Court Opinion

ID: 4430459
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2019-08-20 19:41:51.638123+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T13:27:41.814825
License: Public Domain

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
                               APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
        This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
     internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.

                                                         SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                                                         APPELLATE DIVISION
                                                         DOCKET NO. A-2341-16T1

GINA M. CAMPO,

           Plaintiff-Appellant/
           Cross-Respondent,

v.

BRIAN G. ACKEN,

           Defendant-Respondent/
           Cross-Appellant,

and

REGINA ACKEN,

     Defendant.
_____________________________

                    Argued September 13, 2018 – Decided September 24, 2018

                    Before Judges Fisher and Hoffman.

                    On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
                    Division, Monmouth County, Docket No. L-0459-14.

                    Kathleen M. DiGiovanni argued the cause for
                    appellant/cross-respondent (Levinson Axelrod, PA,
                    attorneys; Kathleen M. DiGiovanni, on the brief).
            David G. Lucas, Jr., argued the cause for
            respondent/cross-appellant (Wolf, Helies, Spaeth &
            Lucas, PA, attorneys; David G. Lucas, Jr., on the brief).

PER CURIAM

      In this verbal threshold case, a jury found plaintiff Gina Campo did not

sustain any permanent injury proximately caused by the automobile collision at

issue. After the trial court denied her motion for a new trial, plaintiff filed this

appeal, arguing the cumulative effect of several erroneous evidentiary rulings

resulted in a miscarriage of justice. Defendant Brian G. Acken filed a cross-

appeal, challenging a trial court evidential ruling. Finding no miscarriage of

justice, we affirm and find it unnecessary to the address the issue raised in

defendant's cross-appeal.

                                         I

     On March 22, 2013, defendant rear-ended plaintiff's vehicle. Plaintiff did

not feel pain at the time of the accident; however, she recalled feeling "achy"

later that night. Despite waking up the next morning with neck pain, a headache,

and bruising, plaintiff attended her nephew's birthday party, instead of seeking

medical attention. On the second day after the accident, plaintiff went to a local

hospital emergency room, where she received a prescription for pain medication

and a recommendation to "follow-up with a doctor."

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     The next day, plaintiff saw a doctor, who ordered an MRI that revealed

plaintiff had two herniated discs of her cervical spine. The doctor referred

plaintiff to a chiropractor, who treated her three times a week for six months.

     Plaintiff found the chiropractic treatment ineffective, and in September

2013, began treatment with Dr. Michael O'Hara, a board certified pain

management physician.      Dr. O'Hara reviewed the MRI, interpreting it as

revealing "a large amount of muscular spasm" and two herniated discs, which

he concluded were caused by the automobile accident.                Dr. O'Hara

recommended plaintiff receive a medial branch block, 1 which his partner

administered on October 23, 2013. Plaintiff testified the injection provided her

with some relief, but the pain eventually returned.

     In April 2014, plaintiff had a consultation with Dr. Nirav Shah, a board

certified neurosurgeon. After he examined her and reviewed her MRI, Dr. Shah

diagnosed plaintiff with, among other things, cervical radiculopathy and two

herniated discs.

      On Dr. O'Hara's recommendation, plaintiff underwent a second medial

branch block in May 2014; however, this procedure provided only "minimal"

1
  According to Dr. O'Hara, a medial branch block involves "injecting some
anesthetic and some steroid" near the nerves that go to facet joints located "on
both sides of the spine."

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                                        3
relief, which lasted only "a week or two."       Dr. O'Hara then recommended

plaintiff undergo a radiofrequency ablation. 2 In June 2014, plaintiff underwent

the ablation procedure, which provided her "significant relief" for seven to eight

months, but the pain eventually returned. In August 2015, plaintiff underwent

a cervical facet joint injection, but reported only a ten percent reduction in pain

after that procedure.

      At trial, plaintiff presented the police officer who responded to the

accident scene as her first witness. According to the officer, defendant "said he

looked down at directions and by the time he looked up, he didn't realize

[plaintiff's vehicle] was stopped and rear ended the back of [plaintiff's] car." On

cross-examination, the officer testified that his police report reflected that

plaintiff sustained "[n]o injury" in the accident and received "[no] medical

treatment."

      Plaintiff then presented testimony from her mother and from a close

friend, who both testified that plaintiff never had any problems or complaints

regarding her neck before her auto accident. In addition, they both recalled

2
  Dr. O'Hara described radiofrequency ablation as involving the placemen t of a
needle in the same location as the medial branch block, but instead of injecting
medicine, the tip of the needle is heated to "knock out . . . pain fibers."
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observing plaintiff in discomfort at the birthday party she attended the day after

the accident, and telling her she needed to see a doctor.

      Plaintiff also presented the videotaped de bene esse testimony of Dr. Shah,

limited by the court to the observations and opinions expressed in the office note

he prepared following plaintiff's sole visit to this office. Following a pretrial

motion, the court struck those portions of Dr. Shah's testimony where he stated

his opinion that plaintiff had sustained a permanent injury in the subject auto

accident.

      After plaintiff testified, the jury heard testimony from Dr. O'Hara. He

stated the subject accident caused plaintiff's injuries because she "had no pain

prior to the accident," and, "her mechanism of injury was consistent with what

was found on the MRI and how she responded to [the] facet injections." He

further noted that plaintiff's MRI "show[ed] no other degenerative changes that

would explain her current pain." Dr. O'Hara opined plaintiff's injuries were

permanent.

      The defense presented only one witness, Dr. Arthur Berman, who testified

in a de bene esse deposition taken during trial, after the jury already viewed the

de bene esse deposition of Dr. Shah. Dr. Berman, an orthopedic surgeon,

completed a medical examination of plaintiff in July 2014, nearly one month

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after plaintiff's radiofrequency ablation. According to Dr. Berman, plaintiff's

herniated discs were the result of a pre-existing condition and not her automobile

accident. He further opined plaintiff did not suffer from radiculopathy, but

rather her pain resulted from "chronic changes," and not a "single traumatic

event."   Finally, he opined plaintiff did not suffer from any residual or

permanent injury as a result of her automobile accident, and testified – over

objection – that tobacco use and a sedentary lifestyle can contribute to the

development of degenerative spinal conditions.

      Before closing statements, the trial judge granted plaintiff's motion for a

directed verdict on the issue of defendant's liability; consequently, the only issue

before the jury was whether plaintiff sustained a permanent injury, and if so, her

damages. The jury returned a five-to-one verdict, finding plaintiff did not

"sustain a permanent injury as a result of the March 22, 2013 automobile

accident."

                                         II

      Pursuant to Rule 4:49-1(a), a trial court shall order a new trial when,

"having given due regard to the opportunity of the jury to pass upon the

credibility of the witnesses, it clearly and convincingly appears that there was a

miscarriage of justice under the law." See Caldwell v. Haynes, 136 N.J. 422,

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431 (1994). A trial court should not interfere with a jury verdict unless the

verdict is clearly against the weight of the evidence.           Horn v. Village

Supermarkets, Inc., 260 N.J. Super. 165, 178 (App. Div. 1992). A trial court's

decision on such a motion "will not be reversed unless it clearly appears that

there was a miscarriage of justice under the law." R. 2:10-1.

      "The general rule as to the admission or exclusion of evidence is that

'[c]onsiderable latitude is afforded a trial court in determining whether to admit

evidence, and that determination will be reversed only if it constitutes an abuse

of discretion.'" State v. Kuropchak, 221 N.J. 368, 385 (2015) (alteration in

original) (quoting State v. Feaster, 156 N.J. 1, 82 (1998)); see also State v.

Jenewicz, 193 N.J. 440, 456 (2008) (stating "the [abuse of discretion] standard"

is applied "to a trial court's evidentiary rulings under" N.J.R.E. 702).

Importantly, we will not disturb a trial court's judgment unless the court's ruling

"was so wide of the mark that a manifest denial of justice resulted." Kuprochak,

221 N.J. at 385–86 (quoting State v. Marrero, 148 N.J. 469, 484 (1997)); see

also Brenman v. Demello, 191 N.J. 18, 31 (2007).

                                        A.

      Plaintiff first argues the motion judge erred in striking portions of Dr.

Shah's de bene esse testimony that addressed the permanency of plaintiff's

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conditions. Specifically, plaintiff challenges the judge's conclusion that Dr.

Shah's testimony addressing permanency constituted an opinion "outside the

scope of his report." We find no abuse of discretion.

      Dr. Shah treated plaintiff on only one occasion, April 22, 2014. In his

office summary notes – the only report he issued – Dr. Shah wrote, "Permanency

cannot be determined until all conservative measures are completed including

the rhizotomy and consideration for surgery." However, at his de bene esse

deposition, Dr. Shah testified plaintiff's injuries were permanent and the resul t

of her automobile accident. Those statements, in conjunction with the doctor's

concession that he had not reviewed plaintiff's medical records subsequent to

the April 22, 2014 office visit, clearly demonstrate the doctor's testimony

contradicted his office notes. Accordingly, we affirm on this issue.

                                       B.

      Plaintiff next argues the trial judge erred in permitting Dr. Berman to

testify that tobacco use and sedentary lifestyles "can help cause" degenerative

spinal conditions. Because Dr. Berman failed to offer this opinion in his report,

plaintiff argues the trial judge should have excluded this testimony.

     The judge ruled the challenged testimony of Dr. Berman admissible under

N.J.R.E. 703, finding that the testimony of Dr. Shah regarding tobacco use and

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                                        8
sedentary lifestyles, and plaintiff's own testimony regarding these issues,

provided a proper basis for Dr. Berman to comment on these matters.

     N.J.R.E. 703 provides,

            The facts or data in the particular case upon which an
            expert bases an opinion or inference may be those
            perceived by or made known to the expert at or before
            the hearing. If of a type reasonably relied upon by
            experts in the particular field in forming opinions or
            inferences upon the subject, the facts or data need not
            be admissible in evidence.

Our Supreme Court has held N.J.R.E. 703 "addresses the foundation for expert

testimony." Townsend v. Pierre, 221 N.J. 36, 53 (2015). The Court noted

N.J.R.E. 703

            mandates that expert opinion be grounded in facts or
            data derived from (1) the expert's personal
            observations, or (2) evidence admitted at trial, or (3)
            data relied upon by the expert which is not necessarily
            admissible in evidence but which is the type of data
            normally relied upon by experts.

            [Ibid. (citation and quotation marks omitted).]

     Plaintiff's argument lacks persuasion. Her expert, Dr. Shah, maintained

articles on his website correlating tobacco use and sedentary lifestyles , with

degenerative disc disease. Without objection, defendant questioned Dr. Shah

about that literature during cross-examination, and the relationship of those

relevant factors to plaintiff's condition.    On cross-examination, plaintiff

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                                       9
confirmed she smokes a pack of cigarettes per day, does not exercise regularly,

and spends thirty hours per week at work sitting. As such, Dr. Berman's opinion

was based on evidence adduced at trial per N.J.R.E. 703.

                                        C.

     Plaintiff contends the court erred by allowing defense counsel to elicit from

Dr. Shah that plaintiff's attorney referred her to him. She asserts that Dr. Shah's

testimony was impermissible because he is a treating physician, and further

claims the testimony violated N.J.R.E. 504, which governs the attorney-client

privilege.

      The motion judge initially barred the testimony, finding it impermissible

from a treating physician. Later, however, plaintiff sought to have Dr. Shah

qualified as both a treating physician as well as an expert witness, which the

judge allowed. Consequently, the judge then permitted the referral testimony,

stating,

             Counsel, [Dr. Shah] is not just a treating physician[,]
             because you asked him to be qualified as an expert and
             I'm allowing it. So once that happens[,] he needs to be
             on the same footing as . . . defendant. . . . I wouldn't
             allow [the referral testimony] if he's just being
             considered as a treating physician because I think that
             it's an undue prejudice. But if he's testifying as an
             expert in this case, then it would be unduly prejudicial
             to . . . defendant for the jury not to hear it.

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                                       10
      We decline to find the testimony prejudicially impacted plaintiff. The

record reflects the judge appropriately considered the relevant factors, and

determined that because plaintiff offered Dr. Shah as both a treating physician

and an expert witness, barring the referral testimony would unduly prejudice

defendant. Accordingly, the judge's determination was not "so wide [of] the

mark that a manifest denial of justice" occurred. Green v. N.J. Mfrs. Ins. Co.,

160 N.J. 480, 492 (1999) (quoting State v. Carter, 91 N.J. 86, 106 (1982)).

Moreover, plaintiff's attempt at recasting the issue in terms of attorney-client

privilege lacks persuasion as she fails to cite any authority supporting the

proposition that the physician's testimony constituted an attorney-client

communication.

                                       D.

      Plaintiff next argues the trial judge erred in permitting defendant's

attorney to note, during his opening statement, that the testimony the jury would

hear from Dr. Shah contains "no opinion" regarding "the issue of permanency"

of plaintiff's injuries. Citing Bender v. Adelson, plaintiff argues defendant knew

the jury was unaware the court barred Dr. Shah from testifying about

permanency, and therefore "played on that ignorance and implied an untruth."

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                                       11
187 N.J. 411, 433 (2006) (holding "untrue statements or inferences" may

constitute undue prejudice).

     Defendant's counsel made the following statement during opening remarks:

"[A]nd listen to [Dr. Shah's] testimony on the issue of permanency. There is no

opinion." At a sidebar conference, the judge permitted defendant to proceed,

but stated he would "remind the jury that any arguments from [counsel] . . . is

just argument and not to be considered as evidence."           After the sidebar

conference, defense counsel stated, "So, you're not going to hear any opinion

from Dr. Shah on permanency. So permanency is going to be between Dr.

Berman and Dr. O'Hara."

      Plaintiff fails to demonstrate that defense counsel's statement was "clearly

capable of producing an unjust result." R. 2:10-2. Not only did plaintiff present

another doctor – Dr. O'Hara – to testify about permanency, but defense counsel's

revised remark following the sidebar conference accurately reflected that Dr.

Berman and Dr. O'Hara were the only experts who would offer permanency

opinions at trial. Moreover, the judge provided an appropriate jury instruction,

advising that "[w]hat attorneys say in their opening statements is not evidence."

Accordingly, we affirm on this issue.

                                        E.

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                                        12
       Finally, plaintiff argues the jury's verdict was against the weight of the

evidence. We are not persuaded.

       As with many personal injury cases, the case under review became a battle

of experts. Dr. Berman testified that plaintiff had "pre-existing discogenic

disease." While acknowledging she sustained "a cervical strain, muscular

injury" in the accident, he concluded her injury "fully resolved with no

residuals." Moreover, plaintiff's credibility was likely undermined when she

testified her car sustained significant damage, when – according to the trial judge

– the "photos did in fact show minimal damage."3 Further, plaintiff did not seek

medical care until two days following the accident, instead choosing to attend

her nephew's birthday party. Accordingly, we conclude the record reflects

sufficient evidence to support the jury's verdict. In so holding, we need not

address defendant's protective cross-appeal.

       Affirmed.

3
    The record lacks the subject photographs.
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