Court Opinion

ID: 3924379
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-07-06 09:50:50.076248+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:52:26.600095
License: Public Domain

Entertaining, as I do, the profoundest respect for the views and opinions of my associates, it is with great reluctance that I dissent, in any *Page 369 
case; but the far-reaching importance of the foregoing decision and the profound conviction in my own mind that said decision is erroneous, together impel me to do so in this instance.
The facts of this case are set out in the certificate above.
Section 44 of article 3 of the Constitution of Texas is as follows:
"The Legislature shall provide by law for the compensation of all officers, servants, agents and public contractors, not provided for in this Constitution, but shall not grant extra compensation to any officer, agent, servant, or public contractors, after such public service shall have been performed or contract entered into, for the performance of the same; nor grant, by appropriation or otherwise, any amount of money out of the Treasury of the State, to any individual on a claim, real or pretended, when the same shall not have been provided for by pre-existing law; nor employ anyone in the name of the State, unless authorized by pre-existing law."
Section 53 of said article 3, which bears more directly upon the only point in the case at bar, is as follows:
"The Legislature shall have no power to grant, or to authorize any county or municipal authority to grant, any extra compensation, fee or allowance to a public officer, agent, servant or contractor, after service has been rendered, or a contract has been entered into, and performed in whole or in part; nor pay, nor authorize the payment of any claims created against any county or municipality of the State, under any agreement or contract, made without authority of law."
Stripped of such language as plainly has no direct application to the facts of this case, said constitutional provisions would stand thus:
"The Legislature shall provide by law for the compensation of all officers . . . not provided for in this Constitution. . . . The Legislature shall have no power to grant, or to authorize any county . . . authority to grant, any extra compensation, fee or allowance to a public officer . . . after service has been rendered."
That the ex-officio services of the county judge had been rendered by him prior to September 14, 1906, the date of the order of the Commissioners Court making the grant or allowance in his favor, is admitted; indeed, that fact is recited in said order. Said order evidently constituted a "grant" or "compensation," a "grant" of an "allowance" to the county judge, and that much is conceded; but was such compensation or allowance "extra," within the scope and purpose of said section 53? "Aye, there's the rub."
If "extra," in that sense, said grant as to antecedent services was repugnant to said constitutional provisions, and, therefore, void, and said certified question should be answered affirmatively; if not "extra," in that sense, said grant was valid, and said certified question should be answered negatively.
The true meaning of "extra," in its proper setting in the context, may best be ascertained by a study of (a) our Constitution itself, (b) *Page 370 
the general definition and use of the word, and (c) the decisions of the courts upon the point.
Pursuant to the aforesaid constitutional requirement that "The Legislature shall provide by law for the compensation of all officers," our Legislature provided certain compensation for county judges in the form of specific fees for the performance of particular duties, which it imposed upon them. It also imposed upon them certain additional duties for performance of which it did not directly provide additional compensation. However, in further pursuance of said constitutional mandate, it delegated to the Commissioners Court, in Revised Statutes, article 3852, herein below quoted, authority to allow to the county judge additional, or extra, compensation, in the form of salary, covering those ex-officio duties for the performance of which the Legislature itself, by general law had not specifically provided compensation.
True, such additional, or extra, compensation, when it reaches the county judge, has not been made by the Legislature, directly, as suggested by said section 44; but those two sections of said article 3 should be construed together; and, inasmuch as the mandate in said section 44 to provide by law for compensation of such officers is couched in general terms, and said section 53, by necessary implication, authorizes the Legislature to delegate that power to proper county authority (which includes the Commissioners Court), the constitutionality of said Revised Statutes, article 3852, under which the Commissioners Court acted in making the allowance or grant of additional, or extra, compensation in this instance is not questioned.
The purpose of this inquiry, in that regard, is merely to ascertain and point out the import, meaning and intent of said constitutional provisions, and to develop and emphasize the fact that whatever power or authority there is in the Commissioners Court to make, to the county judge, any grant of additional, or extra, compensation, or any allowance whatever of pay, for official services which have been theretofore imposed upon him by general law, exists, and must be exercised, only by virtue of, and in harmony with the spirit, and not in defiance of the plain letter of said section 53.
Consequently, if the language employed therein will reasonably permit, any statute which attempts to confer upon the Commissioners Court power to grant extra compensation, or an extra allowance, or extra remuneration of any kind, to a county judge should be construed by the courts as embodying said constitutional limitation as to the time of the making of such grant in relation to the time of the rendition by him of services theretofore imposed upon him by general law as part of the burdens of his office; and that rule of construction should prevail whether any such limitation be expressed in such statute or not; for, without such limitation, either express or implied, such statute would be, manifestly, unconstitutional. There is no difficulty whatever about so construing said article 3852.
Said section 44 deals with the subject of "compensation," and each of said sections 44 and 53 deals with the subject of "extra *Page 371 
compensation," of four classes of persons in their respective relations to public business: public officers, public agents, public servants, and public contractors, whose compensation is not elsewhere provided for in said Constitution.
Said section 44 makes it the duty of the Legislature to provide by law for compensation of each member of each of said classes.
Each of said sections, independently of the other, peremptorily deprives the Legislature of all power whatever to itself grant to any one belonging to any of those four classes such "extra compensation" after the performance of public service, or after the happening of a designated event in connection with a contract for public work.
Said section 53, as if to emphasize that fundamental purpose, repeats the general limitation upon legislative power which is set out in said section 44, and, as if to more certainly make that limitation or inhibition pervade the whole field of extra compensation or additional remuneration for public service and public contract work within this State, adds to "extra compensation" the words "fee or allowance"; although said section 53 apparently seeks to relax, somewhat, the rule as to contractors by adding to the words "contract entered into," the words "and performed in whole or in part." The effect to be given to said addition concerning contractors is a matter which is foreign to the present inquiry, and upon that point no question is raised and no opinion is expressed.
In addition to dealing, as does said section 44, with the direct and original exercise by the Legislature of power to grant "extra compensation, fee or allowance" to persons within any of said four classes, said section 53 introduces a subject which is not embraced by said section 44, and declares a certain sharply defined and clearly stated limitation upon the power of the Legislature to delegate to county and municipal governments power to make such grants. That limitation is set out above, in said section 53; it speaks for itself.
"Compensation" and "extra compensation" of all such persons are treated, throughout both of said sections, as correlative and complementary subjects and terms. The one and only thing which is thus so sweepingly and so strenuously inhibited to the Legislature, and through it, to county and municipal governments, is, in general terms, the grant of extra compensation under certain specified conditions involving a time element, said conditions being defined, with slight variation as to "contracts," in both of said sections 44 and 53.
For illustration: Once let such contractor complete, and, if section 53, alone, is to control on that point, let him but begin work under his contract, or, indeed, if section 44, alone, is to control on that point, let him but enter into such contract, it thereupon becomes too late for the Legislature or the county or municipal government, as the case may be, to grant or allow him extra compensation of any character, or in any amount, for work embraced by such contract. What sort of compensation to the contractor is thus inhibited? The answer is obvious: Compensation in addition to, or extra of, that which the contract provided for work which it required of him. The reasons for such inhibition are *Page 372 
patent. So it is with regard to every such officer, agent or servant; the inhibition there being against the grant to him of "extra compensation, fee or allowance" after the rendition by him of public service. What sort of compensation to such officer, agent or servant is thus inhibited? Here, also, the answer is obvious: Compensation in addition to or extra of, that which the law, as it existed when the service was rendered, provided for service which it required of him — compensation in addition to, or extra of, that to which he became entitled upon performance of such service, by virtue of an existing statute constituting a direct grant by the Legislature, or by virtue of a previous order of the county or municipal authority, constituting a grant or allowance under said delegated authority of the Legislature to provide for the compensation of all members of any of said four classes. Here, again, the reasons for such inhibition are apparent.
In each of these instances, indeed in every instance which can possibly arise under said constitutional provisions concerning extra compensation, whether relating to a member of one or another of said four classes, the inhibition is against the grant of such extra compensation, fee or allowance after the happening of such designated event, and against that only.
But, prior to the happening of such event, the compensation or allowance of such contractor for such work, or the compensation, fee or allowance of such officer, servant or agent for such service, may be increased in either of the two ways which are indicated by said constitutional provisions, first, by direct action of the Legislature (sec. 44) or, in local matters; secondly, by action of the county or municipal authority, in the exercise of such delegated power (sec. 53).
Alike, under said section 44 and under said section 53, said inhibition is leveled, not at the grant of compensation, which is permissible, nor yet at the grant of "extra compensation, fee or allowance," which is likewise permissible, but solely and alone at the grant of "extra compensation, fee or allowance," if, and when, made after rendition of such public service, or after the entire or partial performance, or, possibly, after the making, of the contract for such work.
In each of said sections 44 and 53, so far as this case goes, said time element, as to the grant of compensation, fee or allowance, is the subject, and the only subject, of our Constitution's zealous solicitude. Consequently, if such time element be treated as immaterial, the only purpose of said constitutional limitations is thereby absolutely nullified.
Considered separately or together, the cardinal purpose of said sections 44 and 53, in so far as this inquiry is concerned, was dual in its nature; first to stamp the emphatic disapproval of the people of this State upon the whole idea of granting, or creating or conferring, originally, any right to any compensation or pay, or remuneration of any kind, class or character whatsoever, after the rendition of such public service in the case of such officer, agent or servant, or after the performance, in whole or in part, or, possibly, even after the making of such contract, in the case of such contractor, and, secondly, to firmly *Page 373 
embody, in the organic law of the land, such clear and unambiguous language as would inevitably and permanently prevent the Legislature from doing that thing, and from authorizing any county or municipal government to do it. The evident object and purpose was to absolutely extirpate that whole evil in Texas.
All the provisions of said sections 44 and 53 and of other portions of our State Constitution fixing, in advance, the salaries of certain officers, and the general policy indicated in that document as a whole, harmonize with and support the views which are herein expressed as to the meaning of "extra compensation, fee or allowance."
An important feature of this case is the fact that all ex-officio duties of county officers must be performed by them, whether specific compensation be provided therefor or not. Hallman v. Campbell, 57 Tex. 54; Edwards v. McLean, 23 Pa. Sup. Ct. Rep., 43; State of Ohio v. Williams, Auditor of State,34 Ohio St. 218; State of Washington v. Cheetham, State Auditor,21 Wn. 437, 58 P. 771; 29 Cyc., p. 1423, note 31. The effect of those cases is hereinafter more fully shown.
Consequently, the ex-officio services of the county judge covered by said order of September 14, 1906, making said grant or allowance of salary of $75 per month for one year beginning December 1, 1905, were only such as he was required by pre-existing law and decision, and his oath of office, to perform, as part of the burdens of his office — services, which (excepting those involving exercise of discretion) he could have been compelled by mandamus to perform, regardless of the fact that no compensation specifically therefor had then been provided by the Legislature or under its delegated authority. And that would have been true even had the Commissioners Court passed, prior to the rendition by the county judge of said services, an order expressly refusing to grant or pay or allow him any salary therefor.
In the Hallman case, supra, in holding that it was the duty of the district clerk to issue copies of the citation, although there was then no provision of law under which he could get compensation for that service, this court said: "Under the statute, the issuance without fee of copies of the original citation is one of the burdens devolving upon district clerks as an incident to their office, the relief for which, if any, must be had through the legislative and not the judicial department." That decision evidently proceeded upon the theory that the compensation provided by law for the district clerk, in the form of fees, extended to and paid for the performance by him of ex-officio services, and that, inasmuch as the Legislature had made no direct grant of other, or additional, or extra compensation for the performance of the duties of that office, and had not delegated its power to do so, district clerks could look to the Legislature alone for relief — and to it they went, and not in vain.
True, just there, analogy between that case and this breaks down, in that, in this case, the Legislature has delegated to the Commissioners Court power to grant extra compensation, in the form of salary, to the county judge for ex-officio services. *Page 374 
Revised Statutes, 1911, article 3852, is as follows: "For presiding over the Commissioners Court, ordering elections and making returns thereof, hearing and determining civil causes, and transacting all other official business not otherwise provided for, the county judge shall receive such salary from the county treasury as may be allowed him by order of the Commissioners Court." However, that grant of power to the Commissioners Court, without which it was powerless to act in the premises (Const. of Texas, art. 5, sec. 18), is, perforce of said constitutional provisions, with the proviso and upon the condition, that such power be exercised, if at all, before, and not after, rendition by the county judge of the ex-officio services to be covered by such other, or additional, or "extra" salary or "compensation."
Correlatively, that right of the Commissioners Court to grant extra compensation in the form of salary to the county judge for ex-officio services is a permissive right only; it creates no legal obligation upon which the county judge could, by mandamus, compel the Commissioners Court or its members to make an allowance in any particular amount, or in any amount, or upon which he could maintain a suit against the county; the whole matter is left to the discretion of that court. Orr v. Davis, 9 Texas Civ. App. 628[9 Tex. Civ. App. 628], 30 S.W. 249; Collingsworth County v. Myers, 35 S.W. 414; State v. McKee (Tenn.), 8 Lea, 24.
"Extra" is defined thus: "Beyond, or greater than, what is due, usual, expected, or necessary; additional; supernumerary; as extra pay or work. Something in addition to what is due, expected or customary, . . . an added charge or fee." Webster's New International Dictionary. "More than what is usual, or than what is due, appointed or expected; supplementary; additional." Century Dictionary. "Being over and above what is required, due, expected or usual; extraordinary; additional; supplementary." New Standard Dictionary.
In common parlance, we say of a laborer, employed by a city, he gets a certain amount, say, $1.75 per day of eight hours, and "extra compensation" of a certain amount, say twenty-five cents per hour, for overtime. Of a teacher in a public school in a district, which levies a local tax for school purposes, we say, or used to say, that for his services in teaching the entire school, including pupils within and pupils without the scholastic age, he receives a regular salary of $75 per month, and, as "extra compensation," he receives all the tuition from the "overs and unders," pupils not within "scholastic age." Suppose the statute were to provide that instead of being paid as theretofore he should thereafter receive a salary of $75 per month but "no extra compensation or allowance"; would anyone contend that it was still lawful to allow and pay him the tuition from the "overs and unders" in addition to the $75 salary? But, if the law, as amended, should go further and authorize the board of trustees to allow such teacher in addition to said salary of $75 extra compensation not exceeding the amount of tuition to be derived from the "overs and unders," provided same be allowed by said board before the beginning of the scholastic term, but not afterward, could it be reasonably denied that the purpose and effect of the amended *Page 375 
statute was to permit the board to grant or allow to such teacher such extra compensation if it be done seasonably, but, otherwise, to forbid it?
In my opinion "extra compensation, fee or allowance," as used in said section 53 of article 3 of the Constitution of Texas, clearly means "compensation, fee or allowance" extra of, or in excess of, or in addition to, the particular amount of compensation, fee or allowance which such public officer, agent, servant or contractor had a legal right to demand under the status which existed prior to the grant in question. In a sense it includes any change in compensation. Carpenter v. State,39 Wis. 271. As applied to the facts of the case at bar "extra compensation, fee or allowance" means, simply, compensation, fee or allowance extra of, in excess of, or in addition to, such compensation, in fees or otherwise, as the county judge had a legal right to demand prior to the adoption by the Commissioners Court of the above mentioned order of date September 14, 1906.
Now, to what compensation or fees was the county judge, at that time, entitled for performance of all of the duties of his office, including ex-officio services? What did he then have a legal right to demand? Only, as we have seen, the fees fixed directly, by the Legislature, by general statute, and aggregating, let us assume for purposes of illustration, $4000. That certainly constituted what said section 44 calls "compensation," which the Legislature was therein directed to provide. Said salary of $75 per month, mentioned in said order of September 14, 1906, was, also, certainly "compensation . . . allowance" to him for "public service"; and, as related to said aggregate amount which had been so directly granted to him by the Legislature for "public service," which aggregate our Constitution evidently makes the base of calculation or estimate in such matters, was, beyond room for doubt, "extra," and, therefore, such as said Constitution so sternly declares shall not be granted after service rendered.
The meaning of "extra compensation" in such constitutional provisions is well developed in harmony with the views herein expressed, in decisions of various courts. The point here involved is a simple one, as applied to contractors, but is sometimes more difficult as applied to officers, agents and servants.
Shelby County v. Gibson, 18 Texas Civ. App. 121[18 Tex. Civ. App. 121], 44 S.W. 302, decided by the San Antonio Court of Civil Appeals, in which this court denied a writ of error, involved circumstances which were held to establish the fact that the contractor, and not the county, was responsible for his having to tear down certain defective brick work in the construction of the courthouse, under contract. The allowance which the Commissioners Court made him therefor, in excess of the contract price, was "extra compensation" within the meaning of, and was prohibited by said section 53 of article 3 of our State Constitution. That was held void because it was "extra" of the amount which the contractor might legally demand under the previous status. See, also, Nichols v. State, 11 Texas Civ. App. 327[11 Tex. Civ. App. 327], 32 S.W. 452; and State of Texas v. Haldeman, 163 S.W. 1020, recently decided, both by the Austin Court of *Page 376 
Civil Appeals, in which this court denied a writ of error, and Swift v. State of New York, 26 Hun., 510.
Farmer v. Shaw, 93 Tex. 445, 55 S.W. 1117, and the case at bar both arose under the very same statute, Revised Statutes, art. 3852 (2450), (2386), supra. That case, as does this, involved a grant, by a Commissioners Court, of extra compensation to a county judge for ex-officio services. In construing said statute in connection with another which allowed certain fees to the county judge, for the purpose of determining, not when, buthow much "extra compensation" that court might legally allow the county judge for ex-officio services, this court, through then Chief Justice Gaines, said: "It was to be presumed that in making that allowance, under the new law, the Commissioners Court would take into consideration the amount allowed by statute and would scale his salary accordingly." A similar rule should be applied in determining, in this case, what is "compensation," as a preliminary step in ascertaining not how much, but when, such "extra compensation" may legally be allowed; which is to say that, in answering said certified question, "extra compensation" should be construed and held to relate and refer back, as to and for an antecedent, to the aggregate of "compensation" to which this county judge was entitled, for official services, under the status which existed down to the adoption of said order of September 14, 1906.
Edwards v. McLean, supra, arose under section 11 of article 3 of the Constitution of Pennsylvania, which provided: "No bill shall be passed giving any extra compensation to any public officer, servant, employee, agent or contractor, after services shall have been rendered or contract made, nor providing for the payment of any claim against the commonwealth without previous authority of law."
The services of the constable, for which he claimed extra compensation, were rendered before the passage of two statutes which, upon their faces, provided for payment of such services. The syllabus of the case states that the court held that said statutes "are unconstitutional as violative of article 3, section 11 of the Constitution, which forbids legislation giving any extra compensation to public officers after services have been rendered."
The following is from the opinion in that case:
"The appellant had, as appears from the averments of his petition, already served a term as constable of the Ninth Ward of the City of Wilkes-Barre when he accepted the office for the term during which he rendered the services for which he in this proceeding seeks to obtain compensation; he was therefore by the provisions of section 111 of the Act of April 15, 1834, P.L., 537, left perfectly free to accept or decline the office. When he accepted he is presumed to have known the nature and duties of the office and the compensation which thereto appertained. Among the duties which he was required by law to perform was that of attending at all elections held in his ward, and making certain returns to the court of quarter sessions. Act of July 2, 1839, P.L., 519, and Act of May 13, 1887, P.L., 108. He took the office subject to *Page 377 
these burdens. The compensation which the officer was entitled to receive for the discharge of his official duties was regulated by the Act of May 23, 1893, P.L., 117. Fenner v. Luzerne County,167 Pa. 632, 31 A. 862. That statute provided compensation for the discharge of his official duties by the allowance of fees for many of such services, but no special compensation was allowed for making returns to the court of quarter sessions or being present at elections. This was the state of the law when the services for which the appellant now seeks to recover were performed. The appellant performed all the duties of his office, receiving such compensation as was at that time authorized by law, and now bases his assertion of a right to recover additional compensation, in the nature of special fees not allowable at the time the services were rendered, under the provisions of the Acts of June 15, 1897, P.L., 165, and July 2, 1901, P.L., 609. Those statutes are exclusively retrospective in their provisions, each of them provides for the payment of constables for services rendered prior to their enactment, and neither of them makes any attempt to regulate the fees to be paid in the future. Legislation of this character is in violation of article 3, section 11, of the Constitution," quoting it, as above. "The provisions of this section are broad enough to cover all public services rendered by any public officer which, under the law at the time he accepts office, it becomes his duty to perform. This section relates only to an increase of compensation after the services required by law have been rendered, and is not to be confused with section 13 of the same article, which relates to an increase of compensation for services to be rendered in the future."
It will be observed that the services of the constable in the Pennsylvania case were of similar character to those of the county judge in this case, and that the legal status under which the services in that case and this arose were exactly similar to the extent that, in both instances they were required by law, when rendered, although the compensation of the officer, in the form of specific fees, fixed by statute, included none for those particular services.
It is also true that in the Pennsylvania case the grant or allowance was made directly by the Legislature, while in this case it was made by the Commissioners Court under authority conferred by the Legislature, but that difference is immaterial here, because our Constitution includes both of those bodies in the inhibition against the granting of "extra compensation, fees or allowance" after the rendition of services.
It is also true that under the Constitution and laws of Texas the authority of the Commissioners Court to make such allowance to the county judge in advance of the rendition of the services in question, was undeniable; but it is likewise undeniable that the Pennsylvania Legislature also had unquestionable authority to provide such additional compensation to the constable, only, however, in advance of the rendition by him of such services. The cases are alike upon the essential point in each case, which is that the clear authority to grant the extra compensation in question was not exercised before the service was rendered, a *Page 378 
failure which was fatal in the cited case, and which, for the same reason, is fatal here.
The Pennsylvania decision could not have been based upon the theory that the services of the constable which formed the basis of his claim were "without previous authority of law," for, as we have seen, the court, in rendering that decision, expressly declared that said services were rendered in performance of "duties which he was required by law to perform," and that he knew that fact when he accepted his office, and that he took it "subject to these burdens."
United States v. North, 112 U.S. 510, arose under an Act of Congress of July 19, 1848, chapter 104, section 5, Stat., 248, which, in general terms, provided, "That the officers, non-commissioned officers, musicians, and privates engaged in the military service of the United States in the war with Mexico, and who had served out the time of their engagement, or may have been honorably discharged, . . . shall be entitled to receive three months' extra pay," etc. Mr. Chief Justice Waite, speaking for that court, said: "The pay they were to receive was evidently that which they were receiving at the end of their engagement, or when they were honorably discharged. The language is, `shall be entitled to receive three months' extra pay,' evidently meaning the same pay they would have received if they had remained in the same service three months longer. It follows that, as North was serving at sea when he was ordered away, he was entitled to three months' sea pay, and as Emory was mustered out of his service in the war as lieutenant colonel of volunteers, his pay must be in accordance with that rank."
In Ohio v. Williams, supra, two subordinate officers of the Senate sought, by mandamus, to compel the auditor to issue warrants for additional compensation which had been granted them for, and after rendition by them of, public services, for which services the general and pre-existing statutes of Ohio provided a fixed per diem.
One of the contentions of the auditor, in support of his refusal to issue such warrants, was that because the grant of such additional compensation was made after service rendered it was violative of the following provision of section 29 of article 2 of the Constitution of that State: "No extra compensation shall be made to any officer, public agent, or contractor, after the service shall have been rendered or the contract entered into," etc.
That contention of the auditor was upheld by the Supreme Court of Ohio in an opinion in which, after quoting said section 29 in full, and after specifically referring to that portion thereof which is set out above, that court said: "This language is very broad, and was intended to embrace all persons who may have rendered services for the public in any capacity whatever, in pursuance of law, and in which the compensation for the services rendered is fixed by law, as well as persons who have performed or agreed to perform services in which the public is interested, in pursuance of contracts that may have been entered into in pursuance of law, and in which the price or consideration to be *Page 379 
received by the contractor for the thing done, or to be done, is fixed by the terms of the contract.
"In the first, compensation, in addition to that fixed by law at the time the services were rendered, and, in the second, the allowance of compensation in addition to that stipulated in the contract, is inhibited by the first clause of the section."
Upon the point involved, the language of the Ohio Constitution and of the Texas Constitution is practically identical. Yet that court directly, clearly, emphatically and unanimously held that such additional allowance to the relators was "extra compensation" and, that as a corollary, it was within the constitutional inhibition, because it was in addition to that fixed by law at the time the services were rendered.
Said Ohio decision is diametrically opposed to the decision of the majority in this case, but in absolute harmony with the views expressed herein.
Effort may be made to distinguish the two cases in principle, under the facts, in that, in our case, under said Revised Statutes, article 3852, the Commissioners Court had power to allow to the county judge additional compensation; but such effort must fail, because that power was not exercised untilafter the services had been rendered. It was then too late to exercise it, because the Constitution forbade it, then. So it was in said Ohio case; the authority of the Legislature to increase the compensation of said officers prior to rendition of the services in question, was unquestionable, as was the authority of the Commissioners Court, in this Texas case. After service rendered, neither longer had authority to make such grant or allowance because it was "extra compensation," the granting of which, at that juncture, was expressly forbidden by each Constitution. The analogy between the two cases, upon the issue, is complete.
Another case of like nature and like result, in part, is, State of Washington v. Cheetham, supra, in which employees of the Senate demanded warrants for compensation which the Senate, by resolutions, had allowed them for and subsequent to the rendition of the services, extra of the per diem which had been previously allowed for their compensation as such employees. The resolution as to Delbridge and Miller recited performance by them of services in addition to those covered by the terms of their original employment, and as to them, a writ of mandamus was properly allowed. But the resolution as to the others recited that they had been compelled to work on an average of fourteen hours per day, and directed "that said clerks be allowed compensation for one-fourth time extra in consideration of said extra work." In their cases refusal of the auditor to issue warrants was based on section 25, article 2, of the State of Washington, as follows: "The Legislature shall never grant any extra compensation to any public officer, agent, servant or contractor after the services shall have been rendered or the contract entered into, nor shall the compensation of any public officer be increased or diminished during his term of office."
Said relators contended that ten hours was a reasonable and customary *Page 380 
day for such work, wherefore additional pay for the other four hours was not inhibited. But the court declared: "The history of legislative bodies is to the effect that no regular hours of service are rendered either by members of the Legislature themselves or by their servants. They may sit, two, four, six, or twelve hours a day, or all night, if they see fit; and it frequently occurs that, during a great many days of the session no service is rendered, either by the members or by the employees," and that the duty of said relators was to perform the services whenever they were required. The court further said: "He entered into a contract with the State, and extra compensation has now been voted him for services which had already been rendered. There is no doubt of the power of the Legislature to have, at any time they determined that the officer was not sufficiently paid, increased his per diem; but that is a different proposition from the one involved here, where the compensation was added after the services had been performed." So, as to those relators, the writ was denied.
Porter v. Fletcher (N.Y.), 153 App. Div. 472, 138 N.Y. Supp., 559, a late case, arose under section 28 of article 3 of the Constitution of New York, which reads thus: "The Legislature shall not, nor shall the common council of any city, nor any board of supervisors, grant any extra compensation to any public officer, servant, agent or contractor." In construing that section the Supreme Court of that State said: "The evil sought to be remedied by this constitutional provision seems to be an increase of compensation for services theretofore rendered." It will be observed that the quoted language, upon which that opinion rests, does not expressly designate a time after which such extra grant shall not be made, yet it was there construed to mean, as to public officer, just what our Constitution expressly declares, viz., that grant of extra compensation can not be made after service rendered. Under both Constitutions the time element is the important feature of the inhibition. Matter of Mahon v. Board of Education, 171 N.Y. 263, 63 N.E. 1107, 89 Am. St., 810, is cited by the Supreme Court of New York in support of its decision in Porter v. Fletcher, and from it the following excerpt is taken: "The claim of the relator falls in direct terms within the restrictions of section 28 of article 3. The relator was a public servant or employee of the city, and the Legislature has sought to grant her extra compensation. The argument of her counsel only emphasizes the conflict between the statute and the Constitution. He contends: `The Act of 1900 is as though the State said to the wornout and decrepit teachers, "You have not been paid enough for your services, and we will now pay you what you deserve."' It is exactly such action on the part of the Legislature that the constitutional amendment was intended to prevent. Extra compensation is compensation over and above that fixed by contract or by law when the services were rendered." In view of the fact that in the case at bar the salary of the county judge for ex-officio services had not been "fixed by law" — by either the Legislature or the Commissioners Court — when the services in question were rendered, can it be doubted that our case comes within the rule of construction *Page 381 
thus announced by the present Chief Justice of the court of last resort in New York?
None of the authorities cited in the brief of appellees contravenes or questions the views and conclusions herein expressed; probably none which does so can be found. In so far as they are applicable, nearly all of those authorities support those views and conclusions and some of them are cited herein.
Concerning certain features of the foregoing majority opinion the following is respectfully submitted:
(a) It holds that "extra compensation," as used in said section 53, means "any sum in addition to the contract price or salary," and exists "because it is outside the contract." That is all sound and true, in cases of contract; but what if, as in the case at bar, there is no contract price or salary to form such base of calculation? As applied to the county judge, compensation of any kind is "extra" if "outside of" and in addition to his statutory compensation.
(b) It says, "it is manifest that the allowance in this instance was not in addition to a previous allowance." True; but it was in addition to his statutory fees.
(c) It says, "nothing having been paid or sum fixed, it could not be `extra allowance or compensation.'" The answer is: Something had been paid — or was owing — a sum had been fixed by the Legislature, to-wit, his statutory fees of office, as to which the salary subsequently allowed him was "extra compensation." The very mental conception of "extra compensation" presumes antecedent "compensation," which, in this instance, was fixed by statute, and not by contract.
(d) Referring to the grant in question it asks: "No time being specified for making it, why should it be held invalid because made after service rendered?" The sufficient answer is, a time is specified; our Constitution plainly declares such grant shall not be made "after service rendered."
(e) It declares, "the county judge was not upon salary and no allowance made for other services included this, therefore the sum fixed by the Commissioners Court could not be extra."
The first suggestion therein appears to be that a "salary" may constitute "compensation" for official services, but that statutory fees for the same services although aggregating, possibly, as much as a liberal salary, may not. That suggestion seems to lack merit, because, although the county judge's statutory compensation reaches him as "fees" and not as "salary," it is all "compensation," and his obligation to perform all duties imposed upon him by law, including ex-officio duties, exists just the same. A change in the policy and laws of the State, from the fee system to a salary basis, could not affect the question. Our Constitution employs the general term "compensation" — not "salary," — in fixing the base, or antecedent, to which "extra compensation" necessarily relates or refers.
The second suggestion in this quoted language seems to be that, inasmuch as the regular fees which are allowed the county judge by *Page 382 
statute are, specifically, for services other than ex-officio,
such fees do not constitute "compensation" for ex-officio services; and, therefore, such compensation as may be granted forex-officio services is merely "compensation," and not "extra compensation," in relation to that particular service and, as a final consequence, the grant, or allowance of salary specifically for ex-officio services is not a grant of "extra compensation" within the meaning of said constitutional provisions.
The major premise in the logic of the majority opinion seems to be that "extra compensation" necessarily means compensation in addition to that formerly provided, specifically, for the particular service, or work — even ex-officio services — and that idea apparently forms the backbone of said majority opinion.
The foregoing analysis and study of said constitutional provisions was undertaken and is here respectfully presented for the primary purpose of reaching the very right of the matter involved, but with the purpose and hope of locating and pointing out the error which lurks and lingers in that major premise. The idea which vitalizes it appears to have resulted from drawing a very fine bead on said constitutional provisions — entirely too fine, it seems to me, to form a proper rule for construing an instrument of that fundamental character which was written in the ordinary language of the plain people with the expectation that it would be construed accordingly, and with a view to the effective accomplishment of practical results.
It was at back allowances, rather than double or increased
allowances, that the framers of our Constitution and the people struck; and in the case at bar the grant of salary for antecedent services, while made, doubtless, in the utmost good faith, was, nevertheless, in the very teeth of said constitutional inhibition.
To summarize:
It seems clear that the natural and obvious purpose and necessary effect of the above quoted provisions of the Constitution of Texas was to require that the amount of all extra compensation, fees and allowances moving to any member of any of said four classes, shall be determined, and the grant thereof made, in advance of the rendition of public service or in advance of the performance of contract work and, as a corollary, to inhibit the Commissioners Court from making to the county judge any allowance for services previously rendered.
All authority of the Commissioners Court for making any grant of compensation, or salary, to a county judge rests upon some delegation, by the Legislature, of power to do so.
No statute, other than said article 3852, attempts to authorize that court to grant compensation, fee or allowance, to a county judge for ex-officio services.
Consequently, the rights of the county judge, in this case, are measured by that statute.
If said article 3852 be construed as not authorizing said grant, or allowance, of salary to said county judge for antecedent ex-officio services, said grant, upon which, alone, he relies in this case, was void and *Page 383 
inoperative as to such antecedent services, although valid as to subsequent services.
On the other hand if said article 3852 be construed as authorizing the Commissioners Court to make, after rendition ofex-officio services, a grant of compensation, or salary, to said county judge therefor, said statute is, itself, thereby rendered unconstitutional and void, and, as a corollary, said grant thereunder was wholly void. So in no event should said grant or allowance of salary, of date September 14, 1906, be upheld, as to such antecedent services; although, as to such future services, it was valid
The subsequent order of ratification could not impart validity to an unconstitutional and void act.
I think that Dallas County is entitled to recover, in this action, and that an affirmative reply should be made to the certified question.