Court Opinion

ID: 4192789
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-08-03 17:02:40.807303+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:40:21.097723
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                                            JAN 29 2016
                                                        SUSAN M. SPRAUL, CLERK
 1                         NOT FOR PUBLICATION            U.S. BKCY. APP. PANEL
                                                          OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 2
 3                   UNITED STATES BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANEL
 4                             OF THE NINTH CIRCUIT
 5   In re:                        )      BAP No.     CC-15-1189-KiGD
                                   )
 6   EDWARD S. AHN and HELEN AHN, )       Bk. No.     2:13-bk-15807-WB
                                   )
 7                  Debtors.       )
                                   )
 8                                 )
     FIRST INTERCONTINENTAL BANK, )
 9                                 )
                    Appellant,     )
10                                 )
     v.                            )      M E M O R A N D U M1
11                                 )
     EDWARD S. AHN; HELEN AHN;     )
12   CINDY AHN; CHRISTINA AHN;     )
     CHONG IM PARK; OFFICIAL       )
13   COMMITTEE OF UNSECURED        )
     CREDITORS; BBCN BANK; BEST    )
14   BEST & KRIEGER, LLP; HANMI    )
     BANK,                         )
15                                 )
                    Appellees.     )
16   ______________________________)
17                  Argued and Submitted on January 21, 2016,
                              at Pasadena, California
18
                             Filed - January 29, 2016
19
                  Appeal from the United States Bankruptcy Court
20                    for the Central District of California
21            Honorable Sandra R. Klein, Bankruptcy Judge, Presiding
22
     Appearances:     Raymond H. Aver argued for appellant First
23                    Intercontinental Bank; Robyn B. Sokol of Ezra
                      Brutzkus Gubner LLP argued for appellees Edward S.
24
25
26
          1
27          This disposition is not appropriate for publication.
     Although it may be cited for whatever persuasive value it may
28   have, it has no precedential value. See 9th Cir. BAP Rule 8024-1.
 1                  Ahn and Helen Ahn.2
 2
     Before:   KIRSCHER, GAN3 and DUNN, Bankruptcy Judges.
 3
 4        First Intercontinental Bank ("FIB") appeals an order
 5   approving a motion to compromise controversy with certain members
 6   of debtors' family, who were alleged to have received various
 7   preferential and/or fraudulent transfers subject to avoidance and
 8   recovery by the estate.    In turn, chapter 114 debtors Dr. Edward
 9   and Helen Ahn ("Debtors") have moved to dismiss the appeal as moot
10   and request attorney's fees.5   We DISMISS the appeal as MOOT.
11   Debtors' request for attorney's fees is DENIED.
12              I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
13   A.   Prepetition events
14        The history between FIB, Debtors and their related entities
15   is long and contentious.    In 2011, FIB filed suit against Debtors
16
17
          2
            By a clerk's order entered on October 21, 2015, appellees
18   Christina Ahn, Cindy Ahn, Chong Im Park, Official Committee of
     Unsecured Creditors, BBCN Bank, Best Best & Krieger LLP and Hamni
19   Bank were given until November 4, 2015, to file an appeal brief.
     They did not do so. Therefore, they waived their right to file a
20   brief and to appear at oral argument.
          3
21          Hon. Scott H. Gan, Bankruptcy Judge for the District of
     Arizona, sitting by designation.
22
          4
            Unless specified otherwise, all chapter, code and rule
23   references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532, and
     the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, Rules 1001-9037.
24
          5
            Debtors also request that we take judicial notice of
25   thirteen documents filed in either the main bankruptcy case or the
     related adversary proceeding. That request is GRANTED as to the
26   existence of the documents on the court's docket and their
     contents, but not to establish the truth of extrajudicial facts
27   contained in any particular document. See Credit Alliance Corp.
     v. Idaho Asphalt Supply, Inc. (In re Blumer), 95 B.R. 143, 146-47
28   (9th Cir. BAP 1988).

                                      -2-
 1   and their entity AEHCC, LLC for breach of certain loan agreements
 2   and for breach of guaranty.      FIB prevailed and was awarded a
 3   judgment on February 19, 2013, against AEHCC and Debtors jointly
 4   and severally for $2,264,364.94.      Prior to this, in 2008, a group
 5   of Korean entities collectively referred to as Hanil had
 6   successfully sued Debtors and obtained judgments against them.
 7        During their marriage, and prior to the petition date,
 8   Debtors made several transfers to their adult daughters, Christina
 9   Ahn ("Christina") and Cindy Ahn ("Cindy"),6 and to Mr. Ahn's
10   sister, Chong Im Park ("Park").
11        1.     The transfers at issue
12               a.    Debtors' transfer of their home to Christina and
13                      Cindy
14        Prior to the petition date, Debtors owned a residence in
15   Chatsworth, California ("Home").      In September 2010, Debtors
16   transferred their interest in the Home to Christina and Cindy for
17   $1,480,000.      In exchange, Christina and Cindy executed an
18   unsecured promissory note for $883,000 in favor of Debtors ("Home
19   Note") and assumed the first and second mortgages, which totaled
20   $596,200.    Debtors did not reside in the Home after the transfer.
21        On May 10, 2011, Christina, Cindy and Debtors signed an
22   agreement ("Home Note Reduction") wherein the parties agreed the
23   outstanding principal amount of the Home Note was reduced to
24   $400,000.    The Home Note Reduction further provided that
25   Christina's and Cindy's obligations under the Note were secured by
26   the Home, and that the Home Note could be sold or assigned to a
27
          6
            We refer to Christina and Cindy by their given names to
28   avoid any confusion. No disrespect is intended.

                                        -3-
 1   third party.   Debtors contended the Home Note Reduction occurred
 2   as a result of a recent appraisal, which demonstrated that the
 3   Home's value at the time of the sale to Christina and Cindy was
 4   substantially less than the sale price of $1,480,000.
 5             b.   Debtors' stock transfers to Christina and Cindy
 6        For at least ten consecutive years prior to the 2013 petition
 7   date, Debtors transferred shares of Hanil Development, Inc. to
 8   Christina and Cindy.    Each daughter received 5,000 shares at the
 9   end of 2009 and 2010, and each received 6,000 shares at the end of
10   2011 and 2012 (the "Stock Transfers").
11        On February 28, 2013, just one week prior to the petition
12   date, Debtors gave Christina and Cindy a security interest in FIB
13   stock worth $129,080.   In return, Debtors received $40,000 cash.7
14             c.   Debtors' transfer of C&C Development Investments,
15                   LLC to Christina and Cindy
16        In January 2011, Debtors, Christina and Cindy formed C&C
17   Development Investments, LLC.   Christina and Cindy initially each
18   owned 30% of C&C; Debtors owned 40%.   C&C does not own any real
19   property but is a party to a long-term lease of two acres of
20   commercial land in San Diego.   In April 2011, just under two years
21   prior to the petition date:   (1) Mrs. Ahn sold a 10% stake in C&C
22   each to both Christina and Cindy for $15,000 each; and (2) Mr. Ahn
23   sold a 5% stake each to both Christina and Cindy for $7,500 each.
24   Subsequently, Mr. Ahn sold another 5% stake each to both Christina
25   and Cindy for $10,000 each (collectively, "C&C Transfers").    Thus,
26   Debtors had transferred their entire interest in C&C prior to the
27
          7
            It was disputed whether Debtors actually transferred the
28   FIB stock certificates to Christina and Cindy.

                                      -4-
 1   petition date.   A $1.5 million lien exists against C&C's assets,
 2   which Debtors contended existed at the time of the C&C Transfers.
 3             d.     Debtors' transfers to Park
 4        On November 10, 2010, in connection with borrowing $150,000
 5   from Park, Debtors signed a promissory note for $150,000 in Park's
 6   favor ("Park Note").    On May 13, 2011, Park signed an amendment to
 7   the Park Note, which extended its term through December 31, 2012,
 8   and consented to the terms of the Home Note Reduction.    On
 9   September 12, 2012, Debtors transferred their interest in the Home
10   Note to Park, extinguishing their liability on the Park Note.      On
11   September 21, 2012, the underlying collateral for the Park Note
12   was changed from the Home Note to a deed of trust in favor of Park
13   against the Home.   Park's DOT was recorded one week prior to the
14   petition date.
15   B.   Postpetition events
16        Debtors filed their chapter 11 bankruptcy case on March 6,
17   2013, just two weeks after FIB obtained its judgment.    Shortly
18   thereafter, creditors Hanil, Hamni Bank and FIB were appointed to
19   serve on the Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors.   FIB is
20   Debtors' largest unsecured creditor.
21        1.   Settlement with Hanil
22        Prior to the instant compromise motion, Debtors had reached a
23   settlement with Hanil, which netted Debtors' estate $326,000.
24        2.   The 9019 Motion
25        After its appointment, the Committee investigated Debtors'
26   prepetition transfers to determine whether they were preferential
27   or fraudulent and therefore subject to avoidance and recovery by
28   the estate.    The Committee also engaged in discussions with

                                       -5-
 1   Christina, Cindy and Park.   Debtors did not participate in any
 2   settlement negotiations, but rather only became involved after the
 3   settlement had been reached.
 4        On March 19, 2015, Debtors filed their "Motion to Approve
 5   Settlement Among the Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors,
 6   the Debtors, Cindy Ahn, Christina Ahn and Chong Im Park" ("9019
 7   Motion").    Despite the motion's title, the Committee was not a
 8   party to the Settlement Agreement; rather, Victor Sahn, counsel
 9   for the Committee, was a signatory.
10        According to the Settlement Agreement, the parties agreed to
11   settle Debtors' alleged fraudulent transfer claims against
12   Christina, Cindy and Park (collectively, the "defendants") for
13   $200,000.    Debtors contended the settlement was fair, reasonable
14   and in the best interests of the estate; the estate would obtain
15   $200,000 and avoid the risk and cost of two avoidance actions —
16   one against Christina and Cindy, and one against Park.   Christina
17   and Cindy had presented arguable defenses to any alleged actual or
18   constructive fraudulent transfers, including:   in some instances
19   no recoverable transfer had taken place; reasonably equivalent
20   value had been given for certain transfers; Debtors were not
21   insolvent at the time of such transfers; and the transfers in part
22   were regular gifts of assets made by Debtors to their adult
23   daughters.   Upon careful consideration of the estate's claims
24   against the defendants and the factors under A&C Properties,8
25   Debtors asserted that rather than risk costly and questionable
26   litigation, it was in the estate's and creditors' best interest to
27
          8
            Martin v. Kane (In re A&C Props.), 784 F.2d 1377, 1381 (9th
28   Cir. 1986).

                                      -6-
 1   resolve the dispute against the defendants for $200,000.
 2        In support of the 9019 Motion, Debtors offered a declaration
 3   from Mr. Sahn, counsel for the Committee.    Mr. Sahn asserted that
 4   while the estate had significant claims against the defendants and
 5   would likely prevail on some of them, the defendants possessed
 6   credible defenses and it was possible the estate would not prevail
 7   in avoiding and recovering all of the transfers.   Mr. Sahn opined
 8   that settling the estate's claims against the defendants for
 9   $200,000 was "in the interest of all creditors" and was a "fair
10   and reasonable exchange for the release of such claims."
11             a.   FIB opposes the 9019 Motion
12        FIB objected to the 9019 Motion on five grounds:   (1) the
13   proposed settlement was not in the best interest of creditors and
14   was not fair and equitable, because the estate would likely
15   prevail in an avoidance action against the defendants and recover
16   "up to twenty times the amount of the proposed settlement;"
17   (2) litigation would not be particularly complex and would not
18   create significant expense to the estate; (3) collection concerns
19   were minimal because recovery consisted of real property and
20   stock; (4) the Committee did not authorize or approve the
21   Settlement Agreement; and (5) FIB was willing to investigate the
22   fraudulently transferred assets and to file a complaint against
23   the defendants to recover them.
24        In reviewing the A&C Properties factors, FIB contended that
25   litigation would likely be successful.   The evidence supported
26   that the Stock Transfers were, at minimum, constructively
27   fraudulent because no consideration was provided and Debtors were
28   likely insolvent at the time.   As for the FIB stock transfer, FIB

                                       -7-
 1   argued that several "badges of fraud" existed to show that it was
 2   intentionally fraudulent:    Debtors transferred it just one week
 3   prior to the bankruptcy filing and little consideration ($40,000)
 4   was given for $129,080 worth of stock.
 5           As for the Home transfer, FIB argued that Debtors were likely
 6   insolvent at the time of the transfer or knew they soon would be
 7   based on the FIB litigation and subsequent judgment.    Plus, it was
 8   unknown whether and how Christina, a schoolteacher, and Cindy, who
 9   worked at a bank, made any payments under the Home Note or could
10   afford to make payments.    FIB made similar "badges of fraud"
11   arguments respecting the Home Note Reduction.    FIB further
12   contended that Debtors' giving away their secured interest in the
13   Home Note worth $400,000 to Park, who was owed only $150,000, was
14   not reasonably equivalent value.    Therefore, argued FIB, because
15   the Home transfer was avoidable, the transfer to Park would be an
16   avoidable preference.
17           FIB argued that collection concerns would be minimal, because
18   a successful fraudulent transfer action against Christina and
19   Cindy would result in the avoidance of the transfer of (1) the
20   Home, (2) the Hanil stock, (3) the FIB stock, and/or (4) the 40%
21   interest in C&C.    Likewise, a successful action against Park would
22   result in an avoidance of the transfer of the Home.    FIB claimed
23   the Home was currently worth $2.4 million, which could potentially
24   net the estate $1.4 million if the Home were sold.
25           FIB argued that litigation would not be particularly complex,
26   considering that much of the investigatory work had already been
27   done.    Further, FIB's attorney had been in ligation with Debtors
28   for over fifteen years, so he had conducted many investigations of

                                       -8-
 1   their family and taken numerous depositions of Debtors.
 2        Finally, FIB argued that the Settlement Agreement was not in
 3   the best interest of creditors.       Debtors' estate had significant
 4   claims to avoid and recover fraudulently transferred assets, which
 5   could result in a recovery up to $4 million, and FIB was willing
 6   to undertake the expense of that litigation.
 7               b.   Mr. Sahn's response on "behalf" of the Committee
 8                    and Debtors' reply
 9        In response to FIB's opposition, Mr. Sahn contended that FIB
10   was informed about the potential for settlement with defendants;
11   one of FIB's attorneys spoke directly with his firm about the
12   potential settlement prior to the 9019 Motion being filed.
13   Mr. Sahn argued that even though FIB said it was willing to pursue
14   an action against the defendants, nowhere in its opposition did
15   FIB say it was prepared to pay the estate more than the proposed
16   $200,000.    Mr. Sahn argued that FIB should bring a check for
17   $300,000 to the hearing.
18        In his supporting declaration, Mr. Sahn explained that he was
19   asked by counsel for Debtors and the defendants to participate in
20   negotiations among the parties in an attempt to resolve the
21   estate's claims against defendants.      During this time, he was able
22   to obtain from defendants a stipulation to extend the statute of
23   limitations for filing an action against them until June 6, 2015,
24   which the bankruptcy court approved.      Mr. Sahn further explained,
25   that over many months, he had asserted the estate's theories of
26   recovery against the defendants and they had responded with a
27   memorandum setting forth their defenses and position as to why
28   litigation would not be successful.      Based upon his understanding

                                       -9-
 1   of the facts and circumstances, Mr. Sahn believed the proposed
 2   settlement was in the best interest of creditors.
 3           In their reply, Debtors contended FIB's analysis that the
 4   estate could recover $4 million was flawed.     First, none of the
 5   existing claims would result in recovery of the Home, as that
 6   transfer was made to Christina and Cindy for fair market value.
 7   The Home Note Reduction was supported by an appraisal, but even
 8   assuming Christina and Cindy did not give reasonably equivalent
 9   value for it, the most that could be recovered was $480,000, and
10   it would take a tremendous amount of legal fees and time to obtain
11   a judgment, which was not certain.
12           Second, Debtors claimed the FIB stock was not properly
13   transferred to Christina and Cindy.      No one could provide the
14   stock certificate allegedly transferred to secure the $40,000
15   loan.    The estate currently held all of Debtors' FIB stock (64,338
16   shares valued at $447,149.10), including the shares allegedly
17   transferred to Christina and Cindy, which the estate planned to
18   liquidate.    Thus, no avoidance action existed as to that stock.
19           Third, argued Debtors, the leasehold owned by C&C had
20   questionable value.    Furthermore, Christina and Cindy paid money
21   for the interests in C&C they purchased.
22           Fourth, Debtors argued that avoiding the Stock Transfers
23   would result in little recovery to the estate, after taking into
24   account legal fees and costs.    The Hanil stock was valued at
25   $2.26/share, so the most the estate could gain was $99,440 (44,000
26   shares @ $2.26/share).    In any event, argued Debtors, FIB could
27   not recover that stock as it was sold to Hanil as part of the
28   Hanil settlement.

                                       -10-
 1        Fifth, argued Debtors, the claims against Park were weak.
 2   The DOT to Park was provided by Cindy, not Debtors.   Therefore,
 3   unless FIB could avoid the Home transfer, it would not be able to
 4   avoid Cindy's DOT transfer to Park secured by the Home.
 5        Finally, Debtors argued that if FIB believed the estate's
 6   claims against defendants were worth up to $4 million, then it
 7   could offer to purchase them from the estate for $300,000 at the
 8   hearing.   So far, FIB had not presented any such offer.
 9              c.   Joinders of other unsecured creditors in FIB's
10                   opposition
11        Joinders to FIB's opposition to the 9019 Motion were filed by
12   four of Debtors' largest unsecured creditors:    Best Best &
13   Krieger, LLC (holding a claim for $53,000); Hamni Bank (holding a
14   claim for $200,443.38); BBCN Bank (holding a claim for $675,000);
15   and Choice Hotels International, Inc. (holding a claim for
16   $149,328.87).
17              d.   Recusal of Judge Brand
18        After Judge Brand recused herself from hearing the 9019
19   Motion because of a personal conflict, the 9019 Motion was set to
20   be heard by Judge Sandra R. Klein on May 20, 2015.    No further
21   briefing was allowed or would be considered.
22              e.   The bankruptcy court's ruling on the 9019 Motion
23        The bankruptcy court issued its tentative ruling on May 19,
24   2015, indicating its intent to approve the 9019 Motion.
25        The hearing went forward on May 20, 2015.   FIB contended that
26   Mr. Sahn had acted in a "renegade" capacity when he entered into
27   the Settlement Agreement with defendants without the Committee's
28   knowledge or approval.   Nonetheless, counsel expressed his belief

                                     -11-
 1   that Mr. Sahn had negotiated with Debtors and the defendants in
 2   good faith.    In discussing the best interest of creditors, counsel
 3   for FIB noted that between the administrative claims of counsel
 4   for Debtors and the Committee, the $200,000 would be exhausted and
 5   general unsecured creditors would receive nothing.    In response,
 6   the bankruptcy court inquired why none of this information was in
 7   FIB's opposition papers.
 8           As for the argument that FIB should purchase the estate's
 9   claims, counsel represented that FIB had been investigating that
10   possibility, but because FIB was a regulated institution it had to
11   obtain a nonobjection from the FDIC and the Georgia Department of
12   Banking and Finance to spend the $200,000.    Counsel informed the
13   court that according to a May 15, 2015 letter from regulatory
14   counsel, a conference call with those agencies was scheduled for
15   today, and a nonobjection answer was anticipated within one week.
16   As such, counsel requested a brief continuance.    The bankruptcy
17   court denied that request, noting that FIB's actions were "a
18   little too little too late."    Hr'g Tr. (May 20, 2015) at 26:13-14.
19           After hearing additional argument from Debtors' counsel and
20   the joinder creditors, one of whom questioned the good faith of
21   the negotiations, the bankruptcy court announced it was adopting
22   its tentative ruling as its final ruling and approving the
23   9019 Motion.    The bankruptcy court found that in accordance with
24   A&C Properties, the settlement was fair and equitable and the
25   result of good-faith negotiations between the parties.
26           The order approving the 9019 Motion was entered on May 28,
27   2015 ("9019 Order").
28   / / /

                                       -12-
 1        3.   FIB's motion to reconsider and stay the 9019 Order
 2             pending reconsideration
 3        On June 1, 2015, FIB filed a motion for reconsideration and
 4   stay pending reconsideration of the 9019 Order, along with an
 5   application for order shortening time.   FIB contended good cause
 6   existed to vacate the 9019 Order and stay enforcement of the
 7   Settlement Agreement because FIB had obtained the non-objection
 8   from its regulators to bid $210,000 for the estate's claims
 9   against defendants.   FIB was also prepared to pay the estate 10%
10   of any net recovery, after reimbursement of the proposed $210,000
11   purchase price and payment of FIB's attorney's fees and costs
12   incurred in litigation.
13        Debtors opposed the motion to reconsider, contending that
14   FIB's willingness and ability to offer $210,000, which was
15   inadequate in any event, was not sufficient grounds justifying
16   reconsideration.   The bankruptcy court summarily denied FIB's
17   shortening time request, ruling that the motion could be heard on
18   regular notice.
19        4.   FIB appeals the 9019 Order
20        On June 10, 2015, FIB filed its notice of appeal of the
21   9019 Order.   Because Debtors have moved for dismissal of this
22   appeal as moot, we review post-appeal events to make that
23   determination.
24   C.    Post-appeal events
25        1.   Adversary proceeding against defendants
26        Because the stipulated time to file an adversary complaint
27   against defendants was set to expire on June 6, 2015, the
28   Committee filed an avoidance action alleging twenty claims for

                                     -13-
 1   relief against defendants on June 4, 2015.
 2        2.   The multiple stay motions filed by FIB
 3             a.   FIB's emergency motion for stay pending appeal
 4                  before the BAP
 5        On June 10, 2015, while FIB's motion for reconsideration of
 6   the 9019 Order and stay pending reconsideration request was still
 7   pending before the bankruptcy court, FIB moved for stay pending
 8   appeal of the 9019 Order with the BAP.   The Panel denied FIB's
 9   stay motion without prejudice, finding it appropriate for the
10   bankruptcy court to first rule on FIB's pending stay motion.
11             b.   FIB's emergency motion for stay pending appeal
12                  before the bankruptcy court
13        On June 16, 2015, and with its other stay request still
14   pending, FIB filed an emergency motion for stay of enforcement of
15   the 9019 Order and Settlement Agreement pending appeal with the
16   bankruptcy court.   FIB was now prepared to offer $250,000 for the
17   estate's claims against the defendants and to pay 20% of any net
18   recovery to the estate.   FIB argued that if the stay was not
19   granted, the Settlement Agreement would be consummated before the
20   appeal could be resolved.
21        In opposition, Debtors represented that the Settlement
22   Agreement had already been fully consummated on June 12, 2015; all
23   funds were disbursed and the releases became effective.
24   Accordingly, argued Debtors, the relief sought in FIB's emergency
25   stay motion and the pending appeal of the 9019 Order was moot.
26        The bankruptcy court refused to hear FIB's stay motion on an
27   emergency basis, ruling that it could be heard on regular notice.
28   An order to that effect was entered on June 17, 2015.

                                     -14-
 1        FIB ultimately withdrew both its motion for reconsideration
 2   of the 9019 Order and request to stay the 9019 Order pending
 3   appeal on June 25, 2015, before either were heard by the
 4   bankruptcy court.
 5             c.    Stipulation regarding the avoidance action against
 6                    defendants
 7        On June 17, 2015, the Committee filed a stipulation by and
 8   among Debtors, the Committee and defendants in which it was agreed
 9   that all deadlines applicable to the avoidance action would be
10   tolled and prosecution of the action would be stayed for 45 days
11   from the date of the stipulation ("June stipulation").   The June
12   stipulation also provided that if FIB did not obtain a stay
13   pending appeal of the 9019 Order within the 45 days, the avoidance
14   action would be dismissed.    The bankruptcy court approved the June
15   stipulation on June 23, 2015.
16             d.    FIB's motion to stay the June stipulation before
17                    the bankruptcy court and the BAP
18        On June 30, 2015, FIB filed a motion for stay of operation of
19   the June stipulation, asking the bankruptcy court to stay
20   enforcement of the June stipulation pending appeal of the
21   9019 Order.    FIB explained that because the Settlement Agreement
22   had been consummated, it was impossible to obtain a stay pending
23   appeal of the 9019 Order; thus, the emergency stay motion filed
24   June 16 had become moot and was withdrawn on June 25.    FIB
25   conceded that if it was unable to obtain a stay of the 9019 Order,
26   per the June stipulation the avoidance action would be dismissed,
27   "barring any possible prosecution of any avoidance action claims
28   against [the defendants]."    Therefore, FIB requested a stay of the

                                      -15-
 1   June stipulation to prevent the dismissal of the adversary
 2   proceeding, "thereby rendering the appeal moot."
 3           The bankruptcy court issued a tentative ruling denying the
 4   motion for stay of operation of the June stipulation on July 22,
 5   2015.
 6           After losing at the bankruptcy court, FIB filed its emergency
 7   motion for stay of operation of the June stipulation before the
 8   BAP.    The Panel denied FIB's request on July 27, 2015, determining
 9   that FIB had not established it was entitled to a stay.
10           3.   Adversary proceeding dismissed
11           Because FIB was not successful in staying the 9019 Order or
12   the June stipulation, Debtors filed an application before the
13   bankruptcy court to dismiss the avoidance action against the
14   defendants on August 14, 2015.      The bankruptcy court entered the
15   dismissal order on August 31, 2015.
16                                 II. JURISDICTION
17           The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334
18   and 157(a)(2)(A).     We discuss our jurisdiction below.
19                                   III. ISSUES
20   1.      Is the appeal moot?
21   2.      To the extent the appeal is not moot, did the bankruptcy
22   court abuse its discretion in approving the 9019 Motion?
23                           IV. STANDARDS OF REVIEW
24           Mootness, which affects our jurisdiction, is an issue we
25   review de novo.     Ellis v. Yu (In re Ellis), 523 B.R. 673, 677 (9th
26   Cir. BAP 2014)(citing Silver Sage Partners, Ltd. v. City of Desert
27   Hot Springs (In re City of Desert Hot Springs), 339 F.3d 782, 787
28   (9th Cir. 2003)).

                                         -16-
 1           We review the bankruptcy court's decision to approve a
 2   settlement for an abuse of discretion.         In re A&C Props., 784 F.2d
 3   at 1380; Goodwin v. Mickey Thompson Entm't Grp., Inc.
 4   (In re Mickey Thompson Entm't Grp., Inc.), 292 B.R. 415, 420 (9th
 5   Cir. BAP 2003).      The court abuses its discretion if it applied the
 6   wrong legal standard or its findings were illogical, implausible
 7   or without support in the record.      TrafficSchool.com, Inc. v.
 8   Edriver Inc., 653 F.3d 820, 832 (9th Cir. 2011).
 9                                  V. DISCUSSION
10   A.      The appeal of the 9019 Order is constitutionally moot.
11           Debtors have moved to dismiss the appeal.9     Specifically,
12   Debtors contend the appeal of the 9019 Order is "equitably" moot,
13   because in accordance with the Settlement Agreement $200,000 has
14   been disbursed from Christina's and Cindy's attorneys' trust
15   account (which held the daughters' Hanil settlement funds) to
16   Debtors' trust account, $110,209.47 has been disbursed to
17   Christina's and Cindy's attorneys, and the daughters in turn have
18   paid funds to various California taxing agencies respecting the
19   Home.       Debtors also argue that even if the Panel reverses the
20   9019 Order, the statute of limitations has run on the avoidance
21   claims, so no effective relief can be granted.        Debtors request
22   that FIB be ordered to pay its attorney's fees of $13,121, because
23   Debtors had to:      (1) file an objection to FIB's procedurally
24   defective emergency motion for stay pending appeal; (2) file their
25   statement of issues on appeal; and (3) file the instant motion to
26
27           9
            On October 21, 2015, the motions panel entered an order
     deferring consideration of the motion to dismiss to the merits
28   panel.

                                         -17-
 1   dismiss for what FIB knew was a moot appeal.    FIB opposes Debtors'
 2   motion to dismiss and their request for attorney's fees.10
 3        We lack jurisdiction to hear moot appeals.     I.R.S. v.
 4   Pattullo (In re Pattullo), 271 F.3d 898, 900 (9th Cir. 2001).    We
 5   must dismiss the appeal if it is constitutionally moot and may
 6   dismiss if we deem it equitably moot.   See Clear Channel Outdoor,
 7   Inc. v. Knupfer (In re PW, LLC), 391 B.R. 25, 33-35 (9th Cir. BAP
 8   2008).
 9        Federal courts may only adjudicate actual cases and
10   controversies.   Motor Vehicle Cas. Co. v. Thorpe Insulation Co.
11   (In re Thorpe Insulation Co.), 677 F.3d 869, 880 (9th Cir. 2012).
12   Constitutional mootness derives from Article III of the United
13   States Constitution, which provides that the exercise of judicial
14   power depends on the existence of an actual case or a live
15   controversy.   In re PW, LLC, 391 B.R. at 33.   Whether a case is
16   constitutionally moot turns on whether the Panel can give the
17   appellant "any effective relief in the event that it decides the
18   matter on the merits in his favor."    In re Thorpe Insulation Co.,
19   677 F.3d at 880.   If so, the matter is not moot.   Id.   The party
20   claiming mootness bears the "heavy burden" of demonstrating that
21   "there is no effective relief remaining for a court to provide."
22   Focus Media, Inc. v. Nat'l Broad. Co. Inc. (In re Focus Media,
23
          10
            We reject Debtors' argument that FIB is judicially estopped
24   from asserting the appeal is not moot. Although FIB has wavered
     on this issue, we are nevertheless bound to confront the issue for
25   the benefit of third parties not before the court for whom the
     doctrine of equitable mootness was designed. C. Wright, A. Miller
26   & E. Cooper, 13B FEDERAL PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE § 3533.2.3 (3d ed.)
     (bankruptcy appeals provide numerous examples of the need to
27   protect third party interests pending appeal, such as interests
     arising from substantial implementation of a reorganization plan,
28   sales of estate property and postpetition extensions of credit).

                                     -18-
 1   Inc.), 378 F.3d 916, 923 (9th Cir. 2004).
 2           We conclude the appeal of the 9019 Order is constitutionally
 3   moot.        Debtors filed their chapter 11 bankruptcy case on March 6,
 4   2013.        Thus, under § 546(a),11 the deadline for Debtors to bring an
 5   avoidance action against the defendants was set to expire in March
 6   2015.        On January 28, 2015, the parties entered into a stipulation
 7   tolling the applicable statute of limitations to bring such an
 8   action to June 6, 2015.        Presumably in an abundance of caution
 9   should the 9019 Order be reversed by the Panel, the Committee,
10   whose standing has been questioned, filed the avoidance action
11   against the defendants on June 4, 2015, to preserve the estate's
12   claims.        The complaint sought relief under §§ 544 and 548.   The
13   subsequent June stipulation between the parties extended the
14   limitations period for another 45 days.        However, because FIB was
15   unable to procure a stay of the 9019 Order or the June
16   stipulation, the avoidance action was dismissed as agreed by the
17   parties on August 31, 2015.
18           Section 546(a) requires that an adversary proceeding for an
19   avoidance action under §§ 544 and 548 be filed either within two
20   years after the filing of the bankruptcy petition or within one
21
22           11
                  Section 546(a) provides that:
23           (a) An action or proceeding under section 544, 545, 547, 548,
             or 553 of this title may not be commenced after the earlier
24           of—
             (1) the later of—
25                (A) 2 years after the entry of the order for relief; or
                  (B) 1 year after the appointment or election of the
26                first trustee under section 702, 1104, 1163, 1202, or
                  1302 of this title if such appointment or such election
27                occurs before the expiration of the period specified in
                  subparagraph (A); or
28           (2) the time the case is closed or dismissed.

                                          -19-
 1   year after the appointment of the trustee, whichever is later, so
 2   long as that appointment occurred within two years of the filing.12
 3   The avoidance action has been dismissed, albeit without prejudice.
 4   In any event, presumably a new complaint would have to be filed.
 5   However, the two-year time limitation under § 546(a)(1)(A) for
 6   filing an avoidance action against the defendants has run.13    Thus,
 7   even if we reversed the 9019 Order, because any such action
 8   against the defendants is time-barred, we are unable to provide
 9   FIB with any effective relief.   This is assuming, of course, that
10   FIB could even acquire standing to bring the action.   FIB has not
11   offered any argument as to how the dismissed avoidance action
12   could be revived.
13        Although the doctrine of equitable tolling may be applied to
14   the limitations period set forth in § 546(a), Ernst & Young v.
15   Matsumoto (In re United Ins. Mgmt., Inc.), 14 F.3d 1380, 1384-85
16   (9th Cir. 1994), we fail to see how it would apply here.   Under
17   the equitable tolling doctrine, where the party injured by the
18   fraud remains in ignorance of it without any fault or want of
19   diligence or care on his or her part, the bar of the statute does
20   not begin to run until the fraud is discovered, though there be no
21   special circumstances or efforts by the party committing the fraud
22   to conceal it from the defrauded party.   Id. at 1384 (citing
23
24
          12
            Because Debtors' bankruptcy case has not been closed or
25   dismissed, § 546(a)(2) is not applicable.
26        13
            Debtors' case was converted to chapter 7 on December 15,
     2015. A chapter 7 trustee has been appointed. However, this
27   appointment was not within the two years of Debtors' bankruptcy
     filing as required by § 546(a)(1)(B). Thus, the trustee is also
28   barred from bringing these same claims against defendants.

                                      -20-
 1   Lampf, Pleva, Lipkind, Prupis & Petigrow v. Gilbertson, 501 U.S.
 2   350 (1991)); Seattle Audubon Soc'y v. Robertson, 931 F.2d 590, 595
 3   (9th Cir. 1991), rev'd on other grounds, 503 U.S. 429 (1992)
 4   (federal courts apply equitable tolling not only in the
 5   traditional sense when the defendant's fraudulent concealment
 6   prevented the plaintiff from discovering the facts essential to
 7   his claims, but when "extraordinary circumstances beyond
 8   plaintiffs' control made it impossible to file the claims on
 9   time.").
10        Nothing here was concealed from FIB.   The alleged fraudulent
11   transfers were discovered early on in the case and investigated
12   thoroughly by the Committee.   The Committee, assuming it even had
13   standing to do so, preserved the estate's claims, if any, by
14   timely filing the avoidance action against the defendants.
15        Case law in this circuit instructs that equitable tolling is
16   rarely applied and disfavored.   The threshold for obtaining
17   equitable tolling is "very high."   Waldron-Ramsey v. Pacholke,
18   556 F.3d 1008, 1011 (9th Cir. 2009).    See Cal. Franchise Tax Bd.
19   v. Kendall (In re Jones), 657 F.3d 921, 926 (9th Cir. 2011)
20   (holding that equitable tolling is applied "only sparingly"
21   because "Congress must be presumed to draft limitations periods in
22   light of equitable tolling principles which generally apply to
23   statutes of limitations.").    Accordingly, we are not persuaded by
24   FIB's argument that equitable tolling should apply in this case.
25   Hinton v. Pac. Enters., 5 F.3d 391, 395 (9th Cir. 1993)(burden to
26   plead facts which would give rise to equitable tolling falls upon
27   the party seeking equitable tolling).   To the extent FIB argues
28   that equitable tolling should apply to the state law claims, as we

                                      -21-
 1   discuss next, no such claims are available for FIB to pursue.
 2        FIB contends it could pursue the estate's existing state law
 3   claims under CAL. CIV. CODE § 3439 because they have been abandoned.
 4   We disagree.   First, the alleged fraudulent transfer claims
 5   against the defendants, including any state law claims, were not
 6   abandoned; they were settled and released.    FIB has not cited any
 7   authority for the proposition that settling the estate's claims
 8   equates to an abandonment by the trustee or debtor-in-possession.
 9   Second, those claims, if pursued in the bankruptcy court, would
10   fall under § 544 and are time-barred pursuant to § 546(a)(1)(A).
11   B.   We deny Debtors' request for attorney's fees.
12        Debtors contend they are entitled to attorney's fees of
13   $13,121 incurred as a result of FIB's failure to voluntarily
14   dismiss an "admittedly" moot appeal.    Debtors fail to cite under
15   what authority they are seeking fees.
16        We are able to award attorney's fees on only two bases:
17   (1) for a frivolous appeal under Rule 8020; or (2) as a sanction
18   under Rule 9011.   Debtors do not contend the appeal of the 9019
19   Order was frivolous.   In any event, they failed to file the
20   required separate motion under Rule 8020.14   That leaves Rule 9011.
21   This rule also requires that a motion "be made separately from
22   other motions or requests and shall describe the specific conduct
23   alleged to violate Rule 9011(b)."   Rule 9011(c)(1)(A).   Debtors
24   did not file a separate motion under 9011, but merely requested
25
26        14
            Rule 8020(a) provides that "[i]f the . . . BAP determines
     that an appeal is frivolous, it may, after a separately filed
27   motion or notice from the court and reasonable opportunity to
     respond, award just damages and single or double costs to the
28   appellee."

                                     -22-
 1   fees in their motion to dismiss.
 2        We further conclude that the appeal of 9019 Order was not
 3   necessarily moot at the time it was filed.    It did not clearly
 4   become moot until after the avoidance action was dismissed on
 5   August 31, 2015, which is after FIB engaged in the activities
 6   Debtors complain of and seek compensation for.   Accordingly, we
 7   see no basis on which to award Debtors their attorney's fees.
 8                                VI. CONCLUSION
 9        Because the appeal of the 9019 Order is constitutionally
10   moot, we DISMISS for lack of jurisdiction.    Debtors' request for
11   attorney's fees is DENIED.
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

                                       -23-