Court Opinion

ID: 5135928
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-12-17 17:00:32.436264+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:23:52.357212
License: Public Domain

RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                               Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                      File Name: 21a0285p.06

                   UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                  FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

                                                            ┐
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                            │
                                   Plaintiff-Appellee,      │
                                                             >        No. 21-3400
                                                            │
        v.                                                  │
                                                            │
 DAVID E. MCCALL, JR.,                                      │
                                Defendant-Appellant.        │
                                                            ┘

  Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio at Cleveland.
                No. 1:13-cr-00345-41—Christopher A. Boyko, District Judge.

                            Decided and Filed: December 17, 2021

              Before: MOORE, KETHLEDGE, and DONALD, Circuit Judges.
                               _________________

                                           COUNSEL

ON BRIEF: Vanessa Malone, OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC DEFENDER, Akron,
Ohio, for Appellant. Matthew B. Kall, UNITED STATES ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, Cleveland,
Ohio, for Appellee.

     MOORE, J., delivered the opinion of the court in which DONALD, J., joined.
KETHLEDGE, J. (pp. 12–13), delivered a separate dissenting opinion.
                                     _________________

                                            OPINION
                                     _________________

       KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge. David McCall, who pleaded guilty to a
conspiracy charge involving heroin possession and distribution in 2015, moved for
compassionate release. He cited three “extraordinary and compelling circumstances” warranting
his release: the COVID-19 pandemic, his rehabilitation efforts, and the fact that, under this
 No. 21-3400                         United States v. McCall                               Page 2

court’s decision in United States v. Havis, he would have received a much shorter sentence. The
district court acted as if it could not consider these factors, either alone or in tandem. Because
our binding precedent says otherwise, we REVERSE the district court’s judgment and
REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                      I. BACKGROUND

       In 2013, the United States indicted David McCall and many others in connection with a
heroin-distribution conspiracy. R. 35 (Superseding Indictment) (Page ID #411–601). McCall
pleaded guilty to conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute and to distribute heroin, and the
government dismissed its remaining possession, distribution, and facilitation charges. R. 1150
(Plea Agreement at 3) (Page ID #8507). Based on the drug quantities involved, McCall’s base
offense level would have been 24, but his status as a career offender increased his base offense
level to 34. R. 1605 (Sent’g Tr. at 8–9) (Page ID #12724–25).

       The district court sentenced McCall to 235 months in prison. R. 1501 (Judgment at 2)
(Page ID #11944). Had McCall not been a career offender, his guidelines range would have
been lower. McCall Br. at 4 (claiming a guidelines range of 77–96 months); Gov’t Br. at 14 n.2
(claiming a guidelines range of 151–188 months). After McCall’s sentencing, we held in United
States v. Havis that “attempted” controlled substance offenses do not qualify as predicate
offenses for the purpose of the Sentencing Guidelines’ career-offender enhancement. 927 F.3d
382, 386–87 (6th Cir. 2019) (en banc) (per curiam). As a result, a district court cannot use an
attempted controlled substance crime as a qualifier for a career-offender sentencing
enhancement. Id. at 387. We subsequently applied Havis’s conclusion to convictions for
conspiracy to distribute controlled substances. See United States v. Cordero, 973 F.3d 603, 626
(6th Cir. 2020).

       In June 2020, McCall requested that the Bureau of Prisons (“BOP”) file a motion for
compassionate release or sentence reduction on his behalf. R. 2109-1 (Ex. A to Mot. for
Compass. Release) (Page ID #17037). The BOP denied the request, id., and McCall filed a pro
se motion for sentence reduction under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A), R. 2109 (Mot. for Compass.
Release) (Page ID #17031–34). McCall’s motion provided five “extraordinary and compelling
 No. 21-3400                           United States v. McCall                           Page 3

circumstances” supporting his motion that fell into three buckets: that COVID-19 presents
“[d]eadly consequences” to “people with and without underlying medical conditions,” that his
prior convictions for drug trafficking and assault no longer qualify as predicate offenses for
career-offender status post-Havis, and that he has rehabilitated himself. Id. at 3 (Page ID
#17033).

       McCall filed a supplement to the motion through counsel, identifying a number of district
courts that had granted compassionate-release motions in part based on sentencing disparities in
light of Havis. R. 2134 (Supp. to Mot. for Compass. Release at 5–8) (Page ID #17215–18)
(citing United States v. Jackson, 515 F. Supp. 3d 708, 712–14 (E.D. Mich. 2021); United States
v. Lawrence, No. 17-20259, 2021 WL 859044, at *1 (E.D. Mich. Mar. 8, 2021); and United
States v. Wahid, No. 1:14-cr-00214, 2020 WL 4734409, at *2–3 (N.D. Ohio Aug. 14, 2020)).
The supplement explained that the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors also favored granting
compassionate release. Id. at 9–10 (Page ID #17219–20).

       The United States opposed McCall’s motion. The government said that McCall raised
“generalized fears of contracting COVID-19, without more,” which it argued were insufficient to
constitute “extraordinary and compelling reasons” for the purpose of compassionate release.
R. 2141 (Gov’t Resp. Opposing Compass. Release at 12) (Page ID #17286) (quoting United
States v. Bothra, No. 20-1364, 2020 WL 2611545, at *2 (6th Cir. May 21, 2020) (order)). The
government also argued that “[p]ost-[s]entence legal developments [i.e. Havis] are not
extraordinary,” and that McCall’s claimed rehabilitation could not on its own satisfy the
requirement that McCall show extraordinary and compelling reasons to grant his release. Id. at
15 (Page ID #17289). Additionally, the government claimed that the § 3553(a) factors favor
denying the motion, because McCall “poses a danger to the community” due to his criminal
history. Id. at 13 (Page ID #17287).

       The district court denied McCall’s motion in a form order, finding that he failed to show
an extraordinary and compelling reason to reduce his sentence. R. 2143 (Dist. Ct. Denial at 2)
(Page ID #17307). The district court rejected McCall’s discussion of COVID-19, saying that
McCall “cites no health concern that puts him at risk in light of the pandemic.” Id. The district
court brushed away Havis’s effect, saying that the decision is nonretroactive and so could not
 No. 21-3400                               United States v. McCall                          Page 4

comprise an extraordinary and compelling reason. Id. And the court rejected on statutory
grounds McCall’s remaining argument of rehabilitation, saying that rehabilitation alone cannot
form an extraordinary and compelling reason to grant compassionate release. Id. (citing 28
U.S.C. § 994(t)).

       McCall timely appealed the district court’s denial. R. 2153 (Notice of Appeal) (Page ID
#17410). The district court had jurisdiction to consider McCall’s compassionate-release motion
under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

                                                II. ANALYSIS

       “We review a district court’s denial of compassionate release for abuse of discretion.”
United States v. Jones, 980 F.3d 1098, 1112 (6th Cir. 2020). “A district court abuses its
discretion when it relies on clearly erroneous findings of fact, applies the law improperly, or uses
an erroneous legal standard.” United States v. Pembrook, 609 F.3d 381, 383 (6th Cir. 2010).
“‘A court might abuse its discretion, for example, if it misreads the meaning of the
extraordinary-reason requirement,’ or ‘if it interprets the law to bar it from granting a reduction
when, in fact, it has discretion to do so.’” Jones, 980 F.3d at 1112 (quoting United States v.
Keefer, 832 F. App’x 359, 363 (6th Cir. 2020)).

       Title 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A) allows courts, when “warrant[ed]” by “extraordinary and
compelling reasons[,]” to reduce an incarcerated person’s sentence. Jones, 980 F.3d at 1104.
This is known as “compassionate release,” and although it has existed since 1984, courts “rarely
considered” motions until 2018 because “a court [could] grant relief only” on the BOP’s motion.
United States v. Ruffin, 978 F.3d 1000, 1003 (6th Cir. 2020). In 2018, the First Step Act revised
§ 3582, allowing incarcerated persons to file compassionate-release motions in federal court
without BOP approval so long as they either exhausted the BOP’s administrative process, or
requested compassionate release from their warden and then waited thirty days. Jones, 980 F.3d
at 1105.1 This procedural change, paired with COVID-19’s devastating surge through our
nation’s prisons, has caused a sharp increase in both filings and grants of compassionate-release
motions. Id.

       1The   parties agree that McCall satisfied this requirement. See Gov’t Br. at 11.
 No. 21-3400                                United States v. McCall                                          Page 5

         A court may grant compassionate release when it finds three requirements are satisfied.
First, the court must “find[]” that “extraordinary and compelling reasons warrant” a sentence
reduction. Jones, 980 F.3d at 1107–08 (citing 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A)(i)). Second, the court
must “find[]” that “such a reduction is consistent with applicable policy statements issued by the
Sentencing Commission.” Id. at 1108 (citing 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A)). When an incarcerated
person, rather than the BOP, files a compassionate-release motion, the court omits this second
step. Id. at 1108, 1111; see also United States v. Owens, 996 F.3d 755, 759 n.2 (6th Cir. 2021).
Third, the court must “consider any applicable § 3553(a) factors and determine whether, in its
discretion, the reduction authorized by [steps one and two] is warranted in whole or in part under
the particular circumstances of the case.” Jones, 980 F.3d at 1108 (quoting Dillon v. United
States, 560 U.S. 817, 827 (2010)). “[D]istrict courts may deny compassionate-release motions
when any of the three prerequisites listed in § 3582(c)(1)(A) is lacking and do not need to
address the others.” United States v. Elias, 984 F.3d 516, 519 (6th Cir. 2021). And even if a
district court finds all the requirements satisfied, it still may deny compassionate release, because
“the compassionate release decision is discretionary, not mandatory.” Jones, 980 F.3d at 1106.

         There is one other relevant provision of the First Step Act. The Act reduced some federal
crimes’ mandatory-minimum sentences. See Owens, 996 F.3d at 759; United States v. Wills,
997 F.3d 685, 688 (6th Cir. 2021) (order).2 But Congress applied those changes only to “any
offense that was committed before the date of enactment of this Act, if a sentence for the offense
has not been imposed as of such date of enactment.” First Step Act, Pub. L. 115-391, Title IV,
§§ 401(c), 403(b).3 Individuals sentenced before the First Step Act’s enactment are not eligible
for resentencing under these statutory changes. Owens, 996 F.3d at 759.

         We have repeatedly discussed over the past two years what constitutes extraordinary and
compelling reasons warranting release. In United States v. Tomes and United States v. Wills, we
held that due to the First Step Act’s nonretroactivity provisions, an incarcerated person could not
show that extraordinary and compelling circumstances warranted their release based solely on

         2United   States v. Wills was initially published at 991 F.3d 720, and subsequently republished as the version
cited in this opinion. The revision does not affect Wills’s main holding, or subsequent cases’ discussion of the case.
         3We  use the same framework to evaluate these two sections. See United States v. Richardson, 948 F.3d
733, 750 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. —, 141 S. Ct. 344 (2020).
 No. 21-3400                         United States v. McCall                               Page 6

the disparity between the sentence they received and the sentence they would have received if
they were sentenced after the First Step Act. Tomes, 990 F.3d 500, 505 (6th Cir. 2021); Wills,
997 F.3d at 688.      In United States v. Owens, we held that “in making an individualized
determination about whether extraordinary and compelling reasons merit compassionate release,
a district court may include, along with other factors, the disparity between a defendant’s actual
sentence and the sentence that he would receive if the First Step Act applied.” 996 F.3d at 760
(emphasis added). Owens acknowledged that under Tomes and Wills, a sentence disparity would
not be sufficient “by itself to constitute an extraordinary and compelling reason for
compassionate release,” but Owens held that those decisions did not “foreclose th[e] middle
path” of a district court considering a sentence disparity as one of several factors. Id. at 760,
763; see id. at 761–63 (collecting cases considering a sentence disparity as one of several factors
in the compassionate-release context).

          One month later, a divided panel in United States v. Jarvis rejected Owens. Jarvis,
999 F.3d 442, 445 (6th Cir. 2021).         Jarvis moved for compassionate release, claiming
extraordinary and compelling reasons to grant him relief on the basis of the First Step Act’s
nonretroactive sentencing changes, COVID-19, his high blood pressure, and his rehabilitative
efforts. Id. at 444. The court in Jarvis refused to consider the nonretroactive sentencing
amendments. Id. at 443–44. According to the Jarvis majority, Tomes was “controlling authority
that [bound] th[e] panel,” making Owens a later-issued conflicting decision that the circuit must
ignore. Id. at 445–46. The Jarvis panel attempted to clarify the matter by saying that sentencing
disparities under the First Step Act’s nonretroactive amendments could not constitute
extraordinary and compelling circumstances “by themselves or together with other factors.” Id.
at 445.

          Judge Clay dissented in Jarvis on the grounds that it improperly ignored Owens. Judge
Clay argued that Tomes’s commentary on whether nonretroactive sentencing provisions could
support a finding of extraordinary and compelling circumstances was dicta. Jarvis, 999 F.3d at
449 (Clay, J., dissenting). Judge Clay also noted that Tomes rejected the significance of the
sentencing disparity only after waving away Tomes’s other potential extraordinary and
compelling circumstances, meaning that Tomes evaluated the sentencing disparity solely on its
 No. 21-3400                               United States v. McCall                                      Page 7

own, not in concert with other valid extraordinary and compelling circumstances. Id. at 450
(Clay, J., dissenting).

          Another panel then decided United States v. Hunter, which again claimed that Owens is
not controlling authority. 12 F.4th 555, 564 n.4 (6th Cir. 2021). Hunter built upon Jarvis in one
way that is relevant here: Jarvis had said that nonretroactive amendments to the First Step Act
may not be considered as extraordinary and compelling explanations for a sentence reduction,
999 F.3d at 445, and Hunter said that nonretroactive changes in the law based on the decision in
United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005), cannot form an extraordinary or compelling
explanation for a sentence reduction, either alone or together with other factors.                       Hunter,
12 F.4th at 564.

          We now proceed to the merits of McCall’s claim that the district court erred by failing to
review his asserted extraordinary and compelling circumstances.                         McCall raised three
extraordinary and compelling circumstances: the presence of COVID-19 in prison, sentencing
disparities based on our decision in Havis, and his rehabilitation efforts. See R. 2143 (Dist. Ct.
Denial at 2) (Page ID #17307).

          The district court abused its discretion by not considering the disparity in McCall’s
sentence post-Havis along with his efforts at rehabilitation and the presence of COVID-19.4
Jones, 980 F.3d at 1112 (a court abuses its discretion when it “interprets the law to bar it from
granting a reduction when, in fact, it has discretion to do so.” (quoting Keefer, 832 F. App’x at
363)). Under Owens, the court could have considered McCall’s three factors “in combination” to
see if they formed an extraordinary and compelling reason for compassionate release. 996 F.3d
at 764.

          Tomes does not apply.            Tomes never discussed whether the First Step Act’s
nonretroactive portions, in concert with other factors, could support a finding of extraordinary
and compelling circumstances. Tomes cited two grounds for compassionate release: his asthma,
which left him particularly susceptible to COVID-19, and his sentencing disparity post-First Step

          4We  assume, along with the government, that the difference between nonretroactive portions of the First
Step Act concerning sentencing and nonretroactive changes in sentencing law more broadly is “immaterial.” Gov’t
Br. at 18; see also Hunter, 12 F.4th at 564.
 No. 21-3400                          United States v. McCall                               Page 8

Act. Tomes, 990 F.3d at 501. The panel upheld the district court’s conclusion that Tomes “‘did
not provide any records in [his] motion to support that [he] has’ chronic asthma.” Id. at 504
(quoting Elias, 984 F.3d at 520). It was only then, while raising “[o]ne last point,” that Tomes
held that the First Step Act’s nonretroactive portions could not support a motion for
compassionate release. Id. at 505. But Tomes did not discuss whether nonretroactive sentencing
disparities could support a compassionate-release motion when combined with other factors.
Owens, 996 F.3d at 763.

       Two other circuits that evaluated Tomes agreed with Owens that Tomes says only that a
nonretroactive sentence cannot alone serve as the basis for a finding of extraordinary and
compelling circumstances—including one court that ultimately followed Jarvis. United States v.
McGee, 992 F.3d 1035, 1048 (10th Cir. 2021) (“[W]e also agree with the Sixth Circuit’s decision
in Tomes that the fact that a defendant is serving a pre-First Step Act mandatory life sentence . . .
cannot, standing alone, serve as the basis for a sentence reduction under § 3582(c)(1)(A)(i).”);
United States v. Thacker, 4 F.4th 569, 575 (7th Cir. 2021) (adopting the Jarvis rule, but saying
that Tomes held that a “nonretroactive change to sentencing law in the First Step Act could not,
by itself, constitute an extraordinary and compelling reason for release.”).

       Owens was the first in-circuit case to address the issue of a nonretroactive sentence as
one of several factors creating an extraordinary and compelling reason for compassionate
release. Jarvis, by contravening Owens, created an intra-circuit split. Because Owens was
published before Jarvis, Owens “remains controlling authority” that binds future panels. Salmi v.
Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 774 F.2d 685, 689 (6th Cir. 1985). Faced with the conflict
between Owens and Jarvis, courts “must follow the first one[.]” Jarvis, 999 F.3d at 445–46.
Here, that is Owens.

       Regarding McCall’s discussion of COVID-19, the district court said that “the mere
existence of COVID-19 is not enough to warrant a sentence reduction.” R. 2143 (Dist. Ct.
Denial at 2) (Page ID #17307). We recently held in United States v. Lemons that, “when the
defendant has access to the COVID-19 vaccine[,]” “a defendant’s incarceration during the
COVID-19 pandemic . . . does not present an ‘extraordinary and compelling reason’ warranting a
sentence reduction.”     15 F.4th 747, 751 (6th Cir. 2021).         We added, however, that an
 No. 21-3400                          United States v. McCall                               Page 9

incarcerated person may still show extraordinary and compelling reasons if they are “unable to
receive or benefit from a vaccine” in some way. Id. (quoting United States v. Broadfield, 5 F.4th
801, 803 (7th Cir. 2021)). The district court’s findings here failed to consider whether any facts
prevented McCall from receiving or benefitting from a vaccine. As a result, the district court
must consider this issue on remand.

       The district court correctly held that, if McCall argued for extraordinary and compelling
circumstances based on his rehabilitation alone, the district court could not consider the
argument. Congress tells us that “[r]ehabilitation of the defendant alone shall not be considered
an extraordinary and compelling reason.” 28 U.S.C. § 994(t); see Ruffin, 978 F.3d at 1004.
McCall, however, did not cite his rehabilitation alone.

       The government argues that a discussion of post-Havis considerations may be
unnecessary. When McCall pleaded guilty to conspiracy to distribute heroin, the government
dismissed a separate heroin distribution charge pending against McCall.              R. 1150 (Plea
Agreement at 3) (Page ID #8507). Havis, which concerned inchoate offenses, did not upset the
status of possession with intent to distribute as a sentence-enhancing controlled-substance
offense. United States v. Garth, 965 F.3d 493, 496–98 (6th Cir. 2020). The government argues
that, in light of Havis, it “would likely not” agree to dismiss McCall’s distribution charge as part
of a plea deal, and “would insist that McCall plead guilty to that controlled-substance offense as
part of any plea agreement . . . if sentenced today.” Gov’t Br. at 13–14.

       This misunderstands Havis. Havis held that some prior convictions do not qualify for a
career-offender sentence enhancement after an individual is convicted of a given offense.
Havis’s analysis looks backwards to the convictions that a defendant has received for prior
offenses; it does not concern the charges that a defendant currently faces. It is thus irrelevant for
Havis’s purposes what charges the government could have brought against McCall in connection
with this conviction—Havis affects only the significance of McCall’s prior convictions in
determining his status as a career offender. The government offers no analysis concerning
whether McCall’s earlier convictions still qualify as career-offender predicate offenses post-
 No. 21-3400                                United States v. McCall                                       Page 10

Havis.5 McCall, for his part, does not argue the specifics regarding why Havis would disqualify
his earlier convictions as predicates for career-offender status, saying only that the district court
should have considered the issue. McCall Br. at 14.

        In light of our concerns with the parties’ briefing on the actual impact of Havis with
respect to McCall’s prior state convictions, we believe we should leave the matter initially for the
district court to address on remand.             We similarly leave for consideration on remand the
government’s arguments that McCall’s offense level, even if adjusted downward, would not be
as low as he contends. Gov’t Br. at 14 n.2.6

        Finally, the government argues that the district court never said that it was “unable” to
consider Havis’s changes to the law in its determination of McCall’s compassionate-release
motion, just that it was “unwilling” to do so. Gov’t Br. at 8; R. 2143 (Denial of Mot. for
Compass. Release at 2) (Page ID #17307). Thus, the government argues by implication that the
district court did not abuse its discretion because it did not misapply the proper legal standard,
and instead permissibly exercised its discretion to deny a motion for compassionate release.

        We read the district court’s language to suggest that it thought itself unable to rely on
nonretroactive changes in sentencing law. The court said that “changes to sentencing policy”
“[are] not enough to warrant a sentence reduction,” that it would not “sidestep normal post-
conviction requirements” by considering Havis’s impact on McCall’s sentence, and that this
“leaves Defendant’s rehabilitation alone as his last hope.” R. 2143 (Denial of Mot. for Compass.

        5Ohio   has at least two statutes criminalizing drug trafficking, and the government has conceded in the past
that convictions under one of them no longer qualify as career-offender predicates post-Havis. United States v.
Palos, 978 F.3d 373, 374–75 (6th Cir. 2020); see also United States v. Cavazos, 950 F.3d 329, 337 & n.3 (6th Cir.
2020). The Presentence Investigation Report (PSR) in this case, written before Havis, did not state the particular
drug-trafficking statutes under which McCall was previously convicted. R. 1250 (PSR at 13–16) (Page ID #9570–
73). McCall’s felonious assault charge, which he contends is no longer a “crime of violence” for career-offender
purposes, R. 2109 (Mot. for Compass. Release at 3) (Page ID #17033), may also no longer qualify as a predicate
offense. United States v. Smith, 785 F. App’x 330, 333 (6th Cir. 2019); see United States v. Burris, 912 F.3d 386
(6th Cir. 2019) (en banc) (addressing Ohio assault statutes). As with McCall’s drug convictions, whether his prior
assault conviction qualifies as a career-offender qualifier may turn on the specific statutory provision under which
he was convicted. Smith, 785 F. App’x at 333. The PSR again does not provide the particular statutory offense
constituting his assault conviction. R. 1250 (PSR at 13) (Page ID #9570). The district court may consider these
issues on remand.
        6Inappropriate   for consideration on remand is the government’s argument that U.S.S.G. § 1B1.13 is an
“applicable” policy statement for purposes of § 3582(c)(1)(A). Gov’t Br. at 11 n.1. We held in Jones that it is not.
980 F.3d at 1109.
 No. 21-3400                          United States v. McCall                              Page 11

Release at 2) (Page ID #17307). The district court did not distinguish between its refusal to
consider the COVID-19 pandemic and Havis’s effect, suggesting that it believed it could give
neither of them weight. Id. After McCall extensively argued that the district court should
consider Havis’s effect, R. 2134 (Supp. to Mot. for Compass. Release at 5–9) (Page ID #17215–
19), the court’s flat refusal to engage with the argument suggests that it viewed itself as unable to
consider the argument in determining whether there were extraordinary and compelling reasons
to grant compassionate release.

                                       III. CONCLUSION

       Under our precedents, a court may consider a nonretroactive change in the law as one of
several factors forming extraordinary and compelling circumstances qualifying for sentence
reduction under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A). We REVERSE the judgment of the district court
and REMAND for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
 No. 21-3400                          United States v. McCall                              Page 12

                                        _________________

                                            DISSENT
                                        _________________

       KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judge, dissenting. For the district courts in this circuit, our
decision in this case renders the law on the issue presented unknowable. That issue is whether a
nonretroactive change in sentencing law can support a finding of “extraordinary and compelling
reasons” warranting compassionate release under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(1)(A). We now have no
less than four published decisions—namely, United States v. Tomes, 990 F.3d 500 (6th Cir.
2021), United States v. Wills, 997 F.3d 685 (6th Cir. 2021), United States v. Jarvis, 999 F.3d 442
(6th Cir. 2021), and United States v. Hunter, 12 F.4th 555 (6th Cir. 2021)—in which we squarely
held that a nonretroactive change in sentencing law cannot support a finding of “extraordinary
and compelling reasons” under § 3582(c)(1)(A). The outlier—and the case the majority insists
on following here—is our decision in United States v. Owens, 996 F.3d 755 (6th Cir. 2021), in
which a divided panel purported to hold that a nonretroactive change in sentencing law can
support a finding of “extraordinary and compelling reasons” under § 3582(c)(1)(A), so long as
the defendant offers at least one other reason in support of that finding (e.g., his rehabilitation).
Id. at 760. Movants for compassionate release nearly always do that, so the distinction offered in
Owens put Tomes “into a null set[.]” Jarvis, 999 F.3d at 446. Meanwhile, Owens was published
a few weeks before Jarvis—which, in the view of the majority here, means that neither Jarvis
nor Hunter is good law on this issue.

       The grounds on which Owens purported to distinguish Tomes were implausible.
Factually, the defendant in Tomes offered not one but three reasons (“the presence of COVID-19
in prisons,” his asthma, and a change in sentencing law, see 990 F.3d at 501) in support of his
motion for compassionate release—just as in Owens. More to the point, the relevant holding in
Tomes was legal, not factbound. Section 401 had reduced the mandatory-minimum sentences for
certain drug offenses, which was the change in sentencing law that the defendant invoked there;
but under § 401(c) of the Act those reduced sentences were not retroactive. The Tomes court
thus held that “we will not render § 401(c) useless by using § 3582(c)(1)(A) as an end run around
Congress’s careful effort to limit the retroactivity of the First Step Act’s reforms.” 990 F.3d at
 No. 21-3400                          United States v. McCall                             Page 13

505. As we explained in Jarvis, that was a statutory holding, which “excluded non-retroactive
First Step Act amendments from the category of extraordinary or compelling reasons” within the
meaning of § 3582(c)(1)(A). 999 F.3d at 446. Thus, the attempt in Owens to find Tomes
“factually distinguishable[,]” 996 F.3d at 760, was like saying that our interpretation of a statute
in a prior case is inapposite—because in this case the facts are different.

       What ultimately matters, however, is that the issue presented in these cases is plainly the
subject of an intra-circuit split—which is now intractable.