Court Opinion

ID: 4227211
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2017-12-08 21:07:03.619229+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T14:42:51.067962
License: Public Domain

IN THE COURT OF CHANCERY OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE

SARISSA CAPITAL DOMESTIC                  :
FUND LP, SARISSA OFFSHORE                 :
MASTER FUND LP, SARISSA                   :
CAPITAL FUND GP LLC, SARISSA              :
CAPITAL FUND GP LP, SARISSA               :
CAPITAL OFFSHORE FUND                     :
LP LLC, SARISSA CAPITAL                   :
MANAGEMENT GP LLC, SARISSA                :
CAPITAL MANAGEMENT LP,                    :
                                          :
                          Plaintiffs,     :
                                          :
           v.                             :      C.A. No. 2017-0309-JRS
                                          :
INNOVIVA, INC.,                           :
                                          :
                          Defendant.      :

                         MEMORANDUM OPINION

                      Date Submitted: September 8, 2017
                       Date Decided: December 8, 2017

Stephen E. Jenkins, Esquire, Richard D. Heins, Esquire and Peter H. Kyle, Esquire
of ASHBY & GEDDES, Wilmington, Delaware, and Martin L. Seidel, Esquire and
Sameer Advani, Esquire of WILLKIE FARR & GALLAGHER LLP, New York,
New York, Attorneys for Plaintiffs.

Robert S. Saunders, Esquire, Sarah Runnells Martin, Esquire, Alyssa S. O’Connell,
Esquire and Matthew P. Majarian, Esquire of SKADDEN, ARPS, SLATE,
MEAGHER & FLOM LLP, Wilmington, Delaware, Attorneys for Defendant.

SLIGHTS, Vice Chancellor
      Dissident shareholders of defendant, Innoviva, Inc. (“Innoviva”), mounted a

proxy contest earlier this year to elect their director nominees to Innoviva’s board of

directors (“Board”). This action, arising amid the aftermath, concerns the de jure

composition of Innoviva’s Board.

      The dissident shareholders are plaintiffs, Sarissa Capital Domestic Fund LP,

Sarissa Offshore Master Fund LP, Sarissa Capital Fund GP LLC, Sarissa Capital

Fund GP LP, Sarissa Capital Offshore Fund LP LLC, Sarissa Capital

Management GP LLC and Sarissa Capital Management LP (collectively, “Sarissa”).

In anticipation of Innoviva’s 2017 annual stockholder meeting on April 20, 2017,

Sarissa launched a proxy contest to elect three director nominees to Innoviva’s

seven-member Board: George W. Bickerstaff III (“Bickerstaff”), Jules Haimovitz

(“Haimovitz”) and Odysseas Kostas (“Kostas”).

      Sarissa’s proxy contest commenced in February 2017. In its proxy materials,

Sarissa charged that Innoviva’s incumbent directors were “grossly overpaid . . . in

the face of poor stock performance” and were “failing to fulfill [their] duty of

oversight.”1 Thus, Sarissa reckoned, Innoviva was “not be[ing] run for the benefit

1
 JX 36 (Innoviva, Inc., Definitive Additional Materials (Form DFAN14A), filed
Mar. 30, 2017) (“Sarissa Form DFAN14A”) at 21, 45.

                                          1
of shareholders[.]”2 These themes continued with various degrees of intensity

throughout Sarissa’s proxy campaign.

        In early April 2017, three leading proxy advisory firms recommended that

Innoviva stockholders vote for Sarissa’s director nominees. Following the issuance

of those recommendations, the parties began exploring a potential settlement of the

proxy contest. The chief negotiators during these discussions were Sarissa’s founder

and Chief Investment Officer, Alexander Denner (“Denner”), and the then-Vice

Chairman of Innoviva’s Board, James Tyree (“Tyree”).

        Two days out from the annual meeting, the proxy solicitors in both camps

reported that the vote was too close to call. This uncertainty drove the parties to

intensify their settlement discussions. Denner and Tyree reconnected and spoke on

the phone several times that day. During those calls, Denner offered that Sarissa

would end its proxy campaign if Innoviva would (1) expand its Board from seven

members to nine members; (2) appoint two of Sarissa’s nominees to the Board as

directors; and (3) forgo a “standstill.”3 In response, Tyree indicated that Innoviva

2
    JX 36 (Sarissa Form DFAN14A) at 45.
3
  In a proxy contest settlement agreement, a “standstill” provision typically provides that,
for a fixed period of time, the dissident stockholder may not (1) acquire more than a certain
percentage of the corporation’s outstanding voting stock; (2) engage in the solicitation of
voting proxies; or (3) make any tender offer or merger proposal in respect of the
corporation or its shareholders. See, e.g., JX 4.1 (Yahoo! Inc., Current Report (Form 8-K),
filed on Apr. 27, 2016) (“Yahoo-Starboard Settlement Agreement”) at 18–21 (standstill
provision in Yahoo-Starboard Settlement Agreement).

                                             2
would be willing to expand its Board from seven to nine members, and to appoint

two of Sarissa’s nominees to the Board as directors, but insisted that Sarissa agree

to a standstill and the issuance of a conciliatory joint press release announcing the

settlement.

       Later that day, Tyree provided an update to the Board regarding the settlement

discussions. The key area of disagreement at that point was the standstill—from

both parties’ perspectives, that term was a “deal breaker.”

       The Board reconvened the next morning and held a series of telephonic

meetings regarding the status of the proxy contest and settlement discussions with

Sarissa.4 With less than twenty-four hours to go before the vote, the outcome of the

proxy contest still remained in doubt, as several of Innoviva’s largest shareholders—

including The Vanguard Group, Inc. (“Vanguard”) and BlackRock, Inc.

(“BlackRock”)—had not yet indicated how they would vote at the annual meeting.

At this point, “[t]he two assumptions [Innoviva’s Board] had . . . on the big votes

[then] outstanding were that [the Board’s nominees] had a higher probability of

4
 Stipulated Joint Pretrial Order (“PTO”) ¶ 90 (July 25, 2017) (“Beginning at approximately
9:30 a.m. ET on April 19, 2017, the Innoviva Board held a series of telephonic meetings
that continued into the early afternoon and concluded at 1:47 p.m.”). The Board minutes
submitted by Innoviva indicate that this “series of telephonic meetings” was, in fact, a
single Board meeting, conducted over a series of phone calls. See JX 189. Ultimately, the
outcome of this case does not turn on whether those calls constituted a series of Board
meetings or a single Board meeting. For purposes of this opinion, therefore, I adopt the
“series of telephonic meetings” characterization set forth in the parties’ pretrial stipulation.
PTO ¶ 90.

                                               3
winning the Vanguard vote and . . . a lower probability of winning the BlackRock

vote.”5

         After discussing Innoviva’s options, the Board remained adamant that an

Innoviva-Sarissa settlement would require a standstill. Innoviva’s position changed,

however, once it learned—shortly after noon that day—that Vanguard planned to

vote for Sarissa’s nominees.        Having lost Vanguard’s vote, Innoviva’s Board

expected that it would lose BlackRock’s vote as well, thereby ensuring that “at least

two of Sarissa’s three [nominees] would be elected to the Board . . . .”6 The Board

expected that the key shareholder votes, including BlackRock’s vote, would be

known for sure by the “end of the day” on April 19—between 4:00 PM and 5:00

PM.7 Thus, following Vanguard’s indication that it would be voting for Sarissa’s

nominees, the “clock was ticking down”8 for Innoviva to reach a settlement with

Sarissa and thereby avert an (expected) electoral defeat.

5
    Trial Transcript (“TT”) 215:17–21 (Aguiar).
6
 JX 189 (Minutes of Innoviva Board Meeting(s) on April 19, 2017 from 9:30 AM (ET) to
1:47 PM (ET)) (“April 19 Minutes: Morning-Afternoon”) at 5. Unless otherwise specified,
all times in this opinion are in Eastern Time (ET).
7
  JX 412 (Grossman Dep.) at 65:21 (July 10, 2017); JX 414 (Aguiar Dep.) at 79:17–80:6
(July 12, 2017); see JX 189 (April 19 Minutes: Morning-Afternoon) at 5.
8
    TT 234:21 (Aguiar).

                                             4
         The Board reconvened later that afternoon for another telephonic meeting.

During that meeting, the Board determined that: (1) Innoviva would settle with

Sarissa without a standstill; (2) as part of that settlement, Innoviva would expand its

Board from seven to nine members and appoint any two of Sarissa’s three nominees

to the expanded Innoviva Board; and (3) the settlement would require Sarissa to

include a conciliatory quote about Innoviva in a joint press announcing the

settlement. At the meeting’s close, the Board authorized Tyree to convey to Denner

that Innoviva would settle with Sarissa on those terms.

         Tyree phoned Denner shortly thereafter to convey Innoviva’s revised

settlement proposal. Denner promptly accepted, and so confirmed Sarissa’s assent

to the essential terms of a Sarissa-Innoviva settlement. At the end of their call, Tyree

and Denner confirmed they “had a deal”9 and that they would leave it to others on

their respective teams to prepare the “paperwork . . . to get it done.”10 Neither Tyree

nor Denner indicated, however, that the settlement was contingent upon the

execution of the “paperwork.”

         Following     Tyree    and     Denner’s     call,   the   parties’   attorneys

worked to memorialize the agreed-upon deal in writing and finalize the language

9
  JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 89:17 (July 20, 2017) (“I told Alex Denner that we had a
deal . . . .”); TT 44:18–20 (Denner) (“Q: Did the two of you say, ‘We’ve got a deal’?
A: Yes.”).
10
     JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 69:21; TT 46:6–8 (Denner) (same).

                                            5
of the parties’ joint press release. With the confirmatory writing finalized, and the

press release nearly finalized, Innoviva learned that BlackRock had voted in favor

of the Board’s slate of directors, effectively ensuring that the Board’s nominees

would win election. Having snatched victory from the jaws of defeat, Innoviva’s

Board changed course. It resolved to cease discussions with Sarissa and proceed

with the stockholder vote at Innoviva’s annual meeting the following day. Tyree

made contact with Denner that evening to advise him, in essence, that the “deal” that

had been struck during their phone conversation hours before was now “no deal.”

      Sarissa filed this action under 8 Del. C. § 225 on the day of the annual

meeting. It seeks a declaration that the parties entered into a binding settlement

agreement the afternoon of April 19, 2017—during the Denner/Tyree telephone call.

According to Sarissa, during that call, Tyree orally bound Innoviva to a settlement

agreement with the following terms:

      1. Innoviva would expand its Board from seven members to nine, and
         two of Sarissa’s nominees would be added as directors, without
         requiring a standstill;

      2. Sarissa would terminate its proxy contest, withdraw its nomination
         notice and dismiss its then-pending books-and-records action
         against Innoviva;

      3. Sarissa and Innoviva would announce the settlement in a mutually
         conciliatory joint press release; and

      4. Innoviva would issue new proxy materials with the two Sarissa
         nominees included on the Board’s slate, and Innoviva’s 2017 annual
         meeting would be adjourned (for no more than thirty days) so that
         those new materials could be prepared and issued.
                                         6
Sarissa also asks the Court to “specifically enforce the terms of the parties’

agreement and order Innoviva and its directors and management to expand the size

of the [Board] to nine and appoint [Kostas and Bickerstaff] to the Board.”11

         Innoviva, for its part, argues that the parties never entered into a binding

settlement agreement. In this regard, Innoviva contends that—

         1. The parties never reached a meeting of the minds on all material
            terms of a settlement;

         2. The parties did not intend to enter into a binding oral contract, but
            instead understood that any contract would have to be memorialized
            in an executed written agreement; and

         3. Tyree lacked authority to bind Innoviva to the alleged oral contract.
         In this post-trial opinion, I conclude that Tyree had actual and apparent

authority to bind Innoviva to an oral settlement agreement with Sarissa when he

telephoned Denner the afternoon of April 19, 2017. I also find that Sarissa and

Innoviva entered a binding oral settlement contract during that call in accordance

with the terms agreed to by Denner and Tyree. Finally, I am satisfied that the facts

and circumstances of this case warrant specific enforcement of that contract. My

reasoning follows.

11
     Amended Verified Complaint (“Am. Compl.”) 27 (May 12, 2017).

                                            7
                                   I. BACKGROUND

         I recite the facts as I find them based on the evidence presented during a one-

day trial on July 27, 2017. That evidence comprises testimony from nine fact

witnesses (some presented live and some by deposition) and over 400 exhibits.

I accord the evidence the weight and credibility I find it deserves.

      A. Parties and Relevant Non-Parties

         Sarissa is a stockholder of record of 1,000 shares of Innoviva common stock.12

Sarissa also beneficially owns 3.4 million shares of Innoviva common stock in the

aggregate—or approximately 3.14% of Innoviva’s outstanding common stock (as of

February 24, 2017).13

         Innoviva is a Delaware corporation headquartered in Brisbane, California.14

Its primary business is collecting royalties on certain drugs it has licensed to

GlaxoSmithKline (“GSK”).15 During the Sarissa proxy contest, Innoviva’s Board

comprised seven members: (1) Michael Aguiar (“Aguiar”), Innoviva’s CEO;

12
     PTO ¶ 60.

 PTO ¶ 61. February 24, 2017 was the record date for Innoviva’s 2017 annual stockholder
13

meeting. JX 26 (Innoviva, Inc., Definitive Proxy Statement (Form DEF 14A), filed
Mar. 21, 2017) (“Innoviva Proxy Statement”) at 3.
14
     PTO ¶ 59.
15
   TT 149:19–150:15 (Friedman); TT 188:6–17 (Aguiar). GSK is Innoviva’s largest
stockholder; as of February 24, 2017, it held 29.3% of Innoviva’s common stock.
PTO ¶ 79.

                                            8
(2) William Waltrip (“Waltrip”), who was then Chairman of the Board; (3) Tyree,

who was then Vice Chairman of the Board;16 (4) Barbara Duncan (“Duncan”);

(5) Cathy Friedman (“Friedman”); (6) Patrick LePore (“LePore”); and (7) Paul Pepe

(“Pepe”).17

         Non-party Denner, Sarissa’s founder and CIO, was Sarissa’s lead negotiator

during its proxy contest.18 Non-party Mark DiPaolo (“DiPaolo”) is Sarissa’s general

counsel and was the lead attorney representing Sarissa during the negotiations of the

alleged settlement agreement.19 Non-party Richard Grossman is a partner at

Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP (“Skadden”) and was the lead attorney

representing Innoviva in connection with the Sarissa proxy contest and during the

settlement negotiations.20

16
  Tyree resigned from Innoviva’s Board in June 2017. JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 90:13–14.
As discussed below, Innoviva’s abrupt decision to deny that it had reached a settlement
with Sarissa was a key factor in Tyree’s resignation decision. JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at
89:14–91:11.
17
  PTO ¶ 70. The members of Innoviva’s Board during Sarissa’s proxy contest are not
parties to this action. See Am. Compl., pmbl.
18
     PTO ¶¶ 62, 81, 84; TT 21:16–18 (Denner).
19
     PTO ¶ 63.
20
  PTO ¶ 72. In addition, each party retained a proxy solicitor during the proxy contest.
PTO ¶¶ 69, 73. Non-party D.F. King & Co., Inc. (“D.F. King”) was Sarissa’s proxy
solicitor, and non-party Innisfree M&A Inc. (“Innisfree”) was Innoviva’s proxy solicitor.
PTO ¶¶ 69, 73. Innoviva also retained a financial advisor, non-party Evercore Partners Inc.
(“Evercore”), and a public relations advisor, non-party Abernathy MacGregor Group, Inc.
(“Abernathy MacGregor”), in connection with the proxy contest. PTO ¶¶ 74, 75.

                                            9
      B. Sarissa Launches a Proxy Contest

           Innoviva’s 2017 annual stockholder meeting (the “Annual Meeting”) was

scheduled for April 20, 2017.21 In February 2017, Sarissa launched a proxy contest

in connection with the Annual Meeting, with the goal of electing three Sarissa

nominees to Innoviva’s seven-member Board.22 Sarissa’s three nominees were

Bickerstaff, Haimovitz and Kostas.23 Sarissa also commenced a concomitant action

under 8 Del. C. § 220 seeking certain corporate books and records to assist in its

prosecution of the proxy contest.24

           Throughout its proxy campaign, Sarissa was sharply critical of Innoviva’s

incumbent directors. In its proxy materials, Sarissa inveighed that Innoviva’s

incumbent directorship was “grossly overpaid . . . in the face of poor stock

performance” and was “failing to fulfill its duty of oversight.”25 According to

Sarissa, Innoviva was “handicapped by poor governance” and was “not be[ing] run

21
     PTO ¶ 64.
22
   PTO ¶ 65. Sarissa’s three nominees, if elected, would replace incumbent Innoviva
directors Aguiar, Waltrip and Pepe. Id.
23
     Id.
24
  See Verified Compl. Pursuant to 8 Del. C. § 220, Sarissa Capital Domestic Fund LP v.
Innoviva, Inc., C.A. No. 2017-0216-JRS (Del. Ch. Mar. 21, 2017). The Court has stayed
Sarissa’s Section 220 action pending the resolution of this case. D.I. 101 at 41:13–14.
25
     JX 36 (Sarissa Form DFAN14A) at 21, 45.

                                           10
for the benefit of shareholders.”26 These charges fed into Sarissa’s campaign slogan:

“stockholder representation for the benefit of all stockholders.”27

      C. Sarissa and Innoviva Explore a Possible Settlement of the Proxy Contest

           In the first week of April 2017, two leading proxy advisory firms, Glass,

Lewis & Co. (“Glass Lewis”) and Institutional Shareholder Services Inc. (“ISS”),

issued reports recommending that Innoviva stockholders vote for Sarissa’s

nominees.28 Glass Lewis’s report, issued on April 6, recommended that Innoviva

stockholders vote for Bickerstaff and Kostas.29 ISS’s report, issued on April 7,

recommended that Innoviva stockholders vote for all three of Sarissa’s nominees.30

           The publication of these two reports changed the tenor of Innoviva’s internal

Board discussions, since it now appeared that Sarissa’s nominees realistically could

win election.31 Indeed, the prospect of a Sarissa victory in the proxy contest

“motivate[d] the Board to more actively consider what a settlement [with Sarissa]

26
     Id. at 45.
27
     Id.
28
  PTO ¶¶ 76–78; JX 98 at 2–3 (excerpt of Glass Lewis report); JX 101.1 at 3–4 (excerpt
of ISS report).
29
     JX 98 at 2–3 (excerpt of Glass Lewis report).
30
     JX 101 at 3–4 (excerpt of ISS report).
31
     JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 23:21–24:24, 26:3–10.

                                              11
could look like.”32 As Tyree testified, “a possible settlement [with Sarissa now]

became much more of an open topic” for Board consideration. 33

         It was under these circumstances that Denner and Tyree first began discussing

what it would take to resolve Sarissa’s proxy contest.34 Tyree and Denner had

initially connected in late March 2017, when Denner placed “an unannounced

telephone call . . . directly to [Tyree]”35 at his office—the two never having met

before.36      Tyree “did not accept [Denner’s] telephone call initially but [after]

discuss[ing] it with other [Innoviva] Board members and counsel . . . decided [to]

return the . . . call.”37 Thereafter, the Board appointed Tyree to serve as Innoviva’s

“primary point person in discussi[ons] with [Denner].”38

         Following the publication of the Glass Lewis and ISS reports, Tyree emailed

Denner on April 9 that it was “probably time to talk” about a potential Sarissa-

32
     Id. at 26:9–10.
33
     Id. at 24:16–17.
34
     Id. at 18:24–19:6; TT 29:2–30:1 (Denner).
35
     JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 14:6–7.
36
     Id. at 13:21–14:5.
37
     Id. at 16:5–8.
38
   Id. at 14:12–13; TT 171:7–9 (Friedman) (“Q: But [Tyree] was the lead negotiator
[Innoviva’s] [B]oard appointed. Right? A: That is correct.”).

                                             12
Innoviva settlement—and the terms upon which a settlement might be reached.39

Innoviva’s Board felt even more pressure to explore settlement on April 11, when

Egan-Jones Proxy Services joined ISS in recommending that Innoviva stockholders

vote for all of Sarissa’s nominees.40 Two days later, however, Innoviva received a

boost when its largest shareholder, GSK, announced that it intended to vote for the

Board’s slate.41

      D. Sarissa-Innoviva Settlement Discussions Commence in Earnest

         On April 18, 2017, two days out from the Annual Meeting, the outcome of

Sarissa’s proxy contest remained an open question.42 While both parties’ voting

tabulations had the Board’s slate leading, that lead was attributable solely to GSK’s

vote.43 Both parties appreciated that their tabulations were missing key data points.44

39
     JX 102 at 1; JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 25:17–26:14.
40
     JX 104 at 2–4 (excerpt of Egan-Jones report).
41
  JX 54 (Innoviva, Inc., Definitive Additional Materials (Form DEFA14A), filed Apr. 14,
2017) at 3 (excerpt of GSK Schedule 13D Amendment No. 6, filed Apr. 13, 2017). GSK
also actively assisted Innoviva’s management in soliciting proxies from other large
Innoviva stockholders. See, e.g., JX 111; JX 113.

 See, e.g., JX 113; JX 142 (Minutes of April 18, 2017 Innoviva Board Meeting) (“April 18
42

Minutes”) at 2.
43
     See JX 143 at 2–25; JX 148 at 1–9; JX 142 (April 18 Minutes) at 2.
44
  See, e.g., JX 137 at 2–5 (vote tally prepared by D.F. King on April 18, 2017 at
10:59 AM); JX 139 at 2–4 (vote tally prepared by Innisfree on April 18, 2017 at
11:54 AM).

                                             13
Specifically, as of April 18, several of Innoviva’s largest shareholders—including

Vanguard, BlackRock and The Baupost Group, LLC (“Baupost”)—had not yet

voted or announced how they would be voting.45 The Board had reason to believe,

however, that Baupost would vote for Sarissa’s nominees.46 And then there were

the Glass Lewis, ISS and Egan-Jones recommendations to consider, as well.47 At

this juncture, Sarissa and Innoviva began to discuss a potential settlement in earnest.

         Denner and Tyree spoke on the phone “several times” on April 18 regarding a

potential Sarissa-Innoviva settlement.48 During those calls, Sarissa’s settlement

“bid”      (conveyed      by    Denner)       was     “two   directors,   no   standstill;”49

Innoviva’s settlement “ask” (conveyed by Tyree) was “two directors, a standstill,

and [a press release in which Sarissa would] say something nice about [Innoviva].”50

45
  See, e.g., JX 143 at 2–25 (vote tally and “top [share]holders tracker summary” prepared
by Innisfree on April 18, 2017 at 4:53 PM); JX 148 at 1–9 (vote tally and institutional
investor voting report prepared by D.F. King on April 18, 2017 at 6:29 PM).
46
     See, e.g., JX 139 at 6; JX 143 at 5–7.
47
     See, e.g., JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 23:21–26:14.
48
     TT 31:3–8 (Denner); JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 33:13–34:6, 53:1–22.
49
     JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 34:4; TT 31:14–32:6 (Denner).
50
     JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 34:5–6; TT 31:14–32:6, 37:7–38:6 (Denner).

                                               14
Eventually, Tyree asked Denner to put Sarissa’s position into writing so that Tyree

could show it to Innoviva’s Board.51

         At 6:31 PM that evening, Denner forwarded the following email

(drafted by Sarissa’s general counsel, DiPaolo) to Tyree:

         The [B]oard would today resolve to increase its size by two and
         immediately add George Bickerstaff and Jules Haimovitz to the
         [B]oard and would also resolve today to add these two directors to the
         slate for the 2017 [Annual] [M]eeting. The [B]oard would then send
         out new proxy materials with the reconstituted slate. Sarissa would
         agree to withdraw its nomination notice and not nominate anyone at the
         meeting. Sarissa would also agree to drop its 220 request. All of this
         would be announced by the company in a press release today and an 8-
         K filing tomorrow. Sarissa would also announce this in a press release
         today and an SEC filing tomorrow. This may require a short
         adjournment. [Grossman] and I should exchange emails confirming
         both sides have agreed to do this.52

Innoviva’s Board convened later that evening, at 7:30 PM, for a telephonic

meeting.53 During that meeting, Tyree updated the Board on his conversations with

51
  TT 32:7–13 (Denner); JX 423 (Denner Dep.) at 81:13–16 (July 24, 2017); see JX 421
(Tyree Dep.) at 41:19–25, 45:3–18; JX 149.
52
   JX 149 (“April 18 Sarissa Settlement Proposal E-Mail”). Under Innoviva’s bylaws,
Board approval (by majority resolution) is required to expand the size of the Board. JX 8
(Innoviva, Inc., Current Report (Form 8-K), filed Feb. 9, 2017), Ex. 3.1 (Amended and
Restated Bylaws of Innoviva, Inc. (as of Feb. 8, 2017)) (“Innoviva Bylaws”) § 3.2. And
Board vacancies (or new Board seats) may only be filled by a “majority vote of directors
then in office.” Innoviva Bylaws § 3.9.
53
     JX 142 (April 18 Minutes) at 1.

                                           15
Denner regarding a possible settlement of the proxy contest.54 After discussion, the

Board directed Grossman (of Skadden) “to prepare and deliver a draft settlement

agreement to Sarissa’s general counsel [DiPaolo] for discussion purposes[.]”55 That

draft agreement was to provide, among other things:

            “for [Innoviva] to increase the size of the Board by two seats to
              nine”;56

            “[for Innoviva] to appoint [Bickerstaff] and [Haimovitz] to the
              Board”;57

            “[for] Sarissa to dismiss its [Section] 220 action”;58 and

            “[for]   Sarissa to agree to customary standstill and non-
              disparagement provisions through the advance notice deadline for
              the 2018 annual meeting of stockholders, with such . . . provisions
              to be extended for an additional year if Messrs. Bickerstaff and
              Haimovitz were re-nominated for election as directors at the 2018
              annual meeting.”59

54
   Id. at 2. It is unclear, however, whether the Board discussed Denner’s 6:31 PM email
during its April 18, 2017 evening meeting. The minutes of that meeting do not specifically
state that such discussion occurred, and Innoviva director Friedman testified that she had
“never seen” Denner’s 6:31 PM email to Tyree. JX 418 (Friedman Dep.) at 44:2–11, 45:2–
12 (July 19, 2017).
55
     JX 142 (April 18 Minutes) at 3.
56
     Id.
57
     Id.
58
     Id.
59
     Id.

                                             16
The Board then determined to reconvene the following morning “to review the status

of the [settlement] discussions,” and the meeting was adjourned.60

           Grossman and DiPaolo spoke on the phone later that evening.61 Grossman

explained that “while he had no authority to make a settlement and the [B]oard

hadn’t even decided whether it wanted to make a settlement with [Sarissa], th[e]

[Board had] instructed him to send over a draft settlement agreement that provided

for [the appointment of] two [Sarissa nominees] and a standstill.”62 DiPaolo told

Grossman that he could send the draft “if he wanted to,” although DiPaolo personally

“didn’t think it was worthwhile because [Sarissa] wouldn’t agree to that type of

standstill.”63

           Grossman and DiPaolo also discussed the timing of a potential settlement.64

Grossman advised DiPaolo that it would be “beneficial” if Sarissa and Innoviva

could reach a settlement “before th[e] final . . . vote [tally]” came in “at the end of

the day” on April 19—between 4:00 and 5:00 PM—at which time the proxy

60
     Id.
61
     TT 84:16–87:4 (DiPaolo), 257:24–258:13 (Grossman).
62
  TT 84:22–85:3 (DiPaolo), 257:24–258:13 (Grossman); JX 412 (Grossman Dep.) at 65:7–
66:3.
63
     TT 86:15–17 (DiPaolo).
64
     TT 86:18–87:4 (DiPaolo), 258:14–20 (Grossman).

                                            17
contest’s result would be a virtual fait accompli.65         DiPaolo agreed.66    Both

understood the practical significance of the timing issue: If there were to be a

Sarissa-Innoviva settlement, it would have to be concluded before “the end of the

day” on April 19.67

          At 11:28 PM on April 18, Grossman emailed a draft settlement agreement to

DiPaolo.68 The draft settlement agreement provided, among other things:

           that Innoviva would increase the size of the Board to nine members;

           that Innoviva would appoint two Sarissa designees to the Board
             (Bickerstaff and Haimovitz being the tentative appointees);

           that Sarissa would discontinue the proxy contest and dismiss its
             pending Section 220 action against Innoviva; and

           that Sarissa would agree to a one-year standstill.69

The draft agreement also specifically stated that the agreement would “become

effective” only when “signed by each of the Parties and delivered to the other

Party . . . .”70

65
     TT 258:14–20, 258:24–259:11 (Grossman); id. at 86:20–87:1 (DiPaolo).
66
     TT 86:18–87:1 (DiPaolo).
67
     TT 258:14–20, 258:24–259:11 (Grossman); id. at 86:18–87:1 (DiPaolo).
68
     JX 164 (“April 18 Skadden Draft Agreement”).
69
     Id. §§ 1(a)–(c), 2.
70
     Id. § 10.

                                            18
           Appreciating that time was running out, DiPaolo sent a reply email to

Grossman at 3:32 AM on April 19, 2017, in which he rejected the draft settlement

agreement.71 DiPaolo’s email stated, “We are not philosophically opposed to having

a very simple agreement without a standstill. Unfortunately, I don’t think there is

time to get this done via agreement. Our deal is very simple and shouldn’t require

any agreement. If the [B]oard adds two of our nominees to the [B]oard, then this

will all be over tomorrow morning.”72

      E. The Day Before the Annual Meeting

           Innoviva’s Board reconvened at 9:30 AM on April 19 and held a series of

telephonic meetings lasting through the morning.73          In its morning meetings, the

Board discussed the status of settlement negotiations with Sarissa and the voting

results to date.74 Tyree reported that he had spoken with Denner the night before.75

During this conversation, Tyree had reiterated to Denner the essential terms of

Innoviva’s settlement proposal: Innoviva would appoint two Sarissa nominees to the

expanded (nine-member) Innoviva Board, subject to a standstill; and the parties

71
     JX 171.
72
     Id.
73
     PTO ¶ 90; see JX 189 (April 19 Minutes: Morning-Afternoon) at 1.
74
     JX 189 (April 19 Minutes: Morning-Afternoon) at 1–4.
75
     Id. at 3.

                                            19
would announce the settlement in a conciliatory joint press release.76 Denner, in

turn, provided              Sarissa’s   stock   response:   “two   directors, no standstill,

and [Sarissa would] work on the press announcement to make it so that [Sarissa’s

principals and Innoviva’s Board] look like we're shaking hands and getting this [i.e.,

the proxy contest] behind us.”77

          Following Tyree’s report, the Board discussed how Innoviva might respond

to Sarissa’s counterproposal.78 At the time, the stockholder vote appeared very

close.79 And Vanguard and BlackRock still had not reported how they would be

voting.80 “The two assumptions [Innoviva’s Board] had . . . on the big votes [then]

outstanding were that [the Board’s slate] had a higher probability of winning the

Vanguard vote and . . . a lower probability of winning the BlackRock vote.”81

          Working from these assumptions, the Board discussed several options

available to Innoviva in connection with Sarissa’s proxy contest, including

(1) accepting Sarissa’s counteroffer and appointing Bickerstaff and Haimovitz to the

76
     JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 53:13–22; JX 189 (April 19 Minutes: Morning-Afternoon) at 3–
4.
77
     JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 53:20–22; TT 37:7–38:6 (Denner).
78
     JX 189 (April 19 Minutes: Morning-Afternoon) at 3.
79
     See, e.g., id. at 4.
80
     Id.; TT 215:17–21 (Aguiar); JX 414 (Aguiar Dep.) at 51:7–53:3.
81
     TT 215:17–21 (Aguiar); JX 414 (Aguiar Dep.) at 52:25–53:3.

                                                  20
expanded (nine-member) Innoviva Board without a standstill; or (2) refusing to

settle with Sarissa, and instead proceeding with the vote at Innoviva’s 2017 Annual

Meeting the next day.82 After discussion, the Board remained adamant that an

Innoviva-Sarissa settlement would require a standstill.83 Thus, the Board directed

that Tyree contact Denner to see if Sarissa would back off its resistance to that key

deal term.84

          Tyree reached Denner by phone as directed.85 And, as directed, he advised

Denner that Innoviva remained willing to enter into a settlement with Sarissa in

which (1) Innoviva’s Board would be expanded from seven to nine members;

(2) two of Sarissa’s nominees would be appointed to the expanded Innoviva Board;

(3) the parties would announce the settlement in a conciliatory joint press release;

and (4) Sarissa would be subject to a standstill.86 Denner, in turn, reiterated that

Sarissa was not willing to agree to a standstill.87 No progress. Clock ticking.

82
     JX 189 (April 19 Minutes: Morning-Afternoon) at 3; see TT 215:17–216:4 (Aguiar).
83
     JX 189 (April 19 Minutes: Morning-Afternoon) at 4–5.
84
     Id. at 4.
85
     Id. at 4–5; JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 56:7–21; TT 41:22–42:16 (Denner).
86
     JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 53:12–24, 56:7–57:23; TT 41:22–42:16 (Denner).
87
 JX 189 (April 19 Minutes: Morning-Afternoon) at 5; JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 56:7–57:23;
TT 41:22–42:16 (Denner).

                                            21
         1. Vanguard Advises Innoviva That It Will Be Voting for Two of
            Sarissa’s Nominees

         Shortly after noon on April 19, 2017, Aguiar spoke on the phone with

Vanguard representatives, who informed him that Vanguard would be voting for two

of Sarissa’s director nominees.88 Immediately following that call, Aguiar sought to

reconvene the Board for an emergency meeting.89 As of that morning, the Board

had assumed it would win the Vanguard vote but perhaps lose the BlackRock vote.90

With Vanguard announcing that it would be voting for two of Sarissa’s nominees,

however, one those assumptions went out the window. Accordingly, Aguiar sought

“to get the [B]oard together” as soon as possible to discuss the import of Vanguard’s

vote with respect to the proxy contest and Innoviva’s settlement discussions with

Sarissa.91

88
     TT 201:1–9 (Aguiar); see JX 221 (e-mail from Aguiar to Innoviva Board); PTO ¶ 92.
89
   TT 211:3–216:4 (Aguiar); JX 228 (e-mail chain dated April 19, 2017, including the
following emails from Aguiar to Innoviva’s Board: (1) email sent at 12:12 PM, in which
Aguiar advises that he “[j]ust spoke with Vanguard” and that Vanguard would be voting
“for 2 of the Sarissa nominees”; (2) email sent at 12:16 PM, in which Aguiar writes,
“I think we should have a call ASAP. Can we dial in at 12:20 EDT?”); JX 229 (e-mail
from Aguiar to Duncan, sent on April 19, 2017, at 12:33 PM, in which Aguiar writes, “It
is urgent that you [Duncan] jump on the call.”).
90
     TT 215:17–21 (Aguiar).
91
 TT 216:1–2 (Aguiar); id. at 211:3–215:23 (Aguiar); JX 228 (email chain among Board
members).

                                            22
           The Board reconvened at 12:30 PM for another telephonic meeting.92 Present

for this meeting were all of Innoviva’s directors except LePore, who was

unavailable.93 Also present were representatives of Innoviva’s proxy solicitor

(Innisfree) and financial advisor (Evercore).94 The sole topics for discussion were

how Vanguard’s anticipated vote affected the proxy contest and whether, given this

new information, Innoviva should approach Sarissa with a revised settlement

proposal.95 In connection with that discussion, representatives of Innisfree and

Evercore advised the Board that “of the index funds, [Vanguard] tends to be the most

management-friendly and, having lost [Vanguard’s] vote it was highly likely that the

92
     JX 189 (April 19 Minutes: Morning-Afternoon) at 5.
93
     Id.
94
     Id. at 3–5; JX 414 (Aguiar Dep.) at 62:1–64:13.
95
   JX 189 (April 19 Minutes: Morning-Afternoon) at 3–5; JX 414 (Aguiar Dep.) at 51:7–
25, 62:1–64:13. The minutes of the Board’s April 19 meetings (from 9:30 AM to 1:47 PM)
do not accurately state when Aguiar informed the Board of Vanguard’s stated voting
position (i.e., that it would vote for two of Sarissa’s nominees). See JX 189 (April 19
Minutes: Morning-Afternoon) at 3–4; JX 414 (Aguiar Dep.) at 51:7–25, 62:1–64:13.
The minutes indicate that Aguiar informed the Board of Vanguard’s intended vote before
11:00 AM on April 19. See JX 189 (April 19 Minutes: Morning-Afternoon) at 3. As of
11:00 AM on April 19, however, Aguiar had not yet heard from Vanguard regarding how
Vanguard intended to vote. See, e.g., JX 414 (Aguiar Dep.) at 51:7–25 (in which Aguiar
states that he had not been informed how Vanguard would be voting prior to 12:12 PM on
April 19, 2017); JX 228 (Aguiar’s e-mails to the Board). Thus, Aguiar could not have
informed the Board of Vanguard’s anticipated vote prior to 11:00 AM on April 19.
See JX 414 (Aguiar Dep.) at 51:7–25, 62:1–63:3; JX 228; Schroder v. Scotten, Dillon Co.,
299 A.2d 431, 440 (Del. Ch. 1972) (“Although the minutes of a directors’ meeting are the
best evidence of what took place there, [extrinsic] evidence is admissible to supplement or
contradict the events as reported in the minutes.”).

                                             23
[Board] would also lose [BlackRock’s] vote for at least two directors.”96 Tyree

concurred, “not[ing] that his call with representatives of [BlackRock] had been

lukewarm and [that] he agreed . . . it was unlikely that [BlackRock] would vote for

the Board’s nominees.”97 Tyree also informed the Board that he had spoken with

Denner, who had reiterated that Sarissa would not agree to a standstill.98 And so the

Board now had to determine whether Innoviva would continue to insist on the

standstill as a condition of the settlement.99 “Following a discussion, the Board

determined to recess again until 1:30 PM Eastern time when all the directors were

expected to be available.”100

           After the brief recess, the Board reconvened as planned for another telephonic

meeting. Aguiar opened this meeting with a bleak assessment: “Given the way that

[Vanguard had] voted, and that [Innoviva] was unlikely to receive [BlackRock’s]

vote, there was a high probability that at least two of Sarissa’s three candidates would

be elected to the [seven-member] Board.”101 The Board then discussed Innoviva’s

96
     JX 189 (April 19 Minutes: Morning-Afternoon) at 4.
97
     Id.
98
     Id. at 5.
99
     See, e.g., id.; TT 215:17–216:4 (Aguiar).
100
      JX 189 (April 19 Minutes: Morning-Afternoon) at 5.
101
   Id. at 5. This, of course, meant that two of the Board’s slate of nominees would lose
election and be replaced.

                                                 24
options going forward, and Grossman answered the Board’s questions about the

terms of the draft settlement agreement and the press release.102

          The Board next discussed Kostas’ suitability (or not) as a Board appointee and

reached “the consensus . . . that, based on circumstances then existing, Dr. Kostas

would be acceptable as a replacement for either Mr. Haimovitz or

Mr. Bickerstaff.”103 Tyree testified that this “was just a clarification around the fact

that any subset of [Sarissa’s three nominees] would be acceptable,”104 given that the

Board had already “vetted” each of the three.105

          After further discussion, the Board determined that Innoviva would agree to a

settlement with Sarissa—“without ‘standstill’ or non-disparagement provisions and

with a press release favorable to [Innoviva]”106—whereby Innoviva’s Board would

be expanded from seven to nine members and two of Sarissa’s three nominees would

102
      Id. at 6.
103
      Id. at 7.
104
      JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 65:3–4.
105
   JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 65:1–2. See also TT 248:19–249:8 (Aguiar) (confirming that
Tyree was authorized to convey to Denner that Innoviva would accept Kostas as one of
Sarissa’s two Board appointees); JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 35:9–15 (“Q: Now, on [April]
19th was it your understanding that [Innoviva’s] Board was willing to accept any two of
Sarissa’s three nominees? A: Yes. Q: And did you communicate that to Dr. Denner?
A: Yes.”).
106
      JX 189 (April 19 Minutes: Morning-Afternoon) at 7.

                                            25
be appointed as directors to fill the resulting Board vacancies.107 In anticipation of

Innoviva’s entry into a settlement with Sarissa on those terms, Innoviva’s Board

conditionally resolved to expand the Board from seven to nine members and to fill

the resultant Board vacancies with two Sarissa nominees (tentatively, Haimovitz and

Bickerstaff).108

          As the final step before the meeting broke, the Board authorized Tyree to

convey Innoviva’s revised proposal to Denner and “to attempt to settle with

Sarissa.”109 In that regard, Tyree was authorized to convey to Denner the following:

(1) that Innoviva would settle with Sarissa without a standstill; (2) that, as part of

that settlement, Innoviva would expand its Board from seven to nine members and

appoint two of Sarissa’s nominees to Innoviva’s expanded Board as directors; and

(3) that the settlement would require Sarissa to include a conciliatory quote about

107
      Id. at 7–8.
108
      Id. at 7–8.
109
   JX 384 (Tyree Aff.) ¶ 6 (Apr. 30, 2017); JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 64:1–9 (“Q: And what
were you instructed to do [by the Board]? A: To communicate the original two primary
components of a[] [settlement] agreement, [Innoviva will] take two of [Sarissa’s] directors,
you [i.e., Sarissa] have to say something nice about [Innoviva] and the third point which
was [Innoviva] won’t insist on standstill. Q: And the Board gave you authority to make
that proposal? A: It did.”); April 19 Innoviva Board Meeting Minutes at 8 (“[T]he Board
authorizes and requests that Mr. Tyree contact Dr. Denner to negotiate to see if a settlement
agreement including a press release between Sarissa and [Innoviva] c[an] be reached.”).

                                             26
Innoviva in the joint press release announcing the settlement.110 The meeting

adjourned at 1:47 PM.111

         At 2:02 PM, Grossman emailed DiPaolo a short draft settlement agreement

and press release.112 The draft agreement added some detail but reflected the

material settlement terms the Board had just authorized:

         1. “upon the issuance of the attached press release,” Sarissa agreed to
            withdraw its nomination notice, discontinue its proxy contest and
            drop its pending Section 220 action;113 and

         2. Innoviva agreed to (i) immediately increase the size of its Board to
            nine members, (ii) appoint Haimovitz and Bickerstaff as Innoviva
            directors, (iii) include Haimovitz and Bickerstaff “as nominees of
            the Board to stand for election as directors at [Innoviva’s] 2017
            Annual Meeting,” (iv) adjourn its 2017 Annual Meeting to “not later
            than May 19, 2017” so that the Board could revise its slate of
            director nominees accordingly and (v) file revised proxy materials,
            which would be subject to Sarissa’s review and comment.114

The “attached press release” stated that Sarissa and Innoviva had reached a

settlement (on the above terms) and contained proposed quotes from Waltrip

110
   JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 53:21–22; id. at 64:1–9; JX 189 (April 19 Minutes: Morning-
Afternoon) at 7–8.
111
      JX 189 (April 19 Minutes: Morning-Afternoon) at 8.
112
      JX 245 at 2–10.
113
      JX 245 at 2.
114
      JX 245 at 2–3.

                                            27
(the Chairman of Innoviva’s Board) and Denner, respectively, that Innoviva

believed were conciliatory.115

         2. Tyree and Denner Speak on the Phone and Reach a Deal

         At approximately 2:30 PM, Tyree connected with Denner over the phone to

convey the settlement proposal he had been authorized by the Board to make.116

Since Innoviva had abandoned its demand for a standstill, Denner was quick to

accept Innoviva’s proposal.117 And with that, Tyree and Denner reached agreement

on the essential terms of an Innoviva-Sarissa settlement.118

115
    JX 245 at 8. The proposed Waltrip quote read: “We are pleased to have reached this
agreement with Sarissa, enabling our Board and management team to focus our full
attention on growing Innoviva, and continuing to return value to our investors. It is clear
Sarissa, Mr. Bickerstaff and Mr. Haimovitz see the potential of Innoviva, and we respect
their willingness to work collaboratively to drive sustainable shareholder value today and
into the future. Our Board remains committed to delivering value to all investors.” Id.
The proposed Denner quote read: “I am happy to have reached this agreement with
Innoviva and believe that George [Bickerstaff] and Jules [Haimovitz] will be strong
additions to the Company’s Board in the shared goal of enhancing shareholder value.
Innoviva’s Board has demonstrated a willingness to accept shareholder input, and as a
shareholder, I look forward to future productive dialogue.” Id.
116
      TT 43:18–44:20 (Denner); JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 69:12–24.
117
      JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 69:16–24; TT 44:6–20 (Denner).
118
    See, e.g., JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 83:3–5 (“Q: And is it fair to say you believe that you
and [Denner] agreed to all of the high level necessary terms? A: Yes.”), 85:10–13
(“I had reached agreement with Alex Denner on the large, important terms that were
important to me as a director representing the Board.”); TT 46:6–11 (Denner) (“Q: And
what did you say [to Tyree regarding the implementation of the agreed-upon deal]? A: You
know, ‘We got the deal and let’s have the lawyers get it done.’ Q: So now that we’ve got
a deal, let’s just turn it over to the lawyers to put it together? A: Right.”).

                                            28
         At the end of their call, Tyree and Denner confirmed that they “had a deal”119

and that they would leave it to others on their respective teams to prepare the

“paperwork . . . to get it done.”120 Neither Tyree nor Denner indicated, however,

that the agreed-upon deal was contingent upon the execution of a written

agreement.121 Nor did Tyree indicate that the agreed-upon deal was subject to further

Board approval.122

         Shortly thereafter, Tyree spoke on the phone with Aguiar, and told Aguiar

“[what] was communicated [to Denner] and what [Tyree and Denner had] agreed on

the big ticket items . . . .”123 This call served as “[Tyree’s] hand-off to the remainder

of the Innoviva expanded team.”124 Denner, for his part, instructed Sarissa’s team

119
   JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 89:17 (“I told Alex Denner that we had a deal . . . .”); TT 44:18–
20 (Denner) (“Q: Did the two of you say, ‘We’ve got a deal’? A: Yes.”).
120
      JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 69:21; TT 46:6–8 (Denner) (same).
121
      See, e.g., JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 82:20–83:5; JX 398 (Denner Aff.) ¶ 5 (May 30, 2017).
122
      See, e.g., JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 69:16–70:7, 82:20–83:5; JX 398 (Denner Aff.) ¶ 5
123
      Id. at 70:24–25.
124
   Id. at 71:1–2; see also id. at 71:3–11 (“Q: And after that hand-off– A: I took a nap.
Q: –you took a nap. And that’s because it had been a pretty stressful several days and long
hours? A: No. I’ve been known to take a nap in the afternoon.”).

                                              29
(and its proxy solicitor) to stop soliciting proxies “[b]ecause we have a deal”125 and

told DiPaolo to work with Innoviva’s counsel to finalize the relevant documents.126

            3. The Parties’ Counsel Work to Memorialize the Agreed-Upon
               Settlement

            At 2:55 PM, DiPaolo emailed Grossman, noting that Denner and Tyree had

spoken and attaching a revised draft settlement agreement.127 The revised draft

contained three notable changes:

            1. the opening sentence was revised to state, “This letter agreement is
               to confirm our agreement”;128
            2. Kostas was substituted for Haimovitz as a Sarissa appointee;129 and
            3. per the revised draft, Innoviva “confirms, represents and warrants to
               Sarissa that, concurrently with the execution of this agreement”130—

               a. Innoviva “has” increased the size of its Board to nine members
                  and appointed Kostas and Bickerstaff as Innoviva directors;131
                  and
               b. Innoviva “agrees to” include Kostas and Bickerstaff as nominees
                  of the Board to stand for election as directors at Innoviva’s 2017

125
      TT 48:3 (Denner).
126
      TT 47:19–48:3 (Denner).
127
      JX 255.
128
      JX 255 at 2 (emphasis supplied).
129
      Id.
130
      Id.
131
      Id.

                                              30
                 Annual Meeting, and to use “reasonable best efforts to cause the
                 election of” both Kostas and Bickerstaff at that meeting.132

            Thereafter, at approximately 3:30 PM, DiPaolo and Grossman spoke on the

phone.133 On that call, the two reviewed the latest revisions to the draft settlement

agreement.134 Grossman indicated that all of DiPaolo’s comments were acceptable,

and that he (Grossman) just needed to run certain language by his co-counsel.135

Grossman and DiPaolo also discussed the issuance of a joint press release.136 During

the course of that discussion, the two agreed “to move the concept of issuing the

agreed-upon press release from a condition precedent to a covenant . . . .”137 Finally,

Grossman asked DiPaolo for Sarissa’s comments on Innoviva’s draft press

release.138 DiPaolo advised Grossman that Sarissa’s comments would be coming

shortly and would consist of reordering certain text, adding Kostas as one of the two

nominees and including a (revised) quote from Denner.139

132
      Id.
133
      TT 96:14–20 (DiPaolo); JX 412 (Grossman Dep.) at 105:19–107:11.
134
      TT 96:21–97:2 (DiPaolo), 271:15–272:24 (Grossman).
135
   TT 96:21–97:2 (DiPaolo), 297:15–300:22 (Grossman); JX 412 (Grossman Dep.) at
106:21–107:23.
136
      TT 98:3–99:5 (DiPaolo), 271:18–272:24 (Grossman)
137
      TT 300:16–18 (Grossman).
138
      TT 98:19–99:10 (DiPaolo), 272:14–24 (Grossman).
139
      TT 98:19–99:10 (DiPaolo), 272:14–24 (Grossman).

                                            31
         At 4:14 PM, Grossman’s associate emailed clean and marked-up versions of

the draft settlement agreement to DiPaolo.140          The Skadden versions of the

agreement contained the agreed-upon language, “This letter agreement is to confirm

our agreement.”141 The marked-up version also identified Kostas and Bickerstaff as

Sarissa’s nominees, consistent with Denner and Tyree’s agreement and

Sarissa’s prior draft.142 The clean version inadvertently omitted Kostas’s name

because of a typographical error.143 In addition, both versions provided that the

agreed-upon joint press release was to be issued “[a]s soon as practicable following

the execution of this letter agreement . . . .”144

         At 4:21 PM, Skadden forwarded its cover email and revised version of the

settlement agreement to Innoviva’s officers and advisors.145 Aguiar then sent a one-

word reply email: “OK.”146 Following a brief exchange between DiPaolo and

140
      JX 269.
141
   Id. at 2–13. I note that the Skadden versions of the agreement were not marked “draft.”
See id.
142
    See JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 69:16–24, 70:16–18; TT 43:18–44:20 (Denner); JX 269
at 2; JX 255 at 2.
143
      JX 269 at 9; PTO ¶ 108.
144
      JX 269 at 2, 9.
145
      JX 270.
146
      JX 276.

                                            32
Grossman’s associate regarding the timing of the press release, the parties’ counsel

agreed to replace the phrase “as soon as practicable” in the 4:14 PM version of the

agreement with “immediately.”147

          Thereafter, at 4:41 PM, DiPaolo emailed Innoviva’s legal team with Sarissa’s

comments on Innoviva’s draft press release.148             Sarissa’s comments included

revisions to Denner’s quote to include a reference to “GSK’s reluctance to support

necessary change” (presumably in reaction to GSK’s support of the incumbent

slate).149 DiPaolo’s email also stated, “Note that we don’t like tinkering with other

people’s quotes but we advise that Waltrip’s quote should at least acknowledge that

shareholders had issues and that the [B]oard listened . . . Just our advice. . .”150

          4. Innoviva’s Board Learns That BlackRock Would Vote in Favor of the
             Board’s Slate of Nominees and Abruptly Disengages With Sarissa

          At 4:43 PM, Innisfree sent an email to Innoviva’s officers and advisors

(including        Aguiar   and    Grossman)       with    the    message,      “WE      GOT

147
      JX 274 (e-mail chain between DiPaolo and Grossman’s associate).
148
      JX 278.
149
   Id. at 2. The revised Denner quote read, in full, as follows: “Sarissa is very grateful for
the overwhelming support we received from independent shareholders. Despite GSK’s
reluctance to support necessary change, independent shareholders were victorious in
bringing about this positive outcome. The new Innoviva will be focused on capital
allocation to optimize shareholder value. We look forward to working with the new board
for the benefit of all shareholders.” Id.
150
      Id. at 1.

                                             33
BLACKROCK!!!”151            For Innoviva and its Board, this was a critical albeit

unanticipated development. After Vanguard’s announcement that it would be voting

for Sarissa’s nominees, the Board had been operating on the understanding that its

nominees “w[ere] unlikely to receive [BlackRock’s] vote.”152 As it turned out,

however, BlackRock voted in favor of all seven of the Board’s director nominees.153

For his part, at least, Grossman “decided to kind of stop communicating with Sarissa

after th[e] BlackRock vote came in.”154

          Innoviva’s Board reconvened for a telephonic meeting at approximately

5:20 PM.155 Aguiar informed the Board that BlackRock had voted “in favor of all

seven of the Board’s [director] nominees . . . . ”156 Innisfree reported that “all of the

Board’s [director] nominees . . . were likely to be elected to the Board at [Innoviva’s

2017 Annual Meeting] and that none of the nominees put forth by Sarissa . . . were

151
      JX 279.
152
   JX 189 (April 19 Minutes: Morning-Afternoon) at 5; see TT 209:10–20 (Aguiar);
JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 54:24–55:22.
153
   See JX 279; JX 299 (Minutes of Innoviva Board Meeting on April 19, 2017 from
5:20 PM to 6:22 PM) (“April 19 Minutes: Evening”) at 2.
154
      TT 281:6–8 (Grossman).
155
      JX 299 (April 19 Minutes: Evening) at 1.
156
      Id. at 2.

                                             34
likely to be elected . . . .”157 Aguiar then advised the Board that “he had not executed

a signature page for the draft settlement agreement that was being circulated earlier

that afternoon.”158 After discussion, the Board determined that Innoviva would “not

continue with discussions with Sarissa” and would “instead proceed with the vote at

the 2017 Annual Meeting . . . .”159

            At approximately 7:00 PM, Grossman called DiPaolo and informed him of

the Board’s decision: Innoviva would not be proceeding with a settlement and

instead would “be going forward with” its 2017 Annual Meeting.160 Understandably

agitated, DiPaolo responded, “this is not going to go down this way.”161

            Tyree then emailed Denner at 7:35 PM, advising Denner that he “no longer

[had] the backing of the [B]oard.”162 Denner replied: “You cannot back out of an

157
      Id.
158
      Id. at 3.
159
      Id. at 5.
160
      TT 281:18–24 (Grossman).
161
      TT 282:6–7 (Grossman); see TT 109:17–21 (DiPaolo).
162
      JX 315.

                                            35
accepted deal. Innoviva agreed to the deal and your lawyers confirmed it. Please

call me [ASAP] . . . .”163 Tyree and Denner spoke later that night.164

      F. Innoviva’s 2017 Annual Meeting Is Held As Scheduled; Tyree Resigns
         From Innoviva’s Board

         Innoviva’s 2017 Annual Meeting was held as scheduled on April 20, 2017,

and Innoviva’s stockholders voted to elect all of the Board’s nominees. 165 At a

Board meeting later that morning, convened at Tyree’s request, Tyree told the other

directors that he disagreed with their decision to abandon the settlement with Sarissa,

that the decision was “impractical” and that he did not “do business th[at]

way . . . .”166   Tyree also commented that he “did not believe [Innoviva was]

anywhere close to being done with Sarissa moving forward”167 and recommended

that Innoviva immediately “open a channel of communication with Sarissa and that

the point person in those communications not be [Tyree].”168

163
      JX 317.
164
      TT 59:7–9 (Denner); JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 79:1–80:14.

  JX 380 at 2–4 (final report of election inspector on voting results at Innoviva’s 2017
165

Annual Meeting).
166
  JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 88:17–89:21; JX 355 (Minutes of Innoviva Board Meeting on
April 20, 2017 at 9:30 AM) (“April 20 Minutes”).
167
      JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 89:1–3.
168
      JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 89:6–8.

                                            36
         Ultimately, Tyree resigned from Innoviva’s Board on June 2, 2017,

notwithstanding that he was then being positioned to succeed Waltrip as the

Chairman of the Board.169 Tyree testified that Innoviva’s decision to abandon the

settlement with Sarissa was a factor in his decision to resign.170

      G. Procedural Posture

         Sarissa filed a “Verified Complaint Pursuant to 8 Del. C. § 225 and for

Specific Performance” (“Complaint”) with the Court on April 20, 2017—the day of

Innoviva’s 2017 Annual Meeting.171 In its Complaint, Sarissa claims that Denner

and Tyree’s phone call the afternoon of April 19, 2017 (the “2:30 PM Call”) gave

rise to a binding oral settlement agreement between Sarissa and Innoviva, and that

Innoviva has breached that agreement.172

169
      JX 381 (Tyree’s resignation letter); JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 11:24–12:7, 90:13–91:11.
170
    JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 90:17–91:11 (Q: “[D]id the Sarissa matter have anything to do
with your resignation, and if so, what? A: It did. Q: And could you tell us what[?] A: Well,
as I previously stated, I, in addition to performing my duties as a director, I also have to be
practical and I had felt for a long time that a practical solution to Sarissa was better than a
legal solution that would only temporarily interrupt the interaction. And I, to this day, I
still believe that[] the right thing to do is to look for a practical solution. So yes, Sarissa,
yes, Sarissa was a factor in my decision. Q: Did your concern that you didn’t do business
this way that you’ve previously discussed, did that factor into it? A: It did. Q: And it’s
because you don’t do business that way[?] A: I don’t do business this way.”).
171
      JX 383 (“Compl.”).
172
      Compl. ¶¶ 31, 36–39.

                                              37
          Under the parties’ settlement agreement, according to Sarissa, “two of

Sarissa’s nominees were to be added to the present seven directors of Innoviva,”

Sarissa would terminate its proxy contest and “withdraw its [then-pending] § 220

action” and “both sides would vote their proxies in favor of those nominees” at

Innoviva’s 2017 Annual Meeting, “which was to be adjourned until no later than

May 19, 2017.”173 Thus, Sarissa’s Complaint asks the Court to “specifically enforce

the terms of the parties’ agreement and order Innoviva . . . to expand the size of the

Board of Directors to nine and appoint Dr. Kostas and Mr. Bickerstaff to the

[B]oard.”174

          Innoviva moved to dismiss the Complaint pursuant to Court of Chancery

Rule 12(b)(6).175         Sarissa then filed an amended complaint (the “Amended

Complaint”) on May 12, 2017. Most notably, the Amended Complaint expressly

alleges that “[t]he parties also agreed to issue a joint press release, but [that] the

content of that press release was neither a material term of nor a condition to the[ir]

agreement.”176 The legal gravamen of the Amended Complaint, however, remains

173
   Compl. ¶¶ 4, 5, 31. Sarissa’s Complaint appears to acknowledge that, as part of the
(purported) settlement, the parties agreed to announce the settlement in a joint press release.
See Compl. ¶¶ 16, 19, 21, 23, 24, 38.
174
      Compl. ¶¶ 15, 16.
175
      D.I. 4.
176
      Am. Compl. ¶ 6.

                                              38
the same.177 Thus, Sarissa’s Amended Complaint contains the same breach-of-

contract claim and the same request for specific performance set forth in its original

Complaint.178

         Innoviva moved for summary judgment on the Amended Complaint.179

The Court denied that motion after determining the following genuine disputes of

material fact remained: (1) whether Tyree (or Grossman) had actual or apparent

authority to bind Innoviva to a settlement agreement with Sarissa without further

Board approval; (2) whether Tyree agreed on behalf of Innoviva that Kostas would

replace Haimovitz as Sarissa’s second designee to the Board; and (3) whether the

parties’ joint issuance of a mutually conciliatory press release was a material term

and/or condition precedent of the purported Sarissa-Innoviva settlement

agreement.180

         A one-day trial was held on July 27, 2017, following which the Court heard

post-trial oral argument on September 8, 2017.181 This is the Court’s post-trial

decision.

177
      Compare, e.g., Am. Compl. ¶¶ 52–59, with Compl. ¶¶ 35–42.
178
      Compare Am. Compl. at 27, with Compl. at 15–16.
179
      D.I. 22.
180
      D.I. 120 at 12:19–15:24.

  At post-trial oral argument, Sarissa’s counsel abandoned the allegation in Sarissa’s
181

Amended Complaint that a joint press release (with a conciliatory quote from Sarissa) “was
                                           39
                                        II. ANALYSIS

        Sarissa and Innoviva dispute whether they entered into a valid, enforceable

settlement agreement. By my lights, the parties’ dispute reduces to three issues:

        1. Whether Tyree had authority to bind Innoviva to an oral settlement
           agreement with Sarissa;

        2. If Tyree had such authority, whether the 2:30 PM Call created a
           binding Sarissa-Innoviva contract, viz.—whether Denner and Tyree
           then manifested mutual assent to bind their respective principals
           (Sarissa and Innoviva) to an oral settlement agreement with
           “sufficiently definite” terms; and
        3. If there is a binding oral settlement agreement between the parties,
           whether specific enforcement of that agreement is warranted.

        I address each issue in turn.

      A. Tyree Had Authority to Enter Into an Oral Settlement Agreement With
         Sarissa on Behalf on Innoviva

        An individual corporate director may negotiate a settlement on behalf of the

corporation—and bind the corporation to an agreed-upon settlement—provided the

director has actual or apparent authority to do so.182 For the reasons set forth below,

n[ot] a material term of . . . the parties’ agreement.” Am. Compl. ¶ 6; see D.I. 129 at 6:9–
14 (“[Sarissa] agree[s] that because [the press release] was a material term to Mr. Tyree,
and Dr. Denner has said he agreed to the deal, even though [Sarissa] hadn’t understood it
was a material term, [and] thought it was, of course, [an] implementing . . . term, it was a
material term.”).
182
    Arnold v. Soc’y for Sav. Bancorp, Inc., 678 A.2d 533, 540 & n.15 (Del. 1996)
(An individual director may “act[] as an agent of the corporation pursuant to [actual]
authority granted by the board or imposed by law.”); Schwartz v. Chase, 2010
WL 2601608, at *5 (Del. Ch. June 29, 2010) (An “agent[] appointed to engage in
settlement negotiations must possess [actual] or apparent authority to act on behalf of [the
                                            40
I conclude that Tyree had both actual and apparent authority to bind Innoviva to an

oral settlement agreement with Sarissa.

         1. Tyree Had Actual Authority

         Actual authority requires an extant agency relationship.183 An agency

relationship “arises when one person [or entity] (a ‘principal’) manifests assent to

another person [or entity] (an ‘agent’) that the agent shall act on the principal’s

behalf and subject to the principal’s control, and the agent manifests assent or

otherwise consents so to act.”184 Actual authority, then, “is created by a principal’s

manifestation to an agent that, as reasonably understood by the agent, expresses the

principal’s assent that the agent take action on the principal’s behalf.”185

         Where the principal is a corporation, such assent may be manifested in

provisions of the corporation’s certificate of incorporation or bylaws, or otherwise

through board action.186 Thus, a corporation’s governance documents may grant

agent’s principal]; otherwise a contract arising from those negotiations will not bind the
parties.”).
183
    See Billops v. Magness Constr. Co., 391 A.2d 196, 197 (Del. 1978) (“Actual authority
is that authority which a principal expressly or implicitly grants to an agent.”).
184
   Estate of Eller v. Bartron, 31 A.3d 895, 897 (Del. 2011) (quoting Restatement (Third)
of Agency § 1.01 (2006) [hereinafter, “Restatement Agency § __”]) (internal quotation
marks omitted); Restatement Agency § 1.04(5).
185
      Restatement Agency § 3.01.

  See Petition of Mulco Prods., Inc., 123 A.2d 95, 103 (Del. Super. Ct. 1956), aff’d sub
186

nom., Mulco Prods., Inc. v. Black, 127 A.2d 851 (Del. 1956).

                                           41
actual authority to certain of its directors and officers to bind the corporation in

contract—whether to a particular contract or type of contract, or more generally.187

Alternatively, a corporation’s board of directors, as such, may cause the corporation

to manifest assent that a particular director or officer shall have the power to bind

the corporation in contract, provided the corporation’s certificate and bylaws do not

prohibit such action by the board.188

         The scope of an agent’s actual authority is determined by the agent’s

reasonable understanding of the principal’s manifestations and objectives.189

Accordingly, “[a]n agent has actual authority to take action designated or implied in

the principal’s manifestations to the agent and [to take] acts necessary or incidental

to achieving the principal’s objectives, as the agent reasonably understands the

principal’s manifestations and objectives when the agent determines how to act.”190

187
   See Mulco Prods., 123 A.2d at 103; JX 8 (Innoviva Bylaws) § 7.7 (“The Chairman of
the Board, the President or any Vice President may execute . . . contracts . . . for or on
behalf of [Innoviva].”).
188
      See Arnold, 678 A.2d at 540 n.15; Mulco Prods., 123 A.2d at 103.
189
   See, e.g., Harmon, 62 A.3d at 1201 (“An agent acts with actual authority when, at the
time of taking action that has legal consequences for the principal, the agent reasonably
believes, in accordance with the principal’s manifestations to the agent, that the principal
wishes the agent so to act.”) (quoting Restatement Agency § 2.01) (internal quotation
marks omitted); Restatement Agency § 2.02(1).
190
      Restatement Agency § 2.02(1).

                                             42
      In this case, Tyree had actual authority to bind Innoviva to an oral settlement

agreement with Sarissa within certain parameters.191 This authority can be traced to

the express manifestations of Innoviva’s Board (and thus, Innoviva) prior to and

during the Board’s April 19 afternoon meeting (from 1:30 to 1:47 PM), and Tyree’s

reasonable understanding of those manifestations. Before that meeting, Innoviva’s

Board had appointed Tyree to act as Innoviva’s “lead negotiator” in settlement

discussions with Sarissa, and Tyree had accepted that appointment, thus creating a

specific agency relationship between Tyree and Innoviva.192           And during that

meeting, Innoviva’s Board manifested assent that Tyree contact Denner “to

negotiate to see if a settlement agreement including a press release between

Sarissa and [Innoviva] could be reached.”193         In that regard, the Board also

manifested assent that Tyree convey to Denner the following:

191
   I note that Innoviva’s bylaws do not prohibit individual Innoviva directors, as such,
from binding the corporation in contract. See JX 8 (Innoviva Bylaws) § 7.7.
192
   TT 171:7–9 (Friedman) (“Q: But [Tyree] was the lead negotiator [Innoviva’s] [B]oard
appointed. Right? A: That is correct.”); TT 256:10–11 (Grossman) (referring to Tyree as
Innoviva’s “lead negotiator”); JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 14:12–13 (“I was the primary point
person in [settlement] discussi[ons] with Dr. Denner.”).
193
    April 19 Innoviva Board Meeting Minutes at 8; see also Tyree Aff. ¶ 6 (“On the
afternoon of April 19, 2017, following a [B]oard meeting wherein I was authorized to
attempt to settle with Sarissa, I had a telephone call with Dr. Denner at approximately
1:30 pm [CT].”).

                                          43
          that Innoviva was willing to settle with Sarissa without a
            standstill;194

          that, as part of that settlement, Innoviva would expand its Board
            from seven to nine members and appoint any two of Sarissa’s
            nominees to the Board to fill the resulting vacancies;195 and
          that Sarissa would be required to include a conciliatory quote about
            Innoviva in the joint press release announcing the settlement.196
         The Board’s authorization of Tyree to offer these terms on the afternoon of

April 19, came in the midst of the Board’s expectation that BlackRock would vote

for “at least two” of Sarissa’s director nominees, meaning (1) that “at least two” of

Sarissa’s three nominees would be elected to the seven-member Board; and (2) that

“at least two” of Innoviva’s existing directors would be replaced.197 The Board also

expected that the final vote tally—including BlackRock’s vote—would be published

between 4:00 PM and 5:00 PM that day.198 And with the revelation of BlackRock’s

194
   JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 35:9–15 (“Q: Now, on [April] 19th was it your understanding
that [Innoviva’s] Board was willing to accept any two of Sarissa’s three nominees? A: Yes.
Q: And did you communicate that to Dr. Denner? A: Yes.”); id. at 64:1–9; see JX 189
(April 19 Minutes: Morning-Afternoon) at 7.
195
    JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 64:1–9; see JX 189 (April 19 Minutes: Morning-Afternoon)
at 7–8.
196
   JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 53:20–22, 64:1–9; see JX 189 (April 19 Minutes: Morning-
Afternoon) at 7 (referring to a “kumbaya press release”); JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 66:8–14
(“Q: Do you recall the term Kumbaya being used? A: Yes, unfortunately.”).
197
      JX 189 (April 19 Minutes: Morning-Afternoon) at 5; JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 61:1–16.
198
   See JX 414 (Aguiar Dep.) at 79:17–80:6; JX 189 (April 19 Minutes: Morning-
Afternoon) at 5.

                                            44
(expected) vote for Sarissa’s nominees, Sarissa would no longer have an incentive

to settle its proxy contest. Thus, for Innoviva’s Board, the “clock was ticking down”

for Innoviva to reach a binding settlement with Sarissa—and thereby avert an

(expected) electoral rout.199

       Under these circumstances, Tyree reasonably understood the Board’s

(and thus Innoviva’s) manifestations to him during the Board’s April 19 afternoon

meeting to express Innoviva’s assent that (1) within the Settlement Agreement

Parameters, Tyree was authorized to make an oral settlement offer on Innoviva’s

behalf; and (2) Denner’s oral acceptance of that offer (on Sarissa’s behalf) would

bind Innoviva to the settlement.200 And the record reflects that this was, in fact,

199
    TT 234:15–21 (Aguiar); see JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 61:16–62:11 (“Q: And the reason
[the Board’s discussions during its April 19 afternoon meeting] centered on a possible
settlement [with Sarissa] is because it looked likely at this time that [Innoviva] would lose
if it went to the [annual] meeting without a settlement, correct?” A: Correct.”).
200
    To reiterate, as of the Innoviva Board’s April 19 afternoon meeting, the Board expected
that “at least two” of Sarissa’s director nominees would be elected to the Board
(in lieu of management’s nominees) in the event Innoviva did not settle with Sarissa.
JX 189 (April 19 Minutes: Morning-Afternoon) at 5; JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 61:16–62:11.
That being so, it is not plausible that the Board then established an authority construct
requiring second-order approval of the same settlement terms that it authorized Tyree to
convey to Denner going into the 2:30 PM Call. Had the Board established such a construct,
it would have risked a time default—that Innoviva would fail to take the necessary approval
action(s) before the revelation of BlackRock’s (expected) vote for Sarissa’s nominees, and
would thereby forfeit the possibility of an Innoviva-Sarissa settlement. Simply put, I do
not believe that a sophisticated board like Innoviva’s would take such a risk. Indeed, at
trial, Aguiar could not articulate any plausible reason why the Board would have
established the aforementioned authority construct given the extreme time pressure to
conclude successfully the Sarissa-Innoviva settlement. See TT 249–251 (Aguiar). Stated
differently, what was there left to approve after the Board authorized Tyree to make a
                                             45
Tyree’s understanding.201 Accordingly, Tyree had actual authority to convey to

Denner an oral settlement offer on behalf of Innoviva (on the terms approved by the

Board) and to bind Innoviva to a settlement with Sarissa on those terms.202

settlement proposal and Denner accepted that proposal exactly as made? Aguiar had no
credible answer to that question. Id.

   It is also notable that Innoviva’s Board made no effort to reconvene before the
publication of the final vote tally—notwithstanding that Tyree spoke with Aguiar after the
2:30 PM Call and told him what “was communicated [to Denner]” and “what [was] agreed
on the big ticket items . . . .” JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 70:24–25. If the Board’s (re)approval
of the agreed-upon terms was necessary to bind Innoviva to a settlement with Sarissa on
those terms, then the Board ostensibly would have sought to reconvene a meeting to
(re)approve those terms before the revelation of BlackRock’s decisive vote—which the
Board expected would be cast in favor of Sarissa’s nominees. No such effort was made,
and for good reason. The Board well understood that the deal had been struck during the
2:30 PM Call and Sarissa could not back out of it.
201
    See JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 88:23–89:3 (“[During the Board’s April 20 morning
meeting,] I commented that from a personal standpoint I don’t do business the way
[Innoviva] had just concluded [its] business with Sarissa and I commented that I did not
believe that [Innoviva was] anywhere close to being done with Sarissa moving
forward . . . .”); id. at 89:14–18 (“Q: And when you said you didn’t do business the way
that [it] had been done here, what did you mean by that? A: I told Alex Denner we had a
deal and when I told him that, that’s what I believed.”). Taken in context, the import of
Tyree’s “we had a deal” testimony is that Innoviva and Sarissa had a deal. See Tyree
Dep. 70:8–13 (“Q: Now, had you [Tyree] said in conversations before that the press release
should have him [Denner] saying something nice? A: I never said him, I said you, and the
you was in reference to Sarissa not Alex Denner. You have to say something nice about
us [i.e., Innoviva].”). I pause here to note what I suspect is obvious from this Opinion—I
found Tyree to be an honorable businessman who offered refreshingly candid and credible
testimony to the Court with no reason or incentive to do otherwise.
202
    Innoviva argues that the “Board asked Tyree to contact Denner to see if a settlement
could be reached only ‘subject to the execution of a settlement agreement including a press
release acceptable to the company’s counsel and management.’” Def. Innoviva Inc.’s Post-
Trial Answering Brief [“DAB”] 53 (Aug. 25, 2017) (quoting JX 189 (April 19 Minutes:
Morning-Afternoon) at 8) (emphasis in original). Innoviva’s argument, however, is
inconsistent with the language of the Board resolution whereby Innoviva’s “Board
authorize[d] and request[ed] that Mr. Tyree contact Dr. Denner to negotiate to see if a
                                             46
         2. Tyree Had Apparent Authority

         Unlike actual authority, apparent authority does not depend on the existence

of an underlying agency relationship, and may arise even where no such relationship

exists.203 Apparent authority “is the power held by an agent or other actor to affect

a principal’s legal relations with third parties when a third party reasonably believes

the actor has authority to act on behalf of the principal and that belief is traceable to

settlement agreement including a press release between Sarissa and [Innoviva] could be
reached.” JX 189 (April 19 Minutes: Morning-Afternoon) at 8. The full authorizing
resolution, as reported in the minutes, was as follows:
      RESOLVED, that, subject to the execution of a settlement agreement including a
      press release acceptable to the Company’s counsel and management, the Board
      authorizes management to work with the Company’s counsel in drafting
      supplemental proxy materials relating to the adjourned 2017 Annual Meeting to be
      mailed to the Company’s stockholders, and that the Board authorizes and requests
      that Mr. Tyree contact Dr. Denner to negotiate to see if a settlement agreement
      including a press release between Sarissa and the Company could be reached. [Id.
      (emphasis supplied).]
The authorizing resolution’s “subject to” clause only modifies the immediately following
clause (concerning the drafting of supplemental proxy materials). See id. The “subject to”
clause does not modify the separate content clause regarding Tyree’s authority to “contact
Dr. Denner to negotiate to see if a settlement agreement including a press release between
Sarissa and [Innoviva] could be reached.” Id. Of course, all of this assumes that the
minutes accurately report the exact words of the authorizing resolution. In this regard,
I note that Tyree’s deposition testimony indicates that the minutes merely capture the
“substance” of that resolution, rather than its exact words. JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 68:24–
69:3 (“Q: And was [the authorizing resolution in the minutes] said in words or in
substance? A: Substance. This was a fast moving conversation that led to this resolution
being described.”); see Schroder, 299 A.2d at 440 (“Although the minutes of a directors’
meeting are the best evidence of what took place there, [extrinsic] evidence is admissible
to supplement or contradict the events as reported in the minutes.”).
203
      See Vichi v. Koninklijke Philips Elecs., N.V., 85 A.3d 725, 799 (Del. Ch. 2014).

                                              47
the principal's manifestations.”204 Thus, even if a person lacks actual authority to

bind an entity to a contract with a third party, the person still may have apparent

authority to do so.205 For instance, a non-agent director has apparent authority to

bind the corporation to a contract with a third party if (1) the third party reasonably

believes that the director has such authority; and (2) that belief is traceable to the

corporation’s manifestations.206

         A corporate principal may make a manifestation to a third party concerning

an agent’s authority “by placing [the] agent in charge of a transaction or situation.”207

In particular, where a corporate principal has designated an agent as its “exclusive

204
   Vichi, 85 A.3d at 799 (quoting Restatement Agency § 2.03) (internal quotation marks
omitted); see also Albert v. Alex. Brown Mgmt. Servs., Inc., 2005 WL 2130607, at *10
(Del. Ch. Aug. 26, 2005) (noting that “apparent authority is that authority which . . . the
principal holds [the agent] out as possessing.”).
205
      See Vichi, 85 A.3d at 799.
206
    See id.; cf. Int’l Boiler Works Co. v. Gen. Waterworks Corp., 372 A.2d 176, 177 (Del.
1977) (holding that an individual employed by a subsidiary of defendant corporation had
apparent authority to enter into a contract on the corporation’s behalf where “the
circumstances surrounding [the] negotiation of the transaction created the impression that
[the individual] was an employee of defendant [corporation]”).
207
    Restatement Agency § 3.03 cmt. b; id. (commenting that a corporate “principal may
make an additional manifestation by permitting or requiring the agent to serve as the third
party’s exclusive channel of communication to the principal.”); see, e.g., Int’l Boiler
Works, 372 A.2d at 177–78 (finding that apparent authority of employee of corporate
defendant’s subsidiary to bind defendant in contract was evidenced by defendant’s “bid
solicitation document,” which (1) “directed bidders to send all bids to [the employee] at
the office of defendant’s Heating Division in Philadelphia,” and (2) “instructed bidders to
submit any ‘questions regarding the technical aspects’ of the project” to the employee at
that same office).

                                            48
channel of communication” with a third party, that designation can “constitute a

manifestation of [the corporation’s] assent to be bound in accordance with . . .

communication[s]” made through that channel.208

         Here, the evidence clearly reveals that Tyree had apparent authority to bind

Innoviva to a settlement agreement with Sarissa. First, Denner, Sarissa’s principal,

believed that Tyree spoke on behalf of Innoviva’s Board (and so Innoviva), and thus

was authorized to enter into a settlement agreement on Innoviva’s behalf.209 Second,

it was reasonable for Denner to believe this. Tyree was Innoviva’s “lead negotiator”

in settlement discussions with Sarissa and the only Innoviva Board member with

whom Denner negotiated during the critical April 18–19 time period.210 In addition,

there is no evidence that Innoviva then communicated (or otherwise indicated) to

Denner that Tyree was not authorized to enter into a settlement agreement on

Innoviva’s behalf.211 Finally, Denner’s reasonable belief that Tyree was authorized

208
      Restatement Agency § 1.03 cmt. c.
209
   TT 45:16–22 (Denner); JX 317 (e-mail from Denner to Tyree, sent on April 19, 2017 at
7:42 PM, in which Denner writes, “You cannot back out of an accepted deal. Innoviva
agreed to the deal and your lawyers confirmed it”).
210
    PTO ¶ 70; TT 171:7–9 (Friedman); see TT 62:23–62:3 (Denner) (“Q: Once you got
down to actually attempting to negotiate a potential settlement, the only person that you
talked to from Innoviva was Mr. Tyree; right? A: Yes.”); TT 221:15–16 (Aguiar) (“Again,
Mr. Tyree was the one who had the communication channel with Dr. Denner[.]”).
211
   Indeed, the draft settlement agreement that Grossman sent to DiPaolo on April 19, 2017
at 2:02 PM could have stated (like prior drafts) that it would become effective only upon
execution, and thereby suggested that Tyree was without authority to bind Innoviva.
                                           49
to take such action on Innoviva’s behalf is traceable to Innoviva’s manifestations,

namely, (1) Innoviva’s having appointed Tyree as Innoviva’s “lead negotiator” in

settlement discussions with Sarissa; and (2) Innoviva’s having permitted Tyree to

serve as Innoviva’s exclusive channel of settlement-related communications with

Denner during the critical April 18–19 time period.212 For these reasons, I find that

Tyree had apparent authority to bind Innoviva to a settlement agreement with

Sarissa.

         3. There Was No Improper Delegation of the Board’s Duties

         Innoviva contends that Tyree “did not have authority . . . to enter into the

alleged oral agreement because this would involve an improper delegation of

See JX 245. Instead, the 2:02 PM draft agreement, as written, made clear that acceptance-
by-execution was not required. Id. At most, the 2:02 PM draft agreement invited
acceptance-by-execution, given that it included signature lines. Id. at 4–6.
See Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 30(1) (1981) [hereinafter, “Restatement
Contracts § __”] (“An offer may invite or require acceptance to be made by an affirmative
answer in words, or by performing or refraining from performing a specified act, or may
empower the offeree to make a selection of terms in his acceptance.”); Restatement
Contracts § 32 (“In case of doubt an offer is interpreted as inviting the offeree to accept
either by promising to perform what the offer requests or by rendering the performance, as
the offeree chooses.”). In theory, then, Sarissa and Innoviva could have manifested assent
to be bound by the 2:02 PM draft settlement agreement by starting to perform in accordance
with the terms of that agreement. See Restatement Contracts §§ 30(1), 32. Given the time
pressure on both parties to get the deal done, Grossman’s having sent the 2:02 PM draft
settlement agreement to DiPaolo is entirely consistent with Tyree’s having
apparent authority to bind Innoviva to an oral settlement agreement on the same
(or materially similar) terms.
212
      Restatement Agency § 3.03 cmt. b; see Int’l Boiler Works, 372 A.2d at 177–78.

                                             50
the Board’s fiduciary and statutory duties.”213            Specifically, Innoviva argues

that, under 8 Del. C. §§ 141(b), 223(a)(1) and Section 3.9 of Innoviva’s Bylaws,

“decisions regarding who should fill Board vacancies cannot be delegated to an

individual director or a third person, but must be decided by the entire Board acting

by majority vote.”214       Innoviva’s argument, however, misapprehends the facts

proven at trial and the statutory and bylaw provisions upon which it relies.

         Section 3.9 of Innoviva’s Bylaws is complementary to Section 3.2 of

Innoviva’s Bylaws, which provides that Board approval (by majority resolution) is

required to expand the size of the Board, consistent with 8 Del. C. § 141(b).215

Section 3.9, in turn, provides that newly created Innoviva directorships may only

be filled by a “majority vote of directors then in office,” consistent with 8 Del. C.

§ 223(a)(1).216 Nothing in this section prohibits a majority of Innoviva’s Board from

deciding (without a formal vote) who should fill “to-be-created” directorships and,

213
      DAB at 55.
214
      DAB at 56 (citing 8 Del. C. §§ 141(b), 223(a)(1) and Innoviva Bylaws § 3.9).
215
   Innoviva Bylaws § 3.2; 8 Del. C. § 141(b) (“A majority of the total number of directors
shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business unless the certificate of
incorporation or the bylaws require a greater number.”).
216
     Innoviva Bylaws § 3.9; 8 Del. C. § 223(a)(1) (“Unless otherwise provided in
[the corporation’s] certificate of incorporation or bylaws . . . [v]acancies and newly created
directorships resulting from any increase in the authorized number of directors . . . may be
filled by a majority of the directors then in office, although less than a quorum, or by a sole
remaining director[.]”).

                                              51
upon reaching a decision in that regard, authorizing an individual director to bind

the Board to that decision via contract. In other words, Section 3.9 does not prohibit

what happened here.

          During the Board’s April 19 afternoon meeting, the Board conditionally

resolved to expand the size of the Board from seven to nine members, consistent

with Section 3.2 of Innoviva’s Bylaws.217           This was done in anticipation of

Innoviva’s entry into a settlement with Sarissa.218 The Board also authorized

Tyree to represent (or offer) to Denner that the Board would appoint (presumably by

later vote) any two of Sarissa’s three nominees to the Board if the proxy contest was

settled.219 That is to say, if Sarissa accepted Innoviva’s settlement proposal, then

Innoviva’s Board would be expanded from seven to nine members, and

“a majority . . . of [the seven] directors then in office” would vote to appoint any two

217
      JX 189 (April 19 Minutes: Morning-Afternoon) at 8.
218
      See id.
219
    See TT 248:19–249:8 (Aguiar) (confirming that Tyree was authorized to convey to
Denner that Innoviva would accept Kostas as one of Sarissa’s two Board appointees);
JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 35:9–15 (“Q: Now, on [April] 19th was it your understanding that
[Innoviva’s] Board was willing to accept any two of Sarissa's three nominees? A: Yes.
Q: And did you communicate that to Dr. Denner? A: Yes.”), 67:14–22 (Q: You’ve
previously told us that the Board would take any two of [Sarissa’s] three [nominees],
correct? A: Yes, I did. Q: And that’s your understanding of what was decided [by the
Board]? A: Yes, it is. Q: So it was not your understanding that it was limited to Bickerstaff
and Haimovitz? A: It was not. Q: And do you recall being told in words or substance that
it was limited to Bickerstaff and Haimovitz? A: I do not.”).

                                             52
of Sarissa’s three nominees to fill the resulting Board vacancies—consistent with

Section 3.9 of Innoviva’s Bylaws.220

      Here, it was Innoviva’s Board that made the foregoing determinations, not

Tyree. Indeed, the settlement terms that Tyree was authorized to convey to Denner

were Innoviva’s settlement terms, i.e., the settlement terms approved by Innoviva’s

Board. Under these circumstances, as proven by Sarissa at trial, I am satisfied that

Tyree’s authority to bind Innoviva to an oral settlement agreement with Sarissa on

220
   Innoviva Bylaws § 3.9. The minutes of the Board’s April 19 afternoon meeting (drafted
after this litigation was initiated) state that the Board’s future performance of its
commitments to expand the Board’s size and seat two of Sarissa’s nominees will “be
subject to the execution of a settlement agreement including a press release acceptable to
[Innoviva’s] management and counsel.” JX 189 (April 19 Minutes: Morning-Afternoon)
at 8; JX 412 (Grossman Dep.) at 20:22–25:13. This “subject to” phraseology reflects that
the Board expected to have a settlement agreement signed and a press release issued before
the two Sarissa nominees were formally placed on the expanded Innoviva Board. The mere
presence of such language in the minutes, however, does not serve as credible evidence
that the Board actually intended to condition the settlement itself on the execution of a
writing or the issuance of an “acceptable” press release (or both). The credible testimony
of Tyree says otherwise. See JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 64:1–9 (“Q: And what were you
instructed to do [by the Board]? A: To communicate the original two primary components
of a[] [settlement] agreement, [Innoviva will] take two of [Sarissa’s] directors, [Sarissa]
ha[s] to say something nice about [Innoviva in the joint press release announcing the
settlement] and the third point which was [Innoviva] won’t insist on standstill. Q: And the
Board gave you authority to make that proposal? A: It did.”), 67:14–19 (Q: You’ve
previously told us that the Board would take any two of [Sarissa’s] three [nominees],
correct? A: Yes, I did. Q: And that’s your understanding of what was decided [by the
Board]? A: Yes, it is.”); see also TT 248:19–249:8 (Aguiar) (confirming that Tyree was
authorized to convey to Denner that Innoviva would accept Kostas as one of Sarissa’s two
Board appointees); Schroder, 299 A.2d at 440 (recognizing that events as reported in
corporate minutes may be supplemented or contradicted by extrinsic evidence).

                                            53
terms approved by Innoviva’s Board was entirely consistent with Section 141(b)’s

and 223(a)(1)’s requirements that the creation and filling of new directorships be

properly authorized by the board of directors in accordance with the corporation’s

governing documents.221

      B. Denner and Tyree Formed a Valid, Binding Contract Between Sarissa
         and Innoviva

            Sarissa claims that Denner and Tyree created a valid, binding contract

between Sarissa and Innoviva during the 2:30 PM Call. Innoviva disagrees and

argues (1) that “the parties never reached a meeting of the minds on all material

terms of a settlement”;222 and (2) that “the parties did not intend to enter into a

binding oral contract, but instead understood that any contract would be in an

executed written agreement.”223

            Under Delaware law, “the formation of a contract requires a bargain in which

there is a manifestation of mutual assent to the exchange and a consideration.”224

A valid contract exists when (1) the parties have made a bargain with “sufficiently

definite” terms; and (2) the parties have manifested mutual assent to be bound by

221
      8 Del. C. §§ 141(b), 223(a)(1).
222
      DAB at 30.
223
      Id.
224
      Wood v. State, 2003 WL 168455, at *2 (Del. Jan. 23, 2003) (ORDER).

                                             54
that bargain.225 The presence or absence of such mutual assent “is to be determined

objectively based upon the[] [parties’] expressed words and deeds as manifested at

the time rather than by their after-the-fact professed subjective intent[.]”226 In this

regard, the relevant inquiry is:

         [W]hether a reasonable negotiator in the position of one asserting the
         existence of a contract would have concluded, in that setting, that the
         agreement reached constituted agreement on all of the terms that the
         parties themselves regarded as essential and thus that that agreement
         concluded the negotiations . . . .227

         A contract need not be in writing to be valid: “Where the objective,

contemporaneous evidence indicates that the parties have reached an agreement,

they are bound by it, regardless of its form or the manner in which it was

manifested.”228 Thus, if an oral settlement agreement meets the requisites of a valid

contract, it will bind the parties the same as a written settlement agreement.229

         Moreover, “‘the fact that the parties [to an oral agreement] manifest an

intention to prepare and adopt a written memorial’ will not prevent contract

formation if the evidence reveals ‘[m]anifestations of assent that are in themselves

225
      Osborn ex rel. Osborn v. Kemp, 991 A.2d 1153, 1158 (Del. 2010).
226
      Debbs v. Berman, 1986 WL 1243, at *7 (Del. Ch. Jan. 29, 1986) (citation omitted).
227
      Leeds v. First Allied Connecticut Corp., 521 A.2d 1095, 1097 (Del. Ch. 1986).
228
      Debbs, 1986 WL 1243, at *7.
229
    See, e.g., Rowe v. Rowe, 2002 WL 1271679, at *3 (Del. Ch. May 28, 2002) (“Oral
settlement agreements reached among the parties to a dispute are binding.”).

                                             55
sufficient to conclude a contract.’”230 Indeed, “[w]here a settlement agreement has

been reached, ‘the fact, alone, that it was the [parties’] understanding that the

contract should be formally drawn up and [executed], [does] not leave the

transaction incomplete and without binding force, in the absence of a positive

agreement that it should not be binding until so reduced to writing and formally

executed.”231

         Here,    “the    objective,   contemporaneous    evidence”     reflects   that

Denner (for Sarissa) and Tyree (for Innoviva) reached agreement on the essential

terms to settle the proxy contest during their 2:30 PM Call on April 19. Given the

exigencies under which that agreement was reached, a “reasonable negotiator . . .

would have concluded that the agreement reached constituted agreement on all of

the terms that [Sarissa and Innoviva] themselves regarded as essential and thus[,]

that that agreement concluded the [parties’] negotiations.”232 At the risk of telling a

Sisyphean tale, a review (again) of the timeline in which these parties negotiated

their deal provides vivid color to a picture that leaves little doubt that

230
   Loppert v. WindsorTech, Inc., 865 A.2d 1282, 1288 (Del. Ch. 2004) (quoting
Restatement Contracts § 27).
231
   Whittington v. Dragon Gp. L.L.C., 2013 WL 1821615, at *3 (Del. Ch. May 1, 2013)
(quoting Loppert, 865 A.2d at 1285 (emphasis in original)).
232
      Leeds, 521 A.2d at 1097.

                                           56
“a manifestation of mutual assent to the exchange and a consideration” occurred

here.233

         As noted, Sarissa and Innoviva started to discuss a potential settlement in

earnest on April 18. Denner and Tyree held several telephone conversations that

day regarding the components of a potential settlement. In these conversations,

Sarissa’s “bid” was “two directors, no standstill,” and Innoviva’s “ask” was “two

directors, a standstill, and [a press release in which Sarissa would] say something

nice about [Innoviva].”234 Eventually, Tyree asked Denner to put Sarissa’s position

into writing so that Tyree could show it to Innoviva’s Board.235 At 6:31 PM on

April 18, Denner sent the following e-mail (drafted by DiPaolo) to Tyree:

         The [B]oard would today resolve to increase its size by two and
         immediately add George Bickerstaff and Jules Haimovitz to the
         [B]oard and would also resolve today to add these two directors to the
         slate for the 2017 [Annual] [M]eeting. The [B]oard would then send
         out new proxy materials with the reconstituted slate. Sarissa would
         agree to withdraw its nomination notice and not nominate anyone at the
         meeting. Sarissa would also agree to drop its 220 request. All of this
         would be announced by the company in a press release today and an 8-
         K filing tomorrow. Sarissa would also this announce in a press release
         today and an SEC filing tomorrow. This may require a short

233
      Wood, 2003 WL 168455, at *2.
234
      JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 34:5–6; TT 31:14–32:6, 37:7–38:6 (Denner).
235
      TT 32:7–13 (Denner); see JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 45:3–18.

                                            57
         adjournment. [Grossman] and I should exchange emails confirming
         both sides have agreed to do this.236

         Following a telephonic meeting of Innoviva’s Board at 7:30 PM, Tyree and

Denner had another phone call later that evening.237            During that call, Tyree

reiterated to Denner the essential terms of Innoviva’s settlement proposal: Innoviva

would appoint two Sarissa nominees to the expanded (nine-member) Innoviva

Board, subject to a standstill; and the parties would announce the settlement in a

conciliatory joint press release.238      Denner’s response was, “two directors, no

standstill, and [Sarissa would] work on the press announcement to make it

so that [Sarissa and Innoviva] look like we’re shaking hands and getting

[the proxy contest] behind us.”239 The parties were negotiating in circles.

         At 11:28 PM on April 18, Grossman (at the Board’s direction) emailed a draft

settlement agreement to DiPaolo.240         The terms of that draft agreement were

consistent with the terms outlined in Sarissa’s 6:31 PM e-mail in all material

respects, except that the draft agreement provided (1) that Sarissa must agree to a

236
      JX 149.
237
      JX 189 (April 19 Minutes: Morning-Afternoon) at 3–4; JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 53:13–
22.
238
      JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 53:13–22; JX 189 (April 19 Minutes: Morning-Afternoon) at 3–
4.
239
      JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 53:20–22; TT 37:7–38:6 (Denner).
240
      See JX 164 (April 18 Skadden Draft Agreement).

                                            58
one-year standstill;241 and (2) that it (the draft agreement) would “become effective”

only when its signature pages were “signed by each of the Parties and delivered to

the other Party . . . .”242 Mindful of the urgency, DiPaolo sent a reply e-mail to

Grossman at 3:32 AM on April 19, 2017, stating, “We are not philosophically

opposed to having a very simple agreement without a standstill. Unfortunately, I

don’t think there is time to get this done via agreement. Our deal is very simple and

shouldn’t require any agreement. . . .”243 Grossman replied five minutes later that

he would “convey [Sarissa’s] view to [Innoviva’s Board].”244

            At this juncture, then, the essential disconnect between the parties was

whether the contemplated Sarissa-Innoviva settlement would include a standstill—

not whether the settlement would require a written agreement. To the extent it was

still an open issue at this point whether the contemplated settlement would require a

written agreement to take effect (the evidence does not suggest this), it does not

appear that either party manifested that a written, signed agreement was a sine qua

non of the settlement.

241
      Id. §§ 1(a)–(c), 2.
242
      Id. § 10.
243
      JX 171.
244
      Id.

                                           59
         As of the morning of April 19, Innoviva continued to insist on a standstill.245

And Sarissa, in turn, continued to reject a standstill.246 The parties thus remained at

an impasse. Innoviva’s position changed, however, once Innoviva’s Board learned

that Vanguard would be voting for Sarissa’s director nominees.247 Having lost

Vanguard’s vote, Innoviva’s Board expected that it would lose BlackRock’s vote as

well, making it highly likely that “at least two” of Sarissa’s three candidates would

be elected to the Board in place of two of Innoviva’s nominees.248

         From its perspective, the Board was on the brink of an electoral shellacking

when it met at 1:30 PM the afternoon of April 19. During that meeting, the Board

determined (1) that Innoviva would settle with Sarissa without a standstill; (2) that,

as part of that settlement, Innoviva would expand its Board from seven to nine

members and appoint two of Sarissa’s nominees to Innoviva’s expanded Board as

directors; and (3) that the settlement would require Sarissa to include a conciliatory

quote about Innoviva in the joint press release announcing the settlement.249 Tyree

245
      See, e.g., JX 189 (April 19 Minutes: Morning-Afternoon) at 3–5.
246
      Id. at 5; JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 56:7–57:23; TT 41:22–42:16 (Denner).
247
    See, e.g., JX 189 (April 19 Minutes: Morning-Afternoon) at 5–8; JX 421 (Tyree Dep.)
at 64:1–9.
248
   JX 189 (April 19 Minutes: Morning-Afternoon) at 5; JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 61:16–
62:11.
249
    JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 64:1–9; see JX 189 (April 19 Minutes: Morning-Afternoon)
at 7–8.

                                             60
was authorized to convey the foregoing settlement terms to Denner and “to negotiate

to see if a [Sarissa-Innoviva] settlement agreement [on those terms] . . . could be

reached.”250

         Shortly thereafter, at 2:02 PM, Grossman (at the Board’s direction) emailed

DiPaolo a short draft settlement agreement and press release.251 The draft agreement

captured the terms just authorized by the Board along with additional details that had

been agreed to early on in the parties’ negotiations.252 Significantly, unlike the

April 18 draft agreement, this draft agreement did not provide that it would “become

effective” only when its signature pages were “signed by each of the Parties and

delivered to the other Party . . . .”253

         At approximately 2:30 PM, Tyree placed the key phone call to Denner.254

When the two connected, Tyree conveyed Innoviva’s revised settlement proposal,

which matched the terms he had been authorized to offer by the Board. 255 These

terms, in essence, matched the terms Sarissa had been asking for since at least the

250
      JX 189 (April 19 Minutes: Morning-Afternoon) at 8.
251
      JX 245.
252
   JX 245 at 2–3; see JX 164 (April 18 Skadden Draft Agreement) §§ 1(a)–(c); JX 149
(April 18 Sarissa Settlement Proposal E-Mail).
253
      Compare JX 164 (April 18 Skadden Draft Agreement) § 10, with JX 245 at 2–4.
254
      TT 43:18–44:5 (Denner); JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 69:12–24; see also Tyree Aff. ¶ 6.
255
      JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 69:16–19; TT 43:18–44:20 (Denner).

                                             61
night before. Not surprisingly, then, Denner promptly accepted Innoviva’s proposal

on behalf of Sarissa without reservation, thereby resolving the last open item

between the parties (the standstill).256 Accordingly, at the conclusion of the 2:30 PM

Call, Denner and Tyree confirmed that they “had a deal” and that they would leave

it to others on their respective teams to prepare the “paperwork . . . to get it done.”257

Neither Tyree nor Denner indicated, however, that the settlement was contingent

upon the execution of a written agreement or the finalization of the joint press

release.258 Nor did Tyree indicate that the agreed-upon deal was contingent upon

256
    JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 69:16–24; TT 44:6–20 (Denner). Insofar as Denner believed
that Sarissa did not agree to a conciliatory joint press release as a “term” of the Sarissa-
Innoviva settlement, see TT 77:18–78:5 (Denner), Denner’s subjective belief in this regard
is of no legal import. “Under Delaware law, ‘overt manifestation of assent—not subjective
intent—controls the formation of a contract.’” Black Horse Capital, LP v. Xstelos Hldgs.,
Inc., 2014 WL 5025926, at *12 (Del. Ch. Sept. 30, 2014) (citation omitted). Thus, the
relevant inquiry is what a reasonable negotiator in Tyree’s position would have understood
Denner (and Sarissa) to have agreed to. See Leeds, 521 A.2d at 1097. In this regard, I note
that Tyree—the model of a reasonable negotiator—understood that Denner (and Sarissa)
had agreed that Sarissa would include a conciliatory quote about Innoviva in the joint press
release announcing the settlement. See JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 83:3–9 (“Q: And is it fair
to say you believe that you and [Denner] agreed to all of the high level necessary terms?
A: Yes.”), 85:10–13 (“I had reached agreement with Alex Denner on the large, important
terms that were important to me as a director representing the Board.”); TT 46:20–47:4
(Denner) (“Q: But you understood that there would be a press release; right? A: Yes. Q:
And you understood that it would be conciliatory? A: Obviously, yeah. Q: And you
assumed that Mr. Tyree assumed the same thing; right? A: Yes.”).
257
      JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 69:21; TT 46:6–8 (Denner) (to the same effect).
258
      See JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 82:20–83:5; JX 398 (Denner Aff.) ¶ 5.

                                             62
further approval by Innoviva’s Board.259 Indeed, at this juncture, the overriding

objective—for both parties—was to get the deal done.

         Insofar as the parties might have understood that the agreement reached by

Denner (for Sarissa) and Tyree (for Innoviva) “should be formally drawn up and

[executed],” the evidence makes clear that parties did not positively agree that such

agreement “should not be binding until so reduced to writing and formally

executed.”260      Here, the manifestations of assent made by Denner and Tyree,

respectively, during their 2:30 PM Call were “in themselves sufficient to conclude

a[n] [oral] contract” between Sarissa and Innoviva.261

         Following the 2:30 PM Call, the parties’ attorneys set about memorializing

their settlement agreement in writing.           Thus, the parties’ attorneys revised

Grossman’s 2:02 PM draft letter agreement to (1) state that the letter’s purpose was

“to confirm our agreement”;262 and (2) “move the concept of issuing the agreed-upon

259
   See JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 69:12–70:7, 82:20–83:5, 89:17–18; TT 45:16–22, 57:24–
58:19 (Denner); JX 398 (Denner Aff.) ¶ 5.
260
   Whittington, 2013 WL 1821615, at *3. See also Loppert, 865 A.2d at 1288 (“‘the fact
that the parties [to an oral agreement] manifest an intention to prepare and adopt a written
memorial’ will not prevent contract formation if the evidence reveals ‘[m]anifestations of
assent that are in themselves sufficient to conclude a contract.’”) (quoting Restatement
Contracts § 27).
261
      Loppert, 865 A.2d at 1288.
262
  JX 269 at 9 (Skadden Version of Letter Agreement (Clean), as of 4:14 PM on April 19,
2017).

                                            63
press release from a condition precedent to a covenant . . . .”263 Such revisions reflect

the attorneys’ shared understanding that Sarissa and Innoviva had already reached a

deal.264    By 4:30 PM, the parties’ attorneys had finalized the language of a

confirmatory letter agreement.265

         Thereafter, at 4:42 PM, DiPaolo emailed Grossman with Sarissa’s comments

on Innoviva’s draft press release.266 If BlackRock’s vote for the Board’s nominees

had not come in when it did (at 4:43 PM), Sarissa and Innoviva undoubtedly would

have finalized the joint press release language, as well.267            After learning of

263
    TT 300:16–18 (Grossman). This distinction between “condition precedent” and
“covenant” is significant, as is Innoviva’s assent to revise the letter agreement to make the
press release a “covenant” rather than a “condition precedent” of the settlement. The press
release as a “condition precedent” would allow Innoviva to walk away from the settlement
if Sarissa failed to perform; the press release as “covenant” would allow Innoviva to sue
for breach of contract if Sarissa failed to perform. See TT 301:4–15 (Grossman)
(characterizing a “condition precedent” as event that must occur before a deal can “come
into effect,” and a “covenant” as “an agreement to do something”). Non-performance of
the “covenant,” however, would not provide a basis for Innoviva to walk away from the
deal (unless, of course, Sarissa committed a material breach of the press release term after
the parties engaged in good faith negotiations of the press release language). See TT 301:1–
15 (Grossman); BioLife Sols., Inc. v. Endocare, Inc., 838 A.2d 268, 278 (Del. Ch. 2003).
264
    Cf. Trexler v. Billingsley, 166 A.3d 101 (Del. 2017) (TABLE) (“The parties’ actions
following the deal are also informative” in determining whether they mutual assented to be
bound.).
265
   See JX 274 (e-mail chain between DiPaolo and Innoviva’s legal team, timestamped as
of 4:29 PM on April 19, 2017).
266
      JX 278.
267
    Innoviva’s rejection of Sarissa’s comments on the 2:02 PM draft press release does not
allow Innoviva to escape its contractual obligations. I do not doubt that Innoviva found
Sarissa’s comments on the draft press release irksome. See TT 162:15–164:4 (Friedman);
                                             64
BlackRock’s vote, however, Innoviva abruptly terminated all settlement-related

communications with Sarissa.268

         The foregoing narrative, fully supported by the preponderance of the evidence

in the trial record, compels the conclusion that Sarissa carried its burden to prove

that the parties entered a binding contract during the 2:30 PM Call comprised of the

following terms (the “Sarissa-Innoviva Settlement Agreement”):

         1. Innoviva was required to expand its Board from seven members to
            nine and add any two of Sarissa’s three nominees to the Board as
            directors, without requiring a standstill;269

TT 204:6–205:9 (Aguiar). Nevertheless, Innoviva was contractually obligated to make a
good faith effort to finalize the language of the parties’ press release as a “covenant” of the
deal. See Titan Inv. Fund II, LP v. Freedom Mortg. Corp., 2012 WL 1415461, at *10 (Del.
Super. Ct. Mar. 27, 2012) (“In every contractual relationship there is an obligation for the
parties to act with good faith towards accomplishing the terms of their agreement.”), aff’d
in relevant part, 58 A.3d 984 (Del. 2012) (TABLE) (“[T]he Superior Court correctly
determined that [the cross-appellant] breached the [parties’ agreement] . . . by ceasing to
continue negotiations with [the cross-appellee] in good faith.”). It failed to do so. See,
e.g., JX 278 (email from DiPaolo to Grossman, sent on April 19, 2017 at 4:42 PM, attaching
Sarissa’s comments on Innoviva’s draft press release (JX 245 at 8)); TT 106:20–22
(DiPaolo) (“Now, did you ever receive any comments from Innoviva or their counsel on
[Sarissa’s 4:42 PM] markup [of Innoviva’s draft press release]?” A: I did not.”).
268
    See, e.g., TT 281:6–13 (Grossman) (acknowledging that Grossman “decided to kind of
stop communicating with Sarissa after th[e] BlackRock vote came in” at 4:43 PM, and
stating that Innoviva’s Board “ultimately decided to instruct [him] to terminate the
discussions [he was] having” with Sarissa).
269
      See JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 69:16–24; TT 44:6–20 (Denner).

                                              65
       2. Sarissa was required to terminate its proxy contest, withdraw its
          nomination notice and dismiss its pending books-and-records action
          against Innoviva;270

       3. Sarissa and Innoviva were required to issue a mutually conciliatory
          joint press release announcing the settlement;271 and

270
   Sarissa had already agreed to terminate its proxy contest and dismiss its Section 220
case if the parties reached a settlement on Sarissa’s board nominees. See, e.g., JX 149
(April 18 Sarissa Settlement Proposal E-Mail) (“Sarissa would agree to withdraw its
nomination notice and not nominate anyone at the [2017 Innoviva Annual Meeting] . . .
[and] would also agree to drop its 220 request.”); JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 53:20–22;
TT 37:7–38:6 (Denner). The only material open issue between the parties, as stated, was
the standstill agreement (and perhaps the press release). Thus, Tyree reasonably
understood that there was no need to revisit closed issues during the 2:30 PM Call.
See, e.g., JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 39:21–40:5, 45:3–18, 70:3–7.
271
    See, e.g., JX 421 (Tyree Dep.) at 53:18–22, 69:12–24, 83:3–9; TT 38:18–24 (Denner).
In this regard, I note that, ordinarily, the Court would hesitate to specifically enforce a
contract requiring the parties to issue a “mutually conciliatory” joint press release. Absent
some objective indication of the meaning that a reasonable negotiator in the place of the
parties would have attached to that concept, the Court would lack a sound basis to
determine whether a particular press release was, in fact, mutually conciliatory in the
relevant sense. See Centreville Veterinary Hosp. v. Butler-Baird, 2007 WL 1965538, at *8
(Del. Ch. July 6, 2007) (“‘[A]n agreement to agree in the future without any reasonably
objective controlling standards is unenforceable.’”) (emphasis supplied) (citation omitted).
Here, however, there exists an objective reference point for what a reasonable negotiator
in the place of Sarissa and Innoviva, respectively, would have understood to constitute a
mutually conciliatory press release; namely, the draft press release that Innoviva’s counsel
sent to Sarissa’s counsel at 2:02 PM on April 19, 2017. JX 245 at 8. Sarissa, for its part,
has indicated that it is (and would have been) willing to accept the language of that press
release. D.I. 129 at 43:1–2 (stating that Sarissa is “quite willing to take the language from
Innoviva’s first draft [of the press release]”); id. at 53:4 (stating that Sarissa will “take the
first press release[’s] language”); TT 54:1–5 (Denner) (“Q: And, frankly, if [Innoviva had]
come back to [Sarissa] and said, ‘We’re not going to make any changes [to the 2:02 PM
draft press release], it’s the quote [Innoviva] gave [Sarissa] or nothing,’ what would
[Sarissa] have done? A: [Sarissa] still would have done it.”). I am satisfied that these
circumstances allow for specific performance of the press release element of the parties’
agreement (fully appreciating that changed circumstances (e.g., this litigation) will likely
require some further edits to what is delivered to the press should the parties determine that
a press release is still appropriate).

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         4. Innoviva was required to issue new proxy materials with Sarissa’s
            nominees on the Board’s slate of nominees prior to Innoviva’s 2017
            Annual Meeting, and—if necessary—to adjourn the Annual
            Meeting (for no more than thirty days) to enable the preparation and
            issuance of those new materials.272

      C. Specific Enforcement of the Sarissa-Innoviva Settlement Agreement is
         Warranted.

         “Specific performance is an equitable remedy designed to protect a party’s

expectations under a contract by compelling the other party to perform its agreed

upon obligation.”273 Specific performance is not granted as a matter of right “and

its appropriateness rests in the sound discretion of the court.”274 A party seeking

specific performance must prove by clear and convincing evidence (1) the existence

of a valid, enforceable contract; (2) the “essential elements” of that contract; and

(3) the absence of an adequate legal remedy.275 The party seeking relief must also

272
   Given the evidence of the parties’ negotiations and correspondence prior to Denner and
Tyree’s 2:30 PM Call on April 19, a reasonable negotiator in Denner’s position would have
understood that Innoviva agreed to take such actions. See, e.g., JX 149 (April 18 Sarissa
Settlement Proposal Email); JX 164 (April 18 Skadden Draft Agreement). Here again, I
appreciate that changed circumstances may render this settlement term no longer feasible
or practicable.
273
  W. Willow-Bay Court, LLC v. Robino-Bay Court Plaza, LLC, 2007 WL 3317551, at *12
(Del. Ch. Nov. 2, 2007), aff’d, 985 A.2d 391 (Del. 2009).
274
      W. Willow-Bay Court, 2007 WL 3317551, at *13.
275
  See, e.g., Osborn, 991 A.2d at 1158; Deene v. Peterman, 2007 WL 2162570, at *5 (Del.
Ch. July 12, 2007).

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establish that it is “ready, willing and able to perform”276 its contractual obligations,

and that the “the ‘balance of the equities’ . . . favor[s] granting specific

performance.”277

         Here, Sarissa has established by clear and convincing evidence the predicates

for specific enforcement of the Sarissa-Innoviva Settlement Agreement. First, as

discussed at length above, that Agreement is a valid, binding contract. Second, as

discussed above, the essential elements of that contract are “clear and definite.”278

Third, Sarissa is without an adequate legal remedy, as no sum of money damages

would fully compensate Sarissa for its loss of the opportunity to secure

representation on Innoviva’s Board.279 Fourth, it is clear that Sarissa was ready, able

and willing to perform its obligations under the Sarissa-Innoviva Settlement

Agreement on April 19, 2017. Indeed, after the 2:30 PM Call on April 19, Denner

immediately instructed Sarissa’s team (and its proxy solicitor) to stop soliciting

276
      Osborn, 991 A.2d at 1158.
277
      W. Willow-Bay Court, 2007 WL 3317551, at *13.
278
   M. F. v. F., 172 A.2d 274, 276 (Del. Ch. 1961) (“[A] party seeking specific performance
must rest [its] case on an agreement which is clear and definite and in which there is no
need for the Court to be asked to supply essential contractual elements[.]”) (citation
omitted).
279
   See Collins v. Am. Int’l Gp., Inc., 1998 WL 227889, at *6 (Del. Ch. Apr. 29, 1998)
(“The remedy of specific performance . . . ‘is designed to take care of situations where the
assessment of money damages is impracticable or somehow fails to do justice.’” (citation
omitted)), aff’d sub nom., Am. Int’l Gp. v. Collins, 719 A.2d 947 (Del. 1998).

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proxies “[b]ecause [Sarissa and Innoviva] have a deal”280 and told DiPaolo to work

with Innoviva’s counsel to finalize the relevant documents (including the press

release).281 And the record reflects that DiPaolo did just that.282 In addition, Sarissa,

through its counsel, has manifested that it remains ready, willing and able to perform

its obligations under the Sarissa-Innoviva Settlement Agreement going forward.283

         Finally, the “balance of equities . . . favor[s] granting specific performance”

here.284 When Innoviva’s Board met on April 19 from 1:30 PM to 1:47 PM, the

Board expected that BlackRock would vote for “at least two of” Sarissa’s director

nominees, such that “at least two” of Sarissa’s nominees would be elected to the

Board to replace two incumbent directors.285 At this juncture, the Board determined

that it would be in the best interests of Innoviva’s stockholders for Innoviva to settle

with Sarissa on the terms that Denner (for Sarissa) and Tyree (for Innoviva)

280
      TT 48:3 (Denner).
281
      TT 47:19–48:3 (Denner).
282
    See TT 96:21–97:2, 98:3–99:10 (DiPaolo); TT 271:18–272:24, 297:15–300:22
(Grossman); JX 412 (Grossman Dep.) at 106:21–107:23; JX 255; JX 269; JX 274; JX 278.
283
      See D.I. 101 at 36:11–37:1; D.I. 129 at 43:1–2; 53:4.
284
      W. Willow-Bay Court, 2007 WL 3317551, at *13.
285
      JX 189 (April 19 Minutes: Morning-Afternoon) at 5.

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ultimately agreed to during their 2:30 PM Call.286 It then directed Tyree to get the

deal done.

          “Equity regards that as done which in good conscience ought to be done.”287

Innoviva’s opportunistic maneuvers to escape its contractual obligations offend

basic notions of equity. The only person acting with “good conscience” within

Innoviva as relates to Sarissa was Tyree, and he was so offended by the manner in

which the Board conducted its business that he resigned his position as vice

chairman.

          Given that the Sarissa-Innoviva Settlement Agreement was (and is) a valid,

binding contract between Sarissa and Innoviva, Innoviva was not entitled to abandon

that Agreement merely on account of BlackRock’s vote.288 With all of this said, on

the scale that balances the equities here, Innoviva has nothing but misguided

opportunism to place in its weighing pan.289 The balance of equities clearly favors

286
      See id. at 5–8.
287
      Monroe Park v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 457 A.2d 734, 737 (Del. 1983).
288
    Trexler, 166 A.3d 101 (TABLE) (While a party may come to “regret[] [its] decision to
settle, ‘our law does not relieve [it] of the burden of [that] decision[] simply because of
[its] after-the-fact regrets. To do so would greatly undermine the utility of contracts . . . .’”)
(citation omitted). Moreover, allowing Innoviva to abandon that Agreement would
“frustrate the important goal of committing to writing already-agreed-to settlements.” In re
Lehman Bros. Hldgs. Inc., 2017 WL 3278933, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 2, 2017).
289
   See, e.g., Reid v. Spazio, 970 A.2d 176, 183 (Del. 2009) (“A court of equity moves upon
considerations of conscience, good faith, and reasonable diligence.”).

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Sarissa and, by extension, supports granting specific performance of the Sarissa-

Innoviva Settlement Agreement.

      Sarissa has established the predicates for specific performance. Accordingly,

that is the remedy that must be granted to address Innoviva’s breach of the Sarissa-

Innoviva Settlement Agreement.

                               III.   CONCLUSION

      In an article for the Financial Times, investment banker and commentator,

Frank Partnoy, writes that, in the spirit of deliberative decision-making:

      [W]e should generally delay the moment of decision until the last
      possible instant. If we have an hour, we should wait 59 minutes before
      responding. If we have a year, we should wait 364 days. Even if we
      have just half a second, we should wait as long as we can.290

      Here, with the clock ticking, Innoviva waited to solve its impending electoral

drubbing until the last possible moment, just before the votes were to be counted.

When it sensed that a loss would be announced at any moment, it did what it thought

it had to do to manage the risk and keep its incumbents on the Board—it deliberately

struck a deal with Sarissa at the 59th minute. Its efforts to walk away from that deal,

after discovering that the risk it thought it perceived was not real, will not be

countenanced.

290
    Frank Partnoy, Waiting Game: What Tennis Teaches Us, Fin. Times, June 22, 2012,
https://www.ft.com/content/4551e9ee-b9fd-11e1-937b-00144feabdc0 (last visited Dec. 6,
2017).

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      For the foregoing reasons, judgment will be entered in favor of Sarissa on its

claim for breach of contract as follows: (1) a decree of specific performance ordering

Innoviva to perform its obligations under the Sarissa-Innoviva Settlement

Agreement; and (2) a declaratory judgment that Bickerstaff and Kostas are rightful

members of the Innoviva Board pursuant to 8 Del. C. § 225. If there are other

outstanding issues the Court needs to address before a final order and judgment can

be entered, then the parties shall submit a joint letter to the Court within 10 days that

identifies the issues and proposes a path forward. Otherwise, the parties shall meet

and confer and submit a final order and judgment to implement these rulings, again

within 10 days.

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