Court Opinion

ID: 9351902
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-01-04 07:09:29.119587+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:57:36.029363
License: Public Domain

AFFIRMED and Opinion Filed December 29, 2022

                                  S  In The
                            Court of Appeals
                     Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                              No. 05-21-00384-CV

                     NICHOLAS SCARSELLA, Appellant
                                 V.
                        TEXSTARS, LLC, Appellee

               On Appeal from the 160th Judicial District Court
                            Dallas County, Texas
                    Trial Court Cause No. DC-20-05818

                       MEMORANDUM OPINION
                  Before Justices Myers, Carlyle, and Goldstein
                          Opinion by Justice Goldstein
      Appellant Nicholas Scarsella appeals the trial court’s summary judgment in

favor of appellee Texstars, LLC (Texstars) on Scarsella’s sole claim for breach of

an employment agreement. We affirm. Because all issues are settled in law, we issue

this memorandum opinion. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(a).

                                BACKGROUND

      On March 5, 2018, Scarsella and Texstars entered into a letter agreement

under which Scarsella became the president and CEO of Texstars. At the time,

Texstars was a wholly owned subsidiary of Ascent Aerospace, LLC (Ascent). The

agreement included various terms of Scarsella’s employment, including his base
pay, certain benefits, performance-based bonus structure, and an additional bonus in

the event of Texstars’s acquisition by a third party. Scarsella served as the president

of Texstars from March 2018 until October 2019, when Texstars was acquired by

PPG Industries, Inc. (PPG). By letter dated November 4, 2019, Brent Wright, a

corporate representative of PPG, notified Scarsella that PPG had decided to

terminate his position effective February 1, 2020. Wright’s letter stated that Scarsella

would continue receiving his salary payments but that he was being relieved of his

day-to-day duties. There was no mention of Scarsella’s bonus.

         On January 21, 2020, Scarsella emailed Wright inquiring about his 2019

performance bonus. Scarsella wrote that Texstars “delivered substantial

improvements in 2019 over 2018” and had set aside a bonus pool of $375,000—

including $194,000 for Scarsella—which was “clearly communicated during the due

diligence process” of PPG’s acquisition of Texstars. Wright responded that all of

PPG’s “compensation actions, including bonus payments” were being finalized. In

March 2020, Texstars paid Scarsella a performance bonus in the amount of

$68,751.84.

         Scarsella filed this lawsuit in April 2020, asserting a single cause of action for

breach of contract against Texstars.1 Texstars generally denied the claim and

asserted several affirmative defenses, including failure of a condition precedent and

   1
       Scarsella also asserted a claim for tortious interference against PPG, but later nonsuited that claim.
                                                     –2–
accord and satisfaction. The parties thereafter filed cross-motions for summary

judgment. The trial court granted Texstars’s motion, denied Scarsella’s motion, and

ordered that Scarsella take nothing. This appeal followed.

                                   DISCUSSION

      We review summary judgments de novo. McKinney Millennium, LP v. Collin

Cent. Appraisal Dist., 599 S.W.3d 57, 60 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2020, pet. denied). A

movant for summary judgment bears the burden of establishing that there are no

issues of material fact and it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id. When the

parties file cross-motions for summary judgment, each party bears that burden as to

its own motion. See id. When the trial court grants one party’s motion and denies the

other’s, we consider both motions, review the evidence presented by both sides,

determine all issues presented, and render the judgment the trial court should have

rendered. Id.

      In three issues, Scarsella complains that the trial court erred in: (1) denying

his motion for summary judgment as to his claim for breach of contract; (2) denying

his motion for summary judgment as to Texstars’s affirmative defenses; and

(3) granting Texstars’s motion.

      When construing a contract, we must ascertain the true intentions of the

parties as expressed in the writing itself. Italian Cowboy Partners, Ltd. v. Prudential

Ins. Co. of Am., 341 S.W.3d 323, 333–34 (Tex. 2011). In identifying the parties’

intent, we consider the entire writing and strive to harmonize and give effect to all

                                         –3–
the provisions of the contract so that none will be rendered meaningless. In re

Whataburger Restaurants LLC, 645 S.W.3d 188, 195 (Tex. 2022). We do not give

controlling effect to any single provision; rather, we consider all provisions with

reference to the whole instrument. Id.

        The agreement2 between Texstars and Scarsella includes the following

provision regarding Scarsella’s pay:

        Base Salary and Bonus:

        Your annual salary will be $275,000, paid in accordance with the
        Company’s payroll policies. You will be eligible to earn an annual
        bonus, and your target bonus opportunity will be 50% of your base
        salary. The actual bonus payout can be higher or lower than the 50%
        target, depending on your individual performance and the Company’s
        performance. For fiscal 2018 only (the Company is on a calendar year
        end), this bonus will be pro-rated based per your actual start date. All
        bonuses are paid in accordance with the Company’s normal practices
        and are subject to your continued employment at the time of payment.

Scarsella argues that this language creates a unilateral contract between him and

Texstars under which Texstars’s obligation to pay the performance bonus is

triggered by his performance. Texstars argues that this provision does not create a

    2
      We note that part of the record was submitted under a seal pursuant to a sealing order. Specifically,
in accordance with Rule 76a, on April 29, 2021, the trial court “ORDERED that, until further order from
this Court or another court with competent jurisdiction, the Clerk seal (i) Exhibits B and C to the Declaration
of Nicholas Scarsella attached to Plaintiff’s Motion for-Summary Judgment, filed on September 18, 2020;
(ii) Exhibits B and C to the Declaration of Nicholas Scarsella attached to Plaintiff’s Amended Motion fer
Summary Judgment, filed on February 4, 2021; (iii) Exhibits B and C to the Declaration of Nicholas
Scarsella attached to Plaintiffs Response to Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment, filed on March
24, 2021; and (iv) all future filings in this matter of Exhibits B and C to the Declaration of Nicholas
Scarsella.” The Agreement is Exhibit A to Scarsella’s Declaration and as referenced is not subject to a
sealing order, but has been filed with this Court along the referenced pleadings without authority under
Rule 76a. To the extent pleadings and other exhibits have been filed with this Court under seal, beyond
those two documents enumerated in the Permanent Sealing Order, such filing is contrary to Rule 76a.
Therefore, we have treated the pleadings and documents not under seal as public court records and an order
of correction will be issued in due course.
                                                    –4–
duty on its part to pay Scarsella a performance bonus and, to the extent it does,

Texstars had discretion to determine the amount.

      Texstars relies on Parviz-Khyavi v. Alcon Labs., Inc., 395 S.W.3d 376, 381

(Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, pet. denied), and Lewis v. Vitol, S.A., No. 01-05-00367-

CV, 2006 WL 1767138, at *4 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] June 29, 2006, no

pet.). In Parviz-Khyavi, we considered whether an employee had a contractual right

to short-term disability benefits under an agreement that stated: “You will be eligible

for all Company benefits normally accorded employees of similar length of service

and status from your first day of employment.” See id. at 380. We concluded that

this language did not create a unilateral contract because it “suggest[ed] eligibility”

but “no guarantee” to the benefits and therefore did not constitute “a specific promise

capable of being accepted through [the plaintiff’s] performance.” See id. at 381–82.

In Lewis, the First Court of Appeals the court considered the following contract

provision: “Mr. Lewis is eligible to receive a yearly bonus based on the various

performance parameters considered by the company. The bonus is at the sole

discretion of the management.” Id. The court contrasted the bonus language to other

provisions of the contract which stated that Lewis “will receive” various benefits

and “is to receive” a retention fee. Construing these provisions together, the court

held that unlike the benefits and retention-fee provisions, which were mandatory,

the bonus provision gave the employer discretion over whether to pay Lewis a bonus.

See id.

                                         –5–
         We agree that the contract at issue does not create a unilateral contract and

gives Texstars discretion whether to pay a performance bonus to Scarsella and in

what amount. The bonus provision of the agreement suggests Scarsella’s eligibility

to receive a performance bonus but does not guarantee it. See Parviz-Khyavi, 395

S.W.3d at 380–81. The above language stands in contrast to another bonus provision

in the parties’ agreement:

         Sale Bonus Proceeds:

         In the event that you are, and have been continuously, employed by
         Texstars at the time Ascent exits its ownership in Texstars (targeted by
         June 30th, 2019), you will receive a sale bonus at the time the Company
         is sold by Ascent. Assuming you are successful in achieving operating
         performance in line with the earnings power of the business, we would
         expect the Company’s enterprise value to be $20 - $35 million at the
         time of sale (consistent with indications of interest we have received;
         for reference, Texstars was purchased by Hampson, the predecessor to
         Parent, for over $40 million). Your sale bonus will be a percentage of
         the net transaction proceeds (gross proceeds or enterprise value less any
         direct transactional expenses) derived from the transaction.

Unlike the performance bonus, the sale bonus uses the mandatory language “will

receive.”3 Construing the two provisions together, we must assume the parties

intended the performance bonus to be discretionary, not mandatory. See Lewis, 2006

WL 1767138, at *4.4

   3
     We note that another distinction exists between the two bonus provisions. The sale bonus proceeds
provision contains a chart allocating a range of Net Transaction Proceeds, a Sale Bonus Percentage and a
Sale Bonus Proceeds at Top of Range whereas the performance bonus contains no similar amount or
calculation.
   4
       The sale bonus proceed provision is not at issue in this appeal.
                                                     –6–
        The cases Scarsella relies on to reach the opposite conclusion are inapposite.

In Shanklin v. Columbia Mgmt. Advisors, L.L.C., the court cited the “traditional

view” with respect to bonuses:

        [W]hen an employment contract does not guarantee a bonus in a fixed,
        nondiscretionary amount, and the bonus offered is “an incentive to
        encourage the employee to perform in accordance with the previously
        existing contract of employment,” the “promise to pay a bonus is
        unenforceable for want of sufficient consideration, since the employee
        is only giving the same service it has already contracted with the
        employer to render.

No. CIV.A. H-07-2690, 2008 WL 4899631, at *12 (S.D. Tex. Nov. 12, 2008). The

document at issue in Shanklin contained a “definite bonus formula” under which the

employee would receive a fixed percentage (23% for the first four quarters and 7%

for the next eight quarters) of revenue generated by his sales of certain investment

products. See id. at *3. Similarly, Jehling v. A.H. Belo Corp., which relied on

Shanklin, involved a contract providing that the employee “will be eligible for a

target bonus of $80,000 to be paid quarterly . . . [and] eligible to receive a 2% bonus

of all revenue over goal to be paid quarterly.” Jehling v. A.H. Belo Corp., No. 3:11-

CV-1258-B, 2013 WL 5803813, at *19 (N.D. Tex. Oct. 28, 2013).5 In contrast, the

parties’ agreement here states that Scarsella’s “target bonus opportunity” would be

    5
      We note also that the statements from both Shanklin and Jehling on which Scarsella relies were made
in dictum. In Shanklin, the court ultimately stated that it “cannot conclude as a matter of law that the
[summary sheet] did—or did not—create a contract to pay an incentive bonus” because there was a fact
question about whether another document, which stated that the employee could not receive the bonus after
he was terminated, was incorporated into the summary sheet. See Shanklin, 2008 WL 4899631, at *13. In
Jehling, the court stated that it “does not need to decide whether the [contract’s] language was sufficient to
form a unilateral contract” because the employee adduced no evidence that his rights to a bonus accrued
before his termination. See Jehling, 2013 WL 5803813, at *19.
                                                    –7–
50% of his base salary, but could be higher or lower than that amount based on his

performance and the company’s performance.6 The agreement therefore lacks a

fixed bonus amount required to constitute an enforceable promise to pay a bonus.

See Shanklin, 2008 WL 4899631, at *13; Jehling, 2013 WL 5803813, at *19.

        Scarsella argues alternatively that his entitlement to a bonus accrued at the

time Texstars was acquired by PPG. In his declaration in support of his summary-

judgment motion, Scarsella stated that the board of directors of Texstars resolved in

June 2019 to pay him $194,100 for his bonus that year and that this resolution was

communicated both to him and to PPG. Scarsella attached an “employee census,”

dated September 1, 2019, which listed every employee of Texstars, along with the

employee’s base salary or wage and a bonus amount. The employee census has a

line for Scarsella in which his bonus is listed as $194,100. Scarsella also attached a

balance sheet of Texstars, which contains a line item for “ACCRUED MGMT

INCENTIVE” in the amount of $252,339.95, the majority of which he argues was

allocated for his bonus.

        Texstars objected to these statements as conclusory, hearsay, and self-serving.

Texstars argues that the trial court erred in overruling these objections and should

be reversed on that ground. We decline to do so because, even if we credited all of

    6
     The agreement also provides that “Ascent may, within its discretion, modify the terms and conditions
of your employment and benefits” (emphasis added). The agreement therefore also fails to satisfy the
second requirement of an enforceable contract to pay a bonus as stated in Shanklin. See Shanklin 2008 WL
4899631, at *13 (to be enforceable, promise to pay bonus must be “in a fixed, nondiscretionary amount”
(emphasis added)).
                                                  –8–
these statements, they would not obligate Texstars to pay Scarsella a bonus. The

parties’ agreement provides that “[a]ll bonuses are paid in accordance with

[Texstars’s] normal practices.” The agreement provides that Texstars follows a

calendar-year accounting period and the undisputed evidence showed that Texstars

made its bonus decisions in February or March after the end of the calendar year.

Nothing in the agreement supports the proposition that Texstars would make final

decisions about the amount of a year-end bonus in the middle of the year or that any

bonus decision made before the end of the calendar year would be final and

irrevocable. Because Texstars had discretion to decide whether, and in what amount,

to pay Scarsella a bonus, it also had discretion to reserve final decisions about bonus

payments until after the close of its calendar year.

                                  CONCLUSION

      The parties’ agreement gave Texstars discretion to decide whether and in what

amount to pay Scarsella a performance bonus. To the extent Texstars resolved to pay

Scarsella a performance bonus for 2019 of $194,100 in June of that year, Texstars

was not bound by that decision and could, within its discretion, alter the amount in

its final determination. We conclude that because Texstars paid Scarsella a

performance bonus for 2019 in the amount of $68,751.84, Texstars did not breach

                                         –9–
the parties’ agreement. We therefore overrule Scarsella’s issues and affirm the trial

court’s judgment.7

                                                  /Bonnie Lee Goldstein/
                                                  BONNIE LEE GOLDSTEIN
                                                  JUSTICE

210384F.P05

   7
      As our determination is dispositive, we do not reach the parties’ issues regarding Texstars’s
affirmative defenses or its objections to the summary-judgment evidence. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1.
                                              –10–
                                    S
                            Court of Appeals
                     Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                   JUDGMENT

NICHOLAS SCARSELLA,                            On Appeal from the 160th Judicial
Appellant                                      District Court, Dallas County, Texas
                                               Trial Court Cause No. DC-20-05818.
No. 05-21-00384-CV           V.                Opinion delivered by Justice
                                               Goldstein. Justices Myers and
TEXSTARS, LLC, Appellee                        Carlyle participating.

       In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial
court is AFFIRMED.

      It is ORDERED that appellee TEXSTARS, LLC recover its costs of this
appeal from appellant NICHOLAS SCARSELLA.

Judgment entered this 29th day of December 2022.

                                        –11–