Court Opinion

ID: 4061420
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-29 20:06:35.113967+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:32:12.013516
License: Public Domain

ACCEPTED
                                                                            04-15-00136-CV
                                                                FOURTH COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                     SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS
                                                                       4/20/2015 6:57:39 PM
                                                                             KEITH HOTTLE
                                                                                     CLERK

                    CASE NO. 04-15-00136-CV

                                                     FILED IN
                                              4th COURT OF APPEALS
               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THESAN ANTONIO, TEXAS
              FOURTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                              4/20/2015 6:57:39 PM
                     AT SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS      KEITH E. HOTTLE
                                                      Clerk

                  GERALD HARRINGTON, M.D.,
                                                    Appellant

                               vs.

 SANDRA SCHROEDER AND DUANE J. RAMOS, INDIVIDUALLY AND
  AS ALL HEIRS OF THE ESTATE OF SYLVIA RAMOS, DECEASED,
                                            Appellees

           APPEAL FROM CAUSE NUMBER 2014-CI-06284
      TH
    288    JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT, BEXAR COUNTY, TEXAS
                     JUDGE JOHN D. GABRIEL

                      APPELLANT’S BRIEF

                                     Ronald G. Hole
                                     State Bar No. 09834200

                                     HOLE & ALVAREZ, L.L.P.
                                     612 W. Nolana Loop, Ste 370
                                     P.O. Box 720547
                                     McAllen, Texas 78504
                                     Telephone: (956) 631-2891
                                     Telecopier: (956) 631-2415
                                     E-Mail: Mail@HoleAlvarez.com

ORAL ARGUMENT REQUESTED                                April 20, 2015
                  CASE NO. 04-15-00136-CV

              IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE
             FOURTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                    AT SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS

                 GERALD HARRINGTON, M.D.,
                                                 Appellant

                            vs.

SANDRA SCHROEDER AND DUANE J. RAMOS, INDIVIDUALLY AND
 AS ALL HEIRS OF THE ESTATE OF SYLVIA RAMOS, DECEASED,
                                           Appellees

          APPEAL FROM CAUSE NUMBER 2014-CI-06284
     TH
   288    JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT, BEXAR COUNTY, TEXAS
                    JUDGE JOHN D. GABRIEL

                    APPELLANT’S BRIEF

                                  Ronald G. Hole
                                  State Bar No. 09834200

                                  HOLE & ALVAREZ, L.L.P.
                                  612 W. Nolana Loop, Ste 370
                                  P.O. Box 720547
                                  McAllen, Texas 78504
                                  Telephone: (956) 631-2891
                                  Telecopier: (956) 631-2415
                                  E-Mail: Mail@HoleAlvarez.com
               IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL

Appellant/Defendant:                      Counsel for Appellant:
Gerald Harrington, M.D.                   Ronald G. Hole
c/o Hole & Alvarez, L.L.P.                Hole & Alvarez, L.L.P.
P. O. Box 720547                          P. O. Box 720547
McAllen, Texas 78504-0547                 McAllen, Texas 78504-0547
                                          Telephone: (956) 631-2891
                                          Telecopier: (956) 631-2415
                                          E-Mail: Mail@Hole&Alvarez.com

Appellees/Plaintiffs:                     Counsel for Appellees:
Sandra Schroeder,                         Byron Miller
Duane J. Ramos and                        Law Offices of Pat Maloney, P.C.
Estate of Sylvia Ramos, Deceased          322 W. Woodland Avenue
c\o Byron Miller                          San Antonio, Texas 78212
Law Offices of Pat Maloney, P.C.          Telephone: (210) 735-2233
322 W. Woodland Avenue                    Telecopier: (210) 735-8431
San Antonio, Texas 78212                  E-Mail:
                                          Byron@Maloneylawgroup.com

                                   -ii-
                                    TABLE OF CONTENTS

Identity of Parties and Counsel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii

Table of Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

Index of Authorities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi

Record References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x

Party References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x

Statement of the Case. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

Issue Presented. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

        Did the Trial Court Abuse its Discretion in Failing to Dismiss
        Plaintiffs’ Health Care Liability Claims When Plaintiffs Failed to
        Serve Appellant with a Proper Section 74.351 Expert Report?. . . . xi

Statement of Facts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Summary of Argument. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Argument. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

        ISSUE PRESENTED (RESTATED): The Trial Court Abused its
        Discretion in Denying Defendant’s Motion for Dismissal Because
        Section 74.351(b) of the Texas Civil Practice & Remedies Code
        Clearly Mandates Such a Dismissal When a Proper Expert Report
        Is Not Timely Served... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

                A.       An Abuse of Discretion Standard of Review Applies to
                         the Denial of a Motion for Dismissal Pursuant to
                         Section 74.351.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

                                                    -iii-
                 B.      The Expert Report Served by Plaintiffs Did Not
                         Represent a “Good Faith” Effort to Comply with
                         Section 74.351.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

                         1.       The Section 74.351 Expert Report
                                  Requirements are Clear and Unambiguous. . . . . . 5

                         2.       Dr. Lipson’s Report is Deficient in Two Areas,
                                  as Demonstrated by the Relevant Statute and
                                  Applicable Case Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

                                  (a)      The Qualifications of Dr. Lipson are Not
                                           Adequate to Demonstrate Competence to
                                           Testify as to Negligence and Causation . . . . 7

                                           (1)     Qualifications as to Standard of
                                                   Care Opinions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

                                           (2)     Qualifications as to Medical
                                                   Causation Opinions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

                                  (b)      No Causal Link Was Established
                                           in Plaintiffs’ Expert Report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

                         3.       Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

                 C.      The Trial Court’s Failure to Award Attorney’s
                         Fees was Also an Abuse of Discretion.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

                 D.      Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Prayer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Certificate of Compliance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Certificate of Service.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

                                                     -iv-
Appendix.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Index of Appendix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

        Tab 1            Order Denying Defendant Gerald
                         Harrington, M.D.’s Motion for Dismissal
                         Pursuant to Section 74.351 of the Texas
                         Civil Practice & Remedies Code

        Tab 2 Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann.
                         §74.351 (West)

                                                    -v-
                                INDEX OF AUTHORITIES
Cases

Abilene Diagnostic Clinic v. Downing 233 S.W.3d 532
(Tex.App.–Eastland 2007, pet. filed). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Am. Transitional Care Cntrs. of Texas, Inc. v. Palacios,
46 S.W.3d 873 (Tex. 2001). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 6, 18, 30

Alfonso v. Bracamontes, 2005 WL 1693677
(Tex.App.–Corpus Christi-Edinburg, July 21, 2005, no pet.). . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Arthur Anderson & Co. v. Perry Equipment Corp.,
945 S.W.2d 812 (Tex. 1997). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Austin Heart v. Webb, 228 S.W.3d 276
(Tex.App.–Austin 2007, no pet.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Baptist Hosp. of South Texas v. Carter,
2008 WL 2917109 (Tex.App.–Beaumont July 31, 2008, no pet.). . . . . . . 18

Baylor College of Med. v. Pokluda, 283 S.W.3d 110
(Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.]) 2009, no pet.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 8

Bocquet v. Herring,
972 S.W.2d 19 (Tex. 1998). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Bowie Memorial Hospital v. Wright,
79 S.W.3d 48 (Tex. 2002).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 18, 19, 22

Buck v. Blum, 130 S.W.3d 285
(Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2004, no pet.).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Cameron v. Terrell & Garrett, Inc.,
618 S.W.2d 535 (Tex.1981). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

                                               -vi-
Cuellar v. Warm Springs Rehab. Found.,
No. 04-6-00698-CV, 2007 WL 3355611
(Tex.App.–San Antonio Nov. 14, 2007).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc.,
701 S.W.2d 238 (Tex. 2001). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Earle v. Ratliffe, 998 S.W.2d 882 (Tex. 1999).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Fulp v. Miller, 286 S.W.3d 501
(Tex.App.–Corpus Christi-Edinburg 2009, no pet.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 22
Gray v. CHCA Bayshore, L.P.,189 S.W.3d 855, 859
(Tex.App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 21, 22

H.E.B Grocery Co., LP v. Lopez,
No. 04-13-00552-CV, 2014 WL 18071362
(Tex.App.–San Antonio May 7, 2014, no pet.)
 review denied (Sept. 12, 2014). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Hutchinson v. Montemayor, 144 S.W.3d 614
(Tex.App.–San Antonio 2004, no pet.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

In re Collom & Carney, 62 S.W.3d 924
(Tex. App.–Texarkana 2001, original proceeding). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Intracare Hosp. N. v. Campbell, 222 S.W.3d 790
(Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, no pet.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Jelinek v. Casas, 328 S.W.3d 526 (Tex.2010). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Kelly v. Rendon, 255 S.W.3d 665
(Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, no pet.).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 16

Lo v. Gonzales, No. 01-12-00987-CV, 2013 WL 1694938
(Tex.App.–Houston [1st Dist] April 18, 2013, no pet.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Lockhart v. Guyden, 2009 WL 2050983
(Tex.App. –Houston [1st Dist], July 16, 2009, no pet.). . . . . . . . . . . . . 21, 22
                                     -vii-
Meyers v. Golden Palms Retirement & Health Ctrs., Inc.,
No. 13-06-289, 2007 WL 1500819
(Tex.App.–Corpus Christi May 24, 2007, pet. denied) (mem. op.). . . . . . . 5

Quintero v. Houston Methodist Hosp., No. 01-14-00448-CV,
2015 WL 831955 (Tex.App.–Houston [1st Dist.] Feb. 26, 2015, no pet.). . 25

Rio Grande Reg'l Hosp. v. Ayala,
13-11-00686-CV, 2012 WL 3637368
(Tex.App.–Corpus Christi Aug. 24, 2012, no pet.) (mem. op.). . . . . . . . 4, 7

Roberts v. Williamson, 111 S.W.3d 113 (Tex.2003). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Springer v. Johnson, 280 S.W.3d 322
(Tex.App.–Amarillo 2008, no pet.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Shenoy v. Jean, No. 01-10-01116-CV, 2011 WL 6938538
(Tex.App.–Houston [1st Dist.] Dec. 29, 2011, no pet.). . . . . . . . . . . . 26, 27

TTHR, L.P. v. Guyden, 326 S.W.3d 316
(Tex.App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, no pet.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Tenet Hospitals Ltd. v. Boada, 304 S.W.3d 528
(Tex.App.–El Paso 2009). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 15, 16, 30

Tibbetts v. Gagliardi, 2 S.W.3d 659
(Tex. App.–Houston [14 Dist.] 1999, pet. denied). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Villa v. Hargrove, 110 S.W.3d 74
(Tex.App.–San Antonio 2003, pet. denied). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Walker v. Gutierrez,
111 S.W.3d 56 (Tex. 2003). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 5

Wilcox v. Montalvo, No. 13-10-611-CV, 2011 WL 1443689
(Tex.App.–Corpus Christi Apr. 14, 2011). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25, 26

                                              -viii-
Windsor v. Maxwell, 121 S.W.3d 42
(Tex.App.–Fort Worth 2003, pet. denied). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Statutes

TEX.CIV.PRAC. & REM. CODE §74.001(a)(23). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 14, 15, 16
TEX.CIV.PRAC. & REM. CODE §74.351. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 3, 5
TEX.CIV.PRAC. & REM. CODE §74.351(a). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28, 30
TEX.CIV.PRAC. & REM. CODE §74.351(b). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
TEX.CIV.PRAC. & REM. CODE §74.351(b)(1). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
TEX.CIV.PRAC. & REM. CODE §74.351(r).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 7, 8, 13, 14
TEX.CIV.PRAC. & REM. CODE §74.401. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 13, 14

Article 4590i, Section 13.01(d)
[now codified Section 74.351(b)].. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Rules

Tex.R.App.P. 9.4(i)(3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

                                                 -ix-
                          RECORD REFERENCES

       The record in this cause consists of the Clerk’s Record (one volume)

and the Reporter’s Record (three volumes). The Clerk’s Record will be

referred to as “C.R. p. __”; and the Reporter’s Record will be referred to as

“R.R. Vol. __, p.___”. Documents in the Appendix will be referred to as “App.

__”.

                            PARTY REFERENCES

       Gerald Harrington, M.D., Appellant herein, is a defendant in the trial

court. For ease of reference, Gerald Harrington, M.D. will at times be referred

to as “Defendant” or “Appellant.” Sandra Schroeder and Duane J. Ramos,

Individually and as all Heirs of the Estate of Sylvia Ramos, Deceased,

Appellees herein, are the plaintiffs in the trial court. For ease of reference,

they will at times be referred to as “Plaintiffs” or “Appellees.”

                                       -x-
                        STATEMENT OF THE CASE

      The underlying case is a health care liability claim seeking damages

against Appellant, among others, which was filed on behalf of Appellees

Sandra Schroeder and Duane J. Ramos, Individually and as all Heirs of the

Estate of Sylvia Ramos, Deceased.           (C.R. pp. 11-21) Appellant filed a

Motion for Dismissal Pursuant to Section 74.351, based upon Plaintiffs’ failure

to comply with the statutory expert report requirements. (C.R. pp. 34-38) The

trial court, Judge John D. Gabriel presiding, subsequently entered an Order

Denying Defendant Gerald Harrington, M.D.’s Motion for Dismissal on March

9, 2015. (C.R. pp. 41-42; App. 1) It is from the trial court’s order, which

failed to dismiss Plaintiffs’ health care liability claims and failed to award

Defendant his attorney’s fees, that Appellant now appeals. (C.R. pp. 43-45)

                            ISSUE PRESENTED

      Did the Trial Court Abuse its Discretion in Failing to Dismiss
      Plaintiffs’ Health Care Liability Claims When Plaintiffs Failed
      to Serve Appellant with a Proper Section 74.351 Expert
      Report?

                                     -xi-
                                    CASE NO. 04-15-00136-CV

                                IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE
                               FOURTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                      AT SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS

                                   GERALD HARRINGTON, M.D.,
                                                               Appellant

                                              vs.

    SANDRA SCHROEDER AND DUANE J. RAMOS, INDIVIDUALLY AND
     AS ALL HEIRS OF THE ESTATE OF SYLVIA RAMOS, DECEASED,
                                               Appellees

                            APPEAL FROM CAUSE NUMBER 2014-CI-06284
                     TH
             288            JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT, BEXAR COUNTY, TEXAS
                                      JUDGE JOHN D. GABRIEL

                                      APPELLANT’S BRIEF

TO THE HONORABLE JUSTICES OF SAID COURT:

             COMES NOW GERALD HARRINGTON, M.D., Appellant in the above-

entitled and numbered cause, and files this Appellant’s Brief, and for such

brief would respectfully show unto this Honorable Court as follows:

A P P E LLAN T ’S BR IE F                                                  P A G E 1 O F 36
                                             I.

                                 STATEMENT OF FACTS

             On June 29, 2014, Plaintiffs filed Plaintiffs’ First Amended Original

Petition, which alleged a health care liability claim against Defendant Gerald

Harrington, M.D., among others. (C.R. pp. 11-21) In their First Amended

Original Petition, Plaintiffs for the first time alleged medical negligence claims

against Appellant. Id. On October 14, 2014, Plaintiffs served Appellant with

the expert report and Curriculum Vitae of Loren Lipson, M.D., purportedly

served pursuant to Section 74.351 of the Texas Civil Practice & Remedies

Code. (C.R. pp. 32-33; R.R. Vol. 3, Exs. 1 and 2) Such report was deficient

in several respects. (C.R. pp. 26-31; R.R. Vol. 3, Ex. 1)

             On October 31, 2014, Appellant filed his Objections to Plaintiffs’ Expert

Report Pursuant to Section 74.351 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies

Code. (C.R. pp. 26-31) On November 4, 2014, Plaintiffs filed their “Notice of

Compliance: Service of Chapter 74 Report.” (C.R. pp. 32-33) On February

12, 2015, Appellant filed his Motion for Dismissal Pursuant to Section 74.351

of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code. (C.R. pp. 34-38)

             On March 2, 2015, a hearing was conducted on Defendant Harrington’s

Motion to Dismiss. (R.R. Vols. 1-3) At no time prior to or during the hearing

A P P E LLAN T ’S BR IE F                                                     P A G E 2 O F 36
was a motion for extension of time requested, either orally or in writing, by

Plaintiffs. (C.R. pp. 55-63; R.R. Vol. 2, pp. 4-51) After the hearing, on March

9, 2015, the trial court denied Appellant’s motion to dismiss. (C.R. pp. 41-42)

Appellant then timely appealed the trial court’s denial of the motion for

dismissal to this Court. (C.R. pp. 43-45)

                                          II.

                             SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT

             Section 74.351 of the Texas Civil Practice & Remedies Code mandates

that a trial court dismiss a plaintiff’s medical negligence cause of action with

prejudice, and award costs and attorney’s fees, if a plaintiff fails to comply

with the statutory requirement to serve an expert report in accordance with

§74.351 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code. In the instant case,

Plaintiffs failed to serve Appellant with an expert report that was written by a

qualified expert and failed to serve a report which properly set out any

causation. Accordingly, the trial court abused its discretion by denying

Defendant’s motion for dismissal; abused its discretion by failing to dismiss

Plaintiffs’ health care liability cause of action; and abused its discretion by

failing to award Appellant the reasonable attorney’s fees and costs of court

incurred by Appellant in his defense of this lawsuit. Such denial was arbitrary,

A P P E LLAN T ’S BR IE F                                               P A G E 3 O F 36
unreasonable and without reference to guiding rules and legal principles, as

the clear and unambiguous statutory language and applicable case law

establish that Plaintiffs’ purported expert report was deficient. Accordingly,

dismissal of Plaintiffs’ claims against Appellant was mandatory.

                                            III.

                                       ARGUMENT

                            ISSUE PRESENTED (RESTATED)

             The Trial Court Abused its Discretion in Denying Defendant’s
             Motion for Dismissal Because Section 74.351(b) of the Texas
             Civil Practice & Remedies Code Clearly Mandates Such a
             Dismissal When a Proper Expert Report Is Not Timely Served.

A.           An Abuse of Discretion Standard of Review Applies to the Denial
             of a Motion for Dismissal Pursuant to Section 74.351

             The denial of the motion to dismiss is reviewed for abuse of discretion.

Jelinek v. Casas, 328 S.W.3d 526, 539 (Tex.2010); Am. Transitional Care

Ctrs. of Texas, Inc. v. Palacios, 46 S.W.3d 873, 878 (Tex. 2001). “A trial

court abuses its discretion if it acts in an arbitrary or unreasonable manner

without reference to any guiding rules or principles.” Walker v. Gutierrez, 111
S.W.3d 56, 62 (Tex. 2003) (quoting Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc.,

701 S.W.2d 238, 241-42 (Tex. 1985)); see also Rio Grande Reg'l Hosp. v.

Ayala, 13-11-00686-CV, 2012 WL 3637368 (Tex.App.–Corpus Christi Aug.

A P P E LLAN T ’S BR IE F                                                    P A G E 4 O F 36
24, 2012, no pet.) (mem. op.); Meyers v. Golden Palms Retirement & Health

Ctrs., Inc., No. 13-06-289, 2007 WL 1500819 (Tex.App.–Corpus Christi May

24, 2007, pet. denied) (mem. op.). However, an appellate court may not

reverse a trial court’s discretionary ruling simply because it might have

decided it differently. Walker, 111 S.W.3d at 62.

             To the extent resolution of this issue requires interpretation of a statute,

this Court should review the ruling under a de novo standard. See Intracare

Hosp. N. v. Campbell, 222 S.W.3d 790, 794 (Tex.App.–Houston [1st Dist.]

2007, no pet.); Buck v. Blum, 130 S.W.3d 285, 290 (Tex.App.–Houston [14th

Dist.] 2004, no pet.).

B.           The Expert Report Served by Plaintiffs Did Not Represent a “Good
             Faith” Effort to Comply with Section 74.351.

             The trial court abused its discretion by denying Defendant Harrington’s

motion for dismissal because Plaintiffs failed to timely serve an expert report

or reports that complied with all of the requirements of Section 74.351 of the

Texas Civil Practice & Remedies Code.

             1.             The Section 74.351 Expert Report Requirements are Clear and
                            Unambiguous

             In order to comply with Section 74.351, an expert report must be written

by a qualified expert and must set out the standard of care for each

A P P E LLAN T ’S BR IE F                                                       P A G E 5 O F 36
defendant, describe how each defendant breached that standard, and explain

how said breach caused the plaintiff’s injury. Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code

Ann. §74.351(r)(5) & (6)) (West) (App. 2); Palacios, 46 S.W.3d at 878.

Additionally, Section 74.351, requires that an expert report must “represent

a good faith effort to comply with the statutory definition.” Bowie Memorial

Hospital v. Wright, 79 S.W.3d 48, 52 (Tex. 2002); Palacios, 46 S.W.3d at 878

(Tex. 2001); Alfonso v. Bracamontes, 2005 WL 1693677 (Tex.App.–Corpus

Christi-Edinburg, July 21, 2005, no pet.); Villa v. Hargrove, 110 S.W.3d 74, 78

(Tex.App.–San Antonio 2003, pet. denied). “Although the report need not

marshal all the plaintiff’s proof, it must include the expert’s opinions on the

three statutory elements–standard of care, breach, and causation.” Palacios,
46 S.W.3d at 878-79. (emphasis added).

             The Texas Supreme Court has held that, when determining the

adequacy of an expert report, the only relevant information is contained within

the four corners of the report itself. Palacios, 46 S.W.3d at 878. “This

requirement precludes a court from filling in gaps in a report by drawing

inferences or guessing as to what the expert likely meant or intended.” Austin

Heart v. Webb, 228 S.W.3d 276, 279 (Tex.App.–Austin 2007, no pet.)(quoting

Bowie, 79 S.W.3d at 53).

A P P E LLAN T ’S BR IE F                                              P A G E 6 O F 36
             2.             Dr. Lipson’s Report is Deficient in Two Areas, as Demonstrated
                            by the Relevant Statute and Applicable Case Law

             In the instant case, the report of Loren Lipson, M.D., the only report

provided to this Defendant by Plaintiffs, does not represent a “good faith”

effort to comply with the statute and applicable case law. While the report

was filed and served timely; while the report does set out the alleged

standards of care for Dr. Harrington; and while the report does set out alleged

deviations from the alleged standards of care by Dr. Harrington; the report

fails to establish that Dr. Lipson is competent to testify as an expert witness,

as defined by §74.351(r)(5), and the report fails to set forth the causal

relationship between Defendant Harrington’s alleged breaches of the

standards of care and Plaintiffs’ alleged injury.

                            (a)   The Qualifications of Dr. Lipson are Not Adequate to
                                  Demonstrate Competence to Testify as to Negligence and
                                  Causation

             An expert must establish that he is qualified to provide the opinions

required by Section 74.351(r)(6). Rio Grande Reg'l Hosp. v. Ayala, 13-11-

00686-CV, 2012 WL 3637368 (Tex.App.–Corpus Christi Aug. 24, 2012, no

pet.) The qualifications must appear in the expert report and attached

curriculum vitae; they cannot be inferred or provided by extrinsic evidence.

A P P E LLAN T ’S BR IE F                                                         P A G E 7 O F 36
See Baylor College of Med. v. Pokluda, 283 S.W.3d 110, 117 (Tex.App.-

Houston [14th Dist.] ) 2009, no pet.).

             In order to qualify as an expert in a particular case, a physician need not

be a practitioner in the same specialty as the defendant physician. Kelly v.

Rendon, 255 S.W.3d 665, 674 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, no pet.).

The test is whether the report and curriculum vitae establish the witness'

knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education regarding the specific

issue before the court, which would qualify the expert to give an opinion on

that particular subject.           Roberts v. Williamson, 111 S.W.3d 113, 121

(Tex.2003).

             Section 74.351(r)(5) of the Texas Civil Practice & Remedies Code

provides, in pertinent part, as follows:

             “Expert” means

             (A) with respect to a person giving opinion testimony regarding
             whether a physician departed from accepted standards of medical
             care, an expert qualified to testify under the requirements of
             Section 74.401;

             ...

             (C) with respect to a person giving opinion testimony about the
             causal relationship between the injury, harm, or damages claimed
             and the alleged departure from the applicable standard of care in
             any health care liability claim, a physician who is otherwise

A P P E LLAN T ’S BR IE F                                                      P A G E 8 O F 36
             qualified to render opinions on such causal relationship under the
             Texas Rules of Evidence.

(Emphasis added)

      Section 74.401 of the Texas Civil Practice & Remedies Code provides,
in pertinent part, as follows:

             (b) For the purpose of this section, “practicing medicine” or “medical
             practice” includes, but is not limited to, training residents or students at
             an accredited school of medicine or osteopathy.

             (c) In determining whether a witness is qualified on the basis of
             training or experience, the court shall consider whether, at the
             time the claim arose or at the time the testimony is given, the
             witness:

                            (1) is board certified or has other substantial training or
                            experience in an area of medical practice relevant to the
                            claim; and

                            (2) is actively practicing medicine in rendering medical care
                            services relevant to the claim.

                                  (1)   Qualifications as to Standard of Care Opinions

             Plaintiffs only §74.351 report, purportedly addressing the medical care

provided by Defendant Harrington, was authored by Loren Lipson, M.D. Such

report and CV fail to satisfy the requirements of Section 74.401 because there

is no affirmative showing that Dr. Lipson was board certified and was actively

practicing medicine in rendering medical care services relevant to the claim

against Dr. Harrington, at the time the claim arose or at the time the testimony

is given. In her report, Dr. Lipson refers to the fact that, during the course of
A P P E LLAN T ’S BR IE F                                                              P A G E 9 O F 36
her career, she has “been Board-Certified in Internal Medicine, Geriatric

Medicine, and Utilization Review and Quality Assurance.” (R.R. Vol. 3, Ex.

1, p. 1) She does not indicate that she is still board certified in any area, nor

that she was board certified in any area that is relevant to the care provided

by Appellant, at the time of the alleged negligence.

             While her report does make mention of having served, during her

extensive career, in certain positions that might be relevant to the care

provided, there is no affirmative showing that Dr. Lipson was in any of those

positions when the claim arose in the instant case, or at the time the §74.351

report was written. (R.R. Vol. 3, Ex. 1, pp. 1-2) A good deal of Dr. Lipson’s

qualifications are noted to be in the past tense. (Id.) The only affirmative

statement of current qualifications in her report is that she is currently

Professor Emeritus of Medicine, that she is currently Co-Director in Geriatric

Education and is currently an Affiliate Professor for Alaskan Medical Students.

(R.R. Vol. 3, Ex. 1, p. 1) Obviously, the Professor Emeritus designation is an

indication that she is retired. Neither her affiliate professorship in Alaskan

Medical Students nor her co-directorship in geriatric education indicate that

Dr. Lipson is currently practicing medicine in the same field as Appellant or

A P P E LLAN T ’S BR IE F                                               P A G E 10 O F 36
actively practicing medicine in rendering medical care services relevant to the

claim.1

             Dr. Lipson does note that she is a consultant to the Department of

Justice, State of California and New Mexico, and U.S. Department of Justice

in areas of geriatric care and elder abuse. (R.R. Vol. 3, Ex. 1, p. 1) However,

those statements do not affirmatively show that she is practicing medicine in

areas relevant to the care at issue in this case. While Dr. Lipson states that

she is familiar with “State and Federal Regulations and Codes pertaining to

nursing home facilities of the type at which Sylvia Ramos was treated . . . ”,

she does not give any indication that the state regulations she has reviewed

were Texas regulations.

             Dr. Lipson’s Curriculum Vitae (CV) is likewise devoid of any evidence

that she is actively practicing medicine in rendering medical care services

relevant to the claim, either at the time the claim arose or currently. (R.R.

Vol. 3, Ex. 2)              While she does note in her CV that she had a board

             1
          Of some import is Dr. Lipson’s first statement under qualifications in her report
where she notes that she is “a physician licensed and currently practicing in the State
of California.” (R.R. Vol. 3, Ex. 1, p. 1) She does not say that she is practicing
medicine, although she later, on page 2 of her report, notes that “I am currently
practicing medicine and was doing so at the time the claims described below occurred.”
(Id., p. 2) However, there is no affirmative showing in either place that she was actively
practicing medicine in rendering medical care services relevant to the claim.
A P P E LLAN T ’S BR IE F                                                        P A G E 11 O F 36
certification in 1974, there is no indication that she has re-certified or that

such board certification is still active. (R.R. Vol. 3, Ex. 2, p. 4)

             Likewise, her CV fails to show that she is currently on the faculty,

actively training residents or students, at an accredited school of medicine or

osteopathy. (R.R. Vol. 3, Ex. 2, pp. 4-6) The only school of medicine that is

current on her CV, under Academic Appointments, is the Keck School of

Medicine, where she is a Professor Emeritus of Medicine. (R.R. Vol. 3, Ex.

2, p. 6) There is no affirmative showing that she is currently teaching

residents or students in areas relevant to this case, only that she is a retired

professor.

             In point of fact, her CV does seem to affirmatively show that she does

not have any active teaching assignments at an accredited school of

medicine or osteopathy. (R.R. Vol. 3, Ex. 2, pp. 7-8) The only current

“Teaching Responsibilities” she noted in her CV is as a Co-Director in

Geriatric Education to Alaskan Medical Students at the University of

Washington Medical School and as a faculty consultant in connection with the

Alaska Family Medicine Residency Program. (R.R. Vol. 3, Ex. 2, p. 8) Neither

of those indicate that Dr. Lipson is actively training residents or students in

areas of medicine relevant to the claims in this case.

A P P E LLAN T ’S BR IE F                                                 P A G E 12 O F 36
             Suffice it to say that, while it cannot be said with certainty that Dr.

Lipson is not practicing medicine as defined by Section 74.401, it is clear that,

other than her conclusory statement that she is qualified to render expert

opinions on the standard of care, there is no affirmative showing in Dr.

Lipson’s report or CV that she is actively practicing medicine, as defined by

§74.401 of the Texas Civil Practice and Remedies Code.

                            (2)   Qualifications as to Medical Causation Opinions

             Likewise, there is no affirmative showing that Dr. Lipson is qualified to

testify as to causation. First it should be pointed out that the qualification for

an expert as to medical negligence differs from that of an expert as to

causation. As can be seen above, there is a distinct difference in that

74.351(r)(5)(C) requires the expert to be a “physician,” whereas

§74.351(r)(5)(A) does not. Section 74.001(a)(23) defines a “Physician” as

“an individual licensed to practice medicine in this state.”2

             As can be seen from the CV of Dr. Lipson, she is not licensed to

practice medicine in the State of Texas and is only licensed to practice

medicine in the State of California. (R.R. Vol. 3, Ex. 2, p. 3) As noted by this

Court,

             2
      A court “must presume that every word in a statute is included purposefully.” See
Cameron v. Terrell & Garrett, Inc., 618 S.W.2d 535, 540 (Tex.1981).
A P P E LLAN T ’S BR IE F                                                    P A G E 13 O F 36
             the applicable definition of an "expert" is found in section
             74.351(r)(5)(C), which specifically requires "a physician who is
             otherwise qualified to render opinions on such causal relationship
             under the Texas Rules of Evidence." TEX. CIV. PRAC. &
             REM.CODE ANN. § 74.351(r)(5)(C) (emphasis added). [footnote
             omitted]
                                ...

             The second report submitted by Cuellar was that of Dr.
             Cervantes. The record indicates Dr. Cervantes is licensed to
             practice medicine in the state of Coahuila, Mexico. Because
             nothing in the record indicates Dr. Cervantes is licensed in Texas
             or any of the states of the United States, he does not meet the
             statutory definition of a "physician," and, therefore, is not qualified
             to testify on the issue of causation. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. &
             REM.CODE ANN. §§ 74.001(a)(23)(A), 74.401(g)(1), 74.403
             (Vernon 2005)

Cuellar v. Warm Springs Rehab. Found., No. 04-6-00698-CV, 2007 WL
3355611 (Tex.App.–San Antonio Nov. 14, 2007). Even thought the expert in

the instant case is not licensed in Texas, she is licensed in one of the states

of the Untied States. (R.R. Vol. 3, Ex. 2, p. 3) Therefore, the Cuellar case

is not on all fours. However, it is instructive in pointing out that the definition

of “physician” is important.

             The only courts that have addressed this issue have rationalized that

the Legislature did not mean what it wrote. In a case out of the El Paso Court

of Appeals, the Court directly addressed the question as to whether the

causation expert must be licensed in Texas. Tenet Hospitals Ltd. v. Boada,

304 S.W.3d 528 (Tex.App.–El Paso 2009). In such case, Tenet Hospitals
A P P E LLAN T ’S BR IE F                                                        P A G E 14 O F 36
challenged the qualifications of the expert physicians because neither was

licensed to practice medicine in Texas. Id. at 536. The crux of Tenet

Hospital’s argument was that a physician licensed in another state may opine

as to the applicable standard of care and any breaches thereof, but only a

physician licensed in Texas may opine as to causation. Id. The 8th Court of

Appeal’s analysis of this issue included that court looking at the interplay

between various provisions of Chapter 74. The Boada court concluded that

the plain language of the statute did not mean what it said.

             It was noted in that case that the Boadas argued that the definition of

"physician" found in Subchapter A, Section 74.001(a)(23), is inapplicable

because not only does it define a physician as an individual who is licensed

to practice medicine in Texas, it also defines professional associations,

partnership entities, nonprofit health corporations and other business entities

as being physicians. Id. at 538. The Boadas postulated that the real purpose

of Section 74.001(a)(23)(A-E) was to identify potential defendants-both

natural beings and various non-natural entities. Id. The El Paso Court of

Appeals agreed.             However, that does not explain, if the definition of

“physician” is only to define potential defendants, why the Act, in §74.351,

refers to certain defendants as a “defendant physician” Under the rationale

of the Boada case, that would be a redundant term.
A P P E LLAN T ’S BR IE F                                                  P A G E 15 O F 36
             In Springer v. Johnson, 280 S.W.3d 322, 325 (Tex.App.–Amarillo 2008,

no pet.) the appellant also claimed that an “expert” for purposes of an expert

report on the issue of the causal relationship between the injury, harm, or

damages claimed and the alleged departure from the applicable standard of

care in a health care liability claim is a “physician” as defined by

74.001(a)(23), which by definition would only include an individual licensed to

practice medicine in Texas. The Amarillo Court held that a physician was not

required to be licensed to practice medicine in Texas to be qualified to provide

expert opinion on causation. Id. at 330.

             Suffice it to say that, notwithstanding the holdings in Boada; Kelly v.

Rendon, 255 S.W.3d 665, 675 (Tex.App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, no pet.);

Springer;                   and   TTHR,   L.P.   v.   Guyden,   326 S.W.3d 316,       321

(Tex.App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, no pet.); the plain language of the statute

requires that, where causation is concerned, the Legislature intended the

locality rule to be applicable and an expert testifying as to causation must be

licensed in the State of Texas.

             Additionally, nothing in Dr. Lipson’s report or CV affirmatively shows that

she is qualified to testify as to causation – the intracranial hemorrhage and

death of Sylvia Ramos was caused by documentation errors, etc. – other than

a conclusory statement that she is “competent to testify as an expert on the
A P P E LLAN T ’S BR IE F                                                        P A G E 16 O F 36
subject of medical causation in the case of Sylvia Ramos.” (R.R. Vol.3,

Exhibit 1, p. 2) Accordingly, Dr. Lipson is not qualified to render opinions as

to causation.

                            (b)   No Causal Link Was Established in Plaintiffs’ Expert Report

             Furthermore, Plaintiffs’ expert report wholly fail to establish the required

causal link between Dr. Harrington’s alleged breaches of the claimed

deviations from the standard of care and the damages being claimed and the

death of Sylvia Ramos. In their petition, Appellees alleged that Appellant was

negligent and deviated from the standard of care in the following manners:

             Dr. Harrington was negligent in the care and treatment of Sylvia
             Ramos. Dr. Harrington’s negligent care was a proximate cause
             of the pain and suffering, injuries and death of Ms. Ramos.

             Plaintiffs would show that the negligent acts and omissions of Dr.
             Harrington constitute negligence and that such negligent acts
             and/or omissions, taken singularly or in combination with others,
             were a direct and proximate cause of Sylvia Ramos’ pain and
             suffering, injuries, death and the damages being sought herein by
             Plaintiffs.

(C.R. pp. 18-19)

             In the present case, Dr. Lipson opines that:

             Dr. Harrington breached the standard of care when he failed to
             adequately supervise the medical care of Ms. Ramos. Dr.
             Harrington also failed to intervene in regard to the substandard
             care provided to Ms. Ramos at Trisun.

A P P E LLAN T ’S BR IE F                                                           P A G E 17 O F 36
(R.R. Vol. 3, Ex. 1, p. 5)         From these brief statements, the trial court,

Defendant Harrington and any appellate court, are required to guess as to

how the alleged breaches of the standards actually caused Plaintiffs’ injuries.

             “A report cannot merely state the expert’s conclusions about these

elements.” Bowie 79 S.W.2d at 52 (quoting Palacios, 46 S.W.3d at 879).

“Rather, the expert must explain the basis of his statements to link his

conclusions to the facts.” Id. (quoting Earle v. Ratliffe, 998 S.W.2d 882, 890

(Tex. 1999)). Furthermore, a report that merely states that the injury followed

the act is not a sufficient good faith effort to comply with the statute. Windsor

v. Maxwell, 121 S.W.3d 42, 49 (Tex.App.–Fort Worth 2003, pet. denied).

             Nowhere in her report does Dr. Lipson even attempt to articulate any

type of explanation as to how Dr. Harrington’s alleged failure to follow these

standards of care caused Sylvia Ramos’ death, or even explain how these

alleged violations caused Plaintiffs’ damages. Although Plaintiffs’ expert

report offers standards of care regarding inappropriate documentation, there

can be no causal connection between inadequate documentation and

Plaintiffs’ injury. See Baptist Hosp. of South Texas v. Carter, 2008 WL
2917109 (Tex.App.–Beaumont July 31, 2008, no pet.)(holding that the report

contained insufficient facts to explain how the second surgery would have

A P P E LLAN T ’S BR IE F                                                P A G E 18 O F 36
been avoided if the written report of the first surgery would have been timely

included in the patient’s chart).

             The Texas Supreme Court has held that an expert report does not

represent a good faith effort to comply with Section 13.01 of the Texas

Medical Liability and Insurance Improvement Act (now §74.351) when it

simply opines that plaintiff “might have had the possibility of a better outcome”

without explaining the causal connection between defendant’s breach and

Plaintiffs’ injury. Bowie, 79 S.W.3d at 53. In Bowie, plaintiff sustained injuries

in a car accident and was taken to Bowie Memorial Hospital for x-rays, where

a physician’s assistant allegedly misplaced or misread the x-ray and failed to

discover a fracture on plaintiff’s foot. Id. Plaintiff was referred to an orthopedic

surgeon who treated her knee but failed to discover injuries to her foot until

one month later. Id.

             The plaintiff in Bowie’s expert report stated “if the x-rays would have

been correctly read and the appropriate medical personnel acted upon those

findings then Wright would have had the possibility of a better outcome.” Id.

The defendant in Bowie moved to dismiss on the basis that the expert report

“failed to establish how any act or omission [by the defendant] caused or

contributed to [plaintiff’s] injuries.” Id. at 51. The Texas Supreme Court

agreed with the defendant noting, that “[w]e cannot infer from this statement
A P P E LLAN T ’S BR IE F                                                  P A G E 19 O F 36
that [defendant’s] alleged breach precluded [plaintiff] from obtaining a quicker

diagnosis and treatment.” Id.

             The Thirteenth Court of Appeals has also held that when an expert fails

to link his conclusions to the facts, conclusory statements about the injuries

following the alleged breaches of the standard of care do not suffice to

establish causation.           Fulp v. Miller, 286 S.W.3d 501 (Tex.App.–Corpus

Christi-Edinburg 2009, no pet.). In Fulp, the expert report set forth the

standards of care applicable to Dr. Fulp for the orthopedic treatment of the

plaintiff. Id. at 208. The report then criticized Dr. Fulp for performing a

surgery that was not indicated, failing to perceive the plaintiff’s post-operative

condition and failing to intervene or refer the plaintiff to another surgeon. Id.

at 507-08. The sole statement as to causation was that “[a]s a result of the

breach of the standard of care by Dr. Fulp as discussed above, Mr. Miller

sustained the following injuries/damages: . . .” Id. at 508. This statement was

followed by a list of the plaintiff’s injuries. Id. This Court held that these

statements were not enough to satisfy the statutory requirements. Id.

             The First Court of Appeals has also held, in a case similar to the instant

case involving multiple health care providers, that where an expert report is

filled with nothing more than conclusory statements, the causation element

is not satisfied.           Gray v. CHCA Bayshore, L.P., 189 S.W.3d 855, 859
A P P E LLAN T ’S BR IE F                                                     P A G E 20 O F 36
(Tex.App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, no pet.). In Gray, the plaintiffs’ expert

report separately listed the standards of care and breaches of both

defendants, but the Houston Court noted that the standards listed for each

defendant were identical. Id.

             The report in that case also stated that the doctor and hospital nurses

“failed to meet the standard of care when they neglected to monitor and

detect a malpositioned left knee resulting in a dislocated left patella on

December 5, 2001. The failure to monitor and detect the malpositioned left

knee resulted in a dislocated left patella, severe pain and suffering, and

subsequent medical treatment.” Id. The First Court of Appeals held that such

statements do not state with any specificity how the defendants’ departures

from the stated standard of care caused plaintiff’s knee injury. Id. (emphasis

added). Instead, the First Court of Appeals found such statements to be

conclusory, as the report did not flesh out how the defendants’ failure to

monitor actually caused the injury. Id.

             In Lockhart v. Guyden, 2009 WL 2050983 (Tex.App. –Houston [1st Dist],

July 16, 2009, no pet.), the First Court of Appeals offers additional guidance

as to the language necessary to establish the causal link. In Lockhart, the

expert report contained the following language as to causation:

A P P E LLAN T ’S BR IE F                                                  P A G E 21 O F 36
             Furthermore, based on my qualifications discussed above and in
             my CV, the medical science discussed in the “general section”
             above, the medical facts summarized above, that but for the
             negligence of Dr. Lockhart as set forth in this section, Natalie
             Guyden would not have suffered from and died from progressive
             urosepsis. That is, more likely than not had Dr. Lockhart timely
             and appropriately responded to the multiple pages allegedly made
             by the nursing staff at the Center after Natalie Guyden’s condition
             had acutely changed in the early morning hours of June 16, 2006,
             the patient would have been transferred in a timely manner to an
             acute care facility for the appropriate and indicated treatment of
             her urosepsis as detailed above in the “General” section and
             elsewhere. Consequently, Natalie Guyden would not have died
             from urosepsis. Thus, it is my professional opinion to a
             reasonable degree of medical probability that Dr. Lockhart’s
             negligent medical care was a proximate cause of Natalie
             Gudyen’s injuries from a urinary tract infection and her death from
             urosepsis.

Id. The First Court of Appeals held that “[n]owhere in the expert report is

there a specific discussion of, and expert opinion stating, whether Natalie’s

death would more likely than not have been prevented in that 11-hour period

with proper medical diagnosis and treatment.” Id. The Court continued that

“[b]ecause the expert report does not contain a fair summary of the basis for

an opinion that Dr. Lockhart’s alleged negligence proximately caused

Natalie’s death so as to conclude that the claim against Dr. Lockhart has

merit, it is deficient as to Dr. Lockhart.” Id.

             Like the reports in Bowie, Lockhart, Fulp, and Gray, Dr. Lipson’s expert

report fails to describe how Dr. Harrington’s alleged acts or omissions were

A P P E LLAN T ’S BR IE F                                                    P A G E 22 O F 36
the cause of Sylvia Ramos’ injuries and death. In the instant case, Plaintiffs’

expert report offers no explanation as to how Dr. Harrington’s alleged

breaches of the standard of care by:

                            !   Failing to adequately supervise the medical care of
                                Ms. Ramos;
                            !   Failing to intervene in regard to the substandard care
                                provided to Ms. Ramos at Trisun;
                            !   Failing to give appropriate input as to the deficiencies
                                in Ms. Ramos’ care plan concerning her past falls and
                                wanderings;
                            !   Failing to give appropriate input as to the deficiencies
                                in Ms. Ramos’ care plan concerning the physical
                                altercations;
                            !   Failing to adequately review and assist in providing
                                input into Ms. Ramos’ care plan;
                            !   Failing to perform timely and adequate assessments
                                of Ms. Ramos;
                            !   Failing to adequately review Ms. Ramos’ total plan of
                                care;
                            !   Failing to evaluate Ms. Ramos’ condition;
                            !   Failing to document adequately;
                            !   Failing to properly document Ms. Ramos’ problems;
                                and
                            !   Failing to discharge Ms. Ramos from Trisun;

would have prevented Resident 11191 from “violently [shoving] Ms. Ramos

into the wall causing her to fall to the floor and strike her head.” (C.R. p. 14)

             Plaintiffs’ live pleading alleges that Ms. Ramos was subjected to

numerous verbal and physical assaults which culminated in a fatal assault on

July 16, 2012. (Id.) It is alleged by Plaintiffs that the cause of death listed on

A P P E LLAN T ’S BR IE F                                                      P A G E 23 O F 36
the death certificate is a “homicide.” (Id. at 14-15) It should be obvious to all

that a homicide normally destroys the causal connection of anyone’s conduct

but that of the attacker.

             In her report, under the heading “Causation,” Dr. Lipson merely repeats

her allegations of negligence, and then makes a conclusory statement that if

Appellant had not been negligent that “in reasonable medical probability, Ms.

Ramos would not have continued to suffer repeated falls and injuries and

would not have suffered the 11-20-09 and 3-20-10 falls.” (R.R. Vol. 3, Ex. 1,

p. 9) She then adds that “Ms. Ramos’ 11-20-09 and 3-20-10 falls and injuries

were proximately caused by the breaches in the standard of care by Dr.

Harrington.” (Id.) To call these statements “conclusory” is to understate the

obvious. Repeating a conclusory statement twice does not render it factual

and specific.

             Under the headings concerning the claimed “Mental Anguish from

Resident on Resident Attacks, Threats and Abuse” and “Physical Injuries and

Death from Resident on Resident Attacks, Threats and Abuse,” Dr. Lipson

follows the same tactic and merely repeats the alleged deviations and in a

conclusory manner states that such alleged deviations from the standard of

care proximately caused the alleged damages, injuries and death.

A P P E LLAN T ’S BR IE F                                                  P A G E 24 O F 36
             The alleged causation in the instant case is similar to alleging that if a

physician had correctly interpreted and reported the results of radiological

tests, that the plaintiff would have been more promptly diagnosed and would

not have suffered the damages alleged. In that exact case, the Houston

Court of Appeals concluded that such report required the court to infer that

the plaintiff’s diagnosing physician relied solely on the alleged omissions from

the defendant’s report, but concluded that it could not do so. Quintero v.

Houston Methodist Hosp., No. 01-14-00448-CV, 2015 WL 831955

(Tex.App.–Houston [1st Dist.] Feb. 26, 2015, no pet.)

             In the instant case, it is alleged that if Appellant had non-negligently

made appropriate recommendations, interventions or documentation, that

somehow the nursing home and residents at the nursing home would have

acted differently, and the injuries and death would not have occurred. Clearly

numerous inferences are necessary for such a causation conclusion to be

workable. Inferences are not allowed. Lo v. Gonzales, No. 01-12-00987-CV,

2013 WL 1694938 (Tex.App.–Houston [1st Dist] April 18, 2013, no pet.).

             In another similar case, the expert report alleged that a fall happened

because of negligence, which necessitated the surgery which ultimately

caused the death of the patient. Wilcox v. Montalvo, No. 13-10-611-CV, 2011

A P P E LLAN T ’S BR IE F                                                     P A G E 25 O F 36
WL 1443689 (Tex.App.–Corpus Christi Apr. 14, 2011). The 13th Court of

Appeals held that the expert was required to flesh out what the physician did

wrong and how the purported failures caused the death. Id. The court found

the report to be conclusory because it did not provide information linking a

negligent act to the death. Id.

             As this Court has noted causation “is established by proof that the

negligent act or omission was a substantial factor in bringing about the harm

and without which the harm would not have occurred.” H.E.B. Grocery Co.,

LP v. Lopez, No. 04-13-00552-CV, 2014 WL 18071362 (Tex.App.–San

Antonio May 7, 2014, no pet.), review denied (Sept. 12, 2014). When there

are many links in the chain of events that end with the patient’s death, and the

expert fails to explain and support each link, the causation requirement is not

met.              Shenoy v. Jean, No. 01-10-01116-CV,            2011 WL 6938538

(Tex.App.–Houston [1st Dist.] Dec. 29, 2011, no pet.)

             In the Shenoy case, the expert did not link the alleged

negligence—clearing the patient for surgery—with the premature extubation

that caused her death, except that one occurred before the other. That is not

enough; it is only a statement of “but for” causation. Id.

             If that is all that section 74.351 requires to demonstrate causation,
             almost any prior action taken by a health care provider could be

A P P E LLAN T ’S BR IE F                                                      P A G E 26 O F 36
             said to cause the ultimate outcome. For example, the referral by
             the emergency room physician for the surgical consultation with
             Dr. Shenoy also was a cause of Willie Ann's death if all that is
             necessary is for an event to have preceded the injury. To
             establish cause in fact, Mazzei had to discuss why the act or
             omission was a substantial factor in causing the injury and without
             which the harm would not have occurred.

Id.

             In the case at bar, Plaintiffs’ expert has basically claimed that, if only

Appellant had done certain things, documented certain items, assisted in

giving input into a care plan, and recommended that Ms. Ramos be

discharged from Trisun, certain residents would not have verbally and

physically assaulted Sylvia Ramos and another resident would not have

caused the resident to be pushed violently down, causing her death. This is

a “but for” argument only, and is insufficient to demonstrate causation.3

Clearly causation was not established by this expert report. Lacking from Dr.

Lipson’s report are any statements linking Defendant Harrington’s alleged

negligence to the actual damages alleged.

             3
         Utilizing this logic, if the Plaintiffs had not placed their mother in this nursing
home, or if they had not left her there after being advised on numerous occasions of her
situation, the alleged assaults and death would not have happened. A “but for”
correlation is not enough to show causation.
A P P E LLAN T ’S BR IE F                                                         P A G E 27 O F 36
             3.             Conclusions

     “Liability in a medical malpractice suit cannot be made to turn upon

speculation or conjecture.” Hutchinson v. Montemayor, 144 S.W.3d 614, 618

(Tex.App.–San Antonio 2004, no pet.). Not only was the Plaintiffs’ expert not

qualified to render liability and causation opinions, but the report was

conclusory as to causation.               Thus, Plaintiffs’ expert report is not

representative of a good faith effort to comply with the statute. Accordingly,

the trial court had a ministerial duty to dismiss Plaintiffs’ causes of action

against Appellant Harrington.

C.           The Trial Court’s Failure to Award Attorney’s Fees was Also an
             Abuse of Discretion.

             In a medical malpractice case, Section 74.351(b)(1) mandates that,

upon a plaintiff’s failure to comply with Section 74.351(a), the trial court shall

award the successful defendant reasonable attorneys’ fees and costs of court.

TEX.CIV.PRAC. & REM §74.351(b)(emphasis added)(App. 2); Tibbetts v.

Gagliardi, 2 S.W.3d 659 (Tex. App.–Houston [14 Dist.] 1999, pet. denied).

“Statutes providing that a party ‘shall’ be awarded attorney’s fees are not

discretionary.” Abilene Diagnostic Clinic v. Downing, 233 S.W.3d 532,535

(Tex.App.–Eastland 2007, pet. filed)(quoting Bocquet v. Herring, 972 S.W.2d
19, 20 (Tex. 1998)). If the requirements of Article 4590i, Section 13.01(d)

A P P E LLAN T ’S BR IE F                                                P A G E 28 O F 36
[now codified Section 74.351(b)] are not met, the court must dismiss the case

with prejudice and grant the defendant its costs and attorney’s fees. Id.

             Factors which the court may consider in determining the amount of

attorneys’ fees to award include: 1) the time and labor required, novelty and

difficulty of the question presented, and the skill required; 2) the likelihood that

acceptance of employment precluded other employment; 3) the fee

customarily charged for similar services; 4) the amount involved and the

results obtained; 5) the time limitations imposed by the client or the

circumstances; 6) the nature and length of the professional relationship with

the client; 7) the experience, reputation, and ability of the lawyer performing

the services; and 8) whether the fee is fixed or contingent. Arthur Anderson

& Co. v. Perry Equipment Corp. 945 S.W.2d. 812, 818 (Tex. 1997).

             In the instant case, because the motion to dismiss should have been

granted, this Court should remand the case to the trial court for an appropriate

award of attorney’s fees. In denying Defendant Harrington’s motion for

dismissal, the trial court also failed to award any attorneys’ fees to Appellant

Harrington, and such failure was an abuse of discretion.

A P P E LLAN T ’S BR IE F                                                 P A G E 29 O F 36
D.           Conclusions

             Quite simply, Plaintiff failed to produce an expert report which was

authored by a competent expert and failed to produce a report which

describes the causal connection between Appellant’s alleged breaches from

the standard of care and the Plaintiffs’ alleged injuries.        Consequently,

Appellant is entitled to dismissal of Plaintiffs’ claims with prejudice and an

award of a reasonable and necessary attorney’s fee and costs, pursuant to

Section 74.351(a) of the Texas Civil Practice & Remedies Code.

             The Texas Supreme Court has held that a report which omits even one

required element cannot be considered a good faith effort to comply with the

statutory requirements. Palacios, 46 S.W.3d at 879. Furthermore, as noted

by several courts of appeals, “[w]here a report totally omits one of the three

required elements, the trial court has a ministerial duty to dismiss the

lawsuit with prejudice and has no discretion to do otherwise. In re Tenet

Hospitals, 116 S.W.3d 821, 827 (Tex.App.-El Paso, 2003, org. proceeding);

In re Collom & Carney, 62 S.W.3d 924, 928 (Tex. App.–Texarkana 2001,

original proceeding). Here the trial court clearly failed to correctly apply the

law when it denied Defendant’s Motion for Dismissal Pursuant to Section

74.351(b) of the Texas Civil Practice & Remedies Code. The trial court had

A P P E LLAN T ’S BR IE F                                                P A G E 30 O F 36
no discretion to do anything but dismiss the case with prejudice to its refiling,

and award Appellant his attorneys’ fees.

                                       IV.

                                   PRAYER

             WHEREFORE, PREMISES CONSIDERED, Appellant GERALD

HARRINGTON, M.D. prays that the order Denying Defendant Gerald

Harrington, M.D.’s motion for dismissal be reversed; that this Court remand

the case to the trial court to enter an order that Plaintiffs’ causes of action

against Appellant Gerald Harrington, M.D. be dismissed with prejudice; that

this Court remand the case to the trial court so that Appellant be awarded his

reasonable and necessary attorneys’ fees incurred through the dismissal of

the case against him, together with appropriate appellate fees, in the event

of a further appeal; and Appellant further prays that this Court also grant

Appellant such other and further relief to which he may be justly entitled.

A P P E LLAN T ’S BR IE F                                               P A G E 31 O F 36
                                      Respectfully submitted,

                                      HOLE & ALVAREZ, L.L.P.
                                      P. O. Box 720547
                                      McAllen, Texas 78504-0547
                                      Telephone:       (956) 631-2891
                                      Telecopier:      (956) 631-2415
                                      E-Mail:     Mail@HoleAlvarez.com

                                      By:   /s/ Ronald G. Hole
                                            Ronald G. Hole
                                            State Bar No. 09834200

                                            ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT
                                            GERALD HARRINGTON, M.D.

                            CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE

       In compliance with Tex.R.App.P. 9.4(i)(3), I, Ronald G. Hole, hereby
certify that this Appellants’ Brief, excluding the sections to be excluded,
contains 6,698 words. I have relied on the word count of the computer
program used to prepare this document, WordPerfect X3®

                                            /s/ Ronald G. Hole
                                            Ronald G. Hole

A P P E LLAN T ’S BR IE F                                            P A G E 32 O F 36
                            CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

      I, Ronald G. Hole, hereby certify that a true and correct copy of the
above Appellants’ Brief has, on this the 20th day of April 2015, been served
via electronic transfer through an online filing service, to the following
counsel of record:

Attorneys for Plaintiffs/Appellees
Mr. Byron B. Miller
Mr. Michael D. Maloney
Ms. Erica O. Maloney
Law Offices of Pat Maloney, PC
322 W. Woodlawn Ave.,
San Antonio, Texas 78212
E-MAIL: Byron@maloneylawgroup.com
E-MAIL: Michaelm@maloneylawgroup.com
E-MAIL: Ericam@maloneylawgroup.com

Attorney for Defendants
PM Management – Windcrest NC, LLC
d/b/a Trisun Care Center Windcrest
Ms. Emily J. Davenport
Reed, Claymon, Meeker
  & Hargett, P.C.
5608 Parkcrest Drive, Suite 200
Austin, Texas 78731
E-Mail: edavenport@rcmhlaw.com

Attorneys for Defendant
Setters Medical Group, P.A.
Mr. W. Richard Wagner
Wagner & Cario, LLP
7705 Broadway
San Antonio, Texas 78209
E-Mail: rwagner@wagnercario.com

A P P E LLAN T ’S BR IE F                                          P A G E 33 O F 36
Attorneys for Defendants
Rodolfo Zarate, M.D. and
Zarate Medical Group, P.A.
Ms. Lisa A. Rocheleau
Boone, Rocheleau & Rodriguez, P.L.L.C.
10101 Reunion Place, Suite 600
San Antonio, Texas 78209
E-Mail: lrocheleau@br-lawfirm.com

                                     /s/ Ronald G. Hole
BCC:RAM-HAR\APP                      Ronald G. Hole

A P P E LLAN T ’S BR IE F                                 P A G E 34 O F 36
                            Appendix

A P P E LLAN T ’S BR IE F              P A G E 35 O F 36
                                 INDEX OF APPENDIX

             Tab 1          Order Denying Defendant Gerald
                            Harrington, M.D.’s Motion for Dismissal
                            Pursuant to Section 74.351 of the Texas
                            Civil Practice & Remedies Code

             Tab 2 Tex. Civ. Prac. & Rem. Code Ann.
                            §74.351 (West)

A P P E LLAN T ’S BR IE F                                             P A G E 36 O F 36
                                                                     '~-II-I
                                                                     I i';             Ii"i~li::t:fi; III
                                                                                 f'Bi::t'.Iir'.i~~·11
                                                                             L{~ wi;
                                                                           201,4C'I0('iZ64 -D~BB

                              CAUSE' NO. 2014·CI-On2H4

SANDRA SCHROEDER AND                        §                    IN THE DISTRICT        cour-\'!
DUANE J. RAMOS, INDIVIDUALLY AND            §
AS ALL HEIHS TO THE ESTATE OF               §
SYLVIA RAMOS, DECEASED                      §
                                            §
VS.                                          §
                                             §                   288(11 JUDICIAL DISTRICT
PM MANAGEMENT - WINDCREST NC,                §
LLC D/B/A TRISUN CARE CENTER                 §
WINDCREST, GERALD HARHINGTON,                §
M.D., SETTERS MEDICAL GROUP, P.A.,           §
RUDOLFO ZARATE, M.D. AND ZARATE              §
MEDICAL GROUP, P.A.                          §                    BEXAR COUNTY, TEXAS

          ORDER DENYiNG DEFENDANT GERALD HARRINGTON, M.D:S
            MOTION FOR DISMISSAL PURSUANT TO SECTION 74.351
             ODJJE TEXAS CIVIL PRACTICE AND REMEnl!;~GODE
       On this day came on to be considered Defendant Gerald Harrington, M.O.'s Motion

for Dismissal Pursuant to Section 74.351 of tho Texas Civil Practice & Remedies Code in

connection with the above·refemnced cause. Plaintiffs appeared by and through thElir

attorneys of record. Defendant appeared by and through his attorney of record.

      After reviewing the file, after considering the evidence submitted and after hearing

nrguments of counsel, the Court is of the opinion that Defendant Gerald HalTlngton, M,O .·s

Motion for Dismissal Pursuant to Section 74.351 of the Texas Civil Practice & Remedies

Code should be denied. Accordingly, it is hereby

       ORDERED, ADJUDGED and DECREED that Defendant Gerald Harrington, M.D,'s

Motion for Dismissal Pursuant to Section "14.351 of the Texas Civil Practice & RElmedies

Cede be, and hereby is, DENIED.

       SIGNED FOR ENTRY this the __      'L_ day of ____1'111't~\.lt:::.: .....__._, 2015.

                                                 Judge Pmsidi 9
COpy TO:

Mr. Rona~d G. Hole                      Mr. Mic!l.ael D. Maloney                          Me, Emily Davcnrort
Hole 8. Alvatez, L.l.P.                 Ms.l::tica. O. Moloney                            Kemp Smith LLP
P.O. Box'120M7                          Syro"   B. MiJler                                 816 Congress Avenue, Suite 1?60
McAllen, iaxaa 7B504-054"               l~w Offices of PAt Maloney, PO                    San Antonio, Textra 78.205
EmsJl: !1I1A.U«4HoleAIv."ll:~           322 W. Woodlawn Ave.                              Austin, T€lXa9 78701-2443
                                        San Antonio, TBYJ.l*i 7$212                       Ema.lI: ~enpOli~!ill:;).ml!h.cool
Mr. W, ~ich~rd W sgnelt                 t.>Mail: mjch~e\l1l.@.tlie!one.·~1~wgroI)R.con2
Wagner &. Cario, LLP                    E-Mflit ,~ric!lm@ma!one0~grQup.c<>rt1             Ms. Liea A. Roch01IMu
nos  Broodway                           Email: Qli2U@DJ!Ngnlily1swflrm.com                Soone, Roche!eau & Rocfriguoz, P ,LLC.
San Antonio, Texas 78209                                                                  10101 Reunion PI~ce, Suite 600
E·Mail: rvmg.!!.fili.tl?wagne[Q.Z!!j~                                                     San Antonio, TEJXQ3 78209
                                                                                          E-MaU:   Irocheleau@t.Jr-Jtl~ilrlT!.com

ORDER DENYING DEFENDANT Gr:I-tALb HARRINGTON. M.O.'S r...lCH!ON FOR DISMISSAL
PUI~SUANT TO SECTION 'f4.3{i1 OF THE TEXAS OfVIL Pi{ACTIOE & R!;MEOIE:S CODE· PAGE 2. OF :2
§ 74.351. Expert Report, TX CIV PRAC & REM § 74.351

  Vernon's Texas Statutes and Codes Annotated
    Civil Practice and Remedies Code (Refs & Annos)
      Title 4. Liability in Tort
         Chapter 74. Medical Liability (Refs & Annos)
           Subchapter H. Procedural Provisions (Refs & Annos)

                                      V.T.C.A., Civil Practice & Remedies Code § 74.351

                                                      § 74.351. Expert Report

                                                   Effective: September 1, 2013
                                                           Currentness

(a) In a health care liability claim, a claimant shall, not later than the 120th day after the date each defendant's original answer
is filed, serve on that party or the party's attorney one or more expert reports, with a curriculum vitae of each expert listed in the
report for each physician or health care provider against whom a liability claim is asserted. The date for serving the report may
be extended by written agreement of the affected parties. Each defendant physician or health care provider whose conduct is
implicated in a report must file and serve any objection to the sufficiency of the report not later than the later of the 21st day after
the date the report is served or the 21st day after the date the defendant's answer is filed, failing which all objections are waived.

(b) If, as to a defendant physician or health care provider, an expert report has not been served within the period specified
by Subsection (a), the court, on the motion of the affected physician or health care provider, shall, subject to Subsection (c),
enter an order that:

  (1) awards to the affected physician or health care provider reasonable attorney's fees and costs of court incurred by the
  physician or health care provider; and

  (2) dismisses the claim with respect to the physician or health care provider, with prejudice to the refiling of the claim.

(c) If an expert report has not been served within the period specified by Subsection (a) because elements of the report are found
deficient, the court may grant one 30-day extension to the claimant in order to cure the deficiency. If the claimant does not
receive notice of the court's ruling granting the extension until after the 120-day deadline has passed, then the 30-day extension
shall run from the date the plaintiff first received the notice.

(d) to (h) [Subsections (d)-(h) reserved]

(i) Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, a claimant may satisfy any requirement of this section for serving an
expert report by serving reports of separate experts regarding different physicians or health care providers or regarding different
issues arising from the conduct of a physician or health care provider, such as issues of liability and causation. Nothing in
this section shall be construed to mean that a single expert must address all liability and causation issues with respect to all
physicians or health care providers or with respect to both liability and causation issues for a physician or health care provider.

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                  1
§ 74.351. Expert Report, TX CIV PRAC & REM § 74.351

(j) Nothing in this section shall be construed to require the serving of an expert report regarding any issue other than an issue
relating to liability or causation.

(k) Subject to Subsection (t), an expert report served under this section:

  (1) is not admissible in evidence by any party;

  (2) shall not be used in a deposition, trial, or other proceeding; and

  (3) shall not be referred to by any party during the course of the action for any purpose.

(l) A court shall grant a motion challenging the adequacy of an expert report only if it appears to the court, after hearing, that
the report does not represent an objective good faith effort to comply with the definition of an expert report in Subsection (r)(6).

(m) to (q) [Subsections (m)-(q) reserved]

(r) In this section:

  (1) “Affected parties” means the claimant and the physician or health care provider who are directly affected by an act or
  agreement required or permitted by this section and does not include other parties to an action who are not directly affected
  by that particular act or agreement.

  (2) “Claim” means a health care liability claim.

  (3) [reserved]

  (4) “Defendant” means a physician or health care provider against whom a health care liability claim is asserted. The term
  includes a third-party defendant, cross-defendant, or counterdefendant.

  (5) “Expert” means:

     (A) with respect to a person giving opinion testimony regarding whether a physician departed from accepted standards of
     medical care, an expert qualified to testify under the requirements of Section 74.401;

     (B) with respect to a person giving opinion testimony regarding whether a health care provider departed from accepted
     standards of health care, an expert qualified to testify under the requirements of Section 74.402;

                 © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                             2
§ 74.351. Expert Report, TX CIV PRAC & REM § 74.351

     (C) with respect to a person giving opinion testimony about the causal relationship between the injury, harm, or damages
     claimed and the alleged departure from the applicable standard of care in any health care liability claim, a physician who
     is otherwise qualified to render opinions on such causal relationship under the Texas Rules of Evidence;

     (D) with respect to a person giving opinion testimony about the causal relationship between the injury, harm, or damages
     claimed and the alleged departure from the applicable standard of care for a dentist, a dentist or physician who is otherwise
     qualified to render opinions on such causal relationship under the Texas Rules of Evidence; or

     (E) with respect to a person giving opinion testimony about the causal relationship between the injury, harm, or damages
     claimed and the alleged departure from the applicable standard of care for a podiatrist, a podiatrist or physician who is
     otherwise qualified to render opinions on such causal relationship under the Texas Rules of Evidence.

  (6) “Expert report” means a written report by an expert that provides a fair summary of the expert's opinions as of the date
  of the report regarding applicable standards of care, the manner in which the care rendered by the physician or health care
  provider failed to meet the standards, and the causal relationship between that failure and the injury, harm, or damages
  claimed.

(s) Until a claimant has served the expert report and curriculum vitae as required by Subsection (a), all discovery in a health
care liability claim is stayed except for the acquisition by the claimant of information, including medical or hospital records or
other documents or tangible things, related to the patient's health care through:

  (1) written discovery as defined in Rule 192.7, Texas Rules of Civil Procedure;

  (2) depositions on written questions under Rule 200, Texas Rules of Civil Procedure; and

  (3) discovery from nonparties under Rule 205, Texas Rules of Civil Procedure.

(t) If an expert report is used by the claimant in the course of the action for any purpose other than to meet the service requirement
of Subsection (a), the restrictions imposed by Subsection (k) on use of the expert report by any party are waived.

(u) Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, after a claim is filed all claimants, collectively, may take not more than
two depositions before the expert report is served as required by Subsection (a).

Credits
Added by Acts 2003, 78th Leg., ch. 204, § 10.01, eff. Sept. 1, 2003. Amended by Acts 2005, 79th Leg., ch. 635, § 1, eff. Sept.
1, 2005; Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., ch. 870 (H.B. 658), § 2, eff. Sept. 1, 2013.

Notes of Decisions (1863)

V. T. C. A., Civil Practice & Remedies Code § 74.351, TX CIV PRAC & REM § 74.351

                © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                3
§ 74.351. Expert Report, TX CIV PRAC & REM § 74.351

Current through the end of the 2013 Third Called Session of the 83rd Legislature

End of Document                                                  © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

               © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                4