Court Opinion

ID: 4638403
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-12-01 14:11:04.070305+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:58:48.195522
License: Public Domain

[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it may be cited as In
re Determination of Existence of Significantly Excessive Earnings for 2017 Under the Elec. Sec.
Plan of Ohio Edison Co., Slip Opinion No. 2020-Ohio-5450.]

                                          NOTICE
      This slip opinion is subject to formal revision before it is published in an
      advance sheet of the Ohio Official Reports. Readers are requested to
      promptly notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of Ohio, 65
      South Front Street, Columbus, Ohio 43215, of any typographical or other
      formal errors in the opinion, in order that corrections may be made before
      the opinion is published.

                          SLIP OPINION NO. 2020-OHIO-5450
      IN RE DETERMINATION OF EXISTENCE OF SIGNIFICANTLY EXCESSIVE
    EARNINGS FOR 2017 UNDER ELECTRIC SECURITY PLAN OF OHIO EDISON
   COMPANY; OFFICE OF OHIO CONSUMERS’ COUNSEL, APPELLANT; PUBLIC
  UTILITIES COMMISSION, APPELLEE; OHIO EDISON COMPANY, INTERVENING
                                        APPELLEE.
  [Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it
  may be cited as In re Determination of Existence of Significantly Excessive
Earnings for 2017 Under the Elec. Sec. Plan of Ohio Edison Co., Slip Opinion
                                  No. 2020-Ohio-5450.]
Public Utilities—R.C. 4928.143(F)—Public Utilities Commission should not have
        excluded the revenue from Ohio Edison Company’s Distribution
        Modernization Rider in its annual earnings review of Ohio Edison’s electric
        security plan—Cause remanded to the commission.
    (No. 2019-0961—Submitted May 12, 2020—Decided December 1, 2020.)
      APPEAL from the Public Utilities Commission, No. 18-0857-EL-UNC.
                                 ____________________
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

       STEWART, J.
       {¶ 1} R.C. 4928.141(A) requires electric-distribution utilities to make a
“standard service offer” of generation service to consumers in one of two ways:
through a “market rate offer” (under R.C. 4928.142) or an “electric security plan”
(under R.C. 4928.143). Electric-distribution utilities that opt to provide service
under an electric security plan must undergo an annual earnings review by appellee,
the Public Utilities Commission. R.C. 4928.143(F). If the commission finds that
the plan resulted in “significantly excessive earnings” compared to similar
companies, the utility must return the excess to its customers. Id.
       {¶ 2} In this case, the commission found that intervening appellee Ohio
Edison Company’s 2017 earnings were not significantly excessive.
       {¶ 3} Appellant, the Office of the Ohio Consumers’ Counsel (“OCC”),
appeals from the orders making that finding, challenging the commission’s decision
to exclude revenue resulting from Ohio Edison’s Distribution Modernization Rider
(“DMR”) from the earnings test. We conclude that the commission’s decision to
exclude revenue resulting from the DMR, which was approved as part of the
company’s electric security plan, was not reasonable. Accordingly, we reverse the
commission’s orders and remand the cause for further proceedings.
                   I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
       {¶ 4} On March 31, 2016, the commission approved the fourth electric
security plan (“ESP”) of the FirstEnergy companies, which includes Ohio Edison.
The plan runs for eight years, ending on May 31, 2024. In re Application of Ohio
Edison Co., Pub. Util. Comm. No. 14-1297-EL-SSO, 2016 Ohio PUC LEXIS 270
at *33 (Mar. 31, 2016) (“ESP Case”). As part of the ESP, the commission
authorized the DMR, which was intended to serve as an incentive for the companies
to modernize their distribution systems. Pub. Util. Comm. No. 14-1297-EL-SSO,
2016 Ohio PUC LEXIS 920, Fifth Entry on Rehearing, ¶ 185-213 (Oct. 12, 2016)
(“ESP Fifth Entry on Rehearing”).

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        {¶ 5} R.C. 4928.143(F)1 requires the commission to consider annually
whether the electric security plan resulted in “significantly excessive earnings”
compared to companies facing “comparable” risk:

                With regard to the provisions that are included in an electric
        security plan under this section, the commission shall consider,
        following the end of each annual period of the plan, if any such
        adjustments resulted in excessive earnings as measured by whether
        the earned return on common equity of the electric distribution
        utility is significantly in excess of the return on common equity that
        was earned during the same period by publicly traded companies,
        including utilities, that face comparable business and financial risk,
        with such adjustments for capital structure as may be appropriate.
        Consideration also shall be given to the capital requirements of
        future committed investments in this state.

The utility bears the “burden of proof for demonstrating that significantly excessive
earnings did not occur,” and if the commission finds that “such adjustments”—
referring to provisions of the electric security plan—“in the aggregate, did result in
significantly excessive earnings, it shall require the electric distribution utility to
return to consumers the amount of the excess by prospective adjustments.” Id.
        {¶ 6} On May 15, 2018, FirstEnergy filed an application with the
commission to conduct the significantly-excessive-earnings test (“SEET”) for each
of its companies for 2017 (the “SEET case”). FirstEnergy and the commission’s
staff argued that DMR revenue should be excluded from the SEET calculation for
2017, consistent with the commission’s determination of this issue in the ESP case.

1. We apply the version of R.C. 4928.143(F) as amended by 2011 Am.Sub.H.B. No. 364 because
that is the version that was in effect when the SEET application was filed on May 15, 2018.

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OCC challenged the exclusion of Ohio Edison’s DMR revenue, arguing that R.C.
4928.143(F) does not permit the commission to exclude revenue collected directly
from charges approved under the plan.
        {¶ 7} The commission held that revenue that Ohio Edison had collected
under the DMR in 2017 should be excluded from the SEET review because that
was the methodology approved in the ESP case. Pub. Util. Comm. No. 18-0857-
EL-UNC, 2019 Ohio PUC LEXIS 330, at ¶ 26 (Mar. 20, 2019) (“SEET Order”),
citing ESP Fifth Entry on Rehearing, 2016 Ohio PUC LEXIS 920, at ¶ 212 and
Pub. Util. Comm. No. 14-1297-EL-SSO, 2017 OHIO PUC LEXIS 719, Eighth
Entry on Rehearing, ¶ 81 (Aug. 16, 2017) (“ESP Eighth Entry on Rehearing”). In
the ESP proceedings, the commission found that “DMR revenues should be
excluded from SEET calculations,” at least during the initial three-year period of
the DMR, because including that revenue “would introduce an unnecessary element
of risk to [Ohio Edison] and undermine the purpose of providing credit support for
the Compan[y].” ESP Fifth Entry on Rehearing at ¶ 212. The commission affirmed
this ruling in the ESP Eighth Entry on Rehearing and also found that the arguments
against excluding the DMR revenue from the 2017 SEET were premature. Id. at
¶ 81.
        {¶ 8} OCC filed an application for rehearing in the SEET case, arguing that
the commission violated R.C. 4928.143(F) when it excluded DMR revenue from
the 2017 SEET. The commission denied rehearing on May 15, 2019.
        {¶ 9} One month later, on June 19, 2019, we held that the DMR was
unlawful and ordered it removed from the ESP. In re Application of Ohio Edison
Co., 157 Ohio St.3d 73, 2019-Ohio-2401, 131 N.E.3d 906. We declined to rule on
whether the commission erred in excluding DMR revenue from the SEET, finding
that the issue could be raised in the annual SEET review. Id. at ¶ 33-34.
        {¶ 10} On July 15, 2019, OCC filed this appeal, challenging the
commission’s decision to exclude the DMR revenue from the SEET.

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                             II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
          {¶ 11} “R.C. 4903.13 provides that a [Public Utilities Commission] order
shall be reversed, vacated, or modified by this court only when, upon consideration
of the record, the court finds the order to be unlawful or unreasonable.”
Constellation NewEnergy, Inc. v. Pub. Util. Comm., 104 Ohio St.3d 530, 2004-
Ohio-6767, 820 N.E.2d 885, ¶ 50. We will not reverse or modify a commission
decision as to questions of fact when the record contains sufficient probative
evidence to show that the commission’s decision is not manifestly against the
weight of the evidence and is not so clearly unsupported by the record as to show
misapprehension, mistake, or willful disregard of duty. Monongahela Power Co.
v. Pub. Util. Comm., 104 Ohio St.3d 571, 2004-Ohio-6896, 820 N.E.2d 921, ¶ 29.
The appellant bears the burden of demonstrating that the commission’s decision is
against the manifest weight of the evidence or is clearly unsupported by the record.
Id.
          {¶ 12} Although this court has “complete and independent power of review
as to all questions of law” in appeals from the Public Utilities Commission, Ohio
Edison Co. v. Pub. Util. Comm., 78 Ohio St.3d 466, 469, 678 N.E.2d 922 (1997),
we may rely on the expertise of a state agency in interpreting a law when “highly
specialized issues” are involved and when “agency expertise would, therefore, be
of assistance in discerning the presumed intent of our General Assembly,”
Consumers’ Counsel v. Pub. Util. Comm., 58 Ohio St.2d 108, 110, 388 N.E.2d 1370
(1979).
                                   III. ANALYSIS
          {¶ 13} OCC argues that the commission acted unreasonably and unlawfully
when it excluded the DMR revenue from the annual SEET review. According to
OCC, R.C. 4928.143(F) does not support the commission’s decision to remove that
revenue from the calculation of Ohio Edison’s earned return on common equity.

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OCC also asserts that the commission’s decision is contrary to this court’s prior
interpretation of that provision.
      A. This court will defer to the commission’s interpretation of R.C.
                        4928.143(F), but only if it is reasonable
           {¶ 14} While we generally review questions of law de novo, we will defer
to the commission’s interpretation of a statute when “there exists disparate
competence between the respective tribunals in dealing with highly specialized
issues.” Consumers’ Counsel at 110. “One area in which this court has consistently
deferred to the expertise of the commission is in determining rate-of-return
matters.” In re Comm. Rev. of Capacity Charges of Ohio Power Co., 147 Ohio
St.3d 59, 2016-Ohio-1607, 60 N.E.3d 1221, ¶ 41, citing Ohio Edison Co. v. Pub.
Util. Comm., 63 Ohio St.3d 555, 561, 589 N.E.2d 1292 (1992), fn. 3. “Limited
judicial review of a rate of return determination is sound” because “ ‘cost of capital
analyses * * * are fraught with judgments and assumptions.’ ” (Ellipsis sic.)
Consumers’ Counsel v. Pub. Util. Comm., 64 Ohio St.2d 71, 79, 413 N.E.2d 799
(1980), quoting Dayton Power & Light Co., Pub. Util. Comm. No. 78-92-EL-AIR,
at 26 (Mar. 9, 1979).
           {¶ 15} In 2012, we held that R.C. 4928.143(F) is essentially a rate-of-return
statute and therefore it is appropriate to review the commission’s interpretation of
R.C. 4928.143(F) deferentially. In re Application of Columbus S. Power Co., 134
Ohio St.3d 392, 2012-Ohio-5690, 983 N.E.2d 276, ¶ 36-38. Nevertheless, we defer
to the commission’s interpretation of R.C. 4928.143(F) only if it is reasonable. Id.
at ¶ 38.
           {¶ 16} In this case, the commission’s interpretation of R.C. 4928.143(F)—
that it allows exclusion of DMR revenue from the SEET—is not reasonable.
       1. The commission’s orders cite no language in R.C. 4928.143(F)
                 that justifies excluding DMR revenue from the SEET
           {¶ 17} Whether an ESP “resulted in excessive earnings” must be

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                  measured by whether the earned return on common equity of
         the electric distribution utility is significantly in excess of the return
         on common equity that was earned during the same period by publicly
         traded companies, including utilities, that face comparable business
         and financial risk, with such adjustments for capital structure as may
         be appropriate.

R.C. 4928.143(F).
         {¶ 18} In the SEET proceeding, the commission ruled that excluding DMR
revenue from the annual earnings review was appropriate because that was the
methodology that the commission had approved in Ohio Edison’s fourth ESP case.
The commission’s analysis of this issue is contained in the ESP Fifth Entry on
Rehearing:

         [T]he Commission finds that Rider DMR2 revenues should be
         excluded from SEET calculations. Including the revenue in SEET
         would introduce an unnecessary element of risk to the Companies
         and undermine the purpose of providing credit support for the
         Companies. However, we will reconsider whether to exclude Rider
         DMR revenues from SEET when we rule upon any possible
         extension of Rider DMR.3

2. “Rider DMR” stands for “Rider Distribution Modernization Rider.” We use “DMR” to avoid
redundancy; however, both terms refer to the same rider.

3. The commission approved the DMR for only three years, but the FirstEnergy companies had the
option of filing an application to extend the rider for two more years. ESP Fifth Entry on Rehearing
at ¶ 210.

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Id., 2016 Ohio PUC LEXIS 920, at ¶ 212.

       {¶ 19} The commission affirmed this ruling in the ESP Eighth Entry on
Rehearing but added little to its analysis:

               The commission affirms our ruling that the revenue collected
       under Rider DMR should be excluded from SEET for the initial
       three-year period.     At the time we issued the Fifth Entry on
       Rehearing, we found the arguments made by the Companies to be
       persuasive and continue to do so today, to the extent such arguments
       are relating to the initial three-year period of Rider DMR.
       Intervenors have raised no new arguments for our consideration, and
       we fully considered those arguments in the Fifth Entry on
       Rehearing.      ***       Moreover, intervenors’ arguments raise
       hypothetical concerns in any event and, thus, are also premature.
       Accordingly, we find that rehearing on these assignments of error
       should be denied.

Id., 2017 OHIO PUC LEXIS 719, at ¶ 81.

       {¶ 20} The commission is a creature of statute and may act only under the
authority conferred on it by the General Assembly. Tongren v. Pub. Util. Comm.,
85 Ohio St.3d 87, 88, 706 N.E.2d 1255 (1999). The commission’s justification for
excluding the DMR was that including its revenue “would introduce an unnecessary
element of risk to the Companies and undermine the [DMR’s] purpose of providing
credit support.” ESP Fifth Entry on Rehearing at ¶ 212. But the commission failed
to even cite R.C. 4928.143(F), let alone explain how that provision allows the
commission to exclude DMR revenue on this basis. We recently held that the

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commission’s failure to cite specific statutory authority for its actions is grounds
for reversal. In re Application of Ohio Edison Co., 158 Ohio St.3d 27, 2019-Ohio-
4196, 139 N.E.3d 875, ¶ 15-17 (“we decline to assume that the General Assembly
implicitly granted authority to the commission * * * without any clear indication in
the statutory language to that effect”).
       {¶ 21} The commission’s finding that Ohio Edison would face “an
unnecessary element of risk” if DMR revenue were included, ESP Fifth Entry on
Rehearing, 2016 Ohio PUC LEXIS 920, at ¶ 212, does not provide the necessary
support. In making that finding, the commission appears to have accepted Ohio
Edison’s claim that including the revenue in the SEET calculation would defeat the
DMR’s purpose of supporting future grid-modernization projects by increasing the
risk to the company of having to refund that revenue. See id. at ¶ 181 (setting forth
Ohio Edison’s argument and citing an exhibit submitted by Ohio Edison). But
electric utilities face the risk of a refund in every SEET case. See R.C. 4928.143(F)
(if the commission finds that the ESP resulted in excessive earnings, “it shall
require the electric distribution utility to return to customers the amount of the
excess”). The commission’s removal of revenue from the SEET without statutory
authorization and without an appropriate rationale completely undermines the
purpose of the test.
              2. The commission’s orders are contrary to precedent
       {¶ 22} OCC also argues that the commission’s decision is contrary to our
interpretation of R.C. 4928.143(F) in Columbus S. Power, 134 Ohio St.3d 392,
2012-Ohio-5690, 983 N.E.2d 276. We agree.
       {¶ 23} In Columbus S. Power, we considered the commission’s ability to
exclude certain revenue from the utility’s earnings before determining whether the
utility’s earnings were significantly excessive. The commission had excluded from
the utility’s earnings certain revenue from off-system sales—wholesale sales by the

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utility to nonretail customers. Id. at ¶ 7-8, 35. We analyzed the following language
contained in the first sentence of R.C. 4928.143(F):

               With regard to the provisions that are included in an electric
       security plan under this section, the commission shall consider,
       following the end of each annual period of the plan, if any such
       adjustments resulted in excessive earnings * * *.

       {¶ 24} We explained that this language requires the commission to
determine whether “such adjustments”—referring to provisions of the ESP—
resulted in excessive earnings. Columbus S. Power at ¶ 40. And we concluded
that, by implication, earnings not caused by the ESP may be excluded from
consideration. We therefore held that the commission’s interpretation of R.C.
4928.143(F)—that it allows exclusion of revenue not resulting from the ESP—was
reasonable. Columbus S. Power at ¶ 39-40.
       {¶ 25} OCC maintains that the DMR is a provision of the ESP and
constitutes an “adjustment” under R.C. 4928.143(F). OCC therefore contends that
under Columbus S. Power, the commission was required to consider whether the
DMR—as an adjustment to the ESP—resulted in excessive earnings.
       {¶ 26} OCC is correct. To be sure, we did not directly decide in Columbus
S. Power whether earnings caused by the ESP may be excluded from consideration
before determining whether the utility’s earnings were significantly excessive. But
we did say that R.C. 4928.143(F) requires the commission to find whether
“adjustments” to (i.e., provisions of) the electric security plan “resulted in excessive
earnings.” Columbus S. Power at ¶ 40. Moreover, the commission has defined
“adjustments” in the first sentence of R.C. 4928.143(F) as “includ[ing] any change
in rates when compared to the rates in the electric utility’s preceding rate plan.” In

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re Investigation into the Development of the Significantly Excessive Earnings Test,
Pub. Util. Comm. No. 09-786-EL-UNC, at 15 (June 30, 2010) (“SEET Test Case”).
       {¶ 27} There is no question that the DMR constituted a change in rates when
compared to the rates in the electric utility’s preceding rate plan. The commission’s
approval of the DMR authorized the FirstEnergy companies to collect an additional
$168 million to $204 million in revenue in each of the first three years of the
companies’ fourth ESP. See In re Application of Ohio Edison, 157 Ohio St.3d 73,
2019-Ohio-2401, 131 N.E.3d 906, at ¶ 1, 6. Therefore, the DMR constitutes an
“adjustment” under R.C. 4928.143(F) and the commission was required to include
the DMR when determining whether the plan resulted in excessive earnings.
       {¶ 28} Accordingly, we hold that the commission’s action in this case—
removing DMR revenue from the calculation used to determine whether the ESP
resulted in excessive earnings—violated R.C. 4928.143(F).
   3. The court lacks jurisdiction over the alleged violation of R.C. 4903.09
       {¶ 29} The opinion concurring in judgment only in part and dissenting in
part (hereafter, “concurring and dissenting opinion” or “dissent”) concurs in the
judgment reversing the commission’s order but dissents from our determination
that the commission must include the DMR revenue in the SEET calculation on
remand. The dissent is based on the view that the commission violated R.C.
4903.09, which requires the commission’s order to include the factual basis and
reasoning that the commission relied on in reaching its decision. Tongren, 85 Ohio
St.3d at 89-90, 706 N.E.2d 1255. According to the dissent, the commission violated
this provision when it “failed to explain the statutory and evidentiary bases for its
decision to exclude the [DMR] revenue from the [SEET] required by R.C.
4928.143(F).” Concurring and dissenting opinion at ¶ 88. As a result, the dissent
contends, “[i]t is premature to reach the merits of whether R.C. 4928.143(F)
permitted the commission to exclude the [DMR] revenue from the [SEET]” and to
order that the commission include the revenue in a new SEET proceeding on

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remand. Id. at ¶ 114. Instead, the dissent opines that precedent requires us to
“return this matter to the commission to explain and support its decision” to exclude
the DMR from the SEET. Id. at ¶ 88.
       {¶ 30} The dissent overlooks the fact that OCC did not allege a violation of
R.C. 4903.09 in an application for rehearing before the commission. And that fact
is crucial because it means we lack jurisdiction over this issue on appeal. See R.C.
4903.10; In re Fuel Adjustment Clauses for Columbus S. Power Co. & Ohio Power
Co., 140 Ohio St.3d 352, 2014-Ohio-3764, 18 N.E.3d 1157, ¶ 71; see also In re
Application of Am. Transm. Sys., Inc., 125 Ohio St.3d 333, 2010-Ohio-1841, 928
N.E.2d 427, ¶ 27 fn. 1; In re Application of Columbus S. Power Co., 128 Ohio St.3d
512, 2011-Ohio-1788, 947 N.E.2d 655, ¶ 71.
       {¶ 31} Moreover, in concluding that the commission violated R.C. 4903.09,
the dissent states that “the commission’s finding that Ohio Edison would face ‘an
unnecessary element of risk’ if [DMR] revenue were included in the earnings test
lacks any citation to record evidence and is therefore an insufficient rationale.”
(Emphasis added.) Concurring and dissenting opinion at ¶ 96. But the commission
did refer to evidence submitted by Ohio Edison in making this finding. Therefore,
although the commission’s decision lacked a sufficient rationale, it is not accurate
to hold that the commission’s risk finding lacked record evidence. In the end, it
would be improper for us to dispose of this appeal on an alleged violation of R.C.
4903.09.
                            B. The counterarguments
       {¶ 32} Ohio Edison and the commission both argue that the plain language
of R.C. 4928.143(F) supports the commission’s decision to remove the DMR
revenue from the SEET. They claim that the statute authorizes the commission to
make appropriate “adjustments” to the electric utility’s earned return on common
equity in conducting the SEET, although their claims differ on the type of
adjustment the commission made when it removed the DMR revenue. As explained

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below, because the commission’s orders do not mention this justification for the
removal of the DMR revenue, we reject the counterarguments.
                     1. The commission’s counterarguments
       {¶ 33} The commission claims that it has discretion under R.C. 4928.143(F)
to make certain adjustments in conducting the SEET. Under R.C. 4928.143(F),
whether an electric security plan “resulted in excessive earnings” is

       measured by whether the earned return on common equity of the
       electric distribution utility is significantly in excess of the return on
       common equity that was earned during the same period by publicly
       traded companies, including utilities, that face comparable business
       and financial risk, with such adjustments for capital structure as
       may be appropriate. Consideration also shall be given to the capital
       requirements of future committed investments in this state.

(Emphasis added.) According to the commission, in removing the DMR from the
SEET, the commission merely made “an adjustment for improving the company’s
capital structure appropriately to support the large commitments needed for grid
modernization.” And because the adjustment to Ohio Edison’s capital structure
under R.C. 4928.143(F) is a matter for the commission’s expertise, the commission
asserts that we should defer to its determination.
       {¶ 34} The commission, however, never said it was making an adjustment
for capital structure when it removed the DMR revenue. As noted, the commission
cited no language in R.C. 4928.143(F) that would authorize it to remove the DMR
revenue from the SEET calculation.         If the commission had determined that
removing this revenue was an appropriate adjustment to Ohio Edison’s capital
structure under the SEET, it should have said so.

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       {¶ 35} Nor did Ohio Edison argue that the removal of DMR revenue was
justified as an adjustment to its capital structure. In fact, in the ESP case, it
specifically argued that “to the extent that the Commission determines that Rider
DMR revenue should be included in the SEET calculation, the Commission would
need to make appropriate adjustments to the Companies’ capital structure.”
(Emphasis added.)
       {¶ 36} While we generally defer to the commission in matters involving its
expertise, we cannot defer to a determination the commission never made. See
Rich’s Dept. Stores, Inc. v. Levin, 125 Ohio St.3d 15, 2010-Ohio-957, 925 N.E.2d
951, ¶ 23-24 (although we acknowledged that the Board of Tax Appeals’ “factual
findings merit utmost deference when supported by the record,” we declined the
taxpayer’s request that we “defer to a finding that the [Board of Tax Appeals] did
not make”). For these reasons, our practice is not to uphold a commission’s
discretionary decision when the commission offers a different justification on
appeal than it provided in its order. Duke Energy at ¶ 23-26. We therefore reject
the commission’s attempt to recast its decision.
                      2. Ohio Edison’s counterarguments
                 a. The commission did not adopt Ohio Edison’s
                            comparable-risk argument
       {¶ 37} Ohio Edison argues that the plain language of R.C. 4928.143(F)
supports the commission’s decision to remove DMR revenue from the SEET’s
calculation of the earned return on common equity. R.C. 4928.143(F) requires the
commission to compare the electric utility’s return on common equity with the
returns of “publicly traded companies, including utilities, that face comparable
business and financial risk.” (Emphasis added.) The commission found that Ohio
Edison would face an “an unnecessary element of risk” if the DMR revenue were
included. ESP Fifth Entry on Rehearing, 2016 Ohio PUC LEXIS 920, at ¶ 212.
According to Ohio Edison, because no other company has a mechanism like the

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DMR, the commission found that removal of its revenue was necessary for the
commission to conduct a valid comparison based on “comparable risk.” The record
from the ESP case, however, does not support this argument.
         {¶ 38} Ohio Edison did argue in the ESP case that DMR revenue should be
excluded to allow the commission to conduct a valid comparison of the earned
returns on equity. But Ohio Edison’s witness never mentioned risk to the company
in making the valid-comparison argument to the commission.            Rather, Ohio
Edison’s risk claim was made in relation to having to refund DMR revenue. The
commission found this argument persuasive. However, in the end, the commission
never mentioned the comparable-risk clause in R.C. 4928.143(F) as its reason for
excluding the DMR revenue, so we reject this argument.
            b. The commission did not exclude DMR revenue based on
                     similar exclusions in the SEET Test Case
         {¶ 39} Under R.C. 4928.143(F), the commission must determine the
electric utility’s “earned return on common equity.” In the SEET Test Case, the
commission defined “earned return” as “the electric utility’s profits after deduction
of all expenses, including taxes, minority interest, and preferred dividends, paid or
accumulated, and excluding any non-recurring, special, and extraordinary items.”
(Emphasis added.) Id., Pub. Util. Comm. No. 09-786-EL-UNC, at 18 (June 30,
2010).
         {¶ 40} Ohio Edison argues that the commission “relied on testimonial
evidence” to properly remove DMR revenue when it calculated the earned return
based on this definition. Specifically, Ohio Edison claims that the commission
excluded the revenue because the DMR (1) constituted an “extraordinary item” and
(2) was “associated with an[] additional liability or write-off of regulatory assets
due to implementing” the fourth ESP.
         {¶ 41} Ohio Edison made this argument in the ESP case, but the
commission did not rely on it when it excluded the DMR revenue. Even though

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the commission ruled in Ohio Edison’s favor, the company continued to argue that
it was proper to exclude the revenue on these additional grounds. ESP Eighth Entry
on Rehearing, 2017 OHIO PUC LEXIS 719, at ¶ 78.
       {¶ 42} The commission resolved Ohio Edison’s argument in the ESP Eighth
Entry on Rehearing, as follows:

               The Commission affirms our ruling that the revenue
       collected under Rider DMR should be excluded from SEET for the
       initial three-year period. At the time we issued the Fifth Entry on
       Rehearing, we found the arguments made by the Companies to be
       persuasive and continue to do so today, to the extent such arguments
       are relating to the initial three-year period of Rider DMR.

(Emphasis added.) Id. at ¶ 81.
       {¶ 43} Ohio Edison cites this paragraph as proof that the commission
adopted these additional grounds to support its decision to remove the revenue. For
the following reasons, we decline to read this decision in the manner that Ohio
Edison suggests.
       {¶ 44} First, the commission made no express or implicit finding that the
DMR constituted an “extraordinary item” or an “additional liability or write-off of
[a] regulatory asset[].” Although the commission found Ohio Edison’s arguments
“persuasive,” the commission never identified which arguments were persuasive.
And the fact remains that the commission adopted only Ohio Edison’s increased-
risk argument in support of removing DMR revenue. See ESP Fifth Entry on
Rehearing, 2016 Ohio PUC LEXIS 920, at ¶ 212; ESP Eighth Entry on Rehearing,
2017 OHIO PUC LEXIS 719, at ¶ 81.
       {¶ 45} Second, Ohio Edison ignores that its SEET application did not
mention that the DMR was being excluded as an “extraordinary item.” Ohio Edison

                                        16
                                January Term, 2020

likewise overlooks that the SEET application expressly stated that there were “no
adjustments * * * associated with any additional liability or write-off of regulatory
assets.”
       {¶ 46} The dissent faults the lead opinion for discarding Ohio Edison’s
arguments construing R.C. 4928.143(F). As the dissent sees it, this court “must
address all arguments regarding what the statute means,” even when the
commission declined to address an argument that was raised below and even when
a party raises an argument for the first time on appeal. Concurring and dissenting
opinion at ¶ 110.
       {¶ 47} We have previously explained that our practice is not to uphold a
commission’s decision based on a justification asserted by a party on appeal that is
different from the justification the commission provided in its order. See In re
Application of Duke Energy Ohio, Inc., 148 Ohio St.3d 510, 2016-Ohio-7535, 71
N.E.3d 997, ¶ 23-26. Because the dissent cites no authority that undermines our
adherence to that rule in this appeal, we see no need to reconsider that rule here.
       {¶ 48} Likewise, we are not required to consider arguments on appeal that
could have been but were not raised in earlier administrative proceedings.
Belvedere Condominium Unit Owners’ Assn. v. R.E. Roark Cos., Inc., 67 Ohio
St.3d 274, 279, 617 N.E.2d 1075 (1993); Independence v. Office of the Cuyahoga
Cty. Executive, 142 Ohio St.3d 125, 2014-Ohio-4650, 28 N.E.3d 1182, ¶ 30. Quite
simply, the failure to present an argument to the commission constitutes a waiver
of that argument on appeal. Parma v. Pub. Util. Comm., 86 Ohio St.3d 144, 148,
712 N.E.2d 724 (1999); Ohio Consumers’ Counsel v. Pub. Util. Comm., 127 Ohio
St.3d 524, 2010-Ohio-6239, 941 N.E.2d 757, ¶ 18. And although there may be
exceptions, as a matter of basic fairness, we do not accept objections when a party
has deprived the commission of an opportunity to correct the error, Parma at 148;
Ohio Consumers’ Counsel at ¶ 18; In re Application of Columbus S. Power Co.,
129 Ohio St.3d 271, 2011-Ohio-2638, 951 N.E.2d 751, ¶ 19.

                                         17
                            SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

       {¶ 49} Finally, the dissent contends, “[C]ontrary to the lead opinion, Ohio
Edison’s arguments draw upon the plain meaning of R.C. 4928.143(F), and
therefore, its arguments have merit.” Concurring and dissenting opinion at ¶ 89.
According to the dissent, the DMR “affects Ohio Edison’s financial risk, its capital
structure, and the capital requirements for committed investments in this state, and
R.C. 4928.143(F) affords the commission discretion to adjust these components as
may be appropriate.” Concurring and dissenting opinion at ¶ 113.
       {¶ 50} Ohio Edison, however, did not argue in this appeal that the DMR
revenue should be excluded from the SEET either as an adjustment for the
company’s capital structure or due to its capital requirements for future committed
investments. Hence, it is improper for us to consider these arguments at this time.
As for whether the DMR revenue may be excluded from the SEET based on
increased business and financial risk to the utility, we note that the dissent’s
argument is based on its erroneous claim that the commission found that including
the DMR revenue in the SEET increased Ohio Edison’s business and financial risk.
The dissent concedes that the commission made no such finding by observing that
the commission’s risk finding was “presumably” referring to the company’s
business and financial risk. Concurring and dissenting opinion at ¶ 111.
                        c. Ohio Edison’s lack-of-prejudice
                    and lack-of-jurisdiction-to-remand claims
       {¶ 51} Ohio Edison asserts that we should dismiss this appeal because OCC
has not demonstrated prejudice stemming from the commission’s SEET order.
Ohio Edison also contends that we lack jurisdiction to remand this case for a new
SEET proceeding. We reject both arguments.
                       i. OCC has demonstrated prejudice
       {¶ 52} We “will not reverse an order of the commission upon an assignment
of error without a showing of concomitant harm or prejudice.” Ohio Commt. of
Cent. Station Elec. Protection Assn. v. Pub. Util. Comm., 50 Ohio St.2d 169, 174,

                                        18
                                January Term, 2020

364 N.E.2d 3 (1977). Ohio Edison contends that OCC has not shown harm to
ratepayers caused by the commission’s decision to exclude DMR revenue from the
company’s return on equity. According to Ohio Edison, rather than citing evidence
that establishes harm, OCC merely speculates that consumers might be entitled to
a refund.
        {¶ 53} Contrary to Ohio Edison’s claim, OCC was not required to show that
ratepayers were entitled to a refund to establish harm. R.C. 4928.143(F) protects
ratepayers from having to pay significantly excessive rates to the electric utility.
But ratepayers are protected only if the commission conducts a valid SEET. OCC
cannot show that a refund is warranted until a new SEET proceeding is conducted,
yet Ohio Edison would deny OCC that opportunity. OCC’s harm is that Ohio
Edison was not required to include the DMR revenue in its earnings when it
asserted that the ESP earnings were not significantly excessive.           Compare
Columbus S. Power, 134 Ohio St.3d 392, 2012-Ohio-5690, 983 N.E.2d 276, at ¶ 46
(finding that the appellant failed to show prejudice when it neither explained nor
provided evidence of which adjustments the commission should have made under
the SEET).
                     ii. This court has jurisdiction to remand
                        this case for new SEET proceeding
        {¶ 54} Ohio Edison also alleges that we lack jurisdiction to remand this case
to the commission for a new SEET proceeding.
        {¶ 55} In the SEET proceeding, the commission found that Ohio Edison’s
calculation of 12.22 percent for the return on equity should be used for the 2017
SEET analysis. The commission rejected OCC’s calculation of the company’s
return on equity of 17.39 percent because OCC had included the DMR revenue in
this calculation.
        {¶ 56} In addition to determining Ohio Edison’s return on equity, the
commission needed to determine an appropriate SEET threshold, which is the point

                                         19
                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

above which earnings are considered significantly excessive. The commission
considered three different methodologies: one proposed by the commission’s staff
that resulted in a return on equity threshold of 17.22 percent, a second proposed by
Ohio Edison resulting in a threshold of 19.20 percent, and OCC’s methodology,
which resulted in a proposed threshold of 14.91 percent.
       {¶ 57} The commission, however, did not settle on a specific SEET
threshold. Instead, the commission found that the methodologies of Ohio Edison
and the commission’s staff were appropriate.
       {¶ 58} Against this backdrop, Ohio Edison maintains that the only issue
OCC preserved for appeal was a challenge to the commission’s calculation of the
company’s return on equity. According to Ohio Edison, even if OCC were to
prevail on its challenge to the return-on-equity calculation, OCC’s calculated return
on equity of “17.39 percent is substantially below the 19.20 percent SEET threshold
approved by the Commission.” Ohio Edison claims that OCC never challenged the
19.20 percent SEET threshold that was approved by the commission either on
rehearing at the commission or on appeal. As a result, Ohio Edison argues, OCC
waived the issue whether Ohio Edison had significantly excessive earnings for 2017
and this court lacks jurisdiction to consider the issue.
       {¶ 59} OCC responds that the commission never established the SEET
threshold in the case below. Therefore, OCC asserts, the court has jurisdiction to
remand the cause to the commission with instructions that it conduct the SEET with
the DMR revenue included and establish the SEET threshold. We agree with OCC.
       {¶ 60} Although the commission found that the methodologies of Ohio
Edison and the commission’s staff were “appropriate,” the commission did not
determine a specific SEET threshold. Instead, the commission found that Ohio
Edison’s earnings were not significantly excessive, because the “properly
calculated” return on equity for Ohio Edison of 12.22 percent (which excluded
DMR revenue) fell well below all of the recommended thresholds. Thus, while

                                          20
                                 January Term, 2020

Ohio Edison is correct that OCC’s calculated return on equity of 17.39 percent
(which included DMR revenue) was below Ohio Edison’s proposed SEET
threshold (19.20 percent), it did not fall below the proposed SEET thresholds of
either the commission’s staff (17.22 percent) or OCC (14.91 percent).
        {¶ 61} In sum, the record does not support Ohio Edison’s claim that the
commission approved a 19.20 percent SEET threshold. Therefore, we reject Ohio
Edison’s claim that we lack jurisdiction to remand this case for a new SEET
proceeding.
          d. OCC did not waive its challenge to the approved stipulation
        {¶ 62} Ohio Edison’s final argument is that OCC waived any challenge to
the commission’s approval of the stipulation entered into by Ohio Edison, the
commission’s staff, and Ohio Energy Group in the SEET proceeding.                  The
stipulation purported to resolve all outstanding issues in the SEET proceeding and
recommended that the commission find that Ohio Edison did not have significantly
excessive earnings for 2017. After review, the commission modified and approved
the joint stipulation.
        {¶ 63} Ohio Edison claims that because OCC did not argue on appeal that
the stipulation did not meet the three criteria necessary for approval of a stipulation,
the commission’s approval of the stipulation must stand.            See Constellation
NewEnergy, 104 Ohio St.3d 530, 2004-Ohio-6767, 820 N.E.2d 885, at ¶ 8 (setting
forth the three criteria). We disagree.
        {¶ 64} A stipulation presented to the commission is entitled to the force of
law only if it is approved by a commission order. Consumers’ Counsel v. Pub. Util.
Comm., 114 Ohio St.3d 340, 2007-Ohio-4276, 872 N.E.2d 269, ¶ 16. OCC argues
on appeal that the commission’s orders are unlawful and unreasonable because it
removed DMR revenue in violation of R.C. 4928.143(F). OCC did not need to
couch its appeal as a challenge to the commission’s application of the three-part
test, because its challenge to the commission’s orders directly implicates the

                                          21
                                  SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

commission’s approval of the stipulation. Therefore, we reject Ohio Edison’s
waiver argument.
                                      IV. CONCLUSION
         {¶ 65} For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the orders on appeal and
remand the case to the commission for further review consistent with this opinion.
On remand, we instruct the commission to conduct a new SEET proceeding in
which it includes the DMR revenue in the analysis, determines the SEET threshold,
considers whether any adjustments under R.C. 4928.143(F) are appropriate, and
makes any other determinations that are necessary to resolve this matter.
                                                                                Orders reversed
                                                                          and cause remanded.
         O’CONNOR, C.J., and DONNELLY, J., concur.
         DEWINE, J., concurs in judgment only, with an opinion.
         KENNEDY, J., concurs in judgment only in part and dissents in part, with an
opinion joined by FRENCH, J.
         FISCHER, J., dissents.
                                     _________________
         DEWINE, J., concurring in judgment only.
         {¶ 66} I agree with the majority’s holding that the Public Utilities
Commission of Ohio could not exclude revenue from Ohio Edison Company’s
“Distribution Modernization Rider” (“DMR”)4 in its annual earnings review of
Ohio Edison’s electric security plan. The lead opinion reasons, correctly, that the
statute laying out the framework by which the commission determines whether an
electric security plan resulted in excessive earnings does not authorize the

4. The DMR is a “temporary, additional charge * * * separate from the basic monthly rates” that the
commission allowed as part of Ohio Edison’s electric security plan in the hope that the revenue from
the DMR would serve as an incentive for Ohio Edison to modernize its utility distribution system.
See In re Application of Ohio Edison Co., 157 Ohio St.3d 73, 2019-Ohio-2401, 131 N.E.3d 906,
¶ 1, fn. 1.

                                                22
                                 January Term, 2020

commission’s actions in this case. Lead opinion at ¶ 20. I cannot join the lead
opinion, though, because of my concerns with the deference it gives to the
commission’s interpretation of the law.
       {¶ 67} As a creation of statute, the commission cannot act beyond the
powers given to it by the General Assembly. Discount Cellular, Inc. v. Pub. Util.
Comm., 122 Ohio St.3d 360, 2007-Ohio-53, 859 N.E.2d 957, ¶ 51.                     R.C.
4928.143(F) requires the commission to consider whether provisions in an electric
security plan

       resulted in excessive earnings as measured by whether the earned
       return on common equity of the electric distribution utility is
       significantly in excess of the return on common equity that was
       earned during the same period by publicly traded companies,
       including utilities, that face comparable business and financial risk,
       with such adjustments for capital structure as may be appropriate.
       * * * Consideration also shall be given to the capital requirements
       of future committed investments in this state.

       {¶ 68} The statute requires the commission to perform a two-part task.
First, the commission must select companies that “face comparable business and
financial risk” to the utility and determine the return on equity of the utility and the
comparable companies. When it comes to this determination, the statute permits
only one type of adjustment—“adjustments for capital structure as may be
appropriate.” Once the commission has completed this step, then it must compare
the return on equity of the utility and the comparable companies and determine
whether the utility’s return on equity is substantially in excess of the comparable
companies.      This step is less circumscribed: the statute does not define
“significantly in excess,” and in making its determination, the commission is also

                                          23
                              SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

to give consideration to “the capital requirements of future committed investments
in this state.”
          {¶ 69} By its plain terms, the statute does not allow for the commission’s
adjustment to remove DMR revenues from the utility’s return on equity. It is not
an “adjustment[] for capital structure” under any plausible understanding of the
phrase.     Thus, the plain text of the statute compels us to conclude that the
commission lacked statutory authority for its actions. See In re Application of Ohio
Edison Co., 158 Ohio St.3d 27, 2019-Ohio-4196, 139 N.E.3d 875, ¶ 17 (“we
decline to assume that the General Assembly implicitly granted authority to the
commission * * * without any clear indication in the statutory language to that
effect”).
          {¶ 70} That should be where the court’s analysis begins and ends. But the
lead opinion takes a different path. First, the lead opinion announces that because
R.C. 4928.143(F) is a rate-of-return statute, it will defer to the agency’s
interpretation as long as its interpretation is reasonable. Lead opinion at ¶ 15. It
then goes on to analyze whether the commission’s interpretation of the statute was
reasonable. Even under this highly deferential standard, the lead opinion concludes
that the commission’s interpretation was unreasonable and so ultimately reaches
the right result. But I worry that the analytical path it uses in this case further
muddles this court’s caselaw on administrative deference.
          {¶ 71} As I have written before, I am skeptical of deferring to an agency’s
statutory interpretation. Such deference blurs the separation-of-powers principles
that underpin our constitutional order. See, e.g., State ex rel. McCann v. Delaware
Cty Bd. of Elections, 155 Ohio St.3d 14, 2018-Ohio-3342, 118 N.E.3d 224, ¶ 30-
31 (DeWine, J., concurring in judgment only).            Deference to an agency’s
interpretation of a statute forces the judiciary to abandon the exercise of its
independent judgment in favor of an agency’s construction.              Michigan v.
Environmental Protection Agency, 576 U.S. 743, 761, 135 S.Ct. 2699, 192 L.Ed.2d

                                          24
                                January Term, 2020

674 (2015) (Thomas, J. concurring), citing Natl. Cable & Telecommunications
Assn. v. Brand X Internet Servs., 545 U.S. 967, 983, 125 S.Ct. 2688, 162 L.Ed.2d
820 (2005). But even without a wholesale reexamination of our deference doctrine,
there are problems with the lead opinion’s analysis that should not go unmentioned.
       {¶ 72} I have two fundamental concerns.            First, the lead opinion’s
formulation of the deference doctrine requires that we defer to an agency’s
reasonable interpretation of a statute, even if we have not first concluded that the
statute is ambiguous. Second, in analyzing the statute at issue, the lead opinion
fails to distinguish between matters over which the legislature has delegated
authority to the commission and matters of purely legal interpretation.
                      No Deference Is Owed to an Agency’s
                    Interpretation of an Unambiguous Statute
       {¶ 73} The most troubling aspect of the lead opinion is its assertion that we
should defer to an agency’s interpretation of a statute if it is reasonable. See lead
opinion at ¶ 15 (“we defer to the commission’s interpretation of R.C. 4928.143(F)
only if it is reasonable”). Even under familiar deference doctrines this formulation
misses an important first step. Before a court even considers deferring to an
agency’s interpretation, it must first find that the statute is genuinely ambiguous.
       {¶ 74} The Ohio Revised Code makes this requirement explicit. R.C. 1.49
sets forth six items a court “may consider among other matters” “[i]f a statute is
ambiguous.” These include things like “the object sought to be attained,” the
circumstances of enactment, the common law, and “[t]he administrative
construction of the statute.” Thus, by the plain provisions of the Ohio Revised
Code, a finding of ambiguity must come before a court is even permitted to consider
an agency’s interpretation. And even then, we need not defer to that construction,
we need only “consider” it.
       {¶ 75} The requirement that a finding of ambiguity must come before a
court affords deference has some parallels to the practice in the federal system.

                                         25
                            SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

Under the familiar (though oft-criticized) standard first articulated in Chevron,
U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 843, 104
S.Ct. 2778, 81 L.Ed.2d 694 (1984), a court will sometimes defer to an agency’s
interpretation of an ambiguous statute. As I’ve noted before, I’m no fan of the
Chevron doctrine. See State ex rel. McCann, 155 Ohio St.3d 14, 2018-Ohio-3342,
118 N.E.3d 224, at ¶ 30-34. But it is worth pointing out that even the Chevron
doctrine, as it is currently understood, is far less deferential to agency decision-
making than the formulation employed by the lead opinion today.
       {¶ 76} For Chevron to apply, a court must find that Congress has delegated
an agency the authority to promulgate rules with the force of law and “the agency
interpretation claiming deference was promulgated in the exercise of that
authority.” United States v. Mead Corp., 533 U.S. 218, 226-227, 121 S.Ct 2164,
150 L.Ed.2d 292 (2001). If a court finds that Congress has delegated such authority
to the agency, it must then engage in a two-step process.
       {¶ 77} First, the court must determine whether the statute is ambiguous.
“[D]eference is not due unless a ‘court, employing traditional tools of statutory
construction,’ is left with an unresolved ambiguity.” Epic Sys. Corp. v. Lewis, ___
U.S. ___, 138 S.Ct. 1612, 1630, 200 L.Ed.2d 889 (2018), quoting Chevron at 843,
fn. 9. Only when the statute has been found to be genuinely ambiguous does the
court move to the second step of the process and determine whether the agency’s
interpretation is reasonable. Chevron at 843.
       {¶ 78} The lead opinion’s confusion today is somewhat understandable.
This court’s precedent is far from consistent when it comes to the requirement that
a statute be found ambiguous before consideration may be given to an agency’s
construction. At times, we have followed the Chevron model and first asked
whether the statute was ambiguous. See, e.g., Cleveland Clinic Found. v. Cleveland
Bd. of Zoning Appeals, 141 Ohio St.3d 318, 2014-Ohio-4809, 23 N.E.3d 1161,
¶ 29; Lang v. Dir., Ohio Dept. of Job & Family Servs., 134 Ohio St.3d 296, 2012-

                                        26
                                 January Term, 2020

Ohio-5366, 982 N.E.2d 636, ¶ 14-15 (concluding that because the federal statute at
issue was ambiguous, the court would defer to the Ohio agency’s interpretation of
the statute). More often, though, we have simply said that we will defer to an
agency’s interpretation as long as it is reasonable. See, e.g., State ex rel. Lucas Cty.
Republican Party Executive Commt. v. Brunner, 125 Ohio St.3d 427, 2010-Ohio-
1873, 928 N.E.2d 1072, ¶ 23; In re Columbus S. Power Co., 138 Ohio St.3d 448,
2014-Ohio-462, 8 N.E.3d 863, ¶ 29.
        {¶ 79} The lead opinion continues on this wrong path, eschewing the
limitations imposed by R.C. 1.49 (and on federal courts by Chevron). It never asks
if the legislature delegated to the commission the claimed-authority to interpret
R.C. 4928.143(F). And it never asks whether the statute is truly ambiguous. It asks
only whether the commission’s interpretation is reasonable.
        {¶ 80} “The judicial power of the state is vested in a supreme court, courts
of appeals, courts of common pleas and divisions thereof, and such other courts
inferior to the supreme court as may from time to time be established by law.” Ohio
Constitution, Article IV, Section 1. Central to the judicial power is the duty to “say
what the law is.” Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137, 177, 2 L.Ed. 60 (1803). When
we defer to an agency’s interpretation of a statute—asking only whether it is
reasonable—we abdicate our constitutional responsibility. At the very least, we
ought to ensure that a statute is truly ambiguous, before we even consider giving
weight to an agency’s interpretation.
                There Is No Reason to Defer to the Commission’s
                 Legal Construction of “Rate of Return” Statutes
        {¶ 81} The lead opinion’s willingness to skip the ambiguity step is not the
only problem with its analysis. Also troubling is its assumption that deference is
owed to any agency determination of rate-of-return matters, without distinguishing
between the agency’s construction of statutory terms and its performance of a task
delegated to it by the legislature.

                                          27
                              SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

        {¶ 82} The lead opinion makes the blanket statement that “ ‘One area in
which this court has consistently deferred to the expertise of the commission is in
determining rate-of-return matters.’ ” Lead opinion at ¶ 14, quoting In re Comm.
Rev. of Capacity Charges of Ohio Power Co., 147 Ohio St.3d 59, 2016-Ohio-1607,
60 N.E.3d 1221, ¶ 41. It then says that because R.C. 4928.143(F) is essentially a
rate-of-return statute, it will defer to the commission’s interpretation as long as it is
reasonable.
        {¶ 83} The problem, though, is that in making this broad statement, and in
its subsequent analysis, the lead opinion fails to distinguish between matters over
which the legislature has delegated authority to the commission (such as whether a
given rate of return is appropriate) and general matters involving the interpretation
of plain statutory terms. As to the former, deference may be appropriate; but it is
not for the latter.
        {¶ 84} To see why, let’s return to the statute. Under R.C. 4928.143(F), “the
commission shall consider” whether provisions in an electric security plan resulted
in returns that were “significantly in excess of the return on common equity” of
comparable companies. The statute does not define “significantly in excess” and
thus could be read to delegate authority to the commission to make this
determination. Hence, if the question was whether a 5, 10, or 15 percent return
differential was “significantly in excess,” it might be appropriate to defer to the
commission’s judgment.
        {¶ 85} But that is not the question here. The question is whether the DMR
revenue could be excluded from the excessive-earnings calculation. To answer that
question, one need only determine whether the removal of DMR revenues is an
“adjustment[] for capital structure,” R.C. 4928.143(F). The relevant considerations
are the nature of DMR revenues and the meaning of “capital structure.” The
question is simply one of legal interpretation of commonly used terms, and it is one
that should be made by a court without deference to the commission. See In re

                                           28
                                  January Term, 2020

Application of Ohio Edison Co., 157 Ohio St.3d 73, 2019-Ohio-2401, 131 N.E.3d
906, at ¶ 62 (DeWine, J., concurring in judgment only); In re Application of Black
Fork Wind Energy, L.L.C., 156 Ohio St.3d 181, 2018-Ohio-5206, 124 N.E.3d 787,
¶ 43 (Kennedy, J., concurring).
         It Is Time to Revisit Our Caselaw on Administrative Deference
       {¶ 86} The lead opinion is simply more evidence that we need to revisit our
caselaw on administrative deference. This court’s caselaw is far from consistent
on the topic, is at odds with basic notions of separation of powers, and fails even to
comply with our statutory charge in R.C. 1.49. In recent years, at least seven state
supreme courts have revisited and rejected their doctrines of administrative
deference. See In re Complaint of Rovas Against SBC Michigan, 482 Mich. 90,
111, 754 N.W.2d 259 (2008) (declining to adopt Chevron for review of state
administrative agencies’ statutory interpretation on, among others, separation-of-
powers grounds); Douglas v. Ad Astra Information Sys., L.L.C., 296 Kan. 552, 559,
293 P.3d 723 (2013) (stating that judicial deference to agency construction of
statutes “has been abandoned, abrogated, disallowed, disapproved, ousted,
overruled, and permanently relegated to the history books”); Hughes Gen. Contrs.,
Inc. v. Utah Labor Comm., 2014 UT 3, 322 P.3d 712, ¶ 25 (rejecting Chevron-style
deference); Ellis-Hall Consultants v. Pub. Serv. Comm. of Utah, 2016 UT 34, 379
P.3d 1270, ¶ 28 (repudiating its decisions requiring deference to an agency’s
interpretation of its own regulations); Tetra Tech EC, Inc. v. Wisconsin Dept. of
Revenue, 382 Wis.2d 496, 2018 WI 75, 914 N.W.2d 21, ¶ 3, 82-84, fn. 3 (ending
its practice of deferring to agency conclusions of law); King v. Mississippi Military
Dept., 245 So.3d 404, 408 (Miss.2018) (abandoning the “old standard of review
giving deference to agency interpretations of statutes”); Delcon Partners, L.L.C. v.
Wyoming Dept. of Revenue, 2019 WY 106, 450 P.3d 682, ¶ 7 (stating that agency
interpretations and applications of the law are not afforded any deference); Myers
v. Yamato Kogyo Co., Ltd., 2020 Ark. 135, at 5, 597 S.W.3d 613 (clarifying that

                                          29
                               SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

because it is the province and duty of a court to determine a statute’s meaning,
agency interpretations will not be given deference). And at least three states have
significantly curtailed administrative deference through legislation or constitutional
amendment. Florida Constitution, Article V, Section 21; Ariz.Rev.Stat.Ann. 12-
910; Wis.Stat.Ann. 227.10. It is past time for this court to take up the matter.
                                     Conclusion
        {¶ 87} The lead opinion reaches the right result. But because I disagree
with the deference it would accord to the commission’s interpretation of the law, I
concur only in its judgment.
                                 _________________
        KENNEDY, J., concurring in judgment only in part and dissenting in
part.
        {¶ 88} Because the Public Utilities Commission, appellee, failed to explain
the statutory and evidentiary bases for its decision to exclude the Distribution
Modernization Rider revenue from the significantly-excessive-earnings test
required by R.C. 4928.143(F), I concur in the majority’s judgment reversing the
commission’s decision. But rather than make the determination whether the
commission must include the rider revenue in the earnings test, I would return this
matter to the commission to explain and support its decision as required by our
precedent.
        {¶ 89} The lead opinion, however, would make that determination and
discard many of Ohio Edison’s statutory-construction arguments as not properly
before the court. But our duty is to say what the law enacted by the General
Assembly is, and we cannot ignore the true meaning of a statute simply because a
party failed to assert it below or raised a statutory-construction argument for the
first time in this court.      In addition, a party who is not aggrieved by the
commission’s decision is not required to seek a rehearing or file a cross-appeal in
order to preserve its arguments for upholding the decision. And contrary to the lead

                                         30
                                January Term, 2020

opinion, Ohio Edison’s arguments draw upon the plain meaning of R.C.
4928.143(F), and therefore, its arguments have merit.
       {¶ 90} For the reasons that follow, I dissent from the portion of the
majority’s judgment ordering the commission to conduct a new proceeding in
which it includes the Distribution Modernization Rider revenue in the earnings test.
             The Commission Is Required to Explain Its Decisions
       {¶ 91} Article IV, Section 2(B)(2)(d) of the Ohio Constitution grants this
court “[s]uch revisory jurisdiction of the proceedings of administrative officers or
agencies as may be conferred by law.” The General Assembly conferred such
appellate power on this court through its enactment of R.C. 4903.13, which
provides that “[a] final order made by the public utilities commission shall be
reversed, vacated, or modified by the supreme court on appeal, if, upon
consideration of the record, such court is of the opinion that such order was
unlawful or unreasonable.”
       {¶ 92} To facilitate this review, R.C. 4903.09 directs the commission to
provide “findings of fact and written opinions setting forth the reasons prompting
the decisions arrived at, based upon said findings of fact.” The statute “ ‘enable[s]
this court to review the action of the commission without reading the voluminous
records in Public Utilities Commission cases.’ ” (Brackets added.) Tongren v. Pub.
Util. Comm., 85 Ohio St.3d 87, 89, 706 N.E.2d 1255 (1999), quoting Commercial
Motor Freight, Inc. v. Pub. Util. Comm., 156 Ohio St. 360, 363, 102 N.E.2d 842
(1951). As the United States Supreme Court has remarked, it is not possible for
this court “to review the law and the facts and intelligently decide that the findings
of the Commission [are] supported by the evidence when the evidence * * * [is]
unknown and unknowable.” Ohio Bell Tel. Co. v. Pub. Util. Comm. of Ohio, 301
U.S. 292, 303, 57 S.Ct. 724, 81 L.Ed. 1093 (1937).
       {¶ 93} R.C. 4903.09 therefore requires the commission’s orders to contain
specific findings of fact and conclusions of law sufficient “to enable [this] court to

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make its review as to lawfulness and reasonableness.” MCI Telecommunications
Corp. v. Pub. Util. Comm., 32 Ohio St.3d 306, 312, 513 N.E.2d 337 (1987). “In
order to meet the requirements of R.C. 4903.09, * * * the [commission’s] order
must show, in sufficient detail, the facts in the record upon which the order is based,
and the reasoning followed by the [commission] in reaching its conclusion.” Id.
       {¶ 94} This requirement is part and parcel of our standard of review: we
will reverse a decision of the commission if it unlawful or unreasonable, and a
decision that contravenes R.C. 4903.09 is necessarily unlawful and unreasonable.
See Cleveland Elec. Illum. Co. v. Pub. Util. Comm., 76 Ohio St.3d 163, 166, 666
N.E.2d 1372 (1996) (“A legion of cases establish that the commission abuses its
discretion if it renders an opinion on an issue without record support”); Ideal
Transp. Co. v. Pub. Util. Comm., 42 Ohio St.2d 195, 199, 326 N.E.2d 861 (1975)
(a commission order that fails to comply with the requirements of R.C. 4903.09 is
unlawful).
       {¶ 95} This court has therefore not hesitated to reverse commission
decisions that fail to sufficiently develop the record or explain the supporting
rationale. In re Application of Columbus S. Power Co., 147 Ohio St.3d 439, 2016-
Ohio-1608, 67 N.E.3d 734, ¶ 66; In re Application of Ohio Power Co., 155 Ohio
St.3d 326, 2018-Ohio-4698, 121 N.E.3d 320, ¶ 51.
       {¶ 96} The lead opinion correctly points out that in excluding the
Distribution Modernization Rider revenue from the significantly-excessive-
earnings test, “the commission failed to even cite R.C. 4928.143(F), let alone
explain how that provision allows the commission to exclude [Distribution
Modernization Rider] revenue on this basis. * * * [T]he commission’s failure to
cite specific statutory authority for its actions is grounds for reversal.” Lead
opinion at ¶ 20. The lead opinion itself, then, would apply R.C. 4903.09 sub silentio
by reversing on the basis that the commission failed to support its order with
statutory authority. In addition, the commission’s finding that Ohio Edison would

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                                January Term, 2020

face “an unnecessary element of risk” if Distribution Modernization Rider revenue
were included in the earnings test lacks any citation to record evidence and is
therefore an insufficient rationale. See Ohio Consumers’ Counsel v. Pub. Util.
Comm., 111 Ohio St.3d 300, 2006-Ohio-5789, 856 N.E.2d 213, ¶ 28, 36.
       {¶ 97} Those determinations should end the analysis, and the court should
reverse the commission’s decision and return this matter to the commission to
provide the evidentiary citations and statutory support needed for us to review its
determination that the Distribution Modernization Rider revenue should be
excluded from the significantly-excessive-earnings test.
                    There Is No Jurisdictional Bar to Review
       {¶ 98} The lead opinion asserts that this court’s consideration of the
commission’s compliance with R.C. 4903.09 is jurisdictionally barred because
appellant, Ohio Consumers’ Counsel, failed to raise that issue in its application for
rehearing. The lead opinion’s assertion that we lack subject-matter jurisdiction to
review errors not articulated in an application for rehearing, however, is contrary
to the statutes establishing our power to review the commission’s orders. R.C.
4903.13 empowers this court to review the orders of the commission, and it does
not limit our subject-matter jurisdiction to the issues presented by the parties.
Rather, we must reverse, vacate, or modify the commission’s order if this court “is
of the opinion that such order was unlawful or unreasonable.” And any order that
is incapable of review because the commission failed to comply with the
requirements of R.C. 4903.09 is unlawful and unreasonable.
       {¶ 99} Neither R.C. 4903.10, which states that “[n]o party shall in any court
urge or rely on any ground for reversal, vacation, or modification not so set forth in
the application” for rehearing, nor R.C. 4903.13, which requires the notice of appeal
to “set[] forth the order appealed from and the errors complained of,” limit this
court’s subject-matter jurisdiction to review the lawfulness and reasonableness of
the commission’s decision.       These statutes may guide the exercise of our

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jurisdiction in reviewing the commission’s decision, and they justify this court’s
disregarding an argument not asserted on rehearing or specified in the notice of
appeal, but nothing in either of these statutes says that this court is without power
or lacks subject-matter jurisdiction to consider issues that have not been properly
put before the court when the court is of the opinion that the commission’s order is
unlawful or unreasonable.
        {¶ 100} I recognize that it has often been said, usually by rote repetition,
that the appellant’s failure to comply with R.C. 4903.10 or 4903.13 deprives this
court of “jurisdiction” to consider an issue. E.g., lead opinion at ¶ 30; In re
Complaint of Pilkington N. Am., Inc., 145 Ohio St.3d 125, 2015-Ohio-4797, 47
N.E.3d 786, ¶ 19; Ohio Consumers’ Counsel v. Pub. Util. Comm., 127 Ohio St.3d
524, 2010-Ohio-6239, 941 N.E.2d 757, ¶ 21. However, we have noted:

               The general term “jurisdiction” can be used to connote
        several distinct concepts, including jurisdiction over the subject
        matter, jurisdiction over the person, and jurisdiction over a
        particular case. * * * The often unspecified use of this polysemic
        word can lead to confusion and has repeatedly required clarification
        as to which type of “jurisdiction” is applicable in various legal
        analyses.

Bank of Am., N.A. v. Kuchta, 141 Ohio St.3d 75, 2014-Ohio-4275, 21 N.E.3d 1040,
¶ 18.
        {¶ 101} Our public-utilities cases have propagated the confusion we have
so often sought to clarify between the existence of subject-matter jurisdiction and
the exercise of that subject-matter jurisdiction.
        {¶ 102} Subject-matter jurisdiction refers to the constitutional or statutory
power of a court to adjudicate a particular class or type of case. State v. Harper,

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                                January Term, 2020

___ Ohio St.3d ___, 2020-Ohio-2913, ___ N.E.3d___, ¶ 23; Pratts v. Hurley, 102
Ohio St.3d 81, 2004-Ohio-1980, 806 N.E.2d 992, ¶ 11-12, 34. It “is determined
without regard to the rights of the individual parties involved in a particular case.”
Kuchta at ¶ 19. Rather, the focus is on whether the forum itself is competent to
hear the controversy. State v. Harper at ¶ 23.
       {¶ 103} R.C. 4903.12 provides that “[n]o court other than the supreme court
shall have power to review * * * any order made by the public utilities
commission.” This court is the proper forum for this appeal. Nothing in R.C.
4903.10 or 4903.13 purports to limit our subject-matter jurisdiction over an appeal
from the commission, and to the extent that this court has held otherwise in prior
cases, those cases are irreconcilable with the plain text of the statutes and must be
overruled.
                   The Significantly-Excessive-Earnings Test
       {¶ 104} But rather than return this matter to the commission for it to clarify
the factual and statutory support for its decision, the lead opinion would go on to
decide whether R.C. 4928.143(F) permitted the commission to exclude revenue
from the Distribution Modernization Rider from the earnings test. In doing that,
the lead opinion necessarily construes R.C. 4928.143(F). At the same time, it
rejects Ohio Edison’s arguments about what the statute means, simply because
those interpretations of R.C. 4928.143(F) were not addressed below.
       {¶ 105} However, the meaning of a statute is a question of law that we
review de novo. See Bur. of Workers’ Comp. v. Verlinger, 153 Ohio St.3d 492,
2018-Ohio-1481, 108 N.E.3d 70, ¶ 6. Our role in the exercise of the judicial power
granted to us by the Ohio Constitution is to interpret and apply the statute as the
General Assembly enacted it. See Slingluff v. Weaver, 66 Ohio St. 621, 64 N.E.
574 (1902), paragraph two of the syllabus. The parties may espouse arguments
regarding the meaning of a statute, but in the end, it is the courts that have the
authority and the duty to “say what the law is,” Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137,

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                              SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

177, 2 L.Ed. 60 (1803). This court abdicates that responsibility if it rejects out of
hand an interpretation of a statute just because it is raised for the first time in this
court.
         {¶ 106} The lead opinion also rejects Ohio Edison’s plain-language
arguments because the commission’s orders did not mention them as bases for the
removal of the rider’s revenue. However, Ohio Edison did not have to apply for a
rehearing or file a cross-appeal in order to get these arguments before the court.
Nor was Ohio Edison aggrieved by the commission’s order—it obtained the relief
sought in this regard—and it therefore was not required to apply for a rehearing or
file a cross-appeal to preserve any argument. See Internatl. Paper Co. v. Testa, 150
Ohio St.3d 348, 2016-Ohio-7454, 81 N.E.3d 1225, ¶ 33 (explaining that a
protective cross-appeal was not required when the appellee is not aggrieved by the
board of tax appeals’ ruling). R.C. 4903.10 bars a party from seeking “reversal,
vacation, or modification” of an order issued by the commission on any ground not
set forth in an application for rehearing. But this statute does not bar a party from
seeking the affirmance of the commission’s order for a reason not asserted on
rehearing. Further, a notice of appeal may be filed by one seeking “reversal,
vacation, or modification” of an order issued by the commission. R.C. 4903.13.
Ohio Edison, however, asks this court to affirm the commission’s order.
         {¶ 107} The lead opinion relies on In re Application of Duke Energy Ohio,
Inc., 148 Ohio St.3d 510, 2016-Ohio-7535, 71 N.E.3d 997, ¶ 23-26, for the
assertion that “our practice is not to uphold a commission’s decision based on a
justification asserted by a party on appeal that is different from the justification the
commission provided in its order.” Lead opinion at ¶ 47. However, the court in
Duke Energy Ohio relied on R.C. 4903.09, which requires the commission to
support its decision with findings and reasons to enable an effective appellate
review, in declining to review a justification different from that which was included

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                                January Term, 2020

in the commission’s order. Id. at ¶ 24. Yet here, the lead opinion expressly would
not reverse and remand the commission’s order as violating R.C. 4903.09.
       {¶ 108} The lead opinion therefore disregards Ohio Edison’s arguments
explaining why the commission’s exclusion of the Distribution Modernization
Rider revenue from the significantly-excessive-earnings test was lawful and
reasonable. At the same time, it would not remand this matter to the commission
to address those arguments in a written opinion and instead would decide that the
rider’s revenue must be included in the test. That is, the justices joining the lead
opinion and the justice concurring in judgment only take an action affecting Ohio
Edison’s property interests without any tribunal having ever fully addressed its
arguments in response.
       {¶ 109} Nothing in R.C. 4903.09 precludes this court from upholding the
commission’s order on grounds other than those the commission provided. After
all, R.C. 4903.13 empowers us to reverse, vacate, or modify the commission’s final
orders, and it does not limit our review of the final order to simply agreeing or
disagreeing with the justifications that the commission gave in support of that order.
If the commission’s ultimate order is lawful and reasonable, we do not have the
power to reverse it.
       {¶ 110} Therefore, since the court decides to consider the merits of whether
the commission’s decision to exclude the Distribution Modernization Rider
revenue from the significantly-excessive-earnings test is authorized by the statute,
it must address all arguments regarding what the statute means.
       {¶ 111} As Ohio Edison points out, R.C. 4928.143(F) directs the
commission in conducting the significantly-excessive-earrings test to base its
comparisons on “publicly traded companies, including utilities, that face
comparable business and financial risk,” make “adjustments for capital structure as
may be appropriate,” and consider “the capital requirements of future committed
investments in this state.” The commission found that including the Distribution

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                             SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

Modernization Rider revenue in the earnings test increased the risk to the
companies, and the only relevant risk to the companies under R.C. 4928.143(F) is
business and financial risk. As a creature of statute, the commission had no
authority to consider any other type of “risk” than that provided by the statute, and
the only risk mentioned in the statute is the business and financial risk to the
companies. See In re Application of Ohio Edison Co., 158 Ohio St.3d 27, 2019-
Ohio-4196, 139 N.E.3d 875, ¶ 17 (the commission has no authority to exceed its
statutory powers).
       {¶ 112} And the Distribution Modernization Rider “was designed to
provide credit support for the FirstEnergy Corporation—through the companies—
so it could borrow capital on more reasonable terms in order to support its grid-
modernization initiatives.” In re Ohio Edison Co., 157 Ohio St.3d 73, 2019-Ohio-
2401, 131 N.E.3d 906, ¶ 18 (lead opinion). The rider therefore related to Ohio
Edison’s capital structure, which includes the amount of and interest rate on its
debt, as well as the cost of capital. See R.C. 4909.155. Lastly, the rider has helped
make it possible for Ohio Edison to commit to a grid-modernization plan that will
require a capital investment of hundreds of millions of dollars. See In re Filing by
Ohio Edison Co., Cleveland Elec. Illum. Co., & Toledo Edison Co. of a Grid
Modernization Business Plan, Pub. Util. Comm. No. 16-481-EL-UNC (Opinion
and Order) at ¶ 111-112, 119 (July 17, 2019).
       {¶ 113} The Distribution Modernization Rider therefore affects Ohio
Edison’s financial risk, its capital structure, and the capital requirements for
committed investments in this state, and R.C. 4928.143(F) affords the commission
discretion to adjust these components as may be appropriate.
                                    Conclusion
       {¶ 114} It is premature to reach the merits of whether R.C. 4928.143(F)
permitted the commission to exclude the Distribution Modernization Rider revenue
from the significantly-excessive-earnings test. The commission has failed in its

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                                January Term, 2020

duty to sufficiently explain its reasons and support its decision with citations to the
evidence and statutory authority, and that is reversible error. But the majority goes
too far in requiring the commission to include the rider’s revenue in the earnings
test. I would return this matter to the commission to explain and support its decision
and save review of the merits for another day.
       FRENCH, J., concurs in the foregoing opinion.
                                _________________
       Bruce Weston, Ohio Consumers’ Counsel, and William Michael, Angela D.
O’Brien, and Maureen R. Willis, Assistant Consumers’ Counsel, for appellant.
       Dave A. Yost, Attorney General, and John Jones and Thomas W.
McNamee, Assistant Attorneys General, for appellee.
       Calfee, Halter & Griswold, L.L.P., James F. Lang, and Kari D. Hehmeyer;
and FirstEnergy Service Company and Robert M. Endris, for intervening appellee.
                                _________________

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