Court Opinion

ID: 9369327
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-02-08 16:05:24.066137+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:16:14.109911
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

                                  No. 21-1062
                             Filed February 8, 2023

STATE OF IOWA,
     Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

BRIAN JOSEPH LAVENZ,
     Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________

      Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Black Hawk County, Melissa

Anderson-Seeber (motion to suppress) and Andrea J. Dryer (trial and sentencing),

Judges.

      Brian Lavenz appeals his convictions and sentences for possession of a

controlled substance (methamphetamine) with intent to deliver and failure to affix

a drug tax stamp. AFFIRMED

      Christopher A. Clausen of Clausen Law Office, Ames, for appellant.

      Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Thomas J. Ogden, Assistant Attorney

General, for appellee.

      Considered by Vaitheswaran, P.J., Tabor, J., and Doyle, S.J.*

      *Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206

(2023).
                                         2

DOYLE, Senior Judge.

       Brian Lavenz appeals his convictions and sentences for possession of a

controlled substance (methamphetamine) with intent to deliver and failure to affix

a drug tax stamp. He contends the court erred by denying his motion to suppress

evidence discovered during a traffic stop. He also contends the sentencing court

abused its discretion because it failed to acknowledge it had discretion to suspend

the sentences. We affirm the denial of the motion to suppress evidence, and the

sentences imposed.

       I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

       The basis for Lavenz’s appeal is rooted in a January 2021 traffic stop.

Officer Ben Neuman pulled Lavenz over because no license plate was displayed

on his vehicle. The officer confirmed the identity of Lavenz’s passenger, who had

felony warrants for her arrest, and requested a second officer to assist him before

taking her into custody. Officer Neuman then began investigating the reason for

the stop and learned the vehicle’s title was not properly signed and Lavenz had no

proof of insurance.

       While Officer Neuman investigated, Police Chief Mike Dean arrived to

assist. Based on his knowledge of Lavenz, Chief Dean requested a K9 unit to

perform a drug sniff around the vehicle. Deputy Chad Chase arrived with his K9.

During the drug sniff, the K9 indicated the presence of narcotics near the backseat

area on both sides of the vehicle. On that basis, the officers searched the backseat

of Lavenz’s vehicle. They found a black coat that Lavenz admitted belonged to

him. Inside a pocket, they found a plastic bag containing methamphetamine, a

can of Narcan nasal spray, and a key. During the search, Deputy Chase noticed
                                         3

that the backseat, which folded down to allow trunk access, “wasn’t latched and

attached.” When the officers opened the compartment, they found a bank bag in

the trunk area.1 The bag locked with a key. “Out of curiosity,” Deputy Chase put

the key found in Lavenz’s coat in the lock “to see if that was the key to it, and it

popped right open.” Inside were coins, syringes, and plastic bags containing thirty-

five grams of methamphetamine.

       The State charged Lavenz with possession of methamphetamine with intent

to deliver and a drug-tax-stamp violation. Lavenz moved to suppress the evidence

discovered during the search of his vehicle, alleging it violated his constitutional

right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures. After the court denied

the motion, the matter proceeded to a bench trial on the minutes of evidence. The

district court found Lavenz guilty of both charges and sentenced him to terms of

incarceration of twenty-five years on the possession charge and five years on the

tax-stamp violation.

       II. Motion to Suppress.

       Lavenz first challenges the denial of his motion to suppress the

methamphetamine discovered during the search of his vehicle. He alleges law

enforcement violated his constitutional right to be free from unreasonable seizure

by prolonging the stop to allow for the K9 unit’s search. He also alleges the

1At the suppression hearing, Deputy Chase was equivocal when asked about the
precise location of the bank bag:
              Q. And the bank bag, to be clear, was in the trunk? A. Yes. It
       was right behind the driver’s side rear passenger—that seat. It just
       kind of was kicked open, it wasn’t latched. So, yeah, it was right
       there. If that would have been latched, it would have been in the
       trunk, yes.
                                            4

warrantless search of a locked bag found in his vehicle’s trunk violated his right to

be free of unreasonable searches. We review the denial of a motion to suppress

based on alleged constitutional violations de novo. See State v. Carson, 968

N.W.2d 922, 926 (Iowa Ct. App. 2021).

       A. Was Lavenz unreasonably seized during a prolonged traffic stop?

       We first address Lavenz’s claim that the traffic stop was prolonged in

violation of his constitutional rights. After initiating a lawful traffic stop, an officer

may reasonably inquire into matters addressing the traffic infraction or related

safety concerns.     See State v. Warren, 955 N.W.2d 848, 865 (Iowa 2021).

Reasonable inquiries include checking the driver’s license, registration, and

insurance coverage. See id. The time it takes to do so does not illegally prolong

a traffic stop. See id.

       Citing In re Property Seized from Pardee, 872 N.W.2d 384, 391 (Iowa

2015), Lavenz argues the ten to twelve minutes that passed between the start of

the traffic stop and a K9 unit’s arrival to conduct the open-air sniff amounts to an

unreasonable detention.2 In Pardee, a trooper stopped a vehicle to issue citations

2 No video recordings are included in the record provided to us, but the parties
agreed about how much time passed between events. Because time stamps vary
between sources, we list the time by passage of minutes from the beginning of the
traffic stop:
         :00 Officer Neuman stops Lavenz’s vehicle
         :03 Officer Neuman takes the passenger into custody
         :05 Officer Neuman asks dispatch to run Lavenz’s name
         :05 Chief Dean requests a K9 unit
         :08 Officer Neuman asks dispatch to run the VIN number
         :11 K9 unit arrives
         :13 Dispatch returns vehicle information to Officer Neuman
         :16 Lavenz in custody
Although it is unclear when the open-air sniff occurred, Lavenz was taken into
custody after the bank bag was opened. Officer Neuman testified that he had not
                                         5

based on a broken taillight and following closely behind a semi. 872 N.W.2d at

386. The trooper asked the driver to accompany him to the patrol car, where he

questioned the driver at length on issues unrelated to the citations. Id. at 386-87.

It was during this prolonged questioning that the trooper’s justifiable suspicion

increased to a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. Id. at 393. A total of

twenty-five minutes passed between the start of the stop until the K9 unit arrived,

but the trooper admitted “that the entire stop would have taken only about ten to

twelve minutes if he had been focused on issuing the [traffic] warnings.”3 Id.

Because the trooper developed reasonable suspicion of criminal activity to justify

the search after the time the traffic stop should have concluded, the court held the

evidence discovered during the search was inadmissible. Id.

       Although the court found ten minutes was more than required for the simple

traffic stop in Pardee, the facts before us differ. See Carson, 968 N.W.2d at 926–

27 (noting that we review the denial of a motion to suppress based on a

constitutional violation by viewing the entire record and evaluating each case “in

light of its unique circumstances”). The first three minutes of the stop involved the

officer identifying the passenger and taking her into custody. It was not until after

that point that Officer Neuman began investigating the vehicle’s registration.4

finished issuing Lavenz a citation for the insurance violation before he was taken
into custody. He denied “delaying or stalling” his investigation.
3 The court further noted that “based on our review of the videos, we think the ten-

to-twelve-minute estimate overstates the amount of time a simple traffic stop would
have required.” Pardee, 872 N.W.2d at 396.
4 Lavenz told the officer he had purchased the vehicle recently and provided the

vehicle’s title and a bill of sale. The title was signed by the seller but not the
purchaser. Lavenz told the officer that “the car still needed to be registered to the
[former owner].”
                                         6

When Lavenz admitted he did not have insurance coverage, Officer Neuman

decided to issue a citation for the insurance violation. He asked dispatch to check

Lavenz’s license and the VIN, and he was awaiting that information when Deputy

Chase arrived.

       The main dispute concerns the timing of the drug sniff. Although the record

is unclear as to the exact time, one can infer from the evidence that the drug sniff

occurred while Officer Neuman was still investigating. The K9 unit arrived two

minutes before dispatch provided Officer Neuman with the vehicle information; the

K9 could reasonably begin a search and indicate the presence of narcotics in that

time. Lavenz was in custody three minutes after dispatch returned the vehicle

information, and one can infer that the search of the backseat, the discovery of the

methamphetamine, and Lavenz’s arrest would take at least three minutes. The

inference is supported by other evidence. Officer Neuman’s narrative report of the

incident states, “During the K9 search I was working on the vehicle and preparing

an insurance citation.” Officer Neuman’s testimony at the suppression hearing

confirms that narrative:

               Q. Now, when the dog went and did an open-air sniff around
       the car, you know that the dog alerted on the back passenger door;
       isn’t that right? A. I was working on the ticket at that time. I wasn’t
       involved with the open-air sniff of the—
               Q. Well, your car was parked directly behind Mr. Lavenz’s
       car? A. Correct.
               Q. So you could see where the dog was doing the sniff?
       A. Again, I was working on the citation, running the VIN number, and
       the driver’s license. I wasn’t involved with the open-air sniff at all.
               Q. But it is your knowledge that the dog did alert on the
       vehicle? A. Yes, that’s what I was told.

Officer Neuman also testified that he was not involved in the search of the

backseat, only becoming involved when the trunk was searched—an event that
                                          7

occurred only after Lavenz was in custody. Because the record shows Officer

Neuman was still investigating and citing Lavenz in connection with the traffic stop

at the time the drug sniff provided probable cause for the vehicle search, there was

no unlawful detention. We affirm the denial of the motion to suppress evidence

seized during the search of the backseat.

       B. Was the search of the locked bag unreasonable?

       We turn then to the warrantless search of a locked bank bag found in the

vehicle’s trunk, which Lavenz claims violated his constitutional right to be free from

unreasonable searches. In support of his argument, he cites State v. Gaskins, 866

N.W.2d 1, 3 (Iowa 2015), which involved a warrantless search of a locked safe in

a vehicle following the defendant’s arrest. The supreme court in Gaskins found

the search did not fall under the exception for search incident to arrest because

the defendant and his passenger were secure in a squad car before the search,

invalidating any concerns about officer safety or destruction of evidence. 866

N.W.2d at 14.

       In ruling on the motion to suppress, the district court noted that the State

did not rely on the exception for search incident to arrest to justify the warrantless

search of the trunk or bank bag. Instead, it relied on the exceptions for probable

cause and exigent circumstances. Finding the search fell within the probable

cause exception, the district court denied the motion to suppress the evidence

seized during the search of the bank bag.

       Lavenz does not dispute that the search falls within the exception for

probable cause. He instead asks us to extend the holding of Gaskins to apply to

“all warrantless automobile searches when the occupants of the vehicle no longer
                                          8

present an exigent circumstances type of issue.” He urges the court to expand the

reasoning of Gaskins “to all warrantless vehicle searches, at least when the

occupants are in custody.” But “[w]e are not at liberty to overrule controlling

supreme court precedent.” State v. Beck, 854 N.W.2d 56, 64 (Iowa Ct. App. 2014).

Our supreme court has stated, “If our previous holdings are to be overruled, we

should ordinarily prefer to do it ourselves.” State v. Eichler, 83 N.W.2d 576, 578

(Iowa 1957).

       III. Sentence.

       Finally, Lavenz contends the district court abused its sentencing discretion

when it failed to suspend his sentences. See State v. Wilbourn, 974 N.W.2d 58, 65

(Iowa 2022) (stating that we review criminal sentences for correction of errors at

law). Because Lavenz’s sentence falls within statutory limits, there is a strong

presumption in its favor. See id. at 65. Lavenz bears the burden of showing an

abuse of discretion or defect in the sentencing procedure. See id. An abuse of

discretion occurs when the sentencing court is unaware it can exercise a

sentencing option. See id. at 67. In such cases, we typically vacate and remand

for resentencing. See id.

       Lavenz claims the court’s failure to acknowledge that it had discretion to

suspend his sentence under Iowa Code section 124.409 (2021) shows it was

unaware it had that discretion. See id. (stating an abuse of discretion occurs when

the court fails to exercise discretion that it is unaware it has). But Lavenz fails to

show the sentencing court was unaware it could suspend the sentences. The

presentence investigation report (PSI) recommended suspending Lavenz’s

sentences. Lavenz’s counsel told the sentencing court that Lavenz supported that
                                          9

recommendation, citing section 124.409 as a way to suspend the sentences.

Instead, the court imposed concurrent terms of incarceration as recommended by

the State. The court explained its reasons for imposing terms of incarceration.

First, it noted the nature and circumstances of the crimes, including the amount of

methamphetamine involved. It also noted Lavenz’s “lengthy” criminal history,

which includes prior convictions for possession with intent to deliver controlled

substances. And the court noted Lavenz’s past sentences for those crimes and

his past attempts at treatment. Finally, the court referred to “the other facts and

circumstances that are recited in the PSI.” The sentencing court adequately stated

the reasons for the sentence it imposed. Id. It was not required to state its reasons

for rejecting a particular sentencing option. See id.; State v. Crooks, 911 N.W.2d

153, 171 (Iowa 2018) (“[A] sentencing court need only explain its reasons for

selecting the sentence imposed and need not explain its reasons for rejecting a

particular sentencing option.” (citation omitted)).

       Because the court properly exercised its sentencing discretion, we affirm

the sentences imposed.

       AFFIRMED.