Court Opinion

ID: 4471592
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-01-10 21:00:26.148322+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:41:31.438850
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION                           FILED
                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                        JAN 10 2020
                                                                     MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                       U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

APRIL POWELL-WILLINGHAM,                        No.   18-55215

                Plaintiff-Appellant,            D.C. No.
                                                2:17-cv-06508-DSF-KS
 v.

JOINT AID MANAGEMENT USA; et al.,               MEMORANDUM*

                Defendants-Appellees.

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Central District of California
                    Dale S. Fischer, District Judge, Presiding

                     Argued and Submitted October 16, 2019
                              Pasadena, California

Before: WARDLAW and COLLINS, Circuit Judges, and BATAILLON,** District
Judge.

      April Powell-Willingham appeals the district court’s dismissal of her

employment discrimination action under the doctrine of forum non conveniens. We

have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we reverse.

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
      **
             The Honorable Joseph F. Bataillon, United States District Judge for the
District of Nebraska, sitting by designation.
      1.     Powell-Willingham entered into an employment contract with Joint Aid

Management USA (JAM USA), a U.S. entity, in which JAM USA agreed to employ

her “to work in the capacity of Country Director for JAM International in South

Sudan” in “the office for the region of JAM International.” The contract provided

that the agreement would be “governed by, construed, and enforced in accordance

with the laws of the United States of America.”

      The district court erred in evaluating this choice-of-law provision. Contrary

to the district court’s conclusion, the provision encompasses Powell-Willingham’s

claims because California law broadly construes such provisions to apply to all

causes of action arising from or related to the contract. See Gen. Signal Corp. v.

MCI Telecomms. Corp., 66 F.3d 1500, 1505–06 (9th Cir. 1995); see also Olinick v.

BMG Entm’t., 138 Cal. App. 4th 1286, 1299 (2006) (construing a comparably

worded choice-of-law provision to “encompass[] all causes of action arising from or

related to the Agreement, regardless of how they are characterized, including

tortious breaches of duties emanating from the agreement or the legal relationships

it creates”) (emphasis and alterations omitted) (quoting Nedlloyd Lines B.V. v.

Superior Court, 3 Cal. 4th 459, 470 (1992)). The choice-of-law provision in Powell-

Willingham’s contract was valid and enforceable under California law, which

enforces such clauses, “unless (1) the chosen state has no substantial relationship to

the parties or transaction; or (2) such application would run contrary to a California

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public policy or evade a California statute.” Gen. Signal Corp., 66 F.3d at 1506.

Powell-Willingham’s California residence alone is enough to create a substantial

relationship. Nedlloyd Lines, 3 Cal. 4th at 467.

      Because the district court erred in evaluating the choice-of-law provision, it

reached the incorrect conclusion that South African law would govern the entire

case. Instead, U.S. and California law will govern at least the claims against JAM

USA. The district court’s legal error was an abuse of discretion. Highmark Inc. v.

Allcare Health Mgmt. Sys., Inc., 572 U.S. 559, 563 n.2 (2014).

      2.     We also disagree with the district court’s conclusion that the defendants

met their burden of showing that there is an adequate remedy in South Africa.

Although the test for showing that an alternative forum provides an adequate remedy

“is easy to pass,” Tuazon v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 433 F.3d 1163, 1178 (9th

Cir. 2006), it is not met when, as here, the defendants’ foreign law expert provided

only a cursory and wholly conclusory description of the substance of the relevant

actions and remedies available under the foreign forum’s law, thereby depriving the

district court and this court of any ability to determine whether the foreign forum

offers a “practical remedy for the plaintiff’s complained of wrong,” Lueck v.

Sundstrand Corp., 236 F.3d 1137, 1144 (9th Cir. 2001). See also Carijano v.

Occidental Petroleum Corp., 643 F.3d 1216, 1225–26 (9th Cir. 2011) (adequacy of

Peruvian remedies established where defendant’s expert submitted an “in-depth

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exploration of Peruvian statutory law and civil procedure”); Tuazon, 433 F.3d at

1178 (defendant “offered an extensive affidavit by a former Justice of the Philippine

Court of Appeals, detailing background about the Philippines and its court system,

the availability of contract and tort relief, the discovery process, and procedural

formalities”; “[u]nder our precedent, this showing is sufficient”).

      3.       The district court also erred in its assessment of the private interest

factor concerning “whether unwilling witnesses can be compelled to testify.” Lueck,
236 F.3d at 1145. Here, as in Carijano, defendants “ha[ve] not shown, nor do[]

[they] even represent, that any witness is unwilling to testify.” 643 F.3d at 1231.

Absent any affirmative showing as to unwillingness, defendants failed to carry their

burden to show that this factor favored dismissal.

      4.       In view of the foregoing, and the “strong presumption” that Powell-

Willingham’s choice of her home forum is convenient, id. at 1227, the district court

abused its discretion in granting defendants’ motion to dismiss. Given defendants’

failure to carry their “burden of demonstrating” that dismissal was warranted, we

conclude that, on the record before the district court, the motion to dismiss under

forum non conveniens should have been denied. Id. at 1224.

      REVERSED; REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this

disposition.

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