Court Opinion

ID: 6347294
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-06-06 17:13:34.202741+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:26:14.510778
License: Public Domain

Supreme Court

                                                   No. 2021-21-Appeal.
                                                   (PC 16-2407)

       Flavia Linnea Borgo          :

               v.                   :

The Narragansett Electric Company   :
     d/b/a National Grid et al.

        NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision
        before publication in the Rhode Island Reporter. Readers
        are requested to notify the Opinion Analyst, Supreme
        Court of Rhode Island, 250 Benefit Street, Providence,
        Rhode Island 02903, at Telephone (401) 222-3258 or
        Email opinionanalyst@courts.ri.gov, of any typographical
        or other formal errors in order that corrections may be
        made before the opinion is published.
                                                           Supreme Court

                                                           No. 2021-21-Appeal.
                                                           (PC 16-2407)

           Flavia Linnea Borgo             :

                     v.                    :

    The Narragansett Electric Company      :
         d/b/a National Grid et al.

          Present: Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Robinson, and Lynch Prata, JJ.

                                   OPINION

       Chief Justice Suttell, for the Court. A tragic accident in a utility substation

resulted in serious injuries to the plaintiff, eighteen-year-old Flavia Linnea Borgo

(plaintiff or Borgo), including the amputation of her left hand. The question

confronting us is whether the property owner, the defendant, The Narragansett

Electric Company d/b/a National Grid (defendant or National Grid), owed a duty of

care to Borgo, an admitted trespasser at the time of the accident.1 A justice of the

Superior Court ruled that National Grid did not owe Borgo a duty of care and granted

the defendant’s motion for summary judgment. The plaintiff now appeals the

Superior Court judgment. This case came before the Supreme Court pursuant to an

order directing the parties to appear and show cause why the issues raised in this

1
  The plaintiff’s complaint named a second entity, which was dismissed from the
case in December 2016, and several John and/or Jane Doe defendants; for our
purposes, the only defendant pertinent to the present appeal is National Grid.
                                         -1-
appeal should not be summarily decided. After considering the parties’ written and

oral submissions and reviewing the record, we conclude that cause has not been

shown and that this case may be decided without further briefing or argument. For

the reasons stated in this opinion, we affirm the judgment of the Superior Court.

                                           I

                                  Facts and Travel

      This action arises out of events that took place in April 2014. At that time,

plaintiff was a freshman at Rhode Island School of Design (RISD) in Providence.

According to plaintiff’s deposition testimony, during the spring semester she was

enrolled in various art classes, including a design class that required her to complete

a “cityscape project”—that is, to photographically capture different parts of the city

from different vantage points and “combine them into a painting.”

      A few weeks before the accident, plaintiff began thinking about including a

property located at the corner of Eddy and South Streets in Providence in her

cityscape project. The plaintiff testified that she discussed entering onto the property

to take photographs with Nicholas Meehan, a fellow RISD student and a friend of

plaintiff. According to plaintiff, Meehan told her that he had entered the property

twice previously, and he agreed to accompany her. The plaintiff also testified that,

before she attempted to enter the property, she had heard other RISD students

discussing entering the property and had seen students using photographs of the

                                         -2-
property as references for drawings and paintings they worked on in the RISD

studios. According to plaintiff, at the time she decided to enter the property, she

believed that the property was abandoned.

      In the spring of 2014, the property in question contained two adjacent

buildings that shared a wall but were otherwise entirely separate. At that time, one

building was a decommissioned generating station not owned or maintained by

National Grid, and the other building was an active electrical substation. It is

uncontested that, at the time relevant to this action, National Grid owned and

maintained the substation.

      The plaintiff and Meehan entered the property on April 5, 2014, sometime

around eight o’clock in the evening. The plaintiff testified that she did not see any

signage indicating that the property was owned by National Grid or any signs that

the property was still in use by anyone. Additionally, according to plaintiff, the gate

in the fence on the property in front of the facility was physically open when she and

Meehan arrived at the property that night, and there was no other fence blocking

access to the buildings. However, National Grid contests plaintiff’s testimony of the

facts and asserts that there was a “No Trespassing” sign on a closed fence that

plaintiff and Meehan crawled under to access the substation. This factual disparity

is immaterial to our analysis, as there can be no question but that plaintiff was a

trespasser.

                                         -3-
      After entering the property, plaintiff and Meehan climbed a fire escape to

access the roof of the substation building, where, according to plaintiff, they took

pictures of the Providence skyline. It is undisputed that plaintiff and Meehan then

entered the building through a window or door on the roof of the building; however,

plaintiff testified that the opening was uncovered, while National Grid contends that

plaintiff and Meehan removed plywood to access the entry point. According to

plaintiff, there was a ladder directly below the window that neither she nor Meehan

placed there, but which facilitated their entry into the substation building.

      At her deposition, plaintiff testified that, after she and Meehan entered the

building, they wandered throughout the facility for a short while, sometimes taking

photographs, until they came to a room that was like a long corridor. The plaintiff

testified that her last memory before the accident was walking down that long

hallway within the substation.

      At his deposition, Meehan testified to having witnessed the accident.

According to Meehan, the long corridor was filled with doors on one side that looked

like doors to rooms, although it is undisputed that at least one was actually a door to

a cabinet containing electrical equipment. Meehan testified that, within a few

seconds of entering the long hallway, plaintiff’s body came in contact with

something inside a cabinet and suddenly there were sparks, a bright flash, and an

indescribable noise. According to Meehan, the doors on the cabinet may have been

                                         -4-
open, and in her papers plaintiff asserts that they were. Meehan testified that he

grabbed plaintiff by her shirt and pulled her away from the cabinet; he then called

911.

       According to Meehan, after the accident plaintiff fell on the ground and had a

seizure. The plaintiff testified that she has a brief memory of being rescued by

emergency personnel and then of waking up in the hospital later that night. As a

result of the accident, plaintiff spent two months in the hospital, and her left hand

was amputated.

       On May 25, 2016, plaintiff filed a complaint in the Providence County

Superior Court against National Grid and others alleging negligence. Specifically,

plaintiff alleged that National Grid “owed a duty to maintain its substation * * * in

a reasonably safe condition[,]” that it did not do so, and that “[a]s a direct and

proximate result” of defendant’s negligence, “plaintiff Flavia Linnea Borgo suffered

severe and permanent injuries to her mind and body[.]”

       In May 2020, after years of discovery, National Grid filed a motion for

summary judgment, arguing that “[d]ue to the plaintiff’s status as an adult trespasser,

National Grid owed her no duty of care as a matter of law and is thus entitled to

summary judgment.” The plaintiff objected to the motion, and a hearing was held

on October 2, 2020. In a bench decision rendered on that same day, the hearing

justice granted National Grid’s motion for summary judgment. On October 14,

                                         -5-
2020, both an order granting National Grid’s motion for summary judgment and a

judgment in favor of National Grid entered. The plaintiff timely appealed the grant

of National Grid’s motion and resulting judgment.

                                          II

                                Standard of Review

      “This Court will review the grant of a motion for summary judgment de

novo[.]” Shorr v. Harris, as Trustee of Trust of Anna H. Blankstein, 248 A.3d 633,

636 (R.I. 2021) (quoting Lehigh Cement Co. v. Quinn, 173 A.3d 1272, 1275 (R.I.

2017)). “We will affirm a summary judgment if, after reviewing the admissible

evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, we conclude that no

genuine issue of material fact exists and that the moving party is entitled to judgment

as a matter of law.” Id. (quoting Midland Funding LLC v. Raposo, 222 A.3d 484,

486 (R.I. 2019)). We have previously emphasized that “summary judgment is a

drastic remedy, and a motion for summary judgment should be dealt with

cautiously.” Id. (quoting Lehigh Cement Co., 173 A.3d at 1275). Furthermore, “the

function of the trial justice in ruling on a motion for summary judgment is issue

finding, not issue determination.” Limoges v. Nalco Company, 157 A.3d 567, 571

(R.I. 2017) (quoting Goodkin v. DeMaio, 664 A.2d 1119, 1120 (R.I. 1995) (mem.)).

       “This Court has often instructed that ‘issues of negligence are ordinarily not

susceptible of summary adjudication, but should be resolved by trial in the ordinary

                                         -6-
manner.’” Correia v. Bettencourt, 162 A.3d 630, 635 (R.I. 2017) (quoting Newstone

Development, LLC v. East Pacific, LLC, 140 A.3d 100, 103 (R.I. 2016)). However,

“[s]ummary judgment should enter against a party who fails to make a showing

sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case”

because the “complete failure of proof concerning an essential element of the

nonmoving party’s case necessarily renders all other facts immaterial.” Vicente v.

Pinto’s Auto & Truck Repair, LLC, 230 A.3d 588, 591, 592 (R.I. 2020) (brackets

omitted) (quoting Holley v. Argonaut Holdings, Inc., 968 A.2d 271, 274 (R.I. 2009)).

                                          III

                                      Discussion

      On appeal, plaintiff contends that the hearing justice erred by granting

National Grid’s motion for summary judgment. Specifically, plaintiff argues that

the hearing justice erred by not considering plaintiff’s argument that National Grid

owed plaintiff a duty not under premises liability, but rather as a result of its power-

distribution activities that were regulated by the Rhode Island Public Utilities

Commission (PUC) and subject to certain safety regulations.

      Alternatively, plaintiff contends that, even if the hearing justice properly

determined that National Grid could only have owed plaintiff a duty under premises

liability, the hearing justice erred by failing to recognize that notice of repeated

                                         -7-
trespass could create a landowner’s duty to a trespasser in the absence of actual

discovery of that trespasser.

      Lastly, plaintiff avers that the hearing justice erred by disregarding evidence

in the record, namely an expert affidavit proffered by plaintiff, which plaintiff

alleges creates a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether National Grid

breached a duty owed under either of plaintiff’s alternative theories.

                                            A

                                          Duty

      This appeal turns on one relatively narrow issue: Did National Grid owe a

legal duty to plaintiff? “In order to properly assert a claim for negligence, ‘a plaintiff

must establish a legally cognizable duty owed by a defendant to a plaintiff, a breach

of that duty, proximate causation between the conduct and the resulting injury, and

the actual loss or damage.’” Lowney v. Canteen Realty, LLC, 252 A.3d 259, 262

(R.I. 2021) (quoting Ouch v. Khea, 963 A.2d 630, 633 (R.I. 2009)). “Although

complaints sounding in negligence generally are not amenable to summary judgment

and should be resolved by fact finding at the trial court, the existence of a duty is a

question of law.” Id. (quoting Berard v. HCP, Inc., 64 A.3d 1215, 1218 (R.I. 2013)).

      “Only when a party properly overcomes the duty hurdle in a negligence action

is the party entitled to a factual determination on each of the remaining elements[.]”

Lowney, 252 A.3d at 262 (brackets omitted) (quoting Berard, 64 A.3d at 1218).

                                          -8-
Consequently, “[i]f the court finds that no duty exists, the trier of fact has nothing to

consider and a motion for summary judgment must be granted.” Correia, 162 A.2d

at 635 (quoting Gushlaw v. Milner, 42 A.3d 1245, 1252 (R.I. 2012)).                “The

assessment of whether or not a duty exists is conducted on a ‘case-by-case basis.’”

Id. (quoting Gushlaw, 42 A.3d at 1252).

      The plaintiff avers that National Grid owed her a legally cognizable duty,

either through premises liability, through safety regulations imposed on National

Grid by the PUC, or through National Grid’s conduct as an electrical distributor. For

the reasons set forth infra, we disagree.

                                             1

                               Premises Liability Duty

      We first examine plaintiff’s contention that, under premises liability, National

Grid owed her a duty as a property owner. The plaintiff admitted in Superior Court

that, for purposes of the motion for summary judgment, she was a trespasser at the

substation; she also acknowledges that in Rhode Island trespassers are owed a duty

only after they are discovered. However, according to plaintiff, “the discovery rule

applicable to the standard of care owed to a trespasser does not require actual

discovery by a property owner, but can be proven through constructive knowledge

of repeat trespassers[.]” The plaintiff claims that this Court recognized constructive

                                            -9-
discovery of trespassers as creating a duty owed by property owners to trespassers

in Berman v. Sitrin, 991 A.2d 1038 (R.I. 2010).

      It is well settled that under Rhode Island law, landowners owe a duty to

trespassers only after discovering them in a position of peril, and the duty owed after

discovery is only to refrain from willful or wanton conduct. See, e.g., Burton v. State,

80 A.3d 856, 860-61 (R.I. 2013) (“It is a well-established principle of law that

property owners owe no duty of care to trespassers but to refrain from wanton or

willful conduct; and even then, only upon discovering a trespasser in a position of

danger.”) (quoting Hill v. National Grid, 11 A.3d 110, 113 (R.I. 2011)); Cain v.

Johnson, 755 A.2d 156, 160 (R.I. 2000) (“Under Rhode Island law, it is well settled

that a landowner owes a trespasser no duty except to refrain from willful or wanton

conduct. It is also well settled that such a duty arises only after a trespasser is

discovered in a position of danger.”) (internal citations omitted); Previte v.

Wanskuck Co., 80 R.I. 1, 3, 90 A.2d 769, 770 (1952) (“The plaintiffs admit that in

the ordinary case under the established law in this state no duty is owed a trespasser

by a landowner except to refrain from injuring him wantonly or willfully after

discovering his peril.”).2

2
  Although we departed from this rule in Mariorenzi v. Joseph DiPonte, Inc., 114
R.I. 294, 333 A.2d 127 (1975), by abolishing the “common-law categories of invitee,
licensee, and trespasser[,]” Mariorenzi, 114 R.I. at 307, 333 A.2d at 133, we
explicitly overturned Mariorenzi with respect to trespassers in Tantimonico v.
Allendale Mutual Insurance Company, 637 A.2d 1056 (R.I. 1994), and reestablished
                                         - 10 -
      Therefore, under Rhode Island law, a trespasser must be actually discovered

by a landowner before any duty is owed. Cain, 755 A.2d at 161 (“[T]his Court has

steadfastly held that a landowner owes a trespasser no duty until he or she is actually

discovered in a position of peril.”) (emphasis added). Moreover, when a landowner

owes a duty to a trespasser, that duty cannot be breached by mere negligence.

Brindamour v. City of Warwick, 697 A.2d 1075, 1077 (R.I. 1997) (“[A] landowner

only owes to trespassers the duty to refrain from wanton or willful injury. There is

no liability for mere negligence.”) (internal citation omitted).

      However, plaintiff relies heavily on Berman to argue that constructive

discovery of a trespasser gives rise to a landowner duty even absent actual discovery.

In Berman, we held that, under Rhode Island’s Recreational Use Statute, G.L. 1956

chapter 6 of title 32 (RUS), the City of Newport owed a duty to the plaintiff who

was injured on the Cliff Walk, despite the fact that the plaintiff was not actually

discovered by the city in a position of danger. See Berman, 991 A.2d at 1042, 1051.

Our holding rested on the fact that “[t]he record before us [was] replete with

evidence that the city, for some time, ha[d] known about the Cliff Walk’s latent

dangers,” including, specifically, the instability of the soil that caused the plaintiff’s

injury. Id. at 1049. Because we found that “tragedies such as this ha[d] occurred on

the common-law rule as to trespassers. See Tantimonico, 637 A.2d at 1057 (“We
now take this opportunity to depart from the holding in Mariorenzi as it pertains to
trespassers.”).
                                          - 11 -
multiple occasions[,]” and that the city had actual notice of the dangerous conditions,

we held that the discovery rule was satisfied. Id. at 1050, 1051.

      But plaintiff’s reliance on Berman as analogous to the present case is

misplaced. Berman stands alone as an extraordinary case and is factually dissimilar

to the scenario presented here. We have repeatedly distinguished Berman from cases

where there was no pattern of similar previous injuries such that the landowner

should have been on notice of the danger. See, e.g., Yattaw v. City of East

Providence, 203 A.3d 1167, 1173 (R.I. 2019) (“[W]e are of the opinion that the facts

and circumstances of this case are far from the extreme and egregious conduct

attributed to the City of Newport in Berman.”); Roy v. State, 139 A.3d 480, 490 (R.I.

2016) (“Here, there is only one indication in the record of a relatively minor injury

reported several days before Roy’s catastrophic injuries. Therefore * * * this case

is distinguishable from Berman.”); Carlson v. Town of South Kingstown, 111 A.3d

819, 823 (R.I. 2015) (“It is true that in Berman * * * a duty was imposed on a

municipality for injuries suffered by a plaintiff on land that was recreational in

nature. However, in that case, the Court was constrained to address the significance

of repeated catastrophic injuries of which the defendant municipality was clearly

aware.”). Here, plaintiff has not argued that National Grid had notice of a danger

that would lead to a trespasser’s electrocution, or that there was a pattern of

electrocution injuries taking place at the substation. Thus, the facts presented here

                                        - 12 -
do not give rise to an inference, like that in Berman, finding a duty to a trespasser

despite a lack of actual discovery.3

      The plaintiff also cites to Hill v. National Grid, cited supra, to support her

contention that constructive discovery gives rise to a duty, because there we stated

that summary judgment was inappropriate given that “plaintiffs have raised

sufficient facts from which a reasonable jury could conclude that defendant knew or

had reason to know trespass was likely.” Hill, 11 A.3d at 115. However, plaintiff

ignores that Hill was not a standard trespasser case—rather, it was an attractive-

nuisance case, because the plaintiff was a child. Id. at 112, 114. The attractive-

nuisance doctrine, which does consider constructive discovery, has no place in the

present case because it is undisputed that at the time of the accident plaintiff was

eighteen years old, and “in no case have we applied the attractive-nuisance doctrine

to a child older than twelve years old.” Burton, 80 A.3d at 862.

3
  We also note that Berman v. Sitrin, 991 A.2d 1038 (R.I. 2010), is a case that only
considered duties owed under the RUS, not under the common law, and that the RUS
is inapplicable here because the substation was decidedly not “land * * * ma[de]
* * * available to the public for recreational purposes[.]” See G.L. 1956 § 32-6-1.
Although plaintiff is correct that we have previously stated that the RUS treats users
of property open to the public for recreational use as trespassers, see, e.g., Cancel v.
City of Providence, 187 A.3d 347, 350 (R.I. 2018), we find no support for plaintiff’s
contention that “the standard must be identical under the common law and the RUS.”
However, because Berman does not aid plaintiff even if this were a RUS case, we
decline to decide here whether RUS caselaw is applicable to common-law trespass
cases.
                                         - 13 -
      Additionally, many of our previous cases on landowner liability to trespassers

have considered, and consistently have rejected, the so-called “beaten path

exception” to the discovery rule, which creates a duty to trespassers where a

landowner has knowledge of frequent use of the property by trespassers. See, e.g.,

Cain, 755 A.2d at 160-61; Wolf v. National Railroad Passenger Corp., 697 A.2d

1082, 1086 (R.I. 1997); Zoubra v. New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad

Company, 89 R.I. 41, 44, 150 A.2d 643, 645 (1959); Boday v. N. Y., N. H. & H. R.

R. Co., 53 R.I. 207, 209-10, 165 A. 448, 449 (1933). Thus, even taken in the light

most favorable to plaintiff, evidence of frequent trespassers at the substation, such

as the existence of a ladder inside the building that, according to plaintiff, was in

place when she arrived and was not placed there by National Grid, does not give rise

to a duty owed to plaintiff by National Grid.

      Because it is undisputed that at the time of the accident plaintiff was an adult

trespasser, under our well-settled law she was owed no duty unless she was actually

discovered in a position of peril by National Grid. Cain, 755 A.2d at 161.

Accordingly, because plaintiff has not provided any evidence, nor indeed ever

argued, that she was discovered by National Grid at any point during her time at the

substation, under our premises liability principles, no duty flowing to her from

National Grid ever arose.

                                       - 14 -
                                          2

                                   Other Duties

      Alternatively, plaintiff also avers that National Grid owed her a duty outside

of premises liability.   Specifically, plaintiff argues that the safety regulations

promulgated by the PUC that National Grid is subject to “create a duty and impose

a standard of care” upon National Grid. The plaintiff also argues that, under the

factors we often consider in determining whether a duty is owed, National Grid owed

her a duty because of its ongoing conduct at the substation distributing electrical

power. See Banks v. Bowen’s Landing Corp., 522 A.2d 1222, 1225 (R.I. 1987).

      Under Rhode Island law, violation of a statute does not constitute negligence

per se; however, such a violation is admissible as evidence of negligence and can be

used to establish a duty. Paquin v. Tillinghast, 517 A.2d 246, 248 (R.I. 1986).

Importantly, however, statutory violations may be considered as evidence of

negligence “only as respects persons whom the statute was designed to protect.” Id.

Additionally,

            “[i]f the injured person falls outside the protective orbit of
            the statute, his claim based on breach of a statutory duty
            of care will not be presented to the jury for no such duty
            was owed to him. Hence, we must be guided primarily by
            the intent of the Legislature in determining for what class
            of persons, if any, a statute creates a duty of care.” Id.
            (internal citation omitted).

                                        - 15 -
      Here, plaintiff asserts that safety regulations promulgated by the PUC, and

applicable to National Grid as a public utility engaged in distributing electricity,

created a duty of care owed to her by National Grid.4 See 815 RICR 30-00-1.2(C)

(defining “public utility” under the PUC regulations). Specifically, plaintiff points

to 815 RICR 30-00-1.8, parts (A)(1) and (B)(1), as creating a duty. Regulation 815

RICR 30-00-1.8(A)(1) reads, in relevant part:

             “In determining standard practice, the Division will be
             guided by the provisions of the NATIONAL
             ELECTRICAL SAFETY CODE, the NATIONAL
             ELECTRIC CODE, and such other relevant codes as shall
             be approved by the American Standards Association[.]”

Regulation 815 RICR 30-00-1.8(B)(1) reads, in its entirety:

             “Each public utility shall construct, install, operate and
             maintain its plant, structures, equipment and lines in
             accordance with standard practice as defined in paragraph
             1 above, and insofar as practical, in such a manner as best
             to accommodate the public, and to prevent interference
             with service furnished by other public utilities.”

4
  We note that we have not previously decided whether a violation of a regulation,
as opposed to a statute or ordinance, is similarly admissible as evidence of
negligence and to establish a duty. See, e.g., Paquin v. Tillinghast, 517 A.2d 246,
248 (R.I. 1986) (considering a violation of a statute); Clements v. Tashjoin, 92 R.I.
308, 309, 313-14, 168 A.2d 472, 472, 474 (1961) (considering a violation of a
statute, but stating that evidence of violations of ordinances and statutes is
admissible); Sitko v. Jastrzebski, 68 R.I. 207, 209-10, 27 A.2d 178, 179 (1942)
(considering a violation of an ordinance). However, for the purposes of this appeal,
we assume, without deciding, that a violation of a properly promulgated regulation
is admissible in the same manner as violations of statutes and ordinances.
                                       - 16 -
      Unfortunately for plaintiff, there is no language in either regulation that gives

any indication that the imposition of national safety standards on public utilities was

designed to protect members of the general public present at an electrical plant. And,

although this Court considers pertinent statutes together when looking for evidence

that a plaintiff is a member of a class intended to be protected by a statute, see

Paquin, 517 A.2d at 248, there is no mention in the other regulations applicable to

electric utilities of a purpose or concern for safety of the general public. See 815

RICR 30-00-1.1–1.9. Indeed, outside of the rather vague instruction in 815 RICR

30-00-1.8(B) to follow the standard practices in “a manner as best * * *

accommodate[s] the public,” members of the public are mentioned in the regulations

only as customers. Cf. Paquin, 517 A.2d at 248 (finding that a statute, when

considered in the context of other relevant statutes, protected children because

children were mentioned in the other relevant statutes); see, e.g., 815 RICR

30-00-1.2(E) (defining “customer”); 815 RICR 30-00-1.3(C), (F) (service provisions

relating to customers).

      Additionally, plaintiff has not provided any support in her submissions for her

conclusory contention that the regulations create a duty because they “have the

purpose and intent of protecting reasonably foreseeable individuals from harms

attendant to the generation and distribution of electricity.” As we have often held,

“[i]t is not enough merely to mention a possible argument in the most skeletal way,

                                        - 17 -
leaving the court to do counsel’s work[;] * * * a litigant has an obligation to spell

out its arguments squarely and distinctly, or else forever hold its peace.” State v.

Florez, 138 A.3d 789, 798 n.10 (R.I. 2016) (quoting United States v. Zannino, 895

F.2d 1, 17 (1st Cir. 1990)).

       Therefore, because we cannot discern an intention from the regulations to

protect members of the general public harmed at an electrical facility, we must

conclude that plaintiff “falls outside the protective orbit” of the regulations. See

Paquin, 517 A.2d at 248. Accordingly, the regulations did not create a duty owed

to plaintiff by National Grid.

       Moreover, plaintiff has waived her argument that National Grid’s conduct in

distributing electrical power gives rise to a duty under the Banks factors because she

did not raise that argument below.5          “According to this Court’s well settled

raise-or-waive rule, issues not properly presented before the trial court may not be

raised for the first time on appeal.” Decathlon Investments v. Medeiros, 252 A.3d

5
  In Banks v. Bowen’s Landing Corp., 522 A.2d 1222 (R.I. 1987), we identified
several factors that we use to determine whether a duty exists: “In considering
whether a duty exists, among the factors considered are (1) the foreseeability of harm
to the plaintiff, (2) the degree of certainty that the plaintiff suffered an injury, (3) the
closeness of connection between the defendant’s conduct and the injury suffered, (4)
the policy of preventing future harm, and (5) the extent of the burden to the defendant
and the consequences to the community for imposing a duty to exercise care with
resulting liability for breach.” Banks, 522 A.2d at 1225.
                                           - 18 -
268, 270 (R.I. 2021) (quoting Federal National Mortgage Association v. Malinou,

101 A.3d 860, 865 (R.I. 2014)).

      Finally, we heed our observation in Cain that “[w]e are not persuaded that this

Court should promulgate special rules for different types of landowners. Such

fragmentation of duties would create chaos in the attempted application of rules

wherein consistency is essential.” Cain, 755 A.2d at 161. Thus, plaintiff’s argument

that National Grid owed her a duty independent of its status as owner of the property

is unavailing.

                                          B

                           Evidence of Breach of Duty

      Lastly, plaintiff argues that the hearing justice erred by disregarding an expert

affidavit that, according to plaintiff, provided evidence that National Grid breached

a duty it owed to plaintiff, whether as a landowner or as an electrical distributor

subject to PUC regulations. The plaintiff contends that this affidavit created a

genuine dispute of material fact as to the existence of a breach and, consequently,

that the grant of summary judgment was improper.

      However, as discussed supra, a plaintiff must show that a defendant owed her

a duty before evidence of a breach of duty can be considered. “[T]o survive

summary judgment, a plaintiff must show that he or she is owed a legal duty by the

defendant before the three other elements of his or her negligence claim will be

                                        - 19 -
considered.” Flynn v. Nickerson Community Center, 177 A.3d 468, 476 (R.I. 2018).

“Where there is no duty, a factfinder will have ‘nothing to consider and a motion for

summary judgment must be granted.’” Id. (quoting Phelps v. Hebert, 93 A.3d 942,

946 (R.I. 2014)).

      Accordingly, because here the plaintiff has not shown the existence of a duty

owed to her by National Grid through any of her alternative theories, summary

judgment was not only proper, it was necessary, as evidence of a breach cannot be

considered without first establishing a duty. Flynn, 177 A.3d at 476. Therefore, the

hearing justice’s grant of summary judgment was not in error, and we need not

consider any evidence of breach, including the statements set forth in the expert

affidavit proffered by the plaintiff.

                                           IV

                                        Conclusion

      For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we affirm the judgment of the

Superior Court. The record shall be returned to the Superior Court.

      Justice Long did not participate.

                                          - 20 -
                                               STATE OF RHODE ISLAND
                                        SUPREME COURT – CLERK’S OFFICE
                                              Licht Judicial Complex
                                                250 Benefit Street
                                              Providence, RI 02903

                                 OPINION COVER SHEET

                                     Flavia Linnea Borgo v. The Narragansett Electric
Title of Case
                                     Company d/b/a National Grid et al.
                                     No. 2021-21-Appeal.
Case Number
                                     (PC 16-2407)

Date Opinion Filed                   June 6, 2022

Justices                             Suttell, C.J., Goldberg, Robinson, and Lynch Prata, JJ.

Written By                           Chief Justice Paul A. Suttell

Source of Appeal                     Providence County Superior Court

Judicial Officer from Lower Court    Associate Justice Netti C. Vogel

                                     For Plaintiff:

                                     Matthew D. Provencher, Esq.
Attorney(s) on Appeal
                                     For Defendant:

                                     Mark P. Dolan, Esq.

SU-CMS-02A (revised June 2020)