Court Opinion

ID: 4062002
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-29 20:22:17.078689+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:31:52.502652
License: Public Domain

ACCEPTED
                                                                        12-15-00169-CV
                                                           TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS
                                                                         TYLER, TEXAS
                                                                  11/16/2015 3:57:56 PM
                                                                              Pam Estes
                                                                                 CLERK

                       C.A. NO. 12-15-00170-CV

                                                   FILED IN
                                            12th COURT OF APPEALS
                          IN THE                 TYLER, TEXAS
          COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE STATE OF TEXAS
                                            11/16/2015 3:57:56 PM
            TWELFTH SUPREME JUDICIAL DISTRICT PAM ESTES
                                                     Clerk
                           TYLER, TEXAS

      LINDA ANN PARRISH RICHARDSON and GARY BRUCE
     RICHARDSON, CO-TRUSTEES OF THE M. C. PARRISH, JR.
                TESTAMENTARY TRUST et al,
                                          APPELLANTS

                                   VS.

                    DONALD ROGER MILLS et al,
                                                  APPELLEES

     ON APPEAL FROM THE 145TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
             OF NACOGDOCHES COUNTY, TEXAS

                      BRIEF FOR APPELLANTS

                   ORAL ARGUMENT REQUESTED

RICHARD L. MERRILL                       BERRY DUNBAR BOWEN
FABIO & MERRILL                          BOWEN FIRM
Twelve Greenway Plaza, Suite 101         3014 Brazos Street
Houston, Texas 77046-1208                Houston, Texas 77006
(713) 961-0408                           (713) 521-3525
(713) 961-2934 (Fax)                     (713) 521-3575 (Fax)
Texas Bar No. 13963500                   Texas Bar No. 02721050
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANTS-                 ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANTS-
PARRISH TRUST PARTIES                    LUMMIS PARTIES
                  IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL

      The names and addresses of all parties to the trial court’s judgment or order
appealed from and their respective counsel are as follows:

      APPELLANTS - PARRISH TRUST PARTIES

            LINDA ANN PARRISH RICHARDSON AND GARY BRUCE
            RICHARDSON, CO-TRUSTEES OF THE M. C. PARRISH, JR.
            TESTAMENTARY TRUST
            P. O. Box 525
            Willis, TX 77378

            MARGARET WILSON RECKLING, INDIVIDUALLY AND AS
            CO-INDEPENDENT EXECUTOR OF THE ESTATE OF BETTY
            VIRGINIA KILEY WILSON, DECEASED, AND AS CO-TRUSTEE
            OF ALL TRUSTS CREATED UNDER THE WILL OF BETTY
            VIRGINIA KILEY WILSON
            426 N. 2nd St.
            Aspen, CO 81611

            JAMES COOKE WILSON, INDIVIDUALLY AND AS CO-
            INDEPENDENT EXECUTOR OF THE ESTATE OF BETTY
            VIRGINIA KILEY WILSON, DECEASED, AND AS CO-TRUSTEE
            OF ALL TRUSTS CREATED UNDER THE WILL OF BETTY
            VIRGINIA KILEY WILSON
            P.O. Box 460024
            Houston, TX 77056

            JUDY CLEVELAND HUPPERT
            P.O. Box 150191
            Austin, TX 78715

            JANIE GRANGER SPICER
            4126 Woodcreek Drive
            Dallas, TX 75220

                                         -i-
    JOHN K. HARDY
    716 Wood Rd.
    New Braunfels, TX 78130

    ANNE E. DAVISON, INDIVIDUALLY AND AS EXECUTOR OF
    THE ESTATE OF THOMAS S. DAVISON, DECEASED
    1250 Springlake Drive
    Dripping Springs, TX 78620

    MARY GAIL THOMAS CAMPBELL
    c/o Nell Campbell
    8322 Starcrest
    San Antonio, TX 78218

    JOHN TURNER NEVITT, SR.
    2601 Woodland Park Drive #5108
    Houston, TX 77077-6168

    CLYTIE HARRIS THOMAS PHELPS
    7731 Broadway #217
    San Antonio, TX 78209

TRIAL AND APPELLATE COUNSEL FOR APPELLANTS -
PARRISH TRUST PARTIES

    RICHARD L. MERRILL
    FABIO & MERRILL
    Twelve Greenway Plaza, Suite 101
    Houston, Texas 77046-1208

APPELLANTS - LUMMIS PARTIES

    RANSOM CLARK LUMMIS
    3431 Inwood Drive
    Houston, TX 77019

                              -ii-
    FREDERICK R. LUMMIS II
    600 Travis St., Ste. 6160
    Houston, TX 77002

    PALMER BRADLEY LUMMIS
    1511 Washington Terrace
    Ft. Worth, TX 76107

    ROBERT L. BRADLEY, JR.
    2186 Briarglen Drive
    Houston, Texas 77027

    WILLIAM R. LUMMIS, JR.
    600 Travis Street
    4200 Chase Tower
    Houston, Texas 77002

TRIAL AND APPELLATE COUNSEL FOR APPELLANTS -
LUMMIS PARTIES

    BERRY DUNBAR BOWEN
    BOWEN FIRM
    3014 Brazos Street
    Houston, TX 77006

APPELLEES

    DONALD ROGER MILLS
    RHONDA MILLS
    13840 FM 95 N
    Nacogdoches, Texas 75961

    BEVERLY MILLS POOL
    1810 Leggett
    Galena Park, Texas 77547

                               -iii-
TRIAL AND APPELLATE COUNSEL FOR APPELLEES

    WILLIAM D. GUIDRY
    JEFFREY BRITTON BATES
    GUIDRY, BATES & HOYT ATTORNEY'S, L.L.P.
    118 East Hospital St. Ste. 100
    Nacogdoches, Texas 75963

                        -iv-
                                   TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                                                                               PAGE

IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .                   I

TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

DEFINITION OF TERMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii

INDEX OF AUTHORITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii

NOTES REGARDING REPORTER’s RECORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii

STATEMENT OF THE NATURE OF THE CASE, HISTORY OF THE
    CASE, AND RESULT OF THE CASE IN THE TRIAL COURT . . . xix

APPELLANTS’ ISSUES PRESENTED FOR RELIEF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxii

        A.      Appellants’ First Issue Presented For Relief

                The trial court erred in its determination of the legal
                construction and effect to be given the 1906 Deed and
                1908 Release.

        B.      Appellants’ Second Issue Presented For Relief

                The trial court erred by admitting parol and extrinsic
                evidence to assist in the construction of the 1906 Deed and
                1908 Release and then relying upon such evidence in
                entering judgment against Appellants.

        C.      Appellants’ Third Issue Presented For Relief

                The trial court’s findings of fact numbered 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7,
                8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, and 16, are really conclusions of
                law and are to be treated as such, but even if they were

                                                  -v-
               findings of fact, they either have no support in the evidence
               or are against the preponderance of the evidence and the
               remaining findings numbered 3, 14, 17 and 18 are
               irrelevant and immaterial.

       D.      Appellants’ Fourth Issue Presented For Relief

               The trial court’s final judgment was rendered based on an
               erroneous theory of law and the conclusions of law,
               including those incorrectly labeled as findings of fact, do
               not correctly follow applicable law.

I.     STATEMENT OF FACTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

II.    SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

III.   ARGUMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

       A.      Appellants’ First Issue Presented For Relief Restated and
               Argument and Authority in Support of Appellants’ First
               Issue Presented For Relief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

       B.      Appellants’ Second Issue Presented For Relief Restated
               and Argument and Authority in Support of Appellants’
               Second Issue Presented For Relief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

       C.      Appellants’ Third Issue Presented For Relief Restated and
               Argument and Authority in Support of Appellants’ Third
               Issue Presented For Relief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

       D.      Appellants’ Fourth Issue Presented For Relief Restated and
               Argument and Authority in Support of Appellants’ Fourth
               Issue Presented For Relief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

IV.    CONCLUSION AND PRAYER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

                                                    -vi-
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

APPENDIX - NECESSARY CONTENTS . . . . . . . After Certificate of Service

      APPENDIX 1           Final Judgment dated March 30, 2015

      APPENDIX 2           Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law dated April 20,
                           2015

      APPENDIX 3           Copy of 1906 Deed

      APPENDIX 4           Copy of 1908 Release

      APPENDIX 5           Copy of 1967 Deed of Trust

APPENDIX - OPTIONAL CONTENTS . After Appendix - Necessary Contents

      APPENDIX 6           Copy of Crumpton v. Scott, 250 S.W.2d 953
                           (Tex.Civ.App.–Fort Worth 1952, n.r.e.)

                                          -vii-
                            DEFINITION OF TERMS

      1.     In this Brief, all references to the various volumes of the Clerk’s Record

will read “([Roman numeral for applicable volume number] C.R. at [applicable page

number])”, all references to the various volumes of the Reporter’s Record will read

“([Roman numeral for applicable volume number] R.R. at [applicable page

number])”, all references to Plaintiff’s Exhibits in Volume 6 of the Reporter’s Record

will read “(VI R.R. P.Ex. [applicable exhibit number])”, and all references to

Defendant’s Exhibits in Volume 6 of the Reporter’s Record will read “(VI R.R.

D.Ex. [applicable exhibit number]). All references to multiple exhibits will read as

“Exhs.”

      2.     The term “PARRISH Trust Parties” means Appellants Linda Ann Parrish

Richardson and Gary Bruce Richardson, Co-Trustees of the M. C. Parrish, Jr.

Testamentary Trust, Margaret Wilson Reckling and James Cooke Wilson,

Individually and as Co-Independent Executors of the Estate of Betty Virginia Kiley

Wilson, Deceased, and as Co-Trustees of All Trusts Created under the Will of Betty

Virginia Kiley Wilson, Judy Cleveland Huppert, Janie Granger Spicer, John K.

Hardy, Anne E. Davison, Individually and as Executor of the Estate of Thomas S.

Davison, Deceased, Mary Gail Thomas Campbell, John Turner Nevitt, Sr., and Clytie

Harris Thomas Phelps.

                                        -viii-
      3.     The term “Lummis Parties” means Appellants Ransom Clark Lummis,

Frederick R. Lummis II, Palmer Bradley Lummis, Robert L. Bradley, Jr., and William

R. Lummis, Jr.

      4.     Unless the context indicates otherwise, the term “Appellants” means and

refers to all of Parrish Trust Parties and Lummis Parties.

      5.     Unless the context indicates otherwise, the term “Appellees” means

Appellees Donald Roger Mills and his wife, Rhonda Mills, and Beverly Mills Pool.

      6.     The term “EOG Parties” means EOG Resources, Inc., Petrohawk

Properties, LP, Tanos Energy Holdings, LLC, Tanos Exploration II, LLC, Adams

Resources Exploration Corporation, and Susan Adams Smith, Amy Adam Strunk, and

Kenneth S. Adams, IV, individually and as Independent Co-Executors of the Estate

of Kenneth Stanley Adams, Jr., Deceased, all of whom had been Defendants in this

case while it was in the trial court and were dismissed from this case by the trial court

(II R.R. 471-475).

      7.     The term “1906 Deed” means and refers to that certain deed dated July

9, 1906, but acknowledged on July 13, 1906, from S. A. Mills and his wife Saphronia

Mills, R. E. Mills and his wife Mary Ann Mills, and Thos. Mills and his wife Z. A.

Mills, as grantors to June C. Harris and Robt. Lindsey, and recorded in Volume 64,

Page 64 of the Deed Records of Nacogdoches County, Texas (IV R.R. P.Ex. 2 and 2A

                                          -ix-
and IV R.R. D.Ex. 1), and a copy of which is attached as Appendix 3 in the

Appendix-Necessary Contents.

      8.    The term “1908 Release” means and refers to that instrument dated

January 18, 1908, and recorded on April 5, 1927, in Volume 15, page 92 of the Oil

and Gas Lease Records and again on July 14, 1934, in Volume 137, Page 576 of the

Deed Records, both of Nacogdoches County, Texas (IV R.R. P.Ex. 3, 3A, and 4 and

IV R.R. D.Ex. 2 and 2A) and a copy of which is attached as Appendix 4 in the

Appendix-Necessary Contents.

      9.    The term “160 Acre Tract” means and refers to that certain 160 acre tract

out of the M. J. Mills Survey, A-407, Nacodoches County, Texas, being the same land

described as 1st Tract in the 1906 Deed.

      10.   The term “1967 Deed of Trust” means and refers to that instrument dated

November 15, 1967, from Donald W. Mills and wife, Laura B. Mills, to L. J.

Cappleman, as Trustee for the United States Government, acting through the Farmers

Home Administration, as beneficiary, recorded in Volume 108, Page 341 of the Deed

of Trust Records of Nacogdoches County, Texas (IV R.R. D.Ex. 3), and a copy of

which is attached as Appendix 5 in the Appendix-Necessary Contents.

      11.   The term “Appellants’ Leases” means:

                                           -x-
a.   Oil, Gas and Mineral Lease dated January 27, 2006, from Linda Ann
     Parrish Richardson and Gary Bruce Richardson, Co-Trustees of the M.
     C. Parrish, Jr. Testamentary Trust, as Lessor, to Cinco Land &
     Exploration, Inc., as Lessee, covering 425.36 acres of land, more or less,
     in Nacogdoches County, Texas (VI R.R. D.Ex. 26);

b.   Oil, Gas and Mineral Lease dated December 29, 2005, from Judy
     Cleveland Huppert, as Lessor, to Cinco Land & Exploration, Inc., as
     Lessee (VI R.R. D.Ex. 31);

c.   Oil, Gas and Mineral Lease dated January 17, 2006, from Janie Granger
     Spicer, as Lessor, to Cinco Land & Exploration, Inc., as Lessee (VI R.R.
     D.Ex. 29);

d.   Oil, Gas and Mineral Lease dated January 17, 2006, from Thomas S.
     Davison, as Lessor, to Cinco Land & Exploration, Inc., as Lessee (VI
     R.R. D.Ex. 30);

e.   Oil, Gas and Mineral Lease dated effective May 8, 2006, from Clytie
     Harris Thomas Phelps and Mary Gail Thomas Campbell, as Lessor, to
     Cinco Land & Exploration, Inc., as Lessee (VI R.R. D.Ex. 37);

f.   Oil, Gas and Mineral Lease dated effective January 13, 2006, from John
     K. Hardy, as Lessor, to Cinco Land & Exploration, Inc., as Lessee (VI
     R.R. D.Ex. 25);

g.   Oil, Gas and Mineral Lease dated January 5, 2006, from John Turner
     Nevitt, Attorney-in-fact for Margaret Stuart Smith, as Lessor, to Cinco
     Land & Exploration, Inc., as Lessee (VI R.R. D.Ex. 27);

h.   Oil, Gas and Mineral Lease dated January 5, 2006, from Betty Kiley
     Wilson, as Lessor, to Cinco Land & Exploration, Inc., as Lessee (VI
     R.R. D.Ex. 28);

i.   Oil, Gas and Mineral Lease dated January 13, 2006, from Ransom Clark
     Lummis, as Lessor, to Cinco Land & Exploration, Inc., as Lessee (VI
     R.R. D.Ex. 35);

                                 -xi-
j.    Oil, Gas and Mineral Lease dated January 13, 2006, from Frederick R.
      Lummis, II, as Lessor, to Cinco Land & Exploration, Inc., as Lessee (VI
      R.R. D.Ex. 32);

k.    Oil, Gas and Mineral Lease dated January 13, 2006, from Palmer
      Bradley Lummis, as Lessor, to Cinco Land & Exploration, Inc., as
      Lessee (VI R.R. D.Ex. 34);

l.    Oil, Gas and Mineral Lease dated January 13, 2006, from Robert L.
      Bradley, Jr., as Lessor, to Cinco Land & Exploration, Inc., as Lessee (VI
      R.R. D.Ex. 36); and

m.    Oil, Gas and Mineral Lease dated January 13, 2006, from William R.
      Lummis, Jr., as Lessor, to Cinco Land & Exploration, Inc., as Lessee (VI
      R.R. D.Ex. 38).

12.   The term “Appellees’ Leases” means:

      a.    Oil, Gas and Mineral Lease dated April 2, 2007, from Donald
            Roger Mills, as Lessor, to Petrohawk Properties, L.P., as Lessee
            (VI R.R. P.Ex. 9) ; and

      b.    Oil, Gas and Mineral Lease dated April 2, 2007 from Beverly
            Mills Pool, as Lessor, to Petrohawk Properties, L.P., as Lessee
            (VI R.R. P.Ex. 10).

13.   The term “Mills Unit” means and refers to that certain pooled unit
      created by the Unit Designation for the EOG Resources, Inc. - Mills Gas
      Unit dated October 6, 2008, and executed by EOG, Petrohawk, Adams
      Resources, and K. S. Adams, Jr. (VI R.R. P.Ex 12 and D.Ex. 41), as
      amended by that certain Amendment and Supplement to Unit
      Designation for the EOG Resources, Inc. - Mills Gas Unit dated and
      made effective as of March 5, 2012, executed by EOG, Petrohawk,
      Adams Resources, and K. S. Adams, Jr. (VI R.R. D.Ex. 42).

                                 -xii-
                                    INDEX OF AUTHORITIES

CASES                                                                                                   PAGE

2327 Manana LLC v. Summit, 05-09-00107-CV (Tex.App.-Dallas 2010,
     pet. denied) (mem. op.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46-47

Altman v. Blake, 712 S.W.2d 117 (Tex. 1986) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

American Manufacturers Mutual v. Schaefer, 124 S.W.3d 154 (Tex. 2003) . . . 31

Anadarko Petroleum Corp. v. Thompson, 94 S.W.3d 550 (Tex. 2002) . . . . . 16-17

Anderson v. Gilliland, 624 S.W.2d 243 (Tex.Civ.App.–Dallas
     1981, writ ref'd n.r.e.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Brown v. Brown, 236 S.W.3d 343 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.]
     2007, no pet.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Bryant v. Cady, 445 S.W.3d 815 (Tex.App.–Texarkana 2014, no pet.) . . . . . 18-19

Cities of Allen v. R.R. Comm'n of Tex., 309 S.W.3d 563
       (Tex.App.–Austin 2010, pet. filed) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

City of Houston v. Harris County Outdoor Adver. Ass'n, 732 S.W.2d 42
      (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 1987, no writ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Coker v. Coker, 650 S.W.2d 391 (Tex. 1983) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Columbia Gas Transmission Corp. v. New Ulm Gas, Ltd.,
     940 S.W.2d 587 (Tex. 1996) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Cooksey v. Sinder, 682 S.W.2d 252 (Tex. 1984) (per curiam) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

C.P. Interests, Inc. v. California Pools, Inc., 238 F.3d 690 (5th Cir. 2001) . . . 33

                                                      -xiii-
Crumpton v. Scott, 250 S.W.2d 953 (Tex.Civ.App.–Ft. Worth 1952,
     writ ref’d n.r.e.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22, 23, 24, 45, 47, Appendix 6

Danciger Oil & Refining Co. of Texas v. Powell, 154 S.W.2d 632
     (Tex. 1941) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

David J. Sacks, P.C. v. Haden, 266 S.W.3d 447 (Tex. 2008) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Dyer v. Cotton, 333 S.W.3d 703 (Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.]
      2010, no pet.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Fort Worth Indep. Sch. Dist. v. City of Fort Worth, 22 S.W.3d 831
      (Tex. 2000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Geotech Energy Corp. v. Gulf States Telecomm. & Info. Sys., Inc.,
     788 S.W.2d 386 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 1990, no writ) . . . . . . 20

Greenberg Trourig of New York, P.C. v. Moody, 161 S.W.3d 56
      (Tex.App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 39

Houston Natural Gas Corp. v. Pearce, 311 S.W.2d 899
     (Tex.Civ.App.—Houston 1958, writ ref'd n.r.e.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36, 38
Jones v. Fuller, 856 S.W.2d 597, 602 (Tex.App.–Waco 1993, writ denied) . . . 17

Lindsay v. Texas Iron & Steel Co., 9 S.W.2d 287
      (Tex.Civ.App.–Texarkana 1928, writ ref’d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Loomis v. Gulf Oil Corp., 123 S.W.2d 501 (Tex.Civ.App.–Eastland 1938,
     writ ref’d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Luckel v. White, 810 S.W.2d 459 (Tex. 1991) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16, 24, 27

Mars v. Morris, 106 S.W. 430, 434 (Tex. Civ. App. 1907) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

In re Moers, 104 S.W.3d 609 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, no pet.) . . . 49

                                                       -xiv-
Moon Royalty, LLC v. Boldrick Partners d/b/a Statewide Minerals Co.,
     244 S.W.3d 391 (Tex.App.–Eastland 2007, no pet.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Mortgage & Trust, Inc. v. Bonner & Co., Inc., 572 S.W.2d 344
     (Tex. Civ. App.–Corpus Christi 1978, writ ref'd n.r.e.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Munguia v. Paiz, 404 S.W.3d 47 (Tex.Civ.App.–San Antonio 1966,
    no writ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42-43

Nat'l Union Fire Ins. Co. v. CBI Indus., Inc., 907 S.W.2d 517 (Tex. 1995) . . . 32

Natural Gas Pipeline Co. v. Pool, 124 S.W.3d 188 (Tex. 2003) . . . . . . 20-21, 49

Noble Mortg. & Invs., LLC v. D&M Vision Invs., LLC, 340 S.W.3d 65
      (Tex. App. - Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, no pet.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Pet. v. Clements, 46 Tex. 114 (1876) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Ralph v. Magnolia Petroleum Company, 95 S.W.2d 222
      (Tex.Civ.App.–El Paso 1936, writ ref’d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Savage v. Doyle, 153 S.W.3d 231 (Tex.App.–Beaumont 2004, no pet.) . . . . . 34

Tate v. Sartain, 793 S.W.2d 45 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 1990, writ denied) . 17, 28

Teal Trading v. Champee Springs Ranches, 432 S.W.3d 381
      (Tex.App.–San Antonio 2014, pet. denied) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Universal C.I.T. Credit Corp. v. Daniel, 243 S.W.2d 154 (Tex. 1951) . . . . . . . 31

Westland Oil Dev. Corp. v. Gulf Oil Corp., 637 S.W.2d 903 (Tex. 1982) . . 28, 45

STATUTES

TEX. PROP. CODE § 5.001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-22

TEX. PROP. CODE § 11.07 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45-46

                                                       -xv-
TEX. PROP. CODE §13.001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

TEX. PROP. CODE § 13.02 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28, 46

RULES

TEX. R. EVID. 702 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

                                                      -xvi-
                  NOTES REGARDING REPORTER’s RECORD

      There is a typographical error in the Index of Trial Exhibits prepared by the

Court Reporter with regard to Defendants’ Exhibit 54 (I R.R. 21, III R.R. 20, and VI

R.R. 19) in that the Index lists Defendants’ Exhibit 54 as not being admitted,

notwithstanding that such exhibit was admitted (IV R.R. 18). Since the Reporter’s

Record clearly discloses that Defendants’ Exhibit 54 was admitted as evidence,

Appellants do not believe it necessary to obtain a supplement from the Court Reporter

to correct an obvious typographical error in the Index of Trial Exhibits, but instead

believe that, for appellate purposes, this note is sufficient to document that the Index

entry for Defendants’ Exhibit 54 should have shown that it was admitted on Page 18

of Volume 4 of the Reporter’s Record.

      The Reporter’s Record omits Defendants’ Exhibit 52, which was a settlement

agreement between Appellants and EOG Parties. This Exhibit was subject to a

confidentiality agreement between Appellants and EOG Parties, was placed under

seal by the trial court, and requires a motion to be filed and order obtained from the

trial court to enable the Court Reporter to supplement the record with a copy. Ben

Richardson’s testimony (IV R.R. 37-47) essentially describes what this Exhibit was

and accomplished. For the reasons argued below in this Brief, the evidence of the

settlement amount paid to Appellants by EOG Parties is no more germane to the legal

                                         -xvii-
interpretation to be afforded the 1906 Deed and 1908 Release by this Court than is

the evidence that EOG Parties initially paid royalties to Appellees. Such events

occurred more than 100 years after the execution of both the 1906 Deed and 1908

Release and, as such, would not have any bearing on the legal interpretation of these

instruments. For such reasons, Appellants have elected neither to attempt to obtain

the consent of the EOG Parties to unseal such settlement agreement nor to file a

motion to obtain an order from the trial court allowing the Court Reporter to provide

this Court with a copy of such settlement agreement.

                                       -xviii-
   STATEMENT OF THE NATURE OF THE CASE AND COURSE OF
  PROCEEDINGS AND RESULT OF THE CASE IN THE TRIAL COURT

A.    Statement of the Nature of the Case

      This suit involves the interpretation and effect to be given to the 1906 Deed

and the 1908 Release, specifically whether the 1906 Deed was an instrument

conveying an undivided one-half interest in the mineral estate under the 160 Acre

Tract and whether the instrument described in and released by the 1908 Release was

the 1906 Deed or a 1907 instrument which had not been recorded in Nacogdoches

County.

B.    Course of Proceedings and Result of the Case in the Trial Court

      This suit was filed on August 23, 2011 by Appellees against Parrish Trust

Parties, Lummis Parties and the EOG Parties, or predecessors in interest to the EOG

Parties (III C.R. 770-771).

      In June of 2012, Hon. Guy Griffin, who was then the active judge of the 123rd

District Court, was assigned to the 145th District Court to hear this suit (II R.R. 360).

      By time of trial, each of Appellants and Appellees had entered into separate

settlements with the EOG Parties which resulted in the EOG Parties being dismissed

from the suit and leaving Appellants and Appellees as the sole remaining parties to

the suit (II C.R. 467-475, VI R.R. D.Ex. 52 and 53).

                                          -xix-
      A bench trial was held on March 3-4, 2015 (III R.R. 1 and IV R.R. 1). On

March 30, 2015, the trial court entered Final Judgment in favor of Appellees against

Parrish Trust Parties and Lummis Parties (III C.R. 686-690). Following Appellants’

timely request for findings of fact and conclusions of law (III C.R. 693-694), the trial

court entered Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law (III C.R. 695-699).

      On April 28, 2015, Appellants timely filed their Motion for New Trial (III C.R.

700-718), which was subsequently overruled by operation of law.

      On June 26, 2015, Appellants timely filed their Notice of Appeal (III C. R. 721-

723, as well as their requests for the Clerk’s Record and Reporter’s Record (III R.R.

724-728 and 729-732). On June 29, 2015, Appellants filed an Amended Notice of

Appeal (III C.R. 736-739) and a supplemental request for supplementation of the

Clerk’s Record (III R. R. 733-735).

      Both the Notice of Appeal and Amended Notice of Appeal stated that, in

addition to the trial court’s Final Judgment dated March 30, 2015, Appellants also

intended to appeal an Order Overruling Defendants’ Motion to Reopen Case and to

Correct Stipulation signed by the Hon. Guy Griffin and dated March 30, 2015, and

an Order Overruling Defendants’ Motion for Trial Amendment or Amendment to

Conform to Issues Tried without Objection signed by the Hon. Guy Griffin and dated

March 30, 2015 (collectively “two orders”). This Brief omits any points of error

                                          -xx-
relating to the two orders as Appellants have elected to limit this appeal to the Final

Judgment.

                                         -xxi-
             APPELLANTS’ ISSUES PRESENTED FOR RELIEF

A.    Appellants’ First Issue Presented For Relief

      The trial court erred in its determination of the legal construction and effect to

be given the 1906 Deed and 1908 Release.

B.    Appellants’ Second Issue Presented For Relief

      The trial court erred by admitting parol and extrinsic evidence to assist in the

construction of the 1906 Deed and 1908 Release and then relying upon such evidence

in entering judgment against Appellants.

C.    Appellants’ Third Issue Presented For Relief

      The trial court’s findings of fact numbered 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,

15, and 16, are really conclusions of law and are to be treated as such, but even if they

were findings of fact, they either have no support in the evidence or are against the

preponderance of the evidence, and the remaining findings numbered 3, 14, 17 and

18 are irrelevant and immaterial.

D.    Appellants’ Fourth Issue Presented For Relief

      The trial court’s final judgment was rendered based on an erroneous theory of

law and the conclusions of law, including those incorrectly labeled as findings of fact,

do not correctly follow applicable law.

                                          -xxii-
                           C.A. NO. 12-15-00170-CV

                            IN THE
            COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE STATE OF TEXAS
              TWELFTH SUPREME JUDICIAL DISTRICT
                         TYLER, TEXAS

       LINDA ANN PARRISH RICHARDSON and GARY BRUCE
      RICHARDSON, CO-TRUSTEES OF THE M. C. PARRISH, JR.
                 TESTAMENTARY TRUST et al,
                                   APPELLANTS

                                       VS.

                       DONALD ROGER MILLS et al,

                                 APPELLEES

      ON APPEAL FROM THE 145TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
              OF NACOGDOCHES COUNTY, TEXAS

                         BRIEF FOR APPELLANTS

TO THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS:

      PARRISH TRUST PARTIES and LUMMIS PARTIES, Appellants,

respectfully file this brief in appeal of the Final Judgment dated March 30, 2015,

rendered in favor of DONALD ROGER MILLS and his wife, RHONDA MILLS, and

BEVERLY MILLS POOL, Appellees, in Cause No. C1127605, by the 145th Judicial

District Court of Nacogdoches County, Texas.
                         I.   STATEMENT OF FACTS

      A.     1906 Deed and 1908 Release

      This Lawsuit concerns the title to an undivided one-half of the minerals

underlying the 160 Acre Tract which was conveyed by the 1906 Deed to June C.

Harris and Robt. Lindsey. At the time the 1906 Deed was executed, S. A. Mills and

his wife Saphronia Mills, R. E. Mills and his wife Mary Ann Mills, and Thos. Mills

and his wife Z. A. Mills, the grantors in the 1906 Deed, owned sufficient interest to

have conveyed the undivided one-half interest in the minerals in the 160 Acre Tract

at issue to June C. Harris and Robt. Lindsey (VI R.R. P.Ex. 41).

      The 1906 Deed, in pertinent part, provided in its granting and habendum

clauses as follows:

      Therefore, in consideration of the premises, the services rendered and to
      be rendered by said parties of the second part, as hereinbefore specified
      and set forth, we, the said S. A. Mills, Saphronia Mills, R. E. Mills,
      Mary Ann Mills, Thos Mills and Z. A. Mills have bargained, sold and
      conveyed and by these presents do grant, bargain, sell and convey unto
      Robt Lindsey and June C. Harris, the parties of the second part, an
      undivided one half interest in the oil, gas and other minerals which do
      or may exist in, under and upon the several tracts of land hereinafter
      described, with the right of ingress and egress, and such other and
      further rights and privileges as are necessary and proper for the
      performance of the work of prospecting, testing, demonstrating,
      developing and operating for oil, gas or other minerals, the land and
      premises are described as follows:

                                         -2-
      Situated in Nacogdoches County, Texas about twelve miles
      Northeasterly from the town of Nacogdoches,

      1st Tract, Being the property of S.A. Mills and being 160 acres of the
      M.J. Mills preemption and all of said preemption

      ...

      To have and to hold the above described premises, together with all and
      singular the rights and appurtenances thereto in anywise belonging unto
      the said Robt. Lindsey and June C. Harris, their heirs and assigns
      forever, and we do hereby bind ourselves, our heirs, executors and
      administrators to warrant and forever defend all and singular the said
      remises unto the said Robt. Lindsey and June C. Harris, their heirs and
      assigns against every person whomsoever lawfully claiming or to claim
      the ame or any part thereof.

      In fulfillment of the consideration of “the services rendered and to be

rendered”, June C. Harris and Robt. Lindsey performed title curative work for one or

more of the grantors of the 1906 Deed (IV R.R. 48-52, VI RR. D.Ex. 45-50), were

involved in obtaining the drilling of a well in 1907 located about 1 to 1 ½ miles south

of the 160 Acre Tract (IV R.R. 14-21, VI R.R. D.Ex 54), and, as the 1908 Release

specifically recites, were involved in having Nacogdoches Land Company, a firm of

which they were the owners, take an oil and gas lease in 1907 from three of the

grantors of the 1906 Deed.

      In 1908, June C. Harris and Robt. Lindsey executed the 1908 Release but, for

whatever reason, it was not recorded until April 5, 1927, when it was recorded in the

                                          -3-
Nacogdoches County Oil and Gas Lease Records (VI R.R. P.Ex. 3 and D.Ex. 2), and

then again on July 14, 1934, when it was recorded in the Nacogdoches County Deed

Records (VI R.R. P.Ex. 4 and D.Ex. 2A). The instrument described in and released

by the 1908 Release and the reason for the release of such instrument was described

in the first two paragraphs of the 1908 Release as follows:

      WHEREAS on the 9th day of July, 1907, R. E. Mills, Tom Mills and
      Sam Mills executed and delivered to Nacogdoches Land Company, a
      firm composed of Robt Lindsey and June C. Harris, a certain contract or
      lease covering land described in said contract or lease, a part of the John
      Cooper, T. J. Cooper, and the M. J. Mills surveys in Nacogdoches
      County, Texas, providing for the development and exploitation of said
      property for oil and other mineral, and

      WHEREAS by the terms of said contract or lease the time for said
      development has expired rendering null and void said lease.

      All of the parties to the 1906 Deed and 1908 Release are now deceased (III

R.R. 54-55, VI R.R. P.Ex. 41 [Exhs. C1, C3, and D-6]). June C. Harris, one of the

two grantees in the 1906 Deed, died in 1941 (VI R.R. P.Ex. 41 [Exhibit C1]) and

Robert Lindsey, the other grantee, died by 1959 when his will was filed for probate

(VI R.R. P.Ex. 41 [Exhibit C3]). On the grantors’ side, S. A. Mills died in 1940 (III

R.R. 54-55, VI R.R. P.Ex. 41 [Exhibit D-6]), Saphronia Mills was still alive in 1950

but died sometime in the 1950's (III R.R. 54), and R. E. Mills, Mary Ann Mills, Thos.

Mills and Z. A. Mills all died in the 1940’s (III R.R. 55).

                                          -4-
      B.     Appellants’ Title to the Interest Conveyed by the 1906 Deed

      Appellants now own the vast majority of the interest conveyed by the 1906

Deed (VI R.R. P.Ex 41) being all of the interest conveyed by the 1906 Deed except

for the interest which Appellees had acquired in 2011 from Thomas L. Husbands,

Robbie V. Russell, and Triple Crown Acquisitions, LLC, who were successors and

assigns of a small portion of the mineral interest conveyed by the 1906 Deed (VI R.R.

P.Ex. 13, 14, 15 and 41).

      After the 1906 Deed and prior to 2005 and the execution of Appellants’ Leases,

Parrish Trust Parties and Lummis Parties and their respective predecessors in title

evidenced their ownership of and claim of title to the undivided one-half interest in

the minerals underlying the 160 Acre Tract and/or all or portions of the other tracts

described in and conveyed by the 1906 Deed by the execution of a total of eighteen

(18) oil and gas leases between 1934 and 1985 (IV R.R. 33-35, VI R.R. D.Exhs. 7-24)

      Commencing in late December, 2005 and extending through the first half of

2006, Cinco Land & Exploration, Inc. acquired Appellants’ Leases (IV R.R. 35-36,

VI R.R. D.Exhs. 25-39) and subsequently assigned Appellants’ Leases to Petrohawk

Properties, L.P. (IV R.R. 36, VI R.R. D.Ex. 40).

                                         -5-
C.        Appellees’ Interest in the 160 Acre Tract

          The 1906 Deed only conveyed an undivided one-half interest in the mineral

estate of the 160 Acre Tract, and S. A. Mills, one of the grantors of the 1906 Deed,

retained the surface and remaining one-half of the minerals under the 160 Acre Tract1.

Commencing in 1940 and continuing through 1950, D. W. Mills obtained title to the

160 Acre Tract, save and except for the minerals conveyed by the 1906 Deed, from

inheritance from his father S. A. Mills (VI R.R. P.Ex. 41 [Ex. D-6]) and from

conveyances by Rethus Benson and her husband Buster Benson, George M. Mills and

his wife Jose Mills, and Sophronia Mills and Rethus Benson and her husband Mark

E. Benson. (VI R.R. P.Ex. 41 [Exhs. D-4, D-5, and D-7]).

          On March 21, 1962, D. W. Mills and his wife Laura Mills conveyed an

undivided 80 acre interest in the minerals in and under the 160 Acre Tract to Jake

Hamon (VI R.R. P.Ex. 41 [Ex.D-8]), which was corrected by a correction deed dated

August 28, 1962 (VI R.R. P.Exhs. 6 and 41 [Ex.D-11])2.

      1
       Although the 1906 Deed was signed by three couples, Sophronia Mills’ affidavit (VI R.R.
P.Ex. 41 [Ex. D-6]) reflects that the 160 Acre Tract was owned by S. A. Mills at the time of the
1906 Deed as a result of a 1905 conveyance from Ellen E. Mills and was subsequently used and
claimed by S. A. Mills and his wife Sophronia Mills as their homestead.
  2
       Jake Hamon took oil and gas leases from two of Appellants’ predecessors in title in 1965 (VI
R.R. D. Exhs. 8 and 9), but did not take a lease from D. W. Mills and his wife Laura Mills, from
whom Mr. Hamon had acquired the 80 acre undivided mineral interest in 1962.

                                               -6-
      In 1967, D. W. Mills and his wife executed the 1967 Deed of Trust covering

the 160 Acre Tract, which instrument specifically recognized and stated that the 1906

Deed had conveyed one-half of the minerals in and under the 160 Acre Tract.

      In 1968, 1975 and 1981, D. W. Mills and his wife and Donald Roger Mills and

his wife executed three oil and gas leases covering the 160 Acre Tract. Explanations

for the execution of these leases were: (i) the 160 Acre Tract had not been surveyed

and might contain more than 160 Acres, in which event and due to the 1962

conveyance into Jake Hamon being of an undivided 80 acre interest in the 160 Acre

Tract rather than a fractional interest, Appellees and, before them, their parents, may

have owned whatever small difference would exist between an undivided one-half of

the minerals in the acreage actually encompassed by the 160 Acre Tract and 80

mineral acres (III R.R. 74, 85-86, 266. IV R.R. 32-33), (ii) mineral leasing practices

of brokers who lease based upon the identity of lessors who executed prior leases and

who would have found the lease executed by D. W. Mills in 1960 prior to the

conveyance of the mineral interest to Jake Hamon, and then the subsequent leases (III

R.R. 75-76 and 213-215. IV R.R. 30), and (iii) the practice of taking protection leases

(III R.R. 215-217, IV R.R. 7-8).

      By the end of 2008, Donald Roger Mills and his sister Beverly Mills Pool had

been gifted all of the interest which their parents, D. W. Mills and his wife, Laura

                                          -7-
Mills, owned in the 160 Acre Tract and are still the owners of such interest as they

received from their parents (III R.R. 45, VI R.R. P.Exhs. 11 and 41 [Exhs. D-14 and

D-15])3.

         In 2007, Appellees Donald Roger Mills and Beverly Mills Pool granted

Appellees’ Leases covering the 160 Acre Tract to Petrohawk Properties, L.P.

D.       Mills Unit

         On October 6, 2008, EOG Resources, Inc., Petrohawk Properties, LP, Adams

Resources Exploration Corporation, and K. S. Adams, Jr. created the Mills Unit (VI

R.R. P.Ex. 12 and D.Ex. 41). The Mills Unit was formed around the Mills #1 Well

which was located and completed on the 160 Acre Tract (III R.R. 45-46, VI R.R.

P.Ex. 12 and D.Ex. 41). This well represents the first time oil and gas exploration

was conducted upon and production obtained from the 160 Acre Tract (III R.R. 45).

     3
        Both the 1989 gift deed from D. W. Mills and his wife Laura B. Mills (VI R.R. P.Ex. 41 [D-
14]) and the 2008 gift deed from Laura Belle Mills (VI R.R. P.Ex. 11 and 41 [D-15]) named only
Appellees Donald Roger Mills and Beverly Mills Pool as grantees. Since these were gifts and
conveyed separate property interests to the named grantees, Donald Roger Mills’ wife Rhonda Mills,
who was also named as a party in this suit and is one of the Appellees, did not receive any interest
in the 160 Acre Tract as a result of these conveyances. Rhonda Mills would only own an interest
in the 160 Acre Tract as a result of the 2011 conveyances which all of Appellees received from
Thomas L. Husbands, Robbie V. Russell, and Triple Crown Acquisitions, LLC (VI R.R. P.Ex. 13,
14, 15 and 41). Therefore, the term “Appellees”, although including Rhonda Mills, will, as used
herein and when having reference to the interest claimed in the 160 Acre Tract as a result of being
successors in interest of the grantors of the 1906 Deed and/or of D. W. Mills and his wife Laura
Belle Mills (as opposed to the successors in interest of the grantees of the 1906 Deed), be referring
to Donald Roger Mills and Beverly Mills Pool.

                                                -8-
      Effective as of March 5, 2012, EOG Resources, Inc., Petrohawk Properties, LP,

Adams Resources Exploration Corporation, and K. S. Adams, Jr., amended the Mills

Unit to specifically describe Appellants’ Leases as being included in the Mills Unit

(VI R.R. D.Ex. 42).

      Royalties based upon production from the Mills Unit were initially paid by

EOG Parties to Appellees but were then placed in suspense (III R.R. 46-47). In a

settlement with Appellants, EOG Parties paid substantially more to Appellants than

they had paid to Appellees in royalties, to resolve Appellants’ claims for past due

royalties and unpooled royalties due upon production from the Mills Unit (IV R.R.

45-47).

      All royalties are now being paid into the registry of the court (II C.R. 467-470,

471-475).

E.    No Claims against Appellants and their Predecessors in Interest Prior to
      this Suit

      Until this suit was filed, no claim had ever been asserted against Appellants and

their predecessors in title by Appellees or any of their predecessors in title (including,

but not limited to, the grantors under the 1906 Deed and D. W. Mills and his wife

Laura Mills, the parents of and predecessors in title to Appellees Donald Roger Mills

and Beverly Mills Pool) that the 1906 Deed did not convey title to an undivided one-

half mineral interest in the 160 Acre Tract, that the 1908 Release resulted in a

                                           -9-
reconveyance of the interest conveyed by the 1906 Deed, or that there was any

reason why the 1906 Deed was ineffective, whether for failure of consideration or

otherwise (III R.R. 56-58).

                   II.   SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT

      This appeal involves the legal interpretation and effect to be given to the 1906

Deed and 1908 Release. Although the trial court heard testimony regarding the 1906

Deed and 1908 Release, such testimony was both unnecessary and improper as

neither the 1906 Deed nor 1908 Release are ambiguous and the interpretation of an

unambiguous deed is a matter of law for which parol and extrinsic testimony and

evidence is improper.

      Neither Appellants nor Appellees produced any witnesses with actual

knowledge of the events surrounding the 1906 Deed and 1908 Release since

everybody associated with either of such instruments had died by the late 1950's and

nobody in the courtroom was even alive when either of such instruments were

executed. Instead, Appellees called upon Robert Minton, an attorney, to testify

regarding his legal opinions of the effect and interpretation to be afforded the 1906

Deed and 1908 Release, and Appellants countered with Gary Ellison, an attorney

board certified in oil and gas law in Texas. Mr. Minton’s legal opinions constituted

the only “evidence” adduced by Appellees and which the trial court relied upon in

                                        -10-
interpreting and construing the 1906 Deed and 1908 Release; however, by Mr.

Minton’s own admission, his testimony constituted his legal opinion regarding such

instruments and it was really the province of the court to legally interpret such

instruments (III R.R. 126). Appellants timely and properly objected to Mr. Minton’s

testimony but the trial court still allowed it (III R.R. 95, 96, 103, 141-143, 146, 149-

150). In Texas jurisprudence, expert testimony which consists of legal conclusions

and opinions is not admissible at trial and the trial court erred both in allowing it and

then relying upon it.

      Utilizing the “four corners” doctrine, it is clear that, as a matter of law, the

1906 Deed was a conveyance of a present interest in one-half of the minerals

underlying the lands described in such deed, including the 160 Acre Tract. Applying

such doctrine, it is also clear that the 1908 Release did not release or reconvey the

mineral interests conveyed by the 1906 Deed.

      In its findings of fact and conclusions of law (III R.R. 695-699), the trial court

did not state its conclusion as to whether the 1906 Deed was either a fee conveyance,

as averred by Appellants, or an oil and gas lease, executory contract, or “hybrid”

instrument, as averred by Appellees; however, considering the language of “contract”

and “executory promises” used by the trial court in its findings and conclusions and

                                          -11-
the judgment in favor of Appellees, it seems apparent that the trial court did not

construe the 1906 Deed as a fee conveyance.

      The 1906 Deed could not have been an executory contract, which can only

exist when there has not been a fee conveyance of a present interest in real property;

i.e., for an executory contract to exist in a real property transaction, the seller must

retain legal title to the property even though possession passes to the buyer. The

1906 Deed conveyed a present interest in and to one-half of the minerals underlying

the lands described in the 1906 Deed to the grantees and the grantors did not retain

any title to such one-half interest in the minerals as conveyed to the grantees.

      There is no such thing as a “hybrid” instrument under Texas law when it comes

to real property transactions and, even if the 1906 Deed embodied characteristics

which might normally be associated with an instrument other than a fee conveyance,

it was incumbent upon the trial court to determine, from the “four corners” of the

1906 Deed and as a matter of law, what was the essential purpose and meaning of the

1906 Deed.

      The 1906 Deed is also not an oil and gas lease. Instead it was a perpetual fee

conveyance of an one-half mineral interest in the 160 Acre Tract and did not create

a fee simple determinable estate, did not provide for royalties and did not contain any

of the other primary qualities typically found in oil and gas leases.

                                          -12-
      A deed which has been executed and delivered does not have to be supported

by consideration to be valid. Further, a suit to set aside a conveyance due to failure

of consideration must be brought before the four (4) years statute of limitations period

has expired. Under any scenario or theory, the passage of more than 105 years before

the filing of a suit which asserts a failure of consideration as grounds for setting aside

a conveyance is more than sufficient to bar the suit upon limitations grounds.

Further, Appellees’ predecessors in title, Donald W. Mills and his wife Laura B.

Mills, recognized and affirmed in the 1967 Deed of Trust that the 1906 Deed had

conveyed an undivided one half of the minerals in and under the 160 Acre Tract,

which estops Appellees from asserting otherwise.

      The 1908 Release also could not have been referring to the 1906 Deed.

Although the indices maintained by the Nacogdoches County Clerk do not disclose

that the instrument referenced and described in the 1908 Release was recorded, it is

readily apparent from comparing the 1906 Deed to the instrument described in the

1908 Release that the 1906 Deed was not the instrument described in the 1908

Release. The 1908 Release described a “contract or lease” dated “on the 9th day of

July, 1907”, “delivered to Nacogdoches Land Company, a firm composed of Robt

Lindsey and June C. Harris”, and “providing for the development and exploitation of

said property for oil and other mineral”. The 1908 Release then went further by

                                           -13-
stating that pursuant to “the terms of said contract or lease the time for said

development has expired rendering null and void said lease.” The instrument

described in the 1908 Release is obviously an oil and gas lease dated in 1907 which

contained a specified term, the expiration of which triggered a reversion to the

lessors. By contrast, the 1906 Deed was entered into in 1906, not 1907, the grantee

in the 1906 Deed was not “Nacogdoches Land Company”, and the 1906 Deed

conveyed a fee simple determinable estate without any provision instead of a fee

simple determinable estate which would end upon the occurrence of either expiration

of a specified time or termination of production and/or operations. Any reasonable

construction of the 1908 Release is that it described an oil and gas lease entered into

in 1907, which, for whatever reason, was not recorded in the real property records of

Nacogdoches County, and that it did not release or reconvey the interests conveyed

by the 1906 Deed. Further a release is an improper vehicle to attempt reconveyance

of a mineral interest and would be legally insufficient to reconvey fee mineral

interests.

       With the exception of findings of fact numbered 3, 4, 17, and 18, all of the trial

court’s findings of fact constituted, in whole or in part, legal conclusions. As a result,

none of such findings of fact are binding upon this Court of Appeals and are to be

treated and reviewed as legal conclusions rather than accorded the weight normally

                                           -14-
associated with factual findings. As legal conclusions, they fail to properly apply

applicable law. Even if any of such findings were factual findings, they still lack any

support in the evidence or are against the preponderance of the evidence.

      The trial court’s conclusions of law, including those findings of fact which

were improperly designated as findings instead of conclusions, fail to properly

interpret and follow applicable law.

      For all of the above reasons, the trial court should have rendered judgment in

favor of Appellants that the 1906 Deed was a fee conveyance which conveyed an

undivided one-half of the minerals in and under the 160 Acre Tract and that the 1908

Release did not “release” the 1906 Deed. The trial court’s failure to do so constitutes

reversible error.

                                III.   ARGUMENT

A.    Appellants’ First Issue Presented for Relief Restated and Argument and
      Authorities in Support of Appellants’ First Issue Presented for Relief

      1.     Appellants’ First Issue Presented for Relief Restated

      The trial court erred in its determination of the legal construction and effect to

be given the 1906 Deed and 1908 Release.

                                         -15-
2.    Argument and Authorities in Support of Appellants’ First Issue Presented
      for Relief

      A.    Standards for Construction of Conveyancing Documents and
            Contracts

      In construing the 1906 Deed and 1908 Release, the trial court was required to

follow the “four comers” rule. As stated in Luckel v. White, 810 S.W.2d 459 (Tex.

1991):

      The primary duty of a court when construing such a deed is to ascertain
      the intent of the parties from all of the language in the deed by a
      fundamental rule of construction known as the “four comers” rule.
      Garrett v. Dils Co., 157 Tex. 92, 94-95, 299 S.W.2d 904, 906 (1957); 1
      E. KUNTZ, THE LAW OF OIL AND GAS, § 16.1 (1987); 6A R.
      POWELL, THE LAW OF REAL PROPERTY, p 899[3], at 81A-108 (P.
      Rohan ed. 1991). “That intention, when ascertained, prevails over
      arbitrary rules.” Harris v. Windsor, 156 Tex. 324, 328, 294 S.W.2d 798,
      800 (1956). The court, when seeking to ascertain the intention of the
      parties, attempts to harmonize all parts of the deed. Altman v. Blake, 712
S.W.2d at 118. “[T]he parties to an instrument intend every clause to
      have some effect and in some measure to evidence their agreement.” Id.
      Even if different parts of the deed appear contradictory or inconsistent,
      the court must strive to harmonize all of the parts, construing the
      instrument to give effect to all of its provisions. Benge v. Scharbauer,
      152 Tex. 447, 451, 259 S.W.2d 166, 167 (1953). The court should “not
      strike down any part of the deed, unless there is an irreconcilable
      conflict wherein one part of the instrument destroys in effect another
      part thereof.”

Id. at 461-462.

See also Anadarko Petroleum Corp. v. Thompson, 94 S.W.3d 550 (Tex. 2002)

wherein the Texas Supreme Court stated:

                                         -16-
      In construing an unambiguous lease, our primary duty is to ascertain the
      parties' intent as expressed within the lease's four corners. Luckel, 819
S.W.2d at 461; see also Yzaguirre v. KCS Resources, Inc., 53 S.W.3d
368, 372-73 (Tex. 2001). We give the lease's language its plain,
      grammatical meaning unless doing so would clearly defeat the parties'
      intentions. Fox v. Thoreson, 398 S.W.2d 88, 92 (Tex. 1966). We
      examine the entire lease and attempt to harmonize all its parts, even if
      different parts appear contradictory or inconsistent. Luckel, 819 S.W.2d
      at 462. That is because we presume that the parties to a lease intend
      every clause to have some effect. Heritage Res., Inc. v. NationsBank,
      939 S.W.2d 118, 121 (Tex. 1996). However, we will not hold the lease's
      language to impose a special limitation on the grant unless the language
      is so clear, precise, and unequivocal that we can reasonably give it no
      other meaning. Fox, 398 S.W.2d at 92.

Id. at 554.

      In short, the trial court was required to ascertain the intent of the parties after

considering and giving effect to all parts of the 1906 Deed and then to do likewise

with the 1908 Release. See Jones v. Fuller, 856 S.W.2d 597, 602 (Tex.App.–Waco

1993, writ denied). The trial court also should not have accepted evidence on the

construction of the 1906 Deed and 1908 Release as the construction of an

unambiguous instruments is not a question of fact, but is instead a question of law for

the court. Altman v. Blake, 712 S.W.2d 117, 118 (Tex. 1986). See also Tate v.

Sartain, 793 S.W.2d 45, 47 (Tex.App.-Texarkana 1990, writ denied) which affirmed

that the construction of a release instrument is a matter of law for the court.

      Applying the same rules and logic, the only plausible and logical reading of the

1908 Release is that it did not apply to the 1906 Deed but instead released an

                                          -17-
unrecorded oil and gas lease which had been entered into in 1907, not 1906, and

which had expired by its own terms.

      B.     The 1906 Deed is not an Executory Contract, Lease or “Hybrid”
             Instrument, but is instead a Fee Conveyance

      The trial court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law (III C.R. 695-699) do

not specifically identify what type of instrument the trial court determined the 1906

Deed to be. Based upon the live pleadings, the choices presented were: (i) a fee

conveyance as asserted by Appellants (II C.R. 440-462), or (ii) either an executory

contract, hybrid instrument, or oil and gas lease as asserted by Appellees (II C.R. 410-

415, 416-439, 463-466). Instead, the findings and conclusions only reference that it

was a contract for which the grantees’ “executory promises” went unfulfilled. As a

result, it is impossible to know exactly what type of instrument the trial court

construed the 1906 Deed to be. Whatever construction can be implied from the trial

court’s findings and conclusions does not, however, result in anything other than that

the trial court erred in its legal construction of the 1906 Deed and 1908 Release.

      In Bryant v. Cady, 445 S.W.3d 815 (Tex.App.–Texarkana 2014, no pet.), the

Court reiterated long standing rules regarding the meaning of an executory contract:

      Executory contracts are also known as contracts for deed. Morton, 412
S.W.3d at 507; Flores v. Millennium Interests, Ltd., 185 S.W.3d 427,
      429 (Tex. 2005). A contract for deed differs from a conventional
      contract for the sale of realty, in which the seller and purchaser mutually
      agree to complete payment and title transfer on a date certain at which

                                          -18-
      time the purchaser generally obtains both title and possession. Shook v.
      Walden, 368 S.W.3d 604, 625 (Tex. App. — Austin 2012, pet. denied).
      An executory contract for real property typically results in the buyer
      being entitled to immediate possession of the property on the making of
      a down payment. Ward v. Malone, 115 S.W.3d 267, 271 (Tex. App. —
      Corpus Christi 2003, pet. denied). A contract for deed differs from a
      mortgage in that it allows the seller to retain title to the property until the
      purchaser has made all the purchase payments. Flores, 185 S.W.3d at
      429.

Id. at 819

      The 1906 Deed is not a contract for deed and the grantors did not reserve any

title as to the undivided one-half mineral interest conveyed to the grantees. Instead,

the 1906 Deed contains words of present grant:

      . . . have bargained, sold and conveyed and by these presents do grant,
      bargain, sell and convey unto Robt Lindsey and June C. Harris, the
      parties of the second part, an undivided one half interest in the oil, gas
      and other minerals which do or may exist in, under and upon the several
      tracts of land hereinafter described . . .

and a habendum clause with general warranty of title:

      To have and to hold the above described premises, together with all and
      singular the rights and appurtenances thereto in anywise belonging unto
      the said Robt. Lindsey and June C. Harris, their heirs and assigns
      forever, and we do hereby bind ourselves, our heirs, executors and
      administrators to warrant and forever defend all and singular the said
      remises unto the said Robt. Lindsey and June C. Harris, their heirs and
      assigns against every person whomsoever lawfully claiming or to claim
      the ame or any part thereof.

The granting clause, habendum and warranty clauses are all classic examples of a fee

conveyance and not a contract for deed or executory contract. The 1906 Deed is

                                           -19-
devoid of reservations, conditions precedent, conditions subsequent, liens or other

covenants customarily used by grantors to enforce and protect rights, including the

preservation of rights to recover title from the grantees if the grantees failed to

perform future consideration.

       The 1906 Deed is also neither an oil and gas lease or “hybrid” instrument4. Its

characterization is dependent upon the type of estate which was conveyed by the 1906

Deed. The interest conveyed by an oil and gas lease to the lessee is a fee simple

determinable estate and the interest retained by the lessor is a possibility of reverter.

As stated in Natural Gas Pipeline Co. v. Pool, 124 S.W.3d 188 (Tex. 2003):

       In Texas it has long been recognized that an oil and gas lease is not a
       "lease" in the traditional sense of a lease of the surface of real property.
       In a typical oil or gas lease, the lessor is a grantor and grants a fee
       simple determinable interest to the lessee, who is actually a grantee.
       Consequently, the lessee/grantee acquires ownership of all the minerals
       in place that the lessor/grantor owned and purported to lease, subject to

   4
        Counsel for Appellants have been unable to find a single case where the term “hybrid”
appears in describing any sort of real estate instrument, and Mr. Minton, Appellees’ legal expert,
stated he had never come across the term in any case involving the legal construction of deeds or
leases (III R.R. 119). In Geotech Energy Corp. v. Gulf States Telecomm. & Info. Sys., Inc., 788
S.W.2d 386 (Tex. App. - Hous. [14th Dist.] 1990, no writ) the term “hybrid” appeared in connection
with a contract as to which the issue was whether the contract, which provided for both goods and
services, should be construed primarily as a contract for goods or as a contract for services. The
Geotech court stated that “[w]hen faced with such a hybrid contract we must determine whether the
essence of the contract is the sale of materials or services.” Id. at 389. Consequently, if the 1906
Deed did contain provisions which are not normally contained in mineral deeds, then it is incumbent
upon the court to determine the essence of the 1906 Deed and categorize it in accordance with what
it determines its essence to be, still utilizing the “four corners” doctrine. Any reasonable
interpretation of the 1906 Deed would result in its essence being a fee simple conveyance of one-half
of the minerals in the 160 Acre Tract.

                                                -20-
      the possibility of reverter in the lessor/grantor. The lessee's/grantee's
      interest is "determinable" because it may terminate and revert entirely
      to the lessor/grantor upon the occurrence of events that the lease
      specifies will cause termination of the estate.

Id. at 192 (Footnotes omitted).

      The inclusion of mineral development language in the 1906 Deed also did not

change its character as a fee conveyance to an oil and gas lease or allow the trial court

to impute terms within which development actions had to take place. See Danciger

Oil & Refining Co. of Texas v. Powell, 154 S.W.2d 632 (Tex. 1941), Loomis v. Gulf

Oil Corp., 123 S.W.2d 501 (Tex.Civ.App.–Eastland 1938, writ ref’d), Lindsay v.

Texas Iron & Steel Co., 9 S.W.2d 287 (Tex.Civ.App.–Texarkana 1928, writ ref’d),

and Ralph v. Magnolia Petroleum Company, 95 S.W.2d 222 (Tex.Civ.App.–El Paso

1936, writ ref’d). Further, the inclusion of mineral development language in mineral

deeds is commonplace, with Mr. Minton acknowledging that “50 percent of the time

I put them in there or I find them in there” and agreeing that including them would be

“perfectly consistent with that instrument being a mineral deed” (III R.R. 162).

      To be anything other than a deed which conveyed a fee simple estate in and to

the undivided one-half of the minerals in and under the 160 Acre Tract, the 1906 Deed

would have had to include among its terms some sort of provision or condition which

would cause it to terminate upon the occurrence of a specific event. This is also in

accord with the provisions of TEX. PROP. CODE § 5.001:

                                          -21-
      § 5.001. Fee Simple

      (a) An estate in land that is conveyed or devised is a fee simple unless the
      estate is limited by express words or unless a lesser estate is conveyed or
      devised by construction or operation of law. Words previously necessary
      at common law to transfer a fee simple estate are not necessary.

      (b) This section applies only to a conveyance occurring on or after
      February 5, 1840.

Since the 1906 Deed does not contain any such provision, condition or limitation

indicating that a lesser estate than a fee simple was conveyed, it is a deed which

conveyed a fee simple estate in and to one-half of the minerals in and under the 160

Acre Tract.

      The court in Crumpton v. Scott, 250 S.W.2d 953 (Tex.Civ.App.–Ft. Worth

1952, n.r.e.) dealt with a factual situation virtually identical to that disclosed in this

case. In Crumpton, the suit was between the descendants of the parties to the original

deed, the original deed was contended to have been an executory contract between an

attorney and his client, there was a claim that the attorney to whom the deed had been

granted had not performed the services for which he had been retained, and the grantor

of the deed had lived more than 24 years after granting the deed and the suit was filed

29 years after the deed at issue in that case (rather than the more than 30 years that all

of the grantors of the 1906 Deed had lived before the first of them died and the 105

years between the granting of the 1906 Deed and the filing of this suit), but never

                                           -22-
made any effort to file a suit to set aside the deed or to sue for breach of contract. In

pertinent part, the Crumpton Court stated:

      The instrument was valid on its face, meeting every statutory
      requirement. It was executed and delivered by the vendors and accepted
      and filed for record by the vendee and the original remained in the
      possession of the vendee throughout his lifetime. We think the trial court
      was correct in disregarding the jury's answer and rendering judgment non
      obstante that the deed was effective to pass title as of the date of its
      execution.

      Assuming that Crumpton did not perform services under the contract, we
      think that part of the consideration, 'in reference to our rights and
      interest,' placed the grantors in no different situation than if a note had
      been executed for part of the purchase price without retaining a vendor's
      lien, or if part of the consideration had been that the grantee would care
      for the grantor in the future. Ransom v. Brown, 63 Tex. 188; 14 Tex.Jur.,
      p. 802, secs. 45, 48, 50 and 51; Sisk v. Randon, 123 Tex. 326, 70 S.W.2d
689. The grantor did not see fit to provide that failure on the part of
      Crumpton to perform should operate to cause the property to revert to the
      grantor. Where there is no express lien, the conveyance is an executed
      contract by which the title passes absolutely to the purchaser. Burgess v.
      Hatton, Tex.Civ.App., 209 S.W.2d 999, writ refused. Calvin J. Scott had
      the right to set aside the deed if he had legal or equitable grounds
      therefor, or to sue for damages for Crumpton's failure to perform if he did
      fail to perform. The instrument was not void on its face. The instrument
      being a warranty deed and not void, the plaintiff-interveners' suit is
      barred by limitation. Slaughter v. Qualls, 139 Tex. 340, 162 S.W.2d 671;
      La Fleaur v. Kinard, Tex.Civ.App., 161 S.W.2d 144, writ refused, w. m.

      The law favors a rule of construction requiring an interpretation under
      which a deed will be valid and operative in preference to one which will
      nullify it. 14 Tex.Jur., p. 915. The trial court correctly construed the
      disputed instrument to be a deed passing present title.

Id. at 955-956.

                                          -23-
      The fact that the 1906 Deed recites that the grantees were to continue to provide

services following the execution of the deed does not, according to Crumpton and the

authority cited therein, result in the instrument being anything less than what it

purports to be on its face, which was a fee conveyance. The grantors of the 1906 Deed

could have included a provision providing for reversion in the event of any specified

default of the grantees of the services they were to render following the execution of

the deed or could have reserved a vendor’s lien to secure the grantees’ performance

of additional services, but did not do so.

      If the trial court had followed the “four corners” rule as enunciated in Luckel

and the other law referenced in this brief, it would have realized that the only plausible

and logical reading of the 1906 Deed is that it conveyed to June C. Harris and Robt.

Lindsey an undivided one-half of the minerals underlying the 160 Acre Tract, which

interest is now owned by Appellants, except for the small amount of such interest

acquired by the Appellees as a result of the conveyances they received from Thomas

L. Husbands, Robbie V. Russell, and Triple Crown Acquisitions, LLC in 2011 (VI

R.R. P.Ex. 13, 14, 15, and 41). The trial court’s failure to do so resulted in an

incorrect judgment.

                                           -24-
      C.     The 1908 Release Does Not Pertain to the 1906 Deed

      Just as is true with construction of the 1906 Deed, the 1908 Release has to be

construed in accordance with the “four corners” doctrine and had the trial court done

so, it would have come up with a judgment in favor of Appellants rather than the

judgment in favor of Appellees. The trial court instead ignored the entire wording of

the 1908 Release and elected to adopt Appellees’ position that the date of the

instrument referenced in the 1908 Release was incorrectly transcribed as being 1907

instead of 1906. Specifically, the trial court ignored that the 1908 Release recited that

(i) it released an instrument dated in 1907 instead of 1906, (ii) the instrument being

released was a “contract or lease” rather than a deed or conveyance, (iii) the grantee

named in the “contract or lease” being released was “Nacogdoches Land Company,

a firm composed of Robt Lindsey and June C. Harris” but the 1906 Deed contains no

reference to “Nacogdoches Land Company”, (iv) the purpose for which the “contract

or lease” was for “the development and exploitation of said property for oil and other

mineral” which is not identical to the expressed desires of the grantors in the 1906

Deed, (v) the reason for the release was because “by the terms of said contract or lease

the time for said development has expired rendering null and void said lease” when

no such termination clause exists in the 1906 Deed, and (v) the parties who granted

the instrument being released were “R. E. Mills, Tom Mills and Sam Mills” instead

                                          -25-
of S. A. Mills and his wife Saphronia Mills, R. E. Mills and his wife Mary Ann Mills,

and Thos. Mills and his wife Z. A. Mills, who were the grantors in the 1906 Deed.

       The foregoing quoted provisions from the 1908 Release obviously describe an

oil and gas lease and not the 1906 Deed. An oil and gas lease conveys a fee simple

determinable title in and to the mineral estate to the lessee and has an automatic

reverter to the lessor of the mineral estate upon stated terms, such as expiration of the

primary term or, in the event of operations or production occurring at expiration of the

primary term, at such later time as such operations and production cease. The 1906

Deed was a conveyance of a fee title to an undivided one-half of the mineral estate and

not a conveyance of a fee simple determinable estate. The 1906 Deed does not contain

any provision, covenant, restriction, reservation, or condition which would cause its

expiration and render it “null and void” due to a lack of development. The only

reasonable construction, utilizing the “four corners” doctrine, of the 1908 Release is

that it is what its title says it is, a “Release Lease”, which released an oil and gas lease

which had, according to its terms, expired and, for whatever reason, was not recorded

in Nacogdoches County, Texas.

       When faced with these discrepancies, Mr. Minton was unable to provide an

explanation other than that he perceived there must have been some unwritten

understanding of Lindsey and Harris that the 1906 Deed had a specified term upon

                                            -26-
which it would have expired (III R.R. 130), or because the description of the

instrument being released by the 1908 Release was that it contained a termination

provision which was “not in the other document”, i.e., the 1906 Deed, it was his

opinion that the grantees of the 1906 Deed, “in their minds, have some idea about what

would terminate” the 1906 Deed (III R.R. 135-136). Because Mr. Minton had not

even been born when the 1906 Deed was executed and had no knowledge of what had

transpired, his legal opinions on the subject would probably be better described as

wildly speculative and fanciful.

      Since the 1906 Deed had been recorded, common practice would be to include

the recording data in the 1908 Release (III R.R. 119-120). The lack of such recording

data provides further support that the 1908 Release did not release the 1906 Deed but

instead released an unrecorded 1907 oil and gas lease; after all, if the 1907 oil and gas

lease referenced in the 1908 Release was not recorded as appears to be the case, then

there would be no recording data to be included in the 1908 Release.

      Based upon the express language used in the 1908 Release and following the

dictates of Luckel, the only logical and reasonable construction is that the 1908

Release referred to an unrecorded oil and gas lease granted to Nacogdoches Land

Company in 1907, exactly a year after the 1906 Deed.

                                          -27-
      Since the 1906 Deed was a conveyance of a fee interest in the mineral estate in

and under the 160 Acre Tract, and if the grantees of the 1906 Deed had intended to

reconvey the mineral estate which had been granted to them, the more appropriate

instrument to have used would have been a deed with words of present grant and the

lack of words of present conveyance and a habendum clause is indicative that the

instrument was not intended to reconvey the interests granted by the 1906 Deed. See

Tate, 793 S.W.2d at 47. Releases of oil and gas leases are typically executed and

recorded to acknowledge for purposes of record title that an oil and gas lease has

terminated and title has reverted to the lessor according to the lease’s terms; the

release of an oil and gas lease is not necessary for purposes of reconveying title

because title already had reverted to the lessor upon the happening of the termination

event specified in the lease.

      Unrecorded instruments are also not strangers to Texas jurisprudence. TEX.

PROP. CODE § 13.02 specifically deals with the validity of unrecorded instruments and

provides that an unrecorded instrument is “binding upon a subsequent purchaser who

does not pay a valuable consideration”, such as would be the case with Appellees

since they received their interests by gift. In dealing with an unrecorded instrument

which had been referenced in a recorded instrument, Westland Oil Dev. Corp. v. Gulf

Oil Corp., 637 S.W.2d 903, 908 (Tex. 1982) held that when an unrecorded document

                                         -28-
is described in a recorded instrument, such constitutes notice of the unrecorded

instrument. Even Mr. Minton acknowledged that when an instrument is referenced in

a recorded instrument but is not itself recorded, it is reasonable to assume the

instrument’s existence (III R.R. 170-171) and that it is not rare, during the early 1900's

for instruments not to have been recorded (III R.R. 123-124).

B.    Appellants’ Second Issue Presented for Relief Restated and Argument and
      Authorities in Support of Appellants’ Second Issue Presented for Relief

      1.     Appellants’ Second Issue Presented for Relief Restated

      The trial court erred by admitting parol and extrinsic evidence to assist in the

construction of the 1906 Deed and 1908 Release and then relying upon such evidence

in entering judgment against Appellants.

      2.     Argument and Authorities in Support of Appellants’ First Issue
             Presented for Relief

      Despite timely and proper objection (III R.R. 49-50, 95, 96, 103, 141-143, 146,

149-150), the trial court allowed parol and extraneous evidence to provide an

interpretation of the 1906 Deed and 1908 Release contrary to the expressed meaning

of the language contained in each of such instruments, including hearsay

correspondence providing an interpretation of the 1906 Deed (VI R.R. P.Ex. 1),

essentially the entirety of Robert Minton’s testimony (III R.R. 89-184), and various

exhibits admitted during Mr. Minton’s testimony (VI R.R. P.Ex 7, 8, 16, 38, and 39).

                                           -29-
      A.     The Parol Evidence Rule barred parol and extraneous evidence and
             the record does not support any exceptions to application of the
             Parol Evidence Rule

      Pursuant to the parol evidence rule, parol and extraneous evidence is generally

inadmissible to vary or contradict the terms of an unambiguous deed or contract. Dyer

v. Cotton, 333 S.W.3d 703, 718 (Tex. App.- Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, no pet.).

Exceptions to the parol evidence rule exist when there are allegations that the deed or

contract fails to reflect the parties’ true intent due to fraud, accident, or mutual

mistake, Id. at 718, or when the instrument is ambiguous. David J. Sacks, P.C. v.

Haden, 266 S.W.3d 447, 450-51 (Tex. 2008). There were no allegations made that

fraud, accident, or mutual mistake were involved with either the 1906 Deed or 1908

Release.

      In its conclusion of law numbered 1, the trial court stated that “[e]xtrinsic

evidence was admissible to show that the Release dated Janary 18, 1908 was intended

to Release the Contract dated July 9, 1906” (III C.R. 698). Although the trial court did

not further elaborate as to how it arrived at such conclusion, the only possible basis

was ambiguity, which may have been fueled by the “Summary Bench Brief” which

Appellees’ counsel presented to the trial court on the day of trial asserting that the

parol evidence rule should not apply with regard to the 1906 Deed and 1908 Release

                                          -30-
due to an unspecified latent ambiguity (II C.R. 476-522), despite the fact that there

were no pleadings asserting ambiguity.

      The determination of ambiguity of a deed or contract is a question of law.

Columbia Gas Transmission Corp. v. New Ulm Gas, Ltd., 940 S.W.2d 587, 589 (Tex.

1996). “An unambiguous contract will be enforced as written, and parol evidence will

not be received for the purpose of creating an ambiguity or to give the contract a

meaning different from that which its language imports.” Universal C.I.T. Credit

Corp. v. Daniel, 243 S.W.2d 154, 157 (Tex. 1951). An ambiguity does not exist just

because the parties assert two different interpretations, but instead exists if the

“contract language is susceptible to two or more reasonable interpretations”, American

Manufacturers Mutual v. Schaefer, 124 S.W.3d 154, 157 (Tex. 2003), or “the

application of the pertinent rules of interpretation to the face of the instrument leaves

the court genuinely uncertain which one of two or more meanings is the proper

meaning.” Moon Royalty, LLC v. Boldrick Partners d/b/a Statewide Minerals Co.,

244 S.W.3d 391, 394 (Tex.App.–Eastland 2007, no pet.) (citing Universal C.I.T.

Credit Corp. v. Daniel, 243 S.W.2d 154,157 (Tex. 1951)). So long as the 1908

Release could be given a definite or certain meaning, then, as a matter of law, it was

not ambiguous. See Coker v. Coker, 650 S.W.2d 391, 394 (Tex. 1983).

                                          -31-
      "A latent ambiguity arises when a contract which is unambiguous on its face is

applied to the subject matter with which it deals and an ambiguity appears by reason

of some collateral matter." Nat'l Union Fire Ins. Co. v. CBI Indus., Inc., 907 S.W.2d
517, 520 (Tex. 1995). In this situation, more than 100 years had passed from the date

of the 1908 Release to the time when this suit was filed. The 1908 Release released,

based upon its terms, a 1907 lease and its effect terminated when it released the

instrument which it described as released. None of the people who were associated

with either of such instruments lived past the 1950's and there was nobody in the

courtroom who had any personal knowledge of the events associated with either of

those instruments (III R.R. 54-55, 113). There was therefore nobody who could have

provided testimony regarding a latent ambiguity. The only purpose Appellees had for

asserting latent ambiguity in their “Summary Bench Brief” was to provide an excuse

to allow Robert Minton, Appellees’ legal expert, the opportunity to testify as to his

legal opinion regarding the effect of the 1908 Release and 1906 Deed.

      A reading of the 1908 Release does not demonstrate any ambiguity and the

record is devoid of any evidence which would support a finding of latent ambiguity.

The 1908 Release is quite straightforward in that it releases a “contract or lease” given

on July 9, 1907 by R. E. Mills, Tom Mills and Sam Mills . . . to Nacogdoches Land

Company, a firm composed of Robt Lindsey and June C. Harris” and that the reason

                                          -32-
the contract or lease was being released was because “by the terms of said contract or

lease the time for said development has expired rendering null and void said lease.”

         Whether the instrument described in and released by the 1908 Release was the

same as the 1906 Deed, as asserted by Appellees, or an unrecorded instrument, as

asserted by Appellants, was a legal question for the court and for which no oral

testimony was required or should have been allowed, particularly given the passage

of time and complete lack of anyone with personal knowledge. The trial court should

have determined the import and meaning of the 1908 Release without admitting and

then relying upon extrinsic and parol evidence; however, because it admitted parol or

extrinsic evidence and then relied upon that evidence either to create an ambiguity or

to give the 1908 Release a different meaning than that conveyed by its language, it

erred.

         B.    The admission of legal opinion testimony was improper

         Mr. Minton’s testimony should also have been excluded and the trial court erred

in admitting it and relying upon it as evidence because “[i]t is well established that

expert testimony that consists of legal conclusions is not admissible at trial.”

Greenberg Trourig of New York, P.C. v. Moody, 161 S.W.3d 56, 94

(Tex.App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.); see also C.P. Interests, Inc. v.

California Pools, Inc., 238 F.3d 690, 697 (5th Cir. 2001). Under TEX. R. EVID. 702,

                                           -33-
expert testimony is admissible only if it will “assist the trier of fact to understand the

evidence or to determine a fact in issue.” Since Mr. Minton’s testimony applied only

to the law applicable to the meanings and constructions to be afforded to the 1906

Deed and the 1908 Release, his testimony invaded the province of the court instead

of assisting the trial court “to understand the evidence” or “to determine a fact in

issue” and should not have been allowed or relied upon by the trial court.

      C.     The admission of various documents was not allowed by the
             surrounding circumstances test

      The trial court erred in admitting instruments executed between June C. Harris

and Robt. Lindsey in a transaction with third parties (VI R.R. P.Ex. 7, 8, 16, 38, and

39) in order to determine the intent of the 1906 Deed.                The “surrounding

circumstances” test, when applied to utilizing multiple and separate documents to

determine intent, is generally confined to those events and matters which are

contemporaneous in time to the execution of the deed at issue and which pertain to the

same transaction. In Fort Worth Indep. Sch. Dist. v. City of Fort Worth, 22 S.W.3d
831, 840 (Tex. 2000), the Court stated that it is “well-established law that instruments

pertaining to the same transaction may be read together to ascertain the parties’

intent . . .” (Emphasis added.)         In Savage v. Doyle, 153 S.W.3d 231, 234

(Tex.App.–Beaumont 2004, no pet.), the court noted that instruments executed

                                           -34-
contemporaneously were properly considered in determining surrounding

circumstances.

      Secondly, “surrounding circumstances” are not to be considered when the

instrument is unambiguous. As held in Anderson v. Gilliland, 624 S.W.2d 243, 245

(Tex.Civ.App.–Dallas 1981, writ ref'd n.r.e.):

      Gilliland contends, and the dissent agrees, that we should look to
      extrinsic evidence of the circumstances surrounding the execution of the
      deed, such as testimony of the widow and the contents of the grantor's
      will, to determine the intention of the grantor in executing the
      unambiguous quitclaim deed. This we cannot do. It is without question
      that the intent of an unambiguous deed must be determined from the
      language used.

      Where the terms of a deed are clear and unambiguous, parol evidence is
      inadmissible to vary or contravene its terms or to show the construction
      placed thereon by the parties at the time or subsequent to its execution.
      Henry v. Phillips, 105 Tex. 459, 151 S.W. 533, 538 (1912); Soell v.
      Haddon, 85 Tex. 182, 19 S.W. 1087 (1892). Thus, we hold that the
      testimony of the widow, the contents of the grantor's will, and the
      closeness of the execution of the deed and the will, are all inadmissible
      on the question of the grantor's intent in executing the quitclaim deed.

(Emphasis added.)

      The instruments involving the May 23, 1906 conveyance from J. D. Stoker et

al to Robert Lindsey and June C. Harris (VI R.R. P.Ex. 7) and the subsequent

conveyance on July 27, 1906 by all of the grantors and grantees of the May 23, 1906

conveyance to W. D. Sharpe (VI R.R. P.Ex. 8) were admitted with regard to the

construction and effect of the 1906 Deed but such instruments do not pertain to the
                                        -35-
same transaction as represented by the 1906 Deed or 1908 Release. Although Robert

Lindsey and June C. Harris were parties to these transactions, the grantors of the 1906

Deed were not. Their admission therefore does not satisfy various requirements of the

“surrounding circumstances” test.

C.    Appellants’ Third Issue Presented for Relief Restated and Argument and
      Authorities in Support of Appellants’ Third Issue Presented for Relief

      1.     Appellants’ Third Issue Presented for Relief Restated

      The trial court’s findings of fact numbered 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13,

15, and 16, are really conclusions of law and are to be treated as such, but even if they

were findings of fact, they either have no support in the evidence or are against the

preponderance of the evidence, and the remaining findings numbered 3, 14, 17 and 18

are irrelevant and immaterial.

      2.     Argument and Authorities in Support of Appellants’ Third Issue
             Presented for Relief

      The general rules applicable to findings of fact is that they are to be accorded

“the same force and dignity as a jury verdict upon special issues” and “[i]f they are

supported by some competent evidence they will not be disturbed upon appeal unless

they are so against the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly and

manifestly wrong.” Houston Natural Gas Corp. v. Pearce, 311 S.W.2d 899, 903

(Tex.Civ.App. — Houston 1958, writ ref'd n.r.e.). The general rule regarding

                                          -36-
“findings of fact” does not apply, however, when a trial court’s "findings of fact" are

really conclusions of law; when such is the case, the “findings of fact” are not binding

upon an appellate court but will instead be treated and reviewed as legal conclusions.

See Mortgage & Trust, Inc. v. Bonner & Co., Inc., 572 S.W.2d 344, 349 (Tex. Civ.

App.-Corpus Christi 1978, writ ref'd n.r.e.); Cities of Allen v. R.R. Comm'n of Tex., 309
S.W.3d 563, 570 (Tex. App.-Austin 2010, pet. filed); City of Houston v. Harris

County Outdoor Adver. Ass'n, 732 S.W.2d 42, 47 (Tex. App.-Houston [14th Dist.]

1987, no writ).

      In this case, the trial court’s findings of fact numbered 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,

11, 12, 13, 15, and 16 (III C.R. 695-699) appear to be predicated on the trial court’s

belief that the 1906 Deed was either something other than a fee conveyance or was

released by the 1908 Release and are legal conclusions or embody legal conclusions

to such an extent that the legal conclusion is inextricably intertwined with the factual

finding.

      To the extent that any of such “findings of fact” could be considered as factual

findings rather than conclusions of law, then they are either not supported by the

evidence or are against the preponderance of the evidence and the legal conclusions

made by the trial court in connection with such findings of fact would be in error.

Claims of no evidence or factual insufficiency require that the appellate court review

                                          -37-
the trial evidence as part of its determination whether the trial court’s fact findings and

resultant legal conclusions are supported by the evidence. Houston Natural Gas

Corp., 311 S.W.2d at 903.

      Findings # 1 and 2

      In its finding of facts numbered 1 and 2, the trial court found that “the Release

dated January 18, 1908 was intended to release the Contract dated July 9, 1906” and

“the Release dated January 18, 1908 refers to a contract dated July 9, 1907 when, in

fact, the Contract was dated July 9, 1906, but in all other respects corresponds with the

July 9, 1906 Contract and there is no other instrument which would accord with the

language used in the Release in referring to the prior instrument” (III C.R. 695). These

“findings” merely state legal conclusions regarding the 1908 Release.

      There was nothing in the testimony of Donald Mills which would support these

“findings”. As he stated, neither he nor anyone else in the courtroom had either been

born or had any personal knowledge of anything that had transpired in 1906 in relation

to the 1906 Deed (III R.R. 55) and the last of the parties to the 1906 Deed died in the

1950's (III R.R. 54-55).

      The only other evidence heard by and which the trial court could have relied

upon in making these findings of fact was the opinion evidence of Roy Minton, an

attorney. Mr. Minton had not been born when either the 1906 Deed or 1908 Release

                                           -38-
had been executed since he was not even 78 years of age at the time of trial (III R.R.

113) and admitted that his testimony regarding the 1906 Deed and 1908 Release

constituted his legal opinion (III R.R. 126). As previously noted, it is well established

that testimony which consists of legal conclusions is not admissible and therefore

cannot constitute evidence. Greenberg Trourig of New York, P.C., 161 S.W.3d at 94.

      Mr. Minton’s testimony was also contradictory and he negated any possibility

of his opinion being considered as supporting Appellees’ position by a preponderance

of the evidence. In his testimony, he acknowledged that there were more differences

between the 1906 Deed and the instrument described as being released in the 1908

Release than just the date. He acknowledged that the names of three of the parties who

signed the 1906 Deed were omitted from the instrument described in the 1908 Release

(III R.R. 104, 105), S. A. Mills and Thos. Mills were named in the 1906 Deed but

appear as Sam Mills and Tom Mills in the instrument described in the 1908 Release

(III R.R. 104), the 1906 Deed did not contain any term upon which it expired although

the instrument being released by the 1908 Release was described in the 1908 Release

as a “contract or lease” for “the development and exploitation of said property for oil

and other mineral”, and that it was being released because “by the terms of said

contract or lease the time for said development has expired rendering null and void

said lease” (III R.R. 107, 117-118), and “Nacogdoches Land Company” which was

                                          -39-
recited to be a party to the instrument described in the 1908 Release was not a party

to the 1906 Deed (III R.R. 118, 121). Mr. Minton also testified that an opinion

regarding the effect of the 1906 Deed and 1908 Release contrary to his would be just

as reasonable as his opinion (III R.R. 126-127). Finally, a large part of Mr. Minton’s

opinion regarding the issue of the 1908 Release operating as a release of the 1906

Deed was that he opined that the 1906 Deed was not a fee conveyance but a contract

or lease (III R.R. 108-109); however, in an virtually identical document also involving

Robert Lindsey and June C. Harris (VI R.R. P.Ex. 7), he stated that the virtually

identical document was a fee mineral conveyance (III R.R. 158-159).

      These “findings” also fail to recognize that the reference in the 1908 Release

to the unrecorded instrument which the 1908 Release intended to release was binding

upon Appellees by the provisions of TEX. PROP. CODE §13.001 which deals with the

validity of unrecorded instruments and states, in pertinent part, that “[t]he unrecorded

instrument is binding on a party to the instrument, on the party's heirs, and on a

subsequent purchaser who does not pay a valuable consideration or who has notice of

the instrument.” Appellees Donald Roger Mills and Beverly Mills pool were donees

who did not pay a valuable consideration.

                                          -40-
      Finding #3

      This finding, relating to a well drilled in 1907, is immaterial and irrelevant to

the trial court’s resolution of the issues of legal interpretation of the 1906 Deed and

1908 Release.

      Findings #4 and 5

      In its findings of fact numbered 4 and 5, the trial court states that the 1906 Deed

contained “executory promises” and that there was a “reasonable time” for

performance of those “executory promises” (III C.R. 695-696). These are legal

conclusions regarding the meaning and import of the terms and provisions of the 1906

Deed and the importation of some legal “reasonable time” component into the terms

and provisions of the 1906 Deed. As previously discussed in this Brief, the 1906 Deed

does not constitute either a lease, hybrid instrument, or an executory contract but is a

fee conveyance of an undivided one-half of the minerals in the 160 Acre Tract so the

legal characterization contained in these “findings” is incorrect.

      Appellees also did not place into evidence any facts regarding any lack of

performance by the Grantees of the 1906 Deed of the consideration for such Deed. To

the contrary and because over 100 years had elapsed between the execution ov the

1906 Deed and filing of this suit, Appellees’ witness Donald Mills testified that as far

as he knew, the grantees of the 1906 Deed had complied with all of the terms and

                                          -41-
provisions contained in the 1906 Deed (III R.R. 55) and Appellees’ other witness,

Robert Minton, testified that nobody in the courtroom knew what the grantees of the

1906 Deed did following execution of the 1906 Deed (III R.R. 183). Appellants,

however, did introduce evidence of consideration being performed, i.e., title curative

work apparently done by the grantees of the 1906 Deed for one or more of the grantors

of the 1906 Deed (IV R.R. 48-52, VI RR. D.Ex. 45-50) and the 1906 Deed’s grantees’

involvement in obtaining the drilling of a well in 1907 located about 1 to 1 ½ miles

south of the 160 Acre Tract (IV R.R. 14-21, VI R.R. D.Ex 54). The 1908 Release, by

referring to a 1907 oil and gas lease taken from the grantors of the 1906 Deed,

provides additional evidence that the grantees performed additional consideration

following the execution of the 1906 Deed. Also, the 1906 Deed expressly confirms

that some services had been rendered as of the time of execution of the 1906 Deed.

      Even if there had been some failure on the part of Lindsey and Harris to perform

all of the consideration which they were to provide for the one-half mineral interest

conveyed to them by the 1906 Deed, that failure, in the absence of fraud, would not

afford any cause of action to set aside a fully executed and delivered deed. As stated

in Munguia v. Paiz, 404 S.W.3d 47 (Tex.Civ.App.– San Antonio 1966, no writ):

      Even if it be assumed that parol evidence was admissible to show that the
      deed did not recite the full consideration for the conveyance, and
      assuming that there has been a total or partial failure of consideration,
      appellants' pleadings and counter-affidavits presented no defense to

                                         -42-
      appellee's suit. The applicable rule is tersely stated in Stuard v. Vick,
      Tex.Civ.App., 9 S.W.2d 494, 496, wr. dism., as follows: 'It is well settled
      by the decisions in our state that mere failure by a grantee to perform a
      promise, which formed the whole or a part of the consideration inducing
      an executed conveyance of real estate, gives rise to no right of rescission
      in the grantor.' Stated differently, a deed which is otherwise valid will not
      be invalidated by reason of a total or partial failure of consideration, and
      will, despite such failure, operate to convey title. 6 Thompson, Real
      Property (1962 Replacement), § 3124; 26 C.J.S. Deeds § 21, p. 618. The
      authorities on this question are exhaustively discussed in Tripplehorn v.
      Ladd-Hannon Oil Corporation, Tex.Civ.App., 8 S.W.2d 217, wr. dism.

Id. at 47-48.

      Findings #6, 7, 8, 9, and 10

      The trial court found that Appellees or their predecessors in title had not: “made

an express renunciation of the mineral rights described in the 1906 Contract which

was released by the 1908 Release”(Finding 6), “mislead Defendants or their

predecessors in title to their prejudice into an honest belief that a waiver of their

mineral estate was intended or assented to” (Finding 7), “adopted or confirmed any

prior act which would entitle Defendants or their predecessors in title to the mineral

estate described in the 1906 Contract and released by the 1908 Release” (Finding 8),

“misrepresented to Defendants or their predecessors in title that Defendants owned the

mineral estate described in the 1906 Contract after the signing and delivery of the

1908 Release (Finding 9), and “relied upon any misrepresentation by Plaintiffs and

their predecessors in title to their detriment” (III C.R. 696-697). Once again, these

                                          -43-
are legal conclusions which also incorporate the legal conclusion that the 1906 Deed

was not a conveyance instrument and had been released by the 1908 Release.

      As previously stated, D. W. Mills and his wife Laura Mills, Appellees’

predecessors in title had executed the 1967 Deed of Trust and recognized and

explicitly stated therein that the 1906 Deed was a fee conveyance of an undivided one-

half mineral interest in the 160 Acre Tract. This recital is binding upon the Appellees

pursuant to the doctrine of estoppel by deed which was addressed in Teal Trading v.

Champee Springs Ranches, 432 S.W.3d 381 (Tex.App.–San Antonio 2014, pet.

denied):

      The doctrine of estoppel by deed precludes parties to a deed from
      denying the truth of any material fact asserted in the deed. XTO Energy
      Inc. v. Nikolai, 357 S.W.3d 47, 56 (Tex.App.–Fort Worth 2011, pet.
      denied); Angell v. Bailey, 225 S.W.3d 834, 842 (Tex.App.–El Paso 2007,
      no pet.); see Greene v. White, 137 Tex. 361, 153 S.W.2d 575, 583-84
      (1941) ("It is held that the recital of one deed in another binds the parties
      to the deed containing the recital, and those who claim under them, and
      may take the place of a deed and thus form a muniment of title.")-
      Estoppel by deed binds, not only the parties to the deed, but also
      their successors-in-interest. XTO Energy, 357 S.W.3d at 55; Angell, 225
S.W.3d at 841. Estoppel by deed may arise from the recitals,
      reservations, and exceptions within a deed. XTO Energy, 357 S.W.3d
      at 55; Angell, 225 S.W.3d at 841; see, e.g., Moore v. Energy States, Inc.,
      71 S.W.3d 796, 800 (Tex.App.–Eastland 2002, pet. denied)

Id. at 388 (emphasis added).

See also Mars v. Morris, 106 S.W. 430, 434 (Tex. Civ. App. 1907) which held that

donees of a gift deed are bound by the representations made by their parents which
                                          -44-
would have operated as an estoppel against their parents, and Westland Oil Dev. Corp.

v. Gulf Oil Corp., 637 S.W.2d 903, 908 (Tex. 1982) which stated “[i]t is well settled

that a purchaser is bound by every recital, reference and reservation contained in or

fairly disclosed by any instrument which forms an essential link in the chain of title

under which he claims.”

      Additionally, this cause of action was not filed until more than 105 years after

the Appellees’ predecessors in title had executed the 1906 Deed. The failure on the

part of Appellees and their predecessors in title to assert any claim against Appellants

and their predecessors in title for that entire period of time would constitute waiver

and estoppel and Appellants’ pleaded limitations defense (II C.R. 453-455) was a valid

defense to any claims asserted after such a lengthy period of time (Crumpton, 250
S.W.2d at 955-956).

      Findings #11, 12, and 13

      The “findings” numbered 11, 12, and 13 (III C.R. 697) constitute legal

conclusions as to when Appellees’ cause of action accrued and their effect on

Appellants’ defenses of limitations and laches (II C.R. 453-455). They also ignore

Texas law on the subject of constructive notice as to recorded instruments.

      TEX. PROP. CODE § 11.07 provides that “[a] reference in an instrument to the

volume and page number, film code number, or county clerk file number of the "real

                                          -45-
property records" (or other words of similar import) for a particular county is

equivalent to a reference to the deed records, deed of trust records, or other specific

records, for the purpose of providing effective notice to all persons of the existence

of the referenced instrument.” TEX. PROP. CODE § 13.02 provides, in pertinent part,

that “[a]n instrument that is properly recorded in the proper county is: (1) notice to all

persons of the existence of the instrument . . .”

      Cooksey v. Sinder, 682 S.W.2d 252, 253 (Tex. 1984) (per curiam) recognized

two rules relating to the acquisition of real property, with the first rule being that a

party acquiring property is charged “with knowledge of the provisions and contents

of recorded instruments” and the second rule that the acquiring party is “also charged

with notice of the terms of deeds which form an essential link in their chain of

ownership.” See also Peters v. Clements, 46 Tex. 114, 123 (1876) which held that

“subsequent purchasers are bound by the recitals in the deeds through which they

claim.” As stated in 2327 Manana LLC v. Summit, 05-09-00107-CV (Tex.App.-Dallas

2010, pet. denied) (mem. op.):

      The second rule recognized in Cooksey applies regardless of whether the
      prior deeds were recorded, and regardless of whether the purchaser read
      the prior deeds or had any actual knowledge of their contents. See
      generally City of Dallas v. Rutledge, 258 S.W. 534, 539
      (Tex.Civ.App.-Dallas 1924, no writ) ("The law of notice is that a
      purchaser of land must take notice of all instruments recorded or
      unrecorded in his chain of title or affecting title, and is bound by all
      recitals therein, although in fact ignorant of the contents."); Matthews v.

                                           -46-
      Rains County, 206 S.W.2d 852, 854 (Tex.Civ.App.-Amarillo 1947, writ
      ref'd n.r.e.) ("[The purchaser] is bound by every matter contained in or
      fairly disclosed by any instrument which forms an essential link in the
      chain of title under which he claims . . . even though he had never read
      these instruments or had any actual knowledge of their contents, and this
      would be true regardless of whether the instruments were recorded.”).

See also Noble Mortg. & Invs., LLC v. D&M Vision Invs., LLC, 340 S.W.3d 65, 74

(Tex. App. - Houston [1st Dist.] 2011, no pet.) which held that             “[r]ecorded

instruments in a grantee's chain of title generally establish an irrebuttable presumption

of notice. Ford v. Exxon Mobil Chem. Co., 235 S.W.3d 615, 617 (Tex. 2007).”

      Therefore, the date when Appellees actually discovered that the 1906 Deed had

been granted by their ancestors to Lindsey and Harris is irrelevant as they were

charged with notice from the date they first acquired title to their interest in the 160

Acre Tract and limitations ran not from the date when Appellees may have first seen

the 1906 Deed or been advised of its existence but, instead, starting running either on

the date of execution of the 1906 Deed or shortly thereafter. See Crumpton, supra.

      Finding #14

      This finding is irrelevant to the trial court’s determination of the legal

interpretation to be afforded the 1906 Deed and the 1908 Release. The fact that

Appellees brought suit in 2011 and “were thereafter diligent in the issue of issuance

and service of citation” (III C.R. 697) is also irrelevant to the issue of limitations

                                          -47-
because the applicable limitations bar to Appellees’ suit had been in place for about

a century before Appellees filed their suit.

       Finding # 15

       This “finding” contains the legal conclusion that the 1908 Release actually

operated as a reconveyance of the interests conveyed by the 1906 Deed. As previously

stated, the trial court’s construction of the 1908 Release was in error. Since the 1908

Release did not, as a matter of law, operate to release or reconvey the mineral interests

conveyed by the 1906 Deed, this “finding” is incorrect. The title or color of title

owned by Appellants and their predecessors in title is based upon the 1906 Deed and

there was no evidence to the contrary.

       Findings # 16, 17, and 18

       These “findings” relate to adverse possession. Finding #16 is based upon the

legal conclusion that the 1908 Release accomplished a release or reconveyance of the

interests conveyed by the 1906 Deed or that the 1906 Deed was not a valid fee

conveyance. All of these “findings” are also irrelevant, immaterial, and inapplicable

in that they apply a limitations standard which does not apply as to severed mineral

interests.

       Appellants’ title is based upon the validity of the 1906 Deed as a fee mineral

conveyance and the 1908 Release not applying to the 1906 Deed or the interests

                                          -48-
conveyed by the 1906 Deed. The 1906 Deed established a severed mineral interest in

Robert Lindsey and June C. Harris and their successors in interest.

      To gain an adverse possession/limitations title to severed mineral interests,

actual possession of the minerals is required, which means drilling and production.

Natural Gas Pipeline Co. v. Pool, 124 S.W.3d 188, 192-193 (Tex. 2003). None of

these findings pertain to the issue of whether there was actual production obtained

from the 160 Acre Tract which would have established an adverse

possession/limitations title claim to defeat the undivided one-half mineral interest

which was conveyed by the 1906 Deed and there is no legal requirement that

Appellants, as record owners of the vast majority of the one-half mineral interest

conveyed by the 1906 Deed, need to establish an adverse possession/limitations title

to the interest conveyed to their predecessors in title.

      D.     Appellants’ Fourth Issue Presented For Relief

      The trial court’s final judgment was rendered based on an erroneous theory of

law and the trial court’s conclusions of law, including those incorrectly labeled as

findings of fact, do not correctly follow applicable law.

      2.     Argument and Authorities in Support of Appellants’ Third Issue
             Presented for Relief

      The standard of review for challenges to a trial court’s conclusions of law is de

novo. In re Moers, 104 S.W.3d 609, 611 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, no
                                          -49-
pet.). A trial court’s legal conclusions are subject to review to determine whether,

based upon the facts, they are correct. Brown v. Brown, 236 S.W.3d 343, 348

(Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, no pet.).

       Based upon the argument and authorities stated in the foregoing Issues

Presented for Relief, the trial court’s final judgment was based upon an erroneous

legal interpretation of the 1906 Deed and 1908 Release instead of any conflicting and

relevant testimony. There was no legal basis for the admission of extrinsic and parol

evidence to aid the court in its legal construction as to whether the 1908 Release “was

intended to Release” the 1906 Deed. The conclusion that the 1908 Release released

the 1906 Deed is legally incorrect. In the absence of a specific provision in the 1906

dictating when the grantees were to have performed the services which they were to

perform following execution and delivery of the 1906 deed, the conclusion that a

reasonable time period would be implied into the 1906 Deed for the satisfaction of

such additional consideration is erroneous. The conclusion that Appellees’ suit was

not time barred is also erroneous and is based upon the erroneous legal interpretation

that the 1906 Deed had either been released or had somehow expired over a century

ago. The conclusion that Appellants had not proven any affirmative defense by the

preponderance of the evidence is also erroneous, particularly considering that the 1967

Deed of Trust, which constituted the basis for one of Appellants’ affirmative defenses,

                                         -50-
was a recorded instrument executed by Appellees’ immediate predecessor in title and

was in Appellees’ chain of title to the 160 Acre Tract, and with regard to Appellants’

limitations defense, the evidence was uncontroverted that more than a century had

elapsed since the execution of the 1906 Deed before this suit was filed and that this

suit represented the first time a claim or suit had been filed by Appellees or their

predecessors in title against Appellants or their predecessors in title in relation to

the1906 Deed and its validity. The conclusions that Appellees are entitled to the one-

half mineral interest conveyed by the 1906 Deed and that they are entitled to the

suspensed royalties paid into the registry are in error and are based upon the prior

erroneous conclusions that the 1906 Deed either was released by the 1908 Release or

that the 1908 Deed somehow was released by operation of law due to some failure to

provide consideration within a reasonable time.

                        IV. CONCLUSION AND PRAYER

      Based upon the foregoing, it is apparent that the trial court’s final judgment in

this case is incorrect and in error. The trial court erred in its construction of the 1906

Deed and in failing to construe the 1906 Deed as a fee conveyance which granted an

undivided one-half mineral interest to June C. Harris and Robt. Lindsey, the grantees

of the 1906 Deed. The trial court also erred in its construction of the 1908 Release

and in determining that the 1908 Release released to the grantors of the 1906 Deed all

                                           -51-
of the interest conveyed by the 1906 Deed. The trial court erred in entering a judgment

in favor of Appellees and in failing to enter judgment in favor of Appellants.

      WHEREFORE, PREMISES CONSIDERED, Appellants pray that this Court

either: (I) reverse the final judgment of the trial court and render the judgment that the

trial court should have rendered in favor of Appellants, or (ii) reverse the trial court’s

final judgment and remand this case to the trial court for further proceedings.

                                         Respectfully Submitted,

                                         FABIO & MERRILL

                                         By:_______________________
                                               Richard L. Merrill
                                               TBA# 13963500
                                         Twelve Greenway Plaza, Suite 101
                                         Houston, Texas 77046-1208
                                         Tel. No.:   (713) 961-0408
                                         Fax No.:    (713) 961-2934
                                         E-mail:     rmerrill@fabiomerrill.com
                                         ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANTS -
                                         PARRISH TRUST PARTIES

                                           -52-
                                     BOWEN FIRM

                                         /s/ Berry Dunbar Bowen
                                     By:_________________________
                                           Berry Dunbar Bowen
                                           SBOT# 02721050
                                     3014 Brazos Street
                                     Houston, TX 77006
                                     Tel. No.:   (713) 521-3525
                                     Fax No.:    (713) 521-3575
                                     E-mail:     berrybowen@comcast.net
                                     ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANTS -
                                     LUMMIS PARTIES

                         CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

      This will certify that on this 16th day of November, 2015, a true copy of the

foregoing, together with the attached Appendices, has been served in a manner

authorized by the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure upon the following counsel and

parties:

      William D. Guidry
      Jeffrey Britton Bates
      Guidry, Bates & Hoyt Attorney's, L.L.P.
      118 East Hospital St. Ste. 100
      P.O. Box 631178
      Nacogdoches, Texas 75963
      Fax: (936) 560-5996
      E-mail: billguidry@gbhattorneys.com

                                     Richard L. Merrill

                                       -53-
                       CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE

      This will certify that, after excluding the caption, identity of parties and counsel,

statement regarding oral argument, table of contents, index of authorities, statement

of the case, statement of issues presented, statement of jurisdiction, statement of

procedural history, signature, proof of service, certification, certificate of compliance,

and appendix, the Brief of Appellants contains 14,967 words according to the word

count of the computer program used to prepare the document.

                                         Richard L. Merrill

                                           -54-
              C.A. NO. 12-15-00170-CV

                   IN THE
   COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE STATE OF TEXAS
     TWELFTH SUPREME JUDICIAL DISTRICT
                TYLER, TEXAS

 LINDA ANN PARRISH RICHARDSON and GARY BRUCE
RICHARDSON, CO-TRUSTEES OF THE M. C. PARRISH, JR.
           TESTAMENTARY TRUST et al,
                 APPELLANTS

                       VS.

            DONALD ROGER MILLS et al,

                   APPELLEES

ON APPEAL FROM THE 145TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
        OF NACOGDOCHES COUNTY, TEXAS

        APPENDIX - NECESSARY CONTENTS

                        TO

             BRIEF FOR APPELLANTS
                     TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPENDIX 1   Final Judgment dated March 30, 2015

APPENDIX 2   Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law dated April 20, 2015

APPENDIX 3   Copy of 1906 Deed (in printed form)

APPENDIX 4   Copy of 1908 Release

APPENDIX 5   Copy of 1967 Deed of Trust
                                                                                                  ;] .F)!fD --A
                                                                                               --·--
                                                                                                                        .M.

                                   APPENDIX 1                                                        APR       2 2015
                                                                                                   DISTRIC,:..C,LERK
                                                                                              NACOGDOCHE-g't~8~¥~~X
                                        NO.       C1127605

DONALD ROGER MILLS ET AL                      §            IN DISTRICT COURT OF
                                              §
vs.                                           §            NACOGDOCHESCOUNTY,T
                                                                             EXAS
                                              §
EOG RESOURCES, INC. ET AL                     §            145™ JUDICIAL DISTRICT

                                        FINAL JUDGMENT

          On March 3, 2015, the following     Plaintiffs     appeared in person        and through          their

attorneys of record     and announced     ready    for trial:           (1) DONALD ROGER MILLS; (2)

RHONDA MILLS; and (3) BEVERLY MILLS POOL and the following                       Defendants      appeared in

person     and/or by and through   their respective    attorneys of record         and announced           ready

for    trial:    (1)   JUDY   CLEVELAND       HUPPERT;            (2)    JAMES   COOKE        WILSON,         III,

INDIVIDUALLY, AS CO-INDEPENDENT             EXECUTOR OF THE ESTATE OF BETTY VIRGINIA

KILEY WILSON, DECEASED, AND AS TRUSTEE O,F .ALL TRUSTS CREATED UNDER THE

WILL OF BETTY VIRGINIA KILEY WILSON, PROBATED IN CAUSE NO. 379272, IN PROBATE

COURT NO.        2 OF HARRIS COUNTY, TEXAS;                 (3)     MARGARET WILSON               RECKLING,

INDIVIDUALLY, A.S CO-INDEPENDENT            EXECUTRIX OF THE ESTATE OF BETTY VIRGINIA

KILEY WILSON, DECEASED, AND AS TRUSTEE OF ALL TRUSTS CREATED UNDER THE

WILL OF BETTY VIRGINIA KILEY WILSON, PROBATED IN CAUSE NO. 379272,                             IN PROBATE

COURT NO. 2 OF HARRIS COUNTY, TEXAS; (4) RANSOM CLARK LUMMIS; (5) JANIE

GRANGER SPICER; (6) THOMAS S. DAVISON; (7) FREDERICK R. LUMMIS 11; (8) PALMER

BRADLEY LUMMIS; (9) LINDA ANN PARRISH RICHARDSON, AS CO-TRUSTEE                                       OF M.C.

PARRISH, JR. TESTAMENTARY TRUST; (10) GRAY BRUCE RICHARDSON, AS CO-TRUSTEE

OF M.C. PARRISH, JR. TESTAMENTARY              TRUST; (11)              ROBERT L. BRADLEY, JR.; (12)

WILLIAM R. LUMMIS, JR.; (13)          CLYTIE HARRIS THOMAS PHELPS;                     (14)     MARY GAIL

THOMAS CAMPBELL; (15) JOHN K. HARDY; and (16) JOHN TURNER NEVITT (hereinafter

Final Judgment                                                                                Page I o/5
referred to as "the Heirs, Devisees and/or Assigns of Robt. Lindsey or June C. Harris") and

the following     Defendants were dismissed from this lawsuit, subject to the orders of this

Court stated in Agreed Order on Petition for Interpleader         signed by this Court on March 3,

2015:        (1) TANOS EXPLORATION II, LLC; (2) TANOS ENERGY HOLDINGS, LLC; (3)

PETROHAWK          PROPERTIES,      LP; (4) EOG RESOURCES, INC.; (5) ADAMS RESOURCES

EXPLORATION          CORPORATION;         (6)   SUSAN    ADAMS      SMITH,       AS     INDEPENDENT

CO-EXECUTOR OF THE ESTATE OF KENNETH S. ADAMS, JR.; (7) AMY ADAMS STRUNK, AS

INDEPENDENT         CO-EXECUTOR OF THE ESTATE OF KENNETH S. ADAMS, JR.; and (8)

KENNETH S. ADAMS, IV, AS INDEPENDENT CO-EXECUTOR OF THE ESTATE OF KENNETH

S. ADAMS, JR. (hereinafter        referred to as "Interpleading   Defendants")    and all matters in

controversy were submitted to the Court, matters of fact as well as matters of law, without

the intervention     of a jury.    The Court heard the evidence and argument of counsel and is

of the opinion that judgment should be rendered for Plaintiffs, DONALD ROGER MILLS and

wife, RHONDA MILLS and BEVERLY MILLS POOL.

          IT IS THEREFORE         ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED that Plaintiffs'                  title is

hereby quieted as to that certain undivided one-half interest            in the oil, gas and other

minerals in, on and under that certain 160 acres, being the entire 160-acre M. J. Mills

preemption,      described in that certain contract between S. A. Mills et al and Robt. Lindsey

and June C. Harris, dated July 9, 1906, recorded in Volume 64, Page 64, Deed Records                    of

Nacogdoches      County, Texas, and any right or claim held or claimed by Nacogdoches                 Land

Co., Robt. Lindsey,      June C. Harris and/or    the Heirs, Devisees    and/or       Assigns    of Robt.

Lindsey or June C. Harris by virtue of said contract recorded in Volume 64, Page 64, Deed

Records      of Nacogdoches County, Texas is hereby declared to be released, relinquished,

extinguished     and of no further force or effect, as of January 18, 1908.

Final Judgment                                                                           Page 2 o/5
           IT IS FURTHER ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED that the following Oil, Gas and

Mineral         Leases (#1-15) and Quitclaim      Deed (#16) are hereby removed as being clouds

upon the title of Plaintiffs insofar as said leases and quitclaim      relate to the 160-acre    M. J.

Mills Survey, Nacogdoches        County, Texas:

           1.
            Memorandum     of Oil, Gas and Mineral Lease from Thomas L. Husbands to
Cinco Land & Exploration, Inc. dated effective January 13, 2006, and recorded Volume
2384, Page 40 Official Public Records Nacogdoches County, Texas.

       2.     Oil, Gas and Mineral Lease from Judy Cleveland Huppert to Cinco Land &
Exploration, Inc. dated December 29, 2005 and recorded Volume 2375, Page 69 Official
Public Records Nacogdoches County, Texas.

       3.     Oil, Gas and Mineral Lease from Betty Kiley Wilson to Cinco Land &
Exploration, Inc. dated January 4, 2006 and recorded Volume 2365, Page 54 Official Public
Records Nacogdoches County, Texas.

       4.     Memorandum of Oil, Gas and Mineral Lease from Ransom Clark Lummis to
Cinco Land & Exploration, Inc. dated effective January 13, 2006 and recorded Volume 2375,
Page 38 Official Public Records Nacogdoches County, Texas.

       5.     Oil, Gas and Mineral Lease from Janie Granger Spicer to Cinco Land &
Exploration, Inc. dated January 17, 2006 and recorded Volume 2375, Page 57 Official Public
Records Nacogdoches County, Texas.

       6.     Oil, Gas and Mineral Lease from Thomas S. Davison to Cinco Land &
Exploration, Inc. dated January 17, 2006 and recorded Volume 2375, Page 60 Official Public
Records Nacogdoches County, Texas.

       7.     Memorandum of Oil, Gas and Mineral Lease from Frederick R. Lummis II to
Cinco Land & Exploration, Inc. dated effective January 13, 2003 and recorded Volume 2375,
Page 73 Official Public Records Nacogdoches County, Texas.

       8.    Memorandum of Oil, Gas and Mineral Lease from Palmer Bradley Lummis to
Cinco Land & Exploration, Inc. dated effective January 13, 2006, and recorded in Volume
2381, Page 38 Official Public Records Nacogdoches County, Texas.

       9.     Memorandum of Oil, Gas and Mineral Lease from Linda Ann Parrish
Richardson and Gary Bruce Richardson, Co-Trustees of the M.C. Parrish, Jr. Testamentary
Trust, dated effective January 27, 2006 and recorded Volume 2381, Page 51 Official Public
Records Nacogdoches County, Texas.

Final Judgment                                                                      Page 3 o/5
       10.  Memorandum      of Oil, Gas and Mineral Lease from Robert L. Bradley, Jr. to
Cinco Land & Exploration, Inc. dated effective January 13, 2006 and recorded in Volume
2384, Page 38 Official Public Records Nacogdoches County, Texas.

       11.    Memorandum of Oil, Gas and Mineral Lease from William R. Lummis, Jr. to
Cinco Land & Exploration, Inc. dated effective January 13, 2006 and recorded Volume 2414,
Page 239 Official Public Records Nacogdoches County, Texas.

       12.     Memorandum of Oil, Gas and Mineral Lease from Clytie Harris Thomas
Phelps and Mary Gail Thomas Campbell to Cinco Land & Exploration, Inc. dated effective
May 8, 2006 and recorded Volume 2443, Page 266 Official Public Records Nacogdoches
County, Texas.

        13.     Memorandum of Oil, Gas and Mineral Lease from John K. Hardy to Cinco Land
& Exploration, Inc. dated effective January 13, 2006 and recorded Volume 2377, Page 117
Official Public Records Nacogdoches County, Texas.

       14.     Memorandum of Oil, Gas and Mineral Lease from Charles E. Hardy to Cinco
Land & Exploration, Inc. dated effective January 13, 2006 and recorded Volume 2375, Page
75 Official Public Records Nacogdoches County, Texas.

       15.   Oil, Gas and Mineral Lease from John Turner Nevitt, Attorney-in-fact for
Margaret Stuart Smith, to Cinco Land & Exploration, Inc., dated January 5, 2006 and
recorded Volume 2365, Page 51 Official Public Records Nacogdoches County, Texas.

       16.     Quitclaim Deed from Margaret Stuart Smith, by and through her
Attorney-in-Fact, John Turner Nevitt, to John Turner Nevitt dated August 20, 2006 and
recorded Volume 2500, Page 33 Official Public Records Nacogdoches County, Texas.

          IT IS FURTHER ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED that, upon this Judgment

becoming final, all royalties and other amounts which have been or may hereafter be

tendered into the registry of the Court pursuant to the Petition for Interpleader filed herein

by Tanos Exploration II, LLC, Tanos Energy Holdings, LLC, and Petrohawk Properties, LLC

and in accordance with the Agreed Order on Petition for Interpleader and Order of

Dismissal signed on March 3, 2015, including, but not limited to, $23,000.00 deposited in

November, 2014 and $2,401.13 deposited         in March, 2015, together with all accrued

interest thereon, shall be withdrawn by the Nacogdoches County District Clerk and

remitted by the Nacogdoches County District Clerk to the Plaintiffs.

Final Judgment                                                                 Page 4 of5
'1111   '   t   ,.

                                IT IS FURTHER ORDERED, ADJUDGEDAND DECREED that Defendants, the Heirs,

                     Devisees and/or Assigns of Robt. Lindsey or June C. Harris, have and recover nothing of

                     Plaintiffs.

                                IT IS FURTHER ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED that Plaintiffs have and

                     recover judgment against Defendants, the Heirs, Devisees and/or Assigns of Robt. Lindsey

                     or June C. Harris, for Plaintiffs' taxable court costs incurred for which execution shall issue

                     if the same are not timely paid.

                                IT IS FURTHER ORDERED,ADJUDGEDAND DECREED that any relief requested by

                     any party not specifically herein granted is hereby DENIED.

                               IT IS FURTHER ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED that this is a final and

                     appealable judgment disposing of all claims made by all parties herein.

                     SIGNEDMarch       J i)   , 2015

                     Final Judgment                                                                  Page 5 of5
                                          APPENDIX 2                                __ _i_:
                                                                                              FILED
                                                                                              J.-0-:-. {?-,M.
                                                                                         APR 2 4 2015
                                             NO.   C1127605
                                                                                        DISTRICT CLERK
                                                                                   NACOGDOCHES COUNTY, TX
 DONALD ROGER MILLS ET AL                          §    IN DISTRICT COURT OF
                                                   §
 vs.                                               §    NACOGDOCHESCOUNTY,TEXAS
                                                   §
 EOG RESOURCES, INC. ET AL                         §    145™ JUDICIAL DISTRICT

                               FINDINGSOF FACT AND CONCLUSIONSOF LAW
           In response to the request of Defendants in this cause, I make and file the following

as my findings of fact and conclusions of law.

                                             Findings of Fact

           1.        By the preponderance of the credible evidence, the Release dated January 18,

1908 was intended to release the Contract dated July 9, 1906.

           2.        By the preponderance of the credible evidence, the Release dated January 18,

1908 refers to a contract dated July 9, 1907 when, in fact, the Contract was dated July 9,

1906, but in all other respects corresponds with the July 9, 1906 Contract and there is no

other instrument which would accord with the language used in the Release in referring to

the prior instrument.

          3.         By the. preponderance   of the credible evidence, on or before January 18,

1908, the prospect of development and operation of the property described in the July 9,

1906 contract for oil, gas or other minerals or selling such property was condemned by the

drilling of a dry hole ( derrick blew over) on land in the area.

          4.         By the preponderance of the credible evidence, the executory promises made

by Lindsey and Harris in the Contract dated July 9, 1906 were not performed within a

reasonable time.

Findings of Fact and Conclusions of law                                                   Page I of5
           5.         Defendants failed to prove by the preponderance   of the credible evidence

 that the executory promises made by Lindsey and Harris in the Contract dated July 9, 1906

 were performed within a reasonable time.          (Failure of performance)

           6.         Defendants failed to prove by the preponderance   of the credible evidence

that Plaintiffs or their predecessors in title made an express renunciation of the mineral

rights described in the 1906 Contract, which was released by the 1908 Release.               (No

Waiver Defense)

           7.        Defendants failed to prove by the preponderance    of the credible evidence

that Plaintiffs or their predecessors in title mislead Defendants or their predecessors         in

title to their prejudice into an honest belief that a waiver of their mineral estate was

intended or assented to Defendants or their predecessors in title.        (No Waiver Defense)

           8.        Defendants failed to prove by the preponderance    of the credible evidence

that Plaintiffs or their predecessors in title, with knowledge of all material facts, adopted or

confirmed any prior act which would entitle Defendants or their predecessors in title to the

mineral estate described in the 1906 Contract and released by the 1908 Release.              (No

Ratification Defense)

          9.         Defendants failed to prove by the preponderance    of the credible evidence

that Plaintiffs or their predecessors         in title misrepresented   to Defendants or their

predecessors         in title that Defendants or their predecessors in title owned the mineral

estate described in the 1906 Contract after the signing and delivery of the 1908 Release.

(No Estoppel Defense)

Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law                                                  Page2of5
            10.       By the preponderance of the credible evidence, Defendants failed to prove by

 the preponderance of the credible evidence that Defendants or their predecessors in title

 relied upon any misrepresentation           by Plaintiffs or their predecessors   in title to their

 detriment.          (No Estoppel Defense)

           11.        By the preponderance   of the credible evidence, despite using reasonable

 diligence, Plaintiffs first learned of Defendants' or their predecessors in title's claims of

 ownership of an undivided one-half interest in the mineral estate on February 11, 2011.

 (No Limitations Defense)

           12.        Defendants failed to prove by the preponderance    of the credible evidence

that Plaintiffs or their predecessors in title unreasonably delayed in asserting legal or

equitable rights upon which Defendants or their predecessors in title made a good faith

change in their position because of such delay (No Laches Defense)

           13.       Plaintiffs cause of action against Defendants accrued on February 11, 2011.

(No Limitations Defense)

           14.       Plaintiffs brought suit against Defendants on August 23, 2011 and were

thereafter diligent in the issuance and service of citation to all Defendants.                  (No

Limitations Defense)

           15.       Defendants failed to prove by the preponderance of the credible evidence

that Defendants or their predecessors in title held title or color of title to the mineral estate

in question after the date of the Release, January 18, 1908.       (No Limitations Defense)

           16.       Defendants failed to prove by the preponderance of the credible evidence

that Defendants or their predecessors in title held peaceable and adverse possession after

the date of the Release, January 18, 1908.        (No Limitations Defense)

Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law                                                     Page3 o/5
           17.        Defendants failed to prove by the preponderance       of the credible evidence

 that Defendants or their predecessors              in title cultivated, used or openly enjoyed the

 property.         (No Limitations Defense)

           18.        Defendants failed to prove by the preponderance       of the credible evidence

that Defendants or their predecessors in title paid applicable taxes on the property.              (No

 Limitations Defense)

                                              Conclusions of Law

           1.        Extrinsic evidence was admissible to show that the Release dated January 18,

1908 was intended to Release the Contract dated July 9, 1906.

           2.        The Release dated January 18, 1908 released the Contract dated July 9, 1906.

           3.        The Contract dated July 9, 1906, if not released by the January 18, 1908

Release, was released when the executory promises were not performed within a

reasonable time.

           4.        Plaintiffs' suit is not time barred.

           5.        Defendants failed to prove any affirmative defense by the preponderance of

the credible evidence.

          6.         The interest of S.A. Mills and his wife Saphronia Mills, R. E. Mills and his wife

Mary Ann Mills, and Thos. Mills and his wife Z. A. Mills, the parties of the first part in the

1906 Instrument, in and to the Disputed Interest is currently vested in and owned by

Plaintiffs.

          7.         Plaintiffs are the owners of the one-half mineral interest in the M. J. Mills

160-acre Survey described in the July 7, 1906 Contract.

Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law                                                       Page4 of5
            8.        Pursuant to stipulation    and order,     Plaintiffs, as the prevailing   party, are

 entitled        to receive    funds paid in the registry     of the court by Intervenors       and future

 royalties.

            SIGNED on           +1,/         2   t:?      • 2015.

                                                 ~
                                                       14SthJudicial District Court
                                                       Nacogdoches County, Texas
                                                       Sitting by Assignment

Findings of Fact and Conclusions of law                                                            Page5 of5
t

    S A Mills et al              APPENDIX 3                                  Volume 64 Page 64
    to                                                      Deed Records of Nacogdoches County
    Robert Lindsey et al

    The State of Texas
    County of Nacogdoches

    Know all men by these presents: That we, S.A. Mills, Saphronia Mills, wife of S.A.
    Mills, R.E. Mills, Mary Ann Mills, wife of R.E. Mills, Thos Mills and wife Z.A. Mills
    parties of the first part are the owners of the several tracts of land hereinafter
    described,   and there exists upon said land evidences in the way of surface
    indications which have moved said parties of the first part to believe that oil, Gas
    and mineral of other kinds exist in quantities of greater or lesser proportions
    underneath the surface, and whereas said parties desire to have the title to their
    lands examined, abstracted, and perfected if any defects exist, and desire to have
    certain indebtedness   existing against the premises in the shape of notes for the
    purchase money for said land paid off and concentrated into the hands of the parties
    of the second part, and desire to have investigations, tests and demonstrations made
    in order to ascertain whether or not oil, gas and other minerals abount in, under and
    upon said land, and to have the property managed and controlled so as to bring
    results beneficial to them either by development and operation of said property for
    oil, gas or other mineral, or by selling said property if deemed best in their Judgment
    at such enhanced       value as may result       from the test, demonstration        and
    investigations   to be made by said parties of the second part, and whereas said
    parties of the second part have agreed            to perform    the work of testing,
    demonstrating    investigating the oil upon said premises, and to generally handle the
    property for the best interest of all parties concerned by doing and performing such
    necessary things in the premises as will enhance the value of said property, - making
    it more salable, valuable and desirable by such usual proper and practical means as
    in the Judgment of the parties may seem best, and have agreed to abstract the title
    to said property to thoroughly examine and investigate said titles, and to do such
    things as are proper and necessary to perfect said titles, and have agreed to perform
    such other and further things as may seem necessary and proper to carry out the
    purpose and intent of this agreement.

    Therefore    in consideration   of the premises, the services rendered and to be
    rendered by said parties of the second part, as herein before specified and set forth,
    we, the said S.A. Mills, Saphronia Mills, R.E. Mills, Mary Ann Mills, Thos Mills and Z.A.
    Mills have bargained, sold and conveyed, and by these presents do grant, bargain,
    sell and convey unto Robert Lindsey and June C. Harris, the parties of the second
    part, an undivided one half interest in the oil, gas, and other minerals which do or
    may exist, in, under and upon the several tracts of land hereinafter described, with
    the rights of ingress and egress, and such other and further rights and privileges as
    are necessary and proper for the performance of the work of prospecting, testing,

                                             PLAINTIFF'S
                                               EXHIBIT                                          Page 1 of3

                                                1
                                                1     A.
·'
     SA Mills et al                                                          Volume 64 Page 64
     to                                                     Deed Records of Nacogdoches County
     Robert Lindsey et al

     demonstrating, developing and operating for oil, gas, or other minerals, the land and
     premises are described as follows:

     Situated in Nacogdoches County, Texas, about twelve miles Northeasterly from the
     town of Nacogdoches,

     1st Tract, Being the property of S.A. Mills, and being 160 acres of M.J. Mills
     preemption, and all of said preemption.
     znd Tract, Being the property of R.E. Mills, and being 160 acres of the Jno. Cooper
     Survey.
     3rd tract, Being the property of Thos Mills, and being 109 acres of the T.J. Cooper
     preemption, and the present homestead place of Thos. Mills and wife, also 160 - a
     part of the Jno. Cooper survey 9 acres reserved around house on 109 a tract.

     To have and to hold the above described premises, together with all and singular the
     rights and appurtenances thereto in anywise belonging unto the said Robt. Lindsey
     and June C. Harris, their heirs and assigns forever, and we do hereby bind ourselves,
     our heirs, executors and administrators     to warrant and forever defend all and
     singular the said remises unto the said Robt Lindsey and June C. Harris, their heirs
     and assigns against every person whomsoever lawfully claiming or to claim the ame
     or any part thereof.
     Witness our hands at Nacogdoches, this the 9 day of July AD. 1906.

                    June C. Harris                     S.A. Mills
                    Robt. Lindsey                      R.E. Mills
                                                       M.A. Mills
                                                       Sophronia Mills
                                                       T.B. Mills
                                                       Z.A. Mills
     The State of Texas
     County of Nacogdoches

     Before me, the undersigned authority a Notary Public in and for Nacogdoches County,
     Texas, on this day personally appeared T. B. Mills, S. A. Mills, R. E. Mills known to me to be
     the persons whose names are subscribed to the foregoing instrument and acknowledged to
     me that they executed the same for the purposes and consideration therein expressed.
     Given under my hand and seal of office, this the 13 day of July AD. 1906.
                                                       {L.S.} D. C. Mast
                                                       Notary Public Nacogdoches County, Texas

                                                                                             Page2of3
'~   ..
          SA Mills et al                                                         Volume 64 Page 64
          to                                                    Deed Records of Nacogdoches County
          Robert Lindsey et al

          The State of Texas
          County of Nacogdoches

          Before me M.C. Parrish a Notary Public in and for Nacogdoches Texas, on this day
          personally appeared June C. Harris and Robert Lindsey, known to me to be the person
          whose names are subscribed to the foregoing instrument and acknowledged to me that
          they executed the same for the purposes and considerations therein expressed.
          Given under my hand and official seal of office at Nacogdoches, Texas, on this the 23rd day
          of July, 1906.
                                                            {L.S.} M. C. Parrish
                                                            Notary Public Nacogdoches County, Texas

          The State of Texas
          County of Nacogdoches

          Before me the undersigned authority a Notary Public in and for Nacogdoches County,
          Texas, on this day personally appeared Sophronia Mills, wife of S. A. Mills, Mary Ann Mills,
          wife of R. E. Mills, and Z. A. Mills wife of T. B. Mills known to me to be the persons whose
          names are subscribed to the forgoing instrument and having been examined by me privily
          and apart from their husbands and having the same sully explained to them, they, the said
          Sophronia Mills, Mary Ann Mills, and Z.A. Mills each acknowledged such instrument to be
          their act and deed and declared that they had willingly signed the same for the purposes
          and consideration therein expressed and that they did not wish to retract it.
          Given under my hand and seal of office this the 13 day of July A.O. 1906.

                                                            {L.S.} D. E. Mast
                                                            Notary Public Nacogdoches County, Texas

          Filed for record July 23, 1906 at 12 o'clock m
                                                            P. M. Sanders County CLerk

                                                                                               Page3 of3
92
                                                                 APPENDIX 4

                                                  GIVEN ,uider rq hand and seal                        ot office      this    the l.9th d.a7 ot
     :Mlu'chA.     D. 1927.
                                                                                                nus   M. Sowell, Nota%'J'Public in am for                        !j
                                                  (L,.S)                                        Naoogdoches Oount7, !l!exa.s..                                   Ii
     Filed,     Maroh 23, 1927, at 10 o•clook A, M.                                                                                                              ;1
     Recorded,      Me.rah 23, 1927, at 11 01clook                             A, M,
                                                                       w.
                                                                                                                                                                     I
                                                                       . ,,~~---
                                                                           R, B.ULEY1, O:lerk, C'ount:, Oourt,
                                                                       lao~doohes   vount:,, Texas •
                                                                                                                                                                     I
                                                                                                                                  - - - Deputy

     #Hl#HH.#HffiHN
                                  -,'f-\....,r 4-
                                                                                                                                                                 11

     G, S, ,RUS!L'Olf
                                                                                                                                                                 :I
                                                                                                                                                                 I
         TO                           I                                                                Rusk, Texas,
                                                                                                                                                                 11
                                                                                                       March 29th,         1927.                                 1!
     APPLIOAT ION                ~
     ##1#/J#######llll~rr                                                                                                                                        I
                                                      TO COUDTY SURVEYOR OF NA.COGDOOHES OmmTY,
                                                   Ba.cogdoo.hes, hna.                                                                                           '
                                                                                                                                                                 J,
                                                                                                                                                                 1!
                                                      I wa..,itizen           ot the United States              ot America and desire to
                                                                                                                                                                 I
     proapeot       tor       and deTelop_! the River bed and for petroleum,                                    oil and natural            cas on                i
     Angelina Rinr,              begtrmiX)6 on North boundary line                              ot the Angelina. Oount:, Line am the                             I
                                                                                                                                                                 !
      Southern Bound.ar7 line                   ot Nacogdoches County, Texas, where the said lin_ rune a:nd                                                      !

      intersect~        the said Angelina River;                             Thence up said River to the South boundar7 of Ruak
      Oount7, Texas, where the said River intersects                                       the       said boundar:, line           of the eaid Oounty-
      of liaoogd.oohea, and being all                          of the River bed. between the two points,                            which is navigable
      stream,      and whiol:I. said River becL a.Terages about 30 vrs in width and estimated                                                  about
     100.=-ooo vara.a ions am estilllatea. at about 500 a.Brea                                       ot Rinr        bed.
                                                                       (Signed)            G,   s.   Huaton

      G. s, B:ouaton
      Ruall:, iJ!exas,
      Cherokee Count:,,
      .Addres11-

      Filed,     March 2i,            1927, at 10:30 01olook                       A, M,
      Reoord.ed, :US.roh 29, 1927, at 2 01olook                                P. M,
                                                                            W, R, :BAILEY, Olet"le, Oount7 Court,
                                                                            la-4,cdoah~s County-, 'hxas.          ·

                                                                            B~~-~-                              -     -      --     - -      Depit7
      #######:/f/l"f/##iJ#####f.#######f/:r1/~
      a3LE.ASE LEASE                                            1'-.
     ,;n,,ra C, HARRIS 3T AL                               ,

                   TO                                      ~
                                                                             THE      STATE· OF       TEX:AS
     R. E, I.:ILLS ET           ss.                        j                com;TY OF NACOGDOCHES
     ###:f#fli###f##f.#############1##                                                                                     WHEREAS on the 9th clay
      of July A,        J).    190'7, R, E. :Mills, To;n IUlls                        and Sam Mills        executed and. delivered               to the
     Nacosdoc~es Land Oompa:n;v, a firm oomposed of Robt Lindsey and June                                                    o.    Harris,     a oertain
      oontraot      or lease          oover:l.ng land desoribed                       in said oontraot          or lease,         a part     of the John
      Cooper, T, J, Cooper and the l'.1, J. l.lills                                surveys in         Nacog~oches County, Texas, providing
     for the development                  and ex,ploitation                  of ea.id pi•operty for oil              end other mineral,           and.
                                WltllR.EAS by the terms of said                         cont-.c'act or lease         the time for          ea.id development       !
     has expired          rendering            null     and void said lease.                                                                                     .
                                                                                                                                                               - l!
                               THER'.:FORE this                is to acknowledge a full                  and complete release                and relinquishm~t
      of any right            or claim held or claimed by said Naoogdoohes Land Co,• Robt. Lindsey or June                                                               :i
     C, Harris       by virtue            of    ea::. d   oontraot,           lease     or agreen:ent,         and. the same is :1~reby deolared                         Ji
                                                                                                                                                                         1,
      to be exti.?lguished am of no further                                 force      or effeot.
                                                                                                                                                                         11
                               WITNESS our hands at Na.cogdoohes, Texas, this                                       the 18th d.ay of Ja:rru.a:ry AD                      r,
     1908.
                                                                                                                                                                         PLAINTIFF'S
                                                                                                                                                                           EXHIBIT
                                                                                                                                                           j
                                                                                                                                                                              ..3
                                                                                                                                                         I
                                                                                                                                                    93

·····----....--------     ..              .   ---·-·-   --   ·-··---·-·-·-··-------·   ·-·-·--·    ---   -· -·-   •..

                                                                                            J'une·C. Harris
                                                                                            Robt. Lindsey

        THE ST.A.TE OF TEXAS                     I
         Oounty of· Na~ ogdoohes   l . BEFORE· ME., the undersigned authority a Notary :eiiipuo
                                                                                         .··;
       , in•and. for Naoogdoob.es County, Teia.s, on this day personally appeared Robt. Lindsey
         and June         c. Hs.l'ris,' known t9 me to be the persons whose namea e;re subscribed                                      tGJ. the
                        .
         fore going instrument and. aoknowle_dged • t o me that they exeouted the same for the
         purposes and consideration therein expressed.
          ,   GIVEN under my hand al'.ld. seal. of offioe this the 18th d.ay of January A,                                            n.    1908.
                                                                                M, C, Parrish, Notary_Publio,
                    (L.S)                                                     . Naoogdoches County, Texas.
         !iled:· April 5,.1927,               at.·ll. O'clock!., M,
         Recorded, April 5, 1927, at 4 O'olook P. M.
                                        w. R, BA+I,EY, Cl.erk, County Court,
                                                                                                                                   Deputy

        OIL AND GAS LEASE                                ..j ~
        H •. W, BIRDWELL' & WIFE                          f' r-
                -         TO
         C;     P. LEWIS ET .AL                                         AGREEMENT, made and entered into the 28 day of
         #fflfH#Hl#H#fflffiH##H
         Jan_.19?7 by and betweJ3n .H •. w.                  Birdwell & wife, ilioe Birdwell of Chireno, Tex herein-
         after oalled le~sor (whether one or more), and C. ~.Lewis,                                                     V. E. J, Lam Beau and
         J.P. Stein hereI'nafter called lessee:
                    WITNESSETH: That the said lessor, for and                                 1n   consideration of $1.00 'and one well
                                                                                              .. ~
         2500 ft Dollars cash in hand paid, the receipt of which is hereby ~cknQwledged, and of
         the dovenants and agreements hereinaftei\ cont'iined on ,the. part Qf lessee ·~o be paid,
         kept and performed, has granted, demised, leased a.nd let,.and by these pr.esents does
                                                                                                    •                                  I
         grant_, l_ease and let unbo the said lessee for the sole and only purpose. of mining and.
         operating fof oil and gas _and'of laying pipe lines and of building tanks, power stations
         and structures· thereQn to produce, save and take oar.e of said produets, all that certain
         11rac~ of        l.a.nd   situated in the County of Nacogdoches, State of Texas, desc-ribed as fol.-
         lows, to wit:
                    500 acres more or less out of the J. A. Chireno grant -
              .(1) BEGINNING at the S W cor of 31 aores of J. M. Vleeks land fr wh a P O 15 in
         brs N.45 Vi 6-t vrs; Thence East with his ·s line 1271 vrs to a corner fr wh a Lin bra
         N 64* W 4.9 vrs anoth~r Linn bra S 25f W 6,8 vrs, and.an Elm brs N ~l'l'W 7,2 vrs;
         Thence South 1069 vrs· to a corner fr wh a S G bra S 16 E 24 ns_; Thence West with N
         line of Geo, Berry ~O acres and W. L. Wilson 208 acres ~271 vrs to a oor fr wh a Pine
         8 in brs·N 39 E 8 vrs; Thenoe North 1069 vrs to the BEGINNING, lteferenoe is made to
         Volume 37 page 260, Deed Records of Nacogdoches County, for further and complete des-
         cription.     ~            ·
              - · '(11)        (Containing 240! acres of land more or less.)
               BEGINNING at NE corner of R, o. Ferguson•·s tract on the W boundary line of J, L.
          Fall traeti Thence S 10 E with said Fall.1s W. B,·Line 44 vrs set stake on said line;
          Thenoe S 7u W 127,6 vrs with line of Grave Yard set stake; Thence S 20 E 32.8 vrs to
          Jane MoAnally NW corner at 132.8 vrs pass Jane McAnally's SW corner; at 145,4 varas
          set ste.je a Pine 12 in brs S. 43 W l.l..6 vrs dist and a Post Oak 6 in dia bra S 78 'W 21
          vrs dist; Thence S 15i W 135 vrs to N bank of Fall's Spring Bra.nch•set stake a Pine a
          in dia bra N 49 Wat vrs a White Oak 18 in dia brs S 58 W ~i Thence down said branoh
        . to where it empties into Moor~ Branoh; Thence up said Moore Bran.oh to lt. o. Ferguson's
          SW oorner on said branoh; Thence with said Ferguson line to the ptace of BEGINNINm,
          Reference is made to Vol. 35 page 237 Deed Records of Naoogdoohes County, for further
          and complete description. (Containing 20 acres of land, more or iess}.
          -
         ..,   (lll.)
               BEGINNING at a stake on the bank of a branch from which a China tree 8 in dia bra
         N 46 W 3 vrs dist (old bearing trees were a White Oak 12 in dia bra West 32 feet dist,
        _a White Oak 14 in dia bra N 45 W 15.feet ·dist); Thenoe N 80 W with A. rt, Cronkrite1s
          (formerly H, D. ~almer) E & W line 467 vrs to a stake it being A, H. Cronkri'feTs (
         formerly D. H. Palmer, N fl .corner an Ash 22 in dia brs N 27 E 2,4 vrs a -White Oak 12
         in dia \rlow dead) brs S 26 E 2.2 vrs, new bearings a Linn bra S 25 W 6.8 vrs, a Linn
         brs N 54* N 54?:t W 4.9 vrs; Elm bears N 71-i il 7,2 vrs; Thence N 10 E with J, x, Weeks
         line· (formerlyi.Alln I'. Anderson line) 710.4 vrs· to J, M. V/eeks NE corner of his 157!
         acre tract from which a Red Cale 10 in dia bra .N 41 W 6.~ vrs and a Red Oak 8 1n bra
         S 10 W 8 vrs; Thence S 80 E 406 vrs to a stake on branch from vm.ioh a Bu ar Ma lo 12 in
r :
 4
           .. -·-1-   ------··

       -~--~C--------------=O~--~---·
          -.                          J..~~~                                                                                                       "--·.    .

                                                                         APPENDIX 5                                                            'DEED                     TRuS,.-

 •                               Form FHA 427-1 'fe.r.
                                                                          UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT
                                                                                                           Position 5

                                                                                         FARMERS HOME ADMINISTRATION
                                                                                                                                 3951
                                                                                                                                 OF AGRICULTURE
                                                                                                                                                   o.C:'!.l_~~-------------------------------·--·-              -----------···-------·     County, Tun,       whose post office

                             addrm       l•          J~._(?\J_~,--?..1..-~-C?~_J!J ..1... ~!,~C?&~~?..!~-L---------------· ---------------------------· , Texu ·----------···
                                                                                                                                                                   7 5961                                    .
                             herein called "Borrower," ·~~ ·---------~-·- ..       J!__ (}~.PP..!~-~-------------------·-·--------------------------------·
                                                                                                                                                      St1te Director
                             of the Fann~rs Home Adm1ni.stration for th! State of Tens, .and hi~ successors In ollice u State Director or ActinJ State Director, .,
                                                                                                                                                                                    ,
                             trustee, herein celled "Trustee," and the United States of Amenca, acting through the F•nnera Home Administration United Stites Depart-
                             ment of Agriculture, 11 beneficiary, herein called the "Government," YIITNESSETHTHAT:                            '
                                   WHEREAS, Borrower is justly indebted to the Government as evidenced by • certain promissory note, herein celled "the note," dated

                                      November
                             -----------
                                                    15
                                          .. ·--------------·-------------·,
                                                                                              67 vfor the
                                                                                         y19 ·-·--·,              .                    SIX THOUSAND AND N0/100·······
                                                                                                                pr1nclp1l sum of·------------------------------------------··-·-------·

                       ··.:.:-_::'."..:'_"..:."..:_-:_:::::.::_::_::.:::_-:_:_-:_::_·_:.'.".:.'."_:_:-_::-_::-.::.:::::.:_:-_:::-_.Dollars($   -~-·-~~9-·-~-------· ), with interest      11 the rate

       I

      •I
                             of    ···-····--·-------tJ.y~----··--·         percent ( ·----~'/',)per        annum, executed by Borrower and payable to the order o! the Government In·
                                                                                                                                                                                         ...
                             installments as specified thereln, the final instal!ment being due on·----------~?~~~~-:     __                    ;?_~--~~?
                              1utho1izes acceleration of the er.tire indebtedness 11 the option of the Government upon 1ny default by Borrower; and
                                                                                                                                                                                        . , whlc-h note
                                    WHEREAS, the note evidences a loan to Borrower in the principal amount specified therein, made with the purpo,e and Intention that
                                 the Government, at any time, may assign the note and Insure the payment thereof pursu1nt to the Consolidated Farmers Home Administration
                                 Act of 1961, or Title V of the Housing Act of 1949; and
                                    WHEREAS, when payment of the note h Insured by the Government, It may be assigned from time to time and each holder of the Insured
                                 note, in tum, will be the insured lender; aatd          ·
                                    WHEREAS, when payment of the note is Insured by the Government, the Government will execute and deliver to the Insured lender along
                                 with the note an insurance endorsement insuring the payment of the note fully as to principal and Interest; and
                                    WHEREAS, when payment of the note is insured by the Government, the Government by 1greemen\ with the Insured lender set forth in
                                 the insurance endorsement may be entitled to • specified portion of the interest payments on the note, to be designated the "1nnu1l charge";
                                 and
                                     WHEREAS, a condition of the insurance of payment of the note will be that the holder wlll forego his rights and remedies against Borrower
                                 and any others in connection with said loan, as well as any benefit of this instrument, 1nd will accept the benefits of such in1ur1nce In
                                 lieu thereof, and upon the Government's request will assign the note to the Government; and
                                     WHEREAS, It is the purpose and intent of this instrument that, among other things, at 111 times when the note is held by the Government,
                                 or in the event the Government should assign this Instrument without Insurance of the note, this Instrument shall secure p1yment of the note;
                                 but when the note is held by an insured lender, this instrument shall 1101 secure payment of the note or attach to the debt evidenced thereby,
                                 but as to the note and such debt shall constitute In Indemnity mortgage to secure the Government against loss under its insurence endone•
                                 111ent by reason of any default by Borrower:
                                    NOW,          THEREFORE,   In consideration     of said loan Borrower don hereby grant, sell, convey, ind usign unto Trustee the !ollowinc

                                 property sltu1ted In the State of Texas, County(ies) of ...        _Na~_ogdoj;_b~.•-----------------------------·---------------··--------·--                                   :

                                     FIRST 'l'RACT: Being 160 acres of land, more or leas, and being all of the
                                -""' M, J, Mills Survey, Nacogdoches County, Texas, and being the same land
                         , )Qi described in the deed from Jerald Lee Spruill and wife, Evelyn Spruill, to
                        L iJ.,{'()D. w. Mills and wife, Laura Belle Mills, dated June 14, 1962., recorded in
                        ~ ·· .: 1    Vol. 306, Page 487, Dee.d Records, Nacogooches County, Texas, and being
                          _j         described by metes and bounds as follows, to-wit:

      •      I
             1
             I
                                                  BEGINNING at a poet on the S, B, L, of a Survey of 32.0 acres for J. W,
                                                  Woods 66 vrs. from his s.w.c. at a atake. a Walnut bra. s. 40 w. l vr. S. 67
                                                  E. 2 vrs;
                                                  THENCE E, with Woods line 979.3 vra. to stake, an Ash bra. S. 47-1/2 W,
                                                  4.8 vrs 5, 88-1/2 E, l-1/2 vra.;
                                                  TH~CE ~. 922.6 vrs. to a atake, a Pine bra. S. 4·1/2 w. 2·1/2
                                                  vrs. a sandjack N, 81 w. 5.8 vra.;
                                                  THENCE W, 979.3 vra. to a stake, a Blackjack bra. N, 39 E, 1.2 vrs. a Poat
                                                  Oak N. 70 W. 5 V?:11.;
                                                  THENCE N. passing the S.E,C, of J. Cooper'• Survey 922.6 vrs. to the place
                                                   of BEX;INNING, containing 160 acres, more or leaa.
                                                   SECOND TRACT: Being 72 acrea of land, more or leas, a part of the John w.
                                                   Wood Survey, ~     ~ Abat. No. 607, NacogdochH County, Tel!(&B, and being
                                                   the same land described in the deed fr0111 Fronie Mill• et al to D, W, Milla,
                                                   dated July 17, 1943, recorded in Vol. 162, Page 520, Deed Records, Nacog•
                                                   docbea, and being deac~ibed by aet•• and bound••• follows, to•vit:

                                                                                                                                                                                                             FEB 18        20\5
                 1
                                                                                                                                                           _,:;. -~~_&_(&:,..co_                                     ---
                 I
                 :.L -                                                                                                                                                     I   I
    .
        BF.GINNING at s.w.c. same a P.O. 10 w. 4.2 vra. a P.O. 12 in. N. 7.6 vra.;.                    :14.:Z
        THENCE E. 740 vra. to eer , on S.B.L. of said Woods Survey;
        THENCE N. 556 vra. to cor. a Pine 6 in. S. 22 E. 6.4 vra., a Pine 12 in.
        N. 42-1/2 E. 10-1/2 vra.;
        THENCE W, 740 vra. cor. on w. B. L. of said Woods Survey, a Pine 4 in.
        s. 68 E. 4 vra. a Pine 6 in. S. 30 W. 9 vra.;
        THENCE S. with W. B, L. of said Woods Survey 556 vra. to the place of
        BEGINNING, and containing 72 acrea of land, more or leas.
        THIRD TRACT: Being 90 acres of land, more or leas, a part of the John w.
        Wood Survey, Abat. No. 607, Nacogdoches County, Texas, and being the same
        land described in the deed from A. J. Thompson to D. w. Milla, dated
        August 30, 1955, recorded in Vol. 253, Page 62, Deed Records, Nacogdoches
        County, Texas, and being described by metes and bounds aa follows, to-wit:
        BEGINNING at the N. W. corner of said J. w. Wood Survey, a Hickory and Pin•
        for witness trees, the Hickory bra. N. 46 w. 6.2 vra.;
        THENCE East with the N. B, L. of said Survey 935 varaa to a cor. on said
        line, a Black Jack for witness;
        THENCE South 200 vrs. for cor., a Black Jack for witness;
        THENCE West 195 vrs. to a cor., a Black Jack and a Pine for witness trees;
        THENCE South 434 vrs. to a cor. from which a Pine bra. S. 22 E. 6.4 vra.
        and a Pine bra. N. 42-1/2 E. 10-1/2 vrs.;
        THffiCE West 470 vrs. to a cor. on thew. B. L. of the J.          w.
                                                                    Woods Survey;
        THENCE North with thew. B. L. ofaaid Survey 634 vra. to the place of
        BEGINNING, being aame tract aa described in Vol. 125, Page 628 of the Deed
        Reporda, Nacogdoches County, Texas, and containing 90 acres of land, more or
         less.
         LESS, HOWEVER, 1/2 acre of land in the Northwest corner of the John W.
         Wood Survey, Abst. No. 607, Nacogdoches County, Texas, out of a 90 acre tract,
         and being the same land described in the deed from D. W, Milla and wife,

•        Lara Belle Mills to Lloyd H. Milla and wife, Naomi Milla, dated July 23, 1962,
         recorded in Vol. 306, Page 563, Deed Records, Nacogdoches County, Texas, and
         being described by metes and bounds as fo~lowa, to-wit:
          BEGINNING at the N. W. C. of the J. W. Woods Survey;
          THENCE S. along thew. line of the J. W. Woods Survey to a point in the N,W.
        · right-of-way line of a County road (known aa the Libby-Mt, Morriah to Shady
          Grove Road) ;
          THffiCE NorthwHterly direction along the N. W. line of aaid County Road
          to a part for corner in the North line of th• said J. w. Woods Survey;
           THENCE W. alon& the North line of aaid J. W. Wood a Survey to the point of
           BEGINNING.
                                                        ·- ----   ----------------

                                                                                                                              .   ;

                                                                                                                FEB 18. 2015
                                                                                                                -------· --

                                                                               .   :~~:-~- ----.
                                                                     (t·-~ -~=-,·;r:_·          /-..
                                                                     f'i;.:.·.;·e :::~_:: ._,,.
         J   '

                  0                               0
     ...
                                                       0
                                               ..
•              SUBJECT. HOWEVER, TO THE FOLLOWING:

    .l ~       l.       Deed of Trust dated March 16, 1967, from D. W. Mills et ux to Hal
                        Weatherford, Trustee, securing a note in the original principal amount
            d._) v' t of $32,800.00, payable to the Federal Land Bank of Houston, recorded
             -~,ry1~ in Volume 105, .Page 304, Deed of Trust Records, Nacogdoches County,
    . <      1.,,; fl . Texas. (FIRST, SECOND AND THIRD TRACTS)
    _;' ;v'/
           ''" 2.
                        Conveyance of an undivided 1/2 royalty interest as described in Royalty
                        Deed dated September 7, 1934, from S. A. Milla et al to Fred F, Tucker,
                        recorded in Volume 138, Page 87, Deed Records, Nacogdoches County, Texas~
                        (FIRST, SECOND AND THIRD TRACTS)

               3.   Conveyance of an undivided 1/2 mineral interest as described in Mineral
                    Deed dated July 9, 1906, from S. A. Mills et al to Robert Lindsey
                    et al, recorded in Volume 64, Page 64, Deed Ricorda, Nacogdoches County,
                    Texas. (FIRST TRACT)

               4.   Right of Way Deed dated March 5,· 1945, from Mrs. Fronie Milla to Magnolia
                    Petroleum Company, recorded in Volume 167, Page·242, Deed Records, Nacog-
                    doches County, Texas. (FIRST TRACT)

               5,   Conveyance of an undivided 1/2 mineral interest as described in Mineral
                    Deed dated March 21, 1962, from D. W. Milla et ux to Jake L, Hamon,
                    recorded in Volume 302, Page 211, Deed Records, Nacogdoches County,
                    Texas. (FIRST TRACT),

               6.   Conveyance of an undivided 1/2 mineral interest as described in Mineral
                    Deed dated March 21, 1962, from D. W, Milla et ux to Jack L, Hamon,
                    recorded in Volume 302, Page 209, Deed Records, Nacogdoches County,
                    Texas. (SECOND TRACT)

               7,    Reservation or conveyance of an undivided 1/2 mineral and/or royalty
                    interest as described in Deed dated August 30, 1955, from A, J, Thompson
                    to D. w. Milla, recorded in Volume 253, Page 62, Deed Records, Nacog-
                    doches County, Texas. (THIRD TRACT)

               8.   Oil, Gas and Mineral Lease dated March 20, 1960, from D. w. Milla et ux
                    to Standard Oil Company of Texas, recorded in Volume 96, Page 51, Oil
                    and Gas Lease Records, Nacogdoches County, Texas. (FtRST, SECOND AND
                    '1111RD TRACTS)

•
'

                                                                                                    . f_ERJ .B· 2015
                                                                                 &~().J.~.
                                                                                                                                                      311

       t,gethe-r with all rights, interests, easements, hereditaffl\."rits:~i~d aip\rtenances thereunto belonging, the rents, issues, and profits thereof
       and revenues and income therefrom, all improvements and personal property now or later attached thereto or reasonably necessary to the
       use lhrreo!, all water, waler rights, and water stock pertaining thereto, and all payments at any time owing to Borrower bv virtue o( anv
       sale, lease, transfer, conveyance, or condemnation o! any part thereof or interest therein-all o! which are herein called ''the property'';
              TO HAVE AND TO HOLD the property unto Trustee, his sueces sors, grantees and assigns forever;
              IN TRUST, NEVERTHELESS, (a) at all times when the note is held by the Government, or in the event the Government should assign
       i:1is instrument withoul insurance of the payment o! the note, to secure prompt payment or the note and any renewals and extensions thereof
       and any agreements co.itained therein, (b) at all times when the note is held by an insured lender, to secure performance o! Borrower's
       agreement herein to indemnify and save harmless the Government against Ion under its insurance endorsement by reason of any default
       by Borrower, and (c) in any event and el all limes to secure the prompt payment of all advances and expenditures made by the Government,
       with interest, a• hereinafter described, and the performance or every covenant and 1greement of Borrower contained herein or In any
        supplementary agreement.
              AND BORROWER !or himself, his heirs, executors, administrators, successors and nsigns WARRANTS the property unto Trustee for the
        benefit al the Government against all lawful claims and demands whatsoever except any liens, encumbrances, easements, reservatlon1, or
        conveyances specified hereinabove, and COVENANTS AND AGREES u follows:
              (I) To pay promptly when due any indebtedness to the Government hereby secured and to indemnify and save ha,mlen the Government
        aga1n91 any loss under its insurance al payment of the note by reason of any default by Borrower, At all times when the note is held by an
        iisurell lender, Borrow,r shall continue to make payments on the note to the Government, as collection agent !or the holder,
               (2) To pay to the Government any initial fees !or inspection and appraisal, and any delinquency charges, now or hereafter required by
        regulations o! the Farmers Home Administration,
               (3) At all times when the note is held by an insured lender, any amount due and unpaid under the terms of the note, less the amount o( any
         annual ch•rge, may be paid by the Ga,·ernment to the holder of the note as provided in the note and insurance endorsement for the account of
         Borrower. Anv amount du• and unpaid under the terms o! the note1 whether it is held by the Government or by an insured lender, may be
         credited by the Government on the note and thereupon shall constitute an advance by the Government !or the account of Borrower. Any
         advance by the Government as described in this paragraph shall bear interest at the note rote from the date on which the amount o( the
         advance was due to the date of payment to the Government.                   .
                (~) \11iether or not the note is i.1sured by the Government, the Government may at any time pay any other amounts required herein to be
         paid by Borrow.. , and not paid by him when due, as well as any costs and expenses !or the preservation, protection, or enforcement of this
         l·en, as advanc e v !or the account u! narrower. All such advances shall bear inleresl at the note rate until paid tn the Government.
               (5) All advances b)' the Government as described in this instrument, with mrercst, shall be immediately due and p1yable by Borrower to
         the Government w1tli<(u\i!emand at the place designated in the note and shall be secured hereby, No such advance by the Government shall
         rt·h~ve Borrower from breach o! has covenant to pay, Such advances, with interest, shall be repaid from the first available collections
         rrceiv•·d !ram narrower, Otherwise, any payment made by Borrower may be applied on the note or any indebtedneu to the Government
....... s.!C~u!r_d_h!rcPY.,)El !".Y _or_d!t th~ pov_e~n.ment determJ'!~~·.. _.      ........ _            . t , ',"'~, , ,.
                (b ) To use the luan evidenced by the note sol•ly !or purposes authorized by the Government,                '
                (7> To pay when due all taxes, liens, judi:ments, encumbrances, and assessment& •gains! the property and promptly deliver to the
          Govnnment without de-mond receipts evidencing such payments.                             . } ' ,r,:       i:: . · · .· •· · '-' i~i. 1 •• •• ,• - - - •• ·• -
                (8) To keep the property insured as required by and under insurance policies approved by, dellvered to, and ret1ined by the Government,
                (9) To maintain improvements in good repair and make repairs required by the Government; operate l~e property in I good ind husb1nd·
          manlike manner; comply ..-;th such !arm conservation pracuce s and !arm and home management plans as the Govemmenl from time to time m•y
          pccscribe; and not to abandon the properly, nr cause or permit waste, lessening or impairment of the security covered hereby, or, without the
          v.utten consent al the Government: cut, remove, or lease any timber, gravel, oil, gas, coal, or other minerals except as m1y be necessary
           l•,r ordinary domestic purposes.
                 (10) II this instrument is given r .. a·,''Farm.i.OWn'l"shAA'.' loan as identified in Farmers Home Administration regulations, person1lly to
          operate th• property with his own and his family' ·tabor as a form and !or no other purpose, and not to lease the property or 1ny part of It,
           unless the Government consents in writing to some other n,ethod of operation or to a lease,
                 (11) To comply1,.~lt at_~ laws.,ardi~1'11C<'S,an.~•i1¥<1t~"nr.,u~cling the property,                                                                 ', 1
                 (12) To pay or reimburse the Government for expenses reasonably necessary or incidental to the protection of the lien and priority hereof
          a,d tu the enforcement of or the compliance with the provisions hereof and of the note or any supplementary agreement (whether before or
           a(tcr default), includi11«r,~t.'not liniit,:11 to costs of evidence of title to and survey of the property, costs of recording this and other insttu·
           e.enrs, attorney•' fees; lrustees' lees, court costs, and expenses of advertising, selling, and conveying the property,
                  03) Neithe-, the proper!~· nor any portion thereof or interest therein shall be assigned\ sold, tra~sferre~, or encumber~d, voluntarily or
           otherwise, ...,il~P.,t-lbc w•itten con,ent,of,th~ Gove,ame8l,nl:h• G~veu1111er1,.hallhave _the .so e ,and exch,1sive rights aa benehcl1ty hereuader,
            includini but not fimlted to the power to grant consents, partial releases, subordinaticna, and sat1sfachon, and no Insured lender shill
            have aey right, title or interest in or to the lien or any benefits hereof.
                  (14) At 111 reuanable times the Government and ii• •gents may Inspect the property te ucertain whether the covenants and 1gree111ent1
            conteined herein or in any supplement1ry ai:reem~nt are bcin1: performed.
                  (15) The Government may exten1 and defer the maturity of and renew and reamortize the debt evidenced by the ~ote or 1ny Indebtedness
            to the Government ,ecured hereby, release. !rom liability t~ the Government a_ny p1rty so liable thereon, rel_ea~e porllons of the ,PrO~rty from
             ind subordinote the lien hereof, and waive any other ri&hls hereunder, without a!fecling the hen Of priority hereof or the h1bllity to the
             Government of Borrower or any other party for p1yment of the note or indebtedness oecured hereby.
                   (16) The power to 1ppoint 1 1ub.1titute trustee is hereby gron.t~d to the Gover!'ment and. it• uslcns1 I~ be exercised 1! any time hereafter,
            without notice ind witb.out speclfy1nJ ,1ny reason therefor, by f1hn1 !or record ,n the ofhce where th11 1nalrU111ent I• recorded •n illltrument
             of appointment whl!reupon the 1ub1ht11te trustee shill succeed to all the e1t1tes, ri&hls, powers, ind trust• herein cronted to or veated in
             Trustee ond the former trus~e or 111bstitute trustee shall be divested thereof; ind notice of the exercl1e of thia power and 1ny requirement
                                     .            (                .                            , . ;;..:..~
             of, or right to require, 1 bond from 1ny truatee hereunder, are hereby waived, . , . , ,-
                                                                                                                  (      \
                                                                                                                           ;

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•                                            j17) If al any time it shall arp!ar to the Gr other responstble cooperative· or pnvate credit source, at reasonable rates and terms for loans for similar purposes a'nd
                                        penods of ttm e, Borrower w,11, upon the Govtrnment•s request, apply for and accept such loan in sufficient amount to pay the note            d ~
                                        indebtedness secured hereby and to pay for any stock necessary to be purchased in a cooperative lending agency in connection with suc~nlo:n~
                                             (18) Default hereunder shall constitute default under any other real estate or crop or chattel security instrument held or Insur d b
                                        Government and executed or assumed by Borrower, and default under any such other security instrument shall constitute default h!reuXd':r~
                                             (.19) SHOULU DEFAULT. occur in the perfor"!ance or discharge of any oblijtation secured by this instrument, or should any one of the
                                        parties named as Borrower die or be declared an incompetent, a bankrupt, or an insolvent, or make an assignment for the benefit of creditors
                                        the Government al its option, may: (a) declare the entire amount unpaid under the note and any indebtedness to the Government hereby secured
                                        1mmed1ately due and payable, (b) for the account of B?rrower incur and pay ,,..asonable !•P,..nses for repair or maintenance or and take
                                        pos ses sron of, operate or rent the properly, (c) upon application by it and production of this instrument, without other evidence and without
                                        notice of hearing of said application, have a receiver appointed for the property, with the usual powers of receivers in like c .. es and
                                        (d) authorize and request Trustee to Icreclcse this instrumen( and sell the property as prescribed by law.                                     '
                                              (20) Upon default aforesaid: (a) al the request of the Government( Trustee may foreclose this instrument either by court action pursuant to
                                        law or by advertl&ement and sa\e ol the property as provided ·by aw, for cash or secured credit at the option of the Government, personal
                                        notices of which sale need not be served on Borrower; (b) such sale may be adjourned from time to time without other notice than oral pro-
                                        clamation al the time and place appointed for such sale and correction made on the posted notices, and at such sale the Govetnment and its
                                         agents may bid and purchase as a stranger; (c) Trustee al ,his option may conduct such sale, without being personally present, through his
                                         de legate authorized by him for such purpose orally or in writing and without notice to Borrower of such authorization; and (d) II the property
                                         is situated in two or more counties, the sale may be held in any one of such counties selected by the Government In its sole diaerellon:
                                         Provided, however, that in any deed or deeds executed by Trustee hereunder, any and all statements of fact and other recitals therein made
                                        as to the nonpayment of the money s e cured, the nonperformance of covenants herein, the request to Trust ... e to enforce this Trust, the
                                         proper and due appointment of any substitute Trustee! the advertisement or due publication of sale, the due authorization by Trustee of his
                                         del•~ate to conduct the sale, or as to any other pre lminary act or thing having been duly done by said Trustee shall be taken by 1ny and
                                         all courts of law and equity as prima lacie evidence that said statements or recitals do state facts, and without further questioning shall
                                         be accepted as such by Borrower,
                                              (21) The proceeds of foreclosure sale shall be applied in the following order to the payment of: (a) costs and expenses incident to enforcing
                                         or complyinf .with the provisions hereof, (b) any prior liens requir~d by la~ or a competent court to be so paid, (c) the debt evidenced by the
                                         note and al indebtedness to the Government secured hereby, (d) inferior hens of record required by law or a competent court to be so paid,
                                         (e) at the Government's option, any other indebtedness of Borrower owing to or insured by the Gcvernment, and (fl any balance to Borrower,
                                         In case the Government is the successful bidder at foreclosure or other sale of all or any part of the property, the Government may pay its
                                         share of the purchase ptice by creditinR such amount on any debts of Borrowe, owing to or insured by the Government, in the order prescribed
                                          above.
                                               (22) All powers end agencies grant,..d in this instrument are coupled with an interest and are irrevocable by death or otherwise; and the
                                          rights and remedies provided in this instrument are cumulative lo remedies provided by law,
     I
                                               (23) As against the d... bt evidenced by the note and any indebtedness to the Government hereby secured, with respect to the property and
                                          to the extent permitted by law, Borrower hereby relinquishes, waives end conveys all rights, inchoate or consummate, of descent, homesiead,

1
                                          valuation, appraisal, redemption, and exemption to which Borrower is or becomes entitled under the laws and constitution of the jurisdiction
                                          where the proper!)' lies, In the event of foreclosure of the Indebtedness evidenced by the note and any indebtedness to the Government
                                          secured heteby, or of any other indebtedness secured by all or a part of said property, whether owned or held by the Government or by a
                                          third patty, Bortowe, he,eby relinquishes, waives and conveys all rights, inchoate or consummate, to require all or any part of said indebl·
                                          ednesses to be satisfied first from the sale of properly which does not constitute any part of the Borrower's homestead.
                                               (24) This instrument shall be subject to the present regulations of the Farmers Home Ad111inistretion, and to its future regulations not
                                          inconsistent with the express provisions hereof,
                                               (25) Notices given hereunder shall be sent by certified mail, unless otherwise required by law, addressed, unless and unlit some other
                                          address is designated in a notice so given, in the case of the Gcvernment to Farmers Home Administration, United States Department of
                                          A&riculture, at Temple, Texas 76501, anc! in the case of Borrower to him at his post of!ice address stated above,                                 ·
                                               (26) II this deed or trust should be invalid for any purpose for which It is executed, such invalidity for such purpose shall not impair its
                                          validity for any other purpose and in the event that any portion of the indebtedness under the note when It is held by the Government 01 any
                                          assignee of this deed of trust, or any portion of the indebtedness to the Government under this deed of trust, is not validly secured hereunder,
                                           then in that event, the first payments made upon any such Indebtedness shall be a~plied in payment of that portion of the indebtedness
                                           which is not validly secured, and no payme'nt shall be applied toward that portion of the indebtedness secured by a valid lien hereunder
                                           ualil any indebtedness not so secured shall have been paid in lull,
                                                                                                                                .                         .          .

                                          lien on the property and all Improvements thereon, dated                                       ·--------------------------·---------·              , recorded i
                              r         ''7}1
                              ~ ll        materialmen•s lien Record of.------------····-------·····--·                                  County, Texas,                                                                   Borrower

                              , '-~!t
                              ·, ", '     In the principal sum of .• ··--·-·-···-··-··                     ••....        -····-·-·•·-···-·-··                                dollars ($ ······------··---------·          ), dated
                                                                     .Jn:.       I               r   T:.

                                                                                                                                                ···-·--·-- .. _ ..        percent (                   %)per annum   IS    set forth
                                                                  f"'\ ,,,   J   .   r   .   ~

                                          therein, payable to the orde"r~or''.' .. _~_{_._·~ .. --. •         ..             ,,         on demand, which note has been renew d and
    .,                                    extended, but not satisfied, by the note de · ed in this deed of trust, The aforesaid mechanic's lien note and mechanic's and materialman's
         i
         I                                lien and all of the rights r: ~s. eduih~s
                                                                                       1a~liemedies
                                                                                                      of·------------ .. --   - -        _                                   ------·      .
                                          in the note and Ii        ~e 'lleen<'duly'asa'igned, transferred and conveyed to the Government by written assignment and transfer of even date
                                          with this dee       rust and recorded in the office of the County Clerk of the aforesaid County, Borrower does hereby cove.nan! and _r~present
                                          that the,    e no defenses to said debt or lien, and agrees that the Government shall be subrogaled to all of the nghts, hens, equitte s , and
                                                  s of the original owner and holder of the note and lien which are being renewed and extended in this deed of trust and the note
                                                          in,
                                             IT IS AGREED by and between Borrower and the Government that the Government will, for the sum of S .. ~,_Q()0!.Q9                          ,       ,
                                          erect construct, complete and repair buildings or other improvement, upon, and will furnish all labor and material necessary for the purpose

•
                                          of m~king such repairs and improvements upon said property as are described In the Develogmenl Plan agreed to Ip writing by Borrower and
                                          the Government and made a part hereof and incorporated herein by re!~r,ru::e;-ietc~pt l~b'6(; ft> b~ perlorm~d·.Hy,-lfofiqwer; to secure which sum
                                          Borrower hereby gives and creates a valid constitutional and contractual lien 0'! said prope~tyd· and that 11 s_a1d sum is not actually exp,..nded
                                          for such repairs and improvements, any amount not so expended shall be credited on the 1n eb!edness evidenced by the note. It Is further
                                          agreed that a failure to complete said repairs and improv.em~nts, or fa,ii\l{,,rt,o('fOlllllle\~.aa111,-according to.'~'l'!'e~Y~OP,nent Plan, shall not
                                          defeat said indebtedness and lien, but in such event s11d 1ndeD!edneb •and· hen upon ·said 'property shai\ exist in favor of the Government
                                          or its assigns for the amount herein agreed upon, less such amount II would be reasonably neceuary to complete said repairs ind improve-
                                          ments according to said Development Pran.
                                              B
                                           repre1ents that' Borrower d oes not rea1"d e upon, use, or
                                           but that Borr.ower now

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                        WITNESS the 111:naturol•lof Borrower on the.day and. yearl fts abp1•eWrlUcn.                                                                         ·     ·,                   ·       31('.;
                                                                                                                                         ~~-£                        (Q,~e.t?..-                        .
                                                                                                                                ·o.nald ·w •. Milla ·····--·····(Huabaad)°·····----------·-
                                                                                                                              ~~-?.;&                                ~:          .. ll'_d.b.                                  .
                                                                                                                               Laura B. Mill•                                           (Wife)
                                                                                         JOINT ACKNOWLEDGMENTBY HUSBAND AND WIFE

               ::;::FO:~A.;~~9_gnally
                                                                                                                           appeared.•••••••••••••••••••
                .....                 .. . . .                   Donald.ll.,.Milla                                                                                        ··········-············-·----····------------                   \
               :~h ·k~;;;~·. i~. ;.;.~· -1~L!~11!· !·r:~!1:h:0~ -~~;,;;;. ;;;-~;;.;;.;;,i;;ci·i,~- ·i.;;· .io;,~~j~~. -.~-.-t~~~~i: ·;~·.i- ~~-~~;i;,i~~-·;;·;;··1:!: 7::;                                                            .
                eacti executed the same ror the purposes and consideration therein uprnstd,                                                                 and the aald••.•.•••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
                ............ .. . . . I.~~r.~.. ~.!.J~~J_;~---··············-······-······                                                                         ··············'···-----····----···       wit• of· the l&ld
                                                      ..... P~a.l~ .. l!i.! ..~J-~~~---····························································--·-··--··                          h&Y1n,been •aa1111net1.
                by me privately and apart from her husband., and hav1n1 tho                                                  &11n1       rully explalntd. to her, she, th• said••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
                 .......             .. . ·,,·r.·,:···4.ura                      ..   ,.? . H~~J~---·················-····················
                                                                                                   aclcnowlod.god1uch Instrument to be her act and deed,
                and 1tie ·de~l,r•4 ·.tbat. 11\e had wllllngly 111nedthe aame for the purpo~s and consideration therein expre1&ed,and that lhe did not
                wis11,~r1;«:V.c'I"·'>,                                                  l~th                         November
                   ~~·'tlN~·"'Y              HAND AND SZAL OF omcz thll the .••••• ?. •••••••••••••••••. daJ O~f • ··-·····-·-·---·--··-··,:··-· 11••6.7.

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                                                                          >,; .
                                                                                ·                                                         Notary Public In and for
                      •        I ·                                     ' IU;
               ~. :;\\                   ·,:.         '....,.:           ,
                                                                   : ... :
                                                                                                                                ____ Nacogdoches---··----- - ---------· ---··--··· eo11nty,                               Teau
                 ·. ,,J.. ·.·....           ...                        l,1
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                                                                                                            SINGLE ACKNOWLEDGMENT
                               ' . '41' ~ :;~~
                  ISTATJ: OF, .T,EX~& · .
                                                                                                                                 l  ~ 11:
                  COUNTYOF                                                                                                          j
                    DEFOREME, the undero11ned,a Notary Public In and for 1&ld County and State, on thla daJ per90nallJ appeared.•••••••••• , ••••••
                  .•.•... . . . .. .. .                                                                                                     , known io
                  me to be tht person whose name 11 subscribed to the lorego1n1Instrument, and aclcnowledcedto me that •••••• he eaet11tedthe 1ame
                  for the purpose, aud con,1derat1on\herein expreswd.
                      OlVEN VHDER NT HAND AND SEAL or OPTICS thll tl!e••.•••••••••••.••••••..••••••• daJ of·-·······-···-·····-·······--···     11.......

                                                                                                                                 • • • JfotarJ Public ln and for                                                          •
                                     [su1.]

                                                                                                                                                                                                                CountJ, T.. u

.I                                                                                                                                                  o'clock                                    ..
                                                                                                                                                                                            ,.,'"
          Recorded                                        N.JV.                 22                 1967         at         4:00                     o'clock                          P. M.
          Hope Ski·;,>pe1•, Cler~( County Court
          Nac ogdochoa County, Te:xas

          By      ~&(,Ra~,.;,.<                                                                                      Deputy

                                                                                                                                                   ......    ·---·      --------------------

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      fEB 1_8 2015
                                                                                                                                                                                        ·- -~~~                    ·0o..oo .

                                                                                                                                         0                                                                      0
              C.A. NO. 12-15-00170-CV

                   IN THE
   COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE STATE OF TEXAS
     TWELFTH SUPREME JUDICIAL DISTRICT
                TYLER, TEXAS

 LINDA ANN PARRISH RICHARDSON and GARY BRUCE
RICHARDSON, CO-TRUSTEES OF THE M. C. PARRISH, JR.
           TESTAMENTARY TRUST et al,
                 APPELLANTS

                       VS.

            DONALD ROGER MILLS et al,

                   APPELLEES

ON APPEAL FROM THE 145TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
        OF NACOGDOCHES COUNTY, TEXAS

         APPENDIX - OPTIONAL CONTENTS

                        TO

             BRIEF FOR APPELLANTS
                     TABLE OF CONTENTS

APPENDIX 6   Copy of Crumpton v. Scott, 250 S.W.2d 953
             (Tex.Civ.App.–Fort Worth 1952, n.r.e.)
Result #1: Texas Case Law - CRUMPTON v. SCOTT, 250 S.W.2d 953 (Tex.Civ.App.-Ft...   Page 1 of 5
                               APPENDIX 6
                                    Texas Case Law

            CRUMPTON v. SCOTT, 258 S.W.2d 953 (Tex.Civ.App.-Ft.         Worth 1952)
                                     258 S.W.2d 953
                            CRUMPTON et al. v. SCOTT et al.
                                       No. 15386.
                     Court of Civil Appeals of Texas, Fort Worth.
                                     June 28, 1952.
                          Rehearing Denied September 12, 1952.

       Appeal from the District Court of Montague County, Louis T.
     Holland, J.
       Preston Dowd, Texarkana, Ark., Travers Crumpton, Fort
     Stockton, and Scott Snodgrass, San Angelo, for appellants.
     Page   954
Lans. Ch. V. Abernathy, Wichita Falls, and Cole, Patterson, Cole &
     McDaniel, Houston, for appellees.
       RENFRO, Justice.
       Suit was filed in the district court of Montague County in
     trespass to try title and to remove cloud. The plaintiff and
     the interveners are heirs of Calvin J. Scott, deceased. The
     defendants are heirs of Sid Crumpton, deceased. All parties
     have appealed from the trial court's judgment and are
     appellants herein. The plaintiff and interveners will be
     referred to as plaintiff-interveners and the heirs of Sid
     Crumpton will be referred to as defendants.
      The controversy arose over the effect and construction of a
    written instrument which reads in part as follows:
         "Know All Men By These Presents, that we, Calvin
       J. Scott joined by his wife, C. E. Scott, of the
       County of Miller and State of Arkansas, for and in
       consideration of the sum of One dollar ($1.88) to
       us in hand paid, the receipt being herein
       acknowledged, and the further consideration of his
       services to be performed as our attorney in
       reference to our rights and interest in and to five
       hundred and seventy-six (576) acres of land
       situated in Montague County, Texas, which we have
       heretofore leased to I. L. Gilmore and associates,
       for a term of five years, have granted, sold and
       conveyed, and by these presents do grant, sell and
       convey unto the said Sid Crumpton, of the County of
       Bowie, State of Texas, a one-third undivided
       interest in and to our royalty rights in all
       minerals, including gas, oil, etc., in and to all
       that certain tract or parcel of land situated in
       Montague County, Texas, being a part of the William
       Watson H. R. Sur., * * *"
       The follows references to a deed executed in 1881 and an oil

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Result #1: Texas Case Law - CRUMPTON v. SCOTT, 250 S.W.2d 953 (Tex.Civ.App.-Ft...     Page 2 of 5

    and gas lease executed in January, 1923, 'to which records
    reference is made for better description to .said land, ' and
    'this conveyance is intended to convey to the said Sid Crumpton
    a one-third undivided interest in and to the mineral rights,
    including gas, oil and other minerals therein contained.' Then
    follows the general warranty clause. The instrument is dated
    April 28, 1923.
      The instrument was executed by Calvin J. Scott and wife, C.
    E. Scott, and delivered to Sid Crumpton and by Crumpton filed
    for record in Montague County.
       Plaintiff-interveners contend the instrument was merely an
    executory contract and Crumpton never performed under the same.
    Defendants contend the instrument was an executed deed,
    effective to convey said interest upon its execution and
    delivery.   Among other defenses, defendants plead limitations.
      Trial was had before a jury, which resulted in findings that
    the above instrument was intended to constitute a contract for
    legal services to be performed by Crumpton and that Crumpton
    substantially failed to perform said contract.
      The court overruled plaintiff-interveners' motion for
    judgment on the verdict and granted, in part, defendants'
    motion for judgment non obstante. The judgment entered found
    the instrument to be a deed passing title as of the date of its
    execution and delivery and construed same to convey to Crumpton
    an undivided one-third of the mineral interest owned by Calvin
    J. Scott and wife on April 8, 1923.
      Plaintiff-interveners contend the court       erred   in holding the
    same to be an executed deed.
      At the time of the execution of the above instrument, Calvin
    J. Scott, by and through the will of his uncle, Peter R.
    Johnson, owned a full undivided one-half interest in the
    minerals in the land described, and, as collateral heir of
    Frances Watson Johnson, owned a small fractional interest in
    the remaining one-half interest. To avoid confusion, the
    'other one-half interest' will be referred to as the Frances
    Watson undivided one-half interest.
      On the trial of the case, it was shown that as of the date of
    the instrument in question, affidavits were of record in
    Montague County indicating that Calvin J. Scott thought he had
    been adopted by Peter R. Johnson and Frances Watson Johnson.
    Page 955
    If that were true, Mrs. Johnson having died intestate, leaving
    no other children, Calvin J. Scott would have inherited all of
    the Frances Watson undivided one-half interest.
      Evidence was introduced that Crumpton never filed any suit or
    other instruments subsequent to April 28, 1923.
      The deposition of Calvin J. Scott was introduced in which               he
    testified that he employed Crumpton to act as attorney in
    clearing title as against the heirs of William Watson, and               in
    answer to the question whether or not Sid Crumpton ever did                any
    work in clearing title to such land, the witness answered,               'If
    he did I didn't know it.' The witness denied that he ever
    executed a deed to Crumpton.
      Sid Crumpton died in February, 1937. Calvin J. Scott died
    some time after 1947.  During the time both were living,

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Result #1: Texas Case Law - CRUMPTON v. SCOTT, 250 S.W.2d 953 (Tex.Civ.App.-Ft...   Page 3 of 5

     neither filed any suit against the other nor any one else
     concerning the mineral interest herein involved. Defendants
     contend that the deed being absolute on its face and not void,
     art. 5529, the four year statute of limitation applies.
     Plaintiff-interveners, relying upon Browne v. King, lllTex.330,
     235 s.w. 522; Hazlett v. Harwood, 80 Tex. 508,
     16 S.W. 310; Tayler v. Taul, 88 Tex. 665, 32 S.W. 866;
     Dull v. Blum, 68 Tex. 299, 4. S.W. 489, and other cases, contend that under
     the authority of said cases the court erred in construing the
     instrument as a warranty deed and contend that same is an
     executory contract and the evidence having shown performance
     was not made by said Crumpton, the instrument never became
     effective and merely constitutes a cloud upon their title.
       We note that in most of the above cases, if not all, the
     courts were construing the effect of a power of attorney in
     which the attorney was required to sue for a recovery of the
     disputed lands or interest and the interest conveyed in said
     instruments was to come out of the interest to be recovered.
       In the instrument in question, Crumpton, the grantee, did not
     agree to sue or prosecute any suits or take any action other
     than to perform services in reference to Calvin J. Scott's
     'rights and interest in and to' the 576 acres of land therein
     described.
       It is undisputed that at the time of the execution of the
     instrument no one was claiming any interest to Calvin J.
     Scott's undivided one-half interest nor to his fractional
     interest in the Frances Watson undivided one-half interest.
     Calvin J. Scott's sole claim to more than the admitted
     fractional interest in the Frances Watson undivided one-half
     interest was based on his understanding that he was Frances
     Watson Johnson's adopted son. Under the circumstances, we think
     all Crumpton was called upon to do, under the terms of the
     instrument, was to investigate such contingency and advise
     Scott of his findings. Calvin, J. Scott was or was not adopted
     by his aunt and the attorney could ascertain the true fact by
     investigation and without the necessity of bringing any suit.
     As a matter of fact, it is undisputed that Calvin J. Scott was
     not adopted by his aunt; therefore, he had no interest in the
     Frances Watson undivided one-half mineral interest over and
     above his fractional interest as a collateral heir. There is no
     evidence that Crumpton did not make such investigation and give
     advice to Calvin J. Scott.   As seen from an examination of the
     instrument, Crumpton was not obligated to and did not agree to
     clear title to the Frances Watson interest.
       The instrument was valid on its face, meeting every
     statutory requirement. It was executed and delivered by the
     vendors and accepted and filed for record by the vendee and the
     original remained in the possession of the vendee throughout
     his lifetime.  We think the trial court was correct in
     disregarding the jury's answer and rendering judgment non
     obstante that the deed was effective to pass title as of the
     date of its execution.
       Assuming that Crumpton did not perform services under the
     contract, we think that part of the consideration, 'in
     reference to our rights and interest,' placed the grantors in
     no different situation than if a note had been executed for
     part of the purchase price without retaining a vendor's lien,
     or if part of the consideration had been that the grantee would
     care for the grantor in the future. Ransom v. Brown, 63 Tex. 188;

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Result #1: Texas Case Law - CRUMPTON v. SCOTT, 250 S.W.2d 953 (Tex.Civ.App.-Ft...        Page 4 of 5

      14 Tex.Jur.,    p. 882,
     Page 956
    secs. 45, 48, 58 and 51; Sisk v. Randon, 123 Tex. 326, 70 S.W.2d 689.
      The grantor did not see fit to provide that
    failure on the part of Crumpton to perform should operate to
    cause the property to revert to the grantor. Where there is no
    express lien, the conveyance is an executed contract by which
    the title passes absolutely to the purchaser. Burgess v.
    Hatton, Tex.Civ.App., 209S.W.2d999, writ refused. Calvin J.
    Scott had the right to set aside the deed if he had legal or
    equitable grounds therefor, or to sue for damages for
    Crumpton's failure to perform if he did fail to perform.    The
    instrument was not void on its face. The instrument being a
    warranty deed and not void, the plaintiff-interveners' suit is
    barred by limitation. Slaughter v. Qualls, 139 Tex. 340, 162 S.W.2d 671;
     La Fleaur v. Kinard, Tex. Civ. App., 161 S.W.2d 144,
    writ refused, w. m.
       The law favors a rule of construction requiring an
     interpretation under which a deed will be valid and operative
     in preference to one which will nullify it.  14 Tex.Jur., p.
     915. The trial court correctly construed the disputed
     instrument to be a deed passing present title.
      The plaintiff-interveners contend the court erred in
    rendering judgment non obstante because the jury findings that
    Crumpton rendered no service, coupled with the attorney-client
    relationship, and the unjust enrichment of Crumpton, give rise
    to a constructive trust by operation of law.
      A constructive trust is ordinarily imposed to prevent unjust
    enrichment obtained through fraud or under circumstances
    amounting to constructive fraud.
      It is apparent from the record that Calvin J. Scott's claim
    was based on his contention that he was an adopted son of
    Frances Watson Johnson. He recognized that by asking Crumpton
    to merely 'perform services.' The very nature of the
    employment called for investigation and advice. There is no
    evidence that he did not do just that. The only service he
    could have performed was to investigate the claim of Calvin J.
    Scott in regard to the adoption. When he found there had been
    no adoption, there was nothing further for him to do. The
    plaintiff-interveners rely on the jury finding of no
    performance as basis for their claim of unjust enrichment.
      The finding that Crumpton did nothing to clear the Frances
    Watson title does not negative the fact that he performed what
    he was employed to perform.  We find no evidence in the record
    as to the value of the mineral interest conveyed at the time.
    Calvin J. Scott must have been satisfied with his contract.
    Sid Crumpton lived until February, 1937, and Calvin J. Scott
    never took any action to cancel the deed or seek any relief
    thereunder. Calvin J. Scott lived more than twenty-four years
    after executing the deed and he never filed any suit or
    questioned the claim of Sid Crumpton, or his heirs, in any
    manner. We uphold the trial court's presumed finding that the
    evidence would not justify a finding that Sid Crumpton was
    unjustly enriched or that the circumstances were such as to
    result in a constructive trust. The point of error is
    overruled.
      The defendants have appealed from that portion of the trial
    court's judgment construing the deed to pass one-third

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Result #1: Texas Case Law - CRUMPTON v. SCOTT, 250 S.W.2d 953 (Tex.Civ.App.-Ft.                     ..   Page 5 of 5

    undivided interest in the minerals owned by Calvin J. Scott and
    wife at the date of the execution of same. When an instrument
    does not, by its terms, clearly and plainly describe the land
    affected, or is phrased in language susceptible of more than
    one construction, the intention of the parties is to be
    ascertained not solely from the words of the instrument but
    from its language when read in the light of the circumstances
    surrounding the transaction. Gulf Production Co. v. Spear, 125Tex. 530,
    84 S.W.2d 452. It is admitted that Calvin J. Scott
    owned no interest in the William Watson H. R. Survey above the
    one-half undivided interest inherited from Peter R. Johnson and
    the fractional interest inherited from Frances Watson Johnson.
    As seen from the deed, part of the consideration for its
    execution was for services in reference to 'our rights and
    interest' (emphasis ours) in the 576 acre tract. The language
    then used in the granting clause is one-third undivided
    insterest in and to 'our
    Page 957
    (emphasis ours) royalty rights in all minerals, including gas,
    oil,' etc. Taking into consideration the circumstances
    surrounding the transactions and construing the deed from its
    four corners, we think the reference to the Belcher deed and
    the Gilmore lease was intended to describe the tract
    containing the interest conveyed and did not intend, by such
    references, to describe the actual interest conveyed. The
    trial court properly construed the deed to convey a one-third
    undivided interest in and to the minerals then owned by the
    grantors.
      We have given careful attention to all points and
    counterpoints raised by all parties and we think no reversible
    error has been shown and therefore affirm the judgment of the
    trial court.
    Page 148

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