Court Opinion

ID: 9723019
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-26 10:00:16.724358+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:24:43.898204
License: Public Domain

Cavanagh, J.
Louis Allen, Jr., drowned in or near the public swimming area at Vandercook County Park on Vandercook Lake. Near two buoys marking the swimming area there was a drop-off in the lake bottom. Divers retrieved the decedent’s body in about fifteen feet of water several yards past the buoys.
Plaintiff, the personal representative of decedent’s estate, alleges that defendant Jackson County, the owner of the park, and defendant Summit Township, the park’s operator, acted wilfully and wantonly by creating and setting aside a swimming area containing a dangerous drop-off without proper warnings. Defendants sought summary judgment on the basis of governmental immunity.1
The Court of Appeals ruled that because defendants had not complied with the buoy application, inspection, permit, and placement requirements of § 141 of the Marine Safety Act, defendants’ operation of the swimming beach was prohibited by § 192 of the Marine Safety Act and was therefore an ultra vires act outside the protection of the *381governmental immunity act. Richardson v Jackson Co, 159 Mich App 766, 772-773; 407 NW2d 74 (1987). We reverse.
i
Governmental agencies are immune from tort liability for injuries arising out of the agency’s "exercise or discharge of a governmental function.” MCL 691.1407; MSA 3.996(107). In Ross v Consumers Power Co (On Rehearing), 420 Mich 567, 591; 363 NW2d 641 (1984), we held that a "[gjovernmental function” is "any activity which is expressly or impliedly mandated or authorized by constitution, statute, or other law.” Conversely, governmental agencies are not entitled to immunity under the act for injuries arising out of ultra vires activity, defined as, activity not expressly or impliedly mandated or authorized by law. Id. at 620. In this case, we are asked to clarify how the Ross governmental function test2 applies to an activity authorized generally by one statute, yet regulated by another.
Defendants are authorized to operate recreational facilities such as this public beach by § 1 of 1917 PA 156, which provides:
Any city, village, county or township may operate a system of public recreation and playgrounds; acquire, equip and maintain land, buildings or other recreational facilities; employ a superintendent of recreation and assistants; vote and expend funds for the operation of such system.[3]
*382The Marine Safety Act4 later regulated this authorized activity. Section 192 of that act provides:
The owner or person[5] in charge of a bathing beach maintained primarily for public usage shall not knowingly permit a person to bathe or swim from the bathing beach unless buoys are established in accordance with § 141, outlining a safe bathing or swimming area. [MCL 281.1192(1); MSA 18.1287(192)(1).]
Section 141 provides in part:
The department may authorize, through the issuance of revocable permits, the placing of buoys or beacons in the waters of this state to mark obstruction to navigation, to designate bathing areas, to designate vessel anchorages, or for any other purpose if it will promote safety or navigation. Any person who desires to place buoys or beacons in the waters of this state, without ex*383pense to the state, shall make application to the department in such form and containing such information as the department may require. Buoys or beacons, except for mooring buoys, shall not be placed in the waters of this state unless authorized by the department in writing. When authorization has been granted, the buoys or beacons shall be placed only in accordance with the terms of the permit and shall be deemed lawfully placed. If buoys or beacons are placed in the waters of this state without a permit having been issued, the department may order their removal. If, in the judgment of the department, buoys or beacons authorized by it are found to be improperly placed or that the reason for their placement no longer exists or that the buoys or beacons do not conform to the uniform system of marking established by state regulation, the department may revoke the permit authorizing their placement and may order their removal. ... If the person fails to remove the buoys or beacons within the specified time, the department may cause their removal, and the cost and expense of the removal shall be charged against the person authorized to place the buoys or beacons or, where authorization has not been granted, the person placing such buoys or beacons and shall be recoverable through any court of competent jurisdiction. [MCL 281.1141; MSA 18.1287(141).]
The Courts below erroneously assumed that by enacting § 192 of the Marine Safety Act, the Legislature not only intended to impose a regulatory duty on the operation of public beaches, but also intended to condition all authority to engage in that activity upon compliance with that duty. Nothing in § 192 or § 141 suggests that the Marine Safety Act’s requirements modify the grant of authority found in 1917 PA 156. There is no evidence that the Legislature considered 1917 PA 156 or the other enabling statutes in the drafting or enactment of the Marine Safety Act. Indeed, in *3841972 when the Legislature adopted § 192, the Marine Safety Act did not clearly apply to governmental agencies. "Person” was then defined as an "individual, partnership, firm, corporation, association or other entity.” 1972 PA 331; 1967 PA 303. It was not until 1974 that the Legislature amended the definition of "person” to include governmental entities. 1974 PA 153.
We might nevertheless presume that after its 1974 amendment, the Legislature intended § 192 to modify the grant of authority provided in 1917 PA 156 if the two statutes are in pari materia. See 2A Sands, Sutherland Statutory Construction (4th ed), § 51.05, pp 499-500. Statutes are in pari materia when they relate to the same person or thing, to the same class of persons or things, or have the same purpose or object. Id., § 51.03. The subject of both statutes is the operation of recreation facilities. However, the more important purposes or objectives of the two statutes are quite different.6 1917 PA 156 is "An act authorizing cities, villages, counties, townships, and school districts to operate systems of public recreation and playgrounds.” The purpose of the Marine Safety Act is essentially to promote the safe use of Michigan’s waters.7 Because the two statutes are not in pari *385materia, the rule of the specific and later act controlling the earlier and general act is inapplicable. See Sands, supra, § 51.05.
Attributing to the Legislature an intent to withdraw defendants’ authority under these circumstances is not necessary to give effect to the language of § 192. Like other regulations,8 §§ 141 and 192 set forth certain technical requirements. While noncompliance with these technical rules does not revoke the defendants’ authority to operate a bathing beach, it does carry penalties. Under § 166 of the Marine Safety Act,9 violators of the proscription in § 192 may be charged with a misdemeanor. Section 141 provides that the Department of Natural Resources may order the removal of buoys placed without a permit and recover the costs of removal.
The Legislature has granted authority to Jackson County and Summit Township to operate, equip, and maintain this beach as a recreational facility. By regulating how the swimming area must be marked, it did not withdraw that delegation of power.
ii
Enabling acts, which grant authority in broad terms, must be distinguished from regulatory statutes. Improper performance of an activity authorized by law is, despite its impropriety, still "authorized” within the meaning of the Ross governmental function test. An agency’s violation of a regulatory statute that requires the agency to perform an activity in a certain way cannot render the *386activity ultra vires, as such a conclusion would swallow the Ross rule by merging the concepts of negligence and ultra vires. See Smith v Dep’t of Public Health, 428 Mich 540, 590, n 10, 611; 410 NW2d 749 (1987) (opinion of Brickley, J.) (the plaintiff alleged transfer contrary to applicable procedures).
In applying the "governmental function” test of the immunity statute, this Court must consider that statute’s breadth. The statute extends immunity "to all governmental agencies for all tort liability whenever they are engaged in the exercise or discharge of a governmental function.” Ross, 420 Mich 618 (emphasis in original). Nothing in the governmental immunity act suggests the Legislature intended to treat the failure to meet a "condition precedent,” such as obtaining a license or permit, any differently for immunity purposes than the failure to meet other sorts of regulatory duties.10 None of the act’s four narrowly drawn exceptions single out activity conditioned on permits or licenses for special treatment. Under Ross, activities conducted in violation of regulations *387other than approval requirements are as "unauthorized” as activities conducted without proper approval. Licensing is nothing more than an intense form of regulation.
The Legislature did not intend that the term "governmental function” be interpreted so that immunity for activity authorized generally by statute should evaporate upon the failure to perform a regulatory condition contained in another statute. In sum, ultra vires activity is not activity that a governmental agency performs in an unauthorized manner.11 Instead, it is activity that the governmental agency lacks legal authority to perform in any manner. Defendants did not lack authority to operate12 this beach.
The judgment of the Court of Appeals is reversed.
Riley, C.J., and Boyle and Griffin, JJ., concurred with Cavanagh, J.

 Defendants also moved for summary judgment under the recreational use statute, MCL 300.201; MSA 13.1485. After the trial court ruled that the recreational use statute applied, plaintiffs other claims alleging negligence, nuisance, intentional nuisance, and gross negligence were dismissed with prejudice pursuant to stipulation. On appeal, this Court examines only the immunity issue as it affects plaintiffs remaining claim for wilful and wanton misconduct.

 In 1986, the Legislature adopted the Ross definition of governmental function. 1986 PA 175, MCL 691.1401(f); MSA 3.996(101)(f).

 MCL 123.51; MSA 5.2421. For other provisions expressly or impliedly granting authority to counties and townships to operate public parks and bathing beaches, see MCL 46.358; MSA 5.570(108) (county parks commission may acquire real property for public parks, play*382grounds and recreational centers); MCL 46.361; MSA 5.570(111) (county or regional parks commission may operate park and recreational places and facilities); MCL 123.61; MSA 5.2431 (county boards of supervisors empowered to purchase or acquire real estate for purposes of public parks); MCL 123.66; MSA 5.2436 (a county board of park trustees shall have the care and control of such park property and may make reasonable rules and regulations and enforce them when made respecting the use by the public of park property); MCL 41.421; MSA 5.2441 (a township may acquire real estate for a public park, resort, bathing beach or other place of recreation, township supervisors shall comprise the board of commissioners for the control of such a park); MCL 41.422; MSA 5.2442 (a board of commissioners shall have power to adopt rules and regulations for the use and maintenance of such places of recreation); MCL 42.14; MSA 5.46(14) (a charter township shall have power to acquire property for public purposes and to maintain and operate public buildings, parks, and facilities needed in the performance of its powers); MCL 41.442; MSA 5.272 (a township park commission shall have authority to acquire, maintain, manage, and control township parks and places of recreation, including bathing beaches); MCL 45.515(d); MSA 5.302(15)(d) (a county charter may provide for the establishment of parks).

 MCL 281.1001 et seq.; MSA 18.1287 et seq.

 "Person” includes a governmental entity. MCL 281.1006(e); MSA 18.1287(6)(e).

 Characterization of the purpose or object is more important than the characterization of the subject matter in determining this question. Id, § 51.03.

 The title of the Marine Safety Act reads:
An act to promote the safe use of the waters of this state; to provide for the taxation and numbering of motorboats and vessels; to provide for rules relative to the operation of vessels and motorboats; the carrying of equipment on such waters and to the use of waters of this state for boating; to promote uniformity of laws relating thereto; to prescribe the duties and responsibilities of owners and operators of vessels and motorboats; to prescribe the powers and duties of certain state departments; to provide for the disposition of revenue; and to provide for penalties.

 See, e.g., MCL 333.12542; MSA 14.15(12542) ("[t]he owner or person in charge of a public bathing beach shall provide and maintain suitable and adequate safety and rescue equipment”); MCL 333.12541; MSA 14.15(12541) ("person” includes governmental entity).

 MCL 281.1166; MSA 18.1287(166).

 The dissent maintains permits impose conditions precedent to authority. Divining when a regulatory statute’s requirement was intended to be a condition precedent to authority as opposed to a mere duty for performance may prove difficult and arbitrary. Under the dissent’s analysis, in each case alleging a governmental agency’s violation of a statutory duty, the Court must decide whether a given statute’s phrasing requires that the duty be met before authority to perform that activity arises or whether the statute’s language merely regulates how the already authorized activity is to be performed. If a court determines that the agency’s authority is conditioned by statute on the prior performance of a duty, ruling on the immunity issue would first require fact finding concerning whether or not the duty was performed.
The public acts are replete with regulatory statutes that employ conditional language potentially subject to the dissent’s analysis. Even if the dissent’s analysis is limited to approval, permit, or license requirements, one missed or mistaken step in obtaining approval for an otherwise authorized activity would subject governmental agencies to suit for any injury arising from the activity so conditioned, no matter how remote the injury is from the approval requirement.

 Although a governmental agency may not be held liable for negligently performing an authorized activity in a manner prohibited by statute, under the 1986 amendments, a governmental agent may be individually liable if the agent’s conduct amounts to gross negligence and is a proximate cause of the iryury or damage. MCL 691.1407(2); MSA 3.996(107)(2).

 The county defendants contend that § 192 does not apply to them because Jackson County is not an operator of the beach, but only its owner. Due to our resolution of the immunity question, we need not reach this issue.