more than

an acquaintance, or any evidence that Juror 406 could not be impartial.

             Similarly, the prosecutor’s question – if anyone knew her either

personally or professionally – was limited to jurors who had not served the

previous week. Juror 406 had heard and answered truthfully that question the

week before. Therefore, her failure to answer the prosecutor’s question during voir

dire in this case is not evidence of juror mendacity.

                                         -4-
             Williams’ reliance upon Gullett, supra, is misplaced. In that case,

our Supreme Court determined the challenged juror had been deliberately

deceptive in failing to disclose the criminal prosecutions of her family members.

The juror had been asked no less than four times – by the trial judge directly, by

the prosecutor, by the defense attorney, and on the juror qualification form –

whether a family member had been involved in a criminal prosecution and had

remained silent. The questions were clear, and her silence was dishonest. Here,

there is no evidence of deliberate deception. Juror 406’s silence was an honest

response to the prosecutor’s and trial court’s actual questions.

             It is worth noting that Williams himself failed to ask any questions

during voir dire which might have led to the disclosure of Juror 406’s acquaintance

with the prosecutor or seek clarification from jurors concerning their responses to

the trial court and prosecutor’s narrowly tailored questions. “Appellant himself

bears the primary responsibility to ask the proper question on voir dire

examination and a failure to so inquire will generally preclude relief.” Moss v.

Commonwealth, 949 S.W.2d 579, 581 (Ky. 1997). Further, our Supreme Court has

rejected the argument that an appellant would have used his preemptory strikes to

exclude a juror based on after-acquired evidence under similar facts. See id. (“If

we allowed such a practice, after-acquired information could always be used in

                                         -5-
post-trial assertions that a particular juror would have been excused had the

undisclosed information been known.”).

             Williams next argues that the prosecutor elicited improper class habit

and bolstering testimony from a police officer and a Sexual Assault Nurse

Examiner (abbreviated SANE and informally referred to as a SANE nurse).

However, this argument was never presented to the trial court and is thus not

properly preserved for our review. As summarized by our Supreme Court in

Norton Healthcare, Inc. v. Deng, 487 S.W.3d 846 (Ky. 2016):

             We have long endorsed a rule that “specific grounds not
             raised before the trial court, but raised for the first time
             on appeal will not support a favorable ruling on
             appeal.” When a trial court never has the opportunity to
             rule on a legal question presented to an appellate court,
             an appellant presents a different case to the appellate
             court than the one decided by the trial court. Indeed, an
             appellate court is “without authority to review issues not
             raised in or decided by the trial court.” The proper role
             for an appellate court is to review for error – and there
             can be no error when the issue has not been presented to
             the trial court for decision.

Id. at 852 (citations omitted).

             During the Commonwealth’s case-in-chief, the prosecutor asked both

the SANE nurse and a police officer about Lewis’ inconsistent statements

concerning whether she was strangled with one or two hands. Both the officer and

SANE nurse testified that inconsistent statements were not uncommon when

recounting a traumatic event. Williams objected on the basis that this testimony

                                          -6-
was outside of the SANE nurse’s expertise,2 not that this testimony was improper

habit evidence or bolstering. Therefore, we will not address these arguments.

                 For his third assignment of error, Williams argues the prosecutor

committed a Moss violation by asking him whether another witness was lying.

During cross-examination, the prosecutor questioned Williams about a witness’

account of the assault:

                 Commonwealth: Your testimony is that Mr. Perkins is, I
                 guess, lying when he describes this as an event from
                 [World Wrestling Entertainment]?

                 Williams: Yes, ma’am.

                 Commonwealth: Did you ever meet this man before?

                 Williams: No.

                 Commonwealth: You didn’t see him that night?

                 Williams: No.

                 Commonwealth: And he’s just an average Hardin County
                 citizen and he’s just gonna come in here and lie on you?
                 That’s your testimony?

                 Williams: I don’t know ma’am.

                 Williams concedes that this issue is not preserved for appeal and

requests that this Court review for palpable error under RCr3 10.26. The

2
    Williams did not object to the officer’s similar testimony.
3
    Kentucky Rules of Criminal Procedure.

                                                  -7-
Commonwealth responds that, even if the questions were improper, they did not

amount to palpable error. We agree. “In order to demonstrate an error rises to the

level of a palpable error, the party claiming palpable error must show a probability

of a different result or [an] error so fundamental as to threaten a defendant’s

entitlement to due process of law.” Allen v. Commonwealth, 286 S.W.3d 221, 226

(Ky. 2009) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

             Williams contends that the prosecutor’s questions prejudiced the jury

into disbelieving his testimony that he did not strangle Lewis. Essentially, he

argues that because his defense to the strangulation charge turned on his

credibility, painting him as a liar undermined his entire testimony and resulted in

manifest injustice. While Williams is correct that it is generally improper for a

witness to be required to characterize another witness’ testimony as lying, Moss,

949 S.W.2d at 583, our Supreme Court “has never found a Moss violation to rise to

palpable error under RCr 10.26[.]” Parker v. Commonwealth, 482 S.W.3d 394,

406 (Ky. 2016) (citing Luna v. Commonwealth, 460 S.W.3d 851 (Ky. 2015)). We

similarly find no palpable error in this case. Contrary to Williams’ assertions,

there was substantial evidence supporting the strangulation charge from Lewis and

the SANE nurse’s testimony concerning Lewis’ injuries. Williams’ failure to

object precludes relief.

                                         -8-
               Williams next argues the trial court erred in imposing jail fees without

evidence Hardin County had a jail fee reimbursement policy, citing two

unpublished Kentucky cases, Melton v. Commonwealth, No. 2016-SC-000552-

MR, 2018 WL 898307 (Ky. Feb. 15, 2018), and Jackson v. Commonwealth, No.

2018-CA-000543-MR, 2019 WL 2246172 (Ky. App. May 24, 2019).4 He

acknowledges this error is unpreserved. “Nonetheless, since sentencing is

jurisdictional it cannot be waived by failure to object. Thus, sentencing issues may

be raised for the first time on appeal[.]” Travis v. Commonwealth, 327 S.W.3d

456, 459 (Ky. 2010) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Williams

requests palpable error review.

               We agree the trial court erred in imposing jail fees based upon our

Supreme Court’s recent holding in Capstraw v. Commonwealth, 641 S.W.3d 148

(Ky. 2022). In Capstraw, a case which, coincidentally, also originated in Hardin

Circuit Court, the Court reiterated “that in order to impose jail fees against a

criminal defendant during sentencing, there must be some evidence presented that

a jail fee reimbursement policy has been adopted by the county jailer with approval

of the county’s governing body in accordance with [Kentucky Revised Statute]

KRS 441.265(2)(a).” Id. at 161-62. Here, there is no evidence of record that

4
 Additionally, Williams argues the imposition of jail fees was error because the trial court found
him indigent. Because we vacate the fees on other grounds, this argument is moot.

                                               -9-
Hardin County had adopted a jail fee reimbursement policy pursuant to statute.

Therefore, we vacate the $50 in jail fees.

             Finally, Williams argues that his conviction should be reversed

because of cumulative error. We disagree. Cumulative error is “the doctrine under

which multiple errors, although harmless individually, may be deemed reversible if

their cumulative effect is to render the trial fundamentally unfair.” Brown v.

Commonwealth, 313 S.W.3d 577, 631 (Ky. 2010). Here, the only error we

recognized at trial was the unpreserved Moss issue which did not rise to the level

of prejudice required to find palpable error. “Where . . . none of the errors

individually raised any real question of prejudice, we have declined to hold that the

absence of prejudice plus the absence of prejudice somehow adds up to

prejudice.” Id. (citation omitted).

             For the foregoing reasons, we vacate that portion of the Hardin Circuit

Court’s judgment imposing jail fees. We affirm the remainder of the judgment and

remand for entry of a new judgment consistent with this Opinion.

             ALL CONCUR.

                                         -10-
BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT:     BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:

Robert C. Yang            Daniel Cameron
Frankfort, Kentucky       Attorney General of Kentucky

                          Kristin L. Conder
                          Assistant Attorney General
                          Frankfort, Kentucky

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