Court Opinion

ID: 9428226
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-02 23:23:11.670914+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:23:12.358056
License: Public Domain

Justice Brennan,
with whom Justice White joins,
dissenting.
Appellants, a half brother and sister, are the natural parents of five children who were in the custody of the Division of Social Services of the Delaware Department of Health and Social Services at the beginning of this litigation.1 After de*383termining that the children should be put up for adoption,2 the Division filed suit pursuant to Delaware law to obtain termination of appellants’ parental rights over their children. The Superior Court of Delaware ordered termination, and the Supreme Court of Delaware affirmed.3 Appellants appealed to this Court, arguing that the termination order and the Delaware statute authorizing it were unconstitutional. We noted probable jurisdiction. 445 U. S. 942 (1980).
The Court today dismisses this appeal for want of a properly presented federal question, thereby permitting the termination order to remain in effect despite the existence of a substantial federal constitutional challenge to the Delaware statutory scheme under which the order was entered.4 Because I believe that the federal question was properly presented within the definition of that requirement in our cases, I dissent from this dismissal. Instead, I would vacate the judgment below, and remand for reconsideration in light of *384supervening changes in the factual circumstances and the applicable state law.
I
Appellants challenge the constitutionality of certain portions of the former Del. Code Ann., Tit. 13, §§ 1101-1112 (1975), in effect while this litigation was pending in the state courts. These provisions established a “procedure for termination of parental rights for the purpose of adoption or, if a suitable adoption plan cannot be effected, for the purpose of providing for the care of the child by some other plan which may or may not contemplate the continued possibility of eventual adoption.” § 1103. Petitions for termination of parental rights could be filed by certain specified categories of persons, including the Division. § 1104 (8). Upon a finding by the Superior Court that the parents were “not fitted to continue to exercise parental rights,” § 1103 (4), and that termination of existing parental rights would be “in the best interests of the child,” the court was required to issue an order of termination, and to transfer parental rights to another person, organization, or agency. § 1108 (a). The effect of the termination order was “that all of the rights, duties, privileges and obligations recognized by law between the [parents] and the child shall forever thereafter cease to exist as fully and to all intents and purposes as if the child and the [parents] were and always had been strangers.” § 1112. Either an order of termination or the consent of the natural parents was required before children in the custody of the State could be placed for adoption. §§ 907-908.
Appellants argue here, as they did at each stage of the litigation in the state courts, that this statutory scheme for termination of parental rights was invalid under the United States Constitution. Specifically, they contend: (1) that Del. Code Ann., Tit. 13, § 1103 (4) (1975), which provides for such termination where the parent is “not fitted,” is unconstitutionally vague and indefinite; (2) that a higher *385standard than the mere “preponderance of the evidence” is required to terminate parental rights; and (3) that substantive due process forbids termination of parental rights in the absence of a demonstration of a compelling state interest, in the form of specific findings of existing or threatened injury to the child.5 There is no doubt that appellants raised their federal constitutional claim in a timely manner in both the Superior Court6 and the Supreme Court7 of Delaware, nor that the Delaware Supreme Court explicitly considered and rejected the federal constitutional challenge.8
Dismissal of this appeal for want of a properly presented federal question is, therefore, unwarranted. The practice in this Court has been to dismiss an appeal taken under 28 U. S. C. § 1257 (2) for want of a properly presented federal question only when the federal question was not raised at the proper juncture in the state-court proceedings or in accordance with reasonable state rules. Jones v. Florida, 419 U. S. 1081, 1083 (1974) (Brennan, J., dissenting); Godchaux Co. v. Estopinal, 251 U. S. 179, 181 (1919); R. Stern & E. Gressman, Supreme Court Practice 380-381 (5th ed. 1978).9 See, *386e. g., Street v. New York, 394 U. S. 576, 581-585 (1969); Safeway Stores, Inc. v. Oklahoma Retail Grocers Assn., 360 U. S. 334, 342, n. 7 (1959); Raley v. Ohio, 360 U. S. 423, 434-435 (1959); Bailey v. Anderson, 326 U. S. 203, 206-207 (1945); Asbury Hospital v. Cass County, 326 U. S. 207, 213-214 (1945); Charleston Federal Savings & Loan Assn. v. Alderson, 324 U. S. 182, 185-187 (1945); Hunter Co. v. McHugh, 320 U. S. 222, 226-227 (1943); Pennsylvania R. Co. v. Illinois Brick Co., 297 U. S. 447, 462-463 (1936); Whitney v. California, 274 U. S. 357, 360-361 (1927); Live Oak Water Users’ Assn. v. Railroad Comm’n, 269 U. S. 354, 357-359 (1926); Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co., 261 U. S. 114, 116-117 (1923); Zadig v. Baldwin, 166 U. S. 485, 488 (1897); Crowell v. Randell, 10 Pet. 368, 391-392, 398 (1836); cf. Cardinale v. Louisiana, 394 U. S. 437, 438-439 (1969) (dismissal of writ of certiorari); Beck v. Washington, 369 U. S. 541, 549-554 (1962) (same).10 If the record shows that a federal constitutional challenge to a state statute was brought to the attention of the state court “with fair precision and in due time,” then “the claim is . . . regarded as having been adequately presented.” New York ex rel. Bryant v. Zimmerman, 278 U. S. 63, 67 (1928). Indeed, if the highest state court *387reaches the federal constitutional question and decides it on the merits, this Court will consider the case despite any possible failure of the litigants to raise the federal question in compliance with state procedural requirements. Charleston Federal Savings & Loan Assn. v. Alderson, supra, at 185-186; Louisville & Nashville R. Co. v. Higdon, 234 U. S. 592, 598 (1914); see Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn, 420 U. S. 469, 476 (1975).
Since appellants challenged the constitutionality of the Delaware statutory scheme at each stage of the state-court litigation, and the Delaware Supreme Court expressly addressed the issue, ruling that the termination-of-parental-rights procedure was constitutional, this Court’s dismissal of the appeal for want of a properly presented federal question is unprecedented and inexplicable.11
*388II
The living situation of appellants and their children has changed dramatically since the trial court proceedings in this case. Doe and Roe have ceased to live together, thus ending the incestuous relationship that formed the predicate for the Superior Court's original judgment of unfitness. See App. to Juris. Statement 5b. According to their attorney, Doe now resides in another State, while Roe has married and now lives with her husband and his child in Delaware. Tr. of Oral Arg. 4. Doe and Roe have not seen their five children since 1975.12 The children, who ranged in age from 11 months to 4 years old when the Superior Court issued its first order of termination in 1975, are now about 6 to 9 years old. The children have never lived together as a family, and are now in four separate placements. Appellants’ attorney stated at oral argument that “the eventual goal of the mother” is to obtain custody of her children, and that she would permit the father to visit them. Id., at 3. There is no evidence on any of these matters in the record because it has been closed since December 1976. Id., at 39.
Moreover, Del. Code Ann., Tit. 13, § 1103 (1975), was amended, effective July 11, 1980, to alter the standard for termination of parental rights. Instead of requiring a finding of “unfitness” as a predicate for termination, the new statute provides for termination if the parents “are not able, or have failed, to plan adequately for the child’s physical needs or his mental and emotional health and development” and:
“a. In the case of a child in the care of an authorized agency:
“1. The child has been in the care of an authorized *389agency for 1 year, or there is a history of previous placement or placements of this child, or a history of neglect, abuse, or lack of care of other children by this parent; and
“2. The conditions which led to the child’s placement still persist, and there appears to be little likelihood that those conditions will be remedied at an early date so that the child can be returned to the parent in the near future, “b. In the case of a child in the home of the stepparent or blood relative:
“1. The child has resided in the home of the. stepparent or blood relative for a period of at least 1 year; and
“2. The Court finds the noncustodial parent or parents incapable of exercising parental responsibilities, and that there appears to be little likelihood such parent or parents will be able to exercise such parental responsibilities in the foreseeable future.” Del. Code Ann., Tit. 13, § 1103 (5) (Supp. 1980).13
As stated in Bell v. Maryland, 378 U. S. 226, 237 (1964), this Court has “long followed a uniform practice where a supervening event raises a question of state law pertaining to a case pending on review here. That practice is to vacate and reverse the judgment and remand the case to the state court, so that it may reconsider it in the light of the supervening change in state law.” In the exercise of our jurisdiction under 28 U. S. C. § 1257, this Court has the power “not only to correct error in the judgment under review but to make such disposition of the case as justice requires.” Patterson v. Alabama, 294 U. S. 600, 607 (1935). And, as Chief Justice Hughes further observed in Patterson: “[I]n determining what justice does require, the Court is bound to con*390sider any change, either in fact or in law, which has supervened since the judgment was entered. We may recognize such a change, which may affect the result, by setting aside the judgment and remanding the case so that the state court may be free to act.” Ibid. See Giles v. Maryland, 386 U. S. 66, 80 (1967) (plurality opinion); Thorpe v. Housing Authority, 386 U. S. 670, 673-674 (1967); Trunkline Gas Co. v. Hardin County, 375 U. S. 8 (1963); Wolfe v. North Carolina, 364 U. S. 177, 195, n. 13 (1960); Williams v. Georgia, 349 U. S. 375, 389-391 (1955); State Farm Mutual Automobile Ins. Co. v. Duel, 324 U. S. 154, 161 (1945); Ashcraft v. Tennessee, 322 U. S. 143, 155-156 (1944); Walling v. James V. Reuter, Inc., 321 U. S. 671, 676-677 (1944); New York ex rel. Whitman v. Wilson, 318 U. S. 688, 690-691 (1943); Vanderbark v. Owens-Illinois Glass Co., 311 U. S. 538, 542 (1941); State Tax Comm’n v. Van Cott, 306 U. S. 511, 515-516 (1939); Honeyman v. Hanan, 300 U. S. 14, 25-26 (1937); Villa v. Van Schaick, 299 U. S. 152, 155 (1936); Pagel v. MacLean, 283 U. S. 266, 268-269 (1931); Missouri ex rel. Wabash R. Co. v. Public Service Comm’n, 273 U. S. 126, 130-131 (1927); Dorchy v. Kansas, 264 U. S. 286, 289, 291 (1924); Gulf, C. & S. F. R. Co. v. Dennis, 224 U. S. 503, 505-507, 509 (1912); see also Piccirillo v. New York, 400 U. S. 548, 556, n. 2 (1971) (Brennan, J., dissenting from dismissal of writ of certiorari).14
*391The instant case falls squarely within the principle of Bell and Patterson. The change in the factual circumstances and in the applicable state statute might well produce a different result under Delaware law. This Court should not decide what effect these changes might have under state law,15 or how the Supreme Court of Delaware might decide this case under the new circumstances and amended statute.16 See Bell v. Maryland, 378 U. S., at 237. Nor, however, should we “ignore the supervening change in state law and proceed to decide the federal constitutional questions presented by this case. To do so would be to decide questions which, because of the possibility that the state court would now reverse the [order of termination], are not necessarily presented for decision.” Ibid.; see id., at 241; Missouri ex rel. Wabash R. Co. v. Public Service Comm’n, supra, at 131; Gulf, C. & S. F. R. Co. v. Dennis, supra, at 507.
Ill
To argue that the proper disposition of this case is to vacate and remand rather than to dismiss for want of a properly presented federal question is not merely to quibble over words. Appellants in this case are parents who have been irrevocably separated from their children by process of *392a state law they contend is unconstitutional. To vacate and remand is to recognize that supervening events have made further state-court proceedings necessary before this Court can reach the constitutional questions; to dismiss is to end the litigation, leaving Doe and Roe without any means to vindicate their parental rights.17 See Pagel v. MacLean, supra, at 269; Gulf, C. & S. F. R. Co. v. Dennis, supra, at 509.
The appellate jurisdiction of this Court is not discretionary. Hicks v. Miranda, 422 U. S. 332, 344 (1975). Having raised a federal constitutional challenge to the former Del. Code Ann., Tit. 13, § 1103 (4) (1975), under which their parental rights were terminated, and having received a final judgment from the highest court of the State upholding the statute and affirming the termination order, appellants have a right to appellate review. I can discern no basis for dismissing this appeal for want of a properly presented federal question, and therefore respectfully dissent.

 This Court granted appellants’ motion to seal the record, 445 U. S. 949 (1980), and the pseudonyms John Doe and Jane Roe have been substituted for appellants’ real names.

 See Tr. of Oral Arg. 35. The Division has apparently not made any formal arrangements for adoptive homes for the children. See Del. Code Ann., Tit. 13, §§ 907-908 (1975) (making termination of the parental rights of the natural parents a prerequisite to adoption in the absence of the consent of the natural parents).

 The order of termination issued orally by the Superior Court on September 12, 1975, App. to Juris. Statement 5b, was initially reversed by the Delaware Supreme Court for failure to decide whether termination of parental rights was in the best interests of the children, as required by Del. Code Ann., Tit. 13, § 1108 (1975). App. to Juris. Statement lc. On remand, the Superior Court concluded that Doe and Roe “are incapable of providing proper care for their children,” and that “it is in the best interests of the children that their parental rights of the children be terminated.” Id., at 3d. The Delaware Supreme Court affirmed. In re Five Minor Children, 407 A. 2d 198 (1979).

 The Court apparently does not question the substantiality of the federal question presented by this appeal, since it is dismissing the appeal “for want of a properly presented federal question” rather than “for want of [a] substantial federal question,” e. g., Black v. Payne, 438 U. S. 909 (1978), or “for want of a properly presented substantial federal question,” e. g., Greenwald v. Maryland, 363 U. S. 721 (1960).

 Appellants’ first argument “draw[s] in question the validity of a statute of [a] state on the ground of its being repugnant to the Constitution ... of the United States,” and is therefore within this Court’s appellate jurisdiction. 28 U. S. C. § 1257 (2). We may therefore assume jurisdiction to decide the second and third issues in the case as well. Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn, 420 U. S. 469, 487, n. 14 (1975); Prudential Ins. Co. v. Cheek, 259 U. S. 530, 547 (1922).

 App. to Juris. Statement 2i-6i, 8i.

 Opening Brief for Appellants in No. 259 (Del. Sup. Ct.) 2, 8 — 36; Reply Brief for Appellants in No. 259 (Del. Sup. Ct.) 1-21.

 407 A. 2d, at 199-200.

 In Pearson v. Dodd, 429 U. S. 396 (1977), an appeal from the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia was dismissed “for want of a properly presented federal question.” Id., at 398. A reading of the per curiam opinion in Pearson reveals, however, that the dismissal should have been styled “for want of a substantial federal question,” for the Court determined that the appellant had “no constitutionally protected property or entitlement interest” upon which to base her claim. Ibid.

 Dismissal for want of a properly presented federal question is distinguishable from dismissal because of the inadequacy of the record for deciding the question presented, e. g., Cowgill v. California, 396 U. S. 371, 372 (1970) (Harlan, J., concurring); Mitchell v. Oregon Frozen Foods Co., 361 U. S. 231 (1960) (dismissal of writ of certiorari); but cf. Villa v. Van Schaick, 299 U. S. 152, 155-156 (1936) (judgment on appeal vacated and remanded because of the inadequacy of the record), and from dismissal because problems of construction and interpretation of state law preclude addressing the constitutional issues “in clean-cut and concrete form,” e. g., Rescue Army v. Municipal Court, 331 U. S. 549, 584 (1947). In the instant case, since appellants’ challenge to the Delaware termination-of-parental-rights statutes does not depend on the specific facts of the case, and since the Supreme Court of Delaware has resolved the questions of statutory interpretation relevant to this appeal, dismissal on the latter grounds would not be appropriate.

 Naim v. Naim, 350 U. S. 985 (1956), is not to the contrary. In Naim, we dismissed the appeal for want of a properly presented federal question. In an earlier appeal in the same case, 350 U. S. 891 (1955), we vacated the judgment of the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia, and remanded for further proceedings. Our order explained:
“The inadequacy of the record as to the relationship of the parties to the Commonwealth of Virginia at the time of the marriage in North Carolina and upon their return to Virginia, and the failure of the parties to bring here all questions relevant to the disposition of the case, prevents the constitutional issue of the validity of the Virginia statute on miscegenation tendered here being considered ‘in clean-cut and concrete form, unclouded’ by such problems. Rescue Army v. Municipal Court, 331 U. S. 549, 584.” Ibid.
On remand, the Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia adhered to its decision, and noted that the record reflected the relation of the parties to the Commonwealth both before and after the marriage. Naim v. Naim, 197 Va. 734, 735, 90 S. E. 2d 849, 850 (1956). This Court’s subsequent dismissal of the appeal from that decision for want of a properly presented federal question is best understood, therefore, - as attributable to “the failure of the parties to bring here all questions relevant to the disposition of the case.” 350 U. S., at 891. In the instant case, there is no such failure.

 Appellants state that the reason they have not seen their children since 1975 is that the Division did not permit them to visit. Brief for Appellants 10, n. 17. The record does not reflect, however, when or how often appellants attempted to see their children.

 In order to require termination of parental rights, the Court must also make a “best interests of the child” determination as required by Del. Code Ann., Tit. 13, § 1108 (1975), which was not affected by the 1980 amendments.

 In Sanks v. Georgia, 401 U. S. 144 (1971), this Court dismissed an appeal from the Supreme Court of Georgia after both the factual circumstances of the case and the applicable state law had so changed that the “focus of [the] lawsuit [had] been completely blurred, if not altogether obliterated, and our judgment on the important issues involved [had become] potentially immaterial.” Id., at 152. The effect of dismissing in Sanks, however, was identical to vacating and remanding, because the appeal was from an interlocutory order, and the appellants were able to raise both state and federal claims, based on the altered circumstances and law, on remand. Id., at 148-150. Moreover, it was doubtful that the federal constitutional question in Sanks continued to present a justiciable controversy sufficient to support Supreme Court jurisdiction in light of the *391changed circumstances. Dismissal was therefore an appropriate disposition. To similar effect is United States v. Fruehauf, 365 U. S. 146 (1961).

 That this Court has the power to decide for itself what effect the changes would have on the outcome of this case is not doubted. See Missouri ex rel. Wabash R. Co. v. Public Service Comm’n, 273 U. S. 126, 131 (1927); Steamship Co. v. Joliffe, 2 Wall. 450, 455-459 (1865). We have recognized, however, that the exercise of this power is at times “inconsistent with our tradition of deference to state courts on questions of state law.” Bell v. Maryland, 378 U. S. 226, 237 (1964). To avoid this “pitfal[l],” we have adopted a policy of vacating and remanding the judgment where the effect of supervening events presents a question of state law. Ibid.

 Appellants did not seek a remand in state court based on the changed factual circumstances. Tr. of Oral Arg. 12-14.

 I express no opinion on whether appellants would be eligible for relief under Rule 60 of the Rules of Civil Procedure for the Superior Court of Delaware, which permits the Superior Court to “relieve a party . . . from a final judgment, order, or proceeding for . . . any . . . reason justifying relief from the operation of the judgment.”
Nor do I mean to imply that the State, as custodian of the children, is without countervailing interest in obtaining a prompt resolution of this controversy. Until the order of termination is made final, the children may not be placed for adoption. Del. Code Ann., Tit. 13, §§ 907, 908 (1975). As this Court recognized in Smith v. Organization of Foster Families, 431 U. S. 816, 833-838 (1977), the “limbo” in which children remain between leaving the care of their natural parents and entering the care of permanent adoptive parents may have deleterious consequences for them.