Court Opinion

ID: 9840608
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-09-19 17:02:19.426261+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T10:38:09.442300
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                              FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

 INSTITUTE FOR ENERGY RESEARCH,

                         Plaintiff,                 Civil Action No. 22-2114 (BAH)

                         v.                         Judge Beryl A. Howell

 FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY
 COMMISSION,

                         Defendant.

                                      MEMORANDUM OPINION

        Plaintiff Institute for Energy Research challenges the Federal Energy Regulatory

Commission’s (“FERC”) withholding, in response to plaintiff’s request, pursuant to the Freedom

of Information Act (“FOIA”), 5 U.S.C. § 552, of calendars for two FERC Commissioners during

an approximately 18-month period, from November or December 2020 through April 19, 2022.

FERC withheld certain calendar entries under FOIA Exemption 5 and 6, id. §§ 552(b)(5), (b)(6),

asserting that the redacted calendar entries are subject to the deliberative process privilege and

otherwise contain sensitive personal information implicating significant privacy interests that

outweigh any public interest in disclosure.

        The parties have now cross-moved for summary judgment. Pl.’s Mot. Summ. J. (“Pl.’s

Mot.”), ECF No. 11; see also Pl.’s Mem. Supp. Mot. Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Mem.”), ECF No. 11-1;

Def.’s Cross-Mot. Summ. J., ECF No. 15 (“Def.’s Cross-Mot.”); see also Def.’s Cross-Mem.

Supp. Mot. Summ. J, ECF No. 15-1 (“Def.’s Cross-Mem.”). For the reasons set forth below,

summary judgment is granted in part and denied in part, without prejudice, to FERC and denied,

in part without prejudice, to plaintiff.
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I.     BACKGROUND
       Summarized below is the background relevant to resolving the pending motions and the

procedural history of this lawsuit.

       A. Plaintiff’s FOIA Request

         FERC is an independent federal agency that, under the direction of Chairman Richard

Glick, regulates the interstate transmission of electricity, natural gas, and oil. Def.’s Cross-Mot.,

Declaration of Sarah Venuto, Dir. of FERC’s Office of External Affairs (“OEA”) (“OEA Decl.”)

¶ 2, ECF No. 15-3. On April 19, 2022, plaintiff submitted to FERC a FOIA request seeking copies

of all calendars: “(1) kept by FERC Commissioner and Chairman Richard Glick, for the period

November 8, 2020 through April 19, 2022; (2) kept for FERC Commissioner and Chairman

Richard Glick, by his Chief of Staff Pamela Quinlan, for the period November 8, 2020 through

April 19, 2022; (3) kept by Commissioner Allison Clements, for the period December 8, 2020

through April 19, 2022; and (4) kept for FERC Commissioner Allison Clements, by her assistant

Alexander de Taboada, for the period December 8, 2020, through April 19, 2022.” Id. ¶ 7 (citation

omitted).

       Plaintiff initiated this request “for calendars in light of Chairman Glick’s testimony before

the United States Senate Committee on Energy & Natural Resources on March 3, 2022,

specifically his testimony about FERC’s controversial guidances [sic] and policy statements

known as ‘Policies to Guide Natural Gas Project Certifications pertaining to greenhouse gas

(GHG) emissions.’” Pl.’s Mem. at 2. In plaintiff’s recounting, at the March 2022 hearing, Glick

responded to “the direct question, ‘has anyone higher up in the [Biden] administration ever spoken

to you in regards to somehow slow-walking or otherwise impeding or otherwise accentuating

policy that would have the effect of impeding the development of natural gas pipelines?’ . . . with

an unambiguous no.” Id. (alteration in original). Skeptical of the verity of Chairman Glick’s

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response, plaintiff “believed the public interest would be well served by requesting Mr. Glick’s

and Commissioner Clements’ calendars.” Id. at 3.

         Upon receipt of the FOIA request at issue, FERC sent plaintiff acknowledgment of the

same, OEA Decl. ¶ 8, and then OEA staff searched the offices of both Commissioners Glick and

Clements (“the Commissioners”), id., and FERC’s Information Technology (“IT”) staff searched

FERC’s records “to produce responsive calendars available in Microsoft Outlook for the

individuals named in the FOIA request,” id. ¶ 9. IT staff identified “the calendars for [Glick and

Clements] within the specified date ranges.” Id. While the request sought calendars for the two

Commissioners maintained by each Commissioners’ chief of staff, the search and production

process revealed that “staff within each office have the ability to input information into the

[Commissioners’ respective] calendars,” id., and IT confirmed that the Commissioners “utilize one

standard Microsoft Outlook calendar and that no other calendars exist,” id. Thus, only “two

documents were initially located in response to this request.” Id. Further investigation by FERC’s

Office of General Counsel “confirmed that only one official calendar is kept for” each

Commissioner by reaching out to both Commissioners’ offices and thus that no other calendars

would be responsive to plaintiff’s FOIA request. Id. ¶ 16. In sum, although plaintiff’s FOIA

request encompassed four potential calendars—two for the Commissioners and two maintained

for them by their respective chief of staff—only two responsive calendars were located. Id.

         Less than two months after receipt of plaintiff’s FOIA request, on June 2, 2022, FERC

produced the calendars with redactions in certain entries, pursuant to FOIA Exemptions 5 and 6.

Id. ¶ 11. 1 On July 27, 2022, FERC’s general counsel produced additional documents to plaintiff:

1
          Given the comparative speed with which FERC produced responsive records to the FOIA request, plaintiff’s
repeated complaints about delays in response to this and other of its FOIA requests, Pl.’s Mem. at 2–7 (accusing FERC
of “serially delaying the public’s ability to understand in a timely way FERC’s operations”), appear to be hyperbolic.
Cf. U.S. Department of Justice, Summary of Annual FOIA Reports for Fiscal Year 2022 Office of Information Policy,

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“a full calendar for Chairman Glick and six-additional pages consisting of specific dates for

Commissioner Clements, which had been omitted inadvertently from the initial production.” Id.

¶¶ 15, 17–18. The additional production for Clements’ calendar resulted from further review that

revealed “certain items were omitted due to an inadvertent production error” because, on days with

many calendar entries, “some entries did not fit within the space allotted in the table.” Id. ¶ 17.

Similarly, for Glick, a further review revealed that the initial search performed by staff “failed to

identify some meetings that took place in the date range specified” in the FOIA request, so “IT

staff performed an additional search to capture responsive calendar entries that would have been

omitted from the initial search.” Id. ¶ 18. Based on OGC and IT’s sweep, both electronically and

by conferral directly with the relevant Commissioners’ offices, plus double-checking its

productions to plaintiff, OEA confirmed that “the initial and subsequent production together

capture all calendar entries within the requested date range.” Id. 2

         B. Procedural History

         On July 19, 2022, plaintiff filed the instant FOIA action seeking declaratory and injunctive

relief against FERC, alleging that FERC inappropriately “with[held] responsive information in

violation of Defendant’s obligations” and requesting “immediate processing and release of agency

at 12 (“The average processing time for simple track requests for agencies that reported data in this field in their FY
2022 Annual FOIA Report was 40.8 days.”), available at https://perma.cc/HK2K-4G29.
2
         Plaintiff highlights that the redacted calendars “showed that in the months leading up to FERC’s GHG
guidance, at the White House’s initiative[,] Mr. Glick began meeting every two weeks with a senior official (now
director) of the White House Climate Policy Office,” Pl.’s Mem. at 3, and repeats the critique lodged by a former
FERC Chairman Neil Chatterjee about “FERC coordinating with the White House” being “a huge deal. Which is why
they are slow walking the FOIAs,” id. (quoting July 1, 2022 Tweet from Neil Chatterjee, Ex. F, Decl. of Pl.’s Counsel
Supp. Mot. Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Counsel Decl.”), ECF No. 11-9) (quotation marks omitted). FERC effectively counters,
however, that to the extent plaintiff’s highlighting of Chairman Glick’s bi-weekly meetings with White House
personnel is intended to support an “assertion of improper withholding of information about interagency meetings,”
this assertion “rings hollow” because “FERC indeed disclosed such meetings in response to this particular FOIA
request.” Def.’s Opp’n Pl.’s Mot. Summ. J. & Supp. Def.’s Cross-Mot. Summ. J. (“Def.’s Opp’n”), at 10 n. 3, ECF
No. 15-1.

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records responsive to Plaintiff’s FOIA request.” Compl. ¶ 1, ECF No. 1. After pleadings were

joined, see FERC’s Answer, ECF No. 6, the parties apprised the Court that they tried and failed to

resolve their disputes over the production of responsive records to plaintiff’s FOIA request, see

generally Joint Status Reps., ECF Nos. 7, 10. Consequently, the parties filed their pending cross-

motions for summary judgment, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56, see Pl.’s Mot.;

Def.’s Cross-Mot., which motions are now ripe for review.

II.    LEGAL STANDARD
       Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56, “[a] party is entitled to summary judgment only

if there is no genuine issue of material fact and judgment in the movant’s favor is proper as a matter

of law.” Soundboard Ass’n v. Fed. Trade Comm’n, 888 F.3d 1261, 1267 (D.C. Cir. 2018) (quoting

Ctr. for Auto Safety v. Nat’l Highway Traffic Safety Admin., 452 F.3d 798, 805 (D.C. Cir. 2006))

(citation omitted); see also FED. R. CIV. P. 56(a). In FOIA cases, “courts must grant summary

judgment for an agency if its affidavit: (1) describes the justifications for nondisclosure with

‘reasonably specific detail’; and (2) is not substantially called into question by contrary record

evidence or evidence of agency bad faith.” Schaerr v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 69 F.4th 924, 929 (D.C.

Cir. 2023) (quoting Wolf v. C.I.A., 473 F.3d 370, 374 (D.C. Cir. 2007)). Most FOIA cases “can

be resolved on summary judgment.” Brayton v. Off. of the U.S. Trade Representative, 641 F.3d

521, 527 (D.C. Cir. 2011).

       “The fundamental principle animating FOIA is public access to government documents.”

Waterman v. Internal Revenue Serv., 61 F.4th 152, 156 (D.C. Cir. 2023) (quoting Valencia-Lucena

v. U.S. Coast Guard, 180 F.3d 321, 325 (D.C. Cir. 1999)) (citation omitted); accord DiBacco v.

U.S. Army (“DiBacco I”), 795 F.3d 178, 183 (D.C. Cir. 2015). Agencies are, therefore, statutorily

mandated to “make . . . records promptly available to any person” who submits a request that

“reasonably describes such records” and “is made in accordance with [the agency’s] published

                                                  5
rules.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(3)(A). “Congress, however, did not ‘pursue transparency at all costs’[;]

[r]ather, it recognized that ‘legitimate governmental and private interests could be harmed by

release of certain types of information.’” Citizens for Resp. & Ethics in Wash. v. U.S. Dep’t of

Just. (“CREW II”), 45 F.4th 963, 967 (D.C. Cir. 2022) (first quoting Hall & Assocs. v. EPA, 956

F.3d 621, 624 (D.C. Cir. 2020); and then quoting AquAlliance v. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, 856

F.3d 101, 102 (D.C. Cir. 2017)). To balance those competing interests, “FOIA exempts nine

categories of documents from ‘the government’s otherwise broad duty of disclosure.’” Waterman,

61 F.4th at 156 (quoting AquAlliance, 856 F.3d at 103). “[T]hese limited exemptions do not

obscure the basic policy that disclosure, not secrecy, is the dominant objective of the Act.” Dep’t

of Air Force v. Rose, 425 U.S. 352, 361 (1976).

       FOIA authorizes federal courts “to enjoin the agency from withholding agency records and

to order the production of any agency records improperly withheld from the complainant.” 5

U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B). When an agency invokes an exemption to disclosure, district courts must

“determine de novo whether non-disclosure was permissible.” Elec. Priv. Info. Ctr. v. U.S. Dep’t

of Homeland Sec., 777 F.3d 518, 522 (D.C. Cir. 2015). The statute “places the burden ‘on the

agency to sustain its action,’ and the agency therefore bears the burden of proving that it has not

‘improperly’ withheld the requested records.” Citizens for Resp. & Ethics in Wash. v. U.S. Dep’t

of Just. (“CREW I”), 922 F.3d 480, 487 (D.C. Cir. 2019) (first quoting 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B);

and then quoting U.S. Dep’t of Just. v. Tax Analysts, 492 U.S. 136, 142 n.3 (1989)). This burden

does not shift even when the requester files a cross-motion for summary judgment because the

agency ultimately “bears the burden to establish the applicability of a claimed exemption to any

records or portions of records it seeks to withhold,” Am. Immigr. Laws. Ass’n v. Exec. Off. for

Immigr. Rev., 830 F.3d 667, 673 (D.C. Cir. 2016), while “[t]he burden upon the requester is merely

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‘to establish the absence of material factual issues before a summary disposition of the case could

permissibly occur,’” Pub. Citizen Health Rsch. Grp. v. U.S. Food & Drug Admin., 185 F.3d 898,

904–05 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (quoting Nat’l Ass’n of Gov’t Emps. v. Campbell, 593 F.2d 1023, 1027

(D.C. Cir. 1978)).

       The agency may sustain “this burden ‘by submitting a Vaughn Index, along with affidavits

from agency employees that describe the justifications for nondisclosure with reasonably specific

detail, demonstrate that the information withheld logically falls within the claimed exemption, and

are not controverted by either contrary evidence in the record nor by evidence of agency bad

faith.’” Waterman, 61 F.4th at 158 (quoting Am. Immigr. Laws. Ass’n, 830 F.3d at 673); see also

Poitras v. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 303 F. Supp. 3d 136, 150 (D.D.C. 2018) (“An agency may

carry its burden of showing an exemption was properly invoked by submitting sufficiently detailed

affidavits or declarations, a Vaughn Index of the withheld documents, or both, to demonstrate that

the government has analyzed carefully any material withheld and provided sufficient information

as to the applicability of an exemption to enable the adversary system to operate.”). “Ultimately,

an agency’s justification for invoking a FOIA exemption is sufficient if it appears ‘logical’ or

‘plausible.’” Jud. Watch, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Def., 715 F.3d 937, 941 (D.C. Cir. 2013) (per

curiam) (quoting ACLU v. U.S. Dep’t of Def., 628 F.3d 612, 619 (D.C. Cir. 2011)).

III.   DISCUSSION

       Plaintiff challenges the adequacy of FERC’s search for responsive records, see Pl.’s Mem.

at 8, 11–12, and “whether redactions and withholdings in the records [] the agency located and

produced are lawful,” id. at 8, initially only objecting to withholdings under Exemption 5, see id.

at 12–15, but, in reply, adding a challenge to such withholdings under Exemption 6, see Pl.’s Reply

Supp. Mot. Summ. J. (“Pl.’s Reply”) at 10–12, ECF No. 17. For the agency’s part, FERC contends

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that its search for materials responsive to the plaintiff’s FOIA request was “reasonable and legally

sufficient,” Def.’s Opp’n to Pl.’s Mot. Summ. J. and Supp. Def.’s Cross-Mot. Summ. J. (“Def.’s

Opp’n”), at 6, ECF No. 15-1, and that Exemptions 5 and 6 were properly applied to redact portions

of the Commissioners’ two calendars, id. at 6, 8, 11. Plaintiff’s challenges are addressed seriatim

below.

   A. Sufficiency of FERC’s Search
         As a threshold issue, plaintiff challenges the sufficiency of the search for responsive

documents, arguing that FERC’s description of this search “fails to show that [FERC’s] search

was adequate.” Pl.’s Reply at 6. Specifically, plaintiff claims that the OEA Declaration “uses too

many words in disguising just how few assertions it makes regarding the search,” id. at 7, and

further contends that since OEA’s director “appears to have no supervisory authority” over the

staff that performed the searches, the director’s description of the search is based on “hearsay” and

therefore does not meet standards set out by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56, id. at 7–8. These

complaints amount to word-choice nit-picks and miss the mark because FERC has evinced a good-

faith effort to search for records directly responsive to plaintiff’s straight-forward FOIA request

and, beyond bare speculation, plaintiff can identify no records that FERC failed to produce.

         The law is well-settled that an agency moving for summary judgment in a FOIA case must

demonstrate that an adequate search was conducted for documents responsive to the plaintiff’s

FOIA request. Morley v. C.I.A., 508 F.3d 1108, 1114 (D.C. Cir. 2007). For a search to be

adequate, the agency must show that “a good faith effort” was made “to conduct a search for the

requested records, using methods which can be reasonably expected to produce the information

requested.” Oglesby v. Dep’t of Army, 920 F.2d 57, 68 (D.C. Cir. 1990). The issue is “not whether

there might exist any other documents possibly responsive to the request, but rather whether the

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search for those documents was adequate.” Weisberg v. Dep’t of Just., 745 F.2d 1476 (D.C. Cir.

1984) (emphasis in original).

       The OEA Declaration demonstrates that FERC “conducted a search reasonably calculated

to uncover all relevant documents.” Morley, 508 F.3d at 1114 (citation omitted). Although

plaintiff correctly points out that Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 requires factual positions in

briefing and declarations to be supported by admissible evidence in the record, see FED. R. CIV. P.

56(c)(4), in FOIA cases, “an agency declarant need not have been personally involved in the events

reflected in, or preparation of, the records at issue but merely have personally been advised about

or reviewed those records to meet the Rule 56 standard.” Buzzfeed, Inc. v. FBI, 613 F. Supp. 3d

453, 468 n.5 (D.D.C. 2020); see also SafeCard Servs., Inc. v. S.E.C., 926 F.2d 1197, 1201 (D.C.

Cir. 1991) (finding that the agency affiant “in charge of coordinating the [agency’s] search and

recovery efforts . . . is the most appropriate person to provide a comprehensive affidavit” because

an “agency employee responsible for supervising [the] search” may make such a declaration, even

if in doing so he or she “necessarily relie[s] upon information provided by staff members who

actually performed [the] search.”).       Here, the OEA Director supervises and “oversees the

processing of [FOIA] requests” and attests that the information relayed in her Declaration is “based

on information provided to [her] by employees under [her] supervision,” OEA Decl. ¶¶ 3–5, giving

her the requisite personal knowledge to attest to the adequacy of FERC’s search for records

responsive to plaintiff’s FOIA request.

       Plaintiff alternatively challenges that FERC’s search was inadequate by limiting the search

only to “official” calendars, claiming that FERC failed to “explain why it believed that one

‘official’ calendar on one software platform was likely the only repository for responsive records

particularly given Plaintiff’s specific search parameters,” Pl.’s Reply at 8, referring presumably to

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plaintiff’s broadly worded FOIA request as “search parameters” that could encompass any

calendars maintained by the Commissioners, including for personal matters. This challenge is

unpersuasive for two reasons.

       First, plaintiff’s focus on FERC’s limitation of the search to “official” calendars of the

Commissioners as a flaw in the search process is an overreach. As FERC accurately observes, the

OEA Declaration’s use of the word “official” “merely accounts for the possibility that the officials

have personal calendars for tracking purely personal engagement[,]” and “[s]imply serving as a

government official does not mean that every aspect of the official’s personal life becomes subject

to disclosure under FOIA.” Def.’s Cross-Reply Further Supp. Cross-Mot. Summ. J. (“Def.’s

Cross-Reply”) at 3, ECF No. 19. Given that “Congress established FOIA to allow private persons

to access government records and thereby be informed about ‘what their government is up to[,]’”

Boyd v. Crim. Div. of U.S. Dep’t of Just., 475 F.3d 381, 385 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (quoting U.S. Dep’t

of Just. v. Reps. Comm. for Freedom of the Press, 489 U.S. 749, 773 (1989)), and that FOIA

exempts “disclosures that would constitute an invasion of privacy,” Reps. Comm. for Freedom of

Press, 489 U.S. at 756, FOIA does not permit plaintiff to learn of the Commissioners’ “personal

engagements—whether to get a haircut, visit the dentist, have a meal with a relative, or any other

personal encounter[,]” Def.’s Cross-Reply at 3; see also infra Section III.C.1 (upholding FERC’s

Exemption 6 redactions of purely personal information on the Commissioners’ calendars).

       Second, to the extent plaintiff criticizes the search methodology as too limited, this critique

also fails. The OEA Declaration details a thorough search for all available calendars responsive

to plaintiff’s FOIA request. FERC’s Information Technology (“IT”) staff, who assisted in

performing the search identifying the calendars ultimately produced, confirmed that “no other

calendars exist.” OEA Decl. ¶ 9. In addition, the OEA Director explained that “OGC confirmed

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that only one official calendar is kept for” the Commissioners, confirming “this fact both during

the initial processing of the request and again during the appeal process.” Id. ¶ 16. Finally, OEA’s

Director herself verified that “no other calendars [] would be responsive to the Plaintiff’s request.”

Id. Given that plaintiff has not pointed to “some identifiable deficiency in [FERC’s] process, the

agency’s search efforts were sufficient to comply with its FOIA obligations.” Pub. Invs. Arb. Bar

Ass’n v. U.S. S.E.C., 930 F. Supp. 2d 55, 72 (D.D.C. 2013).

       In sum, FERC has demonstrated that an adequate search for responsive records was

conducted here.

   B. FERC’s Application of Exemption 5
       FERC has redacted certain of the Commissioners’ calendar entries, pursuant to Exemption

5’s deliberative process privilege, arguing that the withheld titles and bodies of calendar entries

“contain information about what would be discussed, deliberated, or considered at the meeting

. . . satisfying the predecisional and deliberative elements of the deliberative process privilege.”

Def.’s Cross-Reply at 6; see also Def.’s Cross-Mem. at 8–10. Plaintiff counters that FERC’s

explanations of the redactions presented in the Vaughn Index and OEA Declaration are so sparsely

detailed that FERC has not sufficiently “identified [the matters pending before the Commission]

or the decisionmaking authority of the deliberators.” Pl.’s Reply at 9. As to the latter criticism—

regarding the deliberators’ authority in the decision-making process—the responsive documents

at issue are calendars of two FERC Commissioners and, as such, reflect matters engaging their

attention, plus the attendees at meetings or in calls about those matters, making plain the identity

of the persons participating in any matter under discussion. Thus, this aspect of plaintiff’s criticism

is facile. Yet, the dearth of any specific information about the redacted matters makes assessment

of Exemption 5’s applicability difficult.

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        As explained below, summary judgment as to FERC’s deliberative process privilege claims

is denied without prejudice because FERC has provided insufficiently detailed justifications for

its invocation of the deliberative process privilege for calendar entries redacted pursuant to

Exemption 5.

            1. Legal Standard for Exemption 5’s Deliberative Process Privilege

        FOIA Exemption 5 excepts from disclosure “inter-agency memorandums or letters that

would not be available by law to a party other than an agency in litigation with the agency.” 5

U.S.C. § 552(b)(5). The purpose of Exemption 5 is to preserve “open and frank discussion” among

government officials, Dep’t of Interior v. Klamath Water Users Protective Ass’n (“Klamath

Water”), 532 U.S. 1, 9 (2001), in order to “enhance the quality of agency decisions,” Hardy v.

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, 243 F. Supp. 3d 155, 163 (D.D.C. 2017)

(citing Klamath Water, 532 U.S. at 9). To qualify for Exemption 5 protection, a withholding must

satisfy two requirements: (1) as a threshold matter, the disputed record must be “intra-agency or

interagency,” Dow Jones & Co. v. Dep’t of Just., 917 F.2d 571, 573 (D.C. Cir. 1990) (quoting 5

U.S.C. § 552(b)(5)), meaning that “its source must be a government agency,” Klamath Water, 532

U.S. at 8; and (2) “it must fall within the ambit of a privilege against discovery under judicial

standards that would govern litigation against the agency that holds it,” id. at 8. The Supreme

Court has made clear that “the first condition of Exemption 5 is no less important than the second.”

Id. at 9. Here, the parties do not dispute that the redacted calendar entries at issue serve the purpose

of “inter-agency or intra-agency memorandums,” meeting the first Exemption 5 requirement. See

generally Pl.’s Mem.; Def.’s Opp’n at 7; OAE Decl. ¶ 21 (“[T]he inter-agency and/or intra-agency

character of the portions [redacted under Exemption 5] is readily apparent on their face because

the redactions cover information about internal meetings of FERC staff or meeting between FERC

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staff and staff of other federal agencies.”). They contest only whether the Exemption 5 redacted

calendar entries properly withhold information subject to the deliberative process privilege.

        “To protect agencies from being ‘forced to operate in a fishbowl,’ the deliberative process

privilege shields from disclosure ‘documents reflecting advisory opinions, recommendations and

deliberations comprising part of a process by which governmental decisions and policies are

formulated.’” U.S. Fish & Wildlife Serv. v. Sierra Club, Inc. (“Sierra Club”), 141 S. Ct. 777, 785

(2021) (first quoting EPA v. Mink, 410 U.S. 73, 87 (1979); then quoting NLRB v. Sears, Roebuck

& Co. (“Sears”), 421 U.S. 132, 150 (1975)). The deliberative process privilege also “encourage[s]

candor, which improves agency decisionmaking,” by “blunt[ing] the chilling effect that

accompanies the prospect of disclosure.” Sierra Club, 141 S. Ct. at 785; see also Machado Amadis

v. U.S. Dep’t of State, 971 F.3d 364, 371 (D.C. Cir. 2020) (holding that the privilege aimed to

“protect[] ‘debate and candid consideration of alternatives within an agency,’ thus improving

agency decisionmaking”) (quoting Jordan v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 591 F.2d 753, 772 (D.C. Cir.

1978) (en banc)).

       For the deliberative process privilege to apply, an agency bears the burden of showing “that

withheld documents are ‘both predecisional and deliberative.’” Waterman v. Internal Revenue

Serv., 61 F.4th 152, 156 (D.C. Cir. 2023) (quoting Sierra Club, 141 S. Ct. at 788). “Documents

are ‘predecisional’ if they are ‘generated before the adoption of an agency policy,’ and

‘deliberative’ if they ‘reflect[ ] the give-and-take of the consultative process.’” Jud. Watch, Inc.

v. U.S. Dep’t of Def., 847 F.3d 735, 739 (D.C. Cir. 2017) (alteration in original) (quoting Pub.

Citizen, Inc. v. Off. of Mgmt. & Budget, 598 F.3d 865, 874 (D.C. Cir. 2010)). Notably, “factual

information generally must be disclosed, but materials embodying officials’ opinions are

ordinarily exempt” under the deliberative process privilege. Petroleum Info. Corp. v. U.S. Dep’t

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of Interior, 976 F.2d 1429, 1434 (D.C. Cir. 1992); accord Waterman, 61 F.4th at 158. The “key

question” in evaluating material withheld under the deliberative process privilege is “whether

disclosure of the information would ‘discourage candid discussion within the agency.’” Access

Reps. v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 926 F.2d 1192, 1195 (D.C. Cir. 1991) (quoting Dudman Commc’ns

Corp. v. Dep’t of Air Force, 815 F.2d 1565, 1567–68 (D.C. Cir. 1987)).

             2. FERC’s Explanations for Its Exemption 5 Redactions Are Insufficiently
             Detailed

       FERC describes three general and overlapping categories of the Exemption 5 redacted

calendar entries: (1) a “numerous” number “reference policy proposals[,]” “some of [which] were

never adopted[,]” OEA Decl. ¶ 23; (2) “the vast majority of entries are internal meetings involving

only Commission staff and their efforts to resolve matters before the Commission,” id. ¶ 25; and

(3) “very few of the remaining items withheld pursuant to FOIA Exemption 5 are meetings with

other Federal government agencies,” id. FERC elaborates that titles of “numerous” calendar

entries reflecting policy proposals are withheld because they are pre-decisional and deliberative,

and there is foreseeable harm in releasing them. Def.’s Cross-Mem. at 8. Specifically, FERC

claims that the “discussions and other work referenced in the calendar entries reflect the

deliberative nature of such conferrals and work, as the work was being conducted at the indicated

times because a decision had not yet been reached concerning the subject matter.” Id. at 9; see

also OEA Decl. ¶¶ 22–25 (explaining that policy proposals referenced in calendar entries are

“inherently pre-decisional” and “deliberative” because they “were being conducted at the indicated

times [since] a decision had not yet been reached concerning the matter,” such that releasing the

subject matter of the calendar entries “would reveal [FERC’s] internal deliberations” and “could

create public confusion that follows from disclosure of policies considered but ultimately not

adopted”).

                                                14
         Plaintiff challenges FERC’s invocation of Exemption 5 as insufficient on two grounds.

First, plaintiff points to the use of such vague numerical descriptions as “numerous,” “vast

majority,” and “very few,” to complain that this leaves unclear whether calendar entries

referencing policy proposals, internal meetings, and meetings with other agencies encompass all

the categories of records redacted pursuant to FOIA Exemption 5, or whether other categories of

entries were also withheld pursuant to Exemption 5. Pl.’s Reply at 8–9. To be sure, the OAE

Declaration could have been more artfully and precisely drafted, but, nonetheless, the OAE

Director “reviewed the calendar entries that were withheld either in full or in part . . . pursuant to

FOIA Exemption 5,” referring to all such redactions, to conclude the withholdings were proper.

OAE Decl. ¶ 25; see also Def.’s Cross-Reply at 5–6 (explaining that “[t]he titles and bodies of

calendar entries, further, contain information about what would be discussed, deliberated, or

considered at the meeting—as calendar entries often do[,]” referring to all calendar entries redacted

pursuant to Exemption 5). 3

         Plaintiff’s second challenge to the insufficiency of FERC’s description of the redacted

calendar entries has more traction, however.               Specifically, plaintiff complains that FERC’s

Exemption 5 redactions are overbroad and insufficiently detailed, arguing that “FERC has not

shown . . . that the deliberative process privilege applies to every word of every withholding of

3
          FERC supplemented support for its withholdings with a Vaughn Index consisting of a single page listing
“Doc. No.” 1 through 4 to designate two versions of each Commissioner’s calendar—spanning November 8, 2022, to
April 19, 2022―with “Exemption” and “Justification” descriptions broadly described in conclusory terms by
repeating generic language for each Exemption and Justification. See Vaughn Index. Put simply, the Vaughn Index
is useless in this case. FERC correctly points out, see Def.’s Cross-Reply at 7, however, that whether an agency
satisfies its burden for withholding under FOIA does not turn on the Vaughn Index alone but necessitates examining
all the materials submitted by the agency. See ACLU v. CIA, 710 F.3d 422, 432–34 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (“[O]nce an
agency acknowledges that it has some responsive documents, there are a variety of forms that subsequent filings in
the district court may take.”); Gallant v. NLRB, 26 F.3d 168, 172–73 (D.C. Cir. 1994) (“[T]he materials provided by
the agency may take any form so long as they give the reviewing court a reasonable basis to evaluate the claim of
privilege.”) (quotation marks and citation omitted); Khatchadourian v. Def. Intel. Agency, 453 F. Supp. 3d 54, 74
(D.D.C. 2020) (“In reviewing the adequacy of an agency’s justification, [however,] a court must ‘focus on the
functions of the Vaughn index, not the length of the document descriptions, as the touchstone of [its] analysis.’”)
(second alteration in original) (quoting Jud. Watch, Inc. v. Food & Drug Admin., 449 F.3d 141, 146 (D.C. Cir. 2006)).

                                                        15
calendar information at issue” and that the agency “has not pointed to any agency ‘decision’ that

was being contemplated or that was thereafter made, and it appears that in some cases no ‘superior

and subordinate’ relationship can possibly have existed between the parties to the underlying

calendar event.” Pl.’s Mem. at 14.

       Plaintiff is right. With respect to each redaction made pursuant to Exemption 5, the

withholding agency must “pinpoint an agency decision or policy to which the document

contributed.” Hinckley v. United States, 140 F.3d 277, 284 (D.C. Cir. 1998) (quotation marks

omitted); accord CREW II, 45 F.4th at 972 (“Assessing whether a record is pre-decisional or

deliberative necessarily requires identifying the decision (and the associated decisional process) to

which the record pertains.”). Though “[t]he D.C. Circuit has recognized that an agency need not

pinpoint an ultimate decision to which the document contributes to assert the privilege” because

“[a]ny requirement of a specific decision after the creation of the document would defeat the

purpose of the exemption,” Access Reps., 926 F.2d at 1126; accord Sears, 421 U.S. at 151 n.18,

the agency withholding responsive records under the deliberative process privilege still “must

show that the document was generated as part of a definable decision-making process” even where

the ultimate agency decision is not identified, 100Reporters LLC v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., 248 F.

Supp. 3d 115, 151 (D.D.C. 2017) (emphasis in original) (quotation marks and citation omitted).

FERC has not made this requisite showing. Rather, FERC has failed to provide any details or

explanation as to why each (or any) of the policy proposals, internal meetings, and external

meetings redacted from the calendar concern predecisional material or what sort of “definable

decision-making process” the agency aims to protect. Id. at 151 (emphasis in original). Since

FERC has only made generalized claims of deliberative process privilege as to the entirety of its

                                                 16
Exemption 5 redactions, the Court cannot assess whether any given redaction of a calendar entry

is predecisional and deliberative, so summary judgment must be denied to both parties.

        American Oversight, Inc. v. USPS (“American Oversight-USPS”)—a case cited by neither

party—is instructive here. See No. CV 20-2580 (RC), 2021 WL 4355401 (D.D.C. Sept. 23, 2021).

This case addressed the sufficiency of an agency’s response to a FOIA request requesting “[a]ll

calendars or calendar entries for [the USPS Postmaster General] Louis Dejoy including any

calendars maintained on behalf of Louis DeJoy, from June 15, 2020 through two weeks after the

date the search is conducted.” Id. at *1 (first alteration in original). USPS responded by producing

a “heavily redacted” calendar, representing “that the redacted information primarily concerns the

meeting subject matter line and attendee information for each calendar entry” and arguing that the

redacted entries were protected by Exemptions 3 and 5. Id. USPS sought to withhold some

“general categories” of entries, pursuant to the deliberative process privilege because “[r]eleasing

this information . . . would divulge information about the mechanics of the Postal Service’s

internal deliberations concerning operations, policies, and business strategies . . . [and] would also

chill the Postmaster General’s counselors and other subordinates from offering candid advice.” Id.

at *7 (alterations in original).

        Denying summary judgment to USPS, the court determined that USPS “failed to provide

the required evidence to explain why each calendar entry at issue is covered by the privilege” by

merely “provid[ing] only the most general descriptions of what these calendar entries could

contain.” Id. at *8. Given that USPS failed to “provide even a general description of the specific

subject matter of each calendar entry at issue,” that “[t]he content of these meetings—which would

illuminate what deliberative process is implicated—[was] not provided[,]” and that “there [was

no] attempt to explain how these calendar entries relate to the overarching deliberative process[,]”

                                                 17
the court found insufficient information was provided “about the nature of the particular

deliberative process(es) that may have been involved in the redacted calendar entries.” Id. at *9.

Accordingly, USPS was directed “to either supplement its current declaration to correct these

shortcomings and explain why Exemption 5 applies to each calendar entry, or alternatively . . .

select to disclose the calendar entries withheld under this exemption.” Id.

       The instant case is almost indistinguishable from American Oversight-USPS. Just like

USPS, FERC identifies general categories of redactions—policy proposals, internal meetings, and

external meetings—and justifies those redactions with sweeping, non-specific claims that the

“entries reflect the deliberative nature of such conferrals and work, as the work was being

conducted at the indicated times because a decision had not yet been reached concerning the

subject matter.” Def.’s Cross-Mem. at 9. Consequently, just as in American Oversight-USPS,

summary judgment must be denied because FERC has not explicated how each Exemption 5

redaction of the Commissioners’ calendars is justified by the deliberative process privilege.

       Citing American Oversight, Inc. v. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services

(“American Oversight-HHS”), No. 17-CV-0827 (EGS/DAR), 2022 WL 1719001, at *18 (D.D.C.

May 27, 2022), FERC counters that calendar entries that reference policy proposals and internal

meetings are inherently deliberative and therefore this broad justification is sufficient to support

invocation of Exemption 5, see Def.’s Mot. at 8. FERC’s reliance on American Oversight-HHS is

misplaced, however, because the record presented in that case was far more fulsome than the one

FERC provides here. American Oversight-HHS explicitly found that calendar entries of agency

officials may qualify as information subject to the deliberative process privilege, see Am.

Oversight-HHS, 2022 WL 1719001, at *18 (“[A]s to . . . calendar entries, the Court is guided by

precedent that the deliberative process privilege ‘serves to protect the deliberative process itself,

                                                 18
not merely documents containing deliberative material.’”) (quoting Mapother v. Dep’t of Just., 3

F.3d 1533, 1537 (D.C. Cir. 1993)), and, based on the defending agency’s detailed declaration that

identified each redacted calendar entry and justified that entry’s redactions with particularity, see

Def.’s Mot. Summ. J, Declaration of Michael Bell, Ex.6, Am. Oversight-HHS, No. 17-CV-0827

(EGS/DAR), 2022 WL 1719001, ECF No. 25-4, the court found a firm basis for holding that the

agency had “plainly met its burden to establish that the talking points were deliberative” because

the agency “grounded the briefing materials in its deliberative process,” Am. Oversight-HHS, 2022

WL 1719001, at *18. By contrast, in this case, plaintiff correctly points out that “[t]o the extent

that FERC claims redactions ‘reflect deliberations on matters pending before the Commission,’

[FERC] has not identified those matters or the decisionmaking authority of the deliberators.” Pl.’s

Reply at 9.    FERC has not explained, for example, why each redacted calendar entry is

predecisional and deliberative by enabling the Court “to pinpoint an agency decision or policy to

which these documents contributed,” Morley, 508 F.3d at 1127, or to assess whether the agency’s

specific deliberative process at issue in each redacted calendar entry might be harmed by the

release of these entries. In short, a firm basis for assessing the Exemption 5 withholdings is

missing on the record before this Court.

       To be sure, justifying each redacted calendar entry across eighteen months of entries in a

detailed and potentially lengthy Vaughn Index may be a time-consuming and even tedious task for

FERC. FERC cautions against demanding this level of detail to justify potentially hundreds of

calendar redactions because this may discourage FERC staff from creating detailed calendar

entries in order to avoid the types of burdensome FOIA requests initiated by plaintiff here. See

Def.’s Cross-Mem. at 9 (cautioning that agency officials may be disincentivized “to maintain

detailed, substantive calendar entries that are necessary to enabling leaders at large, complex

                                                 19
organizations to prepare for and address the many discrete issues that they confront each day”);

accord OEA Decl. ¶¶ 24.

       Yet, under binding D.C. Circuit precedent, FERC must justify its redactions under the

deliberative process privilege with respect to each redaction made—even if those redactions

encompass hundreds of calendar entries. That said, FERC may, but is not required to, justify its

Exemption 5 withholdings on an entry-by-entry basis. “[T]here is no fixed rule establishing what

a Vaughn index must look like, and a district court has considerable latitude to determine its

requisite form and detail in a particular case.” ACLU, 710 F.3d at 432. Redacted entries may be

categorized or grouped, so long as the relevant categories are sufficiently distinct and

particularized to allow this Court to evaluate whether the claimed exemption is properly applied.

See Gallant, 26 F.3d at 173; see also Citizens for Responsibility & Ethics in Wash. v. U.S. Dep’t

of Just. (“CREW III”), 746 F.3d 1082, 1088–89 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (“Categorical treatment, however,

may be used ‘[o]nly when the range of circumstances included in the category ‘characteristically

support[s] an inference’ that the statutory requirements for exemption are satisfied.”) (alteration in

original) (quoting Nation Magazine v. U.S. Customs Serv., 71 F.3d 885, 893 (D.C. Cir. 1995)).

When taking a categorical approach and grouping together like entries, however, FERC must

provide “context or insight into the specific decision-making processes or deliberations at issue”

within each set of calendar entries and how those deliberations or decision-making processes “in

particular would be harmed by disclosure[,]” as opposed to “‘nearly identical boilerplate

statements’ and ‘generic and nebulous articulations of harm[.]’” Ctr. for Investigative Reporting

v. U.S. Customs & Border Prot., 436 F. Supp. 3d 90, 106–07 (D.D.C. 2019) (Howell, C.J.)

(quotation marks omitted) (quoting Jud. Watch, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Just., No. CV 17-0832, 2019

WL 4644029, at *4–5 (D.D.C. Sept. 24, 2019)).

                                                 20
       Accordingly, the parties’ cross-motions with respect to FERC’s Exemption 5 withholdings

are denied without prejudice, and FERC must, in any renewed motion for summary judgment,

“either supplement its current declaration to correct these shortcomings and explain why

Exemption 5 applies to each calendar entry, or alternatively, . . . select to disclose the calendar

entries withheld under this exemption.” Am. Oversight-USPS, 2021 WL 4355401, at *9.

   C. FERC’s Application of Exemption 6

       FERC invokes FOIA Exemption 6 to justify some redactions in the Commissioners’

calendars produced in response to plaintiff’s FOIA request, explaining that these redactions

withhold “personal information (such as family member activities), passcodes, the contact

information of private citizens, and the names of lower-level staff.” OEA Decl. ¶¶ 26–27. As

support for these redactions, FERC contends that withholding this information “prevent[s]

foreseeable harm in that disclosure of this information could invite unwanted intrusions and result

in an unwarranted invasion of personal privacy” for both the FERC Commissioners, in their

private, unofficial capacities, and the lower-level staff. Id.

       For the reasons outlined below, FERC has sufficiently explained the privacy interests

implicated by most categories of Exemption 6 redactions, while plaintiff has articulated no

countervailing public interest in their disclosure. Resultantly, FERC is entitled to summary

judgment with respect to its Exemption 6 redactions, except as to “the names of lower-level staff.”

           1. Legal Standard for FOIA Exemption 6

       FOIA Exemption 6 excepts certain “personnel and medical files and similar files the

disclosure of which would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy” from the

disclosure requirements outlined under the statute. 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6). The exemption “seek[s]

to protect the privacy of individuals identified in certain agency records,” ACLU v. U.S., 655 F.3d

                                                  21
1, 6 (D.C. Cir. 2011), by exempting “disclosures that would constitute an invasion of privacy,”

Reps. Comm. for Freedom of Press, 489 U.S. at 756 (quotation marks omitted).

        This Circuit generally follows a “two-step process when considering withholdings or

redactions under Exemption 6.” Am. Immigr. Laws. Ass’n, 830 F.3d at 674–75. The first step

involves a determination of whether the withheld or redacted material constitutes “personnel[, . . .]

medical[ . . . ,] [or] similar files” as required under the statute. 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6). If the records

at issue meet the first requirement, the second step is an inquiry into whether their disclosure

“would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.” Id.

        At the second step, the focus is on “the significance of the privacy issues at stake.” U.S.

Dep’t of State v. Ray, 502 U.S. 164, 175 (1991). To assess the significance of the privacy concerns

articulated by the withholding agency, the Court must “balance the public interest in disclosure

against the interest Congress intended [Exemption 6] to protect[,]” Dep’t of Def. v. FLRA, 510

U.S. 487, 495 (1994) (quotation marks omitted) (quoting Reps. Comm. for Freedom of Press, 489

U.S. at 776)—which requires a two-stage inquiry. Am. Immigr. Laws. Ass’n, 830 F.3d at 674.

First, the court must determine that “disclosure ‘would compromise a substantial, as opposed to a

de minimis, privacy interest.’” Multi Ag Media LLC v. Dep't of Agric., 515 F.3d 1224, 1229 (D.C.

Cir. 2008) (quoting NARFE, 879 F.2d at 874). In this context, however, a “substantial privacy

interest is anything greater than a de minimis privacy interest[.]” Id. at 1229–30. “If no significant

privacy interest is implicated . . . FOIA demands disclosure,” NARFE, 879 F.2d at 874, since

FOIA’s exemptions “are explicitly made exclusive and must be narrowly construed,’” Milner v.

Dep’t of Navy, 562 U.S. 562, 565 (2011) (cleaned up), with the presumption in favor of disclosure.

        Even if disclosure of requested records would implicate individuals’ privacy interests,

those privacy interests must still be weighed “against the public interest in the release of the

                                                   22
records.” NARFE, 879 F.2d at 874. The “public interest” at stake is “the extent to which disclosure

would serve the ‘core purpose of the FOIA,’ which is to ‘contribut[e] significantly to public

understanding of the operations or activities of the government.’” FLRA, 510 U.S. at 495 (original

formatting omitted) (quoting Reps. Comm. for Freedom of Press, 489 U.S. at 775); see also

Lepelletier v. Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp., 164 F.3d 37, 47 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (“[T]he only relevant

public interest in the FOIA balancing analysis [is] the extent to which disclosure of the information

sought would ‘she[d] light on an agency’s performance of its statutory duties’ or otherwise let

citizens know ‘what their government is up to.’”) (alterations in original) (quoting FLRA, 510 U.S.

at 497). Even where “a privacy interest may be substantial,” it may still be “insufficient to

overcome the public interest in disclosure.” Multi Ag Media LLC, 515 F.3d at 1230.

           2. FERC Has Sufficiently Justified Most Exemption 6 Withholdings

       Here, plaintiff does not contest that the information redacted from the calendars pursuant

to Exemption 6—birthdays, children’s activities, the contact information of private citizens the

Commissioners have contacted, and the names of lower-level staff who attended meetings with

the Commissioners, all of which appeared on the Commissioners’ calendars—are “similar files,”

subject to Exemption 6. See generally Pl.’s Mem. Thus, the dispute as to application of Exemption

6 boils down to whether releasing the records would amount to a clearly unwarranted invasion of

privacy.

       FERC contends that disclosure of the Exemption 6 redacted entries regarding “personal

information (such as family member activities), passcodes, the contact information of private

citizens, and the names of lower-level staff . . . could invite unwanted intrusions and result in an

unwarranted invasion of personal privacy,” OEA Decl. ¶ 27, and “could lead to their harassment”

“because of things that [the Chairman or Commissioner] did while in office,” Def.’s Cross-Reply

                                                 23
at 9–10. According to FERC, disclosing information about the FERC Commissioners’ personal

relationships and staffing matters could create exactly the “palpable threat[s] to privacy” that FOIA

aims to avoid. Def.’s Mot. at 11 (quoting Jud. Watch, Inc., 449 F.3d at 152).

       FERC has sufficiently justified its Exemption 6 withholdings to protect from public

disclosure personal information about Commissioners and their families and private contact

information for non-governmental persons, whose names appear on the Commissioners’ calendars.

The private nature of Exemption 6 redactions of the contact information for private citizens,

information related to family member activities and passcodes, is obvious, with concomitant

obvious risks to privacy by disclosure and even breaches of telecommunications security as to the

passcodes associated with call numbers. See Amiri v. Nat’l Sci. Found., Civ. A. No. 20-2006

(TNM), 2021 WL 4438910, at *13 (D.D.C. Sept. 28, 2021), aff’d, No. 21-5241, 2022 WL 1279740

(D.C. Cir. Apr. 28, 2022) (“[A] court may find the foreseeable-harm requirement satisfied if ‘the

very context and purpose of’ the withheld material ‘make[s] the foreseeability of harm manifest.’”)

(quoting Reps. Comm. for Freedom of the Press v. FBI, 3 F.4th 350, 372 (D.C. Cir. 2021)); Jud.

Watch, Inc., 449 F.3d at 152 (explaining FOIA Exemption 6 precludes disclosure “bits of personal

information, such as names and addresses, the release of which could create a palpable threat to

privacy”). Moreover, revealing such private information does not further the purposes of FOIA to

allow scrutiny of agency action. See Rose, 425 U.S. at 372, 380–81 (noting that “the basic purpose

of the Freedom of Information Act [is] ‘to open agency action to the light of public scrutiny,’” in

ruling that the names of U.S. Air Force Academy cadets accused of wrongdoing were irrelevant to

the inquiry into whether the Air Force abided by its Honor Code and thus the names were not

subject to disclosure under FOIA Exemption 6) (citation omitted); FLRA, 510 U.S. at 497 (“The

only relevant public interest in the FOIA balancing analysis [is] the extent to which disclosure of

                                                 24
the information sought would ‘shed light on an agency’s performance of its statutory duties’ or

otherwise let citizens know ‘what their government is up to.’”); Reps. Comm. for Freedom of

Press, 489 U.S. at 774–75 (noting, in considering the application of Exemption 6, that “the FOIA’s

central purpose is to ensure that the Government’s activities be opened to the sharp eye of public

scrutiny[.]”) (citation omitted).

       For these reasons, Judges on this Court have upheld an agency’s withholding of purely

private information from public disclosure pursuant to Exemption 6. See, e.g., Cornucopia Inst.

v. U.S. Dep’t of Agric., 282 F. Supp. 3d 150, 165 (D.D.C. 2017) (upholding the defendant’s

Exemption 6 redactions of “identifying information of private individuals” because plaintiff had

not “identified a public interest sufficient to outweigh the privacy interest of the individuals”);

Surgey v. EPA, Civ. A. No. 18-0654 (TJK), 2021 WL 5758880, at *6–7 (D.D.C. Dec. 3, 2021)

(finding that details about an agency administrator’s family vacation fell within Exemption 6);

Gov’t Accountability Project v. Dep’t of State, 699 F. Supp. 2d 97, 105–06 (D.D.C. 2010) (holding

that agency properly redacted personal email addresses of applicants for board positions); WP Co.

v. U.S. Small Bus. Admin., 575 F. Supp. 3d 114, 121 (D.D.C. 2021) (affirming withholding of

social security numbers under Exemption 6, observing that “it is not difficult to note how people

would be injured by the release of their SSNs”).

       Plaintiff objects that “FERC’s declaration provides no information relating to the

information it claims is exempt or why” and that “[t]he accompanying [Vaughn] Index again

provides no substantive information.” Pl.’s Reply at 10. Notwithstanding the brevity of FERC’s

explanations in the OAE Declaration and Vaughn Index for its Exemption 6 redactions of

“personal information (such as family member activities), passcodes, [and] the contact information

of private citizens,” plaintiff’s argument falls flat by prioritizing form over substance. FERC has

                                                25
identified these specific types of information withheld under Exemption 6 and further identified

the privacy risk to the disclosure of the redacted information. The Circuit has made clear that

when “the FOIA litigation process threatens to reveal ‘the very information the agency hopes to

protect,’ . . . it may be necessary for the agency affidavit to contain only ‘brief or categorical

descriptions’ of the withheld information,” with the agency justifying its withholding using a

“category-of-document” method, CREW III, 746 F.3d at 1088 (quoting ACLU, 710 F.3d at 432),

“so long as its definitions of relevant categories are sufficiently distinct to allow a court to

determine whether the specific claimed exemptions are properly applied,” id. (quotation marks

omitted) (quoting Gallant, 26 F.3d at 173); see also People for the Am. Way Found. v. Nat’l Sec.

Agency/Cent. Sec. Serv., 462 F. Supp. 2d 21, 30 n.5 (D.D.C. 2006) (“[A] Vaughn index is

not required here, where it ‘could cause the very harm that section 6 was intended to prevent.’”)

(quoting Linder v. Nat’l Sec. Agency, 94 F.3d 693, 697 (D.C. Cir. 1996)). This categorical method

is appropriately used here since, as already noted, Exemption 6 redacted information is simply not

the type of information that sheds light on government action, which is what the FOIA is intended

to facilitate. See Rose, 425 U.S. at 372, 380–81. In this regard, then, plaintiff has unsurprisingly

made no effort to articulate any countervailing public interest in the disclosure of FERC’s

Exemption 6 redactions of family member activities, the contact information of private citizens,

or passcodes. See Pl.’s Reply at 10–12. The Court therefore “need not linger over the balance;

something outweighs nothing every time.” Beck v. Dep’t of Just., 997 F.2d 1489, 1494 (D.C. Cir.

1993) (quoting NARFE, 879 F.2d at 879).

       FERC sweeps within its Exemption 6 withholding, however, “the names of lower-level

FERC staff” that appear on the Commissioners’ responsive calendars, but this category of withheld

information is of a totally different type than the purely private information relating to family and

                                                 26
personal matters, contact information for private individuals and passcodes. Plus, given that the

names of these staffers appear on Commissioners’ calendars―reflecting their involvement or

inclusion in meetings or on calls with Commissioners―the reason for their denomination as

“lower-level” by the agency is not obvious, and FERC makes no effort to describe which positions

are considered “lower-level” or why these particular staffers are so designated.

         FERC’s categorical withholding of the names of so-called “lower-level staff” is simply not

sufficiently defined or explained to allow evaluation of whether the withholdings are proper.

FERC’s blanket excuse of withholding the names of “lower-level staff” because “disclosure would

not shed any light on the workings of [an agency],” Def.’s Mot. at 12 (quoting Canaday v. U.S.

Citizenship & Immigr. Servs., 545 F. Supp. 2d 113, 118 (D.D.C. 2008)), puts the cart-before-the-

horse by failing to identify first the significant privacy interest at stake justifying withholding

before turning to the next step of balancing that privacy interest against the public interest. The

privacy interests at stake with the names of lower-level FERC staff is not self-evident since “the

disclosure of names and addresses is not inherently and always a significant threat to the privacy

of those listed; whether it is a significant or a de minimis threat depends upon the characteristic(s)

revealed by virtue of being on the particular list, and the consequences likely to ensue.” Morley,

508 F.3d at 1128 (quoting NARFE, 879 F.2d at 877). 4

4
          FERC relies on Canaday v. U.S. Citizenship & Immigration Services, but this case is both a non-binding
district court decision and unpersuasive for the proposition urged by FERC that the names of federal agency employees
are automatically excludable under Exemption 6 because such employees want simply to “maintain[] practical
obscurity” and disclosure “would not shed any light on the workings of” the agency. See 545 F. Supp. 2d at 118–19.
A desire for “obscurity,” standing alone, amounts to the type of a de minimis privacy interest insufficient to invoke
Exemption 6.
          In any event, the subject matter of the responsive records at issue in Canaday may, in fact, have prompted
significant privacy concern for federal employees since the FOIA request sought “a disclosure of the identities of the
immigration officials involved in the section 212 deliberations,” and the “subject matter” of “section 212” concerned
“the search for homosexuals[.]” U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services’ (“USCIS”) Declaration of Eric N. Banks
(“Banks Decl.”) ¶¶ 12–13, Canaday, No. 1:08-cv-00158-RMC (D.D.C. Apr. 8, 2008), ECF No. 8-2; see also, e.g.,
Vaughn Index at 4, Canaday, No. 1:08-cv-00158-RMC (D.D.C. Apr. 18, 2008) (USCIS claiming that the identities of
certain “[f]ederal employees” named in a “[m]emo dated Aug. 3, 1980, addressing excludability of gay attendees and
waivers[,]” were exempt from disclosure under Exemption 6), ECF No. 11-1. Section 212 of the Immigration and

                                                         27
         Certainly, in circumstances where agency staff may be involved in or connected to

controversial government decisions, particularly on issues associated with targeting for violence,

harassment, or other security-related misconduct, withholding has been found appropriate. See,

e.g., Jud. Watch, Inc., 449 F.3d at 152–53 (holding that Exemption 6 was properly used by the

Federal Drug Administration (“FDA”) to withhold names of agency personnel and private

individuals and companies who worked on approval of mifepristone since, as to the privacy

interest, the FDA “cited the danger of abortion-related violence to those who developed

mifepristone, worked on its FDA approval, and continue to manufacture the drug . . . detail[ed]

evidence of abortion clinic bombings[, and] . . . described websites that encourage readers to look

for mifepristone’s manufacturing locations and then kill or kidnap employees,” when “[t]he

opposing public interest in knowing these names and addresses is not immediately apparent”); Ctr.

for Med. Progress v. U.S. Dep’t of Health & Hum. Servs., No. 21-cv-642 (BAH), 2023 WL

5007881, at *5, *7 (D.D.C. Aug. 7, 2023) (holding that Exemption 6 was properly used by the

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”) to withhold the identities of two National

Institute of Health employees involved with a controversial grant providing funding for the

collection and distribution of fetal stem cell tissue, because “releasing the names of individuals

tied to the grant program and fetal tissue research . . . would subject those individuals to the real

Nationality Act (“INA”) of 1952, 66 Stat. 182, 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(4), controversially provided that those “afflicted
with psychopathic personality”—“a term of art intended to exclude homosexuals from entry into the United States”—
were “excludable under § 212(a)(4)” of the INA. Boutilier v. Immigr. & Naturalization Servs., 387 U.S. 118, 118–19
(1967). Given that disclosing the identities of federal employees associated with a decades-old policy of identifying
and excluding “homosexuals” from entering the country could expose those employees to harassment, USCIS in
Canaday at least showed some non-de minimis interest in maintaining the anonymity of those federal employees. By
contrast, FERC has not similarly shown, for example, that the “lower-level employees” whose names were redacted
from the Commissioners’ calendar entries were similarly involved in a controversial policy such that the disclosure of
their identities would result in any, let alone, a significant, threat to their personal privacy. See Morley, 508 F.3d at
1128.

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risk of threats, harassment, and violence[,]” so “the private interest in protecting the identity of the

. . . [employees] outweigh[ed] the public interest” in their disclosure).

        Likewise, the D.C. Circuit has upheld application of Exemption 6 to withhold federal

agency employee names in response to FOIA requests seeking disclosure of those names in close

association with financial information when disclosure would, for example, facilitate targeting of

the employees for bothersome and unhelpful solicitations, and therefore amount to a substantial

invasion of privacy that was not outweighed by any articulated countervailing public interest. See,

e.g., Painting & Drywall Work Pres. Fund, Inc. v. Dep’t of Hous. & Urban Dev., 936 F.2d 1300,

1301–03 (D.C. Cir. 1991) (holding that redactions, under Exemption 6, was proper of names,

social security numbers, and home addresses of HUD employees on disclosed certified payroll

records, explaining otherwise “the workers would experience a significant diminution in their

expectations of privacy because that same information would also have to be provided, for

example, to creditors, salesmen, and union organizers” and would “constitute a substantial

invasion of privacy” that is not outweighed by “attenuated public interest in disclosure”); NARFE,

879 F.2d at 878 (upholding withholding under Exemption 6 upon finding privacy interests

associated with the release of the names and addresses of former federal employees who received

annuity payments was “significant,” citing “little reason to doubt that the barrage of solicitations

predicted will in fact arrive—in the mail, over the telephone, and at the front door of the listed

annuitants”); Niskanen Ctr. v. Fed. Energy Reg. Ctr., 20 F.4th 787, 792 (D.C. Cir. 2021)

(upholding FERC’s withholding of the names and addresses of property owners along the route of

a proposed pipeline pursuant to Exemption 6 because releasing that information would increase

“[their] risk of unwanted contact or solicitation”). On the record before the Court, FERC has made

no effort to explicate what privacy interests “lower-level staff” have in withholding due to “the

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consequences likely to ensue,” Morley, 508 F.3d at 1128 (quoting NARFE, 879 F.2d at 877), let

alone how such interest outweighs the public interest in revealing their names.

         The only privacy justification FERC offers for withholding the identities of “lower-level

staff” is its bald citation to several recent examples of federal judges facing threats or harm, such

as Justice Brett Kavanaugh exiting a D.C. restaurant through the back door to avoid harassment

from other restaurant patrons and the tragic murder of Judge Esther Salas’s son at her own home.

Def.’s Cross-Reply at 9–10. FERC fails to explain, however, how the targeting of federal judges

has any relevance to the potential harm that FERC’s unnamed “lower-level staff”—who operate

in an entirely different branch of government with obligations largely unrelated to the federal

judiciary’s—would face. FERC’s justification for withholding the names of “lower-level staff”

thus plainly does not satisfy its burden under Exemption 6 of identifying these employees’

particular “characteristics” that would prompt likely “consequences” warranting privacy

protection. See Morley, 508 F.3d at 1128. Accordingly, FERC is entitled to summary judgment

with respect to its Exemption 6 withholdings, except as to “the names of lower-level staff.” 5

IV.      CONCLUSION

         For the foregoing reasons, plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment is denied without

prejudice, and FERC’s cross-motion for summary judgment is granted in part and denied in part,

5
          The parties also dispute whether FERC has satisfied its obligations to produce the segregable portions of
responsive records. See Pl.’s Mem. at 13 (arguing that FERC has not “made any effort to produce the segregable
portions of responsive records”); see also Def.’s Cross-Mem. at 13 (“Here, where non-exempt information could be
segregated from exempt information, FERC segregated and disclosed the non-exempt information from the calendar
entries that were withheld in part.”). FOIA requires agencies to make every effort to ensure that where exempt
information is segregable from nonexempt information, the nonexempt information can be produced to the requester.
See 5 U.S.C. § 552(b) (“Any reasonably segregable portion of a record shall be provided to any person requesting
such record after deletion of the portions which are exempt.”); see also Cause of Action Inst. v. U.S. Dep’t of Veterans
Affs., No. 20-CV-997, 2021 WL 1549668 (BAH), at *16 (D.D.C. April 20, 2021) (“[The production of such]
segregable information is essential for agencies’ FOIA compliance.”). Since FERC will have to submit revised
explanations for its claims of deliberative process privilege and its withholdings of names of “lower-staff” under
Exemption 6, see supra Parts III.B.2, III.C.2, an evaluation of whether FERC has satisfied its segregation obligations
will be reserved for any renewed cross-motions for summary judgment by the parties.

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without prejudice. Specifically, FERC is granted summary judgment with respect to conducting

an adequate search, and with respect to its Exemption 6 withholdings of “personal information

(such as family member activities), passcodes, [and] the contact information of private citizens,”

but summary judgment is otherwise denied, without prejudice. Should FERC decide to continue

to withhold responsive information under Exemption 5 and the names of “lower-level staff” under

Exemption 6, the agency may renew its motion for summary judgment, supported by a

supplemental declaration and/or Vaughn Index, prepared in accordance with this Memorandum

Opinion, on a schedule to be proposed by the parties by October 3, 2023.

       Date: September 19, 2023

                                                    __________________________
                                                    BERYL A. HOWELL
                                                    United States District Judge

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