Court Opinion

ID: 4641981
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-12-11 15:06:14.481343+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:00:27.158365
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: DECEMBER 4, 2020; 10:00 A.M.
                         NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

                 Commonwealth of Kentucky
                          Court of Appeals
                             NO. 2019-CA-1095-MR

KARI CARPENTER MATTSON AND
EYEMAX, PLLC                                                       APPELLANTS

                  APPEAL FROM FAYETTE CIRCUIT COURT
v.               HONORABLE KIMBERLY N. BUNNELL, JUDGE
                         ACTION NO. 17-CI-00973

NORTHWESTERN MUTUAL LIFE
INSURANCE COMPANY                                                      APPELLEE

                                   OPINION
                                  AFFIRMING

                                  ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: CALDWELL, MAZE, AND MCNEILL, JUDGES.

CALDWELL, JUDGE: The Appellants have requested review of the Fayette

Circuit Court’s granting of a motion to dismiss the claims of Appellant Kari

Carpenter Mattson and its granting of a motion for summary judgment disposing of

the claims of Appellant EyeMax, PLLC. For the following reasons, we affirm the

circuit court.
                                           FACTS

                Kari Carpenter Mattson is a doctor of optometry and is one of the

principals of a Lexington business called EyeMax, PLLC (hereinafter “EyeMax”)

along with her husband. The business operates optometry clinics in several

Walmart stores in central Kentucky. The business obtained various business

insurance products from Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company

(hereinafter “Northwestern”), amongst them a “disability overhead expense

policy,” which would provide coverage for realized business losses should Mattson

become disabled and the monthly income of the operation suffer more than a $200

downturn as a consequence in any given month.

                In 2015, Mattson was diagnosed with breast cancer. Whilst

undergoing treatments, she was only able to work reduced hours, but did keep

working through her illness. EyeMax, as owner of the disability expense policy,

filed a claim, part of which was initially denied as it did not appear that the

business suffered the required downturn in income to trigger coverage.1 Sometime

later, a different employee at Northwestern was working the claim when EyeMax

provided evidence of a sufficient downturn to result in the payment of a claim.

Seventeen months after the claim was filed, Northwestern paid EyeMax

1
    A payment representing one monthly payment of expenses covered was received.

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$357,962.00 plus an additional $39,653.47, the latter amount representing 6%

interest for the delay in payment.

             In March of 2017, some five or so months after the payment of the

claim and after Mattson had fully returned to working full-time following

successful treatments, a complaint was filed by her against Northwestern in her

personal capacity. That complaint was later amended to include EyeMax as a

plaintiff and to include claims by that entity.

             The Fayette Circuit Court dismissed the complaint as to Mattson

personally in October of 2017, and the complaint, as amended, continued with only

those claims of EyeMax extant.

             In April of 2019, Northwestern filed a motion for summary judgment.

The Fayette Circuit Court heard arguments of counsel in June of 2019 and entered

an order granting the motion and dismissing the case completely.

             This appeal followed.

                            STANDARDS OF REVIEW

             There are two standards of review applicable in this appeal. Two

dispositive determinations of the trial court are being appealed; both a motion to

dismiss the claims of Mattson as an individual and a motion for summary judgment

of the claims of the EyeMax entity are appealed in this matter.

                                          -3-
             First, the standard of review of a trial court’s granting of a motion to

dismiss is de novo.

                     A motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim
             upon which relief may be granted “admits as true the
             material facts of the complaint.” So a court should not
             grant such a motion “unless it appears the pleading party
             would not be entitled to relief under any set of facts
             which could be proved . . . .” Accordingly, “the
             pleadings should be liberally construed in the light most
             favorable to the plaintiff, all allegations being taken as
             true.” This exacting standard of review eliminates any
             need by the trial court to make findings of fact; “rather,
             the question is purely a matter of law. Stated another
             way, the court must ask if the facts alleged in the
             complaint can be proved, would the plaintiff be entitled
             to relief?” Since a motion to dismiss for failure to state a
             claim upon which relief may be granted is a pure
             question of law, a reviewing court owes no deference to a
             trial court’s determination; instead, an appellate court
             reviews the issue de novo.

Fox v. Grayson, 317 S.W.3d 1, 7 (Ky. 2010) (citations omitted).

             Likewise, an appellate court employs a de novo standard of review on

questions concerning the propriety of a trial court’s ruling on a motion for

summary judgment. Cmty. Fin. Servs. Bank v. Stamper, 586 S.W.3d 737, 741 (Ky.

2019). In the seminal case of Steelvest, Inc. v. Scansteel Service Center, Inc., the

Kentucky Supreme Court explained that “the proper function of summary

judgment is to terminate litigation when, as a matter of law, it appears that it would

be impossible for the respondent to produce evidence at the trial warranting a

judgment in his favor.” 807 S.W.2d 476, 480 (Ky. 1991). In reviewing such a

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motion, the trial court must view the facts “in a light most favorable to the party

opposing the motion for summary judgment and all doubts are to be resolved in his

favor,” and in so doing must examine the proof to ensure that no real issue of

material fact exists. Id. (citations omitted).

             Thus, as factual findings are not at issue, the trial court’s decision is

granted no deference; review of a trial court’s ruling on a motion for summary

judgment is a matter of law. “A grant of summary judgment is reviewed de novo

because factual findings are not at issue.” Feltner v. PJ Operations, LLC, 568
S.W.3d 1, 3 (Ky. App. 2018), disc. rev. denied (Mar. 6, 2019) (citing Pinkston v.

Audubon Area Cmty. Servs., Inc., 210 S.W.3d 188, 189 (Ky. App. 2006)).

                                     ANALYSIS

      I.     Dismissal of Kari Carpenter Mattson’s Individual Claims

             In 2017, upon motion of the Appellee, the Fayette Circuit Court

dismissed the individual claims of Mattson. The complaint, as originally filed,

contained only these individual claims until an amended complaint was filed by the

Appellants adding EyeMax as a party. The amended complaint was filed only

after the motion to dismiss the original complaint was filed by the Appellee.

             In the original complaint, Mattson forwarded three claims. The trial

court dismissed all three claims. We will discuss each claim separately.

                                           -5-
               a. Breach of Contract

               Mattson first alleged that Northwestern breached the contract, the

contract in which she was the “insured,” but was not the owner.2 Fundamentally, a

party must have “privity of contract” with the party whom it sues for breach of

contract to have standing.

               Thus, “[o]rdinarily, the obligations arising out of a
               contract are due only to those with whom it is made; a
               contract cannot be enforced by a person who is not a
               party to it or in privity with it, except under a real party
               in interest statute or, under certain circumstances, by a
               third-party beneficiary.” Consequently, “[a]s a general
               rule, whenever a wrong is founded upon a breach of
               contract, the plaintiff suing in respect thereof must be a
               party or privy to the contract, and none but a party to a
               contract has the right to recover damages for its breach
               against any of the parties thereto.”

Presnell Const. Managers, Inc. v. EH Const., LLC, 134 S.W.3d 575, 579 (Ky.

2004) (citations omitted).

               While EyeMax did have such privity as the owner of the policy,

Mattson, as the insured person whose disability would trigger a claim under the

policy, had no privity of contract with Northwestern. Thus, dismissal was

appropriate as, clearly, Mattson was not entitled to prevail on the claim as a matter

of law.

2
 Incidentally, Mattson was also the owner and the insured of a separate policy with
Northwestern insuring her should she become disabled; Northwestern promptly paid claims
pursuant to that contract, and no litigation ensued as a result of that contractual relationship.

                                                 -6-
             b. Negligence Claim

             Because of this lack of privity of contract, then, not only did

Mattson’s breach of contract claim have to fail, but so must her negligence claim.

Mattson alleged that she was damaged, individually, because Northwestern

negligently handled the claim of the owner, EyeMax.

             Attempting to create a duty owed her, Mattson argues that a

“universal duty of care” substitutes for her lack of privity and suggests that such

would create a right of action by third parties. See Grayson Fraternal Order of

Eagles, Aerie No. 3738, Inc. v. Claywell, 736 S.W.2d 328 (Ky. 1987), superseded

by statute as stated in DeStock No. 14, Inc. v. Logsdon, 993 S.W.2d 952 (Ky.

1999). However, such does not apply when the negligence alleged concerns an

alleged breach of contract.

             Kentucky law is clear that one must have privity to maintain an action

for “negligence which consists merely in the breach of the contract.” Presnell, 134
S.W.3d at 579 (quoting Penco, Inc. v. Detrex Chemical Industries, Inc., 672
S.W.2d 948, 951 (Ky. App. 1984)). Because of the lack of privity of contract

between Mattson and Northwestern, her claims for both breach of contract and

negligence relating to the breach must fail, and the trial court correctly dismissed

those claims.

                                         -7-
            c. KUCSPA

            Mattson’s individual claim under the Kentucky Unfair Claims

Settlement Practices Act (KUCSPA) was likewise dismissed by the trial court and

we affirm this ruling. The Sixth Circuit offered a concise overview of Kentucky

jurisprudence concerning bad faith claims against insurance companies in Rawe v.

Liberty Mutual Fire Insurance Co.:

                    A single test under Kentucky law exists for the
            merits of bad-faith claims, whether brought by a first- or
            third-party claimant or brought under common law or
            statute. This test, established by the Supreme Court of
            Kentucky in Wittmer v. Jones, 864 S.W.2d 885, 890 (Ky.
            1993), is the “leading case on ‘bad faith’ in Kentucky,”
            and “the culmination of the development of ‘bad faith’
            liability in [Kentucky] jurisprudence.” [Davidson v.
            American Freightways, Inc., 25 S.W.3d 94, 99 (Ky.
            2000)]. Kentucky law dictates that:

                   an insured must prove three elements in
                   order to prevail against an insurance
                   company for alleged refusal in bad faith to
                   pay the insured’s claim: (1) the insurer must
                   be obligated to pay the claim under the
                   terms of the policy; (2) the insurer must lack
                   a reasonable basis in law or fact for denying
                   the claim; and (3) it must be shown that the
                   insurer either knew there was no reasonable
                   basis for denying the claim or acted with
                   reckless disregard for whether such a basis
                   existed.

462 F.3d 521, 527 (6th Cir. 2006).

                                        -8-
                The trial court ruled, and we agree, that Mattson had no standing to

    claim damages under the KUCSPA, and we further hold that Mattson presented

    no allegations that Northwestern lacked a reasonable basis to delay the payment of

    the policy such as to sustain a finding that it acted in bad faith such as to establish

    a claim under the KUCSPA. As Mattson had no standing, she could not possibly

    prevail, and thus dismissal of the claim was appropriate and proper.

                The order dismissing all claims brought by Mattson individually was

    proper and is affirmed.

         II.    Summary Judgment on EyeMax’s Claims

                Shortly before the dismissal of Mattson’s individual claims, she

    amended the complaint to add EyeMax as an additional plaintiff. The allegations

    of EyeMax mirrored those of Mattson.

                a. Breach of Contract

                An essential element of a breach of contract claim is damages.

    EyeMax forwarded no allegations of damages attributable to the delay in payment

    of the claim. It must be remembered that the claim, plus interest,3 was paid to

    EyeMax. Rather, all of the alleged damages recited by EyeMax were focused on

    the consequences of the delay to Mattson, such as her having to continue to work

3
 Appellants made no claim that the interest paid was inadequate, and the contract does not
appear to contain any liquidated interest percentage.

                                              -9-
    during treatments for cancer, but we have held that no duty was owed to her under

    the contract and so she is not a compensable party. EyeMax failed to present any

    damages to it, the business, due to any alleged breach of contract.

                 Having failed to plead damages related to the delay in payment of the

    claim to the owner of the policy, it was impossible for EyeMax to produce

    evidence at the trial warranting a judgment in its favor.

                 b. Negligence Claim

                 The trial court found that the “Economic Loss Doctrine” barred a

    negligence claim here in what is a breach of contract claim. 4 Non-economic

    damages, such as those alleged by the plaintiff relating to Mattson having to work

4
 This doctrine is specifically cited in briefs to this Court. It is well explained in Justice Keller’s
concurrence in Presnell:

         The “economic loss rule” is a judicially created doctrine that “marks the
         fundamental boundary between contract law, which is designed to enforce the
         expectancy interests of the parties, and tort law, which imposes a duty of
         reasonable care and thereby encourages citizens to avoid causing physical harm to
         others.” “The crux of the doctrine is not privity but the premise that economic
         interests are protected, if at all, by contract principles, rather than tort principles.”
         Although originally rooted primarily in product liability cases to protect
         manufacturers from tort liability for damage that is limited to the product itself,
         the economic loss rule “has evolved into a modern, general prohibition against
         tort recovery for economic loss.” “In its broadest formulation, the economic loss
         rule prohibits tort recovery in negligence or products liability ‘absent physical
         injury to a proprietary interest.”‘
134 S.W.3d at 583-84 (citations omitted).

                                                   -10-
for the period of time the claim was unpaid, are not recoverable in a breach of

contract claim.

             However, not only does the Economic Loss Doctrine support the trial

court’s ruling on summary judgment on EyeMax’s negligence claim, the fact that

EyeMax can cite no damages to it flowing from alleged negligence is a death knell

to the claim. It is axiomatic that damages must be suffered to successfully carry a

suit for negligence. “In any negligence action under Kentucky law, a plaintiff

must prove the existence of a duty, breach thereof, causation, and damages.”

Boland-Maloney Lumber Co., Inc. v. Burnett, 302 S.W.3d 680, 686 (Ky. App.

2009) (citing Illinois Central Railroad v. Vincent, 412 S.W.2d 874, 876 (Ky.

1967), and Mullins v. Commonwealth Life Ins. Co., 839 S.W.2d 245, 247 (Ky.

1992)).

             c. KUCSPA

             In the amended complaint, Appellants made no cognizable allegation

that Northwestern acted purposefully in not paying the claim promptly. Such

allegation is necessary to withstand summary judgment as “evidence of mere

negligence or failure to pay a claim in timely fashion will not suffice to support a

claim for bad faith” as “the element of malice or flagrant malfeasance must be

shown.” United Servs. Auto. Ass’n v. Bult, 183 S.W.3d 181, 186 (Ky. App. 2003),

as modified (Jun. 27, 2003). In other words, EyeMax had to have shown that it

                                         -11-
was the conscious objective of Northwestern to delay payment so as to gain some

advantage over EyeMax or to benefit its own interest in a manner which must have

been pled and ultimately proven at trial. The failure of EyeMax to even so plead

was fatal to its cause.

                                  CONCLUSION

             Having found that the trial court properly dismissed Mattson’s

individual claims against the Appellee and that the trial court properly entered

summary judgment in favor of the Appellee as to EyeMax’s claim, we affirm.

             ALL CONCUR.

 BRIEFS FOR APPELLANTS:                    BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:

 Escum L. Moore, III                       W. Craig Robertson, III
 Lexington, Kentucky                       Courtney Ross Samford
                                           Lexington, Kentucky

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