Court Opinion

ID: 3199788
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2016-05-03 12:09:42.980027+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T07:37:49.684631
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

                                      No. COA15-855

                                 Filed: 3 May 2016

Durham County, No. 14 CRS 59340

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA

             v.

JEFFREY CASTILLO

      Appeal by the State from order entered 22 April 2015 by Judge Richard Allen

Baddour Jr. in Durham County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals

15 December 2015.

      Attorney General Roy Cooper, by Assistant Attorney General Joseph L. Hyde,
      for the State.

      Sutton & Lindsay PLLC, by Kerstin Walker Sutton and Stephen P. Lindsay,
      for the defendant-appellant.

      McCULLOUGH, Judge.

      The State appeals from an order allowing Jeffrey Castillo’s (“defendant’s”)

motion to suppress the search of his vehicle entered by the trial court on

22 April 2015. After careful review, we reverse.

                                 I.       Background

      On 26 September 2014, Officer Roy Green, a 15-year veteran Durham Police

Department officer assigned to the highway interdiction division of the special

operations division was parked on an exit ramp monitoring the southbound lanes of
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                                  Opinion of the Court

I-85 near the Durham-Orange county border. Officer Green testified that he patrols

the I-85 corridor looking for people who might be using that route to move contraband,

money, or engage in human trafficking while also stopping and citing routine traffic

violators. Officer Green further testified that he has had specialized interdiction

training beginning in 2006. The interdiction training teaches him how to look for

verbal and non-verbal indicators that the person stopped for a traffic violation might

also be engaged in other criminal activity.

      During his shift, Officer Green positioned his vehicle, a marked unit with no

roof light system, on the exit ramp of Highway 70 which provided him with a clear

view of the I-85 South traffic lanes. He noticed a green car traveling at what he

estimated as a high rate of speed, so the officer began to follow the car to determine

how fast the car was travelling. Officer Green had tested his speedometer and radar

to ensure the accuracy of his speedometer at the beginning of the shift, which was

important since there was too much traffic at the location he was monitoring for him

to use his radar. After pacing defendant’s vehicle for enough time and distance to

calculate defendant’s speed as 72 mph in a 60 mph zone, Officer Green activated his

emergency lights and stopped defendant’s vehicle. When defendant observed the

officer’s lights he abruptly pulled over to the shoulder of the road, startling Officer

Green and requiring him to brake to avoid collision.

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      Officer Green approached defendant’s vehicle from the passenger side and

asked for his license and registration. Officer Green noticed defendant’s hand was

shaking uncontrollably as he handed the license to him. Officer Green also smelled

a mild odor of air freshener emanating from the interior of the vehicle and observed

that defendant was operating the vehicle with a single key, which indicated to Officer

Green that defendant might not be the owner of the car. Officer Green explained that

people who loan someone a car will often not give out all of their keys. This was

corroborated later during the investigation as the officer validated that an individual

from the Jackson Heights or Queens area of New York City was the owner of the

vehicle.   Upon noticing defendant’s extreme nervousness, Officer Green asked

defendant where he was going and where was he coming from. Instead of answering,

defendant would respond with “huh,” requiring Officer Green to re-ask the question.

Officer Green testified that he believed this indicated defendant was stalling so that

he could think of what to say. Officer Green testified he knew that defendant clearly

heard the question as he had asked defendant to roll up the driver side window to

screen the traffic noise from I-85 and make it quieter for their conversation. After

the question was asked again, defendant informed Officer Green that he was coming

from Queens, New York.       Officer Green then asked defendant again about his

destination and received another “huh” as his answer. Upon the second or third time

defendant was asked about his destination, defendant claimed he did not know where

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he was going but had an address in the GPS of his phone. Defendant could not even

provide the city where that address was located.         Officer Green then asked if

defendant had been to North Carolina before, to which defendant replied that this

was his first trip.

       Officer Green again asked where he was going and defendant could not, or

would not, tell Officer Green his destination. At that point Officer Green concluded

that defendant clearly did not want to tell him where he was going. Officer Green

testified that he felt this was very strange for in 15 years of stopping people, they

always knew where they were coming from and where they were going. Officer Green

testified this was the first time someone ever told him that they did not know their

destination, but had a destination address locked into the GPS on their phone. Officer

Green testified that defendant informed him it was Big Tree Way, but he did not

know the city in which this address was located; defendant only knew it was about

an hour away. Given the facts that defendant had answered his questions with “huh”

repeatedly and could not, or would not, disclose his destination, Officer Green began

to believe that there was criminal activity involved. This belief arose before Officer

Green asked defendant to exit his vehicle, submit to a pat down for weapons, and sit

in his patrol vehicle.

       The patrol vehicle was outfitted with both an in-car camera system to record

the inside of the patrol vehicle and a forward-facing camera system to record what

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the driver would see in front of the patrol vehicle. The entire video of Officer Green’s

interaction with defendant was entered into evidence and played for the trial court

judge.

         That video showed that while in the process of entering defendant’s

information and that of the registered owner, Officer Green asked defendant about

the odor of marijuana that he now detected. Defendant answered that he had smoked

about three days ago and that some of his friends smoked, and that is what Officer

Green might have smelled.       Then later, while the officer is still processing the

defendant’s name, registration, and routine information, defendant volunteered that

he had been arrested for DUI in New York due to his driving while under the

influence of marijuana, an experience defendant said he had learned from. While in

the patrol vehicle, Officer Green also had defendant repeat his story about not

knowing the city of his destination but that he had an address locked into the GPS of

his phone and he was about an hour away. Officer Green then asked who defendant

was going to see and defendant said “Eric.”         But when asked Eric’s last name,

defendant said he did not know. Defendant explained that he was going to see Eric,

hang out for a few days, and go back to New York in the car he had borrowed from

another friend. All of this occurred well before Officer Green learned from dispatch

that there were no warrants for defendant.

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      Officer Green further testified that he had to change to the police channel in

case the department was doing a safety check and then go back to dispatch to get

information about warrants. Officer Green also ran the names of the owner of the

vehicle and defendant through the El Paso Intelligence Center (“EPIC”) before

printing out a warning ticket, although Officer Green had already informed

defendant that he was going to receive a warning ticket long before the ticket was

actually printed.

      As Officer Green handed defendant the warning ticket, Officer Green asked

defendant if he had any marijuana in the car, noting that he had smelled marijuana

on defendant and defendant had admitted to the marijuana-based DUI. Defendant

denied there was any marijuana in the car and said, “[y]ou can search, if you want to

search.” The ensuing search discovered a quantity of heroin and cocaine in a trap

door under the center console. As the officers are locating the drugs, defendant is

heard muttering “they found it” on the video recording.

      After his arrest, defendant was indicted on 3 November 2014 and a suppression

hearing was held on 20 April 2015.      The trial court entered an order allowing

defendant’s suppression motion on 22 April 2015, from which the State now appeals.

The trial court ruled that Officer Green unnecessarily extended the traffic stop

without reasonable suspicion and that defendant had not given clear and unequivocal

consent to search his vehicle.

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                               II.     Standard of Review

      “The standard of review for a motion to suppress is whether the trial court's

findings of fact are supported by the evidence and whether the findings of fact support

the conclusions of law.” State v. Wainwright, __ N.C. App. __, __, 770 S.E.2d 99, 104

(2015) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).

      Whether a defendant has voluntarily consented to a search is determined after

a review of the totality of the circumstances surrounding the obtaining of consent.

State v. Smith, 346 N.C. 794,798, 488 S.E.2d 210, 213 (1997). Consent in the context

of searches and seizures “means a statement to the officer, made voluntarily and in

accordance with the requirements of [N.C. Gen. Stat. §] 15A-222, giving the officer

permission to make a search.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-221(b) (2015).

                                      III.   Analysis

      Here, the trial court properly found that Officer Roy Green, a 15-year veteran

of the Durham Police Department serving in the interdiction unit of the special

operations division, stopped a vehicle driven by defendant with reasonable suspicion

that defendant was speeding in violation of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 20-141. The validity of

the initial traffic stop is not at issue in this case. The problem with the trial court’s

order stems from a misunderstanding of the United States Supreme Court’s recent

decision in Rodriguez v. United States, __ U.S. __, 191 L. Ed. 2d 492 (2015), which

held that even a de minimis extension of a valid traffic stop is a violation of the Fourth

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Amendment’s prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures absent

reasonable suspicion.    Understanding exactly what Rodriguez permits and what

Rodriguez prohibits is important. Thus, we re-visit the facts of Rodriguez and the

legal standards applied in the Eighth Circuit at the time of the Rodriguez traffic stop.

      In Rodriguez, a canine police officer, who had his dog with him in his patrol

vehicle, stopped a vehicle after observing it veer slowly onto the shoulder of the road

and then “jerk” back onto the road. Id. at __, 191 L. Ed. 2d at 1612. The defendant

in Rodriguez was driving the vehicle and there was a passenger in the front passenger

seat. Id. Upon approaching the passenger side of the vehicle, the officer inquired

why the defendant had driven onto the shoulder and the defendant replied that he

had swerved to avoid a pothole. Id. at __, 191 L. Ed. 2d at 1613. Resolving the

separate issue of whether the officer had reasonable suspicion to extend the traffic

stop, an issue the majority did not reach and sent back for consideration by the Eighth

Circuit, Justice Thomas added that “[the defendant’s] story could not be squared with

[the officer’s] observation of the vehicle slowly driving off the road before being jerked

back onto it.” Id. at __, 191 L. Ed. 2d at 1622 (Thomas, J., dissenting). The officer

then took the defendant’s license, registration, and proof of insurance to his patrol

vehicle and ran a records check on the defendant. Id. at __, 191 L. Ed. 2d at 1613.

Upon completion of the records check on the defendant, the officer returned to the

defendant’s vehicle, asked the passenger for his driver’s license, and questioned the

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                                   Opinion of the Court

passenger concerning their route and reason for traveling.         Id.   The passenger

responded that they had gone to Omaha to look at a vehicle for sale and were

returning to Norfolk. Id. The officer then returned to his patrol vehicle to run a

records check on the passenger. Id. The officer also called for a second officer at that

time. Id. Upon completion of the second records check, the officer wrote a warning

ticket for the defendant for driving on the shoulder and returned to the defendant’s

vehicle to issue the warning ticket. Id. After issuing and explaining the warning

ticket and returning the defendant’s and the passenger’s documents, the officer then

asked for permission to walk his dog around the defendant’s vehicle, a request the

defendant refused. Id. At that time, the officer directed the defendant to turn off and

exit the vehicle. Id. When a deputy sheriff arrived a few minutes later, the officer

retrieved his dog from his patrol vehicle and led the dog around the defendant’s

vehicle. Id. The dog alerted and drugs were discovered during a subsequent search

of the defendant’s vehicle. Id.

      The district court denied the defendant’s motion to suppress, noting that “in

the Eighth Circuit, dog sniffs that occur within a short time following the completion

of a traffic stop are not constitutionally prohibited if they constitute only de minimis

intrusions.” Id. at __, 191 L. Ed. 2d at 1613-14 (internal quotation marks omitted).

The Eighth Circuit affirmed that the delay in the traffic stop “constituted an

acceptable de minimis intrusion on [the defendant’s] personal liberty” and declined

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                                   Opinion of the Court

to address whether the officer had reasonable suspicion to extend the stop. Id. at __,

191 L. Ed. 2d at 1614 (internal quotation marks omitted). The U.S. Supreme Court

granted certiorari and then vacated the judgment of the Eighth Circuit and remanded

the case for the Eighth Circuit to consider whether there was reasonable suspicion to

detain the defendant beyond the completion of the traffic stop. Id. at __, 191 L. Ed.
2d at 1616-17. Upon remand the Eighth Circuit applied the “good-faith exception”

and upheld the defendant’s conviction. United States v. Rodriguez, 799 F.3d 1222 (8th

Cir. 2015).

      It is important to examine exactly what guidance the Court provided in

Rodriguez. There Justice Ginsburg explained:

              A seizure for a traffic violation justifies a police
              investigation of that violation. A relatively brief encounter,
              a routine traffic stop is more analogous to a so-called “Terry
              stop” than to a formal arrest. Like a Terry stop, the
              tolerable duration of police inquiries in the traffic-stop
              context is determined by the seizure's “mission” – to
              address the traffic violation that warranted the stop, and
              attend to related safety concerns. Because addressing the
              infraction is the purpose of the stop, it may last no longer
              than is necessary to effectuate that purpose. Authority for
              the seizure thus ends when tasks tied to the traffic
              infraction are – or reasonably should have been –
              completed.

              Our decisions in Caballes and Johnson heed these
              constraints. In both cases, we concluded that the Fourth
              Amendment tolerated certain unrelated investigations
              that did not lengthen the roadside detention. In Caballes,
              however, we cautioned that a traffic stop can become
              unlawful if it is prolonged beyond the time reasonably

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                                   Opinion of the Court

             required to complete the mission of issuing a warning
             ticket. And we repeated that admonition in Johnson: The
             seizure remains lawful only so long as unrelated inquiries
             do not measurably extend the duration of the stop. An
             officer, in other words, may conduct certain unrelated
             checks during an otherwise lawful traffic stop. But . . . he
             may not do so in a way that prolongs the stop, absent the
             reasonable suspicion ordinarily demanded to justify
             detaining an individual.

Id. at __, 191 L. Ed. 2d at 1614-15 (internal quotation marks, citations, brackets, and

ellipses omitted) (emphasis added).

      At the outset it should be noted that while a person has been seized during a

traffic stop, that seizure is permissible when based upon reasonable suspicion and

statements made during the course of a traffic stop are not custodial statements

requiring Miranda warnings. Berkemer v. McCarty, 468 U.S. 420, 437-42, 82 L. Ed.
2d 317, 332-36 (1984). While such has long been the law, defense counsel in the

present case argued that Officer Green should have given defendant a Miranda

warning before asking any questions. The trial court then issued Conclusion of Law

12, which provides, “[Officer] Green did not advise defendant of his rights pursuant

to Miranda, and defendant did not waive them.” Miranda, however, is inapplicable

under the circumstances of this case as defendant was not asked any questions post-

arrest. All of the questions asked of defendant were during the traffic stop itself and,

for the most part, related to the traffic stop, such as route information, vehicle

ownership, purpose of the trip, odors emanating from defendant, or responses to

questions from defendant, such as whether there were deer along the highway.

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                                  Opinion of the Court

      In reviewing the guidance from Rodriguez, it is clear that a traffic stop may

not be unnecessarily extended, “absent the reasonable suspicion ordinarily demanded

to justify detaining an individual.” Rodriguez, __ U.S. at __, 191 L. Ed. 2d at 1615

(emphasis added). In determining whether a stop was unnecessarily extended, the

purpose of the stop is paramount.        Unrelated investigation is not necessarily

prohibited, but extending the stop to conduct such an investigation is prohibited. The

question then arises, “When does reasonable suspicion arise?” In Rodriguez, the

majority opinion made no determination on the issue of reasonable suspicion and

remanded the case to the Eighth Circuit to consider the issue. Id. at __, 191 L. Ed.
2d at 1616-17.

      “[A] trial court's conclusions of law regarding whether the officer had

reasonable suspicion [or probable cause] to detain a defendant is reviewable de novo.”

State v. Hudgins, 195 N.C. App. 430, 432, 672 S.E.2d 717, 718 (2009) (internal

quotation marks and citations omitted). Thus, we review de novo the trial court’s

conclusion in this case that Officer Green lacked reasonable suspicion prior to

running the defendant’s name through other databases after learning there were no

warrants for defendant.

      Our Supreme Court has long recognized that “reasonable suspicion” is a

relatively low threshold and should be viewed through the eyes of a reasonable officer,

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                                  Opinion of the Court

giving the officer credit for his training and experience. In State v. Williams, 366
N.C. 110, 726 S.E.2d 161 (2012), our Supreme Court explained:

             An officer has reasonable suspicion if a reasonable,
             cautious officer, guided by his experience and training,
             would believe that criminal activity is afoot based on
             specific and articulable facts, as well as the rational
             inferences from those facts. A reviewing court must
             consider the totality of the circumstances – the whole
             picture. This process allows officers to draw on their own
             experience and specialized training to make inferences
             from and deductions about the cumulative information
             available to them that might well elude an untrained
             person. While something more than a mere hunch is
             required, the reasonable suspicion standard demands less
             than probable cause and considerably less than
             preponderance of the evidence.

Id. at 116-17, 726 S.E.2d at 167 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).

Applying this reasonable suspicion standard to the circumstances in Williams, our

Supreme Court determined the officers involved had reasonable suspicion to justify

extending a stop until a canine unit arrived where the occupants of a car they stopped

gave inconsistent and unlikely travel information, could not explain where they were

going, gave inconsistent statements concerning their familial relationship, and the

vehicle with illegally tinted windows was owned by a third person. Id. at 117, 726

S.E.2d at 167. The Court further explained that while the factors may not support a

reasonable suspicion of criminal activity when viewed individually and in isolation,

when “viewed as a whole by a trained law enforcement officer who is familiar with

drug trafficking and illegal activity on interstate highways, the responses were

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                                     Opinion of the Court

sufficient to provoke a reasonable articulable suspicion that criminal activity was

afoot[.]” Id.

       Another case demonstrating that a series of innocent factors, when viewed

collectively, may rise to the level of reasonable suspicion is State v. Fisher, 219 N.C.

App. 498, 725 S.E.2d 40 (2012), disc. rev. denied, 366 N.C. 425, 759 S.E.2d 83 (2013).

In Fisher, the State argued the following factors established reasonable suspicion

that the defendant was transporting contraband:

                (1) there was an overwhelming odor of air freshener coming
                from the car; (2) defendant's claim that he made a five hour
                round trip to go shopping but had not purchased anything;
                (3) defendant's nervousness; (4) defendant had pending
                drug related charges and was known as a distributor of
                marijuana and cocaine in another county; (5) defendant
                was driving in a pack of cars; (6) defendant was driving a
                car registered to someone else; (7) defendant never asked
                why he had been stopped; (8) defendant was “eating on the
                go”; and (9) there was a handprint on the trunk indicating
                that something had recently been placed in the trunk.

Id. at 502-03, 725 S.E.2d at 44. This Court explained that

                [t]he specific and articulable facts, and the rational
                inferences drawn from them, are to be viewed through the
                eyes of a reasonable, cautious officer, guided by his
                experience and training. In determining whether the
                further detention was reasonable, the court must consider
                the totality of the circumstances. Reasonable suspicion
                only requires a minimal level of objective justification,
                something more than an unparticularized suspicion or
                hunch.      We emphasize that because the reasonable
                suspicion standard is a commonsensical proposition,
                [c]ourts are not remiss in crediting the practical experience
                of officers who observe on a daily basis what transpires on
                the street.

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Id. at 502, 725 S.E.2d at 43 (internal quotation marks and citations omitted). Then,

upon review of the factors argued by the State, and despite noting that some of the

factors could be construed as innocent behavior, this Court held the trial court erred

in determining reasonable suspicion did not exist because multiple other factors

present in the case were sufficient to establish reasonable suspicion. Id. at 504, 725

S.E.2d at 45.   Specifically, the trial court noted “nervousness, the smell of air

freshener, inconsistency with regard to travel plans, and driving a car not registered

to the defendant.” Id. (internal citations omitted).

      Federal reasonable suspicion cases are also instructive in the present case.

Two of those cases are United States v. Carpenter, 462 F.3d 981 (8th Cir. 2006), and

United States v. Ludwig, 641 F.3d 1243 (10th Cir. 2011).

      In Carpenter, a defendant driving a vehicle with Texas plates exited the

interstate highway in Phelps County, Missouri immediately after a sign warned of a

drug check point ahead. 462 F.3d at 983. The defendant then drove for a distance

before pulling to the shoulder of the road. Id. When an officer approached the

defendant, the defendant claimed he was looking to refuel even though he had a

quarter of a tank of gas and there were no service stations at the exit. Id. at 983-84.

The defendant also claimed to be traveling from Austin, Texas, to New York, but the

rental agreement for the vehicle showed the vehicle was rented in El Paso. Id. After

another deputy arrived with a trained drug detection dog, the dog was walked around

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the defendant’s vehicle and alerted. Id at 984. The officer than searched the vehicle

and found cocaine, leading to the defendant’s arrest. Id. In reviewing whether there

was reasonable suspicion, the Eighth Circuit explained as follows:

             We consider the totality of circumstances in evaluating
             whether there was reasonable suspicion that criminal
             activity was afoot. Reasonable suspicion is a lower
             threshold than probable cause and it requires considerably
             less than proof of wrongdoing by a preponderance of the
             evidence. The behavior on which reasonable suspicion is
             grounded, therefore, need not establish that the suspect is
             probably guilty of a crime or eliminate innocent
             interpretations of the circumstances. Factors consistent
             with innocent travel, when taken together, can give rise to
             reasonable suspicion, even though some travelers
             exhibiting those factors will be innocent. To justify a
             seizure, however, the officer must have a minimal level of
             objective justification and something more than an
             inchoate and unparticularized suspicion or hunch. And the
             ultimate test is not what the seizing officer actually
             believed, but what a hypothetical officer in exactly the
             same circumstances reasonably could have believed.

Id. at 986 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). The Court then held that

the totality of the facts in the case provided reasonable suspicion to justify the

detention of the defendant until the drug dog arrived. Id. at 987.

      In Ludwig, a Wyoming state trooper initiated a stop of the defendant’s car for

speeding. 641 F.3d at 1246. The defendant pulled onto the shoulder of the highway

but, strangely, continued driving for a considerable distance on the shoulder before

stopping. Id. When the trooper approached the car, he smelled a strong odor of

cologne and noticed the defendant was trembling so badly that he had difficulty

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producing his driver’s license. Id. The trooper then had the defendant accompany

him to his patrol car while he wrote the defendant a speeding ticket, during which

time the trooper asked about the defendant’s travel plans. Id. The defendant advised

he was an “IT administrator” and had traveled from New Jersey to San Jose,

California, to deal with a “server problem” and was now returning to New Jersey. Id.

The defendant also stated that he chose to drive instead of flying, had stayed in

California for only four days, and had spent the last night in his car. Id. The

registration and proof of insurance for the defendant’s car were not in defendant’s

name. Id. The trooper found the circumstances suspicious and after writing a ticket,

detained the defendant for further investigation. Id. A drug dog then alerted to the

defendant’s car and drugs were found during a search. Id. In reviewing the district

court’s denial of the defendant’s motion to dismiss, the Tenth Circuit held that the

combination of considerations which have been recognized in other cases to contribute

to reasonable suspicion led it to hold the reasonable suspicion standard was satisfied.

Id. at 1248-50 (citing United States v. Villa-Chaparro, 115 F.3d 797, 799, 802 (10th

Cir. 1997) (failure to promptly stop); United States v. Ortiz-Ortiz, 57 F.3d 892, 895

(10th Cir. 1995) (masking odors); United States v. Turner, 928 F.2d 956, 959 (10th

Cir. 1991) (third-party registration); United States v. White, 584 F.3d 935, 943, 951

(10th Cir. 2009) and United States v. Sokolow, 490 U.S. 1, 9, 104 L. Ed. 2d 1, __ (1989)

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(suspect travel schedule); United States v. Williams, 271 F.3d 1262, 1269 (10th Cir.

2001) (extreme nervousness)).

      As stated earlier, the determination of reasonable suspicion is a conclusion of

law which we review de novo. In analyzing the facts of the case at bar, we note that

a number of factors deemed relevant in Carpenter, Ludwig, and other cases cited

herein were present and were known to Officer Green before he had defendant join

him in the patrol vehicle – an unusual story regarding his travel as he did not know

his destination or was concealing it, United States v. White, supra; a masking odor,

United States v. Ortiz-Ortiz, supra; third-party registration, United States v. Turner,

supra; and nervousness, United States v. Williams, supra. These factors were known

to Officer Green while he stood on the roadside before defendant joined him in the

patrol vehicle. Then while running defendant’s name for warrants in the patrol

vehicle, an action permitted in Rodriguez, the officer smelled marijuana on

defendant’s person and learned from defendant that defendant had a DUI based on

his own marijuana usage. The trial court’s conclusion that Officer Green lacked

reasonable suspicion despite all of these factors discussed herein is incorrect. It bears

repeating that reasonable suspicion is a common sense determination made by a

reasonable officer, giving the officer credit for his training and experience and viewing

the totality of the circumstances. While there might be someone who would borrow

a car, drive eleven hours to “hang out” with a friend named Eric at an unknown

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location, spend a few days and return, it is a rather bizarre story.       Reasonable

suspicion does not depend on a proven lie, but is based on the totality of the

circumstances. Based on defendant’s bizarre travel plans, his extreme nervousness,

the use of masking odors, the smell of marijuana on his person, and the third-party

registration of the vehicle, it is reasonable that even an untrained person would doubt

defendant’s story, much less a fifteen-year veteran with interdiction training. Thus,

we hold that Officer Green had reasonable suspicion to extend the stop and could run

such ancillary records checks as he believed reasonable until his investigation was

complete. The time it took for him to complete what is described in his testimony as

a “pipeline” check and an EPIC check were both done relatively quickly and, when

the warning ticket was issued, there had been no unreasonable extension of the stop.

      The trial court issued conclusions of law that were phrased in the alternative

and, thus, are somewhat confusing. For instance, Conclusion of Law 4 provides:

             4.     Even if the stop was reasonable in scope and
             duration up to the point of the issuance of the warning
             ticket, the extension of the stop after the issuance of the
             warning ticket was also unreasonable in both scope and
             duration, without reasonable suspicion to believe that
             criminal activity was afoot.

This conclusion of law is expressly overruled as we have held that the evidence clearly

showed that Officer Green had reasonable suspicion from the time he and defendant

sat down in the patrol car.

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      Not only did Officer Green not unreasonably extend the stop, shortly after the

warning ticket was written and as Officer Green handed the ticket to defendant,

Officer Green, in light of smelling marijuana and defendant’s admission to using

marijuana, asked whether there was any marijuana in defendant’s vehicle.

Defendant denied there was anything in the car stating, “you can search if you want

to search.” The trial court found that Castillo stated that the officer could search, yet

concluded consent was not freely given. It appears the trial court may have concluded

that consent was not freely given because the trial court judge misunderstood the law

and did not have the sequence of events in their correct order. The trial court’s order

contains the following findings of fact:

             31.   Approximately seventeen minutes into the stop,
             Green received word from Durham dispatch that there
             were no outstanding warrants for the driver.

             32.   Approximately thirty-seven minutes into the stop,
             Green printed out a warning ticket for speeding.

             33.   At that point, Green told defendant to sit tight or
             otherwise indicated he wished him to remain in the vehicle.
             Green did not seek or gain consent for the extension of this
             stop. There was no point throughout the encounter in
             which Green indicated, verbally or otherwise, that
             defendant was not required to remain with the officer. At
             no point did Green let defendant know he was free to leave.

The trial judge then made Finding of Fact 34, which provides in pertinent part that

“Green asked defendant if there was any marijuana in the car, but did not specifically

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                                   STATE V. CASTILLO

                                    Opinion of the Court

seek permission to search the vehicle. The defendant responded negatively, and told

the officer, ‘you can search if you want to search.’ ”

      In making these findings, the trial judge had the sequence of events out of

order. In fact, it was after defendant informed Officer Green that the officer could

search if he wanted to that Officer Green told defendant to “sit tight[,]” as recounted

in Finding of Fact 33. If the officer had in fact detained defendant without reasonable

suspicion and ordered him to “sit tight[,]” perhaps one could conclude that consent

was not freely and unequivocally given. While the issue of valid consent may be an

issue of fact, that determination must be founded upon a correct factual basis.

Ultimately these facts must support a conclusion of law that consent was or was not

freely given. See State v. Brown, 306 N.C. 151, 169-71, 293 S.E.2d 569, 581-82 (1982).

In the case at bar, the defendant clearly stated “you can search, if you want to

search[,]” after which, not before, Officer Green tells defendant to “sit tight” and

retrieves his gloves from the back seat of his patrol vehicle before beginning the

search of defendant’s vehicle. Thus, the trial court’s Conclusion of Law 9, wherein

the court concluded defendant’s consent was not clear and unequivocal, is premised

on both incorrect facts and a misunderstanding of the law. As such, the court’s

conclusion of law is clearly erroneous. See State v. Smith, 346 N.C. 794, 799-800, 488
S.E.2d 210, 213-14 (1997). In Smith, our Supreme Court held the trial court erred in

concluding the defendant’s consent was not voluntary because it appeared that the

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                                     STATE V. CASTILLO

                                     Opinion of the Court

trial judge believed that the “knock and talk” law enforcement technique was

unconstitutional. Id. Furthermore, the Court reversed because the trial court did

not make a specific finding that consent was voluntary. Id. In the present case, it

appears the trial judge believed that Officer Green lacked reasonable suspicion to

extend the stop and the unlawful extension impinged on defendant’s ability to

consent. Additionally, it appears the trial court misunderstood the correct sequence

of events. As a result, the trial court’s factual findings do not support the conclusion

of law that “defendant did not give lawful consent for the search.” The trial court’s

conclusion is subject to reversal.

      The case at bar is very similar to that of U.S. v. Cardenas-Alatorre, 485 F.3d
1111, 1118-20 (10th Cir. 2007), in which the Court held the district court’s finding of

voluntary consent was not clearly erroneous based on video of the encounter that

showed no evidence of coercion and that the defendant continued to respond to

officer’s questions. 485 F.3d at 1118-20. Similarly, the entire encounter between

Officer Green and defendant in this case was recorded on video. On the video,

defendant can be clearly heard telling Officer Green he can search and talking to

Officer Green and other officers during the search. There is no evidence to suggest

defendant’s consent was anything but voluntary and, therefore, we hold the trial

court’s conclusion that “defendant did not give lawful consent” is clearly erroneous.

                                     IV.    Conclusion

                                            - 22 -
                                  STATE V. CASTILLO

                                   Opinion of the Court

      In conclusion, we hold Officer Green had reasonable suspicion to extend the

traffic stop prior to entering his patrol vehicle with defendant. Thus, the traffic stop

was not unlawfully extended.       We also hold the trial court’s conclusion that

defendant’s consent was not clear and unequivocal was based on a misapprehension

of both the law and the factual sequence of events and, thus, was clearly erroneous.

Consequently, we reverse the trial court’s order suppressing the evidence in this case

and remand the case to Durham County Superior Court for trial.

      REVERSED.

      Judges BRYANT and GEER concur.

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