Court Opinion

ID: 9953544
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-03-22 14:19:19.799825+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:01:40.169358
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: MARCH 15, 2024; 10:00 A.M.
                        NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

                Commonwealth of Kentucky
                           Court of Appeals
                              NO. 2022-CA-1155-MR

CHARLES DURHAM,
INDIVIDUALLY, AND BY AND
THROUGH HIS EMERGENCY
GUARDIAN AND NEXT FRIEND,
TONYA GILLIAM                                                   APPELLANT

                  APPEAL FROM CLARK CIRCUIT COURT
v.               HONORABLE COLE ADAMS MAIER, JUDGE
                        ACTION NO. 21-CI-00003

DOMINO’S PIZZA, LLC; ALEXIS
LANTER; AND JW’S PIZZA, LLC                                      APPELLEES

                                    OPINION
                                   AFFIRMING

                                   ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: THOMPSON, CHIEF JUDGE; ECKERLE AND LAMBERT,
JUDGES.

LAMBERT, JUDGE: Charles Durham appeals the Clark Circuit Court’s order

granting summary judgment in favor of Domino’s Pizza, LLC. After careful

review of the briefs, record, and law, we affirm.
          BACKGROUND FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

             Domino’s Pizza, LLC (Domino’s) is a national pizza chain and JW’s

Pizza, LLC (JW’s) is one of its franchisees. On January 3, 2020, a delivery driver

employed by JW’s struck Durham, a pedestrian, with her vehicle while making a

delivery. The circumstances surrounding the collision are disputed.

             On January 2, 2021, Durham, through his guardian, filed the

underlying action against Domino’s, JW’s, and the delivery driver asserting claims

of negligence; negligence per se; negligent entrustment, hiring, supervision,

training, or retention; and gross negligence. Relevant to this appeal, Durham

alleged that the delivery driver was an employee, borrowed servant, or dual agent

of Domino’s; that she was acting within the scope of her employment; and that

Domino’s controlled or had the right to control the daily operations pertaining to

the delivery procedures, equipment, vehicles, and drivers of JW’s. The corporate

defendants maintained, however, that the delivery driver was solely employed by

JW’s, that JW’s was an independent contractor, and that Domino’s had no control

over the daily operations of JW’s. It is conceded that the delivery driver was

acting within the scope of her employment at the time of the collision.

             On June 10, 2022, Domino’s moved for summary judgment on all

claims against it, asserting that as a matter of law it was not vicariously liable for

the actions of its franchisee or that franchisee’s employee. Durham opposed the

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motion and sought additional discovery pursuant to Kentucky Rule of Civil

Procedure (CR) 30.02 and CR 56.06. On July 7, 2022, without explanation, the

circuit court denied Durham’s motions and granted summary judgment. After

Durham’s subsequent motion to alter, amend, or vacate or for additional findings

was likewise denied, this appeal followed. We will introduce additional facts as

they become relevant.

                                    ANALYSIS

             As a preliminary matter, Durham argues that the court committed

reversible error when, despite his diligent pursuit of evidence, the corporate

defendants’ obfuscation, and his proper CR 56.06 motion for additional time, he

was denied an adequate opportunity to complete discovery. The Supreme Court of

Kentucky “has cautioned trial courts not to take up [summary judgment] motions

prematurely and to consider [such] motions ‘only after the opposing party has been

given ample opportunity to complete discovery.’” Blankenship v. Collier, 302

S.W.3d 665, 668 (Ky. 2010) (quoting Pendleton Bros. Vending, Inc. v.

Commonwealth Fin. & Admin. Cabinet, 758 S.W.2d 24, 29 (Ky. 1988)). We

review a court’s determination that the appellant has had sufficient time to

complete discovery for an abuse of discretion. Id. A court abuses its discretion if

its decision is “arbitrary, unreasonable, unfair, or unsupported by sound legal

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principles.” Commonwealth v. English, 993 S.W.2d 941, 945 (Ky. 1999) (citations

omitted).

              In evaluating the merits of his claim, Durham advocates that we apply

the five factors test employed by the Sixth Circuit in Doe v. City of Memphis, 928

F.3d 481, 490-91 (6th Cir. 2019), for resolving motions for additional time under

the analogous Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(d). The factors are: (1) when

the appellant learned of the issue that is the subject of the desired discovery; (2)

whether this discovery would have changed the outcome; (3) the length of the

discovery period; (4) whether the appellant was dilatory in his discovery efforts;

and (5) whether the appellee was responsive to discovery requests. Id.

              Durham asserts that these factors overwhelmingly favor a conclusion

that the court abused its discretion. In support, Durham notes that the evidence

confirming that, through its website and smartphone app, Domino’s actively

participated in the deliveries made by JW’s was only obtained when the delivery

driver was deposed after the motion for summary judgment was filed. He opines

that further information pertaining thereto is critical to establishing the company’s

vicarious liability.

              Durham asserts that, though he served and supplemented his

discovery responses within a reasonable time, the responses of Domino’s and JW’s

were six months late and unacceptably deficient in that the companies categorically

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refused to provide necessary information on the basis of relevance. Similarly, the

companies failed to provide any dates for their depositions when Durham broached

the subject on March 30, 2022, and, after the motion for summary judgment was

filed, they wholly refused to participate. Durham states that he diligently worked

to resolve the discovery dispute without court intervention, and, when that proved

unsuccessful, he properly and timely requested additional time to acquire

specifically identified evidence.

             In response, Domino’s admits that it raised various objections to

Durham’s discovery requests and that it advised it was withholding proprietary

documents until entry of an agreed protective order, but it disputes Durham’s claim

of diligence. Domino’s states that, prior to the summary judgment motion,

Durham made no attempt to agree to a protective order, he did not respond to a

request that he place in writing any issues with its discovery objections, he did not

provide proposed CR 30.02(6) notices or a list of topics as requested, and he did

not seek to compel discovery. Additionally, Domino’s maintains that the requested

discovery was immaterial.

             Ultimately, we conclude that the court did not abuse its discretion.

Durham stresses that information concerning the Domino’s website and app are

necessary, a claim we can little evaluate, but admits that his July 13, 2021

discovery requests were tailored to obtain it, and thus, any inference that he only

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became aware of the need for this information after deposing the driver is

misleading. And though we cannot say that the corporate defendants acted

promptly to comply with Durham’s discovery requests, his responses were

likewise dilatory, being three months and ten months late, respectively. We find it

compelling that six months elapsed from the filing of the complaint to Durham

propounding his first set of discovery requests on any party and his failure to take

any action in the four months following his receipt of the unsatisfactory responses

from Domino’s. While Durham explains he was working to resolve these issues

outside of court, the proof of his efforts amounts to two emails sent three months

before the motion for summary judgment was filed. Accordingly, we find no

abuse of discretion.

              Next, regarding the merits of summary judgment, Durham contends

that the court ignored material issues of fact and misapplied the law pertaining to

vicarious liability.

                      The proper standard of review on appeal when a
              trial judge has granted a motion for summary judgment is
              whether the record, when examined in its entirety, shows
              there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and the
              moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.
              The trial judge must view the evidence in a light most
              favorable to the nonmoving party, resolving all doubts in
              its favor. Because summary judgment does not require
              findings of fact but only an examination of the record to
              determine whether material issues of fact exist, we
              generally review the grant of summary judgment without

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             deference to either the trial court’s assessment of the
             record or its legal conclusions.

Hammons v. Hammons, 327 S.W.3d 444, 448 (Ky. 2010) (internal quotation

marks omitted).

             Vicarious liability, also called the doctrine of respondeat superior,

imputes responsibility for the tortious acts of a servant to its master. Patterson v.

Blair, 172 S.W.3d 361, 363 (Ky. 2005). In their respective briefs, the parties cite

and apply various tests to determine whether Domino’s was vicariously liable,

including: the franchisor liability test announced in Papa John’s International, Inc.

v. McCoy, 244 S.W.3d 44, 55 (Ky. 2008), the traditional agency analysis set forth

in the Restatement of Law, Agency, Section 220(2) (1933), and Sam Horne Motor

& Implement Company, Inc. v. Gregg, 279 S.W.2d 755, 756-57 (Ky. 1955), and

the economic realities test espoused in Mouanda v. Jani-King International, 653

S.W.3d 65 (Ky. 2022) (though Durham concedes the latter was rendered after

summary judgment in this matter).

             Papa John’s, which arose from a tort action, is directly on point

binding authority wherein, having concluded that “the traditional rules pertaining

to scope of employment and ostensible agency are inapposite to the issue of a

franchisor’s vicarious liability[,]” the court adopted the franchisor liability test.

244 S.W.3d at 55. As Papa John’s has not been overruled, we reject Durham’s

contention that Mouanda and its economic realities test, which has been applied

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only in the context of wage disputes and worker’s compensation claims,

supplanted its holding. Accordingly, the franchisor liability test exclusively

controls the issue of whether Domino’s is vicariously liable, and we confine our

analysis to parties’ arguments pertaining thereto.

             In Papa John’s, the Supreme Court of Kentucky held “that a

franchisor may be held vicariously liable for the tortious conduct of its franchisee

only if the franchisor has control or a right of control over the daily operation of

the specific aspect of the franchisee’s business that is alleged to have caused the

harm.” 244 S.W.3d at 55 (quoting Kerl v. Dennis Rasmussen, Inc., 273 Wis.2d

106, 682 N.W.2d 328, 338 (2004)). Though the facts in Papa John’s did not

require an in-depth application of the newly announced test, the Court expressly

stated that the requisite control must be established by more than the “standardized

provisions commonly included in franchise agreements [specifying] a right of

inspection and such aspects as marketing, operational requirements, and uniform

quality[.]” Id. Since Papa John’s, the issue of franchisor liability has not been

addressed by our courts in published caselaw.

             Durham argues franchisor liability is proper since Domino’s had both

actual and a retained right of control over deliveries made by JW’s. As evidence

of the former, Durham states that the delivery driver identified Domino’s as her

employer to the first responders at the scene of the accident and again multiple

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times during her deposition. The driver further testified that she was required to

use a Domino’s app, accessed via a supplied smartphone, which assigned

deliveries to her, mapped out their routes using GPS, and provided visual and

audio directions enroute, and that she was using this app during the delivery at

issue. Durham asserts this is the equivalent of having a digital Domino’s

representative directing the driver’s actions and creates a genuine issue of fact

relating to this technology and the ultimate responsibility of Domino’s for his

injuries. And, lastly, the Domino’s driver safety recommendations were published

in the store via two posters.

             Additionally, Durham asserts that various provisions of the Franchise

Agreement evince that Domino’s retained a right of control over the franchisee’s

day-to-day delivery operations. For example, Domino’s unilaterally set the

delivery boundaries for JW’s and mandated annual review of any decision by the

franchisee to limit deliveries; JW’s was required to adhere to the methods,

procedures, and standards of Domino’s, including any post-agreement

amendments, for delivering orders and for delivery safety; Domino’s could make

unannounced reviews to assess compliance; Domino’s at its discretion could

terminate the franchise agreement if JW’s violated its terms, failed to comply with

the prescribed standards of Domino’s, or was deemed by Domino’s to be an

imminent danger to public health and safety. Through its operating standards,

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Domino’s imposed upon JW’s minimum requirements for the hiring and training

of delivery drivers (such as age, driving and criminal histories, and insurance

coverage), for the appearance and maintenance of delivery vehicles, and for

general delivery procedure (from restricting the amount of cash a driver may have

on their person to a general mandate that drivers must follow all traffic laws).

Durham notes that these exact contract provisions were held sufficient to establish

the right to control in Domino’s Pizza, LLC v. Wiederhold, 248 So.3d 212 (Fla.

App. 2018), aff’d 306 So.3d 384 (Fla. App. 2020). Based on the above, Durham

contends that the circuit court erred in granting summary judgment and that

judgment must be reversed.

             In response, Domino’s maintains that the allegation that it provided

the driver with a phone and that an app thereon controlled and directed her work is

not supported by the evidence. Domino’s cites the franchisee’s sworn affidavit

that all equipment and instrumentalities for operating the franchise were supplied

by JW’s. And, though Domino’s concedes the app provides delivery location

information, the driver testified at her deposition that, knowing her way around the

area, she did not use those directions and that she could not hear the voice

commands when the accident occurred. The driver also denied receiving any

training regarding the Domino’s driver safety posters. Finally, Domino’s asserts

that the driver’s statements identifying it as her employer resulted from Durham’s

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leading questions. And, regardless, the driver’s use of the trade name does not

demonstrate control when she clarified that she had been hired, trained, supervised,

and paid by JW’s, and all three defendants denied she was employed by Domino’s.

             Domino’s acknowledges that it imposes minimum standards and

conducts compliance reviews on its franchisees to protect the integrity, public

perception, and reputation of its brand, but it nevertheless asserts that by contract

and practice it retained no day-to-day control over the driving operations of JW’s.

Contractually, the Franchise Agreement specifically provides that Domino’s has no

“responsibility or duty to operate [J.W.’s] and [that Domino’s does] not have the

legal right to direct [the employees of J.W.’s.]” Accordingly, Domino’s maintains

that JW’s alone recruited, hired, trained, and supervised its staff − including the

delivery driver. Domino’s denies encroaching on that authority and expressly

denies prescribing particularized driving standards or the routes that delivery

drivers were required to take.

             Finally, Domino’s argues that Durham’s reliance on Wiederhold is

misplaced since Florida uses traditional agency principles and that case was

factually distinguishable when, unlike the case at bar, the franchisee testified that

Domino’s controlled every aspect of its day-to-day operations. Instead, Domino’s

urges that the analysis in Johnson v. Seagle Pizza, Inc., No. 2015-CA-000085-MR,

2016 WL 4410705 (Ky. App. Aug. 19, 2016) (unpublished) and Viado v. Domino’s

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Pizza, LLC, 217 P.3d 199 (Or. App. 2009), is instructive and supports summary

judgment. We agree.

             In Johnson, an armed perpetrator entered a Domino’s franchise

through an unsecured rear door, and, after robbing the store, he fled to the parking

lot where he encountered and killed Mr. Johnson. 2016 WL 4410705, at *1.

Johnson’s estate and his son sued, arguing that Domino’s was “negligent regarding

the instrumentalities over which [it] retained the right of control, which [were]: (1)

Domino’s security procedures and equipment relating to the back door, (2)

Domino’s procedures relating to the handling of cash, and (3) Domino’s choice of

very late operating hours for the store.” Id. at *3. Domino’s sought and obtained

summary judgment. Id.

             On appeal, a panel of this Court acknowledged that Domino’s had

directed in its operational manual that the rear door must be kept closed and locked

and that the store must remain open until at least midnight, but the Court

nevertheless concluded that summary judgment was proper. Id. at *3-4. The

Court explained that, though these contract provisions facially support vicarious

liability, in reality they were merely minimum operational guidelines intended to

create a ubiquitous experience worldwide and not evidence of day-to-day control

in their implementation. Id. at *4.

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             In Viado, like the case at bar, the issue was whether Domino’s was

vicariously liable for a vehicular accident that occurred during a delivery, and the

plaintiff relied on the various standards for deliveries set out in the operational

manual (consistent with the directives identified above) to establish control. 217

P.3d at 199. Rejecting liability, the Oregon Appellate Court stated that, “[s]etting

those standards for a franchisee’s employees and having the right to actually

control how the franchisee’s employees perform the physical details of driving are

two different things.” 217 P.3d at 211.

             A review of these cases makes it plain that vicarious liability requires

a franchisor to directly supervise the daily activities of the franchisee, or at least

have the right to do so. This is consistent with Kerl, the case from which Papa

John’s adopted the franchisor liability test. The Kerl Court explained that the

accepted justifications for vicarious liability, spreading risk and incentivizing

increased due care to a party better suited to its charge, were weak in the context of

franchises because the franchisor’s control is limited to contractual quality and

operational requirements and “does not consist of routine, daily supervision[,] and

management of the franchisee’s business[.]” 273 Wis.2d at 123, 126.

             We have no difficulty concluding that the cited contractual provisions,

compliance reviews conducted by Domino’s, the driving safety posters, and the

driver’s statements naming Domino’s as her employer are insufficient evidence of

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the requisite control over the daily delivery operations of JW’s. Durham’s claim

regarding the app is novel and less clear cut; however, applying the principles

discussed above, we conclude it likewise fails.

             Accepting Durham’s factual assertions as true, Domino’s requires that

drivers use its branded app which, after a driver selects a delivery assignment,

provides turn-by-turn directions, shows a satellite view of the delivery address, and

affords the customer the ability to track the delivery. While this may constitute a

routine involvement in the delivery process, we reject the argument that this is the

equivalent of supervisory control and management over JW’s. Again, as supported

by the accepted justification for vicarious liability, supervision denotes a capability

and responsibility for ensuring work is done correctly and safely. The mere

requirement that franchisee employees use a tool that mechanically aids deliveries

does not meet this standard, and, thus, extending liability under such circumstances

does not serve the purpose of the doctrine. As we have concluded Durham failed

to establish that Domino’s was vicariously liable, by necessity it cannot be liable

for gross negligence.

                                  CONCLUSION

             Therefore, and for the foregoing reasons, the summary judgment of

the Clark Circuit Court is affirmed.

             ALL CONCUR.

                                         -14-
BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT:     BRIEF FOR APPELLEE DOMINO’S
                          PIZZA, LLC:
Mickey T. Webster
Thomas E. Travis          Joseph P. Hummel
Lexington, Kentucky       Erin Farnham
                          Louisville, Kentucky
J. Tyler Ward II
Whitesburg, Kentucky

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