Court Opinion

ID: 8000842
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-09-09 01:49:09.099359+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T16:35:43.016502
License: Public Domain

Napton, Judge,
delivered the opinion of the court.
The statute of limitations having been the main ground of defence at the trial of this case, the instructions on that subject constitute the principal point for our consideration.
There is an admitted distinction recognized in the cases on the subject between the character of a disseisin as against strangers and between tenants in common. This distinction is founded on the presumption that a person, who enters into possession of a tract of land having a title thereto, enters in conformity to that title. No presumption will be entertained that a man means to do an unlawful act; and if the title he has gives him a right to enter on the land, his entry is attributed to that title. If, then, one tenant in common enters upon the land, his entry and possession are not esteemed prima facie adverse to his co-tenants, but in support of the common title; and his possession and seisin is the possession and seisin of the others. (Cruise, Dig. tit. 20, § 14.)
That one tenant in common may disseise or oust the others is also very well established ; but it is not so easy to determine from the authorities- what acts will amount to an ouster. This difficulty does not seem to arise from any contradiction or confusion in the principles of law decided upon this subject, but in the application of admitted principles to the facts of each particular case. An actual ouster, or “ turning out by the heels,” as some of the judges have termed it, *282is not necessary; but the act or declaration, which constitutes an ouster, must be unequivocal and notorious; and as the character of the act must necessarily depend very much on the intent with which it is done, its consequences and effects in producing an adverse possession will also vary with the circumstances accompanying it calculated to explain that intent.
To constitute an adverse possession of one tenant in common against his co-tenants, there must be some notorious act asserting an entire ownership. It is further said in some cases that this act must be brought home to the knowledge of the co-tenant. This, we suppose, depends upon the nature of the act. If it consists altogether’ of a mere verbal assertion of entire ownership, such an assertion could not with any propriety be regarded as an act of adverse possession of which the co-tenant was bound to take notice, unless made to him or communicated to him. A declaration to a mere stranger amounts to nothing, unless that declaration is brought to the knowledge of the co-tenant. But when the act is of such a nature as the law will presume to be noticed by persons of ordinary diligence in attending to their own interests, and of such an unequivocal character as not to be easily misunderstood, it is not believed to be necessary that any positive notice should be given to the co-tenant, or that it devolves upon the possessor to prove a probable actual knowledge on the part of the co-tenant. It is sufficient that the act itself is overt, notorious ; and if the co-tenant is ignorant of his rights or neglects them, he must bear the consequences.
In the case of Clymer’s Lessee v. Dawkins, 3 How. 689, Judge Story expresses a view of the law of notice to co-tenants, which seems to have been adopted by the court below in the trial of this case. “ The entry and possession of one tenant in common,” says Judge Story, “ of and into the land held in common is ordinarily deemed the entry and possession of all the tenants ; and this presumption will prevail in favor of all, until some notorious act of ouster or adverse *283possession by the party so entering into possession is brought home to the knowledge or notice of the others.” “ Such a notorious ouster or adverse possession may be by any overt act in pais of which the other tenants have due notice, or by the assertion of a several and distinct claim to an entirety of the whole land, which, in contemplation of law, is known to the other tenants.” In the case of McClung v. Ross, 5 Wheat.-, which is referred to by Judge Story, the same court had said: “ That one tenant in common may oust another and hold in severalty is not to. be questioned. But a silent possession, accompanied with no act which can amount to an ouster or give notice to his co-tenant that his possession is adverse, ought not, we think, to be construed into an adverse possession.” The observations of Judge Story, in Climer’s Lessee v. Dawkins, were made arguendo, as the facts of the case did not present any question of notice, and the judgment of the court was for the defendant in possession. The adverse possession claimed in the case was of such a character as implied notice; and there was therefore no question of express notice in the case.
In the case of Lodge v. Patterson, the supreme court of Pennsylvania seem to explain the law relative to notice in cases of this character with more accuracy. “ The character of adverse possession is given, not by proving notice to parties interested, but by the' nature of the acts done by the party. There must be a hostile intent, and that intent must be manifested by outward acts of an unequivocal kind. To constitute a disseisin, it was never held to -be requisite that notice should be sent to the disseisor, or that it must be proved that he had knowledge of the entry and ouster committed on his land. The open act of entry, with the declared intent to disseise, constitute the disseisin.”
These opinions may seem to conflict, but when the facts of each case are looked to, it will seem that they are essentially different; and the attention of the court is of course directed to the law as applicable to the state of facts presented. In the case of Lodge v, Patterson, the party sued, who was one *284of several co-heirs, put up the whole land and bought it and entered, claiming the whole. The act of adverse possession was a public one, of which every one having an interest or claiming an interest in the land was bound to take notice; and it was totally irreconcilable with the admission of the co-tenancy of another.
In this case, if the declaration of the defendant to one of the witnesses, that he claimed the whole block, or was the sole owner, is the only act relied on to make the possession and retention of the rents and profits an ouster of the plaintiffs or those under whom they claim, it was proper to tell the jury that such declarations, to be available as acts of adverse possession, must be made to the co-tenant, or must be brought home to his knowledge. If other acts are relied on, their notoriety would be a matter for the jury. As the facts of the case were developed on the trial, it was apparent that they presented mainly the question whether a possession for twenty-sis years, and a receipt of the rents and profits, without any account rendered, and without any demand made, would of themselves raise a legal presumption of ouster, or would authorize a court to leave the question to the jury.
In England, an exclusive possession of thirty-six years was allowed to go to the jury as evidence of an ouster, and the jury found a verdict upon this bare fact, in the absence of any explanatory proof on either side. Lord Mansfield said, when the point came up for review in the King’s Bench: “ It is a possession of near forty years, which is more than quadruple the time given by the statute for tenants in common to bring their action of account, if they think proper, namely, six years ; but in this case no evidence whatever appears of any account demanded, or of any payment of rents and profits, or of any claim by the lessors of the plaintiff, or of any acknowledgment of the title in them or in those under whem they would now set up a right; therefore I am clearly of opinion, as I was at the trial, that an undisturbed and quiet possession for such a length of time is a sufficient ground for the jury to presume an actual ouster, and that *285they did right in so doing.” (Doe v. Prosser, Cowp. 217.) This is as far as any case in England has gone.
In New York an exclusive possession of twenty-seven years was held insufficient to authorize the presumption of an ouster, although in the intermediate time there had been an actual resistance to the plaintiff’s entry and claim. (Northrop v. Wright, 24 Wend. 221.)
In Pennsylvania it has been held that a jury may presume an ouster from an exclusive actual possession by a tenant in common for the period fixed by their statute of limitations. (Law v. Patterson, 1 W. & S. 186; Bolton v. Hamilton, 2 W. & S. 299; Galbreath v. Galbreath, 5 Watts, 147.) An examination of the facts, however, in the cases where this doctrine is enunciated in Pennsylvania will show that there were in each case circumstances attending the facts of possession, which would fully authorize the inference of adverse possession. The case of Law v. Patterson may be selected as the strongest case reported in support of the doctrine that mere possession and retention of profits, &c., for twenty-one years will justify an inference of disseisin. That was a case where the land was bought and paid for by the defendant in possession, and a title taken in the name of himself and another, who was a partner in mercantile business with him. The defendant had taken exclusive possession; had improved and built upon the land; had leased the whole premises for seven years; and at the expiration of that term had relet the premises for another long term, reserving rent to himself, and actually receiving all the rents and profits of the place for upwards of twenty-one years, without any demand made by the partner in whose name the purchase originally stood; and the partner lived all the while in the immediate neighborhood of the defendant, and had advanced no part of the purchase money. There could be no doubt about notice in the case, for every thing occurred, as.the court observed, directly “ under the eye of the plaintiff.” But the court, in Wilson v. Collinshan, 1 Harr. 277, say, speaking of the case of Law v. Patterson: “ The mere exclusive receipt of the *286profits by one tenant in common for twenty-one years is not deemed sufficient evidence on which to found the legal presumption of ouster of his co-tenant. It only raises a natural presumption, and is evidence to go to the jury to produce conviction, in connection with other facts”
The facts, which have usually gone to make out a case of adverse possession, have been such as a refusal to the co-tenant to permit his participation in the profits or his entry, a denial of his title, claiming under a defective - deed for the entirety, purchasing the co-tenant’s title at a sheriff’s sale and an exclusive claim under it, or a conveyance of the whole by deed and an entry by the grantee under the deed, (2 Cruise Dig. tit. W. S. 14, note 3,) and, we may add, following the case of Law v. Patterson, putting up improvements without consultation with the co-tenant and under his observation, and taking the entire profits without objection from him.
In North Carolina it appears to be held that twenty years’ sole possession alone will constitute a bar. (Thomas v. Garvan, 4 Dev. 225 ; Cloud v. Webb, 4 Dev. 290.) But this doctrine would seem to lose sight of any distinction between the facts necessary to constitute an adverse possession in tenancies in common and any other case of adverse possession— a doctrine which may find some recommendation in principles of public policy, but which certainly has not yet been generally prevalent.
In Massachusetts the courts maintain the view presented by Judge Story, in Prescott v. Nevers, 4 Mason, 330, and in Clymer v. Dawkins, 3 How. 270. The entry of a tenant in common upon land, and taking the whole rents and profits without paying any share over to the co-tenant, is not regarded as an ouster; but an entry under a claim to the whole is considered adverse; and therefore, in the particular case referred to, a purchase of the entirety from an adverse claimant to the cotenant, although the title was invalid, was held to make the possession hostile and amount to an ouster. (Parker v. Prop., &c., 3 Metc. 99.)
Apart from any deduction to be drawn from the record *287evidence offered in this case, the proof was, that the defendant went into possession of the block of ground in controversy in about the year 1830, and has continued in exclusive possession ever since; that there was an old building on the lot at the time, formerly used as a mill, but suffered to go into disuse for that purpose, and used only as a storehouse or warehouse by the defendant or his tenants ; that he has quarried rock on different parts of the block through his workmen or tenants; that there are on the ground some wooden buildings or sheds for the workmen who quarried there ; that the premises were leased by Lindell in 1847 to Belcher for a sum about sufficient to pay the taxes; that the premises are now leased for the taxes. It is apparent that the premises are in the same condition now that they were in 1830. No improvements or buildings have been put upon the block. It does not appear that any profits have been derived from it. In short, so far as the class of evidence to which we now refer is concerned, there is nothing in the case except a mere possession taken twenty-six years before suit brought, and an exclusive perception of all the profits which may have been derived from that possession. The defendant has done nothing in connection with the lots which any owner of two-thirds or one-half of them might not well have done for the protection of his own interest, without any design of ousting the owner of the remaining interest.
But there are other circumstances elicited in the proof offered and rejected on the trial, which, if competent evidence, would undoubtedly have a significant bearing on the question at issue, and a controlling influence in their settlement, if not counterbalanced by proofs from the other side equally significant. The partition suit in 1836, between Ware — from whom the plaintiffs derive title — and the heirs of Bates and Smith, ought not, in our opinion, to have been excluded from the jury. The petition in that case averred that this block of ground was sold by Lisa in his lifetime. This can not be regarded as an.estoppel, because, as a record, the pai’ties are not the same; and, as a fact in pais, there is *288no proof that the defendant’s conduct was in any way influenced by the assertion of Ware. But where a party, who has every motive, and may be supposed to possess every opportunity requisite to investigate the extent of his own title, deliberately asserts that he has none to a specific piece of ground, it is certainly a circumstance entitled to consideration, when he subsequently brings a suit for the same land, after the lapse of twenty or more years. This assertion is confirmed by the plat which is found upon the record accompanying the report of the commissioners, in which rhe lots sued for are marked “ sold and it is further strengthened by the deeds executed by Ware and Mrs. Lisa, upon a compromise of their claims to the interest of Manuel Lisa. It is true that this assertion that the lots were sold by the original owners of the tract — Lisa, Bates and Smith — in their lives, is contradicted, so far as Smith’s interest is concerned, by the title produced on the part of the defendant to that interest, a title obtained by a partition among the heirs of Smith long after his death; and it is also true that, even if the lots were unsold, they could not have formed a subject for partition between Ware and the heirs of Bates and Smith in 1836, as the two latter titles had undoubtedly at that time become vested in the defendant. But notwithstanding these circuni-stances, which may detract somewhat from the force of the admission, the petition of Ware is undoubtedly an assertion that to the lots numbered 5, 6, 7 and 8, now sued for, he had no title. He did not set up any title except such as was derived from the sale to Bostwick ; and that title only extended to the unsold lots. If the lots now sued for were sold in Lisa’s lifetime, then Bostwick acquired no title to them by his purchase at the execution against Lisa’s estate. We do not consider this assertion as conclusive as an estoppel; for it may be explained to have been made under a mistake or in ignorance of the facts; but it is legitimate evidence upon the question at issue, and proper for the consideration of the jury. It would certainly, if unexplained and not rebutted, form good ground for leaving a jury to presume a deed, after *289the lapse of twenty-sis years and a continuous possession in the defendant during this period.
On the other hand, it appears that as late as 1853, a suit was instituted by Mrs. Lisa for the same interest now sued for by the plaintiffs ; and in that suit, the defendant in his answer insisted “ that he would show on the trial, and against the claim of Lisa, a title in N. Ware [from whom the present plaintiffs claim] to the premises claimed by the plaintiffs, by virtue of a sale under judgment and execution against the executors of Mr. Lisa.”
In cases of long continued uninterrupted possession, juries have been authorized to presume conveyances in support of the title of the possessor. “ Presumptions of this nature,” it was observed by Judge Story, in Ricord v. Williams, 7 Whea. 109, “ are adopted from the general infirmity of human nature, the difficulty of preserving muniments of title, and the public policy of supporting long and uninterrupted possessions. They are founded upon the consideration that the facts are such as could not, according to the ordinary course of human affairs, occur, unless there was a transmutation of title to or an admission of an existing title in the party in possession. They may therefore be encountered and rebutted by contrary presumptions, and can never fairly arise where all the circumstances are perfectly consistent with the nonexistence of a grant.”
In addition to the fact that the possession of the defendant in this case was entirely consistent with the title to two-thirds of the block which he is conceded to have, there would seem to be great embarrassment in allowing a presumption of a fact which is virtually disavowed in the defendant’s answer in a suit involving the matter now in controversy. But as the plaintiffs, or those from whom they claim title, made quite as formal a disclaimer of title on their part in the partition suit in 1836, the evidence on each side should have gone to the jury for what it was worth. If the deduction should be that both statements are true, and that neither party has a title to the interest now sued for, the result, of *290course, would be to leave the defendant in possession. It is, however, the province of the jury to pass upon the facts. We will not be understood as passing any opinion upon them, and we have only alluded to them so far as to enable our views to be understood in reference to the various aspects which they seemed to present.
As the record of the suit in partition in 1836 was excluded from the consideration of the jury, the judgment will be
reversed and the cause remanded for trial.
The other judges concur.