Court Opinion

ID: 4104071
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-12-02 15:07:12.501912+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:36:39.767657
License: Public Domain

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                                  Appellate Court                          Date: 2016.11.30
                                                                           13:39:28 -06'00'

                  Beal Bank Nevada v. Northshore Center THC, LLC,
                             2016 IL App (1st) 151697

Appellate Court      BEAL BANK NEVADA, Plaintiff, v. NORTHSHORE CENTER
Caption              THC, LLC, et al., Defendants.–LAKE COUNTY GRADING
                     COMPANY, LLC, Counterplaintiff-Appellant, v. FCL INVESTORS,
                     INC., Formerly Known as FCL BUILDERS, INC., Counterdefendant-
                     Appellee.

District & No.       First District, Fifth Division
                     Docket No. 1-15-1697

Filed                September 30, 2016

Decision Under       Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 08-CH-39446; the
Review               Hon. Anthony C. Kyriakopoulos, Judge, presiding.

Judgment             Reversed and remanded.

Counsel on           Bogdan Martinovich, of Ray & Glick, LLC, of Libertyville, for
Appeal               appellant.

                     David A. Eide, of Karlin Associates, LLC, of Chicago, for appellee.

Panel                JUSTICE REYES delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.
                     Presiding Justice Gordon and Justice Lampkin concurred in the
                     judgment and opinion.
                                             OPINION

¶1       This appeal addresses the issue of whether a contractor is liable for amounts due to a
     subcontractor if the property owner fails to make payment to the contractor for the
     subcontractor’s work. The circuit court of Cook County granted summary judgment in favor of
     contractor FCL Investors, Inc., formerly known as FCL Builders, Inc. (Contractor), and
     against subcontractor Lake County Grading Company, LLC (Subcontractor) on the
     Subcontractor’s breach of contract claim. Applying A.A. Conte, Inc. v. Campbell-
     Lowrie-Lautermilch Corp., 132 Ill. App. 3d 325 (1985) (Conte), the circuit court found that the
     provisions of the parties’ subcontract “clearly make the receipt of payment from the [property
     owner] to [the Contractor], the condition precedent to [the Subcontractor’s] payment.” The
     circuit court concluded that the condition precedent has not been satisfied because the
     Contractor has not received payment from the property owner. As discussed below, we reverse
     the judgment of the circuit court.

¶2                                        BACKGROUND
¶3       As the circuit court proceedings were lengthy and complex, we provide only the facts
     necessary for the disposition of this appeal. In 2006, Northshore Center THC, LLC (Owner)
     borrowed funds from BankFirst, secured by notes and a mortgage, to develop real estate in
     Northbrook, Illinois. The Owner and the Contractor entered into a contract (contract) for the
     Contractor to perform certain construction work at the Northbrook site. The Contractor and
     Subcontractor entered into a subcontract (subcontract) for the Subcontractor to provide
     excavation, sewer line installation and other construction services.
¶4       After performing a portion of its work under the subcontract, the Subcontractor issued an
     invoice to the Contractor for $130,343.40; the said amount was tendered by the Owner. The
     Subcontractor subsequently issued additional invoices and payment requests to the Contractor
     for additional amounts totaling $775,872.60 for work performed under the subcontract.
     Although the Contractor submitted the invoices for payment to the Owner, the requests were
     refused and the Owner failed to pay. The Subcontractor recorded a subcontractor’s claim for
     lien against the Contractor and the Owner on February 4, 2008, in the amount of $775,872.60.
     The Contractor recorded a contractor’s claim for lien on November 26, 2008, claiming an
     outstanding balance of $943,494.53—which included the amount due to the Subcontractor.
¶5       BankFirst filed a foreclosure complaint against the Owner in the circuit court of Cook
     County in October 2008. The complaint also named various parties with interests in the
     mortgaged real estate as defendants, including the Contractor and the Subcontractor. The
     Subcontractor filed an answer and a counter-complaint, which included a breach of contract
     claim against the Contractor. The affirmative defense asserted by the Contractor was basically
     that the subcontract provides that payment by the Owner to the Subcontractor is a condition
     precedent to any obligation by the Contractor to pay the Subcontractor. In response, the
     Subcontractor argued that the Contractor’s affirmative defense is prohibited by section 21(e)
     of the Mechanics Lien Act (770 ILCS 60/21(e) (West 2008)), discussed below.
¶6       Beal Bank Nevada (bank)—substituted as plaintiff for BankFirst—filed a second amended
     complaint in November 2009. In March 2011, the Subcontractor and the bank entered into a
     settlement agreement wherein the Subcontractor agreed to release its mechanics lien in
     exchange for $475,000. As a result of the settlement, the principal balance sought by the

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       Subcontractor was reduced to $300,872.60. The Contractor subsequently secured a judgment
       against the Owner in the amount of $943,494.53. By that time, however, the Owner had ceased
       its operations and had been involuntarily dissolved. Although the Contractor’s counsel later
       transmitted an “assignment” of its judgment against the Owner to the Subcontractor’s counsel,
       a stipulation in the record indicates that “[the Subcontractor] did not request and did not agree
       to take assignment of [the Contractor’s] judgment against the Owner.”
¶7          In June 2011, the court entered a judgment of foreclosure and sale with respect to the
       Northbrook property in favor of the bank. On the bank’s motion, the court subsequently
       amended the judgment to reflect that the Contractor’s liens—recorded more than four months
       after the completion of work—were subordinate and inferior to the bank’s mortgage.
¶8          In November 2013, the Contractor and the Subcontractor filed cross-motions for summary
       judgment. The Subcontractor’s motion acknowledged that the parties had filed prior
       cross-motions for summary judgment, that the court previously found that certain questions of
       fact precluded judgment on the sole remaining count—breach of contract (Count III)—of the
       Subcontractor’s counter-complaint, and that the parties had since engaged in substantial
       discovery and entered into stipulations in an effort to eliminate any material question of fact.
¶9          The circuit court subsequently entered an order denying the Subcontractor’s motion for
       summary judgment and granting the Contractor’s motion for summary judgment. The court
       rejected the Subcontractor’s contention that the Contractor was “barred from bringing the
       condition precedent as a contractual defense due to the alleged representations and warranties
       breached by [the Contractor],” i.e., an alleged statement from the Contractor’s representative
       to the Subcontractor’s representative that funding had already been secured from the Owner.
       The court determined that the Contractor’s “failure to confirm [the Owner’s] funds before
       allowing [the Subcontractor] to begin performance” could not be considered a breach “as there
       is nothing in the four corners of the contract making [the Contractor’s] confirmation of funds a
       term or part of performance.”
¶ 10        After quoting portions of sections 5.1 and 5.2 of the subcontract, the court further found
       that Conte “is controlling on the instant case,” noting that the “payment provision in the
       subcontract” in Conte was “nearly identical to the provision in the Subcontract at issue in the
       case at bar.” Sections 5.1 and 5.2 provide in part:
                    “[5.1] Provided Subcontractor’s rate of progress and general performance are
                satisfactory to the Contractor, and provided that the Subcontractor is in full compliance
                with each and every provision of the Subcontract Documents, the Contractor will make
                partial payments to the Subcontractor in an amount equal to 90 percent of the estimated
                value of work and materials incorporated in the construction and an amount equal to 90
                percent of the materials delivered to and suitably and properly stored by the
                Subcontractor at the Project site, to the extent of Subcontractor’s interest in the
                amounts allowed thereon and paid to Contractor by the Owner, less the aggregate of
                previous payments, within five (5) days of receipt thereof from the Owner[.] ***
                    [5.2] Final payment will be made within thirty (30) days after the work called for
                hereunder has been completed by the Subcontractor to the satisfaction of the Owner
                and the Contractor and the Contractor has received from the Owner written acceptance
                thereof together with payment in full for this portion of the work[.]”
¶ 11        The circuit court concluded:

                                                   -3-
               “The provisions outlined in the Subcontract at issue clearly make the receipt of
               payment from the Owner to [the Contractor], the condition precedent to [the
               Subcontractor’s] payment. The condition precedent has not been satisfied as [the
               Contractor] has not received payment from Owner. Therefore, [the Contractor] did not
               breach the contract, and [the Subcontractor’s] claim fails. Accordingly, [the
               Contractor] is entitled to summary judgment in its favor as [the Subcontractor] cannot
               recover on the subcontract.”
       The circuit court further observed that it did not need to consider extrinsic evidence because
       the language of the subcontract was clear, but “even if it did, [the Contractor’s] and [the
       Subcontractor’s] course of performance is consistent with both parties’ recognition that
       payment from the Owner to [the Contractor] was a condition precedent to [the Subcontractor]
       receiving payment.” After the circuit court denied its motion for reconsideration, the
       Subcontractor filed this timely appeal.

¶ 12                                             ANALYSIS
¶ 13        In this appeal, we are reviewing the circuit court’s ruling on cross-motions for summary
       judgment. Summary judgment is appropriate “if the pleadings, depositions, and admissions on
       file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material
       fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” 735 ILCS
       5/2-1005(c) (West 2014). Summary judgment rulings are reviewed de novo. Christopher B.
       Burke Engineering, Ltd. v. Heritage Bank of Central Illinois, 2015 IL 118955, ¶ 9.
¶ 14        The fundamental issue in this case is whether the parties’ subcontract requires the
       Contractor to pay the Subcontractor. While the parties herein interpret the subcontract
       differently, such disagreement “does not suffice to establish ambiguity.” Gomez v. Bovis Lend
       Lease, Inc., 2013 IL App (1st) 130568, ¶ 14. “A contract is ambiguous if it is subject to more
       than one reasonable interpretation.” Id. Although extrinsic evidence may be used to aid in the
       interpretation of an ambiguous contract, such evidence may not be used to interpret a contract
       that is unambiguous on its face. Id. The construction of a contract presents a question of law,
       which we review de novo. Gallagher v. Lenart, 226 Ill. 2d 208, 219 (2007).
¶ 15        As the circuit court correctly recognized, the Conte decision is relevant to our
       interpretation of the subcontract at issue. The parties disagree regarding the applicability and
       effect of the case. In Conte, the contractor and subcontractor entered into a subcontract relating
       to excavation work. Conte, 132 Ill. App. 3d at 326. The owner defaulted and the project
       terminated; the subcontractor was owed approximately $84,000 for work already performed.
       Id. at 326-27. After failing to recover on its mechanics lien claim against the Owner, the
       subcontractor sued the contractor for the $84,000. Id. at 327. In an affirmative defense, the
       contractor argued that the parties’ subcontract set forth a condition precedent to payment, i.e.,
       that the contractor must first receive payment from the owners of the project under the general
       contract before it was obligated to pay its subcontractors. Id. The Conte subcontract included
       the following provisions:
                “ ‘ARTICLE 5: Material invoices submitted before the 25th of the current month will
                be paid by the 28th of the following month, provided the material so delivered is
                acceptable, and if payment for invoiced material has been received by [the contractor]
                under its general contract. ***
                                                     ***

                                                   -4-
               ARTICLE 18: *** [I]f the work has been satisfactorily performed and invoice as
               rendered is approved and if payment for such labor and material so invoiced has been
               received by [the contractor] under its general contract, the subcontractor will be paid
               85% of invoice as approved, less any payments previously made on account for
               previous periods.’ ” (Emphases in original.) Id. at 327-28.
       The court granted summary judgment in favor of the contractor and against the subcontractor.
       Id. at 328. On appeal, the subcontractor argued that the provisions were a limitation only as to
       the time of payment and urged the court to examine factors outside of the subcontract to
       determine the parties’ understanding and intent. Id. The contractor responded that the
       provisions created a condition precedent to payment and there was no ambiguity in the
       subcontract. Id.
¶ 16       In affirming the judgment of the circuit court, the Conte appellate court stated: “We do not
       believe that the record supports [the subcontractor’s] claim that its right to payment by [the
       contractor] was absolute and not in anyway contingent upon [the contractor’s] receiving
       payment from the owners under the general contract.” Id. at 329. Although the court
       acknowledged that “conditions precedent are not generally favored, and courts will not
       construe stipulations to be a condition precedent when such a construction would result in
       forfeiture,” it found that the “plain, unambiguous language” in the subcontract “binds the
       parties to a condition precedent.” Id.
¶ 17       The dissenting opinion in Conte discussed section 227 of the Restatement (Second) of
       Contracts, “Standards of Preference with Regard to Conditions,” which states: “(1) In
       resolving doubts as to whether an event is made a condition of an obligor’s duty, and as to the
       nature of such an event, an interpretation is preferred that will reduce the obligee’s risk of
       forfeiture, unless the event is within the obligee’s control or the circumstances indicate that he
       has assumed the risk.” Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 227 (1981). The dissent wrote that
       comment (b) to section 227 of the Restatement states “that the word ‘forfeiture’ is used to refer
       to the denial of compensation that results in such a case.” Conte, 132 Ill. App. 3d at 330
       (Jiganti, P.J., dissenting) (citing Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 227 cmt. b, at 175
       (1981)). The dissent noted that the “very first illustration” for comment (b) to section 227 “is a
       virtual reiteration of the facts in the instant case.” Id. at 330-31. The illustration states:
                    “1. A, a general contractor, contracts with B, a sub-contractor, for the plumbing
               work on a construction project. B is to receive $100,000, ‘no part of which shall be due
               until five days after Owner shall have paid Contractor therefor.’ B does the plumbing
               work, but the owner becomes insolvent and fails to pay A. A is under a duty to pay B
               after a reasonable time.” Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 227 cmt. b, illus. 1, at
               176 (1981).1
       The dissent concluded that the Restatement (Second) of Contracts, and cases from other
       jurisdictions that ruled in accordance with the Restatement, “mandate[d] a finding consistent
       with their conclusions.” Conte, 132 Ill. App. 3d at 331 (Jiganti, P.J., dissenting).
¶ 18       The Contractor here contends that the “interpretive principle” set forth in section 227 of the
       Restatement “comes into play only if the court has doubts as to whether the contract language
       specifies a condition precedent.” Illinois courts have defined a condition precedent as “an
       event which must occur or an act which must be performed by one party to an existing contract
          1
           We quote the illustration, which was paraphrased by Presiding Justice Jiganti in his Conte dissent.

                                                     -5-
       before the other party is obligated to perform.” Maywood Proviso State Bank v. York State
       Bank & Trust Co., 252 Ill. App. 3d 164, 168 (1993). “The obligations of the parties end in the
       event that a condition precedent is not satisfied.” Id.
¶ 19        According to the Contractor, the language of the subcontract in this case—like the
       language at issue in Conte—was “clear and unambiguous in setting out a condition precedent,”
       i.e., because the Owner did not pay, the Contractor is not obligated to pay the Subcontractor.
       As we do not read the parties’ subcontract as establishing such a condition precedent, we reject
       the Contractor’s position. Section C of the parties’ subcontract provides that “[t]he Contractor
       agrees to pay the Subcontractor for the full, faithful and complete performance of this
       Subcontract the sum of $817,000 subject to additions and deductions for changes agreed upon
       in writing signed by FCL BUILDERS, INC or determined as hereinafter set forth, and further
       agrees to make all partial and final payments on account thereof solely in accordance with the
       terms and provisions of the Subcontract Documents including, but without restriction thereto,
       the provisions of Section D, Article 5 of this Subcontract.” (Emphasis added.) Based on the
       “and further agrees” language, we read this provision as reflecting two separate obligations of
       the Contractor: to pay an amount to the Subcontractor for “full, faithful and complete
       performance” of the subcontract and to make partial and final payments on account thereof
       solely in accordance with the subcontract documents, including Article 5 of the subcontract.
¶ 20        Section 5.1 in section D, article 5 provides, in part, that “the Contractor will make partial
       payments to the Subcontractor in an amount equal to 90 percent of the estimated value of work
       ***, to the extent of Subcontractor’s interest in the amounts allowed thereon and paid to
       Contractor by the Owner, less the aggregate of previous payments, within five (5) days of
       receipt thereof from the Owner.” Section 5.2 of the subcontract provides, in part: “Final
       payment will be made within thirty (30) days after the work called for hereunder has been
       completed by the Subcontractor to the satisfaction of the Owner and the Contractor and the
       Contractor has received from the Owner written acceptance thereof together with payment in
       full for this portion of the work.” Unlike in Conte, wherein the subcontractor would be paid
       “if” the contractor was paid by the owner, there is no express language in the subcontract at
       issue which plainly and unambiguously establishes payment by the Owner as a condition
       precedent to the Contractor’s obligation to pay the Subcontractor. Consistent with section C of
       the subcontract, we interpret the language of sections 5.1 and 5.2 as addressing the amounts
       and timing of payments, but not the threshold obligation of the Contractor to compensate the
       Subcontractor for its work under the subcontract. Such interpretation is further bolstered by
       section 5.4 of the subcontract, which provides that “[n]otwithstanding the amounts and times
       of payments set forth above, the Contractor at any time may make advance payments to the
       Subcontractor if, in the Contractor’s sole discretion, such advances will aid the Subcontractor
       in the performance of this Subcontract.” (Emphasis added.) Section 5.4 supports the
       interpretation that sections 5.1 and 5.2 address the mechanics of payment, but not the
       fundamental requirement that the Contractor pay the Subcontractor.
¶ 21        Citing Killianek v. Kim, 192 Ill. App. 3d 139 (1989), and Coey v. Lehman, 79 Ill. 173
       (1875), the Contractor argues that “[w]here a construction contract specifies an event that is to
       occur before a payment obligation arises, the specified event is deemed a condition precedent
       to the payment obligation.” In Killianek, a homeowner’s contract with a contractor provided:
       “ ‘Final payment, constituting the entire unpaid balance of the Contract Sum, shall be paid by
       the Owner to the Contractor when the work has been completed, the contract fully performed,

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       and a final Certificate for Payment has been issued by the Architect.’ ” Killianek, 192 Ill. App.
3d at 141. The homeowner argued that “inasmuch as the contractor has not provided him with
       a final certificate for payment” pursuant to their contract, “the lack of compliance therewith
       amounts to an unfulfilled condition precedent, and there is no obligation on him to perform,”
       i.e., to make the final payment under their contract. Id. The appellate court agreed with the
       homeowner, finding that the parties “were bound by the underlying agreement, save that the
       obligation of the owner to make final payment is not binding as it was the subject matter of a
       condition precedent which was never satisfied.” Id. at 143.
¶ 22        In Coey, the contract between the contractor and certain subcontractors provided that 85%
       of the contract price was to be paid as the work progressed and the 15% balance was to be paid
       upon acceptance of the work by the superintending architect. Coey, 79 Ill. at 175. The architect
       ultimately found the work and materials to be unsatisfactory and thus did not provide the
       certificate for payment of the 15% balance. Id. at 175-76. The trial court ruled in favor of the
       subcontractors. Id. at 174. The Illinois Supreme Court reversed, noting that “where the parties
       to a building contract agree that the superintendent shall pass upon the work, and certify to the
       payments to be made, his decision is binding, unless fraud or mistake on his part shall be
       shown.” Id. at 176.
¶ 23        Killianek and Coey do not guide our analysis herein. In both cases, the condition precedent
       was approval by the architect. The imposition of such a requirement as a condition precedent to
       a payment obligation appears logical and practical: a contractor or homeowner presumably
       should not be obligated to pay for work or materials that may be unsafe or otherwise
       unsatisfactory. Furthermore, the proper completion of work in Killianek and Coey likely was
       within the control of the party subject to the condition precedent. Conversely, the parties herein
       have stipulated that “[the Subcontractor] performed, in a good and workmanlike manner, all
       the work and provided all the materials requested by [the Contractor] in connection with the
       Subcontract.” As stated by the Conte majority, “conditions precedent are not generally
       favored, and courts will not construe stipulations to be a condition precedent when such a
       construction would result in forfeiture,” i.e., denial of compensation. Conte, 132 Ill. App. 3d at
       329; accord Premier Electrical Construction Co. v. American National Bank of Chicago, 276
Ill. App. 3d 816, 824-25 (1995). Without clear language indicating the parties’ intent that the
       Subcontractor would assume the risk of nonpayment by the Owner, we will not construe the
       challenged language in the subcontract as a condition precedent.
¶ 24        Although not binding, the decision of the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals in BMD
       Contractors, Inc. v. Fidelity & Deposit Co. of Maryland, 679 F.3d 643 (7th Cir. 2012), sets
       forth a useful framework for our analysis. The BMD court, applying Indiana law, considered
       whether a contractor’s 2 surety was obligated to pay a subcontractor after the owner’s
       bankruptcy triggered “a series of payment defaults to flow down the levels of contractors and
       subcontractors.” Id. at 645. The subcontract at issue provided, in part: “IT IS EXPRESSLY
       AGREED THAT OWNER’S ACCEPTANCE OF SUBCONTRACTOR’S WORK AND
       PAYMENT TO THE CONTRACTOR FOR THE SUBCONTRACTOR’S WORK ARE
       CONDITIONS PRECEDENT TO THE SUBCONTRACTOR’S RIGHT TO
       PAYMENTS BY THE CONTRACTOR.” (Emphasis in original.) Id. at 647. The Seventh

          2
             The BMD “contractor” was itself a subcontractor in the multi-tiered construction project. For
       clarity purposes, we refer to this entity as the "contractor."

                                                    -7-
       Circuit held that because the contractor was never obligated to pay the subcontractor, the
       subcontractor could not recover against the surety on the payment bond. Id. at 646. In so
       holding, the court discussed the distinction between “pay-if-paid” and “pay-when-paid”
       provisions:
                     “Two increasingly common contractual provisions address distinct kinds of
                payment risk in construction subcontracting: pay-if-paid clauses and pay-when-paid
                clauses.
                     A pay-when-paid clause governs the timing of a contractor’s payment obligation to
                the subcontractor, usually by indicating that the subcontractor will be paid within some
                fixed time period after the contractor itself is paid by the property owner. A typical
                clause of this type might say: ‘Contractor shall pay subcontractor within seven days of
                contractor’s receipt of payment from the owner.’ Robert F. Carney & Adam Cizek,
                Payment Provisions in Construction Contracts and Construction Trust Fund Statutes,
                24 CONSTRUCTION LAW, Fall 2004, at 5, 5. These clauses address the timing of
                payment, not the obligation to pay. They do not excuse a contractor’s ultimate liability
                if it does not receive payment by the property owner, so they do not transfer the risk of
                ‘upstream’ insolvency from contractor to subcontractor and on down the chain.
                     In contrast, a pay-if-paid clause, as the name suggests, provides that a subcontractor
                will be paid only if the contractor is paid and thus ensures that each contracting party
                bears the risk of loss only for its own work. A typical clause of this type might say:
                ‘Contractor’s receipt of payment from the owner is a condition precedent to
                contractor’s obligation to make payment to the subcontractor; the subcontractor
                expressly assumes the risk of the owner’s nonpayment and the subcontract price
                includes the risk.’ Id. at 5-6.” (Emphases in original.) Id. at 648-49.
       Determining that the subcontract language is “properly construed as a pay-if-paid clause” (id.
       at 645), the Seventh Circuit concluded that “the condition-precedent language is clear and
       sufficient on its face to unambiguously demonstrate the parties’ intent” that the subcontractor
       would not be paid unless the contractor was paid. Id. at 649.
¶ 25        Applying the foregoing framework, sections 5.1 and 5.2 of the parties’ subcontract include
       pay-when-paid—not pay-if-paid—provisions. Although neither “if” nor “when” is used in the
       relevant portions of those sections, the sections address the timing of payment, not the
       obligation to pay. Furthermore, there is no clear indication in the subcontract of any intent to
       “transfer the risk of ‘upstream’ insolvency from contractor to subcontractor.” Id.
¶ 26        We recognize that the contractual provisions at issue in Conte have occasionally been
       referred to as “pay when paid” provisions (e.g., Brown & Kerr Inc. v. St. Paul Fire & Marine
       Insurance Co., 940 F. Supp. 1245, 1249 (N.D. Ill. 1996)). We believe the Conte provisions are
       more accurately termed “pay-if-paid” clauses. Ultimately, however, we need not categorize the
       language of Conte. Instead, we observe that the Conte majority considered the plain and
       unambiguous language of the subcontract as providing that the subcontractor would be paid
       only if the contractor is paid “and thus ensure[d] that each contracting party [bore] the risk of
       loss only for its own work.” BMD Contractors, 679 F.3d at 649.
¶ 27        The Contractor argues that the Subcontractor “asks this Court to ‘disavow’ Conte [citation]
       and to instead adopt a new set of principles whereby conditions precedent will not be enforced
       if they are outside the control of the obligee or if the language of the contract does not include
       the literal label ‘condition precedent.’ ” Citing two Illinois Supreme Court decisions

                                                    -8-
       addressing the doctrine of stare decisis—Vitro v. Mihelcic, 209 Ill. 2d 76, 81-82 (2004) and
       Wakulich v. Mraz, 203 Ill. 2d 223, 230 (2003)—the Contractor discourages departure from
       precedent, i.e., the majority decision in Conte. However, we do not “disavow” Conte, but
       rather distinguish its facts from those of this case. We agree with the Contractor that there are
       no “magic words,” and we consider the determination of the contracting parties’ intent from
       the clear and ordinary language contained within the subcontract as requiring case-by-case
       analysis. Our decision herein does not “overhaul” Illinois law, as the Contractor suggests.
¶ 28       Although not necessary for our analysis, we observe that courts in other jurisdictions have
       recognized the distinction between pay-if-paid and pay-when-paid provisions and have treated
       such provisions differently. For example, in Evans, Mechwart, Hambleton & Tilton, Inc. v.
       Triad Architects, Ltd., 965 N.E.2d 1007, 1017 (Ohio Ct. App. 2011), the Court of Appeals of
       Ohio reversed the lower court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of a contractor that
       disclaimed any obligation to pay its subcontractor because the owner had not paid the
       contractor. Citing section 227 of the Restatement (Second) of Contracts, the appellate court
       concluded that the subcontract contained pay-when-paid and not pay-if-paid provisions, and
       thus the contractor breached its contractual duty to pay the subcontractor within a reasonable
       time. Id. at 1014, 1017. See also Lemoine Co. of Alabama, L.L.C. v. HLH Constructors, Inc.,
       62 So. 3d 1020, 1026-27 (Ala. 2010) (discussing paid-if-paid and pay-when-paid clauses); Otis
       Elevator Co. v. Hunt Construction Group, Inc., 859 N.Y.S.2d 850, 851 (App. Div. 2008)
       (stating that “the pay-when-paid clause in the subcontract merely regulated the time of
       payment, and did not shift the risk of owner nonpayment to plaintiff”); Koch v. Construction
       Technology, Inc., 924 S.W.2d 68, 71 (Tenn. 1996) (noting that the “overwhelming majority of
       jurisdictions do not construe” pay-when-paid clauses “so as to release the general contractor
       from all obligation to make payment to the subcontractor in case of nonperformance by the
       owner”).
¶ 29       Furthermore, we note that a federal district court applying Illinois law in Brown & Kerr
       found that a “pay when paid” clause in a subcontract did not preclude payment under a surety
       bond when the subcontractor had satisfactorily performed its obligation under the subcontract.
       Brown & Kerr, 940 F. Supp. at 1250. The court opined that the dissent in Conte “was later
       codified” in section 21(e) of the Mechanics Lien Act, which provides, in part, that “[a]ny
       provision in a contract, agreement, or understanding, when payment from a contractor to a
       subcontractor or supplier is conditioned upon receipt of the payment from any other party
       including a private or public owner, shall not be a defense by the party responsible for payment
       to a claim brought under Section 21, 22, 23, or 28 of this Act against the party.” 770 ILCS
       60/21(e) (West 2014). “Although this provision applies only to cases brought under the Illinois
       Mechanic’s Lien Act,” the district court stated, “it illustrates the Illinois Legislature’s concern
       with construing a ‘pay when paid’ clause as a condition precedent to a subcontractor’s
       payment.” Brown & Kerr, 940 F. Supp. at 1250.
¶ 30       In sum, the subcontract herein requires the Contractor to pay the Subcontractor and does
       not impose any condition precedent on such a fundamental obligation. It does not contain any
       plain and unambiguous statement sufficient to overcome our disfavor for conditions precedent,
       particularly as to payment obligations. We view this result as consistent with Illinois policy
       and law.
¶ 31       In light of our holding, we need not consider the Subcontractor’s contention that the
       incorporation of the contract into the subcontract imposed obligations upon the Contractor to

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       have confirmed irrevocable or unconditional financing. Furthermore, we need not consider the
       Subcontractor’s argument that the Contractor “is barred from asserting that the unavailability
       of funds releases it from liability to” the Subcontractor because the Contractor “knew it
       misrepresented that it confirmed irrevocable and unconditional financing.” We observe,
       however, that the Contractor presumably was better positioned than the Subcontractor to
       confirm the Owner’s financial viability. Absent an expression in the subcontract indicating the
       parties’ clear intent to allocate the risk of nonpayment to the Subcontractor, we will not
       interpret the subcontract so as to create or shift such risk.

¶ 32                                         CONCLUSION
¶ 33       The judgment of the circuit court of Cook County granting summary judgment in favor of
       the Contractor and against the Subcontractor is hereby reversed. This matter is remanded to the
       circuit court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

¶ 34      Reversed and remanded.

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