Court Opinion

ID: 9585092
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-21 22:55:58.24785+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:27:34.634019
License: Public Domain

THOMPSON, J.
On March 9, 1951, the defendant was indicted by the grand jury of Adair County, the indictment being in these terms:
“The Grand Jurors of the County of Adair in the name and by the authority of the State of Iowa accuse Max Burnell Martin of the crime of First Degree Murder as defined in section 690.2 of the 1950 Code of Iowa and charge that the said Max Burnell Martin on or about the 19th day of January, A. D., 1951, in the County of Adair and State of Iowa did wilfully, *1325deliberately, feloniously, and with premeditation and malice aforethought, or while in the perpetration or attempt to perpetrate the rape of Kathryn Givan Schrader, or while in the perpetration or attempt to perpetrate the robbery of Kathryn Givan Schrader, murder the said Kathryn Givan Schrader, contrary to the provisions of Section 690.2 of the 1950 Code of the State of Iowa.”
On March 28,1951, the defendant was arraigned. Thereupon he entered a written plea of guilty, and since it is of importance in a proper consideration of this case we set it out in full herewith :
“Comes now the defendant, Max Burnell Martin, and respectfully states to the court :
“That he is 28 yéars of age and a resident of Adair County, Iowa; that he has lived in Adair County, Iowa, all 'of his life except for the period of time during which he served in the Armed Forces of the United States.
“That he has received a true copy of the indictment returned by the grand jury of Adair County, Iowa, in the above entitled cause charging him with the crime of MURDER IN The First Degree as defined in section 690.2 of the 1950 Code of Iowa, in that on or about the 19th day of January, 1951, he murdered one Kathryn Givan Schrader; that he is charged in his true name in’ said indictment; that he has been advised of his legal rights and that he is represented in the above cause by George D. Mus-maker, an attorney at law of Greenfield, Adair County, Iowa; that he has been advised that on conviction on said indictment he may be punished with death or imprisonment for life at hard labor in the penitentiary.
“That without any promise of leniency or other inducements he hereby voluntarily enters his written plea of Guilty to the crime charged in said indictment. That he knows this leaves nothing for the court to do but to pronounce sentence upon him, and he waives formal arraignment and asks the court to pronounce sentence upon him at once.
“Dated at Greenfield, Iowa, this 28th day of March, 1951.
“Max Burnell Martin.”
*1326The record shows that court convened at 2:55 p. m. on March 28. Defendant’s counsel, at that time Mr. George D. Mus-maker, of Greenfield, then said to the court: “I would like to have him take time to read this plea here.” To this the court assented, and presently the written plea, signed by the defendant was filed. We assume from the foregoing that it was signed in the courtroom, after being scanned by the accused. It was then agreed by the court and counsel for the State and for defendant that judgment would be pronounced on March 29, 1951, at 9 a. m. Court adjourned at 3:05 p. m. on the 28th. The facts as to- what transpired on March 29, when sentence and judgment imposing the death penalty upon the defendant were entered, are se't out later .in this opinion.
As shown by the indictment above, Kathryn Givan Schrader, twenty-five years of age, the mother of two small children, a young woman of high standing in the community, was killed at her farm home in Adair County on January 19, 1951. On January 20 the defendant was apprehended and accused of the crime. On that date he made a written confession, which he repeated in substance and in much more detail, in question-and-answer form, .on January 22nd. He admitted killing Mrs. Schrader by shooting her twice with a .22 caliber rifle. The defendant had a previous criminal record, and if his own story is believed the killing was most cruel and wanton. Further details of the commission of the offense as shown by the two purported confessions of the defendant and by the testimony of other witnesses before the grand jury would be of no aid in the solution of the problems before us.
T. It must be conceded that neither the defendant nor anyone for him took any exceptions or made any objections in the trial court to the procedures by which he was convicted upon his plea of guilty and sentenced to death. If, therefore, we are to measure his rights upon this appeal by the technical rules which apply to civil cases, and which have been followed in many criminal causes, he has no case and there is nothing that we can do for him. But there are most cogent reasons why we should not apply these rules here.
Section 793.18, Code of 1950, says:
*1327“If the appeal is taken by the defendant, the supreme court must examine the record, without regard to technical errors or defects which do not affect the substantial rights of the parties, and render such judgment on the record as the law demands-; it may affirm, reverse, or modify thé judgment, or render such judgment as the district court should have done, or order a new trial, or reduce the punishment, but cannot increase it.”
We have applied it in many cases. See State v. Cox, 240 Iowa 248, 34 N.W.2d 616; State v. Barr, 123 Iowa 139, 98 N.W. 595; State v. Nine, 105 Iowa 131, 136, 74 N.W. 945; State v. McCormick, 27 Iowa 402; and State v. Brainard, 25 Iowa 572, 580. Many others Might be cited. In State v. Cox, supra, at page 252, we quoted with approval from State v. Brainard, supra, this language:
“ ‘It is made the duty of this court to decide criminal appeals according to the very justice of the case as shown by the record, without regard to technical errors. It does not harmonize with the humane spirit of this statute to lay down the iron rule that the defendant must inevitably and in all eases be visited with the consequences of the omissions or errors of counsel.’ ” ’ ■
It is generally held that in capital cases .the appellate courts will disregard technical rules for the purpose of determining whether the defendant had a fair trial. It is said in'24 C. J. S., Criminal Law, section 1669, pages' 270, 271: “* * * an exception to the general rule that questions hot raised in the trial court will hot- be considered on appeal exists in case of material defects which are apparent on the face of the record and which are fundamental in their character, or -which clearly show manifest injustice, especially in capital cases.”
It is the manifest purpose of the statute above set out to. guarantee that this'court shall determine whether the accused had a fair and just' trial under established rules of law, but without regard to technical defects or failures. Especially must this be true in cases where the defendant's’life is in jeopardy. The most solemn duty devolving upon any court is the imposition of the death sentence, in a proper case. No human life should be taken by judicial order until every requirement of statutory *1328law and justice has been complied with. And the more cruel and revolting the crime of which the defendant stands accused, the stronger the popular feeling and public indignation, the more meticulous should the • courts be in observing these rules, that no man may be convicted and executed because of the hue and cry raised against him, but only after a trial fair in every respect. The Florida Supreme Court, in Casey v. State, 116 Fla. 3, 8, 156 So. 282, 284, said:
“Under our form of government, a supreme value is attached to human life. The law rightly prescribes exacting and sometimes tedious requirements to deprive one of it. There is a sound reason and a pertinent history behind all these requirements and the fact that one whose life society is exacting, has committed a heinous crime,- in no sense warrants any court in overlooking the law’s mandate. If it may be overlooked in one ease, it may be cast to windward in another and then it ceases to perform the function for which created.”
Nor is it for us to say in this case, or in any case, that the defendant is obviously guilty of a heartless and wanton murder, and so deserves his punishment even though not imposed with strict observance of the requirements of law. It was well said in Reynolds v. State, 58 Neb. 49, 53, 78 N.W. 483, 485:
■ “It has been suggested, and is doubtless true, that 'in this case ‘outraged Justice has laid her avenging lash on the back of one who honestly deserves the scourge;’ but we cannot for that reason alone affirm the judgment. The jurisdiction of the courts is not co-ordinate with that of the mob.”
II. Sections 690.4, 690.5, and 777.12, Code of 1950, are herewith set out:
“Upon the trial of an indictment for murder, the jury, if it finds the defendant guilty, must inquire, and by its verdict ascertain and determine the degree; but if the defendant is convicted upon a plea of guilty, the court must, by the examination of witnesses, determine the degree, and in either case must enter judgment and pass sentence accordingly.” Section 690.4. (Italics supplied.)
*1329“Upon the trial of an indictment for murder, the jury, if it finds the defendant guilty of murder in the first degree, must direct in its verdict whether the punishment shall be death or imprisonment for life at hard labor in the penitentiary, but if the defendant pleads guilty the court shall so direct, and in either case must enter judgment and pass sentence accordingly.” Section 690.5.
“The plea of guilty can only be made in open court and by the defendant himself, in substantially the following form: ‘The defendant pleads that he is guilty of the offense charged in the indictment’, and shall be entered of record. The plea may be entered in vacation at the usual place of holding court in any county of the judicial district.” Section 777.12.
An examination of the plea of guilty entered in this case shows that it was substantially in the form prescribed by section 777.12 above. The court held no hearing and examined no witnesses as prescribed by section 690.4, but having examined the minutes of testimony attached to the indictment, the purported confession of the defendant, the reports of psychiatrists who had examined him, and heard the statements of counsel, proceeded to sentence him as upon a conviction of first-degree murder. In this there was manifest error.
The court and counsel apparently were of the opinion that under the circumstances here, in view of the language of the plea, which they construed as a plea of guilty to murder in the first degree, no hearing was necessary. We think they were in .error in such construction. While the plea recites that the defendant has received a copy of the indictment charging him with first-degree murder, and says “he voluntarily enters his written plea of Guilty to the crime charged in said indictment”, it must be kept in mind the crime charged in the indictment was several; in this case, not only murder in .the first degree, but certainly murder in the second degree and manslaughter at least. We said in State v. English, 242 Iowa 248, 252, 46 N.W.2d 13, 15: “It is elemental that an information [or indictment] charges not only the major offense, but any lesser offenses necessarily included therein.”
*1330Section 777.12, above set out, provides tbe form of plea of guilty to be entered. It is the form followed in this case. The very purpose.of section 690.4 is quite evidently to provide for a means by which the court, when a plea of guilty is entered in the statutory form to an indictment for murder, must determine the degree ;• and this mandatory requirement is not obviated by the fact that the indictment herein, instead of following the form permitted by section 773.34, unnecessarily included the words “first degree” in the charge.
Section 773.30 provides: “Any allegation unnecessary under existing law or under the provisions of this act [the short form of indictment act, of which section 773.34 above referred to is also a part] may, if contained in an indictment, be disregarded as surplusage.” The allegation of first degree as related to the murder, charge in the present indictment must clearly be considered as surplusage, and at least under the circumstances here the word'“may” in section 773.30 should be read as “shall.” The “first degree” part, of the charge in the indictment was “an allegation unnecessary” under the provisions of the short form of indictment act, which in section 773.34 provides it shall be sufficient to charge murder by alleging “A. B. murdered C. D.” Any other construction would nullify the provisions of section 690.4 whenever a plea of guilty to an indictment or information charging murder, with the surplus allegation “in the first degree”, is entered, as in the ease at bar. State v. Phillips and Brooks, 118 Iowa 660, 664, 665, 92 N.W. 876, 877, sets out the true rule, and aptly illustrates the error into which the trial court fell. In the Phillips case we said:
. “There is, under our law, but one crime called murder. The so-called degrees of this offense do not constitute distinct crimes, but gradations of the same crime, devised for the purpose of permitting punishment to be varied according to the circumstances of greater or less enormity characterizing the criminal act.”
The holding of the case is that a general indictment for murder is sufficient, and charges all degrees of the offense. Necessarily, therefore, any further specification-, such as “in the first' *1331degree” as here,, .is - surplusage only, and a plea of guilty to the crime charged in the. indictment is no more than a plea of guilty to murder, with the degree t.o be ascertained as provided in section 69Q.4. The lesser offenses were still included, in the indictment, and if the ease had been tried to a jury upon a plea of not guilty,, the court, depending of course upon the nature of the evidence, might well have found it necessary to tell the jury that the indictment included and also charged the defendant with murder in the second degree and manslaughter. These were likewise “charged, in the indictment”, -and the court should have heard-evidence to determine the degree, under section 690.4.
The court and counsel seem to have relied at this point upon State v. Bruntlett, 240 Iowa 338, 36 N.W.2d 450, State v. Harper, 220 Iowa 515, 258 N.W. 886, and State v. Hortman, 122 Iowa 104, 97 N.W. 981. By so doing they were led into error. We have pointed out above that the plea of guilty is only to the offense charged in the indictment, which might'be any of the two degrees .of murder, or manslaughter. The language of each of.the above cases, to the effect that no hearing was necessary, is dictum, because in .each ease a .hearing was actually held and sufficient competent 'evidence introduced, to determine the degree.
The opinion in the Harper case seems to hold that in cases where proof of premeditation and deliberation is required, as in the instant case, a hearing should be had and witnesses heard. State v. Harper, supra, page 519 of 220 Iowa. .This is sound. But the writer of the opinion thought there is some conflict between the present sections 690.4 and 690.5, and that, the latter having been later enacted, there is shown an intent to change the law, and a plea of guilty to first-degree murder may be made and accepted by the court, leaving only the question of punishment. While, as we have pointed out, the holding in the Harper case is dictum, since a hearing, was actually held, it is well to say that a majority of the court now disagree with the reasoning set out above. ■ The real distinction between sections 690.4 and 690.5 is that the first provides the jury shall determine the degree of the crime, except upon a plea of guilty it shall -be determined by the .court by the .examination of witnesses; while *1332the intent of the second statute, 690.5, is that in any and every murder trial the jury verdict must, if it determines the offense to be of the first degree, also direct the punishment; while if the court, upon a plea of guilty and after hearing as provided in 690.4, finds first-degree murder, it shall fix the punishment of life imprisonment or death. Section 690.4 provides for the method of determining the degree; section 690.5.for fixing the punishment when first-degree murder is found, either by the jury upon trial or by the court upon plea of guilty and hearing.
Dictum to the contrary of equal authority, and resting upon a firmer foundation, is found in State v. Grattan, 222 Iowa 172, 175, 268 N.W. 489, 490, where upon an indictment for first-degree murder the defendant pleaded “guilty of the offense charged in the indictment.” This court said: “ A hearing was held as required by the law of Iowa.” (Italics supplied.) And in State v. Breeding, 220 Iowa 605, 607, 262 N.W. 467, 469, we said: “The defendant pleaded guilty to-the crime of murder in the first degree. It then ’became the court’s duty to hear the evidence.” (Italics supplied.) These statements express the law as it has always been thought to be until pronouncement of the dicta in the Bruntlett, Harper, and Hortman cases, supra. These dicta of course are not controlling here, and are expressly disapproved.
The provisions of section 690.4 are not unusual. Similar statutes are in effect in other jurisdictions. In 24 C. J. S., Criminal Law, section 1563b(1) at page 25, it is said:
“Under statutes in some jurisdictiohs, where accused pleads' guilty generally to an indictment which charges an offense of which he may be guilty in one of several degrees, the court must, before passing sentence, ascertain the degree, and for such purpose must ordinarily hear evidence.”
In Casey v. State, supra, at page 8 of 116 Fla., page 284 of 156 So., the Florida Supreme Court reversed a conviction, sentence and judgment because of the failure of the trial court to take evidence to determine the degree of guilt under a statute much like ours. There, the plea seems to have been specifically to murder in the first degree, yet the court said: “In our judg-*1333merit, these statutes are mandatory and must be followed to substantial literalism.”
Under a similar statute the Nebraska Supreme Court said a determination by the court that no hearing was required upon a plea of guilty of murder under an indictment charging first degree was erroneous, although holding it should have been raised by appeal rather than by an attack upon the jurisdiction of the trial court. Cole v. State, 105 Neb. 371, 180 N.W. 564. See also 15 Am. Jur., Criminal Law, section 519, pages 167, 168.
Another procedural matter which the State thinks shows no hearing was necessary here — that in effect the defendant waived his right thereto — must be noted. On August 28, 1951, when defendant had procured different counsel and this -appeal had been taken, the State filed a motion to correct the record. It was based upon a joint affidavit of the two prosecuting attorneys, which recited that upon March 28, 1951, the day before the defendant was to appear for sentence, they, with defendánt’s then attorney, discussed with the presiding judge the procedure to be followed. Defendant’s counsel then said he had nothing to refute the testimony of witnesses as shown by the minutes of their testimony before tbe grand jury, or to contradict the exhibits then on file in the ease; that he did not believe it was necessary for the State or himself to introduce any evidence, but he (presumably the court) could inform himself about the case and the defendant by going over the indictment, minutes of testimony and exhibits. It was so agreed. No claim is made that the defendant was present at this conference where his rights were so summarily determined; in fact the record fairly shows to the contrary. We have held that an agreement such as this cannot be established by the affidavits of opposing counsel. Hampton v. Burrell, 236 Iowa 79, 89, 17 N.W.2d 110, and cases cited. It is true that here, in sustaining the motion to correct, the court said the agreement was remembered by him substantially as alleged by the State, and so placed his ruling, in part at least, upon his own knowledge.
The question of whether the record should have been corrected is not important.- If the defendant was entitled to a hearing upon the degree of the crime, his attorney, acting apart *1334from bis presence- and without bis knowledge, could not waive it. It bas been pointed out that bis plea of guilty was not specifically to the crime of murder in the first degree, and if this is- correct, then the waiver of bearing by bis attorney would necessarily be either a plea of guilty to first-degree murder by the attorney for him, which is not permitted by statute, section 777.12, or a concession that the court might determine the degree and punishment solely upon the State’s showing before the grand jury and the purported confession of the defendant. We think the provision that the court.shall determine the degree by the examination of witnesses must perforce give the defendant some right to be heard, to offer evidence in mitigation of the offense and so in diminution of the punishment. It has been held that the court, for the purpose of this hearing, may advise himself in various ways, but that is not to say the defendant need not be given an opportunity to offer anything he deems material, or that his counsel can waive this most substantial right for him in his absence. It is said in 14 Am. Jur., Criminal Law, section 190, pages 899, 900, “The right to be present extends to every part of the trial proper. The defendant should be present * * * when evidence is introduced for the purpose of determining the amount of punishment to be imposed.”'
If this is true, it follows as a matter of course that his right to a hearing could not be waived during his absence. Indeed, we think that the duty placed upon the court by section 690.4, supra, is mandatory, and it cannot be avoided by any waiver, even by the defendant himself. We agree with the Florida Supreme Court, as quoted in State v. Casey, supra, that the statute must be followed “to substantial literalism.” It is a duty imposed on the court, which must be performed in all cases where a plea of guilty to murder is entered.
If it be asked what avail a hearing on this point might have been to defendant, in- view of his confession, we think the answer is clear. Since this is a capital case, when any substantial right of the defendant is transgressed prejudice will be presumed. He might have attempted to show that his confession, obtained at a time when he had not had the benefit of advice of counsel, was not voluntary; he might have tried to demonstrate his lack *1335of mental capacity; be might, in fact, have made it evident to tbe court that bis plea of guilty was obtained under considerable pressure. Both statutory law and tbe broad principles of justice demanded be be given tbe right to show what be could, and tbe court’s failure to accord it to him was manifest error. Applicable here is tbe language of this court in State v. Clouser, 72 Iowa 302, 33 N.W. 686, quoted with approval in State v. Voelpel, 213 Iowa 702, 705, 239 N.W. 677, 678:
“ ‘The courts are often subjected to criticism for disturbing verdicts in criminal causes upon what are denominated technical grounds; but tbe legislature has been careful to prescribe tbe rules which must govern tbe trial of such causes, and it is tbe province and duty of tbe courts to administer tbe law as it is written. If one express provisión of tbe statute may be disregarded in a particular case, others may be violated in other cases; and there would not only be uncertainty in tbe administration of tbe law, but all rights of persons and property would be put in jeopardy.’ ”
III. Tbe defendant assigns as one of tbe errors relied upon for reversal that tbe record does not “show tbe elements of tbe crime of first-degree murder.” This assignment is without merit. Other errors assigned concern matters not likely to arise upon another trial. We think it proper, however, to say it is always advisable for tbe trial court to inquire of tbe defendant and to' make sure that bis plea is .entered voluntarily and with full knowledge and understanding; and, of course, care should be taken to comply with section 789.6, which grants tbe defendant tbe right of allocution, to say if be has any reason why sentence should not be pronounced.
For tbe reasons set out in Division II tbe sentence and judgment are reversed. — Reversed.
MulRONEy, C. J., and Smith, Oliveb, Bliss, and Hays, JJ., concur.
Garfield, WeNNErstrum and MaNTz, JJ., dissent.