Court Opinion

ID: 4692538
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-06-03 15:23:32.308533+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:05:16.850675
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                          JUNE 3, 2021
                                                                 In the Office of the Clerk of Court
                                                                WA State Court of Appeals Division III

            IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
                               DIVISION THREE

STATE OF WASHINGTON,                          )
                                              )         No. 37383-5-III
                     Respondent,              )
                                              )
       v.                                     )
                                              )         UNPUBLISHED OPINION
HOWARD LEE NORTON,                            )
                                              )
                     Appellant.               )

       FEARING, J. — Howard Norton appeals his conviction and sentence for two counts

of second degree assault and two counts of malicious harassment. Each conviction

carried a firearm-related sentencing enhancement. We affirm the convictions and

sentence.

                                          FACTS

       This prosecution arises from shots fired one evening at the Thirsty Dog tavern.

The State alleges that Howard Norton fired the shots with racial malice. Since Norton

challenges the sufficiency of evidence for his convictions, we take the facts in a light

favorable to the State.

       Howard Norton patronized the Thirsty Dog several times a week. The gregarious

Norton enjoyed talking with other customers. On March 11, 2019, Norton drank
No. 37383-5-III
State v. Norton

whiskey, not his usual drink, at the tavern. Bartender Candace Guzman estimated that

Norton drank three whiskeys over six hours.

      On March 11, 2019, Ahnonymas Walker and his friend, Carmen Flemming, both

black men, entered the Thirsty Dog at 9:30 p.m. to play pool and consume beer. Walker

and Flemming often socialize at the Thirsty Dog. While sitting at the bar, the duo saw an

unfamiliar man and a woman to their right. The man, defendant Howard Norton, wore a

cowboy hat. Norton did not know Walker or Flemming.

      Howard Norton engaged Ahnonymas Walker in conversation. Norton asked

Walker where the latter worked. Walker responded that he worked in WinCo’s produce

department. Norton replied that Walker was an ignorant, “effing” liar. Report of

Proceedings (RP) (Jan. 14, 2020) at 145. Walker retorted that, if Norton did not believe

his story, Norton should go to the produce apartment at 2 p.m. the following day, when

he would be working. In reply, Norton called Walker ignorant and a “lying sack of shit.”

RP (Jan. 14, 2020) at 146. Walker and Norton exchanged further brickbats.

      Carmen Flemming overheard the unorthodox conversation between his friend

Ahnonymas Walker and Howard Norton. Flemming attributed Norton’s behavior to

alcohol consumption. After Walker called both men ignorant, Flemming entered the

colloquy. Flemming called Norton a crackhead. The bartender, Candace Guzman, heard

the heated exchange and told all three men to relax. According to Norton, Flemming

thereafter lobbied insults such as “stupid, old cowboy.” RP (Jan. 15, 2020) at 393.

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Norton averred that Flemming threatened to “F me up.” RP (Jan. 15, 2020) at 396.

Norton told Flemming: “I said it’s pretty plain to see who is the moron here, because you

can’t say a full sentence without throwing that F word in at least two or three times, you

can’t say one sentence.” RP (Jan. 15, 2020) at 394.

       Ahnonymas Walker retired to the gentlemen’s room. Howard Norton left the bar.

According to Norton, he left intending to procure his wallet from his car in order to pay

for food he had ordered to go. Norton returned after fifteen minutes to his original seat

with his food and bill awaiting him. He bore not only his wallet, but a gun. Walker

noticed a smirk on Norton’s face, and Walker told Carmen Flemming to studiously watch

Norton because he believed Norton had retrieved a gun. Walker added that he suspected

that Norton believed Walker to deal drugs.

       Carmen Flemming inquired of Howard Norton if Norton deemed Ahnonymas

Walker a drug dealer. Norton responded that Flemming was “an ignorant son-of-bitch

and stupid.” RP (Jan. 14, 2020) at 148. Norton asked Flemming if Walker told

Flemming to ask him the question. Walker interrupted and told Norton that he had not

directed Fleming to ask the question. Norton called Flemming the N word. Norton

denies uttering the racial disgrace, but another bar patron, Amanda Kincaid, heard the

slur. The bartender did not hear the racial insult.

       Howard Norton told Ahnonymas Walker and Carmen Flemming that he intended

to kill the pair. Norton denies issuing the threat, but the Thirsty Dog’s bartender,

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No. 37383-5-III
State v. Norton

Candace Guzman, overheard Norton utter the menace. RP 266. Guzman heard Norton

utter: “I will kill you mother fuckers.” RP (Jan. 14, 2020) at 266. Flemming took the

threat seriously.

       Ahnonymas Walker stood and moved to the side. Carmen Flemming told Howard

Norton that the latter should not issue death threats. Flemming walked toward Norton,

and Norton stood from his bar stool. Flemming backed away, and Norton walked toward

him. Norton reached into his pocket. Flemming grabbed Norton’s wrist, felt a gun, and a

struggle ensued. Walker watched. Walker saw a gun in Norton’s right hand, and he ran

to the exit door in fear of being shot. He glanced back, and he saw Flemming also

darting toward the door.

       Carmen Fleming and Ahnonymas Walker fled the Thirsty Dog Bar. RP 150.

Howard Norton also exited the tavern and fired a shot into the air. RP 202-03, 373-74.

Norton screamed, “‘get the hell out of here and don’t fucking come back.’” RP (Jan. 14,

2020) at 203.

       During his trial testimony, Howard Norton portrayed the conduct of Carmen

Flemming leading to the shooting as threatening and as justifying self-defense. When he

went to his car to retrieve his wallet, he adjudged the need for a weapon to protect

himself. On Norton’s returning to the bar, Flemming leaned toward him and stated that

he planned to “F me up and anybody else that, you know, that he wants to, he can do it to

anybody he said.” RP (Jan. 15, 2020) at 413. Norton told him not to try. According to

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No. 37383-5-III
State v. Norton

Norton, Flemming stood from his chair and walked around Ahnonymas Walker toward

Norton. Norton believed that “there was two big guys coming after me.” RP (Jan. 15,

2020) at 417.

       According to Howard Norton’s trial testimony, a fearful Norton told Flemming

loudly “to get the hell out of here.” RP (Jan 15, 2020) at 418. When Flemming turned

toward him, Norton reached into his pocket for his gun. Flemming attempted to grab

Norton’s arm from his pocket. Norton removed the gun from his pocket with his left

hand and transferred the weapon to his right hand so that Flemming could not intercept it.

He then followed Flemming and Walker out of the bar. On exiting the bar, Norton did

not see Walker or Flemming. Norton waited approximately ten seconds before firing his

gun and, when he discharged the gun, he did so toward the ground or air, though he could

not recall which. Norton insisted that he never pointed the gun at anyone. He acted to

protect himself, and the incident was not racially-motivated.

       Bartender Candace Guzman phoned 911 dispatch. She reported that an elderly

man pulled a gun on two black men and added that the gunman acted “extremely racist”

toward the two men. RP (Jan. 14, 2020) at 269. On the arrival of law enforcement,

Howard Norton, Ahnonymas Walker, and Carmen Flemming returned to the bar. All

three men cooperated with officers.

       Spokane Police Officer Benjamin Brown-Bieber spoke with Howard Norton and

Carmen Flemming. Flemming mentioned that Norton called him ignorant and a moron,

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No. 37383-5-III
State v. Norton

but Flemming did not comment that Norton employed the N word. Norton admitted he

fired a shot outside of the bar. When asked why he fired a shot, Norton stated, “he

[Norton] wanted to make a believer out of him [Carmen Flemming].” RP (Jan. 14, 2020)

at 251. Norton admitted fault for the shooting and requested that law enforcement avoid

blaming the bar. Officer Arthur Plunkett spoke to a frightened Ahnonymas Walker, who

breathed heavily from scattering down an alley.

       Officer Carrie Christiansen patted down Howard Norton and discovered a loaded

pistol magazine in his pocket. The magazine contained nine by eighteen mm Makarov

pistol rounds. Officers discovered a matching spent shell casing at the front entrance of

the bar. Officers found a semi-automatic pistol in Howard Norton’s car.

       In conversing with Officer Carrier Christiansen, Howard Norton commented that

Carmen Flemming threatened him and others. Norton remarked to Officer Christiansen,

“‘That’s the prejudice thing, you know.’” RP (Jan. 15, 2020) at 429. Christiansen

inquired as to what Norton meant when referring to “‘the prejudice thing.’” Norton

answered: “‘He’s a black guy you know that. ’” RP (Jan 15, 2020) at 429. The officer

asked Norton if he was prejudiced, and Norton responded: “‘I ain’t prejudiced. I don’t

mind sleeping with them. I just ain’t going to go to school with them.’” RP (Jan. 15,

2020) at 429-30.

                                             6
No. 37383-5-III
State v. Norton

                                       PROCEDURE

       The State of Washington charged Howard Norton with two counts of second

degree assault and two counts of malicious harassment, each with a firearm enhancement.

The two discrete counts of second degree assault and malicious mischief arose because of

the two discrete victims, Carmen Flemming and Ahnonymas Walker.

       At trial, Carmen Flemming testified that Howard Norton called him the N word,

and he deemed Norton’s actions to be racially motivated. Defense counsel asked

Flemming about his failure to report the racial slur to officers on the night of the

shooting:

              Q. Why wouldn’t you, at that scene when this happened, if he called
       you that name, why wouldn’t you tell a trained police officer, who’s trained
       to do interviews, that he used a racial slur toward you?
              A. I didn’t bring it up because he wasn’t there for no racial slur. He
       was there because the man pulled out a gun, had a gun, so I was talking to
       him about the incident.

RP (Jan. 14, 2020) at 225-226. Flemming did not think the language relevant at

the time.

       During trial, bartender Candace Guzman testified that she never heard Howard

Norton employ the N word. She told the emergency dispatcher that Norton acted in a

racist manner based on a comment by a customer. Patron Amanda Kincaid testified she

remembered Norton utter the slur because of its piercing quality.

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No. 37383-5-III
State v. Norton

       Howard Norton testified at trial in support of his defense of self-defense. On

cross-examination, the State asked Howard Norton if he remembered telling Officer

Christiansen, “‘That’s the prejudice thing, you know.’” RP (Jan. 15, 2020) at 429. The

State inquired about additional statements made to Officer Christiansen, asking:

               And then Officer Christiansen says, “What’s the prejudice thing?”
       In which you replied, “He’s a black guy you know that.” Do you remember
       that?
               A. I do.
               Q. And then she asked, “Are you prejudiced?” And you said, “I
       ain’t prejudiced, I don’t mind sleeping with them, I just ain’t going to go to
       school with them.” Do you remember that?
               A. I do.
               Q. You were just joking when you said that?
               A. It was followed up by the answer, that was just in jest, you know.

RP (Jan. 15, 2020) at 429-30. Howard Norton acknowledged shooting the gun to scare

Carmen Flemming and Ahnonymas Walker.

       The trial court instructed the jury on self-defense. The trial court also gave an first

aggressor instruction which provided in part, that if the jury “find[s] beyond a reasonable

doubt that the defendant was the aggressor, and that defendant’s acts and conduct

provoked or commenced the fight, then self-defense or defense of another is not available

as a defense.” Clerk’s Papers at 145.

       The jury convicted Howard Norton on all counts and returned special firearm

verdicts. At the sentencing hearing on January 31, 2020, the sentencing court stated that

it lacked any discretion with regard to the imposition of the sentences for the firearm

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No. 37383-5-III
State v. Norton

enhancements. The sentencing court sentenced Norton, who had no other countable

criminal history, to the low end for each of his four offenses. Norton received 15 months

on each count of second degree assault and 13 months on each malicious harassment

count, to run concurrently, for an effective total of 15 months. The court imposed

sentences for the firearm enhancements, including 36 months for each assault conviction

and 18 months for each malicious harassment conviction, for a total of 108 months. The

effective sentence for the convictions and firearm enhancements totaled 123 months with

18 months of community custody.

                                 LAW AND ANALYSIS

       On appeal, Howard Norton asserts three assignments of error. He challenges the

sufficiency of evidence to convict him of the two counts of second degree assault. He

challenges the sufficiency of evidence to convict him of two counts of malicious

harassment. Finally, he claims the trial court erred when ruling that the court must run

his firearm enhancement sentences consecutively.

                                 Second Degree Assault

       Howard Norton argues that he acted in self-defense and the State failed to

disprove this defense beyond a reasonable doubt. Therefore, according to Norton, the

jury could not find him guilty of either count of second degree assault. We disagree.

       The State has the burden of proving every essential element of a charged crime

beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Bennett, 161 Wn.2d 303, 307, 165 P.3d 1241 (2007);

                                             9
No. 37383-5-III
State v. Norton

In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 364, 90 S. Ct. 1068, 25 L. Ed. 2d 368 (1970). “Evidence is

sufficient to support a conviction if, viewed in the light most favorable to the prosecution,

it permits any rational trier of fact to find the essential elements of the crime beyond a

reasonable doubt.” State v. Thomas, 150 Wn.2d 821, 874, 83 P.3d 970 (2004). “A claim

of insufficiency admits the truth of the State’s evidence and all inferences that reasonably

can be drawn therefrom.” State v. Salinas, 119 Wn.2d 192, 201, 829 P.2d 1068 (1992).

       An assault in self-defense constitutes a lawful act. State v. Acosta, 101 Wn.2d

612, 616, 683 P.2d 1069 (1984). RCW 9A.16.020(3) declares:

              The use, attempt, or offer to use force upon or toward the person of
       another is not unlawful in the following cases:
              ....
              (3) Whenever used by a party about to be injured, or by another
       lawfully aiding him or her, in preventing or attempting to prevent an
       offense against his or her person, or a malicious trespass, or other malicious
       interference with real or personal property lawfully in his or her possession,
       in case the force is not more than is necessary.

RCW 9A.16.010(1) defines “necessary” as meaning:

               that no reasonably effective alternative to the use of force appeared
       to exist and that the amount of force used was reasonable to effect the
       lawful purpose intended.

       Proof of self-defense negates the knowledge element of second degree assault.

State v. Acosta, 101 Wn.2d at 616. Since proof of self-defense negates knowledge, due

process requires that the State disprove self-defense in order to prove that the defendant

acted unlawfully. State v. Acosta, 101 Wn.2d at 616. To raise the claim of self-defense,

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No. 37383-5-III
State v. Norton

the defendant must first offer credible evidence tending to prove self-defense. State v.

Graves, 97 Wn. App. 55, 61, 982 P.2d 627 (1999). The State then bears the burden of

disproving self-defense beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Graves, 97 Wn. App. at 61-

62. Evidence must show that (1) the accused subjectively feared he was in imminent

danger of death or great bodily harm, (2) this belief was objectively reasonable, (3) the

accused exercised no greater force than reasonably necessary, and (4) the defendant was

not the aggressor. State v. Callahan, 87 Wn. App. 925, 929, 943 P.2d 676 (1997). The

jury need not find an actual threat of imminent harm as long as the defendant reasonably

perceived such a threat. State v. LeFaber, 128 Wn.2d 896, 899, 913 P.2d 369 (1996),

abrogated on other grounds by State v. O’Hara, 167 Wn.2d 91, 217 P.3d 756 (2009).

       Self-defense requires the jury to consider both objective and subjective

considerations. State v. Janes, 121 Wn.2d 220, 238, 850 P.2d 495 (1993). Evidence of

self-defense must be assessed from the standpoint of the reasonably prudent person,

knowing all the defendant knows and seeing all the defendant sees. State v. Janes, 121

Wn.2d at 238. The jury must weigh the defendant’s actions in light of all the facts and

circumstances known to the defendant, even those substantially predating the killing.

State v. Janes, 121 Wn.2d at 238. The inquiry is subjective to the extent the jury

adjudges the facts by standing in the place of the defendant, but objective because the

jury must decide whether a reasonably prudent person in such shoes would have acted as

the defendant did. State v. Janes, 121 Wn.2d at 238.

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No. 37383-5-III
State v. Norton

       The jury enjoys the province to weigh the evidence and determine the credibility

of the witnesses and decide disputed questions of fact. State v. Dietrich, 75 Wn.2d 676,

677-78, 453 P.2d 654 (1969). This court does not review credibility determinations on

appeal. State v. Thomas, 150 Wn.2d at 874.

       Carmen Flemming, Ahnonymas Walker, and Howard Norton agreed that they

engaged in a heated verbal exchange, including a medley of profanities. They disagree as

to other details. The jury served the function of resolving the truthfulness of the varying

testimony.

       Carmen Flemming and Ahnonymas Walker both denied that they threatened

Howard Norton. The jury could believe them. Flemming, Walker, and the bartender

Candace Guzman testified that Norton declared an intent to kill Flemming and Walker.

Even under Norton’s version of the facts, he returned, with his gun, to a seat near

Flemming and lingered to pay for his food. He did not inform the bartender of any

threats to his person. A jury could conclude that Norton lacked any subjective fear for

his safety.

       Under Howard Norton’s version of the facts, Carmen Flemming approached him

first and he feared that Flemming would harm him. Norton averred that he feared that

two large men were coming after him. Norton reached for his gun in self-defense. Even

should the jury accept that Norton feared Flemming or Ahnonymas Walker, they could

determine that he exercised greater force than reasonably necessary. Once Walker and

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No. 37383-5-III
State v. Norton

Flemming ran toward the bar entrance, Norton followed them with a gun pointed toward

them. Any threat had ended. He chased them from the bar and then fired his gun. When

the two gentlemen fled the bar, Norton lacked any need to shoot.

                                   Malicious Harassment

       Howard Norton argues that the State provided insufficient evidence to support the

two convictions for malicious harassment because the State failed to prove that Norton

threatened Carmen Flemming and Ahnonymas Walker because of their race. He argues

that Walker never testified to the use of a racial slur directed toward him. Norton

contends that the altercation arose from men being macho, not from racism. Testimony

that Norton used a racial slur and that Norton told a law enforcement officer that African-

Americans behave in a particular way deconstructs Norton’s contention.

       Former RCW 9A.36.080 (2010), in effect at the time of the alleged crime,

provided in relevant part:

               (1) A person is guilty of malicious harassment if he or she
       maliciously and intentionally commits one of the following acts because of
       his or her perception of the victim’s race, color, religion, ancestry, national
       origin, gender, sexual orientation, or mental, physical, or sensory handicap:
               ....
               (c) Threatens a specific person or group of persons and places that
       person, or members of the specific group of persons, in reasonable fear of
       harm to person or property. The fear must be a fear that a reasonable
       person would have under all the circumstances. For purposes of this
       section, a “reasonable person” is a reasonable person who is a member of
       the victim’s race, color, religion, ancestry, national origin, gender, or sexual
       orientation, or who has the same mental, physical, or sensory handicap as
       the victim. Words alone do not constitute malicious harassment unless the

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No. 37383-5-III
State v. Norton

       context or circumstances surrounding the words indicate the words are a
       threat. Threatening words do not constitute malicious harassment if it is
       apparent to the victim that the person does not have the ability to carry out
       the threat.

LAWS OF 2010, ch. 119, § 1. The law required the jury to find that Howard Norton

specifically threatened Carmen Flemming and Ahnonymas Walker because of his

perception of their race.

       RCW 9A.36.080 penalizes acts that rise to the level of malicious and intentional

threats against a person based on the victim’s race or color. Words stated in a context

that show they are a threat constitute malicious harassment provided the person has the

apparent ability to follow through with the threat. State v. Johnson, 115 Wn. App. 890,

896, 64 P.3d 88 (2003). The trier of fact need not weigh the extent to which bias played a

role in the commission of the crime. State v. Johnson, 115 Wn. App. at 896. A

spontaneous decision to assault someone because of the victim’s membership in the

targeted group is still malicious harassment. State v. Johnson, 115 Wn. App. at 896.

       Howard Norton threatened both Carmen Flemming and Ahnonymas Walker. Both

are black men. Flemming testified that Howard Norton called him the N word. He

believed that Norton’s statements were racially-motivated. Customer Amanda Kincaid

also testified that she heard the piercing word. Norton stated to Officer Carrie

Christiansen, “‘That’s the prejudice thing, you know.’” RP (Jan. 15, 2020) at 429.

When asked what he meant, Norton stated, “‘He’s a black guy you know that.’” RP

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No. 37383-5-III
State v. Norton

(Jan. 15, 2020) at 429. The officer asked if Norton was prejudiced and he responded, “‘I

ain’t prejudiced. I don’t mind sleeping with them. I just ain’t going to go to school with

them.’” RP (Jan. 15, 2020) at 429-30. This testimony abundantly supports partial

motivation of race.

       In support of his contention that race did not motivate him, Howard Norton

contends that his alleged use of racist terms only became disclosed after the night of the

incident. Some of the evidence confirms this contention. Some does not. Regardless,

the jury could find the language was used.

                                         Sentence

       The sentencing court imposed a sentence that runs 123 months. 15 of those

months arise from the four substantive convictions, which sentences the court ran

concurrently. One hundred eighteen of those months derive from weapon enhancements

for each of the four crimes, which sentences ran consecutive to the underlying sentences

and to each other. The sentence enhancements almost subsume the underlying sentence.

       Howard Norton argues that the sentencing court erred when it concluded that it

lacked discretion to order that his firearm enhancements run concurrently with his

sentences for his underlying crimes rather than consecutively. He argues that, pursuant to

State v. McFarland, 189 Wn.2d 47, 55, 399 P.3d 1106 (2017), a sentencing court should

have discretion to impose a sentence that includes concurrent firearm-related

enhancements. Precedent compels a different conclusion.

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No. 37383-5-III
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       “As a general rule, the length of a criminal sentence imposed by a superior court is

not subject to appellate review, so long as the punishment falls within the correct

standard sentencing range established by the Sentencing Reform Act of 1981, chapter

9.94A RCW.” State v. Williams, 149 Wn.2d 143, 146, 65 P.3d 1214 (2003).

Nevertheless, “this prohibition does not bar a party’s right to challenge the underlying

legal conclusions and determinations by which a court comes to apply a particular

sentencing provision.” State v. Williams, 149 Wn.2d at 147. A court that fails to exercise

its discretion has abused its discretion. Bowcutt v. Delta North Star Corp., 95 Wn. App.

311, 320, 976 P.2d 643 (1999).

       RCW 9.94A.533 provides:

               (1) The provisions of this section apply to the standard sentence
       ranges determined by RCW 9.94A.510 or 9.94A.517.
               ....
               (3) The following additional times shall be added to the standard
       sentence range for felony crimes committed after July 23, 1995, if the
       offender or an accomplice was armed with a firearm as defined in RCW
       9.41.010 and the offender is being sentenced for one of the crimes listed in
       this subsection as eligible for any firearm enhancements based on the
       classification of the completed felony crime. If the offender is being
       sentenced for more than one offense, the firearm enhancement or
       enhancements must be added to the total period of confinement for all
       offenses, regardless of which underlying offense is subject to a firearm
       enhancement. If the offender or an accomplice was armed with a firearm as
       defined in RCW 9.41.010 and the offender is being sentenced for an
       anticipatory offense under chapter 9A.28 RCW to commit one of the crimes
       listed in this subsection as eligible for any firearm enhancements, the
       following additional times shall be added to the standard sentence range
       determined under subsection (2) of this section based on the felony crime of
       conviction as classified under RCW 9A.28.020:

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No. 37383-5-III
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              (a) Five years for any felony defined under any law as a class A
       felony or with a statutory maximum sentence of at least twenty years, or
       both, and not covered under (f) of this subsection;
              ....
              (e) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, all firearm
       enhancements under this section are mandatory, shall be served in total
       confinement, and shall run consecutively to all other sentencing provisions,
       including other firearm or deadly weapon enhancements, for all offenses
       sentenced under this chapter.

(Emphasis added.) According to the Washington State Supreme Court, the plain

language of the statute not only anticipates the imposition of multiple enhancements

under a single offense but clearly insists that all firearm and deadly weapon

enhancements are mandatory and must be served consecutively. State v. DeSantiago,

149 Wn.2d 402, 418, 68 P.3d 1065 (2003) (addressing the current statute’s forerunner,

RCW 9.94A.510). LAWS OF 2002, ch. 290 §§ 10, 11.

       State v. Brown, 139 Wn.2d 20, 938 P.2d 608 (1999), overruled on other grounds

by State v. Houston-Sconiers, 188 Wn.2d 1, 391 P.3d 409 (2017), forecloses Howard

Norton’s claim that imposition of firearm-related enhancements may be issued

concurrently as opposed to consecutively. In that case, the State argued that the trial

court erred in granting Natalie Brown’s request for an exceptional sentence downward

when it imposed a sentence below that outlined for a deadly weapon enhancement.

Brown argued that, when presented with sufficient justification, the court can deviate

from the sentencing range without limitation. Our high court disagreed:

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No. 37383-5-III
State v. Norton

              RCW 9.94A.310(4) [former relevant statute] begins by providing
       that deadly weapon enhancements ‘shall be added to the presumptive
       sentence[.]’ The more specific language within RCW 9.94A.310(4)(e)
       requires that ‘[n]otwithstanding any other provision of law, any and all
       deadly weapon enhancements under this section are mandatory, [and] shall
       be served in total confinement.’ This language clearly dictates a reading by
       the average informed lay voter that deadly weapon enhancements are
       mandatory and must be served.

State v. Brown, 139 Wn.2d at 28 (first alteration added). The state Supreme Court relied

on this “absolute language” contained in former RCW 9.94A.310(4)(e) and stated that, if

the sentencing provision “is to have any substance, it must mean that courts may not

deviate from the term of confinement required by the deadly weapon enhancement.”

State v. Brown, 139 Wn.2d 29.

       Howard Norton asks this court to extend the reasoning of State v. McFarland, 189

Wn.2d 47 (2017), in which our high court addressed sentences for firearm-related

convictions imposed under RCW 9.94A.589(1)(c) “Consecutive or concurrent

sentences.” In State v. McFarland, Cecily Zorada McFarland contended that the

sentencing court erred in concluding that it lacked discretion to impose an exceptional

mitigated sentence and impose her firearm-related sentences concurrently rather than

consecutively. Our high court agreed, holding that, “in a case in which standard range

consecutive sentencing for multiple firearm-related convictions ‘results in a presumptive

sentence that is clearly excessive in light of the purpose of [the SRA],’ a sentencing court

has discretion to impose an exceptional, mitigated sentence by imposing concurrent

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No. 37383-5-III
State v. Norton

firearm-related sentences.” State v. McFarland, 189 Wn.2d at 55 (quoting RCW

9.94A.535(1)(g)). In the opinion, the court recognized a distinction between sentencing

for firearm-related enhancements and convictions, stating that the purpose behind the

enactment of RCW 9.94A.589(1)(c) was to reverse the Supreme Court’s decision in In re

Post Sentencing Review of Charles, 135 Wn.2d 239, 955 P.2d 789 (1998), and “ensur[e]

that firearm-related enhancements be served consecutively.” State v. McFarland, 189

Wn.2d at 55. In In re Post Sentencing Review of Charles, 135 Wn.2d at 254, our high

court had held that “multiple weapon enhancements do not necessarily run consecutively

to each other.”

       Howard Norton also asks this court to extend the reasoning of the state Supreme

Court’s opinion in State v. Houston-Sconiers, 188 Wn.2d 1, 391 P.3d 409 (2017). There,

our high court considered the sentences of two juveniles, tried in adult court, whose

sentences included firearm enhancements. The court overruled State v. Brown to the

extent that it applied to bar a sentencing court from exercising its discretion with regard

to juvenile sentences. State v. Houston-Sconiers, 188 Wn.2d at 21 n.5. Norton points to

the opinion of Justice Madsen, who concurred in result only and insisted that the court

erred in issuing its decision in State v. Brown, as it took away a court’s discretion to

fulfill the purpose of the Sentencing Reform Act.

       We decline Howard Norton’s request to follow State v. McFarland and State v.

Houston-Sconiers. We must follow the language of the legislature and the

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No. 37383-5-III
State v. Norton

implementation of that language by the Supreme Court in State v. Brown even if we deem

the lengthy sentence resulting from multiple sentencing enhancements unfair.

                                   CONCLUSIONS

      We affirm all four of Howard Norton’s convictions and his sentence.

      A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the

Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to RCW

2.06.040.

                                            _________________________________
                                            Fearing, J.

WE CONCUR:

______________________________
Siddoway, A.C.J.

______________________________
Lawrence-Berrey, J.

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