Court Opinion

ID: 8375257
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-10-21 16:01:19.098212+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:46:30.855990
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                           FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

REPORTERS COMMITTEE FOR          :
FREEDOM OF THE PRESS,            :
                                 :
        Plaintiff,               :                      Civil Action No.:      17-1701 (RC)
                                 :
        v.                       :                      Re Document Nos.:      64, 65
                                 :
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION, :
et al.,                          :
                                 :
        Defendants.              :

                                 MEMORANDUM OPINION

 GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART DEFENDANTS’ MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY
  JUDGMENT; GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART PLAINTIFF’S CROSS-MOTION FOR
                          PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT

                                     I. INTRODUCTION

       This case arises out of a Freedom of Information Act (“FOIA”) dispute between Plaintiff

Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press (“the Committee”) and Defendants Federal

Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”) and United States Department of Justice (“DOJ”). In 2017, the

Committee asked the FBI for records relating to the FBI’s impersonation of documentary

filmmakers and film crews. The FBI has since disclosed some records but withheld others under

various FOIA exemptions. The parties’ dispute now centers solely on 54 pages of records. With

respect to these records, the FBI withheld many pages in part or full on the basis of Exemptions

5, 6, 7(C), 7(D), and 7(E). The FBI has it mostly right but will need to disclose some additional

information. For the reasons described below, the Court will grant in part and deny in part both

parties’ motions for partial summary judgment.
                                      II. BACKGROUND

       The Court will draw the factual background of this case from its previous two opinions.

See Reps. Comm. for Freedom of Press v. FBI (“Reporters I”), 369 F. Supp. 3d 212, 215–217

(D.D.C. 2019); Reps. Comm. for Freedom of the Press v. FBI (“Reporters II”), 548 F. Supp. 3d

185, 191 (D.D.C. 2021). In brief, the Committee’s lawsuit has its origins in a series of news

events that brought public attention to law enforcement’s practice of impersonating journalists

and documentary filmmakers. The most prominent of those events involved an armed standoff

between federal law enforcement officers and Nevada cattle rancher Cliven Bundy. See

Reporters I, 369 F. Supp. 3d at 216. During the subsequent prosecution of Bundy and his

supporters, the federal government revealed that FBI agents posed as documentary filmmakers to

lure suspects into speaking with them. Id. at 216–17. Media coverage of the Bureau’s

undercover operation—called “Operation Longbow”—prompted the Committee to request

information about the filmmaker impersonation tactic. See id. at 217. Its FOIA request sought

eight kinds of records. See Defs.’ Statement of Material Facts as to Which There Is No Genuine

Issue ¶ 1, ECF No. 47-2. Items 1 through 5 of the request asked for records pertaining to the

Bundy standoff. Id. Items 6 through 8 were framed more broadly to include the FBI’s

undercover documentary activities that were not limited to the Bundy standoff. Id.

       In Reporters II, the Court addressed the parties’ cross-motions for partial summary

judgment regarding the FBI’s handling of responsive records to Item 6–8. 548 F. Supp. 3d at

191. It held that the FBI had adequately justified its withholdings except for one group of the

disputed records. Id. For that group, which consisted of 54 pages, the FBI categorically claimed

Exemption 7(A) on the basis that the records related to the FBI’s investigation of Cliven Bundy.

Id. at 206. The Court lacked sufficient information to find that Exemption 7(A) applied and

                                                2
therefore denied the FBI summary judgment with respect to these pages but gave the FBI another

chance to provide more details to justify its withholding. Id.

       At some point following Reporters II, the FBI concluded that Exemption 7(A) no longer

applied to these 54 pages because the investigation at issue concluded and all appeal proceedings

were also resolved. See Defs.’ Mot. Extension of Time to File ¶ 3(a), ECF No. 61. The FBI

therefore reprocessed the 54 pages, which resulted in its decision to release 26 pages in part and

withhold 28 pages in full. 2d Bender Decl. ¶ 12, ECF No. 64-3. These 54 pages “are records

responsive to Item 7 of Plaintiff’s FOIA request, which seeks ‘records of any professional

credentials, websites and business cards used by FBI agents in connection with the

impersonation of a documentary filmmaker and/or a documentary film crew since January 1,

2010.’” Pl.’s Renewed Cross-Mot. for Partial Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Cross-Mot.”) at 2, ECF No. 65

(citing 2d Bender Decl. ¶ 3).

       The FBI has now renewed its motion for partial summary judgment with respect to these

54 pages, claiming that the withheld portions of these 54 pages are protected by Exemptions 5, 6,

7(C), 7(D), and 7(E). Defs.’ Mem. of Points and Authorities in Support of Defs.’ Renewed Mot.

Summ. J. (“Defs.’ Mot.”) at 5, ECF No. 64-1. In support of its motion, the FBI attaches

declarations from Joseph E. Bender, Jr., the Acting Section Chief of FBI’s Record/Information

Dissemination Section (“RIDS”), and Michael G. Seidel, the Section Chief of RIDS. 2d Bender

Decl. ¶ 1; 6th Am. Seidel Decl. ¶ 1, ECF No. 71-2.1

       1
          Defendants filed their reply at ECF No. 68, but later submitted a corrected reply at ECF
No. 71-4 which corrected a minor, undisputed fact. See Defs.’ Errata at 1, ECF No. 71. The
Court will consider the Defendants’ corrected reply as their reply brief. For the same reason, it
will also consider the 6th Amended Seidel Declaration, ECF No. 71-2, in lieu of the 6th Seidel
Declaration, ECF No. 68-2.

                                                 3
       On the other side, the Committee has renewed its cross-motion for partial summary

judgment. It concedes that the FBI’s withholdings pursuant to Exemption 5 and 7(D) are proper.

Pl.’s Cross-Mot. at 3 n.2. It also concedes as proper the FBI’s withholding under Exemptions 6

and 7(C) of information concerning third parties of investigative interest and individuals who

provided information to the FBI. Id. But it disputes all of the FBI’s application of Exemption

7(E), and it disputes the application of Exemption 6 and 7(C) to the identities of FBI special

agents and professional staff. Id. at 3. In support of its motion, the Committee attaches two

declarations from its Legal Director, Katie Townsend. 3d Townsend Decl. ¶ 1, ECF No. 65-3;

4th Townsend Decl. ¶ 1, ECF No. 70-2. The cross-motions are now ripe for decision.

                                   III. LEGAL STANDARD

       The Freedom of Information Act is meant “to pierce the veil of administrative secrecy

and to open agency action to the light of public scrutiny.” U.S. Dep’t of State v. Ray, 502 U.S.

164, 173 (1991) (quoting Dep’t of Air Force v. Rose, 425 U.S. 352, 361 (1976)). It “directs that

‘each agency, upon any request for records . . . shall make the records promptly available to any

person’ unless the requested records fall within one of the statute’s nine exemptions.” Loving v.

Dep’t of Def., 550 F.3d 32, 37 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(3)(a)). “Consistent

with the Act’s goal of broad disclosure,” those exemptions should be “given a narrow compass.”

U.S. Dep’t of Just. v. Tax Analysts, 492 U.S. 136, 151 (1989). “The agency bears the burden of

establishing that a claimed exemption applies.” Citizens for Resp. & Ethics in Wash. v. U.S.

Dep’t of Just. (“CREW”), 746 F.3d 1082, 1088 (D.C. Cir. 2014).

       Because FOIA cases do not ordinarily involve disputed facts, they “are typically and

appropriately decided on motions for summary judgment.” Moore v. Bush, 601 F. Supp. 2d 6, 12

(D.D.C. 2009) (citations omitted). Summary judgment is warranted “if the movant shows that

                                                 4
there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a

matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). In assessing whether the movant has met that burden, a

court “must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, draw all

reasonable inferences in his favor, and eschew making credibility determinations or weighing the

evidence.” Montgomery v. Chao, 546 F.3d 703, 706 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (citations omitted). “This

burden does not shift even when the requester files a cross-motion for summary judgment

because ‘the Government ultimately has the onus of proving that the documents are exempt from

disclosure . . . .’” Hardy v. ATF, 243 F. Supp. 3d 155, 162 (D.D.C. 2017) (brackets omitted)

(quoting Pub. Citizen Health Research Grp. v. FDA, 185 F.3d 898, 904–05 (D.C. Cir. 1999)).

“Typically, the agency demonstrates the applicability of a FOIA exemption by providing

affidavits regarding the claimed exemptions.” Shapiro v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 893 F.3d 796, 799

(D.C. Cir. 2018). “[A]n agency’s justification for invoking a FOIA exemption is sufficient if it

appears ‘logical’ or ‘plausible.’” Id. (citation omitted). Even if a FOIA exemption applies, an

agency cannot withhold information unless it also “reasonably foresees that disclosure would

harm an interest protected by” the exemption. 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(8)(A)(i)(I); see Reps. Comm.

for Freedom of the Press v. FBI, 3 F.4th 350, 369 (D.C. Cir. 2021) (explaining the FOIA

Improvement Act of 2016’s “foreseeable harm” requirement).

                                        IV. ANALYSIS

       The only issues currently in dispute are the FBI’s withholding of: (1) the names of FBI

special agents and professional staff, including pseudonyms, under Exemptions 6 and 7(C); and

                                                 5
(2) various subcategories of information under Exemption 7(E). The Court will examine each in

turn.2

                                    A. Exemptions 6 and 7(C)

         The FBI relied on Exemptions 6 and 7(C) to withhold information about the identities of

FBI special agents and professional staff, including pseudonyms, in the Bundy investigation. See

2d Bender Decl. ¶¶ 20–24. The Committee only challenges the FBI’s withholding of

pseudonyms and the names of FBI special agents Adam Nixon, Michael Caputo, Andrew

Gruninger, and Joel Willis. Pl.’s Cross-Mot. at 5.

         Exemption 6 protects “personnel and medical files and similar files the disclosure of

which would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.” 5 U.S.C.

§ 552(b)(6). Exemption 7(C) protects “records or information compiled for law enforcement

purposes . . . to the extent that the production of such law enforcement records or

information . . . could reasonably be expected to constitute an unwarranted invasion of personal

privacy.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(7)(C). When all of the requested information serves a law

enforcement purpose, courts will “confine [the] analysis to Exemption 7(C).” People for the

Ethical Treatment of Animals v. Nat’l Institutes of Health, Dep’t of Health & Hum. Servs.

(“PETA”), 745 F.3d 535, 541 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (explaining that Exemption 7(C) standard is

“broader”). Here, there is no dispute that all of the requested information serves law

enforcement purposes. Defs.’ Mot. at 11; Pl.’s Cross-Mot. at 3. Therefore, the Court will

examine the FBI’s withholding under Exemption 7(C).

         2
          The FBI represents that it conducted an adequate search for Items 6 and 7. Defs.’ Mot.
at 1 n.1. The Committee does not contest that. See generally Pl.’s Cross-Mot.; Pl.’s Reply.

                                                 6
       “To meet its burden of establishing that Exemption 7(C) applies, the agency must

demonstrate that (1) disclosure could ‘reasonably be expected to constitute an unwarranted

invasion of privacy’ and (2) the ‘personal privacy interest’ is not ‘outweighed by the public

interest in disclosure.’” Elec. Priv. Info. Ctr. v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 18 F.4th 712, 718 (D.C. Cir.

2021) (quoting Nat’l Archives & Recs. Admin. v. Favish, 541 U.S. 157, 160 (2004)). “Once the

agency shows that the ‘privacy concerns addressed by Exemption 7(C) are present,’ the party

seeking disclosure must show ‘that the public interest sought to be advanced is a significant one,

an interest more specific than having the information for its own sake,’ and that ‘the information

is likely to advance that interest.’” Id. (quoting Favish, 541 U.S. at 172).

       “Exemption 7(C) ‘affords broad[ ] privacy rights to suspects, witnesses, and

investigators.’” SafeCard Servs., Inc. v. SEC, 926 F.2d 1197, 1205 (D.C. Cir. 1991) (quoting

Bast v. Dep’t of Just., 665 F.2d 1251, 1254 (D.C. Cir. 1981)). In SafeCard, the D.C. Circuit

created a “categorical[]” rule regarding Exemption 7(C)’s application to names and other

personal identifying information: “unless access to the names and addresses of private

individuals appearing in files within the ambit of Exemption 7(C) is necessary in order to

confirm or refute compelling evidence that the agency is engaged in illegal activity, such

information is exempt from disclosure.” Id. at 1206; see also Nation Mag., Wash. Bureau v. U.S.

Customs Serv., 71 F.3d 885, 896 (D.C. Cir. 1995) (“As a general rule, SafeCard directs an

agency to redact the names, addresses, or other identifiers of individuals mentioned in

investigatory files in order to protect the privacy of those persons.”).

       Here, Exemption 7(C) does not justify the FBI’s withholding of pseudonyms. The

Committee argues that because the “very purpose” of a pseudonym “is to shield an individual’s

true identity,” there is no privacy interest in a pseudonym. Pl.’s Reply Mem. of Law in Support

                                                  7
of Pl.’s Renewed Cross-Mot. for Partial Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Reply”) at 7, ECF No. 70. The FBI

does not respond to this point, but instead argues that there is “no evidence that releasing

any . . . pseudonyms would shed light on the government’s activities.” Corrected Combined

Reply in Support of Defs.’ Renewed Mot. for Partial Summ. J. and Opp’n to Pl.’s Renewed

Cross-Mot. for Partial Summ. J. (“Defs.’ Reply”) at 5, ECF No. 71-4. But that puts the cart

before the horse, because as a preliminary matter, the FBI has the “burden” to show that the

“privacy concerns addressed by Exemption 7(C) are present.” Electronic Privacy, 18 F.4th at

718 (citation omitted). This it has not done. The FBI does not claim, for example, that the

pseudonyms in the 54 pages of records can be readily traced to or otherwise reveal the

underlying individual’s identity. Thus, the FBI must release all pseudonyms in the 54 pages of

records.

       The Committee’s challenge regarding the four FBI special agents, however, misses the

mark. Under SafeCard, these individuals’ names and identifying information “are presumptively

exempt from disclosure.” Schrecker v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 349 F.3d 657, 666 (D.C. Cir. 2003);

see Weisberg v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 745 F.2d 1476, 1491 (D.C. Cir. 1984) (“[D]espite the fact

that FBI agents are public officials, they have a ‘legitimate interest in preserving the secrecy of

matters that conceivably could subject them to annoyance or harassment in either their official or

private lives.’” (citation omitted)). The Committee argues that their names cannot be withheld

because these agents have already been publicly associated with the Bundy investigation. See,

e.g., Ex. A to 3d Townsend Decl., ECF No. 65-3 (news article mentioning that Mr. Nixon

participated in the Bundy investigation); Ex. P to 3d Townsend Decl., ECF No. 65-3 (news

article mentioning that Mr. Willis was a key witness in the government’s criminal case). The

Committee offers transcripts of the trial testimonies of Special Agents Caputo, Nixon, and Willis

                                                  8
to show that they were involved in the Bundy investigation. See Caputo Tr. 174:19–23, Ex. A to

4th Townsend Decl., ECF No. 70-2; Nixon Tr. Vol. 2 at 4:22–25, Ex. B to 4th Townsend Decl.,

ECF No. 70-2; Willis Tr. 12-103:14–21, Ex. C to 4th Townsend Decl., ECF No. 70-2.3

       When an individual “himself has made several public statements . . . that involve the

subject matter of those disclosures . . . Exemption 7(C) . . . would not serve any useful purpose in

protecting his privacy.” National Magazine, 71 F.3d at 896. Such public disclosures by the

individual “effectively waive” the individual’s “right to redaction of his name from documents

on events that he has publicly discussed.” Id. But “[f]or the public domain doctrine to apply, the

specific information sought must have already been disclosed and preserved in a permanent

public record.” Kowal v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., No. 18-cv-938, 2021 WL 3363445, at *5 (D.D.C.

Aug. 3, 2021) (quoting Students Against Genocide v. Dep’t of State, 257 F.3d 828, 836 (D.C.

Cir. 2001)); see also Reps. Comm. for Freedom of the Press v. U.S. Customs & Border Prot., 567

F. Supp. 3d 97, 127 (D.D.C. 2021) (applying public domain doctrine to Exemption 7(C) analysis

of special agents’ identifying information). The issue is therefore whether these publicly

available documents “effectively waive” these individuals’ right to keep their names redacted on

the 54 pages of records. National Magazine, 71 F.3d at 896.

       The answer is no. News reports associating an individual with an investigation do not

waive an individual’s privacy interest in that investigation. See, e.g., Codrea v. ATF, No. 21-cv-

2201, 2022 WL 4182189, at *8 (D.D.C. Sept. 13, 2022). Likewise, “[i]t is established . . . that

individuals do not waive their privacy rights merely by testifying at trials.” Peay v. Dep’t of

       3
         The Court may take judicial notice “of facts on the public record in other proceedings,”
Moore v. Robbins, 24 F. Supp. 3d 88, 96 n.7 (D.D.C. 2014) (quoting Covad Comm’s Co. v. Bell
Atl. Corp., 407 F.3d 1220, 1222 (D.C. Cir. 2005)), as well as the existence of the news articles,
Shive-Ayala v. Pacelle, No. 21-cv-704, 2022 WL 782412, at *2 (D.D.C. Mar. 15, 2022).

                                                 9
Just., No. 4-cv-1859, 2006 WL 1805616, at *3 (D.D.C. June 29, 2006) (quoting Davis v. U.S.

Dep’t of Just., 968 F.2d 1276, 1281–82 (D.C. Cir. 1992)). That principle rings especially true in

this case because of the mismatch between the special agents’ trial testimonies and the

information that the Committee seeks in the 54 pages of records. According to the Committee,

three of the four named special agents testified in the Bundy criminal case that they were

involved in the Bundy investigation. See Pl.’s Reply at 9–10 (identifying Special Agent

Caputo’s testimony that he was involved in the “investigation of the Bundy matter”; Special

Agent Nixon’s testimony that he was “involved in the investigation of events taking place

in . . . Bunkerville, Nevada”; Special Agent Willis’s testimony that he was “assigned [to] an

investigation into the events of April 12th, 2014” (quoting trial transcripts)). These testimonies,

however, only reveal the fact that these special agents were involved in some capacity in the

Bundy investigation—an enormous, multi-year effort which resulted in the prosecution of over a

dozen defendants, including Cliven Bundy and two of his sons. See United States v. Bundy, 968

F.3d 1019, 1022 (9th Cir. 2020). By comparison, the 54 pages of records at issue here concern a

specific subject matter: “any professional credentials, websites and business cards used by FBI

agents in connection with the impersonation of a documentary filmmaker and/or a documentary

film crew since January 1, 2010.” Pl.’s Cross-Mot. at 2 (citing 2d Bender Decl. ¶ 3)).

       This stark mismatch is fatal to the Committee’s position. The Committee has made no

effort to show that the special agents have publicly disclosed their involvement in the Bundy

investigation in connection with the filmmaker impersonation tactic. See Davis, 968 F.2d at

1280 (“Davis has not satisfied his burden to point to specific information in the public domain.”).

For that reason, the special agents have not waived their privacy rights to their identifying

information in the 54 pages of records. See Lardner v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., No. 3-cv-180, 2005

                                                 10
WL 758267, at *19 (D.D.C. Mar. 31, 2005) (“Although the identity of some of these individuals

may be public[ly] known, their presence in an FBI investigatory file is not.”); Sellers v. U.S.

Dep’t of Just., 684 F. Supp. 2d 149, 159–60 (D.D.C. 2010) (“Even if plaintiff already knows the

identities of trial witnesses, the agency’s decision to withhold their names and other identifying

information under Exemption 7(C) is justified.”).

       The Committee’s cases are inapposite. In Reps. Comm. for Freedom of the Press v. U.S.

Customs & Border Prot., 567 F. Supp. 3d 97 (D.D.C. 2021), the FOIA requester sought agency

records related to the agency’s issuance of a summons to Twitter concerning the Twitter account

of an individual who was critical of the agency. Id. at 107. The summons contained the names

of two special agents from the agency. Id. The court ruled that the agency could not redact the

names of these two special agents in its production because given the fact that the special agents’

“names appeared on the Twitter summons and in the subsequent litigation,” “[t]heir involvement

with the summons therefore exists in the public domain.” Id. at 127. Whereas the special

agents’ names in that case were publicly available on the document forming the center of the

controversy, nothing in this case that the Committee has demonstrated is publicly available

shows that the special agents were involved “in connection with the impersonation of a

documentary filmmaker and/or a documentary film crew.” See Pl.’s Cross-Mot. at 2; 2d Bender

Decl. ¶ 3. In other words, here, the agents’ “involvement” with the filmmaker impersonation

tactic does not “exist[] in the public domain.” Reporters Committee, 567 F. Supp. 3d at 127.

       United Am. Fin., Inc. v. Potter, 667 F. Supp. 2d 49 (D.D.C. 2009), is also disanalogous.

There, the requester sought information from USPS regarding an investigation into whether the

requester was engaged in an identity theft scam involving USPS employees. Id. at 53. In its

production, USPS redacted identifying information of its newsletter’s editorial staff, claiming

                                                11
Exemptions 6 and 7(C). Id. at 62–63. The court, however, found that these individuals lacked

“any privacy interest” in disclosure of their identifying information for the simple reason that

their names were already publicly available “on the current version of the [newsletter’s]

website.” Id. at 63. Therefore, the court required USPS to “release the page with the editorial

staff information in full.” Id. Unlike United America, the Committee has not shown that the

special agents’ involvement with the filmmaker impersonation tactic is publicly available

information. To the contrary, as discussed above, it has made no effort to match the agents’ trial

testimonies with the subject matter of the 54 pages of records.

       Having established that Exemption 7(C) applies, the FBI has also shown that it

“reasonably foresees disclosure would harm an interest protected by [the] exemption.” 5 U.S.C.

§ 552(a)(8)(A)(i)(I). The FBI has stated that disclosure of agent names could lead to harassment

of agents and their families and also impair their duties. 2d Bender Decl. ¶¶ 23–24. The FBI

observed that in retaliation for the Bundy investigation, militia groups have already targeted

several agents and their families by posting their personal information and home addresses on

social media. Id. ¶ 23. Disclosure of the information that the Committee seeks here would

likewise jeopardize these agents’ privacy. If someone “carry[ing] a grudge” knew that an agent

performed a particular role in the Bundy investigation, he could “seek revenge.” Id. Therefore,

the FBI properly invoked Exemption 7(C) to withhold the information in question.

                                       B. Exemption 7(E)

       Exemption 7(E) protects from disclosure “records or information compiled for law

enforcement purposes, but only to the extent that the production of such law enforcement records

or information . . . would disclose techniques and procedures for law enforcement investigations

or prosecutions, or would disclose guidelines for law enforcement investigations or prosecutions

                                                12
if such disclosure could reasonably be expected to risk circumvention of the law.” 5 U.S.C.

§ 552(b)(7)(E). A record must therefore meet three requirements to qualify for the exemption:

(1) it must be “compiled for law enforcement purposes”; (2) the release of the record must

disclose techniques, procedures, or guidelines used for law enforcement investigations or

prosecutions; and (3) it must be that the disclosure of those techniques, procedures, or guidelines

“could reasonably be expected to risk circumvention of the law.” See Advancement Project v.

U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 549 F. Supp. 3d 128, 142 (D.D.C. 2021).

       Two points bear clarifying with respect to Exemption 7(E)’s third requirement. First,

according to D.C. Circuit caselaw, an Exemption 7(E) claimant must show a risk of

circumvention of the law regardless of whether a law enforcement technique, procedure, or

guideline is at stake. See Pub. Emps. for Env’t Resp. v. U.S. Sec., Int’l Boundary and Water

Comm’n, U.S.-Mexico, 740 F.3d 195, 204 n.4 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (remarking that, unlike the

Second Circuit, the D.C. Circuit has applied the “risk of circumvention” requirement to

techniques and procedures in addition to guidelines). Second, the language of this

requirement—“could reasonably be expected to risk circumvention of the law”—supplants the

FOIA Improvement Act’s general requirement that an agency must disclose records unless it is

reasonably foreseeable that disclosure would harm the interest the claimed exemption protects.

See Reporters II, 548 F. Supp. 3d at 196–97 & n.2.4

       4
          The Committee erroneously claims that the FOIA Improvement Act’s heightened
standard applies to Exemption 7(E). Pl.’s Cross-Mot. at 11–13 (citing 5 U.S.C. §
552(a)(8)(A)(i)(I)). Reporters II already rejected the Committee’s argument and explained in
detail that “the FOIA Improvement Act does not heighten [Exemption 7(E)’s] substantive
standard.” See Reporters II, 548 F. Supp. 3d at 196–97 & n.2; accord Citizens for Resp. &
Ethics in Wash. v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 525 F. Supp. 3d 181, 192 & n.4 (D.D.C. 2021).
The Committee cites Reps. Comm. for Freedom of the Press v. U.S. Customs & Border Prot.,
567 F. Supp. 3d 97 (D.D.C. 2021), as evidence of a court in this District adopting the heightened

                                                13
       Here, the FBI invoked Exemption 7(E) over portions of the 54 pages of records. After

the Committee renewed its cross-motion for partial summary judgment, however, the FBI

decided to reprocess the 54 pages of records and removed certain redactions it had previously

made under Exemption 7(E). See 6th Am. Seidel Decl. ¶ 6; Pl.’s Reply at 1, 3–6 (listing newly

released information). The Committee contends that the FBI’s mid-briefing disclosures “casts

serious doubt on the veracity of the declaration of Joseph Bender . . . and precludes summary

judgment for Defendants’ Exemption 7(E) claims on the basis of their declarants alone.” Id. at 4.

The Court rejects that suggestion. To the extent that the Committee is alleging that the agency

discharged its FOIA duties in bad faith, it has not produced any evidence that would lead the

Court to believe that the agency intentionally tried to withhold documents it knew must be

disclosed. Cf. McGehee v. CIA, 697 F.2d 1095, 1113 (D.C. Cir. 1983) (finding “cumulative

weight” of agency’s multi-year delay in processing request and its improper search cut-off date

as evidence of bad faith). If anything, the FBI’s revised release with respect to previously

withheld documents under Exemption 7(E) shows that the agency was attentive to the arguments

raised in the Committee’s cross-motion and made a good-faith effort to revise its production

accordingly. See 6th Am. Seidel Decl. ¶ 16 (“Plaintiff’s Opposition provided certain information

that upon further review, the FBI determined was within the public domain and should be

released.”). The Court declines to penalize the agency for taking additional steps to comply with

its FOIA obligations and release more information in response to the requester’s briefing. Cf.

Khatchadourian v. Def. Intel. Agency, 453 F. Supp. 3d 54, 79 (D.D.C. 2020) (“DIA was entitled

to reprocess the records and change its mind about whether they were classified. Agencies

standard for Exemption 7(E), but in fact that case expressly endorsed Reporters II’s view on this
issue. Id. at 127.

                                                14
frequently do this, and oftentimes they realize that they can release documents they previously

thought should be exempt.”).

       With that housekeeping out of the way, the Court turns to the merits. As discussed

above, the Committee does not dispute that these are law enforcement records. Thus, the FBI

has satisfied Exemption 7(E)’s first requirement. The remaining issues are whether these files

include law enforcement techniques, procedures, or guidelines and whether disclosure could risk

circumvention of the law. The FBI has grouped its application of Exemption 7(E) into four

categories: (1) undercover unit/squad information; (2) specific investigations; (3) undercover

operations; and (4) monetary payments. The Court will assess whether each category of

information satisfies Exemption 7(E).

                              1. Undercover Unit/Squad Information

       The FBI invokes Exemption 7(E) to “protect[] methods and techniques involving the

location and identity of certain specialized FBI units or joint units, squads and divisions that

were involved in the investigations.” 2d Bender Decl. ¶ 42. The FBI claims that besides the

involvement of the Las Vegas Field Office, “it is not publicly known if other [FBI Headquarters]

divisions, squads, or joint task forces assisted.” Id. ¶ 43. The FBI’s declarant explains how

disclosure could reveal FBI techniques regarding how it allocated resources and manpower in

this investigation and the reach of the investigation’s geographic scope. Id. ¶¶ 41–43.

Disclosure of this information could risk circumvention of law, which “requires only that an

agency ‘demonstrate logically how the release of the requested information might create a risk of

circumvention of the law.’” Reporters Committee II, 548 F. Supp. 3d at 200 (emphasis in

original) (quoting Mayer Brown, 562 F.3d at 1194). Under the FBI’s mosaic theory, which

posits that seemingly innocuous information “when taken together” in the aggregate could reveal

                                                 15
protected information, a potential lawbreaker could piece together this information to draw

conclusions about the FBI’s investigatory methods. See id. at 199–200 (describing the mosaic

theory and finding that the FBI properly invoked it); 2d Bender Decl. ¶ 43. The Court finds the

FBI’s explanation logical and plausible.

       The Committee’s counterarguments are unpersuasive. It avers that the locations of the

FBI’s operations “are well documented” from news articles and that the FBI would have

necessarily “reli[ed] on local FBI offices, squads, and divisions along the way.” Pl.’s Cross-Mot.

at 16. It also claims that the FBI “routinely” discloses which FBI units are involved in a

particular investigation but only cites a single example. Id. at 18. But even if news articles give

the public an idea of the various locations involved in the Bundy investigation, they do not

disclose the specific FBI units that were involved in the investigation and how the FBI allocated

unit resources. The Committee speculates that FBI units only work locally, but nothing in the

record confirms this. Nor does the Committee show that the locations mentioned in news articles

account for the full geographic scope of the investigation. In addition, the analysis does not

change simply because the FBI has at some point in the past disclosed the involvement of a field

office in an unrelated case. The FBI did not disclose undercover unit/squad information in this

case, and the Committee has not pointed to evidence to suggest otherwise. Cf. Shapiro v. Dep’t

of Just., No. 12-cv-313, 2020 WL 3615511, at *38 (D.D.C. July 2, 2020) (finding that FBI was

entitled to withhold unit identities and location even if “some exempt information slips through

the cracks” unintentionally), aff’d in relevant part, 40 F.4th 609 (D.C. Cir. 2022). This

information is therefore appropriately withheld under Exemption 7(E).

                                                16
                                2. Focus of Specific Investigations

       The FBI also invokes Exemption 7(E) to protect information regarding the focus of

specific investigations. See 2d Bender Decl. ¶¶ 44–45. The Court interprets this to mean

specific investigations within the larger context of the Bundy investigation, which concerns not

just Cliven Bundy but other related subjects. See Reporters II, 548 F. Supp. 3d at 206–07. The

Committee counters that the FBI has not identified a single technique, procedure, or guideline it

is seeking to protect. Pl.’s Cross-Mot. at 19.5 But the FBI has the better view, because revealing

the FBI’s points of focus in the particular investigations would necessarily reveal its techniques

and procedures. See Whittaker v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., No. 18-cv-01434, 2019 WL 2569915, at *2

(D.D.C. June 21, 2019) (“The phrase ‘techniques and procedures’ . . . refers to how law

enforcement officials go about investigating a crime.” (emphasis in original) (quoting Allard K.

Lowenstein Int’l Human Rights Project v. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 626 F.3d 678, 682 (2d Cir.

2010))). The FBI’s declarant states that “[r]eleasing the focus of specific FBI investigations

would enable criminals to predict the FBI’s investigative strategies, structure their activities in a

manner that thwarts the FBI’s investigative efforts, and continue to circumvent the law.” 2d

Bender Decl. ¶ 45. The Court finds this explanation logical and plausible. Indeed, courts in this

District routinely allow the FBI to protect this kind of information. See, e.g., Shapiro, 2020 WL

3615511, at *40 (finding FBI was entitled to protect investigative focus of specific investigations

under Exemption 7(E)); Poitras v. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 303 F. Supp. 3d 136, 159 (D.D.C.

       5
          The Committee also argues that the FBI’s withdrawal of Exemption 7(A) as a basis to
protect this information shows that disclosure would not enable criminals to change their
behavior to avoid detection or prosecution. Pl.’s Cross-Mot. at 20. But the Committee’s
argument conflates Exemption 7(A) with Exemption 7(E) without citing any caselaw for the
proposition that the two exemptions rise or fall together. The Court must therefore analyze
whether Exemption 7(E) applies even if Exemption 7(A) does not.

                                                 17
2018) (same); Amuso v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 600 F. Supp. 2d 78, 101 (D.D.C. 2009) (same). The

Court will do the same here.

                                    3. Undercover Operations

       The FBI invokes Exemption 7(E) to withhold details regarding the “length, breadth, and

methodology” of undercover operations. 2d Bender Decl. ¶ 47; see Defs.’ Reply at 12. The

FBI’s declarant acknowledged that while some information exists in the public domain regarding

the Bundy investigation, the FBI only seeks to protect “non-public details” of its investigation,

such as “the extent operatives can infiltrate organizations,” “covert communication techniques,”

and “approval requirements for different facets of undercover operations.” 2d Bender Decl. ¶ 47.

Mr. Bender explained that “[s]ecrecy and discretion are essential when conducting effective

undercover operations” and that disclosure would undermine “the viability of such operations”

and the ability of “FBI undercover operatives and operations to be deployed, undetected.” Id.

Revealing this information could allow wrongdoers to “detect FBI undercover operations in the

future . . . as well as place[e] undercover operatives in harm’s way.” Id. For its part, the

Committee argues that any withholding on this basis is improper because “much is known” about

the length, breadth, and methodology of the Bundy investigation. Pl.’s Cross-Mot. at 23.

       The FBI, once again, has the better view. It is true that as a result of media attention and

the criminal trials, the public is aware of the FBI’s filmmaker impersonation technique and

knows at least some details about the FBI’s operations. That certain public information exists

about the Bundy investigation, however, does not undermine the FBI’s withholding of non-

public information about its undercover operations concerning the Bundy investigation. The FBI

has represented that this is the portion it is withholding, and the Court has no basis here to doubt

it. As other judges in this District have noted in FOIA cases involving the FBI’s undercover

                                                 18
operations, Exemption 7(E) still applies where, as here, plaintiff “cannot show that the Bureau

has acknowledged all of the withheld undercover techniques.” Cabezas v. FBI, No. 19-cv-145,

2022 WL 898789, at *10 (D.D.C. Mar. 28, 2022). Because the Committee has failed to make

that showing, “[r]evealing additional details could provide potential wrongdoers further

information about the Bureau’s operations and could decrease the efficacy of the Bureau’s

techniques.” Id.; see also Shapiro, 2020 WL 3615511, at *40 (affirming FBI’s withholding of

non-public details about undercover operations); Watson v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., No. 18-cv-1645,

2020 WL 5505346, at *5 (D.D.C. Sept. 10, 2020) (same).

       The FBI, however, may not withhold information from its Longbow Productions

webpage. With respect to this webpage, the FBI contends that “[r]evealing undercover

operational information that the FBI has not publicly acknowledged would place the use of such

techniques at risk for circumvention of the law.” 6th Am. Seidel Decl. ¶ 27. So the issue turns

on whether the Longbow Productions webpage is publicly available. “[F]or the public domain

doctrine to apply, the specific information sought must have already been ‘disclosed and

preserved in a permanent public record.’” Jud. Watch, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Def., 963 F. Supp. 2d

6, 12 (D.D.C. 2013) (quoting Cottone, 193 F.3d at 554). Here, the Committee attached to its

briefing screenshots of the FBI’s Longbow Productions webpage which it accessed through a site

called the Internet Archive Way Back Machine. See Ex. L to 3d Townsend Decl., ECF No. 65-

3.6 The FBI does not dispute the authenticity of this information. Instead, it argues that this

information does not exist in the public domain because the Longbow Productions webpage,

       6
          The Internet Archive Way Back Machine is a non-profit “digital library of Internet
sites” that “archiv[es] the Internet itself.” See About the Internet Archive, Archive.org,
https://archive.org/about/. It is “widely recognized and relied upon by the public, press, and
courts in this Circuit.” Pl.’s Reply at 18 (citing cases).

                                                19
which the FBI has since taken down, is not “easily accessible” and therefore not “actually in the

public domain.” Defs.’ Reply at 13. But the FBI’s cramped notion of the public domain makes

no sense, and it cannot cite a single case for the proposition that only a website’s original URL

can be in the public domain for FOIA purposes. The Committee’s counsel has identified the

Longbow Productions webpage’s archived URL link, which the Court, and any member of the

public, can readily access. See 3d Townsend Decl. ¶ 13, ECF No. 65-3.7 Thus, this information

has been “disclosed and preserved in a permanent public record.” Jud. Watch, 963 F. Supp. 2d at

12 (quotation marks omitted). Therefore, the FBI cannot withhold information under Exemption

7(E) that duplicates information from this webpage.

                                      4. Monetary Payments

       The last category the FBI seeks to protect under Exemption 7(E) is monetary payments

that were either requested or paid by the FBI in the course of the Bundy investigation. 2d

Bender Decl. ¶¶ 48–49. The FBI’s declarant claims that disclosure of this information would

show “what the FBI agent on the ground determined was necessary to conduct that operation”

and the FBI’s “allocation nexus to an investigative scope or area.” Id. ¶ 49. This information,

when aggregated with other information “in mosaic fashion,” could give a potential wrongdoer

“a larger understanding of the FBI’s priorities, investigative scope, and efforts.” Id. For its part,

the Committee argues that the FBI’s spending on the Bundy investigation is no secret because a

judge in the Bundy criminal case remarked that the government’s spending was “staggering.”

Pl.’s Cross-Mot. at 26–27. The Committee also notes that the FBI’s spending on the Bundy

       7
           https://web.archive.org/web/20170824005541/http://www.longbowproductions.com/
(last visited October 21, 2022).

                                                 20
investigation would not reveal the FBI’s general spending habits on investigations because the

Bundy investigation involved “a particularly ‘unique’ scheme.” Id. at 27 (citation omitted).

       The FBI has the better view. Although the public may know that the FBI spent a

considerable amount in this investigation, it does not know precisely how much the FBI spent,

much less how the FBI spent it. The Committee’s characterization of the Bundy investigation as

unique does not lessen the insights that a potential wrongdoer may glean by comparing the FBI’s

spending priorities and patterns. Cf. Shapiro, 2020 WL 3615511, at *38 (“Though the cost of

one hotel room may not reveal much . . . the FBI must be cautious in revealing individual budget

line-items lest it reveal the entire budget.”); see also Dutton v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 302 F. Supp.

3d 109, 124 (D.D.C. 2018) (approving FBI’s reliance on Exemption 7(E) to withhold

information concerning “monetary payments for investigative techniques”). Thus, this

information is also protected under Exemption 7(E).

                                  *               *               *

       After properly invoking an exemption, an agency must also “take reasonable steps

necessary to segregate and release nonexempt information.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(8)(A)(ii)(II).

Non-exempt portions of records need not be disclosed, however, if they are “inextricably

intertwined with exempt portions.” Mead Data Cent., Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Air Force, 566 F.2d

242, 260 (D.C. Cir. 1977). An agency is presumed to have complied with the segregability

requirement unless the FOIA requester points to evidence indicating otherwise. See Sussman v.

U.S. Marshals Serv., 494 F.3d 1106, 1117 (D.C. Cir. 2007).

       Here, the FBI’s declarant represented that the FBI performed a segregability analysis for

all 54 pages at issue, which consisted of pages the FBI released in part and pages it withheld in

full. 2d Seidel Decl. ¶ 50. Mr. Seidel further stated that the FBI withheld information that was

                                                 21
“so intertwined with exempt material” that it could not be further segregated. Id.; see also 6th

Am. Seidel Decl. ¶ 16. The Committee’s briefing did not challenge the FBI’s segregability

analysis with respect to any of the 54 pages. Thus, the Court is satisfied that the FBI has

adequately segregated non-exempt information.

       To sum up, the FBI is entitled to assert Exemption 6 and 7(C) to withhold the names and

identifying information of its special agents and professional staff. But it must disclose any

pseudonyms. In addition, the FBI is entitled to assert Exemption 7(E) to withhold the four

categories of information described above. But the FBI must disclose information that is already

in the public domain such as that found on the Longbow Productions webpage.

                                       V. CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the Court grants in part and denies in part Defendants’ motion

partial for summary judgment (ECF No. 64), and grants in part and denies in part Plaintiff’s

cross-motion for partial summary judgment (ECF No. 65). An order consistent with this

Memorandum Opinion is separately and contemporaneously issued.

Dated: October 21, 2022                                            RUDOLPH CONTRERAS
                                                                   United States District Judge

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