Court Opinion

ID: 2975322
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 17:32:26.732095+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:35:37.681703
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                             File Name: 07a0372n.06
                               Filed: May 31, 2007

                                           No. 06-5813

                            UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                 FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

MARTINO TAYLOR,                                   )
                                                  )
          Plaintiff-Appellant,                    )
                                                  )
v.                                                )   ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
                                                  )   STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE
UNITED PARCEL SERVICE, INC,                       )   WESTERN DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
                                                  )
          Defendant-Appellee.                     )

          Before: SUHRHEINRICH, CLAY and SUTTON, Circuit Judges.

          SUTTON, Circuit Judge. Martino Taylor filed this action against his employer, United

Parcel Service, Inc. (UPS), for retaliation and race discrimination in violation of Title VII, § 1981

and Tennessee law. The district court granted summary judgment in favor of the company, and we

affirm.

                                                 I.

          Taylor began working for UPS in 1994. He held various part-time jobs with the company

until 2001, when he obtained a full-time “combination” position in UPS’s Oakhaven facility in

Memphis, Tennessee. In accordance with the terms of the collective bargaining agreement that

governed Taylor’s employment, combination positions join two part-time jobs, making them one
No. 06-5813
Taylor v. United Parcel Service, Inc.

full-time position. Taylor’s position was classified as “inside/inside” because he performed all of

his work—both part-time jobs, in other words—within the Oakhaven facility.

       Article 41 of the collective bargaining agreement generally describes the pay scale for full-

time employees. It establishes a “progression” for wage increases, with employees hitting the top

pay rate after about two years. JA 543–44. Taylor completed this progression in August 2003,

earning the then-top rate of $19.00 per hour.

       In October 2003, UPS posted an opening for a combination air/inside job—a position that

split duties between delivering air packages and performing work inside the Oakhaven facility. In

bold, underlined language, the posting explained that the “rate of pay for this particular job is

governed by Article 40.” JA 93. In contrast to Article 41, Article 40 covers UPS’s air operation and

says that combination air/inside employees will be “paid the appropriate full-time air rate for air

driver work and appropriate inside part-time rate for the hours worked in other classifications.” JA

542.

       Taylor successfully bid for the air/inside position. Soon after starting the new job, he asked

supervisors Ken Billings and Vickie Wiseman about performing the air portion of the position. They

responded that “there wasn’t [any such] work available” and asked Taylor, as a result, to perform

just inside work. JA 255. Another supervisor, Tony Smith, noted that the company did not train

Taylor to deliver air mail in November and December because it was so “busy” during the holiday

season. JA 95.

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Taylor v. United Parcel Service, Inc.

       Not only did Taylor perform just inside work in the new job, but he also soon noticed that

the company was paying him about three dollars less per hour than it had paid him before the switch.

In December, he filed a grievance under the collective bargaining agreement complaining about his

new pay rate. By that time, it turns out, he had no problem doing only inside work; he just wanted

to be paid as much he had been paid under his prior classification. A grievance panel could not

resolve the dispute, so the case was forwarded to a deadlock committee, consisting of one

representative from Taylor’s union and one UPS representative. In February 2004, the deadlock

committee denied his grievance, with both members agreeing that the company should pay him a

part-time pay rate for inside work because his job was classified as air/inside.

       Taylor’s position remained classified as air/inside until July 2005, when the union demanded

it be reclassified as inside/inside to reflect the actual duties of the position. As required by the

collective bargaining agreement, UPS re-bid the position as inside/inside and awarded it to Taylor

after a bidder with more seniority turned it down.

       Taylor filed a complaint against UPS in district court alleging race discrimination and

retaliation under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, see 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq., 42 U.S.C.

§ 1981 and the Tennessee Human Rights Act, see Tenn. Code Ann. § 4-21-101 et seq. In May 2006,

the district court granted UPS’s motion for summary judgment.

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No. 06-5813
Taylor v. United Parcel Service, Inc.

                                                  II.

       On appeal, Taylor maintains (1) that UPS reduced his pay in retaliation for an earlier

grievance he filed against the company and (2) that the company refused to train him to deliver air

packages because he is African-American. A common framework governs retaliation and race

discrimination claims filed under Title VII, § 1981 and the Tennessee Human Rights Act. See Wade

v. Knoxville Utils. Bd., 259 F.3d 452, 464 (6th Cir. 2001). Because Taylor bases his claims on

circumstantial (rather than direct) evidence, we apply the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting

requirements. See McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792 (1973); see also Wrenn v.

Gould, 808 F.2d 493, 500 (6th Cir. 1987). Under that decision, Taylor must establish a prima facie

case of discrimination; UPS may rebut the presumption of discrimination arising from this prima

facie showing by articulating a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for its action; and, if UPS

supplies such a reason, Taylor must show that it is pretextual. See McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S.

at 802–05; see also Manzer v. Diamond Shamrock Chems. Co., 29 F.3d 1078, 1084 (6th Cir. 1994)

(“To make a submissible case on the credibility of his employer’s explanation, the plaintiff is

required to show by a preponderance of the evidence either (1) that the proffered reasons had no

basis in fact, (2) that the proffered reasons did not actually motivate his discharge, or (3) that they

were insufficient to motivate discharge.”) (internal quotation marks and emphases omitted).

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No. 06-5813
Taylor v. United Parcel Service, Inc.

                                                  A.

        Taylor bases his retaliation claim on the allegation that UPS cut his pay in response to an

employee grievance he filed in May 2003. The grievance accused “white managers” T.J. Harper (of

the human resources department) and Walt Dickson (of the labor department) of “harass[ing Taylor]

and discriminat[ing] against” him by “making their own rules of the contract” rather than following

the collective bargaining agreement. JA 468. A panel consisting of an equal number of UPS and

union representatives denied Taylor’s grievance.

        On the record before us, it is by no means clear that Taylor satisfies the “causal connection”

element of a prima facie case of retaliation. See Wrenn, 808 F.2d at 500. Even assuming that he has

satisfied this threshold requirement, however, he has not created a triable issue of fact regarding the

legitimacy of the non-discriminatory reason UPS offered for reducing Taylor’s pay.

        According to UPS, it reduced Taylor’s pay when he switched from the inside/inside job to

the air/inside job because the collective bargaining agreement required it to do so. Before he

obtained the job, Taylor earned the top full-time inside rate of $19.00 per hour in accordance with

Article 41 of the collective bargaining agreement. UPS’s posting of the air/inside position indicated

that Article 40 governed the pay for it. Taylor voluntarily applied for the position, thinking “that it

was better” than what he had been doing “[b]ecause it’s a driving position, not . . . a labor position.”

JA 253. Before taking the job, however, Taylor did not ask UPS whether it would affect his pay.

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Taylor v. United Parcel Service, Inc.

        Consistent with UPS’s explanation, Article 40 says that the company must pay air/inside

employees the “appropriate inside part-time rate for the hours worked in [non-air] classifications.”

JA 542 (emphasis added). In accordance with this provision, Taylor received a part-time inside rate

for the inside work that he performed. The payroll department initially calculated this rate at $16.85

per hour; Dickson later pointed out that Taylor’s appropriate part-time rate was $15.85 per hour (a

point Taylor does not dispute), and the payroll department so reduced his pay.

        Further justifying UPS’s position is the outcome of the grievance that Taylor filed over his

reduced pay. See Jasany v. U.S. Postal Serv., 755 F.2d 1244, 1252 (6th Cir. 1985) (observing that

“the result of the [grievance] procedure is evidence that the employer’s action was or was not

justified”) (emphasis omitted). Both UPS and the union agreed that the collective bargaining

agreement—specifically Article 40—required the company to lower Taylor’s pay when he

voluntarily applied for, and accepted, the air/inside position, which held a different pay classification

from the inside/inside position. That the air duties affiliated with the position never materialized

does not change matters. As the grievance procedure confirmed, his job classification continued to

be governed by Article 40 and the pay rate established by that provision.

        Nor, it bears adding, was Taylor without recourse had he wished to make sure that his job

classification reflected the work he was actually doing. Consistent with the collective bargaining

agreement, he could have asked the company to reclassify his position as an inside/inside job to

reflect the nature of his responsibilities. JA 156, 570. Had he made such a request, however, it

would have opened up the possibility of a more-senior employee winning the position—which

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No. 06-5813
Taylor v. United Parcel Service, Inc.

perhaps explains Taylor’s reticence in requesting a re-classification. See JA 564 (“When a . . . new

job becomes open the employer shall post it for bid . . . .”). Taylor also rebuffed the company’s later

offer to train him to deliver air packages (and bring his job’s duties in line with its classification)

because he was “comfortable doing . . . the inside/inside” work. JA 290.

        Attempting to show that UPS’s explanations for his rate of pay were pretextual, Taylor first

points to deposition testimony of Cedric Williams, a UPS labor manager. According to Williams,

Taylor should have been “getting whatever pay rate is applied to the inside part of [his] job . . . if he

[didn’t] do air.” JA 152. But this is precisely what happened: Because Taylor did not perform air

work, the company paid him at the lower part-time inside rate for all of the hours he worked, as

required by Article 40.

        Taylor next says that the collective bargaining agreement “goes out of its way to [e]nsure that

an employee’s pay is not reduced as a result of a job transfer,” Br. at 31, invoking this provision in

Article 41: “No employee shall be required to complete a full-time progression more than one (1)

time even if he or she transfers between full-time jobs.” JA 543. But UPS did not make him begin

his full-time progression anew; the company instead returned him to the part-time pay scale under

Article 40—as the job posting indicated would happen.

        Also unconvincing is Taylor’s reliance on other provisions of the collective bargaining

agreement. They address situations in which a part-time employee transfers to a full-time position,

and the top pay rate for the full-time position is less than the rate the employee earned in his part-

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No. 06-5813
Taylor v. United Parcel Service, Inc.

time job. When this happens, “the employee shall be placed at the top rate of the new classification

immediately.” JA 543. Here, however, Taylor transferred from a full-time position to another full-

time position. Far from ensuring “that an employee’s pay is not reduced as a result of a job transfer,”

Br. at 31, these provisions recognize that UPS may pay employees at a lower rate than that they had

previously earned, JA 543.

                                                  B.

       Taylor’s claim that UPS refused to train him to deliver air mail on account of his race fails

at the prima facie stage, because he has not shown that any “similarly situated, non-protected

employees were treated more favorably” than he was. Clayton v. Meijer, Inc., 281 F.3d 605, 610

(6th Cir. 2002). On appeal, he argues that the company trained Steve West (a less-senior white

employee) at the same time it relegated Taylor to inside work. Br. at 27. But the evidence does not

support this assertion. In his deposition Taylor claimed that UPS allowed West to deliver air mail,

not that UPS trained him to do so. Even if we take Taylor to argue that merely allowing West to

drive was discriminatory, he has not shown that West was similarly situated “in all of the relevant

aspects,” Ercegovich v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 154 F.3d 344, 352 (6th Cir. 1998) (internal

quotation marks omitted), and makes no effort to do so beyond a “bald assertion” to the contrary,

D. Ct. Op. at 8.

       Taylor next invokes Ercegovich for the proposition that he may satisfy his prima facie burden

by identifying “a similarly-situated employee . . . or [by presenting] other direct, indirect, or

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No. 06-5813
Taylor v. United Parcel Service, Inc.

circumstantial evidence supporting an inference of discrimination.” 154 F.3d at 351 (emphasis

added). But Ercegovich addressed an employer’s failure to transfer (rather than lay off) an employee

during a reduction-in-force. Id. In that setting, we have altered the claimant’s prima facie burden

“to require the plaintiff to show that the employer singled her out for discharge for impermissible

reasons, as the employee is not ‘replaced’ after a RIF.” Smith v. Allstate Ins. Co., 195 F. App’x 389,

394 (6th Cir. Aug. 16, 2006). Taylor has not identified a non-reduction-in-force case formulating

the test in this manner. See, e.g., Clayton, 281 F.3d at 610 (To make a prima facie showing of race

discrimination, a plaintiff must “prove that he was either replaced by a person outside of the

protected class or show that similarly situated, non-protected employees were treated more

favorably.”).

       At any rate, even if we allowed Taylor to proceed upon showing “direct, indirect, or

circumstantial evidence supporting an inference of discrimination,” he has failed to do so. No

discriminatory inference arises from UPS allowing West to drive without knowing more about West

(for instance, whether he needed to be trained before beginning to deliver packages). Similarly,

Taylor’s assertion that supervisors delivered packages, allegedly in violation of the collective

bargaining agreement, does not support an allegation of race discrimination in light of his deposition

testimony that it was commonplace for supervisors to perform such duties.               See JA 257

(“[S]upervisors working . . . is to me like a daily thing.”).

       Taylor finally argues that UPS’s failure to identify any other employees who moved from an

Article 41 position to an Article 40 position and subsequently had their pay rate decreased for inside

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Taylor v. United Parcel Service, Inc.

work shows discrimination. Although he does not spell it out, the inference he is suggesting must

be that his supervisors knew that Taylor received a lower rate for air work than inside work and,

because of his race, forced him to do solely inside work so that he would be paid less. But there is

no evidence that Harper and Dickson, the managers he accuses of retaliation, played any role in his

day-to-day work assignments. Nor is there evidence that the supervisors who declined to train

Taylor knew that he would receive less pay if kept inside. See Woythol v. Tex-Tenn Corp., 112 F.3d

243, 247 (6th Cir. 1997) (“[M]ere personal belief, conjecture and speculation are insufficient to

support an inference of . . . discrimination.”) (internal quotation marks omitted).

                                                 C.

       Given our dismissal of these claims as a matter of law, we need not address Taylor’s final

claim—that the district court should have permitted him not only to amend his complaint but also

should have permitted him to change his mind about seeking a jury trial.

                                                 III.

       For these reasons, we affirm.

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