Court Opinion

ID: 62023
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-04-26 04:21:14+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:40:12.237392
License: Public Domain

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                    FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT United States Court of Appeals
                                                   Fifth Circuit

                                                                            FILED
                                                                            May 6, 2008

                                   Summary Calendar                   Charles R. Fulbruge III
                                     No. 07-30581                             Clerk

MICHAEL HENRY,

                                                  Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA; INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE,

                                                  Defendants-Appellees.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                       for the Eastern District of Louisiana
                              USDC No. 2:02-CV-968

Before STEWART, OWEN, and SOUTHWICK, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
       After holding a jury trial, the district court entered a judgment awarding
Michael Henry a tax refund of $122,839. Henry, acting pro se, appeals on
numerous grounds. We affirm.
                                              I
       This suit’s facts and procedural history are complicated, and we only
discuss the details necessary to resolve the present appeal. In 1999, Henry was

       *
         Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH CIR.
R. 47.5.4.
                                   No. 07-30581

President and CEO of MegsINet, Inc. MegsINet merged with CoreComm
Limited that year. As part of the merger, MegsINet shareholders received either
$2.50 in cash or .21 shares of CoreComm common stock for each share of
MegsINet they owned. Henry exchanged 2,106,000 shares of MegsINet stock for
$2,218,718 in cash and 236,987 shares of CoreComm stock.
      On his 1999 federal income tax return, Henry valued the CoreComm stock
at approximately $45 per share. He also stated that his basis in the MegsINet
stock was $103,000. Henry subsequently filed two amended returns.              He
claimed, inter alia, that his original return overvalued the CoreComm stock and
understated his basis in the MegsINet stock. Before the IRS had responded to
these amended returns, Henry filed a lawsuit in federal district court seeking a
refund and various other relief.
      The jury trial focused solely on Henry’s taxable income from the
CoreComm transaction. The parties agreed to present the jury with two issues:
the value of the CoreComm stock Henry received, and Henry’s basis in the
MegsINet stock he surrendered. The jury found that the CoreComm stock was
worth $35 per share, and that Henry’s basis was zero. Based on the amounts
Henry had previously paid the IRS, the amounts the IRS had previously
refunded Henry, and these jury findings, the court entered a judgment of
$122,839 in Henry’s favor. The court also entered an order denying Henry’s
claim to an additional deduction. Henry appealed the judgment and order.
                                        II
      Henry claims the district court erred by preventing him from showing the
jury his stock valuation theory. Under this theory, the CoreComm stock Henry
received was worth $2.50 per share. Henry misconstrues the record. Prior to
trial, the judge stated that Henry could present his theory to the jury:
      Plaintiff and his expert shall not be allowed to attempt to persuade
      the jury that the $2.50 cash price for shares of MegsINet stock is the
      best and only appropriate measure of the value of the restricted

                                        2
                                 No. 07-30581

      CoreComm stock. Plaintiff shall be permitted, however, to request
      that the jury consider the $2.50 cash price for each share of
      MegsINet stock as a relevant factor in determining the amount by
      which the market price for unrestricted shares of CoreComm stock
      should be discounted to establish a proper fair market value for the
      restricted shares received by Plaintiff.

Moreover, the judge allowed Henry’s expert to present this valuation method at
trial. Henry’s premise—that the court disallowed this testimony—is invalid, so
his conclusion—that the district court erred—is unsupportable. We reject this
contention.
      Henry also argues that the district court erred in not allowing Henry’s
stock valuation theory to be included in the jury instructions. As an initial
matter, we observe that the court did not instruct the jury to disregard Henry’s
valuation method. To the contrary, the judge instructed the jury that it could
consider the method Henry advanced at trial. Thus, to the extent Henry claims
the judge prevented the jury from considering his valuation method, that claim
is unfounded.
      Although the judge did not require the jury to use Henry’s valuation
method, Henry has not cited (and we have not found) any case mandating this
theory. Rather, valuation cases—including one that Henry cites—support the
judge’s instructions. The judge instructed the jury with the “willing buyer and
seller” test:

      [Fair market value] is the price at which the property would change
      hands between a willing buyer and a willing seller, neither being
      under any compulsion to buy or to sell, and both having reasonable
      knowledge of relevant facts. The determination of the fair market
      value is a factual determination and you must weigh all relevant
      evidence of value and draw appropriate inferences. The willing
      buyer and the willing seller are hypothetical persons . . . . A
      hypothetical willing buyer and seller are presumed to be dedicated
      to achieving the maximum economic advantage, that is the
      maximum profit from the hypothetical sale of the property being

                                       3
                                            No. 07-30581

      valued. The interests of both the buyer and the seller must be
      afforded equal weight.

Henry cites Estate of Jameson v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue1 as correctly
stating the law on valuation. That case puts forth the same test:
      The concept of fair market value represents the price that a willing
      buyer would pay a willing seller, if both have reasonable knowledge
      of the facts and neither is under compulsion. The buyer and seller
      are hypothetical, not actual persons, and each is a rational economic
      actor, that is, each seeks to maximize his advantage in the context
      of the market that exists at the date of the valuation. Valuation is
      a question of fact . . . .2

The district court presented valuation as a question of fact for the jury. It
allowed the jury to consider both parties’ evidence. We see no error in the
district court’s valuation instruction.
      Henry argues that the judge erred in accepting the jury’s verdict that
Henry’s basis in the MegsINet stock was zero. Because Henry raised this
argument in a motion for a new trial, we construe his claim as an argument that
the district court erred in denying this motion. We review the denial of a motion
for a new trial for abuse of discretion.3 “The denial will be affirmed unless, on
appeal,” Henry “makes a clear showing of an absolute absence of evidence to
support the jury’s verdict.”4
      Henry argues that his basis could not be zero. This is so, he claims,
because he reached a settlement with IRS before trial. He argues that as part
of the settlement, the parties agreed that Henry’s basis was $524,636. Henry
did not present this theory to the jury. Instead, he took the position at trial that

      1
          267 F.3d 366 (5th Cir. 2001).
      2
          Id. at 370 (citations omitted).
      3
          Whitehead v. Food Max of Miss., Inc., 163 F.3d 265, 269 (5th Cir. 1998).
      4
          Id. (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

                                                 4
                                       No. 07-30581

his basis was $645,638. In opposition, the government presented evidence that
Henry had failed to substantiate any basis. Only after the jury agreed with the
government, and found that Henry had no basis, did Henry present the
settlement theory to the court. Thus, the evidence presented at trial supports
the jury’s verdict, and the district court did not err.
      Even if Henry had presented this theory to the jury, we would not find it
sufficient to overturn the jury’s verdict. Henry’s only evidence of a binding
settlement is an IRS form 4549. The form lists a refund amount of $240,611 for
1999, which is calculated using a basis of $524,636. The form is not signed by
an IRS examiner. Moreover, it plainly states that it is “subject to acceptance by
the Area Director, Area Manager or Director of Field Operations,” and no such
signature appears on the form. Thus, Henry presents no evidence that the IRS
executed the form, and the court did not abuse its discretion in denying the
motion for a new trial.
      Henry relatedly argues that the district court erred in entering judgment
on the jury’s verdict, because the verdict is not supported by the evidence
presented at trial. We review the verdict for clear error.5 “In a refund suit, the
taxpayer bears the burden of proving . . . the amount of refund to which he is
entitled.”6 Henry presented no evidence at trial to substantiate his basis. IRS
agent Debbie Arceneaux testified for the government. She stated that while
Henry asserted a basis of $524,636, the documentation Henry provided “did not
substantiate the amount of the basis that he was claiming.” The evidence was
therefore sufficient to support the jury’s finding that Henry had not proved he
had a basis in the stock.

      5
        Gandy Nursery, Inc. v. United States, 318 F.3d 631, 636 (5th Cir. 2003) (citations
omitted).
      6
          Brown v. United States, 890 F.2d 1329, 1334 (5th Cir. 1989) (citations omitted).

                                               5
                                     No. 07-30581

      Henry contends we should disregard Arceneaux’s testimony because, he
alleges, Arceneaux testified falsely. Arceneaux’s truthfulness was an issue for
the jury to consider, and we will not disturb the jury’s determination on appeal.
      Henry argues that the district court miscalculated the amount of his
overpayment in entering judgment based upon the jury’s verdict. We review the
district court’s calculation for clear error.7 Henry only presents one specific
challenge to the district court’s calculation. While his argument is not entirely
clear, he apparently believes the district court erred by taking into account two
refunds the IRS had already paid him for 1999. The record shows that prior to
the entry of judgment, the IRS issued two refunds to Henry for 1999, totaling
$352,408. Henry openly acknowledged this fact to the trial court. Henry would
have incurred a windfall if the district court had ignored these prior refunds.
Thus, the district court’s calculation was not clearly erroneous. Apart from this
specific complaint, we have also reviewed the district court’s calculation in whole
and have found no clear error in it.
      Henry contends that the district court erred by granting, and later
upholding, a stay it issued pursuant to 26 U.S.C. § 7422(e).
      Section 7422(e) provides that
      If the Secretary prior to the hearing of a suit brought by a taxpayer
      in a district court . . . for the recovery of any income tax . . . mails to
      the taxpayer a notice that a deficiency has been determined in
      respect of the tax which is the subject matter of taxpayer’s suit, the
      proceedings in taxpayer’s suit shall be stayed during the period of
      time in which the taxpayer may file a petition with the Tax Court
      for a redetermination of the asserted deficiency, and for 60 days
      thereafter.

During the pretrial period, the IRS issued a deficiency notice to Henry for 1999.
The Government moved to stay the suit pursuant to § 7422(e). Henry opposed

      7
         Estate of Delaune v. United States, 143 F.3d 995, 1000 (5th Cir. 1998) (citations
omitted).

                                            6
                                     No. 07-30581

the motion. His position was that although the trial had not yet occurred, the
district court had already issued pretrial rulings, and therefore the notice was
not issued “prior to the hearing of [his] suit.” The district court granted the
government’s motion. It concluded that in § 7422(e), “the hearing” means “the
trial.”
          On appeal, Henry argues that the district court erred in construing
§ 7422(e). We review interpretations of law de novo. Assuming, without
deciding, that the district court erred in this regard, this error did not prejudice
Henry. The stay temporarily postponed Henry’s refund action. The Internal
Revenue Code requires the government to pay interest on income tax
overpayments.8 This interest compensates Henry for the delay. Thus, even
assuming the court’s legal conclusion was erroneous, that error did not harm
Henry.
          Henry relatedly argues that the deficiency notice was illicitly procured.
He claims that the U.S. Attorney conspired with the IRS to enter false
information into an IRS computer system, and that this conspiracy produced the
deficiency notice. We construe this as an argument that the district court erred
in applying § 7422(e) and review de novo. Section 7422 does not empower the
district court to look behind the deficiency notice and to accept or reject it based
on the IRS’s means or motives. It simply requires that the proceedings “shall be
stayed.”9 The district court did not err.
          Henry also argues that the district court erred in declining to consider the
merits of the 2004 deficiency notice. Henry challenges the district court’s legal
conclusion, so we review de novo. After trial, Henry filed a “Motion Regarding

          8
         See 26 U.S.C. § 6611(a) (“Interest shall be allowed and paid upon any overpayment
in respect of any internal revenue tax at the overpayment rate established under section
6621.”).
          9
              26 U.S.C. § 7422(e).

                                            7
                                          No. 07-30581

the 2004 Assessment,” in which he challenged the assessment. District courts
may not consider challenges to tax assessments unless the taxpayer has
previously filed an administrative claim.10 The record does not show that Henry
has filed this claim with the Secretary, nor does Henry argue that he has done
so. The district court therefore did not err in declining to consider the merits of
the assessment.
       Henry claims that if the court correctly ruled that it lacks jurisdiction over
the merits of the deficiency notice, then the court necessarily erred in dismissing
the issue without prejudice. A court always has jurisdiction to consider its
jurisdiction,11 so this argument is meritless.
       Henry also argues that if the court lacked jurisdiction on the merits of the
deficiency notice, then it erred in staying the trial pursuant to the notice.
Henry’s argument is not persuasive. As stated above, the district court’s
obligation to stay the trial stems from 26 U.S.C. § 7422(e). That provision does
not vest the district court with jurisdiction over the merits of the notice. Thus,
the law required the court to stay the proceedings but prohibited the court from
considering the merits of the notice. The district court did not err.
       Henry argues that he is entitled to an additional refund based a $2 million
dollar investment in securities that ultimately proved worthless.                             Henry
presented this claim as count 7 of his second amended complaint. The district
court granted the government’s motion for partial summary judgment on this

       10
          See 26 U.S.C. § 7422(a) (“No suit or proceeding shall be maintained in any court for
the recovery of any internal revenue tax alleged to have been erroneously or illegally
assessed . . . until a claim for refund or credit has been duly filed with the Secretary . . . .”); see
also Your Ins. Needs Agency Inc. v. United States, 274 F.3d 1001, 1003 (5th Cir. 2001) (“A suit
for a refund is allowed by statute, but must be preceded by a claim filed with the Secretary of
the Treasury.”).
       11
            See Chicot County Drainage Dist. v. Baxter State Bank, 308 U.S. 371, 376 (1940).

                                                  8
                                         No. 07-30581

count. We therefore construe Henry’s argument as a claim that the court erred
in granting the government’s motion.
       26 U.S.C. § 165(g) gives taxpayers a deduction for worthless securities:
       If any security which is a capital asset becomes worthless during the
       taxable year, the loss resulting therefrom shall, for purposes of this
       subtitle, be treated as a loss from the sale or exchange, on the last
       day of the taxable year, of a capital asset.

“To be allowable as a deduction, the loss must be evidenced by closed and
complete transactions, which are fixed by identifiable events.”12 The district
court ruled that Henry could not claim the deduction for 1999 because no
identifiable event had occurred to make the stock worthless that year. On
appeal, Henry does not explain how this was error; he simply renews his claim
that he is entitled to a deduction. The record does not reveal any requisite
identifiable event in 1999. For example, although bankruptcy was apparently
discussed at meetings in 1999, the corporation did not enter bankruptcy until
August of 2000. We thus find no error in the district court’s reasoning.
       Henry finally presents a host of misplaced complaints and requests. He
complains that outside of the present refund litigation, the IRS has undertaken
illegal collection actions. He relatedly states that he is entitled to $1 million in
damages under 26 U.S.C. §§ 7432 and 7433, which deal with specified wrongful
actions by the IRS. Henry further asks this court to appoint a special master to
help him complete his federal income tax returns, and to “notify the proper
authorities” about alleged prosecutorial misconduct in this matter. Finally,
Henry asserts patently frivolous claims against the district court for judicial
misconduct, treason, and acting under color of state law to deprive Henry of
constitutional rights. We interpret all of these arguments as claims that the
district court erred by not granting the relief requested. A taxpayer in a refund

       12
            Genecov v. United States, 412 F.2d 556, 560 (5th Cir. 1969) (internal quotation marks
omitted).

                                                 9
                                        No. 07-30581

suit may not raise a ground for recovery that was not presented in the original
refund claim.13 Thus, the district court did not err in failing to grant relief on
these issues.
                                              III
       Henry has named the United States and the IRS as party defendants. The
government asks us to dismiss the IRS, because Congress has not authorized the
IRS to sue or to be sued.             “Congress has not constituted the Treasury
Department or any of its divisions or bureaus as a body corporate and has not
authorized either or any of them to be sued eo nomine.”14 We therefore dismiss
the IRS as a party defendant.15
                                       *        *        *
       The Internal Revenue Service is DISMISSED as a party defendant. The
district court’s judgment is AFFIRMED. The district court’s order entered April
30, 2007 is AFFIRMED.

       13
          See Mallette Bros. Const. Co., Inc. v. United States, 695 F.2d 145, 155 (5th Cir. 1983)
(citations omitted).
       14
          Castleberry v. Alcohol, Tobacco & Firearms Div., 530 F.2d 672, 673 n.3 (5th Cir. 1976)
(citations omitted); see also Murphy v. I.R.S., 493 F.3d 170, 174 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (same).
       15
         See generally Neal v. Georgia, 469 F.2d 446, 448, 450 (5th Cir. 1972) (dismissing the
State of Georgia as a party defendant on appeal).

                                               10