Court Opinion

ID: 9926737
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-01-25 17:00:39.232447+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:20:20.793785
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        JAN 25 2024
                                                                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

FARMHOUSE PARTNERS LIMITED                      No.    22-36035
PARTNERSHIP,
                                                D.C. No. 2:21-cv-00048-BMM
                Plaintiff-Appellee,

 v.                                             MEMORANDUM*

MULTI-HOUSING TAX CREDIT
PARTNERS XXX,

                Defendant-Appellant.

FARMHOUSE PARTNERS LIMITED                      No.    22-36066
PARTNERSHIP,
                                                D.C. No. 2:21-cv-00048-BMM
                Plaintiff-Appellant,

 v.

MULTI-HOUSING TAX CREDIT
PARTNERS XXX,

                Defendant-Appellee.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                           for the District of Montana
                    Brian M. Morris, District Judge, Presiding

                      Argued and Submitted January 9, 2024

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
                              San Francisco, California

Before: SILER,** CLIFTON, and M. SMITH, Circuit Judges.

      Defendant-Appellant and Cross-Appellee Multi-Housing Tax Credit

Partners XXX (“MHTCP”) appeals from a judgment entered after a bench trial in

favor of Plaintiff-Appellee and Cross-Appellant Farmhouse Partners Limited

Partnership (“Farmhouse”). Farmhouse cross-appeals. Because the parties are

familiar with the facts, procedural history, and arguments, we do not recount them

here. We affirm.

   1. The district court did not err as a matter of law or fact in assessing

whether an assignment by Farmhouse of an option to purchase MHTCP’s interest

in the limited partnership (“the Option”) without MHTCP’s consent constituted a

“material” default under the agreement governing the partnership.

      First, we are unpersuaded by MHTCP’s argument that the district court

improperly read a “materiality” requirement into the Option provision. The

partnership agreement is governed by Montana law and Montana law establishes as

a default contract rule that a breach must be material to justify a non-breaching

party’s nonperformance. See Mont. Code Ann., § 27-1-416 (“[W]hen [a] non-

performing party’s failure to perform is only partial and either entirely immaterial

      **
            The Honorable Eugene E. Siler, United States Circuit Judge for the
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, sitting by designation.

                                          2                                    22-36035
or capable of being fully compensated, . . . specific performance may be compelled

upon full compensation of being made for the default.” (emphasis added)). While

MHTCP insists that it is a condition precedent of the Option provision that

Farmhouse not be “in default” – material or otherwise – to exercise it, we are

unconvinced that certain erratic uses of the undefined terms “default,” “breach,”

and “material breach” in the lengthy partnership agreement demonstrate the

parties’ clear intent to “contract around” Montana’s background principle that a

party is not “in default” if a breach is entirely immaterial. Because MHTCP has

supplied no proof beyond some inconsistent wording to support its preferred

interpretation, nor offered any logical reason as to why Farmhouse would agree to

such a requirement, we conclude that the district court properly adhered to

Montana’s default materiality rule and did not add any terms to the Option

provision.

      Second, we are similarly unpersuaded that the district court employed the

incorrect legal standard to assess materiality. The Montana Supreme Court has

declared on several occasions that “[a] substantial or material breach is one which

touches the fundamental purposes of the contract and defeats the object of the

parties in making the contract.” See, e.g., Norwood v. Serv. Distrib., Inc., 994 P.2d

25, 31 (Mont. 2000); Flaig v. Gramm, 983 P.2d 396, 400 (Mont. 1999) (same).

MHTCP supplies no authority to support its position that the “fundamental

                                          3                                   22-36035
purpose” test is the standard for assessing materiality only when a non-breaching

party repudiates a contract as a whole based on another party’s breach, but is not

the standard when the non-breaching party declines to perform a single provision

of an otherwise ongoing contract based on another party’s breach. Moreover,

although the Montana Supreme Court has favorably cited the Restatement

(Second) of Contracts § 241 (1981) on two occasions, see LR Ranch Co. v.

Murnion, 2014 WL 5020021, at *2 (Mont. Oct. 7, 2014) (unpublished); see also

Norwood, 994 P.2d at 31, that court has never declared the Restatement’s five

factors for assessing materiality to be the definitive test under any circumstances,

let alone those delineated by MHTCP.

      Third, and finally, we reject MHTCP’s argument that the district court erred

as a factual matter in applying Montana’s “fundamental purpose” test to conclude

that an assignment of the Option without MHTCP’s consent was an “immaterial”

breach. Importantly, MHTCP has not challenged the district court’s factual finding

that, at least as of the date of the bench trial, MHTCP could not identify anything

that it was entitled to receive under the partnership agreement that it had not.

Indeed, MHTCP’s proffered grievances all turn on an expectation by MHTCP that

it would deal only with Farmhouse’s principal, William C. Dabney, III, in

executing the Option. It is decisive that the partnership agreement is not a personal

services contract for Dabney. Because Dabney’s personal involvement in

                                          4                                    22-36035
Farmhouse’s exercise of the Option was not an essential contract expectancy of

MHTCP in executing the partnership agreement, the district court did not clearly

err in concluding that an assignment of said Option did not “touch[] the

fundamental purposes of the contract” or “defeat[] the object of the parties in

making” it. Norwood, 994 P.2d at 31.1

      2.     Having held that the district court did not err as a matter of law or fact

in deeming immaterial any breach by Farmhouse in assigning the Option without

MHTCP’s consent, we agree that specific performance of the Option is the

appropriate remedy.

      Under Montana law, “[n]either party to any obligation can be compelled

specifically to perform it unless the other party thereto has performed . . .

everything to which the former is entitled under the same obligation, either

completely or nearly so. . . .” Mont. Code Ann. § 27-1-414 (emphasis added).

Again, MHTCP has not challenged the district court’s factual finding that it has

received everything to which it is entitled under the partnership agreement.

Although, as the district court noted, settling a “method of dividing the windfall

that has accrued from the rising real estate market in Bozeman, Montana” is a

“potential hardship” that MHTCP will face in performing the Option, such a

1
  Because we affirm the district court’s materiality assessment, we need not and do
not address Farmhouse’s alternative argument that the district court erred in
finding a breach of the partnership agreement at all.

                                          5                                     22-36035
challenge is not the product of any breach by Farmhouse, per se. This is so,

because the Option provision does not establish a fixed price for MHTCP’s

partnership interest and MHTCP was never guaranteed that it would work only

with Dabney as Farmhouse’s principal to negotiate the Option price.

      Accordingly, where Farmhouse has substantially performed under the

partnership agreement, and where any remaining hardship of specific performance

is not unique to the breach, but is an inherent risk of the bargain struck by the

parties under the Option provision, specific performance of the Option is the

appropriate remedy.

      AFFIRMED.

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