Court Opinion

ID: 2849205
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-03 22:04:14.205753+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:31:48.674313
License: Public Domain

Filed 9/3/15 In re S.M. CA1/3
                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

              IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                       FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                DIVISION THREE

In re S.M., a Person Coming Under the
Juvenile Court Law.

MENDOCINO COUNTY HEALTH &
HUMAN SERVICES AGENCY,
                                                                     A144562
         Plaintiff and Respondent,
v.                                                                   (Mendocino County
                                                                     Super. Ct. No. SCUKJVSQ141708101)
M.A.,
         Defendant and Appellant.

         In this appeal from a dispositional order, the parties have submitted a joint
application for a stipulated reversal of the challenged order. The parties agree that the
juvenile court failed to ensure compliance with the inquiry and notice requirements of the
Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA), and they seek a conditional reversal of the challenged
order pending compliance with the ICWA.
         While we will accept the concession that the juvenile court failed to ensure
compliance with the ICWA’s inquiry and notice requirements, we do not agree that
reversal of the dispositional order, conditional or otherwise, is an appropriate resolution
under these circumstances. Instead, the proper disposition is to remand for compliance
with the ICWA’s notice and inquiry provisions and to allow appellants to petition the
juvenile court to invalidate any orders that may have violated the ICWA upon a showing
that any error was prejudicial.

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                         FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       In September 2014, M.A. (mother) was arrested following a report that she was
behaving “out of control” in a pizza restaurant and hitting the head of her son, 11-month-
old S.M., against the side of a stroller. Staff at the Mendocino County Health & Human
Services Agency (Agency) noted that mother was not only under the influence at the time
of the event but that her mental illness was spiraling out of control. S.M. was released to
his father, V.M. (father), after he signed a family safety plan. Both mother and father
subsequently tested positive for methamphetamine. In October 2014, S.M. was ordered
removed from the custody of the parents.
       A petition filed in October 2014 alleged that S.M. came within the jurisdiction of
the juvenile court under subdivisions (b) and (j) of section 300 of the Welfare and
Institutions Code.1 Among other things, it was alleged that the parents were unable to
provide a safe and appropriate home environment for S.A. in light of their chronic
substance abuse, mother’s mental instability, and the condition of their home. It was
further alleged that mother has two older children not currently in her care, with at least
one of those children having been adopted after mother lost custody following the abuse
and neglect of that child.
       In the juvenile dependency petition, it was noted that mother “stated she may have
Native American heritage through the Cherokee, Choctaw & Blackfoot Tribes.” At the
detention hearing, father stated that he may have Cherokee heritage, and he later filed a
document declaring that he may have Cherokee or Apache heritage.
       In November 2014, the Agency filed a notice sent to various tribes advising them
of the proceedings involving S.M. As of mid-December 2014, the Agency reported that
it had received one response—a letter from the Blackfeet Tribe stating that S.M. is
ineligible for enrollment.
       At a contested jurisdiction hearing conducted on December 30, 2014, the juvenile
court sustained the jurisdictional allegations contained in the petition. Mother was

       1
           All further statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code.
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present at the courthouse but refused to enter the courtroom, claiming she did “not feel
safe.” Mother’s counsel requested appointment of a guardian ad litem, arguing that
mother was incapable of assisting in her own defense or understanding the proceedings.
The court declined to appoint a guardian ad litem until mother was present. The matter
was continued for disposition until February 2015.
       The Agency filed a pleading in January 2015 reflecting that return receipts had
been received from the various tribes to which notices had been sent in November 2014.
In an addendum report filed in February 2015, the Agency reported that the tribes that
had been mailed notices had either failed to respond within 60 days or had stated that
S.M. was not a member or eligible for membership in the particular tribe.
       The disposition hearing was continued on a number of occasions because mother
was incarcerated and could not be transported to the hearing. In early March 2015, the
juvenile court appointed a guardian ad litem for mother and continued the disposition
hearing as to mother to afford her additional time to meet with her newly appointed
guardian ad litem. The court proceeded with a disposition hearing as to father, declared
S.M. a dependent of the juvenile court, ordered reunification services to be provided to
father, and permitted father to have supervised visits with S.M. As to father, the court
found that the ICWA does not apply.
       The continued disposition hearing as to mother was held on March 10, 2015. The
court declared S.M. a dependent of the juvenile court and ordered that mother not be
offered reunification services as a result of the bypass provisions of section 361.5,
subdivision (b)(10) and (11), finding clear and convincing evidence that mother had not
made reasonable efforts to treat the problems that had previously led to the removal of
S.M.’s sibling and the termination of mother’s parental rights over the sibling. The court
declined to allow mother visits with S.M., finding that visits would be detrimental to
S.M.’s well being. Although the court did not mention the ICWA during the course of
the hearing, the court’s written order reflects a finding that the ICWA is inapplicable.
       Mother, through her guardian ad litem, timely appealed from the jurisdictional and
dispositional orders.

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                                        DISCUSSION
       Mother, the Agency, and S.M. jointly seek a stipulated reversal of the order made
at the March 10, 2015 disposition hearing on the ground the juvenile court failed to
ensure compliance with the inquiry and notice requirements of the ICWA. They propose
reversing the order and directing the juvenile court to order the Agency to conduct further
inquiry into S.M.’s Indian ancestry. If no tribe indicates that S.M. is an Indian child, then
the parties propose reinstating the order of March 10, 2015, but if the ICWA does apply,
they propose directing the juvenile court to conduct a new disposition hearing applying
the provisions of the ICWA.
       As set forth in the parties’ declaration supporting the request for a stipulated
reversal, at the time the Agency sent notice pursuant to the ICWA to the Secretary of the
Interior, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and to various tribes, the juvenile court had not had
an opportunity to conduct an inquiry as to mother’s Indian ancestry. The ICWA notices
properly identified S.M., mother, father, and the maternal grandmother, but misidentified
the maternal grandfather. Although the maternal grandmother was interviewed by the
Agency, there is no indication in the record that she was ever asked about mother’s
Indian ancestry. According to the parties’ declaration, if she had been asked about Indian
ancestry, she would have informed the Agency that S.M.’s maternal great-great-
grandfather was 3/8 Cherokee and that he and his two brothers were enrolled in the tribe.
She would have also disclosed that the maternal great-great grandmother had Choctaw
and Chicksaw ancestry, and she could have provided names and other information for
each and every one of S.M.’s maternal relatives. However, even though the maternal
grandmother made herself available to be interviewed by the Agency, no further
information was sought, and no further ICWA notices were sent.
       We agree with the parties that the juvenile court erred by failing to ensure
compliance with the inquiry and notice provisions of the ICWA. A social worker has an
affirmative duty to inquire whether a minor might be an Indian child. (In re D.T. (2003)
113 Cal. App. 4th 1449, 1455.) “ICWA notice requirements are strictly construed.” (In re
Francisco W. (2006) 139 Cal. App. 4th 695, 703.) To effectuate proper notice, the Agency

                                              4
has an affirmative and continuing duty to make further inquiry regarding the child’s
possible Indian heritage and to interview the parents and extended family members to
gather the necessary information. (§ 224.3, subd. (c).) Notice is less than adequate if it
fails to include readily available information that would assist the tribes and the Bureau
of Indian Affairs in determining whether the minor is an Indian child. (See In re D.T.,
supra, at p. 1455.) Here, because no inquiry was made of the mother or the maternal
grandmother regarding their Indian ancestry before the notices were sent, the notices
were not adequate and did not provide sufficient information to the tribes to assess S.M.’s
status as an Indian child.
       We next consider the appropriate disposition under these circumstances. The
parties seek a stipulated reversal, urging that we reverse the challenged order pending
compliance with the inquiry and notice requirements of the ICWA. In cases involving
appeals from orders terminating parental rights where there is inadequate compliance
with the notice requirements of the ICWA, appellate courts have endorsed the limited
reversal procedure proposed by the parties here. (See In re Francisco W., supra,
139 Cal.App.4th at pp. 704–710.) However, this appeal is not from an order terminating
parental rights.
       There is a split of authority concerning the appropriate disposition for an ICWA
violation in an appeal from a dispositional order. (In re Christian P. (2012)
208 Cal. App. 4th 437, 452; In re Veronica G. (2007) 157 Cal. App. 4th 179, 187.) The
more recently decided cases on the issue conclude that “ ‘a notice violation under [the]
ICWA is not jurisdictional in the fundamental sense, but instead is subject to a harmless
error analysis.’ [Citations.] ‘ “To hold otherwise would deprive the [trial] court of all
authority over the dependent child, requiring the immediate return of the child to the
parents whose fitness was in doubt.” [Citation.] An appellant seeking reversal for lack
of proper ICWA notice must show a reasonable probability that he or she would have
obtained a more favorable result in the absence of the error.’ ” (In re Christian P., supra,
at pp. 452–453.) Thus, reversal is appropriate for an ICWA violation only when parental
rights have been terminated or when the party challenging the order establishes that the

                                             5
error was prejudicial. (In re Veronica G., supra, at pp. 187–188.) Here, there is nothing
to suggest mother would have obtained a more favorable result in the absence of the
error. Consequently, reversal is not an appropriate disposition.
       The appropriate disposition under these circumstances is to affirm the challenged
order with a limited remand to the juvenile court to order the Agency to comply with the
inquiry and notice provisions of the ICWA. (See In re Christian P., supra,
208 Cal.App.4th at pp. 452–453; In re Veronica G., supra, 157 Cal.App.4th at p. 188.) If
it is determined that the ICWA applies, then S.M, mother, or the interested tribe may
petition the juvenile court to invalidate any orders that violated the ICWA. If it is
determined that the ICWA is inapplicable, any prior defective notice becomes harmless
error. (Ibid.)
       Although we do not accept the parties’ proposed disposition, and thus reject the
application for a stipulated reversal, we conclude that no purpose would be served by
simply denying the application and proceeding with the normal appellate briefing
schedule. The only issue raised by mother on appeal is the insufficiency of compliance
with the ICWA. The Agency and S.M. concede that the juvenile court failed to secure
compliance with the inquiry and notice provisions of the ICWA. Further briefing would
be pointless. Accordingly, we will accept the concession and direct an appropriate
disposition.
       As a final matter, we note that the parties stipulated to the immediate issuance of
the remittitur pursuant to rule 8.272(c)(1) of the California Rules of Court. Because the
parties’ stipulation was premised upon this court agreeing to a stipulated reversal of the
challenged order—a disposition we decline to grant—the stipulation as presented is
inadequate to authorize the immediate issuance of the remittitur. If the parties still wish
to accelerate the issuance of the remittitur, they may file an appropriate stipulation
following the issuance of this decision.
                                       DISPOSITION
       The joint application for a stipulated reversal of the judgment is denied. The
dispositional order of March 10, 2015, is affirmed, and the matter is remanded to the

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juvenile court with directions to comply with the inquiry and notice provisions of the
ICWA, if it has not already done so. After proper notice is given under the ICWA, if it is
determined that S.M. is an Indian child and the ICWA applies to these proceedings, any
interested party is entitled to petition the juvenile court to invalidate orders that violated
the ICWA.

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                                _________________________
                                Jenkins, J.

We concur:

_________________________
Pollak, Acting P.J.

_________________________
Siggins, J.

A144562; In re S.M.

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