Court Opinion

ID: 9372288
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-02-21 11:07:46.160595+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:16:34.124933
License: Public Domain

TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

                                      NO. 03-21-00130-CV

                                   Tracen Gardner, Appellant

                                                 v.

                                 Katherine McKenney, Appellee

                FROM THE 345TH DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY
        NO. D-1-FM-09-004721, THE HONORABLE JAN SOIFER, JUDGE PRESIDING

                            MEMORANDUM OPINION

               Tracen Gardner appeals from the trial court’s order modifying the parent-child

relationship. Gardner and Katherine McKenney are the parents of two children who were twelve

and thirteen at the time of trial. Gardner contends that the trial court lacked the authority to

enjoin him from renting out the children’s bedrooms in their absence and that the evidence was

insufficient to support the injunction. For the following reasons, we affirm the trial court’s order.

                                         BACKGROUND

               The parties were divorced in 2010 per an agreed divorce decree appointing them

as joint managing conservators and awarding McKenney the exclusive right to designate the

children’s primary residence, each parent having specified possession periods. In 2011 Gardner

filed a motion to modify the decree and—after the parties mediated the dispute—the court

rendered an agreed order granting the parties equal possession periods and specifying that neither

parent conservator has the exclusive right to establish the children’s primary residence. In 2017
Gardner again filed a motion to modify the parent-child relationship, but the record does not

reflect the outcome of that motion.

               In 2019, McKenney filed a petition to modify the parent-child relationship, asking

the court to appoint her as the conservator with the right to designate the children’s primary

residence, increase the child support Gardner must pay, appoint a therapist for the older child,

and render an order “preclud[ing] [Gardner] from renting out the children’s bedrooms at their

primary residences as short term rentals.” Gardner filed a combined answer, counter-petition,

and request for temporary orders.      As the cause pended, the trial court rendered various

temporary orders and on October 5–6, 2020, conducted a bench trial on the parties’ petitions.

               McKenney, Gardner, and the parties’ family therapist, Dr. Kelley Baker, testified,

and about thirty exhibits, including an accounting of Gardner’s 2019 Airbnb income, were

admitted.   McKenney testified that the older child, K.L.G., was currently in a “partial

hospitalization program” at a “mood and anxiety” center. Shortly before her admission there,

K.L.G. had taken “a bunch of pills” and had been caught vaping by her mother. After K.L.G.

spent the night in the emergency room due to the pills, McKenney and Gardner discussed options

for her treatment. Gardner opposed K.L.G. continuing therapy with her individual therapist but

agreed to the partial-hospitalization program.

               McKenney explained that K.L.G. had been having problems at school for a

couple of years, including getting easily distracted, having outbursts, and being rude to other

students and teachers. She had been suspended for having an “altercation” with another student

and had had several in-school suspensions. Most mornings she would be late to her classes

because she went directly to the campus police office for a “cooldown period” upon arriving at

school. During summer 2019, two trips that Gardner took with the children had not “gone well,”

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as admitted by Gardner to McKenney and related to her by the children, including incidents such

as Gardner giving K.L.G. the “middle finger” on an airplane while mouthing to her “fuck off”

and “fuck you” and Gardner’s dropping the children off in the dark several blocks from their

lodgings and telling them to find their own way back. In late summer 2019, K.L.G. began

refusing to go to Gardner’s house and attending his possession periods; at some point, with the

help of therapy, that relationship had improved and K.L.G. was again attending the scheduled

possession periods.

               In fall 2019, McKenney explained, K.L.G. began seeing an individual therapist.

K.L.G.’s sessions with her individual therapist were a “step in the right direction” and the child

looked forward to them, but the sessions stopped in April 2020 after Gardner stopped paying

his half share of the fees. Gardner had also taken two significant trips—one to Africa and the

other a two-week motorcycle trip—with only the parties’ son, W.M.G.; McKenney believed this

exclusion of K.L.G. by Gardner was “detrimental to her personal thoughts about herself.”

Additionally, beginning at least by March 2020, K.L.G. had begun “cutting herself,” for which

McKenney took her to the hospital to be evaluated.

               McKenney testified that over the last year, W.M.G. had had some “issues at

school, off and on,” including refusing to do his work and not participating in class. She

explained that he can feel overwhelmed in a large group and when beginning a new assignment.

He was having some difficulty with reading comprehension and essay writing and, like K.L.G.,

was receiving a “504 accommodation” at school for a learning disability.1

       1
         Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 is an antidiscrimination provision that
protects disabled individuals. See 29 U.S.C. § 794(a). McKenney explained that the school’s
dyslexia specialist identified K.L.G. as having dyslexia, while acknowledging that she was “on
the border,” and McKenney explained that W.M.G.’s disability was “about the same.”

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               During her testimony, McKenney also explained why she was asking for an order

that would prohibit Gardner from renting out the children’s bedrooms while they were not in his

possession: she disagreed with strangers sleeping in the children’s beds, there were no locks on

closets or cabinets in the rooms, the COVID-19 pandemic was ongoing, strangers might leave

behind cameras or take things from the bedrooms, and K.L.G. had noticed that her things had

been “rifled through.” McKenney believed the issue of strangers staying in her room was

important to K.L.G.

               Gardner testified that K.L.G. was very “distressed” and has “mental health

issues,” evidenced by her self-harm and suicide attempt, and he attributed her issues to hormones

and McKenney. Specifically, Gardner believed that McKenney was unable to connect with

K.L.G. because McKenney was not highly educated, did not have the capacity for “advanced

decision-making,” and had allowed K.L.G. to have a smartphone despite the parties’ agreement

and the advice of the family therapist. He stated that he did not believe any of his behavior had

contributed to K.L.G.’s mental-health or behavioral issues. Gardner testified that K.L.G. had

told him it “does not bother” her that he rents out her bedroom to strangers when she is not there.

He said he locks up the children’s “personal and private belongings” in his closet during rental

periods and has told the children they are “welcome” to lock up their things themselves. He also

stated that the children like the “extra money” he gives them for renting out their bedrooms.

               Dr. Baker testified that she believes K.L.G. suffers from a deep level of

insecurity, which makes her dependent on external sources for approval and sometimes leads

to attention-seeking behavior and self-harm. She believes that individual therapy is important

for K.L.G. She stated that K.L.G. was aware there was a lawsuit between her parents and that

it is stressful for an adolescent to know that they are “in the middle of a lawsuit between their

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parents.” She also explained that part of the conflict between Gardner and McKenney was that

they did not have “similar expectations and rules” at each of their homes.

               The trial court rendered its Order in Suit to Modify Parent-Child Relationship on

February 25, 2021. Among other provisions, the order awarded McKenney the exclusive right,

after meaningful consultation with Gardner, to make educational, medical, dental, psychological,

and psychiatric decisions regarding the children and specified that neither parent has the

exclusive right to determine the children’s primary residence. In a section entitled “Other

Orders,” the order specified that Gardner is “ORDERED not to rent out the children’s rooms” in

his residence. Although Gardner requested findings of fact and conclusions of law, the record

does not reflect that the trial court made any or that Gardner filed a notice of past-due findings

and conclusions. He filed a “Motion for Partial New Trial & Motion to Reopen, Modify, or

Correct the Record” in which he took issue solely with the amount of child support he was

ordered to pay McKenney. Thereafter Gardner timely perfected this appeal.

                                         DISCUSSION

               In one issue with two sub-parts, Gardner argues that (1) the trial court did not

have the authority to enjoin him from renting out the children’s bedrooms when they are not in

his possession and (2) there is no evidence to support the trial court’s implied finding that the

room-rental injunction is in the children’s best interest. We address only the latter argument, as

Gardner did not preserve the former for our review by timely request, objection, or motion made

to the trial court.2 See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1; Nasr v. Whitehead, No. 05-20-00766-CV, 2022 WL

       2
          Regarding the trial court’s injunction order, we note that the Texas Family Code
provides that “[t]he best interest of the child shall always be the primary consideration of
the court in determining the issues of conservatorship and possession of the child,” Tex. Fam.

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3593346, at *4 (Tex. App.—Dallas Aug. 23, 2022, no pet.) (mem. op.) (determining that

appellant had not preserved issue of trial court’s authority to enter order of dismissal by not

raising matter with trial court); In re S.V., 599 S.W.3d 25, 40 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2017, pet.

denied) (holding that, by not raising issue in trial court, father failed to preserve for appellate

review his complaint that injunction in SAPCR order violated his right to free speech).

               As for Gardner’s contention that there was no evidence to support the trial court’s

room-rental order, we review the order for an abuse of discretion. See Coburn v. Moreland,

433 S.W.3d 809, 823 (Tex. App.—Austin 2014, no pet.); Zeifman v. Michels, 212 S.W.3d 582,

587–88 (Tex. App.—Austin 2006, pet. denied).                A trial court may modify a prior

conservatorship, possession, or access order if the modification is in the child’s best interest and

a parent’s or child’s circumstances have materially and substantially changed since the order was

rendered. See Tex. Fam. Code § 156.101(a)(1). When, as here, a trial court does not make

findings of fact and conclusions of law, we imply all necessary fact findings in support of the

judgment and supported by the record. See Worford v. Stamper, 801 S.W.2d 108, 109 (Tex.

1990). Gardner takes issue only with the trial court’s implied finding that the room-rental order

was in the children’s best interest, arguing that there is “no evidence” to support it.

               Mindful that the trial judge is “best able to observe and assess the witnesses’

demeanor and credibility” and sense the “forces, powers, and influences” that may not be

apparent from merely reading the record on appeal, see Coburn, 433 S.W.3d at 823, we conclude

that there is sufficient evidence from which the trial court could exercise its discretion, and

Code § 154.002, and that “except as otherwise provided by this title, proceedings shall be as in
civil proceedings generally,” id. § 105.003(a). Texas courts have construed these provisions as
providing the trial court the authority to issue permanent injunctions. See, e.g., King v. Lyons,
457 S.W.3d 122, 126–30 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, no pet.).

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that the court’s exercise of discretion in rendering the room-rental provision of the order was

reasonable, see id.. In a suit to modify the parent-child relationship, the appellate court uses the

well-known Holley factors to ascertain the best interest of the child, and if there is sufficient

evidence to support an implied best-interest finding, there is no abuse of discretion. See Mauldin

v. Clements, 428 S.W.3d 247, 268–71 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, no pet.); see also

Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371–72 (Tex. 1976) (listing nine non-exhaustive factors

courts may consider when determining best interest, including children’s desires, children’s

current and future emotional and physical needs, and stability of home).

               McKenney testified that she believed the issue of strangers staying in K.L.G.’s

bedroom and sleeping in her bed when she was not there was important to the teenager, who had

noticed that her things had been rifled through when she was gone. McKenney explained that

the children’s closets and cabinets had no locks and that she was concerned for the physical and

emotional well-being of her children based on the risks associated with the ongoing COVID-19

pandemic and the possibility that strangers might leave cameras in the bedrooms or take things.

There was considerable evidence about K.L.G.’s ongoing mental and emotional issues, for which

she was currently undergoing partial hospitalization and about which the parties did not always

agree on the best course of treatment. Gardner confirmed that he had rented out the children’s

rooms for nearly 100 days in a single year—the same year that encompassed K.L.G.’s suicide

attempt and many behavioral concerns as well as estrangement between K.L.G. and Gardner.

While Gardner testified that the room rentals did not “bother” K.L.G., that the children know

they are “welcome” to lock anything up in his closet that they do not want left out when he rents

out their rooms, and that the children enjoy the “extra money” he gives them for renting out their

rooms, the trial court could have found such testimony not credible or outweighed by the

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teenagers’ needs for stability in each of their two homes, to include not having to remember to

lock things up each time they transfer to their mother’s home, especially considering K.L.G.’s

significant and ongoing emotional and mental issues. The trial court also could have reasonably

inferred that the parent-child relationship and the children’s awareness of the parties’ custody

disputes constrained the children from telling their father how they felt about having their rooms

rented out.

               Furthermore, Gardner’s testimony indicated a tendency to blame McKenney for

K.L.G.’s serious psychological issues or downplay them as being due to “hormones,” which

the trial court could reasonably have found reflected an inability or unwillingness to put the

children’s interests first or acknowledge their emotional needs. Evidence also showed that

K.L.G. and W.M.G. had experienced significant changes within both their homes since their

parents divorced—McKenney had remarried, had a child, and divorced and Gardner had broken

up with a significant other who had spent much time at Gardner’s home with K.L.G. and

W.M.G. and around whom Gardner tended to pay less attention to the children and acted more

“strict.” In light of all the evidence and considering that stability is a paramount concern in suits

concerning the parent-child relationship, see Rios v. Texas Dep’t of Fam. & Protective Servs.,

No. 03-11-00565-CV, 2012 WL 2989237, at *9 (Tex. App.—Austin July 11, 2012, no pet.)

(mem. op.), we cannot conclude that the trial court had insufficient evidence to exercise its

discretion or that it exercised its discretion unreasonably in finding that it was in the children’s

best interest that Gardner not rent out their bedrooms when they were not in his possession. We

overrule Gardner’s issue.

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                                       CONCLUSION

                We affirm the trial court’s February 24, 2021 order modifying the parent-child

relationship.

                                              __________________________________________
                                              Thomas J. Baker, Justice

Before Justices Baker, Smith, and Theofanis

Affirmed

Filed: February 15, 2023

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