Court Opinion

ID: 2767903
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-01-09 00:44:56.355112+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:31:50.914670
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES ARMY COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS
                            Before the Court Sitting En Banc

                          UNITED STATES, Appellee
                                      v.
                     Specialist MARTIN L. CARROLL, JR.
                        United States Army, Appellant

                                  ARMY 20111158

                     Headquarters, III Corps and Fort Hood
                        Patricia H. Lewis, Military Judge
                  Colonel Stuart W. Risch, Staff Judge Advocate

For Appellant: Colonel Patricia A. Ham, JA; Lieutenant Colonel Imogene M.
Jamison, JA; Major Richard E. Gorini, JA; Captain J. Fred Ingram, JA (on brief).

For Appellee: Colonel John P. Carrell, JA; Major Elisabeth A. Claus, JA; Major
Kenneth W. Borgnino, JA; Captain Ryan D. Pyles, JA (on brief).

                                  28 February 2014

                              ---------------------------------
                               SUMMARY DISPOSITION
                              ---------------------------------

Per Curiam:

      A military judge sitting as a general court-martial convicted appellant,
pursuant to his pleas, of willfully disobeying a superior commissioned officer;
making a false official statement; wrongfully using a controlled substance; larceny;
forgery; uttering checks without sufficient funds (two spec ifications); and
housebreaking in violation of Articles 90, 107, 112a, 121, 123, 123a, and 130,
Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 U.S.C. §§ 890, 907, 912a, 921, 923, 923a, and
930 [hereinafter UCMJ] (2006). The military judge sentenced appellant to a
dishonorable discharge, confinement for five years, forfeiture of all pay and
allowances, and reduction to the grade of E-1. Pursuant to a pretrial agreement, the
convening authority approved only eighteen months of confinement and the
remainder of the adjudged sentence. The convening authority also credited appellant
with ninety-six days of confinement credit.
CARROLL—ARMY 20111158

       Appellant’s case is pending review before this court pursuant to Article 66,
UCMJ. Appellant raises three assignments of error, only one of which merits
discussion, but no relief. 1 Appellant alleges the military judge abused her discretion
by accepting appellant’s guilty plea to willfully disobeying a sup erior commissioned
officer because appellant’s crime is really the offense of breaking restriction under
Article 134, UCMJ (commonly referred to as the “ultimate offense” doctrine).
Appellant notes that the offense of willfully disobeying a superior commissioned
officer carries a maximum sentence that includes a dishonorable discharge,
confinement for five years, and forfeiture of all pay and allowances, whereas the
maximum sentence for breaking restriction carries no punitive discharge and
includes only one month of confinement and forfeiture of two -thirds pay for one
month. Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (2008 ed.) [hereinafter MCM],
pt. IV, ¶¶ 14.e(2), 102.e. Citing to United States v. Hargrove, 51 M.J. 408
(C.A.A.F. 1999), appellant argues the government should not have been allowed to
escalate the severity of appellant’s offense by charging it as a disobedience of a
superior commissioned officer in violation of Article 90, UCMJ instead of breaking
restriction under Article 134, UCMJ.

       During the trial, the defense raised an issue concerning the appropriate
punishment for the Article 90, UCMJ, offense. The military judge, referring to
Hargrove, resolved the issue by going forward with the guilty plea to willful
disobedience under Article 90, UCMJ, but then applying the maximum punishment
for breaking restriction under Article 134, UCMJ. Appellant now argues on appeal
that the military judge correctly identified a problem, but her resolution was in error
and improperly left appellant convicted of Article 90, UCMJ, instead of breaking
restriction under Article 134, UCMJ. Moreover, because breaking restriction is not
a lesser included offense of Article 90, UCMJ, appellant urges this court to set aside
and dismiss the Article 90, UCMJ, charge and specification.

      Upon our review of the record, we find th e military judge erred, but not as
appellant suggests. The providence inquiry and stipulation of fact confirm the
elements of willful disobedience of a superior commissioned officer were met . 2

1
 We have also considered those matters personally raised by appellant pursuant to
United States v. Grostefon, 12 M.J. 431 (C.M.A. 1982), and find them to be without
merit.
2
 Although the military judge’s inquiry could have been more pointed, we
specifically found a factual underpinning to establish appellant’s conduct was an
“intentional defiance of authority.” See MCM, pt. IV, ¶ 14.c(2)(f). Appellant’s own
words during the providence inquiry included admission that he disobeyed the order
on more than one occasion because he “didn’t feel like it was right to be restricted to

                                                                       (continued . . .)

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CARROLL—ARMY 20111158

During the providence inquiry, appellant admitted that his company commander
personally gave appellant an order restricting him to the installation as a result of
“instances where I was getting in trouble.” The record also reveals appellant had a
prior history of being absent without leave. Appellant understood the restriction to
be a lawful order, but nonetheless left the installation on more than one occasion in
admitted willful defiance of the order. Moreover, there is no indication that this
order was given to escalate the criminal liability of appellant. See United States v.
Landwehr, 18 M.J. 355, 356-57 (C.M.A. 1984) (“[A]n order given solely for the
purpose of increasing the punishment for not performing a pre-existing duty should
not be made the grounds of an Article 90 violation . . . .”). We reiterate our recent
holding in United States v. Phillips, __ M.J. __ (Army Ct. Crim. App. 31 Jan.
2014), that if the elements are met for willful disobedience under Article 90, UCMJ,
there is no requirement the offense be charged as breaking restriction under Article
134, UCMJ, nor is there a requirement during the providence inquiry to distingu ish
between those two offenses. Therefore, we find the military judge only erred in this
case by limiting the maximum punishment assigned to the Article 90 , UCMJ,
offense. 3 However, since this error inured to the benefit of appellant, it was
harmless. See UCMJ art. 59(a).

                                   CONCLUSION

      On consideration of the entire record, we hold the findings of guilty and
sentence as approved by the convening authority correct in law and fact.
Accordingly, the findings of guilty and the sentence are AFFIRMED.

(. . . continued)
post and stuff.” Thus, his misconduct is distinguished from a mere failure to obey
under Article 92, UCMJ, in which intentional defiance is not required.
3
  See Landwehr, 18 M.J. at 356 (“Congress delegated to the President the power to
prescribe the maximum punishments for violations of the Uniform Code, and such
delegation includes the power to set limits on those punishments. [The note]
specifically applies only to Article 92 violations, and we have no power to extend it
to violations of other Articles of the Code.”). The note is found in part IV,
paragraph 16.e(1)(2) of the Manual for Courts-Martial (2008 ed.). The note does
not appear in the Manual for Courts-Martial (2012 ed.). However, as the President
has taken no action to repeal it, we view this as a typographical error in the printing
of the Manual for Courts-Martial (2012 ed.). See Exec. Order No. 12,473, 49 Fed.
Reg. 17152 (Apr. 13, 1984); Exec. Order No. 12,55 0, 51 Fed. Reg. 6497 (Feb. 19,
1986); Exec. Order No. 13,387, 70 Fed. Reg. 60697 (Oct. 14, 2005).

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CARROLL—ARMY 20111158

KRAUSS, Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part:

       I dissent from the majority opinion based on my dissenting opinion in United
States v. Phillips, __ M.J. __ (Army Ct. Crim. App. 31 Jan. 2014). The majority’s
continued conflation of the two types of situations involving the ultimate offense
doctrine 1 invites commanders to transform a breaking restriction offense under
Article 134, UCMJ, into an offense under Article 90, UCMJ, by simply issuing an
order imposing restriction in the fashion required and expected by law and our rules.
This is exactly the sort of evil that application of the ultimate offense doctrine
prevents. 2 See United States v. Nixon, 21 U.S.C.M.A. 480, 484, 45 C.M.R. 254, 258
(1972); United States v. Jessie, 2 M.J. 573, 575–76 (A.C.M.R. 1977); United States
v. Mack, 65 M.J. 108, 110 (C.A.A.F. 2007); United States v. Hargrove, 51 M.J. 408
(C.A.A.F. 1999); United States v. Haynes, 15 U.S.C.M.A. 122, 35 C.M.R. 94 (1964);
Rule for Courts-Martial [hereinafter R.C.M.] 304; MCM, pt. IV, ¶ 102; Dep’t of
Army, Pam. 27-2, Analysis of Contents, Manual for Courts-Martial, United States,
1969, Revised Edition, ch. 25, para. 127 c (Section A; Art. 92, UCMJ), at 25-9 to
25-11 (28 July 1970). That position also runs contrary to an essential corollary of
the rule of lenity requiring enforcement of a specific crime over a general crime
under circumstances such as these. See Busic v. United States, 446 U.S. 398,
406–07 (1980); United States v. Cotoia, 785 F.2d 497, 502–03 (4th Cir. 1986);
United States v. Olinger, 759 F.2d 1293, 1299–1300 (7th Cir. 1985); see also United
States v. LaPorta, 46 F.3d 152, 156–57 (2d Cir. 1994).

       This case does not involve the sort of order to do something requiring
immediate compliance and an accused’s defiant refusal to obey as contemplated for
proper prosecution under Article 90, UCMJ. See, e.g., United States v. Pettersen,
17 M.J. 69, 70–72 (C.M.A. 1983). Instead, here we have an order imposing
restriction to post on 6 May 2011, violated by appellant three times —first 27 days
later on 3 June 2011, then 13 days after that, and finally 5 days after that —never

1
  “[(1)] [I]f in the absence of the order or regulation which was violated or not
obeyed the accused would on the same facts be subject to conviction for anot her
specific offense for which a lesser punishment is prescribed; or [(2)] if the violation
or failure to obey is a breach of restraint imposed as a result of an order. In these
instances, the maximum punishment is that specifically prescribed elsewhere f or that
particular offense.” Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (2008 ed.)
[hereinafter MCM)], pt. IV, ¶ 16.e(1)–(2) Note.
2
 And inevitably leads to absurd results, such as a soldier who breaches arrest or
escapes from pretrial confinement sufferin g significantly less exposure to
punishment than that of a soldier who breaks restriction. See UCMJ arts. 90, 95,
134; MCM, pt. IV, ¶¶ 14.e(2)–(3), 19.e(3)–(4), 102.e.

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CARROLL—ARMY 20111158

with any indication of the sort of immediate and personal defiance of his
commander’s authority or personal affront to his commander’s dignity.

       It is telling that, in this case, we have both parties and the military judge
agreeing that, under United States v. Hargrove, the punishment of what was
ostensibly a violation of Article 90, UCMJ, must be capped at 30 days
confinement—not an unreasonable interpretation of that opinion and one that reveals
all involved understood that the violation of the order was a breach of restriction as
defined under Article 134, UCMJ. 3

      Prior to plea the following discussion occurred:

             DC: Your honor, based on the 802 this morning the
             question remained about the appropriate punishment for
             Charge I . . .

             MJ: The appropriate punishment for Charge I, regarding
             the maximum punishment correct?

             DC: Yes, Your Honor.

             MJ: The defense counsel . . . was correct. Based upon
             Hargrove it has been long held within military law that you
             may not charge or a charge or offense may not be escalated
             in severity by charging them as violations of an order or
             willful disobedience of a superior, and then stating that you
             can have a regular charge of breaking restriction, then
             upgrade it to willful disobedience of a superior. It looks
             like he just basically broke whatever restricti on was placed
             upon him by the command and so the maximum punishment
             for Charge I will be 30 days . . . .

       Appellant then entered pleas of guilty. As the providence inquiry commenced
the following discussion ensued:

             MJ: Please take a look at the Specification of Charge I, in
             violation of Article 90 of the Uniform Code of Military
             Justice. Wait a minute, earlier you pled guilty to all of the

3
 Though, under the circumstances of this case, the offense might very well be better
described as an Article 86, UCMJ, violation. See Haynes, 15 U.S.C.M.A. at 126,
35 C.M.R. at 98.

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CARROLL—ARMY 20111158

             Charges and their specifications. We stated before that
             based on Hargrove that this would not be a valid Charge
             but instead it should be--
             TC: It is a valid charge, I think what Hargrove stand[s] for
             is when calculating the maximum punishment.

             MJ: We are just going to look at the maximum sentence.
             He is still pleading guilty to disobeying the order?

             ADC: Yes, ma’am.

             MJ: But he will just be sentenced for the actual order that
             was disobeyed?

             ADC: Yes, ma’am, because the grounds of the offense is
             breaking restriction and not violating the order. The
             punishment just becomes whatever it is for that offense
             [(emphasis added)].

             MJ: Government?

             TC: We were just going to say we don’t believe that
             Article 134 works in reverse.         We haven’t had an
             opportunity to decide in those regards.

             MJ: This is just FYI, the case that was cited in Hargrove,
             you have the cite: 51 MJ 408?

             TC: Yes, ma’am, we haven’t had a chance to take a look at
             that. We don’t object to the 30 days sentencing but in
             terms of whether or not it is preempted.

             MJ: Okay. Well then we will continue. . . .

       The military judge then proceeded to engage appellant in a discussion about
willful disobedience. In her description of the elements, she explained that
“[w]illful disobedience means an intentional defiance of authority.” Appellant
stated that he understood the elements. And then, in pertine nt part, the following
discussion occurred:

             MJ: And did you willfully disobey his command?

             ACC: Yes, ma’am.

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CARROLL—ARMY 20111158

             ...

             MJ: And how did you disobey the command?
             ACC: There is [sic] two or three instances where I left
             post. I had an individual take me to a friend’s house off of
             W.S. Young sometime early, mid-June. I had somebody
             take me down Rancier next to Bowl-A-Rama to purchase
             heroin from my drug dealer. And another inst ance was
             when someone had taken me to Chase Bank in Harker
             Heights, ma’am.

             ...

             MJ: And why didn’t you obey it?

             ACC: I can’t really recollect why I didn’t obey it ma’am,
             I just pretty much felt like it was my own decision and I
             didn’t feel like it was right to be restricted to post and
             stuff. I realize that now but it is too late.

             MJ: This was intentional disobedience on your part?

             ACC: Yes, ma’am.

       The stipulation of fact states that on 6 May 2011, appellant “received a lawful
order from his Company Commander that he had certain conditions on liberty,
namely he was to remain on the Fort Hood Installation and if he needed to go off of
the Installation, he was to request permissi on through his chain of command
[(emphasis added)].” 4 The stipulation goes on to state “[t]hat on or about 3 June
2011, 16 June 2011, and 21 June 2011, the Accused willfully disobeyed the lawful
command not to leave the Fort Hood Installation by leaving the Fort Hood
Installation.”

       The providence inquiry therefore reveals t he following: (1) appellant, relying
on the advice of his defense counsel, understood that his criminal liability was based
on “the offense [of] breaking restriction and not violating the order;” (2) the military
judge and parties stopped with an admissio n of an intentional violation of the order
without any discussion as to whether appellant’s conduct amounted to intentional

4
 A fact that itself establishes the necessary and proper application of the ultimate
offense doctrine in this case. See Mack, 65 M.J. at 110; Hargrove, 51 M.J. at
409–10.

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CARROLL—ARMY 20111158

defiance of authority, a distinction that is necessary to properly differentiate Articles
90, 92, and 134, UCMJ, under the circumstances; and (3) the military judge engaged
in no discussion with appellant to differentiate between willful disobedience and
breaking restriction.

        In relation to intentional defiance, the admissions of a heroin user that he
breached restriction to go off post and buy heroin; that he couldn’t “really recollect
why [he] didn’t obey [the order] . . . that [he] just pretty much felt like it was [his]
own decision and [he] didn’t feel like it was right to be restricted to post and stuff;”
and that he “realize[d] that now but it is too late,” is as much evidence of
heedlessness as it is intentional defiance. See MCM, pt. IV, ¶ 14.c(2)(f); United
States v. Byers, 40 M.J. 321, 323–24 (C.M.A. 1994); Pettersen, 17 M.J. at 70–72.
This, in conjunction with the facts t hat: the law requires more than simply an
intentional violation of an order imposing restraint to be guilty under Article 90,
UCMJ; the lack of any discussion elucidating appellant’s understanding of criminal
liability under Article 90, UCMJ, despite his c ounsel’s articulation prior to plea that
the basis of his guilt was a different offense; and the parties’ characterization of
appellant’s misconduct as a breach of restriction or condition on liberty, is enough
to reject the plea to Article 90, UCMJ. See United States v. Medina, 66 M.J. 21, 26
(C.A.A.F. 2008) (citing United States v. Care, 18 U.S.C.M.A. 535, 538–39, 40
C.M.R. 247, 250–51 (1969)) (“The providence of a plea is based not only on the
accused’s understanding and recitation of the factual histor y of the crime, but also
on an understanding of how the law relates to those facts.”); see also Hargrove,
51 M.J. at 409–10.

       On another matter, this case also serves as another example where government
authorities failed to document the reasons for excess ive post-trial delay. Other than
reference in the record to 15 days of delay for submission of appellant’s Rule for
Courts-Martial 1105 matters, there was no explanation for the 266 days required to
process a 119-page record of trial of no great complicat ion. See, e.g., United States
v. Harvey, 64 M.J. 13, 23 (C.A.A.F. 2006). Appellant complained of this delay in
his post-trial submissions, and while the staff judge advocate responded to alleged
legal error in his addendum, no explanation was offered at the time.

       Contemporaneously documenting reasons for post -trial delay is necessary to
properly administer our system of justice and meet the demand for transparency,
vigilance, and accountability expected. Explanation for delay should be made part
of the record and be available for review, at all relevant times, including convening
authority action. The purpose of documenting reasons at the time is to encourage
the exercise of institutional vigilance. It also ensures timely provision of
explanation that will encourage accountability, and better assist staff judge
advocates, convening authorities, and this court in resolving these issues of lengthy
post-trial processing. See United States v. Moreno, 63 M.J. 129, 143 (C.A.A.F.
2006); United States v. Canchola, 64 M.J. 245, 247 (C.A.A.F. 2007); United States

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CARROLL—ARMY 20111158

v. Arias, 72 M.J. 501, 505–06 (Army Ct. Crim. App. 2013); United States v.
Bauerbach, 55 M.J. 501, 506–07 (Army Ct. Crim. App. 2001). Recognizing the
explanations provided for the purpose of this appeal, produced 11 and 12 months
after action, respectively, and acknowledging the fact of strained re sources in this
jurisdiction, I would grant relief in this case to resolve the matter of excessive post -
trial delay that apparently went unexplaine d before the convening authority. See
UCMJ art. 66(c); see also United States v. Toohey, 63 M.J. 353, 362–63 (C.A.A.F.
2006); United States v. Tardif, 57 M.J. 219, 223–25 (C.A.A.F. 2002); United States
v. Ney, 68 M.J. 613, 617 (Army Ct. Crim. App. 2010).

      I otherwise concur with the majority decision.

                                         FOR THE COURT:

                                         ANTHONY O. POTTINGER
                                         Acting Clerk of Court
                                          ANTHONY O. POTTINGER
                                           Chief Deputy Clerk of Court

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