Court Opinion

ID: 4039389
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-09-28 22:12:44.944173+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:30:13.455768
License: Public Domain

ACCEPTED
                                                                    04-14-00751-CV
                                                         FOURTH COURT OF APPEALS
                                                              SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS
                                                              2/10/2015 12:19:07 AM
                                                                      KEITH HOTTLE

                 No. 04-14-00751-CV
                                                                             CLERK

               IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
              FOURTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS               FILED IN
                                              4th COURT OF APPEALS
                  SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS           SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS
                                             02/10/2015 12:19:07 AM
                                                KEITH E. HOTTLE
         JOSEFINA ALEXANDER GONZALEZ, ET     AL,      Clerk
                                             Appellants
                          v.

             RAYMOND S. DE LEON II, ET AL,
                                             Appellees

                 APPELLANTS’ BRIEF

                         ROBINSON C. RAMSEY
                         State Bar No. 16523700
                         Email: rramsey@langleybanack.com
                         JOYCE W. MOORE
                         State Bar No. 14357400
                         jwmoore@langleybanack.com
                         PAULA C. BOSTON
                         State Bar No. 24089661
                         pboston@langleybanack.com
                         LANGLEY & BANACK, INC.
                         Trinity Plaza II
                         745 E. Mulberry, Suite 900
                         San Antonio, Texas 78212
                         Telephone: 210.736.6600
                         Telecopier: 210.735.6889

                         ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANTS

APPELLANTS REQUEST ORAL ARGUMENT
                 IDENTIFICATION OF PARTIES

Appellants             Josefina Alexander Gonzalez, by and through
                       her co-attorneys in fact, Judith Zaffirini,
                       David H. Arredondo, and Clarissa N. Chapa

    Trial Counsel:     Jesus M. Dominguez
                       201 W. Hillside Road, Suite 17
                       Laredo, Texas 78041

Appellants             Judith Zaffirini, as Independent Co-Executor
                       of the Estate of Delfina E. Alexander,
                       Deceased, and as Co-Trustee of the Rocio
                       Gonzalez Exempt Trust

                       David H. Arredondo, as Independent Co-
                       Executor of the Estate of Delfina E. Alexander,
                       Deceased, and as Co-Trustee of the Rocio
                       Gonzalez Exempt Trust

                       Clarissa N. Chapa, as Independent Co-
                       Executor of the Estate of Delfina E. Alexander,
                       Deceased, and as Co-Trustee of the Rocio
                       Gonzalez Exempt Trust

    Trial Counsel:     Manuel R. Flores
                       FLORES, SAUCEDO & CHU
                       5517 McPherson Road, #14
                       Laredo, Texas 78041

                       Javier Montemayor
                       7718 McPherson, Suite F105
                       Laredo, Texas 78045

                               i
Appellant                Delfina E. and Josefina Alexander LLC-1

    Trial Counsel:       Eduardo Romero
                         Victor Villarreal
                         VILLARREAL & ROMERO, PLLC
                         201 W. Del Mar Blvd., Suite 15
                         Laredo, Texas 78041

Appellants               Alexander Residential Development, LP
                         Alexander Commercial Development, LP
                         Alexander Retail Development, LP
                         D&J Alexander Construction, LP
                         D&J Alexander Management, LP
                         Delfina and Josefina Alexander Family
                         Limited Partnership

    Trial Counsel:       Rosaura Tijerina
                         1000 Washington Street, Suite 2
                         Laredo, Texas 78040

    Appellate Counsel
    for Appellants:      Robinson C. Ramsey
                         Joyce W. Moore
                         Paula C. Boston
                         LANGLEY & BANACK, INC.
                         Trinity Plaza II
                         745 E. Mulberry, Suite 900
                         San Antonio, Texas 78212

Appellee:                Raymond S. De Leon II, Trustee of the Delfina
                         & Josefina Alexander Family Trust

    Trial Counsel and
    Appellate Counsel:   Judith R. Blakeway
                         James Maverick McNeel
                         Laura C. Mason
                         STRASBURGER & PRICE, LLP
                         2301 Broadway
                         San Antonio, Texas 78215

                                ii
Appellee:                 Rocio Gonzalez Guerra, Individually and as
                          Next Friend of V.G.G. III and M.A.G.

     Trial Counsel and
     Appellate Counsel:   Jeffrey T. Knebel
                          Michael B. Knisely
                          OSBORNE, HELMAN, KNEBEL &
                          DELEERY, LLP
                          301 Congress Avenue, Suite 1910
                          Austin, Texas 78701

Trial Court:              Honorable Oscar J. Hale, Jr.
                          406th Judicial District Court
                          Webb County, Texas

                                 iii
                                                    TABLE OF CONTENTS

IDENTIFICATION OF PARTIES .............................................................................................................. i
TABLE OF AUTHORITIES ...................................................................................................................... vi
STATEMENT OF THE CASE.................................................................................................................. vii
STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT ............................................................................... vii
ISSUES PRESENTED .............................................................................................................................. vii
            ISSUE ONE

            Whether the trial court erroneously dismissed Appellants’ bill-of-review
            action for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.

            ISSUE TWO

            Whether the trial court incorrectly abated the bill of review based on
            dominant jurisdiction, which does not apply here.

STATEMENT OF FACTS........................................................................................................................... 1
SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT .......................................................................................................... 3
ARGUMENT ............................................................................................................................................... 5
I. The trial court erroneously dismissed Appellants’ bill of review for lack of subject-matter
   jurisdiction. ............................................................................................................................................. 5
   A.       Appellants are “interested persons” under the Texas Property Code. ................................... 6
   B.       Appellants also have standing to contest the judgment because it orders them to deliver
            documents. ................................................................................................................................... 12
   C.       The trial court confused the issue of standing to file the bill of review with the issue of the
            merits of the case......................................................................................................................... 15
   D.       De Leon himself lacks standing because his appointment as Successor Trustee is void. . 16
   II.      The trial court incorrectly abated the Bill of Review based on dominant jurisdiction,
            which does not apply here.......................................................................................................... 18
PRAYER ..................................................................................................................................................... 19
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE ........................................................................................................ 20
CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE .................................................................................................................. 21
APPENDIX ................................................................................................................................................ 22
   A.       Order Granting Defendant’s Plea to the Jurisdiction ............................................................ 22
   B.       Order on Rocio Guerra’s Motion to Reconsider Plea in Abatement of Trust
            Administration Claims ............................................................................................................... 22

                                                                              iv
C.   Judgment Appointing Successor Trustee and Modifying Certain Provisions of the Trust
     22
D.   TEX. PROP. CODE § 111.004 (West. 2007) ................................................................................. 22
E.   TEX. PROP. CODE § 112.054 (West 2014) .................................................................................. 22
F.   TEX. PROP. CODE § 115.011 (West 2014) ................................................................................... 22
G.   TEX. PROP. CODE § 115.013 (West 2014) ................................................................................... 22
H.   TEX. CONST. art. 1, § 19................................................................................................................ 22

                                                                   v
                                                  TABLE OF AUTHORITIES
Cases

Alpert v. Riley, 274 S.W.3d 277 (Tex. App.─Houston [1st Dist.] 2008, pet. denied)...................... 18
Amador v. San Antonio State Hosp., 993 S.W.2d 253 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1999, pet.
  denied) ..................................................................................................................................................... 5
Baker v. Goldsmith, 582 S.W.2d 404 (Tex. 1979) ................................................................................. 6
Buck v. Palmer, 379 S.W.3d 309 (Tex. App.─Corpus Christi 2010), rev’d on other grounds, 381
S.W.3d 525 (Tex. 2012) ........................................................................................................................ 11
Curtis v. Gibbs, 511 S.W.2d 263 (Tex. 1974)......................................................................................... 18
Dresser Indus., Inc. v. Snell, 847 S.W.2d 367 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1993, no writ)......................... 15
Gamboa v. Gamboa, 383 S.W.3d 263 (Tex. App.─San Antonio 2012, no pet.) ..................... 6, 7, 12
Hutchings v. Chevron U.S.A., Inc., 862 S.W.2d 752 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1993, writ denied) ......... 11
In re M.C.R., 55 S.W.3d 104 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2001, no pet.) ......................................... 3, 14
In re Mask, 198 S.W.3d 231 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2006, orig. proceeding) ............................. 17
In re Sims, 88 S.W.3d 297 (Tex. App.─San Antonio 2002, orig. proceeding) ........................... 4, 18
In the Interest of B.I.V., 923 S.W.2d 573 (Tex. 1996) ......................................................................... 14
Mayhew v. Town of Sunnyvale, 964 S.W.2d 922 (Tex. 1998) ............................................................ 5
Michael v. Dyke, 41 S.W.3d 746 (Tex. App.─Corpus Christi 2001, no pet.) ...................................... 11
Perry v. Del Rio, 67 S.W.3d 85 (Tex. 2001) ......................................................................................... 16
Rodriguez ex rel. Rodriguez v. EMC Mortg. Corp., 94 S.W.3d 795 (Tex. App.—San Antonio
  2002, no pet.) ..................................................................................................................... 3, 4, 6, 12, 15
Safeway Stores of Texas v. Rutherford, 111 S.W.2d 688 (Tex. 1938). ............................................. 17
Schuele v. Schuele, 119 S.W.3d 822 (Tex. App.─San Antonio 2003, no pet.) ............................. 4, 18
Texas Ass’n of Bus. v. Texas Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440 (Tex. 1993) ............................ 4, 5, 14
Thompson v. Vinson & Elkins, 859 S.W.2d 617 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, writ denied)
   .................................................................................................................................................................. 8
Transworld Fin. Services Corp. v. Briscoe, 722 S.W.2d 407 (Tex. 1987)...................................... 5, 6
Wyatt v. Shaw Plumbing Co., 760 S.W.2d 245 (Tex. 1988) .............................................................. 18

Statutes

TEX. PROP. CODE § 111.004 (West 2007).................................................................................... 7, 16
TEX. PROP. CODE § 115.011 (West 2014). ........................................................................................ 16
TEX. PROP. CODE § 115.013 (West 2014). ....................................................................................... 16
Constitutional Provisions

TEX. CONST. art. 1 § 19 ....................................................................................................................16

                                                                                 vi
                       STATEMENT OF THE CASE

      This is a bill-of-review case, which the trial court dismissed for lack of

subject-matter jurisdiction. CR 817-18.

           STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT

      Appellants believe that the question-and-answer format of oral

argument would assist this Court in exploring the issues and reaching a

resolution in this case.

                           ISSUES PRESENTED

                                  ISSUE ONE
                                 (Dismissal)

            Whether the trial court erroneously dismissed
            Appellants’ bill-of-review action for lack of subject-
            matter jurisdiction.

                                  ISSUE TWO
                                 (Abatement)

            Whether the trial court incorrectly abated the bill of
            review based on dominant jurisdiction, which does
            not apply here.

                                      vii
                       STATEMENT OF FACTS
     On February 23, 2012, Appellee Rocio Guerra filed a suit (the

Trustee Case) seeking to appoint Appellee Raymond De Leon II as

Successor Trustee of the Delfina and Josefina Alexander Family Trust

(the Trust) and to modify the terms of that trust. CR 35-41.

     The only persons that the Trust Case petition identified as having

an interest in this suit were Rocio Guerra and her minor children, Vidal

Guerra, III and Mayela Alexandra Guerra. CR 36. The suit did not name

Appellants, who were serving as co-trustees of Guerra’s Exempt Trust, as

well as in management capacities for various business entities in which

both trusts own interests. CR 2-3, 20-24, 36. Furthermore, Appellants

received no notice of the underlying lawsuit. CR 25-26. Nevertheless, the

Judgment ordered them to deliver the following documents to De Leon as

Successor Trustee:

     All books and records of the Trust, including but not limited to
     limited partnership agreements, records, tax returns, files and
     documents related to the assets of the Trust, shall be delivered
     to RAYMOND DE LEON, III, within ten (10) days from the date
     of this Judgment by any individual or entity possessing same,
     including all books and records relating to Alexander
     Residential Development, L.P., Alexander Commercial
     Development, L.P., Alexander Retail Development, L.P., D&J
     Alexander Construction, L.P. and Alexander Management, L.P.
     and Delfina E. and Josefina Alexander, LLC-1.

CR 68.

                                     1
     The judgment in the Trust Case recites that the trial court heard

the case on March 12, 2012, but the docket does not reflect that any

hearing took place on that day or any other day. CR 64-66.

Furthermore, when Appellants’ attorney requested a copy of the

transcription of the proceeding from the court reporter, she told him

that, after reviewing her notes for March 12, 2012, she found no record

of this case being called or heard on that day. CR 24.           Nor did

Appellants receive notice of any such hearing. CR 23-24, 80.

     Because the time for an appeal had passed, Appellants filed a bill-

of-review action (the Bill of Review) in 2014 seeking to set aside the

judgment that named De Leon as Successor Trustee and that ordered

them to deliver documents to him in that capacity. CR 19-34. But the

trial court dismissed the Bill of Review for lack of jurisdiction based on

the theory that Appellants did not have standing. CR 817-18.         That

dismissal is the subject of this appeal.

                                     2
                    SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT

I.    The trial court erroneously dismissed Appellants’ bill of
      review for lack of standing.

      Because Appellants are affected by De Leon’s appointment as

Successor Trustee and his subsequent actions against them, they are

“interested persons” under section 111.004(7) of the Texas Property Code

(defining “interested person” to include any person “having an interest in or

a claim against the trust or any person who is affected by the

administration of the trust”). This justiciable interest gives them standing

to file the Bill of Review. In re M.C.R., 55 S.W.3d 104, 107 (Tex. App.—San

Antonio 2001, no pet.) (holding that person has standing so long as he has

“a justiciable interest, that is, a personal stake in the controversy.”).

      Case law also confirms that “a party possesses standing to file a bill of

review if he was a party to the prior judgment or one who had a then

existing interest or right which was prejudiced thereby.” Rodriguez ex rel.

Rodriguez v. EMC Mortg. Corp., 94 S.W.3d 795, 798 (Tex. App.—San

Antonio 2002, no pet.). Although Appellants were not originally named as

parties in the pleadings, the judgment ordered them to deliver documents

to De Leon. CR 68.

      If it were not for the Trust Case judgment, De Leon would not have

been entitled to receive any documents from Appellants because they would

not have been ordered to produce this information to him. Therefore, in
                                  3
addition to Appellants’ complaint that De Leon’s appointment has

adversely affected their ability to conduct business, they have a justiciable

interest in challenging that judgment because it has created a controversy

between them and De Leon as to whether they must submit these

documents to him. See Texas Ass’n of Bus. v. Texas Air Control Bd., 852
S.W.2d 440, 446 (Tex. 1993) (holding that a litigant has standing so long as

there is “a real controversy between the parties” that “will be actually

determined by the declaration sought”).

II.   The trial court incorrectly abated the Bill of Review based
      on dominant jurisdiction, which does not apply here.

      Under the doctrine of dominant jurisdiction, when a suit would be

proper in more than one county, the court in which suit is first filed

acquires dominant jurisdiction to the exclusion of other courts. In re Sims,

88 S.W.3d 297, 302 (Tex. App.─San Antonio 2002, orig. proceeding). But

dominant jurisdiction applies only when separate suits are filed in courts

with concurrent jurisdiction. Schuele v. Schuele, 119 S.W.3d 822, 824 (Tex.

App.─San Antonio 2003, no pet.). When one court lacks jurisdiction to

hear a case, the doctrine has no application. Id.

      The only court that can hear a bill-of-review action is the court that

entered the judgment under attack. Rodriguez, 94 S.W.3d at 797.

Therefore, only the district court has jurisdiction to consider the Bill of

Review. Id. Because the county court at law has no jurisdiction to do so, the
                                    4
question of dominant jurisdiction does not arise. As a result, the trial

court’s abatement of the Bill of Review on the basis of dominant

jurisdiction is erroneous.

                               ARGUMENT

I.    The trial court erroneously dismissed Appellants’ bill of
      review for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction.

      The issue of whether a trial court has subject-matter jurisdiction is a

question of law, which appellate courts review under a de novo standard.

Mayhew v. Town of Sunnyvale, 964 S.W.2d 922, 928 (Tex. 1998); Amador

v. San Antonio State Hosp., 993 S.W.2d 253, 254 (Tex. App.—San Antonio

1999, pet. denied). In making its determination, the trial court considers

the allegations in the plaintiff’s pleadings, which the court of appeals

accepts as true and construes “in favor of the pleader.” Amador, 993
S.W.2d at 254 (citing, inter alia, Texas Ass’n of Business v. Texas Air

Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440, 446 (Tex. 1993)).

      A bill of review is a proceeding to set aside a judgment that is “no

longer appealable or subject to a motion for new trial.” Transworld Fin.

Services Corp. v. Briscoe, 722 S.W.2d 407, 407 (Tex. 1987). It is “an

independent action,” which has a separate cause number but “must be filed

in the same court that rendered the judgment under attack.” Rodriguez ex

                                     5
rel. Rodriguez v. EMC Mortg. Corp., 94 S.W.3d 795, 797 (Tex. App.—San

Antonio 2002, no pet.).

      Generally, a bill-of-review petitioner must initially plead and prima-

facially prove: “(1) a meritorious defense to the cause of action alleged to

support the judgment, (2) that he was prevented from making by the fraud,

accident or wrongful act of his opponent, (3) unmixed with any fault or

negligence of his own.” Briscoe, 722 S.W.2d at 408. If the court determines

that the petitioner has not met these prima facie requirements “the

proceeding terminates and the trial court shall dismiss the case.” Baker v.

Goldsmith, 582 S.W.2d 404, 409 (Tex. 1979). “On the other hand, if a

prima facie meritorious defense has been shown, the court will conduct a

trial.” Id. Here, however, Appellants never received an opportunity to

present their prima facie proof because the trial court dismissed the Bill of

Review for lack of jurisdiction, based on the mistaken belief that Appellants

lacked standing to file it. CR 817-18.

      A.    Appellants are “interested persons” under the Texas
            Property Code.

            1.    “Interested persons” includes any affected
                  persons, not just trustees and beneficiaries.

      The Texas Property Code provides that any “interested person” may

file a suit under this Act. Gamboa v. Gamboa, 383 S.W.3d 263, 273 (Tex.

App.─San Antonio 2012, no pet.); TEX. PROP. CODE § 115.011 (a) (West

                                         6
2014).   Section 111.004 defines an “interested person” as “a trustee,

beneficiary, or any other persons having an interest in or a claim against a

trust or any person who is affected by the administration of the trust.” TEX.

PROP. CODE § 111.004(7) (West 2007); Gamboa, 383 S.W.3d at 273; see also

TEX. PROP. CODE § 111.004(10)(A)-(D) (defining “person” as an individual, a

corporation, a limited liability company, or a partnership). “Whether a

person, excluding a trustee or named beneficiary, is an interested person

may vary from time to time and must be determined according to the

particular purposes of and matter involved in any proceeding.” TEX. PROP.

CODE § 111.004 (7).

      According to De Leon, “Texas law is clear that only a beneficiary and a

trustee have an interest in the administration of a trust.” CR 146. But

according to section 111.004 of the Texas Property Code, “an interested

person” is not limited to a beneficiary or a trustee, but includes “any other

persons having an interest in or a claim against the trust or any person who

is affected by the administration of the trust.” TEX. PROP. CODE § 111.004

(7). Appellants are affected by these trust proceedings in a variety of ways.

                                      7
             2.    Appellants are affected by De Leon’s acquiring an
                   interest in the partnerships that they manage.

       The Trust property consists of a limited partnership interest in the

various Alexander Limited Partnerships. CR 66-70. The judgment

appointed De Leon as the Successor Trustee, and he has assumed the role as

the limited partner of the Alexander Limited Partnerships. CR 66-70.

       Delfina E. and Josefina Alexander LLC-1 is the General Partner of five

limited partnerships. The General Partner holds a 2% General Partnership

interest in each of these five limited partnerships, while the Trustees of the

Exempt Trust created under Delfina’s Will hold a 4% Limited Partnership

interest, as does Josefina’s Estate. The Successor Trustee of the Trust holds

the remaining 90% ownership interest. CR 557-63, 658, 668. See Thompson

v. Vinson & Elkins, 859 S.W.2d 617, 623 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]

1993, writ denied) (holding that because a trust is not a legal entity, legal

title to its assets are held by the trustee).

      Appellants are affected by De Leon’s appointment as Successor Trustee

of the Trust because that appointment gave him standing to participate in

and interfere with the operations of the Alexander Limited Partnerships as

well as to engage in litigation—in fact, he has already filed “derivative” suits

on behalf of the partnerships against Appellants and their general partner as

well as the member managers of the general partner. CR 142.

                                         8
     De Leon insinuates that any action he takes as Successor Trustee is

not sufficient to give Appellants standing to complain, because, according

to him, any person serving in that capacity could take the same actions, and

Appellants will always be answerable to some trustee. But De Leon is not

just any Successor Trustee; he is someone who is not authorized to serve in

this capacity because his appointment is void, or in the alternative,

voidable.

     Furthermore, as Appellants have complained, they are affected by De

Leon’s appointment and are “interested persons” who should have been

given notice, but were not. CR 2, 23-25, 77. As a result of that appointment,

De Leon is using his disputed powers as Successor Trustee to take actions

that are harmful to the Trust as well as the partnership entities; or, at an

alternative minimum, there is a fact issue as to the impropriety of his

actions. CR 87-88. Because Appellants are affected by these actions, they

have standing to contest his appointment and actions as being

unauthorized and improper.

     The sole purpose of appointing De Leon as Successor Trustee was to

enable him to file a lawsuit to take over the Alexander Limited

Partnerships. CR 549-51, 692-746. Because of this litigation, Appellants

have had to hire attorneys and spend time and funds to defend against De

Leon’s actions, which are baseless. His insinuation that any person serving

                                     9
as Successor Trustee would have the right to sue Appellants misses the

point: any other person would not likely engage in the brand of bad-faith

litigation that De Leon has instituted—and if they did, Appellants would

have standing to complain of that as well.

               3.     Because De Leon’s appointment is void, there is
                      no need to remove him from a non-position.

         “[T]here are no Texas cases,” De Leon proclaims, “that provide that

either the Grantors or any representatives on their behalf or partnerships of

which a trust is an owner, have standing to file suit as an interested person”

to try to remove a trustee “or otherwise bring an actions against the

Trustee.” CR 146. But what Appellants are really seeking is confirmation

that the order appointing De Leon is void, which means there is no need to

remove him, because he never legally occupied this position. RR 47-48. 1

(“We’re not asking removal of the Trustee. We’re saying the trustee’s

appointment was void ab initio.”).

         The Bill of Review does not, as De Leon insinuates, assert a separate

claim against him. There is no need to file a separate cause of action for a

removal or an accounting, because De Leon was never validly appointed in

the first instance. The requirement for him to account for the funds he

received while he was not a valid Successor Trustee constitutes a remedy that

1   June 27, 2014 hearing.
                                       10
would result from vacating the judgment purporting to appoint him as

Successor Trustee, because it is void, or in the alternative, voidable.

      An action for an accounting may be a suit in equity, or it may be a

particular remedy sought in conjunction with another cause of action.

Michael v. Dyke, 41 S.W.3d 746, 754 (Tex. App.─Corpus Christi 2001, no

pet.); abrogated by Buck v. Palmer, 379 S.W.3d 309 (Tex. App.─Corpus

Christi 2010), rev’d on other grounds, 381 S.W.3d 525 (Tex. 2012); see also

Hutchings v. Chevron U.S.A., Inc., 862 S.W.2d 752, 762 (Tex. App.—El Paso

1993, writ denied) (treating accounting as an equitable remedy for

determining amount of damages). In this matter, an accounting is not an

independent claim; it is one of the potential remedies for a successful bill of

review.

            4.    De Leon has admitted that the Alexander
                  Partnerships are affected by the judgment.

      Although De Leon disputed that Appellants are “interested parties,”

his attorney admitted in open court that the Alexander Partnerships are

affected parties. CR 860-61.      (“The affected part[ies] in this case [are]

partnerships that the Trust owns 90 percent of … [T]hey’re an affected

party.”). Appellants have tried to temper this concession with the assertion

that an “affected person” is not an “interested party.” But section 111.004

provides that an “interested person” includes any person “having an

interest in or a claim against a trust or any person who is affected by the
                                     11
administration of the trust.” Gamboa, 383 S.W.3d at 273; TEX. PROP. CODE

§ 111.004(7). Because the Alexander Partnerships are admittedly affected

by the administration of the trust, they are “interested persons” under TEX.

PROP. CODE § 111.004 (7).

              5.   The trial court itself recognized that Appellants
                   are affected by the Trust Case judgment.

     In addition, the trial confirmed, albeit inadvertently, that Appellants

are interested parties. The Order Granting Rocio Guerra’s Motion to

Reconsider Plea in Abatement of Trust Administration Claims provides that

De Leon shall furnish an accounting to “all persons affected by the

judgment signed on March 12, 2012, including the Guardian Ad Litems for

the minors and the Co Attorneys in Fact, Judith Zaffirini, David H.

Arredondo and Clarissa N. Chapa.” CR 877. Therefore, this order confirms

that the Co-Attorneys-In-Fact are affected by a judgment in the Trust Case,

which gives them standing to file a bill of review. TEX. PROP. CODE §

111.004(7).

     B.       Appellants also have standing to contest the judgment
              because it orders them to deliver documents.

     “[A] party possesses standing to file a bill of review if he was a party

to the prior judgment or one who had a then existing interest or right which

was prejudiced thereby.” Rodriguez, 94 S.W.3d at 798. Although

                                    12
Appellants were not originally named as parties in the pleadings, the

judgment ordered them to deliver documents to De Leon. CR 68.

      Furthermore, Appellants have an existing interest in overturning this

judgment, which prejudices them by ordering them to take actions without

giving them an opportunity to defend against the claims that led to this

judgment and order. See Rodriguez, 94 S.W.3d at 798 (determining that a

party who had “a then existing interest that was prejudiced by the

judgment” had standing to file a bill of review).

      De Leon claims that Appellants lack standing to challenge the

judgment appointing him as Successor Trustee because they are not

affected by that appointment. But the same judgment that appointed him

as Successor Trustee also ordered Appellants to deliver to him “[a]ll books

and records of the Trust, including but not limited to limited partnership

agreements, records, tax returns, files and documents related to the assets

of the Trust.” CR 68.      Furthermore, they are affected by De Leon’s

interfering with their ability to conduct business.

      If it were not for the Trust Case judgment, De Leon would not have

been entitled to receive any documents from Appellants because they would

not have been ordered to produce this information to him. Therefore,

Appellants have a justiciable interest in challenging the very judgment that

created a controversy between them and De Leon as to whether they must

                                      13
submit detailed financial documents to him. See Texas Ass’n of Bus. v.

Texas Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 440, 446 (Tex. 1993) (holding that a

litigant has standing so long as there is “a real controversy between the

parties” that “will be actually determined by the declaration sought”).

      By ordering Appellants to deliver documents to De Leon as Successor

Trustee, the judgment interfered with Appellants’ interests and rights to

conduct their business without having to answer to someone who they

submit was not properly appointed as a trustee and therefore is not entitled

to receive the documents. It also prejudiced their right to be free from the

threat of having to defend against a contempt action in the event they do

not deliver the documents to De Leon’s satisfaction. CR 127-32, 143.

     A person has standing so long as he has “a justiciable interest, that is,

a personal stake in the controversy.” In re M.C.R., 55 S.W.3d 104, 107 (Tex.

App.—San Antonio 2001, no pet.) (citing, inter alia, In the Interest of B.I.V.

923 S.W.2d 573, 573 (Tex. 1996). Appellants have an undeniable stake in

not being the targets of a potential contempt action. They also have a

personal stake in making sure that the purported trustee to whom they are

required to deliver documents─including detailed financial documents

such as tax returns─was legitimately appointed, because if he was not, that

delivery would be unauthorized.

                                     14
         C.    The trial court confused the issue of standing to file the
               bill of review with the issue of the merits of the case.

         To establish standing to file a bill of review, it is not necessary that the

parties filing this action demonstrate that they will prevail on the merits; it

is sufficient to show that they have a justiciable interest in the subject-

matter of the judgment they are challenging. Dresser Indus., Inc. v. Snell,

847 S.W.2d 367, 375-76 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1993, no writ) (explaining that

standing concerns the issue of whether a litigant has the right to bring a

lawsuit, not whether that party can ultimately prevail on the merits of the

claim).

         “[W]e did have an interest,” Appellants’ attorney explained to the trial

court, “because their operations─what they have done affects the operation

of the general partner.” RR 85. 2

         Even if the trial court disagrees with this contention, Appellants

nevertheless have standing to pursue it in the Bill of Review, which is a new

and separate proceeding. See Rodriguez, 94 S.W.3d 795, 797 (“A bill of

review is an independent action…”). They also have standing to attack the

judgment that orders them to deliver documents to De Leon.

         According to De Leon, Appellants have no interest in the Trust

because it states that the grantors gave up all their interests, rights, and

powers to alter, amend, revoke, or terminate the Trust. CR 145.                  But

2   June 27, 2014 hearing.
                                          15
Appellants are not trying to alter or terminate the Trust; they are

challenging a judgment they contend did not validly appoint De Leon, who,

as a result, has inserted himself in their business affairs. Therefore the

Alexander Partnerships have standing as “interested persons” under

section 111.004 because they are “affected by the administration of the

trust.” TEX. PROP. CODE § 111.004(7).

      Stripped of all pretense and reduced to reality, De Leon’s position is

this: he claims he can obtain a judgment that permits him to affect

Appellants’ business dealings and that orders them to deliver documents to

him, then prevent them from complaining by asserting they lack standing

to attack the judgment that is the source of the dispute. Applying this

theory would render due process unrecognizable. See Perry v. Del Rio, 67
S.W.3d 85, 92 (Tex. 2001) (“[O]ur due course of law provision at a

minimum requires notice and an opportunity to be heard at a meaningful

time and in a meaningful manner.”); see also TEX. CONST. art. 1 § 19.

      D.    De Leon himself lacks standing because                        his
            appointment as Successor Trustee is void.

      Not only is De Leon incorrect in claiming that Appellants lack

standing to pursue their Bill of Review, he himself lacks standing because

the judgment appointing him as Successor Trustee is void.

     The judgment in the Trust Case contains no recitation, citation,

service, or any other indication of acquiring personal jurisdiction over Vidal
                                      16
Guerra III and Mayela Guerra, who, as beneficiaries of their mother, Rocio

Guerra, are necessary parties to any action to appoint a trustee or to modify

the Family Trust. CR 36, 66-70. See TEX. PROP. CODE § 115.011(b)(2) (West

2014); In re Mask, 198 S.W.3d 231, 234 (Tex. App.─San Antonio 2006,

orig. proceeding) (“If a trial court enters a judgment before it acquires

jurisdiction of the parties, the judgment is void.”); CR 66. A judgment

entered in the absence of necessary parties is void. Safeway Stores of Texas

v. Rutherford, 111 S.W.2d 688, 690 (1938).

     Although both children were minors at the time the trial court

entered the judgment, it does not recite that the judge either appointed ad

litems for them, found that their interest could be “virtually represented” by

their mother. CR 36, 66-70. The Texas Property Code allows a parent to

represent the interest of her minor child as “guardian ad litem or as next

friend” only “if there is no conflict of interest.” TEX. PROP. CODE §

115.013(c)(3) (West 2014). The Trust modification that allowed “adult”

beneficiaries (rather than the court) to appoint successor trustees, she

created a conflict of interest between herself and her then-minor children,

thereby precluding any presumption that “virtual representation” of the

children by Rocio would be permissible. CR 66-71.

     In addition, the judgment in the Trust Case contains none of the

section 112.054 findings, which are prerequisites to the court’s authority to

                                     17
enter a judgment modifying the Trust. CR 66-70. Without these findings

the trial court had no power to enter the judgment purporting to modify the

Trust. Alpert v. Riley, 274 S.W.3d 277, 290 (Tex. App.─Houston [1st Dist.]

2008, pet. denied) (“Without basis in one of the statutory grounds [of

section 112.054], the trial court lacked the power to deviate from the trust’s

terms.”).

II.   The trial court incorrectly abated the Bill of Review based
      on dominant jurisdiction, which does not apply here.

      As a general rule, when a suit would be proper in more than one

county, the court in which suit is first filed acquires dominant jurisdiction

to the exclusion of other courts. In re Sims, 88 S.W.3d 297, 302 (Tex.

App.─San Antonio 2002, orig. proceeding) (citing Wyatt v. Shaw

Plumbing Co., 760 S.W.2d 245, 248 (Tex. 1988); Curtis v. Gibbs, 511
S.W.2d 263, 267 (Tex. 1974)). But the concept of dominant jurisdiction

arises only when separate suits are filed in courts with concurrent

jurisdiction.   Schuele v. Schuele, 119 S.W.3d 822, 824 (Tex. App.─San

Antonio 2003, no pet.). Where one court lacks jurisdiction to hear a case,

the doctrine has no application. Schuele, 119 S.W.3d at 824.

      The only court that can hear a bill-of-review action is the one that

entered the judgment that is the subject of the bill of review. Rodriguez ex

rel. Rodriguez v. EMC Mortg. Corp., 94 S.W.3d 795, 797 (Tex. App.—San

Antonio 2002, no pet.) (“[A] bill of review must be filed in the same court
                                     18
that rendered the judgment under attack.”). No other court has jurisdiction

to set aside that judgment. Id. Therefore, notwithstanding Appellees’ claim

that the Bill of Review filed in the district court is similar to suits previously

filed in the county court at law, only the district court has jurisdiction to

consider the bill of review. Because the county court at law has no

jurisdiction to do so, the question of dominant jurisdiction does not arise.

As a result, the trial court’s abatement of the Bill of Review on the basis of

dominant jurisdiction.

                                   PRAYER

      For these reasons, Appellants ask this Court to:

         • reverse the trial court’s orders of dismissal and
           abatement;

         • remand this case the trial court to determine Appellants’
           bill-of-review action; and

         • grant Appellants all other relief to which they are entitled.

                                       19
                                  Respectfully submitted,

                                  /s/Robinson C. Ramsey______
                                  ROBINSON C. RAMSEY
                                  State Bar No. 16523700
                                  Email: rramsey@langleybanack.com
                                  JOYCE W. MOORE
                                  State Bar No. 14357400
                                  jwmoore@langleybanack.com
                                  PAULA C. BOSTON
                                  State Bar No. 24089661
                                  pboston@langleybanack.com
                                  LANGLEY & BANACK, INC.
                                  Trinity Plaza II
                                  745 E. Mulberry, Suite 900
                                  San Antonio, Texas 78212
                                  Telephone: 210.736.6600
                                  Telecopier: 210.735.6889

                                  ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANTS

                  CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE

      In compliance with Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 9.4(i)(3),
Appellants certify that the number of words in Appellants’ Brief, including
its headings, footnotes, and quotations, is: 4,263.

                                  /s/ Robinson C. Ramsey
                                  ROBINSON C. RAMSEY

                                    20
                                 CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

      I certify that a true and correct copy of the above and foregoing
document has been served on this 9th day of February, 2015, to the
following counsel of record:

Judith R. Blakeway
Email: Judith.blakeway@strasburger.com
James Maverick McNeel
Email: james.mcneel@strasburger.com
Laura C. Mason
Email: laura.mason@strasburger.com
STRASBURGER & PRICE, LLP
2301 Broadway
San Antonio, Texas 78215
Attorneys for Raymond S. De Leon II, Trustee of the Family Trust

Jeffrey T. Knebel
Email: jtknebel@ohkdlaw.com
Michael B. Knisely
Email: mbknisely@ohkslaw.com
OSBORNE, HELMAN, KNEBEL & DELEERY, LLP
301 Congress Avenue, Suite 1910
Austin, Texas 78701
Attorneys for Rocio G. Guerra

                                          /s/Robinson C. Ramsey______
                                          ROBINSON C. RAMSEY
L & B 16052/0005/L0943779.DOCX

                                           21
                                APPENDIX

A.   Order Granting Defendant’s Plea to the Jurisdiction

B.   Order on Rocio Guerra’s Motion to Reconsider Plea in
     Abatement of Trust Administration Claims

C.   Judgment Appointing Successor Trustee and Modifying Certain
     Provisions of the Trust

D.   TEX. PROP. CODE § 111.004 (West. 2007)

E.   TEX. PROP. CODE § 112.054 (West 2014)

F.   TEX. PROP. CODE § 115.011 (West 2014)

G.   TEX. PROP. CODE § 115.013 (West 2014)

H.   TEX. CONST. art. 1, § 19

                                   22
APPENDIX
   A
                   0-rom:4ubtr) uistriot Court                 to:97272404    ;9565235074         # 2/ 5
Uo-U0-14;rJ:IV

                                    CAUSE NO.2014-CVQ-001098-D4

   JOSEFINA ALEXANDER GONZALEZ,                            §          IN THE DISTRICT COURT
   BY AND THROUGH HER                                      §
   CO-ATTORNEYS IN FACT,JUDITH                             §
   ZAFFIRINI,DAVID H.ARREDONDO                             §
   AND CLARISSA N.CHAPA,JUDITH                             §
   ZAFFIRINI,DAV1D ARREDONDO                               §
   AND CLARISSA CHAPA,AS
   INDEPENDENT CO-EXECUTORS OF    §
   THE ESTATE OF DELFINA E.
   ALEXANDER,DECEASED AND AS      §
   CO-TRUSTEES OF THE ROCIO
   GONZALEZ GUERRA EXEMPT TRUST; §
   ALEXANDER RESIDENTIAL
   DEVELOPMENT,L.P., ALEXANDER    §
   COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT,L.P., §
   ALEXANDER RETAIL DEVELOPMENT, §
   L.P.,D&J ALEXANDER
   CONSTRUCTION,L.P.,D&J
    ALEXANDER MANAGEMENT,L.P.,    §
    DELFINA E.AND JOSEFINA
    ALEXANDER,LLC-1; AND DELFINA  §
    AND JOSEFINA ALEXANDER FAMILY §
    LIMITED PARTNERSHIP,
                   Plaintiffs

    VS.                                                    §          406Th JUDICIALroux-7

    RAYMOND S.DE LEON,II,TRUSTEE                           §
    OF THE DELFINA & JOSEFINA
    ALEXANDER FAMILY TRUST;ROCIO                           §
    GONZALEZ GUERRA,Individually
    And as Next Friend of VIDAL GERARDO                    §
    GUERRA,III and MAYELA
    ALEXANDRA GUERRA,
                        Defendants                         §           WEBB COUNTY,TEXAS

               ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT'S PLEA TO THE JURISDICTION

             On the 25th day of July, 2014,came to be heard by submission, Defendant's Raymond S.
    De Leon, 11, Trustee of the Delfina and Josef= Alexander Family Trust ("Defendant")Plea to
    the Jurisdiction. Plaintiffs and Defendant all appeared by and through their respective counsel.
    After review ofthe pleadings, evidence presented and argument of counsel, the Court finds that

     Order Granting Defendant's Plea to the Jurisdiction                                      Page 1
Plaintiffs lack standing to challenge the judgment signed on March 12, 2012, and that said Plea
to the Jurisdiction should be and is hereby GRANTED.
       IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that Defendant's Plea to the Jurisdiction is
GRANTED and the Plaintiffs' Bill ofReview claims in this cause are dismissed.

       SIGNED this      6             day ofAugust,2014.

                                                       HON.OSCAR J.HALE,JR.--
                                                       406Th JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
                                                       WEBB COUNTY,TEXAS

 Order Granting Defendant's Plea to the Jurisdiction                                     Page 2
APPENDIX
                                                                                                 1     4/   b
yo-yo-14;16;1u ;trom;4uorn u,striot court              10;V/2/24U4       ;Vbbb2jbU/4

                                  CAUSE NO.2014-CVQ-001098-D4

   JOSEFINA ALEXANDER GONZALEZ, §                            IN THE DISTRICT COURT
   BY AND THROUGH HER
   CO-ATTORNEYS!N FACT,JUDITH     §
   ZAFFIRINI,DAVID H.ARREDONDO • §
   AND CLARISSA N.CRAM,JUDITH     §
   ZAFFIRJINI,DAVID ARREDONDO
   AND CLARISSA CHAPA,AS
   INDEPENDENT CO-EXECUTORS OF    §
   THE ESTATE OF DELFINA E.
   ALEXANDER,DECEASED AND AS      §
   CO-TRUSTEES OF THE ROCIO
   GONZALEZ GUERRA EXEMPT TRUST; §
   ALEXANDER RESIDENTIAL
   DEVELOPMENT,L.P.,ALEXANDER     §
   COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT,L.P., §
    ALEXANDER RETAIL.DEVELOPMENT, §
   L.P.,D&J ALEXANDER
    CONSTRUCTION,L.P.,D&J
    ALEXANDER MANAGEMENT,L.P.,    §
    DELFINA E.AND JOSEF/NA
    ALEXANDER,LLC-1; AND DELFINA  §
    AND JOSEFINA ALEXANDER FAMILY §
    LIMITED PARTNERSHIP,
                   .Plaintiffs

    VS.                                            §          406T8 JUDICIAL DISTRICT

    RAYMOND S.DE LEON,II,TRUSTEE                   §
    OF THE DELFINA & JOSEFINA
    ALEXANDER FAMILY TRUST;ROCIO                   §
    GONZALEZ GUERRA,Individually                   §
    And as Next Friend of VIDAL GERARDO            §
    GUERRA,III and MAYELA
    ALEXANDRA GUERRA,
                        Defendants                 §           WEBB COUNTY,TEXAS

                ORDER ON ROCIO GUERRA'S MOTION TO RECONSIDER
               PLEA IN ABATEMENT OF TRUST ADMINISTRATION CLAIMS

          On the 29'h day of July, 2014, after having considered Rocio Guerra's Motion to
    Reconsider Plea in Abatement ofTrust Administration Claims(the "Motion"), the pleadings on
    file,the parties' evidence and the arguments ofcounsel,the Court finds that the Motion has merit
    and should be GRANTED,in part.

    Order on Rocio Guerra's Motion to Reconsider                                             Page 1
vo-vo- 14,i,.1v   ,rrom:Liuovn   visrricr ourr        lo:V/2/24U4          ;Vbbb2jt0/4              r   b/   b

          IT IS ORDERED, on the Court's own motion, that an accounting of all trust
   expenditures made by the Successor Trustee, Raymond S. De Leon, II, shall be prepared by
   Successor Trustee, Raymond S. De Leon, II, and produced to all persons affected by the
   judgment signed on March 12, 2012, including the Guardian Ad Litems for the minors and the
   Co-Attomeys in Fact,Judith Zaffirini,David H.Arredondo and Clarissa N.Chapa.
          IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the accounting report shall be produced on or before
   September 6,2014.
          IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that all other "trust administration claims", including
   current or future claims to remove the successor trustee, be litigated and resolved in the pending
   case at Webb County Court at Law No.2.
          IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Rocio Guerra's Motion to Reconsider Plea in
   Abatement ofthe Trust Administration Claims is GRANTED in all other respects.
          SIGNED this 6th day ofAugust;2014.

                                                       HON.OSCAR J.HALE,JR.
                                                       406111 JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT
                                                       WEBB COUNTY,TEXAS

    Order On Rocio Guerra's Motion to Reconsider                                               Page 2
APPENDIX
                                     No. 2012CVQ000262D4

IN THE MATTER OF THE                                         IN THE DISTRI

DELFINA AND JOSEFINA ALEXANDER §                             NO.406 OF

FAMILY TRUST                                                 WEBB COUNTY,TEXAS

                 JUDGMENT APPOINTING SUCCESSOR TRUSTEE
               AND MODIFYING CERTAIN PROVISION.OF THE TRUST

       On this date came on to be heard the above-entitled and numbered cause.

       In this regard, the Court finds that:

       1.      The DELFINA AND JOSEFINA ALEXANDER FAMILY TRUST(the "Trust")

was created pursuant to a trust instrument executed by Delfina Alexander and Josefina Alexander

Gonzalez on or about January 1, 1997. The Trust provides that the trust was to be divided into three

(3) separate trust funds, known as the ROCIO GONZALEZ GUERRA TRUST; VIDAL

GERARDO GUERRA.,III TRUST and MAYELA ALEXANDRA GUERRA TRUST.

       2.      DELFINA ALEXANDER served as an initial Co-Trustee ofthese Trusts from their

inception until her death on January 27, 2008. JOSEFINA ALEXANDER GONZALEZ served

as the other initial Co-Trustee and then the sole successor Trustee until June 10, 2009, when she

resigned as Trustee. Following her resignation, A.E.PUIG,SR.served as trustee ofthese Trusts

until his resignation on December4,2010. Following his resignation,LAWRENCE PUIG declined

to serve as the successor Trustee of the Trusts.

       3.      Currently, there is no one serving as Trustee.

                                                   1

                                                   EXHIBIT
                                                                                                       66
       4.     The applicant has requested the appointment ofRAYMOND S. DE LEON,IL as

Successor Trustee of the Trust of the DELFINA AND JOSEFINA ALEXANDER FAMILY

TRUST and the three(3) separate trust funds, known as the ROCIO GONZALEZ GUERRA

TRUST;VIDAL GERAFtDO GU1ERRA,III TRUST and MAYELA ALEXANDRA GUERRA

TRUST.

       5.      Additionally,several provisions ofthe trust should be modified and replaced in their

entirety with the provisions provided below.

       It is therefore ORDERED,ADJUDGED and DECREED that:

       1.      The prior resignations ofiosefina Alexander Gonzalez and A.E.Puig,Sr„ as Trustee

of the Trust are confirmed and the declination of Lawrence Puig to serve as successor Trustee is

acknowledged.

       2.       RAYMOND S. DE LEON,II. is hereby appointed as Successor Trustee of the

Trust, and, as Trustee, shall have all ofthe rights, powers and privilegesconferred on Trustees by

the Texas Property Code Annotated (as it relates to trusts) and shall be subject to all ofthe duties,

responsibilities and conditions imposed upon trustees by the Texas Property Code, unless such

rights, powers and privileges conflict with the Trust or this Agreed Judgment, in which event, the

Trust or this Agreed Judgment shall control.

       3.       RAYMOND S. DE LEON,II. is hereby released from any duty imposed by the

Texas Property Code including, but not limited to, Section 114.002 ofthe Texas Property Code(the

Texas Trust Code) to review the accounts, records or actions of any previous trustee and/or

beneficiary of the Trust.

                                                 2
       4.        RAYMOND S.DE LEON,D.is released from (a)any and all accounts, records or

acts ofthe previous trustees ofthe Trust,(b)any and all claims,ifany,related to any environmental

hazards or conditions affecting any real estate now or previously owned by the Trust which may

constitute a violation offederal,state or local statutes, regulations,ordinances or other requirements

of law (collectively "Environmental Claims"), and (c) any and all claims, if any, asserted by the

Internal Revenue Service related to any tax return previously filed by the Trust or any other federal

tax matter relating to the Trust (collectively 'Tax Claims"). RAYMOND S. DE LEON,II. is

specifically authorized to pay,settle and dispose ofall Environmental Claimsand Tax Claims,ifany,

out ofthe assets of the Trust to the extent such assets are available to pay, settle OT dispose ofsuch

claims.

          5.     All books and records of the Trust, including but not limited to limited partnership

agreements, records, tax returns, files and documents related to the assets of the Trust, shall be

delivered to RAYMOND S. DE LEON,11. within ten(10)days from the date ofthis Judgment by

any individual or entity possessing same, including all books and records relating to Alexander

Residential Development, L.P., Alexander Commercial Development, L.P., Alexander Retail

Development, L.P., D&J Alexander Construction, L.P. and Alexander Management, L.P. and

Delfina E.& Josefina Alexander, LLC-l.

          6.     1T IS FURTHER ORDERED AND DECREED that the Section 10. and 11. of the

original Trust Agreement ofthe DELFINA AND JOSEFINA ALEXANDER FAMILY TRUST

are hereby deleted in their entirety and replaced with the following provisions, to-wit:

          "Section 10. Compensation of Trustees. Any person who serves as a trustee may elect to

receive a reasonable compensation, reasonable compensation to be measured by the time required

                                                  3

                                                                                                         68
in administration and settlement and the responsibility assumed in the discharge of the duties of

office. A corporate trustee will be entitled to receive as its compensation such fees as are then

prescribed by its published schedule ofcharges for trusts and estates ofa similar size and nature and

additional compensation for extraordinary services performed bythe corporate trustee. A trustee will

be entitled to full reimbursement for reasonable expense, costs or other obligations incurred as the

result ofservice, including attorney's, accountant's and other professional fees."

       "Section 11. Resignation or Removal of Trpstee and Appointment of Successor.

               1.      Resignation of Trustee: The Trustee herein above named or any Successor

       Trustee may at any time resign from one or all ofthe Trusts created herein upon giving to the

       Adult Trust Beneficiaries then receiving or entitled to receive Income from such Trusts, or

       ifsome ofthe beneficiaries are then minors, to the parents or legal guardians ofeach Minor

        Beneficiary then receiving or entitled to receive Income from such Trusts, thirty(30)days

        written notice ofsuch resignation.

               2.      Removal of Trustee: The Trustee herein above named or any Successor

        Trustee may at any time be removed from one or all ofthe Trusts created herein upon the

        giving ofthirty(30)days written notice ofsuch removal,executed by a majority ofthe Adult

        Trust Beneficiaries then receiving or entitled to receive Income from the Trusts, or ifsome

        of the beneficiaries are then minors, by a majority of the parents or legal guardians of the

        Minor Beneficiaries then receiving or entitled to receive Income from the Trust.

                3.      AppointmentofSuccessor Trustee: In the event RAYMOND S.DE LEON,

        II. should fail to qualify, or if after qualifying, shall resign, or otherwise cease to serve as

        the Trustee of one or all of the trusts created herein for any reason, then in such event a

                                                   4

                                                                                                           69
majority ofthe Trust beneficiaries(including a beneficiarys natural or legal guardian or legal

representative,in the case ofa beneficiary under a legal disability)who might then be entitled

to receive a distribution from the Tnist estate shall have the power to appoint as successor

Trustee any national or state bank or Trust company possessing Trust powers and having a

capital, surplus and undivided profits ofat least One Hundred Million Dollars, or individual

regardless ofdomicile. Such appointment shall be by written instrument duly executed and

acknowledged by the appointing parties and by the successor Trustee and filed in the Deed

Records of Webb County,Texas. If a successor Trustee is not appointed as herein above

provided, then a court of competent jurisdiction shall appoint a successor Trustee with the

qualifications set forth above,and the costs associated with such a court proceeding shall be

paid from the Trust or Trusts for which the successor Trustee is appointed. Except as may

be provided by such Court,no bond shall be required ofthe original or contingently provided

for Trustee(s)."

SIGNED this            day of March,2012.

                                       Oscar J. Hale, Jr.
                                       State District Judge
                                       4045th Judicial District Court
                                       Webb County, Texas

                                  A True copy of the original, l certify,
                                   the (  oo      day of.          ,20 /
                                        ESTHER DEGOLLADO
                                    Clerk of the District Courts and
                               County                 Webb County, Texas
                                  By  C,
                                       41    ,0  SI              Deputy

                                                                                                 70
Approved as to Content:

     I0 GONZALEZ GLTERRA,Individually and as
Next Friend of VIDAL GERARDO GUERRA,III, Minor
and as Next Friend of MAYELA ALEXANDRA GUERRA,Minor

APPROVED AS TO FORM:

Thomas G. Bossier
Attorney at Law
306 W.Sunset, Suite 119
San Antonio, Texas 78209
Telephone     (210)826-8885
Telefax       (210)286-2236
State Bar No. 01894300
Attorney for Applicant,
ROCIO GONZALEZ GUERRA

                                   6

                                                      71
APPENDIX
   D
§ 111.004. Definitions, TX PROPERTY § 111.004

  Vernon's Texas Statutes and Codes Annotated
    Property Code(Refs & Annos)
      Title 9. Trusts(Refs & Annos)
        Subtitle B. Texas Trust Code: Creation, Operation, and Termination of Trusts(Refs & Annos)
           Chapter 111. General Provisions (Refs & Annos)

                                             V.T.C.A., Property Code § 111.004

                                                   § 111.004. Definitions

                                                Effective: September 1, 2013
                                                        Currentness

In this subtitle:

  (1)"Affiliate includes:

     (A)a person who directly or indirectly, through one or more intermediaries, controls,is controlled by, or is under common
     control with another person; or

     (B)any officer, director, partner, employee, or relative of a person, and any corporation or partnership of which a person
     is an officer, director, or partner.

  (2)"Beneficiary" means a person for whose benefit property is held in trust, regardless ofthe nature ofthe interest.

  (3)"Court" means a court of appropriate jurisdiction.

  (4)"Express trust" means a fiduciary relationship with respect to property which arises as a manifestation by the settlor of
  an intention to create the relationship and which subjects the person holding title to the property to equitable duties to deal
  with the property for the benefit of another person.

  (5)"Income" is defined in Section 116.002.

  (6)"Interest" means any interest, whether legal or equitable or both, present or future, vested or contingent, defeasible or
  indefeasible.

  (7)"Interested person" means a trustee, beneficiary, or any other person having an interest in or a claim against the trust or
  any person who is affected by the administration ofthe trust. Whether a person, excluding a trustee or named beneficiary, is
  an interested person may vary from time to time and must be determined according to the particular purposes of and matter
  involved in any proceeding.

.1 Ne.s.tlawNext- © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                         1
§ 111.004. Definitions, TX PROPERTY § 111.004

  (8) "Internal Revenue Code means the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, as amended, I or any corresponding statute
  subsequently in effect.

  (9)"Inventory value means the cost of property purchased by a trustee, the market value of property at the time it became
  subject to the trust, or, in the case of a testamentary trust, any value used by the trustee that is finally determined for the
  purposes of an estate or inheritance tax.

  (10)"Person" means:

    (A)an individual;

    (B)a corporation;

    (C)a limited liability company;

    (D)a partnership;

    (E)a joint venture;

    (F)an association;

    (G)a joint-stock company;

    (H)a business trust;

     (I) an unincorporated organization;

     (J) two or more persons having a joint or common interest, including an individual or a corporation acting as a personal
     representative or in any other fiduciary capacity;

     (K)a government;

     (L)a governmental subdivision, agency, or instrumentality;

     (M)a public corporation; or

     (N)any other legal or commercial entity.

Westiavytlea © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                               2
§ 111.004. Definitions, TX PROPERTY § 111.004

  (11)"Principal" is defined in Section 116.002.

  (12)"Property" means any type ofproperty, whether real,tangible or intangible,legal,or equitable,including property held in
  any digital or electronic medium. The term also includes choses in action, claims, and contract rights, including a contractual
  right to receive death benefits as designated beneficiary under a policy of insurance, contract, employees' trust, retirement
  account, or other arrangement.

  (13)"Relative" means a spouse or, whether by blood or adoption, an ancestor, descendant, brother, sister, or spouse of any
  ofthem.

  (14) "Settlor" means a person who creates a trust or contributes property to a trustee of a trust. If more than one person
  contributes property to a trustee of a trust, each person is a settlor of the portion of the property in the trust attributable to
  that person's contribution to the trust. The terms "grantor" and "trustor" mean the same as "settlor."

  (15)"Terms of the trust" means the manifestation of intention of the settlor with respect to the trust expressed in a manner
  that admits of its proof in judicial proceedings.

  (16)"Transaction" means any act performed by a settlor, trustee, or beneficiary in relation to a trust, including the creation
  or termination of a trust, the investment oftrust property, a breach of duty, the receipt oftrust property, the receipt ofincome
  or the incurring of expense, a distribution of trust property, an entry in the books and records of the trust, and an accounting
  by a trustee to any person entitled to receive an accounting.

  (17)"Trust property" means property placed in trust by one ofthe methods specified in Section 112.001 or property otherwise
  transferred to or acquired or retained by the trustee for the trust.

  (18)"Trustee" means the person holding the property in trust, including an original, additional, or successor trustee, whether
  or not the person is appointed or confirmed by a court.

  (19)"Employees' trust" means:

    (A)a trust that forms a part of a stock-bonus, pension, or profit-sharing plan under Section 401, Internal Revenue Code
    of 1954(26 U.S.C.A. Sec. 401 (1986));

     (B)a pension trust under Chapter 111; and

     (C)an employer-sponsored benefit plan or program, or any other retirement savings arrangement,including a pension plan
     created under Section 3, Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974(29 U.S.C.A. Sec. 1002(1986)), regardless
     of whether the plan, program, or arrangement is funded through a trust.

 WestlawNext © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                 3
§ 111.004. Definitions, TX PROPERTY § 111.004

  (20)"Individual retirement account' means a trust, custodial arrangement, or annuity under Section 408(a) or (b), Internal
  Revenue Code of 1954(26 U.S.C.A. Sec. 408 (1986)).

  (21) "Retirement account' means a retirement-annuity contract, an individual retirement account, a simplified employee
  pension, or any other retirement savings arrangement.

  (22) "Retirement-annuity contract' means an annuity contract under Section 403, Internal Revenue Code of 1954 (26
  U.S.C.A. Sec. 403(1986)).

  (23)"Simplified employee pension" means a trust, custodial arrangement, or annuity under Section 408, Internal Revenue
  Code of 1954(26 U.S.C.A. Sec. 408 (1986)).

  (24)"Environmental law" means any federal, state, or local law, rule, regulation, or ordinance relating to protection of the
  environment.

  (25)"Breach of trust' means a violation by a trustee of a duty the trustee owes to a beneficiary.

Credits
Added by Acts 1983, 68th Leg., p. 3332, ch. 567, art. 2, § 2, eff. Jan. 1, 1984. Amended by Acts 1987, 70th Leg., ch. 741,
§§ 1, 2, eff. Aug. 31, 1987; Acts 1993, 73rd Leg., ch. 846, § 28, eff. Sept. 1, 1993; Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 642, § 14, eff.
Sept. 1, 1995; Acts 2003, 78th Leg., ch. 659, § 2, eff. Jan. 1, 2004; Acts 2003, 78th Leg., ch. 1103, § 2, eff. Jan. 1, 2004; Acts
2005, 79th Leg., ch. 148, § 3, eff. Jan. 1, 2006; Acts 2007, 80th Leg., ch. 451,§ 3, eff. Sept. 1, 2007; Acts 2013, 83rd Leg.,
ch. 699(H.B. 2913), § 1, eff. Sept. 1, 2013.

Notes ofDecisions (31)

Footnotes
1      26 U.S.C.A. § 1 et seq.
V. T. C. A., Property Code § 111.004, TX PROPERTY § 111.004
Current through the end of the 2013 Third Called Session of the 83rd Legislature

 End of Document                                                    © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

 Wes.tiavvNext © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                   4
APPENDIX
§ 112.054. Judicial Modification or Termination of Trusts, TX PROPERTY § 112.054

  Vernon's Texas Statutes and Codes Annotated
    Property Code(Refs & Annos)
      Title 9. Trusts(Refs & Annos)
        Subtitle B. Texas Trust Code: Creation, Operation, and Termination of Trusts (Refs & Annos)
           Chapter 112. Creation, Validity, Modification, and Termination of Trusts
              Subchapter C. Revocation, Modification, and Termination of Trusts(Refs & Annos)

                                              V.T.C.A., Property Code § 112.054

                                 § 112.054. Judicial Modification or Termination of Trusts

                                                   Effective: January 1, 2006
                                                          Currentness

(a) On the petition of a trustee or a beneficiary, a court may order that the trustee be changed, that the terms of the trust be
modified, that the trustee be directed or permitted to do acts that are not authorized or that are forbidden by the terms of the
trust, that the trustee be prohibited from performing acts required by the terms of the trust, or that the trust be terminated in
whole or in part, if:

  (1)the purposes ofthe trust have been fulfilled or have become illegal or impossible to fulfill;

  (2) because of circumstances not known to or anticipated by the settlor, the order will further the purposes of the trust;

  (3) modification of administrative, nondispositive terms of the trust is necessary or appropriate to prevent waste or avoid
  impairment ofthe trust's administration;

  (4)the order is necessary or appropriate to achieve the settlor's tax objectives and is not contrary to the settlor's intentions; or

  (5) subject to Subsection (d):

     (A)continuance ofthe trust is not necessary to achieve any material purpose of the trust; or

     (B)the order is not inconsistent with a material purpose of the trust.

(b)The court shall exercise its discretion to order a modification or termination under Subsection(a)in the manner that conforms
as nearly as possible to the probable intention ofthe settlor. The court shall consider spendthrift provisions as a factor in making
its decision whether to modify or terminate, but the court is not precluded from exercising its discretion to modify or terminate
solely because the trust is a spendthrift trust.

(c) The court may direct that an order described by Subsection (a)(4) has retroactive effect.

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§ 112.054. Judicial Modification or Termination of Trusts, TX PROPERTY § 112.054

(d) The court may not take the action permitted by Subsection (a)(5) unless all beneficiaries of the trust have consented to the
order or are deemed to have consented to the order. A minor, incapacitated, unborn, or unascertained beneficiary is deemed to
have consented if a person representing the beneficiary's interest under Section 115.013(c) has consented or if a guardian ad
litem appointed to represent the beneficiary's interest under Section 115.014 consents on the beneficiary's behalf.

Credits
Added by Acts 1983, 68th Leg., p. 3332, ch. 567, art. 2, § 2, eff. Jan. 1, 1984. Amended by Acts 1985, 69th Leg., ch. 149, §
1, eff. May 24, 1985; Acts 2005, 79th Leg., ch. 148,§ 7, eff. Jan. 1, 2006.

Notes of Decisions(25)

V. T. C. A.,Property Code § 112.054, TX PROPERTY § 112.054
Current through the end ofthe 2013 Third Called Session of the 83rd Legislature

 End of Document                                                   © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

1e5tlawNext- © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                   2
APPENDIX
§ 115.011. Parties, TX PROPERTY § 115.011

  Vernon's Texas Statutes and Codes Annotated
    Property Code(Refs & Annos)
      Title 9. Trusts (Refs & Annos)
        Subtitle B. Texas Trust Code: Creation, Operation, and Termination of Trusts(Refs & Annos)
           Chapter 115. Jurisdiction, Venue, and Proceedings
             Subchapter B. Parties, Procedure, and Judgments

                                                V.T.C.A., Property Code § 115.011

                                                         § 115.011. Parties

                                                   Effective: September 1, 2011
                                                           Currentness

(a) Any interested person may bring an action under Section 115.001 of this Act.

(b) Contingent beneficiaries designated as a class are not necessary parties to an action under Section 115.001. The only
necessary parties to such an action are:

  (1) a beneficiary of the trust on whose act or obligation the action is predicated;

  (2)a beneficiary of the trust designated by name, other than a beneficiary whose interest has been distributed, extinguished,
  terminated, or paid;

  (3) a person who is actually receiving distributions from the trust estate at the time the action is filed; and

  (4)the trustee, if a trustee is serving at the time the action is filed.

(c) The attorney general shall be given notice of any proceeding involving a charitable trust as provided by Chapter 123 of
this code.

(d) A beneficiary of a trust may intervene and contest the right of the plaintiff to recover in an action against the trustee as
representative ofthe trust for a tort committed in the course ofthe trustee's administration or on a contract executed by the trustee.

Credits
Added by Acts 1983, 68th Leg., p. 3332, ch. 567, art. 2, § 2, eff. Jan. 1, 1984. Amended by Acts 1995, 74th Leg., ch. 172,
§ 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1995; Acts 2005, 79th Leg., ch. 148, § 23, eff. Jan. 1, 2006; Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., ch. 657 (S.B. 1197), §
6, eff. Sept. 1, 2011.

Notes of Decisions(32)

V,/esttavy.Next- © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Governrnent Works.                                              1
§ 115.011. Parties, TX PROPERTY § 115.011

V. T. C. A., Property Code § 115.011, TX PROPERTY § 115.011
Current through the end of the 2013 Third Called Session of the 83rd Legislature

 End of Document                                                 © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

 WesttavyNext © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.
APPENDIX
§ 115.013. Pleadings and Judgments, TX PROPERTY § 115.013

  Vernon's Texas Statutes and Codes Annotated
    Property Code(Refs & Annos)
      Title 9. Trusts(Refs & Annos)
        Subtitle B.Texas Trust Code: Creation, Operation, and Termination of Trusts(Refs & Annos)
           Chapter 115. Jurisdiction, Venue,and Proceedings
              Subchapter B. Parties, Procedure, and Judgments

                                            V.T.C.A., Property Code § 115.013

                                           § 115.013. Pleadings and Judgments

                                               Effective: September 1, 2009
                                                        Currentness

(a) Actions and proceedings involving trusts are governed by this section.

(b) An affected interest shall be described in pleadings that give reasonable information to an owner by name or class, by
reference to the instrument creating the interest, or in other appropriate manner.

(c) A person is bound by an order binding another in the following cases:

  (1) an order binding the sole holder or all coholders of a power of revocation or a presently exercisable general power of
  appointment,including one in the form ofa power ofamendment, binds other persons to the extent their interests, as objects,
  takers in default, or otherwise are subject to the power;

  (2) to the extent there is no conflict of interest between them or among persons represented:

    (A)an order binding a guardian of the estate or a guardian ad litem binds the ward; and

     (B) an order binding a trustee binds beneficiaries of the trust in proceedings to review the acts or accounts of a prior
     fiduciary and in proceedings involving creditors or other third parties;

  (3) if there is no conflict of interest and no guardian of the estate or guardian ad litem has been appointed, a parent may
  represent his minor child as guardian ad litem or as next friend; and

  (4) an unborn or unascertained person who is not otherwise represented is bound by an order to the extent his interest is
  adequately represented by another party having a substantially identical interest in the proceeding.

(d) Notice under Section 115.015 shall be given either to a person who will be bound by the judgment or to one who can bind
that person under this section, and notice may be given to both. Notice may be given to unborn or unascertained persons who

'yn/e.stlawNext © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                       1
§ 115.013. Pleadings and Judgments, TX PROPERTY § 115.013

are not represented under Subdivision(1) or(2) of Subsection (c) by giving notice to all known persons whose interests in the
proceedings are substantially identical to those ofthe unborn or unascertained persons.

Credits
Added by Acts 1983, 68th Leg., p. 3332, ch. 567, art. 2, § 2, eff Jan. 1, 1984. Amended by Acts 2009, 81st Leg., ch. 672,
§ 4, eff. Sept. 1, 2009.

Notes ofDecisions(5)

V. T. C. A., Property Code § 115.013, TX PROPERTY § 115.013
Current through the end ofthe 2013 Third Called Session of the 83rd Legislature

 End of Document                                                  © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

 WesthwyNext' © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                  2
APPENDIX
§ 19. Deprivation of life, liberty, etc.; due course of law, TX CONST Art. 1,§ 19

  Vernon's Texas Statutes and Codes Annotated
    Constitution ofthe State of Texas 1876(Refs & Annos)
      Article I. Bill of Rights(Refs & Annos)

                                          Vernon's Ann.Texas Const. Art. 1, § 19

                                 § 19. Deprivation of life, liberty, etc.; due course oflaw

                                                         Currentness

Sec. 19. No citizen of this State shall be deprived of life, liberty, property, privileges or immunities, or in any manner
disfranchised, except by the due course of the law ofthe land.

Editors' Notes

                                            INTERPRETIVE COMMENTARY

                                                     2007 Main Volume

    Section 19 of the Texas Bill of Rights is a due process of law provision and has been included in all of the Texas
    Constitutions. The words "due process oflaw" or "due course ofthe law of the lane are the equivalent ofthe phrase
    "law of the lane in Magna Carta.

     This provision has been construed by the courts as affording several types of protection. It has been said that "when
     the great barons of England wrung from King John, at the point of the sword, the concession that neither their lives
     nor their property should be disposed of by the crown, except as provided by the law ofthe land, they meant by 'law
     ofthe land' the ancient and customary laws of the English people, or laws enacted by the Parliament. . . .. It was not
     in their minds, therefore, to protect themselves against enactment of laws by the Parliament of England." Davidson
     v. New Orleans, 96 U.S. 97,24 L.Ed. 616(1878).

     Therefore, originally the due process clause was construed as applying to the method of making a judicial or
     administrative decision. It applied directly to the machinery or procedure by which people were tried for crime, by
     which property rights were adjudicated, by which the powers of eminent domain and taxation were exercised. In
     short, legal proceedings were and are required to be conducted by the rules and forms established for the protection
     of private rights. Otherwise, life, liberty or property would be taken without due process oflaw so as to be violative
     of the fundamental principles. See Steddum v. Kirby Lumber Co., 110 T. 513, 221 S.W. 920(1920).

     As applied to procedure, due process requires a fair and impartial trial before a competent tribunal. Vogt v. Bexar
     County, 5 White & W. 272, 23 S.W. 1044 (1893). Included within this requisite is an opportunity to be heard, and
     reasonable opportunity to prepare for the hearing, which, of course, encompasses reasonable notice of the claim or
     charge against an individual so as to advise him of the nature thereof, and ofthe relief sought. State ex rel. Merriman
     v. Ball, 116 T. 527, 296 S.W. 1085 (1927), Steddum v. Kirby Lumber Co. supra.

     The right to a hearing requires a judicial examination of every issue that, according to established procedure, may
     affect the attainment of a legal trial, and in such atrial determine the cause according to law. Freeman v. Ortiz, 106
     T. 1, 153 S.W. 304(1913). There should be opportunity given to cross examine witnesses and to produce witnesses
     and to be heard on questions of law. Steddum v. Kirby Lumber Co., supra.

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§ 19. Deprivation of life, liberty, etc.; due course of law, TX CONST Art. 1,§ 19

    Due process oflaw not only includes procedural protection, but also substantive protection. It is a direct constitutional
    restraint upon the substance of legislation and means that a legislative curtailment ofpersonal or property rights must
    be justified by a resultant benefit to the public welfare. Thus the due process guaranty does not restrain the state in
    the exercise of its legitimate police powers. See City of New Braunfels v. Waldschmit, 109 T. 302, 207 S.W. 303
    (1918). Houston & Tex. Cent. Ry. Co. v. Dallas,98 T. 396, 84 S.W. 648(1905). Both liberty and property are subject
    to the exercise ofthese powers.

     Nevertheless,the exercise ofthe police powers is not unrestricted, but is limited to enactments having reference to the
     public health, comfort,safety and welfare. It must not be arbitrary, unreasonable, or patently beyond the necessities of
     the case, and the means which it employs must have a real and substantial relation to the object sought to be attained.
     See Spann v. City of Dallas, 111 T. 350, 235 S.W. 513 (1921), Houston & T.C. Ry. Co. v. City of Dallas, supra;
     American Federation of Labor v. Mann, Civ.App., 188 S.W.2d 276 (1945).

     In substantive due process cases,the courts balance the gain to the public welfare resulting from the legislation against
     the severity of its effect on personal and property rights. Every exercise ofthe police power involves a restraint upon
     individual freedom of action or the free use of property based upon some social need which presumably justifies the
     restraint. Hence, a law is unconstitutional as violating due process when it is arbitrary or unreasonable, and the later
     occurs when the social necessity the law is to serve is not a sufficientjustification ofthe restriction ofliberty involved.

     For example, the police power may be constitutionally exercised to destroy property where the social necessity or
     interest involved is the prevention of the spread of disease or conflagration. Chambers v. Gilbert, 17 White & W. 106,
     42 S.W. 630, error refused (1897); Keller v. City of Corpus Christi, 50 T. 614 (1879). Again the liberty of contract
     between employers and employees may be regulated under the police power by limiting the hours of labor in order
     to promote the public health. See Bunting v. State of Oregon, 37 S. Ct. 435, 243 U.S. 426,61 L.Ed. 830(1916).

     The Federal Constitution, in the fifth and fourteenth amendments, also provides against deprivation of life, liberty or
     property without due process oflaw, the fourteenth amendment by its language being applicable to prevent the states
     from carrying out such a deprivation. It has been held by Texas courts that the clause of the Texas Constitution, to
     the extent that it is identical with the fourteenth amendment, has placed upon the powers of the state legislature the
     same restrictions as those which have been held to be imposed by the language of that amendment of the Federal
     Constitution. Mellinger v. City of Houston,68 T. 37,3 S.W. 249(1887).

Notes of Decisions(2826)

Vernon's Ann. Texas Const. Art. 1, § 19, TX CONST Art. 1, § 19
Current through the end of the 2013 Third Called Session of the 83rd Legislature

 End of Document                                                      © 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

VsiestiawNexC© 2015 Thomson Reuters. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.                                                      2