Court Opinion

ID: 2792374
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-04-09 16:00:53.474345+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:29:00.879871
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                             For the Eighth Circuit
                         ___________________________

                                 No. 14-1436
                         ___________________________

       Santiago Martinez-Galarza, also known as Facundo Parias-Martinez

                             lllllllllllllllllllllPetitioner

                                           v.

             Eric H. Holder, Jr., Attorney General of the United States

                            lllllllllllllllllllllRespondent
                                    ____________

                       Petition for Review of an Order of the
                           Board of Immigration Appeals
                                   ____________

                           Submitted: February 11, 2015
                               Filed: April 9, 2015
                                 ____________

Before BYE, BEAM, and BENTON, Circuit Judges.
                           ____________
BEAM, Circuit Judge.

      Santiago Martinez-Galarza, a citizen and native of Mexico, petitions for review
of an order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) upholding an immigration
judge's (IJ) denial of Martinez-Galarza's application for asylum, withholding of
removal, withholding under the Convention Against Torture (CAT) and voluntary
departure. We deny the petition for review.
I.    BACKGROUND

       Martinez-Galarza entered the United States on or about August, 20, 1986,
without admission or parole, and in 1999 he was granted voluntary departure by an
IJ and left the United States. Martinez-Galarza entered the United States again on or
about May 20, 2000, without admission or parole. In October 2010, Martinez-
Galarza was arrested by Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) and
subsequently removal proceedings were commenced against Martinez-Galarza,
charging him with removability under § 212(a)(6)(A)(i) of the Immigration and
Nationality Act (INA). Martinez-Galarza asserts that after ICE detained him, ICE
agents promised to help him stay in the United States and obtain a work permit for
him, in exchange for information on Adrian Parias Sanchez, Martinez-Galarza's
nephew. Martinez-Galarza asserts he provided information on Sanchez, which
resulted in the arrest and subsequent removal of Sanchez. Sanchez was arrested and
deported back to Mexico in November 2010.

      Martinez-Galarza was initially scheduled to appear before the court on
February 17, 2011, but his master calendar hearing was continued. On February 7,
2012, Martinez-Galarza appeared, with counsel, before an IJ. He admitted all of the
factual allegations and conceded the charge of removability. Martinez-Galarza
declined to designate a country, and the IJ designated Mexico. The IJ also noted that
Martinez-Galarza was not eligible for voluntary departure as he had previously been
granted voluntary departure by the court in 1999 and, after leaving, reentered the
United States illegally in 2000.

      Martinez-Galarza filed an application for asylum, withholding of removal and
protection under the CAT. On September 18, 2012, Martinez-Galarza submitted a
prehearing memorandum in support of his application. In the memorandum,
Martinez-Galarza asserted that he was a member of a social group "consisting of
people who have provided information to [ICE] to enable that organization to remove

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individuals residing illegally in the [United States]," as well as a member of a second
social group consisting of "witnesses for ICE." Martinez-Galarza also recounted in
the memorandum his 2010 detainment by ICE, and his assertions that ICE promised
to allow him to remain in the United States and issue a work permit, in exchange for
information on Sanchez. Martinez-Galarza stated that he feared returning to Mexico
because of Sanchez, who believed that Martinez-Galarza had "ended his American
dream." Martinez-Galarza further asserted that Sanchez had beaten his brother,
Esteban, and killed his nephew, Marcelo Alarcon, because Sanchez was angry with
Martinez-Galarza. Martinez-Galarza also asserted that Sanchez threatened to kill
him. Lastly, Martinez-Galarza acknowledged that his petition for asylum was
untimely filed, but he argued that the November 2010 removal of Sanchez was a
changed or extraordinary circumstance which excused his untimely filing. He also
argued that he was unable to file his application for asylum right after Sanchez was
removed in 2010 because his master calendar hearing had been continued until
February 7, 2012.

       Hearings on the matter took place on October 2 and 4, 2012. On October 4,
2012, the IJ issued an oral decision denying Martinez-Galarza's applications for
asylum, withholding of removal and CAT protection. The IJ found Martinez-
Galarza's asylum application time-barred, since he did not file the application within
a reasonable time after the qualifying event, Sanchez's November 2010 removal.
Alternatively, the IJ found that Martinez-Galarza's claimed social groups lacked
social visibility and particularity. As to Martinez-Galarza's request for withholding
of removal, the IJ found that he was not eligible for withholding of removal because
he had failed to establish the lower standard of asylum. The IJ also determined that
Martinez-Galarza was not eligible for CAT protection, because he had not submitted
evidence that it was more likely than not that he would be tortured by the Mexican
government or its agents upon his return to Mexico.

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       Martinez-Galarza petitioned for review of the IJ's decision with the BIA on
October 31, 2012. The BIA dismissed Martinez-Galarza's petition on January 27,
2014, largely adopting the IJ's findings, except for the IJ's determination that
Martinez-Galarza's asylum application was time-barred. The BIA found that
Martinez-Galarza had demonstrated a change in circumstances to excuse his untimely
filing for asylum. The issue of timeliness aside, the BIA agreed that Martinez-
Galarza failed to establish his eligibility for asylum for the same reasons identified
by the IJ–that Martinez-Galarza's claimed particular social group did not meet the
required standards. Furthermore, the BIA found that fear of personal retribution was
not a basis for asylum. The BIA also determined that Martinez-Galarza did not meet
the standard for withholding of removal. Lastly, the BIA found that Martinez-
Galarza did not appeal the IJ's finding that he was ineligible for CAT protection.
Martinez-Galarza subsequently filed this petition for review.

II.   DISCUSSION

      A.     Standard of Review

      We review the BIA's decision as a final agency decision. Ismail v. Ashcroft,
396 F.3d 970, 974 (8th Cir. 2005). And, to the extent that the BIA adopted the IJ's
findings, we also review the IJ's findings as part of the final agency decision. Id. We
review de novo issues of law, and review the agency's findings of facts under the
substantial evidence standard. Omondi v. Holder, 674 F.3d 793, 797 (8th Cir. 2012).
That standard provides that "the findings of facts are conclusive unless any
reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary." Id.

      B.     Asylum Claim

      To establish eligibility for asylum an applicant must show he is a "refugee," a
person who is unwilling or unable to return to his country or origin "because of

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persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of . . . membership in
a particular social group." 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42) (emphasis added). To establish a
well-founded fear of persecution, in the absence of evidence of past persecution, the
applicant must show a subjective fear, as well as an objectively "reasonable
possibility of suffering such persecution if he or she were to return to that country."
8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(2)(i)(B).

       In his petition for review, Martinez-Galarza reiterates that he faces a credible
threat to his life because Sanchez believes Martinez-Galarza ended his American
dream and has threatened to kill him if he returns to Mexico. Martinez-Galarza also
argues that Mexico in general is experiencing an increase in organized crime, and
asserts that it is well known that police and government officials take bribes to carry
out hits on individuals. He concludes that it is therefore "highly unlikely that the
government will do anything to protect [him]."

       Even taking everything Martinez-Galarza says as true, which the IJ did,
Martinez-Galarza's claims do not satisfy the burden that his fear of persecution is on
account of his membership in a particular social group. Martinez-Galarza does not
claim that Sanchez wants to persecute him because of Martinez-Galarza's status as a
member of the social group "consisting of people who have provided information to
[ICE] to enable that organization to remove individuals residing illegally in the
[United States]." Sanchez's alleged reason for wanting to harm Martinez-
Galarza–because Martinez-Galarza ended Sanchez's American dream–is motivated
by purely personal retribution, and thus not a valid basis for an asylum claim. See
Madrigal v. Holder, 716 F.3d 499, 506 (9th Cir. 2013); Matter of Y-G-, 20 I. & N.
Dec. 794, 799 (BIA 1994); cf. Eusebio v. Ashcroft, 361 F.3d 1088, 1091 (8th Cir.
2004) (finding that applicant did not establish eligibility for asylum where his claimed
past persecution was as a result of "personal animosity rather than political beliefs").

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        There may be asylum protections for an applicant who shows the threatened
persecution is motivated by both personal retaliation and a protected motive,
Madrigal, 716 F.3d at 506, but Martinez-Galarza presents no evidence to suggest this
is the situation here. He does not allege that Sanchez has threatened or attacked other
ICE informants. In fact, the other individuals Sanchez has targeted–Martinez-
Galarza's brother and nephew–suggest even more strongly that Sanchez has a
personal grudge with Martinez-Galarza, and is not threatening him as a result of
Martinez-Galarza's nexus to an alleged particular social group. Accordingly,
Martinez-Galarza has failed to meet his burden to establish he is eligible for asylum.

      C.     Other Claims

       It is unclear from Martinez-Galarza's brief whether he is also seeking review
of the BIA's determination that he is not eligible for withholding of deportation and
CAT protection. Martinez-Galarza states he is petitioning for review of the BIA
decision that upheld the IJ's decision denying his application for asylum, withholding
of removal, protection under CAT and voluntary departure. However, Martinez-
Galarza makes no substantive arguments in his brief regarding his eligibility for
withholding of removal, CAT protections, or voluntary departure, aside from a
fleeting mention that "[p]ast and/or future persecutions are factors considered in
asylum, withholding of deportation, and [CAT] claims." Furthermore, the BIA noted
in its decision that Martinez-Galarza did not challenge the IJ's denial of voluntary
departure and CAT protection in his petition before the BIA. The BIA has
determined that issues not addressed on review are deemed waived. Matter of
Edwards, 20 I. & N. Dec. 191, 202 n.4 (BIA 1990); see also Marksmeier v. Davie,
622 F.3d 896, 902 n.4 (8th Cir. 2010) (holding claims not argued are waived). Thus,
we decline to address Martinez-Galarza's claims for withholding of removability,
CAT protections, and voluntary departure.

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III.   CONCLUSION

       For the aforementioned reasons, we affirm the BIA's decision.
                      ______________________________

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