Court Opinion

ID: 5136481
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-12-20 18:00:45.151966+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:23:55.949576
License: Public Domain

NOT PRECEDENTIAL

                       UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                            FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
                                  __________

                                       No. 20-2483
                                       __________

                            UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

                                             v.

                          JOSHUA GUITY-NUNEZ, a/k/a “V”
                                                 Appellant
                                  __________

                     On Appeal from the United States District Court
                         for the Middle District of Pennsylvania
                          (District Court No. 1:17-CR-0002-5)
                     Honorable Sylvia H. Rambo, U.S. District Judge
                                      __________

                      Submitted Under Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)
                                on December 14, 2021

           Before: GREENAWAY, JR., KRAUSE, and PHIPPS, Circuit Judges

                               (Filed: December 20, 2021)

                                       __________

                                       OPINION*
                                       __________

       *
        This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does
not constitute binding precedent.
KRAUSE, Circuit Judge.

       Joshua Guity-Nunez appeals his sentence of 180-months’ imprisonment following

his guilty plea for conspiracy to commit sex trafficking by force, threats of force, fraud,

or coercion in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1594(c). We discern no error and will affirm.

I.     DISCUSSION1

       The base offense level for a conspiracy crime is the same as the “guideline for [its]

substantive offense” when it has “not been directly assigned” a level under the

Sentencing Guidelines. United States v. Sims, 957 F.3d 362, 363 (3d Cir. 2020); see

U.S.S.G. § 2X1.1. As a result, two base offense levels are potentially applicable to a

conspiracy to commit sex trafficking in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1591(a): When the

trafficking that is the object of the conspiracy involves minor victims or “force, threats of

force, fraud, or coercion,” 18 U.S.C. § 1591(b)(1), the conspiracy, like the substantive

offense, carries a base offense level of 34; otherwise, consistent with the other types of

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         The District Court had jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3231. We have jurisdiction
under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a). We review the District Court’s
interpretation of the Sentencing Guidelines de novo, its factual findings for clear error,
and its application of the Guidelines to those facts for abuse of discretion. See United
States v. Seibert, 971 F.3d 396, 399 (3d Cir. 2020). We review the substantive
reasonableness of the District Court’s sentence for abuse of discretion. Id.

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sex trafficking covered by 18 U.S.C. § 1591(b)(2), it carries an offense level of 14. See

U.S.S.G. § 2G1.1; see also Sims, 957 F.3d at 363.

       Here, because Guity-Nunez’s plea agreement and plea colloquy both described the

object of the conspiracy as “sex trafficking through use of force, fraud, and coercion,”

App. 175 (emphasis added), the Court applied a base offense level of 34. And because

the conspiracy involved minor victims, the Court added a two-point upward adjustment,

pursuant to U.S.S.G. § 2G1.3(b)(2)(B), App. 174, for “unduly influenc[ing] a minor to

engage in prohibited sexual conduct,” U.S.S.G. § 2G1.3(b)(2)(B). Guity-Nunez

challenges the resulting sentence on three grounds, none of which is persuasive.

       First, Guity-Nunez contends that, because his indictment and plea agreement did

not specify whether his conspiracy offense was punishable under § 1591(b)(1) or

§ 1591(b)(2), the Court should have applied the lower base offense level of 14,

corresponding with § 1591(b)(2). But this argument is squarely foreclosed by our

decision in Sims, where we explained that, even if a defendant convicted under § 1594(c)

pleads guilty “only to conspiring to violate § 1591(a),” the base offense would still be 34

because “[s]ubsections 1591(a) and (b)(1) are inextricably linked.” Sims, 957 F.3d at 365

n.2. As a result, “convictions under § 1594(c) for conspiracy to violate § 1591(a) by

means of force, threats of force, fraud, or coercion”—like Guity-Nunez’s conviction

here— “always subject a defendant to a base offense level of 34.” Id. (emphasis added).

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       Next, Guity-Nunez disputes the District Court’s imposition of the two-level

upward adjustment under Section 2G1.3(b)(2)(B). The Court justified this enhancement

based on its finding that two of the victims attributable to Guity-Nunez were juveniles

and that it was reasonably foreseeable for some victims of a large sex trafficking

conspiracy to be underage. App. 164-65, 174. Those findings are amply supported by

the record, which includes evidence that Guity-Nunez was arrested immediately after

leaving a motel where police had arranged a sting operation with the two minor victims,

see App. 48, 113, and testimony from the trial of one of his co-conspirators reflecting that

the group worked together to traffic the minor victims, see App. 454, 655-660, 680.

Thus, while “the conduct a defendant is typically held responsible for under the

guidelines ‘is not coextensive with conspiracy law,’” United States v. Metro, 882 F.3d

431, 439 (3d Cir. 2018) (quoting United States v. Mannino, 212 F.3d 835, 842 (3d Cir.

2000)), the District Court’s findings here were not clearly erroneous, nor was its

application of the two-level enhancement an abuse of discretion.

       Finally, Guity-Nunez argues that he received an unfair sentence in comparison to

his co-conspirators and suggests that he was unjustly penalized for refusing to cooperate

in the Government’s investigation. As he points out, apart from one co-conspirator who

went to trial and received a sentence of 300 months, Guity-Nunez’s 180-month sentence

was longer than the other conspirators, who received 140 months, 135 months, and 72

months. But that disparity is not unreasonable on its face, and there is no evidence that

the Government sought to penalize Guity-Nunez for declining to cooperate. To the

                                             4
contrary, the prosecutor advocated for a substantial downward variance from the

Guidelines range, which the Court granted by imposing a sentence 40% below the

range’s lower bound. App. 178-81. Under these circumstances, Guity-Nunez cannot

show that “no reasonable sentencing court would have imposed the same sentence . . . for

the reasons the district court provided.” Seibert, 971 F.3d at 399 (quoting United States

v. Tomko, 562 F.3d 558, 567-68 (3d Cir. 2009) (en banc)).

II.    CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s judgment.

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