Court Opinion

ID: 4018923
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-07-26 19:19:59.56429+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:08:02.376556
License: Public Domain

Filed
                                                                                  Washington State
                                                                                  Court of Appeals
                                                                                   Division Two

                                                                                    July 26, 2016

    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

                                       DIVISION II
 LISA STEEL, individually and as GAL for                       No. 46301-6-II
 J.T., a minor and DOUGLAS THOMPSON,
 and KRISTI BARBIERI, individually and as
 GAL for S.R.B.,

                             Petitioners,                  PUBLISHED OPINION

 AMANDA MYRICK, individually and as
 Guardian Ad Litem for S.A., a minor, and
 NATALIE BOND, individually and as
 Guardian Ad Litem for A.K., a minor; ALICIA
 MENDOZA, individually and as Guardian Ad
 Litem for M.M., a minor, G.S.J., individually
 and as Guardian Ad Litem for J.J., a minor,

                             Plaintiffs,

        v.

 PHILADELPHIA INDEMNITY
 INSURANCE CO.,

                      Respondent/Intervenor,

 OLYMPIA EARLY LEARNING CENTER;
 STEVE OLSEN, individually, and ROSE
 HORGDAHL, individually,

                             Defendants.

       JOHANSON, J.   —    Lisa Steel, Douglas Thompson, and Kristi Barbieri (collectively

petitioners) appeal from a superior court discovery order that requires them to provide their
No. 46301-6-II

attorney-client privileged communications and work product to a third party insurer, Philadelphia

Indemnity Insurance Company (Philadelphia). The superior court concluded that the petitioners

impliedly waived their attorney-client communications and work product privilege when they

sought a reasonableness determination of a covenant judgment settlement under RCW 4.22.060.

The reasonableness hearing was necessary to enforce the covenant judgment settlement against

Philadelphia. We hold that the implied waiver of attorney-client communications doctrine is not

limited to legal malpractice actions. We further hold that implied waiver may occur in the

covenant judgment settlement reasonableness determination context, but here, the superior court

erred by applying an incorrect “relevancy” standard and by concluding that petitioners impliedly

waived the attorney-client communication privilege and work product protection. We further

conclude that under the proper standards, petitioners did not impliedly waive the attorney-client

communication privilege nor was their work product discoverable. We reverse and remand to the

superior court for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                             FACTS

                               I. BACKGROUND AND SETTLEMENT

       In 2011, an employee of Olympia Early Learning Center (OELC) was convicted of child

rape and child molestation against two children at the day care.1 Thereafter, sexual abuse victims

who attended OELC and their parents (collectively plaintiffs) brought negligence claims against

defendants OELC, OELC’s executive director, and the program director (collectively the

insureds). Philadelphia, OELC’s liability insurer, retained defense counsel for the insureds.

1
  One of the children was a party in the negligence action; the other child was not. Neither child
is a party to this appeal.

                                                2
No. 46301-6-II

       In August 2012, plaintiffs proposed a nearly $4 million settlement to Philadelphia and the

insureds and stated that the potential verdicts could exceed $20 million.2 In response, the insureds

requested that Philadelphia protect them and accept the settlement.         Philadelphia declined,

claiming that their policy limit was $1 million and stating that they believed interpleader was the

best method to resolve the claims against the insureds.

       Although trial was set for October 16, as of September 5, defense counsel hired by

Philadelphia had conducted little discovery. In late September, the insureds entered a covenant

judgment settlement with plaintiffs. The covenant judgment settlement protected the insureds

from individual liability and assigned the insureds’ bad faith claims against Philadelphia to

plaintiffs. As part of the covenant judgment settlement, the insureds stipulated to a $25 million

judgment and signed judgments by confession admitting that the sexual abuse occurred, that the

insureds were negligent, and that the plaintiffs suffered damage as a result.

                        II. PROCEDURE REGARDING SCOPE OF DISCOVERY

       In October 2012, Philadelphia moved to intervene to conduct “focused discovery” related

to the reasonableness of the covenant judgment settlements the insureds agreed to and to

participate in any reasonableness hearing. The trial court allowed Philadelphia’s intervention and

ordered plaintiffs to produce all discovery exchanged by the parties and all attorney work product

related to the settlement. What followed was a series of motions by Philadelphia trying to expand

the scope of discovery and by plaintiffs trying to limit the discovery of their attorney’s work

product and privileged communications. These motions and orders are the crux of this appeal.

2
 Plaintiffs previously demanded a $4 million settlement in December 2011 and again around July
2012.

                                                 3
No. 46301-6-II

        In late October, plaintiffs produced nearly 200,000 pages of discovery, including all

records given to them by the insured’s defense attorney. In April 2013, the superior court ruled

that plaintiffs’ attorney’s nonmental impression and nonopinion work product were discoverable

because Philadelphia showed substantial need under CR 26(b)(4) in order to explore the

reasonableness of the settlement under the Glover factors.3 Plaintiffs produced to Philadelphia all

of the nonprivileged documents generated, maintained, or obtained in this case including medical

records, public records request responses, witness communications, expert communications,

subpoenas, pleadings, and documents received in discovery. Plaintiffs also created a privilege log

of e-mails that they believed were privileged as opinion and mental impression work product and

attorney-client communications and moved to protect the e-mails.

        Philadelphia then moved to compel plaintiffs to submit a more detailed privilege log and

to release withheld attorney-client communications, arguing that privilege with respect to those

materials had been “impliedly” waived. Plaintiffs submitted a more detailed privilege log and

claimed that of the documents listed, 350 were protected under attorney-client privilege and 106

were protected as attorney work product administrative e-mails.

        Philadelphia claimed that plaintiffs should disclose their e-mails because many of them

were sent the day before or the same day that the settlements and the factual confessions were

3
  Glover v. Tacoma General Hospital set out nine factors to evaluate whether a settlement is
reasonable under RCW 4.22.060: (1) the releasing party’s damages, (2) the merits of the releasing
party’s liability theory, (3) the merits of the released party’s defense theory, (4) the released party’s
relative fault, (5) the risks and expenses of continued litigation, (6) the released party’s ability to
pay, (7) any evidence of bad faith, collusion, or fraud, (8) the extent of the releasing party’s
investigation and preparation, and (9) the interests of the parties not being released. 98 Wn.2d
708, 717, 658 P.2d 1230 (1983), abrogated on other grounds by Crown Controls, Inc. v. Smiley,
110 Wn.2d 695, 756 P.2d 717 (1988).

                                                   4
No. 46301-6-II

signed. Philadelphia also sought to depose plaintiffs’ counsel and to subpoena plaintiffs’ counsel’s

notes, correspondence, and documents related to the case and particularly those reflecting the basis

for the defendant insureds’ judgments by confession and for the dollar amount of each settlement.

Plaintiffs moved for a protective order quashing the subpoena and prohibiting their counsel from

being deposed. Philadelphia deposed both OELC and OELC’s executive director’s personal

defense attorneys.

             III. SPECIAL DISCOVERY MASTER RECOMMENDATION AND PROCEDURE

       On August 27, the superior court appointed a special discovery master to review in camera

the records plaintiffs designated as protected. The superior court ordered that the special discovery

master review the records using the standard declared by the superior court in April 2013.

Specifically, the special discovery master was directed to (1) review whether plaintiffs’ documents

contained privileged attorney work product opinions and mental impressions and/or attorney-client

communications and then (2) even if he found a document to be privileged or protected, he could

recommend discovery of the document based on the application of an “exception” to the privilege

that if the record is “directly related” to one of the Glover factors, the privilege was waived “for

the purposes of a reasonableness hearing.” Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 2827.

       The special discovery master reviewed the materials in camera in three batches. The first

batch included 106 records that plaintiffs’ attorney had characterized as protected work product.

The second batch included e-mails that plaintiffs’ attorney characterized as privileged attorney-

client communications. And the third batch included e-mails plaintiffs’ attorney characterized as

administrative attorney work product.

                                                 5
No. 46301-6-II

       The special discovery master found that the first batch of records contained, in part, “photos

or third party records” that he recommended be produced and some e-mails representing work

product, but not opinion or mental impression work product, that he also recommended be

produced. CP at 2899. The special discovery master’s log of these materials shows that they were

all attorney notes or intra-office e-mails between attorneys and staff at plaintiffs’ attorney’s firm.

       The second batch of records contained 350 records that the special discovery master stated

were mostly e-mail communications between and among plaintiffs’ attorney, fellow attorneys, and

firm staff and the plaintiff clients. The special discovery master found the majority of these

correspondences were attorney-client communications and work product. The special discovery

master recommended that the work product and attorney-client communications relevant to a

reasonableness determination be produced.

       The third batch contained all of the records created between September 17 and September

19 that Philadelphia advocated may be relevant to the reasonableness evaluation. The special

discovery master found these e-mails to be protected interoffice administrative e-mails not relevant

to the reasonableness evaluation. However, the special discovery master recommended production

of a few attachments in this batch that were attorney work product but contained settlement

documents different than the final settlement documents.

       At the November 22, 2013 hearing to review the special discovery master’s

recommendations, Philadelphia argued that the only way it could determine how the settlement

amounts were reached was to obtain plaintiffs’ attorney’s opinion and mental impression work

product and to depose him. Philadelphia argued that this was so because when Philadelphia

deposed the personal attorneys of OELC’s president and director, they did not know that the

                                                  6
No. 46301-6-II

settlement amount was unilaterally set by plaintiffs’ counsel and stated that the settlement was

presented to them without negotiation. Philadelphia also stated that the insureds said in their

depositions that although they had agreed to the settlement and the stipulated covenant judgment

settlements, when they were presented with these documents to sign, the confessions were included

at the last minute and were drafted by only plaintiffs’ counsel.

       During this hearing, the superior court acknowledged that plaintiffs had requested

certification to appeal the special discovery master’s determinations and had filed for a protective

order regarding their work product and the deposition of plaintiffs’ counsel. The superior court

adopted the recommendations of the special discovery master and directed plaintiffs to produce all

documents the special discovery master designated as unprotected based on this Glover

“exception” to privilege. The superior court also denied plaintiffs’ motion for a protective order

to prevent Philadelphia from deposing plaintiffs’ counsel and to quash Philadelphia’s subpoena

for the documents at issue. The superior court certified its entire order for appellate review under

RAP 2.3(b)(4).

                                   IV. DISCRETIONARY REVIEW

       We granted petitioners’ request for discretionary review of the superior court’s November

22 order but only as to the issue of “whether the attorney-client privilege or the attorney opinion

or mental impression privilege is waived for the purpose of determining the reasonableness of a

settlement.” Ruling Granting Review In Part, at 2. We also granted petitioners’ motion for an

emergency stay stopping Philadelphia from subpoenaing documents and deposing plaintiffs’

counsel.

                                                 7
No. 46301-6-II

                                           ANALYSIS

                                    I. STANDARD OF REVIEW

       We review waiver of attorney-client privilege and work product protection de novo. See

Pappas v. Holloway, 114 Wn.2d 198, 204-09, 787 P.2d 30 (1990). We also review a trial court’s

discovery orders for abuse of discretion. Cedell v. Farmers Ins. Co. of Wash., 176 Wn.2d 686,

694, 295 P.3d 239 (2013). A trial court abuses its discretion when its decision is manifestly

unreasonable or based on untenable grounds. Cedell, 176 Wn.2d at 694. When a trial court bases

its decision on an erroneous view of the law or applies an incorrect legal analysis, it necessarily

abuses its discretion. Cedell, 176 Wn.2d at 694.

            II. RULES OF LAW FOR ATTORNEY-CLIENT COMMUNICATIONS PRIVILEGE

       CR 26 allows discovery regarding any nonprivileged matter relevant in a pending action.

CR 26(b)(1). RCW 5.60.060(2)(a) provides, “An attorney or counselor shall not, without the

consent of his or her client, be examined as to any communication made by the client to him or

her, or his or her advice given thereon in the course of professional employment.”

       Attorney-client privilege “applies to communications and advice between an attorney and

client and extends to documents which contain a privileged communication.” Pappas, 114 Wn.2d

at 203. The purpose of the privilege is to “‘encourage free and open attorney-client communication

by assuring the client that his [or her] communications will be neither directly nor indirectly

disclosed to others.’” Heidebrink v. Moriwaki, 104 Wn.2d 392, 404, 706 P.2d 212 (1985) (quoting

State v. Chervenell, 99 Wn.2d 309, 316, 662 P.2d 836 (1983)). Attorney-client privilege is not,

however, absolute and is limited to the purpose of allowing a client to communicate freely with an

attorney without fear of compulsory discovery. See Pappas, 114 Wn.2d at 203-04.

                                                   8
No. 46301-6-II

                  III. IMPLIED WAIVER AND NONLEGAL MALPRACTICE CLAIMS4

       Petitioners first argue that our legal precedent limits application of implied waiver of the

attorney-client privilege to legal malpractice claims. We disagree.

       Both parties rely primarily on Pappas and Dana v. Piper to support their contentions

regarding the application of implied waiver outside the legal malpractice context. 173 Wn. App.

761, 295 P.3d 305 (2013). Petitioners argue that the Pappas and Dana courts included careful

limiting language that does not support an extension of the implied waiver doctrine beyond legal

malpractice claims. We disagree and instead conclude that the application of the implied waiver

doctrine is not so limited.

       First, importantly, Hearn v. Rhay, the case upon which Pappas and Dana based their

application of the implied waiver test, is not a legal malpractice case. 68 F.R.D. 574 (E.D. Wash.

1975). The Hearn court found that defendants impliedly waived attorney-client privilege where

they raised a qualified immunity affirmative defense to a civil rights violations claim that they

acted in good faith and on advice of their counsel. 68 F.R.D. at 582-83. In other words, because

4
  Sections III and IV, infra, address application of the implied waiver doctrine regarding attorney-
client communications—not protected attorney work product. Besides Conoco Inc. v. Boh
Brothers Construction Co., a Louisiana District Court case cited to by Philadelphia, neither party
cites to any authority in which the doctrine was applied to work product. 191 F.R.D. 107, 117-19
(W.D. La. 1998). Philadelphia offers no argument why this Louisiana precedent should apply in
Washington. And after applying the implied waiver test regarding privileged communications in
Pappas, the Washington Supreme Court addressed whether requested work product documents
were discoverable and applied a different standard: whether there was a showing of substantial
need or justification for discovery. 114 Wn.2d at 209-10. Thus, because the parties have made no
argument that the implied waiver doctrine applies to protected work product and Washington
precedent indicates the doctrine does not apply in that regard, we decline to analyze this issue
further. RAP 10.3(a)(6); Cowiche Canyon Conservancy v. Bosley, 118 Wn.2d 801, 809, 828 P.2d
549 (1992).

                                                 9
No. 46301-6-II

the defendants’ affirmative defense placed the advice of their counsel at issue, they impliedly

waived privilege. Hearn, 68 F.R.D. at 583. The fact that Hearn did not involve a legal malpractice

claim strongly supports the conclusion that implied waiver may properly apply in cases other than

legal malpractice.

       Second, Philadelphia cites to Home Indemnity Co. v. Lane Powell Moss & Miller to show

that the implied waiver doctrine can apply outside the context of legal malpractice claims. 43 F.3d

1322, 1327 (9th Cir. 1995). There, the Ninth Circuit applied the Hearn test to see if attorney-client

privilege was waived—not to resolve a legal malpractice claim or defense, but to evaluate a

stipulated judgment. Home Indemnity Co., 43 F.3d at 1327. Home Indemnity Co. also involved

underlying claims of legal malpractice, but specifically applied the Hearn test in the context of

evaluating the reasonableness of a settlement. 43 F.3d at 1327. The Home Indemnity Co. court

found the privilege was not waived after applying the Hearn test because there was sufficient

objective evidence to evaluate the settlement’s reasonableness without considering attorney-client

communications. 43 F.3d at 1327.

       Third, while both Pappas and Dana applied the implied waiver doctrine in the context of

legal malpractice, neither case expressly limited application of the doctrine solely to legal

malpractice cases. 114 Wn.2d at 206; 173 Wn. App. at 774. In both Pappas and Dana, the court

used the implied waiver test and determined whether privilege was waived under the particular

facts and in the context of the present case. 114 Wn.2d at 204, 206-09; 173 Wn. App. at 774-777.

But those opinions did not state that implied waiver applies only in the context of attorney

malpractice claims. We thus conclude that legal precedent does not expressly limit application of

                                                 10
No. 46301-6-II

the implied waiver doctrine to legal malpractice claims and that implied waiver should be

considered on a case-by-case basis. See Pappas, 114 Wn.2d at 204, 206-09.

        We acknowledge that a party who seeks to apply Hearn’s implied waiver test beyond the

context of a legal malpractice case must bear a significant burden. That burden is evident in Dana

and Pappas where the Hearn test was applied with words of caution. The Dana court observed

that the Pappas court applied the Hearn test “without stating whether it governed all cases of

implied waiver,” which shows that both the Pappas and Dana courts were cognizant of limiting

application of the test. 173 Wn. App. at 773. Dana states it does not interpret Pappas “to announce

a sweeping implied waiver doctrine that would swallow the common law attorney-client

privilege,” and Pappas warns of the “danger of making illusory the attorney-client privilege in

legal malpractice actions.” 173 Wn. App. at 774; 114 Wn.2d at 206. Given these cautions, while

acknowledging that our courts have not expressly limited application of the Hearn test to the legal

malpractice context, a party seeking to apply it beyond that context must offer a fact-specific

explanation for each element of the test to demonstrate why it should be applied, and courts must

carefully apply the test to see if waiver has occurred in order to preserve the sanctity of attorney-

client privilege.

      IV. IMPLIED WAIVER IN THE CONTEXT OF SETTLEMENT REASONABLENESS HEARINGS

        Petitioners next argue that even if implied waiver may apply outside the legal malpractice

context, the discovery order should be vacated because implied waiver cannot apply to

reasonableness hearings. Philadelphia argues that other jurisdictions have applied implied waiver

in order to evaluate the reasonableness of a settlement and attorney-client communications can

become necessary proper sources for that evaluation. We hold that implied waiver of the attorney-

                                                 11
No. 46301-6-II

client privilege may occur in the context of a settlement reasonableness hearing under certain

limited circumstances. But not under the circumstances presented here.

       Petitioners cite to Dana for the proposition that a reasonableness evaluation must be made

using only objective evidence and, thus, implied waiver cannot apply because attorney-client

communications are only ever subjective. We do not agree.

       In Dana, Troy Dana hired a law firm, Sussman Shank LLP, regarding the sale of a stake in

Dana’s company to CMN Inc. 173 Wn. App. at 763-64. Dana retained another firm, the Cushman

law firm, to later sue CMN, eventually settling that claim. Dana, 173 Wn. App. at 764. Dana filed

a legal malpractice claim against Sussman Shank regarding the sale to CMN. Dana, 173 Wn. App.

at 764. Sussman Shank alleged an affirmative defense that other advisors, including Cushman,

gave Dana faulty advice in the CMN settlement, causing Dana damages that he sought to recover

from Sussman Shank. Dana, 173 Wn. App. at 765-66. Sussman Shank moved to compel

production of Cushman’s attorney-client communications about the CMN litigation. Dana, 173

Wn. App. at 765-66.

       Dana’s complaint against Sussman Shank did not mention his settlement with CMN or

communications with Cushman; rather, it involved only Sussman Shank’s assistance in the sale of

stock to CMN. Dana, 173 Wn. App. at 775. The Dana court concluded that Dana did not put his

communications with Cushman regarding settlement at issue by suing Sussman Shank for

malpractice regarding the sale of stock where Dana and Cushman never communicated about the

sale until after it happened. 173 Wn. App. at 773, 776-77.

       Thus, the Dana court stated, “Nine factors inform the trial court’s determination of the

settlement’s objective reasonableness, and none of these factors depends on whether Dana or the

                                               12
No. 46301-6-II

Cushman attorneys considered the settlement reasonable.” 173 Wn. App. at 776. The Dana court

concluded it should consider the strength of Dana’s claims compared to the terms of the settlement

to determine whether it was objectively reasonable, rather than ordering discovery of Dana’s

communications with Cushman. 173 Wn. App. at 773.

       Contrary to petitioners’ argument, the Dana court did not declare a sweeping rule that

attorney-client communications always contain only subjective information that could never be

placed at issue within the evaluation of a settlement’s reasonableness. Rather, the Dana court’s

decision was narrowly tailored based on the facts presented there. 173 Wn. App. at 776-77.

       Petitioners also cite to Chomat v. Northern Insurance Co. of New York for the proposition

that attorney-client communications cannot be used to determine a settlement’s reasonableness.

919 So. 2d 535, 538 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 2006). The Chomat court held that implied waiver did

not apply and stated,

              The determination of whether a settlement is reasonable is made by a
       “reasonable person” standard. If counsel’s advice were required to be disclosed, it
       would still not be binding on the insurance company. Instead, proof of
       reasonableness is ordinarily established through use of expert witnesses to testify
       about such matters as the extent of the defendant’s liability, the reasonableness of
       the damages amount in comparison with compensatory awards in other cases, and
       the expense which would have been required for the settling defendants to defend
       the lawsuit.

919 So. 2d at 538 (emphasis added). The Chomat court also stated that bad faith or collusion

where plaintiffs agree to share recovery with the insureds “involve the underlying facts of the case

and do not involve the injection of privileged matters.” 919 So. 2d at 538.

       In Chomat, the underlying claim related to plaintiff’s workplace accident in which he

suffered severe injury from the loss of most of the fingers on both hands. 919 So. 2d at 536. Thus,

the court could evaluate the settlement amount based on expert testimony regarding the liability of

                                                13
No. 46301-6-II

plaintiff’s workplace, the nature of the plaintiff’s injury, the reasonableness of the damages amount

in comparison to similar cases, and the expense plaintiff’s workplace would have expended to

defend the suit. Chomat, 919 So. 2d at 538.5 Although the court in Chomat did not proclaim, as

petitioners argue, that attorney-client communications could never aid in the evaluation of a

settlement’s reasonableness or to assess potential bad faith or collusion, the court found implied

waiver should not apply given the facts of the case. 919 So. 2d at 538.

       Next, petitioners cite to a Connecticut case, Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. Aetna

Casualty & Surety Co., to support the argument that attorney-client communications may contain

only subjective evidence irrelevant to the objective determination of a settlement’s reasonableness.

249 Conn. 36, 55, 730 A.2d 51 (1999). The Metropolitan court held that the reasonableness of the

settlement should be examined under an objective standard and concluded, “[T]he exact

communications between the plaintiff and its attorneys regarding the decision to settle, which

would aid only in a subjective determination, are not at issue.” 249 Conn. at 56.

       The Metropolitan court further explained that reliance on legal advice to make a legal

decision is not enough to put the advice at issue, but the court did not state that attorney-client

communications could never be at issue in a settlement reasonableness hearing. 249 Conn. at 54.

Rather, the Metropolitan court stated that the “‘at issue,’ or implied waiver, exception is invoked

only when the contents of the legal advice is integral to the outcome of the legal claims of the

5
 Chomat is similar to the issues presented here: the reasonableness of the settlement arising from
sexual abuse claims could be evaluated based on expert testimony regarding defendant’s liability
and plaintiff’s damages, as well as comparisons to settlements in similar cases.

                                                 14
No. 46301-6-II

action,” and noted that the implied waiver test may have applied if the plaintiff sought to prove

reasonableness based upon the advice of counsel. 249 Conn. at 52-53.

       Petitioners argue that these three cases compel the conclusion that a party cannot impliedly

waive attorney-client privilege by seeking a settlement reasonableness determination because

attorney-client communications are always “subjective evidence,” which is irrelevant to the

objective determination of whether a settlement is reasonable. Indeed, Dana, Chomat, and

Metropolitan all conclude a reasonableness determination will primarily rely on objective

evidence.    But these cases do not support petitioners’ assertions that attorney-client

communications can never be integral to a reasonableness evaluation. Rather, Dana, Chomat, and

Metropolitan suggest a case-by-case evaluation of whether attorney-client communications were

put at issue in a settlement reasonableness evaluation.

       Other jurisdictions have applied implied attorney-client communications waiver in the

context of a settlement reasonableness hearing. See, e.g., GAB Bus. Servs., Inc. v. Syndicate 627,

809 F.2d 755, 762 (11th Cir. 1987); Conoco Inc. v. Boh Bros. Constr. Co., 191 F.R.D. 107, 117-

19 (W.D. La. 1998); Walters Wholesale Elec. Co. v. Nat’l Fire Ins. Co. of Pittsburgh, PA, 247

F.R.D. 593, 596 (C.D. Cal. 2008). However, these cases, like the cases petitioners rely on, each

make a case-specific inquiry whether a party asserting privilege initiated a claim that placed its

privileged materials at issue and made discovery of such materials vital to the other party’s case

in response. Thus, we reject the contention that the implied waiver doctrine either “never” or

“always” applies when a plaintiff seeks a determination of a settlement’s reasonableness. We also

reject the argument that a plaintiff automatically waives attorney-client privilege by requesting a

reasonableness hearing. We conclude that the better rule is that the doctrine of implied waiver of

                                                15
No. 46301-6-II

the attorney-client privilege may apply to settlement reasonableness hearings on a case-by-case

determination after careful application of the Hearn factors. As discussed further below, rarely, if

ever, will implied waiver of the attorney-client privilege occur where, like here, a third-party

insurer invokes implied waiver of the plaintiff’s attorney-client privilege in a settlement

reasonableness hearing.

                              V. RELEVANCY AND IMPLIED WAIVER

       Petitioners argue that even if implied waiver of attorney-client communication privilege

applies in the context of settlement reasonableness hearings, the superior court announced an

improper standard in which privileged or protected material becomes automatically discoverable

once deemed relevant to any of the Glover factors. We agree.

      A. STANDARD OF REVIEW AND RULES OF LAW FOR REASONABLENESS EVALUATIONS

       It is an abuse of discretion for a court to use an incorrect legal standard. Hundtofte v.

Encarnacion, 181 Wn.2d 1, 8, 330 P.3d 168 (2014). Determining the appropriate legal standard

and assessing whether the trial court applied the correct legal standard are both issues of law we

review de novo. Hundtofte, 181 Wn.2d at 13 (Madsen, C.J., concurring).

       Regarding a covenant judgment settlement in Washington, RCW 4.22.060(1) provides that

when parties enter into a release, covenant not to sue, covenant not to enforce judgment, or similar

agreement, a determination that the amount to be paid is reasonable must be secured. RCW

4.22.060 applies to reasonableness hearings, including hearings reviewing covenant judgment

settlements like that involved here. Bird v. Best Plumbing Grp. LLC, 175 Wn.2d 756, 764-68, 287

P.3d 551 (2012).

                                                16
No. 46301-6-II

           The court in Chaussee v. Maryland Casualty Co., 60 Wn. App. 504, 512, 803 P.2d 1339,

812 P.2d 487 (1991), adopted the factors set out in Glover v. Tacoma General Hospital, 98 Wn.2d

708, 717, 658 P.2d 1230 (1983), abrogated on other grounds by Crown Controls, Inc. v. Smiley,

110 Wn.2d 695, 756 P.2d 717 (1988), to evaluate whether a settlement is reasonable under RCW

4.22.060:

           “[T]he releasing person’s damages; the merits of the releasing person’s liability
           theory; the merits of the released person’s defense theory; the released person’s
           relative faults; the risks and expenses of continued litigation; the released person’s
           ability to pay; any evidence of bad faith, collusion, or fraud; the extent of the
           releasing person’s investigation and preparation of the case; and the interests of the
           parties not being released.”

Chaussee, 60 Wn. App. at 512 (alteration in original) (quoting Glover, 98 Wn.2d at 717). The

settling party, here plaintiffs, have the burden to prove reasonableness using the Glover/Chaussee

factors.

                   B. RELEVANCY AS APPLIED BY THE SPECIAL DISCOVERY MASTER

           Turning to the superior court’s orders, the August 27 order6 directed the special discovery

master to determine (1) whether plaintiffs’ documents contained privileged attorney work product

6
  We granted review of the superior court’s November 22 order in light of the controlling question
of “whether entering into a settlement waives the attorney-client and attorney mental impression
privileges as to documents that would otherwise be privileged but that are directly related to the
Glover/Chaussee factors.” Ruling Granting Review in Part, at 10-11. Under RAP 2.4(b), we may
review an order or ruling not designated in the notice of appeal where it “prejudicially affects the
decision designated in the notice” and “is made, before the appellate court accepts review.” RAP
2.4(b)(1)-(2). An order “prejudicially affects” the decision designated in the notice of appeal
where the designated decision would not have occurred in the absence of the undesignated ruling
or order. RAP 2.4(b). Without the superior court’s August 27 order announcing how materials
should be deemed discoverable by the special discovery master, the superior court would never
have issued the November 22 order requiring production of the materials at issue here. Thus, under
RAP 2.4(b), we consider the superior court’s August 27 order.

                                                    17
No. 46301-6-II

opinions and mental impressions and/or attorney-client communications and then (2) directed the

special discovery master that even if he found a document to be privileged or protected, he could

recommend discovery of the document based on the application of an “exception” to the privilege

that if the record is “directly related to one of the eight applicable Glover/Chaussee factors [it is]

therefore waived for the purposes of a reasonableness hearing.” CP at 2827.

       The special discovery master then recommended that plaintiffs produce to Philadelphia

documents that he found to be privileged as attorney-client communications or work product (or

in some cases both) because they were directly related to the Glover/Chaussee factors. The

superior court’s November 22 order adopted these recommendations, applied implied waiver

based on relevance or relatedness alone, and directed plaintiffs to produce all documents

designated by the special discovery master as unprotected based on this “exception” to privilege

and protection. These orders improperly applied a mere relevancy standard.

1.     HEARN REQUIRES MORE THAN MERE RELEVANCY

       The Hearn test, applied in Washington in Pappas, requires consideration of the following

three factors to find privilege has been impliedly waived:

           (1) [A]ssertion of the privilege was the result of some affirmative act, such as
           filing suit, by the asserting party; (2) through this affirmative act, the asserting
           party put the protected information at issue by making it relevant to the case;
           and (3) application of the privilege would have denied the opposing party access
           to information vital to his defense.

114 Wn.2d at 207. As an overarching consideration, “the Hearn test will waive the privilege only

where allowing the privilege to prevent disclosure would be manifestly unfair to the opposing

party.” Dana, 173 Wn. App. at 774. The party asserting that waiver has occurred, here

                                                 18
No. 46301-6-II

Philadelphia, bears the burden to prove the three factors of the Hearn test. See Dana, 173 Wn.

App. at 775.

       Although the plain language of the second prong of the Hearn test states that the party

asserting a claim or defense put the protected or privileged information at issue “by making it

relevant to the case,” cases from this and other jurisdictions, including Hearn itself, demonstrate

that courts actually consider whether the claim or defense asserted depends or relies on the

information or whether the information is integral to the claim or defense before finding waiver.7

Indeed, the court in Dana specifically held “relevance is not the test for waiver of attorney-client

privilege.” 173 Wn. App. at 777.

       Here, although the superior court properly began the analysis of the second prong of the

Hearn test by reviewing whether the materials at issue were “relevant to the case,” it did not

properly determine if proving the Glover/Chaussee factors depended on or was reliant on these

materials to complete the second prong “at issue” analysis. Dana, 173 Wn. App. at 774-75. Under

the Hearn test, the superior court also needed to find (1) that plaintiffs performed an affirmative

7
  See Dana, 173 Wn. App. at 776 (evaluating whether settlement reasonableness evaluation
“depends on” attorney-client communications); Hearn, 68 F.R.D. at 582-83 (holding defendants
impliedly waived attorney-client privilege where they raised a qualified immunity affirmative
defense to a civil rights violations claim that they acted on advice of their counsel, so their defense
relied on considering advice of counsel); Metropolitan, 249 Conn. at 51-54 (holding the “‘at issue,’
or implied waiver, exception is invoked only when the contents of the legal advice is integral to
the outcome of the legal claims of the action,” and “[m]erely because the communications are
relevant does not place them at issue”); United States v. Amlani, 169 F.3d 1189, 1195 (9th Cir.
1999) (holding “‘[p]rivileged communications do not become discoverable simply because they
are related to issues raised in the litigation’” (quoting S. Calif. Gas Co. v. Pub. Utils. Comm’n, 50
Cal. 3d 31, 44, 784 P.2d 1373 (1990))); Frontier Ref., Inc. v. Gorman-Rupp Co., 136 F.3d 695,
701 (10th Cir. 1998) (stating “[m]ere relevance, however, is not the standard” for implied waiver);
Conoco, 191 F.R.D. at 110 (holding “waiver does not depend solely on the relevance of the
privileged material”).

                                                  19
No. 46301-6-II

act that (2) placed their attorney-client communications and their attorney’s work product at issue

when they sought a covenant judgment settlement agreement necessitating a reasonableness

hearing and (3) that these materials were vital to Philadelphia’s defense that the settlement was

unreasonable under the Glover factors such that withholding them would be manifestly unfair. See

Pappas, 114 Wn.2d at 207. The superior court did not apply this test before holding that plaintiffs

waived their privilege. Thus, the superior court abused its discretion when it declared that

relatedness—relevancy—to the Glover factors alone waived privilege “for the purposes of the

reasonableness hearing” because this is an incorrect legal standard. CP at 2827; Hundtofte, 181

Wn.2d at 8.

2.      INCORRECT TEST APPLIED TO WORK PRODUCT

        The next issue is whether the superior court applied the correct standard to hold that

plaintiffs’ counsel’s mental impression and opinion work product were discoverable. We conclude

it did not.

        Regarding discovery of work product, CR 26(b)(4) allows such discovery only upon a

showing of substantial need. And even where substantial need has been shown, disclosure of

attorney mental impressions or attorney opinions in particular are “almost always exempt from

discovery, regardless of the level of need.” Soter v. Cowles Pub. Co., 162 Wn.2d 716, 739, 174

P.3d 60 (2007). An exception to this strict rule applies and discovery should be allowed only

where the material sought is central to a party’s claim or defense. Pappas, 114 Wn.2d at 212-13.

        The superior court did not conduct the proper test under CR 26(b)(4) to find substantial

need for the discovery of plaintiffs’ work product nor did it require a finding that the product was

central to Philadelphia’s defense; rather, it applied a relevancy standard to find protection was

                                                20
No. 46301-6-II

impliedly waived. Our courts have not applied the implied waiver doctrine to waive work product

protection, and the superior court offered no explanation why it did so here. Thus, we hold that

the superior court abused its discretion when it applied an improper relevancy standard to direct

the special discovery master’s review in its August 27 order and when it adopted that standard in

its November 22 order directing plaintiffs to produce protected materials.

     VI. PLAINTIFFS DID NOT IMPLIEDLY WAIVE PRIVILEGE OR WORK PRODUCT PROTECTION

       Finally, petitioners argue that even under the proper standards, they did not impliedly waive

attorney-client privilege nor was their work product discoverable. We agree with petitioners. We

review de novo under the proper standards whether plaintiffs waived their attorney-client

communications and work product privileges. See Pappas, 114 Wn.2d at 204-13.

                            A. ATTORNEY-CLIENT COMMUNICATIONS

1.     AN AFFIRMATIVE ACT

       Petitioners argue that they did not perform an affirmative act that placed their privileged

communications at issue because an affirmative act must be voluntary and they were required to

seek a reasonableness determination under RCW 4.22.060, Bird, and Meadow Valley Owners

Ass’n v. Meadow Valley, LLC, 137 Wn. App. 810, 813, 156 P.3d 240 (2007).8 We conclude that

plaintiffs performed an affirmative act under Hearn.

8
  Philadelphia contends that plaintiffs obtaining and using the insureds counsels’ attorney-client
communications and work product amount to an affirmative act under the Hearn test. Philadelphia
does not support its contention that these materials, which it also received and can use in the
reasonableness hearing, amount to an affirmative act by plaintiffs, asserting privilege of its own
communications under Hearn. We do not consider claims unsupported by legal authority or
argument. RAP 10.3(a)(6); Cowiche Canyon, 118 Wn.2d at 809. Thus, we decline to consider
Philadelphia’s argument regarding whether or not plaintiffs committed an additional affirmative
act beyond entering the stipulated judgment and settlements necessitating a reasonableness
hearing.
                                                21
No. 46301-6-II

       The first factor of the Hearn test to determine if there has been implied waiver of attorney-

client privilege is assertion of the privilege resulting from some affirmative act, such as filing suit,

by the asserting party. Pappas, 114 Wn.2d at 207. Following Bird, courts must consider the

Glover factors in a reasonableness hearing pursuant to RCW 4.22.060(1). 175 Wn.2d at 766-68.

RCW 4.22.060(1) states,

       A party prior to entering into a release, covenant not to sue, covenant not to enforce
       judgment, or similar agreement with a claimant shall give five days’ written notice
       of such intent to all other parties and the court. . . . A hearing shall be held on the
       issue of the reasonableness of the amount to be paid with all parties afforded an
       opportunity to present evidence. A determination by the court that the amount to
       be paid is reasonable must be secured.

(Emphasis added.)

       The language of RCW 4.22.060(1) thus makes a reasonableness hearing mandatory, but

only after a party enters into and seeks to enforce a covenant like that at issue here. Although

plaintiffs like those in this case who want to enforce a covenant judgment settlement clearly have

a strong incentive to initiate a reasonableness hearing under RCW 4.22.060, contrary to

petitioners’ argument, nowhere in Bird or Meadow Valley does it state that plaintiffs must enter

into and enforce a covenant judgment settlement. 175 Wn.2d 756; 137 Wn. App. 810.

       Plaintiffs voluntarily entered into and sought to enforce the stipulated covenant judgment

settlement agreements with the defendant insureds.           Plaintiffs were required to initiate a

reasonableness hearing if plaintiffs wanted to enforce the agreements against Philadelphia. As

Philadelphia points out, plaintiffs had options other than settlement, including trial. Here, plaintiffs

initiated the settlements and asked for the reasonableness hearing. Thus, plaintiffs’ request for a

reasonableness hearing satisfied the affirmative act factor of the Hearn test.

                                                  22
No. 46301-6-II

2.     PRIVILEGED MATERIALS NOT PLACED AT ISSUE

       The second Hearn factor is whether the party asserting a claim or defense put the materials

at issue by making it relevant to the case. Pappas, 114 Wn.2d at 207. When evaluating this factor,

we consider whether the claim or defense asserted “depends on,” “relies on,” or makes the

materials “integral to” resolution. See Dana, 173 Wn. App. at 776; Hearn, 68 F.R.D. at 581;

Metropolitan, 249 Conn. at 51-54.

       Philadelphia does not show how petitioners’ claim of reasonableness or their own defense

that the settlement is unreasonable “depends on,” “relies on,” or makes plaintiffs’ attorney-client

communications “integral to” resolution. See Dana, 173 Wn. App. at 776; Hearn, 68 F.R.D. at

581; Metropolitan, 249 Conn. at 51-54. Rather, Philadelphia argues what was known to plaintiffs

is “particularly important” because (1) plaintiffs’ counsel unilaterally authored the factual

confessions included in the stipulated covenant judgment settlements and these confessions

contradict the insured’s previous sworn testimony and other presettlement evidence; (2) virtually

all pertinent information about the reasonableness of the $25 million settlement appears to be

possessed by plaintiffs’ counsel; (3) every client communication, internal file note, and thought

process of the insureds’ counsel and the insureds’ personal counsels were immediately turned over

to plaintiffs’ counsel without redaction; and (4) the insureds’ personal counsels were deposed

without restriction as to all relevant reasonableness factors giving plaintiffs’ counsel access to

weaknesses in the defense case at the time of settlement. Philadelphia offers these four points but

does not explain how these points are connected to the reasonableness determination under Glover

or why, given these four points, plaintiffs’ attorney-client communications are integral to making

that reasonableness determination.

                                                23
No. 46301-6-II

       Based on the descriptions used by the special discovery master, the privileged

communications here appear to be e-mail communications between and among plaintiffs’ attorney,

fellow attorneys and firm staff, and the plaintiff clients. Philadelphia fails to explain why these

communications are integral to assessing the Glover factors when in addition to the other

significant discovery they already conducted, they have all communications between plaintiffs and

the former defendant insureds, they have deposed two of the insureds’ attorneys, and they have

documentation that OELC’s former employee only confessed to sexually abusing two of the

children at OELC.

       Additionally, Philadelphia can depose the plaintiffs to determine the strength of the abuse

allegations in order to evaluate the settlement amount and the validity of the supporting

confessions. As stated by the Chomat court, proof of reasonableness is ordinarily established

through expert witness testimony about matters like the extent of defendants’ liability, the

reasonableness of the damages amount in comparison with awards in other cases, and the expense

that would have been required for the settling defendants to defend the lawsuit. 919 So. 2d at 538.

While plaintiffs’ attorney-client communications may discuss elements of the settlement, because

Philadelphia has not shown that those communications are integral to the reasonableness

determination here, we conclude that plaintiffs did not place them at issue.

3.     PRIVILEGED MATERIALS NOT VITAL TO PHILADELPHIA AND NO MANIFEST UNFAIRNESS

       Philadelphia argues that application of the attorney-client privilege would deny it vital

information because the privileged information is directly relevant to the reasonableness of the

stipulated covenant judgment settlement and plaintiffs’ counsel is the only party who knows about

the basis of the settlement. We disagree.

                                                24
No. 46301-6-II

       The third Hearn factor is whether withholding privileged information will deny the

opposing party access to information vital to its defense. Pappas, 114 Wn.2d at 207 (citing Hearn,

68 F.R.D. at 581). As part of this inquiry, we consider whether withholding the privileged

information would be manifestly unfair to the opposing party. Dana, 173 Wn. App. at 774.

       Protected communications are vital to a party’s case when they contain information about

a disputed issue that is not available from any nonprivileged source. Dana, 173 Wn. App. at 776

(citing United States v. Amlani, 169 F.3d 1189, 1195-96 (9th Cir. 1999)).                 Protected

communications are not vital to a party’s case when there are other sources of indirect evidence

about the issues. Dana, 173 Wn. App. at 776 (citing Amlani, 169 F.3d at 1195). Parties typically

prove the reasonableness of settlements through expert witness testimony on the relevant

reasonableness criteria. Chomat, 919 So. 2d at 538.

       The Glover/Chausee factors to evaluate whether a settlement is reasonable under RCW

4.22.060 again are

       “[t]he releasing person’s damages; the merits of the releasing person’s liability
       theory; the merits of the released person’s defense theory; the released person’s
       relative faults; the risks and expenses of continued litigation; the released person’s
       ability to pay; any evidence of bad faith, collusion, or fraud; the extent of the
       releasing person’s investigation and preparation of the case; and the interests of the
       parties not being released.”

Chaussee, 60 Wn. App. at 512 (quoting Glover, 98 Wn.2d at 717). Plaintiffs, as the settling party,

have the burden to prove reasonableness using the Glover/Chaussee factors. Bird, 175 Wn.2d at

766.

       Here, plaintiffs produced nearly 200,000 pages of discovery to Philadelphia that included

all records given to them by the defense attorney. Plaintiffs directed the former defendants’

attorney to provide Philadelphia with any additional requested production. In addition, plaintiffs

                                                25
No. 46301-6-II

have produced to Philadelphia nonprivileged materials including medical records, public records

request responses, witness communications, expert communications, subpoenas, pleadings,

documents received in discovery, and other case-related documents. Philadelphia has deposed the

attorneys for OELC’s president and executive director. And Philadelphia has the police report that

documents a confession to sexual abuse of two children who attended OELC. Finally, plaintiffs

and Philadelphia agreed in prior discovery hearings that calling experts to testify regarding the

settlement’s reasonableness was necessary and proper.

       Besides simply reiterating that plaintiffs’ counsel drafted the factual confessions

supporting the settlements and selected the settlement amounts, Philadelphia does not explain why

plaintiffs’ attorney-client communications are vital to its defense or why the discovery already

exchanged is insufficient to evaluate the settlement’s reasonableness. Because many other sources

of nonprivileged evidence are available to Philadelphia, plaintiffs’ protected communications are

not vital to Philadelphia’s defense nor is it manifestly unfair to withhold these materials from

Philadelphia. Dana, 173 Wn. App. at 774, 776.

       We conclude that implied waiver of the attorney-client privilege may occur in the context

of a settlement reasonableness hearing under certain limited circumstances.          But not those

presented here. We further hold that implied waiver of the attorney-client privilege will rarely, if

ever, occur where like here a third-party insurer invokes implied waiver of the plaintiffs’ attorney-

client privilege in a settlement reasonableness hearing.

                   B. ATTORNEY OPINION AND MENTAL IMPRESSION WORK PRODUCT

       Philadelphia argues that plaintiffs’ motion for a reasonableness determination made

plaintiffs’ mental impressions and opinions central to this case. We disagree.

                                                 26
No. 46301-6-II

        Opinion work product enjoys nearly absolute immunity and the mental impressions of an

attorney are also almost always exempt from discovery, regardless of level of need, unless their

mental impressions are directly at issue. Soter, 162 Wn.2d at 739-41. The court may release work

product only in very rare and extraordinary circumstances. See Upjohn Co. v. United States, 449

U.S. 383, 401, 101 S. Ct. 677, 66 L. Ed. 2d 584 (1981); Pappas, 114 Wn.2d at 211. Discovery

should be allowed only when crucial information is in the exclusive control of the opposing party

and where the material sought is central to a party’s claim or defense. Pappas, 114 Wn.2d at 210.

        Here, based on the special discovery master’s descriptions, the materials at issue are

intraoffice e-mails among attorneys and staff at plaintiffs’ attorney’s firm. Philadelphia fails to

show how these materials containing plaintiffs’ opinion and mental impression work product are

crucial or central to its case.

        The Glover/Chaussee factors include damages, the merits of their liability theory, the

merits of the insureds’ defense theory and relative fault, the risks and expenses of continued

litigation, the insureds’ ability to pay, evidence of bad faith, collusion, or fraud, the extent of

plaintiffs’ preparation and investigation, and the interests of Philadelphia may all be assessed based

on other evidence in Philadelphia’s possession and the discovery already submitted to

Philadelphia. Bird, 175 Wn.2d at 766. Because plaintiffs’ counsel’s work product opinion and

mental impressions have not been shown to be central to plaintiffs’ claim that the settlement is

                                                 27
No. 46301-6-II

reasonable or to Philadelphia’s defense that the settlement was unreasonable under

Glover/Chaussee, plaintiffs’ work product should remain protected.9

          In sum, we hold that implied waiver of privileged communications may occur outside legal

malpractice cases and in limited circumstances in the context of reasonableness hearings under

RCW 4.22.060(1). We further hold that under the Hearn test, plaintiffs did not impliedly waive

their privileged communications nor was their work product discoverable because Philadelphia

has not shown that the work product was central to Philadelphia’s defense.

          We reverse and remand to the superior court for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                                    JOHANSON, J.
    We concur:

    WORSWICK, P.J.

    LEE, J.

9
  Philadelphia raises additional issues including whether (1) plaintiffs invited error or waived their
argument regarding whether the implied waiver doctrine applies outside the context of legal
malpractice claims, (2) plaintiffs directly waived their attorney-client privilege or work product
protection regarding the communications at issue by selective disclosure, (3) plaintiffs’ counsel
waived attorney-client privilege or work product protection by making himself a necessary
witness, and (4) Washington’s civil fraud exception applies in this case. We do not consider these
issues because they are outside the scope of the order granting discretionary review.
                                                 28