Court Opinion

ID: 809645
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2012-10-05 04:14:23+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T18:00:35.254473
License: Public Domain

Case: 11-15356   Date Filed: 10/04/2012       Page: 1 of 20

                                                                [DO NOT PUBLISH]

             IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

                      FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
                       ________________________

                              No. 11-15356
                          Non-Argument Calendar
                        ________________________

                 D.C. Docket No. 7:09-cr-00029-LSC-HGD-2

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

                                 llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff-Appellee,

                                    versus

RHONDA MICHELLE FEE,
a.k.a. Rhonda Michele Fee,

                              llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllDefendant-Appellant.

                       ________________________

                 Appeal from the United States District Court
                    for the Northern District of Alabama
                        ________________________

                             (October 4, 2012)

Before MARCUS, PRYOR and JORDAN, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
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      The main issue in this appeal is whether eight obscene photographs of a

minor taken during a single photography session constitutes eight distinct crimes

of producing child pornography. Rhonda Fee was convicted of eight counts of

producing child pornography, 18 U.S.C. §§ 2, 2251(a), and one count of

possessing child pornography, id. § 2252A(a)(5)(B), based on photographs that

she and her husband took of Fee’s 12-year-old daughter, K.S. Fee argues that the

eight counts of producing child pornography in her indictment were multiplicitous.

Fee also challenges the denial of her motion to sever her trial from the trial of her

husband, Robert Fee; the decision to allow K.S. to testify by closed-circuit

television; and the denial of her motion for a new trial. We conclude that the plain

text of the statute that proscribes using a “minor to engage in . . . any sexually

explicit conduct for the purpose of producing any visual depiction of such

conduct,” id. § 2251(a), makes each use of the minor to produce each obscene

photograph a criminal offense. We also conclude that Rhonda Fee waived any

objection to the refusal to sever her trial; no error occurred in allowing K.S. to

testify by closed-circuit television; and the district court did not abuse its

discretion in denying the motion for a new trial. We affirm.

                                 I. BACKGROUND

      We divide in three parts our discussion of the background. First, we discuss

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the investigation of the Fees and their superceding indictment. Second, we discuss

Rhonda Fee’s pre-trial proceedings. Third, we discuss the evidence presented at

trial, the verdict, and Rhonda Fee’s post-trial motions.

                 A. The Investigation and Superceding Indictment

      K.S.’s brother reported to the Sheriff’s Office in Tuscaloosa County that his

stepfather, Robert Fee, had been recording video footage of K.S. Pam Kirsch, an

investigator in the child abuse and sex crimes division of the Sheriff’s Office, then

interviewed K.S. at school. Kirsch used the information elicited from K.S. to

obtain a warrant to search the Fees’ home.

      Officers searched the Fees’ home on October 15, 2008, and discovered

evidence of the Fees’ purient interest in K.S. Investigator Kirsch observed that the

Fees had installed two surveillance cameras in K.S.’s bedroom and bathroom that

were focused on K.S.’s bed, toilet, and bathtub. Both cameras downloaded images

to a television in the Fees’ bedroom, and the television was connected to a

videocassette recorder. Another officer discovered in the Fees’ bedroom a filing

cabinet containing a stack of nine Polaroid photographs bound together with a

rubber band. Eight of the photographs depicted different aspects of K.S.’s

genitalia, and the ninth photograph depicted Robert Fee in the nude.

      A grand jury returned a superceding indictment that charged the Fees with

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eight counts of producing child pornography and one count of possessing child

pornography. 18 U.S.C. §§ 2, 2251(a), 2252A(a)(5)(B). The indictment charged

that, on eight occasions between January 2003 and October 2008, the Fees used a

minor to “engage in sexually explicit conduct for the purpose of producing a

visual depiction of such conduct” and that, on October 15, 2008, the Fees

possessed those photographs. Each count of producing child pornography charged

the Fees with producing a Polaroid photograph “known to the grand jury” as a

numbered exhibit. The visual depictions in the exhibits differed. Exhibits 1 and 7

depicted the child’s genitalia while she was wearing a partial body cast; Exhibits 2

and 6 depicted the child with her legs raised over her head and using her hands to

expose her genitalia; Exhibit 3 depicted Rhonda Fee using her hands to expose the

child’s genitalia; Exhibit 4 showed the child lying naked on her back but focused

primarily on her genitalia; Exhibit 5 depicted the child lying naked on her stomach

as she “look[ed] back at the camera”; and Exhibit 8 showed another view of the

child’s genital area.

B. Rhonda Fee’s Motions for Dismissal and Severance and Her Opposition to K.S.
                    Testifying by Closed-Circuit Television

      Rhonda Fee moved to join, or alternatively to dismiss some of, the eight

counts of producing child pornography on the ground that the charges were

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multiplicitous. She argued that “a review of the content of the photographs . . .

[made] certainly possible that some or all of the photographs were taken at the

same time and place, but in any event on less than the eight separate occasions as

alleged by the superseding indictment.” She requested that the district court

“either dismiss the first Eight Counts of the indictment or in the alternative

consolidate the eight counts into one or more, but fewer than eight to reflect the

number of separate instances of conduct proven by the Government.” The district

court denied Rhonda Fee’s motion.

      When the United States moved to allow K.S. to testify by two-way closed-

circuit television, Rhonda Fee moved to sever her trial from that of her husband or,

alternatively, to require K.S. to testify in open court, but outside the presence of

Robert Fee. Rhonda Fee argued that she was entitled to examine K.S. under the

Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment. The magistrate judge denied

Rhonda Fee’s motion to sever, and she did not object to that ruling.

      The district court held a hearing regarding the admission of K.S.’s testimony

by closed circuit television. The United States presented testimony from Jane

Plaxco, a mental health counselor, that K.S. could not testify in the presence of the

Fees. Plaxco testified that she treated K.S., who suffers from cerebral palsy and

walks with braces, using forensic sensitive counseling. Plaxco testified that K.S.

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was “very scared” of Robert Fee and feared being in the same room with him

because “he made her do things that she didn’t want to do.” Plaxco testified that

K.S. was angry with Rhonda Fee, but hesitated “doing something that might hurt

her mother because she loves her.” Plaxco also testified that, during a meeting in

May 2009, she observed on K.S. “very deep, numerous sores on [one] forearm that

had not been there . . . before” which “looked like they were infected” and also a

“very huge hangnail or raw cuticles that she was playing with and pushing back

and picking at.” Plaxco questioned K.S. about the “gouges in her skin,” and K.S.

“said that she was scared to go to court” and was “scratching herself.” Ten days

later, Plaxco observed sores on both of K.S.’s arms. Plaxco opined that K.S. had

repressed or had been unable to communicate her anxiety about the trial and had

engaged in self-mutilation to express her feelings. Plaxco stated she “[had]

worked with children who were self-mutilators,” but she “[did not] think [she had]

ever worked with anybody that was as anxious about court as [K.S.] . . . or had the

physical signs of being as anxious about court and testifying.” Although a tour of

the courtroom addressed some of K.S.’s anxieties, merely “coming to the

courtroom was very difficult for her,” and she “kept wanting to know where [the

Fees] would be sitting and if they would say anything to her.”

      Plaxco described K.S.’s anxiety as “severe” and “escalating.” A few days

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before the hearing, K.S. heard Rhonda Fee’s voice on the answering machine, and

became angry, screamed, and “hit her grandmother.” The next day, K.S. told

Plaxco that she was “just really upset.” Plaxco noticed that K.S. was “self-

mutilating more,” “[h]er verbal aggression was escalating,” and she was “losing

weight” and “not sleeping.” Plaxco opined that requiring K.S. to testify in the

presence of the Fees would “[a]bsolutely” inflict emotional trauma, and despite

K.S.’s fear of video cameras, she would be less traumatized if permitted to testify

by closed-circuit television.

      In support of her request that K.S. testify in open court, Rhonda Fee

presented testimony from Leah Belser, a forensic interviewer and therapist who

had reviewed a videotaped interview with K.S. Belser testified that forensic

sensitive training was “a type of therapy utilized by a lot of children’s advocacy

centers . . . in an attempt to preserve evidence.” Belser also testified that there

were several possible explanations for self-mutilation, including “[s]tress, anxiety .

. . [and] displacement” from the home.

      The district court granted the motion of the United States to allow K.S. to

testify by closed-circuit television. The district court found that K.S. was “afraid”

of Robert Fee and would suffer emotional trauma if required to testify in his

presence. The district court also found that K.S. experienced a “different kind of

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fear” with Rhonda Fee that was “so substantial that [it] outweigh[ed] the

traditional requirement . . . [to] testify actually in front of the defendant.” Based

on the evidence of K.S.’s self-mutilation and explanation for the mutilation, the

district court was “convinced” that, if K.S. were forced to testify in the courtroom,

she “[would] close up and [would] not say a word other than muttering” based on

“fear for herself and emotional trauma that [she would] be experiencing from

being in front of her mother and stepfather.” The district court stated that it would

“make sure that every other mechanism of confrontation” was satisfied and would

ensure that the jury viewed K.S.’s “entire demeanor . . . from the waist up”; saw

K.S. “be placed under oath”; and observed “[a]nybody that’s in [the room with

K.S.] that might have an influence on [her] . . . [and] make sure no coaching or

anything is done.”

      Rhonda Fee filed an untimely notice of intent to present expert testimony

from Dr. Kimberly Ackerson, a clinical psychologist. Rhonda Fee proffered that

Ackerson would testify that Fee’s “intellectual functioning fell within the

‘borderline’ to ‘low average range’” and explain why she helped her husband

photograph K.S. Before opening statements, Rhonda Fee removed Ackerson from

her witness list.

                    C. Rhonda Fee’s Trial and Post-Trial Motions

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      At trial, the United States presented evidence that K.S. was used to produce

child pornography. K.S. testified by a closed-circuit television located in the

chambers of the district court while the Fees communicated remotely with counsel

in the chambers. K.S. testified that she was 13 years old and identified Rhonda

Fee as her mother and Robert Fee as her stepfather. K.S. identified herself in the

eight photographs and testified that her legs were spread open against her will by

Rhonda Fee while Robert Fee took the photographs. K.S. testified about Robert

Fee viewing regularly the live camera feeds of K.S. in her bedroom and bathroom.

K.S. also testified that she had been touched “a lot” in her bedroom by Robert Fee

and that “[i]t felt like a knife sometimes.” Investigator Kirsch testified about the

views of K.S. depicted in the eight photographs.

      In defense, the Fees testified that they photographed and videotaped K.S. to

aid her in personal hygiene practices. Robert Fee testified that he took eight

photographs of K.S. during one photographic session; K.S. requested two

photographs to see how she looked in a body cast applied after a surgery for her

cerebral palsy; and he took six other photographs to show K.S. where to clean

herself. Rhonda Fee provided identical explanations for the photographs and

testified that the Fees installed a video camera in the bathroom directed at the

toilet and bathtub to “watch [K.S.] so she wouldn’t fall and to make sure she was

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bathing and getting herself clean” because she suffered from vaginal infections.

On cross-examination, Rhonda Fee testified that K.S. was photographed in 2006

when she was ten years old. Rhonda Fee stated that she kept the photographs “in

case K.S. had to be shown again” and she “didn’t think about” asking Dr. Burgess

for a diagram to use instead of the photographs.

      The Fees also presented testimony from Dr. Karen Burgess, who had treated

K.S. twice for vaginal infections. On the first occasion, Burgess observed that

K.S. “had an appearance of nonspecific redness” and recommended careful

vaginal cleaning. On the second occasion, K.S. complained of vomiting, diarrhea,

and pain with urination. A nurse practitioner observed that K.S. had vaginal

redness, recommended that K.S. continue using “proper cleaning techniques” with

the assistance of a caretaker, and prescribed an anti-fungal medication. On cross-

examination, Burgess testified that Robert Fee had reported that K.S. experienced

genital pain when bathing and failed to cleanse thoroughly, but Burgess observed

that K.S.’s genitalia were clean. Burgess also testified that she could have

provided an anatomical drawing to review hygiene, and she had not recommended

that the Fees photograph K.S.

      During closing arguments, defense counsel urged the jury to find that the

Fees “were trying to help their disabled daughter be healthy and independent” and

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to consider Rhonda Fee’s “limitations.” Defense counsel argued that the Fees

photographed K.S. to aid in hygiene practices and failed to contemplate using a

different visual aid. Counsel also challenged K.S.’s credibility.

      The jury found the Fees guilty of all nine charges, and Rhonda Fee moved

for a judgment of acquittal on grounds that the evidence was insufficient to

support the verdicts, K.S.’s testimony violated the Confrontation Clause, and the

indictment was multiplicitous. Rhonda Fee also moved for a new trial on the same

grounds. The district court denied Rhonda Fee’s post-trial motions.

      Rhonda Fee later moved to reconsider her motion for a new trial based on

what she described as newly-discovered evidence that supported her theory of

defense. Before sentencing, the district court ordered that Rhonda Fee undergo a

psychological examination, and she argued that findings of the psychologist, had

they been available at trial, would have caused the district court to change its

rulings about severance and K.S.’s testimony by closed circuit television and

affected the finding of the jury about Rhonda Fee’s intent to exploit K.S. Rhonda

Fee cited in her motion findings of the psychologist, Christine Agee, that Rhonda

Fee had an intelligence quotient of borderline to low average; tended to be “overly

passive, submissive and compliant in interpersonal relationships and . . . overly

accepting of authority”; and acted “somewhat naive and gullible.” Rhonda Fee

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also cited Agee’s opinion that Rhonda Fee “would not have committed [the]

offense on her own” and that her “dependent and introverted personality,

combined with her limited cognitive functioning contributed to her decision to

submit to her husband’s judgment in this matter.”

      The district court denied Rhonda Fee’s motion to reconsider. The district

court ruled that “nothing about the theory of defense [was] newly discovered and,

because [Rhonda Fee] [was] arguing what she already argued at trial, [the

evidence] [was] cumulative.” The district court also ruled that Agee’s testimony

about Rhonda Fee’s mental state would have been inadmissible at trial and would

not have affected the ruling on her motion to sever.

      The district court sentenced Rhonda Fee to the mandatory minimum

sentence for her production crimes. The district court ordered that Rhonda Fee

serve eight concurrent terms of 180 months of imprisonment for producing child

pornography to run concurrently with one term of 120 months for possessing child

pornography.

                         II. STANDARDS OF REVIEW

      We review de novo whether charges in an indictment are multiplicitous.

United States v. Jones, 601 F.3d 1247, 1258 (11th Cir. 2010). Although the denial

of a motion to sever is reviewed for an abuse of discretion, United States v. Tobin,

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676 F.3d 1264, 1273 (11th Cir. 2012), a party must object to an order of a

magistrate judge denying the motion to preserve the issue for appellate review,

United States v. Schultz, 565 F.3d 1353, 1359 (11th Cir. 2009). We review de

novo whether the admission of testimony by closed-circuit television violates the

right of confrontation guaranteed under the Sixth Amendment. United States v.

Yates, 438 F.3d 1307, 1311 (11th Cir. 2006) (en banc). “A motion for new trial

based on newly discovered evidence is committed to the sound discretion of the

trial court and will not be overturned absent abuse of discretion.” United States v.

Garcia, 13 F.3d 1464, 1472 (11th Cir. 1994).

                                III. DISCUSSION

      Rhonda Fee raises four issues for our consideration, none of which merit

relief. First, we address Fee’s argument that the charges in her indictment were

multiplicitous. Second, we address briefly Fee’s argument about her motion to

sever. Third, we address Fee’s challenge to the decision to allow K.S. to testify by

closed-circuit television. Fourth, we address Fee’s argument that she was entitled

to a new trial based on newly-discovered evidence.

               A. Rhonda Fee’s Indictment Was Not Multiplicitous.

      Rhonda Fee argues that her indictment was multiplicitous because her

superseding indictment involved a single crime of producing child pornography.

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Fee argues that section 2251(a) is aimed at proscribing the act of producing child

pornography instead of proscribing the number of images produced. Fee’s

argument fails in the light of the plain text of section 2251(a).

      To be multiplicitous, an indictment must charge a defendant with a single

offense in multiple counts. Jones, 601 F.3d at 1258. A multiplicitous indictment

violates the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment because it gives a

jury “more than one opportunity to convict the defendant for the same offense.”

Id. When an indictment contains more than one count charging a violation of the

same statute, our inquiry concerns whether Congress intended the different acts

underlying each count to constitute a separate offense. See United States v. Smith,

231 F.3d 800, 815 (11th Cir. 2000). “‘[W]hether a continuous transaction results

in the commission of but a single offense or separate offenses . . . is determined by

whether separate and distinct prohibited acts, made punishable by law, have been

committed.’” United States v. Davis, 730 F.2d 669, 672 (11th Cir. 1984) (quoting

Bins v. United States, 331 F.2d 390, 393 (5th Cir. 1964)). The unit of prosecution

is defined by the “essence,” or key element, of the statute. Bins, 331 F.2d at 392.

      Rhonda Fee’s indictment is not multiplicitous. Fee was charged with using

a “minor to engage in . . . any sexually explicit conduct for the purpose of

producing any visual depiction of such conduct.” 18 U.S.C. § 2251(a). The

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statute defines the offense of using a minor in broad terms involving “any sexually

explicit conduct” and “any visual depiction of such conduct.” See United States v.

Gonzales, 520 U.S. 1, 5, 117 S. Ct. 1032, 1035 (1997) (“Read naturally, the word

‘any’ has an expansive meaning, that is, one or some indiscriminately of whatever

kind.”) (internal quotation marks omitted); Laperriere v. Vesta Ins. Group, Inc.,

526 F.3d 715, 726 (11th Cir. 2008) (“[T]he term “any” in a statute has a “broad,”

“powerful,” and “expansive” meaning; “it does not mean ‘some’ or ‘all but a few,’

but instead means ‘all.’”); Price v. Time, Inc., 416 F.3d 1327, 1336 (11th Cir.

2005) (same as Laperriere). The text of section 2251(a) makes clear that Congress

proscribed each discreet visual depiction of a minor as a separate offense. We

agree with the Tenth Circuit that “[t]he fact that multiple photographs [of K.S.]

may have been sequentially produced during a single photography session is

irrelevant” because “[e]ach photograph depended upon a separate and distinct use

of [K.S.]” United States v. Esch, 832 F.2d 531, 542 (10th Cir. 1987).

      The indictment charged Rhonda Fee with eight separate acts of production

of child pornography. Fee forced K.S. to engage in eight acts of sexually explicit

conduct to produce separate visual depictions of that conduct. Fee manipulated

K.S.’s body and directed K.S. to manipulate her body to produce separate images

of specific aspects of K.S.’s genitalia.

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      Rhonda Fee argues that her interpretation of section 2251(a) is consistent

with the reasoning of the Supreme Court in Bell v. United States, 349 U.S. 81, 75

S. Ct. 620 (1955), but we disagree. The Court in Bell applied the rule of lenity

and held that the Mann Act, which proscribed the transportation in interstate

commerce of a woman for prostitution, failed to evidence a congressional intent to

treat simultaneous transportation of several women as separate offenses. 349 U.S.

at 82–83, 75 S. Ct. at 622. We may invoke the rule of lenity only where a

“reasonable doubt persists about a statute’s intended scope even after resort to the

language and structure, legislative history, and motivating policies of the statute.”

Moskal v. United States, 498 U.S. 103, 108, 111 S. Ct. 461 (1990) (internal

quotation marks omitted); see United States v. Zuniga-Arteaga, 681 F.3d 1220,

1223 (11th Cir. 2012). But section 2251(a) is not ambiguous. Its plain text

establishes that Congress intended to punish an offender for each use of a minor to

produce an image depicting sexually explicit conduct.

 B. We Lack Jurisdiction to Consider Rhonda Fee’s Argument about Severance.

      Rhonda Fee argues that the magistrate judge erred by denying her motion to

sever her trial from that of her husband, but we lack jurisdiction to review that

argument. Rhonda Fee failed to object within 10 days to the ruling of the

magistrate judge. She waived any objection to that ruling. Fed. R. Crim. P. 59(a).

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  C. The District Court Did Not Violate Rhonda Fee’s Right of Confrontation by
             Permitting K.S. to Testify By Closed-Circuit Television.

      Rhonda Fee argues that the district court violated her right of confrontation

under the Sixth Amendment by allowing K.S. to testify by closed-circuit

television. Fee argues that Plaxco’s testimony did not support the finding by the

district court that K.S. would suffer severe emotional trauma if forced to testify in

the courtroom. Fee’s argument fails.

      Although the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment guarantees a

defendant the right to confront in open court a witness against her, that right is not

absolute. Maryland v. Craig, 497 U.S. 836, 849–50, 110 S. Ct. 3157, 3165–66

(1990); Yates, 438 F.3d at 1312. A face-to-face confrontation is not required

where the “denial of such confrontation is necessary to further an important public

policy” and “the reliability of the testimony is otherwise assured.” Craig, 497 U.S.

at 850, 110 S. Ct. at 3166. And the Supreme Court held in Craig that the “physical

and psychological well-being of child abuse victims . . . [was] sufficiently

important to outweigh . . . a defendant’s right to face . . . her accusers in court” if

eliciting testimony through a remote device would “protect [the] child witness

from trauma . . . [that] would impair the child’s ability to communicate.” Id. at

853, 857, 110 S. Ct. at 3167, 3170.

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      The Child Victims’ and Child Witness’ Rights Act permits a minor to testify

outside the courtroom by two-way closed-circuit television when the district court

“finds that the child is unable to testify in open court in the presence of the

defendant.” 18 U.S.C. § 3509(b)(1)(B). A child witness may testify using the

remote procedure under four circumstances, including if the child “is unable to

testify because of fear” or there exists “a substantial likelihood, established by

expert testimony, that the child would suffer emotional trauma from testifying.”

Id. The findings of the district court under section 3509 must satisfy the test

established in Craig. Yates, 438 F.3d at 1313. The district court must find that

testifying by remote means is “necessary to protect the welfare of the particular

child witness,” Craig, 497 U.S. at 855, 110 S. Ct. at 3169; the “child witness

would be traumatized, not by the courtroom generally, but by the presence of the

defendant,” id. at 856, 110 S. Ct. at 3169; and the “emotional distress suffered by

the child witness in the presence of the defendant is more than de minimis, i.e.,

more than mere nervousness or excitement or some reluctance to testify,” id.

(internal quotation marks omitted).

      The district court did not err by allowing K.S. to testify against Rhonda Fee

by closed-circuit television. The district court complied with the procedures

outlined in and made the findings required under the Child Rights’ Act. And the

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United States established that K.S. would suffer trauma if forced to testify in

Rhonda Fee’s presence. Plaxco, who counseled K.S., testified that K.S. “said that

she was scared to go to court,” which she exhibited through engaging in self-

mutilation; panicking at the sound of Rhonda Fee’s voice; and obsessing about her

proximity to Fee in the courtroom. Plaxco also testified that K.S.’s distress and

anxiety exceeded that of any other child that Plaxco had counseled. Fee failed to

present any evidence to cast doubt on Plaxco’s qualifications or her counseling

methodology; contradict Plaxco’s recollections or observations; or undermine

Plaxco’s opinion that requiring K.S. to testify in Rhonda Fee’s presence would

“[a]bsolutely” inflict emotional trauma.

D. The District Court Did Not Abuse its Discretion When It Denied Rhonda Fee’s
                            Motion for a New Trial.

      Rhonda Fee was not entitled to a new trial based on Agee’s psychological

report. A new trial predicated on newly-discovered evidence is warranted only if

the defendant discovers new evidence after trial that could not have been

discovered earlier by exercising due diligence and the evidence is material, not

cumulative of other evidence introduced, and would probably have produced a

different result at trial. United States v. Thompson, 422 F.3d 1285, 1294 (11th

Cir. 2005). Agee’s findings about Rhonda Fee’s acuity did not constitute new

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evidence because Dr. Ackerson had communicated to Fee before trial that she had

an intelligence quotient of “borderline to low average.” Agee’s findings also were

cumulative to evidence and arguments presented by Rhonda Fee to the jury. Fee’s

defense focused on her lack of intent to produce child pornography, and defense

counsel invited the jury to consider “limitations” that Fee exhibited during her

testimony. Fee could not have introduced testimony from Agee that Fee lacked

the intent to produce child pornography and would not have committed the offense

independently. Fed. R. Evid. 704(b). And we cannot conclude that the remainder

of Agee’s report would probably have changed the outcome of Fee’s trial.

Information in Agee’s report that Fee had attended a junior college and obtained a

professional degree in accounting would have contradicted Fee’s argument that

she lacked the intelligence to use means other than the photographs to educate

K.S. about personal hygiene. In addition, the United States introduced eight

photographs that Fee produced depicting K.S. in a sexually explicit manner, and

the jury apparently discredited Fee’s testimony that she did not produce or retain

the photographs for their sexual content.

                               IV. CONCLUSION

      We AFFIRM Rhonda Fee’s convictions for producing and possessing child

pornography.

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