Court Opinion

ID: 6621962
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-20 20:31:04.135366+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:58:44.972612
License: Public Domain

BROADDUS, P. J.
The plaintiff’s suit is for libel. The following taken from defendant’s statement embraces sufficient of the petition for the purposes of the case:
“The following excerpts are believed to cover all material parts of the publication in question. The headlines were:
*330“ ‘AS A PERJURER.
“ ‘Allen V. Ellis Arrested by the Metropolitan. — Witness in a Damage Suit..
‘‘ ‘He Told o f Seeing W. W. Decoo ThroionFrom Car. — In County Jail He Tells of Alleged Promises Made for Giving False Testimony in 1902. — Other Arrests Threatened by the Company.’
“Then follows the body of the news item, stating the arrest of Ellis, at the instance of the Metropolitan company, upon a charge of giving perjured testimony in the damage suit brought by Decoo against the company in 1902, and then comes this:
“ ‘According to the arrested man, two or three other witnesses in the Decoo case will be arrested as soon .as they can be located. . . .
“ ‘When the case was called March 18, 19 03, these witnesses appeared and claimed one day’s attendance: Mrs. Lizzie Gray, A. V. Ellis, Dr. H. B. Coleman, Louis F. Kenworthy, William Holmes, G. W. Lilly, I. Freidman. On June 25 William Holmes and R. W. Tobin claimed one day and Allen Y. Ellis two’ days, the latter being the witness now under arrest.
“ ‘Of the above witnesses, it is more them probable that three will be arrested charged with giving perjured testimony. As to who they are, the Metropolitan people refused to state until the warrants are served, but it is knoAvn that one of them is a negro.’
“Under the sub-heading of ‘the company’s story’ and among other statements of an official of the street railAvay company, comes this:
“He then said in reference to the Decoo case: ‘This is another one of the cases in which the plaintiff or one or more of his witnesses heive been arrested and are now awaiting trial for alleged perjury, one man has already been convicted and is serving his sentence at the present time. The company proposes to keep up this investigation of fraudulent witnesses and cases and will push *331to the limit every case in which sufficient proof can be obtained to justify the filing of information by the prosecuting attorney. A number of other cases in connection with daw,age suits are now being worked up, and as fast as necessary information can be obtained will be turned over to the prosecuting attorney’s office for his action. The company is determined, and will spare no work or effort to run down every fraudulent case and every case in which perjury has been committed.’
“Under the sub-heading ‘Ellis talks in jail,’ appears, among other things, the following:
“ ‘I know there are tico or three others going to ho arrested, because when I was making my confession in the office with a big crowd of people, officers, I guess, I heard them talking about- getting a warrant for (giving two names) and so I reckon I will have company. I know this much, too; if I get stuck for this I’ll bet I know one man who goes along. He’s certainly given me the hot end of this deal.
“ ‘The prosecuting attorney yesterday drew up several informations but stated that until the parties wanted under them are arrested he did not deem, it policy to disclose the names. He did not state that these documents referred to uyitnesses or to the plaintiff in the Decoo case. But it is probable that they are a result of the damage case instituted by Decoo.’
“Plaintiff then states that he ‘did on March 18, 1903, claim one day’s attendance as a witness in said suit of Decoo v. The Metropolitan Street Railway Company and that plaintiff is the.person named and designated as Louis F. Kenworthy in said article so published by defendant.’
“Then comes the following innuendo:
“ ‘Plaintiff states that in and by said article hereinbefore set out, published by defendant as aforesaid, defendant charged that plaintiff had been guilty of the crime of perjury, and that said Ellis, in his confession, had accused plaintiff of haying committed the crime of *332perjury, and that the prosecuting attorney was preparing to prosecute plaintiff for said crime, and that plaintiff was suspected by the prosecuting attorney, the police officers and the officials of the Metropolitan Street Railway Company of having committed the crime of perjury and that plaintiff would be arrested charged with the crime of perjury.
“ ‘That the said article published by defendant as aforesaid concerning plaintiff was and is libelous; that the same was and is false; that the same was and is malicious; that there was no justification therefor, as defendant well knew.’
“The petition, lastly, alleges the circulation and wealth of defendant and prays judgment for $5,000 compensatory and another $5,000 as punitive damages.
“The answer was a general denial.”
The principal question raised in the case is: Did the defamatory publication designate plaintiff as one of the persons defamed? The decisions are almost uniform that, where publication is defamatory in its character, an allegation by way of innuendo that plaintiff was the person defamed, other proper averments made, the petition alleges a good cause of action. Under this rule, the petition herein is held to be sufficient. And, although the plaintiff’s petition alleges that the defamatory matter was published of and concerning him, yet if it does not so appear by the publication itself, the plaintiff was not entitled to recover as he offered no extraneous evidence showing to prove that fact.
The libel charges that a certain person in the Decoo case named Allen Y. Ellis had been arrested for perjury, and that among the witnesses called on a certain day, there appeared and claimed one day’s attendance, as such witnesses, the said Ellis and six other persons named, including plaintiff, and that, “of the above witnesses, it is more than probable that three will be arrested charged with giving perjured testimony. As to who they are, the Metropolitan people refused to state, *333but it is known that one of them is a negro.” It is argued at length, and authorities cited to the effect, that the publication does not identify plaintiff as one of the witnesses who would probably be arrested and charged with giving perjured testimony. “The law is too well settled that if the defamatory matter points to no person in particular, it then becomes a question of fact whether it does or does not apply to the plaintiff. Even where a class is described, it may be that the slander refers to a particular individual and whether it does •or not may be shown by other evidence.” [Caruth v. Richeson, 96 Mo. 186.] The foregoing was quoted by the court from Addison on Torts, and the court further ■quoted from Odgers on Lib. and Sian, the following: “Was the imputation sufficiently definite to injure the plaintiff’s reputation? Is it clear that it is the plaintiff to whom he referred? Unless these questions can be answered in the affirmative, no action lies. There must be a specific imputation upon the person suing.” The ■court seems to have based its decision upon the authorities quoted. The charge was a general one. against a •corrupt combination of unprincipled and notorious persons holding offices of State under appointment of the Governor, none of whom were named. The petition was sufficient, but the evidence failed to show to the satisfaction of the jury that plaintiff was intended to be charged •as a member of the combination, and as a result the •plaintiff failed to make out his case.
In Harvey v. Coffin, 5 Blackford 566, the plaintiff was one of three sons of Jethro Coffin. The defendant was charged with having said that one of the three stole ■corn, etc. The court held that it was not actionable to charge one of three persons with having committed larceny unless the one of whom the defendant spoke can be identified. In Jones v. Davers, 1 C. E. 496, the slanderous words charged were, “One of you is an extortioner,” speaking to three persons; held that the charge was not actionable. There are other English cases to *334the same effect. In Crecelius v. Bierman, 59 Mo. App. 513, it is held that, where “the words spoken do not. identify the plaintiff, and may apply to another or others-exclusively, it is always necessary to show by extraneous-facts that the words had reference to the plaintiff and were so understood by the hearers. On that subject, the-rule is the same whether the slander be oral or written.”' The question decided in Forbes v. Johnson, 50 Ky. 48, was as to the sufficiency of the petition alone, a demurrer having been sustained by the trial court on the-ground that it did not state a cause of action. The court held that it did, and further decided that a charge that, one or the other of two persons committed a crime is in truth an imputation against both. In Hardy v. Williamson, 86 Geo. 551, the charge was that, “Either by erroneous classification, or by classification obtained by the brick company, by collusion with the sub-engineers,, or some of them, the work of the Chattahoochee Brick Company has been overestimated to the extent of at least a hundred thousand dollars.” On demurrer- the petition was held not to state a cause of action. It was held' that this was error, that the petition stated a good cause of action, and the court, anticipating the trial on the merits said, “it may turn out on the trial that the expression ‘or some of them’ was used because the writer did not mean that all were guilty, but that the plaintiff' alone or with others was guilty.”- In Wofford v. Meeks, 129 Ala. 349, the question arose on the sufficiency of the petition. It was held: “Where a libelous publication is directed against a particular class of persons composing-it, each of the persons composing the class, or any one-of the class, may maintain an action therefor, upon showing that the words applied to them.” The charge imputed to- the county commission the prostitution of the public finances for wicked, corrupt and selfish purposes. In Fenstermaker v. Tribune Co., 12 Utah 439, the-holding is that, “Where a libelous article refers to a family or class of persons, any one of the family or class-*335may -maintain the action by proving that the article-had application to him, the determination of which is-within the province of the jury ” The charge was, “That the Fenstermaker family, residing at Box Elder Eanch,. had turned a little child out on the desert to die.” The-plaintiff was the head of the family.
State v. Armstrong, 106 Mo. 395, was a prosecution for criminal libel. The defendant had caused to-be sent to the complaining witness an envelope addressed to her, on the corner of which were the words. “Bad Debt Collecting Agency.” The trial resulted in a conviction of the defendant. On appeal, the court of-firmed the judgment. The circumstances of the case-showed that she was the person meant to be either the-bad debtor or bad debt collector, and it was immaterial which, as, in any event, she was defamed. In Farley v. Evening Chronicle Publishing Co., 113 Mo. App. 216, 87 S. W. 565, the plaintiff was the person named, to whom the defamatory article referred, which was accompanied by his picture. It was shown that another person of the same name was intended as the subject of the publication. But the court held it a libel on the plaintiff notwithstanding. In the celebrated case of McGinnis v. Knapp, 109 Mo. 131, the question before the court was not one as to the identity of the person referred to in the defamatory publication, for the article-itself mentioned the plaintiff, but as to whether or not it was defamatory.
The common-law definition of libel is as follows: “A malicious defamation expressed in printing or writing, or by signs or pictures, tending to blacken the memory of one who is dead, with the intent to provoke the-living; or the reputation of one who is alive, and to expose him to public hatred, contempt, or ridicule.” 2 Bouvier’s Law Dictionary, p. 12. Or, as stated in Anderson’s Law Dictionary, 617, a “malicious defamation of a person made public, either by printing, writing, signs or pictures, in order to provoke him to wrath, or-*336expose him to public hatred or contempt and ridicule.” The definition of libel in section 2260, Revised Statutes 1899, is substantially the same. The intent of the Legislature was to make all classes of libel misdemeanors and actionable per se and not to make publications libelous other than at common law. [Sec. 2260, supra, and sec. 635, supra.] Such being the status of the law,, it is immaterial whether we consider the main point in question from a standpoint of the statute or the common law.
And when we come to consider in any case, whether it be slander or libel, to whom the defamatory matter, when such person is not designated, was applied, the rule is precisely the same. In each instance, the question is whether the defamation refers to any particular individual. [Caruth v. Richeson, supra.] Such being the rule, all the authorities mentioned are equally pertinent to the question, in all of which, except the Kentucky case, the rule is, and especially in this State, that when the person is not designated in the publication itself as the one defamed, resort must be had to extraneous facts for that purpose, or else the action fails.
“So if the words spoken or written, though plain in themselves, apply equally well to more persons than one, evidence "may be given both of the cause and occasion of the publication, and of all the surrounding circumstances affecting the relation between the parties, and also of any statement or declaration made by the defendant as to the person referred to. The plaintiff may also call at the trial his friends or those acquainted with the circumstances to state that on reading the libel they at once concluded that it was aimed at the plaintiff. If the application to a particular individual can be generally perceived, the publication is a libel on him, however, general its language may be.” [Odgers on Libel and Slander, 127.] “Where the words spoken or written [libel or slander], though plain in themselves, apply equally well to more persons than one, evidence may be given both of the cause and occasion of publication, and of all the *337surrounding circumstances affecting the relation between the parties. . . . The plaintiff may also call at the trial persons acquainted with the circumstances to state that on reading the libel they at once concluded that it was aimed at the plaintiff.” [Newell on Slander and Libel, 259.] The words in brackets, “libel or slander,” are ours.
In the case at, bar the words are plain in themselves, but they apply equally as well to the other witnesses named. Such being the case, the burden was. upon plaintiff to prove their application to himself under the foregoing rule. Reading the charge, it is impossible from its entire contents which of the six persons named were the objects of the defamatory publication. Case after case, almost innumerable, might be cited to sustain the foregoing conclusion. And we cannot perceive how it could be otherwise. The plaintiff having failed to show the application of the words to himself, the cause is reversed and remanded.
Johnson, J., concurs; Ellison, J., dissents in a separate opinion.