Court Opinion

ID: 4532444
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-05-07 14:18:05.554179+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:27:13.347465
License: Public Domain

PRESENT: Goodwyn, Mims, Powell, Kelsey, McCullough, and Chafin, JJ., and Millette, S.J.

LOUDOUN COUNTY
                                                                      OPINION BY
v. Record No. 190621                                            JUSTICE WILLIAM C. MIMS
                                                                       May 7, 2020
MICHAEL RICHARDSON

                      FROM THE COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

       In this case, we consider whether in setting the amount of workers’ compensation

benefits Code § 65.2-503 requires that the extent of the worker’s functional loss of use from a

work-related injury be measured before or after implantation of a prosthetic device that improves

the worker’s functionality.

               I. BACKGROUND AND MATERIAL PROCEEDINGS BELOW

       Michael Richardson is fire battalion chief in the Loudoun County Fire & Rescue

Department. The injury at issue in this case occurred during a firefighter evaluation exercise on

July 10, 2013 during which Richardson experienced a sharp pain in his left groin area while

carrying a 40-pound hose up a flight of stairs. He was 55 years old at the time.

       Following initial medical treatment, Richardson was referred to orthopedic surgeon Dr.

Anthony Avery. Avery conducted exploratory arthroscopic surgery on Richardson’s hip on July

15, 2014 that revealed labral tearing and cartilage floating in the hip joint. Although

Richardson’s condition improved in the following weeks, he complained to Avery of severe pain

in November 2014. Avery recommended hip replacement surgery, which took place in May

2015. Following that surgery, Avery determined that Richardson’s loss-of-use rating was 11

percent.

       In January 2017, Avery completed a report in response to a request to calculate

Richardson’s level of impairment prior to the hip replacement surgery, determining that
Richardson had reached maximum medical improvement approximately three to four months

after the July 15, 2014 arthroscopic surgery. He concluded that Richardson’s condition was

permanent and would only worsen without a total hip replacement. Based on his findings Avery

determined that Richard’s loss-of-use rating prior to the hip replacement surgery was 74 percent.

          Richardson initially filed a claim for workers’ compensation benefits based on 11 percent

loss of use of his left leg on December 21, 2016, after the hip replacement surgery, but amended

the claim on February 9, 2017 to reflect 74 percent loss of use prior to the implantation of the

prosthesis. A Deputy Commissioner awarded Richardson permanent partial disability benefits

on September 8, 2017, concluding that the proper measure for loss of use was the rating made

prior to the hip replacement surgery. The Deputy Commissioner reduced Avery’s initial 74

percent loss-of-use rating to 49 percent on the ground that certain arthritic conditions should not

have been included in the rating. Richardson’s employer, Loudoun County, appealed to the full

Commission, and Richardson filed a cross-appeal challenging the reduction in the loss-of-use

rating.

          The full Commission unanimously affirmed the Deputy Commissioner’s decision but

modified the award to reflect the initial 74 percent loss-of-use rating. The Commission held that

using a loss-of-use rating determined before corrective surgery that implants a prosthesis was the

standard required by Code § 65.2-503 for Richardson’s hip replacement. It accepted Avery’s

conclusion that Richardson was at maximum medical improvement before the surgery to implant

the prosthetic hip.

          The County appealed the Commission’s decision to the Court of Appeals, which affirmed

in a published opinion, Loudoun County v. Richardson, 70 Va. App. 169 (2019). The Court of

Appeals held that, pursuant to the statute, loss of use is calculated before any surgery that

                                                  2
improves functionality by use of a prosthetic device. Id. at 178-79. It found that the

Commission’s award was proper because Avery’s determination that Richardson had achieved

maximum medical improvement before the hip replacement surgery was supported by credible

evidence. Id. at 180-81.

       We awarded Loudoun County this appeal.

                                           II. ANALYSIS

       Loudoun County assigns error to the Court of Appeal’s holding that Richardson’s

functional loss of use under Code § 65.2-503 is measured by the extent of his impairment before

undergoing hip replacement surgery.

A. History and Development of Loss-of-Use Determinations Under Code § 65.2-503

       This case presents an issue of statutory interpretation. “Under well-established

principles, an issue of statutory interpretation is a pure question of law which we review de

novo.” Conyers v. Martial Arts World of Richmond, Inc., 273 Va. 96, 104 (2007) (quoting

Crawford v. Haddock, 270 Va. 524, 528 (2005)). “When the language of a statute is

unambiguous, we are bound by the plain meaning of that language.” Id.

       Code § 65.2-503(A) directs that a claimant will receive “[c]ompensation for permanent

partial and permanent total loss and disfigurement.” Before benefits are available under the

statute, “it must appear both that the partial incapacity is permanent and that the injury has

reached maximum medical improvement.” County of Spotsylvania v. Hart, 218 Va. 565, 568

(1977). The statutory language does not directly address whether loss of use is measured before

or after the surgical implantation of a prosthetic joint.

       We first confronted a similar issue in the 1956 case of Owen v. Chesapeake Corporation

of Virginia, 198 Va. 440 (1956). In that case, we held that under the predecessor statute to Code

                                                   3
§ 65.2-503, loss of use was measured based on the worker’s uncorrected vision even though

glasses improved his vision. Id. at 442. Owen lost visual acuity due to an industrial accident and

began to require glasses to perform his work. Id. Previously he had only needed them for off-

duty activities. Id. The Commission awarded Owen disability benefits based on his vision

measured without the use of glasses. Id. at 441–42. On review, we upheld the Commission’s

finding, concluding that Owen’s loss of use was measured “without recourse to the artificial aid”

of glasses. Id. at 442.

       The Court of Appeals later applied the Owen rule in Creative Dimensions Group v. Hill,

16 Va. App. 439 (1993), a case involving an intraocular lens implant. The parties agreed that

Hill “had perfect vision” prior to a workplace accident, which caused him to develop a traumatic

cataract in his right eye. Id. at 440. Corrective surgery that replaced the natural lens of Hill’s

eye with an intraocular lens implant significantly improved his vision. Id. at 441. The

Commission awarded Hill benefits for the total loss of use of his right eye based on his vision

prior to the transplant surgery. Id. at 440–41.

       Hill’s employer appealed to the Court of Appeals, which held that awarding benefits

based on the condition prior to corrective surgery was consistent with the General Assembly’s

lack of action in response to Owen. Id. at 443–44. The Court of Appeals further noted that the

corrective surgery was an imperfect substitute for Hill’s natural vision and was accompanied by

several risks. Hill, 16 Va. App. at 444–45. It emphasized that a claimant’s benefit from a

prosthetic device does not eliminate the fact of the bodily loss. Id. at 445. The Court of Appeals

recognized that even if medical technology advanced to the point that prosthetics were

indistinguishable from a claimant’s natural condition and were without risk, the legislature rather

than the judiciary is best positioned to change the law to reflect those advances. Id. at 444–45.

                                                  4
       In 2002, the Workers’ Compensation Commission applied Hill’s reasoning to award

benefits to a claimant based on his loss of use before knee replacement surgery. Rowe v. Dycom

Indus., Inc., VWC File No. 179-38-18 (Apr. 24, 2002). The issue facing the Commission in

Rowe was the product of relatively new technology—joint replacement surgery—with no direct

analog in the available precedent. The most similar line of cases was that of Hill, based on this

Court’s decisions in Owen and Walsh Const. Co. v. London, 195 Va. 810 (1954), involving eye

injuries. The Commission held that intervening medical advances since those 1950s-era cases

necessitated their application to a novel surgery that did not exist when they were decided. Id. at

6. Although Hill involved ocular rather than orthopedic impairment, that decision’s logic

nevertheless applied because there was no “meaningful distinction legally between an intraocular

lens transplant and knee replacement.” Id. at 5.

       Just as with the lens transplant, the Commission emphasized that the implanted prosthesis

could not replace the claimant’s loss:

               [T]he actual loss has been occasioned by the original accident’s
               degeneration and only by the grace of medical science is there a
               continued functioning. The claimant has lost the partial use of his
               leg but for steel, paraplastics, and mechanical engineering. Such is
               a permanent loss of use of part of his natural body.

Id. at 4. Moreover, it recognized that knee replacement surgery carried inherent risks, including

the necessity for an additional surgery to replace the implant if it broke or wore out over time.

Id. at 6. The knee replacement was an imperfect correction for the loss suffered through the

claimant’s work-related injury, one accompanied by additional risks and complications the

claimant would not have to face but for that injury. The Commission therefore concluded that

Hill’s holding applied to joint replacement surgeries such that the “true measure of a loss of use

as envisioned by the General Assembly is a claimant’s status at the time of the necessary

                                                   5
implantation of a mechanical device into the body of a claimant who is severely injured and has

reached maximum medical improvement (unaided by implanted prosthetics).” Id. at 3. Since

deciding Rowe, the Commission has consistently applied Hill to award benefits on the basis of

loss-of-use determinations made before implanting a prosthesis through corrective surgery,

including in this case. 1 See, e.g., Prasad v. DBHDS/N. Va. Mental Health Inst., VWC File No.

636-02-07, slip op. at 6 (Aug. 19, 2019); Hicks v. Giant Landover Ahold U.S.A., Inc., VWC File

No. 967-53-01, slip op. at 6–7 (Sept. 24, 2018); Orshoski v. Culpeper Reg’l Hosp., VWC File

No. 613-77-86, slip op. at 4 (Nov. 15, 2017); Locksmith v. Chippenham Hosp., VWC File No.

183-93-44, slip op. at 6 (July 27, 2011); Perkins v. Paramount Coal Corp., VWC File No. 187-

95-91, slip op. at 5 (Nov. 1, 2005); Allen v. Alexandria Hosp., VWC File No. 207-31-38, slip op.

at 17–18 (Oct. 3, 2005).

B. Operation of Code § 65.2-503 in the Present Case

       The purpose of the Workers’ Compensation Act is to protect employees. Courts construe

it in a manner effectuating this remedial purpose. See, e.g., E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. v.

Eggleston, 264 Va. 13, 17 (2002); Ellis v. Commonwealth Dep’t of Highways, 182 Va. 293, 303

(1944). We hold that the Court of Appeals’ interpretation of the statute is reasonable and

comports with this purpose.

       1
          We note that the General Assembly apparently was aware of the Commission’s Rowe
decision shortly after it was rendered. During the 2003 session, Senator Thomas K. Norment, Jr.
introduced a bill to require that maximum medical improvement be measured only after
corrective surgery. The proposed language would have amended Code § 65.2-503 to clarify that
maximum medical improvement is reached only “when the anatomical effects of injury or illness
are permanent” and after “all reasonable and necessary medical interventions, including but not
limited to the implantation of artificial devices, have occurred.” S.B. 1130, Va. Gen. Assem.
(Reg. Sess. 2003) (emphasis added). The bill was referred to the Senate Committee on
Commerce and Labor but was stricken at Senator Norment’s request. Since then, no other bills
have been introduced to amend Code § 65.2-503 to clarify how prosthetics should factor into the
loss of use determination.

                                                6
        Awarding compensation based on a pre-surgery loss-of-use rating recognizes that a work-

related injury has permanently deprived the claimant of natural functionality. Although the

procedure to implant a prosthetic hip joint is commonly called a total hip “replacement,” the

natural joint’s function and ability to heal is irreplaceable.

                Joint arthroplasty replaces an organic (but failed) self healing
                system with an inorganic system subject to fatigue and wear.
                Currently available prostheses cannot compare with a natural joint
                in terms of longevity. Ultimately, all components wear or fatigue;
                consequently, a further (more complex) operation may be needed.

David F. Hamilton & Colin R. Howie, Selecting the Right Hip Replacement, 348 British Med. J.

1, 1 (Jan. 13, 2014) (doi: 10.1136/bmj.g46). Although the technology behind total hip

replacements has advanced significantly since the procedure’s introduction in the 1960s, the

invasive procedure remains challenging for both doctors and patients. See Ian D. Learmonth et

al., The Operation of the Century: Total Hip Replacement, 370 Lancet 1508, 1508–19 (2007).

For surgeons, “the operation is technically demanding with a long learning curve,” and despite

generally excellent clinical outcomes for patients, “[c]omplications do occur . . . and include

instability, aseptic loosening, periprosthetic fracture, infection, and occasionally death.” Karl

Michaëlsson, Surgeon Volume and Early Complications After Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty,

348 British Med. J. 1, 1 (May 23, 2014) (doi: :10.1136/bmj.g3433); see also 36 Am. Jur. Proof

of Facts 2d Hip Injuries § 16 (listing potential complications from total hip replacement surgery).

        Moreover, the procedure comes with the expectation that the prosthetic will eventually

fail and require subsequent surgical revision. See Muyibat A. Adelani et al., What is the

Prognosis of Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty in Patients 55 Years and Younger?, 472 Clinical

Orthopaedics & Related Res. 1518, 1518–19 (2014) (doi: 10.1007/s11999-013-3377-9). To

reduce the need for revision or risk of other complications, patients receiving total hip

                                                   7
replacements are generally subject to permanent restrictions on their activities. In this case,

Avery recited a litany of limitations Richardson would have to observe for the rest of his life:

               [I]n a younger person like him I would try to get him to refrain
               from sports to try to prevent it from wearing out at a young age. I
               wouldn’t want him to be a runner. I wouldn’t want him to go
               water skiing or snow skiing. He has to be conscious of the position
               that his leg is in for the rest of his life so that it does not dislocate.
               Dislocation is always a risk even many years out. And then heavy
               weightlifting, I wouldn’t want him to do heavy powerlifting due
               again to the fact that the hip can wear out. And in a young person
               like him you want to do everything possible to make it last forever.

Notably, studies have found that young patients whose initial total hip replacements failed and

required surgical revision have historically experienced high failure rates of the revised hip

replacements. Those failures result in a need for additional revision surgeries and a high

incidence of complications such as hospital readmission, instability, and increased mortality.

Muyibat A. Adelani et al., supra at 1524 (collecting studies). 2

       2
          Total hip replacement surgery was originally developed as a procedure for elderly
patients with low activity levels. Historically, young patients—that is, those less than 65 years
old—“have been considered at higher risk for revision due to their higher activity level relative
to elderly patients.” Steven M. Kurtz et al., Future Young Patient Demand for Primary and
Revision Joint Replacement, 467 Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Res. 2606, 2606 (2009) (doi:
10.1007/s11999-009-0834-6).

               By the year 2030, it is estimated that more than 25% of all [total
               hip arthroplasties (“THA”)] will be placed in patients under the age
               of 55. However, the outcome of THA in these young patients is
               inferior compared with older patients. The main complications
               after THA include dislocation, infection, and loosening of the
               femoral or acetabular component. Young patients will outlive their
               prosthesis due to longer life expectancy, and survival at mid- and
               long-term is lower in patients younger than 55 years when
               compared with older patients.

M.F.L. Kuijpers et al., The Risk of Revision After Total Hip Arthroplasty in Young Patients
Depends on Surgical Approach, Femoral Head Size and Bearing Type, 20 BMC Musculoskeletal
Disorders 385, 385 (2019) (doi: 10.1186/s12891-019-2765-z).

                                                   8
       Requiring that loss of use be measured only after corrective surgery would omit these

intangible costs from the compensation calculation. It also would have the effect of forcing

injured workers to undertake an invasive, risky surgery with a nontrivial possibility of

complications requiring additional surgeries in order to be eligible for compensation. 3 Instead,

the interpretation unanimously employed by the Commission and Court of Appeals

acknowledges the irreplaceable loss of the claimant’s natural joint, the nonmonetary costs

associated with the corrective surgery, and the permanent restrictions on the claimant’s activities

resulting from the work-related injury.

       For nearly two decades, the Commission has consistently applied this interpretation to

award benefits for loss of use measured before joint replacement surgery. It has based these

decisions upon our precedent that dates back more than a half-century. Jurisprudential stability

favors upholding the reasonable interpretation of Code § 65.2-503 employed by the Commission

and Court of Appeals that employees have long relied on and that employers have long

understood. 4 We recognize the wisdom in leaving undisturbed “[t]hat construction which for a

       3
           The apparent logical conclusion of the County’s argument that maximum medical
improvement can only be determined after undergoing an available corrective surgery is that
claimants may not receive compensation unless they consent to that surgery.
         4
           This is particularly so where, as here, the General Assembly apparently was aware of
the Commission’s interpretation. Courts generally presume that the legislature is cognizant of
the construction accorded a statute by the public officials charged with its application, and when
that construction “has long continued without change the legislature will be presumed to have
acquiesced therein.” Peyton v. Williams, 206 Va. 595, 600 (1965). We have observed, however,
that this presumption “presupposes knowledge of the administrative construction. Without
publication of the construction placed upon the statute . . . no presumption of legislative
acquiescence attaches.” Commonwealth v. Champion Int’l Corp., 220 Va. 981, 992 (1980). For
this sound reason, the doctrine ordinarily applies only to those decisions made by a jurisdiction’s
court of last resort, of which the legislature is presumed to have knowledge. See, e.g., Perkinson
v. Perkinson, 989 N.E.2d 758, 763 (Ind. 2013) (“[F]ailure of the Legislature to change a statute
after a line of decisions of a court of last resort giving the statute a certain construction, amounts
to an acquiescence by the Legislature in the construction given by the court, and that such
construction should not then be disregarded or lightly treated.”). In this unusual and perhaps

                                                  9
long period of time has been accepted by bench and bar as the true construction of a statute,”

particularly as no “paramount reason [has been] advanced for a change of the conclusion.”

Miller v. Commonwealth, 180 Va. 36, 41 (1942) (quoting St. Joseph’s Soc. v. Virginia Tr. Co.,

175 Va. 503, 511 (1940)).

C. The County’s Objections are Unpersuasive

       The County argues that the Commission’s construction of Code § 65.2-503 creates a

windfall for claimants by allowing them to receive, at the employer’s expense, full benefits for

their pre-surgery loss of use as well as the benefit of a prosthetic joint that restores most of their

physical functionality. It contends that the General Assembly indicated that it did not intend this

windfall by enacting Code § 65.2-708, which provides for a review of benefits within two years

of a surgery to repair or replace a prosthesis. In the County’s view, the Workers’ Compensation

Act already insulates claimants from the concerns expressed in Rowe and Hill regarding worn-

out prostheses: Code § 65.2-603 requires employers to cover the initial joint replacement

surgery, and Code § 65.2-708 requires employers to cover any increased needs resulting from

subsequent surgeries “to repair or replace a prosthesis or orthosis” even years after the initial

surgery, a protection not afforded to other types of claimants. Because the General Assembly

has already addressed the concerns motivating the decision below, the County argues, this Court

should decline to grant claimants the windfall of a pre-surgery loss-of-use determination.

       The County’s argument, however, overstates the function of Code § 65.2-708. That

statute merely extends the ordinary two-year statute of limitations for seeking review of a

compensation award to include an additional two-year period following a subsequent revision

unprecedented circumstance, however, legislation clearly drafted to overrule the Commission’s
Rowe decision was introduced in the General Assembly, evincing knowledge of the
Commission’s construction.

                                                  10
surgery to repair or replace a prosthesis. Far from being a roundabout legislative bar on pre-

surgical loss-of-use determinations, Code § 65.2-708 instead reflects the General Assembly’s

recognition that an artificial joint replacement is an imperfect treatment for a compensable injury

that often requires subsequent revision surgeries. But for the work-related injury to the natural

joint, the claimant would not have to undergo the initial replacement surgery and subsequent

revision surgeries, each of which is accompanied by its own risks and costs not addressed by the

Act. The Code § 65.2-708 review process for joint replacements acknowledges the reality of the

concerns raised in Hill and Rowe, but it does not alleviate them. The Commission’s

interpretation of the Act thus does not create a windfall placing claimants in a better position

than they were in prior to their injuries, but rather ensures that they receive adequate

compensation for injuries requiring replacement of their biological joints with imperfect artificial

prostheses and the risks accompanying that procedure.

       The County also contends that the Court of Appeals inappropriately expanded the

interpretation of “maximum medical improvement” beyond our previous holding in Hart, 218

Va. at 565. In that fact-bound case, this Court held that a claimant had not reached maximum

medical improvement when surgery was an option to repair his arm from a gunshot wound.

Hart, 218 Va. at 570. The claimant, however, was never examined by a physician to determine

whether he had actually reached maximum medical improvement. Id. at 567. Instead, the

Commission “merely assumed that Hart’s injury had reached maximum improvement” and then

acted on that assumption. Id. at 569. This Court rejected the Commission’s conclusion because

even if it had made a finding, that finding “would be based upon speculation and not upon

evidence.” Id. at 569–570. In the absence of factual findings, we concluded that “[g]iven the

facts of this case, until the doctors had decided against surgery for Hart, or surgery had been

                                                 11
performed and its outcome had become known, it could not be determined whether Hart’s arm

injury had reached maximum medical improvement.” Id. at 570.

       In contrast to Hart, the record in this case contains factual findings regarding

Richardson’s maximum medical improvement that are supported by credible medical evidence.

Avery examined Richardson before undergoing hip replacement surgery, and based on that

examination, concluded that Richardson had a 74 percent loss-of-use rating constituting

maximum medical improvement prior to corrective surgery. The Commission accepted Avery’s

determinations as “credible and reliable” based on his “extensive” treatment of Richardson.

Because these factual findings are supported by credible evidence, we accept them on appeal.

James v. Capitol Steel Constr. Co., 8 Va. App. 512, 515 (1989).

                                        III. CONCLUSION

       The Court of Appeals did not err in affirming the Commission’s award based on Code

§ 65.2-503 for Richardson’s loss of use before hip replacement surgery. Accordingly, we affirm

the decision of the Court of Appeals.

                                                                                          Affirmed.

JUSTICE KELSEY, with whom JUSTICE POWELL joins, dissenting.

       Michael Richardson sustained a hip injury that, if left untreated, would have deprived

him of 74% of the normal use of his left leg. But the injury was treated — quite successfully in

fact. Richardson’s employer paid for a total hip replacement that restored 63% of the use of his

leg, leaving him with an 11% permanent loss of use of his leg. None of this matters, Richardson

contends, because the Workers’ Compensation Act requires us to hold that he continues to suffer

a 74% permanent loss of use of his leg when clearly he does not. Richardson stitches together a

patchwork of arguments in support of his thesis. I find none of them persuasive.

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                                                   I.

       The treating physician who performed Richardson’s hip-replacement surgery used the

fifth edition of the American Medical Association Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent

Impairment to determine Richardson’s 11% permanent-partial-impairment rating. See J.A. at 52,

70-72, 79.6-79.7. Virginia courts recognize and approve the Workers’ Compensation

Commission’s “longstanding practice of accepting the American Medical Association’s

impairment guidelines” as a credible baseline for impairment ratings. See Fairfax Cty. Sch. Bd.

v. Martin-Elberhi, 55 Va. App. 543, 547 (2010).

       The AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment require the patient to reach

maximum medical improvement prior to the physician assessing the permanency of the patient’s

impairments: “An impairment should not be considered permanent until the clinical findings

indicate that the medical condition is static and well stabilized, often termed the date of maximal

medical improvement (MMI). . . . Once an impairment has reached MMI, a permanent

impairment rating may be performed.” American Medical Association, Guides to the Evaluation

of Permanent Impairment § 2.4, at 19 (Linda Cocchiarella & Gunnar B.J. Andersson eds., 5th ed.

2001) [hereinafter AMA Guides] (emphasis omitted). “Maximal medical improvement refers to

a date from which further recovery or deterioration is not anticipated, although over time there

may be some expected change.” Id. “The [AMA] Guides attempt[] to take into account all

relevant considerations in rating the severity and extent of permanent impairment and its effect

on the individual’s activities of daily living.” Id.

       This methodology tracks Virginia law. Under settled principles, no award of permanent-

partial-disability benefits can be made “until the injury has reached a state of permanency, i.e.

maximum improvement, when the degree of loss may be medically ascertained.” County of

                                                  13
Spotsylvania v. Hart, 218 Va. 565, 568 (1977) (citation omitted). “In other words,” no such

benefits can be calculated or awarded until the claimant proves “both that the partial incapacity is

permanent and that the injury has reached maximum medical improvement.” Id. A claimant

reaches maximum medical improvement when “no reasonable expectation exists that [he] will

obtain further functional improvement from medical treatment, even though the injury remains

symptomatic and disabling.” Gunst Corp. v. Childress, 29 Va. App. 701, 707 (1999).

       In this case, the treating physician concluded that Richardson had reached maximum

medical improvement because of the surgery. See J.A. at 71 (agreeing that Richardson was at

“maximum medical improvement post hip replacement surgery”). In his post-hip-replacement

report, the physician concluded that, “according to the AMA guidelines,” Richardson “ha[d] a

permanent partial impairment rating of 11%.” Id. at 52; see also id. at 70-72. The 11% rating

was “an accurate number,” the physician agreed, “for [Richardson’s] post surgery permanent

impairment.” Id. at 71-72 (emphasis added). The treating physician’s opinion on this point was

incontestable. Richardson presented no medical evidence suggesting that the hip replacement

will likely fail sometime in the future, that post-operative complications render the 11% rating

speculative, or that modern hip replacements are so medically unreliable that any post-operative

impairment rating should discount their efficacy.

       To restate the obvious, the treating physician believed that Richardson will permanently

suffer only an 11% loss of use of his leg as a result of his workplace accident. This conclusion

cannot be correct, Richardson argues, because his temporary 74% impairment rating (measuring

his condition from the time of his injury to the time of his successful hip replacement) supersedes

his permanent 11% impairment rating (measuring his condition from the time of his recuperation

                                                14
from hip-replacement surgery into perpetuity). It is difficult to follow how this temporary-to-

permanent transposition takes place, but the argument begins with a hypothetical storyline.

                          A. THE HYPOTHETICAL FACTUAL NARRATIVE

       Richardson’s counsel filed a claim for permanent-partial-disability benefits based upon

the physician’s 11% impairment rating. See id. at 51 (claiming “11% left leg”). Counsel later

asked the physician a purely hypothetical question: What would Richardson’s impairment rating

be if he had never had the hip-replacement surgery? Asking the question this way, Richardson’s

counsel wanted the physician to hypothesize that the surgery had never taken place. The

physician answered counsel with the observation that Richardson would have had a 74%

permanent loss of use if he had lived the rest of his life “without a total hip replacement.” See id.

at 54 (emphasis added). Saddled with counsel’s required hypothesis, the physician merely said

that Richardson “would have continued to be incapacitated” at the 74% rating if he had never

undergone the hip-replacement surgery. See id. (emphasis added). Put another way,

Richardson’s 74% incapacity would have been permanent had it not been temporary.

       But, hypotheticals aside, it was temporary. Upon reaching maximum medical

improvement after his hip-replacement surgery, Richardson regained 63% of the use of his leg,

leaving him with an 11% permanent impairment rating. See id. at 52, 70-72. Taken together, the

physician’s two opinions can mean only one thing: Richardson’s pre-hip-replacement condition

(resulting in a 74% loss of use) was temporary because it was permanently improved (to an 11%

loss of use) by the hip-replacement surgery.

       The factual record fully supports both the temporary 74% rating prior to the hip

replacement and the permanent 11% rating after the hip replacement. Prior to the hip

replacement, the physician agreed, Richardson’s “pain and his function was at a point where he

                                                 15
just couldn’t live with it any more,” id. at 76, and he also testified that “there were cartilage

pieces and debris everywhere” in Richardson’s hip, id. at 77. The physician reported that

Richardson “was using a cane occasionally” and had suffered from gait and range-of-motion

deficiencies, “a lot of strength deficit,” and arthritis. Id. at 79.5. The physician noted that he

“could barely move [Richardson’s] leg without him jumping off the table in pain.” Id. at 79.16.

Richardson testified that chronic pain had kept him from wanting to be “involved in any type of

physical activity.” Id. at 98. “I couldn’t sit for any period of time,” he stated, “I couldn’t stand

for any period of time.” Id.

       None of these disabling conditions existed after Richardson had reached maximum

medical improvement. “[H]e was doing fine” after the hip-replacement surgery, the physician

reported. Id. at 79. “He had no significant neurologic deficit,” no reported complaints of

debilitating pain, and only a “mild” limitation on range of motion. Id. at 52. The only deficit

that the physician observed was “significant weakness with [Richardson’s] hip flexion and knee

extension strength.” Id. These specific concerns were factored into the lifelong precautions that

the physician counseled Richardson to take, such as not becoming a “runner” or engaging in

“heavy weightlifting,” “water skiing[,] or snow skiing.” See id. at 79-79.1; AMA Guides, supra,

§ 2.4, at 19 (“The Guides attempt[] to take into account all relevant considerations in rating the

severity and extent of permanent impairment and its effect on the individual’s activities of daily

living.”). Richardson had no limitations, however, on walking or hiking, including, for example,

hiking the Appalachian Trail. See J.A. at 79.1.

       In short, the successful hip-replacement surgery liberated Richardson from a crippling

and painful condition that had prevented him from wanting to engage “in any type of physical

activity” and from being able to stand or sit “for any period of time,” id. at 98, and provided him

                                                  16
freedom from chronic, debilitating pain and the ability to hike the Appalachian Trail, see id. at

79.1. That is quite an improvement — a maximum medical improvement to be sure. The only

remaining question is whether that improvement was temporary or permanent. The treating

physician concluded, without contradiction, that it was permanent. No expert testimony or

medical evidence refuted the physician’s opinion.

       Seeking to cast doubt on the physician’s 11% impairment rating, the majority reopens the

evidentiary record to consider a host of factual assertions and hearsay expert opinions offered in

articles published in various medical journals. None of these assertions can be found in the

record of this case. Neither party referred to these articles in their briefs or arguments before the

deputy commissioner, the full Commission, the Court of Appeals, or this Court. Even so, the

majority cites these articles in support of its assertion that Richardson’s hip replacement may

ultimately fail, and if that happens, future surgeries “may be needed,” ante at 7 (citation

omitted). The majority also states that while hip-replacement surgery generally produces

“excellent clinical outcomes for patients,” sometimes “complications do occur.” Ante at 7

(alteration and citation omitted). Even when the surgery is wholly successful, patients “are

generally subject to permanent restrictions on their activities.” Ante at 7-8.

       The apparent purpose of taking judicial notice of these articles is to imply that, as a

matter of law, a medical expert can never give a truly reliable opinion on a patient’s permanent

impairment following a hip-replacement surgery. By turning a blind eye to any post-hip-

replacement impairment ratings by medical experts, only one option remains — a pre-hip-

replacement impairment rating that wholly ignores any improvements in the patient’s condition

because of the hip replacement. Under this view, even though the procedure provides the patient

                                                 17
with maximum medical improvement, the impairment rating must be calculated on the false

assumption that there was no improvement at all.

       The present case highlights the unconvincing nature of this reasoning: Despite the fact

that after his hip replacement he was doing well enough to hike the Appalachian Trail, see J.A. at

79.1, Richardson claims that his impairment rating must revert back to his pre-hip-replacement

condition of being prevented by chronic pain from standing or sitting “for any period of time” or

from wanting to engage “in any type of physical activity,” id. at 98. The majority agrees.

Established caselaw, the majority argues, says as much, and the General Assembly has agreed by

its silence. I find both assertions unpersuasive.

                  B. THE CLARITY OF OWEN & THE CONFUSED RESPONSE TO IT

       The majority ties together a line of opinions from this Court, the Court of Appeals, and

the Commission to support the assertion that a hip-replacement surgery, as a matter of law, can

never constitute a maximum medical improvement, which is a precondition to any award of

permanent, partial disability, see Hart, 218 Va. at 568. 1

       The majority’s reasoning begins with Owen v. Chesapeake Corp. of Virginia, a case

involving a worker who “suffered caustic acid burns to both eyes,” which caused him to have

“industrial blindness” as a result of a loss of vision in both eyes. 198 Va. 440, 441 (1956). We

found that the employee’s impairment rating should not take into account eyeglasses that could

improve his vision. See id. at 442. Implicit in this holding was the truism that giving a worker a

pair of prescription eyeglasses could hardly constitute a maximum medical improvement. The

       1
         See also 6 Arthur Larson et al., Larson’s Workers’ Compensation Law § 80.04, at 80-13
(2019); 15 Virginia Practice Series: Workers’ Compensation § 26:1, at 277 (2019-2020 ed.).

                                                    18
worker would immediately return to near total blindness as soon as he misplaced the glasses or

accidentally dropped them on the floor.

       The majority reasons that a hip-replacement surgery cannot be deemed a maximum

medical improvement any more than a pair of prescription glasses could in Owen. I do not see

the logic of this argument. No doctor or patient would say that a hip-replacement surgery is not

“medical,” or not an “improvement” if it was helpful, or not a “maximum medical improvement”

if it achieved the best result that one could hope for. Richardson received, as his treating

physician testified, a medical improvement in his condition because of the hip-replacement

surgery. And it was the best (that is, the maximum) improvement that medical science had to

offer him.

       The majority cites opinions from the Court of Appeals and the Commission ostensibly

relying upon Owen. One Court of Appeals opinion deserves special attention because

Richardson uses it as the fulcrum of his argument. In Creative Dimensions Group, Inc. v. Hill, a

worker developed a cataract in one eye as a result of a work injury, and a surgeon replaced his

natural eye lens with an intraocular lens implant, thereby improving the worker’s vision in that

eye. See 16 Va. App. 439, 440-41 (1993). The medical evidence in the case, however,

established that the intraocular lens implant “was not truly ‘permanent.’” Id. at 442. The

treating physician itemized “the major problems associated with this procedure,” including:

               (1) retinal detachment; (2) cystoid macular edema; (3) secondary
               cataract or membranous cataract (a clouding of the membrane used
               to hold back the vitreous gel); (4) implant dislocation; (5)
               infection, either acute or slow endophthalmitis (which might
               necessitate removal); (6) glare or inflammation caused by the
               implant itself; and (7) damage to the cornea or angle of the eye
               bringing out glaucoma.

Id. at 442 n.3. Surveying out-of-state cases specific to eye injuries, the Court of Appeals held

that the Commission had had a sound factual basis for finding that the lens implant had put the

                                                 19
worker at risk of “major problems” and thus had not permanently improved his injured eye. See

id. at 442-46 & n.3. The very nature of the lens implant and the procedure, the treating physician

testified, demonstrated that the remedy was temporary. See id. at 442 & n.3.

       We need not strain to see the difference between the present case and Hill. In the present

case, Richardson’s treating physician testified that the hip replacement had permanently restored

Richardson’s use of his leg. No evidence suggested that the hip replacement would eventually

fail, causing Richardson to revert to his prior condition. Nor did any evidence disclose any

major problems with this procedure. By contrast, the treating physician in Hill testified that the

intraocular lens implant presented the risk of multiple “major problems” and, as a result, could

not be considered a permanent restoration of the claimant’s eyesight. See id.

       Treating this dispositive dissimilarity as insignificant, Richardson reconstitutes the

holding of Hill into an axiomatic rule of law. The majority adopts it in full. See ante at 4-6.

That rule can be succinctly stated as follows:

               When determining maximum medical improvement for purposes
               of calculating permanent losses compensable under § 65.2-503 of
               this Title, the medical use of a surgically implanted “prosthetic
               device” shall be excluded from consideration even if it is a medical
               improvement that maximizes the claimant’s capacity to use the
               damaged body part.

This judicially crafted rule of law looks a lot like a statutory provision and functions very much

like one. Perhaps it could be excused if it were an accurate restatement of “our precedent that

dates back more than a half-century,” ante at 9. But if “our precedent,” ante at 9, means

decisions of our Court, there simply are none.

                       C. THE LEGISLATIVE-ACQUIESCENCE PRESUMPTION

       Offering nothing in our precedent supportive of the prosthetic-device exception, the

majority retreats to the cover of the legislative-acquiescence presumption. According to two

                                                 20
footnotes in the majority opinion, an “unusual and perhaps unprecedented circumstance,” ante at

9-10 n.4, proves that the General Assembly has specifically endorsed the prosthetic-device

exception to the maximum-medical-improvement doctrine. The intended implication is that

holding otherwise would impermissibly defy the legislative will and undermine “[j]urisprudential

stability,” ante at 9. I respectfully disagree.

        The story of this “unusual and perhaps unprecedented circumstance,” ante at 9-10 n.4,

begins 17 years ago, after the Commission issued an opinion applying the logic of Hill to

prosthetic joint replacements. 2 A legislator unsuccessfully introduced a bill in the General

Assembly clarifying that maximum medical improvement could only be “reached when the

anatomical effects of injury or illness are permanent and all reasonable and necessary medical

interventions, including but not limited to the implantation of artificial devices, have occurred,”

S.B. 1130, Va. Gen. Assem. (Reg. Sess. 2003) (emphasis added). See ante at 6 n.1. Because the

bill never passed, the majority asserts that the General Assembly implicitly endorsed the

prosthetic-device exception. We know this to be true, the majority says, because the legislature

“apparently” considered the proposed legislation and rejected it on the merits. See ante at 6 n.1,

9-10 n.4.

        I do not find that conclusion apparent at all. It is far more likely that what happened with

this bill 17 years ago has nothing to do with this case, which explains why Richardson, the

employer, the deputy commissioner, the full Commission, and the Court of Appeals never

mentioned it. Neither house of the General Assembly ever voted on the bill. No committee or

        2
          See Rowe v. Dycom Indus., Inc., VWC File No. 179-38-18, 2002 WL 847855, at *3
(Apr. 24, 2002) (finding the decision of the Court of Appeals in Hill to be “controlling” and to
forbid the consideration of implanted corrective devices in “orthopedic cases,” concluding that
there is no “meaningful distinction legally between an intraocular lens transplant and knee
replacement”).

                                                  21
subcommittee of either chamber heard arguments or testimony concerning the bill. No one

spoke in favor of or against it. No legislator in the General Assembly cast a single vote for or

against this bill. Instead, the patron withdrew the bill without comment shortly after the

legislative session had begun. I fail to see how this bill, filed and promptly withdrawn 17 years

ago, can shut down our judicial duty “to say what the law is,” Howell v. McAuliffe, 292 Va. 320,

350 (2016) (quoting Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137, 177 (1803)), and oblige us to

presume that the legislature has implicitly folded into the text of the Workers’ Compensation Act

a legal theory with no textual support.

       Without that withdrawn bill, there can be no persuasive basis for invoking the legislative-

acquiescence presumption. Our only cases relevant to this subject, Hart and Owen, do not

mention, much less support, the prosthetic-device exception. The only other possible predicate

for the presumption is a misreading of Hill, a Court of Appeals decision, and the opinion of the

Commission that found it “controlling,” see supra note 2. Neither of these opinions, however,

can support the presumption of legislative acquiescence.

       The legislative-acquiescence presumption applies in full force only to decisions of courts

of last resort, not intermediate or lower courts. See Southwestern Paint & Varnish Co. v. Arizona

Dep’t of Envtl. Quality, 976 P.2d 872, 875 (Ariz. 1999) (en banc) (“[T]he principle of legislative

acquiescence applies only where a statute has been construed by the court of last resort, not an

intermediate appellate court.”). 3 No intermediate or lower court binds, directly or indirectly, a

       3
           See also Hefner v. White, 47 N.E.2d 964, 965 (Ind. 1943) (“[T]he failure of the
Legislature to change a statute after a line of decisions of a court of last resort giving the statute
a certain construction amounts to an acquiescence by the Legislature in the construction of the
court . . . .” (emphasis added)); Commonwealth v. Trousdale, 181 S.W.2d 254, 256 (Ky. 1944)
(“It is a generally recognized rule of statutory construction that when a statute has been
construed by a court of last resort and the statute is substantially re-enacted, the Legislature may
be regarded as adopting such construction.” (emphasis added)); United States v. Streidel, 620

                                                  22
court of last resort. Until a court of last resort rules on a specific issue, it remains open for any

litigant to seek an ultimate appeal to that court after receiving an adverse ruling from a lower or

intermediate court on the issue. For this reason, we rarely presume that the General Assembly

treats decisions of the Court of Appeals as the final judicial word on Virginia law that

necessitates, if considered erroneous, a legislative response. 4

       It necessarily follows that we should not presume that Commission decisions wholly

governed by “controlling” precedent from the Court of Appeals, see supra note 2, bind us on the

theory that the General Assembly has silently endorsed the Commission’s expert interpretative

judgment. If a decision of the Court of Appeals does not warrant application of the legislative-

acquiescence presumption, then neither can a decision of a subordinate tribunal that is duty

A.2d 905, 914 n.12 (Md. 1993) (noting that the principle of legislative acquiescence “has little or
no applicability when the judicial construction of the statute is not by the highest court of the
jurisdiction involved”), superseded by statute on other grounds, Judgments — Limitations on
Noneconomic Damages Act, ch. 477, 1994 Md. Laws 2292 (codified as amended at Md. Code
Ann., Cts. & Jud. Proc. §§ 11-108 to -109 (1995)); Handlin v. Morgan Cty., 57 Mo. 114, 116
(1874) (“[W]here a court of last resort construes a statute, and that statute is afterwards re-
enacted, or continued in force, without any change in its terms, it is presumed that the legislature
adopted the construction given to it by the court.” (emphasis added)); Mechanics Fin. Co. v.
Austin, 86 A.2d 417, 420 (N.J. 1952) (noting that the previous decision allegedly acquiesced in
“was not the interpretation of the court of last resort”); Henry Campbell Black, Handbook on the
Construction and Interpretation of the Laws § 93, at 298 (2d ed. 1911) (“And after the enactment
of a statute, when a construction has been placed upon it by the highest court of the state, it will
be steadily adhered to . . . and more especially . . . where it has been acquiesced in by the
legislature for a succession of years.” (emphasis added)).
       4
         I am aware of only two examples where this Court has relied upon a decision of the
Court of Appeals as a predicate for the legislative-acquiescence presumption. See Barson v.
Commonwealth, 284 Va. 67, 74 (2012); Weathers v. Commonwealth, 262 Va. 803, 805 (2001).
Both opinions merely assume, without any analysis, the doctrine’s applicability to decisions of
the Court of Appeals. More recently, however, we reversed a decision of the Court of Appeals in
which that court had explicitly relied upon its own precedent to establish legislative
acquiescence. See Luttrell v. Cucco, 291 Va. 308, 318 (2016) (reversing the Court of Appeals
without mentioning that court’s reliance upon legislative acquiescence to one of its own
decisions in Luttrell v. Cucco, Record No. 1768-14-4, 2015 WL 1782065, at *5 (Apr. 21, 2015)
(unpublished)).

                                                  23
bound to follow the higher court’s precedent. That scenario is exactly the one that we face here.

Every Commission decision applying the alleged prosthetic-device exception — from Rowe to

the Commission’s decision in this case — simply followed, either directly or indirectly, the

binding precedent that the Court of Appeals had established in Hill. 5

       Stretching the legislative-acquiescence presumption to fit this odd context is imprudent,

as the doctrine is speculative enough on its own terms. See United States v. Wells, 519 U.S. 482,

495-96 (1997) (commenting that “it is at best treacherous to find in congressional silence alone

the adoption of a controlling rule of law” (alteration and citation omitted)). Even when it is

applicable, the presumption is an “exceedingly poor indicator of legislative intent” and “a highly

disfavored doctrine of statutory construction” because “sound principles of statutory construction

require that . . . courts determine the Legislature’s intent from its words, not from its silence.”

Donajkowski v. Alpena Power Co., 596 N.W.2d 574, 581-83 (Mich. 1999) (emphasis in

original). The presumption, moreover, is at its weakest when it relies upon precedent from any

court other than the highest court authorized to decide the issue. See Jones v. Liberty Glass Co.,

       5
         See Prasad v. DBHDS\N. Va. Mental Health Inst., Jurisdiction Claim No.
VA00001243671, 2019 WL 4014162, at *3-4 (Va. Workers’ Comp. Comm’n Aug. 19, 2019);
Hicks v. Giant Landover, Jurisdiction Claim No. VA01002424518, 2018 WL 4680652, at *3-4
(Va. Workers’ Comp. Comm’n Sept. 24, 2018); Richardson v. Loudoun Cty., Jurisdiction Claim
No. VA00000806147, 2018 WL 4523188, at *7 n.3 (Va. Workers’ Comp. Comm’n Sept. 11,
2018); Orshoski v. Culpeper Reg’l Hosp., Jurisdiction Claim No. VA00000800421, at *2-3 (Va.
Workers’ Comp. Comm’n Nov. 15, 2017); Locksmith v. Chippenham Hosp., JCN 183-93-44,
2011 WL 3251417, at *3-4 (Va. Workers’ Comp. Comm’n July 27, 2011); Liming v. Venezia
Transp. Serv., Inc., VWC File No. 227-66-84, 2009 WL 3119696, at *1-4 (Va. Workers’ Comp.
Comm’n Sept. 29, 2009); Estate of Allen v. Alexandria Hosp., VWC File No. 207-31-38, 2005
WL 2998009, at *10-11 (Va. Workers’ Comp. Comm’n Oct. 3, 2005); Wheeler v. United Parcel
Serv. of Am., VWC File No. 191-89-10, 2004 WL 377394, at *7 (Va. Workers’ Comp. Comm’n
Feb. 3, 2004) (per curiam); O’Neal v. Ogden Aviation Servs., VWC File No. 189-30-02, 2001
WL 1575322, at *3 (Va. Workers’ Comp. Comm’n Nov. 6, 2001); Fife v. Diamond Hill Plywood
Co., 94 O.I.C. 157-79-41, VWC File No. 157-79-41, 1994 WL 1038980, at *1 (Va. Workers’
Comp. Comm’n May 2, 1994) (per curiam).

                                                  24
332 U.S. 524, 533-34 (1947) (“[T]he doctrine of legislative acquiescence is at best only an

auxiliary tool . . . . We do not expect Congress to make an affirmative move every time a lower

court indulges in an erroneous interpretation.”). Applying the presumption to this case, whether

to decisions of the Court of Appeals or the Commission, merely piles one interpretative inference

upon another.

       The majority ends its legislative-acquiescence discussion with an appeal to tradition: The

prosthetic-device exception has “for a long period of time . . . been accepted by bench and bar as

the true construction of” the Workers’ Compensation Act, ante at 9-10 (citation omitted), and

thus, we should defer to this interpretative unanimity. I respect the sagacity of this observation

but question its relevance to this case. If the prosthetic-device exception were as widely known

as the “true construction of [the] statute” as the majority claims, ante at 9-10 (citation omitted),

one would expect to find few or no cases involving impairment ratings determined after

prosthetic-device surgeries. But there are quite a few, and none makes any mention of the post-

surgery rating violating a universally held interpretation of the Workers’ Compensation Act.

See, e.g., Martin-Elberhi, 55 Va. App. at 545, 547-48 (collecting cases); Virginia Nat. Gas, Inc.

v. Tennessee, 50 Va. App 270, 275-76 (2007); Trevathan v. Loudoun Cty. Sch. Bd., JCN 240-63-

68, 2012 WL 6087248, at *1 (Va. Workers’ Comp. Comm’n Dec. 3, 2012); Street v. Burress,

VWC File No. 180-15-95, 2002 WL 847857, at *5-6 (Va. Workers’ Comp. Comm’n Apr. 25,

2002) (per curiam); Myers v. Carpet Corp., 64 O.I.C. 239, Claim No. 109-34-18, 1985 WL

307321, at *1-2 (Va. Indus. Comm’n June 5, 1985). 6

       6
          There are several tertiary arguments in the majority opinion that I find unconvincing.
One in particular is the assertion that “[t]he apparent logical conclusion of the County’s
argument that maximum medical improvement can only be determined after undergoing an
available corrective surgery is that claimants may not receive compensation unless they consent
to that surgery,” ante at 9 n.3. This assertion is inaccurate. Under Virginia law, a claimant has a

                                                 25
                                                II.

       In sum, this case is far simpler than our point-counterpoint arguments might suggest.

Under Virginia law, an impairment rating for permanent-partial-disability benefits must be

determined after the claimant reaches maximum medical improvement. Richardson reached

maximum medical improvement as a result of his hip-replacement surgery and, after

recuperating from that surgery, suffered only an 11% permanent loss of use of his left leg. There

is no basis in the Workers’ Compensation Act, or any interpretation of it by this Court, for a

prosthetic-device exception to the maximum-medical-improvement doctrine.

       I respectfully dissent.

right to reasonably refuse to undergo surgery without any impact on his right to claim benefits
under the Workers’ Compensation Act. See Code § 65.2-603(B); Chesapeake Masonry Corp. v.
Wiggington, 229 Va. 227, 232 (1985); Stump v. Norfolk Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Corp., 187
Va. 932, 938-39 (1948). See generally Lawrence J. Pascal, Virginia Workers’ Compensation
Law and Practice § 6.03[1][a]-[b], at 6-12 to -16 (4th ed. 2011 & Supp. 2019); Kent Sinclair &
Charles E. Friend, Personal Injury Law in Virginia § 24.14, at 24-92 to -93 (4th ed. 2019); 15
Virginia Practice Series: Workers’ Compensation, supra note 1, § 20:6, at 203-06.

                                                26