Court Opinion

ID: 9779358
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-29 21:48:21.917458+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:33:25.737461
License: Public Domain

CAMPBELL, Judge,
concurring and dissenting.
Discretionary review was granted in this cause to determine whether appellant’s confession was illegally obtained as based on an illegal arrest, and if so, was the illegality sufficiently attenuated to remove the taint under Brown v. Illinois, 422 U.S. 590, 95 S.Ct. 2254, 45 L.Ed.2d 416 (1975), and its progeny? The majority answered this question adversely to the State, citing Brown, supra, Dunaway v. New York, 442 U.S. 200, 99 S.Ct. 2248, 60 L.Ed.2d 824 (1979), and Green v. State, 615 S.W.2d 700 (Tex.Cr.App.1981).
In Brown, supra, the United States Supreme Court established four factors in order to facilitate1 the determination as to whether or not a confession would be excluded as the fruit of an illegal arrest:
(1) whether Miranda warnings were given;
(2) the temporal proximity of the arrest; and
(3) the presence of intervening circumstances; and particularly
(4) the purpose and flagrancy of the official misconduct.
The problem insofar as this case is concerned, was created in Brown, when Justice Blackmun went on to conclude:
“Brown’s first statement was separated from his illegal arrest by less than two hours, and there was no intervening event of significance whatsoever.”
Further compounding the difficulty, Justice Brennan in Dunaway, supra, observed:
“No intervening events broke the connection between petitioner’s illegal detention and his confession. ”
It is this commingling of the terms “event" and “circumstances” in both Brown and Dunaway, that obviously led both the Court of Appeals and the majority of this Court to conclude as they did that no intervening event occurred between appellant’s arrest and his subsequent giving of confes*511sions. The word “event” has been defined as “something that happens; occurrence, a noteworthy happening.”2 The word “circumstance” can mean “a state of affairs.” 3
It is interesting to note that the majority opinion instantly, in an apparent attempt to resolve this difficulty, states: “To obviate any confusion, we point out that an event or circumstance need not actually ‘occur’ after the arrest, but rather it must manifest itself so as significantly to intervene and thus attenuate the taint of an illegal arrest.” [citations omitted] at pg. 509. I concur in this reasoning wholeheartedly, but I observe that later in its opinion, the majority, in a footnote, returns to the notion that an event must break the “connection between illegal detention and confession.” at pg. 510. I would surmise that these two concepts could peacefully coexist within our jurisprudence if we would adopt the analogy of Justice Stevens in his concurring opinion in Dunaway, supra, i.e., that a confession may be motivated by a prearrest event such as a visit with a minister, and I urge my brethren to do so.
In Gant v. State, 649 S.W.2d 30 (Tex.Cr.App.1983), the author of the majority opinion in the instant case, finding that the taint of the illegal arrest was attenuated, observed that:
“Thereafter, as we understand it, appellant started talking about events leading up to the killing and a police record secretary attempted to write it down in longhand, but when appellant became dissatisfied with that procedure he volunteered to and did proceed to write the rest of his statement in his own words— consuming three-and-a-half legal size pages ....”
It is obvious from a reading of Gant that Judge Clinton found it significant that the defendant was anxious to confess. It is also apparent that this was one of the factors considered in determining that the taint of the illegal arrest was attenuated. But it is certainly not apparent from the opinion in Gant, supra, that the defendant developed this desire to confess between the time of arrest and the giving of the confession.
Even more compelling is this Court’s decision in Coleman v. State, 643 S.W.2d 947 (Tex.Cr.App.1982). In Coleman the defendant was arrested at approximately 1:00 a.m. and was handed a copy of the arrest warrant. He was then given his Miranda warnings. On the way to the police station the defendant started to cry and ask if police found the body. The arresting officer asked the defendant to remain quiet and wait to talk about it at the police station. On the way to the police station the defendant sobbed and said: “I didn’t want to do it,” or “He made me do it.” The arresting officer asked the defendant if he would show the police where the victim and the murder weapon were located. The defendant led the police to the murder weapon and started to explain what had happened. Later at the police station the defendant gave a statement admitting he shot the deceased. The statement was concluded at 6:55 a.m. Judge Dally, writing for a plurality, opined:
“In the case at bar the appellant had been given the Miranda warning several times before he actually made his statement. He indicated he understood his rights and waived them. The time period from the arrest until the confession was completed was only about five hours. The only intervening circumstance was the search for the body and weapon. However, in contrast with Brown, Duna-way and Taylor, the police officers in the case at bar had probable cause to arrest the appellant and they were not engaged in purposeful and flagrant official misconduct.

“Additionally, the appellant’s initial remarks and other statements were not initiated through interrogation but 
*512
were spontaneous remarks by the appellant. .

This Court concluded that the confession was not obtained as a result of the unlawful detention of the defendant.
Although not labeling it as such, it is apparent that Judge Dally found it to be significant that the defendant in Coleman was anxious to confess, and this anxiety was considered to be an intervening circumstance. Certainly it cannot be said that the oral confession itself was somehow an intervening circumstance as that term has been used in Brown and its progeny.
The facts in the instant case are strikingly similar to those in Coleman, supra. At a pretrial hearing on a motion to suppress the written confession of the appellant, a Sgt. Parker with the Dallas Police Department testified about the interrogation and subsequent confessions given by the appellant. Immediately after the prosecution and the appellant’s attorney concluded their examination of Sgt. Parker, the trial judge conducted his own examination of Parker. [SF. pp. 30-31.]
“THE COURT: Let me ask you what the demeanor of Mr. Foster was. Was he nervous, upset; cool, calm, collected?
“THE WITNESS: He was very relaxed and at ease when he got there, Judge. He was very friendly, casual.
“He — on the way to the officer there, he said T feel even better now;’ said ‘I’m really glad I got caught, and I feel better that I am going to put this behind me’ and he seemed very relaxed.
“THE COURT: Didn’t seem to be upset because of where he was: a lawyer,4 ready to be getting put in jail or anything of that nature?
“THE WITNESS: No, sir. He told me that he had called a lawyer, and he was sure they were going to come down and make his bond.”
Thus, as in Coleman, the appellant expressed a desire to confess to the crime even before any formal confession was obtained by any peace officer. This statement by the appellant was shown to have been a spontaneous statement, not in response to any interrogation, and almost identical to that in Coleman, supra.
In view of appellant’s desire to “put this behind me,” can it be said that there is any rational nexus between the arrest of the appellant and the subsequent giving of both oral and written confessions?
The majority would concede that this appellant, being a criminal lawyer, “would be more cognizant than most of the significance of Miranda warnings, but this understanding would bear on the threshold Fifth Amendment question of the voluntar-iness of the confession.” at pg. 509. Carrying this interesting exercise in specu-latory gymnastics to its logical conclusion, the appellant, while in law school, fared nicely in Fifth Amendment studies, but staggered to some degree in his pursuit of the elusive Fourth Amendment.
I believe that the trial judge in the case sub judice went too far in ruling that, because the appellant was a lawyer, such constituted an intervening circumstance that, without more, attenuated the taint of the illegal arrest. I submit that this status is a circumstance which may be considered, among many others. The majority opinion in Brown, supra supports the notion that the four factors elicited are not talismanic in nature, when Justice Black-mun opines: “No single fact is dispositive.”
To the holding of the majority that an event or circumstance, under Brown and its progeny, need not actually occur after the arrest, I concur. To the footnote in the majority that further obfuscates and detracts from the concept ante, and to the refusal of the majority to recognize appellant’s status as a criminal lawyer as a circumstance of attenuation under Brown, I dissent.
TOM G. DAVIS, W.C. DAVIS and MeCORMICK, JJ., join in this opinion.

. All emphasis is supplied throughout by the writer of this opinion unless otherwise indicated.

. See Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary, page 430.

. See Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary, page 242.

. The record reflects that the appellant was a licensed attorney, practicing criminal law as a private practitioner, and had received considerable experience as an assistant district attorney in the Dallas County District Attorney’s Office.