Court Opinion

ID: 9412798
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-01 17:09:15.22445+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:41:30.422594
License: Public Domain

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT OP 65.37

  GERISKA THAMARA RIBEIRO ARRAIS               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                       Appellant               :
                                               :
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
  MARCONIO SALES SOUSA                         :   No. 2518 EDA 2022

             Appeal from the Order Entered September 7, 2022
   In the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County Civil Division at No(s):
                             2022-04169-CU

BEFORE: BOWES, J., McCAFFERY, J., and SULLIVAN, J.

MEMORANDUM BY McCAFFERY, J.:                            FILED AUGUST 1, 2023

       Geriska Thamara Ribeiro Arrais (Mother) appeals from the order denying

her petition for special relief pursuant to Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure

1915.131 and its local rule counterpart, Chester County Rule of Civil Procedure

1915.13.A. In the petition, Mother sought the issuance of an order containing

specific findings of fact regarding her minor son (Child or the Child), which

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1 Rule 1915.13 provides:

       At any time after commencement of the action, the court may on
       application or its own motion grant appropriate interim or special
       relief. The relief may include, but is not limited to, the award of
       temporary legal or physical custody; the issuance of appropriate
       process directing that a child or a party or person having physical
       custody of a child be brought before the court; and a direction
       that a person post security to appear with the child when directed
       by the court or to comply with any order of the court.

Pa.R.C.P. 1915.13.
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would permit Child to apply for special immigrant juvenile status (SIJ) under

federal law. For the following reasons, we vacate and remand.

                          I. Facts & Procedural History

       Child was born in December 2009 and lived in Brazil with Mother, until

April 2021.      See Mother’s Complaint For Custody (Custody Complaint),

6/15/22, at 1-2 (unpaginated).          Mother and Child’s father, Marconio Sales

Sousa (Father),2 were married and subsequently divorced around 2017

because Father was purportedly physically aggressive towards Mother and

Child. See N.T., 8/19/22, at 5-6. Child indicated he no longer talks to Father.

Id. at 11.

       In June 2017, Mother and Child moved to the United States, and

presently reside in Chester County, Pennsylvania, with Mother’s new husband.

See Custody Complaint at 2 (unpaginated); see also N.T. at 4.

                               A. Custody Complaint

       On June 15, 2022, Mother filed a complaint, seeking sole physical and

legal custody of Child. See Custody Complaint at 1 (unpaginated).3 That

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2 Father is “a foreign national residing in Brazil.”   See Trial Ct. Op., 10/31/22,
at 2 n.1.

3 In the complaint, Mother alleged, in relevant part:

       12. Reunification with Father is not viable because Father is not
       willing to support and provide for Child. Father has abandoned
       and neglected the Child.

(Footnote Continued Next Page)

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same day, Mother also filed a petition for special relief, alleging: (1) Child was

under the age of 18 and unmarried; (2) Child had resided with Mother for the

past 12 years; (3) Father is in Brazil and no longer involved in Child’s life; (4)

Mother is Child’s sole parental figure, and provides for all of his needs and

wants; and (5) Child is eligible for SIJ status, as set forth in the Immigration

and Nationality Act (INA) at 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(27)(J). See Mother’s Petition

for Special Relief Pursuant to Pa.R.C.P. 1915.13 and C.C.R.C.P. 1915.13.A

(Mother’s Petition for Special Relief), 6/15/22, at 1-2 (unpaginated). Mother

indicated she was “seeking special relief in the form of a [c]ourt [o]rder that

enumerates the aforesaid additional findings of fact and grants her sole legal

and physical custody of . . . Child.” Id. at 2.

               B. Federal Law — SIJ Statute & Classification

       At this juncture, it is necessary to set forth the applicable federal law at

issue. “The SIJ statute, 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(27)(J), provides that a juvenile

who qualifies as an SIJ may apply for lawful permanent residency and thus

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       13. The best interest and permanent welfare of the Child will be
       served by granting the relief requested because the Child will be
       in a safe and loving environment. [Mother] provides the Child
       safety, protection and physical, mental and moral welfare. In
       addition, it is not the Child’s best interest to return to Brazil
       because there is no appropriate relative who can provide adequate
       care or supervision.

Custody Complaint at 3 (unpaginated).

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relief from deportation.” Orozco v. Tecu, 284 A.3d 474, 476 (Pa. Super.

2022) (citation omitted). Section 1101(a)(27)(J) defines an SIJ as a juvenile:

       (i) who has been declared dependent on a juvenile court located
       in the United States or whom such a court has legally committed
       to, or placed under the custody of, an agency or department of a
       State, or an individual or entity appointed by a State or juvenile
       court located in the United States, and whose reunification with 1
       or both of the immigrant’s parents is not viable due to abuse,
       neglect, abandonment, or a similar basis found under State law[.]

       (ii) for whom it has been determined in administrative or judicial
       proceedings that it would not be in the alien’s best interest to be
       returned to the alien’s or parent’s previous country of nationality
       or country of last habitual residence[.]

8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(27)(J).4

       “In order to obtain SIJ status, a petitioner must obtain determinations

from both the state and federal systems.” Orozco, 284 A.3d at 476. Under

8 C.F.R. § 204.11, SIJ classification requires the following, in pertinent part:

       (b) Eligibility. A petitioner is eligible for classification as a special
       immigrant juvenile under section 203(b)(4) of the Act as

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4 The statute was ratified for the following reasons:

       The SIJ provisions of the INA were enacted in 1990 to protect
       abused, neglected, or abandoned children who, with their families,
       illegally entered the United States. Congress provided an
       alternative to deportation for these children. Rather than being
       deported along with abusive or neglectful parents, or deported to
       parents who had abandoned them once in the United States, such
       children may seek special status to remain in the United States.

Yeboah v. United States DOJ, 345 F.3d 216, 221 (3d Cir. 2003). “Although
not binding on us, we may cite federal authority for its persuasive value.”
Toppy v. Passage Bio, Inc., 285 A.3d 672, 690 n.7 (Pa. Super. 2022).

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     described at section 1[1]01(a)(27)(J) of the Act, if they meet all
     of the following requirements:

        (1) Is under 21 years of age at the time of filing the
        petition;

        (2) Is unmarried at the time of filing and adjudication;

        (3) Is physically present in the United States;

        (4) Is the subject of a juvenile court order(s) that
        meets the requirements under paragraph (c) of this
        section; and

        (5) Obtains consent from the Secretary of Homeland
        Security to classification as a special immigrant juvenile.
        For [United States Citizenship Immigration Services
        (USCIS)] to consent, the request for SIJ classification must
        be bona fide, which requires the petitioner to establish that
        a primary reason the required juvenile court determinations
        were sought was to obtain relief from parental abuse,
        neglect, abandonment, or a similar basis under State
        law. . . .

     (c) Juvenile court order(s).

        (1) Court-ordered dependency or custody and
        parental reunification determination.      The juvenile
        court must have made certain judicial determinations
        related to the petitioner’s custody or dependency and
        determined that the petitioner cannot reunify with
        their parent(s) due to abuse, neglect, abandonment,
        or a similar basis under State law.

           (i) The juvenile court must have made at least one of
           the following judicial determinations related to the
           petitioner’s custodial placement or dependency in
           accordance     with   State   law  governing    such
           determinations:

              (A) Declared the petitioner dependent upon the
              juvenile court; or

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              (B) Legally committed to or placed the
              petitioner under the custody of an agency or
              department of a State, or an individual or entity
              appointed by a State or juvenile court.

           (ii) The juvenile court must have made a judicial
           determination that parental reunification with one or
           both parents is not viable due to abuse,
           abandonment, neglect, or a similar basis under State
           law. The court is not required to terminate parental
           rights to determine that parental reunification is not
           viable.

        (2) Best interest determination.

           (i) A determination must be made in judicial or
           administrative proceedings by a court or agency
           recognized by the juvenile court and authorized by law
           to make such decisions that it would not be in the
           petitioner’s best interest to be returned to the
           petitioner’s or their parent’s country of
           nationality or last habitual residence.

           (ii) Nothing in this part should be construed as
           altering the standards for best interest determinations
           that juvenile court judges routinely apply under
           relevant State law.

        (3) Qualifying juvenile court order(s).

           (i) The juvenile court must have exercised its
           authority over the petitioner as a juvenile and made
           the requisite judicial determinations in this paragraph
           under applicable State law to establish eligibility. . . .

8 C.F.R. § 204.11(b)-(c) (emphases added). “Under the federal SIJ scheme,

the state court does not render an immigration decision but rather makes

factual determinations predicate to [United States Citizenship Immigration

Services’] SIJ determination.” Orozco, 284 A.3d at 477 (citation omitted).

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                                C. Custody Hearing

       On August 19, 2022, the trial court held a hearing but did not comment

as to whether it would hear both the custody issue and the petition for special

relief, or just the custody issue. See N.T. at 3. Mother and Child were both

present. Id. at 4, 11. Father did not appear in person or remotely.5 Mother’s

counsel requested the court consider both the custody and petition for special

relief issues. See id. at 3. Both Mother and Child testified. See id. at 4-12.

The court did not enter a decision that day but took the matter under

advisement. Id. at 13.

                               D. Trial Court Orders

       On September 7, 2022, the trial court entered two separate orders. In

the first order, the court awarded Mother sole legal and physical custody of

Child. The trial court also stated: “This court is not sitting as a dependency

or juvenile court, as those terms are defined by Pennsylvania law. The court

decided this custody matter after consideration of the factors set forth in

23 Pa.C.S. § 5328.” See Order, 9/7/22, at 1 n.1 (unpaginated; emphases

added). The court attached a memorandum in support of its custody order,

with a complete analysis of the 16 custody factors set forth in Section 5328(a).

____________________________________________

5 Counsel for Mother offered into evidence a “declaration” and “acceptance of

service” submitted by Father. N.T. at 3. In the document, Father was in
agreement that Mother should take sole physical and legal custody of Child.
See id. at Exhibit P-1, “Declaration and Acceptance of Service,” 6/27/22, at
1 (unpaginated).

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See Memorandum in Support of Custody Order, 9/7/22, at 1-5. The court

opined that after considering the Section 5328(a) factors, it gave “significant

weight to the stability of [Child]’s life provided by Mother, as well as the

educational opportunities afforded to him.” Id. at 5. It further relied on “the

lack of opposition to the proposed custody, as expressed by Father,” to

determine it was “in the best interests” of Child to grant Mother legal and

physical custody. Id.

      As for the second order, the court denied Mother’s petition for special

relief and her request for specific findings of fact. The court filed a separate

decision, also dated September 7, 2022, regarding the petition for special

relief. The court noted:

      Mother testified that Father was ‘physical’ with [Child] and that
      she was required to obtain a restraining order against Father in
      Brazil because of the abuse and his threat to kill her. [Child] has
      lived with Mother since 2017 and she provides him with his daily
      needs, including education opportunities. Mother also testified
      that it would be safer for [Child] to remain in her custody. . . .

Decision, 9/7/22, at 2.

      In denying relief, the court stated: “There is no provision in our statutes

or rules that address special relief for this purpose or permit a departure from

the requirement that the factors set forth in [Section] 5328(a) be addressed

by the court.” Decision at 3. Additionally, the court found the petition was

defective for two reasons: (1) special relief is limited to temporary orders

affecting custody; and (2) there is no emergency or other circumstance

present, which warrants special relief in this case, since Mother did not seek

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a protection from abuse order on behalf of Child.            Id.   The court also

determined: “There is no evidence of record that [Child] faces an imminent

threat nor that such issues will not be addressed by a final custody order. The

status quo in this instance favors Mother and there is no evidence of record

that [Child] would be put at risk or that there would be a change in

circumstance in the absence of special relief.” Id.

       In addressing Mother’s request for special findings, the trial court

opined:

             This court has no jurisdiction over immigration matters,
       which are the province of the federal government. However, the
       federal government has thrust upon state court the responsibility
       to make findings of fact and issue an order in dependency and
       custodial matters, which, under certain circumstances, may allow
       an individual to be eligible for [SIJ status]. This is not such a case.

Decision at 4.

       The trial court then reviewed state and federal law, as well as the USCIS

Policy Manual,6 regarding what type of court may assess a SIJ classification

and found the following:

             The matter before the court is a custody case. The court is
       not sitting as a juvenile court as defined by federal law. USCIS
       POLICY MANUAL VOL. 6, PART J, CHAP. 2(C) (2022) (eligibility
       requirements); Pa.R.J.C.P. 120[ ] (defining the term “juvenile”).
       There is no dependency matter before the court regarding [Child],
       and even if there were, the record is clear beyond question that
       he has parental care and control provided by his Mother. There is
       no evidentiary record upon which [Child] could be found
       dependent. Matters of C.R.S., 696 A.2d 840 (Pa. Super. 1997).

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6 See Decision at 5-6.

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       [Child] is also not a juvenile as defined by Pennsylvania law.
       Pa.R.J.C.P. 120.

             Mother seeks to have this court issue its custody order using
       language specific to dependency and juvenile court proceedings.
       It appears that if the court were to sign such an order it could then
       be used to induce a federal agency or court, reviewing [Child]’s
       application for [SIJ status], to rely on that order in concluding that
       the statutory requirements of [Section] 1101(a)(27)(J) and
       accompanying regulations have been met when that is not the
       case.    This court will not grant relief that may create the
       temptation to misuse its order in such manner.

Decision at 6-7.

                         E. Appeal & Trial Court Opinion

       On October 6, 2022, Mother filed a notice of appeal from the trial court’s

order denying her petition for special relief,7 and a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) concise

statement of errors complained of on appeal.8           The trial court issued a

Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a) opinion on October 31, 2022.

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7 Mother did not file an appeal regarding the court’s custody order.

8 In the concise statement, Mother raised the following claims:

       1. The [trial c]ourt abused its discretion and violated due process
       of the law as guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment by denying
       [Mother]’s request for special relief and specific findings of fact.
       The [c]ourt erred in finding that “there is no provision in our
       statutes or rules that address special relief for this purpose or
       permit a departure from the requirement that the factors set forth
       in [Section] 5328(a) be addressed by the court.” See Court’s
       Decision, p. 3. In direct contrast, Explanatory Comment to Rule
       1915.13 states that the Rule “contains a broad provision
       empowering the court to provide special relief where appropriate.”

(Footnote Continued Next Page)

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       In its Rule 1925(a) opinion, the trial court suggested that this Court

quash Mother’s appeal “for want of jurisdiction based on the failure to appeal

the final [c]ustody [o]rder in this matter.” Trial Ct. Op. at 2. The court first

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       2. The [c]ourt erred and abused its discretion in finding that the
       law “does not permit” the custody court to grant a final custody
       order as a special form of relief. See Court’s Decision, p. 3.

       3. The [c]ourt erred and abused its discretion in finding that the
       only time it may enter a special order for relief is when an
       “emergency circumstance” is present. See Court’s Decision, p. 3.

       4. The [c]ourt erred and abused its discretion by adopting the
       narrow definition of “juvenile” as set forth under the Pennsylvania
       Rules of Juvenile Court Procedure in [its] analysis. This is a
       custody matter, not a delinquency matter. See Court’s Decision,
       p. 5-6.

       5. The [c]ourt erred in finding that it is not a “juvenile court” for
       the purposes of SIJS classification. See Court’s Decision, p. 6.

       6. The [c]ourt erred and abused its discretion in denying
       [Mother]’s special request for relief and specific findings when it
       had proper jurisdiction to do so.

       7. The [c]ourt egregiously misapplied and misinterpreted both
       Pennsylvania state law and SIJS federal law.

       8. The [c]ourt violated [Mother]’s right to Due Process because it
       deprived [her] and her minor child of a remedy for the minor’s
       right to seek SIJ status.

       9. [Mother] reserves the right to supplement and/or amend this
       Statement of Errors, pursuant to Rule 1925(b)(2) and Pa.R.A.P.
       902, as the hearing transcript has not been received to date.

Mother’s Concise Statement of Errors Complaint of on Appeal, 10/6/22, a 1-3
(unpaginated; footnote omitted).

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focused on the nature of the petition for special relief, stating that the

“objective of special relief is to allow for temporary modification of custody or

visitation[.]” Id. at 3 (citation omitted). The court pointed out that it “chose

to forego a temporary interim step and issued a final [c]ustody [o]rder on the

same day it denied [Mother]’s Petition[, and that t]he [c]ustody [o]rder

resolved more permanently the question of with whom the Child should

remain.” Id. (citations omitted). The court opined it was the custody order

that “decided all the issues of law and fact” and therefore, “[i]t was the

[c]ustody [o]rder [Mother] was required to appeal, but she did not file a timely

appeal.” Id. at 3-4.9

       Next, the trial court determined “there was no basis for the grant of the

special relief requested[.]” Trial Ct. Op. at 6. The court stated the “custody

factor analysis provided the trial court with ample opportunity to address

allegations of abuse, neglect, or abandonment, provided there was enough

credible evidence, of sufficient weight to support such claims, but that was

not the case.” Id. The court then determined that SIJ status was not the

proper subject for special relief, stating it “was unable to find a single statutory

or procedural rule in the Commonwealth related to obtaining [SIJ status]

related relief in this context[.]” Id. at 7 (footnote omitted). The court noted

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9 Relatedly, the trial court found Mother lacked standing to appeal the custody

order because she received the relief she requested in her complaint, and
therefore, was the prevailing party. See Trial Ct. Op. at 5-6.

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that pursuant to 8 C.F.R. § 204.11(b)(5), a petitioner is required to establish

that the primary reason for the state juvenile court determination is “to obtain

relief from parental abuse, neglect, abandonment, or a similar basis under

State law.” Id. at 7 (citation omitted). The court surmised that based on her

counsel’s statements at the August 19, 2022, proceeding, Mother’s purpose

for the petition “was not primarily for the purpose of obtaining relief from

parental abuse, neglect, abandonment, but solely for purposes of obtaining”

SIJ status.    Id.    The court opined “it was not willing to engage in such

subterfuge by issuing an order leading the federal government or a court to

believe anything to the contrary.” Id. at 7-8.

      The court further found Mother’s request for special relief was

“defective” as there “there was no allegation by [Mother] that there was an

emergency or apparent urgent need for court action to preserve the well-being

of Child.” Trial Ct. Op. at 8. Moreover, the court stated that “status quo . . .

favors” Mother, and “there is no evidence of record that Child would be put at

risk or that there would be a change in circumstance in the absence of special

relief.” Id.

      Third, the trial court determined there was insufficient credible evidence

to support Mother’s petition for special relief and specific findings of fact. See

Trial Ct. Op. at 9.    The court stated it “observed the witnesses’ demeanor

during their testimony, considered their significant interest in having Child

qualify for [SIJ status], and found neither witness sufficiently credible nor the

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evidence of sufficient weight to support the requested findings.”      Id.    The

court further found: (1) no evidence Child had been abused by Father where

Mother “provided vague testimony about Father being ‘aggressive with [Child]

physically[;]’” (2) no credible evidence of sufficient weight that Father had

abandoned Child where Child “merely stated that he does not talk to Father[;]”

and (3) no credible evidence that it would be dangerous for Child to return to

Brazil to live with Father    Id. at 9.    Moreover, the court stated it was

“unconvinced that Child could not return to Brazil because of ‘the financial

situation’” where Mother “did not explain that situation, but to the extent Child

might return to live in poverty, that is not a basis to find child abuse or an

unsafe environment.” Id. at 10 (citation & quotation marks omitted).

      Lastly, the court addressed the issues identified in Mother’s concise

statement. See Trial Ct. Op. at 10-16.

                   II. Statement of Questions Involved

      Mother presents the following three issues on appeal:

      1. Whether the trial court erred in denying [Mother]’s request for
      an SIJ eligibility order because it deprived [her] and [Child] of a
      remedy for [Child]’s right to seek SIJ status and violated their
      right to due process?

      2. Whether [the Superior] Court has jurisdiction to review the trial
      court’s order as a final order under 42 Pa.C.S. § 742 and Pa.R.A.P.
      341(a) & (b)(1) because it disposes of all of [Mother]’s claims
      relating to her request for the issuance of an SIJ eligibility order?

      3. In the alternative, whether the Superior Court has jurisdiction
      to review the trial court’s order as a collateral order under
      Pa.R.A.P. 313 because the issue of SIJ eligibility is separable from
      and collateral to the custody proceeding, the right involved is too

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      important to be denied, and the question presented is such that if
      review is postponed until final judgment in the case, the claim will
      be irreparabl[y] lost?

Mother’s Brief at 7-8.

      Based on the nature of Mother’s arguments, we will address her second

and third issues first because they pertain to the jurisdiction of this Court.

                         I. Jurisdiction & Appealability

      “[T]he appealability of an order directly implicates the jurisdiction of the

court asked to review the order.” Knopick v. Boyle, 189 A.3d 432, 436 (Pa.

Super. 2018) (citation omitted). We note because questions concerning the

appealability of an order go to jurisdiction, they may be raised sua sponte by

this Court. Capuano v. Capuano, 823 A.2d 995, 998 (Pa. Super. 2003).

“Jurisdiction is purely a question of law; the appellate standard of review is de

novo, and the scope of review plenary.” Kapcsos v. Benshoff, 194 A.3d

139, 141 (Pa. Super. 2018) (en banc) (citation omitted). Generally, “[f]or an

order to be appealable, it must be (1) a final order, Pa.R.A.P. 341-342; (2) an

interlocutory order appealable by right or permission, 42 Pa.C.S. § 702(a)-

(b); Pa.R.A.P. 311-312; or (3) a collateral order, Pa.R.A.P. 313.” Ashdale v.

Guidi Homes, Inc., 248 A.3d 521, 525 (Pa. Super. 2021).

      Pursuant to the Pennsylvania Rules of Appellate Procedure, “a final order

is one that disposes of all claims and of all parties or is entered as a final order

pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 341(c).” Situs Props., Inc. v. Jenkins Court Realty

Co., LP, 259 A.3d 993, 997 (Pa. Super. 2021) (citation & footnote omitted).

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             A collateral order is an order [(1)] separable from and
      collateral to the main cause of action [(2)] where the right
      involved is too important to be denied review and [(3)] the
      question presented is such that if review is postponed until final
      judgment in the case, the claim will be irreparably lost. Pa.R.A.P.
      313(b). If an order satisfies the three-pronged test set forth in
      Rule 313(b), this Court may exercise appellate jurisdiction over
      the order, even though it is not final.

            The collateral-order rule is a specialized, practical
      application of the general rule that only final orders are appealable
      as of right. As such, this Court must stringently apply the
      requirements of the collateral-order doctrine. If an order does not
      meet all three prongs of the collateral-order test, this Court has
      no jurisdiction to consider an appeal from that order.

Smith v. O’Brien, __ A.3d __, __, 2023 WL 309009, at *2 (Pa. Super. Jan.

19, 2023) (quotation marks & some citations omitted).

      Here, Mother complains that in accordance with this Court’s recent

decision in Orozco, supra, she “has a right to seek an SIJ eligibility order in

the context of a custody proceeding.”          Mother’s Brief at 12.   She further

asserts the trial court’s September 7, 2022, order qualifies as either a final

order or a collateral order. See Mother’s Brief at 17. She states: “[T]he order

constitutes a final order . . . because it disposes of all of [her] claims relating

to [her] request for the issuance of an order to establish [Child]’s eligibility for

[SIJ] status pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(27)(J) and 8 C.F.R. § 204.11.”

Id.

      In the alternative, Mother argues this Court has jurisdiction over the

matter pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 313 because the September 7, 2022, order

constitutes a collateral order. See Mother’s Brief at 18. She states: (1) the

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order “relates to a claim that is conceptually distinct from the merits of the

main cause of action” because she is not seeking a modification of the custody

order but rather requesting relief “in the form of issuance of the findings of

fact required under [Section] 5323(d), solely for the purpose of establishing

[Child]’s eligibility for SIJ status before USCIS[;]” (2) the case involves a right

that is too important to be denied review because it “will enable [Child] to

avoid deportation from the United States” as Child “is seeking relief from

removal in the form of [an] adjustment of status based, prospectively, on an

approved [p]etition for SIJ status[;]” and (3) Mother’s right to pursue SIJ

status for Child “will be lost forever if the requested relief is not granted.” Id.

at 20-23.

       With respect to this question, we are guided by this Court’s decision in

Orozco, supra.10        In Orozco, the appellant filed a petition seeking the

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10 We note that Orozco was decided after the trial court entered its September

7, 2022, order, but before it issued its Rule 1925(a) opinion. “[I]t is well
settled that Pennsylvania appellate courts apply the law in effect at the time
of the appellate decision. This means that we adhere to the principle that a
party whose case is pending on direct appeal is entitled to the benefit of
changes in law which occur before the judgment becomes final.” In re
Adoption of A.M.W., 289 A.3d 109, 115 n.6 (Pa. Super. 2023) (en banc)
(citation and quotation marks omitted). Moreover, we note that one three-
judge panel of this Court cannot overrule another. See Commonwealth v.
Taggart, 997 A.2d 1189, 1201 n.16 (Pa. Super. 2010); see also
Commonwealth v. Taylor, 649 A.2d 453, 455 (Pa. Super. 1994).

      As will be discussed infra, the trial court discussed Orozco in its Rule
1925(a) opinion but found that it was distinguishable. See Trial Ct. Op. at 6
n.4, 7 n.5, & 14-16.

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issuance of an order containing specific factual findings regarding her minor

child that were necessary to petition the USCIS for SIJ status as to the child.

Orozco, 284 A.3d at 476. The appellant resided in Delaware County while

the child’s father resided in Guatemala. Id. The father was not involved in

the child’s life and did not participate in the proceeding at issue. Id. “Before

moving to the United States to live with [the appellant, the child] lived with

other relatives.” Id. In April 2020, the appellant filed a complaint for sole

physical and legal custody of the child. Id. In March 2021, the trial court

held a hearing on the matter, at which time, the appellant “asked the court to

issue findings of fact sufficient to petition USCIS for SIJ status.” Id. The court

stated that it would only consider the appellant’s custody issue. Id. at 477.

The appellant then requested the opportunity to amend her complaint to

include the SIJ findings request, to which the court indicated that it would take

the request “under advisement and issue an order. However, the court never

addressed [the appellant]’s request for leave to amend and instead . . . issued

only a temporary custody order granting [her] sole legal and physical custody

of [the child]. The order did not include the SIJ findings of fact.” Id. The

appellant then filed an emergency application, “requesting that the court issue

the findings of fact necessary to apply for SIJ status.” Id. The court again

declined her request and an appeal subsequently followed. Id.

      The trial court found the order at issue was “not ripe for review because

it is a temporary order and thus interlocutory.” Orozco, 284 A.3d at 477. A

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panel of this Court disagreed, determining “the subject order is appealable as

of right as a collateral order.”    Id. at 478. This Court analyzed the three

prongs of the collateral order doctrine, and determined:

      [The appellant]’s emergency petition for an SIJ order is separable
      from [her] main custody action because we can decide the
      propriety of the denial of the SIJ motion without delving into the
      merits of the underlying custody case. Further, the interest at
      issue — a predicate order for [the child] to apply for SIJ status
      and seek adjustment of his immigration status — is an “important
      right” significant enough to outweigh the efficiency interests of the
      court. Lastly, [the child]’s ability to obtain appellate relief will be
      effectively foreclosed if we deny immediate review.              [The
      appellant] candidly informs us that deportation proceedings are
      pending against [the child] and she sought the SIJ order so he
      could obtain relief from deportation. Hence, we conclude that the
      . . . order was immediately appealable as a collateral order.

Id. at 478-79 (citations & footnote omitted; emphasis added). Additionally,

this Court concluded that the trial court “abused its discretion” when it

declined to provide reasoning for its refusal on the record in any capacity,

stating: “The federal statutory scheme puts the factual determinations

necessary for SIJ status solely within the purview of state courts. Yet the

court flatly refused to issue the SIJ order. In this posture, the refusal was an

abuse of discretion.” Id. at 479.

      Turning to the present matter, it is evident that Orozco is factually and

procedurally substantially similar to this present matter — both mothers filed

a custody action while also seeking the issuance of an order containing specific

factual findings regarding SIJ status for a minor child. Both trial courts held

a hearing on the custody issue, but failed to address the merits of the SIJ

                                      - 19 -
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status requests and denied relief. Moreover, like the appellant in Orozco,

Mother contends that the court’s September 7, 2022, order qualifies as a

collateral order because: (1) it is separate from the custody action; (2) it

involves a right that is too important to be denied review since deportation

proceedings are pending against Child; and (3) her right to pursue SIJ status

for Child will be lost forever if the relief is not granted. See Mother’s Brief at

18-23. Accordingly, we disagree with the court’s suggestion that this appeal

should be quashed for lack of jurisdiction. Rather, this case is controlled by

Orozco, and the court’s September 7, 2022, order qualifies as a collateral

order that is immediately appealable.11

       We now turn to Mother’s substantive argument regarding the court’s

denial of her petition seeking an SIJ order. She contends “there was nothing

improper with [her] request for the issuance of an SIJ eligibility order” because

“such a request can only be made within the context of a custody,

guardianship or dependency proceeding.” Mother’s Brief at 14. Mother states

that “8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(27)(J) and 8 C.F.R. § 204.11 grant state juvenile

courts exclusive jurisdiction to make certain findings relating to SIJ eligibility.”

Mother’s Brief at 14. Moreover, she maintains the following:

       Federal law requires the issuance of an SIJ eligibility order by a
       state juvenile court as a prerequisite to pursuing SIJ status before
       USCIS. By necessity, SIJ eligibility must be determined in a state
____________________________________________

11 Consequently, we need not reach the question of whether the order at issue

constitutes a final order.

                                          - 20 -
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       custody, guardianship, or dependency proceeding, applying state
       law. [Mother]’s request for an SIJ eligibility order was proper and
       appropriate in the context of the custody proceeding and the
       denial of such relief violated Appellant’s fundamental right to due
       process.

Id. at 15-16.

             We may reverse a decision in an equity matter only for an
       error of law or abuse of discretion. The findings of fact made by
       the trial court will not be disturbed unless they are unsupported
       by competent evidence or are demonstrably capricious. To the
       extent that this appeal implicates statutory interpretation, our
       standard of review is de novo, and our scope of review is plenary.
       We review trial courts’ interpretations of statutes for error of law.

Orozco, 284 A.3d at 479 (citations & quotation marks omitted).

       We note, at the outset, that the trial court was disinclined to consider

Mother’s petition based on several procedural nuances of the case, which it

set forth in its September 7, 2022, Decision and then subsequently relied on

in its Rule 1925(a) opinion — particularly, (1) the fact that it was not a juvenile

or dependency court,12 and (2) the fact that Mother filed a petition for special

relief, which it construed as not the proper vehicle for seeking this specific

relief.13 We disagree with these conclusions for several reasons.

       First, the trial court in Orozco was not a juvenile or dependency court,

and there is no indication that the minor child was declared dependent upon

the   court    or   legally   committed        to   an   agency/department   of   the

____________________________________________

12 See Decision at 4-6; Trial Ct. Op. at 11-12.

13 See Decision at 3; Trial Ct. Op. at 7-9.

                                          - 21 -
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Commonwealth. Nevertheless, this Court still found that the lower court erred

by refusing to address the petition. See Orozco, 284 A.3d at 478-79. It

merits mention that the language of 8 C.F.R. § 204.11(c) refers to all three

terms — juvenile, dependency, and custody. We note the federal statute’s

language is intended to be all-encompassing, covering the 50 states as well

as the District of Columbia. The purpose of the law is to address issues of

abuse, abandonment, and neglect.           See Yeboah, 345 F.3d at 221.

Accordingly, we cannot conclude Section 204.11 would restrict the SIJ

classification to only a juvenile court having administrative power. We point

out that in this Commonwealth, a court of common pleas is the proper judicial

body to review allegations of child abuse, and specifically, an orphans’ court

has the most fitting jurisprudence. Accordingly, the rationale of the trial court

in the present matter is erroneous.

      Second, we note that while Mother may have filed her request as a

petition for special relief which may not have been the most appropriate

practice, the title of the document should not control where the substance of

the relief requested is clear — particularly where a child is the subject of the

underlying matter.     Where there are allegations of abuse, neglect, or

abandonment regarding a child, a reviewing court should excuse the

misnomer and address the merits set forth in the filing.

      Next, we point out that in its Rule 1925(a) opinion, the trial court opined

that Orozco is distinguishable from the case sub judice because, in Orozco,

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this Court “addressed [SIJ status] findings in the context of the lower court’s

failure to provide a rationale for its declining to make such findings[, which is]

not the case in the present matter.” Trial Ct. Op. at 7 n.5; see also id. at

15. Then, contrary to its statements in the September 7th Decision, the trial

court decided to address the SIJ status issue in its opinion, determining there

was insufficient credible evidence to support Mother’s requested relief and

specific findings. See Trial Ct. Op. at 15-16. The court analyzed the issue,

relying on the testimony of Mother and Child to find no evidence of abuse and

abandonment. Id. The court stated:

             In the present matter, [it] provided [Mother] with a
      meaningful opportunity to present her entire case, has now
      discussed the reasons for its denial [o]rder, and is addressing the
      alleged errors set forth by [Mother] as permitted by Rule 1925(a).
      Finally, the trial court may make findings that would permit a
      litigant primarily seeking relief from abuse or neglect to apply for
      [SIJ status], if the evidence supports such findings. There is no
      legal requirement that a trial court make such findings, especially
      where, as here, the evidence does not warrant it. Neither Orozco
      nor federal law requires a court to turn a blind eye to the evidence
      of record in order to make findings that would support an [SIJ
      status] application.

Id. at 15-16 (italics in original; citation omitted).

      We find that the trial court’s analysis is misplaced. As evidenced by the

court’s statements in its September 7th Decision, it is clear the trial court did

not believe it was the proper judicial body to review the matter, nor did it

believe   Child could    be   considered   dependent    and   a juvenile     under

Pennsylvania law. See Decision at 5-7. Thus, when it issued its September

7th orders, it was only looking at that testimony through the lens of the

                                      - 23 -
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custody complaint at the time it entered the order awarding Mother legal and

physical custody of Child. See Memorandum in Support of Custody Order at

1-5.    Mother was not provided with the opportunity to make the case

concerning allegations of abuse, neglect, and abandonment in the context of

an SIJ classification. Now, in its Rule 1925(a) opinion, the court is trying to

apply a different lens to the same testimony and address the SIJ status issue.

       The court’s actions amounted to an abuse of discretion. A reasonable

person would not agree that Mother was given a full opportunity to present

her case regarding Child’s SIJ status.         Moreover, based on the inadequate

testimony, the court cannot retroactively make specific findings as to the SIJ

determination.14     As such, we disagree with the court’s determination that

there was insufficient credible evidence to support Mother’s requested relief

and specific findings. See Trial Ct. Op. at 9-10. We conclude the court abused

its discretion in refusing to address Mother’s petition for special relief.

Accordingly, we vacate the trial court’s order and remand for a new hearing

to address factual findings with respect to Child that are predicate to the SIJ

____________________________________________

14 We recognize there was testimony as to the purported abuse and lack of

involvement regarding Father. See N.T. at 6-8, 11. However, this testimony
was asked in the context of the custody issue, not an SIJ determination.

                                          - 24 -
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status determination regarding evidence of abuse, abandonment, or neglect.15

See Orozco, 284 A.3d at 479.16

       Order vacated. Case remanded for further proceedings consistent with

this memorandum. Jurisdiction relinquished.

____________________________________________

15 It merits mention that this trial court held a proceeding on the same day as

the present case in a similar, but unrelated, matter that involved a
grandmother appellant and child seeking SIJ status special findings. See
Rivas v. Villegas/Landaverde, __ A.3d __, 2517 EDA 2022 (Pa. Super.
2023). It also denied relief on the same bases as the case sub judice, finding:
(1) the grandmother should have appealed the custody order and not the
denial of the petition for special relief; (2) there was no basis for granting
special relief; (3) the request for special relief was defective; and (4) in any
event, there was insufficient credible evidence to support the petition for
special relief. See id. Notably, like Mother and Child here, the court found
neither the grandmother nor the child credible.           Id.   On appeal, the
grandmother raised identical issues to the present appeal.

       Like herein, this writer authored the Majority Opinion in Rivas, reversing
the trial court’s decision in light of Orozco.

16 We take this moment to acknowledge that the law in this area has not been

fully developed. While the statute was enacted in 1990, its interpretation and
application in this Commonwealth has been limited until very recently. See
Orozco; see also Velasquez v. Miranda, ___ A.3d ___, 2023 WL 4069151
(Pa. Super. June 20, 2023).

Moreover, the statute creates a unique procedural caveat where the ultimate
determination is of the federal immigration nature, but preliminary factual
determinations are made by state courts. See Orozco, 284 A.3d at 477
(citation omitted). Since the statute’s enactment, no settled interpretation or
application of the SIJ statute has been developed among the states, and there
is no unified body of law for considering what evidence will be sufficient to
support SIJ findings. As such, the courts of this Commonwealth may face
confusion and produce inconsistent results in future proceedings as we see
this type of case occurring often in the future. Consequently, we note that
further guidance from the Pennsylvania Supreme Court and General Assembly
may help to clarify those problems that will continue to challenge our orphans’,
juvenile, and family courts.

                                          - 25 -
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     Judge Bowes joins the memorandum.

     Judge Sullivan files a concurring statement.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 8/1/2023

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