Court Opinion

ID: 9375460
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-02-27 20:03:41.435461+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:16:58.990989
License: Public Domain

2023 IL App (1st) 211668-U
                                                                                  FIRST DISTRICT,
                                                                                  FIRST DIVISION
                                                                                  February 27, 2023

                                               No. 1-21-1668

     NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and is not precedent except in the
     limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).
     _____________________________________________________________________________

                                         IN THE
                             APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
                                FIRST JUDICIAL DISTRICT
     _____________________________________________________________________________

      APS HOLMES GROUP, LLC, d/b/a/                )      Appeal from the
      ACCOUNTING PRACTICE SALES,                   )      Circuit Court of
                                                   )      Cook County, Illinois.
                              Plaintiff-Appellee,  )
      v.                                           )      No. 2019 L 13687
                                                   )
      SAMUEL SORKIN,                               )      Honorable
                                                   )      James E. Snyder,
                              Defendant-Appellant. )      Judge Presiding.
     _____________________________________________________________________________

            JUSTICE COGHLAN delivered the judgment of the court.
            Justice Pucinski concurred in the judgment.
            Justice Hyman specially concurred.

                                                  ORDER

¶1          Held: (1) Defendant failed to raise issues of material fact as to whether plaintiff materially
                  breached contract and whether plaintiff provided him with a written disclosure
                  document as required by the Business Brokers Act. (2) Trial court acted within its
                  discretion in denying defendant’s motion for leave to amend his affirmative
                  defenses.

¶2          Defendant Samuel Sorkin retained plaintiff, APS Holmes Group, LLC (“APS”), to

     market and sell his accounting practice. APS put Sorkin in contact with multiple prospective
     No. 1-21-1668

     buyers but unilaterally terminated the agreement before a purchase deal was finalized. Sorkin

     subsequently sold his practice to a buyer disclosed to him by APS.

¶3             APS brought a breach of contract suit against Sorkin, seeking 10% of the sale fee

     pursuant to the parties’ agreement. The parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment. The

     trial court denied Sorkin’s motion, granted APS’s motion, and entered judgment for APS. We

     affirm.

¶4                                              BACKGROUND

¶5             On May 11, 2017, Sorkin retained APS to sell his accounting practice, Samuel Sorkin

     CPA (“Sorkin CPA”). The contract provided that APS had the exclusive right to sell, merge,

     transfer, and/or convey Sorkin CPA, and Sorkin would pay APS a “performance fee” of 10% of

     the sales price, with a minimum of $15,000. The contract further provided:

                      “2. *** The performance fee shall be due and payable *** if the Practice is sold,

               conveyed, merged or transferred into another practice or entity, or in any manner

               transferred (I) within the terms of the Agreement regardless of Buyer or other transferee,

               or (II) within three (3) years after the termination of this Agreement if Buyer or other

               transferee is one with whom Seller or APS had negotiations or contact regarding the sale

               or transfer of the Practice during the term of this Agreement.”

¶6             APS marketed Sorkin’s practice and received interest from “around 20 to 30” buyers.

     Trent Holmes, Sorkin’s primary contact at APS, identified the “strongest prospects”—including

     SanKon Financial Services, Inc. (“SanKon”)—and forwarded their contact information to Sorkin

     in an email dated June 1, 2017. Prior to that email, Sorkin had no knowledge of SanKon.

¶7             Sorkin negotiated with various buyers and received multiple letters of intent (LOIs),

     including a $300,000 offer from SanKon. Sorkin then asked Holmes to obtain new LOIs from

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       No. 1-21-1668

       SanKon and two other prospective buyers who had already provided LOIs, intending “to have

       the buyers compete against each other” and “create a bidding war” between them. Holmes

       refused because “it’s just not our practice to just go back to buyers and say give us a new LOI

       *** [when] we already have the LOIs on the table.” He “felt like it was actually in both of our

       best interests to terminate the sales consulting agreement” because on multiple occasions Sorkin

       “degraded” him, expressed displeasure with his work, and “tr[ied] to tell [him] how to do [his]

       job.”

¶8               On September 6, 2017, Holmes sent Sorkin an email stating: “I believe this relationship

       has run [its] course. Please consider this date as the effective date for terminating our sales

       consulting agreement.” Later that same day, Sorkin replied: “No problem. The only Buyer you

       are entitled to receive a Performance Fee for is [Demarco Sciacotta Wilkens & Dunleavy].” (In

       his deposition, Sorkin stated that his email “[m]eans I agreed to terminating the contract” and

       that “[a] performance fee was owed only if Holmes brought to me a contract I was satisfied with

       and I signed it.”) Holmes sent Sorkin a reply stating: “Your statement couldn’t be further from

       the truth. Please review our sales consulting agreement, attached, specifically sections 2 & 3.”

¶9               On October 23, 2017, Sorkin CPA and SanKon executed an Asset Purchase Agreement

       in which SanKon purchased “substantially all of the assets of Sorkin CPA” for $300,000.

¶ 10             On December 12, 2019, APS filed a breach of contract suit against Sorkin, alleging that

       he breached the agreement by failing to pay a performance fee of 10% of the sales price of

       Sorkin CPA.1 Pursuant to the contract, APS also sought attorney fees and costs of bringing the

       action.

                 1
                APS also brought claims for unjust enrichment and quantum meruit which it later voluntarily
       dismissed.
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¶ 11          Sorkin filed an answer in which he asserted the following affirmative defense: “APS

       unilaterally terminated the Agreement despite there being no right under the Agreement for ATS

       [sic] to terminated [sic]. As a result, APS has forfeited any claim to a Performance Fee as the

       sale occurred after the termination of the Agreement and the sale was obtained solely by the

       efforts of Sorkin.”

¶ 12          The parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment. APS argued it was entitled to

       summary judgment because (1) it performed its contractual duty to facilitate the sale of Sorkin

       CPA when it “brought SanKon as a prospective buyer to Sorkin,” and (2) Sorkin breached the

       agreement by failing to pay APS its performance fee. APS additionally argued that it did not

       “forfeit” its performance fee by terminating the agreement, which was terminable at will by

       either party and “does -
                              not
                                - contain any language preventing APS from terminating the

       Agreement.” (Emphasis in original.)

¶ 13          Sorkin, in his motion for summary judgment, argued that APS was estopped from

       enforcing the agreement because it committed material breaches by (1) refusing to comply with

       his request to obtain new LOIs from prospective buyers and (2) unilaterally terminating the

       agreement in contravention of section 4, which he argued gave him exclusive power to terminate

       the contract:

                       “4. TERM OF AGREEMENT: This agreement shall commence on the day and

              year set forth below and continues for a MINIMUM period of ninety (90) days from the

              date of this agreement. This agreement shall automatically renew for consecutive fifteen-

              day periods until Seller gives APS written notice of intent to cancel.”

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       No. 1-21-1668

       Sorkin additionally argued that the contract was invalid and unenforceable because APS failed to

       provide him with a written disclosure document prior to signing as required by section 10-30 of

       the Illinois Business Brokers Act of 1995 (BBA) (815 ILCS 307/10-30 (West 2016)).

¶ 14          On June 3, 2021, APS filed a motion to partially strike Sorkin’s motion for summary

       judgment, or in the alternative, for leave to take additional discovery. Specifically, APS sought to

       strike Sorkin’s “unpleaded affirmative defenses of estoppel and contract voidness.” In the

       alternative, APS “request[ed] leave to take discovery on these newly-raised affirmative defenses

       pursuant to Illinois Supreme Court Rule 191(b).” In support, APS attached an affidavit from

       Holmes stating: “[I]n the event this court allows Sorkin to pursue his newly asserted affirmative

       defenses, APS will require discovery of material facts.” He identified multiple factual issues

       allegedly necessitating discovery, including “discovery of material facts to determine whether

       the exemptions to the [BBA] disclosure requirements apply.”

¶ 15          On June 28, 2021, Sorkin moved for leave to amend his affirmative defenses to assert

       estoppel and failure to comply with the BBA, consistent with his summary judgment motion.

¶ 16          On July 21, 2021, the trial court denied APS’s motion to partially strike Sorkin’s

       summary judgment motion “on the grounds that the court will address any arguments raised

       therein as part of the summary judgment briefing.” The court did not rule on Sorkin’s motion for

       leave to amend.

¶ 17          APS filed a reply in support of its summary judgment motion in which it argued that

       “Sorkin’s BBA defense is indisputably false.” In support, it attached a second affidavit from

       Holmes attesting that on February 2, 2017, prior to execution of the agreement, he sent Sorkin an

       email containing a BBA disclosure statement. “Approximately 5 minutes” after he sent Sorkin

       the email, Sorkin sent him a reply, “thereby confirming that Sorkin had received [the] prior email

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       No. 1-21-1668

       containing the Illinois Disclosure Statement.” Attached is a “true and correct” copy of the

       February 2, 2017 email from Holmes to Sorkin stating, “I’ve attached our sales consulting

       agreement and accompanying Illinois Disclosure Statement. Based on everything you’ve sent,

       this should be the last piece we’ll need in order to get started.” Sorkin replied, “Ill [sic] give you

       a call tomorrow after 3.”

¶ 18          On September 9, 2021, the trial court granted APS’s motion for summary judgment,

       denied Sorkin’s motion, and entered judgment for APS in the amount of $30,000. The court

       additionally granted APS leave to file a petition for attorney fees and costs.

¶ 19          Sorkin brought a motion to reconsider, arguing, among other things, that the trial court’s

       calculation of damages was incorrect and that the court failed to rule on his pending motion for

       leave to amend his affirmative defenses. On October 5, 2021, the trial court granted

       reconsideration on the issue of damages and entered judgment for APS in the amount of

       $27,627.96. The court denied Sorkin’s motion for leave to amend, finding that the affirmative

       defenses were “not well pled in a factual basis” and “you can’t create a question of fact just

       merely by stating something in the pleading *** when you haven’t any evidence,” since Sorkin

       did not attest that he did not receive a BBA disclosure. The court subsequently granted APS’s

       petition for attorney fees and costs in the amount of $24,396.80.

¶ 20                                                ANALYSIS

¶ 21          We review the trial court’s grant of summary judgment de novo (Williams v. Manchester,

       228 Ill. 2d 404, 417 (2008)), keeping in mind that summary judgment is appropriate where “there

       is no genuine issue as to any material fact and *** the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a

       matter of law.” 735 ILCS 5/2–1005(c) (West 2018). We construe the record strictly against the

       movant and liberally in favor of the nonmoving party. Williams, 228 Ill. 2d at 417. To avoid

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       summary judgment, the nonmoving party must present evidence that would arguably entitle him

       to prevail at trial. Keating v. 68th & Paxton, L.L.C., 401 Ill. App. 3d 456, 472 (2010).

¶ 22                                             Material Breach

¶ 23          Sorkin argues that APS is estopped from enforcing the agreement due to materially

       breaching it. “[A] party seeking to enforce [a] contract has the burden of proving that he has

       substantially complied with all the material terms of the agreement.” Goldstein v. Lustig, 154 Ill.

       App. 3d 595, 599 (1987). “A party who materially breaches a contract cannot take advantage of

       the terms of the contract which benefit him, nor can he recover damages from the other party to

       the contract.” Id.; see also McBride v. Pennant Supply Corp., 253 Ill. App. 3d 363, 369 (1993)

       (“if [defendant] did materially breach the Agreement it could not take advantage of the terms of

       the Agreement which benefited it”).

¶ 24          Sorkin argues that APS breached the agreement by refusing his request to obtain new

       LOIs from prospective buyers who had already provided LOIs, which he characterizes as

       “refusing to market and sell Sorkin’s practice.” The record reflects that APS marketed Sorkin’s

       practice to prospective buyers across the state and obtained “a plethora of offers from buyers that

       had great interest in the practice,” including SanKon, which made a purchase offer of $300,000.

       APS forwarded SanKon’s contact information to Sorkin, who sold his practice to SanKon within

       three years of the agreement’s termination. The contract does not require APS to employ specific

       marketing tactics or follow Sorkin’s directives thereof; it states that APS will “facilitate” the sale

       of the practice “through a combination of marketing of available practices and by bringing

       prospective buyers to” Sorkin, which it indisputably did.

¶ 25          In his reply brief, Sorkin asserts that the “actual language of the Agreement” required

       APS to comply with his directives regarding marketing tactics, citing section 3, which provides

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       No. 1-21-1668

       that APS “has an exclusive right to sell, merge, transfer and/or convey this practice. *** During

       the listing period Seller will not sell or attempt to sell this practice apart from APS nor will Seller

       engage the services of any other agent or broker.” Sorkin’s position is not supported by this

       language, which does not specify how APS shall exercise its exclusive right to market Sorkin’s

       practice during the listing period. Thus, API did not breach the agreement by refusing Sorkin’s

       request to obtain new LOIs from prospective buyers.

¶ 26          Sorkin additionally argues that APS materially breached the contract by terminating it.

       Perpetual contracts are disfavored in law, and the general presumption is that “[c]ontracts of

       indefinite duration are terminable at the will of either party.” Jespersen v. Minnesota Mining &

       Manufacturing Co., 183 Ill. 2d 290, 293, 295 (1998). This presumption “can be overcome by

       demonstrating that the parties contracted otherwise.” Duldulao v. Saint Mary of Nazareth

       Hospital Center, 115 Ill. 2d 482, 489 (1987). “An agreement without a fixed duration but which

       provides that it is terminable only for cause or upon the occurrence of a specific event is ***

       terminable only upon the occurrence of the specified event and not at will.” (Emphasis in

       original.) Jespersen, 183 Ill. 2d at 293.

¶ 27          Section 4 of the contract provides:

                       “4. TERM OF AGREEMENT: This agreement shall commence on the day and

              year set forth below and continues for a MINIMUM period of ninety (90) days from the

              date of this agreement. This agreement shall automatically renew for consecutive fifteen-

              day periods until Seller gives APS written notice of intent to cancel.”

       This language does not give Sorkin the “exclusive and specific” (id. at 294) right to terminate the

       contract, since it does not state that it “is terminable only *** upon the occurrence of a specific

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       No. 1-21-1668

       event” (emphasis in original) (id. at 293) and does not purport to restrict APS’s right to terminate

       at will after the initial 90-day period has passed.

¶ 28          In Burford v. Accounting Practice Sales, Inc., 786 F.3d 582, 587 (7th Cir. 2015),

       overruled on other grounds, 942 F.3d 384 (7th Cir. 2019), the parties’ contract stated: “APS

       cannot terminate this agreement unless it is violated by Burford.” (Emphasis in original.)

       Applying Illinois law, the Seventh Circuit held: “The plain reading of this statement *** is that

       APS could terminate the agreement if—but only if—Burford had breached it. *** By allowing

       APS to terminate only when Burford had breached, the contract made as clear as could be that

       APS could not terminate the contract at will.” Id. By contrast, the agreement in the case at bar

       contains no language limiting APS’s right to terminate the contract. Accordingly, APS did not

       breach the contract by terminating it and is not estopped from enforcing its terms.

¶ 29                                             BBA Disclosures

¶ 30          Sorkin contends the contract is invalid and unenforceable because APS failed to provide

       him with a written disclosure document pursuant to section 10-30 of the BBA:

              “A business broker must provide a written disclosure document that meets the

              requirements set forth in subsection (b) of this Section to a client at the time or before the

              client signs a contract for the services of a business broker or at the time or before the

              business broker receives any consideration upon the contract.” 815 ILCS 307/10-30(a)

              (West 2016).

¶ 31          Holmes attested in his second affidavit that on February 2, 2017, prior to the signing of

       the contract on May 11, 2017, he provided Sorkin with a BBA disclosure document. Sorkin did

       not deny receiving the document or present any evidence to contradict Holmes’ affidavit. At oral

       argument on the parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment, Sorkin’s counsel “clarified that if

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       No. 1-21-1668

       leave were granted to assert an affirmative [defense], the Defendant’s factual claim would not be

       a denial of having been sent the disclosure, but merely a claim that he does not recall whether or

       not he received it.” “[F]acts contained in an affidavit in support of a motion for summary

       judgment which are not contradicted by counteraffidavit are admitted and must be taken as true

       for purposes of the motion.” Purtill v. Hess, 111 Ill. 2d 229, 241 (1986); see also Roth v. Carlyle

       Real Estate Ltd. Partnership VII, 129 Ill. App. 3d 433, 437 (1st Dist. 1984) (“Merely alleging

       that a genuine issue of material fact exists without presenting any statement of fact to contradict

       the [movant’s] version, does not thereby create such an issue.” (Internal quotation marks

       omitted.)). Thus, we take as true Holmes’ uncontested attestation that he provided Sorkin with a

       BBA disclosure document.

¶ 32          Citing Holmes’ deposition, Sorkin asserts that “APS, through Holmes, admitted that APS

       did not provide any disclosure as required by section 10-30; rather, the only documentation

       provided from APS to Sorkin was the Agreement itself and a client information packet.” This

       misrepresents Holmes’ deposition, in which he stated that after his first meeting with Sorkin,

       they exchanged “more than a handful of emails” in which they negotiated the terms of the

       agreement, and APS subsequently compiled a client information packet regarding his practice.

       Holmes never stated that the agreement and the client information packet were the only

       documents exchanged between the parties, and he gave no testimony regarding the BBA

       disclosure.

¶ 33          Sorkin additionally argues that Holmes “admi[tted] that the disclosure didn’t exist” in his

       first affidavit, in which he requested the court permit “discovery of material facts to determine

       whether the exemptions to the [BBA] disclosure requirements apply.” We disagree. APS seeking

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       No. 1-21-1668

       discovery regarding exemptions to the BBA disclosure requirements is not the equivalent of

       testimony that a disclosure was not provided.

¶ 34          Lastly, Sorkin asserts that a BBA disclosure must be “contemporaneously provided with

       the contract that was to be signed” and the disclosure sent to him in February 2017, more than

       four months before the contract was signed in May 2017, was invalid. The BBA states that the

       disclosure must be provided “at the time or before the client signs a contract for the services of a

       business broker” (815 ILCS 307/10-30(a) (West 2016)) and section 140.300 of the Illinois

       Administrative Code clarifies that it must be provided “at least seven days before” signing (14

       Ill. Admin. Code § 140.300 (2022)). However, neither the statute nor the Code requires that the

       disclosure be provided “contemporaneously” with the contract. Accordingly, Sorkin has failed to

       raise an issue of material fact as to whether APS provided him with a written disclosure

       document pursuant to section 10-30 of the BBA.

¶ 35                                            Leave to Amend

¶ 36          Sorkin contends that the trial court abused its discretion in denying his motion for leave

       to amend his affirmative defenses to assert material breach and failure to comply with the BBA.

       Whether to grant a motion to amend the pleadings lies within the sound discretion of the trial

       court. Shutkas Electric, Inc. v. Ford Motor Co., 366 Ill. App. 3d 76, 82 (2006). In determining

       whether an abuse of discretion has occurred, we consider (1) whether the proposed amendment

       would cure the defective pleading; (2) whether other parties would sustain prejudice or surprise

       by virtue of the proposed amendment; (3) whether the proposed amendment is timely; and (4)

       whether previous opportunities to amend the pleading could be identified. Loyola Academy v. S

       & S Roof Maintenance, Inc., 146 Ill. 2d 263, 273 (1992).

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       No. 1-21-1668

¶ 37          Here, Sorkin’s proposed amendment would not cure any defects in his pleading because

       his affirmative defenses lack merit. APS did not materially breach the contract, and it was

       Holmes’ uncontroverted attestation that he provided Sorkin with a BBA disclosure document

       prior to signing the contract. Since the proposed amendment did not cure the original complaint’s

       defects, we need not address the remaining Loyola Academy factors, and the trial court did not

       abuse its discretion in denying Sorkin’s motion to amend. See Myers v. Illinois Central R. Co.,

       323 Ill. App. 3d 780, 788 (2001).

¶ 38                                             CONCLUSION

¶ 39          For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial court. Pursuant to

       paragraph 10 of the contract, which allows for the recovery of fees and costs by the prevailing

       party, we remand to allow APS to file a petition in the trial court for fees and costs incurred in

       this appeal.

¶ 40          Affirmed and remanded.

¶ 41          JUSTICE HYMAN, specially concurring:

¶ 42          Intensifiers are adverbs or adjectives intended to lend force or emphasis to the meaning of

       a word or phrase. Common examples in legal writing include “clearly,” “merely,” and “very.”

       Most exponents of good legal writing agree that intensifiers hamper rather than enhance prose,

       making it clunky, disconcerting, and, typically, hyperbolic.

¶ 43          Yet, counsel for the appellant and appellees liberally peppered their briefs with

       unnecessary and, truth-be-told, presumptuous intensifiers. A few examples: “clearly” (appellant’s

       briefs 15 times and appellees’ brief 10 times); “merely” (appellant’s briefs 5 times and appellees’

       brief 7 times); “actually” (appellant’s reply brief 5 times); and “certainly” (appellant’s reply brief

       4 times). Other intensifiers that stood out were “brazenly,” “unequivocally,” “utterly,”

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       “woefully,” and “really.” As a professional brief reader, I can assure you that, while overly

       ornamented, these briefs have plenty of company when it comes to the intensive use of

       intensifiers.

¶ 44           Take “clearly,” the all-time brief favorite. U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice John G.

       Roberts Jr. has said, “We get hundreds and hundreds of briefs, and they’re all the same.

       “Somebody says, ‘My client clearly deserves to win, the cases clearly do this, the language

       clearly reads this.’ ***. And you pick up the other side and, lo and behold, they think they

       clearly deserve to win.” Barnes, Chief Justice Counsels Humility, Wash. Post, at A15 (Feb. 6,

       2007). In other words, sheathe “clearly”; it’s pointless saber-rattling.

¶ 45            In my favorite book of his, On Writing, novelist Stephen King tried to scare away the use

       of adverbs, noting the “road to hell is paved with adverbs.” That should be enough to curdle your

       intensifiers, if not your blood. See Garner, Interviews With United States Supreme Court

       Justices: Justice Anthony M. Kennedy, 13 Scribes J. of Legal Writing 79, 92-93 (2010) (quoting

       Associate Justice Anthony Kennedy, “I do not like adverbs. I noticed once that Hemingway had

       no adverbs, or very few, very few. And I think adverbs are a copout”); Bennett v. State Farm

       Mut. Auto Ins. Co., 731 F.3d 584, 584-85 (6th Cir. 2013) (noting, “the near-certainty that

       overstatement will only push the reader away”).

¶ 46           Also, consider this from lawyer Bryan A. Garner, the author or editor of more than 20

       books on writing. Garner regards intensifiers as “weasel words” that “reassure the writer but not

       the reader. If something is clearly or obviously true, then demonstrate the fact to the reader

       without resorting to the conclusory use of these words.” Garner, The Redbook: A Manual on

       Legal Style 224 ( 2d ed. 2006). Simply put, wait to press the submit button until those weasel

       words have gone pop.

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¶ 47          Actually, briefs certainly benefit from not merely limiting, but clearly avoiding, the very

       occurrence of intensifiers.

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