Court Opinion

ID: 6334686
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2022-04-25 19:16:48.387718+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T09:23:37.791810
License: Public Domain

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA

                                   January 2022 Term                       FILED
                                   _______________                      April 25, 2022
                                                                           released at 3:00 p.m.

                                     No. 21-0004                       EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
                                                                       SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
                                   _______________                          OF WEST VIRGINIA

                            DIANE SIGISMONDI JUDY,
                             Plaintiff Below, Petitioner,

                                          v.

    EASTERN WEST VIRGINIA COMMUNITY AND TECHNICAL COLLEGE,
                        Defendant Below, Respondent
      ____________________________________________________________

                   Appeal from the Circuit Court of Hardy County
                     The Honorable H. Charles Carl, III, Judge
                                 Case No. 20-C-28

                       REVERSED AND REMANDED
      ____________________________________________________________

                             Submitted: January 12, 2022
                                Filed: April 25, 2022

     Lonnie C. Simmons                           Evan S. Olds, Esq.
     DiPiero Simmons McGinley                    Pullin, Fowler, Flanagan, Brown & Poe,
     & Bastress, PLLC                            PLLC
     Charleston, West Virginia                   Martinsburg, West Virginia
     Counsel for Petitioner                      Counsel for Respondent

     Harley O. Staggers Jr, Esq.
     Keyser, West Virginia
     Counsel for Petitioner

JUSTICE WOOTON delivered the Opinion of the Court.

CHIEF JUSTICE HUTCHISON concurs and reserves the right to file a separate opinion.
JUSTICE ARMSTEAD concurs, in part, and dissents, in part, and reserves the right to file
a separate opinion.

JUSTICE ALAN D. MOATS, sitting by temporary assignment, not participating.
                             SYLLABUS BY THE COURT

              1.     “‘“Appellate review of a circuit court’s order granting a motion to

dismiss a complaint is de novo.” Syl. Pt. 2, State ex rel. McGraw v. Scott Runyan Pontiac-

Buick, Inc., 194 W.Va. 770, 461 S.E.2d 516 (1995).’ Syllabus Point 1, Barber v. Camden

Clark Mem’l Hosp. Corp., 240 W. Va. 663, 815 S.E.2d 474 (2018).” Syl. Pt. 1, Boone v.

Activate Healthcare, LLC, 245 W. Va. 476, 859 S.E.2d 419 (2021).

              2.     “‘“The trial court, in appraising the sufficiency of a complaint on a

Rule 12(b)(6) motion, should not dismiss the complaint unless it appears beyond doubt that

the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to

relief.” Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46, 78 S.Ct. 99, 2 L.Ed.2d 80 (1957).’ Syllabus

Point 3, Chapman v. Kane Transfer Co., Inc., 160 W. Va. 530, 236 S.E.2d 207 (1977).”

Syl. Pt. 2, Boone v. Activate Healthcare, LLC, 245 W. Va. 476, 859 S.E.2d 419 (2021).

              3.     “‘To the extent that governmental acts or omissions which give rise

to a cause of action fall within the category of discretionary functions, a reviewing court

must determine whether the plaintiff has demonstrated that such acts or omissions are in

violation of clearly established statutory or constitutional rights or laws of which a

reasonable person would have known or are otherwise fraudulent, malicious, or oppressive

in accordance with State v. Chase Securities, Inc., 188 W.Va. 356, 424 S.E.2d 591 (1992).

In absence of such a showing, both the State and its officials or employees charged with

such acts or omissions are immune from liability.’ Syl. Pt. 11, W.Va. Reg’l Jail & Corr.

                                             i
Facility Auth. v. A.B., 234 W.Va. 492, 766 S.E.2d 751 (2014).” Syl. Pt. 3, W. Va. Bd. of

Educ. v. Marple, 236 W. Va. 654, 783 S.E.2d 75 (2015).

              4.     “In order to make a prima facie case of employment discrimination

under the West Virginia Human Rights Act, W.Va. Code § 5-11-1 et seq. (1979), the

plaintiff must offer proof of the following: (1) That the plaintiff is a member of a protected

class. (2) That the employer made an adverse decision concerning the plaintiff. (3) But for

the plaintiff’s protected status, the adverse decision would not have been made.” Syl. Pt.

3, Conaway v. E. Associated Coal Corp., 178 W. Va. 164, 358 S.E.2d 423 (1986).

              5.     “The ‘but for’ test of discriminatory motive in Conaway v. Eastern

Associated Coal Corp., 178 W.Va. 164, 358 S.E.2d 423 (1986), is merely a threshold

inquiry, requiring only that a plaintiff show an inference of discrimination.” Syl. Pt. 2,

Barefoot v. Sundale Nursing Home, 193 W. Va. 475, 457 S.E.2d 152 (1995).

                                              ii
WOOTON, Justice:

              From April 2018 to May 2019, Petitioner Diane Sigismondi Judy

(“Petitioner”) was a commercial driver’s license (“CDL”) instructor for Respondent

Eastern West Virginia Community and Technical College (“Respondent” or “Eastern”). In

August 2020, Petitioner filed a complaint against Respondent alleging violations of the

West Virginia Human Rights Act (“WVHRA” or “the Act”), West Virginia Code §§ 5-11-

1 to -20 (2018), specifically that Respondent’s decision to terminate her employment 1 was

predicated upon illegal age and sex discrimination. Immediately thereafter, Respondent

moved to dismiss the complaint pursuant to Rules 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6) of the West

Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure, contending that: (1) Petitioner lacked the ability to bring

a claim under WVHRA because she was not an “employee” under the Act; (2) Respondent

was entitled to qualified immunity as a state agency; and (3) Petitioner failed to allege that

but for her protected status she would not have lost her job. Petitioner amended her

complaint but made no substantive changes to her claims. After a hearing on the motion

to dismiss, the Circuit Court of Hardy County, West Virginia, granted Respondent’s

12(b)(6) motion, finding that Respondent was entitled to qualified immunity and that

       1
        We note at the outset that there is much debate as to whether Petitioner was an
employee of Eastern or an independent contractor. While we use the term “employment”
to refer to Petitioner’s relationship with Respondent throughout this opinion, we
unequivocally state that such reference is not to be construed as this Court’s having ruled
upon that disputed issue of fact.

                                              1
Petitioner had failed to satisfy the heightened pleading standard invoked when immunities

are implicated in civil actions. Petitioner appealed that order to this Court.

              Because we find that Respondent was not entitled to qualified immunity

under the WVHRA, and because we find that Petitioner’s complaint sufficiently stated her

claims, we reverse and remand for further proceedings.

                I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

              Respondent retained Petitioner as a CDL instructor on April 20, 2018. In

December 2018, Petitioner expressed concerns to Eastern about the lack of bathroom

facilities at the training site where she taught her classes, requesting placement of a portable

toilet either at the site or on the trailer of the truck she used to train students. Respondent

declined to accommodate her request, instead advising Petitioner to return to the main

campus of the college for bathroom breaks and to discourage students from relieving

themselves elsewhere.

              On March 13, 2019, Petitioner stated she received a text message from

Respondent, indicating that it was moving the truck she used for training from Hardy

County to Tucker County. At this time, Petitioner informed Respondent she still wished

to retain her position, even if it meant travelling to Tucker County for work. Though no

specific timeframe is alleged, Petitioner averred that male students had made comments

                                               2
that it could be a deterrent for Eastern to have a female CDL instructor teaching male

students.

              On March 23, 2019, Eastern informed Petitioner that she would no longer be

teaching the CDL course and that it intended to sever her contract at the close of the current

semester. Eastern also informed Petitioner that it had hired a replacement, an allegedly

younger male instructor with less driving experience than Petitioner. Petitioner contended

that Eastern never posted a job opening for the position on its website, nor was she given

an opportunity to reapply for the position. She also asserts that she was not given a reason

for her replacement. Ultimately, on April 17, 2019, Petitioner asked Eastern to reconsider

its decision to replace her, but to no avail.

              Thereafter, on August 18, 2020, Petitioner filed a complaint against Eastern

alleging two violations of the WVHRA. In her first count, she asserted that Respondent

“was motivated, in part, to discriminate against her in violation of West Virginia Code §

5-11-9 because she was a female.” In support, she alleged that Eastern hired a nonmember

of her protected class — a male — to replace her, and that “[a]s a direct result of

[Respondent’s] unlawful conduct, [she] has suffered and will continue to suffer economic

harm, lost wages, loss of employment opportunities, emotional distress, embarrassment

and humiliation which entitle [her] to damages[.]” Her second count also alleged a

violation of § 5-11-9, but was predicated on age discrimination as she contended that her

replacement was significantly younger.

                                                3
                Respondent filed a motion to dismiss the complaint, with prejudice, pursuant

to Rule 12(b)(1) and Rule 12(b)(6) of the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure. In

support of this motion, Respondent contended that Petitioner could not bring a claim under

the WVHRA because Petitioner’s work with respondent “was governed by a series of

Agreements for Professional Services,” 2 thus rendering her an independent contractor

rather than an employee of Respondent. Further, Respondent contended that it was not

unlawful to sever contractional relations with Petitioner, so its decision in that regard was

not an “adverse decision” under the Act.

                Respondent next argued that it was entitled to qualified immunity because it

is a state agency. In support of this argument, Respondent contended that Petitioner had

failed to demonstrate that Respondent’s decision to stop contracting with her was a

discretionary function or that such decision was in violation of clearly established statutory

or constitutional rights or laws or was otherwise fraudulent, malicious, or oppressive.

Finally, Respondent argued that, even if Petitioner established the foregoing, her complaint

still did not amount to an actionable claim under the WVHRA because she did not plead

facts that showed, but for her protected status, the decision to replace her would not have

been made.

       2
           These agreements are not part of the record on appeal.

                                              4
              After Respondent filed its motion to dismiss, Petitioner moved to amend her

complaint and the circuit court granted that motion. Petitioner’s amended complaint did

not make any substantive changes other than to add that the recovery she sought was

“limited to the applicable insurance coverage and the scope of the coverage and its

exceptions.” At the same time, Petitioner also opposed the motion to dismiss, alleging that

she had established a prima facie case of age and sex discrimination under the WVHRA.

              The circuit court, by order dated December 7, 2020, granted Respondent’s

motion to dismiss. In so doing, the circuit court concluded that Respondent was entitled to

qualified immunity. In reaching this conclusion, the court determined that Respondent’s

decision not to contract with Petitioner was a discretionary function. The court further

determined that although the WVHRA was a clearly established statutory law, Petitioner

failed to demonstrate that Respondent had violated that law insofar as Petitioner failed to

show an inference of discrimination. Finally, the circuit court found that Petitioner failed

to establish that Respondent’s actions were fraudulent, malicious, or oppressive. Petitioner

now appeals that order to this Court.

                             II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

              This Court has held that “[a]ppellate review of a circuit court’s order granting

a motion to dismiss a complaint is de novo.” Syl. Pt. 1, Boone v. Activate Healthcare, LLC,

245 W. Va. 476, 859 S.E.2d 419 (2021) (citing Syl. Pt. 1, Barber v. Camden Clark Mem’l

Hosp. Corp., 240 W. Va. 663, 815 S.E.2d 474 (2018)). We have further held that “[t]he

                                              5
trial court, in appraising the sufficiency of a complaint on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, should

not dismiss the complaint unless it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set

of facts in support of [her] claim which would entitled [her] to relief.” Boone, 245 W. Va.

at ___, 859 S.E.2d at 420, syl. pt. 2 (citing Syl. Pt. 3, Chapman v. Kane Transfer Co., Inc.,

160 W. Va. 530, 236 S.E.2d 207 (1977)). In this regard, we have stated that courts must

construe “the factual allegations in the light most favorable to the plaintiff[].” Murphy v.

Smallridge, 196 W. Va. 35, 36, 468 S.E.2d 167, 168 (1996). With these standards in mind,

we proceed to address the parties’ arguments.

                                     III. ANALYSIS

              Petitioner raises two assignments of error on appeal, asking: (1) whether

losing a job constitutes an “adverse employment decision”; and (2) whether Petitioner’s

allegations that Respondent was motivated by her protected status to deny her the

opportunity to reapply for her position sufficiently alleged a violation of the WVHRA. We

find that resolution of this matter more appropriately hinges upon a simpler question: did

Petitioner’s complaint plead sufficient facts to survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss?

To answer that question, we must determine whether the alleged immunities in this matter

warrant the application of the heightened pleading standard this Court discussed in

Hutchison v. City of Huntington, 198 W. Va. 139, 149-50, 479 S.E.2d 649, 659-60 (1996),

and whether Petitioner established a prima facie case of employment discrimination under

the WVHRA.

                                             6
              Before delving into the specifics of Petitioner’s complaint, we find it

beneficial to set out a brief overview of this Court’s Rule 12(b)(6) jurisprudence. First,

Rule 8 of the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure requires only “a short and plain

statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief[.]” Generally, we have

explained that, to survive a motion to dismiss, “a pleading need only outline the alleged

occurrence which (if later proven to be a recognized legal or equitable claim), would justify

some form of relief.” Mountaineer Fire & Rescue Equip., LLC v. City Nat’l Bank of W.

Va., 244 W. Va. 508, 521, 854 S.E.2d 870, 883 (2020). Despite this seemingly low bar,

we have cautioned that “‘a plaintiff may not “fumble around searching for a meritorious

claim within the elastic boundaries of a barebones complaint.”’” Boone, 245 W. Va. at

___, 869 S.E.2d at 424 (quoting Williamson v. Harden, 214 W. Va. 77, 79, 585 S.E.2d 369,

371 (2003)). Rather, the complaint “must set forth enough information to outline the

elements of a claim or permit inferences to be drawn that these elements exist.” Fass v.

Nowsco Well Serv. Ltd., 177 W. Va. 50, 52, 350 S.E.2d 562, 563 (1986). Moreover, “a

complaint must be intelligibly sufficient for a circuit court or an opposing party to

understand whether a valid claim is alleged and, if so, what it is.” State ex rel. McGraw v.

Scott Runyan Pontiac-Buick, Inc., 194 W. Va. 770, 776, 461 S.E.2d 516, 522 (1995).

Finally, while the foregoing applies to most cases, we have held that a “heightened pleading

standard” applies when immunities are implicated. Hutchison, 198 W. Va. at 149, 479

S.E.2d at 659.

                                             7
              We now turn to whether the alleged immunities in this case warrant the

application of the heightened pleading standard. The circuit court decided this case on

qualified immunity grounds. We have held that qualified immunities are implicated as

follows:

                     “To the extent that governmental acts or omissions
              which give rise to a cause of action fall within the category of
              discretionary functions, a reviewing court must determine
              whether the plaintiff has demonstrated that such acts or
              omissions are in violation of clearly established statutory or
              constitutional rights or laws of which a reasonable person
              would have known or are otherwise fraudulent, malicious, or
              oppressive in accordance with State v. Chase Securities, Inc.,
              188 W.Va. 356, 424 S.E.2d 591 (1992). In absence of such a
              showing, both the State and its officials or employees charged
              with such acts or omissions are immune from liability.” Syl.
              Pt. 11, W.Va. Reg’l Jail & Corr. Facility Auth. v. A.B., 234
              W.Va. 492, 766 S.E.2d 751 (2014).

Syl. Pt. 3, W. Va. Bd. of Educ. v. Marple, 236 W. Va. 654, 783 S.E.2d 75 (2015).

              Petitioner’s employment discrimination claims are predicated on West

Virginia Code § 5-11-9(1) which states, in relevant part:

              It shall be an unlawful discriminatory practice, unless based
              upon a bona fide occupational qualification, or except where
              based upon applicable security regulations established by the
              United States or the State of West Virginia or its agencies or
              political subdivisions:

              (1) For any employer to discriminate against an individual with
              respect to compensation, hire, tenure, terms, conditions or
              privileges of employment if the individual is able and
              competent to perform the services required even if such
              individual is blind or disabled[.]

                                             8
West Virginia Code § 5-11-3 further defines some of the relevant terms in that provision.

Specifically, West Virginia Code § 5-11-3(h) states that “[t]he term ‘discriminate’ or

‘discrimination’ means to exclude from, or fail or refuse to extend to, a person equal

opportunities because of race, religion, color, national origin, ancestry, sex, age, blindness,

disability or familial status and includes to separate or segregate[.]” Id. West Virginia

Code § 5-11-3(d) defines an “employer” as “the state, or any political subdivision thereof,

and any person employing twelve or more persons within the state for twenty or more

calendar weeks in the calendar year in which the act of discrimination allegedly took place

or in the preceding calendar year[.]” Id. Finally, under West Virginia Code § 5-11-3(k),

“the term ‘age’ means the age of forty or above[.]” Id.

              Here, as it did below, Respondent contends that the circuit court correctly

found that it is entitled to qualified immunity because, as a public college, it is a state

agency or a political subdivision. 3 However, Respondent is mistaken. As stated in syllabus

point three of Marple, a government entity has no qualified immunity where the plaintiff

       3
          We have no doubt that public colleges and universities are part of the state. See
W. Va. Code § 29-12A-3(e) (2018) (including colleges and universities in the definition of
“State”). See also W. Va. Code § 18B-3E-2(a) (Repl. Vol. 2016) (establishing Eastern
West Virginia Community and Technical College as a “state institution of higher education
and as part of the state college system of West Virginia”). However, a cursory examination
of the definition of “employer” set forth in the WVHRA explicitly includes “the state, or
any political subdivision thereof[.]” Id. § 5-11-3(d) (emphasis added). By including this
plain language, the Legislature has statutorily recognized that state entities may be subject
to employment discrimination claims. Therefore, Respondent’s contention that it is
entitled to qualified immunity simply because it is a state agency is incorrect.

                                              9
can demonstrate that the government entity’s discretionary “acts or omissions are in

violation of clearly established statutory or constitutional rights or laws of which a

reasonable person would have known[.]” 236 W. Va. at 657, 783 S.E.2d at 78, syl. pt. 3,

in part. Respondent cannot reasonably argue that the WVHRA — specifically West

Virginia Code § 5-11-9(1) — does not constitute clearly established statutory law of which

it should have known. As discussed herein, Petitioner pled facts demonstrating a violation

of this clearly established law, so, per Marple, Eastern is entitled to no qualified immunity

here. As such, because immunities are not implicated in this matter, a heightened pleading

standard does not apply.

              Moreover, while heightened pleading may be necessary in actions where

immunities are implicated, we reiterate that “[a] plaintiff is not required to anticipate the

defense of immunity in his complaint.” Hutchison, 198 W. Va. at 150, 479 S.E.2d at 660

(citing Gomez v. Toledo, 446 U.S. 635, 640 (1980)). The Court further explained in

Hutchison that “if the individual circumstances of the case indicate that the plaintiff has

pleaded his or her best case, there is no need to order more detailed pleadings. If the

information contained in the pleadings is sufficient to justify the case proceeding further,

the early motion to dismiss should be denied.” Id. Here, as discussed infra, Petitioner’s

Amended Complaint clearly pled her best case, alleging not only a prima facie employment

discrimination stemming from age and sex discrimination, but additional facts to bolster

her claims. Further, the Amended Complaint as pled clearly demonstrated that Eastern was

not entitled to a shield of immunity because the allegations arose from apparent violations

                                             10
of clearly established statutory law.       So, under the plain language of Hutchison,

“heightened pleading” would not have been necessary in this case because Petitioner’s

Amended Complaint already contained sufficient detail to survive a motion to dismiss.

              Therefore, the remaining question for this Court’s resolution is whether

Petitioner’s Amended Complaint pled facts sufficient to satisfy the “short and plain

statement” standard applicable when immunities are not implicated. All that was required

was for Petitioner to allege a prima facie case of employment discrimination. In this regard,

we have held that

                      [i]n order to make a prima facie case of employment
              discrimination. . .the plaintiff must offer proof of the
              following: (1) That the plaintiff is a member of a protected
              class. (2) That the employer made an adverse decision
              concerning the plaintiff. (3) But for the plaintiff’s protected
              status, the adverse decision would not have been made.

Syl. Pt. 3, Conaway v. E. Associated Coal Corp., 178 W. Va. 164, 358 S.E.2d 423 (1986).

We have since elaborated upon this holding by stating that “[t]he ‘but for’ test of

discriminatory motive in [Conaway], is merely a threshold inquiry, requiring only that a

plaintiff show an inference of discrimination.” Syl. Pt. 2, Barefoot v. Sundale Nursing

Home, 193 W. Va. 475, 457 S.E.2d 152 (1995).

              We find Barefoot to be particularly instructive in the case at bar because the

plaintiff in that case alleged facts that are strikingly similar to those alleged by Petitioner.

In Barefoot, the plaintiff, a Native American woman, made an employment discrimination

                                              11
claim against her employer, a nursing home, after the nursing home terminated her

employment. The plaintiff alleged the following facts in support of her claim: (1) she was

a member of a protected class as she was Native American; (2) she provided “competent,

capable, and loyal service” to her employer; (3) she was discharged from her employment;

and (4) she was replaced by someone not of her protected class. Id. at 485, 457 S.E.2d at

162. We found that “[t]hese facts, standing alone, create an inference of discrimination. If

the decision is not explained, we would suspect the employer had an illicit motive; a fair

and rational employer does not fire an employee who is performing adequately and then

hire someone totally new to replace the discharged worker.” Id. As such, we determined

that the plaintiff had established a prima facie case of employment discrimination and, thus,

that her complaint was sufficient to withstand a motion to dismiss. Id.

              Similarly, in the case at bar, Petitioner has alleged facts giving rise to an

inference of discrimination. Specifically, she alleged that she is a member of a protected

class; in fact, she alleged she is a member of two protected classes as she is both female

and over the age of forty. She then alleged that Eastern declined to permit her to reapply

for her position or renew her contract, tantamount to a discharge, 4 and replaced her with a

younger male — someone who was not a member of her protected class. At this stage,

       4
         We reiterate that we are not determining today whether Petitioner was an employee
or an independent contractor, as that determination is under the purview of the factfinder.
Nor do we take this opportunity to address whether independent contractors may bring
claims under the WVHRA. We simply find that Petitioner has pled sufficient facts to
sustain her complaint in the face of a motion to dismiss.

                                             12
three of the four factors considered in Barefoot are clearly satisfied; the only one that

remains is whether Petitioner pled facts illustrating that she provided “competent, capable

and loyal service to her employer.” We easily determine that Petitioner did so, as she pled

that she worked for Respondent for more than a year, that she was willing to travel to retain

her position, and that the overall passage rate for her class was 99%. Construing these

allegations in the light most favorable to Petitioner, there can be little doubt that Petitioner,

at a minimum, met the threshold we set in Barefoot. As such, her Amended Complaint

was sufficient to survive a motion to dismiss.

              However, Petitioner went beyond what was required to establish a prima

facie case of employment discrimination, going so far as to plead facts that bolster her

claims. In particular, she pled that “[m]ale students made comments that it could be a

deterrent to [Eastern] having a female teach men” and that her replacement — aside from

being not of her protected class — had less driving experience. Both allegations, if true,

cast serious doubt on whether Eastern’s decision not to renew Petitioner’s contract was

based upon her qualifications rather than her status as a member of a protected class.

              For the foregoing reasons, we have no trouble in determining that Petitioner

has alleged sufficient facts to establish an inference of discrimination sufficient to sustain

an employment discrimination claim in the face of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss. The

circuit court’s conclusion to the contrary was clearly erroneous; accordingly, we are

compelled to reverse that decision and remand this matter for further proceedings.

                                               13
                                  IV. CONCLUSION

              Based on the foregoing, we reverse the Circuit Court of Hardy County’s

December 7, 2020, Order Granting Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss and remand this matter

for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

                                                             Reversed and remanded.

                                            14