Court Opinion

ID: 4667310
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-03-12 17:05:29.269026+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:02:55.496618
License: Public Domain

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                                    Appellate Court                         Date: 2021.03.11
                                                                            10:01:09 -06'00'

                 Mitchell/Roberts Partnership v. Williamson Energy, LLC,
                                2020 IL App (5th) 190339

Appellate Court          MITCHELL/ROBERTS PARTNERSHIP, an Illinois General
Caption                  Partnership; REBA L. MITCHELL, Trustee and Beneficiary of the
                         Robert H. Mitchell Residual Trust; CARL INMAN, Independent
                         Executor of the Estate of Russell J. Inman, Deceased; CAROL DEAN
                         CRABTREE; ROBIN LYNNE KEE WILLIAMS; JOHN MILO KEE;
                         NELDA BALDWIN, Personal Representative of the Estate of Beverly
                         B. Adams, Deceased; NELDA BALDWIN, Personal Representative
                         of the Estate of Katherine Baldwin, Deceased; and DAVID
                         SENSENEY, Executor of the Estate of Margueritte Boos, Deceased,
                         Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. WILLIAMSON ENERGY, LLC, a Delaware
                         Limited Liability Company; COLT, LLC, a West Virginia Limited
                         Liability Company; INDEPENDENCE LAND COMPANY, LLC, a
                         Delaware Limited Liability Company; WPP, LLC, a Delaware
                         Limited Liability Company; PAULA NEWCOMB; VINCE SNEED;
                         ROBERT C. WILSON; CHRISTIE BROWN; JONI MILLER; and
                         FANNIE MILLER, Defendants-Appellees.

District & No.           Fifth District
                         No. 5-19-0339

Rule 23 order filed      August 17, 2020
Motion to
publish allowed          September 8, 2020
Opinion filed            September 8, 2020

Decision Under           Appeal from the Circuit Court of Williamson County, No. 14-MR-
Review                   285; the Hon. Jeffrey A. Goffinet, Judge, presiding.
     Judgment                 Affirmed.

     Counsel on               F. William Bonan, of Bonan, Bonan & Rowland, LLC, of
     Appeal                   McLeansboro, Mark S. Johnson, Matthew B. Ferrell, Mark H. Clarke,
                              and John R. Schneider, of Johnson, Schneider & Ferrell, LLC, of Cape
                              Girardeau, Missouri, and George E. Stigger (pro hac vice), of
                              St. Marys, Georgia, for appellants.

                              John E. Rhine, of Bingham, Greenebaum, Doll, LLP, of Evansville,
                              Indiana, and Brandon McGrath, of Bingham, Greenebaum, Doll, LLP,
                              of Cincinnati, Ohio, for appellees Independence Land Company, LLC,
                              and WPP, LLC.

                              G. Patrick Murphy and Patricia S. Murphy, of Murphy & Murphy,
                              LLC, of Marion, Brian A. Glasser, of Bailey & Glasser, LLP, of
                              Charleston, West Virginia, and Jeffrey R. Baron, of Clayton, Missouri,
                              for appellees Williamson Energy, LLC, and Colt, LLC.

                              No brief filed for other appellees.

                              C. Michael Witters, of Mt. Carmel, for amicus curiae Illinois Coal
                              Association.

     Panel                    JUSTICE OVERSTREET delivered the judgment of the court, with
                              opinion.
                              Presiding Justice Welch and Justice Wharton concurred in the
                              judgment and opinion.

                                              OPINION

¶1        The plaintiffs, Mitchell/Roberts Partnership (Mitchell/Roberts), an Illinois general
      partnership; Reba L. Mitchell, trustee and beneficiary of the Robert H. Mitchell Residual Trust;
      Carl Inman, independent executor of the estate of Russell J. Inman, deceased; Carol Dean
      Crabtree; Robin Lynne Kee Williams; John Milo Kee; Nelda Baldwin, personal representative
      of the estate of Beverly B. Adams, deceased; Nelda Baldwin, personal representative of the
      estate of Katherine Baldwin, deceased; and David Senseney, executor of the estate of
      Margueritte Boos, deceased, appeal the July 24, 2019, judgment of the circuit court of
      Williamson County that denied their motion for partial summary judgment on the construction
      of certain provisions regarding the conveyance of rights of subjacent and sublateral support

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     (subsidence rights) pertinent to the surface as set forth in five mineral deeds known as the
     “Pierce Deeds” (Pierce Deeds A-E) 1 that were executed and recorded in 1913 and 1914.
¶2       The circuit court granted summary judgment in favor of moving defendants Williamson
     Energy, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (WE); Colt, LLC, a West Virginia limited
     liability company (Colt); Independence Land Company, LLC, a Delaware limited liability
     company (ILC); and WPP, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (WPP) (collectively,
     the defendants), regarding the issue of the construction of said provisions in the Pierce Deeds,
     finding that subsidence rights were conveyed in all 135 parcels of real estate described in the
     Pierce Deeds, 2 rather than in only 15 of the parcels as alleged by the plaintiffs. 3
¶3       Defendants Paula Newcomb, Vince Sneed, Robert C. Wilson, Christie Brown, Joni Miller,
     and Fannie Miller (collectively, Choate defendants) may claim an interest in the coal in an
     underlying portion of the parcels at issue by virtue of a tax deed (Choate Deed). Accordingly,
     the Choate defendants were joined as necessary parties. However, the Choate defendants have
     made no claim regarding the “Deep Coal” 4 or the mining rights corresponding thereto as set
     forth in the Pierce Deeds and did not join in the defendants’ motions for summary judgment.
     Accordingly, the Choate defendants are excluded from any reference to “defendants” in this
     disposition, and that term hereinafter exclusively represents the aforementioned moving
     defendants. For the following reasons, we affirm the circuit court’s judgment, as we find the
     subsidence rights conveyed in the Pierce Deeds unambiguously applied to all 127 parcels
     described in the deeds, rather than only 12 parcels as alleged by the plaintiffs. In the alternative
     and assuming, arguendo, that the Pierce Deeds are ambiguous, we affirm based on other
     evidence in the record that shows that the parties of the deeds intended to convey subsidence
     rights in all 127 parcels and such rights were conveyed as a matter of law.

¶4                                       BACKGROUND
¶5                                           I. Review
¶6       At the outset, we provide a brief review of mineral deeds, subsidence, and coal mining
     techniques to contextualize the underlying litigation and the issue on appeal.

¶7                                         A. Mineral Deeds
¶8       The Pierce Deeds at issue in this appeal are mineral deeds. In Illinois, common law and
     statutory law establish that mineral rights may be severed and owned separately from the
     surface land. A real estate owner may either convey by deed or reserve title to any minerals
     existing beneath the surface of the real estate. To that regard, the Illinois Supreme Court in
     Manning v. Frazier, 96 Ill. 279, 283-85 (1880), recognized that minerals under the soil are real
     estate and, as such, are capable of conveyance by deed. Likewise, section 1(a) of the Severed
     Mineral Interest Act (Act) defines a severed mineral interest as “any whole or fractional interest

         1
           Only Pierce Deeds A-D are relevant to this appeal, to be explained in greater detail, infra ¶ 30.
         2
           Only 127 parcels, as set forth in Pierce Deeds A-D, are relevant to this appeal.
         3
           The plaintiffs allege that subsidence rights were conveyed in only 12 of the parcels in Pierce Deeds
     A-D.
         4
           The coal lying below the depth of 125 feet that was conveyed to the grantee in the Pierce Deeds is
     referred to as Deep Coal.

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       in any or all minerals which have been severed from the surface estate by grant, exception,
       reservation or other means.” 765 ILCS 515/1(a) (West 2016).

¶9                                              B. Subsidence
¶ 10        Section 1(c) of the Act defines a surface owner as “any person or entity vested with a whole
       or undivided fee simple interest or other freehold interest in the surface estate overlying a
       severed mineral interest.” Id. § 1(c). The surface owner is, as a matter of law, entitled to
       subjacent support from the owner of the subjacent mineral interest. Lloyd v. Catlin Coal Co.,
       210 Ill. 460, 468 (1904). “This right of support is absolute and without condition ***.” Id.
       However, “ ‘[l]ike any other right, the owner of the surface may part with the right to support,
       by his deed or covenant.’ ” Wesley v. Chicago, Wilmington & Franklin Coal Co., 221 Ill. App.
427, 433 (1920) (quoting Williams v. Hay, 14 A. 379 (Pa. 1888)). The surface owner may also
       agree in the deed “to waive and release all damages caused by the loss of subjacent support.”
       Mason v. Peabody Coal Co., 320 Ill. App. 350, 352-53 (1943). However, such agreements are
       strictly construed “and the courts will not find that there has been a waiver or release of the
       right of subjacent support unless the intention to give such a waiver or release clearly appears
       either by express words or by necessary implication from the language used.” Id. at 353.

¶ 11                                      C. Mining Techniques
¶ 12       Room and pillar mining is an underground mining technique in which rooms are created
       by removing coal in sections while pillars are left in place between the rooms to provide
       sufficient support for the overlying strata. Lloyd, 210 Ill. at 463. Longwall mining, on the other
       hand, is a mining technique in which subsidence is planned (Old Ben Coal Co. v. Department
       of Mines & Minerals, 204 Ill. App. 3d 1062, 1072 (1990)) and very high rates of coal are
       extracted (Citizens Organized Against Longwalling v. Division of Reclamation, Ohio
       Department of Natural Resources, 535 N.E.2d 687, 689 (Ohio Ct. App. 1987)).
¶ 13       In longwall mining, tunnels are created to separate large blocks of coal known as “longwall
       panel[s]” that measure 5 feet high, 500 to 700 feet wide, and 5000 feet long. Id. Machines that
       are secured beside the longwall panels gradually grind through the panels to tear the coal away.
       Continental Resources of Illinois, Inc. v. Illinois Methane, LLC, 364 Ill. App. 3d 691, 694
       (2006). Hydraulic supports are used to hold up the mine roof, and as the machines advance
       through the longwall panels, the supports follow. Citizens, 535 N.E.2d at 689. As the roof
       supports progress through the panels, voids are left and the ceiling of the mine collapses,
       resulting in near immediate subsidence of the overlying strata. Id.

¶ 14                                     II. The Pierce Deeds
¶ 15      Between March 12, 1913, and July 29, 1914, the Pierce Deeds were executed by grantors
       George S. Roberts and May Roberts to grantee Charles I. Pierce. Pierce Deeds A-D comprise
       127 parcels of land in Williamson County. The Pierce Deeds all begin with the following
       “Granting Clause”:
              “THE GRANTORS, GEORGE S. ROBERTS and MAY ROBERTS, his wife, of the
              town of Corinth, in the County of Williamson and State of Illinois, *** do hereby grant,
              bargain, sell, convey and warrant to CHARLES I. PIERCE, all the coal lying below the

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               depth of One Hundred Twenty Five (125) feet from the surface of the following
               described real estate, *** in Williamson County, Illinois, to wit:”
¶ 16       Pierce Deed A comprises 83 parcels, Pierce Deed B comprises 21 parcels, Pierce Deed C
       comprises 16 parcels, and Pierce Deed D comprises 7 parcels, for a total of 127 parcels. All
       parties agree that the Pierce Deeds all share a similar wording and organizational structure. In
       particular, the Pierce Deeds all contain the following: (1) the above-cited Granting Clause;
       (2) repeated patterns of groups of parcels with the legal description of each individual parcel
       and a corresponding reference to the “Source Deed” in which, inter alia, coal in that particular
       parcel was previously conveyed to George S. Roberts; (3) associated mining rights that are
       situated at the end of each group of parcels and are provided in (a) a “together with” clause
       which grants certain mining rights including, inter alia, subsidence rights, (b) a second
       “together with” clause which grants the rights of ingress and egress over the surface of the
       parcels for the purpose of prospecting and drilling for coal (Exploration Easement), and often
       but not always (c) a 10-year option to purchase surface acreage necessary to carry out mining
       operations at a specified price per acre (Surface Option); (4) a reservation of oil and gas rights
       applicable to all of the parcels listed in the Pierce Deeds; and (5) a release of rights under the
       homestead exemption laws applicable to all of the parcels listed in the Pierce Deeds.
¶ 17       The “together with” clauses and Exploration Easements are the same throughout the Pierce
       Deeds, but the existence and prices per acre of the Surface Options vary. These three
       provisions—the “together with” clause, the Exploration Easement, and the Surface Option,
       when present—are consistently presented together as a group throughout the Pierce Deeds. As
       noted, all parties agree that Pierce Deeds A-D all share similar wording and organizational
       structure. Accordingly, for the sake of brevity, we will examine in detail only Pierce Deed A
       in this disposition. However, the parties’ arguments, our analysis, and the resolution of the
       issue on appeal apply equally to Pierce Deeds A-D.

¶ 18                                          A. Pierce Deed A
¶ 19        Pierce Deed A was executed on March 12, 1913, and recorded on March 15, 1913. As
       observed, Pierce Deed A is relevant to 83 of the 127 parcels at issue and commences with the
       above-said Granting Clause. After the Granting Clause, Pierce Deed A sets forth the legal
       descriptions of the first 67 parcels within the deed, each with its own heading that denotes the
       corresponding parcel number, i.e., “PARCEL NO. 1,” “PARCEL NO. 2,” “PARCEL NO. 3,”
       etc. Each parcel number heading is immediately followed by the legal description of that
       corresponding parcel.
¶ 20        Every legal description of every parcel within Pierce Deed A concludes by referencing
       information derived from a Source Deed that includes the name(s) of the former grantor(s)
       who conveyed, inter alia, coal in that particular parcel to George S. Roberts and the date of the
       conveyance. For example, the reference to the Source Deed at the end of the legal description
       of PARCEL NO. 1 in Pierce Deed A provides, “and being the same land conveyed by Howard
       Harrison, a widower, to George S. Roberts, on February 18th, 1913.” The legal descriptions of
       all 127 parcels at issue in this appeal conclude by referencing the Source Deed information for
       each particular parcel and all are structured in the same fashion as the quoted example of the
       Source Deed information situated at the end of the legal description of PARCEL NO. 1 in
       Pierce Deed A.

                                                   -5-
¶ 21       As noted, after the Granting Clause, Pierce Deed A lists the legal descriptions and Source
       Deed information for PARCEL NO. 1 through PARCEL NO. 67. Following the legal
       description and Source Deed information of PARCEL NO. 67, Pierce Deed A provides the
       following “together with” clause:
                   “TOGETHER with the right to mine, dig, and remove the coal therefrom and the
              right to dig the entire quantity or a less quantity of said coal at the grantee’s option,
              without leaving any support for the overlying strata, and without liability for any injury
              or damage which may result from the mining and removal of said coal, whether caused
              by the breaking of said strata or otherwise, and to ventilate and drain the mines and said
              coal by such openings, shafts, drill holes, pipes, trenches, structures and appliances as
              are reasonably necessary and best adapted for such purposes, and the right to mine,
              ventilate and drain the coal of other lands and transport such other coal through and by
              means of the mines, openings, shafts, structures and appliances upon such lands, and
              the right to mine and remove so much of other minerals as may be desirable or
              necessary in order to properly mine and remove said coal.”
¶ 22       Immediately following the above-cited “together with” clause is an Exploration Easement,
       which provides:
                   “And together with the right of ingress and egress over the surface of said lands
              above said coal, for the purpose of prospecting and drilling for coal under said lands,
              and the right to erect such structures as are reasonably necessary to the carrying out of
              such work, without liability for any damage or claims for damages which may arise
              from said drilling and prospecting.”
¶ 23       After the Exploration Easement is a Surface Option, which provides as follows:
                   “The said grantors, their heirs or assigns, further agree to sell and convey to said
              grantee, his heirs or assigns, at the price of Sixty (60) Dollars per acre, by warranty
              deed, free and clear of all encumbrances, including dower and right of dower, and with
              release of all rights under the Homestead Exemption Laws of the State of Illinois, at
              any time within ten (10) years from January 13th, 1913, such portion of the surface of
              the above described real estate, as may be necessary or desirable in the opinion of the
              grantee, his heirs or assigns, for the erection of tipples, grades, buildings, power houses,
              railroad tracks, switches and other improvements necessary or desirable in the mining,
              refining, obtaining, marketing and removing of said coal; provided, however, that the
              width of the right of way for a railroad shall not exceed sixty (60) feet, and that no land
              may be purchased for mining operations within three hundred (300) feet of the principal
              buildings located on said surface of said real estate.”
¶ 24       After the Surface Option, Pierce Deed A lists the legal descriptions and Source Deed
       information for PARCEL NO. 68 through PARCEL NO. 75, each set forth and arranged the
       same as PARCEL NO. 1 through PARCEL NO. 67. After the legal description and Source
       Deed information of PARCEL NO. 75, Pierce Deed A provides a “together with” clause and
       an Exploration Easement—each identical to those quoted supra—followed by a second
       Surface Option, similar to the first, except the second Surface Option price is $100 per acre as
       compared to $60 per acre in the first Surface Option.
¶ 25       After the Surface Option following PARCEL NO. 75, Pierce Deed A lists the legal
       description and Source Deed information for PARCEL NO. 76, which is set forth and arranged
       the same as the preceding parcels. After the legal description and Source Deed information of

                                                    -6-
       PARCEL NO. 76, Pierce Deed A provides the same “together with” clause and Exploration
       Easement, followed by a third Surface Option, with a price of $70 per acre.
¶ 26       After the Surface Option following PARCEL NO. 76, Pierce Deed A provides the legal
       description and Source Deed information for PARCEL NO. 77—which is arranged the same
       as the preceding parcels—followed by the same “together with” clause and Exploration
       Easement. No Surface Option follows the Exploration Easement in this instance.
¶ 27       After the “together with” clause and Exploration Easement following PARCEL NO. 77,
       Pierce Deed A provides the legal descriptions and Source Deed information of PARCEL NO.
       78 through PARCEL NO. 83, each arranged the same as the aforementioned parcels. After the
       legal description and Source Deed information of PARCEL NO. 83, the same “together with”
       clause and Exploration Easement are provided, followed by a fourth Surface Option, with a
       price of $75 per acre.
¶ 28       Finally, Pierce Deed A contains a clause reserving all oil and gas below the surface of the
       real estate, which provides as follows: “The Grantors hereby reserve all oil and gas below the
       surface of the real estate above described in Parcels Numbers One (1) to Eighty Three (83),
       both inclusive.” Following the oil and gas reserve is a clause waiving the grantors’ homestead
       exemption rights, which provides as follows: “The Grantors hereby release and waive all their
       rights under and by virtue of the Homestead Exemption Laws of the State of Illinois to all the
       coal underlying the lands hereinbefore described in Parcels Numbers One (1) to Eighty-[T]hree
       (83), both inclusive.”

¶ 29                                         III. The Litigation
¶ 30       The plaintiffs filed their original complaint on November 26, 2014. The operative, third-
       amended complaint (Complaint) was filed on September 5, 2017, and referenced all 135
       parcels set forth in Pierce Deeds A-E. However, it was subsequently discovered that the
       plaintiffs did not have a claim for the eight parcels described in Pierce Deed E. Accordingly,
       only the 127 parcels described in Pierce Deeds A-D are relevant to this appeal.

¶ 31                                            A. Parties
¶ 32       Plaintiff Mitchell/Roberts alleges that coal exists above the depth of 125 feet from the
       surface of the parcels described in the Pierce Deeds (Shallow Coal) and claims ownership of
       the same, as the successor in interest to grantors George S. Roberts and May Roberts. The
       individually named plaintiffs are the individual owners of Mitchell/Roberts and allege, in the
       alternative, that they are the successors in interest to the grantors and have, through two
       partnership agreements executed in January and March 2015, conveyed their individual
       interests to Mitchell/Roberts. The plaintiffs contend that the defendants have the right to
       subside only 12 of the 127 parcels, pursuant to the language of the Pierce Deeds. The plaintiffs
       do not challenge defendant WE’s right to mine and remove the Deep Coal so long as
       subsidence of the surface does not result in any parcels other than said 12 parcels. Accordingly,
       the plaintiffs contend that the defendants may utilize longwall mining only in those 12 parcels
       and must use room and pillar mining in the remaining 115 parcels.
¶ 33       Defendants Colt, ILC, and WPP claim ownership of the Deep Coal in the parcels described
       in the Pierce Deeds as successors in interest to grantee Charles I. Pierce. Defendants Colt, ILC,
       and WPP leased the Deep Coal to defendant WE, which has mined the No. 6 seam of coal at

                                                   -7-
       its Pond Creek Mine since 2008, utilizing the longwall mining method which, as indicated,
       involves planned subsidence. The defendants claim that the right to subside all 127 parcels was
       conveyed, pursuant to the language of the Pierce Deeds.

¶ 34                                          B. Complaint
¶ 35       The Complaint consisted of six counts. Count I—which encompasses the crux of this
       appeal—sought a declaration of rights involving the legal construction of provisions in the
       Pierce Deeds pertaining to the conveyance of subsidence rights. Count II sought to quiet title
       to the subjacent and sublateral support of the Shallow Coal and sought to permanently enjoin
       any further removal of such subjacent and sublateral support from the parcels described in the
       Pierce Deeds. Count III alleged unjust enrichment resulting from the trespass and removal of
       subjacent support from the parcels. Counts IV, V, and VI—which sought the same relief as
       counts I, II, and III—were added as alternative counts on behalf of the individually named
       plaintiffs because the defendants allegedly challenged the existence of Mitchell/Roberts as a
       partnership.

¶ 36                      C. Plaintiffs’ Motion for Partial Summary Judgment
¶ 37       On January 26, 2018, the plaintiffs filed a motion for partial summary judgment, pursuant
       to section 2-1005(d) of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-1005(d) (West 2016))—
       which allows a court to enter summary judgment on one or more of the major issues in a case.
       The plaintiffs sought partial summary judgment on count I of the Complaint concerning the
       legal construction of the provisions of the Pierce Deeds pertaining to the conveyance of
       subsidence rights. The plaintiffs conceded that if the circuit court did not accept their proposed
       construction of the Pierce Deeds, all counts of the Complaint would be defeated.

¶ 38                     D. Defendants’ Motions for Summary Judgment
¶ 39       On November 1, 2018, the defendants filed motions for summary judgment on all counts
       of the Complaint.

¶ 40                                  E. Circuit Court’s Judgment
¶ 41        On July 15, 2019, the circuit court entered its judgment, finding that the “together with”
       clauses in the Pierce Deeds—which conveyed subsidence rights—applied to the entire series
       of parcels listed above each instance of the clause, rather than the single parcel immediately
       preceding each instance of the clause as suggested by the plaintiffs. The circuit court found the
       Pierce Deeds were unambiguous and stated that common sense compelled the finding that the
       clauses applied to all the parcels in the Pierce Deeds. The circuit court considered the
       defendants’ remaining arguments in their motions for summary judgment but declined to
       address them, not only in light of the judgment, but also because the circuit court found
       bona fide factual disputes existed regarding those arguments. The circuit court observed that
       its ruling disposed of all counts of the Complaint. Accordingly, the circuit court denied the
       plaintiffs’ motion for partial summary judgment and granted the defendants’ motions for
       summary judgment as to all counts of the Complaint. On July 24, 2019, the circuit court entered
       a nunc pro tunc judgment that corrected errors in the first judgment that misidentified certain

                                                   -8-
       parties. The plaintiffs filed a timely notice of appeal.

¶ 42                                              ANALYSIS
¶ 43       The sole issue on appeal is restated as follows: Whether the circuit court erred in denying
       the plaintiffs’ motion for partial summary judgment and granting summary judgment in favor
       of the defendants by finding that subsidence rights were conveyed in all 127 parcels described
       in Pierce Deeds A-D. “A trial court’s decision to grant summary judgment should only be made
       where there is no genuine issue of material fact.” Hernandez v. Alexian Brothers Health
       System, 384 Ill. App. 3d 510, 518 (2008). “Summary judgment is proper where, when viewed
       in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, the pleadings, depositions, admissions, and
       affidavits on file reveal that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving
       party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Northern Illinois Emergency Physicians v.
       Landau, Omahana & Kopka, Ltd., 216 Ill. 2d 294, 305 (2005).

¶ 44                                       I. Standard of Review
¶ 45       De novo is the proper standard of review on a circuit court’s ruling on a motion for
       summary judgment (Jackson v. Graham, 323 Ill. App. 3d 766, 779 (2001)) as well as on the
       resolution of the construction of a deed, which is a question of law (Timothy Christian Schools
       v. Village of Western Springs, 285 Ill. App. 3d 949, 954 (1996)). “Accordingly, we afford no
       deference to the trial court’s decision and instead, we consider anew the pleadings, affidavits,
       depositions, admissions, and exhibits on file to determine whether the trial court’s decision
       was correct.” Jackson, 323 Ill. App. 3d at 779.

¶ 46                                II. Construction of the Pierce Deeds
¶ 47       At issue in this appeal is the construction of the “together with” clause, which appears 12
       times throughout Pierce Deeds A-D. As previously discussed in detail, the “together with”
       clause appears five times in Pierce Deed A—after the legal descriptions of PARCEL NO. 67,
       PARCEL NO. 75, PARCEL NO. 76, PARCEL NO. 77, and PARCEL NO. 83. Again, each
       instance of the “together with” clause is immediately followed by the Exploration Easement,
       each of which is, in turn, followed by the Surface Option, where present. The “together with”
       clause grants, inter alia, “the right to mine, dig, and remove the coal *** without leaving any
       support for the overlying strata.” The issue on appeal may be summarized by the following
       question: To which parcels does the right to subside the surface—as set forth in the “together
       with” clause—apply?
¶ 48       The plaintiffs argue that the “together with” clause applies only to PARCEL NOS. 67, 75,
       76, 77, and 83 because those are the parcels that immediately precede each instance of the
       clause in Pierce Deed A. Conversely, the defendants argue that each instance of the “together
       with” clause applies to the entire series of parcels that precedes it. Accordingly, the defendants
       contend that the clause applies to all 83 parcels in Pierce Deed A.

¶ 49                                 A. Principles of Deed Construction
¶ 50       “In construing a deed, our primary goal is to ascertain the intent of the parties.” Diaz v.
       Home Federal Savings & Loan Ass’n of Elgin, 337 Ill. App. 3d 722, 727 (2002). In interpreting
       intent, like principles are applied to deeds, trusts, and wills. Storkan v. Ziska, 406 Ill. 259, 263

                                                    -9-
       (1950). “The deed should be construed so as to carry out this intention, as gathered from the
       instrument as a whole, and every word in the deed should be considered and, if possible, given
       effect.” Urbaitis v. Commonwealth Edison, 143 Ill. 2d 458, 467 (1991). No words in a deed
       are to be rejected as meaningless, repugnant, or surplusage. Dolley v. Powers, 404 Ill. 510, 513
       (1949). This is because “it is presumed that every clause *** was inserted deliberately and for
       a purpose.” Platt v. Gateway International Motorsports Corp., 351 Ill. App. 3d 326, 329
       (2004). Rules applicable to the construction of deeds are founded in reason, law, and common
       sense. Peckham v. Haddock, 36 Ill. 38, 46 (1864). Courts will not construe a deed in a way that
       leads to an absurd result. Muirhead Hui L.L.C. v. Forest Preserve District, 2018 IL App (2d)
170835, ¶ 25.
¶ 51       “Absent an ambiguity in the deed, the intention of the parties must be discerned solely from
       the language of the instrument, without consideration of extrinsic factors.” Urbaitis, 143 Ill.
2d at 467. Moreover, language is not considered ambiguous merely because the parties
       disagree on its meaning. Estate of Rector v. Williams, 262 Ill. App. 3d 1076, 1080 (1994).
       Rather, ambiguity exists where the language is susceptible to more than one reasonable
       interpretation. Id. Here, all parties allege that the Pierce Deeds are unambiguous. We agree.
       Accordingly, we derive our conclusion regarding the construction of the Pierce Deeds solely
       from the language within the four corners of the deeds and look to nothing outside the
       documents themselves to reach that conclusion. See Urbaitis, 143 Ill. 2d at 467.

¶ 52                           B. Application of Deed Construction Principles
¶ 53       Here, the plaintiffs contend that common sense requires an interpretation that the “together
       with” clauses apply only to the parcels that immediately precede them. In so arguing, the
       plaintiffs strenuously emphasize the importance of the four corners rule. At oral argument, the
       plaintiffs stressed that neither the Source Deeds nor the “Pierce Amendment” 5 may be
       considered because doing so would violate the four corners rule, as these are parol evidence.
       See id. Notwithstanding their emphasis on adhering solely to the four corners, the plaintiffs’
       common sense arguments are neither founded in nor supported by the language located within
       the four corners of Pierce Deed A.
¶ 54       The plaintiffs argue that it defies common sense that the grantors would retain the Shallow
       Coal and grant the right to subside the surface, thereby destroying the Shallow Coal. The
       plaintiffs further allege that the Deep Coal lying below the depth of 125 feet was conveyed to
       the grantee in the Pierce Deeds while the grantors as surface owners retained and did not
       convey the Shallow Coal above the depth of 125 feet from the surface. These claims cannot be
       confirmed by examining the four corners of Pierce Deed A, as the only coal referenced in
       Pierce Deed A is Deep Coal. No mention is made of any Shallow Coal or of any coal overlying
       the Deep Coal. Pierce Deed A only conveyed the Deep Coal and granted rights corresponding
       thereto. Indeed, a portion of those rights are set forth in the Exploration Easement, which
       grants, inter alia, the right to prospect to determine if and where any coal exists. Accordingly,
       the existence and amount of any coal was yet to be determined when the Pierce Deeds were
       executed.
¶ 55       We emphasize that our observation is not intended to be deemed a declaration that no
       Shallow Coal exists or that the plaintiffs as the surface owners do not own Shallow Coal if it

          5
           The Source Deeds and Pierce Amendment will be subsequently discussed in greater detail.

                                                  - 10 -
       does exist. Rather, it is a mere indication that the four corners of Pierce Deed A simply do not
       support the plaintiffs’ “common sense” arguments regarding Shallow Coal. The plaintiffs
       themselves confirm the same by stating in their reply brief that Shallow Coal “was never the
       subject of a deed.” In adhering to the four corners rule, we look no further than Pierce Deed A
       itself to determine its meaning and the intent of the parties, and we refuse to entertain
       arguments that would require us to look beyond what is reflected in the document itself. See
id.
¶ 56        The defendants assert that there is a continuing dispute regarding the existence of any
       Shallow Coal and, if it does exist, whether it is mineable. The circuit court refused to address
       such arguments and limited its ruling to the construction of the Pierce Deeds because it found
       bona fide factual disputes regarding, inter alia, whether Shallow Coal exists over the Deep
       Coal, whether traces of Shallow Coal are mineable, and whether the Shallow Coal has been
       harmed due to the defendants’ longwall mining operation. The plaintiffs concede the same in
       their reply brief as a challenge to the defendants’ arguments in their motions for summary
       judgment.
¶ 57        To that regard, the plaintiffs state that whether they own Shallow Coal and whether the
       subsidence caused any harm to any Shallow Coal involve questions of fact concerning such
       claims raised by the defendants in their motions for summary judgment, which were rendered
       moot by the circuit court’s denial of the plaintiffs’ motion for partial summary judgment on
       the construction of the Pierce Deeds. The plaintiffs may not have it both ways. They may not
       assert the existence of Shallow Coal as a matter of fact in their opening brief to support their
       arguments on appeal in an effort to convince this court to reverse the circuit court’s denial of
       their motion for partial summary judgment, then subsequently claim in their reply brief that
       the existence of Shallow Coal is a question of fact, in an effort to challenge the defendants’
       related arguments in their motions for summary judgment.
¶ 58        Indeed, the framing of the plaintiffs’ arguments and allegations on appeal regarding
       common sense and the existence of Shallow Coal assumes disputed matters as true. The circuit
       court refused to address such arguments for that reason, and we find these arguments unsuitable
       for our consideration on appeal, as they involve genuine issues of material fact. See Northern
       Illinois Emergency Physicians, 216 Ill. 2d at 305. The issue on appeal is limited to a
       construction of the “together with” clause and a determination as to which parcels the clause
       applies. In adhering to the four corners rule, we refuse to consider the plaintiffs’ arguments by
       presuming facts that are not expressed outright in the plain language of Pierce Deed A.
¶ 59        Notwithstanding our refusal to address arguments that would require us to presume as true
       genuine issues of material fact when the same is not further reflected by Pierce Deed A, we
       nonetheless distinguish the case cited by the plaintiffs in support of such proposed arguments.
       In Kinder v. La Salle County Carbon Coal Co., 310 Ill. 126, 127 (1923), the parties were
       disputing the ownership of the sand, gravel, clay, shale, and limestone that existed beneath the
       agricultural surface and above the coal that was conveyed in a mineral deed. In Kinder, there
       was no dispute regarding the existence of the sand, gravel, clay, shale, and limestone but only
       the ownership. Id. We do not consider this case as authority because, here, there is no dispute
       regarding the ownership of anything overlying the Deep Coal that was conveyed in the Pierce
       Deeds.
¶ 60        We further refuse to consider Kinder because, here, as observed, the existence of Shallow
       Coal and any arguments derived therefrom entail genuine issues of material fact, and any

                                                  - 11 -
       consideration of the plaintiffs’ arguments to this regard would require us to presume such facts
       as true. We refuse to consider the same to support any arguments regarding the construction of
       the “together with” clause within the Pierce Deeds.
¶ 61        Finally, we refuse to consider Kinder, as this court established in Diaz, 337 Ill. App. 3d at
       728-29, that deeds are sui generis and must be interpreted on their own terms. Accordingly,
       interpretations of deeds in other cases are “largely irrelevant” because each transaction of each
       deed occurs in a different factual context. Id. at 729. “Blindly applying interpretations from
       other cases to construe deeds *** may just as well defeat the intentions of the parties as advance
       them.” Id. On the same basis, we further refuse to consider Marquette Cement Mining Co. v.
       Oglesby Coal Co., 253 F. 107 (N.D. Ill. 1918), as cited by the plaintiffs. For the stated reasons,
       the plaintiffs’ common sense arguments regarding Shallow Coal fail, as they have no textual
       support within the four corners of the Pierce Deeds.
¶ 62        Conversely, in applying the four corners rule, we conclude that the plain language
       necessitates a finding that the “together with” clause applies to all 83 parcels within Pierce
       Deed A. Again, Pierce Deed A conveyed the Deep Coal in all 83 parcels. Although the heart
       of the dispute in this case involves the application of the right to subside the surface of the land
       as set forth in the “together with” clause, besides that right to subside, the “together with”
       clause also granted, inter alia, “the right to mine, dig, and remove the coal.” (Emphasis added.)
       See Urbaitis, 143 Ill. 2d at 467 (to determine intent, the deed is looked at as a whole and every
       word therein is considered). Moreover, as previously noted, the mining rights associated with
       the parcels of Pierce Deed A are presented in three excerpts—the “together with” clause, the
       Exploration Easement, and the Surface Option—which are always set forth as a group.
¶ 63        The plaintiffs’ proposed interpretation would yield an absurd result if the Deep Coal was
       conveyed in all 83 parcels, but the rights to mine, dig, and remove that coal were granted in
       only 5 of the 83 parcels. See Muirhead, 2018 IL App (2d) 170835, ¶ 25. As the defendants
       point out in their brief, in acreage terms, Pierce Deed A comprises a total of 6929.75 acres. 6
       Under the plaintiffs’ suggested interpretation, the right to mine, dig, and remove the coal would
       have been granted in only 460 acres, or 6.6% of the acres of Deep Coal that was conveyed in
       Pierce Deed A.
¶ 64        At oral argument, when asked how it would be an exercise of common sense to convey the
       Deep Coal in the 127 parcels of Pierce Deeds A-D, yet grant the right to mine and remove the
       Deep Coal in only 12 of those parcels, the plaintiffs responded that the right to room and pillar
       mine was granted in all the parcels, while the right to longwall mine and thereby subside the
       surface was granted in only the 12 parcels immediately preceding the 12 instances of the
       “together with” clause. Along this line of argument, in their reply brief, the plaintiffs cite Jilek
       v. Chicago, Wilmington & Franklin Coal Co., 382 Ill. 241, 245 (1943), which the plaintiffs
       allege provides an “implied right to obtain or enjoy minerals” as follows: “When the mineral
       estate is severed from the surface estate the means of obtaining or enjoying it are also granted,
       and pass with the grant of the minerals, without an express covenant for such purpose.” The
       plaintiffs are essentially citing this case to support their claim that the right to room and pillar

           6
            This information is derived from the legal description of each parcel, which includes a “more or
       less” approximation of the total acreage included in the parcel, then adding the total acreage from all
       the parcels.

                                                     - 12 -
       mine was granted in all the parcels. We refuse to consider these claims, as they are not
       supported by the plain language of the Pierce Deeds.
¶ 65       In reviewing the four corners of Pierce Deed A, we find that any reference to mining
       techniques is indirect at best. Language that may incite inferences as to mining techniques is
       found in the “together with” clause, which grants, inter alia, “the right to dig the entire quantity
       or a less quantity of said coal at the grantee’s option.” In applying our foregoing review of
       mining techniques, digging “the entire quantity” intimates that longwall mining may be used,
       while digging “a less quantity” suggests that room and pillar mining would be required. Either
       way, the “together with” clause only expressly bestowed on the grantee the option to dig either
       the entire quantity or a less quantity of the coal.
¶ 66       Moreover, language conferring the right to mine, dig, and remove coal in any way, shape,
       form, or amount is strictly confined to the “together with” clause and is found nowhere else in
       Pierce Deed A. Again, the plaintiffs urge us to conclude that the “together with” clause applies
       only to the five parcels immediately preceding the five instances of the clause in Pierce Deed
       A rather than to the entire series of parcels preceding each instance of the clause. Such an
       interpretation would render the express right to dig the grantee’s desired quantity of coal
       inapplicable to 78 of the 83 parcels. The plaintiffs’ suggestion that the right to room and pillar
       mine was granted in all the parcels mandates a presumption, as there is no language in Pierce
       Deed A reflecting the same. Accordingly, this claim fails under the four corners rule. See
       Urbaitis, 143 Ill. 2d at 467.
¶ 67       Even if we were to assume, arguendo, that the right to room and pillar mine was impliedly
       granted in all the parcels as the plaintiffs suggest, then the express right to remove “a less
       quantity” of coal at the grantee’s option as set forth in the “together with” clause would be
       surplusage in the five parcels to which the plaintiffs allege the clause applies. Put another way,
       the express right to remove “a less quantity” as set forth in the “together with” clause would
       duplicate the implied right to room and pillar—which the plaintiffs contend applies to all the
       parcels—rendering that language of the “together with” clause as surplusage in the five parcels
       to which the plaintiffs claim the clause applies. See Dolley, 404 Ill. at 513.
¶ 68       Besides the “together with” clause, we also consider the Exploration Easement and Surface
       Option because these three passages are always presented together in Pierce Deed A. As
       previously observed, every instance of the “together with” clause is immediately followed by
       the Exploration Easement, which is immediately followed by the Surface Option, where
       present. Moreover, the mining rights associated with the parcels in Pierce Deed A are found
       exclusively in these three provisions. Accordingly, we consider the applicability of these
       provisions in a group context. See Urbaitis, 143 Ill. 2d at 467 (to determine intent, the deed is
       looked at as a whole and every word therein is considered); see also Platt, 351 Ill. App. 3d at
       329 (every clause was inserted deliberately and for a purpose).
¶ 69       The rights set forth in the Exploration Easement include the rights of “ingress and egress
       over the surface of said lands above said coal, for the purpose of prospecting and drilling for
       coal under said lands, and the right to erect such structures as are reasonably necessary to the
       carrying out of such work.” Again, Deep Coal was conveyed in all 83 parcels. It would be an
       absurd construction to only grant the right to prospect and drill for coal in only 5 of the 83
       parcels. See Muirhead, 2018 IL App (2d) 170835, ¶ 25. Accordingly, like the “together with”
       clause, common sense also requires an interpretation that the rights in the Exploration

                                                    - 13 -
       Easement apply to all 83 parcels in Pierce Deed A, rather than only the 5 parcels immediately
       preceding the “together with” clause as urged by the plaintiffs. See Peckham, 36 Ill. at 46.
¶ 70       Likewise, the Surface Option allowed the grantee 10 years to purchase surface acreage at
       a certain price per acre for the building of railroad tracks and various structures necessary to
       mine, market, obtain, refine, and remove the coal. It would defy common sense to interpret the
       Surface Option to apply to only 5 of the 83 parcels. The five parcels are noncontiguous.
       Accordingly, if the right to build railroad tracks were granted in only five parcels as the
       plaintiffs suggest, any railroad tracks built would result in a disconnected railroad, which is an
       absurd result. See Muirhead, 2018 IL App (2d) 170835, ¶ 25.
¶ 71       When questioned at oral argument how common sense would allow the building of a
       disconnected railroad on noncontiguous parcels, the plaintiffs responded that the Mining Act
       of 1874 (Mining Act) (765 ILCS 505/1 et seq. (West 2016)) granted the right of eminent
       domain over lands owned or occupied by others, thereby solving any problems with
       disconnected railroads. This argument fails, as it violates the four corners rule. Nothing in
       Pierce Deed A indicates that it was in any way intended to be governed by the Mining Act.
       Moreover, even if we were to assume, arguendo, that the Mining Act did govern, the language
       in the Surface Option granting the right to build railroads and other structures would be
       surplusage and rendered meaningless. See Dolley, 404 Ill. at 513. For the stated reasons, we
       conclude that common sense requires a determination that each instance of the “together with”
       clause, Exploration Easement, and Surface Option applies to the entire series of parcels
       preceding it and encompasses all 83 parcels within Pierce Deed A. See Peckham, 36 Ill. at 46.
¶ 72       The plaintiffs argue that under the defendants’ proposed interpretation, repeating the
       virtually identical “together with” clause and Exploration Easement five times in Pierce Deed
       A is surplusage and renders such repeats meaningless. See Dolley, 404 Ill. at 513. The plaintiffs
       contend that the “together with” clause and Exploration Easement would not have been
       asserted five times unless they were intended to apply separately to the five parcels
       immediately preceding them. We disagree.
¶ 73       Again, the “together with” clause is presented as a group with the Exploration Easement
       and the Surface Option and we consider them as such. The Granting Clause of Pierce Deed A
       conveys the Deep Coal in “the following described real estate.” Pierce Deed A sets forth that
       described real estate in five separate series of parcels. After each series, Pierce Deed A provides
       the rights corresponding to that series as denoted in the “together with” clause, Exploration
       Easement, and Surface Option, if present. We find the parties intended to separate the parcels
       into five series, declare the mining rights associated with each series, and set forth the Surface
       Option and price per acre, if applicable, to that particular series. The existence of a Surface
       Option and the price per acre within each Surface Option is what distinguishes each series of
       parcels and the associated mining rights from the next.
¶ 74       The plaintiffs further argue that if the parties intended for subsidence rights to apply to all
       parcels, the “together with” clause would have been situated at the end of Pierce Deed A
       alongside the oil and gas reservation and the waiver and release of homestead rights and
       worded similarly to show that subsidence rights were waived and released in all parcels from
       “One (1) to Eighty Three (83), both inclusive.” Again, we disagree. First, the “together with”
       clause sets forth a portion of the mining rights associated with the parcels. The oil and gas
       reservation and release of homestead rights at the foot of Pierce Deed A have nothing to do

                                                   - 14 -
       with the mining rights corresponding to the coal conveyed in the parcels described earlier in
       the deed.
¶ 75       Moreover, to reiterate, the subsidence rights conveyed in the “together with” clause were
       grouped with the rights conveyed in the Exploration Easement and Surface Option. Had the
       “together with” clause been placed at the end of the deed, alongside the oil and gas reservation
       and release of homestead rights, only the Exploration Easements and Surface Options would
       have remained in their respective positions at the end of each of the five series of parcel
       descriptions. A reading of the Exploration Easement and Surface Option in isolation from the
       “together with” clause is nonsensical. The Exploration Easement provides: “And together with
       the right of ingress and egress over the surface of said lands above said coal ***.” (Emphasis
       added.) The fact that the Exploration Easement begins with the word “and” logically indicates
       that was meant to follow a separate but related provision and cannot be logically read in
       isolation. The “together with” clause provides: “TOGETHER with the right to mine, dig and
       remove the coal ***” (emphasis in original), followed by the Exploration Easement, which
       provides: “And together with the right of ingress and egress ***” (emphasis added). These two
       clauses logically go together, and they would be nonsensical if separated from each other. See
id.
¶ 76       Additionally, the Surface Option provides the grantee 10 years to buy surface acreage at a
       certain price per acre to build various structures “necessary or desirable in the mining, refining,
       obtaining, marketing and removing of said coal.” Like the Exploration Easement, the Surface
       Option would be meaningless if read in isolation. See id. Rather, the Surface Option only
       makes sense when preceded by the “together with” clause and Exploration Easement, as the
       Surface Option offers the right of a purchase that would be necessary or desirable only if the
       rights set forth in the “together with” clause and Exploration Easement were implemented.
       Without the rights in the “together with” clause and Exploration Easement being implemented,
       there would be no need for the Surface Option. In looking at the deed as a whole (Urbaitis,
       143 Ill. 2d at 467), it only makes sense that the “together with” clause, Exploration Easement,
       and Surface Option were purposely grouped together and should be construed as a group.
       Accordingly, we reject the plaintiffs’ argument related to the placement of the “together with”
       clause at the foot of the deed.
¶ 77       We acknowledge the plaintiffs’ argument that the “together with” clause could have been
       implemented 83 times by following the legal description of each of the 83 parcels in Pierce
       Deed A. However, as previously noted, the parties chose to separate the parcels into five series,
       declare the mining rights granted in each series, then set forth the Surface Option and price per
       acre, if applicable, to that particular series. The existence of a Surface Option and the price per
       acre within each Surface Option is what separates each series of parcels and the mining rights
       associated therewith from the next series. Because there are five series of parcels, only five
       instances of the grouping of the “together with” clause, Exploration Easement, and Surface
       Option were necessary. Repeating the “together with” clause under the circumstances would
       have been surplusage, given the parties’ decision to group the parcels into five series as they
       did. See Dolley, 404 Ill. at 513.

¶ 78                                  C. Pierce Amendment
¶ 79       We next consider an amendment to Pierce Deed A, which further confirms the intent of the
       parties and supports our conclusion. Although the plaintiffs contend that the Pierce

                                                   - 15 -
       Amendment is parol evidence and may not be considered, Illinois law establishes that an
       instrument is to be interpreted as a whole, and when amendments are made, courts consider all
       parts of the agreement to determine the intent of the parties. Palos Community Hospital v.
       Humana, Inc., 2020 IL App (1st) 190633, ¶ 34; see also Downers Grove Associates v. Red
       Robin International, Inc., 151 Ill. App. 3d 310, 318 (1986) (where agreement is modified by
       separate agreement, both instruments are read together to determine parties’ rights and
       obligations).
¶ 80       Pierce Deed A was recorded on March 15, 1913. Subsequently, on September 24, 1913,
       the parties to Pierce Deed A—George S. Roberts and May Roberts and Charles I. Pierce—
       executed an agreement that was recorded on October 6, 1914. In the agreement, in order to
       satisfy modifications to a separate contract between George S. Roberts and May Roberts and
       T.M. Mitchell and Anne Mitchell, dated July 20, 1912, the parties to Pierce Deed A agreed to
       amend the Surface Option price per acre for five parcels described in Pierce Deed A as follows:
                “Whereas, in order to fulfill the conditions of the contract between the parties hereto,
                dated July 20, 1912 and the modifications thereto, it is essential to reduce the option
                price per acre for the sale of the surface of certain portions of said coal lands in one of
                said deeds, to wit parcels 68, 69, 70, 71, and 82 in the deed dated March 12, 1913, and
                recorded on March 18, 1913[7] in Book 113, page 204, of the records of Williamson
                County, Illinois to Sixty ($60) Dollars per acre.”
¶ 81       This amendment confirms that the Surface Option—along with the “together with” clause
       and Exploration Easement—are not solely applicable to the parcels immediately preceding
       them. PARCEL NOS. 68, 69, 70, and 71 are in the second series of parcels in Pierce Deed A.
       None of these parcels are immediately followed by the “together with” clause, Exploration
       Easement, and Surface Option, as these appear following the legal description of PARCEL
       NO. 75 at the end of the second series. Pursuant to Pierce Deed A, the Surface Option
       applicable to the second series of parcels offers the purchase of surface acreage at the price of
       $100 per acre. The amendment changes this price to $60 per acre only for PARCEL NOS. 68,
       69, 70, and 71 in this series. Had the parties of the Pierce Deeds not intended for the Surface
       Option and corresponding price of $100 per acre established for this series in Pierce Deed A
       to apply to all of the parcels in the series, there would have been no need for the amendment
       to change the price of PARCEL NOS. 68, 69, 70, and 71 to $60 per acre.
¶ 82       The same logic applies with regard to the amendment changing the Surface Option price
       of PARCEL NO. 82 in Pierce Deed A. PARCEL NO. 82 is found in the fifth series of parcels
       in Pierce Deed A, and it is not immediately followed by the “together with” clause, Exploration
       Easement, and Surface Option, as these appear following the legal description of PARCEL
       NO. 83 at the end of the fifth series. Pursuant to Pierce Deed A, the Surface Option applicable
       to this series of parcels offers the purchase of surface acreage at the price of $75 per acre. The
       amendment changes this price to $60 per acre only for PARCEL NO. 82 in this series. Had the
       parties of the Pierce Deeds not intended for the Surface Option and corresponding price of $75
       per acre established for this series in Pierce Deed A to apply to all of the parcels in the series,

           7
            This is a scrivener’s error, as the same deed is referenced earlier in the agreement, indicating that
       it was recorded on March 15, 1913, and elsewhere in the record the deed itself is marked as recorded
       on March 15, 1913.

                                                      - 16 -
       there would have been no need for the amendment to change the price of PARCEL NO. 82 to
       $60 per acre.
¶ 83       For these reasons, we find the Pierce Amendment confirms our conclusion that the
       “together with” clause, Exploration Easement, and Surface Option apply to all 83 parcels of
       Pierce Deed A.

¶ 84                                III. Additional Considerations
¶ 85      Finally, we observe additional considerations which support our conclusion.

¶ 86                                        A. Last Antecedent Rule
¶ 87       Assuming, arguendo, that the Pierce Deeds are ambiguous, the last antecedent rule is an
       aid to construction that is utilized when the instrument at hand is considered ambiguous. State
       Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. v. Murphy, 2019 IL App (2d) 180154, ¶ 35. Pursuant
       to the last antecedent rule, “relative or qualifying words are normally interpreted as modifying
       those words or phrases which immediately precede them and not those words which are more
       remote.” Illinois Department of Revenue v. Country Gardens, Inc., 145 Ill. App. 3d 49, 54
       (1986). Applying the last antecedent rule, the plaintiffs point out that the “together with” clause
       that sets forth subsidence rights immediately follows the individual legal descriptions of only
       five parcels in Pierce Deed A and emphasize that there is no hint, insinuation, or indication
       that the subsidence rights apply to any parcels other than those which immediately precede
       each instance of the “together with” clause. The plaintiffs contend that there is nothing
       whatsoever between PARCEL NO. 1 and PARCEL NO. 66 to indicate that anything further is
       included with any of those parcels. They claim that because the “together with” clause,
       Exploration Easement, and Surface Option first appear in Pierce Deed A after PARCEL NO.
       67, they are clearly applicable to only that parcel and not the preceding 66 parcels. We disagree.
¶ 88       Pursuant to the last antecedent rule, “ ‘[i]n the construction of written instruments a
       qualifying phrase is to be confined to the last antecedent unless there is something in the
       instrument which requires a different construction.’ ” (Emphasis added.) Hardware Mutual
       Casualty Co. v. Curry, 21 Ill. App. 2d 343, 349 (1959) (quoting City Trust, Safe Deposit &
       Surety Co. v. Lee, 204 Ill. 69, 71-72 (1903)); see also Johnson-Maday v. Prudential Insurance
       Co. of America, 276 Ill. App. 3d 371, 373-74 (1995) (last antecedent rule in which courts
       normally construe qualifying phrases as applying only to the phrase immediately preceding the
       qualification does not apply when context of entire instrument requires the application of the
       qualification to more remote phrases). Moreover, courts reject a rigid, technical application of
       the last antecedent rule if it leads to an absurd reading of the instrument. Sykes v. Schmitz, 2019
IL App (1st) 180458, ¶ 39. Again, the cardinal principle of deed construction that supersedes
       all other principles is determining the intent of the parties (id.), and we look at the instrument
       as a whole to determine that intent (Urbaitis, 143 Ill. 2d at 467).
¶ 89       As previously established, construing the rights set forth in the “together with” clause, the
       Exploration Easement, and the Surface Option as applicable to only the five parcels as the
       plaintiffs suggest defies common sense and yields an absurd result. See Peckham, 36 Ill. at 46;
       Muirhead, 2018 IL App (2d) 170835, ¶ 25. To avoid such absurdity, we refuse to apply the
       last antecedent rule in the strict manner proposed by the plaintiffs. See Sykes, 2019 IL App
       (1st) 180458, ¶ 39. Moreover, other language in Pierce Deed A requires a different
       construction. See Hardware, 21 Ill. App. 2d at 349. The context of Pierce Deed A as a whole

                                                   - 17 -
       requires an application of the last antecedent rule to make the “together with” clause,
       Exploration Easement, and Surface Option and their associated rights applicable to phrases
       more remote than those which immediately precede them. See Johnson-Maday, 276 Ill. App.
3d at 373-74.
¶ 90       To that regard, we incorporate our previous analysis and conclusion based on our review
       of the unambiguous Pierce Deeds. In addition, we observe that the Granting Clause of Pierce
       Deed A conveyed “all the coal lying below the depth of [125] feet from the surface of the
       following described real estate.” (Emphases added.) Thereafter, subsequent to the legal
       descriptions of PARCEL NO. 1 through PARCEL NO. 67, we observe the “together with”
       clause, which grants, inter alia, “the right to mine, dig, and remove the coal therefrom,” along
       with “the right to dig the entire quantity or a less quantity of said coal at the grantee’s option”
       without liability for injury or damage resulting from the mining and removal of “said coal” as
       well as the right “to ventilate and drain the mines and said coal *** and the right to mine and
       remove so much of other minerals *** necessary in order to properly mine and remove said
       coal.” (Emphases added.)
¶ 91       The meaning of “the coal” and “said coal” provided in the “together with” clause is derived
       from an antecedent—namely “coal”—which somewhere precedes these references in the
       “together with” clause. The plaintiffs allege that the “together with” clause only applies to
       PARCEL NO. 67. However, there is no reference to the antecedent “coal” in PARCEL NO.
       67. Nor is there any reference to the antecedent “coal” in any of the parcel descriptions. We
       must revisit the Granting Clause—before any parcel descriptions appear—to find the
       antecedent and determine the meaning of “the coal” and “said coal” as referenced in the
       “together with” clause.
¶ 92       In the Granting Clause, we discover that the antecedent of “the coal” and “said coal” found
       in the “together with” clause, is “all the coal lying below the depth of [125] feet from the
       surface of the following described real estate.” Reading Pierce Deed A as a whole, as this court
       must (see Urbaitis, 143 Ill. 2d at 467), it is apparent that the term “the coal” in the first right
       of the “together with” clause—the right to mine—as well as the term “said coal” in the second
       right of the “together with” clause—the right to dig the entire quantity or a less quantity—
       along with the next instance of “said coal” in the third right of the “together with” clause—the
       right to subside—and the instance of “said coal” in the fourth right of the “together with”
       clause—the right to drain—all refer back to the Deep Coal in the series of parcels that make
       up “the following described real estate” as set forth in the Granting Clause. Put another way,
       all the references to “the coal” and “said coal” in the “together with” clause find their
       antecedent in the Granting Clause.
¶ 93       Besides the “together with” clause, we also examine the Exploration Easement which
       grants “the right of ingress and egress over the surface of said lands above said coal.”
       (Emphases added.) We adopt the same analysis and reasoning from our previous discussion
       and likewise conclude that “said coal” in the Exploration Easement also finds its antecedent in
       the Granting Clause, namely the Deep Coal in the series of parcels that make up “the following
       described real estate.”
¶ 94       Similarly, the Surface Option allows for the purchase of “portion[s] of the surface of the
       above described real estate” to build various structures necessary in the “removing of said
       coal” provided that “no land may be purchased for mining operation within [300] feet of the
       principal buildings located on said surface of said real estate.” (Emphases added.) In reading

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        Pierce Deed A as a whole (see id.), “the above described real estate” and “said real estate”
        found in the Surface Option and “the following described real estate” found in the Granting
        Clause are referring to the same thing. Namely the entire series of parcels between those
        references. Moreover, the Surface Option provides the option to purchase surface acreage to
        build structures that are necessary or desirable in the “removing of said coal.” (Emphasis
        added.) We adopt the aforementioned explanations to reach our conclusion that “said coal”
        refers back to the Deep Coal in the Granting Clause and applies to the entire series of parcels
        between the Granting Clause and the Surface Option. There is no antecedent in the description
        of PARCEL NO. 67—or any other parcel—that can make sense of these textual references.
        For the stated reasons, we reject the plaintiffs’ proposed application of the last antecedent rule
        and find the context of Pierce Deed A requires an application of the rule to make the qualifying
        “together with” clause, Exploration Easement, and Surface Option applicable to phrases more
        remote than those immediately preceding them. See Johnson-Maday, 276 Ill. App. 3d at 373-
        74. Particularly, they apply to the entire series of parcels preceding them rather than only to
        the parcel immediately preceding them.

¶ 95                                            B. Source Deeds
¶ 96        We next consider the Source Deeds that are in the chain of title of the Pierce Deeds and are
        referenced at the conclusion of each legal description of each parcel within Pierce Deed A.
        These Source Deeds further confirm the intent of the parties and support our conclusion. There
        are 83 separate and individual Source Deeds for each of the 83 parcels in Pierce Deed A. Each
        of the 83 Source Deeds have different grantor(s), while George S. Roberts is consistently the
        grantee in every Source Deed. A review of the Source Deeds indicates that the subsequently
        executed Pierce Deeds were modeled after the Source Deeds in wording, structure, and
        application. Except for the variance between the names of the grantor(s) and the legal
        descriptions of the parcels, the Source Deeds are virtually identical and all of them convey,
        inter alia, coal to George S. Roberts.
¶ 97        The same “together with” clause in the Pierce Deeds—that grants subsidence rights—is
        also found in the Source Deeds. Likewise, the “together with” clause in the Source Deeds is
        followed by the same Exploration Easement that follows the “together with” clause in the
        Pierce Deeds. Moreover, Surface Options exist in the Source Deeds for the same parcels set
        forth in the first series of parcels in Pierce Deed A—PARCEL NO. 1 through PARCEL NO.
        67—with the same Surface Option price of $60 per acre as found in the Surface Option
        applicable to that series within Pierce Deed A.
¶ 98        Likewise, the same “together with” clause, followed by the same Exploration Easement, is
        found in the Source Deeds for the second series of parcels in Pierce Deed A—PARCEL NO.
        68 through PARCEL NO. 75. Surface Options exist in the Source Deeds for the same parcels
        set forth in the second series of parcels in Pierce Deed A, with the same Surface Option price
        of $100 per acre as found in the Surface Option applicable to that series within Pierce Deed A.
¶ 99        The “together with” clause, followed by the Exploration Easement, is also found in the
        Source Deed for PARCEL NO. 76 in Pierce Deed A, with a Surface Option in the Source Deed
        for this parcel having the same Surface Option price of $70 per acre as in the Surface Option
        applicable to that parcel within Pierce Deed A.
¶ 100       The Source Deed for PARCEL NO. 77 in Pierce Deed A contains the same “together with”
        clause and Exploration Easement. Notably, just as Pierce Deed A contains no Surface Option

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        for this parcel, likewise, the Source Deed for this parcel contains boilerplate language for the
        Surface Option that is crossed out.
¶ 101       Finally, the same “together with” clause, followed by the same Exploration Easement, is
        found in the Source Deeds for the fifth series of parcels in Pierce Deed A—PARCEL NO. 78
        through PARCEL NO. 83. Surface Options exist in the Source Deeds for this series of parcels,
        with the same Surface Option price of $75 per acre as found in Surface Option applicable to
        this series within Pierce Deed A.
¶ 102       The information derived from the Source Deeds supports our conclusion that the parcels in
        Pierce Deed A were intentionally separated into five series and that the clauses following each
        series—the “together with” clause, Exploration Easement, and Surface Option—declared the
        mining rights granted in each series and were intended to apply equally to all parcels in the
        series. The existence of the Surface Options in Pierce Deed A and the price per acre therein
        distinguishes each series of parcels from the next and is confirmed by the language and
        structure of the Source Deeds.
¶ 103       Although we concluded that the Pierce Deeds unambiguously conveyed the subsidence
        rights in all of the parcels, even assuming, arguendo, that those rights were not expressly
        conveyed in the Pierce Deeds, the rights were automatically conveyed as a matter of law
        because the Source Deeds—which are in the chain of title to the Pierce Deeds—conveyed the
        subsidence rights in all the parcels. See Corcoran v. Franklin County Coal Co., 249 Ill. App.
551, 553 (1928) (release from liability for damages for injury to surface set forth in a deed runs
        with the land and is binding on subsequent surface owners); see also Rocking M. Ranch, Inc.
        v. Sahara Coal Co., 217 Ill. App. 3d 162, 164-65 (1991) (waivers of subjacent support by
        predecessors in title are recognized and upheld); Beloit Foundry Co. v. Ryan, 28 Ill. 2d 379,
        388 (1963) (rights appurtenant to real estate are transferred automatically by conveyance of
        the land, even if not expressly mentioned, and the servient estate continues to be subject thereto
        until the right is terminated or abandoned); Parrish v. City of Carbondale, 61 Ill. App. 3d 500,
        504-05 (1978) (covenants concerning land and enjoyment thereof run with the land, pass with
        ownership, and are binding on subsequent owners). Notably, the Pierce Deeds reference the
        chain of title by adding information from the Source Deeds at the end of every legal description
        of every parcel.
¶ 104       Here, assuming, arguendo, that the Pierce Deeds did not expressly convey subsidence
        rights in the “together with” clause applicable to all the parcels, the appurtenant rights by virtue
        of the Source Deeds ran with the land and were transferred automatically from George S.
        Roberts to Charles I. Pierce in the Pierce Deeds, even if the Pierce Deeds never mentioned
        those rights. See Beloit, 28 Ill. 2d at 388. This transfer occurred automatically, by operation of
        law, because the Pierce Deeds did not expressly reserve or terminate the subsidence rights that
        George S. Roberts obtained in the Source Deeds. See id. Accordingly, Charles I. Pierce
        acquired subsidence rights in all the parcels of the Pierce Deeds without liability because the
        Source Deeds conveyed “the right to mine, dig, and remove the coal therefrom *** without
        leaving any support for the overlying strata, and without liability for any injury or damage
        which may result from the mining and removal of said coal” in all the parcels.
¶ 105       Finally, to reiterate, the right of subjacent support is absolute and unconditional (Lloyd,
210 Ill. at 468), but the surface owner may part with that right by deed or covenant (Wesley,
221 Ill. App. at 433), which is precisely what happened in this case. Because the subsidence
        rights were clearly and expressly waived and released in the Source Deeds (Mason, 320 Ill.
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        App. at 353), we find that, as a matter of law, subsidence rights were waived and released in
        all the parcels of the Pierce Deeds.

¶ 106                                       CONCLUSION
¶ 107       For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court that denied the
        plaintiffs’ motion for partial summary judgment and granted the defendants’ motions for
        summary judgment regarding the construction of the Pierce Deeds that unambiguously
        conveyed subsidence rights in all 127 parcels of real estate described in the Pierce Deeds.

¶ 108      Affirmed.

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