Court Opinion

ID: 4709213
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-08-05 06:25:48.225082+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:06:54.922985
License: Public Domain

COURT OF APPEALS
                                        EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
                                             EL PASO, TEXAS

    IN RE:                                                       §
                                                                                  No. 08-19-00296-CR
    EL PASO COUNTY PUBLIC                                        §
    DEFENDER,                                                              AN ORIGINAL PROCEEDING
                                                                 §
                                         Relator.                                   IN MANDAMUS
                                                                 §

                                                    OPINION

         Challenging a discovery order, Relator Sarah Hernandez1 filed a petition for a writ of

mandamus against the Honorable Alyssa Perez, Judge of the 210th District Court of El Paso

County, Texas. But the mandamus as originally filed has been derailed by two significant post-

filing events. First, the challenged order was amended by the trial court to delete the most

objectionable part--a global requirement that the defendant seek pre-approval from the trial court

before issuing any subpoenas. What remained after the amended order was a more routine

materiality/relevance question geared toward a particular set of documents germane to a specific

witness. Specifically, Hernandez sought to subpoena from the City of El Paso, police academy

1
  Although this petition was styled In re El Paso County Public Defender, the Public Defender’s Office is not the
relator in this matter, but rather is counsel for Hernandez, who is the true relator, as she is the party ultimately seeking
relief from the trial court’s order. See TEX.R.APP.P. 3.1(f) (“Relator means a person seeking relief in an original
proceeding in an appellate court other than by habeas corpus in a criminal case.”).

                                                             1
lesson plans in a case where the State will present an expert traffic accident reconstructionist--the

sought-after lesson plans were used to train that expert. That question in large measure turns on

whether the lesson plans are “material” to the defense, and during the pendency of this mandamus

proceeding the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals issued an opinion clarifying, if not significantly

changing, our understanding of what is “material.

         We ultimately conclude that Relator has not met the mandamus standard in her challenge

to the remaining portion of the trial court’s order. We are hamstrung by the absence of the lesson

plans in our record, as well as the hearing transcript that would explain the proffered expert’s

methodology. Accordingly, we deny the mandamus, but do so without violence to any argument

that Hernandez, if she so chooses, might advance under the new standard for materiality.

                                              I. BACKGROUND

         Hernandez was indicted on two counts of racing on a highway causing serious bodily

injury. The State designated El Paso Sheriff’s Deputy Special Traffic Investigator Jose Melero as

an expert witness in accident-reconstruction. The State disclosed in its notice of prospective

witnesses that the law-enforcement officers:

       [W]ill testify as to any facts known to them in the case and, to the extent qualified,
       will testify as experts within their respective fields of knowledge and expertise. This
       includes expert testimony on accident reconstruction, crash scene analysis, vehicle
       speed analysis (including 90 degree momentum calculation), general law
       enforcement procedures and practices, and any other area in which they have
       specialized knowledge or expertise.

       The trial court set a Daubert2 hearing for October 22, 2019. Five days prior to the hearing,

Hernandez filed with the district clerk an application for a subpoena duces tecum which directed

2
  Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993). The record uses the case name as a short-hand reference
for a hearing to challenge the credentials or methodology of an expert witness. In Texas criminal practice, challenges
to an expert’s reliability are governed by standard set out in Kelly v. State, 824 S.W.2d 568, 572 (Tex.Crim.App.
1992).

                                                          2
the records custodian for the El Paso Police Department Academy to appear and produce the lesson

plans for Course No. 2070 (Accident Investigations) and Course No. 2071 (Accident

Reconstruction) for the year 2015. Those two specific courses are listed on Officer Melero’s Texas

Commission on Law Enforcement (“TCOLE”) Personal Status Report for course work that he

completed.3 The subpoena application asserted that the records custodian was “believed to have

material testimony or evidence to the defense in this action.”

         The City of El Paso moved to quash the subpoena and requested a protective order. After

learning of the subpoena, the State filed its own motion to quash and request for protective order.4

The State objected generally that the subpoena sought information that was privileged and

irrelevant, and that the subpoena was unduly burdensome, harassing, overbroad, and amounted to

an improper fishing expedition.              Specifically, the State argued in part that Hernandez was

attempting to circumvent Article 39.14 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure and that Article

24.03 did not authorize issuance of the subpoena because “the defense has not shown how the

information is material or favorable to its case so as to be entitled to the issuance of a subpoena in

the first place.” [Emphasis added]. The State’s motion also sought a protective order governing

future discovery because it believed Hernandez had engaged in “abuse of process” when utilizing

3
  Officer Melero completed 200 hundred hours of training in the two courses that are only described as “Accident
Investigations” on the TCOLE report, which notes that some hours were taught by the El Paso County Sheriff’s Office,
and some by the El Paso Police Academy.
4
  The subpoena duces tecum was served on the EPPD custodian on October 18, 2019 (a Friday). The executed return
was filed with the district clerk on the day of the Daubert hearing. The State argued below in support of the motion to
quash and protective order that counsel for Hernandez had not provided the State with notice of the subpoena because
he did not serve the prosecutor with a copy of the defendant’s application for subpoena duces tecum. Article 24.03 of
the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure itself does not expressly require the party issuing the subpoena to serve the
opposing party with a copy of the subpoena. See TEX.CODE CRIM.PROC.ANN. art. 24.03 (requiring the application
“be filed with the clerk” who is responsible for “[placing it] with the papers in the cause or, if the application is filed
electronically, placed with any other electronic information linked to the number of the cause[]” and [making] the
application “available to both the State and the defendant.”). However, even if counsel for Relator did not violate the
rules of procedure, the last-minute service of the subpoena and lack of a courtesy copy shared among all counsel may
have driven the unusually contentious nature of the proceedings below.

                                                            3
her subpoena power that evinced “a clear preference for ‘trial by ambush.’” The City’s motion to

quash argued that Relator had failed to comply with Article 24.02 which governs issuance of

subpoenas. The City urged that “[w]hile § 24.02 does authorize the issuance of the subpoena duces

tecum, [Hernandez] is still required to show materiality and good cause,” before it could issue.

[Emphasis added].

       Officer Melero testified at the Daubert hearing, but that hearing transcript is not part of our

record. Two days after the Daubert hearing, the trial court heard the motions to quash. Our record

does contain the transcript of that October 24, 2019 hearing. At that hearing, the City had available

approximately 600 pages of materials in the form of “textbooks” that were responsive to the

subpoena requests. But the City objected to releasing the materials without any adequate basis

being articulated by Hernandez. Rather, the City argued that the records were being sought merely

as a means for defense counsel to prepare for cross-examination of the officer at trial, which it

claims is not a purpose authorized by Article 39.14 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure.

Counsel for the City suggested that the trial court could review the records in camera if necessary,

to make a materiality determination.

       At the hearing, the State adopted the arguments advanced by the City Attorney. It also

argued that a defendant carries the burden to show the items that they are seeking are both material

and favorable. Quoting the State’s attorney: “But the cases make it plain that the burden is on the

Defense to show materiality and favorableness.” The State’s attorney urged that “materiality” is

defined “as something that would change the outcome of the case in their favor[.]” And the State’s

attorney argued that Hernandez could not meet that standard. Another thread of the State’s

argument below was that Hernandez should have pursued a motion to compel against the State, as

opposed to subpoenaing a third party to produce a document she thinks the State should have

                                                 4
turned over.

       In response, Hernandez’s counsel argued that the subpoena was authorized by her Sixth

Amendment right to compulsory process and effective assistance of counsel, which Article 39.14

could not restrict. Counsel asserted that Officer Merelo intended to testify to a skid mark analysis

and the course material would be material and relevant to that topic:

               The purpose of the Daubert hearing was to decide whether or not he was
       going to testify as an expert. Whether or not his testimony is admissible at trial and
       how much weight the jury should give it requires that we be -- that we have some
       sort of basis to cross-examine him on the methods and the methodologies which he
       uses to arrive at his conclusions.

               What we learned from the Daubert hearing is that he is going to be testifying
       solely as an expert with regard to skid mark analysis.

       [. . .]

       I’m not sure what there may be in there with respect to skid mark analysis, but it
       certainly is relevant. It’s been put into issue by the State[.]

       [. . .]

       I’m entitled to review the materials which the expert relies on for his expertise, and
       they do not have to be admissible.

Hernandez’s counsel also invited the trial court to review the material in camera.

       At the end of the hearing, the trial court made an oral finding that there was a lack of

sufficient showing of materiality, favorability, or good cause and orally granted the motions to

quash. There is no indication from the reporter’s record of the hearing that the trial court ever

actually viewed the documents in making its ruling.

       On October 30, 2019, the trial court signed a written order that quashed the subpoena and

granted the State and City’s respective protective orders. The written order expressly imposed the

following conditions:

       [T]he motion for protective order filed by the State should be, and the same is
       hereby, GRANTED, and that the Defendant shall be, and she is hereby,
                                                 5
       PROHIBITED from issuing and serving subpoenas or subpoenas duces tecum in
       this case for pre-trial hearings or otherwise without first filing an application for
       subpoena with the Court, with notice to the State, showing how the testimony and
       evidence would be material and favorable to the Defendant, and obtaining an order
       authorizing the issuance of the subpoena.

                               II. MANDAMUS PROCEEDINGS

       On November 27, 2019, Hernandez filed her petition for a writ of mandamus. She

identified four issues. The first issue globally complains that the order was an abuse of discretion.

The next three issues focused on the “pre-clearance” feature of the trial court’s order that required

Hernandez to first come to the trial court before filing an application for a subpoena and

demonstrate that the items sought are material and favorable. We stayed the proceedings below

pending resolution of this appeal, but we later lifted the stay to allow the State to file a motion in

the trial court to vacate the portion of the trial court’s protective order imposing the subpoena

preclearance requirement on Hernandez. Thereafter, the State filed the motion to vacate in the

trial court which then issued an amended order removing the subpoena preclearance requirement.

       A. The Remaining Protective Order

       After the trial court amended the order to remove the preclearance requirement, the

remaining portion of the order quashed the challenged subpoena and contained two sentences that

“granted” the City’s Protective Order and “granted” the State’s Protective Order. An order,

however, should do just that--it should command a party to perform or desist from performing a

specific act. When an order only “grants” a motion--as the order does here--the reader is required

to go back to the original motion to discern what the movant was requesting, either in the body of

the motion or the prayer for relief. Sometimes the relief sought by a motion is clear, but sometimes

not.

       Here, the City’s motion asked that “the subpoena be quashed insofar as it requests records

                                                  6
that the Defendant is not entitled to discover or is not entitled to subpoena directly from the Police

Department[.]”5

         The State’s motion sought protection from releasing “information that is law enforcement

privileged or confidential by law . . .[and] any records that would cause violations of the law or

the privacy rights of any other individual.” The motion also sought “protection of this Court from

further repeated subpoenas for any other information and records linked or identifiable to this

officer.” 6 Given the impreciseness of an order that only grants a motion (without stating what

is specifically ordered), the most we can say is that Relator is likely prohibited from issuing a

subpoena to the City of El Paso for records linked to Officer Melero.

         B. Relator’s Claim

         Focused only on that issue, Hernandez urges that issuance of a subpoena (and subpoena

duces tecum) is a matter of right so long as the testimony or item sought is material to the defense’s

case. And she argues the lesson plans are relevant given that the State intends to call Officer

Melero at trial “who, presumably, will testify that Ms. Hernandez was exceeding the speed limit”

based on “certain esoteric calculations known only to him.” Within the petition for mandamus,

Hernandez claims a right to the lesson plans pursuant to several theories, including (1) her due

process rights under Brady; (2) her right to compulsory process; (3) her Sixth Amendment right to

effective assistance of counsel; (4) the Code of Criminal Procedure’s subpoena issuance

5
  The motion also asked for alternative relief in the event that the subpoena was not quashed, specifically that the City
be given time to “adequately prepare the records,” a request that the Defendant pay for the costs of copies, and an “in
camera review of the records to insure that no confidential, privileged or non-material records” be included. Because
the trial court did in fact quash the subpoena in its entirety, these conditional requests for relief were not triggered and
are not before us.
6
  Beyond that, the motion asked the court to award sanctions pursuant to TEX.CODE CRIM.PROC.Ann. art. 1.052 and
conditionally, if the court were to allow the subpoena, the State asked for indemnity and the posting of a surety bond
to protect “individuals affected by the subpoenas[.]” As no sanctions were awarded, and the later relief is conditional
upon an event that did not occur, these provisions are not before us.

                                                             7
provisions, TEX.CODE CRIM.PROC.ANN. arts. 24.02-.03; and (5) the Michael Morton Act,

TEX.CODE CRIM.PROC.ANN. art. 39.14(h). With respect to the Article 39.14 grounds, she asserts

that materiality is not a prerequisite.

        The mandamus petition also argues (though not separately signposted as a distinct issue)

that the failure of the trial court to conduct an in camera review denies Hernandez the ability to a

remedy by appeal. Because the lesson plans are not in the record, Hernandez lacks any ability to

show harm from her inability to use them at trial.

        C. Standard of Review

        To be entitled to mandamus relief, a relator must show: (1) that they have no adequate

remedy at law; and (2) that what the relator seeks to compel is a ministerial act. In re State ex rel.

Weeks, 391 S.W.3d 117, 122 (Tex.Crim.App. 2013).               The “no adequate remedy at law”

requirement contemplates that while a party may technically possess some remedy, it “may

nevertheless be so uncertain, tedious, burdensome, slow, inconvenient, inappropriate, or

ineffective as to be deemed inadequate.” Id. The ministerial act requirement is satisfied if the

relator can show a clear right to the relief sought. Id. A clear right to relief is shown when the

facts and circumstances dictate but one rational decision “under unequivocal, well-settled (i.e.,

from extant statutory, constitutional, or case law sources), and clearly controlling legal principles.”

Id.

        Stated otherwise, the relator must show that “the governing law is of such absolute clarity

and certainty that nothing is left to the court’s discretion.” Powell v. Hocker, 516 S.W.3d 488, 495

(Tex.Crim.App. 2017). Here, we apply these standards in light of the law governing the avenues

of criminal discovery.

                                                  8
        D. Discovery in Criminal Cases

        Relevant here, an accused has three avenues for gathering evidence to defend against the

State’s prosecution of criminal charges: (1) federal constitutional law; (2) statutory discovery

rights under Article 39.14; and (3) the subpoena procedure under Article 24.03. We briefly review

each.

        The several protections found in the federal constitution while potent, do not give a

defendant the “general right to discovery” of all evidence in the State’s possession.             See

Weatherford v. Bursey, 429 U.S. 545, 559 (1977) (“There is no general constitutional right to

discovery in a criminal case, and Brady did not create one[.]”); Pena v. State, 353 S.W.3d 797,

809 (Tex.Crim.App. 2011) (citing Supreme Court authority for proposition that “Brady essentially

created a federal constitutional right to certain minimal discovery”). Yet under Brady v. Maryland

the State, as a matter of due process, is required to disclose evidence “favorable to an accused . . .

if the evidence is material to the accused’s guilt or punishment.” Ex parte Chaney, 563 S.W.3d

239, 266 (Tex.Crim.App. 2018), citing Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87 (1963).

        “Favorable evidence includes exculpatory evidence and impeachment evidence.” Ex parte

Chaney, 563 S.W.3d at 266, citing United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 676 (1985). Relevant

here, impeachment evidence includes that which tends to discredit the testimony of witnesses for

the State. See Giglio v. United States, 405 U.S. 150, 154-55 (1972). And under Brady, evidence

is “material” when “there is a reasonable probability that, had the evidence been disclosed to the

defense, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Strickler v. Greene, 527 U.S.

263, 280 (1999) (internal quotation marks omitted). So, no actionable Brady violation occurs

“unless the nondisclosure was so serious that there is a reasonable probability that the suppressed

evidence would have produced a different verdict.” Id. at 281.

                                                  9
       The Sixth Amendment provides a separate right to compulsory process that guarantees

“criminal defendants have the right to the government’s assistance in compelling the attendance

of favorable witnesses at trial and the right to put before a jury evidence that might influence the

determination of guilt.” Pennsylvania v. Ritchie, 480 U.S. 39, 56 (1987). As we recently

explained:

       [T]he Sixth Amendment right to compulsory process ‘is in plain terms the right to
       present a defense, the right to present the defendant’s version of the facts as well as
       the prosecution’s to the jury so it may decide where the truth lies.’ Coleman v.
       State, 966 S.W.2d 525, 527 (Tex.Crim.App. 1998). ‘The Sixth Amendment does
       not guarantee, however, the right to secure the attendance and testimony of any and
       all witnesses; rather, it guarantees only compulsory process for obtaining witnesses
       whose testimony would be both material and favorable to the defense.’ Id. at 527-
       28. To exercise the federal constitutional compulsory process right, the defendant
       must make a plausible showing to the trial court, by sworn evidence or agreed facts,
       that the witness testimony sought would be both material and favorable to the
       defense. Id. at 528.

In re State, 599 S.W.3d 577, 598-99 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2020, orig. proceeding); see

also Emenhiser v. State, 196 S.W.3d 915, 921 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth 2006, pet. ref’d) (The right

to compulsory process gives defendants “the right to secure the attendance of witnesses whose

testimony would be both material and favorable to the defense.”) (emphasis supplied).

       Texas also adds a statutory avenue of discovery in Article 39.14 of the Code of Criminal

Procedure. Two subsections of that article are urged by the parties. The State is required under

Article 39.14(h) to “disclose to the defendant any exculpatory, impeachment, or mitigating

document, item, or information in the possession, custody, or control of the state that tends to

negate the guilt of the defendant or would tend to reduce the punishment for the offense charged.”

TEX.CODE CRIM.PROC.ANN. art. 39.14(h). And under Article 39.14(a), upon request, the State is

required to disclose to the defense any documents and other materials “not otherwise privileged

that constitute or contain evidence material to any matter involved in the action and that are in the

possession, custody, or control of the state or any person under contract with the state.” Id. at
                                                 10
39.14(a) (emphasis supplied).

        The other Texas statutory provision at issue here is the authorization for subpoenas for a

person found in Article 24.03, and for tangible items found in Article 24.02. Read together, the

provisions authorize the issuance of a subpoena (and subpoena duces tecum) through an

application to the district clerk that attests that the testimony would be “material to the State or the

defense.” TEX.CODE CRIM.PROC.ANN. art. 24.03(a). Issuance of the subpoena is a matter of right

on written application identifying the witness and on assertion that the testimony sought is material

to the State or the defense. Id.; Shpikula v. State, 68 S.W.3d 212, 221 (Tex.App.--Houston [1st

Dist.] 2002, pet. ref’d). Thus, the guiding standard is whether the subpoena sought documents

“material to the . . . defense.”7

        Other than for Article 39.14(h), each of these evidence gathering avenues require that the

witness or evidence sought is “material.” Given the significance of that standard in all these

relevant discovery tools, we digress to address an intervening change in our understanding of that

term as used in Article 39.14.

        E. Watkins v. State

        As we were close to issuing our decision in this case, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals

handed down its decision in Watkins v. State, 619 S.W.3d 265 (Tex.Crim.App. 2021). The issue

in that case was whether the State failed in pre-trial discovery to turn over to the defense a series

of exhibits that it later admitted into evidence at trial. Id. at 268. That question turned on whether

the exhibits were “material to any matter involved in the action” as that phrase is used in Article

39.14(a). The court ultimately concluded that “[e]vidence is ‘material’ if it has ‘some logical

connection to a consequential fact.’ Whether evidence is ‘material’ is therefore determined by

7
 The City argued below that Relator would also need to show “good cause” for issuance of a subpoena duces tecum.
We do not find that requirement in the statute.

                                                      11
evaluating its relation to a particular subject matter rather than its impact upon the overall

determination of guilt or punishment in light of the evidence introduced at trial.” Id. at 269.

         Much of the Watkins opinion focuses on statutory construction because the court was

construing the phrase “material to any matter involved in the action” as the legislature used that

phrase in the 2013 Michael Morton Act. Id. at 269. That same phrase had appeared in an earlier

version of Article 39.14, and the State urged that the legislature would have known of the courts’

prior interpretation of that term and intended the same interpretation to be carried forward. Id.

That earlier interpretation included some of the same root cases that underpin the State’s claimed

definition for materiality here.8 The Watkins court, however, rejected that argument, reasoning

that:

         On the whole, this Court’s jurisprudence in this area focused on whether a
         conviction could be reversed because of a trial court’s discretionary call to refuse
         to order disclosure, rather than on whether particular evidence could be categorized
         as ‘material to any matter involved in the action.’ There had not been an
         authoritative decision by the Court regarding the meaning of the phrase at the time
         the Michael Morton Act was passed.

Id. at 288. Accordingly, the Watkins court, applying rules of statutory construction and using the

ordinary meaning of the terms, concluded that “material” means “‘having a logical connection to

a consequential fact’ and is synonymous with ‘relevant’ in light of the context in which it is used

in the statute.” Id. at 290. That definition of materiality significantly differs from “indispensable”

or probably causing “a different outcome” as urged by the State to this Court and the trial court

8
 In its brief to this Court, for instance, the State cites Branum v. State, 535 S.W.3d 217, 224-25 (Tex.App.–Fort Worth
2017, no pet.) for the proposition that mandatory disclosure under article 39.14(a) requires that the evidence must be
“indispensable to the State’s case” or must provide a reasonable probability that its production would result in a
different outcome. Branum cites In re Hawk, No. 05-16-00462-CV, 2016 WL 3085673, at *2 (Tex.App.--Dallas
May 31, 2016, orig. proceeding) for that proposition, which in turn relies on Ehrke v. State, 459 S.W.3d 606, 611
(Tex.Crim.App. 2015). Ehrke relies on three cases which Watkins discusses at length, and which it concludes do not
affix that meaning to “material” under Article 39.14: Quinones v. State, 592 S.W.2d 933, 941 (Tex.Crim.App. 1980);
McBride v. State, 838 S.W.2d 248, 251 (Tex.Crim.App. 1992); and Detmering v. State, 481 S.W.2d 863, 864
(Tex.Crim.App. 1972).

                                                         12
below.

                                        III. DISCUSSION

         Hernandez’ mandamus turns on whether she has shown that with respect to the remaining

portion of the order, the trial court was required to uphold the subpoena under one or more of the

five theories advanced in her mandamus petition: (1) due process rights under Brady; (2) Sixth

Amendment right to compulsory process; (3) Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of

counsel; (4) Articles 24.02-.03; and (5) the Michael Morton Act, TEX.CODE CRIM.PROC.ANN. art.

39.14(h). We find that the trial court was not compelled under the law existing at the time of the

order to allow the subpoena, or at least the record does not support that argument. However, we

allow for the possibility that Hernandez may be able to press her claim anew in light of Watkins,

and nothing in this opinion should foreclose that possibility.

         A. The Mandamus Record Cannot Support Relief

         The mandamus record precludes any meaningful inquiry into the materiality of the course

materials, regardless of how materiality is defined. First, we do not have a transcript of the Daubert

hearing where Officer Melero set out his opinions, and presumably his rationale for them.

Accordingly, even if we had the lesson plans before us (which we do not), we would have no basis

to know how the lesson plans relate to the expert’s methodology. For instance, do any of the lesson

plans address whatever time and distance formulas that Officer Melero may rely on, if he does?

Do they address the coefficient of friction essential to stopping distance, if indeed Officer Melero

utilizes a coefficient of friction? Nothing in our record allows us to even ponder a guess. And

more pointedly, even though the parties discussed an in camera review of the documents which

the City brought to the hearing, there is no indication the trial court reviewed the lesson plans, nor

were they included under seal in our record. That fact presents its own problems.

                                                 13
       A trial court cannot exercise its discretion in the absence of evidence. See In re Berrenberg,

605 S.W.3d 922, 927 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2020, orig. proceeding) (holding, in civil context, that

trial court abuses its discretion when it limits discovery in the absence of substantiating evidence

in the record). Both the United States Supreme Court and the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals

have held that when the defense requests access to confidential or privileged information, the trial

court should conduct an in camera inspection of the materials prior to ordering disclosure of the

information. See Pennsylvania v. Ritchie, 480 U.S. 39, 60-61 (1987); Thomas v. State, 837 S.W.2d

106, 113-14 (Tex.Crim.App. 1992).         “[W]hen a party seeks to compel the production of

confidential or privileged documents, the trial court is required to conduct an in camera inspection

of those documents prior to ordering their disclosure.” In re Moore, 615 S.W.3d 162, 169

(Tex.App.--Austin 2019, orig. proceeding) (trial court erred in failing to review claimed

confidential portions of personnel files prior to ruling on whether they could be disclosed).

       We do not hold, however, that the trial court abused its discretion in failing to conduct an

in camera review. Colloquy between the court and Relator’s counsel suggest that trial court based

her materiality determination at least in part on the failure of Relator to raise the issue of these

specific documents at the time of the Daubert hearing:

       THE COURT: So I’m having a little trouble with the fact that you felt it was not
       necessary to have those documents when we actually went through the Daubert
       hearing, if they were so essential and so relevant and so material, why those weren’t
       necessary and you did not show that they were necessary at the Daubert hearing.

At another point, the trial court noted its request that any materials were to be delivered prior the

hearing so she would have the chance to review them:

       THE COURT: If something’s been handed to the Court staff, given to the Court, I
       have not seen anything. It’s not my understanding. Part of the idea was if we were
       going to be in an in-camera review session, I had requested if they would be
       produced to me Thursday morning because we were going to have this matter in
       the afternoon. That way we could move on any potential, I guess, disclosure. But
       that -- as far as I know, that didn’t happen and I didn’t receive anything.
                                                 14
We cannot say from our record who failed to meet that deadline. It is enough to say here, however,

that while we deny the petition for mandamus as presented, if the issue is raised again below, that

the trial judge will appropriately review the requested items to make the materiality determination.

         B. No Error Under Federal Constitutional Principles

         As noted above, both Brady and the Sixth Amendment right to compulsory process

incorporate a materiality standard. As a matter of federal law, their materiality standard is not

affected by Watkins statutory construction of that term in Article 39.14. Based on the problems

with the record, and the lack of distinct briefing in the mandamus petition on each of the

constitutional claims asserted, we decline to find that the trial court was compelled to uphold the

subpoena under those theories.9 For example, under the Sixth Amendment’s compulsory process

clause, “the defendant must make a plausible showing to the trial court, by sworn evidence or

agreed facts, that the witness’ testimony would be both material and favorable to the defense.”

Coleman v. State, 966 S.W.2d 525, 528 (Tex.Crim.App. 1998). Without some proof in our record

of what Officer Melero was proposing to testify to, and without the course material in our record,

we cannot say Hernandez met that standard.

         C. No Error under Article 39.14(h)

         Another basis asserted by Hernandez, Article 39.14(h), mandates the State “‘shall’ disclose

to the defendant any exculpatory, impeachment, or mitigating document, item, or information in

the possession, custody, or control of the state that tends to negate the guilt of the defendant or

would tend to reduce the punishment for the offense charged.” TEX.CODE CRIM.PROC.ANN. art.

9
  For example, Hernandez relies on the Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel as a basis for
conducting discovery, but cites no case specifically articulating that as a basis to compel discovery prior to trial. Our
own research reveals scant authority on that issue, and certainly none that supports the mandamus standard. See U.S.
v. Fernandez, 231 F.3d 1240, 1247 (9th Cir. 2000) (raising but not deciding if right to effective assistance to counsel
provides a right to discovery).

                                                          15
39.14(h) (emphasis supplied). Hernandez argues that by quashing her subpoena, “the trial court

has absolutely prohibited [her] from having access to the lesson plans” which “are obviously

relevant to this case” and as such, Hernandez “should have already received them under Tex. C.

of Crim. Proc. art 39.14(h),” without “having to bother with asking for a subpoena duces tecum.”

In contrast to Articles 39.14(a) and 24.03, Article 39.14(h) does not require a showing of

“materiality” before triggering its mandatory disclosure obligation. But, Article 39.14(h) applies

only to a distinct category of evidence, i.e., evidence that is favorable to the defendant. While

Article 39.14(h) imposes on the State an affirmative duty to disclose this type of evidence even

without a formal request by a defendant, the evidence sought by Hernandez does not fall within a

category of evidence that is “obviously” exculpatory, impeachment, or mitigating. Accordingly,

we cannot say that the record supports a finding that the lesson plans were “obviously” subject to

Article 39.14(h) mandatory disclosure prior to the issuance of the subpoena. Hernandez therefore

fails to demonstrate the trial court was required to deny the motion to quash on this factual basis.

       D. Article 39.14(a) is not before us

       Some of the parties’ briefing addresses the materiality question as if an Article 39.14(a)

request is at issue. But no Article 39.14(a) request for these records was made below. To invoke

Article 39.14(a), a defendant must make a timely request.             TEX.CODE CRIM.PROC.ANN.

art. 39.14(a). Our record contains Relator’s pleading styled “Formal Request for Compliance with

Article 39.14 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure” which seeks nine specific categories of

documents. None of those categories explicitly request the lesson plans, nor even more broadly

seek documents “material to any matter involved in the action.” And that pleading was not urged

below as the basis for the subpoena. Nothing in our opinion would therefore address a properly

made Article 39.14(a) request for the lesson plans, should one be made.

                                                 16
       E. Existing Precedent Supported Quashing the Article 24.03 Subpoena but that
          Order May be Revisited

       Hernandez complied with the procedural requisites of Article 24.03 in her written

application for the subpoena filed with the clerk; the application contained the required statutory

language. However, the State essentially argued in its motion to quash the subpoena that Articles

24.01- 24.03 are unavailable to a defendant for the purpose of obtaining pretrial discovery. Instead,

according to the State, a defendant’s statutory subpoena power serves only to protect a defendant’s

trial right to Confrontation under the Sixth Amendment, which does not guarantee “the right to

secure the attendance and testimony of any and all witnesses; rather, it guarantees only compulsory

process for obtaining witnesses whose testimony would be both material and favorable to the

defense.” Coleman v. State, 966 S.W.2d 525, 527-28 (Tex.Crim.App. 1998), citing United States

v. Valenzuela-Bernal, 458 U.S. 858, 866-67 (1982) (emphasis supplied).

       In addition, the State relied on caselaw establishing the trial court has discretion when

determining whether and to what extent the defendant is entitled to pretrial discovery not

voluntarily provided by the State. Indeed, at the time the trial court quashed the subpoena in this

case it was sometimes stated that “Article 39.14 prescribe[d] the exclusive manner by which a

defendant may obtain pretrial discovery[.]” See Shpikula v. State, 68 S.W.3d 212, 222 (Tex.App.-

-Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, pet. ref’d) (emphasis supplied). Moreover, an attempt to circumvent

Article 39.14 through a defendant’s subpoena power was subject to challenge by the State-- the

merits of which was decided by the trial court using its discretion. See Luvano v. State, 183 S.W.3d

918, 924 (Tex.App.--Eastland 2006, no pet.) (“A subpoena duces tecum is not to be used as a

discovery weapon but as an aid to discovery based upon a showing of materiality and

relevance . . . . If a showing of materiality is not made, it is proper for the trial court to quash the

subpoena.”) (emphasis supplied), citing Ealoms v. State, 983 S.W.2d 853, 859 (Tex.App.--Waco

                                                  17
1998, pet ref’d)).

          Whether any of these decisions which turned in part on materiality and relevance grounds

survive Watkins v. State is unclear. The court in Watkins relied heavily on the fact the Michael

Morton Act10 “overhauled” Article 39.14 to “broaden criminal discovery for defendants, making

disclosure the rule and non-disclosure the exception.” Watkins, 619 S.W.3d at 277. But the

Michael Morton Act left Article 24.03 untouched, and Watkins does not provide guidance as to

whether existing precedent interpreting its materiality provision--“material to the defense”--

requires re-examination. Because that question has not been adequately briefed in this proceeding,

we decline to address it at this time.11

          What we can say is that either an accused or the State generally may use a subpoena to

compel a witness (or witness with documents) to attend a pretrial Rule 702 hearing. In a sur-reply

brief, the State urges that this Court in In re State, 599 S.W.3d 577 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2020, orig.

proceeding) has already held that “the subpoena duces tecum process and the pretrial-discovery

process serve very different purposes and have different rules and requirements, and a criminal

defendant cannot properly use the subpoena process to obtain pretrial discovery from the State.”

What we actually held in In re State was that a defendant could not issue a subpoena requiring the

complaining witness to produce tangible evidence (there, a cellphone) directly to defense counsel

and untethered to any hearing. Id. at 594-95. We did not foreclose the possible use of a subpoena

10
     See The Michael Morton Act, 83rd Leg., R.S., ch. 49, § 3, 2013 TEX.GEN.LAWS 106, 108.
11
    Article 39.14(a) requires the State to produce certain designated items “material to any matter involved in the
action” while Article 24.03 permits subpoenas for items “material to the State or to the defense.” Cf. TEX.CODE
CRIM.PROC.ANN. arts. 39.14(a) and 24.03. The parties have not briefed whether there is a meaningful difference
between the two, and we choose not to decide it in the abstract. See Greene v. Gregg, 520 S.W.2d 924, 926 (Tex.App.-
-Tyler 1975, no pet.) (“The law is well settled in this state that courts are created not for the purpose of deciding
abstract questions of law or rendering advisory opinions, but for the judicial determination of presently existing
disputes between parties in relation to facts out of which controverted questions arise.”). But assuming, without
deciding that both these statutory phrases share a common meaning, a court has yet to also decide whether the lesson
plans have a connection to a consequential fact in this case.

                                                        18
to compel a witness to attend a duly set pretrial hearing. Id. at 593 (“The plain language of [Article

24.02] only allows a party to apply for a subpoena that compels a witness to attend a hearing and

bring with him or her an item or thing to the hearing that is explicitly mentioned.”); see also

TEX.CODE CRIM.PROC.ANN. art. 28.01, § 1(8) (permitting a trial court to set a pretrial hearing to

resolve discovery issues). Given the significance of experts to many cases, and possibly here,

Relator had every right and reason to compel the attendance of a witness who could assist with

that inquiry. No doubt, courts have rebuffed efforts to use subpoenas not connected to any actual

hearing. In re State, 599 S.W.3d at 594-95 (defendant improperly subpoenaed witness to produce

cell phone to defendant’s counsel outside of court); Shpikula, 68 S.W.3d at 222 (Article 24.03 did

not permit defendant to subpoena intoxilyzer data at defendant’s counsel’s office when no trial

was set). That was not, however, the situation here.

       But we can also say that when entering its order in this case, the trial court likely could

have relied on the interpretation of the term “material” found in existing precedent when it

determined Hernandez could not use a subpoena to obtain lesson plans within the custody and

control of the State. Consequently, under these circumstances, we cannot say the trial court acted

without authority at the time it entered its order. We do so, however, without prejudice to

Hernandez seeking the records through a properly set hearing and in conformity with this opinion.

       F. The Trial Court Acted Within Its Authority in Granting the Protective Order,
          but that Order May be Revisited

       The only portion of the protective order that remains is a prohibition on Hernandez from

issuing further “repeated subpoenas” for any other information and records linked or identifiable

to Officer Melero. Hernandez argues this discovery limitation impedes her ability to utilize

subpoenas as she deems necessary and therefore is unauthorized.

       The right to issue subpoenas is not absolute. A person may challenge a subpoena by filing

                                                 19
a motion to quash or a motion for protective order. See TEX.CODE CRIM.PROC.ANN. art. 39.04

(“rules prescribed in civil cases for issuance of . . . subpoenaing witnesses . . . as to the manner

and form of taking and returning the same. . . govern in criminal actions, when not in conflict with

this Code.”); see also TEX.R.CIV.P. 192.6 (“A person from whom discovery is sought, and any

other person affected by the discovery request, may move . . . for an order protecting that person

from the discovery sought.”)

       And a trial court is permitted to issue a protective order in connection with the issuance of

subpoenas to protect a movant from “undue burden, unnecessary expense, harassment, annoyance,

or invasion of personal, constitutional, or property rights[.]” TEX.R.CIV.P. 192.6(b)(4). In that

regard, a “court may make any order in the interest of justice and may--among other things--order

that[] . . . the discovery be undertaken only by such method or upon such terms and conditions or

at the time and place directed by the court.” Id. Moreover, a trial court does not act outside its

authority when it sets reasonable conditions on compliance with a subpoena. See TEX.R.CIV.P.

176.7 (“The court may impose reasonable conditions on compliance with a subpoena, including

compensating the witness for undue hardship.”). Because the order here applies to “repeated

subpoenas” of a single witness, we believe the standard by which the trial court will measure

whether Hernandez is wielding her subpoena power in an abusive way as to Officer Melero in the

future is reasonable. For us, the trial court’s order does not raise a concern that justifies the grant

of a mandamus at this time.

       Moreover, contrary to Hernandez’s contention, the current protective order does not

prohibit her from issuing a subpoena with respect to Officer Melero altogether, if the subpoena is

indeed necessary, it merely adds one more step prior to its issuance. If Hernandez believes an

Officer Melero-related subpoena is necessary, she can move the trial court to lift the protective

                                                  20
order. As the trial court’s order does not operate as an absolute bar to issuing such a subpoena,

imposing the additional procedural safeguard to protect the State and this witness from abusive

process does not alone establish the trial court stepped outside its bounds of authority.

       In addition, Hernandez has not yet moved the trial court to lift the protective order for the

purpose of issuing a Officer Melero-related subpoena. As there is no order denying the request,

whether Hernandez is unable to issue a necessary subpoena as to Officer Melero is not ripe for

mandamus review.       See In re Perritt, 992 S.W.2d 444, 446 (Tex. 1999)(“A party’s right to

mandamus relief generally requires a predicate request for some action and a refusal of that

request.”).

       In sum, the trial court’s amended order permits Hernandez to freely issue all her subpoenas

in accordance with the rules--except when it comes to one witness, Officer Melero. Because the

limitation imposed as to Officer Melero is narrowly tailored and does not create an absolute bar to

issuing the subpoena, it is not action for which a writ of mandamus lies. As Hernandez fails to

demonstrate she is entitled to mandamus relief with respect to the trial court’s order granting the

motion to quash or the protective order, we deny relief as to Issue One.

       G. Subpoena Preclearance

       In Issues Two, Three, and Four, Hernandez contends that the trial court acted without

authority by imposing the subpoena preclearance requirement on her in contravention to

TEX.CODE CRIM.PROC.ANN. arts. 24.01 through 24.03. However, the trial court’s amended order

removes the subpoena preclearance requirement and has extinguished any live controversy

between the parties on this point. Issues Two, Three, and Four are overruled as moot.

                                       IV. CONCLUSION

       Relator’s Issues Two, Three, and Four, all of which relate to the “pre-clearance” aspect of

                                                 21
the trial court’s original order are moot. We deny mandamus that relate to the El Paso Police

Department’s lesson plans because (1) we have no record from the expert’s Daubert hearing

describing his methodology and no copy of the lesson plans (or even a description of them) so as

to evaluate their potential materiality; and (2) as explained above, the trial court has not been

shown to have violated clear precepts of law existing at the time of the entry of the order. We

note, however, that neither the trial court, nor this Court have analyzed the discovery issues in light

of Watkins v. State (and no issue under Article 39.14(a) was asserted below, nor resolved on

appeal). Nothing in this opinion is intended to foreclose those issues being raised below.

                                               JEFF ALLEY, Justice

July 30, 2021

Before Rodriguez, C.J., Palafox, and Alley, JJ.

(Do Not Publish)

                                                  22