Court Opinion

ID: 4638668
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-12-02 00:02:08.508437+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:58:50.512768
License: Public Domain

Filed 12/1/20 Singh v. Gordon CA4/3

                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

                IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                     FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION THREE

 SIMERJEET SINGH,

      Plaintiff and Appellant,                                         G058278

           v.                                                          (Super. Ct. No. 30-2019-01058049)

 STEVE GORDON, as Director, etc.,                                      OPINION

      Defendant and Respondent.

                   Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Orange County, Derek W.
Hunt, Judge. Affirmed.
                   Rodney Gould for Plaintiff and Appellant.
                   Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Chris A. Knudsen, Assistant Attorney
General, Gary S. Balekjian and Catherine E. Wise Deputy Attorneys General, for
Defendant and Respondent.
                                             *               *               *
              Plaintiff Simerjeet Singh had his driver’s license suspended after being
arrested for driving under the influence (DUI) and refusing to consent to a chemical test.
Under Vehicle Code section 13353, revocation of his license was automatic upon refusal.
After the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) upheld the license suspension at an
administrative hearing, Singh petitioned the trial court for a writ of mandate, arguing the
police officer’s recitation of his Miranda rights confused him about his obligation to
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consent to a chemical test, which nullified his refusal. The trial court denied the petition.
Singh appeals, contending substantial evidence does not support the court’s conclusion.
              We affirm. The evidence supports a conclusion that police officers clearly
explained Singh’s rights and obligations. Singh simply did not believe them. As an
employee at the Orange County District Attorney’s Office, he knew just enough about the
law to be dangerous, believing that he could insist on a search warrant before agreeing to
a chemical test. He was wrong. His license was properly revoked.

                                STATEMENT OF FACTS

              At approximately 9:40 p.m., on February 2, 2018, Singh was driving his
vehicle on El Camino Real Boulevard in the City of Tustin, when he ran his car into a
pillar, then proceeded to strike a parked car. A witness saw Singh exit his vehicle and
stumble into the restroom of a nearby restaurant. The witness followed Singh and
observed him vomiting on the ground.
              Afterward, Singh was transported by ambulance to a local hospital. Officer
Swart of the Tustin Police Department followed Singh to the hospital, where he observed
Singh to have bloodshot, watery eyes, a strong smell of alcohol, and slurred speech. At
the hospital, Singh was uncooperative and, in the administrative hearing officer’s words,

1
              Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436.

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“obstreperous[,] avoiding even the physician’s questions regarding what had happened,
and the driver’s own health.”
              At the hospital, Officer Swart asked Singh if he would be willing to take a
blood-alcohol test, either by breath or blood draw. Singh refused, stating he would only
take one if Officer Swart obtained a warrant. Officer Swart explained that Singh had
agreed to take a chemical test when he obtained his California Driver’s License and that
refusal to take a test could result in his license being automatically suspended, but Singh
did not budge. After Singh was discharged, at approximately 11:15 p.m., Officer Swart
arrested him for DUI and transported him to the Tustin Police Department. Officer Swart
read Singh his Miranda rights at the station.
              After the Miranda rights were read, Officer Swart turned on his body
camera to record the remainder of the interview. At that point, another officer, Officer
Dao, who was in charge of drafting the report on the traffic collision, approached Singh
to ascertain what happened. After confirming with Officer Swart that he had read Singh
his Miranda rights, Officer Dao began questioning Singh, but Singh exercised his right to
remain silent, stating, “If I have my Miranda rights, I’d like to use them.”
              Shortly afterward, Officer Swart explained to Singh that because he refused
to consent to a breath or blood test, Officer Swart was filling out an application for a
search warrant. This was apparently Officer Swart’s first time performing a DUI arrest,
so he brought in another officer, Officer Babb, to help.
              Officer Babb began by stating to Singh, “When we have to do a search
warrant, and you basically refuse to provide a sample of your blood or your breath, your
license automatically gets suspended for a year.” Singh replied, “I’m not refusing, I’m
just saying, you know, hey, give me a warrant, and I’ll totally comply.” Officer Babb
reiterated that if he does not willingly provide a sample, his license would automatically
be suspended, and, to emphasize the point, Officer Swart chimed in, “me . . . filling out
this search warrant for your blood, that’s going to take away your license.” Officer Babb

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drove the point home: “and there is nothing you can do about that.” Officer Swart went
on, “You’re under the impression we need a search warrant, but you waived that right
when you signed for your California Driver’s License.” Singh, unpersuaded, asked, “Can
I see that? Can I look that up?” “If you show me that, hey, go ahead, take my
breathalyzer right now.” Officer Swart replied that right now he is filling out the
application for the warrant, and if he does that, “your license is going to get taken away.”
(Italics represent the emphasis in Officer Swart’s voice.) Singh replied, “I understand
that. But . . . you show me that rule, I’ll go for it right now. Because I know, legally,
you’re allowed to lie to me.”
              While Officer Swart continued filling out the search warrant application,
Officer Babb, to his credit, found the relevant statute and showed it to Singh. He read
Vehicle Code section 13353, which states, “(a) If a person refuses the officer's request to
submit to, or fails to complete, a chemical test or tests pursuant to Section 23612, upon
receipt of the officer’s sworn statement that the officer had reasonable cause to believe
the person had been driving a motor vehicle in violation of Section 23140, 23152, or
23153, and that the person had refused to submit to, or did not complete, the test or tests
after being requested by the officer, the department shall do one of the following: (1)
Suspend the person’s privilege to operate a motor vehicle for a period of one year.” The
other options involve either a two- or three-year suspension under certain circumstances.
              Singh’s bluff was called. He did not submit to a test, as promised, but
instead replied, “I have not received any sworn statement.” That response was a
misinterpretation of Vehicle Code section 13353—the sworn statement goes to the DMV,
not the driver. Singh went on, “I’m not trying to be a hard ass . . . . I’m just saying, hey,
I have some rights, I’m going to use them.”
              Afterward, now at about 25 minutes into the questioning, the officers read a
standard admonition concerning Singh’s obligation to submit to a breath or blood test.
Midway through the admonition, Singh interjected, “I would like an attorney present,

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sir.” The admonition continued, eventually reaching the following statement, “You do
not have the right to talk to an attorney or have an attorney present before stating whether
you will submit to a test or before deciding which test to take or during the test.” The
admonition concluded with the following questions: “Will you take a breath test?”
Singh replied, “not at this point, sir, I would like an attorney present.” “Will you take a
blood test?” Singh replied, “Not at this point sir, if I don’t have to. Unless you have a
search warrant, I will happily take that.”
              Officer Swart continued filling out the application for a search warrant.
When Singh was told that Officer Swart would need to speak with the Orange County
District Attorney’s Office, he informed the officers that he works there. One of the
officers asked, “Are you an attorney?” Singh replied, “I’m trying to be, I work at the
DA’s office. That’s exactly where I came from.”
              A warrant was eventually obtained and Singh’s blood was drawn, but the
process took a while—the accident occurred at approximately 9:40 p.m.; the blood draw
occurred at 2:39 a.m. the next morning. Even still, Singh’s blood alcohol content
was .089 percent.
              At around the same time, Officer Swart served Singh with an administrative
per se order of suspension/revocation of driving privileges. He filed a sworn statement
with the DMV as required by Vehicle Code section 13353. Singh requested an
administrative hearing, which was granted.
              After the administrative hearing, where Singh testified, the hearing officer
determined there was reasonable cause to believe Singh was driving under the influence,
he was lawfully arrested, he was informed that his license would be revoked if he refused
testing, and he refused testing anyway. The hearing officer rejected Singh’s argument
that the Miranda warnings led Singh to be confused about his rights.
              Singh then filed a petition for a writ of mandate in the trial court. The court
denied the petition without elaboration. Singh timely appealed.

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                                       DISCUSSION

              On appeal, Singh renews his contention that the police officers confused
him about his obligation to provide a chemical test by first reading him his Miranda
rights. While it is certainly true that the reading of Miranda rights can confuse a driver
and thereby avoid the consequences of refusing to take a chemical test (McDonnell v.
Department of Motor Vehicles (1975) 45 Cal.App.3d 653, 658), the snag for Singh is that
whether he was confused by the Miranda warnings is a factual question. We review
factual questions for substantial evidence. (Garcia v. Department of Motor Vehicles
(2010) 185 Cal.App.4th 73, 82.) That means Singh could only win on appeal if the
evidence compelled the conclusion that he was confused by the Miranda warnings. The
evidence here does not so compel.
              A plausible interpretation of the evidence is that Singh misunderstood his
rights based on his own independent beliefs about the law and refused to believe anything
the police told him. This interpretation is supported by the fact that he worked at the
Orange County District Attorney’s Office, as well as the self-assured way in which he
asserted his rights. Moreover, his continued insistence that the police obtain a warrant is
not likely to have come from a Miranda warning, which does not typically mention
anything about warrants. Finally, Singh explicitly said the police could lie to him, and it
was clear he simply did not believe anything they were going to tell him.
              Singh’s position is that anytime Miranda warnings have been given, it is
not enough to explain to a driver that he faces confiscation of his license if he refuses a
test, and that he does not have a right to an attorney at that stage. The officer must take
the additional step of explicitly saying that Miranda rights do not apply. But given
Singh’s refusal to believe anything the police officers told him, what difference would
that have made? There is nothing magical about the word “Miranda.” If Singh did not

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believe the police when they told him what his actual rights consisted of, couching those
rights in terms of Miranda would not have changed anything.
              Throughout these proceedings, Singh has relied heavily on Hoberman-
Kelly v. Valverde (2013) 213 Cal.App.4th 626 (Hoberman-Kelly), a case which, in our
view, only serves to highlight the shortcomings in Singh’s argument. There, a driver was
arrested for DUI and, seeing a sign at the police station advising her of her right to a
phone call, insisted on calling her attorney. (Id. at p. 629.) The officer “at no point
acknowledged her request to make a call, responded to her question why she could not do
so as the sign indicated, or made any effort to explain that despite her right to speak to an
attorney she was not entitled to do so or to make her call before submitting to the test.”
(Ibid.) The officer proceeded to read the driver the standard testing admonition,
including that she was not entitled to an attorney. “However, from the video it is
apparent that [the driver], who was voicing her demands while [the officer] was reading
the statement, did not hear the admonition and that [the officer] must have been aware
that she did not hear it.” (Ibid.) “When [the officer] finished reading the admonition, he
asked [the driver] whether she would submit to a blood test, to which she responded ‘all
right,’ but [the officer] stated ‘that’s a no’ and that he would take it as a refusal.” (Ibid.)
The DMV suspended her license.
              The driver petitioned for a writ of mandate, which the trial court granted.
(Hoberman-Kelly, supra, 213 Cal.App.4th at p. 630.) The DMV appealed. (Id. at p. 631.)
Notwithstanding the evidence above, the court commented, “It is questionable whether
officer-induced confusion would provide a defense here if [the driver] had refused to take
a blood test.” (Id. at p. 632.) That point was immaterial, however, because the court
found substantial evidence supported the trial court’s conclusion that the driver never
actually refused a test. (Id. at p. 633.)
              The differences between Hoberman-Kelly and our case are readily
apparent. Here, Singh did, in fact, refuse to take a blood or breath test. Singh clearly

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heard and understood the admonition that he was not entitled to an attorney before taking
a test. The officers made a substantial effort to explain Singh’s rights, including taking
the unusual step of looking up the relevant statute and reading it to Singh. Lastly, and
most importantly, the standard of review here is flipped: In Hoberman-Kelly the court
resolved all conflicts and inferences in favor of the driver; here we must resolve the same
in favor of the DMV. Hoberman-Kelly is inapposite.
              Ultimately, the question here is simply whether the evidence supports the
trial court’s conclusion that Singh’s refusal was not a product of officer-induced
confusion. It does.
                                      DISPOSITION

              The judgment is affirmed. Respondent shall recover its costs incurred on
appeal.

                                                  IKOLA, J.

WE CONCUR:

MOORE, ACTING P. J.

GOETHALS, J.

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