Court Opinion

ID: 4517064
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-03-17 18:00:29.737161+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:35:35.566172
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                         United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                             Tenth Circuit

                                   TENTH CIRCUIT                               March 17, 2020

                                                                            Christopher M. Wolpert
                                                                                Clerk of Court
  GERALD PAUL HEADLEY,

                Petitioner - Appellant,                       No. 19-8075
                                                  (D.C. Nos. 1:18-CV-00193-SWS and
           v.                                           1:16-CR-00226-SWS-1)
                                                             (D. Wyoming)
  UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                Respondent - Appellee.

                             ORDER DENYING
                      CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY *

Before PHILLIPS, MURPHY, and McHUGH, Circuit Judges.

       Petitioner Gerald Paul Headley, a prisoner in federal custody proceeding pro se,1

seeks a Certificate of Appealability (“COA”) to challenge the district court’s dismissal of

his 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion to vacate, set aside, or correct his sentence. Mr. Headley

pleaded guilty—under a plea agreement—to two counts of abusive sexual contact with a

child. His § 2255 motion asserts that his defense counsel was ineffective for various

       *
        This order is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case,
res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value
consistent with Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 32.1 and 10th Circuit Rule 32.1.
       1
        Because Mr. Headley is proceeding pro se, “we liberally construe his filings, but
we will not act as his advocate.” James v. Wadas, 724 F.3d 1312, 1315 (10th Cir. 2013).
reasons, thus rendering his plea agreement involuntary. We decline to grant a COA and

dismiss the matter.

                                        BACKGROUND

       On October 7, 2016, Federal Bureau of Investigations Special Agent Justin Kempf

filed a criminal complaint against Mr. Headley, accusing him of violating 18 U.S.C.

§§ 2241(c) and 1153. On November 16, 2016, a grand jury sitting in the United States

District Court for the District of Wyoming returned a four-count indictment against Mr.

Headley. Counts I, II, and III charged Mr. Headley with aggravated sexual abuse in

violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2241(c), 2246, and 1153. Count IV charged Mr. Headley with

abusive sexual contact in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 2244(a)(5), 2246, and 1153.

       On December 21, 2016, Mr. Headley entered into a plea agreement. He agreed to

plead guilty to two counts of abusive sexual contact, one count as a lesser included

offense of Count I and the other as charged by Count IV. In exchange, the United States

agreed to dismiss Counts II and III. The parties also agreed to waive their right to appeal

the judgment, conviction, and sentence.

       Mr. Headley represented that he was entering into the plea agreement “voluntarily

because he is, in fact, guilty.” ROA, Vol. II at 20. Mr. Headley further represented that he

“understands and agrees that the United States will provide the court with a prosecutor’s

statement outlining the government’s essential facts and evidence, all of which the

government would rely on to prove [his] guilt at trial.” ROA, Vol. II at 22. And, he

admitted “to the essential elemental facts contained in the prosecutor’s statement.” ROA,

Vol. II at 22.

                                                 2
       Mr. Headley and the United States agreed “the appropriate sentence is 180-months

imprisonment.” ROA, Vol. II at 22. They did not make any agreement, however,

regarding supervised release.

       On January 3, 2017, the district court convened a change of plea hearing. The

district court first confirmed that Mr. Headley was of sound mind. The district court then

asked Mr. Headley if he had signed the plea agreement “after having the opportunity to

go over each and every provision with your attorney,” and Mr. Headley answered, “Yes.”

ROA, Vol. III at 11. The district court further inquired if Mr. Headley’s attorney “was

able to answer any questions you had regarding its contents,” and Mr. Headley again

responded, “Yes.” ROA, Vol. III at 12.

       The district court then confirmed that Mr. Headley “had an opportunity to review

the indictment.” ROA, Vol. III at 13. The district court explained the charges and

penalties associated with Counts I and IV, as well as the rights that Mr. Headley would

give up by pleading guilty, and Mr. Headley confirmed he understood everything the

court was telling him.

       The district court asked Mr. Headley if he was “making this plea of guilt

voluntarily and of your own free will,” and Mr. Headley answered, “Yes.” ROA, Vol. III

at 28. The district court then asked Mr. Headley if he was “making this plea of guilt

because you are in fact guilty of the crimes as discussed.” ROA, Vol. III at 28. Mr.

Headley paused and then answered, “Yes.” ROA, Vol. III at 28. The district court then

stated, “Mr. Headley, I want to emphasize to you, this is not a time for you to be second-

guessing.” ROA, Vol. III at 28. Mr. Headley responded, “Yes. I understand.” ROA, Vol.

                                                3
III at 28. The district court told Mr. Headley if he was not “comfortable,” the court would

set a trial for “Monday next week.” ROA, Vol. III at 28. The district court next reiterated,

“I want to make sure that this is your plea and that you are satisfied with the

circumstances and the factual basis.” ROA, Vol. III at 28. In response, Mr. Headley

confirmed that he had discussed the plea agreement with defense counsel and was

“satisfied with his representation.” ROA, Vol. III at 29.

       Rather than recount his offense conduct in court, Mr. Headley asked that defense

counsel be permitted to read portions of the prosecutor’s statement into the record. The

district court accepted that request but reminded Mr. Headley that he would be bound by

defense counsel’s words.

       As to Count I, defense counsel stated:

              During a forensic interview occurring on September 7, 2016, the
       minor, known herein as A – by the initials A.S., whose year of birth is
       2003, disclosed that they had been touched in a sexual manner by the
       defendant – that [they] had been touched in a sexual manner by the
       defendant, [a relative] Gerald Paul Headley, a/k/a Percy Headley. And this
       disclosure was made finally, although previously to others, to Federal
       Bureau of Investigation Special Agent Justin Kempf, K-E-M-P-F. That
       particular – well, I’ll move on.

               Furthermore, and at a later date, Special Agent Justin Kempf
       interviewed Mr. Headley, and during a voluntary recorded interview on
       September 9, 2016, Mr. Headley admitted that he had touched A.S. in a
       sexual manner. With regard to – well, I’ll wait for a moment on that. And
       that this sexual contact had occurred in the bedroom of his residence or in
       his truck on hunting trips.

              The date of birth, the contact described, the corroboration, and the
       location of these contacts would meet the elements of the lesser included
       offense of Count 1; that is, between on or about September 6, 2009, and
       September 5, 2015, in Wyoming – that being Mr. Headley’s residence or in
       the truck on hunting trips – Mr. Headley we would have and do now

                                                 4
       stipulate is an Indian, and he knowingly engaged in and caused sexual
       contact as defined – and that definition has been provided to Mr. Headley –
       with another person who had not yet attained the age of 12 years.

              And also, Mr. Headley’s voluntary statements, especially to Agent
       Kempf, estimated that A.S. was probably seven or eight years old when this
       contact occurred. So [A.S.] had not yet attained the age of 12, and that the
       intentional touching was of a sexual nature as defined by the statute.

ROA, Vol. III at 31–32.

       The district court confirmed with Mr. Headley that he agreed with the factual

statement read by defense counsel, that he “had sexual contact with A.S. at a time when

[A.S.] . . . had not yet attained the age of 12 years,” and that the “contact occurred within

Indian country.” ROA, Vol. III at 32.

       As to Count IV, defense counsel stated:

               With regard to Count 4, the primary count of abusive sexual contact,
       once again, during an interview, a forensic interview, on September 7,
       2016, with the minor identified by the initials S.S. and whose year of birth
       was 2003 . . . . the minor disclosed that [they] had been touched in a sexual
       manner by the defendant, [a relative] Gerald Paul Headley, Junior, a/k/a
       Percy Headley. And that admission – those statements were made to others
       and finally to Federal Bureau of Investigation Special Agent Justin Kempf.
       [S.S.] also disclosed to Agent Kempf that [S.S] was touched by Mr.
       Headley on multiple occasions when they were at his residence and/or
       inside his vehicle when he would take them hunting and – when he would
       take [S.S.] hunting.

             Once again, on September 9 Mr. Headley, during a voluntary
       recorded interview with Special Agent Kempf, admitted that he had
       touched S.S. multiple times in a sexual manner and estimated that this had
       happened a number of times.

               With regard to the minors involved in both the lesser included
       offense of Count 1 and the substantive offense in Count 4, the total number
       of times was estimated by Mr. Headley to have occurred 10 to 15 times
       between both minors and in each instance in the bedroom of the residence
       or in the truck on a hunting trip.

                                                 5
              S.S.’s minority is established by . . . date of birth, which is 2003.
       These events occurred before the final date of 2015, which would cause
       [S.S.] – which would cause [S.S.] to be – [S.S.] would in fact be less than
       12 years of age.

              ....

              Mr. Headley would also stipulate that he is in fact an Indian, that his
       residence is within the jurisdictional boundaries of the Wind River Indian
       Reservation, and that the sexual contact that occurred – that is, the touching
       that occurred – was such as to meet the definition of 18 U.S.C. 2246(3).

ROA, Vol. III at 33–34.

       The district court confirmed with Mr. Headley that he endorsed the facts as set

forth by defense counsel, that he “engaged in sexual contact with S.S. at a time before

[S.S.] had attained . . . the age of 12,” and that “these events occurred on the Wind

River Indian Reservation.” ROA, Vol. III at 34. Lastly, the district court confirmed with

Mr. Headley that his contact with the two victims met the statutory definition of sexual

contact.

       The United States Probation Office prepared a presentence investigation report

(“PSR”) that is not part of the record on appeal. The district court’s docket reflects that

Mr. Headley did not submit any objections to the PSR.

       On March 24, 2017, the district court convened a sentencing hearing. The district

court asked Mr. Headley whether he “had an opportunity to go over” the PSR. ROA, Vol.

III at 41. Mr. Headley answered, “No. I haven’t seen that.” ROA, Vol. III at 41. The

district court then declared a recess so defense counsel could review the PSR with Mr.

Headley.

                                                  6
       Court reconvened sixteen minutes later, and Mr. Headley confirmed he had gone

over the PSR and did not have any questions. The district court accepted the plea

agreement and sentenced Mr. Headley to 180 months in prison, to be followed by a

lifetime of supervised release. The district court entered judgment on March 29, 2017.2

       On April 4, 2017, Mr. Headley filed a notice of appeal. After the United States

filed a motion to enforce the plea waiver in Mr. Headley’s plea agreement, Mr. Headley

voluntarily dismissed his appeal.

       On November 8, 2018, Mr. Headley filed a § 2255 motion, together with motions

requesting an evidentiary hearing, appointment of counsel, and discovery.3 The § 2255

motion asserted that defense counsel had rendered ineffective assistance: (1) by failing to

meet with Mr. Headley or provide copies of his case files; (2) by pressuring Mr. Headley

to sign the plea agreement; (3) by failing to raise problems with the indictment; (4) by

failing to argue for a shorter term of supervised release; (5) by failing to provide

Mr. Headley with a copy of the PSR; (6) by failing to object to late notice of similar

crimes evidence; (7) by failing to object to the plea agreement because Mr. Headley did

       2
        On May 5, 2017, the district court entered an amended judgment clarifying that it
had sentenced Mr. Headley to 180 months in prison on each of the two counts, to run
concurrently.
       3
        Mr. Headley twice moved for an extension of time to file his § 2255 motion.
Both times, the district court denied Mr. Headley’s extension request as premature
because there was substantial time before the deadline to file a § 2255 motion.

                                                  7
not have the prosecutor’s statement in his possession when he agreed to its contents;4

(8) by failing to object to the United States’ jurisdiction; and (9) by failing to move to

suppress Agent Kempf’s interview with Mr. Headley. The § 2255 motion additionally

asserted that appellate counsel had rendered ineffective assistance by filing a motion to

voluntarily withdraw Mr. Headley’s direct appeal.

       On October 28, 2019, the district court, in a thorough and well-reasoned opinion,

denied Mr. Headley’s § 2255 motion and other motions. The district court also declined

to issue a COA.

       Mr. Headley filed a notice of appeal on December 2, 2019, followed by a formal

application for a COA.

                                            ANALYSIS

       In his application for a COA, Mr. Headley groups his arguments into seven issues,

each presenting multiple arguments. We first address Mr. Headley’s motion to seal, and

then turn to the issues raised in Mr. Headley’s application.

                                       A. Motion to Seal

       On February 13, 2020, Mr. Headley filed a motion to seal “all records.” On

February 24, 2020, the United States partially opposed Mr. Headley’s motion.

Specifically, the United States asked us to seal only those portions of the record

containing “child victim information.” Resp. to Appellant’s Mot. to Seal at 3; see 18

       4
         “Ground Seven” of the motion also asserted that appellate counsel had rendered
ineffective assistance by failing to object to the plea agreement in Mr. Headley’s direct
appeal.
                                                  8
U.S.C. § 3509(d)(2) (“All papers to be filed in court that disclose the name of or any

other information concerning a child shall be filed under seal . . . .”). The Clerk of Court

provisionally sealed the preliminary record, Mr. Headley’s brief, and Volumes I, II, III,

and V of the record on appeal. We see no error in the Clerk’s decision to seal those

materials, so the prior order remains in place, which by its own terms continues “unless

this court orders otherwise.”

                                B. Certificate of Appealability

       “[T]here can be no appeal from a final order in a § 2255 proceeding unless a

circuit justice or judge issues a certificate of appealability.” Welch v. United States, 136

S. Ct. 1257, 1263 (2016). “A certificate of appealability may issue ‘only if the applicant

has made a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.’” Id. (quoting 28

U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2)). “That standard is met when ‘reasonable jurists could debate

whether (or, for that matter, agree that) the petition should have been resolved in a

different manner.’” Id. (quoting Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000)).

                          C. Section 2255 & Ineffective Assistance

       Because the district court denied Mr. Headley’s motion for an evidentiary hearing,

“our review proceeds in two steps.” United States v. Herring, 935 F.3d 1102, 1107 (10th

Cir. 2019). “First, we ask whether the defendant’s allegations, if proved, would entitle

him to relief, an inquiry we conduct de novo.” Id. (citations omitted). “If so, we then

determine whether the denial of the evidentiary hearing constituted an abuse of

discretion.” Id.

                                                  9
       “To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, a movant must show (1) that

counsel’s representation was deficient because it ‘fell below an objective standard of

reasonableness’ and (2) that counsel’s ‘deficient performance prejudiced the defense.’”

Id. (quoting Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687–88 (1984)). To show prejudice,

a movant must establish “a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, he would

not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted on going to trial.” Heard v. Addison, 728

F.3d 1170, 1183 (10th Cir. 2013) (quoting Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 59 (1985)). This

counterfactual inquiry turns on whether “a decision to reject the plea bargain would have

been rational under the circumstances.” Id. at 1184 (quoting Padilla v. Kentucky, 559

U.S. 356, 372 (2010)). We have described the rationality requirement as an “objective

floor” on the prejudice analysis that cannot be satisfied by “bald, post hoc and

unsupported statements that a defendant would have changed his plea absent counsel’s

errors.” Id. (emphasis omitted).

       We start our consideration of Mr. Headley’s COA application by evaluating

prejudice. Because no reasonable jurist could conclude it would have been rational for

Mr. Headley to go to trial, most of Mr. Headley’s arguments fail for lack of prejudice.

       Each count of aggravated sexual abuse charged in the indictment carried a thirty-

year mandatory minimum term of imprisonment. See 18 U.S.C. § 2241(c) (requiring

“imprison[ment] for not less than 30 years or for life”). Consequently, if Mr. Headley had

gone to trial, a conviction on any of the aggravated sexual abuse counts would have

exposed him to the possibility of a sentence substantially greater than the 180 months

dictated by the plea agreement.

                                                10
       A rational defendant would have assessed a high probability the United States

would have obtained a conviction on at least one count of aggravated sexual abuse. At

trial, the United States would have presented the results of Agent Kempf’s investigation,

which included interviews with the two victims and Mr. Headley’s taped confession. As

the district court remarked at the sentencing hearing, “[H]ad this man gone to trial and his

statement admission had [sic] been read, the jury would likely have convicted him, and

he would spend the rest of his life in prison.” ROA, Vol. III at 72.

       In his application for a COA, Mr. Headley repeatedly asserts that he is innocent,

and that he should have been given an opportunity to “rebut the allegations.” Headley Br.

at 2; id. at 8 (stating that Mr. Headley wanted to “build a defense”); id. at 9 (stating that

Mr. Headley’s confession to Agent Kempf was a “story” he was “making up”); id. at 10

(referring to unspecified “inconsistencies in the alleged victim(s) statements”). But he

offers no evidence that a rational defendant would have risked significant additional

prison time based on such vague and conclusory denials.

       Though our determination that reasonable jurists could not debate whether Mr.

Headley has shown prejudice disposes of most of his arguments, for the sake of

completeness we nevertheless proceed to analyze each of the seven issues raised in the

application for a COA.

1. Issue One: Failure to Consult

       Mr. Headley argues defense counsel was ineffective for failing to meet with him

prior to signing the plea agreement, “to disclose or review any evidence, or to question

Mr. Headley about his version of events, or to give Mr. Headley an opportunity to rebut

                                                  11
the allegations.” Headley Br. at 2. As we have stated and as the district court found, Mr.

Headley has not shown the alleged ineffective representation was prejudicial.

2. Issue Two: Problems with the Guilty Plea

       Mr. Headley argues the district court failed to inform him of the nature of the

charges, contrary to Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 11(b)(1)(G). But, as

Mr. Headley acknowledges, he did not raise this issue in his § 2255 motion, and “a party

waives an issue in the district court if he waits to raise the argument until his reply brief.”

United States v. Lee Vang Lor, 706 F.3d 1252, 1256 (10th Cir. 2013) (refusing to

consider an argument on appeal not raised in a § 2255 motion).

       Mr. Headley next argues that the district court, in summarizing Count I of the

indictment at the change of plea hearing, stated the relevant offense conduct occurred

between September 6, 2009, and September 9, 2015. Mr. Headley further contends that

some of the days included in that time period are after A.S.’s twelfth birthday. In

contrast, the indictment indicates the relevant offense conduct occurred between

September 6, 2009, and September 5, 2015. Mr. Headley does not explain, however, why

the discrepancy between the end date in the indictment and the date recited at the change

of plea hearing entitles him to relief. To the extent Mr. Headley was confused by the date

recited at the change of plea hearing, the district court resolved that confusion several

moments later when it stated that A.S. was less than twelve years old at the time of the

alleged sexual contact.

       Mr. Headley also argues that defense counsel pressured him to sign the plea

agreement and did not provide him with a copy of the prosecutor’s statement. But at the

                                                  12
change of plea hearing Mr. Headley repeatedly reassured the district court, under oath,

that he was entering into the plea agreement voluntarily, that he had an opportunity to

discuss the agreement with counsel, that he was satisfied with counsel, and that he was

entering into the plea agreement because he was guilty. Regardless, Mr. Headley has not

shown that any errors committed by defense counsel were prejudicial, for the reasons

already explained.

       Finally, Mr. Headley argues the district court coerced him to plead guilty when it

stated, “this is not a time for you to be second-guessing.” ROA, Vol. III at 28. Mr.

Headley did not raise this argument in his § 2255 motion so we do not consider it. Lee

Vang Lor, 706 F.3d at 1256.

3. Issue Three: Motion to Suppress

       Mr. Headley argues defense counsel was ineffective for failing to file a motion to

suppress his interview with Agent Kempf. Specifically, Mr. Headley asserts he was

abusing alcohol “over a two-week timespan” leading up to the interview. Headley Br. at

9. The district court rejected this argument because a motion to suppress would have been

meritless. We agree.

       “[I]ntoxication does not automatically render a statement involuntary.” United

States v. Smith, 606 F.3d 1270, 1276 (10th Cir. 2010) (quotation marks omitted). “Rather,

the test is ‘whether a [suspect’s] will was overborne by the circumstances surrounding the

giving of a confession.’” Id. at 1276–77 (alteration in original) (quoting Dickerson v.

United States, 530 U.S. 428, 434 (2000)).

                                                13
       Mr. Headley does not offer any evidence that he was “incapable of sufficient

comprehension” at the time of his interview with Agent Kempf. Id. at 1277. The district

court found, and Mr. Headley does not contest, that Agent Kempf told Mr. Headley he

“didn’t have to speak,” “was not under arrest,” and “could stop talking at any point.”

ROA, Vol. II at 69. In response, Mr. Headley “verbally responded that he understood.”

ROA, Vol. II at 69. Under these circumstances, Mr. Headley has not shown that defense

counsel overlooked a meritorious argument for suppressing the interview.

4. Issue Four: Problems with the Charges

       Mr. Headley points to a part of the prosecutor’s statement that refers to sexual

contact when A.S. “was 12 years old.” ROA, Vol. II at 34. This, he argues, shows the

United States did not have evidence of sexual contact with a child under the age of

twelve. But Mr. Headley ignores that the prosecutor’s statement described “multiple

incidents . . . when [A.S.] was between six and eight years old.” ROA, Vol. II at 33. The

fact that the last reported contact occurred when A.S. “was 12 years old” supports the

prosecution’s evidence that the prior sexual contacts took place before A.S.’s twelfth

birthday.

       Mr. Headley next argues defense counsel was ineffective for failing to argue the

indictment was defective because it did not allege a “sexual act.” Mr. Headley misreads

18 U.S.C. § 2244(a)(5). That statute makes it a crime to engage in “sexual contact” with

another person, “if so to do would violate . . . subsection (c) of section 2241 of this title

had the sexual contact been a sexual act.” 18 U.S.C. § 2244(a)(5). As the district court

explained, the United States did not need to allege a “sexual act” to properly charge Mr.

                                                  14
Headley with a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2244(a)(5). It merely needed to allege “sexual

contact,” together with the other elements set forth in § 2241(c).

       Mr. Headley also argues defense counsel should have realized the court failed to

provide Mr. Headley with a United States Sentencing Guidelines range for Count IV. But

the district court did calculate the applicable Guidelines range, as required, before it

accepted the sentence recommended by the parties’ plea agreement. See Hughes v. United

States, 138 S. Ct. 1765, 1776 (2018).5

5. Issue Five: Supervised Release

       Mr. Headley contends defense counsel was ineffective for failing to argue for a

shorter term of supervised release. The district court found that Mr. Headley had not

established prejudice, because he did not specify any argument for leniency defense

counsel should have made at the sentencing hearing. We agree. The district court’s

decision to impose a life term of supervised release on each count is authorized by

statute. See 18 U.S.C. § 3583(k). And the Guidelines recommend the statutory maximum

term of supervised release for sex offenses. U.S.S.G. § 5D1.2(b); see also United States

v. Young, 502 F. App’x 726, 727 (10th Cir. 2012) (unpublished) (“We therefore presume

the lifetime term of supervised release . . . is reasonable.”). Under these circumstances,

Mr. Headley has not shown that he was prejudiced by defense counsel’s failure to make

an unspecified argument for a shorter term of supervised release.

       5
           Defense counsel expressed agreement with the district court’s calculations.
                                                 15
6. Issue Six: The PSR

       Mr. Headley argues defense counsel was ineffective for failing to provide him

with a copy of the PSR thirty-five days before sentencing. He further argues that, had

defense counsel provided Mr. Headley with a copy of the PSR, Mr. Headley would have

had a chance to raise meritorious objections to the Guidelines range. The district court

found Mr. Headley had not shown prejudice because he received the “sentence he agreed

to—a significant downward variance from the calculated advisory” Guidelines range.

ROA, Vol. II at 62. We agree. Because the district court accepted the recommended

sentence in the plea agreement, the hypothetical objections Mr. Headley now asserts

would not have resulted in a different sentence.

7. Issue Seven: Jurisdiction

       Mr. Headley argues the United States “usurped” the sovereignty of the Northern

Arapaho Tribe by prosecuting him without first deferring to the Tribe’s “concurrent

jurisdiction.” Headley Br. at 20–25. The district court rejected this argument because the

United States’ prosecution of Mr. Headley was authorized by 18 U.S.C. § 1153.

Reasonable jurists could not disagree with the district court’s analysis. See United States

v. Antelope, 430 U.S. 641, 648 (1977) (“Congress has undoubted constitutional power to

prescribe a criminal code applicable in Indian country . . . .” (citing United States v.

Kagama, 118 U.S. 375 (1886))).

       Mr. Headley relatedly argues that the United States was required by the Treaty of

Laramie to give notice of his prosecution to the Northern Arapaho Tribe. But he admits

                                                 16
that he did not raise this argument in his § 2255 motion, so we do not consider it. Lee

Vang Lor, 706 F.3d at 1256.

                                        CONCLUSION

       Because Mr. Headley fails to establish that reasonable jurists could debate whether

he is entitled to relief, we DENY his request for a COA and DISMISS the matter.

                                             Entered for the Court

                                             Carolyn B. McHugh
                                             Circuit Judge

                                                17