Court Opinion

ID: 9406239
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-06-30 15:00:23.920653+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:20:27.920916
License: Public Domain

21-6586
Ud Din v. Garland

                                    In the
                    United States Court of Appeals
                         for the Second Circuit

                               AUGUST TERM 2022

                                   No. 21-6586

                    SYED KALIM UD DIN & SYED ARSALAN UD DIN,
                                   Petitioners,

                                        v.

               MERRICK B. GARLAND, United States Attorney General,
                                   Respondent.
                                   __________

   On Petition for Review of Final Orders of the Board of Immigration Appeals
                                   __________

                            ARGUED: JANUARY 18, 2023
                              DECIDED: JUNE 30, 2023
                                ________________

Before: WALKER, RAGGI, and PARK, Circuit Judges.
                                ________________
       Pakistani nationals and brothers Syed Kalim Ud Din and Syed Arsalan Ud
Din petition for review of a Board of Immigration Appeals decision upholding
orders denying them adjustment of status and directing their removal from the
United States. The Ud Dins argue that the agency erred in finding them ineligible
for adjustment of status based on their earlier filing of frivolous, i.e., deliberately
and materially false, asylum applications, see 8 U.S.C. § 1158(d)(6), because those
applications were untimely and, thus, their concededly false statements could not
have been material to a matter properly before the agency for decision. The Ud
Dins further fault the agency for alternatively denying them adjustment of status
as a matter of discretion. See id. § 1255(a). Because both arguments lack merit, we
deny the Ud Dins’ petition for their review. Nevertheless, a question arises as to
how the Ud Dins’ removal will affect their future ability to apply for reentry to the
United States. A permanent and unwaivable bar on reentry applies to any alien
who filed a frivolous claim for asylum after receiving notice of that consequence.
Otherwise, the alien may be subject to lesser, waivable bars on reentry. Because
this court cannot determine on the present record whether the Ud Dins received
the notice required to trigger a permanent, unwaivable bar, we grant review as to
that single question and remand for the limited purpose of allowing the agency to
make an express finding as to notice and, based on that finding, to specify the
scope of the reentry bar that will attend the Ud Dins’ removal.

      PETITION DENIED IN PART, GRANTED IN PART, AND REMANDED.

                                 _________________

                          MICHAEL Z. GOLDMAN, Law Offices of Michael Z.
                          Goldman, New York, NY, for Petitioners.

                          EDWARD C. DURANT (Brian Boynton, Jessica E. Burns, on
                          the brief), United States Department of Justice, Office of
                          Immigration Litigation, Washington, DC, for Respondent.

                                 _________________

                                          2
REENA RAGGI, Circuit Judge:

      Pakistani nationals and brothers Syed Kalim Ud Din (“Kalim”) and Syed
Arsalan Ud Din (“Arsalan”) petition this court for review of a Board of
Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) decision upholding an immigration judge’s (“IJ”)
orders denying the Ud Dins adjustment of status and directing their removal from
the United States. See In re Syed Kalim Ud Din, Syed Arsalan Ud Din, Nos. A 088 428
002, A 088 428 003 (B.I.A. Oct. 12, 2021), aff’g Nos. A 088 428 002, A 088 428 003
(Immigr. Ct. N.Y.C. Oct. 4, 2018). The agency found the brothers ineligible for
adjustment of status based on their earlier filing of frivolous asylum applications,
i.e., applications based on knowingly false, material misstatements, see 8 U.S.C.
§ 1158(d)(6); 8 C.F.R. § 1208.20 (2008), and, alternatively, denied them adjustment
of status as a matter of discretion, see 8 U.S.C. § 1255(a). In seeking to avoid
removal, the Ud Dins do not dispute the knowing falsity of their asylum
applications. Instead, they submit, first, that because their asylum applications
were untimely when filed, their false statements could not have been material to a
matter properly before the agency for decision. Second, and in any event, the Ud
Dins contend that the agency could not find their asylum applications frivolous—
a determination that results in their being permanently barred from reentering the
United States, see id. § 1158(d)(6)—because they did not receive adequate notice of
the consequences attending a frivolous application. Third, the Ud Dins argue that
the agency, having found them ineligible for adjustment of status based on their
earlier frivolous asylum applications, could not alternatively deny them
adjustment of status as a matter of discretion.

      We deny the Ud Dins’ petition to review their first and third challenges to
the agency’s decision as those arguments are meritless. We must, however, grant
review of the Ud Dins’ second argument because, while the propriety of removing
the brothers from the United States is not in doubt, a question arises as to whether,
following removal, they are permanently barred from reentering the United States.
                                       3
Such a bar requires a finding not only that the Ud Dins’ asylum applications
contained knowingly fabricated material elements, but also that the Ud Dins
received adequate notice about the consequences of filing frivolous applications.
In general, an alien’s signature on an asylum application form warning of the
consequences of filing a frivolous application gives rise to a rebuttable
presumption of adequate notice. See 8 C.F.R. § 1208.3(c)(2); Niang v. Holder, 762
F.3d 251, 254 (2d Cir. 2014). To the extent the Ud Dins attempted to rebut a notice
presumption through their own sworn statements, it is not clear on the present
record whether the agency’s adverse credibility findings as to the brothers’
disavowals of filing knowing misstatements also extended to their disavowals of
notice. Thus, we grant the petition for review on this single question, and we
remand the case to the agency for the limited purpose of allowing it to make an
express finding as to notice and, based on that finding, to clarify the scope of the
reentry bar attending the Ud Dins’ removal.

                                 BACKGROUND

I.    Asylum Applications

      In May 2007, the Ud Din brothers lawfully entered the United States from
their native Pakistan on nonimmigrant visas valid through November 2007. The
Ud Dins overstayed their visas, prompting the Department of Homeland Security
(“DHS”), in March 2008, to charge the brothers as removable and to serve them
with notices to appear. See 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(1)(B).

      In September 2008, the Ud Dins’ retained counsel, Ali Faez Sayyid, filed
Form I-589 applications for the brothers to be granted asylum, withholding of
removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture (hereafter, “asylum
applications”). Each application told the same story. The brothers professed to be
Shia Muslims and members of a political party (the Muttahida Qaumi Movement
(“MQM”)) who, on several occasions in 2006 and early 2007, were beaten, shot at,

                                         4
wrongfully arrested, and tortured by religious and political rivals.       On one
occasion, these rivals purportedly stabbed Arsalan nearly to death. The Ud Dins
asserted that if forced to return to Pakistan, they would be killed.

      Each Ud Din brother signed his I-589 asylum application under oath. On
the signature page of each form was printed the following warning in bold font:

             WARNING: Applicants who are in the United States
             illegally are subject to removal if their asylum or
             withholding claims are not granted by an asylum
             officer or an immigration judge. Any information
             provided in completing this application may be used as
             a basis for the institution of, or as evidence in, removal
             proceedings even if the application is later withdrawn.
             Applicants determined to have knowingly made a
             frivolous application for asylum will be permanently
             ineligible for any benefits under the Immigration and
             Nationality Act. You may not avoid a frivolous finding
             simply because someone advised you to provide false
             information in your asylum application.

Admin. R. 293, 1476 (“Frivolousness Warning”) (emphasis added).

II.   Applications for Adjustment of Status

      In 2010, before any ruling was rendered on their asylum applications, the
Ud Dins married United States citizens. Attorney Sayyid then pursued another
route to help the brothers avoid removal: he prepared and filed I-130 forms for
each brother’s spouse to petition for her husband to remain in the United States.
The petition for Kalim was granted in 2010; the petition for Arsalan was granted
in 2011. In 2010, Sayyid also prepared and filed an I-485 form for Kalim to register
as a permanent resident or to adjust his status. This request was denied in July
2011 based on pending removal proceedings.

                                         5
      Dissatisfied with Sayyid’s efforts on their behalf, in 2012, the Ud Dins
replaced him with attorney Robert Murtha, Jr., who prepared and filed a Form
I-485 application for Arsalan and re-submitted such an application for Kalim. In
2013, Murtha asked the immigration court to terminate the brothers’ removal
proceedings and to remand their cases to the United States Citizenship and
Immigration Services (“USCIS”) for consideration of their Form I-485 applications.
DHS opposed this request, and, in June 2014, the immigration court held a hearing
on the Ud Dins’ consolidated removal proceedings.

      At that hearing, DHS raised questions about the veracity of the Ud Dins’
asylum applications. Directed to respond, Murtha submitted a letter in December
2014, which stated that the Ud Dins’ asylum applications had been “prepared and
filed” by attorney Sayyid, who “concocted” their contents. Id. at 952, 959. Murtha
acknowledged that the brothers were “never” MQM members and did not know
much about that movement. Id. While acknowledging that the brothers had
signed their asylum applications, Murtha explained that they “had not—could
not—read [them] for lack of English.” Id. Accompanying Murtha’s letter were
sworn affidavits from the Ud Dins admitting that their asylum applications had
been fabricated.    They confirmed Sayyid’s preparation and filing of the
applications and their own inabilities to read English. Each brother professed that
Sayyid had told him, “No problem—just sign. I’ll take care of everything.” Id. at
953, 960. The Ud Dins reported that their May 2007 trip to the United States was
the most recent of several that they had made to this country. Far from looking to
escape religious and political persecution, their purpose in remaining in the
United States was to secure “a better future.” Id.

      In March 2015, DHS formally opposed the Ud Dins’ motion to remand their
cases to the USCIS.      Disputing the brothers’ professed ignorance of false
statements in their asylum applications, DHS submitted an affirmation from
attorney Sayyid stating that he had “reviewed/explained and read the contents”
                                       6
of the filed applications and attachments “to the [Ud Dins] in ‘Urdu,’” which is
“the language they fully understand.” Id. at 459. DHS also noted that although
the Ud Dins claimed that Sayyid had provided ineffective assistance of counsel in
submitting their asylum applications, they had not notified Sayyid of their
complaints or filed disciplinary actions against him as required by Matter of Lozada,
19 I. & N. Dec. 637 (B.I.A. 1988). See Debeatham v. Holder, 602 F.3d 481, 484–85 (2d
Cir. 2010) (approving Lozada requirements).

         In August 2015, attorney Murtha provided the immigration court with
evidence that the Ud Dins had recently filed complaints about Sayyid with the
California and Virginia Bars, of which Sayyid was a member. 1 The Ud Dins also
submitted affidavits reiterating that Sayyid had fabricated their asylum
applications and denying that Sayyid had explained their applications to them in
Urdu.

         Thereafter, and for reasons not apparent on the record, removal proceedings
against the Ud Dins lay dormant until 2018.

III.     Resumed Proceedings Before the IJ

         By April 2018, when the Ud Dins’ removal proceedings resumed before a
new IJ, the brothers had withdrawn their asylum applications with prejudice and
were seeking only adjustment of status. DHS acknowledged that the Ud Dins
were prima facie eligible for adjustment based on their wives’ approved Form I-130
applications. Nevertheless, DHS opposed adjustment, in relevant part because the
Ud Dins had “submitted . . . fraudulent application[s]” for asylum. Admin. R. 132.
The IJ stated his understanding that the Ud Dins’ signatures on their Form I-589
asylum applications gave rise to a “rebuttable presumption” that the Ud Dins had
knowledge of the applications’ contents. Id. at 133. The IJ also confirmed with the

1   Ultimately, Sayyid was not disciplined by either state bar.
                                               7
parties that the immigration court had not itself given the Ud Dins “oral or written
frivolous advisals.” Id. at 155. The case was then continued until August.

      A.     The Hearing

      At a hearing conducted in August 2018, the Ud Dins each testified through
an Urdu interpreter. Their testimony was not always consistent.

      At certain points, Kalim appeared to acknowledge that, before his asylum
application was filed, attorney Sayyid had told him that it would be based on
Kalim’s alleged membership in MQM. At other times, Kalim claimed it was only
years later—when he filed for relief from removal based on his marriage to a
United States citizen—that he came to understand the falsity of his asylum
application. While acknowledging that Sayyid had communicated with him in
Urdu, Kalim denied that Sayyid ever reviewed the application with him in that
language before filing it.

      Arsalan similarly testified that Sayyid had not reviewed his asylum
application with him in Urdu before he signed it. Instead, Sayyid had asked
Arsalan to sign the asylum application with “quite a few blank papers,” telling
Arsalan that he would “get some affidavits made.” Id. at 224–25. Arsalan claimed
that he learned of the falsehoods in his asylum application only when attorney
Murtha brought them to his attention years later.        At another point in his
testimony, however, Arsalan acknowledged that Sayyid had told him that his
asylum application would be filed “with regard to MQM.” Id. at 224. Arsalan
testified that “when the application was being filed,” Sayyid gave him and his
brother “certain books to read about” MQM and the Shia religion so they might
speak knowledgeably on those topics. Id. at 227–28.

      B.     The IJ’s Decision

                                         8
       In an oral ruling on October 4, 2018, the IJ denied the Ud Dins’ requests for
adjustment of status and ordered them removed to Pakistan. In so ruling, the IJ
identified two issues: (1) whether the Ud Dins had “filed a frivolous asylum
application,” and (2) if not, “whether this court should exercise discretion granting
[them] adjustment of status.” Id. at 66–67. The IJ answered the first question in
the affirmative and, in the alternative, answered the second question in the
negative.

             1.     Frivolousness Finding

       Observing that DHS bore the burden to demonstrate that an asylum
application is “frivolous,” id. at 68, the IJ identified four factors that needed to be
satisfied:

             (1) notice to the alien of the consequences of filing a
             frivolous application; (2) a specific finding by the
             Immigration Judge or the Board that the alien knowingly
             filed a frivolous application; (3) sufficient evidence in the
             record to support the finding that a material element of
             the asylum application was deliberately fabricated; and
             (4) an indication that the alien has been afforded
             sufficient opportunity to account for any discrepancies
             or implausible aspects of the claim.

Matter of Y-L-, 24 I. & N. Dec. 151, 155 (B.I.A. 2007). The IJ determined that factors
(3) and (4) were not at issue because the Ud Dins conceded that the basis for “both
asylum applications was deliberately fabricated” and they had been able to
explain these falsehoods in testimony before the IJ. Admin. R. 68–69.

       Turning to factor (1), the IJ construed this court’s decision in Niang v. Holder,
762 F.3d 251, to hold that “the written warning contained in the form I-589
application . . . [p]rovide[s] adequate notice sufficient to satisfy” that factor.
Admin. R. 69 (internal quotation marks omitted) (citing Pavlov v. Holder, 697 F.3d

                                           9
616 (7th Cir. 2012), for same proposition). Because the Ud Dins admitted signing
their Form I-589s, which contained the Frivolousness Warning, the IJ concluded
that they “had notice[] of the consequences of filing a frivolous application.” Id.

      As to factor (2), i.e., whether the Ud Dins knowingly filed frivolous asylum
applications, the IJ discredited the Ud Dins’ testimony denying such knowledge
and “g[a]ve weight to” attorney Sayyid’s affirmation that he had reviewed the
completed Form I-589s with the brothers in Urdu before they signed them. Id. at
71.

      Having thus found the Ud Dins to have knowingly made frivolous
applications for asylum and to have received notice of the consequences of doing
so, the IJ concluded that they were “statutorily ineligible for adjustment of status.”
Id. at 74 (citing 8 U.S.C. § 1158(d)(6)).

             2.     Discretionary Determination

      The IJ further ruled that, even if the Ud Dins had been eligible for
adjustment of status, he would exercise his discretion to deny such relief. He
explained that although the Ud Dins had “established significant equities in the
United States in the form of businesses, family ties, [and] children,” these
circumstances were “significantly outweighed by the fact that both respondents
knowingly perpetrated a fraud upon the immigration court.” Id. (reasoning that
“[w]hen false or fake claims are perpetrated on this court, it adulterates the
importance and necessity of protection law here in the United States which is
namely to protect those who need it most, asylees and refugees”).

IV.   BIA Dismisses the Appeal

      On appeal to the BIA, the Ud Dins challenged the IJ’s frivolousness finding,
arguing, as relevant here, that (1) the notice requirement had not been satisfied
because they had not understood the Frivolousness Warning on their asylum

                                            10
applications; and, in any event, (2) their applications could not have been frivolous
as a matter of law because they were untimely. In response, DHS both disputed
the Ud Dins’ frivolousness arguments and submitted that the brothers’ failure to
challenge the IJ’s alternative, discretionary denial of adjustment of status rendered
harmless any error in the IJ’s frivolousness analysis.

      In a non-precedential decision dated October 12, 2021, the BIA dismissed
the Ud Dins’ appeal, “adopt[ing] and affirm[ing] the entirety of the Immigration
Judge’s decision for the reasons stated therein.” Id. at 2. Specifically citing Niang
v. Holder, 762 F.3d at 254, the BIA held that the IJ “reasonably determined that the
respondents received the required notice of the consequences of filing a frivolous
asylum application based on the express written warnings contained in the I-589
application.” Admin. R. 3. As for the argument that the frivolousness bar was
inapplicable as a matter of law to untimely asylum applications, the BIA ruled it
“foreclosed” by agency precedent. Id. (citing Matter of M-S-B-, 26 I. & N. Dec. 872
(B.I.A. 2016); Matter of X-M-C-, 25 I. & N. Dec. 322 (B.I.A. 2010)). Finally, the BIA
ruled that the IJ had “properly denied adjustment as a matter of discretion, in the
alternative,” based on “the seriousness of the misrepresentations made, which
outweighed the equities presented by the [Ud Dins], including family and
business ties in the United States.” Id.

      The Ud Dins timely petitioned this court for review.

                                   DISCUSSION

      Because the Ud Dins “petition[] for review of a BIA decision that affirms an
IJ decision without rejecting any part of its reasoning, this court properly considers
both decisions in deciding whether to grant the requested review.” Likai Gao v.
Barr, 968 F.3d 137, 144 (2d Cir. 2020); see Scarlett v. Barr, 957 F.3d 316, 326 (2d Cir.
2020) (“To the extent the BIA adopts the IJ’s reasoning in denying relief, we review
the two decisions in tandem.” (internal quotation marks omitted)). “We review
                                           11
the agency’s factual findings . . . under the substantial evidence standard, treating
them as ‘conclusive unless any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to
conclude to the contrary.’” Xiu Xia Lin v. Mukasey, 534 F.3d 162, 165 (2d Cir. 2008)
(quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B)); accord Quintanilla-Mejia v. Garland, 3 F.4th 569,
583 (2d Cir. 2021). At the same time, “we review de novo all questions of law,
including the application of law to facts.” Scarlett v. Barr, 957 F.3d at 326; accord
Ojo v. Garland, 25 F.4th 152, 159 (2d Cir. 2022). Thus, we review de novo the legal
“question of eligibility for adjustment of status.” Cruz-Miguel v. Holder, 650 F.3d
189, 193 (2d Cir. 2011); accord Crocock v. Holder, 670 F.3d 400, 402–03 (2d Cir. 2012).

      The Ud Dins bore the burden of proving their entitlement to adjustment of
status. See 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(4)(A) (“An alien applying for relief or protection
from removal has the burden of proof to establish that the alien . . . satisfies the
applicable eligibility requirements; and . . . with respect to any form of relief that
is granted in the exercise of discretion, that the alien merits a favorable exercise of
discretion.”); Crocock v. Holder, 670 F.3d at 403 (explaining that, in seeking
adjustment of status, alien bears “burden of demonstrating admissibility”).
Nevertheless, when adjustment is denied based on an alien’s previous filing of a
frivolous asylum application, “the preponderance of the evidence must support
an Immigration Judge’s finding that the respondent knowingly and deliberately
fabricated material elements of the claim.” Matter of Y-L-, 24 I. & N. Dec. at 157;
see Mei Juan Zheng v. Mukasey, 514 F.3d 176, 180 (2d Cir. 2008) (noting same).

      Following these principles here, we deny the Ud Dins’ petition for review
of the agency’s decision to deny them adjustment of status as a matter of
discretion. Respondent submits that such a conclusion makes it unnecessary to
review the agency’s decision that the Ud Dins’ earlier filing of frivolous asylum
applications made them ineligible for adjustment of status. We disagree because
a denial based on frivolousness results in a lifetime, unwaivable bar on reentry,
whereas a discretionary denial results in a lesser, waivable bar. We also decline to
                                         12
review the Ud Dins’ claim that their applications could not be frivolous as a matter
of law because they were untimely. But because we cannot discern from the
present record whether the IJ made factual findings sufficient to support the notice
requirement for frivolousness, we grant the petition for the limited purpose of
remanding this case to the agency for an explicit ruling on this single point.

I.    Discretionary Denial of Adjustment of Status

      In challenging the agency’s decision to deny them adjustment of status as a
matter of discretion, the Ud Dins confront two preliminary hurdles: exhaustion
and waiver. These merit only brief discussion because, even if the Ud Dins clear
these hurdles, their argument that the IJ lacked authority to make a discretionary
ruling in the alternative is meritless, and their challenge to the exercise of that
discretion is beyond this court’s jurisdiction to review.

      A.     Exhaustion and Waiver

      Respondent submits that the Ud Dins’ failure to challenge the IJ’s
discretionary denial of adjustment of status on appeal to the BIA precludes review
of that determination in this court. The argument finds support in 8 U.S.C.
§ 1252(d)(1), which states that “[a] court may review a final order of removal only
if . . . the alien has exhausted all administrative remedies available to the alien as
of right.”   As the Supreme Court has recently made clear, this exhaustion
requirement is “not jurisdictional” but, instead, a “quintessential claim-processing
rule.” Santos-Zacaria v. Garland, 143 S. Ct. 1103, 1110, 1112 (2023). “A claim-
processing rule may be mandatory in the sense that a court must enforce the rule
if a party properly raises it,” Fort Bend County v. Davis, 139 S. Ct. 1843, 1849 (2019)
(internal quotation marks and brackets omitted), and we have generally treated
§ 1252(d)(1)’s issue exhaustion requirement as “mandatory,” Lianping Li v. Lynch,
839 F.3d 144, 148–49 (2d Cir. 2016); see Brito v. Mukasey, 521 F.3d 160, 164 (2d Cir.
2008) (applying rule to deny petition to review adverse adjustment of status
                                          13
determination); see also Lin Zhong v. DOJ, 480 F.3d 104, 107 (2d Cir. 2007). 2 An
exception obtains, however, where the BIA nonetheless addressed an issue not
raised on appeal. See Ojo v. Garland, 25 F.4th at 160. That is this case. The BIA not
only rejected the Ud Dins’ specific challenges to the denial of their adjustment
applications based on their previous filing of frivolous asylum claims, but also
addressed and upheld the IJ’s decision alternatively to “den[y] adjustment as a
matter of discretion.” Admin. R. 3.

       The Ud Dins, however, also did not challenge the agency’s discretionary
denial of adjustment in their counseled opening brief to this court; rather, they
questioned that alternative ground for decision only in their reply brief. We
generally deem such a belated argument waived. See, e.g., JP Morgan Chase Bank
v. Altos Hornos de Mex., S.A. de C.V., 412 F.3d 418, 428 (2d Cir. 2005) (“[A]rguments
not made in an appellant’s opening brief are waived even if the appellant . . . raised
them in a reply brief.”). While we “have discretion” to review waived arguments
“if manifest injustice would otherwise result,” id., the Ud Dins fail to demonstrate
that such injustice would result here. No matter because, even if we were to
exercise our discretion in favor of the Ud Dins, their challenges to the agency’s
discretionary denial are either meritless or unreviewable.

       B.     Agency Authority To Deny Adjustment of Status as a Matter of
              Discretion in the Alternative to Finding the Ud Dins Ineligible for
              Such Relief

2In Lin Zhong, this court construed § 1252(d)(1) to contain both (1) a “clearly jurisdictional
requirement” that asylum cases “be brought to the Executive Office for Immigration
Review (i.e., an IJ and the BIA) before they can be considered by courts of appeal”; and
(2) a non-jurisdictional, but mandatory, requirement of issue exhaustion. 480 F.3d at 107.
Santos-Zacaria’s holding that “§ 1252(d)(1)’s exhaustion requirement is not jurisdictional,”
143 S. Ct. at 1116, appears to have abrogated Lin Zhong’s first holding but confirmed its
second.
                                             14
      The Ud Dins argue that once the IJ found them statutorily ineligible for
adjustment of status based on their filing of frivolous asylum applications, the IJ
had “no authority” alternatively to deny them such relief as a matter of discretion.
Reply Br. 3. In support, they cite 8 U.S.C. § 1158(d)(6), which states as follows:

             If the Attorney General determines that an alien has
             knowingly made a frivolous application for asylum and
             the alien has received the notice under paragraph (4)(A),
             the alien shall be permanently ineligible for any benefits
             under this chapter, effective as of the date of a final
             determination on such application.

Id. (emphasis added). We are not persuaded.

      While the word “shall” when used in laws and regulations generally
expresses a mandate, see WEBSTER’S THIRD NEW INT’L DICTIONARY 2085 (Philip
Babcock Gove ed. 1986); Maine Cmty. Health Options v. United States, 140 S. Ct. 1308,
1320 (2020) (“The first sign that the statute imposed an obligation is its mandatory
language: ‘shall.’”), § 1158(d)(6)’s mandate pertains to an alien’s ineligibility for
benefits, not to an agency’s jurisdiction to adjudicate a benefits claim, whether as
a matter of eligibility or discretion. See generally Gonzalez v. Thaler, 565 U.S. 134,
146 (2012) (noting that “statute’s reference to ‘shall’ alone does not render statutory
deadline jurisdictional” (internal quotation marks omitted)).

      That conclusion is reinforced by Supreme Court precedent instructing that,
“when Congress does not rank a statutory limitation on coverage as jurisdictional,
courts should treat the restriction as nonjurisdictional.” Arbaugh v. Y & H Corp.,
546 U.S. 500, 516 (2006).      Thus, before construing a statutory limitation as
jurisdictional, we look for a “clear statement” in text signaling that legislative
intent. Santos-Zacaria v. Garland, 143 S. Ct. at 1112. Section 1158(d)(6) contains no
such clear statement. It “neither speaks in jurisdictional terms nor refers in any
way to the jurisdiction of the courts.” Donnelly v. Controlled Application Rev. &

                                          15
Resol. Program Unit, 37 F.4th 44, 54 (2d Cir. 2022) (internal quotation marks
omitted). The omission is especially telling because, in other portions of § 1158,
Congress did expressly confer or withhold jurisdiction. See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(3),
(b)(3)(C); Santos-Zacaria v. Garland, 143 S. Ct. at 1113 (noting “more clearly
jurisdictional language in related statutory provisions”).

      While we thus need not look beyond statutory text and context to reject the
Ud Dins’ jurisdictional challenge, we note that the conclusion also finds support
in a provision of the law’s implementing regulation. That regulation, 8 C.F.R.
§ 1240.12(c), specifically authorizes IJs “to issue orders in the alternative or in
combination.” Id.; see also Matter of X-M-C-, 25 I. & N. Dec. at 325 n.2 (suggesting—
albeit in dictum—that, after making frivolousness finding rendering alien
ineligible for benefits, IJ might consider “making an alternative finding that, even
if the application is not frivolous, the applicant has not met the burden of proof”
because “[a]lternate findings can promote the efficient resolution of cases”
(emphasis in original)). At oral argument, counsel for the Ud Dins acknowledged
finding no authority to the contrary. Indeed, cases coming before this court
frequently present alternative findings of ineligibility for adjustment of status and
denial of such relief as a matter of discretion. See, e.g., Guo Qi Wang v. Holder, 583
F.3d 86, 89–90 (2d Cir. 2009); Ling Yang v. Mukasey, 514 F.3d 278, 279 (2d Cir. 2008).
Moreover, the Supreme Court recently stated that if an IJ “decides that denial [of
adjustment of status] would be appropriate regardless of eligibility, the judge need
not address eligibility at all.” Patel v. Garland, 142 S. Ct. 1614, 1619 (2022). If an IJ
has jurisdiction to deny relief as a matter of discretion regardless of eligibility, he
also has jurisdiction to deny relief as a matter of discretion in the alternative to
denying relief based on ineligibility.

      Thus, the Ud Dins’ challenge to the agency’s authority to deny adjustment
of status as a matter of discretion as an alternative to denying such relief based on
ineligibility is without merit.
                                           16
       C.     Lack of Judicial Authority To Review Discretionary Denial of
              Adjustment of Status

       The Ud Dins argue that even if the IJ was authorized to make a discretionary
determination in the alternative, his discretionary denial decision warrants
review. That argument is defeated by 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B)(i), which states that
“no court shall have jurisdiction to review . . . any judgment regarding the granting
of relief under section . . . 1255 of this title,” i.e., the section dealing with adjustment
of status determinations. See Cruz-Miguel v. Holder, 650 F.3d at 193 (“Federal courts
lack jurisdiction to review a discretionary denial of adjustment of status.”). While
an exception obtains for “constitutional claims or questions of law” informing an
adjustment of status decision, 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(D), that provision “does not
preserve review of questions of fact,” Patel v. Garland, 142 S. Ct. at 1619.

       In seeking to come within this exception, the Ud Dins argue that the IJ’s
discretionary denial decision is “so intertwined with his [legally erroneous]
frivolous bar ruling” that it cannot be separated from it. Reply Br. 3. They are
wrong.      Even assuming—without deciding—that § 1252(a)(2)(B)(i) does not
deprive this court of jurisdiction to review a discretionary denial of adjustment of
status that “is based on the same grounds as [a legally challenged] eligibility
determination,” Ling Yang v. Mukasey, 514 F.3d at 279 (recognizing possibility),
that is not this case.

       Here, the agency’s ineligibility and discretionary denial decisions are both
based on a finding that the Ud Dins knowingly submitted materially false asylum
applications. That, however, is a factual finding for which the Ud Dins do not—
and cannot—seek review in this court. See Patel v. Garland, 142 S. Ct. at 1619. To
the extent that, in this petition for review, the Ud Dins argue that the agency’s
notice finding was infected by legal error—a point we discuss further infra—that
challenge is simply irrelevant to the agency’s discretionary denial decision. Thus,
the Ud Dins’ challenge to the agency’s discretionary denial decision, far from
                                     17
being “intertwined” with their legal challenge to the agency’s ineligibility
determination, is distinct from it. In these circumstances, accepting the Ud Dins’
contrary argument would approve judicial review of agency fact findings, even in
the absence of any claim that those findings were a product of legal error. “Such
legal alchemy would defeat” the jurisdictional distinctions that Congress has
drawn. Guyadin v. Gonzales, 449 F.3d 465, 468 (2d Cir. 2006).

      Accordingly, we deny the Ud Dins’ petition to review the discretionary
denial part of their challenge to removal.

II.   Ineligibility Based on Frivolousness Determination

      The Ud Dins submit that the IJ erred in finding that their filing of frivolous
asylum applications made them ineligible for adjustment of status pursuant to 8
U.S.C. § 1158(d)(6).     As previously noted, § 1158(d)(6) makes an alien
“permanently ineligible” for adjustment of status if the Attorney General
determines that the alien both “knowingly made a frivolous application for
asylum” and received the required notice under § 1158(d)(4)(A). The Ud Dins
argue (1) that their “asylum applications cannot be frivolous as a matter of law,
because they were filed out of time, and therefore any fabricated elements would
not be ‘material’ to their claims.” Petitioners’ Br. 14. They further argue (2) that,
in any event, the agency applied the wrong legal standard in determining that they
received the notice of consequences required to support a frivolousness
determination. Respondent submits that we need not address these arguments
because the agency’s alternative discretionary denial of adjustment of status is
“independently dispositive” of the brothers’ removability. Respondent’s Br. 18;
see Oral Arg. Tr. 16:3–5 (“[T]he Court never has to get to the frivolousness
argument because [the Ud Dins’ petition for review] falls on the discretionary
argument.”). We are not persuaded by this mootness argument. At the same time,
however, we deny review of the Ud Dins’ timeliness challenge, which is meritless.

                                         18
But we must grant review of their notice challenge and remand to the agency so
that it can answer the question of notice consistent with legal standards stated in
this opinion.

      A.     Mootness

      As respondent correctly observes, our decision not to review the agency’s
discretionary denial of adjustment of status leaves intact the orders directing the
Ud Dins’ removal from the United States. That, however, does not render moot
the brothers’ challenge to the agency’s frivolousness determination.             That is
because severe consequences attend removal following a frivolousness
determination that would not otherwise apply. Specifically, a finding that the Ud
Dins “knowingly” filed a “frivolous application for asylum” after “receiv[ing] . . .
notice” of the consequences makes the brothers “permanently ineligible” for
readmission to the United States with no possibility for waiver of that bar. 8 U.S.C.
§ 1158(d)(6) (quoted fully supra at 15); see Yuanliang Liu v. DOJ, 455 F.3d 106, 112
(2d Cir. 2006) (stating that frivolousness finding “permanently forecloses the
petitioner from all benefits under the immigration laws of this country”). By
contrast, removal in the absence of such a finding results in a lesser 10-year bar on
readmission, see 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(9)(B)(i)(II), which can be waived for aliens, like
the Ud Dins, who are married to United States citizens, upon a showing of
“extreme hardship,” id. § 1182(a)(9)(B)(v). Even if the Ud Dins, having been
denied discretionary adjustment of status based on their knowing filing of false
asylum applications (even without notice of consequences), might be generally
“inadmissible” under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(C)(i), because that bar is also waivable,
see id. § 1182(i)(1), it too is less severe than that erected by § 1158(d)(6).

      In sum, because the Ud Dins face more severe consequences upon removal
based on the IJ’s frivolousness finding, the brothers’ challenges to that finding are
not moot. That conclusion finds implicit support in Yuanliang Liu v. DOJ, 455 F.3d

                                            19
at 108, in which an alien facing removal sought review of both the IJ’s (1) adverse
credibility determination, and (2) frivolousness finding. This court denied the
petition as to (1), but granted it as to (2), vacating and remanding the IJ’s
frivolousness finding. See id. at 118. Our sister circuits have also granted petitions
to review frivolousness findings at the same time that they have denied review of
other issues informing removal. See, e.g., Ning Wang v. Lynch, 845 F.3d 299, 300
(7th Cir. 2017) (denying petition “with regard to the denial of [petitioner’s]
applications for immigration relief” but granting petition “with regard to the
finding of frivolousness”); Limbeya v. Holder, 764 F.3d 894, 896 (8th Cir. 2014)
(leaving intact removal order but “remand[ing] for further proceedings on the
issue of frivolousness”); Mingkid v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 468 F.3d 763, 768–69 (11th Cir.
2006) (rejecting mootness argument because vacating frivolousness finding
“incontrovertibly leaves [petitioners] in better position than they would be in
without our relief”); Farah v. Ashcroft, 348 F.3d 1153, 1154 (9th Cir. 2003) (affirming
“order of removal but vacat[ing] the order of permanent ineligibility for
immigration benefits”).

      Thus, we proceed to address the Ud Dins’ challenges to the IJ’s frivolousness
finding.

      B.     Finding Untimely Asylum Applications Frivolous

      Subject to certain exceptions not invoked here, an application for asylum in
the United States generally must be “filed within 1 year” of an alien’s arrival in
this country. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(2)(B). The Ud Dins arrived in the United States in
May 2007 and did not file for asylum until September 2008. Thus, although the IJ
did not specifically find their asylum applications untimely, respondent does not
dispute the Ud Dins’ contention that they were.

      The Ud Dins argue that because their applications were untimely, the
misstatements they contained were not material and, consequently, the
                                          20
applications could not have been frivolous. The implementing regulation for
§ 1158(d)(6) provides:

             [A]n applicant is subject to [§ 1158(d)(6)] only if a final
             order by an immigration judge or the Board of
             Immigration Appeals specifically finds that the alien
             knowingly filed a frivolous asylum application. For
             purposes of this section, an asylum application is
             frivolous if any of its material elements is deliberately
             fabricated. Such finding shall only be made if the
             immigration judge or the Board is satisfied that the
             applicant, during the course of the proceedings, has had
             sufficient opportunity to account for any discrepancies
             or implausible aspects of the claim. For purposes of this
             section, a finding that an alien filed a frivolous asylum
             application shall not preclude the alien from seeking
             withholding of removal.

8 C.F.R. § 1208.20 (2008) (emphasis added). The regulation does not define what
constitutes a “material” element of an asylum application. In an analogous
immigration context, the Supreme Court has instructed that a “misrepresentation
is material if it has a natural tendency to influence, or was capable of influencing,
the decision of the decisionmaking body to which it was addressed.” Kungys v.
United States, 485 U.S. 759, 770 (1988) (internal quotation marks omitted)
(discussing material misrepresentation supporting denaturalization). Nor does
the regulation or the statutory text say whether an untimely asylum application
can be found frivolous. 3

3In December 2020, DOJ published revisions to this regulation, inter alia, to broaden the
definition of “frivolousness,” to eliminate the opportunity-to-explain requirement, and
to clarify that untimely and withdrawn applications can be found frivolous. See 8 C.F.R.
§ 1208.20(c)–(f) (2023). These do not apply to the Ud Dins’ 2008 asylum applications

                                           21
       In urging a negative answer to that question, the Ud Dins rely on Luciana v.
Attorney General of the United States, in which the Third Circuit concluded, as a
matter of law, that an alien’s false statements could not be “material” to an asylum
application that was untimely filed. 502 F.3d 273, 280 (3d Cir. 2007). That court
reasoned that when an asylum application “ha[s] to be rejected as time-barred,”
“[e]vidence going to the merits of the application,” even if knowingly false, is “not
material” because it is of “no consequence, no matter how persuasive or
compelling it might have been.” Id. The court cited no supporting authority for
its conclusion, pointing instead to “the bare force of logic,” and its desire to ensure
a “just” outcome. Id. at 283. 4

       Every other court of appeals to have considered the question, however, has
reached a different conclusion. See Ghazali v. Holder, 585 F.3d 289, 291–94 (6th Cir.
2009) (specifically rejecting Luciana’s reasoning); Mingkid v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 468
F.3d at 767–68 [11th Cir.] (concluding that “nothing, jurisdictional or

because (1) the revisions pertain only “to applications filed on or after January 11, 2021,”
id. § 1208.20(a)(2) (2023); and (2) the revised regulation has never taken effect, see Garcia-
Aranda v. Garland, 53 F.4th 752, 758 n.5 (2d Cir. 2022) (noting preliminary injunction of
relevant rule’s “implementation, enforcement, and application” in Pangea Legal Services
v. DHS, 512 F. Supp. 3d 966 (N.D. Cal. 2021)); Zepeda-Lopez v. Garland, 38 F.4th 315, 323
n.5 (2d Cir. 2022) (stating that Pangea case was “administratively closed by stipulation,
but the preliminary injunction remains in effect”).
4 In Luciana, the Third Circuit was construing 8 C.F.R. § 208.20, rather than 8 C.F.R.
§ 1208.20. While DHS published the former and DOJ published the latter, the two
regulations are identical in all material respects. See Andrade-Garcia v. Lynch, 828 F.3d 829,
831 n.2 (9th Cir. 2016) (“Many provisions of 8 C.F.R. § 208 and 8 C.F.R. § 1208 are identical,
but section 208 was promulgated by the Department of Homeland Security and section
1208 was promulgated by the Executive Office of Immigration Review.”). For ease of
reference, throughout this opinion we refer only to § 1208.20, the regulation cited by
respondent. Cf. Tomas-Ramos v. Garland, 24 F.4th 973, 977 n.1 (4th Cir. 2022) (noting that
“[t]wo identical sets of regulations govern the reasonable fear determination process, 8
C.F.R. §§ 208.31 and 1208.31,” and, “[f]or simplicity,” referring only to former).
                                             22
otherwise, . . . divests an immigration judge of the authority to enter a ruling of
frivolousness on” untimely asylum application); Ignatova v. Gonzales, 430 F.3d
1209, 1214 (8th Cir. 2005) (refusing to disturb agency’s finding of untimeliness,
while continuing to consider frivolousness finding). We join them today.

      Beginning with text, we note that § 1158(a)(2)(B) does not signal—much less
clearly signal—that its time limit for filing asylum applications is jurisdictional so
as to require IJs presented with asylum applications to address timeliness before
frivolousness.   See Ghazali v. Holder, 585 F.3d at 292 (rejecting jurisdictional
characterization of § 1158(a)(2)(B)); see supra at 15–16 (citing precedent instructing
that absent Congress’s clear statement that statutory rule is jurisdictional, courts
should construe rule as nonjurisdictional). As Judge Sutton, writing for the panel
in Ghazali, observed, § 1158(d)(6) “does not contain an inflexible order of battle—
to the effect that immigration judges must address the statutory bars first and, once
they do, may no longer make a frivolousness finding if a statutory [time] bar
applies.” 585 F.3d at 291–92. Indeed, for courts to impose such an order would
contravene the “long since settled” rule “that a reviewing court is generally not
free to impose additional judge-made procedural requirements on agencies that
Congress has not prescribed and the Constitution does not compel.” Garland v.
Ming Dai, 141 S. Ct. 1669, 1677 (2021) (internal quotation marks omitted).

      Doing so would be particularly inapt here, where the agency itself has held
that “the only action required to trigger a frivolousness inquiry is the filing of an
asylum application,” Matter of X-M-C-, 25 I. & N. Dec. at 324; and where
regulations specifically authorize, and precedent and practice approve, IJs
“issu[ing] orders in the alternative or in combination,” 8 C.F.R. § 1240.12(c); see
supra at 16 (discussing approving precedent).

      In Mei Juan Zheng v. Mukasey, 514 F.3d at 181–82, this court considered
whether a frivolousness finding under § 1158(d)(6) could be made even as to a

                                         23
withdrawn asylum application. Rather than answering that question, this court
remanded and “invite[d] the BIA to consider” it first. Id. at 181. When it did so in
Matter of X-M-C-, the BIA answered that a frivolousness finding under § 1158(d)(6)
could be made even as to a withdrawn asylum application. See 25 I. & N. Dec. at
322. We have since held the BIA’s interpretation of § 1158(d)(6) reasonable and
accorded it Chevron deference. See Mei Juan Zheng v. Holder, 672 F.3d 178, 183–85
(2d Cir. 2012) (citing Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837
(1984)). In doing so, we implicitly rejected Luciana’s reasoning as to materiality. 5

       Following Mei Juan Zheng v. Holder, we here conclude that just as an IJ can
find a withdrawn asylum application to have been frivolous, so too can he find an
untimely application to have been frivolous. In both circumstances, what matters
is that the alien filed an asylum application with the agency; that is “the only action
required to trigger a frivolousness inquiry.” Matter of X-M-C-, 25 I. & N. Dec. at
324; see Ghazali v. Holder, 585 F.3d at 292–93 (making same point); accord Matter of
M-S-B-, 26 I. & N. Dec. at 877–79 (rejecting Luciana and relying on “persua[sive]”
reasoning in Ghazali to conclude in dictum that “neither the materiality
requirement under 8 C.F.R. § 1208.20 nor the time-bar provision under [8 U.S.C.
§ 1158(a)(2)(B)] precludes an Immigration Judge from making a frivolousness

5In Mei Juan Zheng v. Holder, we also stated that an IJ had discretion both in “deciding
whether to investigate if the preconditions for entering . . . a [frivolousness] finding have
been met” and to decline to make such a decision “after the inquiry has begun,” even if
the IJ “has determined that an application contains a material misstatement and that the
applicant was adequately warned.” 672 F.3d at 186. A recent BIA precedential opinion
appears to disagree. See Matter of M-M-A-, 28 I. & N. Dec. 494, 499–500 (B.I.A. 2022). But
because this aspect of Mei Juan Zheng v. Holder is not at issue here, we do not consider the
matter further.
                                             24
finding in cases involving time-barred applications for asylum, including cases in
which the fabrications relate to the merits”). 6

       Any different conclusion risks the perverse result of treating untimely
asylum applicants better than timely applicants when both have filed frivolous
asylum applications. As Judge Sutton explained in Ghazali,

              Why should [petitioner], who filed an untimely frivolous
              application, be treated better than an applicant who filed
              a timely frivolous application? Under [petitioner]’s
              theory, [the former] would be free to file another
              application while the other applicant would not be, even
              though the only difference between them is that the
              second applicant followed the Act’s timeliness
              requirements. If [petitioner] is right, no good deed goes
              unpunished. If he is wrong, as we think he is, he gets his
              just deserts—at least relative to those who file timely, but
              fabricated, applications.

Ghazali v. Holder, 585 F.3d at 294–95 (emphasis in original); see also Matter of
X-M-C-, 25 I. & N. Dec. at 325–26 (making same point in context of withdrawn
application); accord Mei Juan Zheng v. Holder, 672 F.3d at 185 (same); cf. Bittner v.
United States, 143 S. Ct. 713, 723–24 (2023) (declining to interpret statute such that
“those who willfully violate the law may face lower penalties than those who
violate the law nonwillfully” (emphases in original)).

6We cite this dictum from the BIA’s M-S-B- decision only to note its consistency with the
decision we reach today on de novo review. Thus, we need not resolve the parties’ dispute
as to what, if any, deference, the quoted dictum might warrant. Cf. Guo Qi Wang v. Holder,
583 F.3d at 90 n.2 (declining to decide whether “unpublished, single-member BIA
decisions are entitled” to any deference because “we would reach the same result
reviewing this petition de novo”); Ashton v. Gonzales, 431 F.3d 95, 97 (2d Cir. 2005) (refusing
to decide whether “summarily affirmed IJ decisions” are entitled to any deference,
because would reach same decision “even without deferring”).
                                              25
      Here, the IJ found that the Ud Dins knew that attorney Sayyid had filed
signed asylum applications on their behalf containing false claims of persecution.
Such claims would naturally tend to influence an IJ in deciding whether to grant
asylum and, thus, are properly deemed material. See 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(A)
(stating alien eligible for asylum if “refugee”); id. § 1101(a)(42)(A) (defining
“refugee,” in part, as one who has suffered “persecution or [has] a well-founded
fear of persecution on account of . . . religion . . . or political opinion”).

      In sum, text, context, and precedent all support the conclusion that any filed
asylum application containing knowingly false, material statements can be
deemed frivolous, regardless of whether the application was timely filed.

      C.     Notice of Consequences

      The Ud Dins argue that the IJ erred as a matter of law in finding that they
received the notice of consequences required for a frivolousness determination,
thereby rendering them ineligible for adjustment of status.                See 8 U.S.C.
§ 1158(d)(4)(A) (mandating that, at time alien files asylum application, “the
Attorney General shall . . . advise the alien . . . of the consequences, under
paragraph (6), of knowingly filing a frivolous application for asylum”); id.
§ 1158(d)(6) (quoted supra at 15).

      In finding adequate notice, the IJ relied on Niang v. Holder, in which this
court held that the Frivolousness Warning printed on Form I-589 asylum
applications was sufficient to provide the requisite notice. See 762 F.3d at 254.
Sister circuits agree. See Khaytekov v. Garland, 26 F.4th 751, 758–60 (6th Cir. 2022),
cert. denied, 143 S. Ct. 1061 (2023); Ndibu v. Lynch, 823 F.3d 229, 234–35 (4th Cir.
2016); Ruga v. U.S. Att’y Gen., 757 F.3d 1193, 1196–97 (11th Cir. 2014); Pavlov v.
Holder, 697 F.3d at 618 [7th Cir.]; Cheema v. Holder, 693 F.3d 1045, 1049 (9th Cir.
2012); Ribas v. Mukasey, 545 F.3d 922, 929–30 (10th Cir. 2008).

                                            26
      Respondent argues that the IJ would have been correct in concluding from
Niang that the Ud Dins’ signatures on their Form I-589 applications were
“conclusive of notice” and thus “dispositive” evidence that the notice requirement
was satisfied. Oral Arg. Tr. 11:18–23, 19:2–3. If that is indeed how the IJ (and BIA)
construed Niang—a point on which the record is not clear—that would be error.
Thus, a remand is necessary to ensure that the notice determination required for a
finding of frivolousness is made in accordance with applicable law.

      While in Niang, the petitioner’s signature on his Form I-589 was held
sufficient to demonstrate notice, the opinion is careful to note that, in that case,
petitioner did not assert “that he did not receive or was unable to understand the
warning that appears on the signature page of his asylum application form.”
Niang v. Holder, 762 F.3d at 254 n.1. This qualification signals that an alien’s
signature on a Form I-589 gives rise to a presumption of notice.             Such an
interpretation comports with 8 C.F.R. § 1208.3(c)(2), which states that an
applicant’s signature on a Form I-589 “establishes a presumption that the applicant
is aware of the contents of the application.” While the BIA has described the
presumption as a “strong” one, it recognizes that it can be “rebutted.” Matter of
Valdez, 27 I. & N. Dec. 496, 499 (B.I.A. 2018).

      Indeed, implicit in the term “presumption” is the possibility for rebuttal.
See, e.g., Flemming v. Matteson, 26 F.4th 1136, 1140 (9th Cir. 2022) (observing that
“all presumptions[] can be rebutted”); Illinois Tool Works, Inc. v. Grip-Pak, Inc., 906
F.2d 679, 682 (Fed. Cir. 1990) (recognizing “all presumptions[ to be] rebuttable”);
Gurley v. Wilson, 239 F.2d 957, 959 (D.C. Cir. 1956) (“After all, presumptions are
rebuttable.”); 9 WIGMORE ON EVIDENCE § 2491, at 305 (James H. Chadbourn rev.
1981) (explaining that “presumption . . . invoke[s] a rule of law compelling the jury

                                          27
to reach the conclusion in the absence of evidence to the contrary from the opponent”
(emphasis in original)). 7

       Accordingly, if an alien plausibly claims and presents credible evidence that
he was unable to understand the printed Frivolousness Warning on his signed
asylum application, the presumption of understanding established by his
signature may not be determinative of notice. Further inquiry is necessary. See
Zhi Wei Pang v. Bureau of Citizenship & Immigr. Servs., 448 F.3d 102, 105–06 (2d Cir.
2006) (holding that when alien “challenges the accuracy of the contents of his I-589
application that was signed under penalty of perjury, the IJ must evaluate the
petitioner’s explanations and determine whether the presumption of 8 C.F.R.
§ 208.3(c)(2) has been rebutted”); Matter of Y-L-, 24 I. & N. Dec. at 157 (stating that
frivolousness finding must be supported by preponderance of evidence). Indeed,
this court has stated as much summarily. See Kanagaratnam v. Gonzales, 240
F. App’x 896, 898 (2d Cir. 2007) (citing Pang in stating that, when alien offers
plausible explanation for lack of knowledge, “the IJ must evaluate this explanation

7 While the Supreme Court has referred to an “irrebuttable or conclusive presumption”
as one that “relieves the State of its burden of persuasion by removing the presumed
element from the case entirely if the State proves the predicate facts,” it did not do so to
approve irrebuttable presumptions but, rather, to explain that a presumption of criminal
intent could violate due process even when rebuttable. Francis v. Franklin, 471 U.S. 307,
317 (1985); see County Ct. of Ulster Cnty. v. Allen, 442 U.S. 140, 157 (1979) (referring to
“mandatory presumption” as “far more troublesome evidentiary device” than
“permissive inference or presumption”). Commentators are generally critical of
denominating presumptions as irrebuttable. See, e.g., 9 WIGMORE ON EVIDENCE § 2492, at
307 (“In strictness there cannot be such a thing as a ‘conclusive presumption.’”);
2 MCCORMICK ON EVIDENCE § 342, at 726 (Robert P. Mosteller ed., 8th ed. 2020) (explaining
that conclusive presumptions are “often incorrectly called presumptions”);
WEISSENBERGER’S FEDERAL EVIDENCE § 301.2, at 53–54 (2d ed. 1995) (characterizing terms
“irrebuttable or conclusive presumption” as “imprecise” because they “denote[] what is
more properly considered a rule of substantive law as opposed to an evidentiary,
procedural device”).
                                            28
and determine whether it rebuts the presumption, under 8 C.F.R. § 1208.3(c)(2),
that the applicant was aware of the contents of the application when it was filed”);
see also Gui Cun Liu v. Ashcroft, 372 F.3d 529, 534 (3d Cir. 2004) (Alito, J.) (remanding
petition in part because IJ “did not explain why . . . presumption had not been
successfully rebutted by other evidence”); Matter of Valdez, 27 I. & N. Dec. at 499
(“When an alien challenges the accuracy of the contents of a signed application,
the Immigration Judge must evaluate the alien’s explanations and consider the
facts of the particular case to determine whether he or she has rebutted the
presumption of knowledge of the document’s contents.”).

      Here, the Ud Dins admit signing their Form I-589 asylum applications.
Thus, it was entirely appropriate for the IJ to presume that they were aware of and
understood the Frivolousness Warnings contained therein.                  See 8 C.F.R.
§ 1208.3(c)(2). Indeed, if the Ud Dins had not come forward with any evidence to
rebut this presumption, the IJ would have been entitled to conclude that the
brothers’ signatures established the requisite notice of the consequences of their
knowingly false filings. See Niang v. Holder, 762 F.3d at 254–55.

      But, as we detailed in the Background section of this opinion, the Ud Dins
did come forward with evidence that challenged the presumption of notice
established by their signatures on their Form I-589 applications, specifically, their
sworn affidavits and testimony maintaining that the forms had never been
translated for them. In response, DHS offered an affirmation from attorney
Sayyid, stating that he had “read the contents and the attachments” of the Ud Dins’
Form I-589 applications to the brothers in Urdu. Admin. R. 459. The IJ generally
discredited the Ud Dins in favor of Sayyid. See id. at 71 (“The court will give
weight to [Sayyid’s] affidavit.”).

      As to notice, a concern arises because the record indicates that the IJ made
this adverse credibility determination in the context of finding that the Ud Dins

                                           29
had knowingly filed false asylum applications. That finding is not at issue here. 8
What cannot confidently be determined on the present record is whether the IJ’s
adverse credibility determination also pertained to Sayyid’s reading the Form I-
589s’ Frivolousness Warnings to the Ud Dins. An affirmative answer is not
obvious because the knowing and material falsehoods stated in the forms are
distinct from the warning given therein. Might Sayyid have read the former to the
Ud Dins because it was information that he had added to the forms on the
brothers’ behalf, but not have read the latter, which required no information to be
supplied by the brothers or their attorney? We do not know. Sayyid was not
available for examination at the brothers’ hearing. More to the point, we do not
know how the IJ answered the question. Thus, we will not assume that the IJ’s
adverse credibility finding, made in expressly determining knowing falsehood,
was also intended to support an unexplained finding of notice, particularly where
respondent here mistakenly maintains that it would have been permissible for the
IJ to have construed Niang to hold the Ud Dins’ signatures on their asylum
applications determinative of notice. See supra at 27; see also Mufied v. Mukasey, 508
F.3d 88, 91 (2d Cir. 2007) (declining to assume that IJ made findings “sub silentio
merely because she considered evidence relevant to that question for another
purpose”). That conclusion is reinforced by the severity of the consequences
attending a frivolousness determination. See Limbeya v. Holder, 764 F.3d at 901
(stating that “clear explanation from agency is particularly important” when
making frivolousness determination because of attending “serious consequences”
(internal quotation marks omitted)); see also Yuanliang Liu v. DOJ, 455 F.3d at 117.

      Accordingly, we grant the Ud Dins’ petition for review only as it pertains to
the notice requirement for frivolousness, and we remand the case to the agency

8It is also not disputed that the Ud Dins never received “oral or written frivolous
advisals” from the immigration court. Admin. R. 155.
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for further proceedings limited to that issue. If the IJ, in his original ruling, in fact
found the Form I-589 Frivolousness Warning to have been read to the Ud Dins in
Urdu so that they did understand it and, on that basis, found the notice
requirement for a frivolousness finding satisfied, he can clarify that on remand.
On the other hand, if the IJ misread our decision in Niang to warrant finding notice
based simply on the Ud Dins’ signatures on their Form I-589s, without need to
consider the claim that they had not received translations of—and so did not
understand—anything in those forms, then the IJ should reconsider the notice
requirement consistent with this opinion and, based on his finding, determine
whether the Ud Dins, upon removal, are permanently barred from reentering the
United States. See, e.g., Mufied v. Mukasey, 508 F.3d at 91–92 (stating that remand
to agency generally warranted for additional factfinding).

                                   CONCLUSION

      To summarize, we conclude as follows,

          (1) The agency’s finding that the Ud Dins were ineligible for adjustment
             of status did not deprive it of the authority alternatively to deny the
             Ud Dins adjustment of status as a matter of discretion.

          (2) The Ud Dins’ challenge to the agency’s frivolousness finding is not
             moot because a determination that they are ineligible for adjustment
             of status on that basis triggers a stricter reentry bar following removal
             than if adjustment is denied as a matter of discretion.

          (3) The agency may make a frivolousness finding as to an untimely filed
             asylum application.

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  (4) An alien’s signature on an asylum application gives rise to a rebuttable
     presumption that the notice requirement for frivolousness has been
     satisfied.

Accordingly,

  (1) We DENY the Ud Dins’ petition for review of their removal orders
     insofar as they challenge the agency’s (a) discretionary decision to
     deny their applications for adjustment of status, and (b) frivolousness
     determination as to their untimely filed asylum applications.

  (2) We GRANT the Ud Dins’ petition for review of their removal orders
     insofar as they challenge the agency’s finding that they received the
     notice required to hold them ineligible for adjustment of status based
     on the filing of frivolous asylum applications.

  (3) We REMAND for the limited purpose of allowing the agency to make
     an express finding as to notice consistent with principles stated in this
     opinion and, based on that finding, to specify the scope of the reentry
     bar that will attend the Ud Dins’ removal.

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