Court Opinion

ID: 4362053
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-01-25 16:47:09.147073+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:48:25.276955
License: Public Domain

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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    LUCAS ALLEN NEWNAM                         :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 1504 MDA 2017

             Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence August 9, 2017
     In the Court of Common Pleas of Lancaster County Criminal Division at
                       No(s): CP-36-CR-0003420-2016

BEFORE: LAZARUS, J., OLSON, J., and MUSMANNO, J.

MEMORANDUM BY LAZARUS, J.:                            FILED JANUARY 25, 2019

        Lucas Allen Newnam appeals from his judgment of sentence, entered in

the Court of Common Pleas of Lancaster County, following his conviction of

first-degree murder.1 Newnam was sentenced to life imprisonment, without

the possibility of parole. After careful review, we affirm.

        On May 27, 2016, Newnam fatally shot Julius Dale, III, at Newnam’s

residence located at 304 Creek Road, Sadsbury Township, in Lancaster

County.     We refer to pages 2-11 of the attached trial court opinion, dated

December 20, 2017, for a recitation of the relevant trial testimony and factual

background of the case.

        Following a five-day jury trial, first-degree murder conviction, and

sentencing, Newnam filed timely post-sentence motions alleging the verdict

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1   18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2502(a).
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was against the weight of the evidence and that the Commonwealth provided

insufficient evidence to disprove his defense of justification. The court denied

the motion and, on September 20, 2017, Newnam filed the instant, timely

notice of appeal. After being granted an extension by the trial court, Newnam

filed a timely Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) concise statement of errors complained of on

appeal.

        On appeal, Newnam raises the following issues for our consideration:

        (1)   Did the trial court commit reversible error by denying
              [Newnam’s] request to have newly[-]retained counsel of his
              choice assume his defense of his pending murder trial and
              afford counsel a brief continuance to prepare, where
              [Newnam’s] original attorney abruptly withdrew from his
              case for medical reasons and the court appointed new
              counsel to [Newnam’s] case[?]

        (2)   Did the trial court err when it allowed the Commonwealth to
              introduce      [Newnam’s]       intercepted     prison    visit
              conversations, in the absence of explicit consent by both
              parties or judicial authorization, in violation of the Wiretap
              Act, 18 Pa.C.S. [§] 5701, et se[q]., and Commonwealth
              v. Fant[, 146 A.3d 1254 (Pa. 2016)?]

        (3)   Did the trial court err when it refused to suppress
              [Newnam’s] statements during a custodial interrogation
              when the state police troopers failed to properly inform him
              of the nature of the investigation prior to advising
              [Newnam] of his Miranda[2] rights[?]

        (4)   Did the trial court err by refusing to charge the jury pursuant
              to [Newnam’s] requested castle doctrine instruction when
              [Newnam] testified, as well as put on witnesses buttressing

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2   Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966).

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              his claim of self-defense and the decedent’s stated intent to
              kill [Newnam?]3

Appellant’s Brief, at 7-9.

       In his first issue on appeal, Newnam contends that the trial court

improperly denied his request to have newly-retained, private counsel

appointed and permit counsel to have a brief continuance to prepare his case.

He asserts the denial was an abuse of discretion where Newnam’s original

attorney withdrew from his case for medical reasons and the court appointed

new counsel for him, depriving him of his right to choose counsel.

       It is a fundamental principle that a defendant has a constitutional right

to choose any lawyer he may desire, at his own cost and expense.

Commonwealth v. Rucker, 761 A.2d 541 (Pa. 2000); Pennsylvania

Constitution, Art. I, § 9; U.S. Constitution, Amend. V. Cf. Commonwealth

v. Moore, 633 A.2d 1119, 1125 (Pa. 1993) (citing Commonwealth v.

Johnson, 236 A.2d 805, 807 (Pa. 1968) (defendant who is not employing

counsel at own expense and seeks court-appointed counsel, at public expense,

does not have right to choose particular counsel to represent him)).          In

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3  The Commonwealth has presented our Court with a post-submission
communication, attaching a recent decision, Commonwealth v. Cannavo,
3729 EDA 2017 (Pa. Super. filed Dec. 3, 2018), that addresses the castle
doctrine and 18 Pa.C.S. § 505. The Commonwealth asserts that Cannavo is
relevant to our analysis of Newnam’s last issue on appeal. See Pa.R.A.P. 2501
(after argument of case, no brief, memorandum or letter relating to case shall
be presented either directly or indirectly to court or any judge, except upon
application or when expressly permitted to bar at time of argument)
(emphasis added). We accept the submission pursuant to Rule 2501.

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Commonwealth v. Robinson, 364 A.2d 665, 674 (Pa. 1976), our Supreme

Court noted:

      Due process demands that the defendant be afforded a fair
      opportunity to obtain the assistance of counsel of his own choice
      to prepare and conduct his defense; the constitutional mandate is
      satisfied so long as the accused is afforded a fair or reasonable
      opportunity to obtain particular counsel, provided there is no
      arbitrary action prohibiting the effective use of such counsel.

Id. at 674 (citations omitted).

      However, a person’s right to be represented by the counsel of his choice

is not absolute. “[T]he right of the accused to choose his own counsel, as well

as a lawyer’s right to choose his clients, must be weighed against and may

reasonably be restricted by ‘the state’s interest in the swift and efficient

administration of criminal justice.’”    Id. at 676.   Effectively, a defendant

cannot “utilize his right to choose his own counsel so as unreasonably to clog

the machinery of justice and hamper and delay the state in its efforts to do

justice with regard to both him and to others whose right to a speedy trial

may thereby be affected.” Id. (citations omitted) (emphasis in original).

      The matter of continuance is traditionally within the discretion of
      the trial judge, and it is not every denial of a request for more
      time that violates due process even if the party fails to offer
      evidence or is compelled to defend without counsel. Contrariwise,
      a myopic insistence upon expeditiousness in the face of a
      justifiable request for delay can render the right to defend with
      counsel an empty formality. There are no mechanical tests for
      deciding when a denial of a continuance is so arbitrary as to violate
      due process. The answer must be found in the circumstances
      present in every case, particularly in the reasons presented to the
      trial judge at the time the request is denied.

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Id. at 675 (emphasis added). Moreover, in Commonwealth v. Brooks, 104

A.3d 466 (Pa. 2014), our Supreme Court noted that:

       [a]ppellate review of a trial court’s continuance decision is
       deferential. The grant or denial of a motion for a continuance is
       within the sound discretion of the trial court and will be reversed
       only upon a showing of an abuse of discretion. An abuse of
       discretion is not merely an error of judgment. Rather, discretion
       is abused when the law is overridden or misapplied, or the
       judgment exercised is manifestly unreasonable, or the result of
       partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will, as shown by the evidence or
       the record.

Id. at 469.4 Our federal courts have recognized that a defendant must be

“given a reasonable time and a fair opportunity to secure counsel of his [or

her] own choice, Chandler v. Fretag, 348 U.S. 3, 10, (1954), that this right

cannot be insisted upon in a manner that will obstruct a reasonably prompt

trial, Releford v. United States, 288 F.2d 298, 301 (9th Cir., 1961), and

that [a defendant cannot be] deprived of his [or her] constitutional right to

have assistance of counsel at his [or her] trial. In United States ex rel.

Puntari v. Maroney, 220 F. Supp. 801, 805 (W.D. Pa. 1963), the United

States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania, held that “[a]n

accused without [] sufficient funds who failed to engage counsel of choice

within a 70-day period prior to trial must rely on court-appointed counsel if he

desires an advocate. He does not have the right to tell the court whom to

appoint, the choice is that of the court. Id. at 805.
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4 We note that pursuant to Pa.R.Crim.P. 106, “a court may grant a continuance
‘in the interests of justice.’” Pa.R.Crim.P. 106(A). In addition, “[a] motion for
continuance on behalf of the defendant shall be made not later than 48 hours
before the time set for the proceeding.” Id. at 106(D).

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      Here, Newnam’s original trial counsel, Randall Miller, Esquire, who was

court-appointed on July 28, 2016, and was fully prepared to go to trial, had

to withdraw from the case just ten days shy of trial, in April 2017, due to

medical reasons. On April 27, 2017, the court quickly appointed new counsel

for Newnam, Edwin Pfursich, Esquire, who requested a two- or three-month

continuance to properly prepare a defense for trial. The court granted the

unopposed motion for a 60-day continuance and trial was rescheduled for July

29, 2017. During the following two months, Newnam became increasingly

dissatisfied with Attorney Pfursich’s representation. As a result, he retained

new, private counsel, Michael V. Marinaro, Esquire, on July 19, 2017 – just

ten days before his scheduled trial.

      On July 20, 2017, the court held a hearing on Newnam’s change of

counsel and intended request for an additional two- to three-month

continuance.   The court noted at the hearing that the court’s continuance

decision would be based on the following facts: the case had already been

continued one time; that continuance was on the defense because of the

appointment of new counsel; the continuance was for two months; the case

was now 14 months old; Newnam had more than one year to secure private

counsel; Newnam secured private counsel only eight days before the

rescheduled trial start date; Newnam had been in court on several occasions

over the prior nine months and never indicated that he intended to hire private

counsel or that he was dissatisfied in any way with Attorney Pfursich; and that

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the Commonwealth has already subpoenaed and met with witnesses for trial.

N.T. Hearing, 7/20/17, at 3-6.

      Current counsel, Attorney Pfursich, testified at the hearing that while he

and his client disagreed over trial strategies, Newnam never personally

indicated to him that he wanted to hire private counsel. He did state, however,

that Newnam’s family mentioned on a number of occasions that they were

dissatisfied and were seeking to hire Newnam new counsel. Attorney Pfursich

also told the court that he was prepared to go to trial at the end of July, that

he did not believe that Newnam was hiring new counsel as a delay tactic, that

Newnam had no reason to hire private counsel during the first year that the

case was pending because he was satisfied with Attorney Miller, and that from

experience he knew it required substantial effort to interview new attorneys

and secure funding for private counsel in a murder case. Id. 10-14. The

court also noted that if it did continue the case, it would not be able to

reschedule trial before October, approximately 17 months after the criminal

complaint was filed. Id. at 5.

      Newnam’s intended private counsel, Attorney Marinaro, indicated that

without a continuance there was “no possible way that [he could] get up to

speed at this point to be an effective attorney for [Newnam]” and would need

two to three months to prepare for trial. Id. at 10-11.

      Our Courts have repeatedly stated that upon review of the denial of a

continuance motion, “we are to give attention to the ‘reasons presented to the

trial judge at the time the request is denied.’” Commonwealth v. Wolfe,

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447 A.2d 305, 308 (Pa. Super. 1982). Instantly, Newnam testified that he

waited so long to hire private counsel after Pfursich was hired because he

“didn’t have the funds.” Id. at 17. Newnam also testified that he did not

speak up sooner and express his dissatisfaction with Attorney Pfursich at prior

hearings because he was afraid he would be held in contempt of court for

speaking out of turn. Id. at 18. He also indicated that counsel had not given

him access to a witness statement and that counsel “didn’t seem as

enthusiastic about defending [his] case as [he] thought counsel should be.”

Id. at 22-23.

      Finally, the assistant district attorney testified that he had no way of

knowing if the Commonwealth’s witnesses would be available if the trial were

continued until October, id. at 36, the Commonwealth would not suffer any

substantial prejudice if trial were continued, id. at 37, and it was not opposed

to a continuance as long as Attorney Pfursich did not leave the case. Id. at

38.

      In Commonwealth v. Prysock, 972 A.2d 539 (Pa. Super. 2009), our

Court set forth the following factors to consider on appeal from a trial court’s

ruling on a continuance motion to obtain private representation: (1) whether

the court conducted “an ‘extensive inquiry’ into the underlying defendant’s

dissatisfaction   with   current   counsel;”   (2)   whether   the   defendant’s

dissatisfaction with counsel amounted to “irreconcilable differences;” (3) “the

number of prior continuances;” (4) “the timing of the motion” for continuance;

(5) “whether private counsel had actually been retained;” and (6) the

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readiness of private counsel to proceed in a reasonable amount of time.          Id.

at 543.

      Here the trial court conducted a thorough inquiry regarding why

Newnam was dissatisfied with Attorney Pfursich; the court did not believe that

Newnam’s       dissatisfaction   constituted   “irreconcilable   differences;”    a

continuance was being sought one week before scheduled trial; private

counsel had already been retained; new counsel was not immediately ready

to proceed, but would need two to three additional months to prepare for trial.

Prysock, supra. The court ultimately concluded that “[Newnam’s] right to

counsel of his choice was not exercised in a reasonable time and manner when

weighed against the public need for the efficient and effective administration

of justice.”   See Trial Court Opinion and Order, 7/21/17. Consequently,

counsel’s motion to withdraw was denied because granting it would have

required a trial continuance. Id.

      A comprehensive review of the record indicates that the trial court

properly weighed Newnam’s right to counsel of his choice against the state's

interest in the efficient administration of justice.     In Commonwealth v.

Harding, 369 A.2d 429 (Pa. Super. 1959) (en banc), our Court noted that

“[i]t is necessary to balance the desirability of permitting a defendant

additional time to retain private counsel against the equally desirable need for

efficient and effective administration of justice. The accused’s right to select

his own counsel cannot be exercised in a manner that will obstruct an orderly

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procedure in courts of justice, and deprive such courts of the exercise of their

inherent powers to control the same.” Id. at 430.

       Here, the court did not deny the appointment of private counsel, so

much as it did not sanction a two to three month delay in bringing the case to

trial. In fact, the court was willing to permit Attorney Marinaro to represent

Newnam, so long as he was ready to go to trial on the scheduled date.

Admittedly, this is a close case. We do not find that Newnam was intentionally

trying to delay trial in bad faith, Commonwealth v. Ross, 350 A.2d 836 (Pa.

1976), or that he unreasonably clogged the machinery of justice by his

request. Robinson, supra, at 674. However, we cannot conclude that the

court’s denial of Newnam’s requires rises to the level of a deprivation of due

process or an abuse of the trial court’s discretion.         See Brooks, supra

(defining abuse of discretion as “a manifestly unreasonable judgment, a result

of prejudice, bias or ill-will, or a misapplication of law.”).5

       The Commonwealth’s acquiescence to a continuance was equivocal

where the assistant district attorney first stated that he “certainly would not

be opposed to a continuance . . . if Mr. Marinaro [were] granted permission to

enter[,]” N.T. Hearing, 7/20/17, at 37, and then, only moments later, stated

that if having Mr. Pfursich leave the case would result in a continuance, he
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5 We remind the trial court that in future cases it must be sure to take all
factors into consideration when ruling on a defendant’s request to secure
private counsel, including the gravity of the offenses lodged against the
defendant, his reasons for securing new counsel and the reason why any prior
continuances were granted for the defense.

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would be opposed to having him leave the case. Id. at 38. Moreover, the

Commonwealth did not definitively state that it would not be prejudiced where

the assistant district attorney stated at the hearing that he could not “speak

[as] to how successful [it would] be at staying in contact with [the witnesses]

between [then and the rescheduled trial date in the fall]” and qualified this

statement with the fact that many of the witnesses “do not have steady

addresses or steady phone numbers” and “getting them to stay . . . in touch

with [the Commonwealth] can be a bit of a challenge.” Id. at 37. Accordingly,

we affirm the trial court’s decision to deny Newnam’s continuance.

       In his next issue on appeal, Newnam contends that the trial court erred

when it denied his motion6 in limine and permitted the Commonwealth to

introduce several non-contact, intercepted prison visit conversations without

first obtaining explicit consent by both parties or judicial authorization, in

violation of the Wiretap Act (“the Act”), specifically 18 Pa.C.S. § 5704(14).

We disagree.

       Because Newnam was on non-contact status while incarcerated and

awaiting trial on the instant homicide charge, all of his visits took place in the

non-contact visitation room where he sat face-to-face with his visitors, on

opposite sides of a pane of glass, and talked to them through telephone-style

handsets.     All of these non-contact conversations were recorded; bilingual
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6 On May 5, 2017, Newnam filed a motion in limine to preclude the
Commonwealth from admitting “visit conversations inside Lancaster Prison”
as a violation of the Wiretap Act. We equate this motion to, and treat it as, a
motion to suppress the conversations.

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signage on both sides of the glass pane notified inmates and visitors of the

fact that their conversations may be recorded. Further, when Newnam and

his visitors picked up the handsets, an audio recording informed them that,

“This call is subject to recording and monitoring.”

      When reviewing a grant of a suppression motion, the appropriate
      scope and standard of review are as follows:

         [W]here a motion to suppress has been filed, the burden is
         on the Commonwealth to establish by a preponderance of
         the evidence that the challenged evidence is admissible. In
         reviewing the ruling of a suppression court, our task is to
         determine whether the factual findings are supported by the
         record. If so, we are bound by those findings. Where, as
         here, it is the Commonwealth who is appealing the decision
         of the suppression court, we must consider only the
         evidence of the defendant’s witnesses and so much of the
         evidence for the prosecution as read in the context of the
         record as a whole remains uncontradicted.

         Moreover, if the evidence supports the factual findings of
         the suppression court, this Court will reverse only if there is
         an error in the legal conclusions drawn from those findings.

Commonwealth v. Burgos, 64 A.3d 641, 647 (Pa. Super. 2013) (quotation

omitted). Moreover, interpreting the language of Pennsylvania’s Wiretap Act

is a pure question of law and, thus, demands a de novo standard of review.

Commonwealth v. Deck, 954 A.2d 603, 606 (Pa. Super. 2008).

      Pennsylvania's Wiretapping and Electronic Surveillance Control Act

generally prohibits intercepting, using, or disclosing communications except

those according to specified procedures. See 18 Pa.C.S. § 5703, et. seq. The

Act is designed to safeguard individual privacy, while also giving law

enforcement authorities a tool to combat crime.       Consistent with the Act’s

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emphasis on privacy, its provisions are to be strictly construed. Section 5704

of the Act provides, among others, two relevant exceptions to the general

prohibition on intercepting communications. One exception, memorialized in

section 5704(4) of the Act, does not make it unlawful and requires no prior

court approval for the interception of communications “where all parties to the

communication have given prior consent to such interception.” 18 Pa.C.S. §

5704(4).      The other relevant exception allows employees of county

correctional facilities to “intercept, record, monitor and or divulge any

telephone calls7 from or to an inmate in a facility” so long as inmates are

notified in writing that their telephone conversations “may be intercepted,

recorded, monitored or divulged” and that after the interception or recording

only designated official personnel may have access to that recording. See 18

Pa.C.S. § 5704(14)(i). Moreover, under section 5704(14)(iii), “[p]ersons who

are calling into a facility to speak to an inmate shall be notified that the call

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7 In 2017, section 5704 was amended, effective on September 5, 2017 –
exactly one month after Newnam’s trial concluded and he was sentenced. The
relevant 2017 amendment to section 5704(14) substituted “oral
communication, electronic communication or wire communication for
“telephone calls.” More specifically, section 5704(14)(iii) now provides:

       (iii) Persons who are engaging in an oral communication,
       electronic communication or wire communication with an inmate
       shall be notified that the communication may be recorded or
       monitored. Notice may be provided by any means reasonably
       designed to inform the non-inmate party of the recording or
       monitoring.

18 Pa.C.S. § 5704(14)(iii).

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may be recorded or monitored.” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 5704(14)(iii) (emphasis in

original). Use of the word “into” in section 5704(14)(iii) contemplates a call

originating outside the prison. Fant, 146 A.3d at 1262.

      In Fant, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court defined the term “telephone

call” under the Act as a communication that: (1) involves the dialing of a

telephone number[;] (2) involves an apparatus that is connected by wire or

the like to a telephone company[; and] (3) permits a caller to converse with

a call recipient whose similar apparatus is associated with the dialed telephone

number.” Id. at 1263. In Fant, where the subject communications did not

go through a telephone company, telephone company lines, or equipment

outside the prison, only a personal ID number (not a telephone number) was

used to activate the visit conversation, and the recordings of the visit

conversations were saved to a prison computer server, the subject

conversations were not subject to the county correctional facility “telephone”

exception of the Act. Id. at 1265. Similarly, here the subject conversations

did not go through a telephone company, telephone company lines, or

equipment outside the prison, and only a personal ID was used to activate the

conversation. Thus, the Act’s section 5704(14)(iii) exception is not applicable

to the instant matter.

      However, our Court has held that any expectation of privacy that an

inmate has in a conversation taking place in a prison visitation room, when

separated from the visitor by a glass partition and speaking with the visitor

through   a   closed-circuit   telephone   system,   is   unreasonable.    See

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Commonwealth v. Prisk, 13 A.3d 526, 532 (Pa. Super. 2011) (unreasonable

for inmate to expect privacy in conversations that take place in prison

visitation room; such expectation of privacy is not one society is prepared to

recognize). Moreover, Robert Barley, an inmate disciplinary coordinator and

investigative assistant at Lancaster County Prison where Newnam was housed

at the time of the recorded conversations, testified that in the no-contact area

there are “several phones[8] on one side of the glass, along with several

phones on the other side of the glass [and] right above the phone[s] is a

[sign] that talks about the inmate’s phones may be recorded, monitored or

divulge[d].” N.T. Hearing, 5/5/17, at 4-5. The signs are written in English

and Spanish and are located on both sides of the glass partition above the

phones.    Id. at 5. Moreover, after the inmate enters his or her passcode on

the phone, a recording audibly informs the listeners that the calls may be

intercepted, monitored, or divulged at any time. Id. at 9.

       We find that the phone calls admitted at trial fall within the Act’s section

5704(4) exception, where both Newnam and visitors were given written and

aural notice that their communications may be recorded. Commonwealth

v. Byrd, 185 A.3d 1015 (Pa. Super. 2018) (two-party consent exception to

Wiretap Act applied to inmate-visitor conversations where, before inmate and

visitor could converse, recording stating visit may be recorded or monitored

____________________________________________

8 A separate, independent phone is used for attorney conversations with
inmates. No conversations, which are considered privileged attorney-client
communications, are recorded on those phones. Id. at 7-8.

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was played, visitor acknowledged that she heard prerecorded message and

still decided to speak with inmate; Court found hyper-technical analysis of

“consent” under section 5704(4) unreasonable). To require more evidence of

“explicit” consent, as is suggested by Newnam, would elevate form over

substance and give “inmate[s] [the opportunity to] easily avoid the consent

element by simply holding the phone away from [their] ear[s] for a period of

time prior to speaking with a visitor” or by stating that they did not read the

posted signs. Id. at 1022.

      In his next claim, Newnam argues that the trial court erred when it

refused to suppress his statements made during a custodial interrogation,

when the state police troopers failed to properly inform him of the nature of

the investigation prior to advising Newnam of his Miranda rights.

      After a review of the record, relevant case law and the parties’ briefs,

we rely on the trial court’s Rule 1925(a) opinion to conclude that Newnam

effectuated a valid waiver and was not improperly subjected to a custodial

interrogation.   See Rule 1925(a) Trial Court Opinion, 12/20/17, at 30-35.

Here, the officers clearly told Newnam the direction and purpose of their

questioning after they advised him of his Miranda rights but, critically, before

they began their interrogation. Moreover, Newnam was apprehended in close

proximity to the shooting scene and the questioning took place less than one

day after the murder. See Commonwealth v. Green, 683 A.2d 659 (Pa.

Super. 1996) (no requirement that suspect have knowledge of specific crimes

about which he or she is to be questioned); Commonwealth v. Travaglia,

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467 A.2d 288 (Pa. 1983) (fact that interrogation follows hard upon criminal

episode and there is no circumstance lending ambiguity to direction and

purpose of questioning may suffice as necessary evidence that defendant

knew of occasion for interrogation).

      In his final claim on appeal, Newnam contends that the trial court erred

by refusing to charge the jury on the “castle doctrine” when Newnam testified

and presented supporting witnesses to buttress his claim of self-defense and

the decedent’s stated intent to kill him. In essence, he alleges that he had a

reasonable belief that the use of deadly force was immediately necessary to

protect himself from the victim inflicting serious bodily injury or death upon

him. Again, we rely upon the trial court opinion to dispose of this issue on

appeal. See Rule 1925(a) Opinion, 12/20/17, at 35-40.

      Our standard of review in regard to a trial court's decisions on jury

instructions is well-settled.      “[W]hen considering the denial of jury

instructions[,] . . . an appellate court will reverse a court’s decision only when

it abused its discretion or committed an error of law.” Commonwealth v.

Galvin, 985 A.2d 783, 788-89 (Pa. 2009). “[Our] key inquiry is whether the

instruction on a particular issue adequately, accurately and clearly presents

the law to the jury, and is sufficient to guide the jury in its deliberations.”

Commonwealth v. Hamilton, 766 A.2d 874, 878 (Pa. Super. 2001).

      The castle doctrine “is an evidentiary means by which a defendant may

attempt to prove justification by self-defense.”           Commonwealth v.

Cannavo, 2018 PA Super. 327 (Pa. Super. filed Dec. 3, 2018). Specifically,

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it “is a specialized component of self-defense, which recognizes that a person

has no duty to retreat from his or her home before using deadly force as a

means of self-defense.” Commonwealth v. Childs, 142 A.3d 823, 824 n.1

(Pa. 2016) (citations omitted).9 Standards for permitting a castle doctrine

instruction are the same as when reviewing whether a self-defense instruction

is appropriate. Thus, a “valid claim of . . . the castle doctrine must be made

out as a matter of law, and this determination must be made by the trial

judge.” Id. at *6. In essence, the court must determine whether there was

any evidence to justify the instruction.

       Here, there was no evidence to support a finding that the victim

unlawfully or forcefully entered Newnam’s residence.            Moreover, ample

evidence existed to prove that Newnam’s residence was being used for illegal

drug trafficking.    Both of these facts negate the applicability of the castle

doctrine. See 18 Pa.C.S. §§ 505(b)(2.1)(i), 505(b)(2.2)(iii). Thus, the court

did not err in failing to give a castle doctrine instruction.

       Judgment of sentence affirmed.

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9  The Castle Doctrine, originally a common law doctrine, was codified in
Pennsylvania in 1972 with the enactment of 18 Pa.C.S. § 505. In June 2011,
the legislature passed Act 10, which did not substantively alter the law
regarding the use of deadly force within one’s residence. Both the former and
current section 505(b)(2)(ii) provide that a person may use deadly force if he
or she believes that it is necessary to prevent death, serious bodily injury,
kidnapping, or sexual intercourse compelled by force or threat, and that there
is no duty to retreat from the person’s dwelling or place of work unless that
person is the initial aggressor or is assailed by a person who also works in the
same place. Childs, supra at 829-30.

                                          - 18 -
J-A28012-18

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 01/25/2019

                          - 19 -
                                                                                                                Opinion
                                                                                Circulated 01/11/2019 01:57 PM

	

	

		

                         

                                                                                       
                                                                                                           

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