Court Opinion

ID: 2748577
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2014-11-06 15:03:10.157887+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:25:59.213337
License: Public Domain

Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
regarded as precedent or cited before                 Nov 06 2014, 8:59 am
any court except for the purpose of
establishing the defense of res judicata,
collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT:                       ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEES
                                               POWERS-RUETH & ASSOCIATES,
RONALD J. WAICUKAUSKI                          DONALD S. POWERS, MARGARET
CAROL NEMETH JOVEN                             F. POWERS, FRANKIE L. FESKO,
Indianapolis, Indiana                          and TIMOTHY FESKO:

                                               DAVID C. JENSEN
                                               NICHOLAS G. BRUNETTE
                                               Eichhorn & Eichhorn, LLP
                                               Hammond, Indiana

                                               ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
                                               JOE WILLIAMSON:

                                               JOHN P. REED
                                               JONATHAN HALM
                                               Abrahamson, Reed & Bilse
                                               Hammond, Indiana

                                IN THE
                     COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

RUETH DEVELOPMENT COMPANY, an                  )
Indiana Limited Partnership,                   )
                                               )
       Appellant-Plaintiff,                    )
                                               )
               vs.                             )     No. 45A05-1402-PL-80
                                               )
POWERS-RUETH & ASSOCIATES, DONALD              )
S. POWERS, MARGARET F. POWERS,                 )
FRANKIE L. FESKO, TIMOTHY FESKO, and           )
JOE P. WILLIAMSON,                             )
                                               )
       Appellees-Defendants.                   )
                APPEAL FROM THE LAKE COUNTY SUPERIOR COURT
                       The Honorable Calvin D. Hawkins, Judge
                            Cause No. 45D02-1210-PL-25

                                     November 6, 2014

               MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION

BRADFORD, Judge

                                   CASE SUMMARY

       On December 1, 1976, Donald S. Powers (“Powers”) and Rueth Development

Company (“RDC”) formed Powers-Rueth and Associates (“PRA”) for the purpose of

acquiring and developing real estate. PRA was initially created as a general partnership with

both Powers and RDC serving as general partners. In 1981, PRA formed the Briar Ridge

Country Club (the “BRCC”). The BRCC was wholly owned by PRA. On September 20,

1994, Powers was named the sole general partner of PRA. RDC remained a limited partner

of PRA.

       On April 30, 2011, PRA entered into an agreement to sell the BRCC to a group of

individuals who were collectively known as the Preservation Committee, LLC (the

“Preservation Committee”). On July 5, 2011, RDC filed a complaint for declaratory and

injunctive relief from PRA, seeking to enjoin the sale of the BRCC to the Preservation

Committee. That same day, the trial court granted a temporary restraining order preventing

the sale of the BRCC pending a hearing on RDC’s motion to enjoin the sale. The trial court

subsequently dissolved the temporary restraining order and denied RDC’s motion to enjoin

the sale of the BRCC. RDC has since made numerous attempts to block the sale of the

                                             2
BRCC to the Preservation Committee and to expand the scope of the underlying lawsuit to

include numerous claims against numerous defendants who were allegedly connected to the

sale of the BRCC in some way.

          On May 3, 2013, Appellees-Defendants PRA, Powers, Margaret F. Powers

(“Margaret”), Frankie L. Fesko (“Frankie”), Timothy Fesko (“Timothy”), and Joe

Williamson (“Williamson”) (collectively, “the Appellees”) filed motions for summary

judgment on the claims levied against them by RDC. RDC appeals following the trial court’s

denial of RDC’s request to file a successive amended complaint, denial of RDC’s request to

file supplemental designated evidence, and award of summary judgment in favor of the

Appellees.

          RDC contends that the trial court abused its discretion in denying its request for leave

to file a successive amended complaint and in denying its request to submit supplemental

designated evidence. RDC also contends that the trial court erred in granting summary

judgment in favor of the Appellees. Upon review, we conclude that the trial court did not

abuse its discretion in denying RDC’s request for leave to file a successive amended

complaint or to submit supplemental designated evidence. We further conclude that the trial

court did not err in granting summary judgment in favor of the Appellees. As such, we

affirm.

                          FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

                                     Overview of the Parties

          Powers is married to Margaret. Powers and Margaret are the parents of Frankie.

                                                 3
Margaret and Frankie are limited partners in PRA. Frankie is married to Timothy. Timothy

is not a member of any board relating to the BRCC, does not hold any offices in relation to

the BRCC, and has no ownership interest in PRA. During the time relevant to this appeal,

Williamson was an officer and director of Briar Ridge Country Club, Inc. (“BRCC, Inc.”),

which is an Indiana Corporation that was formed to operate the facilities of the BRCC.

Williamson was not a shareholder in BRCC, Inc., which was wholly owned by PRA.

                                       Relevant Facts

       On December 1, 1976, Powers and RDC, as general partners, formed PRA for the

purpose of acquiring and developing real estate. PRA is an Indiana Limited Partnership with

its principal place of business in Munster, Indiana. On September 20, 1994, pursuant to the

Eighth Amendment of the PRA Limited Partnership Agreement (the “PRA LPA”), Powers

was designated as the sole general partner of PRA after the partners that made up RDC filed

a petition to dissolve RDC. RDC remained a limited partner of PRA.

       In 1981, PRA formed the BRCC. The BRCC was wholly owned by PRA. On April

30, 2011, Powers, as sole general partner of PRA, signed a letter of intent to sell the BRCC to

a group known as the Preservation Committee for a sum of three million dollars. The

Preservation Committee was made up of residents of the Briar Ridge sub-division and

members of the BRCC. The sale of the BRCC closed on October 24, 2011.

                                     Procedural History

       On July 5, 2011, RDC filed a complaint for declaratory and injunctive relief against

PRA to stop the sale of the BRCC to the Preservation Committee. The complaint also sought

                                              4
compensatory and punitive damages from Powers. Margaret and Frankie were also joined as

defendants to the lawsuit. Also on July 5, 2011, RDC obtained a temporary restraining order

preventing the sale of the BRCC. The trial court conducted a hearing on RDC’s request for a

preliminary injunction on July 15, 2011. Five days later, on July 20, 2011, the trial court

denied RDC’s motion to enjoin the sale of the BRCC and dissolved the temporary restraining

order.

         On August 2, 2011, RDC filed its second amended complaint against Powers and

PRA. Count I of the second amended complaint requested a declaratory judgment that the

letter of intent and a purchase agreement to sell the BRCC, which were executed by Powers

on behalf of PRA, were void. Count II alleged that Powers breached the PRA LPA by

entering into an agreement to sell the BRCC. Count III alleged that Powers breached his

fiduciary duty to RDC by executing the letter of intent and/or the purchase agreement for the

sale of the BRCC. Count IV alleged that PRA limited partners Margaret and Frankie

breached their respective fiduciary duties to RDC. Timothy and Williamson were also joined

in Count IV.

         On August 26, 2011, PRA and Powers filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings.

RDC filed a response in opposition to the motion for judgment on the pleadings on

September 26, 2011. On September 30, 2011, RDC filed an emergency verified motion for a

temporary restraining order, in which it again sought to enjoin the sale of the BRCC. The

trial court denied RDC’s emergency motion on October 3, 2011.

         On January 19, 2012, RDC moved for leave to file a successive amended complaint.

                                             5
The Appellees collectively filed a response in opposition to RDC’s request on February 7,

2012. On February 8, 2012, the trial court granted Powers and PRA’s motion for judgment

on the pleadings as to Counts I and II of RDC’s second amended complaint. On February 24,

2012, the trial court denied RDC’s January 19, 2012 request for leave to file a successive

amended complaint.

       On April 18, 2013, RDC again moved for leave to file a successive amended

complaint. RDC sought to add ten new counts, eleven new individual defendants, and four

new entity defendants in this successive amended complaint. On May 3, 2012, the Appellees

filed their response in opposition to RDC’s April 18, 2013 request for leave to file a

successive amended complaint. The trial court denied RDC’s April 18, 2013 request to file a

successive amended compliant on June 18, 2013.

       On October 11, 2013, the Appellees filed motions for summary judgment,

designations of evidence, and statements of undisputed facts. RDC filed a consolidated

response in opposition to the Appellees’ motions for summary judgment on November 13,

2013. On December 2, 2013, the Appellees filed their respective replies in support of their

motions for summary judgment. Also on December 2, 2013, the Appellees filed motions to

strike certain evidence designated by RDC. On December 17, 2013, RDC filed its response

to the Appellees’ motions to strike and sought permission to file a supplemental designation

of evidence. On December 26, 2013, the trial court conducted a hearing on the pending

motions after which it denied RDC’s request for file a supplemental designation of evidence,

granted the Appellees’ motions to strike RDC’s designations of evidence, and granted the

                                             6
Appellees’ motions for summary judgment.

        On January 29, 2014, RDC filed a motion to correct error. The Appellees filed a

statement in opposition to RDC’s motion to correct error on February 6, 2014. On February

11, 2014, the trial court denied RDC’s motion to correct error.1

                                  DISCUSSION AND DECISION

        RDC contends that the trial court abused its discretion in denying its motion for leave

to amend its complaint and its request to submit supplemental evidence prior to the summary

judgment hearing. RDC also contends that the award of summary judgment in favor of the

Appellees was improper because issues of material fact remain which would preclude an

award of summary judgment. For their parts, the Appellees contend that the trial court acted

within its discretion in denying RDC’s request to file a successive amended complaint and

supplemental designated materials. The Appellees also contend that the trial court properly

granted summary judgment in their favor.

               I. Whether the Trial Court Abused Its Discretion in Denying
                  RDC’s Request to File a Successive Amended Complaint

                                        A. Standard of Review

        Indiana courts have long held that a plaintiff does not have “an absolute right to file a

supplemental complaint.” Carr v. Besse, 82 Ind. App. 124, 126, 143 N.E. 639, 640 (1924).

        A party may amend his pleading once as a matter of right any time before a
        responsive pleading is served. “Otherwise a party may amend his pleading
        only by leave of court or by written consent of the adverse party; and leave
        shall be given when justice so requires.” T.R. 15. The grant or denial of leave
        to amend a complaint is a matter of the sound discretion of the trial court and

        1
           We note that in addition to the outlined procedural history, throughout the course of litigation, the
parties have also filed multiple motions for a change of judge and to extend pre-trial deadlines.

                                                       7
       is reviewable only for an abuse of discretion. Hoosier Plastics v. Westfield
       Savings and Loan (1982), Ind. App., 433 N.E.2d 24.

Johnson v. Patterson, 570 N.E.2d 93, 99 (Ind. Ct. App. 1991).

       “‘Discretion’ implies flexibility in light of varying circumstances.” B & D Corp. v.

Anderson, Clayton & Co., 180 Ind. App. 115, 124, 387 N.E.2d 476, 482 (1979) (internal

quotation omitted). “Discretion is afforded a trial court to act in accord with what is fair and

equitable in each case.” Templin v. Fobes, 617 N.E.2d 541, 543 (Ind. 1993).

       An abuse of discretion may occur if the trial court’s decision is clearly against
       the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before the court or if the
       trial court has misinterpreted the law. [McCullough v. Archbold Ladder Co.,
       605 N.E.2d 175, 180 (Ind. 1993)]. “An abuse of discretion is an erroneous
       conclusion in judgment when clearly against the logic and effect of the facts or
       the reasonable, probable deductions to be drawn therefrom.” Boles v. Weidner
       (1983), Ind., 449 N.E.2d 288, 291.

Id. The substance of the abuse of discretion analysis concerning proposed amendments is an

evaluation of a number of factors. Palacios v. Kline, 566 N.E.2d 573, 575 (Ind. Ct. App.

1991). These include, but are not limited to, “undue delay, bad faith, or dilatory motive on

the part of the movant, repeated failure to cure deficiency by amendment previously allowed,

undue prejudice to the opposing party by virtue of the amendment, and futility of the

amendment.” Id. (citing Selvia v. Reitmeyer, 156 Ind. App. 203, 207, 295 N.E.2d 869, 872

(Ind. Ct. App. 1973)).

                                         B. Analysis

       RDC contends that the trial court abused its discretion in denying its request for leave

to file a successive amended complaint. For their parts, the Appellees claim that the trial

court did not abuse its discretion in this regard.

                                               8
                  1. Discussion of Relevant Prior Appellate Decisions

       In Templin, 617 N.E.2d at 542, the Templins filed a complaint against Fobes alleging

negligence on August 28, 1989. They sought permission to file an amended complaint on

February 1, 1991, in which they attempted to add an additional defendant. Id. The trial court

denied the Templins’ request, and the case was tried before a jury in July of 1991. Id. at 542-

43. On appeal, the Indiana Supreme Court held that the trial court did not abuse its discretion

in denying the Templins’ request to file an amended complaint. Id. at 543. In reaching this

holding, the Indiana Supreme Court stated that because trial was five months away at the

time the Templins sought to add a new party on a new theory, the filing of the proposed

amended complaint would have resulted in unfair delay and additional expense to Fobes. Id.

       In Kreilein v. Common Council of the City of Jasper, 980 N.E.2d 352, 355 (Ind. Ct.

App. 2012), HDC, a community group made up of concerned citizens who opposed a

proposed power plant conversion in the City of Jasper (the “City”), filed an action against the

City on August 4, 2011. The action sought a declaratory judgment on the issue of whether

the City had violated Indiana’s Open Door Law by failing to give HDC adequate notice of a

hearing during which the City’s Council and Utility Board intended to vote on approval of a

lease agreement which HDC opposed. Id. HDC subsequently moved to amend its complaint.

On November 21, 2011, HDC sought leave to file a second amended complaint, in which it

sought to add an additional count to its complaint against the City. Id. at 356. On December

7, 2011, the trial court granted in part and denied in part HDC’s request to file a second

amended complaint. Id.

                                              9
       On appeal, we concluded that the trial court abused its discretion in partially denying

HDC’s request to file a second amended complaint. Id. at 360. In coming to this conclusion,

we noted that HDC based its complaint upon alleged violations of the Open Door Law and,

in making its request to file a second amended complaint, argued that information learned

during discovery suggested that a volunteer group may have been formed by the City in an

attempt to circumvent the Open Door Law. Id. at 360. We further noted that HDC made

numerous efforts to timely obtain discovery in the course of the underlying expedited

proceedings, but those efforts were thwarted time and time again by the City’s refusal to

cooperate. Id. at 359. As a result, any prejudice allegedly suffered by the City in allowing

HDC to file a second amended complaint was a direct result of the City’s refusal to conduct

discovery in a timely fashion. Id. at 360.

       In Hillard v. Jacobs, 927 N.E.2d 393, 396 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), the original complaint

was filed in January of 2003. Hillard filed a motion for leave to file a third amended

complaint in April of 2006, in which Hillard attempted to raise new claims against Jacobs.

Id. at 397. The trial court denied Hillard’s request to file the third amended complaint. Id.

On appeal, we concluded that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Hillard’s

request to file the third amended complaint. Id. at 401. In coming to this conclusion, we

noted Hillard’s undue delay in raising the claims contained in the third amended complaint

and the prejudice that would result to Jacobs if the new claims, all of which were known at

the time the original complaint was filed, were allowed to be filed three years after the

original complaint was filed. Id.

                                             10
       In Gordon v. Purdue University, 862 N.E.2d 1244, 1245 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007), Gordon

filed a suit against Purdue University in July of 2004, alleging breach of contract, negligence,

and defamation. With respect to Gordon’s negligence and defamation claims, the trial court

granted Purdue’s motion for judgment on the pleadings. Id. at 1247. With respect to the

breach of contract claim, Gordon filed an amended complaint to allege a bad faith breach of

contract following a partial award of summary judgment in favor of Purdue. Id. at 1248.

Gordon subsequently requested leave to file a second amended complaint. Id. at 1249. The

trial court denied Gordon’s request. Id. Upon review, we concluded that the trial court acted

within its discretion in denying Gordon’s request for leave to file a second amended

complaint because the second amended complaint “again raised issues that had been

previously resolved in the summary judgment motion.” Id. at 1253.

       In General Motors Corp. v. Northrop Corp., 685 N.E.2d 127, 132 (Ind. Ct. App.

1997), the underlying lawsuit was initiated by Allison Engine Company in 1991. On

September 29, 1995, “over four years after Allison filed its initial complaint and nearly two

years after Allison filed its first amended complaint, Allison moved for leave to file a second

amended complaint.” Id. at 141. The second amended complaint sought to add two counts,

one count of fraud and one count of constructive fraud. Id. The trial court denied Allison’s

request on February 1, 1996, finding that there was no justification for Allison’s delay in

adding the additional claims, that Northrop would be prejudiced by the delay, and that

allowing Allison to amend the complaint would be futile. Id. at 141-42. The trial court also

noted that Allison did not assert that it had discovered new evidence which might justify its

                                              11
delay. Id. at 142. Upon review, we concluded that the trial court acted within its discretion

in denying Allison’s request to file a second amended complaint. Id.

       In B & D Corp., 180 Ind. App. at 117, 387 N.E.2d at 478, the plaintiff filed an

amended complaint in June of 1972. The plaintiff subsequently sought leave to file a Second

amended complaint, in which it sought to add allegations to those raised in the first amended

complaint. Id. at 120-21, 387 N.E.2d at 480. On June 17, 1976, the trial court denied the

plaintiff’s request for leave to file the second amended complaint. Id. at 121-22, 387 N.E.2d

at 480. On appeal, we concluded that the trial court acted within its discretion in denying the

plaintiff’s request for leave to file the second amended complaint, noting that:

       [i]n our opinion, a reading of the sought-after amendment shows that the
       certain impact of granting the motion would have been to confound already
       complicated and protracted litigation with the injection of an essentially wholly
       new claim with potentially far-reaching consequences in terms of the factual
       context of the litigation and the relationships between and among parties in the
       action. Such consideration alone is sufficient to sustain the discretionary
       ruling by the trial court. We further believe Corn Farmers’ statement that
       “(t)he issues to be tried remain basically the same and the second amended
       complaint merely facilitates the fair trial of existing issues between the parties”
       to be an oversimplification of the problems.

Id. at 124, 387 N.E.2d at 482.

                     2. Application of the Relevant Authority to the
                         Facts Presented in the Instant Matter

       RDC filed its original complaint against PRA and Powers on July 5, 2011. On July

11, 2011, RDC filed an amended complaint in which it added at least one additional

defendant.2 On August 2, 2011, RDC filed a second amended complaint for injunctive and

other relief. The second amended complaint expanded upon the previously pled claims and

                                               12
added additional defendants.

       On January 19, 2012, RDC filed a request for leave to file a successive amended

complaint. In making this request, RDC sought to add a number of additional defendants and

expand upon its previously alleged claims. On February 24, 2012, the trial court denied

RDC’s request to file the successive amended complaint. RDC did not appeal this denial.

       Approximately fourteen months later, on April 18, 2013, RDC filed another request

for leave to file a successive amended complaint. The April 18, 2013 request sought (1) to

add numerous additional defendants; (2) to address the issues identified by the trial court in

its February 8, 2012 order granting judgment on the pleadings as to Counts I and II, and to re-

allege these counts; and (3) to add additional allegations of gross negligence, intentional

interference with a contract, unjust enrichment, and conspiracy. The Appellees responded in

opposition to RDC’s request on May 3, 2013, claiming that RDC’s request was “yet another

attempt by RDC to prolong worthless litigation as it tries to embroil an ever-expanding

number of defendants in its web – this time by a proposed complaint containing ten (10)

counts, 187 pleading paragraphs, which is directed to sixteen (16) new defendants, plus ten

(10) entities and individuals who are already defendants.” Appellees’ App. pp. 266-67

(footnotes omitted).

       The Appellees argued that the filing of the proposed, largely expanded, successive

amended complaint (1) would result in undue delay of the matter, (2) would result in

prejudice to the Appellees, and (3) demonstrated dilatory tactics by RDC. In support, the

Appellees noted that the April 18, 2013 request was filed approximately fourteen months

       2
           No copy of the amended complaint is included in the record on appeal.
                                                   13
after RDC’s prior request to file a successive amended complaint was denied. With respect

to Counts I and II, the Appellees noted that the trial court granted RDC ten days after its

February 8, 2012 order to re-plead the counts, but RDC failed to do so. The Appellees also

noted RDC attempted to file the successive amended complaint approximately three to four

months before discovery was scheduled to end in August of 2013 and approximately five to

six months before trial, which was set for November of 2013. The Appellees stated that they

had “already spent a great deal of time and money defending against RDC’s multiple,

unsuccessful attempts to prevent the sale of [the] BRCC” and in defending against the

pending lawsuit, Appellees’ App. p. 278, and claimed that because the proposed successive

amended complaint would serve to complicate and expand the litigation they would

undoubtedly suffer additional financial burden. The Appellees also claimed that the

proposed successive complaint contained an irrelevant and inaccurate history of RDC’s

involvement with PRA.

       RDC did not assert that the additional claims it sought to add could not have been

discovered when it filed its original complaint. RDC attempts to justify its delay in

requesting leave to file the proposed successive amended complaint by stating that “[u]nder

the pressures of moving quickly to obtain a [temporary restraining order] and preliminary

injunction, and then addressing [the Appellees’] motions on the pleadings, RDC did not

submit a more detailed complaint in 2011.” Appellant’s App. 148. RDC, however, has

failed to explain why it waited approximately fourteen months after its previous request to

file a successive amended complaint was denied before filing its instant request. Further,

                                            14
while RDC does assert that the proposed successive amended complaint contained some

supplemental facts that allegedly occurred after it filed the second amended complaint, it

does not specify on appeal how these supplemental facts were relevant to its previously

alleged claims.

       Upon review, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying

RDC’s April 18, 2013 request to file a successive amended complaint. The record

demonstrates that the filing of the proposed successive amended complaint likely would have

resulted in an undue delay of the matter as well as prejudice to the Appellees. RDC does not

explain why it waited approximately fourteen months after its prior request to file a

successive amended complaint was denied before filing its instant request. Unlike in

Kreilein, nothing in the record suggests that RDC’s delay in seeking to add the additional

counts and defendants or to re-allege the previously dismissed claims was due to any dilatory

action by the Appellees.

       Further, at the time RDC filed the instant request, the matter was set for trial and

discovery deadlines were quickly approaching. It seems reasonable to assume that the filing

of the proposed successive amended complaint, which, again, sought to add numerous

additional counts, add numerous additional defendants, and re-allege claims that had been

dismissed more than a year prior, would have resulted in an extension of the previously-set

discovery deadlines and delay of trial. In addition, it is also reasonable to assume that the

filing of the proposed successive complaint would have resulted in an increased financial

                                             15
burden for the Appellees.3

               II. Whether the Trial Court Abused Its Discretion in Denying
                 RDC’s Request to File Supplemental Designated Evidence

                         A. Standard of Review and Relevant Authority

        Trial Rule 56(C) provides that a party opposing a motion for summary judgment “shall

have thirty (30) days after service of the motion to serve a response and any opposing

affidavits.” Trial Rule 56(I) provides that “[f]or cause found, the Court may alter any time

limit set forth in this rule upon motion made within the applicable time limit.” (Emphasis

added). Trial Rule 56(E), however, provides that “[t]he court may permit affidavits to be

supplemented or opposed by depositions, answers to interrogatories, or further affidavits.”

(Emphasis added).

        The decision of whether to allow a party to file untimely supplemental designated

materials pursuant to Trial Rule 56(E) lies within the trial court’s discretion. Ind. Univ. Med.

Ctr., Riley Hosp. for Children v. Logan, 728 N.E.2d 855, 859 (Ind. 2000); Winbush v. Mem’l

Health Sys., Inc., 581 N.E.2d 1239, 1243 (Ind. 1991); Estate of Collins v. McKinney, 936
N.E.2d 252, 258 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), trans. denied. Again, “[a]n abuse of discretion occurs

when the trial court’s decision is against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances

before it.” Logan, 728 N.E.2d 859.

              Supporting and opposing affidavits shall be made on personal
        knowledge, shall set forth such facts as would be admissible in evidence, and

        3
            RDC also appears to claim for the first time on appeal that the trial court could have granted its
request only with respect to Powers and the existing defendants. To the extent that this claim is raised for the
first time on appeal, it is waived. See Heaphy v. Ogle, 896 N.E.2d 551, 555 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008) (providing
that failure to present an argument or issue to the trial court results in waiver of the claim on appeal). Further,
even if RDC did raise this claim below, RDC does not cite to any authority in support of this claim.

                                                       16
       shall show affirmatively that the affiant is competent to testify to the matters
       stated therein. Sworn or certified copies not previously self-authenticated of
       all papers or parts thereof referred to in an affidavit shall be attached thereto or
       served therewith.

Trial Rule 56(E). “Unsworn statements and unverified exhibits do not qualify as proper

[Trial] Rule 56 evidence.” Logan, 728 N.E.2d at 858. Stated another way, a party “does not

‘demonstrate’ anything to a court by filing an unsworn allegation.” Nu-Sash of Indpls., Inc.

v. Carter, 887 N.E.2d 92, 96 (Ind. 2008).

       In addition, an expert’s opinion does not constitute properly designated evidence

where there is no evidence designated regarding the expert’s qualifications. See T.R. 56(E)

(requiring that all supporting and opposing affidavits shall set forth admissible facts and

show that the affiant is competent to testify to the matters stated therein).

       Indiana Evidence Rule 702(a) requires that an expert be qualified as such by
       evidence of knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education. State Auto.
       Ins. Co. v. DMY Realty Co., 977 N.E.2d 411, 423 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012).
       Therefore, before an expert may testify about a subject, the proponent of the
       expert must show that the expert is competent in that subject. Id. In addition,
       the proponent of expert testimony must show that the subject matter is
       distinctly related to some scientific field, business, or profession beyond the
       knowledge of the average layperson. Jackson v. Trancik, 953 N.E.2d 1087,
       1092 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011).

Think Tank Software Dev. Corp. v. Chester, Inc., 988 N.E.2d 1169, 1177 (Ind. Ct. App.

2013), trans. denied. “[T]he unsworn letter from an expert may not be considered.”

Johnston v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 667 N.E.2d 802, 806 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996).

                                          B. Analysis

       RDC contends on appeal that the trial court abused its discretion in denying its request

to file supplemental designated materials prior to the summary judgment hearing. For their

                                               17
parts, the Appellees claim that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying RDC’s

request to file supplemental designated evidence because supplemental designated materials

can never be allowed by the trial court.4

                     1. Discussion of Relevant Prior Appellate Decisions

        In Winbush, 581 N.E.2d at 1241, a medical malpractice case, the hospitals and

physicians named in Winbush’s complaint (collectively, “the defendants”) sought summary

judgment. After numerous continuances, the trial court conducted a hearing on the pending

summary judgment motions on May 11, 1989. Id. at 1242. The following day, on May 12,

1989, Winbush filed supplemental answers to interrogatories and responses to requests for

production which included the detailed affidavits of the physicians previously identified as

intended expert witnesses. Id. Winbush also filed a written request for the trial court to

consider the supplemental materials when ruling on the pending motions for summary

judgment. Id. Soon thereafter, the defendants sought to strike the supplemental materials

filed by Winbush. Id.         The trial court subsequently granted the defendants’ motions to

strike and for summary judgment. Id.

        On appeal, the Indiana Supreme Court noted that Winbush had promptly opposed the

motions for summary judgment with responses indicating that expert medical witnesses

would testify contrary to the opinion of the medical review panel. Id. at 1243. The Indiana

Supreme Court further acknowledged, however, that the supplemental affidavits of these

experts were not timely filed. Id. While acknowledging that the question presented on

        4
          Contrary to the Appellees’ position and counsel for the Appellees’ assertion during oral argument,
the applicable standard of review for the admission of supplemental designated materials is an abuse of

                                                    18
appeal was “an extremely close question,” the Indiana Supreme Court concluded that

“because the rule delegates such decision to the discretion of the trial court, and because

there were ample opportunities for [Winbush] to have timely filed the affidavits, we decline

to reverse for an abuse of discretion.” Id.

        In Tannehill by Podgorski v. Reddy, 633 N.E.2d 318, 319 (Ind. Ct. App. 1994), Reddy

filed a motion for summary judgment on September 15, 1992. Tannehill subsequently

requested and was granted an enlargement of time within which to file her response to

Reddy’s motion for summary judgment. Id. After Tannehill filed a response and supporting

affidavit, Tannehill sought permission to file a second affidavit. Id. at 320. Although the

second affidavit was untimely filed, Tannehill argued that it should be considered by the trial

court as supplemental to the timely-filed affidavit. Id. Reddy moved to strike the second

affidavit. Id. The trial court subsequently struck the second affidavit and granted Reddy’s

motion for summary judgment. Id. In concluding that the trial court acted within its

discretion in denying Tannehill’s attempt to file the supplemental affidavit, this court noted

that Tannehill had ample opportunity to have timely filed her affidavit but failed to do so. Id.

        In Logan, 728 N.E.2d at 858, the Hospital filed an interlocutory appeal claiming that

the trial court erroneously denied its motion for summary judgment after it abused its

discretion by allowing Logan to file untimely supplemental designated evidence. The record

reflected that Logan timely designated her affidavit as evidence in support of her response in

opposition to the Hospital’s motion for summary judgment. Id. Logan attached twelve

exhibits to her affidavit. Id. However, these twelve exhibits were inadmissible because the

discretion standard.
                                              19
exhibits consisted of uncertified documents and unsworn statements. Id. One of these

inadmissible exhibits was the unsworn affidavit of Arthur R. Schramm, M.D. Id. Logan

specifically referred to Dr. Schramm’s opinion in her timely-filed affidavit. Id. The trial

court allowed Logan to file an untimely sworn copy of Dr. Schramm’s affidavit prior to

ruling on the Hospital’s motion for summary judgment. Id.

       Determining that Dr. Schramm’s affidavit “expands on the reference to him and his

opinion found in Logan’s own timely filed affidavit,” the Indiana Supreme Court viewed the

untimely filed sworn copy of Dr. Schramm’s affidavit as “merely a supplement of Logan’s

affidavit.” Id. at 859. Upon review, the Indiana Supreme Court concluded that the trial court

did not abuse its discretion in allowing Logan to file the untimely successive designated

evidence. Id. at 859-60. In coming to this conclusion, the Indiana Supreme Court noted that

while Dr. Schramm’s sworn affidavit was filed after the deadline date, it was filed well

before the hearing on the Hospital’s motion for summary judgment. Id. at 859. The Indiana

Supreme Court further noted that the Hospital neither argued nor demonstrated that “the

supplemental affidavit work[ed] to its prejudice.” Id. at 860.

       In Estate of Collins, 936 N.E.2d at 256, McKinney filed a motion for summary

judgment on May 8, 2008. The Estate responded to McKinney’s motion and sought to strike

certain of McKinney’s exhibits. Id. Following a hearing, the trial court granted McKinney

seven days to submit additional documentation in support of the challenged exhibits. Id. at

256-57. The trial court also granted the Estate an additional seven days beyond that to

respond to McKinney’s supplemental submission. Id. at 257. McKinney timely filed

                                             20
additional documentary support. Id. The Estate did not file any documentary support in

response to McKinney’s supplemental submission. Id. The trial court subsequently granted

summary judgment in favor of McKinney. Id.

       On appeal, the Estate argued that the trial court abused its discretion in allowing

McKinney to file additional documentation following the hearing on the pending motions.

Id. In concluding that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in this regard, this court

noted that the trial court was particularly troubled by the Estate’s “form over substance”

insistence that McKinney’s designated evidence be excluded because the Estate sought to

preclude the trial court from considering documents that the Estate’s attorney had drafted and

filed with the trial court in prior litigation against McKinney. Id. at 258. This court further

noted that the record did not demonstrate that the Estate was prejudiced by the trial court’s

decision as the “supplemental affidavit presented no new substantive evidence, the Estate had

already addressed the previously designated evidence in its brief, and the Estate failed to

renew its motion to strike upon McKinney’s submission of the supplemental affidavit.” Id.

                     2. Application of the Relevant Authority to the
                         Facts Presented in the Instant Matter

       In October of 2013, the Appellees filed motions for summary judgment. The

Appellees also filed designations of evidence in support of their motions for summary

judgment. RDC filed a timely consolidated response together with supporting designated

materials. The Appellees then filed replies in support of their motions for summary

judgment. The Appellees also filed a collective motion to strike certain materials designated

by RDC. In this motion, the Appellees sought to strike certain exhibits, claiming that the

                                              21
exhibits in question were unauthenticated, uncertified, and unsworn. The Appellees also

sought to strike certain other exhibits, claiming that these other exhibits contained expert

opinions but were devoid of any testimony or evidence demonstrating that the claimed expert

met the requirements of Indiana Evidence Rule 702(a). RDC subsequently requested

permission to file supplemental designated evidence, seemingly for the purpose of curing the

above-stated deficiencies in the challenged exhibits. Following a hearing conducted on

December 26, 2013, the trial court denied RDC’s request to file supplemental designated

evidence and struck the challenged exhibits from RDC’s designated evidence.

       In its appellate brief, RDC claims that the trial court abused its discretion in denying

its request to file the supplemental designated evidence because “there has been no claim that

there would be any prejudice to the defendants by allowing the supplementation here.”

Appellant’s Br. p. 33. RDC further claims that it did not attempt to add new substantive

evidence, but rather that the supplemental evidence was offered to correct the lack of

authentication of certain exhibits and to add the qualifications of the expert witnesses whose

opinions had been previously submitted. The Appellees dispute RDC’s claim that the

supplemental materials did not contain new substantive evidence.

       The challenged original designated materials include:

       (1)    Exhibit 4—2010 Thomas Raynor appraisal;
       (2)    Exhibit 5—letter from Glen Patterson dated March 21, 1994;
       (3)    Exhibit 6—letter from David Wickland dated April 1, 2008;
       (4)    Exhibit 7—emails to and from David Jenson dated January, 19 2010
              through March 2, 2010;
       (5)    Exhibit 8—PRA 2010 Financial Statement;
       (6)    Exhibit 10—Letter of Intent signed by purchasers but not sellers;
       (7)    Exhibit 11—emails to and from Christopher Heaney dated January 20,

                                              22
              2011 through May 31, 2011;
       (8)    Exhibit 26—deposition of Timothy Miles, page 149;
       (9)    Exhibit 27—deposition of Thomas Raynor, pages 25 and 44;
       (10)   Exhibit 28—Timothy Miles appraisal report dated September 19, 2011;
       (11)   Exhibit 29—Sharmat appraisal report dated June 27, 2013; and
       (12)   Exhibit 30—Sharmat appraisal report dated September 25, 2013.

Appellant’s App. pp. 380-81, 398-429, 437-59, 526-613. The supplemental designated

materials include:

       (1)    Exhibit 31—deposition of Thomas Raynor, pages 3-4 and 9;
       (2)    Exhibit 32—deposition of Andrew Sharmat, pages 6-9, 56-57, and 149-
              59;
       (3)    Exhibit 33—deposition of Timothy Miles, pages 4-16, 67-92;
       (4)    Exhibit 34—affidavit of Thomas Rueth;
       (5)    Exhibit 35—affidavit of Timothy Rueth; and
       (6)    Exhibit 36—affidavit of Timothy Miles.

Appellant’s App. pp. 666-703.

       Upon review, we determine that the supplemental designated materials reflect an

attempt by RDC to cure the lack of authentication of the challenged exhibits and to add the

qualifications of the expert witnesses whose opinions were included in RDC’s original

designated evidence. The supplemental designated materials do not appear to contain any

new substantive evidence. However, even though the supplemental designated materials do

not appear to contain new substantive evidence, RDC has failed to prove that the trial court

abused its discretion in denying its request to file supplemental designated materials.

       Despite RDC’s claim to the contrary, we conclude the Appellees would have been

prejudiced by a decision by the trial court to allow RDC to file the supplemental designated

materials. RDC’s request to supplement its designated evidence came after the Appellees

had filed their replies to RDC’s response in opposition of their motions for summary

                                             23
judgment, leaving the Appellees with no opportunity to challenge or respond to the

supplemental designated evidence. Further, the supplemental designated evidence was filed

a mere nine days before the scheduled hearing on the Appellees’ motions for summary

judgment.    In addition, as RDC has acknowledged on appeal, it sought to file the

supplemental designated evidence to correct deficiencies in its timely-filed designation of

evidence relating to authentication and qualification of experts. Nothing in the record

suggests that RDC could not have provided the required authentication, certification, and

proof of qualification when it filed its original timely-filed designated evidence or within the

allotted thirty-day time period provided for by Trial Rule 56(C).

                    III. Whether the Trial Court Erred in Granting
                     Summary Judgment in Favor of the Appellees

                                  A. Standard of Review

               Pursuant to Rule 56(C) of the Indiana Rules of Trial Procedure,
       summary judgment is appropriate when there are no genuine issues of material
       fact and when the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
       When reviewing a decision to grant summary judgment, this court applies the
       same standard as the trial court. Best Homes, Inc. v. Rainwater, 714 N.E.2d
702, 705 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999). We must determine whether there is a genuine
       issue of material fact requiring trial, and whether the moving party is entitled
       to judgment as a matter of law. Id. Neither the trial court nor the reviewing
       court may look beyond the evidence specifically designated to the trial court.
       Id.
               A party seeking summary judgment bears the burden to make a prima
       facie showing that there are no genuine issues of material fact and that the
       party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. American Management, Inc. v.
       MIF Realty, L.P., 666 N.E.2d 424, 428 (Ind. Ct. App. 1996). Once the moving
       party satisfies this burden through evidence designated to the trial court
       pursuant to Trial Rule 56, the non-moving party may not rest on its pleadings,
       but must designate specific facts demonstrating the existence of a genuine
       issue for trial. Id. A trial court’s grant of summary judgment is “clothed with
       a presumption of validity,” and the appellant bears the burden of demonstrating

                                              24
       that the trial court erred. Best Homes, Inc., 714 N.E.2d at 706 (quoting Barnes
       v. Antich, 700 N.E.2d 262, 264-65 (Ind. Ct. App. 1998)).

Heritage Dev. of Ind., Inc. v. Opportunity Options, Inc., 773 N.E.2d 881, 887-88 (Ind. Ct.

App. 2002).

                        B. Relevant Provisions of the PRA LPA

       Article Fifteen of the PRA LPA sets forth the rights, duties, and obligations of the

partnership’s general and limited partners. The relevant portions of Article Fifteen state the

following:

       Article XV, ¶ 15.2:
       The General Partners by unanimous approval of the General Partners are
       specifically authorized and vested with the power on behalf of the partnership,
       without any further consent of the Limited Partners to execute contracts or
       modify, enforce, cancel or terminate contracts for the development and
       improvement of any real estate owned by the partnership and to delegate their
       authority concerning such development and improvement contracts to an
       agent; to prepay in whole or in part, refinance, recast, increase, modify or
       extend any mortgages which may affect the property owned by the partnership,
       in connection therewith to execute for and on behalf of the partnership any
       extensions, renewals or modifications of such mortgages or execute new
       mortgages on the property in lieu of the existing mortgages; to sell, convey, or
       lease all of the property owned by the partnership and to execute any and all
       other instruments to carry out the intention and purpose hereof; provided,
       however, that nothing contained herein shall permit any personal liability to
       attach to the Limited Partners.

       Article XV, ¶ 15.6:
       In addition to the specific rights and powers herein granted to the General
       Partners, they shall possess and may enjoy and exercise all of the rights and
       powers of General Partners as provided in the Uniform Limited Partnership
       Act and under the Partnership Act of the State of Indiana, where applicable.

       Article XV, ¶ 15.7:
       The General Partners shall in no event be liable to the Limited Partners for any
       act or omission performed or omitted by them in good faith in pursuance of the
       authority granted to them by this Agreement, but only for fraud, bad faith or

                                             25
       gross negligence.

       Article XV, ¶ 15.8:
       The Limited Partners shall not take part in the management of the business or
       transact any business for the partnership, and shall have no power to sign for
       or to bind the partnership. Any payment to the Limited Partners shall be in
       compliance with the Indiana Limited Partnership Act.

Appellant’s App. pp. 222-24 (empheses added).

                                         C. Analysis

       RDC contends that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of each

of the Appellees. The propriety of the trial court’s decision will be set out below with respect

to each Appellee individually.

                                          1. Powers

              Limited partnerships are a creature of statute, the primary purpose of
       which is to permit a form of business enterprise, other than a corporation, in
       which persons can invest money without being personally liable for all
       partnership debts. Allen v. Amber Manor Apartments Partnership, 95 Ill. App.
3d 541, 51 Ill. Dec. 26, 420 N.E.2d 440, 444 (1981). The fundamental
       difference between the liability of general and limited partners is that general
       partners are responsible for the debts and obligations of the firm, without
       regard to the amounts contributed by them to the capital, while limited partners
       are not personally liable if they have substantially complied with the statutory
       provisions. Id.
              [It is well established] that the partners may make any
              agreement between themselves that they deem desirable so long
              as it is not in violation of prohibitory statutory provisions, the
              common law, or public policy. They may establish whatever
              duties and obligations they wish, and as between them their
              agreement controls, at least if it is complete and if there are no
              circumstances which might result in prejudice to creditors. The
              Uniform Limited Partnership Acts are primarily designed to
              protect creditors, not partners. So long as the provisions of the
              agreement are followed, no partner can complain.
       59A AM. JUR. 2d Partnership § 1279 (1987) (footnotes and citations
       omitted). A limited partnership agreement, however, incorporates the terms of

                                              26
       the governing statutes, and by signing it, the partners agree to the provisions so
       incorporated. 59A AM. JUR. 2d Partnership § 1283. Provisions of the
       partnership agreement which “contravene or tend to defeat the purpose of
       those statutes” will not be enforced. Id.

Kelsey v. Kelsey, 714 N.E.2d 187, 190-91 (Ind. Ct. App. 1999).

       The Indiana Revised Uniform Limited Partnership Act (“IRULPA”) provides that

“[e]xcept as provided in this article or in the partnership agreement, a general partner of a

limited partnership has the rights and powers of, and is subject to the restrictions of, a partner

in a partnership without limited partners.” Ind. Code § 23-16-5-3(a). Indiana Code section

23-16-5-3(c) further provides that “[e]xcept as provided in this article or in the partnership

agreement, a general partner of a limited partnership has the liabilities of a partner in a

partnership without limited partners to the partnership and to the other partners.”

       In the instant matter, the PRA LPA specifically sets forth Powers’s rights, duties, and

obligations to the partnership. Again, the PRA LPA granted Powers, in his role as sole

general partner, “the power on behalf of the partnership, without any further consent of the

Limited Partners … to sell, convey, or lease all property owned by the partnership.” Article

XV, ¶ 15.2. The PRA LPA further limited Powers’s potential liability to acts of fraud, bad

faith, or gross negligence. Article XV, ¶ 15.7.

       RDC concedes on appeal that pursuant to the terms of the PRA LPA, Powers can only

be found to have breached his fiduciary duty and held liable to RDC upon a determination

that Powers acted fraudulently, in bad faith, or with gross negligence. RDC argues, however,

that the award of summary judgment in favor of Powers was improper because an issue of

material fact remains as to whether Powers acted fraudulently, in bad faith, or with gross

                                               27
negligence. For his part, Powers argues that he complied with the terms of the PRA LPA and

compliance with a partnership agreement precludes any claim for breach of fiduciary duty.5

Thus, Powers argues that the award of summary judgment in his favor was proper because

there remains no issue of material fact as to whether he committed any act that could even

potentially lead to liability for an alleged breach of his fiduciary duty to RDC.

                                                  Fraud

        Fraud has been defined as “[a] knowing misrepresentation or knowing concealment of

a material fact made to induce another to act to his or her detriment.” BLACK’S LAW

DICTIONARY 775 (10th ed. 2014). In the instant matter, RDC failed to allege, and the

designated evidence fails to suggest, that Powers acted in a fraudulent manner. As such, an

award of summary judgment in favor of Powers was proper in this regard as the designated

evidence does not appear to raise an issue of material fact as to whether Powers acted

fraudulently.

        In addition, to the extent that RDC claims that it is entitled to a presumption of fraud,

this claim failed. This court has previously held that “a presumption of fraud attaches to

transactions that benefit a fiduciary.” In re Estate of Wade, 768 N.E.2d 957, 964 (Ind. Ct.

App. 2002). On appeal, RDC attempts to claim that the sale of the BRCC benefited Powers

personally, leading to a presumption of fraud. RDC, however, failed to designate any

        5
           Powers cites to cases from other jurisdictions in support of his claim that compliance with a
partnership agreement precludes a claim for breach of a fiduciary duty. See Sonet v. Timber Co., L.P., 722
A.2d 319, 322 (Del. Ch. 1998) (quoting Wilmington Leasing, Inc. v. Parrish Leasing Co. L.P., 1996 WL
752364 (Del. Ch. 1996), which provided that any fiduciary duty that might be owed by the partners is satisfied
by compliance with the applicable provisions of the partnership agreement); Whalen v. Connelly, 545 N.W.2d
284, 292 (Iowa 1996) (providing that because the partnership agreement had not been breached, there could be
no breach of any fiduciary duty).

                                                     28
evidence demonstrating that Powers received a personal benefit from the sale of the BRCC.

       The designated evidence demonstrates that Powers, by virtue of his position as general

partner, was entitled to receive financial compensation following the sale of partnership

property. Powers, however, did not receive the financial compensation to which he was

entitled. Not only did Powers not receive any financial compensation, Powers repaid a debt

owed to the bank by the BRCC out of his personal funds prior to the sale of the BRCC. In

addition, as the Appellees point out, if the three-million-dollar sale price was unreasonably

low, this fact works to Powers’s detriment, not his benefit, because it could potentially lower

the value of any future payout from PRA to the partners, including Powers.

       In trying to prove that an issue of material fact exists as to whether Powers received a

personal benefit from the sale, RDC argues that Powers benefited because the sale allegedly

satisfied his desire to clarify his estate. RDC asserts that Powers’s desire to clarify his estate

could potentially be for tax purposes. The assertion that Powers benefited from the sale

because it enabled him to clarify his estate for tax purposes was not raised below and, as

such, is waived for appellate consideration. See Heeb v. Smith, 613 N.E.2d 416, 423 (Ind. Ct.

App. 1993) (providing that issues not raised before the trial court in a summary judgment

pleading cannot be argued for the first time on appeal and are waived), trans. denied.

Further, waiver notwithstanding, a party cannot create a genuine issue of fact merely by

presenting an unsupported opinion that favors a party’s position. Miller v. Monsanto Co.,

626 N.E.2d 538, 544 (Ind. Ct. App. 1993). Furthermore, RDC does not argue and the

designated evidence does not indicate what personal benefit Powers actually received from

                                               29
the allegedly desired clarification of his Estate or how the sale of the BRCC impacted this

alleged benefit.

                                          Bad Faith

         Bad faith has been defined as “[d]ishonesty of belief, purpose, or motive.” BLACK’S

LAW DICTIONARY 166 (10th ed. 2014). Poor judgment or negligence do not amount to bad

faith; the additional element of conscious wrongdoing must also be present. Allstate Ins. Co.

v. Fields, 885 N.E.2d 728, 732 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008) (internal quotation omitted); see also

Hoosier Ins. Co. v. Audiology Found. of Am., 745 N.E.2d 300, 310 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001). A

finding of bad faith requires evidence of a state of mind reflecting dishonest purpose, moral

obliquity, furtive design, or ill will. Fields, 885 N.E.2d at 732; see also Hoosier Ins. Co., 745
N.E.2d at 310 (citing Colley v. Ind. Farmers Mut. Ins. Grp., 691 N.E.2d 1259, 1261 (Ind. Ct.

App. 1998)). A bad faith determination inherently includes an element of culpability. Fields,
885 N.E.2d at 732; see also Hoosier Ins. Co., 745 N.E.2d at 310 (citing Colley, 691 N.E.2d at

1261).

         The second amended complaint alleged that the Letter of Intent and/or Purchase

Agreement relating to the sale of the BRCC was executed in bad faith because Powers failed

to sell the BRCC in a commercially and economically sound manner. Specifically, RDC

claimed that the BRCC was sold for less than market value and that Powers failed to accept

competitive bids for the BRCC. RDC argues on appeal that because Powers sold the BRCC

below market value, Powers deprived RDC of the full value of its investment. However, the

designated materials which RDC claims indicated that the BRCC was sold at less than

                                               30
market value were among the designated materials that were struck by the trial court.

        In addition, RDC points to no designated evidence indicating that Powers was

required to seek out and accept any competitive bids before selling the BRCC. RDC points

to no competitive bids which were submitted but rejected by Powers. RDC merely argues

that either it or the partners that made up RDC should have been given the opportunity to

make a bid.6 In addition, as is pointed out above, if the three-million-dollar sale price was

unreasonably low, this fact works to Powers’s detriment, not his benefit, because it could

potentially lower the value of any future payout from PRA to the partners, including Powers.

It seems unreasonable that Powers would commit an act in bad faith knowing that said act

would work to his detriment.

        Further, to the extent that RDC argues that Powers acted in bad faith because

maintaining control of the BRCC and clarifying his estate were Powers’s primary motivating

factors, RDC fails to point to designated evidence that would suggest that these factors were

in fact Powers’s primary motivating factors in deciding to sell the BRCC to the Preservation

Committee. In fact, the designated evidence indicates that it was the members of the

Preservation Committee, not Powers, who wanted to maintain control of the BRCC.7

However, even assuming that these factors were considered by Powers, the mere fact that he

considered these factors is insufficient to create an issue of material fact as to whether

        6
            RDC does acknowledge on appeal that it cannot legally make a bid due to its status as being in a
state of dissolution.

        7
           The fact that one member of the Preservation Committee was Powers’s nephew is insufficient to
prove that Powers sought to maintain control of the BRCC when he agreed to sell the BRCC to the
Preservation Committee. This is especially true because the record is silent as to the nature of Powers’s
relationship, or lack thereof, with his nephew.

                                                    31
Powers acted with a conscious wrong doing, i.e., a state of mind that reflected a dishonest

purpose, moral obliquity, furtive design, or ill will.

                                      Gross Negligence

       Gross negligence has been defined as “a lack of even slight diligence or care” or “a

conscious, voluntary act or omission in reckless disregard of a legal duty and of the

consequences to another party, who may typically recover exemplary damages.” BLACK’S

LAW DICTIONARY 1197 (10th ed. 2014). RDC failed to allege, and the designated evidence

fails to suggest, that Powers acted with gross negligence. As such, an award of summary

judgment in favor of Powers was proper as the designated evidence does not raise an issue of

material fact as to whether Powers acted with gross negligence.

                                  2. Remaining Appellees

       With respect to the remaining Appellees, RDC claims that summary judgment was

improper because Margaret Powers and Frankie Fesko breached the fiduciary duty that each

owed to RDC. Alternatively, RDC claims that summary judgment was improper because

each of the remaining Appellees aided or abetted Powers in allegedly breaching his fiduciary

duty to RDC.

                  a. Breach of Fiduciary Duty by Margaret and Frankie

       RDC alleged below that Margaret and Frankie owed a fiduciary duty to RDC in light

of their status as limited partners of PRA. Margaret and Frankie argued that they did not owe

a fiduciary duty to RDC because limited partners do not generally owe a fiduciary duty to the

partnership or to other limited partners.

                                              32
        “Under common law, general partners owe each other and the partnership fiduciary

duties until final termination of the partnership.” In re Rueth Develop. Co., 976 N.E.2d 42,

53 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012), trans. denied. However, there is no corresponding common law rule

establishing a fiduciary duty owed by limited partners.                     Indeed, while the IRULPA

establishes that a general partner owes a fiduciary duty to the partnership and to the other

partners, Ind. Code § 23-16-5-3(c), the IRULPA contains no such provision establishing that

a limited partner owes a fiduciary duty to the partnership or to the other partners.

        RDC concedes on appeal that limited partners do not generally owe a fiduciary duty to

the partnership or to the other limited partners. RDC cites to no Indiana authority stating

otherwise. RDC argues, however, that Indiana should adopt the position of various other

jurisdictions, including Illinois, Kansas, and Delaware, that under certain circumstances, a

limited partner may have a fiduciary duty to other limited partners.8 See In re Kids Creek

Partners LP, 212 B.R. 898, 937 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. 1997); In re Villa W. Assocs., 193 B.R. 587,

593 (Bankr. D. Kan. 1996); Feely v. NHAOCG, LLC, 62 A.3d 649, 662 (Del. Ch. 2012). We

decline RDC’s invitation to adopt the position of the other cited jurisdictions and instead

apply the rule that limited partners do not generally owe a fiduciary duty to other limited

partners. As such, we affirm the trial court’s determination that an award of summary

judgment was proper because Margaret and Frankie did not owe, much less breach, a

fiduciary duty to RDC.

        8
            In its reply brief, RDC also asserts that Texas, North Dakota, and California have adopted the rule
that a limited partner may have a fiduciary duty to other limited partners in certain circumstances. See Strebel
v. Wimberly, 371 S.W.3d 267 (Tex. Ct. App. 2012); Red River Wings, Inc. v. Hoot, Inc., 751 N.W.2d 206
(N.D. 2008); Tri-Growth Ctr. City, Ltd. v. Silldorf, Burdman, Duignan & Eisenber, 216 Cal. App. 3d 1139

                                                      33
                          b. Aided or Abetted Breach of Fiduciary Duty

        RDC also argues that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of

Margaret, Frankie, Timothy, and Williamson because an issue of material fact remains as to

whether they aided or abetted Powers in breaching his fiduciary duty to RDC. However,

RDC’s “aiding and abetting” claim is dependent upon a breach of fiduciary duty by Powers.

As such, because we have concluded that summary judgment in favor of Powers was proper

because no genuine issue of material fact remains as to whether Powers breached his

fiduciary duty to RDC, Margaret, Frankie, Timothy, and Williamson cannot be found to have

aided or abetted Powers in doing so.

                                       CONCLUSION

        In sum, we conclude that the trial court acted within its discretion in denying RDC’s

request for leave to amend its complaint and in denying RDC’s request to file supplemental

designated materials. We further conclude that the trial court did not err in granting summary

judgment in favor of the Appellees. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

        The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

BARNES, J., and CRONE, J., concur.

(Cal. 4th Dist. Ct. App. 1989).

                                              34