Court Opinion

ID: 2980135
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 19:05:11.151808+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:21:59.446107
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                               File Name: 11a0572n.06
                                                                                        FILED
                                           No. 10-1085
                                                                                   Aug 15, 2011
                            UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                   LEONARD GREEN, Clerk
                                 FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

          Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.                                                       ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                                         UNITED STATES DISTRICT
LARONE MILLS,                                            COURT FOR THE EASTERN
                                                         DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN
          Defendant-Appellant.

                                                     /

Before:          GIBBONS, STRANCH, and ROTH,* Circuit Judges.

          JANE R. ROTH, Circuit Judge. Larone Mills appeals the denial of his motion pursuant to

18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) for modification of his consecutive mandatory minimum sentences for

distribution of crack cocaine and conspiracy to possess powder cocaine. Mills’s motion was based

on Amendment 706 to the Sentencing Guidelines lowering the guideline range for crack cocaine.

Mills acknowledged that his adjusted crack cocaine sentence would still be below the mandatory

minimum sentence required by 21 U.S.C. § 841, and thus could not be changed, but argued that his

consecutive sentences should be made concurrent in light of the reduced guidelines range. The

District Court denied Mills’s motion, concluding that 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) did not authorize the

modification Mills sought. Because the amended guideline on which Mills relies is separate from

the guideline governing whether Mills’s mandatory minimum sentences should be consecutive or

          *
        The Honorable Jane R. Roth, Circuit Judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the
Third Circuit, sitting by designation.
No. 10-1085
United States v. Mills
Page 2

concurrent, consideration of this separate guideline was not authorized by § 3582(c)(2).

Accordingly, the District Court properly concluded that it lacked authority to consider Mills’s

sentencing motion and we therefore affirm the denial of his motion.

                                                 I.

       In January 2000, Mills pleaded guilty to distribution of cocaine base in violation of 21 U.S.C.

§ 841(a)(1). In June 2000, the District Court sentenced Mills to 135 months imprisonment. Mills

appealed and this Court vacated the sentence and remanded for re-sentencing, concluding that the

District Court had erroneously believed that it lacked authority to depart downward from the

sentencing guidelines. United States v. Mills, 27 F.App’x 391, 392 (6th Cir. 2001). While Mills was

on pretrial release, he committed another offense and was charged with conspiracy to possess over

500 grams of cocaine powder with intent to distribute. Mills pleaded guilty to the conspiracy charge

pursuant to a Rule 11 plea agreement covering both his conspiracy offense and re-sentencing for his

previous distribution offense. The plea agreement limited Mills’s sentence on the conspiracy charge

to 63 months and limited his sentence on the cocaine distribution charge from the previous

indictment to 121 months, but did not specify whether the sentences would be served consecutively

or concurrently.

       In April 2003, the District Court sentenced Mills to 120 months for distributing more than

50 grams of crack cocaine, the minimum sentence required by 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1)(A)(iii), and to

60 months for the conspiracy offense, the minimum sentence required by §§ 841(a)(1)(B)(ii), 846,

with the sentences to run concurrently. The District Court determined that Mills’s offense level was

31 and his criminal history category was III, yielding a guideline range of 135 to 168 months. In an
No. 10-1085
United States v. Mills
Page 3

amended judgment, the court determined that the minimum sentences should run consecutively.

Mills did not appeal this sentence.

       In November 2007, the United States Sentencing Commission adopted Amendment 706 to

U.S.S.G. § 2D1.1, which reduced by two levels the base offense level for crack cocaine offenses.

U.S.S.G., Supp. to App’x C, at 226 (Nov. 1, 2008). The amendment was made retroactive. U.S.S.G.

§ 1B1.10(c). Mills thereafter moved to reduce his sentence pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2),

which provides that

       in the case of a defendant who has been sentenced to a term of imprisonment based
       on a sentencing range that has subsequently been lowered by the Sentencing
       Commission pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 994(o), upon motion of the defendant . . . , the
       court may reduce the term of imprisonment, after considering the factors set forth in
       section 3553(a) to the extent that they are applicable, if such a reduction is consistent
       with applicable policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission.

Under the amended guidelines, Mills’s offense level would be reduced from 31 to 29, resulting in

a guideline range of 108 to 135 months. Mills acknowledged that both of his sentences were set at

the statutory minimum and could not be reduced, but argued that the court should make his two

sentences concurrent, rather than consecutive, thereby reducing his ultimate sentence from 180

months to 120 months. Mills relied on U.S.S.G. § 5G1.2, arguing that the 120-month concurrent

sentence was within the guidelines range while his consecutive 180-month sentence significantly

exceeded the guidelines range. The District Court denied Mills’s motion, concluding that 18 U.S.C.

§ 3582(c)(2) did not authorize it to modify his sentence in the manner he requested.
No. 10-1085
United States v. Mills
Page 4

                                                  II.

       We generally review a district court’s ruling on a motion for modification of sentence under

18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) for abuse of discretion. United States v. Johnson, 569 F.3d 619, 623 (6th Cir.

2009). But where, as here, the lower court concludes that it lacks authority to modify a sentence

under § 3582(c)(2), we review this legal conclusion de novo. Id.

       Modification of a sentence under § 3582(c)(2) is an exception to the general rule that a

district court “may not modify a term of imprisonment once it has been imposed . . . .” 18 U.S.C.

§ 3582(c); see Dillon v. United States, 130 S. Ct. 2683, 2687 (2010). This exception is limited,

permitting modification only to the extent “consistent with applicable policy statements issued by

the Sentencing Commission.” 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c); see also United States v. Washington, 584 F.3d
693, 700 (6th Cir. 2009) (“When Congress granted the district courts authority to reduce otherwise

valid sentences pursuant to § 3582(c)(2), it explicitly restricted judicial discretion by incorporating

the Commission’s policy statements, which limit the extent of the reduction . . . .”).

       The Sentencing Commission’s policy statements are set forth in U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10, which

states that “proceedings under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) and this policy statement do not constitute a

full resentencing of the defendant.” U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10(a)(3). Rather, the district court should only

substitute the amended guideline provision for the provision applied at the time of the defendant’s

sentencing, and “shall leave all other guideline application decisions unaffected.” U.S.S.G. §

1B1.10(b)(1). As the Supreme Court has recently explained in the context of a motion for

modification of sentence based on Amendment 706, this means that motions to modify “aspects of

[a] sentence that . . . were not affected by the Commission’s amendment to § 2D1.1 . . . are outside
No. 10-1085
United States v. Mills
Page 5

the scope of the proceeding authorized by § 3582(c)(2),” and should not be addressed by a district

court. Dillon, 130 S. Ct. at 2694. But as Mills’s modification motion acknowledged, whether the

sentences for his drug offenses should run consecutively or concurrently is governed not by U.S.S.G.

§ 2D1.1, but by § 5G1.2, a separate guideline provision that was not changed by Amendment 706.

See U.S.S.G., Supp. to App’x C, at 226-29 (Nov. 1, 2008).1 Accordingly, U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10(b)(1)

requires that the District Court’s previous application of § 5G1.2 be left “unaffected.” See Dillon,
130 S. Ct. at 2694; United States v. Harris, 574 F.3d 971, 972 (8th Cir. 2009) (defendant could not

seek modification of crack cocaine sentence based on Amendment 706 where reason for changing

his sentence was based on U.S.S.G. § 5G1.3, and not the amended § 2D1.1). The modification Mills

seeks is not consistent with the policy of the Sentencing Commission articulated in U.S.S.G. §

1B1.10 and therefore not authorized by § 3582(c)(2).

       Mills argues that § 3582(c)(2) nevertheless authorized consideration of his motion because

the statute directs the court to consider the sentencing factors in 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) and those

factors support the modification of sentence he seeks. But the statute directs the court to consider

the section 3553(a) factors only “to the extent that they are applicable” and does not authorize

plenary resentencing. Rather, the statute “permits a sentence reduction within the narrow bounds

established by the Commission.” Dillon, 130 S. Ct. at 2694. As we have explained, Mills’s motion

is outside those bounds. Mills also points out that we have upheld broad modifications of sentences

       1
         Amendment 706 was subsequently modified by Amendments 711 and 715, which also apply
retroactively. See U.S.S.G. § 1B1.10(c). Neither of these later amendments changes U.S.S.G. §
5G1.2. See Amendments 711 and 715, U.S.S.G., Supp. to App’x C, at 241-43, 255-58 (Nov. 1,
2008).
No. 10-1085
United States v. Mills
Page 6

in United States v. Clark, 110 F.3d 15, 18 (6th Cir. 1997), and United States v. Gainous, 134 F.3d
372 (6th Cir. 1997) (per curiam) (unpublished table decision). But as we recently explained, Clark

and Gainous predate Amendment 712 to § 1B1.10, which significantly narrowed the scope of

resentencing under § 3582(c)(2), and thus are no longer authoritative on this point. See Washington,
584 F.3d at 700.

                                                III.

       The District Court correctly concluded that 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) does not authorize the

sentence modification Mills seeks and we therefore AFFIRM the order of the District Court denying

his motion for modification of sentence.