Court Opinion

ID: 4400466
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-05-24 16:00:28.348329+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:52:23.999575
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                                     United States Court of Appeals
                      UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                         Tenth Circuit

                            FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT                            May 24, 2019
                        _________________________________
                                                                          Elisabeth A. Shumaker
                                                                              Clerk of Court
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

       Plaintiff - Appellee,

 v.                                                          No. 18-7032
                                                  (D.C. No. 6:18-CR-00007-RAW-1)
 KEITH RAY MORGAN,                                           (E.D. Okla.)

       Defendant - Appellant.
                      _________________________________

                            ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
                        _________________________________

Before PHILLIPS, McKAY, and BALDOCK, Circuit Judges.
                   _________________________________

      Defendant Keith Ray Morgan pled guilty to being a felon in possession of a

firearm. His Presentence Investigation Report calculated an advisory sentencing

range of thirty-seven to forty-six months of imprisonment, based in part on a four-

level enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) for possessing the firearm in

connection with a felony drug offense. Defendant objected to this enhancement,

arguing that (1) the small amount of methamphetamine found in his residence was

      *
         After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
submitted without oral argument.
       This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines
of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for
its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
consistent only with personal use, not trafficking, (2) the methamphetamine might

have been possessed by the woman who was the sole occupant of the residence when

the search warrant was executed, and (3) the government had failed to show that any

possession of the illegal drugs was in connection with his possession of the firearm at

the residence.

      At the sentencing hearing, the district court held that the government had

sufficiently supported the application of this enhancement based on extensive

evidence tying Defendant to the residence, combined with evidence that “law

enforcement located [a] five[-]gallon bucket with a strong chemical smell that

contained the necessary components of a meth lab,” as well as “residual amounts of

methamphetamine and drug paraphernalia” in the residence. (R. Vol. II at 17.) In

reciting the evidence tying Defendant to the residence, the district court noted that

the woman present at the residence at the time of the search—Defendant’s cousin—

said she had only been staying there for “a couple of days.” (Id.) Based on all of the

evidence, the court “f[ound] by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant

[wa]s appropriately held accountable for possessing the firearm in connection with

drug manufacturing materials.” (Id.) The court thus overruled the objection and

adopted the Presentence Investigation Report. The court then imposed a bottom-of-

the-guidelines sentence of thirty-seven months.

      Defendant raises a single issue on appeal, arguing that the court erred in

applying the § 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) enhancement because the evidence was insufficient to

support the inference that he actually manufactured methamphetamine in the

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residence. Defendant points out, for instance, that there was no evidence “that any of

the components in the bucket were assembled into an operating laboratory,” nor was

there any evidence of “a substance, such as the familiar two-layer liquid, that could

have eventually produced methamphetamine.” (Appellant’s Br. at 12.)

      “We review the factual findings underlying a district court’s sentencing

determination for clear error and review the underlying legal conclusions de novo.”

United States v. Hooks, 551 F.3d 1205, 1216 (10th Cir. 2009). “We give due

deference to the district court’s application of the Sentencing Guidelines to the

facts.” Id. at 1216–17 (internal quotation marks and brackets omitted). For

sentencing purposes, “[f]actual findings must be supported by a preponderance of the

evidence.” Id. at 1217. “Clear error exists if a factual finding is wholly without

factual support in the record, or after reviewing the evidence, we are definitively and

firmly convinced that a mistake has been made.” Id. (internal quotation marks

omitted).

      Section 2K2.1(b)(6)(B) of the Sentencing Guidelines provides in part that a

four-level enhancement should be applied if the defendant “used or possessed any

firearm or ammunition in connection with another felony offense.” For purposes of

this subsection, “[a]nother felony offense” is defined as “any federal, state, or local

offense, other than the explosive or firearms possession or trafficking offense,

punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year, regardless of whether a

criminal charge was brought, or a conviction obtained.” U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1 cmt.

n.14(C). Where the other felony offense is a drug-trafficking offense, the application

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applies if “a firearm is found in close proximity to drugs, drug-manufacturing

materials, or drug paraphernalia.” Id. cmt. n.14(B).

      Even assuming for purposes of appeal that the evidence in this case was

insufficient to establish that Defendant actually manufactured methamphetamine, we

are persuaded that the district court properly applied this enhancement. As the

government points out, the attempt to manufacture methamphetamine would also

qualify as “any federal . . . offense . . . punishable by imprisonment for a term

exceeding one year.” Id. cmt. n.14(C); see also 21 U.S.C. § 846 (“Any person who

attempts or conspires to commit any offense defined in this subchapter shall be

subject to the same penalties as those prescribed for the offense, the commission of

which was the object of the attempt or conspiracy.”); 21 U.S.C. § 841 (setting forth

lengthy terms of imprisonment for manufacturing methamphetamine, among other

offenses).

      “[A] defendant need not possess a full ‘working lab’ to be convicted of

attempting to manufacture methamphetamine.” United States v. Robinson, 435 F.3d
1244, 1249 (10th Cir 2006). “Seemingly innocuous items possessed in particular

combinations and particular circumstances can constitute circumstantial evidence

sufficient for a jury to draw reasonable inferences that a defendant took substantial

steps toward the commission of the substantive offense, i.e., manufacturing

methamphetamine.” Id. (internal quotation marks and brackets omitted); see also,

e.g., United States v. McGehee, 177 F. App’x 815, 820 (10th Cir. 2006) (“Intent to

manufacture methamphetamine may be inferred from the surrounding circumstances.

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And the substantial step requirement may be inferred where many of the materials

necessary for manufacturing methamphetamine were present.” (citation omitted)).

      In this case, we see no error, much less clear error, in the district court’s

findings that the items found in the searched residence included a “five[-]gallon

bucket with a strong chemical smell that contained the necessary components of a

meth lab” and “residual amounts of methamphetamine and drug paraphernalia.”

(R. Vol. II at 17.) Nor do we see any error in the district court’s finding that there

was a significant amount of evidence linking Defendant to the residence where the

police located these drug-related items near the firearm he pled guilty to possessing.

We are persuaded that the government’s evidence is sufficient to show by a

preponderance of the evidence that Defendant engaged in the offense of attempting to

manufacture methamphetamine, which is a felony offense under federal law.

      Moreover, because the attempt to manufacture methamphetamine is a drug-

trafficking offense, see Robinson, 435 F.3d at 1251, the government only needed to

show that the firearm was “found in close proximity to drugs, drug-manufacturing

materials, or drug paraphernalia,” U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1 cmt. n.14(B). The undisputed

facts in this case reflect that the police found both the firearm and the bucket

containing meth lab components in the trailer identified as Defendant’s residence,

and Defendant does not dispute that these items were located sufficiently near each

other to satisfy the “close proximity” requirement of the guideline.

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     We therefore uphold the district court’s application of this enhancement and

AFFIRM Defendant’s conviction and sentence.

                                         Entered for the Court

                                         Monroe G. McKay
                                         Circuit Judge

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