Court Opinion

ID: 3149580
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2015-10-26 23:00:51.300219+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:38:33.162245
License: Public Domain

NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION
                 To be cited only in accordance with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1

                 United States Court of Appeals
                                  For the Seventh Circuit
                                  Chicago, Illinois 60604

                                Submitted October 23, 2015
                                 Decided October 26, 2015

                                           Before

                            MICHAEL S. KANNE, Circuit Judge

                            ILANA DIAMOND ROVNER, Circuit Judge

                            DIANE S. SYKES, Circuit Judge

No. 15-1265

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,                         Appeal from the United States District
     Plaintiff-Appellee,                          Court for the Southern District of Illinois.

       v.                                         No. 14-cr-30088-NJR-1

TORK T. RODGERS,                                  Nancy J. Rosenstengel,
     Defendant-Appellant.                         Judge.

                                         ORDER

        Tork Rodgers pleaded guilty to possessing a firearm as a felon, 18 U.S.C.
§ 922(g)(1), and was sentenced to 15 months’ imprisonment and 3 years’ supervised
release. He filed a notice of appeal, but his appointed counsel asserts that the appeal is
frivolous and moves to withdraw. See Anders v. California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967). Rodgers
opposes the motion. See CIR. R. 51(b). Counsel has submitted a brief that explains the
nature of the case and addresses issues that an appeal of this kind might be expected to
involve. Because the analysis in the brief appears to be thorough, we limit our discussion
to the issues identified in that brief and in Rodgers’ response. See United States v. Bey, 748
F.3d 774, 776 (7th Cir. 2014); United States v. Wagner, 103 F.3d 551, 553 (7th Cir. 1996).
No. 15-1265                                                                            Page 2

       Rodgers had driven from his home in Missouri to a motel in Illinois to meet a
woman he connected with online. Things went well until his date joked about having a
gun, which prompted Rodgers to show her a magazine of ammunition from one of his
bags. Although he never displayed a gun or threatened her, the woman was alarmed
and decided to alert the police. Telling Rodgers that she was leaving briefly to buy
condoms, she instead called police to report that the man in Room 321 had a gun.

       Rodgers went to the lobby looking for his date and was pointed out to waiting
police officers by the desk clerk. Rodgers identified himself, and a computer search
revealed an outstanding arrest warrant. After executing that warrant the police asked if
Rodgers wanted his belongings from the room, and he blurted, “Man, I got a pistol up
there.” Police found a Hi-Point handgun and two magazines in his luggage.

       Counsel tells us that Rodgers does not want his guilty plea set aside, and Rodgers
does not contradict that assertion in his Rule 51(b) submission. Counsel thus properly
omits any discussion about the adequacy of the plea colloquy or the voluntariness of the
plea. See United States v. Knox, 287 F.3d 667, 671 (7th Cir. 2002); United States v. Konczak,
683 F.3d 348, 349 (7th Cir. 2012).

       Counsel advises that he reviewed the district court’s guidelines calculations but
could not identify even a colorable claim of error. Rodgers disagrees, contending in his
Rule 51(b) submission that a claim that the district court erred in assigning his base
offense level under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(a)(6)(A) rather than § 2K2.1(a)(7) would not be
frivolous. The district court concluded that the base offense level is 14 under
§ 2K2.1(a)(6)(A) because Rodgers is a “prohibited person” as described in 18 U.S.C.
§ 922(g). See U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1 cmt. n.3. Rodgers points to Application Note 4, which
explains that the base offense level of 12 provided in § 2K2.1(a)(7) for situations not
addressed in the other subsections often applies to persons who illegally transported
guns across state lines. See id. cmt. n.4. This potential argument would be frivolous,
however, as § 2K2.1(a)(6)(A) specifically applies to persons charged under 18 U.S.C.
§ 922(g), as Rodgers was; that he also took his gun across state lines is irrelevant.

        Rodgers also points to Amendment 189 of the guidelines, effective November 1,
1989, which did provide a base level of 12 for prohibited persons under § 922(g). But
§ 2K2.1 has been amended several times since 1989, and courts use the version in effect
at the time of sentencing (unless to do so would violate the Ex Post Facto Clause).
See U.S.S.G. § 1B1.11(a), (b)(1); United States v. Woodard, 744 F.3d 488, 497 (7th Cir. 2014).
The district court correctly used the version in effect at the time of sentencing, which had
No. 15-1265                                                                          Page 3

not been amended in any material way since Rodgers committed the crime. See U.S.S.G.
§ 2K2.1 Historical Note.

        Rodgers further contends that an appellate claim asserting that the district court
should have subtracted 8 offense levels under U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1(b)(2) would not be
frivolous. Under § 2K2.1(b)(2), the offense level would have been reduced to 6 if Rodgers
possessed the handgun and ammunition “solely for lawful sporting purposes or
collection” and “did not unlawfully discharge or otherwise unlawfully use” the weapon
or ammunition. See generally United States v. Gresso, 24 F.3d 879–80 (7th Cir. 1994)
(discussing application of § 2K2.1(b)(2)).

        But to argue that the district court should have applied this provision to Rodgers
would be frivolous. Rodgers had the burden to prove his eligibility for the reduction,
see Gresso, 24 F.3d at 880, yet he did not introduce any evidence from which the district
court could have found that he possessed the gun and ammunition solely for sporting
purposes or collection. During allocution Rodgers asserted that he had possessed the
gun for target practice and thus should receive the benefit of § 2K2.1(b)(2). Rodgers was
not under oath, however, and neither did he offer any other evidence to back up his
assertion. See United States v. Sainz-Preciado, 566 F.3d 708, 711–14 (7th Cir. 2009) (noting
that defendant’s unsworn version of events during allocution was not evidence that
would meet his burden); United States v. Anderson, 632 F.3d 1264, 1270-71 (D.C. Cir. 2011)
(noting that district court need not assign any weight to defendant’s unsworn statements
at sentencing). Whether § 2K2.1(b)(2) applies turns on the circumstances, including the
type of gun, where and how it was possessed or used, and the defendant’s criminal
history. See U.S.S.G. § 2K2.1 cmt. n.6; United States v. Lewitzke, 176 F.3d 1022, 1028 (7th
Cir. 1999). In similar circumstances—a hidden gun and readily accessible ammunition
possessed by a defendant who said nothing about a sporting use when he was found
with a gun at a location not suitable for sporting—reviewing courts have upheld a
sentencing judge’s finding that the defendant had not proved that he possessed a gun
solely for sport or collection. See id. at 1028–29 (7th Cir. 1999) (noting that guns were
found hidden behind towels and sheets in a bathroom closet and under mattress in
bedroom); United States v. Riley, 376 F.3d 1160, 1171–72 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (noting that
defendant was found with gun across state line from location of shooting range where
he purportedly had used gun the previous evening); United States v. Bayles, 310 F.3d
1302, 1308–09 (10th Cir. 2002) (reasoning that defendant’s possession of ammunition
with handguns undercut assertion that guns were possessed solely for sport or
collection). Rodgers, moreover, displayed his ammunition to his date in a manner that
cannot be characterized as part of a “sporting” use, which renders frivolous his
No. 15-1265                                                                          Page 4

suggestion that he should have benefitted from § 2K2.1(b)(2). See Gresso, 24 F.3d at 881
(stressing that use other than for sport eliminates availability of reduction even if gun or
ammunition was acquired for sport); United States v. Smeathers, 884 F.2d 363, 364 (8th Cir.
1989) (upholding district court’s finding that defendant who acquired and used gun for
hunting but then fired it randomly throughout his house after quarreling with his wife
was ineligible for reduction).

       Rodgers, in his Rule 51(b) submission, also contends that a challenge to the 2
criminal-history points he received for a trespass conviction in Georgia in 2012 would
not be frivolous. For that crime Rodgers was sentenced to 60 days’ imprisonment, the
threshold for assessing 2 criminal-history points instead of 1. See U.S.S.G. § 4A1.1(b).
Rodgers was released from jail early, and in his view this conviction should have
counted for only 1 point (which would have reduced his criminal-history score from 5 to
4 but not affected his criminal-history category). This potential argument is frivolous; the
sentence pronounced, not the time served, determines criminal-history points. U.S.S.G.
§ 4A1.2 cmt. n.2; United States v. DePriest, 6 F.3d 1201, 1215 (7th Cir. 1993).

       Counsel also considers but rejects as frivolous a possible claim that Rodger’s
prison sentence is unreasonably long. The district court discussed several factors from 18
U.S.C. § 3553(a), including the goals of deterring Rodgers and others from committing
more crimes, avoiding an unwarranted disparity between his prison sentence and those
imposed in other cases, and imposing punishment no greater than necessary. See 18
U.S.C. § 3553(a), (a)(2)(B), (a)(6). And although, as both counsel and Rodgers note, the
judge did not address on the record all aspects of the defendant’s arguments in
mitigation, the judge was not required to. See United States v. Johnson, 643 F.3d 545, 549
(7th Cir. 2011) (explaining that sentencing court need not expressly respond to
defendant’s every argument, but only principal arguments sufficient to merit
discussion).

       Counsel’s principal argument in mitigation was that Rodgers should receive a
shorter sentence because, according to counsel, an outstanding warrant for his arrest in
Virginia will make the defendant ineligible to serve the final months of his sentence in a
halfway house. Yet the district judge did address this argument on the record by noting
that the warrant already was seven years old and that whether Virginia would execute it
was speculative. Rodgers personally proposed other grounds in mitigation during
allocution, but he principally focused on his mental health, his military record, and his
purported ignorance of the law prohibiting his possession of a gun. The judge addressed
each of these on the record, and she was not required to recite—as Rodgers
No. 15-1265                                                                            Page 5

assumes—specific Chapter 5 guidelines. See U.S.S.G. §§ 5H1.3 (mental and emotional
conditions); 5H1.11 (military service). The district judge also noted on the record that
Rodgers had denied knowing he could not possess a firearm. And though the judge did
not explicitly address on the record Rodgers’ contention about § 2K2.1(b)(2), that
contention was too feeble to merit discussion. Ultimately the judge imposed the
guidelines minimum, and a prison term within the properly calculated guidelines range
is presumptively reasonable. Rita v. United States, 551 U.S. 338, 347 (2007); United States v.
Smith, 721 F.3d 904, 906 (7th Cir. 2013). Counsel and Rodgers have not identified a reason
to disregard this presumption, and neither have we.

        Rodgers’ final contention in his Rule 51(b) submission is that a potential challenge
to the conditions of his supervised release based on United States v. Siegel, 753 F.3d 705
(7th Cir. 2014), would not be frivolous. But, as required by Siegel, see id. at 707, the judge
did explicitly justify on the record each condition of supervised release under the
pertinent sentencing factors. See 18 U.S.C. §§ 3583(d); 3553(a). Further, none of the
conditions of Rodgers’ supervised release are like those we have found to be
problematic. See generally United States v. Kappes, 782 F.3d 828 (7th Cir. 2015); United States
v. Thompson, 777 F.3d 368 (7th Cir. 2015); Siegel, 753 F.3d 705. Thus any challenge to the
conditions of Rodgers’ supervised release would be frivolous.

       Counsel’s motion to withdraw is GRANTED, and the appeal is DISMISSED.