Court Opinion

ID: 9926268
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-01-24 15:06:13.888934+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:22:14.383540
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

                                                        SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                        APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                        DOCKET NO. A-1449-22

SOFIA PEREZ,

          Plaintiff-Appellant,

and

CECILIA PEREZ,

          Plaintiff,

v.

GABRIELA VILLASENOR,
and ESTAFANIA VILLASENOR,

     Defendants-Respondents.
______________________________

                   Argued January 17, 2024 – Decided January 24, 2024

                   Before Judges Haas and Gooden Brown.

                   On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
                   Division, Ocean County, Docket No. L-2959-19.

                   David A. Gardner argued the cause for appellant.
             Brian Michael Bartlett argued the cause for respondents
             (Leyden, Capotorto, Ritacco, Corrigan & Sheehy,
             attorneys; Lauren Chaump, of counsel and on the brief).

PER CURIAM

      Plaintiff Sofia Perez appeals from the Law Division's November 18, 2022

order denying her motion for reconsideration of the trial court's October 3, 2022

order granting defendants' Gabriela Villasenor and Estefania Villasenor's

motion for summary judgment and dismissing her complaint with prejudice. 1

Because the trial court failed to adequately address the factual and legal issues

raised by the parties, we reverse and remand for further proceedings.

      On November 29, 2017, plaintiff was driving her car and was rear-ended

by defendant Gabriela Villasenor. Plaintiff alleged she incurred injuries as a

result of the accident.

      Plaintiff was insured and had elected the verbal threshold limitation as

permitted under the Automobile Insurance Cost Reduction Act (AICRA),

N.J.S.A. 39:6A-1.1 to -35. Pursuant to N.J.S.A. 39:6A-8(a), an insured who

makes this selection may maintain an action for noneconomic losses only if she

1
   Plaintiff did not file a timely notice of appeal from the trial court's order
granting defendants' motion for summary judgment. Therefore, we previously
issued an order limiting plaintiff's appeal to her challenge to the denial of her
motion for reconsideration.
                                                                           A-1449-22
                                       2
"has sustained a bodily injury which results in death; dismemberment;

significant disfigurement or significant scarring; displaced fractures; loss of a

fetus; or a permanent injury within a reasonable degree of medical probability,

other than scarring or disfigurement." (emphasis added).

      N.J.S.A. 39:6A-8(a) requires a plaintiff seeking to recover noneconomic

losses to file "a certification from the licensed treating physician or a board -

certified licensed physician to whom the plaintiff was referred by the treating

physician."   Under penalty of perjury, the certification must state that the

plaintiff has sustained at least one of the injuries described above. Ibid. The

physician's certification must be based on objective clinical evidence, which

may include medical testing, but this testing cannot be "dependent entirely upon

subjective patient response." Ibid. The physician must file the certification

within sixty days following the date of the answer to any complaint filed by the

plaintiff, although an extension of up to sixty days may be granted by the trial

court upon a finding of good cause. Ibid.

      Plaintiff filed her complaint against defendants 2 on November 29, 2019.

Plaintiff alleged in count one that she sustained "serious and permanent personal

2
   Plaintiff named the driver of the car that struck her vehicle, Gabriela
Villasenor, and Gabriela's parent, Estefania Villasenor, as defendants.
                                                                           A-1449-22
                                       3
injuries requiring the care and treatment of physicians, hospitalizations[,] and

medication," and that she would continue to suffer "pain, suffering[,] and a loss

of enjoyment of life as well as such further damages proven at time of trial." 3

Because plaintiff was seeking noneconomic damages for her injuries, AICRA

required that she prove that her injuries fell within one of the six categories set

forth in N.J.S.A. 39:6A-8(a).

      Defendant filed an answer to the complaint on January 3, 2020. Plaintiff

did not file the treating physician certification required by N.J.S.A. 39:6A -8(a).

      However, during the discovery period, plaintiff provided answers to

defendants' interrogatories. Asked to provide a "detailed description of [the]

nature, extent[,] and duration of any and all injuries[,]" plaintiff replied that she

suffered a "[c]losed displaced intraarticular fracture of the head of the radius of

the right elbow."    She claimed this fracture was also permanent under the

separate category for permanent injuries set forth in N.J.S.A. 39:6A-8(a). In

addition,    plaintiff    asserted     she     had     incurred     a    permanent

"[a]ggravated/[e]xacerbated shoulder tear."

3
  Plaintiff's complaint included a second count alleging that a passenger in her
car, Cecilia Perez, also suffered injuries. The outcome of any proceedings
involving this individual is not clear from the record and none of the parties'
arguments on appeal concern this individual.
                                                                               A-1449-22
                                         4
      In her interrogatory answers, plaintiff described the diagnostic tests

conducted of her elbow injury. Plaintiff wrote that x-rays taken on December

12, 2017 "showed [a] displaced intraarticular fracture of [her] right radial head."

A follow-up x-ray on January 8, 2018 "revealed [full] healing with no further

displacement."

      Sometime during discovery, plaintiff either provided, or defendants

obtained on their own, copies of two written reports prepared by Dr. Kevin C.

McDaid, who was plaintiff's treating physician. McDaid's December 19, 2017

report stated that "[e]lbow x-rays . . . taken in the Emergency Room" on that

date "show[ed] a minimally displaced intraarticular radial head fracture."

McDaid assessed the injury as a "[c]losed displaced fracture of head of right

radius," and prescribed treatment appropriate for a "[c]losed displaced fracture

of head of right radius."

      In his February 23, 2018 report, McDaid's assessment of the injury

remained the same. He noted there had "been no further displacement" and

continued to provide treatment to plaintiff for a "[c]losed displaced fracture of

head of right radius." Plaintiff did not list McDaid or any other physician as an

expert in her interrogatory answers.

                                                                             A-1449-22
                                        5
        Defendants retained an expert, Dr. Joseph R. Zerbo, who conducted an

examination of plaintiff on June 21, 2021. Zerbo also reviewed plaintiff's

medical records, including the two McDaid reports. Zerbo prepared reports in

which he stated that plaintiff suffered a "[n]on-displaced healed fracture of the

right radial head" in her elbow and that this fracture was now fully healed and,

therefore, not permanent.

        After the discovery period ended on April 30, 3022, the parties went to

arbitration on July 14, 2022. Arbitration was unsuccessful.

        On August 2, 2022, defendants filed a motion for summary judgment.

Citing Zerbo's opinion that plaintiff's elbow injury was not permanent,

defendants argued that her complaint had to be dismissed under N.J.S.A. 39:6A-

8(a).

        In their brief, defendants relied upon Zerbo's expert opinion that plaintiff's

elbow injury was not permanent and that plaintiff had failed to name an expert

who could contradict Zerbo's position on the issue of permanency. Defendants

also pointed out that Zerbo had opined that plaintiff suffered a "non-displaced

fracture of the radial head [that] had gone into complete radiographic and

clinical healing."

                                                                                A-1449-22
                                           6
      Plaintiff filed opposition to the motion on August 30, 2022. Plaintiff's

principal argument was that she had suffered a displaced fracture in the accident

and that a displaced fracture is one of the injuries listed in N.J.S.A. 39:6A -8(a)

that permits the insured to seek noneconomic damages. A plaintiff who has

suffered a displaced fracture does not have to also show that the injury is

permanent. Permanency is a separate category of injury covered by N.J.S.A.

39:6A-8(a). Villanueva v. Lesack, 366 N.J. Super. 564, 565 (App. Div. 2004).

Significantly, plaintiff no longer claimed that any of her injuries were

permanent..

      In addition, plaintiff submitted a late physician's certification from

McDaid.    In this August 10, 2022 submission, McDaid certified "within a

reasonable degree of medical probability that [plaintiff] has sustained the

following injuries to body parts as a result of the [November 29, 2017] motor

vehicle accident: minimally displaced intraarticular radial head fracture of the

right elbow." McDaid further stated that the December 12, 2017 and Febru ary

22, 2018 right elbow x-rays cited in his reports supported his diagnosis.

      On September 9, 2022, the trial court heard oral argument on defendants'

motion. Plaintiff's attorney argued that plaintiff suffered a displaced fracture of

her elbow and that this injury enabled her to seek noneconomic damages under

                                                                             A-1449-22
                                        7
N.J.S.A. 39:6A-8(a). Defendants' attorney responded by asserting that plaintiff

had failed to file a "certificate of permanency" or any "expert report speaking to

permanency." The trial court reserved decision.

      On October 3, 3022, the court rendered a brief written decision granting

defendants' motion for summary judgment. The order mistakenly stated that

defendants' motion was "unopposed." The court's decision did not refer to

plaintiff's argument that she suffered a displaced elbow fracture that enabled her

to vault the verbal threshold requirement of N.J.S.A. 39:6A-8(a). The court did

not attempt to resolve the factual dispute between the parties as to whether the

plaintiff had a displaced or a non-displaced fracture.

      Instead, the court relied upon a case setting forth the factors a plaintiff

must prove to demonstrate she suffered a permanent injury, Jacques v. Kinsey,

347 N.J. Super. 112, 117 (Law Div. 2001), and concluded:

            In the present case, plaintiff is subject to the limitation
            on lawsuit threshold. Accordingly, plaintiff is required
            to prove a permanent injury through objective, credible
            medical evidence. Plaintiff has not provided any expert
            opinion that she sustained a permanent injury based on
            objective, credible medical evidence.

            Accordingly, [p]laintiff cannot sustain [her] burden of
            proof and thus, [d]efendant's [m]otion for [s]ummary
            [j]udgment is hereby GRANTED.

                                                                            A-1449-22
                                        8
      Plaintiff thereafter filed a motion for reconsideration. Plaintiff argued that

in opposition to the summary judgment motion, she submitted McDaid's reports

stating that plaintiff had sustained a displaced elbow fracture that enabled her to

pass the verbal threshold without regard to whether the injury was permanent.

Plaintiff also asserted that although it was late, the court should accept and

consider McDaid's certification, which essentially repeated the information set

forth in McDaid's reports and in her answers to interrogatories.

      Following oral argument, the trial court denied plaintiff's motion on

November 18, 2022. In a short written opinion, the court ignored plaintiff's

answers to interrogatories, McDaid's reports, and defendants' own expert 's

reports that summarized McDaid's findings. Instead, the court incorrectly stated

that plaintiff failed to present any evidence that she had a displaced fracture

"before the end of the discovery period and arbitration."            Finding that

"[a]mendments to interrogatory answers are impermissible" absent exceptional

circumstances, the court declined to reconsider its prior dismissal of plaintiff's

action. This appeal followed.

      On appeal, plaintiff argues that the trial court erred by denying her motion

for reconsideration. We agree.

                                                                              A-1449-22
                                         9
      We review the denial of a motion for reconsideration to determine whether

the trial court abused its discretion. Branch v. Cream-O-Land Dairy, 244 N.J.

567, 582 (2021). Reconsideration should only be granted in :those cases which

fall into that narrow corridor in which either 1) the [c]ourt has expressed its

decision upon a palpably incorrect or irrational basis, or 2) it is obvious that the

[c]ourt either did not consider, or failed to appreciate the significance of

probative, competent evidence[.]" Cummings v. Bahr, 295 N.J. Super. 374, 384

(App. Div. 1996) (quoting D'Atria v. D'Atria, 242 N.J. Super. 392, 401-02 (Ch.

Div. 1990)). Therefore, we have held that "the magnitude of the error cited must

be a game-changer for reconsideration to be appropriate." Palombi v. Palombi,

414 N.J. Super. 274, 289 (App. Div. 2010).

      After reviewing the entire record in the light of this standard, we are

convinced that the trial court mistakenly exercised its discretion when it refused

to reconsider its decision granting summary judgment to defendants. The court's

decision to grant summary judgment was "palpably incorrect" because the court

found that plaintiff's complaint had to be dismissed because she did not prove

she sustained a permanent injury in the accident. Here, however, plaintiff was

not alleging a permanent injury.       Instead, she claimed to have suffered a

displaced fracture of her elbow.

                                                                              A-1449-22
                                        10
      "To vault AICRA's verbal threshold, an accident victim need only prove

an injury as defined in the statute. Davidson v. Slater, 189 N.J. 166, 181 (2007).

A displaced fracture is specifically listed in N.J.S.A. 39:6A-8(a) as one of the

six categories of injuries that enable a plaintiff to get over the verbal threshold.

A permanent injury is an entirely separate category under the statute.

            Indeed, the Legislature has categorized displaced
            fractures separate from other injuries that are required
            to be permanent to permit compensation for
            noneconomic loss; instead, displaced fractures are
            listed in the statute along with death, dismemberment,
            loss of a fetus, and significant disfigurement or
            scarring, forms of harm which, consistent with our
            jurisprudence, have allowed a plaintiff to sue for
            noneconomic damages without the need for a plaintiff
            to prove the injury has had a serious impact upon her
            life.

            [Villanueva, 366 N.J. Super. at 569.]

      Therefore, the trial court clearly erred by holding that plaintiff was

required to demonstrate that she had sustained a permanent injury. All plaintiff

had to show was that she had suffered a displaced fracture in the accident.

      The trial court did not address plaintiff's claim on this point. It failed to

even mention the issue, even though both parties had raised it at oral argument.

Like every other case that comes before our courts, the resolution of this matter

"required a careful analysis and the requisite findings to insure a just result."

                                                                              A-1449-22
                                        11
Bailey v. Bd. of Rev., 339 N.J. Super. 29, 33 (App. Div. 2001). This case cried

out for "a clear and concise determination that [plaintiff] [had] been heard and

[her] arguments considered." Ibid.

      That did not occur here.       Because the trial court granted summary

judgment without considering or appreciating "the significance of probative,

competent evidence," the court should have reconsidered its decision.

Cummings, 295 N.J. Super. at 384.

      The trial court should also have revisited its summary judgment decision

because there was clearly a dispute between the parties as to whether plaintiff

suffered a displaced fracture or a non-displaced fracture. While the court found

that plaintiff needed to present an expert in order to prove a permanent injury,

it made no ruling concerning whether an expert was needed to prove the status

of plaintiff's fracture or whether McDaid, as the treating physician, was

competent to perform this analysis. Because there was a genuine issue as to

these material facts, summary judgment was inappropriate, absent a full airing

and resolution of the matter by the court. R. 4:46-2.

      Because of this, the trial court's denial of plaintiff's motion for

reconsideration cannot stand. The court's rationale for that decision lacked a

cogent basis in the record. The court found that plaintiff raised the issue of the

                                                                            A-1449-22
                                       12
displaced fracture for the first time in its reconsideration motion. However, as

set forth in detail above, plaintiff provided defendants and the court with her

answers to interrogatories and McDaid's reports during the discovery period.

Defendants' expert referred to this information in his reports. Thus, the court's

finding that "[p]laintiff did not present that evidence before the end of the

discovery period and arbitration" is clearly incorrect.

      To be sure, plaintiff's physician certification was woefully out of time.

However, the trial court did not directly address this issue in any of its decisions.

It is well established that a court should not automatically dismiss a plaintiff's

complaint when the certification required by N.J.S.A. 39:6A-8(a) is filed late.

Casinelli v. Manglapus, 181 N.J. 354, 365 (2004). As the Supreme Court stated:

             [W]e view the tardy presentation of a physician
             certification as falling under the broad umbrella of
             failure to make discovery, thus subject to the arsenal of
             remedies provided in our rules for such procedural
             errors. Put another way, the [trial] court has available
             to it, along with dismissal, where warranted, discovery-
             type sanctions such as orders to compel, the award of
             reasonable expenses incurred in obtaining the
             certification, and counsel fees. See R. 4:23-1 to -5. In
             each case, the court should assess the facts, including
             the willfulness of the violation, the ability of plaintiff
             to produce the certification, the proximity of trial, and
             prejudice to the adversary, and apply the appropriate
             remedy. That methodology provides judges with
             discretion to choose a response that is proportionate to
             the procedural stimulus; saves for trial the meritorious

                                                                               A-1449-22
                                        13
              claims of truly injured victims; and allows dismissal of
              cases in which a plaintiff cannot or will not supply a
              certification or in which a plaintiff's conduct has
              irremediably prejudiced the defendant.

              [Casinelli, 181 N.J. at 365.]

Because the trial court did not fully consider the issue of an appropriate remedy

for plaintiff's late submission of the physician's certification, we must remand

this matter to enable that to occur.

         In sum, the trial court's decision on the summary judgment motion was

based upon an incorrect legal premise, namely, that a plaintiff must demonstrate

she has sustained a permanent injury to vault AICRA's verbal threshold. When

plaintiff brought this mistake to the court's attention and again pointed out the

information on which her displaced fracture claim was based, the court should

have reconsidered its prior decision and rendered a new decision supported by

detailed findings of fact and conclusions of law.

         We therefore reverse the trial court's denial of plaintiff's motion for

reconsideration and remand this matter for further proceedings. We suggest that

the court, as an important first step, conduct a case management conference with

the parties to discuss the issues that need to be resolved, the manner in which

this resolution should occur, and a time schedule for the completion of these

tasks.

                                                                           A-1449-22
                                        14
      In remanding, we make no determination respecting the sufficiency of

plaintiff's injury or whether it in fact satisfied the verbal threshold. Nothing

within this opinion forecasts any views on the merits of plaintiff's claims against

defendants nor on the question of whether defendants may be entitled to prevail

on these issues once they are fully considered by the court.

      Reversed and remanded. We do not retain jurisdiction.

                                                                             A-1449-22
                                       15