Court Opinion

ID: 9940109
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-02-13 17:12:29.580284+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:44:39.933498
License: Public Domain

J-S02023-24

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA               :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                               :
                v.                             :
                                               :
                                               :
    SAMUEL IJAH STEWART                        :
                                               :
                       Appellant               :   No. 1334 EDA 2023

         Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered May 10, 2023
     In the Court of Common Pleas of Monroe County Criminal Division at
                       No(s): CP-45-CR-0000300-2022

BEFORE:      LAZARUS, P.J., MURRAY, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*

MEMORANDUM BY MURRAY, J.:                           FILED FEBRUARY 13, 2024

       Samuel Ijah Stewart (Appellant) appeals from the judgment of sentence

entered following his non-jury convictions of driving under the influence (DUI)

(Controlled Substance Impaired Ability)1 and related traffic offenses.

Appellant claims the suppression court2 erred in denying his motion to

suppress evidence seized from the stop of his vehicle. After careful review,

we affirm.

____________________________________________

* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.

1 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 3802(d)(2). The trial court convicted Appellant of additional
counts of DUI, which merged with the instant offense for sentencing purposes.

2 Although President Judge Margherita Patti Worthington presided over
Appellant’s trial, Judge Arthur L. Zulick adjudicated his suppression claim.
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       On June 12, 2021, police stopped Appellant as he was operating his

motorcycle. As a result of the stop, police subsequently charged Appellant

with DUI and related offenses. On July 14, 2022, Appellant filed a nunc pro

tunc omnibus pretrial motion challenging the legality of the traffic stop. 3 The

trial court conducted a hearing on September 27, 2022, at which the following

evidence was presented:

              The Commonwealth called Pennsylvania State Trooper
       Jeffrey Miller as its only witness. Trooper Miller testified that he
       was on patrol … in Stroudsburg after the beginning of his 2300 to
       0700 shift at the intersection of Ninth and Main Streets[,] when
       he saw a light-colored motorcycle proceed through a steady red
       light at a high rate of speed. It was going east on Main. [Trooper
       Miller] waited for traffic to clear because the light he was facing
       was going from green to red. He then put on his emergency lights
       and siren and proceeded down Main Street in pursuit of the
       motorcycle. He briefly lost sight of the motorcycle.

              [Trooper Miller] proceeded three blocks east on Main Street,
       traveling between 40 and 50 miles per hour through two additional
       lights[,] and came upon [Appellant on] a light-colored motorcycle
       doing a U-turn on Main[,] at the traffic light at the intersection of
       Sixth and Main[,] from the eastbound lane to the westbound lane.
       At the same location, another light-colored motorcycle was
       backing out of a parking space on the north side of Main Street
       just west of the intersection. That driver fled [] the scene at a
       high rate of speed, travelling westbound on Main Street. Trooper
       Miller stopped the motorcycle doing the U-turn and made contact
       with the driver, who was [Appellant]. Trooper Miller immediately
       detected the odor of marijuana and alcohol emanating from
       [Appellant’s] breath and body.

____________________________________________

3 In his motion, Appellant argued “[t]he stop lacked reasonable suspicion or

probable cause.”          Omnibus Motion Nunc Pro Tunc, 7/14/22, at ¶ 26
(emphasis added).

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Trial Court Opinion, 7/12/23, 2-3 (some capitalization modified).          At the

conclusion of the hearing, the suppression court denied Appellant’s motion,

determining “the police had reasonable suspicion to stop [Appellant] to

investigate the red[-]light infraction, and then probable cause to arrest him

for [DUI] after the further investigation at the scene of the stop.” Id. at 5.

       Appellant proceeded to a non-jury trial on March 6, 2023, whereupon

he was convicted by the trial court of DUI (Controlled Substance Impaired

Ability) and related traffic offenses. Id. at 1. On May 10, 2023, the trial court

sentenced Appellant to 72 hours to 6 months’ incarceration for the DUI, as

well as fines for the traffic offenses. Id. Appellant filed a timely appeal. Both

the trial court and Appellant have complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.

       On appeal, Appellant presents the following issues4:

____________________________________________

4 In his brief, Appellant asserts police did not have “probable cause to illegally

extend the traffic stop beyond the mission of issuing a citation for the alleged
traffic offense.” Appellant’s Brief at 19. Appellant neither included this issue
in his court-ordered Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) concise statement, nor did he
meaningfully develop this issue in his brief. Accordingly, the issue is waived.
See Commonwealth v. Lord, 719 A.2d 306, 309 (Pa. 1998) (“Any issues
not raised in a Rule 1925(b) statement will be deemed waived”);
Commonwealth v. Taylor, 277 A.3d 577, 591 (Pa. Super. 2022) (“It is not
this Court’s duty to develop arguments for an appellant.”) Even if Appellant
had preserved this issue, the record clearly established police “immediately
detected the odor of marijuana and alcohol emanating from [Appellant’s]
breath and body.” N.T., 9/27/22, at 16. Consequently, Appellant’s argument
would fail. See Commonwealth v. Sloan, 303 A.3d 155, 166 (Pa. Super.
2023) (holding the odor of burnt marijuana, inter alia, established reasonable
suspicion to prolong a traffic stop); Commonwealth v. Hughes, 908 A.2d
924, 928 (Pa. Super. 2006) (holding the odor of alcohol, inter alia, sufficient
to justify DUI arrest).

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      I.     Whether the lower court erred when it denied the
      Appellant’s suppression motion when the record shows the police’s
      traffic stop was devoid of reasonable suspicion or probable cause
      in violation of the Fourth Amendment of the United States
      Constitution and Article I[,] Section 8 of the Constitution of the
      Commonwealth of Pennsylvania? ….

      II.   Whether the lower court erred when it did not, after a
      hearing, suppress evidence against the Appellant when the record
      shows the police conducted a traffic stop on the basis of
      misidentification and error? .…

Appellant’s Brief at 5. Because these claims are related, we consider them

together.

      Appellant’s challenges the trial court’s denial of his suppression motion.

Our review

      is limited to determining whether the factual findings are
      supported by the record and whether the legal conclusions drawn
      from those facts are correct. We are bound by the suppression
      court’s factual findings so long as they are supported by the
      record; our standard of review on questions of law is de novo.
      Where, as here, the defendant is appealing the ruling of the
      suppression court, we may consider only the evidence of the
      Commonwealth and so much of the evidence for the defense as
      remains uncontradicted. Our scope of review of suppression
      rulings includes only the suppression hearing record and excludes
      evidence elicited at trial.

Commonwealth v. McMahon, 280 A.3d 1069, 1071 (Pa. Super. 2022)

(quoting Commonwealth v. Yandamuri, 159 A.3d 503, 516 (Pa. 2017)).

“It is within the suppression court’s sole province as factfinder to pass on the

credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony.”

Commonwealth v. Clemens, 6 A.3d 373, 378 (Pa. Super. 2013). “We are

highly deferential to the suppression court’s factual findings and credibility

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determination[s].” Commonwealth v. Carmenates, 266 A.3d 1117, 1123

(Pa. Super. 2021). “If the record supports the suppression court’s findings,

we may not substitute our own findings.” Id.

     Appellant argues the suppression court “impermissibly accepted facts

that are unsupported by the record.” Id. at 30. He contends the suppression

court’s failure to accept his misidentification defense led to the erroneous

conclusion that Trooper Miller’s traffic stop was supported by the requisite

quantum of cause. Appellant’s Brief at 28-31.

     Where a defendant files a motion seeking to suppress evidence, “[t]he

Commonwealth shall have the burden of going forward with the evidence and

of establishing that the challenged evidence was not obtained in violation of

the defendant’s rights.” Pa.R.Crim.P. 581(H); see also id., Comment (stating

that the standard of proof is a preponderance of the evidence).

     The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I,

Section 8 of the Pennsylvania Constitution prohibit unreasonable searches and

seizures. See Commonwealth v. Thompson, 289 A.3d 1104, 1107 (Pa.

Super. 2023). A traffic stop constitutes a “seizure” within this framework.

See Commonwealth v. Malloy, 257 A.3d 142, 147 (Pa. Super. 2021).

     The requisite cause required for a traffic stop is settled:

            If a police officer possesses reasonable suspicion that a
     violation of Pennsylvania’s Motor Vehicle Code (MVC) is occurring
     or has occurred, he may stop the vehicle involved for the purpose
     of obtaining information necessary to enforce the provisions of the
     MVC. Reasonable suspicion is a relatively low standard and
     depends on the information possessed by police and its degree of

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       reliability in the totality of the circumstances. In order to justify
       the stop, an officer must be able to point to specific and articulable
       facts which led him to reasonably suspect a violation of the MVC.
       The standard for assessing whether a given set of observations
       constitutes reasonable suspicion is an objective one, based on the
       totality of the circumstances.

              However, we have further explained:

             Mere reasonable suspicion will not justify a vehicle stop
       when the driver’s detention cannot serve an investigatory purpose
       relevant to the suspected violation. ... If it is not necessary to
       stop the vehicle to establish that a violation of the MVC has
       occurred, an officer must possess probable cause to stop
       the vehicle.

              To establish probable cause, the officer must be able to
       articulate specific facts possessed by him at the time of the
       questioned stop, which would provide probable cause to believe
       that the vehicle or the driver was in some violation of some
       provision of the MVC.

Commonwealth v. Shaw, 246 A.3d 879, 883-84 (Pa. Super. 2021)

(brackets, paragraph breaks, quotation marks, and internal citations omitted;

emphasis added).

       Instantly, Trooper Miller testified that he observed Appellant drive

through a steady red light.         See N.T., 9/27/22, at 13, 38.     Indeed, the

suppression court specifically determined Trooper Miller “had reasonable

suspicion to stop [Appellant] to investigate the red[-]light infraction[.]”5

____________________________________________

5 Appellant states throughout his brief that Trooper Miller stopped him for the

additional traffic offense of making an illegal U-turn. See Appellant’s Brief at
10, 11, 16, 25, 28. Although Trooper Miller indicated that Appellant “related
he made an illegal U-turn on Main St[reet],” Affidavit of Probable Cause,
8/20/21, at 1, the Commonwealth elicited no testimony that the U-turn was
(Footnote Continued Next Page)

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1925(a) Opinion, 7/12/23, at 5. The statute governing red-light infractions

provides in pertinent part:

       (a) General rule.--Whenever traffic is controlled by traffic-
       control signals exhibiting different colored lights, or colored
       lighted arrows, successively one at a time or in combination, only
       the colors green, red and yellow shall be used, except for special
       pedestrian signals carrying a word legend, and the lights shall
       indicate and apply to drivers of vehicles and pedestrians as
       follows:

              (3) Steady red indication.--

                     (i) Vehicular traffic facing a steady red signal alone
                     shall stop at a clearly marked stop line, or if none,
                     before entering the crosswalk on the near side of the
                     intersection, or if none, then before entering the
                     intersection and shall remain standing until an
                     indication to proceed is shown except as provided in
                     subparagraph (ii).

                     (ii) Unless signing is in place prohibiting a turn,
                     vehicular traffic facing a steady red signal may enter
                     the intersection to turn right, or to turn left from a
                     one-way highway onto a one-way highway after
                     stopping as required by subparagraph (i). Such
                     vehicular traffic shall yield the right-of-way to
                     pedestrians lawfully within an adjacent crosswalk and
                     to other traffic lawfully using the intersection.

75 Pa.C.S.A. § 3112(a)(3)(i-ii).

____________________________________________

made unsafely or that it interfered with other traffic. See 75 Pa.C.S.A. §
3332(a) (“The driver of any vehicle shall not turn the vehicle so as to proceed
in the opposite direction unless the movement can be made in safety and
without interfering with other traffic.”). We may not, therefore, conclude that
the U-turn was unlawful such to give rise to probable cause to effectuate a
traffic stop. See Commonwealth v. Green, 265 A.3d 541 (Pa. 2021) (“When
the sole issue on appeal relates to a suppression ruling, our review includes
only the suppression hearing record.”)

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      Although it appears this Court has not specifically addressed the level of

suspicion needed to stop a vehicle for violation of 75 Pa.C.S.A. § 3112, we

previously stated in dicta that

      it is hard to imagine that an officer following a vehicle whose driver
      is suspected of driving at an unsafe speed would discover anything
      further from a stop and investigation. Similarly, if an officer who
      observes a driver run a red light or drive the wrong way on a
      one-way street, the officer either does or does not have
      probable cause to believe there has been a violation of the
      Vehicle Code. A subsequent stop of the vehicle is not likely to
      yield any more evidence to aid in the officer’s determination.

Commonwealth v. Sands, 887 A.2d 261, 270 (Pa. Super. 2005) (emphasis

added); see also Commonwealth v. Chase, 960 A.2d 108, 115 (Pa. 2008)

(quoting the above language and observing, “[t]his logic is correct”).         Cf.

Commonwealth v. Haines, 166 A.3d 449, 455 (Pa. Super. 2017) (“Whether

the offense is speeding, failing to stay in a single lane, or driving the wrong

way on a one-way street, no evidence relevant to the offense is likely to be

found in the offending vehicle.” (citations omitted)).

      Consistent with the foregoing, we conclude that Trooper Miller required

probable cause to stop Appellant for violating Section 3112(a)(3). Trooper

Miller’s detention of Appellant could not have served an investigatory purpose

that would “yield any more evidence to aid in [his] determination” of whether

Appellant proceeded through a steady red light. See Shaw, 246 A.3d at 884.

      Probable cause exists “where the facts and circumstances within the

officers’ knowledge are sufficient to warrant a person of reasonable caution in

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the belief that an offense has been or is being committed.” Commonwealth

v. Stultz, 114 A.3d 865, 883 (Pa. Super. 2015).

      Probable cause is made out when the facts and circumstances
      which are within the knowledge of the officer at the time of the
      arrest, and of which he has reasonably trustworthy information,
      are sufficient to warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief
      that the suspect has committed or is committing a crime. The
      question we ask is not whether the officer’s belief was correct or
      more likely true than false. Rather, we require only a probability,
      and not a prima facie showing, of criminal activity. In determining
      whether probable cause exists, we apply a totality of the
      circumstances test.

Commonwealth v. Thompson, 985 A.2d 928, 931 (Pa. 2009) (citations,

quotations, quotations marks, and emphasis omitted). “[W]e must remember

that in dealing with questions of probable cause, we are not dealing with

certainties. We are dealing with the factual and practical considerations of

everyday life on which reasonable and prudent men act.” Commonwealth

v. Dennis, 612 A.2d 1014, 1016 (Pa. Super. 1992) (citation omitted).

      At the suppression hearing, Trooper Miller testified that he “observed a

light in color motorcycle proceed through a steady red light at a high rate of

speed,” traveling east on Main Street. N.T., 9/27/22, at 13. He initially lost

sight of the motorcyclist. Id. at 15. Once it was safe to do so, he proceeded

down Main Street, with emergency lights and siren activated, to engage the

motorcyclist. Id. at 14. Trooper Miller testified the red-light infraction was

his basis for activating his lights and siren. Id. at 29-30.

      Trooper Miller testified he observed two motorcycles “together at the

intersection of Main Street, just west of its intersection with North 6th Street.”

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Id. at 14. One of the motorcycles “was backing out of a parking stall.” Id.

The motorcycle operated by Appellant “wasn’t coming from a parking stall. It

was coming westbound, as if it would’ve made a U-turn.” Id. at 28. Both

motorcycles were facing west on Main Street. Id. at 14. Upon the officer’s

approach, the motorcyclist exiting the parking stall fled west at a high rate of

speed. Id. at 14-15. Trooper Miller noted that his body camera video showed

the motorcyclist leaving the parking stall “moving his feet back and forth, back

and forth[.]” Id. at 33. He explained that motorcycles “don’t go in reverse;

the operator has to physically move the motorcycle.”        Id.   Based on the

totality of the circumstances, Trooper Miller concluded that Appellant was the

operator of the vehicle that he initially observed pass through the steady red

light. Id. at 17, 38.

      Although the suppression court applied the incorrect level of suspicion,

the court credited the testimony and inferences drawn by Trooper Miller:

      [The court] saw the Trooper’s vehicle accelerate to a high rate of
      speed down Main Street, and then what could be seen on the MVR
      was that [Appellant] was guiding his motorcycle with what may
      very well have been a U-turn -- although on the MVR [the court]
      couldn’t tell that it was a complete U-turn -- but [the court] could
      see his motorcycle moving to westbound from some other
      direction before westbound. Trooper Miller, at that point, had
      reasonable suspicion that [Appellant] was [the] motorcyclist that
      he was chasing, and then on the MVR, you see the other
      motorcyclist backing out. [The court] can accept Trooper’s
      explanation and understanding at that point that the
      motorcyclist that was backing out wouldn’t have had time
      to get down there, pull in, stop, and then back the vehicle
      out. So it was more likely to him that the offending
      motorcycle was the one that was driven by [Appellant].

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N.T., 9/27/22, at 52 (emphasis added).         We discern no abuse of the

suppression court’s discretion in crediting the testimony of Trooper Miller. See

Commonwealth v. Luczki, 212 A.3d 530, 542 (Pa. Super. 2019) (“It is

within the suppression court’s sole province as factfinder to pass on the

credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony.”).

      Keeping in mind the suppression court’s credibility determinations, the

record confirms Trooper Miller had probable cause to stop Appellant for

violating Section 3112(a)(3). See Commonwealth v. Jones, 668 A.2d 114,

117 (Pa. 1995) (“The totality of circumstances test was adopted to do away

with rigid, precise determinations of probable cause.”). Accordingly, neither

of Appellant’s issues merit relief. We therefore affirm the suppression court’s

order denying Appellant’s suppression motion, albeit on different grounds than

those relied upon by the suppression court. See Commonwealth v. Gatlos,

76 A.3d 44, 62 n.14 (Pa. Super. 2013) (“We may affirm the trial court’s

determination on any grounds….” (citation omitted)).

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

Date: 2/13/2024

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