Court Opinion

ID: 9913311
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-12-27 17:09:20.119722+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:08:30.853044
License: Public Domain

J-S41045-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

  COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                 :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
  JONATHAN ZACHARY VOORHIS                     :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 341 WDA 2023

      Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered February 6, 2023
  In the Court of Common Pleas of Erie County Criminal Division at No(s):
                         CP-25-CR-0000529-2022

BEFORE:      PANELLA, P.J., OLSON, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

MEMORANDUM BY STEVENS, P.J.E.:                     FILED: December 27, 2023

       Appellant Jonathan Voorhis appeals pro-se from the Judgment of

Sentence entered by the Court of Common Pleas of Erie County on February

6, 2023. After careful review, we affirm.

       The relevant facts and procedural history are as follows: On November

9, 2021, Detective Ginkel of the Erie City Police Department charged Appellant

with one count of terroristic threats, one count of stalking, one count of simple

assault, and three counts of disorderly conduct after a road rage incident in

which the victim honked at Appellant and Appellant got out of his car

threatening the victim. See Information, Criminal Complaint. Appellant was

represented by multiple public defenders who were either fired by Appellant

or withdrew representation before he filed a Petition to Proceed Pro-Se and

____________________________________________

* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
J-S41045-23

Waiver of Counsel on October 11, 2022. See Motion to Withdraw, 10/11/22.

The Commonwealth amended the criminal information on November 16, 2022

to eliminate the first three charges and to reduce the three disorderly conduct

counts from misdemeanors to summary offenses, believing only a summary

trial to be necessary. Amended Information, Commw. Ex. A. Following a non-

jury trial on February 3, 2023, Appellant was convicted of two counts of

disorderly conduct1 and received a 90–180-day sentence, which Appellant had

already served. N.T. at 44. This appeal followed.

       The issues Appellant raises on appeal as stated in his “Statement of the

Questions” section of his brief are reproduced verbatim below:

       1. Was the Evidence insufficient to support Appellant's Convictions
       of Disorderly Conduct because the evidence failed to establish
       beyond a reasonable doubt that
              A. Appellant Intended to cause public inconvenience,
       annoyance, alarm or recklessly created a risk there of?
              B. engaged in fighting, threatening, violent, or tumultuous
       behavior?
              C. Created a hazardous or physically offensive condition?
              D. Actions served no legitimate purpose?
              E. The evidence was so inherently unreliable it should be
       deemed insufficient to convict the Appellant beyond a reasonable
       doubt?
              The Court Disagreed and found the evidence presented at
       trial was sufficient to find Appellant guilty beyond a reasonable
       doubt of Disorderly Conduct.
       2. Was Appellant denied a fair trial and deprived of Due Process
       because
              A. The Honorable Judge Beveridge told Appellant and
       Appellant's Counsel that the Preliminary Hearing would be
       recorded by an audio recording device, but it was never turned on
       even though he said it was?
____________________________________________

1 18 Pa.C.S. § 5503(a)(1); 18 Pa.C.S. § 5503(a)(4).

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            B. The Commonwealth in bad faith failed to preserve
     exculpatory evidence?
            C. The Commonwealth did not provide discovery?
            D. The Commonwealth withheld exculpatory evidence?
            The Court disagreed as they state the Appellant's concise
     statement was to [sic] vague and the Appellant did not establish
     materiality.
     3. Did the Trial Court err when they denied
            A. Appellant's motion to preserve evidence?
            B. Appellant's motion for compulsary [sic] discovery?
            C. Appellant's motion for violating speedy trial rights?
            D. Appellant's motion for Franks Hearing?
            E. Appellant's motion for reclusal? [sic]
            F. Appellant's motion for Habeas corpus and to Quash
     Magistrate's transcripts?
            The Court disagreed and stated that these motions were
     meritless.
     4. Did the Trial Court err when they compelled Appellant to testify?
            The Court disagrees and states the Trial Court properly
     colloquyed the Appellant prior to his testimony at Trial.
     5. Were Appellant's State and Federal Constitutional rights
     violated by
            A. The Prosecutor's knowingly use of false testimony?
            B. The Commonwealth used tampered evidence in bad faith?
            C. The Prosecutorial misconduct?
            The Court disagreed and states that the Appellant was too
     vague and that the Valerio's video was properly authenticated.
     6. Did the Trial Court err by not merging Count 1 with Count 3?
            The Trial Court disagreed quoting the trial transcripts when
     the Trial Court said the elements of the two crimes are sort of
     different.
     7. Should the criminal case be dismissed as De Minimis?
            The Trial Court disagreed and stated this motion was
     meritless.
     8. Was the Appellant deprived of his rights of effective counsel?
            The Trial Court disagreed and states the Motions Appellant
     requested to be filed were meritless and that at the trial the
     Commonwealth provided Appellant with a copy of the criminal
     complaint as well as the ability to view Valerio's Video.

                                    -3-
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Appellant’s Br. at 5-7.2

        Initially, we note that Appellant has failed to develop a coherent legal

argument in support of parts or all of issues one, two, three, and five in his

appellate brief. “The failure to develop an adequate argument in an appellate

brief   may    result    in   waiver    of     the   claim   under   Pa.R.A.P.   2119.”

Commonwealth v. Beshore, 916 A.2d 1128, 1140 (Pa. Super. 2007)

(citation, quotation marks and brackets omitted). While this Court may

overlook minor defects or omissions in an appellant's brief, it will not act as

his or her appellate counsel. Bombar v. W. Am. Ins. Co., 932 A.2d 78, 93

(Pa. Super. 2007). Sections of Appellant’s brief frequently contain short,

pasted caselaw phrases with no developed connection to an argument.

Appellant’s Br. at 32, 40, 62, 64, 68. Appellant’s arguments for issue one

subparts D and E are not sufficiently developed as they contain, in total,

approximately two sentences each in his brief. Appellant’s Br. at 21-22.

Several times Appellant included partial citations to cases which, upon further

research, do not stand for the cited proposition. Appellant’s Br. at 31, 37

(citing Commonwealth v. Charleston, 94 A.3d 1012 (Pa. Super. 2014)).

Issue three contains bald allegations of bad faith and the detective’s “reckless

disregard for the truth” based on Appellant’s version of events, Appellant’s Br.
____________________________________________

2 We note with extreme displeasure the volume of issues raised on appeal.

Appellant raised twenty-two issues after a non-jury summary offense trial that
lasted less than an hour. The overwhelming number of issues raised impeded
the trial court’s preparation of its 1925(a) opinion addressing the issues, which
nearly precluded appellate review. See Kanter v. Epstein, 866 A.2d 394,
401 (Pa. Super. 2004)

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at 39, 45, 46-49, and ramblings about his personal familial hardships.

Appellant’s Br. at 43-44. Issue five subparts A and C contain bald assertions

that the prosecution used tampered evidence and false, perjured testimony.

Appellant’s Br. at 57-61. In addition to lacking a developed argument relevant

to the facts, Appellant’s argument is confusing and lacks a sound basis in law.

Thus, waiver of these issues is proper in this circumstance since there is

“simply no legitimate appellate issue presented.” Jiricko v. Geico Ins. Co.,

947 A.2d 206, 213 (Pa. Super. 2008) (finding waiver of issues when an

appellant’s five-page 1925(b) statement contained “an incoherent, confusing,

redundant, defamatory rant.” Id.). Appellant’s issue one subparts D and E,

issue two subparts C and D, issue three, and issue five subparts A and C are

thus waived.

      Turning to the issues of which we will address the merits, Appellant’s

first issue is that the evidence was insufficient to convict him of disorderly

conduct, arguing there was insufficient evidence to prove (1) he had the intent

to cause public inconvenience, annoyance or alarm, or recklessly created a

risk thereof; (2) engaged in fighting, threatening, violent, or tumultuous

behavior; (3) he created a hazardous or physically offensive condition; (4) his

actions served no legitimate purpose; and (5) that the evidence was so

inherently unreliable it should be deemed insufficient to convict him beyond a

reasonable doubt. Appellant's Br. at 5.

      The standard we apply in reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence
      is whether viewing all the evidence admitted at trial in the light
      most favorable to the verdict winner, there is sufficient evidence

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      to enable the fact-finder to find every element of the crime beyond
      a reasonable doubt. In applying the above test, we may not weigh
      the evidence and substitute our judgment for the fact-finder. In
      addition, we note that the facts and circumstances established by
      the Commonwealth need not preclude every possibility of
      innocence. Any doubts regarding a defendant's guilt may be
      resolved by the fact-finder unless the evidence is so weak and
      inconclusive that as a matter of law no probability of fact may be
      drawn from the combined circumstances. The Commonwealth
      may sustain its burden of proving every element of the crime
      beyond a reasonable doubt by means of wholly circumstantial
      evidence. Moreover, in applying the above test, the entire record
      must be evaluated and all evidence actually received must be
      considered. Finally, the finder of fact while passing upon the
      credibility of witnesses and the weight of the evidence produced,
      is free to believe all, part or none of the evidence.

Commonwealth v. Antidormi, 84 A.3d 736, 756 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citation

omitted). The disorderly conduct statute provides as follows:

      (a) Offense defined. — A person is guilty of disorderly conduct if,
      with intent to cause public inconvenience, annoyance or alarm, or
      recklessly creating a risk thereof, he:
            (1) engages in fighting or threatening, or in violent or
            tumultuous behavior;
            . . . or
            (4) creates a hazardous or physically offensive condition by
            any act which serves no legitimate purpose of the actor.

18 Pa.C.S. § 5503(a).

      In support of his argument that his actions did not cause public

inconvenience, annoyance, or alarm, he states that neither the victim nor

anyone else was deterred from continuing to drive their intended route, and

that the victim herself was the only person to call 911. Appellant’s Br. at 16.

Relevant to our analysis, “public” is defined in the statute as “affecting or likely

to affect persons in a place to which the public or a substantial group has

access; among the places included . . . transport facilities . . . or any premises

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which are open to the public.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 5503(c). The Pennsylvania

Supreme Court has explained that the statute does not require that an

offender's conduct

      be directed at a certain number of persons that could qualify as
      “the public.” Therefore, when an offender engages in fighting or
      threatening, or in violent or tumultuous behavior in a public arena,
      even when that conduct is directed at only one other person, the
      offender may be subject to conviction for disorderly conduct.

Commonwealth v. Fedorek, 946 A.2d 93, 100 (Pa. 2008) (citation omitted)

(emphasis added). Further, we note that “intent is a subjective frame of mind,

[and] can be proven by direct or circumstantial evidence; it may be inferred

from acts or conduct or from the attendant circumstances.” Commonwealth

v. Bullock, 170 A.3d 1109, 1119 (Pa. Super. 2017) (citations and some

quotation marks omitted).

      Here, the victim testified that Appellant stopped his vehicle in the middle

of the road at a green light and got out of his car, and that his approach and

following behavior caused alarm, and the trial court found this testimony

credible. Tr. Ct. Op. at 6-7. We will not reweigh the credibility of any witness

or evidence, and we find that Appellant getting out of his car in the middle of

a public road would reasonably imply intent to “cause public inconvenience,

annoyance or alarm, or recklessly create[e] a risk thereof[.]” See 18 Pa.C.S.

§ 5503(a)(1).

      In support of Appellant’s argument that Appellant did not engage in

fighting, threatening, violent, or tumultuous behavior, he states that “it is

unreasonable for a fact-finder to expect the Appellant who at the time weighed

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270 pounds and was of an athletic build intended, expected, or risked

engaging in fisticuffs with a woman weighing 150 pounds[.]” Appellant’s Br.

at 17. Additionally, he states that he never voiced any threat. Id. The trial

court found credible the victim’s testimony that Appellant said he would “fuck

[her] up” and that he was going to kill her. Tr. Ct. Op. at 7. The trial court as

factfinder was free to believe the testimony that Appellant verbally threatened

the victim, satisfying this element of the statute.

      In support of his argument that Appellant did not create a hazardous or

physically offensive condition, he asserts that because his conduct does not

meet 75 Pa.C.S. § 3364 – Impeding Traffic, or 18 Pa.C.S. § 5507 – Obstructing

Public Highways, that traffic movement was reasonable and thus there was no

risk of hazard. Appellant’s Br. at 19. He also cites caselaw suggesting that

words alone cannot constitute assault. Id. at 20. However, he was not charged

under those sections or with assault so it is irrelevant whether or not his

conduct satisfies the elements of those crimes. Since he makes no further

argument, this issue fails.

      Subpart A of Appellant’s second issue is that Appellant was denied due

process because no preliminary hearing transcripts are available. Appellant’s

Br. at 29. The preliminary hearing was held on March 3, 2022 before

Magisterial District Judge Beveridge at which Appellant was represented by

counsel from the Erie County Public Defender’s Office. However, the testimony

at that hearing was not preserved and no recording or transcript exists.

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      Appellant cites Commonwealth v. Dean, 501 A.2d 269 (Pa. Super.

1985), for the proposition that the production of a transcript of the testimony

of a preliminary hearing is mandatory, and that its absence deprives the

defendant     of   counsel's   ability    to   effectively   cross-examine   the

Commonwealth's witnesses. Appellant’s Br. at 29. Appellant's reliance on

Dean is misplaced; the holding in Dean is limited to the proposition that,

upon request, an indigent defendant is entitled to a preliminary hearing

transcript at the Commonwealth's expense. Dean at 270. The Dean Court

made no pronouncement that preliminary hearings must always be reduced

to a verbatim record; the Court specifically rejected the notion that its holding

supports the contention Appellant attempted to advance:

      It is not inconsistent to hold that the absence of a preliminary
      hearing transcript does not necessarily deprive a defendant of a
      fair trial or due process of law and to also recognize that unequal
      access to such a transcript, depending on a defendant's economic
      ability to buy it, is a violation of the Equal Protection Clause.

Dean, 501 A.2d at 271.

      Here, there was no disparate treatment of the defendant due to his

indigence, or indeed, for any other reason. Rather, the lack of a verbatim

record of the preliminary hearing was presumably due to a technical

malfunction. The lack of a preliminary hearing transcript by itself has not been

held by our courts to be a denial of due process of law. On the contrary, it has

long been the rule that there is no per se requirement that preliminary

hearings be transcribed verbatim. See Commonwealth v. Minifield, 310

A.2d 366 (Pa. Super. 1973). In this case, both the Commonwealth and the

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defense were necessarily limited to whatever notes they may have made

contemporaneously with the preliminary hearing. There is no suggestion that

the defense was in any way less able to avail itself of means to memorialize

the testimony at the preliminary hearing than was the Commonwealth.

      In addition, and more importantly, Appellant has not established that

he was prejudiced by the lack of a preliminary hearing transcript. Appellant

was not unable to cross-examine Commonwealth witnesses as to prior

inconsistent statements.    The record reveals that during Appellant’s cross-

examination of the victim during trial, Appellant was able to raise

inconsistencies between the victim’s testimony at the preliminary hearing and

the testimony at trial. N.T. at 15, 19, 21. During Detective Ginkel’s cross-

examination, Appellant had the opportunity to ask questions about his

perceived inconsistencies between what the video evidence showed and the

victim’s testimony. N.T. at 32, 33. Thus, Appellant’s due process rights were

not violated.

      Subpart B of Appellant’s second issue is that Appellant was denied due

process and a fair trial because of the Commonwealth’s failure to preserve

exculpatory evidence. Appellant’s Br. at 32. Specifically, Appellant asserts that

a recording of the 911 call from the victim and a recording of the interview

between the detective and the victim would have proved the victim was

misrepresenting facts at trial and thus, the Commonwealth violated the

principles of Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, (1963), by failing to produce

those recordings. Appellant’s Br. at 32, 34. Appellant reinterests in his reply

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brief that the failure to provide the 911 call and witness interview is

inexcusable because he specifically requested it. Appellant’s Reply Br. at 2.

      In Brady, the United States Supreme Court held that “suppression by

the prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon request violates due

process where the evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment,

irrespective of the good faith or bad faith of the prosecution.” Brady, 373 U.S.

at 87. In order to establish that the Commonwealth committed a Brady

violation, the defense must demonstrate that: (1) the evidence was

suppressed by the Commonwealth, either willfully or inadvertently; (2) the

evidence was favorable to the defendant; and (3) the evidence was material,

in that its omission resulted in prejudice to the defendant. Commonwealth

v. Antidormi, A.3d 736, 747 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citing Commonwealth v.

Haskins, 60 A.3d 538, 545 (Pa. Super. 2012)).

      Here, it is undisputed that the Commonwealth did not produce a

recording of the 911 call or the police interview. Appellant contends that

evidence from the interview between the detective and victim was favorable

and material to his defense, as it “would have been a treasure trove of

exculpatory evidence no longer available because of the bad faith committed

by the Commonwealth.” Appellant’s Br. at 35. Despite Appellant’s assertions,

however, we are unable to make a determination of the favorability or

materiality of the evidence since the contents of the 911 call and interview

were never preserved.

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      In these instances, where the evidence was never viewed by the defense

and   therefore   only   potentially   useful,   Brady   does   not   govern   our

determination of whether or not a due process violation occurred. Instead,

evidence that is only potentially useful constitutes a separate category of

evidence to which a defendant has constitutionally guaranteed access under

the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Commonwealth v.

Chamberlain, 30 A.3d 381, 402 (Pa. 2011). In these cases, a determination

of whether a due process violation has occurred is governed by Arizona v.

Youngblood, 488 U.S. 51, (1988). Commonwealth v. Feese, 79 A.3d 1101,

1109 (Pa. Super. 2013).

      In Youngblood, the defendant was convicted of child molestation,

sexual assault, and kidnaping. Youngblood, 488 U.S. at 52. The police

improperly preserved the blood, saliva, and semen samples that were

collected from the victim and his clothing. Id. at 52-54. Thus, the samples,

when subjected to testing, provided inconclusive results. Id. at 54-55. After

being convicted based on the victim's identification of the defendant as the

perpetrator, the defendant filed an appeal to the United States Supreme

Court, asking the high court to determine whether the omission of evidence

that was destroyed by the state, which had the potential to exonerate him,

deprived the defendant of a fair trial. The Youngblood Court held:

      The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, as
      interpreted in Brady, makes the good or bad faith of the State
      irrelevant when the State fails to disclose to the defendant
      material exculpatory evidence. But we think the Due Process
      Clause requires a different result when we deal with the failure of

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      the State to preserve evidentiary material of which no more can
      be said than that it could have been subjected to tests, the results
      of which might have exonerated the defendant.

Id. at 57. Thus, the Supreme Court concluded that “unless a criminal

defendant can show bad faith on the part of the police, failure to preserve

potentially useful evidence does not constitute a denial of due process of law.”

Id. at 58.

      In this case, Appellant failed to present any evidence or argument

relevant to Youngblood to establish that the Commonwealth acted in bad

faith. Instead, Appellant focused his argument that the Commonwealth's

failure to produce the 911 call or police interview establishes a Brady

violation. As Brady is not the proper inquiry in this instance, we conclude that

Appellant has not preserved the proper argument for appeal, and his claim is

accordingly waived. See Commonwealth v. Rush, 959 A.2d 945, 949 (Pa.

Super. 2008) (“[F]or any claim that was required to be preserved, this Court

cannot review a legal theory in support of that claim unless that particular

legal theory was presented to the trial court.”); Pa.R.A.P. 302(a) (“Issues not

raised in the lower court are waived and cannot be raised for the first time on

appeal.”).

      Appellant’s fourth claim is that his rights were violated when the court

compelled him to testify. The trial court’s discussion of this issue in its 1925(a)

opinion sufficiently states:

             Appellant avers the trial Court compelled him to testify at
      trial. This claim is belied by the record. The Court spoke with
      Appellant prior to his testimony:

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              The Court: OK. Mr. Voorhis, this is your opportunity to
              testify if you wish. It's entirely up to you. In any type of
              criminal case, the defendant has a right not to testify, and
              no negative inference can be drawn from that, but it's up to
              you what you want to do.
              Mr. Voorhis: I would like to testify.
              The Court: You want to?
              Mr. Voorhis: Yes.
       Trial Tr. 35.
              Thus, the Court properly colloquyed Appellant prior to his
       testifying at trial. Appellant, therefore, was not compelled to
       testify against his wishes.

Tr. Ct. Op. at 6 (italic emphasis added). Accordingly, we find no error by the

trial court in this regard.

       Subpart B of Appellant’s fifth issue claims that the Commonwealth used

tampered evidence in bad faith. Appellant’s Br. at 60. Specifically, Appellant

argues that the video footage of the incident that was played at trial was not

a download of the original footage but instead a duplicate recording.3 Id. at

60-61. Our review of the record reveals that Appellant failed to object when

the foundation was laid for the introduction of the video or when the trial court

judge admitted the video into evidence. N.T. at 24-25. It is well settled that a

“[f]ailure to raise a contemporaneous objection to the evidence at trial waives
____________________________________________

3 To the extent Appellant argues the duplicate video violates Pennsylvania’s

best evidence rule, his interpretation of the rule is incorrect. While testimony
to prove content is inadmissible if neither an original nor a duplicate is
introduced, “[a] duplicate is admissible[,] to the same extent as the original[,]
unless a genuine question is raised about the original's authenticity or the
circumstances make it unfair to admit the duplicate.” Pa.R.E. 1003. Here, the
video which was a duplicate recording was properly authenticated. N.T. at 24-
25. The comment to the rule also notes that since the best evidence rule was
enacted, “[t]he extension [of admitting] all accurate copies seems justified in
light of modern practice” where copies are “made by techniques that are more
likely to produce accurate copies.” Pa.R.E. 1003 cmt.

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that claim on appeal.” Commonwealth v. Thoeun Tha, 64 A.3d 704, 713

(Pa. Super. 2013) (citations omitted); see also Pa.R.A.P. 302(a) (“Issues not

raised in the lower court are waived and cannot be raised for the first time on

appeal.”). Therefore, this issue is waived.

      Appellant’s sixth claim is that the trial court erred by not merging counts

one and three. Appellant’s Br. at 64. Specifically, he argues that because the

crimes are nearly identical, the sentences should have merged or been run

concurrently. We disagree.

      Appellant's merger claim implicates the legality of sentence and thus

our standard of review is de novo and the scope of review is plenary. See

Commonwealth v. Collins, 764 A.2d 1056, 1057 n.1 (Pa. 2001).

      Section 9765 of the Sentencing Code provides:

      No crimes shall merge for sentencing purposes unless the crimes
      arise from a single criminal act and all of the statutory elements
      of one offense are included in the statutory elements of the other
      offense. Where crimes merge for sentencing purposes, the court
      may sentence the defendant only on the higher graded offense.

42 Pa.C.S. § 9765. Merger, therefore, is appropriate only when two distinct

criteria are satisfied: (1) the crimes arise from a single criminal act; and (2)

all of the statutory elements of one of the offenses are included within the

statutory elements of the other. “[T]he plain language of Section 9765

precludes courts from merging sentences when each offense contains a

statutory element that the other does not.” Commonwealth v. Raven, 97

A.3d 1244, 1250 (Pa. Super. 2014). This rule applies irrespective of whether

the offenses are codified in different statutes or in different subsections of the

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same statute. See id. at 1251-52 (different statutes); Commonwealth v.

Rhoades, 8 A.3d 912, 918 (Pa. Super. 2010) (different subsections of the

same statute).

      Appellant was found guilty of two counts of disorderly conduct under

two different subsections of the statute: 18 Pa.C.S. § 5503(a)(1) and 18

Pa.C.S. § 5503(a)(4). The statute provides:

      (a) Offense defined. — A person is guilty of disorderly conduct if,
      with intent to cause public inconvenience, annoyance or alarm, or
      recklessly creating a risk thereof, he:
            (1) engages in fighting or threatening, or in violent or
            tumultuous behavior;
            . . . or
            (4) creates a hazardous or physically offensive condition by
            any act which serves no legitimate purpose of the actor.

18 Pa.C.S. § 5503(a).

      Each of these subsections contains an element that the other does not.

Subsection 5503(a)(1) requires proof that the defendant engaged in fighting

or threatening behavior. Subsection 5503(a)(4) requires proof that the

defendant created a hazardous condition that serves no legitimate reason.

Given these disparate elements, the Commonwealth can prove a violation of

one subsection without proving a violation of the other. Accordingly, the trial

court did not err in refusing to merge Appellant's Subsection 5503(a)(1)

violation with his Subsection 5503(a)(4) violation. See Raven, supra and

Rhoades, supra.

      Appellant’s seventh issue is that his criminal case should be dismissed

as de minimis because no harm was caused by his actions. Appellant’s Br. at

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66. Section 312 of the Crimes Code states that the court shall dismiss the

prosecution if it finds the defendant's conduct:

      (1) was within a customary license or tolerance, neither expressly
      negatived by the person whose interest was infringed nor
      inconsistent with the purpose of the law defining the offense;
      (2) did not actually cause or threaten the harm or evil sought to
      be prevented by the law defining the offense or did so only to an
      extent too trivial to warrant the condemnation of conviction; or
      (3) presents such other extenuations that it cannot reasonably be
      regarded as envisaged by the General Assembly or other authority
      in forbidding the offense.

18 Pa.C.S. § 312(a). We review the refusal to dismiss under Section 312 for

abuse of discretion. Commonwealth v. Lutes, 793 A.2d 949, 963 (Pa. Super.

2002).

      This issue is also meritless. “An offense alleged to be de minimis in

nature should not be dismissed where either harm to the victim or society in

fact occurs.” Id.; accord Commonwealth v. Toomer, 159 A.3d 956, 960

(Pa. Super. 2017). In other words, the court does not abuse its discretion in

refusing to dismiss the charges where the conduct of the offender actually

caused public alarm, annoyance, or inconvenience. Lutes, 793 A.2d at 963.

Here, the trial court states in its 1925(a) opinion that it did find Appellant’s

conduct constituted fighting, threatening, violent, or tumultuous behavior,

and that it created a hazardous or physically offensive condition. Tr. Ct. Op.

at 7. The court found credible the victim’s testimony that the incident was

“very, very scary,” “nerve-racking,” and has affected her since. Appellant’s

conduct caused the type of harm sought to be prevented by the statue defining

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the offense, and thus the court did not abuse its discretion in failing to dismiss

the case as de minims.

      Appellant’s eighth issue is that he was deprived of his right to effective

assistance. Appellant’s Br. at 68. The Commonwealth argues that Appellant

may not raise ineffectiveness claims on direct appeal but must instead raise

them in a PCRA petition. Appellee’s Br. at 6 (citing Commonwealth v. Grant,

813 A.2d 726 (Pa. 2002)). In Grant, our Supreme Court held that, as a

general rule, defendants must defer ineffective assistance of counsel claims

to collateral review. In Commonwealth v. O'Berg, 880 A.2d 597 (Pa. 2005),

the Court declined to recognize a categorical exception to Grant's general

deferral rule, which would have permitted defendants with short sentences of

incarceration, who would likely be ineligible for PCRA review as they would no

longer be in custody, to present ineffectiveness claims on direct appeal.

However,    in   specific   limited   circumstances,   a   defendant   may   raise

ineffectiveness claims in post-sentence motions and on direct appeal. See,

Commonwealth v. Holmes, 79 A.3d 562, 563-64 (Pa. 2013). The Holmes

case softened Grant’s steadfast rule:

      “unitary review offers defendants who receive shorter prison
      sentences or probationary sentences the prospect of litigating
      their    constitutional  claims   sounding     in  trial counsel
      ineffectiveness; for many of these defendants, post-appeal PCRA
      review may prove unavailable.” [Holmes, 79 A.3d] at 578.
      Considering that the United States Supreme Court had recently
      emphasized “the constitutional primacy of claims involving the
      ineffectiveness of trial counsel,” id. (citing e.g., Martinez v.
      Ryan, 566 U.S. 1, 132 S. Ct. 1309, 182 L. Ed. 2d 272 (2012) and
      Trevino v. Thaler, 569 U.S. 413, 133 S. Ct. 1911, 185 L. Ed. 2d

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      1044 (2013)), the Holmes Court found unitary review in short
      sentence cases to be valuable. Id. Accordingly, we directed trial
      courts to “err on the side of favoring the vindication of
      constitutional rights otherwise susceptible to forfeiture,” and
      conveyed confidence that trial courts in short sentence cases will
      recognize these concerns and liberally permit unitary review.
      Holmes, 79 A.3d at 578.

Commonwealth v. Delgros, 183 A.3d 352, 361 (Pa. 2018).

      Because Appellant received a short sentence and was given credit for

time served, in the interest of justice we will briefly analyze if this case is one

of the limited circumstances in which the claim should be heard on direct

appeal. Here, Appellant’s sentence was 45-90 days on each count, for a total

of 90-180 days. Sentencing Order, 2/6/22. Appellant has served this time.

N.T. at 44. However, in order to be eligible for PCRA relief, the statute provides

that at the time relief is granted, petitioner must be “currently serving a

sentence of imprisonment, probation or parole for the crime.” 42 Pa.C.S. §

9543(a)(1)(i). Appellant will never be eligible for PCRA relief, and thus we will

“err on the side of favoring vindication of constitutional rights” and address

the merits.

      Appellant’s ineffective assistance issue specifically avers that the Public

Defender’s Office refused to file various motions prior to him deciding to

represent himself. Appellant’s Br. at 68. He argues that the motions had merit

and would have brought relief. Id.

      As the starting point for our review of any ineffectiveness claim,
      we presume that counsel is effective. Commonwealth v. Cross,
      535 Pa. 38, 634 A.2d 173 (Pa. 1993). In order to overcome this
      presumption and establish that counsel was indeed ineffective, an
      appellant must establish three points. First, Appellant must show

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      that the underlying claim is of arguable merit. Commonwealth
      v. Travaglia, 541 Pa. 108, 661 A.2d 352, 356 (Pa. 1995).
      Second, Appellant must prove that counsel's action or inaction
      was not grounded on any reasonable basis. Id. In determining
      whether counsel's action was reasonable, we do not question
      whether there were other more reasonable courses of action which
      counsel could have pursued; rather, we must examine whether
      counsel's decisions had any reasonable basis. Commonwealth v.
      Pierce, 515 Pa. 153, 527 A.2d 973, 975 (Pa. 1987). Finally,
      Appellant must establish that “but for the act or omission in
      question, the outcome of the proceedings would have been
      different.” Travaglia, 661 A.2d at 357. “If it is clear that
      Appellant has not met the prejudice prong of the ineffectiveness
      standard, the claim may be dismissed on that basis alone and the
      court need not first determine whether the first and second prongs
      have been met.” Id. We also note that an “appellant cannot obtain
      post-conviction review of claims previously litigated on appeal by
      alleging ineffective assistance of prior counsel and presenting new
      theories of relief to support previously litigated claims.”
      Commonwealth v. Beasley, 544 Pa. 554, 678 A.2d 773, 778
      (Pa. 1996).

Commonwealth v. Porter, 728 A.2d 890, 895-96 (Pa. 1999).

      Here, the inaction of Appellant’s public defenders in failing to file various

motions was justified because the motions were meritless. The trial court

states,

      Appellant was assigned a Public Defender on April 1, 2022. On
      October 11, 2022, Appellant filed a Petition to Proceed Pro-Se and
      Waiver of Counsel. The Public Defender then filed a Motion to
      Withdraw, which was granted following a hearing on October 19,
      2022. The Public Defender was appointed stand-by counsel.
      Between April 1, 2022, and October 11, 2022, while represented
      by the Public Defender, Appellant filed voluminous requests
      directed to his counsel. On October 24, 2022, after Appellant was
      proceeding pro-se, the Court ordered the Commonwealth to file a
      response to Appellant’s Motions (including those requests filed
      while the Appellant was represented by the Public Defender.) In
      its October 26, 2022, response, the Commonwealth stated that
      Appellant's Motions were meritless. Additionally, in an effort to
      expedite this matter, the Commonwealth stated that a Motion to

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      Amend Criminal Charges to proceed to a summary trial would be
      filed. The Court denied Appellant’s Motions as meritless on
      October 26, 2022. Thus, the Public Defender did not err in failing
      to file meritless motions.

Tr. Ct. Op. at 1-2. The trial court further found that all of the correspondences

sent to the court from the DOC were meritless motions. Because the trial court

found that the motions were meritless, Appellant cannot satisfy the arguable

merit prong. We also note that ineffective assistance of counsel claims are not

self-proving, and Appellant cannot prevail on undeveloped claims consisting

of boilerplate allegations. See Commonwealth v. Pierce, 786 A.2d 203, 221

(Pa. 2001) (petitioner cannot prevail on an ineffective assistance claim absent

an “analysis of the record or specific allegations of how [counsel's] failure . .

. prejudiced him.”); see also Commonwealth v. Wholaver, 177 A.3d 136,

144 (Pa. 2018) (stating that “[a] PCRA petitioner must address each of the

[ineffective assistance of counsel] prongs on appeal”). Indeed, in Appellant’s

brief, he devotes almost his entire argument to directing the Court to his

arguments for merit, save for the first paragraph where he baldly asserts the

motions would have brought relief. Appellant’s Br. at 68-70; see also

Commonwealth v. Paddy, 15 A.3d 431, 443 (Pa. 2011) (providing that

“boilerplate allegations and bald assertions ... cannot satisfy a petitioner's

burden to prove that counsel was ineffective.”); Wholaver, supra.

Accordingly, Appellant has failed to establish his claim of ineffective assistance

of counsel.

      Judgment of Sentence Affirmed.

      President Judge Panella joins the memorandum.

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     Judge Olson concurs in the result.

 12/27/2023

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