Court Opinion

ID: 9411929
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-07-28 16:01:57.278684+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:41:19.165887
License: Public Domain

United States Court of Appeals
                           For the Eighth Circuit
                       ___________________________

                               No. 22-1884
                       ___________________________

                       Dakota Energy Cooperative, Inc.

                                     Plaintiff - Appellant

                                        v.

                  East River Electric Power Cooperative, Inc.

                                     Defendant - Appellee

                      Basin Electric Power Cooperative

                              Intervenor Defendant - Appellee

                           ------------------------------

    Next Generation Cooperative Alliance; Geoffrey F. Heffernan; Jeremy D.
                                 Weinstein

                              Amici on Behalf of Appellant(s)
                               ____________

                   Appeal from United States District Court
                  for the District of South Dakota - Southern
                                 ____________

                        Submitted: November 15, 2022
                            Filed: July 28, 2023
                               ____________

Before BENTON, KELLY, and ERICKSON, Circuit Judges.
                           ____________
KELLY, Circuit Judge.

       Dakota Energy Power Cooperative, Inc., a member of East River Electric
Power Cooperative, Inc., sought to withdraw from East River and to terminate the
parties’ long-term power contract so that it could purchase electricity from another
source. When East River resisted, Dakota Energy sued for anticipatory breach of
contract and sought a declaratory judgment providing that it had a contractual right
to withdraw from East River by way of a buyout. The district court 1 granted
summary judgment in favor of East River, and Dakota Energy appeals.

                                         I.

       Dakota Energy is a South Dakota-based electric distribution cooperative that
provides electricity to its rural consumer-members. East River is a South Dakota
generation and transmission cooperative that purchases electricity wholesale and
then resells it to its members, including Dakota Energy.

      When Dakota Energy became a member of East River in 1995, the two parties
entered into a long-term power supply agreement known as a wholesale power
contract (WPC). The WPC provides that

      East River shall sell and deliver to [Dakota Energy] and [Dakota
      Energy] shall purchase and receive from East River, all electric power
      and energy which [Dakota Energy] shall require to serve all of [its]
      electric loads, to the extent that East River shall have such power and
      energy and facilities available.

The WPC describes the “terms, conditions, and rates for the furnishing of electric
power” under the agreement and explains that the rates paid by Dakota Energy will
be used to cover, among other things, “the cost of the operation and maintenance”

      1
        The Honorable Lawrence L. Piersol, United States District Judge for the
District of South Dakota.
                                    -2-
of East River’s “transmission system”; the “cost of related services”; the cost of
maintaining “reasonable margins and reserves”; and the “principal and interest
payments” on East River’s “indebtedness.” As relevant here, the WPC further
provides that it “shall remain in effect” until December 31, 2075, and “thereafter
until terminated by either Party giving to the other not less than six months’ written
notice of its intention to terminate.”2 No provision in the WPC expressly allows for
termination prior to this 2075 end date.

      By joining East River, Dakota Energy also agreed to comply with the former’s
Bylaws. Those Bylaws provide that “[e]ach member shall purchase from [East
River] all electric power and energy required by the member to serve all its electric
loads,” subject to limited exceptions not relevant here. The Bylaws also allow a
member to “withdraw from membership upon compliance with such equitable terms
and conditions as the Board of Directors may prescribe, provided, however, that no
member shall be permitted to withdraw until it has met all contractual obligations to
the Cooperative.”

       In 2018, Dakota Energy, having become dissatisfied with the rising cost of
the electricity it was purchasing, sought to withdraw from East River. Dakota
Energy’s board of directors accordingly passed a resolution directing management
to work with East River to determine “the amount East River would charge for
Dakota Energy to ‘buy out’ of” the WPC. East River ultimately declined Dakota
Energy’s request for a buyout number, however, explaining in a March 2019 letter
that the WPC “do[es] not contain any provision permitting” Dakota Energy “to buy-
out of its” contractual obligations.

       Dakota Energy subsequently sued East River in South Dakota state court,
alleging an anticipatory breach of the member-withdrawal provision in East River’s
Bylaws. Dakota Energy also sought a declaration that the Bylaws permitted it to

      2
       The WPC was originally supposed to remain in effect until December 31,
2038, but Dakota Energy and East River agreed to extend the WPC’s term to 2058
in 2006, and then to 2075 nine years later.
                                         -3-
withdraw from East River on “equitable terms and conditions” and to “discharge”
its obligations under the WPC before the end of that agreement’s term in 2075. East
River removed the case to federal court and asserted in a counterclaim that it was
“entitled to a declaration” that its Bylaws “do not permit Dakota Energy to withdraw
before fulfilling its obligations under the WPC” and that the WPC, in turn, “does not
allow for early termination.” The district court granted summary judgment to East
River, concluding in relevant part that the WPC unambiguously requires Dakota
Energy to purchase electricity exclusively from East River until December 31, 2075,
and that “no separate provision” in the WPC or East River’s Bylaws “provides for”
the “early withdrawal” that Dakota Energy sought. Dakota Energy now appeals. 3

                                           II.

        We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, including
its interpretation of South Dakota contract law. 4 Johnson Reg’l Med. Ctr. v.
Halterman, 867 F.3d 1013, 1016 (8th Cir. 2017). Summary judgment is appropriate
if, after viewing the record in the light most favorable to the non-moving party and
making all reasonable inferences in its favor, there remains “no genuine issue of
material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”

      3
        Dakota Energy also appeals the district court’s decision to allow Basin
Electric Power Cooperative to intervene in this case pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 24. Dakota Energy argues that Basin lacked standing to intervene because
it has not shown the requisite injury in fact. See United States v. Metro. St. Louis
Sewer Dist., 569 F.3d 829, 833 (8th Cir. 2009) (“In our circuit, a party seeking to
intervene must establish Article III standing in addition to the requirements of Rule
24.”). Yet the record indicates that Basin, which generates and sells electricity to
East River, would sell less of that electricity if East River were to lose one of its
members—here, Dakota Energy. And that “[r]isk of direct financial harm
establishes injury in fact” for standing purposes. Nat’l Parks Conservation Ass’n v.
EPA, 759 F.3d 969, 975 (8th Cir. 2014). We therefore affirm the district court’s
grant of Basin Electric’s motion to intervene.
      4
          The parties agree that South Dakota law governs this case.
                                          -4-
Hairston v. Wormuth, 6 F.4th 834, 840–41 (8th Cir. 2021) (quoting McPherson v.
O’Reilly Auto., Inc., 491 F.3d 726, 730 (8th Cir. 2007)); see Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).

        On appeal, Dakota Energy contends that the district court erred in concluding
that East River’s Bylaws do not permit it to withdraw from East River before the
end of the WPC’s term in 2075. East River argues in response that the WPC
unambiguously bars Dakota Energy from terminating the agreement before the end
of its term and that, so long as the WPC remains in effect, Dakota Energy has not
“met” all of its “contractual obligations” to East River, as is required for withdrawal
under the Bylaws.

       Under South Dakota law, a court interpreting a contract must “look[] to the
language that the parties used in the contract to determine their intention.” Poeppel
v. Lester, 827 N.W.2d 580, 584 (S.D. 2013) (quoting Detmers v. Costner, 814
N.W.2d 146, 151 (S.D. 2012)). “[E]ffect will be given to the plain meaning of” the
contract’s “words.” In re Dissolution of Midnight Star Enters., L.P., 724 N.W.2d
334, 337 (S.D. 2006). And “[if] the parties’ intention is made clear by the language
of the contract, ‘it is the duty of [the court] to declare and enforce it.’” Lillibridge
v. Meade Sch. Dist. # 46-1, 746 N.W.2d 428, 432 (S.D. 2008) (quoting Pauley v.
Simonson, 720 N.W.2d 665, 668 (S.D. 2006)).

       Looking to the plain language of the WPC and East River’s Bylaws here, and
construing both as a “single integrated contract” as Dakota Energy demands,5 we
agree with the district court that they do not grant Dakota Energy the withdrawal and
early-termination rights it wishes to exercise. The Bylaws permit Dakota Energy to
“withdraw from membership” in East River. But that withdrawal right is expressly

      5
       The district court “read” the WPC and East River’s Bylaws “together,” and
we do the same without necessarily deciding that this approach is required under
South Dakota law. See Paramount Tech. Prods., Inc. v. GSE Lining Tech., Inc., 112
F.3d 942, 945 (8th Cir. 1997) (explaining that under South Dakota law, “when two
contracts are executed at the same time, by nearly identical parties, and as part of the
same transaction, those contracts are to be read together”).
                                         -5-
conditioned on Dakota Energy first meeting “all” of its “contractual obligations” to
East River. The parties agree that those “contractual obligations” are spelled out in
the WPC. And the WPC, in turn, unambiguously obligates Dakota Energy to
“purchase and receive . . . all” of its “electric power” from East River until
December 31, 2075.

       Dakota Energy counters this conclusion with several arguments. It first
suggests that enforcing the WPC’s term provision as written would “imprison [it] in
East River until January 2076” and thus impermissibly render its express withdrawal
right under the Bylaws “illusory” and “meaningless.” But Dakota Energy can
exercise its withdrawal right, so long as it first meets its “contractual obligations”
under the WPC. And the fact that Dakota Energy cannot meet those obligations until
December 31, 2075, is simply a consequence of the plain and unambiguous language
of its bargained-for agreement with East River. See Ziegler Furniture & Funeral
Home, Inc. v. Cicmanec, 709 N.W.2d 350, 355 (S.D. 2006) (“[T]he proper
interpretation of a contract must give effect to the intention of the contracting
parties.”).

       Next, Dakota Energy argues that “the particulars” of its withdrawal right
under the Bylaws are, “at minimum,” ambiguous, such that summary judgment was
unwarranted. See Midwest Med. Sols., LLC v. Exactech U.S., Inc., 21 F.4th 1002,
1005 (8th Cir. 2021) (“[I]f the contract is ambiguous, its meaning is a question of
fact, and summary judgment is inappropriate unless evidence of the parties’ intent is
conclusive.”). More specifically, it takes the position that “[n]othing in” the Bylaws
or the WPC “defines or limits the means by which [it] can meet its contractual
obligations” to East River, and that, by extension, purchasing all of its power from
East River until December 31, 2075, is not the only way “withdrawal can be
accomplished.” One such alternative, according to Dakota Energy, would be to “buy
out of” the WPC “on fair terms.” And Dakota Energy says that another provision in
the WPC “demonstrate[s] that a buyout must be considered as one reasonable option
to fulfill [its] contractual obligations.”

                                         -6-
      The WPC provision that Dakota Energy points to reads in pertinent part:

      14. Transfers by the Member: (a) [Dakota Energy] agrees that during
      the term of this Agreement, . . . [it] will not, without the approval in
      writing of East River . . . , take or suffer to be taken any steps for
      reorganization or to consolidate with or merge into any corporation, or
      to sell, lease, or transfer (or make any agreement therefore), all or a
      substantial portion of its assets, whether now owned or hereafter
      acquired. Notwithstanding the foregoing, [Dakota Energy] may take or
      suffer to be taken any steps for reorganization or to consolidate with or
      merge into any corporation or to sell, lease, or transfer (or make any
      agreement therefore) all or a substantial portion of its assets, whether
      now owned or hereafter acquired, so long as [Dakota Energy] shall pay
      such portion of the outstanding indebtedness on the Notes as shall be
      determined by East River . . . and shall otherwise comply with such
      reasonable terms and conditions as . . . East River may require.

Dakota Energy claims that this section provides a methodology for buying out of the
WPC and that a buyout is therefore an acceptable method of meeting its “contractual
obligations” to East River. But reading this section as providing for a catch-all early-
buyout option ignores the provision’s plain language. The section addresses
transfers of ownership and assets and expressly applies only to East River members
engaged in such conduct—none of which Dakota Energy claims to be engaged in
here. The section does not mention buying out of or terminating the WPC as a
general matter. And the WPC contains no other provision allowing for a buyout,
early or otherwise. Nothing in the WPC, then, renders ambiguous the Bylaws’
requirement that Dakota Energy must first meet “all contractual obligations” under
the WPC before it can withdraw from East River.

       Finally, Dakota Energy argues that the district court erroneously ignored
“overwhelming trade usage evidence demonstrating that” it has a right to withdraw
from East River “that can be effectuated through” a buyout. Because we find no
ambiguity in the contract provisions at issue here—namely, the Bylaws’ withdrawal
provision and the WPC’s term provision—we ordinarily would not consider such
extrinsic evidence. See Berkley Reg’l Specialty Ins. Co. v. Dowling Spray Serv.,
                                          -7-
864 N.W.2d 505, 512 (S.D. 2015) (“Extrinsic evidence must not be considered when
the language of a contract is unambiguous.”). Dakota Energy maintains, however,
that the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) applies to this case. And it claims that
under the UCC, evidence of trade usage is admissible “to inform an ambiguity
determination,” and that the trade usage evidence it proffered at the summary
judgment stage “establishes” that the Bylaws are “ambiguous” as to whether
withdrawal can be achieved by way of a buyout. See S.D. Codified Laws § 57A-1-
303(c) (“A ‘usage of trade’ is any practice or method of dealing having such
regularity of observance in a place, vocation, or trade as to justify an expectation
that it will be observed with respect to the transaction in question.”).

       As an initial matter, South Dakota’s UCC “applies to transactions in goods,”
id. § 57A-2-102, and the parties dispute whether electric power is such a “good.” 6
See id. § 57A-2-105(1) (defining “Goods” in relevant part as “all things (including
specially manufactured goods) which are movable at the time of identification to the
contract for sale”). We need not resolve this issue, however, because even assuming
that the WPC and the Bylaws are governed by the UCC, the trade usage evidence
that Dakota Energy wanted the district court to consider does not preclude summary
judgment in East River’s favor here.

       Under the UCC, the terms of a written contract “may be explained or
supplemented” by certain extrinsic evidence, including “usage of trade.” Id.
§ 57A-2-202(a). Dakota Energy’s proffered trade usage evidence, however, would
not simply “explain[]” or “supplement[]” the withdrawal provision in the Bylaws.
Rather, that evidence would effectively add an entirely new provision to the WPC—
one that would permit termination of the WPC by means of a buyout at any time
prior to the end of the agreement’s term in 2075. See id. § 57A-2-202(b) (providing

      6
       The withdrawal provision that Dakota Energy asserts is ambiguous is found
in the Bylaws, which govern membership in East River and are decidedly not a
contract for a sale of goods. But the WPC is a contract for the sale of electricity, and
we assume Dakota Energy wants us to construe the WPC and the Bylaws as a single
integrated contract governed by the UCC.
                                        -8-
that a written contract cannot be “supplemented” by “additional terms” if the
contract is a “complete and exclusive statement of the terms of the [parties’]
agreement”). Moreover, under the UCC, “the express terms of an agreement and
any applicable . . . usage of trade must be construed whenever reasonable as
consistent with each other.” Id. § 57A-1-303(e). Here, the express terms of the
WPC—which provide that the agreement will “remain in effect” until December 31,
2075, and which contain no provision allowing for an early buyout—are inconsistent
with any trade usage evidence suggesting something to the contrary. And in such a
situation, the UCC and South Dakota law dictate that a contract’s “[e]xpress terms
prevail over . . . usage of trade.” Id.; see Swiden Appliance & Furniture, Inc. v. Nat’l
Bank of South Dakota, 357 N.W.2d 271, 274 (S.D. 1984) (“[O]bligations created
under . . . usage of trade are subordinate to any terms of an express agreement with
which . . . a trade usage disagree[s].”).

      For these reasons, we conclude that the WPC unambiguously requires Dakota
Energy to purchase all of its electricity from East River until December 31, 2075,
and that no provision in the WPC or East River’s Bylaws allows for an earlier
termination of that obligation. The district court thus properly granted summary
judgment to East River.

                                          III.

      We affirm the judgment of the district court.
                      ______________________________

                                          -9-