Court Opinion

ID: 4149924
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-03-03 03:17:23.922325+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:37:35.612935
License: Public Domain

Reverse and Render in part; Remand in part; Affirm in part and Opinion Filed February
28, 2017

                                        S   In The
                               Court of Appeals
                        Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                     No. 05-16-00313-CV

                        NEMORIA CORIA, Appellant
                                  V.
          CHRISTOPHER JIDE OGIDAN AND MOSES GBOLABO, Appellees

                      On Appeal from the 68th Judicial District Court
                                  Dallas County, Texas
                           Trial Court Cause No. DC-14-13113

                            MEMORANDUM OPINION
                          Before Justices Bridges, Evans, and Schenck
                                  Opinion by Justice Bridges
       Appellant Nemoria Coria purchased a home from appellees Christopher Jide Ogidan and

Moses Gbolabo. She later sued appellees for breach of contract and DTPA violations. The trial

court entered a take-nothing judgment in favor of appellees. In four issues, appellant argues the

trial court erred by (1) entering a take nothing judgment when the undisputed evidence

established appellees breached the general warranty deed; (2) concluding appellees did not

breach the real estate contract or violate the DTPA; (3) not finding appellees failed to disclose

delinquent tax information to appellant; and (4) sua sponte withdrawing appellees’ deemed

admissions. We reverse the take nothing judgment in favor of appellees on appellant’s breach of

contract claim, render judgment that appellant recover $19,269.77 in damages, and remand for a
determination of attorney’s fees and cost. In other respects, the judgment of the trial court is

affirmed.

                                             Background

       Appellant and appellees entered into a real estate contract on July 7, 2014, in which

appellant agreed to buy a home for $15,000. The contract stated in several places that the buyer

“accepts the property ‘as is.’” The contract also provided that at closing, “Seller shall execute

and deliver a general warranty deed conveying title to the Property to Buyer and . . . furnish tax

statements or certificates showing no delinquent taxes on the Property.” The parties executed a

non-realty items addendum in which they agreed, “The seller is not responsible for and the buyer

has agreed to pay any outstanding taxes, liens, and do the necessary repairs as they want.”

       On July 22, 2014, appellees delivered a general warranty deed conveying title to the

property. The warranty deed stated, “The Grantor warrants that it is lawful owner and has full

right to convey the property, and that the property is free from all claims, liabilities, or

indebtedness, and that the Grantor and its successors will warrant and defend title to the Grantee

against the lawful claims of all persons.”

       Appellant testified at trial that appellees failed to tell her the property had $19,269.77 in

outstanding taxes, court costs, and city liens. They also failed to provide any tax statement

regarding due taxes, as required per the contract, at the time of closing. Appellees testified they

repeatedly told appellant outstanding taxes were owed on the property and encouraged her to

conduct her own investigation. They claimed she knew about them “from day one.” They

argued it was “spelled out in the nonreality document that she is responsible for the taxes.”

However, appellant denied they told her about any delinquent taxes and denied calling the

county tax office several weeks before closing and discovering the amount owed.

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       At the conclusion of trial, the court asked the parties to provide briefing on whether the

warranty deed trumped the real estate contract. Appellant filed a brief in which she argued the

merger doctrine applied; therefore, the language in the warranty deed controlled. Appellees did

not respond.

       The trial court ordered a take-nothing judgment on appellant’s claims. In the findings of

fact and conclusions of law, the court found that appellees “were aware that there were taxes due

and owing on the property at the time they delivered the warranty deed to Coria and they

disclosed the same to Plaintiff.” The court concluded, “Defendants did not fail to disclose

information to Nemoria Coria concerning goods or services which were known at the time of the

transaction” and “did not breach the real estate contract and did not violate any provision of the

DTPA.” This appeal followed.

                              Withdrawal of Deemed Admissions

       In her fourth issue, appellant argues the trial court abused its discretion by sua sponte

withdrawing appellees’ deemed admissions. Appellees, who appeared pro se at trial, have not

filed a response brief.

       Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 198 provides that a written request that the other party

admit the truth of any matter within the scope of discovery, including statements of opinion or

application of law to facts, may be served on another party no later than thirty days before the

end of the discovery period. TEX. R. CIV. P. 198.1. If a party fails to respond, the request is

considered admitted without the necessity of a court order and is conclusively established as to

the party making the admissions unless the court permits the party to withdraw or amend the

admission. TEX. R. CIV. P. 198.2.

       A trial court has broad discretion in permitting or denying the withdrawal of deemed

admissions. Stelly v. Papania, 927 S.W.2d 620, 622 (Tex. 1996); Tommy Gio, Inc. v. Dunlop,

                                               –3–
348 S.W.3d 503, 508 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011, pet. denied). An appellate court should set aside

a trial court’s ruling only if, after reviewing the entire record, it is clear that the trial court abused

its discretion. Tommy Gio, Inc., 348 S.W.3d at 509. A trial court abuses its discretion if it acts

without reference to any guiding rules or principles or acts arbitrarily or unreasonably. Id.

        A court may permit a party to withdraw deemed admissions upon a showing of good

cause. TEX. R. CIV. P. 198.3(a). Good cause is established by showing the failure involved was

an accident or mistake, not intentional, or the result of conscious indifference. Tommy Gio, Inc.,

348 S.W.3d at 509. In addition to finding good cause, the trial court may permit withdrawal of

an admission only if the court finds that the party relying on the deemed admission will not be

unduly prejudiced and the merits of the case may be presented to the court for review. TEX. R.

CIV. P. 198.3(b). Undue prejudice is based on whether withdrawing an admission will delay trial

or significantly impede the opposing party’s ability to prepare for it. Wheeler v. Green, 157

S.W.3d 439, 443 (Tex. 2005).

        Here, the deemed admissions were never mentioned by any party until the end of the

bench trial. Appellant’s counsel mentioned them for the first time in closing argument. After

closing arguments, the court explained it would be required to accept the requested facts as true,

but then asked appellees if they wanted to move to strike the admissions.

        Gbolabo explained he did not receive the request for admissions “until recently” because

appellant sent the request to his wrong business address. When he received the request, he had

just returned from a trip abroad and had “a bunch of mail” and “a lot of other things that are

happening to me.”

        Ogidan argued he wanted to withdraw the deemed admissions because he and Gbolabo

explained everything to appellant about the property, and “[n]othing was hidden.” He also

explained he tried to reach Gbolabo several times because everything they were doing was on

                                                  –4–
behalf of their corporation, and he had not talked with Gbolabo “until a few days ago.” The

record indicates that although both appellees entered the contract as sellers, Gbolabo took the

lead in the negotiations and tax discussions with appellant.1

          Based on these facts, the record does not indicate either party acted with conscious

indifference. See, e.g., Spiecker v. Petroff, 971 S.W.2d 536, 539 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1997, no

pet.) (the “ultimate goal of the rules of discovery is to seek the truth and therefore, the rules

should not be construed to prevent litigants from presenting the truth to the trier of fact” or be

used as a “trap for the unwary”). Moreover, there is no showing of undue prejudice. The issue

did not even arise until the conclusion of trial; therefore, withdrawal of the deemed admissions

did not delay the trial or significantly impede appellant’s ability to prepare for it, as she fully

presented her case to the bench. See Wheeler, 157 S.W.3d at 443. Under these circumstances,

we conclude the trial court did not abuse its discretion by withdrawing the deemed admissions.

Speicker, 971 S.W.2d at 539; see also McComas v. Dallas Lite & Barricade, Inc., No. 05-97-

00338-CV, 1999 WL 521690, at *3 (Tex. App.—Dallas July 23, 1999, no pet.) (“Under this

Court’s authority, even a slight excuse will suffice, especially when the opposing party will

suffer no delay or prejudice.”). We overrule appellant’s fourth issue.

                                   Breach of General Warranty Deed and DTPA

          In her first issue, appellant argues the trial court erred by entering a take-nothing

judgment when the undisputed evidence established appellees breached the general warranty

deed. Appellant’s argument is based on application of the merger doctrine, which the trial court

implicitly rejected by granting a take-nothing judgment and concluding appellees “did not breach

the real estate contract.”

     1
      For example, Ogidan was only present when Gbolabo allegedly discussed the delinquent taxes with appellant. Appellant testified Ogidan
was only present at their first meeting for a little bit, and she claimed he did not even show up the second time. Throughout the bench trial,
Gbolabo handled almost all of the questioning with little participation from Ogidan.

                                                                    –5–
       We review de novo a trial court’s conclusion of law. See BMC Software Belg., N.V. v.

Marchand, 83 S.W.3d 789, 794 (Tex. 2002). We are not bound by the trial court’s legal

conclusions, but the conclusions of law will be upheld on appeal if the judgment can be sustained

on any legal theory supported by the evidence. Slicker v. Slicker, 464 S.W.3d 850, 857 (Tex.

App.—Dallas 2015, no pet.). Moreover, conclusions of law may not be reversed unless they are

erroneous as a matter of law. Sheetz v. Slaughter, 503 S.W.3d 495, 502 (Tex. App.—Dallas

2016, no pet.).

       Although the trial court’s conclusions of law do not reference the warranty deed or the

merger doctrine, appellant presented the doctrine to the trial court and it is a legal theory we must

consider. Accordingly, we begin our de novo review by considering whether the merger doctrine

applies.

       As a general rule, when a deed is delivered and accepted as performance of a contract to

convey, the contract is merged in the deed. Alvarado v. Bolton, 749 S.W.2d 47, 48 (Tex. 1988).

“Though the terms of deed may vary from those contained in the contract, still the deed must be

looked to alone to determine the rights of the parties.” Id. However, a contract for sale of land

that creates rights collateral to, and independent of, the conveyance survives a deed that is silent

in respect to the collateral or independent ground. Lakeway Homes, Inc. v. White, No. 05-15-

01455-CV, 2016 WL 3453559, at *5 (Tex. App.—Dallas June 23, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.);

Stanford Dev. Corp. v. Stanford Condominium Owners Ass’n, 285 S.W.3d 45, 51 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, no pet.) (noting merger doctrine does not apply when “the deed does

not merge other distinct and unperformed provisions of the contract”). For example, courts have

concluded arbitration clauses and completion of construction or escrow agreements survive

merger and are not extinguished because of subsequent deeds or other closing documents. See

Lakeway Homes, Inc., 2016 WL 3453559, at *5; Stanford Dev. Corp., 285 S.W.3d at 51.

                                                –6–
        The clause at issue here, however, does not involve any of those recognized exceptions.

Rather, both the real estate contract and the warranty deed include provisions regarding taxes,

liabilities, and indebtedness. The non-realty items addendum attached to the real estate contract

stated, “The seller is not responsible for and the buyer has agreed to pay any outstanding taxes,

liens, and do the necessary repairs as they want.” The warranty deed stated, “The Grantor

warrants that it is lawful owner and has full right to convey the property, and that the property is

free from all claims, liabilities, or indebtedness, and that the Grantor and its successors will

warrant and defend title to the Grantee against the lawful claims of all persons.” Here, the

warranty deed is not silent as to a collateral or independent ground in the real estate contract.

Rather, the general warranty deed speaks directly to appellees’ promise that the property is free

from all claims, liabilities, and indebtedness—a subject covered by the real estate contract.

Thus, the merger doctrine applies, and the deed alone determines the rights of the parties.

Alvarado, 749 S.W.2d at 48. By delivering property that was in fact not free from indebtedness,

claims, and liabilities, appellees breached the warranty deed and caused appellant to suffer

damages. See, e.g., Myers v. Hall Columbus Lender, LLC, 437 S.W.3d 632, 635 (Tex. App.—

Dallas 2014, no pet.) (party entitled to recover on contract claim when defendant breaches a

material duty under the contract and plaintiff suffers damages). Accordingly, the trial court’s

conclusion of law is erroneous as a matter of law.        Sheetz, 503 S.W.3d at 502. We sustain

appellant’s first issue.

        Appellant argues in her second and third issues that the trial court erred by concluding

appellees did not violate the DTPA and by not finding appellees failed to disclose information to

her, which were known at the time of the transaction, and their failure to disclose was made with

the intent for her to rely on the information to her detriment.

                                                 –7–
        When the appellate record contains a complete reporter’s record, we review the trial

court’s findings of fact under the same standards for legal and factual sufficiency that govern the

review of jury findings. Slicker, 464 S.W.3d at 857. In evaluating a legal sufficiency challenge,

we credit evidence that supports the finding if a reasonable factfinder could and disregard

contrary evidence unless a reasonable factfinder could not. City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d

802, 827 (Tex. 2005). The test for legal sufficiency is whether the evidence at trial would enable

reasonable and fair-minded people to reach the verdict under review. Id. In a factual sufficiency

review, we examine all the evidence in the record, both supporting and contrary to the trial

court’s finding, and reverse only if the finding is so against the great weight of the evidence as to

be clearly wrong and unjust. Slicker, 464 S.W.3d at 858. In evaluating the trial court’s findings

of fact, we must give substantial deference to the trial court’s determination of the weight and

credibility of the evidence. Id. In a bench trial, the trial court is the sole judge of witness

credibility. Id.

        Here, the trial court found that appellees disclosed to appellant that taxes were due and

owing on the property.      The record shows appellees repeatedly told appellant they owed

delinquent taxes on the property and encouraged her to make her own independent investigation

into the amount. Although appellant testified to the contrary, the trial court, as the judge of

witness credibility, was free to believe appellees, and this Court may not second guess its

determination. Slicker, 464 S.W.3d at 858.

        The trial court then concluded appellees did not fail to disclose information concerning

goods or services which were known at the time of the transaction, and therefore, they did not

violate any provisions of the DTPA.         The record supports this conclusion.       Accordingly,

                                                –8–
appellees were entitled to a take-nothing judgment on appellant’s DTPA claim.2 We overrule

appellant’s second and third issues.

                                                         Attorney’s Fees

          Because appellant is entitled to judgment on her breach of contract claim, she may also

recover her attorney’s fees. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 38.001(8) (West 2015).

At trial, appellant’s counsel presented testimony supporting his reasonable and necessary fees for

trying both her contract and DTPA claims. However, appellant is not entitled to fees on her

DTPA claim. We remand for the trial court to determine the amount of fees recoverable for

appellant’s breach of contract claim. See Tony Gullo Motors I, L.P. v. Chapa, 212 S.W.3d 299,

311-15 (Tex. 2006) (remanding for trial court to determine proper amount of attorney’s fees);

Prudential Ins. Co. v. Durante, 443 S.W.3d 499, 515 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2014, pet. denied) (if

party is entitled to attorney’s fees under section 38.001, then it follows she is also entitled to

attorney’s fees on appeal).

                                                            Conclusion

          We reverse the take-nothing judgment in favor of appellees on appellant’s breach of

contract claim and render judgment that appellant recover $19,269.77 in damages. We remand

to the trial court for a determination of recoverable attorney’s fees in a manner consistent with

this opinion. In all other respects, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

                                                                        /David L. Bridges/
                                                                        DAVID L. BRIDGES
                                                                        JUSTICE

160313F.P05

     2
       In reaching this conclusion, we are mindful the merger doctrine does not apply to negate a DTPA claim when a contract is procured by
fraud. Rich v. Olah, 274 S.W.3d 878, 889 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2008, no pet.). The record, however, does not support that the contracts were
procured by fraud. Appellant’s arguments to the contrary are without merit.

                                                                  –9–
                                       S
                              Court of Appeals
                       Fifth District of Texas at Dallas
                                      JUDGMENT

NEMORIA CORIA, Appellant                           On Appeal from the 68th Judicial District
                                                   Court, Dallas County, Texas
No. 05-16-00313-CV        V.                       Trial Court Cause No. DC-14-13113.
                                                   Opinion delivered by Justice Bridges.
CHRISTOPHER JIDE OGIDAN AND                        Justices Evans and Schenck participating.
MOSES GBOLABO, Appellees

       In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, we REVERSE the take-nothing

judgment in favor of appellees CHRISTOPHER JIDE OGIDAN AND MOSES GBOLABO on

appellant NEMORIA CORIA’s breach of contract claim and RENDER judgment that

NEMORIA CORIA recover $19,269.77 in damages. We REMAND to the trial court for a

determination of recoverable attorney’s fees in a manner consistent with this opinion. In all

other respects, the judgment of the trial court is AFFIRMED.

       It is ORDERED that each party bear their own costs of this appeal.

Judgment entered February 28, 2017.

                                            –10–