Court Opinion

ID: 4610807
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-11-20 19:47:42.147477+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:00:02.983708
License: Public Domain

FRANCIS R. HART, PETITIONER, v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, RESPONDENT.Hart v. CommissionerDocket No. 45743.United States Board of Tax Appeals21 B.T.A. 1001; 1930 BTA LEXIS 1762; December 30, 1930, Promulgated 1930 BTA LEXIS 1762">*1762  1.  The petitioner, a judgment debtor under decree of the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, by order of the court, posted Liberty bonds of a value equal to his entire estate with a receiver appointed by the court, pending appeal from the judgment to the Circuit Court of Appeals.  The lower court was reversed on appeal and the bonds with the income therefrom were returned to the petitioner during the following year.  Held, that the income from the bonds during the part of the year 1926 while they were held by the receiver is taxable to the petitioner in his individual income-tax return for that year.  2.  An alleged payment of interest by means of his promissory note is not deductible from gross income by a taxpayer making his income-tax returns on the cash receipts and disbursements basis.  Alfred P. Lowell, Esq., for the petitioner.  John E. Marshall, Esq., for the respondent.  SMITH 21 B.T.A. 1001">*1002  The respondent has asserted a deficiency against the petitioner for the calendar year 1926 in the amount of $5,668.44.  The petitioner admits liability for $2,021.39, leaving in controversy a proposed deficiency of $3,647.05. 1930 BTA LEXIS 1762">*1763  The petitioner alleges that the respondent erred (1) in including in his taxable income for the year 1926 the interest from certain Liberty bonds held by a receiver appointed by order of the court; and (2) in denying the petitioner a deduction in his return for 1926 on account of an alleged payment of interest during that year.  FINDINGS OF FACT.  During and prior to the year 1926, the New England Oil Corporation, in which the petitioner was interested, was involved in a receivership proceeding under the jurisdiction of the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts.  In a proceeding ancillary to the receivership the court, on May 15, 1926, entered a judgment against the petitioner and others for $3,327,740.48.  The decree of the court reads in part as follows: 2.  The damage sustained by the insolvent receivership estate by reason of the maladministration and fraudulent action of the committee consisting of Francis R. Hart, Alfred L. Aiken, Frank Finsthwait, Allan Forbes, Thomas H. West, Jr., and Daniel G. Wing, is determined to be not less than $6,000,000; and said members of said committee are held liable, jointly and severally, to pay to the receiver1930 BTA LEXIS 1762">*1764  herein such part of such damage as may be necessary to give to all creditors now parties to these proceedings the equivalent of their rights under legal and proper administration, together with counsel fees and other expenses incurred in procuring the restoration of said receivership estate, to such amount heretofore or hereafter approved by the court.  3.  The amounts due Ernest Wiltsee and other creditors intervening in these proceedings are as follows: * * * 6.  For the aggregate of the foregoing, amounting to $3,327,740.48, the members of the said committee, viz., Francis R. Hart, Alfred L. Aiken, Frank Finsthwait, Allan Forbes, Thomas H. West, Jr., and Daniel G. Wing, are jointly and severally liable; * * * execution in the sum of $3,327,740.48 against said Francis R. Hart, Alfred L. Aiken, Frank Finsthwait, Allan Forbes, Thomas H. West, Jr., and Daniel G. Wing, running to the receiver shall duly issue; * * * 7.  Leave is reserved to the receiver and any party in interest to apply for any other decree or order found necessary or expedient.  21 B.T.A. 1001">*1003  Of the six defendants against whom the judgment ran, only the petitioner and two others were within the jurisdiction1930 BTA LEXIS 1762">*1765  of the court and the aggregate value of their property was less than half of the amount of the judgment.  On June 4, 1926, the court, on petition of Francis R. Hart for a stay of execution upon the aforesaid judgment pending appeal to the Circuit Court of Appeals, entered the following order: On the petition of Francis R. Hart for segregation of assets pending appeal, it appearing to the Court that the petitioner is about to file an appeal from the decree of May 15, 1926, and, constrained by said decree and by the danger of levy thereunder and not voluntarily, is preparing to turn over certain property to the Receiver appointed by the Court in this cause, and the Receiver and Counsel for Wiltsee and other creditors interested having been notified and having assented thereto; it is ORDERED AND DECREED that the Receiver receipt for all securities, money, and other property turned over to him by the respondent, Francis R. Hart and earmark, segregate and keep the same, together with the income received thereon, separate from other property, investing said income in United States Government securities, pending final determination of the appeal of said Hart from the decree of May 15, 1926, and1930 BTA LEXIS 1762">*1766  upon such final determination, if said decree shall not be affirmed in whole or in part as to said Hart said Receiver shall return said property, less income taxes and other charges thereon, including reasonable compensation of the Receiver for keeping the said property, to said Hart; if said decree shall be affirmed and/or modified as to said Hart, said funds shall be held subject to further order of the Court.  Leave is reserved to the Receiver and any party in interest to apply for any other decree or order found necessary or expedient.  Pursuant to the above order of the court, the petitioner turned over to the receiver Liberty bonds of a value equal to his entire assets.  The receiver held the bonds under the terms and conditions of the aforesaid order throughout the remainder of the year 1926.  During that period the receiver collected the coupons maturing on the bonds and invested the amount thereof in like securities.  The decision of the District Court was reversed by the Circuit Court of Appeals and during the year 1927 the bonds, together with the accumulated income therefrom, were restored to the petitioner.  The receiver filed a separate income-tax return in which1930 BTA LEXIS 1762">*1767  he reported the amount collected as interest on the bonds during 1926 as income taxable to a trust.  The petitioner on June 4, 1926, was indebted to the American Trust Co. in the amount of $475,000.  The indebtedness was represented by promissory notes bearing interest at the rate of 4 1/2 per cent, payable semiannually.  The American Trust Co., on December 4, 1926, rendered petitioner a bill for interest to date in the amount of $10,865.62.  On the same date, the petitioner gave the Trust Co. his promissory note for the amount of the interest due, said note being payable six months from date and bearing interest at 4 1/2 per 21 B.T.A. 1001">*1004  cent.  The bill for interest was stamped "Paid" as of December 6, 1926.  The American Trust Co. on December 6, 1926, entered the amount of the note as a credit to interest in its books of account.  The petitioner made his income-tax return for 1926 upon the cash receipts and disbursements basis.  OPINION.  SMITH: With respect to the first issue the only question in dispute is whether the income from the Liberty bonds for that portion of the year 1926 during which the bonds were held by the receiver appointed by the court is taxable to the1930 BTA LEXIS 1762">*1768  petitioner in his individual income-tax return for 1926, or whether the income is taxable to the receiver as a trustee.  Section 219 of the Revenue Act of 1926 provides in part as follows: (a) The tax imposed by Parts I and II of this title shall apply to the income of estates or of any kind of property, held in trust, including - (1) Income accumulated in trust for the benefit of unborn or unascertained persons or persons with contingent interests, and income accumulated or held for future distribution under the terms of the will or trust; * * * (b) Except as otherwise provided in subdivisions (g) and (h), the tax shall be computed upon the net income of the estate or trust, and shall be paid by the fiduciary.  The net income of the estate or trust shall be computed in the same manner and on the same basis as provided in section 212, * * * The term "finduciary," as defined in section 200(b) of the Act, "means a guardian, trustee, executor, administrator, receiver, conservator, or any person acting in any fiduciary capacity for any person." Article 341 of Regulations 69, interpretative of the above quoted section, reads in part as follows: Estates and trusts. - In1930 BTA LEXIS 1762">*1769  general, the income of a trust for the taxable year which is to be distributed to the beneficiaries must be returned by and will be taxed to the respective beneficiaries, but the income of a trust which is to be accumulated or held for future distribution, whether consisting of ordinary income or gain from the sale of assets included in the corpus of the trust, must be returned by and will be taxed to the trustee.  The exception to this general rule is with respect to the income of a trust revocable by the grantor, and the income of a trust which may be distributed to the grantor or used to pay the premiums upon polidies of insurance on his life, which income, whether or not distributed, must be returned by and will be taxed to the grantor of the trust.  * * * The respondent's position in this proceeding is that no separate taxable estate or trust was created in the receiver with respect to the bonds in question but that they remained the property of the petitioner throughout the year 1926 and thereafter while in the custody of the receiver, and that the income therefrom should have been reported in petitioner's individual return for that year.  1930 BTA LEXIS 1762">*1770 21 B.T.A. 1001">*1005  The proceeding by which the property in question was deposited with the receiver was ancillary to a receivership proceeding then pending in the United States District Court and we assume was governed by the rules of law generally applicable to receivership proceedings in equity.  Receiverships are said to differ from ordinary trusts in that a trustee takes title to, as well as possession of, the trust property, usually with discretionary duties to perform, while a receiver appointed by the court is a mere custodian of the property, which he holds as an officer of the court subject to the court's order.  In , the court said: * * * A receiver derives his authority from the act of the court appointing him, and not from the act of the parties at whose suggestion or by whose consent he is appointed; and the utmost effect of his appointment is to put the property from that time into his custody as an officer of the court, for the benefit of the party ultimately proved to be entitled, but not to change the title, or even the right of possession, in the property.  * * * 1930 BTA LEXIS 1762">*1771  Also, in , the court said: The general doctrine that property in the possession of a receiver appointed by a court is in custodia legis, and that unauthorized interference with such possession is punishable as a contempt, is conceded; but it is contended that this salutary rule has no application to the collection of taxes.  Undoubtedly property so situated is not thereby rendered exempt from the imposition of taxes by the government within whose jurisdiction the property is, and the lien for taxes is superior to all other liens whatsoever, except judicial costs, when the property is rightfully in the custody of the law.  * * * Those cases, we think, amply support the respondent's view that the temporary custody of the petitioner's bonds by the receiver did not change either their legal or beneficial ownership or divert the income accruing therefrom during the period of the receivership from the petitioner, their lawful owner.  It is true that the petitioner might never have actually received into his possession the interest from the bonds had the judgment entered against him in the District Court been affirmed by the Circuit Court of1930 BTA LEXIS 1762">*1772  Appeals, but even in that event the bonds and interest would have been applied against his lawful and binding obligations.  The case at bar differs from that of , where the Circuit Court of Appeals, Third Circuit, held, affirming the lower court, that dividends declared by a corporation and retained in its treasury pending determination of the true ownership of stock in litigation between stockholder and the Alien Property Custodian constituted income accumulated "for the benefit of unascertained persons" on which the corporation was required, under section 219 of the Revenue Acts of 1918 and 1921, to pay the 21 B.T.A. 1001">*1006  tax as a fiduciary.  The income from the bonds here was accumulated not for the benefit of any unascertained persons but for the benefit of the petitioner only, whether it was finally to be applied against his obligations or to be restored to him.  The facts in this proceeding are, however, that both the bonds and the interest were later returned to the petitioner by order of the court.  The petitioner merely suffered a postponement of the use and enjoyment of his income.  The receipt of the income by the1930 BTA LEXIS 1762">*1773  receiver was legally a receipt by the petitioner in the year 1926.  The facts, we think, require a consideration also of section 225(a) of the 1926 Act, which reads in part as follows: Every fiduciary (except a receiver appointed by authority of law in possession of part only of the property of an individual) shall make under oath a return for any of the following individuals, estates, or trusts for which he acts, stating specifically the items of gross income thereof and the deductions and credits allowed under this title - The fiduciary here, a receiver appointed by authority of the law, had possession of the Liberty bonds which it appears the petitioner had obtained with funds borrowed from the bank on his personal notes.  The record does not show what other property the petitioner owned except that his total assets at the time the judgment was entered against him had a value equal to the amount of the bonds turned over to the receiver.  The petitioner was not dispossessed of his property other than the Liberty bonds, but continued to use it throughout the taxable year.  We think that the fiduciary here was exempt under the provisions of section 225(a), above quoted, from1930 BTA LEXIS 1762">*1774  filing a return and that the respondent has correctly included the income from the bonds in the petitioner's individual income-tax return for the year 1926.  The second and only remaining issue may be disposed of briefly.  The respondent has denied the petitioner a deduction in his return for 1926 of $10,865.62 on account of interest paid on borrowed money.  The petitioner on December 4, 1926, gave his promissory note in that amount with interest at 4 1/2 per cent payable June 6, 1927, in payment of interest due to date on his indebtedness to the American Trust Co.  In , we held that a taxpayer reporting his income on a cash receipts and disbursements basis is not entitled to deduct as interest paid during the taxable year the amount of a promissory note given in discharge of an interest obligation.  Interest is deductible in income-tax returns in the taxable year during which it is actually paid or, if the taxpayer reports his income on the accrual basis, when it becomes due and payable.  1930 BTA LEXIS 1762">*1775 , affirmed in Miller &21 B.T.A. 1001">*1007 ; ; . In , it was held that the amount of the note given in settlement of liability as an endorser is not deductible by a taxpayer on the cash basis who pays no cash on the note during the taxable year.  The court stated: * * * The giving of a note does not constitute a cash payment.  The obligation to pay the amount of the note may be as binding for instance as payment of taxes, but it has been determined that a taxpayer on a cash received and disbursed basis can not deduct taxes before they are actually paid.  United Statesv. Mitchell, supra. [. Nor can a taxpayer, who subscribes to a charitable fund, deduct the subscription until he has paid it.  1930 BTA LEXIS 1762">*1776 . The taxpayer not having sustained a loss because he did not pay the note or any part thereof in the year 1925, the Commissioner properly held that he was not entitled to this deduction.  * * * In the instant proceeding the petitioner submits that under the decisions of the Massachusetts courts the acceptance of a note in settlement of an obligation constitutes payment.  Thus it is stated that in a very early case () it was held that the obligation on the old note was paid and extinguished by the acceptance of a renewal note; that this ruling has been repeatedly sustained by the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts; that in the case of , where a new note was offered to the holder of the old note for the purpose of renewing it, it was held that the old note was paid and the fact that the holder refused to deliver it could not revive it.  We are of the opinion that it is immaterial what the rule is in Massachusetts with respect to the payment of an obligation by the giving of a note which is received as payment1930 BTA LEXIS 1762">*1777  of the obligation.  The rule in Massachusetts can have no bearing upon the interpretation of the federal taxing statute, as was stated by the Supreme Court in : It does not matter that in Ohio, where the properties lie, these long leases are treated as in many respects like conveyances of the fee.  The Act of Congress has its own criteria, irrespective of local law, that look to certain rather severe tests of liability and exemption and that do not allow the deductions demanded whatever the lessees may be called.  * * * Cf. . We are of the opinion that since in the instant proceeding the petitioner made his return for 1926 upon the cash basis, the amount of the promissory note given by him in that year in payment of inter est then due is not deductible under the provisions of section 214(a)(2) of the statute.  Judgment will be entered for the respondent.