Court Opinion

ID: 9942038
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2024-02-20 14:11:40.793133+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:47:38.026233
License: Public Domain

Fourth Court of Appeals
                                     San Antonio, Texas
                                                OPINION

                                        No. 04-22-00656-CV

                                        Richard PARKER,
                                      Appellant/Cross-Appellee

                                                  v.

                       RAD TRUCKING, LTD., and Raul Romero Vasquez,
                               Appellees/Cross-Appellants

                   From the 365th Judicial District Court, Maverick County, Texas
                              Trial Court No. 16-01-32519-MCVAJA
                         Honorable Amado J. Abascal III, Judge Presiding

Opinion by:      Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice

Sitting:         Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice
                 Liza A. Rodriguez, Justice
                 Lori I. Valenzuela, Justice

Delivered and Filed: February 14, 2024

AFFIRMED

           Appellant Richard Parker was injured in a vehicle accident caused by RAD Trucking’s

driver. The jury awarded Parker his past medical expenses, but it awarded no damages for his past

physical pain and mental anguish or any other claimed damage. The trial court rendered judgment

on the verdict, and Parker appeals. He argues the jury’s finding of zero damages for past physical

pain and mental anguish was against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. Because

the evidence was within the zone of reasonable disagreement, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
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                           FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

       Parker sued RAD Trucking, LTD. and its driver, Raul Romero Vasquez, for injuries Parker

alleges he sustained when the front right corner of the pickup truck he was driving was hit by the

back left tire and fender of a tractor-trailer driven by Vasquez.

       The accident occurred on October 19, 2015, at about 5:52 p.m. in New Braunfels, Texas.

Parker complained that the accident injured his neck and back. Ultimately, Parker’s physicians

diagnosed him with cervical sprain and a lumbar herniation at the L5-S1 spine level that produced

radiation and tingling in his legs.

       Before the jury trial began, RAD Trucking stipulated that Vasquez was acting in

furtherance of its business and that Vasquez’s negligence was the sole proximate cause of the

accident. Thus, the only issue left for the jury to decide was whether Vasquez’s negligence

proximately caused Parker’s injuries, and if so, the amount for each element of damage.

       At trial, Parker presented evidence, including expert witnesses, that described his injuries.

RAD Trucking presented evidence, including expert witnesses, that controverted Parker’s claims

that his injuries were caused by the October 2015 accident. RAD Trucking argued that Parker’s

past physical pain and mental anguish were attributable to physical ailments he had before the

accident.

       After the parties rested, the trial court charged the jury with the following instructions:

          What sum of money, if paid now in cash, would fairly and reasonably
       compensate RICHARD PARKER for his injuries, if any, that resulted from the
       occurrence in question?
           Consider the elements of damages listed below and none other. Consider each
       element separately. Do not award any sum of money on any element if you have
       otherwise, under some other element, awarded a sum of money for that same loss.
       That is, do not compensate twice for the same loss, if any. Do not include interest
       on any amount of damages you find.
          Do not include any amount for any condition that did not result from the
       occurrence in question. Do not include any amount for any condition existing

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       before the occurrence in question, except to the extent, if any, that such other
       condition was aggravated by any injuries that resulted from the occurrence in
       question.

       The jury returned a verdict awarding Parker past medical expenses in the amount of

$157,540.24, but it did not award him damages for past or future physical pain and mental anguish,

past or future physical impairment, or future medical expenses. Later, the trial court rendered

judgment based on the jury’s verdict.

       Parker appealed. In turn, RAD Trucking and Vasquez filed a conditional cross-notice of

appeal. They argue that the trial court erred in excluding evidence challenging the reasonableness

of Parker’s past medical expenses. We will first address Parker’s sole issue.

     WAS THE JURY’S FINDING OF ZERO DAMAGES FOR PAST PHYSICAL PAIN AND MENTAL
      ANGUISH AGAINST THE GREAT WEIGHT AND PREPONDERANCE OF THE EVIDENCE?

A.     Parties’ Arguments

       As stated, Parker challenges only the jury’s finding of zero damages for past physical pain

and mental anguish. Parker argues these points: (a) the jury heard objective evidence that his back

surgery and the pain associated with that surgery were caused by the accident; (b) because the jury

awarded him 100% of his past medical expenses, the jury necessarily found that the accident

caused his physical pain and mental anguish; (c) the jury’s necessarily implied causation finding

entitled Parker to an award of damages for past physical pain and mental anguish; and (d) given

that the jury failed to make such an award, the jury’s finding of zero damages for past physical

pain and mental anguish was so against the great weight of the preponderance evidence as to be

manifestly unjust.

       RAD Trucking and Vasquez argue that the evidence of Parker’s past physical pain and

mental anguish was controverted. Thus, it was the jury’s right and duty to weigh the evidence,

assess the witnesses’ credibility, and resolve any conflicts, which it did.

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B.     Standard of Review

       “When a party attacks the factual sufficiency of an adverse finding on an issue on which

she has the burden of proof, she must demonstrate on appeal that the adverse finding is against the

great weight and preponderance of the evidence.” Dow Chem. Co. v. Francis, 46 S.W.3d 237, 242

(Tex. 2001); accord Lion Copolymer Holdings, LLC v. Lion Polymers, LLC, 614 S.W.3d 729, 733

(Tex. 2020).

       On appeal, we “must consider and weigh all of the evidence, not just that evidence which

supports the verdict.” Mar. Overseas Corp. v. Ellis, 971 S.W.2d 402, 406–07 (Tex. 1998); accord

Gonzalez v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 143 S.W.3d 118, 122 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2004, no pet.).

We “may not pass [judgment] upon the witnesses’ credibility or substitute [our] judgment for that

of the jury, even if the evidence would clearly support a different result.” Ellis, 971 S.W.2d at 411.

       “If the evidence at trial would enable reasonable and fair-minded people to differ in their

conclusions, then jurors must be allowed to do so.” City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 822

(Tex. 2005) (“A reviewing court cannot substitute its judgment for that of the trier-of-fact, so long

as the evidence falls within this zone of reasonable disagreement.”); accord Bombardier

Aerospace Corp. v. SPEP Aircraft Holdings, LLC, 572 S.W.3d 213, 223 (Tex. 2019).

C.     Applicable Law

       1.      Compensable Physical Pain, Mental Anguish

       “While physical injuries are often accompanied by pain, anguish, and impairment, ‘the fact

of an injury does not prove compensable pain and suffering or impairment.’” Gainsco Cnty. Mut.

Ins. Co. v. Martinez, 27 S.W.3d 97, 103 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2000, pet. granted, judgm’t

vacated w.r.m.) (quoting Biggs v. GSC Enters., Inc., 8 S.W.3d 765, 769 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth

1999, no pet.)); accord In re State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 483 S.W.3d 249, 263 (Tex. App.—

Fort Worth 2016, orig. proceeding).

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       To establish compensable physical pain and mental anguish, the plaintiff must “produce

evidence from which the jury may reasonably infer that the damages claimed resulted from the

defendant’s conduct.” Rumzek v. Lucchesi, 543 S.W.3d 327, 337 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2017, pet.

denied) (citing Texarkana Mem’l Hosp., Inc. v. Murdock, 946 S.W.2d 836, 839–40 (Tex. 1997));

accord McKnight v. Hill & Hill Exterminators, Inc., 689 S.W.2d 206, 209 (Tex. 1985).

       2.     Negate Pre-Existing Conditions

       “As a part of this burden, when a plaintiff has pre-existing medical conditions that could

have caused or contributed to his symptoms, the plaintiff must specifically demonstrate that his

medical expenses were ‘made necessary by the negligent acts or omissions of the defendant, where

such a differentiation is possible.’” Rumzek, 543 S.W.3d at 337 (quoting Murdock, 946 S.W.2d at

840); see Martinez, 27 S.W.3d at 103.

       If a plaintiff seeks damages for physical pain and mental anguish, the same rule applies: he

must demonstrate that his physical pain and mental anguish are a result of the defendant’s

negligence. See Murdock, 946 S.W.2d at 840; McKnight, 689 S.W.2d at 209.

       3.     Conflicting Evidence

       If the evidence that the defendant’s negligence caused the plaintiff’s injury is objective and

uncontroverted, a jury finding of zero damages for physical pain and mental anguish may be

reversed. Rumzek, 543 S.W.3d at 332–33; see Golden Eagle Archery, Inc. v. Jackson, 116 S.W.3d

757, 775 (Tex. 2003) (rejecting the proposition that “a verdict awarding no damages for pain and

suffering should be upheld on appeal if there is objective, undisputed evidence of a significant

injury and the jury could not have compensated the injured party in some other category of

damages”).

       But if “there is conflicting evidence of the injury’s cause or an alternative explanation for

the injured party’s reported pain, [a jury may return a] zero damage finding[] for physical pain

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despite [its] finding that the injured party is entitled to damages for medical expenses.” See In re

State Farm, 483 S.W.3d at 264; accord Rumzek, 543 S.W.3d at 333; Martinez, 27 S.W.3d at 103

(recognizing that “conflicting evidence [regarding pre-existing injuries] was for the jury to

resolve”).

       4.      Jury Resolves Conflicting Evidence

       Where the parties present conflicting evidence on whether the defendant’s negligence

caused the plaintiff’s injuries, the factfinder must resolve the conflicts, and it “is afforded

considerable discretion in evaluating opinion testimony on the issue of damages.” McGalliard v.

Kuhlmann, 722 S.W.2d 694, 697 (Tex. 1986); accord Rumzek, 543 S.W.3d at 331; In re State

Farm, 483 S.W.3d at 263 (“Generally, the jury has great discretion in considering evidence on the

issue of damages.”).

       For example, if a plaintiff has a history of pre-existing injuries or chronic pain, but the

plaintiff claims his injuries were caused by the defendant’s negligence, it is the jury’s role to

resolve the conflicting evidence on whether the injuries or the physical pain are attributable to

sources other than the event made the basis of the suit. See Rumzek, 543 S.W.3d at 331; In re State

Farm, 483 S.W.3d at 263. In doing so, if it finds that the plaintiff’s injuries were primarily caused

by the plaintiff’s pre-existing conditions, the jury may decide to not award damages for physical

pain and mental anguish. See Rumzek, 543 S.W.3d at 339; In re State Farm, 483 S.W.3d at 263

(“Matters of pain and mental anguish are necessarily speculative, and it is particularly within the

jury’s province to resolve these matters and decide the amounts attributable thereto.”); Martinez,

27 S.W.3d at 103; Biggs, 8 S.W.3d at 769.

       The jury may do so even if it awarded damages for past medical expenses because it “could

have concluded that ‘any pain or impairment resulting from the accident was too minimal to

warrant a monetary award, but that [the plaintiff] should be fairly compensated for seeking medical

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care and missing some work.’” Martinez, 27 S.W.3d at 103 (alteration in original) (quoting Biggs,

8 S.W.3d at 769); accord Grant v. Cruz, 406 S.W.3d 358, 364 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, no pet.)

(“[W]hen there is conflicting evidence of the injury’s cause or an alternative explanation for the

injured party’s reported pain, appellate courts have upheld zero damage findings for physical pain

despite the jury finding that the injured party is entitled to damages for medical expenses.”); In re

State Farm, 483 S.W.3d at 264.

D.     Review of the Evidence

       To support an award for past physical pain and mental anguish, Parker had to produce

evidence from which the jury could reasonably find that the physical pain and mental anguish he

suffered was caused by the October 2015 accident. See Rumzek, 543 S.W.3d at 337 (citing

Murdock, 946 S.W.2d at 839–40); see also McKnight, 689 S.W.2d at 209.

       Because he had pre-existing medical conditions that could have caused his physical pain

and mental anguish, Parker also had to produce evidence from which a jury could reasonably find

that his pre-existing medical conditions were not the cause of his complained-of symptoms. See

Rumzek, 543 S.W.3d at 337; Martinez, 27 S.W.3d at 103–04.

       In accordance with this applicable law, the jury charge contained the following instruction

pertaining to damages:

          Do not include any amount for any condition that did not result from the
       occurrence in question. Do not include any amount for any condition existing
       before the occurrence in question, except to the extent, if any, that such other
       condition was aggravated by any injuries that resulted from the occurrence in
       question.

       It was the jury’s role to consider the evidence regarding the cause of Parker’s physical pain

and mental anguish and to resolve any conflicts in that evidence. See McGalliard, 722 S.W.2d at

697; Rumzek, 543 S.W.3d at 331; In re State Farm, 483 S.W.3d at 263. We turn now to the

evidence, beginning with that presented by Parker.

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        1.      Parker’s Pre-Accident Medical History

        Parker testified that since 1999, he has had a history of psoriatic arthritis, a condition that

causes inflammation in his joints. He described his arthritis symptoms as a burning and aching

pain in his toes and pinkies and flareups in his hands and right knee.

        In November 2006, Parker sought treatment for his arthritis from a rheumatologist, Dr. Rita

Cuevas. Dr. Cuevas testified that, to treat Parker’s arthritis, she prescribed Enbrel, a once-a-week

injection. She also prescribed Tramadol—a pain relief medication—due to the pain Parker felt in

multiple joints. When he did not take the Enbrel, he started having a severe flare of arthritis in his

right foot, and he reported his pain level as a ten on a scale of one to ten, with ten being the highest.

        In June 2015, Parker told Dr. Cuevas he was having trouble working as a painter because

of his arthritis. At the time, he was taking Tramadol regularly; the pharmacy records showed he

filled one prescription for Tramadol in May, two in June, and two in July.

        According to Parker, about four months before the October 2015 accident, Dr. Cuevas

recommended that he change his diet. He complied, and his arthritis symptoms decreased

dramatically within a week. He stopped taking any pain medication, and he stopped seeing Dr.

Cuevas.

        2.      Parker’s Account of the Accident

        Parker testified that when the accident occurred, he knew immediately that he had been

injured: “I was injured right then; . . . I was jacked up.” About three hours after the accident, he

drove to the hospital. The emergency room physician record includes this note: “[Patient] states

he was side swiped by 18 wheeler when trying to get onto highway.” The report shows Parker

complained of neck pain, but he did not complain of back pain. The hospital physician diagnosed

Parker as having cervical spine sprain.

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          3.     Post-Accident Care

          Parker testified that the pain he felt after the accident was different than the pain he felt

from his psoriatic arthritis, and he sought medical care to address his pain.

                 a.       Dr. Adeniran 1

          About a month after the accident, Parker sought treatment from an orthopedic specialist,

Dr. Adewale O. Adeniran. Parker complained of neck and back pain. Dr. Adeniran’s diagnosis

was cervical and lumbar strain; he recommended chiropractic manipulation and pain management

treatments. With the chiropractic manipulation and part of the pain management treatment,

Parker’s pain to his neck and back temporarily resolved and his prognosis was favorable.

                 b.       Dr. Gutzman

          At trial, Parker called Dr. Dennis R. Gutzman, a board-certified orthopedic surgeon, as one

of his expert witnesses. Dr. Gutzman testified about his observations and conclusions in treating

Parker.

          In February of 2016, Dr. Gutzman first saw Parker. Parker described the accident as his

truck being hit on the right side by an eighteen-wheeler. Parker complained of lower back pain

with right leg pain and cervical spine pain. However, Parker only sought treatment for his lower

back and leg pain.

          After examining Parker, reviewing Dr. Adeniran’s records, and analyzing Parker’s MRIs,

Dr. Gutzman determined that Parker sustained disc herniations at three disc levels starting at the

L4-L5 level through the L5-S1 level.              To manage Parker’s back pain, Dr. Gutzman first

recommended conservative treatment in the form of epidural steroid injections. When Parker got

1
 Dr. Adeniran did not testify; the information was taken from his Clinical Encounter Summaries, which were admitted
into evidence.

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only temporary pain relief from those injections, Dr. Gutzman recommended a discographic study,

which would allow him to determine which discs were injured.

       From the study, Dr. Gutzman determined that Parker’s disc at the L5-S1 level had a 5 mm

tear. According to Dr. Gutzman, the disc tear was the result of the October 2015 accident. He

then recommended that Parker consider surgery at the L5-S1 level.

               c.     Dr. Bruggeman

       At trial, Parker called Dr. Adam John Bruggeman, a board-certified orthopedic surgeon, as

another one of his expert witnesses. Dr. Bruggeman, who appeared by video deposition, testified

about his observations and conclusions in treating Parker.

       Parker was uncertain about Dr. Gutzman’s recommendation for surgery, so he sought a

second opinion from Dr. Bruggeman. During Parker’s first visit, Parker told him he was in a motor

vehicle accident; he was hit by an eighteen-wheeler truck, and the pain in his neck and back began

after the accident.

       After Dr. Bruggeman examined Parker and reviewed his studies and medical records, he

recommended that Parker undergo a less-invasive laser procedure at the L4-L5 level to reduce the

pain. The laser procedure was successful in that it helped eliminate any radiculopathy in the lower

extremities, but the back pain remained.

       Dr. Bruggeman opined that Parker’s symptoms and injuries were consistent with how

Parker described the accident, and they were in reasonable medical probability caused by the

October 2015 accident.     He noted that although Parker had pre-existing conditions, none

necessitated the post-accident surgical procedure that Parker underwent to help reduce his pain.

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         4.     Controverting Evidence

         The jury heard the evidence Parker presented, as summarized in part above, and it could

have found that it supported Parker’s claims that the October 2015 accident caused the pain he

experienced after the accident. See McKnight, 689 S.W.2d at 209; Rumzek, 543 S.W.3d at 331.

         But the jury also heard evidence that controverted Parker’s claims. See McGalliard, 722

S.W.2d at 697; Rumzek, 543 S.W.3d at 337; In re State Farm, 483 S.W.3d at 263.

                a.      Crash Report, Accident Photos

         Parker described the accident to Dr. Gutzman and Dr. Bruggeman as his truck being hit on

the right side by an eighteen-wheeler. That description could include a violent “T-bone” collision,

but a more complete description of the accident was presented in the crash report.

         The report was prepared by Officer Michael John Krifka, the investigating officer. His

Texas Peace Officer’s Crash Report showed the

accident occurred in an intersection where both

vehicles were turning left together.

         As the vehicles proceeded to turn, the

back of the tractor-trailer crossed into Parker’s

lane, and the trailer’s back left tire and fender

hit the front right corner of Parker’s pickup

truck.

         A post-accident photo of Parker’s pickup truck shows damage only to the front right fender

and (viewed from the front) the left part of a cattle-guard; a photo of the tractor-trailer shows

damage to the corner of the left back tire’s fender. Another photo showed a street-level view of

the intersection where the accident occurred.

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       Parker testified that when the accident occurred, he knew immediately that he had been

injured, that he was “jacked up,” but Officer Krifka testified that none of the persons involved

reported any injury and no one had asked for an ambulance.

       The jury could compare Parker’s descriptions of the accident he gave to his physicians, his

trial testimony, the crash report, and the accident photos to resolve any conflicts regarding the

relative severity of the accident. See Rumzek, 543 S.W.3d at 337; In re State Farm, 483 S.W.3d

at 263. Based on the evidence, the jury could have found that the accident was a relatively low-

speed, side-swipe collision, which could inform their view of the relative severity of the accident

and Parker’s self-reported subjective injuries. See Rumzek, 543 S.W.3d at 337; Biggs v. GSC

Enters., Inc., 8 S.W.3d 765, 769 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1999, no pet.).

               b.     Evidence of Ongoing Pain from a Pre-Existing Condition

       Parker testified that he had suffered from psoriatic arthritis for about fifteen years before

the accident, and it caused him intense pain in his joints. To alleviate the pain, he took over the

counter medications such as Advil and Aleve, and he took prescription medications including

Zorvolex and Tramadol.

       Parker testified that, before the accident, he was not taking any pain medication, but after

the accident, he took painkillers almost every day. But his pharmacy records showed that, before

the accident, Parker not only took Zorvolex, an anti-inflammatory drug, he also took Tramadol, a

pain medication. On July 22, 2015, Parker filled his last Tramadol prescription for 120 pills. And

on December 9, 2015, he refilled his Zorvolex prescription for 90 pills.

               c.     Extent, Cause of Parker’s Injuries

       Some of the expert witness testimony, including that from Parker’s own experts,

controverted Parker’s claims that his injuries were caused by the accident and were not merely the

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continuing pain from his pre-existing conditions. Cf. Rumzek, 543 S.W.3d at 333; In re State

Farm, 483 S.W.3d at 263.

       Dr. Gutzman testified about the condition of Parker’s spine based in part on MRIs that

were taken about three weeks after the accident. The MRIs showed that Parker’s disc at L5-S1

had “a lot of water content loss,” which could indicate a degenerating disc. The MRIs also showed

that Parker had facet hypertrophy and ligamentum flavum hypertrophy in his lower back and

Schmorl’s nodes in his lower thoracic region. Dr. Gutzman noted that the Schmorl’s nodes were

in the ribcage area, not the lower back. But he acknowledged that the facet hypertrophy,

ligamentum flavum hypertrophy, and Schmorl’s nodes were each degenerative conditions

affecting Parker’s spine, and each existed before the accident.

       When he saw Dr. Bruggeman, Parker told him he had been hit by an eighteen-wheeler

truck. Parker completed a medical history form on which he indicated that he only suffered from

high blood pressure and the only medication he took was Aleve. Parker reported symptoms of

joint pain and muscle aches, which were the same complaints he made to Dr. Cuevas when he was

diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis. Based on Parker’s account of the accident, his examination of

Parker, and his review of Parker’s medical records, Dr. Bruggeman concluded that Parker’s

injuries were probably caused by the accident.

       But there was no evidence that either Dr. Gutzman or Dr. Bruggeman ever reviewed the

accident photographs or the crash report, or that they knew that it was the tractor-trailer’s left rear

tires and fender that had side-swiped the right front of Parker’s truck while both were turning left

in an intersection.

       Dr. Warren Neely, a neurological surgeon retained by the defense, agreed with Dr.

Bruggeman that Parker’s symptoms of pain, numbness, and tingling were caused by L5 and L5-

S1 herniations and that Parker needed surgery. But Dr. Neely disagreed that they were caused by

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trauma. Instead, he testified that the herniations were due to degenerative desiccation, a condition

that was present for at least two years before the October 2015 accident.

       In resolving the conflicts between Dr. Gutzman’s and Dr. Bruggeman’s conclusions that

Parker’s injuries were caused by the accident and Dr. Neely’s conclusion that they were not, the

jury could have considered whether Dr. Gutzman’s and Dr. Bruggeman’s conclusions were based

on Parker’s inaccurate account of his medical history and his materially incomplete description of

the accident. See Rumzek, 543 S.W.3d at 337; In re State Farm, 483 S.W.3d at 263.

E.     Evidence in the Zone of Reasonable Disagreement

       Because his pre-existing medical conditions were causing Parker pain before the accident,

his burden was to show that his herniated discs, and the physical pain and mental anguish that he

reported, were caused by the October 2015 accident. See Rumzek, 543 S.W.3d at 337 (quoting

Murdock, 946 S.W.2d at 840); Gainsco Cnty. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Martinez, 27 S.W.3d 97, 103–04

(Tex. App.—San Antonio 2000, pet. granted, judgm’t vacated w.r.m.); see also Texarkana Mem’l

Hosp., Inc. v. Murdock, 946 S.W.2d 836, 840 (Tex. 1997); McKnight, 689 S.W.2d at 209.

       The jury heard evidence about Parker’s fifteen-year history of pain from arthritic psoriasis;

the pre-accident condition of his spine, including the degenerative changes; descriptions of the

accident; and Parker’s testimony about how his post-accident pain was different than his pre-

accident psoriatic arthritic pain. See Rumzek, 543 S.W.3d at 331; In re State Farm, 483 S.W.3d at

263.

       It also heard Dr. Gutzman’s and Dr. Bruggeman’s opinions that the herniations were caused

by the accident, and Dr. Neely’s opinion that the herniations were present before the accident and

were due to degenerative desiccation. See Rumzek, 543 S.W.3d at 331; In re State Farm, 483

S.W.3d at 263; Martinez, 27 S.W.3d at 103–04.

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       Having reviewed all the evidence in a neutral light, we conclude that it “would enable

reasonable and fair-minded people to differ in their conclusions.” See City of Keller v. Wilson,

168 S.W.3d 802, 822 (Tex. 2005); accord Bombardier Aerospace Corp. v. SPEP Aircraft

Holdings, LLC, 572 S.W.3d 213, 223 (Tex. 2019). Accordingly, the evidence was within the zone

of reasonable disagreement, and we will not disturb the jury’s finding. See Bombardier Aerospace,

572 S.W.3d at 223; City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 822.

       Although the jury awarded Parker all his past medical expenses, there was conflicting

evidence on the cause of Parker’s injury, and we cannot conclude that the jury’s award of no

damages for his physical pain and mental anguish was against the great weight and preponderance

of the evidence. See Rumzek, 543 S.W.3d at 333; In re State Farm, 483 S.W.3d at 264; Martinez,

27 S.W.3d at 103 (recognizing that “conflicting evidence [regarding pre-existing injuries] was for

the jury to resolve”).

       We overrule Parker’s first issue.

                          APPELLEES’ CONDITIONAL CROSS-APPEAL

       In their conditional cross-appeal, RAD Trucking and Vasquez argue the trial court’s

judgment should be affirmed. However, if we sustain Parker’s issue and order a new trial, they

ask that they “be allowed to enter relevant evidence challenging the reasonableness of Parker’s

claimed medical expenses.”

       Because we have overruled Parker’s sole issue, we do not reach Appellees’ conditional

cross-appeal.

                                           CONCLUSION

       Because Parker had pre-existing medical conditions that could have caused or contributed

to his symptoms, his burden was to prove that his injuries were caused by the accident, not by his

pre-existing medical conditions. He presented evidence to support his claims that his herniated

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discs were caused by the accident, but Appellees presented evidence that the herniations were due

to degenerative changes and predated the accident.

       Having reviewed all the evidence in a neutral light, we conclude the evidence would allow

reasonable and fair-minded people to reach different conclusions on whether Parker’s injuries were

caused by his pre-existing medical conditions or the October 2015 accident. Therefore, the

evidence was within the zone of reasonable disagreement, and we will not disturb the jury’s

verdict.

       We overrule Parker’s sole issue, and we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

                                                 Patricia O. Alvarez, Justice

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