Court Opinion

ID: 4391037
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-04-25 22:00:18.555972+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:05:42.035323
License: Public Domain

In the

    United States Court of Appeals
                 For the Seventh Circuit
                     ____________________
No. 17-3435
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                   Plaintiff-Appellee,
                                 v.

MARIA MORENO,
                                               Defendant-Appellant.
                     ____________________

         Appeal from the United States District Court for the
           Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.
          No. 13-cr-00576-6 — Robert M. Dow, Jr., Judge.
                     ____________________

      ARGUED APRIL 5, 2019 — DECIDED APRIL 25, 2019
                ____________________

   Before FLAUM, KANNE, and SCUDDER, Circuit Judges.
    FLAUM, Circuit Judge. A jury convicted Maria Moreno of
one count of conspiring with others with the intent to distrib-
ute narcotics and two counts of knowingly using a telephone
in furtherance of the conspiracy. Moreno argues there was in-
suﬃcient evidence to support a finding that she conspired
with the Guzman Drug Traﬃcking Organization (the “Guz-
man DTO”), but rather, the evidence merely showed a buyer-
2                                                  No. 17-3435

seller relationship. The district court rejected Moreno’s mo-
tion for judgment of acquittal based on this argument, and we
aﬃrm.
                        I. Background
    A. Overview & Indictment
    In September 2013, the government filed a thirteen-count
indictment against Moreno and five codefendants—Miguel
Guzman, Alfredo Torres, Sergio Zacahua, Acasio Sanchez,
and Fabian Foster—alleging conspiracy. Moreno is named in
three counts: Count 1 charged Moreno with conspiracy to
possess narcotics with the intent to distribute, in violation of
21 U.S.C. § 846; and Counts 9 and 11 charged Moreno with
knowingly using a telephone in furtherance of the alleged
conspiracy, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 843(b). According to the
government, from approximately July 2012 through July 16,
2013, Moreno participated in a conspiracy to sell narcotics in
Chicago and Detroit. Guzman, the head of the Guzman DTO,
and Guzman’s subordinates supplied two to four kilograms
of heroin to Moreno once or twice a month, and Moreno de-
livered that heroin in Detroit.
    B. Evidence at Trial
    Moreno pleaded not guilty and her case advanced to a jury
trial. The government’s evidence consisted primarily of rec-
orded telephone conversations between Moreno and code-
fendants, testimony of Torres, and testimony of law enforce-
ment oﬃcers involved in the surveillance and arrest of the in-
dicted codefendants.
   According to Torres, Moreno, unlike her codefendants,
was not a Guzman DTO member. She “was just a customer”
with “her own clients,” “[u]nrelated to … [the] organization.”
No. 17-3435                                                    3

For instance, she did not look for clients for the Guzman DTO,
and she did not use—or even know the location of—the Guz-
man DTO stash house. Moreover, while Guzman paid Torres,
Zacahua, and Foster a percentage of drug-traﬃcking profits
for “their services,” Moreno received no such payment.
    Torres testified he first met Moreno, who he knew only as
“the lady,” at Guzman’s audio shop in mid-2012. Guzman in-
structed Torres to deliver heroin to Moreno on an ongoing ba-
sis, “whenever she needed it.” A few days later, Torres deliv-
ered heroin to Moreno at a restaurant in Chicago. This was
the first of many deliveries. Typically, Moreno drove from De-
troit to Chicago in a truck with a hidden trap compartment.
She parked at a restaurant or gas station and left money in the
trap. Then, Torres, Zacahua, or Foster drove the truck to the
stash house, retrieved the money from the compartment,
placed heroin inside, and returned the truck to the designated
location. Torres said Moreno paid about $200,000 for four kil-
ograms of heroin, and sometimes, at Guzman’s direction, he
provided Moreno heroin on credit: “sometimes I would de-
liver, but she wouldn’t give me the money.” Torres men-
tioned one instance specifically, but he did not remember the
date and did not know when or how Moreno eventually de-
livered the money.
   On May 26, 2013, the government intercepted a call be-
tween Moreno and Torres. They spoke about Moreno’s Chevy
Trailblazer, a vehicle with a trap compartment. Moreno told
Torres, “if they are going to fix it today, then I can pick it up
tomorrow.” At trial, Torres explained that Guzman instructed
him to fix a smashed window on the Trailblazer. Torres did
not ask Moreno to reimburse him because Guzman said he
would pay the costs of the repair.
4                                                     No. 17-3435

    The next day, Torres told Moreno, “If you want I can meet
you … to at least give you the keys.” Torres testified he was
talking about the Trailblazer, and he said he delivered the
keys to Moreno at a gas station in Chicago. Drug Enforcement
Agency (“DEA”) agents observed Moreno arrive at the gas
station, and an agent took a photo of Moreno and Torres to-
gether. After the meeting, Moreno went to a nearby restau-
rant, entered an already-parked Trailblazer, and drove east.
   The DEA maintained surveillance until Moreno entered
Indiana. At that point, an agent contacted the local Indiana
sheriﬀ’s department, told it of the ongoing investigation, and
requested it conduct a traﬃc stop. Oﬃcers stopped Moreno
and discovered she was not the Trailblazer’s registered
owner. Per department policy, they towed the vehicle to a
county garage for an inventory search. Oﬃcers discovered an
empty concealed trap compartment in the rear of the vehicle.
They also found a glass repair receipt with the name “Alfred
Torres.”
    Following the traﬃc stop, Moreno called Torres.1 Moreno
advised Torres to “drop those phones,” and she told him the
police “took the truck away” and “follow[ed]” her. She also
informed Torres she would “come down there on Wednesday
at four (4:00)” and “won’t call” anymore. Torres explained at
trial that when Moreno told him to drop the phones, he be-
lieved his phone “had already been tapped by the authori-
ties.” Later that night, Torres asked Moreno whether oﬃcers
“[found] anything,” and said “hopefully nothing happens be-
cause I also had my receipt in there for … the glass. My name
was on it.”

    1   This conversation is the basis for Count 9.
No. 17-3435                                                  5

    After the May 27 incident, Moreno stopped traveling to
Chicago. Instead, Foster drove heroin to Moreno in Detroit.
According to Torres, Foster completed two deliveries of four
kilograms of heroin. But in July, the government intervened.
    On July 12, Moreno asked Torres, on a recorded call, if
“that guy could come by early on Monday.” Torres re-
sponded, “how much would it be,” and Moreno said, “the
same.” Torres testified the “guy” was Foster, when he asked
“how much” he meant how many kilograms of heroin, and
when Moreno said “the same,” she meant she wanted the
same quantity, four kilograms. On July 15, Torres and Moreno
spoke about the delivery.2 They agreed it was “already too
late,” and instead, “[d]uring the day would be good.” Ninety
minutes later, Torres spoke with Foster and told him, “The
lady says … she wants you [to] arrive … no late[r] than nine
o’clock (9:00) so, what do you say about tomorrow?” Foster
said he would “be ready all day,” and they agreed to meet at
six o’clock (6:00) the next morning. That evening, Torres con-
firmed the delivery with Moreno: “[W]ill you be ready tomor-
row around twelve (12:00) or one (1:00), around there, the
friend says he should be arriving around that time. At two
(2:00) at the latest.”
    The next morning, the DEA established surveillance at the
Guzman DTO stash house. At 6:19 AM, Zacahua called Torres
to tell him “the door is not opening” in “the truck.” Torres
testified Zacahua was referring to the trap door of a Dodge
Durango, and Zacahua intended to put four kilograms of her-
oin in the trap compartment for the delivery. Torres also tried
and failed to open the trap door, so he instead placed the four

   2   This conversation is the basis for Count 11.
6                                                 No. 17-3435

kilograms of heroin in the back seat. At 6:31, he called Foster
and told him, “I’m gonna leave you under the back seat be-
cause I can’t open” the door.
    Eventually, a red Dodge Durango (driven by Zacahua) ex-
ited Sanchez’s garage, and agents followed the vehicle. Zaca-
hua parked the Durango, exited the truck, walked a few
blocks, and entered Torres’s vehicle. Then, Foster arrived at
Torres’s vehicle. Torres testified he gave Foster a note with
Moreno’s phone number, dropped Foster oﬀ near the Du-
rango, and drove away. As Foster approached the Durango,
DEA agents placed him under arrest. They searched the Du-
rango and found four brick-shaped bundles of heroin under
the back seat, totaling about four kilograms and worth about
$240,000. They also seized Foster’s cell phones, the note with
Moreno’s phone number, and a receipt showing that about a
month earlier, Foster stayed at a motel ten minutes south of
Detroit. After his arrest, Foster cooperated and told agents he
planned to drive the Durango to Detroit and deliver heroin
there. The agents also arrested Torres, Zacahua, and Sanchez.
    Two DEA agents drove the Durango to the motel near De-
troit at which Foster said he planned to make the delivery
(they removed the heroin before doing so). This was the same
motel where Foster had stayed a month earlier, per the receipt
found in the Durango. When they arrived, an undercover
agent called Moreno from Foster’s cell phone and told her the
Durango was parked at the “[s]ame hotel.”
    Shortly thereafter, a Chevy Trailblazer entered the lot and
parked next to the Durango. Two women—Moreno and her
niece—exited the vehicle and walked into the hotel lobby,
without bags or luggage. Moreno sent a text message to Fos-
ter’s phone saying she lost the key to the Durango and he
No. 17-3435                                                   7

should come to the motel room with the key. The undercover
agent responded that an extra key was under the Durango’s
floor mat. Moreno and her niece left the motel and walked to
the Durango. When they reached it, agents placed Moreno
under arrest and searched Moreno and her niece. Moreno had
three cell phones. One was a personal phone, one was the
phone she used to communicate with Torres and Foster, and
after they seized the third phone, it received a text message
that said, “Down here wit my money.” Agents also found a
spare key to the Durango in Moreno’s Trailblazer.
   C. Verdict & Post-Trial Motion
    After the government closed its case, Moreno moved for
judgment of acquittal. The court took the motion under ad-
visement. Moreno chose not to testify on her own behalf and
did not call any witnesses in her defense. On April 21, 2016,
the jury found Moreno guilty of conspiring with others to pos-
sess narcotics with the intent to distribute, in violation of
21 U.S.C. § 846 (Count 1), as well as knowingly using a tele-
phone in furtherance of the conspiracy, in violation of
21 U.S.C. § 843(b) (Counts 9 and 11).
    Moreno filed a post-trial motion for judgment of acquittal,
arguing the government failed to prove beyond a reasonable
doubt that she conspired with the Guzman DTO. More spe-
cifically, she argued that while the evidence demonstrated she
purchased drugs from the Guzman DTO, it did not allow the
inference of conspiracy. On January 30, 2017, the district court
denied Moreno’s motion. It held the government presented
suﬃcient evidence of conspiracy, including that Moreno
made frequent large-quantity drug purchases on credit,
Moreno shared equipment—vehicles with trap compart-
8                                                    No. 17-3435

ments—with the Guzman DTO, and Moreno warned mem-
bers of the Guzman DTO about threats by law enforcement.
On November 20, 2017, the court sentenced Moreno to a be-
low-Guidelines 87-month term of imprisonment.
                         II. Discussion
    If the evidence presented at trial is insuﬃcient to support
a conviction, a district court must enter judgment of acquittal
“either after the government has closed its evidence or after a
jury has rendered a verdict or been discharged.” United States
v. Garcia, 919 F.3d 489, 496 (7th Cir. 2019); see Fed. R. Crim. P.
29(a), (c). We review a district court’s denial of a motion for
judgment of acquittal de novo. Garcia, 919 F.3d at 496.
    Because we aﬀord “[g]reat deference … to jury verdicts,”
we “view[] the evidence in the light most favorable to the gov-
ernment” and draw all reasonable inferences in the govern-
ment’s favor. United States v. Maldonado, 893 F.3d 480, 484 (7th
Cir. 2018). Moreover, “[a]ny challenge to the suﬃciency of the
evidence comes with a heavy, indeed, nearly insurmountable,
burden,” and we “reverse only if no rational trier of fact could
have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a rea-
sonable doubt.” Id. (first quoting United States v. Dessart, 823
F.3d 395, 403 (7th Cir. 2016), then quoting United States v.
Brown, 726 F.3d 993, 1005 (7th Cir. 2013)). At the same time,
“the height of the hurdle depends directly on the strength of
the government’s evidence,” and “a properly instructed jury
may occasionally convict even when it can be said that no ra-
tional trier of fact could find guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt.” Garcia, 919 F.3d at 496–97 (first quoting United States
v. Jones, 713 F.3d 336, 339 (7th Cir. 2013), then quoting Jackson
v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 317 (1979)).
No. 17-3435                                                    9

    To prove a § 846 conspiracy, the government must show
“(1) two or more people agreed to commit an unlawful act,
and (2) the defendant knowingly and intentionally joined in
the agreement.” Maldonado, 893 F.3d at 484 (quoting United
States v. Johnson, 592 F.3d 749, 754 (7th Cir. 2010)). “Although
every drug deal involves an unlawful agreement to exchange
drugs, … a buyer-seller arrangement can’t by itself be the ba-
sis of a conspiracy conviction because there is no common
purpose: ‘[T]he buyer’s purpose is to buy; the seller’s purpose
is to sell.’” United States v. Long, 748 F.3d 322, 325 (7th Cir.
2014) (second alteration in original) (quoting United States v.
Mancillas, 580 F.2d 1301, 1307 (7th Cir. 1978)). Rather, “the
government must oﬀer evidence establishing an agreement to
distribute drugs that is distinct from evidence of the agree-
ment to complete the underlying drug deals.” Maldonado, 893
F.3d at 484 (quoting Johnson, 592 F.3d at 755). A conviction
cannot stand if “the plausibility of a mere buyer-seller ar-
rangement is the same as the plausibility of a drug-distribu-
tion conspiracy.” United States v. Pulgar, 789 F.3d 807, 812 (7th
Cir. 2015).
    Often, the government meets its burden by showing the
buyer agreed to resell drugs to a third party. Long, 748 F.3d at
326; see United States v. Neal, 907 F.3d 511, 515 (7th Cir. 2018)
(per curiam) (“[A] shared purpose—some unity of enter-
prise—between a buyer and seller to resell drugs to others can
be enough to indicate the requisite common commitment to
demonstrate a conspiracy to distribute drugs.”). But to prove
a resale agreement, the government cannot “rely solely on
purchases and sales, which after all are present in both buyer-
seller and conspiracy arrangements.” Long, 748 F.3d at 326.
Instead, the government must present additional circumstan-
tial evidence. Id.
10                                                  No. 17-3435

    To evaluate whether circumstantial evidence is suﬃcient
to support an inference of conspiracy, “[w]e take into account
all [of] the evidence surrounding the alleged conspiracy and
make a holistic assessment of whether the jury reached a rea-
sonable verdict.” Id. (alterations in original) (quoting Brown,
726 F.3d at 1002); see Pulgar, 789 F.3d at 813 (“[T]here is no
rigid list or formula to prove a conspiracy….”). Circumstan-
tial evidence that indicates conspiracy, and not just a buyer-
seller relationship, includes, for example: large-quantity drug
sales; repeated or standardized transactions; a lengthy rela-
tionship between the parties; sales on credit (i.e., fronting);
warnings of threats by competitors or law enforcement; and
sharing tools and supplies. Maldonado, 893 F.3d at 484–85; Pul-
gar, 789 F.3d at 815–16.
    To be sure, large-quantity, repeat sales alone do not sup-
port an inference of conspiracy. Maldonado, 893 F.3d at 485; see
also United States v. Lechuga, 994 F.2d 346, 349 (7th Cir. 1993)
(en banc). Neither do “‘occasional’ sales on credit.” Neal, 907
F.3d at 516 (quoting United States v. Cruse, 805 F.3d 795, 815
(7th Cir. 2015)); see also Long, 748 F.3d at 326 (“Standing
alone, … sales on credit [cannot] suﬃciently distinguish a
conspiracy from an ordinary buyer-seller relationship.” (cita-
tions omitted)).
    Together, however, this type of evidence can support a
conspiracy finding. “‘[W]hen a credit sale is coupled with cer-
tain characteristics inherent in an ongoing wholesale buyer-
seller relationship,’ the jury can infer that the seller only ex-
tended credit because the buyer agreed to pay the debt by re-
selling the drugs.” Long, 748 F.3d at 326 (quoting Johnson, 592
F.3d at 775 n.5). The buyer and seller share the common pur-
pose—to resell the drugs to close out the credit transaction—
No. 17-3435                                                   11

necessary to distinguish the arrangement from a mere buyer-
seller relationship. Id.; see United States v. Moreland, 703 F.3d
976, 987 (7th Cir. 2012) (“[T]he jury could find that [the de-
fendant] knew that his supplier would not sell him wholesale
quantities of drugs on credit unless he agreed to resell them,
and by thus agreeing with his supplier to commit a crime (the
resale of the illegal drugs), he became a conspirator.”).
    Here, Moreno and the Guzman DTO had a year-long rela-
tionship during which Moreno regularly purchased whole-
sale quantities of heroin. Specifically, Torres testified that
from mid-2012 until Moreno’s arrest in July 2013, he or an as-
sociate provided two to four kilograms of heroin to Moreno
once or twice a month. Additionally, there is evidence of at
least two instances when Moreno purchased the heroin on
credit. Torres stated that “[o]n one occasion, [Moreno] deliv-
ered the money later.” And a factfinder could reasonably infer
a second instance of fronting: when Moreno arrived to pur-
chase heroin at the Detroit motel on July 16, 2013—the day
she was arrested—she carried no money and received a text
message which read, “Down here wit my money.” A jury
could infer Moreno planned to obtain money from a buyer—
the text message sender—after she acquired the drugs.
    Additional evidence also supports the jury’s conspiracy
inference. For instance, Moreno sought to protect the Guzman
DTO by warning it about potential law enforcement interven-
tion. After Indiana police seized her Chevy Trailblazer,
Moreno quickly notified Torres. She urged Torres to “drop
those phones” and told him that police “follow[ed]” her from
Chicago. Later, Moreno and Torres spoke further about the
incident and discussed whether they might be at further risk.
12                                                            No. 17-3435

    Moreno contends her warning was not evidence of con-
spiracy, but self-protection. We disagree. If Moreno wanted to
simply protect herself and minimize her exposure, there
would be no reason for Moreno to talk to Torres about the
incident. Instead, Moreno could have driven straight home
without talking to anyone. Indeed, Moreno already thought
law enforcement was suspicious of her—she believed they
followed her from Chicago and were listening to her calls.
Thus, she must have realized law enforcement might still be
listening to her conversations with Torres. Yet she warned
Torres anyways. A reasonable jury is entitled to characterize
such behavior as evidence Moreno agreed to more than just a
buyer-seller relationship with the Guzman DTO. Cf. Maldo-
nado, 893 F.3d at 485 (evidence of a conspiratorial relationship
included that the defendant called his supplier to inform him
of the arrest of a drug-traﬃcking associate); United States v.
Nunez, 673 F.3d 661, 666 (7th Cir. 2012) (aﬃrming a finding of
conspiracy, noting that “[w]hen [the defendant] learned of
[his supplier’s] arrest the defendant could simply have
cleared out; instead he tried to save [his supplier’s] business”
by notifying his supplier’s supplier of the arrest).3

     3 Moreno argues our opinion in United States v. Johnson indicates
Moreno’s warning to Torres is irrelevant. Johnson is distinguishable. In
Johnson, the defendant advised his supplier the police were nearby while
the supplier “was en route to deliver the drugs.” 592 F.3d at 757. We held
“this singular warning is insuﬃcient to establish the existence of a con-
spiracy” because “in this situation, any ordinary drug purchaser would
warn his supplier of a nearby police presence to ensure he received the
delivery.” Id. As we explained, “[t]his is not conspiratorial behavior; it is
self-preservation.” Id. Here, by contrast, Moreno did not call Torres while
he was on the way to deliver drugs. She faced no immediate risk; rather, a
jury could infer Moreno made the call to protect the Guzman DTO.
No. 17-3435                                                 13

    Moreover, there is evidence the Guzman DTO and
Moreno shared “tools”: two vehicles with trap compartments
used to transport drugs and money. First, Moreno and Torres
drove and cared for the Chevy Trailblazer. Specifically, Torres
took the Trailblazer to a shop to repair a broken window.
Torres testified he paid for the repair and did not seek repay-
ment from Moreno because Guzman said he would cover the
costs. Second, when DEA agents arrested Moreno, they found
a key to Foster’s Dodge Durango in her Trailblazer. In short,
Moreno’s shared use of vehicles with Torres and Foster sup-
ports the reasonableness of the jury’s conspiracy inference.
See Maldonado, 893 F.3d at 485 (noting, as evidence the defend-
ant and his supplier “occasionally worked cooperatively,”
that the defendant “loaned his Cadillac with a ‘trap’ compart-
ment for drugs and drug proceeds to [his supplier]”); Brown,
726 F.3d at 1006 (emphasizing, as evidence of the defendant’s
role in a conspiracy, that his supplier “provided [the defend-
ant] with a specially outfitted Chevrolet HHR that had a ‘trap’
to conceal drugs”).
    Moreno points to our decision in United States v. Pulgar,
and asserts we “addressed a strikingly similar situation”
there. Like in this case, the government elicited evidence that
an alleged conspiracy involved sales of wholesale quantities
of narcotics, and sometimes, those sales were made on credit.
789 F.3d at 808. As to the credit sales, the government intro-
duced one instance where the defendant fronted cocaine
without advance payment during a sham sale arranged by the
DEA, and a witness testified that the defendant “‘probably’
fronted cocaine to him ‘a couple other’ times.” Id. at 814. We
held this evidence did not indicate conspiratorial behavior be-
14                                                              No. 17-3435

cause the first instance was “an adapted arrangement de-
signed for self-preservation,” and the testimonial evidence
was “vague and incomplete.” Id.
    The evidence in Pulgar is distinguishable from the evi-
dence here. Unlike the witness in Pulgar, Torres testified
firmly, without a qualifier, that he fronted heroin to Moreno;
that instance was not a government setup. Additionally, in
Pulgar, we highlighted the lack of other evidence signaling
conspiracy, such as, for example, the “provisioning of tools or
supplies” and “warnings of threats to the business.” Id. at
815.4 Here, by contrast, the government presented such evi-
dence. As discussed, Moreno warned Torres about a police
threat, and Moreno and the Guzman DTO simultaneously ac-
cessed and cared for vehicles used to transport drugs.5
    It is true, as Moreno points out, that the evidence suggests
Moreno was not a member of the Guzman DTO. Torres testi-
fied Moreno “was just a customer,” “[u]nrelated to … [the]
organization.” And unlike other DTO members, Moreno did

     4The only other proﬀered evidence in Pulgar was that the defendant
accepted returns of poor quality cocaine, and the defendant and cocon-
spirator enjoyed a close friendship. We held this evidence was not proba-
tive of conspiracy; the return policy evidence was “vague and incom-
plete,” and there was no evidence of “anything nefarious from [their]
friendship.” Pulgar, 789 F.3d at 814–16.
     5Moreno also cites other cases where we overturned conspiracy con-
victions, and she asserts the “surrounding facts and circumstances” in
those cases “gave rise to stronger inference[s] of conspiracies” than the
facts here. Those cases are easily distinguishable; in each, there was no
evidence of fronting. See United States v. Musgraves, 831 F.3d 454, 463 (7th
Cir. 2016); United States v. Colon, 549 F.3d 565, 568 (7th Cir. 2008); United
States v. Contreras, 249 F.3d 595, 600 (7th Cir. 2001); United States v. Rivera,
273 F.3d 751, 755 (7th Cir. 2001).
No. 17-3435                                                 15

not use the Guzman DTO stash house, did not have an agree-
ment with the Guzman DTO to look for customers, and did
not receive a commission. Perhaps based on Torres’s testi-
mony, the government abandoned its theory at opening argu-
ment—that Moreno was “a member” of the Guzman DTO—
conceding at closing argument that it was “not here saying
she’s a member of the Guzman organization.” Crucially, how-
ever, the government did not need to prove Moreno was a
member of the Guzman DTO to prove she knowingly agreed
to participate in the conspiracy. As we have explained:
      It’s true that [a witness] testified on cross-exam-
      ination that [defendants] were only … custom-
      ers, not members of the organization. But [de-
      fendants] didn’t have to be members of [the]
      gang to be guilty of conspiring …; the legal def-
      inition of a conspirator is not the same as the
      street definition. Legally, [defendants] were
      guilty of conspiracy if they knowingly agreed
      [with the leader of the gang] to distribute
      drugs—regardless of whether [the leader] or
      anyone else ever considered them real members
      of the organization.
Long, 748 F.3d at 326–27.
    In sum, the government oﬀered suﬃcient evidence to sup-
port the jury’s inference that Moreno knowingly agreed to
participate in a drug-traﬃcking conspiracy, not a mere buyer-
seller relationship. For over a year, Moreno consistently pur-
chased wholesale quantities of heroin from the Guzman DTO.
On at least two occasions, Moreno purchased that heroin on
credit. Moreno warned Torres about a law enforcement
16                                              No. 17-3435

threat. And Moreno and Guzman DTO members shared ac-
cess to and responsibility for vehicles with trap compart-
ments. Viewed holistically and considered together, the evi-
dence is suﬃcient to support a guilty verdict.
                      III. Conclusion
    For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the judgment of the
district court.