Court Opinion

ID: 4703940
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-07-15 20:03:03.024668+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:05:01.076929
License: Public Domain

In the United States Court of Federal Claims
                              No. 21-1035C
                           (Filed: July 2, 2021)
                        (Re-issued: July 15, 2021) 1

*********************

SYNCON, LLC,

                    Plaintiff,

v.
                                                       Bid protest; pre-award bid
THE UNITED STATES,
                                                       protest; FAR 13.106-3(a)
                                                       (2008); the “late is late” rule;
                    Defendant.
                                                       best value determination.
**********************

HOURIGAN CONSTRUCTION CORP.,

                            Plaintiff,

v.

THE UNITED STATES,

                            Defendant.

***********************

      Shomari B. Wade, Washington, DC, for plaintiff, Syncon, LLC, with
whom were Michael J. Gardner, Brett A. Castellat, and Christopher M.
O’Brien, of counsel.

       Robert E. Korroch, Norfolk, VA, for plaintiff, Hourigan Construction
Corp., with whom was Anthony H. Anikeeff, Esq., of counsel.

1
  This opinion was originally filed under seal to afford the parties an
opportunity to propose redactions of protected information. The parties
agree that no redactions are necessary. The opinion thus appears in full. One
typographical error has been corrected.
       Steven M. Mager, Senior Trial Counsel, United States Department of
Justice, Civil Division, with whom were Brian M. Boynton, Acting Assistant
Attorney General, Martin F. Hockey, Jr., Acting Director, and Douglas K.
Mickle, Assistant Director, for defendant. David Nimmich, United States
Department of the Navy, of counsel.

                                  OPINION

BRUGGINK, Judge.

       In this pre-award bid protest, Syncon, LLC (“Syncon”) and Hourigan
Construction Corp. (“Hourigan”) allege that the decision of the United States
Department of the Navy 2 (the “Navy”) to reject plaintiffs’ proposals as late
was arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise contrary to law.
Plaintiffs filed their respective motions for judgment on the administrative
record on May 7, 2021. They seek a permanent injunction preventing the
agency from commencing evaluation of proposals and making an award
determination without consideration of plaintiffs’ proposals and requiring the
agency to include plaintiffs’ proposals in the source selection and award
analysis. The government filed its responses to plaintiffs’ respective
motions, along with its cross-motions for judgment on the administrative
record. All motions are fully briefed.

        Oral argument was held on June 28, 2021. Because the agency
properly documented its decision and its analysis was reasonable, we deny
plaintiffs’ motions for judgment on the administrative record and grant the
government’s cross-motions.

                              BACKGROUND 3

       A. Solicitation

       On November 6, 2020, the Navy issued a solicitation for an Indefinite
Delivery Indefinite Quantity (“IDIQ”) Multiple Award Construction
Contract (“MACC”), seeking proposals from contractors to perform
construction services for “Large General Construction Projects” primarily in

2
 Naval Facilities Engineering Systems Command Mid-Atlantic (“NAVFAC
MIDLANT”).
3
  The facts in the background are derived from the administrative record
(ECF No. 22, 25, 34).

                                       2
the Hampton Roads, Virginia area. The solicitation indicated that the agency
anticipates awarding no more than six Firm Fixed Price (“FFP”) IDIQ
Design-Build (“DB”)/Design-Bid-Build (“DBB”) contracts to offerors with
proposals presenting the best value to the government. The solicitation also
explained that each basic contract will contain one base year with four one-
year option periods. After the agency awards basic contracts, the solicitation
stated that awardees will compete for task orders “based on best value, using
the tradeoff process or lowest price technically acceptable (to include lowest
price).” Solicitation, AR 23. Proposals would be rated based upon price and
five non-price factors.

        The solicitation required offerors to submit two proposals: a technical
proposal as well as a price proposal. For each, the Navy required offerors to
submit one copy electronically, two hard copies, and two CD-Roms. The
solicitation stated that a complete proposal includes both the technical and
price proposals.

       Electronic versions of the proposals had to be sent to Ms. Holly Snow,
Contract Specialist, via the Department of Defense (“DOD”) Secure Access
File Exchange (“SAFE”) site. 4 DOD SAFE site is a web-based application
managed by the Defense Information Security Agency (“DISA”) which
allows files to be sent securely to various government entities and employees.
The solicitation directs that:

       a. The contractor shall send the contract specialist, Holly
       Snow, the contractor’s email address who will be receiving the
       Drop-Off invitation to upload proposals to the DOD Safe Site
       no later than 5 days prior to the submission due date. Note: only
       two email addresses may be provided per Offeror.

       b. The Contractor will then follow the invitation drop off link
       sent to those specified email addresses to upload their
       electronic proposal submission by the stated due date and time,
       unless the date and time are changed via Solicitation
       Amendment, using the reference code sent by the contract
       specialist via DOD Safe.

4
  The DOD SAFE site is effectively the government’s “installation
designated for receipt of offers.” See FAR 52.212-1(f)(2)(i)(B).

                                      3
       c. The maximum file size of a package is 8 GB. Up to 25
       packages may be uploaded per link.

Solicitation, AR 39. Section 5.2.5 of the solicitation specified that
“Electronic Proposals not received by the time and date specified shall be
treated in accordance with FAR 52.215-1 ‘Instruction to Offerors -
Competitive Acquisitions’ and may be rejected.” AR 40.

        The solicitation provides instructions to offerors regarding the use of
DOD SAFE for submission of the electronic versions of proposals. Offerors
were told that after sending files through DOD SAFE, an offeror would
“receive a notification on the site ‘Drop-Off Completed’ ‘Your files have
been sent successfully.’” AR 128. Offerors were informed that they should
keep a copy of this notification for their records, and that the agency would
receive an email notification of the upload. The solicitation warns that “the
submission of any proposal must be completed no later than the due date and
time, unless the date and time are changed via Solicitation Amendment, using
the link sent by the contract specialist.” Id. Finally, the solicitation provides
that “[t]he DoD SAFE system will record the date and time of package
submittal. The date and time of package submittal recorded in DoD SAFE
shall govern the timeliness of any proposal submission.” AR 129.

       B. Solicitation Amendments

        The solicitation’s original deadline for proposals was November 23,
2020 at 2:00 p.m. Eastern Standard Time (“EST”). The Navy issued sixteen
amendments to the solicitation, which extended proposal deadlines,
established separate due dates for the technical and price proposals, answered
pre-proposal inquiries, and made other changes. Amendment 0009, issued
on December 15, 2020, modified language throughout the solicitation and
added additional instructions regarding use of DOD SAFE. The amendment
states that offerors must request a DOD SAFE Drop Link for both proposals
“no later than 5 days prior to the respective submission due date.” AR 128.
The amendment instructs offerors to “utilize the link provided in the
automated email to take you to DOD SAFE” to submit each proposal. Id.
Additionally, the instructions state that the DOD SAFE

       system will allow for inclusion of a short note to the Recipient
       and then the offeror will click to add files or drag and drop
       them. Click “Drop-Off Files” to send the files to the recipient.
       You should receive a notification on the site “Drop-Off
       Completed” “Your files have been sent successfully.” Please
       keep this for your records. The file(s) are uploaded and an

                                       4
       email will be sent to the recipient notifying them of the “drop-
       off.”

Id.

       The amendment also provides additional instructions regarding the
timeliness of proposal submission, stating that submission of a proposal must
be completed prior to the deadline, “unless the date and time are changed via
Solicitation Amendment.” Id. The DOD SAFE system, it adds, will record
the date and time of each proposal submission, and this record will govern
the timeliness of an offeror’s submission.

       The amendment further advises that offerors must “allow adequate
time to upload files which may be slower for non-DOD users and to avoid
other technical difficulties that may be encountered,” and that offerors are
required to submit files in the format specified in the solicitation. AR 129.
The amendment warns that “[f]iles that cannot be opened, or are otherwise
missing the required content are the responsibility of the Offeror.” Id.

       Amendment 0009 reiterates that pre-proposal inquiries (“PPIs”) are
“due 14 days prior to their respective due dates,” which “will correlate with
any changes in proposal due date.” AR 134-35. Amendment 0009 also
established the following deadlines:
       Electronic Submission of Technical Proposal December 22, 2020 by 1400 EST
       Hard Copy Submission of Technical Proposal December 30, 2020 by 1400 EST
       Electronic Submission of Price Proposal        January 8, 2020 by 1400
                                                   EST
       Hard Copy Submission of Price Proposal        January 15, 2020 by 1400 EST

AR 128.

       On January 7, 2021, the Navy issued Amendment 0012, which
extended the price proposal due date for electronic submissions to Friday,
January 15, 2021 and hard copies to Friday, January 22, 2021. On January
11, 2021, the Navy provided responses to approximately 85 PPIs through
Amendment 0013. These responses provided information on work
specifications necessary for the preparation of proposals and accurate
pricing.

        On January 13, 2021, the Navy issued Amendment 0014, which
provided answers to approximately 33 additional PPIs. It further extended
the price proposal electronic copy deadline by one business day, from Friday
January 15, 2021 to Tuesday January 19, 2021 by 1400 EST, and extended

                                          5
the hard copies deadline from January 22, 2021 to January 26, 2021 by 1400
EST.

       The agency timely received several technical and price proposals, but
the Contracting Officer (“CO”), Ms. Sidnia Finke, wrote a memorandum on
January 21, 2021, explaining that three offerors which submitted timely
technical proposals via DOD SAFE did not timely submit their price
proposals:

      It appears there may have been technology issues with the
      DOD Safe site, though that cannot be confirmed conclusively.
      Enclosure (1) provides a timeline and description of the
      proposal delivery with each of the three Offerors: Hourigan,
      Korte, and SYNCON.

      a. Two of the three Offeors, SYNCON and Korte, stated that
      neither received a confirmation of upload screenshot after they
      submitted their proposals. Both ultimately submitted their
      proposals late in the day using their original links. Of note, the
      DODSafe links can only be used one time and the Offerors
      used their DODSafe links after the due date and time.

      b. Hourigan let their DODSafe link expire 4 minutes before
      proposal due date and time and did not request another link
      prior to submission and ultimately submitted their proposal via
      email the next morning. Of note, Hourigan did not express an
      issue with their DOD Safe link until after the due date and time
      of proposals. Also of note, the email drop request sent to
      Offerors states, “This link expires 14 days from the time of this
      email.”

AR 5325.

       The CO determined, however, that the agency was not prohibited
from amending the closing time for proposals after the time passed to
“accommodate even one offeror, where the motivation for the extension is
enhanced competition.” AR 5325 (citing Geo-Seis Helicopters, Inc., B–
299175, B–299175.2, 2007 CPD ¶ 135 (Comp. Gen. Mar. 5, 2007) (“Geo-
Seis I”)). Ultimately, she decided to extend the deadline based on “the best
interest of enhancing competition,” and “to allow for the maximum
competition possible” by accepting the three offerors who already timely
submitted technical proposals. Id.

                                      6
       On January 22, 2021, the CO’s memorandum was implemented
through Amendment 0015, which extended the deadline for electronic price
proposals to January 25, 2021 at 1600 EST and hard copy proposals to
February 1, 2021 at 1600 EST. The Contracting Specialist sent an email to
all offerors on January 22, 2021, explaining that a new DOD SAFE link
would be provided to each offeror and that, while resubmission was not
required, offerors could modify their previously submitted proposals and
resubmit. Thereafter, nine offerors, including Syncon and Hourigan,
resubmitted proposals before the new January 25, 2021 deadline.

        On January 25, 2021, the Navy received an agency-level protest from
an offeror, B.L. Harbert International (“Harbert”) challenging the Navy’s
decision to extend the deadline for submission of price proposals. Harbert
cited to FAR provisions governing the treatment of late proposals (48 C.F.R.
§ 52.215-1), and noted that this court had determined in a different bid protest
that an agency’s post-hoc extension of a solicitation deadline to
accommodate late offerors was a violation of regulations. Geo-Seis
Helicopters, Inc. v. United States, 77 Fed. Cl. 633 (2007) (“Geo-Seis II”).

       On February 23, 2021, the Navy sustained Harbert’s agency level
protest, relying on this court’s decision in Geo-Seis II. On February 24, 2021,
the Navy issued Amendment 0016, notifying offerors that Amendment 0015
was “issued in error and was null and void,” AR 171-72, because it was
published after the closing date set by the last amendment, January 19, 2021
at 2:00 p.m.

        The agency then sent letters to Syncon and Hourigan that it was
sustaining the Harbert protest and that their proposals were “rejected due to
late submission.” AR 5441-42, 5436-37. The letters explain that the decision
in Geo-Seiss II had the effect of overruling GAO decisional law upon which
the agency relied in issuing Amendment 0015. See AR 5441, 5436
(“[Amendment 0015 was] based upon a series of GAO rulings indicating that
agencies were permitted to extend closing dates for solicitations, even after
the existing date for receipt of proposals had passed, in order to increase
competition for the procurement.”).

        The letter sent to Syncon concludes that because the agency did not
receive Syncon’s price proposal via DOD SAFE until January 19, 2021, 4:26
p.m., after the closing date set by Amendment 0014, and because the
circumstances surrounding the receipt of Syncon’s proposal did not meet
exceptions to the “late is late” rule under FAR Clause 52.215-1(3)(ii),
Syncon’s proposal would be rejected as late. Hourigan received a similar
letter.

                                       7
       C. Syncon’s Submissions and Submission Attempts

      Syncon timely submitted its technical proposal through DOD SAFE
of December 22, 2020 at 11:45 AM EST and received a “Drop-Off
Completed” “Your files have been sent successfully” notification upon
submission. AR 1884, 5528. DOD SAFE sent an automated message to Ms.
Snow informing her of the submission.

        The agency found, however, that Syncon did not submit its price
proposal through DOD SAFE prior to the 2:00 p.m. EST January 19, 2021
deadline. On January 19, 2021, Ms. Mary Morris, Syncon’s employee,
emailed Ms. Snow at 1:56 p.m., seeking confirmation that Syncon’s proposal
had been received. At 3:19 p.m., Ms. Snow responded, “I did not receive a
DOD Safe link email yet. Please send me a screenshot or otherwise
confirmation of your submission. Some have been delayed coming through.”
AR 5317. At 3:55 p.m., Ms. Morris responded “I don’t see what I can screen
shot. The DOD safe sites don’t go in the sent file. Please help. Can I try to
resend? Can I send through email?” AR 5316. At 4:10 p.m., Ms. Snow
responded, “I would attempt to contact the DOD Safe help [desk], or see if
there is any kind of outbox record of sending. On my end, the request sent to
Syncon has not been fulfilled.” AR 5316. Ms. Morris responded, “I just
attempted to call DOD Safe help and can not get through without a pin
number. There’s nothing else I can do? I’m kind of begging here. You see
the email I sent you asking for confirmation. We did send.” AR 5315.

        Ms. Snow replied that she “received a DOD Safe link at 4:26 p.m.
with the price proposal.” Id. Ms. Morris then asked Ms. Snow if she could
confirm that she received Syncon’s “initial DOD SAFE submission that was
sent yesterday (1/19/21) before the 2 p.m. deadline” and advised Ms. Snow
that Syncon had a pending support ticket with the DOD SAFE Site Help
Desk. AR 5314. In the same email chain, Ms. Morris wrote that she
attempted to upload Syncon’s price proposal to DOD SAFE on January 19,
2021 at 1:47 p.m. EST, but did not receive the “Drop-Off Completed” “Your
files have been sent successfully” messages that Amendment 0009 indicates
should be provided. Id. She also stated that on January 19, 2021 at 1:49 p.m.
EST, she attempted to upload the documents to DOD SAFE a second time,
but again, did not receive the automated messages from DOD SAFE.

       In the same email, Ms. Morris attached an image, entitled “relevant
chrome history,” of six different occasions on which she accessed the DOD
SAFE site, times that she states correspond to her submission attempts: 1:47
p.m., 1:49 p.m., 4:08 p.m., 4:13 p.m., 4:16 p.m., 4:29 p.m. She never,
however, received a “successful submission” notification for any of these

                                     8
submissions. Ms. Snow also provided screen shots of her January 19, 2021
browser history, email inbox, deleted emails, and clutter emails. None of
these images show a confirmation from DOD SAFE for any of Syncon’s
submissions. Ultimately, the agency rejected Syncon’s proposal because the
electronic price proposal was received after 2:00 p.m. on January 19, 2021.

       D. Hourigan’s Submissions and Submission Attempts

       Hourigan timely submitted its technical proposal through DOD SAFE
on December 22, 2020, and DOD SAFE sent an automated message to Ms.
Snow informing her of the submission. On January 5, 2021 at 12:43:16 p.m.
EST, at the request of Hourigan and Ms. Snow, the DOD SAFE site created
an additional link for Hourigan to use for submission of its price proposal.

        At 2:00 p.m. EST on January 19, 2021, Mr. Phillip Hodges, an
employee of Hourigan emailed Ms. Snow asking her to confirm that she had
received their submission. She responded that she had not yet received
Hourigan’s submission and that “[s]ome have been coming through delayed,
or not at all.” AR 5294-95. On January 20, 2021, Mr. Hodges responded by
providing the price proposal that it had attempted to submit using the DOD
SAFE Site link the previous day and a screenshot of a time stamp showing
that the files were last saved at 1:51 p.m. EST, prior to the deadline. He also
attached a screen shot to the email showing a message that its link “could not
be found or has already been used” as proof that it submitted its proposal on
time. AR 5295. She responded that this was insufficient proof of timely
submission as the solicitation requires the following notification: “Drop-Off
completed” “Your files have been sent successfully.” AR 5296. As with
respect to Syncon, Hourigan’s proposal was also rejected as untimely.

       E. The Protests

        Syncon filed a protest with this court on March 5, 2021. On March
15, 2021, we granted the government’s unopposed motion for a partial
remand to the Navy, to determine whether plaintiffs’ proposals were received
at the DOD SAFE site prior to the January 19, 2021 deadline, or whether the
site was experiencing technical issues which may have impacted offerors
(ECF No. 14).

        Hourigan had previously filed a protest with the Government
Accountability Office (the “GAO”) on March 3, 2021, contesting the
rejection of its proposal. On March 12, 2021, the GAO dismissed Hourigan’s
protest due to the pendency here of Syncon’s related protest. Hourigan filed
its protest here on March 16, 2021, after which we consolidated the actions.

                                      9
       On March 16, 2021, in compliance with our order granting a partial
remand, the Navy sent a letter to DISA inquiring about the time of receipt of
the price proposals from Syncon, Hourigan and Korte, a third bidder whose
proposal had been rejected as untimely. Todd Edgall, DISA’s representative,
responded that Syncon submitted its proposal on January 19, 2021 at 16:21
EST, Hourigan did not submit its proposal on January 19, 2021, and Korte
submitted its proposal on January 19, 2021 at 15:30 EST.

       Mr. Edgall noted that there was no indication that DOD SAFE was
experiencing issues at that time, as the database entries did not have large
gaps between submissions or drop-offs. 5 Further, he stated:

         In full disclosure -- please note, this only indicates that DOD
         SAFE was operating properly. There may be any number of
         external factors that could have affected the companies’ ability
         to upload files to DOD SAFE by the deadline -- including their
         own Internet service provider, as well as any circuit, router or
         security stacks along the way. DOD SAFE has no insight or
         control over those factors.

AR 5530-31. 6

        After reviewing the information provided by DISA, the CO issued a
memorandum on March 25, 2021, which reaffirmed her original decision to
reject plaintiffs’ proposals as late as well as her finding that “that none of the
referenced proposals met any of the exceptions to the ‘late is late’ rule set

5
    DISA explained that

         For the two-hour period ((1700 – 1900 (12:00 – 2:00 EST))),
         there were no dropoff gaps greater than 21 secs -- and that was
         only one. For the [two] hour time-frame there were 3840
         dropoffs ((avgs out to be 32 per minute)): 17xx (12:xx EST)--
         1898 dropoffs [and]18xx (13:xx EST)-- 1942 dropoffs

AR 5531. The court understands the term “drop-offs” to mean proposal
submissions, although the recorded submissions are not necessarily related
to this procurement.
6
 Mr. Edgall added that “Any additional error messages or behavior from the
browser during the upload could be helpful. Internet upload speeds vary,
however, it does not appear as though those were big files.” AR 5531.

                                       10
forth in FAR 52.215-1.” See AR 5670-78. She explained that the first
exception to the “late is late rule” provides that a proposal transmitted
through electronic means is not late if it is received at the “initial point of
entry to the Government infrastructure no later than 5:00 [p.m.] one working
day prior to the date specified for receipt of proposals.” 48 C.F.R. § 52.215-
1(c)(3)(iii)(A)(1). The CO found that because “it is undisputed that none of
the relevant proposals were received at the DOD SAFE point of entry by 5:00
p.m. EST on January 18, 2021 . . . [n]one of the proposals, therefore, meet
the requirements of exception 1 to the ‘late is late’ rule.” AR 5672.

        The CO explained that the second exception, often referred to as the
government control exception to the “late is late” rule allows for
consideration of an otherwise late proposal where there is sufficient evidence
to indicate that the proposal “was received at the Government installation
designated for receipt of offers and was under the Government’s control prior
to the time set for receipt of offers.” 48 C.F.R. § 52.215-1(c)(3)(ii)(A)(2).
The CO determined that “the information provided by DISA appears to
clearly establish that none of the proposals from Syncon, Hourigan, or Korte
were under the Government’s control prior to the time designated for receipt
of offers.” AR 5673.

       The CO found that the third exception, that a proposal “is the only one
received,” did not apply, as none of the proposals were the “only proposal
received” in response to the solicitation. She also found that the fourth
exception, commonly referred to as the “unanticipated event exception,” did
not apply. She explained that this exception applies when “an emergency or
unanticipated event interrupts normal Government processes” so as to
prevent proposals from being received “at the office designated for receipt
of proposals” at the exact time specified in the solicitation and “urgent
Government requirements preclude amendment of the solicitation,” the time
for the receipt of proposals is automatically “extended to the same time of
day specified in the solicitation on the first work day on which normal
Government processes resume.” 48 C.F.R. § 52.215-1(c)(3)(iv). She
determined that this exception did not apply to any of the late proposals
because

       the information provided by DISA indicates that the DOD
       SAFE system did not suffer any type of interruption in service
       (neither emergency, unanticipated event, or otherwise) during
       the time period that Syncon, Hourigan, and Korte all allege
       they attempted to upload their proposals to the system.
       Specifically, all three offerors alleged that they attempted to
       upload their proposals to DOD SAFE during the period

                                      11
       between 1:30p.m.-2:00p.m. EST. The DISA Declaration
       indicates that DISA has no information indicating DOD SAFE
       suffered any problems during that time period. In fact, to the
       contrary, DISA reports that DOD SAFE received just under
       2,000 successful uploads/submissions during the hour
       preceding the soliciation’s closing time. The information
       provided by the Declaration is also consistent with information
       Contract Specialist Holly Snow was previously provided
       directly by the DOD SAFE system regarding request codes she
       had distributed for this solicitation. That information indicated
       that more than 15 uploads/submissions were made successfully
       during the time period of 1:30p.m.-2:00p.m. EST utilizing the
       request codes. While Contract Specialist Holly Snow
       previously had observed that DOD SAFE emails informing her
       a request code had been used by an offeror to upload a
       submittal were not transmitted to NAVFAC MIDLANT
       immediately upon use of the request code, in light of the
       information from DISA this delay did not reflect a problem
       with DOD SAFE receipt of uploads/submittals.

AR 5673. In conclusion, the CO found that none of the exceptions to the
“late is late” rule applied to any of the late proposals.

      On April 13, 2021, the parties filed a joint motion for a second partial
remand to the Navy to obtain additional information from DISA regarding
the DOD SAFE site for the agency to determine whether reconsideration was
warranted (ECF No. 31). The motion states that

       On April 2, 2021, counsel for Syncon contacted the counsel for
       the Government, alleging that DISA’s remand declaration had
       failed to address several important matters. Counsel for Syncon
       sought consent to supplement the administrative record with
       additional information from DISA. To resolve this dispute
       without Court involvement, all parties conferred on April 7,
       2021, at which time, counsel for Hourigan also raised several
       other questions that it requested that the agency consider.
       Although the United States objected to Syncon’s proposed
       approach and contended that the Navy’s decision was rational,
       because many of these questions fell within DISA expertise,
       and in the interests of efficiency and to permit the agency to
       review its conclusion in light of DISA’s response to the
       plaintiffs’ proposed questions, the parties agreed to jointly seek

                                      12
       a limited remand on specific matters in order to resolve their
       dispute.

AR 5679-81.     In the motion, the parties agreed upon eleven additional
questions that the agency would pose to DISA seeking clarifications
regarding some of the statements made in DISA’s original March 24, 2021
declaration, as well as additional information regarding DOD SAFE “request
codes” that had not been part of the Navy’s first inquiry. Id.

        On April 14, 2021, we granted the parties’ motion. Thereafter,
defendant sent a letter to DISA which included eleven questions regarding
operation of the DOD SAFE site and the efforts made by DISA to investigate
the allegations made by Hourigan and Syncon. DISA responded to the letter
by submitting two declarations, one from the DOD SAFE Database
Administrator, Michael Clark and the second from Ethan Miller, the DOD
SAFE Program Manager.

       Mr. Clark confirmed that none of DISA’s notification tools indicated
a problem with DOD SAFE on January 19, 2021. Mr. Clark notes that seven
DOD SAFE “trouble tickets” were opened between January 19-20, 2021.
AR 5723. He added that one trouble ticket “was for Ms. Morris’ upload
issue.” Id. He also stated that DOD SAFE does not track attempted or failed
uploads, and thus he was unable to answer which attempt resulted in a
successful upload. He stated that although Syncon provided screenshots of
its browser history accessing the site, the screenshots only prove that Syncon
visited the site and do not prove that Syncon attempted or succeeded in
uploading. He explained that only a successful upload will be recorded on
the database tables, and thus only Syncon’s upload at 4:26 EST was recorded.

        Mr. Miller stated that “a SAFE request code can be used as many
times as necessary until it is expired by the system.” AR 5714. Further, he
stated that “there is a daily cleanup script that runs once daily. It is typically
done early in the morning.” AR 5715. He explained that a link only expires
after the script runs and identifies which request codes are older than fourteen
days. Mr. Clark further stated that “the Request Code will remain usable
until the system registers the request code as expired.” AR 5715.

       On April 22, 2021, after reviewing the declarations provided by
DISA, the CO reaffirmed her position that plaintiffs’ proposals were not
timely submitted and did not qualify for an exception to the “late is late” rule.
She stated that “Ethan Miller’s Declaration reveals that Hourigan’s request
code was still available for use at the time Hourigan alleges it attempted to
upload its proposal” and that the system “did not record Hourigan’s request

                                       13
code as expired until 1:54 p.m. EST that same day.” AR 5730. She also
noted that although plaintiffs allege that their IT systems were functioning
properly on January 19, 2021, “that fact, even if true, still does not establish
that the DOD SAFE system was malfunctioning or was otherwise the cause
for the protesters’ unsuccessful uploads.” AR 5731. After reviewing the
information regarding DOD SAFE, she found that DOD SAFE “was
operating properly on January 19, 2021” and it did not appear that it “was the
reason that Syncon and Hourigan did not have their respective uploads
transmitted to DOD SAFE by the required deadline.” Id.

        On April 23, 2021, the government filed a status report regarding the
second remand, stating that after receiving further information from DISA,
the agency determined that its original decision should stand (ECF No. 33 at
1). In sum, plaintiffs’ proposals were subject to three separate rejections on
timeliness grounds by the CO: the first on February 24, 2021, after
Amendment 0015 was rescinded, the second on March 25, 2021, after the
first remand, and the third on April 22, 2021, after the second remand.
Plaintiffs challenge all three determinations, as well as the decision to rescind
Amendment 0015.

                                DISCUSSION

        Our review is deferential in accordance with the standard set forth in
the Administrative Procedures Act, 5 U.S.C. § 706, which is to say that we
review agency action in a procurement for illegality and a lack of rationality.
Impressa Construzioni Geom. Domenico Garufi v. United States, 238 F.3d
1324, 1332-33 (Fed. Cir. 2001). So long as the agency’s decision was not
irrational or otherwise illegal, we will leave it undisturbed.

       After oral argument, it is apparent that plaintiffs challenge the
agency’s decisions in two respects: (1) the agency’s decision to rescind
Amendment 0015 was arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or
otherwise contrary to law; (2) the agency three times improperly rejected
their proposals as not meeting the exceptions to FAR Clause 52.215-1.
Plaintiffs seek permanent injunctive relief preventing the Navy from
commencing evaluation of proposals and making an award determination
without consideration of plaintiffs’ proposals and requiring the agency to
include plaintiffs’ proposals in the source selection and award analysis.

        When considering whether to grant a permanent injunction, the court
must consider whether “(1) the plaintiff has succeeded on the merits, (2) the
plaintiff will suffer irreparable harm if the court withholds injunctive relief,
(3) the balance of hardships to the respective parties favors the grant of

                                       14
injunctive relief, and (4) the public interest is served by a grant of injunctive
relief.” Centech Grp., Inc. v. United States, 554 F.3d 1029, 1037 (Fed. Cir.
2009). Although an award of injunctive relief is based on consideration of
this four-factor test, failure to achieve success on the merits is dispositive.
See Career Training Concepts, Inc. v. United States, 83 Fed. Cl. 215, 219
(2008) (“[A] permanent injunction requires actual success on the merits.”).
For the reasons below, we find that all of plaintiffs’ challenges lack merit and
it is therefore unnecessary to consider the last three factors. We consider
each of plaintiffs’ arguments in turn.

       As a preliminary matter, Syncon argues that the court should not
consider the documents gathered during both remands as part of the
administrative record, on the basis that our review should be limited to the
agency’s contemporaneous rationale for its decisions. Instead review should
be limited to the record before the agency at the time of its decision, Citizens
to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe, 401 U.S. 402, 420 (1971), and “not some
new record made initially in the reviewing court.” Axiom Res. Mgmt. v.
United States, 564 F.3d 1374, 1379 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (quoting Camp v. Pitts,
411 U.S. 138, 142 (1973)). Plaintiff asserts that the government’s argument,
which uses materials from both remands, is effectively a post hoc
rationalization of the Navy’s decisions and that our consideration of such
materials would improperly convert the arbitrary and capricious standard to
a de novo review.

        While we agree that this court may not engage in a de novo review of
a bid protest action, consideration of supplemental materials gained during a
remand is not improper and does not transform the arbitrary and capricious
standard to a de novo review. The Tucker Act grants this court the authority
“to remand appropriate matters to any administrative or executive body or
official with such direction as it may deem proper and just.” 28 U.S.C.
§1491(a)(2) (2012); see RCFC 52.2. Remand is a procedure that permits this
court to give “due regard” to “the need for expeditious resolution of the
action,” 28 U.S.C. § 1491(b)(3), while permitting the agency to reconsider
its decision after further development of the factual record. Rollock Co. v.
United States, 115 Fed. Cl. 317, 334 (2014). After a remand, this court
considers the whole record before the agency, not merely the record as it
existed before the remand. See, e.g, Knowledge Connections, Inc. v. United
States, 79 Fed. Cl. 750, 761 (2007), dismissed, 321 F. App’x 948 (Fed. Cir.
2008). Plaintiff has not shown any support for its argument that after
exercising our statutory authority to remand, we must then ignore the results
of the remands, particularly in view of the fact that Syncon consented to the
first and sought the second.

                                       15
   A. The Navy’s Decision to Rescind Amendment 0015 was Reasonable.

        Plaintiffs argue that if the agency’s rescission of Amendment 0015
was in error, then plaintiffs’ proposals were timely as the amendment was
still active when their electronic filings were received by DOD SAFE.
Plaintiffs contend that the agency’s rescission of Amendment 0015 was
erroneous, and thus the Navy cannot retroactively invalidate their timely
submissions.

        The protestors argue that the Navy’s rescission of Amendment 0015
was in error because it was based upon this court’s holding in Geo-Seis II,
77 Fed. Cl. 633 (2007), which conflicted with the GAO’s position that a CO
can extend the closing date of a solicitation with a post-hoc amendment.
Geo-Seis I, B–299175, B–299175.2, 2007 CPD ¶ 135 (Comp. Gen. Mar. 5,
2007). Plaintiffs assert that what matters is that Geo-Seis I was still good law
at the GAO at the time of the CO’s decision. Even after publication of this
court’s decision in Geo-Seis II, the GAO specifically cited its Geo-Seis I
decision and held: “[T]here is no prohibition against a procuring agency
issuing an amendment to extend the closing time for receipt of proposals after
that time has passed to accommodate even one offeror, where the motivation
for the extension is enhanced competition.” National Disability Rights
Network, Inc., B- 413528, 2016 CPD ¶ 333 (Comp. Gen. Nov. 16, 2016)
(quoting Geo-Seis I., B–299175, B–299175.2, 2007 CPD ¶ 135 at 5 (Comp.
Gen. Mar. 5, 2007)).

        The government argues that because the agency later concluded that
Amendment 0015 was not based on the relevant FAR regulations or the “late
is late” rule but was contrary to these regulations, it was proper for the agency
to rescind the amendment as it was not legal under FAR. We agree. The
Navy’s decision to rescind was rational and in accordance with law, as the
CO reasonably determined that her prior amendment did not comport with
the FAR, consistent with this court’s decision in Geo-Seis II, which rejected
the GAO’s holding in Geo-Seis I, characterizing the opinion as “not
persuasive,” because it failed to reference or analyze the relevant FAR
provisions governing late proposals. Geo-Seis II, 77 Fed. Cl. at 645 n. 28 at
645.

         It was proper for the agency to rely on this court’s decision as Geo-
Seis II, as we conclude that it correctly interprets FAR’s “late is late” rule.
As Judge Lettow noted, issuing a post hoc amendment would “render the
‘late is late’ rule a nullity.” Geo-Seis II, 77 Fed. Cl. at 645. While contracting
officers are properly afforded considerable discretion “that discretion does
not extend to violating the FAR,” Info. Scis. Corp. v. United States, 73 Fed.

                                       16
Cl. 70, 115 (2006), on reconsideration in part, 75 Fed. Cl. 406 (2007), nor
does an agency have “discretion regarding whether or not to follow
applicable law and regulations.” Blue & Gold Fleet, LP v. United States, 70
Fed. Cl. 487, 512 (2006), aff’d, 492 F.3d 1308 (Fed. Cir. 2007).

        Further, we agree with the analysis in Geo-Seis II, adopted by the CO
here, that even though the GAO decisions cited by plaintiffs support their
     7

position “as to the nunc pro tunc effect of post-hoc amendments, those GAO
precedents reflect ‘one of those Comptroller-General-created rules that is not
reflected in the FAR,’ . . . . Those GAO decisions are not persuasive and they
will not be adopted.” Geo-Seis II, 77 Fed. Cl. at 645 (citation omitted)
(quoting Ralph C. Nash & John Cibinic, Late Final Proposal Revisions: The
Final Straw!, Nash & Cibinic Report, Vol. 18, No. 4, P 16 (1997)).

       Because the agency was reasonable in relying on this court’s decision
in Geo-Seis II, it was not arbitrary and capricious for the Navy to rescind the
amendment. 8 See Dell Fed. Sys., L.P. v. United States, 906 F.3d 982, 992
(Fed. Cir. 2018) (“we have consistently reviewed agencies’ corrective
actions under the APA’s ‘highly deferential’ ‘rational basis’ standard”).

7
  The CO cited this court’s decision in Geo-Seis II in its letter rejecting
plaintiffs’ proposals as late: “There is simply no basis in the FAR for the
view that the Contracting Officer had discretion to render the ‘late is late’
rule a nullity.” Geo-Seis II, 77 Fed. Cl. at 645; AR 5436, 5441.
8
  Syncon also asserts that this case is analogous to Taahut v. United States,
in which the Federal Circuit upheld a CO’s decision to extend the proposal
deadline through an amendment posted after the deadline where multiple
offerors experienced technical difficulties with a government submission
portal. Taahut v. United States, No. 20-1726, 2021 U.S. App. LEXIS 7164
(Fed. Cir. March 11, 2021). Like Taahut, it argues, the CO here properly
issued Amendment 0015, extending the deadline, because multiple offerors
that had already submitted their technical proposals experienced “technology
issues with the DODSafe site.” AR 5325. Syncon incorrectly characterizes
the facts in Taahut. The agency in that case “extended the deadline prior to
the expiration of the time for proposal” and not after the deadline. Id. at *4.
The formal amendment was not posted to the government server until after
the deadline, but the trial court held (and the Federal Circuit agreed) that this
was not dispositive because the “contracting officer had made the decision
and communicated it to all offerors prior to the deadline.” Id.

                                       17
        Next, Hourigan argues that the Navy’s rescission of Amendment
0015 after an agency-level protest was arbitrary and capricious because the
protestor, Harbert, failed to demonstrate how it was prejudiced by the Navy’s
extension of the solicitation’s deadline. Hourigan asserts that a showing of
prejudice is a necessary element of an agency protest, as FAR requires that
an agency protest include a “[d]etailed statement of the legal and factual
grounds for the protest, to include a description of resulting prejudice to the
protester.” FAR § 33.103(d)(2)(iii). Further, Hourigan points out that this
court has found that a protestor “failed to carry its burden to demonstrate that
it has suffered a nontrivial competitive injury, and therefore, has failed to
show that it was prejudiced by the contracting officer’s procurement error.”
KGL Food Services WLL v. United States, 2021 U.S. Claims LEXIS 679, at
*38 (Fed. Cl. Apr. 22, 2021). It is true that, although Harbert stated in its
protest that it was an interested party, it failed to offer any description of the
anticipated prejudice. From this, Hourigan argues that Harbert was not an
interested party because the protestor’s direct economic interests were not
affected by the Navy’s actions, as it did not suffer a “‘non-trivial competitive
injury which can be redressed by judicial relief.’” Orion Tech., Inc. v. United
States, 704 F.3d 1344, 1348 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (quoting Weeks Marine, Inc. v.
United States, 575 F.3d 1352, 1362-63 (Fed. Cir. 2009)).

        In its response, the government points out that an agency has the
independent discretion to take corrective action to remedy its own perceived
errors in response to an agency level protest. 9 We agree. An agency need
only have a rational basis to take action to remedy its perceived errors. Dell
Fed. Sys., L.P. v. United States, 906 F.3d 982, 992 (Fed. Cir. 2018). In
addition, a CO generally possesses broad discretion to exercise “personal
initiative in procurement matters,” so long as these actions are not otherwise
prohibited by law. Tyler Const. Grp. v. United States, 570 F.3d 1329, 1333
(Fed. Cir. 2009). Thus, it was reasonable for the agency to exercise its
discretion in rescinding the amendment to correct its perceived errors.

    B. The Agency Reasonably Found that Plaintiffs’ Proposals Failed to
       Meet the Exceptions to FAR 52.215-1.

       Plaintiffs both argue that the agency erred all three times it rejected
their proposals as late because the circumstances surrounding their late

9
 The government argues in the alternative that the protestor was an interested
party, but we do not need to address this question, as we find that the agency
had discretion to address its perceived errors.

                                       18
submissions meet the exceptions to FAR 52.215-1. FAR 52.215-1(c)(3), also
referred to as the “late is late” rule, provides in relevant part:

       (i)    Offerors are responsible for submitting proposals, and
              any modifications or revisions, so as to reach the
              Government office designated in the solicitation by the
              time specified in the solicitation . . . .
       (ii)   Any proposal, modification, or revision received at the
              Government office designated in the solicitation after
              the exact time specified for receipt of offers is “late” and
              will not be considered [unless certain specified
              conditions are met].

       When interpreting the “late is late” rule, courts “have adhered to the
plain text of the regulation, commenting that its requirement that offerors
submit their proposals on time is a ‘strict rule with very limited exceptions.’”
Geo-Seis II, 77 Fed. Cl. at 640 (quoting Argencord Mach. & Equip., Inc. v.
United States, 68 Fed. Cl. 167, 173 (2005)). Both plaintiffs argue that the
unanticipated event exception applies in this case, and Syncon argues that
the government control exception also applies to its submission. For the
reasons given below, we find that neither applies.

   1. Unanticipated Event Exception

       The unanticipated event exception to the “late is late” rule under FAR
§ 52.215-1(c)(3)(iv) applies when:

       [A]n emergency or unanticipated event interrupts normal
       Government processes so that proposals cannot be received at
       the office designated for receipt of proposals by the exact time
       specified in the solicitation, and urgent Government
       requirements preclude amendment of the solicitation, the time
       specified for receipt of proposals will be deemed to be
       extended to the same time of day specified in the solicitation
       on the first work day on which normal Government processes
       resume.

FAR § 52.215-1(c)(3)(iv). The crux of plaintiffs’ arguments is that, despite
the agency’s investigation, which shows that DOD SAFE operated without
problems on January 19, 2021, some unanticipated event must have occurred
because there is no other explanation for their inability to upload their price
proposals. In addition, they point to various allegedly inconsistent

                                      19
statements made by the agency and DISA, which they argue should prompt
the court’s skepticism about the agency’s explanations.

        First, Hourigan points out that although the Navy notified offerors in
the email drop request that the request link 10 expires fourteen days after
issuance, DISA gave a conflicting response on request link expiration.
Following the second remand, DISA’s Ethan Miller explained that a daily
cleanup script initiates the process of link expiration: the script “runs once
daily” and “typically . . . early in the morning,” and the link only expires after
the script runs and identifies which request links are older than fourteen days.
AR 5714. Mr. Clark also stated that the request link “will remain usable until
the system registers the request code as expired.” Id.

        After the second remand, the CO concluded “Hourigan’s request code
was still available for use at the time Hourigan alleges it attempted to upload
its proposal” and that the system “did not record Hourigan’s request code as
expired until 1:54 p.m. EST that same day.” AR 5730. This conclusion,
Hourigan argues, is inconsistent with DISA’s statement on link expiration,
as Hourigan’s link should not have expired until the script was run the
morning of January 20, 2021. 11

       Hourigan argues that the agency’s expiration of its link is the
unanticipated event that occurred which prevented it from successfully
submitting its price proposal when it attempted to submit at 1:51 p.m. on
January 19, 2021. 12

        Hourigan’s suggestion that its difficulties in uploading its proposal are
traceable to link expiration are of no avail. Although the agency was not
aware of the inner workings of the DOD SAFE site’s link expiration process
prior to the remands, i.e., that the server runs a script which identifies links
as expired, this does not amount to an agency error. 13 The issue was not fully

10
     Also referred to by DISA as “the request code.”
11
   Hourigan points to Mr. Clark’s statement that “the Request Code will
remain usable until the system registers the request code as expired.” AR
5715. Hourigan also uses Mr. Miller’s statement that link expiration via the
script is typically run in the morning, as support for this statement.

 As support for its alleged attempted submission, Hourigan cites to an e-
12

mail showing files had been last saved at 1:51:05 p.m.

13
     In fact, the agency’s original statement that the code expires 14 days after

                                        20
developed, but even if Hourigan’s link expired prior to the submission
deadline, that could not be characterized as error on the part of the agency.14
Offerors were made aware that link expiration would occur 14 days after
receiving the email with the DOD SAFE link and thus, expiration of the link
was not an unanticipated event. Hourigan was on notice of the risk and could
have timely sought a renewed link. In addition, the asserted inconsistencies
are irrelevant. If, in fact, the link was not deactivated until the following day,
it was kept available beyond the 14-day period. We find that the Navy
reasonably determined that there was no emergency or unanticipated event
which interrupted normal government processes to prevent proposals from
being received by DOD SAFE. 48 C.F.R. § 52.215-1(c)(3)(iv); see also id.
§ 15.208(d).

       Plaintiff argues that the agency is responsible for its late submission
because something appeared to be amiss on the government servers during
the time Syncon attempted its submission, and the agency’s statements to the
contrary are untrustworthy. 15 First, DISA could not explain why the DOD
SAFE data purportedly recording Syncon’s successful upload at 4:26 p.m.

issuance is still accurate, even though DISA later clarified that the link only
expires after the script runs and identifies which request codes are older than
fourteen days.
14
   This exception only applies when an unanticipated event prevents the
government from receiving proposals at the site designated within the
solicitation, rather than when such events prevent the offeror from
transmitting its proposal. Conscoop - Consorzia FRA Coop. Di Prod. E
Lavaro v. United States, 62 Fed. Cl. 219, 240-41 (2004).
15
    Plaintiff asserts that it is skeptical about DISA’s response to an inquiry
submitted during remand. In response to the question of why an offeror
might not receive an email or notification after a proposal was uploaded
successfully, DISA explained that it could have been “flagged as spam.” AR
5724. Syncon asserts that this answer is contrary to DISA’s response in
Naval Systems Inc. v. United States, that “it would be impossible for any user
. . . to receive a ‘Drop-Off Completed’ webpage without all of the preceding
steps . . . haven taken place successfully.” Naval Sys. v. United States, 2021
U.S. Claims LEXIS at *38. This statement, even if credited, would not
establish that a protestor had successfully and timely completed its
submission. In any event, it would be improper to import here a DISA
statement from a different case with different facts and a different
administrative record.

                                       21
EST on January 19, 2021, does not correspond with Syncon’s attempted
submission times. But that observation merely repeats what the agency
found—there was no proof at its end of receipt and it has no way of tracking
failed efforts.

       Next, plaintiff contends that the agency did not conduct a thorough
investigation of the issues raised by offerors. 16 Instead, it asserts that the
Navy incorrectly relied on the fact of successful submissions by other
offerors as proof that the DOD SAFE site operated without issue on January
19, 2021. The latter fact is, however, relevant. As Judge Solomson noted,
evidence that other bidders were able to access a system at the same time is
strongly suggestive that a submission problem was not at the government’s
end. Naval Sys. v. United States, 2021 U.S. Claims LEXIS at *39.

       In sum, Syncon’s arguments amount to nothing more than mere
conjecture that the agency is withholding the truth. 17 While we recognize
inconsistencies between responses given by the Navy and DISA, plaintiff’s
concerns “are not a sufficient basis to support judgment in plaintiff’s favor.”
Id. at *37. It was reasonable for the CO to rely on DISA to investigate
whether DOD SAFE operated correctly on January 19, 2021. She considered
the fact that DOD SAFE had 3,840 successful uploads/submissions during
the referenced two hours preceding the 2:00 p.m. EST, January 19, 2021
submission deadline. AR 5518. Because the CO had no basis for questioning

16
   As support for this argument, Syncon points out that according to the
record, the Navy did not contact DISA until the first remand in March 2021.
Further, plaintiff refers again to two comments made by a DISA attorney,
Ms. LaTonya McFadden, who served as an initial point of contact and
subsequent conduit of information between the Navy and DISA, which it
believes show bad faith on the government’s part. We discussed this
allegation in plaintiff’s motion to supplement the record (ECF No. 43) and
found that these comments do not rise to the level of bad faith.
17
   Syncon also disagrees with DISA’s statement that it does not “track link
access/utilization unless it resulted in a successful upload” and that “[it does]
not track attempted or failed uploads,” AR 5724-25, because it asserts DISA
has shown the capability to determine whether a proposal arrived at its
servers by providing screenshots showing the “upload time” and “scan time”
of successfully uploaded proposals and the DOD site had certain notices
stating that data stored on the website is subject to monitoring. AR 5528.
Even crediting plaintiff’s statements as accurate, we do not believe that this
demonstrates an inconsistency in DISA’s representations.

                                       22
DISA’s assertion that it could not track unsuccessful uploads to DOD SAFE,
it was reasonable for the agency to rely on the information which the site did
record.

        Finally, Syncon concludes that because it did not experience any IT
issues on its end and two other offerors also experienced issues uploading
their submissions within a 20-minute time span, an unanticipated event must
have occurred on the government’s servers. Even presuming that Syncon
experienced no internal IT issues, this does not mean that “an emergency or
unanticipated event” interrupted “normal Government processes” so as to
prevent proposals from being received “at the office designated for receipt
of proposals.” 48 C.F.R. § 52.215-1(c)(3)(iv). To illustrate this point, DISA
observed in an e-mail,

       There may be any number of external [to DOD SAFE] factors
       that could have affected the companies’ ability to upload files
       to DOD SAFE by the deadline – including their own Internet
       service provider, as well as any circuit, router or security stacks
       along the way. DOD SAFE has no insight or control over those
       factors.

AR 5531. The lack of any other explanation has never been found, by itself,
sufficient to overcome the “late is late” rule. Naval Sys. v. United States,
2021 U.S. Claims LEXIS 487, at *15, *36-37 (Fed. Cl. March 26, 2021).
Thus, even though the CO was willing to presume that Syncon had no
internal issues with its IT systems, she reasonably concluded that this “still
does not establish that the DOD SAFE system was malfunctioning or was
otherwise the cause for the protestors’ unsuccessful uploads.” AR 5731.
This determination was “within the bounds of reasoned decision making.”
Baltimore Gas & Elec. Co. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 462 U.S. 87,
105 (1983). Therefore, we find that it was reasonable for the agency to reject
Syncon’s proposal as late, as the unanticipated event exception to the “late is
late” rule does not apply here.

   2. Government Control Exception

        Syncon goes on to argue that the agency’s decision to reject its
proposals as late was arbitrary and capricious, as the government control
exception to the “late is late” rule applies to its submission. The evidence it
relies on is much the same as what we have addressed above. The exception
provides a safe harbor for an otherwise late proposal when four requirements
are met: “(i) the offer is received before the award is made; (ii) consideration
of the offer would not unduly delay the acquisition; (iii) the offer was

                                       23
received at the government installation designated for receipt of offers; and
(iv) the offer was under the government’s control prior to the time set for
receipt of offers.” Naval Sys., 2021 U.S. Claims LEXIS at *37 (quoting FAR
52.212-1(f)(2)(i)).

       Syncon asserts that the record contains sufficient evidence that it
timely submitted its proposal to DOD SAFE and that its proposal was within
the government’s control prior to the proposal deadline. It relies on the
screenshots showing that it accessed DOD SAFE six different times.
Additionally, though not part of the record, Syncon points to declarations of
its employees who witnessed the attempt to upload its proposal.

        In its response, the government retreats to the fact that there is no
affirmative evidence that Syncon’s proposal was received at the government
installation designated for receipt of offers and was under the government’s
control prior to the deadline. We agree. As Mr. Clark determined after the
second remand, the screenshots do not show a successful submission, but
instead merely depict “browser history artifacts that show they had visited
the site. In addition, the screenshots do not show a confirmation email from
the DOD SAFE site. A successful upload results in a return message to the
user stating the upload as successful.” AR 5519. 18

       Aside from the statements of Syncon’s employees 19 to the effect that
Syncon tried to submit its files, there is no other evidence supporting the
conclusion that plaintiff successfully uploaded its proposal in a timely
manner or that the government received it before the solicitation’s
submission deadline. To the contrary, the government presents significant
evidence that Syncon’s proposal was not, in fact, timely uploaded and
received by the DOD SAFE site.

18
  We disagree with Syncon that proof of an attempt to upload a proposal to
DOD SAFE is sufficient to establish that the government had control of the
proposal. The FAR indicates that the receipt of a proposal is a pre-requisite
for this exception. 48 C.F.R. § 52.215-1(c)(3)(iii)(A)(2).
19
   Although we denied plaintiff’s motion to supplement the administrative
record with its employee’s declarations, the record still includes allegations
regarding Syncon’s attempt to submit its proposal and of its IT systems
functionality on January 19, 2021. See AR 5451-65 (describing statements
from Ms. Morris who alleges that she timely attempted submission of the
proposal on DOD SAFE); AR 5731 (showing Syncon’s claim that its IT
system ran properly on January 19, 2021).

                                     24
       The solicitation provides that “[t]he DOD SAFE system will record
the date and time of package submittal. The date and time of package
submittal recorded in DOD SAFE shall govern the timeliness of any proposal
submission.” AR 129. The site did not record a submittal from Syncon on
or before the January 19, 2021 at 2:00 p.m. EST deadline. Rather, DOD
SAFE recorded the submission of Syncon’s price proposal at 4:26:13 p.m.
EST, more than two hours after the deadline had passed. During both
remands, DISA confirmed that DOD SAFE had not timely received Syncon’s
price proposal. Thus, it was reasonable for the CO to conclude that Syncon’s
price proposal was not received by DOD SAFE before the exact time
specified for receipt of offers and was therefore late and could not be
considered.

       Next, Syncon argues that the agency did not undertake a good faith
investigation to produce “acceptable evidence.”               FAR 52.215-
1(c)(3)(ii)(A)(2). Syncon argues that the Navy did not investigate relevant
data such as emails, IP addresses, or information about offerors’ activities on
DOD SAFE. 20

        The government contends that Syncon’s allegations that DISA’s and
the Navy’s responses were not in good faith and cannot be trusted are
rebutted by the record. We agree. It is important to note that government
officials are presumed to operate in good faith. Am-Pro Protective Agency,
Inc. v. United States, 281 F.3d 1234, 1239 (Fed. Cir. 2002). Bad faith and
bias have long been likened to “specific intent to injure” the plaintiff. Kalvar
Corp. v. United States, 543 F.2d 1298, 1302 (U.S. Ct. Cl. 1976). Here, rather
than demonstrating any intent to injure Syncon, the Navy and DISA have
shown a willingness to accommodate Syncon. The Navy amended the

20
  Plaintiff asserts that DISA has done more to investigate the facts in other
bid protests, citing KGL Food Services WLL, 2021 U.S. Claims LEXIS at *6-
16 (Fed. Cl. Apr. 22, 2021) (describing a search for emails that did not reach
DISA’s server), Federal Acquisition Services Team, LLC. v. United States,
124 Fed. Cl. 690, 702-08 (2016) (detailing a record of when an offeror’s
email was received by a DISA server), and Naval Sys. v. United States, 2021
U.S. Claims LEXIS at *44 (“[DISA] conducted a search of the DOD SAFE
database for [the offeror’s] IP address, which demonstrated that while [the]
IP address had connected to DOD SAFE seventeen times in 2020, it did not
connect to the system at all in [the relevant time period . . .]”). None of the
cases are precisely on point, however, and it would in any event be improper
to rely on DISA’s investigations in protests with distinct facts and
administrative records.

                                      25
solicitation to permit Syncon and two other offerors to submit a late proposal,
and only withdrew its amendment after determining that it did not comport
with the “late is late” rule. Then the agency and DISA requested two
remands to determine whether Syncon’s proposal was late or might fall
within an exception to the “late is late” rule. The fact that the remands did
not produce the evidence that Syncon expected does not mean the
investigations were performed in bad faith.

       The record supports the determination that Syncon’s proposal was not
timely submitted. Thus, we conclude that the agency’s decision to reject its
proposal as late was reasonable. Plaintiff’s motion for judgment on the
administrative record based on the government control exception is denied.

                               CONCLUSION

        For the reasons given above, we find that the Navy reasonably
rescinded Amendment 0015 and did not err in finding that plaintiffs’
proposals failed to meet the established exceptions to FAR Clause 52.215-1.
Not having shown success on the merits, we need not consider the other
injunctive factors. No relief is warranted. Accordingly, plaintiffs’ motions
for judgment on the administrative record are denied. Defendant’s cross-
motions are granted. The Clerk of Court is directed to enter judgment for
defendant. No costs.

                                           s/Eric G. Bruggink
                                           ERIC G. BRUGGINK
                                           Senior Judge

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