Court Opinion

ID: 9388561
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-04-20 21:01:44.983967+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:18:20.997790
License: Public Domain

This opinion is subject to revision before publication.

     UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
              FOR THE    ARMED FORCES
                    _______________

                  UNITED STATES
                      Appellee

                            v.

      Travis D. PULLINGS, Staff Sergeant
        United States Air Force, Appellant

                     No. 22-0123
                 Crim. App. No. 39948

Argued November 8, 2022—Decided April 14, 2023

         Military Judge: Jason M. Kellhofer

For Appellant: Major David L. Bosner (argued); Ma-
jor Jarett F. Merk (on brief); Major Eshawn R. Rawl-
ley and Mark C. Bruegger, Esq.

For Appellee: Major Brittany M. Speirs (argued);
Colonel Naomi P. Dennis, Lieutenant Colonel Mat-
thew J. Neil, and Mary Ellen Payne, Esq. (on brief);
Lieutenant Colonel Thomas J. Alford and Major Jay
S. Peer.

Judge MAGGS delivered the opinion of the Court, in
which Chief Judge OHLSON, Judge SPARKS, and
Senior Judge STUCKY joined. Judge HARDY filed a
separate opinion concurring in the judgment.
                  _______________
          United States v. Pullings, No. 22-0123/AF
                    Opinion of the Court

   Judge MAGGS delivered the opinion of the Court.
   Appellant asked the United States Air Force Court of
Criminal Appeals (AFCCA) for sentence relief on grounds
that he suffered cruel and unusual punishment, in viola-
tion of Article 55, Uniform Code of Military Justice
(UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. § 855 (2018), and the Eighth Amend-
ment of the Constitution, during a period of post-trial con-
finement in a civilian jail. United States v. Pullings, No.
ACM 39948, 2021 CCA LEXIS 648, at *2-3, 2021 WL
5626313, at *1-2 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. Nov. 30, 2021) (un-
published). The AFCCA, however, rejected Appellant’s al-
legations of cruel and unusual punishment and affirmed
his approved sentence. Id. at *2, 2021 WL 5626313, at *1.
Appellant now asks us to reverse the AFCCA and remand
the case for the AFCCA to reassess his sentence. Applying
the test announced in United States v. Lovett, 63 M.J. 211,
215 (C.A.A.F. 2006), we conclude that Appellant has not
established that he suffered cruel and unusual punish-
ment. Accordingly, we affirm the AFCCA.
   In reaching this decision, we neither accept nor reject
the Government’s argument that we should overrule prec-
edents in which this Court has considered matters outside
the record when reviewing claims of cruel and unusual
punishment. See, e.g., United States v. Pena, 64 M.J. 259
(C.A.A.F. 2007); United States v. Erby, 54 M.J. 476, 477
(C.A.A.F. 2001). Because overruling these precedents
would not affect the outcome of this case, we leave the issue
of whether the Court should overrule them for another
time.
                       I. Background
   A military judge, sitting as a general court-martial,
found Appellant guilty, consistent with his pleas, of two
specifications of sexual assault of a child and three specifi-
cations of sexual abuse of a child, in violation of Article
120b, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 920b (2012). The military judge
sentenced Appellant to confinement for thirteen years,

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           United States v. Pullings, No. 22-0123/AF
                     Opinion of the Court

reduction to the grade of E-1, “total forfeitures,” 1 and a dis-
honorable discharge. In accordance with a pretrial agree-
ment, the convening authority approved only eight years of
confinement and disapproved the “total forfeitures.”
       A. Appellant’s Post-Trial Confinement Conditions 2
    The Lowndes County Jail (LCJ) is a civilian confine-
ment facility in Lowndes County, Georgia. The Air Force
pays the LCJ to detain military “personnel who are await-
ing transfer to a military penitentiary, serving a sentence
where a transfer to a military facility is impractical, or be-
ing held for pre-trial confinement.” A Memorandum of
Agreement (MOA) between the Air Force and the LCJ spec-
ifies the duties of the LCJ when incarcerating military pris-
oners and the compensation from the Air Force for its ser-
vices. Pursuant to this MOA, the LCJ confined Appellant
from May 27, 2020, until January 29, 2021.
   On December 15, 2020, and January 25, 2021, with the
assistance of counsel, Appellant sent two complaints re-
garding his confinement conditions to the commander of
his unit. These complaints alleged that the LCJ failed to
provide edible food and drinkable water, sanitary living

   1 The AFCCA addressed the “total forfeitures” portion of the
sentence as follows:
       In his sentence, the military judge announced “to-
       tal forfeitures,” and not that Appellant was to “for-
       feit all pay and allowances.” See Manual for
       Courts-Martial, United States (2016 ed.), Appen-
       dix 11. As the convening authority did not approve
       adjudged forfeitures, we need not determine
       whether the adjudged forfeitures were for both
       pay and allowances.
Pullings, 2021 CCA LEXIS 648, at *1 n.3, 2021 WL 5626313, at
*1 n.3. We agree with AFCCA’s treatment of this matter.
   2 Information about Appellant’s post-trial confinement con-
ditions comes from materials that the AFCCA considered and
that are included in the Joint Appendix filed in this Court. We
address below the arguments of the parties about whether we
may consider this information.

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           United States v. Pullings, No. 22-0123/AF
                     Opinion of the Court

quarters, prescription medicine, and adequate medical
care. He asserted that these failures constituted cruel and
unusual punishment in violation of Article 55, UCMJ, and
the Eighth Amendment. 3 Appellant requested relief under
Article 138, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 938 (2018).
    Appellant supported his allegations of deficient condi-
tions in a sworn declaration. Appellant asserted that the
LCJ gave him contaminated drinking water and moldy “ex-
pired food” with “various bugs, body hair, and flakes of
rust” in it. Appellant alleged he suffered from food poison-
ing and that he lost thirty pounds as a result of the rations
he consumed during his incarceration at the LCJ. Appel-
lant further asserted that sewage water leaked into his cell
from a broken toilet on the floor above; that the leaking
sewage disabled the only light fixture in his cell; that in-
sects crawled out of the drains in his cell; and that other
inmates had broken toilets or sinks and had to use the toi-
let in a cell other than their own. Appellant also asserted
that he could not clean up the dirt, mold, and mildew in his
cell because cleaning supplies were provided only early in
the morning, and he had no alarm clock or other means to
wake himself up in time to use them.
    Appellant additionally asserted that the LCJ never per-
mitted him to go outside; that “the only sunlight that [he]
received was from a small skylight on the roof of the day-
room”; that he received no opportunity for exercise; and
that he could only walk in the dayroom. Appellant further
declared that the LCJ took away his lawfully prescribed
medicine when he arrived; that he did not see a physician
for almost a month; that the LCJ withheld pain medication
for the rehabilitation of his Achilles tendon; that the LCJ
also denied him access to his previously issued medication

   3  Appellant also alleged that the LCJ put him at an increased
likelihood to contract COVID-19, improperly charged him for
medical care, and denied him confidential communications and
unmonitored phone calls with his attorney, but he no longer
presses those contentions in this appeal.

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           United States v. Pullings, No. 22-0123/AF
                     Opinion of the Court

for depression and anxiety; 4 and that the LCJ did not pro-
vide him with an extra blanket to alleviate the symptoms
of a medical condition called Raynaud’s Syndrome.
   In addition to the complaints that he sent to his com-
mander, Appellant also submitted numerous complaints to
LCJ officials. An “Inmate Grievance/Request Record” dated
September 17, 2020, shows that Appellant made the follow-
ing statement:
       THERE IS SO MUCH WATER DRIPPI[N]G
       THAT WE HAVE TO HAVE A MOP BUCKET
       UNDER THE LEAK AND HAVE TO EMPTY IT
       TWICE A DAY. THE PROBLEM IS THAT THE
       TOILET IS CLOGGED IN C222 AND IS
       CONTINUING TO OVERFLOW ON TO THE
       FLOOR OF THE CELL. THE WATER HAS
       MADE ITS WAY THROUGH THE CRACKS OF
       [THE] FLOOR[] [OF] C222, AND DISABLED
       THE LIGHTING OF C133. THERE IS ALSO
       WATER FLOWING DOWN THE EXTERIOR
       WALL OF CELL 133 AND FLOWING BACK
       INTO THE CELL.
The record further indicates, without additional detail,
that this issue was resolved four days later.
    An official from the Lowndes County Sherriff’s Office
who was responsible for administering the LCJ responded
to Appellant’s complaints in two sworn declarations. In the
first declaration, dated December 31, 2020, the official
stated in relevant part:
           All drink coolers are cleaned daily by the Food
       Service Management Company, Trinity Food Ser-
       vice, under the supervision of contract kitchen
       staff; any incidents of mold or mildew are ad-
       dressed immediately. Our kitchen is graded by
       Lowndes County Health inspectors just like pub-
       lic dining establishments and we consistently
       pass these inspections.

   4 Appellant acknowledges that the LCJ did provide him with
a two-week dosage of his prescribed medicine at one point.

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          United States v. Pullings, No. 22-0123/AF
                    Opinion of the Court

          Tap water is dispensed through the toilet/sink
      appliance as it is in most other correctional facili-
      ties throughout the United States. These fixtures
      are in common use and commonly accepted as
      standard water dispensing appliances by numer-
      ous detention facilities.
          Concerning the appearance of vermin in the
      facility we have two full-time sanitation crews
      who clean all common areas of the facility daily
      and dispense cleaning supplies to inmate[s] to
      clean their own rooms. . . . [A]ll inmates are ex-
      pected to clean their room and shower areas daily.
      Our sanitation crews’ supervisors, shift supervi-
      sors, and jail staff are there to make sure that this
      is done.
          Ace Pest Control comes to our facility once a
      month and dispenses pest control chemicals to
      common areas of the jail, the jail kitchen, and pe-
      riodically the inmate housing areas.
         I have no knowledge that Inmate Pullings has
      ever made these complaints to a staff member and
      our records indicated th[at] Inmate Pullings has
      only filed one grievance since his incarceration be-
      gan and it was regarding the theft of property by
      another inmate.
    In the second declaration, dated July 19, 2021, the same
official wrote in pertinent part:
          5. The jail follows health and safety guidelines
      regarding food services. The jail has a contract
      cleaning service that cleans common areas, and
      the jail provides cleaning supplies for inmates to
      clean their own cells. I cannot provide any further
      specifics on instances of mold that Inmate Pull-
      ings has referenced because he did not file any
      complaints. I have no knowledge of Inmate Pull-
      ings making informal complaints regarding these
      issues.
          6. Inmates receive 3 hours of recreation time,
      weekly. The recreation yard is a sealed yard under
      a roof, with one open air window that allows in
      fresh air and sunlight. The window is approxi-
      mately 5 feet by 10 feet. This recreation yard com-
      plies with Georgia standards.

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          United States v. Pullings, No. 22-0123/AF
                    Opinion of the Court

         7. Inmates must get approval from our medical
      provider in order [to] bring in medication that was
      not prescribed to them from our medical
      personnel.
          8. Regarding the maintenance for the leaking
      cell, the jail had to replace the entire roof in order
      to fix the leak. While we were repairing the leak,
      we transferred the inmates in the affected cells to
      other cells that were not leaking.
   A nurse affiliated with the Lowndes County Sherriff’s
Office also provided a declaration. She asserted that Appel-
lant did not report that he was taking any prescription
medication on intake; that he reported he was on prescrip-
tion medicine on June 29, 2020; that physicians saw him
shortly afterward and provided him with medicine; and
that when he complained of the symptoms of Raynaud’s
Syndrome, he was prescribed medication to alleviate these
symptoms.
      B. The AFCCA’s Opinion and Our Grant of Review
    The AFCCA assessed Appellant’s claim of cruel and un-
usual confinement conditions using the test that this Court
announced in Lovett, 63 M.J. at 215. Pullings, 2021 CCA
LEXIS 648, at *22-23, 2021 WL 5626313, at *9. To estab-
lish a violation of Article 55, UCMJ, or the Eighth Amend-
ment, Lovett requires an appellant to show:
      (1) an objectively, sufficiently serious act or omis-
      sion resulting in the denial of necessities; (2) a cul-
      pable state of mind on the part of prison officials
      amounting to deliberate indifference to [his]
      health and safety; and (3) that he has exhausted
      the prisoner-grievance system . . . and that he has
      petitioned for relief under Article 138, UCMJ.
63 M.J. at 215 (alteration in original) (footnote omitted) (in-
ternal quotation marks omitted) (citation omitted).
   Addressing Appellant’s nonmedical complaints, the
AFCCA held that Appellant had not satisfied the second
Lovett requirement. Id. at *24-25, 2021 WL 5626313, at
*10. The AFCCA explained:

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          United States v. Pullings, No. 22-0123/AF
                    Opinion of the Court

          Regarding Appellant’s complaints regarding
      food and water, the conditions of his cell, and lack
      of outdoor time and recreation facilities, Appel-
      lant has neither claimed nor demonstrated a cul-
      pable state of mind on the part of prison officials.
      Moreover, we conclude from our review of the dec-
      larations from prison officials that they were not
      indifferent to Appellant’s health or safety. Thus,
      Appellant has not satisfied all three prongs of
      Lovett for these complaints.
Id., 2021 WL 5626313, at *10 (footnote omitted). The
AFCCA further asserted: “For example, prison officials
knew that water was leaking into cells due to a roof leak.
They rehoused inmates in the affected cells and replaced
the roof.” Id. at *25 n.18, 2021 WL 5626313, at *10 n.18.
    Addressing Appellant’s complaint about his medical
care, the AFCCA held “Appellant does . . . imply a culpable
state of mind in relation to his complaint regarding inade-
quate medical care.” Id. at *25, 2021 WL 5626313, at *10.
But the AFCCA held that Appellant had not satisfied the
first requirement of the Lovett test because he had not
shown a sufficiently serious act or omission by LCJ offi-
cials. Id., 2021 WL 5626313, at *10. The AFCCA explained:
      We find the conduct of prison officials as alleged
      by Appellant did not constitute “acts or omissions
      sufficiently harmful to evidence deliberate indif-
      ference to serious medical needs.” Appellant has
      not demonstrated that prison officials understood
      Appellant’s needs to be significantly serious and
      that they ignored those needs with deliberate in-
      difference. Moreover, Appellant does not allege he
      suffered harm, nor was at substantial risk of seri-
      ous harm, from any of these issues. While we can
      presume these issues caused Appellant some dis-
      comfort and distress, more is required before we
      can find violations of the Eighth Amendment and
      Article 55, UCMJ.
Id. at *25-26, 2021 WL 5626313, at *10 (footnote omitted)
(quoting Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 106 (1976)).
    In applying the Lovett test, the AFCCA determined that
it did not need to order a DuBay hearing to obtain relevant

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          United States v. Pullings, No. 22-0123/AF
                    Opinion of the Court

findings of fact. 2021 CCA LEXIS 648, at *24, 2021 WL
5626313, at *10; see United States v. DuBay, 17 C.M.A. 147,
149, 37 C.M.R. 441, 413 (1967). The AFCCA reasoned that
even if the documentary evidence submitted contained in-
consistencies, resolving the factual disputes in Appellant’s
favor would not result in relief to Appellant. Id., 2021 WL
5626313, at *10.
   This Court granted review of two assigned issues:
      I. In addition to prison officials, can the decisions
      of military personnel satisfy the “deliberate
      indifference” aspect of the cruel and unusual
      punishment test when they repeatedly send
      military inmates to a local civilian confinement
      center with a history of inhumane living
      conditions for inmates?
      II. Additionally or alternatively, did appellant suf-
      fer cruel and unusual punishment for 247 days
      and nights at Lowndes County Jail?
United States v. Pullings, 82 M.J. 372, 372-73 (C.A.A.F.
2022) (order granting review). As we explain below, we an-
swer both questions in the negative.
    II. Consideration of Matters Outside the Record
   Before reaching the merits of the assigned issues, we
must first discuss a procedural question. Appellant did not
raise the conditions of his post-trial confinement in any
post-trial submissions to the convening authority, so the
issue was not “raised by materials in the record.” United
States v. Jessie, 79 M.J. 437, 444 (C.A.A.F. 2020); cf. United
States v. Johnson, 81 M.J. 451, 452 (C.A.A.F. 2021)
(summary disposition) (explaining that a Court of Criminal
Appeals should “consider additional information
about . . . post-trial confinement conditions” when the
matter is raised in a “clemency response to the convening
authority”). The Government argues that in deciding this
appeal, we should not consider any matters outside the
record. Accepting the Government’s argument would
prevent us from looking at any of the declarations and
exhibits      concerning      Appellant’s     post-conviction
confinement conditions because all these documents were

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          United States v. Pullings, No. 22-0123/AF
                    Opinion of the Court

created after the completion of Appellant’s trial and post-
trial proceedings.
    In Jessie, this Court held that a Court of Criminal Ap-
peals could not consider materials outside the record in de-
ciding whether a prison policy violated a prisoner’s First
Amendment rights. 79 M.J. at 444. In support of the deci-
sion, the Court cited precedents that had interpreted Arti-
cle 66, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 866 (2018), to require the Courts
of Criminal Appeals to decide appeals upon the record. 79
M.J. at 440-41. But in reaching its conclusion, the Court
recognized that its precedents were not entirely consistent.
Specifically, the Court has considered materials outside
the record when deciding whether post-trial confinement
conditions violate the prohibitions against cruel and unu-
sual punishment in Article 55, UCMJ, and the Eighth
Amendment. Id. at 442-43 (citing Pena, 64 M.J. 259, and
Erby, 54 M.J. 476).
    Because the litigation in Jessie did not involve a claim
of cruel and unusual punishment, and because the govern-
ment had not asked the Court to overrule those precedents,
the Court in Jessie eschewed any consideration of the va-
lidity of these differing precedents. Id. at 445. The Court
explained:
      Consistent with the Government’s proposal for ac-
      commodating the discordant precedents, all we
      must decide today is that the practice of consider-
      ing material outside the record should not be ex-
      panded beyond the context of Article 55, UCMJ,
      and the Eighth Amendment. We may decide in a
      future case whether these holdings with respect to
      such claims should be overruled, modified, or in-
      stead allowed to stand as “aberration[s]” that are
      “fully entitled to the benefit of stare decisis” be-
      cause they have become established.
Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Flood v. Kuhn, 407 U.S.
258, 282 (1972)).
   This case, unlike Jessie, involves a claim of cruel and
unusual punishment. The Government therefore asserts
that we should take the opportunity to address the

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           United States v. Pullings, No. 22-0123/AF
                     Opinion of the Court

continuing validity of Pena, Erby, and any other cases that
have considered materials outside the record when adjudi-
cating claims of cruel and unusual punishment. The Gov-
ernment further argues that we should overrule these prec-
edents because they are inconsistent with Article 66,
UCMJ, and Article 67, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 867 (2018),
which in conjunction define the appellate jurisdiction of the
Courts of Criminal Appeals and this Court.
    Although both parties have briefed the question of
whether we should overrule Pena and Erby, we decline to
reconsider these precedents in this case. As discussed be-
low, our review of the materials outside the record leads us
to conclude that the AFCCA correctly decided the case in
the Government’s favor. Consequently, the result of this
case would be the same regardless of whether we consider
materials outside the record. We therefore need not decide
the continued validity of Pena and Erby at this time.
                  III. Standards of Review
    In United States v. Ginn, 47 M.J. 236, 248 (C.A.A.F.
1997), we explained several principles about how appellate
courts should address claims that depend on the truth of
factual assertions in post-trial affidavits rather than on
findings of fact by a military judge. One of these principles
is that “if the facts alleged in the affidavit[s] allege an error
that would not result in relief even if any factual dispute
were resolved in appellant’s favor, the claim may be re-
jected on that basis.” Id. Like the AFCCA, we find no disa-
greements in the post-trial documents submitted by the
parties that are relevant to our resolution of the issues be-
fore us. Accordingly, following Ginn, we accept the relevant
allegations of Appellant and the uncontroverted allega-
tions of the Government’s witnesses as true. We have no
need to order a DuBay hearing for further factfinding. And
after accepting the parties’ relevant allegations as true, we
will “determine whether the facts alleged constitute cruel
and unusual punishment de novo.” Lovett, 63 M.J. at 215.

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          United States v. Pullings, No. 22-0123/AF
                    Opinion of the Court

                       IV. Discussion
    Appellant must prove three elements to establish his
claim that his confinement conditions were cruel and unu-
sual. First, Appellant must prove that an “objectively, suf-
ficiently serious act or omission result[ed] in the denial of
necessities.” Id. Second, Appellant must prove “a culpable
state of mind on the part of prison officials amounting to
deliberate indifference to [his] health and safety.” Id.
Third, Appellant must prove that he “exhausted the pris-
oner-grievance system . . . and that he has petitioned for
relief under Article 138, UCMJ.” Id. (alteration in original)
(internal quotation marks omitted) (citation omitted).
    Appellant has grouped his complaints regarding LCJ
prison conditions into four categories: (1) insufficient food
and water, (2) poor cell conditions and lack of sanitation,
(3) lack of air and recreation, and (4) insufficient medical
care. In his briefs, Appellant asserts that the post-trial doc-
uments included in the Joint Appendix establish each of
the three Lovett elements with respect to each of these four
categories. In contrast, the Government contends that Ap-
pellant can show none of the three Lovett elements with
respect to any prison conditions.
    As described above, the AFCCA concluded that Appel-
lant had not satisfied the Lovett test because he had not
shown that prison officials were deliberately indifferent to
his nonmedical needs. Additionally, the AFCCA concluded
that even if prison officials were deliberately indifferent to
his medical needs, Appellant could not show that his unmet
medical needs were “serious.” We reach the same conclu-
sions. We further hold that Appellant cannot prevail based
on his new argument that Air Force officials violated the
prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment by send-
ing him to the LCJ with knowledge of the poor conditions
of the facility.
              A. Appellant’s Nonmedical Needs
    Under Lovett, the question of whether LCJ prison offi-
cials were deliberately indifferent to his nonmedical needs
depends on two factual questions: (1) “what the officials

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           United States v. Pullings, No. 22-0123/AF
                     Opinion of the Court

knew,” and (2) whether “they disregarded known risks to
inmate safety.” 63 M.J. at 216. Appellant addresses these
factual questions with a general assertion that “LCJ prison
officials responded with deliberate indifference to Appel-
lant’s confinement conditions, as evidenced by their failure
to remedy any of [his alleged] denials of necessities for a
significant amount of time, if at all.”
   We cannot agree with Appellant in connection with his
complaints about the food and water in the LCJ. Appellant
has failed to make the necessary showings with respect to
what prison officials knew and whether they disregarded
known risks to inmate safety. Appellant does not identify
in his briefs or extra-record documents any instances in
which he told anyone at the LCJ that he believed his food
was expired, that there were improper items in his food, or
that the water coolers were moldy. The evidence also indi-
cates that the LCJ took actions to avoid such problems. An
uncontradicted declaration, quoted above, explains that a
contractor called Trinity Food Service cleaned the water
coolers daily and immediately addressed issues of mold and
that the LCJ consistently passed inspection by Lowndes
County inspectors. 5
   Further, we cannot agree that Appellant has shown
that LCJ officials acted with deliberate indifference with
respect to his cell conditions and the lack of sanitation.
Here, LCJ officials clearly knew of the problem of the
leaking toilet because Appellant filed a complaint. But the
record of the complaint does not suggest that the officials
disregarded inmate safety. Rather, it reveals that
Appellant was given a mop and bucket to capture some of

   5  Appellant’s allegation that he sometimes received moldy,
contaminated, or expired food or that the water coolers were un-
clean does not contradict the LCJ official’s assertion that the
LCJ hired Trinity Food Service to address “any incidents of mold
or mildew” or that the kitchen “consistently pass[es]” Lowndes
County health inspections. The uncontroverted facts in the LCJ
official’s affidavit show that the LCJ officials were not deliber-
ately indifferent to the cleanliness or safety of the LCJ’s food and
water.

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          United States v. Pullings, No. 22-0123/AF
                    Opinion of the Court

the dripping water. The uncontroverted facts in the LCJ
official’s affidavit also show that the LCJ officials
eventually remedied the problem by replacing the roof and
moving the affected inmates.
    In contrast, Appellant did “not set forth specific facts”
showing that he had complained about the mold, dirt, and
pests, but instead makes only a “conclusory” allegation
that he had notified LCJ officials about them. Ginn, 47 M.J
at 248. And with respect to these conditions, the documents
quoted above do not suggest LCJ officials disregarded in-
mate safety. Appellant admitted that prison officials pro-
vided him with cleaning supplies for an hour and a half
each day, and the LCJ’s administrator declared that the
jail hired a pest control service to address vermin.
    Finally, we cannot agree that Appellant has shown
prison officials were deliberately indifferent with respect to
his allegations concerning fresh air and exercise. Appellant
has not alleged that he made anyone aware of his com-
plaints about the lack of fresh air and exercise and there-
fore has not established the requisite level of knowledge. In
addition, Appellant has not established that the LCJ offi-
cials disregarded inmate safety. Appellant has alleged that
“the only sunlight that [he] received was from a small sky-
light on the roof of the dayroom.” But even accepting this
statement as true, the statement does not contradict the
sworn declaration of the LCJ’s administrator that an open
five-foot by ten-foot window provided a recreation room
with fresh air. In sum, Appellant has not shown prison of-
ficials were deliberately indifferent to any of his nonmedi-
cal needs.
                  B. Serious Medical Needs
   In Estelle, 429 U.S. at 104, the Supreme Court ex-
plained that not “every claim by a prisoner that he has not
received adequate medical treatment states a violation of
the Eighth Amendment.” Instead, the Supreme Court
ruled that “a prisoner must allege acts or omissions suffi-
ciently harmful to evidence deliberate indifference to seri-
ous medical needs.” Id. at 106. Appellant contends that he

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           United States v. Pullings, No. 22-0123/AF
                     Opinion of the Court

has met the Estelle standard by showing that LCJ officials
took away his prescribed medicine when he first arrived at
the jail in May 2020; that he did not see a physician for
almost a month even though he had “chronic orthopedic,
mental health, and autoimmune conditions and diseases”;
that they withheld pain medication and doctors’ visits for
rehabilitation despite a recent surgery to repair his Achil-
les tendon; and that prison officials denied medication for
depression and anxiety and denied him an extra blanket to
alleviate his Raynaud’s Syndrome. The Government re-
sponds that Appellant has not met the Estelle standard be-
cause he has not alleged specific serious harms resulting
from the actions and omissions of LCJ officials.
    We agree with the AFCCA and the Government that
Appellant does not allege that he suffered, or was put at
risk of suffering, serious harm. We thus cannot conclude
that he has alleged deliberate indifference to a “serious
medical need[]” within the meaning of Estelle. In addition,
even if his unmet medical needs caused some harm, to ap-
ply the Lovett test, we must determine what the prison of-
ficials knew and how they responded. Here, the nurse’s dec-
laration indicates that Appellant only told LCJ officials
about some of his medication conditions, and that LCJ of-
ficials did not disregard his safety with respect to the ones
he disclosed. And Appellant has not shown that prison of-
ficials understood the Appellant’s other medical needs or
ignored them.
        C. Deliberate Indifference by Air Force Officials
    Appellant argues that regardless of whether LCJ offi-
cials were deliberately indifferent, “the actions or inactions
of Air Force officials alone are sufficient for an appellant to
meet the ‘deliberate indifference’ burden” under Lovett. He
contends that Air Force officials—“whether it be the secu-
rity forces commander, staff judge advocate, or wing com-
mander”—showed deliberate indifference because they
continued to send prisoners to the LCJ despite its history
of deficient conditions. Appellant clarifies that he is not “re-
quest[ing] a per se rule that if prisoners are confined at the
LCJ then they are able to meet their deliberate indifference

                               15
          United States v. Pullings, No. 22-0123/AF
                    Opinion of the Court

burden” but is instead “only requesting this Court
acknowledge the basic legal principle that the actions of
one actor can be attributed to another actor by virtue of a
legal relationship and tethering between the two.” The
Government responds that expanding the test to Air Force
officials who send incarcerated military personnel to a spe-
cific prison would make the test unmanageable. The Gov-
ernment explains that it would be difficult to decide how
many abuses must have occurred in the past, whether the
abuses must have been similar, how substantiated past
abuses have been, and what level of knowledge prison offi-
cials must have had, and other similar questions.
    Appellant’s argument, as we understand it, might be
rephrased in the form of a syllogism. The major premise of
this syllogism would be that Air Force officials violate
Article 55, UCMJ, if they send a prisoner to a civilian
facility that they know has a history of cruel and unusual
conditions. The minor premise would be that Air Force
officials knew that the LCJ is a civilian facility with a
history of cruel and unusual conditions. The conclusion
would be that Air Force officials therefore violated Article
55, UCMJ, and the Eighth Amendment when they sent
Appellant to the LCJ.
    We cannot accept either the major or minor premises of
this syllogism and are therefore unpersuaded by Appel-
lant’s argument. Although the major premise of this syllo-
gism might be true in some cases, it is not always true. For
example, even if Air Force officials send a prisoner to a ci-
vilian facility that they know has a history of past abuses,
no violation of Article 55, UCMJ, and the Eighth Amend-
ment can occur unless the prisoner in fact suffers ill treat-
ment within the facility and files a grievance and Article
138, UCMJ, petition about it. 6
   The minor premise is also unfounded. We have insuffi-
cient information about the number and nature of past

   6Perhaps the major premise could be qualified in some way
and restated so that it would be generally true, but we
cannot discern what it would be from Appellant’s briefs.

                             16
          United States v. Pullings, No. 22-0123/AF
                    Opinion of the Court

problems or the culpability of prison officials to draw spe-
cific conclusions about the LCJ’s history of violations or Air
Force officials’ knowledge of them. All the sworn declara-
tions and other materials included in the Joint Appendix
concern Appellant’s confinement conditions, but they pro-
vide scant information about the LCJ’s history. And Appel-
lant’s references to other litigation concerning conditions
at the LCJ are insufficient to prove that the LCJ is a civil-
ian facility with a consistent history of cruel and unusual
conditions. For these reasons, we must reject Appellant’s
arguments that he has shown that Air Force officials acted
with “deliberate indifference” under Lovett.
                       V. Conclusion
   The decision of the United States Air Force Court of
Criminal Appeals is affirmed.

                             17
           United States v. Pullings, No. 22-0123/AF

   Judge HARDY concurring in the judgment.
    Appellant seeks sentence reassessment based on the
theory that the allegedly cruel or unusual conditions he ex-
perienced during his post-conviction confinement unlaw-
fully increased the severity of his adjudged sentence. Both
in its brief and at oral argument, the Government ex-
pressly challenged this Court’s precedents endorsing that
legal theory, arguing that those cases were wrongly de-
cided and that the fundamental issue presented in this
case—whether Appellant suffered cruel or unusual punish-
ment during his post-conviction confinement—falls beyond
this Court’s authority to act under Article 67(c), Uniform
Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. § 867(c). In the
alternative, the Government also argued that Appellant
did not establish that he suffered cruel or unusual punish-
ment and is not entitled to relief.
    Agreeing with the Government’s alternative argument,
the Court affirms Appellant’s findings and sentence with-
out reaching or deciding its primary one. I concur with the
Court’s judgment affirming Appellant’s findings and sen-
tence, but I write separately to express my view that this
Court lacks the authority to order the Court of Criminal
Appeals (CCA) to reassess Appellant’s sentence based on
his claim that he suffered cruel or unusual punishment
during post-conviction confinement. For that reason—and
as explained in more detail below—I would overrule this
Court’s decision in United States v. White, 54 M.J. 469, 472
(C.A.A.F. 2001), and deny Appellant relief on that ground.
Because the Court has specifically invited argument about
whether White and its progeny should be overruled, I an-
ticipate that we soon will see this important issue again.
                      I. Introduction
    As relevant to this case, Congress has authorized this
Court to act with respect to one, and only one, thing: “the
findings and sentence set forth in the entry of judgment, as
affirmed or set aside as incorrect in law by the Court of
Criminal Appeals.” Article 67(c)(1)(A), UCMJ. The entry of
judgment—as affirmed by the CCA below—sentenced Ap-
pellant to a dishonorable discharge, confinement for eight
years, and reduction to the grade of E-1. United States v.
            United States v. Pullings, No. 22-0123/AF
           Judge HARDY, concurring in the judgment

Pullings, No. ACM 39948, 2021 CCA LEXIS 648, at *1-2,
2021 WL 5626313, at *2, *10 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. Nov. 30,
2021) (unpublished). All parties agree that Appellant’s sen-
tence as “set forth in the entry of judgment” and as af-
firmed by the CCA was lawful at the time it was adjudged. 1
Nevertheless, Appellant asks us to order the CCA to reas-
sess his adjudged sentence (since we have no authority to
grant any other relief) because he claims that he suffered
cruel or unusual punishment during his post-conviction
confinement. What, one might reasonably ask, does this
claim have to do with Appellant’s adjudged sentence, as set
forth in the entry of judgment and affirmed by the CCA?
The simple answer is nothing. Whether Appellant suffered
cruel or unusual punishment during his post-conviction
confinement has no bearing on the only question that this
Court is authorized to consider: whether the sentence ad-
judged by his court-martial and affirmed by the CCA was
lawful.
   As legislatively created Article I courts, this Court and
the CCAs are courts of “narrowly circumscribed” jurisdic-
tion. Clinton v. Goldsmith (Goldsmith II), 526 U.S. 529, 535
(1999). 2 Nevertheless, over time, both our predecessor
Court and then this Court came to view themselves as hav-
ing “broad jurisdiction under the Uniform Code of Military
Justice to correct injustices.” Goldsmith v. Clinton (Gold-
smith I), 48 M.J. 84, 91 (C.A.A.F. 1998) (Sullivan, J., con-
curring). For example, in United States v. Frischholz, our
predecessor Court expressed its view that its authority was

   1  Appellant’s counsel conceded at oral argument that Appel-
lant’s sentence was lawful at the time of entry of judgment. Oral
Argument at 10:58:15-10:58:25, United States v. Pullings
(C.A.A.F. Nov. 8, 2022) (No. 22-0123).
   2  “Courts created by statute can have no jurisdiction but such
as the statute confers.” Christianson v. Colt Indus. Operating
Corp., 486 U.S. 800, 818 (1988) (internal quotation marks omit-
ted) (quoting Sheldon v. Sill, 49 U.S. 441, 449 (1850)); see also
Ctr. for Const. Rts. v. United States, 72 M.J. 126, 128 (C.A.A.F.
2013) (“In particular, this Court, and courts-martial in general,
being creatures of Congress created under the Article I power to
regulate the armed forces, must exercise their jurisdiction in
strict compliance with authorizing statutes.”).

                                  2
            United States v. Pullings, No. 22-0123/AF
           Judge HARDY, concurring in the judgment

not defined solely by Article 67, UCMJ, but also extended
to “the protection and preservation of the Constitutional
rights of persons in the armed forces.” 16 C.M.A. 150,
151-52, 36 C.M.R. 306, 307-08 (1966). The following year
the Court further explained its belief that Article 67,
UCMJ, “indicates the intent of Congress to confer upon this
Court a general supervisory power over the administration
of military justice.” Gale v. United States, 17 C.M.A. 40, 42,
37 C.M.R. 304, 306 (1967). In short, the Court believed
that—regardless of the limitations placed on our authority
by Article 67, UCMJ—“an accused who has been deprived
of his rights need not go outside the military justice system
to find relief in the civilian courts of the Federal judiciary.”
United States v. Bevilacqua, 18 C.M.A. 10, 11-12, 39 C.M.R.
10, 11-12 (1968).
    This expansive view of our purpose and authority even-
tually culminated in a decision from our Court, United
States v. White, in which this Court held that we have a
duty to consider, as part of our Article 67 review on direct
appeal, any claims by an appellant that his post-conviction
confinement conditions violate the Eighth Amendment or
Article 55, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 855. 54 M.J. at 472 (holding
that this Court has “jurisdiction under Article 67(c) to de-
termine on direct appeal if the adjudged and approved sen-
tence is being executed in a manner that offends the Eighth
Amendment or Article 55”). I cannot go along with such a
fundamental and unauthorized expansion of this Court’s
power that has no statutory basis. Instead, for the reasons
explained below, I would hold that this Court has no au-
thority to entertain Appellant’s post-conviction confine-
ment Eighth Amendment and Article 55 claims and deny
relief on that ground.
           II. White and Its Progeny Contradict
           the Text of Articles 66 and 67, UCMJ
    In recent years, this Court has repeatedly expressed
doubt about its holding in White, as well as its holding in
United States v. Erby, 54 M.J. 476, 478 (C.A.A.F. 2001), a
second case released the same day in which this Court held
that the CCA's are similarly empowered to hear post-con-
viction confinement cruel or unusual punishment claims
under Article 66, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 866. Our recent

                                 3
            United States v. Pullings, No. 22-0123/AF
           Judge HARDY, concurring in the judgment

opinions have recognized what was obvious from the start:
Erby and White contradict the plain text of Articles 66 and
67, UCMJ. In United States v. Jessie, we acknowledged
that we “may decide in a future case whether [Erby and
White] should be overruled, modified, or instead allowed to
stand as ‘aberration[s]’ that are ‘fully entitled to the benefit
of stare decisis’ because they have become established.” 79
M.J. 437, 445 (C.A.A.F. 2020) (second alteration in origi-
nal) (citation omitted). In United States v. Guinn, we rec-
ognized that it “may be argued that this Court’s precedents
regarding the scope of a CCA’s responsibilities under Arti-
cle 66(c) are not properly predicated on the plain language
of that statute,” but failed to reach the merits of that ques-
tion because the government did not ask us to overturn our
precedents. 81 M.J. 195, 204 (C.A.A.F. 2021); see also id. at
205 (Maggs, J., concurring) (opining that a party could ask
this Court to reconsider its precedents in a future case such
that this Court could evaluate the merits of such an argu-
ment at that time). Most recently, in United States v. Will-
man, we once again noted that arguments can be made that
this Court’s decisions in these post-conviction confinement
conditions cases are not properly predicated on the plain
language of Articles 66 and 67, UCMJ. 81 M.J. 355, 360
(C.A.A.F. 2021).
    In this case, the Government accepted the invitation
that this Court extended in Guinn by challenging our au-
thority to hear Appellant’s claims and requesting that we
overturn our cases holding otherwise. See Brief for Appel-
lee at 18, United States v. Pullings, No. 22-0123 (C.A.A.F.
Jul. 29, 2022) (asking this Court to overrule its line of cases
in which it asserted authority over claims that are based
on post-trial confinement conditions); see also id. at 25
(“This Court should hold that it and the CCAs have no ju-
risdiction to review post-trial confinement conditions that
were not part of the sentence entered into judgment.”).
   Appellant’s challenge to his sentence is the type of case
that falls squarely within this Court’s jurisdiction under
Article 67(a)(3), UCMJ: a case “reviewed by a Court of
Criminal Appeals in which, upon petition of the accused
and on good cause shown, the Court of Appeals for the
Armed Forces has granted a review.” But Article 67(a),

                                 4
           United States v. Pullings, No. 22-0123/AF
          Judge HARDY, concurring in the judgment

UCMJ, does not impose the only restriction on our author-
ity. As relevant here, Article 67(c)(1)(A) further states that
this Court may act only with respect to “the findings and
sentence set forth in the entry of judgment, as affirmed or
set aside as incorrect in law by the Court of Criminal Ap-
peals.” (emphasis added). Accordingly, this Court routinely
hears challenges to the lawfulness of an appellant’s ad-
judged sentence. See, e.g., United States v. Dinger, 77 M.J.
447, 448 (C.A.A.F. 2018) (holding that a court-martial is
not prohibited from adjudging a punitive discharge to a re-
tiree); United States v. Christian, 63 M.J. 205, 206
(C.A.A.F. 2006) (holding that life without eligibility for pa-
role was an authorized court-martial sentence for the crime
of forcible sodomy of a child under twelve years of age dur-
ing the relevant time period).
    But I agree with the Government that the cases begin-
ning with White that extended our Article 67(c) authority
to include review of whether the appellant’s adjudged and
approved sentence is being executed in a manner that of-
fends the Eighth Amendment or Article 55, UCMJ, violate
the plain language of Articles 66 and 67, UCMJ. As rele-
vant here, Article 66(d)(1)(A), UCMJ, authorizes a CCA to
“act only with respect to the findings and sentence as en-
tered into the record.” Similarly, pursuant to Article
67(c)(1)(A), UCMJ, this Court may act only with respect to
“the findings and sentence” as affirmed or set aside by the
CCA. Post-conviction confinement conditions are not part
of the “findings and sentence” with respect to which this
Court or the CCAs are authorized to act. 3 Findings consist
of: (1) a summary of each charge and specification; (2) the
pleas of the accused; and (3) the finding or other disposition
of each charge and specification. Rule for Courts-Martial
(R.C.M.) 1101(a)(1) (2019 ed.). The sentence consists of:
(1) the sentence of the court-martial; (2) the date the sen-
tence was announced; and (3) the amount of credit, if any,

   3 Given the CCA’s broad and unique authority under Article
66, UCMJ, I would leave for another time the question whether
the CCAs have jurisdiction to hear post-conviction confinement
claims. That said, post-conviction confinement claims are not
part of the findings and sentence, and the CCAs cannot assert
jurisdiction over such claims under Article 66(d)(1)(A), UCMJ.

                                5
            United States v. Pullings, No. 22-0123/AF
           Judge HARDY, concurring in the judgment

applied to the sentence for pretrial confinement or other
reasons. 4 R.C.M. 1101(a)(2).
    Based on the plain language of these provisions (and as
a matter of logic and common sense), post-conviction con-
finement conditions cannot be part of the findings or sen-
tence of a court-martial unless those conditions are speci-
fied by the court-martial and entered in the record. See
Guinn, 81 M.J. at 206 (Ryan, S.J., dissenting) (treating
post-conviction confinement conditions as obviously out-
side the bounds of Article 66’s “findings and sentence” re-
quirement). But, on a more fundamental level, it is tempo-
rally impossible for post-conviction confinement conditions
to be part of a sentence under the implementing provisions
in the Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (Manual).
A court-martial sentence is executed and takes effect when
the judgment is entered into the record under R.C.M. 1111.
R.C.M. 1102(a)(1). The judgment consists of the court’s
findings and sentence. R.C.M. 1111(b). Judgments are fi-
nal upon entry, and cannot be altered, unless the military
judge corrects a clerical error within fourteen days of its
entry, the Judge Advocate General or a military appellate
court modifies the judgment in performance of their duties,
or a military judge modifies a judgment consistent with the
limited purposes of a remand from a higher court.
R.C.M. 1111(c). Given that the sentence is a component of
a court-martial’s judgment, it cannot be modified outside
the bounds of R.C.M. 1111(c) because any change in the
sentence would necessarily modify the judgment.
   Accordingly, if an accused’s sentence is lawful at the
time of the entry of judgment, events that occur after the
entry of judgment cannot be considered as part of the sen-
tence such that its legality or appropriateness is affected.
In other words, but for the exceptions enumerated in
R.C.M. 1111(c), a sentence is fixed upon the entry of judg-
ment and post-conviction confinement conditions cannot

   4 R.C.M. 1101(a)(2) includes additional components of a sen-
tence if the accused was convicted of more than one offense, none
of which can be reasonably construed to apply to post-conviction
confinement conditions.

                                 6
            United States v. Pullings, No. 22-0123/AF
           Judge HARDY, concurring in the judgment

retroactively alter the sentence. Perhaps in recognition of
this fact, Appellant has not challenged the lawfulness of his
sentence as adjudged by his court-martial. 5 Instead, Appel-
lant specifically seeks a reduction in his adjudged sentence
as a remedy for cruel or unusual punishment that he alleg-
edly suffered during his post-conviction confinement in a
civilian jail. The plain language of Article 67, UCMJ, does
not confer authority on this Court to hear Appellant’s
claim.
          III. White Flouted the Supreme Court’s
              Decision in Clinton v. Goldsmith
    In Goldsmith I, Major James Goldsmith sought to en-
join the President’s order dropping Goldsmith from the
rolls of the Air Force two years after Goldsmith was con-
victed of various offenses by a general court-martial. 6 48
M.J. at 85-86. Like Appellant here, Goldsmith did not chal-
lenge the lawfulness of the findings of guilt or the sentence
adjudged by his court-martial. Instead, Goldsmith sought
extraordinary relief from our Court, arguing that the Pres-
ident’s action dropping him from the roles of the Air Force
violated the Ex Post Facto and Double Jeopardy Clauses of

   5 This Court granted review of two questions, both solely re-
lated to Appellant’s claim that he suffered cruel or unusual pun-
ishment in post-conviction confinement:
   I. In addition to prison officials, can the decisions of military
   personnel satisfy the “deliberate indifference” aspect of the
   cruel and unusual punishment test when they repeatedly
   send military inmates to a local civilian confinement center
   with a history of inhumane living conditions for inmates?
   II. Additionally or alternatively, did Appellant suffer cruel
   and unusual punishment for 247 days and nights at Lowndes
   County jail?
United States v. Pullings, 82 M.J. 372, 372-73 (C.A.A.F. 2022)
(order granting review).
   6 In the then recently enacted National Defense Authoriza-
tion Act for Fiscal Year 1996, Congress had authorized the Pres-
ident to drop from the rolls of the armed forces any servicemem-
ber who, like Goldsmith, had been sentenced by court-martial to
more than six months of confinement and had served at least six
months. Goldsmith II, 526 U.S. at 532 (citing 10 U.S.C. § 1161(b)
and 10 U.S.C. § 1167 (1994 & Supp. III 1998)).

                                  7
            United States v. Pullings, No. 22-0123/AF
           Judge HARDY, concurring in the judgment

the Constitution. Id. at 89-90. Consistent with its belief
that “Congress intended for this Court to have broad re-
sponsibility with respect to administration of military jus-
tice,” this Court held that it had jurisdiction over Gold-
smith’s case under the All Writs Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1651(a)
even though he was not challenging the findings or sen-
tence from his court-martial. Goldsmith I, 48 M.J. at 86-87.
    In a brief, unanimous opinion, the Supreme Court re-
versed Goldsmith II, 526 U.S. at 540. In doing so, the Su-
preme Court expressly rejected both this Court’s majority
view that Congress intended C.A.A.F. “ ‘to have broad re-
sponsibility with respect to the administration of military
justice,’ ” id. at 534 (quoting Goldsmith I, 48 M.J. at 86-87),
as well as Judge Sullivan’s “more emphatic” view that this
Court “ ‘should use our broad jurisdiction under the
[UCMJ] to correct injustices,’ ” id. at 534 n.6 (alteration in
original) (quoting Goldsmith I, 48 M.J. at 91 (Sullivan, J.,
concurring)). The Supreme Court then explained that
based on the plain language of Articles 66 and 67, UCMJ,
the President’s action dropping Goldsmith from the rolls
was an executive action—not a finding or sentence that
was imposed by Appellant’s court-martial—and was thus
“straightforwardly” beyond this Court’s jurisdiction. Id. at
535. Even though Goldsmith’s conviction and sentence was
a but-for cause of the President’s later action, this Court
had no authority to hear Goldsmith’s constitutional claims
because they fell “outside of the CAAF’s express statutory
jurisdiction.” Id. at 540.
   That logic applies with equal force here. All the actions
that form the basis of Appellant’s cruel or unusual punish-
ment claim are also post-conviction executive actions, ra-
ther than a finding or sentence that was imposed by his
court-martial. Both the Georgia prison administrators at
Lowndes County Jail (LCJ) and the Air Force officers re-
sponsible for issuing the Memorandum of Agreement au-
thorizing Appellant’s confinement at LCJ are independent
executive agents acting outside the military justice system.
Any actions taken by them that affected the execution of
Appellant’s sentence are exactly the kinds of actions that
the Supreme Court declared outside of our authority to re-
view in Goldsmith II.

                                 8
           United States v. Pullings, No. 22-0123/AF
          Judge HARDY, concurring in the judgment

    Goldsmith II cannot be distinguished on the basis that
this Court invoked the All Writs Act in granting Goldsmith
relief. In its opinion, the Supreme Court first concluded
that the President’s action dropping Goldsmith from the
rolls of the Air Force was beyond this Court’s authority to
review, and then separately rejected the argument that
this Court had jurisdiction under the All Writs Act because
this Court’s action enjoining the President “protected and
effectuated the sentence meted out by the court-martial.”
Id. at 535-36. The Supreme Court could not have been more
clear when it held that “CAAF is not given authority, by
the All Writs Act or otherwise, to oversee all matters argu-
ably related to military justice, or to act as a plenary ad-
ministrator even of criminal judgments it has affirmed.” Id.
at 536. That statement remains just as true now as it did
then, and this Court erred when it held otherwise in White.
          IV. The Stare Decisis Factors Do Not
               Support Maintaining White
   Having concluded that Article 67, UCMJ, denies this
Court authority to hear Appellant’s Eighth Amendment
and Article 55 claims, I further believe that the doctrine of
stare decisis does not support maintaining White. When
this Court considers whether to overturn our precedent, we
consider four factors: (1) whether the prior decision was
poorly reasoned or has proven to be unworkable; (2) any
intervening events; (3) the reasonable expectations of ser-
vicemembers; and (4) the risk of undermining public confi-
dence in the law. United States v. Blanks, 77 M.J. 239, 242
(C.A.A.F. 2018). Although there have not been any inter-
vening events that require the abrogation of White, the
other stare decisis factors provide compelling reasons to
abandon that precedent.
              A. White Was Poorly Reasoned
    This Court’s decision in White, and the earlier separate
opinions upon which that decision relied, were poorly rea-
soned because they disregarded the plain text of Article 67,
UCMJ, in pursuit of a well-intentioned but unlawful desire
to exercise a general supervisory power over all aspects of
military justice. In White, this Court asserted—without
any analysis beyond citations to a prior concurrence and

                                9
           United States v. Pullings, No. 22-0123/AF
          Judge HARDY, concurring in the judgment

dissent—that Article 67(c), UCMJ, authorized this Court
not only to determine whether an appellant’s sentence as
adjudged by his court-martial was lawful, but also the “au-
thority to ensure that the severity of the adjudged and ap-
proved sentence has not been unlawfully increased by
prison officials, and to ensure that the sentence is executed
in a manner consistent with Article 55 and the Constitu-
tion.” 54 M.J. at 472. Even the prior separate opinions cited
by this Court in White provide little additional explanation.
They did not wrestle with the text of Article 67, UCMJ, or
explain how post-conviction confinement conditions could
be considered part of “the findings and sentence set forth
in the entry of judgment.” Article 67(c)(1)(A), UCMJ; see
Part II, supra. Instead, they merely asserted that because
Article 55, UCMJ, prohibits the infliction of cruel or unu-
sual punishment upon any servicemember, any allegation
of such punishment “is unquestionably a matter of codal
concern.” United States v. Sanchez, 53 M.J. 393, 398
(C.A.A.F. 2000) (Sullivan, J., dissenting).
    In other words, this Court seemed to have believed that
because Article 55, UCMJ, prohibits cruel or unusual pun-
ishment, this Court must have authority to hear any case
alleging such violations, regardless of the limitations
placed on this Court by Article 67, UCMJ. But neither the
Eighth Amendment nor Article 55, UCMJ, provides any le-
gal basis for extending this Court’s narrowly circumscribed
Article 67 authority to all purportedly unlawful—or even
unconstitutional—executive actions that are arguably re-
lated to the administration of military justice.
   In White this Court casually brushed aside the
argument that the Supreme Court’s decision in
Goldsmith II foreclosed our jurisdiction to consider post-
conviction confinement claims. In only two sentences of
analysis, this Court concluded Goldsmith II did not control
the outcome for two reasons, neither of which justified this
Court’s deviation from the plain language of Articles 66
and 67, UCMJ. First, the Court noted that the statute that
authorized the President to drop Goldsmith from the rolls
was not part of the UCMJ, and thus “not within this
Court’s jurisdiction.” White, 54 M.J. at 472. But this Court’s
authority is not determined by where a federal statute

                               10
           United States v. Pullings, No. 22-0123/AF
          Judge HARDY, concurring in the judgment

appears in the United States Code, but by the text of
Article 67, UCMJ, which, as relevant here, limits our
authority to act to “the findings and sentence set forth in
the entry of judgment.” Moreover, even if this argument
had any relevance, it would apply even more forcefully here
where the conditions at a Georgia jail are a matter of state
rather than federal law.
    The second reason given by this Court in White—that
the case involved “the imposition of a punishment under
the UCMJ” in a case that was before this Court on direct
review, id.—is equally unpersuasive. This logic ignored the
Supreme Court’s reproach in Goldsmith II that this Court
has no authority “to act as a plenary administrator even of
criminal judgments it has affirmed.” 526 U.S. at 536. Nor
does it make any difference that the case in White was be-
fore this Court on direct review rather than as an extraor-
dinary writ. As the Supreme Court explained in Gold-
smith II, and as the text of the All Writs Act itself makes
clear, the All Writs Act is not an independent source of ju-
risdiction. Goldsmith II, 526 U.S. at 534-35 (quoting 28
U.S.C. § 1651(a) and explaining that the All Writs Act “au-
thorizes employment of extraordinary writs . . . ‘in aid of’
the issuing court’s jurisdiction” but does not “enlarge that
jurisdiction”). Whether this Court is reviewing a case on
direct or collateral review, our authority remains the same:
we may only act with respect to “the findings and sentence
set forth in the entry of judgment.” This Court’s decision in
White offered no justification for disregarding this funda-
mental limitation.
                 B. White Is Unworkable
    This Court’s decision in White has also proven to be un-
workable. Because the facts relevant to post-conviction
cruel or unusual punishment claims all occur after the en-
try of judgment, none of those facts appear in the record of
trial. Unsurprisingly—given the restriction placed on this
Court’s authority by Article 67, UCMJ—neither the UCMJ
nor the Manual accommodates our review of such claims.
Our response to this procedural challenge has been to allow
appellants raising Eighth Amendment or Article 55,
UCMJ, claims to present additional, outside-the-record ev-
idence to support their claims. See Jessie, 79 M.J. at 444

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           United States v. Pullings, No. 22-0123/AF
          Judge HARDY, concurring in the judgment

(describing our practice). But as we have previously noted,
our “discordant precedents” authorizing this practice never
addressed the language in Article 66(c), UCMJ, limiting
the CCA’s review to the “entire record” or our prior prece-
dents strictly enforcing that limitation. Id. at 444-45.
    The extra-statutory accommodations that this Court
has imposed to enable the review of post-conviction con-
finement Eighth Amendment and Article 55 claims have
repeatedly led to additional questions for which there are
no easy or satisfying solutions. Essentially, those cases
have asked whether, having deviated so far from the UCMJ
and the Manual to review Eighth Amendment and Article
55 claims in White, should we also do so for other reasons?
In Guinn, for example, a divided Court held that the CCA
erred when it declined to consider whether an appellant’s
post-conviction confinement conditions violated his First or
Fifth Amendment rights, even if those conditions did not
amount to cruel or unusual punishment. 81 M.J. at 201.
This Court expressly disclaimed that it intended to turn
the CCAs into clearinghouses for military prisoners’ post-
conviction confinement complaints, id. at 203, but there is
no limiting principle to this Court’s logic. If White and its
progeny authorize the CCAs to review Eighth Amendment
and Article 55 claims, then why not First and Fifth Amend-
ment claims? And if First and Fifth Amendment claims are
reviewable, then why not something else? See Jessie, 79
M.J. at 444 (explaining that the lack of any limiting prin-
ciple in our post-conviction confinement conditions cases
threaten to render the limiting language in Article 66(c)
superfluous).
    Even when this Court has declined to further extend
White’s logic, the result is an odd paradigm of seemingly
contradictory precedents. In Jessie, this Court decided—
over two dissents—that the CCAs do not have the author-
ity to consider completely outside-the-record materials to
determine whether an appellant’s post-conviction confine-
ment conditions violated his First or Fifth Amendment
rights. 79 M.J. at 438. Similarly, in Willman, we decided—
again with two judges in dissent—that the CCAs do not
have the authority to consider outside-the-record materials
submitted to the court in support of an Eighth Amendment

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            United States v. Pullings, No. 22-0123/AF
           Judge HARDY, concurring in the judgment

or Article 55 claim when performing sentence appropriate-
ness review. 81 M.J. at 356-57. This Court admitted that
its ruling created an “odd paradigm” where a CCA could
consider outside-the-record materials for some reasons but
not for others but concluded that the oddness was justified
by our reluctance to deviate even farther from the text of
the UCMJ. Id. at 360.
    No matter how well intentioned this Court’s decision in
White might have been, that opinion sent us down a
difficult path of trying to solve alleged injustices without
any foundation in the UCMJ for so doing. Despite our best
efforts, we have left in our wake a series of seemingly
arbitrary and conflicting lines of precedent to apply in post-
conviction confinement cases. This Court’s decision in
White was wrong from the start, and we should stop
making additional bad decisions on the inertial force of our
prior mistakes.
            C. There Are No Reliance Interests
           to Undermine by Overturning White
   White and its progeny allow incarcerated servicemem-
bers to ask the military appellate courts to reduce their ad-
judged sentence as a remedy for allegedly unlawful post-
conviction confinement conditions. If this Court overruled
White and eliminated this judicially created scheme—
which has no parallel in the civilian courts—servicemem-
bers would find themselves in the same position as every
other federal prisoner in the country. 7 They could still seek

   7 As an aside, it bears mentioning that White and its progeny
only allow the military appellate courts to hear Eighth Amend-
ment and Article 55 claims on direct review. Incarcerated ser-
vicemembers who allegedly suffer cruel or unusual punishment
after their direct appeals under Article 66 and 67, UCMJ, have
been completed are already in the same situation as civilian
prisoners. This Court once suggested in dicta that we also have
the authority to review a collateral attack on conditions of con-
finement, see White, 54 M.J. at 472 (expressing confidence that
Goldsmith II would not preclude this Court from doing so), but
this Court never subsequently held that it had that authority.
As a result—and in yet another example of the absurdity of the
White line of precedent—servicemembers can only seek sentence

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            United States v. Pullings, No. 22-0123/AF
           Judge HARDY, concurring in the judgment

injunctions or damages as a remedy for the allegedly un-
lawful confinement conditions in the federal district courts,
two remedies that the military appellate courts are gener-
ally powerless to impose.
    In the past, some observers have implied that there
might be reliance interests in this Court’s assertion of ju-
risdiction over post-conviction confinement Eighth Amend-
ment and Article 55, UCMJ, claims due to the limitations
of the Feres doctrine. See, e.g., Jessie 79 M.J. at 447 n.1
(Ohlson, J., dissenting) (noting that claims that federal ci-
vilian courts can award damages to military prisoners “of-
fers false hope given that the Feres doctrine prohibits law-
suits by military prisoners against the federal
government”). But legitimate concerns about the Feres doc-
trine do not justify maintaining White and its progeny.
    The Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA) renders the
United States liable to all persons, including servicemem-
bers, injured by the negligence of federal government em-
ployees subject to several exceptions. 28 U.S.C. §§ 2671-
2680 (outlining the procedure for bringing tort claims
against the federal government). One of those exceptions
applies to “[a]ny claim arising out of the combatant activi-
ties of the military or naval forces, or the Coast Guard, dur-
ing time of war.” Id. § 2680(j) (emphasis added). In Feres v.
United States, the Supreme Court interpreted that excep-
tion as barring all claims for injuries suffered by service-
members during any activity incident to their military ser-
vice, regardless of the type of activity from which the injury
arose or whether the injury was suffered during wartime.
340 U.S. 135, 146 (1950). As noted by Justice Scalia, “Feres
was wrongly decided and heartily deserves the widespread,
almost universal criticism it has received.” United States v.
Johnson, 481 U.S. 681, 700-01 (1987) (Scalia, J., with
whom Brennan, J., Marshall, J., and Stevens, J., joined,
dissenting) (internal quotation marks omitted) (citation
omitted).

reductions for unconstitutional confinement conditions that oc-
cur before their direct appeals become final.

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            United States v. Pullings, No. 22-0123/AF
           Judge HARDY, concurring in the judgment

    Nevertheless, Feres remains good law, leading courts to
hold that tort claims against the federal government for in-
juries suffered by incarcerated servicemembers are barred
under the Feres doctrine. See, e.g., Walden v. Bartlett, 840
F.2d 771, 774 (10th Cir. 1988) (holding that confinement in
a military facility is part of a uniquely military relationship
such that it is incident to the servicemembers military ser-
vice under Feres); see also Schnitzer v. Harvey, 389 F.3d
200, 203 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (collecting cases). One can only
hope that recent cases refusing to apply the Feres doctrine
will convince the Supreme Court to reconsider its interpre-
tation of the FTCA. See, e.g., Spletstoser v. Hyten, 44 F.4th
938, 959 (9th Cir. 2022) (affirming the district court’s re-
fusal to dismiss tort claims against the federal government
brought by a servicemember who alleges that she was sex-
ually assaulted by a superior officer); see also Doe v. United
States, 141 S. Ct. 1498, 1499 (2021) (Thomas, J, dissenting
from the denial of certiorari) (urging his fellow justices to
abandon the Feres doctrine if they cannot find a way to
“rein it in”).
    But even if confined servicemembers remain barred
from recovering money damages from the federal govern-
ment by the Feres doctrine, that does not justify a judicially
created scheme to circumvent the doctrine by compensat-
ing servicemembers for unlawful confinement conditions
by reducing their adjudged sentences. Besides violating the
limits of our narrowly circumscribed authority, the scheme
reeks of judicial lawmaking. Congress never gave this
Court the authority to ensure that a servicemember’s law-
fully adjudged and approved sentence was being executed
in a manner that does not offend the Eighth Amendment
or Article 55, UCMJ. And Congress never gave any federal
court the authority to reduce a lawfully adjudged and ap-
proved sentence as compensation for cruel or unusual pun-
ishment. There cannot be any legitimate reliance interests
in such a scheme.
      D. Overturning White Would Not Undermine
             Public Confidence in the Law
   The final factor in our stare decisis analysis asks
whether public confidence in this Court will be undermined
if we overturn our prior precedent. Here, I believe that

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            United States v. Pullings, No. 22-0123/AF
           Judge HARDY, concurring in the judgment

maintaining White and its progeny does more to undermine
public confidence than overturning it does. As noted above,
this Court has repeatedly cast doubt on the legitimacy of
White while simultaneously struggling to reconcile and ac-
commodate the extra-statutory duties that those cases
have imposed on the military appellate courts.
    This Court originally started down this path to
effectuate its belief that it possessed a “broad responsibility
with respect to the administration of military justice.”
Goldsmith I, 48 M.J. at 86-87. But, to my knowledge, this
Court has never granted relief based on violations of an
appellant’s Eighth Amendment or Article 55 rights based
on post-conviction confinement conditions, so it is
questionable how effective this fool’s errand has been.
Indeed, there is a good argument to be made that
servicemembers would be better off presenting their cruel
or unusual punishment claims to a federal district court in
the first instance. In my view, it would only improve the
public confidence in the law if we admitted our mistake,
overturned White, and abandoned the practice of hearing
post-conviction confinement cruel or unusual punishment
claims raised on direct review.
                        V. Conclusion
   Because I believe that White and its progeny contravene
the text of Articles 66 and 67, UCMJ, and that this Court
has no authority to hear claims based on post-conviction
confinement conditions, I would affirm Appellant’s findings
and sentence without reaching the merits of either granted
issue.

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