Court Opinion

ID: 4226582
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-12-07 16:07:47.637547+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:42:45.552901
License: Public Domain

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before any                                    FILED
court except for the purpose of establishing                            Dec 07 2017, 6:41 am

the defense of res judicata, collateral                                      CLERK
                                                                         Indiana Supreme Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.                                           Court of Appeals
                                                                              and Tax Court

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANTS                                 ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE
Peter S. Kovacs                                         Joshua W. Casselman
Peter Kovacs Law PC                                     Rubin & Levin, P.C.
Fishers, Indiana                                        Indianapolis, Indiana

                                          IN THE
    COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

B.J.’s Auto Wholesale, Inc., and                        December 7, 2017
John L. Medeiros a/k/a John                             Court of Appeals Case No.
Medeiros,                                               49A05-1704-CC-885
Appellants-Defendants,                                  Appeal from the Marion Superior
                                                        Court
        v.                                              The Honorable Thomas J. Carroll,
                                                        Judge
Automotive Finance                                      Trial Court Cause No.
Corporation d/b/a AFC                                   49D06-1610-CC-36619
Automotive Finance
Corporation d/b/a AFC,
Appellee-Plaintiff.

Robb, Judge.

Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1704-CC-885 | December 7, 2017           Page 1 of 17
                               Case Summary and Issues
[1]   B.J.’s Auto Wholesale, Inc. (“B.J.’s Auto”) and John Medeiros appeal the trial

      court’s judgment in favor of Automotive Finance Corporation (“AFC”). B.J.’s

      Auto and Medeiros raise four issues for our review which we consolidate and

      restate as: (1) whether the trial court erred in entering summary judgment in

      favor of AFC; (2) whether the trial court erred in granting AFC’s motion to

      strike; and (3) whether the trial court afforded B.J.’s Auto a fair opportunity to

      retain counsel in Indiana. Concluding the trial court did not err in granting

      summary judgment in favor of AFC, did not err in granting AFC’s motion to

      strike, and afforded B.J.’s Auto sufficient time to retain counsel, we affirm the

      judgment of the trial court.

                            Facts and Procedural History
[2]   AFC is a corporation that provides financing to car dealerships. AFC provides

      loans to dealerships to purchase vehicles, which the dealerships then sell to a

      consumer. In return, AFC receives a security interest in a dealership’s

      inventory.

[3]   B.J.’s Auto is a used car dealership in Palmetto, Florida. Medeiros is the

      president of B.J.’s Auto. In January of 2011, AFC and B.J.’s Auto entered into

      a Promissory Note and Security Agreement (“Agreement”). To secure its

      obligations under the Agreement, B.J.’s Auto granted AFC a purchase money

      security interest in the vehicles purchased by B.J.’s Auto. The Agreement

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1704-CC-885 | December 7, 2017   Page 2 of 17
      provides B.J.’s Auto “shall hold the amount received from the disposition of

      inventory in Trust for the benefit of [AFC].” Appellant’s Appendix, Volume 2

      at 25. The Agreement further provides B.J.’s Auto “shall pay to [AFC] . . . an

      amount equal to the unpaid balance of the Purchase Money Inventory

      Obligations . . . .” Id. Medeiros personally guaranteed payment of B.J.’s

      Auto’s obligations under the Agreement. See id. at 33-34.

[4]   On October 14, 2016, AFC filed its three-count complaint against B.J.’s Auto

      and Medeiros. Count I alleged breach of contract against B.J.’s Auto for failure

      to make payments according to the terms of the Agreement and alleged an

      unpaid balance of $24,808; Count II alleged breach of contract against

      Medeiros as guarantor of the Agreement; and Count III alleged conversion

      against Medeiros and B.J.’s Auto for failing to hold the proceeds of the sale of

      inventory in trust for the benefit of AFC. Count III also sought treble damages

      under the Indiana Crime Victims Relief Act (“CVRA”). On November 7, 2016,

      Medeiros filed pro se appearances, on behalf of himself and B.J.’s Auto, and

      sought an extension of time to interview and hire counsel in Indiana.

[5]   On November 23, 2016, AFC filed its motion for summary judgment. In

      support of its motion, AFC designated the affidavit of Jerry Bosl, its senior

      collections manager. Bosl’s affidavit provided the unpaid balance under the

      Agreement was $19,818, plus accrued fees of $1,310 and interest. The trial

      court then issued an order on December 2, 2016, admonishing Medeiros and

      reminding him that although he may proceed pro se, a corporation must be

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1704-CC-885 | December 7, 2017   Page 3 of 17
      represented by an attorney under Indiana law. Ten days later, Medeiros filed a

      pro se answer and counterclaim on behalf of himself and B.J.’s Auto.

[6]   In late December, Medeiros filed an affidavit in opposition to AFC’s motion for

      summary judgment.1 The affidavit was of his wife, Terry Medeiros, wherein

      she stated as vice president of B.J.’s Auto, she is responsible for making all

      contractual payments. Terry disputed that a failure to make payments or

      default under the Agreement had occurred. Shortly thereafter, AFC filed two

      motions seeking to strike: (1) B.J.’s Auto’s appearance, answer, and

      counterclaim; and (2) the affidavit in opposition to AFC’s motion for summary

      judgment. On January 10 and 12, 2017, the trial court granted AFC’s motions

      to strike. The trial court’s order dated January 12, 2017, striking B.J.’s Auto’s

      appearance, granted B.J.’s Auto “ten (10) days from the date of [the] Order to

      retain counsel and file a proper appearance or risk the entry of a judgment by

      default.” Id. at 141. The trial court also issued an order setting AFC’s motion

      for summary judgment for hearing. That order, dated January 13, 2017, set the

      summary judgment hearing for February 24, 2017, and reminded B.J.’s Auto

      “the Corporation must be represented by an attorney” at the hearing. Id. at

      143.

[7]   Despite these warnings, B.J.’s Auto did not retain counsel. Instead, Medeiros

      filed an affidavit, a motion to reconsider, and a motion to continue hearing on

      1
       Medeiros apparently attempted to file two affidavits, the affidavit of his wife, Terry Medeiros, and his own
      affidavit. Medeiros personal affidavit was not recorded and does not appear in the appendix.

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1704-CC-885 | December 7, 2017            Page 4 of 17
      January 17, January 23, and February 20, 2017, respectively. The trial court

      denied Medeiros’ motion to continue the hearing and neither Medeiros nor any

      attorney appeared at the summary judgment hearing. Following the hearing,

      the trial court entered judgment against Medeiros and B.J.’s Auto on all claims.

      The judgment against Medeiros and B.J.’s Auto totaled $68,736.

[8]   On March 27, 2017, counsel filed an appearance for Medeiros and B.J.’s Auto

      and also filed a motion to correct error. Like this appeal, the motion alleged:

      (1) AFC failed to present evidence of mens rea necessary to support treble

      damages under the CVRA; (2) entry of summary judgment for conversion was

      in error; (3) the trial court erred in striking Medeiros’ affidavit; and (4) the trial

      court failed to allow sufficient time for B.J.’s Auto to hire counsel. The trial

      court denied Medeiros and B.J.’s Auto’s motion to correct error. Medeiros and

      B.J.’s Auto now appeal.

                                Discussion and Decision
                  I. Summary Judgment v. Default Judgment
[9]   As an initial matter, we address AFC’s argument that B.J.’s Auto’s appeal of

      the default judgment is not properly before this court. AFC alleges because the

      trial court entered default judgment against B.J.’s Auto, the proper procedure

      was for B.J.’s Auto to file a motion for relief from judgment, not a motion to

      correct error. In support of its argument, AFC cites Siebert Oxidermo, Inc. v.

      Shields, 446 N.E.2d 332 (Ind. 1983). There, our supreme court held,

      Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1704-CC-885 | December 7, 2017   Page 5 of 17
               [T]he proper procedure in the Indiana Rules of Trial Procedure
               for setting aside an entry of default or grant of default judgment
               thereon is to first file a Rule 60(B) motion to have the default or
               default judgment set aside. Upon ruling on that motion by the
               trial court the aggrieved party may then file a Rule 59 Motion to
               Correct Error alleging error in the trial court’s ruling on the
               previously filed Rule 60(B) motion. Appeal may then be taken
               from the court’s ruling on the Motion to Correct Error.

       Id. at 337. Although we agree with AFC this is the proper procedure for setting

       aside a default judgment, the trial court entered judgment pursuant to summary

       judgment proceedings in this case.

[10]   In Anderson v. Broadmoor Corp., 173 Ind. App. 290, 363 N.E.2d 1042 (1977), this

       court faced a factually similar scenario. Broadmoor filed a complaint against

       Anderson alleging breach of contract and fraud. Anderson answered the

       complaint denying the breach and the fraud. Eventually, Anderson’s attorney

       filed a motion to withdraw representation and the trial court granted that

       motion. Two weeks later, Broadmoor filed its motion for summary judgment

       and the trial court set the motion for a hearing. Neither Anderson nor his

       counsel appeared at the hearing and the trial court entered judgment in favor of

       Broadmoor, noting Anderson’s notice of the proceedings and failure to appear.

       Anderson then hired counsel and appealed, alleging the trial court did not

       properly follow default judgment procedures.

[11]   On appeal, this court noted that although the trial court used the “default

       terminology,” that did not alter the fact the proceedings in the trial court were

       conducted pursuant to a proper motion for summary judgment. Id. at 293, 363

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1704-CC-885 | December 7, 2017   Page 6 of 17
       N.E.2d at 1044 (quotations omitted). We further noted the “record clearly

       shows that the court made its decision upon a summary judgment motion and

       upon summary judgment grounds.” Id. at 295, 363 N.E.2d at 1045.

[12]   Likewise, the trial court here entered judgment in favor of AFC on all claims

       following the hearing on AFC’s motion for summary judgment. Although the

       trial court’s January 12, 2017 order threatens use of “judgment by default,” and

       its February 24, 2017 order is titled “default judgment,” it does not change the

       fact the trial court’s judgment was entered pursuant to a motion for summary

       judgment and upon summary judgment grounds. Appellant’s App., Vol. 2 at

       12, 141. Further, the record and Chronological Case Summary (“CCS”) do not

       reveal AFC ever filed a motion for default judgment. See Ind. Trial Rule 55(B)

       (“In all cases the party entitled to a judgment by default shall apply to the court

       therefor . . . .”). Because the judgment was entered pursuant to summary

       judgment proceedings, B.J.’s Auto was not required to file a Trial Rule 60(B)

       motion for relief from judgment. See Larson v. Karagan, 979 N.E.2d 655, 658

       (Ind. Ct. App. 2012) (appealing the entry of summary judgment from a motion

       to correct error).

                                     II. Summary Judgment
                                       A. Standard of Review
[13]   We review summary judgment orders de novo. Holiday Hosp. Franchising, Inc. v.

       AMCO Ins. Co., 983 N.E.2d 574, 577 (Ind. 2013). Summary judgment is

       appropriate if the designated evidence shows there is no genuine issue as to any

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1704-CC-885 | December 7, 2017   Page 7 of 17
       fact material to a particular issue or claim, and the moving party is entitled to

       judgment as a matter of law. Ind. Trial Rule 56(C). In viewing the matter

       through the same lens as the trial court, we construe all designated evidence

       and reasonable inferences therefrom in favor of the non-moving party. Holiday

       Hosp. Franchising, 983 N.E.2d at 577. The party appealing the trial court’s

       summary judgment determination bears the burden of persuading us the ruling

       was erroneous. Mullin v. Mun. City of S. Bend, 639 N.E.2d 278, 280-81 (Ind.

       1994). Nonetheless, we “carefully scrutinize[ ] the trial court’s decision to

       assure that the party against whom summary judgment was entered was not

       improperly prevented from having its day in court.” Id. at 281.

                              B. Treble Damages and Conversion
[14]   B.J.’s Auto and Medeiros make two arguments with respect to the trial court’s

       entry of summary judgment: (1) they assert because the trial court awarded

       treble damages pursuant to CVRA,2 our supreme court’s opinion in Klinker v.

       First Merchants Bank NA, 964 N.E.2d 190 (Ind. 2012), controls and mandates a

       showing of the requisite mens rea, which they allege AFC failed to demonstrate

       2
         The CVRA provides that “[i]f a person . . . suffers a pecuniary loss as a result of [conversion], the person
       may bring a civil action against the person who caused the loss for . . . [a]n amount not to exceed three (3)
       times the actual damages of the person suffering the loss . . . .” Ind. Code § 34-24-3-1(1)(A). The crime of
       conversion occurs when a person “knowingly or intentionally exerts unauthorized control over property of
       another person . . . .” Ind. Code § 35-43-4-3(a). Further, a criminal conviction is not a condition precedent
       to recovery under the CVRA. Rather, the claimant merely must prove each element of the underlying crime
       by a preponderance of the evidence. White v. Ind. Realty Assocs. II, 555 N.E.2d 454, 456 (Ind. 1990).

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1704-CC-885 | December 7, 2017            Page 8 of 17
       here; and (2) conversion cannot be based on failure to pay a debt. We disagree

       with B.J.’s Auto and Medeiros.

[15]   First, as noted by AFC, B.J.’s Auto failed to comply with multiple warnings

       from the trial court that it must be represented by an attorney pursuant to

       Indiana law. See Ind. Code § 34-9-1-1(c). Despite these warnings, B.J.’s Auto

       failed to hire counsel and Medeiros attempted to represent the corporation

       himself. Because Medeiros is not a licensed attorney in Indiana and was

       statutorily unable to represent the corporation, the trial court granted AFC’s

       motion to strike B.J.’s Auto’s appearance, answer, counterclaims, and affidavit.

       Consequently, B.J.’s Auto failed to respond to AFC’s complaint. Indiana Rule

       of Trial Procedure 8(D) provides that “[a]verments in a pleading to which a

       responsive pleading is required . . . are admitted when not denied in the

       responsive pleading.” AFC’s complaint specifically alleged B.J.’s Auto and

       Medeiros converted its property and that it was therefore entitled to damages

       pursuant to the CVRA. By operation of Trial Rule 8(D), B.J.’s Auto admitted

       these allegations and that is sufficient to support the trial court’s award of treble

       damages under the CVRA. See Heartland Res., Inc. v. Bedel, 903 N.E.2d 1004,

       1007-08 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009) (affirming an award of treble damages under the

       CVRA where the allegations in the complaint were taken as true when the trial

       court entered default judgment).

[16]   Second, we disagree with B.J.’s Auto and Medeiros’ argument that AFC failed

       to demonstrate the requisite mens rea to support an award of treble damages

       under the CVRA or that its claim of conversion was solely based on a failure to

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1704-CC-885 | December 7, 2017   Page 9 of 17
       pay a debt. In support thereof, B.J.’s Auto and Medeiros cite to Klinker v. First

       Merchs. Bank, NA, 964 N.E.2d 190 (Ind. 2012). There, Klinker, the manager

       and operator of a used-car dealership (“Dealership”), entered into a financing

       agreement with First Merchants Bank (“FMB”). FMB provided loans to the

       Dealership in return for a security interest in the Dealership’s vehicle inventory.

       The financing agreement also provided that financed vehicles were to be held

       for resale at designated locations provided for in the agreement. Although the

       Dealership was permitted to retain control of the vehicles’ titles, it was

       prohibited from transferring or negotiating any documents of title without

       FMB’s consent.

[17]   Thereafter, an audit of the Dealership’s inventory discovered thirty-one vehicles

       for which FMB had loaned purchase money were not in the Dealership’s

       possession and no proceeds from the sale or transfer of those vehicles had been

       paid to FMB. FMB discovered that some of the vehicles had been transferred

       to another dealer to be held and sold, but no proceeds from those transfers had

       been remitted to FMB. FMB filed a lawsuit against the Dealership and Klinker

       alleging fraud and seeking treble damages under the CVRA. Several months

       later, FMB moved for summary judgment alleging three “badges of fraud.”

       FMB alleged that (1) Klinker sold and transferred financed vehicles without

       paying down loans, thus rendering him insolvent; (2) Klinker sold vehicles

       contrary to standard business transactions when he did not deliver titles to

       buyers until well after sale; and (3) Klinker made sales/transfers without FMB’s

       knowledge in secret and hurried transactions. Id. at 194. The trial court

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1704-CC-885 | December 7, 2017   Page 10 of 17
       entered summary judgment in favor of FMB concluding there were no genuine

       issues of material fact and that Klinker had defaulted and acted with intent to

       commit fraud.

[18]   On appeal, our supreme court reversed the trial court’s entry of summary

       judgment in favor of FMB. Id. at 195. The court noted that to obtain summary

       judgment on its allegations of fraud, FMB must demonstrate the undisputed

       facts showed Klinker acted with “specific intent to defraud.” Id. at 194. In

       reversing the trial court, the court stated,

               Even assuming FMB’s designated evidence clearly establishes
               these alleged badges of fraud, it is not entitled to summary
               judgment. As we recently explained, the mens rea element for a
               criminal offense is almost inevitably, absent a defendant’s
               confession or admission, a matter of circumstantial proof.
               Therefore, finding criminal intent in the absence of a confession
               invariably requires weighing evidence, judging witness
               credibility, and drawing reasonable inferences from the facts, all
               of which are improper in considering a motion for summary
               judgment. Accordingly, summary judgment is almost never
               appropriate where the claim requires a showing that the
               defendant acted with criminal intent or fraudulent intent.

       Id. at 195 (internal citations and quotations omitted).

[19]   Klinker is not directly on point and does not aid B.J.’s Auto and Medeiros. As

       noted, by failing to respond to the complaint, B.J.’s Auto admitted the

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1704-CC-885 | December 7, 2017   Page 11 of 17
       complaint’s allegations.3 Moreover, unlike fraud, which requires a showing of

       specific intent to defraud, conversion requires the defendant act “knowingly or

       intentionally.” Ind. Code § 35-43-4-3(a). “A person engages in conduct

       ‘knowingly’ if, when he engages in the conduct, he is aware of a high

       probability that he is doing so.” Ind. Code § 35-41-2-2(b). In the case of

       conversion, the claimant must prove the control exercised over the property was

       unauthorized and the defendant was aware of a high probability the control was

       unauthorized. Midland-Guardian Co. v. United Consumers Club, Inc., 499 N.E.2d

       792, 797-98 (Ind. Ct. App. 1986), trans. denied.

[20]   AFC has alleged and demonstrated a high probability Medeiros exerted

       unauthorized control over AFC’s property. According to the terms of the

       Agreement, which was signed and personally guaranteed by Medeiros, B.J.’s

       Auto was required to “hold the amount received from the disposition of

       inventory in Trust for the benefit of [AFC].” Appellant’s App., Vol. 2 at 25.

       B.J.’s Auto and Medeiros did not do so and knowingly used the funds in a

       manner inconsistent with the Agreement. Without any designated evidence to

       3
         The complaint alleges B.J.’s Auto and Medeiros “knowingly and intentionally converted [AFC’s] property
       . . . .” Appellant’s App., Vol. 2 at 21.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1704-CC-885 | December 7, 2017      Page 12 of 17
       the contrary,4 we conclude there is no genuine issue of material fact and the trial

       court did not err in granting summary judgment in favor of AFC.5

                                III. Affidavit of Terry Medeiros
[21]   B.J.’s Auto and Medeiros also challenge the trial court’s order granting AFC’s

       motion to strike the affidavit of Terry Medeiros.

[22]   AFC filed its motion for summary judgment on November 23, 2016. Pursuant

       to Indiana Rule of Trial Procedure 56(C), B.J.’s Auto and Medeiros had thirty

       days to respond to the motion. Trial Rule 6(E) provides a party with three

       additional days to respond if they are served by mail. Therefore, B.J.’s Auto

       and Medeiros had thirty-three days to timely file their response and any

       4
         Again, we note the trial court struck the affidavit of Terry Medeiros for being untimely filed. We address
       the issue of its exclusion below.
       5
         We further disagree with B.J.’s Auto and Medeiros’ argument the judgment for conversion was based solely
       on failure to pay a debt. See Bowden v. Agnew, 2 N.E.3d 743, 751 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014) (holding conversion
       may not be based on failure to pay a debt). In Kopis v. Savage, 498 N.E.2d 1266 (Ind. Ct. App. 1986), Kopis
       received a $40,000 deposit from Savage toward the purchase price of certain property. Kopis comingled the
       deposit with other unrelated accounts and refused to refund the money to Savage when the deal fell through.
       Id. at 1269. Kopis argued on appeal that his actions were a refusal to pay a debt and did not support an
       action for conversion. We agreed with Kopis, but noted that money may be the subject of an action for
       conversion, so long as it is capable of being identified as a special chattel. Id. at 1270. We concluded Kopis
       no longer had a property interest in the specific funds and observed,

                The parties did not agree to set up an escrow account or to deliver the money to any third
                party for safekeeping. We can find nothing in the conduct of the parties or in the wording
                of the receipt which indicates the parties intended for Savage to retain any ownership or
                possessory rights in the $40,000.

       Id. at 1270. Here, by the terms of the Agreement and Indiana Code section 26-1-9.1-315(a)(2), AFC retained
       a security interest in B.J.’s Auto’s inventory and the proceeds from that inventory. See Ind. Code § 26-1-9.1-
       315(a)(2) (“[A] security interest attaches to any identifiable proceeds of collateral.”). The claim of conversion
       is not based upon a failure to pay a debt, but on failing to hold the funds in trust for the benefit of AFC and
       using them in a manner inconsistent with the Agreement. See Clark-Silberman v. Silberman, 78 N.E.3d 708,
       718 (Ind. Ct. App. 2017) (holding wife converted trust property when she removed cash from safe deposit
       box without authorization).

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1704-CC-885 | December 7, 2017             Page 13 of 17
       affidavits. Thirty-three days from November 23, 2016 is December 26, 2016.

       Because the trial court was closed on December 26, the proper date to file the

       motion in response to summary judgment was extended to December 27, 2016.

       See Ind. Trial Rule 6(A).

[23]   The affidavit of Terry Medeiros submitted by Medeiros is file stamped

       December 29, 2016. The CCS also indicates it was filed on that date. B.J.’s

       Auto and Medeiros allege they filed the affidavit on December 27, 2016,

       pursuant to Indiana Rule of Trial Procedure 5(F), which provides that “[f]iling

       by registered or certified mail . . . shall be complete upon mailing or deposit.”

       However, we have no basis to conclude B.J.’s Auto and Medeiros filed their

       motion by registered or certified mail on December 27. In its motion to correct

       error, counsel for the defendants provided tracking data and a shipping receipt

       which are included in the Appellant’s Appendix. See Appellant’s App., Vol. 2

       at 200-01. But the receipt and tracking data are poorly scanned and largely

       unreadable. Indiana Rule of Appellate Procedure 51(A) provides the “copying

       process used [for appendices] shall produce text in a distinct black image . . . .”

       Although failure to comply with the appellate rules does not necessarily result

       in waiver of the issues presented, it is appropriate where, as here, such

       noncompliance impedes our review. See In re Moeder, 27 N.E.3d 1089, 1097 n.4

       (Ind. Ct. App. 2015), trans. denied. Moreover, from what we are able to gather

       from the shipping receipt, it was sent by express mail, which is not considered

       filed upon mailing or receipt. See T.R. 5(F). Additionally, other items properly

       filed by B.J.’s Auto and Medeiros pursuant to Indiana Rule of Trial Procedure

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1704-CC-885 | December 7, 2017   Page 14 of 17
       5(F) are noted as such in the CCS; the affidavit of Terry Medeiros is not noted

       in the CCS as being filed pursuant to this rule. Accordingly, we conclude the

       trial court did not err in striking the affidavit from the record. 6

                                    IV. Time to Retain Counsel
[24]   Finally, B.J.’s Auto alleges it was not granted sufficient time to retain local

       counsel in Indiana and the trial court’s judgment must therefore be reversed. In

       support of its argument, B.J.’s Auto cites to Christian Bus. Phone Book, Inc. v.

       Indianapolis Jewish Cmty. Relations Council, 576 N.E.2d 1276 (Ind. Ct. App.

       1991).

[25]   There, Christian Business Phone Book, Inc. (“Corporation”) filed a complaint

       against the Indianapolis Jewish Community Relations Council (“Council”) on

       May 16, 1990. Almost two months later, the attorneys for the Council filed an

       answer and a motion to dismiss. The Council’s motion was based on the

       failure of the Corporation to appear by attorney as required by Indiana law.

       The trial court then set the matter for hearing on September 10, 1990, and

       counsel for the Corporation filed an appearance on the same day as the hearing.

       After the hearing, the trial court granted the Council’s motion to dismiss.

       6
         B.J.’s Auto and Medeiros also contend the trial court erred in failing to abide by its own local rule.
       Specifically, they allege the trial court failed to give them fifteen days to respond to AFC’s motion to strike as
       provided by Marion County Local Rule LR49-TR5-203(B). We conclude any error in the trial court’s
       striking the affidavit is harmless error. As noted, the trial court struck the affidavit for being untimely filed
       and because of the poor quality of the shipping receipt in the appendix, we have no basis to conclude the
       affidavit was timely filed. See Ind. Trial Rule 61 (providing that errors that do not prejudice the substantial
       rights of a party will not support the reversal of judgment on appeal).

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1704-CC-885 | December 7, 2017              Page 15 of 17
[26]   On appeal, the Council argued that because the Corporation filed its complaint

       without the benefit of an attorney, the trial court properly dismissed the case

       even though an attorney had appeared for the Corporation. Id. at 1277. This

       court disagreed and reversed the trial court’s dismissal of the complaint stating:

               We cannot support such a terminal result here. Dismissal is a
               remedy which is not favored in this state because “in our system
               of justice the opportunity to be heard is a litigant’s most precious
               right and should be sparingly denied.” In numerous cases, our
               appellate courts have held that dismissal should not be granted
               unless less drastic sanctions will not suffice.

[27]   Id. (internal citations omitted). We noted in previous cases where appellate

       courts affirmed a trial court’s dismissal following a corporation’s failure to be

       represented by counsel, the trial court “had given the corporation the

       opportunity, which the corporation refused, to retain proper representation

       before dismissing the action.” Id. Thus, we stated a corporate litigant must be

       given a fair opportunity to retain counsel before a trial court may dismiss the

       complaint. Id. This court held that the trial court abused its discretion by

       dismissing the Corporation’s complaint after an attorney had appeared for the

       corporation. Id.

[28]   The facts of this case are distinguishable from Indianapolis Jewish Community

       Relations Council and do not support reversal of the trial court’s decision in this

       case. AFC filed its complaint on October 16, 2016. The trial court entered its

       judgment on February 24, 2017, and counsel for B.J.’s Auto and Medeiros did

       not file an appearance until March 27, 2017. During these six months, the trial

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1704-CC-885 | December 7, 2017   Page 16 of 17
       court warned Medeiros and B.J.’s Auto, at least three times, that a corporation

       must be represented by counsel. Notwithstanding these warnings, Medeiros

       continued to file pleadings and motions on behalf of the corporation. The

       record does not reveal any explanation by B.J.’s Auto for why it was unable to

       hire counsel within five months. Moreover, in Indianapolis Jewish Community

       Relations Council, this court specifically held the trial court abused its discretion

       in dismissing a corporate cause of action after an attorney had appeared for the

       Corporation. Id. at 1277. No attorney appeared for B.J.’s Auto until six

       months after the litigation commenced and after judgment was entered. The

       trial court was more than accommodating in affording B.J.’s Auto a fair

       opportunity to hire counsel in this case. Therefore, we conclude the trial court

       permitted sufficient time for B.J.’s Auto to hire counsel.

                                               Conclusion
[29]   We conclude the trial court did not err in entering summary judgment in favor

       of AFC or in granting AFC’s motion to strike. In addition, the trial court

       permitted sufficient time for B.J.’s Auto to retain counsel, but it failed to do so.

       Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

[30]   Affirmed.

       Riley, J., and Pyle, J., concur.

       Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 49A05-1704-CC-885 | December 7, 2017   Page 17 of 17