Court Opinion

ID: 9705581
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-08-26 01:12:44.206508+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:22:12.650289
License: Public Domain

Gibson, J.
Plaintiff Harold Westcom appeals a jury verdict in favor of defendants Robert and Lisa Meunier in a negligence action in *537Franklin Superior Court. The jury found the Meuniers not liable for injuries plaintiff received when the Meuniers’ vehicle struck his car from behind. On appeal, plaintiff claims the trial court erred in denying him his sixth peremptory challenge and in instructing the jury on the sudden emergency doctrine. Because we agree that the court should have allowed plaintiff to exercise a sixth peremptory challenge, we reverse.
Plaintiff sued defendants for negligent driving, alleging that Robert Meunier had failed to stop his vehicle during a heavy snowfall and had struck plaintiff’s vehicle from behind, causing permanent physical injuries to plaintiff. Defendants asserted that the circumstances of the collision demonstrated a sudden emergency that relieved them of liability for plaintiff’s injuries. Plaintiff’s claims were tried before a jury in Franklin Superior Court.
During juror voir dire, the parties exercised their peremptory challenges in alternating order, with plaintiff’s counsel challenging first, then defendants’ counsel, then plaintiff’s counsel, and so on. The parties proceeded in this manner until each side had exhausted five peremptory challenges. On his next turn, plaintiff’s counsel attempted to pass, which prompted the following exchange with the court:
MR. COUNOS: If we pass, your Honor.
THE COURT: That’s lost.
MR. COUNOS: It’s lost.
THE COURT: Yes. Then I would have just said one two three four five six is all gone. None left.
MR. COUNOS: Okay. Pass.
(Emphasis added.)
Defendants’ counsel then exercised his sixth peremptory challenge, and the court replaced the challenged panel member. With the new member now on the panel, plaintiff’s counsel attempted to exercise his sixth peremptory challenge. The record shows the following exchange:
MR. COUNOS: Your Honor, for the record I made five challenges and would like to exercise my sixth challenge.
THE COURT: Okay. But as of course I said once passed *538forever lost. As I understand it you’re just making a record.
MR. COUNOS: Right.
With the jury panel thus constituted, the court administered the jury oath, and the trial proceeded to a defense verdict.
Vermont recognizes the right to exercise peremptory challenges both by statute and by rule. 12 V.S.A. § 1941; V.R.C.R 47(c). Long ago, this Court noted that the opportunity “to assert and exercise the right of challenge given [a party] by the statute, is, no doubt, essential to the full enjoyment of [that party’s] right to a jury trial.” State v. Mercier, 98 Vt. 368, 371, 127 A. 715, 716 (1925). For over a century, we have consistently held that “the right to peremptorily challenge jurors given by [statute] continues until the jurors are sworn.” State v. Spaulding, 60 Vt. 228, 233, 14 A. 769, 771 (1887). More recently, we stated that “[i]f another party changes the composition of that panel by challenge, the first party of course has a new opportunity to challenge, if he wishes.” Masterson v. State, 139 Vt. 106, 107, 423 A.2d 845, 846 (1980) (emphasis added). Under our longstanding precedents, the trial court should have granted plaintiff’s request to exercise a sixth peremptory challenge after defendants had changed the composition of the panel; the court’s failure to do so was error requiring reversal.
Defendants contend, however, that plaintiff waived his right to a sixth peremptory challenge by passing after exercising his fifth peremptory challenge. We disagree. A pass does not constitute a waiver until the jurors are sworn.* See, e.g., State v. Berry, 267 N.E.2d 775, 778 (Ohio 1971) (rejecting argument “that once a party ‘passed’ his alternate turn to peremptory challenge, the right could not thereafter be resurrected, even to challenge a newly seated juror”). Defendants advocate the rule, accepted in some jurisdictions, *539that a venire member cannot be challenged peremptorily as a matter of right after being accepted by the challenging party. See Walczak v. Daniel, 172 A.2d 915, 917 (Conn. 1961) (party has no right to peremptory challenge after he has accepted juror upon conclusion of his examination); see generally Annotation, Peremptory Challenge After Acceptance of Juror, 3 A.L.R.2d 499, 501-04 (1949) (collecting cases). Such a rule, which we reject, would be a marked departure from the well-established practice in the Vermont trial courts. Cf. Annot., supra, 3 A.L.R.2d at 504-08 (collecting cases from states, including Vermont, following rule that accepted juror may be challenged peremptorily until juror or jury is sworn to try case).
Defendants also contend that plaintiff has not shown how he was prejudiced by the denial of a sixth peremptory challenge. We recently held that a party need not show actual prejudice when the trial court erroneously denies a party’s request to exclude a juror by peremptory challenge. State v. Santelli, 159 Vt. 442, 446, 621 A.2d 222, 224-25 (1992). In Santelli, we wrote, “If we were to accept the actual prejudice rule, the trial court’s errors would become unreviewable because the focus of the appellate inquiry would not be on the court’s error, but on the qualifications of the juror subject to the lost peremptory challenge.” Id. The whole purpose of peremptory challenges is to allow each party an opportunity to dismiss a fixed number of jurors without cause or explanation. Id. The faulty denial of that opportunity creates prejudice that should need no elucidation. See id. at 446-47, 621 A.2d at 225.
Plaintiff was entitled to exercise his sixth peremptory challenge before the jury was impaneled. Any other rule invites the use of stratagems to disrupt the fair and orderly selection of a panel to which the parties do not object. See Masterson, 139 Vt. at 107, 423 A.2d at 846.
Because plaintiff should not have had to proceed with the jury as impaneled, we need not reach the remaining issues raised on appeal.

Reversed and remanded.

The dissent by Justice Morse assumes, without further analysis, that our decision “makes it easier for a party to pack a jury based on invidious discrimination.” 164 Vt. at 542, 674 A.2d at 1271. Although the dissent’s assumption may once have had force, the long line of United States Supreme Court decisions cited by the dissent squarely resolves the dissent’s concern. See, e.g., J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B., 511 U.S. 127, 146, 114 S. Ct. 1419, 1430 (1994) (prohibiting jury selection based on gender); Edmonson v. Leesville Concrete Co., 500 U.S. 614, 628 (1991) (prohibiting jury selection based on race). We need no longer assume that peremptory challenges will be used for invidious discrimination, because the Court’s decisions assure that peremptory challenges cannot constitutionally be so used.