Court Opinion

ID: 4709064
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-08-04 17:00:30.859134+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:06:54.112320
License: Public Domain

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
                                File Name: 21a0378n.06

                                         Case No. 20-6440

                          UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                               FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                     FILED
                                                                               Aug 04, 2021
SOUND INPATIENT PHYSICIANS,                   INC.;    )                   DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
ROBERT A. BESSLER, M.D.,                               )
                                                       )
       Plaintiffs-Appellants,
                                                       )         ON APPEAL FROM THE
                                                       )         UNITED STATES DISTRICT
v.
                                                       )         COURT FOR THE WESTERN
                                                       )         DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
T.M. CARR, M.D.,
                                                       )
       Defendant-Appellee,                             )
                                                       )
THE COMMERICAL APPEAL,                                 )                                  OPINION
       Intervenor.                                     )

BEFORE: GIBBONS, STRANCH, and BUSH Circuit Judges.

       JOHN K. BUSH, Circuit Judge. Someone once asked Abraham Lincoln how many legs a

donkey would have if you called its tail a leg. He answered four; “you cannot make a tail into a

leg by calling it one.” Lloyd Reinhardt, Warranted Doability, 63 Philosophy 471 (1988). Today,

we are asked whether a contract provision that bears the classic attributes of binding arbitration is

instead a non-binding appraisal agreement if the provision says that an “expert and not an

arbitrator” is to resolve the parties’ disputes. As with the donkey’s tail, relabeling the decision

maker in an arbitration agreement does not change the nature of the agreement. The district court

held as much. We affirm.
Case No. 20-6440, Sound Inpatient Physicians, Inc. v. Carr

                                                  I.

       In March 2016, Dr. T.M. Carr entered into an agreement with Sound Inpatient Physicians,

Inc. and Dr. Robert Bessler, through which Sound was to purchase Dr. Carr’s membership interests

in three medical companies. The agreement required that Sound pay Dr. Carr a purchase price that

was equal to a multiple of the companies’ consolidated earnings before overhead during the

twelve-month period ending March 31, 2018. The price could be no less than $30,000,000 and no

greater than $59,000,000. Sound was to pay Dr. Carr in two installments—one non-refundable

$30,000,000 payment when the agreement was signed and another unspecified payment after the

purchase price calculation was finalized. The second payment would amount to the difference, if

any, between the final price and the initial payment.

       According to the agreement, Sound was to prepare and deliver to Dr. Carr a proposed final

determination of the purchase price by April 30, 2018. Sound needed to show its work, and Dr.

Carr had the right review it and object. If the parties could not resolve their differences, they were

to submit their disputes to a third party—a neutral accountant—who would resolve the disputes

within certain parameters. The purchase price generated by the procedure would be final and

binding on the parties.

       Sound delivered its proposed purchase price of $26,605,885 to Dr. Carr on April 27, 2018.

Because it was less than the initial $30,000,000 payment, that price would result in no second

installment to Dr. Carr. Dr. Carr objected and wrote to Sound, demanding that it correct what he

saw as an accounting error. He accused Sound of improperly including in its purchase price

calculation certain bad debt expenses that related to periods outside the relevant calculation period.

According to Dr. Carr’s calculation, the purchase price should have been $40,734,142, which

would result in a second installment of $10,734,142 to him. The parties could not resolve their

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Case No. 20-6440, Sound Inpatient Physicians, Inc. v. Carr

differences, so Dr. Carr advised Sound that he wanted to submit the dispute—which he

characterized as “whether it was appropriate for Sound to include in its calculation of the Purchase

Price Schedule [the] bad debt expenses”—to a neutral accountant for resolution. But Sound

refused to submit the limited question proposed by Dr. Carr. It was prepared to engage a neutral

accountant only if Dr. Carr agreed to its framing of the question put to the accountant. Dr. Carr

rejected Sound’s interpretation of his objection and pressed once again for the issue, as he saw it,

to be presented to a neutral accountant.

       Soon thereafter, Sound filed suit in federal district court asking for a declaratory judgment.

According to Sound, the parties had a dispute as to the proper construction of their agreement and

the role of the neutral accountant. Dr. Carr filed, among other things, a motion to compel

arbitration under the Federal Arbitration Act. The district court granted Dr. Carr’s motion, finding

that section 1.4(d) of the parties’ contract was a valid arbitration provision.

       The parties then picked a neutral accountant, Mr. Steven Wolf, to resolve their dispute and

proceeded to arbitration. During that process, the parties submitted arguments to Mr. Wolf in the

form of written letters describing their position and provided documents and exhibits that

supported their proposed calculations.

       On March 20, 2020, Mr. Wolf determined that Sound’s inclusion of bad debt expenses

relating to a prior period was improper. He did not recalculate the purchase price, but his decision

meant that the purchase price would be Dr. Carr’s $40,734,142 calculation.

       About a month later, after Sound refused to pay, Dr. Carr moved to confirm his arbitration

award under the FAA. Sound moved to vacate the award. The district court granted Dr. Carr’s

motion and denied Sound’s. Sound appeals that decision, in addition to the district court’s earlier

order compelling arbitration.

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Case No. 20-6440, Sound Inpatient Physicians, Inc. v. Carr

                                                         II.

         We review a district court’s decision to compel arbitration under the FAA de novo. Nestle

Waters N. Am., Inc. v. Bollman, 505 F.3d 498, 501–02 (6th Cir. 2007). In reviewing a district

court’s decision to confirm, vacate, or modify an arbitration award under the FAA, we examine its

legal determinations de novo and its factual findings for clear error. Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters, Local

519 v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 335 F.3d 497, 503 (6th Cir. 2003).

         A. MOTION TO COMPEL ARBITRATION

         Before compelling arbitration under the FAA, a court must determine “whether the parties

agreed to arbitrate.” Stout v. J.D. Byrider, 228 F.3d 709, 714 (6th Cir. 2000). Here, Sound

challenges the district court’s decision that it and Dr. Carr’s contract included a binding arbitration

agreement.

         In reviewing the question, we look to state law—here, Tennessee law—for general issues

of contract formation and enforceability. See Great Earth Cos., Inc. v. Simons, 288 F.3d 878, 889

(6th Cir. 2002).       But federal law—namely, the FAA—governs issues that are specific to

arbitration, like whether certain contractual language should be considered an arbitration

agreement. Evanston Ins. Co. v. Cogswell Properties, LLC, 683 F.3d 684, 693 (6th Cir. 2012); see

Fazio v. Lehman Bros., 340 F.3d 386, 393 (6th Cir. 2003) (recognizing the FAA’s preemption of

state law relating to arbitration).1

         Whether an “appraisal provision” like the one at issue here qualifies as an agreement to

arbitrate “under the FAA depends upon how closely it resembles classic arbitration.” Evanston

1
 Sound contends that state law applies wholesale, and that because Tennessee law does not say much about arbitration,
we might look to the Court of Chancery of Delaware, and Delaware law, which does. But the Court of Chancery
points us back to federal law. See Penton Bus. Media Holdings, LLC v. Informa PLC, No. CV 2017-0847-JTL, 2018
WL 3343495, at *14 n.104 (Del. Ch. July 9, 2018) (recognizing that the Sixth Circuit evaluates whether parties have
formed an agreement to arbitrate by looking to federal law (citing Evanston Ins. Co., 683 F.3d at 693)).

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Case No. 20-6440, Sound Inpatient Physicians, Inc. v. Carr

Ins. Co, 683 F.3d at 693. The common features of classic arbitration include: (1) “a final, binding

remedy by a third party;” (2) an “independent adjudicator;” (3) “substantive standards;” and (4)

“an opportunity for each side to present its case.” Id. (quoting Fit Tech, Inc., v. Bally Total Fitness

Holding Corp., 374 F.3d 1, 7 (1st Cir. 2004)); see also Shy v. Navistar Int’l Corp, 781 F.3d 820,

825 (6th Cir. 2015).2 The provision at issue in this case contains each of those features.

         Final, binding remedy by a third party. Sound argues that as the relevant third party, Mr.

Wolf had no authority to issue any remedy. It is mistaken. The remedy in an arbitration is the

third-party’s final and binding resolution of the parties’ dispute. See Arbitration, Black’s Law

Dictionary (11th ed. 2019). Here, the binding remedy is found in Mr. Wolf’s expert opinion, which

resolved the parties’ dispute as to the proper calculation method for the purchase price. While Mr.

Wolf did not recalculate the purchase price, he resolved the only issue in dispute between the

parties as to that price, effectively setting the purchase price for the parties. The contract dictates

that “such resolution by [Mr. Wolf] shall be final and binding on the Parties.”

         Independent adjudicator. Sound does not contest this factor. And for good reason. The

contract clearly identifies an independent adjudicator: the “Neutral Accountant,” Mr. Wolf.

         Substantive standards. Sound also fails to contest that the contract included substantive

standards; it simply argues that Mr. Wolf failed to follow the standards prescribed in the

agreement. Effectively then, Sound concedes that the agreement contained substantive standards

for Mr. Wolf to abide by. Again, for good reason. The contract details the general accounting

procedure for calculating the purchase price that Mr. Wolf had to follow, and it specifies that Mr.

2
  Dr. Carr cites a number of our cases that reference the federal presumption in favor of arbitration. But that
presumption applies only to the scope, not the existence, of an arbitration clause. See Granite Rock Co. v. Int’l Bhd.
of Teamsters, 561 U.S. 287, 303 (2010) (“We have applied the presumption favoring arbitration . . . only where it
reflects, and derives its legitimacy from, a judicial conclusion that arbitration of a particular dispute is what the parties
intended because their express agreement to arbitrate was validly formed[.]”).

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Case No. 20-6440, Sound Inpatient Physicians, Inc. v. Carr

Wolf’s resolution of any dispute regarding the purchase price had to be “within the range of the

amounts claimed by Dr. Carr and Sound in their written submissions.”

       Opportunity to be heard. Sound contends that because there were no witnesses and no

formal hearing, there was no opportunity to be heard. But arbitration is not usually “bound by

formal rules of procedure and evidence.” Dobson Indus. Inc. v. Iron Workers Loc. Union No. 25,

237 F. App’x 39, 48 (6th Cir. 2007) (quoting Nat’l Post Office Mailhandlers v. U.S. Postal Service,

751 F.3d 834, 841 (6th Cir. 1985)). All that is required is a fundamentally fair hearing, meaning

“an opportunity to present relevant and material evidence and arguments” and an “absence of

bias.” Louisiana D. Brown 1992 Irrevocable Tr. v. Peabody Coal Co., No. 99-3322, 2000 WL

178554, at *6 (6th Cir. Feb. 8, 2000). Sound and Dr. Carr received just that.

       According to the contract, after engaging the neutral accountant, “[e]ach of Sound and Dr.

Carr [was to] present its position on the disputed items to the Neutral Accountant in writing.” So

both parties had the opportunity to provide written briefing to Mr. Wolf. And the agreement did

not prohibit either party from including witness statements or other exhibits in their briefing. In

fact, both parties attached schedules and exhibits to their briefs, and Sound even noted that it could

and would provide supplemental briefing and evidence to Mr. Wolf if needed.

       In sum, the agreement bears all the classic attributes of arbitration. See, e.g., Evanston Ins.

Co., 683 F.3d at 693.

       Despite that, Sound argues that because the agreement says that “the Neutral Accountant”

will resolve the matters in dispute “acting as an expert and not an arbitrator,” the agreement cannot

be considered one for arbitration. Or at the very least, Sound submits, it makes the agreement

ambiguous such that a remand is necessary to consult extrinsic evidence. Sound’s argument misses

the point.

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Case No. 20-6440, Sound Inpatient Physicians, Inc. v. Carr

       In Omni Tech Corp. v. MPC Solutions Sales, LLC, the Seventh Circuit addressed this exact

issue. 432 F.3d 797, 799 (7th Cir. 2005). It explained that a contractual statement providing that

a neutral accountant “will act as an expert and not as an arbitrator means that it will resolve the

dispute as accountants do—by examining the corporate books and applying normal accounting

principles plus any special definitions the parties have adopted—rather than entertaining

arguments from lawyers and listening to testimony.” Id. at 799. “It does not imply that the whole

section of the contract committing resolution to an independent private party is hortatory.” Id.

       That understanding makes sense of the agreement before us. Otherwise, the agreement,

with all its parts, would read: the neutral decision-maker (Mr. Wolf) will act as an expert, appointed

by the parties to make a final and binding decision resolving the parties’ dispute, not as a “neutral

decision-maker . . . appointed by the parties . . . to make a final and binding decision resolving the

parties’ dispute.” See Arbitrator, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019). That is nonsensical,

not ambiguous. See, e.g., Allstate Ins. Co. v. Watson, 195 S.W.3d 609, 611 (Tenn. 2006)

(“Contractual language is ‘ambiguous only when it is of uncertain meaning and may fairly be

understood in more ways than one.’” (quoting Farmers–Peoples Bank v. Clemmer, 519 S.W.2d

801, 805 (Tenn. 1975))).

       At bottom, “[t]hat the parties may call a procedure for having a neutral third party make a

binding decision ‘expert resolution’ does not make that procedure less ‘arbitration’.” Blue Cross

Blue Shield of Mass, Inc. v. BCS Ins. Co., 671 F.3d 635, 637 (7th Cir. 2011) ((quoting Omni Tech

Corp., 432 F.3d 797)).

       Finally, consulting Tennessee law, as Sound requests, confirms our conclusion. Consistent

with federal law, “Tennessee cases define arbitration [as] ‘a consensual proceeding in which the

parties select decision-makers of their own choice and then voluntarily submit their disagreement

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Case No. 20-6440, Sound Inpatient Physicians, Inc. v. Carr

to those decision-makers for resolution in lieu of adjudicating the dispute in court.’” Urology

Assocs, P.C. v. CIGNA Healthcare of Tenn., Inc., 2002 WL 31302922, at *7 (Tenn. Ct. App. Oct.

11, 2002) (quoting Merrimack Mut. Fire Ins. Co. v. Batts, 59 S.W.3d 142, 149 (Tenn. Ct. App.

2001). What matters, again, is not the label attached to the neutral accountant, but the parties’

agreement to be bound by a third party’s resolution of their dispute. And here, Sound and Dr. Carr

unambiguously agreed to a process whereby they would submit their dispute to a third party, who

would issue a binding resolution.3

         B. MOTIONS TO CONFIRM AND VACATE OR MODIFY THE ARBITRATION AWARD

         The FAA authorizes a party to apply to a court “for an order confirming” an arbitration

award where the parties’ agreement allows for judicial confirmation. 9 U.S.C. § 9. The Act further

clarifies that “the court must grant such an order unless the award is vacated, modified, or corrected

as prescribed in sections 10 and 11.” Id. Section 10 permits a party to apply to the court for an

order vacating the award in narrow circumstances, such as “where the award was procured by

corruption, fraud, or undue means.” Id. § 10(a)(1). And section 11 permits a party to apply for an

order modifying or correcting the award in other narrow circumstances, such as “[w]here there

was an evident material miscalculation of figures or an evident material mistake in the description

of any person, thing, or property referred to in the award.” Id. § 11(a).

3
  Sound also asks us to consult the Court of Chancery of Delaware as persuasive authority. But that court’s
understanding of the issue is not as clear as Sound alleges. The Court of Chancery has said in some cases, for example,
that where a contract says that an “expert is not acting as an arbitrator,” an expert’s decision in a dispute resolution
proceeding is not arbitration. EMSI Acquisition, Inc. v. Contrarian Funds, LLC, No. 12648-VCS, 2017 WL 1732369,
at *16 (Del. Ch. May 3, 2017). But in others, it has said that dispute resolution proceedings are covered by the FAA’s
definition of arbitration despite that type of “nomenclature.” Viacom Int’l, Inc. v. Winshall, No. 7149-CS, 2012 WL
3249620, at *11 n.78 (Del. Ch. Aug. 9, 2012) (“[E]xpert and not [] arbitrator” language “means that [a third party]
will resolve the dispute as [an expert would] . . . It does not imply that the whole section of the contract committing
resolution to an independent private party is hortatory.” (quoting Omni Tech Corp., 432 F.3d at 799)). We agree with
the latter understanding.

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Case No. 20-6440, Sound Inpatient Physicians, Inc. v. Carr

       Sound first argues that the district court erred in confirming the arbitration award, and thus

that we should remand for vacatur or modification, because there was no arbitration agreement in

the first place. We have already determined that there was an agreement to arbitrate, so we need

not discuss the issue further.

       Next, Sound seems to argue that the district court should have reviewed the merits of Mr.

Wolf’s opinion de novo; it claims it contracted for that very type of judicial review. But courts

generally “are not permitted to consider the merits of an arbitration award even if the parties allege

that the award rests on errors of fact or misinterpretation of the contract.” Andersons, Inc. v.

Horton Farms, Inc., 166 F.3d 308, 328 (6th Cir. 1998) (quoting Shelby County Health Care Corp

v. Am. Fed’n of State, County & Municipal Employees, 967 F.2d 1091, 1094 (6th Cir. 1992)). Nor

can parties contract for broader review of an arbitration award beyond the narrow circumstances

listed in the FAA. See Hall Street Assocs., L.L.C. v. Mattel, Inc., 552 U.S. 576, 583–84 (2008).

       Finally, to the extent that Sound argues that there was simply no award contemplated in

the agreement, it does so in a conclusory fashion. Regardless, it is not difficult to see the award

contemplated by the contract. Mr. Wolf’s resolution of the dispute regarding the purchase price is

the award. And the parties agreed that Mr. Wolf’s determination “shall be final and binding” on

them. See, e.g., Milwaukee Typographical Union No. 23 v. Newspapers, Inc., 639 F.2d 386, 389–

90 (7th Cir. 1981) (listing cases where language providing for a final and binding decision upon

the parties was sufficient to meet the requirements of the FAA, 9 U.S.C. § 9). Moreover,

confirmation of a valid arbitration award “is a summary proceeding and the court must confirm

the award where [it] is not vacated, modified, or corrected.” Wachovia Sec. Inc. v. Gangale, 125 F.

App’x 671, 676 (6th Cir. 2005). Thus, having found that an award exists, the FAA “presumes”

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Case No. 20-6440, Sound Inpatient Physicians, Inc. v. Carr

that it will be confirmed. Id. Following that instruction, the district court confirmed the award in

this case.

        We affirm.

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