Court Opinion

ID: 2791211
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-04-02 21:02:17.151416+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T11:28:57.402279
License: Public Domain

Filed 4/2/15 P. v. Myers CA4/2

                      NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS
California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for
publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication
or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

           IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

                                   FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

                                                 DIVISION TWO

THE PEOPLE,

         Plaintiff and Respondent,                                       E059514

v.                                                                       (Super.Ct.No. INF1201508)

LAVON ALBERT MYERS,                                                      OPINION

         Defendant and Appellant.

         APPEAL from the Superior Court of Riverside County. Randall Donald White,

Judge. Affirmed.

         Thien Huong Tran, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and

Appellant.

         Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Julie L. Garland, Senior Assistant Attorney

General, and Arlene A. Sevidal and Alastair J. Agcaoili, Deputy Attorneys General, for

Plaintiff and Respondent.

                                                             1
       Defendant LaVon Albert Myers was in an apartment with three other people. A

woman (accompanied by a man) arrived and tried to confront one of the occupants.

When defendant pulled out a gun, she tried to leave, but defendant started pistol-

whipping her. The man accompanying her protested. Defendant shot him four times,

killing him.

       A jury found defendant guilty of second degree murder (Pen. Code, § 187, subd.

(a)), with an enhancement for personally and intentionally discharging a firearm, causing

death (Pen. Code, § 12022.53, subd. (d)). An enhancement for personal firearm use (Pen.

Code, § 12022.5, subd. (a)) was also found true but was stayed. Defendant was

sentenced to 40 years to life in prison.

       Defendant now contends:

       1. The trial court erred by failing to instruct on the right to use reasonable force to

eject a trespasser.

       2. The prosecutor committed misconduct by asking questions calling for hearsay

even after the trial court sustained hearsay objections to similar questions.

       We find no prejudicial error. Accordingly, we will affirm.

                                              2
                                             I

                              FACTUAL BACKGROUND

       A.     Prosecution Evidence.

       At one time, defendant and his girlfriend, Reina Rivas, lived in Apartment 16 of

an apartment complex in Desert Hot Springs. Later, however, they moved to Apartment

20 and let their friends Monica Gabaldon and David Gilbert stay in Apartment 16.

       On June 29, 2012, around 8:00 p.m., Rebecca Goehner knocked on the door of

Apartment 16. She wanted to talk to Gabaldon because she had heard that Gabaldon had

pepper-sprayed Goehner’s nieces during a fight. She admitted that she was

“[s]omewhat” angry. However, she considered Gabaldon a “good friend”; she just

wanted “to find out what had actually happened, if indeed anything had happened.” Her

friend Ronald Locke was with her.

       Gabaldon and Gilbert were inside, with Rivas and defendant. Rivas opened the

door. Goehner and Rivas had been friends for almost 20 years, but recently they “hadn’t

been getting along” because Goehner had said that Rivas “had a big mouth when she

drank.” When Rivas saw Goehner, she started to push the door closed, but Goehner

“pushed it back a little bit.” Gilbert said, “Let her in,” and Rivas complied. Locke

waited outside.

       Goehner talked first to Gilbert. He confirmed that Gabaldon had been in a fight

with her nieces. Goehner then said, “Okay. Well, I want to talk to [Gabaldon] then.”

                                            3
Gabaldon, however, had retreated into the bathroom. Gilbert told Goehner to leave. She

argued with him.

       Meanwhile, defendant went to Apartment 20 and retrieved a .32-caliber revolver.

When he got back to Apartment 16, he saw Locke standing outside. He pointed the gun

at Locke and told him to leave or he would shoot him. Locke started walking away.

       Defendant entered the apartment, pointed the gun at Goehner, and told her to

leave. Goehner said, “Oh, my God, what a pussy ass bitch, you’re pointing a gun at a

woman.” Both defendant and Gilbert told her again to leave. Trying to comply, she took

a step toward the door. Just then, however, defendant took a swing at her with the gun.

She ducked. Not knowing what else to do, she “rushed” defendant, hoping to knock him

down so she could get out the door. Instead, they ended up “in a crouching position”

against a wall. Defendant knelt over Goehner, repeatedly hitting her in the head with the

gun.

       When Locke heard Goehner yelling, he turned around and walked back to the

apartment. As he was either at the doorway or a few feet inside, he said, “What are you

doing? That’s a woman. Get off of her.”

       Defendant immediately turned toward Locke, pointed the gun at him, and fired

one shot. Locke turned and ran out the door. Defendant “hesitated,” then fired three

more shots. Locke “twitch[ed]” as the shots hit him. He then “collapsed” facedown

outside the apartment.

                                            4
       All four bullets hit Locke: one in the right forearm, one in the right rear shoulder,

one above the right buttock, and one in the left upper back. The bullet in his back was

fatal; it damaged his left lung and pulmonary artery, causing death within minutes.

       Defendant started hitting Goehner with the gun again, but Gabaldon and Gilbert

both told him to let her go. Goehner left and called the police. Defendant was arrested

later that night.

       After the shooting, Gabaldon and Gilbert were nowhere to be found.

       B.      Defense Evidence.

       Defendant testified on his own behalf. According to defendant, both Goehner and

Locke forced their way into the apartment. Locke threatened Gabaldon, saying, “If that

bitch does not come out of the bathroom, I’m coming in to get her.”

       Defendant went and got his gun; he merely intended to frighten Goehner and

Locke into leaving. After Goehner “rush[ed]” him, she ended up on top of him, fighting

him for the gun. The first shot went off by accident.1 Meanwhile, Locke came in and

started fighting with Gilbert. To protect Gilbert and the others in the apartment,

defendant then intentionally fired four more shots at Locke, “[u]ntil [the gun] clicked.”

       Rivas also testified. She largely confirmed defendant’s account. She testified that

Locke was moving toward Gilbert with his fists up when the first shot went off.

       1     Ten months after the shooting, a defense investigator observed what
appeared to be a bullet hole in a closet door in Apartment 16.

                                             5
However, she had told police that Locke was “at the doorway” and “not involved in the

fight[.]”

       Rivas also testified that, on the date of the shooting, she and defendant were still

living in Apartment 16, in the process of moving to Apartment 20.

                                             II

                       FAILURE TO INSTRUCT ON THE RIGHT

            TO USE REASONABLE FORCE TO EJECT A TRESPASSER

       Defendant contends the trial court erred by failing to give CALCRIM No. 3475

(Right to Eject Trespasser from Real Property).

       A.     Additional Factual and Procedural Background.

       During the instructions conference, there was this exchange:

       “THE COURT: . . . [¶] And your theory of the case, [defense counsel], is what

kind of defense?

       “[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Well, it’s self defense as well as defense of others

would be — and also I’m looking — I think it’s 3475.

       “THE COURT: No. You don’t get both of them. You either get 505 and 506 or

you get the 3400 series. It’s not both.

       “[PROSECUTOR]: The 3400 series, I believe, applies to non-homicides, though.

       “THE COURT: Exactly. It does indicate that.

       “[PROSECUTOR]: Yes.

       “THE COURT: Let’s focus right now on 505 and 506.”

                                              6
       Ultimately, the trial court gave CALCRIM No. 505 (Justifiable Homicide: Self-

Defense or Defense of Another) and No. 3477 (Presumption That Resident Was

Reasonably Afraid of Death or Great Bodily Injury).

       CALCRIM No. 3475 would have stated:

       “The (owner/lawful occupant) of a (home/property) may request that a trespasser

leave the (home/property). If the trespasser does not leave within a reasonable time and it

would appear to a reasonable person that the trespasser poses a threat to (the

(home/property)/ [or] the (owner/ [or] occupants), the (owner/lawful occupant) may use

reasonable force to make the trespasser leave.

       “Reasonable force means the amount of force that a reasonable person in the same

situation would believe is necessary to make the trespasser leave.

       “[If the trespasser resists, the (owner/lawful occupant) may increase the amount of

force he or she uses in proportion to the force used by the trespasser and the threat the

trespasser poses to the property.]

       “When deciding whether the defendant used reasonable force, consider all the

circumstances as they were known to and appeared to the defendant and consider what a

reasonable person in a similar situation with similar knowledge would have believed. If

the defendant’s beliefs were reasonable, the danger does not need to have actually

existed.

                                             7
       “The People have the burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that the

defendant used more force than was reasonable. If the People have not met this burden,

you must find the defendant not guilty of [murder].”

       B.     Analysis.

       “‘In criminal cases, even in the absence of a request, a trial court must instruct on

general principles of law relevant to the issues raised by the evidence and necessary for

the jury’s understanding of the case.’ [Citation.] That duty extends to ‘“instructions on

the defendant’s theory of the case, including instructions ‘as to defenses “‘that the

defendant is relying on . . . , or if there is substantial evidence supportive of such a

defense and the defense is not inconsistent with the defendant’s theory of the case.’”’”’

[Citation.]” (People v. Anderson (2011) 51 Cal. 4th 989, 996.)

       “Defense of habitation applies where the defendant uses reasonable force to

exclude someone he or she reasonably believes is trespassing in, or about to trespass in,

his or her home. However, the intentional use of deadly force merely to protect property

is never reasonable. Accordingly, a homicide involving the intentional use of deadly

force can never be justified by defense of habitation alone. The defendant must also

show either self-defense or defense of others, i.e., that he or she reasonably believed the

intruder intended to kill or inflict serious injury on someone in the home. [Citations.]”

(People v. Curtis (1994) 30 Cal. App. 4th 1337, 1360 [Fourth Dist., Div. Two].)

       Here, the fact that defendant used deadly force disqualified him from claiming

defense of habitation. The jury was fully instructed on self-defense and defense of

                                               8
others. If it found that defendant reasonably believed the victim was about to kill (or

inflict great bodily injury on) someone in the home, it should have acquitted him. If, on

the other hand, it did not find this, the fact that defendant was acting in defense of

habitation was irrelevant. As defendant concedes, “the defense of habitation alone

cannot justify [his] subsequent intentional shooting of Locke . . . .”

       Defendant argues, “A jury could have found that even if appellant . . . acted

reasonably when he actually pulled the trigger and shot Locke, it was not reasonable for

him to have brandished a firearm in the first place.” Defendant, however, was not

charged with brandishing. (Pen. Code, § 417.) We cannot imagine by what mental

contortions the jury could conclude that it was reasonable to fire the gun but not

reasonable to pull out, hold, or display the gun. In any event, the jury was fully

instructed that, as long as defendant was acting reasonably when he pulled the trigger, he

should be acquitted.

       Accordingly, the trial court did not err by failing to give CALCRIM No. 3475.

                                             III

                           PROSECUTORIAL MISCONDUCT

       Defendant contends the prosecutor committed misconduct by continuing to ask

questions calling for hearsay after the trial court had already sustained hearsay objections.

                                              9
       A.     Additional Factual and Procedural Background.

              1.     Questions calling for out-of-court statements to Tesone.

       During the prosecutor’s direct examination of Investigator Terry Tesone, she

asked him about his efforts to locate Gabaldon and Gilbert. In the course of doing so, she

asked him at least 17 questions about out-of-court statements by various people. Each

time, defense counsel objected on hearsay grounds, and each time, the trial court either

sustained the objection or limited Tesone to answering “yes” or “no.”

       Eventually, the trial court admonished the prosecutor, “Counsel, stay away from

hearsay.” Nevertheless, she soon asked:

       “Q. BY [THE PROSECUTOR]: On June 21st of 2013, did you learn that David

Gilbert got an attorney by the name of Michael DeFrank?

       “A. Yes.

       “Q. And at that point, were you advised to stop —

       “[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Objection, your Honor. Hearsay.

       “Q. BY [THE PROSECUTOR]: — investigating?

       “THE COURT: Sustained.”

       At a sidebar conference, defense counsel complained: “ . . . I don’t know how

many times I objected and the Court sustained my objections relative to hearsay. And I

think counsel continued, in spite of the court’s rulings regarding hearsay. These are

pretty basic. She continued to ask for hearsay from the witness on the stand. And it

forces the [d]efense into a position of objecting, objecting, objecting, objecting before the

                                             10
jury. And it makes us look like we’re trying to hide something here.” However, the only

relief he requested was a ruling preventing the prosecutor from asking what Gilbert’s

attorney had told Tesone.

       The prosecutor argued that what Gilbert’s attorney told Tesone (i.e., that Gilbert

would not give a statement) was relevant for the nonhearsay purpose of explaining why

Tesone did not keep trying to find Gilbert. The trial court nevertheless precluded the

prosecutor from asking about what Gilbert’s attorney said, because it appeared to be an

invocation of the Fifth Amendment privilege.

              2.      Instruction to disregard Tesone’s testimony.

       The next day, defense counsel proposed to call a defense investigator to testify

about his efforts to locate Gabaldon and Gilbert. The trial court opined not only that the

proffered evidence was irrelevant, but also that Tesone’s testimony had been irrelevant.

Defense counsel asked the court to instruct the jury to disregard Tesone’s testimony. The

trial court agreed to do so.

       Accordingly, it told the jury: “[T]he Court will now admonish the jury to

disregard the testimony of the witness, Terry Tesone, who testified yesterday. Disregard

that testimony completely as if you had never heard of it.”

              3.      Motion for new trial.

       When defendant filed a motion for new trial, he argued (among other things) that

the prosecutor had committed misconduct by continuing to ask questions that called for

                                              11
hearsay even after the trial court had sustained hearsay objections. The trial court denied

the motion.

       B.     Analysis.

       “‘“When a prosecutor’s intemperate behavior is sufficiently egregious that it

infects the trial with such a degree of unfairness as to render the subsequent conviction a

denial of due process, the federal Constitution is violated.”’ [Citations.] ‘“Prosecutorial

misconduct that falls short of rendering the trial fundamentally unfair may still constitute

misconduct under state law if it involves the use of deceptive or reprehensible methods to

persuade the trial court or the jury.” [Citation.]’ [Citation.] Misconduct that does not

constitute a federal constitutional violation warrants reversal only if it is reasonably

probable the trial outcome was affected. [Citations.]” (People v. Shazier (2014) 60
Cal. 4th 109, 127.)

       “‘[T]he term prosecutorial “misconduct” is somewhat of a misnomer to the extent

that it suggests a prosecutor must act with a culpable state of mind. A more apt

description of the transgression is prosecutorial error.’ [Citation.]” (People v. Centeno

(2014) 60 Cal. 4th 659, 666-667.)

       “It is misconduct for a prosecutor to violate a court ruling by eliciting or

attempting to elicit inadmissible evidence in violation of a court order. [Citation.] . . . A

defendant’s conviction will not be reversed for prosecutorial misconduct, however,

unless it is reasonably probable that a result more favorable to the defendant would have

been reached without the misconduct. [Citation.] Also, a claim of prosecutorial

                                              12
misconduct is not preserved for appeal if defendant fails to object and seek an admonition

if an objection and jury admonition would have cured the injury. [Citation.]” (People v.

Crew (2003) 31 Cal. 4th 822, 839.)

        Here, defense counsel objected exclusively on hearsay grounds; he did not object

based on prosecutorial misconduct. Moreover, when the asserted misconduct occurred,

he did not request an admonition. Belatedly, he did ask the court to admonish the jury to

disregard Tesone’s testimony; however, the trial court did so. Thus, it granted all the

relief he requested. Defense counsel forfeited any claim that that admonition was

inadequate to cure any prejudice.

        If a claim of prosecutorial misconduct was not raised when the misconduct

occurred, it cannot be raised in a motion for new trial. (People v. Musselwhite (1998) 17
Cal. 4th 1216, 1252-1253.) “It is well established that if at any time during trial a party or

his counsel becomes aware of facts constituting misconduct or irregularity in the

proceedings of the jury he must promptly bring such matters to the attention of the court,

if he desires to make an objection or he will be deemed to have waived the point as a

ground for a new trial. [Citation.]” (People v. Adame (1973) 36 Cal. App. 3d 402, 409-

410.)

        Separately and alternatively, it does not appear that the asserted misconduct2 was

prejudicial. Defense counsel expressed concern that, from the fact that he had to object

        2     The People argue, as the prosecutor did below, that the proffered evidence
was relevant for a nonhearsay purpose and therefore the trial court erred by sustaining
                                                                  [footnote continued on next page]

                                             13
so often, the jury might think he was hiding something. However, it was more likely

that, from the fact that all of his objections were sustained, the jury would think the

prosecutor was asking improper questions. In any event, the trial court ordered the jury

to “[d]isregard [Tesone’s] testimony completely as if you had never heard of it.” We see

no reason why it could not follow that admonition. Hence, we presume that the jury did

so. (People v. Gonzales and Soliz (2011) 52 Cal. 4th 254, 292.)

        Defendant argues that the jury would have inferred that the testimony of missing

witnesses Gabaldon and Gilbert would have favored the prosecution. This has it exactly

backwards. By calling Tesone, the prosecutor was trying to show that she had exercised

due diligence to secure their appearance, and perhaps also that their testimony would

have helped the prosecution. To some extent, that testimony (if relevant at all) was not

even arguably hearsay. For example, Tesone was able to testify that he contacted certain

people, and that he failed to obtain any leads from them. However, when (1) the

prosecutor asked questions about out-of-court statements to Tesone, (2) defense counsel

[footnote continued from previous page]
defense counsel’s objections. Even if so, however, the prosecutor was not free to
disregard the trial court’s rulings. While we have found no authority dealing specifically
with prosecutorial misconduct, it is well-established that there is a duty to comply with
even an erroneous order; thus, the violation of an erroneous order can be punished as
contempt. (Signal Oil etc. Co. v. Ashland Oil Co. (1958) 49 Cal. 2d 764, 776.)

        If the prosecutor had a good-faith belief that her questions did not call for hearsay,
at a minimum, she should have requested a sidebar so she could make that argument to
the trial court. She did not. Instead, she just plowed ahead.

                                             14
objected, and (3) the trial court sustained the objection, it did not help the prosecution at

all. Nor did the fact that the prosecutor persisted in asking such questions.

       We therefore conclude that the asserted prosecutorial misconduct did not rise to

the level of reversible error.

                                              IV

                                       DISPOSITION

       The judgment is affirmed.

       NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

                                                                 RAMIREZ
                                                                                          P. J.

We concur:

McKINSTER
                            J.

KING
                            J.

                                              15