Court Opinion

ID: 5142239
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-12-31 01:11:53.284348+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:24:34.677672
License: Public Domain

Marcella Holloman v. Marilyn Mosby, No. 1976, September Term, 2019. Opinion by
Nazarian, J.

COURTS AND JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS – GRAND JURY INVESTIGATION –
PRIVATE RIGHT OF ACTION

Section 8-417(b) of the Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article of the Maryland Code
(“CJ”) does not create a private right of action for a citizen of Baltimore City to compel a
judge to approach a grand jury.

GRAND JURY INVESTIGATION – COMMON LAW – RIGHT TO APPROACH
GRAND JURY

Grand juries serve a vital role within Maryland’s criminal justice system. As the system is
presently structured, the State’s Attorney has broad discretion when determining which
criminal actions to prosecute. A check on that discretion is the grand jury’s power to
investigate matters not presented by the State’s Attorney’s office. Consistent with Brack v.
Wells and Sibley v. Doe, a private citizen has the right to ask the grand jury whether it will
conduct an investigation into criminal allegations. This right is not limitless, though. The
citizen must first exhaust all other possible remedies, and is not entitled to present evidence
to the grand jury personally, but they can compile the documents they wish presented to
and considered by the grand jury.
Circuit Court for Baltimore City
Case No. 24-C-13005128

                                                                                                  REPORTED

                                                                                    IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS

                                                                                               OF MARYLAND

                                                                                                       No. 1976

                                                                                             September Term, 2019
                                                                                   ______________________________________

                                                                                          MARCELLA HOLLOMAN

                                                                                                          v.

                                                                                              MARILYN MOSBY
                                                                                   ______________________________________

                                                                                        Fader, C.J.,
                                                                                        Nazarian,
                                                                                        Shaw Geter,

                                                                                                     JJ.
                                                                                   ______________________________________

                                                                                            Opinion by Nazarian, J.
                                                                                   ______________________________________

                                                                                        Filed: October 27, 2021

 Pursuant to Maryland Uniform Electronic Legal
Materials Act
(§§ 10-1601 et seq. of the State Government Article) this document is authentic.

                      2021-12-16 14:36-05:00

Suzanne C. Johnson, Clerk
       Marcella Holloman’s son, Maurice Donald Johnson, was shot and killed by police

at their home in May 2012. Ever since, she has sought to have the shooting investigated

and charges brought against the involved officers. After the State’s Attorney declined to

bring charges, Ms. Holloman filed a petition for a writ of mandamus in the Circuit Court

for Baltimore City that sought a grand jury investigation into the shooting. After several

court filings, documents contained in the court file were forwarded to the Baltimore City

grand jury, which declined to indict. A later motion for relief and to present additional

materials to the grand jury was denied as moot.

       Ms. Holloman points to two different sources of law that, she says, entitle her to

present her case to a grand jury. The first is Section 8-417(b) of the Courts and Judicial

Proceedings Article of the Maryland Code (“CJ”), which states that “[i]n addition to any

other duty imposed by law, each grand jury shall carry out an investigation if a judge of

the [Baltimore City] circuit court directs.” The second is a common law right to seek

permission to appear before a grand jury. We hold that CJ § 8-417 does not create a private

right of action through which Ms. Holloman can compel a circuit court judge to direct the

grand jury to conduct an investigation, but that she does have a right at common law, see

Brack v. Wells, 184 Md. 86 (1944); Sibley v. Doe, 227 Md. App. 645 (2016), to forward

information to the grand jury, albeit not a right to appear before the grand jury in person.

We reverse and remand with directions that the circuit court allow Ms. Holloman to

compile materials she wishes to submit and to forward those materials to the grand jury.
                               I.      BACKGROUND

       A. The Incident

       On May 19, 2012, at 5:00 p.m., Mr. Johnson arrived at Ms. Holloman’s home. He

was visibly upset, and she wasn’t sure why, and she wanted to take him to the hospital to

get help. But he refused and went to the back of the house. Approximately five minutes

later, Ms. Holloman called 911 to ask for assistance in getting Mr. Johnson transported to

the hospital. Officer Paul Markowski responded at 5:16 p.m., ten minutes after the 911 call

had been made. By that time, the situation had deescalated, and Mr. Johnson was in the

backyard.

       When Officer Markowski arrived, he entered the home through the front door. Ms.

Holloman asked him to stay by the front door and wait for backup to arrive because Mr.

Johnson had calmed down. Officer Markowski continued on—he looked around, walked

through the house to the back door, and released the strap of his firearm holster along the

way. Once at the back door, Officer Markowski called Mr. Johnson’s name, and

Mr. Johnson began banging on the back door.

       Officer Gregory Bragg arrived and made his way to the back of the house as well.

Officers Bragg and Markowski looked at each other, then unlocked and opened the door to

the back yard. The officers each grabbed one of Mr. Johnson’s arms, but Mr. Johnson was

able to break free. A struggle between Officer Markowski and Mr. Johnson ensued and

both men fell to the floor. Mr. Johnson got on top of Officer Markowski and Officer

Markowski reached for his service weapon. Officer Markowski discharged his weapon at

point blank range twice into Mr. Johnson’s chest. Officer Bragg discharged his weapon

                                                2
into Mr. Johnson’s back. Mr. Johnson took his last breath at 5:18 p.m., two minutes after

Officer Markowski had arrived.

       The police report states that Officer Bragg thought Mr. Johnson was reaching to

take Officer Markowski’s service weapon, and that that was the reason he discharged his

weapon into Mr. Johnson’s back. Ms. Holloman disputes this. She also contends that

Officer Markowski was aware of Mr. Johnson’s mental illness diagnosis because of prior

incidents and that Mr. Johnson’s diagnosis was contained in a Maryland database of

persons known to have mental health diagnoses.

       B. Procedure

       Soon after the death of her son, Ms. Holloman sought to have the officers’ conduct

investigated. In a letter dated September 21, 2012, the Office of the State’s Attorney for

Baltimore City advised Ms. Holloman that the office had “reviewed the investigation into

the death of your son Maurice Donald Johnson,” that the office’s review “supports the

finding that Officer Gregory Bragg was acting reasonably in self-defense of himself and

others when he shot your son,” and “[t]herefore no criminal charges will be brought against

Officer Bragg for his actions.”

       On August 14, 2013, Ms. Holloman filed a petition for a writ of mandamus seeking

an order directing an independent investigation by a grand jury into the events of May 19,

2012. After the State’s Attorney didn’t respond, Ms. Holloman filed a motion for default

judgment or, in the alternative, to impose sanctions against the State’s Attorney and the

police officers who responded to Ms. Holloman’s 911 call. The court denied the motion

for default judgment on October 16, 2013.

                                                3
       After receiving a Notice of Contemplated Dismissal from the circuit court, Ms.

Holloman filed on April 29, 2015 a response that detailed her efforts to compel an

investigation of her son’s death. On August 22, 2015, Ms. Holloman also wrote to Judge

W. Michel Pierson, the Administrative Judge of the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, and

asked to approach the grand jury. The court issued an order deferring dismissal of the action

pursuant to Maryland Rule 2-507(c) until April 8, 2016.1

       Ms. Holloman filed an amended petition for a writ of mandamus on September 16,

2015. This time, she sought authorization to approach the grand jury so she could ask

directly for it to commence an investigation. On September 28, 2015, Ms. Holloman wrote

a letter to Chief Judge Mary Ellen Barbera of the Court of Appeals of Maryland requesting

the same relief.

       On October 14, 2015, the Attorney General of Maryland filed a motion for summary

judgment asking that the State’s Attorney “be granted summary judgment in the form of a

declaratory judgment that [Ms. Holloman] may only communicate to the grand jury her

wish to present allegations to the grand jury, but only after requesting that both this Court

and the State’s Attorney present the allegations to the grand jury.” Ms. Holloman filed a

timely opposition. The court granted the motion for summary judgment on November 20,

2015, and stated in its order that Ms. Holloman must first ask the State’s Attorney and the

court to present information to the grand jury before communicating with the grand jury.

   1
    Maryland Rule 2-507(c) states in part that “[a]n action is subject to dismissal for lack
   of prosecution at the expiration of one year from the last docket entry.”

                                                 4
Ms. Holloman did so, and the State’s Attorney’s Office—indeed, the same Assistant State’s

Attorney—sent her a new letter on December 7, 2015 that reiterated its 2012 decision not

to pursue charges and declining to bring the matter to the grand jury:

              Please be advised that our 2012 finding that Office[r] Gregory
              Bragg was acting reasonably in self-defense when he shot your
              son has not changed. Therefore this office has no intention of
              presenting this matter to the Grand Jury of Baltimore City.

       On August 18, 2016, Ms. Holloman filed a Notice of Compliance with the Court’s

Order and asked for permission to access the grand jury. The court issued a memorandum

to the grand jury judge on November 23, 2016 requesting that the matter be brought to the

attention of the grand jury. In a letter dated December 8, 2016, the grand jury judge wrote

to Ms. Holloman stating that her request to approach the grand jury has been submitted and

that the grand jury had declined to commence an investigation.

       Nearly two years later, on November 28, 2018, Ms. Holloman filed a Motion for

Disclosure of Materials Submitted to the Grand Jury. As the title suggests, Ms. Holloman

asked the court to issue an order providing her access to all materials or evidence that had

been submitted to the grand jury between November 23, 2016 and December 8, 2016. The

Office of the State’s Attorney responded that “[n]o materials were submitted to the grand

jury,” and thus there was nothing to disclose.

       On June 12, 2019, Ms. Holloman filed a Motion for Relief and to Present to the

Grand Jury. On October 30, 2019, the court issued an order stating that on September 25,

2019, the grand jury had been provided with copies of the court file and that on October

15, 2019, the grand jury had informed the court that it declined to conduct an investigation.

                                                 5
As a result, the court denied Ms. Holloman’s motion for relief and to present to the grand

jury as moot.

         Ms. Holloman noted this timely appeal. We supply additional facts as necessary

below.

                                   II.      DISCUSSION

         On appeal, Ms. Hollman seeks, in two different ways, to compel further

investigation of her son’s death by the Baltimore City grand jury.2 First, she argues that

the circuit court erred by not ordering the grand jury itself, pursuant to CJ § 8-417, to

investigate Ms. Holloman’s allegations against the officers. Second, she contends that the

circuit court erred by not allowing her to present her request for investigation to the grand

jury foreperson personally. The State responds that her requests for these forms of relief

were not preserved and that her motion for additional relief was denied properly as moot.

         The facts surrounding Mr. Johnson’s death are disputed in important ways, but the

   2
       Ms. Holloman phrases her questions presented as follows:
                1. Did the circuit court err or abuse its discretion by not
                   directing the grand jury to investigate the police’s killing of
                   Maurice Johnson?
                 A. Did the circuit court abuse its discretion by not
                    recognizing its statutory authority to direct the grand jury
                    to investigate, and not exercising its discretion to
                    determine whether to do so?
                 B. Did the circuit court abuse its discretion by not directing
                    the grand jury to investigate, based on the facts presented
                    by Ms. Holloman?
                2. Did the circuit court err by not allowing Ms. Holloman to
                   present her request for investigation personally to the grand
                   jury foreman?

                                                    6
facts relating to Ms. Holloman’s rights to seek grand jury relief aren’t, and her arguments

on appeal are purely legal questions that we review de novo. Sibley, 227 Md. App. at 653–

54.

       A. Preservation and Mootness

       Before getting to the merits, though, we must address the State’s contentions that

(a) Ms. Holloman hasn’t preserved her request that we instruct the circuit court to direct a

grand jury investigation (the State doesn’t dispute that she preserved her request to present

her case to the grand jury directly), and (b) in any event, the case is moot because she has

already received the relief to which she could be entitled if she won. Ms. Holloman

responds that she did ask the circuit court to direct the grand jury to commence an

investigation, and that although the circuit court forwarded to the grand jury her motion for

relief as well as the case file, the case isn’t moot because the court didn’t direct the grand

jury to conduct an investigation or allow her to address the grand jury herself. We find

Ms. Holloman’s claims preserved and not moot.

       First, the State’s preservation argument focuses entirely on the last of

Ms. Holloman’s motions, her Motion for Relief and to Present to Grand Jury. And it’s true

that in that specific filing, she asked the court to issue an order providing her an

“opportunity to present her matter to the Grand Jury either in person or through submission

of reasonable papers for consideration by the Grand Jury.” But in addition to including a

general “any other relief deemed appropriate by this Honorable Court” prayer in the

motion, Ms. Holloman previously had asked the circuit court to direct the grand jury to

commence an investigation pursuant to CJ § 8-417, and the court had denied that relief.

                                                 7
Her original petition for a writ of mandamus requested an independent investigation by the

grand jury specifically. Her requests evolved in subsequent filings—her amended petition

for a writ of mandamus asked the court to authorize her to approach the grand jury to

present her allegations for an investigation to commence, and her motion for relief and to

present to the grand jury asked the court to provide her an opportunity to present her matter

to the grand jury either in person or through reasonable papers or any other relief deemed

appropriate by the court. But although her last filing didn’t request a court-directed grand

jury investigation, she did cite CJ § 8-417 (“each grand jury shall carry out an investigation

if a judge of the circuit court directs”).

       “Ordinarily, the appellate court will not decide any other issue unless it plainly

appears by the record to have been raised in or decided by the trial court, but the Court may

decide such an issue if necessary or desirable to guide the trial court or to avoid the expense

and delay of another appeal.” Maryland Rule 8-131(a). This anti-sandbagging provision

preserves “[t]he interests of fairness [] by ‘requir[ing] counsel to bring the position of their

client to the attention of the lower court at the trial so that the trial court can pass upon, and

possibly correct any errors in the proceedings.’” State v. Bell, 334 Md. 178, 189 (1994)

(quoting Clayman v. Prince George’s Cnty., 266 Md. 409, 416 (1972)). On appeal,

Ms. Holloman asks us to reverse the circuit court’s denial of her motion for relief and to

remand with instructions to direct the grand jury to investigate under CJ § 8-417, to

exercise its discretion to order such an investigation under that statute, or to allow

Ms. Holloman to present her case to the grand jury. And all along, she has sought to compel

a grand jury investigation into her son’s death, either by having the court order one or

                                                    8
allowing her to approach the grand jury herself. She appealed when the circuit court granted

the State’s summary judgment motion, but that appeal was dismissed as moot, and the State

isn’t claiming that she waived this argument, only that it wasn’t in the motion for relief.

We are comfortable that her request for a court-ordered grand jury investigation was before

the circuit court and that her appellate claim that the court erred in declining to order one

is preserved adequately.

       Second, the State asserts that Ms. Holloman’s appeal is moot because she has

already been awarded all of the relief to which she could be entitled. Ms. Holloman

counters that neither the court’s order nor the State’s brief addressed the relief she requested

under CJ § 8-417 that the court should direct the grand jury to investigate, and that she is

entitled as well to present her case to the grand jury directly. To answer this question in the

State’s favor, we would effectively need to decide the merits in the State’s favor—put

differently, the only way she could have received all of the relief to which she’s entitled is

if we find that she isn’t entitled to anything further. The fact that that question remains

means that this appeal isn’t moot.

       “It is well settled that ‘[t]he duty of this [C]ourt, as of every other judicial tribunal,

is to decide actual controversies . . . .” Menefee v. State, 417 Md. 740, 748 (2011) (quoting

Thom v. Cook, 113 Md. 85, 88 (1910)). Actual controversies exist when a judgment “can

be carried into effect.” Thom, 113 Md. at 88 (quoting Mills v. Green, 159 U.S. 651, 653

(1895)). It is not our duty to give opinions regarding “abstract propositions, or to declare

principles or rules of law, which cannot affect the matter at issue . . . .” Id. (quoting Mills,

159 U.S. at 653). Therefore, “[i]f no existing controversy is present, the case is moot and

                                                   9
an appellate court ordinarily will not consider the case on its merits.” Office of Public

Defender v. State, 413 Md. 411, 422 (2010) (citing Suter v. Stuckey, 402 Md. 211,

219 (2007)).

       Again, Ms. Holloman asked in her motion for the court to provide her an opportunity

to present her matter to the grand jury either in person or through reasonable papers or any

other relief deemed appropriate by the court, citing the common law and CJ § 8-417:

                 [T]o present information about the death of her son to the
                 Grand Jury. . . . Alternatively, [Ms. Holloman] can submit
                 written information to the Grand Jury in support of her request.
                 [Ms. Holloman] would accept reasonable time or page
                 constraints for presenting such information.
                                              ***
                 [Ms. Holloman] seeks to enforce her Order from November 23,
                 2016 or alternatively, as there is no limitation on presenting to
                 the Grand Jury for criminal investigation, to obtain another
                 Order or to have an opportunity for this matter to be presented
                 to the Grand Jury. She seeks this court to identify those steps
                 necessary to present the matter to the Grand Jury, including
                 permitting her a reasonable opportunity to present information
                 in support of her claims, personally or through papers.

       Although in November 2016 the grand jury was presented with Ms. Holloman’s

inquiry, no documents were attached or actually presented. It isn’t surprising, then, that the

grand jury declined, on a non-record with no argument or presentation, to commence an

investigation.

       In response to Ms. Holloman’s later motion for relief, the circuit court wrote a

memorandum requesting that the grand jury judge “take the necessary steps to bring this

matter to the attention of the Grand Jury.” The grand jury judge forwarded the request and

the documents contained in the court file to the grand jury for the May 2019 Term, but that

                                                   10
grand jury didn’t have the time to consider whether an investigation was warranted. The

request and court file were then presented to the grand jury for the September 2019 Term,

and that grand jury declined to conduct an investigation. A copy of the grand jury’s written

notice declining to investigate was attached to the letter sent to Ms. Holloman. The notice

showed three available options, and the grand jury marked its selection, with no

explanation of the information that was considered, what was presented, or why the grand

jury decided to decline.

       Two weeks after the grand jury’s letter, the court addressed Ms. Holloman’s motion

for relief. The court found that copies of the documents contained in the court file had been

presented to the grand jury and that the grand jury declined to conduct an investigation,

and as a result the court denied Ms. Holloman’s motion for relief as moot. The State

characterizes this ruling as affording Ms. Holloman the relief that she requested, and argues

from this that the circuit court correctly denied the motion as moot. But the relief the court

allowed was different from the relief she requested. Ms. Holloman specifically requested

either to present information directly to the grand jury or the opportunity to compile the

papers for presentation to the grand jury. She was allowed neither. For us to consider

whether she is entitled to more is not to consider an abstract proposition; for us to find the

appeal moot, we necessarily would have to decide that the State is right about the scope of

her potential remedies. The appeal isn’t moot, and we will address the merits next.

       B. CJ § 8-417 Provides No Private Right Of Action.

       In the circuit court and before this Court, Ms. Holloman argues that CJ § 8-417

compels a grand jury to carry out an investigation on behalf of a private citizen when a

                                                 11
judge of the circuit court so directs.3 The State responds that CJ § 8-417 does not provide

an express private right of action, and therefore that Ms. Holloman cannot compel the

circuit court to order an investigation. The State is right.

       “[A] private cause of action . . . does not exist simply because a claim is framed that

a statute was violated and a plaintiff or class of plaintiffs was harmed by it.” Baker v.

Montgomery Cnty., 427 Md. 691, 708–09 (2012) (citing Touche Ross & Co. v. Redington,

442 U.S. 560, 568 (1979)). Whether a private right of action exists is a matter of statutory

construction. Id. at 709. Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article § 8-417 was enacted

originally in 2006, and the language was derived, without substantive change, from the

former Article 4, Section 7-7 of the Public Local Laws of Baltimore City. In 2011, the

legislature made a small adjustment to subsection (b) that isn’t relevant here.4 In its current

form, CJ § 8-417 requires a grand jury to carry out an investigation if directed by a judge:

              (a) This section applies only to a grand jury for Baltimore City.
              (b) In addition to any other duty imposed by law, each grand
              jury shall carry out an investigation if a judge of the circuit
              court directs.
              (c) At the end of the period for which a grand jury sits, the
              grand jury shall submit to the jury commissioner of the circuit
              court a report on each of its investigations and
              recommendations.

   3
     The availability or not of a private right of action under CJ § 8-417 was not addressed
   in the original briefs that either party filed. The issue was raised during oral argument,
   and Ms. Holloman sought leave to file a supplemental brief on the issue. We granted
   the motion and allowed the State an opportunity to respond, which it did.
   4
     As the statute stands after the 2011 amendment, subsection (b) states that “if a judge
   of the circuit court directs.” CJ § 8-417 (emphasis added). The 2006 version of the
   statute stated “as a judge of the circuit court directs.” 2006 Md. Laws, Chap. 372, § 13.

                                                  12
       CJ § 8-417(b) says nothing, however, that creates an express private right of action

to compel a judge to order one. The question then becomes whether there is an implicit

right of action Ms. Holloman could seek to assert. There isn’t.

       Ms. Holloman directs us to Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc. v. Curran,

456 U.S. 353 (1982), for the assertion that we should analyze the existence or not of a

private right of action under the law that existed at the time the legislation was enacted.

She argues that because the Baltimore City Public Local Law from which this statute was

derived was enacted in 1968, we should follow the “special class” analysis from Texas &

Pacific R.R. Co. v. Rigsby, 241 U.S. 33 (1916), rather than “modern day” analysis

established in Cort v. Ash, a unanimous Supreme Court decision modifying its approach.

422 U.S. 66 (1975).

       This requires a closer look at those cases. In Merrill Lynch, the Supreme Court

explained the history of judicial analysis of determining whether a private right of action

exists. 456 U.S. at 374. The Court described Rigsby as holding that “[i]f a statute was

enacted for the benefit of a special class, the judiciary normally recognized a remedy for

members of that class,” id. (citing Rigsby, 241 U.S. at 39–40), and that for a member of

that special class, it was the exception rather than the rule for a private right of action not

to be recognized. Id. Put another way, congressional silence or ambiguity then were

considered insufficient reasons not to recognize a private right of action. Id. at 375. But the

Court shifted course unanimously in Cort in light of the increased complexity and volume

of federal legislation over time. 422 U.S. at 66–67. Rather than looking at whether

legislation recognizes a special class of beneficiaries, the Court explained in Merrill Lynch,

                                                 13
“our focus must be on ‘the intent of Congress.’” 456 U.S. at 377 (quoting Texas Indus.,

Inc. v. Radcliff Materials, Inc., 451 U.S. 630, 639 (1981)). The Court then went on to

analyze Congress’s intent vis-à-vis a private right of action when it passed the commodities

exchange legislation at issue in the case.

       The result is that when determining whether the legislature intended to create a

private right of action, we analyze the state of the law at the time the statute was enacted,

not the analytical technique governing private rights of action at the time of passage.

Merrill Lynch proved the point: the commodities statute at issue had been amended by

Congress in 1974, before Cort changed the analysis in 1975, but the Court looked to

Congress’s intent in 1974 when analyzing (in 1982) whether a right of action existed. Id.

at 381. So if Ms. Holloman’s analytical approach here were correct, the Court in

Merrill Lynch would have looked for a special class under Rigsby rather than looking

purely at intent, as Cort directs.

       Like the Supreme Court, Maryland courts analyzing private rights of action focus

primarily on legislative intent. See, e.g., Sugarloaf Citizens Ass’n, Inc. v. Gudis, 78 Md.

App. 550, 556 (1989). Courts also can consider legislative history and purpose, whether a

particular class was intended to benefit from the statute, and the existence of express

statutory remedies. Id. at 557. But where the legislative history is silent “as to whether a

statute gives rise to such a right,” that silence weighs heavily against private right of action.

Sugarloaf, 78 Md. App. at 557. The bill file for CJ § 8-417 from 2006, when the statute

was enacted, and the fiscal note from the amendment in 2011, contain one potentially

illuminating document—the background section of the Fiscal Note for the 2011

                                                  14
Amendment, which explains the duty of the grand jury and emphasizes that grand jury

proceedings are secret and that only authorized persons are allowed in the room:

              The grand jury system dates back to English law at the time of
              settlement of the United States. Grand juries consist of 23
              members plus alternates. Unlike a petit jury which listens to
              evidence in a courtroom and decides the facts in a particular
              case, a grand jury decides if there is probable cause to charge
              someone with a crime, not whether the defendant is guilty or
              innocent. Grand juries are also authorized to conduct their own
              investigations. Grand juries do not hear both sides of the case;
              defendants and defense counsel do not participate in grand jury
              proceedings. Grand jury proceedings are held in secrecy and
              only authorized persons are allowed to be in the grand jury
              room. Grand jurors sit for a four-month term.
              Under Maryland law, grand juries are also required to tour
              correctional facilities in their jurisdiction each year to
              investigate their operation and management.

2011 Md. Laws, S.B. 374. That’s as close as the legislative history gets to an implicit

private right of action, and the silence bolsters the textual silence. So although we will

examine the remaining factors, the absence of any indication that the General Assembly

considered creating a private right of action weighs heavily against recognizing one.

See Sugarloaf, 78 Md. App. at 556–57.

       It also does not appear that CJ § 8-417 “was [] designed to protect any sub-group of

the public, or to preserve or create individual rights.” Id. at 558–59. Statutes can generally

be distinguished between those creating individual rights and those benefitting the public

at large. See Cannon v. Univ. of Chi., 441 U.S. 677, 690–91, n.13 (1979) (explaining that

statutes creating individual rights use language such as “no person,” “the carrier,”

“[r]epresentatives,” and “an employee”); see also Baker, 427 Md. at 711; Sugarloaf, 78

Md. App. at 558–59. A statute that involves a general benefit or command doesn’t create

                                                 15
an inference that the legislature intended an implied private right of action. See Baker, 427

Md. at 710–11. Subsection (b) states that: “In addition to any other duty imposed by law,

each grand jury shall carry out an investigation if a judge of the circuit court directs.” The

statute contains a general command that a circuit court judge can direct the grand jury to

carry out an investigation, but nothing else that could support an inference that the General

Assembly intended to allow private citizens to enforce or initiate such a command.

       There also appears to be no intention on the part of the General Assembly to create

an express statutory remedy for private citizens alongside the authority for judges to order

grand jury investigations. In 2006, when the legislature conducted a major review of the

statutes relating to grand juries, and the state legislature adopted the language from the

former Public Local Law of Baltimore City, there was no discussion as to a statutory

remedy or a private right of action. The committee notes contain only two relevant sections

of text regarding CJ § 8-417:

              Subsections (b) and (c) of this section are new language
              derived without substantive change from former Public Local
              Laws, Art. 4 [Baltimore City], § 7–8 as it related to
              investigations other than visits to correctional facilities. The
              codification of the Baltimore City provision here is merely for
              convenience and is not intended, by reenactment of a single
              provision, to alter any power of a grand jury with regard to
              recommendations in other counties. . . .
              In subsection (b) of this section, reference to “a judge” is
              substituted for the former reference to “the Judges of the
              Circuit Court for Baltimore City or the court’s designated
              visiting Judge”, to clarify that any one of the active judges may
              order an investigation. The substitution includes a designated
              judge who, while designated, is deemed a judge of the court to
              which designated.

2006 Md. Laws H.B. 1024. This note reveals an intent to retain the scope of this former

                                                 16
Public Local Law, to keep this authority limited to judges of the Circuit Court for Baltimore

City and not to expand to other counties or anyone else. And it bolsters the conclusion that

the purpose of the law is to allow judges to direct grand jury investigations, not to allow

individual citizens to seek to compel them.

       Normally, “[w]hen a statute limits a thing to be done in a particular mode, it includes

the negative of any other mode,” Botany Mills v. United States, 278 U.S. 282, 289 (1929),

meaning that when a statute provides a remedy or right to an individual or group, it closes

the availability of that remedy or right to others. And since no other remedy appears in the

text or structure of CJ § 8-417 we must be cautious not to read one into it. See Baker, 427

Md. at 713. We hold, therefore, that CJ § 8-417 does not provide a private right of action

to direct a grand jury investigation, and that the circuit court did not err in denying Ms.

Holloman relief under that statute.

       C. Ms. Holloman Has The Right At Common Law To Seek Permission To
          Appear Before The Grand Jury And To Compile The Materials To Support
          Her Request.

       Ms. Holloman does, however, have rights at common law, and the State

acknowledges as much. The question is how far those rights extend. She contends that she

has the right to present her case personally to the grand jury, or at least to ask the foreperson

permission to appear. The State says that she received the full measure of relief at common

law when the circuit court forwarded the court file to the grand jury. We hold that Ms.

Holloman has the right to ask the grand jury to initiate an investigation and to prepare the

materials and information for submission to the grand jury in support of that request.

       To draw the contours of this right, we must first take a closer look at the two cases

                                                  17
articulating and applying it. Brack v. Wells is the first and seminal case addressing a

citizen’s right to appear before the grand jury. 184 Md. at 92–93. Mr. Brack believed he

was the victim of barratry and perjury, so he filed a petition for writ of mandamus

requesting the State’s Attorney for Baltimore City present evidence of these crimes to the

grand jury. Id. at 88. Before filing his petition, Mr. Brack had requested an investigation

by the magistrate at the police station and the state’s attorney. Id. at 89. The court declined

to issue the writ and Mr. Brack appealed. Id.

       Preliminarily, the Court explained that the petition must provide a complete factual

account for it to be valid and have the desired effect. Id. at 88. But ultimately, a writ of

mandamus is not the appropriate procedural tool “[w]hen an act rests by statute in the

discretion of a person.” Id. at 90. The decision to prosecute lies within the discretion of the

State’s Attorney and unless this discretion is abused, a writ is not the appropriate remedy.

Id. Further, in Maryland, a writ of mandamus will not be granted where an adequate legal

remedy is available. Id. at 90–91 (citing Brown v. Bragunier, 79 Md. 234, 236 (1894)).

       The Court recognized, though, that the grand jury takes an oath to “diligently

inquire” into all matters that come to its knowledge. Id. at 91. And “[t]he inquisitorial

powers of the grand jury are not limited to cases in which there has been a preliminary

proceeding before a magistrate nor to cases laid before them by the Court or State’s

Attorney,” because in Maryland, grand juries have “inquisitorial powers [that] are broad,

full and of a plenary character.” Id. The Court held, however, that Mr. Brack’s writ of

mandamus was properly denied because of the specific facts of his allegation. Id. at 92.

       After the Court issued its initial opinion in Brack, the State filed a motion for

                                                 18
reconsideration asking the Court to delete two paragraphs of the opinion that articulated a

citizen’s right to present his case to the grand jury. Id. Instead of deleting the paragraphs,

the Court wrote a supplemental opinion clarifying its holding. Id. at 92–97. The Court

stated that after exhausting remedies available through the magistrate and state’s attorney,

a citizen has the right to ask the grand jury for permission to appear:

              It is the opinion of this Court that every citizen has a right to
              offer to present to the grand jury violations of the criminal law.
              This does not mean that an individual member of that body
              may be approached. The citizen should exhaust his remedy
              before the magistrate and State’s Attorney as was done in the
              instant case, and if relief can not be had there, he then has the
              right to ask the foreman of the grand jury for permission to
              appear before that body.

Id. at 97.

       In the second case, Sibley v. Doe, this Court held that Mr. Sibley’s rights were not

violated where the State’s Attorney presented his allegations to the grand jury foreperson

and asked for permission for Mr. Sibley to present his case. 227 Md. App. at 655. The

grand jury declined to investigate, but because the State’s Attorney had presented

documents compiled by Mr. Sibley to the grand jury for their consideration, Mr. Sibley’s

common law rights were not violated. Id. at 655–56.

       Initially, Mr. Sibley petitioned the circuit court for a declaratory judgment

authorizing him to appear before the grand jury to present evidence of an alleged crime

that he wanted the grand jury to investigate—that then-President Obama was violating

Maryland criminal law by using fraudulent government identification. Id. at 649–50. After

extensive procedural history similar to Ms. Holloman’s, Mr. Sibley appealed. Id. at 651.

                                                 19
       We began by analyzing a key phrase in Brack: that a citizen “has the right to ask the

foreman of the grand jury for permission to appear before” the grand jury. 184 Md. at 97;

Sibley, 227 Md. App. at 654. We interpreted that holding to mean that a person has the

right to ask the foreperson for permission to appear before the grand jury, not the right to

present in person before the foreperson. Sibley, 227 Md. App. at 654. We explained that

Brack left little room for ambiguity because it clarified that citizens cannot approach

members of the grand jury individually and must first exhaust all other remedies before

being able to appear before the grand jury. Id. at 654–55.

       We recognized that Mr. Sibley had exhausted all other remedies, as Brack required:

“The citizen should exhaust his remedy before the magistrate and State’s

Attorney[,] . . . and if relief can not be had there, he then has the right to ask the grand jury

for permission to appear before that body.” Brack, 184 Md. at 97. Mr. Sibley wrote first to

the circuit court requesting an arrest warrant, then wrote the State’s Attorney seeking

permission to appear before the grand jury. Sibley, 227 Md. App. at 655. The State’s

Attorney took a sealed envelope, the contents of which were compiled by Mr. Sibley, to

the foreperson. Id. Even though the grand jury declined to investigate, Mr. Sibley received

a letter from the grand jury stating it received a sealed packet of documents that included

Mr. Sibley’s request that an investigation be opened:

              On January 29, 2015, the Grand Jury for Montgomery County,
              Maryland received a sealed packet from you asking that in [sic]
              investigation be opened into whether documents relating to
              President Obama’s eligibility for office are fraudulent. The
              Grand Jury declined to investigate this matter.

Id. We held that Mr. Sibley’s rights were not violated because he had been able to exercise

                                                  20
his right to ask the foreperson for permission to present to the grand jury when the State’s

Attorney presented the sealed envelope of materials he had compiled. Id. at 655–56.

       In general, Brack established a right at common law to make contact with the grand

jury and request that it investigate. 184 Md. at 92. Sibley interpreted the holding in Brack

to allow a person to ask the foreperson for permission to appear before the grand jury, but

not to grant a citizen the right to present in person before the foreperson. Sibley, 227 Md.

App. at 655. Sibley also held that the right at common law is satisfied by the submission of

documents, even if presented by another person. Id.

       Ms. Holloman has satisfied all of the conditions precedent to her right to ask the

grand jury to open an investigation. She has exhausted all other available remedies. She

contacted the State’s Attorney, she filed a petition for writ of mandamus, and she later filed

a motion for relief requesting to present to the grand jury. Initially, in 2016 her request was

brought to the attention of the grand jury, but it declined to investigate. Ms. Holloman

asked what materials were considered by the grand jury in 2016, and the grand jury and

circuit court replied that no materials were submitted for consideration. The second time,

in 2019, the grand jury was presented with brief directions from the circuit court and the

documents contained in the case file.

       This leaves Ms. Holloman one important step short of Sibley: unlike Mr. Sibley,

Ms. Holloman has not been afforded the opportunity to compile herself the documents

presented to the grand jury. The “sealed packet” the grand jury received most recently came

not from her, but from the circuit court case file, which contains only letters and filings

documenting her efforts to get before the grand jury. The only facts or evidence that the

                                                 21
court file contains are her account of events written in the petition and amended petition

for writ of mandamus.

       When the State’s Attorney exercises their discretion to present a case to a grand

jury, their office (through an Assistant State’s Attorney) has the opportunity to present

evidence and compel testimony demonstrating probable cause to believe a crime has been

committed. But when a citizen seeks permission to ask the grand jury to consider a matter

for investigation, no attorney or advocate is allowed to appear and explain how the facts

presented create probable cause. The citizen can’t offer physical evidence or interrogate

witnesses. The citizen’s only ability to control what the grand jury considers is to compile

the materials that ultimately are forwarded to the grand jury. For Ms. Holloman’s common

law right to ask the foreperson for permission to appear to have meaning, we hold that she,

like Mr. Sibley, must be allowed to compile the documents and other materials she wishes

to have presented to the grand jury, subject to reasonable volume and scope limitations.

And as such, we reverse the summary judgment in favor of the State and remand with

directions that the circuit court permit Ms. Holloman a reasonable opportunity to compile

documents and materials for forwarding to the foreperson so that the grand jury can

consider whether to investigate possible criminal charges arising from her son’s death.

                                          JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT
                                          FOR BALTIMORE CITY REVERSED AND
                                          CASE REMANDED WITH DIRECTIONS
                                          FOR THE CIRCUIT COURT TO
                                          CONDUCT FURTHER PROCEEDINGS
                                          CONSISTENT WITH THIS OPINION.
                                          COSTS ASSESSED TO THE MAYOR AND
                                          CITY COUNCIL OF BALTIMORE.

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The correction notice(s) for this opinion(s) can be found here:

https://mdcourts.gov/sites/default/files/import/appellate/correctionnotices/cosa/1976s19cn.pdf