Court Opinion

ID: 2666070
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-04-04 08:29:36.225659+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:01:50.068864
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

                                                     )
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA                             )
                                                     )
               ex rel.                               )
                                                     )
BRADY FOLLIARD,                                      )
                                                     )
               Plaintiff-Relator,                    )       Civil Action No. 07-2009 (ESH)
                                                     )
               v.                                    )
                                                     )
CDW TECHNOLOGY SERVICES, INC., and                   )
CDW GOVERNMENT, INC.,                                )
                                                     )
               Defendants.                           )
                                                     )

                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Plaintiff-relator Brady Folliard (“relator”) brings this qui tam suit under the False Claims

Act (“FCA”), 31 U.S.C. §§ 3729 et seq., on behalf of the United States against defendants CDW

Technology Services, Inc. (“CDWTS”) and CDW Government, Inc. (“CDWG”) (collectively

“CDW”). Before the Court is defendants’ motion to dismiss the complaint pursuant to Federal

Rules of Civil Procedure 9(b) and 12(b)(6). For the reasons discussed herein, defendant’s

motion is granted in part and denied in part.

                                        BACKGROUND

       As alleged in the amended complaint, relator has worked since January 2004 as a

“strategic account executive” for Insight Public Sector (“IPS”), a Maryland-based company,

selling “information technology products, services, and systems to federal agencies” in the

District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 6, 8.) IPS is a value-added

reseller (“VAR”), selling other companies’ computer products in specially designed

                                                1
configurations tailored to its own customers’ needs. (Id. ¶¶ 9-10.) In essence, IPS and other

VARs are “middle-men in the supply chain between the technology manufacturers and their

ultimate customers.” (Id. ¶ 11.) IPS sells products and services to the federal government

pursuant to a “Solutions for Enterprise-Wide Procurement” (“SEWP”) contract maintained by

the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (“NASA”) and a “GSA Advantage” contract

with the General Services Administration (“GSA”). (See id. ¶¶ 14-15.) Vendors with SEWP or

GSA Advantage contracts can offer and sell their products through a government website

associated with each contract. (See id. ¶¶ 17-18.) IPS is an “authorized selling agent” of

Hewlett-Packard (“HP”) computer products under the SEWP contract, and relator “also sells

products through the GSA Advantage [w]ebsite.” (Id. ¶¶ 15, 18.)

       Defendant CDWTS is an Illinois-based corporation that provides information technology

products and services to government and non-government customers. (Am. Compl. ¶ 7.)

Defendant CDWG is a wholly-owned subsidiary of CDWTS that sells to government customers

on CDTWS’s behalf. (Id.) For all times relevant to the complaint, CDWG has sold products and

services to government customers pursuant to its own SEWP contract (number NNG07DA35B)

and GSA Advantage contract (number GS-35F-0195J). (Id. ¶¶ 7, 14.) CDWG is permitted to

sell and does sell HP products under both the SEWP and GSA Advantage contracts. (Id. ¶ 15.)

       Federal agency acquisitions are subject to the requirements of the Trade Agreements Act

(“TAA”), 19 U.S.C. § 2501 et seq., and its related regulations, which limit the countries of origin

from which federal agencies may purchase supplies. (See also Am. Compl. ¶ 7.) Federal

Acquisition Regulation (“FAR”) 52.225-5 specifies the “designated countr[ies]” whose “end

products” may be purchased for public use under acquisition contracts. See FAR 52.225-5

(“Trade Agreements” clause). (See also Am. Compl. ¶ 7.) GSA does not permit products from

                                                 2
non-designated countries to be offered for sale on the GSA Advantage Website, and GSA

procurement policies require vendors “to specifically list all products for sale and their countries

of origin before the products can be approved for sale on the website.” (Id. ¶ 22.) NASA, by

contrast, permits products from non-designated countries to be listed on the SEWP website as

long as vendors correctly indicate whether the product originated in a designated country, so that

NASA contracting officers can determine the applicability of FAR 52.225-5, which is

incorporated into the SEWP contract, on a case-by-case basis. (Id. ¶ 23.) By the express terms

of its GSA contract and FAR 52.225-6, CDWG “certified that it would only sell end products

under these contracts to the United States Government that originate in designated countries,”

and that it would not sell end products that originate in non-designated countries such as China,

India, and Malaysia. (Id. ¶ 17.) See also FAR 52.225-6(a) (Trade Agreement Certificate

requiring offeror to certify that each end product is made in U.S. or designated country).

Similarly, by the express terms of its SEWP contract, CDWG “agreed to fully and truthfully

identify whether each product offered for sale on the NASA SEWP website originates in a

designated country as defined by the [TAA].” (Am. Compl. ¶ 17.)

        To assist with TAA compliance, HP prepares and provides to its vendors, including

relator and CDWG, “a product list . . . that indicates the country of origin of the HP products for

sale on the GSA Advantage Website and on the SEWP contract.” (Am. Compl. ¶ 18.) Relator

“regularly receives and reviews” this HP product list. (Id.) “In the course of managing his

accounts, [relator] became familiar with [the SEWP and GSA] contracts and the HP products

being offered by sale by [CDWG] on the SEWP contract and on the GSA schedule, including the

fact that [CDWG] sells HP products through both of these government procurement portals.”

(Id. ¶ 15.)

                                                 3
       After reviewing the HP vendor product list in early 2007, relator determined that CDWG

was offering for sale on the GSA and SEWP websites a number of HP products “that originated

in China and other non-designated countries.” (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 19-20.) On the SEWP website,

CDWG was offering 348 end products from China. (See id. ¶¶ 19-21 & Ex. 1A.1) Of these, 140

products were falsely listed on the website as TAA-compliant, because a “Y” had been placed in

“the box for TAA compliance” found on each product’s information page. (See id. ¶¶ 21, 25 &

Ex. 1B.) Contracting officers “presumably did not analyze the purchase of these products” to

determine if they complied with TAA and FAR 52.225-5, because they were “relying upon the

misrepresentation that the 140 products . . . were from designated countries . . . .” (Id. ¶ 24.)

Relator also concluded that on the GSA Advantage website, CDWG was falsely listing 11 HP

products as originating in the United States, when in fact they were not TAA-compliant.2 (See

id. ¶¶ 25-69 & Exs. 2A-12B.)

       Relator originally filed this action under seal on November 6, 2007. On June 10, 2009,

the United States filed a notice that it was not yet intervening, and on June 16, this Court

unsealed the case. On October 13, relator amended his complaint. In Count One, citing 31

U.S.C. § 3729(a)(1) (2008), relator alleges that defendants “knowingly submitted, caused to be

submitted[,] and continue to submit and to cause to be submitted false or fraudulent claims” for

       1
         The complaint refers to this as “Exhibit 1,” but a review of the exhibits and relator’s
opposition to the instant motion suggests that “Exhibit 1” is actually Exhibit 1A, and that the
complaint’s references to “Exhibit 1A” are actually references to Exhibit 1B.
       2
           The complaint alleges that CDWG had listed those same 11 products on the SEWP
website as not TAA-compliant by checking “N” in the relevant box. One of these products was,
in fact, listed as TAA-compliant on the SEWP website. (Compare Am. Compl., ¶ 35 (alleging
that SEWP listing for HP 4GB KIT PC2-5300 FBD, part number 397413-B21, had “‘N’ in the
box indicating that the product was not TAA compliant”), with id., Ex. 4B (showing same
product with “Y” in TAA box).) However, the complaint elsewhere alleges that this particular
product’s SEWP listing was also false. (See id. ¶¶ 21, 24 & Ex. 1B.) Thus, this discrepancy
does not undermine the allegation that all 11 products were falsely listed on the GSA website.

                                                  4
government payment and reimbursement “by knowingly or recklessly making false statements”

about the countries of origin of those products offered for sale which “did not originate in the

United States or a designated country as defined by the [TAA]” (“the presentment claim”). (Am.

Compl. ¶ 73.) Count One also cites 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(2) (2008) and alleges that defendants

“knowingly made, used or caused to be made or used, and continue to make or use or cause to be

made or used[] false statements” to obtain government payment “for false or fraudulent claims”

by (1) “falsely certif[ying]” that the products they sold originated in the United States or a

designated country or (2) “knowingly provid[ing] false and misleading information” about those

products’ countries of origin despite “certifying that they truthfully and honestly provided

accurate information” to the government about those countries of origin (“the false statement

claim”). (Id. ¶ 74.) “These were material misstatements that violated the [TAA] and/or

frustrated the efforts of [the government] to achieve its goals and policies under the [TAA]” (id.),

and defendants’ actions damaged the government. (Id. ¶ 75.) Count Two cites 31 U.S.C. §

3729(a)(3) (2008) and alleges that defendants made “false and misleading statements” and

“intentionally or with gross disregard for the truth sold products to the Government that did not

originate in the United States or a designated country.” (Id. ¶¶ 78-79.) Because the government

relied upon these false statements, it paid out false claims and was thereby defrauded by

defendants. (See id. ¶¶ 79-81.)

       On December 14, 2009, defendants moved to dismiss the complaint under Rules 9(b) and

12(b)(6).3 Defendants contend that Count One’s presentment claim does not adequately identify

the false claims or the factual circumstances of the alleged fraud; that Count One’s false

statement claim fails to allege a false statement that was used to get a false claim paid and does

       3
        Defendants also filed, and the Court granted, an unopposed motion to stay discovery
pending the resolution of their motion to dismiss.

                                                  5
not identify a false claim paid by the government; and that Count Two fails to state the facts

necessary to allege a conspiracy as required by the FCA. (Def.’s Mem. in Supp. of Mot. to

Dismiss (“Def.’s Mem.”) at 7, 10, 14, 17, 20.) On January 15, 2010, the United States filed a

statement of interest in which it requested that if any dismissal with prejudice is entered as to

relator, the complaint shall be dismissed without prejudice as to the government; addressed what

it perceived as misstatements by defendants about the TAA’s applicability; and argued that §

3729(a)(2) has been retroactively amended by the Fraud Enforcement and Recovery Act

(“FERA”), Pub. L. 111-21, 123 Stat. 1617 (May 20, 2009). (See U.S. Statement of Interest

(“U.S. Stmt.”) at 1.)

                                            ANALYSIS

I.     STANDARD OF REVIEW

       A.      Rule 12(b)(6)

       “In determining whether a complaint fails to state a claim, [courts] may consider only the

facts alleged in the complaint, any documents either attached to or incorporated in the

complaint[,] . . . matters of which [courts] may take judicial notice,” E.E.O.C. v. St. Francis

Xavier Parochial Sch., 117 F.3d 621, 624 (D.C. Cir. 1997), and documents “appended to [a

motion to dismiss] and whose authenticity is not disputed” if they are “referred to in the

complaint and are integral” to a relator’s claim. Kaempe v. Myers, 367 F.3d 958, 965 (D.C. Cir.

2004) (considering content of documents on motion to dismiss where complaint relied on

documents’ terms and where documents were judicially noticeable); see, e.g., Navab-Safavi v.

Broad. Bd. of Governors, 650 F. Supp. 2d 40, 56 n.5 (D.D.C. 2009) (considering exhibit to

defendant’s motion to dismiss “upon which the complaint necessarily relie[d]” and whose

authenticity plaintiff did not dispute). When ruling on a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule

                                                  6
12(b)(6), courts must first assume the veracity of all “well-pleaded factual allegations” contained

in the complaint. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1950 (2009); see also Atherton v. Dist. of

Columbia Office of Mayor, 567 F.3d 672, 681 (D.C. Cir. 2009). Next, courts must determine

whether the allegations “plausibly give rise to an entitlement to relief” by presenting “sufficient

factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face,’” in that

“the court [can] draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct

alleged.” Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1949-50 (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570

(2007)).

        B.      Rule 9(b)

        Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b) provides that “[i]n alleging fraud or mistake, a party

must state with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake. Malice, intent,

knowledge, and other conditions of a person’s mind may be alleged generally.” Fed. R. Civ. P.

9(b). To plead fraud with particularity, the party “‘must state the time, place and content of the

false misrepresentations, the fact misrepresented and what was [ob]tained or given up as a

consequence of the fraud.’” Kowal v. MCI Commc’ns, Corp., 16 F.3d 1271, 1278 (D.C. Cir.

1994) (quoting United States ex rel. Joseph v. Cannon, 642 F.2d 1373, 1385 (D.C. Cir. 1981)).

        The requirements of Rule 9(b) are distinct from those of Rule 12(b)(6). See, e.g., Kowal,

16 F.3d at 1276-79 (analyzing allegations separately under each rule); Anderson v. USAA Cas.

Ins. Co., 221 F.R.D. 250, 252 n.3 (D.D.C. 2004) (“[A] complaint can pass muster under the Rule

12(b)(6) threshold yet fail to comply with the strictures of Rule 9(b).”); United States ex rel.

Davis v. District of Columbia, 591 F. Supp. 2d 30, 37-39 (D.D.C. 2008) (finding that complaint

was particular under Rule 9(b) but did not state claim under Rule 12(b)(6)). The rules also serve

different purposes, as “‘Rule 9(b)’s requirement of particularity,’” once it is harmonized with

                                                    7
Rule 8’s requirement of a “‘short and plain statement,’” becomes “‘less certain a standard for

measuring the sufficiency of a complaint . . . .’” United States ex. rel. Pogue v. Diabetes

Treatment Centers of Am., Inc. (“Pogue II”), 238 F. Supp. 2d 258, 267 (D.D.C. 2002) (quoting

Joseph, 642 F.2d at 1386); see also United States ex rel. McCready v. Columbia/HCA

Healthcare Corp., 251 F. Supp. 2d 114, 116 (D.D.C. 2003) (“[T]he simplicity and flexibility

contemplated by [Rule 8] must be taken into account when reviewing a complaint for 9(b)

particularity.”). “[T]he purpose[s] of 9(b) as read in conjunction with Rule 8” are to ensure that

the complaint “is specific enough to allow [defendants] to prepare [their] defense,” Pogue II, 238

F. Supp. 2d at 270, to prevent parties from bringing fraud claims as “a pretext for the discovery

of unknown wrongs,” Kowal, 16 F.3d at 1279 n.3 (internal quotation marks omitted), to

“discourage the initiation of suits brought solely for their nuisance value, and [to] safeguard[]

potential defendants from frivolous accusations of moral turpitude.’” Joseph, 642 F.2d at 1385

(footnote omitted).

II.    COUNT ONE

       A.      The Presentment Claim

       Relator’s presentment claim is based on the pre-FERA version of 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(1),

which establishes liability for “[a]ny person who . . . knowingly presents, or causes to be

presented, to an officer or employee of the United States Government . . . a false or fraudulent

claim for payment or approval . . . .” 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(1) (2008). The pre-FERA definition

of “claim” includes “any request or demand, whether under a contract or otherwise, for money or

property . . . if the United States Government provides any portion of the money or property

which is requested or demanded . . . .” Id. § 3729(c) (2008). Although FERA amended and

renumbered these provisions, the changes are not material to relator’s presentment claim, see 31

                                                 8
U.S.C. §§ 3729(a)(1)(A) & (b)(2)(A) (West 2010), nor does he argue that they are. (See

generally Pl.’s Opp’n to Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss (“Pl.’s Opp’n”) at 20-28.) Accordingly, the

Court’s analysis will focus on the pre-FERA text.

       The elements of a presentment claim are that “(1) the defendant submitted a claim to the

government, (2) the claim was false, and (3) the defendant knew the claim was false.” United

States ex rel. Westrick v. Second Chance Body Armor, Inc., No. 04-CV-280, 2010 WL 623466,

at *3 (D.D.C. Feb. 23, 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also United States v.

Bouchey, 860 F. Supp. 890, 893 (D.D.C. 1994) (“To establish either [a presentment or false

statement claim], the [plaintiff] must show (1) the existence of a request for payment, and (2)

that this request was fraudulent.”); accord Davis, 591 F. Supp. 2d at 37. Defendants argue that

Rule 9(b) requires relator to identify particular false claims that were submitted to the

government and the factual circumstances of the alleged fraud. (Def.’s Mem. at 7, 10.) They

contend that the complaint does not include the necessary level of specificity and should

therefore be dismissed.4 The Court disagrees.

       4
         Defendants also argue that listing a product from a non-designated country on the
SEWP website does not, in itself, violate the TAA, because the TAA “is only applicable to an
order placed under SEWP if the order exceeds $194,000.” (Def.’s Mem. at 8-9 (emphasis
added).) They contend that because relator does not allege the value of any particular SEWP
“transaction,” his complaint is defective. (Id. at 9.) The Court rejects defendants’ premise that
the applicability of the TAA’s country of origin restrictions is determined by reference to the
value of individual transactions.
        “[A] determining factor in the applicability of trade agreements” is “[t]he value of the
acquisition . . . .” 48 C.F.R. § 25.402(b). The regulatory text suggests that “the value of the
acquisition” refers to the overall annual value of the contract and not the value of each
transaction under that contract. Under the applicable government procurement trade agreement,
$194,000 is the “threshold” for a “[s]upply contract.” Id. (emphasis added). A regulation
addressing the “acquisition of supplies” also requires that FAR 52.225-5, which specifies
“designated” countries, be inserted into “contracts valued at $194,000 or more.” Id. §
25.1101(c)(1) (emphasis added); see also id. § 25.403(b)(3) (determining TAA’s applicability by
reference to “total estimated value” of “recurring or multiple awards for the same type of product
or products” that are anticipated “in any 12-month period”). (See also U.S. Resp. to Defs.’ Resp.

                                                  9
       Contrary to defendants’ argument, “a plaintiff need not allege the existence of a request

for payment with particularity . . . .” Davis, 591 F. Supp. 2d at 37 (emphasis added); accord

Bouchey, 860 F. Supp. at 893. Rule 9(b) requires particularity only with respect to “the

circumstances constituting fraud . . . .” Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b) (emphasis added). Thus, only Rule

12(b)(6)’s general standards apply to the allegation regarding the existence of a request for

payment, while Rule 9(b)’s particularity requirement “applies to the [contention] that the request

was fraudulent.” Davis, 591 F. Supp. 2d at 37 (emphasis added); Bouchey, 860 F. Supp. at 893

(explaining that complaint must only allege “supporting facts with a higher degree of

particularity” with respect to “the second criterion,” i.e., that the request was fraudulent); see

also United States ex. rel. Grubbs v. Kanneganti, 565 F.3d 180, 190 (5th Cir. 2009) (“Stating

‘with particularity the circumstances constituting fraud’ does not necessarily and always mean

stating the contents of the [claim]. . . . It is the scheme in which particular circumstances may be

found that make it highly likely the fraud was consummated through the presentment of false

[claims].”).5 As the D.C. Circuit has explained, “[r]eading [Rules 8 and 9(b)] in conjunction

‘normally . . . means that the pleader must state the time, place and content of the false

to U.S. Stmt. at 1-2.)
         Defendants also argue that they relied upon the SEWP website’s previous suggestions
that the TAA applies only to orders over a certain dollar threshold. (Defs.’ Resp. to U.S. Stmt. at
8; see id. at Ex. 2 at 8.) The government correctly observes that while reliance on those
suggestions might affect defendants’ scienter, informal guidance documents such as the website
cannot “change the plain language of the FAR” or “alter the applicability of the TAA.” (U.S.
Resp. to Defs.’ Resp. to U.S. Stmt. at 2.) In addition, the complaint suggests that defendants did
not, in fact, always view TAA compliance to be dependent upon the value of an order, because
they allegedly listed ten products on the SEWP website as not TAA-compliant, even though
none of these products individually cost anywhere near $194,000. (See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 26-33,
38-69 & Exs. 2A-3B, 5A-12B.) See also supra note 2.
       5
          In other words, “[a] hand in the cookie jar does not itself amount to fraud separate from
the fib that the treat has been earned when in fact the chores remain undone.” Grubbs, 566 F.3d
at 190.

                                                  10
misrepresentations, the fact misrepresented and what was [ob]tained or given up as a

consequence of the fraud,’” Kowal, 16 F.3d at 1278 (quoting Joseph, 642 F.2d at 1385)), because

“such misrepresentations [are] the element of fraud about which the rule is chiefly concerned.”

United States ex rel. Totten v. Bombardier Corp. (“Totten I”), 286 F.3d 542, 552 (D.C. Cir.

2002) (emphasis in original).

       In Pogue, this Court touched on the distinction between pleading the existence of a claim

and pleading the circumstances of fraud with particularity. Pogue involved multidistrict FCA

litigation that had been transferred from the U.S. District Court for the Middle District of

Tennessee. See Pogue II, 238 F. Supp. 2d at 261; see also United States ex rel. Pogue v. Am.

Healthcorp, Inc. (“Pogue I”), 977 F. Supp. 1329 (M.D. Tenn. 1997). The gravamen of the

Pogue complaint6 was that the defendants – a national diabetes treatment center, various

hospitals, and various physicians – “participated in a scheme to defraud the United States by

filing claims for Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement for services provided to diabetes

patients who were illegally referred to various treatment centers established by [the national

treatment center] in the . . . hospitals.” Pogue I, 977 F. Supp. at 1334. (See Defs.’ Reply in

Supp. of Mot. to Dismiss (“Defs.’ Reply”), Ex. 1 (“Pogue Compl.”) ¶¶ 16-32.) The Pogue

relator was a former employee of the diabetes treatment center that allegedly contracted to

receive kickbacks from the hospitals for patient referrals. (See Pogue Compl. ¶ 6.) However, he

did not allege that he had ever worked for the hospital defendants, which were the only entities

that allegedly submitted any false claims to the government. (See id. ¶¶ 16, 29-30, 33-34, 39-40,

45-46.) Nor did he provide any “specific information regarding the fraudulent transactions to

       6
         Both Pogue I and Pogue II considered the fourth amended complaint on motions to
dismiss that raised the same issues under Rule 9(b). Pogue II, 238 F. Supp. 2d at 267 nn.3-4.
Pogue II concluded that “[n]ot only are [Pogue I’s] decisions the law of the case, they are also
correct.” Id. at 270.

                                                 11
which [the hospital] [was] alleged to have been a party,” such as “the specific instances

underlying each Medicare and Medicaid claim submission . . . .” Pogue I, 977 F. Supp. at 1332-

33 (internal quotation marks omitted). Nonetheless, the complaint both “adequately alleged that

false claims were submitted,” Pogue II, 238 F. Supp. 2d at 268, and “adequately describe[d]

[d]efendants’ allegedly fraudulent scheme to defraud the United States of Medicare and

Medicaid monies.” Pogue I, 977 F. Supp. at 1333.

               1.      Existence of a false claim

       Defendants move to dismiss Count One pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) “for failure to plead

fraud with particularity as required under” Rule 9(b). (Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss at 1.) Although

they “simply refer[] to [Rule 12(b)(6)] in passing while pinning the crux of [their] challenge on

Rule 9(b)’s heightened-pleading standard,” Anderson, 221 F.R.D. at 252, the Court must first

consider whether relator has pled the existence of a false claim as required by Rule 12(b)(6)

before turning to defendants’ argument that relator has failed to plead the circumstances of the

fraud with particularity.

       The complaint alleges that defendants “are selling products to the United States

Government that did not originate in designated countries under the Trade Agreements Act”

(Am. Compl. ¶ 5 (emphasis added)), and that they “knowingly submitted, caused to be

submitted[,] and continue to submit or cause to be submitted false or fraudulent claims for

payment and reimbursement by the United States Government” by falsely representing that the

products offered for sale originated in the United States or designated countries as defined by the

TAA. (Id. ¶ 73 (emphases added); see also id. ¶ 4 (alleging “presentation of false claims . . . in

connection with the selling of non-compliant products”).)7 Relator offers “further factual

       7
         Relator’s false statement claim similarly alleges that defendants sold falsely listed
products to the government. (See Am. Compl. ¶ 74 (“Defendants falsely certified that all

                                                 12
enhancement,” Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1949 (internal quotation marks omitted), by alleging that the

SEWP contract required defendants to accurately identify whether each product offered for sale

on the SEWP wesbsite was TAA-compliant (see Am. Compl. ¶ 17), that defendants falsely listed

the 140 HP products in Exhibit 1B as TAA-compliant on the SEWP website (see id. ¶¶ 21, 25),

and that government contracting officers purchased those products in reliance upon these false

listings. (See id. ¶ 24 (alleging that officers “presumably did not analyze the purchase of these

products” for TAA compliance).) The allegation that the government purchased the products

listed in Exhibit 1B permits “the inferential leap that claims were actually submitted for the

[items purchased].” Pogue II, 238 F. Supp. 2d at 268; see, e.g., United States ex. rel. Lusby v.

Rolls-Royce Corp., 570 F.3d 849, 854-55 (7th Cir. 2009) (concluding that allegations that the

government paid defendants for goods permitted the inference that defendant submitted at least

one false certification under FAR 246-15, as required by its procurement contract, regarding the

goods’ compliance with certain specifications).

       Defendants take issue with relator’s allegation that the government’s reliance upon

defendants’ false SEWP listings “probably led” to the procurement of the products in Exhibit 1B.

(Am. Compl. ¶ 24; see also id. ¶ 70.) They argue that “relator provides no basis for his

conjecture.” (Def.’s Mem. at 8.) Although they contend that this is a defect under Rule 9(b)

(Defs.’ Reply at 10 n.9), the Court has already concluded that allegations about the existence of a

claim are not subject to the particularity requirement. Instead, their criticism is properly

understood as an argument that relator has not complied with Rule 11.

       In relevant part, Rule 11 provides that the filing of a complaint by relator or his counsel

constitutes a certification that to the best of that person’s “knowledge, information, and belief,

products they sold and offered for sale to the United States originated in the United States or
designated countries as defined by the [TAA].” (emphasis added)).)

                                                  13
formed after an inquiry reasonable under the circumstances,” “the factual contentions . . . will

likely have evidentiary support after a reasonable opportunity for further investigation or

discovery . . . .” Fed. R. Civ. P. 11(b)(3). The Supreme Court has explained that the “flexibility

provided by Rule 11(b)(3)[] allow[s] pleadings based on evidence reasonably anticipated after

further investigation or discovery.” Rotella v. Wood, 528 U.S. 549, 560 (2000). In light of these

principles, the Court reads relator’s use of the phrase “probably” to mean that his factual

contention regarding “the purchase of these products” (Am. Compl. ¶ 24) is based on

information and belief and will “likely” be supported by the evidence, as required by Rule

11(b)(3). Indeed, relator represents that “defendants’ actual requests for payment from the

government and the corresponding payment stubs” are “‘reasonably anticipated to be uncovered

after further investigation or discovery’ . . . .” (Pl.’s Opp’n at 22 (quoting Rotella).)

       The Court concludes that relator’s existing allegations provide a sufficient basis for his

claim regarding defendants’ sale of specific HP products. Relator alleges that for six years, he

worked for a competitor of CDWG that sells the same manufacturer’s products through the same

procurement portals (i.e., the GSA Advantage and SEWP websites) and uses the same

documentary information (i.e., HP’s vendor product list). He has also identified 140 HP

products that the government allegedly purchased from defendants in reliance on those products’

false listings on the SEWP website. He further represents that these are “high volume,” non-

specialty computer hardware products such as “printers, scanners, disc drives, and replacement

parts for products that would be necessary to the smooth operation of any office in which

computers are used,” such that the sheer number of false listings on Exhibit 1B “illustrates the

high probability that receipts resulting from the procurement of one of these 140 items will be

uncovered.” (Pl.’s Opp’n at 22-23.) Moreover, he declares under penalty of perjury that “to the

                                                  14
best of [his] knowledge” – having gained “familiarity” with the products HP offers for sale to

government customers by “regularly sell[ing] [HP] products and services” to them – it is “true

and correct” that part numbers ending in “B-21” and “001” signify HP’s “most frequently

purchased products[] that are used [in] multiple information technology configurations sold to

the Government . . . .” (Id., Ex. 7 (Decl. of Brady Folliard) ¶¶ 1-3.)8

        “[M]uch knowledge is inferential . . . and the inference that [relator] proposes is a

plausible one.” Lusby, 570 F.3d at 854. Relator’s allegations provide reliable indicia from

which it may be inferred that the allegedly falsely listed products were purchased and thus were

tied to false claims for payment.9 Cf. Grubbs, 565 F.3d at 190 (“We hold that to plead with

particularity the circumstances constituting fraud for a False Claims Act § 3729(a)(1) claim, a

relator’s complaint, if it cannot allege the details of an actually submitted false claim, may

nevertheless survive by alleging particular details of a scheme to submit false claims paired with

reliable indicia that lead to a strong inference that claims were actually submitted.”). The Court

is also reassured by the fact that relator’s arguments regarding Rule 11(b)(3) (see Pl.’s Opp’n at
       8
         The complaint alleges that defendants mislisted nine such products on the SEWP
website. (See Am. Compl. ¶ 21 & Ex. 1B at 1 (items 405095-B21, 435565-B21, 397411B21,
397413-B21, 399546-B21, 404122-B21, 407435-B21, 408853-B21, and 433634B21).)
       9
          For this reason, the Court rejects defendants’ argument that because relator works for a
“direct competitor” of CDWG, he cannot be absolutely certain that a false claim was submitted.
(Defs.’ Mem. at 2, 9-10; see also Defs.’ Reply at 9-12.) See also McCready, 251 F. Supp. 2d at
119 (“[The defendant] asserts that Congress created a policy in the FCA that relators must be
insiders. This is not the case. . . . [T]he statute contains no such requirement. Any person who
can muster sufficient evidence of fraud, that is not publicly disclosed, and be the first to file a
complaint alleging that fraud, may maintain a qui tam suit. In fact, the statute contemplates that
a competitor – manifestly not an insider – may file suit.” (emphasis in original; citations
omitted)). Moreover, defendants’ argument relies upon the Eleventh Circuit’s decision in United
States ex rel. Clausen v. Laboratory Corp. of America, Inc., 290 F.3d 1301 (11th Cir. 2002),
which incorrectly required a relator to plead the existence of a false claim with the same
particularity required to plead the circumstances of the fraud. See id. at 1313-14. This Court has
also already rejected the Eleventh Circuit’s reasoning because it improperly sought “not
particularity but proof.” Pogue II, 238 F. Supp. 2d at 269 (embracing Clausen dissent); accord
Grubbs, 565 F.3d at 190 & n.32.

                                                 15
12, 21-23) demonstrate that his counsel is well aware of the need to accurately represent the

likelihood of a factual contention’s evidentiary basis. Accordingly, the Court rejects defendants’

assertion that relator’s allegations regarding the existence of a claim related to the SEWP website

listings are based on nothing more than “speculation and innuendo.” (Defs.’ Reply at 12.)

       By contrast, as defendants argue, nowhere does relator specifically allege that the 11

products mislisted on the GSA website were actually bought by the government through that

procurement portal. (See Defs.’ Mem. at 12.) Rather, he alleges only that they were incorrectly

listed on GSA Advantage as originating in the United States. (See Am. Compl. ¶¶ 25-69.)

Absent an allegation that these listings were related to purchases, no inference can be drawn that

false claims for payment were submitted. Because the FCA “attaches liability, not to underlying

fraudulent activity, but to the claim for payment,” Totten I, 286 F.3d at 551 (internal quotation

marks omitted), the allegations regarding the GSA listings fail to state a claim under Rule

12(b)(6) with respect to a presentment theory.

               2.      Particularity of the circumstances constituting fraud

       “Relator has set out a sufficiently ‘detailed description’ of the specific scheme and its

‘falsehoods.’” Pogue II, 238 F. Supp. 2d at 268 (quoting Totten I, 286 F.2d at 552). He has

informed defendants of the “content of the false misrepresentations” and “the fact

misrepresented,” Kowal, 16 F.3d at 1278 (internal quotation marks omitted), by alleging that

pursuant to SEWP contract number NNG07DA35B, defendants falsely certified and listed 140

specific HP products as TAA-compliant on the SEWP website, when in fact they all originated in

China, a non-designated country. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 17, 21, 24-25 & Exs. 1A-1B; see also Pl.’s

Opp’n at 7, 22 n.13.) The complaint also clarifies that the “place . . . of the false

misrepresentations,” Kowal, 16 F.3d at 1278 (internal quotation marks omitted), includes a point

                                                  16
in cyberspace, the SEWP website. (Am. Compl. ¶ 25 (CDWG “knowingly made false

statements” to the government by failing “to correctly indicate” the countries of origin of the

products in Exhibit 1B that were “listed for sale on the SEWP procurement portal”).) See Benz

v. Washington Newspaper Publ’g Co., LLC, No. 05-CV-1760, 2007 WL 1794104, at *3 (D.D.C.

June 19, 2007) (denying motion to dismiss fraud claim where complaint “adequately state[d] the

. . . place . . . of the false misrepresentations” by pleading that they were made via e-mail).10

Relator also alleges that as a result of the alleged fraud, the government purchased products that

were not TAA-compliant, in violation of the SEWP contract and acquisition regulations and in

frustration of the government’s TAA policies, thus making clear that the government’s payments

were “given up as a consequence of the fraud.” Kowal, 16 F.3d at 1278 (internal quotation

marks omitted); see, e.g., Westrick, 2010 WL 623466, at *7 (complaint adequately alleged that

“monies paid by the government . . . for falsely-warranted [products] were given up a

consequence of the fraud” (internal quotation marks omitted)); McCready, 251 F. Supp. 2d at

119 (complaint adequately alleged “something was ‘given up’ as a consequence of the fraud”

where “the government allegedly paid more Medicare reimbursement than was necessary to treat

the patient”).

        The pleadings are also particular with respect to the “time . . . of the false

misrepresentations . . . .” Kowal, 16 F.3d at 1278 (internal quotation marks omitted). Although

defendants argue that relator must provide “transaction dates” on which individual claims were

submitted (Defs.’ Mem. at 4; see also id. at 11), this is incorrect. As discussed, the existence of a

false claim need not be pled with particularity. See supra Section II.A.1. Moreover, given the

        10
           Defendants appear to concede that the question of “where” the misrepresentations
occurred can be answered by reference to the means of the misrepresentation. (See Defs.’ Reply
at 7 n.7 (approving of how relator in another case identified “financial statements” as “where”
misrepresentations were made).)

                                                  17
“multi-year period” covered by the complaint, Rule 9(b) does not require “a detailed allegation

of all facts supporting each and every instance of submission of a false claim.” Pogue II, 238 F.

Supp. 2d at 268. It is enough to give defendants “notice of the charges against them” by alleging

a “time frame” for the scheme rather than “specific dates” for the submission of each false claim.

Pogue I, 977 F. Supp. at 1333 (complaint’s reference to 12-year period for hospital’s

“participat[ion] in a systematic, fraudulent scheme” was adequate despite absence of specific

dates for hospital’s submission of false claims); see also McCready, 251 F. Supp. 2d at 117

(complaint adequately “describe[d] the time period during which the alleged fraudulent acts were

perpetrated”).11 Here, relator alleges that in “early 2007,” he investigated defendants’ listings on

the SEWP website and then determined that the 140 items in Exhibit 1B were being falsely listed

as TAA-compliant. (Am. Compl. ¶¶ 19-21.) And because the amended complaint alleges that

defendants “continue to submit” false claims (id. ¶ 73), that pleading’s filing date of October 13,

2009, necessarily marks the end date for the alleged misrepresentations. This alleged “time

span” of the scheme is not “open-ended,” and it “give[s] the two companies ‘sufficient

information to allow for preparation of a response.’”12 United States ex rel. Williams v. Martin-

Baker Aircraft Co., Ltd., 389 F.3d 1251, 1257 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (finding no particularity as to

time of misrepresentations where complaint did not allege “start date”) (quoting Joseph, 642

F.3d at 1385).

       11
          However, even if the complaint were deficient because it lacks specific transaction
dates for each claim (which it is not), relator could rely on an “allege[d] lack of access” to that
information “because defendants control the relevant documents . . . .” Williams, 389 F.3d at
1258; see also Kowal, 16 F.3d at 1279 n.3 (“pleadings on information and belief” are permitted
but “require an allegation that the necessary information lies within the defendant’s control” and
“must also be accompanied by a statement of the facts upon which the allegations are based”).
       12
         There is therefore no merit to defendants’ additional argument that the complaint
“provides neither a beginning nor [an] end to CDW’s purported fraud on the government . . . .”
(Defs.’ Mem. at 11.)

                                                 18
       Defendants further argue that relator must name individual participants in the alleged

fraud, such as “who at CDW submitted false claims to the government . . . .” (Defs.’ Mem. at

12.) This argument conflates the FCA’s requirement that a false claim exist with Rule 9(b)’s

requirement that the misrepresentations underlying the false claim be pled with particularity. A

defendant can make a misrepresentation to the government separately from a claim for payment,

even though the misrepresentation relates to the claim. Cf. Grubbs, 565 F.3d at 190 (observing

that stating the circumstances of fraud “does not necessarily and always mean stating the

contents of the [claim]”). And, of course, corporations can speak misrepresentations in their

corporate capacity. See, e.g., Sununu v. Philippine Airlines, Inc., 638 F. Supp. 2d 35, 42 (D.D.C.

2009) (corporation in non-FCA case allegedly misrepresented termination date of lease in

agreement that it sent to plaintiffs for their signature).13 Here, relator contends that defendants

made two misrepresentations to the government that were separate from but material to the

actual claims for payment: (1) CDWG’s agreement in the SEWP contract to “fully and truthfully

identify whether each product offered for sale on the NASA SEWP website originates in a

designated country as defined by the [TAA]” (Am. Compl. ¶ 17), and (2) the false listings on the

SEWP website that the Exhibit 1B products were TAA-compliant. Because defendants are

hardly disadvantaged by relator’s failure to identify which of their own employees were

responsible for country of origin labels on the SEWP website, the allegations about the SEWP

listings “give[] defendants sufficient information to allow for preparation of a response.”

       13
           Corporations have been “person[s]” subject to liability under the FCA ever since it was
first enacted in 1863. See Cook County, Ill. v. United States ex rel. Chandler, 538 U.S. 119, 125
(2003). Relying on Cook County, one circuit court has held that “where the corporation is the
defendant in a FCA action, . . . a relator need not always allege the specific identity of the natural
persons within the defendant corporation that submitted the false claims,” because “such
information is merely relevant to the inquiry of whether a relator has pled the circumstances
constituting fraud with particularity.” United States ex rel. Bledsoe v. Cmty. Health Sys., Inc.,
501 F.3d 493, 509 (6th Cir. 2007).

                                                 19
Sununu, 638 F. Supp. 2d at 42 (denying motion to dismiss in which corporation argued that

complaint failed to identify individuals involved in alleged fraud); see, e.g., Pogue I, 977 F.

Supp. at 1333 (complaint adequately pled defendant hospital’s participation in “systematic,

fraudulent scheme” despite not identifying individual hospital employees); Westrick, 2010 WL

623466, at *6 (concluding, where relator never worked for one of the defendants, that “the

absence of [that defendant’s] named . . . employees should not render the otherwise detailed

complaint deficient under Rule 9(b)”).14

        “[T]he Court acknowledges that some cases have required greater specificity in

allegations of fraud tha[n] [r]elator’s complaint provides,” but “Rule 9(b) is analyzed case by

case.” Pogue II, 238 F. Supp. 2d at 269-70; see also In re Orion Sec. Litig., No. 08-CV-1328,

2009 WL 2601952, at *1 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 20, 2009) (“in order to determine whether the

particularity requirements of Rule 9(b) apply in a given case, courts must undertake a case-by-

case analysis of particular pleadings” (internal quotation marks omitted)). “[Relator]’s

accusations are not vague,” and defendants “ha[ve] been told exactly what the fraud entails.”

Lusby, 570 F.3d at 855. “Discovery can be pointed and efficient, with a summary judgment

following on the heels of the complaint if [sales] records discredit the complaint’s particularized

       14
          Defendants rely upon the D.C. Circuit’s statement in Williams, citing Joseph, that
“[w]e also require pleaders to identify individuals allegedly involved in the fraud.” 389 F.3d at
1256. However, Joseph did not specifically require that individuals be identified, and both
Joseph and Williams are distinguishable because the complaints in those cases had many
shortcomings under Rule 9(b). See Joseph 642 F.2d at 1385-86 (finding that relator’s allegations
that senator used public funds to pay staffers for performing personal services “could hardly have
been more generalized and vague,” because relator “did not specify which members of the
Senator’s staff were involved,” “he left unstated just what personal services they performed and
precisely when those activities occurred,” and “[h]e even failed to allege any neglect of official
duties”); Williams, 389 F.3d at 1257-58 (finding that complaint did not “set[] forth [any] facts
that exemplif[ied] the purportedly fraudulent scheme,” did not allege “start date” for
misrepresentations, and “name[d] a laundry list of individuals without specifying their relation to
the fraudulent scheme”).

                                                 20
allegations.” Grubbs, 565 F.3d at 191. “To say that fraud has been pleaded with particularity is

not to say that it has been proved (nor is proof part of the pleading requirement). [Relator’s]

complaint may be wrong,” Lusby, 570 F.3d at 855, but defendants have been given enough

information “to defend against the charge and not just deny that they have done anything

wrong.” Williams, 389 F.3d at 1259 (internal quotation marks omitted).

               3.      Defendants’ knowledge

       The remaining element of a presentment claim is that the defendant knew the claim was

false. Under the FCA, “[a] person acts knowingly if he acts with ‘actual knowledge, deliberate

ignorance or reckless disregard of the truth or falsity of information.’ Because Rule 9(b) permits

knowledge to be pled generally, there is no basis for dismissal for failure to plead knowledge

with particularity.” Westrick, 2010 WL 623466, at *7 (quoting 31 U.S.C. § 3729(b)). Relator

avers that defendants “knowingly” submitted false claims premised upon misrepresentations

about HP products’ countries of origin. (Am Compl. ¶ 73.) He also alleges that although

defendants were required by their contracts and relevant regulations to comply with the TAA,

and although they received HP’s vendor product list which stated the country of origin for each

product, they nonetheless falsely listed 140 products on the SEWP website as TAA-compliant.

If proven, these allegations would constitute circumstantial evidence of their “actual knowledge,

deliberative ignorance or reckless disregard of the truth or falsity of [those products’ country of

origin] information.” 31 U.S.C. § 3729(b); see, e.g., Westrick, 2010 WL 623466, at *7

(complaint adequately alleged knowledge where it alleged that defendant “knew of and

participated in making [a false] warranty to the government”).

                                                 21
               B.      The False Statement Claim

                       1.     Applicability of FERA’s amendments

       Relator’s false statement claim cites the pre-FERA version of § 3729(a)(2), which

imposes civil liability upon “[a]ny person who . . . knowingly makes, uses, or causes to be made

or used, a false record or statement to get a false or fraudulent claim paid or approved by the

Government . . . .” 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(2) (2008). “Section 3729(a)(2) attaches FCA liability to

a defendant who prepares[,] in support of a claim[,] a statement that it knows to be a

misrepresentation . . . .” Westrick, 2010 WL 623466, at *7. Relator’s false statement claim is

“complementary” to his presentment claim, because the FCA’s false statement provision

“prevent[s] those who make false records or statements” that are material to a claim “from

escaping liability solely on the ground that they did not themselves present a claim for payment

or approval.” United States ex rel. Totten v. Bombardier Corp. (“Totten II”), 380 F.3d 488, 501

(D.C. Cir. 2004) (emphasis in original); United States ex rel. Harris v. Bernad, 275 F. Supp. 2d

1, 6 (D.D.C. 2003) (“[T]he main purpose of section 3729(a)(2) is to remove any defense that the

defendants themselves did not submit false claims to the government.” (citing J. Boese, Civil

False Claims and Qui Tam Actions 2d § 2.01[B])).

       In Allison Engine Co., Inc. v. United States ex rel. Sanders, 128 S. Ct. 2123 (2008), the

Supreme Court considered § 3729(a)(2) in the context of a defendant subcontractor’s submission

of false claims to a general contractor, where the general contractor paid the subcontractor with

government funds, but where there was no evidence that false claims were ever submitted to the

government itself. The Court held that the subcontractor could not be found liable under the

FCA, because the meaning of subsection (a)(2)’s phrase “to get” required proof “that the

defendant intended that the false record or statement be material to the Government’s decision to

                                                22
pay or approve the false claim,” and not just that the general contractor used government funds

to pay the claim or that the false statement resulted in the claim’s payment or approval. Id. at

2126. In other words, “a defendant must intend that the Government itself pay the claim.” Id. at

2128 (emphasis added).

       FERA subsequently “legislatively overruled” Allison Engine by amending and

recodifying subsection (a)(2) as (a)(1)(B), which now imposes liability on “any person” who

“knowingly makes, uses or causes to be made or used, a false record or statement material to a

false or fraudulent claim . . . .” See 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(1)(B) (West 2010). “Congress intended

for the amended provision to eliminate any intent requirement and instead for liability to attach

when a record or statement has ‘a natural tendency to influence’ or ‘is capable of influencing[]

the payment or receipt of money or property.’” Westrick, 2010 WL 623466, at *7 (quoting 31

U.S.C. § 3729(b)(4) (West 2010)) (citation omitted); see S. Rep. No. 111-10 (Mar. 23, 2009).

       The amended provision was given retroactive effect “as if enacted on June 7, 2008” and

“appl[ies] to all claims under the False Claims Act that are pending on or after that date . . . .”

123 Stat. at 1625 (codified as Note accompanying § 3729) (emphasis added, citation omitted).

The parties and the United States have extensively debated the question of whether the

retroactivity provision’s use of the word “claims” refers to legal claims filed by a relator (i.e., a

synonym for “cases”) or to claims for payment submitted by a defendant to the government, as

defined under the FCA. Courts have not reached a consensus on which interpretation is correct.

Compare, e.g., Westrick, 2010 WL 623466, at *7 (reading “claims” as legal claims and

retroactively applying new § 3729(a)(1)(B) because “this suit was pending on June 7, 2008”),

and United States ex rel. Kirk v. Schindler Elevator Corp., No. 09-CV-1678, 2010 WL 1292143,

at *14 (2d Cir. Apr. 6, 2010) (same), with United States v. Sci. Applications Int’l Corp., 653 F.

                                                  23
Supp. 2d 87, 106-07 (D.D.C. 2009) (concluding that legislative history suggests “claims” refers

to claims for payment as defined by § 3729), and United States ex rel. Sanders v. Allison Engine

Co., 667 F. Supp. 2d 747, 752 (S.D. Ohio 2009) (same).15

        The Court nevertheless concludes that it need not decide the question of retroactivity at

this time. Relator argues that the result of FERA’s amendments to the false statement provision

is (1) that “intent [is] no longer necessary, so long as the false statements themselves are

‘material’ to the fraudulent claims,” and (2) that “payment is no longer a necessary element . . .

.” (Pl.’s Opp’n at 13-14.) Relator’s first contention is beside the point because, as defendants

correctly observe, Congress’s concerns about intent are not relevant to this case. (See Defs.’

Reply at 15-16.) Relator’s second contention is incorrect: both the statutory text and legislative

history confirm that the existence of a false claim remains an underlying premise of post-FERA

false statement liability.

        With respect to intent, FERA’s legislative history clarifies that Congress contemplated

that a party making false claims would intend for someone to pay its false claims; the criticism of

Allison Engine was simply that it held that “there can be no liability unless the subcontractor

intended to defraud the Federal Government, not just [its] general contractor.” S. Rep. 111-10

at 10 (emphasis added). Here, the concerns motivating FERA’s amendments are not implicated.

Relator alleges that defendants contracted with the government, and that defendants made false

statements (i.e., the certifications and listings regarding TAA compliance) and submitted claims

for payment to the government. The Court can think of few situations where a party would

        15
           The United States notes that in Sanders v. Allison Engine, “the very case giving rise to
the questions at issue,” the Ohio district court recently permitted the government to intervene for
purposes of interlocutory appeal and certified an appeal of that court’s ruling on the retroactivity
question, holding that there was a substantial ground for difference of opinion on the correctness
of its decision. (U.S. Notice of Supplemental Auth. at 2 n.2.)

                                                 24
submit a claim for payment directly to the government without intending that the government

pay it. Thus, on the facts alleged, any change to the FCA’s intent requirement is not material.

       Relator is also mistaken that FERA eliminated the need to allege and prove the existence

of a false claim. First, this argument ignores the titular premise of the False Claims Act.

Second, the statutory text plainly prohibits the use of a false statement “material to a false or

fraudulent claim,” 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(1)(B) (West 2010), which presupposes the existence of a

claim. Third, even if the statute were unclear, the legislative history clarifies that Congress also

presupposed the existence of a claim: “liability under [the revised] section 3729(a) attaches

whenever a person knowingly makes a false claim to obtain money or property, any part of

which is provided by the Government without regard to whether the wrongdoer deals directly

with the Federal Government; with an agent acting on the Government’s behalf; or with a third

party contractor, grantee, or other recipient of such money or property.” S. Rep. 110-10 at 11

(emphasis added); see also id. at 10-11 (seeking to eliminate the “exempti[on] [for]

subcontractors who knowingly submit false claims to general contractors and are paid with

Government funds” (emphasis added)).16

       On the facts alleged, any distinction between the pre- and post-FERA false statement

provision is not relevant. Accordingly, the Court’s analysis will treat those provisions as

materially identical for purposes of the instant motion.

       16
          Relator’s argument would also seem to render subsection (a)(1)(A) superfluous. The
presentment provision still requires the submission of “a false or fraudulent claim,” 31 U.S.C. §
3729(a)(1)(A) (West 2010), and inevitably, a “false claim” would require the use of some “false
record or false statement.” Id. § 3729(a)(1)(B). If a defendant could be found liable for false
statements under (a)(1)(B) without the need to prove that anyone ever made a claim for payment,
then (a)(1)(A) “would only trip up those foolish enough to rely on [that provision] rather than”
(a)(1)(B). Totten II, 380 F.3d at 501 (discussing pre-FERA provisions).

                                                 25
                2.      Sufficiency of the allegations

        Relator alleges that defendants made false statements related to each government

procurement contract. As already discussed, he contends that defendants falsely listed 140 HP

products on the SEWP website as TAA-compliant (see also Am. Compl. ¶ 70), and that they

falsely listed 11 products on the GSA Advantage websites as originating in the United States.

(See id. ¶¶ 26-69; see also Pl.’s Opp’n at 22.) He also puts forth two alternate theories of

defendants’ liability for these alleged mislistings: (1) they “falsely certified that all the products

that they sold and offered for sale to the United States Government” originated domestically or

in a designated country, or (2) the acts of providing false country of origin information about

their products for sale rendered false their agreement to provide accurate information. (Am.

Compl. ¶ 74.) These misstatements are alleged to be material because they violated the TAA or

frustrated the government’s achievement of its TAA-related policies. (Id.)

        Given the common elements of the presentment and false statement provisions, see

Bouchey, 860 F. Supp. at 893; accord Davis, 591 F. Supp. 2d at 37, the Court’s analysis of the

sufficiency of relator’s presentment claim as to the products in Exhibit 1B applies with equal

force to his false statement claim. He has alleged that those products were purchased by the

government in reliance upon their SEWP website listings, which permits the inference that

claims were submitted; he has alleged all of the circumstances of the fraud with particularity; and

he has alleged that defendants knew or should have known that the listings of TAA compliance

were false in light of the HP vendor product list.

        However, as discussed, the complaint fails to specifically allege that the government

purchased the 11 products mislisted on the GSA website. See supra Section II.A.1. Because

relator has not alleged that these particular mislistings were material to a government purchase

                                                  26
(compare id. ¶ 70 (alleging that false statements were made under SEWP and likely led to

purchases of products from non-designated countries)), the Court cannot “make the inferential

leap that claims were actually submitted” for these items, Pogue II, 238 F. Supp. 2d at 268, and

therefore cannot “draw [a] reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct

alleged.” Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1949. Thus, relator’s allegations regarding the GSA mislistings

fail to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6) with respect to a false statement theory.

III.   COUNT TWO

       Count Two fails to state a claim, regardless of whether it is construed as based upon the

pre- or post-FERA version of the FCA. To allege a claim under either version of the relevant

provision, relator must allege, inter alia, that defendant conspired to defraud the government or

otherwise violate the FCA. See 31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(3) (2008) (imposing liability on any person

who “conspires to defraud the Government”); id. § 3729(a)(1)(C) (West 2010) (imposing

liability on any person who “conspires to commit a violation of” other paragraphs of §

3729(a)(1)); see also Davis, 591 F. Supp. 2d at 40. However, as defendants note, relator alleges

only that defendants defrauded the United States (Am. Compl. ¶ 78), and nowhere in the

complaint does he allege that defendants conspired to do so. (See Defs.’ Mem. at 20.) Nor did

relator respond to this argument in his opposition brief. “It is therefore proper to treat

defendant’s argument as conceded.” Franklin v. Potter, 600 F. Supp. 2d 38, 60 (D.D.C. 2009)

(citing cases). Count Two shall therefore be dismissed for failure to state a claim under Rule

12(b)(6).

                                          CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, defendants’ motion to dismiss is granted in part and denied in

part. Count One is dismissed to the extent that the causes of action asserted are based upon

defendants’ alleged mislistings of product information on the GSA Advantage website; however,

                                                 27
Count I survives to the extent that its causes of action are based upon defendants’ alleged

mislistings of product information on the SEWP website. Count II is dismissed in its entirety.

       A separate order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.

                                                                /s/
                                                     ELLEN SEGAL HUVELLE
                                                     United States District Judge

DATE: April 19, 2010

                                                28