Court Opinion

ID: 6576319
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-07-20 19:34:38.530718+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:57:06.766890
License: Public Domain

J. This
is an action founded upon a warranty, as to the soundness of a pair of horses, sold by the defendant to the plaintiff. The declaration is in tort, in the usual form, except that it contains an averment that the defendant knew Litchfield, *275the horses to be unsound, which has generally been omitted, as unnecessary especially since the decision in the case of Williamson v. Allison, 2 East's R. 446.
Such was formerly the usual mode of declaring; but of late the practice has been more general to declare in assump-sit. Still the plaintiff has his election, either to declare in tort or in assumpsit for a breach of a contract of warranty. The former mode will be adopted, when he wishes to join in the declaration other counts founded upon the fraud of the defendant; and the latter, when he wishes to insert the money counts, and other counts appropriate to the action of as-sumpsit.
On the trial of this cause, the plaintiff introduced evidence to prove, that the defendant, at the time of the sale, made certain representations respecting the soundness of the horses, which he knew to be false. The defendant claimed, that they were accompanied by a distinct refusal to warrant the horses; and requested the court to instruct the jury, that if there was no express warranty, the plaintiff could not recover.
The jury, however, were not so instructed, but were told, that if, at the time of the sale, the horses were unsound, and the defendant knowing it, made representations calculated and intended to deceive the plaintiff, by concealing the unsoundness, and the plaintiff was thereby deceived, the defendant was precluded from saying there was no warranty. The charge seems to proceed upon the ground that proof of fraud, without evidence proving a warranty, would support the declaration. A majority of the court are of opinion that this position is not supported by the authorities.
The distinction between a warranty that a personal chattel is sound, and a fraud in the sale of it, is broad and manifest.
If a man sell a horse to another, and expressly warrant him to be sound, the contract is broken, if the horse prove otherwise. The purchaser, in such case, relies upon the contract; and it is immaterial to him, whether the vendor did, or did not, know of the unsoundness of the horse. In either case, he is entitled to recover all the damages, which he has sustained, by reason of the breach of that contract. “A warranty” says Lord Mansfield, “extends to all faults, known and unknown, to the seller.” Stuart v. Wilkins, 1 Doug. 20.
But if the vendor say to the purchaser, “I do not know *276whether the horse is, or is not, sound, and therefore will not warrant him; all I can say is, that I have long owned him, and know of no unsoundness:” here manifestly is no warranty; and if the vendor spoke the truth, no fraud.
But if the vendee can show, that the horse was unsound, and the vendor knew it, at the time of the sale, and that in consequence of the false representations he had made, the purchaser had been defrauded, the vendor would be liable, not for a breach of a contract of warranty, for he made no such contract, but for making representations which he knew to be false. In such case, the guilty knowledge of the vendor would constitute an essential ingredient in the fraud; and in an action against him, should be both alleged and proved.
To entitle the vendee to recover, under such circumstances, his action must be founded, not upon a breach of a contract of warranty, but upon the fraud practiced by the vendor; or at least, there should be a count adapted to a charge of that character.
This distinction is not only consonant to reason, but has the support of numerous decisions. A leading case upon this subject is that of Williamson v. Allison, already cited. There the action was case, founded upon a warranty of some claret, and the declaration, in form, was almost identical with the present. On the part of the defendant, it was contended, that the plaintiff was not entitled to recover, inasmuch as there was no proof of the scienter, as laid in the declaration. But the court held, that it was sufficient for the plaintiff to prove the warranty itself, and the breach of it; and that the averment of the scienter was an immaterial averment, and need not be proved.
Ever since that decision, it has been considered as an elementary principle in law, that in an action founded upon a warranty of the soundness of a personal chattel, whether the declaration be, in form, ex delicto or ex contractu, it is unnecessary to aver or prove, that the vendor knew the article to be different from what it was warranted to be. And in the most approved forms no such averment is made. 2 Chitt. Plead. 279.
And in a subsequent case, of the same kind, founded upon a warranty of some sheep, alleged to have been made by two defendants, the plaintiff proved the warranty to have been *277made by one of them, but there was no evidence affecting the other; whereupon the judge directed a non-suit. Upon an application to set aside the non-suit, it was claimed, that the action was founded on the tort; that torts are in their nature several; and that in actions of tort, one defendant may be acquitted, and the others found guilty. Lord Ellenborough, in delivering judgment, said, “ this is unquestionably true ; but still it is not sufficient to decide the present question. The declaration alleges the deceit to have been effected, by means of a warranty, made by both the defendants, in the course of a joint sale by them both of sheep, their joint property. The joint contract, thus described, is the foundation of the joint warranty laid in the declaration, and essential to its legal existence and validity; and it is a rule of law, that the proof of the contract must correspond with the description of it, in all material respects.” And the court held, that “ in whatever action, be the same debt, assumpsit, or tort, the allegation of a contract becomes necessary, it must be proved as laid, in all material respects;” and that, in the case then under consideration, the allegation of warranty was material, and could not be rejected as surplusage. Weall v. King & al. 12 East, 452.
The same doctrine has been recognized by this court, and the authority of that case sanctioned. Walcott v. Canfield & al. 3 Conn. R. 194.
The ruling of the judge on the circuit, seems in direct conflict with these decisions. He told the jury, in substance, that it was enough for the plaintiff to prove a fraud in the sale of the horses, without proving an express warranty-or, in other words, that proof of fraud would dispense with proof of the warranty. In the cases cited, the warranty was deemed a material allegation, and one that must not only be proved, but must be proved substantially as alleged.
And such is unquestionably the true doctrine. The declaration states, that by means of a false warranty, the plaintiff was deceived in the purchase of the horses. There is no averment that any false representation or assertion was made, aside from what is contained in the warranty. Now, if we strike out the averment respecting the warranty, we destroy the very foundation of the action; and there will be nothing left to sustain it. In this respect, the averment is materially *278different from that respecting the scienter. That, as we have seen, may be entirely rejected as surplusage, and still a good declaration will remain.
It is however said, that there might have been a warranty in this case, although the defendant said he would not warrant, It is undoubtedly true, that no particular form of words is required to constitute a warranty respecting a personal chattel. Salmon v. Ward, 2 Car. & Payne, 211. (12 E. C. L. 94.) And had the judge submitted the question to the jury to say, from the evidence, whether, in point of fact, the defendant had not made the warranty, as set forth in the declaration, notwithstanding the assertion that he would not warrant, we are not prepared to say, that he would have erred. Such question would have been a question of fact, peculiarly within the province of the jury. But the difficulty is, he did not so leave the question, but informed the jury, that under certain circumstances, proof of such contract was unnecessary.
Again, it is said, that the defendant is liable for his fraud, although he made no warranty. And this is also true. But here the difficulty again is, that the declaration is not adapted to the case. It should have been founded upon the false representations, which he made, and not upon a warranty, which, for aught that appears, he never made.
Had the plaintiff declared in assumpsit, instead of case upon the warranty, it would hardly be claimed, that the action could be supported, by merely proving a fraud in the sale, Indeed, this precise point has been so decided, by this court. Dean v. Mason, 4 Conn. R. 428. That was an action of assumpsit upon a warranty respecting the quality of some deer skins. The plaintiff failed to prove an express warranty; and the question was, whether he could recover, either upon the ground of fraud, or an implied warranty; and the court held, that he could not. Hosmer, Ch. J. in delivering the opinion of ihe court, said, that “ according to the most approved precedents, it was an action on the contract of warranty, and nothing more and he held the evidence of fraud inadmissible. The remarks of Van Ness, J. in Evertson v. Miles, 6 Johns. R. 138. were cited with approbation. “ When the plaintiff does not go for a breach of contract, but grounds his action on deceit and fraud in the *279sale, the fraud must be averred and charged as a substantive allegation. To admit proof of it, without such averment would be going wide of the issue, and taking the party by surprise.” And Chapman, J., who differed from the other members of the court, only upon the subject of an implied warranty, said, “ the principles adopted by the court, in deciding that fraud in a sale will not support a count on an express warranty, (I mean where there is no implied one.) I fully concur in. The form of the action should be adapted to the nature of the injury. The defendant, in an action on the warranty, is not informed of the nature of the plaintiff’s claim, and of course, cannot be prepared to make his de-fence.”
This case conclusively shows, that in the case under consideration, the plaintiff cannot recover, without proof of an express warranty ; and had the declaration been in assump-sit. evidence of fraud on the part of the defendant in the sale of the horses, would have been inadmissible, and have furnished no ground for a recovery.
In the opinion of a majority of this court, the same reasoning, and the same rule, apply, when the declaration is in tort, and is founded solely upon a breach of a contract of warranty. We therefore advise a new trial.
2. Another question has been made, as to the amount of damages which the plaintiff may recover. And we are of opinion, that as the action was brought to recover damages for the mere breach of a contract, he is entitled only to such damages as he has sustained, by reason of such breach, without reference to his costs and expenses in prosecuting his suit.
Storrs and Ellsworth, Js., were of the same opinion.
Hinman, J.
One of the first general principles which the law teaches, is, that every man promises to do that which, by law, it is his duty to do. This principle lies at the very foundation of the law of contracts, and bears up the vast class of cases arising upon implied promises; and, very often, by construing words of equivocal import, in conformity to its spirit, raises a liability as upon an express promise, when the party making it supposes, that, by some ingenuity in the form of *280expression, he may be able to evade liability. Every lawyer knows, too, that in very many of these cases, if not in most of them, the same facts which will sustain an action on the promise, will also sustain an action ex delicto, for the wrong. Carriers warrant t he transportation and delivery of goods entrusted to them ; attorneys, surgeons, and mechanics, contract to discharge their duty with skill and integrity ; and vendors warrant their title and right to sell; and for any neglect or unskillfulness by the former classes, or for any deceit by the latter, a party who has been injured, may. sustain an action, either in tort, for the wrong, or in contract, on the promise, at his election ; and so in the great mass of cases which arise from the negligence of bailees generally. These commonplace suggestions are only made because, if I understand the ground of decision in this case, it is, at least, in part, in conse quence of some supposed incongruity in sustaining an action for a breach of warranty only, by the same facts which show the defendant to have been guilty of a fraud.
It has been said, that in order to make a contract, the minds of the parties must meet. This may be true, in a technical, legal sense; but is not always true, as a matter of fact, as is evident by reference to the large class of promises, arising from legal liabilities, and from many cases of express contract.
I do not doubt, that a contract of warranty should have been proved in this case, or what was tantamount to it; but I differ with the court, in regard to whether such a contract was proved ; and I deny that there is any departure from principle, in raising such a contract, from fraudulent representations.
In 3 Bl. Com. 166. it is laid down, “ that if a vendor know the goods to be unsound, and has used any art to disguise them, or if they are in any shape different from what he represents them to be to the buyer, this artifice shall he equivalent to an express warranty, and the vendor is answerable for their goodness.”
So, too, it is said, in 1 Selw. N. P. tit. Deceit, p. 647. “ If an innkeeper sell wine as sound and good, which he knows to be corrupt, although there be not an express warranty, yet an action on the case in nature of deceit will lie, because,” says this author, “ it is a warranty in law.” The-*281same doctrine runs through the text books, and the authorities in support of it, are well collected in 2 Stephen' N. P. 1280.
In Madina v. Stoughton, 1 Salk. 210. the principle is stated to be, that where one, having possession of a personal chattel, sells it, affirming it to be his, this amounts to a warranty, for which an action lies. This principle has ever been recognized as law, and has since been extended, so that the assertion of title is now held to be a warranty, whether the vendor is in possession or otherwise. Pasley v. Freeman, 3 Term. R. 51. 57.
Indeed, representations of the quality of an article sold, if they are any thing more than mere commendation of it, generally amount to a warranty. In 2 Steph. Com. 127. it is said, “ that mere representation may amount to a warranty; and it will be a question for a jury, whether, under the circumstances, it was so understood by the parties ; or whether, on the other hand, it was a mere commendation by the seller, of his own wares. And in the leading case of Parkinson v. Lee, 2 East, 314. counsel and the court, throughout the trial, recognized the right of the plaintiff to recover, if there was either an express warranty, or fraud in the seller of the hops. Lawrence, J. cites with approbation what is said in 1 Roll. Abr. 90. that if a merchant sell cloth to another, knowing it to be badly fulled, an action lies, because it is a warranty in law.
And why should not deceitful representations be held to be warranties in law ? Can the party making them be permitted to say, that he cheated, and, therefore, he did not warrant? And, if not, what is a warranty, or promise, on such a subject as this, but a representation, on which a party relies, and, as in this case, which was made for the purpose of inducing him to rely on it ?
It is said to be a sound principle, to construe the words of a promise, in the sense in which the party making it, believed the other party to have accepted it. The rule is well stated, by judge Swift: “ Any representation made by the seller, which he has reason to believe will be relied on, will be an express warranty.” 1 Sw. Dig. 382. This rule was fully recognized, in Wood v. Smith, 4 Car. & Pa. 45. (19 E. C. *282L. 267.) which is a case, as it seems to me, that should govern this, it it is law.
The defendant’s counsel have relied upon,the declaration of die defendant, at the time of sale, that he would not warrant the horses. It has not, however, been suggested, that this remark has influenced the result to which the court has come. The case last cited, with that of West v. Anderson, 9 Conn. R. 107. it is believed, are considered by us all, as conclusively against the defendant on the point. He cannot, in this way, destroy the effect of his false representation : to allow him to do so, would indeed be “ as disgraceful to the law as such conduct would be to him.” Indeed, the case of West v. Anderson would seem to be a direct authority in fa-vour of the course taken in the court below, on the principal point in the case. It does not, I am aware, directly appear from the report, that it was, like this, an action for the breach of a false or deceitful warranty ; yet I infer from the rule of damages adopted, that such was the fact. Suppose in an action of assumpsit, for the avails of property stolen and sold, would it avail the defendant, that he had refused to pay, or to agree to pay ?
It is supposed, that the principle, that, in actions of this sort, the scienter need not be alleged or proved, (2 East, 445.) has mainly influenced the decision. No doubt this shows, that the gist of the action is the warranty broken. But what it has to do with the manner of proving the warranty, is not, to me, so obvious. Nor am I able to see, that the cases which show there is no implied warranty against secret defects arising from the payment of a merchantable price, where the sale is a fair one, have any thing to do with the question. If, as remarked by Best, C. J. a warranty is raised, by the sale of a horse for a particular purpose, that the animal shall answer the purpose indicated, it is because it results from the nature of the transaction, that the parties expected the animal would answer such purpose. Upon the same principle, a contract is raised in the sale of manufactured articles, that they shall be reasonably fit for the purpose for which they are ordered. Laing v. Fidgeon, 6 Taun. 108. (1 E. C. L. 827.) Jones v. Bright, 5 Bing. 533. (15 E. C. L. 529.) On the same ground, one who professes to be a mechanic, is liable for any *283want of skill in his employment. Brown v. Edgington, 2 Man. & Gran. 279. (40 E. C. L. 371.)
If it be said, that affirmations and representations, at the time of sale, do not amount to a warranty, unless so intended and received ; and that the court, in this case, did not submit this question to the jury ; the answer is, it was for the defendant to show they were not so intended ; the general rule being, that such representations do amount to a warranty. Besides, the court was not asked to submit any question of the sort to the jury. The defendant chose rather to stand upon his naked declaration, that he would not warrant, as conclusive, in law, upon the question of intention. If, as I suppose we all agree, he was wrong in this, I do not see what other course the court below could have taken ; and to grant a new trial for this error, if it be one, is to grant it for an error into which the court was led, by the course taken by the defendant’s counsel. Tne plaintiff, having proved certain false representations in regard to the soundness of the horses, from which he claimed, the law would raise a warranty ;and also, that the defendant, at the time, knew them to be unsound, rested. The defendant, as the motion shows, neither denied making the representations, nor the effect of them, as a warranty ; but insisted merely, that, as they were accompanied by a declaration, that he would not warrant, they could not, in law, amount to a warranty ; and so he requested the court to charge the jury. Had he asked that the whole evidence be submitted to the jury, for them to find, whether there was a warranty, or whether the representations were intended as mere commendation by the seller, no doubt his request would have been granted. If then, the plaintiff has obtained a verdict, on proof of fraud merely, it is because the defendant did not choose to risk the question of warranty with the jury.
In the view I have taken of this case, I have not thought it necessary to consider at all the nature of this action. The declaration is in the form generally adopted by the best pleaders, in all cases where the object is to recover for the breach of a warranty in the sale of personal chattels.
But although it is an action on a warranty, yet it is for a deceitful and fraudulent warranty, sometimes called in the books, an action on the case in tort, for the breach of a false *284warranty. Lord Ellenborough says, “ the warranty is the thing which deceives the buyer, who relies on it.” Fraud is always alleged, and, where it can be, universally is proved. Indeed, it is not many years since it was supposed to be necessary to prove it. 2 East, 446. A warranty, then, is not ex vi termini, or technically, a matter of contract merely ; but is often treated as an instrument of fraud. In the text books, it is treated of under the title “ Deceit;" and has always been considered the appropriate remedy, for the breach of a warranty, proved by evidence of fraudulent and deceitful representations.
For these reasons, I am of opinion, there was no error in the decision of the court below, and do not advise a new trial.
In this opinion, Church, Ch. J. concurred.
New trial to be granted.