Court Opinion

ID: 6104949
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-01-19 23:00:44.003157+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:17:58.275586
License: Public Domain

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
                            FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
        v.
                                                         Criminal Action No. 21-181 (CKK)
 DANIEL RAY CALDWELL,
             Defendant

                                  MEMORANDUM OPINION
                                     (January 19, 2022)

       Defendant Daniel Ray Caldwell is charged with seven felony and misdemeanor offenses

arising from his participation in the events at the United States Capitol on January 6, 2021. After

his arrest in Texas on February 10, 2021, the Government moved for Defendant Caldwell to be

detained pending trial. Magistrate Judge Kimberly C. Priest Johnson of the United States District

Court for the Eastern District of Texas held a detention hearing and ordered that Defendant

Caldwell be detained pending trial. Defendant Caldwell subsequently sought review of that

decision by this Court in his [21] Motion to Revoke or Amend Magistrate’s Order of Pretrial

Detention, in which he requested that this the Court revoke the magistrate judge’s detention order

and place him on pretrial release with conditions. The Court denied Defendant Caldwell’s motion

on May 21, 2021 and ordered that he remain detained pending trial. Defendant Caldwell now

seeks reconsideration of that order, arguing that his continued detention will infringe his rights to

a speedy trial and to effective assistance of counsel. He also contends that the “availability” of a

new third-party custodian warrants reconsideration of his pretrial detention.

                                                 1
         Upon careful consideration of the pleadings, 1 the relevant legal authorities, and the entire

record, the Court DENIES Defendant Caldwell’s [38] Motion for Reconsideration of the order

denying his motion to revoke the magistrate judge’s detention order.

                                      I.    BACKGROUND

         Defendant Caldwell is charged by Superseding Indictment with seven felony and

misdemeanor counts: (1) Civil Disorder, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 231(a)(3); (2) Assaulting,

Resisting, or Impeding Certain Officers Using a Dangerous Weapon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§

111(a)(1) and (b); (3) Entering and Remaining in a Restricted Building or Ground with a Deadly

or Dangerous Weapon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1752(a)(1) and (b)(1)(A); (4) Disorderly and

Disruptive Conduct in a Restricted Building or Grounds with a Deadly or Dangerous Weapon, in

violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1752(a)(2) and (b)(1)(A); (5) Engaging in Physical Violence in a

Restricted Building or Grounds with a Deadly or Dangerous Weapon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§

1752(a)(4) and (b)(1)(A); (6) Disorderly Conduct in a Capitol Building, in violation of 40 U.S.C.

§ 5104(e)(2)(D); and (7) Act of Physical Violence in the Capitol Grounds or Building, in violation

of 40 U.S.C. § 5104(e)(2)(F). Superseding Indictment, ECF No. 41.

1
    The Court’s consideration has focused on the following:
      x Defendant’s Motion to Revoke or Amend Magistrate’s Order of Pre-Trial Detention
         (“Def.’s Mot.”), ECF No. 21;
      x Government’s Opposition to Defendant’s Motion for Pre-Trial Release (“Gov.’s Opp’n”),
         ECF No. 22;
      x Defendant’s Reply to the Government’s Opposition to Defendant’s Motion for Pre-Trial
         [Release] (“Def.’s Reply”), ECF No. 23;
      x Defendant’s Amended Motion and Incorporated Memorandum in Support for
         Reconsideration of Defendant’s Motion for Release (“Def.’s Mot. to Reconsider”), ECF
         No. 38;
      x Government’s Opposition to Defendant’s Motion for Reconsideration of Pre-Trial Release
         (“Gov.’s Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. to Reconsider”), ECF No. 39;
      x Government’s Supplemental Opposition to Defendant’s Motion for Reconsideration of
         Pre-Trial Release (“Gov.’s Suppl. Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. to Reconsider”), ECF No. 43; and
      x Defendant’s Reply (“Def.’s Mot. to Reconsider Reply”), ECF No. 45.

                                                  2
       The Court previously explained the relevant background of this case in its May 21, 2021

Memorandum Opinion, ECF No. 25. The Court reincorporates that discussion and repeats much

of it below. As noted in its earlier Memorandum Opinion, the facts stated here do not represent

the Court’s findings of fact on the merits of the case, which are the province of the jury.

   A. Factual Background

       On January 6, 2021, a joint session of the United States Congress convened to certify the

vote count of the Electoral College of the 2020 Presidential Election, which had taken place on

November 3, 2020. See Compl., Stmt. of Facts (“SOF”) at 1, ECF No. 1-1. The joint session

began at approximately 1:00 p.m., with then-Vice President Michael R. Pence presiding. Id. By

1:30 p.m., the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate adjourned to

separate chambers within the Capitol to resolve an objection raised in the joint session. Id. Vice

President Pence continued to preside in the Senate chamber. Id. As the House and Senate

proceedings took place, a large crowd of protesters gathered outside the Capitol. Id. “[T]emporary

and permanent barricades were in place around the exterior of the . . . building, and United States

Capitol Police were present and attempting to keep the crowd away from the Capitol building and

the proceedings underway inside.” Id.

       Shortly after 2:00 p.m., “individuals in the crowd forced entry into the Capitol building,

including by breaking windows and by assaulting members of the Capitol Police, as others in the

crowd encouraged and assisted those acts.” Id. These violent acts caused members of the Senate

and House of Representatives to evacuate the chambers of the Capitol and suspend the certification

process of the presidential election results. Id.

       Defendant Caldwell drove from The Colony, Texas to Washington, D.C. to “protest”

Congress’s certification of the presidential election results. See Def.’s Reply at 3. Videos from

                                                    3
the Capitol Police, including body-worn camera videos, and from an “independent YouTube

vlogger” show Defendant Caldwell on the lower west terrace outside of the Capitol at

approximately 2:05 p.m., walking up the steps towards a group of law enforcement officers

forming a “human shield.” Gov.’s Opp’n at 3–5. Caldwell was wearing an “olive drab in color

hoodie, dark glasses . . . , a camouflage hat, camouflage assault pack, and camouflage trousers.”

Id. at 3. According to Agent Webb, the dark glasses were “military-style issued eye pro or eye

protection” glasses, which “wrap around the eye” and “protect the eye from liquids or objects from

getting poked in the eye[.]” Def.’s Mot. Ex. A, Hr’g. Tr. (Feb. 22, 2021) at 13:15–23, 40:16–22,

ECF No. 21-1.

       The videos capture Defendant Caldwell spraying an orange-yellow chemical spray at the

line of police officers, some of whom were equipped with riot shields. The chemical spray is thick

enough to be visible in videos:

Gov.’s Opp’n at 4, Figure 1; see also id. at 3–4, Figures 2–4. Additional videos show Defendant

Caldwell at the front of a crowd confronting police officers, “flipping off” police officers, and

                                                4
spraying “a mist of pepper spray/mace while moving his hand from left to right in an attempt to

get the entire line of officers.” Gov.’s Opp’n at 6–7, Figures 5–7. Defendant Caldwell was also

captured on video speaking into a Baofeng radio:

Gov.’s Opp’n to Mot. to Reconsider at 10, Figure 11.

       In a later video, recorded at 4:54 pm on January 6, 2021 and uploaded to ProPublica,

Defendant Caldwell spoke to off-camera interviewers about his participation in the events at the

Capitol. Gov.’s Opp’n at 8; see also SOF at 3–4. Defendant Caldwell stated in the ProPublica

video that ten minutes after “storming the Capitol,” a large fight broke out and a female was “hit

in the neck.” SOF at 4. Caldwell then said that police began spraying mace towards the crowd,

and Caldwell told the police that if they continued, he would return spray. Id. He stated that he

then sprayed toward the police officers, and believed that he sprayed about fifteen of them. Id.

At the time of the detention hearing, the Government had not identified videos showing Defendant

Caldwell inside the Capitol building. See Hr.’g Tr. (Feb. 22, 2021) at 22:4–15. Defendant

Caldwell now concedes that he entered the Capitol building on January 6, 2021. See Def.’s Mot.

to Reconsider at 5, 7; see also Gov.’s Opp’n to Def.’s Mot to Reconsider at 3, Figure One.

                                                5
       Defendant Caldwell was arrested on a warrant pursuant to a criminal complaint on

February 10, 2021. 2 See Rule 5(c) Documents at 7, ECF No. 8. In a search incident to arrest, the

FBI seized an “olive drab in color hoodie.” Hr’g Tr. (Feb. 22, 2021) at 11:21–23. The FBI also

executed a search warrant of Defendant Caldwell’s residence, during which the FBI seized an

“assault pack,” as well as “several trousers and baseball hats with the multi cam, camouflage

pattern,” items which were “consistent” with the clothing Defendant Caldwell was wearing in the

videos from January 6, 2021. Id. at 11:24–12:4, 13:11–14. A black Baofeng radio was also seized

from Defendant Caldwell’s residence. Gov.’s Opp’n at 9. Dark-tinted sunglasses were recovered

from Defendant Caldwell’s vehicle. Id. After Defendant Caldwell was arrested, he indicated to

the FBI that he had “12 to 13 firearms locked in a safe in his residence,” as well as “multiple

Airsoft weapons” throughout the residence. Hr’g Tr. (Feb. 22, 2021) at 14:4–13.

    B. Procedural Background

       The Government moved to detain Caldwell pending trial pursuant to 18 U.S.C.

§ 3142(f)(1). See Order of Detention Pending Trial (“Det. Order”) at 1, 3, ECF No. 8. A detention

hearing before Magistrate Judge Kimberly C. Priest Johnson of the U.S. District Court for the

Eastern District of Texas was held on February 22 and March 4, 2021. Id.

       During the detention hearing, Agent Webb testified regarding the investigation of

Defendant Caldwell. See supra Section I(A). He was asked if he believed Defendant Caldwell

would be a danger to the community if released pending trial. He responded that he did believe

Defendant Caldwell would be a danger to the community, citing the defendant’s criminal history

and the fact that Defendant Caldwell brought an “unidentified propellant” to the United States

Capitol and used it against law enforcement officers. Hr’g Tr. (Feb. 22, 2021) at 18:11–19:8.

2
  Additional details regarding the government’s efforts to identify Defendant Caldwell are
described in the Court’s earlier Memorandum Opinion. See Mem. Op. at 6–7.

                                               6
Agent Webb also testified that he believed that if Defendant Caldwell was released, he would not

appear in court in the District of Columbia, due to financial limitations and his lack of ties to this

jurisdiction. Id. at 19:11–24. He testified that Defendant Caldwell does not have a passport and

was most recently out of the country twelve years ago. Id. at 33:19–25. Defendant Caldwell was

fired from his job at Texas Instruments as a result of his arrest in this case. Id. at 49:25–50:2.

       Ms. Kambria Caldwell testified during the detention hearing as a potential third-party

custodian. She and Defendant Caldwell were married for fourteen years and then divorced. Id. at

47:3–7. Although still divorced, they have lived together since approximately 2015 or 2016 and

have three children together, including two adult children and a son in high school. Id. at

47:8–25. Ms. Caldwell testified that she believes Defendant Caldwell would follow any conditions

of release and that she would contact the Court immediately if he did not follow any conditions of

release. Id. at 51:8–19. Ms. Caldwell also represented that the firearms that had previously been

stored in their house had been removed. Id. at 51:20–52:1.

       During cross-examination, Ms. Caldwell was asked if she had ever heard her husband use

“racial comments.” Id. at 54:2–9. She stated that she had not. Id. Magistrate Judge Johnson

noted that Ms. Caldwell took a long pause before responding to that question, was reminded by

the Government that she was under oath, and then was re-asked the question, to which Ms.

Caldwell answered “no.” Det. Order at 5; see Hr’g Tr. (Feb. 22, 2021) at 54:2–9.

       The Government also asked Ms. Caldwell about a domestic altercation between her and

Defendant Caldwell in February 2008. Ms. Caldwell testified, “Well, we had been going through

a lot of things—issues—so it was all coming to a point where we were both very heated. So, it

just escalated, and it was—so, I had to call 911 and there was a 911 interference and so by the time

they came, they were going to arrest both of us. But they arrested [Defendant Caldwell] for 911

                                                  7
interference.” Id. at 57:14–24. The Government then “read the police report’s comments” from

that incident, Det. Order at 6, which indicated that Defendant Caldwell “became very violent,”

“slammed” Ms. Caldwell on a table, and “straddled [her] so [she] couldn’t move.” Id. at 60:2–8.

He “yanked the phone out of the wall” when she tried to call 911. Id. at 60:9–14. Following this

incident, Ms. Caldwell sought a protective order and filed for divorce. Id. at 59:24–60:1,

66:6–12; see also Det. Order at 6. Defendant Caldwell was charged with disorderly conduct (a

misdemeanor) and assault causing bodily injury – family violence, but was not convicted of the

assault offense. See Def.’s Mot. at 5.

       Magistrate Judge Johnson observed that Ms. Caldwell answered questions by defense

counsel “readily and quickly,” but “slowly and vaguely answered from the Government.” Det.

Order at 7. The court concluded that Ms. Caldwell’s “hesitancy and selective manner of answering

casts doubt on the credibility of her testimony.” 3 Id.

       Defendant Caldwell’s father, Mr. James Caldwell, also testified as a potential third-party

custodian. See Def.’s Mot. Ex. B, Hr’g Tr. (Mar. 4, 2021), ECF No. 21-2. Mr. Caldwell testified

that he is retired and lives with his wife and daughter. Id. at 4:24–25, 5:11–12. He stated that he

did not have any firearms or ammunition, or any alcohol in his home. Id. at 6:19–7:3. Mr.

Caldwell testified that he believed his son, if released, would comply with all terms and conditions,

and that Mr. Caldwell would report to the Court if he did not. Id. at 7:4–11. Mr. Caldwell was

also asked about the circumstances of Defendant Caldwell’s arrest for driving while intoxicated in

October 2013 in Denison, Texas. See id. at 7:9–19, 13:9–13; see also Def.’s Mot. at 5. According

3
  Filed with Defendant Caldwell’s motion to reconsider is a letter from Ms. Caldwell, in which she
indicates that she was not prepared to be cross-examined during the detention hearing, and when
asked about the defendant’s earlier criminal charges, her “mind went blank for a few minutes and
[she] paused several times to try and remember so I could answer the questions truthfully, and by
doing this my credibility was put into question.” Def.’s Mot. to Reconsider, Ex. 3.

                                                  8
to the Government, Defendant Caldwell had to be restrained when law enforcement tried to serve

a warrant for a blood draw because he “fought so much at the hospital, that he broke the hospital

bed.” Hr’g Tr. (Mar. 4, 2021) at 7:9–19, 9:17–19. Mr. Caldwell testified that he was unaware of

specific circumstances of this incident. Id. at 9:7–19.

       Making a credibility assessment, Magistrate Judge Johnson concluded that neither Ms.

Caldwell nor Mr. Caldwell would be a suitable third-party custodian, noting a lack of confidence

that either family member would promptly and truthfully contact the court if Defendant Caldwell

violated a condition of his release. Det. Order at 7. The magistrate judge noted the following

reasons for ordering Defendant Caldwell to be detained pending trial: weight of evidence against

the defendant is strong; subject to lengthy period of incarceration if convicted; prior criminal

history; history of violence or use of weapons; history of alcohol or substance abuse; lack of stable

employment; lack of significant community or family ties to the charging district. Id. Based on

these reasons, Magistrate Judge Johnson concluded that the Government had proven by “clear and

convincing evidence” that no condition or combination of conditions will reasonably assure the

appearance of the defendant and the safety of the community and ordered Defendant Caldwell

detained pending trial. Id. at 2–3.

       Defendant Caldwell sought review of Magistrate Judge Johnson’s detention order in this

Court. See Def.’s Mot. The Court denied Defendant Caldwell’s motion to revoke or amend the

detention order in a Memorandum Opinion and Order dated May 21, 2021. See Order, ECF No.

24; Mem. Op., ECF No. 25. Considering the factors enumerated in 18 U.S.C. § 3142(g), the Court

concluded that the Government had met its burden of establishing, by clear and convincing

evidence, that no condition or combination of conditions could be imposed that would reasonably

assure the safety of the community if Defendant Caldwell were released pending trial. See Mem.

                                                 9
Op. at 14–26. In his present motion, Defendant Caldwell seeks reconsideration of the Court’s

earlier decision denying his motion to revoke the detention order. That motion is ripe for the

Court’s consideration.

                                II.    LEGAL STANDARDS

   A. Motion for Reconsideration of Interlocutory Decisions

       “Although the Federal Rules do not specifically provide for motions for reconsideration in

criminal cases, the Supreme Court has recognized, in dicta, the utility of such motions.” United

States v. Ferguson, 574 F. Supp. 2d 111, 113 (D.D.C. 2008) (citing United States v. Dieter, 429

U.S. 6, 8 (1976)). “This Court has adopted such a philosophy by regularly entertaining motions

for reconsideration in a criminal context, applying the analogous Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure.” In re Extradition of Liuksila, 133 F. Supp. 3d 249, 255 (D.D.C. 2016); see also United

States v. Sunia, 643 F. Supp. 2d 51, 60 (D.D.C. 2009) (listing cases applying standards from

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in reconsideration context).

       The Court’s decision to deny Defendant Caldwell’s initial Motion to Revoke Pretrial

Detention was an interlocutory decision. As it has before, the Court again shares the view in this

district that a motion to reconsider an interlocutory decision may be granted “as justice requires.”

See, e.g., Coulibaly v. Tillerson, 278 F. Supp. 3d 294, 301 (D.D.C. 2017); United States v. Dynamic

Visions, Inc., 321 F.R.D. 14, 17 (D.D.C. 2017); Sunia, 643 F. Supp. 2d at 60–61; Singh v. George

Washington Univ., 383 F. Supp. 2d 99, 101 (D.D.C. 2005). The proponent carries the burden of

proving “that some harm, legal or at least tangible, would flow from a denial of reconsideration,”

and accordingly persuading the Court that in order to vindicate justice it must reconsider its

decision. Dynamic Visions, Inc., 321 F.R.D. at 17 (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting

Cobell v. Norton, 355 F. Supp. 2d 531, 540 (D.D.C. 2005)).

                                                10
        “In general, a court will grant a motion for reconsideration of an interlocutory order only

when the movant demonstrates: ‘(1) an intervening change in the law; (2) the discovery of new

evidence not previously available; or (3) a clear error in the first order.’” Zeigler v. Potter, 555 F.

Supp. 2d 126, 129 (D.D.C. 2008) (quoting Keystone Tobacco Co., Inc. v. U.S. Tobacco Co., 217

F.R.D. 235, 237 (D.D.C. 2003)), aff’d, No. 09-5349, 2010 WL 1632965 (D.C. Cir. Apr. 1, 2010).

Justice may also require reconsideration “ ‘where a controlling or significant change in the law or

facts has occurred since the submission of the issue to the court.’” McLaughlin v. Holder, 864 F.

Supp. 2d 134, 141 (D.D.C. 2012) (quoting Ficken v. Golden, 696 F. Supp. 2d 21, 35 (D.D.C.

2010)). However, motions for reconsideration “cannot be used as an opportunity to reargue facts

and theories upon which a court has already ruled, nor as a vehicle for presenting theories or

arguments that could have been advanced earlier.” Estate of Gaither ex rel. Gaither v. District of

Columbia, 771 F. Supp. 2d 5, 10 (D.D.C. 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting SEC

v. Bilzerian, 729 F. Supp. 2d 9, 14 (D.D.C. 2010)).

    B. Motion to Reopen Detention Hearing

        The Bail Reform Act permits pretrial detention in only “carefully defined circumstances.”

United States v. Simpkins, 826 F.2d 94, 95–96 (D.C. Cir. 1987). A detention hearing must be held

only if a case involves any of an enumerated set of offenses, including a crime of violence or a

felony that involves the use of a dangerous weapon, § 3142(f)(1), or if the defendant poses a serious

risk of flight or of trying to obstruct justice or threaten, injure, or intimidate a witness or juror, id.

§ 3142(f)(2)(A)–(B).

        The Court may reopen a detention hearing “at any time before trial” based upon a finding

“that information exists that was not known to the movant at the time of the hearing and that has a

material bearing on the issue whether there are conditions of release that will reasonably assure

                                                   11
the appearance of such person as required and the safety of any other person and the community.”

18 U.S.C. § 3142(f)(2) (emphases added). “New and material information . . . consists of

something other than a defendant’s own evaluation of his character or the strength of the case

against him; instead, it must consist of truly changed circumstances, something unexpected, or a

significant event.” United States v. Lee, 451 F. Supp. 3d 1, 5 (D.D.C. 2020) (quoting United States

v. Esposito, 354 F. Supp. 3d 354, 359 (S.D.N.Y. 2019)).

                                    III.   DISCUSSION

       Defendant seeks reconsideration of his pretrial detention due to a “change in

circumstances,” including the “delay in his proceedings since the denial of his . . . request for

release” and the “challenges surrounding the Court’s ability to set his trial within the parameters

of the Speedy Trial Act.” Def.’s Mot. to Reconsider at 2. He further contends that his present

conditions of confinement “adversely impact[ ] his Constitutional right to effective assistance of

counsel.” Id. And he contends that the “availability” of a “suitable third-party custodian” not

previously considered by the Court or by the magistrate judge alters the analysis of whether any

condition or combination of conditions of pretrial release will reasonably assure the safety of the

community. However, before addressing these arguments about “changed circumstances,” the

Court shall address Defendant Caldwell’s arguments that the Court erred in its previous analysis

of the factors supporting pretrial detention under 18 U.S.C. § 3142(g).

   A. Analysis of 18 U.S.C. § 3142(g) Factors

       As the Court discussed in its earlier Memorandum Opinion, “[t]o justify detention on the

basis of dangerousness, the government must prove by ‘clear and convincing evidence’ that ‘no

condition or combination of conditions will reasonably assure the safety of any other person and

the community.’” United States v. Munchel, 991 F.3d 1273, 1279–80 (D.C. Cir. 2021) (quoting

                                                12
18 U.S.C. § 3142(f)). This standard requires the Government to establish that the defendant “poses

a concrete, prospective threat to public safety” that cannot be sufficiently mitigated by release

conditions. Id. at 1280; see also United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 751 (1987) (requiring the

government to “prove[ ] by clear and convincing evidence that an arrestee presents an identified

and articulable threat to an individual or the community”).

         To determine whether a defendant is a danger to the community, the Court must “identify

an articulable threat posed by [him],” based upon a “factbound inquiry” including the “context” of

the charged offenses. United States v. Sabol, Crim. Action No. 21-35-1 (EGS), 2021 WL1405945,

at *7 (D.D.C. Apr. 14, 2021) (citing Munchel, 991 F.3d at 1283) (additional citations and quotation

marks omitted). In so doing, the Court considers the 18 U.S.C. § 3142(g) factors: (1) “the nature

and circumstances of the offense charged”; (2) “the weight of the evidence”; (3) “the history and

characteristics” of the defendant; and (4) “the nature and seriousness of the danger to any person

or the community that would be posed by the [defendant’s] release.” § 3142(g). In its previous

Memorandum Opinion, the Court reviewed the record available at the time and concluded that

these factors weighed in favor of Defendant Caldwell’s continued pretrial detention. Mem. Op. at

14–26.

         Defendant Caldwell devotes a signification portion of his motion to re-arguing the

application of the § 3142(g) factors to the evidence available on the record. See Def.’s Mot. to

Reconsider at 4–9. In doing so, he relies on information that was available to him at the time of

the detention hearing; he presents no new evidence or argument that would materially alter the

Court’s prior analysis that no conditions of release will reasonably assure the safety of the

community. The factors underlying the Court’s earlier decision remain the same: Defendant

Caldwell is charged with serious felonies and is alleged to have sprayed a chemical agent at law

                                                13
enforcement officers. See Mem. Op. at 14–19. The Government has strong evidence in this case,

including videos and photos of the defendant and his actions on the Capitol grounds. Id. at 19.

Defendant Caldwell appears to have planned to engage in violence, having brought chemical spray

with him to Washington, D.C. Id. at 16. He has previously been charged with criminal conduct.

Id. at 20–21. Defendant Caldwell’s reliance on facts already considered by the Court in ordering

his pretrial detention does not entitle him to have his detention hearing reopened. See 18 U.S.C. §

3142(f)(2); United States v. Worrell, Case No. 1:21-cr-292-RCL, 2021 WL 2366934, at *11

(D.D.C. June 9, 2021).

       Defendant Caldwell also has not established any legal or factual error in the Court’s

previous analysis entitling him to reconsideration of the Court’s earlier decision. For example,

Defendant Caldwell contends that he was merely using the Baofeng radio as an FM radio to listen

to “news accounts of the events on January 6.” Def.’s Mot. to Reconsider at 5. But a photograph

captured from police body-worn camera and provided by the Government in its Opposition (and

copied supra Section I(A)), appears to show Defendant Caldwell speaking into the radio—not

listening to it. See Gov.’s Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. to Reconsider at 10, Figure 11. Accordingly, the

Court’s earlier analysis of this evidence is unchanged. See Mem. Op. at 8 (noting that evidence of

Defendant Caldwell using a Baofeng radio “supports an inference that Defendant Caldwell was

coordinating with other rioters, which is not controverted by Defendant Caldwell”).

       Similarly, Defendant Caldwell contends that his “attire worn on January 6” has been

“grossly mischaracterized,” noting that he served in the military and commonly wears military-

style gear while “spending time with his family and friends.” Def.’s Mot. to Reconsider at 5–6.

As to his eyewear, Defendant Caldwell notes that it was “not designed” for the purpose of shielding

him from chemical sprays. Id. at 5. The Court’s discussion of Defendant Caldwell’s apparel was

                                                14
limited to describing the government’s efforts to identify him as the individual shown in the BWC

videos spraying police officers with a chemical agent. See, e.g., Mem. Op. at 3–4, 7. The Court

did note that Defendant Caldwell’s eyewear may have evidenced Defendant Caldwell’s pre-

planned intent to deploy a chemical spray, coupled with the facts that he brought and actually did

deploy a chemical during a “protest.” See Mem. Op. at 16 (“That he brought [a] weapon with him

to the Capitol, while also wearing glasses designed to prevent spray from penetrating his own eyes,

suggests that Defendant Caldwell arrived at the Capitol with the intent to use the weapon—not, as

he contends, merely to ‘express his opinion to the current political climate.’”)

       Defendant Caldwell further argues that the Court’s previous assessment of the weight of

the evidence against him was incorrect. He contends, for example, that he “deployed a spray mist

in the general direction of law enforcement officers,” in “direct response to [the actions]

perpetrated by law enforcement[.]” Def.’s Mot. to Reconsider at 4–5. The Government disputes

this characterization, indicating that BWC videos and officer testimony demonstrate that

“defendant’s spray directly hit and impacted the officers.” Gov.’s Opp’n to Mot. to Reconsider at

5–6. The Government also indicates that, although law enforcement officers did use pepper spray,

id. at 9, Figure 10, they did so while being attacked and threatened by other rioters, id. at 7–9.

Defendant Caldwell has cited no legal authority—and the Court is unaware of any—standing for

the proposition that he may retaliate against law enforcement officer attempting to subdue an

aggressive crowd attempting to gain entry to a restricted area. His arguments fail to show that the

Court incorrectly weighed this fact in its consideration of the § 3142(g) factors.

       Defendant Caldwell next concedes that he did enter the Capitol building, but claims that

did not use force to do so, did not assault anyone while inside, and did not destroy any property.

Def.’s Mot. to Reconsider at 7. He cites these facts—which the defendant presumably would have

                                                 15
known at his detention hearing—as favorable circumstances supporting pretrial release. See id.

The Court disagrees with such logic. At the time the Court ordered that Defendant Caldwell

remain detained, there was no evidence on the record that he had entered the Capitol building on

January 6, 2021; the Court reached its conclusion that continued detention was appropriate even

without knowing whether or not Defendant Caldwell went inside the Capitol. The fact that he now

concedes that he did enter the Capitol but claims he did not assault anyone inside the Capitol or

damage any property certainly does not compel the Court to alter its earlier findings. Rather, the

evidence in the case shows that he did assault law enforcement officers by spraying them with a

chemical agent in efforts to force entry into the Capitol.

       Finally, Defendant Caldwell seeks to re-litigate the Court’s analysis of his “history and

characteristics,” submitting to the Court letters attesting to his character and his role as a father to

his three children. See Def.’s Mot. to Reconsider at 8; Ex. 3. Again, none of this information is

“new”—it was not “unknown” to Defendant at the time of his detention hearing, and therefore

cannot serve as the basis for re-opening a detention hearing. See Lee, 451 F. Supp. 3d at 5 (“New

and material information . . . consists of something other than a defendant’s own evaluation of his

character[.]”). And Defendant Caldwell makes no claim that the Court failed to consider some of

his personal characteristics, including, for example, his status as a veteran and a father, and the

fact that (prior to his arrest in this case) he held stable employment. See Mem. Op. at 20–21.

       In sum, Defendant Caldwell has not presented any new information material to the analysis

of the § 3142(g) factors, nor he has he demonstrated any error in the Court’s prior application of

these factors warranting reconsideration of his pretrial detention. Rather, the Court reaffirms its

earlier conclusion that the violent offenses committed by Defendant Caldwell on January 6, 2021

are “serious enough on their own to militate against pretrial release[.]” United States v. Whitton,

                                                  16
Crim. Action No. 21-35-5 (EGS), 2021 WL 1546931, at *9 (D.D.C. Apr. 20, 2021). His use of

violence against law enforcement officers puts him in a “different category” of dangerousness than

those defendants who did not engage in violence. See Munchel, 991 F.2d at 1284. His continued

detention is appropriate on these grounds.

   B. Changed Circumstances

       The Court turns next to Defendant Caldwell’s arguments that changed circumstances

warrant reconsideration of his continued pretrial detention. As set forth below, the Court is not

persuaded that any of these purported “changes” compel the Court to reverse course by releasing

Defendant Caldwell pending trial.

               1. Delay in Proceedings

       Defendant Caldwell first contends that the “delay in his proceedings since the denial of his

. . . request for release” and the “challenges surrounding the Court’s ability to set his trial within

the parameters of the Speedy Trial Act” weigh in favor of pretrial release. Def.’s Mot. to

Reconsider at 2. Defendant Caldwell notes that he has been in custody for approximately ten

months and no trial date has been set, and that the length of his detention has “exceeded the

parameters of the Speedy Trial Act.” Id. at 11.

       Notably, at this point in time, a trial date has not been requested. Rather, Defendant

Caldwell has repeatedly consented to exclusion of time under the Speedy Trial Act. See Def.’s

Mot to Reconsider at 11; see Minute Orders dated April 7, 2021; June 3, 2021; August 16, 2021;

August 26, 2021; November 8, 2021. In each case, the Court has found that the exclusion of time

under the Speedy Trial Act serves the “ends of justice” and outweighs the interests of both the

community and Defendant Caldwell in a speedy trial, in light of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic

and to allow Defendant Caldwell to review discovery and consider pretrial disposition of the case.

                                                  17
18 U.S.C. § 3161(h)(7)(A), (B)(i),(ii), (iv). Defendant Caldwell has not objected to these findings

or to the exclusion of time under the Speedy Trial Act.

       Now, Defendant Caldwell contends that he has consented to exclusion of time under the

Speedy Trial Act to allow additional time to review the voluminous discovery in this matter,

putting him in a position of “compromis[ing] his Constitutional right to a speedy trial against his

right for due process.” Def.’s Mot. to Reconsider at 11–12. He claims, for example, that current

protocols at the District of Columbia jail due to the COVID-19 pandemic have frustrated his ability

to obtain and review discovery with his counsel. See id. at 10, n.4, 11 (“[T]he extraordinary delays

attributed to his inability to adequately review the discovery in this matter weighs in favor of

setting of conditions of release.”). He does not, however, “dispute that the government has been

diligently pursuing its existing case against the defendant,” including by “engaging in substantial

discovery.” United States v. Bikundi, 73 F. Supp. 3d 51, 56 (D.D.C. 2014). Rather, he recognizes

that discovery in this case is exceptionally voluminous and “will require an extensive amount of

time for both the defendant and [his] counsel to properly review.” Def.’s Mot. to Reconsider at

10.

       Although it is possible for pretrial detention to become “excessively prolonged,” and

therefore unconstitutionally “punitive,” United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 747 n.4 (1987),

length of detention alone is not dispositive and “will rarely by itself offend due process,”

particularly in a “complex case,” United States v. El Hage, 213 F.3d 74, 79 (2d Cir. 2000);

see Sharps v. United States, 246 A.3d 1141, 1157-58 n.89 (D.C. 2021) (collecting cases holding

that twenty to fifty-two months of pretrial detention did not violate due process). Courts also

consider the extent of the prosecution’s responsibility for delay of the trial, the gravity of the

charges, and the strength of the evidence upon which detention was based. See El Hage, 213 F.3d

                                                18
at 79. Taking these factors into consideration, Defendant Caldwell has not demonstrated that the

length of his detention has become unconstitutionally excessive. He does not claim that the

prosecution is to blame for the delay; he does not dispute that he faces serious charges; and he does

not contest that the weight of the evidence against him is strong. Taking these factors in

consideration, Defendant Caldwell has not demonstrated that any “delays” in setting a trial date

offend his due process rights or require him to be released from pretrial detention.

               2. Conditions of Confinement

       Defendant Caldwell next argues that his “current detention conditions further support

release,” as he claims they are “deplorable, “violate his basic civil rights,” and “raise[ ] serious

concerns about his 8th Amendment protections against cruel and unusual punishment.” Def.’s

Mot. to Reconsider at 12. He claims, for example, that he is on “lockdown” for intermittent 25-

hour periods, “denied adequate nutrition and access to personal hygiene items,” and “subjected to

threats of physical harm from other inmates and guards.” Id. at 13. He also claims that he was

“exposed to tear gas” released in his unit on November 11, 2021. Id. In response, the Government

argues that the Bail Reform Act does not include prison conditions as a factor to consider whether

pretrial detention is appropriate, and that a defendant’s challenges to his conditions of confinement

are properly raised in a separate civil suit, and cannot be the basis for release in an underlying

criminal action. See Gov.’s Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. to Reconsider at 18–19 (citing cases).

       To be sure, the Court is aware of and concerned by the conditions at the Central Detention

Facility (“CDF”) recently reported by the United States Marshals Service, which have prompted

transfer of certain inmates to a separate facility. See Def.’s Mot. to Reconsider at 12. The Court

notes, however, that Defendant Caldwell indicates that he is presently detained at the Central

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Treatment Facility (“CTF”), which does not appear to have the same issues. 4 In any event, the

Court agrees with the Government’s position that Defendant Caldwell has failed to establish that

any such conditions supply a basis for his release from detention.

               3. Proposed Conditions of Release

       Defendant Caldwell further claims that a “suitable third-party custodian” not previously

considered by the Court or by the magistrate judge is now available. This newly proposed third-

party custodian is Defendant Caldwell’s step-mother. Def.’s Mot. to Reconsider at 13–14. But

Defendant Caldwell offers little information as to why this person is a suitable third-party

custodian, explaining only that she is      “free of any criminal history,” “maintains a stable

residence,” and is “willing to execute the requirements of a third-party custodian.” Id. at 14.

Neither Defendant Caldwell—nor the proposed third-party custodian herself 5—addresses the

Court’s earlier concern that it could not rely on family-member custodians to “report potential

violations.” See Mem. Op. at 25.

       To the extent Defendant Caldwell seeks to reopen his detention hearing to enable further

examination of this individual, he is not entitled to do so under § 3142(f) because the existence of

this person was known to him at the time of his detention hearing. See 18 U.S.C. § 3142(f)(2)

(requiring movant to proffer information that was “not known to the movant at the time of the

hearing”); Def.’s Mot. to Reconsider at 14 (describing 40-year relationship with newly proposed

third-party custodian). And absent any details about this individual’s suitability as a third-party

4
  See Press Release, U.S. Marshals Service, Statement by U.S. Marshals Service Re: Recent
Inspection of D.C. Jail Facilities (Nov. 2, 2021), https://www.usmarshals.gov/news/
chron/2021/110221b.htm (“The U.S. Marshal’s inspection of CTF did not identify conditions that
would necessitate the transfer of inmates from that facility at this time[.]”).
5
  See Def.’s Ex. 3, Letter dated October 7, 2021. Defendant Caldwell has provided a letter from
someone who is married to the defendant’s father. Although the letter attests to Defendant
Caldwell’s character and role as a father, it includes no information about the author’s suitability
as a potential third-party custodian.

                                                20
custodian, the Court cannot make a finding that her “availability” has any “material bearing on

the issue whether there are conditions of release that will reasonably assure . . . the safety of any

other person and the community.” 18 U.S.C. § 3142(f)(2) (emphasis added).

       As a final point, Defendant Caldwell contends that the Court was previously “erroneously

advised” about the lack of GPS monitoring in the Eastern District of Texas. See Def.’s Mot. to

Reconsider Reply at 4. He claims that GPS monitoring is available in that jurisdiction (though he

does not cite the source of such information). However, the Court again contacted the U.S.

Probation Office, which once again informed the Court that the Eastern District of Texas’s location

monitoring capability is limited to “radio frequency” (“RF”) technology. See Mem. Op. at 24–25.

                                    IV.    CONCLUSION

       For the foregoing reasons, the Court DENIES Defendant Caldwell’s motion for

reconsideration of his pretrial detention order.        An appropriate Order accompanies this

Memorandum Opinion.

       Dated: January 19, 2022
                                                        /s/
                                                      COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY
                                                      United States District Judge

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