Court Opinion

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Date Created: 2010-04-26 03:18:09+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:39:08.230151
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REVISED MARCH 13, 2008

          IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                   FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                                                                               United States Court of Appeals
                                                                                                        Fifth Circuit

                                             No. 06-20865                                           FILED
                                                                                                February 15, 2008

                                                                                              Charles R. Fulbruge III
E I DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO
                                                                                                      Clerk
                                                          Plaintiff - Appellant
v.

GARY SAWYER

                                                          Defendant - Appellee

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                               Cons. w/
                                             No. 07-40574

GARY SAWYER; DOUG KEMPF; PETER BARNABA, SR;
GEOFF RORREV; TIM GREGORY; ET AL

                                                          Plaintiffs - Appellees
v.

E I DUPONT DE NEMOURS & CO

                                                          Defendant - Appellant

                      Appeals from the United States District Court
                           for the Southern District of Texas

Before KING, BARKSDALE, and DENNIS, Circuit Judges.
                                 No. 06-20865

KING, Circuit Judge:
      These appeals arise out of a dispute between E. I. du Pont de Nemours and
Company (“DuPont”) and former DuPont employees who allege that DuPont
fraudulently induced them to terminate their employment and accept
employment with a subsidiary that was later sold. In anticipation of a lawsuit
from one of the employees, DuPont sought a declaratory judgment under the
Employee Retirement Income Security Act (“ERISA”).           The district court
dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, concluding that the employee’s
potential claims could not be read as stating a claim under ERISA. DuPont filed
notice of appeal.
      A group of the former employees then sued DuPont, asserting state-law
fraud and fraudulent inducement claims. DuPont filed two motions to dismiss,
arguing that the employees’ claims were preempted by the National Labor
Relations Act (“NLRA”) under the Garmon doctrine or, in the alternative, by
ERISA. The district court denied both motions but certified an interlocutory
appeal, which we accepted and consolidated with DuPont’s appeal from the
dismissal of its declaratory judgment action. For the reasons that follow, we
conclude that the employees’ state-law claims are not preempted by the NLRA
or ERISA, and that DuPont’s declaratory judgment action was properly
dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. AFFIRMED.
                                       I.
      In early 2002, DuPont decided to separate a portion of its operations into
a subsidiary, to be known as DuPont Textiles and Interiors, Inc. (“DTI”). Among
the operations to be transferred to DTI was DuPont’s Terathane Products unit,
which was housed at the DuPont manufacturing facility in La Porte, Texas,
along with a variety of other units that were not slated to become part of DTI.
The employees at the La Porte plant were represented by Local 900C of the

                                       2
                                 No. 06-20865

International Chemical Workers Union Council, AFL-CIO, and covered by a
single collective bargaining agreement (the “La Porte CBA”).
      In September and October 2002, DuPont and the union engaged in
collective bargaining over the effects of the planned DTI separation on the La
Porte plant. The most obvious consequence was that the number of DuPont job
positions at the La Porte plant would be reduced when the Terathane Products
unit was transferred to DTI. Since the La Porte CBA’s seniority system gave
employees with higher seniority the right to move to different units within the
plant, there was the possibility that higher seniority Terathane Products
employees might exercise this right in order to remain with DuPont when the
Terathane Products unit was transferred to DTI. This would require DuPont to
lay off lower seniority employees throughout the plant.
      On October 24, 2002, DuPont and the union reached an agreement
regarding the La Porte DTI separation. This agreement called for the formation
of an independent collective bargaining unit for DTI employees at the La Porte
plant. DTI employees would be covered by a separate collective bargaining
agreement, which would start out as a “mirror image” of the La Porte CBA.
DuPont stated that DTI would operate under DuPont compensation and benefits
plans and policies. DuPont and the union also agreed on a plan whereby DuPont
employees assigned to the Terathane Products unit would be given the
opportunity to voluntarily transfer to DTI. For employees who chose to transfer,
there would be a “seamless transition” with regard to all compensation and
benefits programs, meaning that credit for things like service time and accrued
vacation time would carry over to DTI. The voluntary transfer period was to
begin on November 15, 2002, and run through December 16, 2002. During this
time, Terathane Products employees could sign a form stating their desire to
transfer from the DuPont La Porte bargaining unit to DTI and become members
of the independent DTI bargaining unit. Once the transfer period ended,

                                       3
                                     No. 06-20865

DuPont and the union anticipated conducting another round of bargaining to
determine how to deal with the situation created by Terathane Products
employees who chose to stay at DuPont.
         Ultimately, a high percentage of Terathane Products employees elected to
transfer to DTI, and there was no need for a second round of bargaining. On
January 23, 2003, DTI and the union signed the collective bargaining agreement
(the “DTI CBA”) for the separate DTI bargaining unit. In accordance with the
earlier agreement of October 24, 2002, between DuPont and the union, the DTI
CBA was a mirror image of the La Porte CBA, except for minor “cosmetic”
changes reflecting that DTI, not DuPont, was the employer. As DuPont had
promised, the compensation and benefits plans and policies for the new DTI
employees were the same as they had been at DuPont.
         Shortly thereafter, however, DuPont sold DTI to a subsidiary of Koch
Industries, Inc. (“Koch”). Once the DTI employees were transferred to Koch, the
terms of their employment became less favorable: they experienced losses with
regard to wages, overtime, and retirement age, did not receive certain bonuses
and stock options, and their benefits were reduced. One of the Terathane
Products employees who had elected to transfer to DTI and wound up working
for Koch was Gary Sawyer. Seeking to investigate the possibility of a lawsuit
against DuPont based on its role in encouraging him to transfer to DTI, Sawyer
filed a petition in Texas state court to conduct a deposition in anticipation of
suit.1
         DuPont responded to the petition for a pre-suit deposition by filing a
declaratory judgment action in federal court against Sawyer. In the Southern
District of Texas, DuPont sought a judgment that: (1) DuPont did not violate
any fiduciary duties owed to Sawyer as the administrator of an ERISA plan; (2)

         1
         Rule 202 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure allows a person to petition for a
deposition in anticipation of suit if certain conditions are met.

                                           4
                                   No. 06-20865

Sawyer therefore has no right to individual relief under ERISA; (3) any of
Sawyer’s potential state-law claims are preempted by ERISA to the extent that
they relate to an employee benefits plan; and (4) to the extent that Sawyer may
allege non-preempted claims, DuPont violated no contractual, legal, or common
law duty to Sawyer. The district court dismissed for lack of jurisdiction. It
reasoned that Sawyer’s potential claims against DuPont did not involve the
interpretation   of   an   ERISA    policy,   but   rather   focused   on   alleged
misrepresentations by DuPont that induced Sawyer to leave DuPont for DTI,
and therefore could not be read as stating a claim under ERISA.
      Sawyer and a group of Terathane Products employees then sued DuPont
in the Southern District of Texas, asserting fraud and fraudulent inducement.
The employees’ most recent complaint alleges that during the period of time in
which they were employed by DuPont and contemplating the offer to transfer to
DTI (i.e., after the October 24, 2002, agreement between DuPont and the union
creating the voluntary transfer plan but before the transfer period closed on
December 16, 2002), DuPont repeatedly assured them that DTI would not be
sold to another entity, even though DuPont knew at the time that the sale of DTI
was a possibility. According to the employees, they were assured that DTI would
remain a part of the DuPont family. One DuPont manager responded to the
employees’ questions about the possible sale of DTI by explaining that “we’re the
whale, and fish don’t eat whales.” The employees’ complaint further alleges that
had the more senior employees chosen not to transfer to DTI, DuPont would
have had to retrain them for new positions, the Terathane Products unit’s
operations would have been severely interrupted (presumably making DTI less
attractive to Koch), and DuPont would have had to hire and train new employees
for the Terathane Products positions.
      DuPont filed two motions to dismiss. First, in a motion to dismiss for lack
of subject matter jurisdiction, DuPont argued that the employees’ claims were

                                        5
                                  No. 06-20865

based on communications that occurred in the context of collective bargaining,
and are therefore preempted under the Garmon doctrine and lie within the
exclusive jurisdiction of the National Labor Relations Board (“NLRB”). Next, in
a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, DuPont argued that the
employees’ claims allege conduct in violation of certain provisions of ERISA and,
consequently, are preempted by that statute. The district court denied both
motions to dismiss but certified the case for interlocutory appeal. We accepted
the case and consolidated it with DuPont’s appeal from the dismissal of its
declaratory judgment action.
                                        II.
      We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b) to review the interlocutory
order of the district court denying DuPont’s motions to dismiss the employees’
complaint. The dismissal of DuPont’s declaratory judgment action is a final
judgment that we have jurisdiction to review pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
      For all of the issues raised in these appeals, our review is de novo. We
review a dismissal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction de novo. Krim v.
pcOrder.com, Inc., 402 F.3d 489, 494 (5th Cir. 2005). The same is true for
interlocutory review of a denial of a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction, Rico v. Flores, 481 F.3d 234, 238 (5th Cir. 2007), or failure to state
a claim, In re Katrina Canal Breaches Litig., 495 F.3d 191, 205 (5th Cir. 2007).
Questions of federal preemption, including Garmon preemption and ERISA
preemption, are reviewed de novo. Kaufman v. Allied Pilots Ass’n, 274 F.3d 197,
200 (5th Cir. 2001) (Garmon doctrine); Bullock v. Equitable Life Assurance Soc’y
of the U.S., 259 F.3d 395, 399 (5th Cir. 2001) (ERISA).
                                        III.
      DuPont first argues that the employees’ fraud and fraudulent inducement
claims are preempted under San Diego Building Trades Council v. Garmon, 359
U.S. 236 (1959). In Garmon, the Supreme Court held that “[w]hen an activity

                                         6
                                  No. 06-20865

is arguably subject to § 7 or § 8 of the [National Labor Relations] Act, the States
as well as the federal courts must defer to the exclusive competence of the
National Labor Relations Board if the danger of state interference with national
policy is to be averted.” Id. at 245. “[S]tate regulations and causes of action are
presumptively preempted if they concern conduct that is actually or arguably
either prohibited or protected by the Act.” Belknap, Inc. v. Hale, 463 U.S. 491,
498 (1983) (citation omitted).
      Thus, to determine whether the employees’ claims are preempted under
the Garmon doctrine, we must ask “whether the conduct at issue was arguably
protected or prohibited by the NLRA.” Int’l Longshoremen’s Ass’n v. Davis, 476
U.S. 380, 394 (1986). The “critical inquiry” here is “whether the controversy
presented under state law to the courts is identical to or different from that
which could have been, but was not, presented to the National Labor Relations
Board.” Sheet Metal Workers Local Union No. 54 v. E.F. Etie Sheet Metal Co.,
1 F.3d 1464, 1469–70 (5th Cir. 1993) (citing Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. San Diego
County District Council of Carpenters, 436 U.S. 180, 197–98 (1978)). “That
inquiry requires not only looking to the factual bases of each controversy, but
also examining the interests protected by each claim and the relief requested.”
Id. at 1470 (citations omitted). The party claiming preemption, in this case
DuPont, bears the burden of showing that the challenged conduct is arguably
prohibited or protected by the NLRA. See Davis, 476 U.S. at 395.
      DuPont contends that the employees’ claims could have been presented to
the NLRB because the conduct at issue—the alleged misrepresentations by
DuPont concerning its intentions to sell DTI—is arguably prohibited by section
8 of the NLRA. Section 8 makes it an unfair labor practice for an employer “to
refuse to bargain collectively with the representatives of his employees” over
certain mandatory subjects of bargaining, namely, “wages, hours, and other
terms and conditions of employment.” 29 U.S.C. § 158(a)(5), (d); see NLRB v.

                                        7
                                   No. 06-20865

Katz, 369 U.S. 736, 742–43 (1962). An employer’s decision to sell its business is
not a mandatory subject of bargaining. NLRB v. New England Newspapers, Inc.,
856 F.2d 409, 413 (1st Cir. 1988) (citing First Nat’l Maint. Corp. v. NLRB, 452
U.S. 666 (1981)). However, “the effects of that sale are considered ‘conditions of
employment’ within the meaning of Section 8(d) of the Act, and thus are a
mandatory subject . . . .” Id. (citing First Nat’l Maint., 452 U.S. at 680–82)
(internal brackets and emphasis omitted). An employer therefore must engage
in “effects bargaining” concerning the consequences of a sale. See id. at 411 n.2
(citing First Nat’l Maint., 452 U.S. at 681) (“‘Effects bargaining’ is bargaining
related to the consequences of an employer closing or selling its place.”). Relying
on Riedel International d/b/a Willamette Tug & Barge Co., 300 N.L.R.B. 282
(1990), DuPont argues that the employees’ complaint implicates this duty to
engage in effects bargaining.
      In Willamette, the union complained that the employer violated its effects
bargaining obligations by only notifying the union of its decision to sell a division
of its business on the day that the assets of the business were to be transferred
to the buyer. Id. at 283–84. The NLRB found that the employer had violated
section 8’s effects bargaining requirement “by failing to notify the Union of the
decision [to sell the division] until the day of the implementation of the decision,
when it was virtually a fait accompli.” Id. at 282. According to the NLRB, the
union was entitled to “as much notice . . . as was needed for meaningful
bargaining at a meaningful time.” Id. at 283. The same-day notice given by the
employer was “clearly insufficient.” Id.
      Willamette illustrates that there is an adequate notice component to the
employer’s section 8 duty to engage in effects bargaining. See also First Nat’l
Maint., 452 U.S. at 681–82 (“[B]argaining over the effects of a decision must be
conducted in a meaningful manner and at a meaningful time . . . .”).
Accordingly, we have no doubt that whether DuPont provided the union with

                                         8
                                  No. 06-20865

sufficient notice of its decision to sell DTI so as to allow for meaningful effects
bargaining is a question for the NLRB. But for preemption purposes, the
“critical inquiry” is whether the controversy presented by the employees’ state-
law claims is identical to this or any other matter that could have been
presented to the NLRB. Sheet Metal Workers, 1 F.3d at 1469–70 (citing Sears,
436 U.S. at 197–98). We conclude that it is not.
      A section 8 claim arising out of DuPont’s duty to give adequate notice of
the DTI sale for effects bargaining purposes would be concerned with two key
questions: when DuPont first notified the union of its decision to sell DTI and
whether that notice allowed for meaningful effects bargaining at a meaningful
time. The focus would be on DuPont’s communications to and bargaining with
the union.   Strong federal labor interests relating to the employer–union
relationship and the integrity of the collective bargaining process would be at
stake in such a claim.
      In contrast, the gravamen of the employees’ complaint here is that DuPont
fraudulently induced them to terminate their employment with DuPont and
accept employment with DTI. The key questions are whether DuPont made
affirmative misrepresentations to the employees concerning its intentions to sell
DTI and whether the employees relied on those misrepresentations to their
detriment in transferring to DTI. Unlike a section 8 claim, which would focus
on the relationship between DuPont and the union, the state-law claims focus
on the relationship between DuPont and individual employees. In particular,
they focus on the direct communications made by DuPont to employees during
the period of time when they were considering whether to transfer to DTI. Since
this was an individual decision that each employee had to make on his own,
independently of union decisionmaking or the collective bargaining process, the
strong federal labor interests implicated by a section 8 claim are not present.
Rather, it is the state’s “substantial interest in protecting its citizens from

                                        9
                                       No. 06-20865

misrepresentations that have caused them grievous harm” that is at stake.
Belknap, 463 U.S. at 511.
       Furthermore, the employees complain of DuPont’s conduct during the
period of time when the employees were considering whether to transfer to DTI.
The sale of DTI to Koch did not occur until several weeks, if not months, later.2
Even if we were to ignore the fact that the employees complain of affirmative
misrepresentations made to them directly by DuPont, and not merely of a failure
on the part of DuPont to notify the union of the decision to sell DTI, DuPont has
not shown that failing to notify the union during this time period constitutes
conduct that is arguably prohibited by the NLRA. Compare Willamette, 300
N.L.R.B. at 282 (violation where notification was given on the day of the sale),
with Chippewa Motor Freight, Inc., 261 N.L.R.B. 455, 459–60 (1982) (no violation
where notification was given two days in advance of the closing of a freight
terminal).
       DuPont’s attempt to bring the employees’ state-law claims within the
scope of the NLRA by arguing that the alleged misrepresentations “occurred in
the overall course and context” of collective bargaining is unavailing. We
recognize that DuPont and the union engaged in collective bargaining over the
DTI separation plan, and that this bargaining led to the creation of the process
by which the employees had the opportunity to voluntarily transfer to DTI.
However, the employees make no allegations of misrepresentations on the part
of DuPont that might have tainted or interfered with this bargaining.3 Rather,

       2
         It is not clear from the record when the sale of DTI actually occurred, but the
voluntary transfer period ended on December 16, 2002, and there are indications that the
employees were not administratively moved from DuPont to DTI until February 1, 2003, at
the earliest, meaning that the sale would have had to occurred after that date.
       3
        Nor does the record suggest that any such misrepresentations were made. DuPont
did make a number of representations about what the compensation and benefits policies and
plans would be at DTI. As we understand it, though, these representations all proved to be
accurate. The only time that the subject of a possible DTI sale was broached during collective

                                             10
                                        No. 06-20865

they complain of communications from DuPont that occurred after the
negotiations creating the voluntary transfer process were completed. At that
point, each employee had a decision to make: stay with DuPont or transfer to
DTI.       It was toward this individual choice, and not any aspect of union
decisionmaking or the collective bargaining process, that the alleged
misrepresentations by DuPont were directed.4
       The cases cited by the parties demonstrate the importance of this
distinction and lend further support to our conclusion that the employees’ claims
are not preempted. DuPont relies upon several cases in which fraud claims were
held to be preempted. However, these cases all involve misrepresentations that
directly impacted the collective bargaining process. In Kolentus v. Avco Corp.,
798 F.2d 949, 960 (7th Cir. 1986), for example, where the Seventh Circuit held
that the conduct charged constituted an unfair labor practice under section
8(a)(5), the employees’ complaint was that the employer committed fraud “at the
time of negotiating and entering into the collective bargaining agreements.”
Here, though, the alleged misrepresentations occurred after the completion of
the collective bargaining that established the voluntary transfer process.
       Parker v. Connors Steel Co., 855 F.2d 1510 (11th Cir. 1988), is of no help
to DuPont, either.        In Parker, the employees alleged that their employer

bargaining was apparently when the union proposed that DuPont “bridge” pensions in the
event of a sale. Rather than disclaim the possibility of a sale, DuPont responded that all it
could commit to was the language of the pension plan, and that this did not include a bridging
provision.
       4
         We see little relevance in the fact that DuPont and the union contemplated another
round of bargaining after the voluntary transfer period ended (although this bargaining never
actually occurred), or the fact that the “mirror image” DTI CBA was not finalized until after
the employees had agreed to transfer to DTI. Regardless of what bargaining had occurred in
the past or was foreseeable in the future, the bottom line is that the alleged misrepresentations
were an attempt to influence an individual decision to be made by a number of DuPont
employees (i.e., whether to stay at DuPont or transfer to DTI). That decision was not the
subject of collective bargaining.

                                              11
                                      No. 06-20865

fraudulently obtained concession agreements by representing that it would keep
a plant open if the concessions were granted. Id. at 1515. DuPont suggests that
even though the agreements in Parker had already been negotiated by the union,
subsequent misrepresentations that were made to the employees were still
treated as having occurred during the collective bargaining process. This may
be the case, but it does not follow that the misrepresentations made by DuPont
also must be considered to have occurred during collective bargaining. The
crucial distinction is that the employees in Parker were voting as union members
to ratify concession agreements that would affect all union employees. See id.
at 1514. They were not making individual decisions binding upon themselves
only, as the DuPont employees were. Thus, though the misrepresentations in
Parker may have been made directly to the employees, they nonetheless
impacted the collective bargaining process because they were aimed at distorting
the outcome of the ratification vote.5 The same is true of Serrano v. Jones &
Laughlin Steel Co., 790 F.2d 1279 (6th Cir. 1986).
       More relevant to the case before us is the Third Circuit’s decision in Voilas
v. General Motors Corp., 170 F.3d 367 (3d Cir. 1999). There, the employees
alleged that GM falsely represented that a plant would close in order to induce
them to take an early retirement package. Id. at 371. Like the voluntary
transfer plan offered to the DuPont employees, the early retirement package in
Voilas was the product of collective bargaining between the employer and the
union. Id. However, the misrepresentations were alleged to have occurred
during the period when the early retirement option was available to

       5
          We cannot accept DuPont’s assertion that by agreeing to transfer to DTI, the
employees were also “ratifying” the separation plan negotiated by the union and the DTI CBA.
The voluntary transfer forms simply state that the employee “desire[s] to transfer from the
DuPont LaPorte Bargaining Unit to DuPont Textile and Interiors (DTI), a wholly owned
subsidiary of DuPont, and become a member of the DTI LaPorte Bargaining Unit.” This is not
a ratification vote.

                                            12
                                      No. 06-20865

employees—that is, after collective bargaining had been completed, when the
employees were individually considering whether to take early retirement.6 Id.
at 372.    The Third Circuit held that the employees’ fraud claim was not
preempted, reasoning that “the alleged fraud was not committed in connection
with any part of the collective bargaining process nor does it touch and concern
a mandatory duty on the part of the employer.” Id. at 379. The court concluded:
“Where . . . the claim is that the employer committed fraud in a direct
communication to the employees on the subject of a plant closure, there is no
NLRA preemption.” Id. The same can be said with respect to DuPont’s direct
communications to its employees on the subject of the possible sale of DTI.
       Our decision in Wells v. General Motors Corp., 881 F.2d 166 (5th Cir.
1989), is also instructive. In Wells, the employees alleged that GM made false
inducements and representations to persuade them to accept an early retirement
package. Id. at 169. We rejected GM’s argument that the employees’ claims
could be construed as alleging conduct prohibited by section 8’s good faith
bargaining requirement, explaining that the alleged fraudulent inducement did
not implicate national labor policy:
              [T]he challenged conduct . . . was not an attempt on the
              part of GM to interfere with the collective bargaining
              process or to diminish the union’s representative role;
              instead, it was a post-bargaining effort to induce
              individual employees to accept [the early retirement
              package]. While not dispositive, it is relevant that the
              parties had completed collective bargaining over the
              [early retirement package]; GM’s alleged inducements
              had no direct bearing upon the collective bargaining
              process in that they were not offered in order to obtain
              ratification of an agreement.

       6
         Similarly, the misrepresentations in the case before us are alleged to have occurred
during the period when the DuPont employees were individually considering whether to
transfer to DTI.

                                             13
                                     No. 06-20865

Id. at 171 (footnotes omitted). Again, the same can be said here, as the conduct
the employees complain of consists of post-bargaining efforts on the part of
DuPont to induce them to voluntarily transfer to DTI, and had no direct bearing
on the collective bargaining process.
      Finally, we recognize that in establishing standards for when an employer
must inform the union of the sale of its business for effects bargaining purposes,
the NLRB has attempted to balance practical concerns relating to the employer’s
need for secrecy in its sale negotiations with the union’s right to engage in
meaningful effects bargaining. But we cannot accept DuPont’s contention that
allowing the employees’ state-law claims to proceed will create conflicting
standards on this issue and upset the balance struck by the NLRB. The
employees do not complain that DuPont failed to disclose its plans for DTI to the
union at the appropriate time.             Rather, they complain of affirmative
misrepresentations made to them individually when they were deciding whether
to transfer to DTI. The fact that the NLRA allowed DuPont to remain silent
about its plans to sell DTI until such time as necessary to allow for meaningful
bargaining cannot be taken as providing a license for DuPont to make
affirmative misrepresentations to its employees (who were, in effect, also
prospective employees of DTI) up until that time had arrived. These are simply
two different issues.7
      In sum, the controversy presented by the employees’ state-law claims is
hardly identical to one which could have been brought before the NLRB. DuPont
has not shown that the conduct that the employees complain of is arguably
prohibited or protected by the NLRA. The employees’ state-law claims are not
preempted under Garmon.

      7
        For the same reasons, to the extent that DuPont argues that the misrepresentations
alleged by the employees constitute conduct that is arguably protected by the NLRA, we
disagree.

                                           14
                                  No. 06-20865

                                       IV.
      DuPont next argues that the allegations made in support of the employees’
state-law claims are sufficient to state a claim under ERISA and are therefore
preempted by that statute. There are two types of ERISA preemption. First,
ERISA’s express preemption clause states that with certain exceptions, ERISA
“shall supercede any and all State laws insofar as they may now or hereafter
relate to any employee benefit plan . . . .” 29 U.S.C. § 1144(a).
      Second, ERISA’s civil enforcement provision, 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a), “‘set[s]
forth a comprehensive civil enforcement scheme’” that “‘would be completely
undermined if ERISA-plan participants and beneficiaries were free to obtain
remedies under state law that Congress rejected in ERISA.’” AETNA Health
Inc. v. Davila, 542 U.S. 200, 208–09 (2004) (quoting Pilot Life Ins. Co. v.
Dedeaux, 481 U.S. 41, 54 (1987)). Accordingly, “any state-law cause of action
that duplicates, supplements, or supplants the ERISA civil enforcement remedy
conflicts with the clear congressional intent to make the ERISA remedy
exclusive and is therefore pre-empted.” Id. at 209 (citing Pilot Life, 481 U.S. at
54–56; Ingersoll-Rand Co. v. McClendon, 498 U.S. 133, 143–45 (1990)). DuPont
argues for preemption under this theory when it contends that the employees’
state-law claims could have been brought under ERISA.
      Specifically, DuPont points out that it had two roles with respect to the
employees: it was both their employer and the administrator of their employee
benefits plan, which was protected by ERISA. The employees, in turn, were not
only employees but also the beneficiaries of an ERISA plan. And since the
Supreme Court has held, in Varity Corp. v. Howe, 516 U.S. 489, 492 (1996), that
ERISA’s civil enforcement provision authorizes beneficiaries of an ERISA plan
to bring a lawsuit seeking individual relief against the plan administrator for

                                       15
                                  No. 06-20865

breach of fiduciary duty, DuPont argues that the employees should have brought
such a suit.
      In Varity, a group of beneficiaries of a firm’s ERISA plan sued the plan
administrator, who was also their employer, claiming that the administrator,
through trickery, led them to withdraw from the plan and to forfeit their
benefits. 516 U.S. at 491–92. The plaintiffs in Varity were employees of Massey-
Ferguson, a subsidiary of Varity Corporation, and participants in Massey-
Ferguson’s self-administered ERISA benefits plan. Id. at 492. Varity devised
a plan to transfer some of Massey-Ferguson’s money-losing divisions to a new
subsidiary, with the expectation that the subsidiary would fail, and thus
eliminate various obligations—including those relating to the ERISA plan—that
Varity planned to transfer to the subsidiary. Id. at 493. At a special meeting
called to persuade the employees to accept these changes, Varity misrepresented
the new subsidiary’s financial viability in an attempt to convince the employees
that their benefits would be secure under the subsidiary. Id. at 493–94. After
the employees agreed to the transfer, the subsidiary failed, as Varity had
anticipated, and the employees’ benefits were lost. Id. at 494. The employees
then sued under ERISA, seeking reinstatement in the plan they had withdrawn
from. Id. at 492. The Supreme Court held that Varity had been acting in its
capacity as a plan administrator and was thus susceptible to suit under ERISA’s
civil enforcement provision. Id. at 501, 507.
      Crucial to the question whether the employees in this case could have
brought a Varity-type suit, then, is whether their claims relate to DuPont’s role
as administrator of an ERISA plan or simply to its role as employer. DuPont
argues for the former, and in favor of preemption, on the grounds that the
employees’ contentions are “very similar, if not substantively identical,” to those
that stated a claim for breach of fiduciary duty under ERISA in Varity. We
disagree. In Varity, the misrepresentations at issue were entirely bound up with

                                        16
                                        No. 06-20865

communications regarding the ERISA plan. Varity called a special meeting that,
“to a considerable extent, was about benefits,” presented a variety of detailed
information about the benefits that the employees currently enjoyed and the
benefits that would be available under the new subsidiary, and “intentionally
connected its statements about [the subsidiary’s] financial health to statements
it made about the future of benefits, so that its intended communication about
the security of benefits was rendered materially misleading.” Id. at 501, 505
(emphasis removed). Not surprisingly, the Supreme Court held that “making
intentional representations about the future of plan benefits in that context is
an act of plan administration.” Id. at 505.
       In contrast, the misrepresentations that the employees complain of in this
case do not appear to have occurred in the context of plan administration.
DuPont held a series of meetings to discuss the DTI separation plan, but there
is no indication that these meetings were, “to a considerable extent, . . . about
benefits,” as the meetings in Varity were.8 See id. at 501. There was apparently
one meeting at which DuPont produced a specialist who discussed benefits, but
the employees do not allege that the misrepresentations about the future of DTI
were made by this individual,9 or even that the misrepresentations were
specifically connected to this individual’s presentation so as to bolster the

       8
        In fact, there were a variety of issues unrelated to benefits that were raised by the DTI
separation and required communications from DuPont, such as the voluntary transfer process
negotiated by DuPont and the union, the status of the new DTI collective bargaining unit,
matters relating to compensation and working conditions at DTI, and the transfer of seniority
rights.
       9
        This individual is described in the employees’ complaint as “a specialist from Boulder,
Colorado.” There are no indications that the specialist made any representations about
DuPont’s plans to sell DTI, or was even in a position to know about those plans. Cf. Varity,
516 U.S. at 503 (misrepresentations about the financial viability of the subsidiary came from
a Varity vice-president who also had authority to communicate (and did in fact communicate)
to employees about ERISA-plan matters). Moreover, the representations that were made
about benefits all proved to be true—the benefits under DTI were the same as they had been
under DuPont, as promised.

                                              17
                                         No. 06-20865

statements       about      benefits.         Rather,      the    employees        allege     that
misrepresentations were made by DuPont management and officers in response
to concerns and questions that were raised by the employees themselves. The
clear nexus that existed in Varity between the alleged misrepresentations and
an act of plan administration is lacking here, and we fail to see how the
employees could have brought suit under ERISA, or how their claims threaten
to duplicate or supplant an ERISA remedy. Accordingly, the employees’ claims
are not preempted by ERISA’s civil enforcement provision.
       Still, there remains the possibility that the employees’ claims may be
preempted by ERISA’s express preemption clause,10 which states that ERISA
“shall supercede any and all State laws insofar as they may now or hereafter
relate to any employee benefit plan . . . .” 29 U.S.C. § 1144(a) (with certain
exceptions that are inapplicable here). The Supreme Court has “observed
repeatedly that this broadly worded provision is ‘clearly expansive.’” Egelhoff
v. Egelhoff, 532 U.S. 141, 146 (2001) (quoting N.Y. State Conference of Blue Cross
& Blue Shield Plans v. Travelers Ins. Co., 514 U.S. 645, 655 (1995)). But at the
same time, the Court has “recognized that the term ‘relate to’ cannot be taken
‘to extend to the furthest stretches of its indeterminancy,’ or else ‘for all practical
purposes pre-emption would never run its course.’” Id. (quoting Travelers, 514
U.S. at 655). In determining whether a state law is preempted, therefore, the
Court has indicated that we are to “look both to the objectives of the ERISA
statute as a guide to the scope of the state law that Congress understood would
survive, as well as to the nature of the effect of the state law on ERISA plans.”
Id. (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
       In enacting ERISA, Congress’s objectives were to

       10
          Although, as we have previously observed, the “set of claims described by [ERISA’s
civil enforcement provision] will rarely, if ever, differ from the set of claims that ‘relate to’ an
ERISA plan under [ERISA’s express preemption clause].” Woods v. Tex. Aggregates, L.L.C.,
459 F.3d 600, 603 (5th Cir. 2006).

                                                18
                                    No. 06-20865

               protect interstate commerce and the interests of
               participants in employee benefit plans and their
               beneficiaries, by requiring the disclosure and reporting
               to participants and beneficiaries of financial and other
               information with respect thereto, by establishing
               standards of conduct, responsibility, and obligation for
               fiduciaries of employee benefit plans, and by providing
               for appropriate remedies, sanctions, and ready access to
               the Federal courts.

29 U.S.C. § 1001(b). In light of these objectives, we apply a two-part test when
a defendant argues that a claim is preempted by ERISA. The defendant must
prove that: “(1) the claim ‘addresses an area of exclusive federal concern, such
as the right to receive benefits under the terms of the Plan; and (2) the claim
directly affects the relationship among traditional ERISA entities—the
employer, the plan and its fiduciaries, and the participants and beneficiaries.’”
Bank of Louisiana v. AETNA U.S. Healthcare Inc., 468 F.3d 237, 242 (5th Cir.
2006) (quoting Mayeaux v. La. Health Serv. & Indem. Co., 376 F.3d 420, 432 (5th
Cir. 2004)).
      We see little danger that the employees’ claims will intrude upon an area
of exclusive federal concern. If the employees were claiming that they were
wrongfully denied benefits due to them under the terms of the DuPont or DTI
ERISA plan, or that either plan was improperly administered, this element
would be implicated. See id. (claims that require inquiry into the administration
of an ERISA plan implicate an area of exclusive federal concern); Hubbard v.
Blue Cross & Blue Shield Ass’n, 42 F.3d 942, 946 (5th Cir. 1995) (same for suit
alleging improper processing of a claim for benefits under an ERISA plan). But
the heart of the employees’ complaint is that DuPont fraudulently induced them
to terminate their employment with DuPont and accept employment with DTI.
To prevail, the employees need not prove that any aspect of DuPont’s
administration of the employees’ ERISA plan was improper. The claims only

                                         19
                                     No. 06-20865

relate to misrepresentations that DuPont is alleged to have made about its
intentions to sell DTI.       They simply do not intrude into federal matters
respecting the duties and standards of conduct for an ERISA plan administrator.
      With regard to the second element of the preemption test, DuPont points
out that the employees’ claims necessarily involve traditional ERISA
entities—DuPont was both the employer and plan administrator, and the
employees were plan participants and beneficiaries. However, “[f]or purposes
of ERISA preemption the critical distinction is not whether the parties to a claim
are traditional ERISA entities in some capacity, but instead whether the
relevant state law affects an aspect of the relationship that is comprehensively
regulated by ERISA.” Bank of Louisiana, 468 F.3d at 243. “The critical
determination is whether the claim itself created a relationship between the
plaintiff and defendant that is so intertwined with an ERISA plan that it cannot
be separated.” Id. (internal quotation marks, brackets, and citation omitted).
Here, the employees’ allegation that DuPont fraudulently induced them to
transfer to DTI does not affect an area of their relationship that is
comprehensively regulated by ERISA.              As we have discussed above, the
employees are not claiming that DuPont improperly administered an ERISA
plan; litigation of their claims will not intrude into these matters. We also doubt
that the employees’ claims will require inquiry into the terms of an ERISA plan,
except perhaps to calculate damages.11 In sum, DuPont has not shown that the
employees’ claims “relate to” an ERISA plan for purposes of ERISA’s express
preemption clause.

      11
         The fact that the employees have pled, as one element of their damages, that they
suffered losses with regard to benefits after the DTI sale does not require a finding of
preemption. We have rejected the argument that “any lawsuit in which reference to a benefit
plan is necessary to compute plaintiff’s damages is preempted by ERISA . . . .” Rozzell v.
Security Servs., Inc., 38 F.3d 819, 822 (5th Cir. 1994).

                                            20
                                  No. 06-20865

                                        V.
      Finally, we turn to DuPont’s argument that dismissal of its declaratory
judgment action against Sawyer for lack of subject matter jurisdiction was error.
In its declaratory judgment complaint, DuPont alleged the existence of federal
question jurisdiction on the basis that the case arose under ERISA. Among
other things, DuPont sought a judgment that it did not violate any fiduciary
duties it owed as an administrator of an ERISA plan, Sawyer has no right to
individual relief under ERISA, and Sawyer’s potential state-law claims are
preempted by ERISA.
      “Where the complaint in an action for declaratory judgment seeks in
essence to assert a defense to an impending or threatened state court action, it
is the character of the threatened action, and not of the defense, which will
determine whether there is federal-question jurisdiction in the District Court.”
Pub. Serv. Comm’n of Utah v. Wycoff Co., 344 U.S. 237, 248 (1952). Thus, our
task is to analyze the character of the “threatened action” against DuPont; if this
hypothetical action arises under ERISA and thus states a federal question,
subject matter jurisdiction exists over the declaratory judgment action.
      There is no need for much discussion here, given our conclusion in the
consolidated appeal that the employees’ claims are not preempted by ERISA’s
civil enforcement provision. Just as these claims are not an ERISA action in
disguise, the threatened suit that DuPont sought to defuse with a declaratory
judgment was not an ERISA action. Accordingly, subject matter jurisdiction
over the declaratory judgment action is lacking.
                                       VI.
      For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the interlocutory order denying
DuPont’s motions to dismiss the employees’ claims, and AFFIRM the dismissal
of DuPont’s declaratory judgment action.

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