Court Opinion

ID: 4110585
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-12-23 15:09:12.03383+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:07:27.218427
License: Public Domain

Nebraska Supreme Court Online Library
www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/
12/23/2016 09:09 AM CST

                                                        - 374 -
                                  Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                                          295 Nebraska R eports
                                                SANDERS v. FRAKES
                                                 Cite as 295 Neb. 374

                           R icky J. Sanders, appellant, v. Scott R. Frakes,
                          director,   Nebraska Department of Correctional
                                       Services, et al., appellees.
                                                    ___ N.W.2d ___

                                        Filed December 23, 2016.   No. S-15-898.

                1.	 Habeas Corpus: Appeal and Error. On appeal of a habeas corpus peti-
                     tion, an appellate court reviews the trial court’s factual findings for clear
                     error and its conclusions of law de novo.
                2.	 Constitutional Law: Habeas Corpus. The Nebraska Constitution pro-
                     vides for the remedy of habeas corpus, while the procedure for the writ
                     is governed by statute.
                3.	 Habeas Corpus. Habeas corpus is a special civil proceeding providing
                     a summary remedy to persons illegally detained.
                 4.	 ____. A writ of habeas corpus challenges and tests the legality of a per-
                     son’s detention, imprisonment, or custodial deprivation of liberty.
                 5.	 ____. Eligibility for a writ of habeas corpus is governed by the criteria
                     set forth in Neb. Rev. Stat. § 29-2801 (Reissue 2016).
                6.	 Criminal Law: Habeas Corpus. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 29-2801 (Reissue
                     2016) explicitly excludes from the scope of habeas corpus persons con-
                     victed of some crime or offense for which they stand committed.
                7.	 Habeas Corpus. In Nebraska, habeas corpus is quite limited in com-
                     parison to the scope of the writ in federal courts.
                8.	 Habeas Corpus: Judgments: Collateral Attack. Under Nebraska
                     law, an action for habeas corpus is a collateral attack on a judgment
                     of conviction.
                9.	 Judgments: Collateral Attack. A collateral attack on a judgment is
                     where the judgment is attacked in a way other than a proceeding in the
                     original action to have it vacated, reversed, or modified, or a proceeding
                     in equity to prevent its enforcement.
               10.	 ____: ____. Absent statutory authority to the contrary, only a void judg-
                     ment may be collaterally attacked.
                                    - 375 -
             Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                     295 Nebraska R eports
                            SANDERS v. FRAKES
                             Cite as 295 Neb. 374

11.	 ____: ____. A judgment that is not void, even if erroneous, cannot be
     collaterally attacked.
12.	 Habeas Corpus: Prisoners. In the case of a prisoner held pursuant to
     a judgment of conviction, habeas corpus is available as a remedy only
     upon a showing that the judgment, sentence, and commitment are void.
13.	 Habeas Corpus: Judgments: Sentences. The writ of habeas corpus
     will not lie upon the ground of mere errors and irregularities in the judg-
     ment or sentence rendering it not void, but only voidable.
14.	 Judgments: Jurisdiction: Collateral Attack. Where the court has juris-
     diction of the parties and the subject matter, its judgment is not subject
     to collateral attack.
15.	 Habeas Corpus: Jurisdiction: Sentences. A writ of habeas corpus will
     not lie to discharge a person from a sentence of penal servitude where
     the court imposing the sentence had jurisdiction of the offense and the
     person of the defendant, and the sentence was within the power of the
     court to impose.
16.	 Habeas Corpus: Appeal and Error. A writ of habeas corpus may not
     be used as a substitute for an appeal.
17.	 Habeas Corpus: Sentences. The regularity of the proceedings lead-
     ing up to the sentence in a criminal case cannot be inquired into on an
     application for writ of habeas corpus, for that matter is available only in
     a direct proceeding.
18.	 Judgments: Jurisdiction. A judgment is void when the court rendering
     it lacks subject matter or personal jurisdiction.
19.	 Jurisdiction: Words and Phrases. Subject matter jurisdiction is the
     power of a tribunal to hear and determine a case of the general class or
     category to which the proceedings in question belong and to deal with
     the general subject matter involved.
20.	 Habeas Corpus: Convictions. Unless the conviction is void, those who
     stand committed pursuant to a final conviction are excluded from the
     scope of the relief afforded by the writ of habeas corpus in Nebraska.
21.	 Constitutional Law: Judgments: Final Orders: Collateral Attack. A
     final judgment pursuant to an unconstitutional statute is voidable, not
     void, and thus may not be collaterally attacked.
22.	 Habeas Corpus: Sentences. To release a person from a sentence of
     imprisonment by habeas corpus, it must appear that the sentence was
     absolutely void.
23.	 Constitutional Law: Habeas Corpus. Habeas corpus is not a proper
     remedy to challenge a petitioner’s detention pursuant to a final convic-
     tion and sentence on the basis that the statute underlying the conviction
     is unconstitutional.
                                   - 376 -
             Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                     295 Nebraska R eports
                            SANDERS v. FRAKES
                             Cite as 295 Neb. 374

24.	 ____: ____. A final conviction and sentence entered upon an alleged
     facially unconstitutional statute is not absolutely void, but is voidable
     only, and may not be attacked in a habeas corpus proceeding.

  Appeal from the District Court for Lancaster County:
Stephanie F. Stacy, Judge. Affirmed.

   Gerald L. Soucie for appellant.

   Douglas J. Peterson, Attorney General, and George R. Love
for appellees.

   Heavican, C.J., Wright, Miller-Lerman, K elch, and Funke,
JJ., and R iedmann and Bishop, Judges.

   Wright, J.
                       I. NATURE OF CASE
   Ricky J. Sanders appeals from the dismissal of his petition
for habeas corpus relief. The district court dismissed his peti-
tion, in which Sanders argued that Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-1212.04
(Reissue 2016) was facially unconstitutional. The district court
reasoned that a final conviction pursuant to an unconstitutional
statute is voidable, not void, and thus under Nebraska law may
not be challenged in a habeas action. We affirm the judgment
of the district court.

                     II. BACKGROUND
   In 2011, Sanders was convicted of unlawful discharge of a
firearm under § 28-1212.04 and use of a firearm to commit a
felony under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-1205 (Reissue 2016). He was
sentenced to 10 to 15 years’ imprisonment on each conviction,
to run consecutively. On his direct appeal, the only assign-
ments of error were the insufficiency of the evidence and the
excessiveness of the sentences. On July 9, 2012, in case No.
A-12-050, the Nebraska Court of Appeals sustained the State’s
motion for summary affirmance.
                                    - 377 -
               Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                       295 Nebraska R eports
                             SANDERS v. FRAKES
                              Cite as 295 Neb. 374

   In 2013, Sanders sought postconviction relief. Sanders
claimed ineffective assistance of counsel for the first time on
postconviction, because he had the same counsel at trial and
on direct appeal. He claimed trial and appellate counsel failed
to challenge the constitutionality of § 28-1212.04. He argued
that the statute was unconstitutional special legislation under
Neb. Const. art. III, § 18, and unconstitutional under the Equal
Protection Clause. The district court dismissed his petition
without an evidentiary hearing, which this court affirmed on
appeal.1 Without deciding the merits of the constitutional issue,
we rejected Sanders’ claim of ineffective assistance of counsel,
stating that “counsel’s failure to raise novel legal theories or
arguments or to make novel constitutional challenges in order
to bring a change in existing law does not constitute defi-
cient performance.”2
   Sanders subsequently filed a habeas corpus petition in dis-
trict court, making a facial challenge to the constitutionality of
§ 28-1212.04.
   After reviewing the general principles of Nebraska habeas
corpus law, the district court narrowed its focus: “The legal
issue before this Court . . . is whether, under Nebraska law,
habeas corpus is a proper vehicle by which to challenge the
facial constitutionality of a statute underlying a criminal judg-
ment and sentence, once the criminal judgment is final.” The
court distinguished the cases cited by Sanders in which habeas
was used to challenge the constitutionality of a statute, explain-
ing that none of those cases involved a final conviction. The
court relied on Mayfield v. Hartmann3 for the proposition that
“‘[a] statute is presumed to be constitutional and a judgment
entered on an unconstitutional statute is not absolutely void but

 1	
      See State v. Sanders, 289 Neb. 335, 855 N.W.2d 350 (2014).
 2	
      Id. at 343, 855 N.W.2d at 357.
 3	
      Mayfield v. Hartmann, 221 Neb. 122, 125, 375 N.W.2d 146, 149 (1985).
                                     - 378 -
                Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                        295 Nebraska R eports
                              SANDERS v. FRAKES
                               Cite as 295 Neb. 374

is voidable only’” and thus not subject to collateral attack in
a habeas proceeding. The court dismissed Sanders’ petition for
habeas corpus relief.
   Sanders appealed. We granted Sanders’ petition to bypass
the Court of Appeals.

               III. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
   Sanders claims the district court erred in (1) holding that
habeas corpus was not the “‘proper vehicle’” by which he
could seek release from confinement by bringing a facial chal-
lenge to the constitutionality of the statute under which he was
convicted and (2) failing to grant habeas corpus relief and order
Sanders released from confinement because his convictions
were void. Sanders argues that § 28-1212.04 is facially uncon-
stitutional under Neb. Const. art. I, § 3 (due process clause);
Neb. Const. art. III, § 18 (prohibition on special legislation);
and the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment to the
U.S. Constitution.

                 IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW
   [1] On appeal of a habeas corpus petition, an appellate court
reviews the trial court’s factual findings for clear error and its
conclusions of law de novo.4

                       V. ANALYSIS
                 1. Writ of H abeas Corpus
   The writ of habeas corpus, known as the great writ,5 is
regarded as a “fundamental instrument for safeguarding indi-
vidual freedom against arbitrary and lawless state action.”6
Habeas corpus is a Latin term that, translated literally, means

 4	
      Johnson v. Gage, 290 Neb. 136, 858 N.W.2d 837 (2015).
 5	
      E.g., State v. King, 180 Neb. 631, 144 N.W.2d 438 (1966). See, also, 39
      Am. Jur. 2d Habeas Corpus § 2 (2008).
 6	
      39 Am. Jur. 2d, supra note 5, § 1 at 206.
                                       - 379 -
                Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                        295 Nebraska R eports
                               SANDERS v. FRAKES
                                Cite as 295 Neb. 374

“‘that you have the body’”7; it is an appropriate remedy where
a person is unlawfully restrained of his or her liberty.8
   [2-6] The Nebraska Constitution provides for the remedy
of habeas corpus,9 while the procedure for the writ is gov-
erned by statute.10 It is a special civil proceeding providing
a summary remedy to persons illegally detained.11 A writ of
habeas corpus challenges and tests the legality of a person’s
detention, imprisonment, or custodial deprivation of liberty.12
Eligibility for the writ is governed by the criteria set forth
in § 29-2801.13 Section 29-2801 explicitly excludes from its
scope “persons convicted of some crime or offense for which
they stand committed.”
   [7-9] In Nebraska, habeas corpus is quite limited in com-
parison to the scope of the writ in federal courts.14 Under
Nebraska law, an action for habeas corpus is a collateral
attack on a judgment of conviction.15 A collateral attack on
a judgment is where the judgment is attacked in a way other
than a proceeding in the original action to have it vacated,

 7	
      Black’s Law Dictionary 825 (10th ed. 2014).
 8	
      See Meyer v. Frakes, 294 Neb. 668, 884 N.W.2d 131 (2016).
 9	
      See, Neb. Const. art. I, § 8; Neb. Const. art. V, § 2; Jesse B. v. Tylee H.,
      293 Neb. 973, 883 N.W.2d 1 (2016). See, also, Flora v. Escudero, 247
Neb. 260, 526 N.W.2d 643 (1995); Uhing v. Uhing, 241 Neb. 368, 488
N.W.2d 366 (1992). But see, Johnson v. Gage, supra note 4; Leach v.
      Dahm, 277 Neb. 452, 763 N.W.2d 83 (2009); Glantz v. Hopkins, 261 Neb.
495, 624 N.W.2d 9 (2001), disapproved on other grounds, State v. Alford,
      278 Neb. 818, 774 N.W.2d 394 (2009). See, generally, Williams v. Olson,
      143 Neb. 115, 8 N.W.2d 830 (1943).
10	
      See Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 29-2801 to 29-2824 (Reissue 2016).
11	
      Peterson v. Houston, 284 Neb. 861, 824 N.W.2d 26 (2012).
12	
      Id.
13	
      Johnson v. Gage, supra note 4.
14	
      See Peterson v. Houston, supra note 11.
15	
      Id.
                                      - 380 -
                Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                        295 Nebraska R eports
                              SANDERS v. FRAKES
                               Cite as 295 Neb. 374

reversed, or modified, or a proceeding in equity to prevent
its enforcement.16
   [10-13] Absent statutory authority to the contrary, only a
void judgment may be collaterally attacked.17 Thus, a judg-
ment that is not void, even if erroneous, cannot be col-
laterally attacked.18 Accordingly, we have held that habeas
corpus will not lie on the ground that the sentence is merely
erroneous.19 This court has numerous times held that in the
case of a prisoner held pursuant to a judgment of conviction,
habeas corpus is available as a remedy only upon a showing
that the judgment, sentence, and commitment are void.20 The
writ will not lie upon the ground of mere errors and irregu-
larities in the judgment or sentence rendering it not void, but
only voidable.21
   [14,15] Where the court has jurisdiction of the parties and
the subject matter, its judgment is not subject to collateral
attack.22 Thus, a writ of habeas corpus will not lie to discharge
a person from a sentence of penal servitude where the court
imposing the sentence had jurisdiction of the offense and the
person of the defendant, and the sentence was within the power
of the court to impose.23
   [16,17] A writ of habeas corpus may not be used as a sub-
stitute for an appeal.24 The regularity of the proceedings lead-
ing up to the sentence in a criminal case cannot be inquired

16	
      Mayfield v. Hartmann, supra note 3.
17	
      See, Peterson v. Houston, supra note 11; Mayfield v. Hartmann, supra
      note 3.
18	
      See Meyer v. Frakes, supra note 8.
19	
      Id.
20	
      Rust v. Gunter, 228 Neb. 141, 421 N.W.2d 458 (1988).
21	
      Meyer v. Frakes, supra note 8.
22	
      Peterson v. Houston, supra note 11.
23	
      Id.
24	
      See Mayfield v. Hartmann, supra note 3. See, also, Meyer v. Frakes, supra
      note 8; Peterson v. Houston, supra note 11.
                                    - 381 -
               Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                       295 Nebraska R eports
                             SANDERS v. FRAKES
                              Cite as 295 Neb. 374

into on an application for writ of habeas corpus, for that mat-
ter is available only in a direct proceeding.25
    2. Sanders’ A rgument: Final Judgment of Conviction
       Under Facially Unconstitutional Statute Is Void
              and M ay Be Collaterally Attacked
                  in H abeas Corpus P roceeding
   In this case, Sanders argues that habeas corpus is an appro-
priate remedy because he is making a facial, rather than
as-applied, challenge to the constitutionality of the statute
under which he was convicted. He argues that a conviction
under an unconstitutional statute is void, rather than voidable.
                (a) Distinction Between Void and
                       Voidable Judgments
   [18,19] A void judgment is “[o]f no legal effect,”26 while a
voidable judgment is “[v]alid until annulled.”27 A judgment is
void when the court rendering it lacks subject matter or per-
sonal jurisdiction.28 Subject matter jurisdiction is the power of
a tribunal to hear and determine a case of the general class or
category to which the proceedings in question belong and to
deal with the general subject matter involved.29 Thus, a judg-
ment is void if the court lacked a legal basis to impose it.30
   From our very earliest habeas corpus cases to the present,
we have recognized that a judgment is void when the court ren-
dering it lacks jurisdiction or a legal basis for the judgment.31

25	
      Peterson v. Houston, supra note 11.
26	
      Black’s Law Dictionary, supra note 7 at 1805.
27	
      Id.
28	
      See Peterson v. Houston, supra note 11.
29	
      Id.
30	
      See Berumen v. Casady, 245 Neb. 936, 515 N.W.2d 816 (1994).
31	
      E.g., Gray v. Kenney, 290 Neb. 888, 863 N.W.2d 127 (2015); Rehbein v.
      Clarke, 257 Neb. 406, 598 N.W.2d 39 (1999); In re Carbino, 117 Neb.
107, 219 N.W. 846 (1928); Keller v. Davis, 69 Neb. 494, 95 N.W. 1028
      (1903); In re Ream, 54 Neb. 667, 75 N.W. 24 (1898).
                                      - 382 -
                Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                        295 Nebraska R eports
                              SANDERS v. FRAKES
                               Cite as 295 Neb. 374

In In re Betts,32 we held that habeas corpus relief was not avail-
able to address the petitioner’s claim that the grand jury by
which he was indicted was not composed in accordance with
statute. In that case, we explained:
      The supposed errors and defects relied upon are not
      jurisdictional, and hence are not available in a [habeas
      corpus] proceeding like this, for it is well established in
      this state that mere errors and irregularities in a judg-
      ment or proceedings of an inferior court in a criminal
      case, under and by virtue of which a person is impris-
      oned, or deprived of his liberty, but which are not of
      such a character as to render the proceedings absolutely
      void, cannot be reviewed on an application for a writ of
      habeas corpus. The writ cannot perform the office of a
      writ of error, but only reaches jurisdictional defects in
      the proceedings.33
   Recently, in Meyer v. Frakes,34 we granted habeas relief to
a petitioner who was sentenced for the nonexistent crime of
being a habitual criminal. We said that “the habitual crimi-
nal statute is not a separate offense, but, rather, provides an
enhancement of the penalty . . . for each count committed by
one found to be a habitual criminal.”35 A separate sentence for
the nonexistent crime of being a habitual criminal is void.36
Because the petitioner had already served his sentence on his
other conviction, we granted habeas relief.37
   What these cases illustrate is that a judgment is void, and
not merely voidable, if the court rendering it lacked personal

32	
      In re Betts, 36 Neb. 282, 54 N.W. 524 (1893).
33	
      Id. at 284, 54 N.W. at 524.
34	
      Meyer v. Frakes, supra note 8.
35	
      Id. at 673, 884 N.W.2d at 136 (citing State v. Rolling, 209 Neb. 243, 307
N.W.2d 123 (1981)).
36	
      Meyer v. Frakes, supra note 8 (citing Kuwitzky v. O’Grady, 135 Neb. 466,
      282 N.W. 396 (1938)).
37	
      See Meyer v. Frakes, supra note 8.
                                     - 383 -
                Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                        295 Nebraska R eports
                              SANDERS v. FRAKES
                               Cite as 295 Neb. 374

or subject matter jurisdiction or otherwise lacked a legal basis
for the judgment. On the other hand, a judgment is merely
voidable if there are only errors and irregularities that are
not jurisdictional.38

            (b) Habeas Corpus as Means to Challenge
                 Constitutionality of Statute Prior
                        to Final Judgment
   Sanders cites several cases in which habeas relief was
granted before the judgment became final.39 While these cases
may be informative in other respects, they are not helpful
in addressing the question of whether a facial challenge to
the constitutionality of a statute underlying a judgment is
permitted in a habeas corpus proceeding after the judgment
becomes final.
   [20] Cases involving habeas challenges prior to a final judg-
ment are distinguishable because the habeas corpus statute
specifically excludes from the writ “persons convicted of some
crime or offense for which they stand committed.”40 Thus,
unless the conviction is void, those who “stand committed”
pursuant to a final conviction are excluded from the scope of
the relief afforded by the writ of habeas corpus in Nebraska.41
But this exclusion does not apply to a conviction and sentence
that are not final. Prior to a final conviction and sentence, one
may show that he or she is being “unlawfully deprived of his
or her liberty.”42 Hence, cases involving challenges to the con-
stitutionality of a statute under which a petitioner is charged
or convicted (prior to the conviction and sentence becoming

38	
      See id.
39	
      See, In re Resler, 115 Neb. 335, 212 N.W. 765 (1927); In re Application
      of McMonies, 75 Neb. 702, 106 N.W. 456 (1906); In re Havelik, 45 Neb.
747, 64 N.W. 234 (1895).
40	
      § 29-2801.
41	
      See id.
42	
      Id.
                                    - 384 -
               Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                       295 Nebraska R eports
                             SANDERS v. FRAKES
                              Cite as 295 Neb. 374

final) are inapposite to the determination whether a facial con-
stitutional challenge may be raised after the conviction and
sentence are final.
   As early as 1877, this court recognized that the scope of
habeas corpus was significantly limited when the petitioner
was detained pursuant to a final conviction and sentence.43
In Ex parte Fisher,44 the petitioner brought a habeas petition
to challenge his imprisonment for selling liquors without a
license. He contended that the statute under which he was
convicted was unconstitutional.45 We refused to consider his
constitutional challenge to the statute in the habeas proceed-
ing, explaining:
      It is, however, contended that the license law is uncon-
      stitutional, and on this ground the prisoner should be
      discharged. But after judgment and commitment in a
      criminal action by an inferior court having jurisdiction of
      the offense charged, we think that habeas corpus is not
      the proper mode of procedure to bring the cause into this
      court for review upon alleged errors of law; for it seems
      to us, that when the validity of a statute is controverted,
      the controversy raises a legal question which, like all
      other legal questions raised on the trial of a cause in an
      inferior court, can be reviewed only by the mode pre-
      scribed by law.
         To entertain jurisdiction in such case upon a writ of
      habeas corpus, it would be necessary to look beyond the
      judgment and re-examine the charges upon which it was
      rendered, as well as to review the questions of law raised
      on the trial and decided by the inferior court. If such
      practice were to obtain, then indeed every conviction for
      a criminal offense might be brought here for review on a
      writ of habeas corpus.

43	
      See Ex parte Fisher, 6 Neb. 309, 1877 WL 4279 (1877).
44	
      Id.
45	
      Id.
                                       - 385 -
                 Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                         295 Nebraska R eports
                                SANDERS v. FRAKES
                                 Cite as 295 Neb. 374

         We think it is not within the province of this court to
      open the door to such a system of practice. And we are
      not prepared to say that, upon a writ of habeas corpus, we
      can look beyond the judgment and re-examine the charges
      on which it was rendered, or to pronounce the judgment
      an absolute nullity on the ground that the constitutionality
      of the statute relative to the license law is controverted.
      If the validity of a statute is brought in question in an
      inferior court on the trial of a cause, that question must
      finally be determined in the same mode as other legal
      questions arising on the trial of causes in such court—that
      is, by proceedings in error or appeal, as may be most
      appropriate and allowable by law.46
   DeBacker v. Brainard,47 cited by Sanders, is distinguish-
able. In DeBacker, a divided court48 opined about the consti-
tutionality of portions of the Juvenile Court Act, specifically,
whether they violated a juvenile’s constitutional right to trial
by jury.49 The habeas petition was brought after the petitioner
was adjudicated as a delinquent and ordered to be committed
to a boys’ training school.50 However, prior to the proceedings,
the petitioner objected to the juvenile court’s jurisdiction on
the basis of his denial of a right to a jury trial.51 Because the
challenge involved a jurisdictional question, the order finding

46	
      Id. at 310-11, 1877 WL at *1.
47	
      DeBacker v. Brainard, 183 Neb. 461, 161 N.W.2d 508 (1968).
48	
      Id. at 461, 161 N.W.2d at 509 (explaining that “[f]our judges are of the
      opinion that the [juvenile court] statute is unconstitutional as challenged.
      Three judges are of the opinion that it is constitutional. Article V, section
      2, Constitution of Nebraska, provides in part: ‘No legislative act shall
      be held unconstitutional except by the concurrence of five judges,’” and
      affirming district court’s judgment).
49	
      DeBacker v. Brainard, supra note 47.
50	
      Id.
51	
      Id. (four-justice opinion).
                                    - 386 -
               Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                       295 Nebraska R eports
                             SANDERS v. FRAKES
                              Cite as 295 Neb. 374

the petitioner to be a delinquent would be void if his argu-
ments were accepted.52
   Because the juvenile court’s order adjudicating the peti-
tioner as a delinquent and ordering him to the boys’ training
school was not a criminal conviction and sentence,53 he did
not fall within the statutory exception to habeas corpus relief,
under § 29-2801, of “persons convicted of some crime or
offense for which they stand committed.”

         (c) Availability of Habeas Corpus to Challenge
                  Constitutionality of Statute After
                   Final Conviction and Sentence
   Sanders erroneously argues that even after a conviction and
sentence become final, he can raise a facial challenge to the
constitutionality of the statute underlying the conviction in a
habeas proceeding. We disagree. He cites cases in which this
court and other courts have concluded that an unconstitutional
statute is void. None of the cases cited by Sanders involved a
collateral attack on a final judgment.
   [21] We have held that a final judgment pursuant to an
unconstitutional statute is voidable, not void, and thus may not
be collaterally attacked.54 In the case Davis Management, Inc.
v. Sanitary & Improvement Dist. No. 276,55 we said:
      Where the court has jurisdiction of the parties and the
      subject matter, its judgment is not subject to collateral
      attack. . . . Not even a statute which is declared unconsti-
      tutional is void ab initio insofar as a previous judgment

52	
      Id.
53	
      See id. (three-justice opinion).
54	
      See, Davis Management, Inc. v. Sanitary & Improvement Dist. No. 276,
      204 Neb. 316, 282 N.W.2d 576 (1979); Norlanco, Inc. v. County of
      Madison, 186 Neb. 100, 181 N.W.2d 119 (1970). See, also, Iowa v.
      Herkleman, 251 N.W.2d 214 (Iowa 1977) (citing Norlanco, Inc.).
55	
      Davis Management, Inc. v. Sanitary & Improvement Dist. No. 276, supra
      note 54, 204 Neb. at 323-24, 282 N.W.2d at 580 (emphasis supplied).
                                     - 387 -
                Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                        295 Nebraska R eports
                              SANDERS v. FRAKES
                               Cite as 295 Neb. 374

     based upon the statute is concerned. In Norlanco, Inc. v.
     County of Madison,[56] we said: “‘The general rule is said
     to be that a statute declared unconstitutional is void ab
     initio. However, this is subject to the exception that the
     finality of a judgment cannot be affected thereby.’”
   This rule prohibiting collateral attacks on final judgments
based upon an unconstitutional statute also applies when the
judgment attacked is a criminal conviction and sentence. We
applied a variation of this rule in the criminal context in State
v. Keen.57 The defendant in Keen was charged with driving
under the influence (DUI).58 Pursuant to a plea agreement, he
pled guilty. After a hearing, the court found that this was his
second DUI and gave him an enhanced sentence.59
   On appeal, the defendant argued that his prior DUI was
invalid and unenforceable, because the Omaha ordinance under
which he was convicted did not conform to the state statute as
required by law and thus was invalid. We recognized that his
argument was a collateral attack on his prior DUI conviction.60
While his collateral attack was based on the alleged invalid-
ity and unenforceability of a municipal ordinance underlying
his conviction rather than the constitutionality of a statute,
we said:
     The principles and reasoning which support [the] hold-
     ings [in Norlanco, Inc. and Davis Management, Inc.] that
     parties are generally not permitted to collaterally attack
     prior judgments, even when the prior judgment is based
     upon an unconstitutional statute, also support a holding
     that a defendant cannot collaterally attack a conviction

56	
      Norlanco, Inc. v. County of Madison, supra note 54.
57	
      State v. Keen, 272 Neb. 123, 718 N.W.2d 494 (2006), reaffirmed, State v.
      Head, 276 Neb. 354, 754 N.W.2d 612 (2008).
58	
      Id.
59	
      Id.
60	
      See id.
                                     - 388 -
                Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                        295 Nebraska R eports
                              SANDERS v. FRAKES
                               Cite as 295 Neb. 374

       by alleging that it is invalid because it was obtained
       pursuant to an ordinance which was later declared to be
       unenforceable as inconsistent with a statute.61
   [22] In Mayfield, we refused to allow a habeas corpus
challenge to the constitutionality of the confinement of the
petitioner to a treatment facility pursuant to a final order by a
board of mental health.62 This court noted that habeas cannot
be used as a substitute for a direct appeal.63 We said that “even
if it can be argued that the statute does violate some constitu-
tional principle, it is still not subject to collateral attack. We
have repeatedly held that to release a person from a sentence
of imprisonment by habeas corpus, it must appear that the sen-
tence was absolutely void.”64
   In In re Resler,65 we used language that may have implied
that the unconstitutionality of a statute renders a final convic-
tion pursuant to that statute void and subject to collateral attack
by habeas corpus. In In re Resler, we said:
       [I]f a court or a judge thereof which renders a judgment,
       or who enters an order, has not jurisdiction to perform the
       act done, either because the proceeding or the law under
       which it is taken is unconstitutional, or for any other
       reason the judgment is void, it may be questioned col-
       laterally, and a defendant who is imprisoned under and by
       virtue of it may be discharged.66
   But in In re Resler, the petitioner was only detained and
charged with a crime; there was no final conviction and sen-
tence. And none of the cases we are aware of that cite the
above-quoted language in In re Resler involved a habeas

61	
      Id. at 129, 718 N.W.2d at 499.
62	
      Mayfield v. Hartmann, supra note 3.
63	
      Id.
64	
      Id. at 125, 375 N.W.2d at 149.
65	
      In re Resler, supra note 39.
66	
      Id. at 338, 212 N.W. at 766 (emphasis supplied).
                                      - 389 -
                Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
                        295 Nebraska R eports
                              SANDERS v. FRAKES
                               Cite as 295 Neb. 374

challenge to a final conviction based on the unconstitutionality
of the statute underlying the judgment.67 Neither do the cases
cited by In re Resler for the above proposition involve such a
challenge to a final conviction.68 To the extent that the above-
quoted language in In re Resler and its progeny69 is inconsist­
ent with our holding in this case, we disapprove of it.
   [23,24] What these cases show is that when used to chal-
lenge a final conviction and sentence, habeas corpus is a
collateral attack. Therefore, habeas corpus is not a proper
remedy to challenge a petitioner’s detention pursuant to a
final conviction and sentence on the basis that the statute
underlying the conviction is unconstitutional. Therefore, we
conclude that a final conviction and sentence entered upon an
alleged facially unconstitutional statute is not absolutely void,
but is voidable only, and may not be attacked in a habeas
corpus proceeding.
                       VI. CONCLUSION
   For the reasons set forth above, we affirm the district court’s
dismissal of Sanders’ petition.
                                                     A ffirmed.
   Cassel and Stacy, JJ., not participating.

67	
      See, Lingo v. Hann, 161 Neb. 67, 71 N.W.2d 716 (1955); In re Application
      of Maher, North v. Dorrance, 144 Neb. 484, 13 N.W.2d 653 (1944).
68	
      See, In re Application of McMonies, supra note 39; In re Vogland, 48 Neb.
37, 66 N.W. 1028 (1896); In re Havelik, supra note 39.
69	
      See cases cited supra note 67.