Court Opinion

ID: 4536037
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2020-05-22 09:07:23.503331+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T12:42:03.431787
License: Public Domain

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
                 revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.

                          STATE OF MICHIGAN

                           COURT OF APPEALS

RANDALL FINKE,                                                     UNPUBLISHED
                                                                   May 21, 2020
               Plaintiff-Appellant,

v                                                                  No. 345621
                                                                   Midland Circuit Court
JOSEPH M. VANDERKELEN, HOWARD I.                                   LC No. 17-004936-CB
UNGERLEIDER, JOSEPH DONALD SHEETS,
JAMES W. FISHER, ERIC P. BLACKHURST,
ROBERTA N. ARNOLD, DAVID DUNN, and
RICHARD M. REYNOLDS,

               Defendants-Appellees.

Before: K. F. KELLY, P.J., and BORRELLO and BOONSTRA, JJ.

PER CURIAM.

       Plaintiff appeals by right the trial court’s order granting summary disposition in favor of
defendants under MCR 2.116(C)(8). We affirm.

                   I. PERTINENT FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

       Plaintiff was a shareholder of Wolverine Bancorp, Inc. (Wolverine), a savings and loan
company organized under the laws of the state of Maryland and principally operating in Midland,
Michigan. Defendants were directors of Wolverine, and certain defendants were also officers of
Wolverine. In June 2017, defendants voted unanimously in favor of approving a merger between
Wolverine and Horizon Bancorp, Inc (Horizon), with Horizon being the surviving company. The
merger would result in each share of Wolverine being converted into 1.0152 shares of Horizon
common stock and a cash payment of $14 per share. The merger agreement also provided that
defendant David Dunn (Dunn) would be employed by Horizon and defendant Eric Blackhurst
(Blackhurst) would be appointed to Horizon’s board of directors. Under the terms of his
employment contract, and as a result of the merger, Dunn would receive a significant amount of

                                               -1-
money from “change in control” payments and cashing out stock options.1 The remainder of the
directors would also receive financial benefits from cashing out stock options. In negotiating the
merger agreement, defendants considered, but ultimately denied, an offer by another corporation,
referred to as “Company A” because of a nondisclosure agreement. The terms of the merger
agreement also precluded defendants from soliciting or encouraging other offers, and required
Wolverine to pay a termination fee of $3,539,000 to Horizon should Wolverine back out of the
deal. When presenting the merger agreement to Wolverine’s shareholders, defendants prepared a
proxy statement of over 300 pages, which they also submitted to the Securities and Exchange
Commission (SEC).

        After the proxy statement was filed, but before the merger was approved,2 plaintiff filed
this putative class action suit against defendants, alleging that, under Maryland law, defendants
had breached their fiduciary duties to the shareholders of Wolverine by refusing the offer from
Company A, which was allegedly more valuable than the offer from Horizon. Plaintiff argued that
defendants agreed to the Horizon merger because they were set to receive significant benefits that
Wolverine’s shareholders would not receive. Plaintiff also asserted that the disclosures issued by
defendants in advance of the shareholders’ vote were insufficient and would result in an
uninformed vote. In lieu of answering the complaint, defendants moved for summary disposition
under MCR 2.116(C)(8), primarily arguing that, under Maryland law, plaintiff did not have
standing to bring a direct action against defendants. Rather, applicable caselaw required plaintiff
to bring a derivative action on behalf of the corporation. The trial court agreed with defendants
and dismissed plaintiff’s complaint for a lack of standing. This appeal followed.

                                  II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

         “We review de novo a circuit court’s summary disposition decision.” Packowski v United
Food & Commercial Workers Local 951, 289 Mich App 132, 138; 796 NW2d 94 (2010).3 “A
court may grant summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8) if the opposing party has failed to
state a claim on which relief can be granted.” Dalley v Dykema Gossett, 287 Mich App 296, 304;
788 NW2d 679 (2010) (quotation marks and brackets omitted).                    “A motion under
MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of the complaint. All well-pleaded factual allegations
are accepted as true and construed in a light most favorable to the nonmovant.” Adair v Michigan,
470 Mich 105, 119; 680 NW2d 386 (2004), quoting Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich 109, 119; 597
NW2d 817 (1999). “Summary disposition on the basis of subrule (C)(8) should be granted only
when the claim is so clearly unenforceable as a matter of law that no factual development could

1
  Wolverine’s Chief Operations Officer, Treasurer, and Secretary, Rick Rosinski, would also
receive a substantial payout from the merger, and would also be employed by Horizon. Although
referenced in the complaint, Rosinski was not named as a defendant in plaintiff’s suit and is not a
party to this appeal.
2
    Wolverine shareholders subsequently voted to approve the merger.
3
 The parties agree that Maryland law governs the substantive issues in this case and that Michigan
procedural law applies.

                                                -2-
possibly justify a right of recovery.” Dalley, 287 Mich App at 305 (quotation marks and citation
omitted).

       “Questions of statutory interpretation are also reviewed de novo.” Rowland v Washtenaw
Co Road Comm, 477 Mich 197, 202; 731 NW2d 41 (2007). “Whether a party has standing is
reviewed de novo as a question of law.” Wilmington Savings Fund Society, FBS v Clare, 323
Mich App 678, 684; 919 NW2d 420 (2018).

                                            III. ANALYSIS

        Plaintiff argues that he was entitled to file a direct (i.e., non-derivative) claim against
defendants, and that the trial court therefore erred by granting defendants’ motion for summary
disposition. With the exception of the claim that defendants breached their duty of candor in
preparing the proxy statement, we disagree. With regard to the duty of candor claim, we conclude
that Maryland law permits such a claim as a direct action, but we nonetheless hold that the claim
was properly dismissed because plaintiff did not allege any individual damages to shareholders as
a result of the alleged inaccuracies or omissions in the proxy statement.

                                 A. BUSINESS JUDGMENT RULE

        With the exception of the duty of candor claim, which we will discuss later in this opinion,
plaintiff’s claims that defendants breached their fiduciary duties implicate the “business judgment
rule.” “The board of directors of a corporation generally manages the business of the corporation.”
Sutton v FedFirst Fin Corp, 226 Md App 46, 74; 126 A3d 765 (2015). “Under the traditional
business judgment rule, courts apply a presumption of disinterestedness, independence, and
reasonable decision-making to all business decisions made by a corporate board of directors.”
Oliveira v Sugarman, 451 Md 208, 221; 152 A3d 728 (2017). “Corporate directors, however, do
not have unlimited authority.” Sutton, 226 Md App at 75. This is because “[t]hey are subject to
fiduciary duties . . . .” Id. The business judgment rule is codified in Maryland by a statute that
provides in relevant part: “A director of a corporation shall act . . . [i]n good faith, . . . [i]n a manner
the director reasonably believes to be in the best interests of the corporation; and . . . [w]ith the
care that an ordinarily prudent person in a like position would use under similar circumstances.”
Md Code Ann, Corps & Ass’ns § 2-405.1(c) (West 2016); see also Oliveira, 451 Md at 222.
“Maryland courts apply the business judgment rule to all decisions regarding the corporation’s
management.” Oliveira, 451 Md at 222 (quotation marks and citations omitted).

        “Ordinarily, a shareholder does not have standing to sue to redress an injury to the
corporation resulting from directorial mismanagement.” Shenker v Laureate Ed, Inc, 411 Md 317,
342; 983 A2d 408 (2009). This is because the fiduciary duties owed by directors generally “are to
the corporation and not, at least directly, to the shareholders.” Sutton, 226 Md App at 75 (quotation
marks and citation omitted). “Because director fiduciary duties relating to management do not
extend to shareholders, a shareholder generally does not have a direct action against the directors,
and any action taken against the directors requires the shareholder to file a derivative action.” Id.
“By bringing a derivative action, shareholders invoke ‘an extraordinary equitable device . . . to
enforce a corporate right that the corporation failed to assert on its own behalf.’ ” Oliveira, 451
Md at 223, quoting Werbowsky v Collomb, 362 Md 581, 599; 766 A2d 123 (2001) (alteration in
Oliveira). “In a derivative suit, [t]he corporation is the real party in interest and the shareholder is

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only a nominal plaintiff. The substantive claim belongs to the corporation.” Oliveira, 451 Md at
223 (quotation marks and citation omitted; alteration in original). Maryland courts, however, have
held that there are exceptions to that general rule, and, under certain circumstances, shareholders
can bring direct actions against directors. Id. at 242.

         One exception to the rule requiring derivative actions by shareholders was discussed by the
Maryland Court of Appeals (Maryland’s highest court) in Shenker, 411 Md at 335-336. In that
case, shareholders of an education technology corporation, Laureate, filed a direct suit against
Laureate’s directors. Id. at 326-327. The case began when Laureate’s chair and chief executive
officer (CEO) informed the company’s board of directors that he intended to explore the possibility
of Laureate “going private” via a transaction with private equity investors. Id. at 329. Eventually,
the CEO obtained an offer from a group of investors—in one of which he had a private interest
that was disclosed to the board—to essentially purchase Laureate for $62 per share. Id. at 329-
331. Certain shareholders, believing that the deal was not financially adequate, filed a direct action
against Laureate’s directors alleging that they breached certain fiduciary duties owed directly to
the shareholders. Id. at 331-332. The trial court granted the directors’ motion to dismiss the case,
reasoning that “a direct action against corporate directors for alleged violations of fiduciary duties,
is unavailable . . . in Maryland.” Id. at 332 (quotation marks omitted). “The trial judge based his
decision on § 2-405.1(g) of the Corporations and Associations Article,[4] holding that subsection
(g) ‘was enacted to foreclose exactly the kinds of claims which [the shareholders] seek to bring in
this action’ . . . .” Shenker, 411 Md at 332. The Maryland Court of Special Appeals (Maryland’s
intermediate appellate court), affirmed the trial court’s decision, agreeing that “any claims
shareholders may have against directors for breach of fiduciary duty must be brought derivatively
on behalf of the corporation.” Id. at 333.

        The Maryland Court of Appeals reversed the decisions of the trial court and Court of
Special Appeals. Id. at 335-336. The court held that § 2-405.1(g) “governs the duty of care owed
by directors when they undertake managerial decisions on behalf of the corporation.” Id. at 338.
However, “[w]hen directors undertake to negotiate a price that shareholders will receive in the
context of a cash-out merger transaction, [] they assume a different role than solely managing the
business and affairs of the corporation.” Id. (quotation marks omitted). Specifically, the court
reasoned that the “[d]uties concerning the management of the corporation’s affairs change after
the decision is made to sell the corporation.” Id., citing Revlon, Inc v MacAndrews & Forbes
Holdings, Inc, 506 A2d 173, 182 (Del, 1986).5 In such situations, “in negotiating a share price
that shareholders will receive in a cash-out merger, directors act as fiduciaries on behalf of the
shareholders . . . [and] the common law imposes . . . duties to maximize shareholder value and

4
  The language of Md Cod Ann, Corps & Ass’ns § 2-405.1(g) (West 1999), as it existed when the
Maryland Court of Appeals issued its decision in Shenker will be discussed in greater depth later
in this opinion. In the interest of clarity, the statute stated that “[n]othing in this section creates a
duty of any director of a corporation enforceable otherwise than by the corporation or in the right
of the corporation.” Shenker, 411 Md at 328 n 5.
5
  Maryland courts “frequently look[] to Delaware cases in search of widely-regarded corporate
legal jurisprudence.” MAS Assoc, LLC v Korotki, 465 Md 457, 479 n 11; 214 A3d 1076 (2019).

                                                  -4-
make full disclosure of all material facts concerning the merger to the shareholders.” Shenker, 411
Md at 339, citing Paramount Communications Inc v QVC Network Inc, 637 A2d 34, 48-49 (Del,
1994); Bennett v Propp, 41 Del Ch 14, 21-22; 187 A2d 405 (Del, 1962). Thus, the Maryland Court
of Appeals held that Laureate’s directors owed certain fiduciary duties to the shareholders
themselves, and not the corporation, when the directors made the decision to sell the business and
began negotiating the cash-out merger. Shenker, 411 Md at 341.

        Next, the Maryland Court of Appeals addressed whether Laureate’s shareholders had
pleaded a claim that they had suffered “the harm directly” from the alleged breach of fiduciary
duties by Laureate’s directors. Id. at 345.6 The court clarified that the fact that a shareholder
“suffered his or her injury in common with all other shareholders is not determinative of whether
the injury suffered is direct or indirect.” Shenker, 411 Md at 345, citing Tooley v Donaldson,
Lufkin & Jenrette, Inc, 845 A2d 1031, 1033 (Del, 2004). Rather, the inquiry focuses on who
suffered the alleged injury and who would be entitled to damages if the case was successful.
Shenker, 411 Md at 345-346. Under the circumstances presented, the Maryland Court of Appeals
reasoned that “the injury alleged, namely, a lesser value that shareholders received for their shares
in the cash-out merger, is an injury suffered solely by the shareholders and not by Laureate as a
corporate entity.” Id. at 346. Consequently, the court also held that any damages would be payable
to the shareholders themselves, not the corporation. Id. at 347. The court summarized its decision,
and limited it, in the following manner:

       In the context of a cash-out merger transaction, where the decision to sell the
       corporation already has been made by the Board of Directors, those directors owe
       common law fiduciary duties of candor and maximization of shareholder value
       directly to the shareholders themselves, and claims for breach of those duties may
       be brought directly . . . . [Id. at 351 (emphasis added)]

6
  The language used in Shenker, 411 Md at 345, appeared to suggest that a direct claim could be
brought if either the shareholders were owed a fiduciary duty or they suffered an injury
independent of the corporation. Specifically, the court stated that “a shareholder may bring a direct
action . . . against alleged corporate wrongdoers when the shareholder suffers the harm directly or
a duty is owed directly to the shareholder, though such harm also may be a violation of a duty
owing to the corporation.” Id. However, in a later opinion, the Maryland Court of Appeals
clarified that, in order to bring a direct suit against directors under Maryland law, a shareholder
must plead that they suffered a harm separate from the corporation itself. Oliveira, 451 Md at 244-
245. Indeed, the court specifically held that “Shenker did not eliminate the requirement that a
shareholder must have suffered an injury distinct from that suffered by the corporation to bring a
direct claim.” Oliveira, 451 Md at 245. “In so far as the Court suggested that a breach of a duty
to shareholders alone—absent any separate harm—could support a direct shareholder claim, the
facts of Shenker and subsequent case law applying it demonstrate that this is not Maryland law.”
Oliveira, 451 Md at 245.

                                                -5-
        The exact limitations of the decision were explored by the Maryland Court of Special
Appeals in the later Sutton case. Sutton, 226 Md App at 54.7 The facts of the Sutton case are
similar to the facts of the present case. The two entities involved in the case—FedFirst and CB
Financial—reached a merger agreement that required approval by the shareholders. Sutton, 226
Md App at 54. Under the agreement, CB Financial would be the surviving entity and agreed to
pay for all of the outstanding FedFirst stock with a combination of stock-for-stock and cash-for-
stock exchanges. Id. Specifically, the agreement provided that “65% of the total shares of FedFirst
would be exchanged for CB Financial stock and 35% would be exchanged for cash.” Id.

         The merger agreement also provided that the president and CEO of FedFirst would be
employed as an officer of CB Financial. Id. Further, four of FedFirst’s directors would join the
board of directors of CB Financial. Id. The directors of FedFirst were also set to have their
“outstanding stock options . . . terminated and . . . receive a cash payment” for those previously
unvested options. Id. at 54-55. In agreeing to the merger, FedFirst’s directors promised that they
would not solicit or encourage other offers, but that they could consider “superior” offers that were
unsolicited. Id. at 55-56. However, “the agreement included a termination fee of $2,750,000,
which FedFirst agreed to pay in the event that it terminated the agreement.” Id. at 56. To prepare
for the shareholders’ vote, a proxy statement was prepared and filed with the SEC, which contained
over 300 pages of documents. Id. FedFirst also had a financial analyst review the deal, and the
analyst opined that the merger agreement was financially fair to FedFirst’s shareholders. Id. at 60.

        After receiving news of the merger agreement, the plaintiff filed a lawsuit alleging that
FedFirst’s directors had violated fiduciary duties owed directly to the shareholders. Id. at 63. The
plaintiff asserted that the directors obtained benefits in the deal and agreed to a purchase price that
did not adequately compensate the shareholders. Id. at 64. The plaintiff also argued that the proxy
statement had omitted material information that would have allowed the shareholders to make an
informed decision. Id. at 66. The directors moved to dismiss the case, arguing that the plaintiff,
as a shareholder, did not have standing to bring a direct claim against the directors. Id. at 65. The
trial court granted the motion, reasoning that the plaintiff lacked standing because he had failed to
plead an injury distinct from the corporation, and because the Shenker decision only applied to
cash-out mergers that resulted in a change of control. Sutton, 226 Md App at 66.

        On appeal, the Maryland Court of Special Appeals discussed the applicability and scope of
the decision in Shenker, 411 Md at 345. Sutton, 226 Md App at 81-83. When considering whether
the decision applied to the facts of the case being considered, the Sutton court stated that “[t]he
question presented in this case is what constitutes ‘appropriate events’ that trigger common law
duties of directors to shareholders.” Id. at 83. The Sutton court, while rejecting a bright-line rule
that the duty was only triggered by a cash-out merger, held that the circumstances which “permit
a direct action, are when ‘the decision is made to sell the corporation,’ the ‘sale of the corporation
is a foregone conclusion,’ or the sale involves ‘an inevitable or highly likely change-of-control

7
  “ ‘[A] reported decision [of the Court of Special Appeals] constitutes binding precedent . . . .’ ”
Johnson v State, 223 Md App 128, 154 n 5; 115 A3d 668 (2015), quoting Archers Glen Partners,
Inc v Garner, 176 Md App 292, 325; 933 A2d 405 (2007), aff’d 405 Md 43 (2008) (alterations in
Johnson).

                                                 -6-
situation.’ ” Sutton, 226 Md App at 85, quoting Shenker, 411 Md at 338, 341. The Sutton court
also noted, however, that the Maryland Court of Appeals had never “explain[ed] what factual
scenarios satisfy the above triggering events.” Sutton, 226 Md App at 85. Thus, the Sutton court
turned to Delaware law for guidance. Id. at 85-86.

        “The Delaware Supreme Court has made clear that not every corporate combination
triggers a duty to maximize shareholder value.” Id. at 85, citing Paramount Communications, Inc
v Time Inc, 571 A2d 1140, 1151 (Del, 1989). Specifically, the Delaware Supreme Court has held
that the company in question “did not put the corporation up for sale, or make the dissolution of
the corporate entity inevitable, and therefore trigger Revlon[8] duties, merely by entering into a
merger agreement with [another company], even where the agreement contained a ‘no-shop’
clause and other structured safety devices to protect the agreement.” Sutton, 226 Md App at 86,
citing Paramount Communications, Inc, 571 A2d at 1151. Instead, Delaware courts have
winnowed down such cases that could result in direct actions to the following circumstances:

       (1) “when a corporation initiates an active bidding process seeking to sell itself or
       to effect a business reorganization involving a clear break-up of the company,” (2)
       “where, in response to a bidder’s offer, a target abandons its long-term strategy and
       seeks an alternative transaction involving the break-up of the company,” or (3)
       when approval of a transaction results in a “sale or change of control.” [Sutton, 226
       Md App at 86 (citations omitted).]

         The Sutton court then considered whether any of those circumstances applied to the facts
of the case before it. Id. at 86-87. The court held that “the directors merely explored options for
a potential merger, which they would then present to the stockholders for approval,” and thus, did
not “intiate[] an active bidding process or abandon[] a long-term strategy to seek to break up the
company.” Id. Consequently, the facts of the Sutton case did “not support a conclusion, pursuant
to Shenker, 411 Md at 338, 341, that Revlon duties applied because a decision [had been] made to
sell the corporation or the sale of a corporation [was] a foregone conclusion.” Sutton, 226 Md App
at 87 (quotation marks and citation omitted; alterations in original). Therefore, “[t]he only
potential rationale raised for finding a Revlon duty to maximize shareholder value . . . involves
whether the transaction involved a highly likely change-of-control situation.” Sutton, 226 Md App
at 87 (quotation marks and citation omitted). The Sutton court adopted reasoning of the Delaware
court decisions narrowly applying that rule, noting that “in a stock-for-stock merger” there is only
a change of control where “there is no tomorrow for the shareholders . . . because the stock received
is subject to the control of a single individual or associated group who has majority control over
the merged entity.” Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted). More importantly, there is not a
change of control “in the context of a stock-for-stock merger where control of the merged entity
will remain in a large, fluid, public market . . . .” Id.

8
  The term “Revlon duties” refers to particular duties, such as maximization of stock value, that
are owed by directors to shareholders after a decision has been made to sell a corporation. Revlon,
Inc, 506 A 2d at 182.

                                                -7-
        In Sutton, as in the case before us, the corporate directors being sued entered into a merger
agreement that involved a part cash-for-stock and part stock-for-stock transaction. Further, the
proportion of stock-for-stock and cash-for-stock was nearly identical. Certain directors in both
cases would obtain employment with, or positions on the board of, the company that survived the
merger. All of the directors in both cases would have unvested stock options paid out if the merger
agreement was approved. Both merger agreements required the company being sued to abstain
from soliciting other offers or negotiating with other companies, and to pay a substantial fee if the
merger agreement was terminated. Most importantly, though, in both cases, the merger resulted
in the shareholders receiving shares of a company in a “in a large, fluid, public market . . . .”
Sutton, 226 Md App at 87.

       Given the factual similarity of the two cases, we are bound by the decision in Sutton. Under
almost identical circumstances, the Maryland Court of Special Appeals in a published, and thus
binding, case, held that the shareholders did not have standing to bring a direct action against the
corporation’s directors. Id. at 91; Archers Glen Partners, Inc v Garner, 176 Md App 292, 325;
933 A2d 405 (2007), aff’d 405 Md 43 (2008). Given the determinative nature of the Sutton
decision, the trial court properly held that plaintiff lacked standing to bring the direct action in this
case and, consequently, summary disposition was appropriately granted. Sutton, 226 Md App at
91.

        Plaintiff acknowledges Shenker and Sutton, but argues that the law of Maryland changed
after the Sutton opinion. At the time both Shenker and Sutton were decided, the statute codifying
the business judgment rule contained the following clause: “Nothing in this section creates a duty
of any director of a corporation enforceable otherwise than by the corporation or in the right of the
corporation.” Shenker, 411 Md at 328 n 5, quoting Md Code Ann, Corps & Ass’ns § 2-405.1(g)
(1975, 2007 Repl Vol). When the statute was amended in 2016, that clause was not included. Md
Cod Ann, Corps & Ass’ns § 2-405.1 (West 2016). Instead, the statute contained the following
language: “This section . . . [i]s the sole source of duties of a director to the corporation or the
stockholders of the corporation, whether or not a decision has been made to enter into an
acquisition or a potential acquisition of control of the corporation or enter into any other transaction
involving the corporation . . . .” Md Cod Ann, Corps & Ass’ns § 2-405.1(i)(1) (West 2016).
Notwithstanding that the 2016 amendment altered the statutory language, the Maryland Court of
Appeals subsequently considered a case involving the business judgment rule and direct actions
by shareholders against directors, and still applied the law of Shenker.

         Specifically, in Oliveira, 451 Md at 242, decided in 2017, the Maryland Court of Appeals
considered whether a shareholder could bring a direct claim against directors under circumstances
in which shares had been diluted. Although not in the context of a merger, the court still noted
that, in order to bring a direct action against a director, a shareholder was required to “show that
she has suffered an injury distinct from the corporation,” citing Shenker. Oliveira, 451 Md at 242.
The Oliveira court, like the courts in Shenker and Sutton, then turned to Delaware caselaw to
determine under what circumstances a direct claim could be brought by shareholders against
directors. Oliveira, 451 Md at 240-242. The Oliveira court specifically held “that to bring a direct
claim[,] shareholders must show that they have suffered harm distinct from that of the
corporation.” Id. at 246. When they fail to do so, “their claims are derivative.” Id.

                                                  -8-
        In sum, in both the cases decided before the statute was amended—Shenker and Sutton—
and the case decided after the amendment—Oliveira—Maryland courts have applied the business
judgment rule to bar direct actions from shareholders against a corporation’s directors for claims
related to the management of the corporation and the effect of management’s actions on share
price. To be permitted to bring a direct claim against directors, a shareholder must plead an injury
separate and distinct from the corporation, and, when deciding that issue, Delaware cases provide
appropriate guidance. Oliveira, 451 Md at 240-242; Shenker, 411 Md at 338-339, 345; Sutton,
226 Md App at 86-89. Consequently, in a situation in which there is a part stock-for-stock and
part cash-for-stock merger between two companies that are both traded in “in a large, fluid, public
market,” the shareholders can only bring a derivative claim on behalf of the corporation. Sutton,
226 Md App at 87. Because plaintiff failed to do so in this case, he failed to state a claim on which
relief could be granted, and the trial court appropriately granted summary disposition in favor of
defendants on plaintiff’s breach of fiduciary duty claims. Id. at 87, 91. Because we affirm the
trial court on the grounds discussed, we do not consider defendants’ arguments concerning
alternate grounds for affirmance.9

                                     B. DUTY OF CANDOR

        The trial court did not separately address plaintiff’s claim that defendants breached their
duty of candor by distributing a misleading or incomplete proxy statement to the shareholders,
thereby impairing their ability to cast an informed vote on the merger. To the extent that the trial
court granted summary disposition on this claim on the ground that a direct action was not
permitted, it erred by doing so. Shareholders may bring a direct claim against directors of a
corporation for impairment of their “right to a fully informed vote” arising from a proxy statement
that contained materially inaccurate or incomplete disclosures. Oliveira, 451 Md at 239, quoting
In re Tyson Foods, Inc Consolidated Shareholder Litigation, 919 A2d 563 (Del Ch, 2007).
However, to do so, a plaintiff or plaintiffs must “assert direct, individual damages” rather than
merely a difference in the purchase price of shares based on the shareholder’s approval of a
proposed merger versus an alternative price that could have been obtained from a different deal.
See Id at 239, quoting In re JP Morgan Chase & Co Shareholder Litigation, 906 A2d 766, 733
(2006) (noting that “the [JP Morgan Chase] court rejected the shareholder’s theory of damages—
the difference between the potential Bank One purchase price and the actual purchase price—
reasoning that the price difference had ‘no logical or reasonable relationship to the harm caused to
the shareholders individually for being deprived of their right to cast an informed vote.’ ”). In this
case, although plaintiff alleges numerous inaccuracies and omissions in the proxy statement, the
only “theory of damages” presented was that the actual purchase price of the shareholders’
Wolverine shares in the Horizon merger was lower than the potential purchase price in a merger

9
  Defendants have presented an array of alternative grounds for affirming the trial court’s order
granting their motion for summary disposition. We decline to consider them because, in light of
the fact that summary disposition was appropriate for lack of standing, the alternative grounds for
affirming the trial court have been rendered moot. See TM v MZ, 501 Mich 312, 317; 916 NW2d
473 (2018) (quotation marks omitted) (holding that, “as a general rule, this Court will not entertain
moot issues or decide moot cases,” such as those “in which a judgment cannot have any practical
legal effect upon a then existing controversy”).

                                                 -9-
with Company A. This is “the hurdle [plaintiff] cannot clear” in his claim for breach of the duty
of candor, Oliviera, 451 Md at 238, and the trial court correctly held that plaintiff had failed to
state a claim on which relief could be granted, albeit for the wrong reason. See Gleason v Mich
Dep’t of Trans, 256 Mich App 1, 3; 662 NW2d 822 (2003) (“A trial court's ruling may be upheld
on appeal where the right result issued, albeit for the wrong reason.”).

       Affirmed.

                                                            /s/ Kirsten Frank Kelly
                                                            /s/ Stephen L. Borrello
                                                            /s/ Mark T. Boonstra

                                               -10-