Court Opinion

ID: 4549284
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-07-17 20:00:34.826021+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:58:24.713938
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        JUL 17 2020
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

CERTIFIED NUTRACEUTICALS, INC., a               No.    18-56631
California corporation,
                                                D.C. No.
                Plaintiff-Appellant,            3:16-cv-02810-BEN-BGS

 v.
                                                MEMORANDUM*
AVICENNA NUTRACEUTICAL, LLC, a
Georgia limited liability company,

                Defendant-Appellee.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                     for the Southern District of California
                   Roger T. Benitez, District Judge, Presiding

                             Submitted April 3, 2020**
                               Pasadena, California

Before: PAEZ and CALLAHAN, Circuit Judges, and LYNN,*** District Judge.

Partial Dissent by Judge PAEZ

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
      ***
             The Honorable Barbara M. G. Lynn, Chief United States District
Judge for the Northern District of Texas, sitting by designation.
      Certified Nutraceuticals, Inc. (“Certified”) appeals the district court’s grant

of summary judgment for Avicenna Nutraceutical, LLC (“Avicenna”). 1 The

district court concluded that Certified’s claim under Section 43(a)(1)(B) of the

Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a)(1)(B), for misstatements about the patented

nature of Avicenna’s products, was barred by the unclean hands doctrine, because

Certified had made similar false claims about its products.

      We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Summary judgment “is

proper if the pleadings and evidence submitted in support of the motion show that

there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law.” Coca-Cola Co. v. Overland, Inc., 692 F.2d 1250,

1253 (9th Cir. 1982) (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)). In our review, we view all

evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Id. The application

of the doctrine of unclean hands is reviewed for abuse of discretion. Seller Agency

Council, Inc. v. Kennedy Ctr. for Real Estate Educ., 621 F.3d 981, 986 (9th Cir.

2010).

1
  Certified also challenges the district court’s order awarding attorneys’ fees to
Avicenna, but only includes a conclusory claim that an overturning of the award
would necessarily follow a reversal of the district court’s granting of summary
judgment. Given that Certified does not support its position with argument, we
find the issue waived to the extent it is dependent on anything other than reversal
of summary judgment. See Martinez-Serrano v. I.N.S., 94 F.3d 1256, 1259 (9th
Cir. 1996) (“Issues raised in a brief that are not supported by argument are deemed
abandoned.”).

                                          2
      The district court did not err by granting Avicenna summary judgment based

on its defense of unclean hands. Unclean hands “bars relief to a plaintiff who has

violated conscience, good faith or other equitable principles in his prior conduct.”

Dollar Sys., Inc. v. Avcar Leasing Sys., Inc., 890 F.2d 165, 173 (9th Cir. 1989). It

“requires balancing the alleged wrongdoing of the plaintiff against that of the

defendant.” Northbay Wellness Grp., Inc. v. Beyries, 789 F.3d 956, 960 (9th Cir.

2015). The district court weighed “the substance of [Certified’s] claims against the

evidence of [Certified’s] inequitable conduct.” Certified Nutraceuticals, Inc. v.

Avicenna Nutraceutical, LLC, No. 3:16-cv-02810, 2018 WL 3618243, at *5 (S.D.

Cal. July 30, 2018). By considering the substance of Certified’s claims, the district

court properly analyzed and weighed Avicenna’s wrongdoing. See Republic

Molding Corp. v. B. W. Photo Utils., 319 F.2d 347, 350 (9th Cir. 1963) (“[T]he

court must weigh the substance of the right asserted by plaintiff against the

transgression which, it is contended, serves to foreclose that right.”).

      Unclean hands also “requires a finding of inequitableness or bad faith.”

Rent-A-Ctr., Inc. v. Canyon Television & Appliance Rental, Inc., 944 F.2d 597, 602

(9th Cir. 1991). This includes any willful act concerning the cause of action or bad

faith relative to the matter. Precision Instrument Mfg. Co. v. Auto. Maint. Mach.

Co., 324 U.S. 806, 814–15 (1945). Certified argues that this requirement must

include not only a finding of “intent to deceive the consumer” but also actual harm

                                           3
to the public or Avicenna. Evidence of consumer deception can be “a highly

relevant consideration” in determining inequitableness, see Republic Molding

Corp., 319 F.2d at 349–50, and in trademark infringement cases, we have required

a showing that the “plaintiff used the trademark to deceive consumers.” Japan

Telecom, Inc. v. Japan Telecom Am. Inc., 287 F.3d 866, 870 (9th Cir. 2002).

Here, the district court determined that Certified “knowingly made [] false

statements” with regard to the patented nature of a product that directly competes

with Avicenna’s product. Certified Nutraceuticals, Inc., 2018 WL 3618243, at *4.

Those deceptive acts, viewed in the context of Certified’s claims alleging that

Avicenna made similar false statements about the nature of its competitor product,

satisfy the requisite bad faith and inequitable conduct necessary for an unclean

hands finding. Accordingly, the district court did not err in concluding that

Certified had unclean hands and granting Avicenna summary judgment.

      Certified also argues that the district court abused its discretion by relying on

clearly erroneous findings in light of Certified’s ownership of United States Patent

No. 6,838,440 (the “’440 Patent”). However, Certified did not raise its ownership

of the ’440 Patent with the district court, and the argument is not properly before

us. See Harik v. Cal. Teachers Ass’n, 326 F.3d 1042, 1052 (9th Cir. 2003) (“[W]e

                                          4
do not ordinarily consider on appeal issues not raised below.”). 2

      Finally, we conclude that Certified’s appeal was not frivolous, and

Avicenna’s request for leave to file a motion for attorneys’ fees and costs on

appeal is denied.

      AFFIRMED.

2
 Accordingly, Certified’s related Request for Judicial Notice of the ’440 Patent is
denied.

                                          5
                                                                                FILED
                                                                                 JUL 17 2020
Certified Nutraceuticals v. Avicenna Nutraceuticals, No. 18-56631
Paez, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part.                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                           U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

      I agree with the majority that Certified’s appeal is not frivolous. I disagree,

however, that the district court did not err by granting summary judgment to

Avicenna on the basis of the unclean-hands defense.

      To successfully invoke the unclean-hands defense, a defendant must

demonstrate that (1) the plaintiff’s conduct is inequitable, and (2) the conduct

relates to the subject matter of the plaintiff’s claims. Japan Telecom, Inc. v. Japan

Telecom Am. Inc., 287 F.3d 866, 870 (9th Cir. 2002). The parties do not dispute

that Certified’s alleged conduct relates to the subject matter of its claims.

      To establish that a plaintiff’s conduct is sufficiently inequitable, the

defendant “must show that plaintiff used the trademark to deceive consumers.” Id.

In other words, the defendant must have proof of actual deception. See, e.g.,

Perfumebay.com Inc. v. eBay, Inc., 506 F.3d 1165, 1178 (9th Cir. 2007) (reversing

the district court’s application of the unclean-hands defense because “[t]he record

does not affirmatively demonstrate that [plaintiff] used the advertisements to

‘deceive consumers’”); Republic Molding Corp. v. B.W. Photo Utils., 319 F.2d

347, 349–50 (9th Cir. 1963) (stating that the “extent of actual harm caused by the

conduct in question” is “highly relevant” to whether the plaintiff’s conduct was

inequitable).

                                           1
      The district court failed to make a finding with respect to actual deception

before concluding Certified had acted with unclean hands. Citing to Pfizer, Inc. v.

International Rectifier Corp., 685 F.2d 357 (9th Cir. 1982), the court dismissed

Certified’s complaint only because Certified had “knowingly made false

statements” with respect to whether its product was patented. In Pfizer, we

affirmed the district court’s denial of the unclean-hands defense because the

defendant-appellants had failed to show by clear and convincing evidence that

Pfizer had misrepresented facts related to patentability. Id. at 359. Because the

defendant failed to establish intent, it was unnecessary to decide whether there had

been actual deception.

      The majority nonetheless affirms the district court’s analysis. In doing so, it

draws a distinction between trademark-infringement and false-advertising claims

that does not exist in our caselaw. Indeed, our limited jurisprudence on the issue

indicates that the standards for an unclean-hands defense under both types of

Lanham Act suits are the same. In TrafficSchool.com, Inc. v. Edriver Inc., 653

F.3d 820 (9th Cir. 2011), a Lanham Act false-advertising and unfair-competition

case, we concluded that the defendants failed to successfully demonstrate that the

plaintiffs had acted with unclean hands where “[o]ur review of the record

reveal[ed] no evidence of actual deception caused by plaintiffs’ advertising.” Id. at

834. Similarly, in Jarrow Formulas, Inc. v. Nutrition Now, Inc., 304 F.3d 829 (9th

                                         2
Cir. 2002), a Lanham-Act false-advertising suit, we held that the plaintiff had

failed to defeat the defendant’s laches defense because the plaintiff was unable to

demonstrate more than falsity. We stated, “[i]n a Lanham Act false advertising

suit, a plaintiff cannot ordinarily show unclean hands, and thereby defeat laches,

simply by alleging that the defendant made claims knowing that they were false.”

Id. at 841. That is what the district court did here: conclude Certified acted with

unclean hands simply because it made claims knowing that they were false.

      Because the district court failed to conclude Certified’s conduct actually

deceived consumers and the record does not contain allegations of actual

deception, I respectfully dissent.

                                          3