Court Opinion

ID: 9948670
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-03-07 17:20:17.109492+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:26:04.117586
License: Public Domain

FILE                                                                 THIS OPINION WAS FILED
                                                                                FOR RECORD AT 8 A.M. ON
                                                                                   FEBRUARY 29, 2024
       IN CLERK’S OFFICE
SUPREME COURT, STATE OF WASHINGTON
       FEBRUARY 29, 2024
                                                                                    ERIN L. LENNON
                                                                                 SUPREME COURT CLERK

        IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

        In the Matter of the Personal  )
        Restraint of                   )             No. 101635-2
                                       )
        RICKY MARVIN ARNTSEN,          )             EN BANC
                                       )
                  Petitioner.          )             Filed:__________________
                                                            February 29, 2024
        _______________________________)

               MONTOYA-LEWIS,           J.—This    personal    restraint   petition   (PRP)

        challenges the sufficiency of the evidence for second degree assault with a deadly

        weapon. In an apparent road rage incident, Ricky Arntsen forced another driver

        to stop her car, exited his own vehicle, and circled the other car while carrying

        an AK-47 assault rifle. After viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to

        the State, we conclude that a rational trier of fact could have found Arntsen guilty

        of second degree assault beyond a reasonable doubt. We reverse.

                               FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
               A.      Factual Background

               Ricky Arntsen was tried and convicted of several crimes for three incidents

        spanning two days. At approximately 7:00 a.m. on December 1, 2014, Arntsen
In re Pers. Restraint of Arntsen
No. 101635-2

entered a woman’s apartment and forced her into the parking lot at gunpoint. 1 He

was charged with first degree burglary for that incident. The next day, on December

2, 2014, Arntsen drove a vehicle through the front window of a Big 5 Sporting Goods

store and took over a dozen guns from the store display. He was charged with second

degree burglary, malicious mischief, and several counts of theft of a firearm and

unlawful possession of a firearm for the Big 5 incident.

       The incident that took place between these two events is the subject of this

petition. Around 8:00 a.m. on December 1, 2014, Arntsen was involved in a road

rage incident with Kim Koenig in Auburn. For this incident, he was charged with

second degree assault with a deadly weapon and felony harassment. Koenig and

another witness, Robert Morrill, testified about the Koenig assault incident at trial.

               1.      Koenig Testimony

       Koenig testified that around 8:00 a.m. that morning, she was driving north on

Auburn Way when she noticed an “older-model Jaguar” car driving in the same

direction behind her with a blinker on, signaling intent to change lanes. 26 Verbatim

Rep. of Proc. (VRP) (Oct. 27, 2016) at 1875. The road had two lanes of traffic in

each direction with a central turn lane; Koenig was in the right lane and the Jaguar

       1
         The facts relating to the crimes other than the assault are undisputed and are drawn from
the decision in Arntsen’s direct appeal. State v. Arntsen, No. 76912-0-I, slip op. at 2-4 (Wash. Ct.
App. Jan. 6, 2020) (unpublished), https://www.courts.wa.gov/opinions/pdf/769120.pdf.
                                                 2
In re Pers. Restraint of Arntsen
No. 101635-2

was in the left, signaling to move into the right lane. Koenig moved into a spot in

the left lane in front of the Jaguar in order to create space for it to merge.

       The Jaguar, driven by Arntsen, whom Koenig did not know, did not change

lanes; instead, Arntsen started “getting really aggressive with [Koenig,] like [she]

had made him very mad.” Id. at 1876. Koenig said it was like he was “trying to

attack” her car: “Driving up on me and stopping short of hitting me, swerving over

into the other lane and acting like he wanted to hit me from the other side.” Id. at

1876-77. He had his window rolled down and he was yelling at her, though she

could not make out his words. Koenig testified that this behavior went on for

perhaps a minute or two before he sped around her car, turned, and “slammed on his

brakes” so that the car stopped diagonally across the lane in front of her and forced

her to a stop. Id. at 1878.

       Arntsen exited his car, carrying a rifle and with his face partially covered with

a kerchief. He approached Koenig’s car, holding the rifle, but not pointing it at her.

Koenig testified that at this point, she believed that

       he meant to do me harm. What kind of harm he meant to do, I don’t
       know. Whether or not I was going to be shot, whether or not he was
       going to assault me, steal my vehicle, I had no idea.
              But anybody that does something like that after being so angry is
       clearly not, you know, pulling a prank or doing anything fun. This was
       a lethal weapon that he was holding and he was coming at me. . . . I had
       no idea what was going to happen, but I was sure that it was not going
       to be good for me.

                                            3
In re Pers. Restraint of Arntsen
No. 101635-2

Id. at 1880-81. Arntsen circled Koenig’s vehicle before returning to the Jaguar and

driving away. At trial, when asked whether she thought Arntsen might shoot her,

Koenig responded, “Oh, yeah, yeah.” Id. at 1881. She explained, “I’ve been around

guns my whole life. Why in the world would you have a gun unless you were going

to use it? There are a number of things that you could do, I guess, with a gun, but

my first thought is, yeah, I’m going to get shot.” Id.; see also id. at 1900 (“He clearly

meant me harm.”). On cross-examination, when asked about a statement she made

to the police that, at some point, she did not believe the other driver was going to

shoot her, Koenig acknowledged that “it’s possible that I had that thought, too. I

had many thoughts.” Id. at 1897. She later explained that when Arntsen got out of

his car, she was afraid he was going to shoot her, though by the time he got close to

her, she believed “he was not looking to shoot me, he did . . . not raise the gun like,

you know, he wanted to shoot me. He had something else in mind. I have no idea

what it was. I still don’t know what it was.” Id. at 1901.

               2.     Morrill Testimony

       Robert Morrill was also driving down Auburn Way on the morning of

December 1, 2014, when he saw a car stopped and angled into both the center and

the left-hand lane, “like it had been cut off,” and an older model Jaguar in front of

it. 25 VRP (Oct. 26, 2016) at 1686. Morrill testified that as he approached, he

watched a man (who we now know was Arntsen), who “looked like he was like in a

                                           4
In re Pers. Restraint of Arntsen
No. 101635-2

fit of rage,” jump out of the Jaguar with a machine gun in his hand. Id. at 1687.

Morrill said the man “held [the gun] up in his hand and he went to approach the car

that it appeared that he [had] cut off.” Id. at 1687-88. Morrill described the way the

man carried the gun:

       [H]e had it in his hand like a sign of intimidation. And so whoever that
       person was in the car that he had cut off, he wanted everybody to know
       he had a gun. I mean, that’s the way I perceived it to be. And at that
       moment, you’re saying, Uh-oh, something’s going to happen here.

Id. at 1688-89. Morrill recognized the weapon as an AK-47 assault rifle.

       According to Morrill, Arntsen ran to the driver’s side of the other car “like he

was going to shoot” the person in the car. Id. at 1689. Morrill testified that when

Arntsen approached the car, he changed the position of the gun from a lifted position

down to his waist. He never saw Arntsen actually point the gun at Koenig. He

recalled that Arntsen ran toward Koenig’s car and then ran back to his own car and

took off at high speed.

       Morrill also described Arntsen as “a pretty good sized [B]lack man,” “every

bit of six-two, . . . maybe six-three. He was a big guy.” Id. He also described his

clothing, hoodie, and sunglasses as making Arntsen look “like a bank robber” trying

to disguise his face, and he said Arntsen acted “[a]ggressive. Scary aggressive.” Id.

at 1689, 1695.

                                           5
In re Pers. Restraint of Arntsen
No. 101635-2

               3.     Verdict

       Arntsen was charged with felony harassment and second degree assault with

a deadly weapon for the Koenig incident. For the assault charge, the jury instructions

included the elements of second degree assault, the required specific intent to create

apprehension and fear of bodily injury, and the information that a firearm is a deadly

weapon. The jury was also instructed on the lesser offense of unlawful display of a

firearm.

       The jury returned a verdict of not guilty as to felony harassment, but guilty as

to second degree assault with a deadly weapon. It also found Arntsen guilty on all

other counts.

       B.      Procedural History

       Arntsen appealed, and the Court of Appeals reversed the Big 5 malicious

mischief conviction (unrelated to the Koenig incident) but affirmed as to all other

counts. We denied review, and the judgment and sentence became final in 2021.

       Arntsen filed a pro se motion for relief from judgment in superior court in

2021. He challenged only the sufficiency of the evidence for the Koenig assault,

arguing the State failed to prove that (1) Arntsen had the specific intent required for

second degree assault, given that the testimony showed he did not point the gun at

another person, (2) Koenig in fact experienced apprehension and imminent fear of

bodily injury, and (3) the “Kim Koenig” who testified was the same person as the

                                           6
In re Pers. Restraint of Arntsen
No. 101635-2

“Kim Weyer Koenig,” complaining witness. PRP (No. 83075-9 Wash. Ct. App.

Sept. 2, 2021) at 188-92.          Arntsen also argued the conviction violated equal

protection because he, a Black man, was treated differently from armed white people

who stormed the Washington Governor’s Mansion following the riot at the United

States Capitol on January 6, 2021. Id. at 221-28.

       The motion was transferred to the Court of Appeals for consideration as a

timely PRP. CrR 7.8(c)(2). In a published decision, the Court of Appeals granted

the PRP, reversing the second degree assault conviction. In re Pers. Restraint of

Arntsen, 25 Wn. App. 2d 102, 105, 522 P.3d 135 (2023). The court determined that

the actual innocence doctrine applied before reaching the merits of Arntsen’s

petition, where it concluded the evidence did not establish that Arntsen had the

requisite specific intent or that he did in fact create an imminent fear of bodily injury.

Id. at 105, 109-10, 118. The court did not reach Arntsen’s other claims regarding

proof of the victim’s full name or equal protection. Id. at 119. We granted review.

                                         ANALYSIS

       In this PRP, Arntsen claims primarily that the conviction for second degree

assault was not supported by sufficient evidence as to the defendant’s specific intent

to create the victim’s actual apprehension and fear.2 The State has the burden to

       2
          Before analyzing the merits of Arntsen’s sufficiency claim, the State asks us to address
what it describes as an incompatibility between the actual innocence doctrine and a challenge to
the sufficiency of the evidence. The actual innocence doctrine is a “‘narrow exception’” to avoid
                                                7
In re Pers. Restraint of Arntsen
No. 101635-2

prove every essential element of a crime beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Byrd,

125 Wn.2d 707, 713, 887 P.2d 396 (1995). In a challenge to the sufficiency of the

evidence, the test “is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable

to the State, any rational trier of fact could have found guilt beyond a reasonable

doubt.” State v. Salinas, 119 Wn.2d 192, 201, 829 P.2d 1068 (1992); State v. Hosier,

157 Wn.2d 1, 8, 133 P.3d 936 (2006). We draw all reasonable inferences from the

evidence in favor of the State and against the defendant. Salinas, 119 Wn.2d at 201;

see also State v. O’Neal, 159 Wn.2d 500, 505, 150 P.3d 1121 (2007) (“A sufficiency

challenge admits the truth of the State’s evidence and accepts the reasonable

inferences to be made from it.”). “Direct evidence is not required to uphold a jury’s

verdict; circumstantial evidence can be sufficient.” O’Neal, 159 Wn.2d at 506. This

standard of review “is highly deferential to the jury’s decision, and we do not

consider ‘questions of credibility, persuasiveness, and conflicting testimony.’” State

v. Davis, 182 Wn.2d 222, 227, 340 P.3d 820 (2014) (quoting In re Pers. Restraint of

Martinez, 171 Wn.2d 354, 364, 256 P.3d 277 (2011)) (plurality opinion).

       Arntsen was convicted of second degree assault with a deadly weapon (the

firearm, not the car). See RCW 9A.36.021(1)(c). We have recognized two common

“procedural bars in cases where a fundamental miscarriage of justice would otherwise result if the
collateral attack is dismissed”—but it is inapplicable here. In re Pers. Restraint of Carter, 172
Wn.2d 917, 923, 263 P.3d 1241 (2011) (quoting Dretke v. Haley, 541 U.S. 386, 388, 124 S. Ct.
1847, 158 L. Ed. 2d 659 (2004)). No party raised the issue of actual innocence below, and all
agree there is no procedural barrier to reaching the merits of Arntsen’s claims as Arntsen’s PRP is
neither untimely nor successive. Thus, we decline to address the issue of actual innocence.
                                                8
In re Pers. Restraint of Arntsen
No. 101635-2

law definitions of assault: first, an attempt to cause bodily injury by unlawful force,

and second, an attempt to cause fear and apprehension of such an injury. See, e.g.,

Byrd, 125 Wn.2d at 712-13. Arntsen was convicted under the latter definition.

“Under this definition, the State must prove the Defendant acted with an intent to

create in [their] victim’s mind a reasonable apprehension of harm.” Id. at 713. In

other words, “[a]ssault by attempt to cause fear and apprehension of injury requires

specific intent to create reasonable fear and apprehension of bodily injury.” State v.

Eastmond, 129 Wn.2d 497, 500, 919 P.2d 577 (1996) (effectively overruled on other

grounds by State v. Brown, 147 Wn.2d 330, 340, 58 P.3d 889 (2002)). Here, the

jury was instructed, “An assault is an act done with the intent to create in another

apprehension and fear of bodily injury, and which in fact creates in another a

reasonable apprehension and imminent fear of bodily injury even though the actor

did not actually intend to inflict bodily injury.” 2 Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 715; accord

Byrd, 125 Wn.2d at 712-13. All agree that the jury instruction given at Arntsen’s

trial provided a complete and accurate statement of the law, including the specific

intent to create an apprehension of harm.

       The jury was also instructed on the lesser offense of unlawful display of a

firearm, which comprises exhibiting or displaying a firearm in a way “that either

manifests an intent to intimidate another or that warrants alarm for the safety of other

persons.” RCW 9.41.270(1); 2 CP at 722-24. Arntsen emphasizes that both Koenig

                                            9
In re Pers. Restraint of Arntsen
No. 101635-2

and Morrill testified they did not see him point the firearm directly at another person.

He argues, and the Court of Appeals agreed, that with this evidence, the jury could

have found only intent to intimidate for unlawful display. Absent evidence he

pointed the rifle directly at another person, he contends, the jury could not have

found the intent to create apprehension and fear of injury, as required for assault.

The Court of Appeals also concluded there was insufficient evidence that Koenig

actually experienced fear and apprehension bodily injury.

       The State argues the Court of Appeals erred as to both elements. We agree

with the State and reverse.

       A.      Specific Intent

       The sufficiency of the evidence analysis “is highly deferential to the jury’s

decision” and requires courts to view the evidence and all reasonable inferences in

favor of the State. Davis, 182 Wn.2d at 227; see also Salinas, 119 Wn.2d at 201;

O’Neal, 159 Wn.2d at 505. Moreover, specific intent “may be inferred from the

conduct where it is plainly indicated as a matter of logical probability.” State v.

Delmarter, 94 Wn.2d 634, 638, 618 P.2d 99 (1980).

       Here, sufficient evidence existed for the jury to find that Arntsen intended to

cause apprehension of harm. The State’s evidence showed that in response to

Koenig changing lanes, Arntsen approached her with his AK-47 after swerving and

nearly colliding with her car and forcing her to an abrupt stop in the middle of the

                                          10
In re Pers. Restraint of Arntsen
No. 101635-2

road. Although he did not point the rifle directly at Koenig, the jury could infer from

Koenig’s and Morrill’s testimony that he intended to make her fear he might harm

her with it. Koenig testified that Arntsen’s driving and approach with the rifle

indicated he might shoot her, assault her, or steal her car. Her testimony would

support an inference that he intended something menacing: “[A person who] does

something like that after being so angry is clearly not, you know, pulling a prank or

doing anything fun. This was a lethal weapon that he was holding and he was

coming at me.” 26 VRP (Oct. 27, 2016) at 1880. And, she thought Arntsen must

have had the rifle in order to use it, either to shoot her or to harm her in some other

way. Morrill also testified that Arntsen held the AK-47 “like a sign of intimidation

. . . he wanted everybody to know that he had a gun,” and when he ran over to

Koenig’s car it was “like he was going to shoot” her. 25 VRP (Oct. 26, 2016) at

1688-89.

       Taking the evidence together and all reasonable inferences in favor of the

State, as required in a sufficiency review, a rational trier of fact could infer from this

conduct that Arntsen became angered at Koenig’s driving, so he stopped both cars,

took out his AK-47, and approached her car with the gun in order to create fear and

apprehension that he would harm her with it. See Salinas, 119 Wn.2d at 201;

Delmarter, 94 Wn.2d at 638.

                                           11
In re Pers. Restraint of Arntsen
No. 101635-2

       Arntsen argues that the evidence is insufficient because intent to cause

apprehension of harm can never be inferred unless there is evidence he pointed the

gun at Koenig. See State v. Ward, 125 Wn. App. 243, 248, 104 P.3d 670 (2004) (a

jury must be instructed on intent to create reasonable fear and apprehension of bodily

injury because “[s]uch intent may be inferred from pointing a gun, but not from mere

display of a gun” (citing Eastmond, 129 Wn.2d at 500)). He argues that under Byrd

and Eastmond, displaying a weapon while engaging in menacing behavior

demonstrates intent only to intimidate another—intent for unlawful display—but not

intent to create apprehension of harm, as required for second degree assault. He is

incorrect.     Those decisions regarding instructional error do not control our

sufficiency of the evidence analysis.

       We have previously held that failure to instruct a jury on this specific intent

for second degree assault is manifest error because it relieves the State of the burden

to prove an essential element of the offense. Byrd, 125 Wn.2d at 714; Eastmond,

129 Wn.2d at 499. In Byrd, the jury heard conflicting testimony about whether the

defendant put a gun to the victim’s head and threatened him or only held the gun in

the air and warned him. 125 Wn.2d at 709-10. At trial, the jury was instructed that

second degree assault requires only “‘an intentional act,’” but not intent to cause

apprehension of harm. Id. at 710 (quoting the record). The conviction was reversed

because, absent a specific intent instruction, “the jury may not have understood it

                                          12
In re Pers. Restraint of Arntsen
No. 101635-2

must acquit Byrd of second degree assault if it failed to find he intended to create

present apprehension . . . because an essential element would not have been proved.”

Id. at 715.      Similarly, in Eastmond, the jury instructions addressed only an

intentional act and there was conflicting testimony about whether the defendant held

his gun or “pointed [it] menacingly” at the victim. 129 Wn.2d at 499. We again

reversed because omitting “a specific intent instruction impermissibly allowed the

jury to find the defendant guilty of second degree assault on the mere basis of his

intentional drawing of the gun, a physical act he admitted, without finding any actual

intent to injure or cause fear.” Id. at 503.

       In both cases, the instructional error permitted the jury to return a guilty

verdict for second degree assault even if it did not find the requisite intent. Byrd,

125 Wn.2d at 716; Eastmond, 129 Wn.2d at 503. But those instructional error cases

are inapposite here, where the jury received a proper instruction that assault requires

intent to create apprehension of harm. See O’Neal, 159 Wn.2d at 504 (limiting the

inquiry to the sufficiency of the evidence when there has been no challenge to the

jury instructions). The error in Byrd and in Eastmond was not that evidence would

be insufficient if the State failed to prove the defendant pointed their gun; rather, the

error was that the jury instructions failed to inform the jury about the essential

element of specific intent at all. Byrd, 125 Wn.2d at 716; Eastmond, 129 Wn.2d at

503. Without such an instruction, the jury could have convicted the defendant of

                                           13
In re Pers. Restraint of Arntsen
No. 101635-2

assault even if they did not infer the specific intent, relieving the State of its burden

to prove that essential element. Eastmond, 129 Wn.2d at 504. A specific intent

instruction—such as the one given in Arntsen’s trial—would have resolved that

error.

         An error of insufficient evidence is distinct from an instructional error. A

challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence asks whether a rational trier of fact,

viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, could have found guilt

beyond a reasonable doubt. Salinas, 119 Wn.2d at 201. A challenge based on jury

instructions, on the other hand, considers whether the jury was informed of all the

elements that the State bears the burden of proving. Byrd, 125 Wn.2d at 714. When

a jury has not been instructed that it must find intent to cause apprehension of harm

in order to convict, it cannot infer that intent from the “mere display” of a firearm

because it has no guidance on what intent is required. Eastmond, 129 Wn.2d at 500.

But when the jury has been properly instructed that it must find intent to cause

apprehension of harm, it may infer that intent from the totality of the circumstances.

We presume that jurors follow the instructions given by the court, and there is no

indication to the contrary here. State v. Weaver, 198 Wn.2d 459, 467, 496 P.3d 1183

(2021).

         While Washington courts have often recognized that pointing a gun is

sufficient to show specific intent for assault, we have never held that it is necessary.

                                           14
In re Pers. Restraint of Arntsen
No. 101635-2

See State v. Karp, 69 Wn. App. 369, 374, 848 P.2d 1304 (1993) (“second degree

assault is committed when, within shooting distance, one points a loaded gun at

another”); State v. Murphy, 7 Wn. App. 505, 511-12, 500 P.2d 1276 (1972). We

decline to do so now. Instead, we adhere to the sufficiency of the evidence standard,

which requires us to consider the evidence together with all reasonable inferences to

determine whether a rational trier of fact could infer that intent “from the conduct

where it is plainly indicated as a matter of logical probability.” Delmarter, 94 Wn.2d

at 638; Salinas, 119 Wn.2d at 201. Here, a rational trier of fact could find the State

proved the requisite intent based on Arntsen approaching and circling Koenig’s car

with the rifle after angrily forcing her to stop in the middle of the road. His behavior

before he stopped her car was also menacing and evinced rage, which carried

through the entire incident as he circled the car, holding the rifle.

       The State also argues the Court of Appeals erred in considering that

“unconscious bias [could] creep into the process” because “[w]ithout any evidence

as to what Arntsen said, the jury is left with what he did and what he looked like.”

Arntsen, 25 Wn. App. 2d at 117-18. The court was correct that unconscious bias

could be triggered by Morrill’s descriptions of Arntsen as a “[s]cary aggressive,”

“pretty good sized [B]lack man.” 25 VRP (Oct. 26, 2016) at 1695, 1689; see John

Paul Wilson et al., Racial Bias in Judgments of Physical Size and Formidability:

From Size to Threat, 113 J. PERSONALITY & SOC. PSYCH. 59, 60 (2017) (finding

                                           15
In re Pers. Restraint of Arntsen
No. 101635-2

evidence of negative stereotypes that Black men are threatening or aggressive),

https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/psp-pspi0000092.pdf

[https://perma.cc/MJ3P-UK28]; Mark W. Bennett & Victoria C. Plaut, Looking

Criminal and the Presumption of Dangerousness: Afrocentric Facial Features, Skin

Tone, and Criminal Justice, 51 U.C. DAVIS L. REV. 745, 796-802 (2018)

(recommending methods of combating the effect of this false and negative bias in

the criminal legal system). See generally Suppl. Br. of Resp’t at 19-22 (citing

studies). But the conduct described by the witnesses here would be sufficient

evidence of second degree assault, regardless of the appearance of the actor. Nothing

in the case shows that the witnesses’ descriptions of Arntsen impacted the jury in a

manner that would result in an unjust verdict.

       We decline to adopt Arntsen’s proposed bright line rule that evidence is

insufficient to prove specific intent to cause apprehension and fear of injury unless

the gun is pointed at the victim. Instead, sufficiency of the evidence analysis requires

us to consider the evidence together with all reasonable inferences to determine

whether a rational trier of fact could infer that intent “from the conduct where it is

plainly indicated as a matter of logical probability.” Delmarter, 94 Wn.2d at 638;

Salinas, 119 Wn.2d at 201. Here, a rational trier of fact could find the State proved

the requisite intent based on Arntsen approaching and circling Koenig’s car with an

                                          16
In re Pers. Restraint of Arntsen
No. 101635-2

AK-47 after angrily forcing her to stop in the middle of the road. The evidence was

sufficient to prove intent.

       B.      Actual Apprehension and Imminent Fear

       Last, Arntsen argues there was insufficient evidence that Koenig experienced

fear in fact. “[F]ear is a necessary element of assault by attempt to cause fear.”

Eastmond, 129 Wn.2d at 504 (citing Byrd, 125 Wn.2d at 712-13). The Court of

Appeals concluded the State failed to prove Arntsen in fact created apprehension

and fear of injury in Koenig in light of her testimony that she did not know what

type of harm he meant her, and that by the time he reached her car, she thought he

“was not looking to shoot” her. 26 VRP (Oct. 27, 2016) at 1901.

       This is an incomplete reading of the facts. Koenig testified that her “first

thought” when she saw Arntsen approaching her with the rifle was, “I’m going to

get shot.” Id. at 1881. She also testified that she thought he could have shot her

from a distance when he first exited his own car, but the fact that “he didn’t shoot

me immediately doesn’t mean that he wasn’t going to do something to me and then

shoot me.” Id. at 1900. Though Koenig may have eventually believed that Arntsen

was not going to shoot her, she testified unequivocally that at times during this

incident, she believed he was going to shoot her or harm her in some way. Koenig’s

testimony was sufficient evidence she experienced actual apprehension and fear of

injury. Cf. State v. Abuan, 161 Wn. App. 135, 159, 257 P.3d 1 (2011) (insufficient

                                        17
In re Pers. Restraint of Arntsen
No. 101635-2

evidence of fear in fact when the defendant shot outside a house and victim was

inside and could not see any shooting). Viewing the evidence in the light most

favorable to the State, Koenig’s testimony would permit a rational trier of fact to

believe she experienced actual apprehension and fear of injury because during parts

of this encounter, she believed Arntsen would shoot her or harm her.

       Sufficient evidence supported the jury’s finding that Arntsen intended to

create apprehension and fear of injury and that Koenig actually experienced such

apprehension and fear. Therefore, we reverse.

                                   CONCLUSION

       We decline to conclude that evidence that the defendant pointed a gun at the

victim is required to prove specific intent for second degree assault when there is no

instructional error and other evidence of the defendant’s conduct permits a rational

trier of fact to infer intent to cause apprehension and fear of injury. Here, there was

sufficient evidence of the elements of specific intent and actual apprehension and

imminent fear to convict Arntsen of second degree assault. We reverse and remand

to the Court of Appeals to address the other issues raised in Arntsen’s PRP. RAP

13.7(b).

                                          18
In re Pers. Restraint of Arntsen
No. 101635-2

                                        ______________________________

WE CONCUR:

___________________________             ______________________________

___________________________             ______________________________

___________________________             ______________________________

___________________________             ______________________________

                                   19