Court Opinion

ID: 806749
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2012-08-15 19:56:26+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T15:35:09.284634
License: Public Domain

FILED
                                NOT FOR PUBLICATION                                        AUG 15 2012

                                                                                       MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                        UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS                                   U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

                                FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

 ROBERT B. KEENAN,                                       No. 09-55428

                Plaintiff-Appellant,                     D.C. No. 2:06-cv-01793-JVS-PJW

   v.
                                                         MEMORANDUM*
 FIRST CALIFORNIA BANK,

                Defendant-Appellee.

                       Appeal from the United States District Court
                          for the Central District of California
                        James V. Selna, District Judge, Presiding

                        Argued and Submitted November 18, 2011
                                  Pasadena, California

Before: W. FLETCHER and RAWLINSON, Circuit Judges, and MILLS,**
District Judge.

        Robert B. Keenan appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment in

favor of First California Bank. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we

review de novo, see Solis v. Washington, 656 F.3d 1079, 1083 (9th Cir. 2011), and

         *
              This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as
provided by 9th Cir. R. 36-3.
        **
                  The Honorable Richard Mills, United States District Judge for the Central District
of Illinois, sitting by designation.
we affirm.

                                          I.

      In 2005, Appellant Robert B. Keenan had a deposit account at First

California Bank. According to Keenan, the account held many months’ worth of

Social Security payments.

      On October 31, 2005, the California Franchise Tax Board sent an Order to

Withhold to First California. According to the Franchise Tax Board, Keenan owed

taxes for tax years 1982, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, and 1996, with the

amount due totaling $292,234.51. The Franchise Tax Board directed First

California to withhold the lesser of (1) the amount due, or (2) the amount under its

control belonging to Keenan.

      The Order included a sheet with excerpts from the California Revenue and

Taxation Code, including § 18670, which details the procedures for dealing with

Orders to Withhold, and § 18672, which provides that any person “failing to

withhold the amount due from any taxpayer and to transmit the same to the

Franchise Tax Board after service of a notice . . . is liable for such amounts.” The

sheet also quoted California Revenue and Taxation Code § 18674, which provides

that a person required to withhold must not resort to any legal or equitable action in

a court of law or equity. The Order to Withhold was received on November 7,

                                          2
2005.

        The Franchise Tax Board also sent a notice for First California to send to

Keenan. The notice details the same general information as the Order to Withhold,

but also contained additional guidance for taxpayers. In a section labeled “Special

Information Concerning Taxpayer Rights,” the following language appears: “If

your bank account includes any money from Social Security or Supplemental

Security Income, please contact us immediately at the telephone number at the top

of this page.”

        On November 7, 2005, First California sent a letter to Keenan indicating that

it had been served with an Order to Withhold, and as a result, his bank account had

been debited in the amount of $81,287.20, which included a non-refundable bank

fee of $60.00. The Bank said that it would hold these funds until November 21,

2005, at which time they would be remitted to the Franchise Tax Board.

        Mr. Keenan sent a fax to First California on November 14, 2005, indicating

that the moneys in the bank account were derived from Social Security. He also

stated that he had been in contact with the Franchise Tax Board, and that it was

likely that the Order to Withhold would either be modified or cancelled.

        Mr. Keenan sent a letter to First California dated November 17, 2005, citing

case law and statutes, explaining that the bank account contained Social Security

                                           3
moneys and arguing that under 42 U.S.C. § 407(a),1 transferring the Social

Security funds to the Franchise Tax Board would be a violation of federal law.

Keenan indicated that he was sending a copy of the letter to the Franchise Tax

Board.

       First California did not receive any release from the Franchise Tax Board,

and it remitted $81,227.20 to the Franchise Tax Board on November 25, 2005.

       The Franchise Tax Board sent another Order to Withhold to First California

on December 6, 2005, and it was received on December 14, 2005. The notice was

served on Keenan, and the bank informed him by letter dated December 14, 2005,

that it had debited $2,237.59 from his account, which included a $60.00 fee.

       First California did not receive any release from the Franchise Tax Board

with respect to the second Order to Withhold, and it remitted $2,177.59 to the

Franchise Tax Board on December 28, 2005.

                                                 II.

       1
           The statute provides the following:

              The right of any person to any future payment under this subchapter shall not
       be transferable or assignable, at law or in equity, and none of the moneys paid or
       payable or rights existing under this subchapter shall be subject to execution, levy,
       attachment, garnishment, or other legal process, or to the operation of any
       bankruptcy or insolvency law.

42 U.S.C. § 407(a).

                                                 4
         Keenan initiated this action against First California on March 24, 2006, in

the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California.

         Keenan raised the following claims in his amended complaint: (1) a claim

under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 related to the transfer of $81,227.20 from Keenan’s

account to the Franchise Tax Board, allegedly in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 407(a);

(2) a § 1983 claim related to the transfer of $2,177.59 from Keenan’s account to

the Franchise Tax Board, allegedly in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 407(a); (3) a breach

of contract claim; (4) a “recovery of funds deposited” claim; (5) a conversion

claim; and (6) an excessive fees claim, in which Keenan alleges that First

California charged fees in an amount above that allowed by California law.

Keenan seeks damages in the amount debited by First California, punitive

damages, and costs.

         On September 18, 2006, the case was dismissed on First California’s

motion, and Keenan appealed. The case was not scheduled for oral argument, and

it was submitted for decision on April 22, 2008. A memorandum disposition was

filed on May 1, 2008. See Keenan v. First Cal. Bank, 276 Fed. App’x 637 (9th Cir.

2008).

         The memorandum disposition held the following:

              The district court erred in dismissing the complaint with regard to
         Keenan’s § 1983 claims because he sufficiently alleged that First

                                            5
      California Bank deprived him of his rights under 42 U.S.C. § 407(a), and
      acted under the color of state law by surrendering Social Security funds
      in his bank account at the explicit direction of the California Franchise
      Tax Board. See Franklin v. Terr, 201 F.3d 1098, 1100 (9th Cir. 2000)
      (explaining that a § 1983 plaintiff must allege deprivation of a right
      under federal law and that defendant acted under color or state
      authority); Carlin Communications, Inc. v. Mountain States Tel. & Tel.
      Co., 827 F.2d 1291, 1295 (9th Cir. 1987) (concluding that where the
      state commanded a phone company to take specific action with regard
      to a customer it “converted its otherwise private conduct into state action
      for purposes of § 1983”).

Keenan, 276 Fed. App’x at 637.

      The case was reversed and remanded, First California filed its answer, and

discovery began. The district court granted First California’s motion for summary

judgment, and Keenan appealed again.

                                         III.

      Keenan’s arguments regarding law of the case are unavailing. We have

stated that “[u]nder the law of the case doctrine, one panel of an appellate court

will not as a general rule reconsider questions which another panel has decided on

a prior appeal in the same case.” See Hongsermeier v. Comm’r, 621 F.3d 890, 903

(9th Cir. 2010) (quotation marks omitted). However, we conclude that the decision

rendered by the earlier panel does not prevent us from reaching the merits of the

appeal. The law of the case is a discretionary doctrine, and it is not strong when

the prior decision did not include reasoned analysis. See United States v. Houser,

                                          6
804 F.2d 565, 567, 568 (9th Cir. 1986) (“A summary disposition, without a

reasoned analysis reflecting the authorities or argument which led us to rule as we

did, requires us to scrutinize the merits of the question we were asked to consider

with greater care.”).

                                          IV.

      Turning to the § 1983 claims, we conclude that First California was not

acting under color of state law, and therefore is not liable. In order to demonstrate

that a private party acted under color of state law, a plaintiff must be able to

establish an additional nexus other than mere “governmental compulsion in the

form of a generally applicable law.” Sutton v. Providence St. Joseph Med. Ctr.,

192 F.3d 826, 841 (9th Cir. 1999). “Typically, the nexus has consisted of

participation by the state in an action ostensibly taken by the private entity, through

conspiratorial agreement, official cooperation with the private entity to achieve the

private entity’s goal, or enforcement and ratification of the private entity’s chosen

action.” Id. (citations omitted).

      In this case, First California was complying with an Order to Withhold from

the Franchise Tax Board and the laws of the State of California. Keenan has been

unable to demonstrate any additional nexus between First California and

governmental authorities. Accordingly, First California was not acting under state

                                           7
law, and, and as a result, the § 1983 claims must fail.

                                          V.

      In his opening brief, Keenan did not challenge either (1) the district court’s

entry of judgment in favor of First California on the breach of contract, recovery of

funds deposited with the bank, and conversion claims; or (2) the district court’s

decision to decline to exercise jurisdiction over Keenan’s claim that First

California charged excessive fees. We note that, in its answering brief, First

California discussed Keenan’s failure to substantively challenge the district court’s

summary judgment decision, concluding that Keenan has “effectively conced[ed]

that the district court’s decision was proper.”

      As a result, these claims have been waived on appeal. See United States v.

Waters, 627 F.3d 345, 359 n.6 (9th Cir. 2010); see also Norwood v. Vance, 591
F.3d 1062, 1068 (9th Cir. 2010) (holding that we will not address waiver unless it

is raised by the opposing party).

                                          VI.

      In conclusion, we are deeply troubled by the apparent improper confiscation

of Social Security moneys by state tax authorities. Keenan tried to provide

notification that there were Social Security funds in his account, to no avail.

Despite being notified that Social Security moneys were subject to the Order to

                                           8
Withhold, First California apparently made no effort to assist Keenan in his efforts

to notify the Franchise Tax Board of this problem. Unfortunately, we are unable to

make Keenan whole in this lawsuit.

      AFFIRMED.

                                         9
                                              FILED
Keenan v. First California, No. 09-55428      AUG 15 2012
Rawlinson, Circuit Judge, concurring:      MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
                                            U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

      I concur in the result.