Court Opinion

ID: 2977735
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-09-22 18:13:16.1051+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:44:08.355359
License: Public Domain

RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
                              Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206
                                      File Name: 09a0134p.06

                 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                                  FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
                                    _________________

                                                   X
                                                    -
 DAVID MARTIN, Executor of the Estate of

                            Plaintiff-Appellant, --
 Dennis B. Martin,

                                                    -
                                                        No. 07-6385

                                                    ,
                                                     >
                                                    -
           v.

                                                    -
                                                    -
 CINCINNATI GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY,
                                                    -
 GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION, GENERAL
                                                    -
                         Defendants-Appellees. -
 ELECTRIC COMPANY,

                                                    -
                                                   N
                     Appeal from the United States District Court
                  for the Eastern District of Kentucky at Covington.
                 No. 02-00201—David L. Bunning, District Judge.
                                   Argued: October 29, 2008
                                                                       *
                             Decided and Filed: January 27, 2009
                                                                                                **
   Before: SILER and McKEAGUE, Circuit Judges; LUDINGTON, District Judge.

                                      _________________

                                           COUNSEL
ARGUED: Kenneth L. Sales, SALES, TILLMAN, WALBAUM, CATLETT &
SATTERLEY, Louisville, Kentucky, for Appellant. Gary J. Sergent, O’HARA,
RUBERG, TAYLOR, SLOAN & SERGENT, Covington, Kentucky, James K. Vines,
KING & SPALDING, Washington, D.C., Scott T. Dickens, FULTZ, MADDOX,
HOVIOUS & DICKENS, Louisville, Kentucky, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: Kenneth
L. Sales, Paul J. Kelley, SALES, TILLMAN, WALBAUM, CATLETT &
SATTERLEY, Louisville, Kentucky, for Appellant. Gary J. Sergent, Michael J. O’Hara,
O’HARA, RUBERG, TAYLOR, SLOAN & SERGENT, Covington, Kentucky, James
K. Vines, KING & SPALDING, Washington, D.C., Scott T. Dickens, FULTZ,
MADDOX, HOVIOUS & DICKENS, Louisville, Kentucky, Eric M. Cavanaugh, DUKE

        *
        This decision was originally issued as an “unpublished decision” filed on January 27, 2009. On
March 30, 2009, the court designated the opinion as one recommended for full-text publication.
        **
          The Honorable Thomas L. Ludington, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of
Michigan, sitting by designation.

                                                  1
No. 07-6385        Martin v. Cincinnati Gas and Electric Co., et al.              Page 2

ENERGY SHARED SERVICES, INC., Plainfield, Indiana, for Appellees. Mark A.
Behrens, SHOOK, HARDY & BACON, Washington, D.C., for Amicus Curiae.
                                  _________________

                                       OPINION
                                  _________________

       McKEAGUE, Circuit Judge. Dennis Martin (“Mr. Martin”) died from malignant
mesothelioma on March 22, 2002. His son, David Martin (“Plaintiff”), serving as
executor of his father’s estate, filed a complaint based on asbestos exposure in Kentucky
state court against nine defendants. Defendants removed the case to the Eastern District
of Kentucky based on diversity.

       After various defendants settled or were dismissed from the suit, claims remained
against Cincinnati Gas & Electric Company (“CG&E”), General Electric (“GE”), and
General Motors (“GM”). The claims against CG&E and GE were based on asbestos that
Mr. Martin’s father, Vernon Martin, brought home on his work clothes while working
for CG&E. The claim against GM was based on Mr. Martin’s alleged exposure to
asbestos while working as a ship mechanic from 1979 to 1984. The district court found
that Plaintiff did not raise an issue of material fact regarding causation in his claim
against GM, and so granted summary judgment to GM. The district court also granted
summary judgment for CG&E and GE because the injury to Mr. Martin was not
foreseeable at the time of exposure.    Plaintiff appeals both orders. For the reasons
given below, we affirm the district court’s orders.

                                  I. BACKGROUND

       Mr. Martin’s father worked for CG&E for thirty-eight years. He began working
for CG&E in 1951 as a laborer. Within a year, he was promoted to mechanic. His work
at CG&E during this period involved underground power lines. The work brought him
into contact with fireproofing that contained asbestos. In the 1950’s, he worked with
fireproofing every month or two. One power line in particular, the “66,” was treated
only with asbestos. Mr. Martin’s father worked on the 66 “[q]uite a few” times. In
No. 07-6385        Martin v. Cincinnati Gas and Electric Co., et al.              Page 3

1963, he was promoted to equipment operator, where he operated heavy excavating
machinery. In 1973, he was promoted to senior mechanic in underground utilities. The
district court found that his work with asbestos lasted from 1951 to 1963. Martin v. Gen.
Elec. Co., No. 02-201-DLB, 2007 WL 2682064, at *1-2 (E.D. Ky. Sept. 5, 2007).
Plaintiff does not challenge that finding on appeal. As Mr. Martin was born in 1952, the
relevant asbestos exposure occurred between 1952 and 1963.

       Internal memoranda indicate that CG&E used asbestos products. Several
documents from CG&E also indicate that GE provided asbestos products to CG&E. A
memo from 1948 notes an order from GE for “asbestos gaskets.” Another order
indicates that CG&E purchased pipe insulation from GE. Several other memos indicate
that GE provided most of the materials for CG&E pipes.

       CG&E provided lockers and showers for their employees. After work, Mr.
Martin’s father would sometimes shower and change at CG&E. Other times, he would
go directly home. When he got home, he would most often change and leave his work
clothes in the basement laundry room. Occasionally, he would do yard work in his work
clothes. Mr. Martin’s father recalls Mr. Martin sometimes sitting on his lap or hugging
him while he was still in his work clothes.

       Mr. Martin’s mother, Mary Helen, did the laundry. Mr. Martin and his cousin,
Steve Boesing (“Mr. Boesing”), would often play in the basement. The laundry room,
however, was in a separate room in the basement, “way over on the far side” from where
the children played. This proximity to his father’s work clothes is the basis for Mr.
Martin’s first potential exposure to asbestos.

       After serving in the Navy, Mr. Martin held a variety of jobs in the Kentucky area.
Many of these jobs involved ships; others involved chemical manufacture. The record
does not include testimony regarding asbestos exposure during Mr. Martin’s time at
these other positions. Mr. Boesing frequently worked with Mr. Martin. At many of
these jobs, Mr. Boesing remembered no exposure to anything that might have been
asbestos. This was not the case at Valley Line Company, where Mr. Martin was
No. 07-6385        Martin v. Cincinnati Gas and Electric Co., et al.            Page 4

employed from 1979 to 1984 as a welder and a mechanic. Mr. Boesing also worked at
Valley Line, and he recalled asbestos in a variety of forms.

       Mr. Boesing recalled working with products made with asbestos during periodic
engine overhauls. Eighty-five percent of the engines that Mr. Martin and Mr. Boesing
worked on were manufactured by EMD, a GM subsidiary. During the overhauls, Valley
Line employees would sometimes have to remove insulation from the exhaust systems.
Mr. Boesing believed this insulation was provided by the shipyard when the boats were
built. There were two general types of insulation: a silver mesh that could simply be
unhooked from the exhaust, and a white insulation with a hard shell. With the latter
type, Mr. Martin would have to cut through the hard shell in order to reach the engine.
The need to cut through the shell would only occur on one out of four engine overhauls,
and it would often involve only enough to remove a bolt.

       During the course of work at Valley Line, Mr. Boesing and Mr. Martin also
frequently used gaskets. There were two types of gaskets: precut and custom. Precut
gaskets were made by EMD. When Valley Line employees made custom gaskets, they
did so with materials provided by a different company, Durabla. The new gaskets used
during engine overhauls were the precut EMD gaskets. They were installed as provided;
at no point did Valley Line employees cut into the new EMD gaskets. Removing old
gaskets created a visible white dust. Mr. Boesing did not know if the gaskets replaced
during overhauls were made by GM.

       Mr. Martin and Mr. Boesing also replaced power packs on ship engines. Part of
this work involved removing old gaskets, which created dust. There were also
fireproofing blankets, made by Triangle Insulation. Mr. Boesing believed the blankets
contained asbestos. He noted that employees would cut portions of these blankets to use
when welding in sensitive areas. Additionally, the ship engine rooms had asbestos
pegboard walls, but the walls were rarely moved and so produced little dust. The hot
water lines also had white insulation. Mr. Martin’s work with these materials at Valley
Line constitutes his second potential exposure to asbestos.
No. 07-6385        Martin v. Cincinnati Gas and Electric Co., et al.                Page 5

       After Plaintiff filed his complaint and the case was removed to the Eastern
District of Kentucky, motions for summary judgment ensued. The district court granted
GM’s motion because “there is no evidence that GM manufactured or supplied” the
relevant insulation. Martin v. Cincinnati Gas & Elec. Co., No. 02-201-DLB, slip op. at
14 (E.D. Ky. May 25, 2006). The district court granted summary judgment for CG&E
and GE because neither CG&E nor GE had a legal duty to Mr. Martin. Martin v. Gen.
Elec. Co., No. 02-201-DLB, 2007 WL 2682064, at *9 (E.D. Ky. Sept. 5, 2007). This
appeal followed.

                                    II. ANALYSIS

       A.      Standard of Review

       As this is a diversity action, Kentucky substantive law applies. Gahafer v. Ford
Motor Co., 328 F.3d 859, 861 (6th Cir. 2003).        Procedurally, federal standards for
summary judgment govern. Hayes v. Equitable Energy Res. Co., 266 F.3d 560, 566 (6th
Cir. 2001).

       This court reviews a district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo.
Nichols v. Moore, 477 F.3d 396, 398 (6th Cir. 2007). At the summary judgment stage,
the district court must construe the evidence and draw all reasonable inferences in favor
of the nonmoving party. Jones v. Potter, 488 F.3d 397, 403 (6th Cir. 2007). In order to
survive summary judgment, the nonmovant must meet the movant’s motion with
“specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett,
477 U.S. 317, 324 (1986). A “scintilla of evidence” will not suffice. Anderson v.
Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. 242, 252 (1986).

       B.      GM Products Were Not a Substantial Factor in Causing Mr.
               Martin’s Mesothelioma
       “To recover under a claim of negligence in Kentucky, a plaintiff must establish
that (1) the defendant owed a duty of care to the plaintiff, (2) the defendant breached its
duty, and (3) the breach proximately caused the plaintiff’s damages.” Lee v. Farmer’s
Rural Elec. Coop. Corp., 245 S.W.3d 209, 211-12 (Ky. Ct. App. 2007). Kentucky
No. 07-6385        Martin v. Cincinnati Gas and Electric Co., et al.               Page 6

utilizes the Restatement (Second) Torts § 431 test for causation: the plaintiff must show
that the defendant’s “conduct is a substantial factor in bringing about the harm.” Bailey
v. N. Am. Refractories Co., 95 S.W.3d 868, 871 (Ky. Ct. App. 2001).

       Under Kentucky law, causation is generally a question of fact for the jury. Id.
at 872. However, causation should not go to the jury unless the inference of causation
is reasonable: it must “indicate the probable, as distinguished from a possible cause.”
Id. at 873 (quoting Briner v. Gen. Motors Corp., 461 S.W.2d 99, 101 (Ky. Ct. App.
1970)); see also Huffman v. SS. Mary & Elizabeth Hosp., 475 S.W.2d 631, 633 (Ky. Ct.
App. 1972).

       As the district court cogently summarized the evidence, Plaintiff has not
established that GM products contained asbestos or that Plaintiff was ever exposed to
any asbestos from GM products. At best, Mr. Boesing’s deposition establishes that Mr.
Martin used precut gaskets made by a GM subsidiary and that GM gaskets were used on
the engines. Yet Mr. Boesing stated that the precut gaskets did not require any cutting
and that the asbestos insulation did not come from GM. Indeed, the sources that Mr.
Boesing believed were most likely to contain asbestos were not GM products: the
custom gaskets, which were made by Durabla; the insulation on the engines, which was
installed by the shipyard; and the fireproof blankets, which were made by Triangle
Insulation. The deposition thus does not provide a reasonable inference that Mr. Martin
was exposed to asbestos from GM products.

        Plaintiff also argues that, because mesothelioma is a progressive disease, any
exposure is a substantial cause. This argument would make every incidental exposure
to asbestos a substantial factor. Yet one measure of whether an action is a substantial
factor is “the number of other factors which contribute in producing the harm and the
extent of the effect which they have in producing it.” RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF
TORTS § 433(a). The Sixth Circuit responded to a similar argument in a maritime action
by stating that an expert’s opinion that “every exposure to asbestos, however slight, was
a substantial factor” was insufficient because it would render the substantial factor test
“meaningless.” Lindstrom v. A-C Prod. Liab. Trust, 424 F.3d 488, 493 (6th Cir. 2005).
No. 07-6385           Martin v. Cincinnati Gas and Electric Co., et al.                       Page 7

         As discussed above, Plaintiff did not proffer evidence that supports a reasonable
inference of exposure from GM products, much less that GM products were a substantial
factor in causing Mr. Martin’s mesothelioma.

        C.       Neither CG&E nor GE Had a Legal Duty to Mr. Martin

        For the claims against CG&E and GE, the analysis shifts from causation to duty.
Duty presents a question of law for the judge to decide. Pathways, Inc. v. Hammons,
113 S.W.3d 85, 89 (Ky. 2003). In Kentucky, there is a universal duty of care which
requires “every person . . . to exercise ordinary care in his activities to prevent
foreseeable injury.” Lee v. Farmer’s Rural Elec. Cooperative Corp., 245 S.W.3d 209,
212 (Ky. Ct. App. 2007) (quoting Grayson Fraternal Order of Eagles, Aerie No. 3738,
Inc. v. Claywell, 736 S.W.2d 328, 332 (Ky. 1987)). “‘The most important factor in
determining whether a duty exists is foreseeability.’” Pathways, 113 S.W.3d at 89
(quoting DAVID J. LEIBSON, KENTUCKY PRACTICE, TORT LAW § 10.2 (1995)); see also
Fryman v. Harrison, 896 S.W.2d 908, 909 (Ky. 1995). Foreseeability, in turn, is
determined based on “what the defendant knew at the time of the alleged negligence.”
Pathways, 113 S.W.3d at 90; see also James v. Wilson, 95 S.W.3d 875, 891 (Ky. Ct.
App. 2002) (“[F]oreseeability is to be determined by viewing the facts as they
reasonably appeared to the party charged with negligence, not as they appear based on
hindsight.”). “[P]roper application of negligence law requires courts to view the facts
as they reasonably appeared to the party charged with negligence.” Mitchell v. Hadl,
816 S.W.2d 183, 186 (Ky. 1991).

        The defendant’s knowledge at the time includes “knowledge of pertinent matters
. . . as a reasonable man would have.”               Pathways, 113 S.W.3d at 90 (quoting
RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 289(a)). This knowledge includes the “capacities
of things and forces in so far as they are matters of common knowledge at the time and
in the community.” Id. (quoting RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 290(a)).1

        1
          Plaintiff cites a Pennsylvania case for the principle that once any danger is established,
defendants cannot argue that they had no notice the danger would spread. Westerman v. Stout, 335 A.2d
741, 745 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1975). Westerman provides little guidance for the case at hand. Westerman
involved a man-made fog; when the fog spread off of defendant’s property, the defendant argued that it
No. 07-6385            Martin v. Cincinnati Gas and Electric Co., et al.                          Page 8

         In assessing what GE and CG&E should have known, there are two relevant time
periods. The evidence indicates that GE provided materials containing asbestos to
CG&E from 1937 to 1955. CG&E, meanwhile, placed Mr. Martin’s father in proximity
to asbestos materials intermittently from 1951 to 1963. Martin must show that GE knew
or should have known the danger of bystander asbestos exposure during the first time
period; it must make the same showing for CG&E during the second period.

         There is no evidence that either defendant had actual knowledge of the danger
of bystander exposure, so the question is whether they should have known: that is, was
such a risk foreseeable to them based on “common knowledge at the time and in the
community.” Pathways, 113 S.W.3d at 90 (quoting RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS
§ 289(a)). We agree with the district court that Martin has failed to show the risk was
foreseeable at the relevant times.

         In order to demonstrate the foreseeability of bystander exposure during these
periods, Plaintiff submitted an export report by Dr. Barry Castleman as well as selections
from Dr. Castleman’s treatise Asbestos: Medical and Legal Aspects. Neither the report
nor the treatise, however, provides evidence of a general awareness of the dangers of
bystander exposure–even inside the specialized fields of asbestos manufacture or utility
companies. The treatise has a section entitled “Earliest Recognition of the Potential for
Bystander Asbestos Disease”; however, in its discussion of scientific research before the
1950’s, it only documents direct exposure. In a 1911 study, some experts were
concerned that those not working directly with asbestos could also develop asbestosis,
but they were concerned only with neighbors of asbestos factories and “workers next to

“had no notice that it would cover the turnpike and create a traffic hazard.” Id. at 201. The trial court
found this preposterous:
         It was bound to anticipate the action of the wind and realize that the man-made fog
         could reach the roadway and cause visibility problems. In addition, the likelihood of
         such an accident was so obvious and the requirements for reducing the risk so minimal
         in comparison, that it was unreasonable to permit this condition to exist.
Id. at 201-02.
         The risk of bystander exposure is nowhere near as self-evident as the risk that fog would spread.
As the record demonstrates, it took scientists decades after they learned of the dangers of direct asbestos
exposure to learn of the risks of bystander exposure.
No. 07-6385        Martin v. Cincinnati Gas and Electric Co., et al.                Page 9

those with dusty jobs.” (J.A. at 454.) Studies in the 1930’s found asbestosis in office
workers at asbestos factories and mines, while there were calls in the 1940’s for filtering
systems at asbestos factories to avoid massive emissions of asbestos dust, which may
endanger neighbors. (J.A. at 454-58.) All of these examples involve people in close
proximity to asbestos emissions at factories or mines.

       The report also refers to a deposition from a different case, taken in 1993, in
which a Monsanto employee testified that Monsanto required employees in the 1950’s
to shower and change at work because Monsanto “didn’t want [asbestos] in the home.”
(J.A. at 383.) There is no indication of the basis for the Monsanto practice or that
Monsanto’s practice was shared with other companies or publicized in any way. Instead,
the report states that “[s]tudies on the occurrence of asbestos disease that included
family members of asbestos-exposed workers were not published until the 1960’s.” The
report does also conclude that “the hazard of asbestos exposure to families of the
workers was scientifically knowable since the 1950’s.” (J.A. at 385.)

       These sources do not provide a basis for attributing knowledge of the risk of
bystander exposure in the home to either GE or CG&E. GE stopped supplying CG&E
with asbestos products in 1951, and the expert report explicitly finds that the risk to
family members was only knowable beginning in the 1950’s. Not only does the report
not indicate whether the risk was knowable before 1952, it is insufficient that the danger
was merely knowable–the knowledge has to have been available to the defendant. See
Pathways, 113 S.W.3d at 90. There has been no showing of any general knowledge of
bystander exposure in the industry. Indeed, other courts have found there was no
knowledge of bystander exposure in the asbestos industry in the 1950’s. See, e.g., In re
Certified Question from Fourteenth Dist. Ct. of Appeals of Tex., 740 N.W.2d 206, 218-
20 (Mich. 2007).

       Turning to CG&E, we find no evidence in the record to charge CG&E with
knowledge of the danger of bystander exposure. Plaintiff’s expert report concedes that
the first studies of bystander exposure were not published until 1965. Mr. Martin’s
father’s exposure to asbestos materials stopped in 1963. Without any published studies
No. 07-6385           Martin v. Cincinnati Gas and Electric Co., et al.                       Page 10

or any evidence of industry knowledge of bystander exposure, there is nothing that
would justify charging CG&E or GE with such knowledge during the time that Mr.
Martin’s father was working with asbestos.

         Plaintiff cites cases from several other states that find manufacturers and
employers liable for asbestos-related illnesses from asbestos dust brought home from
work. The best cases for Plaintiff are Olivo v. Owens-Illinois, Inc., 895 A.2d 1143, 1149
(N.J. 2006), and Zimko v. Am. Cyanamid, 905 So. 2d 465, 484 (La. Ct. App. 2005). Both
find a duty based on secondary exposure to asbestos. Though each analysis is rooted in
foreseeability, neither opinion persuasively explains how the defendant could have
known the risk of secondary exposure involved.2 Olivo, 895 A.2d at 1149; Zimko, 905
So. 2d at 483-84. The other cases Plaintiff cites are either factually or legally
distinguishable.3

         Weighted against these cases are a number of other cases in which courts have
found no duty for secondary asbestos exposure. See CSX Transp., Inc. v. Williams, 608
S.E.2d 208, 210 (Ga. 2005); Adams v. Owens-Illinois, Inc., 705 A.2d 58, 66 (Md. Ct.
App. 1998); In re Certified Question from Fourteenth Dist. Ct. of Appeals of Tex., 740
N.W.2d at 218-20; In re New York City Asbestos Litig., 840 N.E.2d 115, 121 (N.Y.
2005); Alcoa, Inc. v. Behringer, 235 S.W.3d 456, 462 (Tex. Ct. App. 2007).

         Several of these decisions indicate that secondary exposure was not foreseeable
in the 1950’s and early 1960’s. See, e.g., Alcoa, 235 S.W.3d at 462 (“[T]he danger of
non-occupational exposure to asbestos dust on workers’ clothes was neither known nor
reasonably foreseeable to Alcoa in the 1950s.”); In re Certified Question from

         2
          Amicus also point out that another Louisiana appellate opinion recently called Zimko into
question. Thomas v. A.P. Green Indus., Inc., 933 So. 2d 843, 871-72 (La. App. 2006) (Tobias, J.,
concurring). The concurring opinion notes that Zimko was a 3-2 decision and that neither party appealed
the judgment to the Louisiana Supreme Court.
         3
           Satterfield v. Breeding Insulation Co., 266 S.W.3d 347, 374 (Tenn. 2008) (relevant employment
began after OSHA regulations); Chaisson v. Avondale Indus., 947 So. 2d 171, 181 (La. App. 2006)
(relevant employment occurred after OSHA regulations); In re New York City Asbestos Litig., 786
N.Y.S.2d 26 (N.Y. App. Div. 2004) rev’d by 840 N.E.2d 115 (N.Y. 2005); Kowalski v. Goodyear Tire &
Rubber Co., 841 F. Supp. 104, 111 (W.D.N.Y. 1994) (distinguishing toxic chemical exposure from
asbestos exposure where, despite evidence of danger from direct exposure, there had been no knowledge
of “risk simply through secondary exposure”).
No. 07-6385             Martin v. Cincinnati Gas and Electric Co., et al.                           Page 11

Fourteenth Dist. Ct. of Appeals of Tex., 740 N.W.2d at 218 (finding the harm was not
foreseeable because from “1954 to 1965 . . . we did not know what we know today about
the hazards of asbestos”).

         These state court decisions do not reach a uniform result, but we find the cases
declining to find a duty to be more persuasive based on our reading of Kentucky law and
the facts of this case. Accordingly, we find that defendants did not owe a duty to Mr.
Martin.4

         D.        Neither CG&E nor GE are Liable under a Bystander Theory

         Plaintiff also asserts a strict liability claim, arguing that Mr. Martin was a
bystander injured by defendants’ asbestos. Kentucky recognizes a bystander claim under
a products liability framework. Embs v. Pepsi-Cola Bottling Co., 528 S.W.2d 703, 706
(Ky. 1975).5 Embs involved a plaintiff who was lacerated by an exploding bottle of soda
on a shelf near where she was standing in a market. Id. at 703. The Kentucky Supreme
Court held that manufacturers and retailers could be held liable for injuries to bystanders
under an extension of Restatement 402A. Id. at 705-06. It noted, however, that the rule
“is limited to bystanders whose injury from the defect is reasonably foreseeable.” Id. at
706 (citation omitted). As discussed above, there is no evidence that the danger from
secondary exposure was reasonably foreseeable at the time of Mr. Martin’s exposure.
Without any evidence before it establishing foreseeability at the time of exposure, the
district court correctly found that Plaintiff did not present sufficient evidence to survive
summary judgment on a bystander liability claim.

         4
           Premises liability does not alter this analysis. Plaintiff quotes Restatement (Second) of Torts
§ 371 in support of premises liability. Section 371, however, also incorporates foreseeability. It states that
liability arises for activity that the possessor of the land “realizes or should realize will involve an
unreasonable risk of harm.”
         5
           There is no bystander claim against CG&E. CG&E’s only relationship to Mr. Martin is as a
premises owner. The only authority for a bystander claim in Kentucky is based purely in products liability.
See Embs, 528 S.W.2d at 706 (“The protections of Section 402A of the Restatement of Torts 2d extend
to bystanders whose injury from the defective product is reasonably foreseeable.”). Products liability is
predicated upon a product in the stream of commerce. RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS § 402A. “The
responsibility for liability under section 402A is in the sale of a defective product by one who is engaged
in the business of selling.” Griffin Indus., Inc. v. Jones, 975 S.W.2d 100, 102 (Ky. 1998). CG&E did not
sell asbestos and is not engaged in the business of selling asbestos.
No. 07-6385       Martin v. Cincinnati Gas and Electric Co., et al.      Page 12

                                III. CONCLUSION

       We AFFIRM summary judgment in favor of GM based on the lack of evidence
connecting GM to Mr. Martin’s asbestos exposure. We also AFFIRM summary
judgment in favor of CG&E and GE because neither knew or should have known of the
danger of secondary asbestos exposure.