Court Opinion

ID: 2719823
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-08-21 16:00:57.383277+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:06:00.999900
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

JOHN B. LESESNE,

                       Plaintiff,

                       v.                             Case No. 10-cv-00602 (CRC)

JOHN DOE, et al.,

                       Defendants.

                                    MEMORANDUM OPINION

       Plaintiff John Lesesne alleges that he suffered physical injuries and emotional distress

due to negligent treatment by the District of Columbia Department of Corrections (“DOC”)

while hospitalized for a gunshot wound following his arrest. He has sued the District of

Columbia, the DOC, and several named and unnamed DOC employees. The Defendants move

to dismiss or for summary judgment. Because Lesesne has failed to allege any custom or policy

by the District that caused his injuries, and because he alleges no negligence by Defendant Henry

R. Lesansky, the Court will dismiss these parties. The Court finds that Lesesne’s statutory notice

to the District put the city on notice of the necessary facts underlying his claims, and that

Lesesne has adequately pled negligent infliction of emotional distress. It will therefore deny the

Defendants’ motion as to those claims.

       I.      Background

       Lesesne was shot in the abdomen by his brother, a D.C. police officer, who, according to

a police report, Lesesne had attacked with a knife. Defs.’ Mem. in Supp. of Mot. to Dismiss, Ex.

1 at 2. He was arrested and taken to a nearby hospital where he underwent surgery. During his

ensuing hospital stay, Lesesne was in the custody of the District of Columbia Department of

Corrections. In his amended complaint, Lesesne alleges that DOC personnel continuously
                                                  1
handcuffed him to his bed and ignored his attending physicians’ requests that he be allowed to

receive physical and occupational therapy, causing long-term injury. Id. ¶¶ 15–18. Later, when

the hospital discharged him, DOC officers allegedly made Lesesne walk to a transport vehicle

while shackled and then dropped him, causing a pulmonary embolism. Id. ¶¶ 20–22. After a

second trip to a hospital and a return to the D.C. Jail, Lesense claims he contracted a staph

infection because DOC denied him adequate medical treatment. Id. ¶¶ 26–28.

       Lesesne brought suit in this Court against the DOC, the District of Columbia and three

individuals: an unnamed DOC officer that oversaw his detention; Captain David Holmes, a DOC

employee; and Henry R. Lesansky, a DOC health services administrator. His initial complaint

listed sixteen claims, including for violations of the Fourth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments,

and intentional infliction of emotional distress. Compl. ¶¶ 27–42. Judge Wilkins, who was

previously assigned to this case, granted the District’s motion to dismiss for failure to exhaust

administrative remedies under the Prison Litigation Reform Act, Pub.L. 104–134, 110 Stat.

1321, and for failure to state a claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress. Order, Dkt.

32 (Sept. 30 2011). The D.C. Circuit reversed as to Lesesne’s federal claims. Mandate, Dkt. 35

(June 4, 2014). After remand, Lesesne filed an amended complaint alleging a violation of the

Eight Amendment’s prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §

1983, negligence, and negligent infliction of emotional distress. The Defendants move to

dismiss, or alternatively for summary judgment, as to Lesesne’s constitutional claims against the

District of Columbia and Dr. Lesansky, and his claims for negligence and negligent infliction of

emotional distress against all Defendants. The Court held a hearing on the Defendants’ motion

on June 17, 2014.

                                                  2
                II.     Standard of Review

        To survive a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, a complaint must contain

sufficient factual matter to “state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atlantic

Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff

pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is

liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. at 556. The complaint must contain more than “a

formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action” and “naked assertion[s]” devoid of

“further factual enhancement.” Id. at 555, 557. The Court assumes the plaintiff’s factual

assertions to be true and draws all inferences in the plaintiff’s favor. Id.

        Summary judgment should be granted when “the movant shows that there is no genuine

dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.

R. Civ. P. 56(a). A fact is material if it could affect the outcome of the case. Anderson v.

Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247 (1986). A dispute is genuine if the “evidence is such that

a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Id. The “evidence of the non-

movant is to be believed, and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in his favor.” Id. at 255.

The non-movant, however, must establish more than “the existence of a scintilla of evidence” in

support of his position, id. at 252, and may not rely solely on allegations or conclusory

statements. Greene v. Dalton, 164 F.3d 671, 675 (D.C. Cir. 1999).

        III.    Discussion

        The Defendants argue that (1) Lesesne’s constitutional claim against the District of

Columbia should be dismissed because the amended complaint does not allege any policy or

custom by the District that caused his injuries; (2) the amended complaint fails to allege any

actions by Dr. Lesansky that caused Lesesne’s injuries; (3) Lesesne failed to provide notice of

                                                   3
his tort claims under D.C. Code § 12-309; and (4) the Defendants cannot be liable for negligent

infliction of emotional distress because Lesesne’s psychological well-being was not the primary

basis of their relationship with him while he was detained. Defs.’ Mot. to Dismiss at 1–2. The

Court will address each of these arguments in turn.

               A. Plaintiff’s Constitutional Claim Against the District

       Lesesne brings this action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, which permits suit against any person

acting under state law for the deprivation of a plaintiff’s constitutional and legal rights. The

District of Columbia is considered a “person” for purposes of § 1983. See, e.g., Best v. Dist. of

Columbia, 743 F. Supp. 44, 46 (D.D.C. 1990). “[I]n considering whether a plaintiff has stated a

claim for municipal liability, the district court must conduct a two-step inquiry.” Baker v. Dist.

of Columbia, 326 F.3d 1302, 1306 (D.C. Cir. 2003). The court “[f]irst . . . must determine

whether the complaint states a claim for a predicate constitutional violation.” Baker, 326 F.3d at

1306. If so, then “the court must determine whether the complaint states a claim that a custom or

policy of the municipality caused the violation.” Id. 1

       Where, as here, the defendant is a municipality, “[d]eliberate indifference is determined

by analyzing whether the municipality knew or should have known of the risk of constitutional

violations, an objective standard.” Baker, 326 F.3d at 1307 (citing Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S.

1
   Because “the Department of Corrections is not an entity capable of being sued separate from
the District of Columbia,” Carter-El v. Dist. of Columbia Dep’t of Corr., 893 F. Supp. 2d 243,
247 (D.D.C. 2012), aff’d per curiam, No. 12-5357, 2013 WL 3367416 (D.C. Cir. July 5, 2013), it
will be dismissed as a party to this action. See, e.g., Oladokun v. Corr. Treatment Facility, __ F.
Supp. 2d __, 2013 WL 6147940, at *4 (D.D.C. Nov. 22, 2013). And because “it is duplicative to
name both a government entity and the entity’s employees in their official capacity” as
defendants to an action, Robinson v. Dist. of Columbia, 403 F. Supp. 2d 39, 49 (D.D.C. 2005),
Lesesne’s claims against all individual defendants in their official capacities, see Am. Compl. ¶¶
5–6, will be dismissed “as redundant and an inefficient use of judicial resources,” Robinson, 403
F. Supp. 2d at 49 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). The Court will allow claims
against Defendant Holmes in his individual capacity to proceed pending discovery.

                                                  4
825, 841(1994)). “[I]t is when execution of a government’s policy or custom . . . inflicts the

injury that the government as an entity is responsible under § 1983.” Brown v. Dist. of

Columbia, 514 F.3d 1279, 1283 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (citing Monell, 436 U.S. at 694). Plaintiff,

then, must “allege[] an affirmative link . . . such that a municipal policy was the moving force

behind the constitutional violation.” Baker, 326 F.3d at 1206 (internal quotation marks and

citations omitted).

       Assuming for the sake of argument that Lesesne has stated a claim for a predicate

constitutional violation,2 his claim against the District still must be dismissed because the

amended complaint fails to allege a custom, policy or practice of the District or the DOC that

caused Lesesne’s injuries. See, e.g., Yancey v. Dist. of Columbia, __ F. Supp. 2d __, 2013

WL 5931543, at *5–6 (D.D.C. Nov. 6, 2013) (dismissing § 1983 claim where plaintiff “has not

provided any indication that her situation was the result of any custom, practice or policy of the

District”); Poindexter v. D.C. Dep’t of Corr., 891 F. Supp. 2d 117, 125 (D.D.C. 2012) (same).

Indeed, Lesesne’s counsel acknowledged at the hearing on this motion that the amended

complaint does not identify any District policy or practice that led to Mr. Lesesne’s injuries.

               B. Claims Against Dr. Lesansky

       Dr. Lesansky, a health services administrator with the DOC, moves to dismiss the

complaint as against him. Because the amended complaint lacks any factual allegation

concerning Dr. Lesansky’s personal involvement in the treatment Lesesne received, or did not
2
  While Lesesne brings his claim under the Eighth Amendment, that provision only applies to
post-conviction detentions. E.g., Brogsdale v. Barry, 926 F.2d 1184, 1187 (D.C. Cir. 1991). As
a pretrial detainee, Lesesne’s claim is properly brought under the Fifth Amendment Due Process
Clause’s independent prohibition against the deliberate indifference of government officials to
the substantial medical needs of detaineees. E.g., Powers-Bunce v. Dist. of Columbia, 479 F.
Supp. 2d 146, 153 (D.D.C. 2007). Thus, the Court will proceed as if Lesesne’s claims had been
brought under the Fifth Amendment. See Oladokun v. Corr. Treatment Facility, __ F. Supp. 2d
__, 2013 WL 6147940, at *5 n.8 (D.D.C. Nov. 22, 2013).

                                                  5
receive, while in DOC custody, the Court will dismiss all claims against him in his individual

capacity. See Jones v. Horne, 634 F.3d 588, 602 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (dismissing prisoner’s § 1983

claims against individual where complaint did not allege personal conduct causing alleged

constitutional violations); Jeffries v. Dist. of Columbia, 917 F. Supp. 2d 10, 25–26 (D.D.C.

2013) (same); Way v. Johnson, 893 F. Supp. 2d 15, 22 (D.D.C. 2012) (same).

               C. Notice under D.C. Code § 12-309

       Section 12-309 of the D.C. Code requires that a plaintiff seeking damages against the

District of Columbia first give notice “of the approximate time, place, cause, and circumstances

of the injury or damage.” Compliance with Section 12-309 is a mandatory prerequisite to filing

tort claims against the District of Columbia. E.g., Dist. of Columbia v. Dunmore, 662 A.2d

1356, 1359 (D.C. 1995); Gwinn v. Dist. of Columbia, 434 A.2d 1376, 1378 (D.C. 1981).

       While Section 12-309 “is to be strictly construed,” Gwinn, 434 A.2d at 1378, written

notice for purposes of Section 12-309 is sufficient if it includes the approximate time, place,

cause, and circumstances of the injury or damage. Washington v. Dist. of Columbia, 429 A.2d

1362, 1366–67 (D.C. 1981) (en banc). “[T]he adequacy of the circumstances described must be

determined with reference to the purpose of the statutory notice requirement which is . . . to give

the District timely information concerning a claim against it, so it may adequately prepare its

defense.” Washington, 492 A.2d at 1366 (citing Pitts v. Dist. of Columbia, 391 A.2d 803, 809

(D.C. 1987)) (internal quotation marks omitted). Section 12-309 “impose[s] only reasonable

requirements upon claimants.” Hurd v. Dist. of Columbia, 106 A.2d 702, 704 (D.C. 1954). As

long as “the District is given facts that would allow it to comprehend through a reasonable

investigation the circumstances underlying the claim, the notice is sufficient.” Enders v. Dist. of

Columbia, 4 A.3d 457, 468 (D.C. 2010) (citations omitted); see Washington, 429 A.2d at 1366

                                                 6
(“[T]he circumstances must be detailed enough for the District to conduct a prompt, properly

focused investigation of the claim.”).

       Lesesne provided his Section 12-309 notice in in a letter to the District’s Office of Risk

Management. The letter indicated that Lesesne’s injury “occurred 30 March 08 through 30 April

08, while hospitalized for gunshot wound;” that his “‘physician prescribed physical therapy’”

was denied; that DOC handcuffed him “for the entirety of a 24 hour day;” that he suffered from

“paralysis in leg due to nerve damage from gunshot wound;” and that he would provide medical

records from two hospitals, P.G. Community and Greater Southeast. Defs.’ Mem., Ex. 2 (Letter

to Office of Risk Management from Plaintiff dated September 23, 2008).

       The District maintains that Lesesne’s notice was insufficient because it did not identify

the specific location or time of his injury. The Court disagrees. The notice identifies the time

period that Lesesne was in DOC’s custody, including when he was allegedly cuffed to a hospital

bed, mishandled while in transport, and denied physical therapy, all of which Lesesne claims

resulted in his injuries. The notice also explains that Lesesne received treatment at two particular

hospitals, including the hospital, Prince George’s Hospital, where he was allegedly injured at the

hands of the DOC. Although the District complains that the notice does not say specifically that

Lesesne’s injuries occurred at Prince George’s, the District easily could have figured that out

from the information provided. After all, the District itself brought Lesesne to Prince George’s

after his arrest and held him in custody there while he sustained his injuries. See, e.g., Hurd, 106

A.2d at 704–705 (letter provided sufficient notice despite listing incorrect address because the

improper address, coupled with contextual information in the letter including a description of the

building, allowed the District to reasonably determine the correct address); see also Allen v. Dist.

of Columbia, 533 A.2d 1259, 1264 (D.C. 1987) (notice sufficient where it enabled the District to

                                                 7
initiate an investigation of its own police records that would reveal more specific information

regarding the allegations). Moreover, the period of time listed in the notice accords with the

period during which Lesesne was detained and sustained his injuries. That he alleges a denial of

proper medical treatment over an extended period does not make his notice insufficiently precise

as to the time of his injuries.

                D. Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress

        Under District of Columbia law, a plaintiff may recover for negligent infliction of

emotional distress (NIED) under two tests. Under the well-established “zone of danger” test, a

plaintiff may recover “if the defendant’s actions caused [plaintiff physical injury or caused

plaintiff] to be ‘in danger of physical injury’ and . . . , as a result, the plaintiff ‘feared for his own

safety.’” Hedgepeth v. Whitman Walker Clinic, 22 A.3d 789, 796 (D.C. 2011) (quoting

Williams v. Baker, 572 A.2d 1062, 106) (D.C. 1990) (en banc)). Alternatively, the D.C. Court

of Appeals permits NIED claims when an individual was not within the zone of danger where

there is an “special relationship” between the parties:

        [A] plaintiff may recover for negligent infliction of emotional distress if the
        plaintiff can show that (1) the defendant has a relationship with the plaintiff, or
        has undertaken an obligation to the plaintiff, of a nature that necessarily
        implicates the plaintiff’s emotional well-being, (2) there is an especially likely
        risk that the defendant’s negligence would cause serious emotional distress to the
        plaintiff, and (3) negligent actions or omissions of the defendant in breach of that
        obligation have, in fact, caused serious emotional distress to the plaintiff.

Hedgepeth, 22 A.3d at 810–811.

        Focusing solely on the “special relationship” test, Defendants contend that Lesesne’s

negligent infliction of emotional distress claim should be dismissed because “no one at the DOC

undertook a relationship with the Plaintiff such that his emotional well-being was the subject and

purpose of the engagement.” Defs.’ Mem. at 15. While that might be so, Defendants do not

                                                    8
explain why the zone of danger test—the more common means of establishing an NIED claim—

would not apply in these circumstances. As the Attorney General’s Office surely recognizes, the

District may be liable under the zone of danger test if its “negligent conduct has put the Plaintiff

in danger of bodily harm’” and resulted in serious emotion distress. Hedgepeth, 22 A.3d at 811

(citing Williams, 572 A.2d at 1067) (footnote omitted). Here, Lesesne claims that the District’s

“negligent conduct in denying physical and occupational therapy as directed by [p]laintiff’s

attending physicians,” caused him to suffer “serious emotional distress” as well as “mental and

emotional anguish and distress.” Am. Compl. ¶¶ 50–51. By virtue of his custody, Lesesne thus

adequately alleges that Defendants’ negligence placed him within a “zone of danger” resulting in

serious emotional harm, and the claim survives Defendants’ motion to dismiss.

        IV.      Conclusion

        For the reasons discussed above, the Court will grant Defendants’ motion in part and

deny it in part. Plaintiff’s constitutional claims against the District of Columbia, all claims

against the DOC, all claims against individual defendants in their official capacities, and all

claims against Dr. Lesansky in any capacity will be dismissed. An order accompanies this

Memorandum Opinion.

                                                      CHRISTOPHER R. COOPER
                                                      United States District Judge

DATE:         August 21, 2014

                                                  9