Court Opinion

ID: 9412388
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-07-30 08:10:39.382301+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:41:14.610863
License: Public Domain

Affirmed and Memorandum Opinion filed July 25, 2023.

                                     In The

                    Fourteenth Court of Appeals

                             NO. 14-22-00130-CV

              MARCELL RODRIGUEZ SEGOVIA, Appellant
                                       V.
                    HOUSTON METALS, LLC, Appellee

                   On Appeal from the 129th District Court
                           Harris County, Texas
                     Trial Court Cause No. 2019-82898

                          MEMORANDUM OPINION

      In a single issue on appeal from a final summary judgment, appellant
Marcell Rodriguez Segovia argues the trial court erred because there were genuine
issues of material fact precluding summary judgment in favor of appellee Houston
Metals, LLC. We affirm.

                              I.    BACKGROUND

      Segovia, a truck driver for 7G’s Trucking, drove to a facility owned by
Houston Metals, LLC in October 2019 to receive a load of scrap metal. The scrap
metal was loaded by a machine operated by a Houston Metals’ employee into
Segovia’s truck. After the truck was loaded, Segovia drove his truck to a scale to
have the load weighed. Houston Metals issued a ticket confirming the load was not
overweight, and then Segovia moved the truck near the exit of the Houston Metals
facility to cover and secure the load. Segovia alleges the truck was overloaded by
volume such that he had to “even out” the load to cover the trailer. Segovia was on
top of his truck when he slipped on a piece of scrap metal and fell. Segovia
sustained injuries, including several fractures and broken bones.

       Segovia filed suit against Houston Metals asserting negligence and gross
negligence. The basis of Segovia’s claims was his allegation that Houston Metals
overloaded his truck, which ultimately led to his injuries. Houston Metals filed a
traditional and no-evidence summary-judgment motion seeking dismissal of all
Segovia’s claims. In its no-evidence motion, Houston Metals argued that summary
judgment was proper because Segovia had not produced evidence on any element
of a negligent-activity claim or a premises-liability claim. In its traditional motion,
Houston Metals asserted that the evidence demonstrated as a matter of law that
Segovia could not establish duty or proximate cause. The trial court granted
Houston Metals’ summary-judgment motion and rendered a final judgment.1

       Segovia filed a motion for reconsideration, which was denied by the trial
court. Segovia now timely appeals. 2

       1
         The final judgment contains unequivocal finality language: “This is the final judgment,
it disposes of all claims and parties and is appealable.” See Lehmann v. Har-Con Corp., 39
S.W.3d 191, 192–93, 200 (Tex. 2001).
       2
         Segovia filed his postjudgment motion December 13, 2021—within the thirty-day
period during which the trial court retained plenary power—thereby extending plenary power.
See Tex. R. Civ. P. 329b(a), (c). However, the court clerk returned Segovia’s electronic filing
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                                       II.     ANALYSIS

       Segovia argues on appeal that a fact question exists because there was
summary-judgment evidence establishing that Houston Metals previously
overloaded trucks, knew it had overloaded Segovia’s truck, refused to help Segovia
or reconfigure the load so the truck could be tarped, and knew Segovia could not
legally leave its premises until the load had been fixed.

A.     Standard of review

       We review a trial court’s ruling on summary judgment de novo. Traveler’s
Ins. v. Joachim, 315 S.W.3d 860, 862 (Tex. 2010). In conducting that review, we
examine the entire record in the light most favorable to the nonmovant, crediting
evidence a reasonable juror could credit and disregarding contrary evidence unless
a reasonable juror could not. Merriman v. XTO Energy, Inc., 407 S.W.3d 244, 248
(Tex. 2013). Our review is limited to the issues presented to the trial court in the
motion for summary judgment, as the judgment may be affirmed only on grounds
presented in the motion. Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(c); City of Houston v. Clear Creek
Basin Auth., 589 S.W.2d 671, 676 (Tex. 1979).

       “When a party moves for both traditional and no-evidence summary
judgments, we first consider the no-evidence motion.” First United Pentecostal

due to a clerical error, and the filing was not accepted until December 14, 2021. Houston Metals
argues that Segovia’s motion was untimely and therefore his appeal is untimely. We disagree.
Rule 21(f)(5) addresses this situation providing that an “electronically filed document is deemed
filed when transmitted to the filing party’s electronic filing service provider[.]” Tex. R. Civ. P.
21(f)(5); see also NA Land Co. v. State, 624 S.W.3d 671, 674–75 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th
Dist.] 2021, no pet. h.) (holding that objection to condemnation award was timely filed when
objection was submitted to service provider on last day for filing but was not accepted due to
technical outage). Further, the trial court also marked Segovia’s motion as filed on December 13,
2021 and therefore filed within the trial court’s plenary power. We conclude Segovia’s
postjudgment motion was timely filed, as was his notice of appeal.
                                                3
Church of Beaumont, d/b/a the Anchor of Beaumont v. Parker, 514 S.W.3d 214,
219 (Tex. 2017) (citing Ford Motor Co. v. Ridgway, 135 S.W.3d 598, 600 (Tex.
2004)). “If the non-movant fails to meet its burden under the no-evidence motion,
there is no need to address the challenge to the traditional motion as it necessarily
fails.” Id. (citing Merriman, 407 S.W.3d at 248). “Thus, we first review each claim
under the no-evidence standard.” Id.

       When a motion for summary judgment claims there is no evidence
supporting any element of a claim or defense on which the nonmovant bears the
burden of proof at trial, we look to see if the nonmoving party has presented
evidence raising a genuine issue of material fact on the element or elements in
question. Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(i); Mack Trucks, Inc. v. Tamez, 206 S.W.3d 572,
582 (Tex. 2006)).

B.     Premises liability

       Segovia admits that he pleaded a negligence claim against Houston Metals
but argues that a negligence claim includes both a “premises-liability theory” or
“negligent activity” theory. Segovia’s legal arguments, in the trial court and here,
blend negligent activity and premises liability because he is alleging that a
negligent activity on the part of Houston Metals (overloading the trailer) caused a
dangerous condition on Segovia’s trailer (the piece of scrap metal Segovia slipped
on).

       “[A] person injured on another’s property may have either a negligence
claim or a premises-liability claim against the property owner.” Occidental Chem.
Corp. v. Jenkins, 478 S.W.3d 640, 644 (Tex. 2016). “Negligence and premises
liability claims . . . are separate and distinct theories of recovery, requiring
plaintiffs to prove different, albeit similar, elements.” United Scaffolding, Inc. v.
Levine, 537 S.W.3d 463, 471 (Tex. 2017); see also Comm. on Pattern Jury
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Charges, State Bar of Tex., Texas Pattern Jury Charges: Malpractice • Premises •
Products PJC 65.1 (2020). However, the supreme court has acknowledged that an
injury can have more than one proximate cause. Austin v. Kroger Tex., L.P., 465
S.W.3d 193, 216 (Tex. 2015). In other words, the fact that a plaintiff has alleged
that a condition of the premises proximately caused his injury does not preclude
the plaintiff from also alleging that the defendant-landowner may have owed other
duties, the breach of which caused injury. See id. Therefore, we review Segovia’s
pleadings to determine if he pleaded a premises-liability cause of action in addition
to his negligent-activity cause of action.

      The elements of a premises-liability claim are: (1) the defendant had actual
or constructive knowledge of some condition on the premises; (2) the condition
posed an unreasonable risk of harm; (3) the defendant failed to exercise reasonable
care to reduce or eliminate the risk; and (4) the defendant’s failure proximately
caused the plaintiff's injuries. United Scaffolding, 537 S.W.3d at 471; see also
Comm. on Pattern Jury Charges, State Bar of Tex., Texas Pattern Jury Charges:
Malpractice • Premises • Products PJC 66.4 (2020). When a plaintiff alleges injury
as a result of a physical condition or defect on the premises, premises-liability
principles apply. Id. at 472. “[S]lip/trip-and-fall cases have consistently been
treated as premises defect causes of action.” Id. (holding alleged injury resulting
from fall through scaffolding platform that was not properly secured constituted
premises-liability claim).

      Segovia’s amended petition alleges that Houston Metals did not ensure a
safe work environment on their premises, provide him with proper assistance,
maintain a safe work environment, provide him with proper warning of the hazards
associated with an overloaded scrap trailer, or load Segovia’s trailer in a safe and
proper manner. However, Segovia does not allege that he was injured by any

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defect or dangerous condition on Houston Metals’ premises. The alleged
dangerous condition was on Segovia’s truck. Segovia also neither alleges that his
truck was owned, occupied or controlled by Houston Metals, nor was there any
summary-judgment evidence establishing Houston Metals’ control over the truck.
Therefore, although the facts of this case involve a slip and fall, Segovia has not
pleaded a premises-liability claim. See Wilson v. Tex. Parks & Wildlife Dep’t, 8
S.W.3d 634, 635 (Tex. 1999) (“As a rule, to prevail on a premises liability claim a
plaintiff must prove that the defendant possessed—that is, owned, occupied, or
controlled—the premises where injury occurred.”).

       A “defendant need not . . . show that the plaintiff cannot succeed on any
theory conceivable in order to obtain summary judgment; he is only ‘required to
meet the plaintiff’s case as pleaded.’” SmithKline Beecham Corp. v. Doe, 903
S.W.2d 347, 355 (Tex. 1995) (quoting Cook v. Brundidge, Fountain, Elliott &
Churchill, 533 S.W.2d 751, 759 (Tex. 1976)); see also Jones v. Wal-Mart Stores,
Inc., 893 S.W.2d 144, 147 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1995, no pet.)
(unpleaded cause of action could not be raised to defeat summary-judgment motion
that was directed at claim that plaintiff asserted in petition). Therefore, even
though Segovia’s summary-judgment briefing asserts a premises-liability cause of
action, he did not plead a premises-liability cause of action and cannot raise it for
the first time in his summary-judgment briefing. 3

       3
         Even if Segovia’s amended petition could be liberally construed as pleading a
premises-liability cause of action, he presented no summary-judgment evidence to establish
Houston Metals’ control of his truck or a defect on the premises subject to their control. Having
concluded that Segovia did not plead or prove a premises-liability claim, we need not consider
his arguments that the “necessary use” exception applied to create liability on the part of
Houston Metals. The necessary-use exception is an exception to the general rule in a
premises-liability claim that an owner need not warn or make the premises safe as against
obvious or known dangers. Austin, 465 S.W.3d at 204.

                                               6
C.    Negligent activity

      We turn now to Segovia’s negligent-activity claim. Because Houston Metals
moved for summary judgment on traditional and no-evidence grounds, we begin
with the no-evidence grounds. Parker, 514 S.W.3d 214, 219.

      In a negligence claim, a plaintiff must prove the existence of a legal duty, a
breach of that duty, and damages proximately caused by the breach. Gharda USA,
Inc. v. Control Sols., Inc., 464 S.W.3d 338, 352 (Tex. 2015). Recovery on a
negligent-activity claim requires that the plaintiff was injured by or as a
contemporaneous result of the activity itself rather than by a condition created by
the activity. Keetch v. Kroger Co., 845 S.W.2d 262, 264 (Tex. 1992); see also
Comm. on Pattern Jury Charges, State Bar of Tex., Texas Pattern Jury Charges—
General Negligence, Intentional Torts & Workers’ Compensation PJC 2.1, 2.4, 4.1
(2020).

      Segovia did not present any evidence, and thereby raise a fact issue,
regarding any contemporaneous negligent activity on the part of Houston Metals.
The undisputed evidence in the record is that Segovia’s truck was loaded by
machine without incident. Although Segovia argues that Houston Metals
overloaded his truck by volume and had a pattern of doings so, he was not injured
in the loading of his truck or by any ongoing activity contemporaneous to the
loading of the truck. Segovia then drove to the scale to have the truck weighed,
without incident. It was not until Segovia drove to the exit of the property to cover
his load that he fell off his truck and was injured. Segovia presented no
summary-judgment evidence of any contemporaneous or ongoing activity on the
part of Houston Metals at the time of his injuries. Therefore, no proximate cause
exists connecting Segovia’s injuries to the complained-of conduct.

      As the supreme court has previously expressed, “almost every artificial
                                         7
condition can be said to have been created by an activity.” Keetch, 845 S.W. 2d at
264. Therefore, the supreme court has “decline[d] to eliminate all distinction
between premises conditions and negligent activities.” Id. Following this
precedent, we conclude that Segovia did not raise a fact issue on each element
required to prevail on his negligent-activity claim.

      We overrule Segovia’s sole issue on appeal.

                                III.   CONCLUSION

      We affirm the judgment of the trial court as challenged on appeal.

                                       /s/       Charles A. Spain
                                                 Justice

Panel consists of Chief Justice Christopher and Justices Jewell and Spain.

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