Court Opinion

ID: 2757066
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-12-03 19:08:26.2565+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:05:18.601980
License: Public Domain

FILED
 1                        ORDERED PUBLISHED               AUG 14 2012
                                                      SUSAN M SPRAUL, CLERK
 2                                                      U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
                                                        O F TH E N IN TH C IR C U IT

 3                  UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
 4                            OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 5
     In re:                        )     BAP No.      CC-11-1595-DMkKi
 6                                 )
     MAN SOO YUN,                  )     Bk. No.      SV 10-18057 AA
 7                                 )
                     Debtor.       )
 8   ______________________________)
                                   )
 9   PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF        )
     CALIFORNIA, by and through the)
10   California Corporations       )
     Commissioner,                 )
11                                 )
                     Appellant,    )
12                                 )
     v.                            )     M E M O R A N D U M1
13                                 )
     MAN SOO YUN; DAVID SEROR,     )
14   Chapter 7 Trustee; UNITED     )
     STATES TRUSTEE,               )
15                                 )
                     Appellees.    )
16   ______________________________)
17                   Argued and Submitted on July 20, 2012
                            at Pasadena, California
18
                            Filed - August 14, 2012
19
                 Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
20                   for the Central District of California
21            Honorable Alan M. Ahart, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding
22
     Appearances:    Erik Richard Brunkal, Esq. argued for Appellant,
23                   People of the State of California, by and through
                     the California Corporations Commissioner; David
24                   Brian Lally, Esq. argued for Appellee, Man Soo Yun.
25
26
          1
               This disposition is not appropriate for publication.
27   Although it may be cited for whatever persuasive value it may have
     (see Fed. R. App. P. 32.1), it has no precedential value. See 9th
28   Cir. BAP Rule 8013-1.
 1   Before:    DUNN, MARKELL, and KIRSCHER, Bankruptcy Judges.
 2        The California Corporations Commissioner (“Commissioner”)
 3   moved for relief from the § 362(a)2 automatic stay to continue
 4   enforcement proceedings in the California Superior Court (“State
 5   Court Proceeding”) against an individual chapter 7 debtor under
 6   the California Franchise Investment Law (“FIL”), Cal. Corp. Code
 7   § 31000 et seq.   The bankruptcy court’s limited order granting
 8   relief (“Order”) authorized the Commissioner to seek only
 9   injunctive relief in the State Court Proceeding.    Asserting that
10   § 362(b)(4) excepted from the automatic stay claims under the FIL
11   for administrative penalties and restitution, the Commissioner
12   appealed the Order.    We AFFIRM.
13                                 I.    FACTS
14        Man Soo Yun was the president, chief operating officer, and
15   owner of Green on Blue, Inc. (“GOBI”), incorporated on September
16   12, 2006.   Mr. Yun and GOBI, as the master franchisor in the
17   United States for WHOSTYLE Company, Ltd., a Korean Corporation,
18   were in the business of franchising “Yogurberry” frozen yogurt
19   outlets.    GOBI did business as Yogurberry U.S.A. and as Yogurberry
20   Franchising Company.
21        The California Corporations Commission (“Commission”)
22   approved GOBI’s registration to sell Yogurberry franchises in
23   California for the periods December 21, 2006 through April 20,
24   2007, and April 24, 2007 through April 21, 2008.    Prior to that
25
26        2
               Unless otherwise indicated, all chapter and section
     references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532, and
27   all rule references are to the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy
     Procedure, Rules 1001-9037. The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
28   are referred to as Civil Rules.

                                         -2-
 1   approval, the Commission reviewed GOBI’s proposed Uniform
 2   Franchise Offering Circular (“UFOC”), after it had been revised
 3   several times by the Commission’s Securities Regulations Division.
 4   The UFOC provides potential franchisees with information to make
 5   an informed decision whether to invest in a franchise opportunity.
 6   The FIL requires that a prospective franchisee is to receive a
 7   copy of the UFOC fourteen days prior to signing a binding
 8   agreement or providing any consideration to the franchisor.
 9        Following the receipt of complaints from a number of
10   franchisees, the Commissioner initiated an administrative
11   investigation of Mr. Yun and GOBI in 2009.   As part of the
12   investigation, the Commissioner sent questionnaires to twenty-six
13   “known victims;” only nine questionnaires were returned.    The
14   Commissioner ultimately determined that Mr. Yun and GOBI had
15   violated the FIL by offering and/or selling franchises in
16   California (1) prior to registering the offers as required by Cal.
17   Corp. Code § 31110, (2) without providing prospective franchisees
18   with UFOCs as required by Cal. Corp. Code § 31119, and (3) by
19   means of written or oral communications containing untrue
20   statements or omissions of material facts in violation of Cal.
21   Corp. Code § 31201.   Based on these findings, the Commissioner
22   issued a “Citation & Desist and Refrain Order” (“Commissioner’s
23   Order”) on January 7, 2010.
24        The Commissioner’s Order, issued pursuant to Cal. Corp. Code
25   § 31406, directed Mr. Yun and GOBI to desist from the offer or
26   sale of any and all franchises in the state of California
27   (1) unless and until the offers had been registered under the FIL
28   or were exempt from registration, (2) without first providing

                                     -3-
 1   prospective franchisees with a UFOC, and (3) by means of written
 2   or oral communications containing untrue statements or omissions
 3   of material facts.
 4           The Commissioner’s Order contained two additional provisions
 5   that are at issue in this appeal.       The first, titled
 6   “Administrative Penalty,” states:
 7           Pursuant to [Cal. Corp. Code § 31406], [Mr. Yun and
             GOBI] are hereby assessed and ordered to pay, jointly
 8           and severally, an administrative penalty of [$42,500].
             If within [60] days from the receipt of this citation
 9           [Mr. Yun or GOBI fails] to notify the Commissioner that
             they intend to request a hearing as described in subd.
10           (d) of [§ 31406], the citation shall be deemed final.
             Subdivision (d) of [§ 31406] provides that any hearing
11           requested under [§ 31406] shall be conducted in
             accordance with Chapter 5 . . . of Part 1 of Division 3
12           of Title 2 of the California Govt. Code.
13   The second, titled “Ancilliary [sic] Relief,” states:
14           Pursuant to [Cal. Corp. Code § 31408], [Mr. Yun and
             GOBI] are hereby ordered to pay, jointly and severally,
15           $2,339,400.00 for both restitution of out-of-pocket
             expenses and for rescission of franchise fees, royalty
16           fees and other fees assessed by and paid to [Mr. Yun and
             GOBI] by nine victims/franchisees.
17
18           The Commissioner asserts that because neither Mr. Yun nor
19   GOBI requested a hearing on the Commissioner’s Order within the
20   sixty days allowed by Cal. Corp. Code § 31406, the Commissioner’s
21   Order became final on June 9, 2010.
22           Mr. Yun filed a chapter 7 bankruptcy petition on July 2,
23   2010.    The Notice of Commencement of the Bankruptcy Case
24   (“Bankruptcy Case Notification”) set a deadline of October 1, 2010
25   for a creditor to object to the discharge of its debt.      Although
26   three franchisees filed nondischargeability complaints against Mr.
27
28

                                       -4-
 1   Yun,3 the Commissioner did not.
 2         In his Schedule F - Creditors Holding Unsecured Nonpriority
 3   Claims, Mr. Yun listed the California Department of Corporations
 4   (“Corporations Department”) as a creditor with a claim in the
 5   amount of $2,384,400.00 based upon his personal liability on a
 6   business judgment.   The address Mr. Yun used for the Corporations
 7   Department was “Consumer Services Office, 1515 K Street, Suite
 8   200, Sacramento, CA 95814.”    This is the address to which the
 9   Bankruptcy Case Notification was mailed by the Bankruptcy Noticing
10   Center.    The Commissioner contends that the address was not
11   correct.   It appears that the Commissioner does not dispute the
12   department, office, or physical address Mr. Yun used in Schedule
13   F.   However, he faults Mr. Yun and his counsel for not including
14   in the address the name of the Senior Corporations Counsel, Erik
15   Brunkal, assigned to enforce the Commissioner’s Order.   In his
16   Declaration to the bankruptcy court, Mr. Brunkal averred:
17   “[N]either I nor anyone else at the Department of Corporations had
18   actual notice of this bankruptcy until June 27, 2011 – nearly a
19   year after the case was filed.”
20         Mr. Yun received his chapter 7 discharge on March 4, 2011.
21   However, approximately two weeks later, the discharge order was
22   vacated.   We learned of this fact at oral argument, and were
23   informed at that time that no discharge order subsequently has
24
25
26
27         3
               After trial, the bankruptcy court entered judgment in
     favor of Mr. Yun on their exception to discharge complaint.
28   Appellee’s Opening Brief at 6:13-15.

                                       -5-
 1   been entered.4   On April 8, 2011, the Commissioner filed in the
 2   Superior Court of California in and for the County of Los Angeles
 3   (“State Court”) an application (“Application”) for a judgment for
 4   administrative penalties and an order compelling compliance with
 5   the Commissioner’s Order.   Specifically, the Application stated
 6   that the Commissioner was applying
 7        (1) for a judgment for administrative penalties in the
          amount of $42,500.00, (2) for an order compelling
 8        compliance with the [Commissioner’s Order], including
          but not limited to the order that [Mr. Yun and GOBI]
 9        jointly and severally pay restitution and rescission in
          the amount of $2,339,400.00 to nine victim franchisees .
10        . . , and (3) for an award of attorney fees and costs in
          the amount of $2,500.00.
11
12   The State Court set a hearing (“July 6 Hearing”) on the
13   Application for July 6, 2011.
14        On June 1, 2011, Mr. Yun’s bankruptcy attorney filed a
15   “Notice of Stay of Proceedings” (“State Court Notice”) in the
16   State Court based upon Mr. Yun’s pending bankruptcy case, and
17   served the State Court Notice on the Commissioner at the address
18   included in Schedule F with the additional language “Senior
19   Corporations Counsel.”   In his declaration, Mr. Brunkal states
20   that this was not proper notice, since it was not addressed
21
          4
               Mr. Lally prepared Appellee’s Brief in this case. At
22   page 2, lines 24-25, it states: “The Debtor filed his Chapter 7
     Petition on July 2, 2010, and received his Discharge on March 4,
23   2011.” Because Mr. Lally did not inform us that this discharge
     subsequently was vacated, a matter relevant to our analysis of the
24   issues in this appeal, we prepared for oral argument under a
     significant misapprehension of the facts. We since have checked
25   the bankruptcy court docket and have confirmed that as of the date
     of this memorandum decision, Mr. Yun still has not received his
26   discharge. See O’Rourke v. Seaboard Sur. Co. (In re E.R. Fegert,
     Inc.), 887 F.2d 955, 957-58 (9th Cir. 1989) (appellate court may
27   take judicial notice of bankruptcy court records); Atwood v. Chase
     Manhattan Mortg. Co. (In re Atwood), 293 B.R. 227, 233 n.9 (9th
28   Cir. BAP 2003) (same).

                                      -6-
 1   specifically to “Senior Corporations Counsel, Erik Brunkal.”   Mr.
 2   Brunkal further averred that the Corporations Department mailroom
 3   “has no record of receiving any such document.”
 4        Mr. Brunkal states that he learned of Mr. Yun’s bankruptcy
 5   case on June 27, 2011.   After he made his flight, hotel and rental
 6   car reservations for the July 6 Hearing, Mr. Brunkal checked the
 7   State Court docket, at which time he discovered (1) the Stay
 8   Notice had been filed, and (2) the State Court had taken the July
 9   6 Hearing off the calendar.
10        On July 20, 2011, Mr. Brunkal, acting on behalf of the
11   Commissioner, filed in the bankruptcy court the “Motion of the
12   People of the State of California for Determination That the Civil
13   Enforcement Action Filed in State Court Is Exempt From the
14   Automatic Stay, Or, In the Alternative, for Relief From the
15   Automatic Stay” (“RFS Motion”).5     In the RFS Motion, the
16   Commissioner asserted (1) “the State of California should be
17   allowed to prevent this . . . debtor from profiting from fraud and
18   discharging his obligations to the defrauded in bankruptcy,” and
19   (2) “[a]ny monetary judgment award against Debtor will be enforced
20   in accordance with the Bankruptcy Code, although the Commissioner
21   believes that his claim is non-dischargeable in any bankkruptcy
22   action pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 523(a).”
23        Mr. Yun responded (“Response”) that he had listed the
24
          5
               Mr. Brunkal states in his declaration in support of the
25   RFS Motion that “[t]he Commissioner has worked diligently since
     receiving actual notice of debtor’s bankruptcy filing to get this
26   motion heard as soon as possible and, in fact, filed the motion
     within 10 days of actual notice.” This is not true. It appears
27   that Mr. Brunkal may have tendered his motion for filing within 10
     days of June 27, 2011, but the actual RFS Motion was not filed
28   until July 20, 2011, 23 days after June 27.

                                        -7-
 1   Commissioner as a creditor in the case and that the Commissioner
 2   therefore had been served with the Bankruptcy Case Notification.
 3   Mr. Yun asserted that because the Commissioner did not file a
 4   timely nondischargeability complaint, he was precluded from
 5   asserting his claims against Mr. Yun that were based upon
 6   Mr. Yun’s alleged fraud, because the deadline to file exception to
 7   discharge claims had passed.     Mr. Yun also filed an opposition to
 8   the Commissioner’s motion for a determination that the State of
 9   California was exempt from the automatic stay, in which he put
10   directly in issue before the bankruptcy court the question of
11   whether the Commissioner had constructive notice of the deadline
12   for filing an exception to discharge complaint, notwithstanding
13   the Commissioner’s alleged lack of actual notice.
14         Following a hearing (“RFS Hearing”), the bankruptcy court
15   entered an order (“RFS Order”) which provided that the automatic
16   stay was terminated as to Mr. Yun and his estate, “only to permit
17   [the Commissioner] to obtain a judgment for nonmonetary relief and
18   to enforce such nonmonetary judgment.”     The Commissioner filed a
19   timely notice of appeal.    The Commissioner filed his Designation
20   of Record on Appeal and affirmatively elected not to designate the
21   transcript of the RFS Hearing as part of his Record on Appeal.
22                              II.   JURISDICTION
23         The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334
24   and 157(b)(2)(G).   We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 158.
25   ///
26   ///
27   ///
28   ///

                                        -8-
 1                                   III.    ISSUES6
 2          Whether the bankruptcy court erred when it determined that
 3   the Commissioner’s failure to file a dischargeability complaint by
 4   the deadline set forth in the Bankruptcy Case Notification
 5   precluded the Commissioner from pursuing a monetary judgment
 6   against Mr. Yun based on the Commissioner’s Order.
 7          Whether the bankruptcy court erred when it failed to
 8   determine that the State Court Proceeding to enforce the
 9   Commissioner’s claims for monetary relief against Mr. Yun were
10   excepted from the automatic stay pursuant to § 362(b)(4).
11                             IV.   STANDARDS OF REVIEW
12          We previously have stated that whether a particular action is
13   exempt from the automatic stay is a question of law that we review
14   de novo.      Commonwealth of Mass. v. First Alliance Mortg. Co. (In
15   re First Alliance Mortg. Co.), 263 B.R. 99, 106 (9th Cir. BAP
16   2001).      In the context of this appeal, however, it is more
17   accurate to state that the issue is a mixed question of fact and
18   law.       “A mixed question of law and fact occurs when the historical
19   facts are established; the rule of law is undisputed . . . and the
20   issue is whether the facts satisfy the legal rule.”      Murray v.
21   Bammer (In re Bammer), 131 F.3d 788, 792 (9th Cir. 1997).        We
22   review mixed questions of law and fact de novo.       Carillo v. Su (In
23   re Su), 290 F.3d 1140, 1142 (9th Cir. 2002); In re Bammer, 131
24   F.3d at 792.      De novo review requires that we view the case from
25
            6
               We do not resolve the following issue presented by the
26   Commissioner in his Statement of Issues, because its seeks an
     advisory opinion from this Panel rather than review of the RFS
27   Order: Whether the Commissioner will violate the discharge
     injunction if it continues the State Court Action to enforce the
28   monetary provisions of the Commissioner’s Order?

                                            -9-
 1   the same position as the bankruptcy court.        See Lawrence v. Dep’t
 2   of Interior, 525 F.3d 916, 920 (9th Cir. 2008).
 3           We review a bankruptcy court’s order regarding relief from
 4   the automatic stay for abuse of discretion.          Moldo v. Matsco, Inc.
 5   (In re Cybernetic Servs., Inc.), 252 F.3d 1039, 1045 (9th Cir.
 6   2001).    We apply a two-part test to determine whether the
 7   bankruptcy court abused its discretion.        United States v. Hinkson,
 8   585 F.3d 1247, 1261-62 (9th Cir. 2009) (en banc).         First, we
 9   consider de novo whether the bankruptcy court applied the correct
10   legal standard to the relief requested.        Id.   Then, we review the
11   bankruptcy court’s fact findings for clear error.         Id. at 1262 &
12   n.20.    We must affirm the bankruptcy court’s fact findings unless
13   we conclude that they are “(1) ‘illogical,’ (2) ‘implausible,’ or
14   (3) without ‘support in inferences that may be drawn from the
15   facts in the record.’” Id.
16           We may affirm the bankruptcy court’s ruling on any basis
17   supported by the record.    See, e.g., Heilman v. Heilman (In re
18   Heilman), 430 B.R. 213, 216 (9th Cir. BAP 2010); FDIC v. Kipperman
19   (In re Commercial Money Center, Inc.), 392 B.R. 814, 826-27 (9th
20   Cir. BAP 2008); see also McSherry v. City of Long Beach, 584 F.3d
21   1129, 1135 (9th Cir. 2009).
22                                V.   DISCUSSION
23   A.      The Panel Has Discretion to Dismiss or Summarily Affirm
             in This Appeal Where the Commissioner Failed to Provide
24           an Adequate Record for Review.
25           The lack of an adequate record in this appeal is problematic.
26   Despite the fact that the bankruptcy court held a hearing on the
27   RFS Motion, the Commissioner made an affirmative decision not to
28   include a transcript of the RFS Hearing.        The RFS Order contains

                                        -10-
 1   no factual findings or legal conclusions by the bankruptcy court.
 2   Consequently, we are hampered by the lack of a record in our
 3   review of the RFS Order.
 4        The Commissioner’s complete disregard of Rule 8009(b) in
 5   itself constitutes a basis to dismiss this appeal or summarily
 6   affirm the bankruptcy court’s decision.   Kyle v. Dye (In re Kyle),
 7   317 B.R. 390, 393 (9th Cir. BAP 2004), aff’d, 170 F. App’x 457
 8   (9th Cir. 2006).    That said, we have reviewed the record, as
 9   submitted, for the purpose of our review of the issues presented.
10   B.   The Panel’s Review Is Limited in Scope.
11        Generally, an appellate court will not consider an issue
12   unless it was raised and considered by the trial court.   The
13   purpose of this rule is to ensure that the parties present to the
14   fact finder all the evidence they believe is relevant to the
15   issues presented.   Singleton v. Wulff, 428 U.S. 106, 120 (1976);
16   Exxon Shipping Co. v. Baker, 554 U.S. 471, 487 (2008).    This rule
17   is collateral to the broader rule that an appellate court does not
18   sit as a fact finding body:
19        The rationale for deference to the original finder of
          fact is not limited to the superiority of the trial
20        judge's position to make determinations of credibility.
          The trial judge's major role is the determination of
21        fact, and with experience in fulfilling that role comes
          expertise. Duplication of the trial judge's efforts in
22        the court of appeals would very likely contribute only
          negligibly to the accuracy of fact determination at a
23        huge cost in diversion of judicial resources. In
          addition, the parties to a case on appeal have already
24        been forced to concentrate their energies and resources
          on persuading the trial judge that their account of the
25        facts is the correct one; requiring them to persuade
          three more judges at the appellate level is requiring
26        too much. As the Court has stated in a different
          context, the trial on the merits should be “the ‘main
27        event’ . . . rather than a ‘tryout on the road.’”
          Wainwright v. Sykes, 433 U.S. 72, 90 (1977). For these
28        reasons, review of factual findings under the

                                      -11-
 1        clearly-erroneous standard—with its deference to the
          trier of fact—is the rule, not the exception.
 2
 3   Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, N.C., 470 U.S. 564, 574-75
 4   (1985).
 5        Mr. Yun defended the RFS Motion on the basis that any claim
 6   the State of California may have had based on Mr. Yun’s alleged
 7   fraud was discharged when the Commissioner failed to seek a
 8   determination that the debt was excepted from his discharge under
 9   a subsection of § 523(a) within the time mandated by § 523(c)(1).
10   The record before us does not reflect what, if anything, the
11   Commissioner may have asserted before the bankruptcy court with
12   respect to § 523.    The Commissioner did not address any defense to
13   application of the § 523(c)(1) deadline in the RFS Motion or in
14   any of his supporting papers.
15        The Commissioner suggests on appeal that the bankruptcy court
16   erred when it determined that the Commissioner had failed to file
17   a dischargeability complaint within the time provided by
18   § 523(c)(1).    He asserts before us that § 523(b)(3)(B) excuses any
19   failure to meet the § 523(c)(1) deadline, because Mr. Yun had not
20   provided him with proper notice of the pendency of the bankruptcy
21   case.7    Although the timeliness of a dischargeability complaint
22   under § 523(c)(1) appears to have been raised before the
23   bankruptcy court by Mr. Yun, nothing in the record reflects what
24   facts, if any, the bankruptcy court considered in connection with
25
          7
               In the record before the bankruptcy court, the
26   Commissioner stated he never received notice of the bankruptcy
     case. In context, it is not apparent that this was anything other
27   than a generalized complaint against the actions of Mr. Yun and
     his bankruptcy counsel. Nowhere does the Commissioner assert that
28   any failure to be served implicated his rights under § 523.

                                      -12-
 1   the timeliness of pursuing a nondischargeability determination.
 2   We cannot say that the bankruptcy court’s findings are clearly
 3   erroneous when we do not know what they were.
 4        The Commissioner alternatively asserts on appeal that the
 5   § 523(c)(1) deadline does not apply, because the basis for
 6   nondischargeability of the State of California’s claim is
 7   § 523(a)(7), which provides that a discharge under § 727 does not
 8   discharge an individual debtor from any debt “for a fine, penalty,
 9   or forfeiture payable to and for the benefit of a governmental
10   unit, and is not compensation for actual pecuniary loss . . . .”
11        Nothing in the record reflects that the Commissioner
12   presented to the bankruptcy court the issue of the applicability
13   of § 523(a)(7), or any other provision of § 523(a), in arguing the
14   RFS Motion.   In the absence of a record establishing that the
15   bankruptcy court considered these issues, we have nothing to
16   review on appeal.
17        In the absence of an adequate record, we affirm the
18   bankruptcy court’s order to the extent it may be based on a
19   determination that no timely exception to discharge complaint was
20   filed within the purview of § 523(c)(1).   We do not reach the
21   issue of whether § 523(a)(7), or any other provision of § 523(a),
22   applies to the alleged nondischargeability of the Commissioner’s
23   claim where that issue was not presented to the bankruptcy court
24   in the first instance.
25
     C.   The Record Is Insufficient for the Panel to Review the
26        Commissioner’s § 362(b)(4) Issue on Appeal.
27        Under § 362(a), the filing of a voluntary bankruptcy petition
28   operates as a stay (1) of the commencement or continuation of

                                     -13-
 1   actions or proceedings against the debtor (§ 362(a)(1)), and
 2   (2) of any act to collect, assess or recover a claim against the
 3   debtor that arose before the commencement of the bankruptcy case
 4   (§ 362(a)(6)).
 5        The scope of the automatic stay is intended to be “quite
 6   broad.”   Hills Motors, Inc. v. Haw. Auto. Dealers’ Ass’n, 997 F.2d
 7   581, 585 (9th Cir. 1993).   However, Congress specifically excepted
 8   the enforcement of a governmental unit’s “police or regulatory
 9   powers” from the scope of the automatic stay.   See § 362(b)(4).
10        Still, “[n]ot every police or regulatory action is
11   automatically exempt . . . .”   Commonwealth of Mass. v. First
12   Alliance Mortg. Co. (In re First Alliance Mortg. Co.), 263 B.R.
13   99, 107 (9th Cir. BAP 2001).    Under Ninth Circuit precedent, the
14   bankruptcy court was required to apply two tests in its effort to
15   determine whether the Commissioner’s proposed actions fall within
16   the scope of § 364(b)(4)’s exception to the automatic stay:    the
17   “pecuniary purpose” test and the “public policy” test.    In re
18   Universal Life Church, Inc., 128 F.3d 1294, 1297 (9th Cir. 1997).
19   Satisfaction of either test is sufficient for the exemption to
20   apply.    Lockyer v. Mirant Corp., 398 F.3d 1098, 1108 (9th Cir.
21   2005).
22        These tests are applied by analyzing the individual claims
23   the Commissioner intended to assert against Mr. Yun.   City and
24   County of San Francisco v. PG & E Corp., 433 F.3d 1115, 1125 (9th
25   Cir.), cert. denied, 549 U.S. 882 (2006) (“PG & E”).   Further, in
26   applying the tests, the bankruptcy court was governed by three
27   underlying principles.   First, exceptions to the automatic stay
28   are interpreted narrowly.   In re First Alliance Mortg. Co., 263

                                      -14-
 1   B.R. at 106 (citing In re Dunbar, 235 B.R. 465, 470 (9th Cir. BAP
 2   1999), aff’d, 245 F.3d 1058 (9th Cir. 2001)).    Second, “[s]tate .
 3   . . governmental units cannot, by an exercise of their police or
 4   regulatory powers, subvert the relief afforded by the federal
 5   bankruptcy laws.”   Thomassen v. Div. of Med. Quality Assurance,
 6   Dept. of Consumer Affairs, State of Cal. (In re Thomassen), 15
 7   B.R. 907 (9th Cir. BAP 1981).    Third, a debtor’s right to his
 8   discharge is protected by a broad injunction.    See, e.g., Espinosa
 9   v. United Student Aid Funds, Inc., 553 F.3d 1193 (9th Cir. 2008),
10   aff’d, 130 S. Ct. 1367 (2010).
11        As commonly stated in the case law, “[u]nder the ‘pecuniary
12   purpose’ test, the bankruptcy court must determine ‘whether the
13   government action relates primarily to the protection of the
14   government’s pecuniary interest in the debtor’s property or to
15   matters of public safety and welfare.’”   In re First Alliance
16   Mortg. Co., 263 B.R. at 107 (quoting In re Universal Life Church,
17   Inc., 128 F.3d at 1297).   Under the “public purpose” test, the
18   bankruptcy court must determine whether the Commissioner seeks to
19   “effectuate public policy” or to adjudicate “private rights.”
20   Lockyer v. Mirant, 398 F.3d 1098, 1109 (9th Cir. 2005).   These are
21   both factual determinations to be made based on the presentation
22   of evidence.
23        As we noted previously, the bankruptcy court made no written
24   factual findings, and we have no transcript before us to determine
25   what findings the court may have made at the Hearing.   Because our
26   role is to review the facts found by the bankruptcy court, we must
27   have those facts before us on appeal when we are asked to decide
28   that the bankruptcy court has committed error.

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 1        If the bankruptcy court failed to make factual findings, as
 2   suggested by the Commissioner at oral argument, we could remand
 3   for it to make findings.   However, in the absence of the
 4   transcript, we cannot know that the bankruptcy court did not make
 5   the requisite findings upon which to base its order.   Because the
 6   Commissioner did not provide a transcript of the Hearing for our
 7   review, we may presume that nothing that happened at the Hearing
 8   would aid his case on appeal.    Gionis v. Wayne (In re Gionis), 170
 9   B.R. 675, 681 (9th Cir. BAP 1994), aff’d, 92 F.3d 1192 (9th Cir.
10   1996).
11                              VI.   CONCLUSION
12        Based on the foregoing analysis, and in light of the
13   inadequate record provided by the Commissioner, we AFFIRM.
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28

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