Court Opinion

ID: 4326212
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2018-10-31 19:11:07.21703+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:46:36.123957
License: Public Domain

Aaron Bradds & Samuel Hill v. Dionne Randolph, Warden, Nos. 77 & 78, September
Term 2018. Opinion by Nazarian, J.

BAIL REVIEW – REVISIONS TO MARYLAND RULES 2-416 AND 2-416.1

Pursuant to revised Maryland Rules 2-416 and 2-416.1, reviewing courts must determine
first whether defendants represent a flight risk or a danger to victims, others, or society. If
so, they must be held pending trial. If not, they must be released, subject to appropriate
conditions. The court should impose the least onerous possible conditions of release,
beginning with non-financial conditions. Financial conditions are available as a last resort,
but may not be imposed unless the court undertakes an individualized analysis of the
defendant’s ability to pay, and may not impose financial conditions the defendant has no
chance of meeting.
Circuit Court for Baltimore City
Case Nos. 24H18000063 and
24H18000072
                                                                                                 REPORTED

                                                                                   IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS

                                                                                              OF MARYLAND

                                                                                                 Nos. 77 & 78

                                                                                            September Term, 2018
                                                                                  ______________________________________

                                                                                   AARON BRADDS AND SAMUEL HILL

                                                                                                      v.

                                                                                       DIONNE RANDOLPH, WARDEN
                                                                                  ______________________________________

                                                                                       Nazarian,
                                                                                       Leahy,
                                                                                       Krauser, Peter B.
                                                                                         (Senior Judge, Specially Assigned),

                                                                                                    JJ.
                                                                                  ______________________________________

                                                                                           Opinion by Nazarian, J.
                                                                                  ______________________________________

                                                                                       Filed: September 28, 2018

 Pursuant to Maryland Uniform Electronic Legal
Materials Act
(§§ 10-1601 et seq. of the State Government Article) this document " authentic.

                              2018-10-09
                              13:56-04:00

Suzanne C. Johnson, Acting Clerk
                   I’ve got clean away but I’ll be back some day,
                   just the combination will have changed
                   Someday they’ll catch me, to a chain they’ll attach me,
                   but ‘til that day I’ll ride the old crime wave
                   And if they try to hold me for trial,
                   I’ll stay out of jail by paying my bail
                   And after I’ll go to the court of appeal saying
                   “You’ve done me wrong,” it’s the same old song forever.1

         We start with first principles: people who have been arrested are presumptively

innocent until proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, and normally should be released

pending trial, subject to appropriate conditions, unless they pose flight risks or danger to

the public. As a cultural matter, though, we tend to shorthand pretrial release conditions

with the term “bail,” and to assume that release requires some sort of payment or financial

commitment. We have learned over time that when courts rely primarily or

overwhelmingly on financial pretrial release conditions, many defendants remain

incarcerated when they shouldn’t, merely because they can’t post cash or a bond (while

wealthier defendants, who might be just as dangerous or pose equal flight risks, can secure

their freedom with money). And beyond the obvious deprivations of liberty, overreliance

on financial conditions places lower-income people at a disadvantage in defending their

cases and distorts their calculus as they consider whether to plead guilty or go to trial.

         In 2017, the Court of Appeals’s Standing Committee on Rules and Procedure

recommended revisions to the Maryland Rules governing pretrial release. The Court of

Appeals adopted the revisions with amendments, and thus went into effect on (and apply

to all actions commenced on or after) July 1, 2017. Stated generally, the new Rules directed

1
    GENESIS, Robbery, Assault, and Battery, A TRICK OF THE TAIL (Charisma Records 1976).
trial courts to detain defendants who pose flight risks or who are dangerous, and to release

everyone else subject to non-financial conditions, except as a last resort. Even then, though,

the Rules require courts to take the defendant’s financial circumstances into account and

prohibit financial conditions a defendant has no hope of meeting.

       The appellants in these consolidated cases are criminal defendants who filed

petitions for writs of habeas corpus in the Circuit Court for Baltimore City after the District

Court ordered them held in lieu of bonds that, they say, they cannot afford. The appellants

argue that the habeas court erred in denying the petitions and that the bonds set for them

violated the revised Maryland Rules. The State agrees that the court should at least have

held a hearing before denying the habeas petitions and asks that we vacate the denials and

remand for a hearing.

       After argument in this Court on June 11, 2018, we issued an order reversing the

judgments and remanding both cases to the circuit court with directions to grant the

petitions for writs of habeas corpus and to order new bail reviews pursuant to Maryland

Rule 4-216.1, and we directed the mandate to issue forthwith. In this opinion, we explain

our decision.

                                 I.      BACKGROUND

       A.       The Maryland Rules Governing Bail Review.

                1.   Before: The Old Rule 4-216

       The Maryland Rules long have recognized that decisions about whether and on what

terms to release defendants before trial are discretionary, and courts have always had broad

authority to impose appropriate conditions. Before July 1, 2017, Rule 4-216 provided

                                                  2
generally that defendants were entitled to release on personal recognizance or on bail, with

or without conditions, unless the court determined that no condition would ensure his or

her appearance or safeguard the public. The Rule directed judicial officers to consider a

variety of factors, required them to impose the least onerous conditions that would ensure

the defendant’s appearance and protect the public, and authorized them to place defendants

under supervision, restrict their movement, set bond, or to impose other appropriate

conditions:

              c) Defendants eligible for release by commissioner or judge.
              In accordance with this Rule and Code, Criminal Procedure
              Article, §§5-101 and 5-201 and except as otherwise provided
              in section (d) of this Rule or by Code, Criminal Procedure
              Article, §§ 5-201 and 5-202, a defendant is entitled to be
              released before verdict on personal recognizance or on bail, in
              either case with or without conditions imposed, unless the
              judicial officer determines that no condition of release will
              reasonably ensure (1) the appearance of the defendant as
              required and (2) the safety of the alleged victim, another
              person, and the community.
                                            * * *
              e) Duties of judicial officer. (1) Consideration of factors. In
              determining whether a defendant should be released and the
              conditions of release, the judicial officer shall take into account
              the following information, to the extent available:
                 (A) the nature and circumstances of the offense charged,
                 the nature of the evidence against the defendant, and the
                 potential sentence upon conviction;
                 (B) the defendant’s prior record of appearance at court
                 proceedings or flight to avoid prosecution or failure to
                 appear at court proceedings;
                 (C) the defendant’s family ties, employment status and
                 history, financial resources, reputation, character and
                 mental condition, length of residence in the community,
                 and length of residence in this State;

                                                  3
   (D) any recommendation of an agency that conducts
   pretrial release investigations;
   (E) any recommendation of the State’s Attorney;
   (F) any information presented by the defendant or
   defendant’s attorney;
   (G) the danger of the defendant to the alleged victim,
   another person, or the community;
   (H) the danger of the defendant to him or herself;
   (I) any other factor bearing on the risk of a willful failure to
   appear and the safety of the alleged victim, another person,
   or the community, including all prior convictions and any
   prior adjudications of delinquency that occurred within
   three years of the date the defendant is charged as an adult.
(2) Statement of reasons – When required. Upon determining
to release a defendant to whom section (c) of this Rule applies
or to refuse to release a defendant to whom section (b) of this
Rule applies, the judicial officer shall state the reasons in
writing or on the record.
(3) Imposition of conditions of release. If the judicial officer
determines that the defendant should be released other than on
personal recognizance without any additional conditions
imposed, the judicial officer shall impose on the defendant the
least onerous condition or combination of conditions of release
set out in section (g) of this Rule that will reasonably:
   (A) ensure the appearance of the defendant as required,
   (B) protect the safety of the alleged victim by ordering the
   defendant to have no contact with the alleged victim or the
   alleged victim’s premises or place of employment or by
   other appropriate order, and
   (C) ensure the defendant will not pose a danger to another
   person or to the community.
(4) Advice of conditions; consequences of violation; amount
and terms of bail. The judicial officer shall advise the
defendant in writing or on the record of the conditions of
release imposed and of the consequences of a violation of any
condition. When bail is required, the judicial officer shall state
in writing or on the record the amount and any terms of the
bail.

                                    4
f) Conditions of release. The conditions of release imposed by
a judicial officer under this rule may include:
(1) committing the defendant to the custody of a designated
person or organization that agrees to supervise the defendant
and assist in ensuring the defendant’s appearance in court;
(2) placing the defendant under the supervision of a probation
officer or other appropriate public official;
(3) subjecting the defendant to reasonable restrictions with
respect to travel, association, or residence during the period of
release;
(4) requiring the defendant to post a bail bond complying with
Rule 4-217 in an amount and on conditions specified by the
judicial officer, including any of the following:
   (A) without collateral security;
   (B) with collateral security of the kind specified in Rule 4-
   217 (e)(1)(A) equal in value to the greater of $100.00 or
   10% of the full penalty amount, and if the judicial officer
   sets bail at $2500 or less, the judicial officer shall advise
   the defendant that the defendant may post a bail bond
   secured by either a corporate surety or a cash deposit of
   10% of the full penalty amount;
   (C) with collateral security of the kind specified in Rule 4-
   217 (e)(1)(A) equal in value to a percentage greater than
   10% but less than the full penalty amount;
   (D) with collateral security of the kind specified in Rule 4-
   217 (e)(1) equal in value to the full penalty amount;
   (E) with the obligation of a corporation that is an insurer or
   other surety in the full penalty amount;
(5) subjecting the defendant to any other condition reasonably
necessary to:
   (A) ensure the appearance of the defendant as required,
   (B) protect the safety of the alleged victim, and
   (C) ensure that the defendant will not pose a danger to
   another person or to the community; and
(6) imposing upon the defendant, for good cause shown, one
or more of the conditions authorized under Code, Criminal
Article, § 9-304 reasonably necessary to stop or prevent the

                                   5
               intimidation of a victim or witness s or a violation of Code,
               Criminal Law Article, § 9-302, 9-303, or 9-305.

Md. Rule 4-216. It shouldn’t be, and isn’t, surprising that a Rule requiring complex, on-

the-fly, multi-factorial, discretionary decisions would lead to a range of results across the

thousands of bail review hearings each year across the State. But it emerged over time that

a disproportionate number of indigent defendants—disproportionately African-American

and Hispanic men2—were being held before trial for no reason other than being unable to

afford bail,3 and even though their charges, if proven, often would result solely in fines or

less than a year in jail.4

       On October 11, 2016, the Maryland Office of the Attorney General issued an advice

letter (the “Letter”) opining to certain members of the Maryland General Assembly that

Rule 4-216, as it was being applied, violated both the due process rights of defendants and

the Constitutional prohibition against excessive bail. The Letter contended that it was

unconstitutional for judicial officers to “impose a financial condition set solely to detain

2
     See Why We Need Pretrial Reform, PRETRIAL JUSTICE INSTITUTE,
http://www.pretrial.org/get-involved/learn-more/why-we-need-pretrial-reform/       (last
visited Aug. 13, 2018) (quoting Jonah B. Gelbach & Shawn D. Bushway, Testing for Racial
Discrimination in Bail Setting Using Nonparametric Estimation of a Parametric Model,
SSRN (Aug. 20, 2011), https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1990324).
3
  See, e.g., Thomas H. Cohen and Brian A. Reaves, Pretrial Release of Felony Defendants
in State Courts 7 (Washington D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2007),
https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/prfdsc.pdf.
4
 R. Schauffler, R. LaFountain, S. Strickland, K. Holt, & K. Genthon, Examining the Work
of State Courts: An Overview of 2015 State Court Caseloads, NATIONAL CENTER FOR
STATE COURTS (2016),
http://www.courtstatistics.org/~/media/Microsites/Files/CSP/Criminal/PDFs/EWSC-
2016-CRIM-Page-2-Comp.ashx.

                                                 6
the defendant,” particularly if “pretrial detention is not justified to meet the State’s

regulatory goals . . . .” It opined as well that “[c]onditions of pretrial release must instead

be the least onerous to reasonably ensure the appearance of the defendant as required,

protect the safety of the victim, or ensure that the defendant will not pose a danger to

another person or the community.” If, however, a court found that cash bail was the least

onerous means of ensuring a defendant’s appearance, the Letter argued that the judicial

officer should be required on the record “to conduct an individualized inquiry into a

criminal defendant’s ability to pay a financial condition of pretrial release.” Following this

Letter, the Attorney General formally requested the Court of Appeals’s Standing

Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure (the “Rules Committee”) to investigate the

concerns it expressed in its letter and consider amendments to the Maryland Rules.

       The Rules Committee then took up the issue. After a process we will detail next, the

Committee voted in favor of recommending the proposed revisions to the Court of Appeals

and submitted them to the Court in its 192nd Report (the “Report”). The Report stated that

the modified Rule 4-216.1 in particular would “provide clearer guidance to judicial officers

regarding the manner in which certain core principles intended to govern decisions

regarding the pretrial release of arrested individuals” and help prevent defendants from

being “incarcerated, prior to trial, for no reason other than poverty.”

              2.     After: Cash Bail Reform and the New Rules.

       After receiving the Letter, the Rules Committee assigned the proposed revisions to

the Criminal Rules Subcommittee (the “Subcommittee”). The Subcommittee reviewed

                                                  7
materials submitted by the Attorney General,5 the Office of the Public Defender,6 the bail

industry,7 and other stakeholders,8 then held a public comment hearing.

5
 Letter from Brian E. Frosh, Md. Att’y Gen., to the Hon. Alan M. Wilner, Chair, Standing
Comm. on Rules of Prac. and Proc. 1–2 (Oct. 25, 2016),
http://www.marylandattorneygeneral.gov/News%20Documents/Rules_Committee_L
etter_on_Pretrial_Release.pdf.
6
  Arpit Gupta, et al., The High Cost of Bail: How Maryland’s Reliance On Money Bail
Jails The Poor And Costs The Community Millions, MARYLAND OFFICE OF THE PUBLIC
DEFENDER (2016),
http://www.opd.state.md.us/Portals/0/Downloads/High%20Cost%20of%20Bail.pdf.
(hereinafter “OPD Report”).
7
  See Paul Clement et al., Constitutionality of Maryland Bail Procedures, KIRKLAND &
ELLIS LLP (Oct. 26, 2016),
http://home.ubalt.edu/id86mp66/PTJC/SymposiumReadings/Kirkland_White_Paper_con
stitutionality.pdf (hereinafter “Bail Industry Report”); see also Letter from Paul Clement
& Michael McGinley, Kirkland and Ellis LLP, to Hon. Alan Wilner, Chair, Standing
Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure (Nov. 17, 2016) (on file with Committee);
Letter from Paul Clement & Michael McGinley, Kirkland and Ellis LLP, to Hon. John
Morrissey, Chief Judge, District Court of Maryland (Nov. 2, 2016) (on file with
Committee); Letter from Paul Clement & Michael McGinley, Kirkland and Ellis LLP, to
Hon. Brian Frosh, Attorney General, Maryland (Nov. 15, 2016) (on file with Committee).
8
 See Letter from Douglas Colbert, Zina Makar, & Colin Starger, University of Maryland
School of Law & University of Baltimore School of Law, to Hon. Alan Wilner, Chair,
Standing Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure (Nov. 17, 2016) (on file with
Committee); Letter from Brian Frank, Criminal Justice Policy Program at Harvard Law
School, to Hon. Alan Wilner, Chair, Standing Committee on Rules of Practice and
Procedure (Nov. 17, 2016) (on file with Committee); Letter from Lt. Gov. Boyd
Rutherford, State of Maryland, to Hon. Alan Wilner, Chair, Standing Committee on Rules
of Practice and Procedure (Nov. 17, 2016) (on file with Committee); Letter from Paul
Clement & Michael McGinley, Kirkland and Ellis LLP, to Hon. Alan Wilner, Chair,
Standing Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure (Nov. 17, 2016) (on file with
Committee); Letter from Debra Gardner, Public Justice Center, to Hon. Alan Wilner, Chair,
Standing Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure (Nov. 17, 2016) (on file with
Committee); Letter from Michael Twigg, Wes Adams, Laura Martin, Joe Riley, Brian
DeLeonardo, Anthony Covington, William Jones, Charlie Smith, Lisa Welch, Joseph
Cassilly, Dario Broccolino, Harris Murphy, Lance Richardson, Dan Powell, Scott
Patterson, Charles Strong, Ella Disharoon, Beau Oglesby, State’s Attorneys for Allegany,
Anne Arundel, Calvert, Caroline, Carroll, Charles, Dorchester, Frederick, Garrett, Harford,
Howard, Kent, Queen Anne’s, Somerset, Talbot, Washington, Wicomico, Worcester

                                                8
       The Attorney General urged the Subcommittee (and later the Committee) to

recommend the proposed revisions because defendants were being held “in pretrial

detention solely because they lack the financial resources to post a monetary bail.” He

stated that the number of people detained prior to trial had been increasing, and that studies

had shown that the financial inability to post bail operated “in a manner inconsistent with

State and federal law, ineffective at addressing public safety concerns, disproportionately

burdensome to communities of color, and inefficient in its use of State and local resources.”

He cited studies contending that judicial officers often failed to consider statutorily

mandated conditions for pretrial release, including the defendant’s “employment status and

history” and “financial resources.”9 And, he argued, those same studies found no

Counties, to Hon. Alan Wilner, Chair, Standing Committee on Rules of Practice and
Procedure (Nov. 17, 2016) (on file with Committee); Letter from Thomas V. Mike Miller,
Jr. and Robert Zirkin, Maryland General Assembly, to Hon. Alan Wilner, Chair, Standing
Committee on Rules of Practice and Procedure (Nov. 15, 2016) (on file with Committee);
Letter from Mary Lou McDonough, Director, The Prince George’s County Government
Department of Corrections, to Hon. Alan Wilner, Chair, Standing Committee on Rules of
Practice and Procedure (Nov. 3, 2016) (on file with Committee).
9
  The Abell Foundation, The Pretrial Release Project: A Study of Maryland’s Pretrial
Release and Bail System, THE ABELL REPORT (Sept. 12, 2001),
https://www.abell.org/sites/default/files/publications/hhs_pretrial_9.01(1).pdf (hereinafter
“200l Abell Report”); Shirleen M. Pilgrim, Claire E. Rossmark, & Christine K. Turner,
Maryland Task Force to Study the Laws & Policies Relating to Representation of Indigent
Criminal Defendants by the Office of the Public Defender, DEPARTMENT OF LEGISLATIVE
SERVICES, OFFICE OF POLICY ANALYSIS (December 13, 2013),
https://msa.maryland.gov/msa/mdmanual/26excom/defunct/html/31represent.html; James
Austin and Johnette Peyton, Maryland Pretrial Risk Assessment Data Collection Study,
JFA INSTITUTE 36–59 (2013),
http://goccp.maryland.gov/pretrial/documents/2014-pretrial-commission-final-report.pdf;
Commission to Reform Maryland’s Pretrial System, Final Report, GOVERNOR’S OFFICE
OF CRIME CONTROL AND PREVENTION (2014),

                                                 9
relationship between a pretrial detainee’s perceived risk and the bond amount set.10 One

study found an inverse relationship between bail amounts and the risk to public safety, that

bail was set higher for low-risk defendants than for moderate- and higher-risk defendants.11

Studies in other jurisdictions with wealth-based pretrial systems found that nearly half of

the most dangerous defendants were able to post bail and reenter the community without

monitoring or supervision by courts.12 Conversely, the Attorney General pointed to other

jurisdictions such as the District of Columbia,13 Kentucky,14 and Colorado,15 that focused

on pretrial services instead of cash or bond bail. Those systems had higher rates of pretrial

release and subsequent court appearances, and the rate of arrests for new criminal activity

while on pretrial release decreased. He argued that cash bail systems disproportionately

http://goccp.maryland.gov/pretrial/documents/2014-pretrial-commission-final-report.pdf
(hereinafter “2014 Commission Report”); John Clark, Pretrial Justice Institute, Finishing
the Job: Modernizing Maryland’s Bail System, THE ABELL REPORT, Vol.29, No.2 (June
2016), https://abell.org/sites/default/files/files/cja-pretrial616(1).pdf (hereinafter “2016
Abell Report”).
10
     See supra n. 9.
11
     See 2014 Commission Report, supra n. 9.
12
   Laura and John Arnold Foundation, Developing a National Model for Pretrial Risk
Assessment 1 (November 2013),
https://www.arnoldfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/LJAF-research-
summary_PSA-Court_4_1.pdf.
13
  2014 Commission Report at 24, supra n. 9; Ann E. Marimow, When it comes to pretrial
release, few other jurisdictions do it D.C.’s way, WASHINGTON POST (July 4, 2016),
https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/public-safety/when-it-comes-to-pretrial-release-
few-other-jurisdictions-do-it-dcs-way/2016/07/04/8eb52134-e7d3-11e5-b0fd-
073d5930a7b7_story.html.
14
     2016 Abell Report at 10, supra n. 9.
15
     Id. at 11.

                                                10
affect people of color, whose median household incomes are the lowest in the country. And

the 2016 Abell Report revealed that pattern in Maryland: corrections records from

Baltimore City, Prince George’s County, and Baltimore County revealed that African-

American males comprise the bulk of pretrial detainee populations, and many are being

held on small bail amounts:

                 The economic disparities unleashed by the wealth-based bail
                 system fall most heavily on racial minorities. Studies have
                 consistently shown that African-American defendants have
                 higher bond amounts and are detained on bonds at higher rates
                 than white defendants, a factor contributing to the
                 disproportionate confinement of persons of color. In Maryland,
                 African-Americans comprise roughly 30 percent of the general
                 population but make up 70 percent of prisoners. In Baltimore,
                 African-Americans comprise about 60 percent of the city’s
                 residents, but 90 percent of Baltimore jail inmates.16

          The Attorney General also identified collateral harm from excessive cash bail.

Defendants held in pretrial detention risk losing jobs, housing, and even custody of their

children.17 And he argued that the rise in pretrial detention is expensive: pretrial detention

costs between $83 and $153 a day per defendant, and a grand total per day of $500,000 to

$1,000,000 to Maryland taxpayers for the over 7,000 defendants awaiting trial.18

          The report by the Office of the Public Defender (“OPD”) raised similar concerns.19

16
     Id. at 4.
17
   2001 Abell Report, supra n. 9; Cherise Fanno Burdeen, The Dangerous Domino Effect
of Not Making Bail, THE ATLANTIC (April 12, 2016),
https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/04/the-dangerous-domino-effect-of-
not-making-bail/477906/.
18
     2014 Commission Report at 12, supra n .9.
19
     See OPD Report, supra n. 6.

                                                  11
OPD analyzed 700,000 criminal cases filed in the District Court of Maryland between 2011

to 2015 and found that during that timeframe, 17,434 defendants were detained on bail

amounts of less than $5,000.20 Defendants who posted bail bonds were obligated to pay the

bond premium regardless of the outcome in the case, and were comprised

disproportionately of African-Americans and those living in Maryland’s poorest zip codes.

Over that five-year period, the study concluded, African-American defendants were

charged at least $181 million, while defendants of all other races combined were charged

$75 million. The report also reiterated other research concluding that secured money bail

was no more effective than unsecured bonds at ensuring appearances at trial.21

           Opponents of the proposed rules changes at both meetings offered two primary

reasons to reject them. First, opponents contended that reforms to pretrial release standards

should come from the General Assembly. Second, opponents argued that the cost of

implementing substantive changes would result in substantial costs to the State and

counties, and that bail bond companies played important roles in ensuring the appearance

of defendants for trial and in apprehending defendants who didn’t. They argued as well

that financial conditions created opportunities for defendants to be released, and that

eliminating or reducing opportunities for financial conditions would result in more

defendants being held pending trial.22

20
     Id. at 4.
21
     Id.
22
     Bail Industry Report at 6, supra n. 7.

                                                12
      The Subcommittee held a meeting regarding proposed amendments to the cash bail

system. The bail industry participated and responded to the proposed amendments at that

meeting. The Subcommittee voted to forward the proposed changes to Rule 4-216 to the

entire Rules Committee.

      The Rules Committee held an open meeting at which the full range of stakeholders

appeared and participated. The Rules Committee considered all of the materials and

comments and voted to recommend the revisions to the Court of Appeals. In its 192nd

Report to the Court, the Committee stated that pretrial release standards have historically

fallen within the authority of the Judicial Branch. The Committee saw no evidence that “if

more defendants were released, there would be more failures to appear.” And saving the

resources that would otherwise be expended on pretrial incarceration would “result in []

substantial savings to the State and the counties that operate and fund the detention

centers.” The Report outlined the proposed amendments to Rule 4-216 and others, and

recommended that the Court adopt a new Rule 4-216.1 that clarified further the standards

for pretrial release. The proposed changes were constructed from language contained in

former Rule 4-216, but were reorganized to follow more closely the Pretrial Release

Standards adopted by the American Bar Association.

      After receiving the Report, the Court of Appeals held two open hearings and, with

a few changes, accepted the Rules Committee’s recommendation. The Court adopted the

proposed changes to the Rules on February 17, 2017, to take effect on July 1, 2017. The

new Rule 4-216.1 begins by articulating the general principle that defendants should be

released—with conditions when necessary, and preferably non-financial conditions—

                                               13
unless the judicial officer finds a reasonable likelihood the defendant won’t appear or will

be a danger to the community. In addition, the Rule requires judicial officers to consider

the individual circumstances of each defendant23 and to impose the least onerous conditions

necessary:

23
  Subsection (f) lists the factors the judicial officer must consider in deciding whether to
release the defendant and on what terms:
              (f) Consideration of Factors.
              (1) Recommendation of Pretrial Release Services Program. In
              determining whether a defendant should be released and the
              conditions of release, the judicial officer shall give
              consideration to the recommendation of any pretrial release
              services program that has made a risk assessment of the
              defendant in accordance with a validated risk assessment tool
              and is willing to provide an acceptable level of supervision
              over the defendant during the period of release if so directed
              by the judicial officer.
              (2) Other Factors. In addition to any recommendation made in
              accordance with subsection (f)(1) of this Rule, the judicial
              officer shall consider the following factors:
                 (A) the nature and circumstances of the offense charged,
                 the nature of the evidence against the defendant, and the
                 potential sentence upon conviction;
                 (B) the defendant’s prior record of appearance at court
                 proceedings or flight to avoid prosecution or failure to
                 appear at court proceedings;
                 (C) the defendant’s family ties, employment status and
                 history, financial resources, reputation, character and
                 mental condition, length of residence in the community,
                 and length of residence in this State;
                 (D) any request made under Code, Criminal Procedure
                 Article, § 5-201 (a) for reasonable protections for the safety
                 of an alleged victim;
                 (E) any recommendation of an agency that conducts pretrial
                 release investigations;

                                                14
(b) General Principles.
(1) Construction.
   (A) This Rule is designed to promote the release of
   defendants on their own recognizance or, when necessary,
   unsecured bond. Additional conditions should be imposed
   on release only if the need to ensure appearance at court
   proceedings, to protect the community, victims, witnesses,
   or any other person and to maintain the integrity of the
   judicial process is demonstrated by the circumstances of the
   individual case. Preference should be given to additional
   conditions without financial terms.
   (B) This Rule shall be construed to permit the release of a
   defendant pending trial except upon a finding by the
   judicial officer that, if the defendant is released, there is a
   reasonable likelihood that the defendant (i) will not appear
   when required, or (ii) will be a danger to an alleged victim,
   another person, or the community. If such a finding is
   made, the defendant shall not be released.
Cross reference: Code, Criminal Procedure Article, § 5-101.
For the inapplicability of the Rules in Title 5 to pretrial release
proceedings, see Rule 5-101 (b).
(2) Individualized Consideration. A decision by a judicial
officer whether or on what conditions to release a defendant
shall be based on a consideration of specific facts and

   (F) any information presented by the State’s Attorney and
   any recommendation of the State’s Attorney;
   (G) any information presented by the defendant or
   defendant’s attorney;
   (H) the danger of the defendant to an alleged victim,
   another person, or the community;
   (I) the danger of the defendant to himself or herself; and
   (J) any other factor bearing on the risk of a willful failure
   to appear and the safety of each alleged victim, another
   person, or the community, including all prior convictions
   and any prior adjudications of delinquency that occurred
   within three years of the date the defendant is charged as an
   adult.

                                   15
circumstances applicable to the particular defendant, including
the ability of the defendant to meet a special condition of
release with financial terms or comply with a special condition
and the facts and circumstances constituting probable cause for
the charges.
(3) Least Onerous Conditions. If a judicial officer determines
that a defendant should be released other than on personal
recognizance or unsecured bond without special conditions,
the judicial officer shall impose on the defendant the least
onerous condition or combination of conditions of release set
forth in section (d) of this Rule that will reasonably ensure (A)
the appearance of the defendant, and (B) the safety of each
alleged victim, other persons, and the community and may
impose a financial condition only in accordance with section
(e) of this Rule.
(4) Exceptions. Nothing in this Rule is intended to preclude a
defendant from being held in custody based on an alleged
violation of (A) a condition of pretrial release, a release under
Rule 4-349, or an order of probation or parole previously
imposed in another case, or (B) a condition of pretrial release
previously imposed in the instant case.
(c) Release on Personal Recognizance or Unsecured Bond.
(1) Generally. Except as otherwise limited by Code, Criminal
Procedure Article, § 5-101 or § 5-202, unless the judicial
officer finds that no permissible non-financial condition
attached to a release will reasonably ensure (A) the appearance
of the defendant, and (B) the safety of each alleged victim,
other persons, or the community, the judicial officer shall
release a defendant on personal recognizance or unsecured
bond, with or without special conditions. If the judicial officer
makes such a finding, the judicial officer shall state the basis
for it on the record.
Cross reference: Code, Criminal Procedure Article, § 5-101 (c)
precludes release on personal recognizance if the defendant is
charged with certain crimes. Section 5-202 of that Article
precludes release by a District Court commissioner if the
defendant is charged with certain crimes under certain
circumstances.
(2) Permissible Conditions. Permissible conditions for
purposes of this section include the required conditions set

                                  16
              forth in subsection (d)(1) and the special conditions set forth or
              authorized in subsection (d)(2) of this Rule.

       Subsection (d) of the new Rule lists the permissible conditions of release, and

financial conditions come last (before only the catch-all provision):

              (d) Special Conditions of Release.
              (1) Required Conditions. There shall be included, as conditions
              of any release of the defendant, that (A) the defendant will not
              engage in any criminal conduct during the period of pretrial
              release, and (B) the defendant will appear in court when
              required to do so.
              (2) Special Conditions. Subject to section (b) of this Rule,
              special conditions of release imposed by a judicial officer
              under this Rule may include, to the extent appropriate and
              capable of implementation:
                 (A) one or more of the conditions authorized under Code,
                 Criminal Law Article, § 9-304 reasonably necessary to stop
                 or prevent the intimidation of a victim or witness or a
                 violation of Code, Criminal Law Article, §§ 9-302, 9-303,
                 or 9-305, including a general no-contact order;
                 (B) reasonable restrictions with respect to travel,
                 association, and place of residence;
                 (C) a requirement that the defendant maintain employment
                 or, if unemployed, actively seek employment;
                 (D) a requirement that the defendant maintain or commence
                 an educational program;
                 (E) a reasonable curfew, taking into account the
                 defendant’s employment, educational, or other lawful
                 commitments;
                 (F) a requirement that the defendant refrain from
                 possessing a firearm, destructive device, or other dangerous
                 weapon;
                 (G) a requirement that the defendant refrain from excessive
                 use of alcohol or use or possession of a narcotic drug or
                 other controlled dangerous substance, as defined in Code,
                 Criminal Law Article, § 5-101 (f), without a prescription
                 from a licensed medical practitioner;

                                                 17
                  (H) a requirement that the defendant undergo available
                  medical, psychological, or psychiatric treatment or
                  counseling for drug or alcohol dependency;
                  (I) electronic monitoring;
                  (J) periodic reporting to designated supervisory persons;
                  (K) committing the defendant to the custody or supervision
                  of a designated person or organization that agrees to
                  supervise the defendant and assist in ensuring the
                  defendant’s appearance in court;
                  (L) execution of unsecured bonds by the defendant and an
                  uncompensated surety who (i) has a verifiable and lawful
                  personal relationship with the defendant, (ii) is acceptable
                  to the judicial officer, and (iii) is willing to execute such a
                  bond in an amount specified by the judicial officer;
                  (M) execution of a bond in an amount specified by the
                  judicial officer secured by the deposit of collateral security
                  equal in value to not more than 10% of the penalty amount
                  of the bond or by the obligation of a surety, including a
                  surety insurer, acceptable to the judicial officer;
                  (N) execution of a bond secured by the deposit of collateral
                  security of a value in excess of 10% of the penalty amount
                  of the bond or by the obligation of a surety, including a
                  surety insurer, acceptable to the judicial officer; and
                  (O) any other lawful condition that will help ensure the
                  appearance of the defendant or the safety of each alleged
                  victim, other persons, or the community.

      But perhaps the most significant change comes in subsection (e), which specifically

forbids judicial officers from imposing financial conditions of release that a defendant

cannot meet:

               (e) Release on Special Conditions.
               (1) Generally.
                  (A) A judicial officer may not impose a special condition
                  of release with financial terms in form or amount that
                  results in the pretrial detention of the defendant solely
                  because the defendant is financially incapable of meeting

                                                  18
                    that condition. In making that determination, the judicial
                    officer may consider all resources available to the
                    defendant from any lawful source.
                    (B) Special conditions of release with financial terms are
                    appropriate only to ensure the appearance of the defendant
                    and may not be imposed solely to prevent future criminal
                    conduct during the pretrial period or to protect the safety of
                    any person or the community; nor may they be imposed to
                    punish the defendant or to placate public opinion.
                    (C) Special conditions of release with financial terms may
                    not be set by reference to a predetermined schedule of
                    amounts fixed according to the nature of the charge.
              (2) Other Permissible Conditions. If the judicial officer finds
              that one or more special conditions also may be required to
              reasonably ensure (A) the appearance of the defendant, and (B)
              the safety of each alleged victim, other persons, or the
              community, the judicial officer may impose on the defendant
              one or more special conditions in accordance with section (d)
              of this Rule.

As a result, the Rule leaves cash bail only as a last resort, and only when it’s the least

onerous condition that will secure the defendant’s appearance or protect the public. And if

the judicial officer has made that predicate finding, he must then conduct an individualized

inquiry into the defendant’s ability to pay and make such a finding on the record before

setting the bond.

       B.     Messrs. Bradds and Hill.

              1.       Mr. Bradds

       On January 17, 2018, Mr. Bradds was charged with first-degree burglary, third-

degree burglary, fourth-degree burglary, malicious destruction of property, and theft

between $100 and $1500. The charges arose from allegations that on January 13, 2018, he

broke into the home of his brother’s fiancée and stole a flat screen television and a digital

                                                   19
camera and damaged the front door to the home. Mr. Bradds was arrested on January 19,

2018, pursuant to a warrant.

       When Mr. Bradds appeared before a district court commissioner, his bail was set at

$25,000. He was unable to pay this amount and remained in jail awaiting a bail review

hearing. The OPD represented Mr. Bradds at his bail review hearing. His counsel asked

the court to convert Mr. Bradds’s $25,000 secured bond to an unsecured bond. Counsel

argued that Mr. Bradds did not have a steady job and had recently enrolled in a methadone

treatment program. The court also reviewed Mr. Bradds’s criminal history, which included

six convictions for non-violent crimes, one probation before judgment, and eleven failures

to appear. The State made no recommendation regarding bail or pretrial release. The court

asked no additional questions about Mr. Bradds’s ability to post bail, and the State offered

no evidence suggesting that he could. The court noted that it had been leaning toward

holding Mr. Bradds without bail, but instead increased the amount of his secured bond to

$50,000:

              THE COURT: All right. Let’s turn [to] Bradds. All right. Mr.
              Bradds, this is State of Maryland v. Aaron Bradds. This is Case
              No. 1B02133328 charging you with first-degree burglary,
              maximum penalty 20 years; third degree burglary, maximum
              penalty 10 years; fourth-degree burglary dwelling, 3-year
              maximum; fourth-degree burglary theft, 3-year maximum;
              theft $100 to under $1,500, 6 months and/or $500 fine;
              malicious destruction of property valued under $1,000, 60 days
              and/or a $500 fine.
                      Mr. Bradds, the Public Defender has made a
              preliminary hearing request for you. You also have a right to a
              jury trial. Your next court date is February 15th at the Patapsco
              Avenue District Courthouse. Mr. Bradds, do you understand
              the charges and the rights I explained to you earlier?

                                                20
MR. BRADDS: Yes, Your Honor.
THE COURT: Okay. Pretrial?
PRETRIAL INVESTIGATOR: Your Honor, Defendant
refused Pretrial’s interview. He has six convictions on record.
Most recent, January of 2016 theft; March 2016 conspiracy
burglary in the first; August 2012, unauthorized removal of
property; March 2012, a theft; July 2012, felony CDS; and
June 2004, misdemeanor CDS. He has one PBJ from June 2011
for CDS paraphernalia. He has seven FTA’s on record, most
recent May 2015. He has four additional in the year of 2011
and May of 2012. Your Honor, Pretrial does not have a
statement of probable cause at this stage –
THE COURT: This is the one where – well, I tell you what –
STATE’S ATTORNEY: I actually don’t have a copy of it
either, Your Honor.
THE COURT: Well, I’m going to enlighten both of you then.
So on Saturday, January 13th, at around 11:30 in the evening,
police respond to 346 South Payson Street, Apartment B for a
call of burglary. They’re met by a Ms. Shore. She advises that
earlier that day at about 1:30 in the afternoon, she left for
work[,] dwelling locked and secured, all property there. She
gets home at 11:15 p.m., the front door is forced open. Her flat
screen TV, her digital camera are missing. Approximate value
$500. Door is damaged as well.
        Investigation reveals that on the day of the incident, a
female relative of the victim observed – and here’s where it
gets a little – observed the victim’s fiancé’s brother. So in other
words, the victim, Ms. Shore, has a fiancé if I’m reading this
correctly, and that Mr. Bradds is the brother of the fiancé. He
is seen walking in the vicinity of the house. In addition, another
neighbor reports seeing someone actually breaking into the
dwelling shortly before 4:30 on the – 4 o’clock on the day of
the incident. The neighbor confronted the suspect in the act.
The suspect replied, “It’s my brother’s house,” and continued
to force his way inside. A detective administers a double-blind
photo array to this neighbor who saw the break-in. This on the
Wednesday the 17th, four days later. Mr. Bradds, as the person
he saw breaking into the house. The victim’s fiancé who, again,
I think Mr. Bradds is the brother of, never lived in the victim’s
house and neither he nor the suspect had permission to be

                                   21
inside the house on the day in question. That is the Statement
of Charges.
PRETRIAL INVESTIGATOR: In light of those allegations,
Your Honor, the Defendant broke into the dwelling. Pretrial is
recommending that bail be revoked. The Defendant is a threat
to public safety and a threat to the victim.
THE COURT: Okay. [Defense Counsel].
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Thank you, Your Honor. [Defense
Counsel] on behalf of Mr. Bradds. Your Honor, I’d be asking
the Court to convert this from the $25,000 secured bail to
$25,000 unsecured in light of the fact that Mr. Bradds does not
have a steady job. Your Honor, he is 27-years-old. He does live
at 1611 McHenry Street. He’s lived there his entire his life,
lives there with his grandparents and also one of his uncles.
Your Honor, Mr. Bradds freely admits he has had an issue with
substance abuse. His conviction history basically substantiates
that. Both CDS and sort of –
THE COURT: Well, that’s –
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: – offenses that are related to his past.
THE COURT: – I agree. I agree with that [Defense Counsel]
and one of those offenses, though, is a first-degree burglary
from not long ago in 2016.
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: I do understand that, Your Honor.
He’s served his sentence on that and it’s completed.
THE COURT: Well, no, no. My point is, individuals
oftentimes, to feed their addiction, will engage in behavior that
can be – you know, first-degree burglary poses so many
dangers. It poses a danger to the person committing the act.
They could be confronted by someone inside. It poses a danger,
probably the bigger danger potentially, is if someone’s home,
that person can be – fall prey to some physical harm as well.
It’s, you know –
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: I certainly understand what the Court
is saying. What I wanted to explain to the Court is that Mr.
Bradds just started going to a methadone program. So he is
trying to address his substance abuse issue. He just started that
last week on the 16th, which I think would’ve been Wednesday
of last week. He actually went to University of Maryland –
because he’s –

                                  22
              THE COURT: No, it would’ve been last Tuesday.
              [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Tuesday, my apologies, he is
              suffering from pneumonia, so he went to the University of
              Maryland. As long as he was there, he decided you know what,
              this is time for me to finally address this and he started going
              to the methadone program there.
                     And he certainly denies the allegations in this case. I
              would note that he has some failures to appear. They haven’t
              happened recently. He does have a pending matter in which I
              represent him that is scheduled for this Friday. He has always
              appeared in court for that matter. I think [he’s] been in court at
              this point three times. He has always been in court on time. So
              we’d be asking the Court to consider an unsecured bail in this
              case in the amount of $25,000 and, obviously, require that he
              complete or continue with the drug treatment that he just
              began, Your Honor.
              THE COURT: All right. I don’t think I’m prepared to adopt
              either recommendation. I was leaning towards the no bail for a
              combination of factors; the criminal record, the facts of this
              case, the multiple FTA’s. Certainly, unsecured in my mind is
              not appropriate. I am going to revise bail to $50,000 at 10
              percent. If Mr. Bradds posts bond, he’ll be on Pretrial
              supervision, drug screening, no contact with victim, stay away
              from 349 – or, no, 346 South Payson Street.

The last sentence bears emphasizing: “[i]f Mr. Bradds posts bond,” he would be required

to obey several release conditions. (Emphasis added.)

       Mr. Bradds was unable to obtain a bond and remained incarcerated in the Baltimore

City Jail until at least the time of oral argument before this Court. In February, Mr. Bradds

had been charged by indictment for his crimes in the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, and

the underlying district court case was closed.

       In March, Mr. Bradds filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus in the circuit court.

In his supporting affidavit, he stated that he was twenty-seven years old, that he helps to

support his seven- and eleven-year-old children, as well as his grandparents, but had been

                                                 23
unemployed for months, did not receive public benefits, did not have any assets, and could

not afford bail. The State did not respond to his petition. The circuit court denied the

petition, without a hearing, in an order filed on March 15, 2018. Mr. Bradds filed an

application for leave to appeal the circuit court’s denial of his petition for writ of habeus

corpus, which we granted on April 27, 2018. His case was scheduled for trial in the circuit

court on July 9, 2018.

              2.    Mr. Hill

       On January 11, 2018, Mr. Hill was charged with two counts of first-degree burglary,

two counts of third-degree burglary, four counts of fourth-degree burglary, conspiracy to

commit burglary, theft between $100 and $1500, malicious destruction of property, and

reckless endangerment. He was alleged to have broken into three properties in Baltimore

City owned by the same person and stolen electronics, a water heater, and a kitchen stove.

The removal of the water heater in one property resulted in flooding that caused significant

damage, and the disconnection of the stove caused a serious gas leak. He was arrested on

January 27, 2018, pursuant to a warrant.

       Mr. Hill’s bail was set at $35,000 by a district court commissioner. He was unable

to pay and remained in jail awaiting a bail review hearing. An attorney from the Office of

the Public Defender represented Mr. Hill at the hearing. His attorney and the pretrial

services agent both requested that Mr. Hill be released on his own recognizance with

pretrial supervision. The State did not offer an alternate release plan. The court heard no

information about Mr. Hill’s employment, income, or assets. But the court did learn of Mr.

Hill’s criminal history, which included multiple convictions for theft and drugs in

                                                24
Maryland, as well as convictions in West Virginia for domestic violence, breaking and

entering, daytime housebreak, shoplifting, and burglary.

      At the close of the bail review hearing, the court declined the suggestion of pretrial

services and defense counsel and raised Mr. Hill’s bail to $50,000, payable at 10 percent:

             THE COURT: Now on the docket is Samuel Lloyd Hill, Jr.,
             Case No. 5B02365242. Thank you, Mr. Hill. Mr. Hill, you are
             charged in this matter with burglary in the first-degree. Carries
             a maximum penalty of 20 years. You’re also charged with
             another count of burglary first-degree carry the same max
             penalty, two counts of burglary in the third-degree carries a
             maximum penalty of 10 years each. Four counts of fourth-
             degree burglary, each which carry a maximum penalties of 3
             years. Two counts of malicious destruction under $1,000
             carries – each carry a maximum penalty of 60 days and/or $500
             fine. Two counts of theft and property value between $100 and
             $1,500 carries a maximum penalties of 6 months and/or $500
             fine each. One count of reckless endangerment carries a
             maximum penalty of 5 years and/or $5,000 fine. One count of
             conspiracy to commit – two counts of conspiracy to commit
             first-degree burglary, each of which carry a maximum penalty
             of 20 years incarceration.
                    Pretrial?
             PRETRIAL INVESTIGATOR: Your Honor, the Defendant’s
             information was not verified. The Defendant refused to be
             interviewed. Your Honor, the Defendant has a total of nine
             convictions on record. Most recent January of 2013 for one
             count of burglary. One count for a felony CDS. And I’m sorry,
             Your Honor, that burglary has an active parole set to expire
             July 2025. The Defendant has one for felony CDS. Four for
             misdemeanor theft. Three for misdemeanor CDS. Five FTA’s
             on record, Your Honor. Most recent, February of 2009 through
             December of 2006. The Defendant is pending a matter out of
             Wabash dated February 7th, 2018, 8:30 a.m., Room 3. This
             involves MTA fine in the amount of $50. A citation was issued
             January 9, 2018 for soliciting purchase of goods from transit.
                    Your Honor, the Defendant has out-of-state ties to West
             Virginia with seven convictions on record. Most recent,
             December of 2013 for domestic violence. One for breaking and

                                               25
entering. One for destruction of property. One for daytime
house break. One for shoplifting. One for burglary, daytime.
One for destruction of property. Your Honor, Commissioner
has set bail at 35,000. In light of the allegation of burglarized
private property, taking into account most recent burglary
conviction in the state of Maryland was during the year of
2013. Most recent out of state conviction for breaking and
entering and burglary was during the year of 2013. The
Defendant’s most recent FTA was during the year of 2009.
       Your Honor, to ensure the Defendant’s appearance in
court, Pretrial is requesting that the Defendant be released on
his own recognizance with Pretrial supervision. He did not
return to said location.
THE COURT: State?
STATE’S ATTORNEY: State submits, Your Honor.
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Your Honor, I’ll certainly join, brief.
Again, [Defense Counsel] on behalf of Mr. Hill. Ask this
matter is set for preliminary hearing. I’ll certainly join and
repress [sic] as being made by Pretrial.
THE COURT: I’m sorry. Pretrial, can we go over his record
once again, please?
PRETRIAL INVESTIGATOR: Yes, Your Honor. In the state
of Maryland, the Defendant has nine convictions on record.
Most recent, January of 2013 for one count of burglary with an
active parole set to expire July 2025. The Defendant has four –
sorry, four convictions for misdemeanor theft. Once for CDS
distribution, felony CDS, and three for misdemeanor CD[S].
The Defendant has out-of-state ties to West Virginia with
seven convictions on record. Most recent, December of 2013
for domestic violence. One for breaking and entering. One for
destruction of property. One for daytime housebreak. One for
shoplifting.
THE COURT: Thank you very much.
PRETRIAL INVESTIGATOR: One for burglary, yes.
THE COURT: Does your client want anything?
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: No, no he does not, Your Honor.
MR. HILL: (Indiscernible -20:14:04.)

                                  26
              [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Mr. Hill, I don’t think that’s a good
              idea.
              THE COURT: I’m sorry, he says he wants to add something?
              [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Your [sic] certainly, if you’d like to
              say something, you certainly can.
              [MR. HILL]: (Indiscernible – 20:14:11.)
              [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: I’ve advocated on your behalf. And
              these proceedings are being recorded. Please don’t discuss the
              facts of the case. And I would just allow you to request the
              Judge to make his decision based on all the things that he’s
              heard up to this point.
              [MR. HILL]: I understand. I just want to say that the conviction
              of burglary, the only recent burglary that I had was in West
              Virginia. I’ve never had a conviction of burglary in Maryland.
              I do not know what that’s about. And the domestic violence
              case, I don’t know what that’s about. And the domestic
              violence case, I don’t know what that’s about either. My father
              – me and my father had (indiscernible 20:14:48).
              THE COURT: All right.
              [MR. HILL]: So that’s –
              THE COURT: Thank you. Mr. Hill, I’m actually more
              concerned about your very lengthy history of thefts in these
              matters regarding your history of theft in these cases. They
              seem to be so frequent that it alarms me.
              [MR. HILL]: I really didn’t get into trouble in years.
              THE COURT: When’s the last time he’s – Pretrial, when was
              the last conviction?
              PRETRIAL INVESTIGATOR: 2013, Your Honor.
              THE COURT: Years? I guess that is years.
              PRETRIAL INVESTIGATOR: And Pretrial notes –
              THE COURT: Bail in this matter is set at $50,000 at 10
              percent.

       Mr. Hill could not afford the increased (or original) bail and remained incarcerated

in the Baltimore City Jail through oral argument in this Court.

                                                27
       In March, Mr. Hill filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in the Circuit Court

for Baltimore City. In his supporting affidavit, he stated that he is twenty-nine years old,

unemployed, has no savings or assets, has more than $10,000 in personal debt, provides

for his two-year-old son, is the sole caretaker of his mother who suffers from congestive

heart failure, and cannot afford bail. The State did not respond. The circuit court denied the

petition without a hearing on March 15, 2018 and Mr. Hill filed an application for leave to

appeal on March 23, 2018. We granted the application. Mr. Hill’s trial was set in the Circuit

Court for Baltimore City on June 27, 2018.

                                  II.      DISCUSSION

       After oral argument in this Court, we issued an Order reversing the circuit court’s

decisions to deny habeas corpus relief to Messrs. Bradds and Hill, and remanding the cases

to the circuit court with directions to grant the petitions and order a new bail review. We

now explain our reasoning.

       A. The Court Did Not Apply The Revised Maryland Rules Correctly.

       The revisions to Rule 4-216.1 arose from concerns, and evidence, that low-income

defendants were being incarcerated pending trial merely because they could not afford

financial conditions for release. Although the new Rule did not eliminate cash or bond bail

as some had advocated, the revised Rule 4-216.1 specifically prioritizes release over

detention, release on own recognizance over release with conditions, and non-financial

conditions over financial conditions. Even more to the point, the Rule requires judicial

officers to consider each defendant’s individual circumstances when setting conditions for

release, and specifically to consider “the ability of the defendant to meet a special condition

                                                 28
of release with financial terms.” Id., (b)(2). Financial conditions remain available, but any

financial condition set cannot cause what amounts to pretrial detention simply because the

defendant cannot afford to pay the bail amount set by the court:

              (e) Release on Special Conditions.
              (1) Generally.
               (A) A judicial officer may not impose a special condition of
              release with financial terms in form or amount that results in
              the pretrial detention of the defendant solely because the
              defendant is financially incapable of meeting that condition.
              In making that determination, the judicial officer may consider
              all resources available to the defendant from any lawful source.
               (B) Special conditions of release with financial terms are
              appropriate only to ensure the appearance of the defendant
              and may not be imposed solely to prevent future criminal
              conduct during the pretrial period or to protect the safety of
              any person or the community; nor may they be imposed to
              punish the defendant or to placate public opinion.
               (C) Special conditions of release with financial terms may not
              be set by reference to a predetermined schedule of amounts
              fixed according to the nature of the charge.

Md. Rule 4-216.1(e)(1–3) (emphasis added).

       Of course, the record before the bail review court could have supported a range of

outcomes. Both men could readily have been detained pending trial: Mr. Hill had five

failures to appear, Mr. Bradds had eleven, and both faced serious charges that might have

supported a finding that either or both were too dangerous to the community to release.

Both men were charged with burglary, which carries a risk of physical confrontation with

the homeowner or others who may be present:

              The main risk of burglary arises not from the simple physical
              act of wrongfully entering onto another’s property, but rather
              from the possibility of a face-to-face confrontation between the

                                                29
              burglar and a third party—whether an occupant, a police
              officer, or a bystander—who comes to investigate. That is, the
              risk arises not from the completion of the burglary, but from
              the possibility that an innocent person might appear while the
              crime is in progress.

James v. United States, 550 U.S. 192, 203 (2007), overruled on other grounds by Johnson

v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015); see also Sykes v. United States, 564 U.S. 1, 9

(2011) (“Burglary is dangerous because it can end in confrontation leading to violence.”),

overruled on other grounds by Johnson v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015). Even

fourth-degree burglary risks physical confrontation and violence. United States v. Martin,

753 F.3d 485, 491–92 (4th Cir. 2014) (“[T]he potential risk of physical injury arising from

the commission of fourth-degree burglary under Md. Code Ann., Crim. Law § 6–205(a) is

comparable to that arising from the commission of generic burglary. Critical to this

conclusion is the fact that § 6–205(a) requires entry into a dwelling . . . dwellings—unlike

‘storehouses’—are ‘likely to be occupied.’ . . . the crime of breaking and entering the

dwelling house of another creates ‘a substantial risk of confrontation.’ This risk of

confrontation is precisely the same risk that makes generic burglary a dangerous crime.”)

(cleaned up). In fact, according to Mr. Bradds, the district court originally seemed inclined

to hold Mr. Bradds without bail due to “a combination of factors; the criminal record, the

facts of this case, the multiple FTA’s.” And had the court found that there was a reasonable

likelihood that either defendant would not appear or would be a danger to an alleged victim,

another person, or the community, the court would have been precluded from releasing

him. Rule 4-216.1(b)(1)(B)

       The problem arises in Mr. Bradds’s case because the court leapt immediately from

                                                30
a discussion of possibly detaining him to a decision to increase his bail, without any

consideration of whether he should be held or of less onerous conditions or of his ability

to pay. The Rules would readily have permitted the court to find that he was too dangerous

to release or that his repeated failures to appear created a flight risk, and the record would

have justified such a finding. Failing that, though, and assuming that the court is

unpersuaded by the evidence and argument offered at the hearing that the public safety

isn’t compromised by releasing Mr. Bradds on his own recognizance, the Rules required

the court to discern, based on his individual circumstances, and impose the least onerous

conditions necessary to ensure his appearance and protect the public. The court made

reference to alternative conditions—“Pretrial supervision, drug screening, no contact with

victim, stay away from 349 – or, no, 346 South Payson Street”—but only as conditions that

would kick in “if” Mr. Bradds posted bail. This placed the cart before the horse: before

considering financial conditions, the court had to find they were the only conditions that

could ensure Mr. Bradds’s appearance for trial, and then Rules 4-216 and 4-216.1(c)(1)

required the court to determine his ability to pay and set bail at a level he could achieve.

       The court in Mr. Hill’s case did not have as detailed a record, but did note that it

was “more concerned about [Mr. Hill’s] very lengthy history of thefts in these matters,”

and that the thefts “seem to be so frequent that it alarms me.” Soon after that comment, and

after ascertaining that his last conviction was years prior in 2013, the court raised his bail

to $50,000 at 10 percent. Like Mr. Bradds, the record would have supported a decision to

hold Mr. Hill without bail and reject the release recommendation of pretrial services. But

once the court chose instead to release him on conditions, the Rules required it to consider

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non-financial conditions first and then, only after finding a financial condition necessary,

required it to consider “the ability of the defendant to meet a special condition of release

with financial terms” and “impose on the defendant the least onerous condition or

combination of conditions of release . . . that [would] reasonably ensure [] the appearance

of the defendant, and [the safety of the community].” Md. Rule 4-216.1(b)(2–3). And when

determining the appropriate amount of bail, the Rule required the court to consider the

“resources available to the defendant from any lawful source” and prohibited it from

imposing “a special condition of release with financial terms in form or amount that results

in the pretrial detention of the defendant solely because the defendant is financially

incapable of meeting that condition.” Md. Rule 4-216.1(e)(1)(A).

       In both of these cases, intentionally or not, the records suggest that the court fell

back on the approach common under the old Rules, not the Rules as revised. Both courts

had a record on which they could have determined whether these defendants should have

been held as dangerous or as flight risks. Once the courts decided not to hold these

defendants, they should have considered non-financial conditions before considering

financial conditions. And once the courts considered and rejected non-financial conditions,

the court should have assessed the defendants’ financial status and set financial conditions

that they had an opportunity to meet. Because the courts set bail without considering

alternative non-financial conditions or assessing the defendants’ abilities to satisfy

financial conditions, we reversed the circuit court’s decision to deny their petitions for writs

of habeas corpus and ordered bail hearings consistent with the revised Rules.

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       If, as it appears, the courts did not intend for these defendants to be released pending

trial, the courts should not have accomplished that goal by setting bond at a level these

indigent defendants could not meet. Financial conditions should be imposed only as a last

resort, and only as conditions of release, i.e., at a level that the individual defendant has a

reasonable prospect of satisfying. Even when financial conditions are used appropriately—

circumstances that should be a rare exception under the new Rules, not the norm—those

conditions must reflect the defendant’s individual financial circumstances and must be set

at a level that will permit him an opportunity to achieve his release. Financial conditions

designed to thwart or eliminate the possibility of release violate the letter of the applicable

Rules and the principles underlying them.

       We do not mean remotely to suggest that the Rules entitled these defendants to be

released. Again, the record before bail review courts contains undisputed information that

could have supported findings to hold both of them had the court undertaken the correct

analysis. But because the courts decided not to do so, then skipped over any consideration

of non-financial conditions, its decisions to impose these financial conditions on these

indigent defendants were inconsistent with the revised Rules.

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