Court Opinion

ID: 4025946
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-08-17 18:02:40.608218+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:31:28.982389
License: Public Domain

Filed 8/17/16 In re S.P. CA4/2

                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
 California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
                                     or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

           IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                   FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION TWO

 In re S.P., a Person Coming Under the
 Juvenile Court Law.

 SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY
 CHILDREN AND FAMILY SERVICES,                                           E065436

          Plaintiff and Respondent,                                      (Super.Ct.No. J261811)

 v.                                                                      OPINION

 C.P.,

          Defendant and Appellant.

         APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Annemarie G.

Pace, Judge. Affirmed.

         Seth F. Gorman, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and

Appellant.

         Jean-Rene Basle, County Counsel, Danielle E. Wuchenich, Deputy County

Counsel, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

                                                             1
         C.P. (father) is the biological and presumed father of S.P. (minor). B.G. (mother)

is minor’s biological mother; she is not a party to this appeal. Father appeals from the

juvenile court’s finding that his substance abuse interfered with his ability to parent

minor, which placed her at substantial risk of suffering serious physical harm or illness,

and from the court’s order denying minor’s placement with him. For the reasons set forth

below, we shall affirm the juvenile court’s findings and order.

                      FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

         In August of 2015, San Bernardino County Children and Family Services (CFS)

received a referral from the Children’s Assessment Center that minor (then six years old)

had been sexually abused by E.M., mother’s boyfriend. Mother (then age 23) and father

(then age 25) were no longer together. Mother had engaged in domestic violence with

both E.M. and father.

         Minor told the social worker that her “dad,” E.M., would make her watch movies

and pictures of naked women on his phone. He would also put his hand inside her

clothes, but not under her underwear. He also had minor put her hand inside his clothes,

but not in his underwear. Minor knew that people should not touch children’s private

parts.

         Minor said she felt safe with mother and had not seen father “in a very long time.”

Mother and father (collectively, parents) were married a few months after minor’s birth

and father’s name was on her birth certificate. According to mother, however, father had

not seen minor since December of 2014.

                                              2
       On August 31, 2014, CFS filed a petition under Welfare and Institutions Code1

section 300 on behalf of minor. The petition included several section 300, subdivision

(b), allegations against father. It alleged that father failed to protect minor by failing to

provide her basic needs of food, shelter, clothing and medical attention; by engaging in

domestic violence, which placed minor at risk of physical and emotional harm; and by

abusing substances, which impeded his ability to provide adequate care and supervision

of minor. The petition also alleged under section 300, subdivision (g), that father’s

whereabouts were unknown and father failed to provide support.

       Father did not appear at the detention hearing held on September 1, 2014. Mother

did not know his whereabouts. The court found a prima facie case for detaining minor

from father. She was to remain in the custody of mother under the supervision of the

court, on the condition that father and E.M. not stay in the home and not have any contact

with minor outside of CFS’s supervision. The court did not order visitation with father at

that time. The court did order the parents to submit to random or same day testing for

controlled substances, as directed by CFS.

       The jurisdiction/disposition report recommended that minor be removed from the

custody of her father and he be provided family reunification services. The report

recommended that minor remain in mother’s custody with family maintenance services.

       Mother married father when she was 16 years old. Parents’ divorce was never

finalized, even though the marriage ended “years ago” due to father’s ongoing issues with

       1 All statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code unless
otherwise specified.

                                               3
substance abuse and domestic violence. Mother reported that father had not seen minor

in over a year. According to the paternal grandmother (PGM), father was still using

drugs and not doing well.

       On September 15, 2015, the social worker was able to contact father. He denied

the allegations against him; he refused to take a drug test. He did admit that he was

ordered to NA and AA groups in family court in 2012. Father, however, only admitted to

alcohol use. He refused to explain why he was ordered to attend NA meetings.

       Although father denied domestic violence in the relationship, he acknowledged

that mother had obtained a year-long restraining order against him from October 2012 to

October 2013. Father claimed that he was trying to restrain mother from going out and

using drugs. He grabbed her and fell “into the wall.” This created a hole in the wall.

Mother was kicking and biting, trying to get away. Neighbors heard mother screaming

and called the police. Father claimed that he was not arrested.

       According to father, who admitted that he did not have a stable residence, he was

given weekend visitation with minor. However, he had not had a weekend with minor

since February 2015. Father claimed he did not have transportation at the time of the

report. He did not keep in touch with minor by phone and only saw her when she visited

PGM; PGM made arrangement for father to visit.

       Father appeared at the jurisdiction/disposition hearing on September 22, 2015. He

waived formal reading and advisal, and submitted. The court ordered one hour of

supervised visitation per week between father and minor. The court authorized CFS to

increase visitation as to frequency and duration. The court continued the matter.

                                             4
       CFS filed an amended section 300 petition, which eliminated the section 300,

subdivision (g), allegation since father’s whereabouts were now known. The amended

detention report of October 13, 2015, recommended that minor be detained with E.M.’s

mother, A.L.

       Mother had relapsed on October 2, 2015, and began using drugs for several days.

She had made arrangements for A.L. to care for her children. Mother left the home but

visited daily. Mother signed a declaration and agreed to leave minor in the care of A.L.

until mother entered treatment.

       Father was not present at the detention hearing on October 13, 2015. Father’s

counsel waived formal reading and formal advisal of rights. Counsel entered denials on

father’s behalf and had no comments as to the detention recommendation.

       The court found a prima facie case was established for detention from the parents.

The court ordered weekly, supervised visits of one hour for father and minor.2 The court

again ordered parents to submit to random and/or same day testing for controlled

substances.

       Father was not present at the further jurisdiction/disposition hearing on October

20, 2015. The court continued the matter for CFS to complete giving notice to E.M.

       On November 12, 2015, at the continued hearing, father was present. Father

objected to the recommendation and was interested in family maintenance. The court

       2 Although the court increased only mother’s visitation to twice a week, the
minute order erroneously indicated that the court also increased father’s visitation to
twice a week.

                                             5
ordered mediation, followed by a pretrial settlement conference and short cause trial.

The court ordered father to drug test that day and advised that failure to do so would be

deemed a positive test.

        At the mediation, father contested the jurisdictional allegations, and disagreed with

the disposition recommendations. CFS filed an Information for the Court dated

December 17, 2015, reporting that father initially was not cooperative, but over the last

month, had made himself available and had four negative drug tests between November

12, 2015, and December 11, 2015.

        At the pretrial settlement conference on December 17, 2015, father was present.

Father contested the matter. CFS filed another Information for the Court on January 11,

2016. Father had not begun any services as of the date of the filing, and continued to

deny a substance abuse history. CFS had been attempting to set up services for father

since November, but CFS could not contact father. Although the social worker left

messages with various relatives, father did not return calls. CFS finally contacted father

in January 2016 to set up services. Father, however, reported that he was already

enrolled in counseling and domestic violence classes. He could not give a name or

location of the treatment center. Moreover, father appeared confused and unable to

understand the information the social worker gave him. He was also unable to control his

body.

        At the contested jurisdiction/disposition hearing on January 13, 2016, father’s

counsel submitted father’s enrollment forms for domestic violence and parenting and

education classes. Father was contesting the jurisdiction allegations.

                                              6
       CFS called mother as the first witness. She testified that she began living with

father when she was 15 and he was 17 years of age. They continued to live together until

2012. They were still legally married at the time of the hearing.

       Mother testified that she and father used illegal drugs together from the time she

was 19 years of age (2011) until 2012. Mother claimed that it was father who “got [her]

started” using illegal drugs. Crystal methamphetamine was their drug of choice and they

used almost on a daily basis. Father recently told her that he had been clean for nine

months and that he led NA meetings in San Bernardino. Father claimed that he had proof

that he was clean.

       Mother stated that father left her and minor in October of 2012. He had contact

with minor until 2014. Minor cried wanting to see father. Mother called PGM who

stated that father “wasn’t doing so good and he was messing up again.”

       Mother also testified that she and father had engaged in domestic violence twice.

When it did happen, it “was pretty violent; pretty bad.” The first incident occurred in

2010 when they were living in Mexico. Parents had been arguing at father’s sister’s

birthday party. Mother had been talking to another man and father pushed the man, then

pushed mother. She fell backwards and hit her head. Mother reacted by hitting him and

breaking his teeth. They both had been drinking.

       The next day, parents had been drinking and she wanted to leave him in Mexico

and return to the United States. She told him she wished he would die. He grabbed a

knife, put mother’s hands around it, and stabbed himself twice in the abdomen and twice

in the leg.

                                             7
       The second domestic violence incident occurred in 2012. Parents went to

mother’s father’s home for a barbecue. Both mother and father had been drinking. When

they returned home, mother wanted to invite over some friends but father did not.

According to mother, father knocked a plate of food out of mother’s hand. The plate hit

the wall. Mother and father began pushing each other and father held mother down and

was hitting her in the face. He also bit mother’s face and nose. Mother screamed so

father bit her lips shut. Mother hit and kicked him, pushing him into the drywall. She

was able to escape, screaming. Neighbors called the police.

       Mother stated that she had scabs, bruises, and bite marks. She also injured her

foot when she escaped through the door. Mother did not press charges because she was

afraid father would be deported, but she did get a restraining order. The incident ended

parents’ relationship. The restraining order, which was part of the divorce proceedings,

prevented father from going near or contacting mother. The restraining order was

originally for five years. However, after one and one-half years, father challenged it.

Mother was living in Bakersfield at the time and could not attend all of the hearings. She

failed to turn in the proper paperwork. The court rescinded the order. Mother did not

consider refiling another restraining order because there was no longer a need.

       Parents also had a custody arrangement where they both had legal custody, and

mother had full physical custody of minor. Father would visit minor on weekends.

Mother testified that she had no concerns when minor, for several months, spent every

weekend with father. Mother did not know if father engaged in domestic violence with

                                             8
other women. PGM, however, would advise mother if father was doing “okay” or if he

was homeless and using again. Father was living with PGM at this time.

       CFS called father as its second witness. Father admitted that he had a history of

alcohol use, and that he did not tell the social worker that he had a history of

methamphetamine use. He testified that he did use methamphetamine with mother.

Father could not remember when he began using drugs. He stopped abusing drugs before

he and mother separated.

       Father claimed that he probably started using drugs in 2011. He did not use drugs

when he was a teenager. The last time he used drugs was in October of 2012. He told

mother he had been leading NA classes for the previous nine months. However, he had

been clean since 2012.

       Father attended NA meetings twice weekly because they were court ordered. He

did admit that he had not attended for the previous three weeks. Father testified that he

used to go to NA meetings twice weekly and at the time of the hearing, he only attended

once a week. Even though he had not used drugs since 2012, father still attended the

meetings because he “liked to see other people recover as well.”

       Father admitted to the two incidents of domestic violence described by mother.

He stated that they had both been under the “influence of alcohol and stuff.” Since their

separation, father claimed that he had not engaged in domestic violence; the previous

weekend, he enrolled in a domestic violence program.

                                              9
       Twice a week, father attended anger management and parenting classes that were

part of the NA meetings. Father completed the classes and filed the certificates with the

family court in 2013. Father claimed his copies were lost when his car was stolen.

       Father did not attend a substance abuse treatment program. When he quit drugs,

he claimed he never relapsed because of the support he had received from family, friends,

and church members.

       Father lived with PGM until February 2015 when she asked father to leave

because he failed to comply with her house rules. He would return home late or not at

all. Father, however, denied using drugs. He did not drink alcohol for several months.

He stated he did not drink to get drunk. He would only have one or two drinks.

       For the last three months, father had been living with a friend in Whittier. He slept

on an inflatable mattress or on the couch. According to father, the friend was a daughter

of a member of the Los Angeles Police Department. She required father to have a

background check and be drug tested.

       Father helped to pay for the rent but did not sign the lease. For the last two years,

father worked intermittently for an electrician as an apprentice. He intended to begin

school in the spring to get his license as an electrician.

       If minor were returned to father, he stated he would move back to PGM’s home;

she invited him to return home because she saw father was “getting his act together.”

Father thought minor could move in with him in Whittier, but he had not discussed it

with his friend. The home was a one-bedroom house where his friend and her six-year-

old son lived.

                                              10
        Father testified that he had never been arrested and never had a child welfare

history until minor was removed. He was not in the home at the time of her removal. He

had been drug tested four or five times and had not missed any drug tests.

        Minor’s counsel asked father what he meant when testifying that PGM observed

him getting his act together. Father answered that he had a job, a home, attended church

regularly, and visited his family. He was becoming more financially stable and making

goals, such as attending school.

        Father claimed that he quit visiting minor because he did not have a job or

transportation to get to her. Moreover, he had no phone. The court clarified with father

that he had not seen minor for about eight months.

        According to minor’s attorney, father missed a family law hearing in April 2015

when the divorce was finalized. Father knew that the visitation order allowed him to

have minor the second and fourth weekends of the month, but he did not visit regularly.

If minor were returned to him, he stated that PGM would care for minor while he went to

work.

        The social worker testified that father adamantly denied having any substance

abuse history at all. Although father admitted to drinking a beer or two, he denied any

past or present substance abuse problem.

        Since father was not a citizen of the United States and he did not have a social

security number, the social worker had difficulty running a background check on him.

He was first asked to drug test in September. Father did not test due to lack of

transportation. The social worker then set up random testing for father. Father did not

                                             11
test until the middle of November. He did not show for the four random tests between

September and November; father missed a total of five tests. Father then tested four

times; those tests were clean.

       Father had been visiting minor regularly since November 2015 under the

supervision of PGM. Minor enjoyed the visits. Although father had not discussed with

his roommate having minor move in with them, father thought that minor could sleep in

the same room as father, his roommate, and his roommate’s child. The social worker

reported that father “also asked about if he could give minor to [PGM]. Basically he

wants [minor] returned to him and then give her over to [PGM].”

       The social worker had spoken with the PGM several times. Although she had

acknowledged that she “kicked” father out of the home and he needed to get his life

together, the PGM would not give any details or the reason for father’s expulsion from

her home.

       The social worker recommended family reunification services for father since he

had a history of instability. He only recently reentered minor’s life and had consistent

contact with her for only two months. He also only had a stable residence for a short

period of time. The social worker concluded it was too soon to return minor to father.

       The social worker was also concerned about the severity of the violence in the

domestic violence disputes. Stabbing and biting were involved in the altercations

between parents.

       Moreover, the social worker was still concerned about father’s substance abuse

issues. Although there were no arrest reports regarding drugs, his behavior was

                                            12
consistent with drug use. He was “very, very resistant” to begin services, stating he did

not need them. It was only during father’s testimony that the social worker became

aware father was attending NA meetings; he never told the social worker and this

concerned her. She had been attempting to arrange services for father since November

2015; they were finally arranged one week prior to the hearing. CFS was unable to

contact father. The social worker had several telephone numbers for father, but they were

wrong. Furthermore, father did not return phone calls. The clerk documented all

attempts to set up services. The previous week, father finally told the clerk he was in

services but could not give a name or location of the services. The social worker

concluded that father was not being truthful.

       The social worker testified that based on the drug testing, father had only been

clean for two months. Given that he had a substantial drug history, being drug-free for

only two months was a problem. The court interjected that a substance abuse problem

was an ongoing issue.

       The social worker explained that at the mediation, she discussed amending the

allegation to read that father’s substance abuse history, which led to a longer period of

instability and no contact with minor, negatively impacted minor.

       Currently, the social worker was not recommending family maintenance if father

moved into PGM’s home. She acknowledged that PGM loved minor, and minor was safe

with her. However, PGM was also very protective of father. Moreover, the PGM would

not discuss the reasons father was “kicked out” of her house, and when asked if father

had a substance abuse history, she responded, “I haven’t seen it.” The social worker

                                             13
concluded that if at some point minor was returned to father, it would be better if he lived

with PGM.

       The social worker confirmed at that time she was not recommending return of

minor. Instead, she was recommending father be enrolled in services and to show that he

benefitted from those services.

       The juvenile court found the allegations under section 300, subdivisions (b)(1)

through (b)(3) against mother to be true. The court also found the allegations under

section 300, subdivisions (b)(4) (father failed to provide minor with basic needs), and

(b)(5) (father had a history of engaging in domestic violence, which placed minor at risk

of physical and emotional harm) were not true.

       The court found the substance abuse allegation under section 300, subdivision

(b)(6) to be true based on several factors. The testimony of mother and father revealed

that father lacked credibility since statements he made to the social worker and mother,

and his own statements conflicted with one another.

       The court noted that father denied a substance abuse problem, but also testified

that he had been in treatment “for a year or multiple months.” Moreover, he told mother

that he was leading groups at NA meetings. Although father may have stopped using, his

multiple recent failures to test within the prior six months were considered positive tests.

       The court also recognized that father’s behavior corroborated a substance abuse

problem. Father had unstable housing, failed to test, and failed to visit for a long period

of time, especially for a six or seven-year-old child. Also, father had only recently started

services and was unavailable to the social worker at the beginning of the case when the

                                             14
social worker attempted to contact him to enroll him in services. The court

acknowledged that father recently began engaging in services but “a substance abuse

problem is a problem that takes more than just a few clean tests to say that you’re stable

enough to be a parent.”

       As to father, the court ordered a minimum of two hours, supervised, weekly

visitation with authority for CFS to liberalize visitation as to frequency, duration and

supervision.

       The court ordered reunification services for father and gave CFS authority to refer

father to family maintenance as appropriate. Some of the conditions that would support

family maintenance were the relative home being assessed and father being able to move

into the home at some point.

       Father appeals.

                                      DISCUSSION

       A.      SUBSTANTIAL EVIDENCE SUPPORTS THE COURT’S

               JURISDICTIONAL FINDING

       Father contends that “the jurisdictional finding as to present substantial risk of

serious physical harm or illness due to father’s purported substance abuse is not

supported by substantial evidence.” (All caps, all boldface omitted.)

               1.    LEGAL BACKGROUND

       When an appellate court reviews the jurisdictional findings of the juvenile court, it

looks to see if substantial evidence, whether contradicted or uncontradicted, supports the

findings. (In re Natalie A. (2015) 243 Cal. App. 4th 178, 184 (Natalie A.).) The appellate

                                             15
court must review the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s order,

drawing every reasonable inference and resolving all conflicts in favor of the prevailing

party. (In re Misako R. (1991) 2 Cal. App. 4th 538, 545.) Substantial evidence “means

evidence that is ‘reasonable, credible and of solid value; it must actually be substantial

proof of the essentials that the law requires in a particular case.’” (In re E.D. (2013) 217
Cal. App. 4th 960, 966.)

         The appellant has the burden to show that the evidence was not sufficient to

support the findings and orders. (In re Geoffrey G. (1979) 98 Cal. App. 3d 412, 420.) The

reviewing court may not reweigh the evidence or express an independent judgment. (In

re Stephanie M. (1994) 7 Cal. 4th 295, 318.) Rather, the reviewing court must determine

whether “a reasonable trier of fact could have found for the respondent based on the

whole record.” (Kuhn v. Department of General Services (1994) 22 Cal. App. 4th 1627,

1633.)

         If a child is found to be a person described by section 300, and thus a dependent of

the juvenile court, the court “may make any and all reasonable orders for the care,

supervision, custody, conduct, maintenance, and support of the child, including medical

treatment, subject to further order of the court.” (§ 362.) The juvenile court has broad

discretion to fashion a disposition order. (In re Baby Boy H. (1998) 63 Cal. App. 4th 470,

474.) “‘The appropriate test for abuse of discretion is whether the trial court exceeded

the bounds of reason. When two or more inferences can reasonably be deduced from the

facts, the reviewing court has no authority to substitute its decision for that of the trial

court.’” (In re Stephanie M., supra, 7 Cal.4th at pp. 318-319.)

                                              16
       Although dependency jurisdiction attaches to a child, not to his or parents, an

appellate court has the discretion to reach the merits of a challenge to any jurisdictional

finding when that finding may be prejudicial to the appellant. (In re Alysha S. (1996) 51
Cal. App. 4th 393, 397; In re D.P. (2014) 225 Cal. App. 4th 898, 902.)

               2.      ANALYSIS

       In this case, the juvenile court found that minor came within the jurisdiction of the

court under section 300, subdivision (b)(1), which states: “The child has suffered, or

there is a substantial risk that the child will suffer, serious physical harm or illness, as a

result of the . . . inability of the parent . . . to provide regular care for the child due to the

parent’s . . . substance abuse.” Section 300.2 states that “[t]he provision of a home

environment free from the negative effects of substance abuse is a necessary condition

for the safety, protection and physical and emotional well-being of the child. Successful

participation in a treatment program for substance abuse may be considered in evaluating

the home environment.”

                       (a)    Substantial Evidence Supports the Court’s Finding Father

                              Abused Drugs

       In Natalie A., supra, 243 Cal. App. 4th 178, the court listed several behaviors

consistent with parental substance abuse. Among those behaviors were “continued

unemployment, [a] transient living situation, and . . . failure to enroll in drug treatment

programs.” The court also noted that a “reasonable inference could be drawn that

father’s [drug] use was more frequent” than father admitted. (Id. at pp. 185-186.)

                                                17
       Here, the social worker testified that father’s history of instability and resistance to

drug treatment services was consistent with drug use. Although there were no arrest

reports, his behavior indicated that father was still using drugs. Additionally, as late as

January 2016, father could not give the name and location of the treatment center he was

allegedly attending. Moreover, father appeared confused and unable to understand the

information the social worker gave him. He was also unable to control his body.

       Father’s testimony revealed the behavior pattern of a drug abuser. For several

months, he denied using drugs. He then admitted to using drugs, but claimed he quit in

October 2012 and had not used since. However, he had been ordered to attend NA

meetings in family court. Father claimed that he completed NA meetings in 2013.

Notwithstanding, father was still attending NA meetings, and was also leading them.

Moreover, father had a transient living situation. He moved from PGM’s home in

February 2015. He did not have a stable address until October 2015, when he moved into

a friend’s one-bedroom apartment in Whittier. The friend also had a child. Father slept

on the couch or on an inflatable mattress in the bedroom with his friend and her child.

Although father did not ask his friend for permission, he expected the friend to allow

minor to move into the friend’s one-bedroom apartment with them. Father was not listed

on the lease. Furthermore, father continued to be unemployed or underemployed. He

testified that he had only worked intermittently for the last two years as an electrician’s

apprentice.

       In addition, father’s testimony lacked credibility when he claimed that he attended

NA meetings because he liked “to see other people recover as well.” He testified that he

                                              18
had been leading NA meetings in San Bernardino for the previous nine months.

However, he was living in Whittier since October 2015, approximately 55 miles away.

Moreover, father missed five drug tests between September and November 2015, and

also had not visited minor in San Bernardino for 10 months between February and

November 2015, because he lacked transportation.

       Also, mother testified that it was father who “got her started” using crystal

methamphetamine, which was their daily drug of choice. When father quit visiting minor

in 2015, mother called PGM; PGM told mother that father “wasn’t doing so good and he

was messing up again.” Mother stated she had no concerns with minor spending

weekends with father because, at that time, he was living with PGM. According to

mother, PGM would advise mother if father was doing “okay” or if he was homeless and

using drugs again.

       Based on the facts set forth ante, substantial evidence supports the juvenile court’s

finding that the substance abuse allegation against father was true. The court noted that

the substance abuse problem was an ongoing issue. “Well, a substance abuse problem

doesn’t mean they are using today. A problem is, as everyone knows, substance abuse is

an ongoing issue that, if you’re an addict, . . .” it is a daily challenge. Here, the

testimonies of mother and father revealed that father had a “fairly long-standing” drug

issue. The court noted father denied drug use but admitted that he had been in treatment

for a year or multiple months; his missed tests were considered to be positive. The court

also noted that father lacked credibility since statements father made to the social worker,

mother, and father’s own statements conflicted with each other.

                                              19
                      (b)     Substantial Evidence Supports the Finding Father’s Substance

                              Abuse Interfered With his Ability to Parent

       Although section 300 generally requires proof that the child is subject to the

defined risk of harm at the time of the jurisdiction hearing, the court need not wait until a

child is seriously abused or injured to assume jurisdiction and take steps necessary to

protect the child. (In re Savannah M. (2005) 131 Cal. App. 4th 1387, 1396; In re N.M.

(2011) 197 Cal. App. 4th 159, 165.) The court may consider past events in deciding

whether a child presently needs the court’s protection. (N.M., at p. 165.) A parent’s

“‘[p]ast conduct may be probative of current conditions’ if there is reason to believe that

the conduct will continue.” (In re S.O. (2002) 103 Cal. App. 4th 453, 461.)

       Under section 300, subdivision (b), a child is subject to jurisdiction if minor

“suffered, or there is a substantial risk that the child will suffer, serious physical harm or

illness, as a result of the . . . parent’s . . . substance abuse.” This requires the parent’s

drug use to interfere with a parent’s ability to provide adequate care and supervision to

minor. In Natalie A., supra, 243 Cal. App. 4th 178, the court stated that “one of the most

salient manifestation[s] of parental substance abuse is . . . ‘“a failure to fulfill major role

obligations at . . . home (e.g., . . . neglect of children or household).”’” (Id. at p. 185.)

Once the juvenile court in Natalie A. concluded that a parent had a drug abuse problem, it

agreed with the court in In re Drake M. (2012) 211 Cal. App. 4th 754, that a “finding of

substance abuse is prima facie evidence of the inability of a parent or guardian to provide

regular care resulting in a substantial risk of harm.” (Id. at p. 767.)

                                               20
       In this case, father’s profile fits the Natalie A. profile of a drug abuser who failed

to fulfill his major role obligations at home by neglecting his child. Mother said that

father had not visited minor since December 2014. Father said that he had not seen her

since February 2015, and failed to keep in touch with her by telephone. When father did

see minor, it was only because PGM had made the arrangements for father and minor to

visit. From minor’s perspective, it was a “very long time” since she had seen father.

       Father’s absence was very upsetting to minor. She would cry because she missed

him and wanted to speak with him. Father most likely knew the effect his absence had on

minor since mother told PGM; she was in contact with father. Notwithstanding, father

did nothing about it.

       Moreover, for the prior two years, father only worked intermittently. Because

father did not have a stable job, he did not provide any financial support for minor since

at least January of 2015. As a result of father’s transient lifestyle, he did not have a stable

residence to which he could bring minor. He was living with a friend and her child in a

one-bedroom residence. He was not named on the rental agreement. He made no

arrangements for minor to visit or stay with him.

       Father claimed that he had not seen minor, who was living in San Bernardino, for

about eight months because he lacked transportation. He, however, found transportation

to attend NA meetings in San Bernardino, even though he was not required to attend the

meetings, because he liked “to see other people recover.” Father’s alleged willingness to

commute a long distance to see people recover, yet unwillingness to find transportation to

commute the same distance to see minor showed that father was willing to parent only

                                              21
when convenient—that he was not yet ready to provide regular care, the lack of which

would subject minor to substantial risk of physical harm or illness. Moreover, even after

the court detained minor and initiated dependency, father delayed visiting minor for three

months.

       Nonetheless, father argues that a parent’s use of drugs, without more, does not

give the juvenile court jurisdiction of minor. In support, father cites to In re Destiny S.

(2012) 210 Cal. App. 4th 999. Father, however, fails to address the phrase, “without

more.” In Destiny S., the child was 11 years old when she smelled her mother’s

marijuana smoke, and was frequently tardy to class the prior school year. The court

concluded that this did not establish a “substantial risk” that minor would suffer serious

physical harm or illness. (Id. at p. 1003.)

       Here, minor was six years old at the time of the jurisdictional hearing. In In re

Christopher R. (2014) 225 Cal. App. 4th 1210 (Christopher R.), the court found that the

children, the oldest of whom was six years old at the time of the jurisdiction hearing,

were of “tender years” and thus, “‘the finding of substance abuse is prima facie evidence

of the inability of a parent or guardian to provide regular care resulting in a substantial

risk of harm.’” (Id. at p. 1219.)

       Father also finds support for his argument in Christopher R., supra, 225
Cal. App. 4th 1210, as rejecting the conclusion in In re Drake M., supra, 211 Cal. App. 4th
754, that only someone who was “diagnosed by a medical professional or who falls in

one of the specific DSM-IV-TR categories can be found to be a current substance abuser.

(Christopher R., at p. 1218.) Father argues that since he was not the subject of a clinical

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evaluation or had a profession diagnosis of substance abuse, there is no evidence to

support the finding of jurisdiction based on substance abuse.

       However, the court in Christopher R. recognized that the formulation in In re

Drake M., supra, 211 Cal. App. 4th 754, was not a comprehensive and exclusive definition

of substance abuse. (Christopher R., supra, 225 Cal.App.4th at p. 1218.) Instead, the

court found jurisdiction based on mother’s use of cocaine in the final stage of her

pregnancy, “combined with her admitted use of the drug in the past and her failure to

consistently test or enroll in a drug abuse program . . . .” (Id. at pp. 1218-1219.)

       In his reply brief, father cites to Jennifer A. v. Superior Court (2004) 117
Cal. App. 4th 1322, in support. The case, however, is inapplicable. In Jennifer A., “the

social worker testified Mother did not have a drug problem that affected her parenting

skills.” (Id. at p. 1346.) The court, therefore, held that there was nothing to support the

conclusion that the use of marijuana “means the children’s return to the Mother would

create a substantial risk of detriment to the physical or emotional well-being of the

children. . . .” (Id. at p. 1364.)

       In this case, there was substantially “more” than simple drug use. Father’s

behavior was that of a drug user and clearly indicated that he was unable to provide

regular care for minor because of his history of substance abuse. He failed to test

consistently or enroll in a drug abuse program. Moreover, father was either unemployed

or underemployed and thus, unable to support minor financially. Father did not comply

with the family court’s visitation order of having minor on weekends because of his

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transient lifestyle. Furthermore, father was insensitive to the negative effects his absence

had on minor.

       Based on the above, the juvenile court’s finding that father’s drug abuse interfered

with his ability to parent minor is supported by substantial evidence.

       B.     THE COURT PROPERLY REMOVED MINOR FROM FATHER’S

              CUSTODY AND REQUIRED FATHER TO ENGAGE IN SERVICES

       “The juvenile court has broad discretion to determine what would best serve and

protect the child’s interests and to fashion a dispositional order accordingly. (In re Baby

Boy H., supra, 63 Cal.App.4th at p. 474.) Section 300.2 states: “The provision of a

home environment free from the negative effects of substance abuse is a necessary

condition for the safety, protection and physical and emotional well-being of the child.

Successful participation in a treatment program for substance abuse may be considered in

evaluating the home environment.”

       In this case, the court tailored a rational plan to advance minor’s best interests.

The plan included reunification services and a CFS approved drug-treatment program.

       The social worker testified that returning minor to father at this point would create

a risk of harm to minor. Father needed to enroll in services and show that he had

benefitted from the services before minor could be placed with him. Given father’s

history of substance abuse, the social worker was concerned with relapse, without the aid

of services. Any relapse would create instability for minor.

       Although father wanted minor returned to him, he made no plans for her return.

There was no place for minor to live. Father failed to discuss, with his roommate,

                                             24
whether minor could move into her one-bedroom apartment. Moreover, PGM had not

yet been approved for placement, and father had not discussed with PGM whether he

could return to her home with minor. Additionally, the social worker was not yet ready

to return minor to father if he lived with PGM because PGM was very protective of

father. PGM had not been forthcoming to the social worker as to why father was asked to

leave her home.

       Given father’s history of substance abuse, his transient lifestyle, and his

unemployment or underemployment, the court exercised sound discretion when it

ordered that minor not be returned to father’s physical custody at present, and that father

engage in reunification services.

                                         DISPOSITION

       The juvenile court’s jurisdiction findings and dispositional order are affirmed.

       NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

                                                         MILLER
                                                                                          J.

We concur:

McKINSTER
                       Acting P. J.

CODRINGTON
                                    J.

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