Court Opinion

ID: 1459458
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2013-10-30 06:18:34.403904+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:40:22.108716
License: Public Domain

817 F. Supp. 1237 (1993)
James E. STRAUSS, Plaintiff,
v.
Richard SPRINGER, and Robert Clift, and the City of Philadelphia, Defendants.
Civ. A. No. 91-439.
United States District Court, E.D. Pennsylvania.
January 28, 1993.

*1238 MEMORANDUM
LEOMPORRA, United States Magistrate Judge.

Re: Plaintiff's Motion for Counsel Fees and Costs

The plaintiff, James Strauss, has filed a Motion for Counsel Fees and Costs pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1988, and Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 68. Strauss sued Officers Richard Springer and Robert Clift and the City of Philadelphia under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, claiming violations of his civil rights due to the allegedly excessive force used by Springer and Clift in his arrest. At trial, the jury found against the officers with regard to the unreasonable use of force and awarded the plaintiff $11,760.11.[1]
Title 42 U.S.C. Section 1988 provides:
In an action or proceeding to enforce a provision of Section 1981, 1982, 1983, 1985 and 1986 of this Title ... the court, in its discretion, may allow the prevailing party ... a reasonable attorney's fee as part of the costs.
The Supreme Court has stated that with regard to § 1983 actions, a successful party vindicating protected rights "should ordinarily recover an attorney's fee unless special circumstances would render such an award unjust." Newman v. Piggie Park Enters, 390 U.S. 400, 402, 88 S. Ct. 964, 966, 19 L. Ed. 2d 1263 (1968); see also Hensley v. *1239 Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 429, 103 S. Ct. 1933, 1937, 76 L. Ed. 2d 40 (1983); Fletcher v. O'Donnell, 729 F. Supp. 422, 425 (E.D.Pa. 1990).
In order to determine the proper fee to be awarded plaintiff, the court must first determine whether Strauss was the prevailing party as required under 42 U.S.C. § 1988. If so, it must next be determined what the appropriate hourly rate and if the time charged by counsel is reasonable. In this case, a further analysis is required to determine whether a proper settlement offer was made which would preclude plaintiff the recovery of any fees accruing after the offer date. Fed.R.Civ.P. 68; Marek v. Chesny, 473 U.S. 1, 105 S. Ct. 3012, 87 L. Ed. 2d 1 (1985).

1. Prevailing Party

As noted above, § 1988 requires that a party prevail in its litigation in order to receive counsel fees. The Supreme Court in Texas State Teachers Assn. v. Garland, 489 U.S. 782, 791-792, 109 S. Ct. 1486, 1493, 103 L. Ed. 2d 866 (1989), stated that "if the plaintiff has succeeded on any significant issue in litigation which achieve[d] some of the benefits the party sought in bringing the suit, the plaintiff has crossed the threshold to a fee award of some kind." Additionally, the court in Fletcher v. O'Donnell, supra, stated "the inquiry is generally not particularly involved; as the Court of Appeals has put it, `[u]sually a common sense comparison between relief sought and relief obtained will be sufficient to indicate whether a party has prevailed.'" 729 F.Supp. at 425, citing Institutionalized Juveniles v. Secretary of Public Welfare, 758 F.2d 897, 911 (3d Cir.1985).
Trial in the instant case commenced on June 9, 1992. At the close of all the evidence and after the court had given its instructions, the jury was given special interrogatories to be answered during its deliberation and returned to the court as its verdict on June 19, 1992. The jury came back with the following verdict:
1. Officers Richard Springer and Robert Clift violated plaintiff's constitutional rights under § 1983 by using excessive force;
2. The City of Philadelphia did not have a custom, policy, or regulation which deprived plaintiff of his constitutional rights under § 1983;
3. Officers Springer and Clift did not commit an assault and battery upon the plaintiff on August 28, 1989;
4. Officers Springer and Clift were 40% negligent in their actions on the night in question;
5. Plaintiff, James Strauss, was found 60% contributorily negligent;
6. The City of Philadelphia was responsible for the negligence of their officers;
7. Under Pennsylvania comparative negligence law, the percentage of negligence attributable to the officers was found to be 40%, and the percentage of negligence attributable to the plaintiff was assessed at 60%, thereby foreclosing any recovery for the plaintiff for negligence against the officers or the City;
8. Officers Springer and Clift's actions were not done wilfully, maliciously, wantonly with reckless disregard for the plaintiff's constitutional rights and no punitive damages were awarded;
9. Damages were awarded against the City of Philadelphia only in the amount of $5,260.11 for past medical expenses, $2,500.00 for future medical expenses, and $4,000.00 for past loss of earnings, totalling $11,760.11;
10. No damages were awarded against Officers Springer and Clift.
This verdict was entered on July 1, 1992. Although plaintiff did not achieve success on every aspect of the litigation, when viewing the outcome as a whole, it is clear that Strauss is the prevailing party based on the jury's conclusion that his civil rights were ultimately violated by the use of excessive force by the officers. As such, the plaintiff is entitled to recover attorney's fees.

2. Plaintiff's Application for Counsel Fees

Plaintiff's initial fee petition was filed on August 20, 1992, and requested $159,061.50 for counsel fees; $35,245.84 for costs and expenses, and $7,985.50 for fees related to the preparation of their petition, for a total *1240 request of $202,292.84. However, on November 25, 1992, plaintiff requested the court leave to amend its fee petition in order to add $10,875.29 to the total fee request. Plaintiff states that this figure, which represents costs incurred and services performed between March 1990 and March 1991, was originally omitted because of a clerical error. Of the $10,875.29 requested, plaintiff lists $4,934.00 in attorneys' fees and $144.63 in expenses incurred before September 18, 1990the date defendants made their offer of settlement. The remaining $5,796.66 plaintiff asserts was incurred between September 18, 1990 and March 1991.[2]
Plaintiff also at this time elected to reduce his total request by $12,443.50, a figure which represents his expert witness fees. As a result, plaintiff now asks the court to award him $169,633.50 for attorney's fees,[3] plus $23,105.63 for costs and expenses, plus $7,985.50 for preparation of this fee petition, for a total of $200,724.63. Over objections by the City alleging the lateness of the requested amendment and the lack of substantiation, the court will grant the plaintiff's motion to amend the fee petition.
I am allowing the amendment to the fee petition although the request was unusual and very late. At the time and during the oral argument on the fee petition proper, and after briefs were filed, plaintiff's attorney handed up the requested amendment to which defendant objected. Defendant stated that by allowing the fortuitously found amendment, plaintiff's attorney has managed to add a further claim which would bring the fees plus the jury award over the $20,000.00 limit. Defendant objected to the surprise request and argued that it was unfair and exaggerated and made in order to exceed the $20,000.00 offer and thereby defeat the purposes of Rule 68 and the cases cited herein. Acknowledging surprise and recognizing that the amended petition created charges that had to be examined closely, I required briefs to be filed to support each attorney's arguments addressing the issues. I have allowed the amendment and have reviewed plaintiff's contentions carefully.

3. The Settlement Offer

The ability to recover counsel fees has been significantly curtailed by the Supreme Court in the case of Marek v. Chesny, supra. In Marek, it was firmly established that a civil rights defendant is not liable for counsel fees and costs incurred after a pretrial settlement offer where the judgment recovered by the plaintiff is less than the offer. The court articulated its rationale:
Section 1988 authorizes courts to award only "reasonable" attorney's fees to prevailing parties.... [W]e held that the "most critical factor" in determining a reasonable fee "is the degree of success obtained." ... In a case where a rejected settlement offer exceeds the ultimate recovery, the plaintiffalthough technically the prevailing partyhas not received any monetary benefits from the post-offer services of his attorney.
473 U.S. at 11, 105 S.Ct. at 3017. "In determining whether the result is more favorable to the plaintiff than the offer he rejected, the attorney's fees and costs that accrued before the offer must be added to the judgment." Lawrence v. City of Philadelphia, 700 F. Supp. 832 (E.D.Pa.1988).
On September 18, 1990, prior to suit being instituted, the defendants, through counsel, made an oral offer to James Strauss of settlement for $20,000.00.[4] This offer was rejected *1241 in a detailed letter of acknowledgement, by the plaintiff's counsel to counsel for defendants dated September 21, 1990. In this correspondence, plaintiffs counsel discusses the terms of the release posed by the defendants in detail and makes a counter offer of $55,000.00. Additionally, plaintiff stated that he would withhold filing suit until October 5, 1990, in order to assist defendants in evaluating the new proposal.
Plaintiff argues that the Marek decision is inapplicable in this case for several reasons. First, plaintiff argues that the settlement offer is invalid for purposes of Rule 68 because it was not a written offer. Second, plaintiff contends that the judgment, when added to his attorneys' fees and costs as represented by the amended fee petition, exceeds the $20,000.00 settlement offer. Each of these arguments will be addressed below.

a. Oral Offer of Settlement

Plaintiff contends that defendants' $20,000.00 settlement offer, made on September 18, 1990, falls outside the scope of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 68,[5] and the Marek decision because defendants' offer was not written.
The law with regard to settlement offers and Rule 68 is clearly enunciated by the Supreme Court in Marek, supra. As was noted above, Marek holds that petitioners are not liable for the attorney's fees incurred by a defendant after petitioner's offer of settlement. In discussing its reasoning for the holding, the Court stated: "The construction of the Rule [68] best furthers the objective of the rule, which is to encourage settlements." Marek, 473 U.S. at 6, 105 S.Ct. at 3015. The Court further reasoned that "application of Rule 68 will serve as a disincentive for the plaintiff's attorney to continue litigation after the defendant makes a settlement offer.... Moreover, Rule 68's policy of encouraging settlements is neutral, favoring neither plaintiffs or defendants; it expresses a clear policy of favoring settlements of all law suits." Id. at 10, 105 S.Ct. at 3017.
Marek is silent on the issue of whether an oral offer satisfies the requirements of Rule 68. However, other circuits have addressed this issue. In Grosvenor v. Brienen, 801 F.2d 944 (7th Cir.1986), the court held that an oral offer of judgment was not enough to satisfy the requirements of Rule 68:
We agree. Rule 68 expressly requires that an offer of judgment be "served" upon the plaintiff. Rule 5(a) provides that an "offer of judgment ... shall be served upon each of the parties." Furthermore, Rule 5(b) provides that "[s]ervice ... shall be made by delivering a copy to [the party or his attorney]" (emphasis added). To accept the defendants' position would lead to the unsupportable conclusion that one can "serve" an oral statement. Thus, although Rule 68 does not specify that an offer of judgment be in writing, the requirement that the offer be served upon the plaintiff makes no sense unless it means that the offer must be written.
Id. at 948.
This language was supported by Judge Cahn in Fletcher v. O'Donnell, supra at 431, where he wrote, "such an offer must be properly served in accordance with the Rule 5; thus, it may not be oral even if it is made at a settlement conference."
In the instant case, defendants admittedly made an oral offer to settle all claims against them by plaintiff for $20,000.00. However, this offer was memorialized by the plaintiff in a letter dated September 21, 1990, *1242 rejecting that offer and its terms and proposing a counter offer. In that letter, plaintiff states:
On September 18, 1990, you informed me that the City was willing to offer $20,000.00 to my client, James Strauss, in settlement of his claims against the City. You indicated that such settlement would be predicated upon a full release which included (1) the release of all claims involving any aspect of any potential case (including claims for civil rights violations, negligence, malicious prosecution, abuse of process, and false arrest as well as delay damages, interest, attorneys' fees, and punitive damages); (2) a release running not only to the City of Philadelphia itself, but also to all of the City's employees or agents (specifically including the two police officers involved in the shooting, and also releasing such employees or agents from liability in their personal capacity as well as in their official capacity.)
Defendant argues that plaintiff's correspondence accomplishes the requirement of writing articulated in Grosvenor and Fletcher, supra. I agree.
In Fletcher, Judge Cahn refused to bar attorneys fees after the date of a settlement offer because the only settlement offer for which evidence was presented was made after the trial. Judge Cahn stated:
"Even after an order of this court directing the parties to provide full information on settlement offers, the only written offers for which evidence was supplied were made after the trial. These fall outside the scope of Rule 68. Earlier offers were oral and thus not preclusive."
Fletcher v. O'Donnell, 729 F.Supp. at 431 (emphasis in original).
A careful reading of this language in Fletcher clearly reveals that the concern of the court is not the manner in which an offer is conveyed, but rather whether there is sufficient evidence supporting an offer's terms and conditions.
Similarly, in Grosvenor v. Brienen, supra, the Seventh Circuit stated:
"The effect of a rejected offer of judgment is determined by the terms of the offer as they existed at the time the plaintiff rejects it. It would be ill-advised to impose the risk on a plaintiff of the ambiguity of an oral offer made at a settlement conference."
Grosvenor v. Brienen, 801 F.2d at 949.
Thus, the court in Grosvenor is in accord with the Eastern District of Pennsylvania in Fletcher when it places emphasis not on the oral nature of an offer, but rather on the ambiguity and confusion such an offer potentially has.
Plaintiff in the instant case has crystallized the amount, terms and conditions of defendants' September 18, 1990 offer in minute detail in his September 21, 1990 letter. The clear intent of the courts in Grosvenor and Fletcher, supra, is to eliminate ambiguity in settlement offers. Moreover, a common sense analysis of plaintiff and defendants' exchange here leads me to conclude that Rule 68's requirement of writing is wholly satisfied in this case. The primary focus on avoiding oral offers necessarily lies in their uncertain and ambiguous nature. This, however, is not the case here where there is no dispute that plaintiff received the offer and understood its terms. Therefore, since I find a valid settlement offer was made by the defendant to the plaintiff, the court's next inquiry is whether the amount of that offer exceeds plaintiff's judgment plus reasonable fees and costs so as to preclude post-offer attorneys' fees.[6]

b. Plaintiff's judgment plus attorneys' fees and costs

Plaintiff states that the total judgment in this case, when added to counsels' fees and costs accrued up to the date of defendants' *1243 settlement offer, equals an amount greater than that offer. Thus, plaintiff argues, it would not have been more favorable to accept the offer in lieu of the result obtained.
The judgment in this case was $11,760.11. Counsel fees and costs, which accrued up to the date of the offer, are represented to be $8,981.13.[7] The sum of these two figures equals $20,741.24$741.24 greater than the $20,000.00 settlement offer. However, before the court can summarily accept plaintiff's figures, it must review the reasonableness of plaintiff's request.
The party seeking attorney's fees has the burden to prove that its request is reasonable. Rode v. Dellarciprete, 892 F.2d 1177, 1183 (3d Cir.1990). To meet this burden, the fee applicant must "submit evidence supporting the hours worked and rates claimed." Hensley v. Eckerhart, supra, 461 U.S. at 433, 103 S.Ct. at 1939. In a case involving § 1988, the party opposing the fee award then has the burden to challenge, by affidavit or brief, with sufficient specificity to give fee applicants notice, the reasonableness of the requested fee. Bell v. United Princeton Properties, Inc., 884 F.2d 713 (3d Cir. 1989); see also, Rode v. Dellarciprete, supra. The district court cannot "decrease a fee award based on factors not raised at all by the adverse party." Bell v. United Princeton, 884 F.2d at 720; Cunningham v. City of McKeesport, 753 F.2d 262, 267 (3d Cir.1985). Finally, once the adverse party has raised objections, the district court has wide discretion in adjusting the fee award in light of those objections. Bell v. United Princeton, supra at 721; see also Rode v. Dellarciprete, supra at 1183.
With regard to an attorney's reasonable hourly rate, the general rule is that counsel is entitled to be paid "according to the prevailing market rates in the relevant community." Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 895, 104 S. Ct. 1541, 1547, 79 L. Ed. 2d 891 (1984); Ursic v. Bethlehem Mines, 719 F.2d 670, 676 (3d Cir.1983). Such a rate is to reflect an attorney's skill, reputation and experience. Blum v. Stenson, supra. "Ordinarily, the attorney's own billing rate for private clients will do so; however, in extreme cases, this rate may be reduced when it is so far above standard community rates for competent counsel that it would be unfair to impose this rate upon the defendant." Fletcher v. O'Donnell, supra at 426, citing Student Pub. Interest Research Group v. AT & T, 842 F.2d 1436, 1445 (3d Cir.1988). However, it is important to note, as did Judge Cahn in Fletcher, that "the Supreme Court, in setting out the principals undergirding the court's determination of a reasonable hourly rate, has stated that `the burden is on the fee applicant to produce satisfactory evidencein addition to the attorney's own affidavitsthat the requested rates are in line with those prevailing in the community. ...'" Fletcher v. O'Donnell, supra at 427, citing Blum v. Stenson, supra, 465 U.S. at 895 n. 11, 104 S.Ct. at 1547 n. 11 (emphasis added).
The hourly rates proposed by plaintiff's counsel were as follows:

1. Bruce S. Schwartz, Esquire      $130.00/hr.
2. David Michelman, Esquire        $150.00 and $175.00/hr.
3. Joseph McGill, Esquire          $175.00/hr.    out-of-court
                                   and $200.00/hr. in-court
4. Marlene Fleming, Esquire        $130.00/hr.
5. Student Assistants
        Andrea Gigante,
        Andrew Graham and
        James Stoltzfus            $60.00/hr.

*1244 Each of the above listed attorneys has submitted his or her own sworn affidavit attesting to the reasonableness of these rates. Moreover, supporting third party affidavits from attorneys Alan Yatvin and David Rudovsky were filed attesting to the reasonableness of Michelman, McGill and Fleming's hourly rates. Alan Yatvin is an experienced attorney in civil rights matters, having practiced in this area for nine (9) years. In his affidavit, he states that the hourly rate of Mr. McGill is reasonable. He also states that Ms. Fleming's rate of $130.00 per hour is reasonable, however, he bases this on having known Ms. Fleming and her work for only three (3) months. Since the services performed by these attorneys occurred after the settlement offer, they are not in issue at this time.
The affidavit of David Rudovsky, Esquire, also states that Mr. McGill's hourly rate is reasonable. It appears from the face of the affidavit that Mr. Michelman's hourly rate is also included in Mr. McGill's figure, although Mr. Michelman has claimed a lesser hourly rate of $150.00 per hour for the period in question. No supporting affidavit or other direct evidence was filed with respect to Bruce S. Schwartz, Esquire. Furthermore, no affidavits whatsoever were filed with respect to the student assistants: Andrea Gigante, Andrew Graham, and James Stoltzfus. Defendant contests these representations as being repetitive, exorbitant and unreasonable based on the requirements of this rather straight forward case.
As noted above, the plaintiff has the burden "to produce satisfactory evidence in addition to the attorney's own affidavits that the requested rates are in line with those prevailing in the community...." Blum v. Stenson, supra at 895 n. 11, 104 S.Ct. at 1547 n. 11. The court finds that this burden has been met with respect to Mr. Michelman and Mr. McGill.[8] However, there is concern on the court's part that a fee of $150.00 per hour for Mr. Michelman is excessive for services which almost exclusively involve discussion with firm associates and review of their work. The Third Circuit in Ursic v. Bethlehem Mines, 719 F.2d 670, 677 (3d Cir.1983), stated that "routine tasks, if performed by senior partners in large law firms, should not be billed at their usual rates. A Michelangelo should not charge Sistine Chapel rates for painting a farmer's barn." On this basis, I will not allow Mr. Michelman's fee request to stand at that rate, especially since the work performed in the early part of this case was merely supervisory, reviewing work performed by others and making telephone calls. Those attorney services clearly appear to be overstaffing. For those services, the instruction of Ursic v. Bethlehem Mines, supra, is clearly applicable. At $100.00 per hour, Mr. Michelman's services at that time and for the type of services rendered is more than adequate. However, with respect to Attorneys Schwartz and Fleming, and the three (3) student assistants, I find that the burden of producing satisfactory evidence has not been met.
Mr. Schwartz's involvement in this case was primarily focused on its early stages up to and including the filing of the complaint. By his own affidavit, Mr. Schwartz "had no experience prior to this case in civil rights litigation." Additionally, no supporting evidence was presented attesting to the reasonableness of Mr. Schwartz's rate. Similarly, Ms. Fleming has failed to convince the court that the rate she requests is in line with those prevailing in the community for an associate with her lack of experience. In her affidavit Ms. Fleming states that her prior experience in civil rights litigation is limited to her former duties as Director of Personnel at Albert Einstein Medical Center. I believe this experience does not lend itself to expertise in the wholly different realm of police misconduct cases, § 1983 actions and negligence cases. As a result, this court must determine an appropriate hourly rate for Mr. Schwartz and Ms. Fleming's services.
An examination of recent fee awards to attorneys in this district is necessary in order to establish a reasonable hourly rate. For example, a fee awarded by Judge Huyett gave $80.00 per hour to a partner at a Lancaster firm. Continental Assurance Co. v. *1245 Lombardo, No. 86-4867, 1988 WL 94321 (E.D.Pa., Sept. 8, 1988). Similarly, a 1987 award by Judge Huyett gave $60.00 per hour to an associate in a Philadelphia labor law firm. Metro Container Corp. v. Teamsters Local 676, No. 86-6888, 1987 WL 15825 (E.D.Pa., Aug. 19, 1987). In contrast, an associate in a prominent Philadelphia firm was awarded $95.00 per hour by Judge Newcomer. J.F. Daley Int'l Ltd. v. GRP Corp., No. 88-4688, 1989 WL 102930 (E.D.Pa., Sept. 6, 1989). Finally, in a case decided in this district by Judge DuBois, a first year associate with no prior civil rights litigation experience was awarded $80.00 per hour. Younger v. City of Philadelphia, No. 88-6133, 1990 WL 87378 (E.D.Pa., June 20, 1990).
The court has considered Mr. Schwartz's and Ms. Fleming's request for $130.00 per hour and concludes that $85.00 per hour is a reasonable rate for their services, since their services were rendered in 1990. In reaching this decision, it is important to note that I have considered not only the awards given to other attorneys in this district, but also the lack of experience and the contingent nature of counsel's work.
Lastly is the issue of the student assistant's hourly rate. As noted above, plaintiff's counsel requests $60.00 per hour for services performed by three (3) student assistants, Andrea Gigante, Andrew Graham and James Stoltzfus. Defendant challenges this rate as excessive and argues that plaintiff offered no supporting evidence of the reasonableness of these rates. The Supreme Court has held that student assistant hours are to be treated and compensated as they are in the relevant market. When a student assistant's services would be billed to a paying client, payment for such services at prevailing market rates may be shifted under § 1988. Missouri v. Jenkins, 491 U.S. 274, 285-289, 109 S. Ct. 2463, 2470-2472, 105 L. Ed. 2d 229 (1989). Furthermore, "once the adversary party raises objections to the fee request, the district court has a greater deal of discretion to adjust the fee award in light of those objections." Rode v. Dellarciprete, 892 F.2d 1177, 1183 (3d Cir.1990).
I agree with the defendant that plaintiff has not met his burden of showing that the student assistant rates are in line with those prevailing in the market. A review of the time-record documents which detail the students' services reveals that the work performed included very general duties associated with the early stages of litigation. The nature of the services of each of these parties is not explained as to their qualifications. They are not alleged to be lawyers. At most, they merely appear to do some routine clerical duties in assisting lawyers to obtain information. Moreover, this work was performed by individuals who, by their nature, have little to no experience in civil rights cases such as this. Accordingly, I feel a reasonable hourly rate for the services performed by plaintiff's counsels' student assistants can be fixed at $35.00 per hour during that period.
Thus, a summary of counsel's hourly rates is:

  1. David Michelman, Esquire    $100.00/hr.
  2. Joseph McGill, Esquire      $175.00 and $200.00/hr.
  3. Bruce S. Schwartz, Esquire  $85.00/hr.
  4. Marlene Fleming, Esquire    $85.00/hr.
  5. Student Assistants
         Andrea Gigante,
         Andrew Graham and
         James Stoltzfus         $35.00/hr.

4. Hours

The next inquiry which must be made in order to determine if plaintiff's counsel fees exceed the $20,000.00 settlement offer is what reasonable hours were expended on the pre-offer litigation. The Supreme *1246 Court in Hensley v. Eckerhart, supra, 461 U.S. at 433, 103 S.Ct. at 1939, suggested that hours may be charged to the defendant if they were "reasonably expended" on the litigation. The plaintiff must provide the court with adequate documentation for the hours requested. Northeast Women's Center v. McMonagle, 889 F.2d 466, 475 (3d Cir.1989). A court reviewing the hours may reduce them only if the defendant challenges them or if the hours expended are within his personal knowledge. Bell v. United Princeton Properties, 884 F.2d 713, 719 (3d Cir.1989); see also Fletcher v. O'Donnell, supra at 428.
In Hensley, the Supreme Court stated "the party seeking an award of fees should submit evidence supporting the hours worked,... where documentation of hours is inadequate, the district court may reduce the award accordingly." 461 U.S. at 433, 103 S.Ct. at 1939. Many circuits require that the documentation be satisfied by the presentation of contemporaneous records. See Grendel's Den v. Larkin, 749 F.2d 945 (1st Cir. 1984); New York State Ass'n for Retarded Children v. Carey, 711 F.2d 1136 (2nd Cir. 1983); Nat'l Ass'n of Concerned Veterans v. Secretary of Defense, 675 F.2d 1319 (D.C.Cir. 1982). However, in this circuit, reconstructed time records have been held to be enough, provided that sufficient detail is present to allow defense counsel to attack specific items. Fletcher v. O'Donnell, supra at 429.
Plaintiff's original and amended fee petitions set out the dates in which work was performed in this case, the amount of time spent on a particular issue, a description of that issue, and the attorney or student assistant who performed the work. In the amended fee petition, plaintiff's counsel has also provided computer-generated contemporaneous billing records.[9] A review of these documents reveals that plaintiff claims a total of 59 hours of service performed up until the September 18, 1990, settlement offer date.[10] Only three (3) people are listed as performing these services: Bruce S. Schwartz, Esquire (41 hours);[11]*1247 David F. Michelman, Esquire (15.1 hours);[12] and Andrea Gigante (2.9 *1248 hours).[13]
The defendant, in both his original answer and his response to plaintiff's motion to amend the fee petition, contests plaintiff's counsel's expenditure of time as unreasonable. Specifically, defendant contends that plaintiff spent an inordinate amount of time on researching police misconduct issues, despite plaintiff's asserted claim of vast expertise in this area. Additionally, defendant challenges various telephone entries billed by plaintiff, and states that many of the services billed amount to overstaffing and should have been performed by a single attorney or by a student or secretary.[14]*1249 *1250
*1251 A review of plaintiff's fee petition reveals that many of the hours charged to this case were indeed excessive or redundant. To begin, plaintiff puts forth a bill requesting a total of 15.1 hours expended prior to September 18, 1990, for legal research. Attorney Bruce Schwartz utilized much of this time to perform research related to "malicious prosecution and abuse of process." However, plaintiff's counsel decided not to *1252 include these issues as claims against the defendants in the final draft of the complaint. Thus, plaintiff's counsel seeks to recover fees for services he later found to be unnecessary when preparing the ultimate complaint. The court finds this practice unreasonable. "Hours are not reasonably expended if they are excessive, redundant, or otherwise unnecessary." Rode v. Dellarciprete, supra at 1183. Accordingly, I will subtract 9.7 hours directly relating to this type of research.
Additionally, Attorney Michelman has requested 4.1 hours for review of legal research performed by a firm associate. The Third Circuit has stated that:
"A fee applicant cannot demand a high hourly ratewhich is based on his or her experience, reputation, and a presumed familiarity with the applicable lawand then run up an inordinate amount of time researching that same law. Double dipping, in any form, cannot be condoned. Our cases supply no authority for non-stop meter running in law offices."
Ursic v. Bethlehem Mines, supra at 677.
In Mr. Michelman's case, a fee of $150.00 an hour, when coupled with an excessive amount of time spent reviewing research and discussing the same with firm associates, is exactly the type of double dipping frowned upon by courts in this circuit. Thus, I will reduce Mr. Michelman's hours related to research by 2 hours. Adding this sum to the 9.7 hours excludable as mentioned above, and subtracting that from the 15.1 total, leaves plaintiff with a final total of 3.4 hours allotted for time reviewing issues related to police misconduct and § 1983 actions.
Plaintiff has also charged an amount of hours unrelated to research activity which the court believes is unnecessary and/or redundant. Primary among these are 11.2 hours requested for work done by both Mr. Schwartz and Mr. Michelman in drafting and reviewing a single demand letter to the City of Philadelphia.[15] Clearly, this amount of time dedicated to the writing of a single letter is excessive, and I will reduce the number of hours allotted for this task by Mr. Schwartz by 6.3 hours, and for Mr. Michelman by 2 hours. Thus, 8.3 hours will be subtracted from plaintiff's overall request.
Lastly, plaintiff has requested reimbursement for a number of telephone calls made before the September 18, 1990 settlement offer date which the court believes are unnecessarily billed. These calls were made by Mr. Michelman to M. Lynchpresumably, at the City Solicitor's Office, and involve an amount of billing time equaling 3.5 hours.[16] A review of the tabulation of these *1253 calls leads me to conclude that Mr. Michelman was unable to converse with Ms. Lynch on many occasions. Nonetheless, he billed his client for placing the calls. Placing telephone calls does not require the services of an attorney charging $150.00 per hour when that service could be easily done by a secretary. I find this practice to be wholly unnecessary and irresponsible and will reduce Mr. Michelman's billing time by 3 hours, allowing him .5 hours for this activity.
The court accepts the remainder of plaintiff's hours as reasonable.

5. Summary

Plaintiff has requested to be reimbursed for a total of 59 hours for services performed up until the settlement offer date of September 18, 1990. The court will reduce that amount, pursuant to the above analysis, by 23 hours for a total of 36 hours.[17]
I also find that plaintiff's counsel's reasonable rate for their services is as follows:[18]

  1. Bruce S. Schwartz, Esquire  $85.00/hr.
  2. David Michelman, Esquire    $100.00/hr.
  3. Marlene Fleming, Esquire    $85.00/hr.
  4. Joseph McGill, Esquire      $175.00 and $200.00/hr.
  5. Student Assistants          $35.00/hr.

6. Lodestar

The Third Circuit in Lindy Brothers Builders, Inc. v. American Radiator, 487 F.2d 161, 168 (3d Cir.1973), developed a formula for calculating reasonable counsel fees in cases where recovery is deemed appropriate. This fee award, called the "Lodestar", is computed by multiplying the hourly rate by the number of hours worked. This formula was subsequently adopted by the Supreme Court in Hensley v. Eckerhart, supra.
Accordingly, I find plaintiff's counsel's reasonable fee up until September 18, 1990 to be $3,035.92. This figure is computed as follows:
  Bruce S. Schwartz$85/hr. × 25 hrs. =
  $2,125.00
  David F. Michelman$100/hr. × 8.1 hrs.
  = $809.60
  Student Assistant Andrea Gigante$35/hr.
  × 2.9 hrs. = $101.32
       Total Hours =    36
       Total Fee = $3,035.92

7. Plaintiff's Reasonable Attorney's Fees Plus Expenses and the Judgment

Having calculated plaintiff's reasonable attorney's fees up to the settlement *1254 offer date of September 18, 1990, it is now appropriate to return to the inquiry of whether those fees, when added to plaintiff's expenses and the verdict, exceed the defendant's $20,000 offer. As was stated, supra, plaintiff's judgment was $11,760.11. His attorney fees total $3,035.92, and disbursements, as represented by the plaintiff, are $1,144.63. The sum of these figures equals $15,939.74$4,060.26 less than defendant's settlement offer.[19] Thus, I find that plaintiff is entitled to fees and expenses accruing up to the September 18, 1990 offer date. I further find that these fees ($3,035.92) and expenses ($1,144.63) equal $4,180.55. An appropriate order will follow.
NOTES
[1]  This jury verdict is outlined in detail, infra.
[2]  The effect of the amended fee petition, as it relates to the September 18, 1990 settlement offer date will be discussed thoroughly, infra.
[3]  This total for fees is based upon a total of 1,234.85 hours worked by attorneys Bruce Schwartz (52.80 hours at $130.00 per hour); David Michelman (141.1 hours at $175.00 per hour and 39.2 hours at $150.00 per hour); Joseph McGill (162.3 out-of-court hours at $175.00 per hour and 54.5 in-court hours at $200.00 per hour); Marlene Fleming (654.25 hours at $130.00 per hour); and three (3) student assistants, Andrea Gigante (27.6 hours); Andrew Graham (48.5 hours); and James Stoltzfus (54.6 hours) all at the hourly rate of $60.00 per hour. The reasonableness of these hours and rates will be discussed, infra.
[4]  Defendants' offer did not specifically list attorney's fees as part of the offer, however, as it is stated in Marek,

"it is immaterial whether the offer recites that costs are included, whether it specifies this amount the defendant is allowing for costs or for that matter, whether it refers to costs at all. As long as the offer does not implicitly or explicitly provide that the judgment not include costs, a timely offer will be valid."
473 U.S. at 6, 105 S.Ct. at 3015 (emphasis in original).
[5]  Rule 68 provides in part:

At any time more than 10 days before the trial begins, a party defending against a claim may serve upon the adverse party an offer to allow judgment to be taken against the defending party for the money or property or to the effect specified in the offer, with costs then accrued. If within 10 days after the service of the offer the adverse party serves written notice that the offer is accepted, either party may then file the offer and notice of acceptance together with proof of service thereof and thereupon the clerk shall enter judgment.
[6]  Plaintiff also argues that defendants' "offer of settlement" is distinct from Rule 68's "offer of judgment." I believe the difference in phrasing is more syntactical than substantive. This belief is supported by Grosvenor v. Brienen, supra at 948, where the court stated:

"Rule 68 refers to the `judgment' obtained by the plaintiff. There is no reason to understand the term `judgment' to refer only to the jury's verdict on damages, rather than to both the verdict and the district court's determination of reasonable pre-offer fees under § 1988."
[7]  Plaintiff, in his brief in support of the motion to amend the fee petition, represents $7,836.50 to be "pre-offer" legal fees and $1,144.63 as "pre-offer" disbursements.
[8]  With respect to Mr. McGill, the court is satisfied that his rates are in accord with those prevailing in the market. Mr. McGill displayed a considerable amount of competence and poise throughout the course of the litigation.
[9]  The billing records and their unique relationship to counsel's summary of hours of work performed will be discussed, infra.
[10]  Plaintiff's original fee petition represents 22.2 hours of work performed up until this date. In his amended petition, plaintiff claims an additional 36.8 hours of service to be charged up until September 18, 1990.
[11]  Plaintiff represents the number of hours spent performing work by using whole and decimal numbers. For example, one 1) hour is represented by the whole number one (1). One-half (½) hour is represented by .5/hr. Each decimal place is equal to six minutes. Bruce S. Schwartz represented his hours as follows:

8/31/89BSSTelephone conference with Acme Market security office re: access to employee witness0.3 hours.
9/5/89BSSPreparation of petition to preserve police recordings; arrange for PI Maniscola to interview witnesses; telephone call to W. Rubel, Acme counsel2.00 hrs.
10/25/89BSSLetter to Hahnemann University requesting hospital records; letter to Philadelphia Police following up on request for telephone/radio room tapes1.20 hrs.
2/7/90BSSLegal research on police misconduct as basis for tort or civil rights law suit1.40 hrs.
2/8/90BSSLegal research on police misconduct cases1.80 hrs.
2/16/90BSSLegal research on police misconduct cases.07 hrs.
2/20/90  2/23/90BSSDrafting letter to City of Philadelphia8.8 hrs.
3/12/90BSSTelephone call to Willard Strauss.30 hrs.
3/14/90BSSReview notice from City of Philadelphia Claims Department; assign AG to collect info re: Strauss injuries.70 hrs.
3/16/90BSSLetter to James Strauss' doctors .30 hrs.
3/21/90BSSReview of medical records received from Hahnemann Hospital; letter to City of Philadelphia.05 hrs.
4/2/90BSSTelephone calls to John Day, City of Philadelphia Law Department re: Strauss claim.50 hrs.
4/27/90BSSConference with DFM re: city .20 hrs.
5/2/90BSSTelephone calls to Maria Lynch (City law department); dictate letter to Strauss re: "copying policy"; letter to Sloritsky; conference with DFM; telephone call1.50 hrs.
5/8/90BSSEdit letter to Willard/Jim Strauss.30 hrs.
5/14/90BSSReview of cost information received in letter from Willard Strauss.20 hrs.
5/18/90BSSDraft demand letter to City of Philadelphia (after review of file and expense summaries to date)2.90 hrs.
5/22/90BSSConference with DFM re: additional information needed to complete demand letter.50 hrs.
5/23/90BSSRevise figures in demand letter; conference with PCD re: legal billing to date; telephone call to Willard Strauss re: Jim's lost wages and medical condition; memorandum to DFM; telephone call to Willard Strauss; telephone call to Doctor Rhodes' office1.80 hrs.
5/24/90BSSConference with DFM re: demand letter.30 hrs.
6/1/90BSSConference with DFM; assemble medical records to James and Willard Strauss .20 hrs.
6/15/90BSSTelephone call to Maura Lynch; conference with DFM.40 hrs.
6/18/90BSSAssign AG to compile J. Strauss legal bills for transmittal to Department of City Solicitor M. Lynch; cover letter to M. Lynch .70 hrs.
6/29/90BSSTelephone call to Maura Lynch, City Solicitor's office; memorandum to DFM .50 hrs.
7/9/90BSSConference with DFM; review status of file re: negotiations with City.30 hrs.
7/20/90BSSTelephone call to Maura Lynch, Phila. Law Department; memorandum re: same to DFM.80 hrs.
7/23/90BSSConference with DFM.10 hrs.
7/26/90BSSReview cases on malicious.40 hrs.
8/6/90BSSLegal research re: malicious prosecution/abuse of process where criminal prosecution terminated by dismissal of some courts and ARD on remaining2.00 hrs.
8/7/90BSSLegal research re: malicious prosecution, abuse of process, etc.; conference with DFM4.80 hrs.
8/10/90BSSLegal research at Rutgers University Law Library; draft letter to Maura Lynch, City of Philadelphia Law Department; prosecution; conference with DFM2.90 hrs.
8/13/90BSSConference with DFM.40 hrs.
8/14/90BSSReview and revise DFM letter to Maura Lynch1.00 hrs.
8/15/90BSSConference with DFM.30 hrs.
TOTAL BILLING HOURS41.00
[12]  David Michelman's hours were represented as follows:

10/18/89DFMDiscussion with firm legal assistant re: medical records.10 hrs.
2/16/90DFMReview of notice statute.20 hrs.
2/23/90DFMReviewing demand letter to City and discussion of same with firm associate2.40 hrs.
4/2/90DFMDiscussion with firm associate .10 hrs.
5/7/90DFMDiscussions with firm associate re: response from City.40 hrs.
5/7/90DFMTelephone call to T. Maniscola re: bills and discussion with firm associate re: same.20 hrs.
5/19/90DFMDrafting demand letter to City .50 hrs.
5/22/90DFMDrafting demand letter and discussion of same with firm associate.80 hrs.
5/23/90DFMDiscussion with firm associate and redrafting letter to City.40 hrs.
5/24/90DFMTelephone calls to W. Strauss re: demand letter; discussion of same with firm associate and modification of letter.50 hrs.
6/1/90DFMDiscussion with firm associate re: medical bills.10 hrs.
6/12/90DFMTelephone calls to J. and W. Strauss re: hospital bills.20 hrs.
6/15/90DFMDiscussion with firm associate re: City's position.10 hrs.
6/22/90DFMDiscussion with firm associate and review of letter to City.20 hrs.
6/29/90DFMDiscussion with firm associate re: negotiations with City.20 hrs.
7/3/90DFMTelephone call to W. Strauss re: status.10 hrs.
7/5/90DFMTelephone call to M. Lynch re: settlement offer.40 hrs.
7/16/90DFMTelephone call to M. Lynch.10 hrs.
7/17/90DFMTelephone call to M. Lynch.10 hrs.
7/18/90DFMTelephone call to M. Lynch.20 hrs.
7/19/90DFMTelephone call to M. Lynch.20 hrs.
7/20/90DFMTelephone calls to M. Lynch re: settlement.20 hrs.
7/23/90DFMReview of letter from Welfare and memorandum from firm associate; telephone call to W. Strauss re: City's offer.20 hrs.
7/24/90DFMLegal research re: 1983 and negligence claim.30 hrs.
7/26/90DFMDiscussion with firm associate re: malicious prosecution.20 hrs.
8/6/90DFMDiscussion with firm associate re: legal research.20 hrs.
8/7/90DFMDiscussion with firm legal assistant re: legal theories for malicious prosecution, false arrest and abuse of process and available damages1.00 hrs.
8/9/90DFMReview of legal research re: false arrest; drafting letter to M. Lynch2.40 hrs.
8/13/90DFMDiscussion with firm associate re: negotiating strategy; re-drafting letter to M. Lynch.60 hrs.
8/14/90DFMRedrafting letter to City.20 hrs.
8/16/90DFMTelephone calls to M. Lynch re: settlement.30 hrs.
8/21/90DFMTelephone call to M. Lynch.10 hrs.
8/24/90DFMTelephone call to M. Lynch.10 hrs.
9/4/90DFMTelephone call to M. Lynch.10 hrs.
9/5/90DFMTelephone call to M. Lynch.10 hrs.
9/6/90DFMTelephone call to M. Lynch.10 hrs.
9/12/90DFMTelephone call to M. Lynch.20 hrs.
9/13/90DFMTelephone call to M. Lynch.10 hrs.
9/14/90DFMTelephone call to M. Lynch.10 hrs.
9/17/90DFMTelephone call to M. Lynch.10 hrs.
9/18/90DFMTelephone calls to M. Lynch and W. Strauss re: City's counter-offer; drafting letter to City re: new proposal1.00 hrs.
TOTAL BILLING HOURS15.1
[13]  Student Assistant Andrea Gigante represents her hours as follows:

10/16/89AGFind out procedure for obtaining hospital and medical records.40 hrs.
3/21/90AGDraft letters to doctors re: report .80 hrs.
3/29/90AGLetter to Dr. Rhodes.30 hrs.
4/4/90AGFollow-up on medical information request.30 hrs.
4/5/90AGAttempt to obtain additional medical records.60 hrs.
6/18/90AGPrepare bills to be sent to City Solicitor.50 hrs.
TOTAL BILLING HOURS2.9
[14]  Defense counsel challenges the expenditure of time with respect to pre-offer services in detail as follows:

DATE     ACTIVITY                                           LAWYER     TIME
2/7/90   Research on police misconduct                      BSS         1.40
2/8/90   Research on police misconduct                      BSS         1.80
2/16/90  Research on police misconduct, statute             BSS          .70
         of limitations-notice requirements.
         Review of notice statute                           DFM      unknown
8/31/89  Access to employees                                BSS          .30
3/12/90  Call to W. Strauss in reference to medical         BSS          .30
         complications (BSS is not a M.D.;
         Medical reports would indicate plaintiff's
         present and future physical status).
2/20/90  Drafting letter to City                            BSS         1.00
2/21/90  Drafting letter to City                            BSS         4.30
2/20/90  Drafting letter to City                            BSS         2.50
2/23/90  Revising letter to City                            BSS         1.00
2/23/90  Reviewing demand letter to City (It is             DFM         2.40
         assumed, giving the proximity of the
         above entries, that the letter at issue is a
         demand letter. Expending 11.2 hours in
         composing a demand letter is simply excessive
         and unreasonable given the lack
         of complexity in the matter at hand and
         the collective experience of both attorneys.)
3/14/90  Assign AE to collect information re: description   BSS      unknown
         of fracture (It is unknown what
         is represented by this entry.)
3/21/90  Draft letters to doctors re: reports (This         AG           .80
         seemingly was done on 3/16/90 by BSS.
         Another letter is clearly redundant.)
3/29/90  Letter to Dr. Rhodes (Redundant as represented     AG           .30
         on 3/21/90.)
8/9/90   Drafting letter to Judge Cahn (In reference        DFM      unknown
         to what and how much time expended?)

DATE     ACTIVITY                                           LAWYER     TIME
8/12/91  Drafting letter to Judge Cahn (This was            DFM     unknown
         done on 8/9/90 and still does not denote
         time expended.)
8/13/91  Damages-calculate lost wages (Clearly              AG         4.40
         excessive given plaintiff's prior work history.)
8/13/91  Drafting letter to Judge Cahn (Excessive.)         DFM     unknown
4/27/90  Conference with DFM (Conference for                BSS         .20
         what purpose?)
5/2/90  "Copying policy". (What does this policy            BSS     unknown
         have to do with the present action?)
         Letter to Sloritsky. (Who is Sloritsky?)
         Conference with DFM. (For what purpose?)
         Telephone call. (This entry is
         not understood.)
5/8/90   Edit letter (For what purpose?)                    BSS         .30
5/14/90  Review of cost information (What is purpose        BSS         .20
         and relevance?)
5/22/90  Conference with DFM in reference to                BSS         .50
         additional information needed for demand
         letter. (BSS already accumulated
         a generous 2.90 hours in drafting a demand
         letter on 5/18/90.)
5/23/90  Revise figures in demand letter. (Sufficient       BSS     unknown
         time was taken on 5/18 and 5/22.
         This additional time is simply excessive
         and unreasonable given the lack of complexity
         in the case at hand.) Conference
         with P.C.D. re: legal bills. (Who or
         what is P.C.D. and what is purpose of
         reviewing billing date?) Memo to
         D.F.M. (For what purpose?) Telephone
         call to Willard Strauss. (Already called
         prior in the day. Also no reason given
         for purpose of call.)
5/24/90  Conference with DFM re: demand letter.             BSS     unknown
         (This is clearly excessive for the
         reasons stated in the 5/23/90 entry.)
6/1/90   Conference with DFM. (For what purpose?)           BSS         .20
         Assemble medical records. (For
         what purpose?)
6/15/90  Telephone call to Maura Lynch; Conference          BSS         .40
         with DFM. (In reference to what?)
6/18/90  Assign AG to compile legal bills (This is          BSS         .70
         not anything more than a secretarial
         cost and is non-compensable. Jordan v.
         Allain, 619 F. Supp. 98, 115-116
         (D.C.Miss.1985). Cover letter to Maura
         Lynch. (Given the lack of factual or
         legal complexity this expense is entirely
         unreasonable and would have been better
         served by a simple phone call.
6/29/90  Phone call to M. Lynch. (For what purpose?)        BSS         .50
         Memorandum to DFM. (No
         need for a memo to DFM and BSS
         worked in the same office.)
7/20/90  Phone call to M. Lynch. (For what purpose?)        BSS         .80
         Memo of same to DFM. (No
         need for a memo.)
7/23/90  Conference with DFM. (Conference                   BSS         .10
         about what?)
7/26/90  Review cases on malicious (This averment           BSS         .40
         was withdrawn by way of stipulation
         at trial; thus, is non-compensable.)

DATE     ACTIVITY                                       LAWYER    TIME
8/6/90   Legal research re: malicious abuse of          BSS        2.00
         process. (These averments were withdrawn
         by stipulation prior to trial. Furthermore,
         time spent by attorneys reading
         background cases and materials designed
         to familiarize themselves with an
         area of law are non-compensable. Ramos
         v. Lamm, 713 F.2d 546, 553-554
         (10 Cir.1983).)
8/7/90   Legal research. (See prior response to         BSS        4.80
         entry of 8/6/90.) Conference with DFM.
         (For what purpose?)
8/10/90  Legal research. (See prior response of         BSS        2.90
         8/6/90.) Draft letter to M. Lynch. (For
         what purpose?) Conference with DFM.
         (About what?)
8/13/90  Conference with DFM. (About what?)             BSS         .40
8/14/90  Review DFM letter to M. Lynch. For             BSS        1.00
         what purpose was this letter? Also a
         letter was already drafted on 8/10.)
8/15/90  Conference with DFM. (About what?)             BSS         .30
4/2/90   Discussion with associate. (Which associate    DFM         .10
         and for what purpose?)
5/7/90   Discussion with associate. (Which associate    DFM         .40
         and for what purpose?)
5/19/90  Draft demand letter. (This draft was           DFM         .50
         done by BSS on 5/18/90.)
5/22/90  Draft demand letter. (Letter previously        DFM         .80
         drafted 5/18 and 5/19/90.)
5/23/90  Draft demand letter. (Letter previously        DFM         .40
         drafted 5/18, 5/19 and 5/22.)
6/12/90  Telephone calls to J. and W. Strauss re:       DFM         .20
         hospital bills. (J. Strauss' lost wages
         and medical condition were previously
         discussed on 5/23 by BSS>)
6/22/90  Discussion with firm associate. (For           DFM         .10
         what purpose. Furthermore it is obvious
         by the time expended that M. Lynch
         was not present for a phone conversation.)
7/17/90  See prior response to 7/16/90 entry.           DFM         .10
7/18/90  See prior response to 7/16 and 7/17/90         DFM         .20
         entries.
7/19/90  See prior response to 7/16, 7/17 and
         7/18/90 entries.
7/20/90  Telephone calls to M. Lynch. (This done        DFM         .20
         on 7/5/90.)
7/23/90  Review of letter from Welfare and memo         DFM     unknown
         from associate. (Neither of these entries
         have anything to do whatsoever with
         subsequent litigation.)
7/24/90  Legal research. (Time spent by attorneys       DFM         .30
         to familiarize themselves with an
         area of law are non-compensable. Ramos
         v. Lamm, 713 F.2d 546, 553-554
         (1983).
7/26/90  Legal research re: malicious prosecution.      DFM         .20
         (This averment was withdrawn
         prior to trial by stipulation. Furthermore,
         time spent by attorneys to familiarize
         themselves with an area of law are
         non-compensable. Id.)
8/6/90   Legal research. (See prior response to         DFM         .20
         entry at 7/24/90.)
8/7/90   Legal research. (See prior response to         DFM        1.00
         entry at 7/26/90.)

DATE      ACTIVITY                                       LAWYER      TIME
8/9/90    Legal research re: false arrest. (See          DFM      unknown
          prior response to entry at 7/26/90.)
8/13/90   Re-drafting letter to M. Lynch (Why redraft    DFM      unknown
          letter?)
8/14/90   Re-drafting letter. (This was done on          DFM          .20
          8/13/90.)
8/16/90   Telephone calls to M. Lynch re: settlement.    DFM          .30
          (This was previously done by
          phone or letter on 5/19, 5/22, 7/5, 7/16,
          7/17, 7/18, 7/19, 7/20, 8/9, 8/13 and
          8/14/90.)
8/21/90   Telephone call to M. Lynch. (Obviously         DFM          .10
          not there. Furthermore, what was purpose
          of call?)
8/24/90   Telephone call to M. Lynch. (Obviously         DFM          .10
          not there. Furthermore, what was purpose
          of call?)
9/4/90    Telephone call to M. Lynch. (Obviously         DFM          .10
          not there. Furthermore, what was purpose
          of call?)
9/5/90    Telephone call to M. Lynch. (Obviously         DFM          .10
          not there. Furthermore, what was purpose
          of call?)
9/6/90    Telephone call to M. Lynch. (Obviously         DFM          .10
          not there. Furthermore, what was purpose
          of call?)
9/12/90   Telephone call to M. Lynch. (Obviously         DFM          .20
          not there. Furthermore, what was purpose
          of call?)
9/13/90   Telephone call to M. Lynch. (Obviously         DFM          .10
          not there. Furthermore, what was purpose
          of call?)
9/14/90   Telephone call to M. Lynch. (Obviously         DFM          .10
          not there. Furthermore, what was purpose
          of call?)
9/17/90   Telephone call to M. Lynch. (Obviously         DFM          .10
          not there. Furthermore, what was purpose
          of call?)
9/21/90   Drafting letter to M. Lynch. (Draft done       DFM      unknown
          on 9/18 and 9/19/90.)
10/1/90   Legal research re: delay damages. (Delay       DFM          .10
          damages were never requested at
          any time during the proceedings or for
          that matter awarded.)
11/13/90  Telephone call to M. Lynch. (M. Lynch          DFM          .10
          was obviously not in her office. Furthermore,
          what was this call in reference
          to?)
11/14/90  Telephone call to M. Lynch. (M. Lynch          DFM          .10
          was obviously not in her office. Furthermore,
          what was this call in reference
          to?)
11/16/90  Telephone call to M. Lynch. (M. Lynch          DFM          .20
          was obviously not in her office. Furthermore,
          what was this call in reference
          to?)
11/19/90  Telephone call to M. Lynch. (M. Lynch          DFM          .30
          was obviously not in her office. Furthermore,
          what was this call in reference
          to?)

[15]  As is set forth infra, plaintiff documents this activity as:

Date     Attorney  Activity                                            Hours
2/20/90  BSS       Drafting letter to City of Philadelphia.            1.00
2/21/90  BSS       Drafting letter to City of Philadelphia.            4.30
2/22/90  BSS       Drafting letter to City of Philadelphia.            2.50
2/23/90  BSS       Revising letter to City of Philadelphia.            1.00
         DFM       Reviewing demand letter to City                     2.40
                   and discussion of same with firm
                   associate.
                                                              TOTAL11.2 hours

[16]  These calls were detailed by plaintiff as follows:

Date     Attorney  Activity                                            Hours
7/5/90   DFM       Telephone call to M. Lynch re:                      0.40
                   settlement offer.
7/16/90  DFM       Telephone call to M. Lynch.                         0.10
7/17/90  DFM       Telephone call to M. Lynch.                         0.10
7/18/90  DFM       Telephone call to M. Lynch.                         0.20
7/19/90  DFM       Telephone call to M. Lynch.                         0.20
7/20/90  DFM       Telephone calls to M. Lynch re:                     0.20
                   settlement offer.
8/16/90  DFM       Telephone calls to M. Lynch re:                     0.30
                   settlement offer.
8/21/90  DFM       Telephone call to M. Lynch.                         0.10

Date     Attorney  Activity Hours
8/24/90  DFM       Telephone call to M. Lynch.                     0.10
9/4/90   DFM       Telephone call to M. Lynch.                     0.10
9/5/90   DFM       Telephone call to M. Lynch.                     0.10
9/6/90   DFM       Telephone call to M. Lynch.                     0.10
9/12/90  DFM       Telephone call to M. Lynch.                     0.20
9/13/90  DFM       Telephone call to M. Lynch.                     0.10
9/14/90  DFM       Telephone call to M. Lynch.                     0.10
9/17/90  DFM       Telephone call to M. Lynch.                     0.10
9/18/90  DFM       Telephone calls to M. Lynch and                 1.00
                   W. Strauss re: City's counter-offer;
                   drafting letter to City re: new
                   proposal.
                                                         TOTAL HOURS3.5

[17]  Of these 23 hours, 16 will be subtracted from Bruce S. Schwartz's former total (41 hours) for an adjustment to 25 hours; and 7 hours will be subtracted from David F. Michelman's former total (15.1 hours) for an adjustment to 8.1 hours. Counsel's student assistant, Andrea Gigante, billed 2.9 hours before 9/18/90. As noted above, the court accepts this claim.
[18]  As I noted supra, Attorneys N. Marlene Fleming and Joseph McGill did not perform any services until after the September 18, 1990 offer date.
[19]  Since this figure is less than defendant's settlement offer, it is unnecessary to consider plaintiff's fees and expenses after the September 18, 1990 date. See Marek v. Chesny, supra.