Court Opinion

ID: 4353577
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-12-21 21:00:50.375643+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:44:59.799960
License: Public Domain

FILED
                           NOT FOR PUBLICATION
                                                                           DEC 21 2018

                    UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                                                         U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

                           FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

                                                No.    17-50352
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
                                                D.C. No. 3:17-cr-1369-H-1
             Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.                                              MEMORANDUM*

JOSE CAMARGO-ALEJO, aka JESSICA
CAMARGO-ALEJO,

             Defendant-Appellant.

                    Appeal from the United States District Court
                      for the Southern District of California
                     Marilyn L. Huff, District Judge, Presiding

                     Argued and Submitted December 4, 2018
                              Pasadena, California

Before: O’SCANNLAIN and IKUTA, Circuit Judges, and KENNELLY,** District
Judge.

      *
             This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

      **    The Honorable Matthew F. Kennelly, United States District Judge for
the Northern District of Illinois, sitting by designation.

                                          1
      Jessica Camargo-Alejo1 appeals her conviction under 18 U.S.C. § 111(a)(1)

for assaulting a Border Patrol agent while she was in custody at an immigration

detention center. She argues that the district court erroneously precluded her from

raising an entrapment defense at trial in violation of her constitutional right to

present a complete defense.

      The record shows that the district court did not bar the entrapment defense

but instead declined to instruct the jury on entrapment due to insufficient evidence.

At a pretrial hearing on motions in limine, the court expressly stated that it would

not preclude the defense. And when it next ruled on the entrapment issue after the

government’s case-in-chief, the court found that there was insufficient evidence

presented at trial to permit a finding that the government induced the crime and

declined the entrapment instruction on that basis.

      This Court reviews the refusal to instruct the jury on entrapment due to

insufficient evidence for abuse of discretion. United States v. Spentz, 653 F.3d
815, 818 (9th Cir. 2011). Camargo-Alejo argues that the district court abused its

discretion because it erroneously required her to introduce evidence that the

government induced the crime purposefully or intentionally. We need not address

this issue, however, because there was insufficient evidence presented at trial to

      1
          This disposition refers to the defendant by her preferred name.

                                            2
support the other element of the entrapment defense—Camargo-Alejo’s lack of

predisposition to commit the crime—thus rendering any error harmless. See

United States v. Gurolla, 333 F.3d 944, 957 (9th Cir. 2003) (applying harmless-

error review to the refusal to give an entrapment instruction due to insufficient

evidence); see also United States v. Burt, 143 F.3d 1215, 1218 (9th Cir. 1998)

(noting that a defendant is entitled to an entrapment instruction only if she presents

evidence of both inducement and lack of predisposition). At trial, the only

evidence putatively bearing on her lack of predisposition concerned her conduct

immediately before and during the altercation with the Border Patrol agent. But

neither the surveillance footage of the incident nor the testimony about Camargo-

Alejo’s conduct indicates any reluctance to commit the crime or supports any other

factor that would tend to show lack of predisposition. See United States v.

Marbella, 73 F.3d 1508, 1512 (9th Cir. 1996) (listing five factors for determining

whether evidence of lack of predisposition is sufficient to warrant an entrapment

instruction). Without evidence from which a reasonable jury could find lack of

predisposition, any alleged error in the district court’s statement of the law

regarding inducement was harmless.

      AFFIRMED.

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