Court Opinion

ID: 219745
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2011-06-27 16:04:56+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:08:43.112358
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                        United States Court of Appeals
                                                                Tenth Circuit

                                                                June 27, 2011
                                    PUBLISH                 Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                Clerk of Court
                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                                TENTH CIRCUIT

 CLEARONE COMMUNICATIONS,
 INC., a Utah corporation,

       Plaintiff - Appellee,
 v.
 LONNY BOWERS; JUN YANG;                    Nos. 09-4092; 09-4094; 09-4100;
 ANDREW CHIANG; WIDEBAND                  09-4166; 09-4167; 09-4168; 09-4169;
 SOLUTIONS, INC., a Massachusetts         09-4182; 09-4237; 10-4020; 10-4087;
 corporation; VERSATILE DSP, a                         10-4152
 Massachusetts corporation,

       Defendants - Appellants.

 DONALD BOWERS; DAVID
 SULLIVAN; DIAL HD, INC.,

       Interested Parties - Appellants.

        APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                   FOR THE DISTRICT OF UTAH
                  (D.C. No. 2:07-CV-00037-TC-DN)

Randolph Frails, Augusta, Georgia, for Defendants-Appellants Andrew Chiang,
Jun Yang, Lonny Bowers, WideBand Solutions, Inc., Versatile DSP, Inc., Donald
Bowers, David Sullivan, and Dial HD, Inc.

James E. Magleby (Christine T. Greenwood, Christopher M. Von Maack, and
Jennifer Fraser Parrish, with him on the briefs), of Magleby & Greenwood, P.C.,
Salt Lake City, Utah, for Plaintiff-Appellee.
Before BRISCOE, Chief Judge, HOLLOWAY and HOLMES, Circuit Judges.

BRISCOE, Chief Judge.

      Plaintiff ClearOne Communications, Inc. (ClearOne) filed suit against

defendants Andrew Chiang, Jun Yang, Lonny Bowers, WideBand Solutions, Inc.,

and Versatile DSP, Inc. (collectively the WideBand defendants), alleging

misappropriation of trade secrets. ClearOne also asserted claims against Chiang

and Yang for breach of fiduciary duty, as well as claims against Yang for breach

of contract and breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing. The case

proceeded to trial, where the jury found in favor of ClearOne on all of its claims.

The district court entered a final judgment, as well as a permanent injunction, in

favor of ClearOne. The district court subsequently found that the WideBand

defendants, in connection with interested parties Donald Bowers, DialHD, and

David Sullivan, violated the terms of the permanent injunction. Accordingly, the

district court expanded the scope of its permanent injunction to include the

activities of these interested parties. The WideBand defendants and the interested

parties (collectively the Appellants) have filed a number of appeals, including the

twelve consolidated appeals now at issue. Exercising jurisdiction pursuant to 28

U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm.

                                         2
                                         I

                              A. Factual background

      ClearOne’s purchase and ownership of the Honeybee Code

      ClearOne is a Utah corporation with its principal offices in Utah. At the

time of its inception in the early 1980’s, ClearOne, which was then known as

Gentner Communications Corporation (Gentner), manufactured and sold

equipment exclusively for the radio broadcasting market. In the early 1990’s,

Gentner sought to expand its product offerings by entering the audio

teleconferencing equipment market. Gentner determined that, in order to do so

successfully, it had to first develop a method of dealing with acoustic echo, which

occurs when sound from a loudspeaker is picked up by a microphone in the same

room. Accordingly, in 1991, Gentner assigned a team of its engineers to develop

an acoustic echo cancellation (AEC) process using a special computer chip called

a digital signal processor (DSP). The team first created an algorithm to

accomplish the task of AEC. The team then programmed the algorithm into the

DSP chips. That process involved first translating the algorithm into “high-level”

computer programming language, or source code. The source code was then

converted into a lower-level programming language called assembly code, and

finally into object code, which is a sequence of binary number instructions.

      Gentner’s engineering team produced its first AEC product approximately

two years later. That product, however, did not perform well in the market. The

                                         3
engineering team thus continued to work on AEC technology and in 1997

completed the Gentner Distributed Echo Cancellation (DEC) algorithm that was

subsequently utilized in a line of AEC products called Audio Perfect. The Audio

Perfect line of products helped Gentner capture the largest market share in the

commercial audio market.

      In the spring of 2000, Gentner began investigating the possibility of

purchasing the assets, including the intellectual property, of a company called

ClearOne, Inc. (Old ClearOne). Gentner did so for two reasons. First, Gentner

was interested in obtaining a videoconferencing computer program, nicknamed

Killerbee, that Old ClearOne was developing. Second, Gentner was looking to

expand into the tabletop teleconferencing market and was aware that Old

ClearOne had developed and was close to marketing a portable tabletop

teleconferencing phone, the Old ClearOne speakerphone, that utilized an

internally developed AEC algorithm, nicknamed the Honeybee Code. The

advantage to Gentner of purchasing the Honeybee Code was that it would allow

Gentner immediate entry into the tabletop market, as opposed to Gentner’s

engineering team having to internally develop a unique AEC product for the

tabletop market.

      Gentner’s vice president of technology, Tracy Bathurst, was assigned to

perform due diligence on Old ClearOne’s products prior to Gentner entering into

a purchase agreement with Old ClearOne. Bathurst traveled to Old ClearOne’s

                                         4
offices in May 2000, met with each of Old ClearOne’s engineers, including

defendant Yang, and reviewed the source code for both the Killerbee and

Honeybee products.

      In July 2000, Gentner entered into an asset purchase agreement with Old

ClearOne, pursuant to which Gentner, in exchange for approximately $3,758,000,

purchased most of Old ClearOne’s assets, including its intellectual property and

its corporate name. As part of the asset purchase, Gentner kept Old ClearOne’s

Massachusetts office open and employed some of Old ClearOne’s engineers,

including Yang, to continue work on the Honeybee and Killerbee projects. In

order to protect the confidentiality of the Honeybee and Killerbee source codes,

Gentner required Yang and the other Old ClearOne employees to sign

confidentiality and noncompetition and invention assignment agreements.

      Gentner, which changed its name to ClearOne following completion of the

asset purchase agreement, subsequently attempted to market the Old ClearOne

speakerphone. Sales, however, were disappointing. Consequently, in the summer

of 2002, ClearOne removed the speakerphone from the market and destroyed its

remaining inventory of the speakerphones. ClearOne in turn placed the Honeybee

source code into its archive, thereby making it available to its engineers for

possible future use.

      Biamp and Echonology

      Biamp Systems (Biamp) is a small, Oregon-based company that designs,

                                          5
manufactures, and sells commercial audio equipment, and thus competes directly

with ClearOne in the commercial audio market. Prior to 2002, Biamp had

licensed AEC technology from another company for use in its Voice Crafter

acoustic echo canceller. By the spring of 2002, however, sales of the Voice

Crafter were fading. Because Biamp did not own the rights to, and thus could not

modify, the AEC technology used in the Voice Crafter, and because it had not

been able to develop internally its own AEC technology, Biamp began looking for

other sources from which to license AEC technology.

      In June 2002, Biamp was approached by defendant Lonny Bowers, who

alleged that he represented a company called Echonology, L.L.C. (Echonology).

Lonny Bowers stated that Echonology was comprised of himself, Yang (who left

his employment with ClearOne in the spring of 2001), and defendant Chiang, the

former president and a former shareholder of Old ClearOne. Lonny Bowers

informed Biamp that Echonology was interested in providing Biamp with AEC

technology.

      The president of Biamp, Ralph Lockhart, subsequently exchanged e-mail

messages with Chiang. Chiang informed Lockhart that Echonology’s

technologies concentrated in the areas of AEC and line echo cancellation.

Lockhart in turn asked Chiang to submit to him any materials that could provide

Biamp with a better insight into Echonology and the work its shareholders had

previously performed at ClearOne or Old ClearOne. Chiang provided Lockhart

                                        6
with a resume that indicated that Chiang, while at Old ClearOne, had successfully

developed an award-winning audio conferencing phone (the Old ClearOne

speakerphone). Chiang further provided Lockhart with a resume for Yang

indicating that Yang had experience with AEC and line echo cancellation

algorithm development.

      In July 2002, Lonny Bowers, Chiang and Yang traveled to Oregon and met

with Lockhart and Matthew Czyzewski, Biamp’s vice president of engineering.

The two Biamp representatives informed Lonny Bowers, Chiang and Yang that

Biamp was looking to obtain AEC technology. Chiang and Yang in turn

discussed their involvement with Old ClearOne’s AEC technology.

      Biamp subsequently prepared and submitted to Lonny Bowers, Chiang and

Yang a specification outlining the criteria it wanted an AEC algorithm to meet.

Lonny Bowers, Chiang and Yang in turn provided Biamp with a proposal for

developing an AEC algorithm that would meet Biamp’s specification. The

proposal provided that programming of the algorithm would take approximately

four months. The proposal outlined two alternative pricing options: a price of

$400,000 for the object code alone; or a price of $650,000 for both the object and

source code. 1 Biamp ultimately rejected the proposal, primarily due to cost

      1
        According to the record, source code is a so-called “high-level” computer
programming language that is readable by humans. Source code is ultimately
converted into object code, which is a sequence of binary number instructions that
is readable by the computer.

                                         7
concerns.

      At no point during the discussions did Lonny Bowers, Chiang or Yang

inform Biamp that Echonology was a fictitious company.

      ClearOne’s license agreement with Biamp

      After rejecting the proposal submitted by Lonny Bowers, Chiang and Yang,

Biamp continued to look elsewhere for AEC technology. Ultimately, in late 2002,

Biamp agreed to license from ClearOne the Gentner DEC algorithm. As part of

the license agreement, ClearOne modified the Gentner DEC algorithm so that it

would function on the computer chip utilized in Biamp’s hardware. ClearOne did

not provide Biamp with the source code for the modified algorithm. Instead,

ClearOne gave Biamp only a disk containing the object code for the modified

algorithm.

      WideBand

      In 2003, Lonny Bowers, Chiang and Yang formed WideBand Solutions,

Inc. (WideBand), a Massachusetts corporation. Lonny Bowers served as president

of the company, Chiang was vice president, and Yang served as treasurer and

chief technology officer. Lonny Bowers raised capital for WideBand by telling

potential investors that Yang played a significant role in the development of Old

ClearOne’s and ClearOne’s AEC technology.

      Yang proceeded to produce for WideBand an AEC algorithm and related

software called FC101. WideBand began marketing that product in early 2004.

                                         8
Yang in turn used the FC101 software to create a second AEC algorithm and

related software product called WC301. The WC301 product was placed on the

market in the third quarter of 2004.

      Versatile

      Yang subsequently created a separate Massachusetts corporation called

Versatile DSP (Versatile). Yang and Versatile entered into an agreement with

WideBand, pursuant to which WideBand granted Yang and Versatile the

ownership rights in the object code developed by WideBand, and Yang and

Versatile in turn granted WideBand the right to sublicense the object code.

Although the agreement also afforded WideBand the right to purchase the source

code for a predefined amount, it purported to reserve for Yang the conceptual

knowledge or ideas underlying the source code.

      WideBand and Biamp

      In March 2004, WideBand met with Biamp and proposed to provide Biamp

with a software license for AEC technology at a significantly lower price than

Biamp was paying ClearOne to license the modified Gentner DEC algorithm.

Biamp agreed to the proposal and the parties entered into a written licensing

agreement. In February 2005, WideBand provided Biamp with the final version

of the anticipated AEC software. Biamp’s AEC-related product incorporating the

WideBand AEC technology, called the AEC2W card, began shipping to

consumers that same month.

                                         9
      In approximately mid-2005, Biamp and WideBand discussed the possibility

of Biamp purchasing WideBand’s assets, including both the source and object

codes for the AEC technology that Biamp was licensing from WideBand. As part

of those discussions, on September 5, 2005, Lonny Bowers sent an e-mail to

Czyzewski at Biamp noting that “this algorithm [i.e., the algorithm provided by

WideBand to Biamp] has functioned successfully in the market for approximately

six years,” “[d]ating back to the ClearOne, Inc. phone . . . .” JA at T2749.

Ultimately, Biamp chose not to acquire WideBand, and instead began internally

developing its own AEC algorithm. Biamp ultimately produced its own working

AEC algorithm and began selling products incorporating that technology in the

fall of 2006.

      ClearOne’s discovery of Biamp’s relationship with WideBand

      At approximately the same time that Biamp began licensing AEC

technology from WideBand, it ceased licensing the modified Gentner DEC

algorithm from ClearOne. After learning that Yang and Chiang were associated

with WideBand, ClearOne began to investigate whether WideBand had used any

of ClearOne’s proprietary technology. To do so, ClearOne hired an independent

engineer, purchased a Biamp AEC product, and had the independent engineer

extract the object code from that product. Following completion of the engineer’s

work, ClearOne filed this suit.

                                         10
                            B. Procedural background

      ClearOne’s complaint

      On January 3, 2007, ClearOne filed suit in Utah state court against Chiang,

Yang, WideBand, and Biamp asserting a variety of claims, including breach of

contract (against Yang), breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing

(against Yang), misappropriation of trade secrets (against Yang, Chiang and

WideBand), threatened or future misappropriation of trade secrets (against

Biamp), conversion (against Yang, Chiang and WideBand), unjust enrichment

(against all defendants), breach of fiduciary duty (against Yang and Chiang),

constructive trust (against Yang and Chiang), and tortious interference with

business relations (against Yang, Chiang and WideBand). Chiang, Yang and

WideBand removed the case to federal district court on the basis of diversity

jurisdiction.

      ClearOne subsequently filed four amendments to its complaint. The

relevant amendments included (a) adding Lonny Bowers and Versatile as

defendants (and asserting claims against them for misappropriation of trade

secrets, conversion, unjust enrichment, and tortious interference), (b) asserting

against Yang, Chiang, Lonny Bowers, WideBand and Versatile claims for

future/threatened misappropriation of trade secrets, and (c) asserting against

Biamp a claim for misappropriation of trade secrets. ClearOne’s claims for

conversion, unjust enrichment, and tortious interference with business relations

                                         11
were ultimately dismissed by the district court.

      Pretrial injunction

      On August 13, 2007, ClearOne filed a motion for temporary restraining

order (TRO) and preliminary injunction. In support of its motion, ClearOne

alleged, in pertinent part, that on July 26, 2007, WideBand had consummated a

license agreement with Harman Music Group, Inc. (Harman), a Utah corporation,

pursuant to which WideBand would provide Harman with AEC technology “at a

fire-sale price,” id. at D2544, and would also indemnify Harman “from and

against . . . any money judgment entered against” Harman if it were included in

the instant action, id. at D2545.

      On October 30, 2007, the district court issued an order and memorandum

decision granting ClearOne’s motion for preliminary injunction. Specifically, the

district court enjoined “Yang, as well as his agents, servants, officers, employees,

entities and those acting under his direction or control, . . . from working on or

delivering any computer code—either source code or object code—to Harman

until the completion of trial.” Id. at D4985.

      Trial proceedings

      On October 20, 2008, ClearOne proceeded to trial against all defendants on

its trade secret misappropriation claims, against Yang for breach of contract and

breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing, and against Yang and Chiang for

breach of fiduciary duty. As part of its case-in-chief, ClearOne presented

                                          12
testimony from two expert witnesses, one of whom testified that the WideBand

defendants continued to possess the Honeybee Code on their personal computers

after leaving employment with ClearOne, and the other of whom testified that the

Honeybee Code was employed by defendant Yang to produce the algorithms he

created at WideBand.

      After hearing eleven days of evidence, the jury returned a special verdict

finding in favor of ClearOne on each of its claims against the defendants. The

jury further found that each of the defendants acted willfully and maliciously in

misappropriating ClearOne’s trade secrets, and that Yang and Chiang also acted

willfully and maliciously in breaching their fiduciary duties to ClearOne. The

jury in turn awarded ClearOne damages in the following amounts:

      • compensatory damages against Yang for breach of contract and
      breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing in the amount of
      $3,557,000;

      • compensatory damages against Yang, Chiang, Lonny Bowers,
      Versatile and WideBand for misappropriation of a trade secret in the
      amount of $956,000;

      • compensatory damages against Biamp in the amount of $956,000;

      • unjust enrichment damages against Yang, Chiang, Lonny Bowers,
      and Versatile in the amount of $317,000;

      • unjust enrichment damages against WideBand in the amount of
      $951,000;

      • unjust enrichment damages against Biamp in the amount of
      $694,000;

                                         13
      • compensatory damages against Chiang for breach of fiduciary duty
      in the amount of $1,500,000;

      • compensatory damages against Yang for breach of fiduciary duty in
      the amount of $2,000,000;

      • punitive damages against Chiang for breach of fiduciary duty in the
      amount of $3,000,000; and

      • punitive damages against Yang for breach of fiduciary duty in the
      amount of $4,000.000.

      Permanent injunction

      On April 9, 2009, the district court issued a permanent injunction against

all of the defendants. The injunction permanently enjoined the WideBand

defendants “from disclosing, using or transferring in any way the trade secret

owned by . . . ClearOne . . . called the Honeybee Code (including its unique

algorithms or sub-algorithms that are not in the public domain), whether in the

form of source code, object code, or any other form, and any code or product

substantially derived from the Honeybee Code,” id. at D17520, as well as

“disclosing, using, or transferring in any way the product development

documentation for the Honeybee Code or any other documentation that reveals the

contents of the Honeybee Code,” id. at D17521. The injunction also prohibited

the WideBand defendants from “marketing, selling, manufacturing, develop[ing],

modif[ying], duplicat[ing], or transport[ing] or deliver[ing] . . . technology

containing the Honeybee Code or any product substantially derived from the

Honeybee Code . . . .” Id. The injunction prohibited Biamp “from using,

                                          14
disclosing, or transferring the object code licensed to it by WideBand for use in

its ‘AEC2W’ cards . . . , including use of such code to service any past or existing

customers.” Id. at D17522.

      Post-trial rulings and entry of final judgment

      On April 20, 2009, the district court issued an order and memorandum

decision addressing various post-trial motions. The district court concluded, in

pertinent part, that (a) the jury’s findings in favor of ClearOne on its

misappropriation of trade secrets claims against Yang and Chiang effectively

preempted ClearOne’s claims against Yang and Chiang for breach of fiduciary

duty (since these latter claims were based on the same theft of ClearOne’s trade

secret), (b) ClearOne was not entitled to prejudgment interest on the damage

awards, (c) “an award of exemplary damages against each of the Defendants

[wa]s appropriate,” id. at D17554, “in an amount equal to two times the

compensatory damages” awarded against each of the WideBand defendants, id. at

D17558, and “in an amount equal to the sum of its compensatory and unjust

enrichment damages” with respect to Biamp, id. at D17561, and (d) ClearOne was

not entitled to judgment against defendants Yang, Chiang, Lonny Bowers, or

Versatile for unjust enrichment damages. The district court also calculated

exemplary damages for each defendant, denied without prejudice ClearOne’s

request for an order pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1963 allowing it to register and

enforce the final judgment in other jurisdictions, and denied various pro se

                                          15
motions filed by defendant Lonny Bowers.

      On that same date, a clerk’s judgment was entered for attorney fees and

related nontaxable expenses in the amount of: $983,879.90 in favor of ClearOne

against Biamp, Versatile, WideBand, Chiang, Yang and Lonny Bowers, jointly

and severally; $118,025.00 in favor of ClearOne against Biamp; and $907,645.87

in favor of ClearOne against Chiang, Yang, Lonny Bowers, WideBand, and

Versatile, jointly and severally.

      On April 21, 2009, the district court entered judgment in favor of ClearOne

and against the defendants. The judgment stated as follows:

      IT IS ORDERED AND ADJUDGED

      that judgment be entered in favor of the plaintiff against (1) Andrew
      Chiang in the amount of $1,912,000.00 (jointly and severally with all
      six of the Defendants) and individually liable for $637,332.00 in
      exemplary damages; (2) against Jun Yang in the amount of
      $1,912,000.00 (jointly and severally with all six of the Defendants)
      and individually liable for $637,332.00 in exemplary damages; (3)
      against Lonny Bowers in the amount of $1,912,000.00 (jointly and
      severally with all six of the Defendants); (4) against Wide[B]and
      Solutions in the amount of $1,912,000.00 (jointly and severally with
      all six of the Defendants) and individually for $951,000.00 for unjust
      enrichment and $2,539,332.00 in exemplary damages; (5) against
      Versatile DSP in the amount of $1,912,000.00 (jointly and severally
      with all six of the Defendants) and individually liable for
      $637,332.00 in exemplary damages; and (6) against Biamp Systems
      Corp. in the amount of $1,912,000.00 (jointly and severally with all
      six of the Defendants) and individually liable for $694,000.00 for
      unjust enrichment and $1,012,666.00 in exemplary damages.

Id. at D17588.

                                        16
      Post-judgment contempt proceedings

      On July 16, 2009, ClearOne moved to enforce the permanent injunction and

for contempt. In support, ClearOne alleged that the defendants had “transferred

the assets of WideBand . . . to a new, sham company called DialHD, Inc.

(‘DialHD’).” Id. at D20339. ClearOne further alleged that DialHD was

“registered to Lonny Bowers’ father, Donald Bowers, . . . [was] operat[ing] out of

the same Connecticut office as previously . . . occupied by WideBand,” and was

“continu[ing] the same business as WideBand,” in particular selling

“‘BoardroomHD’” products that incorporated “the same trade secrets and related

technology that [we]re the subject of the . . . Permanent Injunction.” Id.

ClearOne also alleged that the defendants, Donald Bowers, and WideBand

employee David Sullivan “ha[d] conspired and transferred, hidden, and claimed to

destroy, the very Wide[B]and assets that th[e] Court ordered to be preserved in at

least three orders, in addition to the Permanent Injunction.” Id.

      On July 17, 2009, the district court directed the Appellants to appear before

the court on July 31, 2009, and “show cause at that time why they should not be

held in contempt of the court’s orders . . . for the conduct described in”

ClearOne’s motion. Id. at D20411. Although the district court’s order authorized

the Appellants “to appear at the hearing by telephone,” id. at D20412, it “strongly

urge[d] [them] to appear in person,” id., and warned that if they did not, “they

[would] be precluded from offering testimony, offering witnesses, or cross-

                                          17
examining witnesses,” id. at D20413 (emphasis in original), and would instead be

limited to “listen[ing] to the evidence presented and . . . mak[ing] argument on

[their] own behalf,” id. The district court also directed the Appellants to provide

ClearOne with specific written disclosures prior to the July 31st hearing. Id. at

D20414-15.

      On July 28, 2009, Lonny Bowers, Chiang and Yang each filed pro se

motions, in letter form, asking the district court to reconsider the portion of its

July 17, 2009 show cause order requiring them to appear in person. Lonny

Bowers alleged, in summary fashion, that he was “not able to attend th[e] hearing

in person due to [his] financial situation and [his] family situation” and thus

requested “to appear telephonically.” Id. at D20589. Chiang, as a basis for his

motion, cited his “personal financial difficulty,” his involvement in a separate

court hearing in Boston on July 30, 2009, and his lack of “involvement with

DialHD . . . .” Id. at D20591. Yang, as the basis for his motion, cited only his

involvement in the same July 30, 2009 court hearing in Boston. Id. at D20590.

The district court denied these motions, noting that each defendant had the option

of “appear[ing] by telephone, listen[ing] to the evidence[,] and argu[ing] on his

own behalf.” Id. at D20595.

      On July 31, 2009, ClearOne appeared at the hearing in person through

counsel. Appellants appeared on their own behalf, via telephone. The district

court heard testimony from three witnesses and received exhibits submitted by

                                           18
ClearOne. At the conclusion of the hearing, the district court issued a TRO

“effective immediately as of its issuance in open court.” Id. at D20682.

       On August 5, 2009, the district court issued a written order memorializing

its findings in support of the TRO. The district court found that ClearOne “ha[d]

demonstrated a substantial likelihood of success on the merits of its claim that

[certain] DialHD Infringing Products illegally utilize[d] the Honeybee Code,” and

“ha[d] met the other elements necessary for issuance of a TRO to preserve the

status quo with regard to these products.” Id. at D20683. Accordingly, the

district court held that the DialHD infringing products would “be considered as

subject to the same restrictions as set forth” in the permanent injunction order

with respect to WideBand’s infringing products. Id. The district court also

ordered Donald Bowers and DialHD “not to transfer, encumber, pledge, alienate,

or try to dispose of or hide any DialHD . . . assets until further order of” the

court. Id. at D20684.

       On August 17, 2009, Chiang, Yang and Lonny Bowers filed an emergency

motion for reconsideration. Id. at D20852. In support, these three defendants

complained that they were not allowed to cross-examine ClearOne’s witnesses at

the July 31, 2009 contempt hearing. Id. at D20853. These three defendants asked

the district court to amend its TRO “in such a way as to permit Donald Bowers

and Dial[HD] . . . to market, sell, manufacture, develop, modify, duplicate, and

transfer DialHD products,” or “set[] aside . . . the . . . TRO in its entirety . . . .”

                                            19
Id. at D20854. Alternatively, they asked for “the opportunity for all parties

subject to the July 17, 2009 Order to present evidence, offer testimony, and cross-

examine [ClearOne]’s witnesses at a new hearing on all issues pertaining to [the]

TRO . . . .” Id. The district court denied the motion on August 31, 2009, noting

that the motion “raise[d] arguments the court ha[d] already heard and denied for

various reasons apparent on the record” and thus “raise[d] nothing new and ha[d]

no merit.” Id. at D21401.

      On October 22, 2009, ClearOne moved for an order to show cause for

violation of the TRO. In support, ClearOne alleged that the Appellants had failed

to remove from the market certain offending products, and that a sham Chinese

company was utilizing the Honeybee Code to manufacture offending products for

DialHD. On October 26, 2009, the district court directed the WideBand

defendants, DialHD, and David Sullivan to appear before the court on November

9, 2009, and “show cause at that time why they should not be held in contempt of

the court’s orders . . . for the conduct described in” ClearOne’s motion. 2 Id. at

D22026. The district court prohibited any party from appearing by telephone, and

provided that “[a]ny party who d[id] not appear at the November 9, 2009

hearing—either in person or through a licensed attorney who ha[d] made a formal

      2
        The district court’s order did not list Donald Bowers because, at the time
of the order, he had filed a personal Chapter 7 bankruptcy petition in Georgia, and
the automatic stay issued in connection with that bankruptcy proceeding had not
been lifted.

                                          20
appearance in th[e] case—[would] be precluded from offering testimony, offering

witnesses, or cross-examining witnesses.” Id. at D22027 (emphasis in original).

      On November 5, 2009, the WideBand defendants, DialHD, and David

Sullivan filed a joint emergency motion to continue the November 9, 2009 show

cause hearing. In support, they alleged that Lonny Bowers “ha[d] contracted

H1N1 Influenza, and, as such, w[ould] not be able to attend the [scheduled]

hearing.” Id. at D22166. The district court denied the motion to continue, but

granted Lonny Bowers permission “to appear by telephone to testify on direct

examination and to be cross-examined.” Id. at D22191.

      The district court held a hearing on ClearOne’s motion on November 9,

2009. On November 19, 2009, the district court issued an order finding that

Lonny Bowers, Yang, WideBand, and DialHD were “in contempt of court for . . .

selling WideBand’s Simphonix Si-400 product in the guise of DialHD’s AEC4

and HD4551 products, all of which contain[ed] the Honeybee Code.” Id. at

D22291. The district court rejected the assertion by Lonny Bowers, Yang,

WideBand and DialHD that “an alleged ‘rogue’ Chinese company, Longoo,” was

responsible for the misconduct. Id. at D22313. The district court ordered “the

Contemnors . . . to pay attorneys’ fees and damages sustained by ClearOne as a

result of their contemptuous behavior.” Id. The district court also (a) expanded

its TRO and permanent injunction “to expressly include the DialHD HD4551

product and any other DialHD product using the Honeybee Code,” id. at D22351,

                                        21
(b) directed “DialHD . . . and all those working in active concert or participation

with [it to] immediately halt all development, sale, and/or marketing of all

DialHD products, including in China,” id., (c) directed “Contemnors [to] arrange

for and obtain delivery to . . . ClearOne . . . of all code and other design materials

and intellectual property covered by the” permanent injunction and TRO, id. at

D22352, (d) ordered Lonny “Bowers to self-surrender to th[e] court on Friday,

January 8, 2010 . . . for incarceration . . . unless and until he ha[d] proven to the

court that he and WideBand . . . ha[d] . . . complied with the court’s order to halt

the development, sale, and/or marketing of all DialHD products,” arranged for

delivery of all infringing products to be delivered to ClearOne, “made full and

genuine disclosures and cooperated in discovery,” id., and (e) ordered “Yang to

self-surrender to th[e] court on . . . January 8, 2010 . . . unless and until . . . he

ha[d] proven to the court that he ha[d] made full and genuine disclosures and

cooperated in discovery,” id.

       On January 8, 2010, the district court held a contempt hearing. Counsel for

Lonny Bowers and Yang appeared at the hearing, but neither Lonny Bowers nor

Yang personally appeared. After hearing arguments from counsel, the district

court concluded that Lonny Bowers and Yang had failed to purge themselves of

contempt, and thus issued arrest orders for them and directed that they be

incarcerated until they purged themselves of contempt.

       On February 11, 2010, ClearOne filed an ex parte motion for the addition

                                            22
of Donald Bowers to the district court’s November 19, 2009 contempt order and

amended permanent injunction. In support, ClearOne alleged that on December

29, 2009, the bankruptcy court overseeing Donald Bowers’ Chapter 7 bankruptcy

proceedings “lifted the automatic stay, specifically to allow the contempt

proceedings against Donald Bowers to go forward.” Id. at D22695. The district

court denied ClearOne’s motion, but issued a show cause order on April 7, 2010

directing Donald Bowers to “appear personally or through counsel before the

court on . . . May 27, 2010 . . . to show cause . . . why he should not be held in

contempt of the court’s” August 5, 2009 TRO. Id. at D22743 (emphasis in

original omitted).

      On May 27, 2010, the district court held the scheduled show cause hearing.

Donald Bowers did not appear in person, but was represented by counsel at the

hearing. On August 13, 2010, the district court issued a civil contempt order and

memorandum decision finding Donald Bowers “in contempt of court for his acts

violating the court’s prohibition on possession, disclosure, use, marketing, or

selling products containing ClearOne’s stolen trade secret and the court’s

prohibition on diversion of Defendant WideBand Massachusetts’ assets.” Id. at

D23424. More specifically, the district court found that Donald Bowers

“surreptitiously re-packag[ed] and s[old] products containing the stolen trade

secret” and “participated in the diversion of WideBand Massachusetts’ assets in

an attempt to avoid the WideBand Defendants’ obligation to pay a multi-million

                                          23
dollar judgment to ClearOne.” Id. at D23426. The court further found that

Donald Bowers “ha[d] committed fraud on the court by making false statements

to the court and withholding material information from the court in a manner

obstructing the court’s ability to enforce its orders and final judgment against the

WideBand Defendants.” Id. at D23424-25. In short, the district court concluded

that “[a]ll of the evidence [established] Donald Bowers’ complete lack of regard

for the jury verdict and the court’s rulings.” Id. at D23455. Accordingly, the

district court directed that (a) the August 5, 2009 TRO be “expanded to expressly

include Donald Bowers,” id., (b) the amended permanent injunction . . . be

modified and expanded “to reflect the developments” noted in its order, id., (c)

“Donald Bowers, and all those working in active concert or participation with

[him] . . . immediately halt all development, sale, and/or marketing of all DialHD

products, including in China,” id., (d) “Donald Bowers arrange for and obtain the

delivery to the United States, care of ClearOne or its designated agent, of all code

and other design materials and intellectual property covered by the Amended

Permanent Injunction,” id. at D23455-56, and “provide written evidence to the

court and ClearOne confirming that he ha[d] done so, no later than . . . September

17, 2010,” id. at D23456, (e) “Donald Bowers . . . self-surrender to th[e] court on

. . . October 13, 2010 . . . for incarceration (or be subject to arrest through a

bench warrant) unless and until he ha[d] proven to the court that he ha[d]”

complied with the court’s directives, id., and (f) Donald Bowers pay ClearOne’s

                                           24
reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs in pursuing the contempt order against him.

      On that same date, August 13, 2010, the district court also issued a second

amended permanent injunction against all of the defendants in the case, as well as

Donald Bowers. The injunction, in pertinent part, permanently enjoined the

WideBand defendants and Donald Bowers “from disclosing, using or transferring

in any way the . . . Honeybee Code (including its unique algorithms or sub-

algorithms that [we]re not in the public domain), whether in the form of source

code, object code, or any other form, and any code or product substantially

derived from the Honeybee Code,” as well as “from disclosing, using, or

transferring in any way the product development documentation for the Honeybee

Code or any other documentation that reveal[ed] the contents of the Honeybee

Code.” Id. at D23459. The injunction also listed specific infringing products,

including various WideBand products, as well as “DialHD[’s] . . . products

sometimes identified as the ‘AEC4,’ the ‘Mix-4’ or ‘Automixer,’ and the

HD4551; and the Longoo ACON1001.” Id. at D23460.

      On October 13, 2010, the district court held a hearing to determine whether

Donald Bowers “had purged himself of contempt by disclosing and providing

[the] specified information and infringing products.” Dist. Ct. Docket No. 2319,

at 1. “Based on” what it characterized as “the meager submission to th[e] court

by Donald Bowers along with the fact that he did not appear at the hearing despite

being ordered to do so,” the district court found “that Donald Bowers ha[d] not

                                        25
purged himself of contempt and [wa]s subject to arrest and incarceration in an

attempt to coerce his compliance with the court’s Contempt Order.” Id.

Consequently, that same day the district court issued a bench warrant for Donald

Bowers for failure to appear before the court.

       WideBand defendants’ motion for disclosure of “secret docket”

       On March 3, 2011, the WideBand defendants filed with the district court a

pleading entitled “EMERGENCY MOTION FOR ACCESS TO ‘COURT ONLY

USER DOCKET.’” Dist. Ct. Docket No. 2454. In that motion, the WideBand

defendants alleged that “[o]n February 11, 2011, the Magistrate issued [an order]

which acknowledged the existence of a dual docketing system called the ‘Court

User Only Docket,” id. at 1 (ending quotation mark omitted in the original), and

“ordered the docket be shared with Co-Defendant Biamp systems but did not

grant access to the WideBand Defendants’ lead and appellate attorney . . . .” Id.

The WideBand defendants further alleged that they would be “severely prejudiced

[in the appellate process] by not having access to ex parte communications

between the court and ClearOne consisting of sealed Motions and any sealed

Orders.” Id. at 2 (italics in original). The WideBand defendants thus

“request[ed] access to the ‘Court Only User Docket’ by giving the docket sheets

and all filings to their attorney . . . .” Id.

       The district court has not yet ruled on the WideBand defendants’ motion.

                                                 26
                                            II

      Now at issue before us are twelve consolidated appeals (Nos. 09-4092, 09-

4094, 09-4100, 09-4166, 09-4167, 09-4168, 09-4169, 09-4182, 09-4237, 10-4020,

10-4087, and 10-4152) asserting fourteen general issues: (1) whether the district

court abused its discretion in awarding ClearOne permanent injunctive relief that

was not limited in geographic, temporal, or prohibitive scope; (2) whether the

district court abused its discretion in denying the WideBand defendants’ Federal

Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b) motions for relief from judgment and stay of

enforcement; (3) whether the district court’s post-verdict damage award was

impermissibly excessive; (4) whether the district court erred in denying defendant

Lonny Bowers’ motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction; (5) whether

the special verdict form utilized by the district court was deficient for failing to

require the jury to specifically find that a trade secret in fact existed and that all

the elements of a misappropriation claim existed; (6) whether the district court

erred in concluding that Utah law, rather than Massachusetts law, applied to

ClearOne’s misappropriation of trade secrets claims; (7) whether the district court

erred in denying the WideBand defendants’ motions for summary judgment and

judgment as a matter of law; (8) whether the district court erred in granting a

TRO in favor of ClearOne on August 5, 2009; (9) whether the district court

violated the Appellants’ due process rights by prohibiting them from cross-

examining witnesses and submitting evidence at the July 31, 2009 contempt

                                           27
hearing; (10) whether the district court’s July 17, 2009 show cause order directing

the Appellants to appear before it on July 31, 2009, and outlining the parameters

of that hearing, violated Appellants’ due process rights; (11) whether the district

court properly exerted personal jurisdiction over DialHD and Donald Bowers at

the July 31, 2009 contempt hearing; (12) whether the district judge erred in

refusing to recuse; (13) whether the district court erred in affirming the magistrate

judge’s award of attorneys’ fees and costs; and (14) whether the WideBand

defendants’ emergency motion for access to the “Court Only User Docket” should

be granted (an issue that was raised for the first time in the WideBand defendants’

appellate reply brief). As discussed in greater detail below, we find no merit to

any of these arguments, and thus affirm the judgment and post-judgment rulings

of the district court.

                         Scope of permanent injunctive relief

       The Appellants contend that the district court erred in awarding ClearOne

permanent injunctive relief because that relief was not limited in geographic,

temporal, or prohibitive scope, and ClearOne had an adequate remedy at law.

“This court reviews a district court’s grant of a permanent injunction for abuse of

discretion.” Rocky Mountain Christian Church v. Bd. of Cnty. Comm’rs, 613
F.3d 1229, 1239 (10th Cir. 2010). “A district court abuses its discretion when it

issues an arbitrary, capricious, whimsical, or manifestly unreasonable judgment.”

Id. at 1239-40 (internal quotation marks omitted). “It is well settled [that] an

                                          28
injunction must be narrowly tailored to remedy the harm shown.” Garrison v.

Baker Hughes Oilfield Operations, Inc., 287 F.3d 955, 962 (10th Cir. 2002).

      The second amended (and final) permanent injunction entered by the

district court on August 13, 2010, prohibited the WideBand defendants and

Donald Bowers:

      a) “from disclosing, using or transferring in any way the trade secret
      owned by . . . ClearOne . . . called the Honeybee Code (including its
      unique algorithms or sub-algorithms that are not in the public
      domain), whether in the form of source code, object code, or any
      form, and any code or product substantially derived from the
      Honeybee Code”; and

      b) “from disclosing, using, or transferring in any way the product
      development documentation for the Honeybee Code or any other
      documentation that reveals the contents of the Honeybee Code.”

JA at D23459. The injunction further provided:

      Because the following “Infringing Products” contain or are
      substantially derived from the Honeybee Code, they are also subject
      to the permanent injunction: the AEC2W object code licensed to
      Biamp . . . ; the computer code licensed to Harman Music Group,
      Inc. . . . ; WideBand’s FC101 product; WideBand’s WC301 product;
      WideBand’s WC301A product; WideBand’s Simphonix product;
      DialHD, Inc.’s products sometimes identified as the “AEC4,” the
      “Mix-4” or “Automixer,” and the HD4551; and the Longoo
      ACON1001.

Id. at D23460. Finally, the injunction emphasized that these restrictions

“appl[ied] not only to each of the WideBand Defendants . . . , but also to each of

their agents, servants, officers, employees, entities, and those acting in concert

with them (including, but not limited to, DialHD, Inc. and Longoo in China, as

                                          29
represented by the website www.longoocn.com), and/or those acting under their

direction or control, to the fullest extent allowed by law.” Id.

      The Appellants first argue on appeal that the injunction is overly broad

because it would require enforcement efforts “outside of the United States . . . .”

Aplt. Br. at 32-33. We find this argument wholly unpersuasive. The only portion

of the injunction that addresses activity outside of the United States is the

language that (a) prohibits production and distribution of the Longoo ACON1001

product, and (b) prohibits “Longoo in China,” or any other persons or entities

acting in concert with the WideBand defendants, from violating the injunction.

Far from being overly broad, this language focuses exclusively on activities that

were determined by the district court to have occurred in violation of its original

permanent injunction order, i.e., the production of offending products in China.

Such language was, in light of the district court’s findings, entirely warranted.

Indeed, without this language, the district court’s original permanent injunction

would have been rendered meaningless.

      The Appellants next argue that the injunction “has forever prohibited

[them] from participating in the acoustic echo cancellation/noise reduction

industry in any form or fashion anywhere and at any time.” Id. at 33. They in

turn argue that “[n]othing on the record supports the imposition of or can

establish the necessity of an injunction of unlimited duration.” Id. They further

argue that “ClearOne’s purported ‘trade secret’ could be reproduced by any party

                                          30
reasonably versed in audio/echo cancellation software in approximately three

months, and could certainly be reproduced in less than a year.” Id. “Any

unlawful ‘head start’ the WideBand Defendants may have gained at the time

ClearOne was awarded the Injunction evaporated long ago,” they argue, and thus

the permanent injunction “is ripe for dissolution.” Id. at 33-34.

      We reject these arguments for a number of reasons. First, the record on

appeal, including the jury’s verdict, does not support the Appellants’ suggestion

that an identical algorithm could be developed from scratch in a year or less.

Although Yang made similar assertions during his testimony at trial, those

assertions were directly refuted by ClearOne’s witnesses (who indicated that

development of an AEC algorithm is difficult and can take years), and were

likewise obviously rejected by the jury. Further, the district court, in entering the

original permanent injunction against the WideBand defendants, expressly noted

that “it [wa]s exceptionally difficult to create a functional [AEC] code and

algorithm . . . .” JA at D17508. Second, regardless of how long it takes to

develop a new AEC algorithm, the evidence presented at trial refutes the

Appellants’ suggestion that they, or anyone for that matter, could develop AEC

software identical to the Honeybee Code. As ClearOne’s witnesses explained at

trial, there are a host of algorithmic and programming choices that can be made in

developing competing AEC software, making it difficult, if not impossible, for

two individuals working independently to produce the same algorithm. Third, the

                                          31
district court’s injunction does not effectively prohibit the Appellants from

working in the audio/echo cancellation industry; rather, it simply prohibits them

from making use of ClearOne’s trade secret, i.e., the Honeybee Code. Fourth,

Utah’s Uniform Trade Secrets Act (UUTSA), under which ClearOne proceeded,

expressly provides for the imposition of injunctive relief during the life of the

trade secret at issue, as well as “for an additional reasonable period of time in

order to eliminate commercial advantage that otherwise would be derived from

the misappropriation.” Utah Code Ann. § 13-24-3(1). Finally, the Appellants’

post-trial contemptuous conduct clearly supports the unlimited duration of the

district court’s injunction. In sum, we conclude the district court did not abuse its

discretion with regard to the temporal restrictions (or lack thereof) of its

injunction.

      The Appellants argue that injunctive relief was not warranted at all because

ClearOne had an adequate remedy at law, i.e., it “obtain[ed] multimillion dollar

awards against each . . . of the WideBand Defendants . . . .” Aplt. Br. at 35.

Importantly, however, the district court expressly found otherwise. When the

district court entered its original permanent injunction, it found that damage to

ClearOne’s competitive market position and goodwill was likely to occur if the

WideBand defendants’ use of the Honeybee Code was not enjoined. The district

court noted that “[b]ecause of the value of the unique and functional Honeybee

Code . . . , any possession and use by a competitor (such as Biamp and

                                          32
WideBand) of that functional algorithm would irreparably harm ClearOne.” JA at

D17508. Further, the district court found that ClearOne “ha[d] established a

‘cognizable danger’ that the WideBand Defendants w[ould] commit future

violations,” and it noted that the WideBand defendants had acted willfully and

maliciously in misappropriating the Honeybee Code, had been “less than

forthcoming” with the court, id., and exhibited a “blatant disregard for clear

duties” owed to ClearOne, and thus could not be relied on by the district court or

ClearOne to act in a lawful manner, id. at 17509. Moreover, the district court

concluded that “enjoining sales of specific WideBand products containing and

using the Honeybee Code” was “a necessary consequence of the WideBand

Defendants’ misconduct,” and would thus eliminate any competitive advantage

WideBand obtained over ClearOne by misappropriating its technology. Id.

Notably, the WideBand defendants have not attempted to refute any of these

rationales. Moreover, it is apparent from the record on appeal that ClearOne has

had, and is likely to continue to have, difficulty in actually collecting on the

monetary judgments entered in its favor against the WideBand defendants. Thus,

the injunctive relief awarded by the district court may end up being the more

meaningful of the two forms of relief. In sum, then, we conclude there was no

abuse of discretion on the part of the district court in imposing a permanent

injunction in addition to the damage awards.

      Lastly, the Appellants argue that the injunction fails to delineate between

                                          33
the general knowledge and experience possessed by Yang, and the trade secrets

owned by ClearOne. The injunction, they argue, should have allowed Yang to

“make productive use of [his] own skill[s] and knowledge” obtained during his

education and career. Aplt. Br. at 36.

      We reject these arguments. The language of the injunction focuses

narrowly on the Honeybee Code, its algorithm and sub-algorithms, its supporting

documentation, and the products created by the Appellants that utilized the

Honeybee Code. Nothing in the permanent injunction prohibits, or remotely

purports to prohibit, Yang from creating, from scratch (or from publicly available

materials), his own new and unique AEC algorithms. Thus, there was no abuse of

discretion on the part of the district court.

                Denial of WideBand defendants’ Rule 60(b) motions

      The WideBand defendants contend that the district court erred in denying

what they describe as their Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b) motions for

relief from judgment and stay of enforcement. 3 “We review for abuse of

discretion a district court’s denial of a Rule 60(b) motion, keeping in mind that

Rule 60(b) relief is extraordinary and may only be granted in exceptional

circumstances.” Dronsejko v. Thornton, 632 F.3d 658, 664 (10th Cir. 2011)

(internal quotation marks omitted).

      3
        As will be discussed, there were actually three pro se Rule 60(b) motions
filed by defendant Lonny Bowers, and those motions were joined by Chiang and
Yang, appearing pro se.

                                           34
      On June 1, 2009, less than two months after the district court entered final

judgment, Lonny Bowers filed a pro se motion “for relief of judgment and stay

enforcement.” 4 JA at D19650. Lonny Bowers argued, in pertinent part, that

“[t]he subject of Honeybee’s secrecy ha[d] been improperly evaluated in th[e]

case.” Id. at D19652. In support, Lonny Bowers alleged that, based upon his

discussions with Old ClearOne employees, the Honeybee Code was never treated

by Old ClearOne or its employees as a trade secret, and thus could not have

become a trade secret upon its acquisition by Gentner/ClearOne. Lonny Bowers

also complained that ClearOne had improperly withheld from the WideBand

defendants, until the time of trial, the nature of ClearOne’s trade secret (as well as

related documents), and had thus effectively prevented the district court and the

jury “from hearing ‘all’ the facts in th[e] litigation.” Id. at D19661.

      On June 2, 2009, Lonny Bowers filed a second pro se motion “for relief of

judgment and stay enforcement.” Id. at D19131. Lonny Bowers alleged in the

motion that he had obtained from the Library of Congress a copy of ClearOne’s

copyright submission for the Honeybee Code, and that after reviewing that

submission, it was apparent to him that ClearOne had committed fraud on the

copyright office by making false representations in its copyright application.

Lonny Bowers further alleged that the elements ClearOne alleged to be its trade

      4
       The WideBand defendants proceeded pro se in the district court from
February 10, 2009 to August 12, 2009.

                                         35
secret were actually “present in PictureTel patent 5305307 and open source code

called ‘Speex’ available at no cost to anyone with an internet connection.” Id. at

D19133. Lonny Bowers in turn argued that “[t]he representations made by

ClearOne that this specific code was ‘Honeybee’ code which was copied and used

by the Defendants [wa]s false, fraudulent and calculated.” Id. Lastly, Lonny

Bowers alleged that he and the other WideBand defendants were not privy to what

ClearOne’s alleged trade secret was until the time of trial, and thus were unable to

compare that alleged trade secret to publicly available information.

      On June 19, 2009, Lonny Bowers filed a pro se emergency motion for

evidentiary hearing. Id. at D19883. In that motion, Lonny Bowers called into

question the veracity of ClearOne’s expert witness, Thomas Makovicka (who

opined at trial that the WideBand codes were substantially similar to, and indeed

based upon, the Honeybee Code), and alleged that he had new evidence that

would establish that the similarities between the WideBand codes and the

Honeybee Code were based upon publicly available information, rather than trade

secret information possessed by ClearOne. Defendants Yang and Chiang

subsequently filed pro se motions to join Lonny Bowers’ Rule 60(b) motions.

      On July 20, 2009, the district court issued an order and memorandum

decision denying Lonny Bowers’ first two motions, as well as Yang’s and

Chiang’s motions to join. Id. at D20417-18. At the outset of its order, the district

court outlined how it had handled the confidentiality of the Honeybee Code

                                         36
during the litigation. The district court noted that a confidentiality order “was

issued relatively early in pre-trial proceedings after ClearOne and the WideBand

Defendants (including Lonny Bowers), through their attorneys, filed motions

seeking a confidentiality order . . . .” Id. at D20418. That confidentiality order,

the district court noted, “allow[ed] any party, in good faith, to designate

information as ‘CONFIDENTIAL’ (i.e., for the eyes of parties, outside counsel,

and independent outside experts only) or ‘HIGHLY CONFIDENTIAL’ (i.e., for

the eyes of outside counsel and independent outside experts only) before

disclosing the information for litigation purposes.” Id. at D20419. “Throughout

the litigation,” the district court noted, “the parties used the designations

frequently, including the ‘HIGHLY CONFIDENTIAL’ designation for the

claimed trade secret, the Honeybee Code.” Id. The district court further noted

that the WideBand defendants’ “independent outside expert, Dr. Richard Koralek,

had access to ‘HIGHLY CONFIDENTIAL’ information (i.e., the Honeybee Code)

and testified about the code during trial.” Id.

      The district court then turned to the issues raised by Lonny Bowers in his

two Rule 60(b) motions. The court first addressed Lonny Bowers’ contention

“that ClearOne deliberately withheld crucial portions of the Honeybee Code until

trial, when it was too late to mount a reasonable defense.” Id. at D20423.

“Underlying [that] contention,” the district court stated, “[wa]s the assumption

that only he and . . . Yang . . . , but not his counsel or independent outside expert

                                           37
witness, could ascertain the public domain elements of the Honeybee Code and

bring to the court’s and jury’s attention that, in his view, the Honeybee Code was

not a trade secret at all.” Id. The district court rejected that assumption as a basis

for granting Rule 60(b) relief. Second, the district court rejected as “not

persuasive” Lonny “Bowers’s claim that the redacted first and last twenty-five

pages of the Honeybee source code (out of hundreds, if not thousands, of pages),”

which were contained in ClearOne’s copyright application, “somehow reveal[ed]

that ClearOne ha[d] no trade secret, and that ClearOne ha[d] perpetrated a fraud

on the court . . . .” Id. at D20425. More specifically, the district court concluded

that “[t]he limited amount of source code disclosed as part of ClearOne’s

submission to the Library of Congress or in its copyright application d[id] not

disclose the trade secret’s algorithms or implementation of those algorithms, all

of which were discussed at trial and in the jury instructions.” Id. at D20424-25.

In other words, the district court concluded, although “no one disputed that some

aspects of the Honeybee Code were in the public domain,” “those aspects were

not what ClearOne claimed as a trade secret.” Id. at D20425. Instead, the district

court noted, “ClearOne’s trade secret [wa]s greater than the sum of its parts.” Id.

Third, the district court concluded that Lonny “Bowers’s other arguments [we]re

equally ineffective” and were based on evidence (for example, the Honeybee

Code, the Honeybee copyright, and defendants’ own affidavits) that “was in the

hands of the defendants before trial.” Id. Fourth, the district court emphasized

                                          38
that the Honeybee Code, as well as all other information labeled “Highly

Confidential,” “was available to . . . [Lonny] Bowers’s attorneys and independent

outside expert witness” well prior to trial, and it noted that Lonny “Bowers and . .

. Yang attended many hearings, and the trial of course, where much of this

information was discussed.” Id. at D20427. In other words, the district court

concluded, “[n]one of the evidence cited by . . . [Lonny] Bowers in his two

motions qualifie[d] as ‘newly discovered,’ because the information upon which he

relie[d] was previously produced to . . . [Lonny] Bowers, through counsel, during

the litigation or was readily ascertainable by exercising reasonable diligence.” Id.

Fifth, the district court concluded that, “[i]n any case, the evidence [cited by

Lonny Bowers] [wa]s not material, and [wa]s, for the most part, cumulative, so

presenting it would not produce a different result at trial.” Id. Accordingly, the

district court held that Lonny Bowers had not met his burden under either Rule

60(b)(2) or (b)(3). Id. at D20427-28.

      On July 28, 2009, the district court denied Lonny Bowers’ pro se

emergency motion for evidentiary hearing. In doing so, the district court held

that Bowers’ “assertion that he ha[d] discovered ‘new evidence,’ and his

accusation that ClearOne and its expert witness perpetrated fraud on the court and

jury relating to the Texas Instruments FFT evidence [i.e., public source

information provided by Texas Instruments], [we]re, at best, completely

unfounded under the law and the facts.” Id. at D20587.

                                          39
      In challenging the district court’s rulings on appeal, the WideBand

defendants take issue with the district court’s conclusion that all of the relevant

information was available to them and their counsel prior to trial. To begin with,

the WideBand defendants complain that their “previous counselors” were allowed

by the district court to withdraw, leaving them “scrambling to obtain new counsel

only three months prior to trial.” 5 Aplt. Br. at 39. Consequently, they argue,

because “this was a complex case given all of the technical terms, tests, and

analyses involved,” the attorneys who they retained to represent them at trial,

“who were by no means experts in the acoustic echo cancellation/noise reduction

industry[,] were ill-equipped, through no fault of their own, to review and make

determinations on the origin and nature of the ‘Honeybee Code.’” Id. at 37. We

need not address these arguments, however, because they were not included in

Lonny Bowers’ pro se Rule 60(b) motions and were thus never addressed by the

district court. See Turner v. Pub. Serv. Co., 563 F.3d 1136, 1143 (10th Cir. 2009)

(“Absent extraordinary circumstances, we will not consider arguments raised for

      5
         The record on appeal establishes that the WideBand defendants replaced
their initial counsel in December of 2007, after approximately a year of litigation,
and that the WideBand defendants’ second counsel was allowed to withdraw in
June of 2008 due, in part, to philosophical differences with the WideBand
defendants. The WideBand defendants hired their third set of counsel in mid-July
2008, approximately three months prior to trial. It was this third set of counsel
who ultimately represented the WideBand defendants at trial. The third set of
counsel were allowed to withdraw on February 10, 2009, prior to the entry of
final judgment. Thereafter, the WideBand defendants proceeded pro se until
August 12, 2009, when their current counsel was admitted to represent them.

                                          40
the first time on appeal.”).

      The WideBand defendants next argue that they “could not even determine

what ClearOne’s ‘trade secret’ was until halfway through trial, because . . .

Chiang, [Lonny] Bowers, WideBand Solutions, and Versatile DSP never had

possession of the contested software’s readable source code . . . .” Aplt. Br. at 37

(emphasis in original). In other words, the WideBand defendants argue, they

personally “learned of the very information upon which ClearOne’s case in chief

was based only days before the verdict was reached, at a time where they would

have had no fair or reasonable opportunity to conduct discovery or otherwise

prepare and gather evidence and testimony in response to the information in

question.” Id. at 38-39. “It was thus a miscarriage of justice,” they contend, for

the district court “to deny [them] the opportunity to bring new, compelling

evidence before [the court] once they were able to definitively see, for the first

time since the case began, what ClearOne’s claims were based upon, and that its

trade secret claims were without merit.” Id.

      We reject this argument. As the district court noted in denying Lonny

Bowers’ Rule 60(b) motions, it is undisputed that all of the relevant information,

including the Honeybee source code, was made available to the WideBand

defendants’ counsel and their expert witness, Richard Koralek, well prior to trial.

Indeed, defense counsel hired Koralek specifically to examine and compare the

codes at issue, and Koralek testified at trial that, in his opinion, all portions of the

                                           41
Honeybee Code were available in the public domain and thus could not constitute

a trade secret, either individually or collectively. Obviously, however, the jury

rejected Koralek’s testimony and instead chose to accept the testimony of

ClearOne’s expert witness, Thomas Makovicka, who testified that the critical

algorithms in the Honeybee Code were not in the public domain, the critical

algorithms in the WideBand codes were essentially the same as the Honeybee

Code, and there were other indications that the WideBand codes had been directly

copied from the Honeybee Code. Although Lonny Bowers and the other

WideBand defendants disagree with Makovicka’s opinions and the jury’s verdict,

nothing in Lonny Bowers’ pro se motions remotely justified relief under Rule

60(b)(1), i.e., “mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect,” or Rule

60(b)(3), i.e., “fraud . . . , misrepresentation, or misconduct by” ClearOne.

      Finally, the WideBand defendants contend that there was insufficient

evidence to allow the jury to find them liable for misappropriation because

ClearOne “never showed that [they] possessed or had actual knowledge of the

[Honeybee] source code.” Aplt. Br. at 37. The initial, and ultimately fatal,

problem with this argument is that it was not asserted in Lonny Bowers’ pro se

Rule 60(b) motions, and instead is being asserted for the first time on appeal. See

Turner, 563 F.3d at 1143. Even if we were to ignore this procedural obstacle and

reach the merits of the argument, it is apparent to us, after reviewing the trial

transcript, that ClearOne presented sufficient evidence to allow the jury to infer

                                          42
that each of the WideBand defendants were in actual or constructive possession of

the Honeybee source code.

                     District court’s post-verdict damage award

      The WideBand defendants argue that the exemplary damages awarded by

the district court to ClearOne after trial were impermissibly excessive. We

review for abuse of discretion the district court’s exemplary damage award. See

Ensminger v. Terminix Int’l Co., 102 F.3d 1571, 1576 (10th Cir. 1996)

(reviewing for abuse of discretion punitive damages awarded by the district court

under Kansas law); see also Read Corp. v. Portec, Inc., 970 F.2d 816, 826 (Fed.

Cir. 1992) (“An award of enhanced damages for [patent] infringement, as well as

the extent of the enhancement, is committed to the discretion of the trial court.”),

abrogated on other grounds by Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc., 52 F.3d
967 (Fed. Cir. 1995). 6

      The district court’s exemplary damages award, which was issued on April

20, 2009, just prior to the entry of final judgment, was made, at ClearOne’s

      6
         The comments to Section 3 of the Uniform Trade Secrets Act, upon
which the UUTSA is based, state that the exemplary damages provision “follows
federal patent law in leaving discretionary trebling to the judge even though there
may be a jury,” and cites the exemplary damages provision of federal patent law.
Unif. Trade Secrets Act § 3, cmt. Thus, decisions involving a district court’s
award of exemplary damages for patent infringement, such as Read, are
persuasive. The parties also agreed in the district court that the decision to award
exemplary damages was a matter of the district court’s discretion. See JA at
D13778-79 (Biamp’s brief in opposition to ClearOne’s motion for final
judgment), D14003 (WideBand defendants’ brief in opposition to ClearOne’s
motion for final judgment).

                                          43
request, pursuant to Section 4(2) of the UUTSA, which provides that “[i]f willful

and malicious misappropriation exists, the court may award exemplary damages

in an amount not exceeding twice any award,” Utah Code Ann. § 13-24-4(2), of

damages for “actual loss caused by the misappropriation and the unjust

enrichment caused by misappropriation that is not taken into account in

computing actual loss,” id. § 13-24-4(1). The district court concluded that, with

respect to the WideBand defendants, “an award of exemplary damages . . . [wa]s

appropriate,” JA at D17554, “in an amount equal to two times the compensatory

damages” awarded against each of the WideBand defendants, id. at D17558. In

other words, the district court awarded ClearOne the maximum amount of

exemplary damages against the WideBand defendants that was statutorily

authorized under the UUTSA. In support of its award, the district court noted that

the UUTSA’s exemplary damages provision was modeled after federal patent law,

i.e., 35 U.S.C. § 284. Id. at D17553. In turn, the district court looked to federal

case law construing federal patent law, and noted that “[c]ourts have focused

most of their analyses on three factors, which are: (1) whether the defendant

deliberately copied the ideas or design of another; (2) whether the defendant held

a good faith belief that the conduct did not infringe on another’s rights; and (3)

the defendant’s behavior as a party to the litigation.” Id. (citing Read, 970 F.2d

at 826-27). The district court also noted that “additional factors have been

identified and applied in decisions addressing whether to award exemplary

                                          44
damages: (4) the defendant’s size and financial condition; (5) the closeness of the

case; (6) the duration of the defendant’s conduct; (7) remedial action taken by the

defendant; (8) the defendant’s motivation for harm; and (9) whether the defendant

attempted to conceal the misconduct.” Id. at D17554 (citing Read and other

cases). Applying those factors in light of the evidence presented at trial and the

jury’s findings, the district court concluded that:

      (1) the WideBand defendants acted willfully in misappropriating the
      Honeybee Code;

      (2) “none of the WideBand Defendants held a good faith belief that
      the copying and use of [the] Honeybee Code trade secret was
      proper,” id. at D17555;

      (3) “[t]he WideBand Defendants’ behavior during the litigation . . .
      compound[ed] their problems” because “Yang lied during his
      deposition,” “Chiang . . . made a ‘sudden discovery’ of materials”
      “late in the litigation,” the WideBand defendants in general often
      resisted ClearOne’s discovery efforts and offered “less than
      convincing” reasons therefor, id. at D17556, the district court “had to
      enter a preliminary injunction to halt WideBand’s intended licensing
      and transfer of object code at issue in the litigation to non-party
      Harman Music Group even after ClearOne instituted the lawsuit,” id.
      at D17556-57, the district court “held ‘show cause’ hearings to
      determine whether certain WideBand Defendants had violated two
      different court orders,” id. at D17557, and “the magistrate judge
      sanctioned the WideBand Defendants for discovery abuses by
      awarding approximately $36,000 in attorneys’ fees to ClearOne,” id.;

      (4) the WideBand defendants “attempted to conceal their
      misconduct,” id.; and

      (5) “the case was not a close call,” id.

The district court also placed “[s]pecial weight . . . on the jury’s verdict,” id., and

                                           45
found “[p]articularly compelling . . . th[e] fact that the jury found willful and

malicious misappropriation and awarded not only substantial compensatory

damages to ClearOne but substantial punitive damages as well,” id. at D17558. 7

In sum, the district court concluded that “an award of exemplary damages would

accomplish the public objective of punishing and deterring malicious conduct.”

Id.

      On appeal, the WideBand defendants assert four challenges to the district

court’s reasoning. First, they argue that “ClearOne never definitively

demonstrated that [Lonny] Bowers, WideBand Solutions, or Versatile DSP ever

had actual knowledge or possession of the source code at issue in this case.”

Aplt. Br. at 42-43. The initial problem with this argument is that the WideBand

defendants have not directly challenged the sufficiency of the evidence supporting

the jury’s findings. In any event, we have already noted that, having reviewed the

trial transcript, we believe the evidence presented at trial was sufficient to

establish that each of the WideBand defendants possessed the Honeybee source

code, either directly or constructively. Moreover, the jury specifically found that

      7
        As noted in Section I.B of our opinion, the jury found in favor of
ClearOne on its claims against Chiang and Yang for breach of fiduciary duty, and
in turn assessed punitive damages against Chiang and Yang in the amounts of
$3,000,000 and $4,000,000, respectively. The district court subsequently
concluded, however, “that the . . . claims of breach of fiduciary duty against . . .
Yang and . . . Chiang [we]re based on their theft of the Honeybee Code,” and that,
“[c]onsequently, the claim[s] for breach of fiduciary duty [were] preempted.” JA
at D17548. Accordingly, the final judgment did not include the punitive damages
assessed by the jury against Chiang and Yang.

                                          46
each of the WideBand defendants, including Lonny Bowers, WideBand, and

Versatile, knowingly and maliciously misappropriated the Honeybee Code. We

thus reject the WideBand defendants’ first argument.

      The WideBand defendants next argue that, “had the [district court] not

abused its discretion by preventing [them] from impeaching [ClearOne’s] Trial

Exhibit 156 and ClearOne’s expert witness testimony [from Thomas Makovicka],

the jury’s ultimate deliberation would have likely been, at the very least, a close

call.” 8 Id. at 43. According to the WideBand defendants, “[t]heir experts would

have been able to impeach . . . Makovicka’s test results, and they would have

proven that the tests that ClearOne’s experts performed on ClearOne’s echo

cancellation units and WideBand’s units were egregiously flawed, because the

tests could not make a comparison between the actual software that was operating

inside each of the units.” Id.

      We find no merit to this argument. To begin with, the WideBand

defendants fail to identify who “their experts” are. Presumably, they are referring

either to one or more of the individual WideBand defendants, or to hypothetical

experts that they would have hired had the district court granted Lonny Bowers’

Rule 60(b) motions and afforded all of the WideBand defendants a new trial. In

any event, we conclude that this argument is nothing more than a rehash of the

      8
        Exhibit 156 is a document, prepared by Makovicka in anticipation of trial,
that analyzed “the commonality of [certain] routines in” the Honeybee and
WideBand FC101 source codes. JA at T1721 (capitalization in original omitted).

                                          47
WideBand defendants’ challenge to the district court’s denial of Lonny Bowers’

pro se Rule 60(b) motions. For the reasons we have already discussed, the district

court did not abuse its discretion in denying those motions.

      In their third argument, the WideBand defendants contend that the district

court “failed to take several crucial Read factors into consideration,” id. at 44,

including “the Defendants’ size and financial conditions,” id., “the duration of

[their] supposed wrongful conduct,” id. at 45, and “whether they had taken any

remedial action during the course of litigation,” id. The defendants, however, are

clearly mistaken. In considering the amount of exemplary damages to impose, the

district court expressly outlined all of the Read factors, but ultimately discussed

in detail only the ones it found relevant under the facts of this case. In other

words, the district court did not ignore or overlook the three Read factors now

cited by the defendants; instead, the district court effectively concluded that none

of those factors weighed heavily, if at all, in the defendants’ favor. And our own

review of the record on appeal supports that conclusion. Of these three factors,

only the size/financial condition factor remotely favors defendants. As for the

other two factors, the record clearly establishes that the WideBand defendants’

wrongful conduct continued well past the time of trial, and indeed necessitated

several show cause hearings and, ultimately, orders of contempt.

      In sum, we conclude the district court did not abuse its discretion in

awarding exemplary damages equal to double the amount of actual damages

                                          48
imposed by the jury against the WideBand defendants.

           Request for new trial based on excessiveness of damage award

      As part of their challenge to the district court’s exemplary damage award,

the WideBand defendants also argue that reasonable persons could infer that, due

to the excessiveness of the district court’s damage award, the trial of this matter,

as well as the civil processes preceding and following it, were tainted by

prejudice and other improper influences and that, consequently, the judgment

should be reversed. Id. at 45. In support, the WideBand defendants argue that

“[t]he record, from start to finish, is replete with procedural irregularities that

would lead a reasonable person to believe that the resulting verdict—which nearly

exceeded four million dollars—was solely the product of passion and prejudice.”

Id. at 46. “For example,” they note, “during closing arguments, ClearOne’s

counsel averred, in open court (and while gesturing towards . . . Chiang and

Yang) that if the jury found in favor of [the WideBand defendants], hundreds of

local jobs would be lost.” Id. “Nevertheless,” they assert, “the Trial Judge

neither admonished nor sanctioned counsel for making this statement, despite its

inflammatory nature,” and ultimately concluded, “in response to Defendants’

reference to this incident in their Motion for New Trial, . . . that th[e] action was

harmless.” Id. “The problem was compounded,” defendants argue, “by a Trial

Court which made statements to the effect that (a) it already considered the

WideBand Defendants guilty prior to trial and (b) would do all it could to assist

                                           49
ClearOne in ‘collecting’ its judgment.” Id.

      Although the WideBand defendants do not identify precisely what district

court ruling they are appealing, a review of the record on appeal indicates that

these same arguments, in nearly identically worded form, were asserted by Lonny

Bowers in a pro se motion for new trial filed on March 12, 2009. The district

court rejected that motion as both premature and “lack[ing] merit.” JA at

D17565. More specifically, the district court held that “the damages award [wa]s

supported by the evidence.” Id. at D17566. “To the extent [that Lonny] Bowers

relie[d] on the court’s adverse rulings as evidence of lack of impartiality,” the

district court concluded, “he [failed to] establish[] bias . . . .” Id. “As for judicial

statements [Lonny Bowers] contend[ed] were prejudicial, such statements,” the

district court held, “were not made during trial and so could not have influenced

the jury.” Id. Lastly, the district court held that “any allegedly inappropriate

statement made by [ClearOne’s] counsel during closing argument was harmless.”

Id.

      We review for abuse of discretion the district court’s denial of a motion for

new trial on the grounds of excessive damages. Fitzgerald v. Mountain States

Tel. & Tel. Co., 68 F.3d 1257, 1261 (10th Cir. 1995). Absent an award “so

excessive . . . as to shock the judicial conscience and to raise an irresistible

inference that passion, prejudice, corruption or other improper cause invaded the

trial,” we will not grant relief. Hardeman v. City of Albuquerque, 377 F.3d 1106,

                                           50
1121 (10th Cir. 2004).

      After reviewing the record on appeal, including the trial transcript, we

conclude that the district court’s exemplary damage awards were not so excessive

as to shock the judicial conscience or to raise an irresistible inference that the

awards were the result of passion or prejudice. Indeed, as we have already noted,

the jury found that each of the WideBand defendants acted willfully and

maliciously in misappropriating ClearOne’s trade secret, and the district court

reasonably took this into account in determining the amount of punitive damages

to impose.

      Further, we conclude that the purported procedural irregularities cited by

the WideBand defendants are baseless. For example, in alleging that ClearOne’s

counsel made improper statements during closing arguments, the WideBand

defendants failed to cite in their appellate brief where in the record on appeal

those statements were purportedly made, and our own review of the trial

transcript failed to substantiate the allegation. Following our inquiry at oral

argument about these purported statements, the WideBand defendants filed a

letter pursuant to Fed. R. App. 28(j) citing a page in the trial transcript in which

ClearOne’s counsel, following the return of the jury’s findings in favor of

ClearOne on its claims for misappropriation, made arguments to the jury in

support of ClearOne’s request for punitive damages. Contrary to the WideBand

defendants’ assertions in their appellate brief, ClearOne’s counsel neither

                                          51
gestured towards the individual WideBand defendants 9 nor argued “that if the jury

found in favor of [the WideBand defendants], hundreds of local jobs would be

lost.” Aplt. Br. at 46. Moreover, the WideBand defendants’ counsel made no

objection at trial to the arguments now cited in the WideBand defendants’ Rule

28(j) letter.

    Denial of Lonny Bowers’ motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction

       Lonny Bowers argues that the district “court could not legally exercise

personal jurisdiction over” him. Aplt. Br. at 47 (capitalization in original

omitted). Although he does not specifically say so, Lonny Bowers clearly appears

to be challenging the district court’s denial of his motion to dismiss for lack of

personal jurisdiction.

       On October 10, 2007, Lonny Bowers filed a motion to dismiss ClearOne’s

Third Amended Complaint on the grounds that the district court lacked personal

jurisdiction over him. In support, Lonny Bowers argued that he was a longtime

Connecticut resident who had never resided in Utah, had never maintained any

business office or business license in Utah, and owned no property and paid no

taxes in Utah. Lonny Bowers further argued that he had only visited Utah on four

occasions, two of which were in his capacity as a corporate representative of

       9
        According to the record on appeal, the individual WideBand defendants
were not present during this portion of the trial. Consequently, contrary to the
assertions of the WideBand defendants’ counsel at oral argument in this appeal,
the WideBand defendants could not have taken contemporaneous notes regarding
what was said by ClearOne’s counsel.

                                         52
WideBand to conduct business with a customer, Harman. The other two

occasions, Bower asserted, were to attend hearings in this lawsuit as a corporate

representative of WideBand.

      On November 27, 2007, the district court held a hearing on Lonny Bowers’

motion, at the conclusion of which it denied the motion, concluding that Lonny

Bowers “is here [in Utah] and would be here under the Utah long-arm statute for

conducting business and for directing tortious conduct toward Utah.” JA at T635-

36.

      We review de novo a district court’s order denying a motion to dismiss for

lack of personal jurisdiction. See Benton v. Cameco Corp., 375 F.3d 1070, 1074

(10th Cir. 2004). “Where the district court considers a pre-trial motion to dismiss

for lack of personal jurisdiction without conducting an evidentiary hearing, the

plaintiff need only make a prima facie showing of personal jurisdiction to defeat

the motion.” AST Sports Sci., Inc. v. CLF Distrib. Ltd., 514 F.3d 1054, 1056-57

(10th Cir. 2008).

      “To obtain personal jurisdiction over a nonresident defendant in a diversity

action, a plaintiff must show that jurisdiction is legitimate under the laws of the

forum state and that the exercise of jurisdiction does not offend the due process

clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.” Emp’rs Mut. Cas. Co. v. Bartile Roofs,

Inc., 618 F.3d 1153, 1159 (10th Cir. 2010). Utah’s long-arm statute “authorizes

jurisdiction to the full extent of the federal constitution.” Id.; see Utah Code

                                          53
Ann. § 78B-3-201(3); see also Starways, Inc. v. Curry, 980 P.2d 204, 206 (Utah

1999) (stating that the “Utah long-arm statute must be extended to the fullest

extent allowed by due process of law”). Consequently, the panel “need not

conduct a statutory analysis apart from the due process analysis.” Emp’rs Mut.

Cas., 618 F.3d at 1159.

      “The due process analysis consists of two steps.” Id. “First, we consider

whether the defendant has such minimum contacts with the forum state that he

should reasonably anticipate being haled into court there.” Id. (internal quotation

marks omitted). “This minimum-contacts standard may be satisfied by showing

general or specific jurisdiction.” Id. “Second, if the defendant has the minimum

contacts with the forum state, we determine whether the exercise of personal

jurisdiction over the defendant offends traditional notions of fair play and

substantial justice.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). “This analysis is fact

specific.” Id.

      Here, the facts presented to the district court at the time of its ruling on

Lonny Bowers’ motion to dismiss established that it had specific, but not general,

jurisdiction over Lonny Bowers. Although Lonny Bowers did not have

“continuous and systematic general business contacts with” the state of Utah,

Trujillo v. Williams, 465 F.3d 1210, 1218 n.7 (10th Cir. 2006) (discussing general

jurisdiction), he admittedly traveled to Utah on two occasions as a representative

of WideBand, including on one occasion to license WideBand’s AEC technology

                                          54
to Harman, a Utah-based company. In addition to his personal visits to Utah,

Lonny Bowers also exchanged numerous e-mails and had other communications

with Harman in Utah in the process of negotiating and executing a licensing deal.

Lastly, ClearOne presented evidence indicating that Lonny Bowers’ actions,

including entering into the licensing agreement with Harman, caused injuries to

ClearOne in Utah. For these reasons, we conclude that Lonny Bowers

“purposefully availed [himself] of the privilege of conducting activities or

consummating a transaction in” Utah, and that by doing so, he caused injuries to

ClearOne that became one of the subjects of this litigation. Emp’rs Mut. Cas.,
618 F.3d at 1160 (discussing requirements for specific jurisdiction). Accordingly,

we in turn conclude Lonny Bowers had sufficient minimum contacts with the state

of Utah to reasonably have expected to be haled into court there in connection

with his WideBand-related activities.

      Lonny Bowers contends, citing Ten Mile Industrial Park v. Western Plains

Service Corp., 810 F.2d 1518, 1527 (10th Cir. 1987), that these contacts are not

sufficient to bring him within the personal jurisdiction of the district court

because they were all committed “in his capacity as a representative of

WideBand,” Dist. Ct. Docket No. 517, at 5, and thus “the corporate shield

doctrine . . . prevents [him] from personally being hauled into Utah,” id. at 6.

Lonny Bowers, however, misconstrues both Ten Mile and the corporate shield

doctrine. As this court recently explained in Rusakiewicz v. Lowe, 556 F.3d
55
1095, 1102 (10th Cir. 2009), “Ten Mile held that the [district] court [in that case]

lacked jurisdiction over an ‘executive committee’ of a corporation for the contacts

made by the corporation,” based on “[t]he rationale . . . that an officer in a

corporation is not personally liable for all the acts of the corporation . . . .” In

other words, “an officer of a corporation is ‘not personally liable for torts of the

corporation or of its other officers and agents merely by virtue of holding

corporate office, but can only incur personal liability by participating in the

wrongful activity.’” Rusakiewicz, at 1103 (quoting Armed Forces Ins. Exch. v.

Harrison, 70 P.3d 35, 41 (Utah 2003)). In the instant case, the record firmly

establishes that Lonny Bowers participated in the wrongful activity, and thus the

corporate shield doctrine has no applicability to him.

      The remaining question is whether the district court’s exercise of personal

jurisdiction over Lonny Bowers would offend traditional notions of fair play and

substantial justice. Lonny Bowers “bears the burden of presenting a compelling

case that the presence of some other considerations would render jurisdiction

unreasonable.” Emp’rs Mut. Cas., 618 F.3d at 1161 (internal quotation marks and

brackets omitted). “This reasonableness analysis requires the weighing of five

factors: (1) the burden on the defendant, (2) the forum state’s interest in resolving

the dispute, (3) the plaintiff’s interest in receiving convenient and effective relief,

(4) the interstate judicial system’s interest in obtaining the most efficient

resolution of controversies, and (5) the shared interest of the several states in

                                           56
furthering fundamental social policies.” Id. (citing Pro Axess, Inc. v. Orlux

Distrib., Inc., 428 F.3d 1270, 1279-80 (10th Cir. 2005)).

      Notably, Lonny Bowers made no attempt in his motion to dismiss to

discuss any of these five factors, nor does he on appeal. Necessarily, then, he

failed to carry his burden of presenting a compelling case that the district court’s

exercise of personal jurisdiction over him would be unreasonable. And, even

ignoring Lonny Bowers’ failure, we conclude that the district court’s exercise of

jurisdiction over him was, in fact, reasonable. To begin with, there is no

indication that litigating the case in Utah was substantially more burdensome for

Lonny Bowers than litigating it elsewhere. Indeed, Lonny Bowers, as a

shareholder and officer of WideBand, was already involved in this litigation, and

there was no assertion that the district court’s exercise of jurisdiction over

WideBand was improper. Second, Utah has a reasonable, if not substantial,

interest in the resolution of this dispute, given that ClearOne is a Utah-based

corporation. See id. at 1162-63. Third, Utah was undoubtedly one of the most

efficient locations for the dispute to have been resolved, given the district court’s

conclusion that the UUTSA governed ClearOne’s misappropriation of trade

secrets claims, as well as the fact that ClearOne’s key witnesses all haled from

Utah. Lastly, the exercise of jurisdiction over Lonny Bowers in Utah did not

“affect[] the substantive social policy interests of other states,” in pertinent part

because no other state’s laws apply to ClearOne’s claims against the WideBand

                                           57
defendants. Id. at 1164.

      Thus, in sum, we conclude the district court properly denied Lonny

Bowers’ motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction.

                                 Special verdict form

      The WideBand defendants contend that the special verdict form utilized by

the district court was deficient because it failed to require the jury to expressly

find (a) whether or not a trade secret in fact existed, and (b) the presence or

absence of all the elements of ClearOne’s misappropriation claims. “We review

decisions as to the wording of . . . special verdict forms under an abuse of

discretion standard.” Kelly v. Metallics W., Inc., 410 F.3d 670, 674 (10th Cir.

2005). “In assessing whether the district court properly exercised that discretion,

we must examine the instructions [and verdict form] as a whole to determine

whether they sufficiently cover[ed] the issues, facts and evidence in the case.” Id.

(internal quotation marks omitted).

      The WideBand defendants asserted these same arguments below in a

written objection to the district court’s proposed special verdict form.

Specifically, the WideBand defendants argued that “[t]he special verdict should

require the jury to examine every element of every claim” because doing so could

potentially be “‘useful in facilitating review, uniformity, and possibly postverdict

judgments as a matter of law.’” JA at D12044 (quoting Warner-Jenkinson Co. v.

Hilton Davis Chem. Co., 520 U.S. 17, 39 (1997)). In turn, the defendants argued:

                                          58
          The danger of not instructing the jury on every element is
      particularly keen in this case. This is because the Court’s [proposed]
      special verdict [form] asks only whether each defendant
      misappropriated “a trade secret”, without first identifying that trade
      secret and without first asking whether a trade secret exists. The
      danger here is that the jury may determine that the defendants or
      some of them had the Honey[b]ee Code in their possession, without
      first requiring the jury to satisfy itself that ClearOne proved all of the
      elements that would make the Honey[b]ee Code a trade secret. If the
      jury does not find that the Honeybee [C]ode satisfies the elements of
      a trade secret, all remaining questions about misappropriation and
      damages are moot.

         Moreover, misappropriation is both an element of a trade secret
      misappropriation claim and the name of the tort. The Court’s special
      verdict, however, asks the jury only whether each defendant
      misappropriated “a trade secret.” The ambiguity caused by the
      special verdict is that, in spite of the jury instructions, it
      inadvertently reduces the elements of the claim to one —
      misappropriation. This ambiguity can only be resolved by having the
      jury specifically address each element of the tort.

Id. at D12044-45.

      The district court rejected the WideBand defendants’ objections.

Consequently, the special verdict form provided to the jury read, in pertinent part,

as follows:

      3a.     Did Lonny Bowers misappropriate a trade secret possessed by
              ClearOne? Answer “Yes” or “no” according to your
              unanimous verdict.
              Answer: Yes__________ No__________

      3b.     Did Andrew Chiang misappropriate a trade secret possessed by
              ClearOne? Answer “Yes” or “no” according to your
              unanimous verdict.
              Answer: Yes__________ No__________

      3c.     Did Versatile DSP, Inc. misappropriate a trade secret

                                          59
             possessed by ClearOne? Answer “Yes” or “no” according to
             your unanimous verdict.
             Answer: Yes__________ No__________

      3d.    Did Wide[B]and Solutions, Inc. misappropriate a trade secret
             possessed by ClearOne? Answer “Yes” or “no” according to
             your unanimous verdict.
             Answer: Yes__________ No__________

      3e.    Did Jun Yang misappropriate a trade secret possessed by
             ClearOne? Answer “Yes” or “no” according to your
             unanimous verdict.
             Answer: Yes__________ No__________

JA at D12473-74. In returning a verdict in favor of ClearOne, the jury answered

“Yes” to each of these questions. Id.

      In assessing whether the district court abused its discretion in rejecting the

WideBand defendants’ objection to the special verdict form, we begin by

reviewing the district court’s instructions to the jury. Those instructions, in

addressing ClearOne’s misappropriation of trade secrets claims, first outlined for

the jury the essential elements of those claims:

                              INSTRUCTION NO. 17

         ClearOne’s next two claims are against all Defendants: Biamp
      Systems Corporation, Lonny Bowers, Andrew Chiang, Versatile
      DSP, Inc., Wide[B]and Solutions, Inc. and Jun Yang . . . . In both of
      these claims, ClearOne alleges that the Defendants misappropriated
      ClearOne’s trade secrets. To recover on a claim of misappropriation
      of a trade secret, ClearOne must prove by a preponderance of the
      evidence each of the following:
             1.     that ClearOne possessed a trade secret;
             2.     that the particular Defendant (again, remember you must
                    consider the evidence against and the liability of each
                    Defendant separately) either: (a) acquired the trade

                                          60
                   secret through a confidential relationship with ClearOne
                   or (b) acquired the trade secret from a person or
                   company who the particular Defendant knew or had
                   reason to know had acquired the trade secret through a
                   confidential relationship with ClearOne;
            3.     that the particular Defendant used or disclosed the trade
                   secret without ClearOne’s permission; and
            4.     that ClearOne was damaged and/or that the particular
                   Defendant benefitted as a result of the particular
                   Defendant’s actions.
Id. at D12445.

      The instructions then explained to the jury the nature of the trade secret

that ClearOne claimed to own:

                              INSTRUCTION NO. 18

          ClearOne claims as trade secrets the algorithms and the
      implementation of those algorithms that are reflected and embodied
      in the Honeybee Code. ClearOne considers source code and object
      code to be part of the Honeybee Code. ClearOne also claims that its
      product development documentation for the Honeybee Code is a
      trade secret. For convenience, I will refer to all this information
      together as the “Honeybee Code” or “Honeybee Algorithms.” It is
      the Honeybee Code that ClearOne alleges was misappropriated by
      Mr. [Lonny] Bowers, Mr. Chiang, Versatile, Wide[B]and, and Dr.
      Yang.

      ***

         Because the Honeybee Code, including one or more of the
      Honeybee Algorithms, is the claimed trade secret at issue here, you
      should first decide whether the Honeybee Code is a trade secret. To
      establish that the Honeybee Code is a trade secret, ClearOne must
      prove that the Honeybee Code:
             (a) derives independent economic value, actual or potential,
             from not being generally known to, and not being readily
             ascertainable by proper means by, other persons who can
             obtain economic value from its disclosure or use; and
             (b) is the subject of efforts that are reasonable under the

                                         61
             circumstances to maintain its secrecy.

         A trade secret can exist in a combination of characteristics and
      components, each of which, by itself, is generally known, or, in other
      words, is in the public domain, but the unified process, design and
      operation of which, in unique combination is not generally known
      and differs significantly from other processes, designs or operations
      that are generally known.

Id. at D12446-47.

      In turn, the instructions outlined the requirements that ClearOne had to

prove to establish the existence of its claimed trade secret:

                              INSTRUCTION NO. 19

         To determine that a trade secret exists you must first decide
      whether the information was indeed secret when the particular
      Defendant’s allegedly wrongful conduct occurred. Matters that are
      generally known to the public at large or to people in a trade or
      business are not trade secrets. (In this trial, you have heard that
      concept described as “in the public domain.”) Information cannot be
      considered a trade secret if it would be ascertainable with reasonable
      ease from publicly available information (i.e., if it is “readily
      ascertainable”).

         Absolute secrecy is not necessary for information to qualify as a
      trade secret. There is no requirement that no one else in the world
      possess the information. Instead, you should determine whether,
      under the circumstances, reasonable measures were taken to maintain
      the information’s secrecy.

Id. at D12448.

                              INSTRUCTION NO. 20

         A trade secret must be valuable either to ClearOne or to its
      business rivals in the sense that, as long as it is secret, the
      information provides ClearOne with an actual or potential
      competitive advantage over its rivals. To help you determine

                                          62
      whether ClearOne enjoyed either an actual or potential competitive
      advantage, you may consider such things as:
            1.    the degree to which the information was generally
                  known or readily ascertainable by others;
            2.    the extent to which ClearOne used or uses the
                  information in its business;
            3.    whether the information allows ClearOne to earn
                  increased profits or operate its business more efficiently;
            4.    what gain or benefits the particular Defendant obtained
                  from the information;
            5.    what money, efforts, and time was expended to develop
                  the information; and
            6.    the ease or difficulty of acquiring or duplicating the
                  information through independent development, research
                  of publicly available information, or taking apart and
                  analyzing a product properly acquired to learn its secrets
                  (a process called “reverse engineering”).

Id. at D12449.

                              INSTRUCTION NO. 21

         ClearOne must prove that reasonable measures were taken to
      protect the secrecy of the trade secret. There is no precise definition
      of what “reasonable measures” are; what is reasonable depends on
      the situation. Factors you may wish to consider in evaluating
      whether “reasonable measures” were taken could include the
      following:

            1.     whether the owner of the trade secret made it a practice
                   to inform its employees or others involved with its
                   business that the information was a trade secret and/or
                   was to be kept confidential;

            2.     whether the owner of the trade secret required
                   employees or others involved with its business to sign
                   confidentiality agreements regarding the information or
                   agreements not to compete in areas that could use the
                   information;

            3.     whether the owner of the trade secret restricted access to

                                         63
                    the information on a “need to know” basis; and

             4.     whether the owner of the trade secret generally
                    maintained reasonable security to protect the alleged
                    trade secret, and did not voluntarily disclose it to others,
                    except in confidence.

Id. at D12450.

      Considering all of these instructions, none of which the WideBand

defendants challenge on appeal, together with the special verdict form employed

by the district court, we conclude there was no abuse of discretion on the part of

the district court in refusing to require the jury to specifically answer (a) whether

or not a trade secret existed, or (b) whether each of the essential elements of

ClearOne’s misappropriation claims were satisfied with respect to each of the

WideBand defendants. The instructions outlined above clearly informed the jury

that the existence of a trade secret was an essential element of ClearOne’s

misappropriation claims. The instructions also correctly outlined each of the

remaining essential elements of those claims. Thus, because “a jury is presumed

to follow its instructions,” Weeks v. Angelone, 528 U.S. 225, 234 (2000), when

the jury answered “Yes” to each of the special interrogatory questions quoted

above (i.e., “Did [the particular defendant under consideration] misappropriate a

trade secret possessed by ClearOne?), they necessarily had to have found the

existence of each of the essential elements of ClearOne’s misappropriation claim,

including that ClearOne possessed a trade secret, namely the Honeybee Code.

                                          64
Consequently, there is no merit to the concerns expressed by the WideBand

defendants regarding the special verdict form employed by the district court.

                      District court’s choice-of-law decision

      The WideBand defendants contend the district court erred in concluding

that Utah law, rather than Massachusetts law, applied to ClearOne’s

misappropriation of trade secrets claims. Generally speaking, “[w]e review [a]

district court’s choice-of-law determination de novo.” Emp’rs Mut. Cas. Co., 618
F.3d at 1170. However, as we discuss in greater detail below, the WideBand

defendants’ choice-of-law arguments are barred by the invited error doctrine.

      On August 13, 2007, ClearOne filed a motion for a temporary restraining

order and preliminary injunction. In its motion, ClearOne cited exclusively to

Utah law, specifically the UUTSA, in discussing the likelihood of success on the

merits of its misappropriation claims. JA at D2558. The WideBand defendants

filed an objection to ClearOne’s motion. In addressing the likelihood of success

issue, the WideBand defendants made a number of related arguments, including

the following:

         Also, because Plaintiff [ClearOne] admittedly withdrew the
      Honeybee [C]ode and the Speaker Phone technology from the market
      by 2002, years before the alleged misappropriation, the Honeybee
      [C]ode was abandoned in that it was not in continued use at the time
      of the alleged misappropriation. Schwartz v. Schering-Plough Corp.,
      53 F. Supp. 2d 95, 101(D. Mass. 1999).

JA at D3251. The WideBand defendants further argued, again citing Schwartz,

                                        65
that ClearOne could “make no showing that any part of the Honeybee [C]ode

ha[d] been in ‘continuous use’ by [ClearOne] as required by Massachusetts law.”

Id. at D3274.

      ClearOne subsequently filed a pleading entitled “Bench Memorandum

Responding to WideBand Defendants’ Choice of Law Arguments.” Id. at D4425.

In that pleading, ClearOne argued that Massachusetts law did not apply to its

claims. Instead, ClearOne argued, Utah law applied to its claims because (a) the

choice-of-law provisions in both the asset purchase agreement between itself and

Old ClearOne and the non-compete agreement signed by Yang provided for the

application of Utah law, and (b) Utah had the most significant relationship to

ClearOne’s claims. Id. at D4426. Consequently, ClearOne argued, “the modern

approach in the [UUTSA] (as stated in the Restatement (Third) of Unfair

Competition), govern[ed] the definition of what constitute[d] a ‘trade secret’ in

this case – not the first Restatement of Torts, which might be the law in

Massachusetts.” Id.

      The WideBand defendants in turn filed a response to ClearOne’s bench

memorandum. Id. at D4472. Therein, the WideBand defendants argued that a

choice of law analysis required the application of Massachusetts law. Id. at

D4474. In support, the WideBand defendants argued that “[a]t all relevant

times,” they “were employed in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts,” and that

WideBand was “a Massachusetts corporation with an office in Massachusetts.”

                                         66
Id. at D4477. More importantly, the WideBand defendants argued, “the bulk of

the work performed on the subject algorithms was performed in Massachusetts,

and the alleged malfeasance purportedly occurred in Massachusetts.” Id. Thus,

the WideBand defendants argued, “Massachusetts clearly ha[d] the most

significant relationship to the underlying facts of th[e] case, and to the alleged

conduct about which [ClearOne] [was] complain[ing].” Id.

      On October 30, 2007, the district court issued an order and memorandum

decision granting ClearOne’s motion for a preliminary injunction. In doing so,

the district court determined “that ClearOne ha[d] a substantial likelihood of

success on [its] breach of contract claims against . . . Yang,” and thus did “not

address the likelihood of success on ClearOne’s claims of misappropriation of

trade secrets . . . .” Id. at D4972. Consequently, the district court did not resolve

the choice-of-law issue argued by the parties in their respective pleadings.

      The WideBand defendants subsequently filed motions for summary

judgment. In those motions, the WideBand defendants did not renew their

choice-of-law arguments or otherwise argue that Massachusetts law was

controlling as to ClearOne’s misappropriation claims. Instead, they asserted that

the UUTSA governed ClearOne’s misappropriation claims, JA at D6751, D6758-

59, and preempted all of ClearOne’s state law claims based on unauthorized use

of the Honeybee Code, id. at D6764-65.

      On the same date that they filed their motions for summary judgment, the

                                          67
WideBand defendants also filed a motion to join Biamp’s motion for summary

judgment. Id. at D6845-46. Biamp, in its motion for summary judgment, argued,

in pertinent part, that because “the Honeybee Code resided in Massachusetts at

the time that . . . Yang had access to it and [allegedly] misappropriated it,”

“Massachusetts law [thus] control[led] whether the Honeybee Code [wa]s a trade

secret.” Id. at D6671. According to the record on appeal, the district court never

ruled on the WideBand defendants’ motion to join Biamp’s motion.

      In any event, on August 20, 2008, the district court issued an order and

memorandum decision denying Biamp’s motion for summary judgment. Id. at

D8302. In doing so, the district court did not definitively rule on the issue of

whether Utah or Massachusetts state law applied to ClearOne’s misappropriation

claims. Instead, the district court stated as follows:

         Finally, Biamp asserts that ClearOne’s discontinuance of the
      phone that used the Honeybee Code undisputedly establishes that
      ClearOne had abandoned the Honeybee Code itself. Biamp then
      argues that under Massachusetts law, a trade secret must be in
      continuous use. Even assuming arguendo that Massachusetts law
      applied on this point, Biamp does not give the court enough law or
      facts to conclude that the Honeybee Code could not have been
      considered “in use.” The record reflects that ClearOne did not
      consider the Honeybee Code obsolete, even though ClearOne stopped
      using that code in its phones. Because ClearOne is in the business of
      making phones run by code, a jury could conclude that ClearOne
      retained the Honeybee Code for future use or further development for
      use in its phones.

Id. at D8304-05.

      At trial, the WideBand defendants again asserted that Utah law applied to

                                          68
ClearOne’s misappropriation of trade secrets claims. For example, in their

motion for judgment as a matter of law, the WideBand defendants argued, in

pertinent part, that Utah law was “controlling” as to those claims. Id. at D12024.

      On appeal, the WideBand defendants now complain that, “[i]n spite of the

profound impact a ruling on the choice of law issue would have had on the case,

the [district court] never issued a ruling of any kind on the matter.” Aplt. Reply

Br. at 21-22. “As a result,” the WideBand defendants argue, they “were forced to

proceed under the auspices of Utah law.” Id. at 22. And, they further argue, the

district court’s “oversight in this regard undoubtedly led in large part to not only

the denial of [their] summary judgment motions, but also resulted in the return of

a jury verdict in ClearOne’s favor.” Id. More specifically, the WideBand

defendants argue that, had the district court correctly applied Massachusetts law,

it would have been required to conclude, under the uncontroverted facts, that the

Honeybee Code did not constitute a valid trade secret because ClearOne had,

prior to the alleged misappropriation, ceased using the Honeybee Code and

declared that it had no value.

      We conclude that these arguments are barred by the invited error doctrine.

“The invited-error doctrine precludes a party from arguing that the district court

erred in adopting a proposition that the party had urged the district court to

adopt.” FTC v. Accusearch Inc., 570 F.3d 1187, 1204 (10th Cir. 2009) (internal

quotation marks omitted). In other words, the invited error doctrine “prevents a

                                          69
[party] or counsel from lying in wait for potential mistakes, and then seeking to

reverse the outcome of trial.” United States v. OldBear, 568 F.3d 814, 826 (10th

Cir. 2009). Invited error is a form of waiver, i.e., “‘the intentional relinquishment

or abandonment of a known right.’” United States v. Teague, 443 F.3d 1310,

1314 (10th Cir. 2006) (quoting United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 733 (1993)).

As we have outlined, although the WideBand defendants initially asserted that

Massachusetts law applied to ClearOne’s misappropriation claims, they

subsequently abandoned that position and argued, both in their summary judgment

motions 10 and in their motion for judgment as a matter of law, that the UUTSA

applied to ClearOne’s misappropriation claims. In short, the WideBand

defendants “intentionally relinquished or abandoned” their argument that

Massachusetts law applied to ClearOne’s misappropriation claims. Richison v.

Ernest Grp., Inc., 634 F.3d 1123, 1127 (10th Cir. 2011) (discussing difference

between waiver and forfeiture in civil proceedings).

                Denial of summary judgment and motion for JMOL

      The WideBand defendants argue that the district court erred in denying

their motions for summary judgment, as well as their motion for judgment as a

      10
         Although it is true that the WideBand defendants sought to join Biamp’s
motion for summary judgment, and that Biamp raised the choice-of-law issue in
its motion, the district court never granted the WideBand defendants’ motion to
join. Moreover, the district court, in denying Biamp’s summary judgment motion,
never definitively ruled on the choice-of-law issue. And, most importantly, the
WideBand defendants ultimately argued at trial that Utah law applied to
ClearOne’s misappropriation claims.

                                          70
matter of law (JMOL). We have clearly held, however, “‘that a denial of

summary judgment based on a genuine dispute of material facts becomes moot

and unreviewable after trial since the dispute as to the facts has been resolved.’”

Snyder v. City of Moab, 354 F.3d 1179, 1184 n.2 (10th Cir. 2003) (quoting 19

Wm. Moore et al., Moore’s Federal Practice § 205.8 (3d ed. 1999)).

Consequently, we will focus exclusively on the denial of the WideBand

defendants’ motion for JMOL. See id. (noting that “where a party is denied

summary judgment by the district court on grounds that were genuine issues of

material fact, the proper avenue of appeal lies in challenging the denial of

[JMOL] rather than the denial of summary judgment.”).

      We review de novo the district court’s denial of a motion for JMOL,

applying the same standard as the district court. Rocky Mountain Christian

Church, 613 F.3d at 1235. “A party is entitled to JMOL only if the court

concludes that ‘all of the evidence in the record . . . [reveals] no legally sufficient

evidentiary basis for a claim under the controlling law.’” Wagner v. Live Nation

Motor Sports, Inc., 586 F.3d 1237, 1244 (10th Cir. 2009) (quoting Hysten v.

Burlington N. Santa Fe Ry. Co., 530 F.3d 1260, 1269 (10th Cir. 2008)).

“Drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party, . . . we thus

will reverse the district court’s denial of the motion for JMOL if the evidence

points but one way and is susceptible to no reasonable inferences supporting the

party opposing the motion.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).

                                           71
      On October 28, 2008, at the conclusion of ClearOne’s evidence at trial, the

WideBand defendants filed a motion for JMOL addressing ClearOne’s

misappropriation of trade secrets claims. JA at D12019. In that motion, the

WideBand defendants argued that, because “Old ClearOne disclosed the

Honeybee Code in its entirety to [ClearOne’s chief technology officer Tracy

Bathurst] and to his engineering team [prior to ClearOne acquiring Old

ClearOne’s assets and] without requiring him or anyone else to sign a non-

disclosure agreement,” the secrecy of the Honeybee Code was not adequately

maintained and thus it could not qualify as a trade secret under Utah law. Id. at

D12024.

      The WideBand defendants also joined in Biamp’s motion for judgment as a

matter of law. Id. at D12020. Biamp argued that it was entitled to judgment as a

matter of law on ClearOne’s misappropriation claim because “there [wa]s no

evidence that any claimed trade secret: (i) was in fact a trade secret [or] (ii) was

misappropriated.” Id. at D12117. In support, Biamp argued that (a) there was no

evidence that the Honeybee development documentation or the Honeybee sub-

algorithms had actual or potential value, or were ever misappropriated by any of

the defendants, (b) there was no evidence that the Honeybee Code, as a whole,

was valuable or had been misappropriated by any of the defendants, and (c) there

was no evidence that Biamp knew or had reason to know of any misappropriation

on the part of the WideBand defendants.

                                          72
      The district court summarily denied the motions on the record at trial that

same day (October 28, 2008). Id. at T2917 (“I think the evidence is sufficient

under the standards you submit to [go to] the jury.”).

      On appeal, the WideBand defendants argue that, contrary to the district

court’s ruling, the evidence presented at trial “clearly showed . . . that ClearOne

took little or no steps during the development of the Honeybee Code to maintain

its secrecy.” Aplt. Br. at 57. Obviously, however, this argument is not framed in

terms relevant to a motion for JMOL. As our standard of review makes clear, the

question is not which view of the evidence is most compelling or believable, but

rather whether the evidence presented at trial was sufficient to allow the jury to

find in ClearOne’s favor on this point.

      A review of the trial transcript establishes that ClearOne presented a

variety of evidence relevant to this issue. To begin with, in the asset purchase

agreement between Gentner/ClearOne and Old ClearOne, Old ClearOne expressly

warranted that it had taken all reasonable steps to maintain the secrecy of the

intellectual property it was selling to Gentner/ClearOne, including the Honeybee

Code. Likewise, Chiang, in his capacity as the president of Old ClearOne, signed

a separate document warranting that the representations made by Old ClearOne in

the asset purchase agreement were true. In light of these documents, it appears

that, notwithstanding the fact that Old ClearOne was willing to show the

Honeybee Code (as it then existed) to Gentner’s/ClearOne’s technology staff prior

                                          73
to the asset purchase, nothing about those actions destroyed the secrecy of the

Honeybee Code. Second, the evidence presented at trial indicated that, even

though Old ClearOne allowed Gentner/ClearOne’s technology staff to view

portions of the Honeybee Code (as it then existed; at that point, it had not been

completed), Old ClearOne did so under relatively strict conditions. Specifically,

Old ClearOne required Gentner’s/ClearOne’s employees to travel to Old

ClearOne’s Massachusetts office to view the Honeybee Code, allowed

Gentner’s/ClearOne’s employees to view the Honeybee Code only with Old

ClearOne employees present and observing, and was unwilling to send the

Honeybee Code or portions thereof to Gentner/ClearOne. Third, Old ClearOne

did not deliver the Honeybee Code to Gentner/ClearOne until after the asset

purchase agreement was executed. Fourth, following completion of the asset

purchase agreement, Gentner/ClearOne placed the Honeybee Code in its

document control system where it remained, at all times relevant to this litigation,

secure. Fifth, ClearOne’s expert witness, Makovicka, testified that he was unable

to find either the Honeybee algorithm as a whole, or its key components, in the

public domain. Considered together, we conclude that this evidence was

sufficient to allow the jury to reasonably find that both Old ClearOne and

Gentner/ClearOne took reasonable steps to maintain the secrecy of the Honeybee

Code.

        The WideBand defendants also argue that the district court “erred in

                                          74
finding that the Honeybee Code had independent economic value, . . . since

ClearOne abandoned the Code by ceasing to produce products containing the

Code.” Id. at 58. In turn, the WideBand defendants argue that, “[c]ontrary to the

[district court’s] belief, the ‘continuous use’ doctrine is a well-established

component of Massachusetts trade secret law . . . .” Id. at 58-59. There are two

fatal problems with these arguments. First, these were not raised in any of the

defendants’ motions for JMOL. Second, as we have already discussed, the

WideBand defendants intentionally relinquished the choice-of-law issue that is

central to their “non-use” arguments. Thus, in sum, the “non-use” arguments are

waived.

                      The district court’s August 5, 2009 TRO

      The Appellants contend that the district court erred in granting a TRO in

favor of ClearOne on August 5, 2009. 11 We review for abuse of discretion a

district court’s decision to grant a TRO. Winnebago Tribe of Neb. v. Stovall, 341
F.3d 1202, 1205-06 (10th Cir. 2003). “The standard for abuse of discretion is

high.” Id. at 1205. The appellant “must show that the district court committed an

error of law (for example, by applying the wrong legal standard) or committed

      11
         The heading to this argument in the Appellants’ opening brief refers to
the district court granting ClearOne’s “motion to expand its permanent
injunction.” Aplt. Br. at 59 (capitalization in original omitted). In the actual
discussion section, however, the Appellants state that their challenges are in fact
directed at the district court’s “August 5, 2009 TRO . . . .” Id. at 62. We will
thus assume the Appellants’ arguments are aimed exclusively at the August 5,
2009 TRO.

                                          75
clear error in its factual findings.” Id. “We have previously described abuse of

discretion as an arbitrary, capricious, whimsical, or manifestly unreasonable

judgment.” Id. at 1205-06 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

      The Appellants contend the district court abused its discretion because the

August 5, 2009 TRO “was not based upon a full review of all relevant facts . . . .”

Aplt. Br. at 62 (emphasis in original). This is because, they complain, they “were

not allowed to refute ClearOne’s evidence or to offer evidence of their own . . . .”

Id. Further, they argue, “there were no ‘merits’ to have success upon, as, save a

Motion to extend the reach of its Permanent Injunction, ClearOne has filed no

causes of action against DialHD, and it is apparent that ClearOne has no intention

of doing so for the foreseeable future.” Id.

      As ClearOne notes persuasively in response, however, any challenges to the

August 5, 2009 TRO have been rendered moot by the district court’s issuance of

(a) the November 19, 2009 contempt order, which amended the permanent

injunction to add DialHD and Longoo products to the order’s definition of

“Infringing Products,” and expressly named DialHD and Longoo as entities

enjoined under the order, JA at D22290-353, and (b) the August 13, 2010 second

amended permanent injunction, which, pursuant to the findings set forth in the

district court’s contempt order of that same date, added Donald Bowers as a

person being enjoined, id. at D23423-57. See Grupo Mexicano de Desarrollo,

S.A. v. Alliance Bond Fund, Inc., 527 U.S. 308, 314 (1999) (“Generally, an

                                         76
appeal from the grant of a preliminary injunction becomes moot when the trial

court enters a permanent injunction, because the former merges into the latter.”);

Smith v. Ill. Bell Tel. Co., 270 U.S. 587, 588 (1926) (holding that order granting

preliminary injunction was not appealable because permanent injunction was

subsequently granted and thus “the interlocutory injunction had become merged in

the final decree”).

      Even if we were to assume that the Appellants’ challenges to the August 5,

2009 TRO have not been rendered moot, we conclude there is no merit to those

challenges. To the extent the Appellants complain that they were not allowed to

present evidence relevant to the issuance of the TRO, that is because they chose

not to appear in person at the July 31, 2009 contempt hearing that resulted in the

issuance of the August 5, 2009 TRO. Consequently, as the district court

expressly warned in its July 17, 2009 show cause order, they were “precluded

from offering testimony, offering witnesses, or cross-examining witnesses.” JA at

D20413 (emphasis omitted). In other words, although they would have been

afforded the opportunity to present witnesses and exhibits, and to cross-examine

ClearOne’s witnesses, had they personally appeared at the contempt hearing, they

intentionally waived those rights by choosing not to personally appear at the

contempt hearing. Moreover, the Appellants were subsequently afforded several

opportunities by the district court, after the issuance of the August 5, 2009 TRO,

to submit evidence and arguments and to appear at hearings on the contempt

                                         77
issues prior to the issuance of the August 13, 2010 second amended permanent

injunction.

      We likewise reject the Appellants’ argument that “there were no ‘merits’ to

have success upon, as, save a Motion to extend the reach of its Permanent

Injunction, ClearOne has filed no causes of action against DialHD, and it is

apparent that ClearOne has no intention of doing so for the foreseeable future.”

Aplt. Br. at 62. Appellants have not, as required by 10th Cir. R. 28.2(C)(2),

“cit[ed] the precise reference in the record where the issue was raised and ruled

on.” And our own review of the voluminous record on appeal fails to establish

that DialHD ever asserted any such argument below. Consequently, the argument

is not properly before us on appeal. See McKissick v. Yuen, 618 F.3d 1177, 1189

(10th Cir. 2010).

                The district court’s July 17, 2009 show cause order

      The Appellants contend that the district court’s July 17, 2009 show cause

order, which directed them to appear in person at the July 31, 2009 contempt

hearing and outlined the parameters of that hearing, violated their due process

rights because it “unequivocally denied [them] the opportunity to present

evidence in support of their positions and to counter opposing testimony and

evidence [if] they did not attend the July 31, 2009 [contempt] hearing in person.”

Aplt. Br. at 64. “We review questions of constitutional law de novo.” Citizens

for Responsible Gov’t State Political Action Comm. v. Davidson, 236 F.3d 1174,

                                         78
1193 (10th Cir. 2000).

      The district court’s order “was particularly prejudicial,” Appellants argue,

“in that it did not take exigent circumstances into account.” Aplt. Br. at 64. “For

example,” they argue, “there was no provision allowing the parties to present

evidence and testimony in the event of travel difficulties, illness, or other

unforeseen and uncontrollable circumstances.” Id. at 64-65. Appellants further

argue that, had they been afforded the opportunity to present evidence at the July

31, 2009 contempt hearing, the district court “would have in all likelihood found

that ClearOne could not show a likelihood of success on the merits.” Id. at 67.

      As with the previous issue, it appears that any challenges to the district

court’s July 17, 2009 show cause order have been rendered moot by the district

court’s subsequent hearings and issuance of the second amended permanent

injunction. More specifically, the district court conducted additional hearings and

afforded the Appellants additional opportunities to appear and present evidence

prior to the issuance of its second amended permanent injunction in August 2010.

Consequently, any alleged deficiencies in its July 17, 2009 show cause order

appear to be irrelevant.

      Assuming, for purposes of argument, that the Appellants’ arguments have

not been rendered moot, we conclude there is no merit to them. “[A]t a

minimum,” the Due Process Clause “require[s] that deprivation of life, liberty or

property by adjudication be preceded by notice and opportunity for hearing

                                          79
appropriate to the nature of the case.” Goss v. Lopez, 419 U.S. 565, 579 (1975).

“The fundamental requisite of due process of law is the opportunity be heard, a

right that has little reality or worth unless one is informed that the matter is

pending and can choose for himself whether to . . . contest.” Id. (internal

quotation marks and citation omitted). In our view, the district court’s July 17,

2009 show cause order satisfied these requirements by providing the Appellants

with notice of the pending hearing on ClearOne’s motion for contempt and

affording them the opportunity, at their discretion, to appear and be heard.

   Personal jurisdiction over defendants at the July 31, 2009 contempt hearing

      DialHD and Donald Bowers argue that the district court could not have

properly exerted personal jurisdiction over them at the July 31, 2009 contempt

hearing because ClearOne had never filed “an actual complaint” against them. 12

Aplt. Br. at 74. In turn, they argue, they should not have been held in contempt

by the district court.

      We conclude that this is little more than a reiteration of Appellants’

challenge to the district court’s August 5, 2009 TRO. For the reasons already

discussed above, we conclude that DialHD and Donald Bowers were, pursuant to

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65(d), subject to the district court’s orders

      12
         Appellants also argue, citing Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 4.1(b) and
45, that the district court’s July 17, 2009 show cause order was not properly
served or binding upon them because they resided more than 100 miles outside of
the District of Utah. Aplt. Br. at 68-69. We need not address this argument,
however, because it was not raised below.

                                           80
because they had actual notice of the district court’s original permanent

injunction and were found by the district court to have acted in concert with the

WideBand defendants in violating that injunction.

                          District judge’s failure to recuse

      The Appellants contend that the district judge should have recused herself

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 455 “prior to the trial of this matter as well as prior to

any post-trial proceedings.” 13 Aplt. Br. at 76 (capitalization in original omitted).

Generally speaking, we review for abuse of discretion the denial of a motion for

recusal. United States v. Mendoza, 468 F.3d 1256, 1262 (10th Cir. 2006).

      13
          Section 455 of Title 28 of the United States Code, entitled
“Disqualification of justice, judge, or magistrate judge,” provides, in pertinent
part, as follows:
       (a) Any justice, judge, or magistrate judge of the United States shall
       disqualify himself in any proceeding in which his impartiality might
       reasonably be questioned.
       (b) He shall also disqualify himself in the following circumstances:
              ***
              (4) He knows that he, individually or as a fiduciary, or his
              spouse or minor child residing in his household, has a financial
              interest in the subject matter in controversy or in a party to the
              proceeding, or any other interest that could be substantially
              affected by the outcome of the proceeding;
              (5) He or his spouse, or a person within the third degree of
              relationship to either of them, or the spouse of such a person:
                     (i) Is a party to the proceeding, or an officer, director, or
                     trustee of a party;
                     (ii) Is acting as a lawyer in the proceeding;
                     (iii) Is known by the judge to have an interest that could
                     be substantially affected by the outcome of the
                     proceeding . . . .
28 U.S.C. §§ 455(a), (b)(4) and (5).

                                          81
      The issue of whether the district judge should have recused was first raised

by defendant Lonny Bowers in his pro se motion for new trial. In that motion,

Lonny Bowers argued that the district judge “knew that her spouse, Gordon

Campbell, had a financial interest in the subject matter in controversy as well as

an interest that could be substantially affected by the outcome of the proceedings

within the meaning of § 455(b)(4),” and “in all likelihood knew that her husband

had an interest that could be substantially affected by the outcome of the

litigation in th[e] case within the meaning of § 455(b)(5)(iii) . . . .” JA at

D17108. In support, Lonny Bowers alleged that Campbell was a “member” of the

law firm “of Parsons, Behle & Latimer, . . . wh[ich] handle[d] a substantial

portion of [ClearOne’s] litigation caseload,” and “ha[d] procured patents

pertaining to key electronic systems at issue in th[e] litigation.” Id. Lonny

Bowers argued that, “had [the WideBand defendants] prevailed in th[e] litigation,

Mr. Campbell’s interest—and by extension [the district judge’s] interest—in the

company could have been substantially affected, particularly from an economic

standpoint.” Id. at D17108-09.

      ClearOne, in its brief in opposition to Lonny Bowers’ motion for new trial,

refuted Lonny Bowers’ allegations regarding Mr. Campbell:

          First, [Parsons, Behle & Latimer] is not counsel of record for
      ClearOne in this case, and has not otherwise been involved in the
      litigation. Second, to the extent ClearOne has used, or currently
      uses, [Parsons, Behle & Latimer’s] services for purposes outside of
      this litigation, [Mr.] Campbell has not worked, and does not work,

                                           82
         for ClearOne. Third, according to the publicly-available Internet
         resources, such as martindale.com, Mr. Campbell is neither an
         associate nor shareholder of [Parsons, Behle & Latimer], but is “of
         counsel.” As such, his financial interest in the firm, if any, is likely
         limited. Moreover, there has been no evidence presented that would
         indicate that ClearOne’s financial livelihood is in any way dependent
         on the outcome of this case. Therefore, any financial interest held by
         any person in the viability of [Parsons, Behle & Latimer], and any
         decision whether ClearOne would use [Parsons, Behle & Latimer] for
         transactional work in the future, would have nothing to do,
         whatsoever, with whether ClearOne prevailed in this case.

Id. at D17430-31. Lonny Bowers did not file a reply to ClearOne’s opposition

brief.

         The district court ultimately rejected Lonny Bowers’ arguments in an order

and memorandum and decision issued on April 20, 2009. Id. at D17547. In doing

so, the district court stated, in pertinent part: “Mr. [Lonny] Bowers . . . alleges

that the court had an improper personal financial interest in the outcome of the

trial. His allegations are not supported by the evidence or law.” 14 Id. at D17566.

         On appeal, Appellants make no attempt to explain how the district court

abused its discretion in denying the pro se motions of Lonny Bowers and Donald

Bowers. Instead, Appellants’ opening brief simply repeats, in almost identically

worded form, the arguments that were asserted by Lonny Bowers in his pro se

motion for new trial, and that were directly refuted by ClearOne in its opposition

to that motion. Moreover, Appellants’ counsel conceded at oral argument that,

         14
         At a June 3, 2009 evidentiary hearing, Donald Bowers orally moved for
the district judge to recuse, citing the same reasons asserted in Bowers’ motion
for new trial. The district court summarily denied Donald Bowers’ oral motion.

                                            83
contrary to the assertions made by Lonny Bowers below and in Appellants’

opening brief, Mr. Campbell was not a partner in the firm of Parsons, Behle &

Latimer, but rather was of counsel to that firm. Appellants’ counsel likewise

conceded that Appellants had no evidentiary support for the allegations that Mr.

Campbell, and in turn the district judge, had a financial interest in the subject

matter in controversy, or an interest that could have been substantially affected by

the outcome of this litigation.

      We conclude that these concessions effectively dispose of the question of

whether there was an actual conflict of interest that would have required the

district judge’s recusal under § 455(b). We further conclude, based upon the

combination of these concessions and the lack of any other factors suggesting

partiality concerns arising from Mr. Campbell’s employment, that recusal was not

required under § 455(a). Thus, in sum, we conclude the district court did not

abuse its discretion in denying the pro se motions of Lonny Bowers and Donald

Bowers.

                         Award of attorneys’ fees and costs

      The Appellants contend that the district court erred in affirming the

magistrate judge’s award of attorneys’ fees and costs. “We review de novo the

legal analysis providing the basis for the award or denial of attorney fees.” W.

Am. Ins. Co. v. AV&S, 145 F.3d 1224, 1230 (10th Cir. 1998). We review for

abuse of discretion the amount of a fee or cost award. Anchondo v. Anderson,

                                          84
Crenshaw & Assocs., L.L.C., 616 F.3d 1098, 1101 (10th Cir. 2010).

      The Appellants have failed to identify where in the record on appeal they

raised this issue and where the district court ruled on it. Their opening brief

includes a single record cite to a declaration filed by ClearOne’s counsel outlining

the fees and expenses incurred by ClearOne in connection with the district court’s

two 2009 show cause orders. Aplt. Br. at 81 (citing JA at D22443). It is not

entirely clear, however, whether the Appellants’ arguments are limited to that fee

and expense award, or instead are aimed at all of the fee and expense awards.

Out of an abundance of caution, we will therefore assume the Appellants are

challenging all of the fee and expense awards.

      a) Pretrial and trial related fees and expenses

      On May 12, 2009, ClearOne filed a motion for award of attorneys’ fees and

related nontaxable expenses. The motion asserted that, because the jury found

that the WideBand defendants’ misappropriation of trade secrets was willful and

malicious, Utah law authorized an award of fees and nontaxable expenses in favor

of ClearOne. In support of the motion, ClearOne submitted a declaration from its

lead attorney, along with over 1400 pages of exhibits. Notably, Biamp was the

only defendant to respond to ClearOne’s motion.

      On December 30, 2009, the magistrate judge issued a memorandum order

and decision granting in part ClearOne’s motion. The memorandum order

concluded that (a) all of the defendants were jointly and severally liable to

                                          85
ClearOne for the sum of $983,879.90 in fees and nontaxable expenses, (b) Biamp

was liable to ClearOne for the sum of $118,025.00 in fees and nontaxable

expenses, and (c) the WideBand defendants were jointly and severally liable to

ClearOne for the sum of $907,645.87 in fees and nontaxable expenses. Together,

these fee and expense awards totaled $2,009,550.33.

      On January 14, 2010, the WideBand defendants filed an objection to the

magistrate judge’s memorandum order and decision. Therein, the WideBand

defendants first complained that when ClearOne’s motion was filed, they were

proceeding pro se and thus did not have access to the sealed declarations

submitted by ClearOne’s counsel. The remainder of the objection was worded in

similar fashion to the portion of the WideBand defendants’ appellate brief

regarding the fee and expense issue. Ultimately, the WideBand defendants argued

in their objection that ClearOne’s fee and expense request “should be reduced by

at least thirty-three percent . . . or, in the alternative, a hearing should be set, and

the Defendants afforded an opportunity to be heard regarding these amounts.” JA

at D22652.

      b) Contempt related fees and expenses against Donald Bowers

      On September 3, 2009, the district court issued a memorandum decision

and order of contempt against Donald Bowers for violating the district court’s

June 26, 2008 order enjoining encumbrance or transfer of disputed software

codes. In support, the district court found that Donald Bowers had encumbered

                                            86
WideBand’s intellectual property by filing a UCC-1 financing statement in

Massachusetts on November 6, 2008. The order directed Donald Bowers, in

pertinent part, to reimburse ClearOne for its reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs

incurred in pursuing the contempt order against him. In turn, the magistrate judge

issued a memorandum decision and order on January 19, 2010, awarding

$57,188.61 in fees to ClearOne. On February 2, 2010, Donald Bowers filed a

written objection to the magistrate judge’s memorandum decision and order.

      c) Contempt related fees and expenses against Lonny Bowers, Yang,
      WideBand, and DialHD

      On November 19, 2009, the district court issued a memorandum decision

and order of contempt concluding, in pertinent part, “that ClearOne ha[d] not

shown by clear and convincing evidence that . . . Chiang, Versatile, . . . and

David Sullivan [we]re in contempt of court,” but that “ClearOne ha[d] shown by

clear and convincing evidence that . . . [Lonny] Bowers, . . . Yang, WideBand . . .

, and third-party collaborator DialHD . . . [we]re in contempt of court for

violation of the court’s April 2009 Permanent Injunction and August 2009

Temporary Restraining Order for selling WideBand’s Simphonix Si-400 product

in the guise of DialHD’s AEC4 and HD4551 products, all of which contain[ed]

the Honeybee Code.” JA at D22291. As part of that order, the district court

ordered the contemnors “to pay attorneys’ fees and damages sustained by

ClearOne as a result of their contemptuous behavior . . . .” Id. To effectuate that

                                          87
order, the district court directed ClearOne to “submit an affidavit and

documentation of the costs and attorneys’ fees,” and in turn directed the

magistrate judge to “issue a ruling awarding those costs and fees reasonably

incurred in relation to” the district court’s first order to show cause. Id. at

D22353. “The fees and costs, if reasonable and documented,” the district court

held, “w[ould] be awarded to compensate ClearOne for its direct losses incurred

in bringing the actions of the Contemnors to the attention of the court and

obtaining the relief granted herein.” Id.

      On December 21, 2009, ClearOne’s counsel filed a declaration in support

of an award of attorneys’ fees. The declaration noted that ClearOne utilized four

attorneys, one paralegal, and one law clerk from the same law firm to perform

work that fell within the scope of the district court’s directive. The declaration

further noted that the law firm “charge[d] [ClearOne] a flat percentage for

internal costs of 2% of the amount of attorney fees billed,” as well as the full

amount of external costs. Id. at D22448. The declaration stated that, as reflected

on a spreadsheet attached thereto, “the total attorney fees and expenses” that fell

within the scope of the district court’s order was “$184,506.52,” an amount that

had been “charged to, and paid by, ClearOne.” Id. at D22449

      On January 5, 2010, WideBand, Yang, Lonny Bowers and DialHD filed a

response to ClearOne’s declaration. Notably, the bulk of that response was

worded in similar, if not identical, fashion to the portion of the WideBand

                                            88
defendants’ appellate brief regarding the fee and expense issue. In particular, the

response complained that the declaration and supporting documentation provided

a “vague, imprecise, non-contemporaneous accounting of the work that was

supposedly performed by [ClearOne’s] counsel.” Id. at D22508. The response, in

turn, argued that ClearOne’s “request for attorney’s fees, costs and expenses . . .

should be reduced by at least thirty-three percent . . . or, in the alternative, a

hearing should be set, and the Defendants and Interested Parties afforded an

opportunity to be heard regarding these amounts.” Id. at D22510.

      On January 29, 2010, the magistrate judge issued a memorandum decision

and order concluding that ClearOne’s submission was “proper in every respect”

and adequately documented. Id. at D22667. The magistrate judge further

concluded that the WideBand defendants’ attorney, Randolph Frails, “had

previously [been] prohibited . . . from ClearOne’s protected information,” and

thus ClearOne’s “documentation [in support of its fee and expense] request was

rightfully withheld from . . . Frails . . . .” Id. Moreover, the magistrate judge

noted that Frails failed to arrange for the WideBand defendants’ local Utah

counsel “to sign the Undertaking attached to the [district court’s] Confidentiality

Order in th[e] case,” which would have allowed local counsel, “or any other

proper representative of . . . Frails, to access, review, and respond to ClearOne’s

documentation.” Id. Accordingly, in conclusion, the magistrate judge ordered

“that . . . [Lonny] Bowers, . . . Yang, WideBand . . . , and . . . DialHD . . . [we]re

                                           89
jointly and severally liable to ClearOne in the sum of $184,506.52.” Id. at

D22668.

      d) The district court’s order affirming the magistrate judge’s decisions

      On March 25, 2010, the district court issued an order and memorandum

decision overruling the defendants’ objections, affirming the January 19, 2010,

and February 3, 2010 orders, and treating the December 30, 2009 decision as a

report and recommendation (R&R) and adopting the R&R as its own order. In

adopting the R&R, the district court concluded, in pertinent part, that the

WideBand defendants “ha[d] waived their right to object to” the R&R because

“[t]hey did not respond to ClearOne’s motion for attorneys’ fees and costs when it

was before” the magistrate judge. Id. at D22725. The district court also

concluded, alternatively, that even if the WideBand defendants had not waived

their objections, there was no merit to them.

      e) Appellants’ arguments

      On appeal, the Appellants do not directly challenge either the magistrate

judge’s orders or the district court’s final order affirming and adopting those

orders. Instead, the WideBand defendants simply repeat, in nearly identical

terms, the arguments they asserted below in opposition to ClearOne’s fee and cost

requests. Specifically, they contend that, “[o]n their faces, ClearOne’s documents

[outlining their fees and expenses incurred] were vague, imprecise, non-

contemporaneous accountings of the work that was supposedly performed by its

                                         90
counsel.” Aplt. Br. at 81. The Appellants further argue that the deficiencies were

“compounded by the fact that, given the number of attorneys involved (four in

all), there is an extremely high likelihood that many if not all of the attorney’s

services [we]re duplicative in nature.” Id. “Moreover,” they argue, “ClearOne

offered no evidence showing what the comparable rates for the services its

attorneys allegedly performed would be.” Id. As a result, they argue, “[t]he

Magistrate Court could not have possibly deduced a reasonable hourly rate or

number of hours reasonably spent from such an incomplete record.” Id. “[T]he

Trial Court,” they argue, “should have either held a hearing in which the fees and

costs requested by ClearOne (along with all documents in support thereof and in

opposition thereto) were reviewed by all parties, or reduced the fees and costs on

its own volition,” and its “failure to do so was an abuse of discretion.” Id. at 82.

      These arguments are largely speculative since neither the Appellants nor

their current counsel, as a result of being subject to a confidentiality order issued

by the district court, actually viewed the supporting documentation filed under

seal by ClearOne. As the district court noted, had the Appellants “wanted to have

counsel review and properly challenge ClearOne’s fee application[s], they could

have used their Utah counsel to obtain access to, review, and respond to [those]

fee application[s].” JA at D22726. Further, undoubtedly due to their failure to

actually view ClearOne’s supporting documentation, the Appellants do not

specifically identify what they believe the deficiencies in ClearOne’s submissions

                                          91
were. In any event, the magistrate judge, who actually reviewed ClearOne’s

submissions, found ClearOne’s submissions to be proper and non-duplicative, and

the Appellants fail to explain how those rulings were erroneous. As for the

Appellants’ complaint that “ClearOne offered no evidence showing what the

comparable rates for the services its attorneys allegedly performed would be,” it

is frankly unclear what the Appellants are referring to, or what they would have

required ClearOne to file. According to the record, ClearOne’s submissions

detailing its fees were tied specifically to the amounts charged by its attorneys to

ClearOne.

      In sum, we conclude the district court did not abuse its discretion in

affirming, or adopting as its own, the magistrate judge’s orders granting

ClearOne’s fee and cost requests.

            Emergency motion for access to “Court Only User Docket”

      In their appellate reply brief, the WideBand defendants argue that the

district court erred in permitting ClearOne to file documents that were maintained

on a separate “Court Only User Docket.” Aplt. Reply Br. at 38 (capitalization in

original omitted). According to the WideBand defendants, “the existence of” this

“Court Only User Docket” “was finally brought to light on February 11, 2011” in

a district court docket entry noting that “[a] court user only docket sheet . . .

[wa]s being transmitted by email to counsel for the parties who ha[d] access to

attorneys’ eyes only information” and would thus “permit counsel for Biamp to

                                           92
evaluate the need for any documents identified in its motion” for clarification of a

November 3, 2010 order issued by the magistrate judge regarding certain sealed

documents in the case. 15 Id. (quoting Dist. Ct. Docket No. 2426).

      The driving concern behind this issue appears to be the WideBand

defendants’ belief that the district court, through use of this “Court Only User

Docket,” afforded ClearOne special privileges in terms of filing pleadings or

other documents. Relatedly, the WideBand defendants complain that, “[p]rior to

trial, 65 docket entries were sealed and rendered inaccessible by” them. Id. at 39.

The WideBand defendants in turn argue that “[t]he existence of dual docketing

systems in this case is highly irregular, especially where there were other means

by which the Trial Court could seal or mark particular documents as confidential

— means that were much more conducive to [their] constitutional rights.” Id. at

40. “In the interests of fairness,” they argue, “this case should be remanded to

determine the exact nature and purport of the documents contained in the ‘Court

Only User Docket.’” Id.

      We reject the WideBand defendants’ arguments for a number of reasons.

      15
         The magistrate judge’s November 3, 2010 order concerned documents
that were seized from Lonny Bowers’ possession pursuant to a September 1, 2010
seizure order. Dist. Ct. Docket No. 2339, at 1. Because those documents
contained material treated as “Confidential” under the protective order in the
case, redacted versions of those documents were filed. Id. at 1-2. Biamp
subsequently “asked for access to all the sealed docket entries.” Id. at 2. The
magistrate judge subsequently directed that Biamp be provided with a copy of the
“Court Only User Docket” so that it could refine its request for access to the
sealed documents.

                                         93
To begin with, this purported issue has never been ruled on in the district court.

As we have noted, on March 3, 2011, the WideBand defendants filed a pleading

entitled “EMERGENCY MOTION FOR ACCESS TO ‘COURT ONLY USER

DOCKET,’” that essentially raised the same arguments that the WideBand

defendants are now urging on appeal. Dist. Ct. Docket No. 2454. That motion,

however, has not yet been ruled on by the district court. Second, and relatedly,

the WideBand defendants are raising this issue for the first time in their reply

brief. Ordinarily, however, “[t]his court does not . . . review issues raised for the

first time in a reply brief.” Cohen-Esrey Real Estate Servs., Inc. v. Twin City

Fire Ins. Co., 636 F.3d 1300, 1306 n.3 (10th Cir. 2011). Third, even ignoring

these procedural deficiencies, there is clearly no merit to the WideBand

defendants’ arguments. Apparently, they are unaware that the district court, like

this court, maintains both a publicly accessible docket and a docket intended for

court personnel only. There is simply no basis for concluding that this system

provided any litigation advantage to ClearOne. Indeed, there is no evidence that

ClearOne had access to the so-called “Court Only User Docket.” Lastly, with

respect to the WideBand defendants’ argument that they were not allowed access

to certain documents prior to trial, the record on appeal does establish that the

district court’s confidentiality orders effectively precluded the WideBand

defendants from viewing certain ClearOne documents. However, those

confidentiality orders allowed the WideBand defendants’ counsel (except for

                                          94
current counsel, Randolph Frails, who was retained well after the entry of final

judgment) and their expert witnesses access to the ClearOne documents. Thus,

there is simply no basis for concluding that the WideBand defendants’ were

prejudiced in any way (and, notably, the WideBand defendants do not make any

specific allegations of prejudice).

                                           III

      As a final matter, we note that the Appellants have filed with this court a

Notice of Joinder pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 28(i),

purporting to “join in all relevant arguments set forth in . . . Biamp[’s] . . .

Opening Brief [in Appeal Nos. 09-4097, 10-4090, and 10-4168] filed on January

11, 2011.” Notice of Joinder at 2, ClearOne v. Bowers, et al., No. 09-4092 (10th

Cir. Jan. 21, 2011). Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 28(i) states that “[i]n a

case involving more than one appellant or appellee, including consolidated cases,

any number of appellants or appellees may join in a brief, and any party may

adopt by reference a part of another’s brief.” Although the Appellants’

consolidated appeals are related to Biamp’s appeals, they are not consolidated

with those appeals. See Final Briefing Scheduling Order, ClearOne v. Bowers, et

al., No. 09-4092 (10th Cir. Aug. 20, 2010). Therefore, the WideBand defendants’

invocation of the rule is inappropriate.

      Further, to the extent that the Appellants’ pleading could be construed as

motion to join in Biamp’s brief, such motion is denied. The Appellants have filed

                                           95
their own briefs. They cannot file a blanket adoption of Biamp’s brief and,

thereby, essentially avail themselves of two sets of briefs. Rule 28(i) is not an

end-run around briefing limitations, including page limits.

                                         IV

      The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED. Appellants’ Notice of

Joinder is DENIED. ClearOne’s motion to strike new issues raised in the

Appellants’ reply brief is DENIED as moot.

                                          96