Court Opinion

ID: 4530678
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-05-01 09:06:53.533787+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:25:10.661359
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                           STATE OF MICHIGAN

                             COURT OF APPEALS

MARINA SOLIMAN,                                                    UNPUBLISHED
                                                                   April 30, 2020
               Plaintiff-Appellee,

and

MICHIGAN AMBULATORY SURGICAL
CENTER, LLC,

               Intervening Plaintiff,

v                                                                  No. 344978
                                                                   Macomb Circuit Court
HUNG QUOC DINH and LOC NGUYEN,                                     LC No. 2016-002248-NI

               Defendants,

and

HOME-OWNERS INSURANCE COMPANY,

               Defendant-Appellant.

Before: M. J. KELLY, P.J., and K. F. KELLY and SERVITTO, JJ.

K. F. KELLY, J. (dissenting).

       I respectfully dissent. Because I conclude that the trial court improperly denied defendant
Home-Owners Insurance Company the right to challenge the reasonableness of the fees through
cross-examination and improperly allowed plaintiff to recover medical bills that were assigned to
a medical provider, I would reverse the jury verdict, vacate the award of $24,050 for fees charged
by Spine Specialists of Michigan, P.C. in light of the assignment, and remand for a new trial.

                      I. BASIC FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

                                               -1-
        In March 2015, plaintiff worked as a physical therapy technician three days a week and
attended Macomb Community College two days a week. Plaintiff was stopped at a red light at the
intersection of 12 Mile and Dequindre Roads in her 2002 Volvo. She was waiting to turn left when
her vehicle was rear-ended by a vehicle driven by defendant Hung Quoc Dinh (Dinh). They pulled
into a local gas station and exchanged information, and the Madison Heights police were called to
the scene. However, the police indicated that the accident occurred in the city of Warren, and
Warren police officers would not respond to the scene because no one was injured. Plaintiff was
driving to the Warren police station with Dinh following behind her when he drove off. Plaintiff
decided to proceed home. After making multiple attempts to contact Dinh, plaintiff eventually
went to the Warren police department and filed a report, and the officer recorded the lowest level
of injury to plaintiff and damage to the vehicle. Although plaintiff initially felt “okay,” five days
after the accident, plaintiff reported to a local emergency room for treatment. She experienced
pain in her neck, shoulder, and back. She was given medications, told to rest, and instructed to
follow up with her primary care physician.

         Plaintiff obtained treatment from her primary care physician, Dr. Nancy Mansour-Habib,
a physical therapist and plaintiff’s employer, Dr. Samir Hanna, and a physical medicine and
rehabilitation doctor, Dr. Ghada Hanna. Plaintiff was also referred to Dr. Louis Radden, who was
affiliated with Spine Specialists of Michigan, P.C. (Spine Specialists). He ordered an MRI, and
the report indicated that plaintiff suffered tears in her shoulder. Dr. Radden referred her to Dr.
Michael Bagley for shoulder surgery. Dr. Bagley primarily practiced in Arizona, but performed
surgery in Michigan a few days a month at a surgical center. Dr. Bagley’s surgical findings did
not comport with the injuries identified in the MRI report. However, he located a tear in a different
location and repaired it.

         Although defendant initially paid the claim, defendant’s successor claims adjustor Chuck
Bloomfield questioned the causation between plaintiff’s injuries and the auto accident. Plaintiff’s
medical treatment records revealed that in 2011, she complained of neck pain and headaches for
which she was prescribed physical therapy and other treatments; the same treatments she received
after the auto accident. Additionally, plaintiff reported and received wage loss pay at a rate of
$8.50 an hour for 40-hours a week, but her employer disclosed that she earned $8.15 an hour and
worked 21-hours a week. Bloomfield also questioned the severity of the injuries and the necessity
of the treatments in light of the different speeds attributed to Dinh’s vehicle and the limited damage
sustained by plaintiff’s vehicle. Further, there was concern about the severity of injuries alleged
in MRI reports in light of the actual injuries treated by physicians. Although an inquiry was sent
on behalf of defendant to plaintiff’s physicians questioning the conclusion that the accident caused
her injuries, a response was not received. Bloomfield also noted that a complaint by the state had
been filed against Dr. Radden questioning the adequacy of his record keeping and the necessity of
his injections. Apparently, Dr. Radden entered into a consent judgment pertaining to the record
keeping. Finally, defendant’s independent medical examiners (IME), Dr. Robert Travis and Dr.
Roth, questioned causation and excessive treatment and recommended termination of benefits.
Thus, defendant challenged the causation between the auto accident and plaintiff’s injuries, the
reasonableness of the medical services, and the reasonableness of the charged fees.

       At trial, plaintiff sought to recover allowable medical expenses and wage losses. The
depositions of the medical providers and IMEs were presented at trial. Plaintiff’s medical
providers essentially testified that their services were warranted and their fees were reasonable.

                                                 -2-
The live witnesses consisted of plaintiff, Bloomfield, and the Warren police officer that prepared
the police report. Finally, Karen Gilbert, a “biller” at the Michigan Head and Spine Institute, which
includes Premier MRI, testified regarding the reasonableness of Premier MRI’s charges for its
MRIs. Both Gilbert and Bloomfield testified that, for licensing purposes, Premier MRI was
required to file a certificate of need with the state that delineated the cost of the MRI, including
the equipment and radiologist review, and the charge for the MRI. The certificate of need
identified the total cost of the MRI at $449, and identified the charge of the MRI at $750. However,
defendant was charged over $5300 for the MRIs.

        During trial, defense counsel objected to plaintiff’s request for $24,050 in medical
expenses owed to Spine Specialists in light of an October 2, 2017 assignment of plaintiff’s claim
to that entity. Further, defense counsel objected to the admission of the medical bills without the
presentation of the billers for cross-examination. For example, defendant asserted that a bill from
IWP, an online pharmacy, charged $300 for ibuprofen and $1,000 for a topical cream. In response,
plaintiff alleged that caselaw held that a medical provider need only testify to the reasonableness
of the services and the fees and the issue presented a question for the jury. Therefore, “the plaintiff
can put people on but if they don’t, it doesn’t matter.” Ultimately, the trial court concluded that
the medical provider testimony regarding the services rendered and the referrals made were
sufficient to present the issue to the jury of the reasonableness of the fees. The trial court held in
abeyance any decision regarding the issue of plaintiff’s claim for medical bills assigned to the
provider. The jury awarded the costs requested except reduced the fee for the MRIs, the only
instance where a medical biller was questioned about the fees. After the jury rendered its verdict,
the trial court denied the request for directed verdict of the fee awarded to plaintiff for services
provided by Spine Specialists despite the assignment.

                             II. EVIDENCE OF REASONABLENESS

       Defendant contends that the trial court erred by admitting the evidence of the medical bills1
without affording it the opportunity to cross-examine the “billers” regarding the reasonableness of
the charges. I agree.

       During trial but after the majority of plaintiff’s proofs were presented, plaintiff sought to
admit plaintiff’s exhibits 1A through 1J, which consisted of bills from several providers, including
American Anesthesia (1A), Beaumont Hospital Systems (1B), Detroit Anesthesia (1C), Grace
Medical (1D), IWP (the medication company) (1E), Marian Rehab (1F), Michigan Ambulatory
Surgical Center (1G), Michigan Head and Spine Premier MRIs (1H), Oakland Physical Therapy
and Ghada Hanna, M.D. (1I), and Spine Specialists (1J). Defendant objected to all of them,

1
  I note that defendant also challenged the medical bills as inadmissible hearsay pursuant to “MRE
801, MRE 802.” The medical providers testified regarding the services provided and ordered, the
referrals made, the standard rate charged, the history of past billings, and the amounts paid by
others. Defendant does not address the specific testimony elicited at trial and MRE 803(6). It is
not enough for an appellant to announce a position or claim error and expect this Court to elaborate
on the arguments and search for authority to sustain or reject the position. Cadle Co v City of
Kentwood, 285 Mich. App. 240, 258 n 10; 776 NW2d 145 (2009). Consequently, I limit my
discussion to the aspect of the issue for which an analysis and authority was submitted.

                                                 -3-
asserting that admitting bills from providers with no opportunity to cross-examine any witnesses
with respect to the reasonableness of the charges in those bills, which was an element plaintiff had
the burden of proving, was improper. In response, plaintiff relied on Kallabat v State Farm Mut
Auto Ins Co, 256 Mich. App. 146; 662 NW2d 97 (2003), claiming that the reasonableness of a
charge requires no testimony and is simply a question for the jury to resolve. In reply, defendant
asserted that Kallabat was a 2003 case, that it had not yet “had a chance to review any updated
case law,” and that the statute clearly indicated that plaintiff had the burden to prove a charge’s
reasonableness. After the trial court commented that “[Kallabat is] still good law” and that it
“didn’t find any” “negative treatments” during a “cursory review,” the court asked plaintiff’s
counsel “to go through the bills and explain . . . what reasonable and permissible inferences could
be drawn from them based on the testimony that [they] did have, because some of the physicians
did testify, some of the providers did testify they believed that their care was necessary and the
prices were reasonable.” Plaintiff generally asserted that all of the services provided “were all
prescribed by the family doctor and the other doctors who said, yeah, that was reasonable in their
treatment so I think they all come in under that.” Recalling that “[t]he medical testimony thus far
from each one of the individuals who appeared on the video deposition . . . is that they all said that
the care and treatment they rendered were necessary, it was reasonable, the expenses were
reasonable, and the bills that . . . plaintiff is presenting flow from those charges,” the court decided
“to admit Exhibits 1A through J on behalf of the plaintiff.” Afterwards, defendant’s counsel noted
that “there wasn’t any testimony that the surgical center expenses were reasonable, nor the
anesthesia charges, nor the IWP prescriptions, nobody saw her for those.” But the trial court
responded that, “based on Kallabat, the fact that somebody prescribed it, some provided surgery,
and you needed anesthesia, those are reasonable and permissible inferences from that.” Defense
counsel responded that the court’s decision “doesn’t deal with the preclusion of my opportunity to
examine the witnesses or determine whether or not there are assignments on these claims” and that
it would be impossible to “know unless [defendant was] able to ask somebody . . . on the stand”
because plaintiff “never produced any of the witnesses . . . .” Nevertheless, the trial court admitted
the medical bills in full as requested.

       As a result of the trial court’s decision, the jury was presented with the bills set forth in the
majority opinion.

         The jury awarded plaintiff the claimed expenses as requested except it reduced the charges
sought by Michigan Head and Spine and Premier MRI’s charges from $16,410.00 to $2,250.00.
Thus, the only bill reduced by the jury applied to the MRIs for which Gilbert and Bloomfield
testified that the actual cost was only $449, the entity represented that it would charge $750, but
over $5300 was the charge to defendant. On appeal, defendant contends that the trial court
improperly denied it the right to cross-examine the “billers” from the other medical providers. In
light of the trial court’s broad interpretation of the Kallabat decision, I agree. There is a distinct
and crucial difference between what is reasonably prescribed and what is reasonably charged.

        “When an evidentiary issue is preserved, a ‘trial court’s decision whether to admit evidence
is reviewed for an abuse of discretion, but preliminary legal determinations of admissibility are
reviewed de novo.’ ” Nahshal v Fremont Ins Co, 324 Mich. App. 696, 710; 922 NW2d 662 (2018),
quoting Albro v Drayer, 303 Mich. App. 758, 760; 846 NW2d 70 (2014). A court necessarily abuses
its discretion when it admits evidence that is inadmissible as a matter of law. Craig v Oakwood
Hosp, 471 Mich. 67, 76; 684 NW2d 296 (2004). The proponent of evidence must establish

                                                  -4-
relevance and admissibility. Gilbert v DaimlerChrysler Group, 470 Mich. 749, 781; 685 NW2d
391 (2004). Evidence may be elicited on cross-examination to discredit a witness, and the scope
and duration of cross-examination is in the trial court’s discretion. Wischmeyer v Schanz, 449
Mich. 469, 474-475; 536 NW2d 760 (1995). “An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court’s
decision is outside the range of reasonable and principled outcomes.” Pirgu v United Servs Auto
Ass’n, 499 Mich. 269, 274; 884 NW2d 257 (2016). Michigan’s appellate courts also review a trial
court’s interpretation and application of the no-fault act de novo. Agnone v Home-Owners Ins Co,
310 Mich. App. 522, 526; 871 NW2d 732 (2015).

        “[U]nder the no-fault act, a medical provider will only be paid for reasonable and necessary
charges actually incurred.” Auto-Owners Ins Co v Compass Healthcare PLC, 326 Mich. App. 595,
609; 928 NW2d 726 (2018), citing Advocacy Org for Patients & Providers v Auto Club Ins Ass’n,
257 Mich. App. 365, 374; 670 NW2d 569 (2003), aff’d 472 Mich. 91 (2005). The no-fault act
requires that insurers only pay on behalf of insureds “reasonable” charges for particular products
and services. Douglas v Allstate Ins Co, 492 Mich. 241, 274-277; 821 NW2d 472 (2012). Indeed,
the no-fault act also requires that insurers “challenge the reasonableness of a medical provider’s
charges and that medical providers should expect no less.” Auto-Owners Ins Co, 326 Mich. App.
at 609-610, citing Bronson Methodist Hosp v Auto-Owners Ins Co, 295 Mich. App. 431, 448; 814
NW2d 670 (2012). Although the no-fault act does not define what a “reasonable” charge is, it is
clear that the term is not synonymous with a “customary fee a particular provider charges”; rather,
“the customary fee is simply the cap on what health-care providers can charge, and is not,
automatically, a reasonable charge requiring full reimbursement . . . .” Id. at 610 (citations and
internal quotation marks omitted).

        The burden to establish a charge’s reasonableness by a preponderance of the evidence falls
on insureds and providers, not insurers. Auto Owners Ins Co, 326 Mich. App. at 610. “ ‘Where a
plaintiff is unable to show that a particular, reasonable expense has been incurred for a reasonably
necessary product and service, there can be no finding of a breach of the insurer’s duty to pay that
expense, and thus no finding of liability with regard to that expense.’ ” Kallabat, 256 Mich. App.
at 151, quoting Nasser v Auto Club Ins Ass’n, 435 Mich. 33, 50; 457 NW2d 637 (1990). “In
determining damages for allowable expenses, the jury must not be allowed to speculate concerning
the cost of a particular procedure or service, and a trial court should grant a motion for judgment
notwithstanding the verdict if the jury was permitted to engage in such speculation.” Id.

        The trial court relied on the Kallabat decision to conclude that the primary care physician’s
referral to other medical providers led to the reasonable inference that all services were reasonable.
However, a conclusion that a service is reasonable and necessary does not equate with a reasonable
charge for a service. In Kallabat, the plaintiff was injured in an automobile accident, and he was
a named insured on the policy issued by the defendant. The plaintiff suffered a shoulder injury
and a fractured foot, and he treated with three physicians for his injuries. Drs. Hubers and
Roodbeen were partners and treated the shoulder and foot injuries. The plaintiff sought treatment
from Dr. Robertson for his neck and spinal injuries. However, Dr. Robertson also evaluated the
complaints of pain raised before Drs. Hubers and Roodbeen, and the course of treatment by all
three doctors overlapped. Kallabat, 256 Mich. App. at 147-149. At the trial for the plaintiff’s claim
for first-party no-fault insurance benefits, all three doctors testified, but only Dr. Robertson
expressly testified that his services were reasonably necessary and that his fees were reasonable.
Consequently, defendant moved for partial directed verdict and judgment notwithstanding the

                                                 -5-
verdict relying on the lack of reasonable testimony pertaining to services and fees for two of the
physicians, but the trial court denied the motion. On appeal, this Court affirmed, and declined to
hold that a plaintiff must present direct evidence from every physician addressing reasonableness:

               In Nasser v Auto Club Ins Ass’n, 435 Mich. 33, 50; 457 NW2d 637 (1990),
       the Court reiterated that whether an expense is “allowable” under MCL 500.3107
       depends on whether (1) the charge is reasonable, (2) the expense is reasonably
       necessary, and (3) the expense is incurred. “[I]t is each particular expense that must
       be both reasonable and necessary.” Nasser, supra at 50. “Where a plaintiff is
       unable to show that a particular, reasonable expense has been incurred for a
       reasonably necessary product and service, there can be no finding of a breach of the
       insurer's duty to pay that expense, and thus no finding of liability with regard to
       that expense.” Id.

              Whether expenses are reasonable and reasonably necessary is generally a
       question of fact to be resolved by the jury. Id. at 55, citing Nelson v DAIIE, 137
Mich. App. 226, 231; 359 NW2d 536 (1984), and Kondratek v Auto Club Ins Ass’n,
       163 Mich. App. 634, 637; 414 NW2d 903 (1987). In determining damages for
       allowable expenses, the jury must not be allowed to speculate concerning the cost
       of a particular procedure or service, and a trial court should grant a motion for
       judgment notwithstanding the verdict if the jury was permitted to engage in such
       speculation. Attard v Citizens Ins Co of America, 237 Mich. App. 311, 321-322; 602
       NW2d 633 (1999).

               At its core, defendant’s claim is that a plaintiff in an action under MCL
       500.3107 must offer direct evidence from the treating physician that the expenses
       incurred were both reasonable and reasonably necessary in order for the plaintiff to
       prevail. We find no such requirement within the language of the statute, and we
       cannot find, and defendant does not cite, any binding precedent in this regard.
       Rather, as with any civil case, the jury is entitled to consider all the evidence
       introduced by the plaintiff to decide whether the plaintiff has proved by a
       preponderance of the evidence that the expenses were reasonable and necessary. M
       Civ JI 3.09. Thus, direct and circumstantial evidence, and permissible inferences
       therefrom, may be considered by the jury to determine whether there is sufficient
       proof that the expenses were both reasonable and necessary. See, e.g., Mull v
       Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States, 196 Mich. App. 411, 421; 493
       NW2d 447 (1992); M Civ JI 3.10.

               While plaintiff did not provide direct testimony from two of his doctors that
       each and every expense was reasonable and necessary, we conclude that plaintiff
       did provide evidence sufficient in this regard to survive defendant's motion for a
       directed verdict and motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict. As stated
       above, Dr. Robertson testified that the care he rendered was reasonably necessary
       and related to the automobile accident and that his fees were reasonable. Defendant
       admits that this evidence was sufficient for the jury to decide whether Dr.
       Robertson’s bills were allowable expenses under the no-fault act. We find that Dr.
       Robertson’s testimony also supports a legitimate inference that Dr. Hubers’ and Dr.

                                                -6-
       Roodbeen’s charges and treatment were also reasonable and necessary. Dr.
       Robertson’s testimony that he, Dr. Hubers, and Dr. Roodbeen each reached the
       same diagnoses permitted the jury to reasonably infer that Dr. Hubers’ and Dr.
       Roodbeen’s treatment was necessary and related to the accident.

               Moreover, in this case, plaintiff provided the jury with itemized bills for
       every expense, unlike the plaintiff in Attard who asked the jury to “fill in,” if it
       could, what it believed would be the cost of certain expenses, including a health-
       club membership. Attard, supra at 322. The jury was able to scrutinize each
       expense during its deliberations and compare Dr. Robertson’s bills, which he
       described as reflecting reasonable charges, to the bills of Dr. Hubers and Dr.
       Roodbeen to determine whether the expenses reflected therein were also
       reasonable. On the basis of this evidence, we cannot state that plaintiff failed to
       sustain his claim as a matter of law. Therefore, the trial court properly denied
       defendant’s motions for a directed verdict and judgment notwithstanding the
       verdict. [Kallabat, 256 Mich. App. 151-153.]

The Kallabat Court concluded that there was sufficient evidence of reasonably necessary services
and reasonableness of the fees to submit to the jury for resolution. However, this Court did not
hold that a submission of medical bills accompanied by the physician’s opinion regarding the
reasonable necessity of the services and the reasonableness of the fee charged created an
irrebuttable presumption that the insurer could not dispute. Rather, this Court addressed the proofs
that were necessary to survive a motion for directed verdict, and there were no limits placed on an
insurer’s ability to contest those proofs.

        In the present case, to support the reasonableness of the charges below, plaintiff relied
almost exclusively on her physicians’ testimony. For example, Dr. Radden testified that his
services were reasonable and necessary, a standard rate was charged, the amount was billed in the
past, and the amount was paid by others. However, there was no indication that Dr. Radden was
familiar with the wholesale cost of medical items, such as injections, and the cost charged to the
insurer. Therefore, defendant sought to cross-examine the billers for the physicians to address the
cost of the services compared to the amount billed to the insurance company. Indeed, in the one
instance where a biller testified, defendant was able to elicit that the cost of an MRI was $449, and
the represented charge was $750. Yet, defendant was billed over $5300 for the MRI. These
medical bills contained the sole charges that were reduced by the jury.

        Additionally, Bloomfield testified regarding medical providers that participated with
networks. The physician became a member of a network and agreed to accept a set fee for specific
services through its participation in the network. Bloomfield acknowledged that despite the
physician’s agreement to accept a fee, nonetheless the billers submitted a request for payment that
exceeded the set fee. Consequently, a claims adjuster or an entity retained by the insurer may
review the bills submitted and reduce the fee to a particular amount. Thus, defendant was entitled
to question why a physician participated with a network and agreed to the network fee, but then
the biller sought a higher amount despite the network membership and statutory authority limiting

                                                -7-
the fee to reasonableness standards. Further, defendant was unable to cross-examine the pharmacy
regarding the wholesale cost of ibuprofen and topical cream in comparison to the charge.2

        Additionally, the trial court construed the Kallabat Court decision as allowing for
inferences that a referral by a treating physician was sufficient to establish the reasonableness of a
fee charged by any other provider. However, when questioned about plaintiff’s placement under
sedation for his services, Dr. Radden testified that plaintiff had “a choice to have sedation,” and
his examination of the file revealed that she had “some sedation” for both cervical epidural
procedures. Further, although Dr. Bagley testified that plaintiff received anesthesia during her
shoulder surgery, he deferred to the anesthesiologist regarding what was provided during the
procedure. In light of this testimony, it is unclear who provided the sedation and whether the
anesthesiologist for the shoulder procedure had options regarding the type administered and any
differing charge. Thus, the trial court’s prohibition of cross-examination of those service providers
or their billers by defendant allowed the jury to infer that the referral to the surgeons and their
services were reasonable and necessary. It also extended this inference to the treatment and
services and fees provided by other individuals attendant to the referral physicians’ services.

        In summary, the physicians testified that their services were reasonable and necessary and
that the fees were reasonable. However, the physicians’ opinions regarding why the fee was
reasonable did not contain an express foundation regarding the cost of medical items, such as
injections, and any charge to the insurer. Further, the trial court concluded that a physician’s
opinion to support the reasonableness of services and fees extended to all services including to
referral physicians and individuals that were attendant to the referring physicians, such as
anesthesiologists. In my view, the trial court erred by concluding that the Kallabat decision
supported the conclusion that testimony from a treating physician, that services were reasonable
and necessary and fees were reasonable, extended to all other treatment providers and could not
be challenged through cross-examination of billers.3 A trial court’s error in the exclusion of
evidence is not grounds for setting aside a verdict or ordering a new trial unless refusal to take this
action appears to the court to be inconsistent with substantial justice. MCR 2.613(A); Craig, 471
Mich. at 76. The trial court’s interpretation of the Kallabat decision and exclusion of cross-
examination effectively gave the treating physicians’ opinions an irrebutable presumption of
reasonableness. Consequently, I would reverse and remand for a new trial.

2
  Although there was physician testimony regarding the prescriptions in conjunction with the
services, there was no testimony regarding the reasonableness of the cost of the prescriptions
compared to the wholesale cost.
3
  The record seemingly indicates that once the trial court read the Kallabat decision, it foreclosed
the possibility of calling billing witnesses without addressing the witness lists and if an amendment
was necessary. Moreover, I would not fault defense counsel for failing to incur the cost of rebuttal
physicians to dispute the charges. The issue is whether the trial court, in its role as gatekeeper of
the evidence, erred in its application of law when determining that it would not permit cross-
examination on the medical bill charges, and it, nor the appellate court, directs the evidence
necessary to prove or rebut a case.

                                                 -8-
                                         III. ASSIGNMENT

        Defendant’s remaining arguments on appeal challenge plaintiff’s recovery of $24,050.00
in allowable medical expenses arising out of services provided to plaintiff by Spine Specialists.
Specifically, it contends that plaintiff could not recover this amount because she assigned this
claim for PIP benefits to Spine Specialists, and it should have been permitted to amend its
affirmative defenses to include the assignment. I agree.

        “Questions involving the proper interpretation of a contract or the legal effect of a
contractual clause are . . . reviewed de novo.” McDonald v Farm Bureau Ins Co, 480 Mich. 191,
197; 747 NW2d 811 (2008). “This case also presents questions regarding the interpretation of the
court rules, which are also reviewed de novo.” AFP Specialties, Inc v Vereyken, 303 Mich. App.
497, 504; 844 NW2d 470 (2014). Additionally, “[w]hether a party has standing is a question of
law subject to review de novo.” Groves v Dep’t of Corrections, 295 Mich. App. 1, 4; 811 NW2d
563 (2011).

       An assignment is a contract. Weston v Dowty, 163 Mich. App. 238, 242; 414 NW2d 165
(1987). “The primary goal of contract interpretation is to honor the parties’ intent.” Prentis Family
Foundation v Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Inst, 266 Mich. App. 39, 57; 698 NW2d 900 (2005).
Thus, “[w]hen the contract is unambiguous, the parties’ intent is gleaned from the actual language
used.” Id. “This Court may not ‘read into the contract terms not agreed upon by the parties.’ ”
VHS Huron Valley Sinai Hosp v Sentinel Ins Co, 322 Mich. App. 707, 719; 916 NW2d 218 (2018),
quoting Trimble v Metro Life Ins Co, 305 Mich. 172, 175; 9 NW2d 49 (1943).

       An assignment is defined as

               A transfer or setting over of property, or of some right or interest therein,
       from one person to another, and unless in some way qualified, it is properly the
       transfer of one’s whole interest in an estate, or chattel, or other thing. It is the act
       by which one person transfers to another, or causes to vest in another, his right of
       property or interest therein. [Allardyce v Dart, 291 Mich. 642, 644-645; 289 N.W.
281 (1939) (quotation marks and citation omitted).]

An assignee stands in the shoes or in the place of, or in the same position as, the assignor. Crossley
v Allstate Ins Co, 139 Mich. App. 464, 470; 362 NW2d 760 (1984). Therefore, an assignee
generally obtains only the rights possessed by the assignor at the time of the assignment. Shimans
v Stevenson, 248 Mich. 104, 108; 226 N.W. 838 (1929).

        An assignee is not bound by a judgment that his predecessor in interest obtained after the
assignment at issue, even though the defendants raised the assignment as a defense, because the
assignee was not in privity with the assignor. Aultman, Miller & Co v Sloan, 115 Mich. 151, 154;
73 N.W. 123 (1897). A contrary rule would allow an assignor to cut off the rights of the assignee
without affording him an opportunity to be heard. Id. Indeed, it may constitute a deprivation of
property without due process of law to extend privity to bind an assignee by a judgment entered
against his or her assignor that occurred after the assignor assigned his or her rights in the property.
Postal Tel Cable Co, 247 U.S. 464, 476; 38 S. Ct. 566; 62 L. Ed. 1215 (1928). In this state rather, for
purposes of property law, an assignee is in privity with the assignor only up to the time of the

                                                  -9-
assignment. See Howell v Vito’s Trucking & Excavating Co, 386 Mich. 37, 43; 191 NW2d 313
(1971).

       In the present case, plaintiff acknowledged her signature on the assignment that stated:

                I assign to Spine Specialists [of] Michigan P.C. all no-fault benefits
       presently due or past due incurred as a result of my automobile accident(s) and
       relating to the reimbursement of medical billings by Spine Specialist[s] of
       Michigan, P.C. I assign my right to recover for no-fault interest and attorney fees
       as it relates to the reimbursement of these medical billings. I am not assigning any
       future benefits.

               I understand that Spine Specialists of Michigan, P.C. may pursue collection
       on its own behalf against my insurance company. I grant Spine Specialists of
       Michigan, P.C. and/or its attorneys permission to receive all personal or medical
       information including, but not limited to, insurance claim files, insurance policies,
       and all medical records.

According to the plain language of the assignment, plaintiff unequivocally assigned to Spine
Specialists her “right to recover” “all no-fault benefits presently due or past due incurred as a result
of” the automobile accident and to obtain reimbursement for the medical billings. The use of the
term “may” denotes permissive action while the use of the term “shall” generally denotes
mandatory action. Manuel v Gill, 481 Mich. 637, 647; 753 NW2d 48 (2008). Contrary to the trial
court’s holding, plaintiff’s assignment was not permissive. Rather, she assigned her right to
recover no-fault benefits pertaining to the services of Spine Specialists without qualification.
Instead, Spine Specialists was granted discretionary action with regard to the assignment because
it “may pursue” collection against defendant.

        Further, plaintiff’s standing to pursue a claim had no bearing on whether she proved, by a
preponderance of the evidence, the contractual right to the collection of no-fault benefits for
services rendered by Spine Specialists. “It is axiomatic that a party must have standing to bring a
lawsuit.” Prentis Family Foundation, 266 Mich. App. at 56. Three separate elements may be
established to show that a party has standing: (1) “an injury in fact—an invasion of a legally
protected interest which is (a) concrete and particularized, and (b) actual or imminent, not
conjectural or hypothetical,” (2) “a causal connection between the injury and the conduct
complained of—the injury has to be fairly . . . trace[able] to the challenged action of the defendant,
and not . . . th[e] result [of] the independent action of some third party not before the court,” and
(3) “it must be likely, as opposed to merely speculative, that the injury will be redressed by a
favorable decision.” Id. (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).

         Irrespective of plaintiff’s standing to pursue a claim against her no-fault insurer for medical
expenses, plaintiff failed to prove that she maintained the contractual right to recover for medical
services provided by Spine Specialists in light of the assignment. When the issue was raised at
trial, there was no indication that plaintiff sought a rescission of the assignment or requested that
Spine Specialists enter into a contract to forego its right to pursue an action against her insurer and
accept her potential recovery of their medical expenses in her litigation. The standing to file and

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pursue a claim does not equate with the legal right of contractual recovery, particularly where the
contract rights were assigned without qualification.

        I also agree that the trial court erred in failing to permit amendment of the affirmative
defenses to include assignment. “A defense not asserted in the responsive pleading or by motion
as provided by these rules is waived, except for the defenses of lack of jurisdiction over the subject
matter of the action, and failure to state a claim on which relief can be granted.” MCR 2.111(F)(2).
However, “[a] party may move to amend [his or her] affirmative defenses to add any that become
apparent at any time, and any such motion should be granted as a matter of course so long as doing
so would not prejudice the plaintiff.” Southeast Mich Surgical Hosp, LLC v Allstate Ins Co, 316
Mich. App. 657, 663; 892 NW2d 434 (2016) (emphasis omitted). “Prejudice sufficient to justify
denial of a motion to amend arises when amendment would prevent a party from having a fair
trial.” Coffey v State Farm Mut Auto Ins Co, 183 Mich. App. 723, 727; 455 NW2d 740 (1990).

        In light of plaintiff’s acknowledgement and execution of the assignment, plaintiff was
aware that she assigned her “right to recover” these no-fault benefits and that Spine Specialists had
the discretion to seek collection directly against defendant. Therefore, plaintiff cannot establish
prejudice as a result of her assignment of the claim prior to the commencement of trial.

       I would reverse the judgment, vacate the recovery of PIP benefits that were assigned to
Spine Specialists, and remand for a new trial.

                                                              /s/ Kirsten Frank Kelly

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