Court Opinion

ID: 4413428
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-07-02 20:05:12.084474+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:51:04.431417
License: Public Domain

Digitally signed by
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                               Appellate Court                             Date: 2019.07.02
                                                                           13:09:09 -05'00'

                  Flood v. Wilk, 2019 IL App (1st) 172792

Appellate Court   ERIC FLOOD, Petitioner-Appellee,               v.   CHESTER     WILK,
Caption           Respondent-Appellant.

District & No.    First District, Fourth Division
                  Docket No. 1-17-2792

Filed             February 7, 2019

Decision Under    Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 2017-OP-020404;
Review            the Hon. Callie Lynn Baird, Judge, presiding.

Judgment          Vacated in part.

Counsel on        Jeffrey R. Esser, of Chicago, for appellant.
Appeal
                  Gene H. Hansen, of Chicago, for appellee.

Panel             JUSTICE GORDON delivered the judgment of the court, with
                  opinion.
                  Justices Burke and Ellis concurred in the judgment and opinion.
                                              OPINION

¶1       The instant appeal arises from certain relief awarded to petitioner Eric Flood in
     connection with a stalking no contact order entered by the trial court pursuant to the Stalking
     No Contact Order Act (Act) (740 ILCS 21/1 et seq. (West 2016)) against respondent Chester
     Wilk. Specifically, respondent challenges the trial court’s entry of an injunction preventing
     him from “communicating, publishing or communicating in any form any writing naming or
     regarding [petitioner], his family or any employee, staff or member of the congregation of
     South Park Church in Park Ridge,” where petitioner is the pastor. Respondent argues that
     such a restriction violates his constitutional right to free speech; respondent is not
     challenging any other portion of the order.1 For the reasons set forth below, we agree with
     respondent that the order as drafted is overly broad and runs afoul of constitutional concerns,
     and we vacate that portion of the trial court’s order in paragraph (b)(5) that states the
     following: “Respondent is prohibited from communicating, publishing or communicating in
     any form any writing naming or regarding [petitioner], his family, or any employee, staff or
     member of the congregation of South Park Church in Park Ridge, IL.”

¶2                                         BACKGROUND
¶3       On August 17, 2017, petitioner filed a petition alleging that there had been a significant
     increase in unwanted contact in the last two months by respondent towards petitioner that had
     caused increased anxiety to the staff of the church, the congregation, and the neighborhood.
     The petition set forth details of three separate incidents occurring between June 27 and
     August 6, 2017, all of which occurred at South Park Church. The first incident occurred on
     June 27, 2017, and consisted of respondent visiting the office of the church, where the staff
     “had previously been advised not to allow [him] entrance to the building.” The receptionist
     notified a staff member, who went outside and asked respondent to leave. After giving the
     staff member a copy of his book, respondent left.
¶4       The second incident occurred on Sunday, July 2, 2017, and consisted of respondent
     distributing disparaging letters on the windshields of automobiles in the parking lot of South
     Park Church during one of its morning services. The next morning, petitioner reported the
     incident to the Park Ridge police.
¶5       The third incident occurred on Sunday, August 6, 2017, and consisted of respondent
     again distributing disparaging letters on the windshields of automobiles in the parking lot of
     South Park Church during its second worship service. A church member observed respondent
     distributing these letters and informed a staff member, who asked respondent to leave. In
     response, respondent “declared he had a right to be there until the staff person said she would
     call police.”
¶6       In addition to the three specified incidents, the petition contained a “History” section
     detailing respondent’s alleged conduct. In this section, petitioner alleged that “[respondent]
     has been attacking my reputation and the reputation of South Park Church (among many
     other people and organizations) for ten years. A letter was sent to [respondent] from the
        1
          The order further prohibited respondent “from knowingly coming within, or knowingly remaining
     within, 500 feet of Petitioner’s residence” or the church where he is employed. Respondent does not
     contest that portion of the order in this appeal.

                                                  -2-
       leadership of South Park Church in February, 2007, stating the following: ‘Please do not call,
       visit, or write additional letters to us regarding the issues mentioned above.’ Yet erratic
       contact has persisted for a decade.” Petitioner alleged that this activity included
       (1) “[s]ending letters repeatedly to addresses of current and former members of South Park
       Church found in an old church directory,” (2) “[s]ending unwanted emails to South Park
       Church staff with content parallel to his letters,” (3) “[g]oing door to door to neighbors of
       South Park Church to deliver letters,” (4) “[r]epeatedly asking for appointments with
       [petitioner] even though he [was] repeatedly told no and asked to cease all contact,” and
       (5) “[d]istributing flyers in the parking lots of Walgreens at Devon/Talcott and Mariano’s [at]
       Cumberland/Higgins.”
¶7         As an example of one of the fliers in evidence that respondent distributed, one bears the
       heading “South Park Church and [petitioner] is a corrupt church which needs to be
       thoroughly exposed. Here’s why.” The flier claims that petitioner “is a disgrace to
       Christianity” because he refused to suggest marital counseling when respondent’s wife left
       him after 40 years of marriage.
¶8         Respondent repeatedly referred to petitioner and his church as “corrupt” and used
       petitioner’s conduct as an example of “how the devil gets into churches.” For instance, in an
       August 6, 2017, letter, respondent stated that, due to petitioner’s actions, respondent “was
       compelled to write and publish the book entitled, ‘The devil’s intervention into healthcare,
       politics, churches, courts and families.’ ” (Emphasis omitted.) Respondent also stated that
       petitioner “cannot be that stupid but he sure can be that influenced by the devil according to
       the Bible.”
¶9         Respondent also explained how, as a child, “[he] had [his] entire future completely
       outlined in fine detail with over 20 predictions well over 60 years in advance with 100%
       accuracy and never once wrong.” Respondent believed that the family friend who provided
       these predictions was his “guardian angel sent by God” and that “God gave [him] a glimpse
       into [his] future and a responsibility to use [his] accurate and supernatural information so [he]
       could realize that there is a God in heaven and a devil in hell.”
¶ 10       These same sentiments appear in a July 2, 2017, letter, in which respondent also notes,
       with respect to the predictions: “I could not have gotten such fine detailed predictions
       without Divine Intervention, and I can back up every word I say here with a polygraph test.
       *** I received a gift which I can use to destroy any atheist in a debate with scientific proof
       that should satisfy the most hard-nosed scientist. I will challenge any atheist and I will clean
       their clock big time. That is if any is willing to challenge me. What I will be using is called
       the Science of Probability. Unfortunately some of our pastors have blinders on and can’t see
       it. Maybe this message will open their eyes as I am compelled to fulfill my destiny which
       was predicted since I was a child. And believe me it will happen!” (Emphasis in original.)
¶ 11       On December 13, 2009, respondent sent a letter to “the entire staff at South Park
       Community Church,” which included as enclosures correspondence between respondent and
       a California court, where respondent was apparently engaged in court proceedings
       concerning his estranged wife. One enclosure was entitled “Cover Letter” and included bullet
       points refuting his wife Ardith’s claims: “1) Regarding Ardith’s concern of my going to
       California”; “2) Regarding Ardith being fearful of me as having a mental illness”;
       “3) Regarding Ardith claiming I am talking about fulfilling prophesies”; “4) Ardith alleges
       that I said she is ‘possessed’ by the devil”; “5) Ardith alleged that I would ‘fix’ her”;

                                                   -3-
       “6) Ardith and her daughters keep insisting I am egotistical and narcissistic”; “7) Ardith
       alleges that I am Delusional”; “8) Ardith noted that South Park Church ‘banned’ me from
       going there”; “9) Regarding being ‘unloved’ by [respondent]”; “10) Regarding Ardith’s
       accusations about [respondent] swearing”; and “11) [Respondent] claiming the devil is
       influencing the family.” This communication to the California court also noted that one of
       respondent’s daughters had obtained a restraining order against respondent, claiming that she
       “could not sleep nights and felt intimidated by her dad.” The “family history” portion of the
       communication ended by stating: “The real message to be gotten here is that this is spiritual
       warfare between GOOD and EVIL. The facts speak for themselves in the eyes of God and
       reasonable minded people.” (Emphasis in original.)
¶ 12       The petition also contained a section entitled “Effects of the Incidents on Petitioner,”
       which provided that “[s]taff members and church members have expressed increased concern
       for the reputation of the church and increased anxiety about keeping our congregation safe.
       My family, our staff, and our church leaders are concerned for their own well-being as well
       as that of our congregation. The obsessive nature of the criticism makes us fear a future
       elevated response by [respondent] that could cause disruption of ministry or worse.”
       Petitioner further alleged that “[t]here are many untrue statements made in the letters that
       discredit me. Though many people disregard the letters due to their bizarre and ranting
       nature, it also raises questions among others that undermine my credibility.” Finally,
       petitioner alleged that “[e]very letter and visit by [respondent] is an unwanted distraction and
       excessive waste of time as we answer questions and respond to concerns.”
¶ 13       On the same day, the trial court entered an emergency stalking no contact order,
       prohibiting respondent from threatening to commit stalking or committing stalking; from
       having any contact with petitioner; and from knowingly coming within, or knowingly
       remaining within, 150 feet of petitioner’s residence or place of employment. The trial court
       also set the petition for a plenary stalking no contact order for hearing on September 12,
       2017.
¶ 14       Respondent filed a pro se appearance and, on August 22, 2017, filed an answer in which
       he faulted petitioner for failing to recommend to respondent’s estranged wife 10 years ago
       that she engage in marital counseling with respondent. Attached to the answer was a letter
       drafted by respondent addressed to the trial court. In the letter, respondent claimed that
       petitioner would not explain to him petitioner’s refusal to recommend marital counseling
       other than telling him that it was “ ‘personal and confidential.’ ” Respondent claimed that
       petitioner also complimented respondent’s wife “for ‘having the courage to do what she
       did.’ ” Respondent claimed that he had contacted petitioner “numerous times over the past
       ten years and he refused to budge. I told him 10 years ago I would never cease contacting
       him and I meant every word. I am doing now what I said I would do over the past ten years.”
       Respondent claimed that he had written a book entitled “ ‘The Devil’s Intervention’ ” and
       included a chapter on churches “because of [petitioner] and South Park Church and their
       wrongful conduct.” (Emphasis omitted.) Respondent claimed that “[e]nough was enough.
       Now he has the audacity to take me to court and try to stop me from showing to the world
       what he did wrong. Unless he renounces what he did wrong in the strongest possible terms[,]
       I will continue.” Respondent admitted in his answer to printing fliers and distributing them
       throughout the neighborhood and alleged that “after I get on talk shows I will bring up
       [petitioner] and South Park Church as an example on radio and TV.” Respondent claimed

                                                  -4-
       that “[petitioner] is worried about his reputation in Park Ridge but refuses to acknowledge
       that he contributed to destroying a 40 year old marriage and stone-walled me for ten years.
       This deserves to be made public nationwide and I do not intend to stop unless he renounces
       what he did wrong in the strongest possible terms. I want the entire world to know about
       [petitioner] and South Park Church did [sic] because the message is more important that the
       messenger. This should have never happened.” (Emphasis omitted.) Respondent also
       attached a copy of a polygraph exam that he had undertaken in 2011, claiming that its results
       were in support of his answer.
¶ 15       On September 12, 2017, the trial court entered another emergency stalking no contact
       order and, on October 3, 2017, the matter came before the trial court for an evidentiary
       hearing. At the hearing, petitioner was represented by counsel, while respondent proceeded
       pro se; the record reflects that the trial court had previously continued the hearing sua sponte
       so that respondent would have the opportunity to retain an attorney but that respondent had
       not done so. At the hearing, petitioner testified that he was the senior pastor at South Park
       Church and had been a clergy member at the church for 13 years. In 2006, respondent’s wife,
       who was a member of the church, sought counsel with petitioner. Petitioner testified that
       respondent’s wife “was afraid of her safety, so she left her home” and called petitioner
       afterwards; petitioner attempted to provide her with pastoral support. Several days later,
       respondent visited petitioner “to express his side of the issue.” Respondent wanted petitioner
       to tell his wife to return, but petitioner “felt like what was more advantageous was to help
       him, and [petitioner] referred [respondent] to a professional counselor.” After visiting the
       counselor, respondent returned and “demanded that [petitioner] tell his wife to return.”
¶ 16       Petitioner testified that respondent began repeatedly sending letters to church leadership
       claiming that petitioner did not support marriage and was “a tool of the devil.” The church
       leadership requested that respondent cease these communications, but he did not; petitioner
       also complained to the police, but that also had no effect on respondent’s behavior. Petitioner
       identified a February 3, 2007, letter that was sent to respondent in which petitioner, who was
       an associate pastor at the time; the senior pastor; and the chairman of the board requested that
       there be no more visits from respondent with respect to petitioner or the church. Petitioner
       testified that respondent continued contacting them multiple times a year; petitioner testified
       that “I’ve honestly lost track” of the number of times and that “[t]here are multiple e-mails
       that have been sent to staff, letters sent to our church directory, to neighbors of the church, to
       local businesses, to other churches and pastors in the community.”
¶ 17       Petitioner identified a number of letters sent by respondent and testified that “[i]t creates
       anxiety. It’s a distraction from the ministry of the day, and it’s an ongoing uncertainty as to
       where this is leading.” Petitioner further testified that he “felt threatened throughout the years
       with this issue.” Petitioner identified a letter dated May 22, 2010, to the chief of the Park
       Ridge police, which contained a handwritten note on top from respondent stating:
       “[Petitioner], by now you should realize that I’m not walking away from this matter. I hope
       you realize your mistake and do the right thing. Signed [respondent].” Petitioner testified that
       he felt “[t]roubled” when he read that document, and was concerned about “[n]ot only my
       safety but our congregation’s safety and my family’s safety.” Petitioner received another
       letter dated July 29, 2010, which was addressed to him and to the church board and “strongly
       urge[d]” a meeting with respondent, which left him with “[a] growing concern of what needs
       to be done to resolve it and ongoing concern that this is an unpredictable threatening

                                                   -5-
       situation.” Petitioner also testified that respondent had entered the church offices without
       permission several times and had also distributed fliers on the windshields of automobiles in
       the church parking lot.
¶ 18        Petitioner testified that he filed the petition for a stalking no contact order because “I
       feared for my safety, the safety of my family, and the safety of our congregation.” Petitioner
       further testified that respondent’s actions caused him emotional distress, as well as
       “[r]epeatedly” causing distress to his staff. Petitioner testified that respondent’s actions also
       distressed his congregation and that “I have parents asking is it safe to bring their family to
       our church.”
¶ 19        When it came time for respondent to cross-examine petitioner, respondent stated: “I agree
       with everything that he said. I don’t disagree.” Respondent asked petitioner why he did not
       listen to respondent’s version of events with respect to his issues with his wife, and petitioner
       responded that he had met with respondent twice and had “listened to your story
       extensively.” Petitioner admitted that he complimented respondent’s wife for leaving him,
       testifying that “[i]f a parishioner approaches me and says that they feel unsafe, they’re
       fearing their physical safety, I’m going to encourage them to get to a safe place.” After
       petitioner’s testimony, all of petitioner’s exhibits were admitted into evidence, and petitioner
       rested.
¶ 20        Respondent testified on his own behalf concerning his wife leaving him and petitioner’s
       refusal to suggest that she attend marital counseling. Respondent testified that he attempted
       to meet with the church board and the pastors but that church staff refused to allow him to do
       so. Respondent further testified that, at one point, one of petitioner’s assistants told him to
       “[m]ove on, get another wife.” Respondent testified that “[t]his kind of dialogue, this belongs
       in the gutter but not in the church. And then they told me to leave or they would call the
       police. This is disgraceful. In my mind, the devil was firmly in trench [sic] in South Park
       Church.” On cross-examination, respondent admitted that he was the author of all of the
       documents submitted as exhibits by petitioner.
¶ 21        After the parties had testified, the court issued its findings, noting that “there’s really not
       much at dispute here.” The court found that petitioner testified “very credibly, very
       consistently” about the circumstances under which petitioner had come into contact with
       respondent, namely, through respondent’s wife, who was a parishioner. The court found:
                “[A]s the respondent has testified to very clearly and unequivocally, ever since his
                wife left him in 2006, he has held [petitioner] directly and solely responsible. And, as
                a result of [respondent’s] belief that [petitioner] was responsible and as [respondent]
                testified to, he was responsible for the destruction of his life for the past ten years.
                    You testified that [petitioner] destroyed your family; destroyed your marriage of
                40 years; and that, for 10 years, you’ve been without a wife, without a family, and the
                last 10 years have been sad and painful.”
¶ 22        The court recounted the letters that respondent sent to petitioner, to the church, and even
       to other churches, noting:
                “[A]ll of these documents bear your signature. And the respondent admits that he
                authored these letters and he did disseminate them. And the language
                in—really—basically all of the letters, *** [petitioner] testified that this letter created
                anxiety, caused him distraction from his ministry. And the most important thing he

                                                    -6-
              said was that he was not sure—as far back as 2009, he was not sure where this was
              leading. It was clear that the letters continued. And they—if you look at the letters,
              they become longer, double-sided, and more lengthy.
                  RESPONDENT: Yes.
                  THE COURT: And ultimately continued until as recently as this summer.
                  There was also the incident in 2014 where you were uninvited and the church was
              under renovation so their security features were not the same and you came into the
              office looking for [petitioner]. [Petitioner] said he went into another room, and you
              were escorted out. It caused quite a scene. And that, again, he suffered emotional
              distress. He wasn’t sure what was happening. He was concerned for his safety, for the
              safety of his family. He has daughters. He was concerned for their safety and for the
              safety of the members of his church.
                  He said that the summer of 2017, this summer, there was a document left on the
              church members’ automobiles. It was in the parking lot. And in that letter, again, you
              talked about the same things, how [petitioner] was responsible for the destruction of
              the church, how he was a tool of the devil, and said critical things of him. He said,
              again, that that caused him emotional distress.
                  Sir, *** the problem here is that you believe—because you believe that
              [petitioner] is responsible for the destruction of your marriage, that you can send
              these letters, that you can disseminate this information, that you can engage in a
              course of conduct directed at [petitioner], because you think he’s responsible, that you
              can engage in that. But the law is clear. The law says that you cannot do that. Because
              sending letters to someone since 2006, coming to his church on several occasions,
              writing a book about him, disseminating information, sending letters to other
              pastors—
                  RESPONDENT: Yes, that’s true.
                  THE COURT: —saying that he’s responsible for the destruction of your marriage
              is conduct which would cause a reasonable person to suffer emotional distress.
                  RESPONDENT: Mm-hmm.
                  THE COURT: And [petitioner] testified that he has suffered emotional distress
              since 2007 and continues to suffer emotional distress up until this very day because
              he has no idea where this is leading. And to hear you testify in court, sir, that you still
              believe that there’s absolutely nothing wrong with what you did because you believe
              that he is in fact responsible for the destruction of your marriage is unacceptable. You
              cannot continue this.
                  I find that the petitioner has established, by a preponderance of the evidence, that
              the respondent has engaged in stalking; and there is a need for a plenary stalking/no
              contact order.”
¶ 23      The trial court asked petitioner’s counsel what specific remedies petitioner was seeking,
       and counsel responded:
                  “I am asking for him to refrain from coming within—and I want to make this easy
              on everybody—two blocks of the church. I want him to refrain from disseminating
              written materials about [petitioner] or the church. I want him to stop sending
              materials to the church or church members by any means whatsoever. And obviously

                                                   -7-
               he can’t come near [petitioner’s] home, although that has not been a problem to date
               to my understanding.”
¶ 24       On the same day, the trial court entered the stalking no contact order at issue on this
       appeal. Similar to the other orders, the October 3 order prohibited respondent from
       threatening to commit stalking or committing stalking; from having any contact with
       petitioner; from knowingly coming within, or knowingly remaining within, 500 feet of
       petitioner’s residence or place of employment; and from possessing a firearm owner’s
       identification card or possessing or buying firearms. In addition, in paragraph (b)(5), the
       order set forth the relief challenged on appeal:
                   “The following other injunctive relief is ordered: Respondent is prohibited from
               communicating, publishing or communicating in any form any writing naming or
               regarding [petitioner], his family, or any employee, staff or member of the
               congregation of South Park Church in Park Ridge, IL.”
       The order provided that it would be in effect until October 3, 2019.
¶ 25       This appeal follows.

¶ 26                                            ANALYSIS
¶ 27       On appeal, respondent raises one issue: whether the portion of paragraph (b)(5) in which
       respondent is prohibited from communicating or publishing any writing regarding petitioner
       and the other parties specified in the order violates respondent’s constitutional right to free
       speech. “Recognizing that ‘[s]talking is a serious crime,’ the legislature passed the civil Act
       in 2010 to provide a remedy for victims who have safety fears or emotional distress as a
       result of stalking.” McNally v. Bredemann, 2015 IL App (1st) 134048, ¶ 10 (quoting 740
       ILCS 21/5 (West 2012)). “ ‘Stalking’ ” is defined under the Act to mean “engaging in a
       course of conduct directed at a specific person, and he or she knows or should know that this
       course of conduct would cause a reasonable person to fear for his or her safety or the safety
       of a third person or suffer emotional distress.” 740 ILCS 21/10 (West 2016). A “ ‘[c]ourse of
       conduct’ ” is defined, in relevant part, as “2 or more acts, including but not limited to acts in
       which a respondent directly, indirectly, or through third parties, by any action, method,
       device, or means, *** threatens, or communicates to or about, a person, [or] engages in other
       contact.” 740 ILCS 21/10 (West 2016). “ ‘Contact,’ ” in turn,
                “includes any contact with the victim, that is initiated or continued without the
                victim’s consent, or that is in disregard of the victim’s expressed desire that the
                contact be avoided or discontinued, including but not limited to being in the physical
                presence of the victim; appearing within the sight of the victim; approaching or
                confronting the victim in a public place or on private property; appearing at the
                workplace or residence of the victim; entering onto or remaining on property owned,
                leased, or occupied by the victim; or placing an object on, or delivering an object to,
                property owned, leased, or occupied by the victim.” 740 ILCS 21/10 (West 2016).
       “Stalking” expressly “does not include an exercise of the right to free speech or assembly
       that is otherwise lawful.” 740 ILCS 21/10 (West 2016).
¶ 28       In the case at bar, respondent does not challenge the trial court’s finding that he had
       engaged in stalking petitioner and does not appear to challenge the relief granted that was
       directed specifically at petitioner or his family. Instead, respondent challenges the broader

                                                   -8-
       relief granted that prohibited him from any written communication or publication about
       South Park Church’s employees, staff, or congregants. Under the Act, if a trial court finds a
       respondent has engaged in stalking, it may enter an order including one or more of the
       following types of relief:
                   “(1) prohibit the respondent from threatening to commit or committing stalking;
                   (2) order the respondent not to have any contact with the petitioner or a third
               person specifically named by the court;
                   (3) prohibit the respondent from knowingly coming within, or knowingly
               remaining within a specified distance of the petitioner or the petitioner’s residence,
               school, daycare, or place of employment, or any specified place frequented by the
               petitioner; ***
                   (4) prohibit the respondent from possessing a Firearm Owners Identification Card,
               or possessing or buying firearms; and
                   (5) order other injunctive relief the court determines to be necessary to protect the
               petitioner or third party specifically named by the court.” 740 ILCS 21/80(b) (West
               2016).
       The relief challenged by respondent falls under the last category—“other injunctive relief the
       court determines to be necessary to protect the petitioner or third party specifically named by
       the court.” 740 ILCS 21/80(b) (West 2016).
¶ 29        Respondent argues that the trial court’s order represents a prior restraint on his speech in
       violation of his constitutional right to free speech. As an initial matter, petitioner claims that
       respondent has forfeited his right to assert this claim on appeal, since he did not raise it
       before the trial court. It is well established that issues not raised in the trial court are forfeited
       and may not be raised for the first time on appeal. Susman v. North Star Trust Co., 2015 IL
       App (1st) 142789, ¶ 41. This applies even to constitutional questions, where “[t]he general
       rule in civil cases is that constitutional arguments which are not raised by objection at trial
       are considered waived for purposes of appeal.” Werner v. Botti, Marinaccio & DeSalvo, 205
       Ill. App. 3d 673, 677 (1990) (citing In re Liquidations of Reserve Insurance Co., 122 Ill. 2d
       555, 567-68 (1988)); see also Sherman v. Indian Trails Public Library District, 2012 IL App
       (1st) 112771, ¶ 21 (finding a challenge to the petitioners’ “first amendment civil rights,
       including their right to free speech and to associate for political purposes” to be forfeited
       because they were raised for the first time on appeal). In the case at bar, respondent has failed
       to preserve this issue for review by raising it for the first time on appeal. However, “waiver
       and forfeiture rules serve as an admonition to the litigants rather than a limitation upon the
       jurisdiction of the reviewing court,” and “courts of review may sometimes override
       considerations of waiver or forfeiture in the interests of achieving a just result and
       maintaining a sound and uniform body of precedent.” Jackson v. Board of Election
       Commissioners, 2012 IL 111928, ¶ 33. While our supreme court has cautioned that this
       principle “is not and should not be a catchall that confers upon reviewing courts unfettered
       authority to consider forfeited issues at will” (Jackson, 2012 IL 111928, ¶ 33), in the case at
       bar, the issue has been fully briefed by the parties and concerns an important constitutional
       right; while not excusing respondent’s failure to previously raise the issue, we also note that
       respondent was pro se during the hearing on the order. While a party’s pro se status does not
       relieve him from complying with procedural rules, “[w]e believe there ought to be some
       consideration” for the fact that respondent was unrepresented by counsel. Dombrowski v. City

                                                     -9-
       of Chicago, 363 Ill. App. 3d 420, 425 (2005). Accordingly, we choose to overlook
       respondent’s technical forfeiture of this issue and proceed to consider the merits of his
       arguments on appeal.
¶ 30       We note that several courts have found that the Act itself does not violate a respondent’s
       free speech rights, as the only speech that is prohibited by the Act are threats of violence or
       intimidation, “which are not constitutionally protected in any event.” Nicholson v. Wilson,
       2013 IL App (3d) 110517, ¶ 20; McNally, 2015 IL App (1st) 134048, ¶ 17. According to
       Webster’s Third New International Dictionary, to intimidate means to frighten, among other
       things. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary (1986). Although respondent called the
       church a “corrupt church” and its pastor “a tool of the devil” and stated “that this is spiritual
       warfare between GOOD and EVIL” (emphasis in original), there is nothing in the record of
       this case that shows that this conduct constituted a threat of violence. Although the pastor
       testified that respondent’s conduct caused him to fear for his and his congregants’ safety,
       there was no finding by the trial court that the written or spoken conduct of respondent
       constituted intimidation or that his written or spoken conduct constituted threats of violence.
       Respondent’s written and spoken conduct was continuous for a long period of time and the
       written word was ultimately placed in a published book.
¶ 31       The trial court has made no finding that anything he said in his written words constitutes
       a threat of violence or that the words written illustrate intimidation or would put fear of
       violence in the mind of a reasonable person. Certainly, the conduct of respondent annoys and
       bothers the pastor and is not pleasant for the church. The trial court has restricted respondent
       from coming within 500 feet of the pastor, his residence, or the church, so respondent is
       basically restricted from using only the written word in his war against the pastor and the
       church.
¶ 32       “When words are a component of the stalking behavior, then the speech does not fall
       within constitutional protections.” Henby v. White, 2016 IL App (5th) 140407, ¶ 26. Certain
       statements on social media postings concerning a stalking victim similarly have been found
       to fall outside the purview of protected speech. See Piester v. Escobar, 2015 IL App (3d)
       140457, ¶ 19 (finding that the respondent’s social media postings “making degrading,
       threatening and harassing comments about” the victim was not speech protected by the first
       amendment). However, in the case at bar, the trial court made no findings that any of the
       writings authored by respondent were threats of violence or statements of intimidation.
¶ 33       We also note, however, that our supreme court has recently invalidated a portion of the
       criminal stalking statute on first amendment grounds and that the definition of stalking
       contained in the criminal statute is nearly identical to the definition contained in the Act at
       issue in the instant appeal. See People v. Relerford, 2017 IL 121094, ¶ 63 (finding “the
       portion of subsection (a) of the stalking statute that makes it criminal to negligently
       ‘communicate[ ] to or about’ a person, where the speaker knows or should know the
       communication would cause a reasonable person to suffer emotional distress, is facially
       unconstitutional”). We have no need to determine the impact of the supreme court’s decision
       on the civil Act, however, since respondent does not challenge the constitutionality of the Act

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       itself but solely challenges the constitutionality of the injunctive relief the trial court
       awarded.2
¶ 34        In the case at bar, respondent argues that the court’s order prohibiting him from any
       written communication or publication about South Park Church’s employees, staff, or
       congregants represents a prior restraint that violates his right to free speech. “A prior restraint
       has been defined as a ‘predetermined judicial prohibition restraining specified expression.’ ”
       In re A Minor, 127 Ill. 2d 247, 264 (1989) (quoting Chicago Council of Lawyers v. Bauer, 522
       F.2d 242, 248 (7th Cir. 1975)). “[A]ny prior restraint upon speech, while not unconstitutional
       per se, bears a heavy presumption against its validity.” In re A Minor, 127 Ill. 2d at 265. In
       the case at bar, respondent relies on two Illinois Supreme Court cases concerning prior
       restraints, claiming that the prohibition entered by the trial court in the instant case was
       constitutionally impermissible. However, these two cases are entirely inapposite to the
       situation present in the case at bar. In both cases, the restrained speech at issue was a
       newspaper’s disclosure of identities during a pending judicial proceeding. See In re A Minor,
       127 Ill. 2d at 251 (prohibiting newspaper from disclosing name of juvenile charged in
       criminal proceeding); In re A Minor, 149 Ill. 2d 247, 248 (1992) (prohibiting newspaper from
       disclosing names of minor victims of physical and sexual abuse). Indeed, this type of
       prohibition is a common scenario in which the prior restraint issue occurs. See In re Jawan
       S., 2018 IL App (1st) 172955, ¶ 56 (“ ‘In the context of a pending judicial proceeding,’ *** a
       ‘prior restraint’ ordinarily refers to a court order (or statute) that limits the press’s freedom to
       publish information about the proceeding.”). Here, by contrast, the trial court’s order did not
       concern prohibiting the publication of any information involving a pending court proceeding.
¶ 35        Nevertheless, respondent’s argument that prior restraints such as those imposed by the
       trial court in the instant case are disfavored is well taken. Furthermore, our supreme court has
       noted that, generally, “[c]ontent-based laws, which target speech based on its communicative
       content, are presumed to be invalid.” Relerford, 2017 IL 121094, ¶ 32. When they silence
       protected speech, as this one does, they must survive the rigors of strict scrutiny. Reed v.
       Town of Gilbert, 576 U.S. ___, ___, 135 S. Ct. 2218, 2227 (2015); Relerford, 2017 IL
       121094, ¶ 32. Few content-based restrictions ever do. “Government regulation of speech is
       content-based if a law applies to particular speech because of the topic discussed or the idea
       or message conveyed.” People v. Minnis, 2016 IL 119563, ¶ 32. Since the trial court’s order
       in the instant case targeted respondent’s speech based on its subject matter—the church or its
       members—it would be considered a content-based restriction and presumptively prohibited.
       An injunction that prohibits respondent from writing anything at all about his pastor or any
       other member of his church congregation—whether flattering or unflattering, fact or opinion,
       innocuous or significant, and regardless of the medium of communication—certainly would
       not be that rare case that survives strict scrutiny. It is all but impossible to imagine a factual
       record that would justify this blanket restriction on respondent’s speech. Paragraph (b)(5) of
       the order is substantially and obviously overbroad, and it violates respondent’s
       first-amendment right to free speech.
¶ 36        Our supreme court has noted that “the United States Supreme Court has recognized that
       certain ‘historic and traditional’ categories of expression do not fall within the protections of

           2
           We note that the terms of the injunctive relief are not dictated by the language of the statute but
       were handwritten into the preprinted form order.

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       the first amendment, and content-based restrictions with regard to those recognized
       categories of speech have been upheld.” Relerford, 2017 IL 121094, ¶ 33. These categories
       include (1) advocacy intended, and likely, to incite imminent lawless action; (2) obscenity;
       (3) defamation; (4) speech integral to criminal conduct; (5) “ ‘fighting words’ ”; (6) child
       pornography; (7) fraud; (8) “true threats”; and (9) speech presenting some grave and
       imminent threat the government has the power to prevent. United States v. Alvarez, 567 U.S.
       709, 717 (2012) (plurality opinion).
¶ 37        For instance, defamatory statements concerning petitioner would not be protected. See,
       e.g., Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., 418 U.S. 323, 347 (1974); New York Times Co. v. Sullivan,
       376 U.S. 254, 279-80 (1964). Similarly, threats made by respondent against the church or its
       congregants clearly would not be protected speech. See, e.g., Watts v. United States, 394 U.S.
       705, 707-08 (1969) (per curiam). “ ‘True threats’ encompass those statements where the
       speaker means to communicate a serious expression of an intent to commit an act of unlawful
       violence to a particular individual or group of individuals.” Virginia v. Black, 538 U.S. 343,
       359 (2003). “The speaker need not actually intend to carry out the threat. Rather, a
       prohibition on true threats ‘protect[s] individuals from the fear of violence’ and ‘from the
       disruption that fear engenders,’ in addition to protecting people ‘from the possibility that the
       threatened violence will occur.’ ” Black, 538 U.S. at 359-60 (quoting R.A.V. v. City of
       St. Paul, 505 U.S. 377, 388 (1992)). In order to determine whether a threat is a “true threat,”
       it is important to consider the context in which the threat was made, including the reaction of
       the listeners. See Watts, 394 U.S. at 708 (considering “the expressly conditional nature of the
       statement” and “the reaction of the listeners”). Generally, the question of whether a particular
       statement constitutes a “true threat” is for the finder of fact to decide. United States v.
       Roberts, 915 F.2d 889, 891 (4th Cir. 1990). In the case at bar, the trial court made no such
       findings here. However, some courts have also applied an independent review of
       “constitutional facts,” meaning that a reviewing court defers to the factfinder’s findings on
       historical facts, credibility determinations, and elements of statutory liability but then
       conducts an independent review of the record “ ‘to determine whether the facts as found by
       the [factfinder] establish the core constitutional fact’ of a true threat.” United States v. Turner,
       720 F.3d 411, 419 (2d Cir. 2013) (quoting United States v. Hanna, 293 F.3d 1080, 1088 (9th
       Cir. 2002)). However, to enjoin respondent’s speech before any of these remedies or
       categories listed is successfully invoked is the canonical example of a “previous” or prior
       restraint. Near v. Minnesota ex rel. Olson, 283 U.S. 697, 719 (1931); see also Montgomery
       Ward & Co. v. United Retail, Wholesale & Department Store Employees of America, 400 Ill.
       38, 45-46 (1948) (injunction generally does not lie merely to prevent allegedly defamatory
       speech).
¶ 38        In the case at bar, respondent’s writings directed at petitioner and his church
       demonstrated that he viewed himself as the recipient of “Divine Intervention” and had a
       “responsibility to use [his] accurate and supernatural information” to prove that “there is a
       God in heaven and a devil in hell.” Respondent’s writings also established that he viewed
       petitioner as “influenced by the devil” and as a “tool of the devil” and further established that
       he believed there was “spiritual warfare between good and evil” (emphases omitted) and that
       he was “compelled to fulfill [his] destiny which was predicted since [he] was a child.”
       Respondent also included handwritten notes on several of his writings, telling petitioner on
       one: “By now you should realize that I am not walking away from this matter. I hope you

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       realize your mistake and do the right thing” and stating on another: “Do you realize that what
       you did was 9 years ago and I still have not given up on what you did?” (Emphasis in
       original.) Petitioner testified that these communications had occurred for 10 years and were
       increasing in frequency and that, when he received these communications, he feared for his
       safety and for the safety of his congregants. While the language used by respondent may not
       have been an explicit threat to harm petitioner, the context of respondent’s communications
       shows the passage of a long period of time since the perceived slight; an escalation in the
       communications; references to “spiritual warfare between good and evil” (emphases
       omitted), where respondent was identifying himself as “good” and petitioner as “evil”;
       respondent’s belief that he was “compelled to fulfill” his prophesied “destiny”; and the fact
       that petitioner—the listener—had a reaction of fear for his safety and for the safety of his
       congregants. Moreover, “speech or writing used as an integral part of conduct in violation of
       a valid criminal statute” is not constitutionally protected. Giboney v. Empire Storage & Ice
       Co., 336 U.S. 490, 498 (1949). “ ‘Where speech is an integral part of unlawful conduct, it has
       no constitutional protection.’ ” McNally, 2015 IL App (1st) 134048, ¶ 17 (quoting People v.
       Bailey, 167 Ill. 2d 210, 227 (1995)).
¶ 39        To fit within this narrow exception, this prohibited speech must be in furtherance of a
       separate crime—a crime other than the speech itself and one that the constitution allows the
       legislature to punish. Relerford, 2017 IL 121094, ¶¶ 44-45; see Ashcroft v. Free Speech
       Coalition, 535 U.S. 234, 249-50 (2002) (speech must have a “proximate link” to other
       criminal conduct). An example would be a ban on advertising child pornography. The
       advertising itself is speech, but it is an “integral part” of the act of child pornography, a
       separate crime that may be validly prohibited, and because of that proximate link between the
       advertising speech and the separate crime, that speech may be prohibited, as well. New York
       v. Ferber, 458 U.S. 747, 761 (1982); see also Osborne v. Ohio, 495 U.S. 103, 109-10 (1990);
       United States v. Stevens, 559 U.S. 460, 471 (2010). Here, the prohibited speech must be an
       integral part of the unlawful stalking in order to be unprotected. However, in this case, the
       trial court did not expressly find that respondent’s comments rose to the level of posing a
       “true threat” to the physical safety of petitioner and his congregants. But without this link
       between the unprotected speech and a separate crime, the exception would swallow the first
       amendment whole: it would give the legislature free rein to criminalize protected speech,
       then permit the courts to find that speech unprotected simply because the legislature
       criminalized it. Our supreme court rejected exactly this misuse of the exception in Relerford,
       2017 IL 121094, ¶¶ 41-45, when the court found that the exception does not permit the
       legislature (or a court) to prohibit speech simply because it is distressing.
¶ 40        In the case at bar, the trial court did not make any express findings that some of the
       conduct prohibited by the court’s order would fall under this exception. The trial court found
       that respondent had engaged in stalking, which, under the Act, means “engaging in a course
       of conduct directed at a specific person, and he or she knows or should know that this course
       of conduct would cause a reasonable person to fear for his or her safety or the safety of a
       third person or suffer emotional distress.” 740 ILCS 21/10 (West 2016). As noted, a “course
       of conduct” means two or more acts in which the respondent, either directly or indirectly,
       “follows, monitors, observes, surveils, threatens, or communicates to or about, a person,
       engages in other contact, or interferes with or damages a person’s property or pet.” 740 ILCS
       21/10 (West 2016). “Contact” is further defined as including

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                “any contact with the victim, that is initiated or continued without the victim’s
                consent, or that is in disregard of the victim’s expressed desire that the contact be
                avoided or discontinued, including but not limited to being in the physical presence of
                the victim; appearing within the sight of the victim; approaching or confronting the
                victim in a public place or on private property; appearing at the workplace or
                residence of the victim; entering onto or remaining on property owned, leased, or
                occupied by the victim; or placing an object on, or delivering an object to, property
                owned, leased, or occupied by the victim.” 740 ILCS 21/10 (West 2016).
¶ 41        At a minimum, the trial court’s findings concerning respondent’s stalking behavior
       included findings that respondent had repeatedly visited the church and its offices, that
       respondent had mailed letters to petitioner, that respondent had distributed letters to the
       members of the church, and that respondent had physically placed letters onto the
       automobiles of church members in the church’s parking lot. The court found that respondent
       had persisted in these actions after being asked to cease all contact with petitioner and the
       church and that he had no intention of ceasing his conduct. Accordingly, there was ample
       evidence in the record that respondent had engaged in stalking behavior, and respondent does
       not challenge those findings on appeal. Speech that includes threats of violence or
       intimidation that is connected to such unlawful behavior would not be constitutionally
       protected if it occurs in the future.
¶ 42        Nevertheless, there remains much conduct that is prohibited under the trial court’s order
       that would be considered constitutionally protected. For instance, a letter to the editor that
       was published in the local newspaper would be prohibited under the order, yet it would be
       constitutionally protected. The trial court may not enjoin respondent from criticizing
       petitioner or his church, even though petitioner finds that criticism distressing. That criticism,
       circulated in respondent’s leaflets, books, and other written media, is the principal target of
       the speech injunction in paragraph (b)(5) of the order. Respondent’s speech, however, is
       protected by the first amendment, and any written criticism by respondent would be
       constitutionally protected. Respondent’s speech does not lose its protected status simply
       because it is distressing to petitioner. As Relerford emphasized, distressing speech is
       ubiquitous and unavoidable, both in everyday social interactions and when we are debating
       the topics of public concern at the core of the first amendment’s protections. Relerford, 2017
       IL 121094, ¶¶ 52-53. A business owner, for example, may well be distressed by speech
       criticizing his environmental practices, fearing that the speech could lead to a financially
       devastating boycott. Relerford, 2017 IL 121094, ¶ 53. However, that does not permit the
       legislature or a court to silence his critics. Respondent has every right to criticize petitioner’s
       ministry and his church more broadly. He has every right to argue that they have betrayed
       their commitments to marriage and family that the Christian faith requires of them.
       Respondent has every right to voice his opinion that his marriage would have survived if
       those commitments had been in place to support the marriage.
¶ 43        While the Act itself contains an exemption providing that “[s]talking does not include an
       exercise of the right to free speech or assembly that is otherwise lawful” (740 ILCS 21/10
       (West 2016)), the injunctive relief drafted by the trial court does not make clear that it applies
       only to otherwise unprotected speech, and by its broad terms, it would therefore prohibit
       constitutionally protected speech. Such content-based regulation “will be upheld only if
       necessary to serve a compelling governmental interest and narrowly drawn to achieve that

                                                   - 14 -
       end.” People v. Jones, 188 Ill. 2d 352, 358 (1999). In the case at bar, as noted, the injunctive
       relief awarded by the trial court was broadly drafted to cover situations that would
       encompass constitutionally protected speech without any obvious rationale or factual basis
       for its scope. We therefore vacate that portion of the trial court’s order in paragraph (b)(5)
       that states: “Respondent is prohibited from communicating, publishing or communicating in
       any form any writing naming or regarding [petitioner], his family, or any employee, staff or
       member of the congregation of South Park Church in Park Ridge, IL.”
¶ 44        Respondent’s proselytizing has no doubt distressed petitioner. Petitioner alleged in his
       petition that it has “raise[d] questions” among some of the letters’ recipients about his own
       “credibility” and that of the church and that responding to their concerns has been, in his
       view, “an unwanted distraction and excessive waste of time.” However, we cannot silence
       respondent when he is voicing protected criticism, no matter how much time, energy, or
       distress it costs petitioner. Even less can we silence respondent on the ground that his
       criticisms of petitioner may have gained some traction—as if we can shield petitioner from
       the need to answer allegations that, in the minds of some individuals, really do demand
       answers. That is viewpoint discrimination. See McCullen v. Coakley, 573 U.S. ___, ___, 134
       S. Ct. 2518, 2532-33 (2014) (speech prohibition that “favors one side in [a] *** debate” is
       viewpoint discrimination, “an egregious form of content discrimination” (internal quotation
       marks omitted)).

¶ 45                                           CONCLUSION
¶ 46       For the reasons set forth above, we find that the injunctive relief awarded by the trial
       court in its stalking no contact order infringed on respondent’s free speech rights, because it
       encompassed constitutionally protected speech and was overly broad without any proper
       rationale or factual basis for its scope. Accordingly, we vacate paragraph (b)(5) of the order.

¶ 47      Vacated in part.

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