Court Opinion

ID: 4585421
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-12 00:00:57.259425+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:46:48.888836
License: Public Domain

U NITED S TATES AIR F ORCE
              C OURT OF C RIMINAL APPEALS
                            ________________________

                                  No. ACM 39628
                            ________________________

                               UNITED STATES
                                   Appellee
                                          v.
                            Malik K. CRUMP
                   Airman (E-2), U.S. Air Force, Appellant
                            ________________________

         Appeal from the United States Air Force Trial Judiciary
                          Decided 10 November 2020
                            ________________________

Military Judge: Jefferson B. Brown (motions); Matthew D. Talcott.
Approved sentence: Dishonorable discharge, confinement for 10 years,
forfeiture of all pay and allowances, reduction to E-1, and a reprimand.
Sentence adjudged 23 September 2018 by GCM convened at Joint Base
San Antonio-Lackland, Texas. 1
For Appellant: Captain Amanda E. Dermady, USAF; Mark C. Bruegger,
Esquire.
For Appellee: Lieutenant Colonel Joseph J. Kubler, USAF; Lieutenant
Colonel Brian C. Mason, USAF; Major Jessica L. Delaney, USAF; Major
Anne M. Delmare, USAF; Mary Ellen Payne, Esquire.
Before J. JOHNSON, LEWIS, and POSCH, Appellate Military Judges.
Senior Judge LEWIS delivered the opinion of the court, in which Chief
Judge J. JOHNSON and Senior Judge POSCH joined.
                            ________________________

1 We use the arraignment and trial location as reflected in the authenticated record of
trial. The court-martial order (CMO) states, contrary to the authenticated transcript,
that arraignment occurred at Joint Base San Antonio-Fort Sam Houston, Texas. In
our decretal paragraph, we order a correction to the CMO for an error in the trial
court’s findings but we do not order a modification to the arraignment location.
                     United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

    This is an unpublished opinion and, as such, does not serve as
    precedent under AFCCA Rule of Practice and Procedure 30.4.
                              ________________________

LEWIS, Senior Judge:
    A general court-martial composed of a military judge sitting alone con-
victed Appellant, contrary to his pleas, of three specifications of sexual assault
and one specification of abusive sexual contact in violation of Article 120, Uni-
form Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. § 920, 2,3 and one specification
of assault consummated by a battery in violation of Article 128, UCMJ, 10
U.S.C. § 928. 4 The court-martial sentenced Appellant to a dishonorable dis-
charge, confinement for ten years, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, reduc-
tion to the grade of E-1, and a reprimand. The convening authority approved
the adjudged sentence but failed to include the reprimand of Appellant in the
action as required by Rule for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.) 1107(f)(4)(G). See also
R.C.M. 1003(b)(1). We take corrective action to remedy this error and do not
approve the reprimand in our decretal paragraph.
    Appellant raised 12 issues 5 for our consideration: (1) whether the evidence
is legally and factually sufficient; (2) whether the military judge erred by not
recusing himself; (3) whether the military judge erred by admitting testimony
offered pursuant to Mil. R. Evid. 413; (4) whether the military judge erred by

2All references to the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), Rules for Courts-
Martial (R.C.M.), and Military Rules of Evidence are to the Manual for Courts-Martial,
United States (2016 ed.) (MCM).
3 The abusive sexual contact offense was charged as aggravated sexual contact, also a
violation of Article 120, UCMJ. The military judge found Appellant guilty of the “lesser
included offense” of abusive sexual contact. After the presentation of evidence, trial
defense counsel agreed with the military judge that abusive sexual contact was a lesser
included offense of aggravated sexual contact. Additionally, the finding of guilty to this
specification was by exceptions and substitutions.
4Appellant initially pleaded guilty to assault consummated by a battery and the mili-
tary judge found his plea provident and entered findings of guilty. This plea of guilty
was later withdrawn. We describe the circumstances of that withdrawal when we as-
sess Appellant’s second assignment of error, whether the military judge erred by not
recusing himself.
5 We have reordered and reworded the assignments of error. Appellant personally
raises issues (7), (8), (9), (10), and (11) pursuant to United States v. Grostefon, 12 M.J.
431 (C.M.A. 1982).

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                     United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

failing to compel the production of evidence and witnesses from the investiga-
tion of the Mil. R. Evid. 413 witness’s claims; (5) whether the military judge
erred in excluding evidence under Mil. R. Evid. 412; (6) whether Appellant was
denied effective assistance of counsel under the Sixth Amendment 6 as alleged
in three deficiencies in the performance of his trial defense counsel; (7) whether
Appellant was unlawfully deprived of a panel of his peers in violation of the
Sixth Amendment and Article 25, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 825; (8) whether trial
defense counsel were ineffective on additional grounds by declining to search
Appellant’s phone or review the Snapchat messages he exchanged with one
victim; (9) whether the military judge erred by considering an unsworn victim
impact statement under R.C.M. 1001A; (10) whether the mandatory dishonor-
able discharge is unconstitutional; (11) whether the sentence to ten years of
confinement was unduly severe; and (12) whether the cumulative error doc-
trine requires relief. In addition, although not raised by Appellant, we consider
whether he is entitled to relief for facially unreasonable appellate delay.
   With respect to issues (7), (8), (9), and (11), we have carefully considered
Appellant’s contentions and find they do not require further discussion or war-
rant relief. See United States v. Matias, 25 M.J. 356, 361 (C.M.A. 1987).
    Regarding issue (10), we find the assignment of error to be without merit
for the reasons we announced in three prior cases: United States v. Rita, ___
M.J. ___, No. ACM 39614, 2020 CCA LEXIS 238, at *5–7 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App
17 Jul. 2020), rev. denied, No. 20-0365, 2020 CAAF LEXIS 571 (C.A.A.F. 15
Oct. 2020); United States v. Plourde, No. ACM 39478, 2019 CCA LEXIS 488,
at *45–49 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 6 Dec. 2019) (unpub. op.), rev. denied, 80 M.J.
73 (C.A.A.F. 2020); and United States v. Yates, No. ACM 39444, 2019 CCA
LEXIS 391, at *71–73 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 30 Sep. 2019) (unpub. op.), rev.
denied, 80 M.J. 80 (C.A.A.F. 2020).
    On the remaining issues, we find no error that materially prejudiced Ap-
pellant’s substantial rights. As assertions of error without merit are not suffi-
cient to invoke the doctrine of cumulative error, we find no relief warranted for
issue (12). See United States v. Gray, 51 M.J. 1, 61 (C.A.A.F. 1999). We affirm
the findings and, except for the reprimand, the approved sentence.

                                I. BACKGROUND
    Appellant joined the Air Force in February 2017. After successfully com-
pleting basic military training, Appellant began technical training in a medical
career field at Joint Base San-Antonio Fort Sam Houston, Texas. The charged
offenses arose from two separate incidents in Appellant’s dormitory room on

6   U.S. CONST. amend. VI.

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                    United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

that installation. The first incident occurred in July 2017 and the second in
November 2017. Each incident involved a different female Airman who lived
in the same dormitory as Appellant and had visited his room. The incident in
July involved Airman (Amn) MM and the incident in November involved Air-
man Basic (AB) EA. 7 We address the two incidents in that order.
A. Airman MM
    The military judge convicted Appellant of two offenses involving Amn MM:
(1) abusive sexual contact, by causing bodily harm, when Appellant touched
her hips through her clothing with an intent to gratify his sexual desire; and
(2) assault consummated by a battery when he unlawfully struck her in the
face with his hand. Both offenses occurred during the same visit to Appellant’s
room. Before describing the offenses, we address the prior interactions of Ap-
pellant and Amn MM before the day of the offenses.
    1. Prior Interactions
    Amn MM first met Appellant in May 2017 while hanging out at the dormi-
tory where both lived. Later, Amn MM saw Appellant off-base when both were
getting tattoos. At this point, the two exchanged phone numbers and then
started texting each other and communicating over the social media applica-
tion Snapchat. At first, the two were only friends, but over time they had con-
sensual sexual intercourse—sometimes in his dormitory room and sometimes
in hers.
   Evidence of Amn MM’s and Appellant’s consensual sexual activities before
the charged conduct was admitted, pursuant to Mil. R. Evid. 412, to show
whether Appellant had a mistake of fact defense to the offenses. While there
was general agreement that the prior sexual encounters occurred, Appellant
and Amn MM disagreed on the specifics. Most notably, they disagreed about
whether Appellant had been allowed to slap Amn MM on her face or on her
buttocks during sexual intercourse.
    Amn MM recalled Appellant weakly slapping her buttocks while they were
having intercourse on two separate occasions. On the first occasion the slap
was at her request. Afterwards, Amn MM joked with Appellant that he “hit
like a bitch” because he hit her softly and the two laughed about it. Amn MM
testified that Appellant slapped her buttocks one other time while they were
having intercourse, even though she did not request it, but she was “okay” with
him doing it.

7This opinion uses their grades as listed on the charge sheet. Both had been promoted
by the time of their trial testimony.

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                    United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

    Amn MM denied ever asking Appellant to hit her in the face during inter-
course. Instead, she recalled a conversation with Appellant on this subject
where he explained how an ex-girlfriend of his “loved for him to slap her in the
face.” Amn MM testified that her response to Appellant was “[w]ell that’s all
fine and dandy for her, but do not touch my face. I have personal issues with
that; do not touch my face.”
    Appellant testified that he smacked Amn MM on the buttocks during in-
tercourse but she had never asked him to do so. Instead, Appellant testified on
a prior occasion Amn MM requested that he “smack her” while he was on top
of her during sex and so he slapped her in the face “not very hard.” According
to Appellant, it was this slap that caused Amn MM to remark that he hit “like
a bitch.” Appellant denied having a prior conversation with Amn MM that her
face was off-limits.
   After the last time Amn MM and Appellant had consensual intercourse,
Amn MM started a new relationship and subsequently told Appellant she did
not want to have sex with him anymore. Appellant got upset and called Amn
MM “a hoe.” Amn MM stopped speaking with Appellant for almost two weeks.
The charged offenses occurred when Appellant attempted to reconcile with
Amn MM.
    2. Abusive Sexual Contact and Battery of Amn MM
     On 13 July 2017, Appellant messaged and texted Amn MM, asking for her
to come to his room so he could apologize to her face-to-face for the name he
called her. She agreed to visit his room but also messaged Appellant that she
was not going to have sex with him. Upon entering Appellant’s room, Amn MM
noticed Appellant’s roommate was not present. The door closed behind Amn
MM after she entered. 8 Appellant, who was sitting on his bed, began apologiz-
ing. Amn MM replied “well, if that’s all you have to say I’m leaving. I’m over
it.” At this point, Amn MM and Appellant have markedly different accounts
about what happened next in Appellant’s dormitory room. We begin with Amn
MM’s testimony and the evidence that supported her testimony.
       a. Testimony of Amn MM and Supporting Evidence
   After Amn MM told Appellant she was leaving, she recalled Appellant grab-
bing the front of her shirt and trying to pull her closer to where he was seated
on the bed. She told him “no. Stop. Don’t do that. Get off.” Rather than stop,
Appellant got up from the bed and tried to get behind Amn MM. She turned as
he did and ended up with her back to his bed. With a hold of Amn MM’s shirt,
Appellant tried to push her backwards onto the bed multiple times. Each time,

8The record of trial contains a technical training student housing gender integration
policy which required “[d]oors must remain fully open when a guest is inside.”

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                   United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

Amn MM resisted and stood back up two or three times after Appellant would
push her onto the bed. During this struggle, Appellant let go of Amn MM’s
shirt and began trying to take off her leggings by grabbing the side of her waist-
band at her hip area. She kept a grip on her leggings and “was not going to let
them come off.”
    As Amn MM resisted, Appellant said “I don’t know why you’re playing with
me. You need to stop. . . . I told you I was sorry.” Appellant flipped Amn MM
over so she now faced the bed with one forearm down on it while she held up
her leggings with her other hand. Appellant, now behind her, tried again to
pull her leggings down with his hands at the side of her waistband. Amn MM
pushed off the bed with her forearm and was able to get up, turn, and face
Appellant. She then pushed Appellant with her right hand. In response, Ap-
pellant said either “[d]on’t [f]’ing hit me” or “[d]on’t [f]’ing push me” and then
hit Amn MM, open handed, on the left side of her face. Amn MM felt immediate
pain and told Appellant to get away from her. Appellant backed away and Amn
MM left immediately to go a friend’s room, Airman First Class (A1C) AP.
    A1C AP was not in her room, but at the gym. A1C AP saw that she missed
a call from Amn MM and then saw a text message that Amn MM really needed
to speak with her. When the two met at A1C AP’s room, A1C AP could see Amn
MM was distraught and crying hard. A red mark on Amn MM’s left cheek was
visible to A1C AP. Amn MM cried so hard for the first few minutes that she
could not talk, something that A1C AP had never seen from her close friend.
Amn MM then disclosed how Appellant had tried to get on top of her and touch
her and when she pushed him off of her, he hit her in the face. Neither Amn
MM nor A1C AP immediately reported Appellant to authorities.
    When Amn MM went to school the next day, the place where Appellant hit
her face showed bruising. Amn MM tried to cover it up with makeup, unsuc-
cessfully. A prior service student noticed the injury and pulled Amn MM out of
class and asked her what happened. In turn, instructors and investigators
were notified. Photos of the bruising on Amn MM’s face were taken two to three
days after she was struck and later the following week. The photos were ad-
mitted into evidence.
       b. Appellant’s Pretrial Statements
    On 20 September 2017, agents from the Air Force Office of Special Investi-
gations (AFOSI) interviewed Appellant. After a proper waiver of his rights un-
der Article 31, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 831, Appellant made oral and written state-
ments. On 29 September 2017, a second interview was conducted after another
rights advisement. Appellant made further oral statements and completed a
second written statement. At trial, Special Agent (SA) PA, who had spent 24
years as an AFOSI special agent, testified to Appellant’s pretrial statements.

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                    United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

Both written statements were admitted into evidence as prosecution exhibits
and small portions of the recorded interviews were admitted into evidence. 9
   According to Appellant’s first written statement, after he apologized to
Amn MM for calling her a “hoe,” she started to leave and he reached out for
her hand and pulled her in. He stated they kissed and then rolled over on his
bed to where he was on top. He then wrote the following:
       While kissing she moved her head away so I leaned in again to
       continue kissing. While kissing [Amn MM] mumbled something
       that I couldn’t really hear. So noticing that kissing wasn’t work-
       ing to the point I needed I slapped her with my right hand onto
       her left cheek/eye.
    Appellant’s second written statement, clarified that when he was kissing
Amn MM, she “pulled away.” This was similar to an oral statement Appellant
made that Amn MM had “started to squirm away a little bit.” Appellant further
clarified that he did not hit Amn MM because she mumbled something. He
wrote, “[Amn MM] mumbled something I cannot remember. NOT in reaction
to what she said I smacked her across the left side of her face.”
   In addition to these clarifications, Appellant provided a further written ex-
planations for why he struck Amn MM:
       [j]ust to try and get her in the mood for sex. Knowing she liked
       it rough I tried to turn her on that way. Doing so was [com-
       pletely] wrong. [There] were multiple signs I should [have] paid
       more attention to. I was caught in the heat of the moment, not
       realizing what was happening. I am in complete fault for my ac-
       tions.
       ...
       She moved away in a manner as if she wasn’t interested and
       wanted to stop.
    SA PA also testified to another inconsistency from Appellant’s oral inter-
view. First, Appellant told SA PA two different versions of how Amn MM re-
acted after he hit her. Initially, Appellant said Amn MM looked up at him al-
most in a “seductive” manner and they started kissing again. Subsequently,
Appellant described Amn MM’s reaction as “upset” or a “what are you doing[?]”
look.

9 While three excerpts were admitted, only one is transcribed in accordance with Air
Force Manual 51–203, Records of Trial, ¶ 12.8 (4 Sep. 2018) (“Transcribe verbatim au-
dio or video recordings introduced at trial.”). We find no prejudice to Appellant from
the failure to transcribe two of the recorded interview excerpts.

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                        United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

          c. Appellant’s Trial Testimony
     Appellant described his apology to Amn MM and testified that it led to sub-
sequent consensual kissing on the bed where he ended up on top of her. Appel-
lant testified that Amn MM did not protest the kissing and laying down on the
bed “at the moment.” After further kissing, Appellant recalled “[s]he jerks her
head—not really jerks, but moves her head to the right side, I believe.” He
testified they kissed again for a minute or two before “[s]he pulls away and
then mumbled something.” Appellant explained he took her mumbling “as,
‘[s]trike me,’ so I hit her—I smack her across the face.”
    On cross-examination, Appellant admitted that Amn MM had texted him
beforehand that she was not going to have sex with him and that he initially
denied this fact to the AFOSI agents. Appellant testified he “never tried to pull
down” Amn MM’s pants. While on the bed, Appellant admitted that Amn MM
squirmed but he claimed that when Amn MM moved her head away that was
the same thing as her squirming away. He explained “[w]hen she moved her
head, her whole body moved. It wasn’t just a head in motion because it would
be kind of hard to do while laying down.” Appellant asserted “[s]exual gratifi-
cation was not on my mind.”
          d. Trial Result
    The military judge acquitted Appellant of aggravated sexual contact of
Amn MM, but convicted him of abusive sexual contact by exceptions and sub-
stitutions. The military judge found that Appellant touched Amn MM’s hips,
rather than her legs, as was charged, through her clothing with an intent to
gratify his sexual desire. The military judge convicted Appellant of assault con-
summated by a battery of Amn MM for unlawfully striking her face with his
hand, as charged.
B. AB EA
    The military judge convicted Appellant, as charged, of three specifications
of sexually assaulting AB EA by penetrating her vulva with his finger, tongue,
and penis, without her consent. The military judge merged the three specifica-
tions for sentencing as the offenses occurred in close succession on a single visit
by AB EA to Appellant’s dormitory room.
    We explain the interactions between AB EA and Appellant before the
charged conduct before detailing their starkly different trial testimonies about
what happened in Appellant’s dormitory room. While explaining their prior
interactions, we describe the perspective of two witnesses: (1) Appellant’s then
girlfriend and later wife, A1C PC, 10 and (2) AB EA’s roommate, Amn AG.

10   This opinion uses her grade and initials as of the trial date.

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                    United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

     1. Prior Interactions
    Appellant and AB EA met through mutual friends when she first arrived
at technical training sometime after late July 2017. Subsequently, Appellant
and AB EA shared the same “friend group” and often spent time together in a
group setting. Of note, Amn MM was not a part of this friend group. AB EA
and Amn MM did not know each other.
   After AB EA and Appellant met, they exchanged phone numbers and com-
municated frequently on Snapchat. AB EA was married and did not spend any
one-on-one time with Appellant, though she did visit his room once to “pop his
back” 11 with Appellant’s roommate present. AB EA and Appellant had no prior
dating relationship and had not engaged in any sexual conduct with each other.
    When asked at trial, AB EA testified that she considered Appellant “[s]ome-
where between an acquaintance and a friend.” However, AB EA agreed that
she saw him every single day and may have told AFOSI agents and the sexual
assault nurse examiner (SANE) that he was a close friend. AB EA’s roommate,
Amn AG, described their friend group as “we were all good friends.” AB EA
testified that she knew Appellant and A1C PC were dating and on the date of
the offense it was “possible” that she already knew they were married.
    Appellant considered AB EA a close friend and testified they once had a
Snapchat “streak” where they communicated on the application every day for
roughly 38 to 42 days straight. Appellant trusted AB EA and on one occasion
lent his car to her so Amn EA and Amn AG could go get some food. Another
time, AB EA invited Appellant to Amn AG’s birthday party, but Appellant’s
then girlfriend, A1C PC, was not invited.
    A1C PC testified that Appellant and AB EA were close friends. A1C PC
characterized her own relationship with AB EA as “cordial” but recalled feeling
“[u]ncomfortable” when A1C PC was not invited to Amn AG’s birthday party.
A1C PC conceded that she was not friends with Amn AG but she did not like
that only Appellant was invited to the party because it was known that A1C
PC and Appellant were dating. On 1 November 2017, A1C PC completed tech-
nical training and departed for her first assignment at an installation outside
Texas.

11 AB EA explained that she learned how to pop someone’s back as a school sports
trainer and that it required “someone to lay out on their stomach with the arms on
their side while I do a manipulation with my hands on their spine.” AB EA also noted
that it was not necessary to remove any clothing.

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                  United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

   2. Sexual Assault of AB EA
       a. AB EA’s Trial Testimony
   On 7 November 2017, Appellant and AB EA messaged on Snapchat and she
agreed to visit his room to “pop his back.” AB EA arrived between 1400 and
1500 hours and saw Appellant’s roommate leaving. Another female Airman
that AB EA knew of, but had never spoken to, saw AB EA in the hallway.
    When AB EA knocked on his door, Appellant answered wearing “under-
wear” but no shirt. AB EA thought it was “kind of” odd that Appellant an-
swered the door as he did but she did not give it much thought. She explained
that Appellant “is a free spirit” which she described as “nonchalant” and “kind
of carefree.” After AB EA entered the room Appellant shut his door telling AB
EA that his music was too loud.
    Soon after, Appellant began trying to convince AB EA to kiss him. AB EA
told Appellant that she did not want to kiss him and turned her head away
when he tried. She also told him that was not why she was there. Appellant
replied that there was a “connection” between them and they did not have to
fight it anymore. AB EA told Appellant that his statement about a connection
between them was “false.” At this point, AB EA was not concerned because she
thought she could handle Appellant’s attempts to kiss her.
    Appellant then began to feel AB EA’s vaginal area over her shorts. AB EA
told him to stop and backed away from him going further into the room. Appel-
lant then tried to pull down her shorts with one hand but she pulled them back
up. Appellant then used both hands and succeeded in pulling her shorts down
leaving her underwear on. Appellant then moved her underwear to the side
and began to “aggressively finger” her “hard and fast.” AB EA told Appellant
to stop again and that he was hurting her as he penetrated her vagina with his
finger.
    AB EA kept backing up and the two reached Appellant’s bed where AB EA
ended up on her back on the bed. While still standing, Appellant removed her
underwear and continued to penetrate her vaginally with his fingers. AB EA
told him to stop. Instead, Appellant pulled down his pants and while standing
penetrated AB EA vaginally with his penis. Appellant told AB EA to “quit
fighting it” and that he “knew that [she] wanted him.” AB EA propped herself
up on her arms and began to back up to where “two walls met” in a corner
behind the bed. Appellant got on the bed, on his knees, and continued to pene-
trate her vaginally with his penis. AB EA tried to push away from the wall but
Appellant continued and this threw her back into the corner of the two walls.
    At some point, Appellant slowed down and told AB EA to turn over. She
refused so he stopped penetrating her and tried to turn her over. He was only
partially successful which left AB EA at an awkward angle on her side. When

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                   United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

AB EA tried to turn onto her back Appellant used his forearm to press down
against her shoulder area. Appellant penetrated AB EA vaginally again with
his penis and she again told him to stop and that she did not want to do this.
Appellant replied that she was “already doing this.” This comment made AB
EA mad and she “clawed” Appellant’s right arm with her left hand. Appellant
did not respond to being clawed.
    Eventually Appellant told AB EA that he was going to grab a condom and
retrieved one from the nightstand next to his bed and put it on. Appellant tried
unsuccessfully to penetrate AB EA vaginally again. At one point, AB EA heard
a pop noise and Appellant said “I hate condoms.” Appellant then put his head
between AB EA’s legs and penetrated her vagina with his tongue only for a few
seconds before she “crushed his head” with her legs. Appellant resumed trying
to penetrate her vaginally with his penis and was again unsuccessful. He then
reached for a bottle of lubricant from his nightstand. At this point, AB EA be-
gan hysterically crying and telling him to stop. According to AB EA “I guess
[he] came to his senses that I was genuinely upset, so he backed off.”
    As AB EA searched for her clothes, Appellant went to the bathroom and
flushed the condom down the toilet. Once dressed, AB EA headed for the door
just as Appellant came out of the bathroom. Appellant said “[d]on’t tell [A1C
PC].” AB EA replied either “I won’t” or “I wouldn’t.” AB EA headed immedi-
ately back to her room.
       b. Disclosure to Amn AG and Amn KC
   When AB EA returned to her room, her roommate, Amn AG, was in            the
shower. Amn AG heard the door to their room slam over the sound of          the
shower. Amn AG heard AB EA crying, described as “wailing,” through          the
bathroom door and over the sound of the shower. Amn AG turned off           the
shower and quickly exited the bathroom.
    A second friend, Amn KC, was also in AB EA’s room when AB EA returned.
Amn KC had fallen asleep on Amn AG’s bed while watching Netflix. Amn KC
recalled “I heard a noise, which is what woke me up, and then it was [AB EA]
crying” and “trying not to look at me.” Amn KC described AB EA as “crying
uncontrollably” and unable to speak. AB EA would “try to get words out, but it
just made her cry harder.”
    Once Amn AG exited the bathroom, she saw Amn KC holding and comfort-
ing Amn EA on Amn AG’s bed. Amn AG got dressed as fast as she could and
joined the other two on her bed. Amn AG recalled AB EA “crying to the point
where she could barely get words out” with her hands on her face. Amn AG and
Amn KC “were just holding” AB EA. Amn AG recalled AB EA crying for 15 to
20 minutes where all she could say was “I can’t tell you.” During this time,

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                   United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

Amn AG reassured AB EA that “it’s okay, you can tell us” and AB EA eventu-
ally said Appellant “wouldn’t stop” and then explained to her friends what hap-
pened.
    AB EA told her friends that she “felt gross and wanted to shower.” At first,
Amn AG said “okay. Great idea. Like get a shower and feel better.” As Amn
AG started walking towards the shower she reconsidered and said “wait” and
explained that if AB EA “wanted to have a decision [to report], if she went in
the shower she wouldn’t have as much evidence for herself to make that deci-
sion.” Amn AG asked AB EA, “[C]an you trust me[?] Can we just take a mi-
nute?” Amn AG continued, “[Y]ou don’t have to decide anything right now, but
can we pause on the shower and maybe go speak to the chaplain? That way
you have a choice; you know, unrestricted or restricted.” AB EA said, “[O]kay.”
    Amn KC led the three downstairs to visit the chaplain with AB EA in the
middle and Amn AG walking behind AB EA. They walked in this order in case
they ran into Appellant or anybody who tried to talk to AB EA. Once at the
chaplain’s office, Amn KC recalled AB EA “didn’t really speak all that much;
[s]he was still crying. And then [Amn AG] kind of told him, ‘hey, my friend was
just raped. We weren’t really sure what to do. What’s our next step[?]” In re-
sponse, the chaplain called the sexual assault response coordinator’s number,
handed AB EA the phone, and left the room. AB EA was connected to a victim
advocate who later met AB EA at the hospital for a sexual assault forensic
examination (SAFE). Amn AG drove AB EA to the hospital and Amn KC ac-
companied them. On the drive to the hospital, AB EA called her mother and
told her what happened.
       c. SAFE
    On arrival at the hospital, AB EA’s report was still restricted, which meant
that no law enforcement agency was involved. Nurse MJ, a certified SANE who
had performed about 300 examinations, obtained AB EA’s consent to perform
the SAFE and obtained a narrative description from AB EA. The narrative was
typed, signed by Nurse MJ, and attached to her report which was admitted
into evidence. Regarding what happened in Appellant’s room, the narrative is
largely consistent with AB EA’s recollections at trial. Of note, the narrative
said AB EA scratched and clawed Appellant’s arm.
   There are some minor differences between what Nurse MJ wrote in the
narrative and AB EA’s trial testimony. We mention three of them which are
representative of how minor the differences were. First, Nurse MJ wrote that
AB EA and Appellant “were close friends” rather than between an acquaint-
ance and a friend. Second, in describing the oral sex Appellant performed on
AB EA, Nurse MJ wrote that Appellant was “trying to give [AB EA] oral [sex],

                                      12
                     United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

[AB EA] guess[ed] for lubrication. That didn’t last very long.” Nurse MJ’s nar-
rative did not mention that AB EA crushed Appellant’s head after he started
to perform oral sex on her. Third, regarding their positioning on the bed, Nurse
MJ wrote that AB EA “hit the wall and had nowhere to go.” However, Nurse
MJ’s narrative did not mention that when Appellant “kept penetrating [AB
EA]” it was “throwing [AB EA] back into the wall.”
    During the physical examination of AB EA, Nurse MJ collected a vaginal
swab, fingernail scrapings, and hand swabs. Nurse MJ noted where AB EA
reported pain during the examination and took photographs which were ad-
mitted into evidence. Particularly, Nurse MJ reported seeing “really bright
red” blood that was “mucusy” in the cervical orifice so she “cleaned that blood
out and it revealed redness 12 at the os, which is the opening.” Nurse MJ could
not positively say “without a shadow of a doubt” that the blood she cleaned
away was not menstrual blood. However, Nurse MJ noted “a lot of tenderness
in that area” and “acute pain” during swabbing.
   Nurse MJ photographed and noted in her report a “2x2 cm purple bruise
and abrasion” on AB EA’s mid-lumbar region, “just right of the spine.” Nurse
MJ also photographed and noted in her report that there was “3 cm re linear
scratch under [AB EA’s] right scapula.” AB EA related that she did not know
the cause of either injury.
        d. Investigation
    Initially, AB EA did not want to make an unrestricted report. AB EA ex-
plained at trial that her reasons included the “close knit friend group” that she
shared with Appellant and because she wanted to avoid testifying at a trial.
However, the next day, 8 November 2017, AB EA made an unrestricted report
and the sexual assault response coordinator notified AFOSI. SA PA, who was
the lead investigator in the case involving Amn MM, assisted in the initial
steps of Appellant’s investigation involving AB EA.
    SA PA interviewed AB EA’s victim advocate who provided initial details of
AB EA’s SAFE and the narrative AB EA provided. Search authority was ob-
tained for Appellant’s dormitory room. Condoms and lubricant were seized

12An expert SANE testifying for the Defense opined, from the photos taken by Nurse
MJ, that the redness in AB EA’s cervix opening was indicative of a medical condition,
an ectropian cervix. The Defense’s expert noted that symptoms of an ectropian cervix
after intercourse can be pain, a “little bit of bleeding,” and a “mucous discharge.” While
Nurse MJ had never personally seen this medical condition in her SAFEs, she was
aware of the condition and its description. Based on her examination, Nurse MJ disa-
greed with the opinion of the Defense’s expert that AB EA’s cervix was ectropian.

                                           13
                    United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

from Appellant’s nightstand next to his bed. His room was photographed and
seven of those photos were later admitted into evidence. The search authoriza-
tion also included a SAFE for Appellant, conducted by Nurse MJ, while the
AFOSI agents waited outside the examining room. 13
    Nurse MJ collected standard specimens from Appellant which included a
saliva sample, buccal swabs, and penile swabs. Nurse MJ photographed Ap-
pellant’s upper right arm which had “abrasions or scratches” on it. At trial,
Nurse MJ described them as “scattered scratches” which were “by the shoulder
and bicep area. They’re just linear, coming downward.” Nurse MJ noted there
was redness and inflammation on the scratches which she described as “fairly
new.” Nurse MJ asked Appellant where he got the scratches and he replied, “I
was scratched during football.”
    On 9 November 2017, AFOSI agents interviewed AB EA with her victim
advocate and special victims’ counsel present. After this interview, AB EA
agreed to call Appellant while AFOSI agents recorded the call. AB EA began
the call by telling Appellant that she received a text message from A1C PC,
Appellant’s spouse, which was a ruse. Appellant replied, “I’m not supposed to
be talking to you right now.” AB EA asked why A1C PC texted her and Appel-
lant said, “I told her what happened. I’m under investigation. I’m not living in
the dorm any more. I’m already going to go to jail for what happened. I’m not
supposed to be talking to you because everything that happened shouldn’t have
happened.” When AB EA asked what Appellant told A1C PC, he responded
“I’m not supposed to be talking to you right now. I have to go before I get in
more trouble.” AB EA told Appellant it was okay and he replied “I’m sorry. No,
I don’t want to get in more trouble. I’m not trying to get in any more trouble,
okay. I’m sorry. I’ve got to go.” Appellant made no additional statements to
AFOSI agents about the incident with AB EA.
    The samples collected from the SAFEs of AB EA and Appellant were sent
to the United States Army Criminal Investigations Laboratory (USACIL) for
analysis. At trial, a forensic biologist, Ms. MC, testified to the results in four
parts.
    First, semen was found on AB EA’s vaginal swab. Ms. MC performed addi-
tional DNA testing on the vaginal swab, found DNA, and Appellant was in-
cluded on the DNA profile. 14 Ms. MC’s findings were “[t]he DNA profile is at

13Nurse MJ’s report also includes the written “Consent for Evidence Collection and
Release” signed by Appellant.
14Ms. MC explained that she used autosomal STR testing, the most discriminating
type of testing that she can do. Autosomal testing involves looking at the short tandem

                                          14
                    United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

least one quintillion times more likely if [Appellant] is included as a contribu-
tor than if he is not.”
    Second, Ms. MC conducted DNA testing on Appellant’s penile swab. AB EA
was included in the DNA profile. Ms. MC’s findings were “[t]he DNA profile is
at least one quintillion times more likely if it originated from [Appellant] and
[AB EA] than if it originated from [Appellant] and an unknown individual.”
   Third, Ms. MC conducted DNA testing on AB EA’s hand swabs. 15 Her find-
ings were “[t]he DNA profile from the hand swabs is at least one quintillion
times more likely if it originated from [AB EA] and [Appellant] than if it origi-
nated with [AB EA] and an unknown individual.”
      Fourth, Ms. MC used a different method, Y STR DNA testing, 16 on AB EA’s
fingernail scrapings. Ms. MC found a mixture of two male individuals. Ms. MC
was “not able to exclude Appellant or his paternal male relatives from the ma-
jor DNA profile,” which contributed more DNA to the sample. Ms. MC did a
statistical analysis of the major DNA profile and concluded “[t]he probability
of seeing this DNA profile again in the same population group as [Appellant]
. . . is one in 1852.” Ms. MC reported the best statistic she could obtain for Y
STR DNA testing is “[p]robably somewhere in the range of 1 in 2000.”
       e. Appellant’s Trial Testimony and Trial Result
   Appellant conceded that he penetrated AB EA’s vulva with his finger but
he denied being aroused sexually or sexually gratified by it. Appellant denied
penetrating her vulva with his tongue, but conceded that he penetrated her
vulva with his penis.
   Appellant agreed that AB EA came to his room to pop his back. He agreed
he was not wearing a shirt when he answered the door, but testified he was
wearing “PT shorts,” not underwear. Appellant recalled that they engaged in
small talk while he was laying on his bed and she was sitting on the foot of the
bed. Appellant remembered inviting AB EA to “lay down” and they “started to
spoon” with “no space in between [them].” A minute or two later, Appellant

repeats on the chromosomes that do not involve the X or Y chromosome. Autosomal
STR testing was done on the vaginal swab and hand swabs of AB EA and the penile
swab of Appellant.
15 Also on the hand swabs of AB EA, Ms. MC found a chemical indication of blood on a
presumptive test for biological fluids. Ms. MC elected not to do a confirmatory test as
it was more important to conserve the swabs for the DNA testing and for subsequent
testing, if needed.
16Ms. MC explained that Y STR DNA testing involves looking at short tandem re-
peats on the Y chromosome and is not as discriminating as autosomal STR testing
because the Y chromosome is paternally inherited.

                                          15
                   United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

recalled moving her hair and kissing her neck and then placing his left hand
“through the back side of her pants” in an “attempt to finger her.” Appellant
testified there was no protest from AB EA.
    As the angle was awkward, Appellant testified that AB EA rolled onto her
stomach and “[spread] her legs open a little bit . . . to show [him] that she’s
giving [him] access so [he] can actually finger her.” Appellant recalled her
moaning a little bit. Appellant described this as “still a very awkward angle”
so he asked her to roll over onto her back and take off her pants, which were
“some form of athletic shorts.” Appellant testified that she took off her shorts
and had her underwear on which he moved aside and began to “finger her
again” without protest.
    Appellant recalled the two kissing before he asked AB EA if she wanted
him to wear a condom. He testified that she responded “I don’t care.” Appellant
recalled getting off the bed, retrieving a condom, putting it on with two hands,
and that AB EA removed her underwear and placed them on the side of the
bed. After he penetrated her with his penis, Appellant testified that she reacted
with “soft moans,” wrapping around him, and then “squeezing the bed sheets.”
Appellant testified they switched positions, so he was behind her and they re-
sumed intercourse until the condom dried out. He then got off the bed, re-
trieved lubrication from his nightstand drawer, and put it on the condom. Ap-
pellant recalled AB EA now being on her back and he penetrated her with his
penis and when he started to go “faster and harder” her body started to tense
up and then she softly said “stop.” Appellant “slowed down” because he took
“stop” to mean stop going so hard. After a few more minutes, Appellant saw on
AB EA’s face that something was bothering her and then she told him to stop
and pushed him back so he stopped immediately. Appellant asked what was
wrong and her response was “[w]e shouldn’t be doing this, you have a wife.”
Appellant went to the bathroom and flushed the condom down the toilet. On
return he saw AB EA dressed and appearing “[l]ike she’s in regret” and “not
like angry upset, just more like, ‘[w]hy did I do this?’” Appellant asked if she
was going to tell A1C PC, and AB EA said “No, I’m not going to tell [A1C PC].”
    Appellant testified that he received a no-contact order the next day or the
day after. Regarding the audio recording of the call where he said everything
that happened should not have happened, Appellant testified he was referring
to cheating on his wife.
   On cross-examination, Appellant denied penetrating AB EA without a con-
dom. To his knowledge, the condom did not break and he did not feel it break.
Regarding the recorded phone call and the reference to going to jail, he testified
he was referring to adultery because he had “heard that you can go to jail for

                                       16
                    United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

adultery.” 17 In response to questioning by the military judge, Appellant stated
that he searched on Google for adultery as a crime in the military and learned
“it’s a possibility” that he could go to jail.
   Despite Appellant’s testimony, the military judge convicted him of sexually
assaulting AB EA as charged.

                                  II. DISCUSSION
A. Legal and Factual Sufficiency
     1. Additional Background
       a. Amn MM
    Appellant raises multiple challenges regarding the sufficiency of the evi-
dence underlying his convictions involving Amn MM. He asserts their prior
sexual relationship was “violent in nature.” He states that Amn MM admitted
it was mutually understood that when she visited him it was for the purpose
of having sex. 18 He claims he “mistook her appearance at his dorm room as an
indicator for sex and violent sex at that.” Appellant argues that once Amn MM
told him to get off her, he complied and allowed her to leave his room.
    Appellant points to portions of his own testimony to support why he was
mistaken that Amn MM consented to the sexual activity and the face slap.
Regarding the face slap and how hard he struck Amn MM, he asserts that he
responded to her prior “criticisms” that he “hit like a bitch.” Appellant argues
that Amn MM’s clothes were not ripped or damaged, and afterwards she only
texted him about being slapped. He argues the Government called no witnesses
who overheard the struggle Amn MM described. Finally, he claims that Amn
MM had a “clear motive” to lie to preserve both her new relationship and her
reputation once her facial injury could not be concealed.
   The Government argues that the factfinder received sufficient evidence and
could have found the elements of each offense were proven beyond a reasonable

17Adultery is a violation of Article 134, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 934. The elements include
(1) wrongful sexual intercourse; (2) when the military member or the other person was
married; and (3) under the circumstances, the conduct is either prejudicial to good or-
der and discipline or of a nature to bring discredit upon the armed forces. MCM, pt.
IV, ¶ 62.b. A court-martial conviction for adultery carries a maximum confinement
term of one year. MCM, pt. IV, ¶ 62.e.
18Trial defense counsel asked Amn MM, “Now didn’t you tell us, in your pretrial inter-
view, when you were going up to his room it was sort of understood that coming over
would mean sex, correct?” Amn MM replied, “Sort of; yes, sir.”

                                          17
                   United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

doubt. The Government disagrees that Appellant had an honest and reasona-
ble mistake of fact that Amn MM consented to either offense because of their
prior sexual activities and highlights the differences with their prior activities.
The Government argues that Amn MM was a credible witness who never
claimed that her clothing was ripped or damaged or that others overheard the
encounter with Appellant. The Government counters Amn MM’s alleged mo-
tive to misrepresent to preserve a relationship by noting the absence of cross-
examination on this point. Regarding Amn MM’s need to explain her facial
bruising, the Government argues Amn MM immediately reported what hap-
pened to A1C AP before the bruising was reported to others.
       b. AB EA
    Appellant states that even if we believe AB EA’s account of what happened,
the evidence supports that he reasonably believed she consented to sexual in-
tercourse. Appellant reminds us that AB EA entered his room willingly, did
not attempt to leave, never screamed or called for help, never fought him off,
and never moved or forcibly protested when he started to remove her clothes.
In his view, “[w]ith perhaps one exception, [AB EA] similarly did not signifi-
cantly struggle” and “admitted to simply lying on his bed” and staying there
even when he stopped to retrieve a condom, and later lubricant. Appellant
claims that AB EA “merely” scratched his arm and that she testified he had no
reaction to it which means it must have been insignificant. Appellant finds
“most instructive” that AB EA acknowledged that Appellant was surprised to
learn she was not consenting and when he saw she was “genuinely upset” he
“backed off.” He points to his testimony that AB EA allowed him to kiss her,
exhibited signs of pleasure, and only during sex indicated that something both-
ered her which caused him to stop immediately. Afterwards, Appellant be-
lieved AB EA was very conflicted, like she felt as though she had made a mis-
take.
    Separately, Appellant challenges AB EA’s credibility on two grounds. First,
that AB EA adamantly denied he was a close friend even though she used those
exact words to Nurse MJ. Second, Appellant questions why AB EA testified at
trial that on the day in question he may have only been dating A1C PC when
AB EA actually knew he was married and told this fact to Nurse MJ.
    The Government responds that it proved that AB EA did not consent be-
yond a reasonable doubt and that Appellant did not have a reasonable mistake
of fact as consent. The Government concedes that Appellant denied penetrat-
ing AB EA with his tongue, but argues the remaining elements of the offenses,
except consent, are not in dispute. The Government argues that AB EA was
credible and the inconsistencies regarding whether Appellant was a close
friend or had already married A1C PC are minor inconsistencies unrelated to

                                        18
                   United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

the offenses. According to the Government, AB EA reported a consistent ac-
count to her roommate, to Nurse MJ, and in her trial testimony. Further, the
Government recites the corroborating forensic evidence and the pretext rec-
orded call where Appellant admitted he was already going to jail for what hap-
pened.
   2. Law
   We review issues of legal and factual sufficiency de novo. United States v.
Washington, 57 M.J. 394, 399 (C.A.A.F. 2002) (citation omitted). Our assess-
ment of legal and factual sufficiency is limited to the evidence produced at trial.
United States v. Dykes, 38 M.J. 270, 272 (C.M.A. 1993) (citations omitted).
    The test for legal sufficiency of the evidence is “whether, considering the
evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, a reasonable factfinder
could have found all the essential elements beyond a reasonable doubt.” United
States v. Turner, 25 M.J. 324, 324 (C.M.A. 1987) (citation omitted); see also
United States v. Humpherys, 57 M.J. 83, 94 (C.A.A.F. 2002) (citation omitted).
“[I]n resolving questions of legal sufficiency, we are bound to draw every rea-
sonable inference from the evidence of record in favor of the prosecution.”
United States v. Barner, 56 M.J. 131, 134 (C.A.A.F. 2001) (citations omitted).
“The term reasonable doubt, however, does not mean that the evidence must
be free from conflict.” United States v. Wheeler, 76 M.J. 564, 568 (A.F. Ct. Crim.
App. 2017) (citing United States v. Lips, 22 M.J. 679, 684 (A.F.C.M.R. 1986)),
aff’d, 77 M.J. 289 (C.A.A.F. 2018).
    The test for factual sufficiency is “whether, after weighing the evidence in
the record of trial and making allowances for not having personally observed
the witnesses, [we are] convinced of the [appellant]’s guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt.” Turner, 25 M.J. at 325. “In conducting this unique appellate role, we
take ‘a fresh, impartial look at the evidence,’ applying ‘neither a presumption
of innocence nor a presumption of guilt’ to ‘make [our] own independent deter-
mination as to whether the evidence constitutes proof of each required element
beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Wheeler, 76 M.J. at 568 (alteration in original)
(quoting Washington, 57 M.J. at 399).
    For the abusive sexual contact of Amn MM, a violation of Article 120,
UCMJ, the Government had to prove beyond a reasonable doubt: (1) Appellant
committed sexual contact upon Amn MM by touching her hips through the
clothing; (2) Appellant did so by causing bodily harm to her, to wit: touching
her hips through the clothing without her consent; and (3) Appellant did so
with intent to gratify his sexual desire. See Manual for Courts-Martial, United
States (2016 ed.) (MCM), pt. IV, ¶ 45.b.(8)(b). In this context, the term “sexual
contact” means “any touching . . . either directly or through the clothing, [of]
any body part of any person, if done with an intent to arouse or gratify the

                                        19
                  United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

sexual desire of any person.” See MCM, pt. IV, ¶ 45.a.(g)(2)(B). “Bodily harm”
means “any offensive touching of another, however slight, including any non-
consensual sexual act or nonconsensual sexual contact.” See MCM, pt. IV,
¶ 45.a.(g)(3). “Consent” means a freely given agreement to the conduct at issue
by a competent person. See MCM, pt. IV, ¶ 45.a.(g)(8)(A). An expression of lack
of consent through words or conduct means there is no consent. Id.
    For the assault consummated by a battery of Amn MM, a violation of Arti-
cle 128, UCMJ, the Government had to prove two elements beyond a reasona-
ble doubt: (1) Appellant did bodily harm to Amn MM, by striking her in the
face with his hand; and (2) the bodily harm was done with unlawful force or
violence. See MCM, pt. IV, ¶ 54.b.(2). “Bodily harm” means any offensive touch-
ing of another, however slight. See MCM, pt. IV, ¶ 54.c.(1)(a).
    For the offenses involving AB EA, the elements of sexual assault varied
among the three charged specifications. For the penetrations involving Appel-
lant’s finger and tongue, which were two separate violations of Article 120,
UCMJ, the elements included: (1) that at the time and place alleged, Appellant
committed a sexual act, to wit: penetrating AB EA’s vulva with his finger and
tongue; (2) that Appellant did so by causing bodily harm, to wit: penetrating
her vulva with his finger and tongue without her consent; and (3) that Appel-
lant intended to gratify his sexual desire. See MCM, pt. IV, ¶ 45.b.(4)(b). For
the penetration involving Appellant’s penis, also a violation of Article 120,
UCMJ, the elements included: (1) that at the time and place alleged, Appellant
committed a sexual act, to wit: penetrating AB EA’s vulva with his penis; and
(2) that Appellant did so by causing bodily harm, to wit: penetrating her vulva
with his penis without her consent. See MCM, pt. IV, ¶ 45.b.(3)(b).
    In this context, “sexual act” includes either (1) contact between the penis
and vulva where contact involving the penis occurs upon penetration, however
slight; or (2) the penetration, however slight, of the vulva of another by any
part of the body with an intent to arouse or gratify the sexual desire of any
person. See MCM, pt. IV, ¶ 45.a.(g)(1). The definitions of “bodily harm” and
“consent” are the same as described above with the abusive sexual contact of-
fense involving Amn MM.
   3. Analysis
       a. Amn MM
    We begin with Appellant’s conviction for abusive sexual contact by touching
Amn MM’s hips through her clothing. A reasonable factfinder could have con-
cluded that Appellant tried to pull Amn MM’s leggings down, as she testified,
despite his denials in his testimony. During this tug of war with Amn MM’s
leggings, a reasonable factfinder could have concluded that Appellant touched

                                      20
                   United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

Amn MM’s hips through her clothing without her consent. On the final ele-
ment, whether Appellant touched Amn MM in this manner to gratify his sex-
ual desire, a reasonable factfinder could have relied on the strong circumstan-
tial evidence of the words and actions of Appellant to find this element satis-
fied. A reasonable factfinder could have discounted Appellant’s testimony that
“sexual gratification was not on my mind” and instead given more weight to
his earlier written sworn statements to law enforcement in determining his
intent. For example, those statements used wording such as “kissing wasn’t
working to the point I needed” (emphasis added), and that he was caught in
the “heat of the moment.”
    A reasonable factfinder could also have rejected a mistake of fact defense
because even if Appellant was mistaken, as he claims, such a mistake was not
reasonable under the circumstances. Both Appellant and Amn MM agreed that
she was not coming to his room for sex, which significantly reduced the im-
portance of their prior dormitory meetings for consensual sex. The reason that
Amn MM was not going to have sex with Appellant was because he had called
her an offensive name when she decided to pursue a relationship with someone
other than Appellant. While Appellant may have held out hope that his face-
to-face apology would be sufficient to erase his callous name calling and permit
their sexual relationship to continue, Amn MM’s physical movement to leave
the room after his “apology” was a blatant signal that he ignored. He recog-
nized this exact point in his second statement to law enforcement when he
wrote “Looking back I . . . should [have] just let her leave.” But he did not.
    The subsequent signs that a mistake would be unreasonable under the cir-
cumstances would not be difficult for a factfinder to see. A factfinder could con-
clude that Amn MM physically resisted Appellant and said words to him such
as “no. Stop. Don’t do that. Get off.” Even Appellant, at varying times, acknowl-
edged that he met physical resistance when he described Amn MM as “jerking”
her head when he tried to kiss her and squirming away, though he also used
more benign language elsewhere in his testimony. To resolve any lingering dis-
pute, a reasonable factfinder could have looked to Appellant’s second state-
ment to law enforcement when he wrote there “were multiple signs I should
[have] paid more attention to” and determined his repeated failures to pay at-
tention made a mistake of fact wholly unreasonable under the circumstances.
    Turning to the assault consummated by a battery, there was no dispute
about how hard Appellant hit Amn MM in the face or the injury he caused. A
reasonable factfinder could have found that a strike of such force was in direct
response to Amn MM’s rebukes of Appellant’s sexual contact and her subse-
quent physical push of Appellant. Amn MM’s testimony on this point was con-
sistent with her immediate report to A1C AP that she pushed Appellant off of

                                       21
                   United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

her and he hit her in the face. In deciding the weight to give Appellant’s testi-
mony to the contrary, a reasonable factfinder would have considered if it was
even possible to reconcile the conflicting statements Appellant made, at vari-
ous times, as to why he struck Amn MM and how she responded. A reasonable
factfinder could have determined that some of Appellant’s statements were less
than truthful and that his credibility was highly suspect. Finally, to the extent
that there was evidence regarding Amn MM’s motives to misrepresent availa-
ble to the finder of fact, these could have been reasonably discarded as unim-
portant in light of Amn MM immediately seeking out A1C AP and disclosing
what happened.
    Drawing “every reasonable inference from the evidence of record in favor of
the prosecution,” the evidence was legally sufficient to support Appellant’s con-
viction of abusive sexual contact and assault consummated by a battery of Amn
MM beyond a reasonable doubt. Barner, 56 M.J. at 134 (citations omitted).
Moreover, having weighed the evidence in the record of trial and having made
allowances for not having personally observed the witnesses as the military
judge did, we are convinced of Appellant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. See
Turner, 25 M.J. at 325. Appellant’s convictions involving Amn MM are both
legally and factually sufficient.
       b. AB EA
    At trial, Appellant’s defense had four major components: (1) AB EA con-
sented to the penetration of her vulva by his finger; (2) the penetration with
his finger was not for his sexual gratification, but hers; (3) AB EA consented to
the penetration with his penis; and (4) he never penetrated her vulva with his
tongue. Additionally, he presented a reasonable mistake of fact as to consent
defense to the three offenses. On appeal, Appellant argues that a reasonable
factfinder would have found he possessed a reasonable mistake of fact that AB
EA consented to the sexual activity and acquitted him of the charged offenses.
    In evaluating whether this defense was available to Appellant, a reasona-
ble factfinder would have considered all of the relevant evidence presented.
This would have included the matters not in dispute, such as AB EA entering
Appellant’s room willingly. However, a reasonable factfinder would have also
considered that there was no prior sexual relationship between the two of them
and the agreed purpose of the visit was for AB EA to pop Appellant’s back.
    Appellant asserts a litany of things that AB EA did not do, such as leave,
scream, call for help, fight him off, move or forcibly protest when her clothes
were removed, or resist more vigorously. He also argues she stayed on the bed
when he retrieved a condom and lubricant. Certainly, a reasonable factfinder
would have considered all of the relevant evidence. But, Appellant ignores
other evidence, available to the factfinder, which included AB EA turning her

                                       22
                   United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

head when he attempted to kiss her, saying she was not there for this reason,
denying they had a connection, pulling her shorts back up after he pulled them
down, telling him to stop and that he was hurting her while he fingered her,
backing away from him, resisting so Appellant would say to her “quit fighting
it,” pushing away from the walls, resisting turning over, telling him she did
not want to do this, clawing and scratching his arm after he said she was “al-
ready doing this,” crying, and when he tried to perform oral sex on her crushing
his head with her legs. A reasonable factfinder could have found that a mistake
of fact, if held, was unreasonable in light of AB EA’s testimony.
    Appellant finds “most instructive” that AB EA acknowledged that Appel-
lant was surprised to learn she was not consenting and when he saw she was
“genuinely upset” then he “backed off. This fact lends some credence that Ap-
pellant may have had an honest mistake of fact, but it does not mean such a
mistake was reasonable under the circumstances. Consent requires a “freely
given agreement.” See MCM, pt. IV, ¶ 45.a.(g)(8)(A). As the United States
Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces (CAAF) has said, the “burden is on the
actor to obtain consent, rather than the victim to manifest a lack of consent.”
United States v. McDonald, 78 M.J. 376, 380 (C.A.A.F. 2019). A reasonable
factfinder could conclude that Appellant did not obtain consent from AB EA,
making his claim that he honestly believed she consented to be unreasonable.
    Additionally, AB EA’s testimony did not stand alone; there was powerful
evidence from other witnesses. Amn KC and Amn AG both testified how upset
AB EA was immediately after she arrived back in her room. After wailing so
loud that Amn AG could hear her in the shower and being comforted by Amn
KC on the bed, eventually AB EA could utter the words “he wouldn’t stop.”
Similarly, AB EA’s narrative to Nurse MJ during the SAFE provided support
as it included statements that Appellant was told “stop” and “no” multiple
times as well as that AB EA tried to leave. The narrative included Appellant’s
statement to AB EA to “[s]top fighting it” and that AB EA “started scratching
and clawing his arm.” Nurse MJ observed and photographed similar “fairly
new” and “scattered scratches” on Appellant’s arm during his SAFE.
    While Appellant relies on his testimony to support his claim of mistake of
fact, a reasonable factfinder could have discounted Appellant’s version that AB
EA allowed him to kiss her, exhibited signs of pleasure, that he stopped imme-
diately when something was bothering her, and that she appeared regretful
afterwards. Instead, a reasonable factfinder could have believed AB EA’s tes-
timony and the evidence which supported her testimony.
   Appellant challenges AB EA’s credibility, as he did unsuccessfully at trial.
A reasonable factfinder could conclude that whether Appellant and AB EA
were “close friends” or between a “friend and acquaintance” was unimportant

                                      23
                    United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

to whether the offenses occurred or whether Appellant had a reasonable mis-
take of fact defense. In a similar fashion, whether AB EA recalled accurately
to Nurse MJ whether Appellant was married or dating A1C PC had little bear-
ing on the charged offenses or a mistake of fact defense.
    Drawing “every reasonable inference from the evidence of record in favor of
the prosecution,” the evidence was legally sufficient to support each of Appel-
lant’s convictions of sexual assault of AB EA beyond a reasonable doubt.
Barner, 56 M.J. at 134 (citations omitted). Moreover, having weighed the evi-
dence in the record of trial and having made allowances for not having person-
ally observed the witnesses as the military judge did, we are convinced of Ap-
pellant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. See Turner, 25 M.J. at 325. Appel-
lant’s convictions involving AB EA are both legally and factually sufficient.
B. Military Judge Recusal
     1. Additional Background
    Recusal was raised twice. The first time was in a defense motion filed prior
to trial which the military judge denied. The second time was when the mili-
tary judge sua sponte reconsidered his ruling after Appellant requested to
withdraw his guilty plea to battery of Amn MM. We begin with the events that
led to the Defense’s pretrial recusal motion.
    Appellant’s case was originally set for trial on 4 June 2018. On 30 May
2018, Appellant and his two military defense counsel signed an offer for pre-
trial agreement (PTA) where inter alia Appellant would plead guilty to certain
specifications and elect trial before military judge sitting alone in exchange for
other offenses being dismissed and a cap on the amount of confinement that
could be approved by the convening authority. On 1 June 2018, Appellant and
his two military defense counsel signed a stipulation of fact. In reliance on the
PTA offer and stipulation, the Government canceled the travel arrangements
for certain witnesses needed for a contested trial. The PTA offer and stipula-
tion were short-lived as Appellant withdrew the offer on 3 June 2018, the day
before trial. 19 Given this development, also on 3 June 2018, Appellant’s senior
defense counsel filed a motion requesting a continuance. The Government did
not oppose. The military judge who was detailed to the case, Colonel Jefferson
B. Brown, granted the continuance until 18 September 2018. The senior de-
fense counsel also moved to withdraw as Appellant expected to hire civilian
defense counsel while Appellant’s military defense counsel remained on the
case. Judge Brown granted the Defense’s motion to release the senior defense

19The PTA and stipulation of fact in the record of trial only bear the signatures of
Appellant and his military defense counsel. The Government’s decision to stop some
witness travel indicates support for the PTA.

                                        24
                     United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

counsel. Shortly thereafter, the military judge who presided at trial was de-
tailed and issued all subsequent rulings described in this opinion.
    On 14 August 2018, Appellant’s new defense team—his detailed military
defense counsel and his civilian defense counsel—filed a motion for a continu-
ance until 29 October 2018, due to a scheduling conflict with the Defense’s ex-
pert psychologist consultant. The assistant trial counsel submitted the Gov-
ernment’s response opposing the continuance and cited the earlier continuance
that was granted to the Defense. For some reason, the assistant trial counsel
attached Appellant’s withdrawn PTA offer and stipulation of fact to his motion
response when it was sent to the military judge. 20 The assistant trial counsel
also wrote in his motion response, with citation to the withdrawn stipulation
of fact,
       [Appellant] offered to plead guilty to sexually assaulting [AB]
       EA and committing aggravated sexual contact and assault con-
       summated by [a] battery upon [Amn] MM. On 1 Jun[e] [2018],
       [Appellant] and Defense Counsel signed a stipulation of fact in
       which [Appellant] admitted that he had sex with [AB] EA and
       that [AB] “EA clearly told [Appellant] to stop. However, [Appel-
       lant] admits that he did not stop.”
    The assistant trial counsel’s decision to include such details and attach-
ments prompted the Defense to file the recusal motion. In the motion, trial
defense counsel asserted that the military judge now had personal knowledge
of disputed evidentiary facts concerning the proceeding which required his
recusal under R.C.M. 902(b)(1). Alternatively, trial defense counsel asserted
the military judge’s impartiality might reasonably be questioned under R.C.M.
902(a). The Government opposed both grounds of the Defense’s recusal motion.
Regarding R.C.M. 902(b)(1), the Government asserted the military judge had
no “personal knowledge” of the facts of the case that would require recusal un-
der this rule. Regarding R.C.M. 902(a), the Government noted the military
judge had made no statements regarding whether his impartiality would rea-
sonably be questioned, that the law did not require his recusal, he had discre-
tion to preside over the case, and could “simply choose not to read the PTA offer
or the stipulation of fact.” As the parties did not request argument at an Article

20 The Defense’s recusal motion alleged this was a violation of Mil. R. Evid. 410 which
prohibits, with limited exceptions, the admission of evidence regarding any statement
made during plea discussions if the discussions did not result in a guilty plea. The
Government, at trial, asserted this rule “does not apply” because the continuance mo-
tion “does not relate to the admission of evidence at trial.” The military judge did not
rule on the applicability of Mil. R. Evid. 410.

                                          25
                   United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

39(a), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 839(a), session, the military judge issued a ruling
declining to recuse himself. 21
    At the initial Article 39(a), UCMJ, session, the military judge inquired
whether either side wanted to question or challenge him. Civilian defense
counsel questioned the military judge on whether he read the PTA and stipu-
lation that were attached to the Government’s motion response. The military
judge replied that he had not read the attachments to either the defense motion
or the government response. The military judge also was questioned regarding
whether he had formed any unfavorable opinions about the guilt or innocence
of Appellant. The military judge indicated he had not formed any such opin-
ions. Civilian defense counsel asked whether there was anything affecting his
ability to be fair and impartial to Appellant. The military judge replied, “Abso-
lutely nothing.”
    Shortly thereafter, Appellant requested trial by military judge alone and a
written request was marked as an appellate exhibit. The military judge
granted Appellant’s forum choice and Appellant initially entered a plea of
guilty to battery of Amn MM. After a providence inquiry, the military judge
accepted Appellant’s pleas and announced findings of guilty to this charge and
specification. As Appellant pleaded not guilty to the remaining charge and
specifications, the Government presented its findings case. As both specifica-
tions involving Amn MM were closely intertwined, Amn MM testified, over de-
fense objection, to the circumstances of the battery. Appellant also testified
regarding the battery and stated that he took Amn MM’s mumbling as “strike
me” so he smacked her across the face.
    After Appellant’s testimony in the Defense’s findings case, the military
judge stated that he was “going to reopen the providence inquiry” to address
whether “it would have been unreasonable” for Appellant to hit Amn MM if, at
the time of the slap, he thought she said “strike me.” Referencing the earlier
providence inquiry, the military judge stated “I don’t believe he had men-
tioned—and perhaps my recollection is wrong—but [according to Appellant’s
testimony in findings] she literally asked to be hit.” After a recess, Appellant
requested to withdraw his guilty plea, which the military judge granted after
finding good cause existed because a legal defense existed. The military judge
explained to Appellant that under Mil. R. Evid. 410 he would “put . . . out of
[his] mind” everything that Appellant told him during the providence inquiry.

21The issue with the Defense’s expert consultant was resolved prior to trial so the
military judge never ruled on this continuance request.

                                        26
                    United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

    The military judge then sua sponte reconsidered the defense motion for
recusal. Citing R.C.M. 902 and caselaw, 22 the military judge found no reason
for recusal and stated “I have no concerns about my ability to be impartial and
to put that information out of my mind.” The military judge asked whether
either side wanted to question or challenge him. Neither party did.
    On appeal, Appellant argues the military judge abused his discretion when
he did not recuse himself (1) prior to the start of trial; and (2) after the with-
drawal of the guilty plea. Prior to trial, Appellant asserts that R.C.M 902(b)(1)
applies as the military judge had “prior knowledge of now-disputed evidentiary
facts” and the circumstances raise “reasonable questions” about whether the
military judge could serve as an impartial factfinder. After the withdrawal of
the plea, Appellant argues the military judge’s options were either to recuse
himself or to direct trial by court members. He claims it was “impossible” for
the military judge or “any jurist” to serve as a fair, impartial factfinder after
hearing two completely contradictory statements under oath from Appellant,
one in the providence inquiry and the other during his findings testimony. Fi-
nally, Appellant argues the military judge should have followed the Discussion
to R.C.M. 910(h) which states “recusal of the military judge or disapproval of
the request for trial by military judge alone will ordinarily be necessary when
a plea is rejected or withdrawn after findings.” The Government responds the
military judge did not abuse his discretion either time he declined to recuse
himself.
     2. Law
    We review a military judge’s decision not to recuse himself for an abuse of
discretion. See United States v. Sullivan, 74 M.J. 448, 454 (C.A.A.F. 2015). “A
military judge abuses his discretion when: (1) the findings of fact upon which
he predicates his ruling are not supported by the evidence of record; (2) if in-
correct legal principles were used; or (3) if his application of the correct legal
principles to the facts is clearly unreasonable.” United States v. Ellis, 68 M.J.
341, 344 (C.A.A.F. 2010) (citing United States v. Mackie, 66 M.J. 198, 199
(C.A.A.F. 2008)). “The abuse of discretion standard is a strict one, calling for
more than a mere difference of opinion. The challenged action must be ‘arbi-
trary, fanciful, clearly unreasonable,’ or ‘clearly erroneous.’” United States v.

22 United States v. Dodge, 59 M.J. 821 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2004); United States v.
Melton, 1 M.J. 528, 530 (A.F.C.M.R. 1975). In Melton, our court’s predecessor noted
that the military judge may perceive the providence of plea is questionable because of
a lack of understanding of the legal principles and potential defenses available and
thus determine the better course of action would be to change the plea to not guilty,
not because of any real factual dispute, but because of a misunderstanding of the legal
effect of the facts. 1 M.J. at 531. The Melton court found this showed a concern for
fairness by the military judge, rather than suggesting any partiality or bias. Id.

                                          27
                   United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

McElhaney, 54 M.J. 120, 130 (C.A.A.F. 2000) (quoting United States v. Miller,
46 M.J. 63, 65 (C.A.A.F. 1997); United States v. Travers, 25 M.J. 61, 62 (C.M.A.
1987)).
    “An accused has a constitutional right to an impartial judge.” United States
v. Wright, 52 M.J. 136, 140 (C.A.A.F. 1999) (citations omitted). R.C.M. 902 gov-
erns disqualification of the military judge. R.C.M. 902(b) sets forth five specific
circumstances in which a “military judge shall disqualify himself or herself.”
The first specific circumstance, in R.C.M. 902(b)(1), requires disqualification
“[w]here the military judge has a personal bias or prejudice concerning a party
or personal knowledge of disputed evidentiary facts concerning the proceed-
ing.” R.C.M. 902(b)(1) applies the “same substantive standard” as its civilian
counterpart, 28 U.S.C. § 455. United States v. Quintanilla, 56 M.J. 37, 45
(C.A.A.F. 2001). The Drafter’s Analysis to R.C.M. 902(b) notes that “any inter-
est or bias to be disqualifying must be personal, not judicial, in nature.” MCM,
App. 21, at A21-50.
    In addition, R.C.M. 902(a) requires disqualification “in any proceeding in
which that military judge’s impartiality might reasonably be questioned.” Dis-
qualification pursuant to R.C.M. 902(a) is determined by applying an objective
standard of “whether a reasonable person knowing all the circumstances would
conclude that the military judge’s impartiality might reasonably be ques-
tioned.” Sullivan, 74 M.J. at 453 (citing United States v. Hasan, 71 M.J. 416,
418 (C.A.A.F. 2012)).
    “There is a strong presumption that a judge is impartial, and a party seek-
ing to demonstrate bias must overcome a high hurdle particularly when the
alleged bias involves actions taken in conjunction with judicial proceedings.”
Quintanilla, 56 M.J. at 44 (citation omitted). A military judge “should not leave
[a] case ‘unnecessarily.’” Sullivan, 74 M.J. at 454 (quoting R.C.M. 902(d)(1),
Discussion). “Of course, ‘[a] . . . judge has as much obligation not to . . . [dis-
qualify] himself when there is no reason to do so as he does to . . . [disqualify]
himself when the converse is true.’” United States v. Kincheloe, 14 M.J. 40, 50
n.14 (C.M.A. 1982) (alterations in original) (citations omitted).
    “There is no per se rule that military judges are disqualified whenever, after
accepting guilty pleas, they must later reject those pleas based on unforeseen
circumstances.” United States v. Winter, 35 M.J. 93, 95 (C.M.A. 1992). “Even
more so, there is no invariable requirement that judges sua sponte recuse
themselves in all such cases. Id. (citations omitted). “[E]ven though a judge is
not per se disqualified from presiding over a bench trial after rejecting guilty
pleas, the facts of a particular case may still require recusal of the military
judge, especially if the judge has formed an intractable opinion as to the guilt
of the accused.” Id. (citing United States v. Bradley, 7 M.J. 332 (C.M.A. 1979)).
A military judge’s statements on the record may “make clear that he had no

                                        28
                   United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

intractable opinion” regarding guilt or sentence. United States v. Bray, 49 M.J.
300, 306–07 (C.A.A.F 1998).
    “Where the military judge makes full disclosure on the record and affirma-
tively disclaims any impact on him, where the defense has full opportunity to
voir dire the military judge and to present evidence on the question, and where
such record demonstrates that [an] appellant obviously was not prejudiced by
the military judge’s not recusing himself, the concerns of R.C.M. 902(a) are
fully met.” United States v. Campos, 42 M.J. 253, 262 (C.A.A.F. 1995) (citation
omitted).
   3. Analysis
       a. Recusal Prior to Trial
    We find no abuse of discretion when the military judge denied the Defense’s
recusal motion before court convened. While the military judge’s ruling was no
more than a summary denial, we find no error. See United States v. Flesher, 73
M.J. 303, 312 (C.A.A.F. 2014) (noting if the military judge fails to place his
findings and analysis on the record, less deference will be accorded). Our start-
ing point is the strong presumption that a military judge is impartial.
    We can quickly dispense with the argument that recusal was required un-
der R.C.M. 902(b)(1) because the Government’s motion response discussed the
PTA and stipulation briefly and these documents were attached to the motion.
Receiving a filing from a party does not give a military judge “personal”
knowledge of the facts, disputed or otherwise, in a case. Rather, a military
judge who receives a motion response is simply performing judicial duties. Ex-
posure to what the parties are asserting are the facts does not impute “per-
sonal” knowledge to the military judge of disputed facts. We agree with the
Drafters Analysis to R.C.M. 902(b) that interest or bias is only disqualifying
when it is personal, not judicial, in nature. See MCM, App. 21, at A21–50. Ap-
pellant has not attempted to show the military judge had knowledge of the
disputed facts of this case from a source independent of his judicial duties. Ac-
cordingly his claim that R.C.M. 902(b)(1) required recusal must fail.
    We also find no error under R.C.M. 902(a) because the military judge’s im-
partiality could not reasonably be questioned from his pretrial involvement in
this case. While the military judge denied the motion before trial, at the initial
Article 39(a), UCMJ, session he was questioned by civilian defense counsel.
The military judge confirmed he had not read the attachments to the defense
motion or the Government’s response and had not formed any unfavorable
opinions about Appellant’s guilt or innocence. After civilian defense counsel
indicated he had no further questions, the military judge, on his own, noted
the recusal motion that he had ruled upon earlier. The military judge noted
that while he was aware of the PTA and stipulation of fact, he had not read

                                       29
                   United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

them and had not discussed them with the prior military judge. In response to
a follow-up question by civilian defense counsel the military judge made clear
there was “absolutely nothing” that would affect the military judge’s ability to
be fair and impartial. Shortly thereafter, Appellant selected a forum of military
judge alone.
    We find the questioning and commentary at the Article 39(a) session qual-
ifies as a full disclosure on the record by the military judge, even if it came
after his ruling, and an affirmative disclaimer of any impact from receiving the
Government’s motion response. See Campos, 42 M.J. at 262. The Defense had
a full opportunity to voir dire the military judge and asked relevant questions
that the military judge directly answered. See id. The military judge confirmed
both sides had no additional evidence or argument on the recusal motion. Ap-
pellant had ample opportunity to present evidence on the question of recusal.
Appellant was not obviously prejudiced as the military judge did not read the
PTA or stipulation of fact and only read the brief commentary in the Govern-
ment’s actual motion, a matter which would easily been put out of the judge’s
mind once he learned the case was to be partially contested. Given these cir-
cumstances, we conclude the concerns of R.C.M. 902(a) were fully met. See id.
Objectively, in light of applicable caselaw and the strong presumption that a
military judge is impartial, a reasonable person knowing all the circumstances
of the military judge’s pretrial involvement and his responses on the record,
including that no intractable opinions on guilt or sentence were held, would
not conclude that the military judge’s impartiality might reasonably be ques-
tioned. See Sullivan, 74 M.J. at 453.
       b. Recusal after Withdrawal of Plea
    First, we reject Appellant’s claim that it would be impossible for any mili-
tary judge to be a fair and impartial factfinder after the guilty plea to battery
of Amn MM was withdrawn. This argument strikes us as the functional equiv-
alent of a per se rule requiring recusal after a withdrawn plea which would be
inconsistent with Winter. See 35 M.J. at 95.
    We recognize that the facts of a particular case may still require recusal of
the military judge after a guilty plea is withdrawn, especially if the judge has
formed an intractable opinion as to the guilt of the accused. Here, the military
judge had no intractable opinion regarding guilt. See Bray, 49 M.J. at 306–07.
The military judge expressed that he would not consider the providence in-
quiry, would put it out of his mind, and described “resetting entirely the trial
with regard to that charge and its specification.” The military judge provided
citation to relevant caselaw on recusal and to R.C.M. 902 and briefly stated his
findings and analysis. Therefore, we review his ruling on recusal after trial
began for an abuse of discretion.

                                       30
                   United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

    We find no abuse of discretion in the military judge’s decision not to recuse
himself after granting Appellant’s request to withdraw his plea. We note that
trial defense counsel did not raise recusal after the military judge told the par-
ties he was reopening the providence inquiry or after Appellant entered a plea
of not guilty to battery of Amn MM. Instead, it was the military judge who sua
sponte reconsidered his earlier ruling. The military judge described the caselaw
he relied upon, cited the correct legal standard, and announced that he would
put out of his mind the information he had heard during the providence in-
quiry. The military judge stated on the record that he had “no concerns” about
his ability to be impartial. The military judge invited both sides to voir dire
him regarding recusal or to challenge him. Both declined. We find a full disclo-
sure, affirmative disclaimer of impact, and full opportunity for questioning ex-
isted. See Campos, 42 M.J. at 262. We discern no obvious prejudice and find
the concerns of R.C.M. 902(a) were fully addressed on the record. A reasonable
person with knowledge of the circumstances would have come to the same con-
clusion the parties did at trial: the withdrawn plea did not raise reasonable
grounds to question the military judge’s impartiality given the applicable law.
    Before us, Appellant argues that he made “completely contradictory state-
ments” that would have led the military judge to conclude he lied under oath
at some point. We see this matter differently. This case bears similarities to
Melton, a case the military judge chose to cite when he issued his ruling. In our
view, the military judge’s decision to reopen the plea was to ensure Appellant
understood the mistake of fact defense. Even during the providence inquiry,
Appellant told the military judge that “at the very moment” he hit Amn MM
he “did believe” that she had consented. This established the first element of
the defense that Appellant had an honest mistake. All that remained was
whether Appellant’s belief was objectively reasonable. Unsurprisingly, Appel-
lant’s testimony in findings revealed that he struggled with judging his own
actions by a reasonable person standard. At varying times, Appellant judged
his actions personally, but with the benefit of hindsight, rather than by an ob-
jective standard at the time of the offense. As we see it, Appellant merely had
difficulty understanding one of the legal principles involved in a mistake of fact
defense. Like the court in Melton we see the military judge’s response to reopen
the providence inquiry demonstrated concern for fairness of the proceedings
rather than some negative reflection on his impartiality.
   We acknowledge that the discussion accompanying R.C.M. 910(h) states
that in a trial by military judge alone recusal of the military judge or disap-
proval of the request for trial by military judge will “ordinarily” be necessary
when a plea of guilty is withdrawn after findings. However, the Discussions
accompanying the Rules for Courts-Martial are supplementary materials and
do not have “the force of law.” See MCM, pt. I, ¶ 4. We find our superior court’s
decisions in Sullivan, Campos, and Winter provide the appropriate framework

                                       31
                   United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

for analyzing recusal and we decline to apply an “ordinary” rule when the in-
quiry requires a case-by-case determination. We find no abuse of discretion,
and indeed no error, when the military judge did not recuse himself after Ap-
pellant withdrew his plea of guilty to battery of Amn MM.
C. Mil. R. Evid. 413
   1. Additional Background
    Before trial, in accordance with Mil. R. Evid. 413(b) and Mil. R. Evid.
404(b), the Government provided notice to the Defense of uncharged sexual
assault offenses that Appellant allegedly committed upon a civilian, KM, prior
to Appellant joining the Air Force. The notice indicated two of the offenses oc-
curred on 24 June 2015 when Appellant, without consent, (1) attempted to pen-
etrate KM’s mouth with his penis, and (2) penetrated KM’s vagina with his
penis. The notice also indicated that the next day, 25 June 2015, Appellant
attempted to penetrate KM’s mouth with his penis without her consent and in
the course of this attempt hit KM on the head and face with his hand. KM was
16 years old at the time and Appellant was 18 years old.
    On 17 May 2018, Appellant’s senior defense counsel, who was later re-
leased, filed a motion for appropriate relief to exclude this evidence. The De-
fense contended, inter alia, that the evidence was “highly inflammatory” and
“unfairly prejudicial” as KM was under the age of 18 and the circumstances
involved allegations of physical and sexual violence. The Defense asserted a
distracting mini-trial involving numerous witnesses and potentially scientific
and/or expert testimony would be needed and that the uncharged misconduct
failed a Mil. R. Evid. 403 balancing test. The Defense requested an Article
39(a), UCMJ, session and requested six witnesses: KM and five members of
the McKinney Police Department in Texas who investigated the allegations.
    On 25 May 2018, the Government opposed the motion for appropriate relief
contending inter alia that the evidence was admissible under Mil. R. Evid. 413
after the three threshold findings were made under United States v. Wright,
53 M.J. 476, 482 (C.A.A.F. 2000), and alternatively admissible under Mil. R.
Evid. 404(b) to show Appellant’s plan, intent, absence of mistake, and motive
with respect to the charged offenses.
    A few days after the Government’s motion response, the failed PTA negoti-
ations occurred, the case was continued, and the senior military defense coun-
sel who filed the motion for appropriate relief was released. The parties con-
tinued their preparations for trial, including which witnesses would be neces-
sary for the Defense. While KM traveled for the trial, no McKinney Police De-
partment officials were on the agreed-upon list of witnesses. No motion to com-
pel witnesses or evidence was filed prior to trial, a matter we discuss in the
next assignment of error.

                                      32
                    United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

    During motion practice on the first day of trial, the military judge inquired
whether the current defense team had any evidence to introduce. The Defense
declined to offer evidence beyond the attachments to its motion, despite the
written motion’s assertions that six witnesses would testify. The Government
also did not offer further evidence beyond the attachments to their motion. The
parties argued their respective positions on admissibility.
   The military judge issued a ruling denying the defense motion, finding the
evidence admissible under Mil. R. Evid. 413 23 and later read his findings of fact
and conclusions of law into the record. Accordingly, KM testified before the
military judge as the last government witness.
    KM 24 testified that she went to the same high school as Appellant for a time
when he was a senior and she was a freshman. They knew each other by asso-
ciation and had mutual friends. They lost contact when KM went to a different
school as a sophomore but reconnected on social media in the summer of 2015.
On one afternoon, Appellant and KM agreed to meet in the parking lot of a
store near KM’s house. When Appellant arrived driving a sport utility vehicle
(SUV), KM got in and he drove them to a covered parking area in a nearby
apartment complex. Appellant began pressing KM’s arm in a flirtatious way.
KM realized Appellant had gotten the wrong idea about their meeting so she
scooted towards the door. Appellant tried touching KM’s breast and she pushed
his hand away. Appellant responded, “[C]ome on. Why don’t you let me touch
this? Why don’t you want to do this?” KM pulled further away and told Appel-
lant she did not want him to touch her on her breast. After turning her body
towards the car door, KM saw Appellant rubbing his “private area” over the
top of his pants. When KM looked over, Appellant grabbed her arm and tried
to get KM to touch his penis. KM pulled her arm away. This continued for a
few minutes until Appellant succeeded in getting KM’s hand to touch his “pri-
vate area” but KM kept her hand clinched in a ball. Once KM yanked her arm
away, Appellant pulled down his pants exposing his erect penis which he began
touching. He then attempted to get KM to directly touch his penis but KM kept
her hand in a fist. Appellant then grabbed the back of KM’s neck and pulled
her head towards his penis, but she turned her head to the side. The side of
KM’s face contacted Appellant’s penis but not her mouth.
   KM could not remember how the two of them came to be in the backseat
but she did recall Appellant touching her breasts and inner thighs and her
saying that she did not want to have sex with him. Appellant replied “come on,

 The military judge did not rule on whether the evidence was also admissible under
23

Mil. R. Evid. 404(b).
24KM was married at the time of Appellant’s court-martial and had a different last
name. We use her initials at the time of the uncharged incidents involving Appellant.

                                         33
                   United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

just do it” and “[i]t will be worth it” and then took off KM’s pants and inserted
his penis into her vagina. KM recalled not getting up because she “froze” and
then “blanked out” and felt like she “couldn’t move.” KM testified that Appel-
lant complained that she was not making noise and KM started muffled crying
which annoyed Appellant so he stopped. KM recalled Appellant taking off a
condom though she did not remember seeing him put a condom on. Afterwards,
Appellant drove KM back to the store parking lot.
    KM testified “[w]ithin the next few days” Appellant reached out to apolo-
gize and asked to meet again. When KM did not initially accept his apology,
Appellant threatened to tell others they had sex. Appellant also told KM that
she now needed to give him gas money when they met. KM agreed to meet and
Appellant picked her up in the parking lot where she worked. KM thought the
location would be safe because it was in the open. On arrival, Appellant asked
KM to get in the SUV and she agreed because she did not want to make a scene.
Appellant drove to a parking lot behind an elementary school that was near
KM’s house. KM testified that Appellant told her to get into the backseat,
which she did, because she was afraid of him. Appellant tried to penetrate
KM’s mouth with his penis, but only the side of her face touched his penis.
Appellant told KM to “get it over with” and to “make up for [her] not being
willing to do it” before. KM teared up and did not reply. Appellant then asked
her “are you deaf” and hit the side of her face near her ear with his hand. KM
recalled looking at him in a “shocked way” and Appellant looked like he was
“in shock as well.” KM did not think Appellant meant to strike her but just got
so frustrated that she would not do what he wanted that he “kind of snapped.”
KM testified, “[A]s soon as he had done it, [he] let go of me and opened the door
and pushed me out of his car.” KM unsuccessfully tried to get back in the SUV
because her purse and cellphone were still inside but Appellant drove away.
KM found her personal items on the road as she walked home.
    KM told her best friend what happened with Appellant after the second
incident. Her best friend advised KM to tell her parents and KM did. The mat-
ter was then reported to the McKinney Police Department. Appellant was
never interviewed or arrested by the McKinney Police Department. He was
never prosecuted for any offense involving KM.
    During the investigation of the offenses involving Amn MM, AFOSI learned
through background checks about the incidents with KM and interviewed KM.
KM’s interview was summarized in an AFOSI report which was before the mil-
itary judge when he ruled on the admissibility of KM’s testimony. Appellant
was also questioned about the incidents with KM by AFOSI but this evidence
was not provided to the military judge before he ruled.
   In his trial testimony, Appellant described the two incidents where KM and
he were alone in his SUV. He recalled a consensual sexual encounter with KM

                                       34
                   United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

where he wore a condom that ended because it got hot in the SUV. He recalled
them meeting the next day, or the day after, for sex. He confirmed that he
asked KM for gas money because the SUV was a “gas guzzler.” After KM got
in the SUV, according to Appellant, KM said she was not going to give him gas
money and that she did not want to have sex. Appellant admitted that he got
“upset a little bit” and felt he was being “played” by KM so she could get a ride
home from work. He testified that he stopped the SUV on the side of the road
and asked KM to “please get out” of the SUV. When KM refused, Appellant
testified that he unbuckled her seatbelt, asked her to leave again and when
she did not leave he threw her personal items out of the drivers’ side window.
He denied any sexual acts or violence occurred with KM the second time that
they were alone. In rebuttal to Appellant’s trial testimony, SA PA testified that
Appellant told AFOSI that he did not spend one-on-one time with KM and that
he never engaged in activity involving a condom or a car with KM. In addition
to SA PA’s testimony, a short audio excerpt of this AFOSI interview of Appel-
lant was also admitted as rebuttal evidence. The audio excerpt also covered
Appellant’s denials of spending one-on-one time with KM and being in a car
with her and a condom.
     2. Law
    A military judge’s decision to admit evidence is reviewed for an abuse of
discretion. United States v. Jerkins, 77 M.J. 225, 228 (C.A.A.F. 2018) (citing
United States v. Erikson, 76 M.J. 231, 234 (C.A.A.F. 2017)).
    Mil. R. Evid. 413(a) provides that “[i]n a court-martial proceeding for a sex-
ual offense, the military judge may admit evidence that the accused committed
any other sexual offense. The evidence may be considered on any matter to
which it is relevant.” “This includes using evidence of either a prior sexual as-
sault conviction or uncharged sexual assaults to prove that an accused has a
propensity to commit sexual assault.” United States v. Hills, 75 M.J. 350, 354
(C.A.A.F. 2016) (citing United States v. James, 63 M.J. 217, 220–22 (C.A.A.F.
2006)). 25 For purposes of Mil. R. Evid. 413, “sexual offense” means an offense
punishable under the UCMJ or a crime under federal or state law involving
inter alia conduct prohibited by Article 120, UCMJ; conduct prohibited by 18
U.S.C. § 109A; contact, without consent, between the accused’s genitals and
any part of another person’s body; or an attempt to engage in the conduct de-
scribed above. See Mil. R. Evid. 413(d)(1), (2), (4), (6).
   In United States v. Wright, 53 M.J. 476, 482 (C.A.A.F. 2000), the CAAF
explained that military judges are required to make three threshold findings

25However, evidence of sexual offenses charged in the same case may not be used as
propensity evidence under Mil. R. Evid. 413. Hills, 75 M.J. at 356–57.

                                       35
                   United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

before admitting evidence under Mil. R. Evid. 413: (1) the accused is charged
with an offense of sexual assault; (2) the evidence proffered is evidence of his
commission of another offense of sexual assault; and (3) the evidence is rele-
vant under Mil. R. Evid. 401 and Mil. R. Evid. 402. Additionally, the military
judge must apply the balancing test of Mil. R. Evid. 403 to determine whether
the probative value of the proffered evidence is substantially outweighed by
the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or other countervailing
considerations. Wright, 53 M.J. at 482. In Wright, the CAAF set forth a non-
exclusive list of factors to be considered under Mil. R. Evid. 403 in the context
of Mil. R. Evid. 413 evidence: the strength of the proof of the prior act of sexual
assault; the probative weight of the evidence; the potential for less prejudicial
evidence; distraction of the factfinder; the time needed for proof of the prior
conduct; the temporal proximity of the prior conduct to the charged offense(s);
the frequency of the acts; the presence or absence of intervening circumstances
between the prior acts and charged offenses; and the relationship between the
parties involved. 53 M.J. at 482 (citations omitted). “The importance of a care-
ful balancing arises from the potential for undue prejudice that is inevitably
present when dealing with propensity evidence.” United States v. Solomon, 72
M.J. 176, 181 (C.A.A.F. 2013) (citation omitted). However, the CAAF has
stated that “inherent in [Mil. R. Evid.] 413 is a general presumption in favor
of admission.” United States v. Berry, 61 M.J. 91, 94–95 (C.A.A.F. 2005) (citing
Wright, 53 M.J. at 482–83).
   3. Analysis
    Appellant contends the military judge abused his discretion by (1) incor-
rectly concluding that KM’s allegations were “in part corroborated” by the
McKinney police; (2) misevaluating the strength of proof of the incidents in-
volving KM; (3) concluding the crimes were similar to those charged; and (4)
overlooking an intervening circumstance—Appellant’s Air Force enlistment.
The Government disagrees that the military judge abused his discretion and
describes his analysis on the record as “careful and reasoned.” Regarding the
fourth point—Appellant’s enlistment as an intervening circumstance—the
Government argues waiver as Appellant did not present this argument to the
trial court.
    We find the military judge did not abuse his discretion in admitting KM’s
testimony. The military judge’s findings of fact are not clearly erroneous and
we adopt them. In his ruling, which was read into the record, the military judge
appropriately applied Mil. R. Evid. 413 and Wright to find the three initial
threshold requirements were met for admissibility of KM’s testimony. See
Wright, 53 M.J. at 482. We briefly describe the three threshold requirements,
the first two of which are not in dispute.

                                        36
                     United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

    During motion practice, trial defense counsel conceded the first two thresh-
old requirements were met and the military judge agreed. First, Appellant was
charged with multiple sexual assault offenses in violation of Article 120,
UCMJ. Second, the proffered evidence showed commission of other sexual of-
fenses under the definition provided in Mil. R. Evid. 413(d). The other sexual
offenses included sexual assault and attempted sexual assault of KM on or
about 24 and 25 June 2015.
    The third threshold requirement is also not seriously in question. The mil-
itary judge found the evidence involving KM relevant under Mil. R. Evid. 401
and 402, “if for no other purpose, for propensity purposes.” Relevant evidence
is evidence that has any tendency to make the existence of any fact of conse-
quence to determining the case more probable or less probable than it would
be without the evidence. Mil. R. Evid. 401. Relevance is a low threshold. United
States v. Roberts, 69 M.J. 23, 27 (C.A.A.F. 2010). Viewed in light of Mil. R. Evid.
413’s presumption in favor of admission, we find no abuse of discretion. The
military judge could reasonably find the evidence that Appellant sexually as-
saulted and attempted to sexually assault KM had some logical relevance to
the charged sexual offenses involving Amn MM and AB EA. See Berry, 61 M.J.
at 95 (citation omitted); United States v. Bailey, 55 M.J. 38, 40 (C.A.A.F. 2001).
    The military judge’s ruling balanced the probative value of KM’s testimony
against any countervailing interests under Mil. R. Evid. 403 and he specifically
listed the nine factors enumerated in Wright, 53 M.J. at 482, prior to ruling.
The military judge did not specifically analyze one factor—the “frequency of
the acts”—but this does not cause us concern as we conclude this factor also
weighed in favor of admitting KM’s testimony rather than supporting its ex-
clusion. The military judge found two separate incidents occurred involving
KM. Within each event, Appellant’s physical and verbal efforts to engage in
sexual acts with KM were persistent. Appellant did not argue this factor
weighed in favor of exclusion before the trial court or us.
    The military judge’s ruling also analyzed two of the Wright factors together:
“[d]istraction of the factfinder” 26 and “time needed for proof of the prior act.”
His ruling found only one witness, KM, would testify and that it would be “dif-
ficult to imagine less time needed for proof of this.” Appellant does not argue
the military judge abused his discretion in his conclusion or by combining the
analysis of two factors. We find no abuse of discretion as these two factors were
related and particularly so in this military judge alone case.

26The “distraction of the factfinder” factor is concerned with a danger that “admission
of this evidence may result in a distracting mini-trial on a collateral issue.” Berry, 61
M.J. at 97 (citation omitted).

                                           37
                     United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

    Appellant’s first challenge is to the military judge’s assessment of the
“strength of the proof.” Appellant argues the military judge incorrectly con-
cluded “most glaringly” that KM’s allegations were in part corroborated by the
McKinney police. We are not persuaded that the military judge’s conclusion
was clearly erroneous or clearly unreasonable.
    The summary report from the McKinney Police Department shows that KM
told them that on the first incident at the apartment complex Appellant dis-
carded the condom out of the SUV’s window. KM said she knew where the
condom was. The summary report explains what happened when one officer
drove to the scene:
        Upon arrival I saw a passenger car parked as if dropping some-
        one off at the complex. As I walked up attempting to the find the
        condom a female walked up to me stating she was [KM]. She
        stated “I wanted to make sure I told you the right place.” [KM]
        then stated they were in either one of these two parking spaces.
        The parking spaces were numbered 120 and 121. As I looked in
        the parking lot I saw a light green in color condom in parking
        space . . . number 120. I took photos of the area and the condom.
        Officer [W] collected the condom and later placed it in evidence.
    During motion argument, trial defense counsel raised the “lack of corrobo-
rating evidence” and noted “we don’t have the DNA off of the condom that [KM]
led them to.” Before us, Appellant renews this argument while also mentioning
the lack of integrity of the crime scene. To be clear, the military judge only
found this was “the condom allegedly used” by Appellant during the first sexual
encounter with KM. He made no conclusive findings of fact that it was the
actual condom used. 27
    The word “corroborate” as used by trial defense counsel and the military
judge was not defined. However, in the context of confessions and admissions,
“corroborate” means independent evidence that “raises an inference of truth”
and “would tend to establish the trustworthiness” of a statement. See Mil. R.
Evid. 304(c)(1), (4). The military judge described the corroboration as “limited”
and “as expected . . . with only two possible witnesses.” The limited corrobora-
tion was one of three considerations the military judge found “strengthen[ed]
the proof of the prior act.” The other two considerations had no caveats: that
KM reported shortly after the assault and she had no obvious motive to fabri-
cate. We acknowledge there are certainly other possible explanations for the

27Appellant testified during trial that he discarded the condom in “a little cup” in the
back of the SUV. During her testimony, KM was not asked what happened to the con-
dom.

                                          38
                   United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

condom that was taken into evidence by the McKinney police. But the military
judge’s conclusion was only that there was limited corroboration, and this was
not clearly erroneous or clearly unreasonable given the evidence that was be-
fore the military judge when he ruled.
    Appellant further challenges the strength of the proof citing (1) the absence
of social media messages between KM and Appellant after KM gave the McKin-
ney police her passwords; (2) the lack of witness interviews who saw Appellant
and KM together; (3) the lack of injuries to KM or damage to her clothing; (4)
the lack of results of a SAFE that KM underwent; and (5) a lack of evidence
from the SUV. We see little conflict between the absence of this evidence and
the military judge’s conclusion that corroboration was “limited” and find no
abuse of discretion.
    Appellant next argues, as he did at trial, that he was not interviewed, ar-
rested, or prosecuted. The military judge agreed and entered findings of fact to
this effect that we have adopted. In analyzing this fact, the military judge de-
scribed the absence of an interview as “curious in isolation” but concluded it
did not necessarily diminish the strength of proof of KM’s allegation. We agree
based on the limited evidence that was before the military judge during motion
practice. The strength of proof factor ranges from a high of conviction to a low
of gossip. See Wright, 53 M.J. at 482. KM’s report fell between these two ex-
tremes. The military judge had very little before him on why the McKinney
police took the actions they did. There are no obvious cues from the police re-
port that KM’s allegations were determined to be false, unfounded, or recanted.
To be clear, trial defense counsel argued vehemently that “if you had a 16-year-
old girl who would have been raped and you had evidence to corroborate that,
something somehow would have been done. And at this point, they didn’t even
call him.” In our view, the military judge had to make an independent deter-
mination on strength of proof based on the evidence before him. He did and his
conclusions are not clearly erroneous or unreasonable. Other military judges
may have been swayed that the absence of a civilian law enforcement interview
of Appellant was a direct reflection on the merit of KM’s allegations. But an
abuse of discretion requires more than a mere difference of opinion. McEl-
haney, 54 M.J. at 130.
    Appellant’s remaining challenge to the strength of proof is that KM’s state-
ments “contain numerous inconsistencies and counterintuitive decisions.” At
motion practice, Appellant argued inconsistencies including whether the
SUV’s doors were locked or whether Appellant demanded KM must get in the
back seat. The military judge found KM’s statements to the McKinney police
and to AFOSI “are consistent on many details” but that inconsistencies “do
exist.” The Defense argued, in their written motion, that KM made a counter-
intuitive decision by getting in Appellant’s SUV the second time. While the

                                       39
                     United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

military judge did not address this specific argument in his ruling he concluded
“[o]n balance, the strength of proof is not so low as to create a substantial risk
of unfair prejudice” and that he was “not convinced the allegation is so weak it
cannot be fairly considered by a fact-finder.” The military judge noted that in-
consistencies existed and balanced the strengths and weaknesses of the proof
before ruling. We see no abuse of discretion.
    Appellant’s next challenge is that the charged crimes were not similar to
the offenses involving KM. The military judge concluded the offenses were sim-
ilar because (1) all involved acquaintance versus stranger assaults; (2) all in-
volved force; (3) all involved victims of a similar age to Appellant. 28 Appellant
directly challenges the last of the military judge’s conclusions that all victims
were of a similar age to Appellant. He notes the number of class grades that
separated Appellant and KM when they met and contrasts this with AB EA,
Amn MM, and Appellant who were all technical school classmates. We are not
persuaded by Appellant’s direct challenge. The military judge found as fact
that KM was 16 years old at the time of the offense and Appellant was 18 years
old. The military judge’s conclusion that the victims were a similar age to Ap-
pellant was not clearly erroneous or unreasonable. 29
    Appellant raises additional grounds for why the offenses were not similar
including (1) his relationship with KM was different than Amn MM and AB
EA; (2) the incident with KM occurred in a vehicle parked in a public area while
the others were in a dormitory room; (3) that KM was a minor and Amn MM
and AB EA were adults; (4) only KM’s allegations occurred more than once;
and (5) only KM alleged a threat. Some of Appellant’s listing of differences are
obviously true. KM was (1) the only minor; (2) the only one who alleged offenses
on two different days; and (3) the only one who was in a parked vehicle with

28The transcript reads “[a]s opposed to assaults committed by use of drugs or alcohol
or incapacitated victims, all of the offenses involved victims that are of similar age to
the accused.” It is possible the military judge intended to conclude that alcohol and
drugs were not used to facilitate any of the assaults against KM, Amn MM, or AB EA,
which made the crimes similar. The Government advances such an argument in the
answer before us. Such a conclusion would be accurate from our review of the record;
however, we do not rely on that similarity as the military judge did not clearly draw
that conclusion.
29 The military judge did not make findings of fact regarding Amn MM’s or AB EA’s
ages. AB EA’s date of birth is listed on a prosecution exhibit and we can see she is a
similar age to KM. Both KM and AB EA are less than three years younger than Ap-
pellant which is sufficient to be a similar age to him. Amn MM’s date of birth is re-
dacted in the record of trial but photographs of her were admitted as prosecution ex-
hibits. Appellant does not assert that Amn MM was not a similar age to Appellant and
after reviewing the photographs we see no reason to question the military judge’s con-
clusion that Amn MM was also a similar age to Appellant.

                                           40
                   United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

Appellant. However, we need not explore all the differences raised on appeal
any more than we need to explore the additional similarities argued by the
Government during motion practice or in their answer. Instead, we determine
whether it was clearly erroneous for the military judge to find the offenses sim-
ilar on the grounds he stated despite the differences. We find the military
judge’s conclusion reasonable and that no abuse of discretion exists. Of partic-
ular importance to our review is the second similarity mentioned by the mili-
tary judge and unchallenged before us, that force was involved in each allega-
tion. We find the manner in which force was reported by each victim to be sig-
nificantly more important to the determination that the offenses were similar
than any of the differences cited by Appellant.
    Appellant’s last claim is that the military judge “clearly overlooked” that
Appellant enlisted in the Air Force when he assessed whether there were sig-
nificant intervening circumstances. The Government argues waiver. The
CAAF has made clear that the Courts of Criminal Appeals have discretion, in
the exercise of their authority under Article 66, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 866, to de-
termine whether to apply waiver or forfeiture in a particular case, or to pierce
waiver or forfeiture in order to correct a legal error. See, e.g., United States v.
Hardy, 77 M.J. 438, 442–43 (C.A.A.F. 2018) (quoting United States v. Quiroz,
55 M.J. 334, 338 (C.A.A.F. 2001)); United States v. Chin, 75 M.J. 220, 223
(C.A.A.F. 2016). In this case, we use our discretion and do not apply waiver
because we determine there is no legal error to correct. We note that it was the
Government’s written motion response that first mentioned that Appellant’s
decision to join the Air Force was a “possible intervening circumstance.” The
military judge’s conclusion was simply that he was “unaware or saw no evi-
dence of any significant intervening factors that changed the analysis.” (Em-
phasis added). This conclusion was not an error, clear or otherwise, and cer-
tainly was not an abuse of discretion. Appellant did not testify on the motion.
There was no evidence before the military judge about how Appellant’s com-
pletion of basic military training and a portion of technical training signifi-
cantly changed Appellant, his decision making, or his understanding of the law
regarding sexual assault or consent from when he was an adult civilian inter-
acting with KM. Thus, we determine there is no legal error for us to correct
regarding this conclusion in the military judge’s ruling.
   In conclusion, we find the military judge properly admitted KM’s testi-
mony, after noting the presumption in favor of admission, and reciting all of
the Wright factors and analyzing almost all of them. He did not “wholly fail to
grapple” with the lack of a full civilian investigation or prosecution. Cf. Solo-
mon, 72 M.J. at 181. He considered the inconsistencies and challenges raised
to KM’s expected testimony and weighed them in determining the probative
value and the danger of unfair prejudice. He considered whether there was less

                                        41
                   United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

prejudicial evidence and noted that KM would testify live and could be con-
fronted with inconsistencies or evidence that was lacking in the McKinney po-
lice summary. He found the temporal proximity to be “relatively close” as KM’s
accusations were about two years before the charged offenses. Considering
what the military judge had before him during motion practice, his ruling and
his balancing test under the Wright factors was not an abuse of discretion.
    As it turned out, presentation of the Mil. R. Evid. 413 evidence was not
unduly long or distracting. In this military judge alone trial, KM testified once
in an open session of the court for 53 pages of the transcript. While the parties
asked questions, the military judge had none. In contrast, Amn MM testified
slightly longer, totaling 60 pages, and in both open and closed sessions during
the findings portion of the trial. Part of Amn MM’s testimony was as a rebuttal
witness for the prosecution. Amn MM’s roommate also testified as witness. AB
EA testified for 90 pages in open session during findings. Two witnesses who
saw AB EA immediately after she left Appellant’s room also testified. In the
Defense’s case, some photos of Appellant’s SUV were admitted during Appel-
lant’s testimony. Overall, Appellant testified about the accusations of KM, in
open session, in about 25 pages of transcript on direct examination and there
was less than 10 pages of cross-examination regarding KM. The military judge
asked no questions of Appellant regarding KM. While the accusations involv-
ing KM likely occupied more trial time than initially anticipated, a “distracting
mini-trial on a collateral matter of low probative value” did not occur which
provides some support that the military judge did not clearly err in admitting
KM’s testimony. Cf. Solomon, 72 M.J. at 182.
D. Compel Discovery/Production of Evidence and Witnesses
   1. Additional Background
    Immediately after the military judge issued his ruling that KM would be
permitted to testify as a Mil. R. Evid. 413 witness, he asked the parties whether
they had any questions about his ruling or its effect on the case. Civilian de-
fense counsel responded “[i]n light of the court’s ruling, we . . . make an oral
motion for continuance or at least if we could have a couple of days to try to
gather some more evidence in the case.” Civilian defense counsel indicated,
inter alia,
       We don’t know about the police case file, what videotapes may
       exist, what video interviews may exist, whether or not she saw
       a SANE, forensic nurse examiner, and what statement she
       might have made to that individual. We don’t have that report
       either. We don’t have DNA evidence, and the officers involved in
       the case at McKinney will not speak to us without subpoenas.

                                       42
                   United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

    After more discussion, the oral motion for continuance expanded into an
oral motion to compel discovery under R.C.M. 701 and production under
R.C.M. 703, including telephonic witness testimony. The Defense asserted it
could not effectively represent Appellant and would be “simply unprepared” to
address anything KM testified to because “we have no check and we have no
additional information as to what exists out there regarding this allegation.
We would essentially be flying blind with regard to anything she says.” The
military judge addressed the timeliness of the motion, which we describe in
detail below, before he recessed the court and ordered the Defense to produce
a written motion before court reconvened in six hours. The Defense’s written
motion to compel and for a continuance was filed. It included, as attachments,
the discovery requests that had been filed. The Defense called no witnesses to
support the motion. The Government provided several documents to show
what discovery it had provided to the Defense and both sides presented argu-
ment. The military judge denied the motion and later in the trial, after KM
testified on findings, provided his essential findings of fact and conclusions of
law. Neither side requested the military judge reconsider his ruling after KM
testified.
    Before us, Appellant raises various challenges to the military judge’s rul-
ing. In his assignments of error brief, Appellant initially claimed the military
judge did not provide any rationale for his ruling and argued that we should
accordingly afford his ruling less deference. While Appellant is correct that the
military judge did not announce his findings of fact and conclusions of law at
the same point that he ruled, we agree with the Government that the military
judge made essential findings of fact and conclusions of law and the appropri-
ate standard of review is an abuse of discretion.
   2. Law
    In reviewing discovery matters, we conduct a two-step analysis: “first, we
determine whether the information or evidence at issue was subject to disclo-
sure or discovery; second, if there was nondisclosure of such information, we
test the effect of that nondisclosure on [Appellant’s] trial.” United States v.
Coleman, 72 M.J. 184, 187 (C.A.A.F. 2013) (quoting United States v. Roberts,
59 M.J. 323, 325 (C.A.A.F. 2004)). We review a military judge’s decision on a
request for discovery for an abuse of discretion. Roberts, 59 M.J. at 326 (citation
omitted).
    “[T]he suppression by the prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused
upon request violates due process where the evidence is material either to guilt
or to punishment, irrespective of the good faith or bad faith of the prosecution.”
Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87 (1963). The United States Supreme Court
has extended Brady, clarifying “that the duty to disclose such evidence is ap-
plicable even though there has been no request by the accused” and includes

                                        43
                        United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

“impeachment evidence as well as exculpatory evidence.” Strickler v. Greene,
527 U.S. 263, 280 (1999) (citation omitted); see United States v. Claxton, 76
M.J. 356, 359 (C.A.A.F. 2017) (quoting Strickler, 527 U.S. at 280). “A military
accused also has the right to obtain favorable evidence under Article 46,
UCMJ[, 10 U.S.C. § 846] . . . as implemented by R.C.M. 701–703.” Coleman, 72
M.J. at 186–87 (footnote omitted). Accordingly, Article 46, UCMJ, and these
implementing rules provide a military accused statutory discovery rights that
are greater than those afforded by the Constitution. See id. at 187 (citations
omitted); Roberts, 59 M.J. at 327. In particular, R.C.M. 701(a)(2)(A) requires
the Government, upon defense request, to permit the inspection of, inter alia,
any documents “within the possession, custody, or control of military authori-
ties, and which are material to the preparation of the defense . . . .”
    “Trial counsel must exercise due diligence in discovering [favorable evi-
dence] not only in his possession but also in the possession . . . of other ‘military
authorities’ and make them available for inspection.” United States v. Jackson,
59 M.J. 330, 334 (C.A.A.F. 2004) (alterations in original) (quoting United States
v. Simmons, 38 M.J. 376, 381 (C.M.A. 1993)). “[T]he parameters of the review
that must be undertaken outside the prosecutor’s own files will depend in any
particular case on the relationship of the other governmental entity to the pros-
ecution and the nature of the defense discovery request.” United States v. Wil-
liams, 50 M.J. 436, 441 (C.A.A.F. 1999). The scope of this due-diligence require-
ment generally is limited to (1) the files of law enforcement authorities that
have participated in the investigation of the subject matter of the charged of-
fenses; (2) investigative files in a related case maintained by an entity closely
aligned with the prosecution; and (3) other files, as designated in a defense
discovery request, that involved a specific type of information within a speci-
fied entity. Id. (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
    The CAAF has generally agreed with “the proposition that an object held
by a state law enforcement agency is ordinarily not in the possession, custody,
or control of military authorities.” United States v. Stellato, 74 M.J. 473, 484
(C.A.A.F. 2015) (citation omitted). “However, a trial counsel cannot avoid
R.C.M. 701(a)(2) through the simple expedient of leaving relevant evidence to
repose in the hands of another agency while utilizing his access to it in prepar-
ing his case for trial.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). The
CAAF in Stellato identified a number of scenarios from Article III 30 courts
where evidence not in the physical possession of the prosecution team is still
within the possession, custody, or control of military authorities. These include

30   U.S. CONST. art. III.

                                         44
                    United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

when: (1) the prosecution has both knowledge and access to the object; (2) the
prosecution has the legal right to obtain the evidence; 31 (3) the evidence resides
in another agency but was part of a joint investigation; and (4) the prosecution
inherits a case from a local sheriff’s office and the object remains in the posses-
sion of the local law enforcement. Id. (footnotes omitted). Additionally, pursu-
ant to the provisions of R.C.M. 701(a)(6), “a trial counsel cannot avoid discovery
obligations by remaining willfully ignorant of evidence that reasonably tends
to be exculpatory, even if that evidence is in the hands of a Government wit-
ness.” Id. at 487.
    Where the defense specifically requests discoverable information that is er-
roneously withheld, the error is tested for harmlessness beyond a reasonable
doubt. Coleman, 72 M.J. at 187 (citations omitted). “Failing to disclose re-
quested material favorable to the defense is not harmless beyond a reasonable
doubt if the undisclosed evidence might have affected the outcome of the trial.”
Id. (citation omitted). “Inadvertent nondisclosure has the same impact on the
fairness of the proceedings as deliberate concealment.” Strickler, 527 U.S. at
288. However, “[m]ere speculation that some exculpatory material may have
been withheld is unlikely to establish good cause for a discovery request on
collateral review,” id. at 286, “[n]or . . . should such suspicion suffice to impose
a duty on [defense] counsel to advance a claim for which they have no eviden-
tiary support.” Id.
    In addition to the discovery rights described above, R.C.M. 703 provides
“[e]ach party is entitled to the production of evidence which is relevant and
necessary.” R.C.M. 703(f)(1); United States v. Rodriguez, 60 M.J. 239, 246
(C.A.A.F. 2004). Evidence is relevant if “it has any tendency to make a fact
more or less probable than it would be without the evidence” and “is of conse-
quence in determining the action.” Mil. R. Evid. 401. “Relevant evidence is ‘nec-
essary when it is not cumulative and when it would contribute to a party’s
presentation of the case in some positive way on a matter in issue.’” Rodriguez,
60 M.J. at 246 (quoting R.C.M. 703(f)(1), Discussion). The moving party is re-
quired, as a threshold matter, “to show the requested material existed.” Id.
   In addition to production of evidence, “counsel for the accused . . . shall
have an equal opportunity to obtain witnesses . . . in accordance with such reg-
ulations as the President may prescribe.” Article 46, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 846.
“The defense shall submit to the trial counsel a written list of witnesses whose

31See United States v. Stein, 488 F. Supp. 2d. 350, 362–63 (S.D.N.Y. 2007) (finding a
deferred plea agreement with a corporation and the Government’s admission that it
had the unqualified right to demand production of evidence from the corporation gave
the Government the legal right to obtain documents subject to one “limited privilege
carve-out” in the deferred plea agreement).

                                         45
                   United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

production by the Government the defense requests.” R.C.M. 703(c)(1). “A list
of witnesses whose testimony the defense considers relevant and necessary on
the merits or on an interlocutory question shall include the name, telephone
number, if known, and address or location . . . and a synopsis of the expected
testimony sufficient to show its relevance and necessity.” R.C.M. 703(c)(2)(B).
“The military judge may set a specific date by which such lists must be submit-
ted.” R.C.M. 703(c)(2)(C). “Failure to submit the name of a witness in a timely
manner shall permit denial of a motion for production of the witness, but relief
from such denial may be granted for good cause shown.” Id.
    “A military judge’s ruling on a request for a witness is reviewed for an abuse
of discretion.” McElhaney, 54 M.J. at 126 (citation omitted). “We will not set
aside a judicial denial of a witness request unless we have a definite and firm
conviction that the trial court committed a clear error of judgment in the con-
clusion it reached upon a weighing of relevant factors.” Id. (internal quotation
marks and citation omitted).
       Factors to be weighed to determine whether personal production
       of a witness is necessary include: the issues involved in the case
       and the importance of the requested witness to those issues;
       whether the witness is desired on the merits . . . ; whether the
       witness’s testimony would be merely cumulative; and the avail-
       ability of alternatives to the personal appearance of the wit-
       ness. Timeliness of the request may also be a consideration when
       determining whether production of a witness is necessary.
Id. at 127 (citations omitted).
   3. Analysis
    The timeliness of trial defense counsel’s motion was addressed by the trial
court. The military judge considered the filing untimely and seriously consid-
ered denying the motion on this ground. Instead, the military judge considered
the merits of the motion at the request of the trial counsel. We agree the motion
was untimely filed. Two scheduling order deadlines passed without a defense
motion to compel any discovery or to produce any evidence or witness. While
trial defense counsel made a feeble attempt to argue good cause existed for the
untimely filing, the military judge, under his R.C.M. 701(g)(1) authority, had
long before specified the timing of discovery and had imposed terms and con-
ditions on when motions to compel were due. The late filing did not give the
Government an opportunity to prepare a written response, though evidence
and argument were presented. Regarding the merits, we adopt the military
judge’s essential findings as they are not clearly erroneous. We find no abuse
of discretion as (1) the Defense did not show some of the evidence existed under

                                       46
                    United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

Strickler, 527 U.S. at 286; (2) the evidence that did exist, at least at one time, 32
was not in the possession, custody, or control of military authorities; (3) the
Defense failed to show, at trial, how the evidence tended to be exculpatory; and
(4) the Defense failed to comply with the procedures required for production
and did not demonstrate the necessity of the evidence and witnesses it re-
quested be produced.
       a. Did the Requested Evidence Exist?
    The military judge’s ruling addressed five pieces of evidence: (1) a SAFE
report on KM; (2) written or video recordings of KM’s interviews; (3) photo-
graphs related to KM’s investigation; (4) physical evidence gathered in KM’s
investigation; and (5) DNA results from the processing of the evidence collected
during KM’s SAFE. We begin by noting the Defense failed to carry its initial
burden that some of the evidence ever existed such that it could be discovered
or produced. Specifically, for item (2) above we see no indication in the record
of trial that any of KM’s interviews were recorded or transcribed. The Defense
did not call KM or her parents to testify on the motion that the interviews were
recorded or transcribed. The Defense offered no evidence regarding the prac-
tices and procedures of the McKinney Police Department on recording or tran-
scribing victim interviews of minors. Similarly, we also see no indication that
KM made a written statement to the McKinney police 33 or that additional writ-
ten notes were taken beyond the summary provided to the Defense. The De-
fense failed, as a threshold matter, to show that written or video recordings of
KM’s interviews existed. See Rodriguez, 60 M.J. at 246. Therefore, we find no
abuse of discretion when the military judge denied this portion of the motion.
    The Defense had good reason to believe the remaining items existed, at
least at one time. For KM’s SAFE report, the police summary showed $528.00
was paid to Texas Health South for a SAFE and KM told the AFOSI agents
she underwent the examination. It was a reasonable inference that a SAFE
report would have been written and that it would have contained KM’s narra-
tive of what occurred as such statements generally guide a SANE during an
examination. Similarly, for photographs, the police summary shows that pho-
tos were taken of a condom before it was taken into evidence and those photos
were saved on a CD. Additionally, during her trial testimony KM indicated
that photos were taken of her during her SAFE. As far as physical evidence,
the AFOSI summary indicated that KM said her clothes were taken during the

32 Appellant does not assert that the Government failed to meet its affirmative obliga-
tion to preserve evidence. See Stellato, 74 M.J. at 483.
33According to AFOSI’s summary of KM’s interview, she declined to make a written
statement to AFOSI. An AFOSI agent took notes of KM’s interview, which were pro-
vided to the Defense.

                                          47
                    United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

SAFE, and the condom seized from the parking lot was listed as evidence. We
evaluate the military judge’s ruling on this evidence below.
    The questions of whether DNA results existed and tended to be exculpatory
are more complex. The AFOSI summary of KM’s interview included “[Appel-
lant’s] DNA was found on her clothes and on the swabs inside the kit.” There
are legitimate reasons to question the accuracy of this statement. First, the
McKinney police summary does not say that a DNA sample from Appellant
was ever obtained by any method. Second, the police summary says nothing
about forensic testing of any portion of KM’s SAFE kit and does not even list
the contents of the kit. Third, the police summary says nothing about the con-
dom being submitted for DNA or any other forensic testing. Fourth, the mili-
tary judge found as fact that Appellant “was never interviewed, charged, or
prosecuted” and this finding is not clearly erroneous. As there are good reasons
to question whether DNA testing was even conducted, we look elsewhere in the
record of trial for support for or against the existence of DNA results.
    A review of Appellant’s trial testimony raises further questions about
whether exculpatory DNA results existed. During his testimony, Appellant de-
nied knowing that KM had “made, or tried to make, a criminal complaint”
against him. Appellant further testified that he first learned of KM’s criminal
complaint when he was interviewed by AFOSI. He testified “I was never in-
formed” that he had “no idea” and the matter “was brand-new” and “shocking”
to him. 34 If Appellant’s testimony is taken at face value, it seems unlikely that
a DNA sample was knowingly obtained from him during a subject SAFE as it
would be obvious that the McKinney Police Department was investigating
KM’s complaints. On the other hand, Appellant was never asked whether he
provided a DNA sample.
   During KM’s trial testimony, the military judge permitted KM to answer a
question about DNA testing before he ruled on a trial counsel objection to its
admissibility. KM testified “I cannot 100% say what they found” and “I never
spoke directly with the hospital or any of the investigators about what they

34 On cross-examination, Appellant admitted that he received a phone call from some-
one who identified themselves as a part of the McKinney Police Department who said
if Appellant went and saw KM again he would be arrested. Appellant testified the
individual did not give a name or badge number and did not ask him to come to the
police station. At trial, Appellant expressed doubt that the caller was part of the
McKinney Police Department. Regardless, this phone call sheds no light on whether a
DNA sample was obtained for comparison testing.

                                        48
                      United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

found through my rape kit. I only heard through other—like through my par-
ents what they found.” 35 As KM’s parents never testified at trial, we have no
confirmation or denial from them as to their knowledge of DNA testing or re-
sults.
    Before us, Appellant asserts that KM lied to AFOSI about the DNA results
and “all parties knew this must be false because the McKinney Police Depart-
ment never interviewed [Appellant] or obtained his DNA” so “any associated
DNA would have shown that [Appellant] was not a match.” We find Appellant’s
argument flawed. Either DNA results exist or they do not, and it is Appellant’s
burden to show they exist. We cannot reconcile the assertion that the McKin-
ney police did not obtain Appellant’s DNA yet somehow an unnamed forensic
laboratory was able to produce exculpatory results showing Appellant was not
a match. Elsewhere in this record of trial is the testimony of a forensic biologist
and it is clear to us that a DNA sample from Appellant would be necessary for
DNA comparison testing. We note that Appellant has not requested we order
a Dubay 36 hearing to determine additional facts and we find the development
of additional facts unnecessary to resolve this assignment of error considering
Appellant’s initial burden on the motion.
    Based on the record of trial before us, there is insufficient evidence that if
DNA testing results existed that they also tended to be exculpatory. KM did
not say the DNA results excluded Appellant. No one has asserted that except
Appellant in his brief. The Defense had ample opportunity at the trial court
and on appeal to investigate whether DNA testing was conducted. It is possible
that KM was merely mistaken when she told AFOSI about the DNA results;
after all, she apparently only received information about DNA results through
her parents. The Defense did not attempt to call KM or her parents to testify
to support its motion. KM’s mother’s name is specifically listed on the McKin-
ney police summary and both parents’ names are in the AFOSI agent’s notes.
There is no evidence that KM’s parents were unwilling to share with the De-
fense what they recalled of KM’s investigation. The Defense did not show, at
trial or thereafter, that exculpatory DNA testing results involving KM and Ap-
pellant exist. We find no abuse of discretion when the military judge denied
requests to compel or produce DNA results.

35 After KM provided this answer the military judge asked civilian defense counsel,
“[A]ny theory on why I can consider that?” Civilian defense counsel replied, “No sir.
We’ll move on.”
36   United States v. DuBay, 37 C.M.R. 411 (C.M.A. 1967).

                                           49
                   United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

       b. Possession, Custody, or Control of Military Authorities
    The remaining evidence, which it is reasonable to conclude actually existed,
at least at one time, includes the (1) SAFE report on KM; (2) photographs re-
lated to KM’s investigation; and (3) physical evidence gathered in KM’s inves-
tigation, including the condom seized at the parking lot. We find no abuse of
discretion when the military judge concluded this evidence was not in the pos-
session, custody, or control of military authorities.
    There is no question that the AFOSI and Prosecution did not participate in
the McKinney police investigation that occurred long before Appellant enlisted
in the Air Force. Additionally, the McKinney police were not closely aligned
with the Prosecution. The military judge made similar conclusions that ini-
tially AFOSI “was denied access to any evidence regarding the investigations
as a result of Texas state law provisions” and “[e]ventually, [AFOSI] was able
to obtain” the summary of the investigation.
    Appellant argues the AFOSI’s initial request for information about the
McKinney police investigation was defective because it did not identify that
the information was requested for a criminal justice purpose. We disagree. A
concern about AFOSI’s request was noted in a written legal opinion from the
Texas Attorney General’s Office back to counsel for the City of McKinney, alt-
hough it only related to a three-page document, labeled “Exhibit B,” which is
in the record of trial and was released to the Defense. Additionally, the opinion
of the Texas Attorney General’s Office says
       if the city determines the requestor intends to use the [criminal
       history record information] for a criminal justice purpose and for
       purposes consistent with the [Texas] Family Code, then the city
       must release the submitted information that shows the type of
       allegation made and whether there was an arrest, information,
       indictment, detention, conviction, or other formal charges and
       their disposition.
“Exhibit B” only confirms that a condom and CD of photographs were taken
into evidence, matters already known from the police summary. All “Exhibit
B” adds was that the McKinney police knew who Appellant was, his identifying
information, and some identifying information about KM. We find little sup-
port for Appellant’s claims that a defective AFOSI request “may have proved
fatal” to the Government’s request for information.
    Appellant also claims that there was close alignment because the McKin-
ney police “provided the Government with exclusive access to its officers.” We
disagree with Appellant’s characterization of the access the Government had
to the McKinney police. The military judge during the motion argument asked
the senior trial counsel what efforts were taken to find out why Appellant was

                                       50
                   United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

not prosecuted for offenses involving KM. The senior trial counsel replied, “We
did call some of the officers who worked on the case who all told us that they
didn’t remember the case.” As stated above, the Defense had also made contact
with at least one of the McKinney police officers but was told “they will not
discuss any aspect of the case without a subpoena from the [G]overnment.” We
do not see a meaningful difference in access when it appears all the Govern-
ment learned from their contact was the officers had no memory of Appellant’s
case. There is no claim by Appellant that the Prosecution learned (1) why Ap-
pellant was not interviewed, charged, or prosecuted; (2) whether KM made in-
consistent statements to the officers; (3) whether they had a copy of KM’s SAFE
report or kit; or (4) whether they had sent evidence collected to a forensic la-
boratory for DNA or other testing. In our view, the parties had equal, albeit
limited, access to the McKinney police investigation and those who conducted
it.
    We recognize that “an object held by a state law enforcement agency is or-
dinarily not in the possession, custody, or control of military authorities” but
“a trial counsel cannot avoid R.C.M. 701(a)(2) through the simple expedient of
leaving relevant evidence to repose in the hands of another agency while uti-
lizing his access to it in preparing for trial.” Stellato, 74 M.J. at 484 (internal
quotation marks and citations omitted). We see nothing in the record of trial
to show that the trial counsel had access to KM’s SAFE report, the condom, the
CD of photographs, or any purported forensic testing results. Without having
access to these materials, the trial counsel could not use them to prepare for
trial. The record of trial before us shows the trial counsel had the same access
as the defense counsel to these objects—none. Three of the four factors in Stel-
lato require no further analysis as we see no access to the objects at any point,
no joint investigation, and the prior criminal case from the McKinney police
was not inherited by the Prosecution. This leaves only the second factor:
“whether the prosecution has the legal right to obtain the evidence.” Id.
    At first blush, the second factor’s language seems to indicate that the Gov-
ernment had a “legal right to the evidence” because it could subpoena a witness
or witnesses to show up at trial and bring the condom, the CD of photographs,
the SAFE report and related evidence, or any forensic testing results and
therefore this evidence was within the “control” of the Government. However,
such an interpretation is overly broad and would lead to all evidence subject to
compulsory process to be within the Government’s “control” regardless of
where it was held and by whom. A legal “process” to obtain evidence, like a
subpoena, is not the same thing as a legal “right” to such evidence. The district
court case cited by the CAAF regarding the “legal right to the evidence” had a
deferred prosecution agreement (DPA) which gave the United States the “legal
right to obtain evidence.” See Stein, 488 F. Supp. 2d at 363 (“the DPA gives the
government the legal right to obtain these documents subject to the limited

                                        51
                   United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

carve-out”); Stellato, 74 M.J. at 492 (Stucky, C.J., concurring) (addressing that
Stein concerned the legal right of the Government to obtain materials from an
accused based on a DPA). In our view, the district court in Stein was not just
referencing the availability of subpoena power when it described the legal right
to obtain evidence. In Appellant’s case, there was no deferred prosecution
agreement and the trial counsel had no specified legal right to obtain the evi-
dence from the McKinney police as they were wholly uninvolved in the inves-
tigation. The military had no jurisdiction to prosecute the offenses involving
KM and it remained a local law enforcement matter even if evidence related to
it was later found to be admissible as propensity evidence under Mil. R. Evid.
413. The military judge cited Stellato in his ruling and distinguished it. We
find no abuse of discretion as the military judge’s conclusion that the evidence
was not in the possession, custody, or control of military authorities was not
clearly unreasonable or erroneous.
       c. Production of Evidence and Witnesses
    Appellant raises several claims regarding the production of the evidence
and witnesses beyond what has been described above. First, Appellant claims
the military judge “should have rectified” an Article 46, UCMJ, “unlawful in-
equity by ordering the Government to produce the witnesses for trial or pretrial
interviews.” This argument fails here for the same reasoning we described
above. We see no Article 46, UCMJ, inequity that should have been corrected
by the military judge as the parties’ access to the McKinney police was sub-
stantially the same. Regarding pretrial interviews, the military judge rejected
a request to order pretrial interviews noting “no party is entitled to compulsory
pretrial interviews”—a conclusion that is not clearly erroneous or unreasona-
ble. See United States v. Alston, 33 M.J. 370, 373 (C.M.A. 1991). Additionally,
we see no efforts by trial counsel that attempted to impede the Defense’s access
to evidence or witnesses.
    Second, Appellant claims the Government should have subpoenaed the re-
quested information, citing Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 552.0055 that a subpoena
duces tecum issued in compliance with a rule of criminal procedure is not a
“request for information” like AFOSI’s initial request. We need not delve into
Texas statutes cited by the parties as Appellant fails to account for the respon-
sibilities of the Defense prior to receiving the “benefit of compulsory process”
under R.C.M. 703(a). Notably, in their written motion, Appellant conceded that
he did not “specifically request the non-witness evidentiary items listed in this
motion to compel” until the day of the written motion. The motion, dated 18
September 2018, was filed near the end of the second day of trial. It is clear to
us that Appellant did not request the trial counsel to subpoena any evidence
regarding KM’s allegations prior to trial despite having knowledge that the
Government sought to admit KM’s testimony and the Defense had moved to

                                       52
                   United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

exclude it. Further, according to R.C.M. 703(f)(3), Appellant “shall list the
items of evidence to be produced and shall include a description of each item
sufficient to show its relevance and necessity, a statement where it can be ob-
tained, and if known, the name, address, and telephone number of the custo-
dian of the evidence.” Even after receiving six hours to compose a written mo-
tion, the Defense did not include this information and instead requested an
additional two-day continuance to “gather subpoenas for the listed witnesses
and the other evidence listed.” We find no abuse of discretion when the military
judge determined the Defense failed to articulate a basis for “relevance and
necessity” under R.C.M. 703(f)(1) and (3) and denied their request to produce
evidence via subpoena.
    Appellant also claims his Sixth Amendment right to confront KM was im-
pacted by the military judge’s ruling and the need to challenge KM’s credibil-
ity, trustworthiness, and reliability were sufficient to show evidence and wit-
nesses were relevant and necessary under R.C.M. 703(f)(3). We are not per-
suaded. Appellant has not shown, at trial or before us, what additional cross-
examination questions would have been asked of KM had additional evidence
or witnesses been produced. Application of R.C.M. 703 did not deny Appellant
the right to compulsory process and relevant witnesses under the Sixth
Amendment but “simply allow[ed] for judicial review of denial of subpoenas on
relevance and materiality grounds before they are enforced by court order.” See
United States v. Breeding, 44 M.J. 345, 355 (C.A.A.F. 1996) (Sullivan, J., con-
curring in the result).
    Regarding the requested witnesses, the military judge found the Defense’s
request for production “to be nothing more than a list of every investigator” of
KM’s allegations. The military judge referenced the need for a synopsis of tes-
timony under this rule and that “[n]o such synopsis has been provided.” We
have weighed the factors from McElhaney including the timeliness of the re-
quest and that the witnesses were for the merits to address a challenge to the
credibility and reliability of a Mil. R. Evid. 413 witness. See 54 M.J. at 127. We
also considered the absence of any summary of their proposed testimony before
the trial court or us. We see no clear error of judgment by the military judge as
he cited the relevant factors and McElhaney prior to denying the request to
produce witnesses.
       d. Did the Evidence Tend to Be Exculpatory?
    The military judge concluded the Defense had “failed to show how any of
the requested evidence is actually exculpatory” and that a presumption that
the evidence would be exculpatory is not the standard. The military judge de-
termined “nothing in the summary of the investigation or in the multiple in-
terviews of [KM] . . . demonstrated the evidence sought by [the] [D]efense
would be exculpatory. This [c]ourt will not presume or guess that evidence is

                                       53
                   United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

exculpatory.” Before us, Appellant argues the military judge was incorrect
when he concluded there was “nothing” exculpatory and again refers to KM’s
statement regarding DNA being found on her clothes and on the swabs in her
SAFE kit. Appellant argues this evidence “clearly was exculpatory” and “would
have negated or reduced [Appellant’s] degree of guilt with respect to [KM]’s
allegations.”
    As a threshold matter, we note that R.C.M. 701(a)(6) addresses favorable
evidence that would negate or reduce the degree of guilt to a charged offense
or reduce the punishment. So, to the extent Appellant referenced a concern
about a “degree of guilt” with KM’s allegations, his concern is misplaced as he
was not ever charged with committing an offense against KM so no degree of
guilt regarding KM is involved in the inquiry. Still, we conclude that impeach-
ment evidence related to KM, as a Mil. R. Evid. 413 propensity witness, would
be material to Appellant’s guilt or the punishment of the charged offenses un-
der Brady, Strickler, and Claxton. See 373 U.S. at 87; 527 U.S. at 280; 76 M.J.
at 359.
    But Appellant has provided us little more than speculation regarding the
impeachment evidence regarding KM that was withheld from him but was
known to the trial counsel or other Air Force lawyers who advised on Appel-
lant’s investigation and prosecution. As the United States Court of Military
Appeals once observed, “[g]enerally, the production of [Brady] evidence is re-
quired and reversal mandated where, after trial, such information is discov-
ered which was known to the prosecution but which was unknown to the de-
fense.” United States v. Lucas, 5 M.J. 167, 171 (C.M.A. 1978). Appellant refer-
ences KM’s statements to AFOSI regarding DNA being found and those state-
ments being wrong. But the Defense was permitted to ask cross-examination
questions of KM regarding why she said her DNA was found and to offer a
theory of admissibility once she testified. Once KM testified that she was not
100% sure what was found and that she only heard about results through her
parents and not through investigators or hospital staff, the civilian defense
counsel agreed to move on rather than propose a theory of admissibility. Even
if this cross-examination had been admitted, we see it adding little to KM’s
impeachment. KM was extensively challenged on her lack of memory, incon-
sistencies, the physical positions of her and Appellant, and that she never went
to court in Texas to testify against Appellant. Additionally, the Defense’s clos-
ing argument addressed the absence of the SAFE report, that the McKinney
police did not interview Appellant, and he was not prosecuted. The Defense
argued these showed “something in those items of evidence that kills her story”
or “proves that it was consensual.” Appellant makes similar broad pronounce-
ments before us.

                                       54
                    United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

    Regarding the SAFE report, we acknowledge that we often see prior incon-
sistent statements in the narrative provided by a victim which differs from
statements made to law enforcement, to lawyers in pretrial interviews, and in
trial testimony. But Appellant did not call KM to testify on the motion and did
not show what she said during her SAFE which could then be compared to
what she told the McKinney police, the AFOSI, or the defense team during
their pretrial interview of her. The Defense did not present evidence that KM
remembered the SANE taking notes or typing verbatim what KM said. The
Defense did not present any form that the hospital used to show that a narra-
tive would have been obtained. Finally, the Defense did not present evidence
of inconsistent statements to KM’s best friend, whom she first reported to and
whose name was in the AFOSI’s summary, to show that it was more likely that
inconsistent statements were made to the SANE.
     Our standard of review is not whether other military judges would have
ordered the Government to obtain the SAFE report or even whether it is pos-
sible that the SAFE report may contain prior inconsistent statements. Instead,
it is whether the military judge abused his discretion when he concluded the
Defense had failed to show how any of the requested evidence was exculpatory.
We find no abuse of discretion under the circumstances of this case. We see no
“recklessly cavalier approach to discovery” from the trial counsel that resulted
in a “critical failure[ ] to produce exculpatory evidence.” Stellato, 74 M.J. at 482
(footnote omitted). We see no systematic ignoring of R.C.M. 701 discovery obli-
gations. During the six-hour delay in the case while the Defense wrote its mo-
tion to compel, the senior trial counsel attempted to reach out to the District
Attorney’s Office as another avenue to seek information. With only limited
time allotted the senior trial counsel did not hear back before argument on the
motion and did not state later in the trial whether the District Attorney’s Office
ever called back. Appellant does not claim the senior trial counsel learned of
evidence from the District Attorney’s Office that tended to be exculpatory. Un-
like many cases, where the prosecution works closely with a local police de-
partment, this case shows an utter lack of a relationship between the trial
counsel and the entity which, at least at one time, held additional evidence
regarding KM’s allegations against Appellant. See Williams, 50 M.J. at 441.
    Finally, we note that there has not been a claim that KM had any of the
evidence, like a copy of the SAFE report or a copy of the CD of photographs.
Therefore, we see no willful ignorance by the trial counsel of evidence that rea-
sonably tends to be exculpatory in the hands of KM. See Stellato, 74 M.J. at
487 (citations omitted). Like the military judge, we see the circumstances of
this case to be vastly different than Stellato and we conclude there was no
abuse of discretion by the military judge in denying the defense motion. As we
determined the evidence and witnesses at issue were not subject to disclosure,
discovery, or production, we do not reach the second question and test the effect

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                     United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

of nondisclosure or a failure to produce a witness on Appellant’s trial. See Cole-
man, 72 M.J. at 187.
E. Mil. R. Evid. 412
     1. Additional Background
    After Appellant was permitted to withdraw his plea to battery of Amn MM,
the defense counsel orally moved for a continuance citing a need to obtain evi-
dence of Amn MM’s sexual practices with other men that the Defense argued
would be admissible under Mil. R. Evid. 412. The Defense cited its earlier Mil.
R. Evid. 412 motion and provided an additional email from one male Airman
who would testify that his sexual experiences with Amn MM included biting,
choking, and scratching. 37 Appellant testified in a closed session that he
learned this information from the other male Airman about a week and a half
before the charged incident where he slapped Amn MM in the face. Appellant
also testified that he thought Amn MM might enjoy being slapped in the face
“because of the previous stuff I’ve heard before” and because of his previous
sexual history with Amn MM.
    The military judge ruled the testimony of other Airmen was not constitu-
tionally required under Mil. R. Evid. 412(b)(3) and excluded it. As described in
the legal and factual sufficiency section, the military judge had already admit-
ted evidence of the nature of prior sexual encounters between Appellant and
Amn MM. See Mil. R. Evid. 412(b)(2). The military judge permitted Appellant
to testify that Amn MM asked him to smack her in the face and for the Defense
to cross-examine Amn MM on this point. The military judge denied the contin-
uance request.
    After the ruling, Appellant testified that Amn MM asked him to slap her
before and he did so in a prior sexual encounter. He also testified that he
thought slapping was “something she was into.” Upon recall, Amn MM testi-
fied, as we described above, that she told Appellant before that her face was
off-limits.
   On appeal, Appellant asserts an abuse of discretion because the military
judge erroneously determined that the evidence was “marginally relevant” and
that there were disparities between the sexual acts of the other male Airman
and Appellant with Amn MM. Appellant advances a theory that Amn MM’s
“unusual and distinctive” sexual pattern supported Appellant’s testimony that

37The trial transcript, appellate exhibits, and briefs addressing this excluded evidence
were sealed pursuant to R.C.M. 1103A. These portions of the record and briefs remain
sealed, and any discussion of sealed material in this opinion is limited to that which is
necessary for our analysis. See R.C.M. 1103A(b)(4).

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                   United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

Amn MM asked him to slap her in the face before and his belief that she “would
enjoy a strike to the face.” The Government responds that there was no error,
and if there was error, it was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. We disagree
with Appellant and find no abuse of discretion.
   2. Law
    “We review a military judge’s decision to admit or exclude evidence for an
abuse of discretion.” Erikson, 76 M.J. at 234 (citation omitted). The application
of Mil. R. Evid. 412 to proffered evidence is a legal issue that appellate courts
review de novo. United States v. Roberts, 69 M.J. 23, 27 (C.A.A.F. 2010) (cita-
tion omitted).
    Mil. R. Evid. 412 provides that, in any proceeding involving an alleged sex-
ual offense, evidence offered to prove the alleged victim engaged in other sexual
behavior or has a sexual predisposition is generally inadmissible, with three
limited exceptions, the third of which is pertinent to this case. The burden is
on the defense to overcome the general rule of exclusion by demonstrating an
exception applies. United States v. Carter, 47 M.J. 395, 396 (C.A.A.F. 1998)
(citation omitted).
   The third exception under Mil. R. Evid. 412 provides that the evidence is
admissible if its exclusion “would violate the constitutional rights of the ac-
cused.” Mil. R. Evid. 412(b)(1)(C). Generally, evidence of other sexual behavior
by an alleged victim “must be admitted within the ambit of [Mil. R. Evid.]
412(b)(1)(C) when [it] is relevant, material, and the probative value of the evi-
dence outweighs the dangers of unfair prejudice.” United States v. Ellerbrock,
70 M.J. 314, 318 (C.A.A.F. 2011) (citation omitted).
   3. Analysis
    In his ruling, the military judge cited appropriate caselaw and made find-
ings of fact. Only his ultimate conclusions are challenged on appeal. The mili-
tary judge concluded the testimony of the other Airman was “marginally rele-
vant.” The military judge determined that “[t]he acts described are different,
both in timing and in form from what is alleged that [Appellant] did in this
case [to Amn MM]” and “[b]iting, choking, and scratching during sex are dif-
ferent than a smack to the face as a method of arousal.” None of these conclu-
sions are an abuse of discretion.
     Relevance is a “low threshold.” Roberts, 69 M.J. at 27. Evidence is relevant
if it has any tendency to make the existence of a fact more probable or less
probable than it would be without the evidence. Mil. R. Evid. 401(a). Trial de-
fense counsel argued Amn MM had a “crenulation towards rough sex” that
would make Appellant’s mistake of fact defense stronger given that Amn MM
mumbled something before Appellant struck her. The evidence met the low
relevance threshold as it did have a tendency to show that Appellant may have

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                   United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

had an honest mistake of fact and the other Airman’s comments may have been
a source that contributed to it.
    Materiality is a “multi-factored” test looking at the importance of the issue
for which the evidence was offered in relation to the other issues in the case;
the extent to which the issue is in dispute; and the nature of the evidence.
Ellerbrock, 70 M.J. at 318. The other Airman’s testimony lacked materiality
based on the nature of the testimony. The other Airman was not going to testify
that Amn MM’s prior sexual practices included being slapped in the face, only
that different sexual practices such as biting, choking, and scratching had oc-
curred. Further, there was no indication that the other Airman would support
Appellant’s claims that he had slapped Amn MM before during sex and that
Amn MM said “strike me” during the charged incident. Additionally, the pro-
posed testimony did not contribute in any positive way to whether the belief
that Appellant may have held was reasonable under the circumstances. It may
have done the opposite as a reasonable person would not rely upon a report
from another person to determine consent.
   Further, as the military judge noted, there was already testimony before
the court of the past sexual practices of Amn MM and Appellant which were
more material. The military judge broadly described this evidence as “Amn
MM enjoys or participates in aggressive sex” before stating that this conclusion
was the only thing that the other Airman’s testimony could offer.
    Even if the evidence is relevant and material, it must be admitted only
when Appellant can show that the probative value outweighs the dangers of
unfair prejudice. See Mil. R. Evid. 412(c)(3). Those dangers include inter alia
harassment or interrogation that is repetitive or only marginally relevant.
Ellerbrock, 70 M.J. at 318 (citation omitted). The military judge’s ruling con-
cluded that the evidence added little to what was before the court, an indication
of how repetitive it was. We agree that the Airman’s testimony would have
been cumulative and added very little to the Defense’s case. For the most part,
Amn MM did not dispute the prior sexual practices she had engaged in with
Appellant. The only serious dispute was whether slapping in the face was part
of those prior practices or was expressly forbidden. The other Airman’s testi-
mony did not assist on this disputed matter. We conclude this other Airman’s
testimony, while relevant, lacked materiality and Appellant did not show that
its probative value outweighed the dangers of unfair prejudice because the ev-
idence was harassing to Amn MM, repetitive of evidence before the court, and
only marginally relevant. The evidence was not constitutionally required.
Therefore, the military judge did not abuse his discretion by excluding evidence
of Amn MM’s sexual practices beyond those between Amn MM and Appellant.
    Assuming arguendo that there was error in excluding the evidence, we find
it harmless beyond a reasonable doubt because the verdict would not have

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                   United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

changed if the evidence was admitted. The evidence was only marginally rele-
vant as it did not involve slapping of the face and provided only scant support
to a theory of consent to the charged battery or the abusive sexual contact.
Additionally, it did not positively contribute to whether a mistake of fact—if
honestly held by Appellant—would be reasonable under the circumstances.
The Government’s case was very strong. The Defense elected to put on a find-
ings case regarding Amn MM which did little to weaken the Government’s case
as it relied largely on Appellant’s contradictory versions of what happened. If
admitted, the military judge would not have received a different impression of
the evidence or Amn MM. Therefore, if there was error, it was harmless beyond
a reasonable doubt.
F. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
     1. Additional Background
    Appellate defense counsel raises three grounds for ineffective assistance of
trial defense counsel in that Appellant’s counsel: (1) failed to provide evidence
to support Appellant’s mistake of fact as to consent defense to AB EA’s allega-
tions; (2) failed to rebut testimony of a government witness, A1C BD, to whom
Appellant purportedly confessed to raping AB EA; and (3) failed to adequately
prepare a sentencing witness, AJ—Appellant’s mother—for her testimony.
    Our court ordered Appellant’s civilian defense counsel, Mr. JE, and his mil-
itary defense counsel, Major (Maj) BH, to provide responsive declarations. 38
We have considered whether a post-trial evidentiary hearing is required to re-
solve any factual disputes between Appellant’s and AJ’s assertions and the
trial defense counsel team’s assertions. See United States v. Ginn, 47 M.J. 236,
248 (C.A.A.F. 1997); DuBay, 37 C.M.R. at 413. We find a hearing unnecessary
to resolve Appellant’s claims.
     2. Law
    The Sixth Amendment guarantees an accused the right to effective assis-
tance of counsel. United States v. Gilley, 56 M.J. 113, 124 (C.A.A.F. 2001). In
assessing the effectiveness of counsel, we apply the standard set forth in Strick-
land v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984), and begin with the presumption
of competence announced in United States v. Cronic, 466 U.S. 648, 658 (1984).
See Gilley, 56 M.J. at 124 (citing United States v. Grigoruk, 52 M.J. 312, 315
(C.A.A.F. 2000)). We review allegations of ineffective assistance de novo.
United States v. Gooch, 69 M.J. 353, 362 (C.A.A.F. 2011) (citing Mazza, 67 M.J.
at 474).

 An additional declaration was provided to the court from the defense paralegal but
38

we do not find it necessary to consider its contents.

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                   United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

    We utilize the following three-part test to determine whether the presump-
tion of competence has been overcome:
       1. Are appellant’s allegations true; if so, “is there a reasonable
       explanation for counsel’s actions”?
       2. If the allegations are true, did defense counsel’s level of advo-
       cacy “fall measurably below the performance . . . [ordinarily ex-
       pected] of fallible lawyers”?
       3. If defense counsel was ineffective, is there “a reasonable prob-
       ability that, absent the errors,” there would have been a differ-
       ent result?
Id. (alterations in original) (quoting United States v. Polk, 32 M.J. 150, 153
(C.M.A. 1991)). The burden is on the appellant to demonstrate both deficient
performance and prejudice. United States v. Datavs, 71 M.J. 420, 424 (C.A.A.F.
2012) (citation omitted).
   “Defense counsel do not perform deficiently when they make a strategic
decision to accept a risk or forego a potential benefit, where it is objectively
reasonable to do so.” Id. (citing Gooch, 69 M.J. at 362–63) (additional citation
omitted). In reviewing the decisions and actions of trial defense counsel, this
court does not second-guess strategic or tactical decisions. See United States v.
Morgan, 37 M.J. 407, 410 (C.M.A. 1993) (citations omitted). It is only in those
limited circumstances where a purported “strategic” or “deliberate” decision is
unreasonable or based on inadequate investigation that it can provide the
foundation for a finding of ineffective assistance. See United States v. Davis,
60 M.J. 469, 474 (C.A.A.F. 2005).
   3. Analysis
   We find each of the claims of ineffective assistance of counsel to be without
merit.
       a. Mistake of Fact as to Consent – AB EA
    Appellant’s first claim centers on a failure to elicit evidence that AB EA
had a “crush” on Appellant or use such evidence to challenge AB EA. Appellant
argues this was “clear error” and would have lent support to his mistake of fact
as to consent defense. Appellant argues that his wife, A1C PC, was ready to
testify about AB EA’s “crush” on him and A1C PC provided a declaration to
this effect. On appeal, Appellant also argues another friend, Amn CH, could
have testified similarly to A1C PC. Finally, before us, Appellant declares that
he “knew [AB EA] had a crush on [him].”
    Maj BH conducted the direct examination of A1C PC and elicited that Ap-
pellant and AB EA acted as if they were close friends. On cross-examination

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                  United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

A1C PC confirmed Appellant and AB EA were close friends. The ultimate ques-
tion of whether AB EA had a “crush” on Appellant was not asked of A1C PC.
    In her declaration, Maj BH explained that the defense team made a strate-
gic decision not to ask A1C PC the ultimate question about a “crush.” The De-
fense believed most of the flirting between AB EA and Appellant took place
after A1C PC left technical training and moved to her first permanent duty
assignment. This led the Defense to question whether A1C PC had sufficient
personal knowledge to give an opinion about a “crush.” Further, the Defense
had concerns that on cross-examination A1C PC would be forced to admit that
Appellant may have also had a “crush” on AB EA or at least his actions would
suggest so. We conclude the defense team provided a reasonable explanation
for why A1C PC was not asked the ultimate question about AB EA having a
“crush” on Appellant.
    Amn CH was requested as a defense witness and traveled to the court-mar-
tial but did not testify. Amn CH provided a declaration to us that he does not
know why he was never called to testify. His declaration says nothing about
him telling the defense team that AB EA had a “crush” on Appellant. Maj BH’s
declaration shows that Amn CH was interviewed multiple times and did not
relay a belief that AB EA had a “crush” on Appellant. As the defense team had
no factual basis for calling Amn CH to provide an opinion about AB EA’s
“crush” on Appellant we find a reasonable explanation for their decision to not
call him to testify on this matter.
       b. Failure to Rebut Testimony of A1C BD
   A1C BD knew Appellant, AB EA, and Amn CH and was in their friend
group. He did not personally know Amn MM. When A1C BD testified for the
Government much of his testimony involved his terribly poor recollection of
three-way phone calls between Appellant, A1C BD, and Amn CH which oc-
curred after A1C BD heard from AB EA that Appellant had “raped” her.
    In his trial testimony, A1C BD was not confident and not at all sure what
Appellant said on the three-way call. He testified he could not fully and accu-
rately testify to what Appellant said. A1C BD agreed he made an earlier writ-
ten statement to AFOSI when the phone call was fresher in his mind and at
the time he believed his statement to AFOSI was truthful. Without objection,
A1C BD read from that statement: Appellant “later on called me and [Amn
CH] into a conference call and told me he raped [AB EA] straight up,” and “in
the conference call [Appellant] mentioned that the situation started with con-
sent and then later on during intercourse she told him to stop, but [AB EA]
stated before the conference call that he straight up raped her with no consent
at all.”

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                   United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

    On cross-examination, A1C BD explained that after he made his first writ-
ten statement to AFOSI, there was another three-way phone call between him,
Appellant, and Amn CH. Appellant had seen A1C BD’s written statement and
said, “[Y]ou lied on me. I didn’t say that I raped her. We’re no longer friends.”
After this later three-way conversation, A1C BD told one of the trial counsel
that Appellant had not said that he raped AB EA, but said that he “[f]’ed up.”
Later in cross-examination, A1C BD admitted he had “no idea” whether Ap-
pellant ever said he raped AB EA but he was certain that AB EA told him that
Appellant raped her. Finally, A1C BD admitted it was possible that Appellant
told him in the first three-way conversation “I f***ed up” and that A1C BD
interpreted it as him admitting he raped AB EA.
    Amn CH provided a declaration that he recalled a three-way phone call
with A1C BD and Appellant where Appellant said “I f***ed up.” Amn CH re-
called asking how and Appellant answering that “he cheated on his wife,” A1C
PC. Amn CH denied Appellant said anything about raping AB EA.
    Maj BH’s declaration explains that the Defense initially expected Amn CH
to testify consistent with his post-trial declaration. This is why he was on the
defense witness list and was traveled for the trial at government expense.
However, when the Defense interviewed him before trial, Amn CH was no
longer adamant that Appellant did not confess and could not really remember
what was said since it happened so long ago. According to Maj BH, Amn CH
also disclosed new information to the defense team that we need not detail here
that led the defense team to make the strategic decision not to call him to the
stand as the risk far outweighed the benefit.
    We conclude that trial defense counsel’s explanation for not calling Amn
CH was reasonable under the circumstances and based on proper investigation
of the facts, as they could be best determined. Therefore, we do not second-
guess this strategic decision. Before us, appellate defense counsel would bal-
ance the risk of having Amn CH testify differently and find it objectively un-
reasonable as Amn CH’s testimony would have been “crucial to the Defense”
and that A1C BD’s testimony was “extremely harmful.” Of course, the first
presumption in this argument is that Amn CH would have testified consist-
ently with his declaration to us rather than what he told Maj BH prior to trial.
Even if Amn CH would have testified in that manner, we see A1C BD’s testi-
mony quite differently than appellate defense counsel. We did not rely on A1C
BD’s testimony in determining legal and factual sufficiency of the convictions
involving AB EA because it was inconsistent and unreliable. Having success-
fully blunted A1C BD’s testimony with effective cross-examination, the defense
team’s decision to decline to call Amn CH as a witness when he could have
reversed what was gained during cross-examination of A1C BD was objectively
reasonable.

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                  United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

       c. Failure to Prepare AJ to Testify in Sentencing
    Appellant’s mother, AJ, provided a declaration to this court in which she
states,
       [I] never sat down with [Appellant’s] attorneys to prepare for my
       testimony or to discuss what questions they would ask. We also
       never discussed what I should not say. Instead they told me that
       they just ask about how [Appellant] was raised. That was all the
       information and preparation they gave me.
    Mr. JE recalled speaking with AJ on more than one occasion prior to trial
and discussing her testimony during the trial. Mr. JE noted that Maj BH dealt
the most with AJ as they had developed a rapport from their frequent conver-
sations. Mr. JE recalled discussions with Maj BH on how limited AJ’s testi-
mony would have to be to avoid opening the door to rebuttal evidence in the
form of newly discovered evidence known to the Defense that had the ability to
hurt Appellant’s case. Mr. JE recalled AJ being prepped further during the
military judge’s deliberations. Mr. JE declared this lasted for “over an hour”
where Maj BH and the defense paralegal “went over [AJ’s] testimony in great
detail.” After Appellant was convicted the defense team spoke with AJ before
the sentencing portion of the trial to make sure she remembered what had been
discussed with her and to answer any last-minute questions. Mr. JE recalled
AJ expressing disbelief with the convictions and he was concerned whether she
would be able to keep her composure. Mr. JE noted AJ was the only person
who could testify about Appellant’s upbringing and tragic personal history and
that Maj BH “went over appropriate testimony with [AJ] and was reassured
this was something she could handle.” Maj BH declared that AJ “assured me
she could handle herself on the stand if need be.” Mr. JE recalled Appellant
advocating for AJ to speak on his behalf. Mr. JE explained that despite the
preparation, AJ opened the door to damaging evidence and apologized after-
wards.
    Maj BH’s declaration is consistent with Mr. JE’s. Maj BH explained she did
not tell AJ the exact questions she would ask as Maj BJ wanted the answers
to be authentic but they did discuss the general topics, including the story of
AJ gaining custody of Appellant and his upbringing, and her testimony would
be limited as there was new evidence that could possibly hurt her son’s sen-
tencing case. Maj BH recalled speaking to AJ four times, twice before trial,
once during findings deliberations, and then after the verdict. Maj BH was
hesitant to call AJ to the stand when they met during deliberations as AJ had
an outburst from the gallery while court was in session. However, AJ “assured”
Maj BH that she “could handle herself on the stand if need be, but [AJ] was
certain her son would be found not guilty.” After the conviction, Maj BH re-
called AJ expressing disbelief with the verdict and being visibly upset. Maj BH

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                   United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

spent an hour calming AJ down and talking about the plan for her testimony
the next day. Maj BH went over appropriate testimony so AJ would not im-
peach the verdict or open the door to damaging rebuttal evidence. Maj BH de-
clared AJ was “fully prepped” and knew “what subjects were going to be cov-
ered and knew what things she could not say” but when “on the stand, [AJ’s]
emotions got the better of her and she unfortunately opened the door to evi-
dence that was damaging” to Appellant. Maj BH also recalled AJ apologizing
after her testimony because AJ “knew better” but was “overcome with anger”
while she was on the stand.
    The beginning of AJ’s testimony was effective and powerful. According to
AJ, Appellant was born addicted to crack cocaine as his biological mother was
a drug user and drug dealer. His biological father was also a drug dealer. When
Appellant was less than a month old, his biological mother brought him into a
crack house, which re-exposed him to the drug and only after AJ’s intervention
was he taken to the hospital for drug treatment. AJ described the withdrawal
symptoms that Appellant experienced, the medications he had to take, her ef-
forts to comfort him, and long-term effects that Appellant, his siblings, and
step-siblings suffered from the actions of his biological parents. AJ explained
a harrowing process of caring for Appellant and coping with threats that Ap-
pellant’s biological father made to kill her and Appellant. Eventually, she es-
caped to Texas from Buffalo, New York and raised Appellant with her husband.
    After AJ described some of the impact of Appellant’s investigation, Maj BH
asked “have you seen a change in your son since this has come about, in his
demeanor or the way he acts?” AJ answered “I have. He—He’s a different per-
son. Since meeting and marrying [A1C PC], he is really a different person. So—
but, I mean, he’s more loving.” After some additional comments about Appel-
lant being loving to his family, AJ continued, “He’s always cared about every-
body, and I never could imagine him hurting anyone ever. He’s never done an-
ything—nothing like this. This is out of his character. He’s never been in trou-
ble. This is—this is just ludicrous to me. I don’t understand.” After a trial coun-
sel objection that AJ was impeaching the verdict which the military judge said,
“I don’t think she was, but to the extent she was, I’m not considering it for that
purpose.” AJ, without a further question from Maj BH, added “He’s never done
anything ever.” Maj BH continued her questioning eliciting favorable infor-
mation regarding Appellant’s age, his family, and that he was going to be a
totally different person after this.
    In rebuttal to AJ’s testimony and other character statements admitted as
defense exhibits, the Government admitted, over defense objection, excerpts
from another AFOSI investigation of Appellant for abusive sexual contact of a
third female technical training student, A1C SP. AFOSI completed this inves-
tigation of Appellant a little more than a month before trial on 16 August 2018.

                                        64
                   United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

The excerpt contained a summary of A1C SP’s victim interview about an inci-
dent with Appellant in her dormitory room in the building where she and Ap-
pellant lived. The AFOSI interview of A1C SP was conducted on 30 May 2018
and the incident occurred in late September or early October 2017. Before the
Government’s rebuttal evidence was offered, the Defense had requested the
rules of evidence be relaxed prior to admission of the defense sentencing exhib-
its and the military judge granted that request as to hearsay, authentication,
and foundation.
     The AFOSI excerpt described an incident where Appellant kissed A1C SP
and placed his hands on her breasts and buttocks over her clothing, without
her consent, and grabbed her by the wrist and placed her hand on his erect
penis. The excerpt indicated that A1C SP’s dorm room door was open when
this occurred. Based on the dates in the excerpt, the incident involving A1C SP
was after the charged offenses against Amn MM, but before the charged of-
fenses against AB EA. The incident also appeared to be about a month or less
before Appellant’s marriage to A1C PC.
    While AJ’s declaration is facially adequate to raise a lack of preparation by
the trial defense counsel, the record as a whole compellingly demonstrates the
improbability of those facts, so we have discounted those factual assertions and
will decide the legal issue before us. See Ginn, 47 M.J. at 248. First, the record
of trial shows that at two points in the trial the military judge instructed the
spectators to refrain from having outbursts or otherwise showing an inability
to control their emotions. These instructions occurred immediately before find-
ings were announced and the next day shortly before AJ testified. The tran-
script makes clear that AJ approached the witness stand from the gallery
which demonstrates that she observed at least parts of the trial. We find these
portions of the record lend support to the defense team’s recollections of AJ
having difficulty with retaining her composure in light of the verdict.
   The content of AJ’s testimony definitively demonstrates that she lost her
composure. The question asked by Maj BH related to how Appellant had
changed. AJ’s answer was mostly nonresponsive and addressed how Appellant
had always cared about everybody, had never done anything like this, that this
was out of character, ludicrous, and something she could not understand. The
words used by AJ lend credibility to the defense counsels’ assertions that they
had concerns about calling her as a witness given her emotional state, a matter
which is not addressed in her declaration.
    But the fact that the defense team had legitimate concerns about whether
AJ could control her emotions on the stand that proved to be warranted does
not mean that the trial defense team provided ineffective assistance of counsel.
Trial defense counsel made a deliberate decision to take a calculated risk in

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                    United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

calling AJ to testify. That decision did not work out as planned but undoubt-
edly AJ still provided meaningful and helpful testimony in other areas. We
cannot say the decision by the Defense to call AJ was unreasonable or based
on inadequate investigation. We also cannot see how more preparation of AJ
would have rectified her emotional state post-verdict. The question was not
particularly challenging to answer and AJ’s answer was mostly nonresponsive.
In his reply brief, Appellant suggests a written statement or affidavit would
have been a better choice. Such a suggestion is made with the benefit of hind-
sight and is the type of second-guessing that we do not engage in when there
is proper investigation and a reasonable strategic decision to accept a risk.
    Even if AJ’s declaration is accurate and the trial defense counsel failed to
properly prepare her sufficiently, we find that their performance did not fall
measurably below that ordinarily expected of fallible lawyers. The defense
team expected that AJ would be up to the task of providing responsive answers
to the questions asked, AJ assured them that she could handle testifying, and
Appellant wanted AJ to testify. AJ’s declaration does not contradict any of
these points. The defense counsel took a risk and it is one that we believe other
defense lawyers would have taken knowing the powerful evidence about Ap-
pellant’s upbringing that AJ could and did provide. We evaluate trial defense
counsel’s performance not by the success of their strategy, “but rather whether
counsel made . . . objectively reasonable choice[s] in strategy from the alterna-
tives available at the [trial].” See United States v. Dewrell, 55 M.J. 131, 136
(C.A.A.F. 2001) (quoting United States v. Hughes, 48 M.J. 700, 718 (A.F. Ct.
Crim. App. 1998), aff’d, 52 M.J. 278 (C.A.A.F. 2000)). Appellant has failed to
overcome the strong presumption that counsel’s performance was within the
wide range of reasonable professional assistance.
    Finally, we address whether there was a reasonable probability that, ab-
sent the error, there would have been a different result. Appellant does not
claim his counsel were ineffective by offering character statements on his be-
half. Yet it is clear from the military judge’s ruling that the rebuttal evidence
was admitted because of AJ’s testimony and portions 39 of the character state-
ments. Appellant has not shown that the rebuttal evidence would have been
rejected even if AJ’s testimony had not gone astray. Further, when the military
judge ruled on the admissibility of the excerpt regarding A1C SP, in conducting
a sua sponte Mil. R. Evid. 403 balancing test, he noted he would only use this
evidence “for the narrow purpose” to “explain or repel, counteract, [or] assist
me in placing context” the character letters and the testimony of AJ and that
he had “no concerns” that he would confuse this with the charges of which he

39For example, one character letter stated that Appellant “is big on respect for all
human beings, but especially women.”

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                    United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

convicted Appellant or that it was unfairly prejudicial. Appellant was convicted
of serious charges involving two victims. We cannot say that there is a reason-
able probability of a lower sentence if the testimony of AJ was not presented
or if the Defense had only offered a written statement from AJ. Therefore, we
find Appellant has failed to demonstrate either deficient performance by his
counsel or prejudice. See Datavs, 71 M.J. at 424 (citation omitted).
G. Post-Trial Delay
    Appellant’s case was docketed with this court on 7 February 2019. Appel-
lant filed his assignments of error brief almost a year later on 3 February 2020
after his counsel requested and was granted nine enlargements of time to file
his brief. Of the nine requests by counsel, Appellant explicitly consented to the
last four. The Government opposed each of Appellant’s requests.
    We granted one extension of time to the Government which permitted it to
file an answer brief 30 days after the receipt of the declarations we ordered
from Appellant’s trial defense team. Appellant did not oppose this extension of
time. On 20 April 2020, the Government timely filed its answer brief. Appel-
lant timely filed his reply brief on 27 April 2020.
    “We review de novo claims that an appellant has been denied the due pro-
cess right to a speedy post-trial review and appeal.” United States v. Moreno,
63 M.J. 129, 135 (C.A.A.F. 2006) (citations omitted). In Moreno, the CAAF es-
tablished a presumption of facially unreasonable delay when a Court of Crim-
inal Appeals does not render a decision within 18 months of docketing. 63 M.J.
at 142. Where there is such a delay, we examine the four factors set forth in
Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 530 (1972): (1) the length of the delay; (2) the
reasons for the delay; (3) the appellant’s assertion of his right to a timely re-
view; and (4) prejudice to the appellant. Moreno, 63 M.J. at 135 (citations omit-
ted). “No single factor is required for finding a due process violation and the
absence of a given factor will not prevent such a finding.” Id. at 136 (citing
Barker, 407 U.S. at 533).
    However, where an appellant has not shown prejudice from the delay, there
is no due process violation unless the delay is so egregious as to “adversely
affect the public’s perception of the fairness and integrity of the military justice
system.” United States v. Toohey, 63 M.J. 353, 362 (C.A.A.F. 2006). In Moreno,
the CAAF identified three types of cognizable prejudice for purposes of an Ap-
pellant’s due process right to timely post-trial review: (1) oppressive incarcer-
ation; (2) anxiety and concern; and (3) impairment of the appellant’s ability to
present a defense at a rehearing. 63 M.J. at 138–39 (citations omitted). In this
case, we find no oppressive incarceration nor impairment of the Defense at a
rehearing because Appellant has not prevailed in his appeal. See id. at 140. As
for anxiety and concern, the CAAF has explained “the appropriate test for the

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                   United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

military justice system is to require an appellant to show particularized anxi-
ety or concern that is distinguishable from the normal anxiety experienced by
prisoners awaiting an appellate decision.” Id. Appellant has articulated no
such particularized anxiety in this case, and we discern none. To the contrary,
Appellant explicitly consented to the last four enlargements of time, which we
find is some indication that Appellant understood that his appellate counsel
required additional time to thoroughly address each assignment of error.
    Where, as here, there is no qualifying prejudice from the delay, there is no
due process violation unless the delay is so egregious as to “adversely affect the
public’s perception of the fairness and integrity of the military justice system.”
Toohey, 63 M.J. at 362. We do not find such egregious delays here. The record
of trial includes eight volumes plus an additional appellate volume as the fil-
ings are voluminous. The proceedings took place over seven days, and the tran-
script is over 1,000 pages. Appellant raised a dozen issues for our considera-
tion. Additionally, much of the appellate delay in this case is attributable to
the Defense. This court is issuing its opinion within three months and one week
of the Moreno date. Appellant has neither demanded speedy appellate review
nor asserted that he is entitled to relief for appellate delay. Accordingly, we do
not find the delay so egregious as to adversely affect the perceived fairness and
integrity of the military justice system. Id.
    Recognizing our authority under Article 66(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 866(c),
we have also considered whether relief for excessive post-trial delay is appro-
priate even in the absence of a due process violation. See United States v. Tar-
dif, 57 M.J. 219, 225 (C.A.A.F. 2002). After considering the factors enumerated
in United States v. Gay, 74 M.J. 736, 744 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2015), aff’d, 75
M.J. 264 (C.A.A.F. 2016), we conclude it is not.

                               III. CONCLUSION
   We affirm only so much of the sentence as provides for: a dishonorable dis-
charge, confinement for 10 years, forfeiture of all pay and allowances, and re-
duction to the grade of E-1. The approved findings and sentence, as modified,
are correct in law and fact, and no further error materially prejudicial to the
substantial rights of Appellant occurred. Articles 59(a) and 66(c), UCMJ, 10

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                     United States v. Crump, No. ACM 39628

U.S.C. §§ 859(a), 866(c). Accordingly, the approved findings and sentence, as
modified, are AFFIRMED. 40,41

                   FOR THE COURT

                   CAROL K. JOYCE
                   Clerk of the Court

40The CMO contains an error that requires correction. Specification 4 of the Charge,
the abusive sexual contact offense involving Amn MM, lists one phrase of excepted
words as “using lawful force” when the excepted words were “using unlawful force.”
We order a corrected CMO.
41 Two pages are missing from Appellant’s post-trial and appellate rights advisement,
a required appellate exhibit under R.C.M. 1010. Appellant does not raise a claim that
the record of trial is incomplete or that he was prejudiced because pages are missing.
We find the omission of these pages insubstantial and their absence does not render
the record of trial incomplete. Article 54(c), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 854(c); see United States
v. Davenport, 73 M.J. 373, 376–77 (C.A.A.F. 2014); United States v. Lovely, 73 M.J.
658, 676 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2014).

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