Court Opinion

ID: 4677270
Source: CourtListenerOpinion
Date Created: 2021-04-14 17:03:58.763643+00
Date Added: 2024-06-11T08:03:37.323925
License: Public Domain

Digitally signed
                                                                            by Reporter of
                                                                            Decisions
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                             Illinois Official Reports                      the accuracy and
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                                                                            document
                                     Appellate Court                        Date: 2021.02.16
                                                                            19:39:26 -06'00'

                   Samano v. Temple of Kriya, 2020 IL App (1st) 190699

Appellate Court          MARY SAMANO, Plaintiff-Appellee and Cross-Appellant, v. THE
Caption                  TEMPLE OF KRIYA, an Illinois Corporation, and MELVIN
                         HIGGINS, a/k/a Goswami Kriyananda, Defendants (The Temple of
                         Kriya, Defendant-Appellant and Cross-Appellee).

District & No.           First District, Fourth Division
                         No. 1-19-0699

Filed                    September 3, 2020
Rehearing denied         October 16, 2020

Decision Under           Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 14-L-12883; the
Review                   Hon. James E. Snyder, Judge, presiding.

Judgment                 Reversed.

Counsel on               John W. Bell, Joseph R. Marconi, David M. Macksey, and Brian C.
Appeal                   Langs, of Johnson & Bell, Ltd., of Chicago, for appellant.

                         Terrence J. Goggin, Terrence R. Goggin, and John F. Goggin, of
                         Goggin & Associates, of Oak Brook, for appellee.
     Panel                       PRESIDING JUSTICE GORDON delivered the judgment of the
                                 court, with opinion.
                                 Justice Reyes concurred in the judgment and opinion.
                                 Justice Delort specially concurred, with opinion.

                                                  OPINION

¶1        The instant appeal arises after a bench trial. The trial court found that defendant Temple of
      Kriya 1 owed plaintiff Mary Samano overtime wages for work that she performed. Defendant
      appeals, claiming that the trial court erred in finding in favor of plaintiff on all counts and in
      awarding plaintiff attorney fees. Plaintiff cross-appeals, claiming that the amount of attorney
      fees awarded should have been higher. For the reasons that follow, we reverse.

¶2                                           BACKGROUND
¶3                                       I. Complaint and Answer
¶4         On December 12, 2014, plaintiff filed a three-count complaint, alleging violations of the
      Minimum Wage Law (820 ILCS 105/1 et seq. (West 2012)) and the Illinois Wage Payment
      and Collection Act (Wage Payment Act) (820 ILCS 115/1 et seq. (West 2012)). Plaintiff
      alleged that defendant was a business that conducted meditation, lecture sessions, meditation
      teacher training, Hatha yoga classes, and yoga instructor training and that operated a bookstore
      and website selling books, incense, candles, greeting cards, and other gift items to the public.
      Melvin Higgins 2 was the president and chief executive officer of defendant and had complete
      authority over defendant’s employees, including their hiring and firing, the assignment of their
      tasks, and their compensation.
¶5         Plaintiff alleged that, in September 1999, she was hired by defendant as an apprentice in
      its yoga training program and was later elevated as the yoga training program director in 2006;
      she was paid by defendant in an amount decided by Higgins. In October 2008, in addition to
      her yoga duties, plaintiff was asked by Higgins to perform marketing work for defendant, for
      which she was paid at a rate of $11 per hour; Higgins raised the rate to $16 per hour in May
      2011. Plaintiff alleged that, in December 2012, she informed Higgins that she believed that she
      was not being paid in accordance with the Wage Payment Act. On December 14, 2012,
      “without cause or provocation,” Higgins terminated plaintiff’s employment.
¶6         Plaintiff alleged that her duties between January 2010 and December 2012 included
      teaching yoga classes, being a trainer, marketing, and website management. She was required
      to work, or to be available to work, both on-site and remotely seven days per week and was
      required to work an average of 60 hours per week. However, plaintiff alleged that she was paid
      for only 21.66 hours per week at a straight hourly rate of pay, no matter what hours she worked;
      plaintiff further alleged that Higgins instructed her to create invoices for defendant reflecting

          1
             Codefendant Melvin Higgins died in April 2015, during the pendency of the proceedings below.
      Defendant was named as the sole legatee under his will, but he was never formally dismissed as a party
      in the instant litigation. Accordingly, we refer to defendant in the singular and refer to Higgins by name
      where applicable.
           2
             Plaintiff testified at trial that Higgins was the “guru” at defendant temple.

                                                      -2-
       only 21.66 hours per week, rather than the full amount of time she actually worked. Plaintiff
       alleged that defendant failed to pay plaintiff for the hours she worked in excess of 21.66 per
       week and failed to pay her at an overtime rate of pay for the hours that exceeded 40 in a
       workweek.
¶7         Count I of the complaint was for violation of the Minimum Wage Law and alleged that
       defendant violated the statute by failing to pay her overtime. Count II was for violation of the
       Wage Payment Act and alleged that defendant violated the statute by failing to pay plaintiff
       her earned wages. Finally, count III was for retaliatory discharge under the Wage Payment Act
       and alleged that plaintiff was discharged after she complained that she was not being paid in
       accordance with the statute. For all three counts, plaintiff sought attorney fees in addition to
       compensatory damages.
¶8         In its answer and affirmative defenses, defendant alleged, inter alia, that it did not qualify
       as plaintiff’s employer under the Wage Payment Act because plaintiff did not fall within the
       definition of an “employee” under the statute. Defendant also alleged that it did not qualify as
       plaintiff’s employer under the Minimum Wage Law because plaintiff was not an “employee”
       under that statute. Specifically, defendant alleged that (1) plaintiff worked as a member of a
       religious organization, (2) plaintiff was an independent contractor, and (3) any additional work
       was performed by plaintiff as a volunteer.

¶9                                                 II. Trial
¶ 10       The matter proceeded to trial on April 10 and 11, 2017. Before trial, the parties submitted
       motions in limine. One of defendant’s motions sought to bar any testimony or other evidence
       by plaintiff referencing conversations between her and Higgins, contending that they were
       barred by the Dead-Man’s Act (735 ILCS 5/8-201, 8-301 (West 2016)). The court denied
       defendant’s blanket motion, noting that “[a]spects of it are statement by statement,” but finding
       that a blanket bar on all statements and evidence made in Higgins’s presence was inappropriate.

¶ 11                                              A. Plaintiff
¶ 12       Plaintiff testified on her own behalf and was also called as an adverse witness in
       defendant’s case-in-chief. Plaintiff testified that she first became involved with defendant in
       1997, when she signed up for its yoga teacher training program. She then became an apprentice
       in the program until 2002, when she was asked to be an assistant teacher. In 2006, she became
       the director of the program and continued to serve in that role until she was terminated in
       December 2012. Plaintiff testified that she was a paid employee.
¶ 13       Plaintiff testified that, in October 2008, she was asked to take over certain responsibilities
       that had been handled by Eileen Ruffer, defendant’s office manager and secretary, which
       included advertising and marketing. Plaintiff testified that she assumed this responsibility after
       speaking with Higgins, defendant’s founder; plaintiff testified that her understanding after the
       conversation was that Higgins wanted her to work to lighten Ruffer’s load because she was
       overwhelmed. Plaintiff was to be paid $11 per hour and would be responsible for website ads,
       print ads, fliers, brochures, and e-mail marketing and would also expand defendant’s presence
       on the Internet. Plaintiff testified that she would be working 2½ days per week, beginning in
       November 2008.

                                                   -3-
¶ 14       Plaintiff testified that she worked with Higgins on the contents of the marketing efforts.
       She explained that Higgins lived in France and that “nothing was done without his oversight
       and approval” with respect to defendant’s operations. Higgins was her direct supervisor, and
       she communicated with him almost daily via e-mail, phone, or Skype. Plaintiff testified that
       she had no marketing experience prior to being hired by Higgins. When she began working on
       marketing, Ruffer installed Adobe Illustrator and Photoshop software onto plaintiff’s computer
       and trained her on the software. Ruffer also taught plaintiff how to send marketing by e-mail.
¶ 15       Plaintiff testified that during the relevant period—January 2010 until December 2012—
       she worked directly for Higgins and was not supervised or directed by anyone else. She was
       required to obtain his approval in connection with what she did in the performance of her
       duties. Plaintiff testified that she was reimbursed by defendant whenever she had expenses and
       was authorized to use defendant’s credit card for expenses related to her job responsibilities.
       Before she used the credit card, she was first required to obtain approval from Higgins.
¶ 16       With respect to her hours, plaintiff testified that the agreement was that she would work
       2½ days a week. Plaintiff was not required to submit a time card but would receive defendant’s
       checks from Ruffer once a month. Plaintiff testified that she worked from home but also spent
       time at defendant’s temple. Plaintiff testified that, when she began the marketing
       responsibilities in 2008, “right off the bat” she was working 3 to 4 days a week, learning the
       marketing, but was being paid for only 2½ days.
¶ 17       In early 2009, plaintiff had a conversation with Higgins because the individual who was
       maintaining defendant’s website could no longer do so. After the conversation with Higgins,
       plaintiff’s understanding was that Higgins wanted her to find an outside expert to maintain the
       website and to work with that individual. At the time, plaintiff had no experience in creating,
       managing, or maintaining a website. Plaintiff conducted interviews and ultimately selected
       Eric Gallegos, who was approved by Higgins. Plaintiff and Gallegos worked together, and
       plaintiff was the only contact between any other members of defendant’s staff and Gallegos.
¶ 18       Plaintiff and Gallegos began by cleaning up the entire website, which was voluminous,
       including reorganizing links and correcting incorrect information for hundreds of items for
       sale. They then focused on regular maintenance, updating, and editing of the website. Plaintiff
       testified that, with this new project, her hours working for defendant increased.
¶ 19       In the fall of 2009, plaintiff met with Higgins when he came to visit Chicago. After that
       conversation, her understanding was that Higgins wished for her and Gallegos to customize a
       way for Higgins to livestream video and audio from Higgins’s home in France to Chicago. The
       livestream would be broadcast on the Internet, as well as at defendant’s main temple in Chicago
       on Sundays. Plaintiff testified that this was a “huge, huge project” that needed to be completely
       customized because Higgins lacked any technical knowledge other than being able to turn on
       the computer and log onto Skype. Plaintiff and Gallegos began this work in November 2009
       and did not complete the project until the end of 2010. Plaintiff testified that, in connection
       with the new livestream, her marketing duties also increased, as defendant sought to reach as
       many people as possible through advertising on the Internet.
¶ 20       Plaintiff testified that by January 2010, with these additional projects, she was working 60
       to 80 hours a week, seven days a week. She estimated that 15 to 20 hours were spent on
       marketing and advertising; 25 to 30 hours were for work on the website; 10 to 20 hours were
       on communications, including responding to e-mails and calls; and 5 to 10 hours were on
       various miscellaneous projects for Higgins, such as updating his authored books for sale on

                                                   -4-
       Amazon or formatting handouts for livestream courses for defendant. Plaintiff testified that
       she also continued her yoga-related duties at the same time. Plaintiff was also responsible for
       hiring and supervising other employees; she testified that she hired 22 people and supervised
       26 people between 2010 and 2012. She was the contact person for any issues or requests made
       by those she supervised, which then would need to be relayed to Higgins for his approval.
¶ 21       Plaintiff testified that she had approximately 45,000 e-mails from her work with defendant,
       which she reviewed in an attempt to reconstruct her activities. She selected one week per month
       for the time period between January 2010 and December 2012 and catalogued all of the
       activities related to her work for defendant, ultimately creating 36 “work logs” that recreated
       her work performed during that week. Plaintiff testified that these work logs refreshed her
       recollection as to the number of hours she worked during specific weeks, and her counsel
       showed her the created logs to refresh her recollection during her testimony in this case over
       defense counsel’s overruled objection.
¶ 22       Plaintiff testified that, when she began her marketing duties, no one at defendant temple
       directed her to keep time records nor did anyone instruct her that she was required to record
       her activities as she was doing them. Plaintiff testified that she was told when she was hired
       that she would be given only 2½ days of pay and received defendant’s checks from Ruffer
       reflecting that amount; the checks did not show any taxes withheld or other deductions. In June
       2010, Ruffer and Higgins requested plaintiff to submit invoices “for legal purposes,” and
       plaintiff submitted one invoice reflecting 2½ days per week for the prior six months and the
       next six months in time. In 2011, plaintiff’s rate of pay was increased after she requested a
       raise, but she received no response to her request to be paid for the additional time. In
       November 2012, after a conversation with another of defendant’s employees, plaintiff became
       concerned that she was not being paid for the entirety of the time that she was working; she
       believed that defendant had misclassified her tax status, and she was concerned that she was
       violating the law. Plaintiff sent Higgins and Ruffer an e-mail in which she indicated that she
       believed she was properly classified as an employee, not an independent contractor, and asking
       them to correct her tax status. Plaintiff approached Higgins and had a conversation with him
       on December 14, 2012. After the conversation, plaintiff’s understanding was that her
       employment had been terminated, which was confirmed after she received an e-mail from
       Higgins and learned that Ruffer had changed the locks and the passwords on the computer at
       defendant temple.
¶ 23       Plaintiff testified that Higgins directed everything she did, including where, when, and how
       to do her work. Plaintiff further testified that any expenses she incurred were preapproved by
       Higgins and she was reimbursed for them. Plaintiff did not have the ability to make a profit or
       loss based on the work she performed, nor did she consider herself free to perform work for
       others during the period of her employment. Plaintiff testified that she never had a written
       contract with defendant.
¶ 24       On cross-examination, plaintiff testified that Higgins was a guru and that she was a disciple
       of his at one time. She was also ordained as a swami in May 2005. Plaintiff testified that a
       swami was a priest and could conduct marriages, baptize, and conduct funerals. Plaintiff
       testified that she did not volunteer her time to defendant other than when she was acting as a
       priest. Plaintiff admitted that nobody ever expressly instructed her to work more than 20 hours
       per week but that “the workload implied that I should work well over 20 hours per week.”

                                                   -5-
¶ 25                                        B. Eileen Ruffer
¶ 26       Ruffer testified on behalf of defendant that she had worked for defendant in various
       capacities since 1972. Ruffer testified that she worked on defendant’s marketing briefly in
       2008, which took approximately 8 to 12 hours every two months. Plaintiff took over the
       marketing and website work in November 2008. Ruffer testified that plaintiff never told her
       that she was working more than 20 hours per week until the fall of 2012. When plaintiff
       mentioned that she was “putting in a lot of hours and time,” Ruffer instructed her to speak to
       Higgins about any complaints she had. To Ruffer’s knowledge, no one asked plaintiff to work
       more than 20 hours per week.
¶ 27       On cross-examination, Ruffer testified that Higgins hired everyone who worked for
       defendant and determined pay rates. Ruffer further testified that plaintiff did not report to her
       and that the two did not have much interaction, as Higgins was plaintiff’s primary contact.

¶ 28                                           C. James Chase
¶ 29       James Chase testified on behalf of defendant that he was the chairman of defendant’s board
       of directors since 2013, shortly after plaintiff left defendant’s employment. He was also serving
       as defendant’s chief executive officer. Chase testified that defendant was a tax-exempt
       religious organization.
¶ 30       Chase testified that he was currently running defendant’s operations and had been doing
       so since June 2013. Chase did not receive payment for his work but performed it on a volunteer
       basis. Chase reviewed the marketing performed by defendant and observed that “[t]here was
       really very little going on.” Chase testified that he currently spent two to four hours a week on
       defendant’s marketing. Chase further testified that streaming the Sunday services was not
       complicated; on cross-examination, he testified that he had been involved in video editing and
       production since 1973.

¶ 31                                        D. Trial Court Ruling
¶ 32       After both parties had rested and had presented closing arguments, the trial court found
       that “judgment is for the plaintiff.” The court found that defendant was a religious organization
       and that “the nature of the business evolved over time as did the plaintiff’s relationship to that
       business.” The court found that plaintiff’s testimony was largely unrebutted and that she was
       a “spiritual participant” in the organization but that she was additionally employed by
       defendant for technical services.
¶ 33       The court found that Higgins’s role within the organization evolved from being related to
       defendant’s physical location in Chicago to a broader focus on selling a product through the
       Internet, namely, DVD and book sales. The court found that the testimony established that
       defendant and Higgins developed a real-time projection into defendant’s Chicago location, as
       well as a subscription service for the Internet downloads, and that “[t]his was described over
       and over and over again as the business of the organization and as the product of the
       organization and the source of revenue to [defendant].” The court noted that it was not “in any
       way, shape, or form tak[ing] lightly” defendant’s contention that it was a religious organization
       and, therefore, exempt under the applicable statutes. However, the court found defendant’s
       reliance on federal law unpersuasive, noting that “the state statute involved provides a specific
       statutory definition” that “exempts from the definition of employee a member of a religious

                                                   -6-
       corporation or an organization.” The court found that defendant had the burden of establishing
       that plaintiff was a member of a religious organization but “hasn’t put in any particular
       explanation about what it means to be a member of this organization.” The court found that
       the fact that plaintiff testified that she was a swami did not make the exemption applicable, as
       plaintiff was not arguing that her claims were applicable to work she did performing weddings
       or teaching yoga.
¶ 34       The court found that plaintiff was an employee; that the manner of her work was controlled
       by defendant at some level of detail, particularly by Higgins; and that plaintiff’s testimony was
       “completely unrebutted, that every aspect of how she performed her work was controlled by
       him on behalf of the employer.” The court found that “the balance of the evidence” established
       that plaintiff was an employee, not an independent contractor, and was not an exempt religious
       employee. The court further found that plaintiff did not fall under the volunteer exception,
       finding that “[a] volunteer is a person who performs their work with no promise or expectation
       of compensation. There’s ample evidence of [a] promise [for] compensation, there’s evidence
       of the expectation of compensation, and of the receipt of compensation. Years and years and
       years of it.”
¶ 35       The court found that a three-year statute of limitations applied, and that plaintiff was only
       entitled to damages dating to December 12, 2011. The court found that plaintiff’s testimony as
       to her work logs provided examples of work performed in excess of 40 hours in a given pay
       period. The court found that “[i]t’s remarkable, no doubt, to say that one worked 84 hours in
       one week, but that testimony is entirely unrebutted.” The court found that an appropriate
       damages calculation would be taking the hours above 40 and subtracting any yoga work.
¶ 36       With respect to plaintiff’s retaliatory discharge claim, the court found that “it’s absolutely
       unrebutted.” The court continued:
               “The plaintiff testified that she complained about her compensation, she complained
               about her concerns about the taxation of her compensation, and exactly this issue about
               whether she was an employee, a contractor, et cetera, et cetera, and then was
               immediately fired. That remains unrebutted.
                    The reason *** why I make that finding separately is that *** it has been proved
               that the defendant conducted their business not in compliance with minimum wage
               laws and in retaliation against someone who complained of that. And to an extent it
               appears that they *** did not know what those laws were.”
       The court noted that Ruffer was “a remarkably credible witness, and a person who appeared to
       me to be entirely sincere about what she’s trying to do” and that she testified that she knew
       only those aspects of employment law that were required to perform her job.
¶ 37       The court concluded by finding that “[t]he judgment’s for the plaintiff including statutory
       penalty in attorney’s fees.” The court ordered the parties that “you’re going to have to make
       an attempt to argue what you believe that number is to me by applying the method” it had
       explained. The court further found that it would only award damages for the 12 weeks within
       the statutory time period for which plaintiff had provided specific testimony and not for the
       entire year. The court found that “the theory that this week shows this and therefore we project
       that through the year is not a basis upon what damages will be.”

                                                   -7-
¶ 38       On May 2, 2017, the trial court entered judgment in plaintiff’s favor “on all counts” and
       awarded plaintiff compensatory damages in the amount of $75,000. 3 The court also granted
       plaintiff leave to file a petition for attorney fees, which plaintiff filed on May 9, 2017. In
       response to plaintiff’s petition for attorney fees, defendant argued that the fees requested were
       too high and that “Plaintiff’s contingent fee agreement strongly indicates that any award of
       attorney’s fees should be limited to the contingent fee upon which Plaintiff and her counsel
       agreed, or if none exists, a standard contingent fee of 33% of Plaintiff’s judgment.” In her
       reply, plaintiff claimed that there was no contingent fee agreement and the requested fees were
       reasonable.
¶ 39       On June 27, 2017, the trial court entered an order on plaintiff’s fee petition. First, the court
       found it unnecessary to specify whether the fees were awarded pursuant to the Minimum Wage
       Law or the Wage Payment Act, since attorney fees were mandatory under Wage Payment Act
       claims. The court also found that the $75,000 judgment entered in plaintiff’s favor on May 2,
       2017, did not include statutory attorney fees and costs, as defendant claimed. The court then
       addressed defendant’s contention that attorney fees be limited to the amount set forth in a
       contingency fee agreement between plaintiff and her counsel. The court found that “Plaintiff
       does not contest that a contingent fee agreement exists, but does not state the terms of that
       agreement.” The court determined that, “[f]rom the record, it appears a contingency fee
       agreement exists, but it is unclear what the terms of that agreement are.” The court noted that
       it was not obligated to limit attorney fees to the value of the contingency fee, but “the existence
       of a contingency fee is a factor this Court considers to determine the reasonable attorney’s fees
       Plaintiff is entitled to recover.” Finally, the court considered whether the fees sought were
       reasonable, applying a number of factors, and found that plaintiff was entitled to attorney fees
       of $35,000 and costs of $457.
¶ 40       On July 27, 2017, defendant filed a motion to reconsider and vacate the trial court’s
       judgment. Defendant sought, in the alternative, (1) judgment in its favor, (2) a new trial, or
       (3) a reduction in both the damages award and the award of attorney fees. On March 8, 2019,
       the trial court denied defendant’s motion, and this appeal follows.

¶ 41                                            ANALYSIS
¶ 42       On appeal, defendant claims that the trial court erred in denying its motion to reconsider
       because plaintiff failed to prove any of the three counts of her complaint. In the alternative,
       defendant claims that the trial court should have reduced the awards of damages and attorney
       fees. In her cross-appeal, plaintiff claims that the trial court’s award of attorney fees was too
       low.
¶ 43       “The purpose of a motion to reconsider is to bring to the court’s attention newly discovered
       evidence that was not available at the time of the original hearing, changes in existing law, or
       errors in the court’s application of the law.” Evanston Insurance Co. v. Riseborough, 2014 IL
       114271, ¶ 36. “A ruling on a motion to reconsider is within the sound discretion of the trial
       court and will not be disturbed absent an abuse of that discretion.” Robidoux v. Oliphant, 201

           3
            We note that the record on appeal does not contain any briefs filed by the parties as to the damages
       calculation, nor is there a transcript or bystander’s report concerning any hearing on the matter other
       than a purported “bystander’s report” filed by defendant that was not approved by the trial court in
       accordance with Illinois Supreme Court Rule 323(c) (eff. July 1, 2017).

                                                       -8-
       Ill. 2d 324, 347 (2002). “ ‘Abuse of discretion’ is a versatile standard of review in that,
       depending on what the underlying issue is, it can lead to other standards of review.” Shulte v.
       Flowers, 2013 IL App (4th) 120132, ¶ 22. “If a motion for reconsideration requests the court
       to change its mind about its factual findings, we will find no abuse of discretion in the granting
       or denial of the motion unless the court’s revised factual findings, or the factual findings to
       which it decided to adhere, are against the manifest weight of the evidence.” Shulte, 2013 IL
       App (4th) 120132, ¶ 22. “A decision is against the manifest weight of the evidence only when
       an opposite conclusion is apparent or when the findings appear to be unreasonable, arbitrary,
       or not based on the evidence.” Eychaner v. Gross, 202 Ill. 2d 228, 252 (2002). “A reviewing
       court should not overturn a trial court’s findings merely because it does not agree with the
       lower court or because it might have reached a different conclusion had it been the fact finder.”
       Bazydlo v. Volant, 164 Ill. 2d 207, 214 (1995). In a bench trial, the trial court has the
       opportunity to weigh the evidence and make findings of fact, including being in a superior
       vantage point from which to observe and judge witnesses’ demeanor and credibility, while a
       reviewing court has only a cold record in which to govern its decision-making process. Racky
       v. Belfor USA Group, Inc., 2017 IL App (1st) 153446, ¶ 107. Thus, “ ‘[t]he court on review
       must not substitute its judgment for that of the trier of fact.’ ” Eychaner, 202 Ill. 2d at 252
       (quoting Kalata v. Anheuser-Busch Cos., 144 Ill. 2d 425, 434 (1991)).

¶ 44                                  I. Minimum Wage Law Claim
¶ 45       We first review the trial court’s judgment in plaintiff’s favor on count I of her complaint,
       regarding the Minimum Wage Law. Section 4a of the Minimum Wage Law provides:
               “Except as otherwise provided in this Section, no employer shall employ any of his
               employees for a workweek of more than 40 hours unless such employee receives
               compensation for his employment in excess of the hours above specified at a rate not
               less than 1½ times the regular rate at which he is employed.” 820 ILCS 105/4a(1) (West
               2012).
       Defendant claims that the Minimum Wage Law is inapplicable to plaintiff’s employment
       because she is not considered an “employee” under the statute. Defendant raises three
       arguments, each of which we discuss in turn.
¶ 46       Before doing so, however, we address defendant’s claims as to the proper law to follow.
       Defendant’s arguments are based almost entirely on federal law, with few citations to Illinois
       cases interpreting the Minimum Wage Law. This is understandable, as our courts have
       recognized that there is a “paucity of authority directly considering section 4a of the Minimum
       Wage Law and its implementing regulations.” Kerbes v. Raceway Associates, LLC, 2011 IL
       App (1st) 110318, ¶ 25. Indeed, the regulations promulgated by the Department of Labor
       provide that looking to federal law is appropriate:
                   “For guidance in the interpretation of the [Minimum Wage Law] and this Part, the
               Director may refer to the Regulations and Interpretations of the Administrator, Wage
               and Hour Division, U.S. Department of Labor, administering the Fair Labor Standards
               Act of 1938, as amended [(FLSA)] (29 U.S.C. 201 et seq.).” 56 Ill. Adm. Code 210.120
               (2005).
¶ 47       However, defendant suggests that a violation of the Minimum Wage Law is contingent on
       establishing a violation under the FLSA and that, if an individual is not an “employee” within
       the scope of the FLSA, she cannot be an “employee” within the scope of the Minimum Wage

                                                   -9-
       Law. In other words, defendant claims that federal authority on this issue is binding on Illinois
       courts interpreting the Illinois statute, rather than merely persuasive. Defendant’s position,
       however, is much too broad and does not represent an accurate statement of the law.
¶ 48       There are certain provisions of the Minimum Wage Law that expressly incorporate the
       FLSA’s provisions and regulations. For instance, section 4a(2)(E) provides that section 4a(1)
       does not apply to “[a]ny employee employed in a bona fide executive, administrative or
       professional capacity, including any radio or television announcer, news editor, or chief
       engineer, as defined by or covered by the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 and the
       rules adopted under that Act.” 820 ILCS 105/4a(2)(E) (West 2012). Thus, under that provision,
       our courts have found that “[a] violation of the Illinois Minimum Wage Law is contingent on
       establishing a violation under the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938.” Resurrection Home
       Health Services v. Shannon, 2013 IL App (1st) 111605, ¶ 23. In the case at bar, however, the
       provisions relied on by defendant do not contain such an express incorporation of the FLSA’s
       language or regulations. Thus, in considering the parties’ arguments, we will consider federal
       law “[f]or guidance” in the interpretation of the relevant provisions of the Minimum Wage
       Law (see 56 Ill. Adm. Code 210.120 (2005)) but consider such federal law to be persuasive,
       rather than binding, authority on this court. In that light, we turn to consideration of defendant’s
       claims.

¶ 49                               A. Member of Religious Organization
¶ 50       Defendant first claims that plaintiff is not an “employee” under the Minimum Wage Law
       because she was a member of a religious organization. Under the Minimum Wage Law:
               “ ‘Employee’ includes any individual permitted to work by an employer in an
               occupation, but does not include any individual permitted to work:
                                                     ***
                       (5) As a member of a religious corporation or organization.” 820 ILCS 105/3(d)
                   (West 2012).
       The regulations promulgated under the Minimum Wage Law further provide:
                   “ ‘A member of a religious corporation or organization’ means an individual whose
               functions are spiritual or religious, such as a priest, rabbi, minister, nun, reverend or
               other such individuals who perform similar functions as their primary duties.” 56 Ill.
               Adm. Code 210.110 (1996).
¶ 51       In the case at bar, defendant claims that the trial court found that it was a religious
       organization and that plaintiff’s status as a swami, who performed religious functions such as
       marriages and funerals, and as a disciple shows that she was a “member of a religious
       corporation or organization” (820 ILCS 105/3(d)(5) (West 2012)) who fell outside the purview
       of the Minimum Wage Law.
¶ 52       As noted, there is a lack of Illinois authority on this precise issue. Accordingly, we look to
       federal law for guidance. While the FLSA does not have the same express exclusion for
       members of religious organizations, at least two federal circuit courts have applied a
       “ ‘ministerial exception’ ” to bar FLSA claims that would require the “entanglements of the
       secular courts in religious affairs.” Schleicher v. Salvation Army, 518 F.3d 472, 474 (7th Cir.
       2008); Shaliehsabou v. Hebrew Home of Greater Washington, Inc., 363 F.3d 299, 305 (4th
       Cir. 2004). But see Shaliehsabou v. Hebrew Home of Greater Washington, Inc., 369 F.3d 797,

                                                    - 10 -
       798 (4th Cir. 2004) (Luttig, J., dissenting) (arguing that the “ ‘ministerial’ ” exception did not
       apply to FLSA claims in response to the majority denying a petition for rehearing en banc for
       Shaliehsabou, 363 F.3d 299). Thus, for instance, ordained ministers of the Salvation Army
       were not permitted to seek compensation under the FLSA for their work in an adult
       rehabilitation center run by the organization. Schleicher, 518 F.3d at 478.
¶ 53       The “ministerial exception” arises from the first amendment of the United States
       Constitution and has been primarily applied in cases of employment discrimination. See
       Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church & School v. Equal Employment Opportunity
       Comm’n, 565 U.S. 171, 188 (2012) (noting that, since the passage of antidiscrimination laws,
       federal appellate courts had uniformly recognized the existence of a “ministerial exception”).
       However, as noted, at least two federal circuit courts, including the Seventh Circuit, have also
       applied it to claims arising under the FLSA. See Schleicher, 518 F.3d at 478; Shaliehsabou,
       363 F.3d at 305. The United States Supreme Court has set forth several factors that assist in
       the determination of whether the exception applies, although it has cautioned that no “rigid
       formula” exists. Hosanna-Tabor, 565 U.S. at 190; see also Our Lady of Guadalupe School v.
       Morrissey-Berru, 591 U.S. ___, ___, 140 S. Ct. 2049, 2062 (2020). 4 Such factors include the
       formal title given to the employee, the substance reflected in that title, the employee’s use of
       the title, and the important religious functions performed by the employee. Hosanna-Tabor,
       565 U.S. at 192. Additionally, the Shaliehsabou court noted that courts have applied a
       “ ‘primary duties’ test” to determine whether an individual falls within the ministerial
       exception. Shaliehsabou, 363 F.3d at 306. Under this test, courts ask “ ‘whether a position is
       important to the spiritual and pastoral mission of the church.’ ” Shaliehsabou, 363 F.3d at 306.
       “In determining whether an employee is considered a minister for the purposes of applying
       this exception, we do not look to ordination but instead to the function of the position.” Alicea-
       Hernandez v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago, 320 F.3d 698, 703 (7th Cir. 2003).
¶ 54       In the case at bar, the trial court found that the work for which plaintiff sought
       compensation was technical in nature and was separate from her spiritual work. The trial court
       found that, in essence, plaintiff’s job was to manage an online store and to provide technical
       support for streaming Higgins’s speeches, which the trial court found was not within the
       purview of the religious organization exception. In its finding, the trial court considered
       plaintiff’s spiritual work as completely distinct from her secular work and did not discuss the
       effect that plaintiff’s spiritual role had on the proper classification of plaintiff’s work in the
       instant case. Additionally, the trial court’s characterization of the work at issue strips it of any
       context as to its relationship with defendant’s mission as a whole. As a result, we must conclude
       that the trial court’s finding was against the manifest weight of the evidence.
¶ 55       First, under the United States Supreme Court’s framing, plaintiff would clearly be
       considered a “minister” of defendant temple. While that court has cautioned that there is no
       rigid formula, all of the factors that it pointed to in Hosanna-Tabor are present here, as well.

           4
            We gave defendant permission to cite the recently decided Morrissey-Berru decision in response
       to defendant’s motion to cite additional authority. However, we note that defendant claims that
       Morrissey-Berru “expands” the scope of the ministerial exception but does not address whether such
       expansion should be retroactively applied to an employment relationship that terminated over seven
       years prior to the decision. Regardless of its applicability, we do not find that Morrissey-Berru has any
       impact on our result in the instant case.

                                                      - 11 -
       Plaintiff held the title of swami, which she testified was a “priest” within defendant temple, as
       well as a disciple, and she used these titles with respect to her duties at defendant temple,
       including in e-mails admitted into evidence at trial. Her position as a swami involved
       performing important spiritual functions, such as conducting weddings, baptisms, and funerals.
       While her title alone “does not automatically ensure coverage, the fact that an employee has
       been ordained or commissioned as a minister is surely relevant.” Hosanna-Tabor, 565 U.S. at
       193. Thus, plaintiff’s duties as a swami and a disciple alone would place her under the
       ministerial exception.
¶ 56       Additionally, the fact that the trial court found that the work for which plaintiff seeks to be
       compensated in the instant lawsuit consists of secular duties is not determinative by itself. As
       the Hosanna-Tabor Court noted, the ministerial exception is not limited to those who perform
       exclusively religious functions, and “[t]he heads of congregations themselves often have a mix
       of duties, including secular ones such as helping to manage the congregation’s finances,
       supervising purely secular personnel, and overseeing the upkeep of facilities.” Hosanna-
       Tabor, 565 U.S. at 193. Nor is the amount of time that an employee spends on religious versus
       secular functions determinative. As the Supreme Court noted, “[t]he issue before us *** is not
       one that can be resolved by a stopwatch. The amount of time an employee spends on particular
       activities is relevant in assessing that employee’s status, but that factor cannot be considered
       in isolation ***.” Hosanna-Tabor, 565 U.S. at 193-94. Thus, the trial court in the case at bar
       should have considered the entire scope of plaintiff’s employment in its analysis, rather than
       dividing it into its secular and religious aspects alone.
¶ 57       We find instructive the Seventh Circuit decision in Schleicher, in which ministers of the
       Salvation Army were barred from relief under the FLSA. There, the plaintiffs were assigned
       to be the administrators of the Salvation Army’s adult rehabilitation center. Schleicher, 518
       F.3d at 474. While the center included a thrift shop, the Seventh Circuit found that this work
       did not transform the center into a secular enterprise, as “[t]he function of the Salvation Army
       ministers who administer the Adult Rehabilitation Centers is not to wait on customers of the
       thrift shops or manage one or more of the stores on a day to day basis; it is to manage a religious
       complex that includes thrift shops.” Schleicher, 518 F.3d at 477. The Schleicher court noted
       that there was no dispute that ministers engaged in ecclesiastical administration were not
       subject to the FLSA “no matter how closely their administrative duties resemble those of
       business employees,” and the fact that the religious enterprise contained a commercial
       component did not change that result. Schleicher, 518 F.3d at 477. The court concluded that
       the “best way” to decide such a case was to adopt a presumption that clerical personnel were
       not covered by the FLSA. Schleicher, 518 F.3d at 477-78. Such a presumption could be
       rebutted “by proof that the church is a fake, the ‘minister’ a title arbitrarily applied to
       employees of the church even when they are solely engaged in commercial activities, or, less
       flagrantly, the minister’s function [was] entirely rather than incidentally commercial.”
       Schleicher, 518 F.3d at 478.
¶ 58       In the case at bar, the function of plaintiff’s work was not just to send e-mails or maintain
       a website for a commercial enterprise, where defendant temple would earn money for religious
       purposes. The reason for plaintiff’s work cannot be removed from the work itself. We thus
       cannot agree with the trial court’s characterization of plaintiff’s work as entirely secular. Such
       a characterization strips plaintiff’s work of any context as to its relationship with defendant’s
       charitable mission as a whole. Instead, plaintiff’s function was to disseminate the spiritual

                                                   - 12 -
       messaging of defendant temple in various forms to the public at large, in addition to her
       obviously religious functions as a swami and disciple.
¶ 59       Plaintiff testified that the items that were posted on the website were spiritual in nature,
       such as religious books and digital versions of Higgins’s religious sermons. Plaintiff also
       described Kriya yoga, the type of yoga practiced at defendant temple, as the “creation of a
       spiritual center of study” and testified that the streaming service served as the liaison with the
       community with respect to this form of spiritual study. Thus, this is not the kind of situation
       where a religious entity is operating a wholly commercial enterprise. Instead, the present
       situation is one involving secular aspects of a larger religious whole—the purpose of the
       “nonreligious” parts of defendant’s operations were to support defendant in its religious
       services.
¶ 60       Plaintiff’s work with defendant temple is in large part similar to the work performed by the
       plaintiff in Alicea-Hernandez, who was found to fall within the ministerial exception. There,
       the Seventh Circuit found that both parties agreed that the plaintiff’s duties included composing
       media releases and correspondence, as well as developing a working relationship with various
       constituencies and composing articles to be published in church media. Alicea-Hernandez, 320
       F.3d at 703-04. The court in that case found that “[a] press secretary, as is evident from
       observing various public officials and entities, is often the primary communications link to the
       general populace. The role of the press secretary is critical in message dissemination, and a
       church’s message, of course, is of singular importance. *** ‘[D]etermination of whose voice
       speaks for the church is per se a religious matter.’ ” Alicea-Hernandez, 320 F.3d at 704
       (quoting Minker v. Baltimore Annual Conference of United Methodist Church, 894 F.2d 1354,
       1356 (D.C. Cir. 1990)).
¶ 61       In the case at bar, plaintiff’s work with defendant involved serving as a liaison between
       defendant and the community to whom it directed its message. See Alicea-Hernandez, 320
       F.3d at 704. Plaintiff sent marketing e-mails to the community, placed advertisements in media,
       and regularly corresponded with those who had questions or problems. In addition, plaintiff’s
       position as a swami and disciple strengthens the applicability of the ministerial exception, as
       there was no allegation in Alicea-Hernandez that the plaintiff in that case was an ordained
       minister.
¶ 62       We recognize that the Minimum Wage Law is not identical to the FLSA with respect to
       the ministerial exception, as the regulations promulgated by the Department of Labor contain
       a definition of a member of a religious organization as “an individual whose functions are
       spiritual or religious, such as a priest, rabbi, minister, nun, reverend or other such individuals
       who perform similar functions as their primary duties.” 56 Ill. Adm. Code 210.110 (1996).
       However, as noted, courts analyzing the ministerial exception have also applied a “ ‘primary
       duties’ test” to determine whether an individual falls within the ministerial exception.
       Shaliehsabou, 363 F.3d at 306. Thus, the federal cases considering the ministerial exception
       are instructive to the determination of whether the state exception applies, as well.
¶ 63       In the case at bar, considering the entirety of plaintiff’s work with defendant temple, we
       can reach no conclusion other than that plaintiff is a “member of a religious corporation or
       organization” as contemplated by the Minimum Wage Law. Part of plaintiff’s work was
       overtly religious, as she was ordained as a swami and performed religious ceremonies in
       accordance with that role. The rest of plaintiff’s work, while administrative or technical in
       nature, nevertheless had a religious component, as plaintiff disseminated communications

                                                   - 13 -
       about defendant and its mission, maintained a website for the sale of religious memorabilia
       and sermons, and facilitated a streaming service by which Higgins’s religious messages would
       be spread more widely to the populace. In balancing plaintiff’s duties, plaintiff performed
       religious functions as her primary duties because those duties were designed to spread the
       religious message of the temple, and consequently, the trial court erred in finding plaintiff to
       be an “employee” within the scope of the Minimum Wage Law. Plaintiff knew when she was
       hired that she would be paid for only 20 hours per week and that the work could exceed the
       hours she was being paid for.

¶ 64                      B. Volunteer and Independent Contractor Exceptions
¶ 65      Since we have determined that the trial court erred in finding that plaintiff was not a
       member of a religious organization, we have no need to consider whether plaintiff was a
       volunteer or an independent contractor.

¶ 66                                   II. Wage Payment Act Claims
¶ 67       Next, defendant argues that the trial court erred in granting judgment in plaintiff’s favor on
       counts II and III of her complaint concerning the Wage Payment Act. Under the Wage Payment
       Act, an employer is required, at least semi-monthly, to pay every employee all wages earned
       during the semi-monthly pay period. 820 ILCS 115/3 (West 2012). Upon separation from an
       employee, the employer is required to pay the final compensation of the employee in full at
       the time of separation, if possible, but no later than the next regularly scheduled payday. 820
       ILCS 115/5 (West 2012). The Wage Payment Act defines “ ‘wages’ ” as follows:
               “For all employees, other than separated employees, ‘wages’ shall be defined as any
               compensation owed an employee by an employer pursuant to an employment contract
               or agreement between the 2 parties, whether the amount is determined on a time, task,
               piece, or any other basis of calculation.” 820 ILCS 115/2 (West 2012).
¶ 68       In the case at bar, defendant claims that plaintiff’s claims under the Wage Payment Act
       must fail because there was no employment contract or agreement between plaintiff and
       defendant. As an initial matter, we again note that defendant relies almost exclusively on
       federal law in support of its arguments. While this was necessary in the context of interpreting
       the Minimum Wage Law and was expressly supported by the statute’s regulations, this is not
       the case with respect to Wage Payment Act claims, which have been the subject of numerous
       cases decided by Illinois courts. In our analysis, we rely on Illinois case law and not on federal
       court cases.
¶ 69       The applicable regulations provide a definition of an “agreement” in the context of the
       Wage Payment Act:
                   “ ‘Agreement’ means the manifestation of mutual assent on the part of two or more
               persons. An agreement is broader than a contract and an exchange of promises or any
               exchange is not required for an agreement to be in effect. An agreement may be reached
               by the parties without the formalities and accompanying legal protections of a contract
               and may be manifested by words or by any other conduct, such as past practice. ***
               An agreement exists even if it does not include a specific guarantee as to the duration
               of the agreement or even if one or either party reserves the right to change the terms of
               the agreement.” 56 Ill. Adm. Code 300.450 (2014).

                                                   - 14 -
¶ 70        First, we note that there is no dispute that there was, at a minimum, an employment
       agreement providing that plaintiff would work for 2½ days a week in exchange for pay. The
       only dispute is whether there was an agreement for compensation for work in excess of 2½
       days per week. We also note that defendant contends that plaintiff failed to plead any such
       employment agreement in her complaint and, therefore, was precluded from obtaining
       judgment based on violation of the agreement. Defendant claims that the only agreement
       alleged by plaintiff in support of her Wage Payment Act claims was an agreement that
       defendant “would comply in all respects with pertinent state and federal wage and hour laws.”
       However, defendant’s argument disregards all of the prior allegations of the complaint, which
       were incorporated into plaintiff’s Wage Payment Act counts. Specifically, plaintiff’s complaint
       alleged, inter alia, (1) that plaintiff was hired by Higgins to do marketing work at defendant
       temple in 2008; (2) that plaintiff’s duties between January 2010 and December 2012 included
       teaching yoga classes, training, marketing, and website management; (3) that as part of her
       duties, plaintiff was required to work, or to be available to work, both onsite and remotely
       seven days a week; and (4) that, from January 2010 through December 2012, plaintiff was
       required to work an average of 60 hours per week. The fact that plaintiff specified in her Wage
       Payment Act counts that the parties agreed to comply with all state and federal wage laws does
       not negate the other allegations in her complaint as to the nature of her employment with
       defendant.
¶ 71        Notwithstanding, we cannot find that plaintiff established a violation of the Wage Payment
       Act. An employment agreement for purposes of the Wage Payment Act need not be a formally
       negotiated contract. Landers-Scelfo v. Corporate Office Systems, Inc., 356 Ill. App. 3d 1060,
       1067 (2005). “Because a contract is not necessary under the Wage [Payment] Act, a worker
       seeking to recover under it does not need to plead all contract elements if she can plead facts
       showing mutual assent to terms that support the recovery.” Landers-Scelfo, 356 Ill. App. 3d at
       1068.
¶ 72        In the case at bar, we cannot find that plaintiff established mutual assent on the most critical
       part of her employment agreement with defendant—that she would be compensated for more
       than 2½ days of work. “[E]mployers and employees can manifest their assent to conditions of
       employment by conduct alone.” Landers-Scelfo, 356 Ill. App. 3d at 1068. “Thus, an employer
       and an employee, by acting in a manner consistent with an employment agreement, can set the
       material terms of the agreement, including the amount of compensation ***.” Landers-Scelfo,
       356 Ill. App. 3d at 1068. When an at-will employee continues to work after a change in
       compensation plan, she is deemed to have accepted the change. Geary v. Telular Corp., 341
       Ill. App. 3d 694, 698 (2003).
¶ 73        Plaintiff testified that her workload required her to work more than 2½ days per week and
       that Higgins was aware of all of the work that she was doing. However, plaintiff also testified
       that, in 2011, she requested (1) an increase in her rate of pay and (2) to be paid for more than
       2½ days of work. Plaintiff was given a $5 per hour increase in her rate of pay but received no
       response to her request to be paid for the additional hours that she claimed. When plaintiff
       continued working for defendant after that point in time, plaintiff acquiesced to the payment
       arrangement. There is absolutely no evidence that plaintiff and defendant ever mutually
       assented to pay plaintiff for any more than 2½ days per week, and there is no evidence that
       defendant required her to work more than 2½ days per week. Consequently, we must find that

                                                    - 15 -
       the trial court erred in entering judgment in plaintiff’s favor on the Wage Payment Act claims.

¶ 74                                          III. Attorney Fees
¶ 75        In light of our conclusion that judgment should have been entered in defendant’s favor on
       all three counts of plaintiff’s complaint, we have no need to consider the claims as to the award
       of attorney fees raised by plaintiff in her cross-appeal since the award of attorney fees is
       reversed as part of the judgment reversal in the case at bar.

¶ 76                                         CONCLUSION
¶ 77       For the reasons set forth above, we reverse the trial court’s judgment as to all three counts
       of plaintiff’s complaint. First, the Minimum Wage Law does not apply to plaintiff, as she is
       not an “employee” for purposes of the statute because she is a member of a religious
       organization. Second, plaintiff’s Wage Payment Act claims must fail where there was no
       evidence that the parties agreed to pay plaintiff for more than 2½ days of work. As a result, we
       have no need to consider the claims on plaintiff’s cross-appeal concerning the award of
       attorney fees.

¶ 78      Reversed.

¶ 79        JUSTICE DELORT, specially concurring:
¶ 80        The majority finds that the circuit court’s decision that Samano was subject to the
       ministerial exemption was against the manifest weight of the evidence. See supra ¶ 54. Section
       3(d)(5) of the Minimum Wage Law (820 ILCS 105/3(d)(5) (West 2012)) declares that persons
       who are employed “[a]s a member of a religious corporation or organization” are not
       “employees” under the law and are therefore not subject to its the minimum wage and overtime
       protections. The Illinois Department of Labor has promulgated a regulation interpreting section
       3(d)(5), which defines “ ‘[a] member of a religious corporation or organization’ ” as “an
       individual whose functions are spiritual or religious, such as a priest, rabbi, minister, nun,
       reverend or other such individuals who perform similar functions as their primary duties.” 56
       Ill. Adm. Code 210.110 (1996).
¶ 81        Employees of religious organizations often perform both religious functions reserved to
       those ordained to a religious life (such as a rabbi who solemnizes a wedding) and secular
       activities widely done by nonreligious employees in the general workplace (such as editing a
       newsletter or ordering office supplies). See generally supra ¶¶ 53-63. This functional overlap
       requires a court to engage in a factual analysis. As one court has explained regarding the similar
       federal wage and hour rules: “And while ‘applicability of the ministerial exception is a question
       of law for the court,’ the subsidiary determination of whether a discrimination plaintiff was a
       minister is both factual and case-specific.” Collette v. Archdiocese of Chicago, 200 F. Supp.
       3d 730, 733 (N.D. Ill. 2016).
¶ 82        By granting judgment to Samano on count I of her complaint, the circuit court inherently
       found that the ministerial exemption did not apply to her. In a bench trial, the circuit court has
       the primary obligation to weigh evidence and determine disputed issues of fact, and we must
       defer to those findings of fact unless they are against the manifest weight of the evidence.
       Klaskin v. Klepak, 126 Ill. 2d 376, 389 (1989). “A factual finding is against the manifest weight

                                                   - 16 -
       of the evidence when the opposite conclusion is clearly evident or the finding is arbitrary,
       unreasonable, or not based in evidence.” Samour, Inc. v. Board of Election Commissioners of
       the City of Chicago, 224 Ill. 2d 530, 544 (2007).
¶ 83        Although Samano was an ordained swami and had engaged in some ministerial acts, there
       was ample evidence that she was primarily—if not overwhelmingly—engaged in activities that
       were widely performed by laypersons in nonreligious environments, such as television
       production, handling e-mails, marketing, and information technology work. The evidence
       regarding the regularity and frequency of her performing ministerial acts such as presiding
       over religious ceremonies was much less compelling. Accordingly, the circuit court’s
       determination that she did not fall under the ministerial exemption was not arbitrary,
       unreasonable, or not based in evidence. Therefore, I would not reverse the circuit court on the
       ground that Samano fell under the ministerial exemption in the Minimum Wage Law.
¶ 84        Since it found that Samano fell under the ministerial exemption, the majority had no need
       to examine whether the circuit court erred in holding that Samano’s claim was not also barred
       by her status as a volunteer or an independent contractor. Because I do not join the majority’s
       reasoning regarding the ministerial exemption, I must proceed to address the circuit court’s
       finding that Samano did not perform her extra work on a volunteer basis. The defendant filed
       an affirmative defense to Samano’s Minimum Wage Law claim, specifically alleging that she
       was not an “employee” under the law because she worked extra hours as a volunteer.
¶ 85        The regulations interpreting the Minimum Wage Law provide that volunteers are not
       subject to the law’s protections. The regulations define “ ‘[v]olunteer’ ” as “a person who
       works for an employer under no contract of hire, expressed or implied, and with no promise of
       compensation, other than reimbursement for expenses as part of the conditions for work.” 56
       Ill. Adm. Code 210.110 (1996). There was ample, and compelling, evidence at trial that
       Samano worked extra hours as a volunteer for many years without complaint or expectation of
       pay, and that her agreement with the defendant limited her paid hours to 2½ days per week.
       There was little, if any, contrary evidence.
¶ 86        But Samano argues that under the “volunteer” regulation, if an employee is paid for some
       hours of regular work, the employee must be paid for all hours worked, even if the additional
       hours were clearly done as a volunteer. There is some authority in federal law to this effect.
       The United States Department of Labor’s Fact Sheet on the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)
       states:
               “The FLSA recognizes the generosity and public benefits of volunteering and allows
               individuals to freely volunteer in many circumstances for charitable and public
               purposes. *** A volunteer generally will not be considered an employee for FLSA
               purposes if the individual volunteers freely for public service, religious or humanitarian
               objectives, and without contemplation or receipt of compensation. Typically, such
               volunteers serve on a part-time basis and do not displace regular employed workers or
               perform work that would otherwise be performed by regular employees. In addition,
               paid employees of a non-profit organization cannot volunteer to provide the same type
               of services to their non-profit organization that they are employed to provide.” U.S.
               Dep’t of Labor, Wage & Hour Division, Fact Sheet #14A: Non-Profit Organizations
               and the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) (August 2015) https://www.dol.gov/sites/
               dolgov/files/WHD/legacy/files/whdfs14a.pdf [https://perma.cc/42UY-F32K].

                                                   - 17 -
¶ 87       The Supreme Court has further cautioned against refusing pay to employees who work
       “extra volunteer time,” noting that “employers might be able to use superior bargaining power
       to coerce employees to make such assertions, or to waive their protections under the Act.”
       Tony & Susan Alamo Foundation v. Secretary of Labor, 471 U.S. 290, 302 (1985). However,
       no such evidence of coercion was produced at trial.
¶ 88       But the crucial distinction that renders this federal authority inapplicable here is that count
       I of Samano’s complaint was brought under the Minimum Wage Law, not the federal Fair
       Labor Standards Act. The regulations interpreting the Minimum Wage Law contain no parallel
       provision to the FLSA’s “same type of services” charitable volunteer rule, and Samano does
       not argue that one exists or can be implied. Samano’s interpretation of the Minimum Wage
       Law is simply not supported by the plain language of the statute, by its implementing
       regulations, or by case law.
¶ 89       Classifying Samano as a volunteer as to her extra hours is not facially irrational. Persons
       often volunteer to work at houses of worship by passing collection plates, ushering, singing as
       a choir member, or performing janitorial services—all without pay. Obviously, if a for-profit
       business claimed that an employee worked extra hours as an unpaid volunteer, that claim would
       be highly suspect since the employee would have no incentive to work as a volunteer under
       those circumstances. But an employee of a charity whose charitable mission the employee
       supports might well choose to work extra hours without pay.
¶ 90       For these reasons, I would hold that the circuit court’s finding that the defendant’s wage
       claim was based for work she performed as a volunteer was against the manifest weight of the
       evidence. I would therefore reverse the circuit court’s judgment on count I, not on the
       ministerial exemption on which the majority relies, but rather because the circuit court’s
       determination that Samano did not fall under the volunteer exemption in the Minimum Wage
       Law was against the manifest weight of the evidence.
¶ 91       I join the majority’s analysis relating to counts II and III, so I concur that the judgment
       below should be reversed.

                                                   - 18 -