Court Opinion

ID: 9928012
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-01-30 18:01:40.306545+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:44:41.543546
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        JAN 30 2024
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                       No.    22-50179

                Plaintiff-Appellee,             D.C. No. 2:20-cr-00447-MWF-1

 v.
                                                MEMORANDUM*
JESSE LUCAS BELTRAN,

                Defendant-Appellant.

                  Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Central District of California
                 Michael W. Fitzgerald, District Judge, Presiding

                    Argued and Submitted on January 12, 2024
                              Pasadena, California

Before: TALLMAN and BENNETT, Circuit Judges, and LASNIK,** District
Judge.

   Jesse Beltran appeals the district court’s denial of his motion to suppress a gun

seized in an investigatory stop and frisk. On July 11, 2020, a person called 911 to

report an ongoing domestic violence incident. The caller described the suspect as

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
            The Honorable Robert S. Lasnik, United States District Judge for the
Western District of Washington, sitting by designation.
“male White, bald, approximately twenty four years, dark shirt and shorts,”

“carrying a black bag,” seen “assaulting a female Hispanic wearing a dress” who

“is possibly injured.” The caller reported his contemporaneous observations to the

dispatcher: “Right now he’s hitting her there in between a car, he has her

cornered,” “the guys [sic] is choking her,” “he’s threatening her, the girl is going

with him now,” “he hit her again, again, he’s hitting her again,” “hurry because

he’s still hitting her, she’s completely bloodied.” The caller reported that another

eyewitness saw the suspect “going to the Food 4 Less while he was hitting the

girl.”

   The officers entered the Food 4 Less and identified a couple, Beltran and his

girlfriend, who matched the suspect and victim’s descriptions. The officers briefly

questioned whether the couple had been arguing before restraining Beltran to pat

him down. One of the officers initially assured Beltran several times that he would

let him go if he was innocent and that he was not under arrest. The officer then

handcuffed Beltran and asked him about his probation and parole status. Beltran

responded he was on probation and admitted to having a gun in his waistband and

ammunition in his backpack. The officer then seized the weapon during the frisk.

   A grand jury charged Beltran in a single-count indictment of being a felon

in possession of a firearm and ammunition, in violation of 18 U.S.C §

922(g)(1). Beltran moved to suppress the evidence of the gun and ammunition

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retrieved during the search. The trial court held an evidentiary hearing where

one of the officers, a 25-year veteran, testified that domestic violence calls

“always [have] potential for escalation,” so officers handle those calls

differently “to ensure that there’s going to be no violence between the parties

involved and directed towards officers.” That officer also testified in an

affidavit that it is standard practice “to ask suspects whether they are on

probation or parole . . . to ensure [his] safety and the safety of others” and “to

determine whether a suspect is dangerous or wanted by law enforcement.”

      The district court denied the defendant’s motion. Beltran pleaded guilty to

one count of possession of a firearm and ammunition as a felon in violation of 18

U.S.C § 922(g)(2). His conditional plea reserved the right to seek review of the

district court’s decision on the motion to suppress. He timely filed this appeal. We

have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C § 1291, and we affirm.

   First, Beltran argues that the officers lacked reasonable suspicion to stop him.

We disagree. An officer may conduct a brief stop if, considering the totality of the

circumstances, he reasonably believes that criminal activity may be afoot. Terry v.

Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 30 (1968). Here, several facts gave rise to reasonable suspicion:

Beltran and his girlfriend matched the physical description given by a reliable 911

caller, they were located in the same area reported by the caller shortly after the call

was made, and they were the only couple that fit the caller’s description. To the

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extent Beltran argues that the couple did not exactly match the informant’s

description, we decline to engage in a “divide-and-conquer analysis,” because such

an approach “seriously undercut[s] the ‘totality of the circumstances’ principle

which governs the existence . . . of ‘reasonable suspicion.’” United States v. Arvizu,

534 U.S. 266, 274–75 (2002) (quotations omitted).

   Second, Beltran argues the officers improperly exceeded the scope of the

investigation by questioning him about his parole and probation status. We disagree.

Safety-related questions are justified so long as they do not unreasonably prolong

the duration of the stop. See e.g., United States v. Christian, 356 F.3d 1103, 1107

(9th Cir. 2004). Here, the officer testified that he asked about Beltran’s parole and

probation status to ensure his safety and the safety of others in the store, and the

questioning lasted less than ten seconds. United States v. Glass, 833 F. App’x 149,

151 (9th Cir. 2021) (holding that questions about defendant’s parole/probation status

did not “measurably extend[] the duration of the stop” and did not “run afoul of the

Fourth Amendment”). Because the questioning did not unreasonably prolong the

stop, the officers did not exceed the permissible scope of the investigation.

   Third, Beltran argues that the frisk was not supported by reasonable suspicion.

We disagree. The officer frisked Beltran after he admitted that he had a gun in his

waistband. The admission undoubtedly gave rise to reasonable suspicion that

Beltran was armed.

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   Last, Beltran argues that the officers’ conduct converted the Terry stop into a de

facto arrest. We disagree. To determine whether and when a stop crossed the

threshold from a Terry stop into an arrest, we inquire into the totality of the

circumstances to determine whether a reasonable innocent person would have felt

free to leave after brief questioning, and whether the officers’ use of intrusive tactics

was justified. United States v. Edwards, 761 F.3d 977, 981 (9th Cir. 2014);

Washington v. Lambert, 98 F.3d 1181, 1185 (9th Cir. 1996). Both factors weigh

against finding that an arrest occurred. The officers repeatedly assured Beltran they

would “let him go” if he was innocent and that he was not under arrest. Although

the officers handcuffed Beltran, the tactic was justified given the nature of the

crime—an ongoing incident of domestic violence where the assailant was choking,

threatening, and hitting the victim. These facts, taken together, would have led an

innocent person to believe they were free to leave after questioning. And, the facts

and nature of the crime justified the use of temporary precautionary measures like

handcuffing the defendant. Therefore, the seizure was not a de facto arrest.1

       AFFIRMED.

   1
      Beltran argues the search was unjustified based on the information gathered as
to his probation or parole status. Because we hold that Beltran’s confession about
the gun justified the frisk, we do not reach this question. Whether the officers
developed a “freestanding and independently sufficient basis” five seconds earlier
is irrelevant.

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