Court Opinion

ID: 5127469
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-11-19 15:06:25.511959+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:23:00.244402
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: NOVEMBER 12, 2021; 10:00 A.M.
                     NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

               Commonwealth of Kentucky
                        Court of Appeals

                           NO. 2019-CA-0210-MR

JANE DOE V                                                      APPELLANT

               APPEAL FROM JEFFERSON CIRCUIT COURT
v.               HONORABLE MARY M. SHAW, JUDGE
                       ACTION NO. 18-CI-001087

LOUISVILLE METRO POLICE
DEPARTMENT AND LOUISVILLE
JEFFERSON COUNTY METRO
GOVERNMENT                                                       APPELLEES

                                 OPINION
                                AFFIRMING

                                ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: LAMBERT, McNEILL, AND TAYLOR, JUDGES.

LAMBERT, JUDGE: Jane Doe V has appealed from the January 17, 2019, order

granting a motion to dismiss by Louisville Metro Police Department (“LMPD”)
and Louisville Jefferson County Metro Government (“Louisville Metro”)

(collectively, “Metro”) on immunity grounds.1 We affirm.

              The underlying action is one of several filed by different women

seeking damages against Metro as well as former LMPD officer Pablo Cano,

individually and in his official capacity, as a result of allegations that Cano had

sexually abused or raped them while in a position of authority. In her complaint,

filed on February 21, 2018, Jane Doe V alleged that she had been sexually abused

and/or raped by Cano in November and/or December 2015, while he was

employed by Metro. By his engaging in rape and sexual misconduct, she alleged

that Cano had committed the intentional torts of assault and battery, as well as the

intentional infliction of emotional distress. Jane Doe V alleged that Cano was

liable under Kentucky Revised Statutes (KRS) 413.2485 and 510.040(1)(a) as was

Metro, as Cano was its employee. She alleged that Metro had a duty to properly

supervise its employees to prevent rape and sexual abuse by officers and to charge

them with crimes, and that the offenses resulted from Metro’s failure to employ

qualified people for positions of authority, to properly train and supervise their

conduct, and to promulgate appropriate operating policies and procedures to

protect citizens. Accordingly, Jane Doe V alleged liability on Metro’s part for its

1
  This panel is also considering the appeals in Gaeta v. Louisville Metro Police Department and
Louisville Jefferson County Metro Government, Appeal No. 2019-CA-1810-MR, and Jane Doe
v. Louisville/Jefferson County Metro Government, Appeal No. 2020-CA-0060-MR.

                                              -2-
negligent hiring, training, and supervision of Cano. She sought compensatory and

punitive damages from Cano and Metro.

             Shortly after the complaint was filed, Metro moved to be dismissed

from the action for failure to state a claim pursuant to Kentucky Rules of Civil

Procedure (CR) 12.02(f), on the basis of sovereign immunity for Louisville Metro

and because LMPD was not an entity capable of being sued as the proper party was

Louisville Metro. A consolidated response for the Jane Doe plaintiffs indicated

that they (the plaintiffs) had requested a declaration of rights by the court pursuant

to KRS 418.040 regarding whether Metro had a statutory obligation to indemnify

Cano for any settlement or judgment. They also raised an issue as to the

application of the Claims Against Local Governments Act (“CALGA”), KRS

65.200 et seq. In reply, Metro maintained that it had sovereign immunity and that

the Jane Doe plaintiffs did not have standing to raise the indemnification issue as

Cano was the recipient of protection from CALGA, not the plaintiffs.

             Metro renewed its motion to dismiss in the present action in October

2018, and it included a supplemental memorandum with more information about

the posture of the pending cases. It again argued that LMPD was not a proper

party to the lawsuit and that the claims against Louisville Metro were barred by the

doctrine of sovereign immunity. Jane Doe V continued to argue that genuine

issues of material fact remained to be decided, that a declaration of a party’s rights

                                          -3-
was not barred by sovereign immunity, and that Metro’s obligation under CALGA

was an issue for the court to determine. In reply, Metro pointed out that Jane Doe

V had not sought a declaration of rights in her complaint.

             The circuit court entered an opinion and order on January 17, 2019,

granting Metro’s motion to dismiss. The court summarized the parties’ respective

positions as follows:

                    Louisville Metro and LMPD filed the immediate
             motion arguing this action must be dismissed because the
             prior enjoys sovereign immunity and the latter is not an
             entity subject to suit. Jane Doe V responded, arguing
             immunity does not apply, and if it did, [CALGA], KRS
             625.200 et seq. prevents dismissal because (1) she asks
             for a declaration that Louisville Metro must indemnify
             and pay damages for Mr. Cano if a jury awards damages
             and (2) [CALGA] abrogates sovereign immunity in this
             instance.

The court held that Louisville Metro was entitled to sovereign immunity in this

case, citing Schwindel v Meade County, 113 S.W.3d 159, 163 (Ky. 2003), and

Louisville/Jefferson County Metro Government v. Cowan, 508 S.W.3d 107, 109

(Ky. App. 2016), and that sovereign immunity extended to allegations of vicarious

liability for intentional torts. As to the application of CALGA, the court relied

upon the Schwindel Court’s analysis and conclusion that CALGA’s passage did not

change the immunity status of counties and expose them to tort liability. The court

then held that LMPD enjoyed governmental immunity because it was an agency of

Louisville Metro, which was immune from suit. Finally, the court held that Jane

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Doe V did not have standing to seek a declaration that Louisville Metro must

indemnify Cano for any judgment in her favor as CALGA’s provisions address the

relationship between the public employee and the governmental employer. Any

benefit to Jane Doe V, such as the payment of damages, was incidental to

CALGA’s benefit to a qualifying employee. This appeal now follows. 2

               On appeal, Jane Doe V contends that the circuit court improperly

ruled on a standing issue that was not before it and that it incorrectly ruled that

CALGA did not apply. Metro, on the other hand, argues that the only issue before

this Court is whether the circuit court properly held that Louisville Metro and

LMPD were entitled to a dismissal of Jane Doe V’s direct liability claims on the

basis of sovereign immunity.

               Before we reach the merits of the appeal, we must address Metro’s

motion to strike Jane Doe V’s brief and dismiss her appeal, which was passed to

the merits panel. In the motion, Metro argues 1) that the two issues Jane Doe V

raised in her brief were not preserved by listing them in her prehearing statement,

see CR 76.03(8), and that the issues she did raise were not related to sovereign

immunity, which was the basis of the circuit court’s ruling; 2) that she failed to

2
 The same day, the court ruled on a motion by Cano for summary judgment, granting it in part
and denying it in part. Jane Doe V attempted to seek review of this order in the present appeal.
However, that order was interlocutory, and, based on her response to a show cause order, this
Court limited the present appeal to the order dismissing the claims against Metro.

                                               -5-
include a statement at the beginning of each argument showing where and how the

issue was preserved for review pursuant to CR 76.12(4)(c)(v); and 3) that she

included references in her brief to information that is not part of the appellate

record in this case, specifically references to the outcome of Cano’s criminal

charges and the filing of the declaratory action by Louisville Metro against Cano.

Jane Doe V did not file a response to the motion. She did, however, respond to the

issues the motion, as well as Metro’s appellee brief, raised in her reply brief.

Based upon her response, we decline to strike Jane Doe V’s brief and note that our

resolution of the appeal is not affected by her references to the extraneous

information. We shall rule on this motion by separate order entered this day.

              Our standard of review of an order granting a motion to dismiss for

failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted pursuant to CR 12.02(f) is

set forth in Benningfield v. Pettit Environmental, Inc., 183 S.W.3d 567, 570 (Ky.

App. 2005):

              A motion to dismiss should only be granted if “it appears
              the pleading party would not be entitled to relief under
              any set of facts which could be proved in support of his
              claim.” Pari-Mutuel Clerks’ Union v. Kentucky Jockey
              Club, 551 S.W.2d 801, 803 (Ky. 1977). When ruling on
              the motion, the allegations in “the pleadings should be
              liberally construed in a light most favorable to the
              plaintiff and all allegations taken in the complaint to be
              true.” Gall v. Scroggy, 725 S.W.2d 867, 868 (Ky. App.
              1987). In making this decision, the trial court is not
              required to make any factual findings. James v. Wilson,
              95 S.W.3d 875, 884 (Ky. App. 2002). Therefore, “the

                                          -6-
             question is purely a matter of law.” Id. Accordingly, the
             trial court’s decision will be reviewed de novo. Revenue
             Cabinet v. Hubbard, 37 S.W.3d 717, 719 (Ky. 2000).

With this standard in mind, we shall review Jane Doe V’s arguments.

             For her first argument, Jane Doe V argues that the circuit court

incorrectly ruled on a standing issue that was not before it. This portion of the

circuit court’s opinion and order addressed the conclusion that Jane Doe V did not

have standing to move for a declaration in this suit that Metro must indemnify

Cano pursuant to CALGA if the court entered a judgment in her favor. We

disagree that this issue was not before the circuit court as it was raised in pleadings

below based upon Jane Doe V’s argument that the application of CALGA defeats

an assertion of sovereign immunity.

             As set forth in KRS 65.2005, CALGA provides:

             (1) A local government shall provide for the defense of
                any employee by an attorney chosen by the local
                government in any action in tort arising out of an act
                or omission occurring within the scope of his
                employment of which it has been given notice
                pursuant to subsection (2) of this section. The local
                government shall pay any judgment based thereon or
                any compromise or settlement of the action except as
                provided in subsection (3) of this section and except
                that a local government’s responsibility under this
                section to indemnify an employee shall be subject to
                the limitations contained in KRS 65.2002.

             (2) Upon receiving service of a summons and complaint
                in any action in tort brought against him, an employee
                shall, within ten (10) days of receipt of service, give

                                          -7-
              written notice of such action in tort to the executive
              authority of the local government.

           (3) A local government may refuse to pay a judgment or
              settlement in any action against an employee, or if a
              local government pays any claim or judgment against
              any employee pursuant to subsection (1) of this
              section, it may recover from such employee the
              amount of such payment and the costs to defend if:

                 (a) The employee acted or failed to act
                     because of fraud, malice, or corruption;

                 (b) The action was outside the actual or
                    apparent scope of his employment;

                 (c) The employee willfully failed or refused
                     to assist the defense of the cause of
                     action, including the failure to give
                     notice to the executive authority of the
                     local government pursuant to subsection
                     (2) of this section;

                 (d) The employee compromised or settled
                    the claim without the approval of the
                    governing body of the local government;
                    or

                 (e) The employee obtained private counsel
                     without the consent of the local
                     government, in which case, the local
                     government may also refuse to pay any
                     legal fees incurred by the employee.

The Supreme Court addressed CALGA in Richardson v. Louisville/Jefferson

County Metro Government, 260 S.W.3d 777, 781 (Ky. 2008), explaining:

                CALGA was enacted in part to shield public
           employees from the personal expense incurred in the

                                       -8-
             defense of tort claims. The protections afforded by
             CALGA allow public employees to diligently and
             faithfully serve the Commonwealth without worrying
             about the financial burdens and other adverse
             consequences of civil litigation, which may stem from
             their civil service.

(Citations omitted.) We agree with the circuit court that CALGA addresses the

relationship between public employees and their governmental employer and that

any benefit to a plaintiff, such as the payment of damages to Jane Doe V, is merely

incidental. As such, there could be no controversy between Jane Doe V and Metro

because she did not have an actionable right. Therefore, we find no error in the

circuit court’s legal ruling that Jane Doe V did not have standing to seek a

declaration that Metro must indemnify Cano under CALGA.

             Next, Jane Doe V argues that the circuit court should have ruled on

whether her case fell under the class of cases to which CALGA applies, including

whether Cano was acting under color of law that would give rise to an action under

42 United States Code (U.S.C.) § 1983 when he committed the assaults. This has

nothing to do with whether Metro was entitled to sovereign immunity in this case.

             It is well-settled in Kentucky that “[a] county government is cloaked

with sovereign immunity. Nor can a county, absent a legislative waiver of

immunity, be held vicariously liable in a judicial court for the ministerial acts of its

agents, servants, and employees.” Schwindel, 113 S.W.3d at 163 (citations

omitted). Here, there is no question that Louisville Metro is a county government

                                          -9-
and that LMPD is one of its agencies. Therefore, both are entitled to immunity as

to Jane Doe V’s direct liability claims against these governmental entities. See

Comair, Inc. v. Lexington-Fayette Urban County Airport Corp., 295 S.W.3d 91, 99

(Ky. 2009). Whether Cano is entitled to indemnification for any damages Jane

Doe V might be awarded has nothing to do with whether these entities are entitled

to immunity in this instance. See Schwindel, 113 S.W.3d at 163 (“[T]he legislative

intent was not to waive any immunity enjoyed by any local government but to

specify what damages could be obtained against local governments that are subject

to common law judgments and what obligation a local government has to provide a

defense for and pay judgments rendered against its employees for the tortious

performance of their ministerial duties.”). The circuit court did not commit any

error in holding that the doctrine of sovereign immunity applies to Metro in this

case.

               For the foregoing reasons, the opinion and order of the Jefferson

Circuit Court dismissing Jane Doe V’s claims against Louisville Metro and LMPD

is affirmed.

               ALL CONCUR.

                                          -10-
BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT:        BRIEF FOR APPELLEES:

Shannon Fauver               Michael J. O’Connell
Louisville, Kentucky         Louisville, Kentucky

John E. Spainhour            Brendan R. Daugherty
Shepherdsville, Kentucky     Louisville, Kentucky

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