Court Opinion

ID: 2777818
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-02-09 08:04:35.254267+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:26:41.253438
License: Public Domain

STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS

SALKO ADANALIC,                                                    FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                   February 5, 2015
              Plaintiff-Appellee/Cross-Appellant,                  9:00 a.m.
and

SPECTRUM HEALTH HOSPITALS,

              Intervening Plaintiff-
              Appellee/Cross-Appellant,
and

ORTHOPAEDIC ASSOCIATES OF MICHIGAN,

              Intervening Plaintiff-Appellee,

v                                                                  No. 317764
                                                                   Kent Circuit Court
HARCO NATIONAL INSURANCE COMPANY,                                  LC No. 12-004231-NF

              Defendant-Appellant/Cross-
              Appellee,
and

MICHIGAN MILLERS MUTUAL INSURANCE
COMPANY,

              Defendant-Appellant/Cross-
              Appellee.

Before: BORRELLO, P.J., and SERVITTO and SHAPIRO, JJ.

SHAPIRO, J.

       In this no-fault action, plaintiff Salko Adanalic sought first-party benefits from
defendants Harco National Insurance Company (Harco) and Michigan Millers Mutual Insurance
Company (Millers). Spectrum Health Hospitals (Spectrum) and Orthopaedic Associates of
Michigan (Orthopaedic), who treated Adanalic’s injuries, intervened as plaintiffs. Plaintiffs and

                                                -1-
defendants filed cross-motions for summary disposition. The trial court found that Millers was
liable to plaintiffs for no-fault personal protection (PIP) benefits and, accordingly, awarded
damages to plaintiffs. Millers appeals on two grounds. First, it asserts that Adanalic was not
entitled to payment of first-party PIP benefits. Second, it asserts that if Adanalic is entitled to
PIP benefits, Harco, rather than Millers, was the highest priority PIP insurer.

        On cross-appeal, Spectrum argues that either or both Millers and Harco are liable for
attorney fees and penalty interest due to their unlawful failure to promptly pay PIP benefits. We
affirm the trial court’s ruling that plaintiffs were entitled to PIP benefits and that Millers was first
in priority and so responsible for payment of those benefits and penalty interest. We reverse the
trial court’s ruling that Millers was not liable for plaintiffs’ attorney fees and so remand for the
calculation and award of those statutory fees.

                                              I. FACTS

        Adanalic was seriously injured while unloading a pallet from a disabled box truck onto a
semi-trailer. He had contracted with DIS Transportation (a nonparty to this action) to pick up,
haul, and deliver various loads of cargo. On October 1, 2011, he was returning to Grand Rapids
from an out-of-state delivery, hauling an empty semi-trailer. He accepted a DIS dispatch to a
truck stop in Indiana for the purpose of removing loaded pallets from the disabled box truck and
loading them into his semi-trailer.1 Both the truck and the semi-trailer were insured by defendant
Harco under a policy which included Michigan no-fault coverage. The policy was issued to DIS.
Adanalic had Michigan no-fault insurance through defendant Millers under a policy issued to his
wife.

       Upon arriving at the Indiana truck stop, Adanalic backed his semi-trailer to
approximately nine feet from the disabled box truck which was of a different height. A ramp
was extended from the box truck to the semi-trailer and used as a path for the transfer of the
loaded pallets. Adanalic and the driver of the box truck then began moving the loaded pallets,
one at a time, along the ramp. The other driver pushed the pallets while Adanalic pulled them.
He did so by using straps attached to the pallets for that purpose. While the two men were
loading the third pallet onto the truck operated by Adanalic, the loaded pallet fell and it pulled
Adanalic, who was attached by the pallet straps, down with it, injuring him.

        Adanalic sought PIP benefits from Millers and Harco, but each denied his claim. Several
months later, on March 12, 2012, he filed suit against defendants, seeking first-party PIP benefits
for his injuries. Plaintiffs Spectrum and Orthopaedic subsequently filed intervening complaints
against both defendants. Both defendants responded with denials of coverage.

1
  The semi-trailer was registered to Trailer X-Press, Inc. (a nonparty), owned by Fleet Service of
West Michigan, LLC (a nonparty), and leased long-term to DIS. The truck hauling the semi-
trailer was owned by Adanalic himself but also under long-term lease to DIS. Because both the
truck and semi-trailer were long-term leased to DIS, DIS is considered the “owner” of both
vehicles for the purposes of the no-fault act. MCL 500.3101(2)(h)(i).

                                                  -2-
       The parties filed cross-motions for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10). After
hearing argument, the trial court issued a written opinion ruling that: (1) Adanalic was entitled to
PIP benefits; (2) Millers was the insurer of highest priority and, therefore, responsible for
payment of those PIP benefits; (3) Millers was responsible for penalty interest due to its delay in
paying Adanalic’s PIP benefits, and; (4) Millers was not responsible for plaintiffs’ attorney fees.

       The parties then submitted stipulations of fact regarding damages. The trial court
subsequently assessed damages against Millers: $110,560.83 to Adanalic, $96,243.52 to
Spectrum, and $8,944.83 to Orthopaedic.2 This appeal and cross-appeal followed.

                                    II. NO-FAULT PIP BENEFITS

        Millers argues that two provisions of the no-fault act, MCL 500.3101 et seq., relieve it of
responsibility for payment of Adanalic’s PIP benefits. First, it argues that the circumstances of
Adanalic’s injuries do not satisfy any of the “parked vehicle exceptions” enumerated in MCL
500.3106(1). Second, it argues that workers’ compensation benefits were “available” to
Adanalic under MCL 500.3106(2) and, therefore, Millers is not responsible for payment of PIP
benefits. We conclude that both arguments fail.

       Both of these issues involve questions of statutory interpretation, which we review de
novo.3 Radina v Wieland Sales, Inc, 297 Mich. App. 369, 373; 824 NW2d 587 (2012). As our
Supreme Court has instructed,

          . . . the purpose of statutory construction is to discern and give effect to the intent
          of the Legislature. In determining the intent of the Legislature, this Court must
          first look to the language of the statute. The Court must, first and foremost,
          interpret the language of a statute in a manner that is consistent with the intent of
          the Legislature. As far as possible, effect should be given to every phrase, clause,
          and word in the statute. The statutory language must be read and understood in its
          grammatical context, unless it is clear that something different was intended.
          Moreover, when considering the correct interpretation, the statute must be read as
          a whole. Individual words and phrases, while important, should be read in the
          context of the entire legislative scheme. While defining particular words in
          statutes, we must consider both the plain meaning of the critical word or phrase
          and its placement and purpose in the statutory scheme. A statute must be read in
          conjunction with other relevant statutes to ensure that the legislative intent is
          correctly ascertained. The statute must be interpreted in a manner that ensures
          that it works in harmony with the entire statutory scheme. [Bush v Shabahang,

2
    The amount of PIP benefits due is not at issue in this appeal.
3
 We also review de novo a trial court’s grant of summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10).
Ernsting v Ave Maria College, 274 Mich. App. 506, 509; 736 NW2d 574 (2007).

                                                   -3-
       484 Mich. 156, 166-167; 772 NW2d 272 (2009) (formatting and citations
       omitted).]

And, “[g]iven the remedial nature of the no-fault act, courts must liberally construe its provisions
in favor of the persons who are its intended beneficiaries.” Frierson v West American Ins Co,
261 Mich. App. 732, 734; 683 NW2d 695 (2004) (citations omitted).

                              A. PARKED VEHICLE EXCEPTION

       At the time Adanalic was injured, the relevant vehicles were parked. Per MCL
500.3106(1), PIP coverage does not apply where the relevant vehicle is parked unless one or
more of three statutory exceptions is present. The statute provides that for purposes of obtaining
no-fault benefits, “[a]ccidental bodily injury does not arise out of the ownership, operation,
maintenance, or use of a parked vehicle as a motor vehicle unless any of the following occur”:

              (a) The vehicle was parked in such a way as to cause unreasonable risk of
       the bodily injury which occurred.

              (b) Except as provided in subsection (2), the injury was a direct result of
       physical contact with equipment permanently mounted on the vehicle, while the
       equipment was being operated or used, or property being lifted onto or lowered
       from the vehicle in the loading or unloading process.

              (c) Except as provided in subsection (2), the injury was sustained by a
       person while occupying, entering into, or alighting from the vehicle.

       [Emphasis added.]

The parties agree that subsection (1)(a) does not apply in this case. Millers argues that neither
subsection (1)(b) nor (1)(c) was satisfied. The trial court found that plaintiffs satisfied the parked
vehicle exception of subsection (1)(b).

       As described in Arnold v Auto-Owners Ins Co, 84 Mich. App. 75, 79-80; 269 NW2d 311
(1978), MCL 500.3106(1)(b) contains two independent clauses such that it provides coverage
where the injury was the direct result of physical contact with either: equipment permanently
mounted on the vehicle or “property being lifted onto or lowered from the parked vehicle in the
loading or unloading process.”

        Millers agrees that (1) Adanalic was lifting or lowering property from a parked vehicle
during the loading or unloading process and (2) Adanalic was in physical contact with that
property when he was injured. It is Millers’ contention that regardless of the fact that the fall of
the item Adanalic was loading was the direct cause of his fall, his injuries are not covered as they
did not actually occur until that fall ended with his impact with the ground.

        The trial court found that the requirements of MCL 500.3106(1)(b) were met, stating in
its opinion:

                                                 -4-
               The parties’ arguments concern the exceptions found in MCL 500.3106(b)
       and (c). This Court finds that the second scenario under MCL 500.3106(1)(b)
       applies in this case, entitling Adanalic to no-fault benefits.

              The second scenario of MCL 500.3106(1)(b) “makes compensable injuries
       which are a direct result of physical contact with property being lifted onto or
       lowered from the parked vehicle in the loading or unloading process.” It is
       undisputed that Adanalic was injured during the loading or unloading process.
       The parties dispute whether Adanalic’s injuries were “a direct result of physical
       contract with [the] property being lifted onto [the trailer.]”

               Millers argues that the injuries did not result from contact with the pallet,
       but, rather from contact with the ground when he fell. Millers seems to contend
       that MCL 500.3106(1)(b) requires that the injuries result from “direct physical
       contact” with the property. However, the statute only requires that the injuries
       were “a direct result of physical contact with [the] property.”

               In this case, Adanalic was pulling the pallet with the belt wrapped around
       the pallet. The ramp connecting the trailer and the disabled box car collapsed,
       which caused the pallet to fall to the ground, which, in turn, caused Adanalic to
       fall to the ground. These facts establish that Adanalic’s injuries were “a direct
       result of physical contact” with the pallet. Therefore, MCL 500.3106(1)(b) is
       satisfied in this case.

               Had the pallet landed on Adanalic or had Adanalic fell on the pallet, i.e.,
       “direct physical contact,” that certainly would satisfy MCL 500.3106(1)(b). But
       the statute does not require that the property, itself, inflict the injuries. It only
       requires that the injuries directly result from physical contact with the property.
       Therefore, the statute is satisfied here, where Adanalic’s physical contact with the
       pallet caused him to fall to the ground, directly resulting in his injuries.

        We agree with the trial court’s analysis and affirm its conclusion, which is consistent
with the statute as written. Millers attempts to fundamentally rewrite the statute to state that a
plaintiff’s injury must occur as a result of being struck by the property being loaded or unloaded.
However, the word “struck” is nowhere in the statute. Rather, it requires that there be “physical
contact” with the property being loaded and that such physical contact “directly result” in injury.
As noted, Millers concedes that Adanalic was in physical contact with the pallet he was loading
when it fell and that such contact pulled him down with it. And while Millers does not explicitly
concede it, there is little dispute that Adanalic’s fall and injury occurred in a single, unbroken,
and immediate course of events that occurred because he was in contact with the pallet. The
word “direct” is not defined in the no-fault act and, therefore, we may turn to a dictionary for
assistance. See, e.g., Glenn v TPI Petroleum, Inc, 305 Mich. App. 698, 708-709; 854 NW2d 509
(2014). “Direct,” when used as an adjective, is defined as “proceeding in a straight line or by the
shortest course; straight, not oblique” and “proceeding in an unbroken line of descent.” Random
House Webster’s College Dictionary (2001). It does not require an instantaneous occurrence,
but one which proceeds in direct fashion. While hitting the ground when falling occurs at a
different instant than the moment the fall begins, it begs credulity (and the law of gravity) to

                                                -5-
suggest that a fall ending with impact with the ground is not a direct process. Indeed, Adanalic’s
injuries were literally the result of “proceeding in an unbroken line of descent.” Id.

        None of the cases of record cited by Millers support its proposed reading of the statute.
Winter v Auto Club of Mich, 433 Mich. 446, 448-449; 446 NW2d 132 (1989), involved a case
where the plaintiff was injured by a piece of concrete that fell from the hook of a parked tow
truck. The Court held that there was not coverage under the “loading” exception, MCL
500.3106(1)(b), because the concrete piece was not being loaded or unloaded onto a vehicle, but
simply being temporarily raised so that the soil beneath it could be leveled. Id. at 460. Indeed, it
was never loaded nor intended to be transported.4 Id. In Frohm v American Motorists Ins Co,
148 Mich. App. 308, 309; 383 NW2d 604 (1985), the plaintiff was not loading or unloading a
vehicle when he was injured; rather, he hurt his back while throwing material he found on one
loading dock into a waste bin on an adjacent loading dock. Although the waste bin would later
be loaded onto the subject vehicle, the filling of that bin away from the vehicle was an activity
preparatory to the actual loading. Id. at 311. That bears no relation to the instant case, where
Adanalic was injured when the actual object that he was directly and actively loading into the
truck fell and pulled him down, causing injury. The other case cited by Millers, Dowdy v
Motorland Ins Co, 97 Mich. App. 242; 293 NW2d 782 (1980), is even further afield. In that case,
the plaintiff was injured when a stack of steel on a warehouse floor near a loading dock fell on
him. Id. at 245. The plaintiff was unloading his truck when this occurred, but it was undisputed
that the steel that injured him was not being loaded or unloaded at the time. Id. at 247. Indeed, it
had not even been transported by the plaintiff. Id. As this Court stated, “the injury [was not] due
to contact with property which was being lifted onto or lowered from the vehicle in the loading
process.” Id.

      The trial court correctly held that Adanalic satisfied the parked vehicle exception of MCL
500.3106(1)(b).5

                          B. WORKERS’ COMPENSATION EXCLUSION

       Millers also argues that it has no responsibility to pay Adanalic’s PIP benefits because
workers’ compensation benefits were “available” to him under MCL 500.3106(2). That statute
provides in pertinent part:

                Accidental bodily injury does not arise out of the ownership, operation,
         maintenance, or use of a parked vehicle as a motor vehicle if benefits under the
         worker’s disability compensation act of 1969[6] . . . or under a similar law of

4
 The opinion states: “It is undisputed that the cement slab in the instant case was not being lifted
onto or lowered from the tow truck. No such operation was attempted. . . . At no time did
anyone intend to load the slab onto the tow truck.” Winter, 433 Mich. at 460.
5
  Pursuant to this finding, we need not address Millers’ argument that Adanalic failed to satisfy
the parked vehicle exception of MCL 500.3106(1)(c).
6
    MCL 418.301 et seq.

                                                -6-
       another state or under a similar federal law, are available to an employee who
       sustains the injury in the course of his or her employment while doing either of
       the following:

              (a) Loading, unloading, or doing mechanical work on a vehicle unless the
       injury arose from the use or operation of another vehicle. As used in this
       subdivision, “another vehicle” does not include a motor vehicle being loaded on,
       unloaded from, or secured to, as cargo or freight, a motor vehicle.

               (b) Entering into or alighting from the vehicle unless the injury was
       sustained while entering into or alighting from the vehicle immediately after the
       vehicle became disabled. This subdivision shall not apply if the injury arose from
       the use or operation of another vehicle. As used in this subdivision, “another
       vehicle” does not include a motor vehicle being loaded on, unloaded from or
       secured to, as cargo or freight, a motor vehicle.

       [Emphasis added.]

Following his injury, Adanalic filed an application for workers’ compensation benefits from DIS,
the entity that contracted with him to deliver the subject cargo. DIS denied the workers’
compensation claim on the grounds that Adanalic was an independent contractor, not an
employee. Despite this denial, Millers has refused to pay any PIP benefits to Adanalic.7

        “The workers compensation act and the no-fault act are complete and self-contained
legislative schemes, and neither scheme should be permitted to frustrate the purposes and
objectives of the other scheme.” Perez v State Farm Mut Auto Ins Co, 418 Mich. 634, 649-650;
344 NW2d 773 (1984) (quotation marks and citation omitted).

        Millers relies on the language from Perez mandating that the claimant, in this case,
Adanalic, make “reasonable efforts” to obtain available workers compensation benefits. Id. at
650. However, Millers appears to conflate the set-off provision of MCL 500.3109(1) and the
exclusion provision of MCL 500.3106(2). Perez states that this “reasonable efforts” requirement
arises specifically from the “required to be provided” clause of MCL 500.3109(1).8 Id. No such
“required to be provided” language is present in MCL 500.3106(2).

       It is well-settled that under MCL 500.3109(1), workers’ compensation benefits may be
deducted, i.e., set off, from no-fault benefits. See Sprecht v Citizens Ins Co of America, 234

7
 It has now been over three years since Adanalic’s injury and he has received neither workers’
compensation nor PIP benefits.
8
  “[T]he ‘required to be provided’ clause of § 3109(1) means only that the injured person is
obliged to use reasonable efforts to obtain available workers’ compensation payments.” Perez,
418 Mich. at 650. Even where that requirement applies, “it does not, in light of the underlying
purpose of the no-fault act, call for a potentially lengthy and costly effort.” Id.

                                              -7-
Mich App 292, 295; 593 NW2d 670 (1999). The issue before us in this case, however, does not
involve a claim for a set-off pursuant to that statute. Rather, the question arises under the
provision in MCL 500.3106(2) specifically addressing the interplay of no-fault benefits and
workers’ compensation benefits where certain parked vehicle exceptions are at issue. The statute
provides that where those exceptions are at issue, no-fault benefits are not paid “if benefits under
the worker’s disability compensation act . . . are available to an employee who sustains the injury
in the course of . . . employment.”

        Unlike MCL 500.3109(1), which addresses workers’ compensation benefits that are
“provided or required to be provided under the laws of any state,” MCL 500.3106(2) addresses
only those workers’ compensation benefits that are “available” to the employee. “Available” is
not defined in the no-fault act and so we may turn to the dictionary for assistance. Glenn, 305
Mich. App. at 708-709. According to Random House Webster’s College Dictionary (2001),
“available” means “suitable or ready for use; at hand.” When an alleged employer denies
workers’ compensation benefits and asserts that the injured individual is not an employee, as DIS
did in Adanalic’s case, those benefits cannot be said to be “ready for use” or “at hand.”

        Both the workers’ compensation system and the no-fault system are intended to provide
limited, but prompt payment of benefits to injured persons in order to assure medical care,
rehabilitation, and income replacement. It is Millers’ position that where the employer and the
no-fault insurer disagree on which of these two schemes is primarily applicable, the injured
person is to receive no benefits at all until each of the two insurers are satisfied that their
assertion of denial has been fully adjudicated. We reject the notion that because an individual
may be covered by two broad systems of insurance, he is not entitled to any benefits whatsoever
for however long it takes for the matter to be adjudicated. Indeed, requiring an employee to
engage in lengthy workers’ compensation litigation before paying PIP benefits “is wholly
inadequate to accomplish the no-fault act’s purpose of providing assured, adequate, and prompt
recovery for economic loss arising from motor vehicle accidents.” Perez, 418 Mich. at 650.

        The Legislature chose the word “available” to prevent duplicative recovery to an injured
person under both no-fault and workers’ compensation. See North v Kolomyjec, 199 Mich. App.
724, 728; 502 NW2d 765 (1993) (“The clear intent of the Legislature in § 3106 was to eliminate
duplication of . . . benefits of workers’ compensation with . . . benefits afforded by the no-fault
act.”). In this case, no duplicative recovery is at issue. Adanalic was denied workers’
compensation benefits and so those benefits are not “available” to him under both the plain
meaning of the statute and the intent of the no-fault act. The trial court did not err by so ruling.

        Moreover, even if DIS’s denial of Adanalic’s application for workers’ compensation
benefits was improper, Millers has the right to fully and independently protect its interests as his
subrogee. It has always been understood that a no-fault insurer is a “party in interest” in a
workers’ compensation case involving its insured because it has “a direct financial interest in any
possible workers’ compensation award.” Russell v Welcor, Inc, 157 Mich. App. 351, 355; 403
NW2d 133 (1987). And, MCL 418.847(1) provides that “any party in interest” may file a
workers’ compensation application even where the injured party does not obtain a hearing if the
application submitted by the injured party is disputed. Any doubt as to the scope of this right
was fully resolved by Auto-Owners Ins Co v Amoco Production Co, 468 Mich. 53, 59-62; 658
NW2d 460 (2003), which held not only that the no-fault insurer has the right to file its own

                                                -8-
petition but also that it is entitled to be fully reimbursed by the employer for all reasonable
expenses should it prevail. As that case explained, the no-fault insurer stands in place of the
insured and pursuant to MCL 418.315(1), if an employer wrongly refuses to pay benefits and the
injured worker must pay for his own medical treatment, the worker “shall be reimbursed for the
reasonable expense paid by [him]” and such reimbursement is not subject to the cost containment
provisions of the workers’ compensation act. Id. at 62 (“The principle of equitable subrogation
allows [the no-fault insurer] to assert the right of . . . its insured, to receive full reimbursement
from [the employer].”). See also Dowd-List v Hagler Bailly & Hartford Ins Co, 2006 Mich
ACO 112, p 5 (“the statutory language . . . provides for [a no-fault insurer’s application for
mediation or hearing] even without an application filed by the injured worker.”); Lingane v
Community Centre/HCM Corp, 1993 Mich ACO 29, p 2 (“a no-fault carrier is a ‘party in
interest’ under section 847(1) [MCL 418.847(1)] of the workers’ compensation act both for the
purpose of intervening in a[n] existing action and for the purpose of initiating an action. . . .
[S]ection 847(1) does not distinguish between intervention and initiation.”).

        In sum, workers’ compensation benefits were not “available” to Adanalic and Millers
was not entitled withhold payment of PIP benefits under MCL 500.3106(2). To hold otherwise
would be contrary to the purpose of the no-fault act, which is to ensure the prompt payment of
PIP benefits owed. Perez, 418 Mich. at 650. The law provides Millers with ample recourse to
protect its reimbursement interest and a “no-fault carrier is not entitled to delay payments in
order to wait for the [workers’ compensation] determination.” Specht, 234 Mich. App. at 296.
Accordingly, the trial court did not err by ruling that MCL 500.3106(2) did not relieve Millers of
its responsibility to promptly pay Adanalic’s PIP benefits.

                                 C. SUMMARY DISPOSITION

        We find that the trial court did not err by finding that Adanalic satisfied the parked
vehicle exception of MCL 500.3106(1)(b) and that workers’ compensation benefits were not
available to him under MCL 500.3106(2)(a). The actual facts of Adanalic’s accident and
resulting injuries are undisputed and we have held that where “[t]he dispute is not as to what
occurred, but as to whether what occurred came within the insurance coverage of loading[,]”
summary disposition may be properly granted. Dembinski v Aetna Cas & Surety Co, 76 Mich
App 181, 183-184; 256 NW2d 69 (1977). Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s summary
disposition ruling that plaintiffs are entitled to PIP benefits.

                                    III. INSURER PRIORITY

       Millers argues that Adanalic was an employee of DIS when his injuries occurred and that,
therefore, Harco, as DIS’s no-fault insurer, is responsible for Adanalic’s PIP benefits under MCL
500.3114(3), which provides:

               An employee . . . who suffers accidental bodily injury while an occupant
       of a motor vehicle owned or registered by the employer, shall receive personal
       protection insurance benefits to which the employee is entitled from the insurer of
       the furnished vehicle.

                                                -9-
        It is undisputed that Harco was the no-fault insurer, under a policy issued to DIS, of both
the semi-truck and semi-trailer used by Adanalic at the time of the accident. Thus, Harco was
the insurer of the “furnished vehicle.” The trial court ruled, however, that Adanalic was not an
“employee” of DIS at the time he sustained his injuries.

        For the purposes of MCL 500.3114(3), whether an injured party was an “employee” is
determined by applying the “economic reality test.” Parham v Preferred Risk Mut Ins Co, 124
Mich. App. 618, 624-625; 335 NW2d 106 (1983). “By this test, factors to be considered include:
(a) control of the worker’s duties, (b) payment of wages, (c) right to hire, fire and discipline, and
(d) the performance of the duties as an integral part of the employer’s business towards the
accomplishment of a common goal.” Id. at 623. An independent contractor is not considered an
“employee” for purposes of the no-fault act. Citizens Ins Co of America v Auto Club Ins Ass’n,
179 Mich. App. 461, 465; 446 NW2d 482 (1989). The trial court applied the economic reality test
and found that Adanalic was not an employee, but an independent contractor, of DIS, writing:

               To begin with, the Contractor Operator Agreement (“the Agreement”)
       between DIS and Adanalic refers to Adanalic as “Contractor.” It also specifically
       states at Paragraph 17 that the Agreement creates a carrier-independent contractor
       relationship, not an employer-employee relationship.

               For the first factor, Paragraph 3 of the Agreement states that Adanalic had
       the right to decline to haul any load offered by DIS. Deposition testimony of
       Adanalic and DIS’ employee confirmed that this was the actual practice between
       the parties. Paragraph 6 of the Agreement states that it was up to Adanalic to
       “determine the means and methods of the performance of all transportation
       services . . . .” DIS’ employee confirmed this, testifying that Adanalic was free to
       determine how a load would be delivered.

               For the second factor, Paragraph 4 of the Agreement states that DIS
       compensated Adanalic based on a percentage of the loads he delivered. However,
       under Paragraph 8 of the Agreement, Adanalic was responsible for withholding
       all taxes and for workers compensation insurance. DIS’ employee confirmed this
       at deposition.

              For the third factor, Paragraph 12 of the Agreement states that the
       Agreement was terminable at will by either party. As for the fourth factor, Harco
       argues that the services provided by Adanalic were fungible, in that DIS had
       numerous other drivers that could deliver a load if Adanalic declined one.
       Therefore, the performance of his duties were not an integral part of DIS’
       business.

               Considering the language of the Agreement that specifically sets forth the
       parties’ relationship, as well as the other provisions of the Agreement and the
       parties’ actual practices under the four factors of the economic reality test, this
       Court finds that Adanalic was an independent contractor, not an employee.

                                                -10-
        Millers first argues that the trial court “relied exclusively upon the provisions of a
‘Contractor Operator Agreement.’” See Kidder v Miller-Davis Co, 455 Mich. 25, 45-46; 564
NW2d 872 (1997) (when conducting the economic reality test, the contractual language used by
the parties “is neither dispositive nor controlling”). This is an inaccurate characterization of the
trial court’s ruling. The trial court, as quoted above, did reference the Contractor Operator
Agreement. However, it only mentioned the contract’s definition of Adanalic as an independent
contractor as a preliminary matter, and there is no indication that it solely relied on that
designation. Moreover, while the court also referenced the Contractor Operator Agreement in
discussing the four factors, it bolstered its conclusions as to each factor with reference to the
depositions of Adanalic and DIS’s operations manager. In sum, the trial court only relied on the
Contractor Operator Agreement as but one factor in its analysis, as expressly permitted by
caselaw. See id. at 46.

        Second, Millers takes issue with the trial court’s findings as to the four factors of the
economic reality test. However, having criticized the trial court for relying on employment
classifications in the Contractor Operator Agreement, Millers then relies on employment
classifications in other DIS documents to argue that Adanalic was not an independent contractor.
Millers also relies on tangentially related deposition testimony wherein Adanalic referred to DIS
as his “employer.” These arguments do nothing to contradict the trial court’s inquiry into the
legal import of the actual practices between Adanalic and DIS, all of which support the court’s
finding that Adanalic was an independent contractor for purposes of the no-fault act.

        With regard to “control of the worker’s duties,” it is undisputed that it was Adanalic’s
contractual right to refuse any load offered by DIS. Whether he frequently exercised that right is
immaterial. It was similarly Adanalic’s right to determine the means of hauling any load he
accepted, i.e., he was under very little specific control of DIS and, upon the exercise of his right
to refuse a load, under no control at all. There was similarly no agreement that Adanalic could
only drive or haul loads for DIS. With regard to the payment of wages, Adanalic was paid on
commission based solely on the loads he accepted. While deductions were made for DIS’s
advances on insurance costs, there was no withholding of federal or state taxes, and Adanalic
was issued 1099 forms. See Loos v JB Installed Sales, Inc, 485 Mich. 993; 775 NW2d 139
(2009) (income tax records “are directly relevant to the question of employee status”). Adanalic
was not only responsible for payment of his own taxes, but for his own operating expenses. As
to the “right to hire, fire and discipline,” the Adanalic-DIS relationship was terminable by either
party at will. Adanalic was also free to hire his own employees, who would be responsible to
him, not DIS; he would be required to train and supervise those employees with no aid from DIS.
Finally, the fourth factor of the economic reality test, “the performance of the duties as an
integral part of the employer’s business towards the accomplishment of a common goal,” does
nothing to contradict the trial court’s ruling. DIS had numerous contracted drivers, of which
Adanalic was merely one. He was free to terminate the relationship at any time or refuse to haul
any load dispatched by DIS. Such a relationship cannot be said to be “integral” to DIS’s general
goals, presumably making a profit by dispatching contracted drivers to haul cargo.

       Accordingly, we find that the trial court did not err by finding that, for purposes of the
no-fault act, Adanalic was an independent contractor, not an employee, of DIS. Thus, the trial
court did not err by finding that Millers, as Adanalic’s no-fault insurer, was responsible for
payment of his PIP benefits.

                                               -11-
                                     IV. ATTORNEY FEES

       On cross-appeal, Spectrum argues that the trial court erred by denying its request for
attorney fees under MCL 500.3148(1). We agree.

               The trial court’s decision to grant or deny attorney fees under the no-fault
       act presents a mixed question of law and fact. What constitutes reasonableness is
       a question of law, but whether the defendant’s denial of benefits is reasonable
       under the particular facts of the case is a question of fact. We review de novo
       questions of law, but review the trial court’s findings of fact for clear error. A
       finding is clearly erroneous where this Court is left with a definite and firm
       conviction that a mistake as been made. [Univ Rehab Alliance, Inc v Farm
       Bureau Gen Ins Co of Mich, 279 Mich. App. 691, 693; 760 NW2d 574 (2008)
       (quotation marks and citations omitted).]

In this case, there is no significant factual dispute. Thus, whether Millers’ actions were
reasonable turns on the relationship between those actions and the settled law governing its
responsibilities under the no-fault act.

        “MCL 500.3148 establishes two prerequisites for the award of attorney fees.” Moore v
Secura Ins, 482 Mich. 507, 517; 759 NW2d 833 (2008). “First, the benefits must be overdue,
meaning ‘not paid within 30 days after [the] insurer receives reasonable proof of the fact and the
amount of loss sustained.’” Id., quoting MCL 500.3142(2). It is undisputed that Adanalic’s
benefits are “overdue” in this case. Second, the insurer must have “unreasonably refused to pay
the claim or unreasonably delayed in making proper payment.” MCL 500.3148(1). “[A]n
insurer’s refusal or delay places a burden on the insurer to justify its refusal or delay.” Ross v
Auto Club Group, 481 Mich. 1, 11; 748 NW2d 552 (2008). “”The insurer can meet this burden
by showing that the refusal or delay is the product of a legitimate question of statutory
construction, constitutional law, or factual uncertainty.” Id.

       Millers argues that its failure to promptly pay Adanalic’s PIP benefits was based on
legitimate questions of statutory construction,9 i.e., that Adanalic did not satisfy the parked
vehicle exception and because worker’s compensation benefits were “available” to him. Given
our earlier and extensive discussion of the relevant law, we find it beyond question that Millers
“unreasonably refused to pay the claim[.]” MCL 500.3148(1).

        Regarding its suggested interpretation of MCL 500.3106(1)(b), the parked vehicle
exception discussed earlier, there is absolutely no caselaw support for Millers’ argument. More
to the point, the argument is wholly inconsistent with the plain language of the statute. Millers is
asking this Court to rewrite the statute and ignore what was written by the Legislature. Millers

9
  Millers does not argue that its refusal or delay was the product of a legitimate question of
constitutional law or factual uncertainty.

                                               -12-
does not pose a legitimate question of statutory interpretation by simply inventing an alternative
reading that is inconsistent with the statute as written and the prior caselaw applying it.10

        Millers’ denial of PIP benefits on the grounds that worker’s compensation benefits were
“available” to Adanalic under MCL 500.3106(2) is similarly unreasonable. It is undisputed that
Adanalic applied for workers’ compensation benefits and was denied. Indeed, Millers appears to
agree that Adanalic was entitled to benefits, the only question being whether the benefits were to
be paid by workers’ compensation or no-fault. Yet, as discussed, it is well-settled that in such a
situation, the no-fault insurer is to pay the benefits and then exercise its rights as a party in
interest to pursue the workers’ compensation benefits. Further, under Auto-Owners, 468 Mich. at
62-63, the no-fault insurer will be made completely whole if it prevails on the worker’s
compensation claim.

        The mechanism Millers proposes is wholly inconsistent with the no-fault act’s “purpose
of providing assured, adequate, and prompt recovery for economic loss arising from motor
vehicle accidents.” Perez, 418 Mich. at 650. It is also inconsistent with the basic and long-
settled principle that a “no-fault carrier is not entitled to delay payments in order to wait for the
[worker’s compensation] determination.” Specht, 234 Mich. App. at 296. Where workers’
compensation benefits are denied, they are not “at hand” and the no-fault insurer must pay
benefits to the injured party while it adjudicates the priority dispute with the employer. If the no-
fault insurer prevails in the workers’ compensation claim, it will be made whole. If it does not
prevail in the workers’ compensation matter, then its entire basis for the denial of the no-fault
claim was without merit.

        The final basis for Millers’ denial of Adanalic’s PIP benefits was the priority dispute
between Millers and Harco. And, as a matter of law, “when the only question is which of two
insurers will pay, it is unreasonable for an insurer to refuse payment of benefits.” Regents of
Univ of Mich v State Farm Mut Ins Co, 250 Mich. App. 719, 737; 650 NW2d 129 (2002).

        Accordingly, we find that Millers’ refusal to pay Adanalic’s PIP benefits was
unreasonable and that the trial court erred in concluding otherwise. We reverse the trial court’s
ruling that Millers’ refusal was reasonable and remand for calculation and award of plaintiffs’
reasonable attorney fees.11

10
   Because Adanalic need only satisfy one parked vehicle exception to be entitled to PIP benefits,
at least with regard to MCL 500.3106(1), and we find that Millers’ rationale for withholding
benefits under MCL 500.3106(1)(b) was unreasonable, we need not address Millers’ additional
argument that its withholding of benefits under MCL 500.3106(1)(c) was reasonable.
11
   Millers is liable for the full amount of assessable attorney fees. Pursuant to Moore, 482 Mich.
at 526, and given our conclusion that Harco is not responsible for Adanalic’s subject no-fault
benefits, Harco is not liable for plaintiffs’ attorney fees incurred in obtaining said benefits.

                                                -13-
Affirmed in part and reversed and remanded in part. We do not retain jurisdiction.

                                                    /s/ Douglas B. Shapiro
                                                    /s/ Stephen L. Borrello
                                                    /s/ Deborah A. Servitto

                                      -14-