Court Opinion

ID: 160753
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2010-08-14 06:50:39+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:15:35.600406
License: Public Domain

F I L E D
                                                                       United States Court of Appeals
                                                                               Tenth Circuit
                         UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                FEB 16 2001
                                        TENTH CIRCUIT
                                                                          PATRICK FISHER
                                                                                   Clerk

 KRISTIN FOOTE,

           Plaintiff-Appellant-Cross-
           Appellee,
 v.

 STATE OF UTAH; UTAH STATE
 DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY;
 DAVIS COUNTY, a Political subdivision
                                                        Nos. 99-4101, 99-4111
 of the State of Utah,
                                                        (D.C. No. 94-CV-754)
                                                                (Utah)
           Defendants,

 and

 ROGER SPIEGEL; ROBERT HOWE,

           Defendants-Appellees-Cross-
           Appellants.

                                ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before TACHA, Chief Judge, McWILLIAMS, Circuit Judge, and MURPHY, Circuit
Judge.

       In an amended complaint filed on February 2, 1995, in the United States District

       *
         This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of
law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the
citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under
the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
Court for the District of Utah, Kristin Foote (“Foote”) brought a civil rights action under

42 U.S.C. § 1983 against Roger Spiegel (“Spiegel”), Robert Howe (“Howe”), Eric

McPherson (“McPherson”) and Jeff Gravett (“Gravett”), all of whom were officers with

the Utah Highway Patrol. The action was based on what Foote alleged was an unlawful

stop of the vehicle she was driving on State Route 89 in Davis County, Utah on May 8,

1994, on her subsequent roadside detention, on her ensuing arrest and on a strip search

later conducted in the Davis County jail. (In this appeal, we are only concerned with

defendants Spiegel and Howe, the district court having granted McPherson’s and

Gravett’s motions for summary judgment, and neither is a party to the present appeal.)

The defendants, i.e. Howe and Spiegel, filed an answer to Foote’s amended complaint

and, after discovery, both Foote and the defendants filed motions for partial summary

judgment. After hearing, the district court granted certain of the motions, and denied

others. Foote v. Spiegel, 903 F.Supp. 1463 (D. Utah 1995). Both parties appealed the

district court’s order. We, on appeal, affirmed in part and reversed in part, the district

court’s order. Foote v. Spiegel, 118 F.3d 1416 (10th Cir. 1997) [hereinafter Foote I].

       On remand, a jury trial ensued. In a special verdict, the jury held that Howe did

not violate Foote’s Fourth Amendment rights when he stopped her vehicle, nor did he

violate her constitutional rights when he detained her at the scene of the stopping to

investigate whether she was driving under the influence of marijuana. We previously

held in Foote I that Spiegel, as well as one Catherine Williams (“Williams”) and Davis

                                             -2-
County, were not entitled to qualified immunity for the strip search, and we affirmed the

district court’s grant of summary judgment for Foote on the legality of the strip search.

Accordingly, in connection with that claim, the only issue for the jury was the amount of

damages. In this regard, the jury assessed her damages at $l.00. Such was the extent of

the special verdict. Judgment in favor of Howe and in favor of Foote for $1.00 against

Spiegel was duly entered.1

       Foote appeals the judgment of the district court (No. 99-4101) and the defendants

cross-appeal (No. 99-4111). The background facts are fully set forth in Foote I, and will

not be repeated here.

       In this court, Foote first argues that the jury’s verdict, which stated that Howe did

not violate any of Foote’s constitutional rights in stopping the vehicle Foote was driving

and in the ensuing roadside detention, is not supported by the evidence adduced at trial.

       1
         Foote had filed a separate action against Catherine Williams and Davis County,
Williams, an employee of Davis County, having conducted the strip search of Foote in the
David County jail. That action was consolidated with Foote’s cause of action against
Spiegel and Howe and jointly tried with that action. As indicated, the jury returned a
verdict wherein Foote was awarded $1.00. Foote appealed from the judgment entered
thereon. In a joint motion filed by Foote, Davis County and Williams, we dismissed that
appeal on April 27, 2000, the parties having compromised and settled. Foote v. Spiegel,
et al., No. 00-4028 (10th Cir. April 27, 2000).
        Foote also filed a third action against the State of Utah, Department of Public
Safety, and Davis County based on the Americans with Disabilities Act. 42 U.S.C. §§
12132, 12134. Foote appealed the dismissal of that action by the district court to this
court. On June 22, 2000, that appeal was dismissed on stipulation. Foote v. State of
Utah, No. 99-4043 (10th Cir. June 22, 2000).

                                            -3-
In this connection, Foote goes on to argue that the matter should not have been submitted

to the jury and that the district court should have granted her pre-trial motion for summary

judgment on her claim that Howe violated her constitutional rights in stopping her and

detaining her for questioning. We disagree. We agree with the district court that the

issue as to whether there was an illegal stop “is replete with disputed issues of fact which

preclude summary judgment.” As for Foote’s claim that she was illegally detained after

the stopping, in Foote I we spoke as follows:

                   We conclude the detention was not rendered clearly
               unlawful by Howe’s failure to check the registration permit
               before approaching the passenger side of Foote’s vehicle.
               However, because we lack jurisdiction to review the legality
               of the initial stop, we cannot resolve whether the initial stop
               rendered the resulting detention clearly unlawful. That
               depends on the outcome in district court.

Id. at 1425.

       Foote next argues that the district court erred in holding that, as to Foote’s claim

of false arrest, Spiegel’s belief that Foote was impaired “was not unreasonable” and that

Spiegel was therefore “entitled to qualified immunity on this issue.” In line therewith,

Foote’s claim of false arrest was not submitted to the jury. We agree with the district

court’s handling of this particular claim. Spiegel arrested Foote at the scene of her

detention and she was taken therefrom to the Davis County jail. Howe called in Spiegel,

who was a “drug recognition expert,” to assist him, and Spiegel arrived on the scene

some time after Howe made the stop. In deciding to arrest Foote, Spiegel relied on his

                                             -4-
own observations and testings made at the scene, and also relied on information given

him by Howe. In this latter connection, in Foote I we spoke as follows:

                  It was uncontroverted that when Spiegel arrived, Howe
               related to Spiegel that he had detained Foote because she
               drove erratically and had bloodshot eyes and slow speech,
               and because of the results of the two eye tests. Officers may
               rely on information furnished by other law enforcement
               officials to establish reasonable suspicion and probable cause
               for an arrest. Albright v. Rodriguez, 51 F.3d 1531, 1536
               (10th Cir. 1995). There is no evidence in the record that
               Spiegel had any reason to doubt Howe’s statements.
               Consequently, even if we conclude Howe is not entitled to
               qualified immunity for detaining Foote, Spiegel could rely on
               Howe’s statements in deciding to conduct field sobriety tests
               and arrest Foote. See Romero v. Fay, 45 F.3d 1472, 1476
               (10th Cir. 1995) (officer may base probable cause on
               information received from others absent showing information
               was untrustworthy).2

Id. at 1424.

       As indicated, the district court granted Foote’s motion for summary judgment on

her claim based on an illegal strip search, and in line therewith, the district court

instructed the jury that its only responsibility in connection with that claim was to

determine Foote’s damages, if any. As concerns that matter, the jury awarded Foote

nominal damages of $1.00, and the district court entered judgment in favor of Foote,

against Spiegel, for $1.00. On appeal, Foote asserts that the district court erred in

instructing the jury, inter alia, that they could award her only nominal damages. In this

       In this court, counsel argues that Spiegel was not entitled to rely on information
       2

given him by Howe. We deem that matter to be resolved by Foote I.

                                             -5-
regard, instructions Nos. 26 and 27 read as follows:

                                INSTRUCTION NO. 26

                The burden is upon Ms. Foote to prove by a
             preponderance of the evidence the amount of damages
             reasonably and naturally flowing from the incident.
             However, Ms. Foote is not required to prove her damages
             with precision.
                Ms. Foote is not entitled to recover for any
             claimed damage which is of a speculative nature. If
             Ms. Foote has failed to prove any claimed element of
             damage by a preponderance of the evidence, or if the
             evidence respecting such matters is evenly balanced,
             you must resolve such issue against her.

                                INSTRUCTION NO. 27

                 In considering what damages to award, you may only
             award damages for the actual damages suffered by this
             particular plaintiff. If you find that Ms. Foote has proven that
             Trooper Howe violated her Fourth Amendment rights by
             stopping her vehicle or detaining her, but that she has not
             proven that she suffered any actual damages as a result of the
             stop and detention, you may award Ms. Foote one dollar
             ($1.00) in nominal damages.
                  Similarly, if you find that Ms. Foote has not proven
             that she suffered any actual damages as a result of the illegal
             strip search at the Davis County Jail, you may award Ms.
             Foote one dollar ($1.00) in nominal damages.
                     The fact that the court has instructed you concerning
             damages is not to be taken as any indication that the court
             either believes or does not believe that Ms. Foote is entitled
             to recover damages. The instructions about damages are
             given as a guide in case you find from a preponderance of the
             evidence that Ms. Foote is entitled to recover.

      The instructions to the jury must be considered as a whole, and not in isolation.

                                           -6-
Depending on the facts and circumstances of the case at hand, an instruction on nominal

damages is not improper, per se. The facts and circumstances surrounding the strip

search of Foote are set forth in Foote I. Id at 1421. There apparently was no particular

“untoward incident” which occurred during the strip search, and the search itself

disclosed no contraband. In this regard, it was Spiegel’s theory of the case, inter alia,

that any emotional or physical distress suffered by Foote was caused by her prior arrest

and detention, and not by the strip search, and that in either event, any damage suffered

by Foote was only nominal. It was Foote’s theory that she was humiliated, suffered

emotional and physical distress, and the like, all because of the strip search. ( In the

amended complaint, Foote asked for compensatory damages in the amount of $500,000.)

We hold that under the evidence adduced at trial, there was a legitimate dispute between

the parties as to the extent of any injury suffered by Foote and the cause thereof which

justified the giving of an instruction on nominal damages. Other instructions adequately

presented Foote’s theory as to the nature and extent of her injury.3

       Foote’s final argument is that as a result of her various legal actions, the Utah

State Patrol and Davis County changed their practices regarding strip searches and that

       3
         When a jury’s verdict is challenged on appeal, our review is in a light most
favorable to the prevailing party (in our case, the defendants who “prevailed,” in a real
sense on the question of amount of damages), and the challenge should be rejected if
there is substantial evidence to support the jury’s decision. Knowlton v. Teltrust Phones,
Inc., 189 F.3d 1177, 1183 (10th Cir. 1999). The foregoing has equal application where
the amount of damages is challenged on appeal.

                                             -7-
she is somehow entitled to attorney’s fees from Howe and Spiegel for causing these

changes. As indicated, the State of Utah and Davis County were defendants in certain of

Foote’s various law suits, but such were settled on appeal, and neither the State, nor any

of its agents or Davis County are parties to this appeal. And we note that the district

court in its order of January 10, 2000, awarded Foote attorney’s fees in the amount of

$14,035.00 from the “State defendants” and an additional amount of $7070.00 from

Davis County. In that order, there is no mention of either Howe or Spiegel, the only

appellees in this appeal. In any event, we see no nexus between Foote’s action against

Howe and Spiegel and the change in strip search procedures made by Utah and Davis

County. Accordingly, we reject Foote’s assertion in this court that attorney’s fees

should now be assessed against Howe and Spiegel because she in her various actions

caused changes in Utah and Davis County regarding strip searches. Foote did not prevail

in her suit against Howe, and recovered $1.00 from Spiegel, Davis County, and

Williams.4 So far as we can tell from the present record, neither Spiegel nor Howe had

anything to do with the change in procedure regarding strip searches, nor, for that matter,

in the prior promulgation of the

procedure regarding such searches.

       As concerns the defendants’ cross-appeal (99-4111), counsel agrees that if we

       4
        In Farrar v. Hobby, 506 U.S. 103, 115 (1992), the Supreme Court held that where
a plaintiff recovers only nominal damages, the only reasonable fee is usually no fee at all.

                                            -8-
affirm the judgment in No. 99-4101, its cross-appeal becomes moot. The judgment

entered in No. 99-4101 is affirmed. The appeal in No. 99-4111 is dismissed as moot.5

                                                 ENTERED FOR THE COURT,

                                                 Robert H. McWilliams
                                                 Senior Circuit Judge

      5
        We are not persuaded by Foote’s supplemental authority which indicates that the
City of New York has recently entered into a settlement agreement in a class action
brought against it in the Southern District of New York, whereby claims for an illegal
strip search were settled under a “point system,” which, if applied in the instant case,
would have resulted in a minimum damage award of $8,750.00.

                                           -9-