Court Opinion

ID: 6321397
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-03-09 15:11:24.620662+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:50:46.879998
License: Public Domain

THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA
           In The Court of Appeals

Shawonder Scott, Appellant,

v.

Curtis McAlister, Acquana McAlister, Norma L. Cyrus,
Tax Collector for Williamsburg County, the County of
Williamsburg, an Unincorporated Subdivision of the
State of South Carolina, Hartwell Pendergrass, Sr., and
Hattie S. Pendergrass, Defendants,

Of whom Norma L. Cyrus, Tax Collector for
Williamsburg County, and the County of Williamsburg,
an Unincorporated Subdivision of the State of South
Carolina, are the Respondents.

Appellate Case No. 2019-000030

         Appeal From Williamsburg County
     George M. McFaddin, Jr., Circuit Court Judge

                  Opinion No. 5897
     Heard October 14, 2021 – Filed March 9, 2022

                     AFFIRMED

Dwight Christopher Moore, of Moore Law Firm, LLC, of
Sumter, for Appellant.

William E. Jenkinson, III and William Evan Reynolds,
both of Jenkinson, Kellahan, Thompson & Reynolds, PA,
of Kingstree, for Respondents.
KONDUROS, J.: Shawonder Scott appeals the circuit court's grant of summary
judgment in favor of Norma L. Cyrus in her capacity as Tax Collector for
Williamsburg County (Tax Collector) and Williamsburg County (collectively,
Respondents). Scott contends Respondents violated section 12-51-40 of the South
Carolina Code (2014 & Supp. 2021) by not providing her with notice of the
delinquent taxes, tax sale, or redemption opportunity for property she claims she
was renting to own. Scott asserts the circuit court erred by determining she lacked
standing and Respondents did not owe her any duty because she was not the
defaulting taxpayer of record, owner, or the grantee of record.1 We affirm.

FACTS

In 1998, Scott and her uncle, McAlister, allegedly entered into an oral contract for
the purchase of residential real estate located at 196 Gausetown Road in Kingstree,
South Carolina (the Property) for $35,000. Scott took possession of the Property
after providing an initial down payment of $4,000. According to Scott, she agreed
to pay the remaining $31,000 in monthly installments of $300.

Conversely, McAlister contended Scott agreed to obtain a loan in order to make a
second payment of $31,000. After Scott failed to make a second payment of
$31,000, McAlister asserted he told her that she was no longer purchasing the
Property and her additional payments were rent. However, McAlister maintained
that he would have accepted the remaining balance "in 1998, 1999, or 2000 or at
any time after that."2 Regardless of how the payments were characterized, both
parties later agreed to reduce Scott's monthly payments to $2003 and arranged for
Scott to pay the Property's taxes instead of rent if McAlister was unable to afford
them.

1
  Scott's action against the former owner and record taxpayer Curtis McAlister
(McAlister), his daughter Aquana McAlister (Aquana), the current owner Hattie S.
Pendergrass (Pendergrass), and her husband Hartwell Pendergrass, Sr. (Hartwell)
is not before us.
2
  Additionally, Respondents' brief states the $31,000 remaining balance was to be
paid in monthly installments.
3
  McAlister only received $188 from each of Scott's $200 payments due to Western
Union's banking fees, but Scott contended that McAlister agreed to the
arrangement.
In 2007, McAlister commenced eviction proceedings against Scott, alleging she
failed to make her monthly payments, and the magistrate court issued an order of
ejectment. Scott appealed, asserting she occupied the Property under a land
purchase agreement, and the circuit court vacated the order of ejectment. In 2010,
McAlister's daughter, Aquana, attempted to get Scott to sign a lease agreement.
Scott denied she was renting the Property and refused to sign the document.
McAlister then commenced a second ejection action in magistrate court. The
Record does not indicate the result of the second eviction action.

Meanwhile, McAlister began living with Aquana in Columbia. While living in
Columbia, McAlister suffered a heart attack and stroke. Pursuant to Aquana's
telephone requests,4 Respondents changed the Property's mailing address on
October 20, 2010, to a post office box in Columbia, and on June 29, 2011, to
Aquana's address in Columbia. The Property's 2011 taxes and late payment
penalties totaling $449.35 were never paid. In preparation for the Property's tax
sale, Respondents conducted a title search that showed McAlister was the
Property's sole owner and taxpayer. Pendergrass5 purchased the Property at a tax
sale on December 3, 2012, and Respondents executed a tax deed conveying the
Property to her for $800 on September 9, 2014.

Scott claimed she was unaware of the Property's mailing address changes,
delinquent taxes, tax sale, or redemption opportunity until Pendergrass's husband,
Hartwell, and a land surveyor entered the Property in 2014 after its conveyance.
Shortly after, Scott drove McAlister from Columbia to Tax Collector's office in
Williamsburg County, where they talked to Tax Collector. Tax Collector informed
Scott and McAlister of the Property's mailing address changes,6 tax sale for
delinquent 2011 taxes, and expired redemption opportunity.

4
  McAlister and Aquana (collectively, the McAlisters) assert they made the address
change request together in person. However, Williamsburg County Assessor's
Office (Assessor's Office) policy at that time allowed anyone to change a
property's mailing address, and witnesses for Respondents stated the address
change forms indicated Aquana made both requests by phone.
5
  McAlister's deceased brother, George McAlister, was married to Pendergrass's
sister, Pauline McAlister.
6
  Again, the McAlisters maintained they made the change to the Property's mailing
address in person. However, Scott contended that McAlister was unaware of the
changes before talking to Tax Collector.
In 2015, Scott filed a complaint alleging, inter alia, Respondents violated section
12-51-40 because they mailed notice to the Property's updated mailing address
rather than its physical address and they failed to post notice on the Property.7
Scott contended Respondents' violation of section 12-51-40 prevented her from
receiving notice of the Property's delinquent taxes, tax sale, or redemption
opportunity. As a result, Scott claimed "[s]he [was] denied the opportunity to pay
the [Property's] delinquent taxes and protect her interest in the [P]roperty." Scott
also claimed she suffered "harassment, humiliation, embarrassment, anxiety,
mental anguish, emotional distress, inconvenience[,] and . . . incur[red] legal fees
and costs to protect her interest in the [P]roperty." Scott asserted she was entitled
to a court order that voided the Property's tax sale, set aside the tax deed to
Pendergrass, and awarded actual damages.8

The parties conducted discovery, which included depositions of Scott, the
McAlisters, Tax Collector, another employee in Tax Collector's office, and an
employee in Assessor's Office. Tax Collector claimed her office sent notices of the
delinquent taxes to the Property's updated mailing address in Columbia first by
regular mail, then by certified mail. After the certified mail was returned to
Respondents as unclaimed, Tax Collector asserted an employee9 posted the
required notice on the Property on August 14, 2012. However, McAlister claimed
he never received the mailed notices,10 and both McAlister and Scott asserted the
notice was never posted on the Property.

The parties' discovery also produced a 2002 tax bill for $127.67 with a handwritten
note dated November 8, 2004. The note, allegedly written by McAlister, stated

7
  The complaint also included causes of action for breach of contract, breach of
trust, and civil conspiracy against the McAlisters, Pendergrass and Hartwell
(collectively, the Pendergrasses). Again, these actions are not before us.
8
  At oral argument, Scott's attorney stated favorable decisions by this court and a
jury on remand would allow Respondents to void the tax sale, but did not mention
monetary damages.
9
  Scott's attorney asserted at oral argument the employee, Joshua Gaskins, could
not be located.
10
   Initially, McAlister stated he thought he received the notices regarding the
Property's taxes, delinquency, and tax sale. However, he later claimed he could not
recall receiving any documents from Respondents after 2010. Aquana claimed she
and McAlister did not receive any documents regarding the Property's tax sale at
her Columbia address, but recalled receiving one tax notice; however, she could
not remember whether it was for the 2010 or 2011 tax year or if she paid it.
Scott was the owner and taxpayer for the Property.11 However, the origin of the
annotated tax bill is uncertain from the record. McAlister denied writing the note,
particularly in light of his name being misspelled twice. Additionally, neither Scott
nor the three Williamsburg County employees were asked to confirm if they had
ever seen the annotated tax bill or whether it was in their files.

Respondents filed a motion for summary judgment on June 28, 2018. Respondents
asserted they were entitled to judgment as a matter of law pursuant to Rule 56 of
the South Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure because the pleadings, depositions,
and evidence lacked a genuine issue of material fact based on the South Carolina
public duty doctrine and applicable South Carolina case law regarding that doctrine
and its special duty exception. At the September 27, 2018 pretrial motions
hearing, Respondents conceded they owed McAlister a special duty to provide him
notice of the Property's tax sale; however, Respondents maintained they did not
owe Scott that special duty because she was not the record taxpayer, owner, or
grantee.

On December 11, 2018, the circuit court granted summary judgment to
Respondents after determining Scott lacked standing and Respondents did not owe
her any duty under section 12-51-40 because she was not the record taxpayer,
owner, or grantee for the property. The order did not address any other
defendant.12 Scott contends that a favorable decision from this court would allow
her to go back to trial and attempt to void the tax sale to Pendergrass and compel
specific performance from McAlister upon a favorable jury verdict. This appeal
followed.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

"The purpose of summary judgment is to expedite the disposition of cases which
do not require the services of a fact finder." Wright v. PRG Real Est. Mgmt., Inc.,
426 S.C. 202, 211, 826 S.E.2d 285, 290 (2019) (quoting George v. Fabri, 345 S.C.
440, 452, 548 S.E.2d 868, 874 (2001)). "When reviewing a grant of a summary

11
   The annotation reads: "I Curtis McCalister [sic] gets [sic] payment from Ms.
Shawonder for house, renting to own[.] She is owner of house[,] she pays taxes on
property[.]" The note is signed "Curtis McCalister [sic]."
12
   The current status of Scott's action against the McAlisters and the Pendergrasses
is unclear from the record. When asked about the status of Scott's action against
McAlister at oral argument, Scott's attorney responded that "some things have
happened outside the record."
judgment, appellate courts apply the same standard applied by the trial court
pursuant to Rule 56(c), SCRCP." Id. (quoting Turner v. Milliman, 392 S.C. 116,
121-22, 708 S.E.2d 766, 769 (2011). "[A] circuit court shall grant summary
judgment 'if . . . there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and . . . the
moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.'" Id. (second omission
by court) (quoting Rule 56(c), SCRCP).

In determining whether a genuine issue of fact exists, "a court must view the facts
in the light most favorable to the non-moving party." Id. (quoting George, 345
S.C. at 452, 548 S.E.2d at 874). "[I]n cases applying the preponderance of the
evidence burden of proof, the non-moving party is only required to submit a mere
scintilla of evidence in order to withstand a motion for summary judgment."
Hancock v. Mid-South Mgmt. Co., 381 S.C. 326, 330, 673 S.E.2d 801, 803 (2009)).
"A court considering summary judgment neither makes factual determinations nor
considers the merits of competing testimony; however, summary judgment is
completely appropriate when a properly supported motion sets forth facts that
remain undisputed or are contested in a deficient manner." David v. McLeod Reg'l
Med. Ctr., 367 S.C. 242, 250, 626 S.E.2d 1, 5 (2006).

LAW/ANALYSIS

Scott asserts the circuit court erred by granting Respondents' summary judgment
motion because the Record reflected genuine issues of material fact when viewing
the facts in the light most favorable to her. Scott contends the property interest she
acquired through her contract with McAlister entitled her to notice of the
Property's delinquent taxes, tax sale, and redemption opportunity pursuant to
section 12-51-40. Scott maintains the Record contained at least a scintilla of
evidence that Respondents failed to comply with section 12-51-40 by mailing the
delinquency notices to the Property's updated mailing address rather than the
Property's physical address and by failing to post notice of the Property's pending
tax sale on the Property. We disagree.13

"A tax execution is not issued against the property, it is issued against the
defaulting tax[]payer." Rives v. Bulsa, 325 S.C. 287, 293, 478 S.E.2d, 878, 881

13
   Scott's complaint asserts Respondents violated the notice requirements of section
12-51-40. Her requested relief to void the tax sale and to receive other monetary
damages raises a question as to the precise nature of her claim. However, under
any interpretation she is not a taxpayer or grantee of record as contemplated by the
statute and cannot therefore pursue a claim against Respondents.
(Ct. App. 1996). "Due process of law requires some sort of notice to a landowner
before he is deprived of his property." Id. "Tax sales must be conducted in strict
compliance with statutory requirements." In re Ryan Inv. Co., 335 S.C. 392, 395,
517 S.E.2d 692, 693 (1999). "[A]ll requirements of the law leading up to tax sales
[that] are intended for the protection of the taxpayer against surprise or the
sacrifice of his property are to be regarded [as] mandatory and are to be strictly
enforced." Forfeited Land Comm'n of Bamberg County v. Beard, 424 S.C.137,
145, 817 S.E.2d 801, 804 (Ct. App. 2018) (alterations in original) (quoting
Donohue v. Ward, 298 S.C. 75, 83, 378 S.E.2d 261, 265 (Ct. App. 1989)). "Failure
to give the required notice [of a tax sale] is a fundamental defect in the tax
proceedings which renders the proceedings absolutely void." Rives, 325 S.C. at
293, 478 S.E.2d at 881.

Section 12-51-40 provides the procedural process officials must follow after a
taxpayer defaults on taxes for real property. Under section 12-51-40, the officer
authorized to collect delinquent taxes, assessments, penalties, and costs must levy
an execution by distress and sell the defaulting taxpayer's real property that
generated all or part of the delinquent tax to satisfy the taxes, assessments,
penalties, and costs. First, the officer must mail a notice of delinquent property
taxes "to the defaulting taxpayer and to a grantee of record of the property, whose
value generated all or part of the tax." § 12-51-40(a) (emphases added). The
officer is required to mail the notice to "the best address available, which is either
the address shown on the deed conveying the property to him, the property address,
or other corrected or forwarding address of which the officer . . . has actual
knowledge." Id.

If the taxes remain unpaid thirty days after the delinquent notice was mailed, the
officer is directed to take exclusive possession of real property by mailing the
delinquent notice again by "certified mail, return receipt requested-restricted
delivery" to "the defaulting taxpayer and any grantee of record of the property." §
12-51-40(b) (emphases added). The officer is required to send the certified mail to
"the address shown on the tax receipt or to an address of which the officer has
actual knowledge." Id. If the certified mail is returned as undelivered, the officer
is directed to post a notice in one or more conspicuous places on the delinquent
property that reads, "Seized by person officially charged with the collection of
delinquent taxes of (name of political subdivision) to be sold for delinquent taxes."
§ 12-51-40(c). This posting "is equivalent to levying by distress, seizing, and
taking exclusive possession of [the property]." Id.
A grantee is "[o]ne to whom property is conveyed." Grantee, Black's Law
Dictionary (11th ed. 2019). Chapter 51 does not define taxpayer; however, chapter
60 defines a taxpayer as "a person who is liable for a tax or who is responsible for
collecting and remitting a tax." S.C. Code Ann. § 12-60-30(29) (2014).
Additionally, chapter 60 defines a property taxpayer as "a person who is liable for,
or whose property or interest in property, is subject to, or liable for, a property tax
imposed by this title." S.C. Code Ann. § 12-60-30(22) (2014). Further, section
12-37-610 of the South Carolina Code, titled "[p]ersons liable for taxes and
assessments on real property," states:

             Each person is liable to pay taxes and assessments on the
             real property that . . . he owns in fee, for life, or as
             trustee, as recorded in the public records for deeds of the
             county in which the property is located, or on the real
             property that . . . he has care of as guardian, executor, or
             committee or may have the care of as guardian, executor,
             trustee, or committee.

S.C. Code Ann. § 12-37-610 (2014) (emphasis added).

The circuit court did not err by granting Respondents' summary judgment motion.
First, Scott alleges that Respondents violated section 12-51-40(a) and (b) because
they mailed the notices to the Property's updated mailing address rather than the
Property's physical address. Section 12-51-40(a) requires the officer to mail notice
of the tax sale "to the defaulting taxpayer and to a grantee of record of the
property, whose value generated all or part of the tax." § 12-51-40(a). Similarly,
section 12-51-40(b) requires the officer to send notice of the tax sale by certified
mail to "the defaulting taxpayer and any grantee of record of the property."14 §
12-51-40(b).

Here, Scott was never a defaulting taxpayer or a grantee of record of the Property.
Scott testified McAlister was responsible for paying the Property's taxes and
conceded she was never a grantee of record. Additionally, county records
indicated McAlister was the only defaulting taxpayer and grantee of record for the
Property. Consequently, Scott was not entitled to receive mailed notice under

14
  Section 12-51-40 was amended in 2000 to substitute "current owner" with
"defaulting taxpayer" and "grantee" of record. See S.C. Code Ann. § 12-51-40
(1998) (prior to the 2000 amendment); Act No. 399, § 3(X)(3), 2000 S.C. Acts
3471-73 (amending section 12-51-40, effective January 1, 2001).
12-51-40(a) or (b), regardless of the propriety of the changes to the Property's
mailing address.

Scott also asserts that Respondents violated section 12-51-40(c) by failing to
conspicuously post notice of the impending tax sale on the Property. Section
12-51-40(c) requires the officer to post notice of the tax sale on the delinquent
property if the certified mail required under section 12-51-40(b) is returned as
undelivered. § 12-51-40(c). "Ordinarily, under South Carolina's public duty
doctrine, public officials are 'not liable to individuals for their negligence in
discharging public duties [because] the duty is owed to the public at large rather
than [to] anyone individually.'" Tanner v. Florence Cnty. Treasurer, 336 S.C. 552,
561, 521 S.E.2d 153, 158 (1999) (second alteration in original) (quoting Jensen v.
Anderson Cnty. Dep't of Soc. Servs., 304 S.C. 195, 199, 403 S.E.2d 615, 617
(1991)). However, our supreme court has recognized exceptions to the public duty
doctrine for statutes that create a special duty to particular individuals.15 Id. at 562,
521 S.E.2d at 158.

In Tanner, Florence County sold property at a delinquent tax sale while the owner
was incarcerated. Id. at 556, 521 S.E.2d at 155. The owner alleged he did not
receive the notice required under section 12-51-40 despite giving Florence County
his prison address. Id. Our supreme court noted it had been reluctant to find
special duties imposed by statutes. Id. at 562, 521 S.E.2d at 158. However, our

15
     The court in Tanner noted:

              [A] 'special duty' to particular individuals may be created
              by . . . a statute when: (1) an essential purpose of the
              statute is to protect against a particular kind of harm; (2)
              the statute, either directly or indirectly, imposes on a
              specific public officer a duty to guard against or not
              cause that harm; (3) the class of persons the statute
              intends to protect is identifiable before the fact; (4) the
              plaintiff is a person within the protected class; (5) the
              public officer knows or has reason to know of the
              likelihood of harm to members of the class if he fails to
              do his duty; and (6) the officer is given sufficient
              authority to act in the circumstances or he undertakes to
              act in the exercise of his office.

Id. at 562, 521 S.E.2d at 158 (emphasis added).
supreme court recognized that "[a]ll requirements of law leading up to tax sales are
intended for the protection of the taxpayer against surprise or the sacrifice of his
property . . . ." Id. at 563, 521 S.E.2d at 158-59 (emphasis added). Accordingly,
our supreme court held that "[a]s a notice provision, section 12-51-40 creates a
special duty." Id. at 563, 521 S.E.2d at 159. Still, our supreme court cautioned
that "every failure of a delinquent taxpayer to receive notice does not
automatically qualify for the special duty exception to the public duty doctrine."
Id. (emphasis added). Our supreme court elaborated that the special duty
exception to section 12-51-40 arises "only in cases . . . where the delinquent
taxpayer asserts that he provided the [c]ounty his correct address and the [c]ounty
failed to use that address." Id. (emphases added).

In Taylor v. Mill, real property that had been sold at a federal tax sale to one
purchaser was subsequently sold at a county tax sale to a different purchaser. 310
S.C., 526, 527, 426 S.E.2d 311, 312 (1992). The initial purchaser did not notify
the county that he was the grantee of the delinquent taxpayer or record his deed
before the property was sold at the county tax sale. Id. at 527-28, 426 S.E.2d at
312-13. As a result, our supreme court concluded the county "had no obligation to
notify [the initial purchaser] of the county tax sale under [section 12-51-40]." Id.
at 528, 426 S.E.2d at 312-13.

Here, unlike the plaintiff in Tanner, Scott was never the defaulting taxpayer or a
grantee of record for the Property. While Scott occasionally paid the Property's
taxes in lieu of her regular payment to McAlister at his request, the Record is
devoid of the number and amount of the Property's tax payments Scott made on
McAlister's behalf. Neither Scott nor McAlister provided canceled checks or
receipts that showed Scott paid the Property's taxes for any year. Notably, Scott
conceded McAlister was responsible for paying the Property's taxes.

Even assuming Scott ordinarily paid the Property's taxes directly to Williamsburg
County, her payments were simply on behalf of the taxpayer, McAlister, and in
lieu of her monthly payments to McAlister. The fact that Scott's payments to
McAlister were accomplished by paying the Property's taxes did not make Scott a
taxpayer because she was never liable for the tax; again, Scott conceded McAlister
was responsible for paying the Property's taxes. See § 12-60-30(29) ("'Taxpayer'
means a person who is liable for a tax or who is responsible for collecting and
remitting a tax."). Indeed, McAlister remained the only taxpayer of record even
after the 2004 note on the 2002 tax bill and two changes to the Property's mailing
address.
Moreover, Respondents had no way of knowing that Scott had an interest in the
Property. Like the initial purchaser in Taylor, Scott did not record her contract
with McAlister or a deed listing her as a grantee of the Property with Williamsburg
County's register of deeds. Additionally, Scott was never added as a taxpayer on
any county document, and McAlister remained the only taxpayer after Aquana
changed the mailing address for the Property in the two years before the tax sale.
Notably, Scott conceded that Respondents would have no way of knowing she was
supposed to have owned the Property because her name was not on the deed.
Thus, like the county in Taylor, Respondents were not obligated to notify Scott of
the Property's delinquent taxes, tax sale, or redemption opportunity under section
12-51-40.

Additionally, the handwriting on the bottom of the 2002 tax receipt does not even
raise a mere scintilla of evidence that Scott was an identifiable taxpayer. The
Record contained no indication Respondents were aware of the annotated tax bill
or in possession of it. Moreover, the annotation did not contain a mailing address,
the Property's tax bills for the following eight years were sent to McAlister and
paid in McAlister's name, McAlister denied writing the note, and McAlister's name
is spelled wrong twice in the annotation. See Crosby v. Seaboard Air Line Ry., 81
S.C. 24, 31, 61 S.E. 1064, 1067 (1908) (“[A] scintilla of evidence is any material
evidence which, taken as true, would tend to establish the issue in the mind of a
reasonable juror.”); Priest v. Brown, 302 S.C. 405, 408-09, 396 S.E.2d 638, 639-40
(Ct. App. 1990) ("The [court] is not required to single out some one morsel of
evidence and attach to it great significance when patently the evidence is
introduced solely in a vain attempt to create an issue of fact that is not genuine.").
Consequently, no document in the Record indicated Respondents were aware that
Scott had an interest in the Property because McAlister remained the only record
taxpayer, owner, and grantee. Thus, Respondents did not owe Scott a special duty
under section 12-51-40. See Taylor, 310 S.C. at 528, 426 S.E.2d at 312-13
(finding that the county had no obligation under section 12-51-40 to notify the
purchaser of property sold at a federal tax sale of its subsequent county tax sale
because he did not notify the county he was the grantee of the delinquent taxpayer
or record his deed).

Sadly, the crux of Scott's argument is that she would have paid the delinquent taxes
and saved her home regardless of her status regarding the Property if she had
known the Property was in danger of foreclosure. While equity may favor her in
the confusion as to what her ownership status was regarding the Property, her
argument is dependent on her asserting McAlister's rights under section 12-51-40,
not her own.
CONCLUSION

Accordingly, the circuit court did not err by granting Respondents' motion for
summary judgment. Therefore, the circuit court is

AFFIRMED.

HILL and HEWITT, JJ., concur.