Court Opinion

ID: 2986434
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-23 00:32:30.685484+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:01:07.553510
License: Public Domain

Affirmed in Part; Reversed; Rendered in Part; and Remanded; and Opinion
filed July 18, 2013.

                                    In The

                   Fourteenth Court of Appeals

                             NO. 14-12-00414-CV

                  CLEAR LAKE CENTER, L.P., Appellant

                                      V.
                      GARDEN RIDGE, L.P., Appellee

                  On Appeal from the 215th District Court
                          Harris County, Texas
                    Trial Court Cause No. 2009-58038

                               OPINION

      Garden Ridge, L.P. sued Clear Lake Center, L.P. for breach of a commercial
real property lease. Garden Ridge claimed that Clear Lake charged Garden Ridge
for impermissible management fees under the lease. Garden Ridge moved for
summary judgment on its affirmative claim and on Clear Lake‘s counterclaim for
declaratory relief. Clear Lake responded and moved for summary judgment on its
affirmative defenses of limitations, res judicata, and waiver.   The trial court
granted Garden Ridge‘s motion, held a jury trial on the issue of Garden Ridge‘s
attorney‘s fees, and signed a final judgment awarding Garden Ridge $470,087.53
on its breach of contract claim, $530,000.00 in attorney‘s fees, conditional
appellate attorney‘s fees, and contractual interest at a rate of eighteen percent,
among other things.

      We affirm in part, reverse the trial court‘s judgment in part and render
judgment that Garden Ridge‘s claims accruing before September 10, 2005, are
barred by limitations, and remand for further proceedings.

                                   BACKGROUND

      In 1995, Garden Ridge and Fiesta Mart signed a commercial lease for
Garden Ridge to rent space in Fiesta Mart‘s shopping center. Article VI of the
lease concerned the common area of the shopping center, in part as follows:

            Section 6.1. Common Area. The term ―Common Area‖ is
      defined for all purposes of this Lease as that part of the Shopping
      Center intended for the common use of all tenants, including among
      other facilities (as such may be applicable to the Shopping Center)
      parking area, sidewalks, drainage facilities, lighting facilities, drinking
      fountains, public toilets, and the like but excluding space in buildings
      (now or hereafter existing) designed for rental for commercial
      purposes, as the same may exist from time to time, and further
      excluding streets and alleys maintained by a public authority. . . .
      ....
             Section 6.3. Operation of Common Area. Landlord shall
      operate, manage and maintain the Common Area, the manner of
      operation, management and maintenance and the expenditures
      therefor to be in the sole discretion of Landlord, provided such
      operation, management and maintenance shall be comparable to
      similar shopping centers in Harris County, Texas. Landlord shall
      have the right to select a person to maintain and operate any of the
      Common Area if at any time Landlord determines that the best
      interests of the Shopping Center will be served by having any of the
      Common Area maintained and operated by that person. Landlord
                                          2
shall have the right to negotiate and enter into a contract with that
person on such terms and conditions and for such period of time as
Landlord deems reasonable and proper, both as to services and as to
cost.
        Section 6.4. Common Area Costs. In addition to rentals and
other charges prescribed in this Lease, Tenant shall pay to Landlord
Tenant‘s Share of Common Area Costs (as hereinafter defined).
―Common Area Costs‖, as used herein, means all sums expended by
Landlord during the Lease Term in operating, managing, policing,
equipping, lighting, repairing, replacing and maintaining the Common
Areas, and an allowance to Landlord for Landlord‘s supervision of the
Common Areas in an amount equal to seven and one-half percent (7-
1/2%) of the total of all Common Area Costs. Common area Costs
shall include, without limitation, costs of resurfacing and restriping
the parking and driveway areas; repainting, cleaning, sweeping, and
other janitorial services, policing, purchase, construction and
maintenance of refuse receptacles, planting and relandscaping;
directional signs and other markers; car stops; lighting and other
utilities; installing, operating and maintaining Shopping Center
identification signs; premiums on public liability and property damage
insurance (excluding increases therein due to vacancy in the Shopping
Center); maintenance, repair and replacement of utility systems,
including water, sanitary and storm sewer lines and other utility lines,
pipes and conduits serving the Shopping Center; drainage systems
serving the Shopping Center; rental charges for machinery and
equipment used in the operation, maintenance and repair of the
Common Areas; costs of personnel to implement all of the foregoing,
including wages, unemployment taxes and social security taxes;
personal property taxes; fees for required licenses and permits;
supplies; and other costs necessary in Landlord‘s judgment for the
maintenance, operation and management of the Common Areas, but
excluding depreciation of the original cost of constructing the
Common Areas. . . . Tenant shall make such payments to Landlord at
intervals not more frequent than monthly . . . . Such monthly or other
periodic charges shall be based upon the Landlord‘s estimated annual
Common Area Costs, payable in advance but subject to adjustment
after the end of each calendar year during the term of this Lease on the
basis of the actual Common Area Costs for such year. Upon the
computation of such adjustment (which shall be completed within 180

                                   3
      days following the end of the calendar year to which such adjustment
      relates) and notice to Tenant, Tenant shall pay to Landlord the amount
      of any deficiency, or Landlord shall refund to Tenant the amount of
      any excess, as the case may be, such reimbursement or payment to be
      made within thirty days following the Tenant‘s receipt of such
      statement.
             Section 6.5. Common Area Costs. Landlord shall keep
      complete books and records for all Common Area Costs, and Tenant,
      at its expense, shall have the right to inspect, audit and copy such
      books and records upon reasonable notice during the business hours of
      Landlord or Landlord‘s property manager. Landlord shall promptly
      refund to Tenant any overpayment and Tenant shall promptly pay to
      Landlord any deficiency (in each case, within 30 days following
      completion of the audit) . . . .
The lease identified Garden Ridge‘s pro rata share of the ―common area
maintenance‖ (CAM) costs. Pursuant to Section 6.4 of the lease, Garden Ridge
prepaid estimated CAM costs, and the landlord sent a reconciliation statement to
Garden Ridge in the following year detailing the remainder of sums owed to the
landlord for CAM costs.

      Edwin Freedman signed the lease as president for the broker, United
Equities, Inc., which also acted as the management company for the shopping
center since the inception of the lease.

      Vice President of Real Estate for Garden Ridge Patrick Willis testified by
affidavit that Clear Lake purchased the shopping center from Fiesta Mart in 2003,
and prior to that purchase, Fiesta Mart had never charged Garden Ridge a
management fee, either as part of CAM costs or any other charge. Beginning in
2003, after Clear Lake acquired the shopping center, Clear Lake billed Garden
Ridge for a ―management fee‖ on the reconciliation statements detailing the CAM
costs. The management fees Garden Ridge paid were as follows for years 2003
through 2009:

                                           4
      2003 — $58,259.14
      2004 — $60,095.87
      2005 — $75,561.47
      2006 — $75,513.31
      2007 — $72,947.20
      2008 — $69,159.01
      2009 — $84,013.87
Willis explained that Garden Ridge also paid the seven and one-half percent
―supervisory fee‖ on top of the management fees, so Garden Ridge paid a total of
$470.087.53 to Clear Lake in ―management fees plus the supervisory fee applied to
the management fees.‖ Each year until the 2008 reconciliation payment was due,
Garden Ridge paid the management fee. For the 2008 and 2009 years, Garden
Ridge paid ―under protest.‖

      In 2009, Garden Ridge‘s auditor conducted an audit of the charges billed
under the lease for 2004 through 2008 and concluded that Clear Lake ―charged
exorbitant Management Fees to Tenant in the annual CAM reconciliations.‖ The
auditor concluded, ―All Management Fees are paid to an affiliate of Landlord
pursuant to a Property Management and Leasing Agreement dated April 16, 2003
between Landlord and United Equities Incorporated.‖ Willis testified that the audit
showed the ―management fee that had been charged by Clear Lake and paid by
Garden Ridge had predominantly been for non-common area services.‖

      In the course of this audit, Garden Ridge received a copy of the property
management and leasing agreement. Freedman signed the agreement on behalf of
both entities—as president of United Equities and president of CL Group, Inc.,
general partner of Clear Lake. Freedman testified that he negotiated the terms of
the agreement for both entities.

                                        5
      Under the management and leasing agreement, United Equities managed,
leased, and operated the entire shopping center property. Clear Lake gave United
Equities the ―powers and duties‖ to, among other things, bill and collect rents and
other charges from tenants, maintain the property and common areas of the
property, make arrangements for utilities, pay taxes, acquire and keep licenses, and
pay operating expenses.      As compensation for United Equities‘ services in
managing the property, Clear Lake agreed to pay United Equities a ―management
fee‖ equal to five percent of the monthly gross collections.

      Freedman testified extensively about United Equities‘ management
activities, both related and unrelated to the common area. He testified that under
the management agreement, United Equities‘ responsibilities included ―operating,
overseeing, [and] supervising everything in the common area.‖ He explained
further:

      But to be very honest, my interest and job description, I feel, as a
      company is to be managing the entire shopping center situation. And,
      that would include the rights of tenants among other tenants. If
      somebody was doing something that they were not supposed to be
      selling or doing, that comes under management. And, I‘m not so sure
      that I can define that as being part of standing inside somebody‘s
      space or in the common area. But there‘s no doubt I have to manage
      the common areas. But there‘s so many other issues, just like the
      condemnation. I don‘t know how you define that, but I have to take
      care of those as a management company.

Freedman also testified that ―leasing and doing the leases . . . still falls into the
overall scope of managing a property.‖ He explained that ―trying to get people
into the center‖ and keeping it ―leased‖ and ―occupied‖ was a ―management duty.‖
When asked whether promoting the shopping center was part of managing the
common area, he testified, ―I don‘t know. I just think it‘s — I don‘t, really, you
know, separate it out.‖

                                          6
      Freedman answered ―no‖ to the question: ―Would you agree with me that
the management fee that is charged, is charged for supervision of activities related
to the common area?‖ When asked what the difference was between managing
and supervising, Freedman answered:

      Well, I think that if you‘re supervising, you‘re probably in the
      common area overseeing work that is being done in the common area.
      It might be landscaping. It might be parking lot striping. It might be
      parking situations, signage, et cetera. If you‘re managing the
      property, you are dealing with, and an easy way to say it, everything
      else but the supervision. It could be rent collections. It could be
      having to do with, as I‘ve talked earlier, I think a number of times:
      about making sure the tenants are doing a proper use provision; to
      handle condemnation situations; to handle casualty; to handle the
      hurricane situations; to try and keep the occupancy to an extent that
      Garden Ridge and others have proper co-tenants. So all the items that
      — to decide whether you need some type of promotions in marketing,
      to deal with delinquencies. To collect the rents so you have the
      money to operate the shopping center.

Freedman acknowledged that ―part of what the [United Equities] people do are
involved in management and part of what they do are involved in supervision,‖ and
he said that the tenants were paying Clear Lake for ―management and supervision.‖
He testified that a ―management duty‖ could be ―within the common area or within
demised premise[s].‖

      The summary judgment record also includes evidence concerning Garden
Ridge‘s bankruptcy proceeding in 2004 and 2005. As part of this proceeding in
2005, Garden Ridge signed an amendment to the lease agreeing to pay a ―cure
amount‖ for 2003 CAM charges. Garden Ridge‘s reorganization plan designated
the lease as one to be assumed pursuant to the plan, and the bankruptcy court
confirmed the plan, decreeing that Garden Ridge assumed the lease. Freedman
testified by affidavit concerning a conversation he had with a representative of

                                         7
Garden Ridge during the bankruptcy proceeding: ―While I do not recall the
specific details of the conversation, I know that we discussed each element of the
increased CAM estimate, with particular emphasis on the management fee. . . .‖
Willis acknowledged in his affidavit that the reconciliation for 2003 included a
―management fee.‖

       Garden Ridge sued Clear Lake for breach of contract and declaratory relief,
among other things, on September 10, 2009. Clear Lake also sought declaratory
relief and alleged various affirmative defenses.1           Garden Ridge moved for a
summary judgment on its breach of contract claim and on Clear Lake‘s claim for
declaratory relief. Clear Lake filed a response and cross-motion for summary
judgment ―on the construction of the lease and on the defenses of limitations, res
judicata and waiver.‖ The trial court ultimately granted Clear Lake‘s motion,
awarding $470,087.53 in damages and ordering that Clear Lake ―may not charge
management fees not related to the management or maintenance of the Common
Areas for the remainder of the subject lease.‖ A jury later awarded attorney‘s fees
to Garden Ridge, and the trial court entered a final judgment incorporating its
summary judgment order and the jury‘s verdict.2

       Clear Lake filed a timely notice of appeal and challenges the trial court‘s
decision to grant summary judgment for Garden Ridge and deny Clear Lake‘s
motion for summary judgment.

       1
         Part of Clear Lake‘s request included a declaration that ―the Landlord is entitled to
charge both a Management Fee and a Supervision Fee.‖
       2
       The court decreed that for the remainder of the lease, Clear Lake ―may not charge
management fees not related to the management or maintenance of the Common Areas.‖

                                              8
                              STANDARD OF REVIEW

      We review de novo the trial court‘s decision to grant a summary judgment.
Ferguson v. Bldg. Materials Corp. of Am., 295 S.W.3d 642, 644 (Tex. 2009).
When reviewing cross-motions for summary judgment, we consider both motions
and render the judgment that the trial court should have rendered. Coastal Liquids
Transp., L.P. v. Harris Cnty. Appraisal Dist., 46 S.W.3d 880, 884 (Tex. 2001); see
also Mid-Continent Cas. Co. v. Global Enercom Mgmt., Inc., 323 S.W.3d 151,
153–54 (Tex. 2010).

      The movant for a traditional summary judgment must show that there is no
genuine issue of material fact and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); Mann Frankfort Stein & Lipp Advisors, Inc. v. Fielding,
289 S.W.3d 844, 848 (Tex. 2009). In particular, a plaintiff moving for summary
judgment on its own claim must conclusively prove all essential elements of its
claim. Cullins v. Foster, 171 S.W.3d 521, 530 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
2005, pet. denied) (citing MMP, Ltd. v. Jones, 710 S.W.2d 59, 60 (Tex. 1986)).
Likewise, a defendant moving for summary judgment on its affirmative defense
must conclusively prove each element of that defense. Shah v. Moss, 67 S.W.3d
836, 842 (Tex. 2001).

      Evidence is conclusive only if reasonable people could not differ in their
conclusions. City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 816 (Tex. 2005); see also
Appleton v. Appleton, 76 S.W.3d 78, 83 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2002,
no pet.). We review the summary judgment evidence in the light most favorable to
the nonmovant, crediting evidence favorable to the nonmovant if reasonable jurors
could, and disregarding contrary evidence unless reasonable jurors could not.
Mann Frankfort, 289 S.W.3d at 848.

                                          9
                                          ANALYSIS

       In three issues Clear Lake contends the trial court erred (1) by granting
summary judgment to Garden Ridge on its breach of contract claim because
Garden Ridge failed to conclusively prove (a) breach and (b) damages;3 (2)
denying Clear Lake‘s motion for summary judgment on its affirmative defenses of
(a) res judicata, (b) estoppel, (c) waiver, and (d) limitations; and (3) awarding
eighteen percent pre- and post-judgment interest instead of a lower statutory rate.

       We agree with Clear Lake that Garden Ridge failed to conclusively prove
damages, and the trial court should have granted summary judgment in part to
Clear Lake on its affirmative defense of limitations.

1.     Garden Ridge’s Motion for Summary Judgment

       a.     Breach & Construction of the Lease4

       Relying on the phrase ―sole discretion‖ in Section 6.3 of the lease, Clear
Lake argues that Garden Ridge has ―no enforceable claim unless it can show that
the fees charged were not comparable to similar shopping centers in Harris
County, Texas.‖ Garden Ridge presents two potential theories of recovery. First,
Garden Ridge claims that the lease does not allow for any ―management fee‖ to be
charged for CAM because such a fee would be duplicative of the seven and one-
half percent ―allowance‖ provided for in Section 6.4. Second, Garden Ridge
       3
        In the argument section of Issue (1)(b), Clear Lake also contends that we should reverse
the award of attorney‘s fees if reversing the damages award.
       4
         As discussed below, we hold that Garden Ridge failed to conclusively prove damages,
and therefore, we must reverse the trial court‘s summary judgment on liability. See TEX. R. APP.
44.1(b); Rancho La Valencia, Inc. v. Aquaplex, Inc., 383 S.W.3d 150, 151–52 (Tex. 2012);
Okorafor v. Lewis, No. 14-08-00130-CV, 2010 WL 1343125, at *4 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] Apr. 6, 2010, no pet.) (mem. op.). We address liability only to the extent it informs our
resolution of the damages issue because any ruling on liability would be advisory. See Buc-ee’s,
Ltd. v. Hribek, No. 03-08-00120-CV, 2009 WL 5149922, at *3 (Tex. App.—Austin Dec. 31,
2009, no pet.) (mem. op.).

                                              10
contends that if the lease indeed authorizes a management fee for CAM, Clear
Lake charged Garden Ridge for non-CAM expenditures, and this was a breach of
the lease. We reject Garden Ridge‘s first theory (no management fee) but agree
with the second (no non-CAM expenditures).

      The lease unambiguously authorizes Clear Lake to charge a separate fee, in
addition to the ―allowance‖ or ―supervisory fee,‖ for the management of the
common area. Section 6.3 of the lease requires the landlord to ―operate, manage
and maintain the Common Area‖ with ―the expenditures therefor to be in the sole
discretion of the Landlord.‖ This section also allows Clear Lake to ―select a
person to maintain and operate any of the Common Area‖ and ―enter into a
contract with that person on such terms and conditions . . . as Landlord deems
reasonable and proper, both as to services and as to cost.‖ Further, Section 6.4 of
the lease requires Garden Ridge to pay its share of ―common area costs,‖ with that
term defined as ―all sums expended by Landlord . . . in operating, managing, . . .
and maintaining the Common Areas, and an allowance to Landlord‖ (emphasis
added). The ―allowance‖ or ―supervisory fee‖ is clearly an additional fee and not
duplicative of any other management costs expended by the landlord, which may
include costs of another person maintaining the common area. See McDonald’s
Corp. v. Goler, 560 N.W.2d 458, 461 (Neb. 1997) (similar lease unambiguously
required tenant to pay landlord‘s fees paid to a management company in addition
to an administrative fee of fifteen percent of all common area costs).

      The lease unambiguously limits the allowable fee, however, to sums
expended for the management and maintenance of the common area—not the
property as a whole. Contrary to Clear Lake‘s argument, the ―sole discretion‖
phrase in Section 6.3 does not alter the fact that the ―expenditures therefor‖ relates
to Clear Lake‘s duty to ―operate, manage and maintain the Common Area.‖ The

                                         11
―all sums expended‖ language in Section 6.4 is limited to costs for operating,
managing, and maintaining (among other things), ―the Common Areas.‖

       Clear Lake suggests that its construction of the lease, based on the ―sole
discretion‖ language, is mandated by our decision in T.F.W. Management, Inc. v.
Westwood Shores Property Owners Association, 79 S.W.3d 712 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, pet. denied). In that case, the plaintiff sued for an
equitable accounting although the contract clearly gave the plaintiff no such right.
See id. at 718. This court did not hold that the lease‘s ―sole discretion‖ language
would somehow bar an action for breach of contract. See id. at 718–19.5 T.F.W.
Management is not instructive, and we do not follow Clear Lake‘s construction of
the lease.

       Having determined that Clear Lake does not have discretion to charge non-
CAM expenses, we turn to the question of whether summary judgment was proper
on the issue of damages. We review the damages issue under the theory that the
lease authorizes Clear Lake to charge a management fee, but not a fee unrelated to
CAM. For purposes of this appeal, we assume without deciding that Garden Ridge
conclusively established Clear Lake‘s breach of the lease by charging non-CAM
management fees.

       b.     Damages

       Clear Lake contends that ―Garden Ridge did not meet its burden to prove an
amount of compensable damages, and it certainly did not prove it was entitled to
all management fees paid.‖ Clear Lake argues that Garden Ridge is not entitled to
recovery of the entire management fee paid because at least some fees are allowed
       5
          In particular, both the majority and concurring justices reasoned than an equitable
accounting was not proper, in part, because standard discovery procedures (presumably for a
breach of contract claim) would have been adequate. See 79 S.W.3d at 717–18 & n.5; id. at 721
(Brister, C.J., concurring).

                                             12
under the lease, and the record contains evidence that some of United Equities‘
management activities were related to the common area. Garden Ridge responds
that it was entitled to recover the entire management fee for three reasons:

             ―First, there was no material dispute of fact that the Management Fee
             as a whole was not a ‗Common Area Cost‘ because it was incurred in
             managing the entire Center, not the Common Area.‖
             ―Second, even if some sort of apportionment would have been
             appropriate, Clear Lake failed to produce any evidence demonstrating
             what portion, if any, of the Management Fee was incurred in
             managing the Common Areas. In fact, Clear Lake admitted that it
             kept no such records.‖
             ―Third, the entirety of the Management Fee was Improper because
             that Fee duplicated the 7.5% allowance already paid under the lease
             for supervision of the Common Areas.‖

We will address each in turn.

            i.   Garden Ridge’s First Argument

      This argument is essentially that proving breach entitles Garden Ridge to the
whole amount of the management fee paid, yet Garden Ridge‘s own authorities
contradict such a broad assertion. See Goler, 560 N.W.2d at 940 (concluding that
the trial court erred by granting summary judgment to the plaintiff for the entire
amount of a management fee when the parties did not dispute that some of the
management company‘s duties ―were not performed in conjunction with the
common area, while others were so related‖); see also Sheplers, Inc. v. Kabuto
Int’l (Nev.) Corp., 63 F. Supp. 2d 1306, 1313–14 (D. Kan. 1999) (ruling that
―management costs related specifically to the common area are included in the
CAM expenses‖ and the defendant could charge such management expenses to the
tenant). Garden Ridge provides no substantive analysis or citation to authority to
support its position.

                                         13
       The summary judgment evidence raises a genuine issue of material fact
because at least some of United Equities‘ management activities, for which the
management fee was paid, were for the common area of the shopping center.
Garden Ridge‘s own witness testified by affidavit that the management fee was
―predominantly‖—not exclusively—for non-CAM services.               The management
agreement described United Equities‘ duty to maintain ―the property and common
areas thereof.‖      Freedman testified that at least part of United Equities‘
responsibilities under the management agreement was ―operating, overseeing,
[and] supervising everything in the common area.‖

       We hold that the mere fact of breach does not entitle Garden Ridge to
recover the entire management fee. By only submitting evidence regarding the
total management fee paid, Garden Ridge failed to conclusively prove its measure
of damages. Cf. Aquaplex, Inc. v. Rancho La Valencia, Inc., 297 S.W.3d 768,
776–77 (Tex. 2009) (requiring remand or remittitur when some evidence supported
an award of damages entered on the jury‘s verdict, but ―just not at the level
awarded by the trial court‖; damages award failed to reflect offset for the plaintiff‘s
interest in a joint venture).

           ii.    Garden Ridge’s Second Argument

       Garden Ridge relies exclusively on the Sheplers decision, in which the
United States District Court for the District of Kansas, without citing any authority,
―shift[ed] the burden to defendant to show that the challenged expenses [were]
CAM-related‖ because the defendant had ―complete control over all the records
related to CAM expenditures.‖ 63 F. Supp. 2d at 1314. Garden Ridge has cited no
Texas authority shifting the burden on summary judgment, and generally, a
plaintiff bears the burden of proving his or her measure of damages. See, e.g., ERI
Consulting Eng’rs, Inc. v. Swinnea, 318 S.W.3d 867, 878 (Tex. 2010); McLane v.

                                          14
Maurer, 66 S.W. 693, 695 (Tex. Civ. App. 1902, writ ref‘d).

       Garden Ridge suggests the burden should be shifted to Clear Lake because
―Clear Lake claimed to have no time records or any other basis for determining the
amount of time spent by United Equities employees on managing the Common
Areas.‖ Garden Ridge bases its request for a burden shift on several responses that
United Equities personnel gave in depositions concerning the lack of record-
keeping.6

       But even assuming that Clear Lake had a duty to preserve the evidence
necessary to establish the correct calculation of Garden Ridge‘s damages,7 and that
Clear Lake failed in this duty, Garden Ridge did not ask the trial court to award
discovery sanctions or to apply a spoliation presumption.8                        Under some
circumstances, a defendant may be barred from contesting the amount of damages
as a discovery sanction,9 or the trial court may apply an evidentiary presumption in

       6
         Freedman was not ―aware of‖ any records detailing how much time administrative staff
spent on particular tasks or any one of the twenty-seven shopping centers managed by United
Equities. William Corrigan testified that there were no records providing any information on
how much time employees at United Equities spent on managing the Clear Lake shopping
center. Corrigan also was unable to provide an estimate of how much time any employees spent
providing services for the Clear Lake shopping center. Corrigan had no estimate of how much
time the primary employee working on the Clear Lake shopping center spent on various tasks,
such as supervising CAM costs or tenant relations.
       7
          Clear Lake has a contractual duty to ―keep complete books and records for all Common
Area Costs,‖ but we do not decide today whether this is the type of ―duty‖ that would give rise to
a spoliation presumption or discovery sanction. Compare Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Johnson, 106
S.W.3d 718, 722 (Tex. 2003) (―Such a duty arises only when a party knows or reasonably should
know that there is a substantial chance that a claim will be filed and that evidence in its
possession or control will be material and relevant to that claim.‖), with Trevino v. Ortega, 969
S.W.2d 950, 955 (Tex. 1998) (Baker, J., concurring) (―A party may have a statutory, regulatory,
or ethical duty to preserve evidence.‖).
       8
          See Trevino, 969 S.W.2d at 954 (Baker, J., concurring) (―When a party believes that
another party has improperly destroyed evidence, it may either move for sanctions or request a
spoliation presumption instruction.‖).
       9
           See Paradigm Oil, Inc. v. Retamco Operating, Inc., 372 S.W.3d 177, 186 (Tex. 2012)
                                               15
the plaintiff‘s favor for the spoliation of evidence.10

       Without Garden Ridge pursuing a proper remedy in the trial court, however,
we will not ―transform a presumption or sanctionable event into a conclusively
established fact for summary judgment purposes.‖                    Kang v. Hyundai Corp.
(U.S.A.), 992 S.W.2d 499, 502 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1999, no pet.); accord Meru v.
Huerta, 136 S.W.3d 383, 389 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2004, no pet.). The
burden remained on Garden Ridge to conclusively establish its damages for a
summary judgment. Given that the record is replete with evidence that some of
United Equities‘ management activities—for which the fee was paid—concerned
management of the common areas, we must conclude Garden Ridge failed to
conclusively prove its damages were equal to the entire management fee paid.

            iii.   Garden Ridge’s Third Argument

       We have already rejected Garden Ridge‘s interpretation of the contract that
would allow it to recover the entirety of the management fee as being duplicative
of the ―allowance‖ or ―supervisory fee.‖ Under the unambiguous terms of the
contract, Clear Lake is not prohibited from contracting with a third party for
management of the common area and passing on to Garden Ridge a pro rata share
of those expenses.

       Accordingly, Garden Ridge failed to conclusively prove that its
compensable damages amounted to the entire management fee paid to Clear Lake,
(―The destruction of evidence that directly and significantly impairs a party‘s ability to prove
damages might reasonably justify a sanction like the one in this case‖—barring the other party
from contesting damages); see also TEX. R. CIV. P. 215.2(b)(4) (providing that a sanction for
failure to comply with a proper discovery request may include an order that ―designated facts
shall be taken to be established for the purposes of the action in accordance with the claim of the
party obtaining the order‖).
       10
         See, e.g., Walker v. Thomasson Lumber Co., 203 S.W.3d 470, 477 (Tex. App.—
Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, no pet.) (spoliation ―may give rise to a presumption that the missing
evidence was unfavorable to the spoliator‖).

                                                16
and the trial court should not have granted summary judgment on the damages
issue.

         Clear Lake‘s first issue is sustained.

2.       Clear Lake’s Motion for Summary Judgment

         a.    Res Judicata

         Clear Lake contends it conclusively established all elements of its
affirmative defense of res judicata based on the bankruptcy court‘s confirmation of
Garden Ridge‘s Chapter 11 plan in 2005, and the trial court erred by not rendering
judgment for Clear Lake. We disagree.

         Federal law controls the determination of whether a federal court‘s judgment
should bar a state court action. Eagle Props., Ltd. v. Scharbauer, 807 S.W.2d 714,
718 (Tex. 1990). ―Under federal law, the doctrine of res judicata will apply if: (1)
the parties are identical in both suits; (2) the prior judgment is rendered by a court
of competent jurisdiction; (3) there is a final judgment on the merits; and (4) the
same cause of action is involved in both cases.‖ Id.

         The primary issue in this case concerns the fourth element of res judicata.11
This element is satisfied if the two actions are based on ―the same nucleus of
operative facts.‖ In re Howe, 913 F.2d 1138, 1144 (5th Cir. 1990). Under this test,
the same action includes ―‗all the remedial rights of the plaintiff against the
defendant growing out of the relevant transaction (or series of connected
transactions).‘‖ Id. at 1144 n.10 (quoting Nilsen v. City of Moss Point, Miss., 701
F.2d 556, 560 n.4 (5th Cir. 1983)). ―A party may not avoid the preclusive [e]ffect
         11
          The parties do not dispute the first two elements, and it is clear from federal decisions
that a bankruptcy court‘s order confirming a plan of reorganization is a final judgment on the
merits. See, e.g., In re Justice Oaks II, Ltd., 898 F.2d 1544, 1550 (11th Cir. 1990) (citing Stoll v.
Gottlieb, 305 U.S. 165, 170–71 (1938); Miller v. Meinhard-Commercial Corp., 462 F.2d 358,
360 (5th Cir. 1972)).

                                                 17
of res judicata by asserting a new theory or a different remedy.‖ Id. Res judicata
will bar ―all claims that were or could have been advanced in support of the cause
of action on the occasion of its former adjudication.‖       Id. at 1144 (quotation
omitted).

      It is undisputed Garden Ridge is not suing Clear Lake for a breach of
contract related to the 2003 CAM charge that Garden Ridge actually agreed to pay
Clear Lake in the reorganization plan as a ―cure‖ amount. This lawsuit concerns
Clear Lake‘s alleged breaches after the confirmation of the Chapter 11 plan—each
year from 2005 onward. Clear Lake cites no authority for applying res judicata to
bar a breach of contract claim that arose after confirmation of the plan, and there is
authority to the contrary. See TransAmerican Nat. Gas Corp. v. Finkelstein, 933
S.W.2d 591, 596 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1996, writ denied) (res judicata did not
bar a royalty interest holder‘s claim for royalties accruing after the date of the
bankruptcy court‘s confirmation of the debtor‘s plan, by which prior claims were
settled, because the holder‘s claim arose after confirmation of the plan). Further,
there is no evidence in this record that Garden Ridge knew at the time of the plan‘s
2005 confirmation that Clear Lake had charged or intended to charge Garden
Ridge for management of the entire shopping center property unrelated to the
common areas. There is no evidence that the parties or the bankruptcy court
construed the lease to require Garden Ridge‘s payment of non-CAM management
expenses.    Given that Garden Ridge‘s claims had not arisen and were not
foreseeable before confirmation of the plan, the claims could not have been
advanced in the bankruptcy litigation.

      Clear Lake relies on the Fifth Circuit‘s decision in Howe, where the
subsequent suit arose out of the same nucleus of operative facts concerning an
earlier bankruptcy proceeding. In Howe, the debtors brought a lender liability

                                         18
action against a creditor—claiming violations of fiduciary and contractual duties,
state securities laws, and state law fraud—based on a loan transaction that had
been previously contested, settled, and confirmed in a prior Chapter 11 bankruptcy
plan. See 913 F.2d at 1140–41. During adversary proceedings in the bankruptcy
court, the debtors contested the validity of the lien and contended that the loan was
usurious. Id. at 1144. The creditor‘s loan had been the ―only major claim against
the estate‖ in the bankruptcy court, id., and ―[e]very facet of [the creditor‘s] loan
was the subject of litigation and negotiation‖ in the bankruptcy court, id. at 1147.
Further, the debtors had been ―aware of the basic facts underlying their claims‖ at
the time the bankruptcy court confirmed the plan. Id. The same cannot be said
about Garden Ridge. As mentioned above, there is no evidence Garden Ridge
knew that part of the management fee paid as part of the 2003 CAM cure amount
was for non-CAM expenses. Garden Ridge‘s current claims are not based on a
nucleus of operative facts litigated in the bankruptcy proceeding.

       Accordingly, we conclude the trial court correctly denied Clear Lake‘s
motion on this ground.

       b.      Estoppel

       Clear Lake contends it conclusively proved its affirmative defenses of
judicial estoppel and equitable estoppel. Garden Ridge argues that Clear Lake
waived these defenses by not raising them in the summary judgment motion or
response.12

       In the summary judgment context, ―Issues not expressly presented to the
trial court by written motion, answer or other response shall not be considered on

       12
          In its reply brief on appeal, Clear Lake ―limits its reply to the affirmative defenses of
res judicata, waiver, and limitations‖ because ―of Garden Ridge‘s complaint that certain
affirmative defenses were not preserved for appeal.‖

                                                19
appeal as grounds for reversal.‖ TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); see also, e.g., McConnell
v. Southside Indep. Sch. Dist., 858 S.W.2d 337, 341 (Tex. 1993). Clear Lake did
not raise any estoppel defenses in its motion for summary judgment. Accordingly,
we may not reverse on these grounds.

      c.     Waiver

      Clear Lake contends it conclusively proved its affirmative defense of waiver,
whereby ―Garden Ridge [1] waived any claim that the Lease does not authorize a
management fee and [2] waived any right to question the calculation of the fee.‖
Given our construction of the lease above—that the lease indeed allows Clear Lake
to charge a management fee—we need not address Clear Lake‘s first point. We
disagree with Clear Lake‘s second point.

      ―Waiver is the intentional relinquishment of a right actually known, or
intentional conduct inconsistent with claiming that right.‖ Ulico Cas. Co. v. Allied
Pilots Ass’n, 262 S.W.3d 773, 778 (Tex. 2008). ―The elements of waiver include
(1) an existing right, benefit, or advantage held by a party; (2) the party‘s actual
knowledge of its existence; and (3) the party‘s actual intent to relinquish the right,
or intentional conduct inconsistent with the right.‖ Id. And even if a party to a
contract could be charged with notice of its right and then acts inconsistent with
the right, waiver cannot be asserted to create a new contractual liability. See id.

      Clear Lake cites no case holding that a party to a contract waived a right
when the plaintiff did not actually know facts pertinent to the breach.               For
example, in Tenneco Inc. v. Enterprise Products Co., the Texas Supreme Court
found waiver established as a matter of law for a contractual provision prohibiting
assignment of an ownership interest in a fractionation plant unless the assignee
agreed to deliver 31,000 barrels of natural gas liquids per day to the plant. 925
S.W.2d 640, 642–43 (Tex. 1996). The assignee never agreed to the delivery
                                          20
requirement and failed to meet the quota for three years. Id. The evidence showed
that the plaintiffs actually knew that the assignor had transferred its ownership
interest to the assignee, and the plaintiffs accepted the assignee‘s delivery of less
than 31,000 barrels per day for three years. Id. at 643. Thus, actual knowledge
was key to establishing waiver.

      As a matter of law, Garden Ridge did not relinquish its right to pay only
CAM expenses under the lease by simply paying Clear Lake the management fee
within the bankruptcy proceeding or afterward.            Garden Ridge paid the
management fee without actually knowing that the fee was in part a non-CAM
expense. Garden Ridge‘s lack of knowledge is crucial. See Enterprise-Laredo
Assocs. v. Hachar’s, Inc., 839 S.W.2d 822, 836 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1992)
(settlement agreement whereby parties agreed to ―waive any other violations of the
Lease‖ occurring before a particular date did not establish affirmative defense of
waiver when the plaintiff ―was not aware of the CAM overcharges at the time it
signed the agreement‖; thus, the plaintiff did not waive the right to sue for CAM
overcharges), writ denied, 843 S.W.2d 476 (Tex. 1993) (per curiam). Indeed,
Clear Lake included the management fee on the CAM reconciliation statements,
thereby suggesting that the entirety of the fee was a proper CAM expense.

      The trial court correctly denied Clear Lake‘s motion on this ground.

      d.     Limitations

      Clear Lake contends it conclusively proved that ―any damages that accrued
prior to September 10, 2005, were barred by limitations.‖            Garden Ridge
acknowledges that the four-year statute of limitations ―implicates‖ the 2004
management fee because suit was not filed until September 10, 2009, but Garden
Ridge contends that the claim is not barred because of the discovery rule and
―Clear Lake‘s own misrepresentations delayed prosecution of this claim.‖ We
                                         21
agree with Clear Lake that any claims accruing prior to September 10, 2005, are
barred by the statute of limitations, including Garden Ridge‘s claim for the 2004
management fee.

       A breach of contract claim accrues when the contract is breached. Via Net v.
TIG Ins. Co., 211 S.W.3d 310, 314 (Tex. 2006). But accrual may be deferred by
the discovery rule if ―‗the nature of the injury incurred is inherently undiscoverable
and the evidence of injury is objectively verifiable.‘‖ Id. at 313 (quoting Computer
Assocs. Int’l, Inc. v. Altai, Inc., 918 S.W.2d 453, 456 (Tex. 1996)). The Texas
Supreme Court has ―restricted the discovery rule to exceptional cases to avoid
defeating the purposes behind the limitations statutes.‖ Id. The discovery rule
may apply to a breach of contract claim, but ―those cases should be rare, as diligent
contracting parties should generally discover any breach during the relatively long
four-year limitations period provided for such claims.‖ Id. at 315.

       ―‗An injury is inherently undiscoverable if it is, by its nature, unlikely to be
discovered within the prescribed limitations period despite due diligence.‘‖ Id. at
313–14 (quoting Wagner & Brown, Ltd. v. Horwood, 58 S.W.3d 732, 734–35
(Tex. 2001)). Due diligence requires that contracting parties protect their own
interests. Id. at 314. Thus, due diligence ―may include asking a contract partner
for information needed to verify contractual performance.‖ Id. ―If a contracting
party responds to such a request with false information, accrual may be delayed for
fraudulent concealment.‖ Id. ―But failing to even ask for such information is not
due diligence.‖ Id. Whether an injury is inherently undiscoverable is a ―legal
question . . . decided on a categorical rather than case-specific basis; the focus is on
whether a type of injury rather than a particular injury was discoverable.‖ Id.13

       13
           And similar to the discovery rule, fraudulent concealment will delay the statute of
limitations only until the fraud is actually discovered or ―‗could have been discovered by the
                                             22
       Garden Ridge‘s injury is not of the type that is inherently undiscoverable
because the injury could have been discovered with the exercise of due diligence.
Garden Ridge paid the 2004 CAM charge without question and without requesting
an audit, for which it had a contractual right under Section 6.5 of the lease. Garden
Ridge could have inquired about the management fee as soon as Clear Lake sent
the reconciliation, but Garden Ridge did not do so. Instead, Garden Ridge waited
four years to request an audit, and there is no evidence Clear Lake provided false
information during the course of the audit—indeed, the management agreement
that Clear Lake provided during the audit is precisely how Garden Ridge learned of
the breach. See TH Healthcare Ltd. v. Patino, No. 13-06-602-CV, 2007 WL
2128909, at *5 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi July 26, 2007, pet. denied) (mem. op.)
(injury was not inherently undiscoverable because the contract allowed for
reconciliation of overpayments to be conducted, and if the plaintiff had conducted
its reconciliation and audit, it would or should have known of the injury at that
time); see also HECI Exploration Co. v. Neel, 982 S.W.2d 881, 886 (Tex. 1998)
(declining to apply discovery rule and fraudulent concealment exceptions when the
defendant gave the plaintiffs ―whatever information they wanted‖).

       Further, unlike in Enterprise-Laredo Associates, where the discovery rule
tolled the limitations until the tenant was put on notice by a substantial increase in
the CAM charge for one year, see 839 S.W.2d at 826, 838, it is undisputed that
Garden Ridge first learned of the new management fee outside the limitations
period.   Specifically, Willis testified by affidavit that Fiesta Mart had never
charged a management fee, and Clear Lake began charging a management fee in
2003. We hold as a matter of law that a tenant acting with due diligence could
have discovered this type of injury by asking Clear Lake for information needed to
defrauded party by exercise of reasonable diligence.‘‖ Computer Assocs. Int’l, 918 S.W.2d at
456 (quoting Estate of Stonecipher v. Estate of Butts, 591 S.W.2d 806, 809 (Tex. 1979)).

                                            23
verify contractual performance. To apply the discovery rule exception in this type
of case would frustrate the purpose of limitations, given that Garden Ridge had a
contractual right to audit and declined to exercise that right for many years despite
a new and substantial fee being charged. Cf. HECI Exploration Co., 982 S.W.2d at
887–88 (―A royalty owner who makes no inquiry for years on end cannot then sue
for breaches of contract that could have been discovered within the limitations
period if reasonable diligence had been exercised.‖).

       Finally, Clear Lake contends that the statute of limitations should bar not
only the 2004 fee, but also a ―pro-rated share of the 2005 management fee prior to
suit being filed.‖     Clear Lake contends that Garden Ridge is barred from
recovering any money that Garden Ridge paid as estimated CAM charges before
September 10, 2005, and thus implicitly contends that Garden Ridge‘s claims for
breach accrued each month as it made estimated CAM payments, rather than when
Clear Lake determined the actual CAM charges during the reconciliation process
in 2006.     But see Patino, 2007 WL 2128909, at *3 (parties agreed that a
reconciliation requirement in the contract triggered the accrual date for any claim
for breach). This particular argument was not made to the trial court in Clear
Lake‘s motion for summary judgment, and Clear Lake pointed to no evidence and
made no argument concerning the accrual date of Garden Ridge‘s claims. 14 We
cannot reverse on this basis. See, e.g., TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); McConnell, 858
S.W.2d at 341.

       Accordingly, the trial court should have granted Clear Lake‘s motion for
summary judgment on its affirmative defense of limitations regarding Garden
Ridge‘s claim for the 2004 management fee.

       14
          The defendant has the burden to ―conclusively establish when the action accrued.‖
Morriss v. Enron Oil & Gas Co., 948 S.W.2d 858, 867 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1997, no pet.).

                                            24
       Clear Lake‘s second issue is sustained in part.

3.     Interest

       Clear Lake contends that the trial court erred in awarding pre- and post-
judgment interest at a rate of eighteen percent because Garden Ridge is not entitled
to this rate based on any language found in the lease. Because we reverse the trial
court‘s award of damages, we also reverse the award of interest. See, e.g., Soon
Phat, L.P. v. Alvarado, 396 S.W.3d 78, 112 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.]
2013, pet. filed) (reversing interest when damages reversed); Total E & P USA,
Inc., v. Mo-Vac Serv. Co., No. 13-10-00021-CV, 2012 WL 3612505, at *10 (Tex.
App.—Corpus Christi Aug. 23, 2012, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (same).15

4.     Attorney’s Fees

       Clear Lake contends that we must reverse the trial court‘s judgment
regarding attorney‘s fees if we reverse the damages award. We agree. One
important factor is the ―results obtained,‖ and ―we are not reasonably certain that
the jury was not significantly affected by the error.‖ See, e.g., Barker v. Eckman,
213 S.W.3d 306, 314 (Tex. 2006) (reversing the jury‘s award of attorney‘s fees
when the correct measure of damages was one-seventh of the erroneously awarded
amount).

5.     Reversal of Liability

       Finally, although we do not hold that the trial court erred by granting
summary judgment to Garden Ridge on the issue of liability, ―we are compelled,
under current Texas Law, to reverse the judgment and remand for a new trial on
liability and damages.‖ Okorafor, 2010 WL 1343125, at *1.

       15
            We decline to address what rate, if any, would be applied if Garden Ridge ultimately
prevails.

                                               25
       Rule 44.1 of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure states that even if error
affects only part of the trial court‘s judgment, we ―may not order a separate trial
solely on unliquidated damages if liability is contested.‖ TEX. R. APP. P. 44.1(b);
see also Rancho, 383 S.W.3d at 151–52. This rule applies when we reverse a
summary judgment because of the plaintiff‘s failure to conclusively prove
damages. Okorafor, 2010 WL 1343125, at *4; see also Rosales v. Williams, No.
01-09-00454-CV, 2010 WL 457536, at *6 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Feb.
11, 2010, no pet.) (mem. op.) (reversing the whole summary judgment for landlord
because damages were not conclusively established for breach of a residential
lease, liability was contested by filing a general denial, and damages were
unliquidated).

       Clear Lake contested liability by filing a general denial. See, e.g., Estrada v.
Dillon, 44 S.W.3d 558, 562 (Tex. 2001).                And the damages in this case are
unliquidated because they cannot be determined from reviewing the petition and
written instruments on file. See Freeman v. Leasing Assocs., Inc., 503 S.W.2d
406, 408 (Tex. Civ. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1973, no writ) (holding that a
―claim is liquidated if the amount of damages can be accurately calculated by the
court, or under its direction, from the allegations contained in plaintiff‘s petition
and the instrument in writing‖; noting that a ―seemingly liquidated claim‖ for
breach of an equipment lease may actually be ―unliquidated . . . when the petition
alleges insufficient facts‖).16

       16
          See also Ingram Indus., Inc. v. U.S. Bolt Mfg., Inc., 121 S.W.3d 31 (Tex. App.—
Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, no pet.) (damages had ―the appearance of being liquidated,‖ but the
damages ―should have been treated as unliquidated‖ because ―written instruments, such as
invoices or receipts, were not produced along with the affidavit‖); Arnold v. Allen Ctr. Co. No. 2,
747 S.W.2d 17, 18–19 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1988, writ denied) (damages were
―clearly unliquidated‖ for breach of a commercial real property lease when the petition alleged
the monthly rental rate and the amount that the tenant was ―presently indebted‖ to the landlord).

                                                26
      Accordingly, we must reverse the trial court‘s judgment on liability as well
as damages.

                                      CONCLUSION

      The trial court erred by granting summary judgment to Garden Ridge and
denying Clear Lake‘s motion for summary judgment in part on the limitations
defense.

      We affirm in part, reverse the trial court‘s judgment in part and render
judgment that Garden Ridge‘s claims accruing before September 10, 2005, are
barred by limitations, and remand for further proceedings.

                                /s/            Sharon McCally
                                               Justice

Panel consists of Justices Christopher, Jamison, and McCally.

                                          27