Court Opinion

ID: 4282458
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-06-07 22:46:50.100323+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:34:53.441292
License: Public Domain

ACCEPTED
                                                                                     06-18-00008-CV
                                                                           SIXTH COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                                 TEXARKANA, TEXAS
                                                                                    6/4/2018 4:35 PM
                                                                                    DEBBIE AUTREY
                                                                                              CLERK
  Oral Argument Requested
                              No. 06-18-0008-CV
                 _____________________________________________
                                                                     FILED IN
                           COURT OF APPEALS                   6th COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                TEXARKANA, TEXAS
                                  for the                     6/4/2018 4:35:37 PM
                        SIXTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS                   DEBBIE AUTREY
                             Texarkana, Texas                         Clerk
                 _____________________________________________

     William Bradley Lentz, Beverly Lentz, Jason Lentz, M.D., and Rebecca
                              VanLandingham,

                                                Appellants,

                                      v.

           Mewbourne Oil Company and Mewbourne Holdings, Inc.,

                                            Appellees.
              _____________________________________________

                 Appeal from the County Court at Law No. 3
                           Smith County, Texas
                   Honorable Floyd T. Getz, Judge Presiding
                ________________________________________

                          APPELLANTS’ BRIEF
                ________________________________________

Omar G. Alvarez              Collen A. Clark          Jeffrey S. Levinger
State Bar No. 24045402       State Bar No. 04309100   State Bar No. 12258300
ogalvarez@ogalvarezlaw.com   cclark@clarkmccrea.com   jlevinger@levingerpc.com
O.G. Alvarez &               Clark & McCrea           J. Carl Cecere (of counsel)
  Associates, P.C.           3500 Maple Avenue,       State Bar No. 24050397
21022 Gathering Oak          Suite 1250               ccecere@cecerepc.com
San Antonio, TX 78260        Dallas, TX 75219         Levinger PC
Tel.: 210-354-3900           Tel.: 214-780-0500       1700 Pacific Ave.,
Fax: 800-948-7571            Fax: 214-780-0501        Suite 2390
                                                      Dallas, TX 75201
                                                      Tel: 214-855-6817
                                                      Fax: 214-817-4509

                                                      Attorneys for Appellants
                       IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL

       Pursuant to TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(a), the following is a complete list of all
parties to the trial court’s judgment and the names and addresses of all trial counsel
and appellate counsel.

1.    Plaintiffs-Appellants:

      William Bradley Lentz, Beverly Lentz, Jason Lentz, M.D., and Rebecca
      VanLandingham

2.    Counsel for Plaintiffs-Appellants:

      Omar G. Alvarez                          Jeffrey S. Levinger
      O.G. Alvarez & Associates, P.C.          J. Carl Cecere (of counsel)
      21022 Gathering Oak                      Levinger PC
      San Antonio, TX 78260                    1700 Pacific Ave., Suite 2390
      (Trial and Appellate Counsel)            Dallas, TX 75201
                                               (Trial and Appellate Counsel)

      Collen A. Clark
      Clark & McCrea
      3500 Maple Ave., Suite 1250
      Dallas, TX 75219
      (Trial and Appellate Counsel)

3.    Defendants-Appellees:

      Mewbourne Oil Company and Mewbourne Holdings, Inc.

4.    Counsel for Plaintiffs-Appellees:

       David M. Gunn                           John R. Mercy
       Beck Redden LLP                         MERCY ✯ CARTER, L.L.P.
       1221 McKinney Ave.,                     1724 Galleria Oaks Dr.
       Suite 4500                              Texarkana, TX 75503
       Houston, TX 77010                       (Appellate Counsel)
       (Appellate Counsel)

                                          i
Leonard Davis                        Melinda D. Hamm
Fish & Richardson P.C.               Cotton, Bledsoe, Tighe &
110 N. College Ave.,                 Dawson P.C.
Suite 1116                           P. O. Box 2776
Tyler, Texas 75702                   Midland, Texas 79702-2776
(Trial and Appellate Counsel)        (Trial and Appellate Counsel)

Thomas W. Paterson                   Reagan L. Butts
Susman Godfrey L.L.P.                Mewbourne Oil Company
1000 Louisiana St.,                  3620 Old Bullard Rd.
Suite 5100                           Tyler, Texas 75701-8644
Houston, Texas 77002-5096            (Trial and Appellate Counsel)
(Trial and Appellate Counsel)

                                ii
                                              TABLE OF CONTENTS

Identity of Parties and Counsel ...................................................................................i
Index of Authorities ................................................................................................... v
Statement of the Case.............................................................................................. vii

Statement Regarding Oral Argument .................................................................... viii

Issues Presented ........................................................................................................ix

Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1

Statement of Facts and Procedural History................................................................ 2
         A.        The Mewbourne family of companies maintains an arrangement
                   under which all workers are considered employees of
                   Mewbourne Holdings, not subsidiaries like MOC. ............................... 2
         B.        Lentz is injured while under the direction of Mewbourne
                   Holdings’ employees. ............................................................................ 5

         C.        The trial court decides that MOC is entitled to section
                   408.001(a)’s exclusive-remedy bar, holding that MOC—not
                   Mewbourne Holdings—is Lentz’s “employer.”.................................... 7
Summary of the Argument....................................................................................... 10

Argument.................................................................................................................. 12
I.       Standard of Review........................................................................................ 12

II.      The Trial Court Erred in Concluding that MOC Was Entitled to
         Summary Judgment on Its Exclusive-Remedy Defense Under
         TEX. LABOR CODE § 408.001(a). ................................................................... 14
         A.        MOC Did Not Conclusively Establish that Lentz Is Its
                   “Employee” for Workers’ Compensation Purposes. ........................... 15

                   1.        The Mewbourne companies’ arrangement categorizing all
                             workers as employees of Mewbourne Holdings is a
                             relevant factor in determining the identity of Lentz’s
                             statutory employer..................................................................... 17

                                                             iii
                   2.        It was Mewbourne Holdings, not MOC, that had the right
                             to control Lentz and directed his activities at the time of
                             his injuries. ................................................................................ 27

                   3.        The fact that MOC administered some of the formalities
                             of Lentz’s employment on Mewbourne Holdings’ behalf
                             does not conclusively establish MOC was his employer.......... 30

         B.        Lentz’s Acceptance of Workers’ Compensation Benefits Does
                   Not Estop Plaintiffs from Denying that MOC Is Lentz’s
                   Statutory Employer. ............................................................................. 32

Prayer ....................................................................................................................... 35

Certificate of Compliance ........................................................................................ 37
Certificate of Service ............................................................................................... 38
Appendix:

         Order Granting Mewbourne Oil Company and Mewbourne
         Holdings, Inc.’s Traditional and No-Evidence Motions for
         Summary Judgment (CR 1407–08) ........................................................... tab 1

         Order Granting Defendants’ Unopposed Motion for Severance and
         Entry of Final Judgment (CR 1418–19) .................................................... tab 2

                                                              iv
                                       INDEX OF AUTHORITIES

Cases
Alice Leasing Corp. v. Castillo,
  53 S.W.3d 433 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2001, pet. denied) .............................19

Anderson v. Snider,
  808 S.W.2d 54 (Tex. 1991) (op. on rehr’g) ......................................................... 14

Casso v. Brand,
  776 S.W.2d 551 (Tex. 1989) ................................................................................13

City of Houston v. Clear Creek Basin Auth.,
  589 S.W.2d 671 (Tex. 1979) ......................................................................... 13, 14

Coastal Transp. Co. Inc. v. Crown Cent. Petroleum Corp.,
  136 S.W.3d 227 (Tex. 2004) ................................................................................14
Exxon Corp. v. Perez,
  842 S.W.2d 629 (Tex. 1992) (per curiam) .......................................................1, 19
Haynes v. City of Beaumont,
 35 S.W.3d 166 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2000, no pet.) .................................14, 29
Little v. Delta Steel,
  409 S.W.3d 704 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2013, no pet.) ............................. 34, 35
Lopez v. Munoz, Hockema & Reed, L.L.P.,
  22 S.W.3d 857 (Tex. 2000) ..................................................................................32
Parkchester Holdings, Inc. v. Carrier Corp.,
  No. 05-04-00912-CV, 2005 WL 995357
  (Tex. App.—Dallas Apr. 29, 2005, no pet.).........................................................13

Pederson v. Apple Corrugated Packaging, Inc.,
  874 S.W.2d 135 (Tex. App.—Eastland 1994, writ denied) .................... 17, 23, 24

Pollard v. Hanschen,
  315 S.W.3d 636 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2010, no pet.) ............................................12

Port Elevator-Brownsville, L.L.C. v. Casados,
  358 S.W.3d 238 (Tex. 2012) ........................................................................ passim

                                                       v
Producer’s Chem. Co. v. McKay,
  366 S.W.2d 220 (Tex. 1963) ............................................................................1, 19
Roberts v. Davis,
  160 S.W.3d 256 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2005, pet. denied) ....................... 27, 32

St. Joseph Hosp. v. Wolff,
   94 S.W.3d 513 (Tex. 2002) ..................................................................... 20, 23, 28

Starnes v. United States,
  139 F.3d 540 (5th Cir. 1998) ................................................................................28

Travis v. City of Mesquite,
  830 S.W.2d 94 (Tex. 1992) ..................................................................................14

W. Steel Co. v. Altenburg,
 206 S.W.3d 121 (Tex. 2006) ................................................................................15
Wingfoot Enters. v. Alvarado, 111 S.W.3d 134 (Tex. 2003)........................... passim

Statutes
TEX. LABOR CODE § 401.011(18) ............................................................................16

TEX. LABOR CODE § 401.012(a)...............................................................................16
TEX. LABOR CODE § 408.001(a)........................................................................passim

TEX. LABOR CODE § 417.001(a)...............................................................................16

TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c).............................................................................................14
Other Authorities

RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF AGENCY § 220(2) ........................................................20

                                                         vi
                          STATEMENT OF THE CASE

Nature of            This is a personal injury case in which Plaintiff William
the Case:            Bradley Lentz suffered catastrophic injuries while working
                     on a well that Defendant Mewbourne Oil Company
                     (“MOC”) operated on the McElroy Ranch in Upton County,
                     Texas. (CR 22, 1338) Lentz and his family members sued
                     MOC, its parent company Mewbourne Holdings, Inc.
                     (“Mewbourne Holdings”), and several other parties for their
                     negligence in causing his injuries. (CR 2)

Trial Court:         Honorable Floyd T. Getz, Presiding Judge of the County
                     Court at Law Number 3, Smith County, Texas.
Course of            MOC and Mewbourne Holdings filed a traditional and no-
Proceedings:         evidence motion for summary judgment. They argued that
                     Plaintiffs could not maintain any claims against Mewbourne
                     Holdings because it owed no legal duty to Lentz. (CR 99–
                     101) They also argued that Plaintiffs’ claims against MOC
                     were barred by the workers’ compensation exclusive-
                     remedy bar in TEX. LABOR CODE § 408.001(a). (CR 91–98)

                     Plaintiffs acknowledged in their response that summary
                     judgment in favor of Mewbourne Holdings was proper, but
                     argued that MOC had not conclusively proven its
                     entitlement to section 408.001(a)’s exclusive-remedy bar
                     because it was Mewbourne Holdings, not MOC, that was
                     Lentz’s employer at the time of his accident. (Sealed CR 16)
Trial Court’s        On December 7, 2017, the trial court granted summary
Disposition of the   judgment in favor of the Mewbourne Defendants, ordering
Case:                that Plaintiffs take nothing against both MOC and
                     Mewbourne Holdings. (CR 1407–08 [App. 1]) That ruling
                     became final on January 4, 2018, when the trial court severed
                     Plaintiffs’ claims against the Mewbourne Defendants and
                     rendered final judgment. (CR 1418–19 [App. 2])

                                      vii
                    STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT

      Appellants respectfully request oral argument. This is an appeal from a take-

nothing judgment that bars Appellants from recovering against MOC, a Texas

oilfield operator, for its negligence in causing William Lentz’s catastrophic injuries,

based on the affirmative defense that workers’ compensation was Appellants’

exclusive remedy. See TEX. LABOR CODE § 408.001(a). Determining whether MOC

is entitled to raise section 408.001(a)’s exclusive-remedy defense requires

evaluation of a lengthy and detailed evidentiary record, and consideration of the

unique way in which the Mewbourne family of companies have structured their

business operations to make Mewbourne Holdings the sole employer of Lentz and

his co-workers. Appellants therefore believe that oral argument will significantly

aid the Court in deciding this case.

                                         viii
                               ISSUES PRESENTED

      I.    Did MOC conclusively prove that it is Lentz’s “employer” under the

Workers’ Compensation Act, so as to be entitled to summary judgment under section

408.001(a)’s exclusive-remedy defense, when:

            a.    The    Mewbourne       companies      maintain    an    arrangement

                  categorizing all workers as employees of Mewbourne Holdings,

                  not MOC and other Mewbourne subsidiaries;

            b.    It was Mewbourne Holdings, not MOC, that had the right to

                  control Lentz and directed his activities at the time of his injuries;

                  and

            c.    MOC’s only involvement in Lentz’s employment was to

                  administer certain formalities on Mewbourne Holdings’ behalf?

      II.   Did Lentz’s acceptance of workers’ compensation benefits estop

Plaintiffs from contending that MOC is not his employer for purposes of section

408.001(a)’s exclusive-remedy defense?

                                         ix
                                   INTRODUCTION

      One of the many benefits of doing business in Texas is that companies located

here are generally free to manage their affairs however they choose, including the

arrangements they make for handling their employees.              Accordingly, when

companies within a single corporate family share a worker, they have an unfettered

right to decide for themselves which company should be considered that worker’s

“employer.” And generations of Texans have understood that the law will generally

respect these arrangements. See Exxon Corp. v. Perez, 842 S.W.2d 629, 630 (Tex.

1992) (per curiam); Producer’s Chem. Co. v. McKay, 366 S.W.2d 220 (Tex. 1963).

Courts consider these arrangements to be a critical factor, if not necessarily the sole

and exclusive one, in deciding which company ought to bear the legal

responsibilities, and enjoy the legal benefits, associated with being the worker’s

“employer.”

      The trial court in this case departed from these time-honored principles. In

particular, it refused to respect just such an inter-company arrangement when it

decided that MOC was entitled to the benefit of 408.001(a)’s exclusive-remedy

defense. This ruling was inconsistent with summary-judgment evidence showing

that only Mewbourne Holdings, and not MOC and its affiliates, was considered

Lentz’s “employer” under the Workers’ Compensation Act. And contrary to the

court’s assumption, nothing would “estop” Plaintiffs from denying that MOC was

                                          1
Lentz’s employer. The court’s summary judgment in favor of MOC must be

reversed.

               STATEMENT OF FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
      A.     The Mewbourne family of companies maintains an arrangement
             under which all workers are considered employees of Mewbourne
             Holdings, not subsidiaries like MOC.

      This case arises from the catastrophic injuries that William Bradley Lentz

sustained while working on one of MOC’s wells located on the McElroy Ranch in

Upton County, Texas. (CR 1338–39) MOC is a member of the Mewbourne family

of companies. Members of that corporate family have decided that the workers of

the entire enterprise are to be considered employees of Mewbourne Holdings—and

only Mewbourne Holdings. (Sealed CR 108) Those employees are then farmed out

to Mewbourne Holdings’ subsidiaries, which are considered to be “DBA”s of the

holding company. (Sealed CR 76) They are responsible for day-to-day operations,

but have no employees of their own. (Id.)

      Mewbourne representatives have explained this arrangement to others both

inside and outside the Mewbourne family of companies. When the Mewbourne

companies sought to obtain workers’ compensation insurance before Lentz’s

accident in July 2015, their representatives explained this arrangement to York, the

auditor for their workers’ compensation carrier, Starr Indemnity & Liability Co.

(“Starr”).   In audit interviews conducted before Lentz’s injury, Mewbourne

                                         2
Holdings’ employees told York that “Insured [Mewbourne Holdings] owns several

other corporations, trusts, and LLC’s. These companies do not have any employees.”

(Sealed CR 58, 108, emphasis added) And Mewbourne reported that several of

MOC’s executives, including Monty Whetstone, Vice-President of Operations, and

Ken Waits, MOC’s CEO, were on Mewbourne Holdings’ payroll. (Sealed CR 11;

RR 11) It supported those representations with payroll records and general ledgers

substantiating the arrangement, making Mewbourne Holdings the sole employer of

all workers in the Mewbourne family of companies. (Sealed CR 58, 114; RR 40–

41)

      This arrangement is also reflected in the coverage that the Mewbourne

companies obtained from Starr, which listed Mewbourne Holdings as the sole

“employer” for purposes of the policy and MOC as only an additional “named

insured.” (Sealed CR 147 at 1 (referring to “the employer named in Item 1,”

emphasis added); id. at 129, Information Page (listing “Mewbourne Holdings, Inc.”

in Item No. 1); id. at 148, Named Insured Schedule) Further, in a “Loss Control Site

Survey Evaluation” that Mewbourne representatives completed after the policy went

into effect, they stated that Mewbourne Holdings controlled all operations, and that

MOC was merely a “DBA.” (Sealed CR 59, 76) And after Lentz’s accident,

Mewbourne sent Starr a wage statement, listing Lentz as an employee of

                                         3
“Mewbourne Holdings, Inc.,” not MOC. (Sealed CR 330) Notably, that wage

statement certified that it was accurate under risk of criminal penalty. (Id.)

      The arrangement under which Mewbourne Holdings served as the sole

employer was also explained to the workers within the Mewbourne family of

companies. Defendants produced several copies of the workers’ compensation

notices they were required to post under Texas Workers’ Compensation Rule

110.101(e)(1) for each policy period between 2014 and 2016. (Sealed CR 225

[2013–2014 policy], 228 [2014–2015 policy], 231 [2015–2016 policy]) They also

produced copies of a similar notice required by the U.S. Department of Labor’s

Office of Workers’ Compensation Programs. (Sealed CR 234, 236) Each of these

notices identified “Mewbourne Holdings, Inc.” as the statutory “employer,” and

informed employees that they should notify “Mewbourne Holdings, Inc.” in the

event they were injured on the job.

      Finally, the arrangement is reflected in communications that Mewbourne

representatives had with the Texas Department of Insurance’s Office of Workers’

Compensation after Lentz’s injuries. In July 2015, Mewbourne Holdings filled out

a report for the Office of Workers’ Compensation informing it of Lentz’s injury—

which was to be provided by his “Employer[]”—in which Mewbourne Holdings

identified itself by its Tax ID number and referred to Lentz as its “employee.”

(Sealed CR 301–02, 332) Although the version of that report in the record is not

                                          4
signed, it must have been transmitted to the Office of Workers’ Compensation,

because in December 2015, a representative from the office wrote back, stating that

it had received the notice of Lentz’s injury and identifying “Mewbourne Holdings”

as Lentz’s employer. (Sealed CR 238)

      Accordingly, Mewbourne representatives maintained a consistent stance—to

internal personnel, to Mewbourne’s insurer and insurance auditor, and to state

workers’ compensation administrators—that for all legal purposes, all workers

would be employees of Mewbourne Holdings. Although subsidiaries like MOC had

no employees, they still had a role in day-to-day operations, including administering

certain formalities of employment on behalf of Mewbourne Holdings such as

maintaining employment records, paying wages, providing benefits, and issuing tax

preparation documents. (CR 876, 881, 1292, 1295, 1298, 1300, 1307, 1309) But at

all times, everyone who worked for a Mewbourne subsidiary was actually a

Mewbourne Holdings employee, and the right to control operations—and all

employees—remained solely with Mewbourne Holdings.

      B.     Lentz is injured while under the direction of Mewbourne Holdings’
             employees.

      On the day when Lentz was injured, he reported exclusively to employees of

Mewbourne Holdings—because MOC had no employees that he could have reported

to—and he was subject to the exclusive control of Mewbourne Holdings, not MOC.

And when he walked over to a battery to observe the cleaning process on one of

                                         5
MOC’s wells, he was sent by a Mewbourne Holdings employee, his on-site

supervisor, Barrett Smith. (CR 1281)

      Before the day of the injury, MOC had engaged Panther Completion Services,

LLC to clean paraffin wax that had built up on the inside of the 8,500-foot wellbore.

(CR 1334–35) Panther’s cleaning process employed a mixture of hydrogen peroxide

and potassium permanganate as a cleaning solution, which is particularly ill-suited

for use around the highly flammable hydrocarbons found in oil wells. (CR 1335–

36) The combination of these ingredients creates a reaction that produces intense

heat and pressure, which may be useful for cleaning away paraffin wax, but also

increases the risk that an explosion will occur. Worse, the reaction has a dangerous

byproduct—it produces extra oxygen that creates a highly flammable atmosphere.

(CR 1336)

      While Panther was cleaning the well on the McElroy Ranch, Barrett sent

Lentz over to a nearby battery where he could measure the flow to see if the cleaning

process was working. (CR 1286, 1338) Moments after Lentz arrived at the battery,

an explosion occurred and the wellhead caught fire. (CR 1339) Lentz suffered

second- and third-degree burns over 70 percent of his body. (Id.) He endured more

than 23 months of intensive medical care, incurring over $2,000,000 in medical

expenses. (Id.) He is now blind in both eyes. (Id.) And he can only walk short

distances—and even then, with considerable assistance. (Id.)

                                         6
      C.    The trial court decides that MOC is entitled to section 408.001(a)’s
            exclusive-remedy bar, holding that MOC—not Mewbourne
            Holdings—is Lentz’s “employer.”

      Lentz and his family members brought suit against Panther, MOC,

Mewbourne Holdings, and several other parties for their negligence in causing the

explosion and his severe injuries. (CR 2) The Mewbourne Defendants filed a

traditional and no-evidence motion for summary judgment. (CR 84) As to MOC,

they made an argument that was directly contradictory to their accounting

arrangements, as well as their representations to employees, insurers, and the

Workers’ Compensation Commission: They claimed that it was MOC, not

Mewbourne Holdings, that was Lentz’s “employer,” and thus it was MOC that was

entitled to the workers’ compensation exclusive-remedy defense in section

408.001(a) of the Texas Labor Code. (CR 91–94) The Mewbourne Defendants

argued that MOC’s assumption of administrative formalities relating to Lentz’s

employment, along with the self-assessments of several Mewbourne workers who

thought they were MOC employees, should be conclusive evidence that Lentz’s

employer was MOC. (CR 92, 866, 867, 1272–73) They also maintained that

Plaintiffs were estopped from claiming otherwise because of Lentz’s acceptance of

workers’ compensation benefits. (CR 96–98)

      Yet the Mewbourne Defendants’ position began to change after Plaintiffs

responded to their summary-judgment motion. When confronted with Plaintiffs’

                                       7
response, which laid out the conflicts between the Defendants’ summary-judgment

argument and the evidence of their inter-company arrangement that made

Mewbourne Holdings the sole employer, they ceased claiming that MOC was

Lentz’s sole employer. Instead, at the summary-judgment hearing, they shifted

tactics and conceded that Mewbourne Holdings could be considered Lentz’s

employer. (RR 23-24) But relying on Port Elevator-Brownsville, L.L.C. v. Casados,

358 S.W.3d 238 (Tex. 2012) and Wingfoot Enterprises v. Alvarado, 111 S.W.3d 134

(Tex. 2003), they contended that Lentz’s employment status was consistent with the

dual-employment relationships found in those cases.1 (RR 24, 46) Thus, they

argued, Lentz’s employment by Mewbourne Holdings was shared with MOC, such

that MOC should be entitled to assert the workers’ compensation exclusive-remedy

defense in section 408.001(a).

       The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of MOC.2 It articulated

its reasoning during the summary-judgment hearing. There, the court relied on the

same cases as the Mewbourne Defendants. But under its read of “the case law,” the

court concluded that it was required to focus on the facts “on the ground at the work

       In the reporter’s record, references to Wingfoot v. Alvaredo are mistakenly transcribed as
       1

“Wineberg” or “Soberano.” (RR 36, 42, 46–47)
       2
          The court also granted summary judgment in favor of Mewbourne Holdings. (CR 1116)
Plaintiffs did not then and are not now contesting that disposition because they acknowledge that
Mewbourne Holdings was Lentz’s employer, and therefore is entitled to the exclusive-remedy
defense.

                                               8
site”—i.e., who was “controlling the means and manner of the workplace”—rather

than the arrangements of “[a] parent company or [a] holding company or anything

like that.” (RR 38, 47–48)     And it concluded that the facts “on the ground”

conclusively established that MOC was Lentz’s employer. (CR 47) It further

credited the Mewbourne employees’ self-assessment that they were MOC

employees—despite recognizing that most of these employees had no awareness of

Mewbourne Holdings’ arrangement retaining control over all employees, or any

understanding of the Mewbourne family’s corporate structure. As the court noted,

“whether they have knowledge of holding companies or parent companies” or not

did not render their testimony “incompetent vis-à-vis what’s going on at the well

site.” (RR 39)

      The trial court then gave a further reason for ignoring the arrangement

between Mewbourne Holdings and MOC: It credited the testimony of a

representative from Mewbourne’s workers’ compensation insurer, Starr, who

claimed he simply listed Mewbourne Holdings as the “employer” in the policy to

save room on the form. (RR 27–28, 48) Based on these facts “on the ground at the

work site,” the court concluded that “Mewbourne Oil Company” was “the employer

at the time of the accident.” (RR 47–48)

      Further, the trial court held that Plaintiffs should be barred from recovering

against MOC based the affirmative defense of quasi-estoppel because Lentz had

                                           9
accepted workers’ compensation benefits, concluding that this was an “additional

ground” to grant summary judgment in favor of MOC. (RR 48)

                          SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT
       The trial court erred twice in granting summary judgment for MOC—with

both errors stemming from its decision to ignore the arrangement between MOC and

Mewbourne Holdings that made Lentz solely an employee of Mewbourne Holdings.

For half a century, courts have understood that such inter-company arrangements are

among the best possible evidence of a worker’s employment status, because they

show concretely how the companies plan to divide up the legal burdens and benefits

of employing workers, and demonstrate the companies’ decision-making among

themselves about which entity would have the final say in asserting control over

shared workers. And the trial court’s conclusion that the arrangement was simply for

the convenience of Mewbourne’s insurer is only one possible explanation of some

of the facts. That conclusion ignores Mewbourne Holdings’ own internal accounting

measures, along with numerous representations to employees, the insurance

company and its auditor, and state agencies, all of which demonstrated that the

arrangement reflected the economic realities of Mewbourne’s business: that

Mewbourne Holdings ultimately controls all operations, and subsidiaries like MOC

are merely DBAs with no employees of their own. By picking and choosing among

                                        10
the summary-judgment evidence, crediting the Mewbourne Defendants’ evidence

over Plaintiffs’, the trial court reversibly erred.

       The trial court further erred in concluding that the arrangement between

Mewbourne Holdings and MOC had no effect on the “facts on the ground” about

which company had the right to control Lentz. The arrangement at issue made

everyone who worked with Lentz an employee of Mewbourne Holdings, not

MOC—and that includes his direct reports, his supervisors at the job site, and Barrett

Smith, the supervisor who directed him to perform the tasks that led to his

catastrophic injuries.

       This result cannot be changed simply because those workers—even Lentz

himself—may have thought they worked for MOC. Under Texas law, such self-

assessments cannot create a right of control where no such right exists. Moreover,

because the workers gave no explanation for their belief that they were MOC

employees, and thus supplied the court with no facts that would help it evaluate the

legal basis for their belief, their testimony was not competent summary-judgment

evidence. And the Mewbourne Defendants provided no other evidence that even

suggested MOC was Lentz’s employer, much less conclusively established that it

was.

       Finally, the trial court’s errors in interpreting the summary-judgment evidence

cannot be saved by invoking the affirmative defense of quasi-estoppel. While Lentz

                                            11
indisputably received workers’ compensation benefits for the injuries he suffered,

he received those benefits under a single policy that covered both MOC and

Mewbourne Holdings. Thus, his acceptance of benefits under that policy is not an

admission as to which company—between the two—was his statutory employer.

Lentz’s acceptance of those benefits therefore does not “estop” Plaintiffs from

contending that Mewbourne Holdings is his statutory employer, and the authorities

Defendants relied on to support their estoppel argument are inapposite.

                                         ARGUMENT

I.     Standard of Review.
       Because the Mewbourne Defendants moved for traditional summary

judgment based on their affirmative defenses of exclusive-remedy and quasi-

estoppel, they are in the same position as a plaintiff seeking summary judgment on

multiple claims.3 Pollard v. Hanschen, 315 S.W.3d 636, 638–39 (Tex. App.—

Dallas 2010, no pet.). The inquiry on appeal is the same as the inquiry at trial—

whether Defendants met their burden of expressly presenting and conclusively

proving “all essential elements” of one or more of their affirmative defenses “as a

       3
          The Mewbourne Defendants’ summary-judgment motion also raised no-evidence points.
(CR 103) But the only no-evidence points concerned the Plaintiffs’ claims against Mewbourne
Holdings, which are not at issue in this appeal. Accordingly, the only relevant standard of review
is the one governing a traditional summary-judgment motion.

                                               12
matter of law.” City of Houston v. Clear Creek Basin Auth., 589 S.W.2d 671, 678

(Tex. 1979); see also Casso v. Brand, 776 S.W.2d 551, 556 (Tex. 1989).

      The burden of raising genuine issues of material fact did not shift to

Plaintiffs—meaning that they had no burden to respond—unless and until

Defendants first met their initial burden. Casso, 776 S.W.2d at 556; City of Houston,
589 S.W.2d at 678. Accordingly, on appeal, Plaintiffs can raise complaints that “the

grounds expressly presented to the trial court by the movant’s motion are insufficient

[a]s a matter of law to support the summary judgment,” regardless of the grounds

for denying the motion that Plaintiffs presented to the trial court. City of Houston,
589 S.W.2d at 678. Moreover, even if Defendants met their initial summary-

judgment burden, the summary judgment against Plaintiffs still must be reversed if

genuine issues of material fact exist on MOC’s exclusive-remedy and quasi-estoppel

affirmative defenses. Torres v. Western Cas. & Sur. Co., 457 S.W.2d 50, 52–53

(Tex. 1970).

      In determining whether material fact issues exist, a court must indulge every

reasonable inference in favor of Plaintiffs and resolve any doubts in their favor.

20801, Inc. v. Parker, 249 S.W.3d 392, 399 (Tex. 2008). The appellate court may

consider “only the evidence before the trial court at the time of the summary

judgment motion hearing.” Parkchester Holdings, Inc. v. Carrier Corp., No. 05-04-

00912-CV, 2005 WL 995357, at *2 (Tex. App.—Dallas Apr. 29, 2005, no pet.).

                                         13
Only issues expressly presented to the trial court by written motion, answer, or other

response may be considered on appeal. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); City of Houston,
589 S.W.2d at 677. And “summary judgment cannot be affirmed on a ground not

specifically presented in the motion for summary judgment.” Travis v. City of

Mesquite, 830 S.W.2d 94, 100 (Tex. 1992).

      Conclusory evidence—that which “does not provide the underlying facts to

support the conclusion”—is incompetent summary-judgment evidence. Haynes v.

City of Beaumont, 35 S.W.3d 166, 178 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2000, no pet.);

Anderson v. Snider, 808 S.W.2d 54, 55 (Tex. 1991) (op. on rehr’g). Such evidence

is substantively defective, is insufficient to eliminate fact issues, and amounts to no

evidence to support a summary judgment. See Coastal Transp. Co. Inc. v. Crown

Cent. Petroleum Corp., 136 S.W.3d 227, 232–33 (Tex. 2004).

II.   The Trial Court Erred in Concluding that MOC Was Entitled to
      Summary Judgment on Its Exclusive-Remedy Defense Under TEX.
      LABOR CODE § 408.001(a).
      The central flaw in the trial court’s grant of summary judgment stems from its

failure to recognize the relevance of the arrangement under which Mewbourne

Holdings is considered the sole employer for all workers in the Mewbourne family

of companies. That arrangement is critical in understanding Lentz’s employment

status—which is based on evidence of a right to control that courts are bound to

respect, and juries are required to consider, in evaluating any question regarding a

                                          14
worker’s employment status. The trial court’s disregard of that arrangement also

caused it to misread the “facts on the ground” by overlooking the practical

consequence of that arrangement: Only Mewbourne Holdings had the right to

control Lentz, because only Mewbourne Holdings had employees capable of

controlling Lentz. Compounding these errors, the court considered the Mewbourne

Defendants’ evidence to be conclusive even though it not only conflicted with the

controlling arrangement, but also relied on conclusory, incompetent, and made-for-

litigation opinions that cannot support the summary judgment in favor of MOC.

      A.    MOC Did Not Conclusively Establish that Lentz Is Its “Employee”
            for Workers’ Compensation Purposes.

      Under the workers’ compensation system in Texas, companies that subscribe

to approved workers’ compensation insurance plans are entitled to immunity from

any tort claims that their workers might assert against them for workplace injuries.

TEX. LABOR CODE § 408.001(a) (providing that workers’ compensation benefits are

“the exclusive remedy” for an injured employee covered by workers’ compensation

insurance). But subscribing to a workers’ compensation plan is only one of the

requirements a company must meet to obtain this exclusive-remedy bar. As the

Mewbourne Defendants admitted in the court below, the company must also prove

that “it was the workers’ employer within the meaning” of the Texas Workers’

Compensation Act. (CR 91, citing W. Steel Co. v. Altenburg, 206 S.W.3d 121, 123

(Tex. 2006)).

                                        15
       Only those companies that meet the statutory definition of “employer” receive

this immunity.4 Injured workers remain free to sue any other “third party” that

“becomes liable” for the workers’ injuries. TEX. LABOR CODE § 417.001(a). And

that is true whether the third party is a co-worker, an independent contractor, or—as

Defendants have admitted (CR 99–100 & n.10)—a parent or subsidiary of the

company that subscribed to the workers’ compensation policy. Indeed, it makes no

difference whether the third party maintains workers’ compensation coverage for its

own employees, because maintaining such coverage is only one of the requirements

for obtaining the workers’ compensation exclusive-remedy bar.

       Thus, in order to obtain summary judgment on its affirmative defense that

workers’ compensation was Plaintiffs’ exclusive remedy, MOC had to conclusively

demonstrate that it was Lentz’s employer for workers’ compensation purposes. But

it did not and cannot meet that burden. In this case, the evidence produced in

discovery demonstrates that only one of the Mewbourne Defendants can meet the

statutory definition of “employer.”           And it is not MOC, as the Mewbourne

Defendants maintain. It is Mewbourne Holdings.

       4
         See TEX. LABOR CODE § 401.011(18) (defining “employer” as “a person who makes a
contract of hire, employs one or more employees, and has workers’ compensation insurance
coverage”); id. § 401.012(a) (defining “employee” as “each person in the service of another under
a contract of hire, whether express or implied, or oral or written”).

                                               16
      The Mewbourne Defendants and Plaintiffs both agree that the touchstone in

that inquiry is “control”: Determining the identity of Lentz’s employer requires an

evaluation of which company had the “right to control [Lentz] at the time of [his]

injury.” (CR 91–92, quoting Pederson v. Apple Corrugated Packaging, Inc., 874
S.W.2d 135, 137 (Tex. App.—Eastland 1994, writ denied)). And Mewbourne

Holdings’ exclusive right of control over Lentz is shown in two separate ways—

both traceable to the arrangement between Mewbourne Holdings and its

subsidiaries, including MOC.

            1.     The Mewbourne companies’ arrangement categorizing all
                   workers as employees of Mewbourne Holdings is a relevant
                   factor in determining the identity of Lentz’s statutory
                   employer.

      Long before this lawsuit was filed, the Mewbourne Defendants decided that,

between the two of them, Mewbourne Holdings rather than MOC would satisfy the

statutory definition of “employer.” That was true both for Mewbourne workers

generally and for Lentz specifically, because Mewbourne Holdings is the only true

operating company and MOC is merely a “dba” with no employees. While it might

be considered unorthodox for a holding company to be considered the employer, it

is a role that the Mewbourne Defendants’ attorneys embraced at the summary-

judgment hearing—where they acknowledged that Mewbourne Holdings could be

considered Lentz’s employer. (RR 23–24, 46) And it is an arrangement that is

supported by ample summary-judgment evidence.

                                        17
      Specifically, the accounting records and payroll ledgers presented to the

Mewbourne companies’ insurance auditor demonstrate that their businesses were

structured consistent with the arrangement that Mewbourne Holdings was the sole

employer of all the workers in the Mewbourne family of companies. (CR Sealed

CR 58, 114; RR 40–41) The evidence also shows that the Mewbourne Defendants

communicated a repeated and consistent message about that arrangement to the

workers’ compensation insurer, to the workers, and to the Texas Workers’

Compensation    Commission.      The    Mewbourne     Defendants   made    these

representations about their inter-company arrangement while performing acts

governed by the Workers’ Compensation Act—obtaining approved workers’

compensation coverage, satisfying workers’ compensation regulatory requirements,

and providing workers’ compensation benefits to Lentz. The context of these acts

makes clear that the Mewbourne Defendants were referencing the statutory

definition of “employer” under the Worker’s Compensation Act, not merely some

non-technical layperson’s notion of the term, when they identified Mewbourne

Holdings as the sole employer. The Plaintiffs’ evidence of this arrangement—made

and recorded by the Mewbourne Defendants themselves—provides the only

                                       18
competent, relevant evidence of the identity of Lentz’s “employer” under the

statutory definition—and the only evidence of “control.”5

       Under the common law, courts have considered inter-company arrangements

like the one here to be one of the most important factors in determining the identity

of a worker’s employer—including in workers’ compensation cases—as long as they

reflect the economic reality of the companies’ employment relationships. See, e.g.,

Perez, 842 S.W.2d at 630 (holding that an agreement that one company had a right

to control an employee “is a factor to be considered” in determining the identity of

the employee’s statutory employer under the Workers’ Compensation Act). Indeed,

such arrangements were once considered to be conclusive in determining the identity

of the employer. See Producer’s Chem., 366 S.W.3d at 225; see also Alice Leasing

Corp. v. Castillo, 53 S.W.3d 433, 440–41 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2001, pet.

denied). And even though “assignment[s] of the right to control” between companies

are no longer considered “dispositive”—at least when there is “conflicting evidence

       5
          The reporter’s record suggests that at one point during the summary-judgment hearing,
Plaintiffs’ counsel could not identify specific evidence “indicat[ing] that Mewbourne Holdings,
Inc., had the right to control” Lentz. (RR 44) In context, counsel appeared to be suggesting that
there was no direct documentary link between Mewbourne Holdings and Lentz; this comment
came up in discussion about Lentz’s employment application with MOC, and counsel indicated
that Defendants had not produced any similar information for Mewbourne Holdings during
discovery. (RR 43) Any spur-of-the-moment imprecision in counsel’s statement does not negate
or affect Plaintiffs’ evidence of Mewbourne Holdings’ control, especially when counsel elsewhere
outlined Defendants’ representations to the “Department of Insurance, Worker’s Compensation
Division and their own carrier, Starr,” and argued that this evidence demonstrated Mewbourne
Holdings’ “right of control” over Lentz. (RR 34, 43-44)

                                               19
as to which entity” has the right of control—such arrangements are still a relevant

factor in the determination of which entity is the employer. St. Joseph Hosp. v.

Wolff, 94 S.W.3d 513, 544 n.92 (Tex. 2002). Thus, where such conflicting evidence

exists, the arrangement is not disregarded as irrelevant—the determination is

properly “left to the jury.” Id.

      This makes perfect sense. Evidence of such arrangements is far superior in

demonstrating control than other, more indirect indicia that are considered in

determining whether a right to control exists—such as which company pays the

worker or provides the instrumenalities for the job. See RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF

AGENCY § 220(2). Such arrangements provide direct evidence about how the

companies themselves treat their employees and how they manage their day-to-day

affairs, and are thus are superior to other indicia from which such control can only

be inferred.

      Notably, neither the trial court nor the Mewbourne Defendants offered any

legally sound reason to justify disregard of the arrangement making Mewbourne

Holdings the sole employer. While the trial court relied on Port Elevator, 358
S.W.3d 238, and Wingfoot, 111 S.W.3d 134, to suggest that evidence about the “facts

on the ground at the work site” should be considered to the exclusion of the inter-

company arrangement at issue, neither case actually supports that notion. (RR 39)

Both cases dealt with materially different factual circumstances, involving

                                        20
arrangements under which staffing agencies lease their employees to other

companies, which in turn exercise control over the details of the employees’ work.

And they stand for the unremarkable proposition that it is possible in such dual-

employer situations for multiple companies to assert the workers’ compensation bar

for a single worker. Port Elevator, 358 S.W.3d at 242 (holding that “[a]n employee

may have more than one employer within the meaning of the TWCA, and each

employer who subscribes to workers’ compensation insurance may raise the

exclusive-remedy provision as a bar to claims about the injury.”); Wingfoot, 111
S.W.3d at 134–35 (holding that there may be two employers, for purposes of the

exclusive-remedy provision of the Workers’ Compensation Act, when the provider

of temporary workers furnishes a worker to a client that controls the details of the

work at time the worker is injured). Accordingly, neither case does anything to

undermine the 60 years of Texas precedent establishing the relevance of inter-

company arrangements in determining the identity of a worker’s statutory employer.

      Indeed, both cases actually reaffirm the relevance of those arrangements. In

Wingfoot, the Court explained that the employment status of a staffing-company

worker could be affected by an “agreement between the provider of temporary

workers and the client regarding workers’ compensation coverage.” 111 S.W.3d at

144. Similarly, Port Elevator implicitly recognized that such arrangements can

affect employment status because it imposed limits on them—specifically, that

                                        21
companies could not enter into arrangements that would circumvent the rule

prohibiting employers from splitting their workforces (i.e. maintaining coverage for

some employees but not for others). 358 S.W.3d at 243. But those limits are not

applicable to the employment arrangement here.

      Furthermore, the facts establishing dual employment in those cases are very

different from the facts here. In both cases, the evidence of control by each employer

was so strong as to go unchallenged by the plaintiffs. Id. at 242 (“[T]he parties agree

that Casados was an employee of both Staff Force and Port Elevator….”); Wingfoot,
111 S.W.3d at 138 (“Alvarado concedes she is Tandem’s employee for some

purposes.”). The only question in each case was whether such dual-employment

relationships were recognized under the Labor Code, and in each case, the Court

answered that question in the affirmative.

      In this case, however, that issue is irrelevant because the trial court did not

recognize the existence of any dual-employer situation. And the arrangement

between MOC and Mewbourne Holdings does not suggest dual employment.

Rather, that arrangement allows for only a single employer: Mewbourne Holdings,

because the evidence shows that all workers in the Mewbourne family are employees

of Mewbourne Holdings, and MOC has no employees of its own. In fact, if there is

any uncertainty about whether a dual-employer situation exists, that does not render

irrelevant the evidence contradicting any such dual-employer situation. It simply

                                          22
makes the conflict between that arrangement and the “facts on the ground” a genuine

issue of fact that should be “left to the jury.” St. Joseph, 94 S.W.3d at 544 n.92.

Accordingly, the trial court erred in concluding that Port Elevator and Wingfoot

somehow precluded it from considering the arrangement between MOC and

Mewbourne Holdings in determining the identity of Lentz’s employer.

      To be sure, the Mewbourne Defendants disputed the relevance of the

arrangement making Mewbourne Holdings the employer.             In particular, they

suggested that the Eastland Court of Appeals’ decision in Pederson signaled that the

law had somehow changed to make evidence of such arrangements irrelevant. (CR

94) But Pederson signals no such change—nor could it, given the Supreme Court’s

reaffirmation of the relevance of similar arrangements in Port Elevator and

Wingfoot. The Mewbourne Defendants also pointed out that the injured worker in

Pederson relied on a “Payment of Compensation” claim form that identified “Staff

Benefits, Inc.” as the relevant “insured” and “employer”—a form they likened to the

evidence of their inter-company arrangement. (CR 94) And they emphasized that

Pederson rejected the relevance of that claim form when it held that “[t]he evidence

conclusively demonstrates” that the workers’ nominal employer, Apple Corrugated

Packaging, “had the right to control” the injured worker. (Id., quoting 874 S.W.2d

at 137, emphasis in motion).

                                        23
      The Mewbourne Defendants are correct that Pederson rejected the relevance

of the “Payment of Compensation” claim form, but the court did so for reasons that

are not helpful to them here. Importantly, the injured worker in Pederson did not

offer the claim form as evidence that Staff Benefits was actually her “employer”—

indeed, she did not rely on the fact that the claim form listed Staff Benefits as the

“employer” at all. Instead, she conceded that Apple Corrugated Packaging was her

employer and had the right to control her, which is why the court found the evidence

“conclusively demonstrated” that Apple Corrugated Packaging satisfied the second

requirement for the exclusive-remedy bar. 874 S.W.2d at 136–37. The plaintiff

actually relied on the claim form only to refute the first requirement for the bar: She

contended that because Staff Benefits, not Apple Corrugated Packaging, was listed

as the “insured” on the claim form, that meant Apple Corrugated Packaging did not

have “workers’ compensation insurance coverage.” Id. at 137. But the court

rejected her argument because Apple Corrugated Packaging established that it did

have workers’ compensation insurance—it simply carried that coverage through “an

‘arrangement’” with Staff Benefits. Id. And that holding has no bearing on this

case, where the first requirement is not at issue and where the Mewbourne

Defendants’ own representations disprove their argument that MOC is Lentz’s

“employer” for purposes of the second requirement. Thus, Pederson gave the court

                                          24
below no basis for disregarding Plaintiffs’ evidence of the arrangement that made

Lentz solely an employee of Mewbourne Holdings.

       Nor, for that matter, did the Mewbourne Defendants conclusively negate

Plaintiffs’ evidence of Mewbourne Holdings’ arrangement with its subsidiaries like

MOC.       The Mewbourne Defendants offered the testimony of their corporate

representative, Drew Greene, who claimed that Mewbourne Holdings, rather than

MOC, is actually the shell—that it is “solely a holding company” with no employees

of its own. (CR 88, 109) But because Greene’s made-for-litigation opinion conflicts

with Defendants’ previous representations to the workers’ compensation insurer, the

insurer’s auditor, and to the State of Texas about how the Mewbourne companies

had structured their employment affairs, it can only create an issue of fact for the

jury to resolve. Thus, Greene’s testimony cannot provide a basis to uphold the

summary judgment in MOC’s favor.6

       Similarly, the testimony of a single representative from Mewbourne’s

workers’ compensation insurer—Les Lappe—does not conclusively support the

Defendants’ argument that Mewbourne Holdings was designated as employer

       6
         Defendants insist that some of the representations they made evidencing the arrangement
were made by mistake, or were made by Starr without Defendants’ input. (E.g., CR 291, 353)
Indeed, Defendants even sought—after Plaintiffs filed their summary-judgment response—to
revise some of these representations to designate MOC, rather than Mewbourne Holdings, as
Lentz’s statutory employer. But Defendants did not try to challenge or correct all of their
representations, many of which have remained unchanged for several years. And in any event, a
jury could reasonably find that the revisions reflect litigation strategy rather than economic reality.

                                                 25
merely for convenience. (RR 27–28, 48) For one thing, Lappe’s testimony pertained

only to the decision to list Mewbourne Holdings as the “employer” in the workers’

compensation insurance policy. (RR 27–28) His testimony does not—and cannot

—negate Mewbourne’s numerous other representations outside the policy, made by

Mewbourne representatives with personal knowledge of the Mewbourne companies’

operations, who claimed that all workers were employees of Mewbourne Holdings.

Nor can it undermine the evidence proving the truth of the economic reality behind

those representations: that Mewbourne Holdings controlled all operations, and that

its subsidiaries were merely “DBA[s]” of the holding company that “do not have any

employees.” (Sealed CR 108) Accordingly, the trial court erred by giving conclusive

weight to one piece of information that was too incomplete and inconsistent to serve

as a basis for granting summary judgment in MOC’s favor.

      Finally, to the extent any of the Defendants’ counterveiling evidence should

carry any weight in determining the identity of Lentz’s employer, it cannot negate

the Plaintiffs’ evidence of the arrangement making Mewbourne Holdings the sole

employer of Lentz. At best, Defendants’ evidence only makes the picture more

murky, and raises fact issues for a jury to resolve. Accordingly, at the very least,

Plaintiffs’ evidence of the arrangement between Mewbourne Holdings and MOC

raised a genuine issue of material fact that Mewbourne Holdings—and only

Mewbourne Holdings—was Lentz’s employer. And that evidence precluded the

                                        26
grant of summary judgment in MOC’s favor on the exclusive-remedy defense.

Roberts v. Davis, 160 S.W.3d 256, 261 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2005, pet. denied)

(holding that genuine issues of material fact precluded summary judgment on

defendants’ limitations defense).

             2.     It was Mewbourne Holdings, not MOC, that had the right to
                    control Lentz and directed his activities at the time of his
                    injuries.

      A second, more practical consequence of the arrangement between

Mewbourne Holdings and its subsidiaries is that it made every worker who served

MOC an employee of Mewbourne Holdings, whether they knew it or not. That

means everyone to whom Lentz reported—Barrett Smith, his on-site supervisor,

Monty Whetstone, the Vice-President of Operations, and Ken Waits, the President

and CEO—were Mewbourne Holdings employees. (RR 11) Thus, every person

with the right to control Lentz’s activities was a Mewbourne Holdings employee.

And it was a Mewbourne Holdings employee who also had actual control over

Lentz’s activities at the time of his injuries, because it was Barrett Smith who ordered

him to go over to the battery to see if the tank-cleaning process was working, thus

bringing him within the blast radius of the explosion. (CR 1286; RR 11) By

contrast, MOC had no right to control Lentz at all, because it had no employees who

could control him. And that means the control “on the ground” rested exclusively

with Mewbourne Holdings, not MOC.

                                          27
      In similar situations, cases applying Texas law have held that a company could

not be considered the employer of a worker who was under the sole direction of

another employer’s agents. Thus, in St. Joseph, the Texas Supreme Court held that

a teaching hospital was not the employer of a resident who was supervised by

physicians who worked for a foundation, because the resident “was subject to the

Foundation’s direction and control as to the details of his patient treatment while he

was on rotation” at the teaching hospital. 94 S.W.3d at 542. And in Starnes v.

United States, 139 F.3d 540, 542 (5th Cir. 1998), the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals

relied on the fact that a military doctor’s supervising physicians were independent

contractors of a hospital as one reason to hold that doctor was not a borrowed servant

of the hospital. Applied here, these cases support Plaintiffs’ argument that MOC

could not be Lentz’s employer because the individuals who directed him were

employees of Mewbourne Holdings, not MOC.

      In concluding otherwise, Defendants and the trial court both relied on the

testimony of a number of individuals who believed they were MOC employees, and

based on that belief, asserted that Lentz was also an MOC employee. (CR 92) But

none of this testimony actually established MOC’s right of control over Lentz.

Several of these individuals admitted that they knew nothing about Mewbourne

Holdings or the corporate structure adopted by the Mewbourne family of companies.

(CR 347–48, 352) Thus, they could not competently testify about how those

                                         28
companies allocated employees for workers’ compensation purposes. And none of

them offered any facts to show how MOC supposedly controlled Lentz, or stated the

factual basis for their conclusory belief that Lentz was an MOC employee. Indeed,

from the bare testimony of these witnesses, it is impossible to tell whether they were

using the Workers’ Compensation Act’s definition of “employer” or taking into

account the relevant factors that go into determining the identity of an employer.

Accordingly, despite what the trial court concluded, this testimony consists of

nothing but bare legal opinions, and it is insufficient to support a grant of summary

judgment for MOC. Haynes, 35 S.W.3d at 178.

      Indeed, although Defendants emphasized that Lentz reported to one person,

Barrett Smith, who himself claimed to be an MOC employee (CR 92), that still does

not establish that MOC controlled Lentz because there is no reason to conclude that

Smith himself was correct. Smith’s testimony about his own employment status is

as conclusory and incompetent as his testimony about Lentz’s, and it cannot be

reconciled with Defendants’ representation that MOC was merely a dba for

Mewbourne Holdings and had no employees of its own. And the fact that Lentz was

working at an MOC wellhead at the time of his injury also cannot establish the

required right of control on the part of MOC (CR 93), because MOC had no

employees that could have been giving him direction at the site, making the location

irrelevant.

                                         29
      Nor is it dispositive, or even relevant, that Lentz himself was among those

who identified MOC as his employer. (E.g., CR 92) As the Texas Supreme Court

has held, “an employee should not be placed in the position of trying to determine,

perhaps at his or her peril, which of two entities was his or her employer.” Wingfoot,
111 S.W.3d at 143. This is especially true for Lentz, who had no familiarity with

either Mewbourne’s corporate structure or the statutory definition of “employer”

under the Workers’ Compensation Act, and could only ascertain his employment

status by relying on second-hand information from others who had an equally infirm

grasp on their own employment status. (Sealed CR 46) Accordingly, neither Lentz’s

testimony about his own employment status, nor other workers’ testimony about

theirs, can be considered conclusive or dispositive summary-judgment proof in

support of MOC’s exclusive-remedy defense.

             3.    The fact that MOC administered some of the formalities of
                   Lentz’s employment on Mewbourne Holdings’ behalf does
                   not conclusively establish MOC was his employer.
      Defendants did not offer any other evidence that conclusively established

MOC to be Lentz’s employer. Instead, they pointed to Lentz’s W-2s, direct-deposit

slips, and application for employment, all of which listed MOC as his employer.

(CR 876, 881, 1292, 1295, 1298, 1300, 1307, 1309) But the mere fact that MOC

administered these formalities of Lentz’s employment does not conclusively

establish that MOC actually had a “right to control” Lentz.

                                         30
       For one thing, all of this information was filled out by workers who did not

understand their own employment status, let alone Lentz’s. For another, the fact that

MOC maintained these formalities on Mewbourne Holdings’ behalf says nothing

about whether it could control Lentz’s activities—something that was impossible as

both a practical and legal matter based on the evidence that Mewbourne Holdings

maintained all control and ceded none to subsidiaries like MOC. At best, the W-2s,

deposit slips, and employment application merely show that Defendants themselves

were inconsistent in identifying Lentz’s employer, especially for workers’

compensation purposes. But proving an inconsistency is a far cry from offering the

conclusive evidence required for summary judgment in favor of MOC on its

exclusive-remedy defense.7

       In short, the most that can be said about these administrative documents is that

they might provide some evidence that MOC was an employer of Lentz. But given

the other evidence demonstrating that Mewbourne Holdings was the sole employer

of all workers in the Mewbourne family of companies, these documents merely raise

       7
           Defendants exhibited a similarly inconsistent approach in their dealings with OSHA
following Lentz’s accident. At first, they led OSHA to assume that Mewbourne Holdings would
be the entity that would receive the citation, although the citation was eventually issued to MOC.
(CR 93) But then MOC, rather than Mewbourne Holdings, entered into a settlement agreement
with the Department of Labor withdrawing the citation and identifying MOC as the entity
responsible for any remedial action. (CR 93, 382) Regardless, these dealings with OSHA have
only tangential relevance in determining the identity of Lentz’s employer for workers’
compensation purposes.

                                               31
a genuine issue of material fact as to whether MOC is or is not Lentz’s employer.

Accordingly, Defendants did not conclusively establish that MOC is entitled to the

exclusive-remedy bar, and the summary judgment in MOC’s favor must be reversed.

Roberts, 160 S.W.3d at 261.

      B.     Lentz’s Acceptance of Workers’ Compensation Benefits Does Not
             Estop Plaintiffs from Denying that MOC Is Lentz’s Statutory
             Employer.

      The trial court’s decision to grant summary judgment based on the

Defendants’ alternative affirmative defense of “quasi-estoppel” is equally flawed.

(RR 48) According to Defendants, Lentz’s acceptance of workers’ compensation

benefits “from Starr under the Starr policy” bars Plaintiffs from “recovering against

MOC for negligence,” purportedly because he knew MOC was covered under the

policy. (CR 96–98) But these assertions do not establish grounds for quasi-estoppel,

and they certainly do not allow MOC to avail itself of the exclusive-remedy bar

through the back door of a different defense.

      For one thing, Defendants admitted that quasi-estoppel only prevents a party

from asserting a position “inconsistent with a position previously taken” when doing

so would cause another to suffer such “disadvantage” that it would be

“unconscionable” for the party to maintain the inconsistent position. (CR 96,

quoting Lopez v. Muñoz, Hockema & Reed, L.L.P., 22 S.W.3d 857, 864 (Tex. 2000))

Even if Lentz accepted his workers’ compensation benefits under the assumption

                                         32
that they were being provided by MOC rather than Mewbourne Holdings, the

Mewbourne Defendants cannot identify any “disadvantage” they suffered because

of that assumption. In fact, they admitted that both MOC and Mewbourne Holdings

are covered under the same Starr policy. (CR 88 n.1, citing Ex. 4 [CR 135])

Defendants thus cannot claim that Lentz lured them into providing benefits they

otherwise would have withheld had they known he would sue MOC for negligence;

either MOC or Mewbourne Holdings would have provided him benefits regardless

of which one of them was actually his employer. Indeed, because the benefits were

ultimately provided by Starr, not the Mewbourne Defendants themselves, they

cannot claim to have suffered any disadvantage at all from the benefits Lentz

received. Accordingly, Defendants failed to establish even the basic elements of

“quasi-estoppel” in this case.

      Equally important, there is nothing “inconsistent” between Lentz’s acceptance

of benefits under the Starr policy and Plaintiffs’ decision to assert negligence claims

against MOC. Because Lentz received those benefits under a single policy that

covered both MOC and Mewbourne Holdings, his acceptance of benefits under that

policy is not an admission as to which company—between the two—was his

statutory employer. Indeed, because the benefits were paid by Starr, and his checks

from Starr identified “Mewbourne Holdings” as the insured (Sealed CR 46, 47), it is

entirely consistent for him to accept workers’ compensation benefits under the

                                          33
assumption they were being provided by Mewbourne Holdings—thus leaving

Plaintiffs free to assert claims against MOC as a third party. And Plaintiffs have

acted consistent with that position throughout this case.

      Finally, the fact that this case involves a single policy covering two

companies, and the controversy lies in determining which of those two companies is

the statutory employer, makes this case very different from Little v. Delta Steel, 409
S.W.3d 704 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2013, no pet.), on which Defendants relied.

(CR 96) Delta Steel did not involve multiple potential employers covered under a

single policy. It did not even involve a dispute over whether the defendant met the

statutory definition of an “employer” for workers’ compensation purposes. As

Defendants acknowledged, the plaintiffs in that case “conced[ed] that Delta Steel

was the employer” (CR 93), and thus the true controversy involved the first

requirement for the exclusive-remedy bar—whether the employer had workers’

compensation insurance coverage. The court concluded that the injured employee’s

acceptance of benefits estopped her from denying that her employer maintained

workers’ compensation insurance coverage. Delta Steel, 409 S.W.3d at 713–14.

      That decision was undoubtedly correct—it makes perfect sense that an injured

worker’s acceptance of workers’ compensation benefits would estop him from

denying that his employer is covered by workers’ compensation insurance. But an

injured worker’s acceptance of benefits is not an admission that one particular

                                         34
company among several is the worker’s statutory employer, when all of the potential

employers are covered under a single policy. Nothing in Delta Steel suggests

otherwise. Accordingly, Lentz’s acceptance of workers’ compensation benefits does

not estop Plaintiffs from denying that MOC is his statutory employer, and summary

judgment should not have been granted based on that defense.

                                     PRAYER

      For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiffs have raised genuine issues of material

fact as to the identity of Lentz’s workers’ compensation employer that can only be

resolved by a jury. Further, Plaintiffs are not estopped from denying that MOC is

Lentz’s statutory employer. Accordingly, the trial court’s order granting summary

judgment in favor of MOC must be reversed.

                                        35
                                  Respectfully submitted,

                                  /s/ Jeffrey S. Levinger

Omar G. Alvarez                    Jeffrey S. Levinger
State Bar No. 24045402             State Bar No. 12258300
ogalvarez@ogalvarezlaw.com         jlevinger@levingerpc.com
O.G. Alvarez &                     J. Carl Cecere (of counsel)
  Associates, P.C.                 State Bar No. 24050397
21022 Gathering Oak                ccecere@cecerepc.com
San Antonio, TX 78260              Levinger PC
Tel.: 210-354-3900                 1700 Pacific Ave.,
Fax: 800-948-7571                  Suite 2390
                                   Dallas, TX 75201
Collen A. Clark                    Tel: 214-855-6817
State Bar No. 04309100             Fax: 214-817-4509
cclark@clarkmccrea.com
Clark & McCrea                     Attorneys for Appellants
3500 Maple Avenue,
Suite 1250
Dallas, TX 75219
Tel.: 214-780-0500
Fax: 214-780-0501

                             36
                         CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE

       1.    This brief complies with the type-volume limitation of TEX. R. APP. P.
9.4(i)(2)(B) because it contains 8,049 words, excluding the parts of the brief
exempted by TEX. R. APP. P. 9.4(i)(1).

      2.    This brief complies with the typeface requirements of TEX. R. APP. P.
9.4(e) because it has been prepared in a proportionally spaced typeface using
Microsoft Word 2013 in 14-point Times New Roman font (and 12 point for
footnotes).

                                             /s/ Jeffrey S. Levinger
                                             Jeffrey S. Levinger

                                        37
                            CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

       The undersigned certifies that a copy of this Brief for Appellants was served
on all counsel of record via the Court’s electronic filing system on this 4th day of
June, 2018.

David M. Gunn                              John R. Mercy
Beck Redden LLP                            MERCY ✯ CARTER, L.L.P.
1221 McKinney Ave., Suite 4500             1724 Galleria Oaks Dr.
Houston, TX 77010                          Texarkana, TX 75503

Leonard Davis                              Melinda D. Hamm
Fish & Richardson P.C.                     Cotton, Bledsoe, Tighe & Dawson, P.C.
110 N. College Ave., Suite 1116            P. O. Box 2776
Tyler, Texas 75702                         Midland, Texas 79702-2776

Thomas W. Paterson                         Reagan L. Butts
Susman Godfrey L.L.P.                      Mewbourne Oil Company
1000 Louisiana St., Suite 5100             3620 Old Bullard Rd.
Houston, Texas 77002-5096                  Tyler, Texas 75701-8644

                                          /s/ Jeffrey S. Levinger
                                          Jeffrey S. Levinger

                                        38
                                                      APPENDIX
Order Granting Mewbourne Oil Company and Mewbourne Holdings, Inc.’s
Traditional and No-Evidence Motions for Summary Judgment (CR
1407–08) .............................................................................................................. tab 1
Order Granting Defendants’ Unopposed Motion for Severance and Entry of Final
Judgment (CR 1418–19) ...................................................................................... tab 2
TAB 1
            Filed December 7, 201712:29PM
            Karen Phillips, County Clerk
            Holmes, Annette

Page 1407
CC: C. CLARK, O. ALVAREZ, L. COTTEN, R. KERLICK, L. DAVIS, R. FAIRLESS,
K. RIVAS AND M. KLAFF

                                      Page 1408
TAB 2
                                                                                     Filed January 4, 2018 11:01AM
                                                                                     Karen Phillips, County Clerk
                                                                                     Holmes, Annette

                                               CAUSE NO. 67097.4

  WILLIAM BRADLEY                  LENTZ;                    $         IN THE COUNTY COURT
  BEVERLY LENTZ; JASON LENTZ, M.D.;                          $
  AND RE,BECCA VANLANDINGHAM                                 S
             PLAINTIFFS,                                     S
                                                             $
  v.$                                                                                AT LAW NO. 3
                                                             $
  PANTHER COMPLETION SERVICES,                               $
  LLC; JEREMY WILLIAMSON;                                    $
  MARCEAUX ENERGY SERVICES, LLC;                             $
  SANDY MARCEAUX; GREEN MOUNTAIN                             $
  SERVICES, LLC; BRENNTAG                                    S
  SOUTHWEST,INC.; CORPORTIVO                                 $
  QUIMICO GLOBAL; STEALTH                                    $
  COMPLETION SERVICES, LLC;                                  $
  JONATHAN JURADO; CACTUS RENTAL                             $
  EQUIPMENT, LLC; ROYDSTON V.                                $
  HOUSE; AARON MANGUM; ORGANIC                               $
  SOLVENT STEAM TREATMENT; NOVA                              S
  DtBtA TRC COMPANIES,INC.;                                  $
  MEWBOURNE OIL COMPANY; AND                                 $
  MEWBOURNE HOLDINGS,INC.                                    $
             DEFENDANTS                                      $         SMITH COUNTY, TEXAS

ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANTS' UNOPPOSED MOTION FOR SEVERANCE AND
                   ENTRY OF FINAL JUDGMENT

             On this day came on to be considered Defendants Mewbourne Oil Company               and

Mewbourne Holdings, Inc.'s ("Defendants") Unopposed Motion for Severance and Entry of

Final Judgment and the Courl, having considered same, finds that Defendants' Motion for

Severance and Entry of Final Judgment should be granted.

             It is, therefore,    ORDERED, that Plaintiffs' claims and causes   of   action   against

Defendants, Mewbourne Oil Company and Mewbourne Holdings, Inc. and the Order Granting

Defendants' Motions for Traditional and No-Evidence Summary Judgment are severed from this

cause       of action and shall be assigned Cause No.       67,732-b

ORDER GRANTTNG AGREED          MoTIoN FoR SEVERANCE                                           PAGE I
M id la   nd\000698\000013\2082864.t

                                                      Page 1418
                                                                            8
                SIGNED this     _4       day   of   JAN.                 2017.

                                                       JUDGE PRESIDING

CC: C. CLARK, L. COTTEN, R. KERLICK, L. DAVIS, R. FAIRLESS, K. RIVAS AND M. KLAFF

  ORoEn GnANrruc ACREED MoTIoN r.on SgveneNcE                                    PAGE 2
  M idla   nd\000698\000013\20 82864.7

                                                       Page 1419