Court Opinion

ID: 3115073
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-16 07:31:24.047357+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:47:02.705227
License: Public Domain

NO. 07-08-0359-CV

                                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                         FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

                                         AT AMARILLO

                                             PANEL E

                                     JULY 28, 2010
                            ______________________________

                      THI OF TEXAS AT LUBBOCK I, LLC, D/B/A
                    SOUTHWEST REGIONAL SPECIALTY HOSPITAL,
                                  APPELLANT

                                                 V.

            MARIO PEREA, INDIVIDUALLY AND AS REPRESENTATIVE OF
                   THE ESTATE OF JACOB PEREA, DECEASED;
                 MAX PEREA; TONY PEREA; and GEORGE PEREA,
                                 APPELLEES
                     _________________________________

              FROM THE 72TH DISTRICT COURT OF LUBBOCK COUNTY;

                NO. 2005-533.287; HONORABLE RUBEN REYES, JUDGE
                         _______________________________

Before CAMPBELL, PIRTLE, JJ. and BOYD, S.J.1

                                             OPINION

       Appellant, THI of Texas at Lubbock I, LLC, (THI), d/b/a Southwest Regional

Specialty Hospital (Southwest Hospital) appeals from a judgment entered following a

jury trial in a medical malpractice action seeking wrongful death and survival damages

1
 John T. Boyd, Chief Justice (Ret.), Seventh Court of Appeals, sitting by assignment. Tex. Gov=t Code
Ann. ' 75.002(a)(1) (Vernon 2005).
in favor of Appellees, Max Perea, Mario Perea, Tony Perea, and George Perea

(collectively Perea), and the estate of their deceased father, Jacob Perea (Jacob). In

support, THI asserts: (1) the trial court erred by denying THI's proposed jury instruction

on negligence; (2) the trial court erred by permitting Appellees to amend their petition

during trial to assert an action for negligent credentialing/hiring; (3) the trial court erred

by granting judgment on Appellees' negligence theories; (4) Appellees' evidence of

gross negligence was legally and (5) factually insufficient; (6) the trial court erroneously

excluded THI's testimony regarding an in-house investigation into the circumstances of

Jacob’s death; and (7) the trial court failed to apply certain statutory liability caps to the

damage awarded in Appellees' favor.2             We reverse the trial court's judgment and

remand the case for further proceedings.

                                           Background

       In December 2005, Appellees filed a medical malpractice action against THI,

Pharmasource Healthcare, Inc. and Ominicare Inc., d/b/a Pharmasource Healthcare,

Inc. (collectively Pharmasource), seeking wrongful death and survival damages.3

Appellees' amended petition alleged that Southwest Hospital's nurses were negligent

and grossly negligent in administering two fatal doses of Ativan to Jacob despite

information known to Southwest Hospital's staff and located in his medical records

2
 The trial court applied the statutory damage cap in § 74.303 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies
Code. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 74.303 (Vernon 2005). THI asserts the trial court should
have also applied the exemplary damage cap provided by § 41.008(b) and the noneconomic damage cap
provided by § 74.301(b) of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.
Code Ann. §§ 41.008(b) (Vernon Supp. 2009) & 74.301(b) (Vernon 2005).
3
 Michael Rice, M.D., was named as a defendant in Appellees' Original Petition but was not named in
subsequent amended original petitions.
                                               2
indicating he had an allergy to Ativan.4 Appellees asserted THI and Pharmasource

acted with negligence, gross negligence, and malice.

        I.      Trial Amendment

        During their case-in-chief, Appellees elicited testimony from Leonard Espinoza, a

former charge nurse at Southwest Hospital who allegedly wrote an unauthorized order

prescribing Ativan for Jacob, that he had, prior to being employed by THI at Southwest

Hospital, similarly administered Ativan to a patient without a physician’s authorization

and was disciplined by the Colorado Board of Nurse Examiners. Afterwards, Appellees

sought to amend their original petition to allege THI was negligent for credentialing or

hiring Espinoza because “it knew or should have known [Espinoza] was incapable of

providing safe and competent care to” Jacob. The trial court permitted the amendment.

        II.     Evidence at Trial -- Medical Malpractice Claim

        In 2004, Jacob was a seventy-eight year old widower with four sons—Tony,

George, Max, and Mario. He had a history of heart disease complicated by respiratory

issues and diabetes.        Nevertheless, until he experienced a fall in November 2004,

Jacob spent his time maintaining seventeen acres of land owned by his sons. During

the summer, he arose at 5:00 a.m. to mow and shred the land, quit at 10:00 a.m. due to

the heat and then resumed at 6:00 p.m. He cleaned his own home and did not regularly

use a walker or cane. He performed these tasks despite intervening gall bladder and

heart surgeries.

4
 Appellees' expert, Joe Haines, M.D., testified Ativan is a tranquilizer in the benzodiazepine class
prescribed as a sedative to help people sleep, for anti-anxiety, and persons with panic attacks. Ativan is
a controlled substance.

                                                    3
        In April 2004, Jacob was admitted to Covenant Medical Center in Lubbock,

Texas, to have his gallbladder removed.                   While at Covenant, Jacob experienced

confusion and was sedated with morphine and Ativan. Two days later, his cardiologist

noted Jacob's “confusion [was] worse” and that “he may be over-sedated.” Later, the

same day, his cardiologist noted Jacob “was still confused, too sedated,” and

suspended the use of Ativan. The following day Jacob’s neurologist noted Jacob was

sitting in a chair, quite alert and attentive but still confused. His neurologist also noted

that “holding . . . other potentially sedating meds is also working.” Two days after the

medication change, Jacob was discharged.5 Several days after returning home, Mario

observed that his father’s “mind was straight.”

        In May, Jacob was again seen at Covenant complaining of abdominal pain. On

admission, his physical exam showed he was awake, alert, and able to answer

questions reasonably well. His final diagnosis prior to discharge was acute renal failure.

The discharge also stated Jacob was “not in clinic for congestive heart failure,

medications adjusted, no episode of chest pain or shortness of breath, had baseline

chronic renal insufficiency.”

        In June, Jacob returned to Covenant complaining of confusion and chest pain.

During a consultation, his doctor noted Jacob had received Ativan the night before for

agitation and appeared alert.             His doctor opined that Jacob “likely has baseline

dementia [with] secondary decompensation due to medical problems, change in

environment, etc.” His doctor subsequently issued an order to avoid Ativan. Jacob was

5
 Jacob’s final diagnosis on discharge was confusion/dementia, respiratory failure, severe coronary artery
disease with old myocardial infarction, history of congestive heart failure, chronic renal failure/acute renal
failure, mitral insufficiency of 2+, diabetes, and pneumonia.
                                                       4
later discharged home with continuation of home medications. His discharge summary

indicated “[n]o acute interaction planned … cardiac status-wise.”

       In July, Jacob underwent a successful coronary bypass surgery. Within weeks

after the surgery, Jacob was driving and attending to his normal schedule. His doctors

told Mario that morphine, prescribed for Jacob in the hospital, was causing him to be

disoriented at home and Ativan was a major problem for Jacob.           His discharge

summary indicated there were no “operative complications, able to discharge home—

stable condition.”

       In September, Jacob was admitted to Covenant suffering from shortness of

breath. His doctor recommended Jacob continue his current heart medications while

considering dialysis for chronic renal failure. Jacob was discharged three days later.

His discharge summary stated “nothing acute, medications, home with family.”         In

October, Jacob was admitted with complaints of shortness of breath. He was treated

and “discharged in good condition.”

       In early November, Jacob was admitted to Covenant complaining of abdominal

pain. He had missed his regularly scheduled dialysis and was feeling poorly with fluid

overload.    After a consultation, his doctor diagnosed Jacob as suffering from

“congestive heart failure secondary to fluid overload."    He recommended Jacob be

discharged after dialysis and continue his current heart medications.

       In late November, Jacob returned to Covenant complaining of a fall. His vital

signs were stable. A CT scan showed a slight cervical spine fracture and he was

placed in a collar. On examination, his doctor noted he was a “well-developed and well-

nourished male who [was] sedated but arousable and follow[ed] commands.”           His
                                            5
doctor recommended Jacob undergo an MRI but recommended the test be delayed

until the next day because Jacob was “too sedated [and] his myonclonus is too jerky for

his MRI; at this time.” His overall treatment plan was to admit Jacob, perform dialysis,

resume his medication, and closely monitor.

       During a discussion on December 1, Jacob’s family informed Covenant's medical

staff that Jacob became confused on Ativan. The staff then listed Ativan as an allergy

for Jacob and notified the pharmacy. On December 2, Dr. C.J. Wheeler wrote an order

indicating Jacob was sensitive to "Ativan/Benzodiazepines." For the MRI, he ordered

that Jacob be sedated with Demerol and Versed6 with an antidote available in case of

over sedation.

       Prior to the MRI, Jacob was given Versed to sedate him while the MRI was being

performed. Four hours later, Jacob went into cardiac arrest. He was intubated and

placed on a breathing machine or ventilator.                  Naidu Chekuru, MD, performed a

consultation and noted that “[a]n MRI was planned; as [Jacob] was too restless I believe

they gave him Ativan which led to cardiopulmonary arrest” and “[h]e was required to be

intubated and ventilator support.” A Covenant charge nurse's report showed Jacob was

allergic to morphine and Ativan.             The allergies were also listed in his Restraint

Assessment,        Physician       Order       and       Documentation         Protocol:       “Allergies:

Morphine/Ativan.”

       On December 12, Jacob was discharged from Covenant and transferred to

Southwest Hospital, a skilled nursing facility, under the care of Kenneth Michael Rice,

6
Versed is in the same drug family as Ativan, i.e., benzodiazepine, and is faster acting than Ativan.

                                                     6
M.D. The narrative summary indicated Jacob, on admission, was “neurologically intact,

stable cardiac evaluation.”         Recommendations included a neck brace to immobilize

Jacob’s neck and continuation of antibiotics. The discharge summary noted that Jacob

was “released in stable condition” and he was “ALLERGIC TO LORAZEPAM7 AND

MORPHINE.”

        On December 15, Nurse Jahomo admitted Jacob to Southwest Hospital at

approximately 4:40-4:45 p.m. Jacob’s original chart from Covenant indicated he had

allergies to morphine and Ativan. In addition, Covenant's patient transfer form listed

Ativan in the area related to drug sensitivity.                Nurse Jahomo filled out a nursing

assessment form indicating Jacob was allergic to Ativan, placed an allergy sticker on his

chart and an allergy bracelet on his wrist.8               On Dr. Rice's admitting orders, Nurse

Jahomo wrote that Jacob had allergies to morphine and Ativan.9 She testified that, from

7
 Nurse Angie Jahomo, a charge nurse at Southwest Hospital, testified at trial that Lorazepam is the
generic name for Ativan and, as such, is recognizable by all medical professionals.
8
 Nurse Jahomo testified at trial that the bracelet is the last thing a nurse looks at before giving medication
to a patient. She also testified that “[a] nurse would not think an allergy bracelet was a piece of jewelry,
general practice is to look at the bracelet before giving the medication.” If a nurse gave a patient
medication without looking at the allergy bracelet, Nurse Jahomo testified the nurse would be negligent.
She testified it would be extremely dangerous for a nurse to give medication to a patient without a
doctor's prior approval and the nurse would lose his/her license. If she observed such an incident, she
would report the errant nurse. Further, if a bracelet or chart sticker came off, she testified a nurse would
be negligent for not replacing it.
9
 Nurse Jahomo testified she gave a copy of Dr. Rice's orders to the pharmacy and notified them of
Jacob’s allergies. She expected the pharmacy to enter the information in the computerized medicine
dispensing system. If a patient is allergic to a particular medication and a nurse attempts to dispense that
medication through the computerized system, the nurse will get a flashing screen indicating the patient
has an allergy to the medication. Although Jacob’s allergies were listed on Covenant's Medical
Administration Record (MAR), his allergies were not listed on Southwest Hospital’s MAR. Rather, at the
top of Southwest Hospital’s MAR, it stated: “Allergies: NKA (no known allergies).” At trial, Nancy Dipprey,
the pharmacist on duty when Jacob was admitted, testified she believed the allergies were not written on
Nurse Jahomo's admitting orders received by the pharmacy. She also testified she received a copy of the
admitting orders and, because they were not official records, the records had been destroyed. Nurse
Jahomo testified she received an incorrect MAR from the pharmacy that day but failed to notice the error.
She accepted responsibility for not correcting the pharmacy.
                                                       7
the information she initially put in the medical records, every nurse who later cared for

Jacob on every shift should have known he was allergic to morphine and Ativan.

        That evening, Dr. Rice received a call from Mario who was requesting to take his

father home. Dr. Rice spoke to Mario and explained that his father had suffered a

serious fracture and might be paralyzed if not properly taken care of. Mario relented but

informed Dr. Rice that his father had allergies or side effects to morphine and Ativan.

Dr. Rice assured Mario that Southwest Hospital had procedures to "guard against such

a thing happening."10

        On December 16, Dr. Rice noted in Jacob’s “History and Physical: Allergies:

Morphine and Ativan.”11 In an early morning Nursing Documentation Report ("NDR"),12

the nurse acknowledged: “Allergies; MSO4 [morphine], Ativan.” This acknowledgement

was carried over to the NDR for the next shift beginning at 7:00 p.m. which also listed

10
  After speaking with Mario, Dr. Rice wrote in Jacob’s chart that Mario had reported Jacob "had a
paradoxical reaction to Ativan, becomes agitated but does not have a true allergy.” Dr. Rice testified that
a side effect was different than an allergy. Nevertheless, Dr. Rice testified he did not want Jacob to
receive Ativan. He testified that, when the issue came up, he informed the nurse that Jacob should have
no medication from the benezodiazepine class. Dr. Rice also testified it is well described in literature that
Ativan in geriatric patients or a severely ill patient does not calm them down like it is supposed to but
actually causes them to become wilder and more agitated. Because of what Jacob's son said, the
possibility of a C2 fracture, Jacob had a bad heart and underlying disorders, Dr. Rice did not want any
stimulus that might cause him to have a heart attack or complicate his condition. Accordingly, Dr. Rice
prescribed Zyprexia, a sedative or antipsychotic drug of a different drug class than benezodiazepine that
is used to calm persons who have sensitivity to Ativan.
11
  Dr. Joe Haines, plaintiff's expert, testified that, once Dr. Rice had noted Jacob was allergic to morphine
and Ativan, a second order by Dr. Rice or another doctor would be necessary to countermand Dr. Rice's
initial order to permit Jacob to receive Ativan.
12
 An NDR is patient specific and routinely filled out by the nurse caring for the patient during a particular
shift. The first entry on the NDR is typically an acknowledgment by the nurse shift that he or she received
and reviewed the NDR written by the nurse on the prior shift.

                                                     8
morphine and Ativan as allergies for Jacob. The NDR and Dr. Rice's progress note

dated December 17 both indicated Zyprexia was effective for treating Jacob.

       A physical examination showed “cardiovascular, regular rate and rhythm, chest—

bilateral breath sounds are diminished throughout.” The NDR for the shift ending at

7:00 a.m. on December 17 indicated the nurse had received the prior report and

assumed care. Jacob received Zyprexia which he tolerated well and was resting. The

Report also listed morphine, Ativan, and Demerol as allergies for Jacob. A second NDR

for the 7:00 p.m. shift also listed Jacob’s allergies as Ativan and Demerol.

       On December 18, Kimberly Graham, Dr. Rice’s Nurse Practitioner,13 examined

Jacob. She observed Jacob was a little sedated, but calm. She checked his breathing

status, vital signs, noted his oxygen saturations, respiratory rate, and “didn’t see

anything abnormal.”14 She testified she had no discussions with Espinoza, the charge

nurse then responsible for Jacob's care, while she was at the hospital.                     She also

testified that she did not write an order permitting Espinoza to administer Ativan to

Jacob. She testified that, if she had changed the prescription to Ativan, she would have

had a prior discussion with Dr. Rice, and, if approved, written or phoned in an order

prescribing a much lower dose than 2 mg. and discontinued Zyprexia--none of which

occurred.

13
 A Nurse Practitioner’s license permits the nurse to write prescriptions.
14
  Jacob’s Progress Note for December 18 indicated he was on Zyprexia for agitation and was negative for
shortness of breath, negative chest, negative nausea, or vomiting. The Note’s Assessment and Plan
stated the following: "1. Status post C-spine fracture, continue Minerva brace and follow-up with Dr.
Willis; 2. Fall, diligent fall precautions; 3. End stage renal disease – continue prn dosing as well and
monitor; 5. Atrial fibrilliation – patient on Coumadin as well as Lorenex, continue these and recheck on
12/20/04."

                                                     9
       Nurse Frances Rosales was assigned to Jacob from 7:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. on

December 18. She testified that to familiarize herself with Jacob, she reviewed his MAR

and physician’s orders for her shift--neither of which alerted her to Jacob's allergies.15

She also could not recall whether Jacob was wearing an allergy bracelet. At 1:00 p.m.,

she testified Jacob became upset, tried to get out of bed, and was agitated. At 2:00

p.m., she medicated him with Zyprexia to calm him. At 6:00 p.m., she testified Jacob

was attempting to climb out of bed and she notified her supervisor, charge nurse

Espinoza. She testified Espinoza told her to administer Ativan to Jacob. She gave

Jacob two milligrams. For the remainder of her shift, she testified Jacob rested with his

eyes closed.

       Espinoza testified that, as charge nurse, he managed the staff of floor nurses

and any communications to a physician came through him.                      Espinoza testified he

"believe[d]” he contacted Kimberly Graham by telephone and she gave him the order for

Ativan.16   Although, on examination, he first denied ever giving Ativan to a patient

without a doctor’s authorization, he later conceded on cross-examination that he

administered Ativan without a doctor’s order when he was a nurse in Colorado and was

disciplined for that conduct.       He agreed it was extremely dangerous to give Ativan

without a doctor’s order and, after the Colorado incident, he realized he had put the

patient in Colorado in extreme risk. He testified further that “[i]n December 18, 2004, he

15
 The NDR from the prior shift ending at 7:00 a.m. indicated Jacob had allergies to Ativan and morphine.
Although Nurse Rosales's NDR indicates she received the prior NDR showing Jacob had allergies to
Ativan and morphine, her subsequent NDR given to Nurse Joiner at the 7:00 p.m. shift indicates "NKA" or
no known allergies.
16
 Dr. Rice and Graham both denied giving any order to Espinoza approving administration of Ativan to
Jacob.

                                                  10
knew what extreme risk of harm he could put [Jacob] in by giving him Ativan without a

doctor’s orders.” He also agreed that, “if he wrote the order, he would be consciously

disregarding [Jacob’s] health, safety and welfare.”

        Nurse Rosales reported Jacob’s condition to Nurse Rick Joiner who was

assigned to care for Jacob for the 7:00 p.m. to 7:00 a.m. shift. Nurse Joiner looked at

Nurse Rosales's NDR, Jacob’s MAR, and his CARDEX17 – neither of which he testified

indicated Jacob had an allergy to Ativan.18 He noticed that, on Nurse Rosales's NDR,

Jacob had received a two milligram dose of Ativan earlier.               At 1:30 a.m., when Jacob

was again acting agitated, Nurse Joiner administered a second two milligram dose of

Ativan to Jacob. Before administering the drug, he noticed a pink band on Jacob’s wrist

but, because it was not one of theirs, he did not attend to it.19 Nurse Joiner checked on

Jacob at 3:30 a.m. and noted Jacob's “respiration [was] even, unlabored.” At 5:40 a.m.,

he noted that Jacob was “sleeping quietly in bed.” Nurse Joiner did not check Jacob's

vital signs and testified each of these visits lasted a maximum of thirty-five seconds.

When his shift ended at 7:00 a.m. on December 19, Nurse Joiner left the hospital.

        Fifteen minutes later, at 7:15 a.m., Joiner's replacement discovered Jacob had

no vital signs and was unresponsive.              CPR was started at 7:18 a.m., Jacob was

intubated at 7:27 a.m., EMS obtained a good pulse and Jacob was transported to

17
  A CARDEX is a short form listing the relevant medical information for a patient including an update from
the prior nurse. Nurse Rosales testified Jacob's CARDEX should have included a summary of his
allergies, condition, procedures, etc. Nurse Rosales could not remember Jacob's CARDEX and it was
not entered into evidence.
18
 Nurses Rosales's and Joiner's NDR both indicated Jacob had no known allergies.
19
  Nurse Joiner testified Southwest Hospital's bands were red and white. He also testified he did not
attend to the band because he thought it was a piece of jewelry or religious artifact.

                                                   11
Covenant where he was admitted for respiratory failure. Southwest Hospital's discharge

summary did not list Ativan as a medication received by Jacob.20

          After arriving at Covenant, Jacob was again intubated and placed on ventilation

support. Dr. Wheeler examined Jacob and noted he was “currently obtunded, probably

secondary to Ativan injection.”21 Dr. Wheeler noted that “allergies noted on [Southwest

Hospital's] history show morphine and Ativan.” Under medications, Dr. Wheeler stated:

“[Jacob] was recently given Ativan 2 mg IV push q. 4 hours p.r.n., he has received two

doses of this over the last 24 hour period.” Dr. Wheeler's problem list was, in pertinent

part, as follows: "1. decreased mental status, previous agitation; 2. respiratory failure

now on ventilator and intubated . . . 7. congestive heart failure with elevated BNP. He

noted Jacob's "heart had a regular rate and rhythm," and, under allergies, he wrote:

“MSO4 AND ATIVAN.”

        The admission report of consulting physician Srinivas Kadiyala noted Jacob was

found at Southwest Hospital "unresponsive and in cardiorespiratory arrest." She also

stated:

        As per the nursing staff on the floor, the patient apparently had a
        respiratory arrest when he was in this hospital a few weeks ago. It was
        felt he was sensitive to Ativan at the time of the CT scan study.

20
  Mario testified he observed the allergy band he first observed at Covenant, and later at Southwest
Hospital, on his father's wrist when he arrived at Covenant's emergency room where a nurse cut the band
off for him. The band was admitted at trial and indicated Jacob had allergies to morphine and Ativan. Dr.
Rice testified he discovered Jacob had received Ativan and was angry because his written order had
been ignored. He subsequently took the matter up with Southwest Hospital Administrator, Deanna
Graves, and she agreed to do something about their systems.
21
  Dr. Hail, THI’s expert, defined “obtunded” as “a word that can mean confused or unconscious. It can be
a spectrum, altered mental status . . . in this case, with it being after [Jacob] coded at Southwest
[Hospital], [Dr. Wheeler] is referring to the brain death or getting close to that.” Dr. Hail further testified
that, by the phrase “secondary to Ativan injection,” Dr. Wheeler “is hypothesizing that the cause of
[Jacob’s] obtundation is from the Ativan. . . .”
                                                      12
       There was little, or no, change in Jacob’s condition during the following week

and, after a long discussion, Jacob's family decided to place him as do-not-resuscitate.

Jacob expired shortly after he was removed from the ventilator.

       III.    Expert Testimony

       Expert testimony at trial centered around whether Jacob's death was caused by

the administration of the two doses of Ativan by Southwest Hospital's nurses on

December 18 and 19.

               A.      Appellees' Expert – Joe Haines, M.D.

       Joe Haines, M.D., testified that, in his opinion, Southwest Hospital's nurses were

negligent in Jacob's care and treatment.               He testified Southwest Hospital's nurses

administered the Ativan despite extensive documentation of his allergy.

       He also testified their negligence caused Jacob’s death.                      Based on his

experience, he testified common side effects from Ativan range from sedation and

respiratory depression (not taking enough breaths or not breathing deeply enough) to

agitation and confusion.22       He also testified Ativan's manufacturer listed respiratory

depression as the top adverse reaction to the drug and an overdose of Ativan can

cause respiratory depression to the extent the person’s heart stops.                    Based upon

Jacob's past medical history that indicated Jacob had experienced serious problems

with Ativan, in particular his cardiac arrest subsequent to being sedated for an MRI at

Covenant, he opined the dosage was too high for Jacob considering his age, his

sensitivity to the drug, the drug's side effects, and Jacob's multiple health problems.
22
 Dr. Haines explained that a drug such as Ativan, which normally sedates a patient, might also cause
agitation and confusion in some people, represents what is termed a “paradoxical reaction, i.e., “where
you get the opposite of what you are trying to achieve.”

                                                  13
       Dr. Haines opined that, after Jacob received the second two milligram dose of

Ativan at 1:30 a.m. on the morning of December 19, he was overdosed and over-

sedated causing his breathing to become increasingly more shallow until there was

insufficient oxygen to support the functions of the heart or brain causing his heart to go

into arrhythmia until Jacob suffered a cardiac arrest and finally quit breathing altogether

due to respiratory depression. Dr. Haines testified that prior to the multiple doses of

Ativan, the medical records did not show Jacob was experiencing irregular heart

rhythms that were dangerous or any symptoms indicating a heart attack, i.e., chest

pains, nausea, shortness of breath.

       He also testified that, although Jacob did not undergo a medical test to determine

whether he had an actual "allergy" to Ativan, there was sufficient evidence in his

medical records to show he reacted badly to the drug, i.e., Jacob quit breathing four

hours after receiving Versed (a faster acting drug of the same class as Ativan--

Benzodiazepine) prior to the MRI at Covenant.             Dr. Haines testified that the

documentary evidence showed his physicians had seen enough evidence and been

sufficiently warned by Jacob's family to show “the doctor’s [were] obviously concerned,

and they are concerned enough to enter it on the chart, so that everybody that looks at

the chart that day will see that. . . . So it’s basically putting everybody on alert. Don’t

use this drug on this patient.” Although he recognized that Jacob's reaction to Ativan

might be characterized in his medical records as an "allergy," "sensitivity," "adverse

reaction" or "paradoxical reaction," he testified "[w]hat is important is that they didn't

want him to have [Ativan], because it was bad for him to have [Ativan], and they should

have known that and not given it to him."
                                            14
        Dr. Haines opined that the administration of the two doses of Ativan to Jacob by

Southwest Hospital's nurses involved an extreme degree of risk considering the

probability and magnitude of potential harm to Jacob. Further, Dr. Haines opined that

Espinoza had actual awareness of the risk involved but proceeded with conscious

indifference to the rights, safety, and welfare of Jacob. In sum, Dr. Haines opined that

Southwest Hospital and its nurses were grossly negligent.

                B.      THI’s Experts – Stacey Hail, M.D. and Kenneth Rice, M.D.

        Stacey Hail, M.D., opined that the two doses of Ativan did not proximately cause

Jacob's death. Rather, she testified he died of a heart attack. She testified Jacob's

medical records indicated he had a long history of coronary artery disease that resulted

in scar tissue on his heart from past heart attacks. The scar tissue was irritable and had

a tendency to cause arrhythmias, i.e., an accelerated heart rate. In her opinion, an

arrhythmia caused Jacob's heart attack and he died from a fatal ventricular

tachyarrhythmia.

        In support, she relied on approximately fifteen pages of telemetry strips obtained

from heart monitors attached to Jacob on December 1, 3, 5, 6, 10, 14, and 15 while he

was at Covenant.23        She also relied on the results of a blood test taken on December

19 at 8:00 a.m., an hour after Jacob had been found unresponsive at Southwest

Hospital and been admitted to Covenant. The blood test showed positive troponins

23
  Dr. Hail testified “[t]elemetry is just essentially an EKG over a period of time.” On cross-examination,
however, Dr. Hail conceded that a hospital usually pulls only those strips that are abnormal and agreed
with counsel that she had left many strips behind because an entire day’s reading would comprise
thousands of such strips. She also conceded that doctors at Covenant had also looked at the strips and
no one diagnosed Jacob as having a heart attack. Jacob was not connected to any monitoring devices
while at Southwest Hospital.

                                                   15
measuring .26 indicating to her that Jacob had suffered a heart attack.24 Later, at

midnight (sixteen hours after Jacob had coded at Southwest Hospital), Jacob’s troponin

level measured 1.23. In addition, she testified his Basic Metabolism Panel (BMP) was

greater than 5,000 indicating the "possibility" of congestive heart failure.25

        She further testified Ativan did not cause Jacob's death because he did not have

an allergy to the drug and Ativan does not affect the cardiac muscle. She testified

Ativan works on the same brain receptor that alcohol does and the drug makes you

sleep---the higher the dose the longer you sleep.

        She testified Ativan does not cause respiratory depression based upon her

experience with suicidal patients she had seen in the emergency room. She opined that

“two milligrams of Ativan is, by no means, an overdose,” based on her experience in the

emergency room where she has prescribed “a dose of eight milligrams at one time.”26

        Dr. Rice opined that Jacob died from his underlying medical conditions. After his

first visit with Jacob, he noted his multiple medical problems27 and concluded Jacob was

“at a very high risk for respiratory failure, SCD [sudden cardiac death], and fluid

overload.” In support, he also relied on Jacob’s troponin levels and an elevated BMP of

5,000, both measured after Jacob was transferred from Southwest Hospital to

24
 Dr. Hail testified a troponin blood test is specific to having a heart attack.
25
 "'Perhaps' and 'possibly' indicate conjecture, speculation, or mere possibility rather than qualified
opinions based on reasonable medical probability." Columbia Medical Center of Las Colinas, Inc. v.
Hogue, 271 S.W.3d 238, 247 (Tex. 2008).
26
 On cross-examination, Dr. Haines testified that the patient who received the eight milligram dose of
Ativan was a sixteen year old who was suffering from a bad LSD trip.
27
 End stage renal disease, congestive heart failure, stroke, and diabetes.

                                                       16
Covenant.28      In his opinion, Covenant’s laboratory results “proved conclusively that

[Jacob] suffered an acute myocardial infarction and, most likely, based on his history

and underlying medical problems, was the cause of his death.”

        Dr. Rice testified Jacob's death was not consistent with an overdose of Ativan

because: (1) there is no scientific evidence that Ativan causes respiratory depression or

distress; (2) heart attacks or sudden cardiac death usually occur within a very short

period of time; and (3) he would have expected to see an adverse reaction from the

Ativan within several minutes or hours.

        On cross-examination, however, Dr. Rice agreed that respiratory failure is a side

effect of Ativan reported by its manufacturer and decreased oxygen from decreased

respirations can cause brain injury. Although he testified there was no scientific proof

Ativan causes respiratory depression or failure, he conceded the side effect was listed

by the manufacturer as a possible side effect. He also agreed that complications from

taking a drug of the benzodiazepine class include obtundation—a level of

consciousness before a coma.

        He testified that he did not want Jacob to take Ativan because: (1) it is well

known in literature that Ativan, in geriatric patients or in a severely ill patient, can cause

a paradoxical result; (2) becoming more agitated was the type of reaction to Ativan

described by Jacob’s son; (3) he did not want Jacob to become significantly agitated

because he had a bad heart, underlying disorders, and a C2 fracture; and (4) he did not

28
  Dr. Rice testified an elevated BMP is a “marker for high probability or risk of death. It is also a marker
for congestive heart failure or ventricular strain.” He further testified that, in patients with underlying
cardiac disease coupled with end stage renal disease or diabetes, BMP levels of the magnitude of
Jacob’s are a very high indicator for likely death, “a marker for mortality.”
                                                       17
want Jacob to raise his heart rate, nor put him on any type of stimulus that might cause

him to have a heart attack or complicate his actions.

       IV. Evidence at Trial -- Negligent Credentialing/Hiring

       In Appellees' case-in-chief, Dr. Haines was asked whether a director of nurses or

administrator of a facility should have some involvement in ensuring the employment of

competent nurses. Dr. Haines responded that a person in that position should research

the references of people that they hire, i.e., they should determine the nature and extent

of their training and their past employment record. They should also learn whether

there were problems at previous hospitals, and they should investigate any previous

firings or allegations of inappropriate conduct.

       Espinoza testified that, in September 1997, he agreed to a stipulated order from

the State Board of Nursing in Colorado placing him on probation for administering

Ativan to a patient without a physician's order and failing to document the drug's

administration while working at a care center in Colorado Springs, Colorado.          The

conditions of his year-long probation were: (1) service while employed as a nurse for at

least an average of thirty-two hours a week under adequate supervision by a licensed

nurse with an unrestricted license; (2) board notification of the commencement or

termination of such nursing employment; (3) submission of a written plan of nursing

supervision for the Board's review and approval within six months of obtaining nursing

employment; (4) completion of Board-approved education courses (twelve to fifteen

hours of legal/ethical course(s); one credit pharmacology course); (5) provision of a

copy of the stipulated order to the immediate nursing supervisor at his place of

employment; (6) submission of a written report to the Board acknowledging, among
                                             18
other things, that the stipulated order was read and that the role of nursing supervisor

was understood by that supervisor; and (7) in the event of relocation to another state,

Espinoza would notify the Board of his change of address and give consent to the

Board that it may notify the Board of Nursing of the state to which Espinoza relocated of

the existence of the terms of and Espinoza's compliance with the stipulated order.

      Espinoza testified that, after the complaint in Colorado was filed, he relocated to

Texas and immediately started to practice as a nurse without disclosing the complaint or

the Colorado Board proceedings. When the stipulated order was entered, he did not

disclose that fact to his employer, Methodist Hospital in Lubbock, Texas, and he did not

comply with any of the obligations required by that order.

      From June 1996 to April 1997, Espinoza worked at Methodist Hospital. From

May 1997 to September 2001, he worked at Highland Medical Center under the

supervision of Connie Long. During the hiring process, although he did disclose his

previous employment in Colorado, the Colorado Board disciplinary proceedings never

came up. Sometime in 1997, more than six years prior to the incident giving rise to this

litigation, Espinoza did speak to Long about his probation in Colorado.

      Espinoza testified that in 2002 Long recruited him to work at Southwest Hospital.

He testified that, at the time, even though she was aware of his stipulated order with the

Colorado Board of Nursing, she did not have a problem putting him on the floor and

permitting him to dispense medications to patients.

                                            19
        Espinoza further testified that in early 2005 he informed Long that he had a drug

addiction. 29 Notwithstanding this admission, Long continued to permit him to work at

Southwest Hospital. On December 22, 2005, just over a year after Jacob's death,

Espinoza was discharged by Long and Southwest Hospital Administrator Deanna

Graves. In May 2007, Espinoza surrendered his license to the Texas Board of Nurse

Examiners pursuant to an agreed order.                  The agreed order indicated that from

approximately July 28, 2005, through August 8, 2005, Espinoza misappropriated

morphine and Demerol from Southwest Hospital's computerized medicine dispensing

system and took the medicine himself without proper authorization. The order further

indicated that he had used the drugs for his own use and not the patients, and that at

times he was impaired on duty--sleepy, sleep-walking, running into walls, falling asleep

at patients' bedsides. In addition, it was determined that he had inserted an external

jugular venous catheter into a patient without authorization.

        During trial, Dr. Rice was asked whether a nurse whose license was suspended

in 1997 for giving a medication to a patient without having obtained a doctor's order was

unfit for employment as a nurse in 2004, and he responded "no." He further testified

that it was okay to hire such a nurse if he or she had done everything they were

supposed to do as required by the board of nurse examiners to rectify the mistake. He

opined that nurses that go through rehabilitation deserve a second chance because

they have complied with the board's orders related to probation or suspension. If not,

he testified, they would not have a license and could not work. He further testified that a

29
 Espinoza's testimony subsequently equivocated on the timing of this disclosure to Long. After testifying
Long was aware of his drug addiction in early 2005, he later testified she was not aware until September
2005.
                                                  20
nurse "out there writing orders without permission puts a patient in an extreme risk, if

put in extreme risk, could suffer injury to the patient's life."

       V.      Jury Instructions

       Following the presentation of all the evidence, the trial court issued its jury

charge stating, in pertinent part, as follows:

       QUESTION 1

        Did the negligence, if any, of those named below proximately cause the
injury in question?

       Answer "Yes" or "No" for each of the following:

       Southwest Regional Specialty Hospital                    ________________

       Pharmasource Healthcare                                  ________________

STATE BAR OF TEX., TEXAS PATTERN JURY CHARGES--GENERAL NEGLIGENCE;
INTENTIONAL PERSONAL TORTS, PJC 4.1 (2008).30

30
 As to Southwest Hospital, "negligence" and "proximate cause" were defined as follows:

      "Negligence" when used with respect to the conduct of Southwest Regional Specialty
      Hospital means failure to use ordinary care, that is, failing to do that which a hospital of
      ordinary prudence would have done under the same or similar circumstances or doing that
      which a hospital of ordinary prudence would not have done under the same or similar
      circumstances.

       "Proximate Cause" when used with respect to the conduct of Southwest Regional
       Specialty Hospital means that cause which, in natural and continuous sequence,
       produces an event, and without which cause such event would not have occurred. In
       order to be a proximate cause, the act or omission complained of must be such that a
       hospital using ordinary care would have foreseen the event, or some similar event, might
       reasonably result therefrom. There may be more than one proximate cause of an event.

STATE BAR OF TEX., TEXAS PATTERN JURY CHARGES--GENERAL NEGLIGENCE;
INTENTIONAL PERSONAL TORTS, PJC 2.4 (2008).

                                                   21
       QUESTION 3

       What sum of money would have fairly compensated Jacob Perea for --

       a. Pain and mental anguish . . . means the conscious physical pain and
          emotional pain . . . experienced by Jacob Perea before his death as a
          result of the occurrence in question. . . .

STATE BAR OF TEX., TEXAS PATTERN JURY CHARGES--SURVIVAL DAMAGES,
PJC 10.2 (2008).

       QUESTIONS 4-7

       What sum of money, if paid now in cash, would fairly and reasonably
       compensate [Mario, Max, Tony, George] for [their] damages, if any,
       resulting from the death of Jacob Perea?

STATE BAR OF TEX., TEXAS PATTERN JURY CHARGES--WRONGFUL DEATH
DAMAGES, PJC 9.3 (2008).

       THI sought to replace Question 1 with the following language: "[d]id the

negligence, if any, of the ones named below proximately cause the death of Jacob

Perea?" (Emphasis added). Appellant also made the following objection, in pertinent

part to the charge:

       [T]he question should be a question about whether the negligence of
       either of the two Defendant parties proximately caused the death of Mr.
       Perea. . . . And I say this because only in the event that the negligence of
       the Defendants caused the death of Mr. Perea are wrongful death
       beneficiaries entitled to recover. If the jury were to believe that some act
       or omission by the employees of Southwest . . . . or Pharmasource . . .
       caused an injury to Mr. Perea, but not his death, then the wrongful death
       beneficiaries would not be entitled to recover. . . . The only evidence of
       injury in this case is death. So the Court's Charge should reflect that, and
       the jury's answer should also reflect that they are actually answering the
       question that would permit recovery of wrongful death beneficiaries.

[Emphasis added].

                                            22
       VI.     Judgment

       Thereafter, the jury found THI and Pharmasource proximately caused the injury

in question31 and awarded Jacob's estate $159,718.40 in damages for pain and mental

anguish, medical expenses, and funeral and burial expenses.32 Jacob's sons were

each awarded $100,000 for past loss of companionship and society, future loss of

companionship and society, past mental anguish and future mental anguish for a total of

$400,000.     The jury also found that Southwest was grossly negligent and awarded

exemplary damages of $1,250,000.             Based upon these jury findings, the trial court

entered a judgment decreeing that Appellees recover from THI the sum of

$1,696,895.50.33

       In its judgment, the trial court apportioned Appellees recovery as follows:

       Mario Perea, as representative of Jacob's estate               $307,760.22
       Mario Perea, individually                                      $347,283.82
       Max Perea                                                      $347,283.82
       Tony Perea                                                     $347,283.82
       George Perea                                                   $347,283.82

       Total Judgment --- Southwest Regional
       Specialty Hospital                                           $1,696,895.50

31
  The jury found Pharmasource Healthcare, Inc. and Omnicare Inc., d/b/a Pharmasource Healthcare, Inc.
(Pharmasource), ten percent negligent and Southwest Hospital ninety percent negligent.
32
  The jury awarded the estate the sum of $40,000 for pain and mental anguish, $107,228.15 for medical
expenses and $12,490.25 for funeral and burial expenses. In the entry of its judgment, the trial court
reduced the recovery of medical expenses to $5,036.72 pursuant to the "paid or incurred" limitation
contained in § 41.0105.
33
 The judgment also ordered that Appellees recover the sum of $63,343.44 from Pharmasource.
Pharmasource did not appeal.

                                                 23
       Thereafter, THI filed a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, remittitur,

and to modify, correct, or reform the judgment. The trial court denied THI's motion and

its motion for reconsideration. This appeal followed.

                                       Discussion

       THI asserts: (1) the trial court abused its discretion by using a broad-form jury

instruction on negligence and proximate cause when Appellees sought survival and

wrongful death damages; (2) the trial court abused its discretion by granting Appellees a

trial amendment to assert an action for negligent credentialing/hiring because the

amendment was prejudicial to the presentation of THI's defense; (3) Appellees'

evidence was legally and factually insufficient to support a judgment on their claims of

negligent credentialing/hiring and factually insufficient to support Appellees' claim of

negligence, i.e., that THI's conduct proximately caused Jacob's death or the nurses at

Southwest Hospital were negligent in the performance of their duties; (4) Appellees'

evidence that THI was grossly negligent is legally and (5) factually insufficient; (6) the

trial court abused its discretion by excluding evidence of the fact that THI had conducted

an investigation related to Jacob's death; and (7) the trial court abused its discretion as

a matter of law by failing to apply statutory damage caps in sections 41.008(b) and

74.301(b) of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code.

       I.     Jury Instruction

              A.     Standard of Review

       We review a trial court's decision to submit or refuse a particular jury instruction

under an abuse of discretion standard. Shupe v. Lingafelter, 192 S.W.3d 577, 579

(Tex. 2006). See In the Interest of V.L.K., 24 S.W.3d 338, 341 (Tex. 2000). Although a
                                            24
trial court has great latitude and considerable discretion to determine necessary and

proper jury instructions; see Tex. R. Civ. P. 277; H.E. Butt Grocery Company v. Bilotto,

985 S.W.2d 22, 23 (Tex. 1998), the trial court abuses its discretion if "the court acts

arbitrarily, unreasonably or without reference to guiding principles of law." McWilliams

v. Masterson, 112 S.W.3d 314, 317 (Tex.App.--Amarillo 2003, pet. denied).

      When a trial court refuses to submit a requested instruction on an issue raised by

the pleadings and evidence, the question on appeal is whether the request was

reasonably necessary to enable the jury to render a proper verdict. Shupe, 192 S.W.3d

at 579 (citing Tex. Workers Comp. Ins. Fund v. Mandlbauer, 34 S.W.3d 909, 912 (Tex.

2000)). Further, omission of an instruction is harmful, or reversible error, only if the

omission probably caused the rendition of an improper judgment; Tex. R. App. P.

44.1(a), 61.1(a); see Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Johnson, 106 S.W.3d 718, 723 (Tex.

2003); and is harmless "when the findings of the jury in answer to other issues are

sufficient to support the judgment." Boatland of Houston, Inc. v. Bailey, 609 S.W.2d
743, 750 (Tex. 1980). See City of Brownsville v. Alvarado, 897 S.W.2d 750, 752 (Tex.

1995) (a jury question may be immaterial, or harmless, "when its answer can be found

elsewhere in the verdict or when its answer cannot alter the effect of the verdict").

Whether harm exists is viewed in the context of the whole charge.          Boatland, 609
S.W.2d at 749-50.

             B. Wrongful Death and Survival Actions

      The Texas Survival Statute permits a decedent's heirs, legal representatives, and

estates to bring actions for personal injuries the decedent suffered before his death; see

Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 71.021 (Vernon 2008), while the Texas Wrongful
                                            25
Death Act confers a cause of action upon the surviving spouse, children, and parents of

a decedent for their damages resulting from the decedent's death. See Tex. Civ. Prac.

& Rem. Code Ann. §§ 71.002, 71.004 (Vernon 2008).

      To establish a cause of action under either statute, the claimant must establish a

death and the occurrence of a wrongful act.          Mayer v. Willowbrook Plaza Ltd.

Partnership, 278 S.W.3d 901, 909 (Tex.App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 2009, no pet.). If

negligence is alleged as the wrongful act, the claimant must show that the defendant's

negligent act or omission was a substantial factor in bringing about the decedent's

death, and without it, the decedent's death would not have occurred. See Columbia

Medical Ctr. of Las Colinas, Inc. v. Hogue, 271 S.W.3d 238, 246 (Tex. 2008) (citing IHS

Cedars Treatment Ctr., Inc. v. Mason, 143 S.W.3d 794, 798 (Tex. 2004)).

      The difference between the two statutes is the nature of the damages that may

be recovered and who may collect them. The purpose of the Texas Survival Statute is

"to continue a decedent's cause of action beyond death to redress decedent's estate for

decedent's injuries that occurred before he died." Borth v. Charley's Concrete Co., 139
S.W.3d 391, 395 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth 2004, pet. denied). See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem.

Code Ann. § 71.021 (Vernon 2008). On the other hand, the purpose of the Wrongful

Death Act is to permit a surviving husband, wife, child, and parents of the decedent to

bring a cause of action to redress their injuries resulting from the decedent's death. See

Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §§ 71.002, 71.004, 71.010 (Vernon 2008).

      Here, the gist of Appellees' action is that Southwest Hospital's nurses wrongfully

administered two doses of Ativan to Jacob proximately causing his death. Jacob's

                                            26
estate sought to recover Jacob's damages for injuries he suffered prior to his death34

and Jacob's sons sought to recover damages they suffered because of his death.35

Thus, in order to recover, Appellees were required to prove THI breached a duty owed

to Jacob and the breach proximately caused the damages sought by Jacob's estate and

sons. Hogue, 271 S.W.3d at 246.36

        To determine whether Southwest Hospital was negligent, the trial court chose to

charge the jury with the Texas Pattern Jury Charge or Broad Form Charge for Joint

Submission of Negligence and Proximate Cause. See STATE BAR OF TEX., TEXAS

PATTERN JURY CHARGES--GENERAL NEGLIGENCE; INTENTIONAL PERSONAL

TORTS, PJC 4.1 (2008). Although the Texas Pattern Jury Charges are not "law," they

are heavily relied upon by bench and bar and based on what the State Bar Committee

perceives the present law to be.            H. E. Butt Co. v. Bilotto, 928 S.W.2d 197, 199

(Tex.App.--San Antonio 1996), aff'd, 985 S.W.2d 22 (Tex. 1998). See Borden, Inc. v.

Price, 939 S.W.2d 247, 254 (Tex.App.--Amarillo 1997, writ denied).37

34
 In the Fifth Amended Original Petition, Jacob's estate sought damages for personal injury including
physical pain and suffering, physical impairment, mental anguish, reasonable and necessary medical
expenses, and funeral and burial expenses.
35
 In the Fifth Amended Original Petition, Jacob's sons sought damages for the loss of Jacob's love,
counsel, companionship, and care, i.e., mental anguish, emotional pain, torment, and mental suffering.
36
  In Texas, a cause of action for negligence requires three elements: (1) a legal duty owed by one person
to another; (2) breach of that duty; and (3) damages proximately caused by the breach. D. Houston, Inc.
v. Love, 92 S.W.3d 450, 454 (Tex. 2002).
37
  Rule 277 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure provides that "the court shall, whenever feasible, submit
the cause upon broad-form questions." Tex. R. Civ. P. 277. In Texas Dep't of Human Services v. E.B.,
802 S.W.2d 647 (Tex. 1990), the Texas Supreme Court interpreted the phrase "whenever feasible" as
mandating broad-form submission "in any and every instance in which it is capable of being
accomplished." Id. at 649.

                                                   27
       The trial court's charge instructed the jury that, absent a proper legal definition for

a term, the jury should attribute the "meaning commonly understood" to the words in the

charge. Given the facts of this case and the similarity in the meanings of the terms

"injury" and "death," as a precipitant to damages, we cannot say that, as a matter of law,

a reasonable juror would have been misguided by the trial court's instruction. This is

particularly so when the vast majority of the evidence at trial, both testimonial and

documentary, was related to Jacob's manner of death and whether the Ativan dosage

caused his death. In fact, during the trial court's hearing on the jury instructions, THI's

counsel affirmatively stated that "[t]he only evidence of injury is death."

       Further, while a Comment to PJC 4.1 addressing use of the terms "occurrence"

or "injury" suggests that "[i]n a case involving death, the word 'death' may be used

instead of 'injury'"; (emphasis added), this Comment addresses circumstances where

there may be evidence of a plaintiff's negligence that is "injury-causing" or "injury-

enhancing" but not "occurrence-causing." This Comment is inapplicable insofar as THI

points to no evidence of record establishing that any negligence by Jacob, or by any

other third party, may have either caused or enhanced his injury or death. Furthermore,

THI did not request an issue attributing any negligence to Jacob.

       Neither did the trial court abuse its discretion by failing to issue two instructions,

i.e., one using the word "injury" and one using the word "death." While trial courts

should obtain fact findings on all theories pleaded and supported by the evidence, a trial

court is not required to, and should not, confuse the jury by submitting differently

worded questions that call for the same factual finding. See Star Enterprise v. Marze,

61 S.W.3d 449, 459 (Tex.App.--San Antonio 2001, pet. denied).                 Questions are
                                             28
duplicitous if they embrace the same fact question, whether identical in language or

merely similar in form. Miller v. Wal-Mart Stores, 918 S.W.2d 658, 664 (Tex.App.--

Amarillo 1996, writ denied) (citing Holmes v. J.C. Penney Company, 382 S.W.2d 472,

473 (Tex. 1964)). Here, either "injury" or "death" would have been appropriate terms for

the negligence instruction. Given the trial court's broad discretion in submitting jury

questions, we cannot say the trial court abused its discretion by choosing the term

"injury" over "death."

        Finally, even if use of the term "injury" rather than "death" were error, the

answers sought by Southwest Hospital can be found in Questions 3(c) and 4 through 7.

While Question 1 sought to establish whether THI's conduct negligently caused Jacob's

injury, Questions 3(c), and 4 through 7, sought to establish damages resulting from his

death.38 Moreover, THI fails to offer any evidence establishing that use of the term

"injury" rather than "death" caused rendition of an improper judgment. Accordingly,

THI's first issue is overruled.

        II.     Trial Amendment

        During their case-in-chief, Appellees confronted Espinoza with the Colorado

Board of Nursing's stipulated order and examined him without objection.39 Thereafter,

38
  Southwest Hospital's objection to the charge at trial was that, if the jury believed the hospital caused an
injury to Jacob but not his death, "the wrongful death beneficiaries would not be entitled to recover."
Question 3(c) asked what sum of money would compensate Jacob for damages he would have for
funeral and burial expenses, while Questions 4 through 7 asked what sum of money "would fairly and
reasonably compensate [Jacob's sons] for [their] damages, if any, resulting from the death of Jacob
Perea." (Emphasis added). Thus, although the jury may have found Southwest Hospital negligently
caused Jacob's injury, these damage instructions reminded the jury that they were limited to damages
resulting from Jacob's death.
39
 During THI's examination, Espinoza testified he "[could] not think of a time he ever wrote an order for a
controlled substance such as Ativan when he had not first gotten the order from a doctor." Appellees
                                                   29
when Appellees sought to amend their petition to assert a negligent credentialing/hiring

claim against THI, THI objected that (1) Appellees were pleading a cause of action for

which there was no recovery because there were no damages; (2) the evidence was

irrelevant because Espinoza worked as a Licensed Practical or Vocational Nurse in

Colorado, not as a Registered Nurse; and (3) evidence of Espinoza's disciplinary

proceeding six years earlier was irrelevant. THI did not seek a continuance.

        Under Rule 66 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, a trial court may not refuse

a trial amendment unless (1) the opposing party presents evidence of surprise or

prejudice, or (2) the amendment asserts a new cause of action or defense and thus is

prejudicial on its face and the opposing party objects to the amendment. Hart v. Moore,

952 S.W.2d 90, 95 (Tex.App.--Amarillo 1997, writ denied) (citing Greenhalgh v. Service

Lloyds Insurance Co., 787 S.W.2d 938, 939 (Tex. 1990)).                        See The State Bar v.

Kilpatrick, 874 S.W.2d 656, 658 (Tex.) (per curiam) (decision to permit or deny trial

amendment rests in sound discretion of trial judge if amendment asserts new cause of

action or defense and thus prejudicial on its face), cert. denied, 512 U.S. 1236, 114
S. Ct. 2740, 129 L. Ed. 2d 860 (1994).40 The opponent of the trial amendment has the

burden of showing surprise or prejudice, and "[a] motion for continuance based upon

sought to impeach this testimony with the stipulated order wherein he had been disciplined by the
Colorado Board of Nursing in 1996 for administering Ativan to a patient without a physician's order.
40
  See also Allstate Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co. v. Guiterrez, 281 S.W.3d 535, 539 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2008, no
pet.); (a trial amendment may be prejudicial on its face, "but this does not make it prejudicial as a matter
of law"); American Title Company of Houston v. Bomac Mortgage Holdings, L.P., 196 S.W.3d 903, 909
(Tex.App.--Dallas 2006, no pet.) (decision to permit or deny trial amendment rests in sound discretion of
trial court if amendment asserts new cause of action or defense); Deutsch v. Hoover, Bax & Slovacek,
L.L.P., 97 S.W.3d 179, 186 (Tex.App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, no pet.) ("An amended pleading
asserting a new defense is not prejudicial as a matter of law; the amendment must be evaluated in the
context of the entire case.").

                                                    30
the ground of surprise or prejudice is essential before the filing of a trial amendment will

constitute reversible error."         Resolution Trust Corp. v. Cook, 840 S.W.2d 42, 46

(Tex.App.--Amarillo 1992, writ denied). See Jones v. Blackmon, 419 S.W.2d 434, 440

(Tex.Civ.App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1967, writ ref'd n.r.e.) (trial court does not ordinarily

abuse its discretion when party opposing an amendment does not ask for a

postponement).

        Appellees' trial amendment was made during their case-in-chief. THI had yet to

put on its defense.        THI did not object to the amendment because of surprise or

prejudice, nor did it seek a continuance. Rather, THI asserted that the proposed action

was legally deficient and/or the underlying evidence in support of the action was

irrelevant. Having failed to object to the amendment based upon surprise or prejudice,

THI may not now assert these grounds on appeal.41

        To preserve error on appeal, a party must make a timely, specific objection or

motion to the trial court that states the grounds for the ruling sought with sufficient

specificity and complies with the rules of evidence and procedure. See Tex. R. App. P.

33.1(a). Because THI presents this argument for the first time on appeal, it is waived.

Id. See Marine Transp. Corp. v. Methodist Hosp., 221 S.W.3d 138, 147 n.3 (Tex.App.–

Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.). THI's second issue is overruled.

41
 THI contends surprise was asserted when its counsel attempted to exclude the testimony of Deanna
Graves, Southwest Hospital Administrator, on the issue of negligent credentialing because she was not
on Appellees' witness list. THI's objection to Graves testifying was made pursuant to Rule 193.6 of the
Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, not Rule 66. Further, the trial court had already held a hearing on
Appellees' motion to amend and granted the Rule 66 motion prior to THI's Rule 193.6 objection.
Moreover, Appellees' attorney informed THI four days prior to calling Graves to testify that she intended to
call Graves to discuss Espinoza's employment file, and Graves was listed as a potential witness on
Pharmasource's witness list for trial.

                                                    31
         III.   Recovery Under Appellees' Negligence Theories

         THI asserts Appellees’ evidence at trial in support of their negligent

credentialing/hiring claim is both legally and factually insufficient, i.e., Appellee failed to

establish Southwest Hospital's conduct breached any standard of care in hiring

Espinoza or that any negligence in hiring Espinoza caused Jacob's death. THI also

asserts Appellees' evidence at trial in support of their negligence claim against

Southwest Hospital is factually insufficient, i.e., Appellees' expert evidence that

Southwest Hospital's negligence caused Jacob's death, when compared to THI's expert

evidence, is so weak that it is clearly wrong and manifestly unjust.

                A. Standard of Review

         In conducting a legal sufficiency review,42 we must consider the evidence in the

light most favorable to the challenged finding, indulge every reasonable inference to

support it; City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 822 (Tex. 2005),43 and credit

favorable evidence if reasonable jurors could and disregard contrary evidence unless

reasonable jurors could not.          Id. at 827.     A challenge to legal sufficiency will be

sustained when, among other things, the evidence offered to establish a vital fact does

not exceed a scintilla.44 Kroger Tex. Ltd. P'ship v. Suberu, 216 S.W.3d 788, 793 (Tex.

2006).      Furthermore, so long as the evidence falls within the zone of reasonable

42
 When both legal and factual sufficiency challenges are raised on appeal, the reviewing court must first
examine the legal sufficiency of the evidence. See Glover v. Tex. Gen. Indemnity Co., 619 S.W.2d 400,
401 (Tex. 1981).
43
 "[T]he test for legal sufficiency should be the same for summary judgment, directed verdicts, judgments
notwithstanding the verdict and appellate no-evidence review." 168 S.W.3d at 823.
44
 Evidence does not exceed a scintilla if it is "so weak as to do no more than create a mere surmise or
suspicion" that the fact exists. Ford Motor Co. v. Ridgway, 135 S.W.3d 598, 601 (Tex. 2004).
                                                     32
disagreement, we may not invade the factfinding role of the jurors, who alone determine

the credibility of witnesses, the weight to be given their testimony, and whether to

accept or reject all or part of their testimony. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d at 822.

        In reviewing a factual sufficiency challenge, we consider all the evidence and set

aside a finding only if it is so against the great weight and preponderance of the

evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust. Ortiz v. Jones, 917 S.W.2d 770, 772 (Tex.

1996). If, as here, the appellant is challenging the factual sufficiency of the evidence to

support a finding on an issue on which the other party had the burden of proof, we must

overrule the complaint unless, considering all the evidence, the finding is clearly wrong

and manifestly unjust. See Santa Fe Petroleum, L.L.C. v. Star Canyon Corp., 156
S.W.3d 630, 637 (Tex.App.--Tyler 2004, no pet.) (citing Garza v. Alviar, 395 S.W.2d
821, 823 (Tex. 1965)). Inferences may support a judgment only if they are reasonable

in light of all the evidence; id., and, again, the trier of fact is the sole judge of the

credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony. GTE Mobilnet of

S. Tex. Ltd. P'ship v. Pascouet, 61 S.W.3d 599, 615-16 (Tex.App.--Houston [14th Dist.]

2001, pet. denied). In addition, the mere fact that we might have reached a different

conclusion on the facts does not authorize us to substitute our judgment for that of the

jury.   Maritime Overseas Corp. v. Ellis, 971 S.W.2d 402, 407 (Tex. 1998). See

Richmond Condominiums v. Skipworth Commercial Plumbing, Inc., 245 S.W.3d 646,

658 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth 2008, no pet.).

                                            33
                 B.       Analysis

                          1.       Negligent Credentialing/Hiring

        Here, although Appellees' claim is that Southwest Hospital was negligent in

credentialing or hiring Espinoza, the thrust of the claim is that the health care facility

failed to protect its patient--a claim that "necessarily implicate[s] the acceptable

standards of safety pursuant to the definition of health care liability claim."45 Diversicare

Gen. Partner, Inc. v. Rubio, 185 S.W.3d 842, 855 (Tex. 2005).46

        Negligent hiring claims are both health care liability claims, see In Re McAllen

Medical Center Inc., 275 S.W.3d 458, 462 (Tex. 2008), and "simple negligence causes

of action." Morris v. JTM Materials, Inc., 78 S.W.3d 28, 49 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth 2002,

no pet.). To establish a claim for negligent hiring, supervision and retention, a plaintiff

must prove the following elements: (1) a duty to hire, supervise, and retain competent

employees; (2) an employer's breach of the duty; and (3) the employer's breach of the

45
 A "health care liability claim" is as follows:

        [A] cause of action against a health care provider or physician for treatment, lack of
        treatment, or other claimed departure from accepted standards of medical care, or health
        care, or safety or professional or administrative services directly related to health care,
        which proximately results in injury or death of a claimant, whether the claimant's claim or
        cause of action sounds in tort or contract.

Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 74.001(13) (Vernon 2005).
46
  "The competent selection and review of medical staff is precisely the type of professional service a
hospital is licensed and expected to provide, for it is in the business of providing medical care to patients
and protecting them from unreasonable risk of harm while receiving medical treatment . . . [T]he
competent performance of this responsibility is 'inextricably interwoven' with delivering competent quality
medical care to hospital patients. Diversicare, 185 S.W.3d at 853 (quoting Bell v. Sharp Cabrillo Hosp.,
212 Cal. App. 3d 1034, 260 Cal. Rptr. 886, 896 (Cal.Ct.App. 1989)). "It follows that proper staffing for the
care and protection of patients is related to and part of the rendition of health care." Holguin v. Laredo
Regional Medical Center, 256 S.W.3d 349, 356 (Tex.App.--San Antonio 2008, no pet.). "Without safe,
reliable staffing, health care would obviously be compromised because 'training and staffing policies and
supervision and protection' of patients ‘are integral components of . . . health care services.'" Id. (quoting
Diversicare, 185 S.W.3d at 850) (collected cases cited therein)).

                                                     34
duty proximately caused the damages sued for. See LaBella v. Charlie Thomas, Inc.,

942 S.W.2d 127, 137 (Tex.App.--Amarillo 1997, writ denied).

       An employer is liable for negligent hiring, supervision, or retention when proof is

presented that the employer hired an incompetent or unfit employee whom it knew or,

by the exercise of reasonable care, should have known was incompetent or unfit,

thereby creating an unreasonable risk of harm to others. See Dangerfield v. Ormsby,

264 S.W.3d 904, 912 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth 2008, no pet.). Because Appellees' claim

of negligent credentialing and hiring is cognizable under chapter 74 of the Texas Civil

Practice and Remedies Code; Garland Community Hosp. v. Rose, 156 S.W.3d 541,

544, 545-46 (Tex. 2003), expert testimony is necessary to establish the elements of the

claim. Holguin, 256 S.W.3d at 356.

       THI asserts Appellees failed to produce more than a scintilla of probative

evidence that THI breached its standard of care by hiring Espinoza and, if so, any

breach by THI proximately caused Jacob's injuries.47 Appellees' expert, Dr. Haines,

testified on direct examination, without objection, that a director of nurses and hospital

administrators should have some involvement in assuring that nurses on their staff will

not write orders without a doctor's permission. He testified that, when hiring nurses,

nursing directors, and administrators they should look at a nurse's past employment

record and determine whether they had problems or troubles at prior nursing facilities.

47
 Southwest Hospital does not assert that it lacked a duty to hire and supervise competent nurses.

                                                  35
He further opined that nursing directors and hospital administrators had a duty to

research the background of people they hired.48

        Dr. Haines also testified that, if a nurse went "rogue" and administered

prescription drugs without the authority to do so, the nurse should lose their license.

Nurse Jahomo testified that, if she wrote an order for a patient's medication without a

doctor's permission, she would be in violation of her nursing license. She also testified

that, administering medication without the proper approval would be extremely

dangerous for the patient and could cause the patient's death if there were an adverse

effect. Nurse Graham testified that, in December 2004, Espinoza had a reputation for

being a "rogue" nurse and agreed with Nurse Jahomo that a nurse who administered

prescription drugs without proper authority should lose their license.

        Espinoza testified that, prior to being employed at Southwest Hospital, he had

been disciplined by the Colorado Board of Nursing for administering Ativan to a patient

without a physician's prior approval. The Colorado Board of Nursing placed Espinoza

on probation with specific tasks to be completed prior to reinstatement of his nursing

license. He testified he relocated to Texas,49 began practicing as a nurse, and failed to

comply with any conditions of his Colorado probation.

48
  An employer owes a duty to its other employees and to the general public to ascertain the qualifications
and competence of the employees it hires, especially when the employees are engaged in occupations
that require skill or experience and that could be hazardous to the safety of others. JTM Materials, Inc.,
78 S.W.3d at 50 (citing Wise v. Complete Staffing Servs., Inc., 56 S.W.3d 900, 902 (Tex.App.--Texarkana
2001, no pet.)). See LaBella, 942 S.W.2d at 137 ("Texas courts have long recognized a master's duty to
make inquiry into the competence and qualifications of those he considers for employment.").
49
 Espinoza testified he did not disclose the Colorado Board of Nursing's disciplinary proceedings or their
order to Texas authorities. Under the Texas Nursing Practice Act, a person is subject to "denial of license
or to disciplinary action . . . for . . . revocation, suspension, or denial of . . . the person's license or
privilege to practice nursing in another jurisdiction. Tex. Occ. Code Ann. § 301.452(b)(8) (Vernon 2004).

                                                    36
       Espinoza further testified that in 1997 he was hired at Highland Medical Center

where his supervising nurse was Connie Long. He testified that he spoke to Long about

his probation in Colorado and she hired him despite knowing that he had his license

suspended in Colorado for administering Ativan without a doctor's approval.50 After

Long moved to Southwest Hospital to take a position as Director of Nursing, she

recruited Espinoza to join her and, in 2002, Espinoza began working at Southwest

Hospital. Espinoza testified that, although Long was by then aware of his stipulated

probation order with the Colorado Board of Nursing, she had no problem putting him on

the floor and permitting him to dispense medications to patients.                   While he was

employed at Southwest Hospital, he testified his evaluations were always above

average.

       Although Espinoza testified he wrote the order to administer Ativan to Jacob after

receiving approval from Nurse Graham by telephone, the jury could reasonably infer

from Dr. Rice's and Nurse Graham's testimony that Espinoza wrote the order himself

without prior approval. Nurse Graham testified that she did not receive any calls from

Espinoza that day and had no doubt that she did not approve the order to administer

Ativan to Jacob.

       Although the testimony regarding who approved the administration of Ativan to

Jacob was conflicting, the jury's verdict indicates they credited and gave weight to

Nurse Graham's testimony.          See Wilson, 168 S.W.3d at 819 ("Jurors are the sole

judges of the credibility of witnesses and the weight to give their testimony. They may
50
 Espinosa testified that he went to work for Highland in May of 1997. Although the Colorado stipulated
probation order was not issued until September 1997, his testimony was unclear as to when proceedings
were initiated before the State Board of Nursing in Colorado.

                                                 37
choose to believe one witness and disbelieve another" and "[r]eviewing courts cannot

impose their own opinions to the contrary."). See also Texas Drydock, Inc. v. Davis, 4
S.W.3d 919, 924 (Tex.App.--Beaumont 1999, no pet.). Moreover, "[c]ontroverted trial

issues are properly within the province of the jury if reasonable minds could differ as to

the truth of the controlling facts." Collora v. Navarro, 574 S.W.2d 65, 68 (Tex. 1978).

      Given this evidence, we conclude there was more than a scintilla of evidence

establishing that THI breached its duty to hire nurses that were competent or fit for

employment. The jury could reasonably infer from the evidence that THI, through Long,

hired Espinoza knowing he was on probation due to disciplinary proceedings in another

state, for conduct that reasonably endangered the health and safety of patients

entrusted to his care.    The evidence also reflects Long did so without taking any

precautions to assure that Espinoza would not commit the same violations again.

Further, Espinoza was permitted to medicate patients and then ultimately was placed in

a managing position with responsibilities that included supervising authority over

nurses, advising physicians or their assistants on medications, writing telephone orders

for the administration of drugs to patients, and instructing nurses on which drugs to

administer.

      THI points to Dr. Rice's answer to a hypothetical question as evidence that

Southwest Hospital was not negligent in hiring Espinoza. Dr. Rice testified he would not

consider a previously disciplined nurse unfit if that nurse had complied with the

rehabilitative conditions established by the board of nursing and had worked for six

years at two different hospitals without further incident. Notwithstanding this statement,

                                            38
the jury was free to conclude that Espinoza never complied with the rehabilitative

conditions of the Colorado order.

       THI also asserts that the passage of six years time between the act that caused

the Colorado Board of Nursing to place Espinoza on probation and Jacob's injury

rendered the Colorado Board of Nursing Order irrelevant. This assertion overlooks the

principle that, "[w]hen a plaintiff's credentialing [or hiring] complaint centers on the

quality of the [patient's] treatment . . . the hospital's acts or omissions in credentialing [or

hiring] are inextricably intertwined with the patient's medical treatment and the hospital's

provision of health care." Rose, 156 S.W.3d at 546. The Rose court stated, in pertinent

part, as follows:

       Rose's is a case in point. She complains of acts and omissions that
       occurred, in significant part, during her treatment. Rose alleges that the
       Hospital acted negligently and maliciously in allowing Dr. Fowler to
       perform Rose's surgeries. . . . These decisions necessarily occurred
       during Rose's treatment. It is not necessary, however, to dissect Rose's
       claims in to pre-treatment and post-treatment components. Regardless of
       when the acts occurred, the allegations all revolve around the same basic
       premise: that the Hospital put Rose at risk by allowing Dr. Fowler to treat
       her. It makes no sense to conclude that some credentialing [or hiring]
       claims are subject to the MLIIA and others are not, depending on what
       point in time the credentialing decision occurred.
156 S.W.3d at 545. (Emphasis added). Accordingly, we cannot say that the passage of

time or Espinoza's prior employment, as a matter of law, absolves THI of any breach of

its duty to hire and retain competent nurses.

       Regarding causation, here, Espinoza's conduct, as it pertains to Jacob, is

identical to the wrongful conduct he committed in Colorado, i.e., administering Ativan

without required approvals. The evidence supports the conclusion that, although Long

was aware of Espinoza's stipulated probation order, she never reported that fact to the
                                              39
Texas nursing authorities, knowing it would affect his employability as a nurse licensed

to practice in Texas. The evidence of record further indicates that not only did Long not

take precautions to prevent similar conduct from occurring again, she promoted

Espinoza to a position of authority with sufficient power to make it relatively easy for him

to engage in the same errant behavior.

       The jury's findings that THI was negligent in hiring Espinoza and that negligence

caused Jacob's injury are not so against the great weight and preponderance of the

evidence as to be clearly wrong or manifestly unjust. Accordingly, we cannot say that

the evidence was either legally or factually insufficient to support the jury's verdict under

Appellees’ negligent credentialing/hiring theory of recovery.

                       2.      Medical Malpractice - Negligence

       THI next contends the evidence is factually insufficient to support the jury's

finding that THI's negligence, through its employees, in administering two doses of

Ativan to Jacob proximately caused his death.51 In support, THI asserts the credentials

of its expert, Dr. Hail, are superior to Dr. Haines's credentials and the opinions of its

experts, Dr. Hail and Dr. Rice, are entitled to more weight than Dr. Haines's opinions.

       While proximate cause in a medical malpractice case must be based upon

reasonable medical probability; Park Place Hosp. v. Estate of Milo, 909 S.W.2d 508,

511 (Tex. 1995), "[t]he quantum of proof required is simply 'that it is more likely than not

that the ultimate harm or condition resulted from such negligence." Kramer v. Lewisville

Mem. Hosp., 858 S.W.2d 397, 400 (Tex. 1993). A plaintiff is not required to exclude

51
 THI does not assert that Southwest Hospital's nurses owed no duty to properly care for and treat Jacob
or that they did not breach their duty of care.

                                                  40
every other reasonable hypothesis; Marvelli v. Alston, 100 S.W.3d 460, 470 (Tex.App.--

Fort Worth 2003, pet. denied), and more than one proximate cause may exist. Lee

Lewis Constr., Inc. v. Harrison, 70 S.W.3d 778, 784 (Tex. 2001) (question is whether

the wrongful act "was 'a' proximate cause, not ‘the’ proximate cause" of decedent's

death).

       To satisfy the causal element of proximate cause, the wrongful act need only be

a substantial factor52 in bringing about the harm. Southwest Key Program, Inc. v. Gil-

Perez, 81 S.W.3d 269, 274 (Tex. 2002); Sisters of St. Joseph of Texas, Inc. v. Cheek,

61 S.W.3d 32, 35 (Tex.App.--Amarillo 2001, pet. denied). Further, whether a particular

act of negligence is a cause-in-fact of an injury is a particularly apt question for jury

determination. Farley v. MM Cattle Co., 529 S.W.2d 751, 756 (Tex. 1975). See Tex.

Dept. of Transp. v. Pate, 170 S.W.3d 840, 848 (Tex.App.--Texarkana 2005, pet.

denied).

       Any objection to the qualifications or methodology of Appellees' expert witness,

Dr. Haines, was waived at trial because THI made no objection to his testimony. To

preserve a complaint that scientific evidence is unreliable and thus, no evidence, a party

must object to the evidence before trial or when the evidence is offered.                         See

Volkswagon of America, Inc. v. Ramirez, 159 S.W.3d 897, 903 (Tex. 2004); Kerr-

McGee Corp. v. Helton, 133 S.W.3d 245, 252 (Tex. 2004). Further, whether an expert's

testimony is credible or not is best left to the jury. See Pascouet, 61 S.W.3d at 615-16.

52
  "The word 'substantial' is used to denote the fact that the defendant's conduct has such an effect in
producing the harm as to lead reasonable men to regard it as a cause." Givens v. M&S Imaging
Partners, L.P., 200 S.W.3d 735, 738-39 (Tex.App.--Texarkana 2006, no pet.) (quoting RESTATEMENT
(SECOND) OF TORTS § 431 cmt. a (1965)). See Healthcare Centers of Texas, Inc. v. Rigby, 97 S.W.3d
610, 625 (Tex.App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, pet. denied).

                                                  41
       Dr. Haines practiced family medicine for twenty-three years.                 His practice is

comprised of approximately thirty percent of patients over sixty-five years of age. He

has cared for patients taking benzodiazepines, the same class of drug as Ativan. He

testified that common side effects from Ativan range from sedation and respiratory

depression to agitation and confusion. He also testified Ativan's manufacturer listed

respiratory depression as the top adverse reaction to the drug53 and an overdose of

Ativan can cause respiratory depression to the extent a person's heart stops.

       Although Jacob did not undergo a specific medical test to determine whether he

had an allergy to Ativan, Dr. Haines testified Jacob's medical records indicated that he

"reacted badly" to Ativan prior to being admitted to Southwest Hospital, i.e., quit

breathing after receiving Versed, another benzodiazepine, in preparation for a recent

MRI at Covenant and experienced agitation/confusion when medicated by Ativan as

illustrated by his physicians' orders labeling Ativan as an allergy for Jacob.

       Dr. Haines opined that, after Jacob received the second dose of Ativan in the

early morning hours of December 19, he was overdosed.                      His breathing became

increasingly more shallow until there was insufficient oxygen to support the functions of

his heart or brain causing his heart to go into arrhythmia until he suffered a cardiac

arrest and finally quit breathing altogether due to respiratory depression.

       Dr. Hail disagreed. She testified that Jacob died of a heart attack based upon a

blood test taken nearly an hour after Jacob was found unresponsive and was

transferred to Covenant. She also based her opinion on telemetry strips recorded at

53
  Nurse Joiner testified Ativan is a Central Nervous System suppressant and the number one side effect
of Ativan is decreasing a patient's ability to breathe.
                                                        42
Covenant on December 12 (before Jacob was transferred to Southwest Hospital) and

on December 19 (after Jacob was returned from Southwest Hospital.) She opined that,

based upon her experience in the emergency room, Ativan does not cause respiratory

depression and two milligrams of Ativan was not an overdose.

      Contrary to Dr. Hail's opinion, however, hospital documentation showed Jacob's

heart condition was stable prior to receiving the two doses of Ativan. When Jacob was

transferred from Covenant to Southwest Hospital on December 12, his discharge

summary noted that he was "released in stable condition, neurologically intact [with] a

stable cardiac evaluation." No medical devices were utilized to monitor Jacob's cardiac

condition while he was at Southwest Hospital.

      Prior to receiving Ativan on December 18, Jacob's Progress Note indicated he

was negative for shortness of breath, negative for chest pain, and negative for nausea

or vomiting. Although the December 18 Progress Note indicated he was experiencing

atrial fibrillation, the Progress Note stated he was "on Coumadin as well as Lorenex,

continue these and recheck 12/20/04." (Emphasis added). Further, only hours before

receiving either dose of Ativan on December 18 and 19, Nurse Graham checked

Jacob's breathing status and vital signs.       She noted his oxygen saturations and

respiratory rate and "didn't see anything abnormal."

      Approximately six hours after receiving what Dr. Haines termed an overdose of

Ativan, Jacob was discovered with no vital signs and unresponsive. On subsequent

examination by Dr. Wheeler at Covenant, he noted Jacob was "currently obtunded,

probably secondary to [an] Ativan injection." Dr. Wheeler noted that "allergies noted on

[Southwest Hospital's] history show morphine and Ativan," and that Jacob had "recently
                                           43
been given Ativan 2 mg IV push q. 4 hours p.r.n., he has received two doses of this over

the last 24 hour period."      Based upon Jacob's medical records in addition to his

experience, Dr. Haines opined that, prior to receiving Ativan, Jacob's medical records

did not show he was experiencing irregular heart rhythms that were dangerous or

symptoms associated with a heart attack such as chest pains, nausea, or shortness of

breath prior to his coding.

       Dr. Hail also testified that, if Jacob was having an allergic reaction to Ativan, the

manifestation of his symptoms would have occurred within minutes of taking the Ativan

rather than hours later. Dr. Haines, on the other hand, testified that Jacob did not go

into anaphylactic shock after receiving the Ativan which, in his opinion, could occur

within an hour or two of taking the Ativan, but instead suffered from an adverse reaction

or side effect due to his sensitivity to Ativan. He testified the effect of the multiple doses

of Ativan on Jacob was cumulative, i.e., his respiratory distress or adverse reaction

slowly increased as the medication was digested and absorbed into the bloodstream

until he was unable to breathe.

       Dr. Haines testified that Jacob arrested four hours after the MRI at Covenant on

December 3 when, prior to the MRI, he had received Versed, a member of the

benzodiazepine family of drugs and faster acting than Ativan. In his opinion, Jacob

suffered a similar adverse reaction at Southwest Hospital where he was given multiple

two milligram doses of Ativan, one at 4:00 p.m. on December 18 and another at 1:30

a.m. on December 19, and arrested approximately five hours and forty-five minutes

after the second dose of Ativan at 7:15 a.m.

                                             44
       Dr. Rice opined that Jacob died of his underlying medical conditions. He pointed

to the same blood test and telemetry readings relied on by Dr. Hail.          Although he

testified there was no scientific evidence that Ativan causes respiratory depression, he

conceded that respiratory failure is a side effect of Ativan reported by its manufacturer.

He also testified that complications from taking a drug of the benzodiazepine class,

which includes Ativan, includes obtundation, as noted by Dr. Wheeler on Jacob's

admission on December 19, i.e., "a level of consciousness before a coma."

       Dr. Rice testified that he did not want Jacob to receive Ativan because (1) it was

well known in literature that Ativan in geriatric patients or severely ill patients doesn't

calm them down like it's supposed to but may make the patient wilder and more

agitated; (2) Jacob's son had communicated that Jacob had these reactions to the drug;

and (3) he didn't want to raise Jacob's heart rate because he was concerned that the

stimulus might cause Jacob to suffer a heart attack. For all these reasons, Dr. Rice

simply "didn't want [Jacob] to have it." This testimony supports Dr. Haines's conclusion

that the two doses of Ativan caused Jacob to arrest.

       The jury has broad latitude to infer proximate cause from the evidence and the

circumstances surrounding the injury-producing act especially when it is not possible to

produce direct proof of proximate cause or lack of proximate cause.          J.K. & Susie

Wadley Research Inst. & Blood Bank v. Beeson, 835 S.W.2d 689, 698 (Tex.App.--

Dallas 1992, writ denied) (citing Harris v. LaQuinta-Redbird Joint Venture, 522 S.W.2d
232, 236 (Tex.Civ.App.--Texarkana 1975, writ ref'd n.r.e.).

       Here, aided by expert testimony, the jury was free to determine that the

administration of Ativan caused Jacob to arrest because he was stable and
                                            45
experiencing no symptoms of a heart attack prior to being injected with the two doses of

Ativan, yet arrested only hours after having been given the drug.        In addition, that

Jacob's vital signs were not being electronically monitored at Southwest Hospital as

they had been previously at Covenant, his vital signs were not being taken during nurse

shift visitations, and his December 18 progress note indicated it was not necessary to

check his heart medications until December 20 prior to receiving the Ativan, were also

some evidence from which the jury could reasonably infer that Jacob's heart condition

was not critical.

       Similarly, scientific principles provided by Dr. Haines establish a traceable chain

of causation from the condition--Jacob's arrest--back to the event--the administration of

multiple doses of Ativan. Having considered all the evidence, we cannot say that the

jury's finding that THI's negligence caused Jacob's injuries or death was so against the

great weight and preponderance of the evidence as to be clearly wrong or manifestly

unjust. Accordingly, THI's third issue is overruled.

       IV. & V.      Gross Negligence -- Sufficiency of Evidence

       Appellees argued to the jury that THI was grossly negligent in causing harm to

Jacob through the administration of Ativan by either Nurse Jahomo or Espinoza and THI

ratified or approved the act. Appellees further argued that THI was grossly negligent, or

reckless, for employing Espinoza because he was unfit.

       THI asserts there was no clear and convincing evidence that: (1) Espinoza or

Jahomo were aware of the risk involved in administering Ativan to Jacob and chose to

proceed in conscious indifference to his safety; (2) THI ratified Espinoza's or Jahomo's

                                            46
conduct, Espinoza was unfit to care for Jacob or THI was reckless in hiring him; or (3)

Espinoza's employment proximately caused Jacob's death.

                A.       Gross Negligence

        To recover exemplary damages, a plaintiff must prove by clear and convincing

evidence54 that the plaintiff's harm resulted from, inter alia, the defendant's willful act or

gross neglect. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 41.003(a)(3), (b) (Vernon Supp.

2009). Gross negligence is statutorily defined as an act or omission:

       (A) which when viewed objectively from the standpoint of the actor at the
        time of its occurrence involves an extreme degree of risk, considering the
        probability and magnitude of the potential harm to others; and

        (B) of which the actor has actual, subjective awareness of the risk involved,
        but nevertheless proceeds with conscious indifference to the rights, safety,
        or welfare of others.

Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 41.001(11) (Vernon 2008). (Emphasis added).

        Thus, two elements comprise gross negligence. First, viewed objectively from

the actor's standpoint, the act or omission complained of must depart from the ordinary

standard of care to such an extent that it creates an extreme degree of risk of harming

others. Harrison, 70 S.W.3d at 784-86; Universal Servs. Co. v. Ung, 904 S.W.2d 638,

641 (Tex. 1995).55 Second, the actor must have actual, subjective awareness of the

54
  Evidence is "clear and convincing" if it "will produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or
conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established." Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann.
§ 41.001(2) (Vernon 2008). "[E]vidence that does more than raise surmise or suspicion will not suffice
unless it is capable of producing a firm belief or conviction that the allegation is true." Garza, 164 S.W.3d
at 621.
55
  "Extreme risk" is not "a remote possibility of injury or even a high probability of minor harm, but rather
the likelihood of serious injury to the plaintiff." Transp. Ins. Co. v. Moriel, 879 S.W.2d 10, 22 (Tex. 1994)
(quoting Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Alexander, 868 S.W.2d 322, 327 (Tex. 1993)).
                                                        47
risk involved and choose to proceed in conscious indifference to the rights, safety, or

welfare of others. See Harrison, 70 S.W.3d at 785; Ung, 904 S.W.2d at 641.

              B.      Standard of Review

                      1.      Legal Sufficiency

       In reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence under a clear and convincing

standard, we look at all the evidence, in the light most favorable to the judgment, to

determine whether a reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or

conviction that its finding was true. Garza, 164 S.W.3d at 622 (citing In re J.F.C., 96
S.W.3d 256, 266 (Tex. 2002)). We presume that the trier of fact resolved disputed facts

in favor of its findings if a reasonable trier of fact could do so, and disregarded any

evidence a reasonable fact finder could have disbelieved or found to have been

incredible. Id. at 627; In the Interest of J.L., 163 S.W.3d 79, 85 (Tex. 2005). Further,

"whenever the standard of proof at trial is elevated, [as here], the standard of appellate

review must likewise be elevated." Southwestern Bell Tel. Co. v. Garza, 164 S.W.3d
607, 627 (Tex. 2004).

                              a.      Subjective Test -- Espinoza and Jahomo

       Focusing on the second, or subjective, component,56 what separates ordinary

negligence from gross negligence is the defendant's state of mind; in other words, the

plaintiff must show the defendant knew about the peril, but his acts or omissions

demonstrate he or she did not care. See Diamond Shamrock Ref. Co., L.P. v. Hall, 168
S.W.3d 164, 172 (Tex. 2005); Burk Royalty Co. v. Walls, 616 S.W.2d 911, 922 (Tex.

1981). It is this mental attitude of reckless indifference that permits a jury to find "that

56
 THI does not challenge on appeal whether Appellees met the objective component.
                                                 48
the defendant had decided to ignore the rights of others even in light of probable and

threatened injury to them." Williams v. Steves Indus., Inc., 699 S.W.2d 570, 573 (Tex.

1985). This subjective component may be established by circumstantial evidence. See

Harrison, 70 S.W.3d at 785; Mobil Oil Corp. v. Ellender, 968 S.W.2d 917, 921 (Tex.

1998).

         As discussed previously, the jury could reasonably infer from the evidence that

Espinoza wrote the Ativan order for Jacob without the approval of either Dr. Rice or

Nurse Graham. Viewed from the standpoints of Dr. Haines, Dr. Rice, Nurse Jahomo,

and Espinoza, the administration of Ativan to a patient such as Jacob without a

physician's approval could cause the patient's death. Dr. Rice testified that a nurse "out

there writing orders without permission puts a patient in an extreme risk, [and] if put in

an extreme risk, could suffer injury to a patient's life."

         The magnitude of the injury, i.e., death, and the probability of that injury--

probable enough for Jacob's doctors at Covenant to immediately, repeatedly, and

expressly enter into his chart that he had an "allergy" to Ativan to assure that he did not

receive the drug, and the myriad of precautions that were supposed to be in place at

Southwest Hospital to assure a patient does not receive a drug to which they have an

allergy (for example: placing an allergy sticker on the patient's chart, affixing an allergy

bracelet to the patient's wrist, multiple entries in the patient's chart, computerized

medicine dispensing system with allergy warnings, twice daily entries in the Nurse

Documentation Reports)57-- demonstrate that the administration of Ativan to Jacob

57
 Dr. Haines testified that Jacob's doctors entered into the medical records and past medical history
multiple times that he was allergic to Ativan--"[h]is doctors did not want him to have it. I mean, it's very
                                                      49
without a physician's approval posed an extreme degree of risk. See Bush, 122 S.W.3d

at 855.

        In fact, Espinoza agreed that it would be extremely dangerous to administer

Ativan to a patient without a doctor's order and, after having been disciplined for an

identical incident in Colorado, realized that he would put a patient in extreme risk of

death if he were to do so again. Here, the jury could reasonably infer from the evidence

that Espinoza prescribed Ativan for Jacob without a physician's orders and Espinoza

agreed that, "if he wrote the order [for Ativan], he would be consciously disregarding

[Jacob's] health, safety and welfare."

        The evidence need not show, as THI contends, that Espinoza had specific

knowledge of Jacob's allergy or sensitivity to Ativan. See Harrison, 70 S.W.3d at 786.

Rather, the evidence need only be such that reasonable inferences of a conscious

decision could be made. Id. Here, the jury's verdict is supported by evidence that

Espinoza consciously countermanded Dr. Rice's order to treat Jacob with Zyprexia by

prescribing Ativan knowing his decision could cost Jacob his life after having checked

and knowing Jacob was allergic to the drug or not checking and not knowing, i.e.,

consciously indifferent to whether Jacob was allergic or not.

        We find the evidence in this case is legally sufficient to support a finding that

Espinoza had actual awareness of an extreme risk involved in prescribing Ativan for

simple." He further testified that, when a patient reacts to drugs, "you do everything you can do to make
sure the patient doesn't get the drug, because that is the worse [sic] thing that can happen. You put
somebody in the hospital, to take care of another problem, and then you give them something that kills
them. That is the worse [sic] thing you can do, you know."

                                                   50
Jacob without physician permission, proceeded to act with conscious indifference to that

risk, and was, therefore, grossly negligent.58

                               b.      Corporate Liability

       A corporation may be liable in punitive damages for gross negligence only if the

corporation itself commits gross negligence. Ellender, 968 S.W.2d at 921. Further, a

corporation is grossly negligent if it authorizes or ratifies an agent's gross negligence, or

if it is directly negligent in hiring an unfit agent. Id. A corporation may also be grossly

negligent through the acts or inactions of a vice-principal. Id. at 922.59 See Bush, 122
S.W.3d at 854; Burk, 616 S.W.2d at 922 (corporation's "conduct can be active or

passive").

       In determining whether acts are directly attributable to the corporate employer,

we do not restrict our review to individual elements or facts but instead consider all the

surrounding facts and circumstances to determine whether the corporation itself is

grossly negligent. Ellender, 968 S.W.2d at 922. These facts and circumstances include

reasonable inferences the fact finder can draw from what the corporation did or failed to

do and the facts existing at relevant times that contributed to a plaintiff's alleged

damages. Id. at 924.

58
 When judgment rests on multiple theories of recovery, we need not address all causes of action if any
one theory is valid. EMC Mortgage Corporation v. Jones, 252 S.W.3d 857, 870-71 (Tex.App.--Dallas
2008, no pet.) (citing Checker Bag Co. v. Washington, 27 S.W.3d 625, 634 (Tex.App.--Waco 2000, pet.
denied)). As such, we need not decide whether there was sufficient evidence to support a finding that
any act or omission by Nurse Jahomo was grossly negligent.
59
  Such vice-principals include corporate officers; those who have authority to employ, direct, and
discharge other employees; those engaged in performing the corporation's nondelegable or absolute
duties, and those responsible for the management of the whole or a department or a division of the
business. Ellender, 968 S.W.2d at 921 (citing Hammerly Oaks, Inc. v. Edwards, 958 S.W.2d 387, 391
(Tex. 1997)).

                                                 51
       From the evidence, the fact finder could reasonably infer that Espinoza was unfit

at the time he was recruited by Long, Southwest Hospital's Director of Nursing, in

2002.60 Espinoza testified that, at the time THI hired him, Long was aware his Colorado

nursing license had been suspended for administering Ativan to a patient without a

doctor's approval and, despite this knowledge, Espinoza was placed in a position at

Southwest Hospital where he supervised nurses and initiated orders for prescribed

medications.61

       Further, Espinoza testified that in early 2005 (after Jacob's death) he informed

Long that he was a drug addict and she continued to permit him to work at Southwest

Hospital.    Thereafter, Espinoza's addiction was permitted to progress until he was

reported impaired--sleepy, sleep-walking, running into walls, falling asleep at patients'

bedsides.     Espinoza was misappropriating morphine and Demerol from Southwest

Hospital's computerized medicine dispensing system and taking the medications himself

without proper authorization while falsifying the information in the system to make it

appear as if patients were taking the medication. Finally, on November 19, 2005, he

inserted an external jugular venous catheter in a patient without proper authorization,

performing a medical procedure outside the parameters of a nursing license. In late

60
 THI does not challenge on appeal whether Long is a vice-principal of Southwest Hospital.
61
  Espinoza was the charge, or supervising, nurse over Nurses Rosales and Joiner while they cared for
Jacob. As a charge nurse, Espinoza supervised all floor nurses and directed them on how to best
manage and care for patients. He assisted floor nurses when they had questions, difficulties, or trouble
with patients. If he observed a problem on the floor, he was responsible for bringing the problem to the
attention of hospital administrators.

                                                  52
December 2005, Espinoza was finally discharged by Long and Southwest Hospital

administrator Graves.62

        From this evidence, the jury could reasonably infer that Long consciously

disregarded the danger she was exposing patients to by permitting a "rogue" nurse,

ostensibly unrepentant up to the time of his trial testimony,63 to supervise the care of

patients in general, and Jacob in particular. Furthermore, when this evidence is coupled

with Long's initial decision to hire Espinoza despite knowing of the suspension of his

nursing license in Colorado, the jury could reasonably infer that Long continued a

pattern of turning a blind eye toward Espinoza's misconduct, beginning with his original

hiring and eventually culminating in his termination in December 2005.

        Looking at the evidence in a light most favorable to the judgment, we cannot say

that a reasonable trier of fact could not have formed a firm belief or conviction that THI,

through Long, was directly negligent in hiring an unfit agent and/or authorized or ratified

Espinoza's gross negligence.           Accordingly, we find that the evidence was legally

sufficient to support the jury's finding of gross negligence.

                        2.      Factual Sufficiency

        When the burden of proof is clear and convincing evidence, the distinction

between legal and factual sufficiency is very fine. In such a factual sufficiency review

we must consider all the evidence the fact finder could reasonably have found to be

62
 Ultimately, in May 2007, Espinoza surrendered his Texas nursing license per an agreed order in a
proceeding before the Texas Board of Nursing Examiners premised on these same infractions.
63
 Despite the stipulated order in Colorado and subsequent agreed order in Texas with the state boards of
nursing, Espinoza's testimony at trial indicated he yet believed he had done nothing wrong and should not
have been disciplined in either case.

                                                   53
clear and convincing, and then determine whether any fact finder could reasonably have

formed a firm belief or conviction of the truth of the allegations. See In re J.F.C., 96
S.W.3d at 266; In the Interest of C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 25, 27-29 (Tex. 2002). The

difference in applying an elevated test under the clear and convincing standard is that "a

higher quality of evidence is necessary to tip the scales." Garza, 164 S.W.3d at 625.

        We consider whether the disputed evidence is such that a reasonable fact finder

could have resolved it in favor of its finding. See In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. If, in

light of the entire record, disputed evidence that a reasonable fact finder could not have

resolved in favor of the finding is so significant as to prevent a fact finder reasonably

from forming a firm belief or conviction of the truth of the finding, then the evidence is

factually insufficient. See id.; In re S.M.L.D., 150 S.W.3d 754, 757 (Tex.App.--Amarillo

2004, no pet.).

        In a single paragraph, without any citation to specific evidence in the record or its

brief, THI asserts in a conclusory fashion that the evidence is factually insufficient to

support the jury's findings either that: (1) Espinoza understood the extreme risks

involved in administering a medication to a patient without prior approval by a physician

but did not care when he prescribed Ativan for Jacob; (2) THI ratified Espinoza's

conduct; (3) Espinoza was an unfit employee; or (4) THI was reckless for hiring

Espinoza.

        Rather than find THI waived these issues,64 in the interest of justice, having

reviewed the evidence cited by THI in support of its legal insufficiency argument on the

64
 Generally, because THI failed to specifically cite any record evidence in support of these general
contentions, these arguments were insufficiently briefed, and therefore, waived. Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(h).
                                                    54
issue of gross negligence,65 we conclude the jury could reasonably have formed a firm

belief or conviction that THI was grossly negligent in hiring an unfit agent. Accordingly,

we need not reach the other bases of gross negligence raised by Appellees. See

Hogue, 271 S.W.3d at 253. THI's issues four and five are overruled.

        VI.     Evidentiary Ruling - THI's Internal Investigation

        During discovery, THI asserted various statutory privileges to avoid disclosing

any information or documents regarding any in-house investigation undertaken by

Southwest Hospital into the circumstances surrounding Jacob's death.66                   During     trial,

Appellees asked a number of witnesses, without objection, whether they had been

approached by Southwest Hospital regarding the circumstances of Jacob's death or

were aware of any investigation into his death.                  The witnesses answered in the

negative.67

65
  In support of its legal sufficiency argument, THI argued: (1) Espinoza testified he received an order
prescribing Ativan from Nurse Graham; (2) Espinoza had no specific knowledge Jacob was sensitive or
had an allergy to Ativan; (3) Nurse Jahomo had no explanation for why Jacob was not wearing an allergy
bracelet on December 18; (4) Nurse Jahomo was unaware that the pharmacy did not have the allergy
information on Jacob that was forwarded by Covenant when Jacob was originally transferred to
Southwest Hospital; and (5) Nurse Jahomo testified she made a mistake by not reviewing Jacob's MAR
and correcting the MAR to show that he, in fact, had an allergy to Ativan.
66
  By interrogatory and request for production of documents, Appellees sought information related to any
in-house investigation undertaken by THI. THI asserted privilege and refused to answer the interrogatory
or produce any documents. When asked by Appellees' counsel prior to trial, THI's counsel represented
she would not be offering any evidence of an in-house investigation into Jacob's death by Southwest
Hospital.
67
  Pharmacist Dipprey, Nurse Rosales, Nurse Graham, and Espinoza testified that no one at Southwest
Hospital questioned them regarding the circumstances of Jacob's death or the order for Ativan and they
were unaware of any investigation into Jacob's death. Dr. Haines testified he saw no evidence of an
investigation in the records he reviewed and believed the director of nursing at Southwest Hospital should
have done some investigation to assure a similar incident did not happen again. THI did not object to this
testimony.
                                                    55
       To rebut the potential, yet improper, inference that the absence of an in-house

investigation was some sort of corporate ratification of Espinoza's conduct, THI sought

to offer the testimony of Dr. Rice concerning the matter. When Appellees objected to

Dr. Rice testifying that an in-house investigation had been undertaken by Southwest

Hospital, on the basis that THI had asserted its investigative privilege as to that subject

during discovery, the trial court warned THI that its line of questioning would require full

and complete disclosure of the investigation and its results. After consulting with her

client, THI's counsel made the following statement:

       So we no longer have an issue. I will still make my objections to the
       granting of [Appellees' counsel's] objection, in that she opened the door,
       and, further, that the response to the interrogatory and request for
       production was an objection and privilege citation, and, the objections were
       never compelled or ruled on by the Court, which would have to be an
       action of the Plaintiffs, and we were never asked for a privilege log with
       respect to that privilege that was asserted.

       Because THI chose to close the door on its own inquiry rather than open the door

further with respect to the in-house investigation, the trial court never excluded the

testimony of Dr. Rice.       Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by

excluding any evidence. THI's issue six is overruled.

       VII.   DAMAGES

       By its seventh and final issue, THI contends the trial court's judgment should be

modified to reflect application of the various statutory provisions, found within chapters

4168 and 7469 of the Texas Civil Practices and Remedies Code,70 which limit the

68
Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. § 41.008(b) (Vernon Supp. 2009).
69
Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann. §§ 74.301(b) & 74.303 (Vernon 2005).

                                                56
recovery of damages by a claimant. Specifically, THI contends that: (1) § 41.008(b)

should be applied to limit Appellees' recovery of exemplary damages, (2) § 74.301(b)

should be applied to limit Appellees' recovery of noneconomic damages, and (3) §

74.303 should be applied to limit Appellees' overall recovery in a wrongful death and

survival action on a health care liability claim. In response, Appellees contend that: (1)

THI waived application of §§ 41.008(b) and 74.301(b) by failing to plead those sections

as an affirmative defense, and (2) § 74.301(b) does not apply to a wrongful death claim.

In response to Appellees' waiver argument, THI further contends the trial court erred by

denying its motion for leave to amend its pleadings. We will address these sub-issues

in their logical rather than numeric or sequential order.

               A.      Applicability of § 74.303 - Overall Damages Limitation

       While the briefs filed by both THI and Appellees seem to indicate that the trial

court did apply the § 74.303 limitation of damages provision in arriving at the dollar

amount of the judgment entered, without a detailed explanation of the trial court's

calculations, the mathematic and legal damage limiting principles applied by the trial

court in the entry of its judgment are lost on this Court. Because this Court ultimately

remands this case to the trial court for the entry of a judgment in accordance with this

opinion, we deem it judicially appropriate to address the application of § 74.303 to the

judgment to be entered in this cause.

70
 For convenience, throughout the remainder of this opinion, references to simply "section __" and/or "§
__" are references to the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code.

                                                  57
      Section 74.303 provides that:

      (a)   In a wrongful death or survival action on a health care liability claim
      where final judgment is rendered against a physician or health care
      provider, the limit of civil liability for all damages, including exemplary
      damages, shall be limited to an amount not to exceed $500,000.00 for
      each claimant, regardless of the number of defendant physicians or health
      care providers against whom the claim is asserted or the number of
      separate causes of action on which the claim is based.

      (b)    When there is an increase or decrease in the consumer price index
      with respect to the amount of that index on August 29, 1977, the liability
      limit described in Subsection (a) shall be increased or decreased, as
      applicable, by a sum equal to the amount of such limit multiplied by the
      percentage increase or decrease in the consumer price index, as
      published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the United States
      Department of Labor, that measures the average changes in prices of
      goods and services purchased by urban wage earners and clerical
      workers' families and single workers living alone (CPI-W: Seasonally
      adjusted U.S. City Average-All items), between August 29, 1977, and the
      time at which damages subject to such limits are awarded by final
      judgment or settlement.

      (c)     Subsection (a) does not apply to the amount of damages awarded
      on a health care liability claim for the expenses of necessary medical,
      hospital, and custodial care received before judgment or required in the
      future for treatment of the injury.

      THI contends Appellees should be considered a single claimant for purposes of

their health care liability claim. See Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code § 74.001(a)(2). We

find no case law that interprets the applicability of § 74.001(a)(2) in the context of the

limitation of damages in a wrongful death and survival action on a health care liability

claim where multiple persons are claiming to have sustained damages as the result of

the bodily injury or death of a single person. Section 74.001(a)(2) provides that:

      "Claimant" means a person, including a decedent's estate, seeking or who
      has sought recovery of damages in a health care liability claim. All
                                            58
       persons claiming to have sustained damages as the result of the bodily
       injury or death of a single person are considered a single claimant.

       A plain reading of this statute clearly supports THI's contention. Therefore, for

purposes of § 74.303, the estate of Jacob Perea, and his four sons, Mario, Max, Tony,

and George, i.e., Appellees herein, are a single claimant, entitled to recover for all

damages, including exemplary damages, but not including expenses of necessary

medical, hospital, and custodial care, an amount not to exceed $500,000, as adjusted in

accordance with the provisions of § 74.303(b). Based on the applicable consumer price

index (CPI), on June 9, 2008, the § 74.303 cap was $1,737,272.00.71 Because the

judgment entered by the trial court did not exceed that cap, the trial court did not err in

the application of the § 74.303 damage cap.

               B.      Applicability of § 74.301(b) - Noneconomic Damages Limitation

       THI contends the trial court erred in failing to properly apply the statutory

limitation of noneconomic damages found in § 74.301(b). Section 74.301(b) provides:

       In an action on a health care liability claim where final judgment is
       rendered against a single health care institution, the limit of civil liability for
       noneconomic damages inclusive of all persons and entities for which
       vicarious liability theories may apply, shall be limited to an amount not to
       exceed $250,000 for each claimant.

       Appellees contend the rules of statutory construction dictate that § 74.301(b)

does not apply in this case based upon the general principle that specific statutory

71
  According to the U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Table 5. Consumer Price Index
for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers (CPI-W): Seasonally Adjusted U.S. City Average-All Items,
the CPI for June 2008 was 213.337. See http://www.stats.bls.gov/PDQ/servlet/SurveyOutputServlet (last
visited May 12, 2010). This represents a 247.4544% increase over the CPI for August 1977 (CPI =
61.40). Therefore, on June 9, 2008, the § 74.303 cap was $1,737,272.00 (($500,000 x 2.474544) +
$500,000).

                                                 59
provisions should govern over general provisions. Specifically, Appellees contend that

the more specific provisions of § 74.303 (which is specifically applicable to a wrongful

death or survival action) apply to the exclusion of more general provisions of §

74.301(b) (which is generally applicable to health care liability claims).                              See

Horizon/CMS Healthcare Corp. v. Auld, 34 S.W.3d 887, 901 (Tex. 2000) (determining

that the judgment cap provisions of section 11.02 of article 4590i prevail over the

general prejudgment interest provisions of article 5069-1.05);72 cf. Tex. Gov't Code §

311.026 (Vernon 2005) (providing that, when construing code provisions that are

irreconcilable, "the special or local provision prevails as an exception to the general

provision").

        When we construe a statute, our primary goal is to ascertain and give effect to

the Legislature=s intent in enacting it. Tex. Gov=t Code Ann. ' 312.005 (Vernon 2005);

In re Canales, 52 S.W.3d 698 (Tex. 2001). An appellate court must not interpret the

statute in a manner that renders any part of the statute meaningless or superfluous, City

of Marshall v. City of Uncertain, 206 S.W.3d 97, 105 (Tex. 2006) (citing City of San

Antonio v. City of Boerne, 111 S.W.3d 22, 29 (Tex.2003)), and where general and

special provisions are both applicable, those "provisions shall be construed, if possible,

so that effect is given to both." Tex. Gov't Code Ann. § 311.026(a) (Vernon 2005).

        Because a health care liability claim includes a cause of action against a health

care provider (including a health care institution) for conduct which proximately results

72
  Former article 4590i, § 11.02(a) provided that "[i]n an action on a health care liability claim where final
judgment is rendered against a physician or health care provider, the limit of civil liability for damages of
the physician or health care provider shall be limited to an amount not to exceed $500,000."

                                                     60
in the death of a claimant, arguably both statutory provisions can be applicable to the

facts of this case. The question is, is it possible to give effect to both provisions?

       We find no cases which directly decide this issue. However, because the two

statutory provisions do not conflict on their face, in order to give full effect to the intent of

the Legislature, we see no reason why one cap should apply to the exclusion of the

other cap. Neither the express wording of the applicable statutes, nor their legislative

history indicates that the Legislature intended anything other than to apply both caps.

Therefore, we conclude that both caps can be applied, and should be applied. Because

Appellees constitute a single claimant, unless otherwise inappropriate, the trial court

should have limited THI's civil liability for noneconomic damages to $250,000.

       Appellees also contend that THI waived the protections of § 74.301(b) by failing

to affirmatively plead their application to the facts of this case. THI has responded to

this argument by contending that: (1) statutory damage caps are not affirmative

defenses, and/or (2) the trial court erred by not granting its motion to amend its

pleadings.   Although the Texas Supreme Court has not directly decided whether a

statutory damage caps is an affirmative defense, it has recently held that the statutory

damage caps contained in § 41.008(b) "requires a reduction of punitive damages as a

matter of law." In re Columbia Medical Center of Las Colinas, 306 S.W.3d 246, 248

(Tex. 2010).     But see Wackenhut Corr. Corp. v. De La Rosa, 305 S.W.3d 594

(Tex.App.--Corpus Christi 2009, no pet.) (holding that the cap is an affirmative defense

which must be specifically pleaded by the defendant for it to apply). Although in In re

Columbia Medical Center the Supreme Court equivocates somewhat by adding the

phrase "when the parties raise the issue," 306 S.W.3d at 248, we find that the parties
                                               61
here have sufficiently raised the issue before both the trial court and this Court.

Therefore, we find that § 74.301(b) requires reduction of noneconomic damages as a

matter of law and, as such, it is not an affirmative defense. Accordingly, we find the trial

court erred in not applying the provisions of § 74.301(b) to limit THI's civil liability for

noneconomic damages to $250,000.

                 C.    Applicability of § 41.008(b) - Exemplary Damages Limitation

       THI also contends the trial court erred by failing to apply the § 41.008(b)

limitation provisions to the jury's exemplary damages award. Again, Appellees counter

by contending the limitation is an affirmative defense which THI waived by failing to

plead and THI has responded by contending that: (1) statutory damage caps are not

affirmative defenses, and/or (2) the trial court erred by not granting its motion to amend

its pleadings.

       Section 41.008(b) provides:

       Exemplary damages awarded against a defendant may not exceed an
       amount equal to the greater of:

       (1)(A) two times the amount of economic damages; plus

         (B) an amount equal to any noneconomic damages found by the jury,
             not to exceed $750,000; or

       (2)       $200,000.

       Based upon the same analysis we applied to § 74.301(b), we find the exemplary

damages cap provided by § 41.008(b) is not an affirmative defense, but must instead be

applied as a matter of law. The question then becomes, do the specific provisions of §

74.303 control over the general provisions of § 41.008(b), or should a trial court seek to

apply both limitations?
                                             62
       Again, we find no case law answering this question, and again we observe that,

on their face, the two provisions do not seem to conflict. One caps exemplary damages

in all suits, while the other caps all damages in wrongful death and survival actions.

Because the two statutes are not irreconcilable, the statutes can be harmonized by

applying the exemplary damages cap first, and then applying the overall cap second.

Therefore, once again, in order to give full effect to the intent of the Legislature, we

believe both provisions should be applied.

       Having determined that § 41.008(b) does apply, because the limit of exemplary

damages is, in part, determined by the amount of noneconomic damages, a court must

further determine whether to apply the noneconomic damages limitations of § 74.301(b)

to the determination of the exemplary damages cap provided by § 41.008(b). Again, we

have found no cases directly determining this issue and, once again, we find that, on

their face, the two statutory provisions do not conflict.         Accordingly, as before, we

believe both provisions should be given effect.

       Because we have found that § 41.008(b) should have been applied, we find that

the trial court erred in not applying that limiting provision.            Furthermore, in the

application of that cap, we find the trial court should apply the noneconomic damages

limitation provisions of § 74.301(b) in determining the cap under § 41.008(b).

Accordingly, Appellees' recovery of exemplary damages should have been limited to

$285,053.94.73

73
 Appellees' economic damages equaled $17,526.97 ($12,490.25 + $5,036.72 = $17,526.97). See fn. 32,
supra. Two times economic damages, plus noneconomic damages, as limited by § 74.301(b), up to
$750,000, equals $285,053.94. ((2 x $17,526.97) + $250,000 = $285,053.94).

                                               63
               D.     Correction of Judgment

       Here, the jury awarded Jacob's estate economic damages of $17,526.97 and

noneconomic damages of $40,000.00. The jury also awarded Mario, Max, Tony, and

George noneconomic damages of $100,000.00 each, for a combined total of

$400,000.00.        The   jury   further   awarded     Appellees    exemplary     damages      of

$1,250,000.00. Furthermore, in addition to actual damages, Appellees were entitled to

recover pre-judgment interest on their actual damages. See Tex. Fin. Code Ann. §

304.102 (Vernon 2006).74 Prejudgment interest is an element of recoverable actual

damages. See Embrey v. Royal Indemn. Co., 986 S.W.2d 729, 732 (Tex.App.--Dallas

1999), affd, 22 S.W.3d 414 (Tex. 2000).          Because prejudgment interest is a part of

Appellees' damages, it is subject to the overall damage limit imposed by § 74.303.

Columbia Hosp. Corp. v. Moore, 92 S.W.3d 470, 475 (Tex. 2002) (interpreting

subchapter K of former article 4590i); Horizons/CMS Healthcare Corp., 34 S.W.3d at

892.

       The trial court entered judgment in favor of Appellees and against THI in the sum

of $1,696,895.50, plus costs of court. To the extent the trial court failed to properly

apply the overall damages cap under § 74.303, the noneconomic damages cap under §

74.301(b), and/or the exemplary damages cap under § 41.008(b), the trial court erred.

THI's seventh issue is sustained.

        Because the jury apportioned the negligence causing the "injury in question"

90% to THI and 10% to Pharmasource Healthcare, and because Pharmasource

74
 Prejudgment interest may not be assessed or recovered on an award of exemplary damages. See Tex.
Civ. P. & Rem. Code § 41.007 (Vernon 2008).
                                                 64
Healthcare entered a "settlement agreement" for the sum of $63,343.44, plus costs of

court, and because Pharmasource Healthcare has not appealed the judgment of the

trial court, and because we do not know which election THI would make under §

33.012(c) of the Texas Civil Practices and Remedies Code, we are unable to determine

the judgment that should be entered in this cause. Accordingly, we remand this cause

to the trial court for the rendition of a judgment applying all applicable damages caps,

the determination of applicable credits, and the apportionment of the recovery among

Appellees. Tex. R. App. P. 43.3.

                                     CONCLUSION

      The trial court’s judgment is reversed and the cause is remanded to the trial court

for entry of a judgment in accordance with this opinion.

                                                 Patrick A. Pirtle
                                                      Justice

Campbell, J., concurring and dissenting.

                                            65