Court Opinion

ID: 3072738
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-16 00:50:22.575075+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:41:48.001902
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS
                                      EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                           EL PASO, TEXAS

                                                         §
    J.D.S.,                                                                 No. 08-14-00191-CV
                                                         §
                            Appellant,                                           Appeal from
                                                         §
    v.                                                                       109th District Court
                                                         §
    TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF FAMILY                                           of Andrews County, Texas
    PROTECTIVE SERVICES,                                 §
                                                                                (TC # 19,198)
                            Appellee.                    §

                                                  OPINION

          This is an appeal from an order terminating the parent child relationship between JDS

and LS predicated upon Texas Family Code subsections 161.001(1)(D), (E), (O), and a finding

that termination is in the best interest of the child. The final order appoints the Department as

the child’s sole managing conservator. In eight issues1, JDS challenges the legal and factual

sufficiency of the evidence to support termination. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.

                                           FACTUAL SUMMARY

          LS was five years old at the time of trial. JDS was incarcerated throughout the pendency

of the case and at the time of trial, with a scheduled release date of March 25, 2015. She has a

1
  In Issues One and Two, JDS challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence to support the trial court’s
finding that termination is in the best interest of LS. Issues 3 and 4 complain that the evidence is legally and
factually insufficient to support the trial court’s finding that termination is proper under T EX.FAM.CODE ANN. §
161.001(1)(D), while Issues Five and Six raise the same complaints with regard to the findings under subsection
(1)(E). The final two issues address the sufficiency of the evidence to support termination based on subsection
(1)(O). All references herein relate to T EX.FAM.CODE ANN. §§ 161.001(1)(D), (E), (O) and 161.001(2).
criminal history which is of significance here. In August 2013, she pled guilty to endangering a

child, retaliation against a police officer, and theft. The endangerment charge arose from an

incident in December 2012 when she ran away from police with LS in her arms. She explained

that the police were at her home because she crashed her car into a washer, dryer, and trailer that

rolled into the street and blocked traffic. She admitted she was intoxicated at the time. She

heard the police arrive and grabbed her daughter, who was not wearing a coat, and ran to the

alley. The retaliation charge followed because she threatened the police officer. The theft

conviction involved a PlayStation that she stole from someone who was living in her home. JDS

also admitted to using synthetic marijuana and a drug test conducted before her arrest was

positive for marijuana. The record also reveals she was convicted in 2006 of assault causing

bodily injury to a family member and abandonment or endangering her child. This child was

removed by the Department and eventually adopted by non-relatives. While JDS was initially

placed on deferred probation, it was revoked when she was convicted of the later offenses.

       The Department became involved after receiving reports of neglect. An investigation

launched in March 2013 revealed that Mother and child were living in a home with broken

windows, no electricity, no hot water, mice, roach infestation, and moldy food. There were also

questions about whether LS was receiving proper dental care. JDS testified that she and LS were

living with JDS’s boyfriend and his father. She knew the home was unfit. She offered various

explanations, such as the father had a habit of putting dirty dishes in drawers which attracted

roaches. The home had mice and she laid out poison which resulted in mice “basically just dying

everywhere.” The refrigerator was broken. She believed LS was confused about the electricity,

claiming a bulb had merely burned out. The hot water heater had been non-functioning for just a

few days.

                                                2
          By the time the investigation was completed, JDS was incarcerated. LS was placed with

her maternal grandmother. According to the Department investigator, a safety plan was prepared

that placed LS with her grandmother until her mother was released from jail. At that point, the

Department planned to provide JDS with services and supervised visitation. The child was

removed from the grandmother when she tested positive for marijuana. The Department filed a

removal petition and LS was placed in foster care. The foster mother, referred to by the fictitious

name of “Cindy Furman,” testified that the child had been with her for a year by the time of trial.

The little girl was doing “phenomenally well” in school and was “flourishing.”

          She has actually excelled than most of the other kids in her class in her Head Start
          program. She continues to read at home. We go to the library every three weeks
          and pick up some books, and she will read, every night, five pages. And we will
          read to her so that she will continue to have that knowledge when she goes to
          kindergarten next year, which she is already registered. I’ve already registered
          her for kindergarten. She wrote this story about us.

          She has improved since she first started. And she knows her numbers, and she
          has actually learned math. So she has actually excelled more than expected. And
          she excelled the most in her class, but that’s because we encourage her at home.
          We have flashcards for her. We read to her. We do math with her. She goes to
          gymnastics.

          The CASA2 supervisor testified that LS is bonded to the Furmans and attached to both of

them, refusing to call them anything other than her “mom and dad.”                       They in turn were very

loving toward the child. The CASA report contained in the clerk’s record indicates that JDS was

believed to use methamphetamines and heroin but claimed she only smoked synthetic marijuana.

There was a history of domestic violence between JDS and her boyfriend. The report recites

JDS admitted that when she was seventeen, she had a child removed by CPS.

          With regard to dental care, Cindy explained that the child needed immediate attention

related to decay and cavities that caused an infection. One tooth was pulled because it could not

2
    CASA refers to a court appointed special advocate who serves as the child’s guardian ad litem.

                                                           3
be saved. LS now has four caps on her teeth. JDS admitted to giving the child chocolate milk

and fruit juices despite having been told to limit her sugar intake because of the dental issues.

       LS told her caseworker, Zaneta Castro, that she was afraid of the “Chucky doll.” LS

described vivid nightmares about the doll standing next to her bed with a knife. This caused an

incidence of bedwetting. Another instance of bedwetting occurred when LS received a card

from her mother. Castro did not anticipate a problem because the card only said “I love you,”

but the child experienced nightmares and bedwetting.          LS was receiving therapy, and the

caseworker explained that bedwetting is a symptom of psychological issues. The bedwetting and

nightmares continued to be addressed and her therapist recommended that the child have no

contact with her mother. All letters and photographs thereafter were given to the therapist, who

made the ultimate decision as to whether they were appropriate for the child to see. LS did not

want to sleep by herself and needed five night lights. JDS testified that LS did not have

nightmares and rarely wet the bed. She also admitted the little girl slept between JDS and her

boyfriend.

       With regard to completion of the safety plan requirements, Castro testified that JDS failed

to complete the individual counseling that was recommended by her drug and alcohol assessment

and psychological evaluation. She also related that JDS failed to visit with the child the requested

minimum of two hours due to her incarceration. In response, JDS testified that she participated

in a number of classes while incarcerated and that she would have participated in all the services

the Department was offering had she not been incarcerated. She completed anger management

and learned about establishing relationships with others. She also learned “consumer smarts,

money management, setting goals, parenting skills, the different food groups, healthy choices,

and bad choices.”

                                                  4
       Castro testified that she was concerned for the child’s safety, emotional and

psychological well-being, and development if the parental rights were not terminated. The

caseworker recounted that LS “fears going back” and has “experienced a traumatic amount of

insight that a five-year-old should typically not know.”

       Well, the concerns I have regarding LS is that for being her age, at the age of five,
       she is very knowledgeable of very negative things that have happened in her past,
       whether she can tell you about, you know, guns, and, you know, bad drugs, or she
       can tell you about the Chucky doll, a knife. I mean, very vivid things that she
       talks about. She is very vivid when she does talk to you about things. It is very
       concerning that -- she has a fear of any of these things going back, from receiving
       a simple card to having nightmares and talking about how she doesn’t want to go
       back to being in that situation. And she will mention, you know, past paramours
       of mom and -- and that’s the reason why she brings up the Chucky doll. So she is
       very scared about certain things that occur, but she does mention, you know, that -
       - she does care, but then she will turn back around and she will just say how she is
       scared about the Chucky doll. And that’s the main thing she does bring up, which
       causes the bedwetting.

The Department sought termination so that LS would be eligible for adoption by the Furmans,

who are interested in doing so because she is “a part of our family.”

                                PARENTAL TERMINATION

       A parent’s rights may be involuntarily terminated through proceedings brought under

Section 161.001 of the Texas Family Code. See TEX.FAM.C ODE ANN. § 161.001 (West 2014).

Under this provision, the petitioner must (1) establish one or more of the statutory acts or

omissions enumerated as grounds for termination, and (2) prove that termination is in the best

interest of the child. See id. Both elements must be established and termination may not be

based solely on the best interest of the child as determined by the trier of fact. Texas Department

of Human Services v. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d 531, 533 (Tex. 1987).

       The natural right of a parent to the care, custody, and control of their children is one of

constitutional magnitude. Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. 1985); see also Santosky v.

                                                 5
Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 758-59, 102 S. Ct. 1388, 1397, 71 L. Ed. 2d 599 (1982)(acknowledging

that a parent’s rights to “the companionship, care, custody, and management” of their children

are constitutional interests, “far more precious than any property right”). Not only is a parent’s

interest in maintaining custody of and raising her children “paramount;” it is quite possibly the

oldest fundamental liberty recognized by our courts. See In the Interest of M.S., E.S., D.S., S.S.,

and N.S., 115 S.W.3d 534, 547 (Tex. 2003)(noting that Texas courts recognize that “a parent’s

interest in maintaining custody of and raising his or her child is paramount”); Troxel v.

Granville, 530 U.S. 57, 65, 120 S. Ct. 2054, 2060, 147 L. Ed. 2d 49 (2000)(in discussing the

constitutional stature of parental rights, the United State Supreme Court said, “the interest of

parents in the care, custody, and control of their children--is perhaps the oldest of the

fundamental liberty interests recognized by this Court”); see also In re M.S., 115 S.W.3d at 549

(“Termination of parental rights is traumatic, permanent, and irrevocable.”). Although parental

rights are of constitutional magnitude, they are not absolute. In the Interest of C.H., 89 S.W.3d
17, 26 (Tex. 2002)(“Just as it is imperative for courts to recognize the constitutional

underpinnings of the parent-child relationship, it is also essential that emotional and physical

interests of the child not be sacrificed merely to preserve that right.”).

                                          Burden of Proof

       Because of the importance of parental rights, and the severity and permanency of

termination, the quantum of proof required in a termination proceeding is elevated from a

preponderance of the evidence to clear and convincing evidence. Santosky, 455 U.S. at 747, 102

S.Ct. at 1391; accord Holick, 685 S.W.2d at 20–21; see In re M.S., 115 S.W.3d at 547 and In the

Interest of D.S.P. and H.R.P., 210 S.W.3d 776, 778 (Tex.App.--Corpus Christi 2006, no pet.)

(cases recognizing that involuntary termination of parental rights is a drastic remedy which

                                                   6
divests the parent and child of all legal rights, privileges, duties, and powers normally existing

between them, except for the child’s right to inherit from the parent); see also In the Interest of

B.L.D. and B.R.D., 113 S.W.3d 340, 353-54 (Tex. 2003)(noting that because of the severity and

permanency of termination, due process requires the party seeking to terminate parental rights

prove the necessary elements by the heightened burden of proof of clear and convincing

evidence).

       “Clear and convincing evidence” means the measure or degree of proof that “will

produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations

sought to be established.” TEX.FAM.CODE ANN. § 101.007 (West 2014); see In the Interest of

J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 263 (Tex. 2002); see also In the Interest of J.A.J., 243 S.W.3d 611, 616

(Tex. 2007)(contrasting the standards applied in termination proceedings and the standards

applied in modification proceedings).           This intermediate standard falls between the

preponderance of evidence standard of ordinary civil proceedings and the reasonable doubt

standard of criminal proceedings. State v. Addington, 588 S.W.2d 569, 570 (Tex. 1979); In the

Interest of D.T., 34 S.W.3d 625, 630 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth 2000, pet. denied)(op. on reh’g).

Although the proof must be more than merely the greater weight of the credible evidence, there

is no requirement that the evidence be unequivocal or undisputed. Addington, 588 S.W.2d at

570.

                                        Standards of Review

       The Supreme Court has clearly articulated the applicable standards of legal sufficiency

review in termination cases. Accordingly, we consider all of the evidence in the light most

favorable to the trial court’s finding, “to determine whether a reasonable trier of fact could have

formed a firm belief or conviction that its finding was true.” In the Interest of J.P.B., 180

                                                  7
S.W.3d 570, 573 (Tex. 2005), quoting In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. We give deference to the

fact finder’s conclusions, indulge every reasonable inference from the evidence in favor of that

finding, and presume the fact finder resolved any disputed facts in favor of its findings, so long

as a reasonable fact finder could do so. Id.; In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. We disregard any

evidence that a reasonable fact finder could have disbelieved, or found to have been incredible,

but we do not disregard undisputed facts. In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d at 573; In re J.F.C., 96
S.W.3d at 266. A legal sufficiency or no evidence point will only be sustained when the record

discloses one of the following: (1) a complete absence of evidence of a vital fact; (2) the court is

barred by rules of law or evidence from giving weight to the only evidence offered to prove a

vital fact; (3) the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is no more than a scintilla of evidence; or

(4) the evidence establishes conclusively the opposite of a vital fact. See Swinney v. Mosher, 830
S.W.2d 187, 194 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth 1992, writ denied).

                                        Statutory Predicates

       The termination order here was based on TEX.FAM.CODE ANN. § 161.001(D)(E) and

(O), with the court finding that JDS had:

• Knowingly placed or knowingly allowed the child to remain in conditions or surroundings
which endanger the physical or emotional well-being of the child [subsection (D)];

• Engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the child with persons who engaged in conduct which
endangers the physical or emotional well-being of the child [subsection (E)]; and

• Failed to comply with the provisions of a court order that specifically established the actions
necessary for the parent to obtain the return of the child who has been in the permanent or
temporary managing conservatorship of the Department of Family and Protective Services for
not less than nine months as a result of the child’s removal from the parent under Chapter 262 for
the abuse or neglect of the child [subsection (O)].

Both subsections (D) and (E) require proof of endangerment, which means to expose to loss or

injury, or to jeopardize a child’s emotional or physical health. Doyle v. Texas Department of

                                                  8
Protective and Regulatory Services, 16 S.W.3d 390, 394 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2000, pet. denied).

While endangerment means more than a threat of metaphysical injury or the possible ill effects

of a less-than-ideal family environment, it is not necessary that the conduct be directed at the

child or that the child actually suffer injury. Doyle, 16 S.W.3d at 394. Subsections (D) and (E)

differ in one respect: the source of the physical or emotional endangerment to the child. See In

Interest of B.S.T., 977 S.W.2d 481, 484 (Tex.App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 1998, no pet.); In

Interest of S.H.A., 728 S.W.2d 73, 83-84 (Tex.App.--Dallas 1987, writ ref’d n.r.e.). Subsection

(D) requires a showing that the environment in which the child is placed endangered the child’s

physical or emotional health. Doyle, 16 S.W.3d at 394. Conduct of a parent or another person in

the home can create an environment that endangers the physical and emotional well-being of a

child as required for termination under Subsection (D). Id.; see In the Interest of W.S., 899
S.W.2d 772, 776 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth 1995, no writ)(“environment” refers to the acceptability

of living conditions). Inappropriate, abusive, or unlawful conduct by persons who live in the

child’s home or with whom the child is compelled to associate on a regular basis in his home is a

part of the “conditions or surroundings” of the child’s home under subsection (D).         In re

M.R.J.M., 280 S.W.3d 494, 502 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth 2009, no pet.). The fact finder may infer

from past conduct endangering the child’s well-being that similar conduct will recur if the child

is returned to the parent. Id. Thus, subsection (D) addresses the child’s surroundings and

environment rather than parental misconduct, which is the subject of subsection (E). Doyle, 16
S.W.3d at 394; In re B.S.T., 977 S.W.2d at 484; In re S.H.A., 728 S.W.2d at 84.

       Under subsection (E), the cause of the danger to the child must be the parent’s conduct

alone, as evidenced not only by the parent’s actions but also by the parent’s omission or failure

to act. Doyle, 16 S.W.3d at 395; In re B.S.T., 977 S.W.2d at 484; In re S.H.A., 728 S.W.2d at 83-

                                               9
84. The conduct to be examined includes what the parents did both before and after the child

was born. In Interest of D.M., 58 S.W.3d 801, 812 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth 2001, no pet.);

Dupree v. Tex. Dep’t of Protective & Regulatory Servs., 907 S.W.2d 81, 84 (Tex.App.--Dallas

1995, no writ). To be relevant, the conduct does not have to have been directed at the child, nor

must actual harm result to the child from the conduct. Id.; In the Interest of C.D., 664 S.W.2d
851, 853 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth 1984, no writ). Additionally, termination under subsection (E)

must be based on more than a single act or omission; a voluntary, deliberate, and conscious

course of conduct by the parent is required. In the Interest of K.M.M., 993 S.W.2d 225, 228

(Tex.App.--Eastland 1999, no pet.). The specific danger to the child’s well-being need not be

established as an independent proposition, but may be inferred from parental misconduct. In

Interest of N.K., 99 S.W.3d 295, 300 (Tex.App.--Texarkana 2003, no pet.). Evidence of criminal

conduct, convictions, and imprisonment and its effect on a parent’s life and ability to parent may

establish an endangering course of conduct. In the Interest of J.T.G., 121 S.W.3d 117, 133

(Tex.App..--Fort Worth 2003, no pet.). Imprisonment alone does not constitute an endangering

course of conduct but it is a fact properly considered on the endangerment issue. Boyd, 727
S.W.2d at 533-34; In the Interest of R.W., 129 S.W.3d 732, 743-44 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth 2004,

pet. denied). Routinely subjecting a child to the probability that she will be left alone because

her parent is in jail, endangers the child’s physical and emotional well-being. See In the Interest

of S.D., 980 S.W.2d 758, 763 (Tex.App.--San Antonio 1998, pet. denied). However, “the

relationship of the parent and child, as well as efforts to improve or enhance parenting skills, are

relevant in determining whether a parent’s conduct results in ‘endangerment’ of the child under

section 161.001(1)(E), even where the parent is incarcerated.” In the Interest of D.T., 34 S.W.3d
625, 640 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth 2000, pet. denied).

                                                10
       Finally, under subsection O, the Department has the burden to establish that (1) the parent

was ordered to comply with a family service plan as a result of the child’s removal for abuse or

neglect, and (2) she failed to comply with the requirements of the family service plan.

                                     Best Interest of the Child

       A determination of best interest necessitates a focus on the child, not the parent. See In

the Interest of R.F., 115 S.W.3d 804, 812 (Tex.App.--Dallas 2003, no pet.). However, there is a

strong presumption that it is in the child’s best interest to preserve the parent-child relationship.

Swate v. Swate, 72 S.W.3d 763, 767 (Tex.App.--Waco 2002, pet denied). The Texas Supreme

Court has enumerated certain factors which should be considered: the child’s desires; the child’s

emotional and physical needs now and in the future; the emotional and physical danger to the

child now and in the future; the parenting abilities of the individuals seeking custody; the

programs available to assist those individuals to promote the child’s best interest; the plans for

the child by those individuals or the agency seeking custody; the stability of the home or

proposed placement; the parent’s acts or omissions that may indicate that the existing parent-

child relationship is not a proper one; and any excuse for the parent’s acts or omissions. Holley

v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 372 (Tex. 1976)(“the Holley factors”). Also, permanence is of

paramount importance in considering a child’s present and future needs. Dupree, 907 S.W.2d at

87.

                   Sufficiency of the Evidence to Support Statutory Predicate

                                      HOME ENVIRONMENT

       We find the evidence to be both legally and factually sufficient to support termination

under subsections (D) and (E) for the following reasons. The home in which the child lived for

two years prior to removal can only be described as deplorable. Remarkably, JDS testified that

                                                 11
the home was “100 times better” at the time of the Department investigation than when she and

LS first moved in two years prior. JDS insisted that others who had lived in the house destroyed

it, and that may well be true. That is not the issue. The issue is that she allowed her daughter to

live in a home infested with roaches and mice. Moreover, JDS discussed how she spread poison

throughout the home and that mice were dying everywhere. Both the mice and the poison

endangered this little girl. The refrigerator was broken, again by others, which explained the

moldy food, but JDS never explained why there wasn’t any other food in the house for her

daughter to eat. LS told her case worker that the home had no electricity and it was cold. JDS

explained that the house was big and old and cold, but that she had space heaters. According to

her, the family mostly lived in the bedroom area. She also claimed that LS must have thought

there was no electricity because she had seen a light bulb blow out. While there was running

water, there was no hot water. JDS explained it this way:

       Q: You said you were having some problems with the water heater went out, and -

       A. Well, I -- when they came to my house, I told them that I would shut the water
          -- the electricity to the water well off because there was a leak in the pump,
          and it would leak out into the alley. And the City was going to fine me for it.
          They kept putting notes on my door saying, you know, if you don’t get this
          fixed, we are going to fine you. Well, it was a really expensive part, and my
          electricity bill was running like $900 a month. Because the pump would click
          on and off, on and off, because it was leaking in the alley. So what I would do
          was just shut the electricity off to the water well, and I would only turn it on
          when we were going to take a bath or wash the dishes. But we were in the
          process of having that fixed.

The trier of fact was the judge of witness credibility and we will not encroach on that territory.

                                         MEDICAL CARE

       The child’s teeth presented a serious health issue. LS complained that they hurt every

day and that she wanted to see the doctor so she could eat again. JDS testified that she knew of

the problem, but she had transportation issues because “the back window of her car had been

                                                 12
busted out.” She said she took the child to the emergency room and LS received antibiotics. She

had spoken with a dental office but they would not see the child until she completed her course

of antibiotics. JDS offered that she then would have taken the child to a dental appointment had

she not been arrested. Again, that may well be true, but the extent of the dental damage was long

in the making. The tooth decay and cavities caused LS to develop a serious infection. One tooth

was pulled because it could not be saved. Four other teeth were capped.

                                       CRIMINAL HISTORY

       JDS is incarcerated with a scheduled release date of March 25, 2015. She pled guilty to

endangering a child, retaliation, and theft in 2013. This was not her first charge relating to

endangerment of a child. She was convicted in 2006 of assault causing bodily injury to a family

member and abandonment or endangering her child. The 2012 charges arose from her conduct

when she was admittedly intoxicated. She has also admitted to using synthetic marijuana and a

drug test conducted before her arrest was positive for marijuana. While JDS was initially placed

on deferred probation, it was revoked when she was convicted of the later offenses. Her repeated

criminal conduct threatens the child’s sense of stability and security.

                                      PARENTAL JUDGMENT

       Castro testified that LS spoke of “not wanting to go back” and the memories she had of

her mother’s prior relationships. The child talked of family violence. While JDS did not show

LS the scary movie the child equated with the Chucky doll, she allowed LS to live in that

environment. When LS developed nightmares and did not want to sleep alone, JDS allowed her

to sleep between the mother and the mother’s boyfriend. She saw nothing wrong with this

arrangement. Additionally, JDS allowed other people to live in the home, the very people she

claimed trashed the house, broke the windows and knocked holes in the walls.

                                                 13
       Based on the undisputed evidence, the trial court could have reasonably formed a firm

belief or conviction that JDS violated subsections 161.001(1)(D) and (E). The evidence is thus

legally and factually sufficient to support the statutory predicate. And because the evidence

establishes that the trial court did not err in this regard, a review of the evidence to support the

finding under subsection 161.001(1)(O) is unnecessary. See In the Interest of A.V. and J.V., 113
S.W.3d 355, 361 (Tex. 2003)(only one statutory predicate ground is necessary to support

termination of parental rights when there is also a finding of best interest). We overrule Issues

Three, Four, Five, and Six. We do not address Issues Seven and Eight.

                      Sufficiency of the Evidence to Support Best Interest

       We are left with Issues One and Two. We have previously outlined the Holley factors

which are to be considered in determining the best interest of the child. With regard to this little

girl’s desires, she told Castro that she does not want to return to her prior situation. She has

bonded well with her foster family and insists, to the point of correcting others, that the Furmans

are her “mom and dad.” In contrast, she refers to her mother as “JDS,” with whom she had not

had contact for some fourteen months. A simple birthday card created such a reaction that the

child’s therapist recommended no contact and thereafter routinely screened all communications

from JDS.

       Secondly, we consider the emotional and physical needs of the child, now and in the

future, in conjunction with any corresponding emotional or physical danger. Future conduct may

indeed be predicted by past conduct. LS needs stability, security and continuity. JDS has

provided her with deplorable living conditions, exposed her to vermin and poison, jeopardized

her well-being by alcohol and marijuana, and terrified her by an inappropriate movie whose

impact was exaggerated by the presence of a life-like doll. LS did not want to sleep alone and

                                                14
needed numerous night lights. Her mother’s response was to allow the child to sleep between

the adults in the house, a fact which she now understands was inappropriate. JDS long delayed

in seeking dental treatment for the child, at great cost to the child’s health, and admittedly

rejected directions that she not add chocolate to milk, or permit her to drink sugary juices which

would further her dental issues.

       Third, we must analyze the parenting ability of JDS and the programs available to her

when she is released from prison.      The facts we have highlighted cast shadows over her

judgment. We do recognize that she has completed a variety of courses while incarcerated to

improve her skills and she is to be commended for doing so. Nevertheless, the fact finder could

well have disbelieved that she would seek out additional services upon her release. She has a

pattern of repeating her prior mistakes. While she has pled guilty -- twice -- to endangerment of

a child, she continues to offer excuses and blame others.

       Fourth, we look to the competing plans for the child and the stability of placement. The

Department sought permanent sole managing conservatorship, continued placement with the

Furmans, and anticipated adoption. Without question, LS is thriving in their home. She loves

them, considers them to be her “mom and dad,” and her psychological issues have been steadily

improving thanks to therapy and their continual parental support. She is reading, writing stories,

and doing math. JDS herself recognized the bond:

       I don’t want my daughter to just be yanked out of the foster parents’ home either,
       because I love her and I want to protect her heart, too, you know. I do want to
       remain as her mother and I am going to continue fighting them and continue
       doing everything I can to be a better mother, but I don’t -- I want them to have a
       relationship with her, too.

       Q: Okay. And would you be willing to take classes once you got out of prison
       that the CPS offered, if that was --

       A: Yes, ma’am.

                                                15
       Q: -- if that was allowed?

       A: Yes, ma’am.

       Q: Okay. And you realize you can’t have [LS] right now?

       A: Yes, ma’am, I understand. And I -- and I know it’s for the best for her. I am
       just -- I am just asking for a chance to get out and prove myself, because, you
       know, I can -- I can show you all the certificates and say, you know, all I want to
       say, but the real test is when I am released, you know. And I am just asking for a
       chance to prove to everybody that I love my daughter with all my heart.

Her plan was to find a home, a job and a car within ninety days of her release. She offered no

specifics. While LS had initially been placed with her maternal grandmother, she was removed

when the grandmother tested positive for marijuana. JDS testified that she had cut all ties with

everyone except her brother, but she said nothing else about him and he did not testify. LS spoke

vividly to Castro about her mother’s prior relationships and those memories prompted her to

repeatedly state that she did not want to go back. The therapist believed that the child should not

be returned to her mother and should stay in placement with her foster family. JDS sought

reunification with her daughter for the simple reason, as she phrased it, “I am her biological

mother. A child should be with their parents.”

       Our extensive factual summary well outlines the acts or omissions which indicate that the

parent-child relationship between JDS and LS is not a proper one. Having done so, we review

her excuses. The house where she lived was “a 100 times better” than when they had moved in.

Other people living there had “trashed” it, tipped over and broken the refrigerator, splashed

paint, broken windows, and knocked holes in the walls. At one point, JDS explained she had

called the exterminators and that mice and roaches were common for an older home. She then

explained that she laid out rat poison so as to explain the carcasses and blamed her boyfriend’s

father for putting dirty dishes in the drawers. The electricity was not “off” as LS described and

                                                 16
the child simply misunderstood a blown light bulb. Hot water was available for baths and

dishwashing but not otherwise due to a broken or leaking pump. She downplayed the theft

charge because the PlayStation she stole was in her own home, although it belonged to someone

else. She believed the 2013 endangerment charges stemmed solely from carrying LS outside

without a coat in the winter, not from driving with the child while intoxicated. Indeed, she

claimed the child was not even in the car.        JDS was arrested for retaliation because she

threatened the officer while she was drunk, and she received a two year sentence for that

conviction, to which, we repeat, she pled guilty. JDS claims she has spent time writing to her

daughter, but according to the caseworker, these notes contained promises. Given the child’s

reaction to a birthday card that led her to remember past experiences and caused an increase in

the recurrence of nightmares and bedwetting, the therapist would not give the messages to her.

So convinced was he, that he did not recommend that LS be returned to her mother, opting

instead to recommend continued placement with the Furmans. Lastly, although LS had been

progressing with her therapy and the number of sessions had been reduced, she began to regress

shortly before the case went to trial. From this, a fact finder could conclude that the child was

afraid of returning to her mother.

       We have no doubt JDS loves her child. Sometimes, love is not enough. It is not a

question of a modest home versus a luxury lifestyle. It is a question of hygiene and health. It is

a question of nutrition and nurturing. It is a question of parenting rather than promising. It is a

question of presence in her life. JDS has pled guilty to child endangerment twice. Both children

were removed. One has already been adopted. The future of LS hangs in the balance. Applying

the requisite standards of review, and giving due regard to the elevated burden of proof, we

conclude that a reasonable fact finder could have reasonably formed a firm belief or conviction

                                                17
that termination was in the best interest of the child. We overrule Issues One and Two and

affirm the judgment of the trial court.

September 24, 2014
                                          ANN CRAWFORD McCLURE, Chief Justice

Before McClure, C.J., Rodriguez, J., and Barajas, C.J., (Senior Judge)
(Barajas, C.J., Senior Judge, sitting by assignment, not participating)

                                                 18