Court Opinion

ID: 5133922
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-12-10 15:06:29.301933+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:23:40.963338
License: Public Domain

RENDERED: DECEMBER 3, 2021; 10:00 A.M.
                   NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

            Commonwealth of Kentucky
                    Court of Appeals

                        NO. 2019-CA-1901-MR

JEREMY BENTON                                        APPELLANT

           APPEAL FROM CAMPBELL CIRCUIT COURT
v.        HONORABLE JULIE REINHARDT WARD, JUDGE
                   ACTION NO. 19-CR-00298

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY                              APPELLEE

AND

                        NO. 2019-CA-1902-MR

RONALD J. HARTIG, JR.                                APPELLANT

           APPEAL FROM CAMPBELL CIRCUIT COURT
v.        HONORABLE JULIE REINHARDT WARD, JUDGE
                   ACTION NO. 19-CR-00300

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY                              APPELLEE

AND

                        NO. 2020-CA-0015-MR

BILLY TURNER                                         APPELLANT
         APPEAL FROM CAMPBELL CIRCUIT COURT
v.      HONORABLE JULIE REINHARDT WARD, JUDGE
                 ACTION NO. 19-CR-00296

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY                        APPELLEE

AND

                  NO. 2020-CA-0016-MR

ANDREW KLUG                                 APPELLANT

         APPEAL FROM CAMPBELL CIRCUIT COURT
v.      HONORABLE JULIE REINHARDT WARD, JUDGE
                 ACTION NO. 19-CR-00305

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY                        APPELLEE

AND

                  NO. 2020-CA-0092-MR

JEFFREY GAMBLE                              APPELLANT

         APPEAL FROM CAMPBELL CIRCUIT COURT
v.      HONORABLE JULIE REINHARDT WARD, JUDGE
                 ACTION NO. 19-CR-00289

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY                        APPELLEE

AND

                           -2-
                      NO. 2020-CA-0094-MR

CHRISTOPHER MCGOVNEY                         APPELLANT

          APPEAL FROM CAMPBELL CIRCUIT COURT
v.       HONORABLE JULIE REINHARDT WARD, JUDGE
                  ACTION NO. 19-CR-00287

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY                         APPELLEE

AND

                      NO. 2020-CA-0162-MR

ROBERT YOUNG                                 APPELLANT

          APPEAL FROM CAMPBELL CIRCUIT COURT
v.       HONORABLE JULIE REINHARDT WARD, JUDGE
                  ACTION NO. 19-CR-00304

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY                         APPELLEE

AND

                      NO. 2020-CA-0237-MR

HAROLD MAGGARD, JR.                          APPELLANT

          APPEAL FROM CAMPBELL CIRCUIT COURT
v.       HONORABLE JULIE REINHARDT WARD, JUDGE
                  ACTION NO. 19-CR-00288

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY                         APPELLEE

                              -3-
AND

                             NO. 2020-CA-0316-MR

JAMES RILEY                                                         APPELLANT

              APPEAL FROM CAMPBELL CIRCUIT COURT
v.           HONORABLE JULIE REINHARDT WARD, JUDGE
                      ACTION NO. 19-CR-00297

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY                                              APPELLEE

AND

                             NO. 2020-CA-0852-MR

CARVEL WALTERS                                                      APPELLANT

              APPEAL FROM CAMPBELL CIRCUIT COURT
v.           HONORABLE JULIE REINHARDT WARD, JUDGE
                      ACTION NO. 19-CR-00301

COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY                                              APPELLEE

                               OPINION
                       REVERSING AND REMANDING

                                  ** ** ** ** **

BEFORE: MAZE, TAYLOR, AND K. THOMPSON, JUDGES.

THOMPSON, K., JUDGE: Jeremy Benton, Ronald Hartig, Jr., Billy Turner,

Andrew Klug, Jeffrey Gamble, Christopher McGovney, Robert Young, Harold

Maggard, Jr., James Riley, and Carvel Walters appeal their convictions in the

Campbell Circuit Court, entered upon their conditional guilty pleas, to promoting
                                        -4-
contraband in the first degree, Kentucky Revised Statutes (KRS) 520.050. Where

appropriate, these convictions also caused appellants’ sentences to be enhanced for

being persistent felony offenders. Due to the commonality of all material issues of

fact and issues of law, these appeals have been consolidated.

             All ten of the appellants were inmates at the Campbell County

Detention Center (jail) and each tested positive, via urine sample, for

methamphetamine while they were incarcerated. Each of the inmates was

convicted of promoting contraband in the first degree following a bench trial. In

the trial, unrebutted testimony was offered for the allegation that, due to the date of

the urine testing and the length of time each inmate had been in custody prior to

testing, each of the inmates must have consumed or otherwise ingested

methamphetamine while in custody at the jail. The only factual matters

distinguishing the appellants regard their physical locations within the jail.

             Three of the appellants (Maggard, McGovney, and Gamble) were

housed in Cell 204. Seven of the appellants (Benton, Hartig, Klug, Riley, Turner,

Walters, and Young) were housed within an area known as DS1.

             Cell 204 held ten inmates. One inmate, Joshua Young, who is not a

party to this appeal, admitted to bringing methamphetamine into the jail via his

rectum and supplying it to unnamed cell mates. Surveillance video corroborated

Young’s statements to jail staff. However, staff could not positively identify the

                                          -5-
persons in the video recording who appeared to be passing around unknown items

on a bunk bed, or those appearing to snort an unknown substance. Urine samples

were taken from all ten inmates in Cell 204 and McGovney, Gamble, and Maggard

all tested positive.

              DS1 held approximately seventy inmates. An anonymous tip led jail

personnel to clear DS1, and in the process methamphetamine was recovered by jail

staff from inmates Campbell and Hill, who are not appellants in this matter. A

series of videos appeared to show exchanges, consistent with drug transfers, at

Campbell’s bunk. Again, neither the items exchanged, nor the identities of the

inmates, could be discerned in the videos. Three inmates within DS1 were willing

to identify fellow inmates who they believed used methamphetamine. Urine

samples were taken from twenty DS1 inmates and eighteen of those twenty tested

positive. Two of those eighteen had only recently been incarcerated so they were

not charged with promoting contraband.

              At trial, the director of pathology for the University of Kentucky

testified that following consumption of methamphetamine, urine will test positive

for both methamphetamine and amphetamine as the human body breaks

methamphetamine down into amphetamine. Furthermore, urine can test positive

for these substances for only three, to at most five, days following ingestion.

                                          -6-
Therefore, only those inmates that had been inside the jail for more than five days

were charged with possession of the drug while incarcerated.

             Each of the appellants waived their right to a jury trial. The trial court

conducted a bench trial for all appellants. At the close of the Commonwealth’s

proof, the appellants moved for directed verdicts of acquittal which were denied as

explained within a written order of the court. The trial court treated the appellants’

motion as a motion to dismiss under Kentucky Rules of Civil Procedure (CR)

41.02(2). Such denial is the subject of these appeals. The appellants thereafter

entered conditional guilty pleas, pursuant to an agreement with the

Commonwealth, to promoting contraband in the first degree (KRS 520.050) and

were sentenced.

             The appellants assert that the trial court erred by denying their motion

for a directed verdict of acquittal insofar as the Commonwealth had failed to

present sufficient and suitable evidence to sustain their convictions.

             On appeal, “the test of a directed verdict is, if under the evidence as a

whole, it would be clearly unreasonable for a jury to find guilt, only then the

defendant is entitled to a directed verdict of acquittal.” Ray v. Commonwealth, 611

S.W.3d 250, 266 (Ky. 2020). However, in circumstances where the trial is

conducted without a jury, our Supreme Court has stated that “[t]he language of CR

41.02(2) makes clear the ‘considerations of a trial court on a motion to dismiss in a

                                         -7-
bench trial are quite different from those on a motion for directed verdict in a jury

trial.’ The trial court ‘must weigh and evaluate the evidence’ rather than, with

regard to directed verdict, ‘indulge every inference in the [Commonwealth’s]

favor.’” R.S. v. Commonwealth, 423 S.W.3d 178, 184 (Ky. 2014) (citations

omitted).

             On appellate review of a ruling on a defendant’s CR 41.02 motion, a

trial court’s determination will only be overturned for an abuse of discretion.

Jaroszewski v. Flege, 297 S.W.3d 24, 31 (Ky. 2009). An abuse of discretion will

be found when the trial court’s decision is “arbitrary, unreasonable, unfair, or

unsupported by sound legal principles.” Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. v.

Thompson, 11 S.W.3d 575, 581 (Ky. 2000).

             The trial court conscientiously considered all the evidence submitted

in this matter and while its conclusion, that it could infer that the appellants had

knowingly and intentionally consumed methamphetamine while in custody, might

not be viewed as an abuse of discretion, the problem herein is whether or not

testing positive for methamphetamine, together with the circumstantial evidence

presented, supported a conviction for possessing or obtaining the drug in violation

of KRS 520.050. Therefore, the legal question squarely before this Court concerns

resolving the appropriate definitions to be given to those statutory terms. As the

relevant material facts in this matter are not disputed, we must first focus on a de

                                          -8-
novo review of the trial court’s legal conclusions with regard to the issue of at what

point, or by what means, an inmate “possesses” or “obtains” contraband in

violation of the statute.

             KRS 520.050, Promoting contraband in the first degree, states:

             (1) A person is guilty of promoting contraband in the first
                 degree when:

                    (a) He knowingly introduces dangerous contraband
                        into a detention facility or a penitentiary; or

                    (b) Being a person confined in a detention facility
                        or a penitentiary, he knowingly makes, obtains,
                        or possesses dangerous contraband.

             The definition of dangerous contraband includes controlled

substances. KRS 520.010(3). KRS Chapter 520 (escape and other offenses

relating to custody) does not define “possesses” or “obtains” but this chapter is

found within the Kentucky Penal Code (KRS Chapters 500 to 534) which defines

“possession” as, “[t]o have actual physical possession or otherwise to exercise

actual dominion or control over a tangible object.” KRS 500.080(14). There is no

statutory definition for “obtain” in Kentucky under our Penal Code. The trial court

accepted the MERRIAM-WEBSTER ONLINE DICTIONARY definition of “obtain” as,

“to gain or attain by planned action or effort.” Obtain, MERRIAM-WEBSTER,

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/obtain (last visited Dec. 1, 2021).

BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY defines “obtain” as, “[t]o bring into one’s own

                                         -9-
possession; to procure, esp. through effort[.]” Obtain, BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY

(11th ed. 2019).

             Distinguishing between the two terms under the factual circumstances

of this matter is meritless. This Court does not need to hypothecate on any

circumstance wherein someone might possess an item without first obtaining it.

Here, if it were believed that each of the appellants knowingly received and then

ingested methamphetamine, they would have obtained the drug and for some,

perhaps short, period of time possessed it before ingesting it. The issue for this

Court however is whether or not such possession of methamphetime, evidenced

only by a urine sample, constitutes the type of possession criminalized by the

statute.

             Kentucky caselaw has not discussed the specific standards for

“possession” in a manner regarding consumption or usage since Prohibition.

However, those precedents are quite clear that, as a matter of law, having a

controlled substance in your body, in ingested form, is not possession.

             The ninety-year-old opinion in Nethercutt v. Commonwealth, 241 Ky.

47, 43 S.W.2d 330 (1931), was the last of a series of Prohibition-era cases which

were primarily concerned with the degree of possession necessary to evidence a

defendant’s intent to control or distribute liquor. The Court in Nethercutt was

faced with a defendant who had been arrested while obviously intoxicated and

                                         -10-
ruled that alcohol consumed, and otherwise already in an accused’s stomach, did

not constitute the unlawful possession of intoxicating liquor. The Nethercutt

opinion relied upon Skidmore v. Commonwealth, 204 Ky. 451, 264 S.W. 1053

(1924), where three members of “a drinking party” testified that Skidmore did not

“own” the liquor, but only had it in his hands for purposes of taking a drink as a

guest of one of the people who had provided the alcohol. The Skidmore opinion

itself relied upon Sizemore v. Commonwealth, 202 Ky. 273, 259 S.W. 337 (1924),

wherein the Court held that the act of handling a bottle of whisky while taking a

drink does not of itself constitute an unlawful possession within the meaning of the

statute where the person handling the bottle returned the remainder without

assuming any further control of the bottle or its contents. In Brooks and Minton v.

Commonwealth, 206 Ky. 720, 268 S.W. 339 (1925), which relied upon Skidmore

and Sizemore, our then highest Court explained that, “[the liquor’s] momentary

possession by another for the sole purpose of taking an offered drink is not a

violation of the statute.” Id. at 340.

             Many of our sister states subsequently agreed with the rationale of

Nethercutt and its forebears and applied the same rationale in the era of narcotics.

In the Maryland opinion in Franklin v. State, 258 A.2d 767, 769 (Md.Ct.Spec.App.

1969), it was held that once a narcotic drug is injected into the vein, or swallowed

orally, it is “apparent” that it is no longer in the individual’s control for purposes of

                                          -11-
unlawful possession. Maryland’s Court of Appeals did however leave open the

possibility that such evidence could be considered as one element of circumstantial

evidence leading to a conviction:

             But evidence showing that a person has a prohibited
             narcotic drug within his system, while not per se
             constituting possession or control under Section 277,
             would tend to show circumstantially that he was in
             possession and/ or control of the drug prior to taking it.

Id.

             In the Oregon opinion of State v. Downes, 572 P.2d 1328 (Or.Ct.App.

1977), superseded by statute as stated in Employment Div. v. Smith, 485 U.S. 660,

108 S.Ct. 1444, 99 L.Ed.2d 753 (1988), an officer witnessed the defendant

injecting a “controlled substance” into the defendant’s arm which was later

identified as phencyclidine (PCP). Under those facts, the defendant was charged

with not only use of the drug, but he was also charged with possession because the

drug was in his bloodstream. The Oregon court held that under their statutory

definition, the exercise of dominion or control over the property was necessary and

that “obviously” after a drug is ingested or injected into the human body, the host

body can no longer exercise dominion or control over it. Id. at 1330.

             Likewise in the Kansas opinion in State v. Flinchpaugh, 659 P.2d 208

(Kan. 1983), the defendant was in a car wreck and consented to a blood sample at

                                         -12-
the hospital. She tested positive for a metabolite of cocaine and was charged with

possession. The Kansas Supreme Court determined that:

              Once a controlled substance is within a person’s system,
              the power of the person to control, possess, use, dispose
              of, or cause harm is at an end. The drug is assimilated by
              the body. The ability to control the drug is beyond
              human capabilities. The essential element of control is
              absent. Evidence of a controlled substance after it is
              assimilated in a person’s blood does not establish
              possession or control of that substance.

Id. at 211.

              The Kansas court also noted that while a drug in a person’s blood is

circumstantial evidence tending to prove prior possession of the drug, it is not

sufficient evidence in and of itself to establish guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.

Id. at 212. Kansas then distinguished this case from those where there was

additional evidence of “possession” rather than only a blood sample, such as

admissions or surveillance showing the prior drug deal.

              In State v. Lewis, 394 N.W.2d 212 (Minn.Ct.App. 1986), the

Minnesota Court of Appeals cited to the Nethercutt (Ky.), Flinchpaugh (Kan.), and

Downes (Or.) opinions, supra. The issue presented in Lewis was whether or not

the presence of a trace of morphine within a person’s system, without more

evidence, is sufficient to sustain a conviction for unlawful possession of a

controlled substance under the Minnesota law. The court found that the usual and

ordinary meaning of the term “possession” did not include substances injected into
                                         -13-
the body and assimilated into their system, explaining that after a controlled

substance is within a person’s system, the power to exercise dominion and control

necessary to establish possession no longer existed. This opinion is notable in our

present analysis for the determination that the particular terms of the Minnesota

statute suggested the legislative intention to regulate the physical movement and/or

transfer of controlled substances between different persons. Consequently, once a

controlled substance is within a person’s system the substance is beyond the scope

of regulation contemplated by the statute. Id. at 217.

             In the opinion in State v. Hornaday, 713 P.2d 71 (Wash. 1986),

superseded by statute as stated in State v. Ortega, 177 Wash.2d 116 (Wash. 2013),

the Washington Supreme Court stated that a defendant could not be convicted for

possession of alcohol merely because he had alcohol within his system

because “[o]nce it is within a person’s system, the power of a person to control,

possess, use or dispose of it is at an end.” Id. at 75. Further, “[a] defendant

‘possesses’ a controlled substance when the defendant knows of the substance’s

presence, the substance is immediately accessible, and the defendant exercises

‘dominion or control’ over the substance.” Id. at 74.

             Turning back to the definition section of our Kentucky Penal Code,

KRS 500.080(14), which currently defines the term “possession,” became effective

as of January 1, 1975, well after the discussion of the term “possess” as used in the

                                         -14-
criminal context by our highest Court in Nethercutt. Therefore, as a matter of

statutory construction, we must accept that the legislature was fully aware of what

was, and was not, sufficient “possession” for purposes of subsequent criminal

statutes. As stated in Commonwealth v. Boarman, 610 S.W.2d 922 (Ky.App.

1980), “[i]t is to be presumed . . . that the legislature is acquainted with the law,

that it has knowledge of the state of the law on subjects on which it legislates, and

that it is informed of previous legislation and the construction that previous

legislation has received.” Id. at 924.

             A definition of “possesses” or “possession” which excludes the mere

act of ingesting a controlled substance is further supported by the very title of this

particular criminal statute which specifically concerns “[p]romoting contraband.”

KRS 520.050. The term “promote” is not defined within the Kentucky Penal

Code. BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY defines it as, “[t]o contribute to growth,

enlargement, or prosperity of; to forward; to further; to encourage; to advance.”

Promote, BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (6th ed. 1990). By this definition, and by

common usage, ingestion in and of itself does not serve to “promote” the item

consumed. Consistent with the rules of statutory construction, we must address the

intent of the General Assembly in enacting KRS 520.050. In the circumstances

presented by this case, the title of this statute should be recognized as conveying

the intent of the legislature as “the title of an enactment given to it by the

                                          -15-
legislative body is a proper consideration in its construction[.]” American Premier

Ins. Co. v. McBride, 159 S.W.3d 342, 349 (Ky.App. 2004). Clearly the legislative

intention behind the promoting contraband statute was to regulate the physical

movement of drugs and other dangerous items into our jails and prisons (KRS

520.050(1)(a)), and the transfer, storage, sales, and creation of such contraband

within our jails and prisons (KRS 520.050(1)(b)). Given the widespread incidence

of addiction in the Commonwealth, and the high rate of such within our

correctional facilities, it should be recognized that the appellants are actually

within that class of persons who were to be protected by the statute from those

persons who either smuggle drugs into our correctional facilities or traffic them

once inside.

               Lastly, on the issue of statutory language, a significant point was

made by the Washington Supreme Court in Hornady concerning construction of

penal statutes:

               Even if we were to find the term “possession” to be
               ambiguous and the State’s argument a plausible
               interpretation of the term, among others,
               fundamental fairness requires that a penal statute be
               literally and strictly construed in favor of the accused
               although a possible but strained interpretation in favor of
               the State might be found.

Hornady, 713 P.2d at 75-76.

                                          -16-
             Washington’s deference to “fundamental fairness” in construing

ambiguities in criminal statutes is closely mirrored by the rule of lenity. This rule

was described by the United States Supreme Court as requiring “ambiguous

criminal laws to be interpreted in favor of the defendants subjected to them.”

United States v. Santos, 553 U.S. 507, 514, 128 S.Ct. 2020, 2025, 170 L.Ed.2d 912

(2008). In White v. Commonwealth, 178 S.W.3d 470 (Ky. 2005), the Kentucky

Supreme Court unanimously invoked the rule to construe the “intentional killing of

a public official” statutory aggravator which renders a defendant eligible for the

death penalty. See also Haymon v. Commonwealth, 657 S.W.2d 239 (Ky. 1983)

(applying rule in construing statute governing eligibility for probation for certain

offenses involving use of a weapon); Commonwealth v. Stinnett, 144 S.W.3d 829

(Ky. 2004) (applying rule in construing statute regarding jury determination of

concurrent/consecutive service of felony sentences).

             In the majority of instances, it may be readily discerned whether or

not a defendant “possesses” or “obtained” a controlled substance in either the

actual or constructive legal sense. Here, however, the issue is more abstract. Once

a drug enters the body and either is, or begins to be, metabolized, it is no longer in

a form that can be held, controlled, sold, transferred, or used by the defendant or

any another person. Our current penal statutes remain silent as to whether or not

the legislature ever intended to expand the historic definition of possession so as to

                                         -17-
obtain convictions based solely on blood, urine, or hair samples merely evidencing

prior usage. If both precedent and the statutory definition of “possession” were not

enough to compel this outcome, any inference that a metabolized drug remained in

the “control” of an accused would invite an ambiguity that our rule of lenity

otherwise prohibits. Consequently, we find that once a controlled substance is

within a person’s system the substance is beyond the scope of regulation

contemplated by the statute.

             Our holding in this case is narrow; evidence of a controlled substance

in a person’s urine does not establish possession of or the obtaining of a controlled

substance within the meaning of KRS 520.050, nor is it sufficient circumstantial

evidence by itself to show prior possession by that person. However, other

corroborating evidence combined with positive results of a urine test could be

sufficient evidence to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt depending on the

probative value of the corroborating evidence.

             Turning to the issue the existence of other evidence of guilt, while

each of the appellants were housed within cells or units, along with others, where

methamphetamine was obviously present, there existed no direct or circumstantial

evidence of any of the appellants possessing or obtaining the methamphetamine

other than the urine tests. Video surveillance was admittedly inconclusive as to

either who had exchanged methamphetamine or even if methamphetamine was the

                                        -18-
substance that was shown on video as being exchanged. Further, there was no

testimony tying any of the appellants to the contraband. The only evidence

presented against these inmates was the urine testing. While the trial court’s

determination that the Commonwealth had “presented evidence that can convince a

trier of fact that the Defendant[s] consumed illicit substances while in a detention

facility,” is, given the positive urine test, not unsupported, it is not enough to

support a finding of a violation of the statute which requires more than mere

consumption. Although circumstantial evidence can support a conviction, the

evidence must amount to more than conjecture and speculation, which cannot

support a criminal conviction. Hibbard v. Commonwealth, 291 S.W.2d 574, 577

(Ky. 1956). The totality of the circumstantial evidence against the appellants in this

group is insufficient to support convictions of promoting contraband.

             It is this lack of “other” evidence that distinguishes the present matter

from the unpublished opinion in Walters v. Commonwealth, No. 2014-CA-001341-

MR, 2016 WL 3176788 (Ky.App. 2016) (unpublished) (cited by the

Commonwealth). A positive urine test was not the only evidence which supported

inmate Walter’s conviction for promoting contraband. Walters had been observed

going into a restroom with four other inmates. Upon investigation by a jailer, a

discarded marijuana cigarette and an empty baggie which smelled of marijuana

was found in the restroom. Additionally, another inmate testified that Walters

                                          -19-
actually smoked the marijuana before the deputy entered the restroom. Similar

evidence of guilt is wholly lacking in the case at hand.

             Lastly, the trial court referenced the potential application of our

doctrine of constructive possession quoting Johnson v. Commonwealth, 90 S.W3d

39, 42 (Ky. 2002), overruled on other grounds by McClanahan v. Commonwealth,

308 S.W.3d 694 (Ky. 2010), for the proposition that possession “may be proven

through either actual possession or constructive possession.” Constructive

possession allows for convictions in cases where the accused is physically remote

from an item, yet as a matter of law still possesses the item. However, constructive

possession still requires the accused to be able to exercise dominion and control

over the object. Having determined that a person who has already consumed a

drug does not control it, constructive possession is inapplicable in this matter.

             Having considered and rejected that these criminal convictions can

properly be upheld, we feel obliged to mention that this does not mean these

inmates should escape being subjected to any consequences for their positive urine

tests. Instead, these matters could have been addressed internally by the jail as

violations of institutional rules, with any subsequent findings supporting prison

discipline only subject to review under the “some evidence” standard as adopted

and explained in Smith v. O’Dea, 939 S.W.2d 353 (Ky.App. 1997).

                                         -20-
             Accordingly, we reverse the Campbell Circuit Court’s orders which

denied the appellants’ motions to dismiss and hereby vacate the conditional guilty

pleas and judgments for promoting contraband in the first degree entered against

these appellants. These matters are remanded to the Campbell Circuit Court for

proceedings necessary and consistent with this Opinion to include vacating any

persistent felony offender sentences associated with the underlying convictions

which have been hereby vacated.

             MAZE, JUDGE, CONCURS AND FILES SEPARATE OPINION.

             TAYLOR, JUDGE, DISSENTS AND FILES SEPARATE OPINION.

             MAZE, JUDGE, CONCURRING: To begin, I must state that I am

uncomfortable with the result reached in the majority Opinion. The unauthorized

presence of controlled substances presents serious security and health risks for

prisons, jails, and other correctional facilities. Clearly, these facilities have a duty

to prevent the introduction of illicit substances, and the Commonwealth has a

direct interest in punishing those who attempt to do so. I would also point out that

these facilities would face liability if they failed to protect the inmates from illicit

substances being introduced into their populations.

             Nevertheless, the question in this case is whether the

Commonwealth’s evidence meets the threshold to prove that each of these

demandants committed the offense of promoting contraband in the first degree, as

                                          -21-
defined by KRS 520.050. Unfortunately, the statute appears to be a poor fit with

the facts of this case. As the majority opinion correctly holds, that issue is

dependent upon the proof necessary to establish that each defendant “possessed” or

“obtained” the methamphetamine at issue. I also agree with the majority that the

holding of Nethercutt v. Commonwealth, 241 Ky. 47, 43 S.W.2d 330 (1931),

remains viable despite its age. As a result, the mere presence of methamphetamine

in each defendant’s system is insufficient to establish that they possessed or

obtained the methamphetamine within the Campbell County Detention Center.

             Moreover, the other evidence was insufficient as a matter of law to

prove that any of the defendants possessed or obtained the methamphetamine while

in the facility. The video surveillance lacked sufficient quality to identify specific

individuals or even the materials exchanged. Joshua Young did not identify the

cell mates with whom he admittedly supplied the methamphetamine. While it

seems obvious that Young shared the methamphetamine with his cell mates, there

is simply no definitive proof showing that any of these defendants possessed the

methamphetamine as contemplated by the statute.

             Here, the evidence before the trial court was largely uncontested and

was admitted by stipulation, rather than direct testimony. In its role as finder of

fact, the trial court had discretion to weigh the weight and credibility of the

Commonwealth’s evidence. But the Commonwealth still bore the burden of

                                         -22-
proving beyond a reasonable doubt that each defendant committed all of the

elements of the charged offense. Lisle v. Commonwealth, 290 S.W.3d 675, 680

(Ky. App. 2009). And due process requires this Court to review the minimal

sufficiency of the evidence supporting a conviction. I must reluctantly agree with

the majority that the Commonwealth failed to meet that burden in these cases.1

Consequently, I fully concur in the majority’s decision to vacate the convictions.

              TAYLOR, JUDGE, DISSENTING: Respectfully, I dissent. These

cases represent perhaps the most unusual conditional plea bargains that I have

encountered in my years on this Court. Rather than seeking to suppress evidence,

the parties agreed to a bench trial on the merits, with all evidence, whether it be

circumstantial or hearsay, being admitted before the trial court without objection.

Thereupon, if the trial court denied the defendants’ motion to dismiss at the

conclusion of the trial, the defendants agreed to enter into their respective

conditional guilty pleas, prior to bringing these appeals.

              To begin, I believe our review is controlled by CR 52.01 as provided

for by Kentucky Rule of Criminal Procedure 13.04. In accordance with CR 52.01,

1
  I would also point out that this Court recently reached the same conclusion under very similar
facts. Collins v. Commonwealth, No. 2020-CA-0720-MR, 2021 WL 3234276 (Ky. App. Jul. 30,
2021). The holding in Collins is not binding authority because there has been a motion for
discretionary review filed with the Supreme Court in that case. No. 2021-SC-0478-D. But both
cases demonstrate the need for a definitive holding by the Supreme Court on the proof necessary
to prove the elements of the offense.

                                             -23-
at trial, the judge became the finder of fact who also judged the credibility of the

witnesses testifying at the trial. The trial judge made substantial findings based on

the evidence which this Court may not set aside unless clearly erroneous. CR

52.01. Findings of fact are not clearly erroneous if supported by substantial

evidence. Saylor v. Commonwealth, 357 S.W.3d 567, 571 (Ky. App. 2012).

              While the court’s findings were made in response to a motion to

dismiss at the end of the trial, they nonetheless are based on evidence presented at

the bench trial which forms the basis for the judgments which were entered against

each of the defendants and are now on appeal to this Court.

              Given these unique circumstances and the trial court having presided

over a bench trial for each defendant on the merits of the claims against said

defendants, I believe the record contains substantial evidence to support the

findings and sustain the convictions. The evidence in each case, being mostly

circumstantial and hearsay, included the admission of drug laboratory findings that

each defendant had consumed illegal drugs while incarcerated in the jail. As

noted, all of this evidence was admitted without objection by the defendants. This,

coupled with the video footage of the inmates, was sufficient for the fact-finder to

conclude that the defendants either obtained or possessed the drugs while prisoners

in the jail, and thus supports a conviction of each defendant under KRS 520.050, in

my opinion.

                                         -24-
            To conclude, the trial court’s findings of fact are not clearly erroneous

and are supported by substantial evidence. I would affirm all of the defendants’

judgments in these appeals.

BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT,                 BRIEF FOR APPELLEE:
BENTON:
                                      Daniel Cameron
Roy Alyette Durham, II                Attorney General of Kentucky
Frankfort, Kentucky
                                      Christopher Henry
BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT,                 Assistant Attorney General
HARTIG, JR.:                          Frankfort, Kentucky

Molly Mattingly                       ORAL ARGUMENT FOR APPELLEE:
Frankfort, Kentucky
                                      Christopher Henry
BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT,                 Assistant Attorney General
TURNER:                               Frankfort, Kentucky

Shannon Renee Dupree
Frankfort, Kentucky

BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT,
KLUG:

Emily Holt Rhorer
Frankfort, Kentucky

BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT,
GAMBLE:

Steven Nathan Goens
Frankfort, Kentucky

                                       -25-
BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT,
MCGOVNEY:

Kayla D. Deatherage
Frankfort, Kentucky

BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT,
YOUNG:

Julia K. Pearson
Frankfort, Kentucky

BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT,
MAGGARD, JR.:

Travis Bewley
Frankfort, Kentucky

BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT,
RILEY:

Steven J. Buck
Frankfort, Kentucky

BRIEFS FOR APPELLANT,
WALTERS:

Kathleen K. Schmidt
Frankfort, Kentucky

ORAL ARGUMENT FOR
APPELLANTS:

Molly Mattingly
Kayla D. Deatherage
Frankfort, Kentucky

                        -26-