Court Opinion

ID: 8047652
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-09 04:01:11.908462+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:37:34.378996
License: Public Domain

Bellows, C. J.
The plea was out of time, but it was within the discretion of the presiding justice to receive it, ánd that discretion is not open to revision, but the questions as to its sufficiency are properly raised'by the demurrer.
It is objected that the plea should conclude to the country as under the English bankrupt law ; and such seems to be the rule in England, when the plea is general — 1 Ch. Pl. 567, 558, and cases cited in note z; 8 Ch. PI. 912; but this is in accordance with the terms of their statute of bankruptcy and contrary to the general rules of pleading, which, in the case of the introduction of new matter, requires that the plea should conclude with a verification. 1 Ch. Pl. 557. Besides, the demurrer here is general, and under that the plaintiff can take advantage only of defects in substance.
It is objected that the plea does not bring the case within the terms of the statute, and is therefore* no answer to the action. The counsel for the plaintifis assumes that this case is governed by Gen. Stats., ch. 126, but the assignment was made on March 15,1867, and the General Statutes went into operation not until the first day of January after. Consequently, the validity of the assignment must be governed by chapter 134 of the Revised Statutes, and the law of July 3,-1861, ch. 2488, and the law of July 9, 1862, ch.*2594.
The first cause of demurrer is, that the plea does not allege that the debtor filed in the office of the register of probate within ten days a copy of the assignment, and a schedule of the property embraced in it with its estimated value, and the incumbrances thereon, and a list of the names and residences of all the creditors of the debtor, and the *339amount and nature of the respective claims, verified by tlie oaths of the debtor and assignee. ■
. The plea does allege that the debtor filed at the probate office a schedule of all the property embraced in the assignment, and a list of all the creditors of said Perkins, verified, &c. The law then in force — of July 3, 1861, ch. 2488, sec. 1 — required such schedule and a list of the names and residences of the creditors to be filed in the office of the register of probate, but it did not require a filing of a copy of the assignment, nor the estimated value of the property, nor the amount and nature of the respective claims of the creditors. The plea, in this respect, is deficient only in not giving the residences of the creditors, and in stating that the filing was in the probate office and not in the register of probate’s office. As to the latter objection, we are inclined to think that the probate office is substantially equivalent to the register of probate’s office, and that they both mean the same thing, although it would have been much better to have used the language of the statute. The only defect, then, in this part of the plea is, the omission to state that the residences of the creditors were given in the list so filed: and the question is, whether the plea is bad in substance on that account. By the subsequent law of July 9, 1862, ch. 2594, sec. 1, the assent of creditors to such assignment shall be presumed, unless the contrary intent is manifested to the assignee within thirty days after they are notified of the assignment; and the actions of sjuch assenting creditors shall be discontinued, and their costs form a part of their claim against the estate of the debtor. This somewhat stringent provision was enacted, it may be assumed, in view of the requirement that a schedule of the property and list of the creditors and their residences should.be filed, and thus give the creditors some means of ascertaining the character and validity of the assignment; and we think this must have been, to some extent, at least, the object of that provision. ,
The plea in this case is in bar of the further prosecution of the suit, and it is based upon the law of July, 1862, sec. 1, ch. 2594, before cited. Independent of that section the plea could avail nothing; and, to enable the debtor to plead it with effect, he must show a substantial compliance with the provisions of the law which were designed to give the creditor the means of judging of the character and validity of the assignment, and consequently of -determining whether to give or withhold his assent. These provisions, in respect to filing a schedule and list of creditors with their residences, are of that character ; and we cannot hold that anything short of a full compliance with those provisions will be sufficient to justify a presumption of assent so far as to maintain a bar to the further prosecution of the suit.
The great question, however, is, whether the State laws under which this assignment was made were in force at the time ; or whether they were suspended by the United States bankrupt law, which was approved March 2,1867, while the assignment was made March 15,1867. It is not contended by the defendant’s counsel that these State laws were not suspended when the bankrupt law of the United States went *340into operation. Indeed, it is quite clear upon authority that they were so suspended. These State laws are clearly within the purview of the law of congress. The two systems act upon the same subject-matter, upon the same persons, both debtors and creditors, upon the samé rights, and generally have the same object, namely, the equal distribution of the debtor’s assets among all his creditors ; and it is very obvious that both cannot go on without collision. In accomplishing the object of both systems, different means are used. Under the State laws, the assignee is selected by the debtor alone ; by the bankrupt law, he is chosen by the creditors. To enforce a faithful surrender and application of all the debtor’s assets, and generally to ensure the good faith and fair dealing of the bankrupt, the avoiding of fraudulent preferences, and to ensure an equitable distribution of all his assets, the provisions of the bankrupt law are very stringent and effective.
Under the provisions of the federal constitution and from the nature of the case, the law of congress must be paramount. The two systems cannot stand together; it would be totally inconsistent with that uniformity which it was the object of the constitution to establish ; and so it is settled that as soon as congress has exercised its power of making a general bankrupt law, and it has gone into operation, the State insolvent laws are suspended. Sturges v. Crowningshield, 4 Wheat. 196, 197; Ogden v. Saunders, 12 Wheat. 213; In matter of Eames, 5 Law Reporter 118—S. C. 2 Story 322; Com. v. O’Hara, 6 Am. Law Reg. 765, District Court of Penn.; Bump on Bankruptcy 430, and cases cited; Judd v. Ives, 4 Met. 402; Griswold v. Pratt, 9 Met. 16; Blanchard v. Russell, 13 Mass. 12, 13; Day v. Bardwell, 97 Mass. 246. *
The remaining question is, whether the United States bankrupt law went into operation at its passage, or not until the first day of June after. The last section is as follows: “ This act shall commence and take effect, as to the appointment of the officers created hereby and the promulgation of rules and general orders, from and after the date of the approval; provided that no petition or other proceeding under this act shall be filed, received, or commenced before the first day of June, Anno Domini 1867.” These provisions are unusual, and not altogether free from ambiguity ; but, after careful consideration, we are inclined to the opinion that the law did not go into effect so as to suspend the State insolvent laws until the first day of June, 1867. It is very clear that no law was in force under which proceedings in bankruptcy could be Commenced until that time. And until then there was no law of congress in existence that covered the ground occupied by the State insolvent laws,— that is, none that was operative; and until there was, the State laws were in force.
*341The mere fact that congress had power to establish uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States did not take from the States the power to make such laws until congress had exercised the power; that was settled in Sturges v. Crowningshield, before cited ; and it would seem to follow, logically, that until congress had put into operation laws on that subject with which State laws would come into collision, the latter would remain in force. The mere passage of a law by congress, to take effect at a future time, could not have the effect to supersede State laws until it- went into effect, any more than to repeal a former statute. Nor can the law of congress be regarded as having taken effect in the sense of suspending the State laws, because provision is made for appointing officers under it, and promulgating rules and orders immediately on its passage. Indeed, it is a fair implication from this provision, that it takes effect for no other purpose until June 1,1867. In fact, as no proceedings under it can, by its express terms, be commenced until then, the law must substantially remain inoperative until that time has arrived.
Had it been the purpose of congress to suspend all State insolvent laws for three months before the law of congress was to take effect as a substitute, we should naturally have expected that purpose to have been manifested in terms more explicit than any we find here. The fact that the law was to take effect immediately, so far as to authorize the appointment of officers aud the promulgation of rules and orders, furnishes no sound reason for holding the State laws to be suspended ; and so we think it was decided under the bankrupt law of 1841, which in its general provisions took effect several months after its passage. That act passed August 19, 1841, to take effect February 1, 1842. It provided, in sec. 2, that all future payments, &c., in contemplation of bankruptcy, and for the purpose of giving any person preference or priority, shall be deemed void and a fraud on the act; and it was held that such payment, &c.,made after the passage of the act and before February 1, 1842, came within the terms of the act, upon the ground that the word future had reference to the time of the passage of the act, and not to the time it went into operation,—Hutchins v. Taylor, 5 Law Rep. 289, per Story, J.,U. S. circuit court, holding that congress might provide that particular provisions of the act shall be in force from its passage, while the general operation of the act is suspended until a future time.
So in re Tibbits, 5 Law Rep. 259, 267, where certain acts, as “ the application of trust funds to his own use,” were prohibited after the passing of the act, it was held by Story, J., in U. S. circuit court, that this meant the date of the approval of the act, and not the time when the law went iuto operation.
The doctrine of Hutchins v. Taylor was fully sustained in a similar case in Swan v. Littlefield, 4 Cush. 574; and yet it was held that proceedings, which were commenced under the insolvent laws of Massachusetts at any time before the bankrupt law of congress went into operation, were valid and were not affected by that law, even *342although the assignment was made after that law took effect. Judd v. Ives, 4 Met. 401. So is in re Horton, in circuit court, U. S. district of Connecticut, 5 Law Rep. 462; and in re Holmes, Maine U. S. district court, 5 Law Rep. 360;—see, also, Larrabee v. Talbott, 5 Gill 426.
These authorities show that although the law of congress may have taken effect in some particulars, yet, so long as its general provisions are inoperative, it does not suspend State insolvent laws. » And this principle is, in fact, decisive 'of the question here.
In accordance with such views is the well considered case of Day v. Bardwell, 97 Mass. 246, where, in an able opinion by Gray, J., it is decided that until the bankrupt law of congress went into operation on the first day of June, 1867, the State insolvent laws were not suspended. So is Martin v. Berry, 37 Cal. 208. So it is laid down in Bump on Bankruptcy 470, and cases cited.
The case of Perry v. Langley, United States district court, Ohio, 7 Am. Law Reg. 429, is the other way; but for the reasons we have suggested, we cannot adopt its conclusions.
Our conclusion, then, is, that the exception to the reception of the plea is overruled, that the demurrer is sustained on one p'oint, — on the omission to set out the residences of the creditors, — and- overruled as to the rest.