Court Opinion

ID: 4308280
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-08-29 17:00:32.680544+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:26:36.415970
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                    File Name: 18a0447n.06

                                                     No. 17-3727

                              UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                   FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT                              FILED
                                                                                   Aug 29, 2018
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                                         )           DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
                                                                   )
           Plaintiff-Appellee,                                     )
                                                                   )
                                                                       ON APPEAL FROM THE
 v.                                                                )
                                                                       UNITED STATES DISTRICT
                                                                   )
                                                                       COURT     FOR      THE
 ROMELL W. WHITESIDE,                                              )
                                                                       SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF
                                                                   )
                                                                       OHIO
           Defendant-Appellant.                                    )
                                                                   )
                                                                   )

BEFORE:           BATCHELDER, KETHLEDGE, and WHITE, Circuit Judges.

       ALICE M. BATCHELDER, Circuit Judge.

       A jury convicted Defendant-Appellant Romell Whiteside of numerous crimes related to

drug sales and trafficking. Whiteside now lodges four challenges to his convictions and sentence:

that the district court erred by (1) applying a sentencing enhancement for maintaining a premises

for the purposes of manufacturing or distributing a controlled substance under USSG

§ 2D1.1(b)(12); (2) denying his Batson1 challenge; (3) admitting testimony of a confidential

informant; and (4) denying his Rule 29 motion for judgment of acquittal. The government

concedes and we agree that the district court erred by applying the enhancement under USSG

§ 2D1.1(b)(12); we therefore VACATE Whiteside’s sentence and REMAND for resentencing

consistent with this opinion. We AFFIRM as to all other challenges.

       1
           Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986).
No. 17-3727, United States v. Whiteside

                                                I.

       In January 2011, Detective Walt Miller of the Columbus Police Department enlisted the

help of D.F., a confidential informant, to perform a series of three controlled buys—on January 5,

10, and 12, 2011—at a residence on South Oakley Avenue in Columbus, Ohio.

       At the first controlled buy, a black male carrying a large semiautomatic assault weapon

opened the door and invited D.F. in. Once inside, D.F. requested a “dub”—a bag containing

0.2 grams of crack cocaine and costing $20. The black male used a digital scale on the kitchen

table to weigh out the requested amount. D.F. paid for the drugs and exited the home. The

substance D.F. purchased tested positive for cocaine.

       At the second controlled buy, the same black male answered the door and invited D.F. in.

D.F. noticed that the black male responded to the name “Big Mike,” and had a black semiautomatic

handgun tucked inside of his waistband. D.F. again paid the black male $20 in exchange for a dub

and exited the home. The substance D.F. purchased tested positive for cocaine.

       These first two controlled buys formed the basis of a warrant to search the South Oakley

residence. Before executing the search warrant, however, police officers sent D.F. into the home

one last time to perform a “prebuy”—in other words, to ensure first that the narcotics trafficking

remained ongoing and to gather relevant information regarding any persons or weapons inside.

During this third controlled buy/prebuy, either Big Mike or a white male answered the door, after

which Big Mike weighed out a dub in exchange for $20. D.F. then exited the home and reconvened

with the officers. The substance D.F. purchased tested positive for cocaine. D.F. reported that, in

addition to Big Mike, several other people were inside the home. He also reported seeing several

guns, including a black semiautomatic handgun inside Big Mike’s waistband, just as during the

January 10 controlled buy.

                                                -2-
No. 17-3727, United States v. Whiteside

        Approximately thirty minutes later authorities executed the search warrant. Big Mike—

the defendant, Romell Whiteside—and three other people were in the kitchen. The kitchen

contained a mechanical grinder and a digital scale—items indicative of drug trafficking. Police

officers also recovered four loaded guns on a dresser in a nearby bedroom: a handgun, a shotgun,

and two rifles.

        Officers restrained the occupants’ hands with zip ties and moved them to a different room.

Detective Miller observed a baggie containing twenty to thirty “rocks” of crack cocaine at

Whiteside’s feet, prompting him to search Whiteside. In Whiteside’s front pocket, Detective

Miller found the $20 bill (identified by serial number) that law enforcement had provided to D.F.

for the controlled buy that day.

        Whiteside was arrested and charged in Franklin County Municipal Court. The charges

were subsequently dismissed. Then, about a year later, Special Agent Paris Wilson of the Bureau

of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives began his own investigation into Whiteside and

contacted Detective Michael Madry of the Columbus Police Department. Detective Madry

informed Special Agent Wilson of Whiteside’s January 2011 drug activity and the pair decided to

take over from Detective Miller the investigation into Whiteside’s drug activity.

        To rejuvenate the investigation, Detective Madry questioned D.F. Detective Madry

showed D.F. a photograph of Whiteside and asked whether D.F. recognized the person pictured.

D.F. remembered that he had purchased crack cocaine from that individual at a South Oakley

residence. D.F. stated that he had purchased drugs from the home on three occasions, but from

Whiteside on only the latter two.2 D.F. also recalled Whiteside’s carrying a gun in his waistband.

D.F. wrote this information on the back of the photograph and signed and dated it.

        2
            This conflicted with D.F.’s testimony at trial that he had purchased drugs from Whiteside during all three
buys.

                                                          -3-
No. 17-3727, United States v. Whiteside

        Meanwhile, Special Agent Wilson enlisted the help of a different confidential informant to

make additional controlled buys from Whiteside and to gain an introduction to Whiteside. On

February 8, 2013, the informant called a phone number belonging to Whiteside, using the

speakerphone feature so that Special Agent Wilson could hear the conversation. The informant

addressed Whiteside as “Mel Mel” and told him that his relative (who was actually Special Agent

Wilson) wanted to buy crack cocaine. Whiteside agreed to supply the drugs and invited the pair

to a residence located on Kelton Avenue, which Whiteside indicated belonged to him.

        The controlled buy went as planned. Special Agent Wilson equipped the informant with a

transmitter and recording device and provided him with $1,200 of pre-marked currency. Special

Agent Wilson waited outside while the informant went into the home to make the buy. Other

members of law enforcement, including Detective Madry, stationed themselves nearby. Both

Special Agent Wilson and Detective Madry saw the informant approach the residence, but their

positioning prevented them from seeing him enter. Although Special Agent Wilson could not see

the transaction, he could hear it. Among other things, he heard the informant refer to the seller as

“Mel” several times during the transaction. After a few minutes, the informant reappeared and

walked back to Special Agent Wilson’s vehicle with a bag of crack cocaine. Special Agent Wilson

removed the microchip from the recording device, plugged it into his computer, downloaded the

recording, and erased the data from the microchip.

        In late March, at Special Agent Wilson’s direction, the informant again called Whiteside

and arranged another drug transaction.3 Again, Special Agent Wilson equipped the informant with

        3
           Special Agent Wilson did not listen in on the call. However, the following day, the informant called
Whiteside again, this time on speakerphone and in Special Agent Wilson’s presence, to discuss the details of the
transaction.

                                                      -4-
No. 17-3727, United States v. Whiteside

a wire and drove with the informant to the Kelton Avenue residence. Detective Madry drove

separately and parked so that he could videotape the transaction.

       Unlike the previous controlled buy where Whiteside was not aware of Special Agent

Wilson’s presence, this time Special Agent Wilson posed as the informant’s relative and stayed in

his car in view of Whiteside. When Whiteside arrived at the residence, the informant exited

Special Agent Wilson’s vehicle and spoke to Whiteside on the street. Whiteside placed the drugs

on the tire of a vehicle and told the informant: “[I]t’s right there. Get it, it’s right there.” The

informant picked up the bag of crack cocaine Whiteside had deposited and returned to Special

Agent Wilson’s car. Special Agent Wilson provided $2,300 to the informant, who walked to

Whiteside and handed him the money. Following the transaction, Special Agent Wilson removed

the microchip from the informant’s recording device, plugged it into his computer, downloaded

the recording, and erased the data from the microchip.

       One week after this transaction, Special Agent Wilson’s computer crashed. The recordings

from both the February and March transactions could not be retrieved.

       The investigation and controlled buys resulted in an eight-count federal indictment against

Whiteside. Counts 1 through 3 charged Whiteside with distribution of cocaine base, in violation

of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1), 841(b)(1)(C), and corresponded to the controlled buys organized by

Detective Miller and D.F. at the South Oakley residence on January 5, 10, and 12, 2011. Counts

4 through 6 related to the search of the South Oakley Avenue residence. Count 4 charged

Whiteside with possession with intent to distribute cocaine base, in violation of §§ 841(a)(1),

841(b)(1)(C); count 5 charged him with possession of a firearm in furtherance of count 4, in

violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 924(c)(1)(A) and 2; and count 6 charged him with being a felon in

possession of a firearm, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(a)(2). Counts 7 and 8

                                                -5-
No. 17-3727, United States v. Whiteside

charged Whiteside with distribution of cocaine base, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1),

841(b)(1)(C), and corresponded to the controlled buys organized by Special Agent Wilson and

Detective Madry that occurred at or near the Kelton residence on February 8 and March 27, 2013.

       Whiteside exercised his right to a jury trial. During voir dire, the government moved to

strike several jurors for cause, including Juror 6, a Caucasian, who “indicated he could not be fair

in this case” because his nephew “was facing a trial in federal court.” The government also was

troubled by Juror 6’s statement, in his screening questionnaire, that he did not know the

occupations and employers of his adult children. The government later indicated that had Juror 6

not been excused for cause, it would have exercised a peremptory challenge based on the juror’s

lack of knowledge regarding his grown children’s employment.

       After the court struck Juror 6 and several other jurors for cause, the parties proceeded to

the peremptory phase. The government sought to strike Juror 18—the lone black juror remaining

in the jury box—peremptorily. The defense raised a Batson challenge, to which the government

responded that it wished to excuse Juror 18 because, like Juror 6, Juror 18 had indicated in his

screening questionnaire that he did not know the occupations and employers of his adult children.

The government also noted that, in addition to not knowing information about his adult children’s

employment, Juror 18 also had two brothers with felony convictions and that Juror 18 did not know

for what offenses his brothers had been convicted. The court concluded that the government had

offered a race-neutral explanation for its challenge and asked the defense for a response. When

no response was forthcoming, the district court excused Juror 18.

       Following jury selection and opening statements, the government presented its case-in-

chief. Special Agent Wilson, Detective Miller, Detective Madry, and a number of other witnesses,

including D.F., testified. D.F. described the three controlled buys he made from the South Oakley

                                                -6-
No. 17-3727, United States v. Whiteside

residence in January 2011 and identified Whiteside as the individual who sold him drugs. D.F.

examined the Smith & Wesson 9 mm handgun that law enforcement found inside of the South

Oakley residence and testified that it “look[ed] like the gun that was in Big Mike’s waistband”

when he purchased drugs on January 10 and 12. D.F. testified that he was familiar with firearms

because he had previously worked as a security guard.

       The other confidential informant did not testify. However, the law enforcement officers

who supervised him did. Special Agent Wilson and Detective Madry detailed the February and

March 2013 controlled buys and the drugs recovered from them, and they identified Whiteside as

the person who dealt drugs to the informant outside of the Kelton residence on March 27.

       In addition to hearing from those witnesses, the jury saw video of the March 27, 2013,

controlled buy that Detective Madry had recorded. Although the camera did not capture Whiteside

placing the drugs on the tire of the vehicle, it did show him arriving at the Kelton Avenue address,

interacting with the informant near Special Agent Wilson’s car, and then accepting payment.

       Counsel for Whiteside did not present defense witnesses.          Instead, he attacked the

credibility of D.F. and the sufficiency of the government’s evidence. Defense counsel highlighted

discrepancies between D.F.’s trial testimony and his past statements. For example, one year after

making the controlled buys, D.F. told Detective Madry that he had purchased drugs from the South

Oakley residence three times, but that Whiteside was the seller on only two occasions. At trial five

years later, however, D.F. testified that he had purchased drugs from Whiteside on all three

occasions.

       Defense counsel also emphasized certain admissions by D.F. on cross-examination. For

example, D.F. admitted that he did not remember whether Whiteside or a white male answered the

door of the South Oakley home on January 12, 2011. And Special Agent Wilson and Detective

                                                -7-
No. 17-3727, United States v. Whiteside

Madry acknowledged that they did not see any part of the February 8, 2013, drug transaction, nor

did they see Whiteside place drugs on the tire of the vehicle during the March 27, 2013, transaction.

       At the conclusion of the government’s case, the defense moved for a judgment of acquittal,

but offered argument only as to count 7, which corresponded to the February 8, 2013, controlled

buy. Defense counsel argued that the evidence was insufficient to sustain a conviction because

there was no eyewitness testimony that Whiteside was the seller of the drugs. The district court

acknowledged the lack of eyewitness testimony on this point and that the confidential informant

had not testified, but nevertheless concluded that there was “sufficient circumstantial evidence

before the jury that [the transaction] did take place and that [the drugs were] purchased from Mr.

Whiteside.” The court also overruled the motion for judgment of acquittal as to the remaining

counts, finding “ample evidence of Mr. Whiteside’s involvement” in the other crimes. The jury

acquitted Whiteside of count 1, which related to the January 5, 2011, controlled buy, but convicted

him of all other counts.

       Following Whiteside’s convictions, the U.S. Probation Office prepared a presentence

report that included a two-level enhancement under USSG § 2D1.1(b)(12) for maintaining a

premises for the purpose of manufacturing or distributing a controlled substance. The report cited

several findings in support of its application of the enhancement: Whiteside “utilized the

residences of 271 South Oakley Avenue and 875 Kelton Avenue to conduct drug transactions”;

“[a]ccording to the government and agent, [Whiteside] controlled these properties”; Whiteside

“answered the door at the 271 South Oakley residence prior to conducting the drug transactions”;

and “Whiteside was observed accessing the Kelton Avenue address with a key” and performing

renovations on the home.

                                                -8-
No. 17-3727, United States v. Whiteside

       Application of the two-level enhancement resulted in a total offense level of 26. A total

offense level of 26, combined with a criminal history category of III, corresponded to a guidelines

range of 78 to 97 months’ imprisonment. Count 5 carried a consecutive mandatory minimum of

60 months’ imprisonment, resulting in a guidelines range of 138 to 157 months’ imprisonment.

       Through counsel, Whiteside objected to application of the maintaining-a-premises

enhancement. Defense counsel argued that “there was no evidence Whiteside controlled [the

South Oakley or Kelton] properties.” Counsel specifically contested the PSR’s suggestion that

Whiteside’s answering the door at the South Oakley residence demonstrated his control of that

residence. The district court overruled Whiteside’s objection and applied the enhancement.

According to the court, although no one testified that Whiteside controlled the properties, “the jury

found that [he did] at the time that [he] sold drugs therefrom.” The district court sentenced

Whiteside to 78 months’ imprisonment on the grouped counts (counts 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 8), plus 60

months’ imprisonment on count 5.

       Whiteside filed the instant appeal.

                                                 II.

                                                 A.

       Whiteside asserts that he should not have received a drug-premises enhancement under

USSG § 2D1.1(b)(12) because the government did not prove that he had the requisite control over

the houses used in the drug sales. The government concedes that this issue should be remanded to

the district court and Whiteside should be resentenced. We agree.

       The drug-premises enhancement has three elements: The defendant must (1) knowingly

(2) open or maintain any place (3) for the purpose of manufacturing or distributing a controlled

substance. United States v. Johnson, 737 F.3d 444, 447 (6th Cir. 2013) (citations omitted).

                                                -9-
No. 17-3727, United States v. Whiteside

Because this Guideline and 21 U.S.C. § 856, the “drug-house” criminal statute, use the same

operative language (maintaining), precedent interpreting both the Guideline and the statute is

instructive. Id.

        At issue here is whether the government established that Whiteside maintained the

premises for distributing drugs, so we must consider “whether the defendant held a possessory

interest in . . . the premises” and “the extent to which the defendant controlled access to, or

activities at, the premises.” USSG § 2D1.1, cmt. n.17. But even “[i]f a defendant does not have a

legal interest in the premises, the enhancement may still apply if the government makes a sufficient

showing of de facto control.” United States v. Hernandez, 721 F. App’x 479, 484 (6th Cir. 2018)

(citing United States v. Russell, 595 F.3d 633, 644 (6th Cir. 2010) (discussing the analogous

requirements of 21 U.S.C. § 856(a)(1)); United States v. Tippins, 630 F. App’x 501, 504 (6th Cir.

2015)). “[T]he government must show something more than the act of distribution from the

premises” to prove control under this standard. Id. (citing United States v. Clavis, 956 F.2d 1079,

1090-91 (11th Cir. 1992) (followed by Russell, 595 F.3d at 644)). “Otherwise, the law would

punish someone twice for the same act.” Id.4

        The record does not adequately establish elements required for application to Whiteside of

the enhancement for the drug sales at the South Oakley or Kelton Avenue residences. Relative to

the South Oakley residence, the government failed to establish that Whiteside exercised the

necessary control over it. Conflicting trial evidence regarding Whiteside’s role in the January 5,

2011, controlled buy; the jury’s acquittal of him on the January 5, 2011, distribution count;

         4
           We have not clearly articulated the standard of review for the many issues which may arise relative to the
USSG § 2D1.1(b)(12) enhancement. Hernandez, 721 F. App’x at 484 n.1 (citing United States v. Bell, 766 F.3d 634,
636 (6th Cir. 2014)). “However, we need not decide that larger issue here. The issue before us now is purely legal—
neither party appears to dispute the facts as they were decided by the district court.” Id. “[R]egardless of what the
standard of review might be in a more complicated case, we would review the legal-interpretation issue de novo.” Id.

                                                       -10-
No. 17-3727, United States v. Whiteside

uncertain trial testimony by D.F. regarding whether Whiteside or another individual actually

opened the door during another of the two remaining controlled buys; and evidence that several

people were present at the residence when officers executed the search warrant and at the time of

the distribution offenses call into question “the extent to which [Whiteside] controlled access to,

or activities at, the premises.” USSG § 2D1.1, cmt. n.17.

       The government’s case regarding the Kelton Avenue residence suffers from a different

problem—failure to show more than the act of distribution from the premises. Proof of one drug

transaction inside the home and another drug transaction on the street nearby, without more, does

not sufficiently establish that drug activity was a primary use of the premises. See Johnson,
737 F.3d at 448 (drug distribution must constitute a “significant or important reason for which [the

defendant] maintained his home rather than a mere incidental or collateral use” (citation and

internal quotation marks omitted)).

       Because the record does not support the drug-premises enhancement for either residence,

we VACATE Whiteside’s sentence and REMAND to the district court only for resentencing.

                                                B.

       Whiteside next argues that the government violated his right to equal protection when it

used a peremptory challenge to strike Juror 18, the only remaining black member in the jury box.

Whiteside’s argument fails.

       The Equal Protection Clause prohibits a party from using peremptory challenges to exclude

members of the jury venire on account of their race. Batson, 476 U.S. at 85. To establish a

purposeful-discrimination equal protection violation under Batson, the complaining party must

make a prima facie showing that the peremptory challenge was based on race. McCurdy v.

Montgomery Cty., 240 F.3d 512, 521 (6th Cir. 2001) (citation omitted). If the complaining party

                                               -11-
No. 17-3727, United States v. Whiteside

establishes a prima facie case, the burden shifts to the party making the strike to articulate a race-

neutral explanation for removing the juror in question. Id. This explanation “need not be

particularly persuasive, or even plausible, so long as it is neutral.” Id. (quoting United States v.

Harris, 192 F.3d 580, 586 (6th Cir. 1999)). “After the defending party offers its race-neutral

justification, the challenging party must demonstrate that the purported explanation is merely a

pretext for a racial motivation.” Id. Throughout the Batson inquiry, the ultimate burden of

persuasion always rests with the party challenging the strike, id., and “it is the defendant’s burden

to rebut, to whatever extent possible, the prosecutor’s reasons for exercising his or her peremptory

strikes on the record at the time such reasons are proffered,” United States v. Harris, 15 F. App’x

317, 321 (6th Cir. 2001).

         Because Whiteside’s counsel made no attempt to rebut the government’s proffered race-

neutral explanation at the time it was made, we review the district court’s ruling on the objection

for plain error. United States v. Jackson, 347 F.3d 598, 605 (6th Cir. 2003).5 To establish plain

error, the appellant must show (1) that an error occurred in the district court; (2) that the error was

plain, i.e., obvious or clear; (3) that the error affected an appellant’s substantial rights; and (4) that

this adverse impact seriously affected the fairness, integrity or public reputation of the judicial

proceedings. United States v. Koeberlein, 161 F.3d 946, 949 (6th Cir. 1998).

         On appeal, Whiteside, for the first time, seeks to conduct a comparative-juror analysis

based on his belief that the prosecution’s (1) use of a for-cause strike against a white juror—Juror

6—who did not know his children’s occupations or employers, and (2) failure to strike white jurors

with family members having felony convictions prove that the government had a discriminatory

purpose in removing Juror 18. The government contends that it would be improper and misleading

         5
          We have also noted that “failure to argue pretext may even constitute waiver of [a defendant’s] initial Batson
objection.” Jackson, 347 F.3d at 605.

                                                         -12-
No. 17-3727, United States v. Whiteside

to conduct a comparative-juror analysis for the first time on appeal. Though we have suggested in

dicta that the court need not engage in comparative-juror analysis when one was not conducted

before the district court, see United States v. Mahbub, 818 F.3d 213, 229 (6th Cir. 2016) (quoting

Snyder v. Louisiana, 552 U.S. 472, 483 (2008) (“retrospective comparison of jurors based on a

cold appellate record may be very misleading when alleged similarities were not raised at trial”)),

we have made clear that “it is appropriate to conduct a comparative juror analysis for the first time

on appeal” in circumstances like those present here, namely “when: (i) the government purportedly

strikes a venireperson because of an answer to a question posed during voir dire; (ii) venirepersons

relevant to the comparison were asked the same question during voir dire; (iii) the relevant

venirepersons actually answered that question in similar depth; and (iv) the purpose of the analysis

is to show that the government treated jurors with similar answers differently.” United States v.

Atkins, 843 F.3d 625, 636 (6th Cir. 2016).

         Whiteside’s Batson challenge fails.6 First, with respect to the comparison between Juror

18 and Juror 6, the government stated that its main concern with Juror 18 was that he did not know

the occupations or employers of his adult children. The only other juror to answer this question

similarly—Juror 6—was also excused from the jury. And though he was excused for cause

because of his nephew’s pending prosecution by the same U.S. Attorney’s office, the government

later noted that, had there not been reason to excuse Juror 6 for cause, it would have asked to

peremptorily strike Juror 6 because of his lack of knowledge of his adult children’s employment.7

         6
           Because a Batson error is structural, requiring automatic reversal without a showing of prejudice, United
States v. McAllister, 693 F.3d 572, 582 n.5 (6th Cir. 2012), this court has interpreted plain-error and clear-error review
to have “no practical difference” in the context of Batson challenges, and thus “our analysis would not change in any
respect if we applied [clear] error review.” Atkins, 843 F.3d at 634 n.2.
         7
             The exchange occurred as follows:
               THE COURT: [Assistant United States Attorney], what is the . . . basis for challenging [Juror
               18], who I note is the only African-American in the venire?

                                                          -13-
No. 17-3727, United States v. Whiteside

In other words, the only other venireperson who shared the similarity to Juror 18 that troubled the

government—a person who did not have knowledge of his adult children’s employment—was also

struck from the jury.

       Whiteside’s argument that the government discriminated against Juror 18 because white

jurors who had family members with felony convictions were allowed to serve is equally

unpersuasive. The government’s stated purpose for removing Juror 18 was his lack of knowledge

of his adult children’s employment. The fact that he had two brothers with felony convictions and

did not know what those convictions were for was merely an additional thumb on the scale

supporting his removal. None of the venirepersons who were empaneled on the jury were

comparable to Juror 18 as none of them had adult children about whom they did not know basic

information.

                                                       C.

       Whiteside argues that the district court erred by admitting certain portions of Special Agent

Wilson’s testimony in violation of his Sixth Amendment right to confront witnesses against him.

We disagree.

       The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment states, “[i]n all criminal prosecutions,

the accused shall enjoy the right . . to be confronted with the witnesses against him.” U.S. Const.

           [AUSA]: I don’t believe that [Juror 18] was the only African-American in the questionnaire[,]
           but he certainly was one in the box and I would acknowledge that. Your Honor, similar to the
           rationale we advanced [for Juror 6][,] [Juror 18] has two grown children. [But] [i]n response
           to question number 8, [which states], if your children are adults, list their occupation[s] and
           employers[,] [h]e says he doesn’t know. That gives us concern for any juror, potential juror, as
           with Juror No. 3 [sic], who is a challenge for cause for other reasons. Additionally, Your Honor,
           you’ll recall [that] two of his brothers have two felony convictions. That’s [ ] further grounds
           for the government to believe that it’s a sufficient challenge that’s not race based.
           THE COURT: [Defense counsel], anything to add?
           [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: No, Your Honor. Thank you.
           THE COURT: I do find, then, the government has set forth a legitimate basis for the exercise
           of the peremptory challenge as to Juror No. 18.

                                                      -14-
No. 17-3727, United States v. Whiteside

amend. VI. The Confrontation Clause “does not bar the use of testimonial statements for purposes

other than establishing the truth of the matter asserted.” Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 59

n.9 (2004) (citing Tennessee v. Street, 471 U.S. 409, 414 (1985)).

       Because Whiteside did not object to Special Agent Wilson’s testimony at trial, we review

for plain error. Bowman v. Corr. Corp. of Am., 350 F.3d 537, 548 (6th Cir. 2003). However,

violations of the Confrontation Clause are also subject to harmless-error analysis. See Chapman

v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 22-23 (1967). Errors are “‘harmless’ in terms of their effect on the

factfinding process at trial” where “the reviewing court may confidently say, on the whole record,

that the constitutional error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.” Delaware v. Van Arsdall,

475 U.S. 673, 681 (1986) (citations omitted). In such cases, an otherwise valid conviction should

not be set aside. Id.

       Whiteside argues that the district court improperly admitted out-of-court statements by a

non-testifying confidential informant regarding Whiteside’s “name and or nickname”; that

Whiteside “was the voice on the other end of the recorded phone calls with the informant”; and

“[w]hat the informant said.” His arguments fail.

       First, Whiteside has failed to properly develop an argument regarding the testimony of his

name and nickname, because he does not cite to any specific testimony in the record or advance

any line of argument as to why references to his name or nickname are hearsay. He merely states

that “it was error for the admission o[f] testimony elicited by the government during the

examination of Agent Paris Wilson . . . [about] [Whiteside’s] name and or nickname.” “Issues

adverted to in a perfunctory manner, unaccompanied by some effort at developed argumentation,

are deemed waived.” United States v. Sandridge, 385 F.3d 1032, 1035 (6th Cir. 2004). “[A]nd

because hearsay determinations turn entirely upon the precise words or conduct at issue,” where a

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No. 17-3727, United States v. Whiteside

defendant “does not direct the attention of this court to any of the statements that he considers

improperly admitted, . . . we cannot make an informed judgment whether the trial court abused its

discretion and must therefore uphold its decision.” United States v. Jeffries, 457 F. App’x 471,

482 (6th Cir. 2012) (citing United States v. Benson, 591 F.3d 491, 502 (6th Cir. 2010); United

States v. Sandridge, 385 F.3d 1032, 1035-36 (6th Cir. 2004)).8 And, in any case, Special Agent

Wilson became aware of Whiteside’s “Big Mike” alias during the 2011 investigation, Whiteside’s

aliases were stored in a “criminal history database,” and Special Agent Wilson testified that he had

personal knowledge that Whiteside had “been called Mel before on the street.”

        Whiteside’s challenges to other testimony are somewhat more specific and quote specific

testimony that he wishes to challenge. However, Whiteside does not advance any specific

arguments as to how each of these statements is hearsay, stating generally in summation why he

believes he has “met the prongs necessary to establish plain error.” The government argues that

Whiteside’s failure to advance how the challenged testimony is hearsay waives his arguments. But

he has at least “direct[ed] the attention of this court to . . . statements that he considers improperly

admitted,” which presumably allows us to “make an informed judgment whether the trial court

abused its discretion” as to these particular issues. Id.

        To start, Whiteside challenges Special Agent Wilson’s statement relating to the February

controlled buy that law enforcement “had received Mr. Whiteside’s phone number, the phone

number he was using on that day.” Nothing indicates that this testimony was based on an out-of-

court assertion, rather than knowledge that Special Agent Wilson had obtained in the

        8
           In an abundance of caution, the government makes exhaustive attempts to anticipate potential arguments
Whiteside could make as to testimony introduced regarding his nickname. But even these arguments—had Whiteside
articulated them—would fail on the merits.

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No. 17-3727, United States v. Whiteside

investigation.9 See United States v. Cromer, 389 F.3d 662, 676 (6th Cir. 2004) (defendant’s

Confrontation Clause rights were not violated by testimony by a federal agent where the “exchange

at least arguably did not even put before the jury any statements made by the CI”).

         Whiteside also challenges Special Agent Wilson’s recitation of a conversation “[b]etween

the informant and Mr. Whiteside” that Agent Wilson heard on speakerphone. The agent’s

testimony was that “[t]he informant instructed Mr. Whiteside that his relative [who was actually

Agent Wilson] . . . wanted an amount of crack cocaine and that Mr. Whiteside agreed to supply us

with that.” If Whiteside is suggesting that Special Agent Wilson’s description of the call depends

on an out-of-court statement by the informant, he is not correct; the record does not support any

assumption that the agent’s identification of the other participant depended on information from

the informant, rather than other information regarding the cell phone number to which Agent

Wilson and the informant placed the call. Whiteside has failed to show plain error.

         As for the contents of the call, the government argues that it admitted the informant’s

statements to provide context for the controlled buy and Whiteside’s statement that he would

provide them with drugs—not to prove the truth of the matter asserted. The statements of the

informant were therefore at least arguably “offered not for the truth of the matters asserted but to

give meaning to the admissible responses of [the defendant].” United States v. Jones, 205 F. App’x

327, 342 (6th Cir. 2006) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also United States v. Hendricks,

395 F.3d 173, 184 (3d Cir. 2005) (holding that “if a Defendant . . . makes statements as part of a

reciprocal and integrated conversation with a government informant who later becomes

unavailable for trial, the Confrontation Clause does not bar the introduction of the informant’s

         9
           Indeed, Special Agent Wilson testified that he had obtained a phone number he “believe[d] [was] associated
with Mr. Whiteside” and had “a court-ordered phone ping on the phone.” Law enforcement then tracked the phone
and followed it to a gas station where they encountered Whiteside. And the person who answered the phone (and the
seller who showed up for the meeting) answered to an alias that the agent knew was associated with Whiteside.

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No. 17-3727, United States v. Whiteside

portions of the conversation as are reasonably required to place the defendant[’s] . . .

nontestimonial statements into context”). As the government asserted, the purpose of admitting

those statements by the informant was not to prove the truth of them, but to provide context for

Mr. Whiteside’s agreement to supply cocaine—an admission of a party opponent under Federal

Rule of Evidence 801(d)(2) that was properly admitted. Whiteside fails to demonstrate plain error.

       Next, Whiteside argues that the district court should not have admitted Special Agent

Wilson’s statement relating to the February controlled buy that he “could hear the [drug]

transaction” inside of the Kelton Avenue house and, as a result, “knew that [the informant] had

purchased crack cocaine from Mr. Whiteside.” But it is undisputed that Special Agent Wilson was

listening in on the transaction, and any statements made by Whiteside and heard by Agent Wilson

via the informant’s recording and transmitting device would be admissible as statements of a party

opponent. Fed. R. Evid. 801(d)(2). Further, the record does not indicate what statements formed

the basis of the testimony, so we cannot say that this was plain error.

       Whiteside’s final challenges relate to two statements regarding the March 2013 controlled

buy that were made by the informant and then relayed at trial by Special Agent Wilson. First,

Special Agent Wilson testified regarding a telephone conversation between the informant and

Whiteside. Specifically, Special Agent Wilson stated that he “was not privy to that phone call but

the informant told [him] that [the informant] made contact with Mr. Whiteside and the deal was

set to purchase two ounces of crack cocaine.” Nothing suggests that this statement was offered as

anything but background for what happened the next morning: Special Agent Wilson and the

informant, together on speakerphone, called Whiteside to make further arrangements for the

transaction and then went to the Kelton Avenue address as agreed upon during that phone

conversation. See Cromer, 389 F.3d at 676-77 (testimony that merely provides background

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No. 17-3727, United States v. Whiteside

information regarding the course of investigation does not violate the Confrontation Clause). In

any event, Whiteside was not prejudiced by the admission of this testimony because Special Agent

Wilson’s testimony regarding the second call provided all the same details. Whiteside fails to

demonstrate plain error.

         Finally, Whiteside challenges another statement regarding the March transaction where

Special Agent Wilson testified, in conjunction with the playing of a video from the March

controlled buy, that when a vehicle pulled up to the Kelton residence, the informant said: “[T]hat’s

his car, that’s his car.” As with the other statements, it is at least not plain that this testimony was

offered for the truth of the matter asserted rather than simply being volunteered by Special Agent

Wilson with respect to the chain of events shown in the video.10 Again, Whiteside fails to

demonstrate plain error.

                                                          D.

         Whiteside challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support his convictions for

possession of a firearm in furtherance of a drug-trafficking crime (count 5), being a felon in

possession of a firearm (count 6), and unlawful distribution of cocaine base (count 7).

         We review sufficiency of the evidence de novo, asking whether, upon viewing all of the

evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, “any rational trier of fact could have found

the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S.
307, 319 (1979). Whiteside carries a “very heavy” burden “because the reviewing court does not

judge the credibility of witnesses or weigh evidence, and it draws all reasonable inferences in the

government’s favor.”           United States v. Ostrander, 411 F.3d 684, 691 (6th Cir. 2005).

        10
           To the extent that these two portions of testimony were understood to be introduced for their truth (to show
that Whiteside was the individual who sold the informant drugs) they had no effect on Whiteside’s substantial rights.
Both Special Agent Wilson and Detective Madry testified that they saw Whiteside engage in a transaction with the
informant on that date. The video footage corroborated their identifications.

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No. 17-3727, United States v. Whiteside

Circumstantial evidence alone is sufficient to sustain a conviction, and such evidence need not

“remove every reasonable hypothesis except that of guilt.” United States v. Jones, 102 F.3d 804,

807 (6th Cir. 1996) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting United States v. Clark, 928 F.2d
733, 736 (6th Cir. 1990) (per curiam)).

       “Although specificity in a Rule 29 motion is not required, where the defendant makes a

Rule 29 motion on specific grounds, all grounds not specified in the motion are waived.” United

States v. Chance, 306 F.3d 356, 369 (6th Cir. 2002) (citing United States v. Dandy, 998 F.2d 1344,

1356-57 (6th Cir. 1993)). Whiteside made a Rule 29 motion before the district court and offered

specific argument as to only count 7. Though Whiteside advanced no specific arguments as to any

other counts, his verbal motion “for dismissal pursuant to Rule 29 . . . without argument, with the

exception of Count 7,” suggests that he was making “a general motion and then highlighting

aspects of the general motion,” United States v. Love, 553 F. App’x 548, 553 (6th Cir. 2014).

Therefore, we consider his arguments as to counts 5, 6, and 7.

       The jury convicted Whiteside on counts 5 and 6—possessing a firearm in furtherance of a

drug-trafficking crime and being a felon in possession of a firearm. Both convictions related to

the January 12, 2011, search by law enforcement. Whiteside challenges only the possession

element as to both convictions, arguing that the government did not prove that he possessed a

weapon.

       Possession under 18 U.S.C §§ 922(g)(1) and 924(c)(1) includes actual possession and

constructive possession. United States v. DeJohn, 368 F.3d 533, 545 (6th Cir. 2004); United States

v. Jenkins, 593 F.3d 480, 484 (6th Cir. 2010). “A weapon is ‘actually’ possessed if it ‘is within

the immediate power or control of the individual.’” United States v. Walker, 734 F.3d 451, 455

(6th Cir. 2013) (quoting United States v. Murphy, 107 F.3d 1199, 1207-08 (6th Cir. 1997)). “A

                                               -20-
No. 17-3727, United States v. Whiteside

weapon is ‘constructively’ possessed if the government can show the defendant ‘knowingly has

the power and the intention at a given time to exercise dominion and control over an object, either

directly or through others.’” Id. (quoting United States v. Craven, 478 F.2d 1329, 1333 (6th Cir.

1973)). Either type of possession may be proven by direct or circumstantial evidence. United

States v. Arnold, 486 F.3d 177, 181 (6th Cir. 2007).

       When we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, we find no merit

to Whiteside’s argument. D.F. testified that he purchased cocaine from Whiteside at a South

Oakley residence on three occasions and that Whiteside possessed a firearm each time. During

the January 10 and 12 controlled buys, D.F. testified, Whiteside had a black semiautomatic

handgun tucked inside of his waistband. Within half an hour of the January 12 controlled buy, law

enforcement searched the South Oakley residence, and found Whiteside in the kitchen. Although

he was not carrying a firearm at the time, he was carrying crack cocaine packaged for distribution.

And officers recovered several firearms from a bedroom that was “relatively close” to the kitchen,

including a Smith & Wesson 9 mm handgun that matched the description D.F. provided, a shotgun,

and two rifles.

       At trial, D.F. examined the Smith & Wesson 9 mm handgun that law enforcement

recovered and testified that it looked like the gun he had observed inside of Whiteside’s waistband.

From this evidence, when it is viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational

juror could conclude, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Whiteside possessed the Smith & Wesson

9 mm handgun when he dealt drugs to D.F. half an hour before law enforcement recovered the gun

in the same house, and that he continued to control the handgun when officers found him in

reasonably close proximity to it with a baggie containing twenty to thirty rocks of crack cocaine.

                                               -21-
No. 17-3727, United States v. Whiteside

         That D.F. admitted, on cross-examination, that someone other than Whiteside may have

answered the door on January 12 does not undermine this conclusion. Though D.F. wavered

regarding who opened the door, he did not waver regarding the details critical to the convictions:

that Whiteside dealt cocaine while carrying a firearm. And the fact that Whiteside did not have a

weapon on his person when police entered the residence does not undermine the sufficiency of the

evidence, because any rational juror could have concluded that Whiteside, at the very least, had

constructive possession of the Smith & Wesson 9 mm handgun, which was in close proximity to

him, when authorities executed the search warrant.11 See, e.g., Arnold, 486 F.3d at 182-83

(affirming felon-in-possession conviction over sufficiency challenge, where the victim saw the

defendant threaten her with a handgun minutes before the police discovered the handgun under the

defendant’s seat).

         The jury convicted Whiteside on count 7—distributing cocaine base—on the basis of the

controlled buy that occurred on February 8, 2013. Whiteside claims here, as he did below, that

the government failed to prove his identity as the person who sold the drugs to the confidential

informant. Specifically, Whiteside contends that “[t]here was never any testimony at trial that the

person [who distributed drugs] inside 875 Kelton was [he].” The district court found that there

was “sufficient circumstantial evidence before the jury that [the drug buy] did take place and that

[the cocaine] was purchased from Mr. Whiteside” and “overrule[d] the motion for judgment of

         11
            Because “the line of demarcation between ‘actual’ and ‘constructive’ possession is not analytically crisp,”
Walker, 734 F.3d at 456-57, the jury could have conceivably found Whiteside guilty of actual possession. “[A]ctual
possession can be shown when there is no direct evidence of possession.” Id. (citing United States v. Morrison, 594
F.3d 543, 545 (6th Cir. 2010); United States v. Weems, 322 F.3d 18, 22, 25 (1st Cir. 2003) (concluding the defendant
was in actual possession of a gun found on the box spring of a bed that had previously been searched for guns after
police pulled the defendant from the attic and onto the bed, even though the officers did not see him hold or drop the
gun); United States v. Phillips, 239 F.3d 829, 837, 847 (7th Cir. 2001) (finding defendant had actual possession of a
handgun “found under the cushion next to him on [a] sofa” to which he had “immediate access” in a crack house that
he generally controlled)). In these cases, the government either proved the gun was in a position that was the
“functional equivalent” of keeping a gun in a pocket or holster, see, e.g., Morrison, 594 F.3d at 545, or introduced
circumstantial evidence showing that the defendant had recently been carrying the weapon, as was the case here.

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No. 17-3727, United States v. Whiteside

acquittal with respect to Count 7.” The court also noted that it “believe[d] that there [was] ample

evidence of Mr. Whiteside’s involvement in the other . . . sales” for the jury to infer his

involvement in the February 8, 2013, sale.

       Although there was no eyewitness testimony (because the informant did not testify at trial

and the transaction occurred inside the residence) to identify Whiteside as the person who made

the drug sale on February 8, 2013, there was sufficient circumstantial evidence to support the jury’s

conclusion that Whiteside was the seller. The informant initiated the February drug deal by calling

a phone number belonging to Whiteside and Special Agent Wilson heard the supplier respond to

“Mel”—a nickname of Whiteside’s. Additionally, the confidential informant set up two drug

transactions with the same seller where eyewitness testimony and video footage of the March

transaction identified Whiteside as the seller. It was therefore reasonable for the jury to infer that

the March seller—who used the same phone number and answered to the same alias as the

February seller—also supplied the drugs in February. Because the evidence was sufficient for the

jury to find beyond a reasonable doubt that Whiteside distributed cocaine on February 8, 2013, the

district court did not err by denying Whiteside’s Rule 29 motion.

                                                 III.

       For the foregoing reasons, we VACATE Whiteside’s sentence and REMAND for

resentencing consistent with this opinion, and AFFIRM on all other issues.

                                                -23-