Court Opinion

ID: 4995914
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-09-30 14:13:33.964536+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:16:55.379502
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                            IN THE OFFICE OF THE
                                                                         CLERK OF SUPREME COURT
                                                                             SEPTEMBER 30, 2021
                                                                          STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA

                  IN THE SUPREME COURT
                  STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA

                                2021 ND 170

RTS Shearing, LLC,                                   Plaintiff and Appellant
      v.
BNI Coal, Ltd.,                                     Defendant and Appellee

                                No. 20200340

Appeal from the District Court of Burleigh County, South Central Judicial
District, the Honorable Thomas J. Schneider, Judge.

AFFIRMED.

Opinion of the Court by Tufte, Justice.

Matthew D. Kirschenmann (argued) and Ronald J. Knoll (on brief), Fargo,
N.D., for plaintiff and appellant.

Zachary R. Eiken, Bismarck, N.D., for defendant and appellee.
                       RTS Shearing v. BNI Coal
                            No. 20200340

Tufte, Justice.

[¶1] RTS Shearing, LLC (“RTS”) appeals from a judgment dismissing its
action with prejudice after the district court granted summary judgment in
favor of the defendant BNI Coal, Ltd. (“BNI”). We conclude the court did not
err in granting BNI’s motion for summary judgment. We affirm.

                                     I

[¶2] RTS provides rock crushing services for use on various construction
projects. BNI operates a coal mine near Center, North Dakota. As part of its
operations, BNI periodically needs crushed rock for various purposes,
including road maintenance and construction projects.

[¶3] In about July 2014, a BNI mine engineer communicated with RTS’s chief
executive officer about BNI’s need for crushed rock. In October 2014, BNI
issued an initial purchase order under which RTS was to deliver crushed rock
to BNI’s mine. BNI asserts RTS did not perform under this initial purchase
order, and this purchase order is not at issue. BNI and RTS subsequently
discussed having RTS crush rock that had been unearthed at BNI’s mine,
rather than providing crushed rock to the mine. BNI subsequently issued
purchase orders in March 2015 and July 2015, under which RTS would provide
rock crushing services in specified amounts to BNI.

[¶4] Unlike the October 2014 purchase order, the two subsequent single-page
purchase orders stated in bold letters: BNI Coal, LTD’s Standard Terms &
Conditions apply for a copy of the Terms & Conditions contact BNI
Coal, LTD. The document in the record purporting to contain the standard
terms and conditions is entitled TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF CONTRACT
and contains the following provision:

           BNI Coal shall have the right to cancel or suspend by written
     notice, in whole or in part, the Contract. Except in the case of
     termination for breach, allowance will be made for normal and
     reasonable expenses incurred by the Seller or Contractor prior to

                                     1
      the notice of cancellation, but BNI Coal will not be liable for any
      charges or expenses incurred by Seller or Contractor in advance of
      the normal or reasonable lead time necessary to meet scheduled
      delivery dates nor for any expenses, charges or liability incurred
      subsequent to the giving of notice of cancellation.

BNI asserts the Terms and Conditions were available for review upon request
to BNI at all relevant times.

[¶5] RTS performed rock crushing services under the March 2015 purchase
order beginning in April 2015, and RTS continued performing crushing
services after BNI issued the July 2015 purchase order. RTS invoiced BNI for
its services under these two purchase orders in the amount of $432,800. RTS’s
corresponding invoices referenced its respective purchase order. BNI issued
payment for the invoiced amount under the two purchase orders, and RTS
accepted payment. BNI asserts RTS did not perform any services for which
BNI did not pay.

[¶6] RTS eventually left BNI’s coal mine without completing the combined
quantities stated in the two purchase orders, although rock was still available
to crush. In November 2015, RTS inquired when it could return to complete
the purchase orders. In January 2016, BNI informed RTS that it was
exercising its right to cancel the balance of the purchase orders under the
Terms and Conditions.

[¶7] In February 2019, RTS commenced this action against BNI, claiming
breach of contract after BNI canceled purchase orders for RTS to provide
further rock-crushing services to BNI. BNI asserted it exercised its right to
cancel the balance of the purchase orders under the Terms and Conditions that
were incorporated by reference in the purchase orders. In January 2020, BNI
moved for summary judgment, arguing RTS’s breach-of-contract claim failed
and the action should be dismissed because the two purchase orders at issue
had also incorporated BNI’s standard “Terms and Conditions,” which allowed
for the cancellation.

[¶8] In support of summary judgment, BNI argued that this incorporated
provision allowed for BNI’s unilateral cancellation and that RTS assented to

                                      2
the terms by not reading the purchase orders or the incorporated Terms and
Conditions and by performing and accepting payment under those purchase
orders. BNI also argued, alternatively, that no contract existed for want of
“mutual assent” and that RTS had no equitable claim because BNI had paid
for all services performed. RTS opposed BNI’s summary judgment motion.

[¶9] In August 2020, the district court held a hearing on BNI’s motion. The
court granted summary judgment in favor of BNI and dismissed RTS’s action
with prejudice. Although the defendant BNI had made alternative arguments
in support of its summary judgment motion, the district court in its September
2020 order granting summary judgment only stated: “For the reasons stated
in Plaintiff ’s [sic] brief in support of its motion for summary judgment; IT IS
HEREBY ORDERED that Defendant’s motion for summary judgment be
GRANTED.”

[¶10] In October 2020, the district court granted BNI’s unopposed motion
under N.D.R.Civ.P. 60(a) to correct the court’s prior order granting summary
judgment in favor of defendant BNI to state: “For the reasons stated in
Defendant’s brief in support of its motion for summary judgment.” The court
subsequently entered an order for dismissal with prejudice, and judgment was
entered.

                                      II

[¶11] This Court’s standard for reviewing a district court’s summary judgment
decision is well established:

            Summary judgment is a procedural device for the prompt
      resolution of a controversy on the merits without a trial if there
      are no genuine issues of material fact or inferences that can
      reasonably be drawn from undisputed facts, or if the only issues to
      be resolved are questions of law. A party moving for summary
      judgment has the burden of showing there are no genuine issues
      of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a
      matter of law. In determining whether summary judgment was
      appropriately granted, we must view the evidence in the light most
      favorable to the party opposing the motion, and that party will be
      given the benefit of all favorable inferences which can reasonably

                                       3
      be drawn from the record. On appeal, this Court decides whether
      the information available to the district court precluded the
      existence of a genuine issue of material fact and entitled the
      moving party to judgment as a matter of law. Whether the district
      court properly granted summary judgment is a question of law
      which we review de novo on the entire record.

G&D Enters. v. Liebelt, 2020 ND 213, ¶ 5, 949 N.W.2d 853 (quoting Ceynar v.
Barth, 2017 ND 286, ¶ 10, 904 N.W.2d 469). This Court has also explained that
“[i]ssues of fact may become issues of law if reasonable persons could reach
only one conclusion from the facts.” Bjerk v. Anderson, 2018 ND 124, ¶ 10, 911
N.W.2d 343 (quoting APM, LLLP v. TCI Ins. Agency, Inc., 2016 ND 66, ¶ 8, 877
N.W.2d 34).

                                      III

[¶12] RTS argues that the district court erred by entering summary judgment
dismissing its complaint for breach of contract. The dispositive issue is whether
BNI’s separate “Terms and Conditions” were incorporated by reference into the
March 2015 and July 2015 purchase orders.

[¶13] Generally, the interpretation of a written contract to decide its legal
intent presents a question of law, fully reviewable on appeal. 26th Street
Hospitality, LLP v. Real Builders, Inc., 2016 ND 95, ¶ 11, 879 N.W.2d 437.

      Contracts are construed to give effect to the mutual intention of
      the parties at the time of contracting. N.D.C.C. § 9-07-03; Lire,
      [Inc. v. Bob’s Pizza Inn Restaurants, Inc., 541 N.W.2d 432, 433–34
      (N.D. 1995)]. The parties’ intention must be ascertained from the
      writing alone, if possible. N.D.C.C. § 9-07-04; Lire, at 434. A
      contract must be construed as a whole to give effect to each
      provision if reasonably practicable. N.D.C.C. § 9-07-06; Lire, at
      434. . . . Words in a contract are construed in their ordinary and
      popular sense, unless used by the parties in a technical sense or
      given a special meaning by the parties. N.D.C.C. § 9-07-09. If the
      parties’ intention in a written contract can be ascertained from the
      writing alone, the interpretation of the contract is a question of law
      for the court to decide. Ohio Farmers Ins. Co. v. Dakota Agency,
      Inc., 551 N.W.2d 564, 565 (N.D.1996).

                                        4
26th Street Hospitality, at ¶ 11 (quoting State ex rel. Stenehjem v. Philip Morris,
Inc., 2007 ND 90, ¶ 14, 732 N.W.2d 720). Additionally, “[s]everal contracts
relating to the same matters between the same parties and made as parts of
substantially one transaction are to be taken together.” N.D.C.C. § 9-07-07.

[¶14] The parties on appeal acknowledge that this Court has previously
recognized the validity of contracts that incorporated terms by reference in
some circumstances. See Limberg v. Sanford Med. Ctr. Fargo, 2016 ND 140,
¶ 12, 881 N.W.2d 658. One noted treatise has explained the interpretation of
several connected writings:

      As long as the contract makes clear reference to the document and
      describes it in such terms that its identity may be ascertained
      beyond doubt, the parties to a contract may incorporate
      contractual terms by reference to a separate, noncontemporaneous
      document, including a separate agreement to which they are not
      parties, and including a separate document which is unsigned. It
      is not necessary to refer to or incorporate the entire document; if
      the parties so desire, they may incorporate a portion of the
      document. However, incorporation by reference is ineffective to
      accomplish its intended purpose when the provisions to which
      reference is made do not have a reasonably clear and ascertainable
      meaning. Additionally, in order to uphold the validity of terms
      incorporated by reference, it must be clear that the parties to the
      agreement had knowledge of and assented to the incorporated
      terms . . . .

11 Williston on Contracts § 30:25 (4th ed. May 2021 Update) (footnotes omitted)
(emphasis added); see also 17A C.J.S. Contracts § 419 (“However, a mere
reference to another document is not sufficient to incorporate that other
document into a contract; the writing to which reference is made must be
described in such terms that its identity may be ascertained beyond reasonable
doubt.” (footnotes omitted)). Terms will be incorporated only if they “are known
or easily available to the contracting parties.” Halbach v. Great-West Life &
Annuity Ins. Co., 561 F.3d 872, 876 (8th Cir. 2009) (emphasis added). Put
another way, “[i]ncorporation by reference is proper where [1] the underlying
contract makes clear reference to a separate document, [2] the identity of the
separate document may be ascertained, and [3] incorporation of the document

                                        5
will not result in surprise or hardship.” Standard Bent Glass Corp. v.
Glassrobots Oy, 333 F.3d 440, 447 (3d Cir. 2003) (footnote omitted); see also G
& G Builders, Inc. v. Lawson, 794 S.E.2d 1, 8-10 (W.Va. 2016) (observing that
“to the extent courts have obligated parties to the terms of incorporated
documents that were never received, those cases have typically involved
transactions between experienced business entities”). Further, “[a]lthough it is
clear that whether one agreement has incorporated another has factual
components, whether material has been incorporated presents a question of
law.” 11 Williston on Contracts § 30:25.

[¶15] RTS contends that the Terms and Conditions are not a part of the parties’
contracts as a matter of law and were specifically not incorporated by reference
into the two purchase orders. RTS asserts the purchase orders, when read
expressly, attempt to incorporate a collateral document that either “does not
exist” or is “styled differently” than what is specifically referenced. RTS argues
the Terms and Conditions do not specifically pertain to BNI’s rock-crushing
purchase orders and contain provisions that are entirely inapplicable to RTS’s
transaction with BNI. RTS also asserts that extrinsic evidence shows the
parties did not discuss the Terms and Conditions and were not aware they
existed at the time of contracting. RTS argues the parties therefore lacked the
requisite intent to incorporate the Terms and Conditions.

[¶16] RTS argues, alternatively, that the Terms and Conditions materially
altered its obligations and remedies and that RTS objected to them when it
was made aware of them after BNI’s unilateral cancellation. RTS contends, if
not decided as a matter of law, that genuine issues of material fact on whether
RTS consented to the Terms and Conditions and whether they materially
altered RTS’s obligations and remedies under the contracts preclude summary
judgment. RTS argues enforcement of the Terms and Conditions was a
material departure from the parties’ course of dealing on the basis of the
October 2014 purchase order’s failure to include any incorporation clause.

[¶17] BNI responds, however, that the two relevant purchase orders
specifically and unambiguously incorporated BNI’s Terms and Conditions as a
matter of law. BNI asserts the purchase orders’ words must mean something

                                        6
and RTS cannot pick and choose which terms in a contract to give effect. BNI
argues that a party can assent to contractual terms, of which it was not aware,
when the party fails to read the contract or request to see terms and conditions
incorporated into a contract. See N.D.C.C. § 9-03-25; Come Big or Stay Home,
LLC v. EOG Res., Inc., 2012 ND 91,¶ 11, 816 N.W.2d 80; Limberg, 2016 ND
140, ¶ 14. BNI further contends that RTS assented as a matter of law and the
material facts are undisputed.

[¶18] Here, in its order granting summary judgment, the district court did not
provide any explanation regarding the basis of its decision. The court simply
stated that it agreed with “the reasons” stated in BNI’s brief in support of its
summary judgment motion, even though alternative rationales were argued.
While the district court’s rationale here is unclear, we will not set aside a
correct result even when “the district court relied on a different reason for its
decision.” City of Gwinner v. Vincent, 2017 ND 82, ¶ 12, 892 N.W.2d 598.
Nevertheless, whether a document has been incorporated as part of the
contract presents a question of law, and summary judgment is appropriate to
the extent it is undisputed under these facts that RTS assented to the
incorporation of BNI’s terms and conditions.

[¶19] Generally, a valid contract requires parties capable of contracting,
consent of the parties, a lawful object, and sufficient consideration. N.D.C.C.
§ 9-01-02. Consent must be free, mutual, and communicated by each party to
the other party. N.D.C.C. § 9-03-01. Under N.D.C.C. § 9-03-16, consent is not
mutual unless the parties all agree upon the same thing in the same sense. It
is the words of the contract and the objective manifestations of assent that
govern, not the secret intentions of the parties. See Ehlen v. Melvin, 2012 ND
246, ¶ 9, 823 N.W.2d 780; Mountrail Bethel Home v. Lovdahl, 2006 ND 180,
¶ 11, 720 N.W.2d 630.

[¶20] For acts constituting acceptance, N.D.C.C. § 9-03-20 provides that
“[p]erformance of the conditions of a proposal, or the acceptance of the
consideration offered with a proposal, is an acceptance of the proposal.” Section
9-03-25, N.D.C.C, states that “[a] voluntary acceptance of the benefit of a
transaction is equivalent to a consent to all the obligations arising from it so

                                       7
far as the facts are known or ought to be known to the person accepting.” This
Court has said N.D.C.C. § 9-03-25 “obviously contemplates extrinsic evidence
of conduct after completion of the transaction that suggests a voluntary
acceptance of the benefit of the transaction” and that whether one has
voluntarily accepted a benefit of a transaction is better suited for trial before a
trier of fact. Golden v. SM Energy Co., 2013 ND 17, ¶¶ 16-17, 826 N.W.2d 610.
However, we have also explained that “[w]hen reasonable persons can reach
only one conclusion from the evidence, a question of fact may become a matter
of law for the court to decide.” Molbert v. Kornkven, 2018 ND 120, ¶ 11, 910
N.W.2d 888 (quoting A.R. Audit Servs., Inc. v. Tuttle, 2017 ND 68, ¶ 5, 891
N.W.2d 757).

[¶21] It is undisputed here that, while the March 2015 and July 2015 purchase
orders note in bold printing that BNI’s “Standard Terms & Conditions” apply
and to contact BNI for a copy, RTS did not request or receive a copy of the
Terms and Conditions referenced at the time the parties entered into the
purchase orders. This Court has consistently held, however, that a party
cannot claim ignorance because of a failure to read contractual language. See,
e.g., Alerus Fin., N.A. v. Marcil Grp., Inc., 2011 ND 205, ¶ 32, 806 N.W.2d 160.
While the two purchase orders reference BNI’s “Standard Terms & Conditions”
and the Terms and Conditions subsequently provided has a slightly different
caption than what is referenced in the purchase orders, this does not raise a
genuine issue of material fact. The purchase orders make clear reference to the
separate document, and the identity of the separate document is able to be
ascertained. Moreover, any claims by RTS of surprise or hardship are
unavailing to the extent that RTS did not request a copy of the incorporated
terms and conditions referenced in bold on the one-page purchase orders. On
the basis of our review, we conclude the two purchase orders clearly and
unambiguously incorporated the Terms and Conditions of Contract.

[¶22] RTS’s reliance on Dakota Foundry, Inc. v. Tromley Indus. Holdings, Inc.,
737 F.3d 492 (8th Cir. 2013), is also unavailing. In Dakota Foundry, applying
South Dakota law, the court of appeals affirmed the district court’s denial of a
motion to compel arbitration, concluding the parties had not clearly evidenced
an intent that an arbitration provision be part of the agreement. Id. at 495-96.

                                        8
The court held Dakota Foundry did not have a reasonable opportunity to reject
the arbitration provision because it was unaware of the clause, which was
contained in the standard terms and conditions of sale. Id. at 496. The parties
never discussed arbitration, and Tromley’s quote did not include an arbitration
provision. Id. While the quotes did refer to a “Standard Terms and Conditions
of Sale” document as being attached, the only attached document bearing a
similar name was the “STANDARD PAYMENT TERMS,” which did not have
an arbitration provision. Id. The court concluded the parties’ respective
explanations and confusion demonstrated the standard terms and conditions
of sale were not “readily available” to Dakota Foundry and no meeting of the
minds occurred as to the arbitration provision. Id. Unlike Dakota Foundry,
however, the present case does not involve confusion about an incorporated
document referenced as “being attached.” This case involves a document
containing standard terms and conditions as being available on request.

[¶23] In this case, the undisputed facts establish that BNI and RTS, as parties
to the purchase orders, had knowledge of and assented to the incorporated
terms through their performance under the agreements. It is undisputed that
RTS received the two purchase orders at issue with the relevant incorporation
clause language in bold and did not ask to see the incorporated Terms and
Conditions that were available on request. It is undisputed RTS performed
services and invoiced BNI for the services provided under the two purchase
orders. It is further undisputed BNI paid RTS the amount invoiced under the
purchase orders and RTS accepted that amount. On these undisputed facts we
conclude reasonable minds could only conclude that BNI and RTS assented to
the contractual terms.

[¶24] On this record, we conclude as a matter of law the undisputed facts
establish that both RTS and BNI had knowledge of and assented to the
incorporated terms referenced in the purchase orders and that RTS is not
excused from the Terms and Conditions merely on the basis of its failure to
request and review a copy from BNI before performing under the purchase
orders. The district court, therefore, did not err in granting BNI’s summary
judgment motion.

                                      9
                                     IV

[¶25] We have considered RTS’s remaining arguments and conclude they are
either without merit or unnecessary to our decision. The judgment is affirmed.

[¶26] Jon J. Jensen, C.J.
      Gerald W. VandeWalle
      Daniel J. Crothers
      Lisa Fair McEvers
      Jerod E. Tufte

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