Court Opinion

ID: 2700948
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-08-04 19:27:22.976388+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:53:37.335804
License: Public Domain

[Cite as Patel v. Bellaire, 2012-Ohio-4348.]
                             STATE OF OHIO, BELMONT COUNTY

                                   IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

                                         SEVENTH DISTRICT

ARVIND PATEL, ET AL.,                             )
                                                  )
        PLAINTIFFS-APPELLANTS,                    )
                                                  )
V.                                                )          CASE NO. 10 BE 27
                                                  )
VILLAGE OF BELLAIRE,                              )               OPINION
                                                  )
        DEFENDANT-APPELLEE.                       )

CHARACTER OF PROCEEDINGS:                         Civil Appeal from Court of Common
                                                  Pleas of Belmont County, Ohio
                                                  Case No. 08CV412

JUDGMENT:                                         Affirmed

APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiffs-Appellants                         Atty. David L. Delk
                                                  1226 Chapline St., P.O. Box 351
                                                  Wheeling, WV 26003

                                                  Arvind Patel, Pro-se
                                                  16 Renaissance Way
                                                  Wheeling, WV 26003

For Defendant-Appellee                            Atty. Mel L. Lute, Jr.
                                                  400 South Main St.
                                                  North Canton, Ohio 44720

JUDGES:

Hon. Gene Donofrio
Hon. Joseph J. Vukovich
Hon. Mary DeGenaro

                                                  Dated: September 24, 2012
[Cite as Patel v. Bellaire, 2012-Ohio-4348.]
DONOFRIO, J.

        {¶1}     Plaintiffs-appellants, Arvind Patel and Anu & Amu, Inc., appeal from a
Belmont County Common Pleas Court judgment granting summary judgment in favor
of defendant-appellee, the Village of Bellaire (Bellaire), and dismissing their
complaint.
        {¶2}     Patel is the president of Anu & Amu, Inc. (Anu). Anu did business as
the 7-Inn Motel located in Bellaire, Ohio (the motel).
        {¶3}     Bellaire contracted with Neff’s Fire Department to conduct all code
enforcement inspections.            Captain Dennis VanKirk of the Neff’s Fire Department
conducted an initial inspection of the motel on September 6, 2006.                 Patel
characterizes this inspection as a “raid,” and notes that eight to ten Bellaire officials
were present. Captain VanKirk cited appellants for numerous safety and fire code
violations. The next day, Bellaire obtained a temporary restraining order closing the
motel. Bellaire Law Director Michael Shaheen also sought a permanent injunction to
close the motel subject to the complete repair in accordance with the state fire code
requirements.
        {¶4}     On September 20, 2006, Officers Richard Vance and Richard Mansfield
from the Ohio Department of Commerce, State Fire Marshal’s Division conducted an
inspection of the motel to determine whether there were any remaining fire code
violations. They discovered 183 violations of the state fire code and issued Patel
another citation.       Patel filed a request for a hearing with the Board of Building
Appeals, which upheld the State Fire Marshal’s citations. Patel did not appeal this
decision.
        {¶5}     In July 2007, Bellaire dismissed its lawsuit against appellants for a
permanent injunction since the motel was no longer in operation and Patel’s
hotel/motel operator’s license had expired.
        {¶6}     On August 29, 2008, appellants filed a complaint against Bellaire
raising claims of conspiracy, negligence, and tortious interference with economic
advantage.
        {¶7}     On December 4, 2008, Bellaire filed a motion for summary judgment. It
                                                                                -2-

asserted that appellants’ claims failed because it was protected by political
subdivision immunity, because appellants failed to allege an illegal act to support
their civil conspiracy claim, and because appellants’ claims were barred by the
doctrine of res judicata. In support of its motion, Bellaire attached the affidavits of
Captain VanKirk and Atty. Shaheen. Patel filed a pro se memorandum in opposition
shortly thereafter.
       {¶8}   Patel next filed a motion requesting that the trial judge recuse herself
from this case. He then filed a motion to compel Bellaire to respond to his first set of
interrogatories and request for production of documents.
       {¶9}   Bellaire filed a brief opposing the motion to compel stating that it had
answered Patel’s interrogatories and attached a copy of the notice of service of
responses to discovery requests filed February 27, 2009. The court thereafter denied
Patel’s motion to compel.
       {¶10} On March 18, 2009, the trial court put on an entry stating that it had
held a pretrial hearing and that a trial was scheduled for January 21, 2010. It further
set deadlines for discovery completion and dispositive motions.
       {¶11} On April 10, 2009, counsel filed a notice of appearance on behalf of
appellants.
       {¶12} On July 8, 2009, the trial court put on an order directing appellants’
counsel to review all of Patel’s pro se motions for which it had yet to file a ruling and
determine which, if any motions, were meritorious and to file those motions under
counsel’s name. It stated that any motion not refiled under counsel’s name would be
deemed overruled.
       {¶13} On April 20, 2010, the court put on an entry stating that it had held a
pretrial hearing and trial was set for November 9, 2010. It once again set deadlines
for discovery completion and dispositive motions.
       {¶14} On July 21, 2010, Bellaire filed a supplemental brief in support of
summary judgment.
       {¶15} On October 26, 2010, appellants’ counsel withdrew from the case.
                                                                                  -3-

       {¶16} On November 4, 2010, the trial court granted Bellaire’s summary
judgment motion. It found that appellants failed to introduce evidence in opposition
to the evidence produced by Bellaire and that there was no evidence to create a
genuine issue of material fact.
       {¶17} Appellants filed a timely notice of appeal on November 30, 2010.
       {¶18} Appellants are represented by counsel in this case and counsel has
filed a brief raising one assignment of error. Patel has also filed a pro se brief in
which he raises six additional assignments of error. The assignment of error raised
by counsel states:

       THE TRIAL COURT COMMITTED ERROR WHEN IT DENIED
       APPELLANTS[’]        REQUEST        FOR     ADDITIONAL        DISCOVERY
       PURSUANT TO RULE 56(F) OF THE OHIO RULES OF CIVIL
       PROCEDURE.

       {¶19} Appellants argue that the trial court should not have granted summary
judgment to Bellaire without first addressing appellants’ request for additional
discovery. They contend that Bellaire’s summary judgment motion, filed just four
months after they filed their complaint, got lost in the shuffle of the litigation. For
support, appellants point out that the trial court filed several judgment entries setting
trial dates and deadlines without mentioning Bellaire’s summary judgment motion or
appellants’ pro se request for additional discovery. Appellants contend that the trial
court should have denied Bellaire’s summary judgment motion, granted their motion
for additional discovery, and set a deadline for them to produce evidence in
opposition to the summary judgment motion.
       {¶20} Appellants seem confused here about what actually occurred in the trial
court. Bellaire filed its summary judgment motion in December 2008. Patel then filed
a pro se brief in opposition. Patel also filed a motion to compel, which apparently is
the request for additional discovery that appellants’ address in this assignment of
error, requesting that the court compel Bellaire to answer its first set of interrogatories
                                                                                -4-

and request for documents. Bellaire then filed a brief in opposition to the motion to
compel. As support, Bellaire filed with the court a notice that it had answered Patel’s
requests and attached a copy of the notice of service of responses to discovery
requests filed February 27, 2009.
       {¶21} Thus, Bellaire did provide appellants with the requested discovery.
       {¶22} Furthermore, appellants contend that Bellaire’s summary judgment
motion, filed just four months after appellants filed their complaint, got “lost in the
shuffle” and the trial court decided on its own to grant it after almost two years. But
this also is not accurate. Bellaire did file its summary judgment motion in December
2008. However, in July 2010, it filed a supplemental brief in support of summary
judgment and filed Patel’s deposition in further support of its motion. Thus, even if
the court had lost track of Bellaire’s original summary judgment motion, Bellaire
brought it to the court’s attention in July 2010, and provided additional evidence in
support of its motion.     Appellants failed to respond to the supplemental brief.
Consequently, the trial court did not simply resurrect Bellaire’s motion after forgetting
about it for two years as appellants suggest.
       {¶23} Accordingly, appellants’ assignment of error raised by counsel is
without merit.
       {¶24} Patel has raised the remaining six assignments of error in his pro se
brief. His first assignment of error states:

       THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETIONARY POWER BY
       GRANTING SUMMARY JUDGMENT WHEN APPELLEE FAILED TO
       PROVE THAT THERE ARE NO GENUINE ISSUES OF MATERIAL
       FACT WITH RESPECT TO EVERY ESSENTIAL COUNT OF THE
       COMPLAINT.

       {¶25} Patel argues here that summary judgment was inappropriate.               He
asserts the court failed to address the raid on his hotel without probable cause. He
further contends that in granting summary judgment, the trial court relied on the
                                                                                 -5-

affidavits that he alleged were “false, fraudulent and manufactured.”         Finally, he
asserts that Bellaire failed to address his allegation that appellee wrongfully
continued its prosecution despite the fact that he corrected the violations at his hotel.
       {¶26} In reviewing a trial court's decision on a summary judgment motion,
appellate courts apply a de novo standard of review.          Cole v. Am. Industries &
Resources Corp., 128 Ohio App.3d 546, 552, 715 N.E.2d 1179 (1998). Thus, we
shall apply the same test as the trial court in determining whether summary judgment
was proper. Civ.R. 56(C) provides that the trial court shall render summary judgment
if no genuine issue of material fact exists and when construing the evidence most
strongly in favor of the nonmoving party, reasonable minds can only conclude that
the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. State ex rel. Parsons v.
Flemming, 68 Ohio St.3d 509, 511, 628 N.E.2d 1377 (1994).              A “material fact”
depends on the substantive law of the claim being litigated. Hoyt, Inc. v. Gordon &
Assoc., Inc., 104 Ohio App.3d 598, 603, 662 N.E.2d 1088 (1995), citing Anderson v.
Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986).
       {¶27} Whether a political subdivision is entitled to immunity is analyzed using
a three-tiered process. Green Cty. Agricultural Soc. v. Liming, 89 Ohio St.3d 551,
556, 733 N.E.2d 1141 (2000). Under the first tier, R.C. 2744.02(A)(1) sets out the
general rule that political subdivisions are not liable in damages.       Id. at 556-57.
Under the second tier, the court must determine whether any of the exceptions to
immunity set out in R.C. 2744.02(B) apply. Id. at 557. Finally, under the third tier, if
the court finds that any of R.C. 2744.02(B)'s exceptions apply, it must consider R.C.
2744.03, which provides defenses and immunities to liability. Id.
       {¶28} Thus, in this case, we must begin our analysis under the first tier with
the premise that Bellaire is not liable in damages here.
       {¶29} Under the second tier, we must look at whether any of the R.C.
2744.02(B) exceptions apply. Those exceptions are:

       (1) Except as otherwise provided in this division, political subdivisions
       are liable for injury, death, or loss to person or property caused by the
                                                                                    -6-

      negligent operation of any motor vehicle by their employees when the
      employees are engaged within the scope of their employment and
      authority. * * *
      ***
      (2) Except as otherwise provided in sections 3314.07 and 3746.24 of
      the Revised Code, political subdivisions are liable for injury, death, or
      loss to person or property caused by the negligent performance of acts
      by their employees with respect to proprietary functions of the political
      subdivisions.
      (3) Except as otherwise provided in section 3746.24 of the Revised
      Code, political subdivisions are liable for injury, death, or loss to person
      or property caused by their negligent failure to keep public roads in
      repair and other negligent failure to remove obstructions from public
      roads, * * *.
      (4) Except as otherwise provided in section 3746.24 of the Revised
      Code, political subdivisions are liable for injury, death, or loss to person
      or property that is caused by the negligence of their employees and that
      occurs within or on the grounds of, and is due to physical defects within
      or on the grounds of, buildings that are used in connection with the
      performance of a governmental function, including, but not limited to,
      office buildings and courthouses, but not including jails, places of
      juvenile detention, workhouses, or any other detention facility * * *.
      (5) In addition to the circumstances described in divisions (B)(1) to (4)
      of this section, a political subdivision is liable for injury, death, or loss to
      person or property when civil liability is expressly imposed upon the
      political subdivision by a section of the Revised Code, * * * .”

      {¶30} Appellants did not raise any of these exceptions to immunity.
      {¶31} The only argument Patel raised in his memorandum of law in opposition
to defendant’s motion for summary judgment was that Bellaire’s agents (specifically
                                                                                -7-

Captain VanKirk and Atty. Shaheen) were acting outside of the scope of their
employment when they issued the citations to him and filed for an injunction to close
the motel.    The problem with this argument is that Patel did not name Captain
VanKirk or Atty. Shaheen as defendants in this case. And if in fact they were acting
outside the scope of their employment, this would only be further support for finding
that Bellaire was not liable to appellants.
       {¶32} In contrast, Bellaire presented Captain VanKirk’s affidavit. He averred
to the following. Bellaire contracted with Neff’s Fire Department to conduct all code
enforcement inspections. (VanKirk Aff. ¶1). He conducted an initial inspection on
September 6, 2006.       (VanKirk Aff. ¶2).       He was required by law to enforce the
applicable codes as pertaining to places of public accommodation. (VanKirk Aff. ¶3).
He found over 100 individual violations of the fire code at the motel. (VanKirk Aff.
¶7).   On September 20, 2006, State Fire Marshal Officers Vance and Mansfield
inspected the motel, found 183 violations of the state fire code, and issued Patel a
citation for the violations. (VanKirk Aff. ¶9).
       {¶33} Bellaire also offered Atty. Shaheen’s affidavit. Shaheen averred that as
Bellaire’s law director, he requested temporary and permanent injunctive relief to
evacuate and close the motel subject to the complete and appropriate repair in
accordance with state fire code requirements. (Shaheen Aff. ¶2-3).
       {¶34} Thus, we are left only with the presumption that Bellaire is protected by
governmental immunity.        Captain VanKirk’s and Atty. Shaheen’s affidavits are
undisputed that they were acting within the scope of their employment with and as
agents of Bellaire. And there is no evidence that they are “false, fraudulent and
manufactured” as Patel alleges. As such, summary judgment was proper.
       {¶35} Accordingly, Patel’s first pro se assignment of error is without merit.
       {¶36} Patel’s second pro se assignment of error states:

       THE LOWER COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETIONARY POWER IN
       NOT CONSTRUING THE FACTS IN THE LIGHT MOST FAVORABLE
       TO THE NONMOVING PARTY.
                                                                                -8-

       {¶37} Here Patel contends that the trial court failed to construe the facts in the
light most favorable to him, the non-moving party, because of the court’s “bias,
prejudiced, bigoted and retaliatory attitude” towards him. He further asserts that the
court failed to address his conspiracy, negligence, and tortious interference with
economic advantage claims.        Appellant goes on to allege that even though he
corrected the violations he had been cited for by the state fire marshal, the court
allowed Atty. Shaheen to prosecute the motel based upon the violations.
Additionally, Patel asserts that Bellaire illegally raided the motel and this was part of
the conspiracy to shut it down.
       {¶38} Appellant addresses part of his argument here to accusing the trial
court judge of being biased and prejudiced against him, having a bigoted attitude,
and wanting to retaliate against him for filing a motion seeking her recusal. As we will
address in detail in Patel’s third pro se assignment of error, this is not the proper
forum to raise this argument.
       {¶39} Appellant bases the remainder of his argument asserting that Bellaire
conducted a “raid” on the motel and that he corrected the violations for which he was
cited. However, as discussed above, Bellaire enjoys political subdivision immunity in
this case. And as Bellaire points out, Patel did not present any evidence to dispute
Captain VanKirk’s affidavit regarding the numerous fire code violations at the motel.
       {¶40} Accordingly, Patel’s second pro se assignment of error is without merit.
       {¶41} Patel’s third pro se assignment of error states:

       THE LOWER COURT WILLFULLY ABUSED ITS DISCRETIONARY
       POWER AND VIOLATED APPELLANT ARVIND PATEL’S DUE
       PROCESS RIGHTS BY OVERRULING THE MOTION TO RECUSE
       FILED AGAINST IT.

       {¶42} Patel contends here that the trial court judge should have recused
herself from this case based on his motion. He asserts that after he filed a motion
with the trial court judge accusing her of bigotry and racism, there was no way she
                                                                                -9-

could proceed with the case in an impartial manner.
       {¶43} “The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio, or his designee, has
exclusive jurisdiction to determine a claim that a common pleas judge is biased or
prejudiced.” Jones v. Billingham, 105 Ohio App.3d 8, 11, 663 N.E.2d 657 (1995),
citing Section 5(C), Article IV, Ohio Constitution; Adkins v. Adkins, 43 Ohio App.3d
95, 539 N.E.2d 686 (1988). R.C. 2701.03 provides the exclusive means by which a
litigant can assert that a common pleas judge is biased or prejudiced. Id. R.C.
2701.03(A) provides:

       If a judge of the court of common pleas allegedly is interested in a
       proceeding pending before the court, allegedly is related to or has a
       bias or prejudice for or against a party to a proceeding pending before
       the court or a party's counsel, or allegedly otherwise is disqualified to
       preside in a proceeding pending before the court, any party to the
       proceeding or the party's counsel may file an affidavit of disqualification
       with the clerk of the supreme court in accordance with division (B) of
       this section.

       {¶44} An appellate court lacks the authority to pass upon the disqualification
of a common pleas court judge or to void the judgment of a trial court on that basis.
State v. Ramos, 88 Ohio App.3d 394, 398, 623 N.E.2d 1336 (1993).
       {¶45} Thus, we are without the authority to determine whether the trial court
judge should have recused herself in this case. If Patel thought the trial court judge
should have recused herself, his remedy was to file an affidavit of disqualification with
the clerk of the Ohio Supreme Court.
       {¶46} Accordingly, Patel’s third pro se assignment of error is without merit.
       {¶47} Patel’s fourth pro se assignment of error states:

       THE TRIAL COURT WILLFULLY ABUSED ITS DISCRETIONARY
       POWER       AND    GRANTED       SUMMARY        JUDGMENT        AGAINST
                                                                               - 10 -

       APPELLANT        BASED       ON      FALSE,      FRAUDULENT          AND
       EXAGGERATED AFFIDAVITS AND TESTIMONY.

       {¶48} In this assignment of error, Patel asserts that Captain VanKirk falsely
and fraudulently manufactured over 100 violations and exaggerated them as
“extremely dangerous” in his affidavit in order to support appellee in securing a
restraining order against the motel. He argues that the missing light globe and lack
of GFCI receptacles that Captain VanKirk cited were not cited by the state fire
marshal and the motel had always been given 30 days to correct such violations.
Patel further asserts that Captain VanKirk contradicted and perjured himself when he
averred that the motel had exposed wiring, deplorable conditions, flammable
materials, and lack of adequate or working fire extinguishers. Patel relies on his own
deposition testimony for support.
       {¶49} Patel’s own testimony that Captain VanKirk and the police chief tell
“lies” (Patel dep. 30-32, 42-43) does not create a genuine issue of material fact as to
his civil conspiracy claim. Moreover, as to a civil conspiracy, an underlying unlawful
act is required before a civil conspiracy claim can succeed.         Williams v. Aetna
Financial Co., 83 Ohio St.3d 464, 475, 700 N.E.2d 859 (1998). Appellant has not
alleged an unlawful act here. Thus, his civil conspiracy claim must fail.
       {¶50} Accordingly, Patel’s fourth pro se assignment of error is without merit.
       {¶51} Patel’s fifth pro se assignment of error states:

       THE LOWER COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETIONARY POWER BY
       SUMMARILY JUDGING THE CASE WHEN APPELLANTS WERE
       WITHOUT LEGAL REPRESENTATION AND WITHOUT GRANTING
       APPELLANTS THE OPPORTUNITY TO RETAIN COUNSEL.

       {¶52} Patel argues that the trial court should have continued the case to allow
appellants the chance to retain new counsel after their counsel withdrew. He claims
that the trial court erred in ruling on the summary judgment motion while appellants
                                                                             - 11 -

were without counsel.
      {¶53} Appellants filed their complaint on August 29, 2008. Bellaire filed its
motion for summary judgment on December 4, 2008.               Patel filed a pro se
memorandum in opposition shortly thereafter. Patel next filed a motion requesting
that the trial judge recuse herself.   He then filed a motion to compel Bellaire to
respond to his discovery requests.     Bellaire filed a brief opposing the motion to
compel and attached a copy of the notice of service of responses to discovery
requests filed February 27, 2009.
      {¶54} On March 18, 2009, the trial court put on an entry stating that it had
held a pretrial hearing and a trial was scheduled for January 21, 2010. Up until this
time, Patel had proceeded pro se.      On April 10, 2009, counsel filed a notice of
appearance on behalf of appellants. On July 8, 2009, the trial court put on an order
directing appellants’ counsel to review all of Patel’s pro se motions for which it had
yet to file a ruling and determine which, if any motions, were meritorious and to file
those motions under counsel’s name. It stated that any motion not re-filed under
counsel’s name would be deemed overruled.
      {¶55} No action whatsoever was taken in this case from July 8, 2009, until
March 10, 2010, when the court scheduled a pretrial for April 15.
      {¶56} On April 20, 2010, the court put on an entry stating that it had held a
pretrial hearing and trial was set for November 9. Bellaire filed a supplemental brief
in support of summary judgment on July 21.
      {¶57} On October 26, 2010, appellants’ counsel withdrew from the case. The
trial court granted Bellaire’s summary judgment motion on November 4.
      {¶58} The decision to grant a continuance is within the trial court’s sound
discretion, and thus will not be reversed absent an abuse of discretion. Nationwide
Mut. Fire Ins. v. Barrett, 7th Dist. No. 08 MA 130, 2008-Ohio-6588, ¶19, citing State
v. Unger, 67 Ohio St.2d 65, 67, 423 N.E.2d 1078 (1981). An abuse of discretion
connotes more than an error in law or judgment; it implies that the trial court's
decision was unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5
                                                                               - 12 -

Ohio St.3d 217, 219, 450 N.E.2d 1140 (1983).
      {¶59} Appellants did not request a continuance in this case after their counsel
withdrew. Moreover, for the first seven-and-a-half months after filing the instant
lawsuit, appellants proceeded pro se.
      {¶60} Courts are not required to issue continuances sua sponte. Clementz-
McBeth v. Craft, 3d Dist. No. 2-11-16, 2012-Ohio-985, ¶20, citing Gannon v. Gannon,
6th Dist. No. WD-07-078, 2008-Ohio-4484, ¶43. It is not the court’s responsibility to
make sure parties are prepared or to grant a continuance where neither party has
requested one. Id. “Though some leeway is often given to pro se litigants, ‘ordinary
civil litigants proceeding pro se * * * are not entitled to special treatment.’”      Id.,
quoting McKinnie v. Roadway Express, 341 F.3d 554, 558 (6th Cir.2003).
      {¶61} Given the timeline set out above, the fact that appellants had appeared
pro se for a substantial period of this lawsuit, and most importantly because
appellants did not request a continuance, we cannot conclude that the trial court
abused its discretion in failing to sua sponte order a continuance in this case so that
appellants could retain new counsel.
      {¶62} Accordingly, Patel’s fifth pro se assignment of error is without merit.
      {¶63} Patel’s sixth pro se assignment of error states:

      THE LOWER COURT ERRED IN CONSIDERING DENNIS VANKIRK’S
      OPINIONS AS THOSE OF AN EXPERT AND ISSUING SUMMARY
      JUDGMENT THEREUPON.

      {¶64} Finally, Patel argues that the trial court erred by considering Captain
VanKirk’s opinions as those of an expert and issuing summary judgment based on
those opinions.
      {¶65} A witness may testify as an expert if he is “qualified as an expert by
specialized knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education regarding the subject
matter of the testimony.” Evid.R. 702(B). Additionally, a witness may testify as an
expert if his testimony “relates to matters beyond the knowledge or experience
                                                                                  - 13 -

possessed by lay persons.” Evid.R. 702(A). Whether a witness is qualified to testify
as an expert is a matter within the trial court's discretion. State v. Awkal, 76 Ohio
St.3d 324, 331, 667 N.E.2d 960 (1996).
       {¶66} Captain VanKirk is a certified fire safety inspector. (VanKirk dep. ¶2).
He has obtained the rank of captain. (VanKirk dep. ¶1). He is also the fire safety
inspector for Bellaire. (VanKirk dep. ¶2). He performed his inspection of the motel
pursuant to his duties as a certified fire safety inspector. (VanKirk dep. ¶3).
       {¶67} Given Captain VanKirk’s qualifications, he was qualified to give his
expert opinion on the safety violations he found at the motel. Additionally, Patel
failed to offer a competing expert’s opinion to dispute Captain Van Kirk’s findings.
       {¶68} Accordingly, Patel’s sixth pro se assignment of error is without merit.
       {¶69} For the reasons set out above, the trial court’s judgment is hereby
affirmed.

Vukovich, J., concurs.

DeGenaro, J., concurs.