Court Opinion

ID: 9390708
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-04-28 14:05:02.530263+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:36.120306
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: APRIL 21, 2023; 10:00 A.M.
                        NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

                Commonwealth of Kentucky
                          Court of Appeals

                             NO. 2022-CA-0409-MR

GREENVILLE CUMBERLAND
PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH                                                 APPELLANT

              APPEAL FROM MUHLENBERG CIRCUIT COURT
v.               HONORABLE BRIAN WIGGINS, JUDGE
                       ACTION NO. 20-CI-00015

STATE AUTO PROPERTY &
CASUALTY COMPANY AND
GREENVILLE INSURANCE, INC.                                          APPELLEES

                               OPINION
                       REVERSING AND REMANDING

                                 ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: CALDWELL, ECKERLE, AND KAREM, JUDGES.

CALDWELL, JUDGE: Greenville Cumberland Presbyterian Church appeals from

summary judgment granted in favor of the opposing parties in a dispute about

whether damage to a building was covered as a collapse under an insurance policy.

We reverse and remand with directions to enter partial summary judgment for the

Appellant and for further proceedings in conformity with this Opinion.
                                       FACTS

             Greenville Cumberland Presbyterian Church (“the church”) bought

property insurance from State Auto Casualty & Property Company (“the insurer”)

through Greenville Insurance, Inc. (“the agency”). The policy provided additional

coverage for collapse – specifically, for direct physical loss or damage caused by

the collapse of a building or part thereof resulting from specified causes including

hidden decay. But the term collapse was not defined in the policy.

             In the fall of 2019, the church filed a claim after discovering structural

problems following efforts to replace the metal roof covering on its sanctuary. The

church building remained standing, and no major portion of the building had fallen

down to the ground. However, the ceiling and roof framework had dropped

significantly – including dropping several inches over a several-day period

according to one observer – in a portion of the sanctuary.

             Some trusses in the roof framework were indisputably sliding down

the sanctuary walls, causing the walls to rotate outward. Upon an engineer’s

recommendation, emergency bracing was installed as a temporary measure to

reduce the risk of the roof and walls from falling down entirely.

             The insurer denied the claim, stating inter alia there was no covered

collapse since neither the building, nor any part thereof had abruptly fallen down.

                                         -2-
The church filed suit against the insurer and agency for claims including breach of

contract, bad faith, and negligence.

             Both the church and the insurer later filed motions for partial

summary judgment on the issue of coverage. The trial court granted the insurer’s

motion for partial summary judgment, stating the breach of contract claim failed as

a matter of law because there was no collapse under the facts. It noted its reliance

on Kentucky precedent strictly defining the term collapse – which it characterized

as the “rubble on the ground” standard.

             The trial court later granted the Appellees’ motions for summary

judgment on all claims and declared its prior partial summary judgment final and

appealable with no just cause for delay. Shortly thereafter, the church filed a

timely appeal. Further facts will be discussed as necessary.

                                       ANALYSIS

 Relevant Legal Standards

             We review the trial court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. See,

e.g., Shelton v. Kentucky Easter Seals Soc., Inc., 413 S.W.3d 901, 905 (Ky. 2013).

When ruling on a summary judgment motion, the trial court is not charged with

resolving any issues of fact but determining whether any genuine issues of material

fact exist and whether the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.

                                          -3-
In doing so, the trial court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the

party opposing summary judgment. Id.

             The interpretation of insurance contract provisions is a matter of law

subject to de novo review. Thiele v. Kentucky Growers Insurance Company, 522

S.W.3d 198, 199 (Ky. 2017). Limitations on coverage must be clearly stated and

exclusions or exceptions will be narrowly construed. All doubts or ambiguities

must be resolved in the insured’s favor since the insurer drafts the policy language.

Bidwell v. Shelter Mut. Ins. Co., 367 S.W.3d 585, 588 (Ky. 2012). Eyler v.

Nationwide Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 824 S.W.2d 855, 859-60 (Ky. 1992).

             Nonetheless, “if no ambiguity exists, a reasonable interpretation of an

insurance contract is to be consistent with the plain meaning of the language in the

contract.” Pryor v. Colony Ins., 414 S.W.3d 424, 430 (Ky. App. 2013). Clear and

unambiguous terms shall be enforced as written. Kemper Nat’l Ins. Companies v.

Heaven Hill Distilleries, Inc., 82 S.W.3d 869, 873 (Ky. 2002).

             Failing to define a term in the insurance policy does not always result

in ambiguity. Davis v. Progressive Direct Insurance Company, 626 S.W.3d 518,

521 (Ky. 2021). And generally, courts must apply the “ordinary and everyday

meaning” of words yet: “If two reasonable interpretations exist, the interpretation

favoring the insured prevails.” Id.

                                         -4-
               An essential tool to determining if an ambiguity exists is the

reasonable expectations doctrine, which provides: “the insured is entitled to all the

coverage he may reasonably expect to be provided under the policy. Only an

unequivocally conspicuous, plain and clear manifestation of the company’s intent

to exclude coverage will defeat that expectation.” Bidwell, 367 S.W.3d at 589

(quoting Simon v. Continental Ins. Co., 724 S.W.2d 210, 213 (Ky. 1986)).

    Relevant Insurance Policy Provisions

               The policy contained an Additional Coverage provision for collapse

stating, in relevant part: “We will pay for direct physical loss or damage to

Covered Property, caused by collapse of a building or any part of a building

insured under this policy, if the collapse is caused by one or more of the following:

. . . (b) Hidden decay; (c) Hidden insect or vermin damage[.]” The provision also

states: “Collapse does not include settling, cracking, shrinking, bulging or

expansion.” But the policy does not define collapse.

               The policy also contained an exclusion for loss or damage caused by

collapse “except as provided in the Additional Coverage for Collapse.”1 And the

policy contained provisions establishing duties in the event of loss or damage,

1
 The collapse exclusion provision further states: “But if collapse results in a Covered Cause of
Loss, we will pay for the loss or damage caused by that Covered Cause of Loss.” (Record (R.),
p. 162). Covered Causes of Loss are “Risks of Direct Physical Loss” unless the loss is subject to
an exclusion or limitation stated in the policy. R., p. 153.

                                               -5-
including a duty to: “Take all reasonable steps necessary to protect the Covered

Property from further damage . . . .”

    Binding Precedent Holds Collapse Has Plain Meaning and Defines Term

                The church argues the evidence shows a collapse of part of the

building and distinguishes this case from Thiele, 522 S.W.3d at 198, and Niagara

Fire Ins. Co. v. Curtsinger, 361 S.W.2d 762 (Ky. 1962). We must follow holdings

about collapse in Curtsinger and Thiele as precedent from Kentucky’s highest

court. See SCR2 1.030(8)(a). But we must also consider whether the evidence

here establishes a collapse under the holdings of this binding precedent. Applying

the plain meaning definition of collapse set forth in Curtsinger and Thiele, we

agree with the church that the evidence here establishes a collapse of part of the

building.

                Like this case, both Thiele and Curtsinger required interpretation of

insurance policies providing coverage for direct physical loss or damage from the

collapse of all or part of a building. Curtsinger, 361 S.W.2d at 763; Thiele, 522

S.W.3d at 199. Like the policy here, the policy in Thiele stated: “Collapse does

not mean settling, cracking, bulging, or expanding.” Id. But the policy in Thiele

did not define collapse. Id. at 202 (Wright, J., dissenting). And presumably the

2
    Kentucky Supreme Court Rules.

                                           -6-
policy in Curtsinger did not define collapse either as no definition in the policy is

mentioned in the opinion.

              Kentucky’s highest court has held that “the word ‘collapse’ in

connection with a building or other structure [] has a well-understood common

meaning” and quoting Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary, the plain meaning is: “To

break down or go to pieces suddenly, especially by falling in of sides; to cave in.”

Thiele, 522 S.W.3d at 199 (quoting Curtsinger, 361 S.W.2d at 764).3 Our Supreme

Court specifically rejected in Thiele the argument that collapse should be defined

in a broad manner to include major structural damage altering the basic stability of

a building. Instead, our Supreme Court reaffirmed Curtsinger’s holding, after

referring to Curtsinger as controlling and quoting its definition of collapse. Thiele,

522 S.W.3d at 199-200. So, we must follow binding precedent and apply the plain

meaning of collapse as defined in Curtsinger and Thiele:4 “To break down or go to

pieces suddenly, especially by falling in of sides; to cave in.” Id.

3
 Curtsinger does not identify any edition number or publication date but simply refers to
Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary for the common meaning of collapse.
4
  In a recent unpublished case, we recognized we were bound to apply the definition of collapse
provided in Curtsinger and Thiele, despite suggesting in a footnote that perhaps our Supreme
Court should reconsider its stance on interpreting collapse in insurance coverage disputes. Sauer
v. Kentucky Farm Bureau Mutual Insurance Company, No. 2020-CA-0424-MR, 2021 WL
3435455, at *2 (Ky. App. Aug. 6, 2021), discretionary review denied (Dec. 8, 2021).

                                              -7-
               But this plain meaning definition of collapse set forth in binding

precedent does not expressly require that something fall all the way to the ground

or be reduced to rubble on the ground, as insinuated by the trial court.

Furthermore, there is evidence that a part of the building fell all the way to the

ground, leaving debris (a/k/a rubble) on the ground – namely, the affidavit of

engineer Harold Gaston.

    Evidence Shows a Collapse as Defined by Binding Precedent

               The church contends the trial court erred in concluding there was no

collapse based on the evidence before it. Based on our review of the evidence in

the record, we agree. Gaston’s affidavit was among the evidence submitted to the

trial court along with the parties’ respective motions for partial summary judgment.

The evidence also included Gaston’s September 26, 2019, letter to the church,5 the

insurance company’s letter denying the claim, and the reports of engineers Kurt

Bergman and Jordan Yeiser.

               Gaston had inspected the building at the church’s request in early

September 2019, after a contractor noticed something was not right with the roof

structure after removing the metal roof covering. Gaston’s initial inspection was

limited due to lack of access to the attic. After the attic opening was enlarged

5
 A September 27, 2019, letter from Gaston to the church on other matters concerning any
options for repairing or rebuilding the sanctuary building also appears in the record. But
ultimately it was determined that the building could not be fixed so it was later torn down.

                                                -8-
several days later, Gaston returned for further inspection. Upon his

recommendation, emergency bracing was put in place in the sanctuary.

             Gaston reported his findings to the church in the letter to the church

dated September 26, 2019. He recalled that the contractor told him the roof was

falling before his first visit. He noted his initial inspection was performed on

September 7th, but he returned on September 18th after the attic opening was

enlarged. He observed, and stated in his letter, that over this several-day period,

“the ceiling/roof had dropped a few more inches.” He further stated, “The roof had

over many years experienced a bowing of the wood members in the roof and the

roof has a curve on both sides” and that the walls “were bowing outward on each

side of the sanctuary.” Gaston noted this portion of the building was believed to be

over one hundred years old.

             Gaston opined that a long-term water leak had caused ends of the roof

trusses to decay and fail. He noted there was evidence of prior repairs to the

trusses – including placing newer lumber within the last 20 years. He explained

his decision to recommend emergency bracing as he feared “the roof of the

building was imminent to collapse” and “the walls will fall as a secondary collapse

due to the way the roof would fall.” He indicated that the bracing was a temporary

solution.

                                         -9-
             The insurer argued to the trial court that an imminent collapse was

not enough to trigger coverage in its motion for partial summary judgment; instead,

an actual collapse was required to trigger coverage. The church countered by

offering evidence of engineers opining there was an actual collapse of part of the

building. The church attached to its response and cross-motion for partial

summary judgment an affidavit by Gaston, in which he clarified his opinions from

the letter. It also submitted the report of engineer Jordan Yeiser.

             Engineer Yeiser noted some exterior sanctuary walls had rotated

significantly outward and he was asked to determine the cause of the “collapse of

the exterior walls and roof framing.” He remarked the temporary bracing was put

in place “to prevent full collapse.” He opined there was a “sudden failure of the

main roof truss bearing” due to hidden decay caused by moisture which had not

been evident in the sanctuary and which led to a “sudden collapse of the roof

framing.”

             In Gaston’s affidavit, he similarly opined there had been a collapse of

part of the building and that the roof structure collapsed due to hidden decay

causing some truss ends to deteriorate and the roof structure to fall down. And he

explained what he meant by his late September 2019 letter to the church:

             when I stated that “[i]t was my thought that if nothing
             was done the roof of the building was imminent to
             collapse[,] I meant that the entire roof was imminent to
             completely collapse. It remains my opinion that the roof

                                         -10-
             structure dropped and fell down significantly, which in
             my opinion is a collapse of a part of the building.

He also averred he had observed debris on the ground including “paint and small

wood chips and/or sawdust right underneath where the truss had collapsed.”

             The insurer submitted the report of its own engineer, Bergman. Like

the other engineers, Bergman stated that some roof trusses were sliding down the

walls, pushing the walls outward. Bergman also noted water damage and decay

and difficulties in accessing the attic as well as evidence of prior repair to the

trusses. He described the damage as the “partial failure of the roof structure.” But

unlike the other engineers, Bergman did not describe any events as sudden, and he

did not use the term collapse. He simply opined that the state of the building

resulted from long-term processes including truss spreading and decay.

              As the church points out, the policy provides coverage not just for

collapse of the whole building but also for collapse of a part of the building. It

points out Gaston described a sudden dropping of the roof structure and Yeiser

referred to a sudden failure of some roof truss bearings. And it emphasizes both

Gaston and Yeiser opined that a collapse of part of the building occurred.

             The mere usage of the word collapse in these opinions may not be

determinative – after all, the claimants in Curtsinger and Thiele asserted the

property damage they suffered amounted to collapse but the appellate courts

rejected these arguments based on the underlying facts. But even disregarding the

                                          -11-
use of the word collapse in describing the damage, we conclude that the evidence

established a collapse as defined by binding precedent.

               As the church argues, there is evidence showing a collapse of part of

the building under the Curtsinger/Thiele definition. “This is what occurred in the

Church’s sanctuary – the roof structure began caving in, as the trusses slid down

the walls, pushing the walls outward.” Unlike what it describes as gradual

subsidence of the building in Curtsinger6 and Thiele,7 the church argues there is

evidence that part of the building suddenly fell down, broke down or perhaps went

to pieces despite the gradual process of hidden decay. For example, the church

points to Gaston’s observation in his letter that the roof structure had fallen a few

more inches in less than two weeks and Yeiser’s statement that a “sudden failure of

the main roof truss bearing occurred.” And it points to Gaston’s observation of

debris on the ground noted in his affidavit to argue: “Pieces of the ceiling or roof

6
 Some evidence described in Curtsinger suggests a more sudden event where the homeowners
heard a loud noise one evening and “the next morning discovered the porch floor and roof had
broken loose from the house, and the front ‘had gone down about a foot.’” 361 S.W.3d at 764.
Still, Curtsinger involved subsidence of the floor rather than roof structure falling down as here.
7
  See also Sauer, 2021 WL 3435455 at * 2 (no collapse of any part of building under
Curtsinger/Thiele definition despite bedroom floor dropping several inches and bedroom wall
pulling away from roof and leaving opening due to hidden termite damage as facts were similar
to those in Curtsinger and the “home did not break down, go to pieces, or cave in as required
under the definition of collapse”). This unpublished opinion is not binding authority. Kentucky
Rules of Appellate Procedure (“RAP”) 41(A). But we mention it simply because the parties
discuss it in their briefs. Sauer involved part of a home subsiding like Curtsinger and Thiele –
rather than portions of the roof structure falling down as occurred here.

                                               -12-
structure collapsed all the way to the floor, where Gaston observed them being

cleaned up.”

               This evidence shows a collapse under the explicit requirement of the

Curtsinger/Thiele “plain meaning” definition. As pointed out by the dissent in

Thiele, applying the actual language of the plain meaning definition, a collapse

could occur when a building or a part thereof either breaks down or goes to pieces

based on the words used in Curtsinger’s definition – and the “suddenly” language

might apply only to going to pieces but perhaps not to something breaking down.

Thiele, 522 S.W.3d at 200 (Wright, J., dissenting). The dissent would have

affirmed the trial court’s determination that a collapse had occurred as a factual

finding supported by substantial evidence. Id.

               Though the majority in Thiele disagreed with the dissent’s approach,

Thiele and Curtsinger involved different facts. For example, Curtsinger concerned

damage resulting from a porch floor subsiding, pulling it and the roof away from

the building. 361 S.W.2d at 764-65. In contrast, in the present case the roof

structure/framework dropped down significantly obviously from above – in a

fashion more akin to the common understanding of falling in or caving in than the

facts in Curtsinger. After all, after defining collapse in the context of buildings as

especially indicating falling in or caving in, the Kentucky high court in Curtsinger

                                         -13-
simply stated the trial court should have ruled as a matter of law that there was no

collapse under the facts there. Id.

             In contrast to Curtsinger, the facts are not described in great detail in

the majority opinion in Thiele other than generally alluding to extensive termite

damage. 522 S.W.3d at 199. But regardless of any arguable evidence of anything

breaking down, even the dissent admitted there was no evidence of a substantial

part of the building falling down in Thiele – as some structural elements in the

building (concrete blocks) made this practically impossible so that coverage for

hidden insect damage was illusory. Id. at 201 (Wright, J., dissenting).

             While the insured did not prevail on the coverage issue in Thiele,

Thiele is distinguishable because there was no dispute that the facts did not show a

collapse as defined by Curtsinger. 522 S.W.3d at 199. Conceding there was no

collapse under Curtsinger’s definition, the insured argued for a broader definition

of collapse to apply – i.e., one recognizing major structural damage affecting a

building’s stability as a collapse in Thiele. Our Supreme Court elected not to

broaden the definition of collapse but reaffirmed Curtsinger. Id. at 199-200.

             In contrast, the church has not argued that a different definition of

collapse should apply. Instead, it has argued that the evidence here showed a

collapse as defined by Curtsinger. We agree with the church’s argument. As

pointed out by the church, Curtsinger and a recent unpublished opinion from this

                                         -14-
Court8 are distinguishable because they involve subsidence of the floor rather than

a roof structure falling down.

                The parties have not cited any Kentucky appellate opinion, published

or unpublished, which has determined whether damage caused by any part of a

roof falling down amounts to a collapse of part of a building. The Appellees

though cited case law to the trial court from other jurisdictions in which courts

determined that evidence of roof and/or ceiling damage did not amount to collapse

of a building or part thereof under a strict actual collapse standard. But these cases

are not binding and are distinguishable.

                For example, one case involved shingles blowing off the roof and

some deterioration of roof materials with an imminent threat of collapse, but no

proof of the roof structure suddenly dropping. See Hilton Head Resort Four

Seasons Centre Horizontal Property Regime Council of Co-Owners, Inc. v.

General Star Indem. Co., 357 F. Supp. 2d 885, 886 (D.S.C. 2005). And other

ceiling or roof damage cases cited involved subsidence-type issues like Curtsinger

or Thiele. See Gage v. Union Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 122 Vt. 246, 169 A.2d 29 (1961),

Olmstead v. Lumbermens Mut. Ins. Co., 22 Ohio St. 2d 212, 259 N.E.2d 123

(1970). Furthermore, the language used by other state’s courts in defining collapse

often differs. See, e.g., Gage, 169 A.2d at 30 (applying plain meaning of collapse

8
    See generally Sauer, 2021 WL 3435455.

                                            -15-
and alluding to dictionary definitions, including one incorporating the language:

“To fall together or into an irregular mass or flattened form . . .”).

             But regardless of any factual or other distinctions with non-binding,

extra-jurisdictional precedent about whether roof or ceiling damage can be

considered collapse, the evidence here established a collapse under the explicit

requirements of binding Kentucky precedent. Clearly, there was evidence of a part

of the building breaking down, dropping down suddenly, and falling in – and even

some evidence of debris or rubble on the ground. This is sufficient to satisfy the

definition of collapse explicitly set forth in Curtsinger and Thiele.

             Our Supreme Court has not explicitly stated a requirement that a

building or part thereof fall entirely to the ground or be reduced to rubble on the

ground in defining collapse. And in any event, Gaston’s affidavit testimony that

he observed debris on the ground where a truss fell is evidence showing that any

“rubble on the ground” requirement was met. Rubble is sometimes defined as

synonymous with debris, after all. For example, one definition of rubble is: “The

pile of crumbled debris that’s left over after something breaks or collapses” and

debris is listed as a synonym for rubble. Rubble, VOCABULARY

https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/rubble (last visited Mar. 16, 2023).

             The trial court erred in determining there was no collapse and thus no

coverage under these facts because there was evidence of a collapse – as defined

                                          -16-
by binding precedent without adding additional requirements not explicitly stated

in precedent.

  Regardless, The Policy is Ambiguous and Must Be Construed to Afford
Coverage

             Both Curtsinger and Thiele clearly hold that the word collapse, as

referring to a building or part thereof, has a commonly understood plain meaning.

So, we cannot say that the word collapse by itself is ambiguous – even when it is

not defined in the policy. But even though the word collapse itself might not be

ambiguous in this context, we conclude that the collapse coverage policy provision

is ambiguous as applied to the facts here.

             Ambiguities are not always facial; some ambiguities may instead arise

when a provision is applied to the facts of a particular case. St. Paul Fire &

Marine Ins. Co. v. Powell-Walton-Milward, Inc., 870 S.W.2d 223, 227 (Ky. 1994).

The plain meaning of collapse set forth in binding Kentucky precedent does not

expressly require that the building (or a part of it) fall all the way to the ground or

be reduced to rubble on the ground. In fact, neither Curtsinger nor Thiele uses the

word “rubble” or expressly states that collapse entails falling to the ground.

             Nonetheless, the trial court described the approach in Curtsinger and

Thiele as the “rubble on the ground” standard. And non-binding secondary

authority cites Curtsinger among cases taking a comparatively strict approach to

defining collapse as a “plain and unambiguous term which refers to a falling in,

                                          -17-
loss of shape, or reduction to flattened form or rubble.” Annotation, What

Constitutes “Collapse” of a Building Within Property Insurance Policy, 71

A.L.R.3d 1072 § 3 (1976).

             Counsel for Appellees argued in the written motion for partial

summary judgment on coverage that there was clearly no collapse because neither

the building nor any part of it had fallen to the ground. This suggests that although

the word collapse has a commonly understood plain meaning, some interpret this

plain meaning as connoting implicit requirements that something fall entirely to the

ground or be reduced to rubble. Furthermore, there are some similarities, but also

some important differences, between the facts here and those in Curtsinger and

Thiele. So, applying the plain meaning of collapse set forth in binding precedent,

we conclude there are different reasonable interpretations of whether the damage

here amounted to a collapse covered by the policy – in other words, there is an

ambiguity as applied to the facts here. Thus, the policy must be liberally construed

in favor of coverage. See, e.g., Eyler, 824 S.W.2d at 859-60; St. Paul, 870 S.W.2d

at 227.

             A contract is ambiguous if it is subject to more than one reasonable

interpretation. Vorherr v. Coldiron, 525 S.W.3d 532, 543 (Ky. App. 2017). Here,

even applying the plain meaning of collapse set forth in binding precedent, the

parties have set forth differing interpretations – neither patently unreasonable –

                                         -18-
whether there was a collapse subject to coverage here. The church argues that part

of its building – the roof framework – collapsed under a plain meaning of collapse.

But the insurer argues that no significant part of the building – meaning perhaps a

room or a wing – fell entirely to the ground or was reduced to rubble.

             It was reasonable for the church to expect that there was coverage for

a collapse under the facts here, applying the “plain meaning” definition of collapse

in Curtsinger and Thiele. After all, there is evidence suggesting that a part of the

building (the roof structure) broke down, fell in, or caved in – even if this part of

the building did not fall entirely to the ground. Colloquially, one might say that a

roof or part of it collapsed when it dropped down suddenly and significantly even

if not all the way to the ground – even though perhaps one might mean falling

down to the ground or being reduced to rubble when talking about the collapse of a

building.

             Furthermore, collapse was not defined in the policy, despite the

Supreme Court’s suggesting insurers should define the term to make things clearer

for their insureds in Thiele. See 522 S.W.3d at 200 (“As a practical matter, any

long range effect of our decision could easily be minimized by the insurance

companies in simply re-defining the ‘collapse’ exemption to meet our judicial

definition.”). We question whether an insured would be fairly advised of implicit

requirements – such as “rubble on the ground” – which are not clearly stated in the

                                         -19-
policy itself or in Kentucky precedent about the plain meaning of collapse in this

context.

               Given this ambiguity as applied to the facts here, and the church’s

reasonable expectation there would be coverage for the damage here given

indications that part of the roof caved in, the policy must be liberally construed,

and all doubts resolved in favor of affording coverage. St. Paul, 870 S.W.2d at

227. Furthermore, as the drafter of the policy, the insurer must be held responsible

for the language used. Eyler, 824 S.W.2d .2d at 859-60.

               As we conclude that there was an ambiguity as applied to the facts

here regarding whether there was a collapse subject to the additional coverage

provisions regarding collapse, we need not reach the church’s other ambiguity

argument – that an ambiguity was created by including both the collapse

provisions and duty to mitigate provisions in the policy.9

9
  Conflict with the duty to mitigate has been noted in extra-jurisdictional authority to support the
application of a broader definition of collapse. See Hilton Head, 357 F. Supp. 2d at 887 (“[A]s
noted by courts rejecting the actual collapse standard, such an interpretation encourages an
insured to neglect repairs and allow a building to fall, which is economically unsound and
contrary to the insured’s duty to mitigate damages.”). But such policy arguments about defining
collapse would be better directed to our Supreme Court – which, unlike this Court, has the
authority to overrule its holdings in Curtsinger and Thiele. SCR 1.030(8)(a). But in any event,
our conclusion that the policy is ambiguous as applied to the facts of this case does not depend
upon any alleged conflict with the duty to mitigate damages. Instead, it is premised solely upon
the ambiguity presented when applying the plain meaning of collapse set forth in precedent to
the facts here in the absence of a more specific definition of collapse in the policy.

                                               -20-
             Instead, we conclude that there is ambiguity as applied to facts here

regarding whether there was a collapse in terms of plain meaning expressed in

precedent – which does not explicitly require something falling to the ground or

being reduced to rubble. Should the insurer wish to be held responsible only for a

narrower scope of coverage for collapse – such as only being obligated to pay if a

building or any part abruptly falls to the ground or is reduced to rubble – it should

clearly inform the insured of these requirements in the policy. Otherwise, in the

absence of a more specific definition of collapse in a policy, the plain meaning

definition set forth in Kentucky precedent – which does not clearly and explicitly

state requirements for rubble on the ground or something falling all the way to the

ground – applies. And any ambiguity arising in cases such as this must be

construed against it to afford coverage. See, e.g., Bidwell, 367 S.W.3d at 588.

             In sum, as the policy is ambiguous under the facts here whether the

damage amounted to a covered collapse, the trial court erred in granting summary

judgment in favor of the insurer rather than the insured on the coverage issue.

Non-Contractual Claims are Not Waived, but We Express No Opinion on
Their Merits

             The church concedes that the viability of its other claims depends

upon the existence of coverage. But as we reverse the trial court’s resolution of the

collapse coverage issue, other claims may also be viable now. As the church

points out in its brief, the trial court did not substantively address the merits of

                                          -21-
other claims alleged in the complaint in its orders other than to dismiss them as

dependent on the existence of coverage.

             Furthermore, we disagree with the Appellees’ argument that any error

in granting summary judgment in favor of the insurer on non-contractual claims

has been waived by the lack of discussion about non-contractual claims against the

insurer in the church’s initial brief. As the church points out in its reply brief, it

clearly appealed from all summary judgments entered – including those for both

Appellees on all claims – premised on its arguments of error in the trial court’s

resolution of the coverage issue. Nonetheless, we express no opinion on the merits

of any non-contractual claims.

             Further arguments in the briefs not discussed herein have been

determined to lack merit or relevance to our resolution of this appeal.

                                   CONCLUSION

             For the reasons stated herein, we REVERSE the grant of summary

judgment on all claims in favor of Appellees and REMAND with directions to

enter partial summary judgment in favor of the church on coverage and for further

proceedings in conformity with this Opinion.

             ALL CONCUR.

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BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT:     BRIEF FOR APPELLEES:

M. Austin Mehr            James P. Nolan
Bartley K. Hagerman       Matthew F.X. Craven
Lexington, Kentucky       Perry Adanick
                          Louisville, Kentucky

ORAL ARGUMENT FOR         ORAL ARGUMENT FOR
APPELLANT:                APPELLEES:

Bartley K. Hagerman       Perry Adanick
Lexington, Kentucky       Louisville, Kentucky

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