Court Opinion

ID: 4062748
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-29 20:36:40.427172+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:32:04.613945
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PD-1650-15
                              PD-1650-15                             COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                                                                                     AUSTIN, TEXAS
                                                                   Transmitted 12/18/2015 3:03:54 PM
                                                                    Accepted 12/19/2015 11:03:47 AM
                                No. __________                                        ABEL ACOSTA
                                                                                              CLERK

               IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TEXAS

                                  TRAVIS LAMB
                                    Appellant
                                        v.
                              THE STATE OF TEXAS
                                     Appellee

                  On Petition for Discretionary Review from
             Cause No. 01-14-00901-CR, affirming the conviction in
  Cause No. 1394200, in the 351st Judicial District Court of Harris County, Texas

                    PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW

Oral Argument Requested                            ALEXANDER BUNIN
                                                   Chief Public Defender
                                                   Harris County, Texas

                                                   NICOLAS HUGHES
                                                   Assistant Public Defender
                                                   Harris County, Texas
                                                   TBN: 24059981
                                                   1201 Franklin St., 13th Floor
                                                   Houston, Texas 77002
                                                   Phone: (713) 368-0016
                                                   Fax: (713) 437-4316
                                                   nicolas.hughes@pdo.hctx.net

          December 18, 2015

                                                   ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT
                     IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND ATTORNEYS

APPELLANT:                                TRAVIS LAMB

TRIAL PROSECUTOR:                         KRISTIN ASSAAD
                                          Assistant District Attorney
                                          JOSEPH ALLARD
                                          Assistant District Attorney
                                          Harris County, Texas
                                          1201 Franklin Street, 6th Floor
                                          Houston, Texas 77002

ATTORNEY AT TRIAL:                        KEITH LARSON
                                          Attorney at Law
                                          2855 Mangum Road, Suite A-559
                                          Houston, Texas 77092-7493

JUDGE AT TRIAL:                           HON. MARK KENT ELLIS
                                          351st District Court
                                          Harris County, Texas
                                          1201 Franklin Street, 14th floor
                                          Houston, Texas 77002

ATTORNEY ON APPEAL:                       NICOLAS HUGHES
                                          Assistant Public Defender
                                          Harris County, Texas
                                          1201 Franklin St., 13th Floor
                                          Houston, Texas 77002

PROSECUTOR ON APPEAL:                     MELISSA HERVEY
                                          Assistant District Attorney
                                          Harris County, Texas
                                          1201 Franklin Street, 6th Floor
                                          Houston, Texas 77002

                                     ii
                                                  TABLE OF CONTENTS

IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND ATTORNEYS ............................................................................. ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................ iii

INDEX OF AUTHORITIES ....................................................................................................... vi

STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT ...................................................................... 1

STATEMENT OF THE CASE ..................................................................................................... 1

STATEMENT OF PROCEDURAL HISTORY .............................................................................. 2

GROUNDS FOR REVIEW.......................................................................................................... 2

REASONS FOR REVIEW ........................................................................................................... 3

     1. The Court of Appeals had decided an important question of state law that has
     not been, but should be, settled by the Court of Criminal Appeals ........................... 3

     2. The Court of Appeals has decided an important question of state law in a way
     that conflicts with Court of Criminal Appeals precedent ............................................ 3

ARGUMENT .............................................................................................................................. 4

     I. The Court of Appeals erred by holding that conclusory expert testimony was
     sufficient to support Appellant’s conviction, in contravention of the rule that “an
     expert's simple ipse dixit is insufficient to establish a matter” Coble v. State, 330
S.W.3d 253, 277 n. 62 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) ............................................................. 4

          A. Due process imposes minimum standards the testimony required to support
          a conviction for possession of a controlled substance ........................................... 4

          B. Measuring the quality of expert testimony in a criminal case ........................... 5

          C. An expert’s bare conclusions or ipse dixit are insufficient to establish a fact of
          consequence in a criminal case .................................................................................. 6

          D. In Appellant’s case, the expert testimony and laboratory report were
          conclusory and insufficient to support a conviction for possession of a
          controlled substance ................................................................................................... 7

                                                                   iii
                1. The laboratory report has no evidentiary value............................................. 7

                2. The analyst’s testimony that the analysis of the crystalline substance
                indicated the crystalline substance “contains cocaine” is insufficient to
                support Appellant’s conviction ........................................................................... 8

                3. Taken together, the laboratory report and the expert testimony are
                insufficient to prove that the crystalline substance “contains cocaine” ....... 12

     II. The Court of Appeals erred by holding that Appellant’s mere possession of a
     crystalline substance Appellant claimed to be “bath salts” was sufficient to uphold
     a conviction for a nearly undetectable amount of cocaine, in contravention in the
     rule set forth in King v. State, 895 S.W.2d 701 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995) .................... 13

          A. The visible presence of “adulterants or dilutants” does not establish that a
          defendant possessed anything more than a trace amount of a controlled
          substance .................................................................................................................... 13

                1. The Court of Appeals included the weight of adulterants and dilutants
                when determining whether there was a trace amount of cocaine present in
                Appellant’s case ................................................................................................... 13

                2. The Court of Appeals’s reasoning is circular, dangerous, and should be
                rejected.................................................................................................................. 14

          B. There is no testimony that established that Appellant knew or should have
          known the crystalline substance contained cocaine.............................................. 16

                1. The testimony regarding the apparent form of the crystalline substance 16

                2. There was no testimony that any person in Appellant’s shoes would have
                suspected there to be cocaine present in the crystalline substance ............... 17

                3. There is no other circumstantial evidence which would connect Appellant
                to the nearly undetectable amount of cocaine in this case ............................. 19

PRAYER .................................................................................................................................. 20

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE .................................................................................................... 21

CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE ........................................................................................... 21

                                                                    iv
APPENDIX .............................................................................................................................. 22

                                                                    v
                                            INDEX OF AUTHORITIES

Federal Cases

Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213 (1983) ...................................................................................... 7

Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307 (1979) .......................................................................... 4, 19

Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co. v. Darden, 503 U.S. 318 (1992) .................................................... 15

State Cases

Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) ................................................ 5, 6

Burrow v. Arce, 997 S.W.2d 229 (Tex.1999) .......................................................................... 7

Coble v. State, 330 S.W.3d 253 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010)........................................... 2, 3, 6, 7

Curtis v. State, 548 S.W.2d 57 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977).................................................. 4, 11

Earle v. Ratliff, 998 S.W.2d 882 (Tex.1999) .......................................................................... 7

Ex Parte Harleston, 431 S.W.3d 67 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014) ............................................... 5

Frierson v. State, 839 S.W.2d 841 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1992, pet. ref'd) ........................... 18

Hamilton v. Wilson, 249 S.W.3d 425 (Tex. 2008) .................................................................. 7

Hensley v. State, No. 02–13–00190–CR, 2014 WL 1999307 (Tex. App.−Fort Worth
 May 15, 2014, no pet.)(mem. op., not designated for publication) ......................... 6, 11

Jelinek v. Casas, 328 S.W.3d 526 (Tex. 2010) .............................................................. 6, 7, 19

Joseph v. State, 897 S.W.2d 374 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995) .................................................... 20

King v. State, 895 S.W.2d 701 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995) ............................................ 3, 13, 20

Kirsch v. State, 306 S.W.3d 738 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010)...................................................... 5

Lamb v. State, 01-14-00901-CR, 2015 WL 6933120 (Tex. App.−Houston [1st Dist.]
 Nov. 10, 2015) (mem. op., not designated for publication) ....................... 3, 14, 16, 18

Menges v. State, 9 S.W. 49 (Tex. Ct. App. 1888) ................................................................. 19

                                                              vi
N.N. v. Inst. for Rehab. & Research, 234 S.W.3d 1 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2006)
 withdrawn by No. 01-02-01101-CV, 2007 WL 4279613 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st
 Dist.] Dec. 5, 2007) ............................................................................................................. 5

Seals v. State, 187 S.W.3d 417 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) ..................................................... 15

Shelby v. State, 819 S.W.2d 544 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991) ..................................................... 4

Shults v. State, 575 S.W.2d 29 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979) ................................................ 19, 20

State v. Cunningham, 108 N.C. App. 185 (1992) ................................................................... 8

State Statutes

TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.002 (West 2011) .................................. 14, 15

TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.115 (West 2011) .................................. 14, 15

TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 6.04 (West 2011) .................................................................... 18

State Rules

TEX. R. APP. P. R. 66.3 ....................................................................................................... 3, 4

Treatises

Edward J. Fitzgerald, INTOXICATION TEST EVIDENCE § 68:16 (2d. ed.) ........................... 8

Other Authorities

54 AM. JUR. PROOF OF FACTS 3d 381 (1999) ...................................................................... 5

Christian G. Daughton, Illicit Drugs: Contaminants in the Environment and Utility in Forensic
 Epidemiology, 210 REV. OF ENVIRON. CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 59 (2011)
 ............................................................................................................................................. 16

Edward J. Cone & William W. Weddington, Jr. Prolonged Occurrence of Cocaine In Human
 Saliva and Urine after Chronic Use, 13 J. ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY 65 (1989) ............ 16

Jeffrey C. Grass, Mcfadden v. United States: Deconstructing Synthetic Drug Prosecutions,
  CHAMPION 34 (2015) ........................................................................................................ 18

                                                                      vii
Maria João Valente et. al, Chromatographic Methodologies for Analysis of Cocaine and Its
 Metabolites   in    Biological   Matrices,    INTECH         (2012)             available            at
 http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-wm/31530.pdf ....................................................... 10

Photo 9 – Thin Layer Chromatography, IOWA DEP’T OF PUBLIC SAFETY (2006) available at
  http://www.dps.state.ia.us/DCI/lab/drugidentification/tlc.shtml ........................... 12

S.E. Stein, An Integrated Method for Spectrum Extraction and Compound Identification from
  GC/MS Data, J. AM. SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY (1999) available at
  http://chemdata.nist.gov/dokuwiki/lib/exe/fetch.php?media=chemdata:method.p
  df ........................................................................................................................................... 9

Standard Operating Procedures, HOUSTON FORENSIC SCIENCE CENTER § 8.5 (issued May
  5, 2014) available at http://www.houstonforensicscience.org/sop/CS/FAD-CS-
  SOP%20issued%2005-05-14-v2.pdf .......................................................................... 9, 11

The Importance of Area and Retention Time Precision in Gas Chromotography, Agilent
 Technologies          (Sept.        16,           2005)       available        at
 http://www.agilent.com/cs/library/technicaloverviews/public/5989-3425EN.pdf 9

Thin    Layer   Chromatography,  C.U.    BOULDER     (2015)  available            at
 http://orgchem.colorado.edu/Technique/Procedures/TLC/TLC.html ................. 11

William Reusch, Mass Spectrometry, MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY (May 5, 2013)
 available                                                                                                                             at
 http://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/virttxtjml/spectrpy/massspec/ma
 sspec1.htm............................................................................................................................ 9

                                                                      viii
                     STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT

        Appellant is requesting that the Court of Criminal Appeals draw a clear

distinction between a controlled substance and an adulterant and dilutant for purposes

of determining whether there is a trace amount of controlled substance present in the

evidence. Oral argument will be helpful to explain why Appellant’s case highlights the

need for a clear distinction between the two definitions. Additionally, oral argument

would provide Appellant the opportunity to help resolve any questions the Court may

have regarding the technology behind controlled substance identification.

                               STATEMENT OF THE CASE

        Appellant was arrested by officers for failing to signal a left turn. (4 R.R. at 10-

11). Before impound Appellant’s truck, the police performed a search of the truck. (4

R.R. at 11). Inside the truck, police found a crystalline substance which they believed

to be methamphetamine, which Appellant claimed consisted of “bath salts,” and

which police claimed field tested positive using a test for amphetamine-class drugs. (3

R.R. at 19-20; 4 R.R. at 32-34). The crystalline substance was analyzed in the police

laboratory    by   presumptive     chemical       test   (negative),   an   ultraviolet/visible

spectrophotometry test (negative), a fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (no

acceptable match), and gas chromatography / mass spectrometry1 (negative). (4 R.R.

at 63-65). The analyst concentrated the sample crystalline substance and detected

cocaine using GC/MS and thin layer chromatography. (4 R.R. at 65-66).

1
    Hereinafter “GC/MS.”

                                              1
                        STATEMENT OF PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       Appellant was arrested for possession of substance in penalty group 1 , ≥ 1 g.

and < 4 g (methamphetamine) on July 11, 2013 and was indicted for possession of

substance in penalty group 1 , ≥ 1 g. and < 4 g (cocaine) in Cause 1394200 in the 351st

District Court of Harris County, Texas on September 26, 2013. (C.R. at 6, 14). On

October 28, 2014, Appellant was convicted of possession of substance in penalty

group 1 , ≥ 1 g. and < 4 g (cocaine) after a jury trial and was sentenced to 35 years in

prison. (C.R. at 76). On November 5, 2014, Appellant filed notice of appeal. On

November 10, 2015, Appellant’s conviction was affirmed in a memorandum opinion

in Cause 01-14-00901-CR. On November 13, 2015, Appellant filed a motion for

rehearing. On November 24, 2014, the First Court of Appeals denied Appellant’s

motion for rehearing.

                                 GROUNDS FOR REVIEW

Ground One

The Court of Appeals erred by holding that conclusory expert testimony was

sufficient to support Appellant’s conviction, in contravention of the rule that an

“expert's simple ipse dixit is insufficient to establish a matter” Coble v. State, 330 S.W.3d
253, 277 n. 62 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010)

Ground Two

The Court of Appeals erred by holding that Appellant’s mere possession of a

crystalline substance Appellant claimed to be “bath salts” was sufficient to uphold a

                                             2
conviction for a nearly undetectable amount of cocaine, in conflict with the rule set

forth in King v. State, 895 S.W.2d 701 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995)

                                 REASONS FOR REVIEW

   1. The Court of Appeals had decided an important question of state law that
       has not been, but should be, settled by the Court of Criminal Appeals

       The Court of Appeals concluded that regardless of whether the amount of

cocaine present, by itself, would constitute a trace amount, where the “adulterants or

dilutants” are visible and measurable, the mixture should not be treated as a trace

amount of a controlled substance. Lamb v. State, 01-14-00901-CR, 2015 WL 6933120

*3 (Tex. App.−Houston [1st Dist.] Nov. 10, 2015) (mem. op., not designated for

publication). This holding significantly alters the rule that “when the quantity of a

substance possessed is so small that it cannot be measured, there must be evidence

other than mere possession to prove that the defendant knew the substance in his

possession was a controlled substance.” King v. State, 895 S.W.2d 701, 703–704 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1995); TEX. R. APP. P. R. 66.3(b).

   2. The Court of Appeals has decided an important question of state law in a
      way that conflicts with Court of Criminal Appeals precedent

       The Court of Appeals treated Appellant’s argument that the expert testimony

in this case was conclusory as a challenge to the admissibility of the evidence. Lamb,

2015 WL 6933120 at *3. However, Appellant challenged the expert testimony as mere

ipse dixit insufficient to support the verdict. See Coble v. State, 330 S.W.3d 253, 277 n. 62

(Tex. Crim. App. 2010). This Court should grant review as the Court of Appeals’s

                                             3
analysis is incorrect and conflicts with state law. See Shelby v. State, 819 S.W.2d 544, 545

(Tex. Crim. App. 1991) (granting petition for discretionary review to determine

whether court of appeals applied the correct analysis); TEX. R. APP. P. R. 66.3(c).

                                       ARGUMENT

   I. The Court of Appeals erred by holding that conclusory expert testimony
      was sufficient to support Appellant’s conviction, in contravention of the
      rule that “an expert's simple ipse dixit is insufficient to establish a
      matter” Coble v. State, 330 S.W.3d 253, 277 n. 62 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010)

         A. Due process imposes minimum standards the testimony required to
            support a conviction for possession of a controlled substance

         Though cases involving controlled substances are common, there is scant

jurisprudence governing the expert testimony required to prove the identity of a

controlled substance. Generally, lay testimony is insufficient to establish the identity

of a controlled substance. Curtis v. State, 548 S.W.2d 57, 58–59 (Tex. Crim. App.

1977). Additionally, presumptive chemical tests are insufficient to prove that evidence

contains a particular controlled substance. Id. at 59. This is where the jurisprudence

stops.

         What limitations does the right to due process impose upon expert testimony

required to support a conviction? Regardless of what type of evidence the State offers,

the State’s evidence must amount to more than a mere modicum: “it could not be

argued that such a ‘modicum of evidence’ could by itself rationally support a

conviction beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 320 (1979).

In order to determine whether there is enough evidence to support a conviction, a

                                             4
reviewing court must measure the quality of the evidence offered in the case: “[l]egal

sufficiency of the evidence is a test of adequacy, not mere quantity. Sufficient

evidence is such evidence, in character, weight, or amount, as will legally justify the

judicial or official action demanded.” Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 917 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2010). Like any other evidence, expert evidence must be sufficient to establish

an essential fact. See e.g. Kirsch v. State, 306 S.W.3d 738, 745 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010)

(Standing alone, BAC-test results are insufficient to prove intoxication at the time of

driving).

       B. Measuring the quality of expert testimony in a criminal case

       It is not the role of an appellate court to re-examine a factfinders’s conclusions.

Ex Parte Harleston, 431 S.W.3d 67, 70 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014) (the factfinder is in the

best position to evaluate the credibility of testifying witnesses). Correspondingly, the

appellate process is not usually conducted in a way that allows an appellate court to

investigate the accuracy of an expert opinion. 2 See N.N. v. Inst. for Rehab. & Research,

234 S.W.3d 1, 21 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2006) withdrawn by No. 01-02-01101-

CV, 2007 WL 4279613 (Tex. App.-Houston [1st Dist.] Dec. 5, 2007). Instead, the

reviewing court simply ensures that there is a record-based foundation for the expert’s

opinion and that the opinion is linked to the facts of the case. See e.g. Hensley v. State,

2
  Appellant does not dispute that “[m]ass spectrometry following gas chromatography
has been called an extremely reliable specific test for the measurement, separation and
identification of particular organic compounds—drugs, among them,” only that there
is no proof of the actual analysis conducted in this case. 54 AM. JUR. PROOF OF FACTS
3d 381 (1999).

                                            5
No. 02–13–00190–CR, 2014 WL 1999307, 5 (Tex. App.−Fort Worth May 15, 2014,

no pet.)(mem. op., not designated for publication) (Evidence was insufficient where

fingerprint expert failed to properly link defendant’s fingerprints to the evidence).

Requiring that expert opinions are supported by a factual basis ensures a minimal

“quality of the evidence and the level of certainty it engenders in the factfinder's

mind.” Brooks, 323 S.W.3d at 918 (J. Cochran, concurring). On the other hand, “if no

basis for the opinion is offered, or the basis offered provides no support, the opinion

is merely a conclusory statement and cannot be considered probative evidence,

regardless of whether there is no objection.” Jelinek v. Casas, 328 S.W.3d 526, 536

(Tex. 2010). So while the appellate court is an inappropriate venue to challenge the

accuracy of foundational data supporting an expert’s opinion or the opinions

themselves, it is the appropriate place to challenge the absence of the required

foundational data. Id.

      C. An expert’s bare conclusions or ipse dixit are insufficient to establish
         a fact of consequence in a criminal case

      In Coble, this Court addressed the issue of the admissibility of the bare

conclusions of an expert. Coble, 330 S.W.3d 253. After turning to civil law for

guidance, the Court concluded that expert ipse dixit is inadmissible:

      Although expert opinion testimony often provides valuable evidence in a
      case, 'it is the basis of the witness's opinion, and not the witness's
      qualifications or his bare opinions alone, that can settle an issue as a
      matter of law; a claim will not stand or fall on the mere ipse dixit of a
      credentialed witness. […] An expert's simple ipse dixit is insufficient to

                                            6
      establish a matter; rather, the expert must explain the basis of his
      statements to link his conclusions to the facts.

Id. at 277 n. 62.3 An expert’s ipse dixit is inadmissible because it has no evidentiary

value and, in a civil context, is insufficient to survive summary judgment. See Hamilton

v. Wilson, 249 S.W.3d 425, 427 (Tex. 2008) (“[C]onclusory statements, even from

experts, are not sufficient to support or defeat summary judgment.”). In the criminal

context, a conclusory statement is insufficient to establish even probable cause. Illinois

v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 239 (1983). If a conclusory statement is insufficient to prove

probable cause in a criminal case or survive summary judgment in a civil case, it is of

insufficient quality to support a conviction where the State’s burden of proof is

greater than in any other context. See e.g. Jelinek v. Casas, 328 S.W.3d at 536-538

(Expert’s conclusory testimony insufficient to prove causation in a civil case).

      D. In Appellant’s case, the expert testimony and laboratory report were
         conclusory and insufficient to support a conviction for possession of a
         controlled substance

          1. The laboratory report has no evidentiary value

      Laboratory casefiles are often condensed and tendered into evidence as “one-

liner” reports, providing a bare conclusion on whether analysts detected a controlled

substance during testing:

      Generally crime labs provide what might be called “one-liner” reports,
      which are short and to the point but which also, often by design, manage

3
 Citing Burrow v. Arce, 997 S.W.2d 229, 235 (Tex.1999) and Earle v. Ratliff, 998 S.W.2d
882, 890 (Tex.1999).

                                            7
      to hide all the important data needed for an effective review. Often,
      nothing of substance is provided[.]

Edward J. Fitzgerald, INTOXICATION TEST EVIDENCE § 68:16 (2d. ed.). The laboratory

report offered as evidence to support Appellant’s provides information about the

evidence tested (item: 1.1, ziplock with plastic bag with crystalline substance), the

weight of the evidence (net weight: 1.77 grams), and the conclusion of the analyst

(results: contains cocaine), but it offers no details about the analysis performed. (7

R.R. at State’s Ex. 5). The laboratory report is the quintessential conclusory opinion,

reporting an opinion without any factual support, and carries no evidentiary value. (7

R.R. at State’s Ex. 5); see State v. Cunningham, 108 N.C. App. 185, 194 (1992)

(differentiating conclusory laboratory report from the analysis utilized by chemist to

reach such a conclusion).

          2. The analyst’s testimony that the analysis of the crystalline
             substance indicated the crystalline substance “contains cocaine” is
             insufficient to support Appellant’s conviction

             a. GC/MS

      Unlike a medical examiner who physically examines wounds or a psychologist

who observes the symptoms of a person’s mental disease, a criminalist using GC/MS

relies entirely upon the instrumentation to identify a controlled substance. See Standard

Operating Procedures, HOUSTON FORENSIC SCIENCE CENTER § 8.5 (issued May 5,

                                           8
2014).4 While a criminalist may understand the theory behind and operation of a

GC/MS instrument, the instrument itself analyzes the sample. First, the

chromatography portion of the GC/MS instrument separates the different

component molecules in a sample into groups, measures the time it takes each group

of molecules to pass through the machine, measures the relative amounts of the

different molecules, and records those measurements in a chromatogram. The

Importance of Area and Retention Time Precision in Gas Chromotography, Agilent

Technologies (Sept. 16, 2005).5 Next, the mass spectrometer portion of the GC/MS

instrument ionizes each group of molecules into molecular ions (a charged version of

the whole molecule) and fragment ions (smaller, charged fragment molecules), sorts

the ions by charge and mass, and detects the mass and charge of the ions. William

Reusch, Mass Spectrometry, MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY (May 5, 2013).6 The

molecules do not always fragment and register perfectly – sometimes spectra are

hidden by a larger background peak or are only present below the detection threshold.

S.E. Stein, An Integrated Method for Spectrum Extraction and Compound Identification from

GC/MS Data, J. AM. SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY (1999).7 Therefore, in order

4
      Available      at   http://www.houstonforensicscience.org/sop/CS/FAD-CS-
SOP%20issued%2005-05-14-v2.pdf
5
   Available at http://www.agilent.com/cs/library/technicaloverviews/public/5989-
3425EN.pdf
6
  Available at http://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/virttxtjml/spectrpy/
massspec/masspec1.htm.
7
  Available at http://chemdata.nist.gov/dokuwiki/lib/exe/fetch.php?media=
chemdata:method.pdf

                                           9
to “match” a spectra with a known substance, a computer makes statistical

calculations comparing the observed values with an internal library of known

substances. The computer orders the best statistical comparisons by likelihood and

displays the results. Id.

Figure 1: Sample output from a GC/MS instrumental analysis of a substance containing
cocaine, including a full scan chromatogram (top-left), the mass spectrum of an individual
peak on the chromatogram (bottom-left), and an internal library reference for
cocaine(right). Maria João Valente et. al, Chromatographic Methodologies for Analysis of Cocaine and Its
Metabolites in Biological Matrices, INTECH (2012) available at http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-
wm/31530.pdf.

       The point of this explanation is simply to show how GC/MS instrumentation

functions without the need for the assistance or intervention of the analyst and to

highlight the limited the role of the analyst in the process. The analyst prepares

samples, ensures the proper operation of the instrument, prints out the results of the

                                                  10
analysis, and double-checks the observed values and the reference standards that the

substance is “matched” with. Standard Operating Procedures §§ 8.5.2, 8.6. An analyst’s

conclusion that the GC/MS testing indicated the presence of a controlled substance is

supported by the chromatograms and mass spectra linking the tested sample to a

known controlled substance. See Hensley, 2014 WL 1999307 at 5. Without this critical

data, the expert’s testimony that the GC/MS instrumentation indicated that the

crystalline substance “contains cocaine” lacks foundation and has no evidentiary

value. (4 R.R. at 66).

              b. Thin layer chromatography

        Thin layer chromatography is a laboratory technique where visual comparison

of the chromatogram from the sample and the known controlled substance is used to

verify a “positive” result. See Standard Operating Procedures § 15.6; Thin Layer

Chromatography, C.U. Boulder (2015).8 However, the evidentiary value of thin layer

chromatography is limited, as it is merely a presumptive test and cannot conclusively

identify a controlled substance. (7 R.R. at 66); Standard Operating Procedures § 3.5.1.

Presumptive chemical tests are insufficient to support a conviction for possession of a

controlled substance. Curtis, 548 S.W.2d at 59. Therefore, the presumptive thin layer

chromatography test performed in this case is insufficient to support the verdict. (7

R.R. at 66). Furthermore, the expert failed to provide the observational basis for her

8
    Available at http://orgchem.colorado.edu/Technique/Procedures/TLC/TLC.html

                                          11
opinion regarding the thin layer chromatography test. (7 R.R. at 66). Neither the

presumptive test nor the expert testimony are sufficient to support conviction.

Figure 2: Chromatogram comparing an unknown substance to reference standards for
cocaine, heroin, and methamphetamine by thin layer chromatography. Photo 9 – Thin Layer
Chromatography,   IOWA      DEP’T     OF       PUBLIC       SAFETY (2006) available  at
http://www.dps.state.ia.us/DCI/lab/drugidentification/tlc.shtml.

          3. Taken together, the laboratory report and the expert testimony are
             insufficient to prove that the crystalline substance “contains
             cocaine”

      As the laboratory report is a conclusory statement without any evidentiary

value and the expert testimony consists of only conclusory statements without any

underlying data supporting those statements (i.e. the mass spectra and

chromatograms), there is insufficient evidence to support the conclusion that the

crystalline substance contained cocaine.

                                           12
    II. The Court of Appeals erred by holding that Appellant’s mere possession
        of a crystalline substance Appellant claimed to be “bath salts” was
        sufficient to uphold a conviction for a nearly undetectable amount of
        cocaine, in contravention in the rule set forth in King v. State, 895 S.W.2d
701 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995)

       A. The visible presence of “adulterants or dilutants” does not establish
          that a defendant possessed anything more than a trace amount of a
          controlled substance

           1. The Court of Appeals included the weight of adulterants and
              dilutants when determining whether there was a trace amount of
              cocaine present in Appellant’s case

       The Court of Appeals concluded that because the “adulterants and dilutants”

were visible in Appellant’s case, that there was more than a trace amount of cocaine

present:

           Appellant argues that Noyola's testimony about the multiple tests on
       the substance show that the amount of cocaine in the substance was
       only a trace amount. When she could not get an identification of any
       drug in the substance on the presumptive tests, Noyola began
       performing [confirmatory] tests. One [confirmatory] test was
       [indeterminate]. The second was negative. It was not until Noyola
       concentrated the sample and ran the second test again that she was able
       to obtain any determination of a controlled substance, cocaine. She then
       ran a final presumptive test and also received an identification of
       cocaine. Appellant argues that the need to run multiple tests and, then,
       to ultimately concentrate the sample before any reading of cocaine could
       be achieved establishes that the 1.77 grams of the substance found in
       Appellant's car could not have been more than a trace amount. 9
           Even accepting the merits of Appellant's reasoning, he cannot
       prevail. Regardless of the amount of cocaine present in the substance, it
       was present, and it was mixed with “adulterants and dilutants.”
       Regardless of whether the amount of cocaine by itself would have

9
  The analyst’s testimony additionally indicates that the cocaine was present at an
insignificant level: “If there's a bunch of adulterants and dilutants, it will probably take
the form of the adulterants and dilutants.”(4 R.R. at 74).

                                            13
      constituted a trace amount, with the adulterants and dilutants, it was
      visible and weighed 1.77 grams. Accordingly, there was sufficient
      evidence for the jury to determine that Appellant possessed more than
      one gram and less than four grams of cocaine. This is not a trace
      amount.

Lamb, 2015 WL 6933120 at *3 (citations omitted). The Court of Appeals held that

“because the amount of cocaine was visible and measureable, the evidence is

sufficient to support the jury's determination that Appellant knew the substance was

cocaine.” Lamb, 2015 WL 6933120 at 5.

          2. The Court of Appeals’s reasoning is circular, dangerous, and
             should be rejected

      In the context of Section 481.115, an “adulterant or dilutant” does not exist

outside of the presence of a controlled substance in penalty group 1. TEX. HEALTH &

SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.002 (West 2011)(49); TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE §

481.115(a, c). An “adulterant or dilutant” is defined as: “any material that increases the

bulk or quantity of a controlled substance, regardless of its effect on the chemical

activity of the controlled substance.” TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE § 481.002(49).

The Controlled Substance Act defines “controlled substance” as:

      “a substance, including a drug, an adulterant, and a dilutant, listed in
      Schedules I through V or Penalty Groups 1, 1-A, or 2 through 4.
      The term includes the aggregate weight of any mixture, solution, or
      other substance containing a controlled substance.”

TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE § 481.002(5). To consider the substances mixed with

controlled substances to actually be controlled substance would create a definition

which is “completely circular and explains nothing.” Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co. v. Darden,

                                           14
503 U.S. 318, 323 (1992). Under that circular definition, a “controlled substance”

would mean a controlled substance mixed with any substance and “adulterant or dilutant”

would mean the same thing - any substance mixed with a controlled substance. The context in

which to consider adulterants or dilutants, as suggested by the plain language of the

definition of “controlled substance,” is in calculating the aggregate weight of a

controlled substance and determining the appropriate punishment range. TEX.

HEALTH & SAFETY CODE §§ 481.002(5); 481.115(a).

      As an example explaining why the Court of Appeals’s analysis must be rejected,

consider a police officer who uses a sensitive test to detect cocaine in a homeowner’s

toilet bowl. See Seals v. State, 187 S.W.3d 417, 423 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (J. Womack,

concurring) (Even toilet bowl water could be considered an adulterant or dilutant).

Upon laboratory analysis, it is determined that there is a nearly undetectable, trace

amount of cocaine in the toilet water. Using the Court of Appeals’s rationale, because

the toilet water was visible, the homeowner’s mere possession of the toilet water is

sufficient to prove intentional and knowing possession of cocaine. But how does the

mere presence of water, not a material inherently associated with narcotics possession,

suggest that the homeowner should be aware of the trace presence of cocaine within

the water? How could a factfinder reasonably distinguish between the innocent,

unwitting homeowner whose guest had taken cocaine the night before and had used

                                            15
the bathroom10 or whose water was tainted by trace background levels of cocaine in

the water supply 11 and the person who tried to dispose of cocaine in the toilet or who

was using cocaine in the bathroom? When the entire purpose of the “mere

possession” rule is to protect an innocent individual who may be unaware of the

presence of controlled substance residues or contamination, disregarding that rule

permits the jury to draw irrational conclusions from ambiguous facts.

       B. There is no testimony that established that Appellant knew or should
          have known the crystalline substance contained cocaine

          1. The testimony regarding the apparent form of the crystalline
             substance

       Appellant was arrested possessing a crystalline substance, which he claimed to

be “bath salts,” a loose family of “recreational drugs created specifically to skirt the

law as it existed at the time of the chemical's creation”. Lamb, 2015 WL 6933120 at

*4. On inspection of the substance, police officers believed the crystalline substance

to be methamphetamine due to the shape of the crystals:

       Q. (By the Prosecution) Based on your experience, what did the
       substance look like to you?
       A. (By Officer Gallegos) Due to its crystal formation, we believed it to
       be methamphetamine.

10
   Unmetabolized cocaine can be detected in the urine and saliva of cocaine-users,
even days after the last use of cocaine. Edward J. Cone & William W. Weddington, Jr.
Prolonged Occurrence of Cocaine In Human Saliva and Urine after Chronic Use, 13 J.
ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY 65 (1989).
11
   Pharmaceuticals and illicit substances can persist in tapwater even after the water is
treated. Christian G. Daughton, Illicit Drugs: Contaminants in the Environment and Utility in
Forensic Epidemiology, 210 REV. OF ENVIRON. CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 59,
77-79 (2011)

                                             16
(4 R.R. at 33). The analyst did not testify that the structure of the crystalline substance

revealed the presence of cocaine within the substance, but merely testified that

cocaine can take the form of adulterants and dilutants:

       Q. Is cocaine -- does cocaine come in a powder form?
       A. Cocaine can come in different forms. It can come in a powder form.
       I've seen it in a liquid form. I've seen it in a chunk substance, or
       commonly known as crack cocaine. It can come in any form. If there's a
       bunch of adulterants and dilutants, it will probably take the form of the
       adulterants and dilutants.
       Q. What do you mean by that?
       A. That, you know, for example, I've seen cocaine in water, in liquid. So
       the adulterants could be the liquid because it's adding to the cocaine
       weight.
       Q. And in this case, a crystalline substance, you're saying that cocaine
       can take the appearance of the adulterants and dilutants?
       A. Not cocaine, the compound, but other adulterants and dilutants can
       interfere. We normally see cocaine in powder or in chunk, but like I
       stated, I've seen it in other forms as well. I've seen it in liquid, I've seen it
       in gooey, sticky forms or substances.

(4 R.R. at 74-75).

          2. There was no testimony that any person in Appellant’s shoes would
             have suspected there to be cocaine present in the crystalline
             substance

       There was no testimony that any person observing the crystals could – or

should – have expected that the crystalline substance contained cocaine. The State’s

laboratory expert testified that cocaine is typically found in chunk or powder form

and that she had previously found cocaine in a liquid or gooey form, but never

testified that she observed cocaine in a crystalline form. (4 R.R. at 72, 75-76). There

was no testimony that crystalline substances are used as binding agents to help make

                                              17
cocaine visible or usable.12 See Frierson v. State, 839 S.W.2d 841, 846 (Tex. App.—

Dallas 1992, pet. ref'd) (Binding agents make drugs with small effective dosages visible

and easier to use). There was no testimony that a person possessing bath salts

knowingly possesses contraband, particularly when such substances were historically

conspicuously sold in stores. Jeffrey C. Grass, Mcfadden v. United States: Deconstructing

Synthetic Drug Prosecutions, CHAMPION 34, 35 (2015). There was not even an instruction

on the doctrine of transferred intent. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 6.04(b)(1) (West

2011). Thus the State’s conviction is based on Appellant’s knowing possession of

cocaine, and not bath salts or methamphetamine.

      The Court of Appeals indicated that the jury could have convicted Appellant by

rejecting Appellant’s claim that the crystalline substance consisted of bath salts: “[a]

jury could have reasonably determined that Appellant's statement was designed to

take advantage of any ambiguity on the legality of what he claimed the substance to

be.” Lamb, 2015 WL 6933120 at *4. But whether or not Appellant thought he

possessed bath salts or sought to take advantage of the legal gray-area occupied by

12
  Whether a binding agent or bulking agent is intentionally or commonly added to a
controlled substance would be relevant to the question of whether a defendant
possessed the relevant culpable mental state in a drug case. It might be fair to
conclude that a nearly undetectable amount of cocaine mixed with cutting agents
seized from a defendant could indicate a desire to possess cocaine while a trace
amount of cocaine mixed with dirt and pocket lint may not indicate the knowing
possession of cocaine.

                                           18
              13
bath salts,        the question remains: “is the evidence sufficient to support the

conviction?” Menges v. State, 9 S.W. 49, 50–51 (Tex. Ct. App. 1888) (State must prove

facts necessarily inconsistent with the innocence of the accused). Without an

admission by Appellant that he possessed cocaine and without testimony that

Appellant could or should have known that the crystalline substance contained

cocaine, there is no direct evidence that reflects that Appellant was aware of the drug’s

presence. Without any basic facts which would support the jury’s conclusion that

Appellant intentionally or knowingly possessed cocaine, the jury’s inference was

unreasonable and is not supported by the record. C.f. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. at

319 (holding that the jury may fairly draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to

ultimate facts). There is simply no evidence “that the defendant knew the substance in

his possession was [cocaine].” Shults v. State, 575 S.W.2d 29, 30 (Tex. Crim. App.

1979).

            3. There is no other circumstantial evidence which would connect
               Appellant to the nearly undetectable amount of cocaine in this
               case

         Finally, the State did not offer any circumstantial evidence in Appellant’s case

that would support the conclusion that Appellant knowingly possessed the nearly

13
   See e.g. Jelinek v. Casas, 328 S.W.3d at 532 (“When the evidence offered to prove a
vital fact is so weak as to do no more than create a mere surmise or suspicion of its
existence, the evidence is no more than a scintilla and, in legal effect, is no evidence."
The same is true when the evidence equally supports two alternatives: When the
circumstances are equally consistent with either of two facts, neither fact may be
inferred.”) (citations omitted).

                                            19
undetectable amount of cocaine involved in this case. There was no evidence in this

case that suggested Appellant’s intoxication or recent use of cocaine. King, 895 S.W.2d

at 703. As Appellants’ claim that the crystalline substance consisted of “bath salts” is

exculpatory or ambiguous at worst, there is no evidence that suggests that Appellant

knowingly possessed contraband – much less cocaine. Joseph v. State, 897 S.W.2d 374,

376 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995). There was no paraphernalia discovered along with the

crystalline substance. King, 895 S.W.2d at 702; Joseph, 897 S.W.2d at 376. Simply put,

there was nothing more than the mere possession of a nearly undetectable amount of

cocaine supporting the State’s theory that Appellant knowingly possessed cocaine, and

this evidence is insufficient to support Appellant’s conviction. Shults, 575 S.W.2d at

30.

                                       PRAYER

      Appellant prays that this Court reverse and remand his case with instructions to

acquit the Appellant.

                                               Respectfully submitted,

                                               ALEXANDER BUNIN
                                               Chief Public Defender
                                               Harris County Texas

                                               /s/ Nicolas Hughes
                                               NICOLAS HUGHES
                                               Assistant Public Defender
                                               Harris County Texas
                                               1201 Franklin Street, 13th Floor
                                               Houston Texas 77002
                                               (713) 368-0016

                                          20
                                               (713) 386-9278 fax
                                               TBA No. 24059981
                                               nicolas.hughes@pdo.hctx.net

                              CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

      I certify that a copy of this Appellant’s Petition for Discretionary Review (Bullock)

has been served upon the Harris County District Attorney's Office − Appellate Section

and upon the State Prosecuting Attorney, on December 18, 2015 by electronic service.

                                                      /s/ Nicolas Hughes
                                                      NICOLAS HUGHES
                                                      Assistant Public Defender

                           CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE

      This document complies with the typeface requirements of TEX. R. APP. P.

9.4(e) because it has been prepared in a conventional typeface no smaller than 14-

point for text and 12-point for footnotes. This document also complies with the page

and word count limitations of TEX. R. APP. P. 9.4(i), if applicable, because it contains

4,420 words excluding portions not to be counted under TEX. R. APP. P. 9.4(i)(1).

                                                      /s/ Nicolas Hughes
                                                      NICOLAS HUGHES
                                                      Assistant Public Defender

                                          21
                                APPENDIX

A. Opinion, Lamb v. State, 01-14-00901-CR, 2015 WL 6933120 (Tex. App.—

  Houston [1st Dist.] Nov. 10, 2015) (mem. op., not designated for publication)

                                    22
Opinion issued November 10, 2015

                                    In The

                             Court of Appeals
                                   For The

                         First District of Texas
                           ————————————
                            NO. 01-14-00901-CR
                          ———————————
                         TRAVIS LAMB, Appellant
                                      V.
                     THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

                   On Appeal from the 351st District Court
                           Harris County, Texas
                       Trial Court Case No. 1394200

                        MEMORANDUM OPINION

      The State of Texas charged Appellant, Travis Lamb, by indictment with

possession of cocaine, more than one gram and less than four grams. 1 Lamb

pleaded not guilty. The jury found him guilty. Pursuant to an agreement between

1
      See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. §§ 481.102(3)(D), .115(a), (c) (Vernon
      2010).
Appellant and the State, the trial court assessed punishment at 35 years’

confinement.     In one issue on appeal, Appellant argues the evidence was

insufficient to establish that he knowingly possessed more than a trace amount of

cocaine.

      We affirm.

                                     Background

      Officers R. Perez and F. Gallegos, officers with the Houston Police

department, were on patrol on the night of July 10, 2013. They observed Appellant

driving his car and turning without signaling. The officers performed a traffic stop.

During the course of the stop, Appellant admitted he had been driving without a

license. The officers arrested Appellant. Officer Gallegos performed an inventory

of the car in preparation for a tow truck to take the car.

      During the inventory, Officer Gallegos found a clear plastic bag containing a

crystalline substance. The baggie had been in an open compartment on the driver’s

door. The officers discussed between themselves whether the substance might be

methamphetamine. Appellant heard their conversation and said, “It’s not meth.

It’s bath salts.”   Officer Gallegos field-tested the substance.     The field test

identified the substance as methamphetamine.

      The State charged Appellant with possession of methamphetamine. Later, a

forensic examiner, A. Noyola, determined that the substance in the baggie

                                           2
contained cocaine. Noyola measured the weight of the substance at 1.77 grams.

The State modified the indictment to charge Appellant with possession of cocaine.

      At trial, Noyola described the process for testing the substance.         She

explained that the types of tests she performs are either presumptive or

confirmatory. Presumptive tests do not confirm the identity of the substance, but

indicate what substances could be present.      A confirmatory test, as its name

suggests, confirms all the compounds present in the substance.

      Noyola testified that all of the presumptive tests she performed at the

beginning (including chemical screening and ultraviolet spectrophotometry) were

negative, meaning no drugs were identified.           Noyola then moved on to

confirmatory tests. One test, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, could not

produce an acceptable match. Another, gas chromatography mass spectrometry,

came out negative.     Noyola ran this last test a second time with a greater

concentration of the sample. This time, the test identified cocaine in the sample.

Finally, Noyola ran another presumptive test, which was only identified as TLC.

This presumptive test also identified the presence of cocaine. Neither of the

positive tests identified the amount or concentration of cocaine within the sample.

                           Sufficiency of the Evidence

      In his sole issue on appeal, Appellant argues the evidence was insufficient to

establish that he knowingly possessed more than a trace amount of cocaine.

                                         3
A.    Standard of Review

      We review the sufficiency of the evidence establishing the elements of a

criminal offense for which the State has the burden of proof under a single

standard of review. Matlock v. State, 392 S.W.3d 662, 667 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013)

(citing Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 895 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010)). This

standard of review is the standard enunciated in Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307,

319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789 (1979). Winfrey v. State, 393 S.W.3d 763, 768 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2013). Pursuant to this standard, evidence is insufficient to support a

conviction if, considering all the record evidence in the light most favorable to the

verdict, no rational fact finder could have found that each essential element of the

charged offense was proven beyond a reasonable doubt. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at

319, 99 S. Ct. at 2789; In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 361, 90 S. Ct. 1068, 1071

(1970); Laster v. State, 275 S.W.3d 512, 517 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009); Williams v.

State, 235 S.W.3d 742, 750 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). We can hold evidence to be

insufficient under the Jackson standard in two circumstances: (1) the record

contains no evidence, or merely a “modicum” of evidence, probative of an element

of the offense, or (2) the evidence conclusively establishes a reasonable doubt. See

Jackson, 443 U.S. at 314, 318 & n.11, 320, 99 S. Ct. at 2786, 2789 & n.11; see

also Laster, 275 S.W.3d at 518; Williams, 235 S.W.3d at 750.

                                         4
      The sufficiency-of-the-evidence standard gives full play to the responsibility

of the fact finder to resolve conflicts in the testimony, to weigh the evidence, and

to draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts. Jackson, 443 U.S.

at 319, 99 S. Ct. at 2789; Clayton v. State, 235 S.W.3d 772, 778 (Tex. Crim. App.

2007). An appellate court presumes that the fact finder resolved any conflicts in

the evidence in favor of the verdict and defers to that resolution, provided that the

resolution is rational. See Jackson, 443 U.S. at 326, 99 S. Ct. at 2793. In viewing

the record, direct and circumstantial evidence are treated equally; circumstantial

evidence is as probative as direct evidence in establishing the guilt of an actor, and

circumstantial evidence alone can be sufficient to establish guilt. Clayton, 235
S.W.3d at 778. Finally, the “cumulative force” of all the circumstantial evidence

can be sufficient for a jury to find the accused guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.

See Powell v. State, 194 S.W.3d 503, 507 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).

B.    Analysis

      Appellant was ultimately charged with possession of cocaine, more than one

gram but less than four grams.         See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN.

§§ 481.102(3)(D), .115(a), (c) (Vernon 2010). “[A] person commits an offense if

the person knowingly or intentionally possesses a controlled substance listed in

Penalty Group 1, unless the person obtained the substance directly from or under a

valid prescription or order of a practitioner acting in the course of professional

                                          5
practice.”   Id. § 481.115(a).   Cocaine is listed in Penalty Group 1.         Id.

§ 481.102(3)(D).   The offense is a third degree felony “if the amount of the

controlled substance possessed is, by aggregate weight, including adulterants or

dilutants, one gram or more but less than four grams.” Id. § 481.115(c). Appellant

argues in his issue on appeal that the evidence was insufficient to show that he

knowingly possessed cocaine and to show that the amount of cocaine was greater

than a trace amount.

      For knowingly possessing a controlled substance, “[i]f the controlled

substance can be seen and measured, the amount is sufficient to establish the

defendant knew it was a controlled substance.” Victor v. State, 995 S.W.2d 216,

220 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, pet. ref’d). In contrast, “[w]hen the

quantity of a substance possessed is so small that it cannot be quantitatively

measured, there must be evidence other than its mere possession to prove that the

defendant knew the substance in his possession was a controlled substance.”

Shults v. State, 575 S.W.2d 29, 30 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979). Our disposition, then,

of Appellant’s argument that the record indicates he did not possess more than a

trace amount of cocaine influences our determination of whether he knowingly

possessed cocaine. Accordingly, we first address Appellant’s argument that he

only possessed a trace amount of cocaine.

                                        6
      One of Appellant’s arguments challenging the weight of the cocaine is his

claim that Noyola failed to establish the amount or concentration of cocaine in the

substance. The State correctly argues it did not carry any burden to show this.

      Under the new Health and Safety Code definition, the State is no
      longer required to determine the amount of controlled substance and
      the amount of adulterant and dilutant that constitute the mixture. The
      State has to prove only that the aggregate weight of the controlled
      substance mixture, including adulterants and dilutants, equals the
      alleged minimum weight.

Melton v. State, 120 S.W.3d 339, 344 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); see also TEX.

HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.115(c) (making possession third degree

felony “if the amount of the controlled substance possessed is, by aggregate

weight, including adulterants or dilutants, one gram or more but less than four

grams” (emphasis added)), § 481.002(49) (Vernon 2010) (defining “adulterant or

dilutant” as “any material that increases the bulk or quantity of a controlled

substance, regardless of its effect on the chemical activity of the controlled

substance”).

      Appellant further argues that Noyola failed to provide any “foundational

knowledge” for the jury to determine that the substance contained cocaine because

she did not provide the data from the tests that identified cocaine within the

substance. Noyola testified that the substance contained cocaine, and the trial

court admitted a one-page report indicating the same. To the degree that he is

arguing that this evidence should not have been admitted due to this alleged

                                         7
deficiency, Appellant did not object to Noyola’s testimony or to the admission of

the report.

      To preserve error regarding the admission of evidence, a party must make a

specific and timely objection. TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1); Penry v. State, 903
S.W.2d 715, 763 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995). This is as true of alleged unreliability of

expert testimony as it is of other evidentiary issues. See, e.g., Stephens v. State,

276 S.W.3d 148, 153 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2008, pet. ref’d) (holding appellant

did not preserve error when he neither objected to expert’s testimony at trial nor

requested a Daubert hearing).

      Next, Appellant argues that Noyola’s testimony about the multiple tests on

the substance show that the amount of cocaine in the substance was only a trace

amount. When she could not get an identification of any drug in the substance on

the presumptive tests, Noyola began performing determinative tests.            One

determinative test was indeterminative. The second was negative. It was not until

Noyola concentrated the sample and ran the second test again that she was able to

obtain any determination of a controlled substance, cocaine. She then ran a final

presumptive test and also received an identification of cocaine. Appellant argues

that the need to run multiple tests and, then, to ultimately concentrate the sample

before any reading of cocaine could be achieved establishes that the 1.77 grams of

                                         8
the substance found in Appellant’s car could not have been more than a trace

amount.

      Even accepting the merits of Appellant’s reasoning, he cannot prevail.

Regardless of the amount of cocaine present in the substance, it was present, and it

was mixed with “adulterants and dilutants.” See TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE

ANN. § 481.002(49) (defining “adulterants and dilutants”). Regardless of whether

the amount of cocaine by itself would have constituted a trace amount, with the

adulterants and dilutants, it was visible and weighed 1.77 grams. See Melton, 120
S.W.3d at 344 (holding State has to prove only that aggregate weight of controlled

substance mixture, including adulterants and dilutants, equals alleged minimum

weight). Accordingly, there was sufficient evidence for the jury to determine that

Appellant possessed more than one gram and less than four grams of cocaine. See

id. This is not a trace amount. See Shults, 575 S.W.2d at 30 (defining trace

amount to be quantity of substance possessed so small that it cannot be

quantitatively measured).

      Appellant argues that Noyola failed to “identify which ‘adulterants and

diluatants’ were contained within the crystalline substance.”        This was not

necessary information, however. The Texas Legislature defined “adulterants and

dilutants” to be “any material that increases the bulk or quantity of a controlled

substance, regardless of its effect on the chemical activity of the controlled

                                         9
substance.” TEX. HEALTH & SAFETY CODE ANN. § 481.002(49) (emphasis added).

This encompasses blood waste from a failed attempt to inject methamphetamine.

Seals v. State, 187 S.W.3d 417, 418, 422 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). This is true

even though the presence of blood would make the drug toxic if injected into the

body. Id. at 427 (Cochran, J., dissenting).

      Anticipating this outcome, Appellant further argues, “The rules set forth in

[two Court of Criminal Appeals cases] regarding trace amounts of controlled

substances, even those invisible to the human eye, and the rule set forth in Seals,

transforming pretty much any substance mixed with a controlled substance into an

‘adulterant or dilutant,’ make felons of the innocent.” 2 As Appellant’s argument

establishes, however, the Court of Criminal Appeals has already ruled on the

matters he raises. As an intermediate court of appeals, we are bound to follow the

precedent of the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals. Gonzales v. State, 190 S.W.3d
125, 130 n.1 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2005, pet. ref’d); TEX. CONST.

art. V., § 5(a) (providing that Court of Criminal Appeals is final authority for

2
      In his reply brief, Appellant argues that due process requirements put limits on
      what constitutes an adulterant or dilutant and on the quality of evidence that will
      support a conviction for possession of a controlled substance. Appellant’s due
      process arguments were not raised in his primary brief. An appellant cannot raise
      issues raised for the first time in a reply brief. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.3 (limiting
      reply brief to addressing matters raised in appellee’s brief); Barrios v. State, 27
S.W.3d 313, 322 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2000, pet. ref’d) (rejecting
      review of argument raised for first time in reply brief).

                                           10
interpreting criminal law in Texas). Appellant’s argument is outside the scope of

our review.

      We turn now to the question of whether there was sufficient evidence to

show that he knowingly possessed cocaine. Appellant does not challenge the

sufficiency of the determination that he possessed the substance. Instead, he

disputes that there was sufficient evidence to establish that he knew it was cocaine.

We have held that the evidence was sufficient to establish that the substance found

in Appellant’s car contained cocaine, was visible, and weighed more than one

gram. Because the substance contained cocaine and can be seen and measured,

“the amount is sufficient to establish the defendant knew it was a controlled

substance.” Victor, 995 S.W.2d at 220.

      Appellant points out his statement to the officers after they found the bag

with the controlled substance.      While the officers were discussing between

themselves what type of controlled substance the bag might contain, Appellant

volunteered, “It’s not meth. It’s bath salts.” Appellant asserts that this statement

establishes that he did not know the substance was cocaine. The State argues that

it was not required to prove that he knew the substance was cocaine, only that he

knew the substance was a controlled substance. 3 We do not need to resolve either

3
      But see King v. State, 895 S.W.2d 701, 703 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995). (“Therefore,
      the State must prove, through other evidence, that appellant had knowledge that
      the substance in his possession was cocaine.”).

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of these arguments, however. While it is undisputed that Appellant made this

statement, there was no requirement for the jury to conclude that this statement

was honest and credit it. “With respect to testimony of witnesses, the jury is the

sole judge of the credibility and weight to be attached thereto, and when the record

supports conflicting inferences, we presume that the jury resolved the conflicts in

favor of the verdict, and we defer to that determination.” Thomas v. State, 444
S.W.3d 4, 8 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014). Appellant argues elsewhere in his brief,

“There is no guarantee that a person possessing . . . ‘bath salts,’ recreational drugs

created specifically to skirt the law as it existed at the time of the chemical’s

creation, possesses a prohibited substance.”         A jury could have reasonably

determined that Appellant’s statement was designed to take advantage of any

ambiguity on the legality of what he claimed the substance to be. 4 Because this

determination would support the jury’s verdict, we must defer to that

determination. See id.

      We hold that, because the amount of cocaine was visible and measureable,

the evidence is sufficient to support the jury’s determination that Appellant knew

the substance was cocaine. See Victor, 995 S.W.2d at 220.

4
      Appellant argues, “There is no record-based or evidence-based reason to
      disbelieve [Appellant]’s assertion that he thought the drugs were ‘bath salts.’”
      There is no reason to believe the assertion, either. Credibility determinations are
      left to the jury and are not subject to sufficiency-of-the-evidence reviews. See
      Thomas v. State, 444 S.W.3d 4, 8 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014).

                                          12
We overrule Appellant’s sole issue.

                                 13
                                   Conclusion

      We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

                                                Laura Carter Higley
                                                Justice

Panel consists of Justices Jennings, Higley, and Brown.

Do not publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).

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