Court Opinion

ID: 4536867
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-05-27 17:00:28.336099+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:49:02.651879
License: Public Domain

RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                              Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b)
                                     File Name: 20a0164p.06

                  UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                                 ┐
                                  Plaintiff-Appellee,      │
                                                           │
                                                            >        No. 18-4203
        v.                                                 │
                                                           │
                                                           │
 EDUARDO PEREZ-RODRIGUEZ,                                  │
                               Defendant-Appellant.        │
                                                           ┘

                        Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Northern District of Ohio at Cleveland.
                    No. 1:18-cr-00396-1—John R. Adams, District Judge.

                                 Argued: October 24, 2019

                             Decided and Filed: May 27, 2020

                 Before: CLAY, STRANCH, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges.

                                    _________________

                                          COUNSEL

ARGUED: Barry J. McWhirter, MCWHIRTER LAW FIRM, PLLC, Memphis, Tennessee, for
Appellant. Danielle Angeli Asher, UNITED STATES ATTORNEY’S OFFICE, Cleveland,
Ohio, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Barry J. McWhirter, MCWHIRTER LAW FIRM, PLLC,
Memphis, Tennessee, for Appellant. Danielle Angeli Asher, UNITED STATES ATTORNEY’S
OFFICE, Cleveland, Ohio, for Appellee.

         STRANCH, J., delivered the opinion of the court in which CLAY, J., joined. MURPHY,
J. (pp. 11–15), delivered a separate dissenting opinion.
 No. 18-4203                    United States v. Perez-Rodriguez                           Page 2

                                      _________________

                                           OPINION
                                      _________________

       JANE B. STRANCH, Circuit Judge. Eduardo Perez-Rodriguez, a citizen of Mexico, was
sentenced to 24 months in prison for one count of illegal reentry in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326.
The district court applied an upward variance that more than doubles the middle of his 8- to
14-month Guidelines range. Perez-Rodriguez challenges the substantive reasonableness of the
upward variance and argues that the district court considered facts outside the record in selecting
his sentence.    Because Perez-Rodriguez’s sentence was substantively unreasonable, we
REVERSE the district court’s judgment and REMAND for resentencing.

                                      I. BACKGROUND

       Eduardo Perez-Rodriguez was ordered removed by an immigration judge in June 2016.
He reentered the country 19 days later and was arrested and convicted of violating 18 U.S.C.
§ 1546 for reentry after deportation and false personation in immigration matters. He was
sentenced to time served of 140 days and removed for a second time in December 2016.

       On June 22, 2018, Perez-Rodriguez was arrested in Ohio on a failure to appear warrant
for child endangering, having returned to the country at some point prior to his arrest. A grand
jury indicted him on one count of illegal reentry, in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326, to which he
subsequently pled guilty. Perez-Rodriguez had one prior conviction in 2015 for operating a
motor vehicle under the influence (DUI), for which he received probation. His presentence
report (PSR) noted that he attended a probation violation hearing, though no other information
was provided to the sentencing court. Based on this criminal history, his prior count of reentry
after deportation, and his acceptance of responsibility, Pretrial Services and Probation
recommended a Guidelines range of 8 to 14 months in prison. At the sentencing hearing, the
government sought a sentence within the high end of Perez-Rodriguez’s Guidelines range.

       The district court applied an upward variance and entered a sentence of 24 months—a
200% increase from the low end of the Guidelines range, a 71% increase from the high end, and
a 118% increase from the middle of the range. Noting Perez-Rodriguez’s DUI conviction and
 No. 18-4203                     United States v. Perez-Rodriguez                          Page 3

his probation sentence, the court mentioned that he “apparently violated his probation.” It also
discussed the need to deter individuals who demonstrate “a pattern of continuing to violate our
laws, and come back to the country,” citing Perez-Rodriguez’s return to the country after two
deportations and after serving 140 days for his prior reentry case. The court emphasized the
statutory penalty for his conviction—zero to ten years—and concluded that even a high-end
Guidelines sentence of 14 months would be too short in comparison to the maximum statutory
penalty of ten years.

       Perez-Rodriguez appeals his upward variance as substantively unreasonable. He also
contends that the district court considered facts outside the record to justify the upward variance
by assuming that he violated probation on his DUI charge.

                                          II. ANALYSIS

       A. Facts Outside the Record

       We review the district court’s consideration of the factual record under an
abuse-of-discretion standard. “An abuse of discretion is established where the reviewing court is
left with a definite and firm conviction that the district court committed a clear error of
judgment.” Coach, Inc. v. Goodfellow, 717 F.3d 498, 505 (6th Cir. 2013).

       In discussing the reasons for the upward variance, the district court stated that
Perez-Rodriguez “apparently violated his probation” because the PSR noted that he had attended
a probation violation hearing. Perez-Rodriguez is correct that there is no definitive evidence in
the record before the sentencing court that he violated his probation. But the court made a
reasonable inference based on the PSR and qualified its reliance on this information by using the
word “apparently” to describe the alleged probation violation. The district court did not abuse its
discretion by considering this as one of several factors.

       B. Substantive Reasonableness

       A substantive reasonableness challenge to a sentence is considered under an
abuse-of-discretion standard. Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007).
 No. 18-4203                    United States v. Perez-Rodriguez                           Page 4

       The Supreme Court recently reiterated that the substantive reasonableness inquiry
determines if the length of a sentence conforms with the sentencing goals set forth in 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a) and asks whether the district judge “‘abused his discretion in determining that the
§ 3553(a) factors supported’ the sentence imposed.” Holguin-Hernandez v. United States, 140 S.
Ct. 762, 766 (2020) (quoting Gall, 552 U.S. at 56); see also United States v. Tristan-Madrigal,
601 F.3d 629, 632–33 (6th Cir. 2010). In contrast, a sentence is procedurally reasonable where
“the trial court follows proper procedures and gives adequate consideration to [the § 3553(a)]
factors.” Holguin-Hernandez, 140 S. Ct. at 766; see also United States v. Rayyan, 885 F.3d 436,
442 (6th Cir. 2018). The substantive reasonableness of a sentence is a separate inquiry: even if
the district court followed proper procedures and adequately considered the appropriate factors,
we ask whether the district court nevertheless imposed a sentence that is “greater than
necessary.” Holguin-Hernandez, 140 S. Ct. at 766–67. In short, procedural review of a sentence
concerns the propriety of the factors that go into a sentence; substantive review assesses the
reasonableness of the sentence that results.

       One way to gauge the substantive reasonableness of a sentence is to ask whether “the
court placed too much weight on some of the § 3553(a) factors and too little on others” in
reaching its sentencing decision. United States v. Parrish, 915 F.3d 1043, 1047 (6th Cir. 2019)
(quoting Rayyan, 885 F.3d at 442). If the court failed to give “reasonable weight to each relevant
factor,” the sentence that results is substantively unreasonable.      United States v. Boucher,
937 F.3d 702, 707 (6th Cir. 2019) (emphasis omitted).

       Of course, we must respect the district court’s reasoned discretion to weigh the factors
“to fashion individualized, fact-driven sentences without interference from appellate courts.” Id.
at 708. But this discretion is not without limit. The starting point for substantive reasonableness
review is the Guidelines range, because “in the ordinary case, the Commission’s
recommendation of a sentencing range will ‘reflect a rough approximation of sentences that
might achieve § 3553(a)’s objectives.’” Kimbrough v. United States, 552 U.S. 85, 109 (2007)
(quoting Rita v. United States, 551 U.S. 338, 350 (2007)). Sentences within a defendant’s
Guidelines range are presumptively reasonable. United States v. Christman, 607 F.3d 1110,
1118 (6th Cir. 2010).
 No. 18-4203                     United States v. Perez-Rodriguez                           Page 5

       A sentence above or below the Guidelines range, however, requires the district court to
“consider the extent of the deviation to ensure that the justification is sufficiently compelling to
support the degree of variance.” Gall, 552 U.S. at 50. The greater the variance, the more
compelling the justification must be. Id.; see also United States v. Poynter, 495 F.3d 349, 352
(6th Cir. 2007). A district court may vary outside the Guidelines range if it explains how the
present case is different from the typical or mine-run case that occupies the “‘heartland’ to which
the Commission intends individual Guidelines to apply.” Kimbrough, 552 U.S. at 109 (quoting
Rita, 551 U.S. at 351). But to avoid unfair disparities with the typical case, we give closer
review to a variance in a mine-run case. Id. In sum, “in those cases that fall outside the
Guidelines’ ‘heartland,’ the district court’s decision to deviate from the advisory range is entitled
to the ‘greatest respect,’ whereas a sentence that departs from the advisory range in a ‘mine-run
case’ warrants ‘closer review’” of the district court’s justifications for variance. United States v.
Herrera-Zuniga, 571 F.3d 568, 582 (6th Cir. 2009) (quoting Kimbrough, 552 U.S. at 109).

       We turn to whether Perez-Rodriguez’s case is in the mine-run. A mine-run case is not a
theoretical, minimally culpable offense; it is a normal case under the governing Guidelines
range, which is calculated to incorporate the crime at issue, the offense level, and the criminal
history category based on prior offenses. See Rita, 551 U.S. at 359. The Guidelines range here
was based on illegal reentry in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326 (Perez-Rodriguez’s crime) and
provides for a base level of eight. Because Perez-Rodriguez had a prior felony conviction for an
illegal reentry offense after his initial deportation in 2016, the Guidelines incorporated a
four-level increase pursuant to USSG § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A). Acceptance of responsibility lowered
his total offense level to ten. Perez-Rodriguez also has one previous DUI conviction. These two
prior criminal convictions resulted in a total criminal history score of three and a criminal history
category of II. Perez-Rodriguez’s 8- to 14-month Guidelines range was calculated based on his
prior deportation and illegal reentry, his DUI, and the instant illegal reentry offense.

       The district court gave several reasons why a sentence within the Guidelines range would
not be enough, primarily framed by Perez-Rodriguez’s “pattern of continuing to violate our laws,
and come back to the country for whatever reason.” Perez-Rodriguez’s only prior conviction for
illegal reentry, however, was already reflected in the Guidelines range through the criminal
 No. 18-4203                        United States v. Perez-Rodriguez                                    Page 6

history score and as part of the § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A) enhancement. The court also pointed to his
count of false personation in immigration matters, which was part of the initial conviction for
reentry after deportation, as an example of a “knowing effort to evade our laws.” But any illegal
entry into this country is a knowing effort to evade U.S. laws. And the specific act of appearing
under an assumed or fictitious name is not unusual or abnormal for defendants charged with
illegal reentry. The district court also noted Perez-Rodriguez’s 2015 DUI conviction to support
the variance. According to the United States Sentencing Commission, 92% of illegal reentry
offenders have at least one prior conviction and the most common prior offense is driving under
the influence or a related offense.1 Having a widely shared characteristic does not remove
Perez-Rodriguez’s case from the heartland. His is a mine-run case of illegal reentry under the
Guidelines.

        Because the district court varied upward in a mine-run case, we give the sentence closer
review. Kimbrough, 552 U.S. at 109. Whether a court varies up or down, we consider the
“extent of the deviation” and make sure that “the justification is sufficiently compelling to
support the degree of the variance.” Gall, 552 U.S. at 50; see also Boucher, 937 F.3d at 709
(“The question . . . is whether the district court gave a ‘sufficiently compelling’ reason for the
dramatic downward variance in this case.”). As applicable to any substantive reasonableness
review, justifications may include a policy-based disagreement with the Guideline, as the dissent
notes. See Kimbrough, 552 U.S. at 109–11. Whatever those justifications may be, we must still
agree that they are “sufficiently compelling” on closer review of a mine-run case. When our
analysis includes comparing the “extent of the deviation” among our cases, we may consider the
percentage of variance from the specified Guidelines range or the number of months of the
sentence. Our review evaluates whether the length of the sentence imposed on Perez-Rodriguez
conforms with the sentencing goals of § 3553(a) and our caselaw.

        We have affirmed upward variances in illegal reentry cases where the defendant not only
demonstrated a pattern of returning to the country after deportation, but also committed crimes

        1See    U.S. Sentencing Comm’n, Illegal Reentry Offenses at 16-17                       (Apr.     2015),
https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/research-and-publications/research-projects-and-
surveys/immigration/2015_Illegal-Reentry-Report.pdf.
 No. 18-4203                         United States v. Perez-Rodriguez                                  Page 7

subsequent to removal and reentry that endanger the public.2 The purpose of a variance in these
situations is to protect the public by deterring the likelihood of more endangering illegal conduct
in the future. For example, in United States v. Lopez-Galvez, we affirmed an upward variance of
16 months from the top of the Guidelines range based on the defendant’s four illegal reentries
and three DUIs. 429 F. App’x 567, 574 (6th Cir. 2011). The defendant in United States v.
Ibarra-Rodriguez received a 14-month upward variance for 14 prior criminal convictions, 711 F.
App’x 288, 289 (6th Cir. 2017), and the defendant in United States v. Monje-Vasquez received
an 8-month upward variance for 15 prior criminal convictions, 763 F. App’x 449, 450 (6th Cir.
2019). In Tristan-Madrigal, a 15-month upward variance was found necessary to deter repeated
removal and reentry cycles where the defendant was also involved in numerous drunk driving
incidents that put the public at risk. 601 F.3d at 635. The actions of that defendant, we
emphasized, presented an ongoing risk of harm that was distinguishable from “those cases where
a sentencing court improperly speculates that an individual will cause some particular harm at a
future point in time.” Id. at 634.

        Perez-Rodriguez’s personal history is distinct from the histories of the defendants in
those cases. They had multiple reentries and a substantial number of crimes upon return;
Perez-Rodriguez had one DUI conviction prior to his first deportation, and he had not been
convicted of anything that would endanger the public since that lone DUI conviction.
Perez-Rodriguez does not exhibit the same extensive “pattern” of deportation and reentry nor do
his past actions present that ongoing risk of harm to the public. While the district court believed
that a within-Guidelines sentence is generally inadequate to deter repeat illegal reentry offenders,
this disagreement with the Guidelines is not a sufficiently compelling justification for the
variance based on the realities of Perez-Rodriguez’s criminal history. The court below “placed
too much weight” on the § 3553(a)(1) and (2) factors, particularly criminal history, deterrence,
and protection of the public from further crimes of the defendant, in imposing the variance here.
Parrish, 915 F.3d at 1047 (quoting Rayyan, 885 F.3d at 442).

         2Sentencing Commission statistics suggest that 48% of all illegal reentry offenders were convicted of at
least one post-reentry offense that is not another illegal reentry. U.S. Sentencing Comm’n, supra note 2, at 18.
 No. 18-4203                          United States v. Perez-Rodriguez                     Page 8

        The district court also failed to consider the “need to avoid unwarranted sentence
disparities among defendants with similar records who have been found guilty of similar
conduct.” 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(6). Rather than comparing the facts of this case to similar
defendants, the court used the statutory penalties for the conviction—zero to ten years—as the
reference point for the sentence it imposed on Perez-Rodriguez, comparing it specifically to the
maximum statutory penalty of 120 months. But the maximum allowable sentence is not intended
to be a barometer for the reasonableness of sentences imposed. “While the statutory maximum
eliminates any risk of disparity caused by sentences above [the maximum term], that maximum
does little to diminish disparities for individuals who receive (or should receive) sentences below
[the maximum term].” United States v. Poynter, 495 F.3d 349, 355 (6th Cir. 2007). Unlike the
Guidelines range, which is the proper starting point, the statutory maximum does not account for
all the potential differences among defendants convicted of the same crime, and cannot be used
to “fashion individualized, fact-driven sentences.” Boucher, 937 F.3d at 708.

        Though sentences must be fashioned on an individual basis, disparities in sentencing
must be warranted. In United States v. Warren, we concluded that “reliance on [the defendant’s]
criminal history without fuller consideration of whether the selected sentence avoids
unwarranted sentencing disparities was insufficient to justify such a stark departure from the
guidelines.” 771 F. App’x 637, 642 (6th Cir. 2019). Here the district court failed to address
sentencing disparities.

        We turn to review Perez-Rodriguez’s 24-month sentence for unwarranted sentencing
disparities.     In United States v. Stock, we explained that sentencing data released by the
Sentencing Commission should serve as “a starting point for district judges” to avoid
unwarranted sentence disparities. 685 F.3d 621, 629 n.6 (6th Cir. 2012). Commission data
indicate that Perez-Rodriguez’s case is less serious than the average illegal reentry case in which
the average offender has 3.2 prior deportations, and for those with prior convictions, an average
of 4.4 convictions.3

        3See   U.S. Sentencing Comm’n, supra note 2, at 14, 16.
 No. 18-4203                    United States v. Perez-Rodriguez                           Page 9

       Our cases suggest that these Commission statistics generally fit the fact pattern of illegal
reentry cases in which defendants are given sentences in the range of 24 months.                In
Lopez-Galvez’s case, we affirmed a 24-month, above-Guidelines sentence after his four illegal
reentries and several criminal convictions, including DUIs, subsequent to the illegal reentries.
Lopez-Galvez, 429 F. App’x at 572. We affirmed Monje-Vasquez’s 24-month, above-Guidelines
sentence after three unlawful entries and 15 crimes. Monje-Vasquez, 763 F. App’x at 450. And
in United States v. Benitez-Salinas, we affirmed the 24-month, above-Guidelines sentence upon
the district court’s finding that the variance was necessary for deterrence. 364 F. App’x 227,
228–29 (6th Cir. 2010). The district court there justified the sentence based not only on a
number of drug-related and domestic violence convictions, but also because “Benitez-Salinas
started committing crimes ‘almost immediately’ after illegally entering the country the first time.
And in addition to illegally re-entering the country as soon as his most recent term of
incarceration ended, he continued associating with drug dealers upon his return.” Id. (citation
omitted). Perez-Rodriguez does not fit the model of circumstances found in our cases that result
in such a significant upward variance.

       In United States v. Ortega-Rogel, on the other hand, we addressed many of the
circumstances in Perez-Rodriguez’s case and found substantively unreasonable a similar 118%
upward variance from the middle of the Guidelines range for possession of false identification
documents. 281 F. App’x 471, 474–75 (6th Cir. 2008). When considering the “nature and
circumstances of the offense and the history and characteristics of the defendant,” 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a)(1), we found evidence of recent involvement with illegal documents, minimal criminal
history, and a background of coming from poverty to be insufficient to support a sentence above
the Guidelines range. Ortega-Rogel, 281 F. App’x at 474–75. The district court there also
emphasized the seriousness of the offense and the need for deterrence and stated that the crime
was “the most disrespectful thing a person can do for the laws of the United States, and in fact it
undermines the integrity of our country.” Id. at 474.   But if Congress or the Sentencing
Commission had that concern, we noted they “would presumably have prescribed harsher
sanctions.” Id. at 474–75. And regarding the need for deterrence and to “protect[] the public
from future crimes, 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(2)(C), the fact that defendant will be deported does that
to some extent.” Id. at 475.
 No. 18-4203                    United States v. Perez-Rodriguez                        Page 10

       Perez-Rodriguez shares characteristics with Ortega-Rogel in his background, the nature
and severity of his offense, and his impending deportation. As in Ortega-Rogel, the district court
here applied the upward variance in part to “send a message” that the defendant “will come here
in accordance with our laws.” That rationale is inadequate to support the significant upward
variance in this case.

       Because Perez-Rodriguez’s case falls within the mine-run of cases of illegal reentry
under the Guidelines, it is subject to closer review to assure that the justification given “is
sufficiently compelling to support the degree of variance.” Gall, 552 U.S. at 50. Based on its
upward variance, the district court entered a sentence of 24 months, a 118% increase from the
middle of the Guidelines range. The court’s justification for the upward variance is rooted in
Perez-Rodriguez’s “return to the United States after having been previously removed and after
having been convicted of reentry after deportation.” These facts, however, have been accounted
for twice in the Guidelines range, both in the criminal history calculation and in the sentencing
enhancement under § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A). Our review of the extent of the upward variance imposed
in light of the sentencing goals of § 3553(a) and our caselaw indicates that the court placed too
much weight on the § 3553(a) factors concerning criminal history, deterrence, and protection of
the public from further crimes of the defendant, and that the court selected the sentence without
properly considering sentencing disparities.       Beginning with the correct standard—the
Guidelines range, comparing the circumstances in this case to Commission data and our
precedent, and applying the § 3553(a) factors show that Perez-Rodriguez’s upward variance was
improper and created unwarranted sentencing disparities. The upward variance imposed was
substantively unreasonable.

                                      III. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we find Perez-Rodriguez’s sentence to be substantively
unreasonable. We REVERSE the district court’s judgment and REMAND for resentencing.
 No. 18-4203                    United States v. Perez-Rodriguez                         Page 11

                                      _________________

                                            DISSENT
                                      _________________

       MURPHY, Circuit Judge, dissenting. If I were the sentencing judge in this case, I likely
would not have chosen the 24-month sentence imposed on Eduardo Perez-Rodriguez.                 He
pleaded guilty to illegally reentering this country in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326, and his
guidelines range was only 8 to 14 months. My general weighing of the sentencing factors in
18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) would likely place great emphasis on uniformity concerns. See 18 U.S.C.
§ 3553(a)(6).   Heavy reliance on the guidelines guards against a system in which each
defendant’s sentence turns “on the spin of the wheel that determined the judge to whom the case
was assigned.” Pepper v. United States, 562 U.S. 476, 517 (2011) (Alito, J., concurring in part,
concurring in the judgment in part, and dissenting in part). Yet United States v. Booker,
543 U.S. 220 (2005), gave district judges substantial freedom to adopt competing sentencing
views. It allows district courts to depart from a defendant’s guidelines range based on other
sentencing factors, including the defendant’s specific circumstances, 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1), or
more general penological goals like the need for adequate deterrence, id. § 3553(a)(2)(B). And,
as an appellate judge tasked with implementing Booker’s regime, I do not see a sufficient basis
to overturn the district court’s upward variance in this case. I thus respectfully disagree with my
colleagues’ considered contrary opinion.

       Two factors drive my conclusion. First, criminal defendants “must surmount a high bar
to succeed on a substantive-reasonableness challenge even to an upward variance.” United
States v. Thomas, 933 F.3d 605, 612–13 (6th Cir. 2019). The Supreme Court has instructed
circuit courts that we must give “due deference” to a district court’s decision to vary upward (or
downward) when balancing the § 3553(a) factors. Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51 (2007).
We “may not apply a presumption of unreasonableness” to that sentence and instead must review
it only for an abuse of discretion. Id. This deference reaches its apex when a district court
decides to vary on the ground that a defendant’s unique circumstances make the defendant’s case
fall outside the mine-run case for which a guidelines range is most suited. See United States v.
Boucher, 937 F.3d 702, 708–09 (6th Cir. 2019). But the Supreme Court has also allowed district
 No. 18-4203                   United States v. Perez-Rodriguez                        Page 12

courts to depart from a guidelines range based on a general policy disagreement with a guideline
“even in a mine-run case.” See Kimbrough v. United States, 552 U.S. 85, 109–10 (2007); see
also United States v. Ford, 724 F. App’x 428, 433–34 (6th Cir. 2018); United States v. Herrera-
Zuniga, 571 F.3d 568, 584–86 (6th Cir. 2009).

       Second, we have repeatedly affirmed upward variances similar to the variance in this case
for other defendants who reentered the country in violation of § 1326. See United States v.
Monje-Vasquez, 763 F. App’x 449, 451–52 (6th Cir. 2019) (24-month sentence when guidelines
range was 10 to 16 months); United States v. Ibarra-Rodriguez, 711 F. App’x 288, 291–92 (6th
Cir. 2017) (30-month sentence when guidelines range was 10 to 16 months); United States v.
Cano-Lopez, 614 F. App’x 294, 295–96 (6th Cir. 2015) (per curiam) (12-month sentence when
guidelines range was 2 to 8 months); United States v. Rodriguez Renteria, 605 F. App’x 538,
542–43 (6th Cir. 2015) (20-month sentence when guidelines range was 8 to 14 months); United
States v. Solano-Rosales, 781 F.3d 345, 356–57 (6th Cir. 2015) (18-month sentence when
guidelines range was 8 to 14 months); United States v. Velazquez-Gonzalez, 595 F. App’x 550,
551–52, 554 (6th Cir. 2014) (24-month sentence when guidelines range was 10 to 16 months);
United States v. Castro-Audelo, 516 F. App’x 544, 544–45 (6th Cir. 2013) (per curiam) (108-
month sentence when guidelines range was 33 to 41 months); United States v. Hernandez-
Sanchez, 469 F. App’x 437, 438–39 (6th Cir. 2012) (per curiam) (18-month sentence when
guidelines range was 2 to 8 months); United States v. Martinez-Rendon, 454 F. App’x 503, 507–
08 (6th Cir. 2012) (48-month sentence when guidelines range was 10 to 16 months); United
States v. Vazquez-Gallardo, 433 F. App’x 415, 416–18 (6th Cir. 2011) (12-month sentence when
guidelines range was 0 to 6 months); United States v. Lopez-Galvez, 429 F. App’x 567, 571–73
(6th Cir. 2011) (24-month sentence when guidelines range was 2 to 8 months); United States v.
Luna Ruiz, 403 F. App’x 48, 49, 53–55 (6th Cir. 2010) (18-month sentence when guidelines
range was 6 to 12 months); United States v. Tristan-Madrigal, 601 F.3d 629, 632, 633–36 (6th
Cir. 2010) (36-month sentence when guidelines range was 15 to 21 months); Herrera-Zuniga,
571 F.3d at 574, 577, 590–91 (48-month sentence when guidelines range was 24 to 30 months).
Indeed, I have found no case in which we have previously overturned an upward variance for an
illegal-reentry sentence.
 No. 18-4203                    United States v. Perez-Rodriguez                        Page 13

       Our deferential review standards and our § 1326 caselaw would lead me to uphold Perez-
Rodriguez’s sentence in this case. The district court adequately discussed the § 3553(a) factors
and explained its decision to vary upward, which rested primarily on the need for specific and
general deterrence. See 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a)(1), (2)(B).

       As for specific deterrence, the court concluded that only a lengthier sentence would
discourage Perez-Rodriguez from returning illegally again. After his first removal in July 2016,
Perez-Rodriguez “almost immediately, in less than three weeks, returned to [this] country
illegally again.”   And after his first illegal-reentry conviction in December 2016, Perez-
Rodriguez was sentenced to “time served” (about 140 days in jail). But that sentence “did not
deter him from entering the United States again” after a relatively short time. (He illegally
reentered at an unknown time and was found in June 2018.) It seems to me that the relative
speed with which Perez-Rodriguez returned to this country is something that a guidelines range
would not account for. That factor could suffice for a judge rationally to conclude that the case
fell outside the mine-run of cases. See Boucher, 937 F.3d at 709. And many of our cases
upholding upward variances have relied on a pattern of illegal reentries. See, e.g., Ibarra-
Rodriguez, 711 F. App’x at 291–92; Cano-Lopez, 614 F. App’x at 295–96; Velazquez-Gonzalez,
595 F. App’x at 554; Hernandez-Sanchez, 469 F. App’x at 438–39.

       As for general deterrence, the district court contrasted first-time offenders “who may not
fully understand the consequences of entering the country illegally” with repeat offenders who
continue to reenter illegally. The court indicated that repeat offenders “who have a pattern need
to be deterred and need a lengthier term of sentence than I believe the guidelines provide for, in
all candor.” And the court asserted that, “unless and until sentences of this nature are imposed,
not the simple credit for time served or the simple guidelines sentences, are we going to send the
appropriate message in my view that you follow the law and that you come to the country
legally.” Our court has already indicated that this type of general policy disagreement with the
specific guideline governing illegal reentry (U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2) “is an adequate and appropriate
basis for refusing to follow the advisory Guidelines range.” Herrera-Zuniga, 571 F.3d at 586.

       In response, my colleagues reasonably distinguish our prior illegal-reentry cases
upholding upward variances. Many of the defendants in these other cases had more (sometimes
 No. 18-4203                     United States v. Perez-Rodriguez                          Page 14

significantly more) illegal reentries. See, e.g., Luna-Ruiz, 403 F. App’x at 49. Perez-Rodriguez,
by contrast, had only two. And many of the defendants in these other cases had more significant
criminal histories. See, e.g., Rodriguez Renteria, 605 F. App’x at 542–43; Tristan–Madrigal,
601 F.3d at 634–36. Apart from his prior illegal-reentry conviction, Perez-Rodriguez had only a
prior conviction for driving while under the influence. In my view, however, these reasonable
distinctions are not enough to declare Perez-Rodriguez’s sentence substantively unreasonable.
Instead, the question for us on appeal is whether the district court could reasonably conclude that
the general principles from these cases extend to this case too. When applying the required “due
deference to the district court’s decision,” Gall, 552 U.S. at 51, I believe the district court could
have reached that conclusion. Even if Perez-Rodriguez’s case fell closer to the mine-run case,
we have still said that a reasonable judge could find that the normal guidelines range is “arbitrary
and out of balance with Congress’ determination of the seriousness of this type of offense.”
Herrera-Zuniga, 571 F.3d at 586. And while Perez-Rodriguez had only two illegal-reentry
convictions, he did reenter this country relatively quickly.

       My colleagues also cite an empirical study from the Sentencing Commission
summarizing data on all illegal-reentry convictions in fiscal year 2013. This report suggested
that the average defendant convicted of violating § 1326 had been previously “deported 3.2 times
(with a median of two deportations).” U.S. Sentencing Comm’n, Illegal Reentry Offenses, at 14
(Apr. 2015). While the report might undermine the district court’s conclusion that Perez-
Rodriguez’s pattern made his case unusual, I saw nothing in the report discussing the speed of
reentries or how quickly an average defendant returned after a removal. Not only that, a
reasonable judge could find that the report vindicates concerns with general deterrence. The
high percentage of repeat offenders could lead that judge to conclude that the guidelines are
generally not affording adequate deterrence for those types of offenders. See Herrera-Zuniga,
571 F.3d at 586.

       One final point.     It is worth recalling the reason why Booker made the guidelines
advisory. The Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial bars a sentencing scheme under which a
court may increase the punishment for a crime only if the court first finds facts that exacerbate
the severity of that crime. See Booker, 543 U.S. at 232. Under the Sixth Amendment, an
 No. 18-4203                    United States v. Perez-Rodriguez                          Page 15

“impartial jury”—not a judge—must find any fact necessary to expose the defendant to a steeper
sentence. U.S. Const. amend. VI. The mandatory guidelines violated this command because
they permitted a judge to vary upward from a baseline maximum sentence only after the judge
found additional facts. See Booker, 543 U.S. at 233–34. By making the guidelines advisory, the
Supreme Court fixed this constitutional problem because the Court has “never doubted the
authority of a judge to exercise broad discretion in imposing a sentence within a statutory range.”
Id. Yet the more rigorously we review a district court’s variance from a guidelines range to
ensure that the court identified (i.e., found) enough facts to take the case outside the mine-run of
cases, the more we risk reinvigorating the constitutional problem that Booker sought to remedy.
In that scenario, “the ‘advisory’ Guidelines would, over a large expanse of their application,
entitle the defendant to a lesser sentence but for the presence of certain additional facts found by
judge rather than jury.” Kimbrough, 552 U.S. at 113–14 (Scalia, J., concurring). We should
apply Booker’s reasonableness review in a way that implements the very reason for its existence.

       For these reasons, I respectfully dissent.