Court Opinion

ID: 9555304
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-11 16:10:13.278464+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:34:23.413980
License: Public Domain

J-A13015-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

  COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                 :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
  ERIC L. SHIELDS                              :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 969 MDA 2022

    Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered September 14, 2021
  In the Court of Common Pleas of Lackawanna County Criminal Division at
                     No(s): CP-35-CR-0000625-2021

BEFORE:      BOWES, J., LAZARUS, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

MEMORANDUM BY BOWES, J.:                            FILED AUGUST 11, 2023

       Eric L. Shields appeals from the judgment of sentence of fifteen to sixty

months of incarceration, followed by two years of probation, imposed after he

pled guilty to one count of failure to register with the Pennsylvania State Police

(“PSP”) pursuant to his sexual offender registration requirements. We affirm.

       By way of background, Appellant pled guilty in the Luzerne County Court

of Common Pleas in 2014 to, inter alia, indecent assault of a complainant less

than thirteen years of age (the “Luzerne County case”).               The conduct

underlying his conviction occurred between December 2011 and August 2012.

As a result, Appellant was ordered to register as a sex offender for his lifetime

pursuant to the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act (“SORNA I”).

See 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 9799.10-9799.41 (expired).

____________________________________________

* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
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      Prior to discussing Appellant’s failure to register with the PSP, we briefly

review the pertinent amendments to sexual offender registration in

Pennsylvania to provide context to his arguments.         At the time Appellant

committed the acts constituting indecent assault in 2011 and 2012, the

predecessor to SORNA, Megan’s Law III, was in effect.           See 42 Pa.C.S.

§§ 9791-9799.9 (expired).     Under Megan’s Law III, Appellant would have

been subject to a ten-year registration. However, effective December 2012,

SORNA I replaced Megan’s Law III. SORNA I required that Appellant register

for his lifetime because his conviction involved a Tier III sexual offense. See

42 Pa.C.S. § 9799.14(d)(8).      Thus, at the time he was sentenced in the

Luzerne County case in 2014, he was subject to SORNA I’s lifetime registration

requirements.

      In 2017, our Supreme Court decided Commonwealth v. Muniz, 164

A.3d 1189 (Pa. 2017).      There, the High Court held that the retroactive

application of SORNA I upon individuals whose crimes had been committed

before its effective date was unconstitutional pursuant to the ex post facto

clause of the Pennsylvania Constitution. Id. at 1193. In response to Muniz,

the General Assembly amended SORNA I by passing SORNA II, which became

effective on June 12, 2018. See Commonwealth v. Zack, 262 A.3d 497,

500 (Pa.Super. 2021). SORNA II was divided “into two parts, with one set of

obligations applicable to offenses committed on or after December 20, 2012

(Subchapter H), and the other applicable to offenders who were convicted of

certain offenses on or after April 22, 1996, but before December 20, 2012

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(Subchapter I).” Id.; see also 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 9799.51-9799.75. Subchapter

I “ensured that those required to retroactively register under SORNA, and

entitled to relief after Muniz, would still have to do so.” Zack, supra at 501

(cleaned up).     Additionally, SORNA II created a new offense for failure to

register as to offenders required to do so under Subchapter I. See 18 Pa.C.S.

§ 4915.2. Accordingly, with the passage of SORNA II in 2018, Appellant’s

lifetime registration condition was reduced to a ten-year requirement pursuant

to Subchapter I.

       In June of 2018, the same month in which SORNA II was enacted, the

PSP reviewed Appellant’s status and notified him that he was required to

register for a period of ten years. Appellant failed to do so and was charged

with failure to register pursuant to the Subchapter I requirements in violation

of 18 Pa.C.S. § 4915.2(a)(1). He pled guilty and was sentenced as indicated

hereinabove.

       Subsequently, Appellant timely filed a motion for reconsideration of

sentence with the trial court, asserting that application of SORNA’s registration

and reporting requirements to him based on the sentence imposed in the

Luzerne County case violated ex post facto prohibitions, and accordingly any

sentence arising from his failure to register is illegal.1 The trial court denied

Appellant’s motion on June 13, 2022.

____________________________________________

1 While the motion for reconsideration was pending, Appellant filed a pro se

notice of appeal to this Court. Appellant subsequently withdrew the appeal in
order to return jurisdiction to the trial court to resolve his pending motion.

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         This timely appeal followed. Both Appellant and the trial court complied

with Pa.R.A.P. 1925. Appellant presents the following issues for our review,

which are re-ordered for ease of disposition:

   I.       Whether, since the Appellant was never properly resentenced,
            the sentence imposed on his failure to register violated the
            United States and the Pennsylvania Constitution[’]s ex post
            facto prohibition as it inflicted a greater punishment upon him
            than the law in effect when he committed the underlying sex
            offense and, therefore, constituted an illegal sentence.

   II.      Whether the trial court imposed an illegal sentence for failure
            to register under SORNA [II], where his sex offenses occurred
            prior to December 20, 2012, the effective date of SORNA [I],
            and where Appellant was never correctly resentenced under
            Megan’s Law III which was in effect at the time he committed
            the sex offenses.

   III.     Whether the trial court abused its discretion when it imposed a
            sentence of [fifteen] to [sixty] months plus two years’
            probation for failure to register when the facts surrounding his
            violation did not warrant such a harsh and excessive sentence
            when the court failed to properly consider all of the relevant
            sentencing criteria under 42 Pa.C.S. § 9721.

Appellant’s brief at 4 (cleaned up).

         In his first two issues on appeal, Appellant purports to challenge the

legality of his sentence.     As those present questions of law, “our scope of

review is plenary and we review the lower courts’ legal determinations de

novo.” Commonwealth v. Lacombe, 234 A.3d 602, 608 (Pa. 2020) (citation

omitted).

         Appellant first contends that because he was never properly re-

sentenced in the Luzerne County case after Muniz, his current sentence for

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failing to register with the PSP violated ex post facto prohibitions of both the

United States and Pennsylvania Constitutions. See Appellant’s brief at 15-18.

Next, and relatedly, he argues that the instant sentence for failure to register

is illegal due to the fact that he was never re-sentenced in the Luzerne County

case upon enactment of SORNA II. Id. at 12-15. The implication in both of

these arguments appears to be that that since the “registration portion of his

sentence” from the Luzerne County case was neither vacated nor corrected so

as to fall under the purview of Subchapter I, the portion of the sentence from

that case is illegal under Muniz. Id. at 16-17. Accordingly, he asserts that

his current sentence for failure to register would likewise be illegal. See id.

at 12-15.

      However, while Appellant couches both of these claims as a challenge

to the legality of his current sentence, in reality he challenges his instant

conviction for failure to register. In neither of the arguments above does he

contest the trial court’s authority to impose his sentence upon a guilty plea or

the manner in which the court fashioned the sentence. Rather, from what we

can discern from his arguments, he maintains that the court lacked authority

to convict him because, in his view, he was not properly subject to the

registration requirements imposed by Subchapter I. See id. at 12-15. In

other words, he avers that he cannot be convicted for failure to register

because a critical element of that crime, i.e., a duty to register, is not met

based on alleged deficiencies in his sentence from the Luzerne County case.

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      These facial challenges to his conviction are not something we can

review because he pled guilty to the offense sub judice. See Commonwealth

v. Morrison, 173 A.3d 286, 290 (Pa.Super. 2017) (stating that “a plea of

guilty amounts to a waiver of all defects and defenses except those concerning

the jurisdiction of the court, the legality of the sentence, and the validity of

the guilty plea”). In pleading guilty, Appellant admitted that he was required

to register pursuant to Subchapter I and that he failed to do so. As such, he

is precluded from now asserting that he cannot be rightfully convicted and

sentenced for this crime.

      To the extent we would nonetheless address Appellant’s arguments as

an attack on an “illegal sentence,” they are without merit. In addressing his

first claim that his current sentence violated ex post facto prohibitions, we

utilize the following framework:

      First, a court must ask when the initial offense was committed.
      Second, the court must ask whether the challenged law was
      enacted after the occurrence of the triggering offense and was
      then applied retroactively. If so, the final question is whether that
      retroactive law is punitive or increases the penalty for the existing
      crime.

Commonwealth v. Santana, 266 A.3d 528, 536 (Pa. 2021).

      Appellant’s contention fails as he has not demonstrated that Subchapter

I is punitive or increases the penalty for the existing crime. To the contrary,

our High Court has expressly determined that “Subchapter I does not

constitute criminal punishment,” and thus an ex post facto claim based on this

provision would “necessarily fail.”   Lacombe, supra at 626-27.        We have

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applied the holding in Lacombe to determine that retroactive application of

SORNA II to a defendant, in similar circumstances as Appellant, is not

unconstitutional. See Zack, supra at 506 (rejecting Zack’s argument that a

conviction for failure to register under SORNA II violated ex post facto

prohibitions when the registration requirements arose from an indecent

assault conviction occurring while Megan’s Law III was in effect). Appellant

does not cite or discuss either Lacombe or Zack in his brief, nor does he set

forth any argument that they do not preclude his requested relief herein. As

such, this claim fails.

       Concerning Appellant’s second argument that his instant sentence is

illegal because he was never re-sentenced in the Luzerne County case, and

thus his registration requirements stemming therefrom somehow constitute

an “illegal sentence,” this similarly is without merit.2   Appellant is simply

incorrect to the extent he asserts that a court was required to re-sentence

____________________________________________

2 In support of this position, Appellant highlights that in 2020, this Court
vacated his 2017 conviction for failure to register pursuant to Subchapter H
of SORNA I in a different case. See Appellant’s brief at 14-15 (citing
Commonwealth v. Shields, 236 A.3d 1077 (Pa.Super. 2020) (non-
precedential decision)). Appellant’s reliance on this case is unavailing. There,
he was convicted of failing to register pursuant to the lifetime registration
requirements imposed under SORNA I, and this Court reversed the conviction
based on our High Court’s ruling in Muniz. Here, as already discussed,
Appellant was convicted pursuant to 18 Pa.C.S. § 4915.2 for failing to register
under Subchapter I, which our High Court has expressly determined does not
constitute criminal punishment or violate ex post facto prohibitions of either
the United States or Pennsylvania Constitutions. See Lacombe, supra at
626-27. Plainly put, our decision in Shields is inapposite.

                                           -7-
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him in the Luzerne County case after Subchapter I was enacted. The duty to

register pursuant to SORNA II following a conviction of indecent assault arises

from the statute itself, not from a sentence. See 42 Pa.C.S. § 9799.55(a)

(providing a ten-year registration requirement for individuals who have been

convicted of certain sexual offenses April 22, 1996, but before December 20,

2012). Since Appellant’s conviction for indecent assault in the Luzerne County

case has not been vacated, he is subject to the registration requirements of

Subchapter I and his sentence for failure to register is not illegal.3

       Finally, we turn to Appellant’s third claim, wherein he asserts that the

trial court imposed an excessive sentence, thus challenging the discretionary

aspects of his sentence. It is established that such a challenge does not entitle

an appellant to “review as of right.” Commonwealth v. Caldwell, 117 A.3d

763, 768 (Pa.Super. 2015) (en banc) (citation omitted).

       An appellant challenging the discretionary aspects of his sentence
       must invoke this Court’s jurisdiction by satisfying a four-part test:
       (1) whether appellant has filed a timely notice of appeal, see
       Pa.R.A.P. 902 and 903; (2) whether the issue was properly
       preserved at sentencing or in a motion to reconsider and modify
       sentence, see Pa.R.Crim.P. 720; (3) whether appellant’s brief has
       a fatal defect, Pa.R.A.P. 2119(f); and (4) whether there is a
       substantial question that the sentence appealed from is not
       appropriate under the Sentencing Code.
____________________________________________

3 We note that on October 22, 2022, Appellant filed an appeal to this Court

arising from the Luzerne County case, directly challenging his sentence therein
after the lower court dismissed his petition filed pursuant to the Post
Conviction Relief Act. See Commonwealth v. Shields, 1521 MDA 2022.
That appeal was quashed on March 23, 2023, due to Appellant’s failure to file
a brief. Accordingly, Appellant’s conviction for indecent assault in the Luzerne
County case has not been deemed illegal or void by any court.

                                           -8-
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Id. (cleaned up). “Objections to the discretionary aspects of a sentence are

generally waived if they are not raised at the sentencing hearing or in a motion

to modify the sentence imposed.” Commonwealth v. Bradley, 237 A.3d

1131, 1138 (Pa.Super. 2020) (citation omitted).

      In its brief, the Commonwealth argues that Appellant failed to properly

preserve this issue. See Commonwealth’s brief at 13. Specifically, it asserts

that while Appellant filed a motion for reconsideration of his sentence, his sole

argument in the motion was that his sentence was unconstitutional, not that

it was excessive. See id.

      After careful review, we agree with the Commonwealth. Appellant did

not assert that his sentence was excessive or otherwise challenge any

discretionary aspect of the sentence in his motion.       On the contrary, he

asserted a single argument nearly identical to the ex post facto argument

considered above.     See Motion for Reconsideration, 9/24/2021, at ¶ 4

(“[Appellant] now seeks to vacate this sentence as violative of the United

States and Pennsylvania Constitutions as the imposition of SORNA on

[Appellant] was a violation of the ex post facto clause as held by our Supreme

Court in [Muniz.]” (cleaned up)). Our review of the sentencing transcript

likewise shows that Appellant never objected to the length of his sentence.

Accordingly, Appellant did not preserve this issue, and we are without liberty

to entertain the same.

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     Since none of Appellant’s issues merits relief, we affirm his judgment of

sentence.

     Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 08/11/2023

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