Court Opinion

ID: 9781159
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-30 16:17:42.484129+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:34:19.722759
License: Public Domain

HUNTER, JR., Robert N., Judge.
Michael Topp, Duncan Thomasson, Martin Kooyman, and Black Pearl Enterprises, LLC (“Plaintiffs”) appeal from the trial courts’ orders relating to Plaintiffs’ breach of contract claim against Big Rock Foundation, Inc. (“Big Rock Foundation”), Crystal Coast Tournament, Inc. (“Crystal Coast Tournament”), and John Doe. *66Plaintiffs argue Judge J. Carlton Cole erred in granting the motion to change venue filed by Big Rock Foundation, Crystal Coast Tournament, and John Doe. Plaintiffs additionally argue Judge John E. Nobles, Jr. erred by denying Plaintiffs’ motion to recuse himself from consideration of the proceedings; by denying Plaintiffs’ motion to strike affidavits filed by Big Rock Foundation and Crystal Coast Tournament in support of their motion for summary judgment; and by granting summary judgment in favor of Big Rock Foundation, Crystal Coast Tournament, Carnivore Charters, LLC, Edward Petrilli, Jamie Williams, Tony R. Ross, and John Doe (“Defendants”). For the following reasons, we affirm.
I. Facts & Procedural Background
Plaintiffs were contestants in the 2010 Big Rock Blue Marlin Tournament (the “Tournament”), a saltwater fishing tournament operated by defendant Crystal Coast Tournament. On 14 June 2010, the first fishing day of the Tournament, Plaintiffs’ boat, the Citation, departed Harteras at approximately 6:30 a.m. for the Tournament fishing grounds. On board the Citation were Captain Eric Holmes, First Mate Peter Wann, Martin Kooyman, Duncan Thomasson, and Michael Topp.1
As the Citation was underway and inside the three-mile boundary defining state territorial waters, Wann began preparing bait and rigging equipment to be used for the day’s fishing. The Tournament rules prohibited any lines or teasers to be placed in the water before 9:00 a.m.; by that time Plaintiffs had travelled out of state waters and into the Exclusive Economic Zone (“EEZ”).2 At approximately 10:30 a.m., Plaintiffs hooked an 883-pound blue marlin. Plaintiffs received permission from the Tournament Rules Committee to hand-line the fish. After several hours, Plaintiffs were able to haul the marlin on board the boat at approximately 3:15 p.m. The boat was approximately 25 miles off the North Carolina coast, in the EEZ, at the time the fish was hooked and when it was hauled on board the Citation.
*67After securing the marlin on the boat, the Citation headed back to the Tournament weigh station in Morehead City. En route, Wann realized he and the others aboard the Citation were likely to be subjected to questioning when they made it ashore, so he reviewed the Tournament rules. Rule 9 of the Tournament rules states that all boats “must” have a highly migratory species fishing permit (“HMS permit”) on board the boat when engaged in fishing. Rule 9 further provides that “[t]he North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries will require a recreational fishing license for anyone participating in fishing aboard a vessel. This includes a license for the captain, the mate and the anglers.” The rules further state that at least one person on each team is responsible for knowing the rules, including any changes announced at the Captain’s Meeting. At the Captain’s Meeting before the Tournament began, the need for a North Carolina Costal Recreational Fishing License (“CRFL”) was emphasized, and the captains were warned not to risk losing one million dollars because of the lack of a license.
After reading the Tournament rules, Wann asked Captain Holmes if they possessed a blanket fishing license on the boat; Holmes replied they did not. Concerned that he did not possess a valid CRFL, Wann used a laptop computer to check the status of his license via the internet. However, he could not conclusively determine whether he had an active license. Thinking that “two licenses would be better than none,” Wann used the laptop to obtain a license; the transaction was effective at 5:51 p.m. Plaintiffs brought their catch to the weigh station, where it was accepted as the first catch of the Tournament weighing over 500 pounds.
Upon conclusion of the Tournament, Plaintiffs appeared to be entitled to a first place prize of $910,062.50; Defendants’ vessels, Carnivore and Wet-N-Wild, qualified for second and third place, respectively, with a 528-pound marlin and a 460-pound marlin. Before awarding the prize money, Crystal Coast Tournament learned that Wann had been fishing without a CRFL on the day the Citation caught the 883-pound marlin. On 19 June 2010, Captain Holmes and Wann were required to take polygraph tests pursuant to Tournament rule 17. When Holmes was asked if he knew of any reason why the Citation and its catch should be disqualified, he mentioned the possibility that Wann did not possess a CRFL when the marlin was caught. When Wann was subjected to a polygraph test, he was asked three times whether he had an active CRFL when he landed the marlin on the Citation; on the third time he was asked, he answered “ ‘No.’ ”
*68At the request of the Citation owners, Wann reported to the North Carolina Marine Fisheries Commission (“MFC”). Wann admitted to the MFC that after leaving the dock at approximately 6:30 a.m. on 14 June 2010, while the Citation was in state waters, he prepped for the day’s fishing by thawing bait, rigging bait, and coiling leaders. The MFC issued Wann a citation for engaging in recreational fishing at 6:35 a.m. on 14 June 2010 without a valid CRFL in violation of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 113-174.1; “[Recreational fishing” includes “any activity preparatory to” the taking of any finfish, “the taking of which is subject to regulation by the Marine Fisheries Commission[.]” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 113-174(4) (2011). The Tournament Rules Committee and Board of Directors determined that Warm's failure to have a valid CRFL before 5:51 p.m. on 14 June 2010 was a violation of the Tournament rules and disqualified the Citation and its catch.
On 25 June 2010, Plaintiffs initiated the underlying action in Dare County Superior Court by filing a complaint alleging, inter alia, breach of contract by Big Rock Foundation. Subsequently, Plaintiffs amended the complaint to include Defendants Crystal Coast Tournament and John Doe. In response, Big Rock Foundation and Crystal Coast Tournament claimed, inter alia, that Plaintiffs’ claim was barred by Plaintiffs’ material breach of the parties’ contract. By consent orders, the parties agreed the contested prize money would not be paid pending an order of the court and joined as necessary parties the second and third place Tournament winners, Carnivore Charters and Edward Petrilli (the owners and/or managers of the vessel Carnivore), Tony Ross (the owner of the vessel Wet-N-Wild), and Jamie Williams. Subsequently, Defendants Big Rock Foundation and Crystal Coast Tournament filed a motion to change venue to Carteret County. Judge J. Carlton Cole granted the motion, which was entered on 27 August 2010.
On 18 January 2011, in Carteret County Superior Court, Defendants Big Rock Foundation and Crystal Coast Tournament moved for summary judgment with supporting depositions, answers to interrogatories, and other materials. Weeks later, Defendants filed two affidavits in support of the motion. On 25 February 2011, Plaintiffs moved to have the trial court disregard the affidavits as untimely and filed a motion requesting Judge Nobles recuse himself from further consideration of the lawsuit. A hearing on the parties’ motions was held in the Craven County Courthouse in New Bern on 3 March 2011.
*69The trial court denied Plaintiffs’ motion to recuse and their motion to strike Defendants’ supporting affidavits, concluding the affidavits were supplemental to materials filed with the motion for summary judgment. The trial court also granted summary judgment in favor of Defendants on all issues, ordering Crystal Coast Tournament to pay the prize money to the second and third place Tournament winners and that Plaintiffs were to recover nothing from Defendants. Plaintiffs appeal.
II. Jurisdiction
As Plaintiffs appeal from the final judgments of a superior court, appeal lies with this Court pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-27(b) (2011).
III. Analysis
A. Change of Venue
Plaintiffs argue that Judge Cole erred in granting Defendants’ motion to change venue to Carteret County. Specifically, Plaintiffs contend Defendants implicitly waived their right to request a change of venue due to their participation in the litigation prior to filing their motion. We disagree.
Five days after the order to join the additional Defendants was entered, Big Rock Foundation and Crystal Coast Tournament filed a motion to change venue from Dare County to Carteret County. Defendants argued that because the majority of witnesses lived in Carteret County and a majority of the events underlying the suit occurred there, the convenience of the witnesses and the ends of justice were better served by changing the venue to Carteret County.
Plaintiffs cite this Court’s decision in Miller v. Miller for the proposition that parties can waive the right to contest venue through implied consent. 38 N.C. App. 95, 97-98, 247 S.E.2d 278, 279-80 (1978) (waiver found where nearly one year passed between the defendant filing a motion to change venue and the first hearing where the defendant requested a continuance and then failed to appear at the second hearing). However, Plaintiffs’ reliance on Miller is misplaced. Here, Defendants did not fail to pursue their motion by delay or inaction as occurred in Miller and cases cited therein. See id. Rather, Defendants timely filed their motion to change venue twenty-two days after they filed their answer to Plaintiffs’ complaint. The timing of Defendants’ motion does not constitute a waiver of their right to seek a change of *70venue. See Hawley v. Hobgood, 174 N.C. App. 606, 607, 610, 622 S.E.2d 117, 118, 120 (2005) (distinguishing Miller, supra, and holding the defendant’s nine-month delay between the filing of his motion to change venue and the filing of his notice of hearing on the motion was not an implied waiver of his right to seek a change of venue even after he had participated in discovery); see also McCullough v. Branch Banking & Trust Co., 136 N.C. App. 340, 350, 524 S.E.2d 569, 575-76 (2000) (noting that motions to change venue based on the convenience of witnesses, pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-83(2) (1999), must be filed after the party’s answer is filed).
Plaintiffs additionally argue that the ends of justice were not promoted by the change of venue to Carteret County. We disagree.
Pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-83(2) (2011), a court may change venue “[w]hen the convenience of witnesses and the ends of justice would be promoted by the change.” Here, Defendants requested a change of venue to Carteret County because “the vast majority of witnesses to these events reside in Carteret County” and many of the underlying events occurred there. While we agree with Plaintiffs that the jury pool’s knowledge of the Tournament is not a reason to change venue, we conclude that Judge Cole did not abuse his discretion in granting the motion. See McCullough, 136 N.C. App. at 350, 524 S.E.2d at 576 (finding no abuse of discretion in trial court’s granting of motion for change of venue to county where most of the witnesses lived and all of the underlying events occurred). Plaintiffs’ argument is overruled.
B. Summary Judgment
Plaintiffs argue that Judge Nobles committed reversible error in granting Defendants’ motion for summary judgment because the trial court applied a standard that is not the law of North Carolina, requiring a showing of fraud, bad faith, or arbitrariness in order to overturn the decision of Crystal Coast Tournament to disqualify the Citation and its catch. Alternatively, Plaintiffs argue that if the trial court did not err in adopting this rule, summary judgment was not proper as Plaintiffs presented evidence raising a genuine issue of material fact as to whether the Tournament Rules Committee and the Board of Directors breached the contract between the parties by arbitrarily disqualifying the Citation and its catch. We disagree with both arguments and affirm the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Defendants.
*71We review the trial court’s order granting summary judgment de novo. Forbis v. Neal, 361 N.C. 519, 524, 649 S.E.2d 382, 385 (2007). Summary judgment is proper only when the record reveals “ ‘there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that any party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.’ ” Id. at 523-24, 649 S.E.2d at 385 (quoting N.C. R. Civ. P. 56(c)).
The parties have not cited, and we have not found, a case from this state reviewing the decision of a tournament rules committee. Judge Nobles, “persuaded by authority from other jurisdictions,” applied a test requiring evidence of fraud, bad faith, or arbitrariness to overturn the decision of the Crystal Coast Tournament Rules Committee and Board of Directors to disqualify the Citation and its catch. We find persuasive authority cited by Defendants in support of this test and hereby adopt it. See Lough v. Varsity Bowl, Inc., 243 N.E.2d 61, 63 (Ohio 1968) (concluding that the decision by a bowling association to disqualify bowlers would not be disturbed absent a showing of “arbitrariness, fraud, or collusion” or that the bowlers were not afforded procedural due process). “[W]here the duly adopted laws of a voluntary association provide for the final settlement of disputes among its members, by a procedure not shown to be inconsistent with due process, its action thereunder is final and conclusive and will not be reviewed by the courts in the absence of arbitrariness, fraud, or collusion.” Id.
Whether a board’s decision is to be disturbed due to arbitrariness, fraud, or collusion is a question of law. Id. at 62. Because this standard gives great deference to the decision-making board, we equate it with an abuse of discretion standard and hold that such arbitrariness, fraud, or collusion is shown if the reasoning of the board is manifestly unreasonable. See White v. White, 312 N.C. 770, 777, 324 S.E.2d 829, 833 (1985) (The reviewing court may find abuse of discretion only if the trial court’s actions are “manifestly unsupported by reason . . . [or] upon a showing that [the trial court’s decision] was so arbitrary that it could not have been the result of a reasoned decision.” (citation omitted)); see also Smith v. Beaufort County Hosp. Ass’n, Inc., 141 N.C. App. 203, 210, 540 S.E.2d 775, 780 (2000), aff'd per curiam, 354 N.C. 212, 552 S.E.2d 139 (2001).
In addition to a showing of arbitrariness, fraud, or collusion, we hold a voluntary association’s decision may also be overturned if it did not afford the complaining party procedural due process (notice and an opportunity to be heard). See Lough, 243 N.E.2d at 63 (The *72action of a board is final and will not be disturbed on appeal in the absence of arbitrariness, fraud, or collusion or “a procedural scheme which is not in accord with due process.”).
Even applying the Lough standard, Plaintiffs contend granting summary judgment was improper because a genuine issue of material fact exists as to whether the decision to disqualify the Citation and its catch from the Tournament was an arbitrary one resulting in a breach of the contract between Plaintiffs and Crystal Coast Tournament. We disagree. The burden of pleading and proving arbitrariness as a prima facie matter lies with the plaintiff. See id. (affirming the voluntary association’s disqualification of a bowling team because the team failed to allege evidence indicating the decision was the result of arbitrariness, fraud, or collusion because this standard, though not officially state law, was the common law).
Here, an examination of Plaintiffs’ amended complaint réveals no forecast of evidence raising any genuine issue of material fact that the decision of Crystal Coast Tournament to disqualify Big Rock Foundation was arbitrary. Rule 9 of the Tournament required participants to comply with state and federal regulations. Rule 9 also required all boats to have an HMS permit on board when engaged in fishing as well as a “recreational fishing license [(CRFL)] for anyone participating in fishing aboard a vessel.” The rules further stated that at least one person on each team is responsible for knowing the rules, including any changes announced at the Captain’s Meeting. At the Captain’s Meeting, the need for a CRFL was emphasized, and the captains were warned not to risk losing one million dollars because of the lack of a license. Still, Wann admitted to the Tournament Rules Committee that he did not have a valid CRFL, thereby violating the Tournament rules and North Carolina law. Rule 20 stated, “Any boat breaching any of the above Tournament Rules may be disqualified, except as previously stated. Decisions of the Rules Committee and Board of Directors are final.” Accordingly, the Citation was disqualified from the Tournament, and another vessel was named the winner of the Tournament. Nevertheless, the prize money has not been awarded to anyone because Defendants consented to an order to hold the contested prize money until this matter has been decided. Based on this evidence, we hold Plaintiffs presented no evidence that the board’s decision to disqualify the Citation for failure to have a CRFL on board was manifestly unreasonable. As such, there is no genuine issue of material fact on whether the board’s decision was infected by arbitrariness, collusion, or fraud.
*73Plaintiffs also presented no evidence that the board did not afford Plaintiffs procedural due process, and, thus, we hold the trial court did not err in granting summary judgment for Defendants.
C. Motion to Recuse
Plaintiffs finally argue that Judge Nobles committed reversible error in denying their motion to recuse because it would be reasonable to question the impartiality of his ruling. Since Plaintiffs now have the benefit of a de novo review of the summary judgment issue in which this Court substitutes its opinion for that of the trial judge, whether this Court reverses or affirms Judge Noble’s decision to remain on the case is for all practical purposes moot. Therefore, we do not reach the issue.
IV. Conclusion
We conclude that Judge Cole did not err by granting Defendants’ motion to change venue, and his order is affirmed. We also conclude that Judge Nobles did not err in granting Defendants’ motion for summary judgment as Plaintiffs did not forecast sufficient evidence that their disqualification from the Big Rock Blue Marlin Tournament was arbitrary, and his order is also affirmed.
Affirmed.
Judge GEER concurs.
Judge HUNTER, Robert C., concurs in part and dissents in part in a separate opinion.

. At the time Plaintiffs filed their complaint, Martin Kooyman, Duncan Thomasson, and Michael Topp were the managing members of Black Pearl Enterprises, LLC, which owned the Citation.

. The Exclusive Economic Zone is the area running three nautical miles to 200 nautical miles from shore. 16 U.S.C. § 5102(6). These ‘federal waters’ are, in general, regulated by the U.S. government under the Magnuson [Fishery Conservation and Management] Act. The area from the shore out to three nautical miles is generally regulated by the states].]” N.C. Fisheries Ass’n, Inc. v. Brown, 917 F. Supp. 1108, 1115 n.15 (E.D. Va. 1996).