Court Opinion

ID: 4035846
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-22 04:36:12.018734+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:36:45.753552
License: Public Domain

J-A13044-16

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

HARP LANDSCAPING & BRANDON                :      IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
COMINSKY                                  :            PENNSYLVANIA
                                          :
                  v.                      :
                                          :
BENJAMIN O'LINCHY AND BRAQUEL             :
O'LINCHY,                                 :
                                          :
                  Appellants              :          No. 1148 WDA 2015

                     Appeal from the Order July 9, 2015
              in the Court of Common Pleas of Mercer County,
                      Civil Division at No(s): 2015-484

BEFORE: OLSON, STABILE and MUSMANNO, JJ.

MEMORANDUM BY MUSMANNO, J.:                   FILED SEPTEMBER 21, 2016

      Benjamin O’Linchy and Braquel O’Linchy (collectively “the O’Linchys”)

appeal from the Order denying their Petition for Rule to Show Cause Why

Appeal Should Not be Reinstated Pursuant to Pa.R.C.P.M.D.J. 1006.           We

affirm.

      The trial court set forth the relevant underlying facts,1 which we adopt

for the purpose of this appeal. See Trial Court Opinion, 7/10/15, at 2-3.

      Following a hearing, the trial court denied the O’Linchys’ Petition. The

O’Linchys filed a timely Notice of Appeal. On July 29, 2015, the trial court

directed the O’Linchys to file a Pennsylvania Rule of Appellate Procedure

1925(b) concise statement within twenty-one days.      The O’Linchys mailed

1
 Harp Landscaping and Brandon Cominsky (collectively “Harp”) brought the
action against the O’Linchys for failing to pay for tree removal services. The
magisterial district judge awarded Harp $4,000.00 in damages.
J-A13044-16

the Concise Statement, through the United States Postal Service, on August

17, 2015, but the Concise Statement was not docketed until August 21,

2015.

        Harp filed a Motion to Quash Appeal, arguing that the O’Linchys filed

an untimely Concise Statement.         This Court granted the Motion.        The

O’Linchys filed an Application for Reconsideration of Order.        This Court

granted the Application for Reconsideration, reinstated the appeal, and

deferred the Motion to Quash to this panel.

        On appeal, the O’Linchys raise the following questions for our review:

        1. Whether the Superior Court [a]ppeal should be quashed when
           [the O’Linchys’] statement of matters complained of pursuant
           to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) was filed of record by mail[,] as
           provided in Pa.R.A.P. 121(a)[,] and was complete on mailing
           when [the O’Linchys] obtained United States Postal Service
           Form 3800, Certified Mail Receipt, and United States Postal
           Service Form 3811, Domestic Return Receipt, United States
           Postal Service forms similar to United States Postal Service
           Form 3817, Certificate of Mailing, from which the date of
           deposit can be verified?

        2. Whether the trial court erred and abused its discretion in
           failing to find good cause shown and reinstating an appeal
           from     a    Magisterial  District   Court[,]    pursuant   to
           Pa.R.C.P.[M.]D.J. No. 1006[,] when the requirement for filing
           proof of service of a notice of appeal is not a hard and fast
           rule, because good cause is not defined in the rules, is
           relative and [a] highly abstract term, and depends upon
           circumstances of an individual case; [the O’Linchys] placed
           their case in the hands of reputable counsel, and should not
           be turned out of [c]ourt for a delay that was almost entirely
           on account of counsel, and/or procedural and clerical errors in
           the [c]ourt system when [c]ounsel has a reasonable
           explanation for his oversight for the delay to be excused; and,
           under Pa.R.A.P. 126[,] there has been substantial compliance
           and no prejudice wherein the failure to file an affidavit of

                                   -2-
J-A13044-16

           service of process within the prescribed time should be
           overlooked, because the other side had in fact received the
           required notice?

Brief for Appellants at 2-3 (issues re-numbered for ease of disposition).

         In their first claim, the O’Linchys contend that their appeal should not

be quashed for failing to file a timely Rule 1925(b) Concise Statement. Id.

at 18.2     The O’Linchys argue that they filed the Concise Statement when

they mailed it on August 17, 2015. Id. at 20-21. The O’Linchys point out

that     they   have   copies   of   United   States   Postal   Service   forms   that

demonstrate their timely mailing of the Concise Statement.            Id. at 18-19,

20-21.      The O’Linchys assert that under Rule 1925(b)(1), their Concise

Statement is timely, and the merits of the appeal must be considered. Id.

at 21.

         It is well-settled that “[a]ppellants must comply whenever the trial

court orders them to file a Statement of [Errors] Complained of on Appeal

pursuant to Rule 1925. Any issues not raised in a 1925(b) statement will be

deemed waived.”         Greater Erie Indus. Dev. Corp. v. Presque Isle

Downs, Inc., 88 A.3d 222, 223 (Pa. Super. 2014) (en banc) (citation

omitted). Rule 1925(b) states the following, in relevant part:

         (b) Direction to file statement of errors complained of on
         appeal; instructions to the appellant and the trial court.--If
         the judge entering the order giving rise to the notice of appeal
         (“judge”) desires clarification of the errors complained of on
         appeal, the judge may enter an order directing the appellant to

2
  As noted above, Harp filed a Motion to Quash Appeal for failing to file a
timely Concise Statement.

                                      -3-
J-A13044-16

      file of record in the trial court and serve on the judge a concise
      statement of the errors complained of on appeal (“Statement”).

      (1)   Filing and service.--Appellant shall file of record the
            Statement and concurrently shall serve the judge. Filing of
            record and service on the judge shall be in person or by
            mail as provided in Pa.R.A.P. 121(a) and shall be complete
            on mailing if appellant obtains a United States Postal
            Service Form 3817, Certificate of Mailing, or other similar
            United States Postal Service form from which the
            date of deposit can be verified in compliance with the
            requirements set forth in Pa.R.A.P. 1112(c). Service on
            parties shall be concurrent with filing and shall be by any
            means of service specified under Pa.R.A.P. 121(c).

      (2)   Time for filing and service.--The judge shall allow the
            appellant at least 21 days from the date of the order’s
            entry on the docket for the filing and service of the
            Statement. …

      (3)   Contents of order.--The judge’s order directing the filing
            and service of a Statement shall specify:

            (i) the number of days after the date of entry of the
                  judge’s order within which the appellant must file and
                  serve the Statement;
            (ii) that the Statement shall be filed of record;
            (iii) that the Statement shall be served on the judge
                  pursuant to paragraph (b)(1);
            (iv) that any issue not properly included in the Statement
                  timely filed and served pursuant to subdivision (b) shall
                  be deemed waived.

Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) (emphasis added).

       “[I]n determining whether an appellant has waived his issues on

appeal based on non-compliance with Pa.R.A.P. 1925, it is the trial court’s

order that triggers an appellant’s obligation[;] ... therefore, we look first to

the language of that order.” Greater Erie Indus., 88 A.3d at 225 (citation

omitted).

                                  -4-
J-A13044-16

      Here, on July 29, 2015, the trial court issued the following Order:

      Pursuant to Rule of Appellate Procedure 1925(b)(2), [the
      O’Linchys] must file a “Statement of Errors Complained Of” on
      appeal within 21 days of the date of this Order. This statement
      shall be filed of record and served pursuant to [Pa.]R.A.P.
      1925(b)(1). Any issue not properly included in the statement
      timely filed and served pursuant to [Pa.]R.A.P. 1925(b) shall be
      deemed waived.

Order, 7/29/15.    According to the Order and docket, the parties received

notice of the Order on July 29, 2015.

      The trial court’s Order complied with the dictates of Rule 1925(b).

See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(3). Further, the parties received proper notice of the

Order. See Greater Erie Indus., 88 A.3d at 226 (stating that “a failure by

the prothonotary to give written notice of the entry of a court order and to

note on the docket that notice was given will prevent waiver for timeliness

pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b).”) (internal quotation marks omitted). Thus,

the O’Linchys had until August 19, 2015, to file a timely concise statement.

See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(2) (stating that a concise statement must be filed

“21 days from the date of the order’s entry on the docket for the filing and

service of the Statement.”); Pa.R.C.P. 106(a) (stating that “[w]hen any

period of time is referred to in any rule, such period in all cases ... shall be

so computed as to exclude the first and include the last day of such

period.”).

      Here, the O’Linchys submitted Postal Service Forms 3800 (Certified

Mail) and 3811 (Domestic Return Receipt), which indicate that they sent the

                                  -5-
J-A13044-16

Concise Statement to the Prothonotary, the trial court judge, and counsel for

Harp. While the date of mailing is not specified on either form, the O’Linchys

provided tracking information of Forms 3800 and 3811, which confirm the

mailing date as August 17, 2015.3 Thus, because the date of the mailing of

the O’Linchys’ Concise Statement can be verified, we will deem the filing

timely and deny the Motion to Quash.      See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(1) (stating

that “[f]iling of record and service on the judge shall be in person or by mail

... and shall be complete on mailing if appellant obtains a United States

Postal Service Form 3817, Certificate of Mailing, or other similar United

States Postal Service form from which the date of deposit can be verified.”);

Pa.R.A.P. 1925, cmt. (stating that “[t]he date of mailing will be considered

the date of filing and of service upon the judge only if counsel obtains a

United States Postal Service form from which the date of mailing can be

verified[.]”).

      In their second claim, the O’Linchys contend that the trial court abused

its discretion in failing to reinstate the appeal from the magisterial district

court under Pa.R.C.P.M.D.J. 1006. Brief for Appellants at 6. The O’Linchys

argue that they provided good cause to show that the timely-filed appeal

should have been reinstated.     Id. at 6, 11; see also id. at 14-15.      The

O’Linchys assert that their counsel was unable to file the service of the

3
  We also note that the Prothonotary’s date of receipt of the Concise
Statement, as stated in Form 3811, matches the date of the filing of the
Concise Statement in the docket.

                                  -6-
J-A13044-16

appeal on February 23, 2015, based upon a procedural and/or clerical error

that required counsel’s presence at oral argument, in an unrelated criminal

case, on February 25, 2015. Id. at 10-11. The O’Linchys claim that counsel

was forced to spend February 23, 2015, attempting to remove himself from

the criminal case and was thus unable to file the service of appeal. Id. at

11. The O’Linchys argue that they should not be put out of court for a delay

caused by counsel. Id. at 11-12, 14. The O’Linchys further point out that

Harp received the Notice of Appeal and suffered no prejudice as a result of

the delay in service of the Notice. Id. at 12-13, 14, 15. The O’Linchys claim

that because the appeal was timely filed, the late service of the appeal did

not undermine the intent of Rules of Civil Procedure Governing Actions and

Proceedings Before Magisterial District Judges. Id. at 14-15. The O’Linchys

also assert that the cases relied upon by the trial court are inapposite to the

case at bar. Id. at 15-17.

      Here, the trial court set forth the relevant law, addressed the

O’Linchys’ claims and determined that they are without merit.        See Trial

Court Opinion, 7/10/15, at 4-9.           Further, the O’Linchys’ attempt to

distinguish the case at bar from the cases cited by the trial court is without

merit. Thus, we adopt the sound reasoning and conclusion of the trial court,

and affirm on this basis. See id.

      Motion to Quash denied. Order affirmed.

                                    -7-
J-A13044-16

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 9/21/2016

                          -8-
                                                                         Circulated 08/26/2016 03:17 PM

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                                      IN
                                COUNTY JJJ/
                    2015 JUL 10 AH 9: 13
                          RUTH A. BICE
                         PROTHOHOTARY

IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS OF MERCER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

                                            CIVIL DIVISION

BRANDON COMINSKY and HARP
LANDSCAPING,

          Plaintiffs,
                                                    No. 2015-484
                                vs.

BENJAMIN O'LINCHY and BRAQUEL
O'LINCI-IY, husband and wife,

          Defendants.

                                            APPEARANCES

                 Plaintiffs:                      Dustin Cole, Esq.
                                                  Cole Law, LLC
                                                  689 North Hermitage Road, Suite 8
                                                  Hermitage, PA 16148
                                                  (724) 981-1962

                 Defendants:                      Ryan A. Mergl, Esq.
                                                  31 Vine Ave
                                                  Sharon, PA 16146
                                                  (724) 977-0500
                                               OPINION

Wallace, J.

        Presently before the Court is Defendants Benjamin O'Linchy's and Braque!

O'Linchy's Rule to Show Cause Why Appeal Should Not Be Reinstated Pursuant to

Pa.R.C.P.M.D.J. No. 1006.

                                             Facts

        On December 11, 2014, Plaintiffs filed a civil Complaint against Defendants in the

office of Magisterial District Judge Dennis M. Songer (MDJ Songer). Defendants made no

response to the Complaint and failed to appear at the hearing on January 15, 2015. MDJ

Songer entered a default judgment against Defendants that same day at MJ-35201-CV-

0000167-2014.

        On February 10, 2015, Counsel for Defendants alleges that he verbally notified

Counsel for Plaintiffs that an appeal would be filed. Counsel for Defendants then filed a

timely notice of appeal on February 12, 2015. Counsel for Defendants also alleges that he

verbally notified Counsel for Plaintiffs on February 18, 2015 that the appeal had been

filed. However, Counsel for Plaintiffs denies receiving verbal notice on this date. Rather,

Counsel for Plaintiffs avers that the only discussion concerning filing the appeal occurred

on February 10, 2015.

       Due to February 22, 2015 falling on a Sunday, February 23, 2015 became the date

by which Defendants needed to file their proofs of service of copies of their notice of

appeal with the Prothonotary under Pa.R.C.P.M.D.J. 1005. However, Defendants did not

serve a copy of the notice of appeal on Plaintiffs and MDJ Songer until February 24, 2015.

Defendants aver that their records indicate that they filed their proof of service wifqtthe;
                                                                                    "···.-;;-<

                                                                                                 2
    Prothonotary on February 25, 2015; however, the docket does not reflect this filing, and

    Defendants allege that no copy is available. According to Defendants, Plaintiffs received a

    copy of the notice of appeal on February 25, 2015; however, Plaintiffs aver that they

    received the notice of appeal on February 26, 2015. There is no date of delivery written on

    the proof of service sent to Counsel for Plaintiffs to clarify when it was received. MDJ

    Songer received a copy of the notice of appeal on February 26, 2015. After receiving a

    copy of the notice of appeal, Plaintiffs filed a Praecipe to Strike Appeal on February 26,

    2015, which Defendants received on March 2, 2015. On March 3, 2015, Defendants filed

    the last remaining carbon copy of the proof of service. Defendants also later filed copies

    of the Certified Mail Receipts evidencing service on March 4, 2015.

           Plaintiffs allege that they received no type of notice concerning the appeal from

    January 15, 2015 through February 25, 2015. According to Plaintiffs, Counsel for

    Plaintiffs contacted MDJ Songer's office on February 25, 2015 to ascertain whether his

    office received a copy of the notice of appeal. At that time, Plaintiffs' Counsel was

I   advised that the office had not received any notice of appeal. Plaintiffs then received a
I

    certified copy of the judgment on February 25, 2015, and the judgment was transferred and

    entered with this Court. Interrogatories in Aid of Execution were served on Defendants on

    February 25, 2015. Counsel for Plaintiffs alleges that he then later received a copy of

    Defendants' notice of appeal on February 26, 2015. Therefore, Plaintiffs filed a Praecipe

    to Strike Appeal on February 26, 2015. In response, Defendants filed a Petition for Rule to

    Show Cause Why Appeal Should Not Be Reinstated Pursuant to Pa.R.C.P.M.D.J. No.

    1006 on March 4, 2015. Plaintiffs filed their Answer and New Matter on March 11, 2015,

    and oral argument was held before this Court on April 6, 2015.

                                                                                                 3
                                      Standard of Review

        The procedures for appealing a judgment from a district justice are set forth in

 Pa.R.C.P.M.D.J. 1002 through 1006. Under Rule 1002, an aggrieved party has 30 days

 after the date of the entry of judgment to appeal from that judgment. Pa.R.C.P.M.D.J.

 1002(A). A party seeking to appeal a judgment from a district justice "shall by personal

 service or by certified or registered mail serve a copy of his notice of appeal upon the

 appellee and upon the magisterial district judge in whose office the judgment was

 rendered." Pa.R.C.P.M.D.J. 1005(A). Additionally, in cases such as this one, the

 appellant must likewise serve a rule to file a complaint upon the appellee. See

I Pa.R.C.P.M.D.J. 1004(B) and 1005(A). Rule 1005(B) also requires the appellant to "file
 with the prothonotary proof of service of copies of his notice of appeal, and proof of

 service of a rule upon the appellee to file a complaint ... within ten ( 10) days after filing

 the notice of appeal." Pa.R.C.P.M.D.J. 1005(B). Finally, if the appealing party fails to

I comply with these proof of service requirements, Rule 1006 authorizes the Prothonotary to
 strike the appeal upon praecipe of the appellee. Pa.R.C.P.M.D.J. 1006. However, "[t]he

 court of common pleas may reinstate the appeal upon good cause shown." Id.

                                      Law and Discussion

        Rule 1006 does not define what constitutes "good cause shown." However, the

 Superior Court "has interpreted it to require an appealing party to proffer some legally

 sufficient reason for reinstating the appeal." Slaughter v. Allied Heating, 636 A.2d 1121,

 1123 (Pa.Super. 1993) (citing Anderson v. Centennial Homes, Inc., 594 A.2d 737, 739

 (Pa.Super. 1991)). Furthermore, simply stating that the noncompliance did not

 substantially affect the rights of the appellee is not alone sufficient to demonstrate good

                                                                                                  4
 cause to reinstate an appeal. Anderson v. Centennial Homes, Inc., 594 A.2d 737, 740

 (Pa.Super. 1991 ). The trial court has sound discretion to determine when good cause has

 been shown, and Rule 1006 is intended to provide sanctions for failing to act within the

 prescribed time limits. Id. at 739 (citing Pa.R.C.P.D.J. 1006, note)).

         In the past, a strict interpretation of the Rules of Civil Procedure was favored;

 however, the modern trend favors a more liberal interpretation of the rules. To justify

 leniency when there has been a violation of the Rules of Civil Procedure, the Courts rely

 on Pa.R.C.P. 126. According to this rule, "[t]he rules shall be liberally construed to secure

 the just, speedy and inexpensive determination of every action or proceeding to which they

 are applicable. The court at every stage of any such action or proceeding may disregard

 any error or defect of procedure which does not affect the substantial rights of the parties."

 Pa.R.C.P. 126. However, while Rule 126 allows this Court to ignore procedural

I noncompliance, it is not required to do so. See Anderson v. Centennial Homes, Inc., 594

 A.2d 737, 739 (Pa.Super. 1991).

         Despite the clear ten day timeline given in Rule 1005(B) for filing a proof service,

 there are several cases where the Court has forgiven a slight delay in filing the proof of

 service where good cause has been shown. This is especially true when the appellee and

 the district justice receive timely notice of the appeal. See, e.g., Quarato v. Face lifters,

 Ltd, 451 A.2d 777 (Pa.Super. 1982) (noncompliance with Rule 1005(B) disregarded

 because appellees did receive notice of the appeal and rule to file a complaint); Berry v.

 Sheaffer, 42 Pa. D. & C.3d 480 (Pa.Com.Pl. 1987) (appeal reinstated despite the fact that

 the proof of service was filed late where appellee and district justice were timely served,

 and good cause was shown); Katsantonis v. Freels, 419 A.2d 778 (Pa.Super. 1980) (proof

                                                                                                 5
        of service being filed one day late was disregarded where notice of appeal was timely

        served, and good cause was shown); Seiple v. Pitterich, 35 Pa. D. & C.3d 592 (Pa.Com.Pl.

        1984) ("when an appellant has timely served the notice of appeal and there is no dispute on

        the issue, none of the purposes underlying Rule 1005 are served by penalizing the

        appellant who fails to file the proof of service within five days after filing the notice of

        appeal."); Hyde v. Crigler, 10 Pa. D. & C.3d 769 (Pa.Com.Pl. 1979) (the purposes behind

I       Rule 1005 are not served by striking the appeal for failure to file proof of service within

        five days when the notice of appeal was timely served, and there is no dispute concerning

        the service); Beck v. Weitzenhoffer, 49 Pa. D. & C.3d 112 (Pa.Com.Pl. 1988) (failure to

        timely file proof of service disregarded where appellee had actual notice of the appeal).

        See also, Felker v. Seashock, 47 Pa. D. & C.3d 126 Pa.Com.Pl. 1987) (appeal reinstated

        even though notice of appeal was not timely served on the district justice and the appellee,

        but good cause was shown where it was attorney's first time filing an appeal and attorney

        lacked familiarity with Rule 1005).

\I              However, this Court finds these cases to be factually distinguishable from the case
    I
    I at hand when considering      the purposes behind Rule 1005. In Slaughter v. Allied Heating,

        636 A.2d 1121 (Pa.Super. 1993), the Superior Court noted that Rule 1005(B) is meant to

        "prevent parties from appealing from an adverse judgment of a district justice and then

        delaying the case by failing to timely notify the non-appealing party." Id. at 1124 ( citing

        Berry v. Sheaffer, 42 Pa. D. & C.3d 480, 483 (Pa.Com.Pl. 1987). Furthermore,

                The rule also ensures that the district justice will be notified as the notice of
                appeal may act as a supersedeas, and thus, may affect the prevailing party's
                attempt to execute on the judgment. The requirements of Rule l 005 further
                promote the speedy, orderly and just determination of the appeal and
                eliminate any dispute as to whether service was actually made. Where the
                notice of appeal is timely filed and served upon the non-appealing party and

                                                                                                       6
               the district justice, the intent underlying the rule has been fulfilled and no
               further purpose remains to be served by penalizing the appealing party for
               failing to timely file the proofs of service.

        Id. ( citations omitted). Thus, "the mere failure to file the proofs of service in a timely

        manner will be disregarded where it is clear that the opposing party has received notice of

        the appeal and that the purpose of the rules has been satisfied." Id.

                The purpose behind Rule 1005 has not been satisfied in this case. Not only did

I       Defendants fail to timely file their proofs of service, Defendants also did not timely serve

        the notice of appeal on Plaintiffs or the district justice. As Judge Wettick observed in Hyde

        v. Crigler, 10 Pa. D. & C.3d 769 (Pa.Com.Pl. 1979), the timeframe for service is covered

        by Rule 1005(8), which requires that the proof of service of the notice of appeal and rule

        to file a complaint be filed with the Prothonotary within 10 days. "These requirements of

        Rule 1005(B) accomplish two purposes: they require that service be made within [ten]

        days after the filing of the notice of appeal and that proof of service be filed to eliminate

        any dispute as to whether service was actually made.?' Id. at 773. See also Wander v.
    I
I       Nat'! Dev. Corp., 12 Pa. D. & C.4th 627, 630 (Pa.Com.Pl. 1991) aff'd sub nom. Wander v.
1
        Nat'! Dev., 612 A.2d 540 (Pa.Super. 1992) (the timeframe laid down by Rule 1005(8) is

        needed so that the appeal process may work as intended). As a result of Defendants'

        untimely service of the notice of appeal, Plaintiffs contacted the district justice and

        obtained a certified copy of the judgment, and said judgment was entered with this Court

        before the notice of the appeal was received by Plaintiffs or the district justice.

        Defendants' late service has impeded Plaintiffs' ability to execute their favorable

        1
         In Hyde v. Crigler, 10 Pa. D. & C.3d 769 (Pa.Com.Pl. 1979), Judge Wettick referred to
        the previous version of Pa.R.C.P.M.D.J. 1005(8), which had a five day timeframefor. ·
        filing the proof of service.                                                    908 A.2d 269 (Pa. 2006). Defendants chose not to

          appear before the district magistrate apparently under the assumption that they would

I         appeal the default judgment. Defendants certainly have the right to appeal to this Court;

I         however, they must exercise this right within the confines of the Ru Jes of CiviI Procedure.

,1.       By choosing this method to get their case to this Court, Defendants assumed the burden of

          service and the risks of improper service. See, e.g., Hanni v. Penn Warranty Corp., 658
I
11        A.2d 1349, 1351 (Pa.Super. 1995). Because Defendants had a responsibility to file their

          appeal pursuant to the mandates of Rule 1005(B), and they failed to do so without showing

          good cause as to why, their appeal will not be reinstated.

     I    HENCE THIS ORDER;

     I
     I

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