Court Opinion

ID: 4194315
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-08-09 00:01:09.289526+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:47:27.081356
License: Public Domain

Case: 16-20506      Document: 00514107490         Page: 1    Date Filed: 08/08/2017

           IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
                    FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
                                                                           United States Court of Appeals
                                                                                    Fifth Circuit
                                      No. 16-20506                                FILED
                                                                             August 8, 2017

LEGACYRG, INCORPORATED,
                                                                             Lyle W. Cayce
                                                                                  Clerk

              Plaintiff - Appellee

v.

CHRIS HARTER,

              Defendant - Appellant

                   Appeal from the United States District Court
                        for the Southern District of Texas
                             USDC No. 4:14-CV-1574

Before STEWART, Chief Judge, and HIGGINBOTHAM and COSTA, Circuit
Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
       Plaintiff LegacyRG (“Legacy”) is a restaurant company that employed
Defendant Chris Harter for approximately five years. After Harter left the
company, Legacy alleged it discovered Harter had been stealing money from it
by manipulating the payroll. Legacy sued Harter for breach of fiduciary duty,
fraud, and breach of contract. The district court granted Legacy’s motion for

       * Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH
CIR. R. 47.5.4.
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                                       No. 16-20506
summary judgment and denied Harter’s. Concluding there are genuine issues
of material fact inappropriate for resolution at summary judgment, we
AFFIRM in part and REVERSE in part.
                                              I.
       Harter worked as president and CEO of Legacy between November of
2006 and May or June of 2011. 1 In 2006, the parties signed an employment
agreement that stated Harter’s initial salary would be $275,000. 2 This case
concerns Harter’s salary in the years 2009 and 2010.
       It is undisputed that Harter was paid $308,173.02 in 2009 and
$365,384.56 in 2010. The payroll records indicate Harter received regular
biweekly payments, plus several additional payments that did not fall on the
biweekly schedule. The payroll records further indicate that Harter was paid
various amounts—typically $10,576.92. Harter agrees he received these
irregular payments. The parties dispute, however, whether the payments over
and above $275,000 in 2009 and 2010 were authorized. Legacy claims Harter
surreptitiously stole the money in random amounts over the two-year period.
Harter counters that Niel Morgan, the founder, director, and sole shareholder
of Legacy, authorized every payment.
       Legacy sued Harter, alleging (1) breach of fiduciary duty, (2) fraud, (3)
fraud by nondisclosure, (4) breach of contract for the employment agreement,

       1  Harter disputes that he was president and CEO, but he held himself out as Legacy’s
President and CEO as indicated by his business card, correspondence, and LinkedIn page.
Further, Harter admitted in his answer to Legacy’s first amended complaint that he “held
the title of President and CEO.”
        2 The provision stated: “Your initial salary will be $275,000 per annum, payable semi-

monthly . . . The initial term of your employment will be the one (1) year period ending
November 1, 2007[.]”
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and (5) breach of contract for the separation agreement. 3 After some discovery,
the parties filed cross motions for summary judgment. The district court
granted Legacy’s motion for summary judgment and denied Harter’s. In doing
so, it rejected Harter’s argument that Legacy’s claims were barred by the
statute of limitations. It also granted Legacy’s request for attorney fees.
       Harter now appeals, and also requests that this Court give the district
court special discovery instructions in the event of a remand. 4
                                             II.
       The district court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. This Court
has jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. “We review a district court’s grant of
summary judgment de novo, viewing all facts and drawing all inferences in a
light most favorable to the non-moving party.” 5 “The court shall grant
summary judgment if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to
any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” 6

       3Harter voluntarily left Legacy in May or June of 2011, around which time the parties
entered into a separation agreement, which stated in part:

       Employee agrees that Employee will immediately return to Company all
       Company property in Employee’s possession and control, including any and all
       documents, records, plans . . . and any other property relating to the business
       of the Company or its affiliates or containing any Confidential Information.

       Legacy alleged Harter breached the agreement by failing to return the stolen money.
       4 Harter moved for a new trial under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(a) on the basis

of newly discovered testimony. The district court rejected Harter’s motion to vacate the
judgment. On appeal, Harter abandons arguments related to his Rule 59 motion.
       5 Alkhawaldeh v. Dow Chem. Co., 851 F.3d 422, 425–26 (5th Cir. 2017) (citing Burell

v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 820 F.3d 132, 136 (5th Cir. 2016)); accord Ocwen Loan Servicing,
L.L.C. v. Berry, 852 F.3d 469, 471–72 (5th Cir. 2017).
       6 FED. R. CIV. P. 56(a).

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                                             III.
       Because there are material fact issues, we affirm the district court’s
denial of Harter’s summary judgment motion, but reverse its grant of Legacy’s
summary judgment motion. Fact issues are present with regard to the
preliminary question of when the statute of limitations began to run, as well
as on the merits of Legacy’s claims. Moreover, because summary judgment was
improper on Legacy’s breach of contract claims, so was the award of attorney
fees on such claims. Finally, we reject Harter’s requests to issue discovery
instructions to the district court.
                                              A.
       We begin with the statute of limitations. Legacy sued Harter on June 6,
2014. The statute of limitations for each of Legacy’s claims is four years. 7
“Normally a cause of action accrues when a wrongful act causes some legal
injury.” 8 Because Legacy alleges that Harter stole from it in 2009 and 2010,
most of Legacy’s claims are barred by the statute of limitations unless an
exception applies. “[T]wo exceptions may defer accrual of a claim: the discovery
rule and the doctrine of fraudulent concealment.” 9 Legacy asserts the discovery
rule applies, specifically disavowing reliance on fraudulent concealment.

       7  TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 16.004(a) (West) (four year statute of
limitations for fraud and breach of fiduciary duty); Id. at § 16.051 (West) (four year statute
of limitations for claims without express provisions); Stine v. Stewart, 80 S.W.3d 586, 592
(Tex. 2002) (per curiam) (four year statute of limitations for breach of contract).
        8 Via Net v. TIG Ins. Co., 211 S.W.3d 310, 313 (Tex. 2006) (per curiam) (citing S.V. v.

R.V., 933 S.W.2d 1, 4 (Tex. 1996)).
        9 Moczygemba v. Moczygemba, 466 S.W.3d 212, 216 (Tex. App. 2015), review denied

(Sept. 2, 2016); accord S.V., 933 S.W.2d at 6; Murphy v. Campbell, 964 S.W.2d 265, 270 (Tex.
1997).
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       “The discovery rule provides a ‘very limited exception to statutes of
limitations.’” 10 “It applies to instances in which the nature of the plaintiff’s
injury is ‘inherently undiscoverable and the evidence of injury is objectively
verifiable.’” 11 “‘An injury is inherently undiscoverable if it is, by its nature,
unlikely to be discovered within the prescribed limitations period despite due
diligence.’ This legal question is decided on a categorical rather than case-
specific basis; the focus is on whether a type of injury rather than a particular
injury was discoverable.” 12
       “[I]n the fiduciary context, it may be said that the nature of the injury is
presumed to be inherently undiscoverable, although a person owed a fiduciary
duty has some responsibility to ascertain when an injury occurs.” 13 In other
words, “a person to whom a fiduciary duty is owed is either unable to inquire
into the fiduciary’s actions or unaware of the need to do so. While a person to
whom a fiduciary duty is owed is relieved of the responsibility of diligent
inquiry into the fiduciary’s conduct, so long as that relationship exists, when
the fact of misconduct becomes apparent it can no longer be ignored, regardless
of the nature of the relationship.” 14 “[W]hen there has been a breach of
fiduciary duty, the statute of limitations does not begin to run until the

       10  Tho Q. Pham v. Jason Bryan Carrier, et al., No. 07-15-00031-CV, 2017 WL 1291660,
at *5 (Tex. App. Apr. 3, 2017) (quoting Shell Oil Co. v. Ross, 356 S.W.3d 924, 929 (Tex. 2011)).
        11 Moczygemba, 466 S.W.3d at 216 (quoting BP Am. Prod. Co. v. Marshall, 342 S.W.3d
59, 65–66 (Tex. 2011)); accord Via Net, 211 S.W.3d at 313; HECI Expl. Co. v. Neel, 982 S.W.2d
881, 886 (Tex. 1998).
        12 Via Net, 211 S.W.3d at 313–14 (quoting Wagner & Brown, Ltd. v. Horwood, 58
S.W.3d 732, 734–35 (Tex. 2001), and citing Wagner & Brown, 58 S.W.3d at 736; Apex Towing
Co. v. Tolin, 41 S.W.3d 118, 122 (Tex. 2001)).
        13 Computer Assocs. Int’l, Inc. v. Altai, Inc., 918 S.W.2d 453, 456 (Tex. 1996) (citing

Courseview, Inc. v. Phillips Petroleum Co., 312 S.W.2d 197, 205 (Tex. 1957)).
        14 S.V., 933 S.W.2d at 8 (citing Willis v. Maverick, 760 S.W.2d 642, 645 (Tex. 1988);

Slay v. Burnett Trust, 187 S.W.2d 377, 394 (Tex. 1945)).
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claimant knew or should have known of facts that in the exercise of reasonable
diligence would have led to the discovery of the wrongful act.” 15
       Concluding that the discovery rule applied, the district court found that
       [a]lthough Legacy had access to the records of Harter’s
       embezzlement, no indication of misconduct prompted Legacy to
       investigate. During the time that Harter was altering the payroll,
       he was in charge of all records which would have revealed his theft.
       Since all payroll documents were his responsibility, and Legacy
       had no reason to suspect he was stealing, [its] injury was not
       discoverable like Harter says it was.

       Alternatively, the district court found that because Harter was a
fiduciary, Legacy could recover all improper payments. We address each theory
in turn.
                                             1.
       Contrary to Harter’s arguments, the discovery rule generally applies
because Harter was Legacy’s fiduciary. 16 Nevertheless, we cannot say as a
matter of law that the discovery rule saves Legacy’s claims from the statute of
limitations.
       “Generally speaking, [the term fiduciary] applies to any person who
occupies a position of peculiar confidence towards another . . . The term

       15  Little v. Smith, 943 S.W.2d 414, 420 (Tex. 1997) (citing Slay, 187 S.W.2d at 394).
We note up front that there is some tension in the doctrine with respect to how to apply the
discovery rule. On one hand, as the Texas Supreme Court stated in Little, it begins to run
when the “claimant knew or should have known of facts that in the exercise of reasonable
diligence would have led to the discovery of the wrongful act.” Id. On the other hand, in S.V.
v. R.V., the Texas Supreme Court suggested the standard is when the misconduct becomes
“apparent,” i.e., “when the fact of misconduct becomes apparent it can no longer be ignored,
regardless of the nature of the relationship.” 933 S.W.2d at 8. Though the language produces
some tension, we do not view it as irreconcilable. We thus leave it in the hands of the able
district court to correctly apply Texas’s discovery rule standard on remand.
        16 We need not address Harter’s claim that Legacy waived argument on the discovery

rule, because even assuming arguendo it was preserved, Legacy’s argument fails.
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includes those informal relations which exist whenever one party trusts and
relies upon another, as well as technical fiduciary relations.” 17 In Texas,
“agency is . . . a special relationship that gives rise to a fiduciary duty.” 18 The
employer-employee relationship is typically an agency relationship. 19 The
evidence shows that Harter was Legacy’s President and CEO, but even if he
was not, there is no dispute that Harter was Legacy’s employee. Accordingly,
he had a fiduciary duty to Legacy, and the discovery rule generally applies. 20
       Although the discovery rule applies generally, we must determine
whether its application here protects Legacy’s claims from the statute of
limitations. “[T]he commencement of the limitations period may be determined
as a matter of law if reasonable minds could not differ about the conclusion to
be drawn from the facts in the record.” 21 “The party seeking to benefit from the
discovery rule must also bear the burden of proving and securing favorable
findings thereon.” 22

       17  Kinzbach Tool Co. v. Corbett-Wallace Corp., 160 S.W.2d 509, 512–13 (Tex. 1942)
(citations omitted).
        18 Johnson v. Brewer & Pritchard, P.C., 73 S.W.3d 193, 200 (Tex. 2002) (citing

Kinzbach Tool Co., 160 S.W.2d at 513).
        19 See id. at 201. The Texas Supreme Court has “approved the Restatement (Second)

of Agency in regard to the general duty of an agent: ‘[u]nless otherwise agreed, an agent is
subject to a duty to his principal to act solely for the benefit of the principal in all matters
connected with his agency.’” Nat’l Plan Adm’rs, Inc. v. Nat’l Health Ins. Co., 235 S.W.3d 695,
700 (Tex. 2007) (quoting Johnson, 73 S.W.3d at 200)).
        20 See S.V., 933 S.W.2d at 8. Contrary to Harter’s suggestions, HECI Exploration

supports this conclusion. There, the Texas Supreme Court held that the discovery rule did
not apply to prevent the statute of limitations from running on royalty owners’ (the Neels)
claims against their oil and gas lessee (HECI). 982 S.W.2d at 885–86. While “Texas law ha[d]
never recognized a fiduciary relationship between a lessee and royalty owners[,]” id. at 888
(citing Harrison v. Bass Enterprises Prod. Co., 888 S.W.2d 532, 537 (Tex. App. 1994)), Texas
law has recognized a fiduciary relationship between employee and employer, see Nat’l Plan
Adm’rs, 235 S.W.3d at 700.
        21 Childs v. Haussecker, 974 S.W.2d 31, 44 (Tex. 1998).
        22 Woods v. William M. Mercer, Inc., 769 S.W.2d 515, 518 (Tex. 1988) (citations

omitted); see also KPMG Peat Marwick v. Harrison Cty. Hous. Fin. Corp., 988 S.W.2d 746,
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       “When applicable, the discovery rule ‘defers the accrual of the cause of
action until the injury was or could have been reasonably discovered.’” 23 Legacy
sued Harter on June 6, 2014. Thus, if the additional payments “[were] or could
have been reasonably discovered” before June 6, 2010, the statute of
limitations bars Legacy’s claims. 24
       Harter contends that Legacy knew or should have known of the alleged
misconduct beginning in 2009 based on the company’s tax returns. Harter
further argues that Legacy had access to pertinent payment records. Legacy
counters that it “was not obligated to investigate whether Harter was stealing
money, because companies are entitled to trust their fiduciaries.” Legacy
suggests that it did not have actual knowledge of the payments.
       The parties’ affidavits paint different pictures of who had access to and
control over payments. Morgan states that Harter controlled the payroll in
2009 and 2010, had bank statements sent only to him, and that Legacy’s access
to those accounts would not reveal Harter’s scheme. Harter responds that
QuickBooks, payroll, and bank statements were open for review by Morgan,
Legacy bookkeepers, and CFOs, that Morgan regularly reviewed financial
activities, and that other staff was responsible for reconciling bank statements.
The parties thus dispute whether the alleged misconduct was apparent prior
to June 6, 2010. 25

748 (Tex. 1999) (explaining defendant’s burden if moving for summary judgment on
limitations defense); Rhone-Poulenc, Inc. v. Steel, 997 S.W.2d 217, 223 (Tex. 1999).
       23 Valdez v. Hollenbeck, 465 S.W.3d 217, 229 (Tex. 2015) (quoting Shell Oil Co., 356
S.W.3d at 929–30).
       24 With the exception of injuries that occurred after this date.
       25 S.V., 933 S.W.2d at 8 (“While a person to whom a fiduciary duty is owed is relieved

of the responsibility of diligent inquiry into the fiduciary’s conduct, so long as that
relationship exists, when the fact of misconduct becomes apparent it can no longer be ignored,
regardless of the nature of the relationship.”).
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       The state government documents and tax filings do not elucidate the
issue. Texas Workforce Commission (“TWC”) quarterly reports state the
amount Harter was paid. The TWC report for the first quarter of 2009 was
filed in April of 2009. Even if Legacy did not actually know of these facts, the
question is whether “the injury was or could have been reasonably
discovered.” 26 This is a disputed fact question. We reach the same conclusion
based on the tax returns.
       Legacy directs the Court to Colonial Penn Insurance v. Market Planners
Insurance, 27 but the case is inapposite. In Colonial Penn, Colonial Penn
Insurance brought suit against Market Planners for failing to remit
premiums. 28 The question was whether the district court correctly found that
the discovery rule tolled the statute of limitations that otherwise would have
barred Colonial’s suit. This Court affirmed the district court’s finding that
Colonial “neither knew nor should have known of the unremitted premiums
before [] November 1989[.]” 29 Importantly, this conclusion followed a bench
trial, and then a remand to the district court for a specific determination of
when Colonial Penn learned of the relevant underlying facts. 30 At this
summary judgment stage, by contrast, the evidence is not as conclusive. 31

       26  Valdez, 465 S.W.3d at 229 (emphasis added) (quoting Shell Oil Co., 356 S.W.3d at
929–30); see also Little, 943 S.W.2d at 420 (“[W]hen there has been a breach of fiduciary duty,
the statute of limitations does not begin to run until the claimant knew or should have known
of facts that in the exercise of reasonable diligence would have led to the discovery of the
wrongful act.” (citing Slay, 187 S.W.2d at 394)). Legacy argues that even if Legacy employees
had reviewed the payroll, they would not have known about the misconduct since no one
besides Harter and Morgan knew Harter’s salary. But there is a fact issue whether the
payments were apparent to Morgan.
        27 157 F.3d 1032 (5th Cir. 1998).
        28 Id. at 1034.
        29 Id. at 1036.
        30 See id. at 1034.
        31 See Barker v. Eckman, 213 S.W.3d 306, 312 (Tex. 2006) (“[E]xactly when [the

plaintiff] should have known of the facts giving rise to the individual breaches by the
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                                             2.
       The district court alternatively found that “[e]ven if the claim accrued
when Harter stole the money, Harter’s role as fiduciary allows Legacy to
recover all improper payments. It does not matter that seventeen payments
occurred over four years before the claim.” Legacy argues that this holding
separately bars the running of the statute of limitations. We disagree.
       Legacy cites Advanced Nano Coatings, Inc. v. Hanafin. 32 However, in
that case, the only issue on appeal was the amount of damages and fees an
employee defendant owed his employer plaintiff after a bench trial. 33 This case
is instructive on damages, not the threshold issue of statute of limitations.
Similarly, ERI Consulting Engineers, Inc. v. Swinnea, 34 another case Legacy
cites, concerned whether equitable forfeiture was a possible remedy in a breach
of fiduciary duty case. 35 While it may be, 36 this case likewise did not address
the statute of limitations. Discussion about the availability of a disgorgement
remedy at this stage is premature.
       We conclude that there is a genuine issue of material fact about when
Legacy discovered or should have discovered the nature of its injury. We
therefore reverse the district court’s finding that the discovery rule applies as
a matter of law.

[defendants] was disputed. The trial court was precluded from applying the discovery rule to
delay accrual of [the plaintiff’s] causes of action absent jury findings because the evidence
was not conclusive as to those matters.” (citing Childs, 974 S.W.2d at 44)).
       32 556 F. App’x 316 (5th Cir. 2014).
       33 Id. at 317–18.
       34 318 S.W.3d 867 (Tex. 2010).
       35 See id. at 870, 872.
       36 Id. at 873 (“[C]ourts may fashion equitable remedies such as profit disgorgement

and fee forfeiture to remedy a breach of fiduciary duty.”).
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                                              B.
       We turn now to the merits of Legacy’s claims. Harter is correct that the
“critical dispute” is whether Legacy authorized the money paid to Harter in
2009 and 2010. Because this Court cannot conclude as a matter of law that the
disputed payments were unauthorized, resolution of Legacy’s claims was
inappropriate at summary judgment.
       Harter argues that “he and Morgan discussed his need for additional
compensation and that Legacy and Morgan agreed to all amounts that he was
paid as salary.” He views this as “a classic swearing match,” and that the
district court improperly chose a side to believe. Legacy responds that to think
the payments were authorized would be “[s]imply incredible” in light of the
timing and sums of the payments. Legacy attacks Harter’s declaration as
conclusory and further asserts that the payments “make absolutely no
‘economic sense’ as anything other than theft by a trusted manager who had
sole control of the payroll software.”
       Harter’s declaration states that the payments were authorized and
explains why; Morgan’s does the opposite. Neither contains the kind of
“conclusory allegations, speculation, and unsubstantiated assertions which are
either entirely unsupported, or supported by a mere scintilla of evidence” 37 that
would allow the Court to reject them. 38 Legacy’s attempts to show otherwise

       37  Chambers v. Sears Roebuck & Co., 428 F. App’x 400, 407 (5th Cir. 2011) (per curiam)
(citing Chaney v. Dreyfus Serv. Corp., 595 F.3d 219, 229 (5th Cir. 2010)); accord Heinsohn v.
Carabin & Shaw, P.C., 832 F.3d 224, 234 (5th Cir. 2016) (“All ‘facts and inferences [must be
drawn] in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion.’ But ‘[u]nsubstantiated
assertions, improbable inferences, and unsupported speculation are not sufficient to defeat a
motion for summary judgment.’” (quoting Hunt v. Rapides Healthcare Sys., LLC, 277 F.3d
757, 762 (5th Cir. 2001), and Brown v. City of Houston, 337 F.3d 539, 541 (5th Cir. 2003)).
        38 For similar reasons, Legacy’s citations to Wallace v. Texas Tech Univ. are not on

point. Unlike here, the plaintiffs in that case made a “vague and conclusory statement” that
“fail[ed] to ‘designate specific facts’—such as what was said, to whom it was said, or even who
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are unpersuasive. For instance, Legacy points to Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co.
v. Zenith Radio Corp., but that case concerned summary judgment in the
distinct context of antitrust conspiracy. 39 Legacy also analogizes to S.E.C. v.
Recile, in which this Court affirmed a grant of summary judgment to the SEC
on fraud claims against the defendant, finding those claims “amply
established.” 40 Indeed, in Recile, the SEC presented “extensive documentation
of [the defendant’s] fraud and registration violations; documentation that
included the offering materials, the letter agreements, and depositions and
affidavits obtained from investors and participants in the scheme.” 41 On the
other side of the balance, the defendant offered a conclusory statement. 42 Here,
although there is documentation that shows Harter’s payments exceeded
$275,000 per year, there is not documentation that shows such payments were
unauthorized. Unlike in Recile, where $3,000,000 in diverted funds
substantiated claims of misuse, 43 $123,557.58 does not, on its own,
substantiate claims of theft unless one also accepts that Harter’s salary never
rose from $275,000—a disputed fact.
      Legacy argues that it is difficult to imagine that Morgan would approve
Harter’s additional payments irregularly and with inconsistent amounts. But
Harter offers an explanation of increased workload and family financial
obligations. “[A]t the summary judgment stage the judge’s function is not
himself to weigh the evidence and determine the truth of the matter but to

made the comments[.]” 80 F.3d 1042, 1048 n.6 (5th Cir. 1996) (citing Little v. Liquid Air
Corp., 37 F.3d 1069, 1075 (5th Cir. 1994) (per curiam)).
       39 475 U.S. 574, 576 (1986).
       40 10 F.3d 1093, 1097 (5th Cir. 1993) (per curiam).
       41 Id. at 1096.
       42 See id. at 1097.
       43 See id. at 1097–98.

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determine whether there is a genuine issue for trial.” 44 Similarly, Legacy
recites the rule that “[a] party’s self-serving and unsupported statement in an
affidavit will not defeat summary judgment where the evidence in the record
is to the contrary.” 45 Here, however, the evidence to the contrary is Morgan’s
declaration. While the payroll records may give rise to an inference that the
payments were unauthorized, at summary judgment inferences must be drawn
“in a light most favorable to the non-moving party.” 46
          This Court in Heinsohn v. Carabin & Shaw, P.C. addressed the issue of
evaluating affidavits at summary judgment and found:
          [a]t bottom, the magistrate judge and district court erred in
          rejecting [the fired employee’s] statements as self-serving and
          accepting [the employers’]. Such an “approach is inconsistent with
          fundamental rules governing summary judgment.” “By choosing
          which testimony to credit and which to discard, ‘[a] court
          improperly ‘weigh[s] the evidence’ and resolve[s] disputed issues
          in favor of the moving party.’” Doing so is tantamount to making a
          credibility determination, and—at this summary judgment
          stage—a court “may make no credibility determinations.” Instead,
          a court “must disregard all evidence favorable to the moving party
          that the [finder of fact] is not required to believe.” Although a court
          “is not required to accept the nonmovant’s conclusory allegations,
          speculation, and unsubstantiated assertions which are either
          entirely unsupported, or supported by a mere scintilla of evidence,”
          a nonmovant’s statement may not be rejected merely because it is
          not supported by the movant’s or its representatives’ divergent
          statements. 47

          The district court in this case similarly erred by crediting Morgan’s
affidavit and rejecting Harter’s. In short, there is a genuine dispute of material

          44   Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249 (1986).
          45   Chambers, 428 F. App’x at 408 (citing In re Hinsley, 201 F.3d 638, 643 (5th Cir.
2000)).
          46   Alkhawaldeh, 851 F.3d at 425–26 (citing Burell, 820 F.3d at 136).
          47 832 F.3d at 245 (citations omitted).
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fact about whether the payments were authorized. Because the fact of
unauthorized payments is critical to each of Legacy’s claims, 48 the grant of
summary judgment was improper.
                                              C.
       The parties agree that the propriety of Legacy’s attorney fees on its
breach of contract claim rises and falls with the propriety of the grant of
summary judgment on that claim. Because we hold that summary judgment
was improper, we reverse the grant of attorney fees on those claims.
                                              D.
       Finally, Harter argues that “[t]he district court severely limited
discovery” and that “[t]he parties were not allowed to serve requests for
production, interrogatories or requests for admission. No depositions were
allowed.” Harter asks this Court to “instruct the district court to allow the
parties to conduct real discovery” to prepare for trial in the event of a remand.
Legacy responds that Harter never filed a Rule 56(d) motion prior to summary
judgment to seek a continuance for additional discovery, and contends that
Harter has waived the argument.
       “Courts are authorized under Rule 56(d) to defer ruling on a summary
judgment motion and allow discovery, but ‘Rule 56 does not require that any
discovery take place before summary judgment can be granted.’” 49 This Court
has explained, “[i]f [a party] felt that he could not properly defend against

       48  See Neese v. Lyon, 479 S.W.3d 368, 386 (Tex. App. 2015), reconsideration en banc
denied (Nov. 19, 2015), reh’g overruled (Nov. 19, 2015) (listing elements of breach of fiduciary
duty); Italian Cowboy Partners, Ltd. v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 341 S.W.3d 323, 337 (Tex.
2011) (listing elements of fraud); Schlumberger Tech. Corp. v. Swanson, 959 S.W.2d 171, 181
(Tex. 1997) (describing fraud by non-disclosure as “a subcategory of fraud”); West v. Triple B
Servs., LLP, 264 S.W.3d 440, 446 (Tex. App. 2008) (listing elements of breach of contract).
        49 Mendez v. Poitevent, 823 F.3d 326, 336 (5th Cir. 2016) (quoting Baker v. Am.

Airlines, Inc., 430 F.3d 750, 756 (5th Cir. 2005)).
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    Case: 16-20506       Document: 00514107490          Page: 15     Date Filed: 08/08/2017

                                       No. 16-20506
the . . . motion for summary judgment without additional time to complete
discovery, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(d) provide[s] him with an
appropriate remedy.” 50 Because Harter failed to avail himself of this remedy,
his claim on appeal is waived. 51
       Furthermore, “[a] district court has ‘broad discretion in all discovery
matters’, and ‘such discretion will not be disturbed ordinarily unless there are
unusual circumstances showing a clear abuse.’” 52 Harter has not demonstrated
any clear abuse here. Consequently, there is no reason for this Court to direct
the district court on discovery matters.
                                            IV.
       Because there are genuine issues of material fact, a grant of summary
judgment is inappropriate. We accordingly AFFIRM the district court’s denial
of summary judgment to Harter, REVERSE the district court’s grant of
summary judgment to Legacy, and remand to the district court for further
proceedings, including a trial by jury.

       50 Intercity Ambulance Emergency Med. Technicians, LLC v. City of Brownsville, 655
F. App’x 1005, 1007 (5th Cir. 2016) (per curiam) (citation and footnote omitted).
       51 See Emrich v. JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., 575 F. App’x 502, 504 (5th Cir. 2014)

(per curiam) (“Because Emrich did not request a continuance under Rule 56(d) in the district
court, Emrich waived the issue of inadequate discovery.” (citing Access Telecom, Inc. v. MCI
Telecomms. Corp., 197 F.3d 694, 719 (5th Cir. 1999); Potter v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 98 F.3d
881, 887 (5th Cir. 1996))).
       52 Kelly v. Syria Shell Petroleum Dev. B.V., 213 F.3d 841, 855 (5th Cir. 2000) (quoting

Wyatt v. Kaplan, 686 F.2d 276, 283 (5th Cir. 1982)).
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