Court Opinion

ID: 9352756
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-01-09 18:10:53.555049+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:59:40.616385
License: Public Domain

J-S40017-22

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

 IN THE INTEREST OF: S.N., A         :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
 MINOR                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                     :
                                     :
 APPEAL OF: A.S., MOTHER             :
                                     :
                                     :
                                     :
                                     :   No. 1692 EDA 2022

               Appeal from the Order Entered June 3, 2022
          In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
            Juvenile Division at No: CP-51-DP-0000701-2017

 IN THE INTEREST OF: S.Q.N., A       :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
 MINOR                               :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                     :
                                     :
 APPEAL OF: A.S., MOTHER             :
                                     :
                                     :
                                     :
                                     :   No. 1693 EDA 2022

              Appeal from the Decree Entered June 3, 2022
          In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
            Juvenile Division at No: CP-51-AP-0000134-2019

 IN THE INTEREST OF: I.C., A MINOR   :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                     :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                     :
 APPEAL OF: A.S., MOTHER             :
                                     :
                                     :
                                     :
                                     :
                                     :   No. 1694 EDA 2022

               Appeal from the Order Entered June 3, 2022
          In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
            Juvenile Division at No: CP-51-DP-1000162-2016
J-S40017-22

 IN THE INTEREST OF: I.C., A MINOR    :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                      :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                      :
 APPEAL OF: A.S., MOTHER              :
                                      :
                                      :
                                      :
                                      :
                                      :   No. 1695 EDA 2022

               Appeal from the Decree Entered June 3, 2022
           In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
             Juvenile Division at No: CP-51-AP-0000160-2018

 IN THE INTEREST OF: K.S., A          :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
 MINOR                                :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                      :
                                      :
 APPEAL OF: A.S., MOTHER              :
                                      :
                                      :
                                      :
                                      :   No. 1696 EDA 2022

                Appeal from the Order Entered June 3, 2022
           In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
             Juvenile Division at No: CP-51-DP-0000630-2018

 IN THE INTEREST OF: K.A.S., A        :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
 MINOR                                :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                      :
                                      :
 APPEAL OF: A.S., MOTHER              :
                                      :
                                      :
                                      :
                                      :   No. 1697 EDA 2022

               Appeal from the Decree Entered June 3, 2022
           In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County
             Juvenile Division at No: CP-51-AP-0000393-2021

BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J., STABILE, J., and KING, J.

MEMORANDUM BY STABILE, J.:                     FILED JANUARY 9, 2023

                                  -2-
J-S40017-22

       A.S. (“Mother”) appeals from the decrees entered June 3, 2022, in the

Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas, involuntarily terminating her

parental rights to I.C., born in October 2013; S.N. a/k/a S.Q.N., born in March

2017; and K.S. a/k/a K.A.S., born in March 2018 (“the Children,” collectively).

In addition, Mother appeals from the June 3, 2022 order changing the

Children’s permanency goals from reunification to adoption.1 Upon review,

we affirm the termination decrees and dismiss the appeals from the goal

change orders as moot.

       The relevant facts and procedural history are as follows. In June 2016,

then two-year-old I.C. was removed from Mother’s care due to Mother’s drug

use and her failure to meet I.C.’s medical needs. N.T., 6/3/22, at 7, 9, 14 18.

Mother’s drug of choice was phencyclidine (“PCP”). Id. at 21, 60. I.C. was

placed in the home of his maternal great-aunt, J.V., where he remained

through the termination hearing. Id. at 14. On June 17, 2016, the trial court

adjudicated I.C. dependent and fully committed him to the Philadelphia

Department of Human Services (“DHS”). The court held permanency hearings

for I.C. at regular intervals. The following single case plan (“SCP”) objectives

were established for Mother: (1) to comply with dual diagnosis treatment,

____________________________________________

1 By separate decrees entered on the same date, the trial court involuntarily
terminated the parental rights of: A.C., father of I.C.; Q.N., father of S.N. and
K.S.; and any unknown father. The fathers have not filed a separate appeal
as to the decrees or goal change orders, and they did not participate in the
present appeals.

                                           -3-
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including mental health and drug and alcohol; (2) to attend extensive

outpatient therapy; (3) to attend three random drug screens; (4) to comply

with court-ordered supervised visitation; (5) to obtain appropriate housing;

(6) to maintain employment and provide proof of income; and (7) to attend

Achieving    Reunification     Center     (“ARC”)   for   parenting,   housing,   and

employment services. Id. at 17-18.

       In March 2017, S.N. was born positive for substances, the nature of

which are unspecified in the record, and he was removed from Mother’s care

due to her drug use. Id. at 80-82. Soon after birth, S.N. was placed in the

home of another maternal great-aunt (“Maternal Great-Aunt”) and has since

remained in that home.2          Id. at 80.      On April 26, 2017, the trial court

adjudicated S.N. dependent and fully committed him to DHS. The court held

permanency hearings at regular intervals throughout S.N.’s dependency case.

       One year later, in March 2018, K.S. was born and placed in the home of

a family friend (“Foster Parent”), where he has since remained. Id. at 101.

On May 29, 2018, the court adjudicated K.S. dependent and fully committed

him to DHS. Permanency hearings were held at regular intervals throughout

K.S.’s dependency case.

____________________________________________

2 Community Umbrella Agency (“CUA”) caseworker, Ahmani Quarles, initially
identified S.N.’s caregiver as paternal great-aunt, but her subsequent
testimony indicates that the caregiver is Maternal Great-Aunt. N.T., 6/3/22,
at 80, 85-87.

                                           -4-
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       As a result of her arrests on August 21, 2017, and October 5, 2017,

Mother pled guilty to manufacturing, delivery, or possession with intent to

manufacture or deliver.         DHS Exhibit 3.   Mother was arrested again on

February 7, 2018, and entered a guilty plea to manufacturing, delivery, or

possession with intent to manufacture or deliver, and intentional possession

of controlled substance by person not regulated.       Id.   Mother received a

sentence of five years of probation. Id.

       On April 20, 2021, Mother began participating in drug and alcohol

treatment through the House of Counseling a/k/a Casa de Consejeria (“House

of Counseling”), but she stopped attending after January 27, 2022.        N.T.,

6/3/22, at 19, 62-63.         In addition, Mother was involuntarily admitted to

Temple Episcopal Hospital due to a “mental breakdown,” and she was

discharged on June 1, 2021.3 Id. at 31-32.

       DHS filed petitions to involuntarily terminate Mother’s parental rights

and change the permanency goal to adoption on: March 5, 2018, for I.C.;

February 28, 2019, for S.N.; and July 16, 2021, for K.S. 4 Subsequently, DHS

____________________________________________

3 The record does not reflect the date of Mother’s admission to Temple
Episcopal Hospital. As best we can discern from the record, her admission
occurred in 2021. See N.T., 6/3/22, at 31-32, 63-64.

4 Our review of the certified record shows that the hearings on the involuntary
termination and goal change petitions for I.C. and S.N. were continued several
times.

                                           -5-
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filed amended petitions for involuntary termination of Mother’s rights and goal

change with respect to I.C. and S.N. on July 20, 2021.5

       The trial court conducted a hearing on the petitions for the Children on

June 3, 2022, during which the best interests of the Children were represented

by guardian ad litem, Maureen Pie, Esquire, and the Children’s legal interests

were represented by attorney Lisa Visco, Esquire.6 Mother was present and

represented by counsel.         DHS presented testimony from CUA caseworker

Ahmani Quarles. Mother testified on her own behalf.

       At the termination hearing, Ms. Quarles testified she has been assigned

to work with this family since September 23, 2020. N.T., 6/3/22, at 8. Ms.

Quarles testified that I.C. receives behavioral and therapeutic services to

address his outbursts, behaviors, and his “severe” attachment issues toward

J.V., his maternal great-aunt. Id. at 14-15. Ms. Quarles testified that Mother

saw I.C. only twice in the past six years, and I.C. refuses to have visits with

Mother. Id. at 37-38, 49.

____________________________________________

5 The amended goal change and termination petitions include additional facts
regarding the hearings that occurred subsequent to the filing of the initial
petitions.

6 Legal counsel for the Children informed the trial court that “all three
[C]hildren look to their [respective] caretaker[s] as a mother, and they believe
that that’s their mother and they want to stay there and be adopted.” N.T.,
6/3/22, at 129.

                                           -6-
J-S40017-22

      With respect to S.N., Ms. Quarles testified that Mother only saw S.N.

two times when he was a baby, and S.N. does not know who Mother is. Id.

at 82, 84. On direct examination, Mother testified that she stopped confirming

visits with S.N. Id. at 98. When asked why she stopped, Mother testified that

“not bringing him home” and “[t]he whole situation” “used to bother” her. Id.

at 98-99.

      As to K.S., Ms. Quarles testified that he is on the autism spectrum and

has behavioral issues. Id. at 102. Ms. Quarles described K.S. as “a head-

banger,” noting that he “continues to hit his head.” Id. Ms. Quarles testified

that K.S. receives speech and special instruction, occupational therapy (“OT”),

and applied behavioral analysis (“ABA”) services for his behavioral concerns.

Id.   With respect to visitation, Ms. Quarles testified that Mother was

inconsistent with visitation throughout 2021, and she attended only three

visits with K.S. in 2022, despite confirming twelve out of twenty-one visits

offered. Id. at 103-105. Ms. Quarles testified that, due to K.S.’s behavior,

nine of the confirmed visits did not occur. Id. at 104. While CUA attempted

to reschedule the canceled visits, Mother never confirmed for these “make-

up” visits. Id.

      By separate decrees entered June 3, 2022, the trial court involuntarily

terminated Mother’s parental rights to the Children pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.A.

§ 2511(a)(1), (2), (5), (8), and (b). By separate orders entered on the same

date, the court changed the Children’s permanency goals to adoption. On July

                                     -7-
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5, 2022, Mother timely filed notices of appeal and concise statements of errors

complained of on appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2)(i) and (b).         On

August 16, 2022, this Court consolidated the appeals sua sponte. The trial

court issued a Rule 1925(a) opinion dated September 9, 2022.

      Mother presents the following issues on appeal for review:

      1.    Whether the trial court committed error by involuntarily
            terminating [M]other[’s] . . . parental rights where such
            determination was not supported by clear and convincing
            evidence establishing grounds for termination under the
            Adoption Act, 23 [Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(1), (2), (5), and
            (8)]?

      2.    Whether the trial court committed error by changing the
            [C]hildren’s . . . permanency goal[s] from reunification with
            the parent(s) to adoption without giving primary
            consideration to the developmental, physical, and emotional
            needs and welfare of the [C]hildren as required by the
            Adoption Act, 23 [Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(b)]?

Mother’s Brief at 5.

      Our standard of review is well-settled.       “In cases concerning the

involuntary termination of parental rights, appellate review is limited to a

determination of whether the decree of the termination court is supported by

competent evidence.”     In re Adoption of C.M., 255 A.3d 343, 358 (Pa.

2021). When applying this standard, the appellate court must accept the trial

court’s findings of fact and credibility determinations if they are supported by

the record. Interest of S.K.L.R., 256 A.3d 1108, 1123 (Pa. 2021). “Where

the trial court’s factual findings are supported by the evidence, an appellate

court may not disturb the trial court’s ruling unless it has discerned an error

                                     -8-
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of law or abuse of discretion.” In re Adoption of L.A.K., 265 A.3d 580, 591

(Pa. 2021).

      “[A]n abuse of discretion does not result merely because the reviewing

court might have reached a different conclusion” or “the facts could support

an opposite result.” In re Adoption of S.P., 47 A.3d 817, 826-27 (Pa. 2012).

Instead, an appellate court may reverse for an abuse of discretion “only upon

demonstration of manifest unreasonableness, partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-

will.” Id. at 826. This standard of review reflects the deference we pay to

trial courts, who often observe the parties first-hand across multiple hearings.

Interest of S.K.L.R., 256 A.3d at 1123-24.

      In considering a petition to terminate parental rights, a trial court must

balance the parent’s fundamental “right to make decisions concerning the

care, custody, and control” of his or her child with the “child’s essential needs

for a parent’s care, protection, and support.”        C.M., 255 A.3d at 358.

Termination of parental rights has “significant and permanent consequences

for both the parent and child.” L.A.K., 265 A.3d at 591. As such, the law of

this Commonwealth requires the moving party to establish the statutory

grounds by clear and convincing evidence, which is evidence that is so “clear,

direct, weighty, and convincing as to enable a trier of fact to come to a clear

conviction, without hesitance, of the truth of the precise facts in issue.” C.M.,

255 A.3d at 359 (citation omitted).

                                      -9-
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       Termination of parental rights is governed by Section 2511 of the

Adoption Act.        “Subsection (a) provides eleven enumerated grounds

describing particular conduct of a parent which would warrant involuntary

termination.” Id.; see also 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(1)-(11). In evaluating

whether the petitioner proved grounds under Section 2511(a), the trial court

must focus on the parent’s conduct and avoid using a “balancing or best

interest approach.” Interest of L.W., 267 A.3d 517, 524 n.6 (Pa. Super.

2021). If the trial court determines the petitioner established grounds for

termination under Section 2511(a) by clear and convincing evidence, the court

then must assess the petition under Section 2511(b), which focuses on the

child’s needs and welfare. In re T.S.M., 71 A.3d 251, 267 (Pa. 2013).

       In the instant case, we analyze the trial court’s involuntary termination

decrees pursuant to Section 2511(a)(8) and (b).7         The Adoption Act, in

relevant part, provides:

       (a) General Rule.—The rights of a parent in regard to a child
       may be terminated after a petition filed on any of the following
       grounds:
                                    ...

              (8) The child has been removed from the care of the
              parent by the court or under a voluntary agreement
              with an agency, 12 months or more have elapsed from
              the date of removal or placement, the conditions
____________________________________________

7 This Court need only agree with any one subsection of Section 2511(a), in
addition to Section 2511(b), in order to affirm the termination of parental
rights. In re B.L.W., 843 A.2d 380, 384 (Pa. Super. 2004) (en banc).
Therefore, we need not review Mother’s argument with respect to Section
2511(a)(1), (2), and (5).

                                          - 10 -
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            which led to the removal or placement of the child
            continue to exist and termination of parental rights
            would best serve the needs and welfare of the child.

                                      ...

      (b) Other considerations.—The court in terminating the rights
      of a parent shall give primary consideration to the developmental,
      physical and emotional needs and welfare of the child. The rights
      of a parent shall not be terminated solely on the basis of
      environmental factors such as inadequate housing, furnishings,
      income, clothing and medical care if found to be beyond the
      control of the parent. With respect to any petition filed pursuant
      to subsection (a)(1), (6) or (8), the court shall not consider any
      efforts by the parent to remedy the conditions described therein
      which are first initiated subsequent to the giving of notice of the
      filing of the petition.

23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(8), (b).

      To satisfy Section 2511(a)(8), the petitioner must prove: (1) that the

child has been removed from the care of the parent for at least twelve months;

(2) that the conditions which led to the removal or placement of the child still

exist; and (3) that termination of parental rights would best serve the needs

and welfare of the child. In re Adoption of J.N.M., 177 A.3d 937, 943 (Pa.

Super. 2018).

      Unlike other subsections, Section 2511(a)(8) does not require the court

to evaluate a parent’s willingness or ability to remedy the conditions that led

to the placement of the children. In re M.A.B., 166 A.3d 434, 446 (Pa. Super.

2017).     “[T]he   relevant   inquiry”     regarding   the   second   prong   of

Section 2511(a)(8) “is whether the conditions that led to removal have been

remedied and thus whether reunification of parent and child is imminent at

                                     - 11 -
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the time of the hearing.”    In re I.J., 972 A.2d 5, 11 (Pa. Super. 2009).

Further, the Adoption Act prohibits the court from considering, as part of the

Section 2511(a)(8) analysis, “any efforts by the parent to remedy the

conditions described [in the petition] which are first initiated subsequent to

the giving of notice of the filing of the petition.” 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(b).

      Finally, this Court has explained:

      while both Section 2511(a)(8) and Section 2511(b) direct us to
      evaluate the “needs and welfare of the child,” we are required to
      resolve the analysis relative to Section 2511(a)(8), prior to
      addressing the “needs and welfare” of [the child], as proscribed
      by Section 2511(b); as such, they are distinct in that we must
      address Section 2511(a) before reaching Section 2511(b).

In re Adoption of C.L.G., 956 A.2d 999, 1009 (Pa. Super. 2008) (en banc).

      With respect to Section 2511(b), this Court has stated that the trial court

“must . . . discern the nature and status of the parent-child bond, with utmost

attention to the effect on the child of permanently severing that bond.” In re

C.M.S., 884 A.2d 1284, 1287 (Pa. Super. 2005) (citation omitted).           When

evaluating a bond, “the court is not required to use expert testimony. Social

workers and caseworkers can offer evaluations as well.” In re Z.P., 994 A.2d

1108, 1121 (Pa. Super. 2010) (internal citations omitted).

      Further,

      [I]n addition to a bond examination, the trial court can equally
      emphasize the safety needs of the child, and should also consider
      the intangibles, such as the love, comfort, security, and stability
      the child might have with the foster parent.

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In re A.S., 11 A.3d 473, 483 (Pa. Super. 2010).          Our Supreme Court

explained, “Common sense dictates that courts considering termination must

also consider whether the children are in a pre-adoptive home and whether

they have a bond with their foster parents.” In re T.S.M., 71 A.3d at 268.

The Court directed that, in weighing the bond considerations pursuant to

Section 2511(b), “courts must keep the ticking clock of childhood ever in

mind.” Id. at 269. The T.S.M. Court observed, “[c]hildren are young for a

scant number of years, and we have an obligation to see to their healthy

development quickly.    When courts fail . . . the result, all too often, is

catastrophically maladjusted children.” Id.

      In her first issue on appeal, Mother argues the trial court erred in

terminating her parental rights under Section 2511(a)(8) because the

conditions that led to the Children’s removal did not exist at the time of the

hearing.   Mother’s Brief at 31.   Specifically, Mother claims she has been

“substance free since October 2021,” obtained suitable housing and

employment, and “loved and wanted her [C]hildren returned to her custody

and care.” Id. She further contends the evidence is insufficient to show that

termination would best serve the needs and welfare of the Children because

DHS presented the testimony of a social worker who is unqualified to give an

opinion as to parental bond and the impact that severing Mother’s rights may

have on the Children. Id. at 32. She asserts that she loves the Children and

wants to reunify with them. Id. We disagree.

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       Mother’s drug use had been the primary concern that led to the

Children’s removal from her care.              N.T., 6/3/22, at 18, 81-82.    CUA

caseworker Ms. Quarles noted that Mother’s failure to meet I.C.’s medical

needs was another concern leading to I.C.’s removal. Id. at 18. The trial

court found that, since I.C.’s adjudication in 2016, Mother failed to address

her substance abuse concerns. Trial Court Opinion, 9/9/22, at 14. The record

supports the trial court’s finding.

       Although Mother relies on her own testimony that she has been

“substance free since October 2021,” Mother’s self-serving statement, without

more, is unpersuasive and belied by the record. See Mother’s Brief at 31.

Ms. Quarles testified that Mother’s drug of choice is PCP. N.T., 6/3/22, at 20-

21. Ms. Quarles testified Mother started drug and alcohol treatment programs

several times but never completed any.             Id. at 19-20.   Mother recently

attended treatment at the House of Counseling starting on April 20, 2021, but

she stopped attending treatment after January 27, 2022. Id. at 19, 63. Ms.

Quarles testified that when she asked Mother why she was not receiving

services, Mother informed her that “[s]he doesn’t have the time.” Id. at 21.

On direct examination, Mother testified she stopped attending treatment

because “it was cutting into [her] work schedule.”8 Id. at 63.

____________________________________________

8 Mother testified that she worked with a cleaning company since October
2021. N.T., 6/3/22, at 65-66. Ms. Quarles testified she never received proof
of employment, and Mother informed her that she was working “under the
table.” Id. at 37.

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      Moreover, Mother did not consistently comply with submitting random

drug screens. Ms. Quarles testified Mother submitted two negative screens in

2020 and only “a few” screens at Northeast Treatment Center (“NET”) in 2021

that were positive for an unspecified substance. Id. at 21-22, 47-48. Ms.

Quarles testified that there were additional random screens that she requested

Mother attend in 2021, but Mother did not attend those screens. Id. at 21-

22, 47. In May 2021, Mother submitted a screen that was positive for PCP at

the House of Counseling. Id. at 20. Mother’s only explanation to CUA for

not complying with the random drug screens is that she did not have the time.

Id. at 22.    Ms. Quarles testified Mother was also referred to the Clinical

Evaluation Unit (“CEU”) for a dual diagnosis assessment, but she has not

completed the assessment. Id. at 21.

      Ms. Quarles testified she is concerned that Mother is continuing to use

drugs. Id. at 22. Ms. Quarles noted that during a visit with Mother in May

2021, Mother was “aggressive” and “appeared to be high.” Id. at 25. Ms.

Quarles testified that Mother “was trying to attack” her, and a couple of people

were “trying to hold [Mother] back.”     Id. at 56. Additionally, Ms. Quarles

testified Mother appeared “high” during supervised visits in November 2021,

and December 2021. Id. at 22-23. In those visits, Ms. Quarles observed that

Mother was not very engaged, and her eyes appeared “low.” Id.

      In addition to her substance use concerns, the trial court found that

Mother failed to fully address her mental health issues. Trial Court Opinion,

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9/9/22, at 14. Ms. Quarles testified that Mother was involuntarily hospitalized

due to a “mental breakdown” and was discharged on June 1, 2021. N.T.,

6/3/22, at 31-32. Ms. Quarles testified that she made several referrals for

Mother to receive mental health treatment, but Mother did not attend a single

intake appointment. Id. at 31. On direct examination, Mother testified that

when one of her other children was removed from her care, “I did have a

mental breakdown. I snapped.” Id. at 64. Mother testified that she was

diagnosed with depression and anxiety in the past, but she never saw a

psychiatrist or counselor. Id. at 64. Mother testified, “I just learned how to

deal with it.” Id. at 64-65.

      Additionally, Ms. Quarles testified that she referred Mother to ARC

several times for housing, employment, and parenting programs. Id. at 33.

Ms. Quarles testified Mother “was in and out,” attending a couple classes but

never successfully completing a program. Id. With respect to the parenting

program, Mother confirmed that she attended classes but never completed

the program. Id. at 69.

      The record does not support Mother’s claim that she obtained suitable

housing for the Children. On direct examination, Mother testified that she had

been living with her sister and her sister’s three children since September

2021. Id. at 66-68. Though she testified that her name is on the lease,

Mother admitted on cross-examination that she never provided Ms. Quarles

with such a lease. Id. at 68, 78. Ms. Quarles testified that she visited the

                                    - 16 -
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home in February, and she found it to be inappropriate.9 Id. at 34-35. Ms.

Quarles testified that the home was overcrowded, noting that Mother was

living in a three-bedroom home with her sister and her sister’s children. Id.

at 35, 53.    Ms. Quarles made multiple unannounced visits to reassess the

home, but those efforts were unsuccessful. Id. at 35-36.

       We note that in the introduction to Mother’s argument, she claims that

the COVID-19 pandemic led to the shutdown of services that “made it

impossible” for Mother to receive services or comply with drug screens, and

that these restrictions, “whether fully or partially, continued up until the time

of this trial on June 3, 2022.” Mother’s Brief at 24. She further claims that

DHS did not adequately provide services to the family. Id. at 25-27. The

crux of Mother’s argument is that the time limits under the Adoption Act should

be stayed or tolled. Id. at 25. In this case, there is a statutory minimum

period of twelve months pursuant to Section 2511(a)(8) of the Adoption Act.

23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(8). Mother’s claims are without merit.

       As discussed above, Mother was able to attend drug and alcohol

treatment at the House of Counseling, but she stopped attending before

completing the program.          N.T., 6/3/22, at 19, 62-63.   CUA also referred

____________________________________________

9 As best we can discern from the record, Ms. Quarles visited Mother’s home
in 2022 based on Mother’s testimony that she began living at the residence in
September 2021, and Ms. Quarles’s testimony that Mother has been living in
this home “for months.” N.T., 6/3/22, at 54, 67.

                                          - 17 -
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Mother for mental health services several times, but she failed to engage in

treatment. Id. at 31. Mother was able to participate in various programs

offered through ARC but never completed any. Id. at 33. With respect to her

drug screens, Ms. Quarles testified that Mother attended a few screens, but

she did not comply with the remaining random screens that were requested

by CUA. Id. at 21-22. Ms. Quarles testified that Mother’s reason for not

attending the screens is that she was “busy” and did not have the time. Id.

at 22.   Therefore, the record belies Mother’s claims that the pandemic

prohibited Mother from obtaining services or that DHS did not make

reasonable efforts to arrange such services.

      As to the third element of Section 2511(a)(8), while Mother relies on

her testimony that she loves the Children and wishes to reunify with them,

this Court has found that a parent’s love for her child, alone, does not preclude

a termination. Mother’s Brief at 32; see In re L.M., 923 A.2d 505, 512 (Pa.

Super. 2007) (affirming termination of a mother’s parental rights where

mother testified that she loved her child, but child was strongly bonded to

foster parent and thriving in the foster home). To the extent that Mother

argues that a social worker or caseworker cannot testify as to the parent-child

bond, her claim fails. This Court has held that expert testimony regarding the

bond analysis is not required, and a social worker may testify as to her

evaluation of the bond. Z.P., 994 A.2d at 1121.

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      Here, the record demonstrates that termination of Mother’s parental

rights would serve the Children’s best interests. Ms. Quarles testified that

eight-year-old I.C. has been in the home of his maternal great-aunt, J.V.,

since June 2016, and he is doing well in the home. N.T., 6/3/22, at 7, 14.

Ms. Quarles testified that I.C. is “very attached” to J.V.     Id. at 40.   I.C.

receives behavioral and therapeutic services to address his behavioral

concerns and “severe” attachment issues toward J.V.        Id. at 15, 40. Ms.

Quarles testified Mother visited I.C. on only two occasions in the past six

years.   Id. at 38.   Ms. Quarles testified that while Mother attempted to

schedule visits, I.C. has refused to visit Mother since before Ms. Quarles began

working with the family in September 2020. Id. at 8, 37-38, 49.

      As for five-year-old S.N., Ms. Quarles testified that S.N. was placed with

Maternal Great-Aunt since birth, and he is doing well in that home with no

behavioral issues. Id. at 80, 87. Ms. Quarles testified S.N. has a very good

relationship with Maternal Great-Aunt, whom he identifies as his mother, and

has a close relationship with Maternal Great-Aunt’s daughter. Id. at 82, 85,

87. Ms. Quarles testified Mother visited S.N. only two times when he “was a

baby.” Id. at 82. Ms. Quarles noted that S.N. does not know Mother and

refuses visits with her. Id. at 82, 84.

      With respect to four-year-old K.S., Ms. Quarles testified that K.S. has

been in the home of Foster Parent since birth and is doing well in the home.

Id. at 101. K.S. is on the autism spectrum and has behavioral concerns for

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which he receives speech, special instruction, OT, and ABA services. Id. at

102. Ms. Quarles noted that K.S. refers to Foster Parent as his mother. Id.

at 110. Ms. Quarles testified that Mother was inconsistent with visitation in

2021 and visited K.S. only three times in 2022. Id. at 103-105. Ms. Quarles

acknowledged that some visits in 2022 had to be canceled due to K.S.’s

behavior.   Id. at 104.   Ms. Quarles testified that while CUA attempted to

schedule “make-up visits,” Mother never confirmed for these visits. Id.

      Ultimately, the record evidence demonstrates that the conditions and

causes that led to the Children’s removal continued to exist. Mother did not

fully address her substance abuse issues, did not engage in mental health

services, and did not obtain housing suitable for reunification.      It is also

undisputed that the Children have been in placement for more than twelve

months, satisfying the first element of Section 2511(a)(8). I.C. and S.N. have

been in care for more than five years, and K.S. has been in care for four years.

Finally, termination of Mother’s parental rights would best serve the needs

and welfare of the Children because the Children are doing well in their

respective placements and receiving appropriate services.       Mother did not

maintain consistent or regular contact with the Children, and two of the

Children, I.C. and S.N., refuse to visit with her.    We discern no abuse of

discretion or error in the trial court’s involuntary termination of Mother’s

parental rights under Section 2511(a)(8).

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     With respect to Section 2511(b), Mother argues in her second issue on

appeal that the trial court did not give primary consideration to the

developmental, physical, and emotional needs of the Children in terminating

her parental rights.   Mother’s Brief at 33-34.   Mother largely repeats her

argument challenging the third element of Section 2511(a)(8). Specifically,

Mother asserts that she loves the Children, has a “strong[,] loving mother-

son bond,” and wants to reunify with them. Id. at 34. She also claims that

no expert testimony was presented to show what “potential harm” severing

Mother’s parental rights would have on the Children and that the testimony of

a social worker regarding the parent-child bond and the effect of termination

on the Children was insufficient. Id. at 33. We do not find Mother’s argument

persuasive.

     As discussed above, a parent’s own feeling of love, without more, does

not preclude termination of parental rights. See L.M., 923 A.2d at 512.

Moreover, social workers and caseworkers may testify as to their assessment

of the parental bond, and expert testimony is not required. See Z.P., 994

A.2d at 1121.

     Here, CUA caseworker Ms. Quarles testified that she believed that

Mother does not have a parent-child relationship with any of the Children.

N.T., 6/3/22, at 43, 86, 110. The record reveals that Mother had minimal

contact with the Children during the time they were in placement.       With

respect to I.C., Mother attended only two visits throughout his dependency

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case, with her last visit occurring in July 2019. Id. at 37-38, 49, 79. Ms.

Quarles testified that she did not observe any interactions between Mother

and I.C. Id. at 39. Ms. Quarles explained I.C. has refused to visit Mother

since before Ms. Quarles was assigned to this family in September 2020. Id.

at 8, 37-38, 49. Moreover, Ms. Quarles testified that Mother never requested

updates on I.C., did not ask about his medical or educational appointments,

and did not send any cards or gifts to I.C. Id. at 39.

       As to S.N., Ms. Quarles testified Mother attended only two visits with

S.N., which occurred when he “was a baby.” N.T., 6/3/22, at 82. Ms. Quarles

testified that she did not observe any interactions between S.N. and Mother,

and Mother did not provide a reason for failing to attend the visits. Id. at 83-

84. Ms. Quarles testified S.N. does not know Mother and refuses to visit with

her. Id. at 82, 84. Mother testified she could not remember when she last

saw S.N. and acknowledged that she stopped confirming for visits. Id. at 98.

Importantly, Mother testified that she and S.N. do not share a bond. Id. at

100.

       As for K.S., Ms. Quarles testified Mother visited K.S. only three times in

2022 and was inconsistent with visitation in 2021.        Id. at 103-105.    Ms.

Quarles testified that she observed the interaction between Mother and K.S.

during a visit. Id. at 105-106. Ms. Quarles noted that K.S. is “a friendly child”

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and “was more so playing with his siblings than [Mother].”10            Id. at 106.

Mother testified that she believed that she and K.S. have a bond, but K.S.

would not be harmed if her parental rights were terminated. Id. at 121-122.

        Additionally, Ms. Quarles testified as to the impact that removing the

Children from their respective placements would have on each child. With

respect to I.C., Ms. Quarles noted that I.C. is doing well in the home of his

maternal great-aunt, J.V.       Id. at 14. Ms. Quarles testified that I.C. identifies

J.V. as his mother and has a close bond with her. Id. at 40, 43. Ms. Quarles

explained that I.C. is “too attached” to J.V. and presented “severe” attachment

issues, for which he is receiving therapeutic services. Id. at 14-15, 40-41.

Ms. Quarles noted that I.C. has a sibling relationship with J.V.’s young son.

Id. at 41. Ms. Quarles testified that it would harm I.C. if he was removed

from J.V.’s home. Id. at 42.

        With respect to S.N., Ms. Quarles testified that he is doing well in his

placement and has a good relationship with Maternal Great-Aunt, whom he

refers to as “mom.” Id. at 80, 85. S.N. has been placed with Maternal Great-

Aunt since birth, and he has a close relationship with Maternal Great-Aunt’s

daughter. Id. Ms. Quarles testified that S.N. would suffer detrimental harm

if he were removed from Maternal Great-Aunt’s home. Id. at 86-87.

____________________________________________

10   K.S. has additional siblings who are not subjects of this appeal.

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       Lastly, as to K.S., Ms. Quarles testified that Foster Parent is a pre-

adoptive resource, and K.S. refers to her as his mother. Id. at 108, 110-112.

Ms. Quarles testified that K.S. has been in Foster Parent’s home since birth,

and he shares a bond with Foster Parent and a close bond with the foster

family. Id. at 112. She testified that there “will be harm if [K.S.] is removed”

from Foster Parent. Id. at 109.

       Based on the record evidence, clear and convincing evidence supports

the trial court’s decision that terminating Mother’s parental rights best serves

the developmental, physical, and emotional needs and welfare of the Children

pursuant to Section 2511(b). Mother had sporadic contact with the Children

while in placement. The record demonstrates that the Children have become

bonded with their respective caregivers and removing the Children from their

placements would cause them harm.              Accordingly, the trial court was well

within its discretion to terminate Mother’s parental rights pursuant to Section

2511(b).

       Finally, we turn to Mother’s assertion that the trial court erred by

changing the Children’s permanency goals from reunification to adoption.11

Mother’s Brief at 33.        Given our disposition of Mother’s appeal from the

____________________________________________

11Mother conflates her challenge to the court’s goal change orders with her
challenge to the court’s termination decrees pursuant to Section 2511(b). See
Mother’s Brief at 33-35. As such, Mother does not develop her argument with
any relevant statutory authority or caselaw in support of her claim with respect
to the goal change orders. See 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 6351(f) (Disposition of
dependent child).

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involuntary termination decrees, her appeals from the trial court’s goal change

orders are moot. See In the Interest of D.R.-W., 227 A.3d 905, 917 (Pa.

Super. 2020) (“An issue before a court is moot if in ruling upon the issue the

court cannot enter an order that has any legal force or effect.”) (citation

omitted).

      After careful review, we discern no abuse of discretion or error with the

trial court’s decision to terminate Mother’s parental rights or to change the

permanency goals to adoption for the Children.

      Termination decrees affirmed.    Appeals from the goal change orders

dismissed as moot.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 1/9/2023

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