Court Opinion

ID: 2830192
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-08-25 07:10:01.641791+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:14:06.438442
License: Public Domain

Opinion issued July 23, 2015

                                     In The

                               Court of Appeals
                                    For The

                         First District of Texas
                           ————————————
                               NO. 01-13-00931-CR
                           ———————————
                    MELISSA DROMGOOLE, Appellant
                                       V.
                      THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

            On Appeal from County Criminal Court at Law No. 1
                           Harris County, Texas
                       Trial Court Case No. 1840727

                         OPINION ON REHEARING

      Appellant, Melissa Dromgoole, was charged by information with driving

while intoxicated.1 Appellant pleaded not guilty. The jury found her guilty. The

trial court found an enhancement paragraph to be true and assessed punishment at

1
      See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 49.04(a) (Vernon 2014).
one year’s confinement—probated for one year—and a fine of $500. In four issues

on appeal, Appellant argues the trial court abused its discretion by (1) denying her

motion to suppress and (2) admitting the blood-test evidence over her challenge to

the reliability of the evidence.

      On June 4, 2015, we issued our original opinion in this case. Dromgoole filed

an amended motion for rehearing. We deny the amended motion for rehearing,

withdraw our prior opinion and judgment, and issue this opinion and a new judgment

in their place. Our disposition remains the same.

      We modify the judgment and affirm as modified.

                                   Background

      Officer D. Nunn, an officer with the Houston Police Department, had pulled

someone over some time after 2:00 A.M. on July 21, 2012. After he was done with

that person, he walked back to his car. On his way back, Appellant drove past him

and nearly hit him. Officer Nunn got in his patrol car and pursued Appellant. During

the pursuit, he saw Appellant drive through two red lights. After Appellant pulled

over, Officer Nunn approached her car. Appellant had glassy eyes and slurred

speech and smelled moderately of alcohol. Appellant acknowledged that she had

consumed two alcoholic drinks in the evening.

      Officer Nunn decided to perform a field sobriety test on Appellant. Before

conducting the test, he asked Appellant if she had any medical conditions. Appellant

                                         2
responded that she had syncope, which she described as low blood pressure.

Specifically, she explained that, with syncope, her “blood pressure drops and then

[she] faints.”

      As part of the field sobriety test, Officer Nunn performed three specific tests:

a horizontal-gaze-nystagmus test, a one-leg-stand test, and a walk-and-turn test.

Appellant exhibited indications of intoxication on each test. Officer Nunn arrested

Appellant and drove her to the police station.

      At the police station, Appellant said she could not get out of the car because

she was having difficulty with her syncope. In a later affidavit, Appellant asserted

that, when she was in the police car, her condition worsened “and I was unable to

get out of the police car for about ten minutes. At the jail, I again told the officer of

my condition.” Officer Nunn testified that, when they arrived at the police station,

Appellant said she could not get out because of her low blood pressure. Ten minutes

later, she was able to get out of the car.

      Once inside the police station, Appellant was placed in a holding cell with

other people. While there, Appellant got into a fist fight with another woman in the

cell. Officer Nunn broke up the fight. At the end of the fight, Appellant did not

exhibit any dizziness or lightheadedness.

      At some point, Officer Nunn decided to obtain a blood draw from Appellant.

Appellant refused to submit to a blood draw. As a result, Officer Nunn sought and

                                             3
obtained a search warrant for a blood draw on Appellant. The video of the blood

draw shows that Officer Nunn led Appellant into the room. Appellant sat in an

inclined chair. Officer Nunn explained to Appellant that he had obtained a warrant

for the withdrawal of a sample of her blood. Appellant presented her arm to the

nurse, who then drew Appellant’s blood.

      L. Mayor, a criminalist at the Houston Police Department Crime Laboratory,

performed the analysis on Appellant’s blood. The report from the test indicated that

appellant’s blood contained a concentration of alcohol of 0.17 grams of alcohol per

100 milliliters of blood.

      Before trial, Appellant filed a motion to suppress the blood test results,

arguing, among other things, that the blood draw was a violation of her rights under

the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution against unreasonable

searches and seizures. Specifically, Appellant argued that the affidavit in support of

the warrant failed to identify that she had syncope; that the effects of pre-syncope

could account for why she failed the field sobriety test; and that her medical

condition of syncope rendered the blood draw unreasonable as it applied to her.

      At the hearing on the motion to suppress, Appellant presented her physician,

Dr. J. Varon. Dr. Varon testified that he diagnosed Appellant with syncope about

five years before the trial. Syncope is the condition of being subject to fainting

spells. A person who has syncope will also have pre-syncope, or symptoms that can

                                          4
signal the possible onset of fainting. The pre-syncope symptoms can vary widely

among people, but can include dizziness, weakness in the legs, chest pains, or a sense

of “pulling of the blood.” Contrary to Appellant’s description of syncope to Officer

Nunn, Dr. Varon testified that Appellant does not, in fact, have low blood pressure.

Her blood pressure is normal, and her syncope does not affect her blood pressure.

      Dr. Varon also testified that, after viewing the video of Appellant’s field

sobriety test, it was possible that Appellant was experiencing pre-syncope during the

field sobriety test. He asserted that, as a result, it was possible that her troubles with

the three field sobriety tests were influenced by the pre-syncope. For the walk-and-

turn test, Dr. Varon testified it was “more likely than not” that Appellant’s troubles

with the test were “related to a pre-syncope equilibration.” For the other two, he

only testified it was possible that the difficulties were related to pre-syncope.

      Finally, Dr. Varon testified that syncope could create some risk with a blood

draw. While he acknowledged that he had performed numerous blood draws on

Appellant, he testified that Appellant had complete syncope (that is, she fainted)

during one blood draw. During a second blood draw, Appellant had a “pre-syncopal

episode,” meaning that she complained of “feeling fainty” and turned white. During

this second incident, Dr. Varon resolved this by having Appellant lie down. Dr.

Varon testified that it is not reasonable to perform a blood draw from a person with

syncope without having the person lie down.

                                            5
      The trial court denied the motion to suppress.

      At trial, the State called Mayor to discuss the results of the test on Appellant’s

blood. After a question about whether the machine that tested Appellant’s blood

was working properly on the day of the test, Appellant raised another objection to

the admissibility of the blood test. During the hearing on this objection, Appellant

argued that the blood draw technique was not properly applied because the machine

that performed the blood test had not been properly validated. Based on documents

produced at the time of the validation test, Appellant argued that, during three of the

four days of the validation test, the machine’s vial oven had been set at 60 degrees

Celsius when it was intended to be set at 70 degrees Celsius.

      The State presented the testimony of Mayor and W. Arnold, a police

administrator for the Houston Police Department Crime Laboratory, at the hearing

on the second motion to suppress. Both Mayor and Arnold testified that the

discrepancy in the oven temperature did not affect the ultimate validation of the

machine. Arnold explained that the test results are not obtained from a measurement

of only the alcohol released by the heating, but instead from a determination of the

ratio between measurements of the alcohol and a control compound added to the

sample. Because the change in temperature would have resulted in a proportional

change to both chemicals being released by the heating, the measurements remained

accurate, and, accordingly, the validation test was reliable.

                                           6
      Additionally, both Mayor and Arnold testified that samples with known

concentrations of alcohol were tested every time a suspect’s blood was tested. Any

deficiencies in the machine’s ability to accurately measure the concentration of

alcohol in Appellant’s blood would have been detected in measuring the known

quantity samples.

      Appellant subpoenaed Irma Rios, the lab director for the Houston Police

Department, to testify. Like Mayor and Arnold, Rios testified that the difference in

temperature would not affect the reliability of the validation test. She testified that

the known concentration samples would have detected any problems with the

measurement of the machine.

      Appellant also presented her own expert witness, A. Culbertson. Culbertson

had many years of experience with performing blood tests and consulting on

reviewing blood test results. She testified that, in order for a machine to produce

reliable results, it must be validated first. She asserted that the measurement of

controls (known concentration samples) during regular testing could not establish

that the machine had been properly validated “[b]ecause you have to have a valid

method before you can even speak to the results of a control or a sample.”

      The trial court denied Appellant’s second motion to suppress. At the time of

the ruling, the court expressly found that Mayor and Arnold were credible and that

the blood test results were reliable.

                                          7
                          Reasonable Search and Seizure

      In her first two issues, Appellant argues the trial court abused its discretion by

denying her motion to suppress the blood-draw evidence because Appellant’s

medical condition was omitted from the affidavit in support of the warrant for the

blood draw and the blood draw was unreasonable based on Appellant’s medical

condition.

A.    Standard of Review

      Where, as here, a trial judge does not make explicit findings of fact, we review

the evidence at a motion to suppress hearing in the light most favorable to the trial

court’s ruling. Walter v. State, 28 S.W.3d 538, 540 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). We

afford almost total deference to a trial court’s determination of questions of fact and

its rulings on mixed questions of law and fact when the resolution of those questions

depends on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor. State v. Johnston, 336
S.W.3d 649, 657 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). For mixed questions of law and fact that

do not depend on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor and for pure questions

of law, we review the trial court’s rulings de novo. Id.

      At a suppression hearing, the trial court is the sole and exclusive trier of fact

and judge of the witnesses’ credibility and may choose to believe or disbelieve all

or any part of the witnesses’ testimony. Maxwell v. State, 73 S.W.3d 278, 281 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2002); State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 855 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). We

                                           8
will defer to the trial court’s fact findings and not disturb the findings on appeal

unless the finding is not supported by the record. Cantu v. State, 817 S.W.2d 74, 77

(Tex. Crim. App. 1991).

B.    Applicable Law & Burden of Proof

      At a hearing on a motion to suppress based on a violation of the defendant’s

Fourth Amendment rights, the court presumes that police conduct was proper.

Delafuente v. State, 414 S.W.3d 173, 176 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). The defendant

bears the burden, then, of rebutting the presumption of proper police conduct. Id.

The defendant can meet this burden, thus shifting the burden to the State, by showing

the search was conducted without a warrant. Id. Here, however, all parties agreed

that Appellant’s blood was drawn after the police had obtained a warrant.

Accordingly, the parties recognize that Appellant bore the burden of proof of

rebutting the presumption of proper police conduct at the motion to suppress. See

id. Nevertheless, the parties do not entirely agree on what Appellant had to prove in

order to meet her burden of rebutting proper police conduct.

      In her motion to suppress, Appellant argued that the blood draw violated her

rights against unreasonable search and seizure under the Fourth Amendment of the

United States Constitution and, accordingly, should be suppressed. “Schmerber v.

California is the landmark case addressing the constitutionality of compulsory blood

draws conducted for law-enforcement purposes under the Fourth Amendment.”

                                         9
Johnston, 336 S.W.3d at 657 (citing Schmerber v. California, 384 U.S. 757, 86 S.

Ct. 1826 (1966)). Schmerber identifies a two-part analysis for determining the

legality of a blood draw: “(1) ‘whether the police were justified in requiring [the

defendant] to submit to a blood test; and, (2) ‘whether the means and procedures

employed in taking [the defendant’s] blood respected the relevant Fourth

Amendment standards of reasonableness.’” Id. at 658 (quoting Schmerber, 384 U.S.

at 768, 86 S. Ct. at 1834). The Court of Criminal Appeals has recognized that

“means and procedures” under the second element contains two separate inquiries:

(1) whether the test chosen (the means) was reasonable and (2) whether the test was

performed in a reasonable manner (the procedures). Id.

      These are the primary, disjunctive elements for a defendant to challenge the

reasonableness of a blood draw under the Fourth Amendment. See id. For a

defendant challenging the means or procedures of the blood test on the basis that the

blood draw created an unreasonable medical risk due to a medical condition of the

defendant, additional elements must also be proved.

      “Extraction of blood samples for testing is a highly effective means of

determining the degree to which a person is under the influence of alcohol. . . . [F]or

most people the procedure involves virtually no risk, trauma, or pain.” Schmerber,
384 U.S. at 771, 86 S. Ct. at 1836. Accordingly, venipuncture blood-draws to test

for intoxication are presumptively reasonable under the Fourth Amendment for the

                                          10
general population.     See id.; Johnston, 336 S.W.3d at 659.             To defeat this

presumption, the defendant must show that she is “one of the few who on grounds

of fear, concern for health, or religious scruple might prefer some other means of

testing.” Schmerber, 384 U.S. at 771, 86 S. Ct. at 1836. Appellant claims to fall

within the concern-for-health exception.2

      Before requiring a defendant to submit to a blood draw, a police officer does

not have a duty to inquire into the defendant’s medical history. Johnston, 336
S.W.3d at 659. Rather, the suspect, naturally familiar with his or her own medical

history, is in the best position to identify and disclose any particular medical

condition that could result in risk, trauma or more than de minimus pain if a blood

draw were to be performed. Id. at 660. From this we can conclude that the defendant

bears the burden to establish that she notified the officer or the person performing

the blood draw that her relevant medical history would render a blood draw

unreasonably medically risky. See id. Appellant argues that she should not have a

burden to inform the police officer or person performing the blood draw about how

2
      To the degree Appellant believes she also falls in the “fear” exception, her degree
      of fear and the relevance of the fear have not been developed in this record or in her
      legal arguments at trial and on appeal. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a) (requiring
      complaint to be made to trial court before being raised on appeal), 38.1(i) (requiring
      briefs to contain concise arguments for contentions made); see also State v. Krause,
      484 N.W.2d 347, 350 (Wis. Ct. App. 1992) (holding statements by defendant that
      he “didn’t believe in needles” and “d[id]n’t want AIDS” were insufficient to
      establish fear exception).
                                            11
the blood draw could impact her due to a medical condition. Instead, she argues,

she should be able to present this fact for the first time at the motion to suppress to

defeat the presumption of a reasonable blood draw. We must reject this argument.

      The United States Supreme Court has held that the relevant inquiry into the

reasonableness of a search and seizure depend on the facts known to the officer at

the moment of the search and seizure. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21–22, 88 S. Ct.
1868, 1880 (1968).3 Specifically, it held the relevant question is “would the facts

available to the officer at the moment of the seizure or the search ‘warrant a man of

reasonable caution in the belief’ that the action taken was appropriate?”                Id.

(emphasis added). Because the relevant inquiry is what information was available

to the officer at the time of the seizure, a defendant cannot seek suppression of

evidence based on facts that are disclosed for the first time in a motion to suppress

hearing. See id.

      The defendant also has a burden at the hearing on the motion to suppress to

show “that a venipuncture blood draw [was] not a reasonable means to obtain a blood

3
      Terry concerned a warrantless search. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 20, 88 S. Ct. 1868,
      1879 (1968). Nevertheless, the court held that, “the notions which underlie both the
      warrant procedure and the requirement of probable cause remain fully relevant in
      this context.” Id. Additionally, we see no justification for restricting the relevant
      facts to what the officer knew at the time of the search for warrantless search cases
      but expanding the relevant facts for cases where the officer obtained a warrant
      before the search. The law is meant to incentivize police officers to obtain a warrant
      before performing searches and seizures. See United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897,
      914, 104 S. Ct. 3405, 3416 (1984) (recognizing preference for courts to adopt rules
      incentivizing obtaining warrants before search and seizure).
                                            12
alcohol level assessment as to him or her, individually.” Johnston, 336 S.W.3d at

660. Stated differently, a defendant who disclosed to the officer that she has a

medical condition creating an unreasonable medical risk for a blood draw must

establish at the motion to suppress hearing that she does, in fact, suffer from that

medical condition and that the medical condition does, in fact, create an

unreasonable medical risk for a blood draw. See id.

      Accordingly, based on Schmerber and Johnston, a defendant seeking to

suppress a blood draw as an unreasonable search and seizure must prove (1) the

police were not justified in requiring the defendant to submit to a blood test, (2)

drawing the defendant’s blood was an unreasonable method to determine

intoxication, or (3) the procedure for the blood draw was unreasonable.          See

Schmerber, 384 U.S. at 768, 86 S. Ct. at 1834; Johnston, 336 S.W.3d at 658.

Johnston further establishes that, if the defendant is seeking to prove the second or

third elements by proving the existence of a medical condition, the defendant must

additionally prove (1) the defendant had a medical condition (2) that created an

unreasonable risk of medical harm for a blood test and (3) that the defendant

sufficiently notified the police or the person performing the blood draw of the risk

posed by the blood draw. See Johnston, 336 S.W.3d at 659–60.

      Appellant challenges all three primary elements in her first two issues in her

brief. Because we find it dispositive, we address the requirement that Appellant

                                         13
notify the police or the person drawing her blood that the blood draw posed an

unreasonable medical risk.

C.     Justification to Conduct Seizure

       Schmerber involved a warrantless blood draw. 384 U.S. at 768, 86 S. Ct. at

1834. Typically, the existence of a valid warrant will establish the justification to

conduct the seizure. Adkins v. State, 418 S.W.3d 856, 860 (Tex. App.—Houston

[14th Dist.] 2013, pet. ref’d). Here, however, Appellant has attacked the validity of

the warrant in her second issue. Appellant presents two grounds for why the warrant

is invalid: (1) the affidavit in support of the warrant failed to identify that she had

syncope and (2) the effects of pre-syncope could account for why she failed the field

sobriety test.

       If there is an affirmative misrepresentation in a probable cause affidavit in

support of a search warrant and if the misrepresentation is material and necessary to

establishing probable cause, the warrant is invalid under the Fourth Amendment.

Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154, 155–56, 98 S. Ct. 2674, 2676 (1978); Blake v.

State, 125 S.W.3d 717, 723–24 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, no pet.). This

ruling has been extended to material omissions. Blake, 125 S.W.3d at 724. At a

Franks hearing, the defendant bears the burden by a preponderance of the evidence

to establish that a false statement was made—or a true statement was omitted—

intentionally, knowingly, or with reckless disregard for the truth. See Franks, 438
14
U.S. at 155–56, 98 S. Ct. at 2676. If the defendant carries that burden, the false

statement is removed from the affidavit, or the true statement is added, and the court

must determine whether probable cause for the warrant still exists. See id. at 156,

98 S. Ct. at 2676. If it does not, the warrant must be voided and the fruits of the

search must be suppressed. Id.

      Appellant’s first ground for why the warrant is invalid is that the affidavit in

support of the warrant failed to identify that she had syncope. Appellant argues that,

if it had known that she suffered from syncope and knew the implications of

performing a blood draw on someone with syncope, the magistrate “could have

ascertained that a blood draw presented an unreasonable risk of trauma or more than

de minimus pain.”      This argument is redundant to our analysis of the other

Schmerber elements, however. Under Schmerber we must review whether the

method for or the performance of a blood draw was unreasonable. See Schmerber,
384 U.S. at 768, 86 S. Ct. at 1834; Johnston, 336 S.W.3d at 658. If we determine

that the blood draw method or procedure was unreasonable, then we must suppress

the evidence obtained regardless of whether a magistrate judge would have denied

the motion for the same reason.4 See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 38.23(a)

4
      As a result, we do not need to determine whether the reasonableness of the method
      or performance of the search is even a matter to be considered by the magistrate.
                                          15
(Vernon 2005) (prohibiting evidence obtained in violation of United States

Constitution from being admitted at trial).

       Appellant’s second ground for why the warrant is invalid is that the effects of

pre-syncope could account for why she failed the field sobriety test. As part of his

field sobriety test, Officer Nunn conducted a horizontal-gaze-nystagmus test, a one-

leg-stand test, and a walk-and-turn test.          Appellant exhibited indications of

intoxication on each test.

       In his testimony at the hearing on the motion to suppress, Dr. Varon claimed

that it was possible that Appellant was experiencing pre-syncope during the field

sobriety test and that, as a result, it was possible that her troubles with the three field

sobriety tests were influenced by the pre-syncope. For the walk-and-turn test, Dr.

Varon testified it was “more likely than not” that Appellant’s troubles with the test

were “related to a pre-syncope equilibration.” For the other two, he only testified it

was possible that the difficulties were related to pre-syncope.

       Even assuming Officer Nunn excluded Appellant’s diagnosis of syncope from

his probable cause affidavit intentionally, knowingly, or with reckless disregard for

the truth, we cannot conclude that inclusion of Appellant’s diagnosis of syncope in

the affidavit would have defeated a determination of probable cause for the warrant.

Probable cause to support a warrant is reviewed under a totality-of-the-

circumstances analysis. State v. Duarte, 389 S.W.3d 349, 354 (Tex. Crim. App.

                                            16
2012). “Probable cause exists when, under the totality of the circumstances, there is

a ‘fair probability’ that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found at the

specified location.” Id. Under this analysis, we are not concerned with whether

particular conduct is “innocent” or “guilty,” but the degree of suspicion that attaches

to the overall circumstances. Angulo v. State, 727 S.W.2d 276, 279 (Tex. Crim. App.

1987) (citing Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 243 n.13, 103 S. Ct. 2317, 2335 n.13

(1983)). Even seemingly innocent behavior can establish probable cause in light of

the suspicious circumstances under which the behavior occurred. Id. at 279–80.

      Here, the record establishes that Appellant had been drinking that night, nearly

hit Officer Nunn while driving, drove through two stop lights, smelled of alcohol,

had slurred speech, and failed all three of the field sobriety tests conducted on her

that night. The fact that there might be an innocent explanation for failing the field

sobriety test does not disprove probable cause.          Under the totality of the

circumstances, Appellant’s failure of the field sobriety test was consistent with the

other facts to create a “fair probability” that blood tests would establish Appellant

was legally intoxicated. See id.

      We overrule Appellant’s second issue.

D.    Notice of Unreasonable Medical Risk

      In her first issue, Appellant argues that the blood draw constituted an

unreasonable seizure due to her medical condition of syncope. In her affidavit

                                          17
presented at the motion to suppress, Appellant claimed, “I told everyone else

involved in taking my blood that I did not want to undergo a blood test because blood

tests have caused me to black out in the past.” The trial court could have disregarded

that assertion, however, and we must show almost total deference to the trial court’s

determination of historical facts. See Ross, 32 S.W.3d at 855 (holding trial court

“may believe or disbelieve all or any part of witness’s testimony”); Johnston, 336
S.W.3d at 657 (holding appellate courts afford almost total deference to trial court’s

determination of historical fact and mixed questions of law and fact when resolution

depends on evaluation of credibility and demeanor).

      The video of the field sobriety test shows Officer Nunn asking Appellant if

she has any medical conditions.          Appellant responded that she has syncope,

describing it as low blood pressure. She explained that, with syncope, her “blood

pressure drops and then [she] faints.”

      Contrary to Appellant’s statement to Officer Nunn, Dr. Varon testified that

Appellant does not, in fact, have low blood pressure. Her blood pressure is normal,

and her syncope does not affect her blood pressure. Even assuming Officer Nunn

was under a duty to report all health problems that had been conveyed to him to the

person drawing Appellant’s blood, a warning of low blood pressure would not have

conveyed appropriate information to prevent an unreasonable blood draw.

                                            18
      We are left with, then, Appellant’s statement to Officer Nunn, in the context

of a field sobriety test, that she had syncope and that this condition has some

relationship to fainting. Appellant argues that this was enough to satisfy her burden

to alert the officer of any potential complications that could arise from a blood draw.

We cannot agree.

      A blood draw is presumptively reasonable unless a defendant establishes she

is “one of the few who on grounds of fear, concern for health, or religious scruple

might prefer some other means of testing.” Schmerber, 384 U.S. at 771, 86 S. Ct. at

1836. An officer is not under a duty to inquire about a defendant’s medical history

to make this determination. Johnston, 336 S.W.3d at 659. Accordingly, the burden

is on the defendant to give sufficient notice to the officer that a blood draw would

create an unreasonable medical risk. See id. at 659–60. A defendant cannot simply

state the name for an uncommon medical condition and indicate that it is associated

with fainting—outside the context of a blood draw and without mentioning how it

might create a risk of harm in connection with the blood draw—and claim to have

carried her burden.

      Appellant also relies on her difficulty getting out of the car when she reached

the police station as proof that Officer Nunn was put on notice that performing a

blood draw would create an unreasonable medical risk. In her affidavit, Appellant

asserted that, when she was in the police car, her condition worsened “and I was

                                          19
unable to get out of the police car for about ten minutes. At the jail, I again told the

officer of my condition.” Even assuming the trial court credited this evidence,

claiming that she “told the officer of [her] condition” does not provide any detail of

how she described it. Accordingly, this cannot establish that she provided sufficient

notice to Officer Nunn.

      Officer Nunn testified that, when they arrived at the police station, Appellant

said she could not get out because of her low blood pressure. Ten minutes later, she

was able to get out of the car. Officer Nunn acknowledged that Appellant told her

that her condition could cause dizziness or faintness.

      Appellant fails to establish, however, how this establishes that she carried her

burden of providing notice that that performing a blood draw would create an

unreasonable medical risk. Dr. Varon testified at the hearing on the motion to

suppress and explained that Appellant’s dizziness and faintness was caused by her

having syncope and that syncope could create some risk with a blood draw. But

Appellant fails to show that Officer Nunn had any reason to draw a connection

between her occasional dizziness and faintness and an unreasonable medical risk for

drawing blood.

      This is especially true considering that, after Appellant was placed in a

holding cell, she got in a fist fight with another detainee. Appellant did not exhibit

any dizziness or faintness during this encounter. Even assuming exhibiting dizziness

                                          20
or faintness should put an officer on notice that performing a blood draw could result

in an unreasonable medical risk, Officer Nunn could have reasonably determined

that any dizziness or faintness Appellant had been feeling in his car had dispelled.

      Finally, there is some question about whether Officer Nunn was under an

obligation to report all disclosed medical conditions of the defendant to the person

performing the blood draw and, if so, whether such imputed knowledge should have

alerted the person performing the blood draw of any unreasonable increased risk in

performing the blood draw. We do not need to resolve this question, however. This

is because, even assuming Officer Nunn was under an obligation to convey

Appellant’s disclosed medical conditions to the person performing the blood draw,

there is no evidence in the record that the term syncope or the claim that Appellant

sometimes faints should have alerted a reasonable person authorized to perform a

blood draw about any increased medical risk in performing a blood draw.

Accordingly, Appellant has failed to establish that simply stating that she had

syncope in the context of a field sobriety test and exhibiting faintness or dizziness in

the police car were sufficient to carry her burden of adequately disclosing to the

officer or the person performing the blood draw that the blood draw would create an

unreasonable risk of medical harm due to an existing medical condition.

      We overrule Appellant’s first issue.

                                          21
                        Statutory Limitations on Blood Draw

       In her third issue, Appellant argues the trial court abused its discretion by

denying her motion to suppress the blood-draw evidence because the blood draw

was prohibited by statute.

A.     Standard of Review

       Matters of statutory construction are questions of law, which this Court

reviews de novo. Williams v. State, 253 S.W.3d 673, 677 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008).

When construing a statute, our primary objective is to ascertain and give effect to

the Legislature’s intent. TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 312.005 (Vernon 2013); see also

Bryant v. State, 391 S.W.3d 86, 92 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). We begin with the plain

language of the statute in order to discern its meaning because we “presume that the

legislature meant what it said.” State v. Vasilas, 187 S.W.3d 486, 489 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2006). We further consider statutes as a whole rather than their isolated

provisions. Nguyen v. State, 1 S.W.3d 694, 696 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999).

B.     Waiver

       The State argues Appellant has waived this issue because her complaint on

appeal is not the complaint she made at trial. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1)(A);

Curiel v. State, 243 S.W.3d 10, 19 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, pet. ref’d)

(holding that argument raised on appeal must comport with specific objection made

at trial, or error is waived).

                                         22
      Appellant argued at trial that, pursuant to Chapter 724 of the Texas

Transportation Code, “[t]he legislature never intended those accused of first offense

DWI, with no aggravating circumstances, to be subject to a search by needle.”

Appellant argues on appeal that Chapter 724 of the Texas Transportation Code

“prohibits a nonconsensual blood draw for a person arrested for misdemeanor DWI

in the absence of certain aggravating circumstances set forth in section 724.012(b).”

      Both arguments rely heavily on section 724.012 of the Transportation Code.

See TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN. § 724.012 (Vernon 2011). Both arguments claim that

the State was not permitted to draw Appellant’s blood because it was not permitted

by Section 724.012. The State argues, however, that Appellant’s argument on appeal

is different because Appellant also relies heavily on Section 724.013 (which refers

exclusively to Section 724.012) on appeal but did not cite it in her motion to suppress

at trial. See TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN. § 724.013 (Vernon 2011). We find no merit

in this argument.

      A party is not required to say magic words or recite a specific statute to

preserve an issue. Bryant, 391 S.W.3d at 92. Instead, for preservation purposes, the

party must simply present the basis of its complaint to the trial court and that same

complaint must be presented on appeal. Id. Adding more detailed citation to

statutory law on appeal does not create an entirely different argument than what was

raised at trial. We hold this argument has been preserved.

                                          23
C.    Analysis

      Section 724.012 provides when an officer may and when an officer must

obtain a blood or breath in specific cases of suspected intoxication. See TEX.

TRANSP. CODE ANN. § 724.012. Section 724.013 provides that, except for when an

officer must obtain a blood or breath sample, if the suspect refuses to give a blood

or breath sample, then “a specimen may not be taken.” See id. § 724.013; TEX.

GOV’T CODE ANN. § 311.016(5) (Vernon 2013) (“‘May not’ imposes a prohibition

and is synonymous with ‘shall not’”). Appellant argues that, because she does not

fit within any of the circumstances requiring the officer to obtain a blood sample,

Chapter 724 rendered her refusal to submit to a blood test into a prohibition on

drawing her blood regardless of the presence of a warrant.

      As the State points out, the Court of Criminal Appeals held in Beeman that

Chapter 724 concerns implied consent for breath and blood tests. Beeman v. State,

86 S.W.3d 613, 615 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). The court held in Beeman that “if the

State has a valid search warrant, it has no need to obtain the suspect’s consent.” Id.

That is, “once a valid search warrant is obtained by presenting facts establishing

probable cause to a neutral and detached magistrate, consent, implied or explicit,

becomes moot.” Id. at 616. As a result, Chapter 724 is independent of Fourth

Amendment search warrant law, not a restriction of it. See id. 616 (agreeing with

                                         24
State’s argument that construing Chapter 724 to restrict Fourth Amendment search

warrant law would be absurd result contrary to statute’s intent).

      In response, Appellant argues that “the entire analysis in Beeman interpreting

the implied consent scheme has been called into doubt” by subsequent cases from

the United States Supreme Court. See Missouri v. McNeely, --- U.S. ---, 133 S. Ct.
1552 (2013); Aviles v. Texas, --- U.S. ---, 134 S. Ct. 902 (2014). Regardless of what

doubt may have existed about the continuing validity of Beeman following McNeely,

the Court of Criminal Appeals has subsequently affirmed the relevant portion of

Beeman. In Villarreal, the Court of Criminal Appeals held that, following McNeely,

“[t]he holding in Beeman, that an officer may obtain a search warrant even where

implied consent statutes would authorize an involuntary blood draw, remains good

law.” State v. Villarreal, No. PD-0306-14, 2014 WL 6734178, at *20 n.15 (Tex.

Crim. App. Nov. 26, 2014). The court held that an officer may obtain a search

warrant “even where” Chapter 724 authorizes a mandatory blood draw, not “only

where.”   See id.    Accordingly, the holding in Beeman that an officer is not

constrained by consent after obtaining a search warrant remains good law.5

      We overrule Appellant’s third issue.

5
      The Court of Criminal Appeals has granted rehearing on Villarreal. The State has
      not challenged in its motion for rehearing the holding upon which we rely. At
      present, the current holding in Villarreal is the strongest indication we have on the
      Court of Criminal Appeal’s perception of the continuing validity of Beeman.
                                           25
                             Reliability of Blood Test

      In her fourth issue, Appellant argues the trial court abused its discretion by

allowing the results of the blood test to be admitted because the blood test was

unreliable under Rule 702 of the Texas Rules of Evidence. See TEX. R. EVID. 702.

A.    Standard of Review

      We review a trial court’s admission or exclusion of evidence for an abuse of

discretion. Osbourn v. State, 92 S.W.3d 531, 537 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). In

determining whether the trial court abused its discretion, we consider whether the

court acted without reference to guiding rules and principles—that is, whether the

court acted arbitrarily or unreasonably. Lyles v. State, 850 S.W.2d 497, 502 (Tex.

Crim. App. 1993). We must uphold the trial court’s ruling so long as it is “within

the zone of reasonable disagreement.” Wheeler v. State, 67 S.W.3d 879, 888 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2002).

B.    Applicable Law

      Rule 702 of the Texas Rules of Evidence provides, “If scientific, technical, or

other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence

or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill,

experience, training, or education, may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or

otherwise.” TEX. R. EVID. 702, 61 TEX. B.J. 374, 392 (Tex. & Tex. Crim. App. 1998,

                                         26
amended 2015).6 Typically, in order for scientific evidence “to be considered

sufficiently reliable as to be of help to a jury,” the evidence must satisfy three

criteria: “(1) the underlying scientific theory must be valid; (2) the technique

applying the theory must be valid; and (3) the technique must have been properly

applied on the occasion in question.” Reynolds v. State, 204 S.W.3d 386, 390 (Tex.

Crim. App. 2006) (citing Kelly v. State, 824 S.W.2d 568, 573 (Tex. Crim. App.

1992)).

      In Kelly, the Court of Criminal Appeals identified certain non-exclusive

factors that are relevant in determining whether the three criteria for scientific

evidence have been satisfied. 824 S.W.3d at 573. Appellant argues that, in our

review of her challenge to the reliability of the blood draw, we must also consider

these factors. This is incorrect in this situation.

      In Reynolds, the Court of Criminal Appeals held the determination of

reliability for a breath test is modified from the standard Kelly analysis. 204 S.W.3d

at 390. “[T]he Legislature has already determined that the underlying science is

valid, and that the technique applying it is valid as long as it is administered by

individuals certified by, and using methods approved by the rules of, DPS [the Texas

Department of Public Safety].” Id. Accordingly, the only determination for a trial

6
      Effective April 1, 2015, the Texas Supreme Court has adopted amendments to the
      Texas Rules of Evidence. See 78 TEX. B.J. 42, 42 (Tex. 2015). The amendments
      to Rule 702 were stylistic in nature. Id.
                                           27
court to make in the Kelly hearing on a breath test, then, is “whether the technique

was properly applied in accordance with the rules of DPS on the particular occasion

in question.” Id. at 391.

      For authority that the Texas Legislature had already determined that the

underlying science for breath tests was valid, the Court of Criminal Appeals cited

Section 724.064 of the Texas Transportation Code. Id. at 390 n.26. (citing TEX.

TRANSP. CODE ANN. § 724.064 (Vernon 2011)). Section 724.064 provides, in

pertinent part, “On the trial of a criminal proceeding arising out of an offense under

Chapter 49, Penal Code, involving the operation of a motor vehicle . . . evidence of

the alcohol concentration . . . as shown by analysis of a specimen of the person’s

blood, breath, or urine . . . is admissible.”7 TRANSP. § 724.064.

      The statute makes alcohol concentrations established by the person’s blood

just as admissible as alcohol concentrations established by the person’s breath.

Accordingly, the same conclusions must be drawn about the validity of blood tests.

That is, “the Legislature has already determined that the underlying science is valid

. . . .” Reynolds, 204 S.W.3d at 390.

7
      Appellant was charged with an offense under Chapter 49 of the Texas Penal Code
      and the offense involved the operation of a motor vehicle. See TEX. PENAL CODE
      ANN. § 49.04(a).

                                         28
      As Appellant correctly points out in her motion for rehearing, the Court of

Criminal Appeals bases its holding that “the Legislature has already determined . . .

that the technique for performing breath tests is valid” on a separate statute. See id.

at 390 & n.26 (citing Stevenson v. State, 895 S.W.2d 694, 696 (Tex. Crim. App.

1995) for proposition “that scientific reliability of intoxilyzer test is established so

long as the proponent of evidence of the test results shows that the provisions of

what is now Section 724.016 of the Transportation Code were satisfied”). Section

724.016 requires breath test specimens to be taken and analyzed under the rules

established by DPS for both analytical methods and qualifications for persons

performing the analysis. TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN. § 724.016 (Vernon 2011).

Accordingly, the Reynolds court held that the second Kelly criterion was satisfied as

long as the DPS rules had been followed. 204 S.W.3d at 390–91.

      Appellant is also correct that there is no corresponding statute in the

Transportation Code establishing the reliability of the technique applying the

legislatively-approved scientific theory for blood tests.8 Accordingly, the State

retains the burden of showing that the technique applying the scientific theory for

blood tests is reliable. As a result, when a defendant challenges the reliability of a

blood–alcohol test, the determinations for a trial court to make in the modified Kelly

8
      Section 724.017 of the Texas Transportation Code places certain restrictions on
      performing the blood draw, but not on the analysis of the blood after the draw is
      performed. TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN. § 724.017 (Vernon Supp. 2014).
                                          29
hearing is whether the technique applying the theory is valid and whether the

technique was properly applied on the occasion in question. See id.

      We disagree with Appellant, however, that we are required to perform the

entire Kelly analysis to determine whether the blood test performed in this case—

known as headspace gas chromatography—is reliable. “Of course, once a particular

type of scientific evidence is well established as reliable, a court may take judicial

notice of that fact, thereby relieving the proponent of the burden of producing

evidence on that question.” Weatherred v. State, 15 S.W.3d 540, 542 n.4 (Tex. Crim.

App. 2000). “[O]nce some courts have, through a Daubert/Kelly ‘gatekeeping’

hearing, determined the scientific reliability and validity of a specific methodology

to implement or test the particular scientific theory, other courts may take judicial

notice of the reliability (or unreliability) of that particular methodology.” Hernandez

v. State, 116 S.W.3d 26, 29 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). This applies to the requirement

of establishing the validity of the technique applying the scientific theory as well.

Id.

      Headspace gas chromatography is considered a reliable method for testing

blood alcohol concentration levels and is generally accepted in the scientific

community. See Bekendam v. State, 441 S.W.3d 295, 304 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014)

(upholding admission of evidence of blood draw based on conclusion that results of

gas chromatography tests are widely accepted in the scientific community); Combs

                                          30
v. State, 6 S.W.3d 319, 322 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, no pet.),

abrogation on diff. grounds recognized by McGowen v. State, 25 S.W.3d 741, 745–

46 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, pet. ref’d) (“Texas and Federal courts

have found the gas chromatography test to be a reliable method for identifying

compounds, and it has been generally acceptance in the scientific community.”).9

Because the validity of the technique of headspace gas chromatography for blood

tests has been well-established by numerous, previous Kelly hearings and appellate

reviews, we are not required to repeat this review in this appeal.

        Moreover, despite her claims to the contrary, Appellant does not challenge the

first two elements of the Kelly test in her brief. Her issue concerns whether a

variation of the technique for performing the blood test rendered the test unreliable.

Appellant casts this as the State establishing a new technique that must be subject to

a full Kelly analysis. We disagree. The State never claimed that the variation in the

technique, discussed further below, was a new or different method. To the contrary,

the State conceded the variation was inadvertent. The State’s position was that the

court could still determine that the technique was properly applied—the third

element of the Kelly test—because the variation did not affect the reliability of the

test.

9
        See also Jannah v. State, No. 01-14-00250-CR, 2015 WL 1544619, at *3 (Tex.
        App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Apr. 2, 2015, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for
        publication).
                                          31
      We agree with the State that a challenge to an inadvertent variance in the

technique of performing a blood test requires determining whether the existing

technique was properly applied, not whether a new technique has been invented and

satisfies the Kelly factors. “[T]he third Kelly prong—whether the technique was

properly applied on the occasion in question—must necessarily be decided on a case-

by-case basis.” Somers v. State, 368 S.W.3d 528, 537 n.27 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012)

(citing Hartman v. State, 946 S.W.2d 60, 64 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997)). It is this prong

that we review in this appeal.

      When a defendant challenges the reliability of scientific evidence, the State

bears the burden at the hearing to establish reliability by clear and convincing

evidence. See Kelly, 824 S.W.2d at 573; Schultz v. State, 457 S.W.3d 94, 103 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2014, no pet.).           This includes challenges to the

performance of a test to ensure scientific equipment is functioning properly before

the use of the equipment. See Schultz, 457 S.W.3d at 103–05 (considering whether

moving location of breath alcohol testing van required re-inspection of equipment

in van before use). If the State carries this burden, the burden then shifts to the

defendant “to establish that the evidence was otherwise unreliable.” Id. at 105 (citing

Pham v. State, 175 S.W.3d 767, 773 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005)).

                                          32
C.    Analysis

      Appellant argues that the blood draw technique was not properly applied

because the machine that performed the blood test had not been properly validated.

Appellant’s blood test was performed on August 23, 2012. About four months

earlier, certain components on the machine had to be replaced. Once the components

were replaced, the machine had to be revalidated.

      For validation, a machine is set at certain parameters. Then samples with the

known concentration of alcohol are tested to ensure that the machine is reporting the

expected results for the known samples. In the validation process, the machine is

evaluated for “linearity, precision, limit of quantification, limit of detection,

resolution, carryover, and sample to sample carryover,” as indicated in the validation

report. As long as the machine produces the expected results for each of these

matters at the parameters that were defined, then the machine is validated. The

machine then runs its tests for actual specimens using the defined parameters of the

validation test.

      The record shows that one of the defined parameters for the validation test

was that the vial oven in the machine would be set at 70 degrees Celsius (158 degrees

Fahrenheit). The record also shows that Appellant’s blood test was analyzed with

the vial oven in the machine set at 70 degrees Celsius. The record indicates,

however, that, for three of the four days of the validation test, the vial oven in the

                                         33
machine was instead set at 60 degrees Celsius (140 degrees Fahrenheit).10 Appellant

argues that, due to the discrepancy in the vial oven temperature during the validation,

the machine had not, in fact, been properly validated. She further argues that,

because the machine had not been properly validated and because Appellant’s blood

was tested at a temperature different from what was actually used during most of the

validation test, the State failed to carry its burden of showing that the blood draw

technique was properly applied.

      Understanding the significance of the discrepancy in the vial oven

temperature requires a more detailed explanation of how the machine tests for

alcohol in a blood sample. The machine used to test Appellant’s blood in this case

does not perform tests on the blood itself. Instead, the concentration of alcohol in

the blood is tested by measuring the volume of alcohol released into the air under

set conditions. Specifically, a portion of the blood sample (a known concentration

sample or the sample of the suspect’s blood) is placed in a vial along with a set

amount of a chemical referred to as n-Propanol. The vial is sealed and placed in a

heating chamber, the “vial oven.” The liquid solution is heated to the specified

temperature. The heating of the liquid solution causes the volatile compounds, such

10
      Some question was raised during the hearing about whether the evidence really did
      show that the vial oven had been incorrectly set at 60 degrees Celsius during the
      first three days of the validation test. Because we can affirm the trial court’s ruling
      even when we assume that the evidence established the incorrect setting of the vial
      oven temperature, we do not need to resolve this dispute.
                                            34
as alcohol, to turn into a gas and form in the remaining portion of the sealed vial,

known as the “headspace.” The gases in this headspace are tested for alcohol, n-

Propanol, and any other relevant chemicals.

      According to what is known as Henry’s Law, in a closed environment (such

as the sealed vial) with a constant temperature, the volume of volatile compounds

(such as alcohol and n-Propanol) in a liquid will be proportional to the concentration

of those compounds released into the headspace above the liquid. As it applies to

blood tests, this law provides that a certain concentration of alcohol in blood will

release a predictable, specific amount of alcohol into the headspace of a sealed vial

when the blood is heated to a specified temperature, while blood with twice that

concentration of alcohol will release twice the amount of alcohol into the headspace

of the vial. For blood tests, the machine measures the presence and quantity of

volatiles (such as alcohol and n-Propanol) in the headspace of the vial after the liquid

has been heated.

      As stated, Henry’s Law is based on a fixed, constant temperature. The

implication of this law is that, when the temperature of the liquid solution is raised,

the concentration of volatiles in the air of the container also increase. If all that were

measured were the amount of alcohol in the headspace, then, increasing the

temperature on a blood sample would resemble the proportion of alcohol released

from blood with a greater concentration of alcohol at a lower temperature.

                                           35
      Arnold provided the most scientifically detailed explanation for why the

change in temperature during the validation test did not render the validation useless

and, by extension, why the blood draw technique for Appellant’s test was properly

applied. Arnold acknowledged that, if the machines only tested for the volume of

alcohol released into the headspace, an inaccurate reading could result from the

change in the oven temperature. But that is not how results are obtained for

machines like the one used to test Appellant’s blood.

      Instead, blood–alcohol concentration is determined by measuring the ratio of

the proportion of alcohol contained in the headspace to the proportion of n-Propanol

contained in the headspace. The results on the report identifying the suspect’s

blood–alcohol concentration is derived from a determination of the ratio of alcohol

to n-Propanol, not from a determination of just the amount of alcohol in the

headspace.

      A set amount of n-Propanol is added to every sample tested, whether the

sample is of a known concentration or of the suspect’s blood. Based on this, while

an increase in the oven temperature would have increased the amount of alcohol

released into the headspace, it also would have—based on Henry’s Law—released

the same proportion of n-Propanol into the headspace. Accordingly, a change in the

vial oven temperature would not affect the ratio of alcohol to n-Propanol found in

                                         36
the headspace. It would change the total quantity of both, but not the ratio between

the two.

      Arnold, Mayor, and Rios also testified that the validation should not be

unreliable due to the change in the oven temperature for a similar reason: the tests

of the known concentration samples continued to be measured at the expected

amount during the subsequent tests, including Appellant’s. The purpose of the

validation is to ensure that the machine produces results within a permissible range

for samples with known concentrations. Arnold, Mayor, and Rios testified that each

time a test is performed on a suspect’s blood sample, known concentration samples

are also tested. If the machine continues to report the expected measurements for

known quantity samples during normal use, then the change in oven temperature did

not have an impact on its validation.

      Appellant’s expert, Culbertson, testified to the contrary. She testified that, in

order for a machine to produce reliable results, it must be validated first. She

asserted that the measurement of controls (known concentration samples) during

regular testing could not establish that the machine had been properly validated

“[b]ecause you have to have a valid method before you can even speak to the results

of a control or a sample.” Culbertson did not testify, however, why Arnold’s

explanation that the ratio of alcohol to n-Propanol would remain constant after

increasing the temperature of the vial oven was incorrect.

                                          37
      Appellant’s argument on appeal follows the same reasoning. Appellant

argues, “If the testimony in this case is sufficiently reliable, then the industry-

standard requirements of validation and maintaining documentation are nothing but

mere formalities which may be disregarded as long as a lab employee testifies that a

method ‘has proven itself’ by virtue of casework analysis.” Appellant’s concerns

are understandable. Yet, to hold that the trial court abused its discretion by crediting

and considering this evidence would be tantamount to holding that any discrepancy

in performance of the validation test renders it and all subsequent tests unreliable as

a matter of law regardless of any explanation proffered by the State’s expert to show

that the discrepancy did not result in any error in the blood test results in question.

We cannot hold this.

      The trial court’s determination of whether the State discharged its burden of

establishing that the technique was properly applied includes considering challenges

to the performance of tests designed to ensure scientific equipment is functioning

properly prior to the use of the equipment. See Schultz, 457 S.W.3d at 103–05

(considering whether rules of DPS required re-inspection after van containing breath

testing machine had driven to different site). We afford almost total deference to a

trial court’s determination of questions of fact and its rulings on mixed questions of

law and fact when the resolution of those questions depends on an evaluation of

credibility and demeanor. Johnston, 336 S.W.3d at 657. Nothing in Culbertson’s

                                          38
testimony disproved as a matter of law Arnold’s testimony that the ratio of alcohol

to n-Propanol would remain constant after increasing the temperature of the vial

oven.     Accordingly, the determination of whether the machine that tested

Appellant’s blood had been properly validated came down to a resolution of

conflicting evidence between experts. This necessarily involves determinations of

credibility. As a result, it was within the trial court’s discretion to resolve the

question in favor of the State. See id.

        When it ruled on Appellant’s challenge to the reliability of the blood test

results, the trial court explicitly found that Mayor and Arnold were credible. It then

ruled that the State met its burden on establishing reliability. Appellant has not

established that the trial court abused its discretion by admitting the evidence. See

id.; Osbourn, 92 S.W.3d at 537 (holding trial court’s admission of evidence is

reviewed for abuse of discretion).

        We overrule Appellant’s fourth issue.

                     Modification of the Trial Court Judgment

        The judgment reflects that the trial court’s finding on the State’s enhancement

paragraph was “n/a,” meaning “not applicable.” This is incorrect.

        An appellate court has the authority to reform an error in the judgment when

the matter has been called to its attention by any source. French v. State, 830 S.W.2d
607, 609 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992) (holding that appellate court could reform

                                           39
judgment to reflect jury’s affirmative deadly weapon finding and adopting reasoning

in Asberry v. State, 813 S.W.2d 526, 529–30 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1991, pet. ref’d)

(“The authority of an appellate court to reform incorrect judgments is not dependent

upon the request of any party, nor does it turn on the question of whether a party has

or has not objected in the trial court.”)); see also Rhoten v. State, 299 S.W.3d 349,

356 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2009, no pet.) (reforming judgment to correctly reflect

appellant’s plea). “The Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure also provide direct

authority for this Court to modify the trial court’s judgment.” Rhoten, 299 S.W.3d

at 356 (citing TEX. R. APP. P. 43.2(b) (providing that court of appeals may modify

trial court’s judgment and affirm as modified)).

        The record reflects that, the State’s amended information contained an

enhancement paragraph. During the punishment phase, the trial court found it to be

true.   Without such a finding, Appellant’s sentence would be outside of the

permissible punishment range. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 12.21 (Vernon 2011)

(setting maximum punishment range for class A misdemeanors at one year), § 12.22

(Vernon 2011) (setting maximum punishment range for class B misdemeanors at

180 days), § 49.04(d) (Vernon Supp. 2014) (setting level of punishment for driving

while intoxicated as class A misdemeanor when defendant’s blood alcohol

concentration is at 0.15 or above). Accordingly we will modify the judgment to

correctly reflect the trial court’s finding.

                                               40
                                    Conclusion

      We modify the judgment to reflect that the trial court found the State’s

enhancement paragraph to be true. We affirm the judgment as modified.

                                             Laura Carter Higley
                                             Justice

Panel consists of Justices Jennings, Higley, and Huddle.

Publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).

                                        41