Court Opinion

ID: 9401288
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2023-06-12 17:10:15.583001+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T17:19:51.831308
License: Public Domain

J-S12011-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT OP 65.37

    COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA                :   IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
                                                :        PENNSYLVANIA
                                                :
                v.                              :
                                                :
                                                :
    ANTHONY RICHARD MACHADO                     :
                                                :
                       Appellant                :   No. 1441 MDA 2022

         Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered April 19, 2022,
              in the Court of Common Pleas of Lancaster County,
             Criminal Division at No(s): CP-36-CR-0003717-2021.

BEFORE:      KUNSELMAN, J., McCAFFERY, J., and COLINS, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY KUNSELMAN, J.:                   FILED: JUNE 12, 2023

        Anthony Richard Machado appeals from the judgment of sentence

entered following his open guilty plea to rape of a child, aggravated indecent

assault of a child, unlawful contact with a minor, three counts of indecent

assault, and corruption of minors.1            He challenges the sufficiency of the

evidence to support the trial court’s determination that he is a sexually violent

predator (SVP). We affirm.

        On July 21, 2021, police filed a criminal complaint charging Machado

with the above offenses.        The complaint alleged that Machado engaged in

multiple sexual acts with the 10-year-old victim from February to May of 2021.

____________________________________________

*   Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
1  18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 3121(c),             3125(b),    6318(a)(1),   3126(a)(7),   and
6301(a)(1)(ii), respectively.
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     On April 19, 2022, Machado pled guilty to all charges. The trial court

sentenced him to an aggregate term of 13 to 26 years of imprisonment. It

directed Machado to register for the rest of his life under the Sex Offender

Registration and Notification Act (SORNA).       The court then ordered an

assessment by the Sexual Offender Assessment Board (SOAB) to determine

whether Machado should be classified as an SVP.

     The case proceeded to a hearing to determine Machado’s SVP status on

August 30, 2022. The Commonwealth presented the testimony of Dr. Robert

Stein, a member of the SOAB who was stipulated to be an expert in SVP

assessments. Dr. Stein prepared a report concluding that Machado met the

SVP criteria. Inherent to this conclusion, Dr. Stein found that Machado had

“pedophilic disorder.” See American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and

Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 697–700 (5th ed. 2013) [hereinafter

DSM-5]. Dr. Stein explained the basis for his finding:

           The case involved multiple acts of rape, digital penetration
     and sexual touching of a young girl. A single act of rape would
     make one strongly suggest this diagnosis, a series of acts confirms
     the diagnosis. The DSM-5, which is the manual for psychiatric
     disorders, indicates that a six month criterion is the definition of
     the course of conduct or the length of time that they want to see
     for that diagnosis.

           The six month criteri[on] is not met in this case, it was three
     to four months; however, the course of conduct is indicative, and
     this quote comes out of the DSM-5, sustained persistence in
     sexual attraction to children, unquote, as described by the acts
     themselves.

           There is enough in this case with the acts to define
     pedophilic disorder. If these acts had been a few acts of indecent
     touching, I probably would not have made that diagnosis. It’s the

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        penetrative acts and repetitive nature of them even though it’s
        short of six months, it makes me make that diagnosis.

N.T., 8/30/22, at 6.2 Dr. Stein then explained that he found the requirements

to be met in this case based on the victim’s description of Machado’s sexually

abusive acts occurring as often as every other night from February to May of

2021, which is the period that Machado had access to the victim. On cross-

examination, Dr. Stein agreed that he was bound by the DSM-5; he

maintained that he found Machado to be an SVP based on the facts of this

case.

____________________________________________

2   The DSM-5 lists three criteria to diagnose pedophilic disorder:

        A. Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent, intense sexually
           arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving sexual
           activity with a prepubescent child or children (generally age 13
           years or younger).

        B. The individual has acted on these sexual urges, or the sexual
           urges or fantasies cause marked distress or interpersonal
           difficulty.

        C. The individual is at least age 16 years and at least 5 years older
           than the child or children in Criterion A.

DSM-5 at 697. It goes on to explain:

        The Criterion A clause, indicating that the signs or symptoms of
        pedophilia have persisted for 6 months or longer, is intended to
        ensure that the sexual attraction to children is not merely
        transient. However, the diagnosis may be made if there is clinical
        evidence of sustained persistence of the sexual attraction to
        children even if the 6-month duration cannot be precisely
        determined.

DSM-5 at 698.

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        Following argument, the trial court found Machado to be an SVP.

Machado did not timely appeal. He then filed a petition for post-conviction

collateral relief based on trial counsel’s failure to file a requested appeal. The

trial court reinstated Machado’s right to file a direct appeal. On October 11,

2022, Machado filed a notice of appeal. As directed by the trial court, Machado

filed a concise statement of errors complained of on appeal on November 2,

2022.     The trial court entered an opinion in support of its SVP finding on

December 27, 2022.

        Machado raises one issue for review: “Did the trial court err in finding

Mr. Machado was [an SVP] where the Commonwealth failed to present clear

and convincing evidence to the support the [SVP] finding?” Machado’s Brief

at 6. Machado argues that the record in this case does not support a diagnosis

of pedophilic disorder as defined in the DSM-5 because (1) his conduct with

the victim did not last the required span of six months and (2) there was no

clinical evidence from which Dr. Stein could infer that Machado had a sustained

persistence of sexual attraction to children. Machado submits that the trial

court should not have found him to be an SVP based on Dr. Stein’s flawed

report.

        The Commonwealth responds that the SVP statute does not require

strict compliance with the DSM-5 framework.          Here, the Commonwealth

argues that the evidence was sufficient because Dr. Stein concluded that

Machado was an SVP.

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       This Court reviews a sufficiency challenge to an SVP designation with

the following standard:

       In order to affirm an SVP designation, we, as a reviewing court,
       must be able to conclude that the fact-finder found clear and
       convincing evidence that the individual is an SVP. As with any
       sufficiency of the evidence claim, we view all evidence and
       reasonable inferences therefrom in the light most favorable to the
       Commonwealth. We will reverse a trial court’s determination of
       SVP status only if the Commonwealth has not presented clear and
       convincing evidence that each element of the statute has been
       satisfied.

Commonwealth v. Hollingshead, 111 A.3d 186, 189 (Pa. Super. 2015)

(brackets omitted) (quoting Commonwealth v. Baker, 24 A.3d 1006, 1033

(Pa. Super. 2011)).

       The procedure for SVP assessments is set out in Section 9799.24 of the

Judicial Code. After a defendant is convicted of a sexually violent offense (one

that requires registration under SORNA), the court orders an assessment by

the SOAB. 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9799.24(a).3 A member of the SOAB then assesses

the defendant according to standards set by the SOAB, including examination

of 15 statutorily prescribed factors.          Id. § 9799.24(b).   The SOAB gives a

report of its assessment to the district attorney, who may then file a praecipe

for a hearing to determine whether the defendant is an SVP.                     Id.

§ 9799.24(d), (e)(1). At the hearing, the Commonwealth bears the burden
____________________________________________

3 The statute contemplates that the entire SVP proceeding will occur after
conviction and before sentencing. 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 9799.24(a), (e)(3). As
Machado has not complained about the timing of the SVP hearing in his case,
we need not address it further. Cf. Commonwealth v. Whanger, 30 A.3d
1212, 1214 (Pa. Super. 2011) (finding a defendant waived his claim that the
language of a former SVP statute prohibited a post-sentence SVP hearing).

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to prove by clear and convincing evidence that the defendant is an SVP. Id.

§ 9799.24(e)(3).

       The statute defines several key terms. An SVP is, in relevant part, an

individual convicted of a sexually violent offense “who is determined to be [an

SVP] due to a mental abnormality or personality disorder that makes the

individual likely to engage in predatory sexually violent offenses.”        42

Pa.C.S.A. § 9799.12. “Mental abnormality” means “[a] congenital or acquired

condition of a person that affects the emotional or volitional capacity of the

person in a manner that predisposes that person to the commission of criminal

sexual acts to a degree that makes the person a menace to the health and

safety of other persons.” Id.

       Notably, nothing in the statute requires the use of the DSM-5 or any

specific assessment beyond the SOAB’s own standards or consideration of the

15 factors in Section 9799.24(b). “The [SVP] statute does not require proof

of a standard of diagnosis that is commonly found and/or accepted in a mental

health diagnostic paradigm.” Commonwealth v. Dengler, 890 A.2d 372,

383 (Pa. 2005).4 Our courts have not required the Commonwealth’s proof of

each of the diagnostic criteria from the DSM to establish a mental abnormality

or personality disorder. See Commonwealth v. Meals, 912 A.2d 213, 224–

25 (Pa. 2006) (rejecting this Court’s “assumption that an expert’s diagnosis

____________________________________________

4 Tellingly, the defendant–appellant in Dengler argued against using the
predecessor to the DSM-5 as an objective list of indicators of SVP status.
Dengler, 890 A.2d at 380.

                                           -6-
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of pedophilia requires more than proof of sexual assaults upon children”). To

the contrary, we do not re-weigh the considerations leading to an expert’s

conclusion that a defendant is an SVP; such a conclusion is itself sufficient

evidence. Id. at 223–24.

      Here, Dr. Stein concluded to a reasonable degree of professional

certainty that Machado should be classified as an SVP based on Machado’s

repeated sexual acts over the four-month period he had access to the victim.

N.T., 8/30/22, at 8. This was sufficient evidence. Meals, 912 A.2d at 223.

While Machado could—and did—contest the basis for Dr. Stein’s conclusion,

the trial court was free to rely on Dr. Stein’s assessment that Machado met

the legal definition of a mental abnormality or personality disorder. The SVP

statute did not require Dr. Stein to find each of the DSM-5 criteria for

pedophilic disorder in making this assessment. Dengler, supra. Nor does

Dr. Stein’s deviation from the six-month requirement of the DSM-5 render his

opinion insufficient to support the trial court’s finding that Machado is an SVP.

Machado’s claim fails.

      Judgment of sentence affirmed.

      Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary

Date: 6/12/2023

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